ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thesis Capitalism resulted in major changes in the socio-economic system in the life of the people since its initiation and up-to-date. Capitalism basically refers to a system where the market economy determines the right of individuals to make profits, to invest and to determine pricing of goods and services (Hunt, E.K, 2002, 58). This major problem area that the capitalist system had major impact on includes:- Competition and Free Trade, Social Justice and Political Action and finally Philanthropy and Consumption. This essay will try to highlight the first problem area of Competition and Free Trade, what some of the known authors had to say about the effect of capitalism on it, and finally the overall impacts of the system on competition and protectionism. Introduction Capitalism per-ser was normally used to describes a philosophical political sense and narrowly an economic sense. i.e a free market based on the recognition of individual rights, including the right to private ownership of property. The system offered a great political freedom where the state is separated from the economy (production and trade) which offers a preference to put the ownership of property on individuals rather than on the state…but all these processes were protected by a rule of law. Competition and Free Trade Under Capitalism George Reisman in (George Reisman, p 1096) gives a comprehensive and intellectually powerful illustration of the values of the nature of laissez-faire capitalism. He concurred with the likes of Adam Smith and David Ricardo in their beliefs on the same school of thought. The scholars had the same idea regarding the subjects touching on wages, capital accumulation, m, monopoly , economic accounting and natural resources among others. His ideas were greatly opposed by critics like Marx and Keynes. In most of his books, Dr. Reisman demolished the following beliefs:- first, that the profit motive is the chief cause of starvation wages, second is that
Summary of the main argument of the paper including critical assessment of the methodology and/or results The paper focuses on the economic development of two chosen countries within the East Asia region, namely South Korea and Taiwan. As indicated, South Korea and Taiwan have experienced tremendous economic growth over the last fifty years with a record per-capita income of over 6%. The two countries managed to transform themselves into economic powerhouses. Such positive economic responses from the two countries have made them reduce substantially the percentage of aid from other developed countries. Initially, these countries engaged a lot in traditional import substitution policies coupled with multiple exchange rates within the repressed financial markets. However, such situation changed over the years with an appropriate alteration of existing economic strategies where instead of focusing on imports, the countries adopted export-oriented policies. Bigger percentage of the economy is attributable to the nature of expansion within export sector which ultimately led to rising incomes, investment, savings as well as productivity. Clear industrial priorities considered by both countries led to reshaping of comparative advantage which ultimately created conducive environment for trade within the
Introduction Families are the most basic social units in society with regard to the creation of relationships, and thus it important to understand the dynamics that govern interactions among individual family members in order to develop a better understanding of the society in its entirety. Every family has its own unique dynamics dependent on the personality traits of its individuals. Apart from helping people to understand the family and societal operations, understanding family dynamics enables people to understand problems that families face and, subsequently fashion appropriate professional interventions. One prominent feature that helps in deciphering, a concise understanding of dynamism in families, and establishing lasting bonds among its members is communication. Communication exists in both verbal and non-verbal forms. This paper explores the implications of non-verbal communication in dynamic families and discusses the most appropriate intervention strategy for such a family. A dynamic family is one where members possess traits or behaviors that distinguish each from the other, especially in relation to coping with situations common to all of them, such as communicating. Importance of Verbal Communication Although non-verbal communication is important in understanding social cues, verbal communication presents certain advantages that are critical in the formation of strong family bonds, especially in dynamic families. One such advantage of verbal communication within the family setting is the provision for clarification of information. Non-verbal forms of communication such as gestures, facial expressions, and body language allow people to communicate aspects such as discomfort, anxiety, and disgust without having to utter words that others might find offensive (Carnegie, 1990). Although such cues are critical in understanding the personality of a person, non-verbal communication sometimes creates ambiguity and misunderstandings that are difficult to resolve without verbal communication. For instance, waving is a hand gesture that often communicates a myriad of messages. Depending on the context, a wave of the hand might imply a greeting or dismissal of an idea, among other meanings. Therefore, it is possible for two people to perceive two distinct meanings from the same gesture. This kind of confusion can oftentimes occur in dynamic families where individuals possess different personalities, thus dealing with issues differently. Secondly, verbal communication makes it easy for individuals within a family setting to express their emotions without fear of misunderstanding. Expression of emotions is especially important as it prevents instances where individuals bottle up emotions, thus resulting in psychological meltdowns in the future. Verbal expression of emotions reduces feelings of vulnerability while eliminating the need to use a
Introduction Currently, student-athletes who attend colleges and universities are not properly compensated for their contributions towards the athletic programs. Higher learning institutions are earning huge income from division-one college athletics. In fact, the first division college athletics attract huge amount of audience enabling higher learning institutions to receive huge revenue. Besides, other related activities also contribute to the income (Gatmen, 2011). In return, colleges offer meager scholarship packages to the students. While the majority would argue from various perspectives that the scholarships and the meager benefits are enough compensation, the huge amount of returns the colleges and universities receive from the student-athletes participating in the sports are not commensurate to what they get (Gatmen, 2011). In essence, colleges and universities are exploiting athletes. In the recent past, the argument for inclusion of the student-athletes in the college employment in order to be compensated fully has become more prominent. The argument is that the amount being provided in the form of scholarships is not enough for extra expenses. In fact, the money provided by various colleges in form of the student sponsorships only cover for primary needs. As a result, most of the student-athletes are leaving school early to enter the professional leagues in order to make money, or leaving school to relieve the financial burdens placed upon them by their families (Sobocinski, 2006). Besides, the need for extra money has prompted increased contravention of regulatory frameworks that control the conduct of college and university boosters. The boosters have been accused of paying players and making deals with student-athletes outside the universities and colleges set of regulations. The underlying issues could easily be avoided through the adoption of programs that ensure full compensation of student-athletes (Sobocinski, 2006). Many student athletes come from disadvantaged backgrounds and although free tuition is great, they are still in need of money for other expenses that every college student requires. Until recently, the NCAA would not allow student-athletes on scholarships to work (Sobocinski, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to examine the recent push by various stakeholders and student-athletes to be considered employees of their various learning institutions and be fully compensated. Literature Review Several persuasive arguments have been advanced for the employment and full compensation of the student-athletes. In fact, the arguments for the employment and full compensation of student-athletes have been based on the commercialization of intercollegiate sports, competitive recruitment and eligibility standards of the student-athletes as well as revenues and improved images the winning of such competitions bring to the institutions (Sobocinski, 2006). While most proponents agitate for full college employment and full professional compensation, the higher learning institu
Risk factor With the advent of online business and payment systems, both venders and consumers have momentously benefited from the ease with which they can conduct commercial transactions. However, this new trend has been accompanied by a series of emerging risks associated with e-commerce that threaten the integrity of the transactions. One of the major operational risks in online business is identity theft, which occurs when a fraudster illegally assumes the identity of the account holder. Given that online business accounts are typically secured with passwords that are managed through email, there an overt vulnerability to online account holders. All a hacker needs to do is access the victim’s email and their user details, then they can reset passwords and my personal information. Case in point, in 2007, there was a spate of hackings in the US after fraudsters accessed over 130 million credit card numbers, which were used to steal millions from unsuspecting account holders. Relationship between risk and E-commerce The connection between the risk of identity theft and e-commerce is unambiguous, given that the transaction between the vendor and customer is done without any face-to-face verification. Consequently, anyone with the right details can access the same information as the account holder, including the privileges for withdrawal and transfer of funds. When account details are stolen, the thief uses them to open online accounts and buy items in the name of the account owner. These are later resold, and in the end, the victim ends up accumulating credit card bills or finding huge withdrawals in their account. With the increase in companies putting their business on online platforms, this risk is becoming more acute with time, which calls for decisive remedial action. Risk mitigation To reduce such cases, several measures can be taken to insulate the account owners from identity theft. For one, there should be a more comprehensive system for authenticating online transactions, especially when the amounts involved are significant. One possible technique could be the use of biometric hardware, which can be installed on smartphones and computers. Consequently, when one wants to change their account details, they will have to “physically” verify the transaction and, therefore, a third party cannot seize these accounts. For example, a bank like Barclays provides users with the opportunity to transact online and manage their account through their smartphones or PCs. Consequently, users of such services are vulnerable to criminals who may create online accounts
Who is King’s explicit audience? To whom is he addressing his letter? Martin Luther King Jr. seeks the attention of a larger and universal audience in this letter from Birmingham jail. His audiences are not only the oppressed black minority groups but also the whites who perpetuate the injustices. Luther is addressing the Alabama clergymen in this letter, and he artistically uses his communication skills to view his concerns. Contrary to those who took part in oppressing him, Luther is addressing a greater good that is aimed at uniting his intended audience on a larger magnitude. King addresses the Alabama clergymen, referring to them as his “dear and fellow clergymen” (King 548), and regard them as “men of genuine will” (548) who are very sincere towards careful responses and fundamental values. Luther captures not only the eight clergymen he is addressing in this letter, but also his entire audience by making biblical references to Jesus and Paul who were oppressed as creative extremists, but was dedicated servants of God. This is one of the most catching parts in his letter since he managed to capture both the clergymen and the audience by establishing this common ground of religion (African Studies Gender 1). Of what does he claim he wants to convince them? To what conclusions does he want them to come? Martin Luther claimed that he wanted to convince the eight clergymen who had strongly criticized his work on civil rights. He wanted the clergymen to be convinced of the utility of this noble commitment in the area of civil rights awareness at that particular moment in time. Martin Luther King wanted the clergymen and the entire group of individuals who were opposing them to conclude that he had adequate authority and sufficient commitment to advance the cause of civil rights on his community’s behalf (African Studies Gender 1). What are his various arguments to support those purposes? Martin Luther King Jr. uses various arguments to support his civil rights purposes. Luther argued that he was capable of successfully leading his oppressed community in championing their rights. Besides, he wanted to create some rejections to immoral behaviors (Fulkerson 129). Think about his larger audience once the letter is published across America. Of what must he convince them? To what conclusions does he want them to come? Once Luther’s letter is published across America, his audience would react towards his support and commitment to liberating them from oppression, and making sure that justice and morality prevail in society. He wanted his audience to conclude that there is a need for peace and unity (African Studies Gender 1). Besides, the audience would conclude that Luther was championing their independence through civil rights. Where do you find effective strategies for his making this larger appeal? Effective strategies for his making this larger appeal are evidenced from the letter, that is, in the second paragraph, where he stated that he had “the honor of serving in the position of a president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference” (African Studies Ge
Introduction The play by August Wilson is set in Pittsburgh in 1985 and shows King, an African-American ex-con who is pursuing rebuilding his life. His dream is to buy a video store, and he needs 10,000 dollars for that, so he gets involved in selling stolen refrigerators to earn the money. Viewers get to meet his mother, his wife, his friend, a neighbor from next door, and his mother’s former lover. The play is touching and even funny at certain parts, but overall it became one of the darkest and most tragic reflections on African-American life in the 20th century’s drama. Indeed, it gives a rather depressing impression at the end, inevitably provoking thoughts about particular social issues along with emotions about the story. Themes and Arguments First of all, I do
Introduction Poverty reduction is supported globally as the principal means of achieving economic development. However, a consensus has never been reached on what poverty actually is and how to quantify it. Therefore, different approaches and schools of thought have been applied to understand and tackle poverty (Watts, 1990, P. 3). United Nations High Commission for Human Rights (UNHCR) views poverty through a multidimensional perspective. UNHCR defines poverty through as a series of interconnected and equally underlining dispossessions and creating awareness on dishonor, prejudice, uncertainty, and social segregation related to abject squalor (Winman, 2012, p. 1). Whichever approach is used, it is probable to picture that there is a minimum level in which poverty is not acceptable. The minimal unacceptable level of poverty is commonly referred to as absolute poverty. Relative poverty is the unforgivable level of poverty ranging between average and absolute poverty. Poverty is universally defined in relative terms since it is not easy to define poverty in absolute terms (Watts, 1990, P. 3). Earlier economists, for instance, Adam Smith defined a minimum level of poverty based on public perception and standard (Winman, 2012, p. 1). The unacceptable level of poverty is a situation characterized by severe dispossession of fundamental needs, for instance, clean water, sanitation amenities, wellbeing, housing, school, and information (Winman, 2012, p. 2). Therefore, poverty is not all about the income but also access to social amenities. This study aims at exploring poverty and assessing its impact on society. The study will also come up with an economic policy solution to this problem, analyze a number of theories related to the policy solution, and determine the impact of the policy on the stakeholders. Last but not least, the study will assess the impact of the proposed policy on the problem in general. Different Approaches to poverty As already mentioned, different literatures apply different approaches and strategies when exploring poverty. These approaches help in quantifying poverty, identifying its causes, and impact on society. Some of the approaches used include income approach, fundamental needs approach, capabilities approach, well-being approach, inequality approach, and human rights-based approach (Narayan & Petesch, 2007, p. 4). According to the income approach, individuals earning an income that is below the minimum subsistence level are considered poor. For instance,
Introduction Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic disease that damages axial joints adjacent to the midline in the spinal cord and those in the pelvis sacroiliac (Springhouse, 2006). The condition may lead to gradual fusion of the spine thereby damaging its integrity. Ankylosing spondylitis starts when the connective tissues (ligaments and tendons) get slotted into the bones through an inflammation process leading to spinal stiffness and irritation of the marginal joints (Springhouse, 2006). In addition, AS may cause irritation of the iris, bowel, and aorta. Moreover, it is associated with amyloidosis and fibrosis as well as various neurological disorders like spinal narrowing and dislocation of cervical vertebras one and two. Epidemiological studies reveal that the disease is more regular in men than in women (Khan, 2009). Precisely, three males suffer from the condition per every one female. High incidences of the disease are recorded in men aged between fifteen to thirty years (Springhouse, 2006). However, there are concerns that the majority of females suffering from the disease are unrecognized as they express gentle symptoms. Moreover, the disease can affect any individual aged between ten to forty years, and its overall prevalence is approximated at 1.4% and below with 0.13% of United States citizens being affected (Springhouse, 2006). Between 2002 and 2003, 0.013% of all hospital cases in the United Kingdom were AS conditions and ninety-six percent of them required hospital admission (Springhouse, 2006). Generally, it is approximated that five percent of AS disease cases arise during childhood with boys being at high risk when compared to girls. Genetics seems to play a role since over ninety percent of patients suffering from the disease have relatives whoever experienced the same condition (Michael, John & Heijde, 2006). Furthermore, the majority of individuals possessing the Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 gene are attacked by AS. Besides, the disease is highly prevalent among Native Americans as compared to black Americans (Khan, 2009). The cost of managing ankylosing spondylitis is high due to expensive chemotherapies, physiotherapies, and diagnostic tests (Springhouse, 2006). Ankylosing spondylitis can cause death although individuals suffering
Introduction Foie Gras or fatty liver production is the process whereby geese aged between 9-25 weeks are force fed for a period of 14-21 days. Though it is mostly done using geese, ducks can also do United States for example uses only ducks for fatty liver production. Ducks that are commonly used for this production are mostly hybrid Muscovy (Mulard) drakes as they have the tendency to accumulate fat in the liver and nowhere else in the body. They have to be raised in barns until plumage develops, get free access to food by outdoor grazing and then are force fed in pens for the final fattening period which normally is between 3 to four weeks (Shepstone 5). Background Information Force-feeding or over feeding is the process of feeding an animal or a person against their will. In humans, it is done by passing a feeding tube through the nose or mouth into the oesophagus. In circumstances when this feeding is done for medical reasons, it is not regarded as force feeding. Force feeding in humans began with the suffragettes, a group of people who wanted women to have the right to vote in the year 1897 (Shepstone 5). The movement was led by Millicent Fawcett and was quite a peaceful one up until 1905 when Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kennedy caused a stir by questioning Winston Churchill and Sir Edward Grey, both Liberal politicians, if they believed women should have rights to vote. Both men did not reply and the women resulted to pulling out a banner reading ‘votes for women’ and ended up in prison. The suffragettes became violent and when arrested, they went on hunger strikes. The Government then resulted to force feeding them in an effort to avoid deaths that could make the prisoners look like martyrs. Force feeding in animals is mostly done to geese and ducks. The idea of force feeding animals is believed to have its roots in ancient Egypt after man noticed that most wild geese overfed while preparing for migrations (Shepstone 5). Force Feeding During the force feeding period, corn is the nutrient of choice as it is cheaper in addition to having high starch content. This kind of food manufacture is specific and demands that an individual be both skillful and perceptive in order to achieve success. Geese are available in many different breeds and crosses but the suitability of them for force-feeding depends on two issues. One, the breed has to respond positively to the force-feeding process meaning it has to develop an enlarged liver and of the desired size within the force-feedin