ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The transition from constructivism to social constructionism, which seemed like a small step, turned out to be a giant leap in psychology. Social constructionism served as the basis for a new approach to therapy in the 90s of the twentieth century: narrative family therapy and short–term therapy (McNamee, 2017). Therefore, the studies of this type of family therapy presented in this article are of great value to the scientific community. The introduction gives various detailed definitions of social constructionism; its representatives believe that reality is created with the help of language in constant interaction and building relationships. The discourse about the world is neither a reflection nor a map of reality but just an artifact obtained from the exchange of information in the process of communication. The next part of the article presents the history of the development of social constructionism and indicates its various trends. There are many directions of constructionism, represented primarily in Western science. At the same time, as the author of the article notes, there are three main trends. There are also radical constructionism and constructivism (McNamee, 2017); however, this article mainly focuses on the first social constructionism used in psychology, sociology, philosophy, and pedagogy. Then a description of the concept of social constructionism is presented, which is taken as a basis when working with couples and families. The central premise of social constructionism is that the institutions, customs, labels, laws, and division of labor that exist in a particular society are constructed by members of the culture. Only when they interact with each other, do they create beliefs and values (McNamee, 2017). In other words, communities create lenses through which their members interpret the world. Further, the article presents specific techniques and strategies used by psychologists who take social constructionism as a basis. Family psychotherapists using this method focus on the active process of creating meanings and a wide variety of possibilities. They use internal assumptions during some discourses and evoke ideas that were not taken into account before (McNamee, 2017). The therapy is based on working with clients ‘ life stories: analyzing problem stories and creating altern
Introduction The word “forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensics,” meaning “of the forum,” where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. The AFP website defines forensic psychology as the “application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system”. In the modern-day context, the word ‘forensic’ refers to the application of scientific knowledge to the realm of crime. A broad definition of forensic psychology used by schools such as John Jay College is that forensic psychology is “the development and application of psychological principles to the problems and administration of legal, judicial, correctional, and law enforcement systems; rooted in the discipline of psychology and its subfields, but also interdisciplinary in nature, drawing on diverse disciplines such as the law, sociology, political science, anthropology, philosophy, medicine, and linguistics.” (John Jay College website, 2005). History of forensic psychology Forensic psychology, dealing with psychological applications to law and offenders, can be traced at least to the nineteenth century (Bartol & Bartol, 1999). One of the earliest books in forensic psychology was written by Munsterberg (1908) of Harvard University. In this book, Munsterberg argued, that eyewitness testimony is often unreliable, a point that was well taken in light of much recent research. Munsterberg’s project faced resistance from lawyers and other legal professionals. His efforts however bore fruit as Harvard became a center for legal and criminal psychology. Several of Munsterberg’s students such as Marston developed a ‘lie detector test’ (Marston, 1917) and emerged as pioneers and leaders in what was to become forensic psychology. In the United States, the first psychological experiment on the psychology of testimony was conducted by J. McKeen Cattell of Columbia University. The insanity defense was introduced in England, to the case of Daniel M’Naghten in 1843, who shot and killed the secretary of the prime minister. This test came to be known as the M’Naghten test for insanity and was used in many countries, including the U.S., till 1962. One of the earliest American forensic psychologists was William Healy who in 1909, helped form the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute. He wrote the path-breaking book titled “Pathological Lying, Accusation, and Swindling”. Some of the others who made a mark in the development of this branch of psychology include the mental testers of the 1912-1917 period, the polygraph pioneers of the 1920s, personality theorists such as Hans Eysenck (1916-1997), Hans Toch, founder of the SUNY-Albany school of criminal justice in the late 1960s, and the John Jay College of criminal justice which has introduced doctoral education in this field. Application of forensic psychology Forensic psychologists collect information about a case through research about a particular issu
During the 10 th through the 14 th centuries, various professionals from the then Islamic world contributed immensely to the growth and development of Europe. Through preserving earlier traditions and making inventions of their own, the Muslim artistes, scientists, thinkers, princes, and laborers, brought various changes in astronomy, math, philosophy, agriculture, and sanitation. Consequently, they made remarkable contributions to the European Renaissance in which many new inventions and beliefs were instituted. The age of Islamic civilization started when Muslim conquests led to the establishment of the Caliphate, or Islamic Empire, during the 8 th to 10 th century. Consequently, the Muslim world was recognized as the epicenter of all knowledge. In astronomy, Islamic civilization in Spain made important discoveries. Since they had to know the direction of Makka, they invented valuable astronomical instruments to assist them in this (Mottaleb, para. 7). Due to this, the Muslim astronomers discovered several new things, such as the invention that the celestial spheres are not solid, the idea that the heavens are less dense than air and the possibility of the earth rotating on its own axis. In math, the Islamic thinkers made significant contributions by developing algebra, algorithms, as well as several other advances in arithmetic, calculus, trigonometry, geometry, and calculus, which did not exist among the Greek (Hughes, Part I). In addition, they are also responsible for the addition of decimal point notation to numbers. Muslim philosophers of Spain played a major role towards preserving the ideologies of Aristotle, whose opinions were widely embraced by those who did not embrace Christianity and the Islamic faith. The Arab philosophers also welcomed other ideas from other places such as China and India, which increased their knowledge from their own studies. Their philosophies were highly influential among the Muslims and Christians of the region. In Spain, the ideas of the influential Muslim philosophers were translated to other languages such as Hebrew and Latin, which enhanced their spread. It is said that the translation assisted in the development of the modern European philosophy. The Islamic civilization witnessed many advances in agriculture. Muslim traders introduced different crops from other parts of the world that could not grow in the Islamic lands. Crops such as sorghum, rice, cotton, citrus fruits, and sugar cane were introduced in the lands. Improved farming techniques, such as cash cropping, crop rotation, and irrigation were also introduced. Lastly, the rise of Islam brought fundamental changes in sanitation both in Spain and in Europe. T
Introduction Cost estimating relationship (CER) is a common term in business. As the name suggests, the concept uses an established independent variable to estimate prices or costs of items. The other general term is the life cycle cost (LCC), which is the cost of a product, asset, or part of the two as it is undergoing its cycle life while still serving the desired functions. Total ownership cost is a concept used in management accounting and manufacturing industries. This assay uses an example of a large business with strong capabilities to take an idea from the concept phase to its full production within a very short window due to the use of robotics in the machinery department. The business is ready to expand by competing for government contracts for unique products. The essay uses the organization to analyze the differences between the Cost Estimating Relationship (CER) method and the Engineered Cost Estimate method in the effort to determine, which approach to Life-Cycle Costing (LCC) approach will be the best for the business. It also evaluates the design-to-cost (DTC) changes while analyzing the role of cost as a key independent variable in the production of unique products. The aspects of cost-refund treaties that create the largest predicament for particular businesses are also analyzed. Life-Cycle Costing Approach Engineering cost estimate is one of the ways of estimating the cost of a project. It is very crucial to have an approximate budget of the resources that the project will need in the effort to curb any unnecessary inconveniences such as delays because of lack of money, equipment, or workforce. This cost is calculated through the estimation of all the activity costs, adding all of them, and including the overheads to produce detailed cost estimation. The method is also frequently referred to as the bottom-up cost estimation method (Hofmann, 2007). Although this method is detailed and useful in the engineering industry, there are disadvantages that exist to make it unreliable in cost estimation. The use of this method has been described as useful where the design of a project has reached technical maturity (Ramachandra, 2006). Cost Estimating Relationships (CER) and parametric cost estimation methods that exist between the bottom-up and the top-down methods are useful in cost estimation (Ramachandra, 2006). The method uses mathematical formulae and expressions to calculate the cost and variables in a production process. According to Hofmann (2007), CER links price as a dependent element to the price-running elements that are selected based on their autonomy. The vulnerability of costs in a project to past forces is assumed to be the same for the future costs, and hence the use of the method to evaluate the relevant total cost of a project (Ramachandra, 2006). The two methods of cost estimation are relevant in the described project
Comparing Wang Kai-wai’s “Happy Together”(1997) and Ang Lee’s “Brokeback Mountain”(2006) clearly state the social, political,cultural or cinematic relevance of the chosen place and period or value. it should also include and overview of other films representing this choice and give reasons why these two particular film have been chosen. the comparison needs to make reference to nerrative elements like characterisation, structure, setting, etc, and the use of cinematic crafts like lighting,camera set-up, editing, music etc, finally, it needs to clarify the relationship between the values/judgements shown by the filmmakers and the narrative/cinematic techniques employed. Introduction There are certain ways to read a film by its plot, narrative, story theme, relevance on issues and other notable characteristics such as cast, production design, among others. This paper will try to read a film by providing the social, political, cultural or cinematic relevance of the chosen place and period or value of the films Brokeback Mountain and Happy Together. One of the reasons that I have chosen these two films is the memorise of the two actors: one is Leslie Cheung, a famous Hong Kong actor who played Ho Po-Wing in Happy Together who died on 1st April 2003 by jumping from a luxury Hotel in Hong Kong. The other one is Heath Ledger, who gave a fantastic performance as Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain who was killed on 22 January 2008 by an accidental overdose of prescribed medications. Both their death are dramatic and sudden, on the substance, they left nothing for their fans, only their films to remember them both. Happy Together The film Happy Together is a pre-handover film when Hong Kong was set to be handed over to China. The orientation has been considered as an “in-betweennes and indecision” (Pramaggiore, 1996) about a gay couple, Ho Po-Wing played by Leslie Cheung and Lai Yiu-fai as played by Tony Leung Chiu Wai from Hong Kong. The couple visited Argentina to try to renew or salvage their ailing relationship as they have a continuing pattern of arguments, fights, abuse, followed by break-up then reconciliation. It is also their main goal to visit the Iguazu waterfalls which serve as a symbolical background and place in the movie. The movie unfolds with the two lovers arriving in Argentina. In the car, they get into an argument and break up. Lai, the more stable and committed of the two sincerely wishes nothing more than a fairly normal life and deals with the fights and break up rationally. He eventually gets a job at a local nightclub. Ho has an extremely negative, destructive personality. He cannot seem to commit to a monogamous relationship and needed much attention as well as a penchant for hurting Lai. In fact, Ho hooks up with numerous other men. I extreme cases, Ho even brings his men to the c
The United States is in a period of adverse economic downfall because, in some time back, they spent much money in wars which could not give them any returns other than experiencing great losses. Like the war in Iraq, which drew much criticism from around the globe. Therefore there is a need to help bring back the U.S economy to a steady rise so as to be able to secure the investment and investors, and also the improved economy will improve the banking system, thus a decline in the withdrawal of some banks from the market. The diminishing economic state of affairs can be traced back to the one source that caused it, and that is home mortgages. People blame the homeowners who bought more than they could pay back, while others accused the creditors who gave out more than they could receive. Believing that both sides are at fault boils down to an overabundance of trust that lenders put into their buyers and vice-versa so that every person would want to strike it rich and also daydream about their expected million-dollar homes and sugarcoat these rich dreams with views of diamonds and pearls. That’s all they are, but dreams and the American people recently have been dreaming way very much, leading to the hellish economic nightmare that the people are faced with today. With the ongoing historical Presidential Election heating up, the fervor and the enthusiasm of each candidate are pulled back by the magnifying crisis surrounding the U.S. economy, and like for the past few weeks, the U.S economy has been consistently dropping, leading to more and more banks claimed to be bankrupt, and people are handed out the pink slips freely like candy. This is not just a national disaster, but it is an absolute huge emergency that will certainly affect the future generation. By having Americans put money into stocks, savings, and penchants, and then having that money redistributed to loaners who thought they could give back what they borrowed, the money that once was there is now gone. And that is the core of the problem that Americans are facing. A lack of money supply causes the credit in the economy to the crunch, ultimately affecting small businesses, causing them to close down, and erasing retirement money that Americans have put into their accounts for future use, and so far, more than a quarter of all penchants for retirement within the United States have disappeared. Well, with a decaying economy and a shaky bailout plan that ideally will serve as a buffer to boost back the economy, though it seems unlikely in the near future, we can say goodbye to our own retirement plans. This economic crisis has shake
Introduction The Cedarville county jail is an incarceration facility that has recently been built and it is equipped with the modern technology in security. Although this incarceration facility has an upper hand when it comes to security, it is also faced numerous problems ranging from security within the facility, administration management in terms of finance and issues of drug, alcohol and morale that have engulfed the employees within the Cedarville County jail. As the newly appointed CEO to the Cedarville County jail, my main objective is to make use of the existing security technology to deal with the insecurity issues and transform the administration of the facility by tackling head-on the issues engulfing it. Strengths One of the dominant strength of the Cedarville County jail is its latest and modern technology in security. The latest technology in security, if fully exploited, will play a major role in ensuring that inmates’ presence is limited to within the confines of the facility. The Cedarville County jail facility will also attain another advantage of an experienced administrative team that has previously worked together. The separation of the adult and juvenile offenders is a strength that comes into good use especially while addressing the different issues facing the two sectors of the facility. This is because the issues facing adult off
Some Definitions According to Wikipedia1, Classical liberalism is a “political ideology that developed in the nineteenth century in Western Europe and the Americas. It was committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets” Government is an authority or agency through which political establishments exist. The government formulates, implements, and monitors public policy Adam Smith (1723-90) “the Father of Economics” And a proponent of Classical liberalism Some tenets of Classical Liberalism:   * The individual comes before the state   * Private property ownership “capitalism”   * Pre-political individuality   * Limited government control over trade Smith’s Idea of Government: (in His Own Words) Smith (as cited in Gavin,2008,pp227,228) suggests “Little else is requisite to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice; all the rest being brought about by the natural course of things.” “All governments which thwart this natural course, which force things into another channel, or which endeavor to arrest the progress of society at a particular point, are unnatural, and to support themselves are obliged to be oppressive and tyrannical.” Smith; Just What Is the Government For Role 1   * The first duty of the government is to protect its people from external aggression. That is done through the military. (Gavin,2008,228)   * Economic Implications:       + Justification of expenditure on war goods       + Government purchase armament on the private establishment and this leads to increased aggregate demand       + Labour of military men unproductive (does not regenerate)       + Labor of armament producers productive (regenerates+ profit) Smith; Just What Is the Government for (Cont’d) Role 2 The second duty of the government according to Smith (as cited in Gavin2008, 229) is ‘… protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice, requires very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society’ Smith; Just What Is the Government for (Cont’d) Implications of role 2 Major Concerns   * Separation of state organs for greater individual liberties   * Benefits of justice administration supersede its cost   * Expense towards justice is provided for from tax or litigants Smith; Just What Is the Government for (Cont’d) Role 3 (Gavin, 2008) The third duty of the government is divided into 3:   * Public works and institutions to facilitate commerce       + Erect facilities like roads, which are too expensive for private enterprise       + Maintain such infrastructure   * Education of the youth       + Government to establish affordable district schools       + Universal compulsory education provision       + Intervention on curriculum development       + Salar
Executive Summary This paper provides a detailed review of the stages of project management for the triumphant execution of an e-Commerce system for a clothing company in Abu Dhabi, the Unites Arab Emirates (UAE). Project management is a vital process in ensuring a successful implementation of projects since it allows a room for proper planning and reduction of risks that may arise. The world of technology has revolutionised the business environment in ways that had never been imagined before. This project management dossier details the successful execution of an e-Commerce system at Apparel Company in UAE. The report details various stages and aspects of the project implementation, including the goals and objectives of the project, the project plan and schedule, estimated budget and revenues, and execution and launching. Introduction The emergence of computer technology and the internet has brought drastic changes in the world of business in the last one decade. E-Commerce has emerged as a major marketing platform that 21 st century businesses can only avoid at their peril. E-Commerce allows businesses to trade their goods online to equally technologically perceptive customers who are keen on comparing different options, receiving discounts, and making comparisons between different products they seek to purchase. E-Commerce has eliminated the restrictions of time and space, that is, the need to do shopping physically, a factor that is very attractive to customers and hence a platform that businesses cannot ignore. This paper seeks to give a detailed project management report on a successful implementation of e-Commerce application for Apparel Company in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The report discusses all stages of project management that are necessary for a successful implementation and execution. These stages, which constitute the project implementation cycle, include project definition, planning, execution, and delivery/completion. Project Description The need for the adoption of e-Commerce has never been as important as it is in the 21 st century (Laudon & Guerci 2002; Nielson 2014). As a marketing platform, e-Commerce offers businesspersons with a platform that has endless opportunities of selling their products to a wider group of people through the internet. In less than a decade, e-Commerce has redefined and changed how businesses and customers interact in buying and selling. Through the platform, customers have the opportunity to compare products online, remotely place an order, and receive a delivery of their products, all without physically visiting the shop or the outlet (Harris 2000; Metafuse Inc. 2013). The importance for the Apparel Company in adopting an e-Commerce system is therefore evident. In preparation