ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Author Herman Melville began writing the novella Billy Budd, Sailor in 1890, toward the end of his life. Published posthumously in 1924, Billy Budd, Sailor tells the story of a violent incident on a merchant ship wherein a young sailor’s captain orders him executed for the capital crime of murder. At the time that Herman Melville began writing the novella, the literary relevance of his work, and popular interest in his novels and short stories, was virtually non-existent. He had, in fact, published nothing in a decade (Cohen 7). As an old man, Herman Melville grappled with questions of religion and spirituality, and these questions colored the style of his writing, which became increasingly religiously allegorical in his later years. Melville’s lifelong friend and fellow writer Nathaniel Hawthorne observed that by the end of Melville’s life he “has suffered from too constant literary occupation, pursued without much success, latterly; and his writings, for a long while past, have indicated a morbid state of mind” (Cohen 7). Hawthorne also spoke of Melville’s constant wrestling with religious questions: “Melville, as he always does, began to reason of Providence and futurity, and everything that lies beyond human ken, and informed me that he had ‘pretty much made up his mind to be annihilated’; but still he does not seem to rest in that anticipation…. He can neither believe, nor be comfortable in his unbelief; and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other” (Cohen 7). Melville’s inability to come to a clear position on religious matters shines in Billy Budd, Sailor , a story which presents the disturbing dilemma of the execution of an innocent man, essentially a victim of envy and gossip, who is brought down by the betrayal of one of his own: a fellow sailor. In critic Esther Smith’s words, in Melville’s twilight years, “as the biographical nature of his material gave way to his increasingly painful spiritual struggles, his work grew richer but darker” (Smith 1). The dark major theme of Billy Budd, Sailor , is that of sacrifice, specifically, the blood of an innocent shed to atone for the sins of the multitude, much like the biblical story of Jesus Chr
Summary of the Article Authored by Holt and Daspit, the article “Diagnosing Innovation Readiness in Family Firms” is an informative piece that addresses the issue of innovation in family businesses. The two authors acknowledge the huge role played by innovation in ensuring that such family-related ventures remain operational and competitive in their respective markets. However, implementing some innovations may suffer a major drawback, especially if some of the parties involved are not well prepared to execute such endeavors to the latter. Consequently, although the problem is not explicitly stated, the article attempts to examine the issue of members’ readiness before implementing their plans as a major factor to consider when evaluating the success of innovation in family businesses. To test the extent of awareness, these authors deploy the Readiness for Innovation in Family Firms (RIFF) model as a tool for capturing data through interviews directed to proprietors or leaders of family businesses. This method can help business administrators in evaluating situations before implementing their key ideas because the framework introduces various aspects that are linked to innovation preparedness. Although the article does not directly state its findings, the application of the above method seems to be fruitful when adopted by family business managers. Such people are well positioned to consider different family, personal, and business-related elements that, in turn, indicate the extent to which the venture can successfully go through the innovation implementation phase. Nonetheless, the study’s thesis is apparent. According to the article, family businesses that adopt the RIFF model have higher chances of emphasizing particular elements that have a bearing on their ventures, thus enhancing chances of success. A Critical Evaluation of the Article Holt and Daspit’s problem is not overtly stated. However, a keen examination of the article’s introductory paragraphs seems to suggest the issue that these authors wanted to investigate. In particular, the concept of innovation is presented as a crucial element in today’s ventures, especially those that wish to remain functiona
In the nineteenth century, nationalism was the most powerful and successful political might. It came into emergence from two major sources. The first was the Romantic excitement of “identity” and “feeling” and the common sensibility was moving toward the Liberal attitude that was looking forward to a state that was essentially based on a nation’s masses rather than on God, dynasty, or colonial domination. The two movements, the “identity nationalism” and “civic nationalism” (the Liberal side) were the forces gushing out of the middle-class sensibility. In the 19th century, nationalism saw an outlet in the form of music, with other channels also being practice. It spread, in this very century, across Slavic countries; some of these countries had it as the revival and some of them just saw it as the emerging force. Every nation under this influence came to exercise its voice toward national identity. Although an overall wave of nationalism can be seen in this century, it would be a right observation to state that this movement was not like streamlined efforts; instead, it was felt and consulted at different stages in different countries. Some musicians came to participate in this movement from Spain to Sweden, and from Finland to Russia. However, the most prominent names of nineteenth-century musicians in different countries are Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) from Finland; Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) from Bohemia; Guiseppe Verdi (1813-1901) from Italy, to name a few. It was with these composers that people came to a musical representation of some challenges and limitations regarding nationalism. This point in time is so highly marked that it is remembered today due to its unique status in musical history. Some areas were touched upon by these musicians from speaking loudly in the notes about their cultural heritage to relaying a message to the masses about the snobberies of the aristocratic class. Different composers saw the situation from their points of view and mingled this sensibility with that of the overall nationalism being felt from one nation to another. There is no doubt that music came to find a new stature in this very century when it moved along with the political movement and cultural changes of the nineteenth century (Halsall, 1997). For the scope of the present study the musician to be examined with his works regarding musical nationalism of the nineteenth century is Czech composer, Bedrich Smetana. Bedrich Smetana Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) is a highly influential name in connection with the Czech struggle and the voice for nationalism through musical composition. The influence of this musician is so gravely felt on the Czech musical canvas this Smetana is today considered the father of Czech nationalism. The prominent features of Smetana’s musical compositions are far from many; however, his creativity and originality of thought and expression are considered to be the focal point regarding his historical fame and popularity in the musical world today. It was these qualities th
The career of many actors in Hollywood is based on the image created by the film studio’s bosses to promote new products. The top of Alfredo James Pacino’s career is associated with the 1970s when ‘New Hollywood’ developed. Al Pacino was an unknown actor when he was chosen for the role in The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It is important to note that the role of Michael Corleone made Al Pacino one of the most famous film gangsters. Moreover, the promoted image of a mobster determined the further career of Al Pacino who is famous today for his characters of handsome and influential bandits. ‘New Hollywood’ of the 1970s was characterised by paying much attention to both mainstream and auteur cinema. The mainstream directors such as Francis Ford Coppola depended on the vision and position of the studio’s producers. Casting actors for the role of Michael Corleone, Francis Ford Coppola took risks while choosing Al Pacino for the role because his appearance was discussed by the producers as inappropriate for the character. Thus, “cast by Francis Ford Coppola against all advice, nearly fired for under-emoting, Pacino enters The Godfather (72) as an All-American boy”, and his appearance of an Italian-American becomes the remarkable feature important for accentuating the character of Michael Carleone in contrast to the producers’ vision 1 . Such conflicts in opinions were typical for the work process, but the viewpoints of producers and executives were usually taken into consideration. Furthermore, “the economic imperatives of the industry shaped the very nature of the product itself” 2 . Thus, directors and actors were hired by Paramount Picture’s studio, and the opinion of the producers was extremely important for creating the image of a star. Al Pacino’s Michael Carleone was one of the leading figures in The Godfather (1972), but the main accents were made on Marlon Brando’s character. The situation changed in 1974 when the second part of the trilogy was produced. The studio’s producers chose the image of Al Pacino to promote The Godfather. Part II (1974) because of the popularity of Michael Carleone’s character playing by Al Pacino. The Godfather. Part II (1974). DVD Cover 3 According to Klaprat, “in promoting the pictures, the advertising and publicity departments built up the uniqueness of the star by transforming his or her personal life to match the screen persona” 4
Ophthalmic Drops Ophthalmic suppositories comprise intraocular disks, ointments, and drops. Always thought to be sterilized, they are repeatedly prescribed subsequent to cataract amputation. They are also utilized to treat such eye issues as glaucoma and various other contagions (Kowalski et al., 2012). Ophthalmic suppositories are as well utilized to appease exasperated flesh, expand or narrow the pupils, and to serve as a means of anesthesia. The problem with the ophthalmic drops is that this type of ophthalmic medication is accessible in a variety of concentrations. Therefore, it is imperative to certify that the patient is prescribed the right one so that the eye does not turn out to be hurt or irritated. The cornea of the eye comprises countless delicate nerve threads and is easily irritated by external stimuli (Salyani & Birt, 2015). The key point when instilling eye suppositories would be not to instill the medicine right on top of the cornea. The only place where ophthalmologic ointments, drops and intraocular disks should be put in the conjunctival sac. This part of the eye is not so delicate, and there is a much more suitable spot for instilling ophthalmic suppositories (McElhiney, 2013). I would recommend to softly wipe out any drainage along the eyelid boundary or internal canthus before instilling an ophthalmic medicine. The patient should start at the inner canthus and move in on the outer canthus. Keeping either in position can cultivate germs, upsurge the risk of contagion, and slow down the appropriate absorption of the medication (Salyani & Birt, 2015). Ophthalmic Ointments When instilling ophthalmic suppositories, the patients should not touch the tip of the medicine flask or tube to the eye. The latter is done in order to evade the transmission of bacteria to the medicine and damage to the eye. It is also advised not to press on the eyeball or touch the eye at all when making the conjunctival sac vulnerable to the external factors (Kowalski et al., 2012). It is advised to pull the eyelid down softly with the use of the thumb or index finger pushed against the cheekbone just under the lower eyelid. This would assist in showing the conjunctival sac and evading harming the eye. If the medicine ends up on the eyelid sideline, it is necessary to reiterate the process. If the medicine has the possibility to produce universal effects, put moderate pressure on the nasolacrimal channel for a minute or so (McElhiney, 2013). This would avert the medication from moving towar
Introduction Pakistan is a large and populous country which came into existence in 1947 after an armed struggle from the British colonizers. Since then, the country has had a turbulent history ranging from the aggression against their neighbor India to conflicts with militant groups along its borders. The insecurity experienced in Pakistan has led to the nation being classified as a failing state by some countries among the international community. This paper shall argue that Pakistan is a failing state and is in danger of becoming a fully failed state if it continues on the same path. To reinforce this claim, this paper shall articulate the characteristics of a failed state that Pakistan currently exhibits. Characteristics of a Failed State Rotberg (2004, p.85) characterizes failed states as being “tense, deeply conflicted, dangerous, and contested bitterly by warring factions. While Pakistan has a functional government, the country is characterized by bitter warring factions. The government and civilians continue to suffer from the sporadic suicide attacks that are perpetrated and civilian causalities are high. While the Pakistani government has launched numerous operations against the militants, the attacks continue to occur with increasing frequency. Another characteristic of failed states is that the central government is not able to control all its territory. This is the case with Pakistan and Hains (2008) notes that while the geographical region known as Pakistan appears as a unified state on the map, the region is not wholly under the control of any single government as is typical of a fully functioning nation-state. The Pakistan government has a marginal control of Baluchistan which is Pakistan’s largest province. In the Sparsely populated tribal lands, the Pakistani government has little to no control and Tribal leaders are the law in these regions. Baluchistan became a part of Pakistan after forceful annexation by Pakistan army following the 1947 independence. Since then, the people of Baluchistan have been involved in an armed conflict with Pakistan in a bid to annex themselves from the state. Failing states are also characterized by a loss of monopoly by the government over the use of physical force. The Northwest border of Pakistan with Afghanistan is one of the regions where the central Pakistan government exhibits very little control. This region which is referred to as the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) is a hub of illegal fire arms and a training ground for militants. As a result of the lawlessness in the tribal regions of Pakistan, the country acts as a safe haven for terrorist groups. As a matter of fact, the Pakistan Taliban is able to operate in Pakistan with the protection of the tribal leaders The Pakistan army breached the FATA for the first time during the 2002 US led war on terror in the region. Four years into the incursion, the Pakistan army made a retreat from the region as a result of huge casualties suffered in the region. This led to the signing of a peace deal with the Taliban in the Waziristan region. Hains (2008) asserts that the signing of the peace treaty was eq
Introduction Sexual selection theory proposed by Charles Darwin stating that the frequency of traits can increase or decrease depending on the attractiveness of the bearer, has biologists today distinguish between “male to male combat” where males usually fight, “mate choice” where females usually choose male mates, and “mate coercion” forced mating. Consequently, traits selected for by male combat are called weapons, and traits selected by female mate choice are called ornaments. Lately, attention has been given to cryptic female choice, a phenomenon in internally fertilizing animals such as mammals and birds, where a female may simply dispose of a male’s sperm without his knowledge as Eberhard (1996) proposed. Likewise, sperm competition is the equivalent in male-to-male combat. It has been generally accepted that the exact effect of sexual selection depends on the sex ratio usually slightly biased in favor of the “limiting” sex generally females. In addition, male-to-male combat is also classified as intrasexual competition, while mate choice and mate coercion are also known as intersexual competition. Females usually mate with males having external ornaments or exaggerated features of morphology. It was proposed that these may arise due to an arbitrary female preference for some aspect of male morphology initially increased by genetic drift, creating selection for males with the appropriate ornament known as the sexy son hypothesis. Alternatively, the good genes hypothesis proposes that in order to enable males to develop great ornaments, they simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism, features that also benefit females. This paper shall try to review sexual selection in beetles for future research topics using information from the primary literature, specifically biological journals. Discussion Generally, sexual selection is believed to be a potent force in the evolution of morphology in sexually reproducing species where large size in a trait is favored by sexual selection the trait often exhibits positive allometry. With the premise that mating behavior in whirligig beetles consists of males attempting to grasp reluctant females using enlarged protarsi or pretarsal pads, Fairn et al (2007) used allometry and a mating experiment to investigate sexual selection pressures on accessory glands, intromittent genitalia (aedeagus), and pretarsal pads in males of the whirligig beetle Dineutus nigrior Roberts. The study was able to establish that accessory gland size exhibited positive allometry and males with larger accessory glands were more likely to copulate suggesting that larger size in this trait is favored by sexual selection. In addition, it was observed that males with large
Introduction The ancient Greek city of Miletus was home to two pre-Socratic philosophers in 600 B.C. The Milesian philosophers, Thales and Anaximander, advanced a rational or scientific explanation for the metaphysical elements of the universe that departed from the mytho-poetic reasoning of the time. Their primary areas of concern were cosmology and the “ultimate stuff” that makes up the universe (Idang 78). The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast Thales and Anaximander in relation to their philosophical speculations and ideas. Similarities between Thales and Anaximander Thales (624-547 BC) is considered the earliest philosopher to diverge from the traditional mytho-poetic perspective on the universe. He offered a rational explanation for the origin and evolution of the physical world, stating that ‘everything is water’. In his view, the basic element of everything was water or any of its different states (Fieser par. 4). Here, Thales applied the concept of ‘arche’ or origin to explain the fundamental principle of all phenomena. His view of water as the underlying principle of the world stems from his observation that moisture was present in all animal and plant life, including seeds (Idang 62). Anaximander (610-546 BC), also a Milesian philosopher, was Thales’ student. The two concurred on the view that all things are constituted from a universal entity or fundamental principle. Anaximander called this entity the ‘boundless’, alluding to an infinite material that was the source of all things. In his view, the boundless was the source material that makes up the cosmos. Thus, the two philosophers concurred on the view that a single material accounts for everything in the universe. Another point of convergence between the two philosophers relates to the rejection of mytho-poetic explanations of the world’s existence. As Idang writes, the Achaean mythological and poetic traditions appealed to common sense or logical premises (43). Thales and Anaximander broke away from the Greek traditional stories by attributing existence to an underlying principle that was not perceptible by the senses. Their explanations defied the logical or rational reasoning of the time. The two philosophers also subscribed to the classical view of four earthly elements of air, water, fire, and earth. In addition, Anaximander introduced the concept of an ‘ur-stuff’, i.e., the matter that was implicit in the four natural elements. Anaximander’s ‘ur-stuff’ was comparable to Thales’ water that constituted everything on earth. Their explanations were firstly naturalistic, i.e., natural elements
Introduction In workplaces, challenges come from the environment of the job and can impact the employee’s productivity. Bullying in workplaces is a sensitive issue that has been disturbing around the world and it may have adverse effects on the victims. Mostly, bullies influence some aspects such as power, and physical energy to intimidate among other issues around their personality. When bullying happens in workstations, inferior employees tend to have a situation of unrest due to the moments when they are forced to be flexible with their bosses’ schedules and programs. This paper explores bullying at Canada Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) where one of the staff namely; Jiani Ghomeshi, had frequently intimidated his fellow radio presenters because of the celebrity stereotyping and influence he had on the management. Summary of the Case At CBC, Ghomeshi, who was hired at the firm due to his success in performances, had shown skillful productivity during a radio show named Q. However, some issues happened in the radio station that made Ghomeshi’s colleagues start to express their grievances to Arif Noorani, executive producer, and Linda Groen, the director of network talk radio at CBC. The Q staffers complained that Ghomeshi had taken the radio show as his fiefdom. They expressed against Ghomeshi alleging that he was late at work often and he made them reschedule their programs in his favor. The staff also criticized that Ghomeshi frequently reacted negatively to light provocation and he threatened to harm them based on their reputation with the management. Ghomeshi was said to have pressured other staff by punishing them when he was required to authenticate various things during work. Most of the time he did not receive their calls nor did he answer their emails. The employees reported that calls from Ghomeshi came at all hours and he had forced them to be alert to his communication at any moment. Ghomeshi readily took credit for other people’s work and he was able to influence the management, something that the radio show members felt uncomfortable with. Negative Behavior Associated with Ghomeshi and the Impacts The negative behavior attributed to Ghomeshi is intimidation, taking advantage of Q radio presenters, and failing to follow work ethics. Ghomeshi did not consider other employees to have equal power as his own, rather disregarded them since he was more successful than them. The star had physically assaulted Kathryn Borel in 2010 when she had reported him to Noorani about the previous mistreatment. According to labor laws, it is against the law to harass female employees since it is a violation of laws. The hostility that Ghomeshi had is attributed to someone who does not credit other people’s efforts and contributions to the radio. The vices that were associated with Ghomeshi made him an unfair character when it cam