ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The tomb of Shihuangdi is a historical monument found in China. This magnificent monument was discovered by archaeologists in 1974 (Anon, 2009). The mausoleum is situated in Shensi Province of China. Apparently, it was constructed during the reign of the first Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi and since then, the tomb became a prominent archaeological site. Archaeologists have continually excavated the site in quest of historical evidence. However, it has remained to be a historical mystery why the Emperor decided to bury live slaves and prison workers who constructed the tomb. So far, the mystery of the site is yet to be unraveled. To start with, it is well understood that the first Emperor of China ordered the mausoleum to be put in place while he was still young at the age of 13 years (Malcolm, 2009). The mausoleum came into completion after 36 years after which the young ruler died and buried there. Since the time the monument was discovered, remarkable work of art has been identified. For this reason, archaeologists have always been in operation to unfold the mystery behind the scenario. Additionally, the strategic site of the mausoleum still puzzles the world since it was constructed in form of a city. It is believed that probably, the Emperor desired luxurious and comfortable life after death. Moreover, the tomb is guarded by warriors who are distinctly different from each other. Needless to say, other treasures such as sculptures of horses, weapons and different species of aquatic birds have been identified in the tomb. It is believed that many people including slaves and prisoners were killed and buried in the mausoleum so that they could not reveal secrets of the tomb. Consequently, there are several theories that have been put forward to explain the mystery of the tomb. For instance, the mythical theory has been prominent among local natives (Anon, 2009). According to belief system of Chinese people, there is existence of supernatural powers. In fact, they believe that the sculptured warriors in the tomb are real men and that they are there for a short time. Additionally, they believe in life after death hence the emperor was preparing for a luxurious life after death (Malcom, 2009). In line with this, scientific theories have been applied to explain mystery behind the mausoleum (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2009). For instance, archaeologists have for a long time, excavated the monument in order to unfold the mystery. As a result, much has been discovered from excavated site although different archaeological theorists have varying assumptions on the mystery. Moreover, world philosophers have also been largely involved in exploring the tomb although they are yet to come up with conclusive findings. Most probably, application of scientific theories may be the best way to go in understanding mystery of the tomb. Certainly, use of scientific theories is reliable in the sense that they are based on observable facts. For instance, through archaeology, it is possible to excavate the monument and derive evidence from observable artifacts (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2009). Additionally, philosophers are
Quantitative Research People who have served a prison term often find it difficult to reintegrate into society successfully due to various reasons including economic and social. The government as well as numerous non-governmental organizations fund a variety of programs aimed at assisting (former and present) inmates to reintegrate into the community (Hallett & Johnson, 2014, McClure et al., 2015). Nonetheless, it has been found that around two-thirds of released people get engaged in illicit activities, which leads to their incarceration in many cases (Berg & Huebner, 2011). Researchers note that family ties often play a decisive role and help former inmates to become a part of the community (Latessa, Listwan & Koetzle, 2014). This study dwells upon the effectiveness of the reintegration program focusing on family ties (the relationships with children). Purpose Statement The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the program aimed at the reintegration of former inmates into society. Research Question After completion of the reintegration program, are mothers or guardians more likely to get involved in the unlawful activities? To answer this question, a true experimental design will be employed. Hypothesis After participation in the program, parents and guardians are less likely to re-offend. This hypothesis is measurable by determining the number of participants who re-offend and those who successfully reintegrate into the society as compared to those who offend and serve out another prison term. Research Plan It is believed that females tend to develop closer family ties compared to men. Therefore, female inmates will take part in the research. The eligible participants will be women aged between 18 and 25 years old who have a child or children. The samples will also be chosen on the basis of their offenses and terms to be served out. Thus, minor offenders (for instance, imprisoned for such offenses as possession of a small number of illicit substances) will be involved in the study. The participants will also have similar terms of imprisonment. Importantly, such offenders usually come from low-income communities, and, hence, they are often affected by similar factors (socioeconomic issues, peer pressure, issues associated with single-parent families, and so on). 300 participants will take part in the research. The samples will be
Introduction Mass incarceration has become a major problem in the United States as illustrated by a large number of people in jails or other forms of correctional supervision. An article published in Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice ( Mass incarceration , n.d.) presented an argument that mass incarceration is not best explained by rising crime rates. On the contrary, it is a policy choice by the legislation to use imprisonment as punishment for crimes. The many dangers of this approach have been explored in scholarly literature where a consensus reached is that imprisonment hardly solves America’s problem. Therefore, there is a need to address the question of why mass incarceration is still the primary correctional practice despite evidence showing that it does not work desirably. The focus of this paper is to expound on the perceived dangers of the imprisonment policy and offer recommendations on the subject for both practice and policy. The Problem of Mass Incarceration Correction and sentencing practices in the United States can be labeled as ineffective and inefficient. Mass incarceration has seen a huge percentage of people being imprisoned. Prison Policy Prison is an online publication that keeps track of the imprisonment practices in the country. In 2019, Sawyer and Wagner (2019) established that almost 2.3 million people were held in state and federal prisons, Indian county jails, local jails, juvenile correctional facilities, and military prisons. In addition, other confinement facilities include those dedicated to immigration detention, state psychiatric hospitals, civil commitment centers, and other prisons in the U.S. territories. In 2020, Sawyer and Wagner (2020) note that these figures have not dropped but the number of facilities has risen. The only argument for this trend is that the country refuses to accept that there can be better alternatives to incarceration or at least that the policymakers are not keen on exploring them. The ineffectiveness of mass incarceration can be examined in terms of the extent to which it fails to achieve correctional objectives. According to Copp (2020), incarceration often increases the risk of violent recidivism, which means that imprisonment does not make people better. A similar sentiment has been expressed by Stemen (2017) who states that more incarceration does not make society safer. Such an observation can be described as a paradox because incarceration has been shown to have little effect in reducing crime even though it is used as the primary response to delinquency in the country. Another paradox noted by Stemen (2017) is that the policymakers have been attempting to reduce mass incarceration for more than a decade while at the same time calling for tougher sentences and more incarceration to fight crime. The key idea is that imprisonment does not reduce crime, which means it is neither an effective deterrence nor a viable intervention. Sawyer and Wagner (2019) have also noted that many people in jail are being held before their trial, which adds to the growing s
Introduction According to Johnstone (1991), moral responsibility can be seen as term that is related to two things (Johnston 1991).The issue of whether the government should fund the arts has brought up many mixed reactions from individuals. This issue has greatly influenced a large number of individuals who consider art as the flagship and symbolism of any society (Harry 1989). Harry notes that as countries are becoming interdependent both economically and politically the situation calls for the government to ensure promotion of cultural expression through coherent cultural policy for the arts. Since the arts play a big role in the society the government has a moral responsibility to fund the arts as they are primarily unsustainable when exposed to open market forces, art is a necessity and arts enrich people’s lives in any society (Harry 1989). Art is a necessity Art is viewed as a necessity since arts are highly valued as expression of cultural policy and government willingness to adopt and implement principles and objectives that foster any cultural expression of any country (Harry 1989).Harry further argues that arts are a source of income for the government since the revenue obtained from the art industry contribute to about 80% of the total gross domestic product of any nation. This justifies the eligibility of the government to fund the arts since everybody can benefit from the art work (Harry 1989).According to Harry, some people disagree with this idea of funding arts since they view art as luxury which people can live without. They argue that the government should not extort money through taxation to fund arts as people can live without it but government should do it only when it is necessary (Harry 1989). According to the journal of jobs, arts and the economy, (1994) research on economic data shows that arts and culture are a sound economic investment since the art industry provides employment opportunities to different individuals. Recent studies by Throsby (2001), shows that people engaged in art work like painting, curving ,pottery, music etc are able to earn a living through the sales which does not only go to the artist but to the local curatorial groups ,galleries which fund more exhibits. On the other hand, some people disagree with government funding arts and argue that art is a time wasting activity that cannot do any good to a person rather it robs them the energy needed to do other more creative activities hence prefers to work with other industries rather than art industry (Thro
Introduction Prostitution has been a topic of a heated debate for centuries worldwide. However, people still have no solution to the problem. More so, there is no particular definition of prostitution. Some see it as a result of abuse while others deem that it is a result of experiencing different aspects of one’s sexuality (Levin & Peled, 2011). In the majority of countries prostitutions is seen as stigma which should be removed from the respectful life of citizens (Mathieu, 2011). However, the number of prostitutes in the streets makes it clear that t is not enough to ignore the problem trying to remove prostitutes from respectable places. Prostitutes have become a vulnerable group of people who are assaulted, humiliated, abused or even killed. I believe this is inappropriate for the contemporary civilized world. I deem people should accept the fact that prostitution is a part of the human society and it is not a stigma but a certain way to experience one’s sexuality. Prostitutes and Society Notably, people have had different attitudes towards prostitution throughout centuries. For instance, in ancient Greece prostitution was legalized. There was certain hierarchy within the array of prostitutes. Courtesans and concubines (now such females are called prostitutes) were regarded as means to satisfy people’s (predominantly male’s) sexual needs. This enabled men to remain faithful husbands and respectful citizens of the ancient Greek society. Adultery was a very serious crime but intercourse with a prostitute remained within the legal norm. On the other hand, prostitution was also seen as a means to make one’s living. Thus, many widows had no other way to provide for their families. Many young women also experienced their sexuality as a tool for gaining money. The film Dangerous Beauty reveals similar attitudes toward prostitution. Thus, young Venetian women have two paths: they can be wives or they can be courtesans. Basically, the film reveals two ways of experiencing female sexuality. On one hand, women can see their sexuality as a certain way to be proper wives who give birth to children and raise them. On the other hand, women can choose to become courtesans and enjoy certain liberties (publish poems, attend libraries) which are inaccessible for wives. The main character of the film, Veronica, chooses the latter option. She experiences her sexuality as a way to liberate herself from certain burdens. Of course, this is also the way to financially support her family. Theore
Introduction The culture of a community is their value trait that identifies them. Their beliefs and principles enable them to be identified by other people or communities in the global society. The people who practice their culture are essential elements in the preserving and maintaining their culture. Without such people, a culture will soon fade out and will not be in existence. The practice of culture is not a key task in these modern days. The reason to this is that, many people especially the young, have considered cultural practices as not interesting as the modern hence preferring to be associated with modern activities. The practice of cultural activities is a unique way of identifying an individual or community hence the importance stressed by people to maintain and sustain their culture. The identification of a culture can be achieved through notable beliefs or acts by a given community. An example of cultural practices is having cultural institutions. These institutions have set missions and vision to practice their culture and make it popular to the whole world. The institutions can be set by government or an individual. They can also be located in the home or foreign country (Waterman, Anheier, & Isar, 2010). Diasporic Cultural Institution Diasporic cultural institution is an establishment based on social and ethnic activities in a foreign country away from their own country. The institution is developed from certain doing or events that have value in a given culture. The culture is usually developed from the beliefs, principles and values of a community (Burman, 2002). The diasporic cultural institution that I am covering on is the Chinese restaurants. The Chinese restaurants are establishments that offer Chinese cuisines. The restaurants prepare and serve Chinese food and drinks. The Chinese restaurants are a diasporic cultural institution since they practice the Chinese culture outside their own country through Chinese cuisine. The restaurants are mainly operated by people with Chinese descent. From the manager to the chef, the restaurants employee the Chinese people in order to encourage and maintain their tradition even in foreign locations. The Chinese restaurants prepare and serve different Chinese cuisines. The Chinese cuisines have their specific recipe that is used in the preparation process.
Overview This case study is based on an immense aircraft manufacturing firm, popularly referred to as Boeing, which was encountering a big risk concerning the production of the emerging Boeing-777. The project was desired to be costly. The firm was adopting a project which would see it part with roughly 6.2 billion dollars and for in fact manufacturing the product it required a minimum of 9,500 employees. At the time the company was contemplating on beginning the manufacturing of the Boeing-777 it was economically stable and there was in addition strong tendencies toward why it needs to carry out such an uncertain project (Valasquez 43). The brands the company had during that time were not capable of meeting the desires of its clients, for instance the 767 which did not have benefits over other airplanes provided. The production method and practice had to be changed. The answer for this problem revolved around developing the Boeing-777 and introducing products that would change the airplane sector. Problem Identification When focusing on the case study information, it can vividly be seen that the key challenge for Boeing was that other competing aircraft firms had strategies to produce airplanes to the desires of their clients in an extremely flexible manner. These new strategies were in addition positioning Boeing behind as far as technological advantages are concerned. The CEO, Philip Condit desired to know if the Boeing-767 project would be successful; therefore JIM Guyete, the United Airline President told him to relinquish the Boeing-767 and in its place establish a brand new marketable airplane. In accomplishing this goal Philip introduced many improvements, both technological in addition to administrative, in the airplane modeling, processing and assembly. The CEO focused on revitalizing Boeing’s obsolete engineering manufacturing systems in addition to updating production strategy (Lewis 37). Analysis Cost and Schedule This fresh concept presented a new chance for Boeing for designing and configuring new aircrafts that would be proficient for the clients and for the strategies utilized by the company. The approach comprised the new cockpit designs that were the same as the Boeing-747 and thus pilots could fly on the two airplanes without additional retraining cost. The Boeing-777 project was comprising several diverse countries such as Japan, Korea and Australia, therefore the aircraft could gain from well known suppliers as far as technical knowledge is concerned as well as in respect to value for the manufactured components of the airplane. One of the best stakeholders during the project was the Japanese government which contributed approximately 21% of the overall cost of the new aircraft; therefore the government in addition ga
Production and consumption habits Recent studies reveal that the natural human resources are being depleted at a faster rate. It is a major concern as people are worried since the available resources will not be adequate to sustain the total population on earth in the near future. Besides, the global warming has enormously changed the weather pattern thus distorting the ecosystem. All this is as a result of using non renewable energy that emits harmful substances into the atmosphere. An example is the use of fossil fuel which is known to be hazardous to the environment and non renewable. Also, clearing of green vegetation on the earths surface at an alarming rate distorts the ecosystem. Industrialization and deforestation play a key role in the distortion of the environment. The depletion of resources at a soaring rate and the global warming has necessitated human being to adopt consumption and production habits that are sustainable and that provide adequate food for all. Ensuring sustainability is the foundation of preservation of the environment. This promotes the continuous production and consumption (Slattery, 2009). In the recent past, there are a number of production habits that have been adopted by human being. These habits focuses on the use of renewable energy and reduction of emission. The first production habit focuses on production of renewable energy and other resources. Man has developed ways of producing renewable and sustainable energy. Examples are the generation of energy from solar, wind, and running water. Production of plenty of renewable energy aims at reducing the use of fossil fuel that is currently depleted. Besides, the fossil fuel is characterized by the emission of harmful waste to the environment. Secondly, people are focusing on going clean and green. Production plants are constructed in such a way that they minimize pollution and damage on the environment. In most countries, it is a mandatory requirement that wastes from production plants should be purified before being emitted into the environment. This aims at reducing global warming. Further, people tend to use less fossil fuel during production which emits plenty of pollutions in production. Examples of energy being used in production of goods and services are solar and wind energy consumption (Slattery, 2009). Apart from production, human beings are also changing consumption patterns. The change in consumption pattern focuses on consumption that consume less energy. This is necessitated by the fact that man has realized that in order to create supportable production, then there has to be sustainable use of resources. This has lead to the innovation and production of ‘green’ products. Examples of the ‘green’ products are energy saving bulbs and hybrid vehicles among other products. These green products are efficient and minimize waste. They have led to sensitization of how to use resources
It has not been long since breast cancer stopped sounding like a death sentence to millions of women all over the world. Indeed, though the advances of modern surgery allow for addressing the disease at its early stages, breast cancer still remains a tangible threat. To address the issue and provide the measures to prevent it, a range of researches have been carried out, the key ones being the works of the Woman health Initiative (WMI). WMI has been exploring the issue of breast cancer for quite a while, and the discoveries that the organization has made can be seen as groundbreaking. Nevertheless, there are a number of differences , contradictions and even the opinions that are diametrically opposite between the views of the WMI and the views of other researchers on the problem. To be more exact, in the study in question, the WMI considers not only breast cancer, but also the controversy of certain methods of addressing it. Indeed, according to the research carried out by the WMI, the popular medicine known as estrogen and progesterone treatment (i.e., a post-surgical hormone therapy), is fraught with a number of consequences for a female organism; more to the point, the aforementioned method of treatment brings the rates of cardiovascular disease development, as well as “greater risk of fatal and nonfatal malignancies” (Heiss et al., 2008, para. 5) is 12% higher among the women, who have received the as estrogen and progesterone treatment than in those, who were suggested a placebo as an alternative to the aforementioned treatment type. The problem of women developing a breast cancer recidivism as a result of an enhanced estrogen and progesterone treatment is far from being a new fact; older studies show that the problem was spotted several times in the past, yet was notbeen researched up until recently (Heiss et al., 2008, para. 22). Although the conclusions provided by the WHI in the study conducted to research the effects of estrogen and progesterone cessation on the chance of developing a breast cancer do not comply with the results of other researches on the issue, the information provided by the WMI Research Center still seems more credible than the studies carried out by other researchers, since other authors, such as Chlebowski and Anderson (2011) seem to focus on evaluating the hazard ratio instead of considering the factors affecting the patients. As a infamously frequent disease, breast cancer has a very lon