ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Principles that Underpin Employment Law in the UK The employment laws currently in use in the United Kingdom can be traced back to the 14 th century when the government of the United Kingdom started introducing laws to help define the relationship between the employer and the employees (Pyzdek & Keller 2014). The employment laws, as defined in the Acts, common law, Regulations, and equity are underpinned on the principle that employees are human beings and must be treated as such in the workplace. These laws are meant to define how employees, employers, and trade unions should relate to ensuring that the workplace environment is conducive for the employees and employers. These laws define the rights and freedoms of the employees and employers, and circumstances under which employees are allowed to take industrial action against the employer. The guiding principle is that employees should be given the dignity they deserve without being subjected to a workplace environment that is punitive in nature. Principles of Law and how it applies in my Organisation Accessing employment rights It is important to look at the principles of law as it applies in an organizational setting in different cases. Accessing employment rights was designed to ensure that companies do not employ discriminative policies when hiring new employees. It was based on the principle that every person has a right to employment as long as he or she has the right qualifications needed for that particular job. Employment status and work status helps in defining the position of an employee within an organization and the responsibilities he or she is expected based on the employment contract (Waal 2013). Continuity of employment was based on the principle that one should always be assured of the security of his or her job. It seeks to eliminate cases of abrupt and unjustified retrenchments. Immigration rights, on the other hand, are meant to protect the rights of immigrants working locally in the United Kingdom. In my current organization, these policies are important in protecting the interest of both foreign and local employees from oppressive managerial decisions. I would strongly advise my organization to observe these laws and regulations to avoid cases where this firm issued by its employees. Contracts of employment Contracts of employment, especially the issue of establishing and changing contracts are very critical processes that managers must be keen on when undertaking to avoid any lawsuits at a future date. The express and implied terms must be clear in such contracts (Shields, Brown, & Kaine 2015). For instance, when the contract expressly states that employees should avoid smoking within the firm’s premises it should be clear to them that the organization prohibits any action that may harm other employees. The employees should understand the spirit behind every written statement of major terms and c
Introduction Perspectives of psychology have evolved in the same degree that the field of psychology has evolved over the years. However, theories that form the foundation of psychology have not changed since development. These perspectives contain core values that are relevant in psychology even in the modern world. John Watson, Edward Tolman, and B.F. Skinner developed theories that still form the basis of many schools of thought in psychology (Gray, 2006). These theories contain values that are similar and others that are different. Their perspectives are similar because they focus on behavior as an important topic of study in psychology. These perspectives argue that humans act the way they do because of behavioral aspects (Gray, 2006). However, the approaches differ in discussion of certain aspects of behavior such as behavioral causes and consequences. Watson, Skinner, and Tolman are described as founding fathers in psychology because their theories explicate behavior in humans and animals (Gray, 2006). However, they differ in their detailed description of behavior because they explore the topic from different angles. The perspective of John B. Watson The psychological perspective of Watson was developed around knowledge that he acquired from James Angell and Henry Donaldson. He combined the knowledge he had attained from the two psychologists and developed his own theories on behavior. People referred to his theories as “behaviorism” (Hayes, 2001). In later years, Watson gained acknowledgement as the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorism is founded on the belief that all actions exhibited by organisms are behaviors. According to Watson’s theory, behavior was a response to some stimuli either internal or external (Hayes, 2001). His theory is also known as classical conditioning. He formulated two terms, “stimulus,” and “response” that formed the basis of his behaviorism theory (Hayes, 2001). The theory changed how psychologists described and discussed behavior. Watson’s approach to behavior differed with Tolman’s approach significantly. Watson concentrated on the psychology of human beings and animals. In contrast, Tolman used his thinking to conclude that organisms acted based on their thinking (Hayes, 2001). Behaviorism bases on the assumption that behavior is preceded by other events that include thinking and stimuli. Watson’s aim was to clarify the association between stimuli, response, and consequences of response. Critical aspects of the theory include opposition to mentalistic concepts, absence of individual differences, learning through contiguity, and development of complex behavior through coalescing of invisible reflexes (Jarvis, 2000). Watson’s theory still applies in modern psychology especially in behavior modification. Psychologists use this theory in helping patients to modify behaviors that cause problems and affect their lives negatively. They achieve behavior modification by replacing stimuli that cause problems with that which discourage this problem (Murphy, 1999). The process involves creating new associations between certain stimuli and behavio
Noble Cause Corruption is typically viewed as the philosophy common among the members of the police and attempting at justifying ethically questionable choices. According to the key tenets of the Noble Cause Corruption theory, ethically dubious decisions can be justified by the fact that they will supposedly lead to positive outcomes. Although the theory is based on a completely wrong premise, it is very popular among the representatives of law enforcement. It is hard to define whether modern law enforcement officers that make unethical choices are guided by noble causes and aim to reduce the amount of harm that their actions might entail. However, the phenomenon is based on a misconception about the purpose of the justice system and the role that the members of the police must play in society. Therefore, it must be abolished from the contemporary police institutions.
What are the typical gross and net profit margins for firms within the industry? The pet van business can be discussed as part of the developed mobile grooming industry which becomes more profitable in the United States. While referring to the average numbers related to the mobile grooming industry and pet van business, it is possible to note that the most successful businesses can earn more than $500,000 as of the annual gross income. Thus, their net incomes can be estimated as more than $100,000 a year. However, it is important to note that start-up companies in the sphere of pet van business are expected to have only $20,000 a year as the net profit because of the necessity to advertise the services, to gain customer loyalty, and to contribute to the company’s reputation (“PetGroomer: Business Planning Menu”). Furthermore, the amount of gross and net profits for the pet van business is different while discussing the provision of services in rural and urban areas. The start-up operating in the field of the pet van business should focus on purchasing a new or a previously used van. Having analyzed the trends in the industry’s development and companies’ income statements, it is important to note that to receive the expected net profits, the owner of the business should have more than $50,000 in order to cover the company’s assets and expenses. The assets are associated with the start-up’s vehicle and necessary equipment (“PetGroomer: Business Planning Menu”). The expenses are associated with the required smaller equipment, licenses, and advertising. To cover the expenses and to receive the expected profits in a year, the start-up should focus on loans and investment (Duea 217). During the first year of the business’s practice, the company can work at a loss. What is the ‘news’ from the industry? In recent years, the mobile grooming industry and pet van businesses are typically growing because of the increased interest of the pet owners in the provided services. The main social factor which influences the development of the industry is the pet owners’ focus on the high-quality services for their pets and on the comfort of using mobile grooming or pet vans in order to treat the pets effectively. The firms within the industry are expected to have $80,000-$100,000 net profits annually because more people choose mobile grooming as the alternative to traditional salons. The focus on the pet van business responds to the current trends within the industry because of the opportunity to receive more profits while providing the services in transporting pets or mobile grooming (“PetGroomer: Writing a Mobile Grooming Business Plan”). Today, mobile grooming is as actively used as the transportation of pets in vans to salons. The specialists predict a further increase in the customers’ interests in the offered pet van services and mobile grooming because of the focus on comfort for the owners and their pets (Daily 208-210). Nevertheless, it is important to note that this business sector actively develops only during several recent years, but the competition within the industry is r
Introduction Sociologists have always attempted to cover and measure up practically every aspect of human life. Sociology as a discipline has an extremely wide range of interests and it is next to impossible even to enumerate them, however the issue that has always been of the utmost importance for the sociological study is family, because it is the cornerstone of every society and the indispensable condition for its stability. Problem Statement The problems that are closely connected with the family issues, especially with marriage and family process are very acute nowadays, that is why they attract close attention of many scholars. Overall, it is quite possible for us to say that these still issues require thorough analysis from different points of view, despite the great number of works on this topic. In order to find a solution to family problems it is of the utmost impotence to give a definition to this term. The next step is to identify the cause of family problems. The main purpose of this research paper is to analyze four different works dedicated to our topic. We have to analyze these books in terms of the approach, research methods that were employed, and naturally the main hypothesis of these books. Our task is to present different views and different approaches to the family issues and the way the explain problems connected with them. The final step is to outline the major directions for further research. The first scientific work that we are going to discuss is the book “The Family: Its Sociology and Social Psychiatry” written by Joseph Folsom, professor of sociology in Vassar College. The principal aim of this book is to combine various scientific methods to the study of such complicated phenomenon as family. An attempt is made to integrate history, individual psychology, anthropology, sociology, in order to analyze the notion of family from different standpoints. Overall, it is worth mentioning that the cultural approach is the dominant one in this research study. The author of this book analyzes problems connected with the family in the context of constant cultural and social change. Joseph Folsom attempts to analyze the historical genesis of family, and the way this phenomenon evolved with time passing. It should be taken into consideration that the focus of this book is on the so-called Euro-American system of family relationships. Thus, the results of this research cannot always be applied to other nations or ethnic groups. As it has already been mentioned, the author analyzes the problems connected with family in the context of social change. According to him, Euro-Americans culture has undergone a drastic change over the last fifty years, however Joseph Folsom avoids using the word “progress” because it usually implies change for the better, however it is not always so. Naturally, he agrees that in terms of financial prosperity this changes have been extre
Introduction The Morrison Company’s case study presents an example of a firm that could not adequately prepare for rising demand in its products. The CEO of the business, Jason Robbins, awaited the growth of his venture but did not create opportunities for expansion and innovation. As a result, the poorly anticipated development resulted in multiple production- and delivery-related problems. Shauna Breen’s evaluation showed that the current manufacturing schedules of the company and its relations with a limited number of IC (integrated circuit) makers were among the main issues that had to be fixed. This report aims to analyze the two main product lines that The Morrison Company had and offer recommendations to Breen to address the concerns that arise as a result. Major Facts In 2003, The Morrison Company was established by Jason Robbins, an ambitious entrepreneur who sold his two previous businesses prior to entering an entirely new market. The firm, named after the president and CEO’s maternal grandfather, is located in Aurora, Colorado, although it was created near Denver. The business develops and produces radio frequency identification (RFID) tags that are also called smart labels. These labels can be used in different industries to track products in warehouses or during deliveries (Pérez, González & Dafonte 2017). In particular, The Morrison Company targets two types of clients – retail and pharmaceutical businesses. Previously, the firm only offered tags to pharmaceutical companies, and its earliest prototypes were developed at the time of the introduction of new standards for labels by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As a result, Morrison became a leader in the sector quickly, having patented its label design and technology to offer products of the highest quality. In 2007, Morrison expanded its target audience by introducing new tags for retailers. All processes of the company happen in one building, a 28,000 sq ft facility. It hosts the administration, marketing, engineering, and manufacturing departments and is located in an industrial park among other developed businesses. The manufacturing process is completed by 60 employees who earn an hourly wage and work one eight-hour shift five days a week. They perform six activities: “receiving, inspection, and inventory, parts picking, inlay fabrication and testing, tag assembly and testing, personalization [optional], packaging” (Wheelwright & Myers 2011, p. 4). Assembly systems are fully automated, but the customization process requires some manual adjustment of the machines. Furthermore, workers check the result of each step in the manufacturing system. Major Problems One can identify a number of major operational problems in the facility. First of all, Morrison has a consistent issue of supply shortages – the recent economic recession of 2009 has had an effect on IC manufacturers, thus decreasing the range of potential supply chain members (Wheelwright & Myers 2011). The low supplier base shifted the choices of Morrison in working wit
Introduction One can observe a profound psychological temperament in two of Sylvia Plath’s creative works. These two artistic creations are the poems Daddy and Lazarus Lady. There is evidence to show a strong psychological bent considering the way the author combined factual information about her personal life and the way she wanted her readers to interpret the said information using her own subjective frame of reference. Certain information about her personal life that people can gather through research strengthened the assertion made earlier regarding the psychological temperament of the aforementioned works. One can observe a strong psychological disposition in these two poems after considering three verifiable facts, such as, Plath’s troubled mind, her attempt to vilify her father as a Nazi sympathizer, and the use of violent words centered on the ideas of death and murder. Plath’s Troubled and Suicidal Mind There is an easily accessible road that allows for a quick development of a supporting argument justifying the claim made earlier regarding the psychological nature of Plath’s two poems. It is via the use of biographical research that enables the student or the analyst tasked to interpret Plath’s creative works to immediately understand the mental component of the creative process. Using this route, it does not take long to discover the tragic end of the gifted poet. In a book entitled The Nazi Card: Nazi Comparison at the Beginning of the Cold War , the author provided harrowing details about Plath’s mental state before she committed suicide (Johnson 171). However, an indirect way of ascertaining her struggles with mental health issues can be had by examining the way he framed her ideas in the poem Lady Lazarus. In Lady Lazarus , Plath was not angling the positive aspect of the idea that usually comes forth when mentioning the name Lazarus. She referred to the dark side of the story of the biblical Lazarus, when the character died and was entombed. She wanted to die, and she made i
Professional development (PD) has always been observed with great deal and keenness. According to Yoon, Duncan, Lee, Scarloss and Shapley (2007), over 1,300 studies have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of PD on teachers when adopted as a teaching method. The essay draws its analysis from three of the nine reports which meet ‘What Works Clearinghouse evidence standards’ as suggested by Yoon et al (2007). The essay utilizes three reports in reference to the works of Sally Zepeda. The article “Using Knowledge of Children’s Mathematics Thinking in Classroom Teaching: An Experimental Study” by Carpenter et al (1989) is an experimental study which was carried out with the intention of determining whether providing teachers with access to knowledge based on research conducted on the thinking process of children would influence the way instructions were delivered by teachers. The study also sought to determine if this would affect the performance of children. The study is well researched and the works of other authors/researchers have been used and acknowledged. The study has adopted one of Zepeda’s approaches to professional development. For example, it has adopted Cognitively Guided Instructions (CGI) treatment which is a modification of the cognitive coaching. Basically, the research subjected participants to subtraction and addition problems in which students thinking ability was to be evaluated. Cognitive instruction was applied with the aim of familiarizing teachers with the available research on the solutions to the problem of subtraction and addition. The research adopted two questions which are aligned with Zepeda’s approach context and purpose. For example, the questions sought to evaluate whether the teachers involved in the study were able to understand the thinking of students and whether the application of different instructions based process affected the performance of the students as well as the teaching process (Carpenter et al. 1989). The study applied observational studies to evaluate the level in which the applied measure/approach worked on the targeted sample. The research follows the steps highlighted under the instructional coaching. Generally, Zepeda approaches although not to detail have been adopted in the study. Based on personal opinion, the professional development approach can be adopted and any teacher should adopt the cognitive approach. The cognitive approach adopted under the study is beneficial as it provides a link between children psychology on thinking and the mathematics curriculum. This helps the teachers to understand how they can incorporate measures to ensure that students reading ability is improved. Essentially,
The key to the continued survival and growth in the profitability of any business is in its ability to expand and exploit new markets. Globalization, a process characterized by a major integration of economies and cultures, is becoming rife and with it, a shift in the way business and societies operate. As such, businesses are struggling to reach into the new global market that is filled with opportunity. Cardinal Health is one such company that is seeking to become a more global company by reaching even more nations that it currently does. This paper shall assess the activities that Cardinal health is currently engaging in to make it more global as well as the problems that Cardinal health currently faces in its efforts. Cardinal Health is an American based company that engages in the provision of medical products to a wide variety of clients ranging from clinical laboratories to pharmacies and hospitals (Cardinal Health, 2010). Cardinal Health also engages in the provision of high-technology medical devices such as those devices used in respiratory care and in intensive care units. The rationale behind Cardinal Health’s expansion and its subsequent successes to date is the fact that access to the needed drugs is fundamental to the proper performance of any nation’s health care system (Govindaraj, Reich & Cohen, 2000). Currently, Cardinal Health boasts of having a consumer base in over 100 countries. Considering the fact that the developing nations rely on foreign pharmaceutical companies for up to 93% of their medical projects, Cardinal Health should focus on tapping into this market (Cultural Survival Quarterly, 2010). One of the major deterrents to Cardinal Health as it ventures to develop countries is that the governments in the developing countries have difficulty in assuring the quality of pharmaceuticals within their spheres of influence. As such, there are widespread cases of counterfeit drugs and poor manufacturing processes as well as the presence of unregulated prescriptions and a platform for informal drug sales (Govindaraj, Reich & Cohen, 2000). This is especially an issue for Cardinal Health since the company subscribes to Advamed’s code of Ethics which stipulates stringent ethical activities that the member companies can engage in (Advamed, 2010). Health care is a capital intensive industry and companies that deal with health care such as Cardinal Health invest millions to billions of dollars in the sector. The different shareholders of the company expect to be rewarded for their investments by having their capital restores and profits made. In most developing nations, this cannot be guaranteed as a result of high levels of government instability. Most nations, especially in Africa, are plagued by civil wars, political unrest, and an occasional coup. While some of this phenomenon do diffuse amicably with relatively limited loses, some lead to the wanton destruction and the