ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This source includes a collection of letters written by women who experience female sexual arousal disorder. These people want to learn more about the underlying cause of their psychological and physiological difficulties. These letters are very informative because they throw light on the experience of many females living in the first half of the twentieth century. First of all, it is possible to say that they are extremely concerned about their inability to derive satisfaction from sexual intercourse. More importantly, these documents demonstrate that these women tended to blame themselves for this problem. Nevertheless, they did not think that these difficulties could be partly attributed to their husbands. This trend manifested themselves among women who might represent different social or racial groups. Additionally, this article shows that according to the norms, which existed during that time, sexual intercourse was one of the issues that could not be openly discussed. To a great extent, it was viewed as the “necessary evil” by people who could have different backgrounds (Faulkner, 155). This source does not throw much light on the relationship between marriage and sexuality to class and racial norms. The letters included in this document do not contain references to the concepts of class or race. Nevertheless, this document shows that women, who might represent different classes or racial groups, could be ashamed of having psychological or physiological problems. To some degree, these people felt marginalized because they could not perceive themselves as “normal” (Faulkner, 153). This reading does not show how exactly spouses could discuss these issues. Additionally, it does not show if men paid any attention to this problem. These are the main arguments that can be advanced. Works Cited Faulkner, Howard. Dear Dr. Menninger: Women’s Voices from the Thirties , London: UM Press, 2000. Print.
“Increased competition and concerns about economic performance have achieved “rights-based” employee participation more remote whilst encouraging the development of EI as a route to better market performance” (Marchington and Wilkinson 2005, p.399). Market performance for any institution is a key and important factor for any institution. The performance of any company mainly relies on the board of managers and the workers of the whole company. Due to the increased competition in the economy from various companies producing the same commodities, there is a need for any specific company to ensure that its operation standards are maintained as high as possible. For the maintenance of the high standards of any company, there is a need for employee participation to be fully embraced. Employer participation involves creating opportunities for the employees of a company to also give their views and to participate in the decision making of the company i.e. a process of employee involvement is a process created to enable the workers to take part in decision making of the matters in the company that directly affects their affairs. Employee involvement is all about creating ways that can make workers support and work towards achieving the company objectives (McCarthy 1966). In most of the practical companies and institutions, the issue of employee participation is not embraced very much because of; there is fear by the managing body of the employees championing for some key issues that might be beneficial to them and in one way or another disadvantage the company. Moreover, the employee enjoys the power of the vote hence trough voting, they can bring about massive changes in an institution some of which might negatively impact the working and overall productivity of the institution. However, most institutions mainly embrace the issue of employee involvement because this does not involve giving the employees a chance of making decisions. What employee involvement normally does is to encourage the employees to fully participate in activities that solely benefit the activities of the company by always increasing the profitability. This doesn’t directly benefit the workers. This is however not the expectations of what should be on the ground. Both of these issues like employee involvement and employee participation should be fully embraced. It is generally conceded that, in the liberal democratic world, working people should have the right to participate in the making of decisions that critically affect their working lives (Webb & Webb 1897, p.559). Once the companies can decide to embrace these two policies of employee participation and employee involvement, there is no doubt that the two parties i.e. the company and the workers will benefi
Apart from high levels of tolerance, racism is under vehement discussion in the modern world. Many authors address this problem in their works, and Rankine and Whitehead are not exceptions. In her book, Citizen , Rankine presented a poetic story by using metaphors, examples of racism from her life, and narration in the second person to attract even more attention to racial segregation. Meanwhile, Whitehead told a story of two slaves, Cora and Caesar, and their way to freedom through the Underground Railroad with the help of a traditional genre-based approach. Both of them focused on similar problems but used entirely different methods to deliver their ideas while having clear benefits and disadvantages of their choices. *One the one hand, novels like Citizen help build an emotional bond with readers by making them experience the struggles of being black, but on the other side, a strong position of defendant and a distinction between “you” and “I” may create misunderstandings, and, as a consequence, despite the lack of persuasive tone, relying on traditional approach as in The Underground Railroad may deem as the most appropriate one to address the modern issues of racism.* As it was mentioned previously, Rankine discovered racism from an entirely different perspective and attempted to connect poetics with the tragedy of the real world. She used pronoun “you” to make readers feel the problems of racism and discover them from the viewpoint of discriminated individuals. For example, “Do you feel hurt because it’s ‘all the black people look the same’ moment, or because you are being confused with another after being so close to other?” clearly demonstrated author’s intentions while drawing attention to reader’s emotions (Rankine 12). At the same time, to find a link with poetics, she referred to describing trees, joy, and rain and blended it with the everyday cases of racism such as Hennessy’s suggestions of being a successful tennis player (“be ambiguous, be white”), cheating, rude conversation on the phone, and a disturbing situation with a police officer (Rankine 31). A combination of these expressive tools complied with the author’s desire to bring the attention of the society to the problem of racism, as its main features were being transferred from the past. Using this lyric approach could be considered as beneficial since it showed the presence of racism in pop-culture (tennis) and attempted to change readers’ attitudes while being more tolerant to people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Apart from relying on a traditional genre, Whitehead was able to tell a story of Cora and her desire to escape and pursue her “dream of white sea” (Whitehead 21). With the help of figurative language, the author described Cora’s life and challenges that she had to face when being a slave. For example, “soon after her long march to the plantation, the plot was a rumble of dirt and scrub behind her cabin, at the line of slave quarters” presented a profound and detailed image of the slavery of the past (Whitehead
Racism is a negative phenomenon that has been damaging society for many centuries. Even though many people believe that it only involves the skin color and the place of birth, various racial discriminations are also based on other notions. It refers to the fact that class, appearance, and gender of some individuals can result in the same adverse consequences as racial peculiarities. White trash is the most suitable example that demonstrates how it works. The given term appeared in the 1850s to determine poor and uneducated whites who lived in the South (“Blood Will Tell: The Nationalization of White Trash” 61). However, it took a while for white trash to become known in the Midwest and the North of the US, which happened because such people migrated. Here, the most exciting thing relates to the fact that other whites objectivized these people. It can be explained by intraracial contests of belonging, meaning that individuals could not utilize the privileges of whiteness because of their social status. It means that poverty was considered more significant than skin color. In addition to that, representatives of white trash created anxieties about the stability and content of racial identities. It is so because some people believed that white individuals of this origin would contaminate the American nation because of their ignorance and visage (“Blood Will Tell: The Nationalization of White Trash” 69). The information above stipulates that racialization is a harmful phenomenon. On the one hand, it hurts objectivized people because they feel discriminated against in homogenous communities. On the other hand, this notion is detrimental for society since the latter loses a part of its members because of their social or gender peculiarities. That is why all forms of racialization should be eliminated to create democratic a world. Work Cited “Blood Will Tell: The Nationalization of White Trash.” Odd Tribes: Toward a Cultural Analysis of White People, edited by John Hartigan Jr., Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 59-107.
Physical activity and cognitive health are two inseparable concepts. The interdependence is so great that any change in either one will result in immediate effect on the other. Since ancient times it has been known that physical activity alleviates the symptoms of sadness, grief and more even depression. In a book titled “Fit and Well”, the authors present a close connection between fitness and well being of the mind and body. Not only is physical activity a great way to reduce stress and cure depression, it changes the lifestyle and allows for a better quality of life. Overall, there are six dimensions that define a healthy lifestyle, they are: physical wellness, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, spiritual and environmental (Fahey, Insel and Ruth 3). Physicians recommend physical activity to relieve the stress and depressed mood. On a strictly psychological level a person who exercises feels better about themselves morally. They feel that they have accomplished something and the euphoric emotion overpowers the state of negativity. The bodily chemical functions and cognitive mechanisms are closely intertwined. It has been shown that physical activity greatly influences blood pressure, platelet function, heart rate, variability and the autonomic nervous system in general (Contrada 17). Fitness helps a person to feel better by having an organization and structure of an activity. It does not necessarily have to be heavy lifting or other types of strength training. A game of volleyball, badminton or even swimming, will create changes in the brain that will release chemicals, which beneficially deal with the depressed state. When a person begins any sort of physical activity, the body arranges itself and prepares for a different state. The neural controls give a signal to the mechanisms in the body that affect the blood flow, skeletal muscles, tissues and organs (Otto 5). The activity of the body makes the brain release endorphins into the blood stream and as such, the whole mechanism of the body is affected. This happens unconsciously. As briefly mentioned previously, cognitively, the physical activity creates a structure in a person’s life. The individual is looking forward to the exercise. There is a change in plans, adjustment of the schedule, which forces a person to think about the future activity. The state after the exercise is another level of reward and relief. Also, wellness in the environment and social interaction are closely connected, as a person must be one with the world. Recycling and keeping the living conditions healthy, leads to a more satisfying existence. Proper and respectful communication with other creates a circle of friends who are also part of a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition is another important factor, as the body greatly depends on the food people intake. Vitamins and minerals contained in fruits and vegetables provide energy and a strong metabolism to fight off illnesses and diseases (Fa
Brief background of the company The company was a unique steakhouse during the year 1972 that was known by many people. The chefs from Japan were employed to cook food in a room where customers could see them. There were beautiful decorations resembling those from Japan, which attracted many customers. The restaurant started business with 40 seats and later the expansion had fifteen units located all over the country with nine of them under the ownership of the company. Benihana of Tokyo Company commenced business in the year 1935 when Aoki started a chain in Japan. The name Benihana originated from a red flower that was planted near where the restaurant was located. The Aoki family had operated restaurants for a long period but competition begun in the year 1958 when it had the idea of hibachi table that the father used to ensure success of the business (Sasser 1) The problems or issues the firm encounters The problems encountered were lack of employees to work in the restaurants as well as high wages and salaries. The solution to the problem was elimination of kitchens that were not necessary and attending the customers well for them to enjoy the services and come back again. The dinning area was increased to accommodate more people while the back of the house remained at 22% of the whole space. The methods of storing food were a problem because large amount of it was wasted after going bad within a short period. There was a proposal to change the food in the menu so that the one not selling fast could be reduced such as chicken and beef. This brought solution to problem of wasting food and the cost of food was reduced depending on the selling price of meat (Sasser 2) Analysis Strategically and Operationally The company ordered materials for building from Japan where cost was affordable. The units build could recover the costs incurred for building within the first six months after the operations were commenced. There was fast development that led to increased revenue used to establish other units such as Marina Towers. The unit in Chicago generated a lot of money compared to other units. The cost of advertisement to reach customers and inform them about the services offered by the company was affordable. The company preferred to own units rather than franchising in the year 1970 because the economy was unstable. The end of franchising led to problems because those people who bought them did not have experience on how to operate restaurants. The investors who came from United States of America had trouble because they required staff from Japan with whom they could not relate well. The Benihana company success was at risk when the people who were aware of its operations wanted to begin a restaurant but failed to make profit within one year. There was difficulty in imitating the business leading to pre
Introduction The use of animals in biomedical research has a long history alongside the ongoing debates regarding the ethics of experimentation on animals. With the increasing popularity of domestic pets, the moral consensus surrounding the use of animals in biomedical studies has become less clear. While the proponents of animal use in research argued that the sacrifice of animals’ lives is crucial for advancing the sphere of medicine, the argument this essay will defend relates to the availability of modern and humane non-animal research methods that have become faster, cheaper, and more accurate, thus making animal testing obsolete. The discussion about the preservation of the environment and natural resources goes hand-in-hand with the issue of animal use in biomedical research since both of them are associated with “destroying” something that was not created by humans in the first place, making either pro or against arguments even more complex. Despite the fact that the majority of anti-environmentalists argue that nature is just a resource for living, the discoveries made by modern scientists suggest that the abuse of natural resources will be worth a lot in the future. In this paper, I will argue against the usage of animals in biomedical research as well as to oppose the devastation of natural resources for the sake of industrialization and globalization. The paper will be divided into the following sections: the elaboration on the thesis statement (animal testing is obsolete, and there are consequences of destroying the environment), the presentation of the counter-arguments for the thesis (progress is impossible without animal testing and the usage of natural resources), and making conclusions by forming an objection to the counter-arguments. Animal Testing is Obsolete For many, the opposition of animal testing in biomedical research has become synonymous with common sense (LaFollette, 2014) because of the availability of alternatives that could potentially be more reliable. For example, the newly developed Vitro testing (Harvard’s Wyss Institute) allowed researchers to use “organs-on-chips” with human cells for mimicking the function and the responses of human systems of organs. The chips have been shown to be more effective in replicating human diseases, responses to drugs, and physiology compared to animal experiments. Currently, compa
During the era of the Bush administration, a range of political missteps was made, yet none of them was as egregious as the notorious war in Iraq. Having led to multiple losses and the development of a massive conflict between the U.S. and Iraqi governments, the war aggravated the political tensions and reinforced the sense of national insecurity within the U.S. A plethora of polarizing opinions on the war in Iraq have been voiced, yet the conflict of opinions is exemplified best by the disagreement between George Bush, Jr., the then President of the U.S., and David Koehler. Although Bush’s position is understandable given the atmosphere of fear observed in the U.S. at the time due to terrorist attacks, the position of Koehler is much more reasonable since it is devoid of the logical fallacies present in Bush’s ar2014gument. When dissecting the argument that Bush and the supporters of the war in Iraq provided, one should address the presence of a false dilemma. Namely, the problem in Bush’s argument concerns the wrongful assumption that the United States are only presented with two solutions, namely, either facing the threat of terrorism, or start a war with Iraq (deLaplante, 2013). In reality, the U.S. had a plethora of other opportunities, which rendered Bush’s argument pointless. Likewise, the general idea behind Bush’s argumentation represented the fallacy of the argument from ignorance (deLaplante, 2013). In turn, Koehler’s assumptions did not have any major biases in them, which allowed his statements to seem much more reasonable and measured than those of Bush. Specifically, Koehler promoted the idea of liberating Iraq from the terrors of war. Therefore, Koehler’s line of reasoning appears to be much more sensible than that one of Bush. Reference deLaplante, D. (2013). What is a good argument? (Part I) [Video]. YouTube.
Chapter 14 (Analyzing Quantitative Data) of The Practice of Social Research by Earl R. Babbie explores the methods for converting data to numerical forms and presenting them in the form of statistical analyses in terms of quantitative analysis and special features of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. The first part of the chapter examines the specifics of the process of quantification of the data. The collected data should be quantified to make such computer programs as SPSS and MicroCase handle the qualitative analysis. The researchers should code data that appear to be not appropriate for being processed numerically. To be able to compare the research results with those of other studies, the researcher should use an established occupational coding scheme. The chosen scheme should also correspond to the theoretical concepts examined during the research. The codebook, a document describing the locations of variables, serves as a guide used in the coding process. Each variable should be identified by an abbreviated variable name. Besides, the codebook should present the definition of each variable and indicate the attributes composing it. To make the computer able to read and manipulate the data, the researcher should choose the most appropriate technique for converting the data into the machine-readable format. The next part of the chapter examines univariate analysis, which has a descriptive purpose. Listing the attributes to each case under study in terms of the variable in question is considered the basic format for presenting univariate data. The provided example demonstrates the specifics of this process. Central tendency is indicated as another form of presenting the data. Three ways of measuring central tendency include the mean, the mode, and the median. The measure of central tendency should be chosen carefully, paying attention to choosing one that is the most appropriate for the situation. Such measures of dispersion as the range, the standard deviation, and the interquartile range are discussed. The understanding of the nature of continuous and discrete variables is vital for choosing an appropriate technique for their analysis. Subgroup comparisons are explored in the example from the General Social Survey. Besides, this section investigates the ways to handle “collapsing” response categories, “don’t know” answers data, numerical descriptions of qualitative research illustrating each
Introduction Racial discrimination has been going on in many countries even after the laws to curb it were introduced in the numerous countries. Racial discrimination usually locks out a group in question therefore limiting their opportunities, be it in schools or in the offices. According to sources, the act has taken greater heights whereby no one is safe any more, whether black or white. In most cases, the blacks are at a high risk of being victimized as opposed to their white counterparts. In addition to that, Muslims are also at risk as witnessed in the 2001 September attacks that left thousands of people dead. This paper looks into the different challenges that are posed by the vice and tries to give solutions to the same. To add on, this paper describes why the vice should be avoided since no one is superior to the other and that the fight against racial discrimination should start from one person and then spread all round. The high rate of discrimination across the different continents does not mean that the vice cannot be controlled. In fact, the governments in the respective countries have begun enacting laws which seeks to diminish this. In general, this is the way forward since discriminating against a certain race cannot benefit anyone, instead it creates hatred among people and that should not be the case in this modernized world. The Problem Racial discrimination was felt during the 1991 Gulf War in Australia. Residents of the Middle Eastern origin were attacked mercilessly simply because they were associated with the Islamic faith. Worse still, the 11 September attack in the USA took another dimension whereby some women wearing hijabs were confronted on the street by an angry mob. During that period the Islamic individuals were the main target and this was categorized as a racial discrimination assault. Sources indicated that there was an increase in incident of racial attacks immediately after the airline went down in the USA in 2001. The attacks wen