ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Technology has been considered one of the main drivers of social change in human society. It is believed to have had the greatest significant change on humans over thousands of years. In particular, it has been recognized that four innovations in technology were the most responsible for revolutions of societies in the past. First, the domestication of animals and plants solved the problem of food scarcity and famine, which increased the number of people on the Earth. Secondly, the invention of the the plow boosted food production and human health (Ogburn 1922). Thirdly, the invention of the steam engine improved transport and communication while the invention of the computer has led to the massive change in all societies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze social change within the context of communication technology. The discussion will take into consideration the innovation of computers as an example of technological and social change and in light of Ogburn’s processes of social change. According to William Ogburn, observed changes in society have been observed because of technological innovations (Ogburn 1922). Specifically, his theory refers to three processes through which technology is perceived to drive social change in societies. These processes are invention, discovery, and diffusion (Heslin 2001). According to Heslin, Ogburn describes innovation as a combination and transformation of available materials into new and more usable forms. However, he argues that an invention can refer to the social invention as well as the dissemination and use of new ideas (Ogburn 1922). The innovation of the computer is perhaps the best example of innovation in the recent past, which has changed modern societies in a great way. For instance, the computer has come with communication technology, which has allowed people to propagate information and ideas within a remarkably short time and regardless of the distance between them. It has brought in the idea of social networking, which allows people to develop social groups, but whose individuals are located in different places. According to Ogburn, discovery is a process of social change that refers to the new ways of understanding and perceiving reality. For instance, the discovery of computer technology has changed people’s ways of understanding the actual aspects of various phenomena. For example, computer technology has come with it the internet technology, an innovation that allows people to find information from a wide r
Introduction Cancer of the breast occurs in women of all races and appears to have happened throughout history. It is slowly increasing in frequency all over the western world. Those factors influenced in the development of breast cancer that can be avoided are obesity and ionizing radiation. Of the remaining risk factors, age is inevitable. According to the statistical results: “Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women today, claiming more than 40,000 lives annually” (Claudo 92). Pathology Breast cancer is a term which covers a very wide variety of disease patterns (Olivier 4). Some patients’ cancers remain confined to the breast for years, while others have no lump to feel in the breast, becoming ill with severe metastatic disease elsewhere in the body. The cells lining the breast ducts and forming the secretory groups are normally orderly both in content and arrangement. Incipient cancer is recognizable by characteristic calcification on X-ray of the breast, or by microscopic examination of tissue taken for diagnosis, or as part of an operation to remove a true cancer ( BreastCancer.org, 2007). The condition is fully curable by surgery but may affect both breasts. According to Iversen et al (2000) this situation is comparable to the finding of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix, curable by excision or vaporization of the tissue. Since it has no manifestation, this phase of breast cancer has only been noticed incidentally in the past, but its ability to produce X-ray signs means it is being found more frequently now. This produces new dilemmas for doctors and patients (Parmigiani 445). It is not known how many breast cancers may start in this way or how long this phase of the disease may last. The cells of an active cancer are demonstrably malignant by their ability to travel to unusual sites. Thus they grow outward into the breast tissue, entering the blood and lymphatic vessels where loose cells travel with the stream of fluid to distant sites (BreastCancer.org 2007). Metastasis Metastasis is the appearance of a mass of cancer in another part of the body at a distance from the o
1. The international economic theory based on the idea of comparative advantage related to the economic globalization and dependent on using the Business Process Outsourcing is reflected in the movie Outsourced (2006) directed by John Jeffcoat. 2. The factor which moves from the source country to the host one is the labor or human resources. 3. It is possible to identify the winners in losers in the movie Outsourced with references to the economic benefits received by different groups of people involved in the business. Thus, the winners are the leaders and employees of the company located in the host country because they can declare the rules for the business’s development and decide what countries to choose for outsourcing. Furthermore, their income increases depending on the work of the employees in the source country. The losers in the movie are the Indian human resources because their gains depend on the decisions of the company’s leaders, and these employees are fired when the company’s leaders decide to choose China for outsourcing. Referring to the welfare analysis models, it is important to note that only the leaders of the company in the United States can benefit from the income distribution because they receive the low-cost services of the appropriate quality to attract more consumers and increase their profits. They are also the winners according to the factor of the efficiency between production and consumption because the Indian market provides opportunities not only for gaining human resources but also for gaining more potential customers. Importing the cheap labor, the United States’ company focuses on creating the significant comparative advantage while selling services for higher prices. The idea to reward employees with the company’s products contributes to the potential expansion of the market. According to the welfare analysis model, the Indian employees are the losers because they experience all the negative results of the unequal income distribution and inappropriate efficiency between production and consumption. 4. The host country orients to outsourcing because the company can minimize the costs spent for rewarding employees, and it can expand the market. 5. The opportunities faced by the company in the host country are the achievement of the stable position within the market with references to the customers’ needs and expectations. The threats are in high costs spent for human resources, material resources, and services, in the intensive competitiveness within the industry, and in the necessity decrease the product and service prices. 6. It is possible to predict the decrease in the host country’s interest in the source country because of the focus on finding new markets, and the economic decline connected with the high unemployment rate can be observed. 7. The positive conseq
Sean Blanda, the author of “The ‘Other Side’ Is Not Dumb” article, says that most alternative points of view are often perceived by modern society through a critical lens. In most cases, a thought that does not coincide with the opinion of the evaluator is interpreted as wrong without trying to understand its reasonableness. Sean Blanda also highlights the online space and social media as a few of the most popular sources of information dissemination. In this regard, a critical approach is important and valuable. The author says that it is necessary to consider any point of view without bias to evaluate what a person is talking about and what idea they want to convey. Thus, someone can learn something new oneself if trying to understand other people who are not alike. In his article, Sean Blanda uses many rhetorical tools. Sean Blanda uses the technique of hyperbole for deliberate exaggeration in order to enhance expressiveness. This can be seen in phrases such as “opinions of our friends or, more broadly, America”, “fundamental rejection”, and “not right about everything” (Blanda). Nowadays, for a modern specialist in any field of activity, in order to achieve the most effective communication, the ability to create professionally significant documents and have a culture of speech are a few of the mandatory requirements. Sean Blanda efficiently uses hyperbole to attract more attention, denote globality, and increase the scale of significance. Throughout the development of mankind, the forms of organization of oral and written texts addressed to a large audience have improved. The rhetorical approach to the text allows to consider various aspects of its construction on a specific material, to identify the possible methods of speech influence, and to evaluate and choose the linguistic and speech expressiveness means. Sean Blanda uses excessive exaggeration of quantitative and qualitative properties of objects, phenomena, and processes as hyperbolization. This allows him to make the article more expressive and get the desired effect of influencing the impression and direction of the reader’s thought. Another rhetorical approach that Sean Blanda also applies within the text is the use of rhetorical questions. A few examples are “Isn’t it possible that we’re not right about everything?” and “Isn’t it possible that you, reader of Medium and Twitter power user, like me, suffer from this from time to time?” (Blanda). The author uses rhetorical approaches to increase the engagement of the reader with the text. This technique allows you to increase expressiveness and make the reader think. The author uses rhetorical questions throughout the text. The author does not answer all rhetorical questions on his own since it is expected that questions do not imply an answer since they are either obvious or philosophical. Throughout the article, the author seems to be talking with the reader and asking for personal opinions or encouraging them to reflect on the topic, and not just study the author’s po
Since the past couple of decades, the appreciation and therapy for alcoholism has increased a lot. In actuality, now researches categorize alcoholism as a disease. There had been queries regarding the hereditary make up of alcoholic predisposition since several years but it is only recently that researches and studies have been conducted in order to clinically verify the fact that particular genetic elements are present which contribute to making alcoholism more or less probably within individuals. Furthermore, because various people respond to alcoholic consumption in very different manners, the concept of alcohol being a disease contains supporters as well as contractors. As mentioned above, the concept of alcohol dependency and related problems running in families dates back to the distant past. From this stems the idea that they might have resulted due to heredity factors. Even though it is a common fact that the raised levels of alcohol among the general population raised the likelihood of a person developing drinking problems and addiction, it is also to be mentioned that there are only certain people who would be at risk. Those particular elements can be genetic or environmental and may be interceded through personality factors, like psychiatric disorder, alcohol metabolizing enzyme variations or by abnormal brain neurophysiology. Moreover, certain impediments secondary to consumption and physical addiction could result due to one more independent category of hereditary or environmental elements. Surprisingly, in spite of happening to be a typically complicated malady alcoholism has in addition, also been the one malady in psychiatry wherein the researches have recognized the impacts of genes. Through family studies it has been established that the likelihood of alcohol dependence and similar complications happening is more in the families of the individuals who have been affected as compared to in the people who have remained unaffected (Cook & Gurling, 1989). Through twin and adoption studies it has been validated that the raised familiality is at least partially hereditary in origin (Cook & Gurling, 1989). This paper will investigate into the evidence that is available regarding the lately explanation of there being a genetic predisposition to alcoholism. As has been mentioned above, there were adoption studies undertaken. A very important finding of those studies was the evidence that was discovered regarding the two subcategories of alcoholism. The first was type 1 and this is very much hereditary. This type was linked with criminality in adoptee and real fathers plus it starts at an early age. The second kind, type 2, was called “milieu limited” and was linked to being just slightly hereditary in origin. It originated at a later age. Sigvardsson and his team (1996) duplicated the Stockholm, Swed
Introduction Cough is one of the most frequent complaints among patients. In the present case, a 35-year-old Asian male comes into the clinic stating that his cough has been persistent for two weeks. The cough is productive of sputum and is followed by fever, malaise, and myalgia. The examination shows that the patient has a low-grade fever, scattered rhonchi, and mild wheezing. The review of the patient’s history, physical exam, and x-ray suggests a primary diagnosis of acute bronchitis and differential diagnoses of COPD, pneumonia, and asthma. Diagnoses The primary diagnosis for the patient is acute bronchitis, an inflammation of the bronchi and the trachea. This condition is characterized by a cough that lasts from one to three weeks and can be with or without sputum production (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Other symptoms include low-grade fever, occasional wheezing, rhonchi, and dyspnea (Kinkade & Long, 2016). The patient’s complaints suit this description fully, and his malaise and myalgia indicate that this may be a viral upper respiratory tract infection. The first differential diagnosis is asthma, a chronic condition of the airways. It is defined by dyspnea and chest tightness, wheezing, and persistent cough (Aaron et al., 2017). The x-ray of the patient cannot detect asthma, so the patient’s history is the only present data that one has for this case. However, asthma is not characterized by fever, and the patient does not talk about chest tightness or dyspnea which weakens the diagnosis. The second differential diagnosis is pneumonia, an infection of the lungs. It is a severe condition that can present with productive cough, fever, fatigue, chest pain, nausea, and dyspnea (Buttaro et al., 2017). The patient’s x-ray results do not show any airspace opacity or lobar consolidation, thus making the diagnosis of pneumonia less probable than others (Buttaro et al., 2017). In this case, the x-ray plays a significant role in examining the patient. Finally, one may propose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as the final differential diagnosis. This disease is defined by the inflammation of the lungs, resulting in cough, sputum production, breathing difficulty, and wheezing (Buttaro et al., 2017). Similar to the previously described condition, an x-ray may be indicative of COPD if it shows emphysema (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD], 2017). Since
Introduction In the book ‘You don’t Always Get what you Pay For’ by Elliot D. Sclar, the author examines the merits and demerits of privatizing the public sector in United States. He provides a detailed explanation of how the private sector works in conjunction with the public sector and the assumptions made by supporters of privatization. Sclar says that although the model of competitive market may be preferred by many, it lacks a full and comprehensive explanation of the intricacies involved in providing public services on contractual basis. This essay will present a critical book review of Sclar’s book ‘You don’t Always Get What You Pay For’. Book Review of ‘You don’t Get what you Always Pay For’ by Sclar The book “You don’t Always get what you pay for’ by Eliot Sclar is a focus on privatization which has seemingly been elusive. In his attempt to analyze the subject, Sclar utilizes case studies to show the advantages and disadvantages of transforming public services into private ones. After referring to various case studies, his conclusion is that privatization of public services is detrimental to the society. Sclar argues that the perspective presented by neoclassical adherents regarding competition in the market is not clear enough to explain the concept of competition. However, it is apparent from the way he presents the model that he is against free markets. “The economic playing field is more realistically conceived as mountainous terrain that includes several high peaks from which well endowed corporate and individual warriors swoop down to seize targets of opportunity” 1 . The perspective held by Sclar from this statement is that there is monopoly in the economy where wealth rests in the hands of a limited group of people. Sclar’s book is easy to read since information is presented in a clear manner. The book lays emphasis on two major issues the first one being that privatization is not the solution to effective and better means of production. He points out that various situations have their uniqueness hence privatization decisions should be based on particular cases. The approach used by Sclar to analyze the concept of privatization basically revolves around the government’s decision on whether it is supposed to buy or make its own goods. According to him, the efficiency achieved when the government decides to produce its own products is not different from the one achieved when competitive markets are involved. Sclar argues that the focus should not be on economy analysis but on dealing with management organization 2 . The case studies he uses present a valid contribution and the challenges he finds out to be inherent in the process of contracting out. For example, identification of the services to be provided by the private companies becomes difficult. Judging which is better between producing goods privately or publicly also becomes a difficult task. In addition, what d
Introduction Citizens’ participation in the budgetary and financial processes is aimed at ensuring good governance, provision of public goods and general accountability 1 . There are three fundamental reasons behind the attempts to increase citizens’ participation in the matters of governance and policy-making. First, civil society and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) are increasingly calling for the participation of the stakeholders in political matters and policy-making decisions. Citizens are clamouring for access to information and the right to participate in local and national matters. In addition, the current democratic processes demand for open governance, transparency in policy decisions and open budgetary processes 2 . Second, reformist lawmakers and government officials, seeking to approve the authenticity and capability of the civil society in solving social-political and economic challenges, are increasingly supporting citizens’ participation. This is driven by both political and policy incentives. Direct subject support can give extra authenticity to help reformist governments modify budgetary needs 3 . Besides, coordinate investment guarantees a steady stream of data between the state agencies, natives and common society, hence lessens the cost of exch
Since ancient times, the perception of the world was based on a hierarchical basis, on the top of which there was masculinity. According to this theory, at the top of this system stood the gods, then people and animals, while men and women, slaves, and free citizens, as well as children and adults, were unequal in their rights (Dartnall & Jewkes, 2013). Such inequality caused violence against women (VAW) that was perceived as a norm in many cultures throughout history, yet some laws and regulations still existed to protect females. The social system of the Roman Empire was considered patriarchal as men had a paramount influence on the order in the state. At the same time, women enjoyed some legal protection unlike slaves and citizens of foreign countries. The status of women was determined by the position of their fathers or husbands (Gaca, 2014). Women in ancient Rome, as evidence shows, were more independent than in Ancient Greece or the Middle East, although freedom of Romans was significantly limited compared to the current concepts. They had the right to physical and sexual inviolability, and rape was considered a crime and punished by law. There was a presumption of a woman’s absence of guilt while considering such cases. Glendinning (2013) notes that the reason for the adoption of this act was the story of the rape of Lucretia, who committed suicide after her speech against the arbitrariness of power, expressing a political and moral protest to the existed order. This was the first call for the establishment of a republic and the overthrow of the patriarchy (Glendinning, 2013; Webb, 2013). A woman with a low position in society was protected from physical assault by the contract of her sale. For the rape of a slave, an owner was entitled to reimbursement for material damage. The prominent Greek philosopher Aristotle offered a theory, according to which a new thought emphasizing the dependence of women on men was presented. Olasope (2014) argues that the Ancient Greece legislation did not reject femininity yet suggested that it was to be taken under control since women were created to serve men and should benefit the family and the state, and, therefore, their functions should be monitored (Chesney-Lind & Pasko, 2013). VAW was punished merely by a fine to a woman’s husband or father. A witch-hunt should be noted as another expression of severe VAW in the Middle Ages as, according to some researchers, millions of innocent women in consistence with the theory of original sinfulness were exterminated (Johnson & Koyama, 2014). Due to the wid