ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Computer software written for the purpose of managing data bases is being termed as database management system. The activity for which it is being designed includes organization, storage, retrieval and management of data stored in the given database. A database management system uses a data modeling language that describes the scheme of data to be stored and it has to be in accordance with the data model being used by that database. The popular data models are hierarchical, network, relational and network data model out of which relational data model is most widely used. This model has been introduced by E.F.Codd in 1970 and is the building block of most widely used commercial and open source databases available. The scheme it used is that data is stored in the form of tables and relationship among data is also stored in similar tables. DB2, mySQL, Sybase, Ingres, Oracle, Informix, IMS, Foxpro, SQL Server, Gemstone, Objectivity/DB, Versant etc are the popular databases used worldwide. With the use of database management system a corporate could enhance the use of its strategic data. DB2- Description (Hardware/Software Platforms) IBM’s DB2 has been specifically designed to serve different operating system platforms. DB2 has been used popularly in competition with Oracle’s products for UNIX based system and for Windows based System it compete Microsoft Access. Among IBM’s products DB2 is said to hold major market share and is considered superior performance wise. DB2 products are not only available for Virtual Machine (VM) operating Systems, AS/400 systems and mainframe OS/390 but it also has products that could work cross-platform, i.e. for Linux, HP-UX, Solaris and OS/2 etc. The databases in DB2 could be accessed from any of the application programs by using the interfaces of Microsoft’s Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), Java Database connectivity (JDBC) or Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). (Elizabeth Holland Kern, Isaac Yassin, 2005) DB2 Architecture Despite being a Relational Database Management System, DB2, physically is a system comprising a number of address spaces and intersystem communication links that work together to provide services of a relational database management system. It has a number of sub systems each having three to five tasks. These tasks start from user console and run themselves in the address space which is a portion of central Processing Unit (CPU). Among all the Address Spaces it has, the first address space is called Database Service Address Space (DBAS) that provides the database capability to manipulate the DB2 data structures. By default this address space is being called DSNDBM1. The functionality here is the management of buffers and execution of Structured Query Language (SQL), in short it manages the actual logic of the DBMS. To perform the mentioned functionality DBAS has three components designed to perform specific tasks. These components are Relational Data System (RDS), Data Manager (DM) and Buffer Manager (BM). The second address space is System services Address Space (SSAS). This add
Osteoporosis is defined as a bone condition when the body loses too much bone or does not produce enough for sustainable well-being. As a result of this condition, the bone matter becomes weaker as time goes on and thus increases the risks of breaking from falls. In the most severe cases of osteoporosis, patients can experience the breaking of bones because of such minor accidents as hitting bumps or sneezing. In this paper, the condition will be reviewed from different perspectives. The risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and preventative measures of osteoporosis will be discussed in detail. Risk Factors of Osteoporosis The bone matter is in a continuous state of renewing itself, which means that its old cells break down while new ones are made. When people are young, these cells renew themselves quicker, thus making the bone stronger and less susceptible to breaking. The peak of gaining bone mass usually occurs in the middle of the ’20s. With age, the regeneration of bone matter slows down thus contributing to the loss of bone mass because the cells break down faster than they are created. Therefore, there is a direct connection between how much bone mass has a person developed during their young age (Delaisse, 2014). The higher the bone mass associated with the peak of its development, the more bone will be retained for the rest of the life. If there is not enough bone mass, the higher is the likelihood of osteoporosis development as time goes by. There are multiple categories of risk factors that can initiate the development of osteoporosis. Among unchangeable risks, sex, age, race, family history, and body frame size are the most likely to influence the condition’s development (Delaisse, 2014). For instance, women have more likelihood of getting osteoporosis compared to men. As already mentioned, the older one gets, the higher the risks of osteoporosis are. When it comes to race, individuals of Asian descent and whites are more likely to get osteoporosis as well as those whose siblings have been diagnosed with the disease in the past. Moreover, one’s body frame size may affect the loss of bone matter, and individuals with smaller body frames lose their bone mass quicker. Hormone
The passage chosen for analysis is from Ding Ling’s narrative know as ‘When I was in Xia Village” “Do you hate Cia Dabao” I can’t say that I hate him. I just feel now that I’m someone who’s diseased. It’s a fact that I was abused by a large number of Jap devils. I’m unclean, and with such a black mark, I don’t expect any good fortune to come my way.” (Ling 314) This passage occurs towards the end of the story when the protagonist meets with Zhenzhen for the second last time. The narrator is a member of the Communist Party and was sent to Xia Village as part of her job assignment. The narrator finds the people of the village to be too judgmental, conservative and hostile to deviants. She becomes friends with Zhenzhen who is now an outcast. She had been abused by several Japanese soldiers and contracted a disease from the encounters. The villagers blame her for the rapes and claim that she is too tainted for marriage. However, one man called Cia Dabao disregards other people’s opinions about Zhenzhen and asks her to marry him. Zhenzhen rejects the proposal and decides to leave the village since her ‘uncleanliness’ would only cause her misfortune. One should note that the book was written during the era of the Fourth Movement, in which Chinese citizens sought to fight against freedom and inequality. As a result, female writers echoed these sentiments through their lens. In this passage, the subject is a tough woman who encounters a barrier that is not new to her life. She has undergone several difficult ordeals that have strengthened her resolve and made her a force to reckon with. It should be noted that such a depiction of women was not uncommon in this era. Many female writers empowered their protagonists and allowed them to participate in various as
Identify the health behavior theory used in this article The authors of this article discuss the ecological approach to health behavior (McLeroy et al. 355). This model is based on the theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is often applied to describe how a person’s attitudes and values are formed (Edberg 82; Hayden 236). In this case, it is used to describe the health behavior of individual and groups. Identify the level of intervention targeted by the intervention (individual, interpersonal, community) The scholars believe that it is necessary to design interventions that have several levels. In particular, one should speak of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community levels (McLeroy et al. 355). Additionally, the researchers believe that the intervention should be related to institutional factors and policies adopted by the state. Identify the intervention strategy used in this article and provide your assessment of its appropriateness Overall, the intervention strategy is based on the premise that it is necessary to modify a broad set of factors that affect the health behavior of a person. For instance, one can mention the influence of peer pressure that prompts teenagers to start smoking. In turn, the task of medical workers and educators is to make adolescents more resilient to those influences that can adversely affect their health. Furthermore, it is important to consider the impact of organizational or institutional factors. For instance, inefficient workplace rules, tight schedule, or job insecurity can influence people’s attitudes towards smoking, alcohol consumption, or dietary habits (Torre 142). In turn, organizations should create an environment in which a person can adopt healthy lifestyles. Furthermore, scholars emphasize the importance of community factors that can help individuals change their health behaviors. In this case, one can speak of various voluntary associations that assist people in overcoming such problems as drug addiction, alcoholism, obesity, and so forth (McLeroy et al. 363). Finally, researchers focus on the importance of policies developed at different levels. For instance, it is possible to consider the policies regulating the distribution or advertisement of alcoholic beverages and tobacco. Overall, this intervention strategy is rather useful because it can mitigate a broad range of adverse
The parable of the Cave is Plato’s elucidation of the transformation of the spirit toward enlightenment. He perceives it as what takes place when somebody is educated to the rank of the logician. He argues that they should “go back into the cave” or go back to the daily globe of politics, voracity and supremacy fights. Furthermore, the parable molests individuals depending on their minds. The allegory also condemns those who are the captives of the past. The cuffs that truss the hostages are the minds. The aim of the parable is to attempt to place all the particulars of the cave to an individual’s understanding. Conversely, the parable tries to inquire about the things that guards carry with them. Is it the fire, the struggle out of the cave, the sunlight or the shadows on the cave wall? Some years later, after the parable had been released, Socrates in Book VII of The Republic informed us that the parable meant our humanity and the fire was our sun. He believed that the conduit of the captive was our spirit’s ascent to acquaintance or civilization. He compared our humanity of vision with the philosopher’s world of belief. However, the two are below our understanding and knowledge. The power of sight permits us to “see” objects that are not actual for instance corresponding lines and ideal rings. He describes this as advanced comprehension of the humanity that is, “abstract Reality” or the logical world. He associates this theoretical realism with the comprehension that comes from logic and lastly understanding. The second thought in this metaphor of the Cave explains how many individuals are ensnared in their own small world, unaware of what is actually happening around them. The narrative mainly consists of five sections, including the shadow, the fire, the common person, the ascending man, and the descending man. The fourth section talks about the ascent. In case an individual manages to come out of the cave that harbours the ordinary person, he or she feels enlightened. Once the person is out, he or she lastly appreciates the varieties of life and happens to be entirely cultured. He distinguishes that the darkness simply implied the truth of realism. The fire can offer an individual with a blurred thought of what the realism of objects are, but until he or she comes out of it, then he or she could simply witness the “shadow” of realism.
The Prince is a political piece of writing by Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian political theorist. In this treatise, Machiavelli expounds political views tackling how a prince might access and maintain power. Some critics and analysts alike have branded this work ‘extreme’; however, Machiavelli insists that a prince should maintain a firm principality for its preservation lies in it. He lays down strategies that an aspiring prince can use to gain power or a serving prince to maintain power. He makes it clear that, as long as a state is stable, the means of maintaining this stability should not be questioned even if they are cruel. This treatise examines attainment, protraction, and application of political power that was prominent in the western world in the sixteenth century. Machiavelli does not advocate for law, rather he calls for use of power to rule. This paper tackles mixed monarchies as exposited in The Prince. Machiavelli on Mixed Monarchies Machiavelli notes that, governance problems are prevalent amongst new and mixed monarchies. Naturally, men would wish to change rulers or overthrow them for their own benefits. Unfortunately, Machiavelli notes that, this shallow thinking works against the perpetrators because they lack experience. To princes, Machiavelli cautions that, after overpowering their rebellious juniors, they cannot afford to remain friends with those who helped them in the battle because sooner than later the princes will not meet these people’s expectation. Therefore, to ensure that a prince has absolute control over his juniors, he requires the “favor of the inhabitants to take possession over a province” (Machiavelli 5). This ensures a prince gets allegiance from grassroots. Actually, Louis XII of France lost his possession in Italy to Ludovico because the inhabitants preferred Ludovico to Louis XII. Machiavelli notes that losing a territory the first time is not difficult; however, after regaining it, to lose it a second time becomes insurmountable because a prince can now punish rebels, strengthen weaknesses, and probe any insurgence before things get out of hand. This explains why after Ludovico regained possession of Milan, Louis XII could not overthrow him a second time. This is what princes should take into consideration if they are to conquer and rule. Nevertheless, Machiavelli notes there are ways a prince may lose a territory a second time under some conditions as exposited next. One of the greatest threats of a kingdom is annexation. Machiavelli observes that, if different states are annexed to an existing one, chances of survival depe
Introduction When the news about a genetically cloned sheep named “Dolly” was reported, various reactions were generated from different groups of people. Many were shocked and had strongly disagreed with the idea – these are mostly the religious groups and the most conservative ones in the society. There are some who became genuinely interested and have found themselves excitedly waiting for more results and further researches on the topic – these people are mostly those who are inclined to sciences and are much willing to defy the church. But why do these people have these reactions towards this thing called cloning? What really is cloning? How come it has taken the attention of many? Is it really scientifically challenging? Or does it offer a possible advantage to humans, like us? Cloning: Defined Technically speaking, cloning is a means of isolating particular parts of the genome in small fragments of DNA and making copies of and studying the sequence in another organism. It can also mean the process of producing by nonsexual means an identical copy of organisms. There are actually three types of approaches to cloning. First is cloning using a specialized DNA technology producing multiple, exact copies of a single gene or another segment of DNA that will help obtain enough material for future studies. This is referred to as “DNA cloning” and has been used in the Human Genome Project. The second type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell. The genetic makeup of these cloned cells, called a cell line, is identical to the original cell. And lastly, the third type of cloning produces complete, genetically identical animals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly 1 . In a more laymen’s term, cloning is like having a clearer “carbon copy” of one person, animal, or any organism for that matter. What’s more interesting on this, though it can be scary also, is the possibility that one could create a much better replica of himself. If researches could be successful, one can easily make several copies of him… acquiring his traits and personalities, his talents, his skills, his intelligence and even his interests. But as I’ve said, one could even make a better imitation of himself… hence a cloned person could be made “perfect” in a sense that the characteristics that are lacking on the “original” entity could be added and enhanced so that the “cloned” body could have that characteristics. Yes, this is how science and technology go now. And this is also why many are putting their best foot to go against the idea of cloning. Religious sectors and the “conservative” ones fear that bad things are bound to happen if this process will push through. They are thinking and debating that this is not written in the Holy Bible. Hence this is not right and proper. On the other hand, people who are supporting this process believe that this could offer great help to all humanity. They are providing ample proof that through cloning, various deadly diseases nowadays could be cured. They are going around the idea that cloning could help ease the entire people from suffering from de
Gambling is the practice of betting money or any other material value on an event with an outcome that is not certain and with the primary intention of winning either money or material goods. In most cases the outcome of the gambler is within a short period. Although the exercise is not generally accepted by many authorities, it was been practiced on some set aside days by the Roman Catholics and the Jews. Although people practice gambling for recreation purposes, the practice affects the brain chemistry and could lead to psychological addiction. Reinforcing such a behavior becomes a challenge even after the gamblers incur huge losses in the practice. As the gamblers attempt to try to get rich quickly, they sink in deeper and deeper problems making it more complicated to come out of the problem (Black &Shaw 18). This problem in some cases needs to be rectified when it reaches extreme levels that could affect the psychological well being of the gambler. The problem of gambling may affect the gambler either biologically, mentally or offer behavioral challenges which all combine to bring about an effect in the health of an individual. A gambler faces the challenge of imminent effect of addiction to the effects of gambling every time he continues with the exercise of gambling something that may take long to drop. Gambling affects the mind of the gambler and eventually reaches a point of requiring guidance and counseling in order to alleviate the problem. Psychologists suggest that neurological features that are shared may determine partially the pathological effect of gambling. Ian has been a gambling victim who has lost all his property through gambling yet remains lost in the miasma of the habit with little success in doing away with the habit. He has decided to eventually visit practicing psychologists in an effort to help him recover from the problem that has even made him to be in bad books with the family members. Behavioral psychologist, Mister Brown believes that Ian’s problem has been an accumulation weird behavior started when he was young and perpetuated in to adulthood. He therefore believes that rectifying this problem will involve retracting from the behavior by avoiding visiting the places where gambling is practiced. Mister Brown also suggests that Mister Ian reconciles with his family as the first step into forgiveness and subsequent reformation. Biological psychologist Mister Dennis advised Mister Ian to distance himself from the company of gamblers who provoked his interest of going into gambling. By keeping off from the company of gamblers, he would minimize the chances of the habit increasing. According to Black & Shaw (10) gamblers secret norepinephrine which is normally associated with stress, thrill or arousal all which need to be cured using proper medication. When this hormone is released, the patients may break up even when carrying out the gambling. Cognitive psychologist Mister Hart suggested to Mister Ian to use medication to heal him from the adverse effects already caused by gambling in
Traditionally, pork was considered white meat, but in nutrition it is categorized together with beef as red meat. Red meat has higher nutrition value than white meat. Pork is generally rich in proteins, Niacin, Selenium, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, vitamin B12, Phosphorous and Zinc. (Catherine, 2004) Pork contains virtually all the recommended nutrients for the human body. 100 grams of cooked trimmed served lean pork gives the body the following nutrients in the given content; It provides the body with 191 calories of energy which provides energy for all the processes in the body, it also provides the body with 29 grams of protein that is essential for building and repairing of worn out tissues as well as producing antibodies for body protection. Lean pork provides 7.5 grams of fat which is necessary for the provision of energy. Pork fat contains the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Pork is also a source of CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) which has antioxidant properties hence protect the body against cancer and heart diseases. (www.great-workout.com/nutrition/meat/pork-nutrition-facts.cfm) As noted by Austin and Lincoln (2000) the recommended intake of nutrients in a human body present in 100 grams of lean pork has the following benefits; The body requires 65% thiamin which is necessary for fat metabolism. It is also needed for the growth and repair of nerves as well as maintaining appetite. 22% Riboflavin which helps in energy release from food and cell division. 47% Niacin (Vitamin B3) that is required in the human body for energy release from carbohydrates and proteins. Pork supplies 24 % vitamin B6 essential for protein metabolism. Pork also contains vitamin B12 38 % required in the body. Pork contains essential minerals such as phosphorous 22%, 10% magnesium, 9% iron, and 36% Zinc. Pork compares favorably with other meat and poultry for calories, fats and cholesterol. Most cuts of lean pork are nutritious just as chicken or more leaner than chicken. (Austin and Lincoln,