ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Father Paul le Jeune provides a detailed description of the Savages’ religion, their virtues and vices. According to Jeune, the Savages have a well-developed system of religious beliefs, although they confess they do not know who has created the world and how it was created (23). Jeune claims that, despite numerous beliefs and religious principles followed by the Savages, their religion is nothing but a prayer (23). He compares the Savages’ religion to superstition and does not take it seriously. Much more serious is Jeune’s description of the Savages’ virtues and vices. He starts with the analysis of their physical attributes. Savages are presented as strong, erect, tall, and well proportioned (23). Among others, Jeune points to the goodness of the Savages’ mind (24). Unlike the civilized Europeans, the Savages are not ruled by avarice and ambition, and this is why they can be considered as happy. They pretend that they cannot get angry, simply because they do not want to spoil their happiness with anger (Jeune 24). The author even suggests that the Savages are so patient and modest, that the civilized world should be ashamed of it. These people are closely attached to one another, although they have numerous vices and imperfections. Jeune claims that the Savages are proud and haughty (25). They do not know anything about compassion and are not moved by others’ sufferings. They are also prone to deceive one another: lying for a Savage is almost the same as talking (Jeune 26). They do not know anything about truth and secrets. They do not know which information should be kept private and which should be shared with others. They do not welcome those, who are not part of their unity and do not encourage anyone to interfere with their tranquility and peace. The Trail of Tears In his letter, Ross provides arguments against the removal of the Cherokee from their land. At the heart of his argument is the claim that the Cherokee people have gone a long way to a higher social status. They had to abandon their savage habits and beliefs. Ross supports the legitimacy of the agreement made between the Cherokee people and the government, and he is confident that the provisions of this agreement cannot be violated. In Ross’s view, the Cherokee nation is legally free to live on their land. It is the land where they have managed to accumulate considerable material belongings. The removal of the Cherokee from their land would become a betrayal and a measure of the low reliability of the government’s promises. At the same time, Ross lists the obstacles facing him in the removal of the Cherokee people to the West, chief among others being the scantiness of the food ration provided to the native people (28). Ross also refers to the irregular nature of the proceedings that were guaranteed under the contract made with the government. The quality of the food provided is poor, and it comes as no surprise that the Cherokee refuse to accept and use it. At the same time, the pri
The first law of thermodynamics is the same as the law energy conservation. The rules of this law include that energy is transferable from one system to another in various status. Another rule of this law is that energy is not destroyable and nobody who have the capability of creating it. Another rule of this law is that the entire amount of energy available in the space is constant . The second law of thermodynamics also has some rules. For instance, heat cannot be transmitted from a cool to a hot object. Depending on this rule, there must be some natural processes to transmit energy towards one direction. The natural processes to be involved should be irrevocable. Through the applications of the second law of thermodynamics, some things in the space are becoming less important such as the energy and other substances. For life to exist in the rainforest ecosystem, energy is moved from one living form to another. Energy is transmitted in the ecosystem from one tropic point to the other. In most cases, the energy pyramid in an ecosystem is similar to the food pyramid. The population of the organisms in a certain point depends on the level of the energy pyramid. The lower the level of the energy pyramid, the higher the number of the organisms. In the circumstances of a rainforest ecosystem, the primary producers occupy the bottom of the energy pyramid. The major source of energy in the space is the sun that provides solar energy. In the rainforest ecosystem, through the energy from the sun, primary producers manufacture carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. The raw materials used in the process of photosynthesis are mainly water and carbon dioxide, to manufacture food for the plants. The primary producers in the rainforest ecosystems are the green plants both big and small. The main primary consumers that depend solely on the work of the primary producers for food are the animals that feed on green vegetati
Introduction Suicide among the teenagers aged 14-18 years within New Jersey is an issue that has raised concern among the stakeholders. These teenagers would commit suicide because of trauma that is beyond their capacity to control. Some of them are emotionally immature, and believe that the shortest way of finding a solution is to terminate their own lives. Others also commit suicide as a way of punishing their loved ones because of something they did or failed to do. Irrespective of the possible cause of suicide, it is important to find a solution to this issue in order to reduce the rate at which these minors are taking their own lives (Dolgin and Rice 45). Although the statistics show that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of the reported cases of suicide, the current rates are still worrying. In this study, the researcher seeks to analyze the statistics about suicide among the teenagers who are between 14-18 years. Discussion The number of teenagers, committing suicide has been reducing consistently since 1994 (Guild 33). This reduction has been attributed to a number of factors, including the use of antidepressants, a highly social environment, and easily accessible counselors. The figure below shows the rates of adolescent suicide New Jersey as compared to other states in this country. Figure 1: Suicide Rates in New Jersey as Compared to Other States Source: (Guild 62) It is important to understand some of the reasons why adolescents would consider taking their own lives. This can be explained using the Cognitive Theory. As Guild (55) notes, this theory explains the mechanics of the mind during the learning process. When the adolescents are exposed to a given stressor, they tend to absorb it with emotions. Depending on the people around the affected adolescents and the amount of stressors, the adolescents may not be able to handle the pressure. In such cases, this theory explains that the adolescent will want to vent the anger physically. This explains why many youths are very destructive. When the anger cannot be vented on people and objects around the person that is when the adolescent will consider venting the anger on him or herself. However, they are always aware of the possible consequences of their actions. For this reason, they go to the extreme and take their own lives so that they do not live with the pain. Some commit suicide because they feel frustrated and at such moments, life becomes meaningless to them. According to the statistics by Guild (63), homicide is very prevalent among the adolescents in New Jersey. The following chart shows the rate of prevalence of homicide as per different age groups and gender. Figure 2: Homicide Rates among People of Different Groups in New Jersey Source: (Guild 24) Suicide and homicide are some of the leading causes of death among the youths of this country. Both have the same pattern explained above which involves emotional instability. As explained in the theory above, when these youths get emotional, they will first try to cause harm to others. That explains why homicide has a higher percenta
Today, when you get to know a recording, whether digital or paper version, the first thing you perceive is the album cover, not the music. Based on this fact, music alone is not enough to complete an album. In the digital age, artists try to create a coherent creative concept throughout the album promotion process to represent the era in their music. In this concept, album covers are one of the first aspects an artist should consider. There are no restrictions on what the artist wants to do with the album cover. They can take the form of photography, drawing, digital illustration, or any other possible form an artist can think of. Thus, in addition to the music, the cover connects the musician with the listener and, more importantly, expresses their artistry and conveys the hidden message of the entire album. Currently, one of the most famous music styles is K-pop or Korean pop. It is a musical genre that originated in South Korea and incorporated elements of various musical styles. One of the most prominent representatives of K-pop is the BTS group, which is a pillar of the modern Korean industry. BTS’s videos gain millions of views per day, albums constantly hit the first positions of the US Billboard 200 charts, and songs are played not only in Asia but also in the CIS countries, the USA, and Europe. My particular attention was drawn to BTS’s Map of The Soul: 7 album, whose cover is a visual representation of both the music featured in it and the group’s history as a whole. The cover looks rather stylish despite its simplicity. Against a white background with gray stripes, we see a multi-colored number 7. The album cover design for Map of the Soul: 7 was developed by Korean graphic studio Sparks Edition. The design is centered around the layered 7, which is part of the album’s title. According to BTS Global Press Conference ‘MAP OF THE SOUL: 7 (00:27:51-00:28:34), each member of the group chose the font for each number. RM opted for a bold and stiff printing type. Jin chose a thinner font, and Suga selected a traditional, bookish type. J-hope opted for swirling handwriting, Jimin took for a curved print, V chose a bold serif, and Jungkook opted for a minimalist type. As a result, the figure depicted has acquired a unique shape, incorporating the exceptional features of each participant. Thus, the form of the album cover reflects the personality traits of each of the band members. Since there is a figure on the cover, it can be considered the meaning of the image in numerology. Seven is the number of extraordinary and creative personalities and people with original thinking and creative outlook on life. Most people associated with the 7 are successful in this area. Furthermore, there are seven musical tones – notes. According to the designers of the cover of the Map of the Soul: 7, it symbolizes many meanings, including excellence, craftsmanship, and determination. Thus, the cover of the album contains the sacred meaning of the number 7
Abstract The O.J Simpson murder case served as a good lesson for the police in terms of handling evidence. The defense side of the case revealed that the police officers had acquired circumstantial evidence. The lack of a search warrant made the evidence questionable, and the police officers involved in collecting it made numerous mistakes in handling it. Introduction The O.J Simpson murder trial is one of the most popular cases in the United States because it involved the trial of a popular actor and professional football player. Simpson was charged with the murder of his wife and a waiter, and the prosecution used some unorthodox methods to implicate him. The verdict of the jury was that Simpson was not guilty because, despite the vast amount of evidence implicating him, there was reasonable doubt. According to the Constitution of the United States, a suspect is considered innocent until proven guilty with no reasonable doubt (Siegel & Worall, 2013). This paper looks at the O.J Simpson murder trial with a close focus on the legality of the police procedure in the trial. O.J Simpson’s case was a lesson for the police officers (Linder, 2015). Police Procedure During the O.J Simpson murder trial, the defense won the case through highlighting many loopholes that were associated with the handling of the evidence presented by the prosecution. Under the Fourth Amendment, Simpson had the right against illegal search and seizure; hence, the evidence collected by the police was illegal (Siegel & Worall, 2013). According to the defense, the detectives involved in the collection of evidence did not have a legal warrant to proceed with their investigation. The police officers obtained a warrant several hours after visiting O.J Simpson’s premises, and this was illegal. According to the defense side of the case, the warrant that was obtained by the det
Literature is a powerful art form, which like no other can provide its readers with a new perspective on their own life. However, to fully embrace the power and the impact that literature can have, a reader must possess certain reading skills to analyze the writing and identify the message, which can be read “between the lines”. Identifying a theme of the writing is one of the essential skills, which can be applied not only to the literature analysis but to everyday life as well. First, identifying a theme of a given piece contributes to a better understanding of what other people are saying. For me, it was one of the most instrumental skills acquired from literature analysis. Of course, a speech gives much more information and context about a speaker via body language, tone, and facial expression. Yet, the deconstruction of one’s narrative allows me to uncover the things, which a person intended to get across with his or her speech. Analyzing poetry and its themes is especially effective as it involves analyzing creative and unusual sequences of words and phrases that constitute the theme of a poem. Such deconstruction of literary devices, comparisons, and metaphors develops my imagination. I would choose the poem “ I, Too, Sing America ” by Langston Hughes. Through the lines such as “I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen” (Hughes, 1998), the theme of this poem can be identified as “racial justice” “oppression” or “black life in America”. This poem is precise and short, which adds to the impact it has on the reader. There is not much to explain as the case is obvious and the suffering experienced by Afro-American people is immeasurable. Therefore, in real life, I tend to pay very close attention to such short phrases as they can be insightful and emotionally charge, hence, it is important to understand its theme.
Introduction Skyscraper is a term that is used to refer to tall buildings. Skyscrapers are mostly designed for businesses or office use (Oxlade, 2006). There is no designated height for a building to be referred to as a skyscraper, but one common feature about such buildings is that they have many stories. Most of them have a steel framework. Curtain walls are suspended from such frameworks. In modern times, skyscrapers are designed with large surface area windows due to the steel frames that make it possible for such windows to be installed. Most of these tall buildings are designed with a tubular design that was innovated by an engineer known as Fazlur Rahman Khan, who as a Bangladeshi- American (Halfmann, 2003). It is a design that is known to make the building stronger and enable it to resist wind and seismic activity. The building is designed in such a way that it acts as a hollow cylinder. It is economically effective and efficient in that it minimizes the usage of materials. Skyscrapers are mostly constructed in areas where there is no sufficient land or land is too expensive. Dubai is the biggest city in the UAE and has a total of 911 high rises. Approximately 88 of these buildings are as tall as over 180 meters. One of the things that make the city phenomenon is the fact that it is home to the tallest tower in the world. It is also home to the tallest hotel in the world, as well as the tallest residential building. In addition, the tallest building in the world happens to be also the tallest man-made structure in the world (Halfmann, 2003). This essay focuses on the tallest buildings in Dubai. The essay will analyze three tall buildings in the city in terms of the way they were built, the materials that were used to build them, the year or time when they were built, as well as the way those buildings are used. Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa is also known as the Khalifa tower and is the tallest building in Dubai. It also happens to be the tallest building in the world. Its height is about 829.8 meters, which is equal to 2 722 ft. The building has a total of 163 floors (Telegraph Media Group Limited, 2013). Amazingly, there is no other man-made structure in the world that is taller than this building. There are a number of records associated with the building. Among them are; it is the tallest building in the world, it is the building in the world that has the most number of floors, no other building in the world has most occupied floors than Burj Khalifa, it has the highest elevator installation, and its elevators travel the longest distance, which is about 504 meters. In addition, the building has a vertical concrete pumping that is the highest in the world. The world’s highest night club is located in this building at the 144 th floor. It also houses the world’s highest restaurant on the 122 nd floor, which is approximately 442 meters. It has had the highest display of fireworks on a new year. Finally, Burj Khalifa’s swimming pool is the second highest in the wo
New Products GlaxoSmithKline PLC is a science-led healthcare entity that deals with the development of innovative pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 2017). The company introduced a number of pharmaceuticals and vaccines in the year 2016. Some of these new products were RelvarlBreo Ellipta, Anoro Ellipta, Incruse Ellipta, Menveo, and Bexsero (GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 2017). The new products accounted for about 24% of the total pharmaceuticals sales. Quality of Existing Products The existing product generated 83.71% of the total revenue. This amounted to $23.4 billion. The core operating profit that was generated from the existing products amounted to $6.5 billion. This indicates that the existing products have immensely contributed to the success of the business. This can be explained by the fact that the company has been able to find additional uses for these existing products. Return on Equity The 2016 performance was driven by the new products which gained a lot of momentum during the year. This can be attributed to the high demand for the products. Thus, the number of sales that were generated from the new products doubled as compared to the results of the previous year. The profit for the year amounted to $1,062 million. Out of this amount, $173 million was attributed to the new products. The total equity was $4,963. Thus, the return on equity for the new products is 3.49%, while for the entire company is 21.4%. This shows that the company is selecting good products and services for investment (GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 2017). Return on Capital The net income for the year 2016 amounted to $1,062 million, while the total capital was $23,753. The resulting value of return on capital for the entire company is 4.471%. The value that is associated with the new products is 0.73%. The ratio is quite low and it is caused by the high amount of debt (GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 2017). Financing of the Initiative The initiative was financed using debt. A review of the financial statement shows that the value of debt is about 3 times that of equity. This signifies that the company is highly levered. This high amount of debt is majorly spent on research and development. Since the company is highly levered, raising capital through debt is easier than equity. This is based on the fact that potential equity investors shy away from extremely levered companies due to the high-interest cost. Further, the company has been able to maintain a fairly constant amount of debt. The times interest earned ratio shows that the GlaxoSmithKline PLC is solvent because the operating expenses can cover the interest expense (Horner, 2013). Therefore, using debt is advantageous because the value of the company is maintained (Goyal & Goyal, 2013). There are a number of microeconomic variables that have affected the performance of some sections of the company. GlaxoSmithKline PLC faced a declining pressure on prices in some of its markets. This can be attributed to the competition. In addition, there was deterioration in the growth o
Introduction The very title of the Narayan’s ‘The Guide’ is ambiguous since the main character, Raju, is a tour guide. But he is also believed to be a spiritual guide, ‘believed’ because the readers and even Raju himself know he is not. But that statement is debatable when the whole story has been read. Implicit within that statement is the ambiguity. There’s the Raju who is a tour guide and who leads Rosie into self-realization, and there’s Raju the spiritual guide. The other side of the coin is that Raju ultimately is guided into selflessness: “if by not eating I can help the trees bloom and the grass grow, why not do it thoroughly?” (Narayan, 1992, p. 219). But beyond the superficially comic story of a rogue, Narayan explores a number of aspects of the Indian society within which this story was composed. The Themes of Traditional Culture, Hindu Values and Colonialism Narayan explicitly speaks on traditional morality. The central Indian philosophy argues that deviation from traditionally accepted norms is a major cause of disorder and unhappiness (Literary Articles, 2010). The main advocate for this theme is the main character, Raju himself. The book opens as he is just out of prison. It is learnt that he had been jailed for living with another man’s wife. But more than going against norms and the law, Raju’s relationship with Rosie who she brings home, becomes the reason for the conflict between him and his mother. Equally, for as long as Raju is intentionally lying to his spiritual subjects, he is constantly at war with himself (Literary Articles, 2010). He feels guilt, especially against Velan, the loyal disciple. But when he makes the choice to be honest with the role that the disciples have entrusted to him, he finds peace. His imprisonment absolves him of his past and now he takes a new journey that leads him to salvation. All this is engulfed under the Hindu value of selflessness. From the start, the story of Raju is on whether he will become a man who does things for the genuine sake of others. Through sacrifice he shifts from skepticism to idealism (Literary Articles, 2010). All these aspects of Indian society are played against the backdrop of colonialism. Elements of the colonialists’ reign are around, and govern the decisions and choices that the people make. As the novel opens, we witness the ideological battle between Raju and his father. While Raju wishes to study at Albert Mission School, his father feels: “I don’t want my son to study there; it seems they want to convert our sons into Christians and are constantly insulting our gods” (Narayan, 1992, p. 7). But the very fact that Raju feels different is already a warning sign for the traditional education and career development under the ancient master. In other words this is a modern India, and there is a complex interplay of forces; a combination of the