ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Factors causing the diseases Radiation consists of several types of subatomic particles, principally those called gamma rays, x-rays, neutrons, electrons, and alpha particles, They can easily penetrate deep inside the human body, damaging some of the biological cells of which the body is composed. This damage can cause a fatal cancer to develop, or if it occurs in reproductive cells, it can cause genetic defects in later generations of offspring. According to (Radiation poisoning, 2007) “radiation sickness or a creeping dose, is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation”. The term is generally used to refer to acute problems caused by a large dosage of radiation in a short period. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning occur as ionizing radiation interferes with cell division. Common diseases that are caused by radiation exposure are Asthma, Autism, Cancer, Lung Disease, Lupus, Parkinson’s Disease ,and Reproductive Health these diseases are contracted when an individual comes into contact whether internally or externally with dioxins, electric & magnetic fields ,endocrine, disruptors, lead ,mold among other agents. There are various ways through which people get exposed to radiations, these ways are broadly categorized as air pollution, waste, Water Pollution and through diagnostic therapy. The exposure can be accidental for example of what happened in Chernobyll nuclear power plant disaster while some incidences are deliberate as with the case of Japan during the second world war.These incidences are; radioactive material falling off a truck; contaminated water leaking out of a tank or seeping out of a waste burial ground; a radioactive source used for materials inspection being temporarily misplaced; malfunctions in nuclear plants leading to releases of radioactivity; and so on. There are also incidences of natural radiation such as Ultra violet rays ,cosmis rays ,radiation from radioactive materials like Uraniam, pottassium and and thorium in the ground well known to affect miners. This shows that we should be more concerned to the reduction of human induced exposure to radiation such as diagnostic X-rays are our second largest source of whole body exposure sine we can do little as far as natural radiation is concerned. Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens to increase exposure to ultraviolet radiation which is known to be a factor in a number of diseases ozone layer depetion is currently attributed to increased air pollution. According to (Bentham.G, 1993) “There is little doubt that cumulative exposure to UV radiation is important in the aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancers. Evidence is also strong for a link with cutaneous malignant melanoma, although here it appears to be intermittent intense exposure that is most damaging”. There is Concern growing that UV may be capable of activating viruses and have immuno-logic effects that might exacerbate infectious disease. He f
Introduction Anoka-Metro Regional Treatment Center (AMRTC) is one of the largest mental health facilities in Minnesota. It serves individuals in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which includes the county of Anoka, Dakota, Ramsey, Scott, Sherburne, Washington, and Carver counties (DHS, 2020). The hospital has a long history of providing service to mental health patients, but also faces a variety of challenges familiar to the US healthcare industry as a whole, such as overcrowding, understaffing, scheduling, and high personnel rotation rates, in addition to problems unique to long-term mental health services, such as patients escaping wards, patients abusing hospital personnel, or vise-versa (Keltner & Steele, 2018). The purpose of this consultation is to identify a singular pressing problem within AMRTC and come up with a coherent and evidence-based change proposal to address the issue. The consultation process includes the collection and dissemination of information about the organization in question, its evaluation in the scope of available literature on the subject, and an analysis of potential ways to improve the situation, based on change frameworks. Data about the organization is collected from publicly-available sources, such as AMRTC site, yearly reports, and government papers. An inside perspective on how things work inside of the facility is retrieved from one of the nurses, who agreed to give an interview and a subjective viewpoint on the matter. These findings are to be compared with the available sources of peer-reviewed literature on the subject. The dissemination of information would enable pinpointing one of the key issues currently faced by AMRTC, and propose a change plan to address it. The plan of implementation will be based on Lewin’s Change model (Shirey, 2013). Organizational Analysis Description of the Organization AMRTC is the largest and one of the oldest psychiatric hospitals in Minnesota. As it stands, the hospital operates 110 beds, having reduced its capacity for handling patients from its 200-bed capacity due to various financing, organizational, and worker safety issues that have been going around since 2018 (MDHS, 2020). Hospital focuses on long-term treatments to individuals civilly or criminally committed by a court as mentally-ill. Some of these patients exhibit volatile behaviors or are pending a criminal trial. AMRTC takes these patients in due to the fact that community hospitals are lacking clinical expertise, secure facility, and support staff personnel. Average duration of stay for patients usually does not exceed 100 days (DHS, 2020). During the previous year (2019), AMRTC treated and released 374 patients (DHS, 2020). The majority of the patients in the hospital tend to be male, though the hospital features separate wings and quarters for female patients as well, due to the nature of it being a secure facility. At its max
There are many factors that were considered in electing the company with the best human resource practice. The human factor was a key factor in the whole process and companies that had a motivating human resource practice were nominated. Ultimate Software being one of those companies with a desirable human resource management system was elected among the best companies and to elaborate the details, its various practices are analyzed. The medical cover is unique in that it even covers same sex partners and to add to that, the cover is attractive as the employees and their spouses are fully covered and no extra costs are to be incurred in case of any sickness. Unlike Ultimate Software Company, most medical covers do not include dental care. This is a rare cover to come across and it must have immensely contributed to the popularity of the company. Another unique benefit is on the educational aspect of the employees of the company. The human resource manager has structured the system in such a way that it encourages the employees of the company to go for further studies and certification. The system allows reimbursement of money spent on obtaining certification and educational skills of their employees. This does not happen in every other company; it is a unique case and must have earned the company some extra votes. The annual salary of Ultimate Software Company is also attractive. It is above the market rates as compared to those offered by its competitors. It is good to pay commensurate salaries to employees for services offered. This is happening in Ultimate Software Company as the salary plus the other benefits is enough to cover for the services offered by its employees. This is another reason the company was voted among the best companies. Leaves for employees are an important aspect as far as human resource management is concerned. They allow the employees of an organization to attend to personal issues as well as unwind and kill boredom. Most companies do not offer leaves to their employees on a regular basis and when necessary and thus this is a cutting edge compared to their competitors (Wright, 2002). However, Ultimate Software Company knows the importance of leave to its employees as it offers regular leaves. It also gives them offs when there is a need and an event they want to attend. Some of the other companies that offer leaves to their employees do not pay them during the days they are off work. However, this is not the case at Ultimate Software as the company still gives the employees their salaries on the days they are on leave. It also gives them leave allowances unlike other companies. Disabled employees are rare to come across in most companies. Most human resource managers consider
There has been a great concern worldwide about the high increase in prices of essential foods. The high increase in food prices has been caused by low supply of basic foods. In order to ensure that there is enough supply of basics foods such as rice, wheat, soya and maize to meet the local and international demand, the congress should offer farmers incentives such as reduced prices for fertilizers as well as other farm inputs to encourage more farmers to plant basic foods. The economic effects of food crisis are great. For example, food shortages force the government to spend is a lot of its revenue in importing basic foods in order to meet the demand for its residents. However, subsidizing farming of basic foods will motivate more farmers to shift their farming from cash crops farming and particularly agro-fuel farming to embark on planting maize and wheat for local consumption as well as for export. Through this strategy the government will save a lot of its resources in buying rice, maize and wheat for its population. In addition, the government will earn a lot of revenue from the maize and wheat imported to foreign countries. In 2007/08 there was a great food crisis that resulted to high increases of prices of basic foods such as rice, soya, wheat and maize. The food crisis resulted to hunger of approximately 925 million people as reported by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In 2007 prior to the food crisis, it was estimated that those people who were suffering from malnutrition was 850 million. The number increased by 75 million in less than a year to a high of 925 million people by 2008. According to the current high rate of increase food shortage, it is estimated that by 2017, the number of those suffering from malnutrition will reach a high of 1.2 billion. It is believed that the current high shortage of basic foods is directly or indirectly affecting over half of the population worldwide. A study conducted by FAO in 2009 indicated that the increase of prices of food have not stopped and are likely to escalate in the near future. The study revealed that food price index increased by 12% in 2005 to 2006 by 24% between 2006 and 2007 and by 50% in January and July 2008. A similar study conducted by World the same year showed that high fluctuation of prices of essential foods in the world. In addition, it indicated that prices of basic foods have increased by over 83% in the past three years. Moreover the study indicated an increase of over 130% in the price of wheat, 87% increase in the price of soya and an increase of 74% and 31% in the prices of rice and maize respectively. The study predicated a continual rise in the prices of basic foods a condition that conceptualized to greatly affect poor countries (Vivas 130). There are various reasons that explain the current great shortages in food supply. One of the reasons given is the current changes of climate in China, Australia as well as Bang
Introduction The study of the possible causes of crime can be traced from 3700 years before Christ were the Babylonians tried to explain the reasons that motivated people to commit crimes (Fitzgerald, 2001). Later, in the early 18th century, European missionaries and colonialists are recorded to have stated that crime and sins as per their religious orientation are the same things (Fitzgerald, 2001). The development of man over the centuries and the sophistication in the way he lives has influenced the crime trends, which have also evolved alongside man. Criminologists have identified the possible factors that can be attributed to criminal activities. This paper aims at identifying the underlying causes of crime. After these causes are identified, the paper will examine whether studying crime can help in its alleviation. Besides this, the paper will seek to effectively relate the causes of crime in America and see how economic, social, psychological, and finally biological factors influence rational actors to cause crime. Finally, the paper will relate the causes of crime with a classical theory that advocates for free will. Definition of crime Crime has been defined differently by different definitions. However, all definitions go to the bottom line that for crime to occur, an act that was not meant to occur occurs. The lexical definition of crime defines it as any act or failure to act as one is obliged. This failure to act constitutes an offense if it hurts directly or indirectly any interested party. This offense can be punished in a state using the state’s statutory regulations. Crime can be defined using the legal fraternity dictionary as the absolute violation of the laws of a country. This violation results in hurting the public or an individual and thus is punishable as per the stipulated laws. Causes of crime Knowledge about a crime is of great essence as it can help in establishing the possible means through which crime can be eliminated. It is also important that the global crime rates are understood so that the trends in the United States of America are matched with those in other parts of the world. This benchmarking is important in ensuring that various motivators of crime are identified. Factors that cause crime Biological factors such as a physical structure of an individual play a key role in determining whether a person commits a certain crime or not. For instance, being a male person is a predisposing factor that influences a person to commit an offense such as wife battering, assault among others (Newman & Rothberg, 2002). On the other hand, some crimes such as prostitution are more likely to be associated with women. Crime may be motivated by greed, anger, jealousy, revenge, and at times, arrogance from the offenders. Kender (2001) notes that some people commit a crime with one sole aim, to hurt the other party. Such people get a psychological reward in inflicting pain and suffering on other people. Crimes motivated by psychic disorders are carefully planned to reduce the chances of being caught while executing the crime. People who commit this category of cri
One of the most critical questions that majorities ask and the main hurdle to renewable energy is whether renewable energy can ever efficiently become a viable energy option relative to the traditional, ready available sources of energy. This question has become relevant as the world continues to face an ever-growing energy and environmental crises due to negative impacts of burning fossil fuel. As a result, many stakeholders such as environmentalists, scientists, governments and the public have embarked on reviewing the latest developments in the renewable energy sector. Renewable energy may be obtained from a wide range of sources such as solar, wind and biomass. These are cheap sources of energy, friendly to the environment, but they are not the mainstream sources, and account for low rates of energy consumed today. It is imperative to evaluate whether renewable energy is a viable option for the world energy crisis. This is a consequential explanation essay on adoption of modern technologies to create viable renewable energy to meet the world’s energy demands. Renewable Energy Technologies The traditional sources of energy such as coal, oil and other natural gases have shown that they are greatly dependable sources of energy, but their damaging effects on the public health and the environment have prompted the world to seek for alternative viable sources of energy (Herzog, Lipman, Edwards & Kammen, 2001). These conventional sources of energy have created greater impacts on the environment, which are mainly related to global warming and the increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Clearly, continued use of traditional energies will escalate global warming and the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Renewable energies can cater for the global energy needs. In these attempts to meet the world’s energy demands, technologies have become critical aspects in generating renewable energies. Globally, biomass, solar and wind energy resources are abundantly available. If new efficiency measures and technologies are deployed, these renewable energy sources can meet the world’s energy needs. Renewable energy sources can provide decentralised energy and help in reducing the cost of infrastructures relative to centralised power stations (Herzog et al., 2002). Technologies could be used to facilitate mass production of solar energy, wind power, biomass and hydropower. In this case, technologies will reduce costs of energy production and meet specific needs during production and service factors. Moreover, technologies have minimal impacts on the environment. In case activities from technologies generate negative impacts, such impacts do not cause severe damages to relative to centralised power stations, which may even result in acid rain and massive air pollution. Over the years, the cost of using technologies to generate renewable energies have continued to decline, whereas costs of producing energy from traditional sources have continued to surge. Generally, renewable energy technologies offer relatively low or no costs related to fuel usages. Costs of initial investments in such technologies may be consi
Introduction Countries are embracing technology, which is changing the operations of various organizations, particularly in dynamic and competitive environments. Through innovations, companies are able to increase their productivity, which allows them to sell products at lower prices with high quality. The purchasing power of customers has tremendously improved, leading to economic growth in various regions. In the recent past, the idea of self-driving cars was welcomed with much excitement. This was major because such innovation would enhance safety by eliminating human errors, which are the main cause of accidents on roads (Sam et al., 2016). However, during the testing of a driverless car by Tesla, a driver lost his life as the car crashed while trying to avoid a truck. In the Uber crash, a prototype vehicle struck the sidewalk killing a woman. The video taken showed that the driver in the car was shocked and could not do anything to save the woman (Lin, 2015). Based on these two cases and many others, this innovation is now facing numerous dilemmas forcing its proponents to pause and think of possible solutions to address the underlying issues. Main body Empathetic drivers would try to swerve a car to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road based on instinct. In other scenarios, a motorist may choose to hit a cyclist with a helmet instead of one without because minimal damage would occur. However, for driverless cars, the dilemma of who should take responsibility for the cause of accidents is still debated. It is not yet clear whether to blame the programmers, automakers, or policymakers for the origin of accidents. After configuring autonomous cars with coded programs, they will make choices based on those instructions despite the circumstances. These vehicles rely on the Lidar and sensors such as cameras and radar to detect hazards on roads (Yun et al., 2016). Currently, automated companies use a system that is not standardized, as different choices are made depending on the core values and mission of an organization. The main concern is whether a self-driving car can make the same or better choices than humans. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed a moral machine that intends to explore possible choices for autonomous cars while on the road. Moral decisions are subject to biases since people hold different views in societies (Awad, 2017). What a scientist prefers may appear immoral to a religious leader and vice versa. Such differences are some of the dilemmas and drawbacks challenging this innovation. For instance, when I played the moral machine game, the result suggested that a driverless car should make a decision and hit pedestrians c
Introduction The use of placebo and the consequent placebo effect in medical practice have elicited a mixture of reactions for many years. For instance, there are those medical practitioners who argue that it is a significant practice which has brought immense health benefits such as improved patient recovery process, emotional and physical well being of patients. On the other hand, there are those who have vehemently opposed the use of placebo arguing that it is a morally questionable and outdated practice whose mechanism is unknown and that implies paternalism and massive deceit. Nonetheless, studies in pain medicine indicate that placebo effect is an effective and special alternative medicine that allows patients to develop positive attitude towards the process of recovery even after being given a treatment which has no therapeutic value. Barnhill (2011) posits that the mechanisms of placebo is largely concerned with making use of a patient’s psychosocial context and psychological aspect when administering drugs to relieve depression and pain. This paper examines placebo effect, related theories as well as its implications in medical practice. Placebo theories and mechanisms Response expectant theory In medicine, the improvement of patients’ health through placebo is a factor that has been attributed to patients developing expectations that whatever has been given to them to ease pain is effective and can produce better results (Carpenter, 2009). On a global scale, studies o