ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Michael P. Johnson’s Article The article in question is about domestic violence. The author identifies four types of violence and describes them. These types are intimate terrorism, violent resistance, situational couple violence, and mutual resistance. The researcher has found that violence occurs in different situations and has different causes. Intimate terrorism occurs when a partner uses violence to take control over the other partner. Violent resistance occurs when a partner uses violence to resist the other partner’s violence or desire to control. Mutual violence occurs when the two partners try to take control of the relationship. Situational couple violence occurs when a partner or both partners are violent, but they do not want to take control of the relationship. The author also addresses the viewpoint that women are as violent as men and claims that this opinion is quite badly grounded. The author stresses that men are mostly ‘domestic intimidators’ and ‘terrorists’ while some women can be violent, which is their reaction to their partner’s violent acts. Finally, the author stresses that different sampling methods are associated with specific types of violence. The present research is based on data obtained from surveys and court, hospital, and police records. It is necessary to note that the article has important aspects that can be generalized. For instance, the author provides four types of violence. This division makes it possible to estimate the rate of violence among men and women. It helps researchers obtain more correct and comprehensive data. Moreover, this can help develop more sophisticated research methods and sampling strategies. It also helps researchers identify the real causes of violence. This can help social workers and other practitioners to develop specific strategies to help people solve problems associated with domestic violence. It is necessary to note that the article enables the reader to get a broader understanding of the family. Thus, domestic violence is quite common for families worldwide. Members of a family often suffer from violence, and partners often split up. There are different types and causes of domestic violence, but the desire to take control over relationships is the most common cause. The family is often regarded as a battlefield rather than the cooperation of two partners. Hence, domestic violence will occur unless people change their view of the family.  1. What are the major causes of domestic violence?  2. What is the major claim of feminist researchers in
Genetic factors have a significant role in determining human development. It involves understanding the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring and gene processes that may have impacts on human development. Researchers have concentrated on understanding human growth and differentiation right from the fertilized ova to adulthood. They have noted that development and various characteristics result from the expression of some specific genes (Berger, 2000). Therefore, genetic factors influence how a child develops. Genetics provides specific and basic blueprint that determines child development. However, it is important to recognize the role of environment in influencing a child’s development. For instance, some environmental factors like nutrition may alter the gene setup of an individual. In such cases, they may deter growth to achieve full potential or inhibit development of certain body composition, which could result in genetic disorders. One must note that genetics composition and environmental factors interact to determine development in individuals (Mossler, 2011). Genes of the two parents could influence the traits of an offspring. However, expressions of genes from parents depend on two different factors. These include interactions among genes and further interaction in genotype and with the environment. Interactions between genes could result in conflicting information. In some cases, one gene could dominate the other. Not all genes have the same manner of interaction because others may be additive. For instance, a child could have both short and tall parents. The genes may not dominate each other and such a child could end up with an average height. In some cases, the child may exhibit “dominant-recessive gene patterns” (Miko, 2008). This is common in eye colors where brown eye genes are “dominant while blue eye genes become recessive” (Miko, 2008). One parent may pass a dominant gene to the child. In this case, the dominant gene will win over the recessive gene, and the child may exhibit the characteristics of a parent who produced dominant genes (Miko, 2008). Genes also interact with environments. The environment may affect gene expression in children for the rest of their lives. For example, pregnant women who expose their fetuses to harmful chemicals could create conditions that would later affect their children’s development. In addition, environmental factors could affect genes responsible for a child’s height. For instance, persistent illness or poor diets could deter the expressions of genes responsible for the child’s height. In such cases, the child would not be tall as the genetic code had shown. Parents may also pass hereditary conditions to their offspring. This could result in genetic disorder. It is important to recognize that genes interaction processes are not infallible. Thus, defects may occur during the process. Under some circumstances, the number of chr
Introduction Down syndrome appears to be the most widespread human chromosome disorder. It is associated with multiple problems connected with cognitive abilities and chronic health conditions. In addition, in the context of the present-day developments, the possibility to detect a free-cell fetal DNA stays extremely relevant, and new suggestions in this regard are introduced. For this reason, pregnant women need more assistance and useful scales, which are highly likely to provide the essential help in conducting the most rational decision. For this reason, modern scientists attempt to research multiple issues connected with the presence of Down syndrome, from its detection to minimizing its negative consequences on further life. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the recent publications on Down syndrome, outline key questions, and supply modern solutions in case it is possible. Chronic Health Conditions and Cognitive Deficits Patients with revealed Down syndrome are highly likely to have a range of chronic health conditions. However, the question of their influence on cognitive ability still stays unanswered. A group of researchers, Gandy et al., explore this issue in the article The Relationship between Chronic Health Conditions and cognitive Deficits in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Its objective is “to assess this relationship by evaluating studies that measure cognitive performance in the context of Down syndrome-associated chronic health conditions” (Gandy et al., 2020, p. 1). The research includes participants of different ages, namely children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome, and involved quantitative studies, the number of which comprised 15 items. Furthermore, the conclusions regard both chronic health conditions and cognitive abilities. The study revealed the connection between sleep disorder and cognitive dysfunctions and the presence of Down syndrome. Such patients have problems with attention, verbal processing, and execution, and they may be aggravated by sleep disorders. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate actions at the early stages to prevent adverse cognitive outcomes. Down Syndrome and Congenital Heart Disease Approximately half of the patients with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease (CHD), and the complete atrioventricular septal defect is the most widespread. Children, who are not diagnosed with CHD, have significantly better outcomes. The same tendency is characteristic for the patients, who addressed this problem at early stages. Islam et al. (2020) state: “Some reported increase mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and morbidities such as duration of ventilation and infection rates, whereas others suggested similar or improved outcomes for patients with Down’s syndrome who underwent atrioventricular septal defect repair” (p.35). The studies on the consequences of congenital heart
Introduction Positive customer experience is one of the central factors driving the evolution of various organizations. Considering the focus on clients and the satisfaction of their diverse needs, the ability to create approaches that help to attract individuals and hold their attention becomes the most important aspect of any company. For this reason, the concept of customer service as a potent tool to accomplish this task acquires the top priority. There are multiple models that can be utilized with the primary aim to create an environment appreciated by people and delighting them. Speaking about the government sector, organizations operating in it should also transform to deliver services effectively. For this reason, the introduction of the Award for Service Excellence is an important step to encourage entities to change and adapt to the new diversified requirements of their clients. Background The main motive for the creation of this prize is the need to critically evaluate organizations working in the sphere and outline the most effective approaches and models that are used to create excellent customer service. At the same time, analyzing companies regarding the proposed award, some problematic issues can also be revealed. For this reason, the given competition becomes a step towards the achievement of better performance levels and further transformation of the sector to guarantee that clients will remain satisfied with the quality of offered services and approaches used to deliver them. This goal can be achieved only if a correct understanding of the theoretical background related to the problem is attained. Customer Service Thus, customer service can be determined as a set of activities aimed at the provision of professional and high-quality services to clients to satisfy their existing demands. As it has already been stated in the previous part of the project, the term is also associated with the idea of excellence as one of its integral parts. From this perspective, it can be described as the focus on the provision of services that exceed clients’ expectations and delight them (Asif & Gouthier, 2014). In this regard, one should realize the fact that the world of organizations in the government sector should be transformed to fit these definitions. Unfortunately, about 80% of governmental efforts to alter the field and performance fail, and the public sector still experiences difficulties in working with clients (Allas et al., 2018). It means that the int
Introduction Racism is a major social issue that significantly affects the community’s growth and development. Over the decades, discrimination based on ethnical identity risk the effectiveness on personal empowerment cause of the ideological overview on the interdependence. According to researchers, oppression among people due to the tribes is a multidimensional phenomenon that prominently impacts the living quotient 1 . This study aims at exploring the various mainframes under religious, socio-cultural, and economic philosophies from past to the present. Xenophobia is a major barrier towards effective interaction and engagement among individuals within a region as a consequence of structured spectrum on inferiority and superiority. Statement of the Problem Discrimination highly affects interaction among individuals due to the essence of establishing inferiority and superiority. Historically, slave trade thrived as a result of prominent economic impact across distinct regions. Slavery was an essential factor due to the significant business profitability and productivity amid the counterparts. During the 1700s and 1800s, after the arrival of Europeans in America, the demand for cheap labor intensified for tilling of plantations. Therefore, colonizers noticed an opportunity to exploit Africans as an avenue of accumulating wealth. As a result, distinct foundations fostered the necessity of inequality to establish effectiveness of inferiority and superiority complexes. Notably, racism evolved from slave trade to distinct socio-cultural foundational practices negatively influencing the peaceful coexistence among people within a territorial setting. Objectives of the Study   * To assess the historical origin of racism.   * To explore the religion that enacted slavery and racism.   * To evaluate the dynamic slavery and racism experiences.   * To determine the effect of slavery and racism to modern society.   * To establish the contribution of Christianity in whitewashing of history. Literature Review Historical Origin of Slavery Slavery is a societal issue that emerged as a different form of an agenda in 1619 project. The concept encompassed an agreement between Angolans and the traders as indentured servants. The Africans signed contracts with clauses that an individual would only earn liberation after seven years of working as a slave. It is a condition that led to the immigration of the first group in 1619 to America, mainly Virginia 2 . The individuals were sold by the entrepreneurs solely for food. It is after 1661 that the American government implemented policies that encompassed prominent influence upon legalization of slave trade. Although the Angolans acknowledged the essence of a contract, the individuals worked without the signed pacts. The plantation owners retained the laborers’ freedom due to the lack of a contract. The conditions changed after arriving in America and the counterparts had to work for at least fifteen years to earn amnesty 3 . The attainment of liberation among the counterparts involved earning distinctive rights. Securing freedom among slaves meant accessing some of the
Introduction The advent of the Internet elicited both support and reservations almost in equal measure. The debate has gone a notch higher in particular over its use among children. The Internet can be regarded as an essential element in virtually all aspects of life and children have not been left out (Cho and Cheon, 2005; Jackson, Von Eye, Fitzgerald, Witt, and Zhao, 2011). Modern children and the adolescents represent the first generation that has grown surrounded by the Internet technology. This can be compared to the children of the 1920s and 1950s who grew up surrounded by the buzz of the radio and television respectively (Bremer, 2005). In this era of advanced technology, it is almost mandatory that school going children acquire the knowledge on internet use because education curricula are quickly transforming towards technology use. Furthermore, with the widespread use of tech-related gadgets in almost all activities, such as mobile phones, play- stations and many others in day to day life, it seems embracing of technology is a foregone conclusion (Valkenburg & Soeters, 2003). This paper will aspire to explore the question on whether children are smarter or more socialized due to the Internet. Internet Use among Children The use of internet among children today is ranked in the same category with watching television or using the phone. In developed countries, up to 87% of children aged between twelve and seventeen are online. The internet is however better in comparison to the others due to the platform it offers to enhance interaction. According to a study conducted by Genevieve Marie Johnson (2010), it was found out that children were likely to use Internet more at school than at home. However, they enjoyed using the Internet at home more than at school (Johnson, 2010; Jackson, et al. 2007). Children perceive the use of Internet in a different perspective compared to adults (Sandvig, 2006). There is no doubt that the Internet has a significant influence on children (Boonaert and Vettenburg, 2011). Impact of Internet Use The Internet is used both at school and at home by children. At school, the children’s Internet use is governed by the children’s Internet Protection Act (Yan, 2006). The children’s use of Internet is associated with various risks despite being beneficial is some ways. Parents and guardians need to implement various strategies that favor co-use and interaction rules to children to reduce the risk associated with Internet use among children. However, these strategies were found to be less effective in limiting the risks (Livingstone and Helsper, 2008). In a study conducted regarding the influence of the Internet on children from low income families, it was indicated that children who had access to the Internet recorded high scores compared to those who had limited access to the Internet. It was also found out that age did not have an impact on the performance of the children (Jackson, et al. 2006). Another study conducted on the influence of Internet use by the children on family relationships and parental mediation established tha
Introduction Companies ought to appreciate and recognize diversity as a strategy to achieve their objectives in the contemporary business environment. Appreciation of diversity in the work place and in the context of organization’s operations reflects company’s flexibility and acceptance of change. Companies that embrace diversity acquire a competitive edge that is necessary for success. Such companies as IBM and PepsiCo have reaped numerous benefits owing to their ability to make strategies that recognize workforce that is diverse in terms of race, nationality and gender. This paper highlights the positive attributes associated with diversity, which has become the modern key to organizations’ success. Besides, the paper will explore the importance of diversity by making inferences from Agility Corporation. Positive Attributes of Diversity as a Strategy Firms do not adopt diversity in order to comply with various policies, laws and regulations alone. On the contrary, diversity has immense positive attributes through which companies stand to increase their revenues. First, companies that appreciate diversity are able to penetrate different global markets and acquire a competitive edge. It is important to notice that companies are now venturing in new markets both locally and internationally. When companies go global, cultural diversity challenges their operations. To counter the challenges, companies increase their racial, nationality and gender composition of their staff and workforce. Porter (1996) explicates that diversity does not only focus on the workforce but also on the target market. Diversity in the organization will therefore reflect the diversity of the market. According to Thomas (2004), diversity has become a bridge between an organization and the customers. In other words, he explains that an organization is likely to attract a diverse set of customers when they increase diversity in the work place (Thomas, 2004). As such, diversity brings about increased number of customers from different backgrounds that translate to increased revenues. Second, appreciating diversity in the workplace motivates employees, leading to high retention rates as well as improved job commitment (Mintzberg, 1987). In the contemporary world, companies are attempting to minimize costs associated with job training for new employees. Retention therefore has proved to be a strategy through which companies evade these costs. By appreciating diversity in workplace, a company creates an environment where all members of the workforce across all departments and supply chain are appreciated. This is despite their differences in gender, racial or ethnic affiliations. Companies are now taking into consideration the plight of minorities and marginalized groups and as such, the workplace has diminished various sources of discrimination. Thomas & Creary (2009) explain that greater diversity within an organization is in itself a motivating factor for initially marginalized groups of employees. Mintzberg (1987) articulates that companies are making strategies that will minimize their overhead expenses. It has become apparent that organizations should
Communication is transferring information from one person, a place, or a group to another, and it plays a vital role in organizations, families, and churches. A healthy and effective interaction strengthens the relationship of the people involved, and information is easily conveyed. Conflicts may arise among different individuals or communities; which various factors may cause. This paper will define conflict, describe how communication behaviors and personal dissimilarities lead to interpersonal conflict and provide recommendations for resolving misunderstandings. Conflict Definition Conflict is a disagreement between parties involved over values, interests, goals, or beliefs that people possess. According to other definitions, it is a conveyed struggle among inter-reliant parties due to a change of interests and perceptions. They denote a unique type of communicative and interactive setting at both intergroup and interpersonal stages. Many people become anxious or even tense when the element of conflict is mentioned. However, this is an utterly healthy, normal, and natural component of any relationship (Chen & Agrawal, 2017). Struggles arise between inter-reliant parties or individuals who depend on each other for a disagreement to occur. Interdependence exists where one person’s actions affect the well-being of the other party. If people are not dependent upon each other, it is not considered an interpersonal conflict even when there is disparity. Communication Behaviors Interpersonal conflicts may be expressed verbally or nonverbally, which surpasses the conveyance of messages which consist of abuse. They may be caused by frustration and stress, misunderstandings, lack of planning, poor communication, bad staff selection, among others. Verbal communication includes words, sounds, speech, and language, making it an effective way of expressing emotions. It may happen face-to-face, through a phone call, public address, among others. The message transferred orally should have a meaning, and the receiver should deduce the meaning of the information. The spoken report can lead to conflicts when the meaning is well conveyed, not clearly understood, or the transfer information’s significance is not visibly defined among the parties involved (Ihtiyar, 2017). Nonetheless, non-verbal communication uses body language to express a message that sends attitudes, thoughts, perceptions, and implications. They include gestures, facial expressions, body movement, posture, and eye contact. These behaviors lead to conflicts when they offend, confuse, or even undermine the report being transmitted. Effects of Communication Behaviors and Individual Differe