ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Scientific theories adhere to a series of principles. These theories are testable, probabilistic, empirical, tentative, parsimonious, and general. In addition, they assume cause and effect. Scholars explain the origin of criminal conduct in many theories. This paper draws the theories discussed herein from a radical orientation; they include radical, feminist and critical criminology theories and present principles that alter the existing and traditional views on the development of criminal behaviour in fundamental ways (Walklate, 2007, p. 8). Unfortunately, the radical theories discussed herein do not meet some of the qualifications of a scientific theory; they lack empirical evidence, are difficult to test and unrealistic. In the 1960s, the prominence of labeling theory grew, but it did not last for a long time. Critics disapprove this perspective for being empirically weak and inconsistent with the existing explanations such as the role of criminogenic environments. Critics denounce feminist perspectives for having a stereotypical inclination towards men and lack of empirical support (Barlow and Decker, 2010, p. 216). In addition, commentators argue that the liberal feminist perspective is inadequate because empirical research fails to back its predictions. Empirical studies have recorded an increase in female arrests, in traditionally female deviance, prior to the Women’s Rights Movement. Critical criminology perspective has also been criticized for being unrealistic and lack of empirical evidence (Thaila and Cunneen, 2008, p. 89). Despite the criticism leveled against radical perspectives on criminology, these theories explain the origin of a crime in a scientific manner. Criminologists have developed most of these explanations using ethnographic and longitudinal studies, randomized experiments and interviews. The labeling views explain that social control efforts ignite the processes that lure a person into a criminal career. They give attention to the conduct of those who react to offenders (Cullen and Agnew, 2011, p. 29). Criminologists have a
Abstract This paper is research of Corporate Airlines flight 5966, a BAE-J3201, N875JX, which crashed on October 19, 2004 at Kirksville, Missouri. Although the air carrier was Corporate Airlines, it was an “American Connection” flight. The flight was scheduled to depart from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, in St. Louis, Missouri and arrive at Kirksville Regional Airport in Kirksville, Missouri. On an instrument flight plan, the aircraft crashed on final approach at about 7:30 pm do to an incursion with tree tops below the minimum descent altitude, destroying the plane and causing a post impact fire. The aircraft accident was caused by human factors and meteorological conditions, which resulted in two seriously injured people and a loss of thirteen souls. The aircraft itself was nearly completely destroyed by impact force and post-crash fire. Introduction: Flight 5966 crash Flight 5966 of Corporate Airlines followed the flight route that was destined to Kirksville, Missouri from International Airport of Lambert-St. Louis. On 19 October 2004 this twin engine Jetstream flying the route crashed near to Kirksville which killed 13 people and leaving two injured. The NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) found out that the cause of the incident was rooted in the pilots’ inability to follow well-grounded procedures and thoroughly conduct and direct a non-precision approach at night in the instrument meteorological condition. These deviations involved pilots’ making the descent below standardized altitude and before necessary visual cues were in place (which were unmoderated until the plane hit the trees) and their inability to follow the procedures of duties and responsibilities distribution between flying an monitoring (non-flying) pilot. Other factors contributing to the accident included pilots’ failure to provide with standardized call-outs and follow cu
Introduction Power has always attracted attention of many philosophers and scholars. Overall, it can be defined as the ability or capacity to influence the decisions and actions of other people. Power is what people have always fought as it is the phenomenon that allows them control others and benefit from this. In this paper we need to analyze the relations between those who possess authority and those who do not. There is a great number of works examining their interactions. For example, we may discuss the article Behind the official story by James Scott. The author explores the relationships between the dominants and their subordinates. In particular he studies the so-called public and hidden transcript. He says that a public transcript is the way in which ruling groups describe themselves and they want others to believe that this description is true. In turn hidden transcript is their real attitude toward themselves and the subordinates, and the issue is complicated by the fact that the subordinates also have transcript, although of different kind. Furthermore, we may refer the article Melchizedek’s Three Rings by Carole McDonnell. She argues that in a modern society a person cannot freely express his thoughts or beliefs. She describes situations in which people try to hold back their real views and opinions. According to her this frankness can deprive them of their privileges. Finally, it is necessary to draw examples showing the use and abuse of power. For this purpose the research Sexual Harassment: A Legal Perspective for Public Administrators can be quite applicable. This investigation has been conducted by Ruth Strickland. She studies several forms of such behavior and develops strategies enabling to stop it. These works can be connected with each other because they analyze power from several points of view. Thus, the relationships between powerful and powerless in the society are often based on discrimination of the lowest classes as the powerful do not see any necessity to yield their dominant position in the society, while the powerless take the situation as given and see no sense in trying to change the social balance. The impossibility to express ones views freely Moreover, according to Carole McDonnell and James Scott a person may be reluctant to speak ones mind because he can be afraid of adverse effects that integrity can entail. For instance, Carole McDonnell maintains that in contemporary society there is a power or even tyranny of the majority. Namely there is a dominant white culture in American community. Apart from that, she mentions deep-rooted stereotypes held by the majority of people and only very few dare challenge them. She says that sometimes “the consequences of speaking about our hearts may be so harmful to the speaker that heart felt beliefs are rarely discussed” (McDonnell, 2006, p 191). The schol
Summary In the management domain, strategic management encompasses identification coupled with definition of strategies for everyday use. Usually, managers employ these strategies to strive for high performance as well as admirable competitive advantage for business establishments. In addition to that, it includes decisions as well as acts managers establish, and which determine the outcome of the organizations’ performance. Incisively, a science is whatever skill that manifests detailed use of facts for a particular purpose. Subsequently, an art is clearly characterized as skill critical for any human tasks. Not only a strategic management is a behavioral science, but also an art since its application in relative situations involves these two perspectives (Bingham and Eisenhardt 1437-1467). Introduction Ordinarily, (Bingham and Eisenhardt 1437-1467) argues that the main function of strategic management is to integrate diverse functional components of an organization wholly, as well as to make sure these functional aspects are in agreement. Basically, this involves application of scientific principles established in management, and execution of activities to meet desired goals. In brief, the base of strategic management as an art as well as a science are clear in today’s global business environment. In this respect, strategic management draws higher profitability if well planned and executed. Literature review Strategic management as a science Generally, a science is a taxonomic collection of knowledge about a particular field of study, with universal features which define remarkable development. It simply sets up a cause with accompanying effects links among two or more factors, and emphasizes the rationale of the relationship. These principles spring up from scientific methods such as observation along with the verification by means of testing. Specifically, a number of features describe a science. One is cause with corresponding effect relationship. Indeed, principles of science institute reason and aftermath relationship amidst a number of variables. With reference to strategic management, same principles exist. For instance, in cause and effect relationship, where there is little stability in authority besides responsibility ineffectiveness emerges. Second is examination of validity as well as predictability of the subject under consideration. In essence, legality of scientific standards is proved at any convenience. It is important to note that each test will give similar result regardless of when it is done. Furthermore, scientific management principles are
People learn about humanity without possessing any prior knowledge in the beginning. Then they put these experiences aside and return to the place where they first came. The start and end of every human life is the same, but it is the content of those lives that makes each and every person different. Different people have varying depths of pain just as they have different levels of joy. No person may define a person based merely by listing their past experiences and personal thoughts. There is more to a person’s inner soul than just his history. More importantly anyone who endures suffering can not compare his suffering to other people and determine that he has suffered more than the other. Every person has had his or her suffering in the past and should not compare this with that of others. Those who are negative can choose to be pessimistic and say that they are always victims. These people enjoy receiving sympathy from others by claiming persecution. Instead of trying harder to succeed they spend their time convincing others to feel sorry for them. Their ego forces them to surrender their dignity to get sympathy. Where they should the joys of the present they see only the drudgery of the past. In fact, they utterly fail to see that the present gives them many opportunities. “A New Earth ” by Eckhart Tolle is a great example of enjoying life without any anxieties, worries, or agonies. The trouble starts when people objectify themselves based on their objective characteristics. Characteristics like; Name, gender, age, ethnicity are part of a person but their exterior traits are not the totality of the person. Wealth can be a measure that defines people to others. Materialism makes people cling to their wealth and its outward manifestations like expensive cars and designer shoes thinking these make them better than others who don’t have them. This has been made worse by the information age. In the time before the internet and cell phones people were less materialistic. Now people overwork themselves to obtain expensive and unnecessary luxuries. They would even go into debt charging their credit card to get the latest, and most expensive, cell phones or electronic gadgets just to flaunt their false wealth to others. Their attachment to material things weighs them down. According to “The End of Solitude” by William Deresiewicz, technology takes away privacy and concentration, and it also takes away the ability to be alone. People become dependent on this technology because they are under the impression that these things will define them. They want to show information about themselves through the Internet using Facebook or by blogging. I for one do not have Facebook. When people ask me about Facebook I tell them that I do not have Facebook. This surprises
What is business analytics? Business analytics is the exercise of constant repetition, methodical investigation of organizational data with significance on statistical analysis. It is mainly used by companies devoting to data-driven decision-making. Business analytic is useful in obtaining an understanding of business decisions and make effective business processes. Business analytic is important in an organization in detecting current business styles and features in-market to foresee and shape events to improve business outcomes. It involves growth and the control of costs to know some of the risks that lower the plans and be able to take prompt measures. (Goodsir et al, 2000) Metrics are the dimensions for deciding the performance of the company. Different levels of metrics involved in business analytics include data mining which involves examining results to get new styles and related statistical analysis as well as qualitative analysis which illustrates why established results occur, and multivariate testing which encompasses testing previous decisions, and predictive analytics which includes predicting future results. After business goal identification, an analysis procedure prediction takes place, and data is collected to help the analysis. Importance of business analytics Data mining, which is through classifying and determining patterns and establishing relationships allows the organization to improve performance and productivity as well as minimizing costs. From the handout, a survey done by Ernst &Young shows that 18% of the time at work goes to waste, ineffective and not valuable, and $109 billion is lost in annual wages. Strategies that improve efficiency and productivity are employed in the workforce to cut lost time, as well as wage bills, cost in annual wages. Why is recruitment and selection measurement so critical —to tIle realization of an organization’s strategic objectives? Recruitment is the involvement series building that the organizati
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was an amendment to the Fair Labor Standard Act, by the United States Congress, with the sole aim of abolishing differences in wages based on sex. The Act, which was passed to Federal Law, is in force across the larger United States. The history of the Equal Pay Act date back to the period of World War II. This period experienced an increase in the number of women taking up jobs in the war-related industries. In 1942, the National War Labor Board requested employers to make voluntary adjustments and equalize salary rates paid to women to make them favorable and comparable to men’s salary for similar works. This request went unheeded by employers and to make the matter worse, most women were made to resign from their positions to pave way for men returning from World War II. It is important that before 1962, job advertisement and listing were done separately, for women and men. High-level jobs with matching high salaries were advertised exclusively for men. In other instances, a particular job could be advertised listing the expected pay for a woman, different from that of a man. In the period between 1950 and 1960, a woman with a full-time job earned between 60-63 cents for every dollar his male counterpart earned in the same job under similar conditions and skills. 10th June 1963, witnessed the signing into law of the Equal Pay Act which became effective on 11th June 1964. The law made it illegal for women to be paid salaries that were lower than men based on sex. The Act gave provision for different pay based on merit, seniority, quantity or quality of the work, and any other considerations that merit a pay difference except gender. The Act read in part : “To prohibit discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce……. No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions ……….” (Equal Pay Act, Section 3, d1) In passing the Bill into law, the congress found that different wage payment based on gender was lowering the stan
Numerous health policies have been developed and implemented worldwide and it may often seem that only technical features affect the policy’s efficacy as well as its entire life cycle, so-to-speak. However, policies depend on a variety of groups, processes, concepts and “reflects the dominant thinking of the day” (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis 2012, p. 35). Blank (2013) notes that policies are always flexible especially when it comes to disputable and complex issues, for example, abortion or HIV/AIDS. Notably, the same factors have an impact on policies worldwide. It is possible to consider a policy to define factors that affect its development and implementation. The policy aimed at introduction of the cervical cancer-preventing vaccine (further also referred to as HPV) in a number of countries proves that policies are far from being simply technical. Apart from technical features, implementation of policies is often influenced by manufacturer. Thus, Haas et al. (2009) pharmaceutical companies tend to have quite a strong lobby in governments of western countries (for example, Canada, Germany, the USA). Therefore, they develop certain products and are interested in promoting them at all possible levels. Admittedly, the company with the strongest lobby often becomes the winner even though the products are quite similar (Buse, Mays & Walt 2012). Authorities start developing policies with the use of a product which wins the competition due to the strong position of the manufacturer. In the case with cervical cancer-preventing vaccine, such companies as Dohme, Merck and Sharp were leading and pushing powers in the process of the policy development (Haas et al. 2009). Another factor that often has an impact on policies development is marketing of products. Hence, companies use effective marketing strategies to promote their products on the level of healthcare units and authorities (Porter & Teisberg 2013). Notably, direct-to-consumer advertising is allowed in the USA and New Zealand (Haas et al. 2009). In these countries, the HPV vaccine was aimed at the target group (girls and their mothers) and was extensively advertised. Clearly, this advertising affected people’s opinion or, at least, started a lasting debate on the matter. While developing the policy, officials and authorities had to take into account the product developed and the way people see it. Haas et al. (2009) also stress that various special interest groups have a significant effect on development of policies. These groups tend to affect or even form public opinion and, as a result, a policy development and implementation. For instance, the Women’s Health Network (a Canadian organisation) was against the policy on HPV as they stressed that there was insufficient research on the vaccine and long-term outcome as well as possible negative effects were unclear (Haas et al. 2009). Admittedly, concerns of such organisations make people less willing to participate in a program which is a topic of such a heated debate. Cost effectiveness is another factor affecting implementation of a policy. It is noteworthy that estimation o
The bronze doors of Bishop Bernward Art is accorded a lot of significance in addressing the manner in which Biblical aspects are communicated and vital information preserved from one generation to another. The bronze doors at Bishop Bernward have images such as the one depicting God condemning Abraham and Eve after they had eaten the forbidden fruit. The typological and thematic comparisons of the images on this door outline unique artistic features necessary in portraying the uniqueness of different works of art. In one of the images, Adam and Eve seem to be apportioning blame on the snake as their defense of their disobedience to God’s commandments. Cast in a single piece which is an extraordinary achievement, the doors have outstanding religious messages with the main themes aimed at either praising or condemning certain Biblical happenings. The eight bar relief panels on the doors are symbolic in nature. The inclusion of the Biblical book of Genesis on the left and that of the life of Jesus Christ on the other right side of some of the images helps to communicate rich messages on the significance of the historical background and life of Jesus and his purpose for mankind. The symbolism on the doors of Bishop Bernward reveals the significance of the concept of baptism which is the sacrament that cleanses people’s sins. Ghiberti’s bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery The self portrait shown at the Baptistery East Door is seen to be moving outward with uniquely identified features that portray a man who is under hostage. The other image that features a group of people reveals the manner in which Joseph was captured and then put into imprisonment. The image portrays a sad scenario as it could be argued that the people in the image on the door convey connotations of slavery and the torture that Joseph underwent. The original gilded-bronze panel doors depict the manner in which Joseph was tortured before finally being sold into slavery in a foreign land. The Ghiberti’s bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery are the best, most unique and outstanding of all the bronze doors of the time. They have in-depth color with little use of background shadows. The message communicated by the artistic message on the doors is very unique and conspicuous. The bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery are described as the gates of the renowned city of paradise. The images provide vital complementary information on the meaning of religion and the significance of religious practices of the church in the contemporary society. The church is depicted as a gateway to heaven and thus gives a lot meaning on the relevance of the bronze doors. Ghiberti’s bronze doors at the Florence Bap
Introduction The European Communities is the trading bloc, which was created shortly after the World War II in an attempt to prevent the balkanization of the finance system on the continent. It was primarily based on the principle of super nationalism and free trade. In this paper, our task is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of region free trade agreements within the context of EC. Prior to analyzing positive and negative sides, we should point out that these organizations were founded through a series of international conventions that covered three spheres: coal and mining industry, economy, and atomic energy. In particular, we may mark out the treaties of Rome and Paris that laid the foundations of these bodies (Cole, 1993, p 65). At the very beginning, they were ratified by Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, France, Greece, and Ireland (Keesing Research Reports, 1975, p 66). Later these multilateral agreements were signed by the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain and many others. As regards the reasons for the establishment of this organization, we may say that they are both economic and political. As we have stated earlier, it was a direct response to the events of the World War II. To some extent, these conventions were supposed to eliminate possibility of military conflict on the territory of Western Europe. The integration of economy was meant to avert the controversies that could arouse among the countries. It was beli