ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Recent financial crises and social turmoil in many countries suggest that the economic models used nowadays are inappropriate. Each country is struggling specific financial issues. However, it is important to remember that people have entered the era of global cooperation and integration and this means all the countries are affected by global trends. Financial constraints of one country transfer to the rest of the world. The situation is worsen by the fact that different states have different capacity and more developed countries often take advantage of less industrialized states. Thus, global trade imbalance can be regarded as one of the most burning issues to be solved in the nearest future. The present paper dwells upon this issue and contains a brief analysis of the most effective solution to the problem. In the first place, it is necessary to understand that global trade imbalance is a real issue which can have deteriorating effects on the development of all countries. Pettis (2013) claims that states used to have numerous financial constraints but the issues never expanded to other countries. Nonetheless, in the twenty-first century, countries’ economies have close ties and any financial imbalance within one country is quickly transferred to other states (Pettis, 2013). Developing countries are especially vulnerable to financial constraints. Admittedly, deteriorating economy is associated with crime and social instability. Recent revolutions and military conflicts can be regarded as illustrations of negative effects of economic issues. Cleary, to avoid military conflicts involving many countries, it is crucial to address the global trade imbalance. Adams and Park (2009) claim that the global imbalance has been increasing for the past two decades and now the rate of the imbalance is rather alarming. To provide an effective solution to the problem, it is necessary to consider the roots of the issue and its nature. Rodrik (2011) notes that global trade imbalance is often associated with different groups’ interests. Historically, countries tried to gain more benefits for themselves while trading with other states. One of the brightest illustrations of such policy is the mercantilists’ view on the society’s development. Thus, mercantilists thought it was effective to buy raw materials (or simply ta
Subtext and understatement in Hemingway’s works play a significant role, “Hills Like White Elephants” is one of the examples. The story centers on a conversation between an American and a girl at a Spanish train station while waiting for a train to Madrid. The dialogue represents the tip of the iceberg, as, at first glance, it seems like an ordinary, sometimes tense conversation. The couple indirectly discusses the “operation” that the man wants the girl to do, and this operation involves an abortion. The style is exact, telegraphic, so the story’s tone is relatively dry, sometimes the author even avoids the remarks. Behind these laconic dialogues, there is a whole story of relationships in which a bitter truth is hidden. The images found in the story are significant; they help draw some analogies, plunging into the story of two people. The description of nature precedes the dialogues, and in the first paragraph, the Ebro Valley is presented. It symbolizes two ways of life, one is aimless hedonism, which the couple pursued on the road, resting, trying something new. The other represents life not only for their own pleasure but also for others, for their child. Comparison of hills with white elephants is significant and symbolic, as it suggests motherhood. Motherhood in this situation does not bring joy, the analogy with the idiom “white elephant” is observed, which means something burdensome and complicated. “They look like white elephants, she said. I’ve never seen one,” the man drank his beer. No, you wouldn’t have. I might have,” the man said. “Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything.” (Liternet, 2021) The unwillingness of a man to understand, support and simply immerse in thoughts with the girl can be traced. Conflict over white elephants metonymically replaces conflict at a deep level. “But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it?” (Liternet, 2021) After this remark, white elephants do not appear in the novel, but the quote, passing from the dialogue into the title, acquires the qualities of a “metonymic concept,” expressing the idea of loneliness. Reference Liternet. (2021). Ernest Hemingway – Hills Like White Elephants.
There are many people who suppose that humans and animals have a lot of things in common when it comes to communication with ones of their kind. Despite the fact that there are some extraordinary cases related to animal behavior, there is no doubt that people usually demonstrate much more developed skills in empathy. Unlike representatives of a wide range of nonhuman species, many people realize that mutual supportiveness remains extremely important even in case when the resources are limited. Speaking about this assumption, it is necessary to mention such activity as volunteering. The latter involves acts of good will that really help the society to keep developing and to provide vulnerable populations with support that they need. Although the majority of researchers seem to express an undivided opinion when it comes to moral appraisal of this phenomenon, the effects that it produces on volunteers themselves have not been thoroughly studied yet. For instance, there is still a discussion concerning the influence that participation in volunteering activities has on happiness levels. At the same time, this problem can be regarded as quite significant because many people all over the world are interested in volunteering, and it may be necessary to conduct an additional research in order to find out whether the effects of volunteering on happiness levels are primarily positive or not. Main Claim Speaking about volunteering, we usually mean a range of activities when a person or a group of people provides other ones with help and assistance, and this collaboration does not involve material remuneration. The particular activities related to such line of work are different as they can be aimed at helping people or the entire organizations. Besides, volunteers often take part in different events organized in order to provide people who are in difficult situation with psychological support and, therefore, improve their mental health and help them to cope with difficulties. One of the most important fields of activity attracting a lot of volunteers is connected with managing the consequences of extraordinary situations and helping those who have become their victims. Therefore, it can be seen that volunteering involves many activities but all of them can be supposed to encourage further development of the human society. The thing that I would like to focus on in this research essay is the assumption that volunteering and all the practices that it involves have a positive influence on the society and volunteers increasing their happiness levels. Making a positive contribution to the society and its well-being is beneficial for both volunteers and those who receive help. In particular, it is able to make the majority of people more satisfied with themselves and help them to improve their self-esteem and even physical health. Reason Statements There is no doubt that happiness of the entire nation involves positive experience reported by representatives of all the parts of community. Taking that into consideration, it is necessary to pay an increased attentio
A report is a paper that portrays detailed, clear and exact content which is mainly as a result of experimentation, research or investigation. It is presented to an audience or for personal use and they are mainly used in education, business or science. The main objective of writing a report is to enlighten the reader with detailed information relevant to the topic. University students should be encouraged to write reports in their assessments in order to broaden their minds in various fields. The students should be able to portray a positive attitude while writing reports in order to write relevant material. They should also be able to understand the aim of writing a report rather than writing irrelevant material in any section of the report. (Dzelme n.d) Reports are important in assessing students at the university level in all the courses that they are undertaking. This is because these reports help to assess and document the performance of the students in their course work. Reports help students to have a positive and open mind while inquiring and investigating the delegated assignment. They give students a lot of experience in their field of study thus allowing them to achieve high standards while preparing themselves for their future careers. The reports help the students to understand the topic they are researching more than when they do it theoretically in class. In this way, reports help students to achieve self-confidence in their course work as well as a good presentation of information. (Jackson, Watty, & Yu 2005) When reports are well written and presented, they give the candidate a chance to see where they shine and especially when it comes to career choice. In cases where reports are poorly written and presented, it may cause a problem for a candidate since the integrity of their work gets at stake. This gives chance to the course instructor to know the students better depending on how much effort they put into their assignments. It is very important for the students to write clear and relevant reports so that they can be able to measure how much they have learned during the course work. Assessments that are in form of reports should be taken seriously because they help a student present the work to the instructor in a precise form thus they are able to prove their potential. (Dzelme n.d) Report writing helps portray and improve one’s communication skills. It is essential that reports are written without any grammatical errors so that the work can come out clear and to the point. They are used to examine a candidate’s skills as well as their knowledge on various issues some of which affect society. They help bring out the potential of the candidate not just in theoretical form but also practically in their line of study. This helps to give a student confidence to follow the career of their choice in the course of study. Report writing in a way helps a student know how knowledgeable they are in their field of study and decide if they made the right choice in career. The reports should therefore be well organized and presented well in a concise manner. (Dzelme n.d) Reports help students to know their abilities in terms
Introduction Whole Foods Markets has been very successful, and the previous analysis has shown that this firm has the capacity to increase its productivity if it continues with its current positive trend. According to Coulter (2009), it is possible to determine if a firm is on the right path by analyzing its current strategies and future plans. It is apparent that Whole Foods Market has a management that has mastered the market trends. This firm has shown a strong indication that it has a capacity to meet the expectations of the market in a special way, making it one of the most preferred firms in this industry. However, for ABC company to be sure that Whole Foods Market is a firm worth investing in, it must have a detailed analysis of the firm. It must go beyond a simple analysis of the current market share and productivity of the firm. This is because there are cases where a firm may exaggerate its capacity in order to attract investors. In other cases, management would create a scenario where investors would believe that the firm has a large market share while in real sense that may not be true. For this reason, it is always important to have a surety of the real capacity of the firm by using all possible tools. In this study, the researcher will continue analyzing Whole Foods Market using Nadler- Tushman Congruence Model. This tool will help in analyzing the output of this firm in the market and the congruence of different performance elements. Performance of Whole Foods Market at the Organizational Level According to Richardson (2006), when analyzing the performance of an organization, care should always be taken to determine some of the factors that are indicators of performance. For instance, an analysis of performance can be conducted to determine the output of a firm. The output can help determine the performance of an organization. It is also possible to determine the profitability of the firm without putting emphasis on productivity. Others may also want to determine this performance by analyzing the productivity of factors of production. In this case, the analysis will be done on the output of the organization. Whole Foods Market is one of the leading grocery outlets and has positioned itself as a provider of healthy foods. The main goal of this firm has been to provide its customers with food considered healthy at reasonable prices and to increase its market share in this niche in the United States and Europe. The management of this firm realized that with the emergent of many diseases associated with unhealthy eating, the middle and upper class members of the society are becoming conscious of what they eat. These two groups, which make the main market share of this firm, have been looking for foods considered as healthy. This is what this firm has set to deliver in the market. Considering the productivity of t
The problem of revolution occupies one of the main places in social science of the 20th century, and this is no accident. Revolutions have had a decisive influence on the fate of modern societies and continue to be the most important force in historical development. This determines the relevance of questions of the theory of revolution for understanding the social processes of today, determines the special significance of these issues in the modern ideological struggle. At the same time, the value of the socio-psychological approach is in convincing proof that people’s perception of their position is much more important than this position itself. It is based on the search for individual motives, reinforced by ideas and encouraging participation in revolutionary activities. The psychological theories of revolutions concentrate on the problem of complex motivational orientations. The most influential is proposed by James Davis and Ted Gurr under the title of the “relative deprivation” theory (Majeed 140-145). Revolutions are caused by a painful syndrome of consciousness spreading among the population. “Poverty brings a revolution,” or rather, the poverty that people realize and which they define as injustice pushes them to riot (Tiruneh). According to William Runciman, the degree of relative deprivation is a measure of the difference between the desired situation and how the person imagines it (Runciman; 10). In the wording of Ted Gurr, this is the perceived difference between value expectations (things and living conditions that people believe they deserve by right) and value opportunities (things and conditions that they can receive) (Gurr, 24). If people are even extremely poor, but they take it for granted, as an order of fate, providence, or as conformity to a predetermined social status, then revolutionary ‘ignition’ does not arise. Only when they begin to wonder what they should have by right and feel the difference between what is and what could be, then does a feeling of relative deprivation appear. This feeling is closely connected with a sense of injustice arising from a comparison of what people have and what others like them have already achieved. The theme of deprivation and injustice penetrates social consciousness in the period immediately preceding the revolution, becoming, in the words of Michael Mann, “a source of social power” (Mann 1-3). As Kimmel writes, “when people make revolutions, they are guided by their dreams. The grounds for these dreams are often reminiscences, memories of the world as it once was, and the desire to return it” (Kimmel 9-11). The interpretation of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia fits well with this logic as a result of the desire to restore the traditional patriarchal relations, destroyed by the spread of capitalism in Russia. There is the concept of a model of revolutions — these are certain stages and phases that any revolution (or a certain type of r
First Entry Effect of Culture on Leadership The article is about the effect of culture has on leadership. Culture may have a great impact on leadership styles and behavior. A hypothesis that appears to support this claim is that certain leadership behaviors are particularly unique to certain cultures. Another argument is that there are certain specific structures or behaviors that a leader should perform so as to be effective, and this does not have any cultural dimension. These two arguments could be proved by using a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire as well as a Value Survey Module. Cultural biases may have a significant effect on the leadership of an organization (for example, in the case of a bank). Gender biasness may prevent a female manager from performing her duties effectively. Personality in Leadership There are certain leadership personalities that any leader is expected to posses so as to deliver effectively. A leader should for instance have courage. Courage is the first virtue upon which a leader should depend. All the other leadership qualities depend on it as well. As such, lack of courage would only lead to failure of the management because people hold back and settle for less than their capability. As a bank manager for instance, one may have to take some decisions that might not please all the staff members yet this could be only key to success in the matter is at hand. Any leader ought to have strength and effectiveness. In leadership, strength has a significant effect on the effectiveness of any group. Group focused leadership usually produces group identification hence producing efficiency among the staff. An effective leader needs to inspire the members and pay attention to the specific needs of the group members. Any good and effective leader needs to have the positive trait of integrity. Personal integrity in a leader is a sign of honesty, reliability and trustworthiness. This trait is very vital in any leadership style. When a manager of such an institution as a bank portrays integrity for instance, this helps in shaping that institution. As a result, the manager in question earns the respect of the employees, customers, and other stakeholders of the bank. Given the fact that integrity is an internal trait, it can only be proved by the actions and decisions taken. A leadership that has its basis on integrity
Project Summary The aim of this project is to establish whether the tendency of young adults towards substance abuse can be reduced by introducing education on the hazardous effects of psychoactive substances on the normal functioning of individuals and whether there is any difference in effects when the lectures are given by peers as opposed to adults. The guiding hypothesis of the research is that the children exposed to information about the way in which psychoactive substances influence functioning of human body will exhibit reduced tendency towards substance abuse. Studies have shown that substance abuse risk is affected by several factors. First, social status of the individual contributes greatly to the risk of substance abuse (Hawkins et al., 1992). Moreover, family history of substance abuse and other characteristics of the family are also important factors to consider when determining the chances a child has of developing a substance abuse disorder (Substance Abuse – Family Factors). In addition, a fairly recent study has pointed out that there are significant differences in the patterns of alcohol and drug use between urban and rural populations in that rural populations tend to exhibit a higher rate of substance abuse (mainly alcohol due to its status as the dominant drug in rural communities) than their urban counterparts (Warner & Leukefield, 2001). Because the array of contributing factors is so wide, in order for this research to give representative and valid results, we need three broad sets of sample populations. While doing the research on freshmen-high school students, we should make sure that the two experimental groups and control group have the same structural features. The three groups should have equal numbers of children who come from families with a history of drug abuse and the patterns of social standing within the groups should match closely. Furthermore, we should have parallel groups in urban and rural areas so we could make sure that the only variable we are introducing is education on the effects psychoactive substances have on human body. The first experimental group should consist of five hundred students in an urban area and five hundred children in a rural area. All of them should attend lectures on the effects of substance abuse on humans for an hour a week for three months in groups of twenty. The crucial thing with this group is that the lectures would be given by a peer. The other two groups would be exactly the same, except that in the experimental group number 2 lectures would be given by an adult professional and the third group would have no lectures at all. Before beginning the study a survey would be taken to find out how many students had contact with psychoactive substances and which ones they used. After the initial three months, we would take the survey again and continue giving the survey periodically, every six months until the groups graduate from high school. The results of the surveys would help us answer the questions: (i) does education have an effect on preventing substance abuse?; (ii) is there a difference in the im
Modern day management of diseases is a complex task for health care professionals at various clinical settings. However, with the interference of nursing strategies, the job is under control and it is a relief for patients too who are in need of great care of nursing. Research in nursing involves several aspects right from the stage of entry of patient data to the stage of their discharge from hospitals. This encompasses several settings which can be considered as evidence for nursing practice. These may be Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, Randomized controlled trials with definitive results, Randomized controlled trials with non-definitive results, Cohort studies, Case control studies, Cross-sectional studies and Case reports (Fitzpatrick, 2007). Nursing research involves the functional application of scientific queries or investigations to propound ideas, hypotheses, questions through a qualitative or quantitative approach with the objective of exploring a key relationship ( Introduction to Nursing Research, 2012). In contrast, evidence based practice involves the precise and reliable utility of existing evidence accumulated in various observational or analytical studies and make them applicable for deciding the patient care strategies. It is an integration of systemic research of external clinical evidence and clinical expertise (Sacket et al., 1996). Qualitative Research is concerned with the collection of data devoid of numbers. Its primary focus is on the experiment reliability instead of measuring the quantity of variables. The information obtained is finally subject to interpretation, impression or diagnostic deduction. Quantitative research, as the name, implies focus on numbers or data that can be quantified or transformed numerically ( Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research , 2009). The similarities between qualitative and quantitative researches is that both are designed as separate research processes; both obtain to reveal the enormously available data from variety of settings or circumstances; both be