ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, when there are thousands of well-established restaurants, no independent venue will survive on the competitive market without having a sustainable competitive edge. By developing and implementing a mobile app for the restaurant business, a beginning restauranteur can easily stand out from their competitors who are not so keen on technology. Restaurant reservations apps provide venue managers with the ability to keep track of their table capacity, dining preferences of their guests, and reward points (“How Much”). App users can choose between different restaurants and make reservations using their smartphones. This paper aims to outline a business proposal for a restaurant app. The paper will analyze a company’s competitive strategy and propose a design for the application. Competitive Strategy E-Spoon is a company that specializes in the development, hosting, and management of online restaurant reservation services. The company’s E-Spoon mobile app will be designed for the United States market and will allow its users to search for food venues and make reservations based on a wide variety of parameters that include, but are not limited to, dates, price ranges, and cuisines. The major company’s competitors are Yelp, Opentable, UrbanSpoon, and Zomato (“The Best Online Reservation System”). In addition to delivering reservation services, mobile applications developed by the competitors provide their customers with the information on open and closing times as well as special offers. However, none of those applications allow their users to browse wait times. The company’s app will redefine attributes such as quality and excellence in simplicity by providing its customers with seamless user experience. E-spoon app will have the following features that are conspicuously missing from similar offerings by the company’s competitors:   * A paid feature that allows booking a spot on the line and skipping the line for   * Wait tables   * Siri, Cortana, and Google Now components for blind customers   * Diet plans based on customers’ food preferences Web Design Yelp Reservations app is one of the easiest booking apps on the market. Figure 1 shows the web design of the Yelp Reservations app. Figure 1. Yelp Reservations design Similarly to UrbanSpoon, OpenTable, and Zomato apps, the reservation system allows customers to make bookings using their smartphones (“How Much”). The app has a geolocation-based search that saves time for its users by sparing them from the necessity to enter a city of their residence. The user profile is another key feature that has to be a part of E-Spoon. It will allow the app users to store and review their photos as well as browse photos made by their friends (“How Much”). The design of the Yelp Reservations app also includes a review and rating feature that can potentially attract more customers. The analysis of the app suggests that the E-Spoon app should have a social sign-in option allowing its users to register through social media such as Twitter, Google+
Chad is going through a condition known as depression. Many people undergo a period of sadness as a normal reaction to the disappointments, struggles and setbacks in life. Depression accounts for more than one in ten years of life lived with disability. Its prevalence is ten percent, and it ranks fourth as causes of disability worldwide. The first step to managing the condition is to seek help from a medical doctor or preferably a mental health specialist. There are certain medications and medical conditions, for instance hyperthyroidism, which can cause depression-like symptoms. A doctor can examine the patient fully to rule out the differential diagnoses. If there are no significant findings, a psychological evaluation will have to be done. The case may then be referred to a mental health specialist. Once diagnosed with depression, the specialist will initiate treatment. It should be noted that one treatment will not work for everyone. Treatment is personalized to fit the individual’s needs. The approach to management is based on the biopsychosocial model. Optimal benefits are achieved from a combined approach. Biological treatment includes the use of antidepressants for six to eight months and if relapse occurs, continue for two years. Other physical treatments include electroconvulsive therapy, light therapy and psychological management. Electroconvulsive therapy is, however, not preferred by many patients due to its numerous side effects. These include confusion, disorientation and memory loss. These side effects usually disappear with time. The patient should give informed consent before allowing the procedure to be performed on them. Examples of antidepressants used include Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors and Mono-amide Oxidize Inhibitors. According to the Monoamine Hypothesis, these serve to increase the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels. Medications relieve the symptoms but are not a cure. There are two types of psychotherapies in use: cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps the individual think positive about themselves. It also helps in identifying the cause of the depression. Interpersonal therapy helps the individual understand and solve relationship problems that may be the cause their condition. Chad should learn how to recognize and accept his emotions. He should also ask for help from his friends and relatives. A strong social support system will speed up his recovery. For mild and moderate depression, psychotherapy is enough treatment. He should make healthy lifestyle changes. They are not easy to make, but they have a significant impact on depression. He should cultivate supportive relationships, exercise regularly and get adequate sleep. Eating healthy food and learning how to manage stress is also helpful. He should consider practicing relaxation methods and techniques. Learning how to build his emotional skills will give him the ability to cope with any adversities
Friedrich Nietzsche was a nineteenth-century German philosopher, philologist, writer, poet, and cultural critic. He is still well-known and highly respected for his invaluable contribution to modern philosophy and intellectual history, as well as his impressive thoughts about the human spirit and psyche. Nietzsche was extremely interested in exploring the origins of Greek tragedy, as well as finding out to what extent art can influence and enhance the health and growth of individuals. In his tremendously significant book, The Birth of Tragedy , Nietzsche discusses the nature of the tragedy and provides his profound ideas regarding how the Greek model may be used to understand the modern culture’s decline and possible rebirth. According to Nietzsche, two powerful primary forces make art work, and he identifies them with two Greek gods: Apollo and Dionisius. The former is the rationale, calm, and logical power aiming to weaken and harness the latter, the dynamic and chaotic force (Nietzsche, 1886). This is some kind of a problem that means that the passion, enthusiasm, and even unpredictability of both Greek tragedies and the art and life of the nineteenth century were and are being repressed (Nietzsche, 1886). Thus, to truly revive the modern culture, Nietzsche considered it necessary to begin to pay more respect to Dionisius and his energy of chaotic life movements. I agree with the philosopher’s opinion and think that this is precisely what is needed to make art more lively, energetic, and capable of awakening feelings and emotions. After all, this is precisely the purpose of art as a source of inspiration, passion, ideas, and dreams. Only such art can positively influence human health and growth. Moreover, since, according to Nietzsche, art and Greek tragedy, in particular, have two initial forces, they should always be and used equally for their influence to be balanced. Reference Nietzsche, F. (1886). The birth of tragedy . Holtof.
Introduction Following advancements in information technology, the scientific practice in the current century has increased the debate on whether experimentation is the same as simulation. In the past, scientists have relied on experimentation when carrying out different studies. This trend has begun to change since scientists are now combining experimental and simulation methods. This change has developed a new way to view and do science. Besides, the new trend has “created opportunities to review the roles that experiment and simulation play in the scientific process” (Parke, 2014, p. 521). In this paper, I seek to support the widespread perception among philosophers of science that experiments have epistemic superiority over computer simulations. However, I also build on this debate by showing that the distinction between experimentation and simulation reveals more information much concerning epistemic value. To defend the view that experiments have epistemic superiority, there are two main challenges that have to be addressed. The first challenge is to explore and determine the source of the epistemic privilege of an experiment. The second challenge is to show why this comparison is essential. Background Information An understanding of experiments as interventions in real-world systems differentiates them from simulations. Field experiments are differentiated from laboratory experiments simply according to their location (Barberousse, Franceschelli, & Imbert, 2008). Unlike within the confines of a laboratory, where scientists have control over numerous variables, field experiments might entail manipulating a single variable, such as preventing a certain species from a given geographic location. In this light, experiments are viewed as generating more reliable and trustworthy scientific knowledge. Simulations are viewed as only necessary when experiments are too costly or impossible. Even though they might be less comprehensive or fertile than experiments done for the generation of knowledge, simulations should not be viewed with suspicion and contempt because they have the potential to generate scientific knowledge. Parke (2014) claimed that such opinions on the inferiority of simulations to experiments are mere generalizations. Experiments allow for more direct and comprehensive analysis. Experiment vs. Simulation There is a widespread assumption that experiments are more precise than simulations, in the sense that they use tangible objects of study. This assumption plays a role in the concern among various experimental scientists that simulations are chosen merely because t
Introduction The Song Dynasty was an ancient Chinese empire famed for making much political and economic advancement that has been carried over to the modern-day. The Song Dynasty was split into two separate regions of the Northern Song and Southern Song. This Dynasty controlled almost sixty percent of China’s population. The empire had the most dynamic agricultural land that the Song used to empower the people of China. The Southern Song region had a large naval military in order to protect their region and waters from outside invasion. The empire had very advanced technology more than any other regime in China had managed to achieve. The Song Dynasty fell in 1279 and China became one nation under the Yuan Dynasty. (Benn, 236) Neo Confucianism in the Song Dynasty Neo Confucianism was established in China during the Song Dynasty. This religion was founded on Confucian beliefs during the period of the Qing Dynasty. The religion brought together fundamental concepts of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. The Confucians incorporated Buddhist ideas in their faith on the nature of the human spirit. The Neo-Confucians explored the relationship of human beings to the universe something that the Confucians had not practiced before. The major advocate of Neo-Confucianism was Zhu Xi, a creative writer who believed that human beings should sponsor social unity and good personal behavior. Neo-Confucians believed in the importance of maintaining high ethical values. They believed that for this to happen individuals were supposed to pursue both academic and philosophical practices in order to achieve the required standards. (Tu1, 190) Neo Confucians believed that heaven was a holy and wonderful place, which was enclosed. They argued that even though human beings were born well, they were not pure and therefore measures were supposed to be put in place to purify them. This in other words meant that people’s heaven required purification. Unlike Buddhists and Taoists, Neo-Confucians felt that there was no outer world that was separate from the world we live in. They, therefore, condemned the concept of rebirth and the related concept of destiny. They argued that heaven was in the world and that it existed inside the heart of a person. They, therefore, argued that meditation was important for one to be in touch with the inner being. They said that human beings were born with the knowledge of what was good and what was bad. In this way, they felt that one did not have to be taught or learn to know the difference. (Tu2, 198) Growth of the commercial economy in the Song dynasty The Song Dynasty experienced remarkable commercial expansion, financial growth, advanced trade as well as development in agriculture. Agriculture expanded in the Song Dynasty where large tracts of land were ploughed. The government advised the people to open new lands for farming. The government in a gesture of gratitude offered the land to the people permanently. Irrigation schemes were developed and new farming tools, seeds and fertilizers were developed. These produced many crops for the people that they
Introduction Growth is an inevitable process not only in human beings but also in all living organisms. There is a certain way that people expect that a child grow from infancy to adolescent/ teenage stage, to adulthood and finally to old age and a disruption of the process is considered to be an abnormality of a kind. Young people in the United States more especially the girls are deemed to be growing up too fast than expected an aspect that has attracted a lot of concern among parents and other responsible bodies. There are various factors that have been associated with this change in growth rate among the young girls as compared to the earlier generations. This paper investigates on this aspect with much emphasis being given to causes that leads to this. Growth of young girls in the United States Young girls in the United States are growing up in a relatively high rate than it is expected. This issue has been accrued to various reasons for instance the media (TV and Radio) and what it portrays, poor upbringing where the parents or caretakers do not guide the girls accordingly like in terms of supervision, addiction to many sites on the internet among others. According to Atwood (2006), the poor upbringing or rather lack of sufficient supervision of the young girls by their parents and their guardians is a contributing factor towards the tendency of the girls behaving like adults in a very tender age due to what they have been able to experience. Parents in the United States tend to be very busy in other aspects for instance jobs, leisure and businesses, leaving very little time to spend with their children and understand what they may be going through. The girls tend to have early exposure to sexual aspects for instance through the people around them who may even abuse them sexually or tell them that it is not wrong to engage in sexual behavior. For this reasons, they become used to sexual activities without their parents noticing and it is only when it is too late that this can be noticed for instance when they get pregnant or contract sexually transmi
Introduction Appearing at the merge of ethical and biological, cloning issues have been regarded as controversial since the very concept was born. After numerous cautionary tales about the consequences of plating God, humankind has been treating cloning rather carefully for understandable reasons. However, with the opportunities that cloning opens for patients, the time to reconsider the principles that should regulate cloning. The Ethical Issues Before going any further, it is necessary to stress that there are several types of cloning (Hochedlinger & Jaenisch, 2003), the specifics of which define the related ethical issues. DNA cloning Also known as recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning presupposes that a specific fragment of the DNA of one organism is transported to a self-replicating genetic element. The greatest concerns in the specified field are entering God’s domain and the results of the possible programming errors. Reproductive cloning Also being the most famous kind of cloning, reproductive cloning means creating a reduplicate of a certain organism. The obvious ethical concerns touch upon religion (playing God) and the consciousness of the clone. It is essential to mention that reproductive cloning is banned all over the world (Katayama, 2001). Therapeutic cloning When it comes to providing patients with donor cells to replace tissues, which therapeutic cloning is usually defined as the obvious moral concern is the moral status of the IVF embryos. The Current Principles As it has been stated above, it seems that at present, the approach towards cloning has not been defined yet. While cloning is generally considered controversial, it has been accepted as an acceptable practice in several states. It should be mentioned, though, that cloning has been prohibited in many states, including Arkansas, California, Michigan, and some others, as well as such countries as Canada, Romania, and Australia (Denker, 2009). In the rest of the world, cloning is looked with suspicion at, yet generally allowed. What Should Be Changed Since the research of the possibilities of cloning, as well as the opportunities that it opens for humankind, is still in process, it is worth stressing that the existing ethical principles have not been shaped well yet. In addition, it is necessary to stress that cloning can be approached from various ethical positions. Ethical relativism Whenever considering ethics as a part of a medical-rel
The late 19th century saw the introduction of the first women’s page. During this period of explicit and unfiltered sexism, society believed that women had peanuts for brains. The evolution of women’s page has evolved over the years in response to need. A women’s page serves as a space to help each other and chart the way forward. Replacing the women’s page and the style section or using them interchangeably will only work to push women aside. A Style Section should not replace the women’s page because it addresses women’s issues in a male-dominated society. The women’s page will help women more, and their affairs will be well-addressed in all aspects of life. Feminist issues are still worth talking about in our time. The discrimination against women might have reduced over the years, but all that was due to awareness being raised. There are still areas of society where sexism has not been fully addressed. Replacing the women’s page with style and fashion or using the two subjects interchangeably will only promote sexism because it communicates: “You are not that important, so we will give you the less important stuff.” While reading the newspaper, the style section is usually read for fun or not read. People want to read things that actually matter, something that impacts society at large, not “what am I going to wear today?”. In other words, women need a voice. The style section in any newspaper presents information that the public can do without, while the women’s page can actually help. Some of the issues facing women and which the Feminist Movement has been trying to address are:  1. Domestic Labor/Chores. It is not unlikely that you would find a woman letting go of her job to “take care of her family.” Man and wife might both be working a nine-to-five job, but the woman also will prepare food for the family, do the dishes and the laundry, prepare the kids for school and still “look nice” for the man. There should be an equal division of domestic labor between spouses or at least some agreement in the family setup concerning chores.  2. The Media – Advertisements on modern televisions can subtly propagate sexist mannerisms. The media uses products widely used by society to promote stereotypic information to the masses. Few organizations are dominated by the male ego, which has an idea of what a “real” man should look like at the cost of displaying a lesser version of women. A women’s page in a newspaper is a space where women can express themselves and communicate issues that concern them. Any other area in mainstream media has been saturated by males who know little to nothing about issues that affect women. In 2012, during the elections, a famous newspaper talked about Hillary Clinton’s pink lipstick and her sense of fashion as being off. Women have a voice and can contribute to society, thus emphasizing the women’s page rather than the style section. The women’s page encourages women to speak out, thus benefiting women. Cultural practices have pushed women to the point where a large part of them believe that they belong at the back of the line. The frontiers of feminist women use the women’s page to encourage those women to come o
The following is legal advice of the Acorn Computers (A) company’s legal position concerning the contractual problem with B supermarkets. It is a general rule that when an offer is made as was done by B supermarkets, the contract becomes binding the moment an acceptance is made by the offeree. In this regard, the acceptance is deemed effective the moment it is received by the offeror. For this to hold, the offeror should specify that acceptance takes effect when it is received in writing (O’Sullivan and Jonathan 8). However, in this case, B supermarkets did not give such a condition. On the contrary, they instructed the acceptance to be mailed within fourteen days. As a result, the postal rule which is an exception to the general rule applies. According to the postal rule, acceptance is deemed to have taken effect the moment a reply is properly posted and stamped. The postal rule supersedes the general rule whenever the reply should be communicated by post. It should be noted that the contract will still be binding even when the letter is delayed. However, it does not hold when the actions of the offeree cause the delay (O’Sullivan and Jonathan 12). In Adams v Lindsell (1818), an offer was made to sell wool by the defendant and required that acceptance be communicated through the post. The plaintiff did reply through the post in time, but the letter was delayed. The defendant sold the wool to another person assuming the plaintiff had no interest in the offer. The court held that the contract was biding since the plaintiff replied and the date of acceptance was taken to be the date when the letter was posted. In Re London v Northern Bank (1990), it was held that acceptance takes place when a letter is posted. In this regard, the day when a letter of acceptance bearing the correct address is deposited in the post box is taken to be the day of acceptance. It should be noted that the offeror has the authority to revoke an offer before the offer is accepted. In addition to a letter, the postal rule also recognizes telex and faxes as modes of communication (O’Sullivan and Jonathan 356). However, in the case of revocation, the communication takes effect when it is received by the offeree, and not when it is posted. Moreover, if the communication arrives outside working hours or when the machine is not on, it will take effect the next working day (O’Sullivan and Jonathan 357). In Henthorn v Fraser (1892), the defendant revoked the offer before receiving acceptance from the plaintiff. The Court of Appeal held that since the acceptance had been posted before the revoke was received, the revoke was ineffective and the contract was legally binding. It is important to note that the offer by C to B cannot revoke the initial offer of B because that is a different offer from a different entity. For an offer to q