ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite decades of fighting for people’s rights, discrimination remains one of the most topical issues on the agenda of the 21 st -century world. In addition, discrimination nowadays takes a variety of shapes, making both children and adults representing minorities feel insecure. At present, different types of discrimination exist; there is racial profiling, discrimination of sexual minorities, and, finally, ethnic or national discrimination, the most well-known types of profiling. The problem has trickled into a number of spheres, including business and education; however, the idea of discrimination dictating its rules to the realm of science seemed absurd up until recently. Despite the attempts of bringing the principles of equality to work among researchers, some of the academies view certain types of people as unwelcome in the world of science. Among the most common types of discrimination in the world of science, gender profiling takes the first place (Valian, 2014). The evolution of women’s role in science has gone an admittedly long way and has led to impressive results; while previously, women were literally not allowed into the “holy of the holies” – the world of natural sciences, in the 20 th and the 21 st centuries, a major breakthrough occurred – women finally entered the field of research and gained an opportunity to not only partake in science projects but also be the leaders of ones. Nevertheless, at present, tangible inequality can be observed in the roles of men and women in science. First and most important, female researchers and scientists are paid less than men, though working equally hard and making a nonetheless significant contribution to the evolution of science. The financial aspect of the problem is emphasized the most frequently and, as a result, is often considered the most efficient argument in the debate regarding the existence of inequality between men and women in science (Charyton et al., 2011). The problem of gender profiling, however, does not stop at the aforementioned point; not only do women get paid less than men for their research, but their contributions to the development of natural sciences are often belittled. The fact that women win fewer grants than men do can also be related to the effects of gender profiling in research, particularly in natural sciences (Luntz, 2011). It should be noted that similar tendencies can be observed in other fields of science and humanities as well; the extent of gender profiling, however, is considerably less impressive than the one, which can be observed in natural sciences. For example, recent exploration of the issue has shown that women face better chances for promotion and academic evolution when taking part in researches in social science; the same can be said about the women who have chosen humanities. The difference in treatment of women in natural sciences and humanities, however, not only breaks the stereotypical understanding of the role of women in research but also reinforces it; according to the latest opinion polls, male researchers consider natural sciences the domain of men, whereas the field of so
Introduction Whether it is possible to lose body fat and build body muscles at the same time is one of the most controversial and complex issues in the world of exercise and health. For some people, these two health and exercise goals amount to an oxymoron. Consequently, a majority of the people who embark on comprehensive exercise programs either target muscle gain or mass/fat reduction goals. Nevertheless, most experts agree that it is “inaccurate to say that it is impossible to build muscle and lose body fat at the same time” (Watanabe & Ishii, 2014, p. 464). The need to gain muscle and lose fat at the same time has been fueled by the need to gain ultimate health benefits from exercise programs. For instance, most of the existing lifestyle diseases are often linked to increases in body fat. On the other hand, individuals are concerned with reaping the aesthetic benefits of exercise programs whereby they gain desirable body shapes. The elusive muscle gain-fat loss combination is not easy to achieve according to most experts. However, the plan requires a well-monitored diet and exercise regimen. Any contradictions to the laid out exercise plans might lead to imbalanced or undesired results. Various programs are promoted as having the ability to enable individuals to lose body fat and gain body fat at the same time. Nevertheless, most of these programs are likely to be commercially motivated without necessarily delivering the promised results
Introduction In this case scenario Martha came to make some assumptions about Reza so as to justify what she thought of him.When Reza started talking with Martha at the Cafeteria, she was astonished when he told her he was a judge, he had a sister who was a university professor in the United States and he had a daughter who was specializing to be a gynecologist in Moscow. Martha’s astonishment was due to the fact that she had assumed that Reza was just another typical newly arrived refugee who was unsure of himself. Martha must have assumed that Reza’s culture also encouraged people to freely talk and socialize with other people and tell people about themselves freely. This is because in her classes she made efforts to make her students to express their identity freely, but could not understand why Reza was not willing to do so. Knowing that Reza was from Afghanistan and having read or heard some biased information about the country, Martha thought that the people there must have been facing a lot of problems in terms of lack of freedom of expression, suppression of the citizens by the authorities and lack of freedom of association. This is why she felt that coming to the west was going to give Reza the opportunity to ‘express himself and articulate his identity in ways that he had never been able to before’. Martha also made the assumption that in Kabul, Afghanistan, people lived a worthless life as they had absolutely nothing. Martha like everybody else assumed that Reza was ‘terribly prejudiced against basic freedoms and he seemed to resent having a female teacher. They considered this unexpected from a culture ‘where women were not even considered second class citizens’. After sometime she heard him say that he would never let his daughter marry a Canadian and when he came from the hospital and kept talking about the nurse who had stitched his finger, Reza came across to her as though he could not tolerate being touched by a woman. All these misperceptions made her give up on Reza as a hopeless bigot. This is an assumption as confirmed by the fact that Reza actually has a sister who is a university professor in the United States and his eldest daughter is actually specializing to be a gynecologist in Moscow. These are high ranking professions which Reza’s sister and daughter have taken to. This confirms that Reza is not at all bigoted. He further told Martha that his greatest achievement in Canada was seeing his teenage daughter doing well at school and taking part in the full range of activities that young people deserved. He is truly happy for his daughters and sister to have the freedom to do whatever they wished with their lives. Martha assumed that there are no decent medical care facilities in Kabul when Reza told her he had only wanted to go home and get his finger treated after he had had an accident with his finger. Reza disputed this assumption by informing Martha that there were excellent health facilities in Afghanistan where he would not be treated l
Introduction Fredrick Douglass born some times between 1815 and 1820 in Tuckahoe in Talbot county, Maryland, suffered many years of slavery from his childhood into adulthood in Maryland in South America before his escape to the North in 1938. He was separated from his mother while still one year old and never knew exactly who his father was. As he grew up, he came to believe that the increase in number of incoming slaves into the south would one day create an end to slavery in the content. The power of the people would one day overwhelm that of the masters. Lessons learnt from Douglass’s narrative Douglass believed that the greatness of the master could not be transferred to the slaves (Douglass 3). Being a slave was already bad enough and a human rights violation and therefore unity among the people would be the only possible way of redeeming themselves from slavery. People should find the need to come together due to the mutual hardships that they often undergo as a result of their condition as slaves. Black or white, people should work together without considering the race just like it used to be initially at Mr. Gardner’ ship building firm (Douglass 10). Fredrick Douglass witnessed many horrible events and crimes against humanity while still a slave in Maryland. People were whipped till blood poured from their bodies and farm overseers as well as other white men and women committed some of the most horrid murder yet such crimes were considered as normal in the community. The justice system should protect everyone whether slave or master or whether black or white. The justice system should treat people selectively and should protect people from crimes against humanity. Treating people selectively increases the level of crime against humanity especially by those who have an upper hand in the justice system. Watson Esquire could not order an arrest warrant on the white carpenters who beat Douglass up almost destroying his eyeballs since he had to find white witnesses to the case (Douglass 10). Douglass narrative teaches about self-determination and courage. Despite the suffering he underwent under different slave-masters including in Covey’s hand, he did not lose hope. He was determined to escape whether it meant losing his life. It is this determination that would help slaves overcome the unending slavery. People should be ready to lose their lives in order to end slavery. People should be ready to meet the worst in efforts to achieve respect from slave masters. Freedom is not easily attained; people have to struggle for it. It takes the courage and boldness of both men and women to confront the slave masters whenever they feel oppressed. According to Douglass (10) his boldness to fight with Mr. Convey saved him from frequent whippings. He believed that he would rather be killed than to remain a slave in hands of the slave masters. Douglass came to learn that education or being able to read and write is the key to overcoming slavery. Education could help enlighten the people and expand their understanding of contemporary issues such as their human right
Introduction Through out their existence, organizations and businesses are considerably pressured to raise their levels of performance and productivity. This is especially so in the modern day business environment which is characterized by aggression and excessive competition thereby constantly forcing businesses to exhibit innovation and enhanced performance so as to remain relevant and profitable in the ever increasingly competitive arena. To achieve the organizational goals of increased productivity, the input of both the individual and groups in the organization remains invaluable. However, for these inputs to make optimal impact, the organization must have a strong marketing strategy to steer it and its products in the right direction. This being the case, the development of marketing plans and skills is indeed necessary for the survival and continued success of any organization. The Twentieth Century has seen the increasing dominance of formal retailing (e.g. retail multiples, shopping centers (malls) and internationalization of major retail brands). The retail marketing literature has tended to focus on these phenomena whilst failing to appreciate that many household purchases and acquisitions are undertaken via non-formal retailers (e.g. farmers markets, swap meets, jumble sales and car boot sales). This paper sets out to discuss what determines exemplary retailing in a business setting. This shall be achieved by going into a detailed discussion regarding to effective retailing. The factors that influence consumers to use non-formal retailing shall be discussed and an analysis shall be carried out to evaluate the extent to which the retail mix is relevant to non formal retailing. Brief overview of formal and non formal retailing Cox and Brittain define retailing as the direct sale of goods to consumers in small quantities (17). This aspect of business transaction has been in existence for a very long time. It has revolutionized from the barter trade system to the money based system and has gone to the next level (e-Marketi
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop a critical review of documentary films with an aim of examining their analysis of issues related to the youth music and the culture developed through music. The analysis attempts to develop a comprehensive understanding of the identities and identity formation through music and the consequences of these identities to the individuals involved. In particular, the documentaries reviewed provide a firsthand information from interviewing individuals who participated in the development of some music cultures during their youth and their perceptions towards the identities assumed at the time and how this has had an impact on their current lives. Summary The 2011 American film “The other F word” attempts to explore the lives and worlds of some former musicians under the punk rock genre. Using an interview approach to examine the topic, the film attempts to show the transition of the aging musicians from their assumed identities two or three decades ago to adult life. In particular, it emphasizes on the process of transition from rock identities to parenthood. In addition, the film shows how these individuals try to maintain a contrast between taking responsibilities as a parent in the current life and the assumed rock identities that were characterized with authoritarian lifestyles. The film interviews more than twenty musicians that actively participated in the rock culture in the 1970s and 1980s. In addition, the film focuses on examining other individuals that were not part of the music group, but assumed punk or rocker identities, thus becoming part of the subculture. The film begins with a review of the acts and scenes that were common during the active days of the rockers and punks between 1960s and 1980s. It shows episodes of the dynamic activities involved, including live performances, rough and daring acts such as fights, jumping from high grounds, excessive speeding and other vigorous activities. As each individual is examined, the film shows how he copes with the current life. The responsibilities of taking care of their children and families seems to be an important part of their current life ( The Other F-Word ). Among the main interviewees in this film is Jim Lindberg, the former lead singer of Pennywise group. It shows his former activities as a leading punk and compares his former life and identify with his current situation. He is filmed at home in South Bay, Los Angeles, with his wife and three daughters. He says that he still loves music and often participates in playing guitar ( The Other F-Word ). As a part of his parental role, Lindberg teaches his daughters how to play guitar. However, his emphasis
Introduction: Background of the Company Nokia is one of the most internationally renowned leading mobile phone companies that originated from Finland, with its headquarters in Espoo. The company emerged in 1885 and has since then been dealing with providing telecommunications and information technology services such as developing mobile phones and their accessories, internet services, and telephony technologies. Be sure to discuss the main products and/or services that the company sells Nokia Corporation deals with an assortment of products and services related to telecommunication and IT. For products, the company ventures in mobile phones, mobile phone accessories, computer devices, tablets, and several other portable Information technology gadgets. Nokia also provides internet services, including mobile phone internet applications, routing services, digital mapping, gaming services, and multimedia services. Describe the industry in which the company operates Nokia Corporation is a mobile phone manufacturing company under the mobile phone industry, but is under the telecommunication and information technology industry as it deals mostly with communication products and services. The telecommunication, cell phone and the information technology industries are industries dealing with inventing modern communication devices and providing efficient communication services. Nokia Corporation is a multinational company that is currently venturing in almost every state or nation across the continents. Within the UAE, Nokia has a series of argent companies that operate under the Nokia umbrella. Nokia Corporation has sub-companies in Dubai and within other major cities around the United Arab Emirates. Mention something about the competition and how you believe the company competes (relating this to their operations) Nokia UAE is facing stiff competition in the Middle East as well as across the world because companies like Samsung, Apple, and Huawei have come up with unique models of phones in terms of hardware, operating systems, and applications that meet diverse needs of customers. However, I believe that Nokia UAE is increasingly becoming competitive in various markets because it is expanding its operations to reach many customers. Nokia UAE has made sure that it provides customers in the UAE with all models of Nokia phones and applications in Ovi Stores. Moreover, Nokia UAE has an extensive support system that allows customers to optimize the use of phones. The advent of smartphones has compelled mobile operators to offer high-speed networks and business solutions. Hence, the operations of Nokia UAE are very competitive in the markets. Nokia Corporation performed very well during the last few years with a market share of approximately 18%, which currently seems to have downsized to about 3%. Although still earn
Introduction Globalization can be described as the result of integration between diverse cultures. This occurs through various means, which include political, economic or cultural, among others. Globalization is a process that dates back to human antiquity. Over the years, several stages of globalization have occurred, these include among others, contemporary globalization, which is brought about by activities such as investment in telecommunication and transportation services. The idea of globalization puts together people from diverse backgrounds that come together through their businesses and later merge into larger networks. In essence, globalization is very efficient in that it encourages coming together of a people in harmony. In addition, it boosts growth of a country, and helps in cultivating democracy. This paper will try to explore the effects of globalization on native non-western cultural practices (Spradley, 2006). Effects of globalization on native non-western cultural practices Globalization has varied effects on non-western cultures. First, there is changed structure of doing business. This includes how people value material and individual needs as well as ways that they practice in their cultures. Globalizations that involve cultures of a nation increase the range of options an individual can take. It also reduces the ways through which one community differs from another, within the entire world (Wood & Boyd, 2010). A nation’s culture is a process that develops and changes with time. Another example of effects of globalization is colonialism and imperialism includes degeneration. For, instance, effects of colonialism has degraded African culture. Colonialism is said to have opened ways for globalization in today’s cultural beliefs. Thirdly, another example where globalization has affected non-western activities is the commercialization of culture. Culture has deviated from being a people’s way of life to becoming a product. In non-western societies, commercialization of culture has a negative impact on the people. The people came to a realization that their way of life was a product of disregarding some cultures in order to progress (Spradley, 2006). Circumstances within each of these cultures In colo
One of the factors that may lead a pregnant woman to abortion is her “illiteracy” in matters of the heart. Both her heart and the heart of her would-be child are implied. The woman’s understanding of the close interconnection between her heart and the heart of her fetus will reduce her possible emotional and physical hostility to the unborn. In Containing Women: Reproductive Discourse in the 1980s (1991) by Valerie Hartouni’s the idea of importance of metaphorical link between the heart of the would-be mother and her child is the leading one: “Situated in opposition to the supposedly unsituated gaze of technology is the second term of the antinomy, the truly situated gaze of women, directed not toward the uterus, but toward the heart and the heart as it exists, not in some physiological sense, of course, but metaphorically.” (Hartouni 40) Genetically, it is in women’s power to “read” the hearts of others and to penetrate into their most sacred mysteries. This ability acquires especial importance when a woman is pregnant. A woman should develop this ability of her but should direct it to her fetus. Etymologically, heart derives from Greek terms “kardian” or “cura”, meaning care or concern. The importance of heart is not rooted in its biological functions only but in its moral significance as well. Heart thus becomes both the object and the subject of one’s love, care and support. Motherhood is the source of life and strength for the fetus, in other words, it is the whole system of developing one’s own heart and the heart of a child. Abortion in this case appears to be a means to break this system and to deprive potential mother from the opportunity to feel the joy of motherhood. Instead, if women’s abilities to “read” the hearts are linked to their uteruses, women will not only develop the ability to create life but to preserve it as well. In the novel My Year of Meats (1999) by Ruth Ozeki we find ideas that are rather contradictory to the one offered in Hartouni’s work. Through the perspective of making the TV show My American Wife focusing on beef industry we observe how society demands other women, not the ones whose primary concern is motherhood. The woman should “be attractive, appetizing, and all-American. She is the Meat Made Manifest: ample, robust yet never tough nor hard to digest.” (Ozeki 8) With such an assumption of women there is no need to speak of women’s abilities