ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Amnesty International (AI) is one of the most prominent advocacy agencies in the world. The agency is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in the United Kingdom (Amnesty International, n.d.). AI focuses on protecting human rights, whose scope of violations constantly changes every day (Amnesty International, n.d.). Despite challenges and criticism over the years, AI has tirelessly pushed people towards an international community with minimal human rights violations. The organization mobilizes public opinion to exert pressure on governments where the human rights of innocent people are abused, forcing the administration to refrain from such actions. Origin and Growth Peter Benenson, a British lawyer, founded Amnesty International in 1961 after publishing the article “The Forgotten Prisoners” (Amnesty International, n.d.). Benenson was outraged by the jailing of two Portuguese students, who raised a toast to freedom, prompting him to write the article. The agency’s mission statement is to “undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of human rights” (Righter, 2018, para. 2). Since its inception, AI has been collaborating with other organizations and intergovernmental human rights bodies to enforce and expand the protection of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (Righter, 2018). AI has established offices in more than 70 countries in different regions (Amnesty International, n.d.). Cattaruzza (2019) adds that the agency’s members exceed 7 million and are allocated in over 150 nations and territories, campaigning to abolish human rights abuses. Indeed, the agency’s operations have grown from advocating for the release of political prisoners to safeguarding the whole human rights spectrum worldwide. What AI Does The agency acknowledges that a change in human rights begins with facts. Therefore, AI has a team of experts who accurately research and cross-check into human rights violations by governments, companies, armed political groups, and other actors in the global society (Amnesty International, n.d.). They then analyze the collected information and expose the culprits in newsletters, annual reports, and background papers, influencing them to do the right thing. Members campaign internationally through protests, petitions, and letters to press for action from institutions and individuals who can implement changes (Amnesty International, n.d.). The main areas that AI deals with include ending torture, human dignity protection, refugees’ rights, prisoners of conscience’s rights, abolition of the death penalty, and women’s, children’s, as well as minorities’ rights. AI also has a significant role in sponsoring human rights education worldwide. Organizational Structure The agency has a complex organizational structure with operations controlled by the International Secretariat (IS). According to Cattaruzza (2019), a team of senior directors headed by the secretary-general, the CEO, leads the IS. The primary responsibilities of IS include researching and reporting, ensuring the agency speaks with on
“The Last Abortion Clinic” is a film documentary that aims at evaluating the legislative aspects of abortion in Mississippi. Set in the state of Mississippi, the documentary aims at highlighting the laws that have been passed to curtail access of abortion in this state. By the time the film was being set, there was only one clinic left in the state that openly offered aborting. Subsequent Antic choice laws have made it very hard for the citizens of the state to access abortion services. In addition, operating clinics can now offer abortion. The first law set against abortion required that all clinics be registered under the state law as surgical centers. The 24 hour waiting period was introduced, within which time women who needed abortion could accessing counseling services, among other laws. The result is that the laws have significantly affected the way in which reproductive health is approached and viewed. They also have an outright intention of trying to overturn Roe vs. Wade, a monumental ruling by the America Supreme Court that legalized controlled abortion (The Last Abortion Clinic, n.d.). Increasing laws to restrict access to abortion in the state of Mississippi have had notable consequences. They have complicated the issue of abortion to the extent that it is now impossible to have a single law that sufficiently covers abortion. Furthermore, such laws as Roe vs. Wade have invalidated all laws that limit abortion in the first trimester. However, the undue burden law that allowed the control to determine whether the pregnancy is an undue burden means that many of the women that would have aborted ended up giving birth as it took too long to establish the undue burden proof. These laws have also had political implications. They have divided the country down the middle, with pro life supporters on one side and pro choice supporters on the other side. The abortion debate is so intense that there are grassroots networks in all states that pressurizes and influences the direction of local politics. Furthermore, women from Mississippi who wants to have abortion have to travel outside the state to procure it with poor women being hit the most by the economically as federal government has subsequently withdrawn financial support to abortion. Reo Vs Wade has also changed abortion politics forever. The issue is not seen as just a matter of ending a pregnancy but also as life (baby’s) Vs. Life (mother’s). The counseling process for pregnant women seeking abortion required that the women be shown the ultrasound image of the unborn baby. Further more it other issue emerged such as the effects and the tr
Heat related injuries in sports occur as a result of doing excessive physical exercises in hot or humid conditions resulting in heat cramps, heat stroke or heat exhaustion. This paper is going to look at the symptoms, signs and ways of preventing heat related injuries in sports. In human bodies, heat is regulated through sweating. The sweat is evaporated through the surface of skin to cool or rather bring the body temperatures to normalcy. However, the level of moisture in air is high when the wheatear condition is humid thus decreasing the evaporation rate since vapor and air are saturated (Anderson, Parr & Hall, 2009, p. 23). Therefore, sweat production is decreased leading to a lot of heat in the body. Physical exercise is also one of the reasons for increase in metabolic rate and muscle activity that lead to development of sports related injuries. However, after a person gets used to such humid and hot conditions, he/she is able to regulate the functioning of the body and even the level of sweating, hence helping to balance the level of sodium in the body. Heat cramps are caused by loss of sodium through sweating and dehydration. Generally, they are momentary and sometimes they are released by themselves. They mostly occur in hamstrings or rear thighs and can be treated through stretching of muscles gently. Heat exhaustion or exercise associated with collapse is another sports related illness. It is not caused by dehydration, but it is rather caused by postural hypotension (Anderson, Parr, & Hall, 2009, p. 25). It consists in the fact that insufficient blood is pumped to the limbs of an individual due to low blood pressure in the body, but not to the heart as necessary. However, when someone stops doing exercise at once, the recurring contractions which act as a subsequent pump in pumping blood to the heart causes decreases and inefficiency in blood pumping. On the other hand, heatstroke is a result of dehydration and high humidity. High humidity deters efficiency in evaporation of sweat causing ailments. Some of the symptoms that these sports related ailments have, include a high body temperature, which is normally above 41 degrees, high pulse rate, high breathing rate, aggression/confusion, unconsciousness/coma and high blood pressure. Symptoms associated with heat exhaustion include headache, fainting, dizziness, vomiting or nausea, excessive sweating, paleness muscle cramps among m
Introduction One question that is often asked concerning the linkage of political to economic growth and development is the extent to which political stability, which implies the absence of national and civil strife in a country, creates a suitable environment for economic posterity. Economies are known to attain high levels of growth when there are substantial levels of stability resulting from political stability. This implies that the prevalence of political instability in a country, which is exemplified by the present of frequent wars and precedent levels of violence, can be a major hindrance to the discharge of economic activities in a country, thereby inhibiting economic growth. The linkage of economic retardation of a substantial number of economies in the world to the problem of civil wars in those countries has been done by a number of researchers. Of greater interest by the researchers have been countries that are endowed with massive natural resources that are critical for economic development, yet these countries are still classified as poor countries. Some of the renowned examples are the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, a number of countries in the Middle East, and recently the Republic of Sudan. In exploring this paper, it is critical to begin by picturing the economic conditions of the country in order to get a clear view of the effects of civil war on the economy of the country. This is meant to give a basis on which to analyze and assess the economic growth in Sudan, especially the extent to which the civil war in the country has necessitated the seemingly poor economic conditions. A substantial number of researches have pointed out that the civil war in Sudan is purely based on the strife for economic resources, which in turn has barred the effective exploitation of the resources besides resulting in the destruction of the resources that are critical in molding the economy. This paper explores the effects of civil war on economic growth. The paper focuses on Sudan, which is one of the regions in the world that have witnessed persistence of civil wars. Approach to the research problem The most critical thing that is captured in this paper is the continuum of violence and its stretch on fragile economies; in this case the economy of Sudan. The most resounding question concerns the level at which the economy of Sudan could be considered to be fragile, irrespective of the endowment of the country with a lot of natural resources. This paper seeks to collect a set of information on the attributes of sustained violence and the antecedents of war that act as supportive factors to sustained poverty in the country, in spite of the country having an array of natural resources. There are two perspect
Bender Bending Rodriguez is a comic anti-hero of the animated series Futurama. Being a robot, however, he is intelligent and has absolutely free will. In the animated series, Bender was produced in a factory in Tijuana, Mexico, which makes him Mexican in origin. Before the series events and his acquaintance with the main characters, he worked in a metal processing plant bending steel beams. In most cases, Bender is a cynic, misanthrope, and egoist, who panics first in a critical situation. He also often smokes cigars, swears, and suffers from alcohol dependence. Bender is fond of cooking; however, the food prepared by him is often inedible and life-threatening. Despite his bad character, he sometimes shows sympathy and courage and values his friends. The shrine is small in size and made from available materials. The base of the altar is made of a cardboard box with a removed top cover. It is painted a light gray, representing the metal Bender is made of. The shrine is upright, with a lower base wider than the top to ensure a stable position. Inside the shrine there is an image of Bender; his gaze is directed at the beholder. According to Darsan, eye contact is necessary to contemplate the object of worship. It is also essential to make sure that the deity can see his worshiper. In the animated series, Bender is the personification of charisma and charm, which is also reflected in his shrine. The shrine’s inner surface is adorned with shiny paper, glitter, and other decorations to symbolize his bright personality. The word “charisma” comes from the ancient Greek language, where it meant a gift from God. Bender has exceptional qual
Introduction Assessments play a critical role in the learning and development of students. Assessments are used by teachers to help them gain insights into the depth of knowledge levels (DOK) (Biggs, 2008). Secondly, assessments are used as instruments of gauging the achievement of students at certain points of the curriculum. There two main types of assessments, formative and summative. Formative assessment involves a process evaluation in which the teacher appraises the academic progress during the course. On the other hand, summative assessment is the evaluation that takes place after the completion of learning. The main focus of summative assessments is to determine the appropriateness of the instructional programs at the end of the academic period (Stecker, Fuchs & Fuchs, 2005). According to Biggs (2008), the summative assessment helps to evaluate the competence of each student after a specified period. This paper is a curriculum-based summative assessment that targets to determine the depth of knowledge (DOK) level of grade 3 students in reading, writing, comprehending language, speaking, and listening. Pre-assessment Description Pre-assessment occurs at the start of the learning process. It is used to provide the information that is required to regulate the learning process and the teaching practice. Pre-assessments provide information about what students know about a particular topic and their preparedness to start new instructions (Woodley & Furguson, 2003). They elicit information that relates to the students’ readiness to learn the intended skills and concepts. Biggs (2008) noted that pre-assessments help instructors to determine the learning capacity of the students. As a result, pre-assessments provide a good platform for designing a summative assessment. Objective
Introduction Diverse populations have experienced different forms of harrying and deferral of civil rights throughout the course of American history. Each one of these communities has a story to tell and one from which to learn. Tule Lake Segregation Center is one of the most protuberant camps in the history of civilization. As a matter of fact, people believe it to be the biggest of the camps. It is in the Tule lake segregation center that more than 20,000 individuals of Japanese origin got confined without evidence of a lawful trial. Today, people regard Tule lake segregation, alongside other neighboring camps like the California’s Tule lake camp, as a national monument, which commemorates the price paid for freedom (Nakamura). People held here lost all their civic rights as well as their material property despite them being legitimate citizens of the U.S. Most of those people had to work in the military against their will (about 30,000 individuals) (Todd, Natasha, & Karen 12). It is for this reason that we find it worth understanding the camp, as well as the nature and the nature of life in the camp. Moreover, this paper also tries to look at the life after confinement in the camps. Life in the camp Camp was like a typical American town with almost all facilities required. The camp had six subdivided blocks. Each block within the camp had a recreation facility which comprised of stores, canteens, parlor barber shops, beauty and judo halls among others (Gruenewald 2). There were churches, schools, beauty salons, police departments and sporting leagues. These departments depended on each other and had individual roles but equal responsibilities to perform. The selection of people was random (in terms of professional qualification) each one of these individuals brought along their personal skills to the camp mostly to be used for personal development in the camp. There was some level of self governance within the camp whereby different authorities and individuals assumed self responsibility against the other individuals (Todd, Natasha, & Karen 19). Moreover, the United States military was in control of the entire camp. During the time between 1942 and 1946, the Japanese Americans had the military facilities as their places of residence. Considering the facilities lacked basic amenities, owing to their hasty build and any other form of comfort anyone could imagine. For these reasons, the houses were extremely cold during winter and exceedingly hot during the summer. Most of these houses did not meet the minimum standards for any military housing facilities. In as much as the living conditions were below average, the internees still afforded a little luxury. They engaged in sporting activities against one another in their own organized teams. Among others, basketball and baseball were
Introduction Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington proposed the theory that people’s cultural and religious identities will become the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world formulated in 1993 in the Foreign Affairs article “The Clash of Civilizations” as a reaction to Francis Fukuyama’s 1992 book The End of History and the Last Man (Huntington, 1993). Huntington wrote: “It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.” The theory was further discussed in the 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order but it was believed that Bernard Lewis first used the phrase in a 1990 article of The Atlantic Monthly titled The Roots of Muslim Rage (1990). This paper will analyze the term “clash of civilizations” relevance with the world today, following reasoning while trying to sketch out positive and negative features of current trends in relations among different civilizations today. Discussion Culture as pointed out by Your Author (year) “humans have very little innate knowledge about how to get along in the world, we depend on culture to provide a road map for living.” It is through this premise that differences occur among various nationalities or groups and sub-groups of which certain factors have helped mold them as they are today. Already, we are not bereft of studies and research as to how and why various cultures have emerged differently as against other existing ones. As Anthropologist Clifford Geertz emphasized, culture is not just a thing that is “added on […] to a finished or virtually finished animal” but a main ingredient “in the production of that animal itself,” (Your Author, year). Factors that influence culture include culture carriers like languages, human inventiveness or capacity to adapt to new or current situations never before encountered, as well as absorption of other cultures’ elements. One example provided has been the food rice which was not very popular in Latin America nor in Germany but has recently become a preferred staple diet due to constant contact of peoples and accumulation of information. One conflict outlined in the chapter is “learning” which is seen as a “complex process that requires a great deal of time and a large measure of empathy.” When time and empathy are taken away, what happens is plain “imitation” which non-humans may easily perform. In the learning process, the element of human sociability was also pointed out as humans’ tendency to be sociable begins at an early age. As David and Ann Premack poi
Stephanie Rich: Practitioner of My Choice Stephanie Rich: Overview In this report, I will analyze Stephanie Rich as the practitioner of my choice. She is a professional in the field of health promotion. Bunton and Macdonald (2002, p. 7) provide a working definition of health promotion. Bunton and Macdonald define this concept as an avenue through which the health of people is improved by providing them with the necessary tools and knowledge. The need for social justice and health equality are what motivated Rich to take the said career path. The two are significant issues as far as public health is concerned. The Roles Played by Rich A career in health promotion involves interaction with members of the community in their natural environment (Bunton & Macdonald 2002, p. 7). Currently, Rich is involved in the promotion of oral health among refugees in Victoria, Australia. Her work revolves around the provision of services related to this type of health. The Organisation that Rich Works for Currently, Stephanie Rich is working with the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (herein referred to as VFST). As a public health practitioner, one is expected to work with vulnerable individuals and communities (Bunton & Macdonald 2002, p. 13). Such groups include refugees, the elderly, and the girl child in some communities. Consequently, VFST is a suitable place for such a career. Since her time in school, Rich had a passion for working with vulnerable groups in society. The passion may explain her current position in the organization. The Role of VFST in the Community According to the Foundation House (n.d), VFST is a charitable organization working in Australia. VFST is non-partisan. Consequently, the organization carries out community health programs in regions characterized by cultural diversity. The foundation’s principal objective involves the provision of health-related services to refugees in the region. The refugees are mostly torture victims. In addition to community health, the organization is engaged in policy and research. It is also involved in service innovation and direct outreach health services. Lessons Learnt The text by Bunton and Macdonald (2002, p. 67) helps one to appreciate the work done by Rich. The most important lesson learned is that a career in health promotion requires adequate knowledge of communicable diseases. When I get to interview this practitioner, I would seek to find out her success rate in the programs she offers. I would also determine the most common ailments she encounters in the field, and the measures she takes to address them. Personal Career in Health Promotion: A Reflection Interesting Aspects with Regards to my Future Career Upon the completion of my studies, I intend to align my career path with health promotion. Specifically, I intend to focus on health promotion in conflict zones. During conflicts, it is a fact that displaced persons have no access to basic social and health amenities. Such persons are usually affected by a myriad of diseases that pose a risk to their overall survival. Such diseases include, among others, polio and cholera (Bunton & Macdonald