ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Architecture is one of the activities, which help to track the history of the places, people, and their traditions. With the help of various architectural buildings, people learn more about their own history and their cultures. Such unbelievable architectures like William Wilson Wurster, Irving John Gill, or Greene Brothers. These and many other architectures added lots of innovations to modern architecture and tempted people with their unusual vision of ordinary things and surroundings. They created so many buildings, which play a significant role for some people nowadays: The Gamble House, The New Children Museum, La Jolla Woman’s Club, The Becker House, and many others. Due to such works, a new concept, called California House , is appeared; the traditions of northern and southern California have considerably influenced the further development of the California House , and this is why it is necessary to find out and analyze the changes and provide captivating and appropriate examples to prove the chosen point of view. Discussion The concept of the California House It is known that “American architecture has been dependent on external sources, generally European, for both tradition and innovation should make it easier t detect the specifically American elements in it, if there are any.” (Whiffen and Koeper, 1981). This is why it is quite possible to track the peculiar features of foreign tendencies in many American buildings. The California House is any type of building in California. Northern California architecture is created to charm the eye of its visitors and “tends toward the electric, a mix of Victorian, colonial, mission, and various European styles.” (DiLeo and Smith, 1983). In comparison to the Northern California architecture, the Southern one has more similarities with Spanish domestic tendencies (Winter, 1997). However, in spite of all those similarities to some other countries, California houses represent the spirit of America, and California in particular. With the help of certain examples of California houses, it will be easier to clear up their major characteristics. Boke House (23 Panoramic Way) is a Northern California house, built by Bernard Maybeck in 1902. The architect himself said that this house, made of wood and shingles, was not created in order to glorify: mild climate and suburban context are the major characteristics of this California House. Ennis House is a Southern California house, created during the times before the World War II. Frank Lloyd Wright, the architect of this building, presented this masonry in 1923. The peculiar features of this building are dry climate, hilltop context, and Deco Modern style – all this is so inherent to the location requirements, along Vermont Avenue. Its concrete location is 2607 Glendower Avenue, Los Angeles. Gehry House, somewhere between 26 th Street and Wilshire Blvd, is Frank Ge
Introduction Externalities are the impact of economic entities participating in a particular transaction on third parties who are not involved in the deal. These are factors that are not taken into account when determining the gross national product but have an influence on people’s welfare. In order to analyze the effect of this phenomenon in more detail and to assess profit externalities, it is required to consider the classification of these economic components and what they are. Such a description will give an opportunity to assess the degree of their impact on the economic environment and help to determine if profit externalities can be useful for business. Positive Externalities Positive externalities are the beneficial effects of economic entities participating in the transaction of third parties. They are the utility that is not reflected in prices. According to Dragone, Lambertini, and Palestini (2014), with a positive external effect, marginal social utility exceeds marginal individual utility. Due to the fact that third-party external beneficiaries do not take part in the conclusion and execution of transactions with this commodity, their profits are not taken into account when concluding such transactions, and equilibrium prices and quantity established in the market differ from those that would be received in this manner. The result of positive external effects is the inadequate production and understatement of a certain product’s price, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the economy (Agafonow, 2014). Therefore, in order to ensure an effective output volume, a mechanism is necessary through which third parties, using the external effect, would contribute to its production and consumption. At the same time, one part of the contribution would be aimed at reducing the price paid by consumers in order to stimulate the growth of their consumption. The other part would be used to compensate for any increase in marginal costs in order to encourage producers to increase output. Types of Profit Externalities Profit externalities can be assessed from the point of view of their impact on economic activities by categorizing them. According to these groups, certain utility functions are performed, which should be taken into account when drawing up transactions. All the categories are relevant and may be applied to relevant financial activities. Based on specific principles of utility, market participants regard the importance of these externalities differently. The marginal individual utility of goods is the utility received by a person buying the additional unit of a specific product (Möhlmeier, Rusinowska, & Tanimura, 2016). In order to extract this parameter associated with the given volume of goods, it is necessary to add to marginal utility extracted by third parties. The marginal external utility of a product is the marginal gain extracted by third parties who are neither sellers nor buyers of the goods (Möhlmeier et al., 2016). The aggregat
Description The book under analysis is called “Sweetness of Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History” and is written by Sydney Mintz. In the book, the author studies the history of sugar and different notions associated with it. Mintz tries to define the position and role of the commodity in the globalization process taking into consideration the social and economic aspects of sugar consumption. In addition, the book is the best guide to the transformation processes that led to the foundation of capitalism. The book is also aimed at identifying the impact of sugar introduction on the market and the global trade. Moreover, Mintz’s merit lies in the detailed explanation of the consequences of social changes for the current society. The writer’s goal is to define the connection between the production and the consumption, industrial workers and plantation slaves engaged in the sugar business. The problem is closely connected with Mintz’s background. His concern with the poor colonial world is predetermined by the experience he had in his life. Thus, in 1948 he chanced to live with a young sugar cane worker in Barrio Juaca, in Puerto Rico where Mintz got interested in the process of the sugar manufacturing. There, on the island, he could witness the hard manual work of the people seeding, planting, and cultivating cane. The horrible picture in front of him frustrated Mintz: poor and exhausted workers were waving their machetes under the great pressure of the supervisor (Mintz XVIII). Therefore, the author considered it crucial to highlight the real history of the sugar production. Second, the author managed to realize the connection of social behavior with sugar consumption. As it can be viewed from the above mentioned, the writer traced the historical background of sugar and food preferences of the society. Being introduced in the east in the eleventh century, sugar became available for the English consumers only in the eighteenth century. Thus, in the starting chapters Mintz emphasized: “our food choices are related in some ways to availability …food preferences are close to the self-definition” (Mintz, 3). Moreover, he made a conclusion that food habits “reveal distinction of age, sex, status, culture, and even occupation” (Mintz 3). This statement is rather consistent and proves the connection of biological processes with nation identification. Being the best-known anthropologist, Mintz was absolutely aware of this evident interaction. The book develops on the topic of the relationships within the society and the role of sugar in it and focuses on the fact that it did not mean the same to those who cultivated sugar and to those who profited from it. In the work, Mintz writes: “…West Indian people became invisible until their migration to the center of the empire brought them back into uneasy view more than a century later” (Gatsby 43). So, in the eighteen century, sugar was considered “monopoly of a privileged minority” (Mintz 45) and, therefore, the working cl
Introduction Millennium development goals initiative has enabled the establishment of a myriad of strategies to measure the progress of global health (Tanne, 2007). Health has been prioritized as a global issue that needs prudent redress. As a result, the fundamental focus on global affairs has quite often integrated health matters to minimize socio-economic threats facing vulnerable populations, especially in most third-world economies. These aspects include poverty, ill health, gender inequality, environmental degradation as well as poorly established educational infrastructural facilities (Tanne, 2007). Among the eight identified goals, it has been found that they are all related in one way or the other. These goals were adopted by United Nations in order to improve global health. The goals affirm that every individual is entitled to dignity, freedom, equality, and the right to basic amenities such as education, shelter, and food. The precursors include the World Bank, International monetary fund, and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OTCD). Goal five will be discussed in a broader perspective in this paper to illustrate the outcomes used in measuring the progress of millennium health goals. Goal concept Goal five of the millennium health goal envisions lower mortality rate by three quarters before the close of 2015. In line with this, it aims at enhancing universal access to reproductive health services which involves coverage of antenatal care and family planning services. In order to measure the progress of the millennium health goal, several objectives have been put in place. Moreover, United Nations has established 48 technical indicators that are currently being used as tools to measure progress (United Nations, 2010). Indicators to measure progress have also been adopted by several experts who are the key precursors of the millennium goals. These outcomes have been used to enhance progress in achieving the set goals by 2015. As part of the follow-up, there have been attempts to increase health personnel such as doctors, nurses, and midwives who are supposed to provide maternal care to adult patients. This has resulted in reduced cases of adult and infant mortality rates (United Nations, 2010). Moreover, modern treatment technologies have been introduced in developing countries hence reducing mortality rates in both children and adults. This has enhanced health services to become sufficient and affordable. Definitely, it has been possible for larger populations to benefit from the same. Another outcome of measuring progress involves funding sustainably toward the program to secure health systems. Thi
The main purpose of the Gilgamesh myth is to illustrate the weakness of man in the face of destiny. This is particularly presented by the vision of the underworld as presented by Enkidu from one of his dreams. Enkidu describes the underworld as a very dark place where the people are clad in feathers and feed on clay (Cunningham and Reich 7). By the time this dream appears in the story, the reader is already aware Enkidu is bound to die, but one reads on hoping that Enkidu would somehow find a loophole that would take him away from going to the underworld as predicted by the dream. The epic of Gilgamesh does not make death less frightening in comparison to the overwhelming nature of life. The afterlife as described by Enkidu is just an unsettling existence that no human being would like to live. In actual sense, it makes death even scarier especially drawing from the words of Enkidu while on his demise bed. Enkidu tries to find a scapegoat by blaming the lady Shamhat for his own shortcomings in his pre-death premonition. He is basically trying to make amends with his creator so that he does not have to go to the underworld he had seen in an earlier vision. His disappointment at dying a weak man’s death is evident from the story and one would be tempted to blame him for not responding to earlier challenges adequately. As a reader, it is easy to picture one’s self in Enkidu’s shoes and suffer the same anguish he does of having to die young without accomplishing much. Having hitherto lived a very active life, it is easy to understand why Enkidu does not anticipate having to die such a slow death and then have to go to a harrowing afterlife. It makes it harder for the readers to appreciate the fact that they have to die someday and it is even frightening to think of how one would lose his life. The death dream definitely makes the journey tougher for Gilgamesh. As a young man, Gilgamesh is one individual who has become acquainted with using his own might to get out of challenging situations. He cannot help feel some deep anguish over the fate that is going to befall his friend over a mistake that they both took part in. Gilgamesh’s sorrow continues even after Enkidu’s death and seeing how terrifying it is to lose one’s life, he goes on a journey to find a way of acquiring immortality for him and the rest of the human race. The test by Utnapishtim is supposed to illustrate the desire by mankind to have all the good things in life even though they lack the personal willpower to obtain some favors. Gilgamesh wants to live forever so much that he agrees to partake in the test without as much as a second thought and only realizes the impact of human weakness when he fails it almost immediately. Even when he gets a second chance at immortality, Gilgamesh once again exhibits the lac
Executive summary Migration to the United Kingdom attracts attention from many stakeholders, especially politically, and with the media. The government continues to implement policy to strengthen border controls and collaborate with employers to recruit skilled and documented workers from the European Economic Area (EEA) and beyond. This has been implemented considering the damage irregular migrant labour has socially, and economically for the United Kingdom. Currently the United Kingdom law on migrant labour has three main effects namely:  1. To enable the government to address irregular migrant labour by working closely with the United Kingdom Border Agency to act appropriately against employers using irregular migrant labour  2. To ensure that these employers employ regular migrant workers  3. To make difficult for irregular migrant labour to work in the United Kingdom This brief is intended to highlight to the United Kingdom government the best ways of reducing irregular migrant labour from 2012 to 2017. Background The United Kingdom government has recently enacted and instituted laws and policies to regulate and register irregular (undocumented) migrant labour. A report released by the Home Office in 2008 estimated a total of 660,000 irregular migrants in the United Kingdom (Home Office Asylum statistics United Kingdom 2007). Currently the figure is higher. Additionally, it was reported that more that 500,000 irregular migrants use an overstayed visa. The increased surveillance activities because of the global security alerts and fatal terrorist attacks like the one in London in the recent past has increased the pressure on the United Kingdom government to screen and regulate the migrant labour process more stringently. Because of the likely expulsion, migrants in the United Kingdom live in a state of fear and uncertainty and are most insecure. The problem in United Kingdom is compounded by legislation that equates irregularity to criminality. Whereas other countries perceive immigration breaches as administrative offences, the United Kingdom government perceives this as a criminal offence (Garcia 2007). The deregulation of employment is a practice common in United Kingdom and the use of agencies like the United Kingdom Border Agency (BA) can blur the distinction between legal and illegal work causing further distress for the migrant. Such a migrant may opt to join illegal networks to protect and conceal their status and identity (Boswell 2003). According to research most irregular migrants work in low key formal and informal sectors (Huysmans 2006). The two million plus vulnerable workers in the informal sector repres
The American Civil War of 1861-1865 was the hardest and bloodiest conflict that the United States fought up to that date. Its long campaigns and fierce battles brought forth tested military leaders who came to be the embodiment of the American military art during this period. The two most notable of those were, without a doubt, Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side and Robert E. Lee on the Confederate side. Both lived throughout the greater part of the 19 th century, and both rose to particular military prominence by the middle of the Civil War. They made major contributions to the period as military commanders – Lee leading the Army of Northern Virginia and Grant commanding various forces in the Western theater and then the Army of the Potomac. It begs the legitimate question of who of these two was ultimately the best general of the American Civil War. Research indicates that Lee was a better tactician, but Grant superseded him in operational art and strategy alike and, hence, was superior to Lee as a military leader. Generally speaking, Grant and Lee received different treatment in the annals of American history. In Grant’s case, the political atmosphere of the war and the following decades ensured that his military career would be under consistent and unfavorable scrutiny. Being a staunch Republican, Grant was often criticized for his operations by those of Democratic leanings, and this politically-motivated scrutiny only intensified during his tenure as the US President. As a result, the 19 th -century historiography coined the image of Grant as an unimaginative butcher who won through sheer numbers rather than any military talent. 1 While contemporary historians are rethinking this interpretation, it still lingers and can affect the general’s perception for the worse. 2 On the other hand, Lee became an icon for the Lost Cause myth and, as such, was lionized and glorified as the epitome of Southern manhood and military genius. 3 As a consequence, he was as likely to be praised for his military performance as Grant was to be criticized. External political influences impacted the images of both generals – Lee’s to the better and Grant’s to the worse – and it is necessary to see through them. The first logical step is to compare Grant and Lee’s grasp of tactics – that is, the ability to win a given battle. Lee’s tactical style emphasized maneuver, envelopment, and the combination of premeditated defense and vigorous counterattack when the moment was ripe. The prime example of his tactical competence was the Second Battle of Manassas of August 29-30, 1862, when Lee’s army withstood the initial assault of the Union forces and then routed them with a flanking counterattack. 4 One may agree with John Hennessy calling it the “ultimate case study in the Army of Northern Virginia at its best.” 5 Grant, though, is not as known for his tactical acumen. The battles he commanded often degraded into frontal engagements with heavy casualties on both sides and
An aging process is an ordinary physiological process that is characterized by specific health changes and unpredictable behaviors. The elderly require individual care, and primary prevention strategies reduce the chances of new disease development and remove its causes (Duplaga, Grysztar, Rodzinka, & Kopec, 2016). In the chosen group, primary prevention is defined as a magic bullet, the goal of which is the creation of supportive living conditions (Lionis & Midlöv, 2017). Among the examples of primary prevention, the best strategies for caring for the aging population include vaccination, health education, and the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. An old-age patient is vulnerable to various infections that result in serious health complications. Lionis and Midlöv (2017) recommended vaccination to predict epidemics of influenza or pneumonia in people aged 65 and more. Geriatric hospitals and nursing homes support the idea of immunization for the elderly because it is a change to reduce the number of chronic diseases. Although older people are better aware of the peculiarities of their health and can predict some changes, they are still in need of health education and explanations of new conditions. Therefore, education has to be a part of primary prevention (Duplaga et al., 2016). This strategy prepares people for old age and life with its risk factors and increased responsibility. Finally, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the removal of unfavorable behaviors are recommended (Lionis & Midlöv, 2017). The aging population needs to know how such habits as smoking or alcohol use raise the chances of new cardiac or lung diseases. Physical exercises, healthy diets, and physical protection may improve the quality of life. All these strategies are important for older patient care and have to be properly developed because the number of threats and unpredictable traumas is usually increased with age. Nurses need to support patients in their intentions to learn better the peculiarities of their health. Education, immunization, and healthy behaviors contribute to the decrease in serious problems and complications in the aging population.