ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Teamwork refers to a situation where people from different backgrounds and with different traits, skills, and personalities come together to work collaboratively towards achieving a shared goal(s). West (2004) observes that the complexity of organizations requires people to the group and work in coordinated ways to realize an organization’s goals/objectives. Working in teams enables people to achieve greater results than would be achieved individually. This is because a team brings together people with different skills and ideas which when effectively used can lead to greater success. The effectiveness of a team The effectiveness of a particular team depends on how well the team members collaborate. Several skills are required for a team to succeed and these include; listening to each member of the team, appreciating diversity, negotiation and communication, participating, respecting one another, helping, and sharing among other skills. However, most teams aren’t as effective as we would like them to be due to internal conflicts that occur between team members. Kaye (1994) observes that conflicts occur in teams as a result of diversity. Conflict between Carly and Morris Conflicts arise due to clashes in personality, petty irr
Analyzing the issue of electronic contracting, it can be stated that most of the people who are regularly using personal computers and internets already participated and confirmed their advantages of such approach. Most of the people have at least once signed an electronic contract, even if they were not aware of such factor. Instances of installing particular software, using services of a specific website, and buying from electronic store, imply agreeing on terms and conditions of a contract and accordingly implied a transaction, if the product or a service was not free. In that regard, it can be assumed that such instances of buying or using retail products would not contain much controversy in solving disputes, although it will not exclude such cases. Nevertheless, when electronic contracting is related to business-2-business deals, and where contract agreements require more than just clicking on the “I agree” button, the issue of electronic might have far more impact and accordingly potential hidden pitfalls. This paper examines the issue of electronic contracting providing a brief analysis of the long term impacts of electronic contracting and potential pitfalls. One of impacts of electronic contracting can be seen in the sufficient increase in the efficiency of business transactions, specifically in the cases of international trade. Such consequence can be logically expected, as in case the standards of the electronic contracting will be settled, business deals can be agreed upon and completed in minutes. Thus, the use of IT in business-to-business contracting processes will most likely result in optimization and globalization through improving the speed, efficiency and reach of the business processes (Angelov & Grefen, 2001). Another possible impact of electronic contracting can be seen through the security requirements for making transactions. In that regard, it can be predicted that a whole sector in the security industry will emerge as one of the most demanded in the electronic business. The security issues are of special concern to the e-business today, thus, it can be assumed that in case electronic contracting will be the most frequent option in business, the demand for security solutions will increase sufficiently. Additionally, a rise can be predicted in the services of 3 rd party online witnessing and authentication, such as Data Witness SignOff (Datawitness, 2009). The pitfalls of electronic contracting can be predicted in several issues. One issue can be seen in the differences in the jurisdiction of different countries on electronic contracting. For example, cases when a deal should be made between a country which have an electronic contracting law and a country which does not, the options are to chose either a jurisdiction where the contract will be interpreted and enforced, a process that might require long negotiation, or using a paper contract (ABANET Newsletter, 2002). Such differences might lead to that
Civilization is a set of law that makes an individual in the society rise spiritually, materially and socially (Shaikh, Ghazanfer, and Abdulil 120). This is because in order for an individual to be civilized, the significant things in his life need establishment while established things require protection via laws, regulations, rules and punishment (Shaikh, Ghazanfer, and Abdulil 108). In the Islamic civilization, the Islamic law plays the greatest part in controlling people’s behavior spiritually and intellectually because Islam is the core (Hayes 71). Besides, this Islamic core makes people view the universe in term of its origin, implication of life, association between people and the world, the end of life and life after death (Hayes 65). Religious leaders and prophets, philosophers and scientists through education based Islamic civilization on theology, philosophy and science (Meri 36). According to theology, the Islamic creed found on the Quran together with the teachings of prophet Muhammad influences Islamic civilization ( Seyyed 307). The Quran is holy, perfect and applicable every time and as a result, it guides the Muslim behaviors and helps them understand the universe and life after death (Hayes 124). For instance, according to the Quran, people should relate with each other ethically and morally and this means that people should strive to do what is right while avoiding the wrong doings (Seyyed 289). Additionally, Quran help men understand and judge life through reflection and reasoning (Meri 54). Finally, the teaching of Prophet Muhammad emphasized on the need of living a holy life by interpreting and reciting the Quran, understanding traditions of the prophet and living a holy life according to the Quran teaching (Hayes 37). On the other hand, philosophers contributed to Islamic civilization through logic and reasoning (Franker 200). At first, the Greek philosophers and Aristotelian logic faced criticism from the Muslims because the Muslim philosophers believed that philosophy contradicted Islamic teachings (Hayes 46). For instance, the Muslim scholars severely rebuked the book titled “The incoherence of the philosophers” because it was against the Islamic core (Franker 206). Later, the Muslim scholars and philosophers realized that logic and reasoning does not contradict the Islamic core but instead it defends it and as a result, they embraced philosophy by welcoming opinions and alleviating restri
In recent years, managers within the hospitality industry have witnessed a proliferation of expectations that must be met for businesses to remain relevant in the current competitive environment (Jones & Lockwood 2002). Hotel and resort managers, in particular, are often called upon to balance between the service expectations of customers and the financial expectations of the hotel owners. The balancing of priorities has led managers to adopt a plethora of performance measurement models, including the balanced scorecard and the bottom-line approach (Phillips 2007). The present paper purposes to demonstrate the suitability of the balanced scorecard in assisting hotel and resort managers to balance their priorities, hence refuting the claim that adopting the bottom-line approach is the way to go for these managers in balancing service quality expectations and financial demands of the owners. Extant management literature shows that the balanced scorecard evaluates an organisation’s performance through four perspectives namely “financial, customer, internal operating processes and learning and growth, and lays emphasis on the comprehensiveness and integrity of evaluation” (Wang et al 2013, p. 25). The bottom-line approach focuses more on an organisation’s net income and financial reports to determine its strengths and weaknesses (Jones & Lockwood 2002). Owing to the increasing competitive phenomenon of the hotel and resort industry (Lau et al 2005), an effective and efficient measurement tool must draw on both qualitative and quantitative perspectives (Phillips 2007). More importantly, such a measurement tool must have the capacity to expressively assess service quality attributes (Namkung & Jang 2008), as well as the financial performance based on the fact that financial management is the backbone of any business (Tsai et al 2011). In this light, the balanced scorecard is better placed to assist hotel and resort managers balance the service expectations of their customers and the financial expectations of hotel owners as it employs multiple perspectives not only to measure organisational success but also to assist in the implementation of effective strategies for future success (O’Fallon & Rutherford 2010). Unlike in the bottom-line approach which deals with a single indicator to measure operational success (Jones & Lockwood 2002), all the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard can be used to assist hotel and resort managers deal with the conflicting priorities that are largely predicated upon customer service expectations and the financial expectations of hotel owners. For instance, under the financial dimension of the balanced scorecard model, hotel and resort managers should be able to know what types of financial performance they should provide to hotel owners and other stakeholders so as to be successful financially (Evans 2005). Under the customer perspective, managers should be able to develop customer and service quality standards that enhance the vision and strategy of their respective service organisations (Cruz 2007). Again, under the internal business perspective of the balanced scorecard
Pressure ulcers represent a considerable burden for the patients, both in terms of money spent on healthcare and quality of life. The study by Welsh (2014) identifies that one in every five patients in the acute care sector may develop a pressure ulcer in the UK. From both a policy and a practice standpoint, ethical difficulties around responsibility may emerge for professionals working in pressure ulcer prevention. When dealing with ethical difficulties, doctors may find it helpful to resort to ethical theories and principles to develop frameworks (Welsh, 2014). However, these theories have been criticized for their overgeneralization and simplicity. Various ethical theories are often taken into consideration with regard to nursing. According to deontology, a sense of intrinsic obligation should be followed consistently and without fail (Welsh, 2014). Although the deontological approach has been criticized by feminist theorists as paternalistic and authoritarian, it undercuts the nursing profession’s innate sense of care. On the other hand, utilitarianism argues that the effects of acts, rather than concepts of obligation, decide whether they are right or bad (Welsh, 2014). There are also ethics-based principles such as beneficence — doing what is best for the patient. Respecting uniqueness and treating patients with dignity are examples of beneficence in pressure ulcer prevention, as is the proper use of evidence-based instruments like the Waterlow Score to assess the risk of skin injury (Welsh, 2014). In practice, such ethical approaches may often conflict with other professional obligations of the nurse. In consideration of the situation when the patient develops a pressure ulcer due to the understaffed care-providing facility, a nurse may hesitate to disclose the potential severity of the problem. The nurse may be torn between the idea of beneficence and a sense of loyalty to the institution or other nurses (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2018). Professional ethics would obligate the nurse to take direct action addressing the issue, that is, to inform the patient and be at risk of being dismissed, file a complaint to the hospital management, or attract media attention addressing the issue of lacking cadres (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2018). Nevertheless, pressure ulcers are becoming more widely recognized as a form of patient injury. As a result, it’s critical that healthcare providers and individual doctors use standardized, quantifiable methods to avoid them.
Introduction The article under analysis is entitled The Death of Honesty and is written by William Damon in 2012. In his article he describes the problem of deception in today’s world and compares it with the past. He also uses many rhetorical devices in order to support his idea. His main idea is that the biggest problem today is not that people are frequently lying because, as he says, it is in human nature to lie, and it is not always bad, but that truthfulness is becoming less important as it was before (Damon). Therefore, he fears that if his idea is true, the bonds of trust that are vital for creating a free democratic society are in danger, which will inevitably lead to the situation where building good relationships between people is impossible, and the civilized society will collapse. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the author’s rhetorical methods and style, examining how the text persuades readers. Summary of the Article At the beginning of the article, Damon describes the notion of deception and truth. He claims that deception is not always bad, but, moreover, it can be better than truth in certain cases and provides examples of such cases. Then he claims that telling lies is in human nature and that people have always been lying throughout their entire history. However, he expresses his concern toward the current tendency of making truth insignificant (Damon). In this respect, he says that despite people have always lied, the being honest was considered honorable, and this virtue had a high value among people. Now, in his opinion, this honor has disappeared. In the body of the article, the author depicts his fears that if being honest is no longer valued, the future society will collapse and give way to chaos and anarchy. Then he states that this tendency is observed even in those places where truth must be the priority, for example, educational institutions. Here he provides many examples of scandals that occurred in different schools regarding the students who were cheating and teachers who abetted them in doing it. Understandably, most students want to cheat, especially those who despise studying and learning. However, the motivation of teachers can be different and unusual. For example, some teachers do not punish students for teaching because they think that by helping each other students train to be loyal (Damon). Other teachers think that some tests are too difficult or unfair for the students. At the end of the article, Damon repeats his concerns about the future of trust between people and emphasizes the importance to fix this problem (Damon). Furthermore, he claims that the process of improvement of the situation must begin from the schools, as it is a place where trust is taught to young people. The Use of Rhetorical Devices In order to limit the analysis, each rhetorical device is discussed in a separate body paragraph. First, of all, a great number of metaphors are used in the text. A metaphor is a comparison of two objects by substituting one word for another with a similar function but which is not normally
Few illusions have captivated the imagination of contemporary Americans so overwhelmingly as the phenomenon of the ‘American Dream’ with its reverberating emphasis on elevated consumption patterns, compulsive acquirement, and immediate indulgence. A corollary of this delusion seems to be propelled by the fact that the only way to accomplish the dream that has its origins in the decade of the 1960s is by engaging in what is commonly known as the culture of consumerism (Renovard, 2007). The new intellectuals of the knowledge-based economy, with their opulent income and fast and fun-filled lifestyles, are the prototypes of the consumerist fantasy that is taking root in other parts of the world. This paper purposes to discuss some underlying issues related to spending habits and consumption patterns in the U.S., with a view to edify our understanding on the culture of consumerism that has already taken root in the country and its implications on individual users in particular and society in general. The observations made in one of the retail stores owned by Wal-Mart revealed a highly structured variance on the spending habits of Americans based on several demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. As such, it can be concluded that taste preferences are linked to the demographic indicators listed above, and are rightly or wrongly used by Americans to market their social positions and sensibilities. This conclusion is reached after observing that consumers who drove big expensive cars to the store for shopping always visited shelves that stocked highly differentiated name brands in terms of taste and value, while those that arrived by cabs visited shelves that stocked low-cost generic items. According to Thomas (2009), “…there is nothing which more exactly defines social differences than personal taste…The choices that people make in [this area] of life may seem spontaneous and genuine, but, without any apparent pressure or coercion, they usually conform to class lines” (para. 1). It can also be concluded that age and gender is critical in defining an average American’s spending habit. The observations revealed that teenagers and young women spent more financial resources on items that helped them define their individual identity, refinement, and elegance while the more elderly consumers attempted to restrain their spending habits. For instance, while the teenagers and young women spent more on luxuries such as designer clothes, jewelry, dolls, greeting cards, flowers, and liquor, the adults spent more on items that are mostly used at the family level such as foodstuffs, detergents, and utensils, among others. Still, another conclusion could be that the spending habits are driven more by the inordinate and insatiable appetite of acquiring and enduring possessions than by a justifiable attempt to quest a basic need. According to Shaw (2005), such a trend has been advanced by the misplaced need of outdoing each other in the quest for power, both at the individual
The strategies employed by liner shipping companies are increasingly influenced by concerns for the natural environment. With the help of real-world examples, discuss how such strategies are impacting liner shipping operations. Since the industrial revolution, the impact of humanity on the environment has grown considerably. This also pertains to the influence of humans on the marine environment (Andersson et al. 2016). The considerable increase in the number and scale of shipping operations means that it is now paramount to take into account the effects of these operations on the marine environment to prevent major environmental changes that could lead to highly adverse consequences for the ecosystem of the planet. Generally speaking, shipping operations have a significant negative impact on the environment. For instance, the use of toxic antifouling paint; the discharge of cargo hold cleaning waters, grey waters, ballast waters, sewage, and solid waste; the acoustic pollution; the discharge of gasses resulting from the use of fuel for enabling ship mobility–all pollute the marine environment; the atmosphere is also affected (Andersson et al. 2016). Due to the increase in scale and number of shipping operations, the amount of pollution also grows to an extent that may not be neutralized by the marine ecosystem. Therefore, controls have been implemented to decrease the adverse impact of shipping on the natural environment of seas and oceans (Andersson et al. 2016). In particular, International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an international body that introduces such controls in order to restrict shipping in a manner that would allow for preserving the marine environment while still utilizing it for the purposes of shipping (Visvikis & Panayides 2017). In this respect, it should be observed that such regulations have had a considerable impact on the strategies that are employed by sea transport companies for the purposes of shipping products and transporting people (Visvikis & Panayides 2017). For instance, some of the legislation introduced by IMO forbids discharging waste in certain areas of the world ocean (Andersson et al. 2016). As a consequence of this, routes of ships and liners are influenced, for shipping
Speaking about the human rights issues which are connected to present day situations in the world, two situations could be outlined, one of them is China-Tibet situation, and the Darfur War or the Darfur conflict, and it should be mentioned that both of these situations involve China in a way or another. Darfur Conflict The situation in Sudan provokes the fears of the world community for several years. This is the most prolonged conflict in Africa, in course of which serious violations of the human rights took place and humanitarian catastrophes occurred. In spite of the progress, achieved in the process of regulating the situation, and the ongoing process of peaceful settlement, the atmosphere of intensity is preserved in the country, and scale military attacks on innocent civilians still occur in the Darfur region. The government of Sudan does not always go to rapprochement, appealing to the principle of international law about the nonintervention into the internal affairs of state. There fore it can be seen that the human rights issue is still not solved, attacks on citizens continues, al