ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Food is any substance that is taken by a living being to help in the production of energy and growth. This definition addresses only the biological side of food, but there are other aspects of food. The pertinent question is why people eat. People eat for various reasons other than for metabolic purposes. Such reasons include eating to pass the time, have fun, bond, and celebrate. In addition, food can be used as a remedy for stress, among other reasons. Owing to such reasons, food plays an important role in people’s lives beyond the biological processes. The food habits of a group of people/community can be described as the reasons for eating, the methods used while eating, the types of food eaten, and the mode of storage. Food habits have a major impact on society and the development of culture. In most cases, food habits are subject to age, gender, environmental changes, acculturation, religious beliefs, personal health, and the financial status of an individual. Food habits may vary from one individual or family to another. However, some food habits are common amongst particular groups of individuals, for example, the practice by some Muslims to eat from one plate. On the other hand, culture is the uniform way that a community of people conducts its activities. Culture is passed on from one generation to another through learning, and it is not constant (Kittler, Sucher & Nelms, 2012). This assertion means that culture changes with time, and thus it may differ from one generation to another. It may include the mode of dressing, the mode of worship, the family hierarchy, and the traditional foods, among other aspects. This paper will look at the factors that influence the different food habits and culture. Factors that Influence Food Habits and Culture One of the factors that influence food habits and culture is the availability of food. People have a tendency to eat what is readily available (Dindyal, 2003). For example, junk foods are readily available and cheap. Consequently, a majority of people end up eating junk foods due to availability, despite the desire to have a healthy lifestyle. The cost and season of food determine its availability. Rare foods are expensive, and thus they are not readily available. Most people live on an average income, and thus they can only afford to buy what is readily available because it is affordable. Foods that are in season tend to be cheap and readily available as opposed to those out of season (Dindyal, 2003). Therefore, factors like the availability and the season of the food make food habits seasonal and flexible. In addition, such factors tend to define the identity of the person relying on them to determine his/her food habits. The second factor that influences food habits and culture is the lifestyle of a person. People with medical conditions that require the consumption of a specific diet will adopt a certain lifestyle. For example, a person suffering from diabetes or blood pressure will tend to avoid foods that have excessive sugar (Kulkarni, 2004). On the other hand, such an individual will concentrate on foods that are rich in specific nutrie
Research Philosophy For the current project, qualitative research was chosen. The rationale for such choice was connected with the fact that qualitative inquiry concentrates on the humanistic approach to the perception of the study (Pathak, Jena, & Kalra, 2013). Quantitative methods may be more solid and trustworthy due to being established on the objective theories and numbers, but quantitative research gives insight into people’s attitudes, beliefs, relationships, and conduct (Pathak et al., 2013). More and more scholars resort to the intervention studies within the frame of qualitative analysis. The current research also includes an intervention which is aimed at providing the participants with deep knowledge about fashion sustainability and the role of Carmina Campus in gaining this sustainability (Ricchetti & Frisa, 2012). Performing a qualitative study presupposes realizing that it is “a craft” which presents some challenges for a researcher (Yin, 2016, p. 3). Three major goals are to be pursued in the course of research: transparency, devotion to evidence, and methodicness. An advantage of qualitative research is that those who conduct it can employ their own system of beliefs as the driving force for initiating the study (Yin, 2016). One of the reasons for doing such research is the endeavor to see how people manage “in their real-world settings” (Yin, 2016, p. 3). Qualitative research was first employed by psychologists who considered it too complicated to assess people’s behavior in numbers (Pathak et al., 2013). Later, it spread to other fields of study where it allowed specialists to consider the data in the most comprehensive way. Therefore, qualitative research was employed in the current project as it enabled the attainment of a variety of opinions and their easy analysis. This type of study made it possible to find out the thoughts of many people about fashion sustainability and its connection with society. Moreover, it was possible to educate the participants about the most crucial issues in this sphere. Limitations No research is secured from limitations. They may vary between study design drawbacks, data limitations, or impact restraints. In the current study, the most likely problem is impact limitations. For instance, there might have been a disadvantage due to the geography of the participants. Since most of them belonged to the same geographic area, there is a risk that some of the contributors could know each other. In that case, if a person from an experimental group shared the information obtained via educational intervention with someone from the control group, it could put the outcomes of the experiment at risk. Another limitation may be associated with data. When all information was gathered and the process of analyzing it began, it became obvious that a larger amount of participants was needed. Fifty people is not a sufficient number to provide a reliable conclusion about such significant issue as fashion sustainabil
Introduction International Fisher Effect refers to a measure of the relationship between nominal rates of interest and inflation rates in different countries (Hatemi 2009, p. 117). It, therefore, mediates between the purchasing power of currencies and the rate of interest in countries. It states that the real rate of interest, which is the difference between risk-free interest rate and the inflation rate, is maintained across countries. A disparity in the rates of inflation of two countries is usually offset by changes in the exchange rates between the two currencies of the countries in question. Investors on the other hand move their capital from countries with low rates of interest to countries with high rates of interest which in turn lead to a change to the nominal rate of interest. This offsets the nominal-rate differences between the countries (Sundqvist 2002, p. 5). Thus, a change in the exchange rates between any two countries has a direct proportion to the difference in the nominal interest rates of the two countries and countries with high interest rates suffer a high rate of inflation while those with lower interest rate have a low inflation rate that makes their currency value grow with time (”International Fisher Effect”, 2000, p. 1). Empirical Tests on International Fisher Effect Several tests to prove the validity of the International Fisher Effect have been conducted. They all fail in giving substantial support to the theory. For instance, Empirical study gives slope coefficients between nominal interest rates and inflation rates that are significantly different from unity which is a deviation from the behavior suggested by the International Fisher Effect. It suggests that the real interest rate in any country is not dependent on inflation rates because the latter results to changes in the nominal interest rate. Thus the nominal interest rate in any country should have a direct proportion to inflation rates in the ratio one-to-one and thus the slope coefficients between nominal interest rates and inflation rates should be unity (Hatemi 2009, p. 117). A study conducted on thirteen countries, both developed and developing to establish the relationship between Fisher Effect and International Fisher Effect showed that International Fisher Effect holds in the long run since the average annual deviations tended to zero. It was, however, evident that it does not hold in the short run because the annual deviations were too large to support validity in the short run. Another study carried out by Giddy and Dufey in 1975 to establish the relationship between nominal rate changes and the exchange rate changes, led to the disputing of th
Jacqueline Woodson’s Brown Girl Dreaming is a memoir written in verse in contrast with most memoirs written in prose. The author touches upon multiple themes, including racism, the Civil Rights movement, family, segregation, and childhood. The main character is Jacquelin, a young girl who gets to experience the South and the North from the perspective of an African American girl during the 60s. The most significant theme is racism and an adult’s overview on discrimination versus the one of a child. When Jacquelin goes to South Carolina as a baby, the emotions are described as “me, the new baby, set deep inside this love” (Woodson 44). On the other hand, the father says, “keep your South,” due to an understanding of the severity of the situation (Woodson 41). However, while Jaqueline grows up to admire such people as Angela Wilson (Woodson 317), the memoir describes the aftertaste that a racial system can leave in terms of people’s view of themselves, others, and the world in general. One example is the grandma who would not sit in the front of the bus even when allowed (Woodson 252). By highlighting this aspect of discrimination, the author emphasizes the deeply-rotted problems of segregation and how it affected people on psychological, physical, and social levels. Woodson’s literary work is a recollection of emotions, generational differences, and social changes through the prism of a child. The author managed to illustrate the complexity of the political processes in a simple way as a young kid would view them. Sometimes emotional, sometimes ambiguous, Woodson’s approach allows the reader to look at past events whose echo still remains present in many people. Works Cited Woodson, Jacqueline. Brown Girl Dreaming , 2014. Penguin Group.
Today’s famous quotes emerge from the works of leaders who advocate justice for all people irrespective of their socio-economic, religious, and political settings. These leaders have assisted in promoting peaceful and justified coexistence among individuals. The aspects for living justly with others include accepting equality, liberty, peace, unity, morality, justice for all, respect for one’s culture and language. Conventionally, people hold that the differences that exist among them are the chief causes of the evident injustices that run deep in societies around the globe. However, such thinking is misconstrued. In fact, the reverse is the true because, justice holds if people acknowledge their differences, after which they devote themselves into suffering primarily to the benefit of others. In addition, living justly only begins when a justified person takes the bold step of associating with the unjust. This, as exemplified by Martin Luther King Jnr., makes the just person stand an excellent chance of nurturing justice in a place where it never existed. Therefore, based on the claims made in the Gettysburg Address, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, and Mother Tongue by Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Junior, and Amy Tan respectively, we can live justly with others who are not like us because we can work to understand each other. Although people may differ in terms of race, color, language, and religion, it is false for one to declare these as barriers towards just living. These are mere parameters of identifying people. What matters is the state of the inner self. Abraham Lincoln is an epitome of people who campaigned for oneness among people, no matter their gender, language, and color. His Gettysburg Address, made during a period of conflicts and wars among the Americans, strictly conveyed the message of unity and togetherness. In his address, Lincoln declared that, “a house divided against its self cannot stand” (Lincoln Para. 3). The divisions mentioned here refer to the various races, color, languages, and religions. The bottom line is that, we are all people, symbolized by the term ‘house’ in the aforementioned statement. Therefore, if all people viewed each other as brothers and sisters of the same ‘house’, then they could live in a just manner despite their differences. For instance, Gettysburg Address of the year 1863 marked the turning point of the American Civil War especially after the death and capturing of thousands of soldiers. Consequently, the Northern and Southern Americans had to accept the initial expectation that, ‘‘the war would…settle quickly with little bloodshed’’ (Lincoln Para. 15). They accepted the situation and realized that people needed to live in unity by stopping the bloodsheds. By observation and experience, people understand the importance of living justly with others regardless of their differences. Considering the American civil war, ‘‘dead of Gettysburg…piled upon in the battlefield, qu
Culture/Subculture  Object                                               Influence of Culture on the Object                                                                                                                                                                                                              Somali              Lullaby “Dhammow”                                    History, social perceptions, and religion have an impact on the creation of such a lullaby in Somalia. The role of a father, the importance of roots, and the mother’s love are depicted in this song.                                          American            Television show Friends                              Media, education, and social perceptions determine the development of this artifact for many immigrants who come to the United States. This show helps people study English and traditions and understand what to expect from American society. Indian              Musical instrument udukkai                           Social perceptions have relevance to the promotion of this artifact in Indian culture. People frequently use it due to its cheap material (wood and brass) and portability (easy weight).                                                                           Reason                                               Example of Artifact                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Creator                                           To make a living                                     Romeo and Juliet                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 William Shakespeare                               To appreciate human feelings like love and devotion  Boldt Castle                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     George Boldt                                      To promote spiritual and sacred beliefs of a nation  Great Pyramid of Giza                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Egyptians, probably Hemiunu    One of the most impressive things about Boldt Castle is the failure of its creator, George Boldt, to achieve the desired purpose of creating a gift for his love. However, despite a sudden death of a potential recipient of the gift, this building has become one of the main tourist attraction sights in the state of New York. Boldt did not want to create something for his legacy but aimed at demonstrating his feelings and possibilities. The loss of his beloved one made this ordinary building an artifact
The case between Brown and the Board of Education (Brown v. Board of Education 1954) is usually considered a landmark ruling in the United States since the Supreme Court declared the law allowing separate schools for blacks unconstitutional. In a previous ruling involving Plessy and Ferguson (Plessy v. Ferguson 1896), the court ruled in favored the idea of establishing separate schools for blacks. In fact, the ruling made segregation constitutional since it encouraged state-sponsored discrimination of one race in the education system. The court ruled that separate schools for whites and blacks amounted to the violation of Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was filed in 1951, together with four others following heightened racial discrimination in the country. Discrimination had affected the education of the poor children, as suggested by the doll test studies. The case was meant to compel the education board of the city of Topeka to allow black children to mingle with their friends from the other races. Parents wanted the board of education to ensure racial segregation policy was reversed to allow their children to access quality education in various schools reserved for the whites only. The board of education operated separate schools under the 1879 law allowing various jurisdictions to retain separate elementary school amenities for black and white apprentices in twelve communities with residents over fifteen thousand. NAACP played a major role in sensitizing parents to fight for the rights of their children in various places. Parents had tried severally to enroll their children in the nearest school, but their efforts were in futility since they were referred to the segregated schools. The court heard the case in 1953, but it had to rehear it the same year for further analysis. The court wanted to establish whether the tenets of the Fourteenth Amendment had been violated given the fact that each person had a constitutional right to associate with anyone. In the case, two facts were eminent, one of them being a unanimous decision. Some analysts were of the view that the court could not come up with a single decision that would determine the outcome of the case. The second fact is that the jury who was not expected to attend the hearing appeared meaning that the case was critical to the history of the United States. Justice Robert Jackson was suffering from heart attack. He was not expected to oversee the court proceedings, but he surprised many when he turned up. Segregation affected the blacks psychologically and socially since it gave undue advantage to other races. The judges conclude
Introduction Sex trafficking refers to situations where individuals get involved in sexual activities without consent. In most cases, such activities are coercive and intent on commercial benefits (Farr, 2012). Such deplorable acts are usually dangerous and unsafe because victims are not in a position to guarantee safety with regard to reproductive health and other related areas of interest. According to Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), perpetrators use various inducements as baits for victims (Farr, 2012). Most victims of sex trafficking are below legal age that governs involvement in sexual activity. Prevalence of this vice continues to pose monumental challenges for authorities as they strive to eradicate it from society (Farr, 2012). However, it is important to acknowledge the complex nature of sex trafficking because it falls under powerful cartels that are usually armed and dangerous. This makes it difficult for law enforcement agents to penetrate and diffuse their illegal activities. The dichotomous nature of sex trafficking complicates efforts that gear towards ending its sustenance and propagation (Farr, 2012). The issue of sex trafficking is not unique to the United States of America. In fact, there is concern over escalating cases of sex trafficking across national and international borders. It is challenging whenever authorities try to pre-empt its commission because it links to cross border crimes such as drug trafficking and organized crime. Involvement of international entities such as the United Nations (UN) is enough proof of its gravity and extent (Farr, 2012). This essay synchronizes basic information with regard to realities that characterize sex trafficking nationally and internationally. It also alludes to legal provisions, policies, and documents that reflect various efforts that gear towards combating sex trafficking. Dynamics in Sex Trafficking Numerous factors serve as thresholds in determining and demystifying occurrence, propagation, and sustenance of sex trafficking in contemporary society. The dichotomy of sex trafficking revolves around vital dynamics that characterize its essence and rationale (Farr, 2012). This reality complicates various institutional and statutory frameworks that seek to combat this vicious cycle of abuse and exploitation. Commercial gain is an important factor that sets sex trafficking apart from other similar forms of sexual abuse (Farr, 2012). For instance, sexual molestation and rape do not suffice as sex trafficking because they do not anchor on commercial benefit. Although sex trafficking revolves around criminality, there is more to it with regard to overall desire for commercial gain (Farr, 2012). Most perpetrators of sex trafficking are bent on raking in commercial benefits as opposed to other forms of abuse. Another factor is age of victims. Most victims of sex trafficking ar