ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In his article “Art as Redemption,” Friedrich Nietzsche attempts to explain why he feels human beings participate in the practice of creating art. Essentially, his argument boils down to the concept that we make art because it is the only way we have of making life bearable. However, in making this claim, he also suggests that there are two distinctly different approaches to how we create art. The first is called Apolline art, which is art created to celebrate an ideal existence, the best of all possible worlds of human life. This is contrasted against Dionysiac art which is intended to overwhelm the spirit in a rush of sensations that cause us to feel as if we are merely a small part of something bigger. In his comparison of these two kinds of art, Nietzsche eventually concludes that Dionysiac art is the more redeeming of the two forms although Apolline art is necessary to temper its messages. One of the first important considerations he gives to his assessment of why humans engage in art is the constant oppositions he finds in nature – the male/female opposition being the strongest of these as they are epitomized in the ancient Greek gods of art Apollo and Dionysos. “There exists in the world of the Greeks an enormous opposition, both in origin and goals, between the Apolline art of the image-maker or sculptor and the imageless art of music, which is that of Dionysos” (86). His analysis of Apollo illustrates his understanding of the god as a hopeful dream of the individual while his analysis of Dionysos illustrates it as a reconnection of human life with the plethora of life all around it that emerges as an intoxication in the natural exuberance of spring. In his analysis of these forms of art, as they became expressed through the ancient Greeks, Nietzsche points out how the Apolline held full sway at first, as evidenced in the Doric styles of the early Greeks, and then tempered and was tempered by the Dionysiac as it filtered in from the outside world, creating an artistic expression that had not been formalized previously. However, delving into the creation of the Apolline, Nietzsche suggests that this dreamlike order was itself a reaction against the horror of the realization that life was a terror in and of itself. By establishing the Olympians, the humans on earth were able to identify with a more powerful, more perfect version of themselves giving them a reason to look for the best
Introduction ‘The Essential Drucker’ by Peter Bucker offers the best introduction to management. The book is compiled from other books by the same author to make his previous works more comprehensible. The book covers three important subjects: the management as a whole, the individual and, finally, the society. The first chapter covers the first subject to management. The chapter discusses the various aspects of management and how different techniques can be used to improve it. The second chapter is about the second subject, the individual. The chapter explains ways of improving the capabilities of the individual in management. The last chapter is about society. It discusses the development of society in relation to management. This paper briefly highlights what the book ‘The Essential Drucker’ is about. Main Body In general, chapter one is about management as a whole. The chapter explains how management, as an organ of the organization, has developed over the years. The chapter starts by describing the origin of management and how it has advanced over time. Before the 1850s, the concept of management was unknown and unappreciated until World War II. During World War II, America emerged victorious despite the fact that its enemies had larger numbers of troops and were better strategists. The trick was that the United States were better at managing their army. Since then, the world became management-conscious (Drucker 12). Drucker notes that the relationship between entrepreneurship and management is often misunderstood as mutually exclusive. He affirms that the two are mutually dependent on one another. Chapter one does not end there but goes further to explain some critical aspects of management that managers ought to know. First, it summarizes the tasks of the management into three; establishing the specific mission and purpose of the institution, increasing the productivity of work and making the workers more effective, and lastly, managing the social impacts of the business and social responsibility. Drucker cleverly uses this to explain that the popular position held by economists that the purpose of business and consequently of the management is to maximize profits is false. Instead, he explains that social contribution is the main purpose of the business, but to achieve it, businesses must be highly profitable. He moves on to the next part in which he explains the important lessons for-profit businesses can learn from the nonprofit organizations which are doing better because their purpose for doing business is different. The managers of the nonprofits concentrate on the social contribution while the for-profit concentrate on
Nineteenth-century paintings and photographs fascinate the viewer with their mystery and profundity. This paper presents a detailed analysis and comparison of two works, a photograph “The Unknown Woman,” taken in 1855 by Southworth and Hawes, and ‘Ophelia,’ painted in 1884 by Sir John Everett Millais. Both works depict beautiful women but have different effects on their viewers, mainly because of their contrasting semantic content. This analysis will detail and compare these two works of art – their techniques, meanings, similarities, and differences. First, it is worth considering the historical background and the initial emotions evoked by both works. Both were created in the second half of the nineteenth century, “Ophelia” was painted in oil on canvas by Sir Millais (Cassidy 26). Since Millais also created illustrations for literary works, it becomes evident that he was inspired by William Shakespeare’s character (Cross 317). The artist succeeded in conveying the girl’s beautiful face and exquisite body lines. Ophelia lies in a stream surrounded by greenery – herbs, trees, and flowers. The painting is tranquil yet refreshing, making the viewer wonder what is on the mind of this enigmatic girl. The second work, a photograph of an unknown woman taken in Southworth and Hawes studio, arouses the same emotion. It shows a slightly smiling young girl with beautiful hair and jewelry earrings. Although we cannot see what the lovely lady is wearing in this picture, her bared shoulders indicate a bright strapless dress. This portrayal is precisely the image created by the photographer – the young, ruddy, and dressy girl that is impatiently waiting for the photographer to take a shot. Both works are dynamic despite the seeming statics at first. This effect is achieved primarily through the girls’ facial expressions – Ophelia looks relaxed, and thoughtful, while the girl in the photograph, on the contrary, looks confident and slightly smiling (Nikiforova 4). Both girls in the works do not look at the viewer, which allows making a more holistic perception of the picture. In “Ophelia’s” case, the viewer looks intently at the background. Moreover, this painting is of particular aesthetic value precisely because the artist has both concealed and highlighted the girl’s figure (Nord 375). She seems to sink into the surrounding verdure on the one hand but stands out on the other using various b
Introduction Sampling may be defined as the process of selecting an appropriate representation of a population for the purpose of attaining information regarding the overall population. A sampling distribution may be defined as a probability distribution of all possible means of a given size selected from a population. A sample must be unbiased and representative for accurate results. Sampling Sampling methods may be broadly categorized into probability and non-probability methods. Probability sampling supports the idea that elements to be included in the sample have a non-zero (and known) chance. They include random, systematic and stratified sampling. In non-probability sampling, population elements are selected in a non-random way such that elements do not have a known chance of being selected. They include judgemental, convenience, quota and snowball sampling. Probability Sampling methods Random sampling occurs when each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected to form part of the sample and selection relies on chance. Stratified sampling occurs where the population is divided into groups ensuring that elements within each group are as similar as possible. This process is called stratification and the groups formed are called strata. Systematic sampling is used for quality control sampling. In this case, a sample element is enlisted as a member of the sample if it falls under the k th element. For example, for a population of 500, every tenth, twentieth or fiftieth element will be included. Non-probability sampling In judgemental sampling the researcher selects whom to include as the sample element with the belief that their views are fundamental for the study. For convenience sampling, selection of elements is done on the basis of convenience which may be time, cost or location. In quota sampling the researcher initially identifies the strata within the population. After defining the strata, the researcher uses convenience or judgmental sampling to include elements in the sample. Snowball sampling uses referrals made by respondents which may be used by the researcher as part of the sample. Sampling distributions Sampling distributions consider the laws of probability. For example, a nanny has 5 children under her supervision. Child ( x )  Age (Years) 1            2           2            4           3            6           4            8           5            10           These five children form the entire population i.e. n =5. Therefore the population mean is calculated by: Hence, µ= (2+4+6+8+
In the years from 1887, the United States Federal government began a process of assimilating the native Indians in the land to the American culture. This paper aims to describe the assimilation policy and the interrelation s between the slogan “Kill the Indian and Save the Man”, the film, “The Only Good Indian”, and the assimilation policy advocated by Captain Pratt. The aspects of the assimilation policy can be approached from three perspectives, the film perspective, Captain Pratt’s perspective, and the slogan, “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”. The assimilation policy was a policy that aimed to completely kill the Indian culture and replace it with the American culture by taking the young children to American-style schools. In the movie, “The Only Good Indian”, the main character is a young boy, Charlie; who is kidnapped from his family and taken to the Haskell Indian Industrial (Trade) School to be trained in the American culture. The school is depicted as a hell hole where the children are treated with disrespect and forced to abandon their culture, by being beaten, raped, and tortured. Therefore, the assimilation policy depicted in the school is one of torture and forced culture change. The use of Bram Stoker’s Dracula in the film is also used to depict the assimilation policy in a different way. Though the Americans argued that they were enlightening the children, the main character likens school administrators to the blood sucking vampire in the book by Bram Stoker. Therefore, the book is used to show the White people as a soul sucking people instead of the saviors of the Indian people. However, the children who were forced to assimilate the American culture were not fully accepted into the culture. This is depicted by the other main character in the movie, Sam, who is a self made private investigator who brings Charlie back when he escapes from the school. Sam is treated as a fugitive by the Americans and ends up being pursued together with Charlie. The assimilation policy described by Captain Pratt is one where the Native American culture is killed and replaced by the American culture. This relates to both the film theme and the slogan because they all described a situation where the Indian spirit is killed, and replaced by the American culture. This means that Captain Pratt’s assimilation policy encourages the forceful replacement of the Indian culture with the American culture by taking the Native American young to school and forcing them to learn the American culture.
Introduction Freedom of expression, voting rights, and equal treatment are some of the civil rights that individuals enjoy in a sovereign state. Any interference with the rights is tantamount to social uprisings and movements that may be violent or non-violent. Some of the major civil rights movements are the 1950-1960 movements of the blacks in the American continent. Critical race theory and the theory of three generations are some of the theories that elucidate on the significance and generations of civil rights. The theory of critical race champions for management and control of unequal treatment and discrimination of individuals using race, color, and ethnic backgrounds. On the other hand, the theory of three generations explains the types of civil rights that people like and their imperative nature using three generations. Therefore, the essay examines the importance of civil rights using critical race theory and the theory of three generations Civil Rights Civil rights refer to freedom of assembly, speech, and press. The rights also encompass the freedom to vote, expression, and equal treatment from the state or a nation. Lippert-Rasmussen (2005) asserts that when individuals of certain class receive unequal treatment because of their color, place of origin, or ethnic background, a case of discrimination emerges. Discrimination against people in terms of deprivation of civil rights leads to social movements commonly known as civil right movements. The popular civil rights movements are the ones that the blacks living on the American continent exercised during the 1950s and 1960s. The movements championed for equal treatment and freedom from discriminations that led to denial of fair and just treatment from the state under that basis of their color and place of origin. It is imperative to understand that the movements can be peaceful, while others can be violent, leading to injuries and loss of lives. Critical Race Theory Critical race theory is a theory that scholars like Derrick Bell and Angela Harris advanced. Unequal treatment of Blacks in the former American continent catalyzed the need to develop the theory. The theory focuses on management and control of unequal treatment of individuals irrespective of their race, color, and place of origin. According to Scheurich (2012), equal and just treatment of all individuals from negative practices such as racism and gender biases is very important. In addition, the theory highlights the significance of liberating people of all races from the challenges associated with racism and unfair treatment. Due to the problems related to racism and white privileges, unequally treated blacks in the society initiated a social movement to advocate for their civil rights and just treatment. The movement also promoted justice and liberation from all the challenges linked to racism that the whites exercised on them. Th
Introduction In the contemporary environment, women driving in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remain one of the most controversial issues. In the context of conservative cultures, the process of change regarding different societal issues should be gradual in order for the culture to preserve its values and identity. In such a way, the most important aspect of defining whether women should have a right to drive in Saudi Arabia is to analyze the readiness for a change in society. As it happens, there are some aspects limiting the reforms concerning women’s right to drive. However, many experts claim that the country has matured enough in order for the reform not to interfere with the national identity (Gorney, 2016). The objective of this paper is to present the arguments from both sides of the discussion on the issue of whether women should be able to drive legally in Saudi Arabia. The supporting arguments will include making the lives of women and men of Saudi Arabia easier and allowing women to be more engaged with the society and to have opportunities that will help them to take care of themselves, their families, and their country. On the other hand, arguments against women’s right to drive include the possibility of cultural conflict, the potential non-adopted roads of the country, and the effects on the criminogenic risk factors. The paper is also to provide an assessment of the arguments pro and against in the concluding section. Reasons for the issue The first aspect that needs emphasis is the fact that women’s eligibility to drive, of course, is a matter affecting the society on the whole rather than the problem concerning mere women. Al-Maeena (2016) claims that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia even suffers some loss in the sphere of the tourism industry, compared to the neighboring countries and, especially the UAE, because of this issue (Al-Maeena, 2016). Thus, in some ways, it has not only cultural but also an economic impact. Furthermore, in terms of saving up finances, allowing women to drive could be a positive prospect. In particular, if women can get around the city, they could do more things for their families and themselves. Due to a larger number of opportunities that eligibility to drive would bring into Saudi women’s lives, they would experience improvement in self-worth and contribute to resolving other social issues as well. Also, the lives of women would become easier (Al-Areed, 2016). They would be able to take better care of children and families, as well as find opportunities for personal development, education, and making society a better place. Reasons against the issue First of all, Saudi driving law is one of the representations of the gender gap in the kingdom, and it would be unfair to try to interpret it from a different cultural perspective. From the point
Introduction The US News and World Report have established a strong reputation as a public health advocate such that hospitals across the US consider it a distinction to be included in its annual list of the best American hospitals, the same way many Americwereans participate actively in the online Community Health Forum sponsored by the now bi-monthly newspaper. In a recent issue, the newspaper discussed the growing incidence of childhood obesity and blamed food advertising on children’s television, saying that over 90 percent of food products being advertised on children’s television are high in fat, sugar, or salt content. The notion that the advertising and food industries market unhealthy and fattening foods on children’s television is nothing new. In fact, it is believed that fast food advertising is generally intended for children. However, that this is being done with total disregard for the growing problem of childhood obesity is a new assumption. This report attempts to confirm or refute the harsh indictment of US News and World Report against the food industry. In the process, the content of the food products and beverages advertised on children’s television will be analyzed which, because of time constraints, will be limited to the Saturday morning children’s television of the three major networks – the ABC Kids and Disney cartoons on ABC, Nickelodeon cartoons on CBS, and Discovery Kids on NBC. The survey will be conducted for two consecutive Saturdays, from 7 to 10 in the morning, such that as we monitor the children’s programs on one network, the whole duration of the children’s programming on the two other networks will be recorded on tape for our later viewing. Television Watching Media is suspected to have contributed to the childhood obesity problem in the US and elsewhere for two reasons: it promoted a sedentary lifestyle in which people spend more time in front of the television set than in physical activity, while media advertising changed eating patterns in favor of the fried and fattening fast-food culture (Baker & Raney, 2004). There is no question that television is a potent tool for education and attitude formation. It influences the attitudes, behaviors, and values of viewers – intended or not – before children can walk, talk, read, or write, such that its influence on attitude formation may be more important than school, religion, parents, or books (Bredbenner, 2002). According to the American Paediatric Studies, TV watching increases the incidence of childhood obesity not only because of the sedentary habit it promotes but also because it pummels children with an estimated 40,000 commercials per year that promote the fast-food culture. Of these TV ads, 32 percent are for candies, 31 percent for cereals, and 9 percent for fast food products. The same conditions obtain in Australia, where 81 percent of food adverts on children’s television were for unhealthy, non-core foods (Morley, 2007). Foods and beverages account for 124 of all TV ads monitored on three national networks in Australia, of which 96.8 percent were for unh