ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among many large companies in the West, to take pride in having incorporated the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into the very core of their operational philosophy. This practice, however, cannot be deemed thoroughly justified because the main conceptual provisions of CSR appear to be utterly inconsistent with the foremost principles of the functioning of a market economy. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while promoting the idea that CRS is best defined as merely another PR-strategy, deployed by these companies, in order to convince people that there is nothing wrong about the process of the privately-owned commercial enterprises taking over the functions of government. I will also aim to illustrate that CSR is, in fact, the integral part of the neo-Liberal economic agenda, reflective of the assumption that the ideal state of affairs in the realm of economics can be achieved by the mean of allowing companies to be in the position of defining their own approaches towards contributing to the society’s overall well-being. The paper’s research method will be concerned with reviewing the relevant literature that contains analytical insights into the subject matter in question and elaborates on what can be considered their overall discursive significance. The methodological soundness of this approach to discussing CSR is predetermined by the paper’s size-wise format, and by the fact that the would-be discussed concept is rather ambiguous – something that can be illustrated by the absence of a universally applicable definition, as to what CSR actually stands for. As it was mentioned in the Introduction, the existing definitions of CSR can hardly be deemed fully consistent with each other. Nevertheless, it will be appropriate to suggest that these definitions are based upon the same assumption that, while striving to remain commercially competitive, businesses should proceed with reaching this particular objective in a thoroughly ethical and socially beneficial manner (Gholami, 2011). The main theoretical premise of CSR is that, by choosing in favor of conducting their operations in the socially responsible (ethical/environmentally friendly) way, companies are able to contribute towards increasing the rate of these operations’ long-term commercial sustainability. In its turn, this premise reflects the idea that, due to being rational agents, both: the affiliates/owners of a particular commercial c
Introduction Over the recent past, most global societies have experienced a great upheaval and revising of their traditionally cherished methods of defining roles on a gender basis as evidenced by the strides made by such communities in accepting and adjusting to new methods of assigning roles. Currently, as evidenced by research studies women are advancing career-wise, as more women are joining career that were reserved for men and becoming their family’s breadwinners. Although this is a clear indication of where societies are heading as far as appreciating the girl child is concerned, still sexism and gender inequality are primary problems that are facing the girl child. Such is the case primarily because societal socialization agents such as the church, schools, work groups, and parents, which are supposed to be the primary promoters of the war against sexism and gender discrimination, have and still promote gender inequality and sexism direct or indirectly. As a result of these, the war on gender inequality and sexism has failed, because of the failure of these agents of change to promote gender equality and eliminate discriminative notions held by the society (Baur and Crooks 65-67). Regardless of an individual’s gender, there is a need for communities to respect every individual’s rights, as this forms the basis of the war against sexism and gender inequality. However, because this has failed to occur it is crucial for women to rise up and defend their rights through rejecting gender-role segregation and any other form of discrimination, which demeans their self-worth. Gender Development and Gender-Role Stereotyping Gender identity is a concept that develops during the early stages of development, as this is the time when children are in the process of discovering who they are. This process continues as a child grows and encounters more societal forces, which are the p
Effects of Globalization to the Economy of Developing Countries Globalization is the interaction of different nations allover the world with the aim of marketing their products as well as services. According to economics, it refers to transportation of goods as well as services to areas where potential customers can reach them easily all the time, without charging them extra cost for import or export and avoiding any barrier to trade. Most researchers in the academic international development organizations and community academics have given views in favor of globalization process and its impacts to the developing countries. However, these researchers have failed to give a withstanding support of the benefits derived by the developed nations from integrating with the globalised economy. In this paper, my attention is to focus on the pros and cons in the economy of developing countries due to globalization. Benefits Economic growth: Globalizations allows multinational companies to invest in different countries apart from their home country. During establishment of these companies in the developing countries, they pay taxes and other requirements fees to the government of the country in which they are establishing. In addition, these companies are large and their production is high such that, they produce more than the countries requirement thus exporting the surplus for the nation to get export duties. The establishment of these companies in the developing countries creates employment to the citizens. This further gives the government more sources of income through taxation of the employees as well as saving the government the burden and cost of creating employment to its population. Taxation of the employees is according to the amount of salary they receive, where those who receive more salary pay high amount of tax while those with low amount of salary pay less amount of tax. Technology advancement: Globalization allows movement of labor from one country to the other. The developing countries have an advantage to outsource experts and professional in certain fields from developed countries. In addition, the globalization allows the movement of goods and services from one country to the other. Developing countries are exposed to a huge a market of technological machines and tools from the developed countries. The developing countries acquire these machines and tools that they use in industrialization to make work easier and improve the quality of output. Similarly, the developing nations may acquire services that have been of great help towards the development of the developed nations. Better Market Prices: The movement of goods and services across the border allows more goods and services in the markets, which increases the supply that makes the market prices low. The consumers thus enjoy better market prices for the goods and services because; the price offered are affordable. In addition, the ease in market penetration make most producers sell their goods and services in the developing countries. The competition on the market from different producers’ goods and ser
Health Determinants Summary Cardiovascular disease is one of the most widespread diseases in the United States; it can cause atherosclerosis, heart attack, ischemic stroke, and other conditions, leading to disability or death. To design correct policies for the population at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, it is also important to understand the determinants of the population health outcomes. Kinding (2007) and Kindig, Asada, and Booske (2008) present five key health determinants: access to medical care, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and genetics as those that affect health outcomes of the group. Access to medical care has a direct influence on the health issue; while individuals with moderate to high income have access to screenings and can prevent severe complications and get an education, people from low-income families and who live at or beyond the poverty level often remain without resources and can die from this type of disease (VanBeuge & Walker, 2014). Individual behavior also has a direct impact, as such habits as smoking, drinking, and an unhealthy diet can have a negative influence on the person’s health, resulting in elevated risks and/or morbid conditions. The social environment can considerably contribute to the health issue too either by aggravating or improving it. For example, work stress (or stress related to living conditions, family, or other problems) is related to the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults (Kivimäki & Kawachi, 2015). Physical environment, such as the availability of footpaths, parks, recreational areas, places for exercise or nearby fast food stores, and the lack of safe environments for sports activities can also either decrease or increase the risk of this disease. Genetic mutations such as polymorphisms
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease caused by infected mosquitoes found in tropical regions and is usually characterized by such systemic symptoms as hemorrhaging, vomiting and yellowing skin. The yellow fever is common in tropical regions, but it is important to state that it is not the same as malaria despite the fact that the two diseases have similar symptoms. Because of these similarities, many people think that yellow fever and malaria are the same disease. This essay will highlight the causes, symptoms and effects of yellow fever while trying to explain why yellow fever is not the same as malaria. The areas of origin of the yellow fever virus are regions of East and Central Africa. The disease was originally referred to as black vomit since the most widespread symptom was vomiting of blood. The yellow fever disease was first reported in the 15 th century, and that is when the world came to discover the fatal nature of it. The mosquito species that spread yellow fever are found in tropical climate and that is why many victims of this disease are from South America and Africa. Yellow fever is a viral disease and therefore its rate of infection is always very high compared to malaria. The contagious nature of yellow fever made the authorities in affected areas put quarantine in place to stop further spread of the disease. The number of deaths associated with yellow fever has been brought under control by concerted efforts put in place by medical researchers who have developed various medications and vaccines. The yellow fever virus enters the host’s cells and replicates itself in form of a viral genome which later matures into an infectious virion that makes a person experience some initial symptoms. The yellow fever virus is of the Flaviviridae family found mostly in female mosquitoes. These mosquito species act as a vector for the yellow fever virus which is transmitted to the victim through a byte. The incubation period of yellow fever is between three to six days. The yellow fever disease has three stages which are different from each other because of the varying symptoms. The initial stage is known as the infection stage and is associated with symptoms such as vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, headache and sudden fever. These symptoms tend to disappear after three or four days. The second stage is known as the remission stage, as all the symptoms disappear. Victims of yellow fever can recover during the second stage or the situation can get worse if the initial symptoms go beyond the first day. The third and final stage of yellow fever is referred to as the intoxication stage. At this stage, the disease starts affecting body organs. The heart, liver, and kidney are the most affected organs. Severe symptoms such as delirium, seizures and bleeding disorders are normally experienced at this stage. There are many symptoms of the yellow fever and most of them lead to severe complications. It is advisable to seek medical attention during the infection stage to avoid s
Introduction The influence of media on the voting choices made by individuals is evident. The current globalization has impacted immensely on the mass media technology. This forms the basic foundation of social communication networks and application of social media on campaigns and elections in the political arenas. Media works as a spotlight in elections by influencing campaigns and decisions made by the electorates (Lane, 2007). Ideally, mass media simply stands for the different ways of communication. Sociologists and behaviorists have stressed on the basic influence of the media on peoples social lives, emotional cognition, attitude and behavior (Rutledge, 2012). Media also influences people through radios, televisions, social networks and other sophisticated communication means. Thus, it remains critical in the global society as a part of great influence on the people’s cognitive thinking, attitude and behavior in general. It involves a variety of communication channels that have presently undergone considerable transformation and development through intricate communication approaches. This is a vital provision in the media application during elections. Major Arguments In the light of massive sociological and technological transformations, the role that the media plays in the development of individual and community behavioral and cognition patterns is evident. For instance, identification with a particular character due to frequent encounter in the media like the television usually leads to a consequent transformation in behavior or character and attitude. This also influences the voting trends in case of elections. Moreover, the media has usually been used to host various advertisements, educative forums, as well as awareness creation in the context of voting and public participation. Individuals can also adopt certain behavioral patterns of their role models in the media to achieve a sense of gratification. This in turn leads to behavioral and change of attitude, which might in turn influence the voting preferences in case of a contest. Generally, the continued encounter with different forms of media within the society has led to the emergence of diverse media psychology issues within the general society. A conventional example is the issue of media influence on the emotional lives of voters. The investigation of how these elements impact on voters’ selection trends, social lives, perceptions or viewpoints, behavior and beliefs is necessary (Rutledge, 2012). It is vital to examine these voting influences and note the transformative roles (both constructive and negative) that they can cause in the voting arena. Analytically, the understanding of this topic is essential for voters and the general public. Moreover, it will play a central role in the future election of leaders as one might be able to clearly note, articulate and caution particular behavioral pattern in the future electorate. Since the media influences the emotions of the public, the concept and relationship between the two remain a critical area o
Adair, C. (1999). Cracking the glass ceiling Factors Influencing Women . New Delhi: Surah 4 Good word Books. The dissertation explained the importance of data sampling in any kind of project. Though the dissertation is not connected with the topic of the current project, the approaches and methods used by the author to discuss the barriers in the workforce helped to make the right decisions in the research process and understand how to choose an appropriate research design and setting in regards to the offered conditions. (Adair, 1999). Baluch, I. (2005). Transport logistics: Past, Present and Predictions . Dubai, UAE: Winning Books. Baluch (2005) investigated various transport logistics innovations in order to describe their impact on the modern transport logistics industry and define the prospects of its future development. The book is appropriate for the project because the author used the United Arab Emirates in his discussions about the possibilities of eco-friendly solutions, the existed varied environment, and the needs of managers to comprehend their goals in regards to the gov
Due to the fact that humans were largely dependent on cultivated crops, domestication of plants and animals was the next step in the development of civilization. More importantly, the transition to a sedentary way of life indicated the fact humans considered it unreasonable to travel from one land to another, hunting and gathering. Therefore, the most historians are inclined to believe that Neolithic revolution is strongly associated with domestication as a result of convergence of cultural development and climate changes. In order to define the underpinnings of the revolution, including its causes and consequences, specific emphasis should be placed on the concept of domestication, conditions for moving form a nomadic way of life, as well as how the changes affected the development of prehistoric civilizations. Due to the fact that the domestication is an ongoing process, the accommodation of domestication patterns occurred gradually. The first evidence and documentation about domestication of animals refers to the Middle East region. However, before considering this process, specific attention should be given to the analysis of underpinnings and preconditions for domesticating animals. At this point, Ucko and Dimbleby state, “the overall results of domestication become apparent in the expansion of population and in the growth of external trade” [1] . Followed by Epipaleolithic period, which had been characterized by the emergence of farming, the human activity in the Middle East depended largely on active communication and social interaction. Dogs were among the first species that were domesticated by men. Presented initially as modifications of the wolves, the they prevailed in Europe, America, and Asia. Egyptian and Australian animals also originate from this period [2] . Application of particular genera, including ox and horse, was also among the most significant results of animal domestication process. The identified species were used as draft animals, which influenced further development of civilization. The reasonable place for early domestication of animals is closely associated with the development of the Near
Introduction It is hard to disagree that with the development of sophisticated interactive narrativity, modern technologies, high-definition graphics, and increased real-life simulation possibilities, video games have moved to another, more advanced level. By exquisitely engaging players of all ages, computer games are now played worldwide, which, in turn, resulted in numerous jurisprudential investigations. Some ordinary people, mostly parents, and various experts are concerned about the adverse effects of video gaming and the immoral side of this entertainment type. Though many guardians forbid their children to play computer games and find them deadly dangerous and ethically unacceptable, natural law theorists may argue that gaming is actually morally right because the basic purpose of humans, according to natural law theory, is to live a happy life. Natural Law Theory To begin with, it is essential to define natural law before arguing that it protects video game playing. Generally, it is the unique concept that is built on a belief that all people have an inborn and inherent system that allows them to distinguish between wrong and right and apply this understanding to behavior and reasoning. Specific responsibilities, moral rights, and values are inherent in the nature of humans and given to them by reason or God instead of legislation, society, and authorities. Natural law applies to every individual and has no exceptions related to religion, culture, or nationality. When distinguishing between moral and immoral, this theory refers to the main purpose of all people, which is to live their own happy and good life unless it adversely interferes with the lives of others. Therefore, only those actions that prevent an individual from enjoying their life counts as immoral and unnatural. Since the nature of people’s ethics and beliefs is changeable, once moral behavior can now be considered exceedingly wrong, and vice versa. However, the concept of morality is still objective in a given period of time. Reasons People Play Video Games Since gaming is a popular hobby all over the world, there are numerous reasons for millions of people preferring to spend their free time in this way. First of all, one of the basic psychological needs that make humans’ lives much happier is a need for competence – a strong necessity to feel mastery or seek control over different situations. Video gaming allows people to easily address this need and feel successful and progressing in their accomplishments and s
Abstract This research undertaking seeks to underscore the importance of machines in modern societal engagements. It covers numerous areas that embody the application of machines in performing functions similar to those undertaken by human beings. This essay also looks at various aspects that manifest as core considerations with regard to the use of machines in social contexts. Primarily, it focuses on machine ethics because it is increasingly gaining acceptance in realms of technological developments. This gives rise to various ethical thresholds that ultimately govern the creation of systems that support the application of machines in daily human undertakings. It also covers issues surrounding decision-making skills and their influence on technological systems. Generally, this essay covers all aspects that embody ethics in the development of artificial intelligence. Introduction The issue of machine ethics is complex and elaborate in various ways. People hold divergent views and ideals with regard to the existence and propagation of machine ethics. Proponents argue that it exists because the minds of human beings operate on the basis of machine principles. They elucidate basic similarities between machines and people in various situations (Gardner, 2011). According to this premise, it is possible to compare machines and humans in terms of operational and other relevant existential parameters. On the other hand, opponents argue that machine ethics does not exist due to the emotional aspect of ethical considerations. According to this school of thought, it is untenable for machines to harbor ethical parameters because they lack emotions and other related feelings (Gardner, 2011). Such arguments precipitate heated discourse among experts and scholars in this area of interest. Discussions and arguments in this area seek to establish a rationale for machine ethics in order to facilitate the construction and rationalization of ideas and thoughts in support of counter-arguments (Gardner, 2011). However, it is important to note that such undertakings cannot materialize without proper understanding with regard to issues and realities that characterize machine ethics. As earlier mentioned, machine ethics is a complex area of interest because it arouses interest from various facets of social agency (Gardner, 2011). It creates excitement and enthusiasm due to its role in a current societal dispensation where technology acts as a benchmark for all pertinent and crucial undertakings. Technological advancements continue to play an integral role in creating the impetus for action and reaction to issues that manifest in contemporary society. Various attempts to understand machine ethics and its inherent dynamics are indicative of how such issues influence decision-making and opinion in social contexts (Gardner, 2011). Ethical Considerations and Decision Dynamics in Machine Ethics Most submissions on technology and values revolve around ethicality and other connotations th