ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The chapter of Michael Meyer’s “The Compact Bedfort Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing” discusses the bibliographical strategies. This critical strategy for reading lies in juxtaposing the content of the work of literature with the biographical data about its author. As a result, bibliographical strategy allows the reader getting a deeper understanding of the work. The peculiarity of the bibliographical strategy is that it demands some additional work to be done by the reader; this work includes finding the facts about the author’s personal life and comparing the date of work creation with a certain period of the writer’s life. However, all the reader’s efforts will be rewarded with a profound understanding of the plot. In addition, based of the efficient analysis of the biography, the reader can develop his or her analytical skills, and perceive the plot not as a separate phenomenon, but as a reflection of the author’s personality. The application of the bibliographical strategy changes the conventional way of book perception. Thus, for an ordinary reader the “Childe Harold Pilgrimage” would be an excellent example of the use of language and poem composition. However, a more critical reader who uses the biographical approach will know that the poem is based on the notes, which Lord Byron took while traveling to Spain, Malts, Albania, Portugal, etc. This points to the fact that, unlike other romanticists, Byron saw the romanticism in reality, but not in imaginary countries. Another example of the strategy application is the analysis of the literature heritage left by Aurore Lucile Dupin, known more as George Sand. It is obvious that the writer dedicated most of her works to the fight against the social inequality. This fact can be easily explained by some information about the woman’s biography. It appeared that George Sand was a daughter of an aristocratic father, while her mother was a commoner. For this reason, she often was discriminated and laughed at in aristocratic communities, which served as a determining factor in the writer’s themes. As it can be seen from the examples given below, the biographical method is rather effective, and using it is rather helpful. However, not in all the cases one can find a straight connection between a work of literature and it’s author’s life. Here it would be relevant to mention the Meyer’s statement: “Sometimes biographical information does not change our understanding so much as it enriches our appreciation of the work” (Meyer, 1543). Indeed, while some critics advise to analyze the work apart from the author’s life, it has to be remembered that the facts from personal life of the author influence their writing both consciously and unconsciously. Depending on personal emotions, states, and experiences, the writers and poets can choose a certain theme, mood, tone, and style of writing. Let us remember the Picasso’s “blue period”, when his paintin
Robert Nozick’s principle of transfer is also known as the principle of justice in transfer. He is among the most inspiring political philosophers from the 20th century. His book titled, “ Anarchy, State, and Utopia ” focuses on the principal of transfer injustice. Mainly, the author develops the principal of entitlement theory. This theory supports the notion that the minimal state is a form of extensive state that is considered valid. Furthermore, a state without any limits goes against people’s rights (Nozick 1974). This essay seeks to detail a critical analysis of Nozick’s principle of transfer. The first part will contain an explanation of the theory. It is then followed by details of the strengths and weaknesses of the principle. Finally, the critical analysis will consider whether the principle of transfer is justifiable. Principle basis The principle of transfer is a principle that guides the entitlement theory. It details that a person is only entitled to a holding if they get that holding from another individual who is entitled to it (Nozick 1974). The principle of transfer is distinguished between time-sliced and historical principles (Kymlicka 2002). Nozick applies John Locke’s theory of property in his description to defend the principle. Essentially, it is a historical principle as it distributes to different people what they deserve. Furthermore, it considers their past action during the process. However, the conclusive principles do not consider historical event when making a decision. For instance, utilitarian theories are a form of distributive justice that is time-sliced. Specifically, it comes from the belief that past events will lead to a differential outcome to issues or will lead differing entitlements. There are many differences that arise in the theories of patterned and non-patterned distributive justice. A patterned there will be characterized by descriptions of how it distributes with. For instance, it can involve distribution based on either needs or merit. However, a non-patterned theory is the principle of transfer. The principle does not contain a guide to determine how wealth is distributed. In this regard, a person only has the entitlement to hold something (Otsuka 2003). The state lacks any power over redistribution. The state is only a party that watches over
One of the major problems that the United Natural Foods, Inc. faces is its competitiveness. Judging by the overall Net income, among the top players in the industry, the company comes last. While its net income is high above the net incomes of other players in the industry below it, United Natural Foods Inc. needs to be wary of the difference in net income, especially with the Sysco Company. The current rising demand for real foods in the US could create major competition problems for United Natural Foods Inc. The rising demand will soon attract other investors, and this could be tragic for the current dominant players in the market. New players may come up with different strategies and products that could push the dominant players out of the market. United Natural Foods Inc. has focused its distribution on the US market. This is a volatile strategy that could cause the company to lose future opportunities. The American natural food market is the biggest in the world, although other markets are coming up. Diversifying its market to explore other markets overseas is an option that the company needs to consider. Major gaps Per share gaps The company’s consensus estimates per share were 67 cents per share (Michaelides par. 5). However, it has recorded 65 cents per share which is a major gap in terms of shares (Michaelides par. 5). This can be attributed to the company’s reduced stocks that went down significantly registering a 6.58% drop. Debt-to-equity ratio gap Another gap is seen in the company’s debt-to-equity ratio. The company’s quick ration has been rated below the industry average which is not good for the company’s future. The current quick ration of 0.83 might seem like a strong rate but it is projected to cause future problems (United Natural Food, Inc. par. 10). Operating income margin gap Lastly there is the gap seen on the company’s operating income margin. The operating margin for the fiscal year that ended in July 2014 was 210.788 (Michaelides par. 3). Going by the operating income margin in the current fiscal year, this might be attained by the end of the last quarter. The first quarter that ended in January 2015, the operating income margin was 49.503. The projection by analysts suggests that the company may not reach the record set in the last financial year. The figures representing the operating margins are in millions. The company should consider a number of ways through which the operating margin can be manipulated to influence better results. Such methods include adjusting depreciation, depletion and amortization, DDA (Michaelides par. 5). This method has worked in other c
Introduction The modern high-tech world allows humankind to receive and practically use the most progressive solutions, which were scientific and engineering consciousness development products for many centuries. Although the current academic community issues are becoming narrowly focused, a more detailed study of already known concepts is fundamentally important, as it allows to preserve and transmit useful information through generations. Moreover, even in spite of the apparent development of fundamental mathematics, many of its models reveal an intriguing presence in nature, and thus additional analysis can be classified as interdisciplinary research of the world order. The deep study of mathematical patterns allows the student not only to gain new knowledge about scientific concepts and expand the available information but also to systematize and structure the already known information. Thus, thanks to the written works, the student has the opportunity to collect divided data on mathematical models — be it progressions, arithmetic operations, or the laws of algebra — into a single whole, conducting reflexive activities. In other words, works in which it is necessary to parse the selected problem in detail are useful for both the reader and the author at the same time. This is especially important if the research topic is directly related to the material that was disassembled during the semester: it will allow using skills of critical and logical thinking to collect new useful information. The topic of the Fibonacci sequence, which is a recursive set of numerical data, was chosen as the focus of the research in this paper. The choice of a specific question was primarily due to the increased interest in the concept since it is known that Fibonacci numbers are not only used in arithmetic mathematics but also in art, construction, and biology. Thus, it was important to perform a critical analysis and determine the features and properties of this sequence, including to justify its presence in various, amazing spheres of life. Moreover, it was necessary to introduce a classification of known mathematical sequences and determine what their recursiveness proved. Finally, an important question of this research paper was a brief description of the life and work of Leonardo of Pisa, known in science as Fibonacci, who became a central figure in the mathematics of
Childhood and the Industrial Revolution: Child Labor and Juvenile Crime During the Industrial Revolution, a variety of jobs were employed by young children. One of these jobs was in the mining industry. Children, both boys, and girls were expected to work upwards of sixteen hours a day in unsafe conditions (Rogers, 2003). Mostly, the children working in the mines suffered from high levels of fatigue. One example is of an eight-year-old boy, whose mother had to come and take him home because he could not physically walk (Rogers, 2003). Other children worked in textile factories for around the same amount of hours per day (Rogers, 2003). I believe that children who were employed during the Industrial Revolution did not have a childhood. They were working long hours during the day and were too exhausted at night to do anything but sleep. I also feel that the children did not have much of family life. More likely than not, their mothers were also working. I think that if the children were not working, they were deprived of a family upbringing. I can imagine a mother working all day did not want to come home and have to entertain or care for their children due to sheer exhaustion. It baffles me that in the article by Ure, factory work for children is not criticized, but defended (Rogers, 2003). I cannot believe that they would say that children are better off being cooped up indoors all day and that airborne illness was less prevalent in a factory environment (Rogers, 2003). With the coming of more and more people to the cities for factory work, there was an increase in crime rates. Some of these crimes were committed by juvenile offenders, mostly young boys (Shore, 2000). At the time, children were convicted of these crimes in quick trials by several magistrates and were often sentenced to hard labor in adult prisons (Shore, 2000). According to Shore (2000), the juveniles would commit their crimes for probably a year before they were caught and brought to a magistrate. At this point, if the child was found guilty, they would “receive a fine, a whipping, or more likely a short spell in the house of correction” (Shore, 2000, p. 26). More likely than not, children would still go on to commit further criminal acts and often end up in prison for longer periods (Shore, 2000). If the crime committed by a juvenile was especially heinous, such as murder, they could still be sentenced to death (Shore, 2000). As the era progressed, changes were made to the juvenile system so children were beginning to be placed in reform schools as opposed to being sentenced to hard labor or prison time (Shore, 2003). I find it very i
People have endured a lot of turmoil throughout their history. There have been many periods of the reign of inhumanity and vice. The Nazi rule was one of such inhumane periods in the history of Europe. Millions of innocent people were tortured and murdered. Bruno Bettelheim (1960) notes that many of those deaths could have been prevented. The writer claims that many people were responsible for their own and their close one’s deaths. The inability of many people to understand what was going on led to deaths. Bettelheim (1960) analyses Otto Frank’s choices along with other Jewish families’ actions during the Holocaust. According to the writer, Otto Frank did not want to change his life which was the cause of the horrible end for his family. The author’s standpoint can be supported by a variety of life stories as well as works of fiction. Admittedly, when the world changes, it is essential to change along with it. Notably, only the ability to adjust to the environment helps all species to survive. An individual cannot have the same life in the world which has changed dramatically. In the first place, it is important to note that Bettelheim (1960) does not only analyze the story and reveal his viewpoint. He supports his ideas using real stories. He adds that many Jews did not want to change their lives as they were sorry for their possessions and their ways. The author asked many people about their reasons to stay in the country where they were doomed. Those people responded that they had hated to leave their jobs, their homes, and all their possessions. Those people hoped that the persecution of the nation would not reach them. Bettelheim (1960) stresses that those who managed to change their lives dramatically and leave the country or hide effectively managed to survive. Admittedly, this is the only way out. Otto Frank’s choices were serious mistakes which led to the terrible end. Otto Frank chose to ignore the changes and live his ordinary life. The world around him had gone to pieces and he as well as his family was in great danger. However, he thought it would be better to live together and endure possible sorrows together. However, this choice made them even more vulnerable as it was easier to find a whole family rather than an individual. Otto Frank did not want to accept the new reality and hoped that everything was going to be fine. Nevertheless, ignorance never leads to success, but it often becomes the reason of death. It is possible to provide several fictional characters to support the idea of the necessity to change along with the changing world. One of the most conspicuous characters to support this idea is John, the protagonist of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World . The man i
Addiction is a chronic disease affecting the brain. The patient experiences urges to use drugs regardless of the apparent negative consequences of this practice. The condition is considered as an ailment because the substances abused alter the normal functioning of the brain. Addicts are members of families and other social institutions. Consequently, social workers intervene to help these families and the patient. In this paper, the author will cover three primary topics related to addiction and patient assistance. They include the stages of change model, solution focused therapy, and treatment of minority substance abusers. Stages of Change Model in Substance Abuse Treatment When working with addicts, therapists employ different approaches to help their clients. One such strategy includes the support stages of change model developed by Prochaska (Palmer, 2011). The approach is popular because of its reported success in treating addicts. The model comprises of six stages. They include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse. Pre-Contemplation At this stage, patients do not consider their state to be a problem (Fisher, 2009). The main reason is that they have not started experiencing negative consequences in terms of changes in behavior. Contemplation During this stage, an addict tries to change, cut down, or quit substance abuse. In spite of the felt need to conform to societal norms, the individual is still hesitant (Montvilo, 2013). As a result, the patient continues abusing drugs. Preparation The preparation stage is the most active phase of the cycle. The patient begins to make minimal changes and gathering information about recovery (Palmer, 2011). In addition, clients may start formulating goals and developing plans of action. Action At this phase, addicts focus more on overcoming addiction. Changes in behavior are noted (Fisher, 2009). Due to the transformation, this phase may be stressful. However, with proper preparation, the stage can be exciting. Maintenance According to Montvilo (2013), patients at this juncture focus on continuous progress towards change. Individuals strive to maintain the new behavior patterns. They also try to avoid triggers. Therapists and clients consider this stage to be the most difficult. The reason behind this is because if not well managed, the client may go back to drugs. Relapse According to therapists, this stage provides an opportunity for patients to learn more about addiction and themselves. Clients are helped to avoid going back to their previous behaviors (Fisher, 2009). Solution Focused Therapy Solution f
Introduction British Airways commonly known as BA is one of the most renowned flight service operators in Europe. Located in the UK, the flight services use the Heathrow airport to carry people and cargo within and outside Europe. BA makes international flights and the company derives credibility from many years of service irrespective of the scandals it faces and accidents. In business, stakeholders develop a workable strategic plan that equally highlights crisis management. Within the UK, the flight offers services in Waterside in London. British Airways operate in several continents including Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East. British Airways is a result of the merger between British European Airways and British Overseas Airways Corporation among other minute airline entities in 1974 (Berenbak & Lanser 2002). Since then, British Airways adopted mergers and acquisitions as the main strategy of expansion within the European market and at the international level. After thirteen years of operation as a public organization, a private owner acquired British Airways changing its operations. The 1990s marked a period of capitalization and industrialization. Privatization became a normal thing because it h
Spinoza’s understanding of freedom is closely related to such notions as emotions, necessity, wisdom, and virtue. By freedom, the philosopher means an individual’s ability to separate himself or herself from emotions and focus on one’s mind ( Ethics V , Pr. 42, Sch., p. 18). Based on this definition, it becomes possible to analyze how Spinoza relates freedom to other significant concepts of humans’ existence. Speaking of virtue, the philosopher remarks that it is blessedness ( Ethics V , Pr. 42, p. 18). Thus, the mind that is capable of understanding love to God is free because it has the power to control lust ( Ethics V , Pr. 42, p. 18). The connection between freedom and virtue is, thus, in the possibility to discern good from bad and the choice to live righteously. The relation of freedom to wisdom is realized through people’s decision to contemplate life rather than death. Spinoza notes that a truly free person thinks about death “least of all things” ( Ethics IV , Pr. 67, p. 15). Also, the man who is free and wise tends not to obtain favors from ignorant people surrounding him ( Ethics IV , Pr. 70, p. 15). Considering freedom as being related to emotions, Spinoza contemplates the body-mind opposition. He notes that a free individual is the one whose body can “determine the mind to think” ( Ethics III , Pr. 2, p. 6). Thus, the philosopher does not assume the possibility of freedom of emotions, viewing the mind and body as an indivisible entity. Spinoza’s opinion on freedom as being related to necessity is closely associated with his explanation of freedom-emotion relations. The philosopher remarks that necessity is what evokes emotions ( Ethics III , Preface, p. 5). Thus, people driven by necessity are regarded as the ones not having freedom. Work Cited Spinoza, Baruch. Ethics .
By the year 1850, nations that were in a position to satisfy their every need, could not see the possibility of independent futures. Around this time the imperial states of the world had control over all elements of international commerce to the extent that every country had to depend on another for a particular product. This was around the time when global expansion was entirely based on the availability of raw materials, time and space for foreign trade and the presence of stations on the course of oceanic routes (Chimes, 1980; Davidson et al, 2008). The third element (stations on the oceanic route) mainly helped nations develop strong military bases as well as serve as filling stations for long trips. Because every nation wanted all these opportunities at their disposal, territorial conflicts were the norm of the day. The United States was going through a growth spurt in the 19 th century and by the late 1800s imperialist movements were beginning to rise up. It took less than a century for this nation to occupy a whole continent. With civilization spreading to reach the great oceans, Americans started traveling southwards to expand their businesses (Davidson et al, 2008). When they got to the Caribbean islands, Spain felt threatened and this ended up in war. The introduction of steam ships into the American navy in the 1880s prepared the country for global domination. By the beginning of the twentieth century America owned almost all the island between California and the West Indies (Davidson et al, 2008). American imperialism was mainly guaranteed by two sets of legislation. First, the Monroe doctrine illegalized the European involvement in the American states. This legislation was passed into law in 1823. Secondly, the open-door notes emphasized the necessity of equal commercial penetration to the Asian markets (Davidson et al, 2008). The open-door notes were drafted between 1899 and 1900. The two pieces of legislation helped America show other world heavy weights that she was in a position to defend her interests. Due to the inexperience of America in the concept of global domination, there were great challenges occasioned by the nation’s inabili