ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We live in time when the beneficence of many socio-political and judicial policies, currently institutionalized in Western countries, is being increasingly doubted not only by ordinary citizens but by governmental top officials, as well. For example, up until comparatively recent times, it used to be considered something utterly unlikely for the governmental official from a country that officially takes pride in being multicultural, to come up with public statements against ‘celebration of diversity’ policy. Nowadays, this is no longer the case – on October 17, 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel had officially declared that the policy of multiculturalism in Germany had failed miserably. In his article, Weaver (2010) quotes Merkel: “This [multicultural] approach has failed, utterly failed” (Guardian.co.uk). Therefore, it is only logical to expect that in very near future, the validity of many previously unquestionable multiculturalism-related and ideologically charged notions, such as the assumption that the practice of racial profiling by police is utterly inappropriate, would be revised. In our paper, we will aim at substantiating this thesis to a further extent. Even a brief glimpse on how the concept of racial profiling is being defined by social scientists and political activists that consider themselves particularly ‘progressive’ (read – affiliated with neo-Liberal agenda), reveals an undeniable fact that, while coming up with a definition, these people intentionally strive to emphasize concept’s moral unsuitability. For example, according to Banks (2001): “Racial profiling constitutes the intentional consideration of race in a manner that disparately impacts certain racial minority groups, contributing to the disproportionate investigation, detention, and mistreatment of innocent members of those groups” (p. 1077). The definition of racial profiling by Ramirez et al. (2000) appears being just as emotionally charged: “Any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity” (p. 3). Both of these definitions, of course, were meant to expose the policy of racial profiling as being inheritably wicked and above all – scientifically unsubstantiated, as definitions’ very sounding implies that there is no link between the notion of race and the notion of crime. Nevertheless, as crime-related statistical data indicates – the specifics of a particular individual’s biological constitution are indeed reflective of his or her tendency to indulge in anti-social behavior. According to statistical data, available on the web site of U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2009, out of 125,910 incidents of rape/sexual assault, African-Americans perpetrated 110,100 – that is, despite the fact that as of 2009, African-Americans constituted only 13.5% of America’s total population. Therefore, the suggestions that cri
I want to address the issue of the lack of education about pain and its treatment among medical professionals. I have encountered that problem in my studies and practice. I believe it to be crucial in combating several issues the healthcare system is facing. The modern approach to pain treatment developed in the mid-1980s was based on very limited research based on mere 38 cases (Portenoy & Foley, 1986). Since then opioid analgesics became the basis of pain treatment for the majority of patients. That led to the oversimplification of pain treatment which in turn led to misuse of opioids, increase in the number of addicts, and proliferation of infamous “pill mills”. In recent years, the consequences of that oversimplification were addressed, but some of the core issues remain. According to the research by the Bloomberg School of Public Health, the legislation in Florida addressing the issue of analgesics misuse led not only to the decrease in the number of mills but even to the decline in the number of heroin deaths (Bernstein, 2015). This demonstrates the dire consequences of the neglect shown in regards to pain treatment. At the same time, there has been very little discussion concerning the effectiveness of different pain treatment methods and how they may be improved. The medical schools also refuse to acknowledge the importance of pain treatment. A large number of medical professionals are ignorant about the various aspects and approaches to pain treatment. At the same time, all physicians are faced with chronic pain during their work. This leads to unintentional misuse of opioids since they are still perceived by many as the best treatment for chronic pain. That leads to the possible emergence of addicts and all of the problems mentioned above, plus ineffective treatment for some patients which might be the worst problem of all from the professional perspective. The roots of this issue lie in the educational system. Curricula in most the medical schools do not include any sort of pain treatment course since it is considered less important than other aspects of the education. All of the problems caused by the inadequate pain treatment, however, prove that approach to be wrong. As a chairman of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, you have the power to resolve this issue. I request you to look into th
Propaganda has always been used by administrations from the earlier regimes to the most recent governments as a tool to assist them in attaining footholds as pertaining to their interests in foreign countries. This paper aims to support the fact that regimes use misinformation to progress their interests in foreign policy by aggravating protests from their citizens. Diverse opinions have been broached on the issue of change of foreign policy. One such view is proffered by McCormick (2009) who states that foreign policy practices have been changed dramatically since the terror attack on 9/11. He depicts several aspects that manipulate the materialization of the alterations within and outside the government and civilians spheres While exposing the media’s part in bringing about changes in foreign policy, he also provides more information on the way that particular aspects swayed resolutions formulated on foreign policy via alteration of communal thinking and principles of people. This information provides an unusual debate on foreign policy and its procedure. Spanier and Hook expose the culture of the U.S leadership. Not only do they dwell on the background of the supremacy and the procedure of policy formulation, they also attempt to
The educational level of people and the rise of culture are the main signs that the morality of the society is on a high level. The relations between people began to be very important and the problem of how these relations should develop is the main focus of people. There are a lot of works that deal with the teachings about morality. Kohlberg observed different types of moral reasoning and covered them in his work, which deals with three levels and six stages of moral reasoning. The levels are as follows, pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional, these levels comprise two stages each. Each level and stage justify a person’s behavior and acts. The higher the level of moral reasoning a person percepts, the higher his/her personal morality, and the person may be judged according to the decisions he/she makes (Hoyer and Roodin, 2003). The first stage is heteronomous morality. At this stage, a person focuses only on his/her interests without taking into consideration other people. The example of this stage may be given while considering children’s behavior (from 2 till 5 approximately), as they think only about their desires. “I want to do this!” – is the usual children’s demand, and it is impossible to make them listen to reasons, as their mental activity is not so developed to understand it. Every request is faced with a lot of questions: Why I cannot do this? Why is it unacceptable? Why can I hurt the person? and others. The second stage of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning is the understanding that every person has needs. These needs may be met by anyone only in the case when they meet the needs of this very person. The example of 6 -14-year-old children fit the best to describe this stage of moral reasoning. Children of this age understand that mother or father want to rest after work, that they want to watch film after a hard day, but if children want to play or to watch cartoons, it is impossible to cope with it. Children of this age are rather egoistic, and while being confident about other people’s needs, they continue to insist on what they want. The third stage is titled mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. At this stage, people not only understand the needs of other people but also try to meet their expectations, especially of the authorities. Youth of 16 – 21 years o
Abstract Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroehane (DDT) is an organic toxin that has insecticidal qualities. The following sections present arguments both for and against the ban of DDT worldwide. DDT is in fact, the pesticide to which the mosquitoes have developed the fastest resistance. Bed nets cannot eradicate malaria. However, it is widely believed that DDT works only by killing mosquitoes with its toxicity. There are claims that DDT leads to algae death. Alongside, it is DDT that comes to the rescue of poor people against malaria. Thus, it is a paradox in the context of banning DDT. Introduction Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroehane (DDT) is an organic toxin that has insecticidal qualities. Apart from being used as an insecticide in saving agricultural crops, it has also proved to be pretty effective in combating malaria. However, several studies have indicated the harmful effects of the pesticide both on ecology as well as environment. These concerns have forced the U.S Environmental Protection Agency to prohibit the extensive use of DDT in the year 1972. Gradually, other developed countries have also followed suit. Since then, more than 38 countries have either totally banned or reduced the usage of DDT. Of these, about 26 countries have completely stopped the use of DDT and in the remaining ones, its use is restricted (Boughton 2010). This paper focuses on the issue that has assumed global importance because of its far-reaching consequences and has triggered an environmental debate- the banning of DDT worldwide. While some experts are of the opinion that the use of DDT should be prohibited globally, others are totally opposed to the move. This paper presents both sides of the argument and derives a possible conclusion by assimilating the different points of view. Background The credit for the discovery of the DDT goes to the famous scientist Paul Mueller who has been the first to observe its insecticidal qualities in the year 1939. The presence of certain chemicals in DDT has been able to reinforce the view that this substance would prove to be highly effective in countering certain deadly diseases. DDT was first used during the World War II to arrest the rapid proliferation of typhus which is a disease caused by the body lice in Naples, Italy. Its instant success reinforced its effectiveness. During this period and even in the years following the World War II, it proved highly beneficial in safeguarding the human lives against malaria and other diseases borne by mosquitoes. In fact, the miraculous effect of DDT in saving the lives of millions of people fetched Paul Mueller the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in the year 1948 (Boughton 2010). The use of DDT became highly popu
Introduction Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse among human beings. This may occur through oral sex, anal sex or vaginal sex. However, some transmission may occur through syringes, mother-to-child transmissions or even skin contact. There has been confusion regarding STIs and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) because the terms are closely similar. In the past, the two terms were used to refer to the same thing but it is crucial to note that, STIs have a broader meaning (or interpretation) because a person may be infected but not necessarily having a disease. This paper focuses on STIs. There are many types of STIs but some of them have a higher global incidence. Dosomething (4) explains that, young people form the most common group reporting new cases of infection globally because they constitute a highly-active sexual group. The Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections (6) reiterates that, the highest risk group is young people between the ages of 16-24 because they constitute about 50% of all new STI infections globally. For instance in the UK, this age group accounts for more than 65% of all new Chlamydia infections and more than half of all new gonorrhea infections.
It is evident from the first case study that John is suffering from depression. There are quite a number of symptoms in this case that lead to a conclusion that John is actually depressed. To begin with, John feels hopeless and helpless and is no longer excited by anything that used to excite him. John has lost interest in his daily activities such as attending to his goddaughters. The other depression symptom exhibited by John is loss of appetite because he eats less food and claims that it has no taste. The other symptom is insomnia where John is not able sleep at night because of his worries. John has evidently lost energy and motivation to fulfill his responsibilities as an employee and a godfather. Despite the fear that John has about the side-effects of medication, he still needs psychopharmacological intervention to cure him from this depression. The antidepressant medication is the most appropriate for treating depression symptoms. This treatment should only be administered by a mental health professional qualified to advice the patient appropriately (Beck, 2009). Antidepressants are supposed to bring the serotonin levels in the brain back to the normal levels. The theory behind antidepressant is that low levels of a brain chemical known as serotonin causes depression and therefore the antidepressant medication is supposed to bring the chemical back to normal levels (Beck, 2009). There are chances that the antidepressant treatment can come with side-effects but the treatment has been proven to be effective in the treatment of depression symptoms. It is important to note that the antidepressant medication may not cure all the symptoms of depression because some of them may require lifestyle changes and therapy to completely heal (Greden, 2008). Counselors have a critical role to play in sensitizing depression patients on depression medication and the possible side-effects (Greden, 2008). Counselors should ensure that depression patients are completely informed about the antidepressant medication and are psychologically prepared to deal with its possible side-effects (Greden, 2008). A counselor should explain to the patient all the possible side-effects of antidepressants for them to make informed decisions. It is the role of a counselor to advice the patient on how to deal with some of the expected side-effects of the antidepressant medication. Despite the role played by a counselor in preparing a patient psychologically for the depression medication, a psychiatrist is the one who is allowed to make recommendations on the type of treatment that the patient needs (Beck, 2009). The role of a counselor is to give some emotional insights to patients that can help them to respond positively to medication. Counselors provide therapy treatment to depressed patients in a case where the psychiatrist does not r
Introduction The period between the 1500s and the 1900s was signified by the intense relations between China and the Western. 1 During this period, economic interests motivated both sides before and after the Opium Wars. As China warmed up to the West during the 1900s, economics remained the key point of interest between the two regions. This paper explores the impact of Western relations with China since the 1500s. Further, this paper investigates the cross-cultural flow to both regions, the changing opinions of both countries about the other, and the experiences of various groups, including missionaries and traders, based evidences from various sources. Influence of the Jesuits during the 16 and 17 century The Jesuits were the first foreigners to land in China during the sixteenth century. 2 Their significant influence during the Qing Dynasty allowed them to preach and convert Chinese to Christianity. This often aggravated imperial rulers that resulted in banning Christian activity in China. According to Bruce (37), the Jesuits had a more profound impact on the West and China during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. 3 Towards the end of the sixteenth century, the Jesuits mediated western science throughout China. More significant than the Jesuit impact on China was how they affected European’s intellectual life during the Enlightenment. Chinese culture influenced philosophy as well as other fields, such as trade, arts, crafts, gardens, and architecture, with many viewing China as a representation of an ideal society. Opium wars during the 1800s As the West, especially the British, engaged more in foreign trade with the Chinese, they went past decorative items, such as gold, silver, jewellery, silk, porcelain, and engaged in the opium trade. 4 The British increasingly imported the addictive narcotic, opium, into China, elevating its use among the privileged classes as well as across Chinese working class. The flourishing opium trade left many Chinese in a drug-induced stupor, resulting in bans and restrictions from the Qing government. However, the British largely ignored these bans, which led to the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842. The British humiliated the Chinese in a defeat that gave the British precedence over the other nations. 5 Attempts to legalise opium led to the Second Opium War in 1856, where the British defeated the Chinese and opened its doors to trade after forcefully signing a one-sided treaty. Spheres of influence With China’s doors open, aggressive imperialist colonies negotiated with warring factions to establish themselves in the region. The colonies were permitted to build their own spheres of influence. 6 These foreigners exerted stronger influence in such areas as commerce, completely destabilizing government operations. The spheres of influence grew into patched foreign enclaves that resembled virtual colonies. H
Purpose of the project management plan Environmental pollution is one of the major challenges facing the society today. Despite this, firms are adopting various production and operational strategies in a bid to maximise their level of profitability. Some of the strategies implemented have a negative impact on the environment. The fashion industry contributes to various forms of environmental pollution such as air, water, and soil pollution (Cervellon et al., 2009). A survey conducted by Deloitte shows that most firms in the global fashion industry are not committed towards achieving operational sustainability (Deloitte, 2013). Therefore, their contribution towards prevention of environmental pollution is limited and such a trend may adversely affect the firm’s long-term survival. Therefore, it is imperative for fashion firms to be conscious of the environment in order to achieve business continuity. This report outlines a project plan with regard to green fashion. Background -Project description The project entails establishing a new store that will deal with ‘green fashion’. The ‘green fashion’ store will give the consigner a choice of choosing a maximum of 40% profit after selling the clothes. The rest will be donated to charities. If the consigned products are not sold within three months, they will become ‘green fashion’ self-owned products. The store will exclusively deal with women’s apparels. In a bid to protect the environment, the store will deal with second-hand clothes made from environmental friendly materials and recycled cloth materials. Project objectives The project intends to promote eco-friendly business operations within the fashion industry. The store will be based on the concepts of re-cycle, re-use, and re-style (Garth, 2009). Consequently, the project will promote consumption of high quality ‘green fashion’ products. The store will achieve this end by promoting consumption of second-hand fashion clothes. Moreover, the project intends to encourage consumers to integrate the concept of ‘just enough’ in their purchasing patterns. Scope management Scope management is a critical aspect in project planning processes (Hartley, 2009. Scope management ensures that only the necessary tasks are undertaken hence increasing satisfaction of the target stakeholders (Lau, 2005). The entire project will be subdivided into small and manageable components (Ghuman, 20
Introduction There are several similarities relating to the experiences of the Jewish communities in Europe in the past, and those of the Muslim communities in the present. The similarities can be traced back to history and they relate to culture as well as religion. The medieval experience presented the existence of opposition between the ‘Christian self’ and the ‘Muslim other.’ Later due to the sharp differences came the distrust towards Islamic society. The Jews comprise a nation and ethnoreligious group of people with a common origin in Israel or Hebrew. The Jewish religion is a lifestyle because most followers are of the Jewish ethnicity and nationality. The converts who join Judaism are equal to those born into it; they are therefore absorbed into the faith without any problem (Goldstein 121). The Jews experienced persecution in the early times while in Diaspora that is especially after the destruction of the first temple. Emerson, Amghar & Boubekeur (45-52) argue that due to the persecution their numbers and distribution have fluctuated over time making them a minority at a given point in time. Islam as a religion has also greatly contributed to the shaping of Europe’s identity. It has influenced the development of European knowledge in the sciences and arts and that includes philosophy, architecture, and natural sciences. Despite that there was an expulsion of Arabs affiliated to the Muslim religion from Spain and Europe at large did not embrace Islamic values or laws into its social and juridical system, a clear sign that Europe was opposed to the Islamic religion and way of life (Dassetto 12). Similarities between the experiences of Europe’s Jewish communities in the past, and of Muslim communities in present-day Europe The Jews in Diaspora during the early times were not accepted in the European communities because it was widely believed that their belief was a cult. They were segregated and lived in isolated neighborhoods. Paul (51) agrees that this influenced the reaction of EU member states when Turkey presented its candidature for membership, the country apart from becoming a constitutionally secular republic in 1923 is believed to be culturally Muslim and a die-hard defender of the Muslim practices. It is a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, an intergovernmental body that was established in 1969 to represent the interests and speak on behalf of the world’s Muslim Ummah. The EU member states are skeptical in accepting the candidature for fear of infiltration of Islamism in the operation of the organization. Islamism is interpreted as the use of religion for political purposes so European countries fear a scenario where the Islamist country will use its membership to influence decisions that may hurt the organization’s interests. The EU shows t