ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Is Iago purely evil, or is Othello incredibly gullible? How does such a strong (or gullible) man become trapped in such plotting?” Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragic play written at around 1603 by William Shakespeare, which addresses the encounters of Othello, the protagonist. Othello is a Venetian military general and who falls prey of Iago’s devious schemes, which are triggered by jealousy, deceit and quest for power (Hundley 4). Shakespeare’s Iago is amoral character who drafts devious plans to lure others into his vengeance mission. Equivocally, I ago is a significant character who participates greatly in Othello’s misfortune. He is also accountable for Emilia, Roderigo and protagonist deaths. He contributes to plot development in the play in that he relates to other characters significantly. His most important role is to accomplish the tragedy of Othello, which brings out the themes of hatred, envy and vengeance. In addition, he distinguishes Othello’s character and that of Desdemona to expose dramatic irony for the audience to be occupied (Kolin 8). Is Iago purely evil? Yes. His inherent evilness is seen when Iago makes friends to hate each other by taking advantage of their trust toward him. To attain his mission, he uses their worries and anxieties to “make the net that shall emesh them all” (Shakespeare II. iii. 321-2). His evil motives are mostly a soliloquy that are never attained and becomes forgotten entirely. His scheme is initiated when he desires Cassio’s position of lieutenancy, which he wanted to be his. He is envious of him and claims that he deserves and will fit into that position. Therefore, he plots a scheme to deceive, rob and eventually kill Cassio to fit in his lieutenant position. He aspires to replace Cassio’s work as a lieutenant by taking advantage of Desdemona’s naivety. He dishonors Cassio by inciting him to finish Roderigo and free him the lieutenant position when he states that “Cassio, I love thee, But nevermore be officer of mine” (Shakespeare II.iii.242-244). As a result Cassio was become unaware of the outcome. Iago’s devious plans persist when he tactfully makes Othello to believe that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio even without
The governance concept explains how the state and public sectors can be combined to form a more efficient system. In particular, Pierre Hatfield-Dodds, Nelson & Cook (2011) note that the term considers “the extent to which collective projects can be achieved through a joint public and private mobilization of resources” (p. 4). Governance is a flexible structure that brings together many actors and mediates the relationship between them to resolve disagreements and the most effective cooperation (Hatfield-Dodds, Nelson & Cook, 2007). It is a form of governance in which smaller structures or institutions make decisions within their own range of interests and needs. Thus, the concept assumes the interaction of smaller structures for self-regulation at different levels without direct state control. The evident benefit of governance is the flexibility of this system since the participants can adjust the strategy according to their needs. Increased institutional autonomy allows for faster and more convenient resource allocation. Moreover, the direct interaction of the public sector within the framework of governance simplifies the decision-making process, which removes the administrative burden from the state. The weakness of this system may arise in relation to regional governance. Perry & May (2007) underline that the concept of governance can lead to the fact that territorial characteristics will be of key importance, which will negatively affect equality among regions. Thus, some of the more resource-rich territories will be able to use them to the greatest advantage, while the situation of the less developed regions will not change or worsen. An example of governance in everyday life is the community council or neighborhood council. This system fully illustrates the functioning of the concept since, within the framework of these collections, people can decide where to direct shared resources. To reach an agreement, they assess the needs of the community and consider possible applications. Moreover, they need to coordinate actions for the most efficient decision-making process.
Introduction The effective assessment and management of pain in patients is a crucial undertaking in the care of patients (Anderson 2009, pp.23-24). The task becomes even more significant when the patients are suffering from a fatal condition such as cancer in general and lung cancer in particular. Pain can accelerate the degeneration of the patient and lead to early deaths (Ferrell 1995, pp.609-616). The focus of medical care is to enable people to live as long as possible and in a comfortable way (Cleeland 1991, pp.823-826). Comfort is not possible in the presence of pain. Proper handling of pain starts with the careful examination of the patient to tell whether there is pain or not (WHO 2006, pp.19-24). The outcome of this type of exercise is dependent on certain factors that can make the assessment smooth or problematic. Those that make it problematic are barriers to effective pain assessment while those that facilitate the smooth examination of pain are the ones referred to as enablers of effective pain assessment. The same enablers and barriers are found in pain management. The facilitators to the proper handling of pain in a patient by both patients and the caretakers are enablers while those that hinder the proper management of pain are called barriers to proper pain management. This essay will discuss both barriers and enablers to proper pain assessment and management in patients suffering from lung cancer, which is a fatal condition. The discussion will be capped by a brief conclusion. Barriers to Effective Pain Assessment in Patients with Lung Cancer The absence of adequate education to lung cancer patients on how to assess their pain is one of the major barriers to effective pain assessment (Grossman, Benedetti, Payne & Syrjala1999, pp.34-38). It is justifiable to state that when a patient has information on how he or she feels is likely to when suffering from lung cancer, this patient can estimate the extent to which the pain will rise and therefore seek medical attention in advance if it will be higher or bear it if it is manageable. But in most cases, people suffering from lung cancer are not given the required information to be in a position to assess pain before it is too late. It is from this perspective that the pain is viewed as unchecked given that no one knows how serious it can get. In most cases, the patients decide to seek medical attention when it is too much and too late. It is almost definite that remedial measures may fail to work in cases that have run out of control. The contrasting scenario to inadequate patient education as far as pain assessment is concerned is whereby the lung cancer patient is equipped with all the essential information and instructed to report certain signs to qualified medical personnel for appropriate action(Gunnarsdottir, Serlin & Ward 2005, pp. 273-280). Secondly, com
Abstract Juvenile justice system has great legacy since it has served the society across the century despite its inherent flaws and weaknesses. Abolitionists and critics of juvenile justice system have capitalized on its inherent flaws and weakness to advocate for its abolition. The defenders of the system on the other hand appreciate the marked role of juvenile justice system in rehabilitating juvenile delinquents and are advocating for the conservation of the system and reforming critical structures that will enable it to carry out its functions effectively. The raging debate over abolition of juvenile justice system revolves around the efficiency of the system. If a system has flaws and weaknesses, there might be two options, to abolish or reform it. In this case, the best way to improve efficiency in the juvenile justice system is by reformation. Abolition and integration of juvenile justice system into criminal justice system will not solve the inherent flaws in the two systems. The integrated system will have deeper complicated flaws due to combination of systemic flaws that will degenerate into another quest for abolition, if that is the trend. In conclusion, the juvenile justice system needs reforms and not abolition. Introduction Juvenile court system is a parallel criminal system provided for juvenile delinquents. Criminal justice system realized that juvenile offenders have special needs as compared to adult criminals in that they are young, and have great future to pursue; therefore, the main objective of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate them. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) asserts that, the objective of the juvenile justice system is to “encourage a process of behavioral change by helping the child or young person to feel accountable for his or her actions and understand their impact on others, and foster integration rather than alienation (2010, p. 4). The juvenile justice system follows the same philosophy as in criminal justice system but it is more inclined to rehabilitating than punishing juvenile offenders. Due to different approaches to justice, many critics have perceived juvenile justice system as a lenient approach of convicting juvenile criminals and are advocating for its abolition. This research paper explores the reasons why there should be no abolition of the juvenile justice system. Increased Juvenile Offenders Critics of the juvenile justice system argue that the system has become ineffective in its objective and mission of protecting the rights of the juvenile offenders and rehabilitating them. The critics base their evidence in the rapid increase of juvenile offenders. According to Dickens, “there is a general perception, sometimes correct and sometimes unjustified, that juvenile offending rates are increasing constantly and significantly, and that ever more serious and violent crimes are being committed by ever-younger children” (2007, p. 6). Re
Introduction The Scientific Revolution had a great impact on the life of the world and its further development, understanding of social and scientific values and principles, civilizations, and the world around us. The Scientific Revolution can be seen as a new world order-changing reality. The Scientific Revolution effected great changes in how people view the world, as the moment when modernity was made, for “us”. The cogency of such questions makes for problems in writing as unreflectively as we used to about the Scientific Revolution. Responding to them means that we need an account of changes in early modern science appropriate for our less confident, but perhaps more intellectually curious, times. The Scientific Revolution was a long process that took place in the 19th and 17th centuries when new scientific discoveries were made. Main body The key figures of the Scientific Revolution were Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, etc. The cultural practices subsumed in the category of the Scientific Revolution–however, it has been construed-are, not coextensive with early modern, or seventeenth-century, science. Historians differ about which practices were “central” to the Scientific Revolution, and participants themselves argued about which practices produced genuine knowledge and which had been fundamentally reformed (Tarnas 257). Stories about the ancestors as ancestors are not likely to be sensitive accounts of how it was in the past: the lives and thoughts of Galileo, Descartes, or Boyle were hardly typical of seventeenth-century Italians, Frenchmen, or Englishmen, and telling stories about them geared solely to their ancestral role in formulating the currently accepted law of free fall, the optics of the rainbow, or the ideal gas law is not likely to capture very much about the meaning and significance of their careers and projects in the seventeenth century (Tarnas 257). Galileo was well aware of the sort of a priori reasoning that inferred from the traditionally accepted belief that the sun was immaculately and immutably perfect to the conclusion that the spots could not be on the solar surface. He argued against an Aristotelian opponent that it was simply illegitimate to take the sun’s perfection as an undoubted premise in a physical argument. This was identified as a new way of thinking about the natural world and about how one ought to secure reliable knowledge of that world. Galileo was setting himself against traditionally accepted belief about the fundamental structure of nature, and he was arguing that orthodox doctrine ought not to be taken for granted in physical reasoning but should be made subject to the findings of reliable observation and mathematically disciplined reasoning. To be sure, all bodies we encounter on earth are not elementally pure, but what appears earthy has earth as a predominant element, the air we breathe has elemental air as its primary constituent, and so on (Tarnas 251). The Church prohibited new scientific discoveries and ejected new teachings… The Church not only lived with th
Pacifism Pacifism is the type of philosophical dogma that goes against any form of aggression in the international system. In other words, it opposes conflicts and sadism. A French philosopher referred to as Emile Arnaud introduced the philosophy, which was incorporated by many scholars in their analysis. It is utilized in explaining relations among states. The origin of the concept can be traced to the teachings of earlier religious leaders such as Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama. In contemporary society, Mohandas Gandhi reshaped it in 1869 to 1948. Other major world leaders such as Martin Luther King utilized the philosophy to coin their definitions of life. In 1989, during the Tiananmen Square Protests, the dogma was used to block leaders from inflicting pain to innocent citizens using tanks and warfare equipment. Pacifism has been used variously to block aggression and the use of force in solving world problems. From in Pacifist’s perspective, world leaders should always strive to solve conflicts peacefully instead of using emerging technologies to cause havoc. The philosophers holding the pacifist view also claim that the institution of the military should be reconfigured to prevent any proliferation of arms. Again, the use of force politically should always be avoided in case society is to protect lives. To pacifists, the sanctity of life should be protected at whatever costs, even if it means eliminating bad characters in society using unscrupulous means. Individuals should not use force in their quest for success. Similarly, states should reconsider their moves before attacking other units in the international system. In this regard, national interest or individual interests should not guide individuals to act. Warfare and armed conflict should be rejected unconditionally implying that no conditions should be set to maintain peace and harmony in the global society. In this view, pacifists would indeed come up with a new type of bomb in case they are given the responsibility since to pacifists, the end does not justify the means. To pacifists, technology can be utilized to shape people’s lives in many ways because it increases the speed and power of production, generates efficiency, and leads to more profits. Consequently, people would stop thinking about their lives because technology provides solutions to many problems afflicting society. In this case, technology produces an efficient man, who works like a machine. In other words, people tend to work like robots because technology creates a certain habit that affects people’s culture, reasoning, and principles. In the end, the much-awaited development turns out to be a nasty joke or a fraud. Life becomes something that responds to a particular stimulus, which may lead to autocratic habit or gigantic authority. In this scenario, a certain system of conducting business in daily life is formed, which might be in form of a bureaucracy. The Dynamo and the Virgin (1900) The education of Henry Adams in 1918 can serve as an example to the statement that a pacifist would manufacture a different form of a bomb if given the responsibility of coming up with one. In t
Economic discrimination against women remains a significant challenge to social development and achievement of gender parity. Oppressive policies such as the pink tax issue are saddening as it adds more burden to women who are already struggling with low wages and other gender-based discrimination. According to Elliot, Pink Tax is a cumulative term for increasing women’s products’ cost compared to men despite having the same use. This phenomenon constitutes the broader gender-based price discrimination, which is eliciting heated debate in modern times. In her research, Elliot notes that a recent study by the NYC Department of Consumer Affairs established that women products are categorically more expensive than men’s by an average of 7% without justifiable reason. Economists and sociologists have attributed this discrepancy to numerous factors that include the tampon tax, product differentiation, and the biased belief that women are less price elastic than their male counterparts. Therefore, referring to Elliot’s article, the pricing of female products and services without considering the prevailing socio-economic dynamics is sexism. Sexism in the apparel industry is aggravated by marketers’ selective marketing approach to target women consumers. Candice Elliot offers detailed insight on the Pink Tax through an article titled The Pink Tax: What’s the cost of being a female consumer this year? Elliot notes that the major product categories with significant cost disparity include clothes, dry cleaning services, self-care products, vehicle repairs, and toys. The first factor causing the Pink Tax in the U.S. is product differentiation. The iconic pink color is an example of a product differentiation element responsible for the price disparity. Marketers assert that pink color is more expensive than other colors; hence, it is why pink products are relatively costly. Elliot’s price comparison for Old Navy cloths established that women’s products cost higher than men’s in all product ranges (dress pants at 6%, dress shirts at 13%, sweaters at 6%, jeans at 10%, and shirts at 15% and, socks at 3%) except underwear. Old Navy owners’ statement attributed the significant price difference to expert designers responsible for the curve-enhancing and curve-flattering elements that include stretch materials and waistbands that are not included in male products. Based on these facts, it is evident that a female consumer’s likelihood of paying more in the apparel industry is significantly high. Beauty and fashion products and services marketers have mastered the art of leveraging women’s enthusiasm towards pink color to promote sexism. Elliot notes that the U.S. is mainly a consumer economy, and marketers have found it lucrative to target female consumers selectively. This is informed by a culture that has created an environment where women continuously seek validation; in the process, overspending on beauty and
The Gospel of John was primarily written so that people who read it may believe that, indeed, Jesus was the son of God (Harris). In line with this, the storyline in the book begins with the baptism of Jesus and then goes straight on to his miracles. The accomplishments of Jesus in this respect are recounted in a way that leaves no doubt as to his deity (Harris). Thereafter, the public reactions to these miraculous deeds are recounted. Little doubt is left as to the fact that through miracles, Jesus was able to reach a wider population, and pass his message more effectively, to a more attentive multitude. His unique perception is also clearly depicted, as his followers grapple with all the new concepts and ideologies that he introduces. It becomes clear that Jesus couldn’t have gained all his insights through any conventional means, and thus, an avenue to his deism opens (Towns 10). The first miracle performed by Jesus, according to the Gospel of John, was turning water into wine. This miracle happened during a wedding feast in the town of Cana of Galilee (GNB 117). As the feast wore on the wine being served to the guests got exhausted. Mary, the mother of Jesus, was the first to apprise him of this situation. Jesus responded by essentially telling Mary to be patient (Worthen). Thereafter, he told the servants in the feast to fill six stone jars with water up to the brim. Each stone jar could hold about a hundred liters of water and be traditionally used in ritual washing. After the stone jars were filled, Jesus miraculously turned the water into the finest wine served during the feast. The servants and disciples of Jesus beheld this miracle first hand, and through it, saw the glory of Jesus (GNB 117). In this way, Jesus showed his understanding for the common needs of the human, and his willingness to satisfy them. Jesus performed his second miracle within Galilee again. He had traveled to Samaria, Samaria, and Judea, before returning to Galilee once again. There, he was approached by a government official from the nearby town of Capernaum (GNB 119). The government official had a son who was critically ill back at home, and he sought healing from Jesus. Jesus told the official to go home, for his son would live. The official took this in faith and confidently walked homewards. His servants met him along the way and informed him that his son had gotten better at the exact time that Jesus had pronounced his healing (GNB 120). It was clear that Jesus had manifested his powers through the government official’s simple belief in his words. Through such belief, Jesus did not even need to physically meet with the ailing son. The miracle that Jesus performed next generated controversy; it happened on a Sabbath – a day set aside in the Jewish traditions for rest. On this Sabbath, Jesus healed a man who had been ill for 38 years (GNB 119). The man lay by a pool called Bethzatha near the Sheep Gate of Jerusalem. The pool could cure anybody who got into it first once it became stirred by an angel (GNB 121). But the m