ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sampling is a very important step in research process. It provides input for the entire process. It is also worthy to note that sampling is among the most complicated steps in research. This is because an output of every research depends entirely on its input. Researchers need to invest a lot of time and other resources in sampling. It is crucial in ensuring that they maintain quality, timeliness and cost-effectiveness. In sampling, the wrong sample gives in wrong results i.e. garbage in garbage out. Therefore, sampling is the best area to begin, when one needs the best results. Design is also important in the entire research process. Therefore, researchers must have the required factors to consider in sampling design. To begin with, one has to define the type of universe where to carry out the study. The universe can be either finite or infinite. In a finite universe, one considers a known amount of entities such as the entire population in a city. In an infinite universe, a researcher has no idea of the number of entities present. Secondly, a sampling unit is crucial to keep in mind. This unit forms one item in a study. For instance, this unit can be geographical like a state or province. This is important in knowing the exact requirement in that process. It helps in estimating the effort involved in research. Establishing the size of a sample is another important aspect in sampling. This is a number of items one will select from the universe to constitute a sample. The establishment process depends on the universe. It is advisable to select a larger size of a sample if the universe is large. Consequently, select a smaller sample if the selected universe has just a few items. The cost estimation will be helpful to consider in establishing the size of the sample. Finally, one needs to consider the parameters of interest. This is the specific feature a research studies. Therefore, the process differs depending on this feature. Other factors to play in mind include budgetary constraints. This constraint includes the costs for collecting data. There is also the cost of incorrect inference resulting from data. When preparing for data collection and analysis, one should consider several factors. One needs to know the requirements and the type of audience he/she will face. The climatic conditions of the region are also very crucial. These help a researcher to prepare enough so that they get comfortable in their activities. Depending on the type of data collection, one needs to understand the area and methods most suitable for their research. One can use qualitative or quantitative analysis depending on what they deem to be important. The entire collection and analysis process depends on such basic factors as cost and knowledge. Different data collection methods such as questionnaire, interviews, etc. differ in effort and cost.
Born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts, Edgar Allen Poe was indeed one of the establishers of fictional mystery writing. He is considered the adherent founder of detective story writing, a leading designer of the science fiction genre and also the master in macabre anecdotes. In his halcyon days, he was critically acclaimed as one of the top brass poets to hail his generation and though an American by birth, his reputation was colossal away from home in England and France. It is only after the legislative body of the Lovecraft school and French-influenced writers like Robert W. Chambers publicized his work, that America took interest of this prose intellect. Early childhood Edgar Allan Poe together with two of his siblings, were born into a family headed by parents who were peripatetic actors. After their father’s desertion and their mother’s demise due to consumption- now known as tuberculosis in 1811, a Richmond businessman John Allan together with his wife Frances Allan took up the responsibility of caring for the then young Edgar. Though they never formally adopted him, they gave him the name ‘Allen’ and had him baptized in 1812. In 1815, the family travelled to John Allen’s birthplace in, Irvine Scotland where Poe attended grammar school and while th
Introduction Medication administration is highly important for the patients’ safety. It was estimated that medication errors are the most common type of mistakes in the healthcare system (Nanji, Vernest, Sims, & Levine, 2015). One of the reasons for such errors occurring in the wrong procedure of medication labeling (Mishra, 2014). To improve this situation, national standards for medication labeling were developed and introduced into the practice (The Joint Comission, 2015). Thus, drug labeling is the policy of medications, solutions, and container labeling which might lead to reducing the rate of medication errors in the nurse’s practice. Medication Errors The quality and safety of medical care, among other issues, highly depends on the accuracy of healthcare workers. Medication errors are commonly spread type of human-factor medical mistakes. According to “About medication errors” (2017), this type of error could be defined as “any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer” (para. 2). Frequently, nurses are considered to be responsible for these errors because medication preparation is a part of their duties (Smeulers, Onderwater, Zwieten, & Vermeulen, 2014). The most frequent medication errors are mistakes with drug name, concentration, and time of its injection. A nurse should be especially attentive and careful in a case if medication preparation (drug dissolving with the appropriate solvent to the appropriate concentration), according to a physician prescription, is required (Smeulers et al., 2014). One of the possible reasons for errors during drags preparation and injection is wrong medication labeling or label absence (Mishra, 2014). Thus, medication labeling policy is a possible solution to improve the situation and to reduce the rate of errors. Medication Labeling Policy National patient safety goals were established by the Joint Commission (2015). The third goal was dedicated to medication safety, in particular, to the medication labeling procedure. According to the standards, all medications, prepared solutions, and their containers (syringes, basins, and others) should be labeled immediately after transferring from the original package and/or preparation. The label should include the medication name, concentration, and expiration date and time. All the unlabeled medications should be discarded (The Joint Commission, 2015). This policy directly affected the nurse’s work because medication preparation and administration are parts of nurses’ duties. It could be stated that this policy might reduce the frequency of medication errors. The clear standard procedure of labeling might be helpful in the nurses’ services quality improvement. However, another important issue should be considered. According to the standards, the procedure of labeling should be performed immediately. This procedure requires time and might decelerate a nurse’s work, which can be crucial in the case of an emergency.
One of my childhood fascinations revolved around watching TV programs on wild animals and reading documented literature on these animals in their natural habitats. Lions, elephants, and giraffes were particularly fascinating to watch, though the perception then was that the animals were merely fiction since they seemed so large compared to the dogs and cats living amongst us in the neighborhood. But this perception suddenly changed when I visited the Nairobi National Park in Kenya, where I came alive to the fact that these animals are real and inherently beautiful. My journey to the East African country was facilitated by a cultural exchange program shared between my former school and another institution in Kenya. Although I was exposed to very many new things during my three weeks stay in the country, the most memorable experience was a visit to the Nairobi National Park with my colleagues and mentors. The national park is an expansive and unique ecosystem spanning across 117 km 2 of open grass plains with scattered acacia bush and other breath-taking vegetation types. The uniqueness of the park is grounded on its capacity to host major wildlife attractions and ease of accessibility from the capital city. The park is located only 7 km from the capital city of Kenya, hence tourists can easily land at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and have the opportunity to visit the park the same day. In terms of major wildlife attractions, the Nairobi national park easily passes as one of the best in the world due to the many varieties of animals and their interactions in broad daylight. In the five hours that I was in the park, I had the chance to view black rhinos, lions, leopards, giraffes, elephants, buffaloes, and other animal varieties in their natural surroundings as opposed to viewing them in a zoo. The game viewing was spectacular, particularly when it came to the hunting episodes involving lions and other herbivorous animals such as the wildebeests. I noticed that the lions hunted in a group of four or five and were often led by a female member of the group known as the lioness. I also observed that, although these lions seemed huge and heavy, they were extremely fast in their hunting episodes and killed their prey through strangulation. Although female lion
Background Depression and anxiety have become an inevitable part of human lives controlling their condition, mood, reaction to the outer world. The number of panic attacks, comorbidity related to irritation and anxiousness as trigger factors have significantly increased in the XXI century. Health practitioners sometimes say that people have successfully fought a variety of mortal diseases; however, currently, they have entered a new period of nerve diseases. Modern medicine even claims that some of the nerve-connected diagnoses have converted up to date as the number of their recognition has increased. We live in a harsh time full of stress, depression, and irritation caused by different factors that easily influence our state. In the US, drug therapy with antidepressants and various stimulators gains momentum, and a significant part of the country’s population intakes such medicine permanently. I believe it is possible to get to know our mental health better and fight the habits of letting negative moods, fears, irritation, and depression control our everyday lives. Developing useful habits and critical thinking can help address depression and anxiety, lead to a better self-condition and function. Identifying Signs of Anxiety and Depression In this section, the data provided by scholarly articles are included and will be estimated. Before talking about fighting with these conditions, it is essential to comprehend the possible imitative factors causing depression and anxiety. Looking deep into the roots of the problem will provide a vast and detailed vision of it, and will help to develop ways to enhance the disorders. For instance, repetitive negative thinking is a part of the human state characterized by worry, rumination, and prolonged problem-solving. A study by Spinhoven et al. (2018) highlighted and proved recurrent negative reflection to be a risk factor for various depressive and anxiety disorders. It is essential to identify the condition before it consumes a person fully and controls his mood. Any human has days of weak and strong emotional background, and during fragile periods it is major to break the negative trigger on time and be able to recognize it. Worry is another habit of getting anxiety which is usually a thinking process about future events based on fears and beliefs. Rumination is a similar reflective practice more oriented on past events when a person struggles to disengage from it, repeats the statements to himself, and becomes intrusive (Spinhoven et al., 2018). Described habits oftentimes tend to relate to a trigger from the past that supports the pathological worry or rumination and cannot be simply abandoned. That is why understanding the initial factors causing the negative or depressive conditions should be well studied and fought. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is hard to ignore social distancing as one of the factors influencing mental health. Humans cannot survive without society and community groups that share similar interests. Even though social needs are placed on the th
Introduction In the past thirty years, a great deal has been learned about antisocial Behavior. It is known that most types of antisocial behavior tend to be inter-related, in the sense that people who commit one type have an elevated probability of also committing other types. Hence, it is plausible to assume the existence of an antisocial syndrome, and that most types of antisocial acts basically reflect the same underlying theoretical construct, which might be termed an “antisocial personality”. However, less is known about the development of the antisocial syndrome, and especially about developmental sequences of antisocial acts, or the extent to which one type of act facilitates or is a stepping stone to other types. Also, little is known about the developmental course of careers of antisocial behavior: about ages of onset, probability of persistence or escalation, frequency of different acts at different ages, duration of problems, or ages of desistance (Hugues, 2006). Many research projects focus on only one type of antisocial act, such as crime or drug use. More researchers should aim to measure a wide variety of different types of acts and hence the full antisocial syndrome. While precise definitions of antisocial personality disorder (APD)/, and cut-off points between normal and pathological, change over time, the constituent acts are well known. They include property crimes, violent crimes, drug use, heavy drinking, drunk or reckless driving, sexual promiscuity or risky sex behavior, divorce/ separation or unstable sexual relationships, spouse or partner abuse, child abuse or neglect, an unstable employment history, debts, dependence on welfare benefits, heavy gambling, heavy smoking, and repeated lying and conning (Frederick, 2006). Associated personality features include impulsiveness and a lack of planning, selfishness and egocentricity, callousness and a lack of empathy, a lack of remorse or guilt feelings, low frustration tolerance and high aggressiveness. There is a great deal of continuity and stability over time in antisocial behavior, but also a great deal of change in absolute levels of behavioral manifestations. According to Martin (2006) “conduct disordered children have a relatively high probability of becoming antisocial adults, suggesting that the antisocial syndrome typically arises in childhood and persists into adulthood”. However, there are many dropouts: most conduct-disordered children do not develop APD, for example. The boundary between childhood and hood is artificial, since there is no sign of discontinuity at age 18. There is also intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior from parents to children, and antisocial behavior is highly concentrated in certain families and individuals. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms that underlie this intergenerational transmission. A key issue is whether APD and psychopathy are different in kind or in degree from antisocial behavior in general. To the extent that the differences are primarily in degree, all the findings in this paper about early prevention of antisocial behavior will apply to APD and psychopathy as well. However
Introduction Lying about one’s credentials is indeed a violation of societal norms and contradicts principles of integrity. Therefore, such kind of conduct will not be justified. Instead, it is actually necessary to offer a valid explanation of why the phenomenon occurs. This issue is highly context specific and actually occurs as a result of certain hidden factors. As in the case of Richard Bromenthal, who claimed that he had served in the Vietnam war, it is always an issue of overcoming rigid obstacles that impede individuals from growing in the careers or even accessing job opportunities. Most employers require work experience and knowledge of academic background before they can even think about giving someone a job. This makes it impossible for those who are fresh from university or who may not have been given a chance by any other employer even if they are well skilled for the job. Therefore, by overemphasizing on experience, skills and personal qualities, society causes a huge number of individuals with the right qualities and personality to miss out on these critical opportunities. Also, certain rules exist even when they clearly lack a commercial value attached to them. It will be argued in this paper that given all these circumstances, then it is quite reasonable to witness falsification of one’s credentials. Why people cheat about the credentials The scientific community has not been immune to cases of falsification of credentials. Even Doctors and other professionals have engaged in some degree of falsification because of a number of reasons. Top on this list is the rigorous nature of research approval processes in the scientific community. Before a researcher can be given a grant, he or she may need to have very complex curriculum vitae that should include a series of academic accomplishments and awards as well. Certain doctors may have worked so hard to acquire their academic credentials so most may feel as though it is quite unfair to them to ask for more. Having an additional award may not always be easy to achieve and may lead to minimization of opportunities within the scientific community because of this occurrence. Not every researcher will be in a position to get these kinds of support and may actually make grants inaccessible to a majority of them. Therefore, some scientists may opt to work around this problem by padding their CVs so as to meet those stringent conditions. Eventually, this may lead to approval of individuals who may have falsified their information. Such was the case with a Duke University researcher whose area of interest was cancer research. He had been accused of this dishonesty by his peers who found out that he never really got an award as he had purported in his documents (Fustenberg, 2010). Sometimes parties may lie about their credentials simply because they feel that they possess all the requirements for carrying out a certain job except their credentials. Most have a lot of experience in the field and may actually feel entitled to
Introduction Deciding on the best option after completing a high school education is always a tricky phenomenon. It should be noted that life gives everyone just one chance to live and make it right and therefore one can never follow what others do just because it is right. It is therefore important to make the right decision early enough, otherwise, the repercussions that will follow may be dire and unbearable. When students are in school, most of them perceive life to be smooth and full of fun, but the idea changes once they start getting responsibilities. The outer world as is described by many seems different from the protective environment of schools. Many students are very eager to sit for their final paper in high school and get through with their high school education but they are not aware of the big question that awaits them after high school, which is “What next?” (Duralia 15). While some would prefer to start working due to a feeling of burdensome in education or lack of finances to continue with education, others would prefer to go on with their college education and start a career they have been dreaming about, yet others would prefer taking some time from all that and concentrate with traveling and relaxation for a year or so before joining a college. Whichever route one chooses, there is always a price to pay for each it. Going to college vs. taking a break Time waits for no man and hence spending time enjoying and celebrating will have a serious repercussion later on since one will have wasted precious time. Although both routes may be merited to some degree, it is always important to ensure there is the benefit derived wherefrom taking in mind that the main aim of life is to make positive changes and improve oneself (Clydesdale 15). One who decides to go to college will have an added advantage over the rest because he starts building a career without wasting time. Time is the only asset that is equal to everyone – everyone has 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, no one has more or less. Those who utilize this resource perfectly will always enjoy the benefits in life. Everyone, especially students who have the chance and enough financial resources should race against time at all times to improve their life (Clydesdale 18). They should not spend time idling and celebrating over small achievements; rather, they should aim at striking a difference in whatever they do. Going to college immediately is no burden in terms of books as many students describe it, it is a race against the little precious time one has to lay a good foundation of his/her life (Duralia 20). For example, let’s take one who starts celebrating and relaxing for a year, and one who goes to college immed
Introduction Information technology has actually penetrated all spheres and aspects of the organization management. The initial role of information communication technologies being support of different business operations has also gradually grown to be central to the strategic management of the organization. The emergence of new IT systems has been the critical facilitator of the business reengineering process in most institutions. The use of information communication technologies by business has enabled them achieve competitive edge over their competitors. This technology has enabled operational efficiency through the production management systems. Business process reengineering, product and service differentiation has also been facilitated by different IT systems like Computer Aided design, customer relationship management and marketing information system. Improved and faster decision making has been enhanced by the decision support systems and management information systems. This research paper will look to describe how Café de Carol has embraced information technologies and how this has facilitated its successful growth. Information technology in management Most business organizations have their main goal being value addition to their shareholders. Organizations achieve this by profit maximization through the reduction of production costs and increase. This motive is usually very limited keeping in mind the current business environment where compe