ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is important to note that the process of negotiations is a delicate process, which requires knowledge of effective strategies and an understanding of the perspective of the other party. One of the oldest and fairly common methods of negotiation is centered around threats. However, it is not clear whether or not the use of threats is effective during the negotiation process since it has both advantages and drawbacks. The given analysis will primarily assess if threats are effective during the negotiation process. The findings indicate that threats can be effective, but only in a specific set of conditions and against a specific category of individuals. Defining Threats in Negotiations It should be noted that the term threat is a broad concept, which can be interpreted as a number of influences, forces, or actors. In the context of negotiation, a threat is a type of statement done by one side with an intent to communicate that some form of hostile action or negative outcome will be inflicted if the other side does or does not do something the former side desires (Morveli et al., 2020). In other words, threats are tightly intertwined with the concept of intimidation, fear, and warning, where one sides benefits, and the other side experiences a loss. Inherent Effectiveness of Threats Threats belong to a category of a persuasive force, where restrictive actions and statements are made to sway the decision-making or behavior of the other party in favor of the one imposing them. It is evident that threats can be effective as a method of negotiation since it was utilized throughout the history of humanity. However, there are two critical factors, which need to be put in place in order to make these measures effective. Firstly, it is highly important for the proponent agent to have some form of credibility for the opposition party in order to make the threat valid and perceived as such (Espinoza et al., 2020). In other words, threats can be taken seriously if the proponent of these measures has no authority, power, or perceived credibility to enforce them. For example, a threat of a lawsuit is more threatening from a professional law firm or legal agency than from an average individual since the former cases have more perceived power and credibility as well as competence to follow up with the claims. Secondly, the context and strength of the threat itself are critical to the overall effectiveness (Espinoza et al., 2016). In other words, a serious threat with more undesirable consequences is stronger than a mild one. For example, a threat from a person with a gun threatening to take someone’s life is stronger than of a person threatening to file a complaint. Therefore, the combination of the perceived credibility of a proponent and the strength of a threat determines the overall effectiveness. Specificities of Opponents In addition to the factors inherent to threats, the specificities of opponents also play a major role in determining the overall outcome. Evidence suggests that “when the threat is not activated, high FTS buyers pay more than low FTS buyers. Consis
Introduction Classical music can be taken to refer to music that was produced in the western cultures, ecclesiasticals and concert music and all happened in a period of 9 th to 21 st century and this classical music is played by many of today’s musicians and it actually encompasses compositional techniques to entertaining operettas. Classical music has routes in the early Christian music and its influences date further to the Ancient Greeks. This classical music is based in the development of various music tones. The romantic era, codified practice expanded the role of music in cultural life and created institutions for the teaching, performance and preservation of music. While the modern era began with impressionist music dominated by French composers who went against the traditional German ways of art and music. (Cassirer, 1951). The age of enlightment in the 18 th century changed the course of music and this enlightment actually brought the accepted reason and equality in to the public consciousness throughout Europe. In some parts like in France, intellectuals like Voltaire preached against aristocracy, class divisions and religious prejudice. He actually believed that other people’s cultures should be accepted and not looked down upon since people are different and have their different cultures and hence as a result, these people’s cultures should be accepted and not rejected and then absorbed in to the music of the day. Since people have so many different cultures, then it would be of paramount importance if these different cultures would be absorbed in the today’s music and hence make people understand the music when presented in their own languages and then r4educing language barriers and the importance of music id depicted and opera offers an example of this. This enlightment also saw the advent of public concerts and those people from the middle class sought for these entertainments since they could afford it and hence this tells that music was not only for the high class or the privileged in the societies but also for the poor peasants since they could also sought for these entertainments if they wished. Certain composers like Franz invented new ways to reach a larger audience with the music that demanded greater attention, he also narrated certain themes in order to make the music so enjoyable, and also left some of the audience in suspense and also contradicted himself in the singing so it was only the clever audience who could be in a position to understand the singing and hence made the singing quite attractive. He also had climaxes in his own singing and of course this is the most important part in singing since it’s usually the climax of the song and it should be made quite attractive. He also evoked democracy in his singing and explained the democratic principles of t
Type of Study The type of study adopted by Emil Vicale is an exploratory study. He does not have a specific goal or problem to solve by the study; instead, he is only interested in establishing the viability and feasibility of the toy production company. According to Dudovskiy (2019), exploratory research studies aim to investigate a problem that has not been clearly defined. As implied by the name, its main objective is merely to explore the study question or the identified problem and not provide any conclusive results to aid decision making. Exploratory studies are often used to better understand a problem, a potential business opportunity, or a gap in the field of economics. Following increased individual requests for his brand of custom-made toys and action figures, Vicale decided to conduct an exploratory study to investigate the potential for the action figure business (Schindler, 2019). In general, the research is done in a descriptive format assessing and reporting on several market trends and relevant competitors, such as Hasbro. Dudovskiy (2019) highlights that the exploratory research design is developed to help researchers and entrepreneurs explore an existing problem or gap in the market in varying levels of depth. It starts with general understandings or ideas of business opportunities and builds to identify specific issues that can be the focus of future more comprehensive studies aimed at developing solutions for decision making. Recognizing the potential for venturing into action figures, the president of Hero Builders uncovered details such as the extent and scope of the doll industry through an internet search. After identifying the main competitors, Vacale then additionally investigated the retail environment. It revealed that to
Costs and Benefits of FDI on the Host County Many developing countries embarked on a serious campaign to promote foreign direct investment in their countries following the economic surge of 1990s. Economic policy makers established that their economies could not perform any better without foreign investors in their countries. However, some were of the contrary view since they believed that foreign direct investment is a source of conflicts in the economy. Foreign direct investment has a number of benefits to the economy of the host countries. For instance, it contributes in strengthening integration among states, which is a prerequisite of development. Once an economy is interested into the global economy, it would be able to enjoy expansive markets for various commodities (Strange 21). Foreign direct investment has the major role of boosting and engendering trade flows, even though this depends on several factors. In this case, the host country is expected to strengthen global links regarding certain enterprises to ensure smooth distribution of goods and services, efficient sales, and marketing of products. Host countries would always benefit from increased exports, which would in fact fulfill their short and medium-term objectives. For the case provided, foreign direct investment plays a critical role in boosting exports in Germany. Germany has benefited from inward investment for long meaning that foreign direct investment helps the host country in that seem to have financial constraints, even though it might be having enormous natural resources. By the time GM entered in to partnership with Opel, the economy of Germany was undergoing transition. Since the partnership was founded in late 19 th century, Germany has been experiencing improved imports and exports, even though this was greatly hampered by the Second World War when the Nazi regime took over the management of the production facility. Foreign direct investment has the capability of transferring technology from one country to the other, which is one of its main benefits. Multinational Corporations are often depended upon in offering new ways of doing things in the market. Technology circulates in four different ways, one of them being vertical transfer whereby suppliers of goods and services, as well as the buyers are introduced to new ways of interacting with foreign companies using new technologies. Local companies can as well access technology horizontally as they engage in competition or partnership with multinational corporations, such as General Motors. Opel was able to outmuscle it
One of the most effective ways to optimally reduce the planned duration of a project is to use the schedule compression method. For example, fast-tracking is a popular schedule compression technique in which steps within the original plan are performed in parallel rather than sequentially. Larson and Gray (2018) assert that the main advantages of the fast-tracking method are simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency. Thus, as a result of applying this method, it is possible to form quite effective solutions to optimize costs. Based on my life experience, I am convinced that this schedule compression technique is used in medicine. After some medical operation, I was discharged from the hospital without a postoperative stay in the hospital ward. Efficient and reliable fast-tracking criteria have been developed that allow anesthesiologists to quickly assess a patient’s suitability for direct discharge to a lowering unit. Accordingly, fast-tracking allows for early dismissal of eligible patients, which increases perioperative efficiency and throughput after outpatient surgery. As for me, since I did not have to be in the hospital, it improved my psychological state. This method can be applied in both professional and personal spheres. For example, if the wall needs to be painted, having previously primed it, then initially, the priming and painting work is planned to be done sequentially. However, if the wall is large, the performer can start painting it without waiting for
Introduction We are being worn out daily with information about everything from all over with the flare-up of information technology. We have television delivering news at home, a radio in the family car, and at work the internet. We are being presented with new information at every side with this entire media. Through the media, we are able to know what the latest is, what is hottest, and even what is good or bad. Regardless of whether we acknowledge it or not, the truth is that this information influences our choices. These are choices about our dressing styles, where we visit, what we purchase, and our appearance. The media seeks to enlighten us, convince us, entertain us, and change us. The main goal of doing all this is to engage crowds so that advertisers can market their products and services. According to recent research, nearly all food-manufacturing companies use images of slim models to advertise their food. The companies do this regardless of how unhealthy the food might be. Over the years, the media has succeeded in painting a picture that associates thinness with beauty. When the food companies use the images of thin models in their advertisements, they are simply associating the food to being beautiful. This gives people the impression that by eating the food they will be as beautiful as the model in the advert is. This is however not the case since most of those foods are unhealthy and might even cause diseases. Perhaps the biggest effect of how the media influences eating habits is evident in McDonald advertisements. Research shows that McDonald and other fast food companies run flashy adverts that are appealing to customers. In most cases, the people who watch this adverts end up eating the food being advertised regardless of how unhealthy it is. It is surprising to note that the food companies do not warn people on the dangers of too much intake of such foods. Worried about the effect that such adverts have on people’s minds, doctors recently unveiled an advert that showed a dead body in a morgue holding a piece of hamburger from McDonald. This advert was meant to prove to consumers that the fast foods that they take could cause death. The best demonstration to prove that advertisement can influence the food we eat is best seen in the documentary Super Size Me. First, the documentary tries to show us why fast food companies are not genuine in their advertisements. This is achieved by showing just how impossible it is to “eat one chip.” This shows that people have to purchase plenty of what is on sale to get satisfied. This is seen as a conspiracy by companies to get more customers and more money. The documentary shows how people destroy their health by continuously eating fast foods. Des
Introduction ‘This American Life’ is a radio show that is run every week. The show was produced by Chicago Public Radio. The show has over 300 episodes. Several lessons can be learned from the episode that was aired on September 9th, 2009. The underlying vital aspects of the episode The episode focuses on the death spiral that engulfed the state. The death spiral was characterized by surging federal debt that amounted to $16 trillion. This amount was exclusive of Medicare and social security. When these two elements are included, the debt would escalate further to $211 trillion. The debt crisis in the country gave clear indications that the country would go into recession. It is important to appreciate the fact that the state was fully aware of a high possibility of a recession since it is evident that a team of various professionals comprising of geopolitical analysts, economists, and scientists confirmed that the country was likely going into a recession and major institutions in the economy, such as the credit and money market, were likely to collapse. The team held the state responsible for the slump since it encouraged the Ponzi scheme thus, escalating the debt. Further, the team pointed out that the recession would affect necessities in the economy such as energy, water, and food. The team further hinted that the situation is soaring and within a short time the economy will slump. The episode further points out that the various subcommittees and various teams investigated the envisaged recession and the result was the same, a looming recession was on the way to hit the country. Besides, all investigations carried out showed the same results, that is, a Ponzi pyramid scheme. Further, in the episode, the team indicated that there was no possible way that the mess could be sustained any longer. Further, there is no way it could be corrected in a well-ordered manner without incurring losses. Lessons learned There were adequate signs of a possible recession. All studies indicated that the country was in a death spiral that started escalating way back in the seventies. However, signals were raised quite late and it was impossible to correct any element of the mess in a manner that would not affect the entire public. In as much as the economic cycle (that is, recession, recovery, boom, and depression) is bound to occur at some point in the economic life of a country, the state did not take any action that would cushion the economy from the
One of the major aspects of a contemporary geopolitical reality in the world is an ongoing tension between the U.S. and Iran, reflected by the fact that, as time goes on, the U.S. continues to apply more economic sanctions against Iran ever, while encouraging its European and regional (the countries of GCC) allies to do the same. The justification for such a course of action, on the part of the U.S., serves the allegations of Iran developing nuclear weapons and also the fact that, according to the U.S. Department of State, the system of a political governing in Iran is utterly undemocratic. In its turn, this provides many Western political observers with a certain rationale to discuss the earlier mentioned tension in terms of the Constructivist political theory. That is, the currently deployed America’s foreign policy towards Iran is commonly referred to; as such, that serves the purpose of ensuring peace and security in the Persian Gulf region. Nevertheless, even a brief analysis of the issue at stake reveals the sheer inconsistency of this suggestion. After all, despite the fact that many American top-ranking politicians talk about the Iranian nuclear program, as such that is concerned with Iran pursuing an unmistakably military agenda, there is no even a single proof that it is indeed the case. As Chintamani and Tourangbam noted, “No intelligence analysis could produce any conclusive evidence to suggest that Iran was at work to develop nuclear weapons” (2011, p. 230). The claim that the reason why the U.S. continues to apply economic sanctions against Iran is that this country does not share the American conceptualization of ‘democracy’ also does not stand any ground. After all, the blatant violations of ‘democracy’ in such countries as Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia, which happened to be allied with the U.S., do not seem to concern the U.S. Department of State at all. Therefore, it is specifically the theory of political Realism, which provides us with the discursively appropriate framework for addressing the assignment’s question. According to the Realist paradigm, the never-ending process of states competing for natural/human/territorial resources defines the essence of qualitative dynamics in the arena of international politics. As Sterling-Folker pointed out, “Based on implicit biological context, realism’s overarching narrative tells what evolutionary biologists refer to as ‘just-so stories’ about the behaviors and institutions that are anticipated in a context of the ongoing
Introduction Mobile phones are increasingly becoming an integral constituent of society with young people, in particular, embracing the technology that has come to be associated with a multiplicity of positive and negative consequences (Suss & Waller 2011). Emerging trends from the developed world demonstrate that the youth have the highest levels of mobile phone ownership across all age-groups and are prolific consumers of the technology (Walsh et al 2008), and the situation is marginally different in most developing countries where markets for mobile phones have been phenomenal (Thomee et al 2011). Responsible use of these devices has been associated with desirable outcomes, such as increased feeling of belonging, better social identification and a stronger perception of security, but addictive use is often associated with undesirable outcomes which borders on stress, peer pressure, dilution of the social fabric or mobile phone dependence (Suss & Waller 2011). For instance, younger drivers engage more on the use of mobile phone while driving, particularly to send and receive text messages, thereby endangering their lives, and mobile phone debt, occasionally leading to bankruptcy, is increasingly becoming a big challenge for many young users globally (Walsh et al, 2008). It is indeed true that the youth form a significant component of the general population even though it is challenging to delineate this particular group, primarily because of the fact that the phase of life between childhood and adulthood differs across geographical and sociocultural contexts, not mentioning that an individual’s maturity may not necessarily correspond the number of years lived (Campbell, 2005). Yet, it is this group of the population that is most at risk due to usage patterns coupled with an insatiable appetite to discover more about the world, of course through the use of mobile phones and other handheld devices. An emerging strand of literature (e.g., Walker et al, 2011; Thomee et al, 2011) reports of ‘addictive’ forms of mobile use, especially among the young people, in ways that have the capacity not only to destroy relationships and careers but also weaken the social fabric that holds society together. The purpose of the present paper is to critically evaluate the effects, both positive and negative, of increased use of mobile phones on young people, and how these effects can be mitigated to avoid negative ramifications. The paper also seeks to explain the physical and physiological effects of excessive use of mobile phones on young people. Finally, the report seeks to illuminate some important insights into the social effects of mobile phones on young people. Challenges and Effects of Excessive Use of Mobile Phones on Young People Mobile phones are hand-held portable devices that use analogue or digital frameworks to receive frequencies transmitted by cellular towers or base stations to connect to connect calls and other services between two gadgets (Thomee et al 2011). The gadgets have the capacity, not only to make and receive calls but also to access other services, such as text messaging (SMS), multimedia messaging (MMS)