ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The student evaluation of faculty (SEF) and courses were started in the 1960s; and, in due course of time, it has become a common practice in almost every American college and university (Student Evaluations 1). The main reason behind student evaluation is that the ratings can be analyzed and used to improve teaching methods and course contents to make students more comfortable and involved with their studies. Many researchers have found that student evaluations are reliable and productive. The ratings by students seem to correlate closely with other ratings for a similar purpose (Student Evaluations 1). Moreover, ratings by trained members or faculty members are not as reliable as the ones by the students. The possible explanations for this are opinions vary among instructors and students are the best judges of the course as the direct receivers of it (Student Evaluations 1). Advantages of Student Evaluations   * The students can better explain whether a course is interesting and informative to them. Their experience of the classes makes them exactly assess the usefulness of the course. Moreover, the ratings given to the course and faculty make the instructors review their teaching methods and implement any necessary changes (Student Evaluations 1).   * They are often most reliable than the self-evaluation of instructors, as they provide valuable information that can be used to formulate further steps.   * The fact that former students rarely change their ratings and opinions suggests that these are given as a result of the real-time experience of the student; thereby, becoming an accurate assessment of the course. Contradictory Opinions However, there are some opposing opinions that student evaluations can be biased owing to various reasons. They can be described in the following manner.   * Students tend to give good ratings for the course in which they can get good grades. In a study, 70% of students agreed that they tend to give a good rating for courses in which they get good grades (Student Evaluations 1).   * Instructors may intentionally make the course easier with simple content to get positive feedback and good ratings from the students (Student evaluations 1). It is further supported by studies in which professors said that they would make courses easier to make students happier (Student Evaluations 1).   * Also, there is a chance that students may become a low rating for a good course when they feel it is a difficult subject (Student Evaluations 1).   * Moreover, the course ratings by the students may be influenced by the nature of the instructor with them (Student Evaluations 1). Conclusion All in all, despite many opposing opinions, student evaluations have been proved to be very useful for institutions in bringing useful changes to the course patterns and instructors’ attitudes.
When studying physics, students encounter many new terms that can initially cause problems of assimilation. One such characteristic is the frame of reference, which often becomes a problem when studying physical science. Therefore, the purpose of this discussion board is to discuss the term. It is said that any reference frame must possess three criteria: coordinate axes, a body of reference, a stopwatch, or other time-reporting tools. Once a system satisfies the three conditions simultaneously, it is said to have its reference frame. Thus, it is seen as a set of tools for studying the motion of objects in space in simple words. For this study to be mathematically descriptive, a frame of reference is used. It should be said that by a body of reference is understood any physical object to which the origin of coordinates or point (0,0) is attached. Thus, the presence of a coordinate system allows tracking the movement of an object in space. However, the motion should not be considered only a spatial process because it occurs in the time coordinate. In other words, a time measurement device for a reference system allows, knowing the exact time, to calculate speed or distance. The most famous reference system for all humanity is the geocentric system, in which the Earth is located at the center. This is a highly convenient model because it allows considering the motion of objects relative to what appears to be a stationary Earth. Thus, the throwing of a ball, the path of a car, or even the airplane’s flight are evaluated from the perspective of the Earth in the center of the Cartesian coordinate system. However, not only such a system is of practical value for studying the dynamics of motion. For example, when studying the geological and geographical characteristics of the Earth, it is much more effective to use a geodetic system with an iron nucleus in the center of reference and meridians as axes. Finally, other frames of reference can also be used, non-geocentric frames of reference. In using a heliocentric system with the Sun at the center of the coordinates, people study the motion of the planets in the solar system. In other cases, people may look at
The Budget as Control There are several strategies for controlling the activities of agencies. One of them is through budget restrictions. This strategy is commonly deployed by the President to direct agencies because they are not permitted to increase budgets or exceed the established thresholds. It is one of the elements of the President’s executive control. Therefore, the decision to control agencies through the budget is solely political because it allows the President to allocate the desirable volume of resources and make the agencies act according to it. The effectiveness of this control tool depends on the scope of the agency’s activities as well as the volume of changes in the budget. However, they are effective for political influence. One of the instances of budgeting changes is the constraint of the IT budget for most of the federal agencies across the US. Still, it was not effective because agencies managed to cope with the crisis by decreasing the rate of expenditures and shifting to cheaper providers of services and manufacturers of hardware. If the constraining entity wanted to control agencies in such a way, it should have selected another area for constraining activities – that inseparable from cooperation with the entity itself, not one with numerous alternatives. The Use of Executive Removal Powers The President has executive powers to remove officers from federal executive agencies and independent federal agencies. However, to make a removal decision, it is essential to correspond with several requirements. For instance, to remove an officer from a federal executive agency, failing to follow directives or any other reason sufficient and adequate under the Constitution and legal acts. Speaking of independent federal agencies, regardless of removal restrictions, a sufficient reason for removing an officer is the negligence of legally predetermined job duties, inefficiency, and malfeasance in office (Rao, 2014). Any other good cause is as well legally acceptable for removing the officer. Some good causes may include law violations or serious illnesses affecting performance. Still, there is one condition common for both types of agencies – only those officers performing executive functions can be removed by the President because they are under President’s chain of command according to the Constitution (Rao, 2014). In any case, it is imperative to prove that the cause of removal is good and there is a real need to remove the offices from the occupied position. Judicial Review of Agencies Judicial review of agencies is one of the cornerstones of administrative procedures. It is critical for assuring that agency decision are fair so that they protect both public and private interests
Introduction The world in which people and various living beings live is a beautiful place and, at the same time, frightening and scary. It is inhabited by the most diverse and dissimilar creatures: cute and kind, dangerous and tragic. However, from the point of view of moral and social beliefs, the most terrible moment that can be done in this world is murder. Moreover, one of the most famous criminals who committed such a terrible crime is the Zodiac Killer, wielding in the 1960s. Police had never arrested Zodiac but could gather information about him through a letter. Zodiac is one of the cruelest and merciless American serial killers, around which a magical mystery and many unexplored secrets were shrouded. The Events and My Position on What Happened The Events The events that have occurred, wrapped around the mystical image of Zodiac, are indicated as follows. Primarily, it should be noted that this person was an unidentified American serial killer based most often in Northern California. In fact, no one knew the real reason for Zodiac’s murders, but some speculated that it had something to do with religious beliefs. He often targeted couples and later confessed to killing them. According to the police, he committed five murders and two attempted murders in the state of California (Butterfield). However, because the Zodiac Killer claimed to have killed more than 37 people, police made false reports of his murder (Montaldo). For years, police tried to find the killer, but Zodiac eluded them (Montaldo). The murderer sent messages to the local press addressed to the polic
Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders: a design and evaluations of the appropriate individualized education goals and the issues surrounding the disorder IEP stand for individualized education program. Individualized education program consists of a statement describing an education program for students with disabilities. This program gets termed individualized because it deals with disabled students individually. Individual statement describing each student’s education program exists. The main purpose of individualized education program is to ensure that needs of students with disabilities get addressed (Barrera et al., 2003). IEP provides each student with an education plan designed to meet the student’s special needs. Orthopedic impairment can be defined as a severe impairment that affects the child’s educational performance. Some of these impairments results from diseases such as poliomyelitis or bone tuberculosis. A child with limb deficiency requires specialized education program because he or she lacks some parts of the body. This orthopedic disorder may result to a student with one or more limbs malfunctioning or missing. In a case where the child has only one limb malfunctioning or missing, it gets easy to handle their case. For example, if only one arm is malfunctioning the child can be trained to rely on the other arm. Some of individualized education program goals for such students include; ensuring that the child attains the best in education (Barrera et al., 2003). This is made possible by their teachers who modify the learning environment to accommodate the needs of the child with limb deficiencies. Another goal is to ensure that the child acquires and retains a positive attitude in life. This helps curve situations where children lose hope or develop negative attitudes towards their conditions. They feel unwanted because they do not look like the rest and at times they lack motivation or the urge to live more. Limb deficiency involves any number of skeletal problems, which may result to a child missing one or more limbs. The disorder may result from illness whereby a child gets affected by diseases such as poliomyelitis or bone tuberculosis. These complications result to malfunctioning of limbs hence making it difficult for the child to play or make move around normally. In some cases, children get born without some limbs hence making it impossible for them to be independent. This happens before birth. Therefore, such children need to attend to schools where special education teachers handle them accordingly (Adams et al., 2002). On the other hand, some children may have some limbs fully functioning with others malfunctioning or missing. For example, there may be a case where the child has both arms normal and active and both legs paralyzed. Limb deficiencies can happen in any order, and each case need to be analyzed and handled with care in order to give the affected child his or her right. These rights include right to proper education and the right to life. Loss of limbs or malfunctioning is a resultant of seve
Society is comprised of different personalities with different cultural, religious and moral standards. Every day, people have to interact at various levels in business and society Since individuals understand and perceive concepts differently, there are bound to be disagreements that result in conflicts. People have different conflict-handling techniques that are deemed effective depending on the type and intensity of the conflict. Researchers have been developing various conflict resolution methods, but their effectiveness has remained a debatable topic. Since the world has become a global village, interactions both locally and internationally have increased. Anyone willing to live harmoniously with others must master the art of conflict resolution. Conflict resolution is a complicated science, requiring deep study and continuous application of best conflict handling approaches. The Reality of Conflict and Resolution Strategies All relationships experience conflicts in one way or another, which can be resolved by employing effective strategies. According to Furlong (2020), people’s interests do not coincide with families, work, education, or personal relationships. The way different parties handle conflicts determines how effectively the differences are resolved and impacts future relationships. The reality of conflict is that it exists in almost every facet of life. There is a wide range of information recorded in books, journals, and the Internet on conflict resolution. Therefore, anyone willing to learn about conflict resolution can find a wealth of resources and apply what is most relevant to them. Success in many avenues depends on how well people have mastered the art of conflict resolution. Those who understand how to handle disagreements are on the winning side of many situations because they comprehend the impact of personal reactions on others. As a result, individuals watch their words, emotions, and perceptions to avoid aggravating conflict. It is crucial to note that conflict resolution requires adaptability. People who resolve conflicts effectively know how to bend their needs, adjust to any challenge and eliminate any hurdles without ruining their relationships (Furlong, 2020). The good news about conflict resolution is that it is within everyone’s reach. Any person willing to learn the techniques can do so using current and well-researched information at their disposal. The only requirement is that one must be eager to find, learn, and adopt the best methods (Lang, 2019). The conflict resolution methods analyzed in this essay are based on the professional knowledge of sociologists and psychologists, with evidence gathered from various sources. Five conflict resolution strategies have been highlighted as applicable to many situations regardless of the level of conflict. The main conflict handling strategies are avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, and collaborating. The difference between these strategies is the role of conflicting parties and the effort each puts into the resolution plan. The five strategies are derived from the Thomas-Kilmann model and have been proven effective in many business and personal
Introduction Any statistical test that uses Pearson’s chi square distribution, frequently shortened to chi-squared distribution, is known as a chi-squared test. This statistical test is used to compute variations in the frequency distribution of certain events observed in a population with those of a specific distribution. The events under consideration must be mutually exclusive, that is, they cannot happen at the same time, and have a sum probability of 1. However, for this method to work effectively, certain assumptions must be made, although the wording may differ in different textbooks, they generally state that:   * The sample has been drawn randomly from the selected population;   * The sample size, n, must be sufficiently large;   * The observations are independent. All of these assumptions must be satisfied in the process of collecting data. Sample size assumption The chi-square test can be used to compute the differences in proportions by use of a contingency table. However, it is worthy to note that the chi-square test only gives an approximate probability value, on which a correlation factor is then applied. This technique only works if the sample size, n, is sufficiently large. If the sample size is not large, then another statistical test, such as Fisher’s exact test, can be more suitable. A Fisher’s exact test yields more ‘exact’ values of the p-value because the size of the deviation from a null hypothesis can be computed exactly, instead of using estimates. Moreover, if the chi-sq
Introduction After the 9/11 attacks inside U.S territory, the world has awoken to the realization that a new kind of international terrorism is now threatening global security. Unlike previous forms of terrorism that heavily relied upon traditional and state reserves for financial and other support, this new form of world terrorism operates under highly organized and well financed terrorist groups. After major efforts were made to decentralize Al Qaeda following 9/11, there has been increased diversification of the methods used by terrorists to raise funds for their operations, the major financier being sympathizers of the jihadist Wahhabist Islam. Wahhabism is an Islamic religious movement that has been widely used by Al Qaeda to conceal its activities towards severing U.S. relations with Saudi Arabia, Egypt and other secular Arab states. Major terrorist organizations have also established themselves under the cover of militant and other extremist groups in lawless states and societies as well as in those countries where organized crime is rampant (Aubrey 2004, pp. 2, 7-8; Brown, Lynn-Jonnes & Miller pp. 10-11, 246). Terrorist funding, transfer and use of funds Although experts argue that terrorist attacks are relatively cheap to organize with the 9/11 attacks approximated to cost an estimated $ 350,000 – $500,000 raised over several months, militant organizations have a variety of other activities that require funding and which necessitate a continuous and reliable sourcing of finances. Many militant and insurgent organizations maintain extensive recruitment, training and arming of recruits; education and social work; welfare and intelligence among other functions. Al Qaeda operated in this design when it was based in both Sudan and Afghanistan. Among the various methods of fund raising used by terrorist organizations charitable organizations such as the Muslim World League and International Islamic Relief Organization. Terrorist groups also exploit financial markets especially commodity markets that operate in unregulated environments. Credit card fraud using skimming devices and bank robberies have also been used by these groups. The Al Qaeda instigated Pakistan bank robbery which took place in 2006 netted about USD 12 million. Criminal activities such as smuggling, kidnapping, drug trafficking and individual funding have also been a major source of finances for terror groups. International criminal gangs which are affiliated with major terrorist organizations also raise funds through extortion and protection funds (Costigan & Gold 2007, pp.18-20, 28-32; Parkman & Peeling 2007, pp.73-78, 92-99). It is difficult to identify or single out a method that different terrorist organizations have not been able to use in transferring of funds or making payments. Terrorists have for a long time been able to take advantage and exploit poorly regulated wire transfer and formal banking systems; use well-regulated financial systems as w
To sell a product most effectively, it is needed to choose the most optimal distribution channels for sales. Fortunately, there are several consumer groups in the considered case. These people differ in gender, age, level of technology proficiency, and other characteristics. All this gives quite ample opportunities for the choice of distribution channels. Each of these people will have their channel, so their combined use will bring the most positive results. First, it is critical to understand how high the relevance of social networks is in the modern world. The largest part of advertising now functions in social networks. On the one hand, this is useful for the described case, since it provides ample opportunities for creating and distributing advertising. On the other hand, the amount of advertising is so significant now that it is challenging to reach the required customers and get them to buy a product. Therefore, it is necessary to competently approach budgeting, choice of platforms, and advertising content. It is worth paying great attention to the social network Instagram, which allows not only advertising but also directly distributing of the product. At the same time, maintaining an Instagram account is relatively simple, since this social network is intuitive. Using Instagram is suitable for a young target audience that regularly spends time there and subscribes to tech accounts. These people use this social network to research potential products, so they can be nudged to buy without effort. Another social network that can be used in the described case is Tik Tok. Now, this platform is one of the most popular in the world, so the importance of using it in any business cannot be denied. Undoubtedly, much of the content is intended for a young audience and is entertaining. However, some Tik Tok users are more mature and ready to shop. Moreover, this platform provides ample opportunities for creativity