ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Domingo Faustino Sarmiento is a key figure in the history of Latin-American literature. Apart from his contribution to literature, Sarmiento is also a key figure in the social and political history of Argentina. In the nineteenth century, Sarmiento took up several political roles in his country and eventually became Argentina’s president in 1865. Some of his literary works such as his 1845 biography “Facundo” feature his political views. Most scholars are skeptical about the magnanimity of Sarmiento’s contribution to literature but it is often agreed that his works are an accurate reflection of the social and political situations in the 1800s’ Argentina. Biography Sarmiento was born in the Argentine city of San Juan in 1818. He had fourteen other siblings although only Sarmiento and four others survived to adulthood. Sarmiento’s parents were poor with his mother usually acting as the manager of their home affairs while his father Jose Clemente Sarmiento worked as a laborer, a political organizer, and a soldier (Sarmiento 17). As a young boy, Sarmiento began exhibiting signs of being an independent thinker. For instance, he took the initiative to change his name to Domingo when he was only a young boy. In his early years, Sarmiento showed a keen interest in reading, as he was already able to read when he was four years old. Sarmiento started his formal schooling in 1816 by enrolling in the School of Fatherland. In this school, equality of all students was encouraged. However, the school was later closed down due to political strife prompting Sarmiento to turn to his uncle for more education. After studying with his uncle for a while, Sarmiento started a school of his own. By this time, Sarmiento’s love for education and freedom had already taken shape. His learning was however interrupted by the mandatory service in the provincial militia where he served and was elevated to the rank of Second Lieutenant. After serving in the militia for a while, Sarmiento decided to abandon military service and this led to his imprisonment. During his stint in prison, Sarmiento was introduced to the works and philosophies of Victor Cousin among other writers. After being acquainted to these readings, his political values and beliefs began to change gradually (Haberly 1). The first of these changes was witnessed when Sarmiento started supporting the Unitarist political group. In 1830, the author was arrested for his opposition against Facundo an army general. Soon afterwards, he fled to Chile where he stayed until he became critically ill and returned home in 1836. When he was incapacitated by his illness, Sarmiento’s interest in French theorists flourished. It was also shortly after this period that Sarmiento started a school and founded a newspaper. Most of Sarmiento’s efforts during this period were aimed at opposing the Federalist regime of the tim
The murder of Helen Betty Osborn has attracted much attention of journalists, police officers and writers. It should be noted that this crime could be significantly motivated by racism and sexism. More importantly, the failure to investigate this crime properly was attributed to many prejudices that governmental officials could held against Aboriginal people of Canada. This paper is aimed at discussing the way in which this problem was explored in different sources such as the report of the Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission and the poem Helen Betty Osborne written by Marilyn Dumont. Despite the fact that these sources differ dramatically in terms of style and form, they highlight the idea that the state can marginalize Aboriginal people in various ways. This is one of the main observations that can be made. It should be noted that the report of the Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission consists of three volumes. The second volume is supposed to address various issues that were related to the murder of Helen Osborne and the actions that were taken by the police (The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission unpaged). In particular, the authors focus on the reasons why the investigation of this case was so prolonged. Much attention is paid to the problem of institutional racism. According to the results of this study, many police officers suspected mostly Aboriginal students and disregarded other people that could be involved in the murder of this woman (The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission unpaged). Furthermore, the authors argue that many witnesses could be excluded from the investigation only because they were of Aboriginal origin (The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission). These are some of the main challenges that were identified in this source, and they suggest that in many cases Aboriginal people could be discriminated on the basis of their race. The authors of this report want to present an unbiased evaluation of the key events. Additionally, they do not try to make any unbiased claims about the behavior of police officers and governmental officials. They do not argue that Helen Osborn was murdered because of her race. Nevertheless, they give a very critical evaluation of police officials who were responsible for the investigation of this murder. These are the main stylistic peculiarities of this report. This document can be a good overview of this case, and it is more suitable for people who want to know more about the main circumstances of this event. In turn, Marilyn Dumont’s poem also explores the tragedy of Helen Osborn’s death; however, she wants to discuss these problems in a literary form. She wants to speak about the collective experiences of many women who fallen victims of abuse. Furthermore, the writer mentions such names as Donald Marshall, Richard Cardinal, or Anna Mae Aquash (Dumont unpaged). It should be taken into consideration that these are the people who became the victims of social injustice. In this way, the author shows that Helen Osborn was not the only victim of injustice (Dumont unpaged). Additional
The difference between sanitizing and (re)formatting a hard drive To sanitize a hard drive as used in the problem of data remanence is to remove all the data physically. Thus, they cannot be retrieved. Deleted files still exist in the hard drive and can be retrieved from the recycle bin by opening it and restoring the file. Sanitizing a hard drive will ensure that all the data on the drive are completely wiped out, and there is no way it can be retrieved while a (re)formatted hard drive data is still on the drive, but the drive’s file system has no reference to it. Thus, it will be possible to overwrite that area. However, there are specialized programs that are created to enable data recovery for deleted and formatted data, but only if the physical location was not written over (Bucy, 2005). Reformatted and deleted files are similar in that they can be retrieved. Three common ways of sanitizing the hard disk are Physical destruction, Overwriting the disk’s data, and Degaussing (Bucy, 2005). Data destruction techniques Overwriting To overwrite the depository with new data means to clean a file or disk. The only way out is to overwrite all the data, while audio and video files are accessible and can be written. However, there is still a problem. Some data on the disk may be impossible to access because of their damage. Physical destruction This term means that to destroy a hard drive is the only opportunity to wipe out all the data. However, physical destruction supposes that it is necessary to be very careful because even all the media extras are important and may include some valuable information. Reformatting This is generally a recreation of the hard drive. A full format permanently erases everything on the disk as part of the process. A “quick format” may be available, which does not erase everything but marks it as erased with pretty much the same result. However, it is possible to recover some erased information if it has not yet been overwritten. It is preferable to discard sensitive information as it eliminates any possibilities of retrieval.
Abstract This paper comprises of two sections. The first section entails an in-depth discussion of Managed Care and other Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) within the health care sector in California. The second section entails a detailed research on LaSalle Medical Associate, one of the vibrant health organizations offering community services in various countries in the United States. Research has shown that HMO industry became increasingly visible in most of United States since 1980. The enrollment at the moment has increased fourfold rising from 9 million to 36.5 million by the end of 1990. Recent consolidations have created a channel for implementation of new health plans. California is among the top ten states that have the highest number of people enrolling for HMOs. The growth and benefits of HMOs have drawn the attention of investors who are willing to venture into the larger health system to offer appropriate and competitive health services. This explains why the industry has continued to grow immensely amid some challenges. Growth and profitability of Managed Care HMO Managed Care HMO has grown immensely for decades due to the rise of healthcare insurances that give employees and the general public the option to seek alternatives in medical schemes that are cost –effective. The Managed Care HMO program also attracted many employees who enrolled in order to benefit from the health package that was on offer. However, it is important to admit that other better schemes have emerged thus posing stiff competition to this program. Actually, Baicker, Chernew and Robbins (2013) assert that for over one decade now, the enrollment rate for Managed Care HMO has declined. In other words, HMOs have historically dominated California health sector for long until recently when other groups of health insurance came up. An example is the Kaiser Foundation (Feldstein, 2011). Despite the competition, research has shown that Managed Care HMO takes 60% of the market share, implying that they are relatively stable (Copeland & Zeber, 2013). Upon a careful analysis, there are numerous benefits derived from the industry. One the benefits is the cost saving services. Moreover, the industry provides reimbursement and physician compensation to its clients. Baicker et al. (2013) underscore that employees receive quality care particularly at a lower price due to increased pressure from the competitors. The chart below illustrates that the industry growth rate especially in regards to the managed care HMO since 1998. Major groups of the industry Other major groups in the industry include Kaiser Foundation health plan and Kaiser Enrollees in California. It is important to note that the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan is a vibrant national HMO. However, Kaiser Enrollees has been associated with strong allegiance since it remained relatively stable regardless of the employer-based health insurance decline. According to a study conducted by Baicker et al. (2013), it is evident that the Kaiser Foundation has secured permit to offer health insurance to self-employed individuals. Moreover, the Kaiser program has opened an avenue for self-insured employe
Dynamic Environment Organizations operate in a dynamically changing environment. The changes can be organized or chaotic. Kurkato (2007) argues that an organic structure works with an emphasis on the integration and coordination of organizational entities to achieve an organization’s goals and objectives in a turbulent or dynamic environment. Simple and complex organizations fall into decentralized organic and centralized organic structures. Coordination of activities includes “direct supervision, standardization of work processes, standardization of outputs, standardization of skills and mutual adjustment” (Clayton, Fisher, Bateman, Brown &Harris 2005). Therefore a structural approach in aligning an organization strategy to an evolving and unstable or turbulent environment remains a key component, as identified in the Abernathy/Utterback model. While previous organizations remained static and had no innovative strategies to operate in such environments, organic organizations were characterized by decentralized approaches to organizational structures and management with identifiable and distinct levels of complexity. Organizational strategy was projected on controls and formalization of tasks. However, measures were put in place to ensure organizations did not become wholly mechanistic, a trend that could evolve as organizations evolved. Clayton, Fisher, Bateman, Brown and Harris (2005) identify various elements in the change and evolution process within an organization. According to Kurkato (2007), organic organizations rely upon employee initiatives and innovation in task performance. Kurkato (2007) argues that in an organic organization, employee tasks are not well defined and problem solutions are a prerequisite of an individual. This also depends on a variety of structures with different characteristics. These include simple structures, functional structures, divisional structures, professional bureaucracies, innovative organizations, and matrix structures. According to Kurkato (2007), the Abernathy/Utterback Model characterizes the change process in organic organizations where the first phase, also referred to as the fluid phase, is marked with a turbulent market, characterized with product innovation to fit the changing trends in a changing market. Innovation and change in a dynamic environment place emphasis on individual skills and abilities in task execution. According to the model employees in an organic organization identify available opportunities and execute them according to their abilities and skills. The fluid phase of the organization is marked with a lack of standards, procedures, and well-defined policies in aligning an organization to changing market and product trends. The operational environment is characterized by fluid and flexible approaches to product innovation, while competition remains low with little or no direct competition. Change in Technology According to the Abernathy/Utterback Mod
Introduction Adam Aircraft industries (AAI) is a company that was started by Rick Adam in 1998 (Hedberg and John). Rick Adam started the company out his love for aviation having been raised on Air Force bases. He always wanted to join the Air Force Academy flight program, but he was locked out because of his color-vision deficiency. After working in several organizations including the Air Force where he ran the Real Time Computer Center at the Kennedy Space Center, in the early 1990s he learned how to fly and this set him on the path to start AAI. As an entrepreneur, he noticed some of the challenges that were facing pilots and airplanes owners where they were using old planes and the new planes that were available were based on old designs from the 1970s and 1980s. Rick carried an analysis on the aircraft industry and noticed that there was a big opportunity that presented itself. He said: Every time I went to a cocktail party or barbeque, all the pilots would go off into a corner and start talking pilot stuff. And since everybody was moaning about the lack of new products, I became convinced that there was a huge demand. So in the 90’s I started developing strategies for launching a new aircraft company (Hedberg and John). His research on the industry saw him focus on issues that were affecting the industry and reasons why nobody was venturing into the business. After making his analysis and consolidating funds for the project, Rick started by employing some of the best work force in the aircraft industry and continually collaborated with the Federal Aviation Authority to create the first aircraft A500, which took its maiden flight in July 2002. The company displayed their aircraft model to potential customers in different shows and in October 2002, the company announced plans to introduce other aircraft models. This paper will look at the problems that faced the company and the aircraft industry; solutions presented by the company and finally offer recommendations. Discussion Problems that faced the company and the aircraft industry The aircraft industry was facing a lot of trouble when Rick Adams began his venture. Between 1978 and 1992, the aviation industry had experienced a 95% decline in sales and many people over 100,000 had lost their jobs. In the same period, aircraft manufacturers had spent a lot of money trying to defend them after being sued for product liability. Many aircraft manufacturers were closing shop and they were spending as much money as they had spent to develop new aircraft in these litigation processes. This was to change in 1994, when Congress enacted the General Aviation Revitalization Act, but the damage many aircraft manufacturers had suffered made potential investors skeptical about the industry. The enactment was meant to protect aircraft manufacturers from possible litigation if th
Panama is a developing country with a fast-growing economy located in Central America. It has one of the highest GDPs in Latin America but is not devoid of domestic economic problems, such as income inequality and poverty. This paper aims to review two current news articles about Panama, which reveal the issue of the high unemployment rate in this country, which continues to increase and has taken the form of a crisis. The first article appeared in a Panama news outlet called Newsroom Panama . It reports that, in 2021, 108,975 people in Panama were searching for a job, and the unemployment rates among women were higher than among men (Newsroom Panama, 2022). Unemployment results from a lack of new jobs, and the government has to pay subsidies to its citizens to help them survive (Newsroom Panama, 2022). This article is consistent with my findings that, despite fast economic growth, Panama has been experiencing increasing unemployment rates in recent years. The second article was published in Valley Post and is entitled “Job Creation is a Challenge for Panama.” It reports that COVID-19 has significantly affected employment in the tourism, retail, real estate, and construction sectors in Panama (Arzu, 2022). This source is consistent with my findings that the majority of the population in Panama is occupied in the service industry. When the main economic sectors cannot operate as usual, the country experiences a rise in unemployment. In conclusion, Panama is an export-oriented country, and services constitute the basis of its economy. Although the country’s economy is growing, this growth is not noticeable to its citizens, many of whom cannot find a formal full-time job. In order to address this issue, the country needs to increase the qualification of its labor force and create new jobs, for example, by investing in infrastructure.
The present state of music production has been shaped by a variety of social, technological, and economic processes. The modern recording industry’s success is the combined outcome of selling recordings and the rise of radio (Crothers, 2013). However, the recording industry originated in 1877 with the invention of Edison’s “talking machine” (Crothers, 2013, p. 106). The first record players started to be sold in the 1890s, and they gave people the opportunity to record their speech or music. With the invention of recording disks, which replaced cylinders, the quality increased considerably, resulting in vast numbers of recordings sold. The radio played a significant role in the industry’s development. Performances such as soap operas, comedies, and dramas were highly popular. The programming for radio networks came from production companies such as the American Broadcasting Company, National Broadcasting Company, and Columbia Broadcasting System (Crothers, 2013). The network system allowed independent stations to avoid creating their content since they could broadcast shows made by the network. A modernized system of financing operations enabled radio executives to increase their profits. In the 1920s-1950s, the number of radio listeners grew substantially, with the major reason for such success being live programming. However, with the advent of television, the radio started losing its audiences. To avoid declining profitability, radio stations promoted the emergence of niche markets that TV could not serve (Crothers, 2013). Rock music was the most prominent example of these new markets. The recording industry flourished, increasing its sales from $277 million to $460 million in the period between 1955 and 1957. Crothers (2013) remarks that not only the USA but also other nations have contributed to the evolution of the music industry. However, America’s role is dominant since it developed the first recording systems and launched the most popular music trends. Reference Crothers, L. (2013). “A brief history of the music industry.” In L. Crothers (Ed.), Globalization and American popular culture (3rd ed.) (pp. 106-114). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Introduction It is estimated that fire accidents in United Kingdom kill almost 800 people and injure 15,000 other people every year (Wang Para. 1). In responding to accidents of fire, the findings also show that for the last six decades, the provision for crisis fire fighting response in the country has involved consideration for the density of the built environment (Wang, par.1). Fire accidents are estimated to occur mostly in domestic areas as compared to urban areas whereby, 75 per cent of all deaths resulting from fire occur in domestic dwellings (Wang Para. 1). As a result, major efforts in fighting fire have centered on developing risk-based asset management systems that in turn have been used to transfer reasonably, fire and rescue resources as well as improve the operations that for a long time have based on risks to life, property and the environment. Fire accidents in nature of occurrence constitute a crisis, which if not properly managed may cause many damages. Past studies indicate that some treatment theories have been employed in facilitating fire risk assessment and management, but the detailed literatures reveal that there is absence of a holistic leadership crisis management framework that can be used in fire and rescue services. In an attempt to address this specific identified research issue, this research paper will try to propose a leadership crisis management framework in relation to fire and rescue services. The study will employ appropriate research methodologies and tools in reviewing the available literature based on crisis management before coming up with a framework that can be employed in fire and rescue services. What is a crisis? David Liss, analyze the term crisis and note that, “any circumstance or set of circumstances become a crisis at some point during the life of any organization or individuals” (Liss Para. 3). According to the author, a crisis is any event that inevitably has to befall an organization or individuals in their lifetime. Oxford Dictionary defines a crisis as the “a condition of instability in social, economic, political or international affairs leading to a decisive change; further, crisis is a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events, for better or for worse is determined” (cited in Mukhopadhyay 1 ). On the other hand, Samuel Miller state that “Crisis is God’s call to us to reach a new level of humanity, where after a disorder or chaos a new order takes place, after triumphing over an impending crisis, man has to learn to prevent recurrence of a similar crisis or to management a natural crisis after it has occurred” (cited in Mukhopadhyay 2). Thomas Paine, credited as being one of the America’s founders of independence, was believed to have published the first stories concerning crisis which was later christened as, ‘The American Crisis’. He noted that every form of crisis constitutes a testing time of human and when the crisis is overcome after being managed properly, humans find a state of peace and tranquility (Mukhopadhyay 2). From his