ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Shpuntoff and Shpuntoff (1956) found that there was an absence of electric muscular activity in the mandibular postural position. In addition, Carlson and Jarabak state that there is electromyographic silence at-rest position. The study of Yemm and Berry (1969) also noted that there is a coincidence between the rest position and electrical silence. On the contrary, in the present study EMG activity was recorded at rest position and slight position. EMG findings agree with several studies that found masticatory muscle activity was not minimal or absent( Garnik and Ramfjord,1962; Drago,1979; Wessberg et al,1982;Moller,1976,Michelotti,1997). However, a recent review by Miles(2007) found low activity in jaw closing and opening mucles which does not contribute to the rest postion and he states that the mandible is supported by passive viscoelastic forces in peroral soft tissues. Variables such as gender shown in the previous study that did not have any effect on the EMG activity at rest postion (Ferrario et al,) The muscle activities in a slightly open position were less than the activity at rest position similar results were obtained in other studies. these studies showed that the activity in the muscles diapered, immediately after the contact between the teeth is open ( Carlsoo 1956; Jarbak 1957Garnick; Ramfjord 1962). EMG recording was performed during hypnotic stat and the rest position has been also measured between two spots one on the tip of the nose and the other one on the chin. The divider has been used instead of the Willis gague because it will not interfere with the subject during hypnotic state also it dsent displace the soft tissue in the submental area. the measurements showed a decrease in muscle activity, together with a great increase in the rest position. This results in agreement with Cranio (1990) who found when the subject was under hypnosis a significant reduction of the tonic EMG activity was observed (43 to 50%), together with a great increase of the inclusion space. this observation suggests that the muscle activity is not a result of the subject’s emotional reaction to the experiments as Yemm,(1969) claimed in his study. This observation could be due to the subject being relaxed under hypnosis, the jaw muscles also relaxed, and then the mandible dropped. Therefore the opening of the mouth is increased and consequently, the EMG decrease. this is in agreement with Manns et al (1981) who found decreases in electrical activity in three muscles Masseter, anterior and posterior temporal muscles when the subjects open his mouth. this has been explained that the action of opening the mouth implies a mechanism
The African continent is presumably the place where a modern man’s direct ancestors appeared in the prehistoric period. With the development of the human population, Africans succeeded in colonizing “an especially hostile region of the world on behalf of the entire human race” (Iliffe 2007, 1). The unique history of the colonization of the continent by early humans explains the nature of later processes in Africa and around the world. However, the continent only caught scientists’ attention in the 19th century, so “African prehistory is a puzzle on a grand scale, still only partly solved” (Diamond 1999, 377). Thus, the peopling of Africa, early human evolution, and migrations and diversity are essential in explaining many historical processes, including modern ones. The Peopling of the Continent of Africa The American evolutionary biologist and biogeographer Jade Diamond made a significant contribution to the study of the history of Africa’s people. In his book “Guns, Germs, and Steel,” he comprehensively examines the reasons for the rise of the Eurasian civilization throughout the world. The continent occupies a special place in this study because “humans have lived in Africa far longer than anywhere else” (Diamond 1999, 377). According to research, Homo sapiens appeared in Southeast Africa about 200 thousand years ago, and their continental expansion began 80-100 thousand years ago (Iliffe 2007, 6-8). For many modern people, native Africans are black, while white Africans are European colonizers, but a couple of thousand years ago, the situation was different. Diamond (1999, 377) mentions that previously, Africa was inhabited by representatives of the five major divisions of humanity, three of which are native to the continent. Moreover, blacks themselves are a heterogeneous people, formed due to long prehistory and unique geography. The composition of the African population has historically been mixed. Diamond (1999, 378) argues that by 1000 AD, the continent was already inhabited by the so-called blacks, whites, African Pygmies, Khoisan, and Asians. The indigenous peoples of Africa were blacks, African Pygmies, and Khoisan, while whites and Asians lived mostly outside of it. The author further reports that the black occupied most of the territory. The
Introduction Social bias encompasses a whole range of prejudicial attitudes toward members of a particular group, race, religion, or sex (Fazio & Olson, 2003, p. 297). In most cases, social bias is taken to represent both the conscious and unconscious expression of the prejudicial attitudes in interpersonal interactions, speaking, and writing among other contexts. On the other hand, biases work against the members of the victimizing group and those victimized in many aspects. Here, many category-based biases directed toward victims include discriminatory behaviors, avoidance, segregation, cognitive stereotypes, emotional prejudices, group extermination, and physical attack among other forms (Fazio & Olson, 2003, p. 297). This paper offers an elaborate analysis of the concept of social bias by addressing the underlying concepts of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Additionally, the paper will highlight the differences between subtle and blatant biases besides discussing their implications on the lives of individuals. Finally, the paper will look at the available strategies in combating social bias. Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination From the foregoing overview, it is apparent that prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination inform the concept of social bias in many ways. Here, prejudice refers to an irrationally-based, positive or negative attitude expressed to members of a particular group. On the other hand, discrimination is the actual actions (either positive or negative) shown to victims of prejudice. Meanwhile, stereotyping refers to the act of expressing generalized characterization of members of a particular group based on their race, ethnicity, color, sex, and religion among other factors (Todd, 2009, pp. 1-23). As a result, social psychologists have studied bias on the basis of these three concepts and in the process; they have distinguished two major types of social bias namely subtle and blatant biases. Subtle biases refer to the unconscious, automatic, implicit or indirect attitudes, which arise from the internal conflict involving cultural ideals and biases. This form of bias has been shown to occur in millisecond prejudicial interactions, stereotypic associations, and non-verbal behaviors (Fazio & Olson, 2003, pp. 297-328). As opposed to different forms of overt behaviors, these attitudes and behaviors are usually less controllable. Therefore, it is important to note that different social motives work to sustain subtle bias. For instance, by belonging to a certain group, members share certain biases toward members of different groups. Here, bias is motivated by the need to control the perceived unpredictability of out-group members besides managing the perceived threats to in-group members. Furthermore, the need for in-group members to enhance their perceived distinct or positive self identity may as well contribute to subtle biases. As a result, subtle bias will operate to sustain various understandings aimed at protecting the self. For instance, despite the racial attitudes of white people changing over the years, different people have come up with various ways of protecting their self-image
Abstract Jesus triumphal entry to the city of Jerusalem was a carefully orchestrated messianic act. The Old Testament prophecy of Zechariah had foretold the coming of the King of Israel and the way He would accomplish this. In the fulfillment of the prophecy, Jesus made the triumphal entry on the first day of the week and many people accompanied Him. Amidst the loud voices of praises to God, some Pharisees stood on the sidelines and criticized the multitude for their jubilant procession. However, Christ took sides with the crowd and reproved the accusers. And, sorrow was suddenly seen on the countenance of Jesus as He wept over the city of Jerusalem because of its rejection of the word of God. As a result, Christ foretold the imminent destruction of the beautiful and unholy city since it failed to acknowledge the day of Messiah’s visitation. Introduction Half a millennium before the coming of Christ, the prophet Zechariah predicted the coming of the King of Israel: “Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: He is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an a
System thinking is a complex element, which implies how one of the systems’ parts influences the other essential constituents of the system (Meadows, 2008). Moreover, it is evident that system thinking is a core contributor to the cultivation of the learning organization (Senge, 1990). In this instance, I understand that the small issues on the lower levels affect the performance of the organization, and considering them remains a necessity for the organizational performance of the whole organization. The system thinking allows avoiding adverse consequences and improving company’s sustainability. As for the interludes, Meadows uses them to emphasize the significance of the existing problems since the system thinking might affect the original purpose of the objects and activities (2008). I claim that this technique remains efficient, as it helps understand that one small event can contribute to the changes of the purposes and structure of the whole organization with the assistance of the case scenarios. I consider the interlude the Blind Men and the Matter of the Elephant as the most applicable in the context of my organization, as sometimes people have a tendency to see particular parts of the enterprise only and are not able to interrelate them to each other systematically. The system has to be considered as a composite body, which functions as one organism. Sometimes change is essentiality due to the alteration of the flow of the events in the marketplace (Wilson & Ralston, 2006). Moreover, understanding that the modifications in the flow of the routine processes might be the case of the changes to the performance of the organization. In this instance, the maintenance and sufficient monitoring of the stages remains an essentiality (Harvard Business School Press and the Society for Human Resource Management, 2006). Lastly, taking into account the organization as a sophisticated mechanism leads to the optimization of all processes, as they lead to the common goal. Apple is one of the examples of the companies, which utilize system thinking as a primary strategy for the innovation and product development. Application of this technique was essential for the business’ sustainability. It is evident that system thinking causes alteration to the initial routine stages (Case, 2010). As taking into account the specific steps, it is apparent that I consider these processes necessary, as the flow of the events, especially, if they contribute to the achievement of the common goal. However, it is evident that they are done automatically since they are considered as routine activities. In this instance, any changes might be a potential reason for the development of uncertainty, as the flow of the events will be modified. In this case, the alternative actions have to be considered as a possibility since they will contribute to the development of the understanding that alterations are a necessity to improve the quality of the processes. As for the ‘aha’ moment, the vehement implementation of the system thinking as a global phenomenon
Character Development (pp. 1-127) Tobias Wolff’s Old School narrates the life of a nameless protagonist in a prep school, when snobbishness is depreciated to its full extent. During literature contents holding three times a year, students, and the protagonist in particular, are visited by famous writers who carefully select the winners. As the visitors attend the school, the novel depicts the way the protagonist changes in the course of his final year. Each visitor influences the protagonist development, bringing something new to the boy’s understanding of the world. When presenting his piece of writing for the Frost competition, he renders his emotional evaluation of his life story by providing a false picture of his life. In other words, Frost’s’ life and literary works make the protagonist realize that everything he writes seems to conceal his actual status and Jewish ancestry. Plunging into Rand’s life, the protagonist believe that she hardly knows anything about life because her utopian and idealistic world is too beautiful and perfect, unlike Hemingway’s novels where all people are described in a real life. One way or another, instead of trying to find his own style the protagonist hopes to emulate the authors’ stylistic techniques, believin
In many countries, religion is still a very sensitive topic that might lead to severe violations of human rights and dignity. North Korea is particularly notorious for its oppressive political regime where people have virtually no civil rights and freedom to express their faith. According to the laws, North Korea does not prohibit any religions; however, in reality, most beliefs are being actively persecuted (Burkle, 2020). Linda Burkle (2020) explains that Christians are some of the most oppressed groups in North Korea. As a result, Open Doors 2020 World Watch List declared North Korea as the worst country to live in for Christian people (Burkle, 2020). Christians are being transferred to labor camps and prisons, while approximately 200,000 Christians have also gone missing for “unknown reasons’ ‘ (Burkle, 2020). Even acquiring sacred texts is impossible and might lead to imprisonment and torture. Unfortunately, other nations do not interfere in North Korea’s internal affairs due to immense differences in political regimes and the possibility of a war. The North Korean government is widely known for its inhumane laws and policies while holding significant military potential and nuclear weapons. That is why other nations attempt to achieve a diplomatic solution and do not interfere with religions within the country. Concerning reasoning, North Korea prosecutes Christians due to the government’s belief that religious people undermine national values and integrity. North Korea emerged after World War II and gradually increased the severity of political control. As a result, for more than 70 years, the North Korean government has been actively prosecuting religious groups and, specifically, Christians to mitigate the spread of freedom. It is an unjust policy, but, unfortunately, other nations cannot do much to help oppressed religious people in North Korea. Reference Burkle, L. (2020). North Korea’s secret Christians . Persecution. Web.
In this case, the most appropriate project management structure for the ‘Barbata Electronics’ company is undertaking the KYSO project is the “dedicated team management structure”. The rationale for selecting the type of management structure based on the description provided in the question is the need for the company to invest in research and development of the most appropriate technology that could be used to produce superior to MP3 with a double-file format and audio capacity. The “dedicated team management structure” has been proposed as the most appropriate because of the cost advantage it provides. In addition, the “dedicated team management structure” is dedicated to optimising development time by ensuring that development activities are always within schedule besides the new features that have been invented, which allow the organization to develop good quality products within their existing framework. The outstanding features of the “dedicated team management structure” is that it provides a framework for people with different skill sets to collaborate and contribute in executing project tasks with the project manager who provides strong leadership and direction. The proposed structure provides the team manager with power to lead and enable the creation of a dedicated team, which is an advantage when compared with other management structures such as the functional or matrix structure. Under the leadership of the project manager, the approach leads to a dedicated, cohesive, responsible, well-skilled, team synergy, a “projectized organization” with functional departmental supports, and goal-oriented team. The “dedicated team management structure” provides a framework for conflict resolution which arises from a diverse technical skills gap and knowledge within the team members. Here, a dedicated and focused team under strong leadership by the project manager at Barbata Electronics’ underlies the driving force to develop new technology for the KYSO project. The distinctive purpose for using the ‘projectized organization’ feature by the company is to successfully develop the KYSO project, which is distinctly defined by the dominant business purpose where each functional department plays a critical role in the development strategy. Towards achieving the stated company goal of developing superior quality MP3s with higher capacity ad capability reinforces the rationale for advocating the use of the “dedicated team management structure” under the prevailing operational environment. Here, the focus is to develop quality without regard to the associated costs and budgetary allocations. It is clear from the above discussion that the “dedicated team management structure” provides a cost advantage in the development of the new technology and is the most appropriate structure recommended for the ‘Barbata Electronics’. The cost advantage, the synergy derived from a focused group, the knowledge, skills and experience, an able and experienced project manager with strong leadership skills and knowledge, a cohesive team
Numerous car crashes happen every day. It is known that older drivers are often more cautious. However, numerous accidents occur because of age-related factors. Some seniors should not be allowed to drive, and they are extremely dangerous on the road.                                                                        This is an extremely hard topic for discussion because the government cannot limit the rights of seniors. However, necessary measures should be taken to ensure that no tragedies happen. Older adults should pass numerous tests to make sure that they are capable of driving.                                                   The issue is that some seniors indeed have problems with reaction times. Also, some do not know what to do in certain situations on the road. A study has shown that some older drivers were unable to recognize possible hazards (Scialfa et. al. 227).                                                                           Another problem is that cases of problems with memory are common among the elderly. Many are unable to recall the events after an accident. Research has shown that many seniors have reduced understanding of their driving capabilities (Rapoport et. al. 292).                                                                  Another problem is that some medicines affect driving (Edwards 8). Older adults use drugs much more often. Some medications significantly reduce reaction times and cause drowsiness. However, driving is crucial for some seniors. It is especially true for those who do not have many relatives to help them with shopping.     In conclusion, the rules to keep the license for older drivers should be much stricter. The government should review current policies. Most seniors are excellent drivers. However, they should take tests each year because most accidents are preventable. Their safety and the safety of other drivers is of utmost importance.  Works Cited Edwards, Sue. “Dilemma of Keeping Older Drivers Safe.” Nursing Older People 24.7 (2012): 8. Rapoport, Mark J., Gary Naglie, Kelly Weegar, Anita Myers, Duncan Cameron, Alexander Crizzle, Nicol Korner-Bitensky, Holly Tuokko, Brenda Vrkljan, Michel Bédard, Michelle M. Porter, Barbara Mazer, Isabelle Gélinas, Malcolm Man-Son-Hing, and Shawn Marshall. “The Relationship between Cognitive Performance, Perceptions of Driving Comfort and Abilities, and Self-reported Driving Restrictions among Healthy Older Drivers.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 61 (2013): 288-295. Scialfa, Charles T., Micheline C. Deschênes, Jennifer D. Ference, Jessica Boone, Mark S. Horswill, and Mark Wetton. “Hazard Perception in Older Drivers.” International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1.3 (2012): 221-233.
Introduction From 1946, the cold war affected almost all aspects of the world’s social, economic, political and cultural life (Quart & Albert 214). In 1991, Sir Churchill announced the separation of the Soviet Union from the eastern satellite Nations (Reinhold, 85). This led to the birth of cold war which greatly influenced the film industry especially in American and in the Soviet Union (John & Peter 451). In the United States for example, the film industry became a target for Un-American political and social film industry personalities. During the nineteen fifties, film personalities who failed to cooperate with the Hollywood film committee were blacklisted by the studios and worse still, some of them such as ‘the Hollywood Ten’ were made to serve a prison sentence (iMinds 2). The Film Industry during Cold War The ‘Hollywood Ten’ were screen play writers, film directors and producers. iMinds asserts that, “These 10 individuals had been summoned to appear before the congressional house committee that dealt with Un-American activities” (iMinds 1). The end of world war two marked the start of the cold war between the Unites States of America and the Soviet Union. The congressional house committee reflected the climate of fear created by the rise of communism and clash of ideologies, initially over the partition of Germany (iMinds 1). The committee existed to investigate the infiltration of Hollywood by communists in the belief that communist agents were planting propaganda in American movies (iMinds 1). It was illegal in America to join the communist party, and all the ten individuals had been members of the party at one time or another. The ‘Hollywood Ten’ were convicted of contempt of congress, and each of them sentenced to up to a year in prison and a fine of one thousand dollars (iMinds 2). They were also blacklisted by Hollywood, and after serving their sentences, their only avenue for work was to leave America, or to work under pseudonyms (iMinds 2). The ‘Hollywood Ten’ cases was only the beginning. As the blacklist grew, it damaged the careers of hundreds of American artists. Many artists were forced to betray their friendships and their principles in order to continue working, and ideological censorship was promoted across the film industry in USA (iMinds 2). The film industry was co-opted into this hysteria (iMinds 2). The screen actors Guild, led by Ronald Reagan, who later became the United States president, voted to make its officers swear a non-communist pledge in 1944 (iMinds 2). In the year 1950 the screen actors Guild started to make all its employees to take loyalty oath (iMinds 2). In 1952 the Screen Writer’s Guild authorized the studios to delete the credits of writers who failed to