ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Study Design A mixed methodology would allow combining the benefits of quantitative and qualitative approaches, thus enhancing the depth and scope of the study. For example, a quantitative research approach allows targeting a broader population of participants, thus collecting data about the overall trends and observing patterns evident in that population (Lampard & Pole, 2015). However, a qualitative method would allow determining individual participants’ attitudes to reporting, thus adding to the exploration of potential barriers and predictors of reporting decisions (Bellotti, 2014). By using a combination of methods, it would be possible to ensure a comprehensive approach to topic exploration and answer all of the proposed research questions. The proposed study is also a one-time research, as it will be assessing current attitudes to reporting. The study will also be non-experimental and will use random recruitment methods, with both telephone interviews and web questionnaires for data collection. Study Population The present research aims to address both the general population and social workers to examine the overall attitudes to the reporting of child maltreatment. Social workers, teachers, nurses, and people in certain other professions are required by law to report child maltreatment, which has a significant impact on their reporting decisions (Feng, Chen, Fetzer, Fend, & Lin, 2012). Although mandatory reporters could face legal penalties in case of failure to report child maltreatment, there are still particular challenges that influence their decisions to report, such as ethical dilemmas, inadequate evidence, or perceived problems with child protection services (Zellman, 1990). The factors affecting reporting decisions of people who are not required to report child maltreatment, however, would be different. For example, Raissian, Dierkhising, Geiger, and Schelbe (2014) found that people’s reporting decisions could be influenced by the age and gender of the child involved, as well as by the type of suspected abuse: “allegations of sexual abuse among school-age children and adolescents, particularly among girls, were more likely to result in CPS involvement” (p. 3). Overall, examining people from both populations would help to obtain an insight into factors affecting both mandatory and voluntary reporting, thus enhancing the depth of the study. In addition, it would be important to address people who live in communities with high rates of child maltreatment. According to Eckenrode, Smith, McCarthy, and Dineen (2014), the incidence of child maltreatment is highly linked to income inequality, with poorer counties and states presenting with higher rates of child maltreatment. Thus, approaching r
Genericville is one of America’s tour destinations that are frequented during summer time. This is encouraged by the rich diversity of birds and fish which find nourishment from the wide river that runs through the town. As a result of these flourishing flora and fauna, the town has marked itself as a center for tourist attraction, one event that has become an economic activity for the inhabitants of this area. The people of this area capitalize on the summer vacationers that frequent this area during summer time. Unfortunately, the riverbanks have extended their nurturing not only to birds and fishes that attract tourists but also mosquitoes that are responsible for the transmission of dangerous diseases like West Nile Virus. The city Council has resorted to use a chemical called Malathion to kill the disease causing mosquitoes in order to save the population from WNV. Sad to say is that the chemical itself has its own side effects that might harm the society. This has become a topic of discussion among the members of the City Council as they try to analyze which risk is much preferred between the mosquitoes and the chemicals. To understand on which is the best decision to make, the following risk assessment has been designed to help analyze the situation. Hazard Identification This chemical is associated with so many defects. The following have been scientifically proved by Malathion medical research. In their research, Sinclair and pressinger (1994) outline the following side effects as associated to Malathion. Intestinal disorders in children exposed to it. It also leads to child leukemia and aplastic anemia which is caused by organophosphate pesticides Malathion being one of them. The same organophosphate pesticides lead to kidney disorders. Another problem associated with Malathion is birth defects exhibited both in humans and animals. Malathion leads to destruction of chromosomes in human blood cells. Malathion causes the deletion of DNA molecules from the white cells thus tempering with the immune system of the body. Malathion contains a chemical called trimethyl-phosphorothioate which leads to brain cells damage. In birds, it cau
Risk Management Veteran medical facility has risk management policies that are aimed at ensuring that the facility offers quality, reliable, and affordable medical care services; other than the provision, the facility has programs that aim at reducing chances of suicide among the veterans. The system looks into both the patients’ characteristics and the aspects of their delivery system. This paper looks into the methods that the facility adopts to manage risks within its facility. Risk management program at Veteran The main risk that the hospital has to contend with is the nature and characteristics of its patients; the older people have high tendency of committing suicide, alcoholism, depression, stress, poor psychosocial support, and physical problem; the hospital’s program addresses the above issues as they affect the quality and the attainment of the facilities goals and objectives. To undertake the process, the risk management program has the following areas to address; Patients safety The fact that the major patients of the facility are old people means that there are high chances that they have weak bodies that get ill more often. The facility employs people of high qualification who well understand the conditions of the patients. Other than medical practitioners, the facility has enacted policies that stretch to patients’ care to offer information that can lead to offering high quality services to patients (Richards & Rathbun). Psychological counseling The facility has a counseling section where it undertakes counseling to its patients in the efforts to ensure their psychological wellbeing has been looked at. When treating a patient, the doctors and nurses are expected to maintain a track record about the movement of the patient and if possible record the psychological factors like the mood, attitude, and perception. When such parameters have been collected, the facility is able to note any changes for appropriate actions. The counseling is not limited to the patients however it is extended to family members to be able to know the best methods they can handle the patient as well as know which places or areas they can call for help. Difference of VA risk management programs with those of contemporary facilities The focus that VA undertakes in its effort to manage risk is different from other contemporary ones on the bases of the kind of risks that they have to address. In modern facilities, the approach to risk management is on preventing the spread of diseases as well as offering high quality services. VA has no much effort on spread of diseases’ as their patients have diseases of a similar nature. Contemporary facilities manage wide variety of diseases thus their programs are more comprehensive. The rate at which contemporary facilities a
Airports have become a part of everyday existence, as air travel is necessary for many aspects of life. The design and technology that goes into building and engineering an airport is unseen but is very complex and structured. There are many details that are important to keep in mind in order to build a well functioning and effective airport. The runway is key part of any airport and at first, it might seem simple enough. The landing and takeoff of an airplane are considered to be one of the most important parts of any flights and so, great care must be taken in designing and building the runway. Usually, it is made of asphalt or concrete and the specifics of the plane are taken into account. The runways have a close relationship with the Earth’s magnetic poles and their shifts. The changes in magnetic poles, which can slowly drift in a certain direction, will result in a name or number change for the runway. Some runways are designed for takeoff and some for landing. This is due to the fact that during landing the physics are different when compared to takeoff or rolling of the plane into position. Runways are connected by ramps and the path that connects the two is called taxiway. As most of the airports are busy and the speed of traffic adds to the effectiveness of the functioning, taxiways are constructed to be used for a high speed usage. The markings on runways, ramps and taxiways are extremely important as they tell the pilots their specific purpose. It is done with letters, numbers and different color lighting. The marking lights are heavily relied on during night time for obvious reasons. There is a great amount of technology used to test and monitor surfaces, markings and other safety details of the airport and its features (Woods 23). Most of the time runways are made with concrete to provide obstruction free, smooth and hard surface. The thickness of concrete depends on the planes that are used and their mass is what determines if it is 10 inches or 1 meter thick. Modern airplanes that are used for commercial transports have one of the highest masses and so, the pressure from the chassis or landing gear is a key determinant. The construction and materials for the runways are very expensive and so, the manufacturers of the aircraft must keep in mind the amount of wear that the airplane will have on the concrete. Due to this, the weight of the airplane must be equally distributed between the touching points and the amount of tires play an important role in the pressure on the pavement. Weather conditions are also taken into consideration, as some places are suscepted to frosting conditions while others never have to deal with temperatures below zero degrees. The pavement surface is an integral part of the runway because it is an area that comes into most contact with the plane. The contact between the surface and the tires must be maximized for braking and acceleration. As sometimes there is heavy rain, the surface is made with groove
Introduction Ethnographies are detailed results of studies about the culture that are conducted by an anthropologist who is well trained. This paper is meant to find out the theme, issues and problems that are considered by an ethnographer when compiling ethnography. Specifically, this paper will consider “The return of the Ainu: cultural mobilization and the practice of ethnicity in Japan” which was conducted by Katarina Sjoberg in 1993. The major theme of this ethnography was to come out with factors that were possibly contributing to the wiping out of the Ainu and their culture. Ainu was a group of indigenous population in Japan. Some of the factors that were considered were for instance, worries, inflexible rules, floods of migration, harassment, the struggle for existence and burdensome taxes. The present situation of the Ainu is that; their culture is almost disappearing and that they live as a marginal minority community with poor politics and economy (Sjoberg, p. 1). The Ainu traditionally lived as hunters and gathers and they mainly inhabited Hokkaido which is an island in northern Japan. This community was later 1868 incorporated into the Nohin culture after their native land of Hokkaido was annexed. The Ainu exhibited different biological, linguistic and cultural characteristics which made them different from the majority of other cultures in Japan. This resulted in their matters being classified as different institutions of social services. However, even after being considered in specific social works and welfares, the majority of Ainu had a living standard that was very low as compared to the average nation (Sjoberg, p. 1). A separate welfare policy referred to as The Hokkaido Utari Welfare Policy was established in 1974 with the major objective being to raise the living standard of the Ainu. However, this policy did not bear significant fruits. These efforts to try and improve the lives of the Ainu prompted the need for finding out why the Ainu and their culture were fading. Today, there are some of the Ainu who are not willing to live in the existing modes of interpretation of their ethnographic and historical background. This group of the Ainu has interacted with the large society at large and is now realizing the need to recognize their lost culture (Sjoberg, p. 4). Another concern of this ethnography is determining the procedure of integrating and fragmenting the relationship that exists between the Ainu and the other cultures. This is certainly true because the Ainu are currently distributed across Nihon even though Hokkaido was their main territory. Methods used in data collection To achieve the objective of this study, the ethnographer used material that was written and taped, field and archival material. This data was collected in the form of in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. There were two principal areas of research that were considered and whose relevant data was collected. The first area of concern was data on what i
A steady increase in healthcare costs definitely presents one of the most discussed issues surrounding the U.S. care delivery system. Today, Americans spend enormous sums of money on healthcare, including high insurance fees, health deductibles, and other types of payments. The current situation was not always the case, and this essay discusses the key factors that have contributed to the continuous increase in care costs. Given the enormous effects of government policies on the relationships between care providers and taxpayers, rising healthcare costs are linked with policy decisions that have polarized the U.S. society relatively recently. For instance, the U.S. President blames the so-called Obamacare and is willing to replace it, whereas many care providers are afraid of further problems following this decision (Goodnough, 2016; Liu & Brook, 2017). Opinions concerning the ACA’s contributions to rising care costs find reflection in modern research. There is scarce evidence that the ACA’s cost-containment strategies work as expected, and the law gets criticized due to limited charity guidelines (TNHFMA, 2015; Valdovinos, Le, & Hsia, 2015; Weiner, Marks, & Pauly, 2017). Cost containment is needed to strike the right balance between expenses and health outcomes (Shi, 2014). In the recent past, coverage expansions within the frame of Obamacare led to a predictable increase in care spending to produce a temporary deterioration of cost optimization results (Weiner et al., 2017). Therefore, in spite of temporary successes and effects on the number of uninsured people, government policies have partially contributed to increases in healthcare costs. In addition to the globally-known policy decisions, rising healthcare costs are often associated with variables that are more difficult to control – the characteristics of the U.S. population. The first factor that has to deal with enormous increases in healthcare costs beginning in the mid-1990s is the size of the population. The U.S. population size significan
How Alcohol affects family When one goes through alcohol problems; harmful effects cost dearly and not only on the drinker, but also on the family members. Drinkers often have a blind-spot regarding the desolating effects alcohol can have on their families. USA recent data show that in four children, one is exposed to alcohol abusers in the family. One of the clearest examples of how negatively alcohol affects family is the widely recognized connection between alcohol use and violent behavior. Some of family issues that linked with alcohol use include;  1. Violent behavior – smacking, hitting, beating and throwing items.  2. Marital fights – separation, obnoxious arguments, silent treatments.  3. Unfaithfulness – Couples cheating on each other because they lack love and care.  4. Resentment and jealousy  5. Financial instabilities – joblessness, poor monetary decisions, misusing money  6. Divorce – loneliness  7. Deadly alcohol effect – drinking while expectant causing baby’s brain damage. Drinking problems can harmfully change family functioning, and it also evident that they can augment family problems. So, family functioning and drinking alcohol are greatly and equally associated. Drinking causes more family problems, because as family problems get worse, drinking gets worse too; a sadistic cycle is created. This is why it is not surprising that alcohol issues are common in spouses seeking marital therapy (Sanders, 57). How alcohol effects driving a car Driving is an extremely intricate task which involves cautious decision making and absolute attentiveness. Alcohol has an effect on a driver’s facility to be wholly in control of his/her deeds: it impairs driving. Skills used in driving a motor a car are vision, steering, psychomotor skills, perception, information processing, and concentration. To keep away from dangers involved, alcohol ought to be avoided every time one is driving. Safe driving necessitates the driver to be attentive to several things at once and have the ability to react promptly when something sudden occurs. All drivers should:   * to be mentally vigilant;   * coordinate physically   * have the ability to respond aptly   * have clear and good vision Risk of accidents can occur if there is impairment of the above driving skills. Risks of driving while drunk increases because;   * The driver takes more time to respond, particularly during emergency situations.   * The facility to think clearl
The goals of this presentation This paper will throw light on the peculiarities of the minimalist approach to architecture. Furthermore, it is necessary to discuss the influence of this style on the architecture of the United States; Additionally, one should show how the principles of minimalism are reflected in the design of hotels. On the whole, it is possible to say that minimalism design has been willingly embraced by American architects and designers who placed much emphasis on efficiency, functionality, and the needs of people who will use a particular building. These are the main details that can be examined in greater detail. The main features of the minimalism style A minimalist approach to design implies that one should eliminate superfluous decorative elements that do not serve any practical purposes (Taylor, 1992, p. 139). Furthermore, this style is based on the use of rectangular forms since this technique often enables the designer to minimise the use of materials and reduce the amount of time which is needed for construction (Torgerson, 2007, p. 57). Additionally, the minimalist approach incorporates such elements as straight lines, flat roofs, open floor plans, as well as exposed textures like brick, metal, or wood (Boyer, 2013, p. 728). These are some of the visual characteristics that should be taken into account. According to the principles of minimalism, an architect should clearly identify the role that each element of the design will play in the construction (Odendorf, 2009, 54). Provided that one cannot answer this question properly, his/her design may not comply with the principles of mi
Taste Tastes refer to the populace’s diverse capacity to uncover delight in a scrupulous wording and according to Bourdieu (1997), there are shared blueprint in issues pertaining taste. Nevertheless, taste is attached to key societal separation akin to gender as well as class, separations between the unsophisticated and sophisticated, as well as the illiterate and the literates. Tastes can be used as a measure of societal division giving rise to creation of a wall between societal sets. Social network places as a source of describing people’s taste Presently the social network places are good sources of information on explaining how people spend their lives offline. This becomes very useful to researchers that are able to understand the kind of lifestyles that people live from day to day. The various issues that people discuss in the social network include their interests in terms of the books they read, the movies watched, the games played and so on. These social network places help ethnographers in understanding human behaviour in the process of interaction where people form relationships (Wasserman, 1994; Jensen & Neville, 2002; McCallum, Corrada & Wang, 2005). This social network places are important as they help connect people with the same interests. However it can bring about social differences in that people with different
Introduction All through the ages, a number of Greek women have stood out for undergoing a great deal of suffering. They have dealt with their lot, not just by enduring their respective hardships in a stoic manner but by doing something about the situation. Even the goddesses were not spared. Demeter, for instance, had an only daughter, Persephone, the maiden of the spring. Her mother lost her and in her terrible grief, withheld her gifts from the earth, turning it into a frozen desert. In Olympus, Demeter sat alone wasting away with longing for her daughter. Zeus told Hermes to go down to the underworld and bid the lord of it to let his bride to return to Demeter. Hermes found the two sitting side by side, Persephone shrinking away, reluctant because she longed for her mother. Persephone suffered too (Hamilton, 1942). Then there is Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. Her husband left her and the young Telemachus for more than twenty years. Waiting alone was suffering enough. When it became inevitable that Odysseus was still alive, her many suitors prevailed upon her to choose one among them to be her next husband. Penelope and her son, Telemachus pooled their resources together to hatch a plan to get rid of the pesky suitors once and for all. Mother and son were successful, but not before Penelope spent sleepless nights exhausting ways and means of stalling her suitors from taking matters into their own hands and forcing her to choose from among who would replace her husband (Hamilton, 1942). Suffering really seems to have been in store for the women in Greece since ancient times, but this paper will concentrate on three particular women whose sufferings are made evident in Greek Mythology, particularly in the stories of Agamemnon and his children. The stories to be discussed in this paper are those of Clytemnestra, Phaedra and Medea. The suffering of Clytemnestra The House of Atreus is one of the most famous in Greek mythology. Agamemnon who led the Greeks against troy belonged to it. Even his wife Clytemnestra and his three children, Iphigenia, Orestes and Electra were equally famous as the father. However, a curse seemed to hang over the family, despite themselves, resulting in ruin and suffering coming down on the innocent and the guilty as well. Therefore, it can be construed from this that whatever mistake may be committed by any female (or male) member of the House is absolved of that mistake. It is made clear from the onset, that whatever undesirable act of Clytemnestra there may be is condoned by her people who are familiar with the history of the House of Atreus (Aeschylus, Oresteia). The tale of Clytemnestra dates back to the Trojan War. When Troy fell, Agamemnon was the most fortunate of the victorious Greek commanders. His ship survived the storms which drove to distant lands or even wrecked the ships of the rest, including those of Odysseus. He returned home triumphant and his subjects awaited him with great anticipation. It seemed for a while that only peace and prosperity were once again to reign. But the elders of the city had d