ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In all the societies of the world, morality has always been viewed as an important virtue to ensure that individuals live in peace and harmony. To ensure that morality is maintained, a number of rules and norms have been formulated. These rules and norms aim at guiding the acts of individuals to ensure that they act in a manner that is consistent with the practices and traditions of the society [cause and effect]. This practice has been in existence since the beginning of civilization. With the increase in human populations, development of the brain capacity and advancement of the society, the need and desires of man have always increased [cause and effect]. This has also changed the manner in which man acts and relates with his kin. Many societies therefore adopted different methods of governance to ensure that man lives in peace with his fellow kinsmen. Some societies adopted the capitalism approach while others adopted the communism approach. Despite the differences in these structures, these two approaches have one thing in common; they are all governed by set rules, laws and procedures. All the individuals who are governed by these rules are expected to adhere to them to the latter. Breaching of the laws that have been set by the state normally amount to either a criminal or a civil wrong. A criminal wrong is an offence that has been committed against the state while a civil wrong is a wrong that has been committed against an individual [definition]. With this regards therefore, all the countries in the world have set laws that have been formulated to guide their subjects. These laws vary from one country to another. They have been formulated to ensure that the rights and duties of the state and its subjects are respected. To ensure that the law is applied effectively and efficiently, a number of maxims have been formulated. The maxim of equity is a prime example (Jacobus 839) [example]. According to this maxim, the law should be applied uniformly to everyone without favour of a given party. This maxim thus ensures that the law treats every individual similarly. However, there are circumstances where there are exceptions to this maxim. One of this circumstances occurs when an individual can prove that he/she was not of sound mind (was insane) at the time when the breach of law occurred. This therefore leads to the main focus of this paper. This paper will critically analyse how the law should treat individuals who are mentally unstable. It will try to determine whether such individuals should be given a fair treatment, the considerations that should be put in place and the regulations that should be adhered to in order to ensure that the exception does not become a loophole of law. Mental Disorder and the Law The purpose of law is to ensure that the rights and duties of the state and its citizens have been respected. Therefore, the law has been formulated in such a way that ensures that these rights are recognised by the state. Any act that is inconsistent with the law will therefore amoun
Netherlands, a country initially having very inadequate land space, reclaimed most of its land from sea. This limited space necessitated a need for efficient city planning. Through the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, architects, planners and landscape designers were employed to design, analyze and come up with proposals for the developments that were ongoing in the districts situated on the lake to ensure sustainability. In 1988, the ministry developed a policy termed Vinex (Vierde Nota Ruimtelijke Ordening Extra). The policy was aimed at accommodating the Netherlands’ rising inhabitants by reusing abandoned dock areas to build houses that were attractive to families with kids. The policy was also intended at setting of new districts close to existing towns with the aim of protecting wide areas, reducing traffic, endorsing existing malls and lessening the unwarranted pricing of houses. A dock area outside Amsterdam was selected as a potential site for high density urban housing. West 8, the architectural firm founded in 1987, was mandated to alter the docks of Borneo and Sporenburg by constructing 2500 residential housing units. Adriaan Geuze, an architect with West 8, incorporated urban identity; public and void s
Introduction China is one of the Asian states with a rich historical background that entails a continuum of social, economic, and political growth and development stories articulated for a number of decades. The entire development story of the Republic of China entails a great connection between political ideologies and significant transformations witnessed in its modernity. The Chinese political history carries the story of the mainland China that earmarked significant political changes after the Communist Party of China (CPC) clinched political victory (Deng and Brien 537). During the Chinese Civil War in the 1949, Mao Zedong declared sovereignty in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after rescuing it from the Tiananmen. Although China has undergone enormous political evolution through several imperial dynasties, the Maoist legacy has remarkably dominated the Chinese culture for a long time. Even though it is synonymous to many Chinese, some are still unaware of the Maoist legacy. This paper seeks to investigate how the Maoist legacy is received in the contemporary China. Mao Zedong and the legacy of Maoism Prehistorically, the Chinese nationalism rested upon the traditional ideology of capitalism that embodied itself through ethicized political and social institutions (Deng and Brien 543). Immediately after clinching power during the Chinese Civil War through the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao Zedong started restoring the socio-cultural identify of China through instigating social revolution. These social reforms developed by the Communist Party in the 1949 principally “aimed at transforming the traditional China from very unequal petty capitalist society into a centrally planned socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Union” (Whyte 229). The era of transition from totalitarian and unequal nationalism ended in 1956 when China became a unified nation marked by cooperation and organized people’s communes in the 1958. Although the majority of the Chinese peasant families owned small private farms that were important for growing and keeping animals for home consumption, they engaged in the collective farms. These families dedicated most of their time in labor energy and work time in the collective farms as strategized by the Mao government. Nationalism for the Chinese people grew from racial divide characterized by capitalism during the pre-colonial period into a mixture of Western and Chinese philosophies that rest upon the idea of National Socialism. Rather than urban working class, the Maoism ideology consider
The brain of an infant undergoes various changes after birth. In particular, one can mention that at the beginning, it weighs approximately 400 grams; however, it can grow by more than 200 percent within the next 12 months (Ashford, 2012, p. 80). At this stage, the connections between neurons are very weak, and they are not sufficient for complex cognitive activities. This is why during infancy a newborn baby can only rely on inherited reflexes such as sucking or grasping (Ashford, 2012, p. 80). At this stage, only brain stem, spinal cord and diencephalon are well-developed while upper part of the brain only begins to grow. For instance, one can speak about such a region of the brain as cerebellum which is involved in such mental processes as attention or language. The capacity to process language is associated with the development of the cerebral cortex (Huttenlocher, 2009, p. 175).There has be to be a sufficient number of synaptic contacts so that an infant could start to acquire linguistic skills (Huttenlocher, 2009, p. 175). Overall, the linguistic growth starts during the period between 12 and 24 months. It should be mentioned that the exposure to language is crucial for the linguistic growth of a child. If an infant cannot hear human language during this period, his/her linguistic capacity can be impaired. One should take into account that the relationship between brain maturation and linguistic growth still attracts the attention of many researchers. These are the main aspect that be identified. One should also examine how a newborn baby perceives the world. At first, it is necessary to focus on the sensations of newborn children. They have to adjust to breathing and nutrition without the umbilical cord. One should bear in mind that their vision is not very strong. At the age of two weeks, infants can look at the objects which are located at different distances from them (Daw, 2006, p. 32). Nevertheless, an infant prefers to look at the objects which are directly in front of his/her face. This is one of the issues that should be considered. One should also mention that a newborn child only act as explores by relying on their inherited reflexes such as grasping and sucking (Galotti, 2000, p. 503). They want to discover the properties of various objects that surround them. At the beginning, infants learn the so-called schemes or sets of actions. For instance, they learn to play with various toys. Provided that a child finds that some kind of action brings him/her pleasure, this activity is more likely to be repeated. This mechanism is critical for the formation of a child’s behavior. During infancy, children do not have any mental representations of people or objects (Galotti, 2000, p. 503). Therefore, their acquisition of knowledge is based on sensation and action. More complex mental processes emerge along the maturation of the brain. On the whole, one can say that a newborn baby passes through a period when the w
Introduction Communicating with other people can be a complicated undertaking, as in many cases, a person needs to remember the original purpose of the conversation and to use the appropriate techniques. People generally want to maintain a good relationship with an interlocutor while also achieving some kind of goal. There are various types of conversation, each of them “specializing” in a certain life situation. All of them should be thoroughly analyzed, as, despite sharing multiple traits concerning staying polite, they still utilize different methods. YouTube Videos   * How not to make small talk. Web. (0:18)   * How to make small talk. Web. (0:48)   * How not to make an apology. Web. (5:02)   * How to make an apology. Web. (entire video)   * How to give and receive a compliment. Web. (0:10)   * How not to give and receive a compliment. Web . (entire video) Instructions Small talk is an extremely beneficial type of communication, especially when one needs to interact with a person that does not have much in common with him/her. Long pauses and silence can undermine any type of relationship (BBC Brit, 2016). Thus, it is of major importance to be ready to discuss certain neutral noncontroversial issues, which can allow both people to stay engaged in a conversation to have a good time. Although small talk is mainly centered around entertainment, one should remember that there is also a number of techniques that can make him/her feel needed and important. Asking questions is an excellent option, as it politely yet actively shifts attention to the interlocutor while still helping seem an active participant of the conversation. Moreover, one should be able to realize the major hobbies of an interlocutor in order to ensure that the conversation is actually engaging. Making an apology can be extremely hard, as people are generally skeptical about the importance of accepting mistakes. It usually happens due to the fact that people are afraid to seem weak (Greater Good Science Center, 2020). Nevertheless, the ability to apologize actually correlates with self-esteem and even with financial standing. One should follow a number of steps to provide a truly great apology. It is important to acknowledge the offense, express remorse, provide an explanation, and make amends. It is also crucial to avoid any “if,” as it makes people feel that the apology is insincere (WatchMojo.com, 2018). An apology should be strongly connected to the initial problem. Giving a compliment should be considered an important part of everyday conversation. A good compliment should be genuine and positive and encourage and please the interlocutor (The Daily Dropout, 2018). Moreover, one should be authentic and specific when choosin
Introduction Five Guys grew from a minute family eatery to an exceptionally huge American restaurant chain. It is worth pointing out that the company does not invest in any principal marketing strategies. On the contrary, there is a keen focus on comprehending the client’s needs and how the needs can be catered for consistently. The company was established in 1986. The original restaurant was based in Virginia, Arlington. Within no time, Five Guys was recognized as Washington D.C.’s area pearl (Longenecker et al, 2011). Janie and Jerry Murrell presented two choices to their sons; to either enroll for college or initiate a business. The four sons preferred starting a restaurant. Their parents were the supervisors. By the year 2001, the family was operating five restaurants. Moreover, the company started giving franchise chances in the year 2002. Presently, more than twenty six years after initiation, the company has one thousand locations in the entire nation. The company is also planning to initiate an additional one thousand five hundred locations (Singer & Piluso, 2010). This paper aims at highlighting how the philosophy at Five Guys differs from other fast- food chains’ philosophies. In addition, the factors that contributed to the rapid growth and success, social and ethical practices, strengths, and original values will be discussed. How the Five Guys Philosophy is Different from other Fast- food Chains Quality is everything The company invests greatly in quality. The buns are usually toasted on a grill, which is quick, less expensive, and produces even toasting. Lean and unfrozen meat is provided, and the plants are fresh and clean. Moreover, burgers are made on order (Flamholtz, 2011). Employee incentives A majority of the companies dedicate their revenues towards advertisements and marketing. On the contrary, Five Guys acquires 1.5 percent profit from franchisees. In addition, it offers bonuses to the best crews. This ensures the company’s profitability. Recipe for success The company focuses on selling perfect and juicy burgers, exceptionally fresh buns, and perfect French fries. The company has stuck to the same business plan since initiation and has five secrets to its success. The customer is the best salesman Once a customer is treated well and leaves satisfied, he informs others about the company and its products. The company aims at creating the impression that all its money goes into providing perfect products. In this regard, the company does not invest in décor and impressive suits for the employees. On the contrary, these are exceptionally simple. However, the company has a keen focus on food (Ekvall & Arvonen, 1994). Every position possesses a value The management emphasizes that the clients should have a sense of accountability and ownership. The company has auditors and pays the employees depending on their performance. The com
The story of medical research has been rather unkind to women, often neglecting the differences of the female anatomy and failing to acknowledge female-specific issues, centering on male ones. However, even when healthcare research does prioritize women, the manner in which it does so often remains quite deplorable, as the case of Henrietta Lacks demonstrates. Representing a case of blatant abuse of women’s rights, as well as unmasked racism and neglect for patient’s dignity, the case of Henrietta Lacks stirred the global community, yet it was only Rebecca Skloot who did Lacks’ narrative justice. By pinpointing the nature of the problem, specifically, outlining racism and disregard for the integrity of women’s bodily autonomy, Skloot condemns the abuse that Lacks suffered, therefore, paving the way to new, fair and unbiased, medical research. What makes Skloot’s work remarkable is the focus of the narrative. Specifically, Skloot does not diminish the significance and effect of the discovery that researchers made. Indeed, the discovery of HeLa cells can be seen as a massive breakthrough in addressing the issues of social, academic, and racial injustice observed in the case under analysis. Instead, Skloot appeals to the principles of research participants’ autonomy and the fundamental rights of an individual, particularly, the right to bodily integrity: “All I remember is that she had this disease, and right after she died they called me in the office wanting to get my permission to take a sample of some kind. I decided not to let them” (Skloot). Thus, the plight of the narrator becomes especially reasonable and easy to understand. Moreover, the sociocultural issues that can be seen as prerequisites to the case have been discussed profusely and with due insight in the narrative. Specifically, Skloot outlines the role of racism in the choices that researchers made when deciding to conceal the nature of the medical process to which Lacks was subjected. Namely, Skloot states that African American women, in general, have been silenced for quite long: “But one mem
Introduction Contemporary Iraq strives to rebuild its economy, and tourism can be a significant source of revenue for the country. This report is aimed at examining the positive and negative aspects of tourism in Iraq. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the factors that can contribute to the development of this industry in the country. Furthermore, special attention should be paid to obstacles that can prevent the Iraqi tourist industry from developing. These are the main issues that should be discussed in this report. Positive Aspects The rich cultural heritage of the country When speaking about the development of the tourist industry in Iraq, one should first remember that the country has a very rich cultural heritage of more than two millennia. In the past, its territory belonged to many powerful and developed states such as the Abbasid and Ottoman Empires, and there are many sites that can be of great interest to tourists. In particular, one can mention such locations as the Erbil Citadel, Al-Askari Mosque, Ishtar Gate, and some other sites that represent different historical and cultural periods (McGahey 235). Moreover, it should be mentioned that Bagdad is one of the most ancient cities in the world, and its origins can be traced to the eighth century before the Common Era. The architectural monuments located in Bagdad can greatly appeal to visitors from different countries. Thus, reach the cultural legacy of Iraq can be the basis for the tourist industry in the country. Additionally, it should be noted that Iraq has a great number of natural sites, such as deep canyons, alpine canyons, or lake resorts that are located in Kurdistan (McGahey 236). Thus, people should not assume that one can find only architectural monuments in Iraq. The nature of this country can also be very appealing. Iraq as an attraction for pilgrims One should also mention that Iraq can attract the attention of many people who want to undertake a religious pilgrimage (Bianchi 58). Moreover, these people can represent both Islam and Christianity. It is worth noting that there are several religious sites that can attract many Muslim pilgrims, namely, the Great Mosque of Kufa, which is one of the oldest religious monuments in Islam (Bosworth 295). Thus, Muslims, living in different countries, may choose to visit this place. Furthermore, Iraq homes one of the oldest Orthodox Christian monasteries in the world, and it may be visited by many Europeans who are interested in the history of early Christianity (Augustin and Jake 103). Thus, one should not assume that the history of Iraq can be reduced only to Islam because the history of the country is very diverse. Furthermore, people who are interested in religious pilgrimage may consider Iraq because this country can offer them many things. This is another tourist attraction that one can advertise. Investments aimed at developing tourism infrastructure There is another factor that may contribute to the development of tourist industry in the country. In particular, the government of the country recognizes the importance of tourism for the economic life of Iraq (Is
Several factors are put into consideration before any business enterprise or entity is established. Among them is the physical location. Hotel industry, like any other business activity has to put this factor ahead of all other factors if indeed any tangible gains are to be realized out of the business. The place where a hotel is located will determine several other things including sales volume, customers, profitability and long-term survival in the industry. It is evident that a convenient place to up a hotel should consider factors such as commercial areas, recreational grounds, airports among others .These factors can maintain good customer base as well as attracting more new customers. There has been always a controiversy on whether it’s more beneficial to put up a hotel where there are other similar hotels or away from such businesses. One theory argues that by creating a business venture close to the competitors geographically, an entrepreneur can obtain posive externality from economic and institutional environments. In contrast, it is disputed that by locating business venture far away from its competitors, the firm will avoid localized competition and earns itself competitive advantage. Because the two theories seem to be o great importance, it’s good to consider the two in some aspects while putting up a hotel business. In most cases, it’s rare to establish a business without competitors, in other words almost all business entities operate under perfect competition characterized by product homogeneity, many sellers and buyers and above all buyers and sellers are price takers. Therefore it is important that while opening a new hotel location, one should bear in mind that there are other existing similar businesses and one should not make decisions that to some extend will affect the operations of other investors. One aspect which can clearly indicate he interruptions of other firms operations is the product priced in other competitors which include pricing of various goods and services including market’ local room rates offerd by the hoteliers. Therefore, one should come up with sound decisions which will not negatively influence the existing market’s room rates (Magnini & Honeycutt, 2003). The world has become a global village and the survival for the fittest is the ultimate goal for every investor. Because of the competitive nature of the hotel industry, every one involved in the business strives very hard to get his/her own share in the market place. For this reason, it’s very easy for one to resort into unfair practices such as making the prices of your products lower than those of your competitors. The prices of commodities should directly proportional to the Quantity and the quality of goods and services offered, therefore, once a new hotel is established it to avoid unfair competition, it should offer almost similar services at the same prices with the other competitors. Alternatively an entrepreneur might opt to provide better and superior services than the existing competitor at the existing market rate. A