ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For as long as man has been in existence, virtually everything about him has in more ways than one, been related to his culture. In fact, the aspect of civilization, which has since seen man advance in both language and art, has also been shaped by his culture. Consequently, institutions such as schools which are regarded as the results of advancement in civilisation have also been moulded by the same culture. Research can now confirm that the cultural environment that revolves around a learner will greatly impact on their performances. Furthermore, cognitive skills that influence our intuition, perception, performance and the ability to memorise things are dependent on our cultural background (McLaughlin, 1999). Culture, a term borrowed from the Latin word cultura- means to cultivate- is used in reference to humans’ pattern of activities, and the significance and importance tied to these symbolic structures. Indeed as the definition is rightly put, practicing our culture is akin to cultivating our lives, with the help of tools and symbols that the society has bestowed on us. Thus, culture can be viewed at as ‘systems of symbols and meanings that even the creators contest and which while lacking fixed boundaries, are constantly in flux.’ These systems are in constant interactions and competition with one another (Crystal, 1997). From this perspective, culture can be viewed at as the ways of life of a people, including their beliefs, institutions and arts, which have been passed down to them by previous generations. According to Crystal (2001), ‘culture is the way of life of an entire society’. As such, it will embrace such aspects as their mode of dressing, language spoken, religious rituals and code of manners. Behavioural norms like morality and low, and belief systems and art will also be addressed (Crystal, 2001). Since culture has previously been defined as the way of life of a society, it is thus an inherent part of the human life. To this end, such aspects of the human life as language and education are also affected. Thus, culture and language are not just interwoven; they are inseparable (Afifi & Bergman, 2002). No wonder then, one of the primary functions of education, is the production of culture on which it is based. Influence of culture on education As a social practice, education will thus be affected and moulded by economic, Political and social influences. If learners are not then part of these forces that shapes the education system, they are not only disadvantage, but are also losing touch with the very things that connects them with preceding generations. Globally, Afifi & Bergman (2002), stated that culture and technology use interact and can result in harmony or tension. Discord arises when the underlying values of one culture are disagreeable or not appropriate for another culture. These values must be identified, and then addressed by any instructional design project that is targeted for a global audience. It can thus be seen that the education system will greatly be affected by culture. At the same time, learners from different cu
Structural Impact of the World/International System The economic world systems are bipolar in nature, where the world is divided into two types of economic powers, the rich and the poor nations in the world. The economic power of a country, which drives its development and the related agendas, determines whether it is ranked as a developed or developing nation. United Nation classification of a country as a least developed or not, is based on the percentage of manufactured goods or the GDP. The least developed nations have manufactured goods accounting for 10% or less of their GDP. The latter experience low levels of physical quality of life, and life expectancy is below 45 years. The term “third world” was coined to refer to those countries which were neither inclined with the East, the Communist block, neither the West (Nato). The term has been applied to refer to poorer nations of the world. Vietnam occupies the 149 th position on the world ranking by the World Bank in terms of National Average Per Capita Income with a score of 2490 US dollars. The above calculation is by using the PPP method. However, the ranking does not include other countries of the world. In terms of National Average Per Capita Incomes using the Atlas method, the country occupies the 164 th position with a value of 480 U.S dollars. Being ranked as a Medium-Large country, Vietnam experienced growth of a trend of 6.2its GDP from 1980-2000 (est) and ranked the fifth in the region. In this region, and during the same period, China obtained the highest growth trend (10.1 (8.1)) while Ireland and Hong Kong both scoped the lowest ranking. Vietnam also had a per capita growth of 4.1% and ranked pos
Edgar Allan Poe’s “Annabel Lee” was published two days after the author’s death. Because of its special mood, created by the moving speech, and its profound theme of everlasting love that never ends, the poem, describing the unfortunate demise of Annabel Lee, is considered as one of the author’s most popular works. The beginning of the poem reveals the narrator’s feelings toward Annabel Lee, determining the theme and the mood of the verse: “a maiden there lived whom you may know by the name of Annabel Lee; and this maiden she lived with no other thought than to love and be loved by me” (Poe, 2000, l. 5). Here one can view that this is the love of the narrator’s life, and, of course, nothing else in the entire world matters to him. With the view to describe the death of his young bride Annabel Lee that he loved so much, the speaker uses the melodious narrative form which creates a measured, but at the same time perturbing mood. Such a loss makes him conclude in lines eleven and twelve that the envious angels were jealous of their happiness: “the winged seraphs of heaven coveted her and me”, and caused the death of his beloved Annabel Lee to “dissever” the happy young couple (Poe, 2000, l. 11). Poe reveals his feelings to the reader by illustrating the girl’s funeral and entombment, as he tells, “in her sepulchre … by the sea” (Poe, 2000, l.18). Developing the theme of eternal love in the given verse, the author depicts the situation, where separation is not acceptable for the narrator and he comes to her tomb every single night. Here Poe tries to bring the message to the reader about the immortality of young love. The narrator, overwhelmed with love for this girl, forgets about everything, he does not care how the spirits, angels, and demons see him; he stays faithful to her and their love: “And neither the angels in Heaven above, nor the demons down under the sea, can ever dissever my soul from the soul of the beautiful Annabel Lee” (Poe, 200, l. 30). To create the perturbing, but at the same time measured, the mood of the poem the author uses a different meter. The meter used by him in the poem is a felicitous mixture of iambic and anapestic feet, which alter between trimeter and tetrameter. Permitting the world “chilling” both in the lines fifteen and twenty–five, Poe retains its sharp trochaic meter with the view to use the provoking effect of this meter to describe his inner feelings. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the death of the speaker’s beloved Annabel Lee disrupts the rhythm of the verse, and th
A Time of War: The United States and Vietnam, 1946-1975 by Robert D. Schulzinger The book is based on new archival materials available in the 20th century. The materials necessitated the development of new investigations into the events of Vietnam War. The book ‘ A Time of War’ highlights the events that occurred during the Vietnam War (Schulzinger 10). In the book, the author aims at illustrating the events of the war in the context of the 20 th century history and international politics. Some of the events include the United States’ domestic politics that led to the country’s involvement in the war and the position of Congress on the war. In addition, the book outlines how the events of the war unfolded and the organizations and movements for and against the Vietnam War. The events associated with Vietnam War which instigated the Cold War are also analyzed. The Author’s approach to the events of the Vietnam War The first chapter of the book addresses the events that took place before the war began in 1946. These events relate to the activities and interests of the Americans, the French and Vietnamese which preceded the beginning and the aftermath of the war (Schulzinger 3). The beginning of the 20 th century marked the end of the long pre-eminence of the European powers as a result of the First and the Second World Wars. This also resulted from increased anti-colonial confrontations that occurred in Africa and parts of Asia. One of the most notable regions where this occurred includes the Southern and South-East Asia region. Japanese victory in most of its previous wars with various European countries was seen as one of the reasons why most Southern and South-East Asian countries such as Burma, the Philippines, Indochina and Malaya began to develop resistance towards European superiority in the region (Schulzinger 4). The most noticeable turn of events which occurred during this period involved the nationalism of activities in Indochina against foreign forces in their land. The participants included the provinces under the French control. Some of these regions include Annam, Cochin China and Tonkin which comprise of the modern Vietnam (Schulzinger 4). The French forces later regained control over Indochina until its fall during the 2 nd World War. As a result, most Vietnamese activists became encouraged to fight against other foreign forces in their land. Before the development of a strong relationship between Vietnam and other European countries, Vietnam had well established relationship with China and India. As a result, most of their religious beliefs were adopted from these countries. As a result of Chinese dominance in their region, the Vietnamese b
Introduction Data analysis is a fundamentally crucial aspect of the proposed research study. In this part, a detailed qualitative analysis will be conducted to make conclusions and recommendations. During the analysis, various techniques of data analysis will be applied to ensure that all data sets are analyzed satisfactorily. In addition, reporting on the findings is an additional crucial aspect of this research. As a result, this paper will focus on data analysis and reporting plans. Data Analysis Plan To develop an effective analysis plan, it is important to remember that data will be collected using questionnaires. Consequently, the analysis will involve the interpretation of the respondents’ responses provided on the questionnaires. In this research, data will be analyzed both while the data collection is ongoing and when it is concluded. Analysis of data when the collection is ongoing includes transcription, description, and inscription (Sheḳedi, 2005). This implies that data collection and analysis will take place simultaneously. The simultaneous approach allows the inclusion of additional themes, which might arise during data collection, although they were not included in the questionnaires. Additionally, it allows the exclusion of issues that might not be helpful to the research study. Consequently, the research will only include themes that are completely relevant to the study. The actual analysis will involve three aspects including data organization, summarization, and categorization. While organizing data, the questionnaires will be sorted out under the three data sets which include clergies, government officials, and NGO representatives. The organization ensures that each of the data sets will be considered separately (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Summarization will help in reducing the bulky information to simple, understandable, and presentable statements. Lastly, categorization involves the classification of the provided information by the three data sets. This ensures the results of each group are documented separately to avoid confusion. Lastly, each questionnaire will be considered as a separate unit to obtain a holistic perspective of the individual towards the migrant workers in Malaysia (Shank, 2006). A separate conclusion based on the responses of each questionnaire will be drawn. This will form an individual perception towards the treatment of migrant workers (Schram, 2006). Reporting Plan The fundamental aim of reporting the findings is to document the results so that other people could assess and learn from the findings of the study. As a result, the report will ensure that the findings are understandable, clear, and precise. While accomplishing this aim, various aspects will be involved. First, the report will be written in a straightforward manner using simple language which can be understood easily. Th
Why Iran Is Hard to Revolution On May 5 I attended the conference “Open Mic: Death. Defiance. Democracy. Messages to the Middle East”. It was a great event where many people could express their opinions. There were many interesting speeches, e.g. that of Professor of Psychology who dwelt upon Middle East revealing major issues, or the speech of Robert (our TA) who read the Poem. However, I was most impressed by a speech of a student who claimed that Revolution in Iran is impossible. I find this claim feasible since the situation in Iran though being quite difficult is not likely to end in a revolution. It is necessary to point out that many people in Iran are not satisfied with the policies of the present president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Many accuse him of trying to expand his power. He is also said to lose “his favored-son status among the ruling clerics” (Associated Press). Many analysts assume that his time has gone. However, it is also important to point out that people of Iran are not ready to use violence to get rid of the president. Notably, the major powerful groups of the country (ruling clerics and Revolutionary Guard) would rather support the regime than an individual (Associated Press). Therefore, dissatisfaction of people and ruling groups has the same vector. Admittedly, in such situation there can be no revolution since revolution presupposes at least two groups which have different visions. In Iran there is only one person who is losing any support from ruling groups and people of the country. Hopefully, people of Iran will find the peaceful way to overthrow the president who has lost people’s trust. Fortunately, there are no the necessary premises for the revolution in Iran. 9/11 and Its Outcomes At the conference “Open Mic: Death. Defiance. Democracy. Messages to the Middle East” held on May 5 the issues concerning 9/11 were also discussed. Several female students considering 9/11 terror claimed they were happy because of Osama’s death. However , one male student from Middle East considered the issue from different perspective. I was impressed by his speech where he stated that in the USA (after 9/11) many Middle Eastern people experienced prejudice, bias, and racism. Before I comment upon Muslims living in the USA, I would like to dwell upon the feelings of average Americans who had to reconsider their values and views after 9/11. Admittedly, all Americans were terrified by the horrible terroristic attack. They acknowledged that the war was not anymore something distant. We got to know that the war reached the boundaries of our country. This understanding consolidated Americans. Of course, they were frightened. However, it is easy to understand the fear of people who witnessed such a horrible catastrophe in their neighborhoods. The news that the man who made the entire nation terrified is now dead led to a breakthrough of various feeling. Of course, people were glad that the evil was punished: people chanted, laughed and celebrated (Baker et al. A1). However, the celebration is not a result of vicious nature of Americans it is simply an extreme form of expressing relief. T
Introduction Natural resources are basically described as any thing that occurs naturally without influence of mankind. They are naturally distributed across different parts of the world. The unequal and uneven distribution of natural resources on earth is not an idea of mankind. Different parts of the world have different kinds and measures of natural resources. Some natural resources are abundant in some areas and scarce in other areas. For instance, oil is in abundance in most parts of middle east but very scarce in other areas like some parts of Africa. Natural resources are broadly classified in to biotic and Abiotic depending on their source. Biotic natural resources are those obtained from living things like forests products, and other products obtained from marine organisms and birds. There are others in the category obtained from decayed matter like mineral fuels. Abiotic resources are those natural resources obtained from nonliving things like natural minerals, land, and air among others. The presence or absence of natural resources in different parts of the world
JPL model of innovation is undoubtedly linear. The motivation for such statement is that the new JPL mission is divided into distinct stages (launch, cruise, descend-landing, and surface operations) that, in turn, include substages. Every stage of the mission consists of designing the project for bringing it to life, conducting necessary research determining the risks of failure, taking steps to mitigate the risks, and, finally, launching the project. What is significant about JPL is that the transition to the next stage is impossible without the successful accomplishment of the previous one. Moreover, the whole process is controlled and directed by the JPL’s senior management and NASA. Pros and Cons of JPL Model of Innovation   * Pros of the JPL Innovation Model:       + JPL engineers are highly educated that makes their activities more effective as the likelihood of making a right decision is higher;       + The process is divided into definite stages, which increases the chances for its successful launch and positive results;       + Each stage of the mission (launch, cruise, descend-landing, and surface operations) has its project team that works on the ways of achieving mission and mitigating the risks;       + The existence of the risk review board involving independent experts whose primary task is controlling the project and the work of project teams to improve their performance.   * Cons of the JPL Innovation Model:       + Being divided into several stages and because the innovation model is linear, the project is time and cost consuming because it is impossible to work on all stages at once;       + Technologies in the industry are quickly evolving, so it is impossible to have the newest ones. It means that the project requires strict decisions regarding the technologies used and tight control to follow the chosen path. Otherwise, it would be necessary to change it every time new equipment is invented, and it is costly and requires time.       + For the same reason – incapability of using the newest technologies – the results of the mission might be inaccurate or further missions might be required. Ways of Achieving Mission and Objective Focusing on the result and bending all energy to mitigating risks including working overtime to avoid delays in the mission launch; Seeking to replace people who bet their careers on mission with those who are interested in real scientific breakthroughs and are willing to work in a constantly changing environment (e.g. when technical parameters are changed to check whether it can help minimize the risks of failure); Involving the newest technologies where possible to guarantee that the results of the mission are positive. General Consensus: Delay or Go Ahead? Bearing in mind that the level of risk of failure is high (20%), the initial recommendation would be to delay the launch of the mission. It should be noted that there are still
Immanuel Kant’s duty theory can be considered as an element of the deontological ethics. It is the duty that every person has to follow according to moral ethics. All the right or wrong actions of the individuals are not depended on possible consequences of these actions, but rather serve to fulfill the duty. However, it is impossible to insist on the good motives of something without providing any convincing facts. A good reasoning should be a performance of our duty and demonstrate a will of goodness. Kant indicates that some good issues do not necessarily contain a meaning of the consequences and results, it is good in itself. Performing of our duty has to be based on the understanding of its major parts and significance. A duty is a necessity to act taking into consideration law issues. In order to get a better understanding of a duty, it is important to investigate two notions of Kant, such as the categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative. An imperative is the statement that indicates the individual the way of behavior. The hypothetical imperative includes a form of the conditional statem
The topic of discussion was Arizona’s SB 1070 bill that was approved to chuck out illegitimate migrants. The bill was seen to have affected the education sector since many high school students were forced to live without their parents. Their parents were forced to move to other states that do not have stern immigration policies. The participants talked about the impacts of the law to the Arizona youths and what could be done to reduce its impacts. The guests analyzed one of the current studies undertaken by a group of researchers from a local university. In the study, it is revealed that many young people were unwilling to give their views because of unknown reasons There were two participants in the debate that is, Devin Browne- the KJZZ reporter and Tomas Lopez the co-author of the recently performed study. Browne observed that although the tenets of the SB 1070 were not fully endorsed, its sanctioning caused societal disruptions. Many parents chose to move to other states without the law and left their children to continue with their studies. The proponents of the law believe that its passage would allow people to go back to their ancestral regions since illegal migration interferes with the financial system of a particular state. The panelists observed how the Arizona bill has been misinterpreted as a move to subjugate certain races. The bill in actual terms does not contravene the constitution since the US constitution permits states to establish regulations that guarantee normalcy as well as constancy (Frontani 217). The central government on its part has failed to educate people on the importance of such law, which has ended up rising tensions among different groups (McKnight 246). The government has actually failed to act as a unifying factor because it is inciting Americans against their fellow Americans. The Obama regime has failed to deliver its promises to the masses, which it had pledged during e