ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Moral Determinants of Health In contemporary society, medical institutions are considered to be repair units that aim at correcting various harmful effects of the social determinants of health. These elements include birth and early childhood conditions, the aspects of community resilience, and problems connected to wealth and income. However, it is proposed in the article that to improve the health of individuals and communities, the government should focus on influencing the moral law within. In case the professionals try to impact the moral determinants of health, they would be able to encourage significant improvements in various spheres of life. By dictating a shared goal of health and having a collaborative rather than individual purpose, physicians and nurses can put the U.S. society on the right path towards well-being. In other words, medical specialists should not only focus on healing sick individuals but also participate in improving social conditions. This goal can be achieved by speaking up, sharing opinions, voting during elections, addressing various societal issues. Therefore, the social determinants of health can be influenced only after changing the moral law within. “Medicine in Mind” and “How to Stay Sane While Black” Summary The article “Medicine in Mind” discusses mental conditions and their relation to various problems connected to the human body. One of the most important points is that the more research is conducted to discover the brain the easier it will be to ignore the relationship between the body and the mind. Psychiatric correction with words and training can have the same healing effect as drugs or medical therapy. The article “How to Stay Sane While Black” is a personal statement by a black girl who has always felt pressured and disrespected because of her skin color. Even though she attends a therapist and has a chance to share her pain, she never feels better. She believes that nothing can be done about the situation because being black is in her blood; thus, disrespect will always exist.
While discussing the moral problem of the opium trade between Britain and China in the 1840s, it is important to refer to Samuel Warren’s pamphlet, The Opium Question, that was written in 1840. Warren was a famous writer of his period, and The Opium Question became a result of Warren’s cooperation with James Matheson, who was interested in presenting his vision of the Opium War, as well as William Jardine’s views.[1] Therefore, while speaking about the morality of the opium issue, it is important to focus on the following question that requires its further discussion: Why did Warren, analyzing the morality of the opium trade, tend to describe opium merchants as not accountable for their activities? The answer is that Warren preferred to criticize both the British and Chinese governments for developing the war and promoting immorality, but in fact, the author presented the situation from Jardine’s viewpoint to support his position in society. Therefore, the critique of the governments was more effective than the discussion of merchants’ role in this situation. Thus, the moral problem of the opium trade, reflected in the courses selected by the British and Chinese governments, was explained from the political perspective rather than ethical. In his pamphlet, Warren introduced the question of the morality of the opium trade along with the question of merchants’ guilt. Thus, he stated in his work: “The vilest and most sordid motives are attributed to the opium merchants, who are represented as, for their own miserable gain, corrupting the morals and destroying the lives of the Chinese.”[2] However, the author accentuated that the critique should be shifted to the activities of the emperors rather than to merchants. According to Su, Warren promoted the idea that merchants could not be discussed as “accountable for the moral rights and wrongs of dealing the drug when the British government explicitly condoned the Company’s activities.”[3] The author paid more attention to the ineffective actions of Great Britain, and opium merchants were presented as victims of the situation in which they followed the rules adopted by Britain and China in the Opium War. The tone and style of The Opium Question were similar to other works and articles that were published during the period. According to Cassan, the tone of the pamphlet showed “the manner in which Jardine intended to present his side of the argument to the public.”[4] From this point, Jardine emphasized the aspect of patriotism in the context of the Opium War.[5] Despite the fact that Warren criticized Britain’s course along with China’s one, it was important to demonstrate an unethical character of the Chinese officials’ actions against the British traders and residents in China. The focus of the morality discussion was shifted according to the British authorities’ needs. Thus, the context in which Warren wrote the pamphlet influenced the po
George and Lydia are characterized as parents who are disconnected from their children. Lydia initially realizes that their kid’s nursery obsession has distracted their home while. The wife realized the negative effects of the nursery on their home. She tells the husband to act by shutting off the home entertainment facility. The wife stays at home with the offspring, Peter and Wendy, while the husband is at work; it accounts for the difference in their perception of the nursery’s home effect. Lydia knows the reality of the unhealthiness of the nursery. The husband’s thinking is that he is providing enough for his children, and wants nothing to disrupt it. He does not recognize that the technology is affecting his kid’s social interaction and emotional expression. George’s perception changes in the story’s course as he now spends more time at the nursery realizing the abnormality of the African scenery. He realizes the nursery has adversely affected his kids and thinks of bringing in a psychiatrist. George noticed his children might be violent and angry because of the technology. He regretted how he had let the nursery control his home, daughter, and son. He wonders with his wife how technology had transgressed their relationship with Peter and Wendy. The choosing of African veldt affected the children’s relationship and their characterization. Peter’s and Wendy’s relationship with their parents had broken as they were not communicating. The expression of bloody scenes and violence dictates how the daughter and son were mentally unhealthy. The story airs the thematic concerns of the effects technology can have on human beings, especially children. The parents had falsely believed that incorporating excess technology in their kids would make their home a happy one. Instead, technology overtook the interaction of their offspring with their parents as they interacted more with the machines and objects.
Introduction According to the Crime Victimization Report 2005, American citizens have experienced 23 million violent (rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and property (burglary, motor vehicle theft, theft) victimizations. Even though the violent crime rate remained unchanged in 2004-2005 and the property crime rate declined, it is vital to track and analyze the crime incidents to get a better understanding of crime sociology. This report is aimed at outlining the key findings coming from various data sources to crime data, the trends in crime rates, types of crimes, and victim characterization changes. Methodology The report presents data on violent and property crimes from the National Crime Victimization Survey and data on homicide from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting System. Both of these sources are official. Primary information was collected through personal interviews of 77,000 households and 134,000 individuals (response rate 90.7% for households and 84.3% for individuals). Information collected through interviews can be considered unofficial. Types of crimes Year 2005 was marked by increase in firearm violence the 24% of all violent crime incidents committed by an armed offender (9% by an offender with a firearm). It was investigated that males were more vulnerable to violence by strangers, while females were more often victimized by non-strangers. Only 47% of all violent victimizations and 40% of all property crimes were reported to police. The incidents of violent crimes have decreased for rape/sexual assault only, while increased for robbery and aggravated assault. Incidents of personal theft and household burglary have increased, while incidents of motor vehicle theft and theft have decreased. In addition, the number of persons murdered has increased by 4.8% between years 2004 and 2005. Based on this information, the homicide rate for 2005 was estimated as 5.7 per 100,000 individuals. Moreover, the increase in number of murders was the most significant in Midwest and South. Average annual rates of attempted or threatened violence, robbery with injury and simple assault (without injury) has declined. According to collected data, the estimated crime victimization rates in 2005 were the lowest in the past thirty years. Comparing changes in crime victimizations rates, the overall violent crime rate fell 58% between years 1993 and 2005. Sexual assault fell 69%, robbery – 57%, aggravated assault – 64%, simple assault – 54%, household burglary – 49%, motor vehicle theft – 56%, and theft rate fell 52%. Characteristics of victims According to the report, violent victimization has decline in every demographic group: for males rate declined 57%, against females fell 58%. As NCVS survey suggested, the rate of violence among whites in 2005 was 20.1 per 1,000, for blacks 27.0, and for other races 13.9. Males were victims of overall violent crime while females were victims of sexual ass
Psychosis Psychosis is a critical medical condition which indicates abnormal functioning of the brain as a result of disturbances. Patients of psychosis lose touch with reality as portrayed by the way they think, believe, perceive or behave. The condition is sometimes associated with distress and disorientation. It can be treated but in cases of ineffective treatment, then it becomes a big challenge to the patients and their immediate families (Psychosis, 2012). This implies that once its stmptoms are identified, patients should seek immediate medical attention. In some occasions, psychosis starts to show itself slowly over time such that it is not easy to discover it during the initial stages. In other situations, the symptoms show themselves spontaneously making it easy for the individuals and people close to them to identify that there is an abnormal healthy condition. The symptoms are not universal since they are unique among different individuals and are susceptible to changes as time goes by. The beginning of the psychotic symptoms is referred to as its first episode (Definition of Psychosis, 2012). Anybody can be a victim of psychosis especially individuals between the ages of 16 and 30 years. It affects both females and males with males experiencing the symptoms earlier than females. Individuals whose families have cases of acute mental illnesses are exposed to greater probability of suffering from the condition. Symptoms of Psychosis Behavior Change Individuals experiencing psychosis exhibit behavior that deviates from their normal ways of behaving. Often, they seem de-motivated and extremely lethargic and all they do is only to rest. They find it difficult to begin projects or complete what they had started. In addition, they may stop taking care of themselves by abandoning personal hygiene while others become suddenly active and appear restless. Individuals at times experience difficulties in managing their roles like work, personal finances or studies. This causes them to behave aggressively, recklessly, impulsively or even reverting to irresponsible sexual relations. Other symptoms may influence the behavior of individuals experiencing psychosis. For example, an individual with delusive thoughts that they have been given bad food may decline to take it. They may also exhibit strange facial expressions or may move repeatedly in the same manner. Such movements and strange facial expressions are caused by delusions and hallucinations (Compton & Broussard, 2009). Changes in Emotions Individuals who suffer from psychosis express emotions different from the ones they normally express. For some of them, maintaining the normal emotion range becomes difficult hence they speak flatly and in an emotionless manner. They become disinterested in the world and are often removed f
Introduction Evaluating competitors in the market helps a company to come up with strategic options of having an edge in the market (Jacques 98). One Touch Direct (OTD) is an international provider of marketing and call centers solutions. The company is aimed at providing customers with high quality services for increasing their revenues without violating the integrity of their brands. Critical analysis of external opportunities and threats can be helpful for exploring the potential sources of revenues and implementing appropriate strategies for meeting the growing demands of the market sector and creating a competitive edge for the company. Scope of rivalry Companies are realizing the need for establishing a long lasting relationship with customer even after a transaction has been completed (Lambin 78). This became a precondition for the growing interest to outsourcing of the telephone call services instead of organizing a contact center within the company. One Touch Direct company was established to provide call services to these companies that can’t afford the costs and human resources to establish their own call centers. The company also offers marketing services to these companies in order to attract customers and thus increase the companies’ revenue. Competing firms both locally, regionally and internationally have been established in order to offer call services to the large number of customers. Over 100,000 call centers have been established in North America to meet the rising demand of call services to business and therefore, the company competes with these regionally. There are local companies providing call services and thus competing with One Touch Direct Company. These local centers were about 56,900 in Canada. Nationally, the company faces competition from United States which has 3,950 call centers. The Inktel Direct is the main OTD’s local competitor, working in the same sector and targeting at the same group of potential customers. Analysis of the main strengths and weaknesses of the competitor is needed for taking away its customers and overcoming the competition. For example, the choice of appropriate pricing strategies depends upon the analysis of average prices in the sphere. At the same time, the company should adopt the experience of its competitors as to implementation of the innovative technologies and reducing the operational
Introduction Infants require proper nutrition to enable them to develop their bodies physically mentally, and socially. Once a child is born, the first food the child needs is the mother’s milk. This implies that breastfeeding is greatly important to a newborn baby. During this tender age, the feeding procedure of the baby is very challenging to some people, mostly in developing countries (Lande et al. 2003). Optimal infant feeding involves initiatives that empower mothers to start breastfeeding the child starting from the first day continuously for the period between six months and two years. Mental nutrition is another important aspect to observe so that the infant and the mother’s nutritional status are safeguarded. Apart from the mother’s milk, the child requires additional nutrients from different kinds of food after some time. During the winning period, the child is introduced to semi-solid foods that help to boost nutrient supply in the body. This prevents the nutritional status of the child. Children who fail to get proper nutrients in addition to the mothers’ milk experience greater problems during their life. Studying this topic is of great importance to both men and women. This is because parents require to understand the nutritional requirements of their children as they develop into an adult. This topic is also important to health providers (Kersting et al. 2005). They have to offer proper advice to parents who have problems with the nutritional requirements of their young kids. Through proper implementation of better programs, the developing nations can realize a reduction in the death of children from poor nutrition (Black et al. 2004). Guiding and counseling groups can also play an important role in advising parents on how to feed their children once they are born. This research provides important information to the developing nations for readjusting their health and educational organization to include feeding programs, which can greatly reduce the rate of young children who die due to malnutrition. I intend to look at several issues in this paper. First, I will summarize each of the three researches giving a brief description of their background information. Secondly, I will describe briefly how the studies were carried out and present major findings. I will also critically analyze the researches according to assumptions, methods, and interpretations of the articles (Engle & Menon, 2000). Summary Complimentary food for infancy Gibson, Ferguson, and Lehrfeld carried out this research in developing nations with the view of assessing the nutrient and energy sufficiency in various complementary foods given to children during winning period. The research was based in different countries that are still developing. For example, it included countries like Malawi, Ghana Ethiopia, India, Papua New Guinea Thailand and Philippines. The investigators collected and selected recipes of complementary foods among the mentioned countries (Lande et al. 2003). Food and Nutrient Research Institute of Manila supplied the recipes from Philippines while Inst
Introduction Amazon.com was started by Jeff Bezos in the year 1994. It began as an online seller of books, which later developed and turned out to be the biggest non-travel e-commerce business in the entire world. The company is regarded as being a pioneer online retailer. It experienced growth in the course of the late 1990s and its operations and now expanded to involve selling “books, CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishing and housewares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets” (“History of Amazon.com, Inc.”, 2013, p.1). This company engages in selling products, through third-party agreements, from famous retailers. These retailers include Borders Group, Toysrus.com Inc., and Target Corporation among others (“History of Amazon.com, Inc.”, 2013). The use of technology by this company has driven its growth and it has been able to offer its clients an increased number of products in a more convenient way at reduced prices. It provides each customer with a tailored shopping experience, “book discovery through ‘Search Inside The Book’, convenient check out using ‘1-click Shopping’ and several community features like Listmania and wish Lists that help customers to discover new products and making informed buying decisions” (“Amazon.com Over
Determining When to Create a Job All businesses in one form or another come across situations where the need arises for more personnel to occupy certain positions. This can arise out of the natural process of employee retirement, company expansion, employee termination and other such instances where a position opens up that requires a person to fill it. There are instances though where a position is created not out of availability due to the aforementioned factors previously mentioned but rather through necessity. In such situations complications arise in businesses where additional manpower is apparently needed yet there is no definable position that was previously created for it. Defining how and when the need arises is thus a necessity of any competent manager/HR staffer since it is in their best interests to ensure that the company continues to function as efficiently as possible. In determining the necessity in creating a new job position several questions need to be asked, namely:  1. Is there a lack of efficiency in the work place as a result of accumulated tasked being subject to a single individual?  2. Would efficiency increase if someone were to be hired to accommodate these extra tasks?  3. Will the current budget of the company allow the hiring of new personnel?  4. What standards will be required for this particular position? It is only when such questions have been answered that it can be determined whether it is in the company’s best interests to create a new job position and fill it with a person capable of doing the job. Strategies in Outlining a Position’s details In creating an effective position outline what would be needed is to first define the skills and experience needed for a particular position and then define what responsibilities the position entails. What must be understood is that several studies examining the responses ordinary job seekers have when examining a job posting is that they see the responsibilities a position entails and usually have the following response “hey, I know I can do these responsibilities”, this results in them developing the notion that they can do the job based on the responsibilities and as such even though their skills and experience don’t match those listed in the job posting they still apply anyway. This results in two distinct problems:  1. A heavier workload for the recruiter in charge of looking for the right candidate for the
Organizational strategic planning involves the development, evaluation, and modernization of strategies for organizations. This type of accounting activity may be performed by means of competitor analysis, analysis of customer profitability, and cost analysis. An effective tool that allows for the integration of both non-financial and financial parameters into the measurement and management systems of strategic planning was designed by Kaplan and Norton (2001a, 2001b) and is focused on four primary strategies of the organization, namely, financial, customer, internal business processes and learning and growth. This tool, the Balanced Scorecard system, may be implemented both in private and public sectors of the economy as well as in non-profit organizations. Since its development, the Balanced Scorecard system became known as an effective tool for successful strategy implementation (Kaplan & Norton, 2001b). Indeed, series of studies (Butler, Letza, & Neale 1997; Fernandes, Raja, & Whalley 2006; Kaplan & Norton 2001a, 2001b) show that those organizations which risked using balanced scorecards in their financial management benefited in the establishment of better relationships with customers, development of new business processes, professional training of their employees and the development of new methods and technologies. All these comprehensive transformations became possible because of the clear strategy definition and its relation to all leverages that affected organizational changes. As beneficial and effective as it may be, the Balanced Scorecard system has its implementation difficulties. A series of research shows that the main implication of the Balanced Scorecard system is the stage of strategy definition (Butler, Letza, & Neale 1997; Kaplan & Norton 2001a). Butler, Letza, and Neale (1997) also state that the majority of organizations face difficulties in the search for measures of change leverages-strategy linkage. Fernandes, Raja, and Whalley (2006) observed that Kaplan’s system lacks a practical approach and that its implementation by many small and medium-size companies results in problems with KPI analysis, project management, and developing support systems. Kaplan and Norton (2001a) claim that the implications in the Bal