ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Due to challenges on both external and internal working environment, organizations are now left with no option but to adopt effective incentive programs for their employees in order to maintain or improve organization’s performance. This is mainly on the basis of employees’ efficiency and effectiveness at work. Relating payment to performance has been the dream of every employer though it is a very difficult endeavor. It is true that fair pay is a cornerstone of the agreement between every employer and employee during the time of employment. But one common assumption made is that additional payment can directly influence performance of a specific employee. Take an example of employees in admissions office in a university. Developing ways of motivating and recognizing employees’ contributions to enroll students is not that easy. One way would be to involve employees in decision making process regarding their pay. Because they are aware of attitudes required of them to perform better, this would be an effective tool to empower them. Various methods can be used in determining incentive pay. In this case, there will be two ways of determining incentive pay in order to attain admissions objectives. Firstly, incentive will be paid based on employees’ performance in term of average time spent with every new student admitted. Time is critical during admission and therefore employees should take the least time possible with each new student admitted. This will ensure that students do not spend so much time in queues waiting to be served which usually leads to exhaustion and subsequent dissatisfaction. This means that the bigger the number of new students admitted, the higher the incentive and vice versa. Secondly, incentive pay will be determined by each employee’s capacity to communicate university’s values to students during their first day. This is tricky but very important method of determining incentive pay. Paying employees for performance using this method is difficult because it is hard to measure specific performance outcomes. The first method will be tailored towards individuals where each employee will be given incentive based on the number of new students admitted. However, in the second method, employees will be assigned to groups where they will be required to come up with the ways of communicating the core values of the institution during the time of admission. Creating an effective incentive pay program will involve a number of key steps. To start with, it is important to state again that an incentive pay is a reward to encourage employees to behave in a certain way. Then, questions should be asked about who must be a part of the program, what the objectives are, what the types of incentives are needed, whether any form of training is required to participants to understand the program better , and how and when the program should be implemented? The participants are employees in the admissions and the objective is to meet admission goals. Incentive will be given in a form of money and reward at the end of academic period and all employees will be trained on this in order to understand the program. It is important to remember that thi
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders The understanding of the somatic symptoms and ability to diagnose it may prevent the dire consequences that disorders may have on human health. I succeeded in understanding how the following criteria connected to the somatic system disorders, namely the health-related anxiety and dominant thoughts about the symptoms, excessive health concern. There are not many studies that characterize the mental disorders of the population in Saudi Arabia. However, according to recent researches, 14% of students aged 14 to 19 have somatic symptoms (Koenig et al. 116). The given statistic concerning the illness anxiety disorders prove the significance of problem-solving as every person of any age group can be affected by such type of disorders. The major symptoms are considered to be the following, namely the high level of health concern, repeated checks in different hospitals, and the big amount of doctor’s appointments. I would like to state that the major reason for the illness anxiety disorders can be stressful events in life, the illness history within the family, or other psychological factors. The treatment can occur through the education and support in the mild cases, however, cognitive-behavioral, and stress-reduction treatment should also be provided to eliminate the progress of the disorder. It should be stated that it is significantly important to understand the diagnostic criteria for dissociative amnesia. The dissociative amnesia is characterized by the inability of the individual to remember the autobiographical information (Sar et al. 487). The major cause is the stressful events that happened in life. It should be highlighted that the disturbance is usually not connected to physiological issues, such as alcohol or drug addiction. The discussed table concerning dissociative amnesia and cognitive disorders provided a deeper understanding of distinguishing the two types of disturbance. I learned that dissociative identity disorder is rooted in childhood and can turn out to a chronic course. The main causes are abusive behavior during childhood and brain damage. Knowing the criteria of diagnosis is not enough as the treatment plays a significant role. I succeeded in understanding that hypnosis and visualization can be considered as the perfect treatment for dissociative identity disorder. Neurodevelopmental Disorders The surroundings influence the overall health of the human being in a significant way. It should be stated that neurodevelopmental disorders, attention deficit, specific learning disorders, autism,
Introduction The government taxes the property of individuals after their death. As a result, taxation does not affect the successors as they inherit an after-tax estate. However, the heirs must pay any outstanding property taxes from the deceased individual’s estate’s income. Therefore, family-business proprietors should be extremely careful when planning to reduce their property taxes to ensure that the estate beneficiaries do not suffer in the future. Main Body In Connecticut Fairfield, tax laws such as the unified credit exemption regulations are complex because they keep changing. For instance, the government increased the exemption to $1 million, $3.5 million, and $5.12 million in 2002, 2009, and 2012 respectively ( Tax Foundation ). Due to this reason, property owners try to look for ways of reducing government taxes on their property in case of death. However, some proprietors forget to address essential generational transfer aspects such as the relationships with their relatives, the CEO’s retirement needs, and their monetary requirements. Therefore, proprietors should aggressively plan their business continuity early by properly leading their families and estate managers to avoid using the tax courts in the future when the owners are dead. Governments introduce different laws on property inheritance taxes every year. Before the millennium, the American tax laws allowed authorities to credit inheritance taxes to business owners’ accounts. Governments use the credits to improve the economy, particularly during economic depressions (Lahijani 97). In early 2005, the American tax laws permitted the authorities to treat inheritance taxes as deductions but not as credits. This decision had a two-fold effect because some states’ tax liabilities increased instead of decreasing. Since the implications for individual businesses differ depending on the state and property, estate owners do not have to consult tax experts. However, the proprietors should plan their estates appropriately and transfer essential values to the next generation, including non-family members who might manage their property in the future. Conclusion In summary, tax laws such as the unified credit exemption regulations keep changing in Connecticut Fairfield, and other parts of the world. These amendments greatly affect citizens either positively or negatively as the tax liabilities increase or decrease, and the amounts of money transferred to estates’ beneficiaries change. Therefore, estate owners should considerably reduce their property taxes according to the tax laws to ensure that those who inherit the estates remain comfortable in the future. Work Cited “Federal Estate and Gift Tax Rates, Exemptions, and Exclusions, 1916-2014.” Tax Foundation, 2014, Web. Lahijani, Richard. “Happy 45 th Anniversary to the Earned Income Tax Credit. Thou
The story showed in the film “A Street Car Named Desire” was created by the famous American play writer Tennessee Williams, the author of multiple classical works that are known, loved and read all around the world. The film explores the life of Blanche DuBois. The woman goes through several depressing and tragic events, which cause her downfall and lead her to insanity. Blanche originally comes from an aristocratic family; she is drawn to wealth and beauty; she likes pretty things, surrounds herself with cheap attributes and symbols of a rich and happy life. Even though many depressing things happen to this woman, she keeps being a dreamer; she hopes that her life will improve. In the very beginning of the film, we learn that Blanche has lost her husband and that it was an enormous shock for her, as she loved the man, and never knew why he committed his suicide. Soon after this first tragedy, another unpleasant incident has happened – Blanche has lost her job and had to move from her hometown to live with her sister Stella. This decision starts Blanche’s finish line towards insanity. Stella’s husband, Stanley Kowalsky is a rude, aggressive, materialistic man, who treats all Blanche’s dreams and fantasies as stupid nonsense and is all the time annoyed by this woman’s presence. Creating the character of Stanley Tennessee Williams was inspired by a man he knew, a former co-worker. Blanche and Stanley have nothing in common; there is no doubt that they are each other’s opposites. In their interaction, Blanche gets hurt, offended, mistreated, and insulted time after time. To my mind, the main feature of Blanche’s personality is her inability to accept the reality the way it is. Blanche keeps living inside of her head, creating an imaginary life for herself, with an amazing future. She lives in denial, and at some point, the boundaries between reality and her imagination start becoming vaguer. For a while, things seem to improve, and Blanche nearly marries a man who admires her, but this opportunity soon gets ruined by Stanley. More and more shocking events happen to Blanche, and she is simply unable to handle them, her only way to feel better is pretending that the unpleasant and sad reality does not exist. Blanche DuBois is an escapist, her way of dealing with problems is hiding from these problems, running away – when her husband died she was trying to avoid the sufferings by running to other men. When she lost her job, and her reputation became bad – she left her hometown. Blanche’s sister and brother-in-law were her last shelter, and they became the reason why she could not get married again. Blanche lives in constant tension created by inner stress, memories of the past, multiple unsuccessful relationships, and Stanley’s rudeness and aggression. When Stanley rapes her, this b
Introduction Race relations in the United States reflects the colonial and slave era when discrimination against some races was prevalent. The issue of prejudice against Native Americans, Asian Americans, Latin Americans, and African Americans has taken place over the years. The marginalized groups do not exercise their basic rights, which include civil, social, economic, and political rights. Since the constitution of the United States has robust provisions that protect human rights, the criminal justice system and human rights activists use them in reducing the prevalence of racial discrimination. The minority groups such as the Black Americans have endured racial discrimination since the p
Cultural transformations may be outlined to be one of the most challenging endeavours of managing a business, from company mergers to a seemingly simple overhaul of the company’s goals. Change already poses a predicament to those firms undertaking it, as an undefined and unmeasurable concept, as well as one that is unmanageable (Suddaby & Foster, 2017). This unique circumstance makes it pivotal to recognise the effort behind setting new goals and changing the company’s attitude to them through identifying the principles and positive examples of readjustment done to a company’s internal organisation. Change becomes inevitable when a company is no longer able to compete on the market, resulting in either the business’ resurgence or its failure. Bringing about lasting change is an arduous process that relies on strong management to be brought to fruition through planning, support, and communication (Heathfield, 2018). Change without serious guidance may disintegrate the organisation’s entire culture through “threatening time-honoured traditions, prevailing cultural values and ways, and shared meaning” (Bolman & Deal, 2017, p. 369). Thus, Burke (2018) identifies two prerequisites for effective change that allow competently but not harmlessly developing a new organisational culture, which is clarity of vision and long-term orientation. This approach outlines change as an act that seeks to revamp the organisation’s code of conduct, resulting in a re-evaluation of ideals and goals that upper-management supports unequivocally and thoroughly (Burke, 2018). Pursuing this route may seem time-consuming, but this option remains the most established way to successful change, allowing companies to continue existing in the competitive market. Recognising the effectiveness of long-term change is possible through the example of a company that outside influences forced to usher in reform. Despite being a multinational company, Microsoft lagged in innovation, which resulted in the business’ competitors, such as Apple and Google, occupying the better share of the market, until its restructuring in 2014 and 2016 (Troyani, 2017). Influencing human resources, as well as the structural, political, and symbolical foundations of a company require working with pre-existing structures, positively affecting them to produce or shift to a new dynamic (Bolman & Deal, 2017). Troyani (2017), congruent with the steps outlined by Burke (2018), identifies the actions of Microsoft’s new CEO as providing employees with a new sense of engagement in their work, building upon their previous work experience. Thus, Microsoft was able to achieve a unique, goal-oriented structure within a global environment, making it an example of a thriving international corporate culture, achieved through influencing their staff positively. The feasibility of cultural change may be a proven concept, but one that is, nonetheless, accompanied by a variety of difficulties. Through implementing a mechanism of expanding its product scope, Microsoft re-achieved relevance through maintaining a positive corporate culture without infringing on possible national cultures and instead focusing on a seemingly s
The thirty year war between the period 1618 and 1648 in central Europe is said to have been initiated by the Protestant Reformation by Martin Luther, in 1517. The war was caused by various elements including religious disputes, ethnic competition and political weakness. It involved many major powers in Europe, and the fight is said to have shattered a lot of central Europe land, resulting in permanent changes in European politics and culture. [1] Religious turmoil and warfare is believed to have come after Luther left the Catholic Church. “The 95 Theses were mailed to the local bishops by Martin Luther, in an effort to convince them to take action against the indulgencies” [2] . In addition to this, Luther posted the Theses to the castle church door, since it was routine to place any communal information on the castle church door. The 95 Theses were aimed at inviting local scholars to the contenting of the immoderations. It was an academic exercise and its title read, “Out of love and zeal for truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following Theses will be publicly discussed at Wittenberg under the chairmanship of the reverend father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology and regularly appointed Lecturer on these subjects at that place. He requests that those who cannot be present to debate orally with us will do so by letter. In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.” [3] The contention occurred a fortnight later, in Wittenberg, though the Theses were not intended to be a program for reform or an attack on the pope. The motive behind releasing the thesis was to question the immoderations, which is something that he had done all along, through his lectures. Luther was not the only person who raised concerns about the indulgences, as many people in Europe were also complaining. The support from various regions was one of the reasons that led to the rapid spread of the 95 Theses, which were scriptural response to the indulgences. The church taught penance through the indulgences, in three parts namely: “confession and sorrow for sin; absolution/forgiveness spoken by the priest, and; satisfaction, some good work done to pay for the temporal punishment of sin, including pilgrimages to holy places, praying of the rosary, and visiting relics, among others.” [4] An indulgence was a certificate that could be purchased, as an addition to a confession, which assured a holder of a temporal punishment. This meant that the holder was not liable for unending retribution in hell, but retribution in their life, and in purgatory for the absolved sins. “The main motivation for Luther in writing the 95 Theses was a special jubilee indulgence instituted by Pope Leo X”. [5] “The indulgence was aimed at building St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome”. The indulgence meant that all sin and everlasting and worldly retribution would be excused to those who bought them. [6] There were four chief graces obtainable from the jubilee indulgence, namely: the total forgiveness of sin; the likelihood to obtain a confessional letter that would present an
Introduction Locke’s initial stance on property, show that he believes that all land and the resources it contains are not owned by one particular person or group of individuals. It instead belongs to the entire humanity. However, at the end of this theory, he sums up by saying that people have the right to partition property based on the quantity of labor they have put in and they can do this without asking for permission from the propertyless. This is quite open to interpretation and the divide between taking up land for purely subsistence use or simply hoarding it was a gray area that Locke saw the need to further clarify. The transition from acquiring unowned resources to declaring them as one’s own is something that is still controversial even in today’s capitalist economies. (Nozick, p 236) The justification for these appropriations of property was purely based on the amount of labor put in, but Locke further added some provisos or conditions that should be satisfied before one could claim ownership over some property. These provisos tried to put a ceiling on the amount of rights a family could have over some property. It is worth noting that the transition from a person owning property to his family also laying claim to it generations later was abhorred by some quarters at that time. However Locke believed that the laborer altered the land and supposedly also added value to it therefore after his demise, his surviving family members had the right to claim inheritance to this piece of land. Appropriations in the state of nature could easily be subject to abuse but Locke believed that as long as these provisos were met, then the “inequalities that can exist without an upper limit to the size of a family’s or an individual’s holdings would not materialize.”(Waldron, p 168) Locke’s Interpretation of the Provisos The first proviso, the no-waste proviso clarifies that a person should not waste their property or take more than they can use. Though the state of nature is described as being bountiful, the proviso limits the size of holdings to “the amount a person can work by herself hence ensuring great equality of wealth in that state.”(Waldron, p 168) The limitations seem to apply to resources like land but when wealth is looked at in terms of monetary gains, no maximum limitations are set. Locke believed this proviso was important especially in settling the land issues of that particular time whereby some people were holding onto large tracts of fallow land yet there were other poor citizens who could not grow subsistence food to feed their families. (Swanson, p401) He believed that if people hoar
The term race to the top can be manifested to exemplify different fields in the realm of education and its improvement. In the present society, there are varied changes that affect its occupants in one way or the other. It is therefore upon the plans and vision of the society leaders to focus on strategies and methodologies that will yield problem-based learning in every learning institution. Race to the top is an American policy passed by the president to the various teaching and learning departments. It is in itself a contest that is aimed at enabling students, adults and the state to out-compete one another in their search for valuable initiatives and financial support to uplift the standards of education in certain American schools (Sen, 2009). There are various ways that this program can marshal and change the nature and operation of high schools in the American education system. First and foremost, the reform will enable the students to take responsibility for their education and its outcome. This is one of the most important aspects that govern the nature of the performance of every learner. The reform will manifest to the students that it is upon their personal and collective effort that will yield the appearance of every good performance in every institution. Students will be motivated to know and understand that it is upon their individual and collective effort to have their performance boosted to the peak (Hayes, 1998). Hard work is one of the virtues that have been exemplified by many successful individuals in many societies. This reform will act to initiate the spirit of hard work among the individual students and adults. This virtue has been proved to exemplify great achievements among the students and any other individual in society. In this case, public schools will be motivated to work hard in their competition to win the president’s award of having to speak in the graduation ceremony. Determination is another feature that goes hand in hand with hard work (Clifford, 1975). This refers to a continuum of applied effort that subsequently yields a continuum of results. This is a key tool to every performance that can be epitomized by any student in every learning institution. Determination will enable every student to yield to the academic demands of high and technical performance in every academic endeavor. As much as there were other efforts to improve the nature and quality of education in the American schools, race to the top provided a firm base in which individuals could compete with the main aim of embracing features and strategies that will yield high performance in learning. Community colleges, high schools and even universities will get the inspiration of the race to the top, and will thereby yield to the nature of hard work and determination in their daily endeavors (Clifford, 1975). Sharing is another academic feature that various students can embrace in their goal of improving the nature of per