ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Facts of Evolution The major theme of the article is the justification of Darwin’s evolution theory. The author also notes that historical sciences can provide valid evidence (as valid as experiments and observations). The five general tenets Mayr outlined are as follows: evolution (species change throughout time), descent with modification (posterities are similar but not absolutely equal, which leads to modifications and ability to adapt to the changing environment), gradualism (species change quite slowly), multiplication of speciation (many modifications appear as species do not change in a similar way), natural selection (there is a struggle for existence, and the fittest survive). Allopatric speciation is Mayr’s theory based on the assumption that some species become isolated due to various reasons (the change of habitat), and they change quite rapidly and in quite a distinctive way. Punctuated equilibrium is the theory that explains why so few fossils of transitional species exist. The theory is based on the assumption that species are static (which creates equilibrium), but the changes in species are very rapid (punctuated), and, thus, the concept of punctuated equilibrium appears. Vestigial structures occurred as modifications that turned out to be unnecessary in the course of evolution. Some examples of vestigial structures in humans are male nipples, male uterus, thirteenth rib, coccyx, wisdom teeth, appendix, body hair, goosebumps, extrinsic ear muscles, third eyelid (Shermer 22). Evolution in Action Charles Darwin was the scientist who developed the evolution theory, according to which all species change and evolve throughout time. Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolution. There are quite scarce resources (compared to populations of species), and species have to struggle for their existence. As a result, the fittest survive and give offspring. People have a significant impact on species causing evolution. For instance, due to trophy hunting, bighorn mountain sheep now have smaller horns as hunters tried to kill sheep with bigger horns. Extensive use of antibiotics leads to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Although Darwin believed that evolution and modifications need a lot of time, modern scientists believe that changes can happen quite rapidly. Researchers found that a significant modification occurred in sockeye salmon within thirteen generations, which is a rapid change (it took only several decades). The Viral Superhighway The first epidemiological transition occurred about ten thousand years ago when people started farming (rather than continued leading a nomadic way of life). The second transition was identified in the 1970s when antibiotics started being used to treat diseases. The third transition took place two decades ago when new illnesses started appearing due to globalization and the use of antibiotics. The first shift was one of the most dramatic as humans exposed themselves to various illnesses through the domestication of animals and because of the high density of living. The Perfect Plagu
Introduction Northern Canada, which is also referred to as the North, is the extensive northernmost region of Canada, which is distinct from other parts of the world by its topography and administrative structure. When the term northern Canada is used within a political context, it refers to three northern territories in Canada. These, according to Britton (123), are Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. From the year 1925, Canada has claimed large portions of the Arctic, claiming that they lie within her border. This is especially the region lying between 60 degrees west and 141 degrees west longitude (Doem & Kinder 53). This portion extends all the way to the north of the North Pole. It includes all the islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Herschel (Doem & Kinder 54). The country also claims the territorial waters that surround these islands. The large part of Northern Canada is permanently covered by ice, making it unsuitable for agriculture. Construction is also impossible, and where it occurs, it is characterized by a lot of hazards both to the constructors and to the habitants. This is given the fact that heat from the house may melt the snow above which it lies, making it sink (Smith 12). Construction activities may also destabilize the packed snow, which may lead to avalanches. However, despite this fact, the area is made up of geological regions of varying types, some of which are habitable by man. One of them is the Innuitian Mountains, part of the famous Arctic Cordillera mountain range (Muise & McIntosh 67). This area is especially different from the rest of the Arctic Region, which is mainly composed of lowlands. The northern parts of Canada were relatively uninhabited for a very long time. This is despite the fact that, with an area of approximately 3,921,739 kilometre squares, the area makes up about 39.3 percent of Canada geographically (World Diamond Council 3). Northern Canada is bigger than India, which is only 3,287,263 kilometre square (Bastedo 43). However, over the past two decades, the population density in this area has significantly increased. According to the latest census statistics in this country, which were conducted in 2006, the area is still sparsely populated despite this increase in population density. Northern Canada is home to about 101,310 people as of 2006 (Doem & Kinder 50). This is as compared to about 31,511,587 in the other parts of the country (Doem & Kinder 50). Analysts have attributed this population growth to the rise of the extraction industry in this region over the last few decades. This is especially the diamond mining industry, given the fact that this area has one of the world’s largest deposits of diamond. The diamond production industry has brought several changes to the northern region of Canada. Opinion is divided between those who view the production as having impacted the area positively and those who view the impact as
Introduction It is imperative to mention that the story of “Moneyball” is truly fascinating and has had an enormous impact on baseball as a whole. Team managers have recognized that it is possible to generate tremendous amounts of funds. Statistics have been utilized in sports for many years to increase the level of efficiency of operations. However, some of the formulas that were used were quite basic and lacked depth. Moreover, the introduction of this approach has been revolutionary and has changed the game of baseball. Discussion One of the primary issues that players had to deal with is that particular aspects were valued much more than others, and it was nearly impossible to get into a professional team if required attributes were average. Scouts were looking at such factors as speed and strength (Forbes 85). Hitting for average was also considered to be a vital factor when making decisions. Moreover, individuals that did not show high numbers in these areas were overlooked. Sabermetrics is quite an intriguing term, and many new statistics were introduced. The analytic unit that has been developed by Beane has helped to analyze the data much more efficiently, and many aspects that were not taken into account were identified (Foster, O’Reilly, and Davila 147). On-base percentage is frequently undervalued, but it is quite an important indicator that shows how productive a player would be when it comes to offense on the field. It is necessary to understand that this measure is crucial, and it can be combined with a slugging average to determine the capabilities of a particular player (Albert 5). Hakes and Sauer utilize a linear regression to support the suggested hypothesis. The primary goal is to establish a direct connection of on-base percentage with wins of the team. The approach is compared to the idea that the slugging percentage is much more important. However, the results that have been received are intriguing. They indicate that coefficients for slugging are two times lower. Moreover, the authors of the study state that any changes to the on-base percentage have a much bigger impact (Hakes and Sauer 175). It is necessary to mention that there have been many instances when approaches that are outdated are replaced with innovative techniques that are much cheaper (Slack and Parent 23). For example, new technologies to record games have been introduced. Moreover, it has become much easier to analyze them. All the events may be put into spreadsheets and stored. Also, it is possible to keep track of many factors that may impact the game. Some individuals have tried to apply weather forecasts and other real-time statistics to determine the outcome of the match, and it is evident that it changes the landscape of every sport. Conclusion In conclusion, it is quite evident that this approach has played a vital role, and has led to the develo
Introduction The original problem of the Communications Department is the outdated telephone equipment adjusted in the campus. The fact is that, the patches exist for this equipment, nevertheless, these are expensive enough. Originally, all the departments which have installed the patch for the outdated communication equipment have an opportunity of using the feature of the quick-dial. Those, who do not have an opportunity of purchasing the patch, do not have an opportunity of using this feature correspondingly. The main problem which is stated, whether the Communications Department of the campus needs the feature of quick dialing, and whether this feature will be profitable enough for the department. Discussion The main problem which is stated is the actual need of the Communications Department in the quick-dialing feature. As it has been stated, this feature may be available only after the installation of a patch, as the communication network was installed fifteen years ago. Originally, the Communication Department requires the quick connection as well as quick dialing for the increase of the working process speed, and decrease of the lag rates. The fact is that, this department requires the decrease of the lags the most, as the communication process generally requires perfect adjustment for the work of the entire organization without failures, caused by the communication problems. In the light of this fact, it should be emphasized that the communication department needs this upgrade the most, nevertheless, this expensive upgrade will be reasonable if the current situation with equipment makes the department work on the edge of its opportunities, and the upgrade itself will provide an opportunity for the liberation of human, time or technical resources. On the other hand, if the department is not overloaded with the working assignments, the upgrade of the communication equipment will not foster the actual capacity of the department, the allocation of the resources for the upgrade will not be required, and these resources may be spent for a more important project. From the regarded perspective the problem seems to be vague, nevertheless, in order to solve it, there is strong necessity to estimate the current situation within the department and define how much time is spent for the communication, thus, making particular accent on the defining the total time of lags, caused by the dialing speed. If the quick-dialing feature will really increase the amount of the performed work and assignment, thus, it will be reasoned. Otherwise, it will be regarded as the useless expenditure. There is extreme necessity to emphasize that the original necessity in upgrading the system should be estimated befor
Introduction The US marine transport system contributes over 700 billion dollars in revenue and controls more than 90 percent of the global trade. It also allows the US to extend its military presence across the world. In addition, it generates employment opportunities for the locals and provides recreational facilities for the American people. In other words, the US maritime transport system is closely linked to the country’s economy and military prowess. As a result, numerous efforts and measures have been taken to secure the maritime transport system 1 . Enhancing security of the maritime transport system at the same time upholding its functionality is a very difficult task. This is because the US maritime transport system is naturally diverse and comprise of numerous facilities, processes and infrastructure that are managed and controlled by many stakeholders. Each and every stakeholder plays a significant role. In addition, the US maritime system is an open system, which makes it possible for the users to utilize and gain from it at least cost. Even though the openness makes it more efficient, it also presents numerous hurdles to those attempting to enhance its security 2 . The 9/11 attack prompted the maritime sector to re-examine its weaknesses against any possible act of terror and disruption. The degree of fatality and devastation prompted the industry players and the state to look for new strategies of moderating the inherent risks in the whole maritime transport system. For that reason, much effort and resources have been spent to enhance the safety of the US ports since 9/11. This has been accompanied by numerous security initiatives aimed at creating a secure environment in the North American waters 3 . A review of these initiatives and their implications for the US maritime transport system forms the main basis of this paper. The US Maritime Security Situation in pre- and post 9/11 The outcome of September 11 spontaneously changed the meaning of the term “security” to a more composite definition. The attack led to a global concern over the probable repeat of such attacks using other modes of transport 4 . The deadly bombing of the commuter trains in Madrid and London accentuates the devious intents of the terror networks to strike transport systems, mainly used by large number of civilians. If the commuter train could be bombed and commercial airlines rammed into the twin towers, the probability of the maritime infrastructure being the next target is very high 5 . The US maritime sector is of great concern because any attack on its infrastructure would lead to massive loss of life and property, which would ultimately upset the international trade and the global economy. Any form of terrorist attack on a cargo port would be very costly to the local and national economy at large. This could lead to clo
Roles of nutrients Carbohydrates play an important role in serving the body with the needed energy for muscle building and providing fuel for the functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, they prevent the body from making use of proteins to generate energy (Walker 380). Proteins include several molecules in the body cells whose main function is to support the body pertaining to movement. Some proteins protect the body against harmful substances that interfere with the normal functioning of the cells (Calle 379). Lipids play a role in the absorption and transfer of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A and D. Lipids are charged with the main role of maintaining cell membranes, particularly cushioning important body organs. Vitamins prevent tube birth defects, as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. They also play a role in the growth of the nervous system. Minerals maintain and build bones and teeth, as well as form blood cells. Water maintains blood volume in the body. It also maintains the body temperature. Number of calories Carbohydrates should be four per gram of every nutrient. Additionally, proteins ought to be five while lipids should be nine. Five is the recommended figure for vitamins whereas minerals should be one. Water should be ten and two would be the preferred figure for fiber. Fat-soluble and water-soluble fats Fat-soluble vitamins are a variety that is not lost even if they are cooked. They include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Water-soluble vitamins include those that can never be stored in the body meaning that they must be replaced each day. They include vitamins C and B-complex. Percent of Ideal Intake Carbohydrates should be twenty-five while proteins should be fifteen. Fats should be taken in small quantities implying that nine percent would be the preferred figure. Saturate and Unsaturated Fats Saturated and unsaturated fats differ in a number of ways. While saturated fats have a single bond, unsaturated fats have at least one double bond. Saturated fats should not be consumed in quantities that exceed ten percent, but unsaturated fats can be consumed up to thirty percent. Differences between LDL and HDL Cholesterol LDL cholesterol is considered awful since it dumps its fats on the stockade of the arteries. Additionally, it is easily oxidized hence damaging the walls of the arteries. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol does not allow the cholesterol it contains to get attached to the walls of the arteries. Cholesterol carried in HDL is usually in solution form. Role of Fiber and Water Fiber is very important to the health of an individual implying that it should be consumed in large quantities to facilitate the growth of cells. A woman is advised to take at least twenty-five grams each day while a man should consume more, probably thirty-eight. Food Guide Pyramid Recommendation The pyramid suggests that an individual ought to utilize at least 2000 calories each day. Fruit groups should be served four times a day while vegetables ought to be served five times. Grains
Introduction The most important asset of an organization is its workforce; the organization would therefore ensure that it fulfills the needs of the workers to enable that they work effectively for the benefit of the organization. On the other hand, the most important factor that affects productivity of the workers is their motivation. Generally, highly motivated workers would have high productivity. In addition, if a company were able to effectively motivate the workers while giving them the necessary incentives, the workers would be loyal to the company, while employee turnover would reduce drastically. Organizations therefore having policies that facilitate the working of the employees, rather than to control their actions, as happy employees would be able to function effectively (Halpern & Murphy, 2005, p. 68) Different organizations have different methods of motivating their employees to enhance productivity. Some organizations have a scheme ensuring that the high performing employees are rewarded (reward based performance appraisal) while denying some of the benefits to the employees who fail to meet their set targets (Grote, 1996, p. 348). In addition, companies have ensured implementation of policies, which not only consider employee who works in the company, but take a holistic approach that takes into consideration the employee as an individual who faces different other pressures related to his/her personal and domestic life (Hacket, 1998). Most organizations therefore have a family work policy that caters for the needs of employees and ensures that there is no conflict between the employees’ job and their family needs or requirements. This policy does not only target employees who have children but also employees who do not have children (Rosenbloom, 2005, p. 423). Even the US government considers the policy vital in the productivity of employees such that it allocates a certain amount of money in its annual budget to cater for family work policy of different states (Washington family leave coalition, 2010, p. 1). The work family policies of governments vary from giving cash incentive to the parents who have children, provision of care to the children or allocating leave allowance to the parents of the children in question (Lewis, 2009). Theory Motivation and morale of the employees undoubtedly affects their productivity. These two lead to increased job satisfaction and loyalty of the employees. Organizations therefore take the issue of motivation of the employees very seriously. There are many different theories that are used to explain the motivation of individuals. These theories include:   * Jeremy Bentham’s “the carrot and stick” motivation theory   *
Introduction In recent years, there has been a dramatic preference among students for online learning in place of face-to-face classes. However, the hybrid format of providing education appears to be gaining increased popularity. In this regard, a number of researchers have documented the preference for a learning experience that incorporates the conventional, face-to-face mode of education delivery with online activities (Marcketti & Yurchisin, 2005; Tang & Byrne, 2007). Henize and Procter (2006) contends that a hybrid course is “not simply a matter of the combination of face-to-face and online instruction but it has to have elements of social interaction” (p. 247). While comparing online classes with the traditional face-to-face classes, most researchers reports of a lack of a significant difference in as far as the course outcome for the two is concerned (Newlin, Lavooy, & Wang, 2005; Papastrergiou, 2006; Shelley, Swartz, & Cole, 2007). Following the adoption of readily available technologies in the education sector, this has resulted in the recognition and incorporation of the hybrid instructions with the conventional approaches and the novel technological applications to education. Thanks to the high level of flexibility that characterizes a blended solution of learning, it has now become far much easier to make use of diverse forms of learning objects (Nash, 2005). However, there appears to be limited knowledge in as far as the pragmatic consequences of the hybrid design are concerned. In their study, Amrein-Beardsley, Foulger, and Meredith Toth (2007) reports how the implementation of a hybrid program, a decisive exchange of information among the administration, the faculty, and the students resulted in an enhanced understanding of the individual realities that each of the three groups was faced with. The initial conversations resulted in a better comprehension of the contributions practices that the instructors and the administrators thought were crucial for the success of students enrolled in the hybrid degree program. In his study, Sen (2008) reveals how the students in a hybrid class that he was investigating enjoyed limited time for practice with the nearby instructor. When students were involved in difficult activities, there was no instructor to help in identifying the problem and as such, he could not offer the much needed guidance towards the attainment of the solution; rather, the students who were faced with such a difficulty sought to invest more in the assignments at hand with a view to overcoming the challenges facing them all on their own. There was also a lack of an immediate response to a problem faced by a student from the instructor, unlike in the case of face-to-face class. Problem Statement It is important to note that the educational needs of an adult learner are differ