ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
From time immemorial there have been cases of people deciding to take their own lives by committing suicide. Arguably, the rates of suicide vary from one region to another, and from one age group to another. As a result, people and especially psychologists have been trying to understand why people would choose to commit suicide. There have been discussions on various platforms whether suicide is a personal affair or does it, to a certain extent, involve the society. Reasons as to why somebody would come to a point of taking his or her own life are still a point of debate. Understanding suicide will, therefore, require one to understand the reasons both on a personal level and on a societal level that can push people to kill themselves. In understanding suicide, it is vital, to begin with outlining the various categories of suicide. To begin with, we have fatalistic suicide where somebody feels that life is in the extreme end and there is no way a human being can live under that given conditions. Secondly, we have anomic suicide where one finds life as being meaningless especially due to loneliness or isolation. Thirdly, there is altruistic suicide in which case one sacrifices his or her own life for the sake of society. Lastly, there is egoistic suicide where one decides to end his or her own life after failing to meet personal or societal expectations (Werth, 2013). Notably, the conditions under which people used to commit suicide anciently are somewhat different from modern conditions (Rogers & Lester, 2010). In modern society, Anomic and egoistic are the most prevalent. On the other hand, fatalistic and altruistic characterizes traditional scenarios. What makes one commit suicide can sometimes be very private and difficult to comprehend. However, there are the most common causes that have been documented. Various writers have associated suicide with decreasing societal ties which then lead to isolation. This has made many people keep to themselves whenever they have problems leading to depression (Werth, 2013). As a matter of, depression has been identified as a single highest contributor to suicide. Depression destabilizes the emotional state of a person leading to extreme sadness and despair. Given the loose societal ties, people are often on their own. Consequently, nobody is aware when they make such desperate decisions. Another cause of suicide is the view that one has become a burden to the family and society at large. The burdensomeness thought mostly comes about when one is unable to provide for his or her own needs and has to depend on society members (McLaughlin, 2007). In scenarios like this, people tend to think that their death will be a reprieve to society. They, therefore, prefer committing suicide rather than staying a life. People can also be pushed to commit suicide when members of society discriminate against them. This leads to low self-esteem and loneliness (Rogers & Lester, 2010). The discussion about the causes and effects of suicide is not about to end soon. This is because we still do not know exactly what leads to cases of suicide. The data that we collect and the views analyzed are all s
Abstract The term “Hepatitis” refers to a group of medical conditions characterized by inflammation of the liver cells hepatocytes, the basic units of the liver. Although there are several causes of cell inflammation, a viral infection of the vital organ is the cause of more than 90% of all the cases (Longo, 2012). Currently, hepatitis types A, B, C, D, and E are the most common viral infections of the liver in humans. Infection with these viruses means that the liver plays as the host or one of the host organs that provide the virus with the required environment for replication before translation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the cause and management of hepatitis A, B, and C. Specifically, the aim is to discuss the control and management of these diseases. Description of hepatitis A, B, and C Prevalence Hepatitis viruses D and E are less important in the medical field because they are rare or depend on other factors for their virology. For instance, the hepatitis D virus co-infects with type B, entirely depending on it is causing the observable medical condition. Thus, this makes hepatitis viruses A, B, and C the most important viruses with medical importance. Hepatitis A causes more than 30,000 cases of infection every year, with more than 1.3 million people living under the condition throughout the world (CDC, 2012). Transmission of hepatitis A The virus is oral-fecal in nature, meaning that the mode of transmission takes place in the oral-fecal route. However, research evidence confirms that the virus is also transmitted through fluid-to-fluid contact between an infected and an un-infected individual. For instance, close person-to-person or sexual contact and blood transfusion are other important routes of transmission. This means that the individuals at risk include people living in conditions where food contamination with fecal matter is possible, especially in cases where
Product Selection & Individual Difference Variables The product selected is Colgate Herbal toothpaste, manufactured and sold by the Colgate-Palmolive Company (US). In the context of consumer behavior research, it can be argued that the individual difference variables that inform my purchase behavior and decisions include personality, beliefs and attitudes, as well as involvement. In terms of personality, the Colgate brand fulfils my feelings and emotions of always desiring to use a tooth paste that whiten my teeth, strengthen the enamel on my teeth, and also rejuvenate my breath. In terms of involvement, the Colgate brand has been around for many years and it has been a household item in my family for a long time now, making it a product of relative importance to the extent that I engage in a deliberate and careful decision-making process while shopping for a tooth paste. In beliefs and attitudes, it can be argued that I am favorably predisposed to the Colgate brand due to its history and recommendations from dentists worldwide, implying that I have developed a strong brand loyalty towards the Colgate brand ever since I was a young person. Individual Difference Variables affecting other Consumers In purchasing their preferred tooth paste brand, other consumers could have been influenced by similar variables as discussed above (personality, beliefs and attitudes, involvement), or by other individual difference variables, including self-concept, psychographics and motivation. In personality, while some consumers may desist from buying the Colgate brand since it’s from an American company, others may indeed develop strong emotions, thoughts and feelings of the product based on the fact that it has been in the market for as long as they could remember. In self-concept and psychographics, consumers may favor the Colgate brand due to their own thoughts, feelings and opinions about the efficacy of Colgate in maintaining healthy teeth and gum when compared to other tooth pastes in the market. Moving on to involvement, it is true that other consumers may develop a low or high relative importance towards the Colgate brand based on a number of factors such as quality, price, and availability. The level of relative importance ultimately determines their deliberations and purchasing decisions. In motivation, marketing literature demonstrates that consumers may be motivated to buy the Colgate brand due to internal stimuli search as personal convictions or due to external stimuli such as reinforcement from friends and family members. Lastly, in beliefs and attitudes, consumers may be predisposed to positively or negatively react
Introduction The current economic crisis, commonly referred to as the Global Financial Crisis, continues to affect billions of people in the world. With various leaders engaging all their efforts to salvage the situation, it is doubtless that the crisis has significantly impacted the world economy negatively. It has arguably been considered by analysts as the worst financial meltdown since the Great Depression that was experienced in 1930s 1 . This crisis started during late 2000s with recent years having been proven to be tough for most countries, especially within the Euro zone. Due to the inter-connectivity of world economies, these effects have spread to every part of the world including Asia, America and Africa, forcing the adoption and implementation of mitigation strategies by several countries 2 . The need to deal with the current economic crisis was principally necessitated by negative effects, which stemmed from the dwindling financial situation in most countries around the world 3 . At the peak of the crisis, large financial institutions collapsed as the rate of unemployment rose to unimaginable levels in the world history. Although every sector of the economy has been affected by the crisis, it is believed that the housing market suffered adversely, resulting into foreclosures and forceful eviction since most people were not able to clear their mortgages 4 . This essay explores major regulatory responses towards the current financial crisis by various states in the world. In this analysis, four countries including Greece, Germany, France and China will be discussed, focusing on paths that have been taken by these states to deal with the crisis since 2008. Economic Crisis in China China is one of the fast-growing economies of the world that continues to attract global attention and interests. Nevertheless, China has had to cope with hard economic times even as other states battle this economic menace. In understanding China’s response towards the current economic crisis, it is essential to note that the economy of China fully depends on flows from international trade and investments 5 . Due to its exponential growth, it overtook the United States in 2007, in terms of merchandise exportation, coming second after the European Union. With most of its efforts geared towards trade, approximately 30% of the country’s GDP has always been drawn from exports. Research indicates that nearly eighty million Chinese are employed in the export sector, making it one of the leading sources o
Introduction Strategic positioning involves the formulation of strategies that will govern an organization’s future operations, while taking into account the prevalent environmental position that the company is in. Strategic managers evaluate the company’s present as well as foreseeable developments and harmonize them in a way that they are able to achieve the company’s goals and objectives as well as those of its particular stakeholders. Google as a company has over time grown to become one of the major internet companies in the world. This, however, doesn’t mean that its managers are resting easy as they are faced by a lot of competition in the market. Their portfolio of products has grown from the original search engine service to include: Earth; Picasa; Talk; Gmail; Visigami; SketchUp; Google News; iGoogle; Google Mobilizer; Google Reader; Chrome; Google Latitude; Google Talk; Google Sync; Google Maps; Ad Sense; iGoogle; Knol; Google Mini; Google Trends; Orkut; Google health; Google Double click; Google FeedBurner; Google Mobilizer; Google Gadgets; and Google Profiles. Organizational analysis Google as an organization has not succeeded to its current position without challenges. The success of its managers in the last decade has been as a result of careful analysis of their market position before formulating any policies that would spur growth. The organizational analysis is best explained through a SWOT analysis of the organization as it is today. Strengths Google has enjoyed domination over the search engine market since its inception in 1997. This has ensured that it enjoys a competitive edge over new market entrants as well as a steady flow of income. They enjoy a huge portfolio of assets and have a market capitalization of over $ 185.61 billion which allows them to launch powerful competitive strategies against their competitors as well as fund their research and development strategies (Sherman 39). This has ensured that they are among the top ten biggest brands in the world and this boost market confidence and grows customer loyalty. Their products have received acceptance in the market where the search engine has been identified to be quite fast and user-friendly. They also have a huge workforce of talented and creative people. Their diverse products secure their revenue flows even though their search engine is the main source of their revenue. Weaknesses Though the company enjoys a wide array of products, its revenues stream mainly from their search based advertising and this increases their risk as their risk portfolio is not diversified. There is also the fact that their ranking technology has been identified to be prone to manipulations by spammers who create a lot of links as this gives them a higher rank. It has a contextual advertising policy that is considered less effective in generating sales. Though it is the major search engine in the world, it still answer questions with 50 to 60 percent accuracy, and its localized searched have
Logistics and supply chain refers to the management of interrelated networks, which are involved in provision of important goods and services to customers. The process is extensive, involving storage of raw materials and manufactured products and transportation of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of utilization. Logistics and supply chain is often an all-embracing process that entails drawing of policies, scheduling, implementation, controlling, and scrutinizing several activities with the major aim of establishing the net value, creating an aggressive infrastructure, leveraging an all-inclusive logistics, harmonizing supply with demand, and quantifying the performance of manufactured goods internationally. Logistical management is closely related to other important areas of management, including operational management, procurement, and information communication. It plays a critical role in ensuring that the organization outmuscles competitors in the aggressive market. In this regard, certain information is critical in logistical and supply chain management. One of the critical information is that related to client relationship administration. Studies show that managers are expected to change from administration of personal roles to integrating the major actions into essential supply chain procedures. For instance, the purchasing department of any organization is supposed to place an order based on importance. The marketing department will in turn communicate with several clients in order to meet customer demands. Based on this, process integration plays a role in ensuring that customer relationship management is achieved. The use of technology is inevitable in addressing the needs of clients since it permits organization, computerization, and harmonization of sales, advertising, consumer service, and industrial support. Information related to addressing the needs of customers is critical in increasing organizational efficiency in the sense that the company will always address customer demands in time. This leads to satisfaction among clients, as they feel that they are valued. The organization increases its sales through customer relationship management. Information related to customer satisfaction is often employed in supply chain management because it allows the study of the market. An organization faces several challenges in trying to address the demands of customers in the globalized market. Issues related to customer service, cost control, planning, risk management, and supply/partner relationship management are all challenges that organizations face in the contemporary logistical and supply chain management. Customer service is the major challenge that any manager has to address since it might affect the performance of the organization. This implies that the m
Race Horses The painting entitled Race Horses by a French artist Edgar Degas was produced in 1855-88 (Stein, Bailey, & Miller, 2009). It is one among many works in his jockeys series. The picture is immediately distinguished from his earlier works by the very rare medium of Degas’s oeuvre: pastel and a tropical wood panel. It depicts the three jockeys sitting on the horses that stand very closely, thereby forming a close unit in the foreground (Stein et al., 2009). The horse with a rider behind them, along with the looming church tower and a patchwork of buildings across the hills, form the background of the picture. The impressionist style of the work is clear from the open composition and the light brush strokes. The painting would fit nicely in the main office. It will always remind employees that a high-growth business is like a race—a focus should be on the future with the mind staying in the present moment. It will also underscore the progressive orientation of the company. Dancer Dancer is another painting by Edgar Degas that will fit nicely into our company’s corporate image that is synonymous with the lightness and precision of dance. This picture was created in 1880, and it depicts a standing figure of the ballerina that adjusts her closing (Stein et al., 2009). It is closely related to his other drawings of the dance classes. The lightness of the pastel and the construction of space, which moves the main figure on the forefront and allows experiencing it from the unusual visual angle, are among the most conspicuous characteristics of the Impressionist style. The anticipation of movement that always feels like an inseparable part of the human perception suffuses the work with an almost visible shiver. The picture might be showcased in one of the project management offices and would be in line with the corporate strategy, which regards the behavior of every single individual as the main prerequisite for the success of the whole enterprise. Roses and Lilies Roses and Lilies is a painting produced by French artist and lithographer Henri Fantin-Latour in 1888 (Stein et al., 2009). The work shows stems of lilies cut in full blossom and placed in a glass vase. Left to them is a bowl of blooming roses, white petals of which are slightly touched with delicate blue brushes. The artful economy of means, so inherent to Impressionist style, provides a warm undertone to work and will serve as a gentle reminder to everyone looking at this picture that it is possible to achieve great results with minimum capital. It will be placed in the main office and will underscore the corporate identity of the company, which places a great emphasis on the optimum utilization of resources. Mont Saint Victoire Mont Saint Victoire is a work of French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. The artist exercises in the expression of color and form in his masterful depiction of the mountain surrounded by white splashes of paint that define the structure of Aix en Provence. It is clear that Cézanne
Introduction IKEA International is a global corporation that offers home accessories to all global clients. Headquartered in Sweden, IKEA provides quality furnishings and services in various global markets. To realize this vision, IKEA offers various properly designed and serviceable house-furnishings at very low prices across global markets. IKEA is acknowledged for the provision of quality furnishings that cannot be assembled easily, but can be transported without problems. IKEA furnishings are evident in the City Festivals and residential places. Since its inauguration in 1943, IKEA has globalized its operations and businesses. However, globalization presents various threats and opportunities to IKEA while exposing its strengths and weaknesses to market competitors. The strategic marketing excellent issues relating to IKEA’s global operations are analyzed through Value Chain framework. The current operations and business situations of IKEA In the 1980s, IKEA began to expand its business operations to the United States and other parts of the European markets. These markets attracted the company due to several reasons: (1) the regions had very large customer base, (2) the local residents who had travelled were considered risk-takers, (3) the market was fragmented, and (4) the potential customers could be identified with regions. The success of IKEA business relied on the consumers sensitivity to the product attributes regardless of origin. IKEA entry into the United States markets was focused on the consumers the company perceived to be the potential customers. The firm opened its first US store along the coastline. While going global, IKEA believed that people living along the coast and Islands were exposed to foreign products. The reason to focus on the travelling consumers was that the company was determined to sell products with European standards. The success of such products would be uncertain in areas where consumers have no foreign experience. The success of this market entry mode in Europe was to form the basis for establishment before expanding marketing operations elsewhere. The entry mode adopted by IKEA when expanding to the European markets occurred in form of a market-seeking investment undertaken to exploit new markets. The Swedish markets are saturated and the markets can only offer limited growth opportunities. The company was motivated to this investment by the constant market growth and large market sizes of Europe, and IKEA aimed to serve the larger markets. In the European markets, IKEA was met with great success after focusing on providing the cheapest solutions to gain competitive advantage. The success in the European markets was not a straightforward endeavor given that established firms that had huge capitals pursued foreign investments. Although IKEA had made a good fortune in the Sweden market, moving capital from the country was a challenge. The capital controls in Sweden prohibited investing abroad with home gain
Introduction Performance improvement system is generally aimed at increasing the possible processes, associated with the particular business sphere. As for the matters of IT sphere, it should be emphasized that the problems may cover not only in business performance, but also in the technological part of the sphere. Thus, the evaluation and learning processes will be regarded from the perspective of possible technical improvement. Improvement System Originally, in order to improve any existing system, there is strong necessity to evaluate the existing performance level, and consider the consequences of improper or incorrect improvement. The most universal and effective system for performance improvement is outlined in Six Sigma principle. (Johnson and Ferstl, 2006) There are five elements of the improvement process:   * Define. This presupposes the search of the problem, which lowers the final results of the entire performance. As for IT sphere, this may be ineffective use of the equipment, low qualification of the personnel, outdated technical base, improper management of the technical performance, etc.   * Measure. The mistakes and the results should be measured in order for the further control of the improvement process, and identification whether the improvement is effective or ineffective. Thus, the possible measurement system may include the amount of workers, number of failures and mistakes, response time, time spent for control or mistake checking.   * Analyze. This is required for