ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of paper money wasn’t at first so much an easy-going process. The adoption of the paper money was considered to be beneficial for both the wealth of the country and the individual businessmen. Nevertheless, the banks couldn’t think through everything right away, and the bank’s funds were often misused by the merchants and traders and other sorts of business people. These cases of illegal activities were possible mainly because of the errors and disadvantages of the banks’ policies. But to eventually find an optimum way of crediting money, the banks needed to overcome a lot of challenges. The Role of Paper Money In the midst of the 18 th century, the paper money was quite new and just appeared in the circulation. The lack of strict regulations in the bank caused numerous cases of over-trading. People were allowed to borrow credits almost without any restrictions and on the loosened terms. Thus, the fund-raising with the fictitious bills of exchange by “drawing and re-drawing” banks’ funds was popular among the businessmen (Smith 328). Unfortunately, the banks couldn’t expose these cases of fraud at once, and usually, when the bankers found out about the reality of the situation, it was too late. The fund-raisings harmed the banks’ capital a lot. But either way, they couldn’t expose the businessmen in time without harming themselves. The abuse of the capitals had a negative impact on the economic state of Scotland. For improving the situation, there was a new bank established with a “purpose of relieving the distress of the country” (Smith 332). However, the attempt to advance the economy didn’t come to a big success. The new bank operated both bills of exchange and the cash accounts, people were lent money equally, and therefore, there was even a bigger lack of security. Banks are closely interconnected with the government and have a great influence on the state’s economy. A lamentable situation in the bank induces great losses for the government’s finances. The government attempted to improve the state’s economy by increasing the rates of interest from the credits. In an attempt to increase the government’s capitals, the Bank of England started to offer the conversion of the dead stocks that consisted of silver and gold into an active stock of paper money. The conversion of gold and silver into cash has several good impacts not only on the economy but on the industrial development of the country as well. Since the gold was a dead and immovable stock, it didn’t produce anything for the country. The dead stock’s conversion allowed to refine industrial development. Due to the unproductiveness of deadstock, the entrance of the paper money into circulation was a necessity. The circulation of the paper money was m
Stages of Drug Addiction There are several stages in which an individual becomes a drug addict. The first step is an experimental use of substances. It is common for adolescents experimenting with alcohol, cigarettes, and, in most severe cases, drugs. This behavior is imposed by the social environment because it is seen as a norm. During the second stage, initiation, people start taking drugs intravenously. Even though they experience some unpleasant side effects, pleasure, and enjoyment from taking a substance overweigh discomfort. The next step is a commitment in which drug addiction is established. This phase in characterized by making new social connections to buy needed substances and share experiences with other members of a social group accepting the same values. The fourth stage is dysfunction marked by limiting social ties to other drug addicts and becoming involved in illegal activities to find drugs. It is often accompanied by imprisonments and forceful drug-treatment programs. In most severe cases, this is the last phase because it ends up with the death of an addict. However, sometimes, they reach the fifth grade – maturation. It is characterized by giving up drugs and returning to normal life and reintegrating into society (Abadinsky, 2013). Models of Drug Prevention and Their Effectiveness There are several drug prevention models such as situational, deterrence, and incapacitation strategies. Situational drug prevention refers to convincing members of risk groups to avoid deviant behaviors. The emphasis is made on both educational opportunities and imposing fear of punishment in case of violating acceptable social norms. As for deterrence models, they can be either general or specific. In the case of general deterrence, stress is laid on developing strict regulations and punishments so that people are afraid to infringe them. It is characterized by aggressive policies and death penalties. As for specific deterrence, it implies punishing known criminals. However, the focus is made on hard measures so that people do not want to become engaged in criminal activities in the future. Finally, incapacitation prevention model centers on minimizing opportunities for committing crimes and incarcerating known criminals both for educating other members of society and controlling criminals’ behavior (Siegel, 2016). That said, these models are driven either by choice or fear. It should be noted that models of choice (i.e. promotion of educative measures) are more effective because they include the free will of individuals and improve the social atmosphere thus leading to solving the drug problem. On the other side, imposing fear aggravates the challenge because of fostering inner protest and enhancing law violations (Lab, 2016). Theories Describing Dr
Introduction Forrest Gump is a motivating movie about the struggles that we go through in life and it gives hope that there is always a way out of every quagmire. Directed by Robert Zemeckis with Tom Hanks playing the role of Forrest; this is a classical must-watch movie of all the times. The main theme here is that, no matter what happens in life, there is a way out and we should never give up. This is evidenced by the humble beginning of Forrest and the achievements he achieved later in life. As the movie starts, we understand that Forrest has an awful spinal cord problem coupled with a low IQ that is below ‘normal’ levels. Nothing seems to work the way of this young man together with his mother who works tirelessly to ensure that her son gets and becomes the best. The mother approaches the principal of Greenbow County Central School expecting to explain her son’s condition and get help. Regrettably, the principal takes advantage of her and makes sexual advances. In the wake of these events, Forrest undergoes through social torment in the hands of fellow schoolmates and other people ranging from bullying to social isolation. The best thing Forrest gets from people is reproach and disdain. However, this does not keep him down; he keeps on moving, as fate seems to work for him more than often. On the other side, Jenny, Forrest’s close friend, also goes through many life difficulties. We realise as the movie progresses that Jenny had an abusive father and she never has peace at home. In college, bullying continues but still, this does not stop Forest from moving on in life. Despite all these shortcomings in Forrest’s life, he moves on to become a champion, a champion in his own world. He starts by winning a rugby trophy; joins the army; engages in war in Vietnam and meets many prominent American people like George Wallace, John Lennon, Presidents Nixon, Johnson and Kennedy. Forrest comes out as true champion, with a big heart to help people. In the middle of these challenges and triumphs, Forrest does not forget her lover of youth, Jenny. Despite the fact that she walks out of his life on several occasions, she does not leave his mind. As the movie nears to end, Forrest marries Jenny; unfortunately, she is terminally ill and she passes on, a while after wedding. Why This Movie The writer chose this movie because of its peculiarity. Even though Forrest goes through somewhat strange situations, he manages to overcome and emerges as a champion. The incidences of this movie relate well with real life situations and it expounds on what people go through in reality. Forrest Gump is a true depiction of what really happens in life. People start from humble beginnings and make it in life. This gives hope that, in every desert of calamity, there is an oasis of hope. It stresses on the importance of pushing on in life despite the situation that someone is going through. Despite the fact that Forrest is facing what appears to be insurmountable, he comes out in a way or the other. Starting from his childhood, nothing seems to work out for him. First, we do not hear anything about his fa
Introduction Globalisation has driven dramatic changes in the international business. In the business world, these changes have challenged American businesses to be come more competitive as their dominance of the domestic market weakens. A good company seeks production and markets on global scale, examples of air bus and Boeing. To accomplish this, businesses have adopted the latest management techniques that represent the best practices regardless of the location. Economic principals are global, not dependent on local cultural variation. Thus, the ways in which the transactions are valued and the types of effective strategy implemented are generally the same throughout the world. Likewise ,the ways in which they businesses of any scale resolve their disputes are converging. In general, good management practices , whether human resource, project analysis, or strategic planning, are common throughout the world among businesses. Of course, such practices are sometimes skewed by local cultural differences or local government regulations, but the importance of the common features increasingly dwarfs any remaining differences. Main text It may be argued that the next major challenge in the business of air transportation, beyond the invention of heavier-than-air flight and jet-powered planes, is the worldwide separation of the market between two mega-corporations. Airbus and Boeing currently dominate about 90% of the air transportation market with very few major competitors on the horizon. This therefore, makes them the provider of airplanes almost to every country in the world. The competition between Airbus and Boeing, therefore, sets the overall tone for the air transportation industry at present and their decisions of future directions for their company’s gives insight into the direction of the industry. However, Airbus and Boeing have recently diverged in their vision of the future of air travel as evidenced by their newest models in production, the A380 and the 7E7 respectively. An economic analysis of the Airbus-Boeing competition by Drs. Irwin and Pavcnik predicts that the A380 will further reduce the market share of Boeing’s 747 by 14.8% (Irwin & Pavcnik, 223). This analysis indicates that Airbus’ current market share will continue to dominate for the next decade while Boeing’s will continue to decline. If one also considers the present renegotiations of the 1992 US-EU subsidies agreement, aimed specifically at leveling the playing field between these two companies, the competition between Airbus and Boeing becomes far more than competing balance sheets. As corporations grow into international behemoths, their business concerns play a key role in the policy decisions of nation-states. Without another corporation to disrupt the polarization created by Air
In the 8th chapter of the book, the authors have discussed a number of subthemes such as defining intelligence, measuring intelligence, how intelligence is affected by the immediate environment and hereditary factors, IQ score and the related development trends, intelligence witnessed in group differences, and critique on the present viewpoints on intelligence. In addition, McDevitt and Ormrod (2013) have given a lot of attention to research on intelligence and implications of theories. Finally, exceptionalities in intelligence among children and adolescents have equally been discussed in this chapter of the book. The authors posit that adaptive behavior affects the intelligence of an individual. Besides, the influence of adaptive behavior is witnessed differently in various cultures. The learning and performance abilities of children are mainly determined by the degree of intelligence. However, scholars still disagree on whether intelligence is made up of several independent abilities. There are some who argue that intelligence is merely a single entity that cannot affect the overall intellectual wellbeing of a child. In addition, most measurements carried out on intelligence tend to target the extreme cases of either mental retardation or superior learning ability. In chapter 9, the authors have given attention to the subthemes, such as language development trends, second language development, differences in language development, and peculiarities in language development. Both feedback and reinforcement play vital roles in the development of language among children. However, an adequate account was not given by ancient theories regarding the rapid acquisition of language by children. Various aspects of language development theories have been put forward even though the theories hardly merge with each other. The sch
There is no straightforward procedure for finding out whether a therapist is proficient in what s/he does or not. Whereas a therapist’s academic and professional accreditations and permits may be in order, they may not warrant their success in serving clients. This, however, does not underscore the need for a therapist to have proper training and be licensed. A therapist also needs to belong to a professional body as this is a pointer to whether s/he follows the professional ethics and principles. These bodies can also give background information on the therapist. Apart from academic and professional affiliation, there are personal qualities that a good therapist needs to possess. Since therapy is a personalized service, a good therapist should develop rapport with the client during the duration of the therapeutic process. Camaraderie enhances empathy in the course of therapy. Heart ensures a balanced exchange in the interaction and discussion between the therapist and the client. They should focus on me and my tribulations, share when desirable, be client-centered, and listen attentively. Once a suitable bond or a professional working relationship is in place, I will be able to obtain the desired outcome from my therapy in the shortest time possible. With such an atmosphere in the therapy sessions, it is no doubt that feelings of being vulnerable, embarrassed, or abused will fade away. The therapist should view the problem from my angle, i.e., they should be in my shoes so that he can understand my situation. They should also consult me in the designing of the session schedule. The session schedule should be consistent as this will contribute significantly to my sense of security, knowing that the therapist is committed to serving me. The way they design the schedule should be geared towards achieving the desired outcome in the most reasonable time possible. I would also prefer a person who regards confidentiality highly. The therapist should not share the information gathered in our conversations during a therapy session. However, the therapist should use his judgment skills not to withhold vital information such as that I am contemplating harming myself. A competent therapist should leave me with a sense of consolation and self-confidence as an individual by using their therapeutic expertise and talent. This will make me begin to have a sense of hope and encouragement when the therapy session is over. A therapist’s character, mindset, values, and ideals are more important than their particular modus operandi, method, or theoretical point of view in facilitating the success of therapy. These lay the framework upon which the whole therapeutic process is conducted. They determine the direction the process will take, allowing the therapist to take contingent measures as dictated by the uniqueness of each case. The need to be a counselor can be motivated by various issues. Choosing a career path in counseling could be to the personal needs. A career path selected due to one’s own needs will be a
Ernest Hemingway is an American writer who lived and wrote his works at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. His literature covers lots of questions and problems. One of the main problems of his works is war. Hemingway took part in war, so this question is very familiar to him from his own experience. He wrote some stories about war, and “Soldier’s Home” is one of them. The book represents the reader with the problems that veterans are faced with when they return from war. It should be very difficult to adapt to normal life after taking part in war. Veterans who participated in war and were lucky to return home face lots of problems and misunderstandings in civil life. Veterans often look for some activities which can distract them from remembering the war. Coming home, the main character, Harold Krebs, wants to tell about his experience, he wants to share his emotions about the war, but it is not interesting to anyone. People have already discovered everything (Krebs returned in summer of 1919, and the war ended in November 1918). All the stories and emotions had already been discussed and Krebs appearance does not awake any interest. Hemingway described the situation which appears in many families after the war ended. He represents the reader with “a remarkable illustration of the conflict and tension that result from the collision of different core values arising from contrasting temperaments” (Mckenna 2000). People who returned from war think differently, they have absolutely different values and they began to treat life differently. The Hemingway’s “Soldier’s Home” represents the reader with his point of view that “a nation without a clear and honest picture of what its soldiers have endured will be incapable of understanding them when they return, and, therefore, will be incapable of ensuring their successful reentry into civilian life” (Trout 2000). Trout gave a very clear explanation of what Hemingway wanted to tell the readers, what purpose he followed while writing his story. The social adaptation of veterans in civil world is one of the main problems which may lead to veterans’ estrangement if they are not accepted by society. And the society, in its turn, is afraid to accept veterans as they do not understand them, and as we know all inexperienced frightens us. It is very difficult for veterans to adapt to civil life as people do not understand them, very often people suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which can create lots of problems while communicating. The post-traumatic stress disorder causes lots of problems not only to veterans but also to their relatives, friends and people who surround them. There have been provided lots of researches on the problem of veterans’ adaptation in the civil world and came to the conclusion that post-traumatic stress disorder is a very serious problem that can prevent veterans to return to normal life. People suffer this disaster in 80% of cases. The PTSD may be apparent in different symptoms and have different natures. Some people do not consider nigh
Digital immortality as a logical step in human evolution is one of the possible outcomes of gradually increasing technological advance. This, and the idea that the human race cannot evolve any further in the traditional sense lead to assuming that the next step would be to transcend beyond human bodies of flesh to something much more complex, although much simpler substantially. Savin-Baden, Burden, and Taylor (2017) define digital immortality as “the continuation of an active or passive digital presence after death” (p. 178). This concept may sound simple, but it is much harder to achieve than to define. It would require a vast amount of computing power to recreate just one human brain with all of its complexity and – most importantly – ability to think in unconventional ways. The problem with this concept is that it is highly likely to be impossible. Parkin (2015), in his article published on BBC website, states that “the idea that a memory could prove so enduring that it might grant its holder immortality is a romantic notion that could only be held by a young poet, unbothered by the aches and scars of age” (para. 7). Although there is no way to be sure about such things as what to expect from the near future, many researchers agree that technological progress will continue to gain speed and scale as the history unfolds rapidly. If the concept of digital immortality proves to be possible and achievable, humankind may solve a significant number of problems that may lead to extinction. However, if human ceases to be human in a traditional way, will it be possible to say that the race did not become ext
Moving from one country to another country is always a significant change in life. Every immigrant lives in a new country through the so-called “immigration process,” during which they become aware of the transformations that have taken place in their lives due to changes in their environment. The consequences of moving must be understood, even when you move to a country with a culture similar to your native country. However, the greater the differences between the two countries, the more significant the changes can be. The awareness of changes occurs in a particular way, and this process is influenced, among other things, by childhood experiences, age, gender, education, and ethnic and religious affiliation. In addition, the culture of the native country, the reasons for moving, the attitude towards immigrants, as well as the presence or absence of social support are primarily affected. Although people migrate hoping that life will turn in a more favorable direction, they experience difficulties when moving to a foreign country. The displaced person, as a rule, plans their move to another country. Usually, they want to improve their lifestyle in one way or another. Perhaps they plan to study or have a better future for the whole family or try their luck in a new country. However, in some cases, the decision to move is made by the displaced person who is forced by the situation and may experience traumatic events. At the same time, in most cases, they have time and have the opportunity to plan a move, say goodbye to their loved ones, and organize all their affairs. Regardless of the reasons for moving, everyone has to give up something when they go to a new country, and everyone goes through the process of adapting to a unique situation. In some cases, the move is painless, inspires, and arouses positive curiosity. In others, the process can last for many years and bring suffering. Usually, adaptation takes a long time and is quite tricky at times. Only a few people can anticipate how complex integration into a new culture can be. Stress, which manifests itself in anxiety and depression, is a natural reaction to changes in culture and the environment. Many people also experience other strong feelings and reactions that can be confusing and frightening. Nevertheless, people are talking about a completely normal response to changes. Hard times usually end with an upswing, and life in a new country begins to improve. There are many different problems and complications with the new life of immigrants. For example, the issue of a person who moved to another country may be the language barrier. The lack of ability to communicate in a non-native language has an impact on every area of people’s lives and communication with other people. Difficulties in education, then at wo