ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Scenario Sara is a student in a high school. After watching an advertisement on TV, she decided to buy Nike rollerblades. She went to a Nike shop in Abu Dhabi and bought a pair of rollerblades. Soon, she went to a special track in Abu Dhabi to try her new purchase. However, while she was rollerblading, the wheels disrupted, Sara fell down and broke her right leg. She was taken to the hospital where she met a journalist who asked her about the accident. The journalist decided to write a story about this case as she thought people had to know about it to keep safe. The journalist wanted to write about poor quality of the rollerblades bought in the shop. Representatives of Nike found out about the journalist’s intention to publish an article about the accident. They addressed the journalist and offered him Dh5,000 plus 10 free pairs of training shoes to ‘forget about the case’ and leave it unpublished. This situation resulted in an ethical dilemma for the journalist who has to decide whether to publish the article about the accident and potentially dangerous products or to take the money and remain silent. Analysis The journalist is facing an ethical dilemma and she can make several decisions. Different approaches can help come up with a solution in every situation. This case can be analysed in terms of deontological ethics, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The first approach to be analysed is virtue ethics. Virtue ethics is concerned with specific features of character and people’s habits which make a person good (MacKinnon & Fiala, 2014). For virtue ethics, a virtuous life should be devoted to developing good qualities and morals (MacKinnon, 2012). Shiell (2011) notes that being a virtuous person is not about knowing and complying with rules, but it is more about having ‘the right’ qualities of a virtuous person. However, it is rather difficult to define the ‘right’ qualities which a good person should have. Joseph and Boczkowski (2012) state that journalist ethics involves such concepts (or virtues) as unveiling the truth, being truthful and unbiased. More so, being a Muslim, the journalist shares the belief that the truth is one of the central values and a virtuous man should strive for revealing the truth (Rippin, 2013). Therefore, if the journalist unitises this approach, she will understand that she should publish the story. Another ethical approach to be considered is deontology. This ethical approach is concerned with the concept of duty as deontologists believe that there are certain principles (duties) to follow (Becker & Becker, 2013). Notably, Lunt and Livingstone (2013) claim that duties can be defined as concepts and rules which any reasonable person will follow. It is noteworthy that thinkers tend to believe that deontological approach is more objective as it presupposes adherence to universal rules which are applicable in the vast majority of (or even all) societies (Harrison, 2004; Ess, 2013). If the journalist chooses to follow deontological perspective, she should also publish t
Societies in ancient times had laws that governed them in order to avoid emergence of anarchy rule. These societies used different forms of punishment to discourage individuals from committing crime. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is one of the first cited cases of laws that were used in the Middle East in ancient times. They used punishment as a retribution for wrongs committed (Geltner, 2008, p.43). Afterwards, the Roman Empire established their legal code referred to as the Law of Twelve Tables. However, historians believe that the Justinian Code is the oldest form of legal code that was used to punish individuals. Punishment included banishment from home, beheading, branding with an iron rod, crucifixion, drowning and flogging (Geltner, 2008, p.44). In ancient times, imprisonment was not considered as an efficient method of punishing crime. More crude methods such as beheading and crucifixion were used. Before the 1700’s, prisons were non-existent. Governments used prisons to confine criminals who were awaiting trial. In addition, prisons were mostly used to detain debtors who had failed to fulfill their financial obligations (May et al, 2007, p.37). Leaders used to punish criminals in public to discourage other people from committing crime. However, there was harsh criticism of execution as a form of punishment during the 1700’s. This period marked the advent of prison reforms. Prisons were established due to the activism of the 18 th century rationalist reformers who were against execution and other crude forms of punishment (May et al, 2007, p.39). The reformers believed that imprisonment could offer criminals solitude, which would allow them to think about their actions and desire reformation. The Pennsylvania system refers to a prison system that encouraged solitary confinement of prisoners and discouraged socialization in prison. In c
Introduction Ranked among the all-time famous female American writers, Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in 1811 in Litchfield, Connecticut. The platform for her literary achievements was laid by Stowe’s interaction with her learned aunt Harriet Foote who instilled in her ward the value of deep thinking and cultural beliefs. It was the combination of two events that led to Stowe’s everlasting fame as a writer. Both took place in 1850. The first was Stowe’s first-hand interaction with African American slaves in Cincinnati. After several visits to them Stowe witnessed with her own eyes the abysmal plight of the slaves and the grossly unfair treatment meted out to them by Southern whites. Main text The second event was the Fugitive Slave Act passed by Congress in 1850 that criminalized harboring or assisting runaway slaves; even to an impartial bystander the Act denoted a stamp of approval by Congress for the ongoing cruel and barbaric practice of slavery festering in the South. Both events combined to spark off tumultuous reactions in the creative writer that resulted in her publishing “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” in 1852. The book was such a tremendous success that Stowe was emboldened to write “The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin” in 1853, and another anti-slavery novel “Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” in 1856. Harriet Beecher Stowe died in 1896, 6 years before the first film adaptation of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” was made (Kirjastoc.sci.fi). The basic theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” is the evil of slavery. The novel concentrates on the character of protagonist Uncle Tom, an African-American slave. The tales of the novel’s other characters, ranging from his fellow slaves to slave owners, slave hunters and other white people, revolve around him. Against the background of buying and selling of slaves, the hard work they are forced to do, the inhuman, degrading treatment meted out to them, and the riches made from them by most of the whites in Southern United States, Stowe’s portrayal of slaves reveal the evil practice of slavery in all its harsh reality. Uncle Tom is a long-suffering but dutiful servant, loyal to those who own him. He is a good and pious man, “honest and faithful and Christian” (Stowe, 406). Tom’s wife Chloe is a hard-working, jovial simpleton. Mammy {“the best creature living” (Stowe, 157)} constantly brims with kindness and affection. Sexual misconduct with female slaves is depicted by young black women Cassy and Emmeline, sex slaves of their white owner Simon Legree; Cassy, having being bought and sold several times earlier, was also sexually used by previous owners to bear children. Slave children are mercilessly separated from their parents and sold to the highest bidder – like the many children of Cassy who becomes so distraught that she poisons one of her children rather than having to undergo the pain of separation again. Some slaves dare to undertake heroic deeds for the sake of their fellow slaves such as Eliza Harris who f
Communication Wan et al (2007 p1) in the perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification limits the definition of values to conceptions of what is preferable, desirable, or important. Their definition of value surpasses that and goes further to enumerate people or social groups’ belief in whatever they are emotionally attached to. Such beliefs may be approved or be disapproved by others but that never deters the adherent from subscribing to them. I concur with Wen et al proposition that values guide, justify behaviors, and determine one’s preferences and judgments. Values can indeed be used in the evaluation of life experiences, acting as a guide and justifying behaviors preferences, and judgments. This is because they help in motivating people’s behavior as they will always want to achieve their set goals. Values, therefore, act as guiding factors in life, enabling individuals to reach heights they have always aspired to reach. The way in which values impact consumer behavior is very important in marketing as this helps in matching prospective consumers with the efforts put in marketing. Values also impact product preference either directly or indirectly. Consumers will seek to concentrate on the symbolic meaning of a product while evaluating it, depending on the perceived self-image. In direct value, influence is through the tangibility of the product’s attribute. Therefore, the consumer intends to satisfy his or her motives, they do judgment based on emotions that the product evokes. Wan et al are justified in saying that values are organized in a hierarchy of importance. Higher values are normally classified into five categories in descending manner. These values include absolute truth, goodness, holiness
The Godfather is one of those not many movies, which capture people’s attention from the very first seconds. It does not take much time or efforts to comprehend the main theme of the movie, as well as its characters and even the style of the direction offered by Francis Ford Coppola. It is hard to think about some mistakes of shortages that could be possibly made by the director or the actors. The movie was investigated and analyzed by a number of critics and fans. It is defined as one of the greatest films of all times with a powerful cast and the best director. The construction of the movie is perfect, including the chosen dialogues, light, shots, and even costumes of the characters. There is a purpose in each movement and placement. *In this paper, the analysis of The Godfather ’s construction and Coppola’s intents will be developed by explaining the choice of the setting, dialogues, light, and other details and focusing on its main themes, a family and justice, in order to demonstrate personal dedication to the movie and the work done by Coppola and the crew.* The magic of The Godfather ’s construction is hard to neglect from the very beginning. Several seconds of the darkness at the beginning of the movie accompanied by the sounds of a trumpet cast some kind of a spell and make people think about their lives and goals not about the film. An Italian man speaks about the power of America, the importance of a family, and the necessity of justice in regards to those, who do not know how to respect traditions and consider ordinary human rights. A close-up shot with the Bonasera’s face and camera movements tells about the definite style of the movie. Strict phrases and a hopeless look prove the importance of a person Bonasera addresses to. Slow movements and the absence of emotions demonstrate the power of the character, who sits in front. In several minutes, the image of Don Corleone is perfectly introduced to the viewer. There is no need to tell something about the characters. The role of each character in the room is clear. Coppola’s intent is to show the story that does not have a certain beginning, but is characterized by a powerful ending and a good lesson. Dark surrounding light, eye-to-eye communication, the order in the room and in each phrase spoken – all these details introduce a well-built and confident image of a don. Besides, his words about the importance of friendship, power, and justice prove Don Corleone as a good leader with strong analytical abilities and power. “You didn’t need a friend like me. Now you come and say “Don Corleone, give me justice.” But you don’t ask with respect. You don’t offer friendship. You don’t even think to call me ‘Godfather’” ( The Godfather ). The construction of the dialogue between Don Corleone and Bonasera depicts the whole nature of the movie – the Godfather could listen, understand what
First of all, I would like to consider the concert performance “Trio For Flute, Clarinet And Piano” which I was lucky to listen at Ars Vitalis concert recently. After this I’ll pass to another pieces performed that night. This piece was performed by three musicians who played exquisitely. This was a play of three instruments: flute, clarinet and piano. I would characterize the pitch of the whole performance as high, because the major part of the piece was played in high pitch and tempo. Piano playing at low pitch and slow tempo opened up the performance; this part was very peaceful and produced a considerable contrast to the subsequent climax of the piece. Another significant slowing down took place almost in the end of the piece, the music flew in a slow tempo and deep pitch, the instruments went out of the performance one by one: first the flute became silent first, then the clarinet stopped playing, only piano continued performing and in the end all the instruments at once thundered at a very high pitch. And this use of pitch produced a very strong ending, and made the whole performance quite vigorous. As for the instrumental parts it is necessary to point out that piano was a kind of continuous background, but flute and clarinet were producing different effects: changed the pitch and the whole mood of the piece. I’d like to mention here that flute and clarinet produced mysterious effect on me through the whole performance, and in the climax of the performance these two instruments created the presentiment of uncertain danger, at least this was what I felt at that moment. When flute and clarinet stopped playing, letting piano finish the performance (which was quite logic), the music was so peaceful, just like at the very beginning; but the instruments came into play again to put a period to the performance. As I mentioned above it produced a very strong affect and imparted the sensation of completeness. Another point which, to my mind, enhanced the effect of the piece was the way of performance. The musicians revealed corresponding emotions through the whole performance, their body language made me feel deeper the music performed. When the music was slow performers were gentle, when music tension grew they became more expres
VisualDX is a type of software developed to assist medical personnel in making a decision on the diagnosis of various ailments and clinical disorders. The initial systems were developed by logical Images. Human-computer interaction is obvious in the application of visuals. This software system may give a diagnosis with reliable precision if the medical personnel’s using it applies its functions appropriately. With the advancement of software engineering, the graphical interface used by visualDX may be able to recognize clinical conditions which can be observed in high-quality images with minimal errors. Often, the HCI of visualDX generates images of the most fitting medical condition. In addition, it generates images of other related conditions and ailments. This enables the clinician to make a proper judgment on whether the application is displaying the most accurate results. Modern versions of visualDX have a vast collection of conditions whose symptoms can be displayed in a graphical form. The software system is able to make a comparison between a large number of conditions in previous records, and the particular condition under scrutiny beyond human recollection. This may often avoid misdiagnosis and therefore, ensure the right prescription by the physician. The use of this system gives fairly consistent results and may arguably be used to improve healthcare delivery with the desirable outcome (Berner, 2007). The interface requires the user to feed data into the system. Regulatory procedures and classical methods of diagnosis may not accommodate the use of software and computerized machines to make clinical decisions as this is a sensitive field. This system has yet to be modified to synchronize with the normal working procedures. In my opinion, it would be fair to recommend this system because odds against it are no more than there are in other medical machinery. Response One VisualDX is structured such that the user is guided through the steps of using the software system without having to be a software specialist. This makes the system usable by people with different specializations. The dynamic system may keep track of images and searches so that they can be conveniently accessed again if when necessary. VisualDX is an accommodative system that enables adaptation to a wide range of problems. The modular manner in which most of the system i
Introduction Human society lives in a setting that is dominated by needs and wants. These needs and wants were fulfilled in the days before currency through a system of barter of goods. The concept of currency came in much later. According to Max Weber, economics is about the study of ‘ends and means’ in a society. People buy something for its own sake like food and clothing. They also buy a product as a means of achieving something else; say for example, a luxury car for the sake of achieving status in society. But this concept of ends and means results in an economic activity indicating that practically every transaction for achieving ends and means is an economic activity. This is the basic reason why the topic of economics and its study is an integral part of human activity. The term has its origin from Greek and French and basically means managing the household. As a result many great thinkers have brought out many theories on this topic. Over the years many economists have appeared and have contributed to the field in many ways. People like Weber, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Amartya Sen, Milton Freidman, and Schumpeter are some of the few great economists who come to mind. There are countless others, and are far too many to be mentioned here. Moreover, many articles and opinions have also been written about economics and the state of economy of a region (a country, state, political regions, and even the world in general). This paper is a criticism of the state of the US economy during the early part of 2007 with focus on the housing market in the country. Synopsis of the article The article is titled ‘US Housing Market Crash to result in the Second Great Depression’ and is written by Mike Whitney for the publication, The Market Oracle. The article appeared on its online version on February 23, 2007. Whitney, as the name of the article indicates, writes about the crashing of the US housing market due to extremely poor policies of the government and the highly developed consumer culture of its population. The housing slump will soon trickle down to other sectors also. The burst of the housing bubble, as Whitney puts it, is illustrated by some figures in the article. Construction of new homes fell by 14%, prices of homes fell in nearly 50% of the states across the country (with four states bearing the brunt of the decline), and sales fell by 40%. Whitney focuses on the rising gap between the rich and the poor throughout the paper. He even quotes Karl Marx by bringing up the issue of class struggle. This problem is compounded by a general slowdown of the US economy with falling sales, rising national debt, retrenchment of jobs, and rising unemployment. Whitney blames government policies and specifically those introduced by Alan Greenspan allowing credit at super cheap rates. People were lured into buying
Introduction At present, lots of people claim that the US judicial system is imperfect. Some state that US prisons are overcrowded and consume a lot of funds. There are those who stress that rehabilitation policies are ineffective. Admittedly, there are issues in all these spheres. However, rehabilitation practices are effective when applied properly. To identify the effectiveness of rehabilitation options, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of these options. Definition and Origins of Rehabilitation in Prison Rehabilitation is a set of practices aimed at “restoring” an offender “to a constructive place in society through some form of training” (Cole & Smith, 2007, p. 261). In the first half of the twentieth century (until the late 1960s), it was believed that people could identify the factors that made the offender commit a crime. The major factors, which were taken into account, were social problems (e.g., poverty, discrimination, unemployment, etc.), psychological or biological issues (e.g., mental disorders). Thus, it was believed that the offender should not be punished; he/she should be “cured” (Cole & Smith, 2007, p. 261). Therefore, various rehabilitation techniques were used to ‘cure’ the offender. However, in the 1970s, this attitude changed. It is now believed that it is difficult (or even impossible) to identify the reason for committing a crime. Thus, it is impossible to work out the effective rehabilitation technique, and, thus, the entire concept is unsuccessful. Definition of Parole and How It Differs from Mandatory Release Parole is the release of an offender who can spend the rest of his sentence out of prison (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012). Thus, the offender can become a part of society. Lots of people consider this to be the most appropriate type of rehabilitation. The offender should fulfill certain conditions. Otherwise, he/she can be sent back to prison. It is necessary to note that this release mechanism is not available for some offenders. For instance, parole is denied to “recidivists or offenders convicted of violent crimes” (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012, p. 49). Mandatory release differs from parole in terms of major concepts. Thus, the mandatory release does not depend on the offender’s behavior or plans. The offender is released when his/her sentence is served (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012). Many people claim that this release mechanism is inappropriate as offenders are often released irrespective of their readiness to become a part of the society. Definition of Probation and How It Compares to Other Forms of Sentencing Probation is a form of sentencing which is based on the concept of rehabilitation. The offender is not sent to prison but remains in the society if he/she manages to fulfill certain conditions (Ismaili, 2010). More so, the offender remains in his/her familiar setting (family, friends, etc.). However, there is certain supervision. The strictness of the supervision imposed depends on the gravity of the offense. As has been mentioned above, the offender should also satisfy some conditions (he/she is not allowed to own weapons, should be employed, can have to