ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is a reason why there are different types of poems, there is a song, sonnet, villanelle, hymn, ode, elegy, versanelle and many more. The reason for this is the need for different ways to express the longing of the heart and the soul. Sometimes it is better to sing; sometimes it is best to speak of what was hidden and has to be revealed to the light of day. But even if there are different forms of poetry there are many writers and poets who are not contented with what is available to them and so they took the different forms and experiment on it, one of the best example is E.E. Cummings. Yet even without the experimentations of Cummings there are plenty of examples on how poets use form to convey what they want to say. This paper will take a closer look at how form can impact the message of the poem. It has been said that Shakespeare, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Gwendolyn Brooks are some of the writers who were not afraid to bend the rules of poetry. Based on their achievements and their skills one can argue that this has been on purpose. They did not do it just for the sake of experimentation or simply trying to create something new. They did on purpose to achieve a certain effect (Hirsch, p.311). It can be said that words are not enough to express what they wanted the world to know and so they took what was available for them and then create a masterpiece by changing and even altering the universally accepted forms and rules of how to create poems. One of the best examples of not only artistic freedom but also the confidence to go against the flow and create original works is E.E. Cummings. One commentator was able to capture the impact of Cummings poetry and this is what he had to say regarding the author: “Although he says he is far from original, it is agreed by all that he was an innovative poet in many fields, especially form … he attempts to deal with his words visually and this way takes his poem closer to visual arts and painting rather than music” (Korhan, p.1). In other words Cummings wanted his readers not only to hear but to see. A good way to illustrate this technique is by looking at one of Cummings bizarre output which is entitled “r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r” and it is difficult to say or read it and so it must be seen and this is how it looks: r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r who a)s w(e loo)k upnowgath PPEGORHRASS eringint(o- aThe):l eA !p: S a (r rIvInG .gRrEaPsPhOs) to rea(be)rran(com)gi(e)ngly ,grasshopper; (Cummings, p.1). This is more like code or a riddle rather than a poem. And the only reason why it made sense was the presence of the word “grasshopper” at the very end of the poem. It can be interpreted as a grasshopper that jumps from one place to the next at random without pattern and without explanation. For instance, it is easy to understand the movement of a dog. Its master throws a ball he catches it and brings it back. A dog will jump and bark to get the attention of its master and this is easy to understand but a grasshopper has no logic to its movement. By writing the poem this way and using
Introduction The Persian constitutional revolution of 1905-1911 years in Iran is one of the most significant events in the history of this country. Various assessments of the events that took place in Iran require an in-depth revision of the history of the constitutional revolution studying its background and impact of this revolution on the subsequent social and political development of the Iranian state and the Islamic world in general. Iranian researchers along with foreign scholars are engaged in the investigation of this event wherein the analysis is not only of a scientific but also of practical significance (see, for instance, studies by Farzaneh (2015) or Martin (2013)). The immediate reason for the uprising was the order of Tehran Governor-General Ala al-Dole dated December 12, 1905, to beat with sticks soles of those merchants who raised the price of imported sugar allegedly violating his prescription (Ahmed n.d.). It caused unrest in the capital that grew by the summer of 1906. If in winter, rebels demanded to create a Court of Justice, before which all would be equal and the resignation of Prime Minister Ain al-Dole and the head of the Belgian customs Naoussa, in the summer, in Tehran, public demonstrations calling for the adoption of a constitution and the convening of the Majlis, in other words, Parliament began. Socio-economical Background and Reasons At the beginning of the XX century, the population of Iran was composed of numerous ethnic groups and tribes speaking different languages such as Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and others (Axworthy 2010). About half of the country’s population were Persians, one-fifth of the population was Azerbaijanis, who inhabited the north-western region of the country. In connection with the emergence of bourgeois relations, the national consciousness began to form in the country. The level of economic development of different regions of Iran also did not present a uniform picture. More densely populated and economically developed areas bordered on Russia. The most backward in terms of economic development and
Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System Uptake of Medicaid managed care plans in California compared to the national uptake The state of California has been providing quality Medicare and Medicaid plans for its citizens. In the state of California and all other states in the United States, Medicare managed care plans provide insurance covers for the aged citizens (65 years and above), physically disabled persons and persons with complete renal failure (Crosson, 2009). The Medicare managed plans offered in the state of California include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Preferred Provider organizations (PPOs) and Medical Savings Account (MSA). On the other hand, Medicaid provides insurance covers to poor citizens (Crosson, 2009). The eligibility of persons for the Medicaid program is spelled out by the federal provisions which set guidelines for assessing the financial abilities of citizens. The federal guidelines spell out the assessments citizens need to pass so that they can be declared poor and eligible for Medicaid managed care plans. In the state of California, Medi-Cal is charged with the responsibility of administering Medicaid to the citizens. Currently, there are about 8.5 million people under Medicaid in the state of California. Most of these beneficiaries are children, youth and women. Other beneficiaries include disabled persons, expectant women, and infants born to poor families. However, the number of poor citizens under Medicaid is expected to go up with the implementation of new health overhaul plans proposed by the current political regime in the United States. The health overhaul plans are expected to add some 1 million citizens into Medicaid plans in California. In the United States, approximately 60% of healthcare policyholders are enrolled in Managed Care Plans. The state of California is leading in providing Medicaid managed care plans for its citizens. The number of enrollees in these plans is higher than the national figures. The high rate of enrolment has been attributed to the sound management of healthcare affairs in the state. Medicaid managed care plans offered in California There are two Medicaid managed care plans offered to citizens in California. The first is a Primary Care Case Management (PCCM) plan. The PCCM plan involves a primary care clinician who coordinates and monitors the services offered to Medicaid beneficiaries. If a beneficiary requires specialist care, then the primary care clinician organizes on how the beneficiary will be attended by a medical specialist. However, when beneficiaries need other healthcare services they usually pay fee-for-service. There is no financial risk attached to the clinicians for coordinating and monitoring the healthcare services offered to Medicaid beneficiaries. The primary care clinicians are entitled to a small monthly fee for their services. The PCCM plan is quite flexible, and it has accommodated
Customary practices within the Chinese culture Cultural diversity refers to the existence of two or more cultures within the political frontiers of a country (Feilin & Gaofeng, 2005, p. 68). Therefore, appreciating cultural diversity plays a vital role in the intercultural communication within a society. For example, the perception on gender identity by the Chinese culture differs significantly from their American’s counterpart (Li, 2010, p. 192). Gender roles of men in the modern Chinese culture are subject to conventional concepts of masculinity. For instance, many of the hi-tech products marketed in the media have social characteristics attributed to masculinity, such as risk-taking, competition, toughness and violence (Hung & Li, 2006, p.7). Within this framework, the idiom-masculinity-is not only synonymous with dynamism- an attribute closely identified with male stereotype – but also to dangerous, competitive and forceful practices. On top of the subject of masculinity and aggressiveness, the superiority of males continues to be prominent within the Chinese culture (Li, 2010, p.193). As a result, the social status of male in the Chinese culture is has been elevated to a higher social echelon compared to the social status of women. According to the Chinese culture, men are generally expected to be vicious and aggressive due to the constructive relationship between masculinity and aggressiveness. There are several marketing strategies that reinforce the hegemonic issue of maleness by deliberately linking a number of technological products to this custom and value of maleness. Within the Chinese culture, the association of a product with masculine features is further enhanced by the use of certain English language. Terms such as vigor, competition and toughness are prominently employed by the media to market technological products (Li, 2010, p.194). For instance, the caption Full-blooded, has been used in the marketing strategy for Oris watch suggests a number of theoretical denotations, such as vital, genuine and vigor, qualities associated with masculinity. In addition, when the caption- fully blooded- is used separately, it usually depicts actions and activities that are performed with immense passion and commitment. As a result, the impression created by the advert is one that associates commitment and zeal as the qualities possessed by the product (Li, 2010, p.194). Criminal justice systems’ efforts to promote cultural diversity In many countries, women are often victimized on the basis of their gender. Most of the cultural beliefs in the society tend to promote victimization of women (Ollus & Nevala, 2001, p.3). In many cases, racism and povert
One of the essential means for attaining happiness is the feeling of emotional security. Usually, this feeling appears as a result of healthy family relationships and wise guidance that parents provide to their children. A person that grew up in such an environment, in most cases, would have particular qualities that altogether ensure the feeling of security. In this essay, five characteristics of the secure self will be identified and briefly explained, as well as examples of how they could be attained. Emotional Strength People with emotional strength are not those who do not have any feelings at all. Often, their feelings are even more intense than those of others considered emotionally vulnerable. However, as Clinton and Sibcy (2006) argue, the main characteristic of emotionally strong people is that they are not afraid of their feelings. In the family, this quality may be nurtured in children through an open and clear expression of emotions. Nevertheless, this expression should not be out of balance, even being negative. If parents critique the children, they must explain why they do so. A Willingness to Seek and Accept Comfort, Especially in Times of Trouble While everyone encounters troubles in life, secure people are not crushed by them. The reason for their strength at the time of difficulties is their reliance on others and seeking emotional support in them. It might be said that “God has programmed us to seek connection with and comfort from others” (Clinton & Sibcy, 2006, p. 61). Thus, turning to others is appealing to God, which ensures inner power and security. In the family, this quality may be nurtured in the children through family members’ connection and support in times of trouble. It is better to discuss the problems, rather t
Introduction According to Space Foundation (2016), over 70 countries as at 2015 had developed space programs. Only Russia, United States of America and China have achieved spaceflight as the standard of space programs. Other countries yet to go into space have designed budgets and policies aimed at reaching the space at one point in time. By the end of 2010, over 52 countries had sent satellites that orbit the earth as part of the steps geared towards achieving space exploration. The ability to launch and recover several satellites has been achieved by several agencies. Some of the agencies established around the world include China National Space Administration (CNSA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Indian Space Research Organization (ISIRO), and the Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA). Arguments for or against space programs have led to an intense debate on their usefulness or irrelevance. In this paper, I argue that space programs are necessary for research and scientific developments so that job creation and technological development improves lives. Space Exploration: Pros and Cons Billions of dollars have been spent in space exploration. However, little achievements have been realized regarding improving the lives of people. Improved technology as part of exploration has been realized through massive spending (Baum 2009). The world has serious problems such as global warming and climate change which should be tackled. Budgets should be allocated towards reducing cases of serious issues such as high temperatures, droughts, floods, and hurricanes that continue to cause death in various parts of the world. The depletion of rainforests should be considered a key priority that is spending money on the development of space technologies. Furthermore, pollution of oceans is a more pressing issue that pride of reaching the space. Desertification is at an alarming rate. Without adequate resources to tackle real problems that affect the planet, space exploration and programs are likely to be futile in the near future. Research on space exploration is, therefore, a waste of money, time, and effort. Crucial resources from the planet should be spent in the management of challenges affecting humanity (Baum 2009). The Central American rainforest is facing the reality of being depleted. However, government authorities would rather spend resources on space exploration than consider the long-term sustainability of resources. All space exploration programs depend on the sustainability of current resources. As a result, there is no need to waste time in space when in the long-term; resources will not be enough to guarantee continued presence in space. The civilization of the world has serious consequences to the world. The development of cities and technologies has led to mas
Introduction The program was initiated by the federal government of United States of America and provides guidelines for development, implementation and evaluation of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programs for minorities including women and handicapped individuals. The federal government is renowned for employing Veterans. This is evident in the fact that they had a higher percentage jobs in the government than in the private sector. This has been facilitated by laws providing veterans with the preference and special appointment by t authorities. The office of the personnel management (OPM) plays a central role of administering entitlement to veterans’ preference in employment under title 5, of United States code. This preference applies in hiring of virtually all jobs be it in the competitive or excepted service. To receive the preferences a veteran must have been discharged from the forces or released form duty while under honorable conditions. ( US office of Personnel Management 2008 ) All agencies in the United States are required to submit an up to date DVAAP plan to OPM. This departments and agencies are required to have an affirmative action program that outlines how the disabled veterans should are considered in recruitment, employment and advancement in the civil society. This law requires the agencies to develop an annual DVAAP plan. In our discussion we shall examine this concept in detail and contrast this with the affirmative action for women or minorities. Employment & Veterans Plight Two classes of jobs exist with the federal government. Those in the competitive civil service of those in expected service. The competitive civil service jobs are subject to law passed by congress and requires that jobs be filled based on merit system. Veterans are appointed in the competitive civil services by various Methods; competitive appointment through a list of OPM eligible; by non competitive appointment or under by merit promotion selection. In a competitive appointment the Veterans competes with others on an OPM list of eligible Veterans who qualify as preference eligible are awarded 5 to 10 extra points to their passing score.Before the job is filled through competitive appointment the candidates are verified by the employment services officer which then gives the list of eligible to the selecting officials. Non competitive appointment is supervised by organized organization such as veterans’ recruitment Appointment (VRA), under this selection there is preference for the 30% or more of the disabled veterans. These authorities provide for a non competitive conversion to the competitive services after a suitable period of work. Under merit promotion selection the Veterans compete with other federal employees under an agencies merit promotion procedure. The agencies however, do not apply any preference when considering candidates under merit promotion procedures. The jobs for vet
Directed and produced by Mathew Vaughan and Bryan Singer respectively, X-Men First Class is a 2011 chef-d’oeuvre film drawn from the occurrences of the Second World War and the Cold War. These wars were unfortunate occurrences that could have been avoided if the perpetrators placed humanity before their undying desire to fulfil their conceitedness. The wars were not about the common person, as the only beneficiaries were the disillusioned leaders who craved power without reflecting on the consequences of their decisions and actions. The ordinary people where caught in difficult situations after being forced to become participants in wars that would add not value to their lives. Therefore, the ordinary citizens yearned for a redeemer to deliver them from the vagaries of useless wars. Unfortunately, the only available redeemer would be a ‘superhero’ that regrettably existed only in their imaginations. This scenario explains the birth of superhero fictional movies like X-Men First Class. The producers of such films fantasize of a situation where superheroes can redeem humanity from the inanity of power-hungry leaders. Superhero fictional films like X-Men First Class are the effect of anxiety and confusion that engulf ordinary individuals at time of crises. The World War II and the Cold War presented such crises and humanity needed a superhero to redeem the oppressed, but such a super being only exists in movies. Conventionally, humanity has two opposing sides, viz. evil versus good. Those perpetuating evil become the oppressor and those standing for peace become the oppressed. The director of the film, X-Men First Class, seeks to explore this idea by employing real-life occurrences in the quest to advance realism. In the film, Erick Lensherr is the oppressed, while Dr. Klaus S
The pre-colonial landscape was a “patchwork” that consisted of diverse agricultural patterns, wild nature, and unique Indian settlements. The most important elements of this new order were new agricultural patterns brought by Europeans and new villages and towns (settlements). Henceforth with economic life gaining the ascendancy over the agrarian, these clusters of cities very quickly constituted two groups: the North and the South, linked by trade routes. These two clusters complemented each other and competed with each other. Cronon (1983) explains that: “famous declension helped drive English towns from their original vision of compact settlements, communal order and cities upon hilltops” (p. 141). As of that date, the Europeans seemed to be the great winners in the struggle for the control of the trade routes and lands. In New England, colonization brought forth a new face of societies. At the same time, it generated a form of economic and political relations that, though unprecedented, represented the consequences of the mutual encounters between civilizations. They crossbreed with the populations of the territories which they occupied. The unintended consequences of this ‘invasion’ were changing patterns of agriculture and hunting, the new social and political structure of society, and war conflicts. Europeans caused such problems as environmental degradation, wildlife extinction, and deforestation. Land use was perhaps the most significant factor influencing soil erosion, for two main reasons. First, many land-use practices left the soil devoid of a protective vegetation cover, or with only a partial cover, for significant periods, and second, they involved mechanical disturbance of the soil. The main causes of deforestation in America were agricultural development, expansion of mining and logging, cattle ranching, migration of farmers who occupied new land. “The ecological effects of this regional deforestation were profound extending even to the climate itself” (Cronon 1983, p. 122). Also, the reasons for deforestation were largely economic. The exploitative decline in forest and woodland resources was not sustainable in the long term and several environmental problems, including soil erosion and biodiversity losses, had developed as a result. Environmental problems were complex because they influenced all spheres of social and economic life, and require immediate actions and responses to protect this region from total environmental degradation. According to Cronon (1983), the ‘ideal’ state of nature means a natural development of the land. He writes: ‘by encouraging the growth of extensive regions, which resembled the boundary areas between forests and grasslands, Indians created ideal habitats for a host country a host of wildlife spices’ (p. 106). Since the 16 th century , European influences and effects had already penetrated the tribes at the very core of the continent. In contrast to this process, Cronon identifies the state of ‘equilibrium’ as the mature forest ‘organism’ so tha