ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concept of Being is as old as being itself. Heidegger, one of the greatest philosophers, attempts to ascertain the meaning of Being. In his work, he employs the term Dasein to explain the existence of being. His argument plays a key role in philosophy as it attempts to pose the question of the meaning of being. This ‘question’ forms a fundamental role in formulating Heidegger’s concept of meaning of being. It should be noted that the term ‘question’ is emphasized in Heidegger’s work. This is because he uses it to track the truth of being. Being an ontologist, his work concentrates on replenishing the question of ontology. He argues that this matter has created a huge problem especially to the western philosophers. The problem, according to him, is the question of being. It is however notable that although it appears his argument seems to concentrate on the question of being; he makes a plausible attempt to explain the nature of philosophy. According to him, he views philosophy as an ontological seeking as opposed to ontic. Heidegger’s argument therefore opens up the concept of philosophy to ‘questioning’ in an attempt to understand the meaning of being. He further uses his ‘question’ philosophical approach to describe the existence of being and coming up with the fundamental presuppositions adopted to explain being. This paper will therefore examine the important question of being as articulated in Heidegger’s work. The author of this paper will also revolve around the ontological composition of the world and its contribution to the question of being. The Concept Of ‘Being’ Heidegger’s philosophy of ‘being’ is an ontology that seem to focus on self philosophical consciousness of man. According to him, the question of being has been neglected and forgotten. He continues to argue that this very question greatly contributed to the works of Plato and Aristotle. This assertion cannot be taken to mean that no other philosopher has questioned the meaning of being since the contribution of the two philosophers. Rather, this assertion has been interpreted to mean that most philosophers have concentrated on exploring the nature of beings and not the ‘being’ itself. According to Heidegger, he maintains that that he is the only philosopher who has attempted to examine the primary question that has been neglected by all other western philosophers. According to his school of thought, he purports that the question of being has been prejudiced and deemed as unnecessary. He therefore comes up with three presuppositions that he believes have contributed to such prejudice and to which he refutes. First, the proposition that ‘Being’ is the ‘most universal concept’. He asserts that “ an understanding of Being is contained within our every apprehension of beings .” In his argument, he brings to fore the philosophical arguments by other philosophers such as Aristotle and Hegel hence coming up with the conclusion that the concept of Being is not a universal concept, but rather vague and obscure. This argument attempts to bring out the ontological distinction between Being and beings. The philosophical approach by Thomists and Hegel seem to incline
Companies linking corporate social responsibility to their marketing strategies The main focus of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is on stakeholder analysis, business strategies and the resulting competitive advantages. A special focus has been given to the link between CSR and a company’s financial performance. CSR has been defined as the continuing commitment by businesses to conduct their activities ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, the local community and the society at large. This focuses on the relationships between business and society and how businesses behave towards their key stakeholders including employees, customers, investors, suppliers, communities, and special interest groups. There are several companies that are practicing CSR; these include the ExxonMobil which has made several efforts towards good corporate citizenship. It contributes over $35 million each year through its foundation to a wide variety of CSR causes particularly in areas of education, health, environment, museums & arts, community services, women and towards the interests of the minority. More than 80% of the company’s contributions are made in the area education within the US even though its economic lifeline is oil exploration, refinement and processing that is done overseas. The $35 million contribution is primarily in form of cash grants to charitable organizations whose programs are not linked in a tangible way to ExxonMobil’s business objectives and strategy or its core activities. The decision by Shell to sink the Bret Spar Oil storage facility in the North Atlantic is an illustration of how misalignment between Shell’s CSR efforts and business decisions hurt the company’s reputation and bottom-line in Europe. The Monsanto Company provides another example of a conflict between business and CSR strategies. It engaged in consultative process with international NGO’s to explain and understand issues around marketing of genetically modified seeds. The company’s business units aggressively sought approval to market the seed in Brazil, Europe and India despite strong negative public reactions. Despite concerns expressed by its CSR staff, Monsanto decided to introduce the controversial seed technologies in these markets. Later, prominent development organizations like Grameen and CARE cancelled their plans to collaborate with Monsanto on community projects in Bangladesh, Tanzania and India (Werther, 2010). Ways of linking CSR to human resource management Social responsibility is about caring for people especially those whose health care needs are to be addressed as well as the employees. It also considers t
Introduction The development of political and economic structures in countries plays a significant role in social and international relationships. After the events of the Cold War, the world was divided into the Global North and the Global South in regard to the way of thinking about national differences and possibilities. 1 It is expected that all the countries respect and support each other with equal powers and principles of international law and the Bible. 2 The United States remains one of the leading countries in the Global North and the world, and this paper focuses on its strengths and weaknesses in economic and political structures and the liberty-justice-stability-prosperity (LJSP) balance. Strengths and Weaknesses in Political Structures In the United States, the work of a federal government is defined by the US Constitution and involves the President, Congress, and courts. The protection of sovereign equality and political independence are the core aspects of the United States. 3 Liberal nationalism is observed as the strength of the country, which protects the values of freedom, equality, and equality, similar to those proclaimed in the Bible. 4 The United States benefits from such processes as globalization, industrialization, and migration because it gets new opportunities to support other countries and share its standards and ideas with the representatives of other nation-states. The political weakness of the US is the lack of compromise between the Republicans and Democrats who choose their ways to improve the country. 5 Sometimes, the intervention of the United States is considered as its weaknesses because it interferes with other countries. However, from a Biblical and political point, it is just a desire to support problematic countries and protect them against falling down. 6 The political strength of America may be helpful in the stabilization of international weaknesses and global improvements. Strengths and Weaknesses in Economic Structures Many changes have been observed in the country since Donald Trump was elected as the President. Researchers identified the decision to withdraw from international trade agreements (North American Free Trade Agreement and Trans-Pacific Partnership) to invoke economic ethno-nationalism. 7 On the one hand, such a decision is an extremely important benefit of the country to focus on its local production and business. On the other hand, such a solution may bring a variety of concerns from an economic and Biblical perspective at the same time. Cooperation, mutual support, and self-development are the values that are highly appreciated due to globalization. The United States should not put its economic achievements at risk to appreciate its local manufacturers only. The LJSP Balance The United States is probably one of the brightest examples of how the balance between liberty, justice, stability, and prosperity must be kept. There are a few countries that may demonstrate perfect
What industry conditions led to the revolution in an audio distribution described above? Which stakeholders stand to beneﬁt most (or least) from this revolution? Innovation is the use of more advanced ideas or methods to meet new requirements and articulate societal needs. Innovation allows for daily activities to be efficiently and more easily undertaken. This value addition acts as a catalyst to growth in major sectors of the economy. This is clearly depicted in the case based on the digital music distribution revolution. In relation to the case study, we can argue that the development of the algorithm led to the revolution in audio distribution. This codec provided for the compression of music into a tenth of its original size without compromising quality. The compressed file was later dubbed into MP3. Later on, with the help of software programs, it became possible to convert tracks from disks to MP3 files. This advancement provided a basis through which music could be manipulated as files could be stored on a hard disk and shared all over the internet. There was a crop up of decoders and encoders to capitalize on this trend. Though the founders of these techniques benefited, upcoming artists gained a larger platform to market their work. It was also beneficial since they escaped the huge capital needed to register with recording labels. Fans were also seen as beneficiaries since they had easier access to music of their choice. On the other hand, artists faced the challenge of ‘music pirates’ as music could be accessed online, thus, illegal trade. When companies like Apple, Adobe, and Microsoft came together, they provided a broad base that offered free encoders. This made it easier for piracy levels to rise. The development of Napster helped to curb these crimes as users were trading on copyrighted materials. Why did the music stores created by the record labels fail to attract many subscribers? What, if anything, should the record labels have done differently? It is clearly shown from the study that record labels did not attract many subscribers. A good example is the Recording Industry Association of America whose intention of curtailing online sharing was more towards protecting its business model, rather than its artists. This association challenged the growing illegal trade of music which was likely to cause loss of finances for members. Additionally, record labels sold albums at inflated prices thus limited its clientele compared to online sellers making them less popular. Record labels were an expensive strategy for marketing and promoting artists as they required a large amount of capital, not to mention the difficulty of getting deals and if available the deals were unattractive. This mainly challenged artists joining the industry. These labels were termed as rigid and outdated and resisted to embrace new technology. Prioritizing the rights of artists, charging suitable prices for albums or individual songs, adopting new technology as well as providing a platform for upcoming artists could have worked to the advantage of the record labels. Also, record labels should operate on openness to avoid providi
Abstract Over the past three decades, enrollment in full-day kindergarten has considerably grown from roughly one-tenth to just over half of U.S. kindergartners today. This educational program is also known as all-day kindergarten or extended-day kindergarten program. Full-day kindergarten reappeared first in the 1960s as an intervention designed to help disadvantaged children “catch up” to their peers through additional schooling. Since the 1970s, the number of children who have been enrolled in the full-day kindergarten programs has tripled (Miller, 2002). More recently, full-day kindergarten has gained popularity among non-poor parents and schools; children presently enrolled in full-day programs are, on average, very similar to their half-day counterparts in baseline test scores as well as other child, parent, and school characteristics. Longitudinal data findings from existing literature to investigate the impact of full-day kindergarten – such as standardized test scores in mathematics and reading, as children progress from kindergarten to first grade –suggest that full-day kindergarten has sizeable impacts on academic achievement, but these estimated gains are short-lived, particularly for minority children. Given the additional expense of full-day kindergarten, information regarding the size and duration of gains should be of great interest to policymakers. Increase in the number of one-parent and working-parents families and the issue that most young children spend a larger portion of their day away from their homes show important changes in the American household life in comparison to an age group in the past. These changes in the American culture and in schooling over the past 2 decades have had their impact on the reputation of full-day, all-day-a-week kindergarten education in a number of communities. Empirical research shows that parents are in favor of an all-school-day educational session which lessons the number of changes students in kindergarten go through in a general day. Studies also suggest that a lot of students have an academic advantage and social benefit during their primary educational years from contribution made by an all-day kindergarten program, in comparison to a half-day kindergarten program (Saam, Nowak, 2005). Results of Full-School-day Kindergarten on Academic Success How does length of school day affect kindergartners’ achievement? Full-school-day kindergarten is now being established and put under investigation in school districts throughout the US. There are a lot of arguments in favor of full-day kindergarten; initially, all students of kindergarten age have need of a secure and inspiring atmosphere for more than two hours each day. After that, those children who are belated in
Introduction When planning public reforms, the government usually wants to accomplish a range of changes in the governance forms of public sector activities. Public reforms signify a push towards regulation or deregulation, centralization or decentralization, privatization or nationalization (Lane, 2011). While the developed countries often pioneer in adopting social sector reforms, less developed nations often mimic them in pursuit of achieving similar results (Lane, 2011). However, the models of reforms cannot be borrowed entirely as they need to be adapted to accommodate the local peculiarities in less developed countries. The present aims at reviewing public sector reforms in three BRICS countries, including Brazil, India, and Russia. The central goal of the present paper is to critically evaluate public sector reforms in these countries and understand how the ideal models were modified to meet the unique needs of countries. Background Information: BRICS Countries BRIC is an acronym for the association between five countries, which are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Even though these five countries are referred to as developing, they are expected to become leading suppliers of manufactured goods, services, and raw materials in the world (Majaski, 2020). Even though these countries are often referred to as a group, they have not established coherent trade unions (Majaski, 2020). The critique of the organization is that it ignores the finite nature of natural resources, such as fossil fuels, uranium, and metals (Majaski, 2020). However, the economies of the countries continue to grow, and, in 2014, 30% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) was accounted for by BRICS countries (Majaski, 2020). However, economic development is impossible without equitable growth (Smorgunov, 2018). This implies that countries need to adopt public policies based on citizen participation, which will improve their quality of life (Smorgunov, 2018). However, there are no universal public policy models that can be adapted to meet the unique needs of each BRICS country. Public Sector Reforms Brazil Brazil is one of the largest federal states in terms of population and territory. It has homogeneous from linguistic, cultural, and religious viewpoints; however, the country experiences significant disparities in terms of the distribution of land and population among its 27 states (Jha, 2007). Moreover, the distribution of income is also uneven, which leads to the emergence of social problems (Jha, 2007). Brazil has experienced a series of public sector reforms since 1985 when the military d
Benin is one of the countries in West Africa that have a big problem of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. This article has attempted to mainly put focus on how, despite the knowledge that people have regarding the disease, they are still very reluctant to use preventive measures, such as the use of condoms during sexual intercourse. In fact, this arises from the failure of the government to provide adequate anti-retroviral medicine to the people. The article that comes out as a research document outlays some very important information regarding the people’s knowledge about the disease and their attitude towards protecting themselves from HIV and AIDS by using condoms. The same document has extensively used the ecological method, thus making it more elaborate and easy to understand the structure (Albert & Sedlacck, 1989). This particular document has adopted the macro system level of ecological method. This involves studying how people’s culture has shaped their life that is how they use their ideology and emotions to make decisions. In this particular setting of the rural areas in Benin, we realize that the reason why HIV/AIDS is persistent is because of cultural behavior like polygamy and the idea that it does not exist. We cannot also ignore how deep the article looks into the theory of change and in particular a type of theory of change that sets to use short term and long term solutions towards changing the attitude of people to starting using condoms as an important tool to curb the rampant spread of HIVAIDS in Benin. This aspect of change has made people realize the need to abandon some of their habits in life, especially the unprotected sex, which often leads to sexually transmitted infections. This theory can be expressed in practical application as shown in the following discussion. The main aim of this theory is to help the people in Benin so that they can tackle the spread of HIV in the society. The short term solutions in the theory of change r
Introduction In the last six decades, the number of International students has been steadily increasing across many parts of the world. In the United Kingdom, this increase has particularly been awesome (Beckhridnar and Vickers, 2007 p4). Academic achievement among the international students can be described as both successful and less successful in a number of parameters. While there exists success stories that can be reported home with a number of factors determine this, it is also true that these associated factors have also functioned to impede or delay the success portended. Adjustment to foreign culture by international students is always a challenging experience, more so given that they have to deal with different cultural settings, education systems, and language differences. In most cases, international students have to deal with various groups of people including the co-national, multinational and local friends. This kind of interaction is always beneficial to the foreign students, more so in relation to learning host culture; however, they experience a slight resistance, if any, to that culture, but the most important aspect is the provision of a fertile ground for ‘cultural shift’. It has also been observed that when the international students interact with their local friends, their cultural adaptability important (Brislin, 1990). This paper seeks to address the academic achievement among the international students within the confluence of a number of issues in colleges and universities. These include economic conditions, the extent of the students’ success, and the effect of peer programs on International students in terms of their adjustment. In addition, the paper seeks to illuminate on impact of multicultural interaction on international Students, focusing both on the positive and the negative. Further, it seeks within this to give specific attention to the issue of friendship formation as a key factor in determining the extent of international student’s interaction within their social ties and what these mean in enhancing adjustment, academic performance and psycho-social well being. Additionally the paper zeroes down on the expectations that Universities have of the International students. Impact of Peer Program on International Student Adjustment and Performance It has been repeatedly asserted that international students usually experience adjustment issues and problems when getting into foreign institutions of higher learning particularly the United States. Broadly speaking, these problems are many, ranging from language issues, different educational system, and individual personal issues for instance experience of homesickness, as well as the physical distance from those they are familiar with (Gonzalez, 2004). Other problems are tailored around culture shock associated with unfamiliar and new social norms (Abe et al, 1998, p1). In fact, studies have indicated tha
Lahore, which is the capital city of the Punjan province of Pakistan, is a major business hub. Indeed, it stands out as the second largest city in the nation. The politics and government of the city are shaped around a strong and long cultural history that dates back to about a millennium. The organization of the city is remarkably strategic since it caters for the five main principle functions set for the city. It serves as an outstanding political, educational, economic, entertainment, and transportation base. These integrated obligations of Lahore make the city not only attractive to entrepreneurs but also one of the most highly populated in the world. In fact, for continued performance of the city, government and political issues that are necessary for paying attention to in relation to the 2030 outlook need also to be organized around the five main functions of the city. With regard to Asher and Talbot (2006), Lahore city is also called “Mughal city of gardens due to the historic presence of gardens in and around it dating back to the Mughal period” (p.27). This appealing outlook underpins the need to protect the rich cultural heritages presented by Lahore within the postulations of the 2030 outlook. One of the dominant challenges of Lahore city is to design effective governance approaches that would ensure that the negative implications emanating from the large population size are addressed effectively. This anticipated strategy is perhaps an important political and governance issue since Lahore is the home to more than 6 million people as per the