ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Crisis is defined as any critical or decisive or influential point or situation. Crisis is basically unstable conditions in political, social, or economic affairs linking an awaiting unexpected or crucial change. Crisis is also considered as an affecting worrying event or shocking change in a person’s life. It is an event that can create or that is expected to lead to an unbalanced and unsafe situation that can affect an individual, group, group of people or it can be whole society. They are believed to be an unconstructive changes in the security, economic, political, social or environmental affairs when they occur unexpectedly, with small or no caution. Crisis has many defining traits but the three main traits are that the event is   * Unexpected   * Creates uncertainty/risk   * Is seen as a threat to important goals. If the event of September 11, 2001 is recalled then one would realize that the events of September 11, 2001 were an overwhelming reminder of the need to be prepared for crises. They are not often as enormous and terrible as the attacks of September 11, but there is a need of constant cautions and readiness because of the possibility of crises. Companies should have the proper resources and pliability to continuous operations because being prepared for a crisis involves more than the ability to manage the crisis itself. The organizations that were impacted by the event of September 11, 2001 were best able to recover if they:   * Took punctual, important actions to deal with the immediate crisis and start again their operations and communicate punctually and honestly with the employees, with customers, with suppliers, and with other important stakeholders and as well as with the media and established sensible sympathy for the injured, scared and bereaved.   * Were prepared – not for such an unbelievable event but for the more ordinary and unsurprising problems of business permanence. If they had alternative computers, communications systems and proper backup of important records like contact information.   * Had strong financial statements (balance sheet, positive cash flows and good cost control) and had all kind of resources to take in the effects of the crisis and return to normal position. Research has shown this that one of the key elements of good governance is avoiding and being prepared for the crises. Efficient organizations are less expected to have crises and are superior at solving them. Types of crisis It is very important to identify the type of crisis because without identifying the type one can’t make the
In their book, “In creating America: Reading and Writing Arguments”, Joyce Moser and Ann Watters contend that there is a contradiction to the American Identity concept. If at all we are to ever understand his concept, the authors argue that we need to think contradictorily (Moser & Watters 551). Freedom and unity may be the fundamental principles of America but from a historical perspective, the country has fallen victim to social and racial divide. As a result of these divisions, the country stands together but is nonetheless, alone. In His article, “Does America Still Exist?” Richard Rodriguez talks of the need and willingness by Americans to assimilate into ‘a single unified whole’ (Rongriguez 189). However, this is not really easy as this research paper will reveal, because we are gathered together not as a people, but as individuals with distinct destinies, and separate pasts. American has been referred to as a melting pot of diverse cultures. For a long time, American Indians were the sole occupants of this country. However, following the colonization of the continent by the British, Europeans started streaming into the country looking for a better life. They would soon be followed by Asian immigrants. The Europeans also brought in Africans as slaves to provide labor at their farms and industries. Although all these cultures crashed in the beginning, over time however, they have evolved and mingled to form the American identity (Rodriguez 189). The desire to chase “the American dream” has attracted immigrants from all corners of the world, bringing with them new changes and identities. Some of these changes have been adopted by the rest of the Americans, thereby changing America. However, these immigrants have had to bear the brunt of rejection and cultural shock in the land of opportunities. Faced with loneliness and hostility, they strive to find their own identify. They still harbor the memories of what they left behind in their country (Rodriguez 190). Nonetheless, the story is different with their children, who have to try hard to achieve divided loyalty between the country of their parents and grandparents, and America. For example, children of Vietnamese or Italian descent are expected to start living as Americans. As a result, various nationalities have to come together to form a common culture- the American culture. Viewed at from this perspective, America can be likened to a melting pot whereby individuals from diverse cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Italian, ands people of African descent, among others, come together and shed their c
Article synthesis The law of conservation of energy is part of the conservation laws that form the core of many, if not all, natural sciences. Even though there are various other laws, the concepts in Physics mainly depend on the concept presented in the law of conservation of energy. This idea came along in the 17 th century and has been hotly debated since then. This article is in relation to the course of natural sciences since it involves many of the concepts that are based on this course. It will also show the various contradictions in the law of conservation of energy. Article’s significance One of the major contributions of the article is a discussion on the various contradictions that the law of conservation of energy has. Although the law has been used for very many years, there are several contradictions that are yet to be addressed. The article will present the argument that energy can neither be created, nor destroyed as contradictory. It will also present the argument that the universe cannot create energy as contradictory. How the article has enhanced my knowledge The law of conservation of energy, also known as the 1 st law of thermodynamics, posits that energy cannot be created, nor can it be destroyed. This means that energy exists on its own, according to Crowell (2005). The theory suggests that even though energy can be changed from one form to another, it cannot be destroyed during the process. A new form of energy cannot also be created during the process. It introduces the argument that even though energy can change form, the measurement remains the same. This argument is, however, very contradictory. One of the contradictions that the argument presents is the fact that energy is just there. Nothing can cause it and nothing can destroy it. However, looking at other courses that try to explain the origin of the earth in a scientific way, the argument presented is that of the big bang theory. The big bang theory proposes that small particles that were in the universe bombarded together and eventually created the planets. The energy that caused this bombarding is very different from that which held the particles together. It is also very different from the energy that is used to suspend these planets on the universe. Therefore, the big bang theory as a scientific theory contradicts with the law of conservation of energy. This shows that energy can change and, at times, it will gain or lose some units. The second contradiction that is presented in the law of conservation of energy theory is that the universe cannot and does not create energy. The contradiction in this statement comes out due to the fact that there is energy in every part of the universe. The energy might be of different forms, but it still exists all the same. This energy, therefore, has to come from somewhere. Going with this argument, the energy had to come from somewhere supernatural if it did not come from somewhere physica
To begin with, the symptoms of tobacco use disorder often overlap with the ones present in many different addictive disorders, such as alcohol, caffeine, opioid, and sedative abuse. However, according to American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013), “reduction in symptoms with the use of nicotine medications confirms the diagnosis.” (p. 576). Therefore, it may be concluded that the information on how a patient reacts to either tobacco consumption or tobacco withdrawal is extremely important. The reason for it is that it helps to address effectively various closely related issues, which arise in the differential diagnosis process. Furthermore, it is vital to rule out other mental health or medical disorders, which may be present with similar concerns and symptoms. APA (2013) highlights twelve diagnostic criteria for tobacco use disorder, such as consuming tobacco in large amounts, recurrent interpersonal problems, and cravings for the substance. If a person meets at least two of them within one year, his or her diagnosis can be confirmed. In general, all the criteria emphasize special relationships between patients and the substance, and unless any of them is present, other health issues should be ruled out. Finally, it is crucial to note that determining the level of severity plays an important role in further treatment. A patient with tobacco use disorder may experience three different levels of severity – mild, moderate, and severe. Everything depends on the number of symptoms he or she has. First, people with mild severity meet at least two criteria outlined by APA. Second, those with moderate severity may exhibit from five to six symptoms. Finally, the highest level of severity can be diagnosed if half of the criteria are met. Reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
During therapy sessions with their therapists, patients are typically encouraged to be as open about their emotions as possible to create the setting in which a constructive discussion of key issues becomes possible. Therefore, patients are prone to building a rapport with therapists, which may lead to transference and similar situations. Particularly, a patient may transfer their feelings such as respect, appreciation, and even affection from an important person in their life onto a therapist. In the scenarios of clients experiencing complex mental health issues, the presence of transference may both advance the process of health issues management due to the patient’s trust but also impede it in case a patient lacks control over their feelings. The phenomenon of transference may develop in the opposite direction, with a therapist developing any positive feelings other than professional interest and empathy toward a patient. However, the process of transference is not as common as its direct opposite, which is countertransference. Countertransference occurs if a therapist develops a strongly negative feeling toward a patient, which may range from the lack of empathy to resentment and affect the quality of the therapy significantly (Gabbard, 2017). The identified phenomenon occurs when a therapist fails to connect with a patient emotionally and, as a result, remains indifferent to the psychological issues of the latter. Like transference, countertransference may be witnessed in a patient, who acquires a strongly negative attitude toward a therapist due to the transfer of the idea of negative relationships that they have experienced onto the communication with the therapist (Gabbard, 2017). Therefore, both
My research topic is the effect of Mexican-American Cuisine on Brownsville’s obesity rate and increase in diseases. Since the methodology in the research included the analysis of several Mexican-American restaurants in Brownsville, the artifact would be presented in the form of an infographic. It will consist of a short description of the research and the survey methods, such as the number of participants, the aim of the project, and the findings. The images at the top of the infographic will be the most popular dishes of served cuisine in these restaurants, accompanied with the calculated percentage of sugar and calories to each dish. Furthermore, since the data collection came from the conducted survey, the infographic will include an image of a person interviewing another person to represent the methodology. According to Pengpid and Peltzer, the cultural shift directly affects the dietary and physical behavioral pattern; therefore, the infographic will include a vector image reflecting the cultural merge, for example, Mexican cuisine served on one plate with typical American cuisine. The graphic will also illustrate the effect of eating habits developed in childhood on the obesity rate by providing an image of a person in different stages in life, growing a significant body mass. Finally, the graph will conclude with the illustration of the suggestions on how to address obesity. One of the images will represent the advice to calculate the calories in restaurants by portraying a restaurant and a calculator together. The second image will be a person doing sports to promote physical activity in reducing the obesity rate. The third image will show a Mexican dish low in calories. The final image will portray an alcohol bottle with a red stamp on it, symbolizing the positive relationship between alcohol consumption and dietary issues. Work Cited Pengpid, Supa, and Karl Peltzer. “Associations between Behavioural Risk Factors and Overweight and Obesity among Adults in Population-Based Samples from 31 Countries.” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice , vol. 11, no. 2, 2017, pp. 158-166.
Motivation is a function of the difference between perceived rewards and perceived costs. If costs rise with increased effort expenditure, so must rewards. If one is to be highly motivated, the reward function must have a positive slope sufficient to offset the accelerating costs encountered at high effort levels and to force the point of maximum satisfaction far to the right on the effort (motivation) axis. If the reward function cannot be adequately sloped, then motivation can be achieved through cost function design by reducing the stress, fatigue, boredom, and the like, one experiences at high effort levels or by making costs an inverse function of effort (using penalties) at low effort levels. One approach, widely known by managers, is set out by Abraham H. Maslow in his book “Motivation and Personality”. Maslow’s theory of motivation claims that human motives develop in sequence according to five levels of needs. These needs are: psychological (hunger, thirst), safety (protection), social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and self-actualization (realizing one’s potential for continued self-development) (Maslow, 1970). This theory underlines that needs follow in sequence and when one need is satisfied it decreases in strength and the higher need then dominates behavior. This leads to the statement that a satisfied need is not a motivator. There is a doubt whether this applies in practice to the higher needs as it is likely that self-esteem requires continuous stimulation and renewal. Despite its clarity, it has some limitations which make it unacceptable in all situations. Few attempts have been made to test the validity of Maslow’s ideas. A big problem is that people do not necessarily satisfy higher-order needs through their jobs or occupations, and this cannot be tested. Another point is that he viewed satisfaction as a major motivator and this is not directly related to production. In addition, Maslow does not mention the period between various needs (Brown, 1974). Another motivation theory is the Expectancy theory. According to Expectancy theory employees work act only when they have a reasonable expectation that their actions will lead to desired goals. It is supposed that employees will work better if
Introduction Starbucks is the world’s leading coffee and coffeehouse chain having almost 11000 shops in the United States of America alone. The company owns 5118 stores in the United States, 362 in the United Kingdom, 30 in Saudi Arabia, 64 in South Korea, and 27 in other countries and growing every day. According to Starbucks Chief Howard Schultz, the growth of the brand Starbucks is not an accidental phenomenon, but a lot of careful planning has ultimately yielded this result. The catchline “everything matters” worked wonders for this company. When one steps inside a Starbucks store, from the atmosphere to the music, from the aroma of the coffee to the behavior of the employee’s everything instantly appeal to the mind of that individual. Background Actually, the base product of the company, coffee, is different from our day-to-day commercial products, only by making the “Starbucks experience” a very personal and intimate experience, the management has yielded gold (Carlin 2003). They have created an atmosphere where the relationship along with the space and coffee experience will come alive; it is more like performance while enjoying coffee. The concept of “service as theatre” (Grove, John and Fisk 2004) is in all senses are applicable to Starbucks. Actually, the services are like theater, services provided by restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, hospitals, etc are all like role-playing in a theater and the management in Starbucks is perfectly playing their parts. A visit to their coffee shop chain should satisfy a person intimately. According to them, they are not in the filling business they are filling souls. Discussion A good metaphor is used in dramas for generations. In Starbucks, the whole atmosphere of the place replaces the metaphor. From the music to the interior decors, from the service to the aroma of coffee creates vivid images on the mind of the customer, it provides a place of mental peace. If a Starbucks shop is designated as the theater performance, then the service providers are the actors, the setting is the décor of the shop and other factors inside the shop, the service performance is the customer’s experience inside the shop and the audience is no one but the person who is in the shop. All these contribute to shaping the customers’ attitude toward the product ultimately as the good execution of a play makes the audience instantly like it. The flawless execution of Starbucks employees makes the customers fall in love with the brand and they keep coming back (Bernardez 2009). Analysis There are a lot of contributions from the upper-level management to make this effort successful too. Mr. Howard Schultz is the head of Starbucks who first got the idea of starting this coffee shop while he was in Italy and went to a coffee shop. The Italians treat coffee shops as an extension of their home, and he wanted to capture this feel
Introduction. Chinook is one of the best-known pidgins. Reportedly, it was formed in pre-European times in the Northwest Pacific area (Winford 2003: 272). This pidgin was created for use in commerce between tribes and later for trade with Europeans. It is but natural that this pidgin acquired characteristics of several languages. It is necessary to note that vocabulary was quite restricted and the structure of the pidgin was characterized by simplicity. In other words, various structures of different languages were simplified to form this pidgin which was used by many people. Interestingly, this pidgin was later used for different occasions and it was heavily used in “narration, song, and other kinds of entertainment” (Winford 2003: 272). It is also important to point out that the pidgin was influenced by European languages, especially English (McWhorter 2005: 263). According to McWhorter (2005: 263) Chinook, which was initially formed by people speaking highly inflected languages, underwent the process of reduction, i.e. numerous inflections were reduced. On the other hand, syntactic structures started playing quite an important role. Therefore, it is important to focus on the syntax of the language under consideration as it is one of its distinctive features. It can be also useful to compare this pidgin with English as the latter affected Chinook considerably. An exemplary syntactic structure of Chinook. It is necessary to note that Chinook is a predominantly head-final language. However, there are quite many examples which can characterize the language as a head-initial language. In the first place, it is important to provide the definitions of a head-final and a head-initial language. According to Tallerman (2005: 106) head-final language is the language in which “the head follows its compliments”. For example, the verb in the verb phrase is final or the compliment is followed by the lead noun. It is possible to illustrate this with the help of negative structures in Chinook. The following examples can illustrate the mentioned structure:  1. … qe’wa nikct e’kta Llap aga’yax. … as not anything find I.did.it ‘… because I did not find anything’ (Vrzic 2006: 129)  1. Milta ?énəm t qak s-k w áx w -s. not how indef. Subj. cont.-arrive-his ‘There’s no way to get there’  1. […] nekct Llpax aqLāx. not well someone.makes.him ‘He is not made well’ (Vrzic 2006: 125)  1. […] a’lta nekct qa’nsix tlaya’ aqLāx. now not (any)how well someone.makes.him ‘He cannot be made well at all’  1. ?áma? milta t s-wi-ns ?ac-k w əna-x w . if not indef. cont.-be-his stative-take-it ‘If he doesn’t take it…’ (Vrzic 2006: 126)  1. Elo ikta masachi naika mamuk. neg anything bad 1sg make ‘I did nothing wrong’ (Vrzic 2006: 118)  1. Milta pən-čá ʎa s-qwət’-s t šəwl . not time-where unrealized cont.-burn-its indef. Trail ‘A trail will never burn’ (Vrzi