ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A decade into the 21 st century, women in nearly all progressive societies across the world continue to be underrepresented in formal employment relative to men. Despite sustained efforts by governments and industry to promote equal gender representation in formal employment, women persist to experience occupational segregation, wage disparities, fewer promotions into senior management positions, and less significant wage increases (Schweitzer, Ng, Lyons, & Kuron, 2011). The present paper looks into factors that lead to the underrepresentation of women in expat work. Smith, Smith, and Verner (2013) argue that a major factor that continues to galvanize women’s underrepresentation in formal employment, including international assignments, concerns the cultural assumption that women are more superior to men in their capacity for non-market work (e.g., housework and caring for children), hence most employers do not consider them for formal positions due to higher probability of leaving formal employment. These authors argue that most women do not make it to the management realms and other heavily demanding positions because they are perceived as inflexible compared to men due to family related obligations. The cultural assumption factor is consistent with Berry and Bell (2012) exploration that women are unlikely to be selected for international assignments due to work-family conflict, which is reinforced by gendered-based division of domestic responsibilities. In this perspective, the gender-based division of domestic responsibilities comes across as an important factor in reinforcing the underrepresentation of women in expat work, particularly in light of the fact that such an engagement requires a lot of travel and long periods of absence from family obligations (Berry & Bell, 2012). Another factor documented in the literature concerns the low expectations women have toward formal employment compared to men. Schweitzer et al (2011) argue from the perspective that women university graduates entering the labor force have lower pay and promotion expectations than their male counterparts, hence continuing to reinforce the gender gap in representation, pay and promotion even as bigger numbers of women continue to enter formal employment. Workplace and organizational dynamics have also been blamed for the persistent underrepresentation of women in expat work. Schweitzer et al (2011) use the pipeline theory to demonstrate the “leaky pipeline” perspective, “whereby women enter the pipeline but subsequently leave the career field due to such things as personal priorities, feelings of isolation, lack of support, and lack of self-esteem” (p. 424). This view is reinforced by Berry and Bell (2012), who argue that some organizations provide little in the way of social support and family friendly policies, thus leaving women without any form of support to resolve the conflict between their domestic and professional responsibil
Case Study According to the lab data, the patient’s indicators are within the norm. Therefore, additional check-ups are not necessary. Most probably, the patient has kidney stones because the outcomes of his urinalysis are not within the norm, and there is inflammation. Also, the level of specific gravity is higher than it should be, and this increases the risk of kidney stones as well. The high level of pH is also one of the most prevalent factors contributing to the development of this ailment (Dunphy, Winland-Brown, & Porter, 2015). Assessment The accumulation of the items identified as kidney stones irritates kidneys (Dunphy et al., 2015). The crystals transpire in the urine and become the first sign of kidney stones (Qaseem, Dallas, Forciea, Starkey, & Denberg, 2014). Numerous symptoms are characteristic of kidney stones – some of them are vomiting, urinary frequency, fever, and hematuria (Dunphy et al., 2015). Within the framework of the current assessment, it was found that the patient suffers from nausea and fever. According to the level of pH, there are struvite stones in the patient’s kidneys (Goroll & Mulley, 2014). Additional Diagnostic Tests Some of the additional diagnostic tests may include urine culture. It is critical to complete the tests when the treatment ends as well. This can be done to prevent the patient from future issues with kidney stones. Patient Education The patient should follow a strict dietary pattern and avoid consuming products that are rich in purine or oxalate. The patient is recommended to perform physical activities and gather the stones that come out using special filters (Hollier, 2016). Following the treatment plan, calcium- and phosphorus-rich drugs should not be taken. Some of the medications were found to be dangerous in terms of causing overdose or even death. Referrals There is currently no possibility of referral, except the symptoms will get worse. The patient may be hospitalized if suffering from decreased renal function or severe pain. Any complications that transpire should be addressed right away. Follow-up The follow-up activities should be in place to regulate the treatment process. The treatment will have to be adjusted if the pain becomes acute, and the medications turn out to be ineffective (Goroll & Mulley, 2014). The patient currently takes two pills an hour, and his condition is within the norm. Ultimately, he can be sent to a specialist that will help the patient to get rid of the need for medications (Ferri, 2017). Possible Warning Signs of Prescription Drug Abuse The treatment process can lead to drug abuse if the patient continues to take an
Introduction Most professions and work groups in most parts of the world today have labor unions in place that are responsible for the welfare of their professional workforce. As far as history dates, unions have continuously strived to protect their members by helping them get the most out of their engagements. The education sector has also witnessed growing numbers in labor unions which mainly take forms of teachers unions. The National Education Association (NEA) was the pioneer public school employee union to be created in the United States in 1857 by a few teachers. It was formed mainly to advocate for children who did not go to school. The NEA grew with time and currently is the largest teachers union with a membership of over three million teachers in the United States. Numerous teachers unions have been created since the formation of the NEA in 1857. Many teachers join these unions since they are responsible for protecting them against harsh government policies, providing them job security among many other gains. Teachers unions today have become tools for protecting the selfish interests and gains of teachers while neglecting the needs of the average student and the school at large and should therefore not be part of the education system at all. This paper reviews the negative effects of teacher unions on learners and the education sector in general.
Introduction Vibrio cholera is the causative agent of Cholera, a severe epidemic diarrheal disease that attacks both children and adults. Infection results from the consumption of food or water contaminated by the bacterium Vibrio cholera (3) . The disease is treatable but can cause death within just a few hours if no intervention is taken. Cholera remains a serious public health concern. The World Health Organization estimates 3-5 million cholera cases every year with a reported 100 000- 120 000 deaths (9). However, there is a marked disparity in prevalence rates between developed and developing countries with poor sanitation in the later having been cited as the main cause (9). In the United States, cholera cases remain extremely low and this has been attributed to improved hygiene and sanitation over the year (8). Cholera cases reported in the United States are those that result from travel to endemic areas and the consumption of undercooked seafood. Incidence rates remain low with 0.50 cases per 100,000 population from 2003-2008 recorded for people older than 50 years (8, 9). Worldwide Cholera statistics are not accurate as many cases/incidences are not reported (8, 9). Many countries fear the negative impact Cholera outbreak reports may have on local economic activities such as trade and tourism (8, 9). Recent epidemics have been reported in Zimbabwe (2008-2009) and in Haiti (2010). Electron microscopic image of Vibrio cholera Thaker, V.V. (2011). Vibrio cholera is a comma-shaped, anaerobic bacterium whose size ranges from 1-3 µm in length and 0.5 – 0.8 µm in diameter (8, 3). Its major proteinous building blocks are a flagellin H antigen and a somatic O antigen (8). The bacterium belongs to the genus Vibrio and shares the characteristic features of these members such as facultative anaerobism, asporogenosity, motility, and being gram-negative (5). These bacteria are also predominantly aquatic, inhabiting areas such as estuaries and brackish water with algal bloom (5, 9). In such an aquatic environment, the bacterium thrives in association with zooplankton and phytoplankton where they exist as free-swimming cells, attached to plants, algae, copepods and other sea animals (4). Apart from water sources eating raw or undercooked seafood has also been associated with the development of the disease (5). This is one of the main sources of transmission in the United States (1). The bacterium has the ability to ferment glucose, sucrose and mannitol and this feature has been utilized in many laboratory tests (5). The main reservoirs of Vibrio cholera are humans and water. Animals do not play any role in transmission (8). Infection is high in communities with poor hygiene standards. Other etiological factors cited are human migration and seasonal climatic warming along the coastlines. These conditions enable Vibrio memb
The article, titled “Justices Rule Human Genes cannot be Patented”, reports a ruling by the United States Supreme Court on a case between Myriad Genetics and other stakeholders who were fighting against Myriad’s claim for exclusive rights to patent human genes. The main point of the article, it seems, is that human genetic material cannot be patented because it is a product of nature rather than nurture. The article, by quoting the justices of the Supreme Court, stresses that although scientists and biotechnologists may have the capacity to isolate the gene from the genetic material and use this break-through technology to prevent various diseases such as breast and ovarian cancer, they cannot claim patents for making the gene itself as this process occurs naturally. In view of this point, the Supreme Court denied Myriad Genetics the exclusive rights to patent and own human genes, and stressed the fact that genes and the information they encode are not patent-eligible simply because a company has succeeded in isolating the genes from the surrounding genetic material. The article is from a credible source as it has been published in a respected newspaper. Editors of newspapers such as USA Today always ensure the authenticity of content before publishing. Additionally, the author of the article often makes mention of his sources of information, further reinforcing the article’s credibility. All the facts included in the article directly support the ruling that human genetic material cannot be patented because it is a product of nature rather than nurture. For instance, it has been demonstrated how the health and wellbeing of breast and ovarian cancer patients will be jeopardized by monopolizing the human genes through giving one company exclusive patent rights. Arguably, the cost of seeking for treatment for such forms of cancer will definitely go up in spite of the fact that scientists have already identified the gene that normally dysfunction to trigger cancerous tumors. Another supporting fact that has been explained in the article is that patenting of human genes may also limit research activities and advances in human genetics. Additionally, it has been acknowledged that genes and the information they encode are naturally occurring and hence no single individual or organization can claim a patent for their existence or perceived discovery. In short, genes and the information they encode cannot be termed as products of innovation. In my view, there was no notable bias from the author of this article which is worth mentioning. Indeed, the researcher does well to balance the positive and the negative sides of the Supreme Court ruling. The positive elements have already been discussed in this paper. However, on the negative elements, the author notes the historic ruling may create precedence whereby other biotechnology companies will be objecting to making huge investments in research due to incapacity to own the patents to protect their scientific discoveries. This is a valid concern that warrants closer scrutiny. Overall, the major learning outcome is that human genes are naturally oc
Since career is one of time most important aspects of people’s life in the world nowadays, it is carefully studied in order to prepare the job seekers to approach this process in the best way possible. This paper sums up the main terms and concepts I learnt in this course and also associates them with my past career experiences and future views on my career. Career is one of the most important aspects of a contemporary person’s life. This is why making a responsible and well-thought career-choice is crucial. In his book “Understanding Careers: The Metaphors of Working Life” Inkson (2007) notes that one’s career shapes half of their waking hours, and is responsible for one’s social and financial status, personality, surroundings, community and main occupations. One of the main objectives of this course was to bring the learners awareness about their career choices and their personal traits and features in order to teach them how to make career decisions in the future. This paper summarizes what I have learnt from the course about the careers and decision making process, and presents the conclusions I came to viewing myself as a career actor and analyzing my personality traits and my career path from the past and my plans for the future. One of the first concepts Inkson (2007) represents in his book is the term “career actor”. Inkson notes that this term refers to every working person, whose actions and choices form their career. Viewing myself as a career actor and also following the idea that a career is not only a sequence of jobs within one organization or one field, but all paid working experience I have been through in my life, I started to analyze and re-evaluate my past approaches towards career (Inkson 2007). During this course I realized that I used to have a flawed understanding of what my career really includes. I have experience of working in fast food industry, which I always referred to as a temporary job. Moreover, none of my co-workers at Burger King considered their work at the restaurant as their career. Today, Burger King job is a part of my Career Map together with all other paid occupations I obtained through the course of my life. I also found it very refreshing and useful to view my career path within the context of my life events and environments. Inkson’s (2007) idea to view career as a cycle made me notice the stages and patterns most career actors tend to go through. Interviewing a member of my family for one of my Blackboard Assignments I received a warning that I might not be able to find a good job right away, and that this is a normal pattern for the majority of work seekers. This was a clear sign of the truth of Inkson’s theory. In my career I went through the cycle of job seeking, obtaining a short-term occupation, then entering the main career field, then moving back to short-term jobs and returning to my main career field. Besides, my life is also a great demonstration of the way a career
The return to the gold standard is sometimes described as a potential solution to many of the financial problems that modern economies face. Much attention is usually paid to inflation and financial crises. It is necessary to discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. In this way, one can demonstrate the extent to which it is applicable the contemporary societies. One should mention that the use of gold was critical for financial transactions in the nineteenth century. In addition to that, the currencies of various countries had to be convertible into gold. Nevertheless, this practice was gradually abolished after World War II. Overall, it is critical to examine the long-term implications of returning to the gold standard since this policy can profoundly influence the economy at the national and international levels. The supporters of this policy argue that the value of gold is recognized in various countries. In other words, this metal can be used to measure value. Therefore, this strategy can limit the inflation of currency. This argument is frequently advanced by the advocates of adopting the gold standard. Nevertheless, the critics of this approach point out that the value of gold also fluctuated in the course of history. For instance, the discovery of minable gold and subsequently increased supply can decrease its value. Additionally, scientists can design more efficient ways of extracting gold from ore (Mankiv, 1997, p. 102). Thus, the currency which is convertible into gold can also inflate. Additionally, one should keep in mind that the demand for this metal can significantly influence its price. As a role, private investors purchase gold at the time when the economy passes through a period of crisis (Pugel, 2006, p. 641). In this case, gold is regarded as the safest asset that a person can buy. Nevertheless, this behavior is rather uncommon at the time when the economy grows steadily since investors feel more secure. During these periods, the price of gold tends to decline. This is one of the details that should be taken into account because it shows that the value of gold can also depend on various external factors, and they cannot be controlled by governments. This is one of the problems that should not be overlooked. Moreover, the advocates of this policy suggest that the adoption of the gold standard can enable market mechanisms to determine the value of the currency. In this case, it will be determined by the inflow and outflow of gold into the country. In their opinion, this method
In the course of human history the theme of unknown has always been of the greatest interest for people. However, it is in human nature to be afraid of everything unknown and to attribute unknown things to magical powers. People who were somehow connected with witchcraft aroused intense emotions and reactions of the rest of society. If we add love and jealousy to the theme of witchcraft, we will get the main idea of the play “The Crucible” by Arthur Williams, based on “the Salem witch-hunt” (Bllom 3). The whole ominous action is provoked and unfolds because of the opposition of three characters: John Proctor, Abigail Williams, and Elizabeth Proctor. John may be considered the protagonist of the play, however, the interrelation of the two main female characters of the play are, certainly, of great use for the development of the action and realization of the main themes of the play. It is evident that Abigail Williams is the villain of “The Crucible”, for she is the person who has given a stimulus to the chain of horrible events, which lead to the deaths of innocent people accused of witchcraft (MacBain 16). At the first sight, her character may seem simple, guided by passion and immaturity, but this point of view is false. From the very first pages the reader gets acquainted with Abigail as a “strikingly beautiful girl” (Miller and Blakesley 6). At the same time, the author immediately states that the young beauty possesses “endless capacity for dissembling” (Miller and Blakesley 6). This quality is the key trait of Abigail’s character. We cannot but admit that the villain of the play is a strikingly charismatic person who is, by all means, a born manipulator. Due to her endless slyness she manages to delude everyone, it is easy for her to make an impression of “all worry and apprehension and propriety”, hiding her real nature and feelings under masterfully created disguise (Miller and Blakesley 6). Just as every other character of the play, Abigail Williams has her own crucible, the burden of isolation and solitude. The personal crucible of the second woman, Elizabeth Proctor, is her husband’s love affair with the young servant, Abigail. Thus, two women become connected by means of “their” man. The author positions these two characters as absolute opposites, like two poles. While Abigail is passionate and “has a questionable reputation for wildness” (Johnson and Johnson 3), Elizabeth is introduced to the audience as a “cold” Puritan woman, as described by Abigail: “a bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling, woman, and I will not work for such a woman” (Miller and Blakesley 9). However, when the reader meets her for the first time, she makes completely different impression. She is reserved, dutiful and faithful to her husband. Still, her soul is tortur