ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Langston Hughes lived between 1902 and 1967. He was born in a Negro family and brought up by his maternal grandmother after his parents separated. His grandmother must have brought him up to be proud of being an African American. He lived during a time when there was racial discrimination in America and the White Americans looked down on the Black Americans. Hughes started writing literary articles at an early age. He wrote poems for his class in his grammar school where his classmates appointed him as the class poet (“Life of Langston Hughes,” para.2). During his high school life, Hughes wrote a number of poems, plays, newspaper articles and even edited the school magazine and yearbook. This prepared him to become a great writer of poems, plays, novels and other literary articles during his adulthood. Hughes was one of the main artists who contributed positively and much to the Harlem Renaissance during the 1920s. The black elites included the educated African Americans of the Harlem Renaissance and the middle class African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance writers like W.E.B Du Bois, Fauset and Alain used their literary skills to pass a message to the white Americans that the black Americans needed to be treated as ordinary human beings. The middle class Black Americans on the other hand struggled to emulate the whites and did everything to try to be like them. They believed that a white man was superior to a black man. Langston Hughes, through his w
The role of instructional planning in the process of teaching should not be underestimated. The primary aim of the teacher is to adhere to the curriculum and employ all necessary strategies and methods to provide students with the lesson that is maximally useful. The planning is directly connected with the definition of the learning opportunities of pupils. The purpose of the instructional planning is to set the goals that should be achieved and the ways for their accomplishment. The value of instructional planning lays in the fact that every teacher should be prepared for all activities that will be conducted in the class. Although there are different types of planning, all of them have the typical essential structure. Thus, the teacher should define the objectives of any lesson. Then, it is necessary to clarify resources and materials that will be used. The next element is the description of all class activities. The home assignment comes next. Finally, every lesson planning should end with the assessment as far as it is the significant part of the teaching process. Hunter’s model includes seven essential steps for the lesson while Common Core aligned instructional plan adapts the lesson planning to the state standards of education. Despite t
The book of Romans is arguably one of the most profound epistles in the New Testament, and perhaps the most important book in the bible. The book centers on Christian faith and the basic christain values that Paul advocated for the church. It is for this reason that the book is vitally instrumental for evangelical ministries as it directly speaks to the conscience, and invokes redemption. It entails messages of good news, explaining the blessings Christians have for being saved by Jesus Christ. As a means to glorify God, the book reveals the truth of the gospel, which is supposed to strengthen the faith of believers. The book provides a complete theological framework of Paul’s epistles, laying down the fundamentals of the gospel. Chronologically, the Romans have played a vital role in the growth of the church over the years; making the scripture essential for every believer to master. The power of Holy Spirit is severally mentioned in the epistle, and is seen to bring joy, peace and fulfilment. However, it is only attained with salvation, and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the savior who died so the world can be saved from eternal pain in hell. Basically, the epistle is a guide for citizenship in the kingdom of heaven; in other words, it lets C
Abstract Historically, for the last 9500 years, people have been domesticating cats. Evolutionary studies show that cats depict evolutionary behaviors such as territory marking, grooming, mating, social organization, and communication. Based on evolutionary studies, this study focuses on making observation of evolutionary behaviors that entail territory marking. The findings revealed that, while scratching and rubbing against objects are common cat behaviors, urinating and defecating are rare behaviors of marking territory. Ultimately, although the study had limitation due to lack of control experiments, it revealed that cats need expansive environment for them to wander and expand their territory. Introduction Domestic cats are good pets because they do not only offer companionship to human beings but also help in eradication of rodents in homesteads. Domestic cats frequently interact with human beings because they live together in the house and share the same environment. Due to their smooth hair, flexible bodies, and friendliness, human beings have taken them as pets that live indoors. Moreover, since domestic cats are carnivores, they hunt for rodents in the homestead, thus help human beings in keeping rodents away from their houses. Domestic cats have unique behaviors in that although they are social animals, they spend great deal of their time in solitude except during mating or when nurturing their kids. Living with human beings, cats wander within a home range or neighborhood, making it possible to observe their wandering habits and unique behaviors that they portray. Many studies have attempted to elucidate unique evolutionary behaviors of cats since they share same environment with people and other domestic animals. The studies seek to explain how cats associate and communicate among themselves. In addition, the studies also seek to establish how cats interact and associate harmoniously with people and other domesticated animals in the homestead and within their environment in the neighborhood. As aforementioned, Blackshaw notes that, cats depict diverse evolutionary behaviors such as territory marking, grooming, communication, social organization and mating (64). In territory marking, cats employ variety of strategies including scratching of objects, urinating, defecating and cheek rubbing. Territory marking is very important in warning and keeping away other cats from intruding into marked territories. Cats also depict grooming behavior because they often lick and scratch their fur when resting to ensure that their bodies are clean and free from any parasites. In terms of communication, cats have various ways of communication such as purring, meowing, grunting, and hissing depending on their moods and environment. Although cats are solitary animals, social organization is common during
States remain the core units in the study of international theories (IR), practices, and disciplines. The position of the state as the core unit of this study is not likely to change in the near future. When studying IR, state policy is the subject of several analyses. For instance, it is the state’s decision to go to war, to invoke trade restrictions, and to enact environmental treaties. In addition, it is the decision of the state to enter into any international agreements and to decide whether or not to abide to the stipulations that are spelt out by such agreements. Even IR theories that do not focus on the importance of state will often touch on the relevance of a state’s practice. The study of IR concerns itself with the actions of the state, and the effects these actions have towards other states. States are often analyzed as common units when considering IR theories and practices. This essay argues that it can be assumed that formulation of theories in the study of IR necessitates the consideration of the state as a unitary actor that seeks to maximize its power or wealth. All theories, be they in science, mathematics, psychology, and physics are aimed at simplifying complex concepts by making them explainable. Different theories can be grouped depending on the similarities of their assumptions. Any theory can only be confirmed after it has been tested. Therefore, theories will take a long time before they are truly accepted in scholarly circles. Several theories of IR assume that states are the main elements in global politics. Theories that put states in the middle of international relations do not ignore the other elements that formulate IR. The rationale behind states being the main actors in IR theories is that it is almost impossible to propose a theory without having examined the singularity of the state. By focusing on the analysis of the state as a single unit, international relations scholars usually hope to understand the mechanisms behind international politics. The advantages of using this approach often outweigh the disadvantages. The opponents of this approach argue that it is empirically beneficial to consider a wide range of factors and not only the state. In addition, it is argued that consideri
Abstract Little has been said about what makes a long-term robust interaction between buyers and suppliers. However, it is vital to figure out the points that form this collaboration, as in case any problems occur, it would be easier to solve them. The main purpose of this work is to determine the main factors that shape a successful buyer/supplier relationship and create a certain strategy to manage their interaction. In this paper, the most important aspects are described, and their value in mutual collaboration is explained. These factors play the most important roles in the relationship management establishment and are to be studied carefully. A strategy for managing this relationship is suggested at the end of the work. Introduction In the modern age, buyer/supplier relationships have many factors that determine the character of this interaction. It resembles hierarchical structures as suppliers must meet the demands of buyers and vice versa (Aoki & Wilhelm, 2017). Many aspects contribute to the way the collaboration works; one cannot point just a single factor that determines it. The factors that impact this interaction are based on two-way communication, as there are two parties involved. Here are the key factors that play an important part in the buyer/supplier relationship. Mutual Trust One of the key aspects of the buyer/supplier relationship is trust. According to Rogers and Fells (2017), “Elements such as trust, information exchange … impact …on negotiations that inevitably arise during the implementation of that contract” (p. 124). One peculiarity about this quality is that it is acquired over a period of time and built on one’s performance. Supporting the promises with actions and proving one’s credibility contributes to the creation of a loyal relationship between buyer and supplier. Moreover, the way certain problems are solved is a part of building trust. Rogers and Fells (2017) claim that “regular interaction with counterparts provides opportunities for trust to develop as does ‘being open, with no secrets” (p. 127). An honest long-term relationship cannot exist without mutual credibility from the buyer and supplier. There are various levels of trust, though, and they are established based on different aspects. As Rogers and Fells (2017) claim, there is “identification-based trust”, “when the parties identify with each other and understand each other’s needs and aspirations” (p.127). Then there is also a “calculus-based trust” when having faith in a negotiator might bring more benefit than not having it (Rogers & Fells, 2017). It would be safe to assume that the trust established between supplier and buyer at first will be mostly calculative and self-interest based. According to Maestrini et al. (2018), mutual trust is what is “characterizing the rel
Dantes masterpiece the Divine Comedy is now considered by many critics as one of the most prominent works in the history of the world literature. This epic poem represents philosophical, religious and ethical views of the Middle Ages. It is saturated with allusions to the Bible, particularly to the Gospels. This paper aims to compare and contrast the last canto of the Inferno and the last canto of the Paradise. These parts throw light on the authors vision of good and evil, sin and virtue. During the analysis, it is necessary to focus on the use of stylistic devices, the structure of verses and most importantly symbolism. This may help us get better understanding of the main message which Dante wanted to convey. At this point, we need to say that there may be a great number of interpretations, and even now scholars try to rediscover new dimensions of the Divine Comedy. The first and most obvious similarity is the use of terza rima or a verse which consists of three lines. In fact, the entire poem is written in this way and Dante is believed to be the first person who used it so extensively. The number three occurs in both cantos. For instance, the narrator describes God in the following way: “Within its depthless clarity of substance I saw the Great Light shine into three circles. In clear three colors bound in one same space” (Dante et al, 393). Many commentators of The Divine Comedy believe that number three symbolizes the Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Yet, this is just a hypothesis, which is briskly debated nowadays. Still, we may say that Christian worldview is traceable throughout this poem. Paradoxically, number three is also present in the last canto of Hell. It should be borne in mind that Satan is surrounded by the three most perverted sinners, Brutus, Cassius, and Judas Iscariot. Naturally, it is just the authors subjective opinion: actually, Dante places them in the last circle of hell because in his view treachery is the deadliest sin. Apart from that, Satan has three faces. (Dante et al, p 176). To some extent, this is a direct opposition to the Holy Trinity. But this symbol also means that evil can take various disguises or masks, and it is rather difficult to uncover it. Another feature which is of great interest is the fact that neither God nor Satan utters a single word. In Inferno, Lucifer is absolutely silent. However, Dante suggests that this fallen angel bitterly regrets his former rebellion against the Maker. The pilgrim says, “with six eyes did he weep and down three chins tricked the tear drops” (Dante et al p, 176). On the whole, it is quite possible to argue that the story-teller feels contempt for him and probably pity. In turn, Gods silence can be taken as token of his greatness and omnipresence. In order to explain the differences existing between the two cantos, we shou
Introduction The 21st century has been characterized by many inventions and novel technological breakthroughs. The entertainment industry has been one sector which has been positively impacted by these technological advances with video games in particular exhibiting exponential growth. These games have in the course of a few decades advanced from their humble origins in the computer lab to a contemporary status as one of the leaders of the multibillion dollar global entertainment industry. Lin reveals that online games account for more than $10 billion in annual sales making them a lucrative part of the entertainment industry (220). Most of the popular video games have multiplayer modes and can be played online. Online games are increasingly characterized by computer mediated communication between the players. This communication is regarded as having significance in the international communication process. This paper will set out to argue that online gaming has mostly had a positive impact on the communication process. To reinforce this claim, this paper will discuss the advantages of online gaming as a medium for international communication. The demerits of the medium will also be pointed out so as to provide a balanced view. Evolution of Online Gaming Communication Online games have had significant advances which have made them attract a wide selection of players. Griffiths et al. assert that the stereotypical image of the online gamer as a socially withdrawn young male with limited sex role identify is misplaced since game clientele is very much an adult profile (86). The significant changes which have made online gaming an important medium for international communication processes are as follows. Traditional games were mostly run on a single player mode and it was not possible to interact with other players. The games played did not incorporate features like virtual environments and use of real time. Real time interaction is the defining characteristic of online games. The multiple players participate in real time events and individual players may be located in different geographical regions. Messages sent to other players can therefore be responded to in an instance. The user interface is an important aspect of the game since it enhances or limits the gaming experience of the player. In the past, user interfaces were simple and did not engage the user. At the present, the interfaces have been improved greatly and
As explained by institutional theory, people tend to adhere to traditional institutions despite the presence of far better and more efficient alternatives due to their belief that with age comes stability and as such would be a better choice than an untested and potentially unstable system. One example of this can be seen in today’s social institutions wherein in one way or another people still adhere to practices related to competition and competitive behavior wherein society today is often described as a “dog eat dog world” defined by inter and intra social competitive behaviors and traditions. This is evident in the U.S. social system today where individuals actively compete against each other in various aspects related to work, social standing and a variety of similar situations all of which involve individuals working towards “getting ahead.” The concept of “getting ahead” is so ingrained in American society today that it is a ubiquitous concept adhered to by a large percentage of the population all of whom want to “get ahead” of their fellow man. This, of course, has created a di
Introduction Process Consultation (PC) is an organization development strategy that aims at building relationships. It supports clients by increasing awareness and understanding to empower them to apply skills to improve their performance (Cummings & Worley, 2009). PC ensures that the people receiving the help own their weaknesses or problems, gain knowledge, skills, and expertise to diagnose them, and then solve their issues by themselves (Waclawski & Church, 2002). This paper explains how I can use this approach to help a manager to communicate effectively with subordinates. It also discusses the potential obstacles that I might face while helping the manager. How I would use a process consultation approach to help a manager with problems communicating effectively with her subordinates? First, I will inform the manager that, even though great speakers are born, most of them learn to communicate well on the job. Therefore, she should not feel shame about consulting professionals. Communication is a core competency for employers or managers and hence the need for her to acknowledge the idea (Gupta & Chin, 1994). I will convince the manager to develop those skills because this can help her to communicate effectively. The manager should create a culture that enhances the cooperation of employees and effective communication (Adair, 2009). Using process consultation, I will advise the manager to spare at least 15 minutes with the employees daily, and share with them about their social lives. The manager should help them to understand the goals of the company. She should be approachable. This is a good start in communication. In this case, with the knowledge of the business and understanding their manager, she cannot have problems communicating with them. The manager can organize to meet with them in groups or one-on-one. Employees feel good when they are updated about any changes or plans of the company. I will help the manager to ensure that her message is heard to avoid communication problems with employees. I will inform her that the way she communicates is as important. In this case, the message of her communication will provide the way forward. Therefore, to communicate, she should evaluate her abilities, sharpen her message, and recognize the good work that employees do. She should also prepare for meetings, understand the unspoken signals, and do a follow-up among other strategies. She should not be bossy to her employees to the extent that she makes decisions that are against the will of the employees. She should also listen to them and show by gestures such as nodding, eye t
What is This Case Study About? The case study is about Organizational Behavior (OB), and how it affects productivity and work ethics. OB is highlighted in the case study through different characters including, Amie Lee, Hahn Chen, and Abdul Balli. Abdul, who is a manager, promotes Amie based on her excellent interaction with both employees and clients. However, Hahn disagrees with the promotion stating that Amie will not add any value to the position as she lacks technical expertise. Due to this, Hahn would like a transfer. It should be noted that both Amie and Hahn can be described as ideal employees with much knowledge in their fields. What Areas of OB Does It Cover? Organizational Behavior has several essential elements. One such element that is brought out through the case study is that of leadership (Tinti, Venelli-Costa, Martins-Vieira & Cappellozza, 2017). It can be argued that Abdul, who is the manager, has strong leadership skills. First, he weighs the merits and demerits of promoting Amie Lee. He acknowledges that she has excellent customer relations, and ties this value to the organization’s strategy. Additionally, Abdul also tries to resolve the complaint against Amie by bringing together all affected parties. He acknowledges that both sides have valid reasons for their actions and opinions. The case study also covers the concept of company structure. Even though Abdul recognizes the benefit of promoting Amie, Hahn does not. Additionally, Hahn appears to be unsure of Amie’s job description. For instance, Hahn believes that Amie should only deal with customers as a salesperson, but should not be promoted to supervisor as that position requires someone with a background in technology and innovation. In line with the stated, one can also argue that the technical person still needs non-technical expertise to run the department smoothly. The case study also covers the concept of culture. Organizational culture partly involves how employees treat and view each other (Moonjoo, 2017). One of the oldest employees in the company has a negative attitude towards the colleague. According to Hahn, there is no way Amie can supervise him as she lacks the technical expertise to understand his work. Additionally, from Hahn’s behavior, one can denote a feeling of superiority. He, thus, belittles Amie due to her non-technical background. What Are Some of the Theories That Are Covered in This Case? How Would You Apply Them? Two OB theories can be applied in the case study provided. The first, the System Model, supports the integration of different views, skills, and opinions in a work setting. Abdul applies this OB theory in his leadership style. He not only engages technical experts, such as Hahn but also involves non-technical experts, such as Amie. The second theory that can be applied to the case study is the Collegial Model. The Collegial Model appreciates the need for consensus in business. Using this theory, Abdul can resolve the problem by sharing powers between Hahn and Amie. In turn, Hahn would also be promoted to a supervisor. The division of power would then be based on expertise, w