ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Traditional litigation entails using the civil court to resolve dispute. The court processes, that is, from the start of a case to trial are governed by well laid down guideline of civil procedure. The traditional litigation system offers a system of justice where the judges are guided by stated rules and professional code of conduct. On the other hand, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a non traditional way of dispute American Management Association, 2011). ADR has a number of advantages over the traditional legal process. First, personal and secret information are not subjected to the judicial process which is open to all citizens as the case in the traditional litigation system. The advantage is mainly beneficial to companies which do not want to display a lot of information to their competitors. Secondly, the ADR process results to quick resolution of disputes since there are no defined processes that must be followed as in the case of the traditional litigation system. Further, the use of ADR is less costly as compared to the traditional litigation system. The traditional litigation process takes a lot of time making it quite expensive to manage. Further, decision made using ADR are fair because both parties actively participates in the decision making process. This results to satisfactory resolution unlike the traditional litigation process where the parties are not involved in the decision making process. Besides, the parties in dispute have a variety of remedies to choice from. Finally, ADR improves the relationship of the parties in dispute since the both parties are involved in resolving the dispute (Becker Legal, P.C., 2009). Risk businesses and organizations encounter when using traditional litigation process As mentioned above, the information arising from the traditional litigation process is open to the public and to media houses. This can permanently tarnish the name and reputation of the company thus resulting to decline in sales or profitability of the business. Besides, competitors of companies having legal cases can get to know secrets and other hidden information of the company to use for their own gain. Therefore, the traditional litigation process exposes information about a business or an organization to the public. This puts the reputation of the company at risk. Further, it gives the rival of the company a competitive advantage. To mitigate such risks mentioned above, the company should be responsive to the business environment it trades in. Being responsive might entail taking actions such as adhering to the various regulations and laws that relate to the business. A business should continuously review the external business environment and note any changes which might result to litigation. Such cha
Multiplier analysis Malaysia’s realistic and flexible management approach has made its economy raise competitiveness and has increased its spirit in facing challenging circumstances. Measures have been taken to make the economy more diversified and multinational to ensure sustainable growth this includes the approval of the Swedish company IKEA to invest in the country which has led to the increase of job opportunities (Behrman et al 46). Multiplier analysis is used to identify the degree to which different sectors and households can generate income and employment in the economy (Case 34). A multiplier is a ratio and not an absolute number, the multiplier effect, therefore, refers to the number of jobs created or the amount of income earned from the basic jobs (Case 44). To measure the total number of jobs created in the economy as a result of an increase of employment in a sector; we use employment multipliers. With this, employment effects can be seen through a measure of employment generated in the economy as a result of an increase in demand of its output which is the employment of 450 people, with expected sales of approximately 50 million US dollars in the first year (Behrman 55). The simple economic base employment multiplier can be presented in different forms but all emphasize Total employment (T), Basic employment (B), and Non-basic employment (N). Multiplier formulation: Total employment (T) =Basic employment (B) + Non-basic employment (N); T = B + N Basic employment = Total employment – Non-basic employment; B = T – N (B/T = T/T – N/ T) = (B/T = 1 – N/T) = {= B/ (1-N/T)} the multiplier therefore is 1/ (1- N/T) which can further be simplified to M (Multiplier) = T/B To get the multiplier effect from the above equation, we are required to multiply the basic jobs by the multiplier and then deduct the basic employment or income because the effect should not include the motivation. The main concern is the effect it has on local employment because the company wants to open another store, the job impact is that the new jobs will go to new residents which will lead to population increase and hence increased consumer spending on products. The ratios of foreign direct investment to gross domestic product (GDP) are not related to the distribution of income and as long as the investment of IKEA Company will increase average incomes as it is doing by creating new job opportunities in Malaysia and not increase national income inequality, it will not affect the Malaysian national income (Behrman 61). Activities of multi-national companies A multi-national company is a big business which has its head office in one country but has operations in many other different countries. The activities of these companies are not always beneficial; Some of the benefits however are that they lead to economic growth and development as they b
Introduction Presidential daily briefing (PDB) is a state of the art secretive document, which is produced daily for the president of the United States of America. It is the most classified document in the United States as it has intelligence information that is aimed at protecting the country from imminent terrorism attacks and promoting the welfare of its citizens and citizens of other countries as well. Presidential briefings date back to the year 1952 after the Second World War. President Harry Truman’s administration formed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which came up with the idea that the president needed to be briefed on a daily basis on classified intelligence matters that would help him in governing the country well. The first presidential intelligence briefing, which is known as President’s Intelligence Check List, occurred in the year 1961 courtesy of a CIA officer known as Richard Lehman . The name was later changed to presidential daily briefing in the year 1964 (Blanton 2008, p.28). Since then, the president receives a PDB on a daily basis, which informs him of new improvements warranting his response and in−depth analysis of sensitive international state of affairs. Apart from the president, other high-ranking government officials have authorized access to the PDB. They include the vice president, the White House chief of staff, the national security adviser, the director of central intelligence and other intelligence agencies, the secretaries of the state, treasury and defense, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the deputy secretaries of state and defense finally the deputy national security adviser. Production of the presidential daily briefing In the preparation of the PDB, there is no formal coordination between the intelligence communities though some of the contributions are given some considerations. Due to the classified information contained in the PDB, only few people with unquestionable integrity from CIA are involved in its preparation with the chief analyst and director at CIA being the publishers. The team mainly comprises the best-trained minds of the USA intelligence community to come up with the best intelligence information. The PDB is printed on a daily basis, apart from Sunday, “at the CIA headquarters printing plant in Virginia” (Blanton 2008, p.28). After the document is prepared, briefers, who are mainly experienced High-ranking analysts from the CIA’s Directorate of Intelligence, deliver the PDB to the respective recipient. Two presidential briefers deliver the PDB for the president; however,
Skyways International Airlines had registered a net loss over the past three years. This prompted the company’s chief marketing executive, Eric Hale, to act on a program that would reverse the situation. This move by Skyways was intended to bring about expansion through increasing international flights to the South Pacific routes as Australia, New Zealand and also domestically within the United States. Although the South Pacific route operated on a net loss, the management of Skyways was hesitant in terminating its operations along this route. Their argument was supported by current substantial cash flow from the South Pacific which was much needed for sustaining the company’s business position. This was the driving force behind realization of the airliners’ marginal costs. Growth prospects especially from New Zealand and Australia due to Olympic Games scheduled for 2000 in Sydney was, according to Hale, an opportunity for making profits. Competition was however, seen from other airline service providers plying same South Pacific routes. Among key players in the industry were United Airlines, Qantas and the third competitor was Air New Zealand. These competitors relatively found market favour due to their superior machinery and travelling programs. Having both direct and indirect flights to the South Pacific cities of Sydney, Auckland and other feeder cities within the region was a major boost for them. There was more comfort for passengers using the Boeing 747-400 aircraft, a more superior plane series offered by Skyways’ competitor companies. This meant that customer preference was favouring the competitors to the disadvantage of Skyways. An advantage that Skyways enjoyed over the three competitors was back in its domestic setting, within the United States. It was a result of better network for feeder flights which linked to Los Angeles as a collection point before setting for the South Pacific regions.
Professionally, the shortage of nurses occurs when the demand for skilled nurses exceeds its supply locally or internationally. At the same time, the economic definition refers to a situation where nurses are in demand, but the financial status of a given demographic region cannot support new recruitments (Glasper, 2018). The methods used in determining the shortage of nurses include the percentage ratio of personnel to patients, the number of nurses in a given population, and the vacant positions for caregivers in the employment sector. Since nursing requires professional skills in providing medical services, shortages can cause detrimental effects in the healthcare system, which is dangerous to populations worldwide. Therefore, the causes of nursing shortages include poor working conditions, aging populations, aging of nursing professionals, insufficient resources in nursing education and research, a rise of complex healthcare technologies, and low enrolment of nurses in institutions. New nurses’ enrolment in the career is considered the primary source of nursing scarcity (Glasper, 2018). Most young generations are reluctant to join the nursing career, which creates a shortage gap as the aging workforce needs replacements after retirement. According to reports by American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), student enrolment in nursing programs has a slow percentage increase over the years, limiting the supply of new nurses and caregivers. Additionally, nursing schools have insufficient staff and receive less funding to support more students enrolling in the program resulting in fewer graduates. To control the rising lack of professional nurses, I would apply ANA’s action plan in empowering these experts. The ANA’s Call to Action will motivate sustaining and recruiting more workforce by meeting the nurse’s needs in the working environment while providing safe care to patients. Another effective strategy that would prevent the nursing shortage is targeting students from minority groups du
The Burberry Company/Brand Burberry is a modernized fashion and a luxury retail company that emerged around 1856 from the United Kingdom when a twenty-year man, Thomas Burberry, opened a shop for selling drapers in an area known as Basingstoke in England (Moon, 2004). In a short span of time, Thomas Burberry managed to invent three important retail products: a waterproof, a gabardine, and a breathable fabric that quickly penetrated into the market and emerged as the most preferred fashion for persons interested in exploring extreme atmospheres (Moon, 2004). Since the First World War, Burberry Company has managed to become the fabric of choice after the British Army preferred them to design official coats for the army. Throughout the years, the company expanded gradually and dominated several markets within the European world before venturing in the Asian Pacific regions and China emerged as one of the suitable destinations (Moon, 2004). Burberry introduced their checkered pattern that involved light brown, red, black, and white tartan designs that officially became the signature check trademark. Throughout the beginning and mid-1990s, the company was facing structural and strategic control dilemmas and questions of quality were emerging, although the profitability remained high (Moon, 2004). Reformists thought that the brand of the Burberry Company was lacking modernity, as it seemed turgid and conventional, and thus appealing only to the older consumers. Rose Marie Bravo, a native New Yorker with over 25 years working experience in the fashion and luxury industry assumed the position of Chief Executive of Burberry and immediately proposed a series of innovative strategies (Moon, 2004). It was in 1997 and towards the new millennium, when the new chief executive emerged and begun reinventing the brand and trademark of Burberry. Bravo repositioned the brand by introducing stylish and innovative luxury lifestyle brands, which seemingly attracted the younger consumers. Burberry has now diversified to women’s apparels, men’s wear, and various accessories (Moon, 2004). Burberry brand went through a series of innovative transformations until lately in China, when the Chinese trademark office revoked its copyright on red, black, and tan designs. Luxury Theory/Anti-laws Reformists believe that the modern business world is dynamic and businesses depend on the interplay of various internal and internal environmental factors to succeed. Modern businesses and marketing of retail products depend on several business laws and marketing principles for perfection and survival (Bastien & Kapferer, 2013). One luxury theory that has been repeatedly important in describing the consumption of goods and services and its relationship with marketing of luxury products within the luxury industry is the
In a more instinctive manner, it is imperative to note that despite measures employed by the global community to redefine Afghanistan’s security and economy, the outcomes remain largely ineffectual (Manley 6). Evidence has revealed that the current state of Afghanistan is characterized by an increased rate of poverty, tension, and insecurity (Kinsman 58). Therefore, it is apparent that Afghanistan has lost its ability to pursue its self-interest in the international realm. Evidence derived from a comprehensive analysis indicates that numerous efforts have been made by the international community in order to eradicate issues that threaten security, economy, and human rights in Afghanistan (Downes-Martin 103). It is against this backdrop that this part of the paper analysis aims at examining whether the current state in Afghanistan represents failure or success in the quest for global governance, especially by the international community. From a keen perspective, research has shown that there have been issues of insecurity, economic decline, and violation of human rights in Afghanistan for a considerably long period of time now (Manley 7). The aforementioned factors have made the country unable to control its internal affairs without external influences. Needless to say, Afghanistan has for decades, been known as a breeding pool for terror groups. Consequently, the country has been perceived as a threat to international peace and security (Manley 9). Since 2009, the US government, through its army, has devised strategies to restore security and reform the economy in Afghanistan (Downes-Martin 105). Besides, other International Organizations such as NATO and the UN have worked in line with the US to eradicate terror remnants in the country. Additionally, the international communities have made relentless efforts to establish a transitional government and consultative forums that would ensure that the situation in Afghanistan does not deteriorate further (Kinsman 59). In line with this, quite a number of other strategies, such as imposing sanctions and military tools to wipe out insurgent terror groups, have been employed. Nonetheless, some of these peace restoration methods have not delivered the desired results as the country still wallows in a lack of stability. Research evidences have shown that Afghanistan’s government is prone to numerous constraints in terms of resources, historical needs, and poor political institutions (Radek 34). Nevertheless, the efforts put in forging adequate international relations has made a tremendous mark in equipping the country with resources, a factor that has helped it in combating its nagging challenges. For instance, the
Introduction Ethics can be said to be our understanding of what is morally wrong/bad or morally right/bad as shaped by our cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. There exist various categories of ethics probably in discipline or profession. Common ones are in professions where we hear of business ethics, medical ethics, teaching ethics, etc. on rare occasions do we hear on economic ethics or rather the application of ethics in economic activities. Though it is not much discussed as professional ethics it plays a great role in shaping our economic lives and most relevant during this period where the world is facing an economic slowdown. This paper thus attempts to show the place of ethics in the modern economy. Discussion Many factors have been attributed to the current situation where the economic hardships have trickled down from big corporations to the ordinary man who has to contend with the high prices and the general upsurge in the cost of living. Are these results of moral misconduct by one or a number of stakeholders in the economy? While many economic minds will have ready-at-hand formulas and cyclical explanations of such trends like this one, the commoner may fail to see the link. To help us in understanding the link between economics and ethics, Wilber (1998) introduces us to three ways in which ethics and economics interact. The first way is through economists themselves who have to make particular ethical considerations affecting economic policies that apply to everyone. The other way is through economic actors which the author identifies as consumers, workers, and business owners who have to comply with certain ethical values that influence their behavior. The last but not the least way is through economic institutions and policies. Ethics by economists was first introduced by one of the greatest economists John Keynes who divided economics into three general categories. These categories are normative, positive, and practical. Normative economics deal with what the economic situation as it ought to be in order to improve the welfare of the people. It is therefore guided by ethics in considering what the society considers good or morally right for the society. Unfortunately, society rarely achieves this. Instead of having the wish for the economic situation which in our modern society we wish to have through equal distribution of wealth and resources we have a case of positive economics which is simply the real situation on the ground. In our modern economy in the US and the world, we have a very unequal distribution of resources and opportunities. With ethical ideas in mind to bring into reality, economists take precautionary or put in place conducive measures or policies to facilitate it which is what Keynes identified as the third branch of economics (Jameson and Dutt, 2001). Economic actors on the other hand have also an i
Introduction Critical thinking is an important concept whose emphasis has grown in recent years. Schools have gone ahead to introduce critical thinking subjects and units. The growth of critical thinking and its associated models has aided several industries and nations in terms of security. The security of any nation is vital to its economic performance and social stability. Such a need has led to the establishment of special security installations and organizations such as the Department of Homeland Security in the US. This essay constructs a critical thinking model from a host of the available models. It evaluates the use of this model in the US Department of Homeland Security. Besides, it focuses on an event where the model was successfully applied. “Best” Critical Thinking Model The ‘best’ critical thinking model that is established in this essay consists of a combination of other critical thinking models that have been employed in the past (Browne, & Keeley, 2007). An example of a model that is commonly used in critical thinking is the Paul and Elder’s critical thinking model. Professor Hughes popularized the use of the above model in security matters when he was working in the National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) (Browne, & Keeley, 2007). Paul and Elder’s (2005) mode