ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article under consideration dwells upon the mechanism design theory, its development, implications and significance. The author notes that the developers of the theory, Leonid Hurwitz, Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics, which can be seen as recognition of the importance of the mechanism design theory (Čihák 82). Admittedly, the theory can be applied to the most disputable spheres such as auction regulations, environmental regulations and global economy. The author focuses on the use of the theory for the development of international economic policies. The article starts with the definition of the theory. Hence, the mechanism design theory is the branch of economic theory which studies the mechanism design problem. In its turn, the mechanism design problem encompasses analysis of strategies the information can be extracted and the way the information revelation problem undermines the development of collective decisions which respond to individual aspirations. The author also stresses that this theory addresses one of the most important issues of the modernity, i.e. how to develop economic collaboration so that even though the agents behave “in a self-interested manner” they could make decision which could be beneficial for all (Čihák 82). Nonetheless, the mechanism design theory is still under-developed as quite little attention has been paid to it for decades. Lots of people do not understand its relevance, even though it has been applied in many areas. The author also reveals contribution of each Nobel Prize Laureate. This contribution can be presented in the form of the graph (see fig. 1). Thus, Hurwitz agreed with other researchers who noted that information dispersion was the reason why central planning fails, but he also claimed that market mechanism were also negatively affected by this dispersion. According to Hurwitz, even though agents may act to achieve the most effective economic outcomes (and have compatible incentives); the very existence of private information tends to lead to Pareto efficiency, i.e. some benefit at the expense of others. Notably, the researcher also emphasizes that if the agents have incompatible incentives, Pareto efficiency is more probable. Therefore, the concept of the incentive compatibility is the basis of the theory of the mechanism design theory. Fig. 1. The Developers of Mechanism Design Theory Čihák illustrates Myerson’s contribution as well (83). Thus, Myerson came up with a specific pattern to analyze incentive compatibility. The researcher developed direct mechanisms which could help develop more specific mechanisms, i.e. the researcher introduce mathematical patt
Social media have entered people’s lives forthrightly and spread into virtually all environments in which individuals can communicate and cooperate. Having served primarily as a means of personal communication for several decades, social media entered the realm of business relations and became an inseparable element of the majority of modern organizations. The key issues to be researched in the present paper are the use of social media by companies and employees and the effect these means have on organizational performance. The issue of social media at a workplace has gained much attention in the latest research on organizational behavior. DuBrin (2019) argues that the Internet and social media era constitutes one of the most important developments in the evolution of organizational behavior, along with the classical approach to management and the human relations movement. Other crucial developments singled out by the scholar are the Hawthorne studies, the contingency approach to leadership and management, positive organizational behavior, and the rise of the new-age workplace (DuBrin, 2019). Thus, it is relevant to discuss social media in the dimension of organizational behavior due to the significance of this feature in modern work systems. The Internet in general and social networks in particular have altered organizational behavior to a great extent. According to DuBrin (2019), rather than serving as an innovative approach to organizational behavior, social media and information technology developments are integrated into the work tasks of the majority of employees at all organizational levels. It is an uncommon practice in modern companies not to incorporate the use of the Internet by employees as a usual practice. The number of ways in which social media and the Internet can be utilized at a workplace is limitless. The most typical application of this approach is employees’ collaboration and communication via the firm’s social media networks along with public ones, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram (DuBrin, 2019). Another example is the use of social media by leaders to motivate employees by sending emails and messages to them instead of arranging personal meetings. Also, companies can create websites for specific purposes, such as collecting employees’ ideas about the enhancement of a business strategy. All of these and some other approaches can be utilized to promote beneficial changes in companies’ development. Along with numerous opportunities, the use of social media at work also poses some threats, the understanding and analysis of which adds value to the present study. Colquitt, Lepine, and Wesson (2019) remark that the use of media does not always enhance the process of communication.
Introduction Tom Davenport (1978) 1 provided a short documentary “It Ain’t City Music” purportedly to have covered or shown a glimpse of the 1972 or 1973 National Country Music Festival Contest in Warrenton Virginia. The film from the point of view of the artist showed clips of conversations, interviews, meeting of friends, formation of musical groups, or an incomplete musical performance stressing the social nature of the event. It showed a fan’s experience to such an event or gathering, however, with a focus on overweight women with grotesque clothes, scantily clad girls, country boys telling worn-out jokes, loudmouthed drunk men, seeming to introduce people who appear affluent urbanites but with suburban roots. The film failed to focus on long-haired, blue-jeaned folks that dominated the year, or such events, and instead, conservative people in un-expected behavior. In this film, the viewer is either asked a question, where he or she might belong, as a city dweller fully connected to the night or music life of the locality, or someone with a more erratic description. As music has become a byword and seemingly basic commodity in the world of globalization and iPod, there seem to be less chance to delineate where city ends and where music starts. Music, particularly popular music is easily understood as either a product of the evolving music industry in general, creativity and originality of an artist, or a subculture preference. At most, it involves people and culture. The movement of music per se becomes a process. This paper shall discuss how “city music” has reflected on urban processes as much as places drawing from personal experience, literature and observation. Discussion City /Urbanity Lees 2 suggested that human geography has much to learn from contemporary trends in urban geography specifically with reference to cultural turn, with Philo 3 earlier countering that human geography’s newfound obsession with the immaterial made it seem inattentive to actual, everyday materiality of the places in which people actually dwell. To this end, Lees provided, “A quick glance at the ‘new’ urban geography, tells us that contrary to popular opinion, the subdiscipline is thriving […] Indeed, it is more thank thriving; it is located on the cutting edge of geographical research that seeks to link the material and immaterial.” 4 Urbanity and Music Adam Krims (2007) suggested that music and cities act upon one another now that the economic and cultural realities of globalization are literally reshaping the international urban landscape challenging the perceived notion that the music of a localised place is independent of and resistant to the market forces of mainstream capitalist culture. The introduction takes “as a premise the dramatic changes in the world metropolises over the past few decades, using them as instances for explaining changes in musical culture, and looking toward how two processes may find a connection in a larger unity, including the contributions from music back to urban form.” 5 Krims suggested that spatial explanations of popular music in particular may provide valuable tools with which to interpret urban histo
One of the most noticeable novels representing the genre of fiction novels is the work by Herbert Wells “The War of the Worlds”. In this novel, the author “has achieved a very notable success in that special field of fiction which he has chosen for the exercise of his very remarkable gift of narration” (Parrinder, 1997). The novel represents not only the genre of fiction but rather the genre of invasion literature, where the main theme is the variant of invasion of some foreign or even alien forces to the territory of the earth. This kind of invasion literature was most popular during 1870-1918s, as it was the time when citizens of such powerful and glorious states as the British Empire were afraid of the invasion of the neighboring countries. Though the British Empire was the complex of colonies, dominions, mandates, protectorates, and other territories ruled by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the people of the Empire lived in fear on the threshold of the theoretical war, as in the whole world there was a struggle for world supremacy between the greatest countries of the world. The history of the world is full of stories about invasions; maniacal desires to possess the whole world were the main feature of the state leaders. In the first chapter of the novel “The War of the Worlds” the author reveals the fear of hypothetical invasion: No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century that this world was being watched keenly and closely by an intelligence greater than man’s and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency, men went to and fro over this globe about their little affairs, serene in their assurance of their empire over matter. It is possible that the infusoria under the microscope do the same. The author emphasizes that every creature, every living being can occur in the same position as a usual bacteria. The conquests made by the British Empire all over the world made it the embodiment of the country with aggressive politics. The territories whose armament was less developed than the armament of the Empire were doomed to utter defeat either were made the colonies of the great Empire and were considered the source of raw materials or the native population of these countries was annihilated and the territories were occupied by people who were forced to hide from the authorities, were there in exile. The Martians in “The War of the Worlds” were the conquerors in the battle against the inhabitants of the Earth. Thus, sometimes the conquerors are defeated by other organisms, as the Martians were fighting against the human race they did not take into consideration that our planet might be inhabited by a great number of various organisms: large and small, dangerous and nonhazardous, visible and invisible. Thereby the race of Martians was defeated by the bacteria which is absolutely invisible for a human eye and appeared to be invisibl
Plastic reusable bags have been in use since the 1980s and are still popular among shoppers to date. This stems from the several advantages derived from them. For instance, the use of these bags reduces the consumption of disposable plastic or paper bags, most of which are an environmental eyesore and pollute the soil, besides clogging sewerage systems and may be fed on by animals. The fact that these bags are reusable implies that people who use the bags save quite a substantial amount of money they would have spent on buying disposable bags (Miller and Spoolman, pp. 29). Economic benefits of these bags also arise from the low cost of producing them as compared to plastic bags Reusable grocery bags are multi-purpose due to their strength, so they can be used for a number of household tasks that include storing clothing. Studies have also shown that the production process of these bags does less harm to the environment as compared to plastic or paper bags. Despite the popularity of reusable plastic shopping bags as a solution to the current environmental crisis, several people have questioned whether this strategy will be effective in the long run. The first con of these bags is based on recent studies that showed that the gabs contain lead, a metal that becomes toxic when it bioaccumulates in the human body. There has been concern that this lead may affect the food material carried in the bags. The second disadvantage of these bags is that they have been found to contain bacteria, mainly if used without washing. However, this can be corrected by telling shoppers to wash their bags. The materials from which reusable grocery bags are made are unsustainable. A grocery bag manufactured out of thick plastic with an equal lifespan as the same weight of a plastic bag has a minimal positive impact. Instead, the bag should be made from renewable materials and significantly more durable to cancel the environmental impact of disposable plastic bags. The inconvenience of carrying a bag to the supermarket or shopping market further adds to the cons of these bags. Reference Miller, G. T., and Spoolman, S. (2011). Sustaining the Earth: an integrated approach . Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Teaching Plan This teaching plan serves as a roadmap of the steps that will be taken in the teaching session to ensure that the aims and objectives of learning are achieved. The plan identifies the information and proficiencies nursing students need to learn from the topic and how the learning process will be commenced. Topic and Session Time The topic that will be covered in the teaching session is “Emergency Nursing Disaster Preparedness”, and the time allocated to cover the topic is 30 minutes. Learners The audience for this learning activity will comprise qualified nurses and nursing students from the University. The learners come from diverse cultural backgrounds and hence may demonstrate different learning styles. It is expected that country-specific variations in language use may limit understanding for some learners. Purpose and Aims The main purpose of the teaching session is to provide learners with evidence-based knowledge on emergency nursing disaster preparedness. The specific aims include  1. creating awareness on nursing disaster preparedness,  2. sharing evidence-based knowledge on disaster preparedness,  3. explicating the role of nursing in disaster preparedness. Instructional Objectives Creative, learner-focussed methods such as discussions and active participation techniques will be used with the view to providing learning experiences that foster the achievement of the stated learning objectives (McDonald, 2013). A PowerPoint presentation will be used throughout the learning session to reinforce understanding, facilitate the teaching and learning experience, and stimulate the learning process (Jones, 2003). The Bloom’s taxonomy of instructional objectives will be used to enable a clear focus on the cognitive (analyzing, synthesizing, and conclusion-drawing capabilities), affective (change of attitude) and psychomotor (body) domains of the learners in order to trigger optimal understanding and reinforcement of knowledge (McDonald, 2013). Knowledge Assessment General questions will be asked at the beginning of the teaching session with the view to assessing the learners’ level of understanding on emergency nursing disaster preparedness. The assessment will assist the educator to not only establish existing knowledge gaps, but also to create mental hooks that will serve to anchor the intended instructional concepts (Campbell & Campbell, 2009). Additionally, the assessment will assist the educator to link learners’ prior knowledge
Introduction The mainstream elite media such as Newsweek, The New York Times, CNN, CBS, NBC, Washington Post, Fox, and ABC are perceived by Arab world people as biased in addressing issues of foreign affairs with regard to the Islamic world. Saudi Arabia is one of the Islamic countries that have always been scrutinized by the mainstream media in the United States. Many citizens of Saudi Arabia blame the US media for the American stereotypical representation of Arabs. This essay explores some of the recent US media representation about Saudi Arabia, and provides an insight into the effects of this aspect. The US Media representation of Saudi Arabia In the last two years, the mainstream US media has portrayed Saudi Arabia as a country that does not value rights and freedoms of women (Subramanian 1). They majorly point out the Muslim laws and the Arab culture has the impediment of women empowerment and rights. With reference to CNN, the arbitrary rules found in the Arab world restrict women’s freedom of putting on what they want (Ghitis par. 3). They are also denied the right to drive cars. This report was carried exclusively by CNN and ABC news in October and November 2013. The New York Times refers to Saudi Arabia as the only country in the world that does not allow its women to drive (Hubbard par. 5). This media reflection of the women’s rights in Saudi Arabia is positive, especially to our women who have been treated unjustly by culture and religion (Ghitis par. 4). This is positive reporting from the US media. However, on a negative note, the media are representing Saudi Arabia as a nation that does not respect women’s rights. Politics and democracy is another important issue that the United States has highlighted about Saudi Arabia. The New York Times depicts Saudi Arabia as a monarchy covenant and as an impediment to democracy. Khashoggi (2012) points out that the monarchical system of government denies the population the rate to vote and elect their leaders (Khashoggi par. 2). In regional politics, Saudi Arabia is reflected as a nation that prefers to work behind the scenes with a selfish agenda of promoting their vision. In his article, Tom Philips (CNN) argues that Saudi has always been at the forefront in pushing for Gulf regional stability (Phillips par. 3). This is a positive observation of the American media. However, due to its domestic, political, and democratic systems, the reason behind its push for regional integration is to take top slots. The United States media portray Saudi as a good business destination in the Middle East. It acknowledges that the country is the world’s most developing and the growing economy (“Business culture in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia” par. 3). The CNN report owes this to excellent business culture, business code and management style. This is a big compliment by the United States media on Saudi Arabia. The US media has been behind the stereotypical representation of Saudi and the entire Arabs (Phillips par. 5). This has always been negatively perceived though not very true. This has led to the Arabs being depicted as people who care less abo
Introduction Junk food has become very popular nowadays especially among children. Children really like junk food and as a result junk food are provided at school. Is it good or bad for children? There are advantages as well as disadvantages of junk food in schools. The arguments for junk food at schools There are three main advantages of junk food in schools namely quick preparation, change in routine and benefits for children’s health (Borkar, 2011). One of the main advantages of junk food is that it is simple to cook and it satiates hunger. If any child forgets his/her lunch bag at home it is very convenient to have junk food for lunch at school (Maire, n.d.). More than that, it is delicious and liked by children. It is the food that is easy to eat even on the go. As a result, junk food saves a lot of time and it is very convenient at schools where the breaks are not so long to have a rigorous lunch (Jenkins, 2005). The second advantage is the change in routine. Children are accustomed to the food prepared at home and junk food at school may add the variety to their routine menu (Antwerp, n.d.). It does not have serious effects on the health if it is varied with the food prepared at home. The third advantage is that it is healthy. Of course, there are cases when junk food is prepared with unhealthy ingredients and oil but there is also healthy junk food that may be eaten by children. If such junk food as potato chips or juice are available at school’s children will be protected from unhealthy food proposed outside the boundaries of the school ( Pros & Cons of Fast Foods in School, n.d.). The arguments against junk food at schools As for the disadvantages of junk food at schools, they are obesity, the influence over the students’ performance and other health issues (Richards, n.d.). It is a well-known fact that junk food contains a lot of salt, pepper and other unhealthy ingredients. All these ingredients are harmful as far as it is complicated for a young organism to break down them and these ingredients accumulate in the body (Rosenthal, n.d.). More than that, they prevent the absorption of other valuable nutrients and as a result affect the immune system. These harmful ingredients lead to obesity among children that is the burning issue nowadays (Ankerberg-Nobis, n.d.). This kind of food does not contain all the nutrients necessary for children and as a result it causes a lot of problems with their health (A Comparison of Nutritious Food and Junk Food , 2009). These health issues include heart problems such as hormonal imbalance, high blood pressure, a weakened immune system, and problems with liver, kidneys and stomach. The content of junk food including carbs, sodium and sugar is very unhealthy for children and it affects their performance at school (Bodeeb, 2011). It takes a lot of energy to digest junk food. As a result, after such snack the child begins to fade and become sluggish. The person feels weakness and the necessity to have a snack again. It is not an addiction, but it is the dependence on the boosts of energy that fade so quickly. There is no wonder that stude