ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction David Myers explores the unexplored question of “who is happy?” He illustrates all the research studies that have been conducted in order to identify what makes people happy. The researches all show a positivity bias amongst the subjects. This means that people shy away from their own depressions. This also depends on the way the question is phrased. For instance, if asked whether people are happy, a large majority would most certainly say yes. However if they are asked whether they have felt upset or depressed at any point during the past week, the answer may be different. Similarly, people are afraid of appearing too materialistic or of having a negative impression on the interviewer. Therefore, they would most certainly answer the question: “Could money buy happiness?” with a no. However, if you rephrase the question to: “Would a little more money make you a little happier?”, the results might be quite different (Myers, pg. 58). Main body The challenges that researchers face while exploring such complicated issues as human emotions are numerous. The subjects often respond in ways that will be influenced by their personal biases. Therefore, while questioning, surveyors must make sure that the queries must ask for as much objective information as possible. Abstract questions like “what makes you happy?” must be ruled out. It is also often difficult for the researchers to accept that there are no demographic influences on the variable in question. The instinct of a researcher is to find demographic patterns in the trend of the variable. However, as the article explains, males and females are equally likely to encounter depression. The old are often much more satisfied with their lives than the young and it is not sensible to label and believe in the existence of such phases as “midlife crisis” and “old age decline”. According to Wagner (2008), “while correlational studies can suggest that there is a relationship between two variables, they cannot prove that one variable causes a change in another variable.” Therefore, when Myers uses correlation to find a link between two different variables such as happiness and material wealth, he cannot prove that one is an effect of the other. This article, however, suggests that there is indeed a cause-effect relationship between the two variables. However, we may cease to look at it the other way around: material wealth could be a result of the happiness one feels. When one is happy, one is more creative and more dedicated to one’s work and this might bring material gains. Another theory is that there could be a third variable involved: material wealth may not directly lead to happiness. More money means that people can afford more leisure and that leisure time might bring them happiness. Therefore, just a trend between the changes in two variable is not enough evidence to prove that there is a relationship between them. Conclusion We can extend our understanding of happiness through more research questions and posing more objective hypothesis. A possible hypothesis for clarifying our understanding of the relationship betwee
Executive summary The two years international marketing plan for the Dandy’s Moringa Fruit and Nut Bar is aimed at launching the establishment in Ottawa, Canada. The business will target private customers of all ages and institutions across Ottawa. As the first player to introduce this type of business in a market with unlimited potential, the establishment intends to offer different grades of the high-quality Moringa fruits and nuts product. In order to jumpstart operations, the establishment will invest one hundred thousand dollars over a period of twelve months. Market summary Target market The product targets families on both ends of the economic ladder. In addition, the product targets hotels, motels, schools, hospitals, colleges, and other food outlets, which serve Moringa fruit and nut products as part of their recipe (Blythe, 2006). Market demographic The Ottawa market comprises of 4, 510, 000 consumers of different ages. Majority of these consumers are middle income earning. The population growth rate is projected at 3.4 per cent per annum. The targeted consumers are drawn from different economic backgrounds, religion, and class (Farris, Bendle, Pfeifer, & Rebstein, 2010). Market needs The Ottawa region needs a strategic, well furnished, and spacious fruit and nut bar that offers affordable and high-quality juice. Currently, few establishments offer such services. Market trends Over the last five years, the fruit and nuts bar business have experienced growth as more people embrace healthy living as opposed to consuming beverages. This market has been having expanded at an average growth rate of 10%. The trend is projected to follow the same trend for several years since the demand for fruit and nut products have not been satisfied. SWOT analysis Strengths/Weaknesses Strong business platform, affordable product, and simple business platform. The weaknesses include poor product visibility, few brands of the product, and unstable online platform for marketing the product. Opportunities/Threats The establishment has opportunities such as market expansion when the products are re-branded. However, the company faces threats such as changed preference and stiff competition from established businesses (Harrison & St. John, 2010). Competitor analysis The main competitors are businesses in the beverage sector and fruit vendors. These businesses are evenly spread across Ottawa. Key to success The key to the successful launch of the business in Ottawa will be proper product differentiation, customer relationship management, competitive pricing, and quality services (Birdsall & Johnston, 2010). Market strategy The product will be marketed as a first mover with multiple brands and differe
Ethical Behavior in Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” Jonathan Swift addresses his proposal to the British government, which does not care about Irish society’s poverty and famine. In his “A Modest Proposal,” he suggests poor Irish Catholics selling their little children to aristocrats and protestants as food. Therefore, Swift proposes to poor people to earn some money for a living while aristocrats will taste the delicious meat of toddlers. This proposal was written in 1729 when the Irish government in Dublin was ruled by the British Protestants, who prosecuted Irish Catholics. Swift tries to catch governmental attention with this ironic paper. By representing mathematical calculations in his writing, Swift tried to emphasize that Irish children are only numbers, not humans for the British government. For instance, in paragraphs 9-10, Swift argues that among 120 000 children, it would be sufficient to keep alive only 20 000 of them, one-fourth of which should be males to fertilize four females each. This idea might sound terrifying for Irish parents, especially mothers. Moreover, here is an example not only of children as numbers but adults as cattle: people here are just means to produce further generations and other kids to be eaten. In conclusion, Swift addresses the British government again and asks it to take action, which can help the Irish population to live. In paragraph 31, the author encourages politicians to ask Irish mothers whether their children should be eaten by aristocrats or maybe they would prefer to have real support from the government. However, he states again that he is sure that nothing can be more profitable and beneficial for them to sell their children – which is another sign of irony in the paper. Then, Swift digresses and describes Irish society seriously: he recalls that aged and poor people are obliged to die in filth and famine (para. 19). This shows that Swift’s proposal was not aimed at threatening poor women in Ireland, but he tried to change society and encourage Irish citizens and the British government to take action. Ethical Behavior in Alexander Pope’s “The Rape of the Lock” In his satirical poem “The Rape of the Lock,” Alexander Pope describes the loss of the main heroine Belinda’s curl as the central tragedy of her and, perhaps, the rest of women’s lives. Pope images woman’s lock as the main treasure protected by many mythological Spirits or guardians: Sylphs, Gnomes, Nymphs, and Salamanders (Pope xii). After Pope described what procedures Belinda needs to keep her beauty in the mornings, he reminds readers about females’ main enemy: man. Then he shows another hero of the poem Baron, whose main dream is to cut the lock of beautiful Belinda (Pope 9). In other words, Baron wanted to defeat Beline and gain the trophy. Pope created
Introduction Creation Health is a well-being program anchored in faith and featured with diverse workshops on ways of life. There is also the provision of a unique teaching plan to instill health skills to people who aspire leading healthier and cheerful lifestyles. Rest, as one of the eight Creation Health principles, is an incredibly essential code in attaining the goals of the course (“Rest,” 2020). Remarkably, it revitalizes, stimulates, revivifies, and restructures the body, mind, and emotion. Eventually, it equips individuals with the capability to perform at their best. The selection of this source for exploration has been necessitated by the conception that rest is unanimously acknowledged as an elementary human necessity. Noteworthy, rest may encompass relaxation time away from the normal routine for rejuvenation, as well as having ample and peaceful sleep at night. This discourse presents the importance of rest, and the past, present, and future personal experience and application of the principle. Finally, an account of how one can assist others in applying rest to enhance their lives is delineated. Importance of Rest Getting rid of stresses from the mind, body, and soul is paramount for optimal wellbeing. The human body demands discontinuities while undertaking any activity for better physical wellbeing (Bernhofer, 2016). Mental healthiness calls for periodical relieving of strains for the conservation of emotional fitness. Additionally, the requirement for spiritual rest is a belief of countless creeds. The majority of the cultures underscore that the hominid soul needs an intermittent slackening of doings to avail time for pursuing divine matters (Bernhofer, 2016). Subsequently, rest is a d
The case study, which has been written by Rochelle Brunson and Marlene Reed, focuses on the challenges and opportunities, faced by Avon Products, Inc. This enterprise is one of the largest manufactures of cosmetics and perfume in the world. At the moment, the management of this firm tries to implement a new marketing strategy that would allow them to strengthen their positions in the domestic and foreign markets. The authors of this case study discuss the following problems, which Avon should address: 1) brand image that does not appeal to many customers; 2) inability to establish new distribution channels; 3) intense competition (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred, 17, 28). This case also describes the history of the company, their mission and values, current business models, the structure of this organization, and top management. Apart from that, this article includes extracts from Avon’s financial statements, namely, net sales by product categories, revenues by product segments, and the data about Avon’s performance in various regions of the world such as North and Latin Americas, Western Europe, Middle East and Asia (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred, 26). Furthermore, this case explains the differences between Avon and its major competitors such as Mary Kay. The authors do not suggest solutions toward the problems of this organization; instead they carefully explore those factors, which contribute to these problems. The information, presented in this case, can be or great assistance to both managers and students, because on its basis, one can map out strategies that would enhance the performance of Avon Products, Inc. The challenges, faced by Avon Products, Inc Branding In part, the challenges, encountered by this company, can be explained by the inappropriate approach to branding. For a very long time, Avon has styled itself as “housewife’s favorite” (Haig, 272). Yet, the role and position of women in society have dramatically changed over the last decade, and they no longer want to associate themselves with housewives. This image is no longer appealing to them. Rochelle Brunson and Marlene Reed also point out the fact that this firm usually targets women, (usually, housewives) living in suburban areas, rather than “urban trendsetters”, who can significantly increase the market share of this corporation (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred. 26). In sharp contrast, Avon’s key competitors like L’oreal or Max Factor try to target women who are willing to be strong and independent. More than that, Avon has never positioned itself as a luxury brand that aims to raise client’s self-esteem. This is why many potential customers tend to disregard their goods. Overall, branding is one of the key problems, which needs to be addressed by the management. Distribution Channels The business model, adopted by Avon, can be classified as multi-level marketing (MLM). The main peculiarity of this approach lies in
Ryukyu islands have a complex history of being an independent kingdom and a territory subjected to the rule of other nations. These islands are now most famous by their Japanese name, “Okinawa.” This island chain is located between Taiwan and Japan in the Western Pacific and stretches for approximately 1,100 kilometers. Due to historical peculiarities, the majority of population speaks Japanese, and there are groups that speak other languages. In 2008 the UN Committee on Civil and Political Rights recognized the right of the people of Okinawa to implement policies to protect their right to preserve their cultural heritage.   * Pre-European expansion period could be characterized by the flourishment of trade due to the favorable geographic position of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.   * The Japanese rule s tarted in the 17th century when King Sho Nei expanded his sovereignty over the Kingdom. The Japanese established new bureaucratic rules, although the dynasty and the façade of the ruling elites remained the same. Since the Japanese rule was not direct or official, the Kingdom preserved its trade relations with China.   * Short period of relative autonomy started in the first part of the 18th century when Japan was weakened by political turmoil. The Ryukyu Kingdom managed to develop diplomatic relations with Japan, China, and European countries (France, in the first place).   * In the 1870s, Japan established its official rule over the islands. The ruling elites resisted fiercely but had no resources to protect their sovereignty. Japan conquered the islands and made the kingdom its colony as a type of punishment that was also associated with forced assimilation ( komin-ka policies).   * During the Second World War, Okinawans had to go through all the atrocities of the horrible war with bloody battles and thousands of lost lives.   * After 1945, and after the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, the islands were controlled by the US government, and the military occupation lasted till 1972.   * In 1972, Okinawa became a Japanese prefecture, and the rule of the Japanese government was established. However, the US military forces (and economic influence) remain intact up to 2012.   * It is necessary to stress that Okinawans tried to fight for their independence for centuries, and this struggle is still in place.
Introduction With the rapid advancement in technology, managers have realised the essence of information technology in enhancing the performance of their organization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 2005).. It is with regards to this that the concept of knowledge management systems, a paradigm of knowledge management (KM) has increased in popularity for the last several years (Stewart, 2007). Knowledge management systems incorporates knowledge management (KM) and information technology (IT) to enhance the process of creation, development, utilization, transfer and storage of information within an organization. This paper therefore shall expound on literature in knowledge management systems and information technology to determine the theories and concepts that are present in the field. Literature Review Different scholars have developed different systems that can be used to classify data, knowledge and information. Vance (1997) came up with a hierarchical system of classification that has been adopted by many scholars in the field of information technology. The importance of knowledge in an organization has been stressed with respect to this hierarchical classification of data, information and knowledge presented by Vance (1997). Thus, knowledge originates from personal information that has been stored in the minds of individuals. This information is useful in the process of generating facts, procedures and concepts and decisions to enhance the overall performance of an organization (Fahey and Prusak, 2008). Knowledge management has always been viewed as an integral component of the overall success of an organization. Managers usually integrate this concept to improve the level of operation of their organization to achieve a competitive edge over rivals within the industries in which their organizations operate in. This is because, knowledge management is a tool that improves the innovation and responsiveness of an organization (Glazer, 1998). The operation of knowledge management systems is based on information technology (IT) (Machlup, 2010). The aim of these systems is to ensure that the process of information and knowledge creation within an organization is effective and efficient. IT plays a critical role in the development and sup
Drug use is a contentious issue being debated all around the world. It becomes even more adverse when it comes to expectant mothers who use substances. Overall, there is no agreement on the question of moral or legal justification for drug use, especially during pregnancies. Whatever the case may be, pregnant women with drug addiction exist, and governments and medicine have to address the issue. However wrong or illegal it might seem, drug consumption during pregnancy is a crime that should be prosecuted, but it does not mean that drug addicts should be restricted in receiving medical care during pregnancy. First of all, the unregulated consumption of drugs is a crime, regardless of the abuser’s circumstances. This becomes critical when the person with a drug consumption history is expecting a child. As Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010) wrote, “the effects of many drugs on the fetus are unclear” (p. 67). This implies that the health condition of a child is a matter of probability. By deciding to continue misusing drugs, women undergoing pregnancy increase the likelihood of damaging the fetus. Consequently, they should be subjected to prosecution for illegal drug use and risking their child’s life up to the termination of parental rights. Secondly, holding mothers accountable for drug abuse does not resolve the matter of the child in a womb. Denying these women prenatal care can lead to abortion, birth of children with deficiencies, and more drug consumption. This raises a moral dilemma concerning the responsibility for a child’s well-being. A mother who decided to misuse drugs put her health as well as her unborn child’s health in jeopardy. However, that does not downplay the responsibility of a government that denies such women health care. Using drugs does not guarantee a damaged child; moreover, drug addicts are not the only group who receive inappropriate support while expecting a baby. This is why governments ought to provide everyone with an opportunity to successfully carry a child. Thirdly, there is a matter of the effect the drug use has on the fetus. The effect of substances affecting unborn children is not certain. Even an actively engaged in drugs mother has a chance to bear a healthy child. This means that it is too early to equate prenatal drug usage with child abuse. As Schriver (2011) said, “the purpose of human behavior and the social environment content within the social work curriculum is to provide us with knowledge for practice” (p. 526). It means that by refusing to neglect women who suffer from drug addiction, hospitals can increase the number of cases, based on which they can conduct more thorough research. Ultimately, they could give the lawmakers better understanding of the essence of this crime. Overall, although drug use itself is a crime, the addicts should not be restricted in receiving medical care during pregnancy. Substances affect vital organs, reduce life expectancy, and bring about chronic diseases of the person who is misusing them, but the changes in the development of fetus caused by drugs are not certain. The only dependence that can be stat
Slave narratives are stories that are based on real-life events and written by fugitive or freed slaves or abolitionism advocates in North America and the Caribbean. Together, slave narratives have not only constituted an independent literary genre but also served as substantial evidence and an empowerment tool in the fight for freedom in the 19th century. Such stories were characterized by a high degree of authenticity, and by conserving and conveying historical facts, they opposed the dominance of a white man’s storytelling. Nowadays slave narratives may be still of great importance for historical reconstruction. However, some historians are in doubt about whether one should refer to the data from Federal Works Projects to understand the past. This paper discusses the ethical and practical implications of using slave narratives in the said database and outlines the reasons why such use is necessary. The Federal Writers’ Project and Other Slave Narratives The Federal Writers’ Project was launched by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression, from 1936 to 1938. The WPA sent out-of-work authors to four states among which were Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia to collect first-person accounts and document the particularities of former slaves’ lives (Library of Congress). Similar attempts to gather slave narratives were undertaken in the 1910s and 1920s, but they never reached their ambitious goals. The Federal Writers’ Project, however, succeeded in expanding its geography, covering all Southern states safe for Louisiana. As a result, the interviewers put together a collection of 2,000 interviews that are now available for reading online and in the Library of Congress. In recent years, researchers have been increasingly taking an interest in women’s slave narratives. It is argued that female experience was tangibly different from that of male slaves due to the specifics of female anatomy and gender dynamics. Bos (2016) explains that while women were subjected to racism, inequality, and discrimination on par with men, female slaves also had to deal with gender violence in the form of rape and abuse (p. 5). For instance, in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl , Harriet Jacobs shares her life story of constant sexual harassment, bearing her owner’s children, and separation from them as she escapes captivity (Bos, 2016, p. 11). The narrative exposes the dehumanizing effect that slavery had on both slaves and their owners. While it is obvious how much damage slavery caused to those who were held as human property, owning individuals also deprived the masters of compassion and amplified their greed. Ethics in Historical Research: Unbiased View? When discussing the use of FWP slave narratives, the question arises as to how reliable information that the archives contain is. In modern social sciences, what the interviewers accomplished back then would fall under the category of sensitive research. Sensitive research is the type of research that delves into an ethically complex topic and has the potential of exposing its participants to a substantial threat (Fahie, 2014, p. 20).