ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Carl Gustav Jung’s Humanmetrics Typology Test assesses individual’s personality type. His theories are about the cognitive functions, the rational or judging function that includes thinking and feeling, and the irrational or perceiving functions that focus on sensing and intuition. This is a self-assessment tool that helps an individual in planning and selecting a career based on skills, interest, values, and personality. Answering the questions in Jung Typology Test helps to discover the individual’s strength preferences and identify the certain fields that will help shape the person’s outlook in life and in choosing the right career. Jung’s Typology test uses three criteria’s. The first criterion is extroversion-introversion. Extrovert is set to express about the external world that contrasts with the introvert, which directs on the internal world and concerns with one’s own life. The second criterion is sensing-intuition. Sensing defines how the person accepts the information that directly comes from an external source while intuition is how the person conceives the information from within. The last criterion is thinking-feeling. Thinking is processing information based on logic while those who prefer to be affective empathize with the situations and considers the needs of the people in the environment. The last criterion is judging- perceiving by Isabel Briggs-Myers. Judging is how an individual structured enough to adhere to his plans. Perceiving, on the other hand, prefer to have flexibility and spontaneity in completing the task and on how to improve such a task. Based on Jung Typology Test, acquiring the following personality scores consider an individual as ENFJ. A 56% in strength is moderately expressed extrovert. They seek excitement and loves social interactions. They appreciate people and the focus is on them. A 62% in intuitive, is as distinctively expressed intuitive personality. The power to influence people and the opportunity to offer solutions that will benefit other people in the organization is the main goal. With the percentage of 62% in the third criteria, regards the individual as a distinctly expressed feeling personality. The willingness to give everything for the betterment of the humanity is a big factor for this type of personality. It is very apt to say that the need to control one’s emotion is important if one considers a career in counseling. A 44% in the last criteria shows a moderately expressed judging personality and signifies the tendency to organize schedules and engagements ahead of time to keep up with the commitments. In general ENFJ is
Introduction To begin with it should be stated that the issues of imprisonment are widely regarded in the literature and specialized periodic issues. The fact is that, this sphere of legislative branch of any country is subjected to steady development, and is of highest importance, as it is the tool of achieving the order and granting internal safety for the citizens. The fact is that, there are several ways of the deprivation of freedom, and each may be differentiated with the level of monitoring and the level of deprivation of freedom. History of Prisons As for the matter of history of imprisonment, it should be stated that for the most periods of historical development imprisonment was not regarded as the way of punishing criminals, but, just a way of keeping them, and restricting their moving before their capital punishment. The first mentioning of prisons and imprisonment may be found in Old Testament. Originally, dungeons were built to confine prisoners and those who were not meant to be killed. Often the galley slaves were confined in such dungeons. The debtors were often arrested and put into debtor’s prisons until they were able to pay their debts, thus paying for their freedom. (Beattie, 2004) The first mentioning of prison as we got used to know it was in the 19 th century in Great Britain. The imprisonment system which is used nowadays was born in London on the basis of the views by Jeremy Bentham. The very notion of imprisonment started to be regarded as a part of punishment, and the issues of incarceration were used. The fact is that, the imprisonment was not just a time for waiting a state trial or hanging, thus, it was deeply revolutionary. As Braune (2003) states, the first prisons, which are regarded as close to modern prisons, were sometimes known as “penitentiary”. From the name of these tpes of prisons it is possible to make the conclusion that the aim of these facilities was to achieve the penance of any prisoner. This was achieved by strict discipline regimes, silent reflections and often forced, harassing and often useless labor. It is also necessary to mention that this system of prisoners management, which is often called “Auburn System”, is reinforced by properly worked out prison architecture: separate system and Panopticon The 19 th century prison system development also originated the issues of rehabilitation by the means of education and skilled labor. However, the sanctions, which were imposed for criminal behavior were always the public event, which were aimed to shame the imprisoned, and prevent others from resorting to the criminal behavior. The sanctions included the ducking stool, the pillory, whipping and branding. Still, lots of crimes presupposed the death penalty. In spite of the fact that he ideas of imprisonment as a part of punishment started to spread, still, the imprisonment rarely was the only punishment, and people were often held before their trial or awaiting the punishment itself. The prisons themselves were common,
Introduction Algeria, the second-largest country in Africa, is found in the northwest part of Africa. Though over 90% of its vast land area is covered by the Sahara, Algeria is still one of the wealthiest countries in Africa and this is in major part to major oil and natural gas deposits that lie underneath its sands. To its north lies the Mediterranean Sea behind which are the Atlas mountains which contain most of Algeria’s arable land finally giving way to the high plateau and the desert. It has a population of about 33.3 million people consisting mainly of Berbers and Arabs or a mix of the two. Algeria is governed in 48 provinces further divided into municipal councils. It elects one president, who in turn chooses a prime minister who heads the government and appoints a council of ministers. The legislature is bicameral; a 144-member Council of the Nation forms the upper house and the members of the 389 National People’s Assembly form the lower house. All members serve six-year terms. Main body Algeria’s political history has been dominated by the Front de Libération Nationale or FLN which took power soon after the Algerian war of independence in November of 1954. Its only challenge at the time was the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) which however faded away. Algeria developed into a republic under President Ahmed Ben Bella and in 1963 he outlawed all other political parties making Algeria a one-party state. It monopolized political parties from (1962 – 1991) under two more presidents, during which time it gradually lost its popularity. In October of 1988 riots occurred in which time FLN realized it had finally lost the legitimacy to the people of the nation. The President in power at the time, Chadli Bendjedid’s was finally forced to engage in constitutional reforms. The 1989 constitution eliminated the FLN’s monopoly as a single party and led to the legalization of political parties. More than thirty political parties appeared as a result of the reforms and by the time the first local and regional multiparty elections took place in June 1990 and almost sixty were present at the first national multiparty elections in December of 1991. Among the many political parties vying for power were the governing FLN; the Islamist fundamentalist Islamic Salvation Front or Front Islamique du Salut – (FIS), founded in 1989. Its backing came primarily from the Arab population, which constituted at least 70 percent of the whole Algerian Sun
Introduction This assignment is a discussion of the ramifications of nursing practice in the family setting. The discussion is based on the ever evolving family unit over years in terms of family structures, commitments and child rearing practices. The discussion achieves this task through looking closely at recent trends of homosexual couples and rural families in Australia and their impacts on the family unit and the role of nursing practitioners in dealing with homosexual couples and rural families in Australia. Discussion Definition of the Family A family can be defined as a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of whom assume responsibility for the caring of the children and it comes about as a result of marriage. It can also be seen as a social arrangement based on marriage including the recognition of the rights and duties of the parenthood, common residence for the husband, wife and children and a reciprocal or dual economic obligations between the husband and wife (Corbett, 2004). This definition has been seen by many family analysts as a template for defining a family because it contains the key tenets of defining a family world-wide. These tenets include the phrases ‘more than one person’, ‘adults and children’ and ‘occurring as a result of marriage’. Many countries have different definitions of a family which depend on their cultural norms, religious values and the law (Collins, Jordan & Coleman, 2009). Traditionally, the typical family (which was seen as ideal) was composed of a working father, a house keeping mother and their children who entirely depended on their parents for their daily needs. The typical family was presumed to serve the primary role of reproducing new members to the society for its continuation. It was also supposed to be the primary unit of the society charged with the responsibility of socializing new members to the society (Collins, et al, 2009). However, many changes have taken place over the years, which have seen the family take different definitions, forms and functions in the society. For instance, the school, social media and peer influence have assumed the socializing role of the family. Similarly, the influence of activism in advocating for human rights have seen the emergence and legal acceptance of same sex families in some countries like Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil, Iceland and Canada (
Background In many states, the crime of first-degree murder is conceptually defined as “an unlawful killing that is both willful and premeditated, meaning that it was committed after planning or lying in wait for the victim” (Georges, Weiner, & Keller, 2013, p. 157). “First-degree murder would require either an intent to kill or intent to cause serious injury together with an awareness of a serious risk causing death” (Mitchell, 2007, p. 318). Elements of First-Degree Murder   * Intent – specific intention of perpetrator is to end the life of a human being or to cause serious injury.   * Deliberation/Premeditation – Contemplating or planning to take away the life of another person ; forming conscious intent to kill and then acting on the intent; deliberation and/or premeditation must occur before the act of murder, not at the same time (Mitchell, 2007).   * Unlawful – The act itself is against the law.   * Malice Aforethought – Means the same thing as acting with a premeditated intent to kill a human being, and normally includes an “evil disposition or purpose and an indifference to human life” (Mitchell, 2007, p 320).   * While some states treat the element of malice in the same manner as premeditated intent, others require a demonstration of malice distinct from the willfulness, deliberation and premeditation usually essential for first-degree murder (Georges et al., 2013).   * Act reus (guilty act) in first-degree murder entails the physical killing of another human being by the perpetrator, while the Mens rea (guilty mind) encompasses the development
Differences in job order cost sheet Manufacturing and services companies differ in a number of ways. The main difference is that manufacturing companies such as the Middleton Made Knives deal with the production of goods and services. Thus, at the end of the year, they have balances of the three categories of inventory (Bhimani et al. 231). These items are recorded in the balance sheet statement. In contrast, service industries lack balances of finished goods inventory at the end of the year. The job order costing system can be used by both manufacturing and service companies because it gives information on the cost of producing a job or a job lot. A job cost sheet is used by a company to record the costs of a specific job with an aim of estimating the total and unit costs of a finished job ( McLaney and Atrill 231) . The three main categories of costs in a job cost sheet are direct materials, manufacturing overhead, and direct labor. The direct materials section of Middleton Made Knives will have entries of all items that are directly used in the production of knives. Some of the items that are likely to appear in this section are hardened steel blanks that are used to make the knife shaft and blade, wood for the handle, and packaging materials. In contrast, the direct material section of service companies differs across the industry depending on the type of services that are offered by an entity. It is worth mentioning that most service companies do not keep track of the direct materials that are used in the production process because they are insignificant ( McLaney and Atrill 172) . For example, in the case of accounting and law firms, direct materials are low-cost items such as papers. Most of these companies treat such items as overheads and not direct materials. Therefore, they are recorded under overheads. In some instances, service companies track the costs of direct materials, especially when they are significant. For instance, consider the case of electricians who performs repairs. They will charge for services rendered. Apart from that, they may also purchase some materials for carrying out the repairs (Brigham and Ehrhardt 210). In this case, they will keep track of the cost of these materials. Such items will be treated as direct materials just like the case of raw materials in the manufacturing industry. Another example is the total cost of producing a movie. Some of the direct materials that are often used are props, costumes, and broad sets (Bhimani et al. 231). These costs in most cases are quite significant and are always recorded in the direct material section. Therefore, the recording of items in the direct material section of a service company highly depends on the significance of the cost of items. However, the process of recording the information in the job cost sheet for the manufacturing and service industries is the same. Examples of costs for Middleton Made Knives As mentioned above, the other sections of the job order cost sheet are direct labor and manufacturing overheads ( McLaney and Atrill 172
Introduction Infanticide is an infamous practice that has existed in almost all human societies since ancient time. It is the gruesome practice of killing infants that unfortunately was very common in every culture and especially in the ancient times. Today, infanticide is heavily condemned and has been made a crime in all countries. One of the ancient societies, the history of which has been tainted by the practice of infanticide is the Greek one. This paper is going to look at infanticide in the ancient Greece as seen in Euripides’ “Medea”, “The sayings of the Spartan Women”, and Xenophon’s “Spartan Society”. Infanticide In The Ancient Greece There is much evidence showing how parents under stressful conditions decide to end the life of their child. From the splendor of the Persian Empire to the golden age of the ancient Greece, this barbaric act went on behind the closed doors depending on many reasons: population control, poverty, and the children with defects. In most ancient societies, children were the property of the parents, and those children who the parents deemed unfit were killed or sold into slavery. This practice was common in militaristic societies like the Spartans who demanded that the children meet a certain standard so that the state can use them in the army. Infants who did not meet the standards were killed. In the ancient Greece, like in other societies at the time the value of human life was perceived differently as compared to today. Infanticide was not only common, it was encouraged. The Greek philosophers actually encouraged people to kill infants born with disability, considered defective and had no place in their society. In the Greek society this was carried out by exposure. Usually, this decision was made by the father and later on in Sparta it was a group of elders who determined the fate of the child. In the famous play ‘Medea’ by Euripides, the main character kills her sons just to get back at her husband. She uses her children as part of her revenge against her husband. This shows the views that people held on the value of children. To Medea the children were only important to serve the needs and wishes of their parents. If the parents did not need the children then they were killed. This may have been the same kind of reasoning that drove parents into killing the disabled children since they could not serve their parents in any way. The play by Euripides is all about a scorned woman who decides to take revenge on all the people causing her pain but the centerpiece of the play is the murder of her sons. This play treats infanticide as a tool to exert pain on people. Medea sees Jason’s adultery and betray as awful as her murders, this is how she justifies killing all those people . In the Spartan society as written by Xenophon, infants endured some horrible fates. Compared to Egypt where laws had been passed to prohibit infanticide, the Greek infants were at the mercy of their parents and the state.
Introduction According to Estrin (2009), China has succeeded in competing with other foreign counterparts in the innovation and commercial activities capabilities. It aims to provide its domestic enterprises with advanced products and technologies through the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). China is set to go ahead with the strategy of adopting indigenous innovation. It introduced technologies from other foreign countries to develop its economy. This helped it gain global recognition of creating competition to other foreign investors. However, this was dispatched in the World Trade International (WTO) where most of the multinationals tried to prevent China from acquiring more knowledge and technologies from foreign investors claiming that they are a threat in market competition. This has made it difficult for China to compete with existing multinational companies. It is therefore necessary for other companies to develop their research to acquire technology knowledge and commercial activities from core technologies to become competitive (Estrin, 2009). Zhang (2009) adds that China has succeeded because of its confidence, ceaseless experiments, motivation, and patience on developing its own commercial activities and technology. Nevertheless, China lacks the urgency creation in its commercial activities on the importance of indigenous innovation in both the domestic and international markets. It cannot create confidence to customers in the markets on the reliability and dependability of its products. This has led to low returns on investment by the country. This is risky because for the country to develop its core technologies it becomes very expensive and the bad image and reputation created by the consumers may lead to their underperformance in the markets (Zhang, 2009). Government Support on Innovation and Commercial Activities The central government of China introduced a policy that supported indigenous innovation in its domestic companies. Several agencies of the central government joined forces to ensure implementation of the policy. The local government succeeded in implementing this policy through trial measures that proved to be effective. The National Science and Technology Conference outlined indigenous innovation as a government’s strategy for innovation and commercial activities. The government was ready to create an environment conducive for establishing commercial activities with the strategy. It made it possible through a series of policies that supported and protected its domestic business enterprises technologies. The policies include the IPR protection, acquisition foreign technology, tax reduction, government purchases, policy coordination, financial support, funding, assimilation of foreign technology, and management of pool of talents (Estrin, 2009). The country invests heavily on acquiring and maintaini
When The major goal of Tesla Motors Inc. is to foster the transition of the world towards sustainable energy development. The company was represented since 2003. It was founded by a team of engineers whose primary objective was to check whether electric cars can be compatible or even better than gasoline ones. However, it is worth stating that the product even exceeded expectations as its first electric cars could compete with dominant brands like Porsche and Lamborghini. What is the secret of the company? There are a lot of factors that contributed to the prosperity of the company. Perfect marketing strategies to produce electric cars on the premium level, the desire of young and wealthy people to drive on a special car that does not have anything in common with old standards, all these statements contributed to the development of the company. The company aims to make cars affordable and to reach the fundamental goal, namely to foster the transition of the world to a new level of development. Every newly produced car will be more affordable than the others. In 2008, the company produced a Roadster that has an impressive success on the market. Tesla Roadster was sold with impressive speed. Over two thousand cars were purchased by people from over thirty countries. In 2012, Tesla Motors designed the first electric car of the premium class. Although the history of the company is not long, Tesla Motors is successful in the global market as they provide people with an opportunity to be environmentally friendly and enjoy comfort and innovations. Improvement of energy is the primary goal that the company achieves. Where As a matter of fact, the company sells cars not only in America but internationally. According to the analysis of the geographical area of Tesla Motors’ sales, the United States is the country where these cars are sold most. The second place is for Norway and China. In addition, it is worth stating that the cars are sold in Europe as well. It is related to the ideas and beliefs of people and governmental politics. The society that cares about the environment is sure to consider Tesla Motors not only for zero emissions, but that the cars are high quality, safe, and modern as well. The gigafactory plant is an integral part of the plan of Tesla Motors. The plant is situated in the United States, Nevada, and is focused on the production of batteries. It will help to increase the production of electric vehicles and reduce their cost. The plant is to be built by 2017. Why The reason the company decided to turn attention to global strategies is evident as the company aims to influence the world and to foster the transition to the products that are environmentally friendly. It should be noted that Tesla Motors globalize to reach a bigger global market and to engage as many customers as possible. It is understandable because the more customers going to buy electric cars the better it