ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The following research paper is designed to touch upon the subject of cohesive devices and their general effect on the process of translation. Quantitative methods and survey piloted by the researcher distributed to a group of ten students who are quite informed on the use of these cohesive devices as they apply those in English and Arabic. This group of respondents each is having an experience of not less than three years of dealing with English Arabic translations and their implementation in practice. The results showed that most students found that the use of cohesive devices was more frequent in English than in Arabic. The following pages will highlight some of the facts collected from representatives of this group. The research was limited to the study of the written translations of cohesive devices in English and Arabic languages. Introduction A cohesive device is a lexeme or more the function of which is to introduce an idea or to link it with another one in a text. Cohesive devices can be grammatical and /or lexical. Different types of cohesive devices are used for different functions. The aim of this study is to show the difference in using cohesive devices between English and Arabic translations. In general, a cohesive device in one language can have several equivalents in other ones. The use of ‘ Wa ’ (and) in Arabic language, for instance, is matched in English, by no means. The following example has been translated literally from standard Arabic: هو غادر سيدني ويسقط المطر بشدة – He left Sydney and the rain falls heavily. The intended meaning of and is certainly not the same as the English and . The function of Arabic and in this context is more like that of temporal adverb in English. In other words, a better equivalent in English is while (O’Regan, 2002). Cohesive devices can be used not only as adverbs of place or time as mentioned above, but also as the following parts of speech: 1) demonstratives, such as (this, these; that, those); 2) comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives, such as (young, younger, youngest); 3) conjunctions, mainly expressed by conjunctions, such as (and, but, yet, etc.), according to Gutt (as cited in Baker & Saldanha, 2008, p. ) who focused on the relevance of the translation with regard to the appropriateness of means used to render the meaning of the original text into the text in a target language. However, this research is designed to analyse my hypothesis that cohesive devices are more frequently used in English than Arabic. My research question in this context concerns the reasons for using cohesive devices in English is more frequent than Arabic. The research is based on the primary sources, suchlike a survey containing the answers of students; however, the research of secondary sources was conducted as well in order to learn more about the formal
People are surrounded by a range of objects that practically tell the history of the world’s development, yet no one pays enough attention to them. The same can be said about the history of the world as [people know it. Everyone can name a variety of characters that defined the course of history, yet the material objects that conceal an essential part of history are barely paid any attention to. The director of the British Museum has decided to address the specified issue and correct the mistake of disregarding the elements of culture that represent the evolution of the world. MacGregor offers a field trip to the British Museum, picking 100 objects that best represent the history of the world. The book is split into several parts in accordance with the hallmark events in the history of the humankind. Starting with the description of the Mummy of Hornedjitef, MacGregor dwells on the roots of the concept of material culture in the evolution of the humankind. The author draws correlations between the above stages of development and the concepts that defined the eras under analysis. For instance, starting with the objects that he claims to make people human, MacGregor transfers to the time period that he dines as glorifying the need to consume and procreate. The artworks that define the establishment of state and the related authorities follow, continued by the analysis of the artefa
Introduction There is no doubt that the utilization of modern technologies has numerous advantages. However, sometimes, the use of technologies may lead to negative consequences and even legal proceedings. For instance, when Uber introduced its self-driving cars and started testing them, a car accident that resulted in the death of a pedestrian occurred (Johnson & Fitzsimmons, 2018). It led to investigations aimed to reveal who was responsible for the accident. In this essay, the consequences of the violation of a criminal traffic or driving statute that may happen during a self-driving mode will be discussed. Also, it will be identified if Uber is liable for accidents in which people are injured as a result of a crash with self-driving cars. Main body The liability of a company or an individual depends on a number of factors. First of all, to understand who is responsible for a crash, it is necessary to conduct an investigation, which is usually performed by specialized agencies. There are many parties that may be liable for traffic accidents. They include automated cars, operators, pedestrians (or other vehicles involved in the accident), companies that introduced the utilization of self-driving cars, and the state. If Uber developed self-driving cars and was caught violating a criminal traffic or driving statute while in a self-driving mode, then the company is liable for breaking the law. In this situation, neither state nor pedestrians or other vehicles are involved. It is the responsibility of the company to ensure that the operation of automated cars is performed according to the law. Nevertheless, this situation needs further investigation as operators of automated cars are supposed to interfere in the process of driving if there are any unfavorable circumstances on the roads. The system, established in the self-driving vehicles, warns the drivers if there is a need to turn off the automatic mode. However, car operators still have an opportunity to drive the car at any time. Therefore, it should be investigated if the violation of rules occurred as a result of inattention of drivers or failure of the automatic system. In the first case, cat operators will b
Martha Stewart is the home-decorating entrepreneur, known to many. On December 27, 2001, Faneuil informed his boss Mr. Bacanovic that the ImClone Systems CEO was selling his shares in the company. On learning this information, Stewart sold all her shares in the company earning her a whopping $228,000. Martha Stewart’s Crime The charges leveled against Stewart regard “insider trading.” This is wherein a person sells or buys shares by using the tip or non-public information offered to them by individuals in the same company. This disadvantages shareholders and would-be-shareholders. Stewart was informed by her stockbroker, Douglas Faneuil, that Mr. Waksal was seeking to offload family shares held at Merrill Lynch. Acting on this information, Faneuil had passed the same information to Mr. Bacanovic. Bacanovic instructed Faneuil to pass the information to Stewart. Stewart then directed Faneuil to sell all her 3900 shares (Smith, 2014). While Mr. Waksal was a shareholder at Merrill Lynch, Stewart was a client and also held shares. Stewart was aware that the information she had been given by Faneuil about the sale was in contravention of the duties of confidence and trusted the stockbroker owed to the company and its clients. Nevertheless, she acted on the tip-off. She was convicted of securities fraud (Gilpin, 2005). Charges of conspiracy, deceit, and obstruction of justice were also preferred against her (Biography, 2004). Martha Stewart’s Act as White-Collar Crime White-collar crime is viewed as an illegal act typified by violation of confidence and trust, cover-up, or deception. These are not dependent upon the use of intimidation of, aggression, or physical force. In white-collar crimes, individuals and parties commit acts in pursuit of services, material goods, or money. Those involved seek to circumvent paying or losing services or money. They may also seek to secure individual or commerce advantage (Onlinelawyers, n.d.). In view of Stewart, the criteria were met. Being a client of Merrill Lynch, she violated trust and confidence by acting on inside information provided by Faneuil. She covered her act by pretending to have acted instinctively to the market to sell her shares (Scannell and Rose, 2004). She had feared that the refusal by FDA to authorize the drug under test, Erbitux, would result in a drop in share value or eventual collapse of the company. By selling her shares, she realized more than $200,000. In the process, she avoided losing $45,000. Martha Stewart’s Sentence The sentence given to Stewart was not equivalent to the charges preferred against her and found guilty. Sh
Introduction For an individual to be able to bring forth change, he or she must be well informed in the fields of leadership. Leaders are people who have the ability to productively run projects through the human resources utilizing the diverse forms of change that come along with it (Rosebush, 2005). In the process of leadership, an individual must be able to give rise to new ideas which can be used to propel an organization to greater heights. This article is aimed at discussing seven skills that are important in successfully managing change. Skills for managing change Change if not well managed can be result in various negative impacts. To avoid such instances, a leader is urged to be extra sensitive to learn situations which can lead him to identify safe landing grounds from which to spring out his or her newly innovated idea (Rosebush, 2005). His ideas however must be critically considered to make sure that they make sense before they are let known to the audience. As much as change is not desired by many, a leader can not sit back from being innovative since the welfare of any leadership position depends on the person on board to come up with ideas suiting the organizational changing times. People aspiring to be responsible for positive changes in a society must put themselves in positions that surpasses the levels at which most people find limits to their thinking. Besides they should be able to use their skills of communication to make the audience accommodate their ideas. This they can do by sweetening their language in describing the importance of getting their ideas implemented through a process known as the kaleidoscope thinking (Rosebush, 2005) After successfully getting people to their levels of understanding, the next step is to shape an idea into their minds to make one’s dream idea in their lives. This step will launch images in the audiences’ minds which will later be converted by their minds into themes pressing the people to start improvising visions that will give rise to ambitions among the group (Rosebush, 2005). Ambitious managers do not just stop there; they go further to implement the idea through able sponsors and any other party regardless of position and locality. It is however important that the leader considers the right people within the required bracket who can actually enable the group bring the dream to reality (Rosebush, 2005). This can be worked through the creation of a strong personal network. The fifth step is the nurturing of the idea through the rest of the participators who may otherwise be in a better position to translate the idea into materializing or fulfill their promises (Rosebush, 2005). The sixths step is a tempting step to withdraw from the whole idea started, which of course is a dangerous thing to do (Rosebush, 2005). It is important for a leader to note that every innovation has got its own challenges. Research indicates that the more innovation is pumped into a project and more research done over it, the more difficult and challenging it appears. It is not time to quite but time to persist. The fina
Four Different Curriculum Approaches As a rule, four curriculum approaches are typically identified. These include the Behavioral, Managerial, Systems, and Humanistic (self-actualization) Approaches (Ornstein & Hunkins 2008). The Reconceptualist Approach is also often mentioned as the complementary strategy that allows focusing on the promotion of a societal change (Sowell 2005). Approach Description The Humanistic Approach implies that the students’ needs and unique abilities should be taken into account when designing the curriculum. Alternative assessment strategies (e.g., peer assessment), self-directed learning and the promotion of the learners’ independence are incorporated into the curriculum (Kelly 2009). Curriculum innovation Concept The idea of curriculum innovation is rather simple. It implies that the learning process should be improved so that students could acquire the necessary skills and knowledge faster. Curriculum innovations may be implemented at several levels, including administrative and academic ones. First Example The focus on independent learning can be deemed as an example of curriculum innovation. Teachers may switch to encouraging learners to be proactive in their studies. As a result, the premises for self-directed learning can be created (Mota & Scott 2014). Second Example The promotion of the GIM Program in the school setting can also be viewed as an opportunity for an innovation. By definition, the program encourages learners to “transform research outputs into innovative products and services” (Maritz et al. 2014, p. 172). Thus, the program could help understand how research results inform and define the course of the progress. Reasons to Innovate Curriculum Reason One As a rule, the necessity to introduce curriculum innovations into the school setting occurs once schools start failing to meet students’ needs. Reason Two Sustaining high performance levels among students should also be listed among the primary reasons behind introducing innovations into the school design. Curriculum Development and Curriculum Design: Difference While the curriculum development is typically referred to as the conceptualization process, curriculum design traditionally includes the stages of planning, implementation, and monitoring. Based on their scope, both stages may occur at five key levels (supra, macro, meso, micro, nano) (Ornstein & Hunkins 2008). Curriculum Development Key Stages Traditionally, five essential stages are identified in the development of the curriculum. These include: 1) the identification of the school philosophy and purposes; 2) the establishment of the said purposes; 3) the choice of learning experiences; 4) the organization thereof; and 5) the assessment of the program (Wolven 2013). Stage One: Discussion The statement of the school philosophy is a crucial step toward meeting the students’ needs. Unless the focus is kept on the unique characteristics of the learners, promoting active knowledge acquisition will be impossible. Therefore, it is imperative to define
Global warming remains one of the hottest discussion topics in the United States of America. Such figures as politicians, scientists, and celebrities are involved in this debate. The following paper will discuss the film “Politics of Doubt” to determine whether scientific knowledge and facts support the global warming predictions popularized by mass media and the American government. What Role Doe Expert Opinion Play in the Climate Change Debate? Many scientists say that the menace of global warming is tremendous as the climate statistics show that the planet atmosphere temperature has been increasing since the 1980’s. However, the minority (approximately two percent) of professionals and specialists in the field of climate change claim that this theory is a hoax (“PBS Frontline Climate of Doubt” 00:02:02-00:53:07). Moreover, these people say that the government might sponsor the promotion of false opinion to make the American population believe it. Also, some respectable people in the world of politics are trying to persuade their colleagues and regular citizens of the country that global warming is a beneficial change as it might influence an ample harvest in the future (Bauer et al. 70). The false data delivered to the audience is not always fabricated. Nevertheless, it is not presented from the perspective that would show people all
Rapid industrialization and modernization of South Korea resulted in the class divide and evident social dysfunction as communication became broken down, and the working class was isolated. “Tribulations of two young men, symbols of the minjung, who have been cut off from their families and society due to a breakdown in traditional Korean social values and morality” (Standish, 1993, p. 81). Society and life forced the family of these young men to engage in activities such as prostitution or political activism, which was went against established traditions. Therefore, their future was inherently condemned despite their hopes and ambitions. Many lower-class youths were influenced by dreams of success and a life outside of South Korea, which showed little sign of stability. However, there was an abundant amount of societal and economic barriers which sought to eliminate practically every opportunity for growth, even in their home country. Chelsea and Mansu are highly symbolic, with various plot points contributing to character development and the struggles of their social roles. The protagonists exposed to Western influences begin to idolize and connect with specific symbols. “The process of subjective activation and reactivation through a complex transaction between symbolic and imaginary significations, transactions that give rise to an illusory sense of unity with the field of the other and coherence in narrative meaning” (Kim, 2004, p.137). This is seen as Chilsu takes a love interest to see Rocky IV, visualizing his own rise from the bottom and an immaculate victory to win over Ji-na’s heart. Throughout the film, the young men attempt to assume an identity other than their own through pretense. They create an image in their heads to a point where it begins to unify with their reality. However, the traumatic past and social status continue to haunt the protagonists as they find themselves frustratingly marginalized from society. Eventually, they come a full circle and are forced to face the realities of a country undergoing an intricate period of political uncertainty as the government is attempting to control a society striving towards democratization. Chelsea and Mansu is inherently a satirical film, attempting to highlight the deepening inequality in the economic development of South Korea. The young men post billboards of products they can never afford and view the high-rises of the industrial city, knowing that such housing for an entirely different social class. In the end, it is ironically their outcry at privilege, which results in the demise of the characters. The director attempts to portray that the young men’s social class lives in
Introduction The intellectual history of urban forms formed the framework for modern architectural designs. The development of ancient cities was underpinned by numerous determinants such as topography, defense, strategic location, religion, climate, and urban mobility that were closely associated with other factors. In addition, it was also guided by the pre-existing patterns of drainage, regional boundaries, and property boundaries among others. Ancient cities including Granada in Spain developed progressively through successive conquests that were religious in nature. Besides the above mentioned urban form determinants, the cities developed following artistic works of early civilization that attracted dynasties and immigrants from other places as they yearned to experience the works or conquer the incumbent in a bid to occupy the areas. This paper seeks to discuss the urban form determinants of Granada besides examining two key historical areas that influenced the existence of Granada City significantly before the industrial revolution. Urban Form Determinants The choice of urban development sites was influenced by a variety of determinants. Firstly, landscape is an important factor that determined the construction of drainage systems. During the era of conquests, topography was a vital determining factor since building of Monarchial buildings hinged on elevated places such as the Granada hilly area (Dixon, 2015). In addition, legislation significantly influenced urban planning and development. The emergence of bureaucracy in the nineteenth century saw some forms of legislative procedures outlined to guide urban settlements and development. Furthermore, urban infrastructure was an important consideration of urban planning. However, early generations of urban improvements were not suitably considerate since the successors faced major challenges in streamlining infrastructural design for proper development. Additionally, leisure was highly regarded as a significant factor, particularly in the Greek and Roman cities where sporting activities formed an integral part in the design and planning of the urban form (Dixon, 2015; Garcia-López, Holl, & Viladecans-Marsal, 2015). Other factors that contributed to the urban form in Granada were based on climate, religious, political, and agricultural attributes. Granada City Renowned for its almost unbeatable aesthetics and architectural splendor, the city of Granada is famous for its monumental heritage. It lies at the foot of Sierra Nevada Mountains and on the edge of an extraordinarily fertile plain. The city is divided by River Darro that runs underground in the city center (Kimmel, 2013). It is the capital of the former Muslim Kingdom named Granada. The strategic location of Granada city influenced the urban form as the infrastructural development including streets and roads were built regarding the topography of Granada. The Nasrid Alhambra had four main gates that were interconnected by the streets within Granada. Today the gates are named as the Gate of Law, the Gate of