ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Current essay deals with the problem which simultaneously has specific relation both to political science, history and theory of ideology. This problem may be formulated in the following way: Was Mao’s China ‘totalitarian’? To find the answer to this question, current essay focuses on the following issues: the notion and theoretical conceptualization of ‘totalitarianism’, as it occurs in Western political science during cold war. Main body Discussing the formation of ‘totalitarianism’ studies, the essay focuses on how they are tied with the general context of ideological and propagandist struggles during cold war. Based on our findings the legitimacy of the ‘totalitarianism’ concept is defined and the possibility of its application to the studies of Mao’s China. The second issue that is analyzed within the frames of this essay is economic, political and social developments in China under Mao. The attention is particularly paid to the issues which incline many of researchers and ideologists to describe Mao’s China as totalitarian. Finally, based on general findings about Mao’s China within the contexts of Great Leap policies, collectivization and Cultural Revolution, the conclusion about real conditions of China’s society and its structure are made. The notion of ‘totalitarianism’ and its applications in ideological studies. There is no denying the importance of the fact that ‘totalitarianism’ is a common place not only in Western social sciences but also general ideological representation of different societies. What is characteristic of the ‘totalitarianism’ concept as it was formulated in the works of Friedrich and Brzezinski is total neglect of social and economic relations formed in a given society. Totalitarianism for Brzezinski and Friedrich is an organic entity of state which took full control over civil society and directs it according to its corporate interests (Friedrich and Brzezinski, 1967). It is characterized by the dominance of single ideology, ruling mass party, the unilateral rule of dictator, which installs the system of terror, has monopoly over communication outlets and control over economy. Friedrich, Brzezinski and many scholars after them used this term for describing post-WW1 fascist states and socialist societies such as Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, Cuba etc. There is no denying the importance of the fact that these concepts are mere ideological inversion of liberal postulates which are automatically canonized as true and progressive. From the point of careful analysis of socialists societies (China, Soviet Union), this conceptualization is very poor because it is focused not on their understanding but delegitimation. The complex interrelation between social, human and productive force
Critical thinking refers to the ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information or a situation. It entails the practice of engaging in independent and reflective thinking to identify and evaluate ideas to make informed decisions. Many situations in life require us to apply theories and logic to solve problems. Thus, critical thinking skills help people to make informed decisions and solve problems in a systematic manner. To acquire critical thinking skills, one needs to learn how to evaluate arguments, identify faults in reasoning, and make relevant decisions based on justifiable grounds. Thus, education is an integral part of critical thinking, as it helps people to accumulate relevant information and understand the relationships between theories and ideas. Critical thinking goes beyond a simple analysis of an argument’s content or style. It entails an assessment of an argument’s rational appeal and the reasoning behind it. When analyzing an argument, a critical thinker would first examine the conclusion to unravel its intent and assumptions. The next step involves clearing the ambiguities that cloud the key ideas forming the basis of the argument. To achieve this, a critical thinker must remain neutral and unbiased towards certain preconceived notions or theories. One must be careful not to interpret a situation based on universally accepted theories or assumptions. A critical thinker employs inductive and deductive reasoning in his or her thinking. This involves the use of laws and models to evaluate a situation to arrive at a valid conclusion. Additionally, a critical thinker relies on evidence to support his or her argument. The evidence may come from universally accepted facts, anecdotes, and hypothetical cases. Critical thinkers often invoke hypothetical cases drawn from philosophical, political, and religious schools of thought in their argument. They also use analogies to illustrate their argument in a clear and unequivocal manner. Thus, critical thinking involves the use of facts as evidence for one’s argument or thesis. It relies on inductive and deductive reasoning, intuition, creativity, and lateral thinking. Critical thinking is a learned behavior that students can acquire through formal education. Critical thinking is different from intelligence, which is the ability to learn new and complex ideas or concepts. Nevertheless, the two traits are interrelated because a good critical thinker must be intelligent and creative. In his speeches, Dr. Martin Luther King urged people to acquire critical thinking skills and be objective in their judgment, as bias hampers effective decision-making. Furthermore, he urged people to embrace education as one way of developing reflective thinking skills. King believed that character and intelligence in society co
For a company’s infrastructure to run smoothly, all the components; hardware, software, data management and network departments must be well managed. These infrastructure components require system administrators and network managers to run effectively and efficiently. The two personnel play great roles in managing the infrastructure that provides platforms for supporting all information systems. A system administrator is one who takes charge of setting up and sustaining a system. Every organization, big or small, requires a system administrator to operate its systems. A system is hardware, software, and all the peripheral devices that ensure the proper running of the computer. A network manager works to ensure an operational network connection is accessible without failure at all times. The ultimate goal of a network manager is to ensure configurations and setups in the network are as effortless and sure as possible. He works in a bid to ensure appropriate network connectivity. Network managers take charge of the designing, implementation and administration of computer network systems ensuring effectiveness and efficiency. A computer network is a series of computers that use a fair amount of information transversely across wireless technology. A protocol and the hardware component are the two main components that are a prerequisite in computer networking (Hollberg 34). However, the two personnel; a system administrator and network manager play different roles. While system administrators are solely responsible for maintaining all the computer systems of an organization or company, a network manager works to ensure an active and running network all the time. A network manager administers a network. System administrators are wholly responsible for server supervision and management. Systems administration entails the smooth running of the operations of the different components that form the computer system. These include a network system, other IT systems, or technical systems. System administrators put up, maintain, modify and upgrade servers. Network managers work effortlessly to ensure networking setups and configurations work without failure or difficulty (Zucker 78). System administrators not only manage servers, but they also ensure backing up of servers and data within them secure from any unlawful access by unauthorized persons. They will once in a while perform fair programming which entails scripting-writing programs to computerize tasks. Network managers are obliged to the maintenance of only network-related servers. They ensure accurate connectivity to all the personnel within an organization. System administrators’ responsibilities entail setting up, supporting, and upholding servers and other computer systems. They also plan for solutions when problems arise. Network managers restore default routes, attain Internet Protocol addresses and amend name servers if need be. System admini
Most people who suffer in our communities are young children and jobless women. You find that in most villages the entire house core is left to the poor jobless woman at home. Many men take advantage of this since they know that they have left someone at home to take care of everything and hardly do they provide for these people. The poor jobless woman is left to take care of the young siblings look after all the domestic activities while the man is chatting with friends at clubs and many other places. The woman has to work hard to ensure that she feeds the children, look after the animals, attend the garden, collect firewood and fetch some water which of course this is very hard for a normal person. The only permanent route out of poverty is successfully employment defined as long term, stable employment that pays a living wage. The ability to integrate effectively in the work place is a learned skill set. Those living in chronic poverty level do lack the skills to obtain and maintain good employment and hence as a result, the best thing to do is first to educate these villagers on how to successfully succeed in life with the little income they have. (Albert, 2005). If I were given $500 in one day my mission would concentrate on helping the young people and the woman at home. My mission would be concentrated in reducing the number of children living in poverty by teaching low-income mothers how to become successfully employed. Firsly I would educate these mothers on how to be self-employed in with the little money they have. You find that most people have money but not unless this person has the knowledge on how to utilize this money properly, this money ends up misused and the person starts suffering. I would organize for seminars at our community and it’s out of these seminars which give women the knowledge, tools, courage, confidence and encouragement to win in life. This seminar would incorporate things like workshops, training, mentoring, employment referral services and more to help women to achieve full potential in their working place. I would educate these women on how to be successfully self employed, teaching them to involve themselves in merry-go-rounds, form projects whereby they can operate as a group in order to uplift there living standards. You find that many people succeed in life because they have organized themselves in to groups and it’s out of these groups that they can form small to bigger projects and be in a position to invest their small income there. I would encourage them to form these groups and out of the $500, I divide it according to the projects they have. The first project would be water project since you find that in most villages water is a problem, hence $100 would go to establishing this project and it’s out of these water then the women can get the profit and be in a position to help themselves. The second project would be establishing a cattle dip. I would allocate $50 to construction of this dip and hence a
The Duties of Executive Housekeepers The Housekeeping Department’s major function is to create a kind of “home away from home” for their guests. (Andrews 2001) The General Manager controls any possible hotel operations; and when a consumer reproves the accommodation, the General Manager has to analyze the duties of the Executive Housekeeper and suggest some steps to improve the services. The Executive Housekeeper should be responsible for lots of duties concerning the housekeeping operations and different levels of cleanliness in the hotel:   * Inter-Department Communications improve the services and their effectiveness, as the decisions, made within a department, may certainly influence the work of other departments, this is why it is necessary to discuss all the changes to achieve the desirable results.   * Staff Training allows defining the functions of each department’s member and raising the effectiveness of their collective work.   * Staff Scheduling helps to save time and provide all the guests with the necessary services in time.   * The Control of the Work proves the significance of services presented. The housekeeping staff observes their executive’s attitude to his/her duties and tries to follow this example.   * Communication provides a person with a chance to learn the preferences of the consumers and meet them all the time.   * Completion of Financial Management Tasks lies in setting a budget and its adhering.   * Hiring and skills’ evaluation should be renewed systematically.   * Coordination of inspection will certainly ensure the meeting of all the standards.   * Awareness about the seasons’ preferences helps to create the desirable atmosphere and please the guests.   * Being a friend to each consumer and being a boss to each worker is not less important duty any Executive Housekeeper should fulfill. Needs for Female Business Travelers “Female business travelers represent an increasing segment of the corporate travel market… Their travel is affected by energy prices and speedy communication.” (Bardi 2006) This is why this particular segment needs to be analyzed deeper in order to take the leading positions in this kind of market, fulfill such special needs, and attract the attention of female consumers. Of course, lots of people have already tried to find the answer to the question of what any woman wants. Some people achieved a bit the desirable goal, and some of them are still trying. Without any doubts, each woman, who stays at the hotel, wants to see a clean room, fully functional bathroom (with both a shower and a bath), comfortable bed, and nice environment. However, there are some other needs, the hotel manager should remember about. For example, any business lad
Assessing the present and future performance of this or that company requires studying specific elements, such as market overview, strategy and structure, managing for value, and the actual performance of the company. The theoretical knowledge is more and more commonly applied to real-world situations thus becoming more sufficient. Considering business and finance knowledge we should say that it can be gained through investigating both the elements related to a particular industry where the company is engaged and the theoretical framework established in the works of various authors. Corporate reporting as a voluntary public presentation of information about an organization’s non-financial and, partially, financial performance serves as a springboard for those engaged in studying this or that organization’s performance. The information intended primarily for the stakeholders but used in various circles may be considered as an important mechanism for improving an organization’s performance. We will apply the main principles of creating the corporate reports when presenting the case study. Also, the research will be based on the information sources that follow below. Givens’s More Wealth without Risk (2002) proposes a system of strategies (insurance credit, tax, and investing ones) one needs to know to succeed in his or her business by making correct and confident financial decisions. Analyzing practical and easily used financial techniques that the author has presented we will find the most effective alternative for the company’s development. Financial planning, budgeting, and forecasting are the main strategies we will be guided by in the current case study. All of them are required for successful management and these aspects of managerial position are sufficiently outlined in Finance for Managers (2002) by Luecke R. The work is fundamental in acquiring financial literacy. Another work that deals with the problems of adequate management is Fundamental of Risk and Insurance (2002) by E. J. Vaugan. In fact, this work addresses the principles of risk management and illustrates how insurance can be used to deal with the issues that arise from this risk. Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions (2004) by Irwin D. is useful in terms of studying the areas of capital budgeting and suggested strategies of long-term financial decisions. Going by them we will make the most appropriate decision concerning the case studied. Partially, we will act as a shareholder of the company or the one who is at a loss whether it is worth buying shares in it. Namely, we will need to resort to the company’s annual report, evaluating what is and what is not being disclosed by the directors. We can also benefit from the company’s statements that are the company’s report cards for the year. The financial media presents certain interest to us as well, as there we can find ann
The Romeros is a Spanish guitar quartet founded in 1960s by Celedonio Romero. The quartet comprises members from the Romero family. Breathtaking talent and mastery of musical concepts characterize the group’s performances. They had recorded their first songs by the time they were seven years old. They relocated to the United States from Spain in 1957. The group has undergone different changes in its membership involving replacements in several instances. Currently, the group is composed of Pepe Romero, Celin Romero, Lito Romero, and Celino Romero. Performances for the Romero return concert took place at the Copley Symphony Hall in San Diego. Performances were from Friday May 17 to Sunday May 19, 2013 and the dominant feature was Spanish music that characterizes the quartet’s genre. The venue of the performance was the Copley Symphony hall in downtown San Diego. It was elegant and casual, adding to the aura of the event. The fact that the Romeros identify as the masters of the guitar attracted many people to the concert. The quartet did not let down their fans because they gave a sterling performance. Their supporting group, The Concierto de Malaga String orchestra did a good job of supplementing their excellent skills. The orchestra and the performance by the conductor, Jahja Ling moved the crowd. The program of the performances included an array of different music tastes that included Christmas carols and Spanish classical music that made it appropriate for people of all ages. However, most of the attendees were older people. Frequent coughing and sneezing interrupted performances, which was a put off to many fans. Young people were few as classical music is common among the older generation. The performances were stunning because of roles played by each member of the quartet and orchestra. Jahja Ling was the conductor while Pepe Romero was the main guitarist. Denyce Graves was the mezzo-soprano and displayed stunning vocal abilities and prowess. The performances aimed at celebrating three main figures in classical music including Enrique Granados, Morton Gould, and Celedonio Romero. To celebrate their late father Celedonio Romero, the quartet in association with the orchestra performed the Concierto de Malaga. During these performances, Pepe Romero stunned the crowd with his excellent guitar-playing skills. To celebrate the works of Enrique Granados, they performed tres danzas espanolas. The intermission of the concert involvedperformances to celebrate the works of Morton Gould. They performed Troubadour Music for four guitars by Gould. One of the most amazing aspects of their perfor
Introduction Microsoft is a true heavyweight. Not only does it have an international presence, with a market capitalization of 279 billion dollars, this company’s international reputation places it at the helm of the international acclaim. However, this has not gone unchallenged. With the emergence of competitors such as Google and Linux, and even traditional competitors such as IBM and Sun Microsystems (Cravens and Nigel, 423), Microsoft’s position is increasingly under threat. In the face of growing opposition, it is paramount that Microsoft applies strategies that will allow it to stay ahead of the pack. Main body The option Microsoft has chosen time and time again is the use of a combination of bullish pricing tactics and exclusionary tactics. It has effectively excluded the competition by making sure that their software is not optimally supported by the Windows OS and that PC makers do not distribute the competitor’s software (Klein, 46; Karnik, 2949). This strategy is not new to the firm. In the war to gain control of the internet browser, this tactic was ruthlessly applied. Microsoft aggressively pushed to push out Netscape through pricing strategies and promotional tactics that earned them a law suit (Klein, 49). Klein details how Microsoft zero priced its product in order to heavily undercut the market share that Netscape had (49). The truth is that this strategy was more than just a defence tactic for internet browser control. Microsoft’s key aim here was to defend its platform (Spinello, 343; Lopatka and Page, 178). The true value of a platform is not in truly inherent but rather depends on the complimentary products it supports (Spinello, 343). Therefore, by undercutting its competitor’s complimentary products the company maintains its monopoly by warding off any other potential platform development. In order to do this, Microsoft priced its product at zero cost. This pricing strategy was one of the weapons used against Netscape (Klein, 49). Additionally, over 100 million dollars worth of research and development annually were invested in the browser (Klein, 47). The ratings for Internet explorer shot through the roof shattering the competition that Netscape had potentially posed (see fig. 1). The end results were very effective. Microsoft took over the market by storm and secured a contract with AOL as their default browser effectively making it the top