ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
James Madison was the key player on the issue of commerce under the Articles of the Confederation. These Articles are the ones that governed the United States in periods ranging from 1777 to 1787. Getting the states to surrender control of national commerce to the federal government was not easy. Madison is the one who sponsored a resolution that gave the federal government the power to regulate commerce. George Washington, a fierce critic of a weak central government, supported Madison’s plan. He had seen how soldiers suffered because the states could not remit money to the central administration to pay them. So during the actual day of the convention, Madison came up with an entirely new alternative to the Articles, which redefined “independence” as well as “sovereignty” of the states (Rossiter 110). Slavery The issue of slavery bordered on representation and taxation. There had been a bitter debate in 1787 over South Carolina’s proposition barring the federal government from controlling the Atlantic Slave Trade (Beeman 46). It was therefore decided that the issue of the slave trade be left to the individual states. Though the constitution seemed to strengthen slavery temporarily, the strong central government created would eventually lead to its abolishment. Another controversy arose on representation si
Introduction The issue concerning bus fees has been rising steadily in the past few years nationwide. In many schools of such states as New York or California parents have paid school transportation fees, but at the same time in some states like Indiana or Massachusetts there were no school bus fees. Parents have been working very hard to pay school fees for their children and the free transport has been a great incentive not only for the parents, but also for the students. Of course, when school bus fees had been introduced in such schools the majority of parents opposed it. However, not many parents have expressed their point of view. It was just accepted that students would pay for their transportation. Only a few attempts to raise the question were undertaken, though the issue needs thorough discussion. For instance, Leister schools did not require funding for school bus services from parents several years ago. Basically, it is possible to keep it that way even in the period of economical constraints which both schools and parents are experiencing. The bus fees hike have been introduced recently. In Fontana, parents started paying the introductory bus fees hike in 2005 (FUSD). The fee is $120 per child per school year which is quite expensive, especially if a family has several school-aged children (FUSD). Nowadays, every state and every county faces many financial difficulties. For instance, the state of Indiana had to resort to a $300 million “cut in state education spending” (Wilson). Of course, Leicester has also certain financial constraints which made school boards to introduce bus fees. Admittedly, school boards try to make it affordable for as many families as possible. For instance, according to FUSD there are certain groups of student eligible to free transportation or reduced bus costs: those “qualifying for free or reduced lunch” (FUSD). Other ways However, there are many students ineligible to free transportation which does not mean that it will be affordable for their families, so they will have to find other ways: parents will have to take them to school, or students will need to walk, they will have to use public transport. Of course, this will cause additional inconveniences for families. They will spend more time solving the pr
Introduction Blue Mountain Resort is a successful ski resort in Canada. The company has shown considerable increase in its activities due to its lucrative business plan. In 1991, the company hired a new human resource manager. The new manager noted that despite the fact that the company was profitable, its reputation was beginning to suffer. The services offered by the company were poor and the employees had morale problems. After noting the problems, the new manager decided on a plan that began with an executive retreat. During the retreat, the senior managers of Blue Mountain Resort formulated a comprehensive plan that the company would use to improve its services. The company initiated a service quality program in 1991-1992 ski season (Sheppard 6). This program forced the management act on data collected from customers. In 1993, the company changed the strategy they used in hiring. The purpose of this was to improve the staff quality. The results obtained from the service program encouraged management. However, management felt that they needed to do more. While focusing on quality, the company had ignored process management. Therefore, in 1994-1995 season, the company organized a process team to cater for problems of signage and call center. By 1998-1999 season, the company’s reputation improved considerably while the customer base also increased (Sheppard 11). In 1999, the human resource manager organized a team to do a SWOT analysis. The team compiled the report and presented to the human resource manager, he chose three proposals that required careful consideration. Proposals on customer flow, speed of service, and information system were to be addressed in order to improve the quality service quality. Can Blue Mountain Resort be sure of Delivering Good Service to each Segment? Blue Mountain Resort is very capable of delivering good services to its customers. This is very evident from their activities in the previous years. Previously, the company had poor services and the staff did not serve customers properly. However, after hiring the new human resource manager the company had improved its service quality considerably. In fact, the customers’ ratings to the staff improved. In 1991-1992 season, 19.6 percent of the customers classified the resort as better than previously. During the same period, the rating of other resorts in Canada fell from 16.5 percent to three percent (Sheppard 6). In addition to the fact, the company managers showed composure w
The case of New York City mobster John Gotti Jr. demonstrates how criminal conspiracy charges work. As the heir to the Gambino crime family, Gotti Jr. was arrested on conspiracy charges related to several murders allegedly committed by members of the crime family. The government did not allege that Gotti Jr. personally committed the murders, but that he conspired in the killings. Naturally, Gotti Jr. denied the charges and claimed that the case was based on an informant implicating Gotti to avoid serving jail time. This case illustrates how broad criminal conspiracy laws are. Criminal conspiracy laws are broad enough that assuming that the government’s allegations are accurate, Gotti Jr. was properly charged with criminal conspiracy. One line of defense Gotti Jr. might make is that he did not personally know the defendants who allegedly committed the murders. He would argue that since he did not know them, he could not possibly have entered into a conspiracy with them to commit murder. Unfortunately for Gotti Jr., this would not be an effective defense. There is no requirement that defendants personally know other members of the conspiracy to be guilty of conspiracy. United States v. Monroe , 73 F.3d 129 (7th Cir. 1995). The courts anticipated than in large criminal enterprises, mob bosses would not personally know all of their underlings. The law allows criminal conspiracy charges to be brought against leaders of large groups to avoid rewarding them for the size of their organization. Gotti Jr. might also argue that there is no evidence that he took any overt steps to commit these murders. From the facts, it appears that he is being held responsible for the actions of other members of the Gambino crime family. Even if Gotti Jr. did not take any overt steps (such as ordering the murders), the law does not require that he did to charge him with criminal conspiracy. The Supreme Court has held that evidence of the actual act itself (in this case, the murders) is all that is necessary to demonstrate an overt step. United States v. Shabani , 513 U.S. 10 (1994). If the government can prove that the murders occurred as alleged on behalf of the Gambino crime family, then it can charge Gotti Jr. with criminal conspiracy. The benefit of this rule for prosecutors is that it does not require them to show what specific role each conspirator played in the murder. The government does not have to prove that Gotti Jr. ordered the murders or that he planned them, but only that a conspiracy existed between Gotti Jr. and the alleged murderers. Of course, criminal conspiracy laws are broad enough that they have the potential to be abused by overzealous prosecutors. Gotti Jr. is not a sympathetic figure in this case, and he likely did engage in a criminal conspiracy based on the facts presented here. There are situations where criminal conspiracy laws may go too far, though. If two people conspire to commit a minor crime, and one of the parties commits a more serious crime in the process of committing the minor crime, both parties can be charged with conspiracy to commit the major crime. This is true regardless of whether
My nursing philosophy is primarily that one of a holistic concern and providing empathetic and sensitive health care to the sick and their immediate families. To me, serving as a dedicated nurse is a way of giving back to the society what it deserves, because I believe proper healthcare is the foundation of every development in the society. Nursing is a profession with practitioners who are compassionate, courteous, patient, and hold a high sense of dignity and integrity, more so to those they are serving (Dossey, Keegan, American Holistic Nurse’s Association 103-105). As a result these believes, to me offering the highest quality of nursing care, being sympathetic, and providing a favourable healing environment are three of the greatest goals of my career. As healthcare agents, although it is hard to meet every patient’s expectations, I believe it is important for nurses to make an effort and accommodate their patients’ problems and sacrifice their best for the wellbeing of their clients and other members of the medical fraternity. Therefore, nurses must always endeavour to have good communication skills, the required skill proficiency, and apply high level of creative and critical thinking when executing their duties. Moreover, because nursing is an evidence based profession that requires proper understanding of the human health problems, I hold a personal obligation toward continuous learning, research work, and hands-on experience to improve my nursing skills. Desirable Elements of My Nursing Philosophy Although continuous learning and having the desired level of skill proficiency is important for nurses, the use of common sense in making the right decisions is one of the prerequisite to succeeding in this profession. Therefore, there is need for nurses to execute all their duties with absolute care, as this is one of the primary methods of ensuring that they win the confidence of their patients. One thing nurses should always bear in mind before handling any health matters that pertains to their patients is that, patients have entrusted their “delicate” lives in their hands; hence, the need to ensure patients are satisfied physically and emotionally (World Health Organisation; Western pacific region 1). To achieve this, wellness and collaboration should be the two primary elements of any nursing philosophy. Wellness is not only a state of being physically okay, but also it encompasses the spiritual and emotional wellbeing. Thus, for a patient to be termed as being okay, patients should be able to accept their state of mind by formulating appropriate coping mechanisms with the effects that come with their ailments. On the other hand, collaboration means the ability of a patient to work confidently with nurses through the two developing a relationship that is beneficial to the patient. Finally, because diseases are never selective on individuals they attacks, I believe there is need for nurses to accept the diversity of patients they treat regardless of their race, class, gender, and degree of sickness. Although I know at one point making my philosophy practical will be a challenging task, because of the ever-chang
An ethical dilemma is a situation that involves conflicts between moral principles in which obeying one ultimately results to transgression of the other. The utilitarian ethical perspective holds that a good course of action maximizes happiness for the parties involved, and therefore the moral worth of a certain action is determined by its outcome. Libertarian ethical principles hold that individuals have the right to be respected and the only limit to an individual’s ability to enjoy these rights is the obligation to respect others’ basic rights. Deontological theories are also referred to as duty-based ethics. In deontology, morality is judged through examining the nature of the actions and the will of the individuals to do the right thing. Drawing judgment from an individuals will and control of certain actions is based on the argument that the future is not controllable. Virtue ethics perspective emphasizes on the influence of character traits and moral virtues toward the resultant ethical behavior. 1 For the utilitarian principle, completion of the project could give a team a satisfaction for its achievement. Melanie and other members of her team were putting in extra time to ensure that the project was completed and launched in a few weeks. Several individuals at Zagante were forced to put in extra working hours to complete their assignments related to the software code project. Some dedicated members of the staff were forced to sleep in their cubicles because of the demands of their assignments. Melanies hard work was aimed at ensuring a successful launch of the product together with hopes for promotion to the project’s senior vice president. 2 On the contrary, considering the deontological theory, Melanie and the team were working on TerraPix 2.0 map-making software meant for enhancing topographical view for the oil companies. Technology related companies in the region had suffered in the previous two years and Zagante was not exception. Although the company survived through the hard time, it was affected financially thus forcing its management to freeze the hiring process. This meant that although the present employees were lucky to retain their jobs, they had to work extremely hard to ensure that the product was a success. In an effort to maintain their jobs, zagante staff was exploited through the requirement to put in extra time and effort at the minimal pay. 3 In the process of carrying out evaluations for her team members, Melanies comparison between Tom’s and Jeremy’s profiles is a dilemma. This brings into focus the virtue ethics. Although both candidates displayed outstanding qualities, Tom’s profile was more striking professionally but Melanie leaned on Jeremy’s side because she considered him as a close friend. On the contrary, considering libertarian principle, Melanie caught Jeremy programming a game instead of working on the running project, TerraPix. Later on, Jeremy admitted that he was working on a p
Background of the Situation The background for the case pertains to the issues that affect Information Technology (IT) departments in organizations. Overtime IT managers have encountered issues relating to poor costing and inefficient management of projects. The results of poor costing and inefficient management comprise cost overruns, malfunctions, and technical issues that augment operational costs in project development. According to Schwalbe (2012), IT managers have continually experienced issues regarding the cost and management of projects. The problem further compounds since several managers focus on profits, sales, and financial investments as opposed to the requirements advanced by IT equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the issues, causes, solutions, and results, which transpire after the successful implementation of the proposed solutions. Issues Some of the issues or matters of concern that affect IT departments include overruns in cost, poor project performance, and technical problems. In the elucidation advanced by Schwalbe (2012), overruns usually relate to costs that exceed the budgeted resources, whereas poor performance implies the inability of a particular project to meet the expected demands. Consequently, technical problems usually arise during and after the execution of the projects. Technical problems are high and unpredictable when IT managers fail to engage in the correct analysis of the project requirements. These issues or matters of concern are crucial and need effective systems of redress. Causes Unclear budgets, poor implementation of the project, and incompetent human resources are some of the factors, which have given rise to the issues that currently affect the IT sectors in various organizations. Schwalbe (2012) explains that some managers in the IT sector do not develop a clear budget in relation to the actual cost of a project. As such, the project exceeds the allocated resources, and thus, strains the organization. Moreover, poor implementation leads to delays, high costs, and inaccurate timing, a factor that hampers the overall execution of IT projects. It is notable to highlight that several individuals in the IT sector do not have a clear understanding of the concepts that concern IT and its financial requirements. In essence, most of the IT managers are concerned with software development, increased revenues, and profits accrued by the project. Solutions Project monitoring, information on changes, and undertaking timely requisite changes are some of the solutions that IT managers can employ to address the issues relating to the cost of project management. In effect, project monitoring entails a continuous assessment of IT projects in the quest to ascertain the extent to which they attain the expected results (Schwalbe, 2012). Consequently, the development of a good system of information that enhances communication between project managers in the IT department and other managers in various departments is very instrumental in solving the issues of costs and project overruns. It is paramount to explain that the implementatio
The process of learning a language also known as language acquisitions is a procedure that begins as soon as a child is born (Chomsky, 1986). During development, children learn to communicate, respond, and even make requests through cries and coos. At a later stage, a child begins to develop sounds that are more complex and when he/ she is between 3 and 6 years old, a child is able to communicate easily. Researchers have tried to explain the process by which children learn language. One theory that has explained the process by which children acquire language is the Innate theory. This paper will discuss and assess the Innate theory of language acquisition. The Innateness Hypothesis theory The Innateness hypothesis theory, which is also referred as Innatist model, Naivist theory, or Rationalist mentalist theory is a model that explains how language is acquired (Chomsky, 1986). Noam Chomsky a linguistic professor developed the Innateness hypothesis model in 1950s (around 1959). However, although Chomsky is credited as the one who originated with Innate model; this theory was in existence for more than a hundred years (Chomsky, 1986). Chomsky is only considered as one who developed this theory since he brought new ideas making the old concept to be accepted as a formal theory. Noam Chomsky is a well renowned professor of linguistics who has contributed a lot in the study of language (Fromkin, 2000). His work in linguistic theory especially, the Innateness model of language acquisition has brought major changes in the field of linguistics. The Innateness model is one of the most prominent theories and because of this aspect; it has received a lot of public attention in the past and continue to cause a huge debate among many researchers in the field of linguistics (Fromkin, 2000). Noam Chomsky developed the Innate theory as a way of reacting to the Behaviorists Language Learning Theory. In the Innate theory of language acquisition, Chomsky contradicted arguments of the Behaviorist theory (Chomsky, 1986). During the past few decades, the Innate theory has caused a lot of debate concerning first language acquisition (L1). Theoretical Bases When Chomsky developed the Navist theory, he came up with several assumptions, which formed the bases of the Innate theory. This theory has three assumptions. First, according to Chomsky (1986, p. 12) “language acquisition is innately determined”. This theory argues that children are born with extraordinary abilities to learn a language. Chomsky particularly argued that when children are born, their mi
The pre planning stage is the first step towards developing a strategic profile. During this phase an organization is gathering information from its main stakeholders. Information obtained during this phase entails overview of the company history, past sales figures and what products and services are viewed in the market. From this information an organization can then compose its vision, mission and values. These are key components of a strategic profile that can be used to develop an organization’s goals, objectives or purpose which are vital during the strategic planning process. After an organization has clearly defined its goals or objectives, the next step involves carrying out an environmental scan which is the process of analyzing the internal and external environment of the organization (Bryson, 2011). This is done by conducting a SWOT analysis. A good strategic profile can be used by an organization as a filtering mechanism while conducting a SWOT analysis (Herbert, Rowley, & Armandi, 2007). Analysis of the external environment involves assessing the opportunities and threats that an organization faces. These threats and opportunities are beyond the organization’s control. They may arise due to political, economic, social and technological trends and events. Analysis of the internal environment involves assessing an organization’s strengths and weaknesses. An organization’s strength is in terms of its capabilities. This may include its ability to create unique products, provide high level customer service or its personnel (Bradford, Duncan, & Tracy, 2000). An organization’s strengths enable it to have a competitive advantage. This involves assessing all aspects of the internal environment that includes internal processes, leadership, structure and culture. Internal processes are the steps and procedures followed by an organization in the production of goods and services in order to increase efficiency in its day to day operations. Therefore, to successfully implement a strategic plan, the organization should review the existing policies and procedures and make any changes necessary to facilitate the changes resulting from the strategic plans. This is done to avoid impediment of strategy planning and implementation. Leadership is simply the ability to influence others to achieve goals. Therefore an organization’s leaders are very essential during the planning of strategies since they can use their influence to coach the employees through the change