ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Operational risk Operational risk as the name suggests, is the risk that arises from an organisation day to day activities. It is a broad topic since the organisation consists of numerous operational units (Hakan & Mike, 2011, p. 300). The running of every aspect of the organisation and every functional unit of the company exposes the organisation to different and unique risks. The risk may arise from people, business systems or any other parameter under which the organisation operates under (Bertsimas & Lo, 1998, p. 100). Sources of operational risk Operational risk emanates from several sources which are operational related. These sources include: inadequate information in the bank, disruptions in operations which may result in system breakdown, employees engaging in illegal actions such as fraud and money laundering and so on. This is probably the widest form of risk that a bank is exposed to (Baker, 1998, p. 198). And as such adequate measures ought to be taken in order to cushion the institution from such risks (Amihud & Mendelson, 1991, p. 136). The widest source of operational risk to banks comes from disruptions in operations which cause system break down. This disruption may be accidental or intentional. Accidental breakdown may come from the banks’ normal day to day operations that put the system into stress causing a breakdown in the system. Malicious disruption may arise from individuals who work in the bank and are driven by such ill motives such as theft and so on, or may originate from external sources such as individuals who try to hack into the system with the same malicious intentions of stealing from the bank. This is a case of cyber crime and usually happens when the bank’s system gets attacked by external persons. Assessing and measuring the operational risk The assessment of operational risk is largely dependent on the organization in terms of size and the nature of the operations of the bank. Large banks usually deal with higher operational risks. This is because the operations of the bank are numerous and as such, are exposed to operational risk. As a result the measurement of operational risk largely depends on the size of the organisation. Operational risk as defined earlier on results from the potential loss arising from the operation of the organisation (Daniels, 1997, p. 263). The Basel committee on banking regulation came up with the following formula that is used to measure operational risk among banks. (Operational Risk)i = Ψ(Size)i Where: Ψ is the parameter that the bank has established in relational to the operational risk. And the measures of size depend on such factors as gross revenue, profits, operating costs etc. The application of these parameters is backed by the fact that the bank that has more operations or larger span of operations is more exposed to operational risk than other the banks that have narrower span of operations. Since assessing of operational risk is largely dependent on the nature of operations, the and is therefore unique to the bank, management of the bank is required to come up with its own established operational risk measurement parameter that is used alongsid
Advances in complementary and alternative medicine are being made amidst interests to avail alternative cure for illnesses and sicknesses. The “Approximations” offered by complementary and alternative medicine in treating asthma has increasingly been sought by more patients following several failures of clinical medicine, as posited by Blanca, Gongora-Melendez, Esquer-Flores, Escalante-Dominguez, & Macias. Although the usefulness of complementary and alternative medicine in asthma is yet to be ruled out by scientific evidence, final conclusions are yet to be made regarding their efficacies and safety in treating asthma. Acupuncture has been used in treatment of chronic diseases in Japan, and its application in the treatment of chronic pulmonary disorders has been allowed by the World Trade Organization according to Suzuki, Yoko, & Hiroshi. Better quality of life is one of the positive results of acupuncture treatments that have been reported. Safer and more effective alternatives for asthma are needed with increased affected population. For example, an estimated 15 million people in the United States have been affected by asthma. Patients with Asthma have shown a variety of responses to acupuncture, indicating the potential of complementary medicine in treating asthma. In study by Sternfeld, Fink, Bentwich, and Eliraz, patients showed reduction of “bronchodilator and taper completely corticosteroid therapy”. Acupuncture has also been found to be useful in treating COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and UIP (Usual Interstitial Pneumonia). Jobst has posited that acupoints could be dynamic points that can “initiate a physiological response when the conditions are right”, as posited by Jobst. Treating asthma patients with acupuncture has reported more success elsewhere-“decreased concentrations of SlgA and total IgA (in saliva and in nasal secretions) and levels of IgE in sera after treatment” according to Yang et al. A lot of literature has been developed concerning the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating asthma, and it appears that many cases refute the usability of the method. Reviews of several publications have found flaws in research that support the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating asthma. The case for the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of asthma is to be further supported by more research studies, since current and past research has been affected by a number of limitations or flaws that have limited or affected the evaluation of the usability of
Article’s of Choice Events Summary The Washington Post article discusses the problem of inequality among the inhabitants of American cities as a reaction at the latest report for the Century Foundation. In the article, the rates of poverty among white and black people are compared. The article presents the new data from the report that show that a black person is much more likely to be impoverished than a white one. Also, poor black families usually live in disadvantaged neighborhoods with poor black families. It is especially true for major American cities. To support the evidence provided by the new report, the author of the article cites the data of the American Community Survey from 2009-2013 that demonstrate that in Chicago, more than 30% of poor black people live in disadvantaged areas. For poor whites, this number is around 10 times lower. The article also compares the report’s data concentrated poverty in other major cities, such as New York, St Luis, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C., and the data show that concentrated black poverty is much more widespread than the concentrated white one. Paul Jargowsky, the author of the report, explains that this information has remarkable importance since it helps to understand that the living options of poor African Americans are restricted to but a few neighborhoods in every big city. According to the article, concentrated black poverty is influenced by a variety of factors. Among them are modern zoning laws, historical traditions that form housing patterns, and the systemic discrimination of African Americans. These factors “keep the poor out of wealthier communities”. As an example of one of such factors, the article mentions wealthy Chicago communities that ignore state regulations demanding to make affordable-housing plans (Badger par. 1-10). The Core Concepts of the Social Conflict Theory As a social paradigm for my work, I have selected the social conflict theory. According to this theory, the society is constantly in a state of conflict since its members are always struggling for the limited power, opportunities, and resources that are available for this society (Stolley 25). Social conflict theory is a powerful tool for analyzing war, poverty, discrimination, sexual and work exploitation, slavery, ghettos, abuse, and other situations that ari
Introduction Over the last number of decades, the society and the business community have ignored the plight of the disabled people. This could be due to the fact that the society and the business community overlooked the social-economic value that the disabled community added to the society. Thus there were no infrastructure set up to support the special needs of the disabled community. Nevertheless, over the recent years, the society has taken a special interest in the needs of the disabled and more so, the need for equality between the able-bodied and the disabled. Consequently a number of reforms in the public and private sectors have taken place all in a bid to provide equality in access of service between the two groups of societies. This paper will develop an action plan for serving individuals with disabilities in Library & Information Science. It has been quite a challenge for the disabled to access library services due to lack of infrastructure and facilities that take into account their special needs. Thus there has been a decrease in use of library services by the disabled as only traditional materials that could only be used by the physically able were in place. Developing an action plan for the disabled is not a complicated issue but is similar to developing new aspects/ features to the library system, nevertheless, the whole action plan should be developed in consultation with the stakeholders. There are several issues that must be taken into account when developing the action plan. First is the total cost of the whole project, the architectural design of the library building and whether it can accommodate the new developments and the current issues affecting accessibility with regards to the disabled. There are several issues that this paper will dwell on in the development of the action plan and they include; services, training, funding, equipment, materials, facilities and training. The criteria for choosing the above seven items was based on the literature needs of the disabled which is crucial in their learning process. Thus there was a need for the provision of a consistent, efficient and practical library system to cater for the physically disabled. This approach will therefore ensure that the action plan developed is wholesome and incorporates the special needs for the different types of disabilities that exist in the society. Due to the complex nature of the various forms of disability, there will be a need to include a comprehensive program throughout the library system. By doing so, the library will provide a comprehensive system which will ensure effective service delivery and hence be in a position to get the necessary funding for the whole project. Facility Planning There are specific regulations set up by the physical planning regulation rules that require buildings to be disabled friendly. One of the most vital aspects that ought to be put into consideration in the libr
Wendell Berry, the author of “Waste”, makes a convincing argument that people cause as well as suffer from the problem of waste. In the article, the author recounts how he has become acutely aware of the waste problems in his rural area. He notices trash polluting the rivers near his farm. He infers that his neighbors upstream are both carelessly wasting and improperly disposing of highly dangerous items. He concludes that this practice causes significant threats to human health and to the environment. He indicts society at all levels for allowing a culture of planned obsolescence and excess packaging to persist. He makes a powerful case that this indulgence leads to the waste of human resources as well. Berry observes rising rivers flooding his fields with trash, such as cans, and plastic jugs. He expresses frustration concerning this mass of packaging and broken products with no other destination, at best, but a landfill, and at worst, someone’s yard or a local river. Berry’s experience is by no means confined to his “beautiful river” community. Such wastefulness is ubiquitous. In the college cafeteria, students, who are allowed to serve themselves as much as they wish, thoughtlessly throw away perfectly good food. Whether because of taste, lack of appetite, or weight concerns, entire trays of uneaten food fill the garbage bins. A recently observed student served himself pizza, salad, chicken, noodles, and a wrap sandwich, tasted each, and tossed the rest, a nearly universal pattern. Besides food waste, consider the end of semester trash piles, composed of the plastics, paper, textiles, metal, and newly obsolete electronics that briefly furnished a dorm room. This toxic e-waste will likely end up poisoning poor kids elsewhere. Thus Berry’s identification of waste problems is applicable nearly everywhere. Berry further notes the ill effects of the current system throughout our environment. The practice of planned obsolescence and excessive packaging both pollutes and unnecessarily consumes energy, water, and other resources. As just one example, huge forests are sacrificed for trivia such as disposable chopsticks and political mailers. Deforestation is linked to increased CO2 levels, thus potentially contributing to global climate change. Berry carries the notion of ill effects on humans a step further. He asserts that industrial food production isolates most people from this traditional means of livelihood. He links this to the fact that kids and the elderly have few ways to contribute meaningfully in Western society. Berry links the centralization of food production and productive power to an overall deterioration of values and chronic unemployment. Thus the system of planned waste built into current practices has negative effects on the environment, on human health, and on society. In conclusion, Berry draws a direct connection between what he describes as, “the gathering of the productive property and power into fewer and fewer hands” on the one hand, and an ugly visual landscape, a toxic environment, and wasted huma
In Asian history, maps of the Middle East were drawn during the Eternal Eastern Question era (Bacharach, 1984). Geographically, Middle East refers to the region between the Southeastern Asia and Northeastern Africa. The use of the term, in reference to the Persian countries, was first used by a US naval by the name Mahan during the early 20 th century (Bonine, 2012). Before the adoption of this term, the region was widely known as the Near East. During this period, the Near East regions represented areas between the Mediterranean Sea and India. From the early mid 20 th century, there have been several attempts to rename the region with geographical and cultural names (Bonine, 2012). Through these, several international initiatives have been started to enhance major geographic shifts. As a result, several attempts have been made with the aim of identifying and restructuring the Middle East. Notably, the United Nation no longer refers to the region as the Middle East. Instead, the institution refers to the region as the Western Asia. This paper highlights several reasons seeking to support why the region should be referred to as the West Asia rather than the Middle East. According to the world map, the Far East countries are situated around the Japanese region. On the other hand, countries such as Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia are situated on the western side of the Asian map (Beaumont, 1976). Based on this, the region referred to as the Middle East should be situated around India and Pakistan region. This implies that the term Middle East has been used in reference to a different geographical region. In this regard, the term definition is geographically incorrect. Currently, the Middle East is commonly used in reference to the Arabs countries stre
Nacirema culture is characterized by the hardworking and rich people who live in the natural habitat endowed with richness and spent most of their time in developing their economy in order to improve their lives’ status. They are very ritualistic in the way they do their routine tasks and natural functions such as men daily rite of shaving their beards, women rites of baking their hair four times a month, visiting their dentists twice a year, daily ablution of the face, bathing and excretory is ritually done in secret and even scheduled sexual intercourse. Nacirema culture is a very civilized culture. The way they do, their things portray a very civilized society whose patients go to the hospitals to be treated by the special health professionals such as doctors, dentists, psychologists, and nurses. They also use clean treated water and detergents in daily cleanness. The culture also portray a healthy conscious society in the way they have ritualized their cleanness in their bathrooms, consider their bodies susceptible to diseases hence must be taken good care of, daily brushing of their teeth and going to dentist twice a year. Miner portrayed Nacirema culture from the uncivilized person point view because he could not describe what constitutes civilization; every aspect of the Nacirema culture was quite strange to him. Miner described health, cleanness and beauty very strange but the impression I got shows that Nacirema culture is a good culture which is sensitive to health matters and would like to live in that kind of society. Miner used strange descriptions such as priest treating water (water treatment plants), psychologist (Listener), sink (small font), and hospital (temple or laptipso). Misunderstanding of the Nacirema culture can adversely affect their cultural image and portray their society behaviors and customs as very strange and complex. The first impression can depicts Nacirema culture as so ritualistic in their way of living because they go to shrines daily, women baking their hair, using holy water, talking to witchdoctors and many more strange descriptions of their rites. Characteristics of American culture share the same characteristics with the Nacirema culture because they are hardworking and rich, ritualistic in their daily routine, civilized in their living standards and are a healthy society. Miner’s description of Nacirema culture depicts them as strange and mysterious culture which lived long time ago before the dawn of civilization but viewing from the analytical point of view and understanding the miner’s language of description. Interpreting the strange descriptions of Nacirema culture portrays the positive cul
Conditions That inspired the 20 th century Revolutions and Are Likely to Conceive Revolutions in the 21 st Century According to (Adams, 2004) a Revolution is the change in organizational structures or power that occurs in a short time period. Revolutions vary as they occur in different terms including; methods, ideology, and duration resulting in great changes in the economy, culture, political institutions, and social institutions. In the 20th century, a large number of revolutions have taken place in America, among them being revolutions in agriculture, industry natural resources, and in the economy. There are conditions that inspired these revolutions and are still prevalent in modern societies. One of these conditions is the need for mineral resources and their availability in areas that had not been tapped before the 20th century. There were also policies that supported the extraction of minerals as well as the advances in know-how which was due to the introduction of improved technology in the 20th century hence the rise in the quantities of natural resources. (Adams, 2004) found that, there was a need to reduce the high mortality rate as a result of infection which lowered life expectancy greatly, and in the 20th century, developments were made to reduce infection through the invention of drugs that were anti-infectious, vaccines to reduce vulnerability to infection and development in the area of hygiene which consequently led to a rise in life expectancy. Another inspiring condition was the rise of population level in the 20th century and it called for more agricultural output
Introduction In every organization, the productivity of employees is significantly determined by the organization’s ability to motivate them. In order to motivate their employees effectively, it is important for an organization to employ the appropriate management practices and behaviors. Management practices and behaviors is one of the most appropriate tools which can be used to increase the employee’s productivity and enhancing employee morale and commitment. Motivation can be defined as the set of reasons which affects one’s decisions to engage themselves in particular behaviors. When employees are motivated, they will become more committed to their respective duties because they believe their hard work is recognized. They will be motivated to work harder in order to maximize the returns of an organization. When their efforts are recognized, employees will get a sense of identity with an organization. They will somehow have sense of ownership of the firm. Consequently, they will be committed to meet the organizational goals. In the long run, the organization’s profitability will increase due to the increased employee productivity. Despite of these advantages of employee motivation, the process is faced by a number of problems. These problems have significantly affected the success of employees’ motivation. For instance, in order for any organization to have a successful employee motivation pr
Summary Today opioids are the most commonly used drug in the United States. For a long time, opiates have been used as effective pain relievers, but their relaxing effects started making people abuse them recreationally. Opioids cause a strong feeling of euphoria, which leads to the risk of using recreational substances. Addicted people have a constant desire to increase the dose, which is a severe medical and social problem. The United States is facing one of the worst drug crises in history. More than half of deaths are associated with prescription opioids: heroin and fentanyl (Coon et al., 2022). The number has risen nationwide amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis has acquired enormous proportions and become a brake on the economy and a threat to national security. Forms of Treatment Available to those Suffering from Opioid Addiction The most effective way to overcome opioid addiction is recognized as “substitution therapy”. This approach involves using a drug with less addictive potential as a legal alternative to heroin and other highly addictive drugs. Three substances are currently approved for substitution therapy: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone (Volkow et al., 2014). Medications are determined with cautiousness to avoid unwanted psychoactive effects. For example, a significant disadvantage of methadone is its ability to provoke a strong withdrawal syndrome in case of discontinuation of its use. To alleviate the patient’s condition, doctors can resort to additional help with tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and non-opioid ana