ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder among children. According to Hervas et al. (2014), the global prevalence rate of this condition in individuals under the age of 18 years is estimated at 5.3 percent. These numbers underline the need to have comprehensive medication regimes to ensure that the affected children are treated effectively for improved quality of life. The commonly used drugs to treat ADHD in children are stimulants, especially amphetamine-based medications and methylphenidate, but their effectiveness might be affected by several factors including inadequate response and severe side effects. Therefore, non-stimulant medications have been developed as an alternative to stimulants for individuals not getting the desired efficacy from stimulant-based drugs. However, these drugs also have some side effects, which hinder their efficacy. This paper discusses two empirical articles investigating the use of guanfacine extended-release (GXR) (a non-stimulant medication) to treat ADHD in children. Hervas et al. (2014) The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy, in terms of symptoms and function, and safety of “once-daily dose-optimized GXR compared with placebo in the treatment of children and adolescents aged 6–17 years with a diagnosis of ADHD as measured by the ADHD Rating Scale version IV (ADHD-RS-IV) in Europe, the USA and Canada” (Hervas et al., 2014, p. 1862). The study sample included children and adolescents (both male and female) aged between 6 and 17 years randomly selected for this study (n=114 for the intervention group and n=111 for the control group). For a participant to qualify, he or she had to have been diagnosed with ADHD of at least moderate severity. The selected participants were required to take GXR medication once every morning for four weeks, for those aged under 13 years, and for seven weeks, for those aged between 13 and 17 years, as part of double-blind dose optimization. A six-week maintenance period followed, whereby the participants continued taking the medication, and then a 2-week tapering period. A follow-up visit was conducted one week after the last dose. The results showed that GXR has robust efficacy by improving the core symptoms of ADHD among the participants. The researchers recommended GXR up to 7 mg (0.05-0.12 mg/kg/day) as an effective dosage for treating ADHD among children and adolescents. The study was limited in its scope of population because individuals with co-morbid conditions were excluded from the study. However, in the real world, people with ADHD have co-morbid conditions, thus these results may not be generalizable in other population set-ups. Stein et al. (2015) The objective of this study was to “determine whether once-daily GXR (1–4 mg/day) monotherapy, administered in the morning or evening in children aged 6–12 years, impacts overall functional impairment, as measured by the WFIRS-P” (Stein et al., 2015, p. 955). Participants were randomly selected children aged between 6 years and 12 years with ADHD diagnosis. For a participant t
Introduction Insurgent groups have endlessly threatened the serenity and stability of several countries. It is notable that since the beginning of civilization, insurgencies have been taking place. It is only that their strategies have evolved over the decades. Presently, most insurgent groups operate through defined organizational structures and leadership. The insurgent organizations sometimes receive support in diverse forms from their sympathizers as well as wealthy people. It is important to recognize that some organizations and institutions have normally supported insurgent groups. The insurgent groups seeking to terrify both populations and nations normally manage insurgencies. However, some insurgent groups have inadequate supply of financial and equipment thus making them potentially weak. The weak insurgent groups normally rely on the geographic conditions to help them undertake their operations. Important Geographic Conditions It is notable that diverse aspects of the landscape are crucial for insurgencies. Counterinsurgency experts such as David Galula have discussed the most significant geographic conditions that aid insurgencies (Galula & Nagl, 2006). Galula identifies simple and complex geographic conditions according to their advantageousness to insurgencies. The simple geographic conditions are considered to be favoring counterinsurgent groups and are not beneficial to insurgencies (Galula & Nagl, 2006). The complex geographic conditions are normally advantageous to insurgencies. Galula suggested that eight geographical factors are crucial to insurgencies. They include “location, size, international boundaries, terrain, climate, population, and configuration” (Galula & Nagl, 2006). The geographical areas, which lack physical barriers, are highly beneficial to insurgencies. The reliance on geographic conditions to stage insurgencies cannot be overemphasized (Kalyvas, 2008). Counterinsurgency experts have argued that most insurgencies have not been successful because the geographical conditions have diminished the effectiveness of insurgent groups. Location The insurgent groups cannot target a country that is separated by ordinary barriers such as dangerous mountains easily. There are insurgencies that have also failed because populations are in opposition of the insurgent groups activities. In such cases, the counterinsurgencies have proved to be easy (Spencer, 2009). Size The geographical size of a nation also affects insurgencies. The governments in charge of larger countries normally experience challenges in their attempt to control all regions. The governments of such countries however strong they are may find it had to respond to insurgencies particularly in areas where their presence is low (Kalyvas, 2008). Configuration Counterinsurgency experts have argued that countries, which are easily divided into sections hinders insurgencies. International borders International boundaries normally play a crucial role in insurgencies. The longer boundaries are beneficial to insurgent groups. Furthermore, insurgencies have been successful in areas where the countries in the boundaries are sympathizers of the
Introduction IGEHO is an international exhibition for hotel catering and extra-domestic consumption that took place in Basel, Switzerland from the 19-23 November 2011. The event was meant for anyone who is professionally involved in the hotel industry. The IGEHO event offered innovations, a complete market overview of products and services and a setting in which to meet familiar faces. Alongside hoteliers, the event acted as a meeting point for professionals from the facility management industry and the care sector (homes and hospitals). In addition to this, visitors to the event were able to acquire valuable specialist knowledge about trends in the hotel industry. Happening at a difficult economic climate, the event provided a good opportunity for stakeholders in the hotel industry to find the right partner in good time so as to be able to react successfully to changes within the industry. At a time when conserving energy is a priority for every organization, IGEHO provided participants information on energy efficiency for them to apply in the hotel industry. Additionally, the event gave participants who would like to invest money in the hotel industry in the future an opportunity to learn the basics of how to run their businesses. This was achieved through a lecture given on hall 2.2 with the theme “Atmosphere for the Hotel Guest: Focus on Women.” The choice of topic was based on the assumption that hotels are generally better tailored to the requirements of men than women. By placing the focus on women, the event organizers sought to give participants an answer to the question of how female hotel gusts differ from their male counterparts (IGEHO, 2011). Ideally, the event featured over 800 exhibitors displaying thousands of products, services, and innovations in the hotel industry (Allen, 2010). This report looks at the logistical support for IGEHO to determine if the event was a success or not in relation to other events. The report also looks at the main suppliers (Butterworth, and Rukavina, 2002) during the event and gives a Gantt chart giving the schedule of the event. Logistical Support for the Igeho Event Events like IGEHO 2011 are leisure activities and work possibilities for people and logistical support is important if they are to be a success. Events bring people together and make them have a good time. They enhance the quality of people’s life by providing significant economic benefits and can also provide revenue for special projects. Regardless of size, events require a high degree of planning, a range of skills and a lot of energy. According to Andersson and Wesslau (2000), when using events, companies get the possibility to have their own right to the consumer during the duration of the event. This means that if a company manages to get the consumer to attend the event, the distortion from the competitors will be gone or at le
Such a social phenomenon as organized crime has always been a subject of thorough sociological and criminological analysis. The United States has always been notorious for such organizations. Even now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, this problem remains extremely acute. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to discuss this phenomenon from different standpoints. It is necessary to discuss the organizational dynamics of street gangs, in other words, we have to show how organized crime is changing in terms of size and structure. As regards the bodies of literature that are relevant to this topic, it is possible for us to divide them into three categories. In this case, the major criterion is the approach that the researchers take. For example, if we take the organizational or structural approach to this phenomenon, we may mention such books as “Contemporary Gangs” by Deborah Weisel, “The American Street Gang” written by Malcolm Klein. Moreover, such a book as “Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States” by Robert Kelly may prove to be very useful because it represents a clear and concise classification of gangs according to their structure. The problem of organized crime can also be discussed within the frame of cultural approach; for example, such scholars as Gelder Ken, in his book “Subcultures: Cultural Histories and Social Practice,” attached significance to this phenomenon. In addition to that, we may speak of the book written” Beyond Subculture” by Huq, Rupa. However, the most relevant book dedicated to this aspect of organized crime is Douglas Clay’s “Gangs and America’s Schools.” The analysis of such social phenomenon as street gangs will not be complete if we disregard the socio-psychological approach. For instance, such books as “Environmental Criminology” by Peter Brantingham or “Integrative Criminology” by Gregg Barak can be a good theoretical basis for further research. However, if we discuss this problem within the context of the United States, we should mention such books as “Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective” by Marvin Crohn and Bernard Lander’s research work “Towards an Understanding of Juvenile Delinquency.” Thus we may see that then there is a wide variety of books dedicated to this topic. However, our task is to single out the essential works. For example, the landmark research studying organized crime is “Contemporary Gangs: An Organizational Analysis,” written by Deborah Weisel. This book covers a great number of aspects concerning this topic. First, it analyzes various approaches to the very concept of “gang”—for instance, life circles of such an organization, structural changes within the organization. Moreover, the author classifies
What are some of the criteria you might evaluate media performance against? Media performance can be evaluated against the response rate of the target population. The introduction of media communication has liberated communication and made it efficient and cost-effective. Reflectively, the same has come with a series of benefits such as reliability, privacy, and personalized control. Through media advertisement, the thoughts of the target group are often well-articulated to create the desirable views independent from the societal conformity parameter. However, the interpretation of messages discussed is not inclusive of the interface between the audience, the message, and the existing culture. Thus, media performance can be evaluated against the response rate of the target group. What are media guarantees, and how do they act as a risk reversal? The main media guarantees are the extended period guarantee and the standard guarantee since media as a form of marketing is often very accessible and reliable. Media offers a cognitive perspective of product or service perception to influence the purchasing pattern of members of the target group at the individual level. In the product market, lifestyle defines the activities clients are involved in such, as beliefs, opinions, health aspects, and interests. Media advertisements are very manipulative and use tactics that directly and involuntarily appeal to the mind of the target person. Despite the ignorance of some advertisements and disbelief in their effects, media advertisements remain complex and significant in the choice of products owned by an individual. Usually, media advertisements appeal to memory or emotional response. As a result, it creates an intrinsic motivation response that triggers the mind to activate affiliation, self-acceptance, and feign community feeling. In the end, advertisements succeed in appealing to emotions through capitalization on biases and prejudices of people. Therefore, response to an advertisement will originate from the bandwagon technique, which heaps pressure on the mind to follow the perceived crowd. As a result, the response will form the risk reversal element. List the main legal and ethical requirements associated with executing a media campaign?  1. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates the element of truth in media campaigns.  2. Ethical and legal regulation on content in the Children Protection and Toy Safety Act.  3. Regulation to curb advertisement of harmful products in the Consumer Product Safety Act.  4. Control of advertisement tactics to promote ethical business relations in the Fair Packaging and Labelling Act.  5. Copyright and trademark infringement laws to protect media campaign content. Describe what is involved in the following stage of executing an advert
Amanda Todd was a Canadian teenager who committed suicide on 10th October 2012 after being a long-term victim of bullying. Before committing suicide, she recorded a video telling her story and posted it on Youtube. She was fifteen years old, and her story created a major uproar in the press, as it showed the true nature of bullying and the effects it has on the person. The two major types of bullying that were evident in Amanda’s story were cyberbullying and verbal bullying. Cyberbullying involves humiliation of people through the use of the Internet (Ministry of Education, 2012). Amanda was blackmailed by a stranger who later distributed the photos of her naked chest around her school, friends, and family. Verbal bullying was the consequence of this event and involved name-calling, insulting, and verbal abuse targeting Amanda. As a result of bullying, Amanda experienced anxiety, self-harm, and suicide behaviors that eventually led to her taking her life. The video mentions that, apart from her attempts to prevent further bullying by moving schools, she also attempted to battle her anxiety by spending more time at home where she felt safe. The video shows no evidence that Amanda’s teachers or parents addressed the bullying in any way. However, both teachers and parents should have contacted the police and other authorities in order to determine the identity of the stranger who was distributing the pictures, thus preventing further episodes of cyberbullying. Moreover, Amanda’s parents should have contacted the police after she was physically assaulted to make sure that the people who bullied her would not go unpunished. Also, given the fact that Facebook comments were a major sort of stress for Amanda, it could also help to limit her access to the website so that the negative comments and insults would not reach her. When I was in high school, physical bullying and social bullying were not as widespread as they are in today’s known bullying cases. The students did not initiate relationships to bully people, whereas the number of fights that happened in school was very low and there were no cases when a group of people would gather to physically abuse a student. Many recent cases of bullying, on the other hand, involve some physical abuse: for instance, Yarbruough (2014) describes one of many physical bullying stories covered on the news. However, similarly to the current situation, cyberbullying and verbal bullying, such as name-calling and insulting, were still widespread, especially when I was in high school. In many cases, girls that have low self-esteem are at a higher risk of being bullied than other girls of the same age (Ministry of Education, 2012). In Amanda’s case, for instance, low self-esteem led to her showing her breasts to a stranger via the Internet, which gave him the opportunity to spread her photos and initiate bullying. Another risk factor is the fact that adolescents spend an increasing amount of time online and are sometimes ignorant of the risks posed by the di
Abstract The period of the Arab Spring was, doubtlessly, one of those events that shape the world history. Followed by massive outbursts of violence and aggression, revolts in Libya had clearly gone completely out of control by the time that the world’s most powerful states could possibly do anything about it. Therefore, the situation concerning the revolt in Libya, as well as numerous terrorist acts arranged by the Libyan rebels, required urgent regulation. Consequently, the assistance provided by the American Air Forces was more than welcome by the European states. However, because of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Code of Ethics, which dictated that no actions of the air force crew should affect civilians, the measures undertaken by the U.S. military was considered inhumane and unnecessarily violent. In a retrospective, it might seem that some of the actions taken by the members of the U.S. Air Force, as well as the commands given by the commanders, could have been less aggressive. There is no reason to deny that a number of things should have been done differently when addressing the problem of the Libyan revolt, especially concerning the actions of the military towards the citizens. Still, despite the fact that the U.S. Air Force has been accused of being too harsh on the Libyan citizens and breaking the Code of Ethics, which states that no civilians should be harmed in the process of revolt regulation, the decisions made by the U.S. Air Force commanders can still be justified. By taking a closer look at the events of the Arab Spring and evaluating the consequences, one can draw a number of important lessons regarding ethics and military regulations of revolts. AFRICOM Airpower Challenges: One Flew over the Arab Spring Nest. The US on Air Operations in Libya Introduction The idea of protecting the Libyan population from the turmoil of the Arab Spring was definitely reasonable. However, it is worth keeping in mind that the U.S. AFRICOM faced a number of challenges when providing its assistance to the Libyan population. Ranging from strategic to ethical, these concerns demanded urgent solutions, the latter predetermining the fate of the Libyan nation. If AFRICOM had paced the actions of the U.S. Air Forces in Libya more carefully, it would have avoided the accusations of the breach of the U.S. Air Force Doctrine ethics, as well as ethical norms adopted in Europe. First Challeng
The ability of American citizens to afford safe and decent houses is becoming a critical issue due to population increase over the past few years. This is mostly affecting people whose salary is comparatively low since they cannot afford to buy their own houses. According to statistics of National Coalition for the Homeless organization (2009), 672000 homes were built in 2010 but the number was still below the required rates to cater for the population. Weak economy has been pointed out as the reason which stands behind lack of decent housing. Funding cuts to federal programs especially to the low-income earners help in providing affordable and decent houses. Homelessness is a major challenge the U.S citizens are facing. This is mainly caused by poverty (Stars 2011). According to statistics of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, 2.3 to 3.5 million people living in America face this situation every year (Martin Donohoe 2011). The majority of states affected by homelessness include Hawaii, Oregon, California, Colorado and Alaska. African Americans were found to be the most affected with 42%, while the Asians are less affected with 2%, whites were also affected with 39% (Ugarriza and Fallon 2004). The Native Americans and Hispanics were also found to be less affected by lack of homes by the National Law Center on Poverty and Homelessness (Fiedman 2010). Housing problems were mainly recorded in urban areas, with 71% of homeless people living in central cities. The homeless people in rural areas were 9% while those in city suburbs were 21% (Wolf, Goldfader and Lehan 2009). The situation has forced people to move in together as friends and families. This happens mostly among jobless people and those earning low salaries. According to statistics by Census Bureau there were 398,000 household formations in 2009 ( Wilfried and Carl 2009). The population growth has resulted in housing crisis as demand for houses is higher than the available number. Lack of financial support to constructors has led to the same issue. The federal programs are designed to help the homeless. This is achieved through building home shelters and housing repair to increase the number of housing facilities. However, the programs are not efficiently run in providing funds to appropriate home seekers. This makes the situation worse as the number of people without homes increases (Blau 2010). The problem of lack of houses needs to be addressed to avoid critical situations in the future. The implementation of housing trust funds is one of the programs seeking to find a solution to this problem. These funds are used to improve housing facilities which are then allocated to the people (National Association of Realtors 2011). The program has been employed in various cities in the US since cities were indicated to be mainly affected. Th