ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Preface Whenever any discussion comes to the issue of knowledge, the subject will definitely be addressed from the matter of the truth and the facts. The person cannot live and develop, not comprehending the truth, without comparing the subjective images that occur around. Therefore the question about the truth has arisen during the most ancient times. Indeed with the question, there were also various answers in which both the truth, conditions of its discovery, and its position in life were understood in absolutely different manners. In the history of ideas, it is possible to allocate two opposite representations of truth. One vision is reduced to that the truth is objective, does not depend on any private opinions, and consequently is absolute. The absoluteness of the truth is a knowledge in which content completely corresponds to the validity and cannot be changed during the further development of science. It is meant that this truth cannot be denied by anybody, anywhere. It is all the same for all times and all the people from the moment of its discovery. This context is not only for people but also for any reasonable beings absolute truth remains the same. Another point of view on the truth, professed by skeptics, says that nothing absolute in our knowledge is present: everything is relative, i.e., flowing and changeable. It is understood by such knowledge that all objective content does not possess completeness as relative truth is incomplete and sooner or later is exposed to elaboration. Each epoch and each day bear new sights, which quite often are directly sweeping aside the previous ones. On the basis of such representation of the truth, this paper analyzes the means by which the information that fills the human knowledge can be considered trustworthy, along with providing an example from practical life that represents such a situation. The Approach In order to establish some criteria for evaluating the information, two steps could be performed. The first one is to provide a theoretical background on knowledge, and the second is to provide the practical context by the usage of which as an example the issue will be easier to evaluate. Theory
Why We Fight is the documentary movie by Eugene Jarecki that presents rather captivating and educative information about military-industrial complex, its advantages and disadvantages, about wars and their impacts on people, about pain and grief that people cannot overcome even with time. The major question the director wants to answer is why America still fights; and actually, his answer deserves much respect and recognition. This is why it is not surprisingly that, in 2005, this documentary won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. It is very hard to define whether military-industrial complex is a kind of a threat or a benefit for the Americans, as many historians have their own points of view concerning the American history; one of the possible ways to answer this question properly is to examine the historical event such as the Watergate scandal and Woodward and Bernstein’s participation in it, and clear up how the Government may affect people’s future and whether they do care about the safety of their people. Military-industrial complex is really vast and has unbelievable influence on our military and our policies, so that can easily determine who all Americans actually are. To my mind, this movie does not give a clear answer whether military-industrial may be considered as a dangerous threat for the Americans, even if it is based on some economical or political issues. Even more, some historians and politicians admit that this military-industrial complex provides certain maintenance and rising of the American spirit to develop, to win, and to conquer this world. Un
Introduction Sitting around the fire and telling the ghost stories to each other is how The Turn of the Screw starts (James 5). It seems like a pleasant evening by the fire, but one story is so unique and specific, that makes people question the ghost’s existence. This story seems to be true to me, and even though the ghost existing is rather questionable, I believe that they were present in the reality. I will provide you with some interesting arguments, which will change your opinion. Main text When the governess sees the ghost for the first time, it might seem that she is insane and hallucinates (Al-Qurani 82). However, she gives so precise and detailed description, that it is hard not to believe her. Moreover, according to her words, the ghost suddenly appeared, and Mrs. Grose does not decline its existence (Klein 595). If one ghost exists in reality, the other one is also real (Klein 596). At this point, she understands that she needs to protect Miles and Flora from the evil ghosts (Al-Qurani 83). The governess is so fearless that she is not scared to face the ghost’s attacks and other consequences. It can be said that she believes in them and sees a potential threat to the children. The governess feels that she can protect the children, as she is winning the battle against these devastating creatures. She says, “the children in especial I should fence about and save” (James 56). By these words, it shows that the governess is ready to sacrifice her life for the children. She becomes a patron and protector of the children. She is ready to support them every minute. The governess is not scared of the ghosts, she is horrified by the fact of what they can do to the children (Orr 37). However, Mrs. Grose just gives hints and does not try to protect the children or be heroic (Orr 42). Compared to Mrs. Grose, the governance seems brave, responsible, and protective, as true patrons should be in reality. The governance’s courage is breathtaking, even though she is young, she can motivate leaders to be supportive and brave. Peter Quint and Miss Jessel are two Evil and horrifying creatures, which might cause harm to the children. Mrs. Grose knows Mr. Quint since she can recognize him by his appearance (Klein 596). This fact proves his existence. Peter Quint is a pure Evil; he is the character who can combine all negativity in one substance. He represents the main fears of the governess; it is
Introduction Little Otik is a fascinating comedy movie whose storyline conforms to both Froyd’s and Mulvry’s theories of psychology and film respectively. It is a Czech film acted in 2000 and based on a fascinating folktale Otesanek by Erben. The main protagonists are Božena Horáková, Karel Horák, and Alžbětka. Their characters are clearly described to the audience through semiotic means and application of various camera angles in the entire movie story. Filmmaking calls for hard work especially when aiming at producing a competent movie in the industry (Acher and Pincus 56). There has been an upward trend in the growth and development of filmmaking over the last few decades. The upward rising growth and development is due to the increased film acting talents and development of theories that criticize the old films. Hence, newly produced films seem to have an improvement to the old ones (Wood 95). Scene one: Protecting Otik from the father when he wants to chop him after seeing her breastfeeding him Božena Horáková’s character shows a great motherly love, selfishness, and insensitivity. Being with her motherly love character, Božena Horáková has no child of her own, and thus she takes too much care to her adopted tree stump child with much love as her own born child ( Little Otik ). However, Otik has angered the society for eating people and hence threatening their security. The move by Otik’s father to have him killed is being triggered by Otik’s cannibalistic character. Hence, Božena Horáková’s action to protect Otik shows selfishness and carelessness in other people’s welfare. In addition, her character shows a great element of insensitivity of risks that their lives face, and hence she ought to support her husband in doing away with Otik. The camera angle used at this scene creates a disturbing mood to the audience. It is a high-angle shot to the Otik and makes him look innocent and inferior. However, it is a neutral shot to the Božena Horáková and Karel Horák, her husband. This aspect makes her husband look merciless and brutal, but weaker than her protective wife. On the other hand, Božena Horáková, looks protective and merciful for her child, hence the audience is moved by her action though and immoral move. The movie, Little Otik, was produced in the twenty first century when the film industry was much developed and feminism was a long gone issue. However, its development is based on the conforming to the will of Mulvey and Freud as expressed by their renowned theories. In contrast to the 1950s and 1960s movies whose main protagonists were male, Little Otik has used a couple and a neighbor’s daughter, Alžbětka, as the main protagon
Introduction Scientific inquiry is a method that involves investigating a phenomenon to acquire knowledge and integrating that knowledge with the previous one. It’s a hand on activity that involves collecting of reliable and measurable evidence based on the topic of study. Scientific inquiry involves the following steps:   * Problem identification, this is where the teacher and student identify the problem in class.   * Formulation of hypothesis, teacher and student try to make some suggestions about scientific experiment on what they are expected to achieve.   * Collection of the necessary apparatus required to carry out the experiment.   * Designing of the method to use.   * Carrying out the experiment.   * Collection of data and recording.   * Analyzing the data and making of conclusion (Doris, 1991, p. 194). Once the scientific method is conducted the student can use the acquired knowledge to solve problems and apply the knowledge in a different incident (Hall, 1998). Hence, scientific inquiry plays an important role in information processing to a student. In additional to the above, scientific Inquiry aims at reducing bias interpretation and documentary of result for future verification. Task The discussion point of this section is the flexibility of spring constant due to addition of weight. The elasticity will help in understanding more on Hooke’s law and its application. Measurement of gravity and the coefficient of static friction using a spring balance are two experiments that relates to this experiments. In both cases spiral spring and mass are used, this shows that the knowledge of elasticity of a spring is important in tackling other scientific inquiry. Experimental design is an information gathering process where variables are identified. Any experimental design aims at investigating a scientific phenomenon that occurs in nature through manipulation of specific variables. It involves observation, measurement and organizing the experiment properly to ensure that the right data is collected to solve the problem at hand (William, 2006). To improve precision of the answer, we must ensure that the questions to solve are clearly identified. There are three types of variables in a scientific inquiry which include: dependent, independent and uncontrolled variables. A dependent variable is an experimental measurement that is affected by an independent variable. It is also known as respondent variable since it is caused by the treatment of the experiment. Independent variables are changes caused by the experimenter while controlled variable are those that experimenter want them to remain constant and can as well influence dependent variables (Hall, 1998). Threat of internal valid
The principles of strategic management of the organization reflect the patterns by which any project and business development. They describe the conditions necessary for developing a successful business strategy and set the ideal of organization management, which management should strive. The principle of strategy is one of the fundamental principles of effective business management (Popova et al., 2020). Compliance with the principles of strategic management creates an environment where employees see the possibility of implementing the strategy and understanding their role in this process. This makes it possible to achieve greater efficiency of strategy management at all levels of the organization. Victoria’s Secret is one of the world-famous creators of underwear for women. As an advertisement, marketers demonstrate all the beauty of the female body in the lingerie of this brand through model shows. Gadiesh and Gilbert (2001) state that a strategic principle is a memorable and effective phrase that turns a company’s corporate strategy into its unique essence and transmits it to the entire organization. The strategic principle in Victoria’s Secret case is aimed at making any woman feel like a model in underwear from Victoria’s Secret. Give the ladies an opportunity to see that in Victoria’s Secret lingerie their attractiveness is revealed. This strategic principle is aimed at a sales consultant who works directly with each customer. In addition, this strategic principle affects every member of the company: designers who develop underwear models, marketers who will position underwear as an attractive tool. When a woman comes to a lingerie store and starts looking for something that she likes, the help of a consultant is necessary. Her service should be that she, focusing on her knowledge, could pick up such underwear for a woman so that when trying it on, the buyer would feel like a model from Victoria’s Secret shows. In addition, when creating sketches of future sets of underwear, designers should also keep this in mind when designing. For the project team, the principles of strategic management play the role of a specific reference point. They allow creating a working strategy and management system in the company while avoiding gross and irreparable mistakes and come to the desired indicators at the lowest cost. In modern times, organizations need a well-thought-out strategy, a formulated strategic principle, and competent leadership (Mjaku, 2020). Andreis (2019) claims that strategic planning includes the development of a work plan for each employee in
The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union was taken several years ago after the referendum. However, disputes between supporters and opponents of this decision continue, since its consequences for the country are still uncertain and can be evaluated years after Brexit. However, the opposition to Brexit is a more appropriate position as the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU could damage its trade, investment, and cause labor shortages. Supporters of Brexit argue that it will benefit the UK by reducing immigrant inflows, cutting costs due to canceling contributions to the budget of the EU and strengthening state sovereignty. The first advantage is justified by the fact that, at the moment, residents of the EU countries have the right to work in the UK, which increases the number of migrants from Eastern Europe (The Week Staff, 2020). Consequently, abolishing this right will reduce the flow of migrants and provide jobs for residents. A second advantage Brexit proponents see is the fact that Britain will no longer need to contribute to the EU’s initiatives; therefore, this money will remain in the state budget. At the same time, the UK will also have greater freedom in making decisions without coordination with other members of the EU, which will strengthen its sovereignty. However, all these arguments have weaknesses that can be challenged. Firstly, a decrease in the number of migrants can lead to a labor shortage and change working conditions for residents of the UK. Most often, migrants are employed in a job with lower wages or working conditions; therefore, if they leave the country, the UK may experience a shortage of workers (The Week Staff, 2020). Moreover, even for high-paying jobs, less competition will lead employers to raise wages, and, hence, the prices of their products, to restore the balance. Brexit will also reduce the investment of foreign companies in the UK and can lead to the relocation of their headquarters to the EU to leave the opportunity for free trade and business activity (The Week Staff, 2020). Consequently, even if the UK keeps part of the budget without paying the EU, it will lose profit due to the reduction in companies’ business activity. Moreover, Brexit could also mean the end of free trade between countries, which will create high trade tariffs and taxes. Thus, Britain can reduce the volume of trade, and the citizens of the country can lose some of the EU’s goods (“Arguments against, ” 2017). Finally, Brexit does not mean tha
This paper was authored by two academic professors at a Norway university and it was first published in a psychiatric-health journal. The paper addresses the concept of a risk society. The article seeks to enlighten readers on how the concept of a risk society affects the day-to-day lives of people with mental disabilities. According to the paper, people with mental disabilities indentify the characteristics of a risk society. The paper continues by outlining the characteristics of a risk society. The paper then offers possible solutions to the challenges associated with life in risk societies. The first thing that strikes me about this article is the ambiguous nature of its title. The title of this article sounds inconclusive as far as its meaning is concerned. Although a title is not necessarily supposed to be grammatically correct, the title of this paper seems grammatically incorrect. As a reader, one finds him/herself repeating it two or more times when trying to grasp its meaning. After reading the whole paper, I think a more appropriate title would have read something like “how to live as mentally disabled patient/person in a risk society”. Another viable option would have been “the life of the mentally disabled in a risk society”. Both of these alternative titles have the ability to evoke a reader’s interest as well as clearly spell out the article’s subject matter. The paper’s abstract is also quite unsatisfactory. In the first instance, the authors fail to address the contents of the article directly. For example, the methodology used and their source of their motivation would have been valuable inclusions to the abstract. Instead, the first few lines in the paper are personal views of the authors. The abstract should only outline the contents of the paper. The authors should also have ensured the abstract was plain and simple. There is no need of employing complicated jargon in the abstract. The subject matter of this article is interesting and also relevant to modern day life. The paper covers the concept of this risk society in a very detailed manner. The authors are able to cover all the pertinent information that relates to the concept of a risk society. For instance, the paper addresses how this concept fits into the modern society concept. However, this paper neglects to focus on the relationship between risk society and the mentally disabled. The authors of the article do not take time in establishing this connection and showing its relevance. This relationship is only addressed under the subtitle “Risk and Mental Disabilities” (Eriksson & Hummelvoll, 2012). The passage is very small and it does not focus on the relationship between mental disabilities and risk societies. Instead, the part covers previous studies on mental disabilities. The paper should establish a more explicit relationship betwee
Stevenson’s Story and Modernity Stevenson’s novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is one of the best illustrations of the so-called Victorian period. The novella touches upon the issue which was one of the most important questions at that time. The author considers the issues concerning human duality (Stevenson 1645). Stevenson suggests that people are characterized by two extremes (the rightful side and the dark side). More so, the renowned author suggests that it is impossible to get rid of the sinful alter-ego. Notably, these ideas come to the fore in contemporary society as well. People still try to understand if it is possible to tame the alter-ego. This people’s desire is revealed in contemporary culture. It is possible to encounter numerous paintings, poems, songs, and films which deal with duality. Andrew Hadle’s ideas For instance, the contemporary artist Andrew Hadle touches upon the issue in his painting White Columns (Handle). The artist depicts a specific column and its alter-ego. The first column is a set of alarms and three toys. This column appears as it is seen by society, i.e. in a way the objects are produced. The artist also reveals the alter-ego of the column. The alter-ego is somewhat distorted. There are no precise lines. This can articulate the following idea: the line between the good and the bad is also imperceptible. This artwork suggests that people living in society try to look better than they are in reality. The artist reveals the duality of human nature, though it is unclear whether the author is against this characteristic feature of human beings. The ideas of Dantes This idea is also revealed in contemporary literature. The young talented author Stephen A. Dantes dwells upon this theme in his book The Alter Ego . For example, his poem “Guilty until Proven Innocent” dwells upon the issues concerning duality (Dantes n.p.). It is not about mental illness. The author claims that often people should live in a society that is hostile to a person. It goes without saying that the person has to have two ‘faces’. One face is for society, whereas the other one is the real one. Therefore, Dantes claims that many people have to hide their alter-ego even if it is not sinful. Notably, the author does not suggest the way out. He does not cl