ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Copyright protects the independent skill labour and the effort which has been expended in producing work and prevents others from helping themselves to a large portion of that skill, labour and effort. Copyright is not a monopoly. It is the right of protection against copying. Copyright is acquired by bringing work into existence. Registration is not mandatory. On the other hand, intellectual property law is the law that was enacted in order to protect rights granted to creators and owners of works that are results of human intellectual creativity and which have commercial value. The private objective of intellectual property rights is to protect the right of the copyright owner in his work. Therefore the intellectual property law endeavours to regulate the creation, use and control of the work so protected. Copyright and Patent Law Law in UK Copyright law in the UK is presently governed by the copyright designs, and patents act 1998. Part 1 of the Act that deals with copyright law have undergone major amendments. The latest amendment was made in 2003 to bring the Act in line with the EU directive in copyright and related rights in the information society. For copyright to be protected, the owner (author) must have absolute rights to his/her work. In this case, the author will claim the protection of his/her work. There are various protections available for the author. These include statutory protection. Statutory protection of copyright include:-   * Subsistence of copyright. Under this, various works are eligible for copyright protection. These include:       + Literary, dramatic musical or artistic works       + Sound recording, film broadcasts or cable programmes       + Typographical arrangement of published editing   * Artistic works: Under this, the following are protected       + Paintings, drawings, sculptures, engravings and photographs are irrespective of artistic quality.       + Works of architecture, being either buildings model of buildings.       + Works of artistic craftsmanship, not included in the above category. Work will be deemed to be copyright protection if:   * It is of a type protected by copyright under the Act.   * It is recorded in some form.   * The creator is a British citizen, or that the work was first published in the UK.   * The work meets the request degree of originality. The 1988 Act simplifies the provisions regarding ownership of copyright, the only case where the case is a literary, dramatic or musical work does not initially rest in the author is where the work is done by an employee in the course of his employment in which case the employer is the first owner of the copyright unless there is some agreement to the contrary. The Act also introduces a concept of literary, dramatic musical, or artistic work, which is a computer-generated in circumstances in which there is a human author The copyright owner in the UK has the exclusive right of:-  1. copying the wor
Introduction Workplace bullying refers to a deliberate, repeated, and continuous mistreatment of a worker or a group of workers by one or more colleagues in the workplace. Bullying is considered a vice that causes either physical or psychological humiliation. Workplace bullying assumes a variety of dimensions. It occurs in any organizational level. Non-verbally, workplace bullying comprises behaviors such as the use of offensive gestures, inappropriate pictorial or written material, intentional silence, or practical jokes. Other workplace bullying tactics include assigning too much, too little, or even demeaning tasks, over-monitoring of work, inconsequential faultfinding, setting unrealistic goals, or constant delivery of feedback at undesirable times. However, workplace bullying is different from personality conflicts, misunderstanding, miscommunication, or stringent management regulations that are set by the organization. Bullies can be supervisors, subordinates, or colleagues. However, as the paper reveals, regardless of the source or form of bullying, scholars have confirmed that such a vice has significant negative impacts not only on the individual employee, but also on organizational performance. Impact on Employee Performance Loss of Confidence and Self-Esteem Workplace bullying is a malicious practice that is potentially harmful to both individuals and organizations. It characterizes a sustained and/or personalized attack on one worker by other personnel using emotionally and psychologically punishing behaviors (Devonish 2013). This situation affects the ability of employees to give their best in an organization. Eventually, retrogressive performance in the entire organization is realized since employees are the major stakeholders who contribute directly to the achievement of its goals. Some bullying tactics in a work environment are extremely taunting, especially when targeted to an employee’s area of specialization. Bullies are the main sources of negative stress in any organizational structure. They lead to forced anxiety, feelings of social isolation, unsubstantiated criticism, and general reduced work performance in an organization. According to Hutchinson (2012), workers who face social, political, or religious discrimination generally experience loss of confidence and low self-esteem. This circumstance results in reduced morale and retrogressive performance of duties. In addition, loss of confidence or self-esteem is highly attributed to low scores in the event of performance appraisals. A bully supervisor worsens the situation through poor evaluation that may eventually define the employee as incompetent. Nevertheless, losing sense of confidence in one’s
Reintegration of offenders from special populations poses a considerable problem for the US criminal justice system and communities. This is especially true for offenders with mental illnesses, as they require treatment and individual supervision. According to Abadinsky (2018), the most common illnesses that occur in prison are depression, bipolar disorders, or schizophrenia, aggravated by other co-existing conditions. In particular, inmates often have substance use disorder that poses significant problems for rehabilitation (Abadinsky, 2018). Correctional facilities usually stabilize acute conditions and sometimes overmedicate inmates to control behavioral issues (Abadinsky, 2018). Therefore, case managers in halfway houses face significant difficulties trying to control all the existing conditions. The problem is aggravated by the fact that medical records are kept poorly or not transferred correctly to the case managers (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 1998). Considering the facts mentioned above, building halfway houses in the middle- to upper-class community might be associated with significant issues to the neighborhood. Ex-inmates with mental conditions require medication planning, career guidance, substance use treatment, and mental treatment. According to the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (1998), some mental health clinics refuse to admit patients with substance abuse, while addiction treatment facilities refuse to provide service to patients with psychiatric conditions. Moreover, offenders in halfway houses often do not have health insurance (Abadinsky, 2018). Therefore, offenders may fail to receive proper services, especially in the middle- to upper-class communities, where the prices for medical services are high. Moreover, community members may have prejudice about former inmates, which can affect socialization. However, in such communities, the crime levels and availability of illicit drugs are low, which can decrease the chances of recidivism.
Bovine Growth Hormone, or BGH, is a replica of a naturally occurring hormone present in cows that helps in milk production. It aids in the production of milk, increasing it by 10-15%, which is a substantial amount for farmers, due to the increasing consumption and demand for cow’s milk and dairy products. The hormone is administered to cows, by a genetically engineered process. Genetic engineering is becoming common these days, and new methods of increased production of naturally occurring substances are being executed all over the world. The use of the recombinant BGH is one such example, for increasing natural milk production in cows. There has been much controversy over the use of the BGH in animals, due to the side effects caused by its use. Despite its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), doctors strictly condemn its use because it causes certain abnormalities in the cow, which may also affect humans, upon consumption. According to the ‘Shirley’s Wellness Café”, the US General Accounting Office and the Consumer’s Union both have discouraged the use of products obtained from BGH-treated cows, as they cause potential harm to the human body. It is unsafe for the consumption of such products, and the BGH is also banned in some countries. Doctors have given their opinions in this article; they have tried educating readers to avoid milk attained from BGH treated cows and stated the harmful hazards of consuming such milk. An article by Katy McLaughlin of the Wall Street Journal states that consumers have started to buy and use organic milk. They have been made aware of the potential hazards of consuming BGH treated cows’ milk, and have moved to buy organic milk products from the market. Various companies have started strategies for the promotion of their organic milk products, and have claimed that there is no difference between organic and the inorganic dairy products that they are manufacturing. However, on the other hand, the FDA has also justified its approval for the technique of milk production enhancement, by declaring that there is no health risk involved with the use of the Bovine Growth Hormone. According to an article published in The Boston Globe, the FDA stated that ther
Star wars Identify your chosen myth The film, Star wars, offered a pristine illustration that discussed concerns relating to myths. The movie exuded a strong romance theme, which conformed to a significant myth. Evidently, the growing fondness between Skywalker and Padme (Amadala) exemplified the chosen myth in a significant manner. Skywalker, a Jedi trainee, served as Amidala’s bodyguard. The two curbed attempts to assassinate Amadala (Samudrala, ND). Discuss the components of your chosen myth The film exuded three components of the myth thus departure, initiation, and return. As the film began, Knights freed a slave boy known as Skywalker. He departed from enslavement to a different galaxy with the Jedi knights. The Jedi knights took him along and advised him to learn their ways. Qui-Gon, a tutor in Jedi ways, introduced Skywalker to the dominant culture. Indeed, the Jedi teachings inculcated various skills in him. Consequently, Skywalker and Kenobi became Amidala’s bodyguards. Skywalker not only served as Amidala’s bodyguard but also assumed the roles associated with a lover. However, Palpatine’s ambition to clinch power overshadowed the romance between Skywalker and Amidala. Skywalker sired two children and the films revealed his fear that his wife, Amadala will not survive childbirth. In his endeavour to save his wife, Skywalker disobeyed the Jedi teaching with a sole objective of saving his wife. Nonetheless, he failed to realize that it was Palpatine’s overall plot to consolidate power. Finally, Sky walker returned to his distant galaxy, Tatooine. A vision of his mother suffering warranted his return to Tatooine where he reunited with his family (Samudrala, ND). Explain how your chosen artefacts illustrate the components of your chosen myth? The artefact exemplified the components of the myth clearly. It started with the departure of Skywalker to a distant galaxy on rescue from slavery by the knights. In the Tatooine galaxy, he emerged as an exemplary student, and Jedi master, Qui-Gon encouraged him to undertake the Jedi teaching. Consequently, Sky walker undertook the teachings thus, served as Amadal’s guards. This marked his initiation to the Jedi ways. Skywalker later returned to his galaxy once he recognized his mother’s suffering thus reunited with his folks (Samudrala, ND). Predict why these mythic patterns are (or are not) so attractive to contemporary audiences The mythical patterns in this film attracted the contemporary audiences due to the exemplary plot. In addition, it has enhanced the growth of actors who bring out the mythical pattern inappropriately thus maintaining quality of the film. The film related to fictional legendaries thus allowed the producer to be creative since he used diverse topics, multiple patterns, which enriched the movie. Discu
Tourism is the “sum of activities and relationships between various parties, which arises from the travel and stay of non-residents of a certain location to new locations, as long as the movement does not involve an earning activity or permanent residency” (Robinson, Heitmann & Dieke 220). Domestic and international tourism are the two main categories of tourism. Domestic tourism refers to the movement of tourists within the same country. On the other hand international tourism refers to the movement of tourists to other countries. According to the World Tourism Organization, people should not live in the new locations for more than one year (McLean & Hurd 300). Tourism is a very dynamic industry. It influences the development of other industries. Tourism may lead to significant growth in the private sector and development of infrastructure (Pour, Egbali and Nosrat 1602). Tourism leads to the development of shops, accommodation, transport infrastructure, and growth of the hospitality industry. Tourism affects education, the health industry, culture and religion either directly or indirectly. Growth of tourism and its economic significance has made governments give tourism special attention. Cultural tourism helps in boosting the pride and identity of a community. Foreign exchange is critical for the economic well-being of any nation. A country uses foreign exchange to pay for it imports and foreign loans. Exports are the main sources of foreign exchange. Availability of foreign exchange determines the strength of a country’s currency. Lack of adequate amount of foreign may lead to the diminishing of the value of a local currency. Tourism enables a country to earn foreign exchange. Therefore, tourism plays a critical part in any country’s economic growth. The amount of foreign exchange that a country earns per visitor varies from one destination to the other (Robinson, Heitmann and Dieke 27). In the Caribbean countries, tourism is one of the major sources of foreign exchange. Therefore, in these countries, tourism is a critical part of the national development plan. There is no country in the world with an unemployment rate of zero percent. Unemployment means that there is idle labor in the country. Unemployed people do not help the economy of the nation. Therefore, they are a burden to the country. Countries strive to reduce the level of unemployment by undertaking various strategies. Tourism is a labor intensive industry. Therefore, it leads to the creation of a large number of the jobs. Tourism leads to creation of jobs in the transport, hospitality and entertainment industry. Rural tourism is one most important sources of income to people living in rural areas. It provides people living in the rural areas with an alternative source of income. Rural tourism may facilitate the grow
An interview was conducted with a nurse at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. The respondent was asked to describe her vision of leadership features in nursing. She noted that a manager in healthcare, in order to fulfill managerial functions successfully, must be able to lead subordinates. Leadership actions in modern management prevail in all areas of professional activity of a manager of any level. The labor process takes place in some social (work) groups. In turn, in each such group (including the nursing team), there is a person to whom other people listen and look up to and who has an influence on others, mainly through two socio-psychological channels:   * Through the channel of authority (members of the group recognize the leader’s advantage over others because of his/her position, experience, skill, education, etc.).   * Through the channel of charismatic properties – humanity, courtesy, morality (that is, the influence based on the personality traits of the leader or his ability to attract supporters). According to the respondent, ideally, these two areas should be combined so that there is a synergy effect, and then the manager, becoming a leader, exercises managerial functions through the prism of an informal leader. One cannot disagree with this, since in this case, conditions are created under which subordinates consider their manager a transformational leader. The transformational leader raises the morale and consciousness of subordinates, offers challenges to them, and inspires them for achievements beyond expectations (Renjith, Renu, & George, 2015). It is about stimulating the beyond-the-role behavior of employees. All this requires subtler, more advanced methods of influencing staff, in addition to the traditional “carrot and stick.” Problem-solving techniques of the interviewed transformational leader suggest making a decision on any problem based on a systematic approach, taking into account long-term prospects on all organizational subsystems, including human resources. In the second question, the respondent was asked to characterize her leadership style. She noticed her trying to adhere to a transformational leadership style; however, due to the exceptional turbulence of the work environment, she often has to resort to situational leadership. The process of motivating employees by a transformational leader is based on such interaction with subordinates in which the needs of employees in personal self-actualization and professional self-fulfillment are satisfied by the leader in exchange for achieving organizational goals. The very ability to interact with an extraordinary leader focused on m
Marketing remains one of the key determinants of any business’ success. Consumers get to know about the existence of a product through marketing. The success of a marketing strategy depends on the approach taken by the business. All marketers must consider several issues about the targeted market(s) in order to meet the set sales goals (Hisrich, 2010). Target Market In demographic considerations, marketers should choose to market their products in countries with big populations. Countries that have a high number of citizens provide more market for products than those with small populations (Hisrich, 2010). Statistics of the year 2013 show that Germany has a population of about eighty one million. England boasts of fifty six million citizens while the USA has about three hundred and fifteen million inhabitants. This means that the USA could offer the best market for any product in the country. As for Germany and England, marketers should prioritize selling in Germany than England because the former has a bigger population than the latter (World Bank, 2012). Cultural Issues When marketing internationally, marketers should consider the language of the country that they intend to market their products. Different countries have different languages that they use to communicate. Products meant for Germans should have labels in German language, and the marketers must be fluent in German. This helps in breaking the language barrier that may arise in the process of marketing. Language does not affect marketing in the United States of America. Even though separate American states have distinctive dialects, it does not create a communication barrier between American marketers and customers (Knoblock, 2007). Americans’ lifestyles are also distinct from those of nationals of other countries. Marketers should consider the fact that some products consumed in America may not do well in foreign markets when supplied in their original forms. For example, there is a sharp decrease in the rate of birth in Germany. This is mainly because of their lifestyle, which does not like giving birth. This means that there are fewer children in Germany than in the United States of America or England. Marketers should not consider going to market lunch boxes in Germany because there are minimal chances of selling the product there than in the USA or England. Instead, they should market bait boxes. Bait boxes can be useful to Germany’s aged population, especially when they go for activities like fishing (Knoblock, 2007). Most meat cooking appliances from United States of America may sell poorly in Germany than England. The rate of meat consumption in Germany is high. When marketers from the United States of America want to provide kitchen appliances, like cooking devices, they should consider the cultural methods of cooking that the Germans employ. For instance, the Germans use the pot-roasting method to prepare their meat. They also utilize pans to fry meat, which they consider as the best methods for meat preparation. It may be an exercise in futility for marketers from the Unite
Introduction Cold war is the difference between the Communist and the Democratic nations. They were directed by the Soviet Union and the United States respectively. All means were adopted in this war such as; economic war, diplomatic quibbling and military clashes etc. The cold war was fought everywhere whether Asia, Africa or any outer space (Chung, Para 1). Causes of the Cold War: Before the Second World war there were some economic and political differences between the United States and the Soviet Union and these differences became more powerful after the Second World War (Chung, Para 2). The main causes were; Economic: The United States was interested in supporting free trade in the whole World but The Soviet Union did not show any interest in this venture as it feared if it would trade with the West, it would be influenced by the West.; Power rivalry: Both the powers wanted to dominate each other; Ideological: The United States and the Soviet Union both have different systems of government. The United States is governed by democratic people whereas; the Soviet Union is governed by the Communist Party (Chung, Para 2). After World War II, Germany as well as its capital Berlin was divided into four zones and controlled by each of the allied forces: United States, Great Britain, France and Soviet Union (Rosenberg para 3). The atmosphere turned hostile and aggressive, with the collapse of relationship between USSR and rest of the three allied forces. Germany was turned into West versus East or democracy versus Communism with the development of this new relationship between the forces (Rosenberg para 4). United States, Great Britain and France formed the West Germany (The Federal Republic of Germany) together from their occupied zones, followed by USSR forming East Germany (The German Democratic Republic) (Rosenberg para 4). This same division was done for Berlin (Rosenberg para 5). With the help of the three allied forces West Germany saw a rapid growth in the region, where as the East under USSR was pilfered by them, equipments and valuables were shipped to Russia. The economy was in a poor shape, people were restricted of freedom. As a result, East Germans started migrating to West Germany in hope of getting a better life (Rosenberg para 6). The easiest approach to West Germany was through West Berlin. East Germany with the help of USSR tried many times to take over West Berlin but was unsuccessful in front of combined forces of the USA, Great Britain and France (Rosenberg para 7). The Berlin Crisis: Russia stopped land traffic between Berlin and West Germany, when the western nations were feeling insecure (Chung, Para 7). The western nations made efforts to stop Russian efforts which became the reason of conflict between the East and the West. This was known as Berlin Crisis (Chung, Para 7). Confrontation over Berlin (1948): The bitter relationship between the