ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Halite is currently known to many people as rock salt. It is a mineral in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl), which form structures referred to as isometric crystals (Zambito and Benison 587). The mineral is either white or colorless. Different types and quantities of impurities may make the mineral have different colors such as gray, blue, yellow, pink, red, and orange (Zambito and Benison 588). Halite may be found mixed with other minerals, for example, halides, borates and sulfates. The rock salt is found in beds of evaporative minerals, especially the sedimentary parts. Salt beds may cover a wide area. These areas have thick sized salt beds. The mineral salts not only exist in lakes, seas, and playas, but also in underground deposits. The salty taste gives this mineral a distinctive characteristic (Zambito and Benison 588). Economic impacts of halite Halite has played a significant purpose in the development of societies. Most people in developed countries think that a halite has few uses, but in the real sense, it has many functions (Zambito and Benison 588). The mineral is currently being used in the process of melting ice on roads during winter seasons. A solvent containing salt and water has a lower point of freezing compared with pure water (Guerrero, Gutiérrez and Galve162). Currently, halite is used in seasoning food. Food seasoning is an act of adding flavor to food. Large pieces of rock salt are grounded and packed in containers called shakers, which are used in relation to finishing salt. Domesticated animals and agricultural societies depend on this salt for various processes. The development of civilization has made the salt highly marketable and a precious commodity by many people. Mining history Mineral salts in lakes and seas are easily collected since they are deposited on shores of water bodies after evaporation. The rock salt is also c
Introduction The United States Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) incorporates operations, technological adjustments in war fighting and develops Airmen. This body deters nuclear operations, command and control, offers combat support, and ensures superiority on cyberspace. Since it offers services to third parties, the public, it has outlined some controls to make sure that its set standards are not overstepped ( U.S Air Force Reserve Snapshot, 2012). Therefore, AFRC aims at long-term and high value services to the entire concerned partners and clients. For example, in managing its information system, the body ensures that there are well explained and coordinated procedures of handling the whole information. These may include channels of communication and modalities that the information must follow to the required destination, the precautions that must be taken when handling such information, and the parties that can get access to information. These rules assist AFRC in upholding democratic processes in the entire society; hence, ensuring accountability and transparency among societal leaders. Notably, information confidentiality is an essential factor in determining the modalities, channels and delivery systems ( U.S Air Force Reserve Snapshot, 2012). Again, the number and kind of people who are authorized to handle such information and fundamental elements that are determined in information processing. On the other front, the drastic and steady change in technology has forced the AFRC to apply controls, which could help to minimize illegal access to some information by third parties. Worst still, some third parties can un-authentically gain access to these pieces of information and even go ahead to block the messages from further access. This information vulnerability makes it a necessity to set up controls that can help guard the r
Quality of Healthcare in the Conditions of Patient Handoffs The quality of medical care directly depends on how this or that healthcare institution provides help and assistance to those in need (Boat & Spaeth, 2013). One of the current problems is patient handoffs among different medical centers and departments, which affects the effectiveness of treatment and has a negative impact on the period of recovery. The fact is that when a person does not have a regular doctor or a nurse and is forced to receive assistance from different specialists, the quality of treatment will be lower compared to that when patients stay in the same department permanently (Hunter et al., 2017). Also, people experience discomfort from the need for constant examinations from different specialists (Hoskote et al., 2016). Children deserve particular attention because it is hard enough for them to adapt to any changes when it comes to treatment in a hospital (Patton et al., 2017). A long-term stay in clinics for such patients is stress, and when they have to be examined continuously by different pediatricians and other specialists, they can not get used to people and are forced to experience constant fear. According to Funk et al. (2016), even if doctors and nurses pay attention to young patients, children tend to worry about the fact that they often have to be treated in new places. Certainly, excitement and stress cannot have a positive effect on morale and are usually the causes of depression. Consequently, the improvement of the quality and speed of patient transferring to other departments, such as intensive care, will improve medical care quality since too long the treatment process in different places negatively affects both the moral and physical state of people. Patient Handoffs from the Perspective of Medical Institutions Although the system of patient handoffs is an inconvenience and causes discomfort in patients, this process is suitable and favorable for a number of clinics and medical institutions that do not have sufficient equipment. Nevertheless, these measures can take a very long time, especially when the hospital does not have a fully developed system of document circulation (Salzwedel, Mai, Punke, Kluge, & Reuter, 2016). Moreover, when doctors or nurses deal with complex cases, they have to spend quite a lot of time to decide which studies should be conducted and which measures should be taken immediately (Starmer et al., 2017). Lengthy procedures of discussion slow the process of treatment and negatively affect the condition of patients. Also, physicians and nurses’ attempts to conduct comprehensive studies can cause dissatisfaction on the part of patients who can file a complaint with higher authorities. Hospital administrators have to ensure that staff can systematize the process of patient handoffs (Klee, Latta, Davis-Kirsch, & Pecchia, 2012). If employees are good at coping with their responsibilities and are able to competently assess a pers
Case summary The main question that arises, in this case, is whether a state’s decision to take property for the ostensible purpose of economic development satisfies the ‘public use’ requirement of the 5 th Amendment. While on one hand, it is quite possible that powerful state agencies could use the weapon of “eminent domain” on minority landowners in a bid to grab their land holdings, it is also possible that obdurate landowners could stand in the way of major development programs. (Larson, 2004). In this case, San Francisco Development Corporation (SFDC) wanted to take over a particular stretch of land for development purposes. The applicants, 9 landowners, objected and filed a suit during 1999. At the Bench Trial, the Court passed a restraining order of the First part of the land but refused to provide the plaintiff with possession of the second part of the property. When both the parties went to higher Court, the Supreme Court passed orders. “The Court reversed for the first part of the land and affirmed as to the second part – allowing the state to take all of the condemned land.” (Legal environment of business , n.d., p.1). Robinson and Others sought a writ of certiorari, which means, requesting a higher court to order a lower court to “review” a judicial order passed by the latter. (Certiorari, 2009). At this stage, John Stevens CJ, citing the 1954 case of Berman v. Parker, 368 U.S. 26 (1954), upheld the verdict of the Supreme Court. In simple terms, he argued that courts do not have jurisdiction to question the propriety of bodies, and thus needed to abide by it. He also gave the verdict that when economic development is the primary driver of such development, the question of a private or public good does not arise. However, Thomas J chose to dissent and took recourse in the Fifth Amendment to the American Constitution. He interpreted that even if due just compensation were forthcoming, in the event of property owners not willing to sell their portions, there would be no legal propriety to enjoin them to sell their shares under any kind of duress. He rejected the stand taken by the Supreme Court on this issue. Plaintiffs and defendants of this case The nine landowners are the petitioners in this case. They include, inter alia, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Pamela Martin, the Beardsley’s, etc. The defendants, in this case, are “the city’s development agency known as San Francisco Development Corporation (SFDC). “(Legal environment of business , n.d., p.1). Arguments were put forth by both the plaintiffs and defendants The justifications presented by the City to eff
Sexual orientation is a current issue in the field of environmental psychology that has elicited great controversy as to whether it occurs due to social interaction or it is a natural condition. Written by Michael Petit in 2011, the article, The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Task Force on Sexual Orientation, the Nature of The Sex, and the Contours of Activist Science, seeks to define homosexuality in the context of environmental psychology. The objective of the article is to enhance social awareness of homosexuality by providing social and psychological explanations with the view of diminishing societal prejudice. According to Pettit, “the ‘problem’ facing homosexuals is neither defective biology nor misdirected development, but an overwhelming societal prejudice that affects their self-esteem. …anti-homosexual prejudice itself is a sign of mental instability” (2011, p.96). This means that sexual orientation does not only carry biological aspects, but also developmental aspects due to the social environment that has influenced societal perception and interaction. Due to the controversy surrounding the cause of the aberrant sexual orientation of homosexuality, psychology gifts are trying to attribute social environmental as one of the cause. Sexual orientation is a social, biological, and psychological issue that has perplexed many experts concerning determinants of specific sexual orientation. The article suggests that homosexuality occurs due to social and biological factors that interact in the environment bringing about aberrant sexual orientation. Following the suggestion, it implies that homosexuality occurs due to natural selection in that; anyone can become a homosexual given certain predisposing social, environmental conditions. Barker argues that “treat homosexuality not as an example of what can go wrong with a fundamental evolutionary adaptation for heterosexuality, but as an optional path of development whose evolutionary adaption was not obvious, and hence a puzzle worth investigating” (2008, p. 9). Hence, environmental psychologists are investigating possible elements of the social environment that predisposes one to aberrant sexual orientations. Psychologists are rooting for the sociological perception of sexual orientation as a product of social interaction in social settings during development. Sexual development in children depends on the social environment that has a significant influence on psychosexual development. “There continues to be a strong interest within environmental psychology to try and study human-environment relationship within the full contextual framework in which they occur, researchers are struggling to establish a causal relationship between social environment and development of homosexuality” (Gary,
Introduction After a period of successful operations, situations occur when organizations need to reduce their operational costs to remain profitable. As a result, downsizing becomes inevitable. It entails reducing the size of a business to retain operational costs that the business can sustain. As this paper reveals, firms downsize to enhance their efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. However, such a move influences employees, communities, and business operations. Why Firms Downsize York (2009) defines downsizing as an irrevocable cutback of an organization’s workforce. The management unit makes and implements downsizing plans to increase a company’s effectiveness, competitiveness, and yield. Indeed, some strategic resolutions, including mergers and acquisitions, are adopted to allow an organization to acquire a competitive advantage in today’s changing business world (Iverson & Zatzick, 2011). Such decisions are always accompanied by discussions about the appropriate business size. Downsizing constitutes a foreseeable dominant theme in such deliberations. Figure 1 below shows some of the possible reasons that lead to reducing the number of workers. Figure 1. Reasons for downsizing (Iverson & Zatzick, 2011) In the current competitive market, York (2009) argues that firms are under substantial pressure to cut their cost of operation to improve their efficiency. As such, many businesses are currently automating their systems. Hence, they are forced to downsize their workforce after adopting emerging technologies that take the place of many employees. Here, technological changes are depicted as signals that call for organizational downsizing. Indeed, such transformations occur, especially where the suggested technology has the potential of increasing business output while employing a few people. Pressing issues driven by the perspective that smaller organizations are better about larger ones may also lead to downsizing decisions. Also, companies downsize to enhance their operations even during financially trying moments. York (2009) agrees with this assertion by adding that such a move helps to relatively prevent bankruptcy while proactively increasing business productivity and chances of survival. Downsizing entails a response to acquisitions, mergers, a reduction in the market share, and unsatisfactory rev
Introduction Globalization can be defined as a process of redesigning the earth in terms of integrating the economic, political and cultural systems at a global level. It may also be described as an intensification of the knowledge of how the world is through increased consciences. With globalization, integration of economies, cultures and societies have been achieved through diverse means such as communication, trade and transportation (Steger, 2010). Various factors i.e. technological, political, biological, social, economic and cultural in consolidation make globalization a reality (Dierks, 2001). Globalization deduces the present events globally in terms of economic, social, political and cultural developments (Reyes, 2001). Some of the trends that indicate globalization include vigorous communication systems, economic growth in terms of global financial reach, and trade at an international level. Effects of Globalization Globalization has led to many nations relying on international forms of trade, communication and finance. Today, the world has become more integrated in the way they carry out their transactions. Globalization has enabled the world become like a village in that reaching any part of it has become more cheap, easy, deep and fast through the amalgamation of technologies, markets and governments. These trends have not been witnessed in the past and are things of the twentieth century up to date. It is with globalization that the social and cultural constraints across geographical boundaries have drawn back and all human activities have been coined to the globe as the focus. Various theories exist such as the Marxist, realist and liberalist all of which attempt to explain the concept of globalization. Two of the above-mentioned theories are discussed below in order to bring out the meaning of the term explicitly. Marxist Theory This is a theory that was first formulated in 1848 by a socialist theorist Karl Marx. He expressed how territories have been integrated and his explanation was a great fascination to his colleagues. To him, capitalism is crucial as it enabled bourgeoisie flexibility in the sense that they settled, established connections and located all over the globe (Scheuerman, 2002). Capitalists are ever in the race of gaining competitiv
Medieval Europe is known for having severe punishments for some crimes. Laws of that time allowed a sentence of felons to various procedures including torture and death. England was one of the countries, which had these practices. Although according to documents and literature, rape has been widespread, various cases of trials show that death penalties were rare, and it was hard for victims to prove the act had taken place. Despite the seriousness of the crime, “convictions were rare, and lawmakers did not consider the raped woman to be the only victim of the crime” (Dunn, p. 52). It must be said, that men were not the only ones who could be convicted of abduction. Women were just as responsible. British literature has evidence of women often trying to seduce men, which has been a common logic of that time. One of the stories, where a woman is depicted as the one responsible for seduction, is told in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . The lord’s wife tries to start a relationship with Sir Gawain while her husband is away. She threatens Gawain to keep him by force, saying “Ȝe schal not rise of your bedde, I rych yow better” (Tolkien, p. 34). Since Gawain is a knight, he does not agree and stays faithful to his vows. This situation shares a traditional belief of that time, which states that women are untrue to their husbands. The case with wives committing adultery has been serious in people’s minds for it has been destroying the model of the patriarchal society. It has mainly been reasoned by chances of men raising another’s children. Even when a court was hearing a case of a female rape victim, the male jury often took into consideration the possible acts a woman had done to seduce a rapist. This way, victim-blaming has been a common practice. The evidence of the death penalty for rapists can be found in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath’s Tale . The plot builds around a knight who was accused of rape. The case was clear and “This knight was all but numbered with the dead / By course of law, and should have lost his head” (Chaucer, p. 126). However, the Queen decided to spare his life if the knight would succeed in solving her question. This poem shows that there existed various ways of sentencing rapists. In this case, the decision was made based on the judge’s preferences. The poem also argues the female role in relationships. Thus, the answer to the question of what all women with the most are female sovereignty over their partners. The prologue to the poem has a description of the Wife’s five husbands, which presents interest by proving that women were not as obedient as men wanted them to be. The British M
In the modern world, air transportation is one of the most important and complex systems of transactions. The most challenging problem it has to deal with is meeting the increasing demand while taking into consideration ecological impacts. Considerable technical advances achieved over the last decades have made aircraft significantly less noisy, polluting, and more fuel-efficient. However, there is a threat that a further increase in demand will soon surpass technical development. At the same time, environmental issues are becoming more and more pressing (De Naufville, Odoni, Belobaba, & Reynolds, 2013). Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport is a commercial service airport, which has lately become one of the nation’s busiest, with about 3300 flights per day, which exceeds normal air traffic fourfold ( Federal Aviation Administration, 2005). Its operation and maintenance are controlled by the nine-member Aviation Board. The airport is situated in close proximity to Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River. It occupies a territory of about 1600 acres, including all the facilities. The terminal structure consists of four separate concourses and the major terminal ( Final environmental assessment, 2013). In order to perform an accurate environmental assessment, two study areas have been identified: the Regional Study Area covers all neighboring communities, which are influenced indirectly in terms of noise, pollution, wildlife, etc., and the Airport Study Area that covers only about 700 acres and experiences the direct impact of the airport’s activity. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are set by the USA Environmental Protection Agency in order to take care of public health. The Agency singles out six basic air pollutants that can undermine it: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), 8-Hour, Particulate Matter (PM10 or PM2.5), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ( Federal Aviation Administration, 2005). Those areas that do not correspond to these standards are referred to as nonattainment areas. Both the Regional Study Area and the Airport Study Area are currently in attainment despite the fact that the former was previously reported to have violations for O3 ( Final environm