ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction While considering the German institutional real estate investors, the authors investigate whether the current decision-making generates efficient data for the real estate in this case. The authors argue that real estate markets are characteristics of imperfections owing to high costs of transactions, difficulty in entry of market, market structures that are decentralized and low level of public information. The determination of the return series in real estate markets cannot be similar to that in stocks or bonds because the earlier involves the need to manage an investment property and has a special form of performance evaluation. Discussion The authors hold that portfolio managers apply capital market models based on Modern Portfolio Theory, in an effort to optimize portfolio allocation. Investors will draw simple conclusions based assumptions they make in their individual rationality in investment decisions, information efficiency of the market, the way prices are settled and the resulting return distributions. These restrictions are not suitable for real estate assets. An investor may make biased decision if he/she fails to consider that “prices in heterogeneous asset classes comply with model assumptions with varying extents”. Although investment analysis and capital market theory can be transformed one into another and have similar foundations, the two decision making processes differ considerably in literature and application. The breach in the application of models does manifest in the valuation and the different data sets that are employed, and not in theory. According to the authors, more efficient allocations in real estate can result from comparison of the results of alternative decision-making models under particular decision-making circumstances. Portfolio managers will be concerned with optimization of future cash flows of the present investment. Return factors which will help to explain the behavior of a variable overtime may help the investors in this case. The authors describe the discount rate as the investor’s attitude “towards the risk he perceives from the future realizations” of the expected return values. Income generation from real estate depends on the amount of rents and the property sale values while expenditure on the investment relates to the construction and age of the building. The investor will need to analyze the regional economic conditions and factors that influence supply and demand for rental space and thus the resale price of the property at a given time. The evaluation will be based on future estimation, and a discount rate so chosen relates to the risk amount. There are tools for estimating a risk range for the investment, for example safety margins and sensitivity analysis. Comparing assets is implicated by presence of individual estimations and assumptions in relation to estimation differences for single assets among different investors and optimal capital allocation for two different assets. The authors find historical time series data inefficient in ef
Summary The given document delves into the basic peculiarities of program management. It can be defined as the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and multiple methods to a program to meet its requirements with the primary aim to generate benefits that are not available if to manage projects individually or utilizing just a single approach. The paper reveals central components of program management that are needed to accomplish tasks efficiently and attain improved results. At the same time, all these elements are interconnected by the common outcome that is expected and specific goals that should be achieved due to the cooperation between different departments. Moreover, there is a detailed description of program management performance domains that should be considered to attain desired outcomes and ensure that organizations basic elements function in the appropriate way. These domains include program governance, program strategy alignment, program benefits management, program stakeholder engagement, and program lifecycle management. The enhanced understanding of these domains role in companies and the utilization of the most efficient practices related to the organization of their functioning are fundamental aspects of program management. The document also reveals elements of the organizational strategy that are necessary for the final success and the rise of diverse units. Touching upon every domain in detail, the work contributes to the improved understanding of the central peculiarities of the discussed approach and multiple opportunities for its integration with the existing organizations. Finally, relations between all these domains and their components as the most important factors determining the final result of companies functioning and their outcomes are described. For this reason, the document contributes to the improved comprehension of program management and its potential regarding the modern business environment. Five Takeaways First of all, the discussed document contributes to a better understanding of the fact that the modern business environment demands the combined approach that encompasses all possible tools and methods to achieve a particular goal and create the basis for the further evolution of the company. Under these conditions, program management becomes a key to successful decision-making and strategic planning concerning the further growth of the organization and its development. The fact is that the given approach presupposes the use of all available tools, methods, and skills to guarantee that the existing needs are assessed, and all demanded conditions for their fulfillment are created. In such a way, it becomes the most appropriate way to work with organizations. Another important thing that I learned from the document is the interdependence of different fields of knowledge related to the compa
Executive Summary Organizational culture refers to “the specific collective values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization” (Schein, 2010, p.12). It describes the attitudes, expectations, values and beliefs associated with the members of an organization. Organizational culture exists to help the organization to cope with its challenges. Thus a strong and cohesive organizational culture has a positive impact on the performance and efficiency of the firm. It particularly promotes high levels of productivity, high employee motivation and cohesion (Schein, 2010, p.17). BSG ltd has a weak organizational culture as reflected in the problems facing it. Its problems include poor cohesion, high turnover, high pilferage levels, high employee dissatisfaction and mistrust between the workers and the management. In order to address these problems, the company should make changes in its rules, innovation, control, and coordination systems. Implementing these changes will involve modifying the culture of the organization. Thus they should be implemented in a framework that enhances the commitment of the top-management, involvement of the employees and sensitivity to legal and ethical implications. Introduction Every organization has a particular culture that defines the relationships among its members and the manner in which the organizational procedures are curried out in order to achieve the end results. Culture refers to the knowledge, art, morals, capabilities and customs acquired by a person in a given society. Thus organizational culture refers to the “set of particular organizational tasks that are carried out by the organization’s members in a specific way that makes it different from other organizations or units within an organization” (Kuofie, 2010, pp. 1-31). It describes the values and norms accepted by members of the organization and shape the interactions among members and between members and the general public. A strong organizational culture promotes integration and coordination within the firm. Thus it has a direct influence on the efficiency and performance of the firm. This paper focuses on the benefits of a strong organizational culture. Recommendations on how BSG ltd can change its organizational culture in order to improve its performance will also be discussed. Benefits of a Strong Cohesive Organizational Culture A strong organizational culture has both direct and indirect benefits for the organization. This means that it has the potential of improving the performance and efficiency of the organization through the following was. Achieving the Company’s Vision, Mission and Goals A strong organizational culture helps in aligning the firm towards achieving its overall strategic goals as outline in its mission and vision. According to Hofstede et al (1990, p. 56) a strong organizational cultur
Irving Kristol, in his essay “Sex, Violence, and Videotape,” begins by making a valid point with regard to liberal naiveté. As liberals’ fear of limits on expression is without caveat, it is legitimate to point out that this fear has its roots in an age in which freedom of expression was a notion. Since its conception, it has been seen and noted by professionals like Professor Elizabeth Newson, mentioned in the first paragraph of the essay, that expression without limits has its consequences, therefore warranting common-sense, law enforced restrictions. Kristol, unfortunately, fails to identify what he means by the following terms: liberal, violence-rich, and abuse (640). What kind of violence was recorded by Newson as abusive to children in videotapes? What are the results of the abuse ? To what extent are the professor and his team a group of liberals? Why is the term used at all? What is its significance here? The reader is left to pull definitions of these terms from common societal denotation, and therefore is left at a disadvantage when attempting to grasp the full rationale Kristol is employing. Even more baffling is the fact that Kristol does not cite the study done by Newson in length when refuting the point—a point that he concedes is true—that there is no definitive causal link between television violence and violence in the young (641). Though it is responsible of him to mention the realities of the opposition’s argument, it is incredibly irresponsible of him
Introduction Rene Magritte’s paintings are profound and breathtaking. In the paintings, emotional feelings come out in an explicit manner. On the same, there is the use of irony, wit, and intelligence to put points across. The artworks, together with their titles, bring out the intended message clearly. Most of the artworks are ideas from the experiences that Magritte had during his life. The experiences include the death of Magritte’s mother, the World War I and II, and the post war period. In addition, the marriage experiences with Georgette and the attachment with a surrealist influenced his paintings. This research paper consists of Magritte’s background, artworks, ideas behind the artwork, and the way they relate with people’s lives in contemporary times. Rene Magritte Background Rene Magritte was “born in Lessines, in the province of Hairnut, in Belgium, in 1898” (Calvocoressi, 1990, p.6). He was a surrealist artist, and well known for his provocative paintings. He began his practical lessons of drawing in 1910 (Calvocoressi, 1990, p. 117). Later, on 12 March 1912, his mother committed suicide and her body was found along the river bank. The face of the corpse was covered with a cloth, and other parts were not clothed (Spitz, 1994, p. 29). This influenced Magritte’s works such that, most of his works were faces covered by clothes and female naked bodies lying on the ground. His earlier oil paintings were impressionist, in style, and most of them were finished in the year 1915. Between 1916 and 1918, he joined Academic Royale dex Beaux-arts, in Brussels. He found the studies uninspiring and thus he quit. The works “that he produced between the years 1918 and1924 were influenced by futurism and offshoot of cubism, which was practiced by Metzinger” (Sylvester, 1992, p. 235). In 1922, Rene married “Geogretta Berger whom they met when he was a child” (West, 1996, p. 103). Between 1922 and1923, he worked as a draughtsman and a designer of posters and advertisements. Later, in the year 1926, he released his first surreal oil paintings, “the Lost Jockey” (West, 1996, p. 103). After his first exhibition, in Brussels, people criticized him together with his works, and full of frustration, he moved to Paris where he joined a surrealist group. Even
Introduction Werner Herzog made this movie in order to analyze the conflict between man and nature. He intended on showing that man cannot cause nature to dance to his tune, and it is this misconception that can sometimes lead to dire consequences. The production Contrary to what one might expect from the movie, Grizzly Bear is not a movie about bears, foxes or wild scenery; it is a movie about the thin line between prey and predator, or man and his environment. The author intended on revealing how this boundary can get blurred very easily, but it must never be crossed. Treadwell often asserted that he liked it in the wild, and did not really fit in with humans. These sentiments are echoed in more than one way in the movie. He was induced into the much simpler world of the bears, and at times forgot that these were deadly creatures that could take away his life. Herzog believed that this was Treadwell’s great oversight. To the author, man should never lose sight of his place, or else nature would turn around and bite him. In the movie, Herzog comments that Treadwell thought of the human world as a foreign thing. He then likens the glacier, tumbling ice and abysses to Treadwell’s soul. He believes that the turmoil in that landscape was synonymous with the turmoil in the lead character’s soul. Treadwell was not able to tame these disturbances, and they eventually led to his ruin. The author wanted to contrast the illusions that were perceived by Treadwell and the reality that existed around him. The illusion was that Treadwell thought that the wild environment was a brilliant place. However, the reality (as posited by the author) was that bears were harsh, so humans could never really belong to their world because they were different. Herzog illustrated that regardless of one’s intentions, there were lines that should never be crossed. The author sums up his beliefs and intentions towards the end of the movie when he asserts that “I discover no kinship, no understanding, and no mercy. I see only the overwhelming indifference of nature” (Herzog 92) The author of the movie is probably addressing psycho analysts, sociologists and individuals who want to understand the human psyche. While the documentary is set in the wild, it actually focuses on human nature. Treadwell’s weaknesses were a
Introduction For nurses, their job is hard daily work requiring profound knowledge, skills, and dedication. The profession demands them to be sustainable and responsible, meet the requirements, and comply with the main work principles. With nurses, patients most often communicate, ask and answer, talk and listen. Hospitals, in particular those dealing with patients with mental illness, are considerably challenging places of work. Employees daily see human suffering, own limited capabilities, and face severe ethical dilemmas. Solving ethical problems also requires precise knowledge and professionalism, the ability to make the best decision in critical situations. Psychiatry differs significantly from other areas of medicine, including in ethics. The field is gradually expanding as, in addition to clearly defined diseases, personnel also should deal with more hidden disorders. At the same time, society is still not tolerant enough towards patients with mental illness and has prejudices. Such an image affects the desire to seek professional help, provokes a pessimistic view on treatment, and makes patients even more vulnerable. Moreover, this image can affect the social and professional life of the patient. For this reason, ethical treatment has a critical significance in relations between patients and medical staff. The most effective medical and psychiatric care is provided in a hospital. In their practical activities, doctors and nurses of the department should be guided by the principles of medical ethics. For example, among the main requirements that stand out: the actions aimed at the benefit of patients, respecting their interests, and medical confidentiality. Mentally ill people do not always realize that their condition is dangerous – for themselves or surrounding people. Therefore, the situation of providing them help in the psychiatric hospital is perceived as violent and often provokes resistance. In the hospital, such people often refuse treatment, the need to observe the regime, and taking drugs. Doctors and staff have to resort to coercion, which, however, should not contradict the humane approach to the patient. The Scenario of Ethical Dilemma Case The scenario presented and studied below is hypothetical, and similarities with real people are coincidental. However, considered ethical dilemmas might arise in actual nursing practice. The purpose of the presented case and analysis is to evaluate the ethical aspects of providing care to a patient in a psychiatric ward. Another objective of the paper is to provide recommendations for treatment in accordance with the moral and ethical principles of the profession of a mental health
The Chief Financial Officer in the company, which is a milk production firm, known as Milk One Limited, has to decide on whether the company will be using the process costing method or the job order costing system in our firm when accounting for costs. The following is a recommendation on the best costing accounting method for our firm. First, we shall compare as well as contrast the process costing method with the job order costing method. The job order method of costing is a cost accounting method where the costs rely on the specific kind of work done. The costs are therefore not based on the units produced but on the cost of inputs used to make a particular product or service. The process costing method of accounting on the other hand relies on the averaged costs for a given unit of production. This is to mean that the costs are related to the units of the product produced, but not to the individual costs. Having explored the two kinds of accounting, we shall look into where each cost accounting system is used in a manner that is beneficial and in a way that will ensure there is no under costing and over cost. The job costing system that bases its way of accounting costs on the labour used in production is suitable for firms with specific services or products that are highly differentiated and there is a need to track the particular quantity of work and the raw materials used. This kind of cost accounting is most suitable for companies with highly differentiated products. Companies such as an Airline company, tour and travel companies, and advertising agencies are examples of companies in need of job order cost accounting methods (Shaw & Wild, 2011). The cost accounting method is suitable for companies whose output is not highly distinguishable from each other. The process costing system may be easier to manage compared to that of the job order costing method. This is because obtaining the exact data needed is easier in comparison with obtaining data in the job costing cost accounting method. Companies that produce high levels of output of identical products are the best suited to use the process cost accounting method because they do not have too many unnecessary costs to include in their accounts. Oil manufacturing companies and companies that produce products for mass consumption are some of the firms that are best suited to use this system of accounting. Our company Milk One Limited is a milk-processing firm, which produces pasteurized milk in different flavours. The milk is then distributed to various chain stores for mass sale. Since it is a small firm, there is a need to focus on one product to minimize unnecessary costs and enable the company to buy in bulk to enjoy the resulting economies of scale. This means that our company will be producing homogeneous products that have no differentiation or a little differentiation in terms of flavours. The best cost accounting system is that of the process costing system which is easier to se
Introduction The GDP means the Gross Domestic Product. It is a measure of the market goings-on and economic development of the country. Gross Domestic Progress began several years ago and was named as the paramount attainment of the 20th century. Gross Domestic Product measures total values of all national production. It deals with flows of economic and production. GDP per capital is used as an indicator of a resident’s living standard in a country. GDP is calculated by a following formula: the actual cost of edible production is divided by the total populace of the country. GPI is used to describe economic growth by accounting the factors related to the quality of life and provide the measure to sustain it in the future (Anielski and Rowe 1). The Gross Domestic Product only measures factors that are commonly quantified in dollar terms by the market place, while GPI quantifies other factors that are difficult to put a number on, which include; Family, Crime, population and Community involvement. GDP measures the overall investment in all production that ordinarily transacted in the market; the GPI is more concerned with the real utility of that production to humans for improving the quality of life (Anielski, M. & J. Rowe, 1). The GPI includes non-market goods and services that have utility to human. GPI incorporates the notion of sustainability by combining natural resources and also setting “aside” enough resources to compensate for the environmental unsustainability of current production. In this current setup, GPI accounts for costs that are ordinarily to the market. GDP is centered on production, while GPI is more centered on consumption because it can be more linked to human welfare. Consumption can be routinely adjusted up or down to simulate relative changes in income equality or inconsistency in due time. GPI has increased the US per capital moderately since 1950, while GPD has triplicated because of the growth of development and industrialization effects such as pollution and commuting. Economic growth only improves human wellbeing to a certain level, and beyond that level; the benefits of additional growth are counterbalanced by the costs and impacts of that growth (Anielski, M. & J. Rowe, 1). In October 2003, University of Vermont published an article which studied the growth of Vermont and the main conclusion of the paper was that “GPI is also all-inclusive approach to evaluating economic growth than GDP”. This is because it accounts for income spreading effects, cost of pollution, and reduction of social and natural capital. GDP failure to observe non-market goods and service such as clean water and air, quality of life which can be relocated by happy family is a greater mistake. It took into account negative measure, such as less time with family and increasing pollution of environment without counter measure. Despite economic growth in the 1990s, and rise in GDP, people felt little cheerfulness. It is crucial to consider environmental and social concern in determining economic welfare of people (Anielski, M. & J. Rowe, 1). Conclusion GPI has a