ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of maintaining patients’ privacy and confidential information is a complicated one for healthcare providers. There are situations, indeed, when patients cannot give consent to the release of their data, especially in regards to emergencies. Doctors are presented with an ethical dilemma as to whether the release of information is warranted considering the potential implications. Openness and transparency can serve as tools for fostering positive relationships between healthcare providers and their patients as well as helping to weigh in the advantages and disadvantages of information being released. Therefore, doctors must communicate the possibility of potential information leaks during emergencies for patients to be informed. Also, it is recommended to contact friends or family regarding the matter of data leaks. They may have a better understanding of whether the release of personal data can lead to any adverse consequences.
Introduction In a contemporary society that is wrought by crime, drugs, violence, terrorism, and other types of social malaise, the criminal justice system serves as society’s shield to defend itself against the actions it defines as criminal. These activities reflect a broad range of social, legal, economic, political, and moral interests. Today in the United States, criminal justice functions as an interconnected system, run by professionals and constantly assessed, evaluated, and advanced by social scientists. To be successful and effective, the criminal justice system must be perceived as having authority by the community that it serves. The perception of authority and its legitimacy require confidence in the criminal justice system. The police, courts, and correctional agencies strive hard to gain the public’s confidence as they serve and protect their rights and welfare. To achieve confidence in any organization, there must be strong leadership that would serve as the guiding light to achieve all its goals and missions. This is because an important aspect of leadership is helping a group choose the “right” decision method (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, 2003). In this case, we will try to delve into the current state of leadership in the criminal justice system and try to assess if it is satisfactory enough to promote the development of the organization. Sad to say, inappropriate, illegal, and unethical behavior occurs in all organizations–hospitals, social service agencies, corporations, and even universities. Criminal justice agencies can also commit these misdemeanors. Some members will eventually succumb to corruption, will use excessive force, will commit acts of brutality, will violate due process protections and human rights provisions of individuals, will exploit and harass clients and fellow workers, and engage in other unethical practices (Wright, 1999). In this regard, how does the leadership in the criminal justice system maintain the integrity of its subordinates? What are the challenges that criminal justice organizations face at present? Are the leading groups prepared for the worst scenarios given the modern threats of criminals in our present time? Goals of the Criminal Justice System Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2003) emphasized that goals play an important part in high-performance work environments. In fact, they cited Locke et al. (1981) who prescribed that goal setting is the process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing. For the criminal justice system, it is easy to conclude that the organizations are dedicated to preventing crime. But critics will immediately counter with statistics proving that the system does a poor job of this and that it even fosters crime in a variety of ways: by criminalizing conduct in the first place, by raising the statistics, by labeling individuals as “criminals” (thus creating criminal careers), by making inmates unfit for life in a free society, and so on. Thus, we can say that the goal of the criminal justice system is doing more than delivering criminal justice. The end
Michael Eisner’s had distributed leadership roles to other junior members of staff in Disney which made them feel like they were part of the organization. He brought into the organization an alternative way of thinking which had a big influence on the way different processes in the organization were performed. This approach made some employees to follow his style but some were quick to dismiss him. Some board members felt that he did not consult them whenever he made big decisions that had an impact on the company’s future. However, he failed to put in place succession planning, which would have ensured more employees acquire leadership skills to make them capable of running the organization effectively. He failed to understand that power systems in a big organization have an impact on the way it is managed. Therefore, he left an organizational climate of mistrust and disunity, in the last days of his tenure. He was not able to manage key relationships with the board and this led to antagonism between him and other board members. Eisner needs to cultivate an organizational climate of trust, loyalty and improvement. His reforms in the company antagonized some creative employees who had been instrumental in improving its performance in the market. Eisner needs to collaborate with other members of the board to bring more unity to the organization. This will make it possible for the firm to avoid board room wrangles which have a negative effect on the firm’s operations in the market. Eisner needs to make other board members and fellow managers trust him to ensure that he strengthens their confidence in his leadership. This will make it possible for Disney to improve the way it operates in the industry. Eisner needs to consult more before making crucial decisions to ensure that other stakeholders in the firm do not view him as an authoritarian leader. He needs to understand the concerns of people he works with to improve the way he relates with them. Eisner made the organization to suffer from poor corporate governance. The firm was not able to plan for the future because the resignation of Roy Disney and the exit of Stanley Gold showed that Eisner did not have a good relationship with the two. He also made Steve Jobs to end the partnership between his firm, Pixar and Disney. His failure to sign the contract to extend the relationship between Disney and Pixar was detrimental to the company’s finances. He failed to make necessary compromises to safeguard the strategic association between Disney and Pixar. He had entrenched himself in power which made him lack a future vision for the company. Eisner made major decisions which had an impact on the operations of the firm without involving the board and other senior employees. This disunity made the firm not to have any long term plans to guide its operations in the market. In conclusion, Eisner’s mistakes exposed the firm adversely. He was not ready to cede power to other members of the organization which caused disunity and mistrust. He failed to operate effectively at the strategic leve
About Insurance An insurance policy is a document that forms the basis of the insurance business. An insurance policy is a “financial contract between a policyholder and an insurer” (Texas Department of Insurance 2009). Insurance services are often provided by insurance companies. The company often pays the person seeking insurance services (the insurer) a sum of money if the peril covered by the policy occurs. It is worth mentioning that the insurance company will only pay for losses mentioned in the policy. In return for the services offered, the insurer makes periodic payments known as a premium to the insurance company (International Monetary Fund 2012). Before agreeing with the insurer, the insurance company often evaluates the risk factors of the insurer and the probability of occurrence of such risks. The amount of premium to be paid is based on the amount of risk estimated by the insurance company. This process is known as underwriting. The process of underwriting often differs across various insurance companies. This results in different premium rates for the same risk in a different insurance company. However, all insurance companies have a coverage limit. Thus, the companies cannot cover 100% of the property being insured. Thus, taking insurance covers is a way of managing the risk of the possible occurrence of loss (Texas Department of Insurance 2009; Cornell University of Law School 2013). Explanation of fraud in insurance In the majority of cases, Insurance fraud occurs in two ways. The first way is when “someone knowingly lies to obtain some benefit or advantage to which they are not otherwise entitled” (California Department of Insurance 2013). The second way is when “someone knowingly denies some benefit that is due and to which someone is entitled”(California Department of Insurance 2013). “False insurance claim filed to defraud the insurance provider is an example of insurance fraud. Insurance fraud existed since the start of the insurance business” (International Monetary Fund, 2012). Fraudulent claims account for the highest percentage of claims received by insurance companies. Insurance frauds are numerous and they occur in all types of insurance covers. For instance, the insurer can intentionally cause an accident so that he receives compensation from the insurance company (Irish Insurance Federation 2013). Such extreme cases of insurance fraud are quite detrimental to the insurance company and the life of innocent third parties involved in such deliberate accidents. This leads to the classification of insurance fraud as hard and soft. Hard crime occurs when the insurer intentionally causes the peril to occur. An example is organized theft and accident. This type is less common. On the other hand, soft fraud is quite common. It is a scenario where the insurer overstates the number of legitimate claims. For instance, the insured might claim more compensation for damages when a peril occurs. Another example of soft fraud is when the person obtaining the policy overstates the value of the pro
Introduction Human resource management involves management of people in the organisation, and such other important functions as recruitment, selection, performance, appraisal, and other personnel functions in the organisation. The objective of HRM is for the success of the organisation through its assets, the working force. HRM maximises human resource potentials, including their talents, skills, and capabilities for the strategic advancement of the organisation. Armstrong (2006, p. 3) defines human resource management as the “strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisation’s most valued asset – the people”. The ‘people’ are the workforce, who spends a lot of time working for the success of the company’s objectives. Storey’s (1989) definition states that HRM is “a set of interrelated policies with ideological and philosophical underpinning.” Human resource management system involves recruiting qualified people for the organisation. This is known as staffing. The organisation’s objective plays a critical role in the staffing process. The management is responsible for identifying and selecting persons capable of implementing the organisation’s plans. Traditionally, personnel management took the functions of HRM. When functions and responsibilities multiplied due to various organisational and environmental factors in these times of intense globalisation, changes had to be introduced in the organisation. HRM has taken over the function of personnel management, which range from recruitment to training to managing the personnel and their various functions and roles in the organisation. The objective of this essay is to analyse and determine the advantages and disadvantages of human resource management with respect to two case studies, Apple Inc. and Sony Corporation. The importance of HRM and how it affects Apple and Sony are given enough space for discussion. Literature Review In the age of globalisation, knowledge is both a product and resource. Organisations are now focused on knowledge-based economies, and are more concerned with the knowledge people possess, or what is termed ‘people-e
Introduction Figure 1. “The death of Socrates” The image in figure 1 represents the painting of “The death of Socrates” as obtained from Neo- Classism and French Revolution (2010). Neo-Classism and French Revolution also outlines that the painting was made in 1787. The painting was made of oil paint on a canvas material of 51” × 77 ¼. 1 Description The work of art generally has a good picture and the general appearance is that the artist wanted to concentrate on the middle section of the picture perhaps to draw attention to whatever is happening in the middle of the room. The color is distributed to bring certain important contrast that should be able to guide the analysis of the piece. The use of oil painting is particularly significant in bringing out the contrast. The space in which the piece of art is constructed brings out a feeling of limited opportunities. The space is small and somewhat overcrowded. The only space that leads out of the room is a small darkened corridor. In the space outside the room there seems to be very little activities going on. The piece of art represents a real life occurrence and it is observable that the activities taking place in the piece actually took place. In most circumstances, artists are inspired by activities that take place in the surroundings. Art is always appreciated as a mirror from which the society views and evaluates itself. There also seems to be an ensuing argument in the piece. The lighting seems to flow in parallel with the argument being much brighter on towards the center. The details on the floor also show that there has been much activity in the space represented by the piece of art. Generally, the piece of art can be described as representing real life situation. Unlike other forms of art that are abstract and present significant challenge to persons seeking to understand the feelings, ideas and emotions represented by the piece, this piece of art is somewhat direct. The lighting is simple although there is the realization that the instead of the lighting originating from the peripherals towards the center, this piece has lighting moving from the center towards the peripherals. However, the lighting is still simple and this makes
Introduction Syllables in phonology form the basic foundation upon which words are constructed for all languages. The main components of these syllables vary with different languages as well as from word to word. This paper looks at some of the properties of syllables, attributes of sound change and similarities between Arabic and English syllables. The Main Components of the Syllable A syllable refers to a rhythmic element of language that occurs to create an easy flow in the speech stream for the human brain to comprehend (Odden, 2005). It is often made up of parts also known as segments or components. Each word comprises one or more syllables. A syllable has a structure that can be split into individual components. These components consist of rhyme and onset. The rhyme is further categorized into two elements. The nucleus is the first element, whereas the coda is the second element. It is worth noting that not all syllables contain these components and that there is a likelihood of the occurrence of a small syllable that is only made up of a nucleus. The onset, which marks the beginning sound when pronouncing a syllable, comes before the nucleus. In English, the onset components of syllables are often consonants. However, some consonants such as n, m, l, r alongside the velar nasal sometimes constitute the nucleus within a syllable. An example of an onset in a syllable is ‘r’ in the word ‘read.’ In the event that a word is made up of more than one syllable, each individual syllable comprises the normal syllable parts. For instance, window is pronounced as win.dow. Rhyme includes the remaining part of the syllable after the onset is pronounced. It is subdivided into nucleus and coda. The nucleus is the fundamental part of a syllable that is essential for the existence of the syllable. The nucleus often bears a high pitch and can be slightly louder than other parts of the syllable. Vowels make up a large number of nuclei in syllables. However, the velar nasal (‘ng’), the nasals and the liquids sometimes form the nuclei of syllables in English words. The coda is the ultimate part of the syllable that comprises the last consonant or consonant group. Here is an example of the syllable components of the word ‘read.’ Onset    [r]  Rhyme    [id] Nucleus  [i]  Coda     [d]   The Difference between Marked and Unmarked Syllable Forms A syllable form that is avoided in unconnected languages is thought to be marked in comparison to the syllables that are not avoided (Kager, 2004). Conversely, the syllables that are not avoided are seen as unmarked. Syllables without onsets are marked in comparison with syllables that have onsets. Though syllables without onsets occur, they are predisposed to elimination. In addition, syllables that contain codas are more conspicuous than open syllables. Though every language permits
Introduction Religious practitioners are people who have some believe on a certain religion such as Christian, Islam, or Hindu. The practices of religious practitioners are based on the past events, ideas or myths of famous people who practiced their religion. For instance, Christians have a lot of issues and practices to emulate from famous persons like Jesus Christ, Abraham, or Moses. Most of the things done in Christian churches are based on myths about these people. Abraham and Moses were in the Old Testament and Jesus Christ was in the New Testament (Nye 98). For the Islam religion they have a lot to imitate Muhammad. Some of these myths have managed to draw most of people into sacred lives. This paper will focus on two important figures, who have contributed much to the lives of most religious practitioners. Although there are other factors in religious lives that have contributed to sacred lives of many people, the influence of these two crucial figures that is Jesus Christ and Muhammad will be focused most. Jesus Christ as a Christian figure Beginning with the birth of Jesus Christ, which was in a shed as stated in the New Testament. This is a place where animals lived, and the new born was placed in a manger, where the feeds of animals were placed. This was according to the prophecy that had stated the idea of messiah coming from Bethlehem. The town, in which Jesus Christ the Messiah was born, was just a small town within Judah; nobody expected that the messiah would come from such a place (Nanda and Warms 203). The first people who realized the birth of Jesus Christ were the shepherds, who were known to be very poor. This episode of Jesus Christ being born from such a humble beginning, in a small town, with the company of poor people, makes the religious practitioners to humble themselves. Christians have opposed the arrogance ways of riches and opted to classify themselves with the poor. Christians identifying themselves with the poor and the hopeless has become a moral lesson and a practice in the contemporary society. In John chapter 2-4, Jesus Christ was seen saving several people in different occasions. In both Jerusalem and Samaria people were healed from various sicknesses, such us the woman who had bled for 12 years and Nicodemus who was blind regained back his sight (Bible gateway). The most touching story is about the woman who lived in Samaria, and nobody wanted to be identified with her because of her bad life. Although there was a great enmity between Samaritans and Jews, Jesus Christ who was a Jew changed the life of this Samaritan woman completely. People could not believe the act, as they thought that Jesus would ignore this Samaritan woman. Such an examp
Microsoft and Apple are among the household names in the world of Information Technology (IT). These companies have enjoyed a healthy relationship initially, and as such shared technological ideas of mutual benefit. However, in the late 1980s their relations strained, culminating into a legal battle. Importantly, it is hard to mention Apple without recognizing its influential CEO and the co-founder- Steve Jobs. He is basically behind the success story that is Apple. 1 It is against this background that the thesis of this essay is framed. As such, this essay focuses on the Apple-Microsoft controversy and analyzes the personal traits of Steve Jobs that led to Apple’s success story. The controversy between Apple and Microsoft that culminated into a legal battle did single-handedly strain Apple-Microsoft relations, lasting for almost a decade before the former, as an afterthought, financed Apple with $ 100 million in 1997. The legal battle between the two was related to copyright infringement. In a lawsuit, Apple had accused Microsoft of violating the copyright licensing agreement by adopting similar visual GUI elements and operating systems (OS) in its units. 2 Some critics read malice of Apple’s actions, believing that their battle was out to gag its competitors by trying to acquire the entire intellectual property rights “over the desktop metaphor for computer interfaces, and perhaps all GUIs, on personal computers.” 3 In the long run, and after four years of legal battle, Apple lost most of its claims. The only features that were found to be infringing on the copyright were the folder and trash can icons which were adopted in HP computers. Filed in 1988, the case lasted for almost half a decade, and subsequently followed by an appeal attempt which was denied by the Supreme Court. 4 Apple and Windows were initially in a good relation and at some point they shared ideas of mutual benefit. As such, it was not surprising that Apple approved Microsoft to specifically incorporate some of its GIU elements in its software- Windows 1.0. However, with the development of an improved version- Windows 2.0, Microsoft purportedly adopted some extra features from its partner e.g. the ability overlap window. 5 This is what prompted Apple to take the battle to Court and subsequently annexed extra claims after the development of a third generation- Windows 3.0. In its details of the copyright document, Apple was interested in protecting the Macintosh OS holistically by exploring the ‘look and feel’ idea, believing that this would cater for each entity of the interface. Such elements like the existence of “windows on the screen, the fact that they are rectangular, the fact that they are resizable, and the fact that they have title bars were believed to have been catered for in the license.” 6 Following a standout at the Court, the judge ordered that Apple presents all the GUI elements that were purported to have been copyrighted. As a result, Apple compiled a list of