ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper is based on the topic of overcrowding in prisons. It seeks to explore the topic by looking at ways of solving the problem of overcrowding in prisons. It is argued that the problem cannot be solved by building more prisons alone but rather, building more prisons is just one of the many solutions to the problem. The paper uses the United States (US) as an example to provide figures and facts about the topic. Various sources are used such as books, websites, and journals. What is Overcrowding in Prisons? It refers to a situation in which there is a higher supply of prisoners than the capacity of the prisons in a given country. When prisoners are convicted, they are sentenced for a certain period of time, after which they are released. They may also be released on other grounds such as presidential pardoning, old age or on medical grounds. Under normal circumstances, the rate at which prisoners are released should be the same as the rate at which new prisoners are convicted. However, it is not usually the case since in many cases; the rate at which prisoners are released is far much lower than the rate at which others are convicted. The end result is usually overcrowding in prisons. Overcrowding leads to poor sanitation and lack of healthcare in prisons. Other problems related to overcrowding include increased violence among inmates and stress both to inmates and prison staff. Overcrowding also means that governments spend more of tax payers’ money in keeping the prisoners in the prisons, a situation which negatively affects the economy. How big is the Problem of Overcrowding in Prisons? Many people tend to think that overcrowding in prisons is caused by increase in crime rates. However, this kind of thinking is far from the truth because research has shown that overcrowding comes as a result of various failures by the criminal justice systems. Such failures may mean that the criminal justice systems are reactive instead of being proactive. When they are reactive, they only respond to problems when they occur. Various studies have been done on the problem of overcrowding in prisons. Most of them have found that the problem is actually a global one because it cuts across all the economies, the poor and the rich alike. The reason why the problem is so serious is because many governments do not do proper analysis of the problem and how it may affect their countries. Actually, majority of governments are preoccupied with protection of citizens to the extent of failing to balance between the cost of protecting citizens and the cost of overcrowding in prisons. If governments do a proper analysis of the problem, then they could be able to handle it in a sober manner and bring it to an end once and for all. To illustrate how big the problem of overcrowding in prisons is, I will use the US as a case study. In the US, research has shown that majority of prisoners are convicted of nonviolent drug related offenses. The US is considered as a super power of the world in terms of military, political, economic, and cultural prowess. It is not known for inability to solve probl
Definition The paper is about border security of the United States. The major concern is whether to have a secure border or to allow free movement of people, goods or services across the border of the United States. This border had been known as the longest undefended border in the world, but after the events of September 11, 2001, things changed. The U.S government had to review its border laws and restrictions, which led to strict rules on its border. There has been increased time for security checks of shipment, thus increasing shipment costs for Canadian exporters. In addition to this, the US deadline for secure identity cards has affected trade and tourism. The research shall be based on information from already documented information on U.S security. This includes books, journal articles, primary sources and online sources found in the World Wide Web. This will provide information that other people have been able to gather about border security, which includes the actual figures of cost implications of border restrictions. The predetermined data of people movement across the border before and after border restrictions together with figures of economic implications shall be very important information for making conclusions. Objective The main objective is to determine whether the United States should allow a secure or free border to exist with the outside world for movement of goods, people and services, based on the events that took place in September 11, 2001 that killed many people. Hypothesis Free border may lead to increased economic and social relationship between the United States, Canada and the rest of the hemisphere through unrestricted movement of goods, people and services across its boundaries. This will ultimately improve trade between United States and the rest of the world. Outline In 1990s, the Canadian- U.S border was known to be the longest secure border that existed until the terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001, due to good policies that existed between the two nations. After the terrorism attacks, the US customs and migration agencies increased security on trade and migration of people across their border. The costs that come along with these restrictions have been known to have a great impact on both the US and the Canadian economy. This is in the form of taxes that amount to hundreds of millions of dollars that the citizens pay to put adequate security in the borders. US border scrutiny has discouraged potential investors and exports to the US due to time wastage that amounts to a loss of millions of dollars. Another problem is the increase in shipment costs associated with the security provided during scrutiny. This is due to longer times that are taken during the process and security has to be provided. In 2004, 6.9 million trucks cross the US border from Canada with reported time delays of 32 minutes per shipment costing Canadian exporters an estimated $290 million. To avoid time wastage at borders, exporters have to be accredited in the US risk management programs which is expensive. The other problem of th
In life, there are a number of things that can either be compared or contrasted. Comparing involves the drawing of similarities that may exist between two or more things. Contrasting, on the other hand, focuses on identifying the aspects that differentiates the things under consideration. The essay seeks to compare football and rugby. It will discuss the similarities that exist between them which include; the playing field, advancing the ball, and tackles and blocks. As much as there may be some clear differences between football and rugby, there are obvious similarities. The first one is in the measurements of the playing field. Football, especially in America, is usually played on a field measuring 110 meters which is equivalent to 120 yards long by 49 meters in width. On both extremes of the longer side is a goal line, separated by 100 yards. The scoring area is marked 10 yards from each of the goal line. The area is referred to as end zone. The yard lines cross the field at an interval of 5 yards. Moreover, two rows are marked to run parallel to the side lines and are close to the middle of the field. Two goal posts are found beyond the end zones. The goal posts are usually 18.5 feet apart. However, they are 24 feet in the case of high school games. The two posts are connected by a cross bar which is 10 feet above the ground. In most cases, the goal posts may take the shape of letter ‘H’ or sometimes the letter ‘Y’. Similarly, for a rugby field, it measures 131 yards (120 meters) in length and about 60 meters in width giving it a rectangular shape. There are lines drawn across the field at an interval of 10 meters. About 6 to 12 meters beyond the goal lines, there is an in-goal region. Just like in football, there are two goal posts at each end and normally takes the shape of letter ‘H’. Secondly, football shares some similarity with rugby when it comes to the way of advancing the ball. In football, the team holding the ball (offense side) has 4 “downs”, to try and advance the ball 10 yards in the direction of the end zone. If the offense side manages to gain 10 yards, it qualifies for a set of 4 downs. When the offensive side fails to gain the 10 yards, then it looses possession. Instances which lead to the end of a down include; the player holding the ball is tackled by the defensive side, an attempt to pass the ball forward goes beyond the lines or it touches the ground before it is caught 4 times (results in an incomplete pass), when the player with the ball is pushed out or goes out of the field boundaries, and also, a down ends when a team scores. The method of advancing the ball is closely related to the six-tackle rule in rugby. The offensive team has 6 chances to tackle before it looses that ball possession. In football, the ball is advanced either by the player holding the ball running (rushing) with it or by passing the ball forwards to a colleague. While rushing, a player can opt to hand the ball over to another player. T
Introduction The south of America became prevalent with the employment of slaves in the early 19 th Century. The Underground Railroad was built with a mechanism of hidden ways and hiding places across the continent aptly named for which slaves can run away from their masters and head north to Canada or to Mexico. The establishment of this clandestine movement was not initiated only by the slaves themselves but also through the help of sympathizers and other citizens who have the capacity to help. Other hidden pathways led to North American nations. At its emergence during the early 19 th century, approximately more than 200,000 individuals became free from bondage because of the Underground Railroad, through survey statistics only tallied less than 10 000 (Edwards 4). The Underground Railroad has caught the appreciation of all people as a symbol of independence, and it is widely regarded in African culture and society. The system was at its peak between the years 1810 through 1850 and even expanded after the release of the Fugitive Slave Act (“Underground Railroad,” 2007). The name of the system should not be taken literally as a railroad escape route since the slaves often traveled on boats and other transport vehicles too. The hidden pathway was “underground” in the idea of it being a secret and illegal group but was not always below the ground as its name says. In their travels, they used railroad language like ‘conductors’ and ‘stations.’ The Underground Railroad was composed of hidden pathwa
Introduction The emergence of Russia as one of the most economically stable countries in the world may be attributed to the role played by the Bolshevik Revolution, with the main architects being Lenin and Stalin. Basically, this revolution led to the death of communism dynasty of Czar that was characterized by cutting off of Russia from the rest of world, poor infrastructure and logistic systems, and extra-large army taking preference in factory investment in expense of consumer goods manufacturing. The result of this was massive hunger in the economy and rising commodity prices, prompting the emergence of revolution. However, with the leadership of Lenin, Bolshevik Revolution campaigned for socialism and using non-war strategies, called for social liberty in control of factories by workers and ownership of property, as well as renunciation of secret diplomatic ties that had denied Russia access to external donors. Basically, 1917 marked the beginning of economic turnaround fro Russia and the genesis of ‘Power to Soviets’ slogan. Prior to this period, Russian industries were in crisis with massive shut-down of factories and increasing unemployment being the norm. According to the Togovo-Promyshlennaya Gazetta, this closure of industries was influenced by factors such as: shortage of cotton, grain and other raw materials; rising wages for the workers; declining orders in most industries; lack of fuel; and declining profits in the industries [1] . Indeed, some regions such as Moscow Industrial Region and the Southern Russia were the most affected. As from July 1917, the rate of unemployment skyrocketed as the supplies of fuel and other raw materials became scarce [2] . Additionally, the economic crisis continued to worsen, leading to acceleration of class conflicts which became manifested through; 1) workers became more confrontational and profits continued to shrink, 2) owners of industries became more cautious and less willing to re-invest in their businesses or take new orders [3] . By the month of June of the same year, employers in Petrograd were surprised that they had made a mistake by accepting a concession policy instead of repression policy specifically after the February Revolution. This paper will discuss the Bolshevik Revolution and the rule of Lenin and Stalin between 1917 and 1953, and their long-term impact on Russian economic development. Lenin and the Revolution By 1917, the policies of the Provisional Government were becoming unpopular, causing disappointment as many people regarded them as nonrevolutionary policies of the government. In effect, Lenin and Bolsheviks came out as the most progressive advocates of the need to put back power in the hands of Soviets and in effect, coined a slogan ‘All Power to the Soviets’ which gained a lot of acceptance among the masses due to its intention to bring radical socia
Abstract The present study discusses the problems and difficulties faced by the homosexual individuals while living in a social set up with reference to the past and present circumstances. The movie “If These Walls Could Talk 2” has been taken as the primary source for the current research paper, main objective behind it is to evaluate the deplorable and pathetic condition of the gay people who have to undergo discriminative behaviour from other strata of society. The following hypothesis has been articulated for this research: More the freedom of thought and action in a society, more the chances of its individuals of leading a happy and satisfied life Introduction Human beings are not only socially stratified, but also they are different from one another in nature, appearance, ideas, preferences, liking and disliking. Some of these differences are innate and man has no power to change them. These include caste, race, ethnic group, physical features and blood group etc. On the other hand, man likes and dislikes can be altered and regulated with the passage of time by teaching, coaching, training and therapy. Man maintains variety in sexual priorities too, which are the outcome of both his biological characteristics as well as these based on the learning he has attained while living as the member of society. Homosexual tendencies are also the result of natural traits and nurture experiences. There was a time when sexual contacts between the persons of the same sex had been a highly prohibited matter. But the customs and traditions have taken drastic changes with the passage of time and homosexual relationship and marriage have been allowed in many societies of the world of today. Though it has been present in almost all human societies for the last many centuries, yet it has got recognition during the second half of the previous century. The homosexuals are looked down upon and condemned in many societies, but few countries of the world including Canada have allowed gay life and homosexuality in the country. The basic reason behind the permission is this that no individual should be hurt or harmed on the basis of his sexual inclinations; thus, the gay people must be treated on the equal foundations like heterosexuals. The Emma Award Winning famous movie “If Walls Could Talk 2” mentions the pitiable situation of the gays during 1960s. They were teased and taunted on their sexual identity and were considered as the people of low category involved in perversion and deviancy. Pr
Introduction Policies adopted in the education setting can be assumed to mean texts that have the potential to alter educational practices and learning outcomes. Although various policies have been used to influence the future direction of the sector and, by extension, social and national agendas (Bartram, 2021), not much effort has been made to understand the weaknesses of current systems, or how their evolution and adoption have helped to achieve their intended objectives, or not. Particularly, this observation is true for policies that have been developed to promote equality and inclusion in schools. For example, the UK Equality Act 2010, which was introduced as a substitute of the Race Relations Act 1976 was designed to prohibit all forms of discrimination based on people’s nationality, ethnicity, and color of their skin, but the same practices exist today (Educational Institute of Scotland, 2021). Race Relations Order 1997 also had a similar objective (AHE, 2021), but minimal efforts have been made to understand their impact, especially in the higher education sector. This study is a research proposal aimed at understanding the efficacy of inclusive policies in promoting race relations in the UK higher education sector. The study is important because it will highlight the relationship and efficacy of national policies on higher education practices. By doing so, observers and students will understand the underlying intentions and motives of formulating policies aimed at promoting inclusion and diversity in schools. As suggested by Stephen (1993), these attempts at reconciliation will give education stakeholders a glimpse into the mind of policymakers. This way, students will be able to have an in-depth understanding of problems that affect their learning environment and how they could best address them. Broadly, the findings that will be formulated from the proposed research will be useful in providing important feedback needed to improve future education policies. Background and Context of Study The changing social, economic, and political environment around the world has been primarily brought by globalization and technological changes. In its wake is the growth of a revolutionary mindset that has emerged not only in political spheres but in the industry and education sectors as well (Welcomer, Haggerty and Sama, 2021; Bruff, 2021). It has prompted people to think of better ways of addressing contemporary social and educational problems. However, higher learning institutions in the UK are having a difficult time preparing their students to live in a race-neutral learning environment (UK Commission for Racial Equality, 2016). Nonetheless, to keep up with changing attitudes about race relations, higher education institutions must prepare students to compete in a race-neutral world. Literature Review The lasting impact of race and racism on societies has been well documented. However, in this literature review, the problem is presented from a s
Hill, John M. “Beowulf, Value, and the Frame of Time.” Modern Language Quarterly 40.1 (1979): 3-18. Print. According to Hill, in Beowulf, the eternal values were not merely contrasted with the valuable objects of the material nature. As Hill emphasizes, the objects in the poem serve either as symbols for a certain phenomenon/issue, despite the fact that the given objects are of great value. As Hill explains, “When the Geats inter Beowulf’s gold with him, they of course act in the past. But the effect of their actions, the rendering useless of the gold, survives them down to our present” (Hill 10). Hill’s article examines the eternal values that were implied into Beowulf by its creator(s) with the purpose of showing the generations to follow the example of courtesy, bravery, dignity, and masculinity that Beowulf shows. A key argument of the article is built around the concept of lasting moral worth and virtue that early Europeans believed to be so important that they decided to compose a significant piece of poetic art to establish their position regarding their world views for the next generations; hence, the author emphasizes that in Beowulf, any mentioning of valuable objects does not relate to greed in any way. Odell, David. “Dryden’s EPIGRAM ON MILTON: A New Reading Questioned.” Explicator 68.3 (2010): 159-168. Print. Odell, on the other hand, offers a completely different interpretation of valuable objects and their meaning for the characters in his Paradise Lost. Since the poem in question can be described as satirical, it conveys a message that is, in fact, quite close to the one of Beowulf . According to Odell, the characters’ attitude towards the objects of value is also rather elevated; quoting the epigraph to the poem: “The first in loftiness of thought surpass’d/The next in Majesty: in both the Last./The force of Nature cou’d no farther goe:/To make a Third she joynd the former two” (Odell 159), the author makes it clear that the focus of Milton’s poem is on the spiritual issues, while valuable items are considered as something secular. Hence, in treating the valuable items, Milton’s Paradise Lost is close to Beowulf. The author states that reflecting on the significance of the themes developed by Milton in “Paradise Lost”, there can be no other conclusion about the value of this work as the conclusion, that it is purposed to reveal eternal truths for the readers of all times including Milton’s contemporaries and the generations of their offspring. In addition, the argument that Odell is trying to solve in his article deserves mentioning. According to Odell, the famous epigraph can be interpreted in a way other