ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A few years ago, we developed a company that has since grown to become one of the exceptional organizations in the nation. Besides the several products that we delivered in market, we also started a program ‘Helping Our Hometown Grow program’ that benefited over 500 families in the nation. The objective of our program was to ensure that the targeted families could reduce their cost of living by supplementing their daily requirements with homegrown produce. With our volunteer program, we worked tirelessly to improve the overall livelihoods of families in the nation. The program was not only exceptional, but also remarkable and one of a kind. However, in the aftermath of recession, sales have dropped and competition is on the rise. To retain the program, the company has to incur increased costs and incur losses in the process. Moreover, if the company has to continue with the program, it has to lay off some of its employees, an act that is contrary to its ethical procedures. It is within this context that we announce the cancelation of the program and provide our assessment on recession, dropping sales, and increased competition. The recent recession initiated a number of repercussions that greatly affected the progress of our program. With reduced purchasing power from our potential clients owing to their minimal income, the program was unable to proceed. Furthermore, several clients, who are among our prospective customers, suffered from unemployment as their employers struggled to stay on board during the recession period. Unemployment is a concept elucidated by Francis when he states that during recession, companies lay off their employees as they struggle to remain in the market (7). Additionally, the fact that the country experienced a general drop in individual spending implied that several smaller enterprises had to cut down their expenditures. Gwartney et al. states that the overall spending of a country drops during times of recession and leads to closure of several companies (310). Notably, one of the strategies that some companies undertook during the recession period was to lay off their employees or sent them on unpaid leaves. Therefore, it is clear that reduced spending and unemployment affected our operations seriously and crippled our ‘Helping Our Hometown Grow’ program. Evidently, during recession, sales drop as individuals try to minimise the effects of the phenomenon. It is important to explain that our company was among the companies that suffered from the dropping purchases initiated by reduced spending. Apparently, dropping spending led to reduced sales volumes, a factor that reduced our profits and ability to run the family support program. Since, the option of dismissing our employees is unethical in the present scenario; the only option available is to cancel the program until the company gains momentum and funds. Fair treatment of employees is very important, as they are core in advancing organization’s operations and progress (Kleinig 208; Bohlander 598). Therefore, dismissing our human resources
India and Pakistan are listed among countries that have had complicated relationships for a very long time in history. The two countries gained their sovereignty from Britain simultaneously in 1947. This independence marked a separation of the former British India into two major countries, India and Pakistan. According to the separation agreement, Pakistan was to cover an area occupied by approximately 75% of Muslims while the rest of the population was to occupy the remaining area, currently known as India (Indurthy 2). Nevertheless, the separation was not to be a source of peace as the two countries fought over Kashmir, with history recording three major battles in 1947, 1965 and 1999. Despite numerous efforts that have been engaged to settle the matter, tension has remained high between the two countries. This fight for territorial occupation can be compared to that between Israel and Palestine, which have continuously fought over Gaza. This essay gives a brief history of the conflict between India and Pakistan, with special coverage on the genesis of the conflict, historical wars and efforts, which have been witnessed in finding a lasting solution in the region. The genesis of the India-Pakistan conflict dates back in 1947 when Hari Singh, resisted the decision to have Kashmir join either India or Pakistan with the hope of gaining state independence or recognition from the two nations. In his attempts to waste time, Singh signed two standstill agreements with both sides although they never materialized (Indurthy 2). There was violence that erupted after India and Pakistan declared their independence. This violence involved Muslims, Sikhs and the Hindus and in September the same year, riots extended to Kashmir as the war was considered to be a resistance against Muslims. As a result, West Kashmir Muslims fell out with Maharaja and formed an independent government of Kashmir. On October 22, 1979, Kashmir was invaded by Pathan-armed tribes who were mainly from the Northwest Frontier Province, extending beyond fifteen kilometers from the country’s headquarters (Malik et al. 28). Sigh sought the intervention of India, which refused until Maharaja ratified the instrument of occasion which had been signed by other princely states. After a deal was reached, Indian troops responded in Kashmir on 27 th October to repel the intruders (Indurthy 3). The Indian intervention angered General Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who ordered Pakistani regular troops to be dispatched in Kashmir, a command that was resisted by Field Marshall Auchinleck, who persuaded the governor to withdraw the decree (Malik et al. 28). However, in Novemb
Introduction The invention of the engine-powered airplanes is one of the most significant technological inventions of the last century. This innovation led to a revolution in the transportation industry as it provided the fastest means to travel to any destination in the world. Over the course of its existence, the airline industry has not had many major technological breakthroughs. The most important breakthrough in the industry occurred in the 1950s and this was in the form of the invention of the jet engine and its subsequent adoption in commercial planes. Jet engines led to a significant change in the way the airline industry operated and prompted the growth of air travel. This has led to some people referring to the widespread adoption of jet engine as the jet revolution. This paper will set out to demonstrate that the introduction of jet engines revolutionalized air transport and led to the development of some unique commercial and regulatory issues in the air industry. The paper will provide a brief historical overview of the airline industry and discuss the significance of the jet engine. Brief Historical Overview The modern era of air transport began in 1903 when the Wright Brothers successfully flew their prototype aircraft. The success of this pioneers paved the way for the advancement of powered, sustained, and controlled flight. The development of aircrafts received a major boost during the First World War. During this war, the Britons and Germans endeavoured to improve their aircrafts in order to gain an advantage in the war. By the end of the war, fighter plans that could fly at higher altitudes and greater speeds had been created. These planes had a high carrying capacity and they were modified into passenger and freight aircrafts after the war. The jet engine was invented by Frank Whittle, a member of the Royal Air Force. He patented his design in 1930 and through the decade, he carried out numerous tests on the design. The first turbojet aeroplane was the Heinkel He, which flew in 1939 and it was designed by the German inventor Hans von Ohain. This marked the birth of the jet engine and in the years following the war, the technology was refined for use on a commercial scale. The jet engine became a major challenger of the established piston-engine types that dominated commercial air travel in the 1940s and 1950s. Jet engines continued to operate together with piston engines and it was only after 1958 that the jet revolution took root. Brooks (1967) asserts that the jet revolution proper started in 1958 with the commissioning of the first turbojet airliner, the Boeing 707 and the DH Comet. These jet engine airplanes plied the Trans-Atlantic route. Issues with Introduction The jet engine did not enjoy success in its early years of use in the civilian markets. Mowery and Rosenberg (1999) state that the in the early 1950s, the technology had significant uncertainties in its performance. The major airlines did not support the jet engine due to a number of di
Summary High-speed Internet and the cable television market will face greater monopolistic power due to the merger of Comcast and Time Warner Cable (TMC). The article discusses two aspects of the merger – first, the increase in monopolistic power of Comcast due to the merger and second, government regulation that might control the rise of monopolistic power in high speed internet market (Wyatt, 2014). It points out that for the merger to be effective Comcast requires approval from two government bodies – Justice Department and Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The first will review the merger to find any violation of the antitrust laws. FCC is responsible to evaluate the merger to find if the merger “serves public interest” (Wyatt, 2014, p. B3). Overall, the article raises concern over the increase in monopolistic power of Comcast due to its merger with Time Warner Cable. It points out that cable television market will soon be cannibalized by high-speed internet market as more people are switching to subscription from content providers like Google and Netflix. Economic Analysis Two questions that emerges from the analysis of the article are:   * Completion in high-speed Internet market in the US   * Government regulation to control monopolies Clearly, the merger between Comcast and TWC demonstrates a definite increase in monopolistic power of the former. This would allow Comcast to control two markets simultaneously – (a) cable television market and (b) high-speed Internet market. In the high-speed Internet market, Comcast gains greater advantage. As there is a definite trend towards switching cable networks to high-speed Internet services, Comcast is expected to control a greater market share. The content providers like YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix may enter into an arrangement with Comcast that would provide greater speed for streaming from any of the specific channels. Comcast will have higher control over pricing of the cable television and high-speed Internet service. Figure 1: The change market share of Comcast in the Internet and Cable market. Data from the analyzed article (Wyatt, 2014) US regulations had exempted data providers from antitrust law. This clears Comcast from the data services provided. Further, in its FCC filing, the company states that in the cable television market it has two competitors, DirecTV and Dish Network who hold more than 15 percent market share as required by the competition law in the country. However, Wyatt (2014) points out that such argument is futile, as satellite television operators cannot provide high-speed Internet service, which is the market that needs regulation. Cleary due to lack of regulation the company is expected to garner greater monopolistic power. Figure 1 shows that the merger is expected to increase market share of Comcast, which will gain Time Warner Cable’s market share after the merger. The merger will increase market share of Comcast in two industries –   * Cable television   * High-speed Internet The monopolistic power of the company
Website evaluation as a critical factor in the management process of many corporate firms Website evaluation has become a critical factor in the management process of many corporate firms. Technical communication is often identified as an integral part when it comes to the task of information processing. End users emphasize the interface where human-computer interaction plays a vital role. Considered widely as a multidisciplinary field Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a blend of psychology and other areas of social sciences and its association with computer science and other relevant technical fields. The main objective The main objective is to make the computing systems applicable to the users. This strategy potentially relies on psychological research and novel innovative ideas that play an influential role. The factors that pose a challenge to challenge HCI researchers are novel approaches or options to meet the demands of users and vie groups of audiences (Olson & Olson, 2003). The principles of psychology The principles of psychology hold good about the applicable methods being developed. On these grounds, the evaluation of web tools or ingredients that make a functional website can be considered as one of the potential uses of technology communication. In this context, the present description is based on the usability evaluation of websites related to Inter-City Coach lines. This is a travel website, most probably a bus company, intended to provide services like ticket booking, timetable, and passes, and other relevant travel information. The most frequent activities that people used to undertake on this website are ticket booking and route service. Booking service can be regarded as a major reliable element of bus service, as this is mostly concerned by passengers. An evaluation was done to check for the user-friendly columns, options being provided on the website. InterCity Coach lines On a busy journey, the vendor was identified at a busy shopping complex. Approximately, 100 to 200 travel customers were reported to visit the vendor for information gathering and ticket purchases. Application of site statistics and click indicators have revealed that most users have given priority to the booking option on the site. The columns ‘From’ and ‘To’ were provided with a drop-down menu adjacent to them. These columns contained the information on the list of cities which may be either boarding points or destinations. Most users (75 %) have revealed that they preferred the options being provided on the website in a self-dependant manner. This user technology has minimized the interference of the travel vendor. Further, the information on the list of cities has reflected the reliability of the user-friendly service. The travel date option on the website further reduced the ‘inq
Introduction Women were slaves in the early twentieth century, slaves to social conventions and a male-dominated business world. Very few women were able to escape the specific roles assigned to them by their gender and social status. Edith Wharton’s book, House of Mirth , originally published in Scribner magazine in 1905, was the first novel written by a woman writer to be taken seriously by the nation’s male literary establishment. This is because she portrayed women acting out their proper role in society, she showed her main character to be somewhat shallow, and she allowed her main character to fail. However, within this portrayal, she also exposed some of the major issues that had already been explored by other female writers before her and that would continue to be explored in increasing focus after her. Other female writers such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, wrote more specifically about the female problem from the other side of the equation – what happens when a woman finds herself unable to conform to the norms set by her society – perhaps thanks to the shorter format of the stories they were able to get published. By examining how each author wrote about the theme of female subjugation behind a male-dominated conception, both Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman demonstrated how the non-conforming female character has no choice but to fail. Female subjugation in “House of Mirth” Edith Wharton emphasizes the dilemma of the constrained female through her portrayal of Lily Bart, a woman without form or success because she exists without the influence of a man. Lily’s interests and pursuits are dictated by the man she is attempting to attract at the given time. She “easily charms Gryce with her considerable feminine wiles” (Worth 46) after she had learned all she can about Americana literature, Gryce’s only hobby. In dealing with Mr. Trenor and Mr. Bart, she gives each of them undivided, customized attention according to their desires rather than her own. Finally, Lily reaches the end of her proverbial rope and makes a last effort to save herself by offering to marry Mr. Rosedale, someone she refused to consider earlier in the story. As he proposes a way for her to redeem her former status, “she found the indignation [to the plan] gradually freezing on her lip…” (Wharton 252) as she starts to contemplate taking other actions she had thus far scrupulously avoided. Without the assistance of a man, Lily is also totally incapable of managing her finances. When Mrs. Trenor mentions “it was the idea of the gambling debt that frightened Percy” (Wharton 76), the reader realizes that Lily’s chances for Mr. Gryce are destroyed by her excessive spending, gambling, and inability to control herself as it shows through her debt. Her only other attempt to get into business is a disastrous partnership with Gus Trenor in which “Lily naively believes that Gus will invest a portion of her meager income in the stock market and make ‘a killi
Introduction The fist article under consideration is called The Politics of Climate Change and is written by Roger Howard. In this work, the author analyzes the measures to be taken to avoid the global climate change where the most appropriate one is global consolidation. The second paper called Saving the Environment: Five Creative Approaches presents the reader with effective means of improving the environment. In the first article, the author expresses his concern with the problem of data utilization on climate change and negative consequences arising from this. Howard puts forward the ideas that climate shifts promote the government to use natural disasters in political terms. In other words, the article considers the environmental changes as a solid ground for the introduction of innovative political strategies. The author disapproves the government’s intensions to take advantage of ecological disasters for political or military attacks. In addition, the article provides the readers with the merits of possessing information for diplomatic goals. Hence, the researcher divides people on those who own the climate change data and those who do not where the first group have exclusive privileges (Howard 2009:26). Finally, Howard insists on the fact that the government that intends to enter military actions directly uses the meteorological data. Main body The next article discloses five effective approaches for preventing destructive impact of natural disasters. People engaged into extremely different spheres of life provide the approaches presenting various solutions. This article, therefore, shows different gaps in solving ecological problem, beginning from social origins and ending with natural and psychological reevaluation of a person. The author puts forward the ideas of other researchers, whose activities are closely connected with their solution concepts. For example, Don Harter, a community development specialist, refers to the issues of social welfare as to the key points of the envi
Introduction The purpose of this report is to assess the impacts of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the economy of Saudi Arabia, and this report concentrates on background of WTO, the positive and negative influence of WTO on different sectors. A Short Summary of World trade organization Background to WTO The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the platform established by the victorious nations of the World War II as a long bargained outcome of GATT to ensure the open opportunity of free market entry for the developed countries in the market of less develop and backward nations. At the conclusion of World War –II, the winner countries urged to establishing some institutions those would negotiate and mitigate the conflicts of the developed nations to capture the global market and to make backward nations bound to provide hindrance free market entry for them. The major motivation of the Great Wars were the competition to capturing foreign markets by the imperialist countries for unfair trade and exploitation and the concluding principles of the WW – II 1 , were tenacity of resolving and put a stop to war by means of the UN 2 to removing the economic conflicts by founding global organisations for economic negotiation. Introduction, Establishment, Membership Crowley (2) pointed out that, though the WTO has formed in 1995 as a new global organisation, it has rooted from the Bretton Woods Conference of the finance ministers of winning nations towards the end of WW – II 3 , where the ministers urged for a new global monetary system to prop up post-war modernisation, economic conflict resolution, and establishing peace. The outcomes of the BWC 4 at first glance generated two of the most significant international organisations such as ‘International Monetary Fund’ 5 and the second one is ‘International Bank for Reconstruction and Development’, which has later shaped as ‘World Bank’ and the third one is ITO 6 . Due to non-cooperation of US government for ITO, ‘General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade’ was introduced in 1947 with twenty-three introductory members to a settle rules of governing trade among the countries in a decreased import tariffs for the members which turned into 123 countries in 1994 until abolish. The GATT had enacted as a treaty without establishing any formal institution, but included a diminutive secretariat in Geneva with very a few institutional tools to bargain, negotiate different dilemmas among the members, and to rising different barriers for the non-members that would motivate them to joining in this accord. In 1950, USA has withdrawn its membership from ITO demanding major rectification that speeded up the necessity of alternative platform and
James is the person that became an exemplary leader for me. We worked on the organization of children’s summer activities, and the manner of James’ management enthused my colleagues and me with the willingness to work and succeed in delivering the best result possible. The key to James’ leadership efficiency lies in the motivation of his subordinates (William, 2020). From the moment he started recruiting team members, he made it clear that the job would not be easy, many of us would feel sleep-deprived and often completely exhausted. However, he also articulated that such hardships would be rewarded with immense experience and immersion. As a result, we were motivated to work hard and learn from James. What is more important is that we did not sign up because of the pay but rather because of the hardships we were willing to endure. Honesty and motivation made James an effective and appealing leader that I would like kile to work with again. Vincent was an example of a manager who creates immediate revulsion. He organized a canoeing trip with children and wanted some people to help him manage camping. However, Vincent was not clear, nor was he honest about our responsibilities. For instance, he told children that we would be entirely responsible for cooking food. As a result, at first, everyone felt hungry and agitated because of poor planning and unclear distribution of responsibilities (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2020). When the trip was over, and the children’s feedback was largely negative, Vincent blamed us for their inconvenience, stating that it was our fault. Vincent’s tendency to quickly dismiss the efforts of the subordinates and refusal to acknowledge his mistakes made us feel inherently guilty, thus discouraging us from ever working with him again (Chang et al., 2016).