ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Chicago School represents the first developments in skyscraper architecture in the United States. This movement was driven by individual efforts of architects and engineers, including Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. In 1889 they built an outstanding Chicago Auditorium building that is a perfect example of the Chicago school (Craven, “What is the Chicago School?”). However, their success was partly predetermined by a disastrous Chicago fire of 1871 and advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Unpredictable dreadful events such as conflagrations have the power to change the way people organize living space. It is believed that the fire started in the barn belonging to Patrick and Catherine O’Leary and spread quickly over the wooden-built houses (Smith, p. 19). It profoundly impacted the residential area destroying the homes of nearly 100,000 Chicagoans (Smith, p. 22). As a result, engineers realized the need to construct fire-proof buildings and use the available land efficiently. Moreover, Chicago was the center of the innovative solutions spurred by the Industrial revolution. The Pullman sleeping car, mail-order retailing, and the invention of the elevator were the prerequisites for the new architectural style (“Architecture: The First Chicago School”). The Auditorium is a unique landmark of the city that depicts the talents and courage of Sullivan and Adler. They managed to develop a solution based on the usage of timber and steel beams for the marshy ground (“Architecture: The First Chicago School”). Moreover, due to the effects of the fire, the Chicago school started to prioritize the metal skeleton frame. This decision led to further construction of skyscrapers and bridges all across the country. Historical Significance The emergence of the school is a significant event in the history of Chicago as it marks the rebirth of the architecture. First of all, the figure of Louise Sullivan deserves special attention. He wanted to introduce and promote new traditions in this architectural style by famously stating that “form follows function” (Craven, “About Louis Sullivan, Architect.”). He underlined that the exterior of the building should be aligned with its internal purpose (Craven “About Louis Sullivan, Architect.”). The employment of ornamentation has to find encouragement in the nature of the site. However, the photo of the interior, with its elaborated design contrasts quit
Health disparities are defined as the dissimilarity between groups of people in terms of disproportion in health status, the spread of various diseases, and access to services. In many cases, these differences critically affect morbidity and mortality rates among such groups of people. The statistical data on public health is collected by the US government institutions regularly. The report of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2010) clarified the followings : In 2007, African Americans comprised 13% of the U.S. population but accounted for nearly half of persons living with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS rates (cases per 100,000) were 77 among black/African Americans, 35 among Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders, 28 among Hispanics, 13 among American Indians/Alaska Natives, 9.2 among whites, and 7.7 among Asian Americans. (p. 1). According to CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report (2011), “Infants born to black women are 1.5 to 3 times more likely to die than infants born to women of other races/ethnicities” (p. 1). However, what causes of health disparities are the most important is a highly disputable question. The potential causes of health disparities On the one hand, the potential reasons for this may involve individual socioeconomic characteristics such as education, income, medical insurance status. Satcher (2000) suggested that “millions of people are at increased health risk because they no longer have access to functioning health care systems” (p. 2864). Another aspect of the health inequities is that while some categories of people are uninformed about healthy lifestyle or ration, others do not believe doctors at all living their traditional lifestyle. On the other hand, human health is heavily influenced by genetic factors. There is no doubt that whites are at much greater risk because of their predisposition to skin cancer and breast cancer. At the same time, African Americans have a significantly increased risk of preeclampsia, cancer of the vulva, and some respiratory diseases. The next fact is that national cuisines and habits which epitomize cultural traditions and national mentality also lead to some diseases. For example, drinking much coffee which is very popular among Mexicans or Hispanic Americans leads to a high rate of myocardial infarct and hypertension. The possible strategies for eliminating health disparities The US government should fund effective programs for low-income families, refugees, the disabled, etc. Satcher (2000) argued that “many of our community-based prevention, care, and treatment programs are highly effective and help millions of people live healthier lives” (p. 2864). Another obvious way is to form a multisector proposal which means that we have to work together with partners from the private sector to organize hospitals, schools, inexpensive housing in the poorest regions and it will substantially improve the living standard of people in these areas. The next possible solut
“ Control oil and you control nations; control food and you control the people; control money and you control the world.” Henry Kissinger apparently said those words (Reilly, 2002) and could not have been farthest from the truth when foreign policy and world debt are closely scrutinized. The Department of Foreign Policy (U.S. Department of State, 2008) presented the rhetoric that “realism has influenced policy throughout the administration. For Kissinger, the concept of balance-of-power was a shibboleth. A proper balance, attained only if the great powers resisted the temptation to jockey for tactical advantage, created a stabilizing equilibrium, he argued. He also believed that national interests (rather than ideals) measured in terms of security and power (military, economic, political, and psychological) should govern both international affairs and U.S. foreign policy.” The USDS also stressed that Kissinger believed Americans held on to ideals as peace or freedom and were uncomfortable to acknowledge power and interests as the basis of their foreign policies and objectives. Realism was used by Nixon and Kissinger for geostrategy and a negotiating approach that dealt détente with the Soviet Union. Nixon announced in his inaugural address an often-repeated theme that the world was moving from “a period of confrontation” and “entering an era of negotiation.” (9) As compared to previous administrations, which aimed for agreements with the Soviets that lessen tensions or improve the atmosphere of superpower relations, Nixon and Kissinger accepted a fact that Soviet-American interests differed. They aimed to negotiate in limited areas where mutual interest was at stake. Nixon told French President Charles de Gaulle in a conversation held in Paris in early 1969 that “we should be hard and pragmatic in dealing with the Soviets. They knew what they wanted and we must know what we want.” (13, 10). Nixon also repeated the message in the United Nations address in October 1970, stating that détente relied on mutual recognition of the power and national interest. Nixon was quoted saying, “Power has a role in our relations. Power is a fact of international life.” (78, 47, 52, 60) Kissinger likewise echoed this sentiment in a speech before the Business Council in December 1971, presenting that Americans had a wrong presumption about Soviets on “mere personal misunderstandings and that the remedy for national differences is the development of interpersonal good will.” Likewise, he stressed that the administration would avoid confusing “foreign policy with psychotherapy. What we want to do is deal with concrete issues in our relationships.” (101) In relation to debt, with the strategies and notions employed by Kissinger, this has been carefully and blatantly used by stronger and developed countries like many western countries in extending power and control over other weaker, less developed nations. Debt was said to have crippled many developing countries. Loans made by previous rulers and dictators believed to have been supported by various Western nations who had seen to suit their interests, cause millions poorer and living
Introduction The non-structural protein 5 (NS5) is considered to be the largest strain, which is coded by the Zika Virus RNA. According to Elshahawi et al. (2019), the product has about 904 amino-acids along its entire length. It is comprised of two domains, which complement each other’s function. In particular, it has an RNA-dependent polymerase (RdRp) domain, which is located at its C-terminal and is joined to a methyltransferase (MTase) at its N-terminal through a linker. The NS5 strain is a critical element in the replication of Zika Virus. Moreover, it is also important in the survival and evasion of immunity of the system it enters, in addition to other functions. According to Upadhyay et al. (2017), ZIKV NS5 protein is similar in several structures to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). This paper hypothesizes that the Zika Virus mutates, thus varies from different geographical locations and time, and NS5 ensures its survival and infectivity. Methodology Zika envelope genome. Every Zika virus genome used in this analysis was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Virus Variation Database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The searching of genome sequence was done through the database using Zika Virus and protein envelopes of about 500 sequence in length. Multiple sequence alignments . MUSCLE alignment method was used to align the protein sequence downloaded. It was noted that the multiple protein sequence alignments were achieved through the MUSCLE algorithms, using the standard generic translation code, with universal settings, which provided the best results. Phylogenetic tree . The phylogenetic tree was created from the aligned sequences using PhyML Maximum with probability method utilizing 20 bootstraps replicate searches, which resulted in the best possible scoring tree (Ebranati et al., 2019). The SRT & NNI search were used to perform this tree improvement, resulting in 300 drafts, which complement ZIKV genomes in the NCBI database. Results Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment of flavivirus NS5 proteins. The Flavivirus NS5 proteins show genomes of 16 Zika Virus, mainly found in Africa, North
Introduction The study of intercultural relations is quickly becoming one of the most important fields due to the rapidly increasing technological progress. The Internet and the global market made contact with unfamiliar cultures a commonplace situation. People from the United States might work in the same company as people from Finland or Brazil, and while the interaction between offices in different regions might be rare, it is not impossible which requires a certain knowledge of intercultural relations to effectively work together. This topic contains a variety of ideas, most of which will be briefly covered in the paper, along with some personal experiences. Effect of Culture on Perception Culture has shown to have a strong effect on the perception of people. There are many factors that have an effect on people’s beliefs, likes, dislikes, and prejudices. A research of genes has shown that twins are likely to develop similar personalities, even when living in separate environments (Claridge, Canter, Hume, & Eysenck, 2013). However, this study does not mean that a person is born with a predetermined perception on things, only that genes can define the temperament of the person and can later suggest different preferences of beliefs and activities. The other important stage of perception development is the environment that the person grows up in and more specifically its culture (Carneiro, Meghir, & Parey, 2012). Before going to school,
Introduction In contemporary reality, it becomes harder and harder for managers to process the enormous volumes of information relevant to the decision-making process. To assist managers in making better-informed decisions, the discipline of knowledge management has come into the limelight. Other advancements in the field include decision support systems (DSS), data mining and warehousing, etc. (Davis, 2004). Knowledge management is making sure that all the relevant information necessary for the efficient functioning of the business be gathered from the personnel of the organization and disseminated to the concerned persons who will be able to utilize it. Since knowledge is a dynamic process continuously evolving with the changing macroeconomic or social factors, companies and even individuals need to have a mechanism through which they could foster an efficient process by which the right information or knowledge reaches the right person (Mclnerney, 2002). For this reason, companies conduct research for making better decisions, and it becomes a key component of knowledge management under the conditions of growing volumes of information available. The establishment of such discipline as knowledge management is given particular attention nowadays because of the growing importance of intellectual capital. Therefore, that has meant that the role of a business researcher or a knowledge worker has become interchangeable with a knowledge worker blurring the lines (Stratigos, 2001). With regards to a business such as a shoe retail outlet, I need to know what sort of information I need to make use of from the surrounding environment, which is always changing vis-à-vis demand condition, competitors’ moves, supply chain, marketing, etc. The type of decision taken usually involves tactical in nature which, for example, includes keeping those types of shoes that are in demand by the target market. Since the fashion changes very quickly, I need to make sure that the goods stocked in the outlet need to be in keeping with the demand. Other types of decisions include selecting the best supplier possible to buy the shoes from, who would give me the best rates possible, being the lowest amongst the rest of the deals. Knowledge management helps this shoe business by making sure that the relevant information is taken into consideration while making the decisions or put another way the information helps reduce the uncertainties of the competitive environment. In addition, knowledge management would ensure that the right knowledge or information reaches the concerned employee in the company. This is important as the information
Definition of cloud compounding Cloud compounding refers to a configuration that permits the provision of ubiquitous and efficient real-time network access to pooled computing resources. These resources are configurable and include networks, storage, servers, services and applications. Access to these resources is fast and requires minimal management effort or intervention by a service provider. Cloud compounding allows users in a network to access resources that are not in the user computer but elsewhere in the internet (Gartner, 2012). How it works The cloud was a product of global computing infrastructure developed by large online based companies such as Google and Amazon, to run their own operations. These companies developed large data centers in different parts of the world with high speed connections, and identified business opportunities in providing additional data storage and computing services to other organizations. The data centers can hold tens of thousands of servers, each of which runs an operating system application that is capable of providing numerous ‘virtualized’ atmospheres to clients. Consumers can use these environments to operate their own programs, without intruding on other applications running concurrently on the same
Introduction Some basic points on Daft’s work The most important points the author highlights in chapter 13 of his Leadership Experience include the definition of the strategic leadership, its domain, the definition of vision, its nature, the generalized themes of vision, the definition of mission, the importance of strategic management and core competence as well as strategy formulation and implementation. Finally, the author clarifies how the process of making strategic decisions affects organizational outcomes. Strategic leadership and its importance According to Daft, strategic leadership is considered to be of particular concern, as strategic thinking allows initiating positive changes that give an opportunity to establish a competitive advantage for a company. The author draws readers’ attention to a wide range of beneficial future outcomes the kind of leadership can bring about. When analyzing Daft’s arguments, it becomes evident that there are relationships between employees, which determine the process of effective cooperation. In other words, one can conclude that companies cannot integrate, but there are employees who can. The role of relational leadership The domain of strategic leadership includes mechanisms for execution (these involve current actions), strategy (the steps which are to be followed in order to succeed are of particular interest), mission (what is the final purpose?), and vision (what is our desired future?). As far as high-quality organizational communication and relationships are recognized to be the crucial elements of a company’s successful operation, one can probably notice that strategic leadership cannot be regarded separately from relational leadership. For this reason, the domains of relational leadership should be also taken into account. These involve the rational domain (goals and objectives), the cognitive domain (sense-making), the domain of reflexivity (curiosity), and the domain of values (beliefs, expectations, emotions, and attitudes) (Hornstrup, n.d.). Vision as an integral part of strategic leadership Daft points out that vision can be determined as an attractive future, which correct actions can bring about. Thus, he specifies that there are three basic variables vision is formed by. These involve current reality, adherence to a plan, and overcoming a variety of difficulties to achieve the desired goal. The generalized themes of vision the author highlights cannot be neglected, as they provide us with a clear understanding of the interdependence between employees’ cooperation and a
Hawaiian Pidgin became the official language because of the number of people who speak it. The dialect received its status after the population census. By the event, the organizers asked society what main tongues they use in life, in other words, at work and home. A sufficient number of people, for whom Hawaiian is the primary or second one, allowed it to receive the Official Language status. The recognition of the speech is a positive trajectory for its further development. The Hawaiian pidgin overlaps intensely with the English language; hence people born in that area sometimes cannot distinguish between them. Social changes after recognizing the tongue may consist of the local population growth and an increase in the people number willing to learn it. I agree with the Declaration of Hawaiian as an Official Language because it allows native speakers to take pride and continuing the cultural history. After official recognition, locals have revitalized their communities and became proud of their rich immigrant history even more than earlier. This act gave the population the sanction of federal recognition, which means the ability to perceive the tongue as privileged. Through its status as an official language, people can continue to develop it in other regions. For example, organize tongue courses for children and adults. It is a positive response to the years of struggles by representatives from different communities, such as educators, artists, and activists. The fight lies in recognition of the speech as worthy of general acceptance, while previously, as a pidgin, it was considered the speech of the uneducated people of the lower classes. Additionally, people who speak this dialect automatically become bilingual, which helps with further employment, migration, and the culture spread.
Introduction Islam is derived from an Arabic word ‘aslama’ meaning submission to the will of God. According to the Encyclopedia dictionary, Islam is a monotheistic religion that is characterized by acceptance of the doctrine of total submission to God and obedience to Muhammad who is the last and most significant prophet of God. The foundations of Islam are based on strict adherence to Allah through the sacred teachings as recorded in the holy Qur’an. In addition, the adherents of Islam are guided by the religious obligations which are outlined in the Five Pillars of Islam. Islam has its origin from the same foundation as Christianity. Fundamental Islam Beliefs The adherents of Islam are expected to live a distinctive life based on what the Quran outlines. Islam has a clearly stated guidance on how its followers ought to live which includes even the minor details like how the followers are supposed to dress. Those who fail to follow these rules are punished especially in most Arab countries. The Muslims are also expected to submit to Allah through the five basic requirements (Afghan Network, 2010). These requirements involve belief in Allah as the only true God and his prophet Muhammad, religious obligations of prayer, charity, pilgrimage and fasting. In the observance of these obligations the followers of Islam are expected to pray five times a day facing Mecca. All believers are also expected to visit Mecca, the holiest city, at least once in their lifetime. In addition, Muslims also fast during the month of Ramadan, abstain from the consumption of pork and alcohol, and also participate in assisting the poor and the less privileged. The observance of the five pillars in Islam is so fundamental that the recitation of the Creed which is known as Kalima for instance, becomes the first words the child hears after birth and the last words he or she utters before death. This confession which states that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his true prophet is supposed to be known by all adherents of Islam. Islam, therefore, objects the Christianity belief in the trinity. Prayer to a Muslim is basic with the faithful praying five times a day. The prayer is often learnt in early childhood which is often in Arabic. During each prayer session, they recite this prayer in various body postures while facing Mecca. Initially only the men attended the Mosque while the women often