ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM) is a rare inherited disease that occurs in an autosomal recessive pattern with only a few populations in the world having been identified (Wright, Turk & Martin, 2002). However, about 10 percent of the population is believed to suffer from mild glucose-galactose malabsorption without harsh related health conditions. The disorder was established through clinical studies by two European groups as the failure of the cells lining up the intestinal tract to absorb and transport simple sugars, or monosaccharides. GGM is also referred to as carbohydrate intolerance of glucose-galactose or complex carbohydrate intolerance or monosaccharide malabsorption. Glucose and galactose are the two simple sugars transported in the intestinal tract and the disaccharides are sugars such as sucrose and lactose which are made from the combination of two simple sugars. During digestion, disaccharides are broken down into simple sugars. Sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose while lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose by the enzymes sucrase and lactase respectively. As a result, the two disaccharides cannot be digested by those individuals suffering from the GGM. The two simple sugars, glucose and galactose have similar chemical structures and the same transport enzymes which enable them to be absorbed in the intestine. In general, GGM affects newborns whose main meal is breast milk which is made up of lactose sugar. Infants with this kind of disorder are characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration in their body tissues. Other symptoms include a high level of acid in the blood, a condition referred to as acidosis, and a decrease in weight when fed particularly, with breast milk or commercial infant formulas containing glucose and galactose. GGM is a life-threatening condition and in case glucose and galactose intake are not removed from the diet of the patient, it may lead to death. In most cases, diarrhea may cease after 1 hour if glucose, galactose, and lactose are withdrawn from the patient diet. On the other hand, promptly introduction of these sugars into the patient’s diet returns the GGM condition. Some affected children may also develop kidney stones or severe calcium deposits within their kidneys. Children with GGM can tolerate glucose and galactose in their diet as they grow older (Wright, Turk & Martin, 2002). GGM is caused by the mutations in the SLC5A1 gene which is responsible for producing a sodium/glucose cotransporter protein referred to as SGLT1. The affected individuals have both mutated copies of the gene received from chromosome 22. Half of the populations suffering from GGM are as a result of familial intermarriage where both the parent carries a copy of a mutated gene (Schneider, Kinter & Stirling, 1996). The sodium/glucose cotransporter protein (SGLT1) transports glucose and galactose across the cell membrane in the intestine and helps in the functioning of epithelial cells which line the walls of the intestinal tract. The epithelial cells are composed of finger-like projections called microvilli
The forms of leadership are quite diverse. The attempts to classify them, undertaken in science, are conditioned by the desire to predict the likely behavior of leaders possessing certain qualities. The general classification implies the division of leadership styles common among managers and employees into two types: autocratic and democratic. The first one is based on strict adherence to the leader’s orders and is often associated with various sanctions and threats. A democratic type is different; the leaders usually take into account the opinions of each member of a specific group and encourage their participation in the work process. Both types are practiced by different managers, and the style of leadership directly influences their mode of behavior. Popular Leader Images In modern political science, four collective images of the leader have often been identified: the standard-bearer or the so-called brave man, the servant, the trader, and the fireman (Gotsis & Kortezi, 2013). Leaders that are characterized as the standard-bearers have a distinguished vision of reality and reflect attractive ideals that capture the masses. The leaders of “the servant” type, as a rule, aims at following his supporters’ wishes and acts on their behalf. The trader can convince people of certain ideas, making it in a friendly manner. The goal of the leader-fireman is to solve the most urgent tasks and those problems that are relevant at a definite moment of time. The actions of such leaders are determined by a specific situation. However, these four forms of leadership are usually not found in pure form in real life, but are combined in political figures in various proportions. Ethical Standards in the Context of Leadership These or those leadership concepts that relate to the most popular strategies of behavior are invariably associated with certain norms of ethical standards. The observance or ignorance of these rules often determine the type of leadership, and one of the difficulties is that sometimes it is quite problematic to adapt an appropriate behavior style to a specific ethical model. In particular, it applies to those cases when it comes to charismatic leaders who can influence the masses and exert high pressure due to their authority. One of the representatives of the charismatic type of leadership was Adolf Hitler. Despite his aggressive policies and an evident desire for unlimited power, his followers endowed him with exceptional qualities. The theory of power and influence probably found its reflection in this case. The ability to enthrall people with his ideas allowed him to become one of the most influential politicians of the mid-20th century and achieve su
Methodology Sample Collection The agreed proportion was 1000 children in each age group of children aged 2-3, 4-8, 9-13, and 14-16 years with sex representation being fifty percent (2). However, adding up of more children occurred and the overall number of children who participated in the survey was 4,837 (10). The identification of survey samples involved the use of Postcodes to stratify data collected by capital cities (10). By Use of the Random Digit Dialing postcodes data was narrowed to suitable households to select a child from a family with indigenous children aged between 2 -16 years and found in developed areas. In brief, during the survey, zinc was measured through two 24-hours recalls procedures; standardized, computerized face-to-face interview (CAPI) and computer-aided phone interview (CATI). A three-pass 24-hour methodology was employed to make a record of the beverages and food ate one day before the interview for the whole day. A food representation handbook and standard utensils guided the survey subjects on food amounts approximations (10). The participants above 8 years wrote their diet report while caregivers wrote for those below 8 years. The supplementary usage was evaluated in the 24-hour recalls and the dosage information was provided by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), additional labels, and interrelated websites. The data composed was translated into nutrient intake data from nutrient databases (2). Analysis of the Methodology The method of dietary recall has been employed in numerous countrywide surveys in other countries since it has elevated reaction rates for the participants. In Norway, the method was employed to study ‘ No significant difference in the dietary data obtained were found when face-to-face 24-hours recall were compared to telephone 24-hours recalls ’(6). The dietary recalling method determines the difficulty arising from remembrance constraint (5) to obtain the required information in detail. Additionally, the method establishes face-to-face interviews, which creates a lasting friendship between the respondents and the researcher during and after the research. Besides, the software is applied during data analysis (13). Hence, the survey encouraged friendship and the incorporation of technology leads to better research results. However, the method determines numerals of zinc inadequacy in children poorly as it gives the overall nutrient figures (5). As a result, the method does not determine the nutrients consumed by the children and other methods such as biochemical tests of body fluids should be employed (2, 11). Zinc Nutrient Reference Table The table below shows the results of zinc intake.
Introduction In the past few decades, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has gained popularity in the fields of cellular biology, biotechnology and microscopy (Chalfie & Kain 2005). The GFP is made up of a total of 238 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are responsible for the green fluorescence that is a characteristic of the GFP under UV light. GFP has the capacity to transfer energy and through this process, the protein transduces the blue chemiluminescence of aequorin, another type of protein, into green fluorescent light (Snapp 2009). GFP was first discovered by Shimomura and colleagues in 1962. Since then, GFP has continued to attract significant interest from various scientists. The protein is now among the most exploited and studied proteins in biology and biochemistry (Tsien 1998). Its phenomenal capability to produce a noticeable fluorosphore, coupled with its highly organized structure ensures that GFP remains an ideal protein model for study. With time, more universities and other institutions of higher learning will continue to rely on GFP as a standard teaching tool in the field of molecular biology and biochemistry (Tsien 1998). The current essay is an attempt to examine the applications of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in cell biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology. To do so, the essay shall endeavor to outline the sources of GFP. In addition, its structural features shall also be explored, along with how this has played a role in its usefulness. Moreover, the general strategies that are essential for the application of GFP in cell biology, biochemistry and biology shall also be examined. In addition, the essay shall also attempt to explore two experimental studies where GFP has been applied. Sources of GFP GFP was first isolated from the jellyfish Aequoria aequoria by Shimomura and colleagues in 1962. While undertaking the isolation, the authors noted in their study that one of the distinctive properties of the Aequoria aequoria is that it had the ability to emit a greening luminescence. While carrying out the isolation, Shimomura et al (1962) also observed that the aequoria emitted blue luminescence, as opposed to the green luminescence that often characterizes the intact organism. Once the authors had made detailed observation of the green luminescence, the protein was thereafter purified characterized, and assigned the name Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Most bioluminescent coelenterates in the classes of anthrioza and hydrozoa contain high levels of Green Fluorescent Proteins. It is yet to be clarified whether GFPs occur in the phylum ctenophore and among the scyphozoans. Naturally occurring GFPs emit light of between 490 and 520 nm (Misteli & Spector 1997). The hydrozoan jellyfish is the only known naturally occurring GFP molecule and ha
Introduction The challenges facing professional and casual workers require an intelligent approach to solve problems. In the healthcare sector, professionals might find it challenging to approach patients of all ages. According to Kim et al.(2017), the young patients are hard to handle and might be violent, adults might be aggressive, and the elderly need to be handled with care, similar to babies. Such uncertainties demand a broad set of skills to face at the workplace competently. Medical professionals go through hard times at the workplace, and they find it challenging to get enough time to rest. Such a simple problem might be associated with lack of skills and experience to approach it. Storytelling I am a trained nurse with over 17 years of experience. I have been attached to Bantry General hospital for the last ten years. Handling babies, school-going children, youth, adults, and the elderly have taught me how to approach my clients in a friendly manner. Patients tend to fear trying something afresh, like meeting a new doctor or undergoing a completely different type of therapy. Fear is closely coupled with human behavior, especially where there is a lack of information. I have mastered the power of storytelling to win my patients’ trust and confidence. It is the main reason for fear; so many patients love reaching out to me in case they face challenges while at our facility. The development of the COVID-19 vaccine was a fast process. Many people have expressed doubt in the safety of the vaccine despite the intervention of experts to ascertain its benefits against the raised concerns. Undoubtedly, most people do not understand how vaccines work. On top of that, the spread of fake news over social media platforms has undermined most people’s trust in the scientific community. Anyone visiting our facility to get vaccinated would definitely have doubts about the vaccine’s safety, and I would take full responsibility for explaining to them why they need to do it. There h
Today, Philips is the world’s leader in its industry. To achieve this remarkable result and win the highly-valued reputation all over the world, the company has gone through the long path of organizational evolution. This paper will summarize the Philips case study to identify the remarkable points in the company’s organizational evolution. Philips Electronics NV was founded in 1891 in Holland as a small player operating the local market. Currently, it is one of the world’s largest multinational corporations with complex structures and multiple branches. The company business began from the lighting products and outgrew into the diversified manufacture of domestic appliances, healthcare products, and electronics. Philips managed to occupy significant positions in the global market by the beginning of World War II. The war placed its limitations on the company organization worldwide since Holland was occupied and the main branch could no longer control other branches around the world. As a result, each branch has become a self-contained entity with its production and marketing strategy. Still, the main center in Eindhoven, Holland continued to supervise most R&D activities. The events taking place during the 1940s resulted in the problem of reduplication of business structures in Philips divisions around the world. The outcome was considerable company underperformance that the rivalries took advantage of. By the 1970s, the problem grew considerably, which led to the first significant effort by the company management to balance power away from the national branches to the twenty-one product divisions. The task of the product divisions was to establish an effective link between the main office and national divisions. This organizational structure continued to implement until the 1990s when the situation at the global market has induced the new decision to optimize the existing organizational overlaps by limiting the number of product divisions to only seven business divisions. Reorganization in the 1990s demonstrated that the company’s effectiveness of Philips was earlier reduced due to the specific approach to the senior management selection. Since most of them came from national organizations, they maintained their loyalty to those structures and tried to protect their autonomy. The outcome was the poor production and sales effectiveness due to numerous overlaps in the organizational structures. Organizational reframing did bring considerable benefits to the company, but the problems remained. Further upgrades were needed. This structure remained in use until 2008 when the company leadership came to the conclusion that the further simplification of the company structure is needed. After that year, Philips shifted to the structure with one center, three product divisions entitled according to the business segments of operation including healthcare, lighting, and consumer, and t
American Cancer Society is a non profitable organization that deals with people suffering from cancer. Its main duty is to ensure there is a reduction of the number of patients suffering from cancer and eradication of the disease as one of the major health problem faced by many Americans today. The society was founded in 1913 through a partnership of a business man and a group of 15 physicians who previously worked at the American Society Control of Cancer in New York (this is where the organization got its name). After its formation, the society circulated its first articles about cancer that was published in the then famous women’s magazine, ‘ Ladies Home Journal,’ at a cost budget of $10,000. Since its formation, the managers and organizers of the organization embarked on efforts to ensure the general public was well aware of the disease. Through use of various of strategies, the society was fully committed to make sure that every American had information about cancer. The chair of the society, Mrs. Robert G. Mead, was in charge of coordinating successful advisement efforts through public meetings that were held in Chicago, Boston, New Orleans and other cities. In 1914, several other pamphlets, posters, news articles about cancer were published regularly and circulated via mail to over 14,000 people from the society titled “Facts About Cancer”. Doctors reported a very positive feedback that resulted from the society efforts. According to many doctors, many patients were coming to check up very early for diagnostic assessments. At the time of WWI, “the Society partnered with the ‘National Safety Council’ to distribute pamphlets with information about cancer to more than six million people countrywide. By 1920s, the Society was able to organize the “National Cancer Week” and with the help of “League of Red Cross Societies” they were able publish the bulletins in foreign language to other countries” (Journal staff Correspondence 4). The organization was growing at a very fast rate increasing its budget to $60, 000 by 1922. There were approximately 700 new cancer committees formed in United States only. From the organizations record more than half of the Americans were aware about cancer its effects and how to manage the disease (Anomymous 154). A second pamphlet was published titled “What Everyone Should Know About Cancer,” and it became one of the predominantly circulated medical brochures of the time. After some time, the members of the public begun to show some interest in the organization and they slowly begun to contribute generously in support of the organization. In 1926, “during a fundraising that was set by the organization i
Rapid Growth/Change What differentiates Dubai from other regions within the United Arab Emirates is its early diversification from an oil-reliant economy to one that focused on services and tourism. The wealth and prestige currently enjoyed by many regions within the U.A.E can arguably be stated as being built upon the back of the oil industry. With rich oil deposits and state run production facilities this resulted in unprecedented wealth and a higher standard of living for the citizens of the U.A.E. Despite the inherent wealth of the region Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum stated that he had a vision for what Dubai could be and embarked on enhancing the local economy through the development of real estate projects that would encourage foreign tourists to come to Dubai. Due to favorable government exceptions regarding taxation and the development of a policy that encouraged foreign direct investment Dubai thrived during the late 1990s till early 2006. Hundreds of ambitious construction projects were put into effect with various developers competing as to who could develop the tallest and most prestigious projects within the city. This resulted in skyrocketing real estate prices as many assumed that Dubai’s growth as a major metropolis would continue to grow and thus investment into local real estate would be a viable means of growing one’s personal wealth. Other ambitious projects that were underway within Dubai took the form of the Burj Khalifa which is the tallest building in the world, The Burj Al Arab which is the tallest hotel in the world with its distinctive sail design and finally the Palm and World Islands which are artificial man made islands intended to increase Dubai’s coastline and act as a major tourist destination through the development of various resorts and hotels on its various shores. Unfortunately as a direct result of the 2008 financial crisis Dubai has suffered significant setbacks in its real estate industry. A large percentage of the islands available in “the World” continue to remain unsold and the delinquency in sales has resulted in many of the islands to experience the natural processes of erosion. While it maybe true that the location continues to be maintained by a sand dredger this particular state of affairs continues to remain unprofitable until sales of the remaining islands on Palm Island and the World are done within the near future. Another unfortunate consequence of the financial crisis is that it has called into question the continued viability of the investing into real estate in Dubai. What must be understood is that from the latter half of the 1990s to 2006 Dubai continued to expand as a metropolis with quite literary dozens of construction projects being co