Social Sciences Bosma, U., and Alferink, M. (2011). Multiculturalism and Settlement: The Case of Dutch Postcolonial Migrant Organisations. Journal of International Migration and Integration , 13 (3), 265-283. Web. The authors studied the impacts of multiculturalism of the period 1980s to 1990s on institutional forms of immigrants in the Netherlands. They wanted to test the assumption that the action of the Dutch government led to the fragmentation of immigrant institutions. The topic was critical because of the nature of multiculturalism politics, which had supposedly backed migrant institutions. As a result, such institutions had become fragmented, and it was difficult to note their roles in the integration process. The study methodology involved a methodical review of accessible information regarding the postcolonial movement of people and institutions from 1945 to 2008. Data reviewed represented nearly 40 percent of all post-war immigrants who originated from other continents other than Europe. However, data only focused on a specific segment of the immigrant populations. The researchers concluded that the development of postcolonial immigrant institutions was notable since the 1980s. However, it was difficult to relate the growth or fragmented migrant institutions with the minority policies of the Dutch government. From this study, one could note that the growth that occurred to immigrants in the Netherlands resulted from changes in emerging identity issues and developments in political identities. It also highlighted that policies for immigrants introduced in the Netherlands did not create any favorable conditions, but were rejected without any proper explanations. While this study used data for specific immigrants, the findings proved that the Dutch government policies on immigrants did not serve their intended purposes. The study also relied on massive historical data to derive such conclusions, but it could difficult to generalize this conclusion to other countries. Decker, S., van Gemert, F., and Pyrooz, D. C. (2009). Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA. Journal of International Migration and Integration , 10 (4), 393-408. Web. Decker and colleagues examined the association between immigration, culture, and gangs and compared the outcomes between the US and Europe. The researchers believed that immigration, culture, and ethnicity were imperative elements to comprehend such changes, but other structural factors were only conditional elements for the perceived changes. The study also showed diverse patterns of immigrants in the US and Europe. The study methodology was based on a conceptual framework with a focus on reviewing several qualitative studies. The methodology covered fundamental aspects that defined the dynamic landscape of gangs and their formation concerning the local context. The framework looked at factors that facilitated gang formation or essential conditions that ensured that a group of people would come together to form a gang. The study result showed that immigration patterns had significant impacts on the US and European gang activities. As a result, the researchers concluded that diverse patterns of immigration and the movement of p