ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dover Beach is a lyric poem published in 1867 by Matthew Arnold. The poem describes the shore of the English port of Dover, which the poet visited during his honeymoon in 1851 (Stange 37). It is commonly acknowledged that Dover Beach, although being quite a typical romantic poem, raises important social problems and provides a holistic picture of the Victorian Period. Specifically, it dwells upon the way the general public perceived rapid industrialization happening to England, which could not help affecting people’s attitudes. Arnold was among those whose poems took a melancholy tone: Dover Beach shows the poet lost and lonely, pondering over the new, discomforting reality. He realized that the world became alien to Victorians so quickly that they did not have time to adapt (Najarian 351). One of the major problems of the epoch the poem addresses is the issue of faith, which was controversial indeed when industrialization began. Technological advances made a lot of people lose their faith, which led to their overall frustration. Arnold does not express his position in relation to the topic; neither does he name the causes of the decay–this approach is also highly demonstrative of the period when people were not able to explain their attitudes exhaustively and often were unable to understand them. Therefore, the poet manages to demonstrate how the nation lost trust in its traditional values because of the rapidly changing world moved forward by technological progress, which undermined the existing worldview but did not provide any substitute. Just like Victorians, the reader is left to wonder what to think and how to estimate certain elements of the new era. The author emphasizes the idea that the world is not always what it may seem to be–that is the reason people were helpless when their system of values suddenly collapsed. However, despite the fact Arnold appears perplexed and melancholic as a person whose life was taken away from him in exchange for nothing, the monologue still shows the man seeking his ideal. This intention is also much typical of the Victorian Age that stepped away from a unified Christian norm and tried to find the truth in each of the three new divisions: Evangelical (or Low Church), Broad Church, and High Church (Stange 41). The poem shows the uncertainty of the poet’s choice. Despite being heavily loaded in terms of social metaphors and underlying allegories, the poem also reveals an emotional aspect of the epoch, which came to be associated with romantic melancholy (Gottfried 54). The picture described by Ronald is aimed to lull the reader, who imagines the sad beauty of the scenery and is supposed to be comforted in his/her sorrows. The poet resorts to metaphorical expressions to compare
Introduction Tourism is beneficial to any country’s economy. It brings people from different cultural backgrounds together. In addition, it connects people who speak different languages. Tourists visit sceneries for various reasons. In this regard, they find themselves in unfamiliar environs. Sometimes tourists face obstacles in their line of activities. These include language barrier, different cultures, remote areas, hostile natives, poor infrastructure, and meager facilities, among others. These are essential elements for successful tourism excursion. However, of great concern to tourist industry is language barrier. Language is very important as it ensures effective interaction and communication with the locals. Language is therefore very important in tourism as it acts as the gateway to local environment. In essence, effective tourism cannot be achieved without proper communication channels. Various countries have initiated language-training centers for minimizing language barrier. This paper will explore various articles on tourism and language. It will also seek to establish its significance in tourism (Jayaprabha and Saredha 267-282). Tourism and language Tourists visit different sites all over the world annually. Most people in Europe and America take time off visiting various sceneries throughout the world. Countries like Egypt, Kenya, Dubai, the United States, and Brazil, among others receive millions of tourists each year. Moreover, due to their varying origins, they speak different languages that require translation for better understanding. In most cases, tourists take time to learn the language of their hosts. This enables them to interact best with the hosts. In some instances, they use tourist guides as interpreters. However, this does not offer better cultural bonding than the former. Tourism language is therefore essential for all prospective tourists. Tourists who wish to visit the United States usually take English tests to allow for good interaction with the hosts. Moreover, those that go to countries in Asia and Africa also take the opportunity to learn local languages like Swahili, mandarin, and Arabic, among others (Cheng, Li, Petrick, and O’Leary 53-61). Scholarly article Remodeling a changing language of tourism: from monologue to dialogue and trialogue This article, by Graham, gives a description of the remodeling of tourism language. Graham gives an account of the top-down approach utilized in the earlier decades of tourism. During these periods, instructions were taken from above, that is from the industry without negotiation by the tourists or the toured. In fact, tourists would incur avoidable expenditure in this structure of management. Tourism industry was therefore framed in accordance with the social control that existed during these periods. The author goes on to state that tourism language was articulated in a monological discourse as well as in unilateral with little chance of diversion. However, this has si
Globalization Impacts on Nursing Today we live in the age of information. This is why knowledge is getting more and more valuable in the globalizing world with its expansions, mergers, and integrations. As a result, the demand for education in a number of professional fields has experienced a rapid growth. Nursing is one of such fields. Due to the growing demand for education all over the world, lots of educational facilities responded with the growing offering. This made education generally much more available on both local and international levels. Technological progress facilitated the ease of access to education by means of allowing online courses and classes held through the internet. Moreover, in the contemporary world education is a profitable and popular business, in the globalized world it is viewed as an investment, a valuable service and a commodity that can be exported (Baumann & Blythe, 2008). Besides, since to the mutual integration of societies and cultures is an essential attribute of globalization, education, just like medicine and nursing, became one of the spheres that is to address the changes happening in the modern society. Education in all disciplines including nursing faced the issue of cultural diversity and eventually was pushed towards internalization. The concept of internalization has penetrated the sphere of education not so long ago, it came from such disciplines as political sciences and international relations. From the perspective of education, internalization refers to the integration of intercultural aspects of education in order to improve the universality, accessibility and suitability of education on the international level (Baumann & Blythe, 2008). Internationalization of nursing education would allow the professionals to practice medicine all around the world and avoid the difficulty of getting licensed every time they relocate. Internationalization of nursing education would make the delivery of nursing services easier and allow addressing one of the most important healthcare problems of the modern society – the shortage of nursing professionals all around the world that is projected to become more severe in the next several decades. Education Export and Nurse Migration The process of globalization causes the modern labor market to expand. Due to the technological progress and the development of certain spheres, the world’s demand for professionals in these areas increases. Currently, among the most needed specialists there are the IT professionals, managers and business administrators, engineers, medical workers and nurses. In the contemporary world there are countries that serve as the sources of nursing professionals for the other states. Among these countries there are the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australia. They are the leaders at training nursing experts. The education is distributed in several different ways. First of all, students can travel and acquire education abroad. Secondly, the Internet provides a wide range of opportunities for distance learning. Thirdly, many countries have th
Introduction Paradox of plenty is a term that is used to refer to a situation where the areas, regions or countries that have the largest deposits of the natural resources seem to be the least developed in the long run. It is also called the resource curse and is more prevalent in the economies that depend on the nonrenewable resources. The paradox of plenty can be best illustrated by the Dutch disease, a theory that came from the Dutch experiences in the 1960s when it discovered reserves for natural gas, which handles the economic perspective of the increase in foreign income which unsettles the economy and leads to the overdependence on the sectors availing the large bucks (Havro and Santiso 7). The Dutch disease is defined as the mechanics that see to it that the entry into the market of new commodities together with the changes in prices of commodities in an economic sector will result into suffering and unfavorable conditions to the other sectors due to the changes in the market forces and regulations. These negative impacts occur due to the emergence of a large source of foreign currency (Havro and Santiso 7). Spain and the resource curse The Spanish empire colonies, which were spread all over the world, were ruled over by Spain. At the time Spain had the advantage of having a source to the raw materials it got from these colonies, which included gold and silver. Additionally, the rulers in this empire used the locals and slaves to maximize the mining potentials. The minerals they got were shipped back to the motherland and they depended on this for their day to day monetary needs. Due to the increase of the empire’s size, the minerals also increased in size and diversity. (Karl 223). Potosi, a city in Bolivia, was the biggest supplier of silver, which came from Cerro Rico, to the Spanish empire. Cerro rico was a very rich silver deposit and as the Spaniards explored the new found lands in1545, they landed at Potosi where they set up a base for mining silver and shipping it to the homeland. In the mining process, labor was obtained from the slave trade and the local Indian communities (Streich Para 7). These silver deposits produced silver worth billions and this was seen as a source of easy wealth to Spain. The presence of the new wealth affected the other sectors of production in the country in that no efforts were made to develop the long term sustenance sectors since Spain used the silver to acquire cannons from other countries like England. The silver wealth made Spain’s currency increase in value which made the locally produced goods expensive thus reducing its competitive edge in relation to the goods from other countries. This led to increased imports into the country hence killing the local industries (Streich Para 1). Indeed, Spain became one of the poorest countries in Europe despite the huge gold and silver deposits it controlled. The gold and silver from the new found lands led to the Spaniards ignoring other sources of development and revenue hence there was neglect of ot
Introduction Cultural wars have been witnessed in Australia since the 1960s and the 1970s when liberalization started in a previously conservative country. The politics changed and this brought about many transformations in almost every sector of the country, these included transformations in beliefs, styles, and roles of gender in society. Ever since the conflict in Australia between the conservatives and liberals started, it has been a chapter that never concludes. The cultural war has been mainly due to politics over their cultural alignments. Various debates have arisen through the years, from the media to the respective societies to discuss this subject (Red Apple Education ltd. par.1). This paper will attempt to investigate the origin of culture wars and Australia’s involvement since early 1990, its relation with the struggle between Keating and Howard, the Media’s role in promoting a focus on culture, and the nature of conflict in Australia. Origin of Australian Cultural Conflict Australia, like the United States of America, is mainly composed of migrants. These people came from different cultures and backgrounds, and then they slowly built the country into what is currently known as a multicultural country. The British colonizers assimilated the Aboriginal people who were few. Migrating into Australia was difficult due to the implementation of the White Australian policy, which only allowed the whites who were of European descent to migrate into the country. It is believed that the effects of the Vietnam War helped in accelerating this change in migration policy. It is at this moment that a 70-year-old policy came to a halt and more Asians could migrate into the country. Given the role of Australia in the war, it had a responsibility to allow the Vietnamese refugees into their country. Malcolm Fraser the Australian leader of the liberal government took the Vietnamese refugees and allowed a controlled migration. This was caused fear on the perception of the Australian citizen who could not contemplate the consequences of such large migration of Asians into their country. There was also the fear of cultural distortions a
Heritage is not just about our past, it is also about our present and our future, and we recognize ourselves with these heritage sites and feel associated with them. For the last few decades, people from all walks of life like tourists, refugees, labor migrants, educationists are showing their deep interest and inclination towards these heritage sites. Whether from the pyramids of Egypt or royal palaces of kingship to the tombs and graves etc., they have attained the most important place in the social fabric of our life. Global movements like the entry of the heritage monuments in the tourism sector, and along with that interest of private companies have raised many complex issues on the ownership rights of the heritage sites, which were always considered as a public domain and a national heritage. Heritage sites almost all over the world are witness to the privatization process, which in turn is posing a threat and challenge to their national identity. It is rightly said, “As embodiments of narratives concerned with the belonging and ‘hereness’, heritage sites have become akin to ‘cathedrals of identity’—centers of worship, pilgrimage, and self-exploration for diverse groups”. (Adams 2005: 433) They are also now considered as the most important avenues of earning with different players in the tourism industry putting their stake. Many debates and controversies are surrounding different groups seeking to exert their economic and symbolic ownership over these heritage sites. Many of the sites of great historical importance and most beautiful of all like Taj Mahal in India, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Australia Great Barrier Reef, icy peaks, Hemlock forests of Alaska Glacier Bay along with the Cambodia’s Angkor Wat temple complex and other sites have now been designated as the World Heritage Sites and the right of the whole humanity. Though the state’s revenue increased with the entry of the private players yet it brought valuesvaluesamifications as well. As expenditure involved is high in maintaining, conserving, interpreting, or excavating new heritage sites, governments of many places are inviting private companies to take over these tasks. In many places, public and private players are competing with each other for ownership rights. E.g. in India, The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has a responsibility to look after the heritage structures and monuments but in 2007, it was found that they were showing high-handedness in their approach. Instead of building the sites, they merely disfigured them. Their latest high-handedness approach was seen during the construction process of the cement portico just in front of the caves of Ajanta. Fortunately, the construction was stopped by protests from conservationists. But in the number of heritage sites, ASI had performed the conservation process without giving attention to the original design and mater
Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson of University College in London focused on one of the fundamental ideas of contemporary linguistics concerning language as a rule-governed system. To say that a language is rule-governed is like also saying that it can be described in terms of a grammar. Therefore, the grammar of a language is a description of the rules of the language, rules of a kind that human beings are innately disposed to learn .These rules differentiate grammatical from ungrammatical sentences and provide explicit descriptions of grammatical sentences, including their meaning and pronunciation. Although everyone has his or her unique grammar, all grammars have some things in common because of genetic constraints on the kinds of grammars and hence languages that human beings can learn. Languages change in time when it comes to comparing language with other evolutionary systems therefore, organic and inorganic might also be pursued. While all of these approaches have undoubted appeal, there is an obvious logical point to be made and that is one must be able to des
The battle of Omdurman took place on the 2 nd of September 1898. It was a decisive battle that established the power of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government on the territory of the present-day Sudan: “In 1898 Kitchener led a force of 8,200 British troops, 17,600 Sudanese and Egyptians up the Nile to capture a city in the Sudan called Omdurman, the Dervish capital across the river from Khartoum” (“The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898” n. pg.). As a result, the state of Sudan was destroyed and the territory became a British colony, This reconquest was a major international event in both African and European contexts” (Spiers 9).This battle predetermined future historical development of the country. The results of the battle made its contribution to current developments in international security policy. “The Battle of Omdurman is perhaps the best known single episode of the Sudan campain” (Keown-Boyd 95). Before analyzing the results and influence of the battle, we should explore the historical background of it. So, today Sudan is the largest country of the Arab world which is situated in the northeastern Africa. As Levy and Latif write in their book Sudan, “It is a place where African and Arab cultures mingle, Sudan is home to a physically, religiously, and culturally diverse people” (5). This diversity is the result of a historical development of the country. For a very long time it was under the Turco-Egyptian rule. Since 1821 till 1881, “the south of Sudan was now open for the first time to the sustainable influence of the north, and trading networks were established. (Peters 15). Under the Egypt governance, the infrastructure of Sudan’s economy improved greatly, especially in cotton production. After 1882, when the British Empire occupied the territory of Egypt, the Khedivial government was established in the country
Introduction Schools like any other institutions in society need to mind about the welfare of its members and the community. This concern helps the organization cope well to the needs of the surrounding members and environment. Establishments cannot survive in isolation and depend on their neighbors to operate well. A properly established criterion should be used to determine what role a school is to play in the society. In order to develop the standards, the school needs to analyze its goals and incorporate them to the society’s overall objectives. This calls for understanding the norms of the society first then building upon them. (Ballenger, 2007) Reaching out to society can benefit the school as a community. The members of the school will develop a good reputation with the general community. This rapport is vital as a sense of belonging and is created in times of need whether in crisis or in celebration. Most organizations have embraced the community social responsibility as a way of reaching out to the general public members. Communication regards developing affiliations with inner and peripheral dependants of the school. This is the essence of having a good public relation with the community. Specific objectives must be ascertained to enable the plan to address all concerns in the school relation to the community. In order to achieve these relations, a good communication plan should be developed by the school. Information on the objectives of the communication should be shared with all stakeholders and should be in agreement with state laws. Most schools have a mixed composition of students who differ in ability, race, culture and other social aspects. These have to be considered when developing a public relation plan (Stewart, 2007). Body Public relation and awareness plan can be communicated using the following strategies:   * Elaborate the relationship between community and the school. The areas which are common to the community and school such as social amenities should be outlined. This gives the members of both communities an understanding on the others purposes.   * A strategy statement should be written and distributed among stakeholders. This can be done using bulletins and other media. Correspondence of the policy creates awareness allowing ease of interaction.   * The context of the plan should be communicated. Information on the program of the school is essential for easy incorporation of the community. Working together with the neighbors to develop a calendar of events can help the school in its events management.   * Purpose for the relationship should be spelt out. The idea, operation and basis of the relationship should be well known by the community and school. It can be put on billboards around the school and community centers.   * A wishes evaluation should be conducted. A community can participate fully if its desires are articulated. To achieve this data on the needs is collected and analyzed.   * Realization of the purpose should be measured. This can be achieved using goals that are SMART. Meaning they need to have these characteristic Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and are Tim