ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The proportion of older people continues to grow worldwide, especially in developing countries. This, along with an increase in the prevalence of oral diseases and non-communicable diseases, will significantly challenge health and social policy planners (Petersen and Yamamoto, 2005). Oral diseases and impairments are most commonly experienced among older people with special needs, that requires long term care at home or in institutions. Studies in many countries have demonstrated that institutionalised elderly people have significant dental needs experience and greater barriers to receiving dental care compared with older people who live independently (Drake, 1991). Elderly who live in nursing homes in Regbakestain are considered as vulnerable section of society that faces greater risks and worse oral health than average. Therefore, adequate dental care service is required urgently to suit the needs of these residents. There are 9 nursing homes In Regbakestain and seven of these are registered as government nursing homes, while two are registered as privately run nursing homes. The number of registered residents is 430 and the mean age of residents is approximately 82 years. Residents in nursing homes experience a number of oral health problems. These include access to health care services, denture problem, decay, dry mouth and burning mouth (Table 1&2). Furthermore, the staff in this area did not receive any formal training in assessment of oral health or how to take care of these complications. Regarding general health, there are 54% of residents suffering from dementia. Currently the homes do not have a dentist or other type of oral health worker with specific responsibility for treating the residents. Clinical dental status Of the 430 residents in the nine nursing homes, 50 residents were not approached because they were too fragile or agitated. An additional 80 residents refused participation in the survey. A total of 300 residents participated in the survey. Clinical examination was conducted for 297 residents because 3 participants refused the clinical examination. The results from the clinical examination show that a high proportion of dentate residents were affected by tooth (43.8%) and root caries (63.3%). Moreover, more than one in four dentate residents had tooth mobility. For edentate residents, one of the main problems was occlusal wear with 57% of dentures showing some evidence of this condition. Nearly one quarter of dentures (23.4%) were assessed to have inadequate denture occlution relationship and 20.3% had denture stomatitis or an ulcer. In relation to the interview, 107 participants were excluded due to unsatisfactory cognitive ability. Another 8 participants refused participation in the interview or did not speak English. Therefore, the interview was done on 185. An approximate 66.7% of dentate and 43% of edentate residents reported having oral health problems. Dry mouth and cracked/sore lips were the most commonly reported problems. Situation analysis The analysis of the main Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Strengths The
Introduction Majority of the countries in the gulf region, are countries that are undergoing rapid political, social, and above all economic revolutions due to many changes that are taking place in varying spheres of life of their citizenry. Changes in the leadership orientations or styles have accompanied such radical changes, whereby presently, majority of nations are realizing the role of women, as concerns political and economic development hence, encouraging women participation in fields that many considered suitable for males previously. Such is the case in the gulf politics, whereby women are actively involved in the politics in present times. Although this is the case, it is important to note here that, still the struggle for gender equality faces many challenges, a fact, which many attribute to the superiority in males’ nationality rights. Such superiority and many other societal forces have acted as major backward pooling forces on women’s endeavors to achieve gender equality. Although many may argue that, the currently existing women organization are fighting to ensure Gulf countries minimize such disparities, still as Krause (p. 1) argues, such efforts face many obstacles, with the currently existing forms of antagonism towards such efforts by Muslim fanatics. This paper will discuss the importance of women in the Gulf politics and main barriers, which the war against gender discrimination faces in countries that belong to this region. The Gulf Primarily, countries belonging to this region encircle the Persian Gulf, and form a section of nations, which form the Middle East. Examples of nations belonging to this locality include Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Palestinian regions, Jordan, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Syrian Arab Republic. It is important to note that, there is a difference between these nations and nations, which belong to the Far East region for example, Taiwan and the republic of China (Gulf Today p.1). Gender and Politics in the Gulf Although to some extent women belonging to this region are making some progress towards liberation from gender discriminations, still their efforts face many challenges. This is because, research findings by the Nazir (p.1) clearly depicts that, in many ways, still patriarchal laws and many existing societal traditional practices constrain women efforts. Although this is the case, still many organizations that fights against such discriminations have been in the frontline in ensuring countries within this region accept the importance of women participation in all spheres of development. It is important to note here that, such struggles by gender discrimination fighting bodies have not been fruitless, because currently there is apparent political, social and economic freedom enjoyed by women in some countries, which belong to this region such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. On the other hand, although these countries have achieved such mileages as concerns achievement of gender equality, other
Previous research has proven that the issue of paid parental leave remains to be a serious social problem and requires certain measures to be taken by the American government. In her article, Claire Miller evaluates the conditions under which American mothers should take care of their newborn children and offers to consider this economic matter as a new national policy (para. 3). The author underlines the words of the current President, Mr. Obama, that people should not treat child care as some side issue that can be neglected or a particular women’s issue. It is high time to focus on this question and think over some stable conditions for mothers in need. Though some people admit that paid leave becomes a serious economic burden, its expensiveness may be replaced by a number of compromises that can help to improve the living and working conditions. The evaluation of past investigations and achievements, the role of paid leave for mothers, children, and society in general, and the attention to the intentions of the current political leaders turn out to be the main issues in the article The Economic Benefits of Paid Parental Leave written by Claire Miller for the New York Times. The purpose of the article under analysis is to describe the economic benefits of paid parental leave-taking into account the real-life examples and the outcomes of the presence and absence of paid leave in the lives of ordinary American women. The author’s investigations touch upon a number of different issues like the social status of young mothers, the color of their skin, and the relations with their children’s fathers. In fact, Claire Miller is a writer who specializes in the spheres of health and technologies. Still, her last achievements demonstrate her great potential in discussing such topics as the role of women in business. This is why her attempt to create an article about the economic benefits of paid leave for women is good evidence of her maturity and abilities to investigate different spheres of life. In the article, Miller focuses on several American states: California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. The experiences of these states show that paid leave provide mo
Taglit-Birthright Israel program has been a success since its inception in the year 1999. The program is a half-billion-dollar joint plan of individual contributors, the State of Israel and the Diaspora Jewish organizations. The program gives a free ten-day pilgrimage tour of Israel to Jew youths in Diaspora. These youths are mainly from North America with a small number from other continents. Taglit-Birthright Israel supports, finances, and licenses the operation of tours through different groups. The program runs tours twice a year in winter and summer sessions. The progress of the program tracks issues concerning characteristics of the Diaspora participants, formation of alumni community, religious behaviour, return visits, local community involvement, insights after the trips, and attitudes of the Diaspora youth towards their Judaism orientations and Israel. Taglit-Birthright Israel program has fundamental features the organizers use to improve on future trips. Organizers conduct surveys with control groups who have not joined the tour. The post-trip follow-up surveys help the organizers to determine the long-term effects on attitudes of the Diaspora youths towards Israel and Judaism. Israel travel education Israel travel is an emerging field for Jewish education tours. This is an attempt to exposure Jewish students in other countries to vital experiences of their educations in relation to their traditions and community. Taglit-Birthright plays a fundamental role in organizing educational travels to Diaspora youths. In this sense, the tours aim to promote inter-relationships among youths, community and Israel. The educations system, through tours attempts to offer individuals means to increase contact with the cultural and community practices. Tours to Israel exposes students to real Jewish experiences. Taglit-Birthright Israel tours focus on the experiences of the Diaspora youth visits and their Israeli peers. Studies are primarily now focusing on this encounter (mifgash) so as to enrich future experiences. Scholars such as Saxe, Chazan, Sasson and Hecht are carrying out studies on pre and post tours to establish the experience of Diaspora youths during and after their tours to Israel. They mainly draw their subjects from North America (Saxe 20). The encounters of participants challenge the cultural identity of Diaspora youths and enhance their sense of belonging to the wide Jewish world community. The groups share common backgrounds and practices, which serve as sense of identity among them. The groups review issues concerning religion, people, culture and nationality. The common framework helps the participants to understand themselves and their hosts. Therefore, th
Introduction Product life cycle is an important aspect that shows the stages and the sequence of the product in the market. In that regard, every product has a particular life cycle, which advantages might go beyond positioning the product’s position in the market and predict its destination. One of the most important advantages of the concept of life cycle can be seen in the sphere of marketing, where if used as a tool it allows adjusting the strategies, including marketing, based on the known or the predicted stages of the product life cycle. Following the aforementioned, this paper analyzes the importance of the product’s life cycle as a marketing tool, in the field of video game industry, specifically companies such as Sony Computer Entertainment, and Microsoft. Literature Review The product’s life cycle usually consists of four main stages, i.e. introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Accordingly, the duration of the cycle, although can be predicted, it can be influenced by external factor that shortens or extend that period. The role of marketing, in that regard, is changing the technique according to each stage of the marketing to adjust to the challenges and the opportunities of each stage (2007). Thus, by monitoring and controlling the product’s life cycle line or curve, the company can have important insights about each stage, and the marketing adjusting its position according to such insights. Research The industry of video consoles is a specific sphere where marketing and the life cycle of the product, game consoles are closely interrelated. Considering the aforementioned companies, there are examples in each of the company’s products that demonstrate the implementation of the concept of the product life cycle. Taking the example of Microsoft with their previously released console Xbox in 2001, and the successor in 2005, the life cycle was less than four years. Considering that, “Video game consoles and software move from the introduction stage to the maturity stage in five years”(Kerin et al., 2003), it can be seen that the decision to drop the product and switch to the next was based on the early decline stage. Thus, the marketing department saved the marketing costs of continuing Xbox promotion, and introduced the new one earlier than their competitors. A different approach can be seen in the example of Sony Entertainment System, where their console Play Station 2 was released in 2000, and the successor Play Station 3 in 2006. The company prolonged the maturity stage of their first console by differentiating their console and releasing a cheaper and slimmer version, and encouraging customers to switch to their offering. Thus, the company acknowledged the timing when the products exceeds the demand, and thus offered basically the same product in a new shell and with reduced price to attract new buyers. Even with a newer console out in the market, the old product is still selling well and offering new looks. In that regard, marketing could u
Epidemiology is a section of medical science that deals with the study of diseases among people. It explains the relationship between people, environment and disease-causing agents, and deaths associated with the diseases under study (Brownson, & Pettit, 1998). Epidemiology studies compare expected and the actual deaths. In addition, it explains the reasons for decrease or increase of expected number of deaths. In medical science, epidemiologists study about disease prevalence in a population. They also collect statistical data to help health professional develop intervention strategies (Brownson, & Pettit, 1998). Summary of Report Rise in Obesity-Related Cancers in the US Doctors in the US report that they attend to many patients suffering from kidney and pancreatic cancers, which are related to obesity. This report contradicts the American Cancer Society’s (ACS) annual report, which states that the numbers of Americans dying of cancer are small (Pearson, 2012). High rates of obesity have been discovered to increase the risk of breast cancer. According to annual report published by American Cancer society, deaths arising from cancer have continued to decrease. For instance, between 2004 and 2008, the percentage of men and women who died from cancer declined by 2 and 1.5 percent respectively (Pearson, 2012). The analysis of death rates related to cancer between1990 and 2008 show that cancer claimed about 23 and over 15 percent lives of men and women respectively. This reveals distributing statistical data over a wide range, helps epidemiologists to estimate future disease prevalence trends. According to US doctors’ reports, cases of kidney, esophagus, liver, and pancreatic cancers are on the rise. Breast cancer and type 2 diabetes are also on the rise (Pearson, 2012). The doctors argue that obesity is the risk factor for these diseases. It is believed that if the Americans succeed in preventing obesity, they will also succeed in reducing cancers related to obesity. To prevent obesity, people should change their eating habits or keep watch on diet. As a result, cases of cancers associated with obesity will decrease. For instance, America has managed to decrease the number of smokers from 55 to 25 percent in the past 40 years (Pearson, 2012). The US government has plans to decrease the number of smokers further. Therefore, it has set-up polices that discourage smoking. They include imposing high taxes on tobacco products, organizing anti-smoking education campaigns, and imposing high penalties on people who sell tobacco products to children. The adoption of these policies has decreased deaths resulting from lung cancer by 40% (Pearson, 2012). Anti-smoking campaigns form one of the intervention strategies that can be used to have people who are at risk to obesity improve on their diet. This will decrease deaths resulting from obesity related cancers. The epidemiology concepts employed in this article include standardized mortality ratio. This ratio
Abstract The 21st century is being insulated by a concept that originated in the 20th century called corporate social responsibility. Today, due to globalization and internationalization of businesses, most MNCs are under great pressure to embrace socially responsible behavior in their global operation. As this need arises, one is left to ask how well are MNCs able to develop and implement CSR policies in cultures that are diverse and largely heterogeneous from theirs. Other questions may include: Why is there much greater emphasis for CSR policies than earlier and why are most businesses voluntarily embracing the concepts of CSR? With wide adoption of CSR and companies jostling to design them, what are the overall effects of the policies on the performance of the business? How well can the CSR policies get integrated into the company’s strategy? Which are some of the dominant themes that guide the CSR policies today? These questions may seem to be ordinary but their relevance and implication to the business world cannot be bypassed or assumed. Therefore, this paper tries to generate detailed information through investigation and analysis of these concepts and largely give precise insights into the concept of CSR specifically in modern economy. Use of scientific data and information is what guided the research since it is only from such data objective information can be generated. What became true after the research is the fact that CSR as field still need more research work especially due to dynamism being experienced in the business arena. On overall, it was evident that CSR has become an integral necessity in most business and that success and growth of a business today depends on implementing a workable and sustainable CSR. Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction The history of corporate social responsibility (CSR) dates back to almost one and half centuries where organizations discovered that, their role was not only obliged to profit making but also to the development of the wider society. Generally, CSR can be classified into four eras that defined the breadth and growth of the field. Murphy establishes that the period preceding 1950 was largely characterized as, ‘philanthropic’ era whereby most companies got involved in donating to charities [1] . Prior to the per
Several Challenges in Writing the Literature Review Writing a literature review is not an easy task for many students; still, in case certain instructions are given and taken into consideration, the task can be properly completed in time. There are the three steps that should be followed while writing a review: to conduct research, create a structure, and keep in mind the main idea of the investigation (Ridley, 2012). Each step may have the challenges a writer can face in completing this kind of work; this is why it is necessary to remember that as soon as a theme and subject are identified (Oliver, 2012), the work should begin. The study under analysis focuses on the problems of child abuse and parental neglect and their effects on a future child’s life (Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl, & Russo, 2010). In fact, the topic is widely discussed around the whole world; this is why many literary sources, statistics, and other interesting material can be found online as well as in libraries. The task is not to lose the main idea and use the up-to-date sources in order to prove that the chosen topic is worth attention and investigation. In fact, there were the three main challenges in writing the literature review just completed that were overcome due to the ability to organize the work, follow the suggestions of the experts, and keep in mind the necessity to meet the deadlines and academic expectations. One of the hardest tasks was to understand how to narrow down the topic and choose the most appropriate research questions to be discussed in the literature review. Stalker and McArthur (2012) underline that little research has been made on the questions about the support and care for children, who suffer from home abuse; this is why it was necessary to prove that the effects of child abuse were considerable indeed to think about the methods of treatment. Another challenge took place as soon as the necessity to comprehend the effects of child abuse and identify them properly was discovered. Different researchers offer their own ideas about the child abuse effects. Gloud, Clarke, Heim, Harvey, Majer, and Nemeroff (2012) talk about the cognitive development of a child and seem to be the powerful developers of their ideas about the emotional challenges children face with and behavioral problems. And Fang, Brown, Florence, and Mercy (2012) introduce the economic aspect of child abuse effects that seem to be an interesting topic for discussion. This is why the challenge was to integrate a variety of effects in one common topic and introduce it properly. Finally, it was difficult to organize the whole paper so that the introductory part, the body, and the concluding part were logically connected and clear. Still, all these challenges have been successfully overcome due to the ability to organize the work, plan the most crucial steps beforehand, and ask for help before making mistakes or wrong decisions. In general, the work has been done, and the literature review has been pr