ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What are the relevant facts? In the case study, Lillian was recently promoted to the position of a district manager of information systems technology in a certain firm. She has just learnt that a recently installed information system is faulty. William, Lillian’s supervisor, knows about the condition, and he has been misguiding the top management about the efficiency of the system. A few days ago, an unidentified employee wrote to the firm’s executive informing him about the system’s inefficiencies. As a result, the CEO has requested a reply to the letter from Lillian. In a bid to conceal the faults about the system, William has approached Lillian and informed her to draft the reply in line with his earlier report, which lied that the system was efficient. William informs Lillian that failure to abide by his directive will lead to qualms about her capabilities in her position. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that William wants Lillian to defend his previous mistakes. It is with no doubt that Lillian is not responsible for the system’s faultiness. On the other hand, it was wrong for William to lie to the firm’s CEO that the system was performing as required. Instead, he could have provided the right information because in due time the CEO will learn about the issue and may form an inquiry team to investigate on the matter. In the event of such situation, William will be answerable. What are the ethical issues? Ethical issues are challenges that require an entity to decide between two options, which are either ethical or unethical (Beauchamp & Bowie, 2004). In the above case study, Lillian is faced with several ethical issues. She has to decide whether to obey William’s directives or to disobey them. Equally, she has to decide whether to protect his supervisor or not. Given that Lillian has worked very hard to be in her position, she has to make her decisions very carefully. Who are the primary stakeholders? In an organization, primary stakeholders comprise of all entities involved in business deals with the organization. In the above case, the primary stakeholders include their employees, their consumers, their creditors, their investors, and their suppliers. The failure of the system will affect the organization’s efficiencies. In return, the primary stakeholders would equally be affected. What are the possible alternatives for Lillian? According to the case study, Lillian has three alternatives. She either chooses to abide by her supervisor’s directive or not. Similarly, Lillian can come up with a reply indicating the system has faulty but exonerate William from being responsible. Through this, Lillian should indicate that the system had been functioning as required and only developed issues some few days ago. By doing so, Lillian will satisfy the CEO’s queries and save William from being indicted. What are the ethics of the alternatives? According utilitarian perspective, Lillian should abide by William’s directive to avoid putting him into trouble with the executive (Beauchamp & Bowie, 2004). If Lillian follows the approach, she would be lying to the CEO. It is a fact that the newly and expensive system does
Tesla is an American company that deals with the manufacturing and sale of electric vehicles. It also manufactures and sells rechargeable batteries. The company has a Corporate Social Responsibility that is active. Although the company’s CSR has few shortcomings, the management has worked on a credible and sound policy. Brief Overview of Tesla Company Tesla Motors, Inc is an automotive and energy storage company in the United States of America. The company started operations in the year 2003. The founders, Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, financed the company before they could find other financiers. Elon Musk joined the company and became one of the leading investors in the enterprise (Fialka, 2015). The company makes designs, manufactures, and sells electric cars. It is also responsible for electric vehicle powertrain components and battery products. It is a public company and has listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange as TSLA (Fialka, 2015). The listing enabled the company to find more capital for the expansion of its services. The Tesla Roadster electric sports car was the first major production that brought the company to the limelight. It was the first of its kind among electric vehicles because it was fully electric (Pohl & Tolhurst, 2010). Tesla Company. It helped the company to speed up with the development of its second car. The Model S. It was a luxury sedan. It continued with a series of new launches like the Model X and the Model 3. Its Model S won several awards and accolades as the best electric and most selling car by the year 2015 (Pohl & Tolhurst, 2010). Other products are the home and office battery charging equipment. Its cars use electric batteries that need charging as compared to other gasoline-fuelled cars. As a result, Tesla has installed quite some high powered Superchargers (Visser, 2011). It has also partnered with several shops and restaurants to serve its customers with fast chargers. The company’s CEO foresees a situation where the company would become an independent automaker with affordable pricing for its models. The anticipation is that by the year 2017, they would launch the newer version of Tesla Model 3 with great features at an affordable consumer price (Visser, 2011). Tesla CSR Initiatives The models that Tesla manufactures are already environmentally friendly. They do not emit gas in the air. They also do not pollute sound. It was one of the main goals that led to the founding of the company. It would build motor vehicles that are zero pollution to the environment. Tesla did the unthinkable thing by publicizing its patents for environmental purposes. Thus, it became the best company to us
Introduction In chapter one of the book, “Organizational Behavior” by, MeShane, Olekalns, and Travaglione, the writers give an overview on areas that the book will discuss, according to the author, organization behavior examines how individuals and teams relate with their organization and how the relationship shapes the direction taken by an organization. According to the chapter, organizational behavior is a recent strategic management tool, established in the 1940s, with the main aim of creating value and improving a company’s competitiveness using human capital working in the organization. The chapters analyses the benefits of understanding the management strategy and discusses how it has been implemented successful in some companies. Although the chapter appreciates that different companies have different approaches to businesses, the chapter offers a framework of operation that can be applied across the board to improve business processes through strategies recommended by OB such as organizational learning, organizational culture, and change management among others. Ancol Pty Ltd Ancol Pty ltd had an issue managing the human capital time management and the time they served their employer; the removal of time clock has the following consequences: Deterioration of the spirit of team work After the removal of time clocks and the involvement of supervisors to keep track of workforce time spent with the organization, the employees felt micro managed and the spirit and motivation to work as a team for the general good of the company deteriorated. Communication in the department changed that meant that accomplishment of departmental tasks was more difficult. Deterioration of employees relations When the human resources started having letter of reprimand in employees files, the employees objected the move, it built into conflict that could not have been solved by internal conflict resolution strategies and the employees opted for union resolution. When an organization has reached that stage, then the communication and business environment is certainly not favorable for high productivity, creativity and innovation by the human resources. Changes that would minimize the likelihood of these problems occurring in the future The problem facing the company seems to have originated from organizational culture issues and lack of well structure teams; to ensure that employees are
In what way does the Wang Group exhibit characteristics of a typical Asian firm? One of the typical characteristics of Asian, especially Chinese firms like Wang Group, is their affiliation with ethnic culture and Confucian philosophy. Researches have revealed that Confucian philosophy has the strongest influence over the values of Chinese family businesses (Yan and Sorenson 236). Wang Group’s business model was guided by the principle that the unit of society and all other social organizations. For Alfred Wang the hardships that he had faced due to political and economic unrest, his Chinese origin, and the cultural values that shaped his character influenced his decisions and business philosophy (Dieleman and Kit 2). The initial philosophy followed by Alfred Wang was centred on fulfilment of basic human needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. The business model inclined towards making a sustainable approach to create a harmonious environment and shape the people and society. When Charles Wang succeeded the business from his father, Alfred Wang, his beliefs too were influenced by the Chinese cultural values with modern ideologies to attune with the globalisation of market. However, he too, like his ancestors believed in the role of business to help build a better society. These ideologies of the Chinese culture ingrained within the management philosophy of Wang Group shows that it was a typical Chinese or Asian firm. How did Charles change the Wang Group? Charles Wang after succeeding his father Alfred Wang brought in the following changes to the Wang Group in order to bring about change in the organization:  1. Charles Wang changed the business model of the company and thereby changed the business strategy. Therefore, he redesigned the organizational framework in order to infuse a goal to the Wang Group.  2. Charles diversified the family business. In 2002, Charles Wang transformed the company into a private limited company and assumed the role to industrialize Asia. It began work with the Chinese government to develop the Chinese infrastructure and society. In seven years (from 2002-09) the company’s share into various businesses were the following – 50% in trading, 20% real estate, 20% in plantation and resources, and 10% in stocks and bonds (Dieleman and Kit 5).  3. In order to decentralize the decision-making process and incorporate new structure and process. He appointed a new, professional, corporate management team with a CEO from outside the family and firm. The aim was to bring about organizational change with the group. This process also included a change in leadership in 2006. What Obstacles did he face when he hired a non-family member as the new CEO? Charles Wang hired and groomed a professional from a large multinational trading firm to look after the logistics and trading part of the business and assume the role of the CEO when he could concentrate on the
Over the past several decades, widely publicized humanitarian interventions have become a recognizable mark of the modern world. The media has celebrated the many humanitarian aid responses to natural disasters initiated by the United Nations Security Council and similar organizations. Recently, another kind of contribution to the maintenance of global peace and security has emerged in the forms of peace-keeping and peace-building. Despite being praised by the media and becoming a symbol of humanity’s highest values, the actual record of these interventions is controversial at best. Some of these operations have drawn criticism for their inefficiency or poor choice of strategy, and some have failed to deliver the desired results altogether (Chesterman 96). Unfortunately, peace-building operations and, to some extent, other humanitarian interventions have become extremely complex in nature as they are used as a tool to secure ties and fill possible political, cultural, social, and economic gaps. Because of this, no central cause can be isolated as responsible for their shortcomings; instead, there are several distinct impediments to peace-building and peace-keeping, including political, institutional, and legal obstacles. The two obstacles that are most often cited are political in nature. The first is the unsuitability of policy established by the peace-building organizations. According to Tschirgi, the overwhelming majority of these operations are guided by a liberal normative orientation (14). Such a belief system encourages the formation of a society with well-developed human rights, an emphasis on equality, transparent governance principles, the rule of law, a liberalized economy, and constitutionalism. However, some scholars suggest the poor suitability of such an approach for the com
Introduction Reading is one of the main activities that promote educational process. During the course of study, starting with school, students should muster a quality reading in order to be able to acquire knowledge and necessary professional skills. Moreover, quality reading is essential for school, as well as college students who have to deal with a lot of different information on various topics. In order to be able to develop critical and analytical reading, analyze a lot of information, students should possess skills of quality reading. With the rise of the academic standards, the demands for college students’ efficiency and quality also rose. However, while all these changes occurred during the last ten years, there is increasing concern about the decline of the literacy skills, especially reading, which based on studies conducted during the first half of the decade. The scholars see the reason of the decline of literacy skills in the fast development of the Internet which attracts more attention of the college students’ audience and prevents them from reading literature. The growing rates of the Internet involvement and other shifts from conventional activities are the main reasons of the literacy decline A 2004 report from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) caused much debate over the web with its provocative title, ‘Reading at Risk’. The figures it presented became a matter of concern: “the 10 percentage point decline in literary reading represents a loss of 20 million potential readers” (ix). The study was taken seriously enough for Apple’s Steve Jobs to make his quasi-legendary statement, “People don’t read anymore” (Markoff), which caused further uproar regarding the issue. Similar results have been observed in other studies, one of which commented on the decline in literacy skills among college students. “Only 31 percent of college graduates can read a complex book and extrapolate from it” (Romano). A follow-up study was later conducted by the NEA, which reported the same results with more emphasis and specificity (Gifford). Thus, the coming of the 21 st century signaled the peak of the information age. In just the brief span of ten years, great changes and additions to traditional and alternative media have transpired, including the Internet, which has dramatically risen in popularity, use and scope worldwide. In this light, the changes in the society have created new demands and alternative lifestyles that influence the educational process as well. Thesis: In the focus of this paper is the question on the rile of the Internet in the development of the reading skills and how it can be used to develop the college students’ skills of quality reading in order to expands their minds and improve their academic performance. Main body Reading is an activity that expands the mind, and enriches experience. The fact that reading in today’s society is limited to its mundane functional use says a lot about the quality of information received. In the past, books have offered reliable and quality information which have led to great
When evaluating the probability of me receiving an A in this class, I can state that I will rely on subjective interpretation of such probability. Thus, such probability will be 70%. Such probability is based on my personal belief, which in turn might be influenced by several subjective factors such as my knowledge of my preparation on such subject, my previous grades in other classes, and other subjective factors. Using those factors I might compare such probability with I believe that the rest of the students will come to use the same probability assessment method as well as the factors that will determine such probability. The latter can be explained by the fact that such an event as taking a particular is unlikely to be repeated. Thus, there are no actual empirical data on such subject as the success of students. Accordingly, the inclusion of personal factors provides individual uncertainty which can be only subjectively estimated. It is common to use a subjective interpretation of probability in cases that cannot be empirically tested, which are not be repeated, and/or which are not feasible to investigate and test. It can be stated that most everyday activities that require assessment might use such subjective interpretations. An example of suc
The development of mankind is more than simply a history for the modern society. These are the lessons that people have learned, the successes that they have achieved, the failures that they have suffered and the progress that we have made from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens Sapiens – the level of development that cannot be compared to any existing forms of life. Thus, it is very important to remember the stages that the mankind has passed on its way to perfection. Each of those stages is marked somehow in the archeologists’ and scientists’ mind, and each of those stages can be represented by a certain artifact that can demonstrate the inventions that our ancestors made and the progress that they achieved. The treasure that the museum beholds is worth more than a gold mine, for this is the knowledge that people have been collecting for centuries and thousands of years. Within these walls one can see the rise and fall of different civilizations, trace people learning to make weapons and creating the basis for the modern understanding of society. Here, the most significant artifacts have been selected to show the way that people have been going to achieve the present stage of development. The numerous artifacts will tell how important it is not to forget the old knowledge that the people of the past possessed. The artifacts have been arranged in a specific order for people to get the grip on the subject better and to have the possibility to see the numerous artifacts interconnected as they are, floating from one epoch into another. The artifacts have been placed in separate small cases for the visitors to have a better view on all of the elements grouped according to the sphere that they represent. The first case beholds the artifacts of people’s weapons, the second has scripts, and the third represents the sculptures that have been created in the ancient times. Hoping that the visitors will find the exhibition most interesting and cognitive, I would like top pass to the exhibits themselves. One of the most impressive historic discoveries was the one of the Olduwan culture. The development of these people who were living in the times old as the hills was truly incredible. In the epoch of the Stone Age, the industry was developing at a very slack pace. The people who speeded it up somehow were the Oldowans. The ancient tribe managed to create the tools that helped them in their routine work and was used from 2.6 to 1.7 million years ago! However, that did have a negative effect of its own, with the people who used the invention of the previous centuries did not need to improve anything and thus did
Introduction One of Obama’s budget proposals was to cut taxes for most Americans. According to Obama’s proposal, the Bush-era tax cuts that involved households earning less than 250,000 dollars a year would be extended in the budget. The budget is also expected to have an expansion of the earned income tax credit for the working poor. Top tax rates are expected to increase for households that have an annual income of more than 250,000 dollars and 200,000 dollars for single taxpayers from low of 33% and 35% to 36% and 40% in which higher rates apply to annual income above 373,000 dollars. Households with an annual income of more than 250,000 dollars would have to pay increased capital gains and dividends according to the proposal. The increase is from 15% t
The government’s responsibility is to provide the effective policies to regulate any signs of the economic instability or to overcome the economic crises. However, the problem is in the fact not all the policies proposed can be discussed as effective, and moreover, the results of these programs can be expected during a long period of time to make conclusions about the policy’s effectiveness. Today, it is possible to assess properly the results of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) developed by the US government in order to overcome the consequences of the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008. Many economists state that the idea of the policy is rather effective and advantageous, but the problem is in the approaches to its realization. Furthermore, the public was not aware of the possible positive effects of using the funds of $700 billion and purchasing assets to change the economic situation. Thus, it is possible to state that the general idea to recover the economic situation with references to TARP has many positive features, but it was not realized effectively. The subprime mortgage crisis became the reality for the US economic environment in 2008, and the situation required its immediate resolution. Wolfson states that the development of TARP was rather ineffective with references to planning the program and realizing its key points. According to Wolfson, “Treasury Secretary Paulson’s plan to use $700 billion to buy ‘toxic assets’ from financial institutions, signed into law by President Bush on October 3rd, failed to stop what had become by then a generalized panic and freeze-up of credit” (Wolfson 135). Thus, to unfreeze the credit markets, it was necessary to use the additional or other approaches such as the direct investment into financial institutions (Wolfson 135-136). Those economists who worked out the program paid less attention to developing the steps according to which the program could be used effectively to cope with the panic of the financial institutions, public and private organizations. Moreover, the level of speculation was rather high to expect the positive results from implementing the policy. Nevertheless, TARP can be discussed as the positive tendency in the development of the US economy during 2008 because it was used to prevent the further collapse of the state’s economy and the whole financial system. The goal of the policy’s development is to preserve the stability of the financial system and market. MacEwan and Miller pay attention to the fact that “governments have regulations in place that prevent bank runs”, but there are often “insufficient regulations” which ar