ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Students, especially female students from some developing countries of Asia, South America, and Africa, whose native language is not English, often suffer from poor communication and are not able to participate effectively in the class. This results in poor performance of some such students and they may be reticent in the class and show poor performance in the academic year. The paper would discuss factors such as experience, gender, and social distance that may affect the classroom participation of students from Vietnam and Sal Salvador. The paper also provides some recommendations that would help such students to get over their shyness and participate more effectively in the classroom. Obstacles to Classroom Participation Meyerhoff (2006) speaks of the problems faced by students from developing countries and studying in the US and Europe. These students do not have English as their native language and have a different social culture in the schools and the open atmosphere of colleges in the developed countries often make them develop an inferiority complex that acts as a barrier for such students. While these students give the desired performance in the reading, vocabulary, and writing, grammar class, their participation in the listening and speaking class is poor. A few of the main reasons for this difference are discussed in this section. Education in their native Countries Countries such as Vietnam, China, El Salvador, and others have different education patterns. In these societies, the educational environment is transmissive and the teacher is the supreme authority and giver of education. The idea of learning is to listen to what the teacher says, understand it, and not ask too many questions. Asking a question is often interpreted as the student is not a good learner and has difficulties. In the education system in developed countries is that the teacher plays the role of a ringmaster and students are expected to listen quietly. In developed countries, students are supposed to speak and interact. This creates a conflict as the students from developing countries would re
Introduction Our business plan presents an analysis of how not-for profit organizations can sustain their organizations as social entrepreneurs. We present social entrepreneur activities in Chautauqua County and focus on engagement strategies not-for-profit organizations should employ in solidifying their presence and improvement of the overall economic condition of the county. Our careful analysis proposes for proactive approaches that would encourage cooperation at multiple levels, create regional networks and flexible enough to survey and respond to specific county needs and spread the benefits to the society as a whole. The plan also proposes for economic development activities that expand the needs of the growing population and diversify farm business that includes agric-tourism as viable mechanism that can further encourage land use zoning and develop national identity. Our plan includes collaborative activities and aligns alternative strategies that can be reinforced to maximize land use and sustain not for profit organizations. Various techniques that can be used to develop communities within individual and national level as well as strategies that relate to the underlying philosophy in social entrepreneurship are integrated into the approach. Therefore our comprehensive business plan narrows down to regional agric-tourism activities, building regional networks, collaboration among civic and municipal councils and colleges and universities to increase capacity for regional coordination. A review of a range of activities detailing different approaches used by social entrepreneurs link land diversification as the most alternative way of bridging the gap between economic growth and employment issues in the Chautauqua County. In summary, social entrepreneurship activities have strengthened the social fabric of our communities and continue to present communalistic notion of innovation as a way of transforming and encouraging participation by taking risks. Diversifying land use for products and services designed for tourists and creating new markets for agricultural tourism business such as farm stands and farm beds, are good examples of how Chautauqua County can expand existing tourism businesses. The goal of this plan is to propose for alternatives activities that can help not-for-profit organizations become social entrepreneurs. This proposal present a perfect example of how agriculture and tourism can core exist in close proximity while stimulating economic growth. Promoting Chautauqua County as a tourist destination requires enlightening the residents about promotional agricultural- tourism and attraction centers in the county. Showcasing what is special to the community by displaying county’s grape and wine industry, is projected to attract visitors to the county. P
Abstract This paper develops the introduction and review of literature for the proposal of a research study. It develops a strong background on the relationship between schizophrenia and the high risk of being incarcerated. It examines the reason that makes a large number of schizophrenic people remain in jails while others with the same characteristics remain free. The paper uses a review of the literature to provide empirical evidence to the existence of the study problem and justify the need for the proposed study. Introduction Background Although schizophrenia affects less than 1% of the total population in the US, it is worth noting that more than 18% of the inmates in federal and state prisons are people diagnosed with the condition (Keers, Ullrich, DeStavola, & Coid, 2013). The treatment and management of the condition are expensive and difficult due to the non-adherence to the exposure to the medication. As a result, the behavior of the individuals with the condition is a threat to the members of the family and the society. Mentally ill people are more likely to be arrested and convicted for violence than normal people. Law enforcement officials are not always trained to identify the mentally ill people breaking the law (Keers, Ullrich, DeStavola, & Coid, 2013. In addition, they may feel that bringing mentally ill people to the criminal justice system is their obligation. In addition, the courts may fail to recognize the difference between the normal and the mentally ill offenders, which means that the mentally ill are convicted rather than treated. Therefore, the rate of schizophrenic people brought to justice and incarcerated is disproportion with the number of people with the disease in the general population. Moreover, the number of schizophrenic individuals facing life imprisonment is relatively large. Study problem On the other hand, violent schizophrenic people are free within their societies, despite being diagnosed with the condition and portraying violent behavior at home or in public. This disparity occurs in various societies. While the issue of reporting or involvement of the police in stopping and arresting these people may be used to explain the reason for the disparity, there is no clear empirical evidence to show the cause of the problem. This study seeks to find evidence to explain this phenomenon from an empirical perspective. It seeks to examine the factors that make some schizophrenic people become long-term inmates while other violent schizophrenic people are free in society. Despite the increasing volume of research-based information about schizophrenia and violence or schizophrenia and incarceration, the existing knowledge does not address the disparity between the difference between the existence of a large number of incarcerated schizophrenia patients and their colleagues who remain free despite their violent behavior. Significance of the study The study is expected to develop significant findings that will be used in academia as well as in policymaking, especially in educating the public, law enforcement, an
Digestive mucosa is the innermost layer of tissue of the digestive system. This membrane has such functions as the secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, absorption of products produced during digestion, and protection of organs against infections. Mucosa also protects organs from being digested by the enzymes they produce. In simple terms, the mucosa is the layer that helps digest food, protects organs from infections, and the impact of the secreted enzymes. Mucus secreted by mucosa moisturizes food, which makes it easier for food to move inside the organs of the digestive system. The structure and function of this membrane of different digestive organs differ. For instance, the mucosa of the esophagus has a single layer of epithelial cells. This structure is instrumental in enabling the organ to complete its major function, moving food. However, these cells are arranged in several layers in the stomach and intestine. Epithelial cells are arranged in one layer in the esophagus. The epithelium consists of cells that secrete mucus. Mucosa also consists of muscle tissue. This layer of cells helps the food go through the digestive system. Stomach mucosa has such layers as gastric pits and glands. The membrane secretes enzymes that start absorbing some elements of the consumed food. It also protects the stomach from being digested. The mucosa in the small intestine and colon performs both roles mentioned above. The enzymes are secreted to make the food move further and digest some types of foods. Mucosa helps the organs of the digestive system absorb nutrients and move the food to other organs of the system. In simple terms, this membrane enables the organs mentioned above to perform their roles in the digestive process. For example, the major role of the esophagus is to transport food from mouth to stomach. Epithelial cells of mucosa secrete mucus that moisturizes food and makes it easier to move further. The muscular tissue also helps the membrane push the food. The major role of the stomach in the digestion of the major part of nutrients. Mucosa enables this organ to perform its role. For example, epithelial cells secrete enzymes that facilitate the digestive process. Mucosa also consists of glands and pits that participate in the process of secretion of various enzymes. The muscular tissue of mucosa moves the food from the stomach to the intestine. Therefore, mucosa contributes to the accomplishment of this role as well. The stomach is only one of the organs where food is digested, so the stomach should have tools to move food. The small intestine and colon are organs where the digestive processes are the most effective. The food is also transported from the small intest
Introduction Succesorship refers to a situation in which employees belonging to a certain bargaining unit in an organization transfer to another organization and its representing union retains its representative role in the new organization (Notestine, 2000, p.65). On the other hand, accretion refers to the addition of transferred employees to an existing bargaining unit due to changes in the operations or structure of an organization (Notestine, 2000, p.65). In reorganizations that involve two or more units that are each represented by a union, there are disputes as to which union will be responsible for covering the combined groups, if the two combine to form one unit. The union involved in the merger lays claim to full representation of its employees, considering that the new employers is a successor entity. In contrast, the union covering the employees of the new employer claims full representation because the new employees become part of it. The Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), otherwise referred to as the Authority, solves such a dispute (Notestine, 2000, p.66). Transfer of employees between organizations calls for an in-depth evaluation by the Authority to determine whether the situation deserves an accretion or succesorship solution, if a dispute exists. Precisely, this means that the Authority determines whether the employees hold different interests that are distinct from the interests of employees who belonged to the gaining employer’s existing units (Notestine, 2000, p.68). If this is the case and supposing that other obligatory requirements are fulfilled, then succesorship comes into play, and any petition on the unit’s accretion will result in dismissal. Otherwise, the Authority determines whether the employees involved in the transfer have been fully incorporated into any of the employer’s units. In solving the dispute, FLRA uses the 5 United States Code 7112(a) statute to determine a succession or accretion (Notestine, 2000, p.69). Impact on bargaining units and impact on bargaining obligations Impact on bargaining units refers to the effect experienced by different bargaining units involved in reorganizations. Reorganizations may result in either accretion or succesorship. In each of these situations, bargaining units are impacted differently. In case of an accretion, the bargaining unit of employees in a recipient organization becomes the bargaining unit. In the case of a succesorship, the bargaining unit of transferred employees is recognized by the new organization and retains its representative roles. Impact on bargaining obligations refers to the shift in the power of collective bargaining by different units in reorganizations. Before the Authority pas
Introduction The modern world tends to increasingly pay attention to biases that exist in the field of education. In spite of the growing efforts, the situation remains complicated and unresolved, causing some distorted images of particular groups of students. In her article, Fiarman (2016) uncovers the issue of unconscious bias that she, being an active promoter of diversity and equality, had to experience in her own class. The article explores how implicit biases impact both a person who has a biased image of someone or something and an object of bias and how they can be addressed. Deconstruction of Author’s Key Argument The key education issue raised in the article refers to unconscious racism. The author provides a convincing example, stating that the recent research showed the predisposition of teachers to be more loyal to white students in comparison to their African American peers. Such a situation appears every day and involves plenty of educational aspects, including communication with students and their families, punishment for misbehavior, feedback, and so on. The key point is that it happens unintentionally even with those teachers whose beliefs contradict racism. Therefore, it if great importance to explore the situation and come up with the relevant solution, thus facilitating the present form of racism. To address the identified challenge, Fiarman (2016) suggests implementing a multi-level solution that focuses on increasing awareness of the problem, naming it, anticipating bias and developing systems to decrease it, building empathy, and staying accountable. Let us consider each of the mentioned points in brief. The first point of awareness increasing implies that “school leaders need to help their staffs understand that unconscious bias is not deliberate; it doesn’t reflect our goals and intentions” (Fiarman, 2016, p. 12). It is important to talk about this issue openly and clearly to achieve an understanding of every staff member. Various resources can be useful to support the above process. For instance, unconscious bias training materials elaborated by Microsoft or Google can be applied to practice. Certain time and efforts are required to implement this strategy and promote subsequent self-monitoring. Furthermore, the author emphasizes the necessity to name bias, which means that staff members should collaborate and pinpoint the so-called blind spots of each other in an appropriate manner, avoiding any misconceptions. The honest exchange of feedback promoted by school leaders increases the potential to eliminate bias. In other words, it is necessary to speak of the problem out loud on meetings with parents, social workers, and in class. The next point of anticipation is likely to help in designing systems to reduce bias. The author provides the following example with orchestra: they built “blind” auditions when women female candidates protruded behind the scene. This initiative allowed increasing the percent of women in orchestra from six to 21 within 23 years
Introduction It is imperative to mention that Barn Burning is one of the most well-known short stories by William Faulkner, an American writer. Moreover, it is viewed as a masterpiece by many critics and it has led to many discussions. One of the most important aspects that should not be overlooked is that several themes are mentioned throughout the work. The author suggests that the law should be valued above family values because one may not be able to live with an emotional burden. Discussion The story is focused on the relationships between a son and a father and what complications may occur if children get involved in criminal activities. The story starts with the introduction of its central topic, and the reader may get a better understanding of characters that are involved. It is necessary to understand that Sarty was aware of what his father was doing but still felt the need to defend him. However, he realized that this behavior is not acceptable in any society, and he was burdened by an enormous sense of guilt. He acknowledges the fact that every individual has a set of responsibilities and the rights of others must be respected in a civilized society. Another aspect that is worth noting is that it is entirely possible that the boy has recognized that Abner is emotionally unstable and requires the support. However, he was too confident and stubborn to accept ideas of others and most likely would not change as a person because he was used to this style of life and behavior. Moreover, many individuals act like this in the modern society, and it is understandable that such actions seem reasonable. However, the harm that was caused was enormous, and the level of suspicion also should not be overlooked. These actions seemed unreasonable, and he understood that it may lead to severe consequences. The problem is that he was very young and children should not have to deal with such tough situations and make complicated decisions. The violence against children is another aspect that should not be overlooked because it may be a traumatizing experience in some cases. It is important to understand that psychological damage may be irreversible most of the time, and it would affect their lives. It is necessary to note that he had an enormous trust in his father, and was willing to defend him from enemies and problem that may occur. However, his perspective has changed over the course of the story, and he has recognized that some people may not be capable of changing. Furthermore, it is paramount to mention that the author wanted to draw attention to some of the biggest problems that are present in our society. The fact that situation has not changed over the years also needs to be discussed. There are still numerous instances of children protecting their parents, and it is especially problematic when their actions are ha
Edward Said begins his book Orientalism by recognizing the fact that Orientalism played an enormous role in defining what the culture of Europe would become. In his own words, Edward claims that, “the Orient has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience” (2). He further argues that when the west started colonizing the eastern countries, they found themselves mingling with people from less developed countries. In one way or the other, the Europeans found the eastern culture and civilization appealing and exotic. Eventually, they would establish a faculty of Orientalism, which focused on studying the eastern culture (Said 3). In his arguments, Edward Said claims that the Europeans categorized the world into two divisions; the Occidents and the Orientals, in other words, they were referring to a world of the civilized and the primitive (Said 4). This however, was not a genuine division of humanity; the division was based neither on facts nor on idealism. It was simply the European asserting their authority in the world. Everything positive was associated with the Occidents and all the negatives would therefore be for the Orientals (Malek 51). It was from this reasoning that the Europeans would later justify their reasons for colonizing the east. They claimed that it was their responsibility to bring civilization to the primitive (Macfie 106). However, a critical problem arose when the masters started generalizing the traits of the Orientals. The colonial masters would form generalized beliefs on the character of the eastern people and would use this to depict a bad imagine of them in the wider west and the world at large. This prejudice was so widespread to a point that every report and research done on the Orientals was based on the misconceived notions. The image of the Orientals was totally distorted and as a result, they suffered hitherto from discrimination. Today, the remnants of these misconceived notions are still in existence. For example, majority of the people believe that Islam is a backward religion full of terrorists and cruel people. Similarly, the Hindus and the Arabs are still regarded as primitive (Malek 53). The Scope of Orientalism This chapter explains how the study of the east grew and how the occidentals began to view the Orientals as hopeless and lazy people. To the Orientals, the world was divided into two. On one hand was the refined class that the Europeans belonged to and on the other was the backward class that included those from the east. It is this division by the west that would later be used to justify the reasons for colonizing the east. Said argues: The most important thing about the theory during the first decade of the twentieth century was that it worked, and worked staggeringly well. The argument, when reduced to its simplest form, was dear, it was precise, it was easy to grasp. There are Wes
Introduction Overcoming an addiction is a complex task that requires a person to pay attention to his or her psychological, physical, and emotional states. In many cases, it seems that addictive behaviors can be stopped easily, yet the reality is more complicated. Along with drug and alcohol abuse, addiction can be developed regarding eating, gambling, shopping, and so on. This paper reflects on my experience of quitting diet coke drinking within two weeks. Identifying Reasons for Choosing Diet Coke The first reason for selecting diet coke is my mental addiction since I cannot imagine my day without it. The evidence includes no official definition for such addiction, but I feel that excessive amounts of diet coke make me dependent and change my behaviors. For example, I have observed that my nervous system is impacted by this drink: I experience strong cravings and the inability to control my soda intake. Also, it seems that I have a thirst that can be satisfied only with this drink, not even water. My addiction appeared slowly, and I noticed it recently while buying another couple of cans. The second reason for choosing diet coke to quit is uncertainty about its impacts on health. Addiction to diet coke is similar to substance use since it makes a person drink it every day due to the presence of caffeine and sugar. These habit-forming ingredients make soda especially enjoyable, which causes the associations between mental and physical pleasure and the drink (Zafar et al., 2017). In turn, diet coke also contains caffeine, but sugar is supplemented by aspartame (phenylalanine) which leads to some side effects. Among them, the anti-aspartame activists list depression, weight gain, headaches, cancer, seizures, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and so on. The truth about these risks is that the American Heart Association, the World Health Organization, and aut