ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, it is hard to believe that the rights and freedoms which people have used to be nothing resembling the reality even remotely in the recent past. However, before having obtained their rights comparatively not so long ago, women in the USA have had to go a long way to the independence from their employers and the recognition of their own freedoms. Claiming that the response of the women working on the farms to the harsh conditions and the unbearable attitude from the employers has changed rapidly over several decades after women started gaining positions in the given sphere of employment, Thomas Dublin stresses that women in the United States finally started fighting for their rights and mad the while country recognize the fact that women working in the mills also had to have decent working conditions. Despite the doubtless fact of the incredible change in the attitudes towards female workers, it must be admitted that at the very start of engaging women in the work on mills, the employees accepted the harsh and even brutal working conditions eagerly. The latter could be explained rather easily, since, according to Dublin, the rules on the mills were strict and even the slightest disobedience resulted in immediate dismissal (The Annenberg/CPB collection, n.d.). It is worth mentioning, though, that women themselves first agreed to the moral restrictions which were imposed on every single one of them and followed them without a word of disconcert, which is a clear cut example of the model for women behavior in the given time period. According to Dublin, the work on mills was supposed to be “a process in which young women are socializing their peers in which women are able to escape their families for a short period of time” (The Annenberg/CPB collection, n.d.), e.g., a kind of boarding school or college experience for women. What could be called as “corporate paternalism” (The Annenberg/CPB collection, n.d.) appeared to be the strictest set of rules for moral conduct. Therefore, despite the expectations, young women obtained the same patronizing attitude as the one in their families. In addition, women followed these rules eagerly, which could be explained by the enthusiasm to work: “I was so invested in learning that I endured it very well” (The Annenberg/CPB collection, n.d.), one of the workers explained. The given attitude towards rather cruel and extremely uncomfortable working conditions were caused not only by the prospects of learning certain skills and obtaining the rights and ability to work, but also from the poverty which seized New England then; as Bernstein (1991) states, “Dublin found that between 1830 and 1860, rural economic disasters predisposed young farm daughters to enter the mills” (221). Hence, it was the financial necessity that made women start working on mills. However, according to Dublin, the working conditions started to become even harsher and the response did not keep the employer waiting. According to Dublin (1995), “The New England textile industry expanded dramatically between 1850 and 1900” (230). Since more mills emerged and the productivity increased, the price of the cloth produced on th
The Cold War The Cold War is an interesting name given to a conflict between two superpowers. But there is no other way to describe the conflict between the Union Soviet Socialist Republic (“USSR”) and the United States of America because the armies from both countries did not clash in a battlefield. The conflict was played out in the anticipation of World War III through the stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction as well as through proxy wars fought by their respective allies. The United States played defense and at the same time became proactive by supporting other nations to strategically weaken the power of the USSR. The conflict between the USSR and U.S. did not come from the desire to expand their territories. The Cold War is the byproduct of a conflict in ideology. The United States government is a government by the people and of the people while the USSR is a government ruled by the communist party. The Americans believed in the principles of democracy and free enterprise while the Russians believed that the whole world must convert to a system of governance according to the teachings of Karl Marx and Lenin. At the core of these teachings is the idea of social equality as the masses triumph over the elite and creating a utopian society in the process. It is a seemingly attractive proposition but Karl Marx and Lenin did not anticipate the impact of human nature such as greed, lust for power, the need to control people, and more importantly the corruption that comes from having a central government. Nevertheless, the advocates of communism felt so strongly for their cause that they are willing to transform nations into a communist country and one by one they came into the fold starting from China then North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba and Eastern Europe and even half of present day Germany. Introduction It must be made clear that the dilemma brought by the Cold War did not happen overnight. It can be argued that without the implications of World War II then there would be no two superpowers trying to subdivide the world into what they label as the free world and the Communist bloc. The end of World War created shift in the political arena creating a vacuum that must be occupied by America or the USSR. At the end of World War II the Germans were devastated as well as its allies Italy, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire. Great Britain emerged victorious, however, its people paid a tremendous price for glory and so after becoming the unofficial leader in two world wars, the British decided that they no longer have
Introduction This study points out similarities and differences between the above two studies. Both studies have related topics but the authors are different. Both studies show that harsh parenting contributes to poor regulation of emotions and aggression in children. Goals The main goal of choosing these topics is to learn more on children psychology. I love working with children and I have noted that children have different personalities and emotions. Considering all other factors remain constant, their character or personality differs depending on parenting styles. As a result, I developed an interest to learn more on psychology of children. Usually a person’s character is majorly determined by immediate social environment. In addition, I want to offer academic, social and emotional assistance to children. Lessons Being in psychology profession, these studies help in creating of awareness of issues related to harsh parenting. In addition, the studies establish the relationship between parenting and personality of a child as well as decisions they make in life. As a result, I will be able to share the knowledge, experience and ability with parents to enhance proper parenting. Further, the studies provide information on models on development of support network for children with psychological problems resulting from harsh parenting. In addition, sharing the information with policy makers to make sure policies which protect the children are formulated and carried out. Research questions Chang, Dodge and McBride sought to investigate how harsh parenting relates to emotion regulation and aggression. However Heidgerken, Hughes, Cavell and Wilson test the pathways through which parenting and social cognitive processes contribute to children’s aggression. Definition of terms Research study done by Chang and others gives a clear definition of terms. The study provides adequate characteristics of harsh which include yelling, name calling, aggression, overreaction and physical threats among others. The study is consists of abstract, introduction, method, measures, results, discussion and application in public policy. Opposed to the previous research, Heidgerken does not provide definition of terms. The study consists of abstract, introduction, methods of research, measures, results and discussion of findings. Results The hypothesis in both studies is positive considering results presented. Study done by Chang and others shows that harsh parenting has direct and indirect effects on a child’s aggression in school environment. In addition, the author relates harsh parenting to poor regulation of emotions in a child
Critical Appraisal of Studies and Reviews A study of behavioral addictions conducted by Grant, Schreiber, and Odlaug (2013) provides insights into the process of the development of addictions. CBT and opioid antagonists are suggested as effective treatments for some addictions. These findings can be interpreted in the following ways: both pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions are effective, but the underlining processes that connect different addictions (substance use and other dependencies) are not yet fully researched. Lanza, Garcia, Lamelas, and González‐Menéndez (2014) compare the effectiveness of CBT and ACT (acceptance and commitment therapy). According to them, CBT was more effective when conducted posttreatment, while the ACT was effective at follow-up (Lanza et al., 2014). The following conclusions can be drawn from these results: depending on the phase of treatment, different strategies change in effectiveness; ACT might be more effective than CBT about long-term effects. Carroll et al. (2014) examine the effect of computer-based training for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT) on cocaine-dependent individuals who are maintained on methadone. The authors argue that CBT4CBT can be an effective adjunction to the treatment of individuals addicted to cocaine, as participants who were assigned to this type of therapy were more likely to attain three weeks of abstinence from cocaine (Carroll et al., 2014). These results indicate that CBT4CBT is an effective intervention for individuals addicted to cocaine who are maintained on methadone, but they also show that the use of CBT4CBT needs to be supported by pharmacological intervention. Filges and Jorgensen (2016) conducted a systematic review of randomized trials that compared CBT to other interventions to evaluate its effectiveness. The results show that CBT performs neither better nor worse than other interventions (e.g., Motivational Enhancement Treatment, Functional Family Therapy (FFT), etc.). Thus, other interventions can be used as effective substitutions of CBT. At the same time, CBT is more common in interventions that target individuals who suffer from substance abuse, and to make such interventions more effective, other types of treatment can be used together with CBT. Carroll and Smethells (2016)
Introduction Historians and folklorists have argued that myths contain coded or symbolic insights into the human condition. Some of the common features of the human condition include destiny, love, hatred, “human relationship with the divine”, and association with the natural world. In most of the Greek mythologies, these aspects of the human condition are widely explored thus helping readers understand the cultural and historical backgrounds of such societies. As the reader explores the idea of divinity throughout most of the Greek mythologies and epics, it becomes clear that there is a strong connection between the people of Greece and their gods thus making it easier for the two to manipulate one another. This discussion explores the issue of “man’s relationship with the divine” and treats it as a basic feature of the human condition. Man’s Relationship with the Divine The “Iliad” begins by explaining how the clash between Agamemnon, the greatest Greek warlord, and Achilles began. The author writes “Achilles is godlike” [1] . This explores the relationship between human beings and the gods. The Greeks considered their gods as holy or sacred. Their superiority and powers explained why the people developed the best relationship with their gods. It is agreeable that most of the Greek heroes in different works of literature had their ancestry connected to one or more gods. According to Homer, most of the poleis and leaders governing different cities and states in ancient Greece had their patron goddesses or gods. There are significant stories detailing the nature of the relationship existing between the heroes and their “patron-gods”. With such kind of connection, the heroes in the cities and states became powerful. As well, there were conflicts between the gods and humans beings. Apollo was Zeus son. Agamemnon, who was Greek’s warlord, offended Apollo [2] . It would also be notable that most of the inhabitants in different states and cities in ancient Greece believed that they were descendants of a “patron god”. The works also present a unique sense of pride between the individuals and their gods or goddesses. The portrayal in different poems and epics support this connection between “human beings and the divine”. This kind of relationship between the people of Greece and their gods is evident in the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is notable that divine intervention was always an important aspect of ancient Greek theories and literature. Most of the myths presented in the works present magical connections between gods and the citizens of Greece. In the Greek mythologies, the gods play a significant role in the experiences, fates, and lives of the people. It is also notable that “ Zeus brought the Trojans and Hector to the Greek’s ships” and left the fighters to their own misery [3] . One of the outstanding goddess who portrays this kind of “human condition” between individuals and the divine is Athena. The great goddess by the name Athena is the daughter of Zeus. With her powers and capabilities, Athena is able to determine every person’s life across the country. In the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” by Homer, i
Trip Overview and Description Travel is a popular activity and involves visiting of variety of sites and participation in an assortment of activities. Due to the varied nature of terrain and risk involved with some activity it is essential to plan adequately prior to the excursion. In line with this one of the most important activities to undertake prior to departure is to prepare an overview of the trip and highlight some of the expected activities (Stellin 2006). This is mainly important due to the fact that it helps in reaching the desired destination. This overview and description requires that some research is undertaken by the organizer of the trip prior to making travel arrangements. In case the party is undecided on a destination it is necessary to consider the goals of the trip and visit websites which can be very helpful in identifying a suitable destination (Stellin 2006). Important aspects to consider include weather patterns and peak seasons. This will play a major role in d
This Discussion Board entry re-examines the relationship between job satisfaction and tenure. The selection of tenure and overall job satisfaction from the job satisfaction survey would seem to make intuitive sense. After all, who can argue with the rationale that employees stay because they continue to be satisfied with their employer and working conditions? At r = -0.08, the computed correlation between tenure and overall satisfaction is nonexistent. This can be explained by a weakness in the data and data instrument itself or by theoretical justification that overall job satisfaction has little to do with tenure. An n of just 25 does not meet the requirements of parametric statistics since the sample size is not large enough to meet assumptions of normality of distribution. Hence, even the finding that there is a correlation of 0.22 between tenure and extrinsic satisfaction and a similarly substantive correlation of 0.22 between tenure and benefits does not necessarily lead to conclusive findings and recommendations. Table 1. Overall job satisfaction OVERALL JOB SATISFACTION  Less than 2 years  2 to 5 years  Over 5 Years  Grand Total                           #                  #             #             #           4.0 to 4.4                2                  2             2             6           4.5 to 4.9                4                  1             1             6           5.0 to 5.4                1                  2             1             4           5.5 to 5.9                                                                           6.0 to 6.4                                   4                           4           6.5 to 6.9                2                  3                           5           Average rating            5.06               5.63          4.50          5.24         Where normal distribution cannot be assumed, nonparametric statistics such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test are the tools of choice. Note, for example, that the sub-sample of the most tenured employees number just 4. The cross-tabulation for the two variables (Table 1 above) reinforces the observation previously derived from box plots that there is greater dispersion in the sub-sample of employees who have been with the company for from two to five years. The more telling finding, perhaps, is that average job satisfaction is highest for this “cohort” of employees. Those who have been around longer, 5 years or more, rate their job satisfaction closer to 4 or “slightly/somewhat satisfied”. Taken at face value, both the cross-tabulation and nonexistent correlation force one to concede that the relationship is non-linear. That is, job satisfaction rises in the short and medium term as newly-hired staff become more skilled on the job, surpass the screening standards for permanent employment and gain greater pay as they start their rise up the corporate ladder of prom
In testing, the first assumption will be that the means are correctly calculated and that the populations are equal. Therefore the test variance would be comparable without error. However, if the mean of one population is unknown, then adjustments are made and the t-test is generally used because it depends upon the variance to identify significance. Variance discusses all the scores in a data set in order to infer if the data (3 or more) comes from a population with the same mean or whether the difference is possibly random. The more data points you have in a study, the more there is to analyze. Therefore, the type of variance analysis is different for different data sets. The first of two methods use the conceptual/definitional formula which shows the underlying logic for calculating the variance. However, using this method requires that each be calculated separately and manually, dramatically increasing the expectation of error. Since every data score is compared to every other data score the possibility of error increases at the rate of the number of scores reduced by the bridge calculation (used in calculating the payouts for Keno in gambling casinos) so that it can be reduced to a number divided by one. With a mere six data points, there will be 20 comparisons, which increases to 120 for only ten points. Therefore, we do not generally use the conceptual formula on multiple data sets. The second formula is the calculation formula and this is the one that should be used for calculating variance for a set of data. It requires fewer calculations, and it is faster and less influenced by rounding. With the calculation formula, however, it is not as clear why each step is necessary. Both formulas will produce exactly the same variance values, providing the first method does not result in an error. Correlation allows us to arrive at a ratio among scores. It tells us the strength and direction of variance among scores. The actual number represents the distance from zero of the score. It is expressed as a percentage of + or – 1. The direction is shown by a plus or minus sign. Variance strength is more the larger the number, regardless of whether it is plus or minus. The two most popular methods for calculating the coefficient are Pearson and Spearman. Post hoc tests are used when the null hypothesis is rejected. It is done to determine which groups differ significantly from the mean. The more tests are uncorrelated, or the higher the experimental error rate, the higher the possibility of “probability pyramiding”. (Huberty and Morris 1989 p306) Because each t-test result is compared independently with every other t-test result, the probability of error increases exponentially with each increment in test subjects. Post hoc tests maintain the same error rate as in the t-test when the null hypothesis is rejected so that the researcher can gain insight into the samples which differ and why by analyzing the pattern of means. The post hoc test is com
Nancy is a ten year experienced registered nurse working the evening shift in the post-operative ward at Haig Memorial Medical Center. Nancy wants to finish her graduate degree requirements and the needed courses are only offered in the evenings. Nancy ‘s supervisor, informs the staff of an upcoming opening in the morning shift and advises them of the application deadline. Based on past experience, Nancy knows that her supervisor has already filled the position with one of her closest friends and that Nancy ‘s completing an application and interviewing for the position is nothing more than an exercise in futility. The ideal, legal and ethical hiring practice principally involves interviewing the applicants for the position. The interviews should be carried out in such a way that there is no bias or prejudice and the potential candidates should be given an equal opportunity to compete fairly on a level playing field. This will be an advantage to the organization in the sense that it will be able to carry out a thorough interview that gets for them the most qualified and deserving candidate for the position unlike in a situation where the post is filled without fair interviewing. The employee needs not assume that somebody has been given the job but instead attend the interview. The employee should focus on her accomplishments and contributions to her current job and explain that she is pursuing the evening classes with the intent of improving her performance and competence. Nancy also needs to confirm if the company provides for any pre-termination rights if they were followed. (Kim Isaacs 2005) The employee should be aware of her rights especially in line with the legal issues pertaining to employment and contract termination. If her contract is terminated prematurely and without good reasons then she can seek legal redress and she must be able to provide evidence of any perceived discrimination including: gender, race, nationality, and disability if any and take the most appropriate action including legal redress. (Mel Muskovitz, 2008) Nancy should do the following to ensure that the recruitment and selection process i