ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of a Healthcare Problem Nowadays, the problems of postnatal care and the necessity to offer as many improvements and interventions as possible are frequently discussed by researchers around the whole world. Women, who have currently given birth to their children, should be ready for several changes in their lives and the necessity to complete several new duties and tasks. As a rule, in such situations, many women lose control over their lives and have to focus on their children. Still, it is also important to remember that their personal needs, family obligations, and social relations cannot be neglected. Therefore, certain attention should be paid to postnatal care and its dependence on the incomes of families. The problems in postnatal care could be explained by poorly trained nurses and midwives, and the inabilities to clarify what kind of help should be offered to the families with newborns (Gauba, Chhugani, & Arora, 2015; Mirmolaei, Valizadeh, Mahmoodi, & Tavakol, 2014). The current practice includes the improvements in the work of mid-level medical workers and education. Postnatal care could be offered by mid-level health workers and by high-level health workers (Lassi, Cometto, Huicho, & Bhutta, 2013). Its quality depends on not only the level of knowledge of medical workers and their abilities to help but also on the abilities of parents to analyze situations, use their knowledge, and be ready to help a child in a short period. Besides, women have to understand how crucial participative learning could be because they could observe what steps to take when they start caring for babies, check their readiness for being mothers, and use their settings to achieve good results in postnatal care (Prost et al., 2013). Parent education is one of the main concepts in postnatal care because it involves both, mothers and fathers, and helps to create appropriate conditions for taking care of children (Khresheh, Suhaimat, Jalamdeh, & Barclay, 2011). Postnatal care could have several forms, and mothers have to be aware of them and know when and how to ask for it. Sometimes, nurses (midwives) visit families with newborns at home. Sometimes, parents visit hospitals independently. Each method has its positive and negative sides as well as positive and negative outcomes for children and their families. The level of income defines the quality of postnatal care that could be offered to people. Unfortunately, this truth cannot be neglected. Therefore, various situations when postnatal care is offered should be investigated to prove that such interventions as home visiting, telephone hotlines, and parent education could improve family satisfaction, prevent maltreatment, and change the quality of life. PICO Question P (patient/problem)         Poor postnatal care for low-income families                              I (intervention/indicator)  Home visiting programs, telephone hotline services, and parent education C (comparison)              Usual treatment and no home visits                                       O (outcome)                 Family satisfaction, maltreatment prevention, improved quality of life    In low-income families wh
Harly Davenson is operating in a highly competitive market. The UK market has various forces that would influence the performance of the firm. The motorcycle industry has a lot of potential, as well as threats. For a clear understanding of the operations of Harly Davenson, a SWOT analysis would be of great importance. The strength of this firm lies in various factors. One of the major strengths of the firm is its brand name. Although this brand has not managed to make a huge impact outside the home country, it is fast gaining acceptance in this industry. The name is expected to attract the youths, who make the majority of the market share in the industry. This firm also has considerable financial strength following years of growth in its sales. As such, this project is in a position to implement its strategies, including those of research and extension. Despite the above strengths, the firm has some weaknesses that might see some of its competitors in the UK eat up a section of its market share. It is evident that one of the weaknesses that many environmentalists have repeatedly talked about is environmental degradation. The rubber materials that this firm uses in making the bicycle parts and are causing havoc to the environment in the US. It is disappointing that this firm is yet to develop a solution to this problem because according to a simple market research, it is yet to replace completely the plastic and rubber with better alternatives. The firm operates in an environment with some opportunities, which can make it experience massive growth in its market share in the UK. Harly Davenson would have exploited a vacuum that existed in the UK. It is apparent that there is no stiff competition for this firm in the UK market and this company would be able to make enough profits. Harly Davenson would provide the market with a completely new product that is not comparable with any other in the UK market. Harly Davenson would find it easy to embraces change, which comes about because of the changing technologies. This is accelerated by its size, unlike other organizations, which would not adopt change due to their large sizes. Technological advancements would also enable the firm to conduct trade easily due to improved means of communication and transport. The threats that this product is forced to deal with include competition and piracy. The market is very competitive, which calls for the stakeholders to come up with new strategies to counter the effects of competition. It is apparent that many firms are likely
Introduction Mental health issues are most prevalent among the aged since there are significant life changes at this life stage. Retirement is one of the issues that cause anxiety and depression. In this case, the aged feel bored and do not know what they can do to keep themselves occupied. The retired often feel insignificant as they no longer contribute to society and they also tend to experience financial constraints. Aging is accompanied by illness and frailty which makes them lose the value of life since pain and physical limitations make life very challenging. It is at this period that their partners are likely to die and leave them lonely. Losing a partner at this stage can be very depressing since this is the point in life when friendship is very important. On other occasions, the aged are moved from their familiar environments to live near close relatives who take care of them. They tend to develop a sense of lost independence since their caregivers decide on what is best for them. These challenges can be easier for the aged if they are well equipped to accept and adapt to them earlier before they become overwhelming (Hendry & Kloep, 2002). In Marie’s case, the situation is a great challenge since she lost her spouse, physically constrained and has been forced to move and live nearer the daughters. The following is a discussion of the various approaches that can be used to prepare and help her to face this stage of life. Marie’s Case in Relation to addiction Counseling The elderly people are at a greater risk of substance abuse since the challenges they face make them anxious and depressed. Despite the challenges experienced, it is possible for the elderly to become more visible, active and independent if they are supported. For Marie, she is at risk of prescription drug abuse since she is not willing to take drugs as prescribed by her physician. She is adamant because her daughter is dependent on drugs. She is afraid that the same thing could happen to her if she takes her medication daily. She does not understand that her medical condition is different from that of her daughter, Lisa. Educating her on the need to take the drugs as prescribed is important since they will help her gain her mobility back. Counseling will help her understand that she does not need to take these drugs for the rest of her life. It will also help prepare her in the future. In this case, aging is accompanied by many health conditions which require her to take drugs and lengthen her life. For Marie, she is at the onset of the elderly stage, and this is the most appropriate time to guide
Introduction The link between inequality and poverty has long been neglected. However, there are many arguments proving that handling the problem of inequality can help in overcoming the issue of poverty. What should be kept in mind is the fact that not only inequality in access to wealth distribution matters when speaking of the effect it has on poverty but also on power and education services. This paper aims at drawing the connection between inequality and poverty and finding possible solutions to both challenges. Analysis To begin with, it is necessary to define the concepts of poverty and inequality. Poverty is the lack of financial resources that results in an individual’s inability to live a decent life. It is very often determined by a relation to a particular numerical figure, i.e. establishing the acceptable level of income, to make it easier to define what is meant under decent living and analyze the poverty rate in a country or region (Jonsson, Mood & Bihagen 2013). As of inequality, it is the difference in access to income, power, education, and whatever (Conerly 2014). There are two possible ways of linking inequality to poverty – direct and indirect. The direct connection between inequality and poverty centers on the difference in access to wealth distribution. The simplest way to trace it is to view employment conditions and the level of salaries. This issue was brought up and became acute because of the tendency towards globalization of international economic relations, liberalization of trade, and technological revolution that requires higher skills and more knowledge for finding well-paid jobs (Yasmeen, Begum & Mujtaba 2011). The consequences of these developments are evident: if an individual does not correspond with the modern requirements, he or she is excluded from the wealth distribution system. Another aggravating factor is the openness of the global economic system and the operation of multinational corporations. It became easier to run a company in a country with sufficient resources but involve foreign workers who have the necessary skills instead of local. It as well leads to the exclusion mentioned above and the increase in poverty rates. The indirect effect of inequality on poverty can be investigated in two dimensions – access to power and educational services. In the first case, accessibility of authority or power is seen as the source of making decisions advantaging one group of the population, and disadvantaging another. It means that some social groups cannot influence the local authorities that are free to develop the policies benefiting them. Think, for example, of the caste stratification in India or establishing employment equity targets in South Africa (Mosse 2010; Department of Labour of Republic of South Africa 2015). These systems are created to justify discrimination that, as a result, leads to the impossibility to promote changes in society and combat inequality and poverty. Another channel of interaction is inequality in access to educational serv
Introduction The nature of childhood is a varied concept defined by its interpretation in various societies and communities. Different perceptions of childhood therefore exist although some researchers purport that childhood is an already dead concept while others note that modern children are more empowered than ever before (Newman 2006, p. 1). Childhood is therefore a universal concept of human life and a natural stage of development although variations in culture have made its definition a little dramatic. For instance, in the western world, children are considered quite fragile and different from adults but comprehensively, the variations in culture can be observed from the commonly held adult perception that children are innocent and have a strong entitlement to protection and nurturing (Newman 2006, p. 1). In countries such as Japan, children are accorded more independence and treated as people who can act willfully without much parental influence (Staples 2008, p. 1155). The commonly held perception about childhood in the Western world is therefore largely based on biological construction. This explains why many Westerners purport that children are extensively dependent on their parents for long periods, infants can die if they are left alone for a couple of days or a human baby may depend on his or her parents for several decades to come (Newman 2006, p. 1). In contrast, it is interesting to note that babies from other animals are normally very independent from their early days on earth. For example, a baby horse is able to get on its feet and play around in its early minutes of birth without any parental help. From the Western point of view, the establishment of laws to protect children against various social adversities like pornography, child abuse, neglect and such like adversities is in order but its is equally interesting to note that the concept of childhood only took root in the Western society as late as the 17 th century (Newman 2006, p. 5). In many spheres therefore, the concept of childhood is often debated across various disciplines including developmental psychology, pedagogy, sociology and the likes but many researchers have often held the belief that childhood is a creation of cultural perceptions and an imagination of adult views (Newman 2006, p. 10). Understanding the nature of childhood therefore stems from the understanding of how we perceive young children since we cannot differentiate how adults see young children and the paradigm that defines childhood today and in the past. At present, small volumes of literature have shed light on the transformation of childhood through time and this study seeks to provide the missing link, with a clear definition of how the nature of childhood has evolved over the decades. From this understanding, we will comprehend how the nature of childhood manifests itself in present day society when compared to historical time se
Introduction Although many of Steinbeck’s works pertain to politics and ideology, the writer also looked beyond these issues and described the adverse consequences of the rigid patterns of behavior in relation to people’s lives. “The Chrysanthemums” is a perfect example: the story received much critical attention for its showcase of male and female power struggles (Ellis 46). In this story, the author managed to challenge the traditional views on gender roles and demonstrated the tragedy of a person constrained by the existing order. “The Chrysanthemums” pictures individuals in the stagnant world and identifies the role models typical of women and men through the example of three characters: Elisa, Henry, and the tinker. Analysis The story is told by a third-person narrator, and it not only gives the opportunity to scrutinize the events objectively but also creates the effect of distance. The description of nature at the beginning of the story solidifies it: the fogged land, the sky, and could help recognize the same tendencies among people. While the men are incapable of appreciating their opportunities, Elisa strives for recognition. The meeting with the tinker makes a considerable impact on her. Although she begins to believe that this person can understand her, the expectations are not eventually satisfied. The story ends with the main character’s attempts to conceal her tears and empty small talk. Elisa is a typical victim of the twisted societal order that justifies the lower rank of women and their inability to apply their talents to practice. The metaphor of the valley as the closed pot is indicative: it represents the tense relationships between women and the environment. For instance, Elisa’s husband does not let her take part in what is believed to be “male” businesses: he must have never thought that his wife was unhappy with her position. When he talks to the men and solves problems independently, Elisa is ignored because her roles are minor. The woman is seen only as a housekeeper, and she is also allowed to work in the garden – Elisa’s love of growing chrysanthemums and wearing masculine clothes may be regarded as whims but they are, nevertheless, tolerable. Under these circumstances, she leaves no stone unturned: since she is bursting with energy, she must channel it somewhere. As she is depicted from different perspectives, she is a round character, and readers cannot help admiring her strength. Her house is neat and beautiful, and the fact that “her terrier fingers destroyed such pests before they could get started” proves that she spends much time in the garden (Steinbeck 1). Finally, she suffers from the thoughts that greater opportunities are unavailable. In fact, she is jealous of men who can run a business or see the whole world driving a wagon. Thus, this character is an excellent illustration of the re
Currently, there are a lot of implications associated with the use of various materials that are considered either to be dangerous to humans or unrecyclable. Plastic is one example of such materials. The major negative aspect of plastic is that it is used daily without people even being conscious of the implications. This is why it is important to address this issue as soon as possible and come up with a strategy regarding the use of plastic bags, bottles, and other products that can be made out of alternative eco-friendly materials. It is important to be aware that plastics include many various types of synthetic chemical compounds that are utilized in a variety of industries. With such widespread use, it might be reasonable to assume that one ‘cannot live’ without products made out of plastic. However, the global community has to decide whether it can partially replace plastics with some other materials or, indeed, get rid of plastics altogether. This essay aims to illustrate both the advantages and disadvantages of plastic and to educate the readers in terms of its characteristics. As an example of a common plastic commodity, I am going to use plastic water bottles. As the production of water bottles can be rather expensive and time-intensive, their impact on the environment will be discussed in detail (Fernqvist, Olsson, & Spendrup, 2015). I believe that there is an opportunity to replace plastic materials with biodegradable alternatives that will be healthier, and more efficient, in terms of both the economic and healthcare impact on the community. The fact that plastic materials are rather useful in many different areas cannot, however, be overlooked. Durable and lightweight packaging, in association with low-cost production, became possible solely through the use of plastic materials. Plastic does not require the use of expensive materials, like wood or various metals, and the production process is much simpler. A simpler process of production, and the reduction of process costs, results in cheaper products, which are easier to mass-produce. This kind of economic advantage is a crucial aspect of the modern business world. Even in the UAE, businesses are looking for materials that will allow them to implement mass production while spending less money. Plastics also have the advantage of providing durable packaging. On the other hand, it may be worth noting that there is a rather critical limitation associated with the use of plastic materials. The negative impact of plastic on the environment was not properly researched during the initial ‘plastic boom’, and it only became the focus of the conversation on plastics after the majority
Introduction John B. Watson, B.F Skinner and Edward C. Tolman are behaviorism theorists. The behaviorism school of thought, also known as the learning perspective, is a philosophy of psychology that seeks to explain any physical action of human beings and animals as behavior that is learned through environmental influences as opposed to the internal physiological processes or the mind and can therefore be explained scientifically John B. Watson is considered to be the founding father of behaviorism theory and his ideas considered to have paved way for B. F Skinners works adding a new perspective to behaviorism (Naik, 1998). Baars (1986) indicates that Edward C. Tolman’s contribution is based on cognitive learning as an aspect of behaviorism. He describes Tolman as the only major behaviorist figure who anticipated mental representation or cognition rather than explaining behavior merely by stimuli and response. Thus Skinner, Watson and Tolman are all behaviorists with three schools of thought based on the same concept but differing in inferences. Similarities and Differences Payal Naik (1998) critically explores behaviorism as a theory of personality. Using Pavlov’s classical conditioning and Skinner’s operant conditioning he describes behavior as a learnt process and learning is considered to be no more than the acquisition of new mannerisms as exhibited by change in overt behavior. Pavlov’s classical conditioning forms the back bone of the perspectives of Watson while Skinner builds on it with his operant conditioning- operant behaviorism. Behaviorism theorists do not associate behavior with feelings and processes of the mind or any internal physiological events but instead, try to link it to environmental influences. Watson(1998) shows that psychology is not considered with the mind or human consciousness but purely with behavior through classical conditioning. He based his works on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov as described by Naik (1998), a renowned scientist who had studied animal behavior as a result of conditioning. In Pavlov’s most famous experiment, he rang a bell each time he wanted to feed his dogs. So each time the dogs heard the bell, they knew that food was coming and begun to salivate. With time, he begun ringing the bell without bringing the food but at the sound of it, the dogs still salivated, thus demonstrating that they had been conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell. Watson (1998) tries to prove that behavior in humans is as a result of being conditioned to react to stimuli in a particular way. He cites his own example of conditioned reflex, that when one is exposed to a bright red light and shortly thereafter the hand stimulated with an electric current, then subsequent shows of red light will lead to a withdrawal of the hand. He seeks to explain human behavior as something acquired through exclusive Stimuli- Response connections. Just like in Pavlov’s experiment, humans learn behavior through association of response to a certain stimuli. As Baars (1986) poin