ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Fuel Cell Vehicles: Status 2007 (2007) was written by Rittmar von Helmolt and Ulrich Eberie, both employees at GM Fuel Cell Activities at Ruesselsheim, Germany. The paper details the developments that have been made towards the use of Hydrogen to propel vehicles. Rittmar von Helmolt is a scientist and inventor, according to patent websites such as freshpatents.com and patentdocs.org, he has applied for several patents regarding his inventions, most of which relate to motor vehicle mechanics. He has also written several scientific articles and co-authored others, the articles center on motor vehicle mechanics and alternative fuel. Similarly, Dr Ulrich Eberle is a researcher and has written several articles for major scientific journals such as Energy Environ. Sc. and Journal of Power Sources . He is also a scientist and his work at GM Corporation is a testament to his professionalism. The two authors’ contribution to the paper is valuable as it gives the view of professionals in fuel cell technology, this gives the paper a professional touch and hence makes it a credible source of information for academic purposes. The authors write on a topic they are well versed on. The paper was written in 2007 and this fits the widely accepted 5-year range within which scientific information remains valid. This implies that the information in the paper is up to date and suitable for use as an academic source. Besides, it is written in a scientific journal and thus the authors have a specific target. The authors refer to several projects being undertaken by major vehicle manufacturing companies such as Opel and Honda. At the end of the paper, von Helmolt and Eberie give a list of references that show the scope of research they undertook in writing the paper, most of these references are drawn from peer reviewed journals and reports from multi-national corporations, hence their credibility. Article Summary The article is divided into 7 chapters. In Chapter 1, the authors give an introduction on the use of Hydrogen as fuel and the factors that have contributed to the invention, i.e. environmental concern and rising fuel costs. They introduce the audience to the science behind the fuel cell in chapter 2, giving a systematic process from the production of Hydrogen to its conversion to electricity, and the subsequent conversion of excess Hydrogen atoms to water. The next three chapters touch on fuel (Hydrogen) storage options and safety features in the fuel tank and fuel cell. Chapter 6 gives the three phases in the development of Hydrogen as an alternative fuel by GM Corporation: Phase 1 ends in 2010, Phase 2 begins from 2010 and ends in 2015, while Phase 3 starts in 2015. They conclude the paper in Chapter 7 by giving their perspective on the use of Hydrogen for powering vehicles, the challenges, advantages, and the costs involved (von Helmolt and Eberie
The legalization of marijuana is still one of the debatable issues at the federal and state levels. People have different views on the matter, which results in quite a challenging legal environment. For instance, the use of marijuana is prohibited at the federal level while the recreational and medical use of this substance, as well as its production, transportation, and sale, is legal (in different forms) in 29 states (“State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map,” 2018). Many factors affect the legislative process. It is possible to apply such models of policy frameworks as Interest Group Theory, Institutional Rational Choice, Advocacy Coalition, Social Construction and Multiple Streams framework to understand possible outcomes of the ongoing discussion. One of the basic models of policy frameworks is Interest Group Theory. When applied to the legislation in question, it is possible to note that interested groups call for action, create organizations, draw public attention to the problem (Weimer & Vining, 2017). The medical use of marijuana can be regarded as an illustration of this approach. People participated in marches, addressed policymakers, and used different instruments to facilitate the discussion in order to contribute to the legalization of cannabis for medical use (Fuller, 2018). This model can also be effective when applied to policymaking related to the production and sale of the weed as entrepreneurs can become the force that will advance the matter. Institutional Rational Choice model is concerned with the impact of rules and conventions existing at different levels on the legislative process (Weimer & Vining, 2017). This framework can help in understanding such aspects as recreational and medical use, sales and production, negative outcomes of the use of this substance. Chilkoti (2017) points at the opposing views on the recreational use of marijuana in different states. People have strong beliefs that weed has detrimental effects on individuals’ and public health. Policymakers and authorities, as well as ordinary people, fear that even partial marijuana legalization can lead to the rise of unlawful behavior (illegal production and sale). These views have an influence on the process of legalization, which is very slow in many states. However, this model is the least influential when applied to the legislation in question. Advocacy coalition framework concentrates on the change within subsystems. The focus is on core and secondary values are (Weimer & Vining, 2017). When applied to the legislation in question, the policies and beliefs on the o
Introduction The concepts behind theories and their application in different fields of studies have existed for centuries. Theories have been useful in examining how individuals in the field of research and development have had different opinions, perceptions, and even discernments on important educational and life models and how they correlate with practical living. The principal purpose of accounting theory is to present several principles and relationships that elucidate observed practices and forecast unseen practices (Coetsee 2010). The two main theoretical approaches in accounting theory are the normative approach and the positive approach. The two alternative approaches would generally be appropriate to differing circumstances. Despite substantial literature existing on the two theoretical principles, much remains anonymous to the circumstances of their applications. Therefore, this essay explores the two main theoretical approaches to their apposite applications. Synopsis of the theories and profession Accounting information has been paramount to numerous organisations as well as governments as they provide information that facilitates informed decision making by decision and policymakers. Porwal (2001) notes, “accounting is the measurement of and communication of financial information about economic activities to the interested persons” (p.22). Accounting theory, on the other hand, can refer to a consistent set of logical ideologies that continuously provide an advanced understanding of the prevailing users of accounting information. The theory has also been the significant conceptual framework for estimating the existing accounting practices as well as acting as guides to the development of new procedures and practices useful in the accounting profession. Porwal (2001) notes that accounting theories fall into three distinct classifications: “inductive versus deductive, normative versus positive and according to prediction levels” (p.22). However, despite having an interdependence connection between theories and practice, much remains anticipated, as controversies in their submissions in the accounting profession have been in continuous debates. For the past three consecutive decades, the gap between existing theory and related theory as predetermined by the initial developers of theories is increasingly becoming eminent in the profession of accounting. Since the 1970s, the concept and science behind the determination of accounting standards have continuously been a critical issue and till recently as evidenced in the prolonged controversies in numerous organisations and governments. Typically, as postulated above, there are two main approaches in accounting theory namely normative and positive accounting approaches. The two accounting theories have been in constant use for numerous years with differences in their applic
Lewis Hine is a photographer who was hired to work for Paul Kellogg for his knowledge of the immigrant settlers coming to the United States at the beginning of 1900. Kellogg and New York Charity Organization intended to conduct a Survey on living conditions and labor of the immigrant workers in Pittsburgh. The role of Lewis Hine was to spend several months in Pittsburgh taking photographs of the representatives of immigrant laborers with various backgrounds and histories. Hine’s photographs were used to illustrate the volumes of Pittsburgh Survey and present visual demonstration of work and life of immigrant families. The Importance of Photographs in the Pittsburgh Survey Five of the six volumes of the Survey are illustrated with pictures of laborers and their workplaces taken by Hine, other visual materials include drawings, maps, plans, and charts. The researchers took a responsible approach towards their work since one of their main goals was to address the popular stereotypes concerning immigrants and newly arriving laborers of that period. According to the belief of Kellogg, the use of images was a great way to win the sympathy of the American society, especially of its upper class and to stimulate the support for social reform politically. This is why the artists hired to work on the Survey’s pictorial aspect had to be very professional and talented. Hine was chosen to work on the project due to his large experience of photographing the life and labor of immigrants from the Lower East Side of New York City. Hine’s professionalism was what secured the emotional charge present in the photographs in the Pittsburgh Survey depicting wage earners, most of whom look rather exhausted, their poor neighborhoods, their multicultural communities where everyone has to struggle since early childhood, their very unfavorable working conditions in hazardous areas. In Kellogg’s Survey, the illustrations appear as the support of the information provided in the research, they are skillfully integrated into the running text which helps the reader to comprehend the Survey and leaves no doubt that what is written in its pages is completely true. Overall, the Pittsburgh Survey is a massive piece of work created through the collaboration of great researchers, talented artists, and determined social supporters. In the Survey, the wage earners are presented from the dual perspective, they are portrayed as both the victims of the underdeveloped and ungrateful system that exploits them and as dignified hardworking people who deserve better lives. Picture 1: Bottling Olives with a Grooved Stick. The first picture I selected to base my paper on is titled “Bottling Olives with a Grooved Stick”. It depicts a woman who clearly is one of the food industry workers. In the photograph, she is sitting at the table with a bowl of olives on her left side and a number of empty glass bottles at her right side. Her job is to put the olives into the bottle with the help of a special stick. It seems like a
Introduction Background to the study The Russell Hotel is one of the small and medium enterprises operating within the Australian Hospitality industry. The firm is located in Sydney. Since its inception in 1887, the firm has been able to provide high quality services to its customers. The firm’s location at ‘The Rocks’ which is one of the major historic sites in Australia contributes to the firm’s competitive advantage (The Rusell Hotel para. 6) by attracting a wide range of tourists annually. In the years that the company has been in operation, it has continued to emphasis on personable and charming services. For example, the firm’s rooms are customized to address diversity in customer requirements. This is in line with customer-focus which is one of the firm’s core elements in its mission statement. Customer focus should be effectively entrenched by the top management. Such an effort would contribute towards a change in attitude amongst the employees across the entire firm. The resultant effect is that the firm all the employees’ activities will be focused at achieving a high level of customer satisfaction (Hill and Jones 135). In its operation, Russell Hotel has incorporated the concept of strategic management in an effort to cope with the changes occurring in the hospitality industry. According to Enz (13), strategic management is vital for firms within the hospitality industry since it enables the firm define a strategic direction via identification of weaknesses and identification of opportunities. One of the concepts which the firm has incorporated is internal and external analysis. This enables the firm to identify gaps in its operation (Harris 65). One of the ways through which the firm accomplishes this is via incorporation of customer relationship management. The firm has established an effective internal and external communication system. Lack of communication in an organization can hinder its effectiveness in strategic management (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 345). In an effort to improve communication with the customers, Russell Hotel has incorporated the CRM software. This has culminated to creation of a strong relationship between the firm and its customers. For example, the customers are able to communicate their complaints and complements to the management team. The CRM software is vital in a firm’s effort to build intelligence. In its strategic analysis, Russell Hotel management team analyzes the market feedback from time to time. Aim The report entails identification of the gaps existing in Russell Hotel, Sydney. The core objective is to propose the various strategies which the firm’s management team can incorporate so as to seal the identified gaps. Scope The report is organized into a number of sections. The first section entails an internal and external analysis of the firm via adoption of the SWOT model. The identified gaps are expounded further. The second
Introduction More than two billion individuals use social media sites, including Instagram, Youtube, Snapchat, Facebook, and Twitter. These digital environments undoubtedly influence human connection and communication. Many people see these high-tech advancements as chances to interact with communities they may not otherwise have met (Boukemidja, 2018). Human traffickers use social media to find, conduct operations, and manipulate their victims. Human trafficking includes slave labor and forced prostitution. Apart from labor and sexual exploitation, trafficking includes forced crime such as drug trafficking, stealing, and pickpocketing. While child sexual exploitation and abuse are illegal under national, local, and international law, the sorts of offenses considered such crimes vary. Online grooming, sexual exploitation material such as videos, child sexual abuse, and live broadcasting of child prostitution are examples of offenses prohibited by existing laws. Online victimization, specifically cyberstalking and prostitution, is examined in this research, along with potential remedies. Millions of people internationally utilize the internet, especially in the US and developing nations like Albania, Herzegovina, and Bosnia. Most developing nations have a history of corruption, civil war, and authoritarian rule, leaving populations vulnerable (O’Brien, 2017). Crooks can engage with susceptible persons like young girls and women without instantly identifying themselves as criminals. Interagency task teams that guarantee a victim-centered approach may help minimize human trafficking and cyberstalking. Discussion of Challenges Communication via social networking sites or other open online forums may be useful personally and professionally if done responsibly and safely. There are countless negative effects of using the internet irresponsibly. A few examples include cyberstalking and prostitution (Taylor et al., 2019). Even while cyberstalking may take a variety of forms, in the widest sense, it refers to stalking or mistreatment that occurs via the internet, such as through social media, chat groups, or email. Most people who engage in cyberstalking have some prior knowledge of the victims. Slander, defamation, and threats are all types of libel that may be used against people, groups, or even whole organizations (Holt, 2018). The goal may be to gain control over or frighten the victim and obtain information that may be used in other crimes such as identity theft or physical stalking, such as harassment. Internet users are not to fault, but there are plenty of easy targets in today’s world. Using social media as an example, many people nowadays have no qualms about openly disclosing personal information, having open conversations about their thoughts and wishes, or exposing imag
Introduction Many journals today deliberate on issues of transformational leadership and how best leaders can improve their roles to achieve good performance at workplace. They offer access to vital information in quality leadership. For instance, these journals may largely address how efficient and effective leadership standards can be practiced both at individual and organizational level. On the other hand, global competition for journal quality has put overwhelming pressure on editors. As a result, much effort is being put in place to produce credible information and materials of high quality. This essay will explore and critically analyze ten different peer reviewed journals that deliberate on transformational change as a core role and requirement in effective leadership practices. Journal of Business Ethics The article “Improving the ‘‘Leader–Follower’’ Relationship: The Ethical Leadership Trickle-Down Effect” (Ruiz, Ruiz & Martinez, 2011, pp.587-608) deliberates on the phenomenon of leadership. According to Ruiz, Ruiz, and Martinez (2011), effective leadership in organizations may not be a reality in the absence of ethics. This article creates an understanding of leadership role, how it can positively or negatively impact organizational performance, employees and the business world at large. Furthermore, it illustrates the transformational role of leadership that can be attained through acceptable moral practices. It is important to underscore the fact that ethics in leadership and well guided moral principles play critical role in enhancing performance of workers. On the same note, ethical leadership works best and is reflected in a scenario where a leader in a higher hierarchical level relates well with the subordinates (Ruiz, Ruiz, & Martínez, 2011). Indeed, It is my belief that cordial relationship fosters confidence between workers and management of any organization. It is also an important ingredient in enhancing excellent performance. The article further explores and reviews findings from empirical studies on transformational leadership and the trickle-down effect. Leadership roles in terms of morality and positive job outlook have also been explored in detail (Ruiz, Ruiz, & Martínez, 2011). The authorship also argues that positive action or response by a subordinate at workplace is a good indicator of effective leadership. American Journal of Community Psychology American Journal of Community Psychology has an article entitled “Building capability throughout a change effort: leading the transformation of a police agency to community policing” (Ford, 2007, pp. 321–334) that showcases ways in which effective leadership can transform a community. Realistically, the article explores how leadership in police agencies can impact positive changes especially in community policing (Ford, 2007). By fact, it is imperative to note that embracing the concept of community polici
Underground railroad Underground Railroad greatly influenced many African American families, especially between 1810 and 1850, when the network took its full course. The underground railroad acted as an effective informal network that involved safe houses, and secret routes that enabled black slaves in America to escape from slavery bondage. The blacks escape were towards the North where slavery was illegal and laws to guard the blacks against related discrimination were established. The escape was usually enhanced by sympathetic individuals and some abolitionists, who were either blacks or whites. The term underground railroad has a deeper meaning and does not really mean the subterranean but rather it symbolic and describes the resistance. The railroad in this case was a terminology use d to describe the consistent use of rail transport words. The term can also be used to refer to those individuals who facilitate the escape of Slaves. The Underground railroad ad escapees were organized in a number of small and independent groups. This was maintained to enhance total secrecy and a non noticeable escape. Although some of these group members had information regarding connection stations, and meeting point, the information and details the environment that they were to encounter on in the area was inadequate, and this needed assistance from abolitionist and other sympathizers. The escaping process involved the movement of slaves from a station to another towards the north, where slavery was illegal, and the process was usually facilitated by former slaves, abolitionists who were mostly whites, churches, native Americans, and fellow blacks who were born free. (HAB 2006). The routes of escaping were usually many, and the participants of the Underground railroad had a specific part of the operation. This made these individuals have information and details of these specific parts. In these routes, there were spots that were specified for resting and were mainly held by stockholders. Various individuals specifically stockholders, provide money and material assistance to these escaping slaves. The escape conductors were a time forced to behave like the slaves, enter plantations, and direct them to the North. The night’s darkness did not stop the slaves from moving, and despite how dense the darkness was, they only stopped at stations during the day to get rest. The escape process required continuous communication between slaves, conductors, and station masters, and stakeholders. While resting in one station, they need to communicate with the master of the next station to inform his/her on the progress of the runaway on the Underground Railroad escape. The process involved a lot of volunteering for the benefit of runaways. Many sympathizers or rather volunteers would donate money and clothing for them. In some cases where trains or boats facilitated transport tickets, and also to purchase clothing. The boat and train transportation as