ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The notion that there is an inherent gender-based disparity in the workplace is one that has been present throughout the course of modern history. This disparity proves extremely detrimental to women. The current statistics indicate that women are not moving up the corporate ranks as quickly as men. The Institute for Employment Studies (IES) examined the trends with regards to female employment. In so doing, it has determined that the number of women in the workforce has systematically and continually risen over the course of the past two decades while the number of men in the workforce has progressively declined. These figures, however, indicate disparities in the proportionate number of women in top management when compared with men. On average the majority of the women are employed in the support services field while top management is overrepresented by men. Additionally, women continue to earn less than eighty cents per dollar earned by men (‘Women in the Labour Market: Two Decades of Change and Continuity’ (IES 2005)). One important fact to question is one that begs an inquiry into why women fail to move up the employment hierarchy. One possible explanation has to do with the perception that women do not “fit in” with the traditional “male” profile. This is most prevalent in the choice of employment conceived by children which translates to future adult employment aspirations. As children career choices are guided by hobbies, skill sets and the notion that some careers are more attractive than others. In so doing, the traditional gender roles play a crucial rule. Female children tend to aspire to employment with fits the traditional gender roles of women being employed in a subservient position while male children tend to aspire employment which places men in dominant positions such as that of upper level managerial positions (‘Childhood Aspirations May be the Key’ (HRM 2006)). This bias in the rating process may lead to subjec­tive selection and promotion decisions. In fact, in a HRM survey on work place diversity and the decision to promote individuals within an organization indicates that subjectivity plays a vital role. Other barriers cited by this survey include lack of developmental exposure and experiences provided to women, and selection through word-of-mouth networking from current male employees. Fur­ther, most of these organizations steer their women em­ployees into staff positions. These positions often have lower career promotion opportunities than do line posi­tions. Employees in staff positions often suffer from less organizational exposure than do their line counter­parts (‘Workplace diversity is more rhetoric than reality’ (HRM 2001)). In examining the constitution of the workforce in the UK, it is prudent to examine the relative gender-based distribution within the public sector. Approximately 20% of all men were employed in skilled trades compared to 2% of all women, 17% of all men employed as
Literature has always been an integral part of human society, going along with it and promoting the development of various qualities and values, such as spirituality, moral, honesty, etc. It helped various people to express their feelings and emotions and share their thoughts with the next generations. Nevertheless, each period of time could be characterized by a certain approach to literature, writing style and the unique contribution it made to the development of the world literature. Thus, many years of evolution resulted in the appearance of various genres and stylistic devices used by the authors to underline the importance of some events. Every culture has its own vision of literature which is created by various works of numerous writers. Speaking about the eastern literature, it is impossible not to mention such a masterpiece as One Thousand and One Nights , the collection of various stories which contributed to the formation of literature and literary language of the region greatly. The framed structure of the given work and the manner of presentation help to create the fabulous atmosphere and guarantee the continuity of narration. Before the analysis of the given artwork, it is vital to mention the background which promoted the appearance of the unique set of tales and stories. The fact is that the given region could be characterized by a very ancient history. The culture of people who lived there was formed under the influence of a great number of folks and states that conquered these lands and introduced new peculiarities to the local art and literature. Due to this process, One Thousand and One Nights became one of the most original and bright set of stories which embodied the peculiarities of the culture of the given region as the main narrator Scheherazade “had successfully applied herself to philosophy, medicine, history, and the liberal arts” (Puchner et al. 312), being the bright representative of her age. Analyzing the given work, it is vital to admit the manner in which it is organized as it impacts the perception greatly. The given book is a bright example of the framed storytelling which means that there are several different storylines connected with the help of a central story. It helps a reader to understand the connections between the plots and their relations better. In general, the given manner of the presentation of the material helps a writer to present several ideas within the same work. Especially important this pattern becomes while dealing with the folklore and tales. Thus, in One Thousand and One Nights, the main frame story is connected with Shahryar, Sasanian King. Having discovered the fact that his brothers wife “is in love with that filthiest of filthy slaves” (Puchner et al. 310) and that his own wife is also unfaithful, he makes the conclusion that all women are the same and prepares a severe punishment for them (Puchner et al. 312). After the night with a woman, he kills her, providing punishment for all representatives of their kind. However, Scheherazade, the viziers daughter manages to avoid punishment, telli
Duration of the course : 10 weeks Required Text : Myers, D.G. (2013). Psychology . New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Purpose : The purpose of the course is to introduce students to central concepts and principles of psychology. Student learning outcomes   * to understand major concepts, theories and principles in psychology   * to understand similarities, differences and ties among theories and concepts in psychology   * to apply theories, concepts, methods in students’ life   * to develop the necessary skills to continue studies in the field Course structure   * Week 1: History of psychology, modern methods, ethical issues in psychology.   * Week 2: Biological psychology, human brain and its functioning, neurons.   * Week 3: Human perception, behavior, perceptual development.   * Week 4: Consciousness, hypnosis, dreaming.   * Week 5: Learning, types of conditioning, reinforcement.   * Week 6: Intelligence, creativity, memory.   * Week 7: Emotions and motivation, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, positive psychology.   * Week 8: Personality, genetic and social effects on personality, Freudian theory, personality traits.   * Week 9: Social psychology, stereotypes, aggression.   * Week 10: Psychological disorders and their treatment. Evaluation Participation points will be provided to students who take an active part in the discussion. The discussion will be based on materials provided in class (videos, texts, online resources). The points will be given in terms of relevance of contribution and novelty as compared to contributions of other students. Written assignments will also be a part of the evaluation. Each week, students will provide a brief reflection essay on the week discussion (with a focus on their learning process). Students will also write 5 papers (700-1000 words) during the course. One paper will be written each two weeks. The final exam will include a test of 100 multiple-choice questions and a paper (1000-1300 words) on an issue discussed during the course. Evaluation of the Syllabus The syllabus is developed in terms of the principles of heutagogical principles. Gazxi (2014) states that heutagogical is based on the principle of students’ self-determination and reflection as well as orientation on students. It is also stressed that adult education should include these components as adult learners are somewhat different from younger students and methods used for younger learners may be less efficient. Hence, the course in question contains these elements. Of course, it equips students with a set of knowledge and skills on particular topic
Aims/Objectives Aim of the paper is to explore the events of Great Depression and its impact on U.S economy. The paper strives to focus on the ‘New Deal’ offered by the President to address the issues related to Great Depression. The impact of New Deal on economy is also presented in the paper. Thesis Statement On the basis of explorative research made for this paper it is hypothesized that the FDR’s actions were effective to shorten the Depression and has perpetual impacts on U.S economy. Introduction Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was nominated as the President of United States in the summer of 1932. Roosevelt, in his acceptance speech, addressed different problems faced by the American people due to the Great Depression. He pledged to offer a new deal to resolve the grave scenario. Roosevelt won by a huge margin. (Powell, 2004) FDR’s New Deal in fact, served as a catalyst for the economy and different programs set the economy to recover from the disastrous effects of the Great Depression. Literature Review Literature review will encompass theoretical books, articles in magazines and internet as well as the research studies on the topic under analysis. It will focus on the condition of Economy during Great Depression. The economy, in fact, was facing a total collapse when FDR assumed power as the President. Unemployment hit thirty percent; inflation was at its peak, while GDP was critically down by fifty percent. This phenomenon is called ‘Great Depression’ which hit the highest level in the early part of 1933. (Powell, 2004) The period of FDR in the office, in the decade of 1930, can be classified as; the First New Deal during 1933 to 1935, characterized by different relief programs related to the problems of unemployment. The Second New Deal, during the years 1935 to 1037 was featured by different reforms related to economic and social problems. According to some scholars, the New Deal ineffectively played with the theme of establishing close relations between government and business. However, some of these endeavors did not survive after World War II. The other group of scholars highlights the phenomenon that the initiatives taken by the New Deal pointed to almost new power-sharing among three primary economic players- the bankers, brokers and the businessmen. (Barnanke, 2004). Different programs were initiated which included; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation- focusing on providing guarantee on deposits in banks; Securities and Exchange Commission- with the primary task of regulating and controlling the stock market; and the Social Security System- responsible for providing pensions on the basis of contributions made by elderly during their jobs. (Smilely, 2003). Research Methods The research will primarily focus on analyzing the secondary data available in theoretical books, magazines and internet. On the basis of the exploration made, a deep analysis and an in-depth opinion will be presented supported by authentic resources. Conclusion The New Deal promised by Roosevelt to the Americans
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a middle-range nursing theory by utilizing the process of theory derivation. Theory derivation is the mechanism that was employed in this project in which a procedure and process that offered an efficient mechanism to understand a phenomenon that had previously lacked description in nursing. The steps of this process are outlined, concluding with definitions and a description of the middle range theory of unified trauma theory of high-stress fatigue, which was developed. In the conclusion of this paper, the implications for nursing are discussed along with areas where further research may contribute to a broader understanding of this phenomenon. Introduction Traditionally, the evaluation of trauma care mainly focused on survival, complications and the length of hospital stay as the main contributing factors. However, the mortality rate in large populations of severely injured patients has tremendously declined in the past years by twenty percent (Bardenheuer et al, 2000, p. 355). Nevertheless, the importance of both short-term and long-term outcomes after major trauma has become of global concern in the recent past due to the ongoing development of sophisticated trauma care (Holbrook et al, 1999, p. 751). Researchers have also found out that post-injury functional limitation is a clinically significant complication in trauma patients at discharge and 6-month after follow-up (Holbrook et al, 1999, p. 767). All the same, post-injury depression, serious extremity injury, and the period of stay in the intensive care unit also have a significant impact on the quality of well-being outcome (Holbrook et al, 1998, p.321). Holbrook et al. 1998 in the first report provided novel and challenging evidence that the importance of dysfunction after major injury had been underrated (p. 322). Little is, however, known to have an empirical foundation to guide the understanding of the phenomena. Although many experiences of trauma patients have been described in the literature, no theories have been found to describe the patients’ experiences after discharge and more Specific on the impact of high-level stress and fatigue that it comes with. Furthermore, the possibility that IL-6 might participate directly or indirectly in the symptomatology of fatigue in trauma patients is more fascinating and worth further investigation. This is especially due to the lack of evidence about predicting sickness behavior symptoms in early trauma patients. Investigation of IL-6 may also provide valuable information for the prediction of sickness behavior symptoms as early as possible in trauma patients. Theory derivation is therefore essential in gaining a better explanation and predictions about a phenomenon that is currently poorly understood, or lacks present means of studying (Walker and Avant, 2010, p.241). Theory derivation can help nurses modify a theory from another discipline
Pardon me, my excellent friend. I’m in love with learning. Country places and trees do not wish to teach me anything, but human beings in the city do. But you seem to have discovered a drug to entice me to walk outside the city (Socrates, in Phaedrus, 7). Introduction The divide of a man from the nature represents lots of amenities of city life. On the other hand, get involved with business of city life a man loses connection with the roots of essence, namely countryside. This dichotomy is emphasized by the eminent statement of Socrates in Phaedrus and ideas of H. G. Wells in The Island of Dr. Moreau . This dilemma concerns the issue of man and nature, business of city and relief of country. In fact, the idea stated by Socrates thousands years ago and repeated by Agamben and Wells deserves to be evaluated in detail. Socrates Idea First of all, Socrates directly outlines the benefits which an individual can achieve living in the city and in the country. Knowledge and harmony are two alternatives which are related to the city and to nature outside it respectively. The philosophical position of one of the greatest luminary of all times corresponds to the significance of the city. It is the place where culture, science, and education on the whole find their beginning. It is the centre for social, economical, and political relations. The growth of the nation stands on the activity of its cities. In ancient times Socrates did not hesitate to mention this very feature. Herbert Wells View Herbert Wells provides the significance of country for the protagonist of his book. Dr. Moreau loses inner balance when being outside the country, regardless the fact of his cruel experiments: “The doctor was simply howled out of the country” (Wells 29). He seems to lose his ability to create out of the place where the nature subtly touches upon the fibres of creative mind. This philosophical assumption represents a background for the significance to make no divides with nature. The example of Dr. Moreau emphasizes the role of the country, as the source for inspiration. Differences between Socrates’ and Wells’ points On the other hand, such point of view contradicts the position of Socrates. This philosopher believed that the divide between a man and the nature lies in the rejection to follow the way of a civilized world. However, he cannot but agree that there is an invisible thread between a human being and the wilds. It is seen at the place where Socrates compares the nature and the atmosphere of the country with a drug. Humans are separated from animals because of their more active way of development at least in three directions: social, cultural, political. This makes the distance between creatures of instincts (animals) and creatures of Reason (human beings). Conclusion All in all, the antinomy between humanity and the world of the nature and animals, particularly, represents the discussion about universal truths. The significance of city life becomes prior when looking at the perspectives of progress. On the other hand, people need to have inner relation to the nature. Th
Background and Introduction With increased technology, individuals and businesses are increasingly using laptops for various personal and business functions. Laptops are electronic gadgets with a microprocessor that depends on power supply to function. Solar energy is freely available and can be tapped for charging laptops; the technology can be adopted for use in laptops. Secondly with globalization and the growth of tourism industry, there is need for a reliable devise that can be relied upon to undertake computer services and offer video recording services. When with the product, a customer only need to buy one product that covers computer and video needs. Numerous advantages can be derived from using solar charged laptop with video recording components; its invention is likely to form a niche market for the innovator. Nokia is an international electronics company that has the potential of meeting the demands of the above mentioned niche market. This report discusses the implication of developing the new products in the market to the market from a managerial accounting point of view. Manufacturing Company Information This report will discuss the cost and revenue implication of adding solar charged laptops with video recording devices in the line of Nokia products. In the analysis, it will focus on the following areas:   * Expected sales price and sales budget: this is the price that the laptops will be retailing   * variable costs and fixed costs: it will use cost accounting methods like activity based costing, breakeven points, job costing and process costing approaches   * Profit planning or profit maximization approaches; was thorough which profits will be maximized will be discussed Historical information about Nokia The international Phone industry is advancing fast with both multinational and domestic companies in the market; among the main players include Apple Inc. Samsung, Dell, HP, Acer, Nokia, and Lenovo. Nokia is an international electronics company listed in New York Stock Exchange and Frankfurt Stock exchange, with its headquarters in Finland; according to the company’s website, the company in 2010 enjoyed a market share of about 37%,. It aims at increasing the market share to over 40% by the end of 2011; other than in the phones segment, the company has diverted to fast growing Smartphone’s, musical gadgets and some electronics accessories. In the efforts of using its brand name (brand extension strategy), the company has the potential of diversifying to laptops with a better to
Introduction Soon after its foundation in 1933, Nissan, a Japanese automobile manufacturer, rose to fame and success. Due to its early connections to the United States – a country with a record-breaking number of car owners even at the very inception of the automobile industry – Nissan rapidly expanded its customer base. In 2013, Nissan became the world’s sixth largest car manufacturer and in 2014, it was recognized as the largest car manufacturer in North America. Over the years, the Japanese company has proven to be a force to be reckoned with and it is safe to say that what indeed fueled Nissan’s success was its constant search for innovation. On par with looking for innovative solutions, this car manufacturer boasts effective management which allows it to tackle emerging issues promptly. This paper will discuss how well-known manufacturing and management strategies relate to Nissan and future recommendations for enhancing its sustainability. Theories and Techniques For characterizing Nissan’s approach to management and production, it is essential to explain three popular strategies: lean manufacturing, just in time (JIT), and Toyota Production System (TPS). All three strategies aim at cost-saving and maximum elimination of waste. Lean manufacturing includes a set of principles that, when implemented adequately, allow producers to reduce waste while upholding high quality and increasing labor productivity. Just in time is one of the methods of bringing lean manufacturing to life: it is encouraged that companies maintain production flow by ordering materials in the process as opposed to purchasing in advance. Toyota adopted both lean manufacturing and the just in time method. Moreover, over the years, Toyota has elaborated its classification of waste that it is trying to combat: waste of time, waste of overproduction, waste of movement, and other types. Nissan too supports zero waste initiatives; however, it is argued that so far, its measures have not been as sustainable as those of Toyota (Schmidt & Simchi-Levi, 2013). Nissan seems to be concentrating on managing the environmental impact, for instance, emissions. It is possible to point out similar advantages and disadvantages for each of the three concepts. The advantages relate to long-term sustainability and a better reputation, whereas among the disadvantages are the necessity to restructure manufacturing and management processes, which may be expensive and time-consuming. Sustainability Triple Bottom Line Triple Bottom Line is an approach that allows a company to expand its focus beyond financial profitability and consider social and environmental factors. Thus, by implementing Triple Bottom Line, a company upholds moral integrity and seeks environmentally sustainable solutions. In the early 2010s, Nissan adopted TBL for operational management. Increasing revenue is any company’s primary goal, and Nissan is not an exception. In recent years, Nissan has been tapping into emerging markets such as China and India where car ownership is on a slow