ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Even though the black African Americans face myriads of health barriers, most of them often find it difficult to consult their physicians and provide confidential information that can assist towards their medication. In the case whereby they need urgent treatment amid barriers to existing healthcare facilities, most of the black African Americans usually seek God’s intervention for healing. This trend has been largely contributed by the church’s role as well as the traditional barriers that have always existed in seeking healthcare (Grace, 2011). Spirituality, sharing and family bonding are three key pillars that are valued by the black African Americans. Health insurance is not a common aspect among the Asian immigrants in the United States. There are instances when they are not even in a position to utilize healthcare services compared to the Hispanic and Asians born in the United States. Some of the barriers that Asians face in accessing healthcare services in the United States include language discordance, cultural incompetency and health-related belief systems, poor access to healthcare facilities and rampant discrimination when it comes to accessing healthcare services. Due to these barriers, Asians have sought to come up with their own custom-made healthcare facilities where they can receive treatment services at subsidized costs. Some of them are using their cultural belief systems to treat emerging diseases. The Hispanics are poorly served by healthcare services in the US in spite of the fact that they comprise the largest group among the ethnic minorities. This ethnic segment in the US can hardly seek and receive treatment from institutions of health. Their belief system is also a major impediment towards receiving healthcare services from reputable healthcare facilities (Grace, 2011). They do not also receive preventive care services compared to other major ethnic groups in the United States. In order to address this problem among the Hispanics, they are currently being taken through culturally appropriate programs that can assist them in understanding the importance of both curative and preventive healthcare services (Grace, 2011). For instance, they are being educated on the relevance of medical screening and widening access to treatment in hospitals. In addition, there is great concern towards specific barriers that hinder medical care am
Rape is an act of violation of a victim’s rights: the rights of total control over one’s own body. It is an immoral act that has severe consequences which reduce the victim to a self-defensive and a self-pity person. This is because the victim involved will always feel misused due to lack of self-defense or her/ his provocative ways that lead to him/her being raped. It is a common phenomenon in the society today to see that the victim of rape will always be viewed as a woman who will most likely be blamed as being the cause of the act. The argument may range from her dressing code to her confrontation or association with the accused. As a result of these reasons in addition to physical and psychological pain, the victim will tend to blame and pity herself as well as become self-defensive. As mentioned earlier, rape is a serious crime that should never be committed against a person as it is exclusively terrible in its long-time effect. This is because the act’s aftermath is associated with an abiding sense of shame and fear. This makes it complicated when it comes to quantifying statistically the sense of deep violation. In an attempt to minimize the occurrence of rape, there have been massive undertakings involved in data collection and analysis. Surveys have been conducted by society, human-based organizations as well as the defense or security departments in analyzing the magnitude and other aspects related to rape. It is important to note that according to Gensler. Et.al (p. 17), “rape ranges from the broad (coercing an individual to engage in any sexual act) to the specific (forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse).” This can be done through force to engage in sexual activities on instances where the physically unable person is unable to resist due to life threats, physical force and use of substances to make someone unconscious or kidnapping among others (Mackinnon, p. 180). According to a survey by the FBI in the United States, in 1990, 102,560 cases of rape were recorded and an almost equal figure of attempts to rape. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistic, more than 130,000 victims of this data were women. Among these cases, there were about 680,000 ones that were completed forcible rapes. According to American Justice Department, there will always be 8 percent of women who in their lifetime will be rape victims or victims of attempted rape. However, according to Mackinnon (p. 317), “by conservative definition, rape happens to almost half of all women at least once in their lives” (Gennaro, p. 261) In an attempt to bring out the clear face of rape, there has been an argument by the Feminist activists who claim that the low FBI data does not reflect the right information regarding rape cases. This is because the FBI data only portrays the figure of the reported cases only despite the fact that rape is one crime that is signific
Abstract Nowadays, the UAE is one of the most fast-growing countries in the world, with the great level of incomes and rapid tempos of the development of the economy. That is why, having entered the stage of evolution, the state faces new challenges, which it has never faced before. With this in mind, the given paper revolves around the UAE and the main peculiarities of its homeland security. The analysis of the country and some main facts about its demographics, economy and peculiarities of the region are provided. Moreover, some potential threats to the security of the country are also taken into account and analyzed. The literature review of the sources connected with the issue is accomplished and the most well-known cases connected with the work of the homeland security are investigated. At the end of the paper conclusions are made and some further perspectives are outlined. Introduction There is no use denying the fact that existence of any state is guaranteed by the complicated cooperation between different powers and systems which try to save existing order and protect people from the manifestations of chaos and anarchy. Moreover, the well-being of any state depends on the level of cooperation between different branches of power and their efficiency. Being a very complicated institution, a state depends heavily on the functioning of a great number of systems which, in their turn, control the life of citizens of this very state. That is why, the first and the most important task for any state is to align the efficient functioning of systems which will guarantee stability and prosperity of a country. There is a great number of different structures important for this process, however, it should be said that security system is one the most important as it guarantees safety for citizens and helps to promote public peace. Every country has its own vision of this system and tries to create it in accordance with the peculiarities of local culture for it to be the most efficient. With this in mind, analysis of a
Introduction The study of ethics focuses on human relationships and what is considered morally correct in human behaviors. Following ethical dilemmas and ethical lapses in business practices that became eminent in the 1970s, the concept of business ethics emerged to expound business ethical principles (Arnold et al., 2010). As the need for mutual understanding between workers and companies intensifies, organizational discourse is currently revolving around ethical business principles that are paramount for organizational success in the modern day businesses. Cases of ethical lapses are still on the rise, and thus developing an understanding of the issues in the context of decent business practices is becoming essential. The issues of caring, virtue, rights, and justice in business ethics are important subjects to explore. This essay aims to analyze these theories using the Massey Energy Company as an example. What principle of rights should businesses utilize? Case of death at the Massey Energy Company The Massey Energy Company owned numerous mining companies across the United States. The death incidence occurred at the Upper branch of the coalmine around Mont coal in the West Virginia district. The morning shift miners were in the process of exchanging shifts with the afternoon shift miners at around 3.00 pm on the Monday of April 2010. The mining company used certain cars to ferry miners in and out of the mine entrance during the shift reshuffling. On this day, nine of the shift miners had just managed to come out of the cars and while walking towards the exit end of the mine, they heard a loud blast of air blow past them. Seven of their fellow miners died instantly and two of them managed to come out alive, but badly injured. A deadening explosion had cleaved through the underground coalmine and unfortunately trapped an unidentified number of shift miners inside the mine. Reports later concluded that during the massive explosion, approximately 61 miners of the Massey Energy Company working underground had perished inside the mine. The strong hurricane could barely allow the fellow shift miners to rescue others at the juncture of the incidence, and this aspect probably might have required rescue experts. Recue teams appeared at around 6.00 pm, after some miners managed to come on top alive. Although little equipped with oxygen tanks and masks, the tanks possessed little oxygen that limited the required air supply. The rescue teams did little to contain the situation as it forced them to enter the mine in turns. The tangled debris made it even worse for the rescue teams’ progress as it had littered the entire excavation floor. Explosive gas methane and carbon monoxide elongated the rescue time. Government reports indicated that Massey Energy Company had received several warnings, almost 50 times in the prior month alone, over violation of employee workplace safety. Utilitarian theory and business ethics Human approach towards anticipation for maximizing of pleasure and elimination of suffering and pain brings about the fundamentals established in the realm of moral philosophies t
Introduction It is important to note that there is a wide range and forms of criminal activities, and one should be aware of their specifics and intricacies. A functional society relies on being able to identify and eliminate such action through legal and restrictive measures. The given assessment will primarily focus on hate crimes and the latter’s definition, implications, and proposed consequences of committing such a crime. Defining a Hate Crime One should note that a hate crime is a specific set of criminal activities, which has a wide range of factors to consider in order to label or identify something in the given form of occurrence. The Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI defines a hate crime as a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity” (FBI, n.d., para. 4). In other words, either or both person and property need to be attacked on the basis of the seven key factors listed above. The main reason why it is a hate crime is because it is conducted on the basis of hate and intolerance to parts of human life. If such actions are not prioritized and blended with other misdemeanors, then an individual right to freedom of choice and life will be severely diminished. Therefore, the latter statement means that the very foundations of a functional democracy can be shattered. Hate Crimes Versus Non-Hate Crimes Hate crimes should be punished more severely than non-hate crimes due to the potential implications of doing otherwise. These types of crimes affect the collective well-being and stability of a society, which means a hate crime committed against an individual by another person can potentially endanger or even escalate tensions between groups living in a nation. Hate crimes are committed based on biases, which is why no they are indicators of the overall tolerance within society. Hates crimes cannot be considered as isolated instances since it involves a member of one group attacking a member of another group, such as minorities. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to note that hate crimes are crimes committed on the basis of perceived or actual biases, which include seven key factors, such as gender identity, gender, ethnicity
Gail Bederman’s piece entitled “Remaking manhood through race and civilization” is an important contribution to the study of race relations and power. Bederman said that authority comes from power and power emanates from gender and race. The author explained this idea by first choosing a context to focus on and in that regard she chose to look at how turn-of-the-century Americans understood the source of power. Gender and race was simplified even further into identity and body. In that era it means that white male with the physique of a world heavyweight boxing champion is the standard for manhood. This is why in the beginning of the discussion Bederman chose to illustrate her ideas by revisiting boxing history’s most infamous fight of 1910 when Jack Johnson the first African American heavyweight champion defeated Jim Jeffries, the former undisputed ruler of the heavyweight division. The defeat of Jeffries shattered the myth about manhood and therefore conventions about power and authority. Bederman worked backwards tracing the historical development of how Americans came to perceive authority and she said that first of all it is all about race, then gender. He clarified even further that once a society has accepted race as the basis of power then it was time to identify the specific individuals who can wield that power and in turn-of-the-century America no one has the right to hold power except white men. However, no ordinary white man can wield power, he must first satisfy the criteria of manliness and these criteria is not only based on physical attributes it is also the byproduct of civilization. Bederman made critical assessments of several theories to strengthen her argument. With regards to race as the prerequisite for wielding power she pointed out a long-held belief stating that only white men had the capability had the racial genius for self-government and this justified the way they subjugated the darker races (Bederman 22). This is why every opportunity is given to the white males of American society while African Americans receive none. Bederman said that aside from the fact that race and gender is the most important requirement to open doors of opportunities it is not enough to be male to ascend to the top of the pile. In this regard the author made a critique of the assumption about manhood that it is unchanging, passed on from one generation to the next (Bederman 7). She argued that it is a product of an ideological process and concluded that civilization is the reason why there is a cultural and racial contstruct when it comes to manhood (Bederman 29). This is why there were different ideals of manliness through American history. In 1910 power was reserved not only to white males but white men who possess the necessary characteristics that would allow them to rule effectively. Bederman’s insight with regards to how turn-of-the-century American society were able to understand and utilize concepts of authority and power is an important contribution to the study not only of politics but also of race relations in the early part of the 2
Racism in the American schools can be observed in many forms which are the different attitudes of teachers to the representatives of minorities or the discriminating attitudes of the classmates in relation to the other ethnicities because of differences in color. Such racial behaviors as the ignorance or persecution because of skin color are typical for many schools in Arkansas, USA. Furthermore, the rights of the representatives can be violated with references to the issue of equality. Thus, in 2011, the public was interested in the case of Kymberly Wimberly who was prevented from being a single valedictorian during the graduation ceremony in spite of her academic successes. There was the opinion that the discrimination was based on the racial issue ( Valedictorian sues school, 2011). From this point, all the above-mentioned racial behaviours such as the ignorance, persecution, and prevention can be discussed as discriminating in their nature. To overcome the discrimination issues, there should be a policy stating the equality of rights for all the races and ethnicities. The main policy associated with the education field which works to state the equality of students’ rights is No Child Left Behind (NCLB). That is why, it is necessary to focus on NCLB policy as the legal tool to avoid the discrimination toward the representatives of minorities realized not only by students but also by educators. Thus, one of NCLB policy’s functions is to state the equality of rights for all the students. NCLB is the complex act in which the rights of the disadvantaged students are performed. The racial issue is also discussed as one of the main points of the act. According to NCLB, the assessment tools for students in spite of their race and abilities should be equal to provide students with the opportunity to receive the quality knowledge and be regarded equally (Darling-Hammond, 2007). From this point, NCLB can
Vancity was an organization that was recognized for its commitment to social justice and community values. In 2009, its board was faced by a difficult decision to make. As a result of the financial crisis, the organization was considering repricing its line of credit offerings. However, this was an unpopular move among the customers who were also the owners of the organization due to its structure as a cooperative. The problem that faced Vancity was that the decline of the lending rates had caused the margins on outstanding loans to decline significantly. In March 2009, its credit line portfolio was approximately $2.3 billion. $1.3 billion of this amount was in the form of secured debt but 83 percent of the debt was at or below the prime rate. Majority of other financial institutions had repriced their loans by raising the interest rates by one percent. Unless vancity followed this practice, it risked incurring a loss of $24 million on the basis of the outstanding loans that existed. In the event that the customers drew their credit lines to the authorized maximum, the organization was bound to incur a loss of $45 million. Such a move by the customers was also expected to compel it to fund the loans at the expense of the needs of other customers. Unlike many other commercial banks, Vancity could not reprice its credit lines without the consent of its customers. The contracts it had signed with the customers did allow it to simply send letters to them informing them of an increase in the lending rates. The organization had the capacity to cancel the loans but could not unilaterally change the credit terms. A threat to do so was also unacceptable hence it could not consider the option. The decision on whether to reprice or not to reprice the loans became a contested issue among the board members. Some of them argued that such a move would have tainted the reputation of the organization while others argued that the unusual financial situations left the organization with no other alternative other than to reprice the loans. It had considered the option of maintaining a prime rate above the one that was charged by other organizations. However, this posed a challenge in that the remainder of the Organization’s prime-related products was priced at a high price that was not competitive. Its attempt to set a prime rate for its credit line products separate from its regular prime rate was rejected. It recognized the fact that it was not possible to go back to their members and ask them to sign new contracts that reflected higher rates. Recommendation 1 Vancity should reprice its loans to counter the problems of the financial crisis and prevent the organization from incurring huge losses. Justification As a result of the financial crisis, it is evident that the performance of
Nowadays there are increasing levels of pollution, both from the increasing number of industries and household activities in the world. The international community is paying much attention to these alarming rates of pollution. Many countries have devised methods to try and control the pollution levels in their atmospheres. Obviously, the imposing of fines may help the entire world’s condition from the ecological point of view. Green tax is the only way to improve the ecological situation in the whole wide world. Green taxes are the environmental excise taxes that may help to protect the environment from pollutions and emissions that lead different types of disaster. It is not a secret that imposing a tax on households or firms that are likely to cause harmful emissions is better than dealing with the consequences of the pollution. This in-direct tax generally tries to change the behaviors of the environmental polluters and create favorable living conditions for all. Pollution is a process of production of goods and services which effect harms the general public inform of environmental damage such as odors, health complications and negative climatic changes. The most common environmental tax is connected with the task of ensuring that these polluters are fined appropriately for their harmful emissions to the atmosphere. Many countries and organizations have come up with different taxes to curb environmental pollution. Here is a brief list of general types of these taxes. Indirect taxes or indirect polices are not very helpful, e.g. increasing gasoline prices to reduce automobile emissions will cause the drivers foregoing their vehicles and using public transportation that indirectly reduces the pollution. Direct taxes are more effective as other kinds of taxes because they make the polluters keep to an order. Failure which they would have to pay heavy taxes were imposed by the governmental regulatory bodies. Another example is the direct emission taxes which are less costly than direct tax. They oblige the producers to make a budgetary analysis of their emissions as compared to the tax they are likely to experience. In most of times the sanction is greater than the obligation they have to forego and, thus, they end up producing less harmful emissions. Subsidies for emission are also very popular, however, there are different from the emission taxes allowing the manufacturer to be a part of a particular subsidized group where each member has an obligation to make emissions. This does not improve the situation since all members will release and at the end of it all net pollution will not reduce. The permit schemes introduced a few years ago; and they can take the place of green taxes. One can apply for these tradable permits in government offices. They come with a fixed allowance for the percentage of toxic emissions each firm can release to the atmosphere. These permits are however, tradable among their holder