ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of socioeconomic status (SES) involves a range of categories such as, but not limited to, occupational position, income, and education. In terms of healthcare, the evidence shows that people with low SES are likely to encounter challenges in accessing the necessary services and improper treatment (Manstead, 2018). It is also suggested that the increased levels of depression and anxiety are characteristic of low SES. In particular, some studies indicate greater prevalence of poor care quality provided to racial and ethnical minorities, as well as people with a lack of education and employment (Villatoro, Mays, Ponce, & Aneshensel, 2018). Accordingly, poorer mental health can be, to some extent, the result of the correlation between low SES and related care access disparities. This literature intends to provide an in-depth literature review, examining such links between SES and mental therapy access as social identity, behavior, attitudes, and cultural aspects. SES Dimensions: Education, Income, and Occupation in Terms of Therapy Access In recent decades, research on the role of SES in healthcare increased tremendously. All over the world, many people are doomed to live in poverty due to health conditions. They cannot pay for treatment, which prevents them from ending their struggles. Moreover, when these people get sick, they cannot work, provide themselves and their families with the means for living, and become a burden for their state (Delgadillo, 2015; Packness et al., 2017). The authorities of many countries are trying to reduce the inequality in the health of citizens since this reduces the state’s expenses for healthcare. Equal access to medical services also increases the stability of the state as, in conditions of inequality, people express discontent, feeling a lack of concern for themselves. Considering inequality in the incomes of the population of different countries, it becomes evident that it is the greatest in the US. According to statistics, the higher this inequality, the lower the life expectancy of people (Villatoro et al., 2018). It is caused by the fact that the fewer people in the country with relatively high incomes, who are able to access high-quality medical care, the more poor that cannot afford it, which means they live less, which affects the overall picture. Recent studies show the existence of a health gradient in all countries that have been studied (Arpey, Gaglioti, & Rosenbaum, 2017; Tyagi & Ranga, 2018). The higher one’s social and economic position, the better his or her well-being is. For example, those working in poorly paid jobs are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease than their higher-paid fellow citizens, while no correlation is noted in terms of age group and gender. It is
Introduction Analyzing literary works a lot of attention is brought to dialogues, descriptions, and the climax of the work. Long moments of the works’ chronological time can be used in subsidiary descriptions to make the reader feel the depth of the moment. On contrary, when analyzing poems, especially short poems, every word is valued as through the process of interpretation deep meanings could lie in the sense of a couple of sentences. In that context, the poem” I heard a fly buzz when I died” by Emily Dickinson is a perfect example when a short poem reveals the author’s vision on such a complex theme as death. This paper analyzes this poem in terms of the use of setting and character. Setting Dickinson starts right away by establishing the setting of the poem. Such contrast in the actions “ I heard a fly buzz when I died” takes the reader visualizing a deathbed, and assumingly a female person referring to the author. The emphasis on the absence of any sounds in this room presents a depressing feeling of sadness that is visually interconnected between the absence of movements in the ‘air’ and the ‘paralyzes of the protagonist. The heaves in” Between the heaves of the storm ” are used by the author to emphasize the waiting mode of all the people in the room. It can be seen that the author uses only small directional marks, whereas the reader’s imagination is completing the horrifying picture of the dying person. Such directions can be seen in mentioning “ The eyes beside had wrung them dry”, a reference from which it can be understood that the process reached its final stage when the people that surround the moribund have accepted the implacable outcome. In that agonizing waiting moment, only such a small detail as a fly buzz interrupts this horrifying, even gruesome atmosphere. At the end of the poem: With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, Between the light and me; With the reference to such an unordinary blue buzz, the reader can feel that this is a remark of the soul leaving the body. Such remark can be sensed also in the way that this fly is heard only by the narrator. Thus, feeling the approaching death has been visualized by the narrator as a buzz of a fly that interrupted the stillness and calmness of the setting signifying the moment of death. Characters Assessing the characters of the poem, it could be sensed that the fly is the main participator. Being mentioned in three stanzas out of four, the author gave the fly and ‘the buzz” a specific significance, which can be left for the read
Introduction Circa majorly deals with proprietary processing of waste cellulose into products that can add value to the economy. The developments were from small scale to full continuous operational processes. Biotechnology industry deals with the use of technologies to convert living materials into usable products and services. Mostly biotechnology is applied in human and plant for purposes rendered towards agricultural use. In the global market today, biotechnology plays an important role in developments of products across diverse industries (State of victoria, 2009). Circa Circa is a company that deals with the conversion of waste cellulose into value added products. Circa has a technology called Furacell, which combine inexpensive industrial catalyst with heat, in a continuous reactor to convert cellulose waste into char, water, and a platform chemical. Later on in the process, there is conversion of the produced chemical into solvents and agrichemicals. Circa uses, feedstock ranging from paper mill waste, straw, forestry residue and recovered paper. Through this technology circa produces three products, one is a C6 liquid chemical, which is at 15 percent. Secondly is agri char, which yields 40 percent and lastly is water, which takes 45 percent of the total yield (Circa, 2009). Marketing objectives One objective of circa is to specialize in chemical niches where sustainable raw materials are a necessity as they are used in the process. Another market objective of circa is to reach a market pricing of not less than 2,500 Australian Dollars per tonne. Circa has a long time objective of developing fifty and above plants in Australia, and 300 and above plants in china and India in order to capture the global markets with their products. Lastly, circa has a focus on small or medium cellulose opportunities that can easily reach their target market (Circa, 2009). Marketing strategy Due to the low density of cellulosic waste and high cost of transportation involved, circa’s market strategy is to use the mobile furacell reactors in the feedstock locations. This helps in conversion of cellulose waste into high energy density liquid chemicals products that are more cost effective in transportation to centralized refineries. This makes it easy for other manufacturers to get their products easily. Another market strategy circa is d
Reading “Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present: Diaspora” by Van Hear and “Comparing Diasporas” by Cohen, it is possible to define several similarities and many differences in the opinions of these authors’ approaches. The main idea discussed in these articles is the types of diasporas. Van Hear and Cohen have different visions of this process. Speaking about the reasons for immigration, these two authors have one similar idea devoted to immigration Jewish people and Africans, they both define such types of diasporas as the victims or traumas. Even though these two specific types have different names, the main idea of them is similar. The authors speak about such types of diasporas as about the reaction on catastrophic events which made people migrate contrary to heir personal desire to stay. Further, the authors of the article offer similar ideas, however, they structure the issues differently. Van Hear offers the following classification, apart from victim diasporas, he is sure that there are imperial diasporas, labor diasporas which is divides into imperial auxiliary diasporas and trade diasporas; moreover, he presents three new diasporas, such as Afghans, Sri Lankans, and Somalis. Considering each of the types is detail, I would like to disagree with some ideas presented by the author. Thus, speaking about imperial diasporas as about a historic reason for immigration, he adds trade diasporas as one of its category. However, speaking about new diasporas, such as Afghans, Sri Lankans, and Somalis, the author defines those as separate type and does not refer them to victim diasporas. This specific moment is important, as for me, as it creates a kind of failure structure to this particular classification. Even though Van Hear is sure that nowadays there are no pure classified diasporas and all the formed ones represent the fusion of different types. Specifically, the author denotes a kind of diasporas which began to form from the time of the USSR collapse, this is the returned diasporas. There are a lot of people who retu
Introduction One of the challenges faced by scientists is predicting the future climatic conditions. The change of climate can have a varying effect on people depending on their specific location on the surface of the earth. Some people can end up benefiting greatly because the region that they occupy could previously have been a desert only to change to a place that receives rainfall. Places (like in Africa) that have always been prone to highly infectious diseases may become better with climate change. The recent concern about global warming which is brought about by man-made greenhouses has increased the need of understanding the processes that bring about climate change. This paper looks at the process of finding out the past climate patterns by digging deep into the ice that has accumulated for hundreds of years. From these past patterns, the future climate can be predicted. There are a lot of secrets about the past climate that is hidden in the many layers of ice. Information in ice cores The determination of the age of the specimen (accurately) is very important when studying ice cores. The age of the ice is determined by counting the layers, which differ from summer to winter in places like Greenland. The layers are easily seen with even naked eyes. A lot of information is gotten from the layers like the climate at the time of the layer formation. The annual layering can also be found by measuring the acidity of the ice which is normally high during the summer. Layers can also be used in the determination of the dust concentration in the ice specimen. The number of dust particles tends to increase in spring due to the increased wind strength. By use of such information scientist have been able to obtain chronology that has matched with independent methods. A good example is the analysis of the ash that was found in certain layers of the ice that enabled a team of scientist to identify the type of volcanoes that were involved. Through such corroborative testing it has been proved that the counting of the yearly strata does not introduce errors of any form for the land ice which could be centuries old. The Holocene warm period has been found to be within an accuracy of 1%. This method starts becoming unreliable for very old ice but its reliability can still be counted upon up to measurement of 50 000 years old ice. The annual layers can still appear for ice which is 100,000 years but there are a lot of distortions in the layers. The question that triggers in ones mind is what causes the distortion in the ice in the deeper layers? As much as the ice is solid with extreme pressure from the upper layers ice starts yielding and spreading out. With the continuation of the movement the ice is drawn extremely (sometimes disappearing completely) and the ice consequently crumbles when the glacier ooze on the ground below. As a result of the deformation it becomes very difficult if not impossible to count the annual layers continuously beyond a certain depth. A
The warning passages in Hebrews have always been one of the most arguable and controversial parts of the whole Scripture. Bateman IV (2007) even describes them with the word “exhausting” (24). The major sticking points are the following. Firstly, who are those passages about: believers, unbelievers, or both? How are we supposed to interpret the term of salvation and sanctification? Secondly, how can the “true believers eternally secure in their salvation” deny or reject the God’s Son and deserve the punishment (Bateman IV 2007, 25)? Finally, what is probably the most important issue, will believers be deprived of their salvation if they reject God’s Son, or can it be given back to them in case of repentance? A Brief Summary of the Book In Four Views on the Warning Passages in Hebrews , Bateman IV analyzes the warning passages and the most controversial questions, which are generated by them, through the prism of four perspectives provided by four different people. All of them are professors in various areas of theology and the authors of many works related to the Book of Hebrews. The detailed information about each of the contributors can be found at the beginning of the book, right after the Preface. First of all, the author gives the introduction, where he identifies the warning passages, defines their main characteristics, and classifies them according to those characteristics. For example, passages 2:1-4 and 12:14-29 are aimed to explain the need to listen and hear the God’s word. Another two of the warning passages are about the trust and obedience to God (3:7-4:13, 10:19-39). And, finally, parts 5:11-6:12 Bateman IV (2007) describes as the “heart” of all passages (28). All of fore mentioned passages later become the central focus of the book. The first part of Four Views describe the Classical Arminian view presented by Grant R. Osborn. He reviews the relevant part of the Book of Hebrews and examines each of the fore mentioned passages in details. He states that apostasy is the biggest threat to the genuine believers as far as it deprives them of their salvation. Moreover, this happens once and for all. Then, the responds of the rest of the professors are presented. The second part of the book is about the Classical Reformed view, which is given by Buist M. Fanning. This perspective is probably the greatest competitor of the previous one since it assumes just the opposite. According to it, those believers who commit apostasy, have never been true believers at all. In other words, Fanning claims that there is a clear distinction between Christians and non-Christian
Introduction to the Arabic Poetic Legacy Tumaḍir bint ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥarth ibn al-Sharid al-Sulamiyah, better known under the name Al-Khansa’ (“the snub-nose” or gazelle (Boucquey 158), was a distinctive Arabic poet who lived during the pre-Islamic period Jahiliyyah (in Islam, Jahiliyyah was defined as the “state of ignorance of the guidance from God” (Rubenstein 19). Jahili poetry is an amazing phenomenon, not only in terms of Arabic literature but in terms of world literature and culture. This statement owes to the two factors; first, is that Jahili poems were not part of the folklore, that is, they had a single, identifiable author (Aulestia 45), and so today we know the masters who had woven those pearl strands of muallaks and qasidas . And secondly, is that this poetry is purely authentic. It would be wrong to say it is completely independent of the influences of, say, Aramaic, Persian, and Greek poetics. Traces of these traditions can be found, provided there is thorough research. However, the maʿani and al-faz tropes, which were defined later in 5th century by the Basran philologist Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi or simply Al-Khalil in his al-’arud study (Hamdouni Alami 209), written by such lyricists as Imru’ al-Qais, Al-Shanfara, Tarafa, Al-Muhalhil, Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Lebid, Antarah ibn Shaddad, an-Nabiga ad-Dubyani, Aisha and Al-Khansa’, were outstandingly original. Al-Khansa’s Life amid the Desert Al-Khansa is considered one of the greatest Arabic poetesses of the classical period. Her poetic heritage is particularly valuable due to the fact that she lived on the brink of the two epochs, the pagan Arabian civilization and the freshly converted Islamic world. Of all the aforesaid, Al-Khansa’ became a “much-imitated model for later generations of Arabic women poets” (Boucquey 160). She was born in 590 C.E. in Nejd, “a diverse region of uplands, small plateaux, scarps, broad valleys and dry river gaps” (Fisher 498), inhabited by many tribes. She grew up in a wealthy family; her father Amir was an influential man. Al-Khansa’s clan, ‘Al ash-Sharid , was “the most famous among the Banu Sulaym” tribes (Oseni par.3). Since tribal wars were a frequent occasion, it was in a tribal battle in 612 that her brother Mu’awiya was killed. Al-Khansa could not cope with the grief and craved revenge. She induced her younger brother Sakhr to wreak vengeance, but he paid his life to fulfill this promise. To a large extent, the death of her most beloved brother Sakhr defined Al-Khansa’s poetic style known as ritha , or mourning elegy. According to Boucquey, ritha was a particularly important genre in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, which generally celebrated military prowess a
Introduction The video clip “Catch-22 Explained” narrates the story of a World War II bombardier who is already fed up with the insanity of the upheaval. He is trying to escape this kind of madness by using every strategy to leave the army. However, Catch 22 clause reveals that a soldier’s concern for his own safety during the war exhibited the rationality of his mind (Ghenghy, 2012). The clause, therefore, depicts the nature of a mentality that is developed by individuals in bureaucratic environments. The video shows that insanity is the only viable way of dealing with every crazy situation. This discussion gives a detailed analysis of the impacts of the bureaucracy depicted in the video. Analyzing the Issues Emerging from Bureaucracy Description of Rules and Policies Catch-22 is a term used to illustrate the nature of command in many military systems. The video indicates that rules have to be followed by every person within the hierarchical structure. Those at the lowest levels are usually on the receiving end (Ghenghy, 2012). Catch-22 is a clause that compels soldiers to obey or follow orders from their respective commanding officers. This means that a given order contradicting another one given by a superior should be disregarded immediately. The video demonstrates how topmost commanders present instructions and policies that must be followed instantly. These policies are embedded without considering their implications on the followers. This is a clear representation of bureau pathology. The excessive bureaucracy is usually characterized by means-ends inversion whereby every duty becomes a critical goal that must be pursued. The soldier portrayed in the video is forced to change his mind if he is to survive the conditions associated with the ongoing war (Ghenghy, 2012). Hierarchical Decision-Making: Means-End Inversion Hierarchical decision-making is a practice that has gained the attention of many scholars and organizational theorists. The process is applied by specific leaders to dictate the behaviors and actions embraced by those in lower levels of the hierarchical structure. Some decisions are made without considering their implications or impacts on different followers (Ghenghy, 2012). The presented video clip shows how such decision-making processes can result in disastrous outcomes. It is agreeable that hierarchical decision-making processes can result in means-end inversion. This is a scheme whereby the method was undertaken to complete a specific duty or unconditionally (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2015). Consequently, the approach displaces the ultimate goal or result that was anticipated from the very beginning. The strategy can be described as an operation of massive power and influence that affects both followers and beneficiaries negatively. In a given organizational setting, the process can have negative impacts and eventually affect overall performance. Personal Experience There is a time I worked in a manufacturi
Hereditary diseases form a major health challenge that professionals in the medical sector, geneticists, and researchers should take seriously. Different tools have emerged that can guide all involved stakeholders to make informed decisions and support the changing needs of the targeted patients. Hypertension is a common condition that has been observed to run in many families. This disease results in additional complications, such as stroke and heart disease. Increased pressure is a health challenge that calls for immediate medical support. This detailed analysis presents me as the proband for the pedigree with hypertension. Family Pedigree Figure 1. My family pedigree chart The connection between genes and hypertension is an area that has attracted attention of many researchers and experts. This condition is a risk factor for different diseases that can eventually result in death (Patel et al., 2017). Family history was the main source of the information presented above. Family members and relatives who developed this condition have been filled accordingly (see Figure 1 ). Normal persons without any medical condition have been depicted using clear squares for males and circles for females. The square with the indicated arrow is the proband (III8). Identifiable Hereditary Patterns From the above chart, it is evident that hypertension is a hereditary pattern that exists in this family. My late maternal grandmother Bachint was diagnosed with hypertension during her old, and she died at the age of over 60 years. My mother Gurjit has been diagnosed with the same condition. She has been undertaking evidence-based measures to manage this disease. Such a practice is essential since hypertension is associated with numerous health challenges. Risk of Transmission The presented diagram reveals that this disease might be running in my family. The fact that my mother and my grandmother developed it is a clear indication I am at risk of developing it in the future. There is a possibility that it has some genetic connection. Similarly, I agree that my daughters might have increased chances of developing hypertension. This knowledge means that all my relatives and children should be aware of this condition in order to protect themselves against the diseases associated with it, such as stroke and diabetes (Luft, 2017). This form of understanding can empower them to stay safe and be willing to seek the necessary medical