ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Accessing a quality health care service in any country or state is vital to maintaining good health and, consequently, the nation’s economic output. Planned programs to help a nation fight against vicious poverty are critical to developing a nation. Head Start is a program designed to help break poverty by providing families with low income with their social, emotional, nutritional, health, and psychological needs (Jenkins et al., 2016). This is a program that would be of much help to disadvantaged children. State-Funded Care is a type of health care designed to cover most, if not all, medical costs. The funds utilized are acquired from public funds. According to the Federal Government guidelines, for one to qualify for Head Start, they have to be children aged between 0-5 years and come from families with low income (Jenkins et al., 2016). Additionally, the homeless and foster care residents are also eligible for Head Start. For the State Funded Care, all citizens of the United States and non-citizens who are listed in the Federally Funded Health Care qualify for the State Funded Care (Head Start History | ECLKC, 2018). Head Start has a long history that can be traced down to when Lyndon was the President around 1965 when he declared war on poverty in his speech (Jenkins et al., 2016). Right after that, a team of experts developed a comprehensive program that would help meet disadvantaged children’s needs from communities. Head Start was then transferred to the Office of Child Development. Under the leadership of Bill Clinton, Head Start fully expanded. It was again strengthened by being given several provisions during the presidency of George Bush. Over 30 million children from different states have been served by Head Start since 1965 (Head Start History | ECLKC, 2018). It has grown to a full-year service from just an eight-week project. As of now, it is under the control of the Administration for Children and Families, a department in the Health and Human Services in the United States. The State Funded Care was established over 70 years ago. It was started by the New York philanthropist Josephine Jewell. The State Funded Care served two purposes; the first was to serve the needs of a child, and the second, to help finance the children’s early education programs (Child Care and Development Programs, 2020). These two purposes eased the financial pain of the parents, hence enabling them to work more. The program has also enabled children to succeed in their respective endeavors. Despite the varying design, intent, and scope of State-Funded Care, a greater understanding of the children’s societal beliefs and brain development is being witnessed. Parents should look for quality indicators when searching for child care, including group size, health and safety, family involvement, and caregiver education for a child requires them to feel accepted by all stakeholders (Jenkins et al., 2016). Over many years the federal government has invested heavily in the State Funded Care system, which has evolved tremendously. The purpose of State-Funded Care has a system that provides an equal opportunity for all people to enjoy the possibly highest healt
Argument in support of bilingual education programs More than three decades after its inception, bilingual education is still entangled in myriad controversies. Although the initial structure of bilingual education program has been changed severally, the debate about whether bilingual education should or should not be practiced is not likely to die away in the near future. Most importantly, these conflicting parties have been unable to agree on whether bilingual education yields any considerable value for L2 English speakers. On one hand, the intransigent proponents of bilingual education argue that, the program provides a common ground upon which non-English speaking children can compete favorably with their English speaking counterparts in technical subjects such as science and mathematics. Contrastingly, opponents argue that bilingual education system impede the acquisition and development of English language among L2 speakers; thus, delaying their assimilation into the American society. Furthermore, this debate has also attracted the attention of multiculturalists who perceive bilingualism as an effective method of preserving immigrants’ language and cultural identities. Conversely, this perception has also been criticized in that, immigrants already in the United States should not retain their language, but should be assimilated into American society through exclusive English language teaching. Nonetheless, in spite of the inconclusive research findings about accrued benefits of bilingual education, this essay will explore these controversial presuppositions, with an aim of proving the worthiness of bilingual education. To begin with, opponents of bilingual education argue that various people have succeeded without bilingual education (Duignan). The latter author underscores that, although the above claim have taken place under some special circumstances, the individuals owe their success to other second language inputs. This implies that, whereas these individuals’ may not have been subjected to bilingual education per se, they experienced de facto bilingual programs. According to Cummins (255), proponents of this claim often cite Richard Rodriguez (1982) and Fernando de la Pena (1991) to support their argument against bilingual education. Rodriquez claimed that he succeeded to attain high level of English proficiency even though he never received bilingual education (Duignan). However, Cummins (256) argues that Rodriquez claim is not entirely truthful because he had two crucial advantages that led to his success in English language proficiency. For instance, Rodriquez was not an immigrant and he grew alon
Public health involves the prevention of diseases to prolong life and the promotion of good health of the people through some given guidelines or interventions. The field of public health has raised a lot of concern to many nations. This is so because of many challenges and issues, which are yet to be addressed. For a long time, public health issues have been ignored. Although many nations have put efforts to address some of these issues, much is yet to be done. One of the main public health problems is violence. The purpose of this research is to explore how to address violence as one of the public health problems. Violence and especially domestic violence, is an issue that has raised the attention of many researchers and scholars. Their main aim is to come up with effective strategies for addressing the problem. This issue is a big challenge in the field of public health. Addressing the issue in the clinical institutions should be taken with a lot of concern if any success is to be realized. Nurses should be equipped with the relevant training on how to handle cases of violence among the patients. According to the World Health Organization, domestic violence affects men and women equally, and its impacts are devastating. Researches show that many marriages are experiencing divorce due to domestic violence. More research should be done to come up with the relevant training that should be given to the nurses to enhance their capacity in addressing the issue on their clients. The authority that is mandated with enforcing the public health laws and regulations should ensure that such laws are effectively implemented. The people caught breaking these laws should be punished severely to serve as a learning lesson for others with such related intentions. They can be prosecuted or arrested and fined for the offense committed. The right ethical behaviors should be provided to the public to help them make ethical decisions that do not cause any form of violence. The factors attributed to violence should also be addressed as they form part of the exact causes of the problem. Some of these factors include poor ho
Introduction For many centuries, the society has discriminated against women because men’s supremacy overwhelms women in every aspect of life. Cultures and traditions that men have made and maintained across centuries have hindered women from participating equally with men in the modern world. It took centuries of struggles for women to achieve the contemporary status because men did not pave way for them to achieve their rights easily. Cultures and traditions perceive women as weaker beings when compared to men, and thus they do not deserve to have equal privileges and rights with men. According to Fuller (1845), as women struggle to gain their denied rights, a man reasons, “Now you must be trying to break family union, to take my wife away from the cradle and the kitchen-hearth to vote at polls, and preach from a pulpit” (p. 125). Women movements that occurred in the 19 th and 20 th centuries made significant steps that led to women empowerment the modern world. In view of the process that led to women empowerment, it is evident that people have the ability to shape their culture and traditions through social, religious, political, and economic changes in their environment. Reasons for Choosing Women Empowerment The topic of women empowerment is a dominant theme in the study article entitled “Women in the Nineteenth Century” by Margaret Fuller Ossoli. The author fought for the emancipation of women from cultures and traditions, which restricted them from performing certain roles in society. Moreover, some cultures and traditions denied women their rights by making them appear less human since they were not equal with their male counterparts. Fuller (1845) contends that supremacy of a man in the society has given him powers to trample upon women because “he has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what cases, going upon false supposition of the supremacy of the man, and giving all power into his hands” (p. 127). Hence, supremacy of men in the society shaped cultures and traditions that discriminate and undermine women. By viewing the modern world, it is evident that women have made significant strides in their struggles to overcome men’s supremacy in the society. The achievements that women have made are attributed to their struggles; hence, their influence has shaped the modern society by overcoming male dominance. Therefore, the topic integrates with the research question: how does our environment shape us and how do we shape our environment? This research paper uses three academic disciplines viz. socio-economic, religious and political disciplines to answer the research question Supporting Evidence Social Changes Social factors in the ancient society shaped the way people perceived gender. As men and women grew up, they adopted social norms that differentiated them as different entities in the society, which have different roles. The social norms dictate that the responsibility of women is to take care of their children while men go out to fend for their families. Hence, the responsibilities of women revolved around their homes and could not perform activities beyond their hom
Introduction The chronicle of Islamic history reveals the attack of Mongols over Islam and Muslim people. This paper presents the description of Ibn al-Athir on Mongols and their brutal massacre caused to the damage and ruin of Islam. Mongols seized, plundered and killed the Muslims and he believes that it is the worst black mark in the history of Islam. Main Body The chronicle of Ibn-al-Athir is an exceptional record of the medieval history. It reveals the whole Islamic history trying to depict the events around Caucasian region especially events in Spain, Iran, Iraq and North Africa. Mongol confederation was formed including central Asia and Western Europe and the people of this confederation were nomadic who wandered around this area consisting of three linguistic groups such as Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic. The first reference to the Mogolian history can be traced in the work known as “Old Tang History” in the 10 th century. Ibn al-Athir, the most famous chronicle writer described about Mongols in his own ‘complete history’ known as Al-Kamil fi al-Ta’rikh. Mongols attacked the Muslims in 1221 at the battle of Parwan and they slaughtered millions of Muslims. “Indeed, one easily understands how the Islamic world viewed the Mongols not so much as any human enemy, but rather as the wrath of God or as a natural calamity. Those teaching courses related to the medieval Middle East will find a wealth of anecdotes to relate to their classes to make this point.” Ibn al-Athir depicts on the cruelty of Mongols over Muslims that the humanity will not witness such a calamity until the world perishes. He writes that the antichrist who is yet to come will spare the people who follow him from that kind of brutality and cruelty. But Mongols did not spare anyone from the massacre, either their supporters or rebels. They slaughtered everyone – man, women and children – without showing any kind of mercy. They killed and opened the bellies of pregnant women and slaughtered the numerous babies who were about to be born. Ibn al-Athir compares this massacre to a wind that passed through the earth causing a universal ruin and damage and he thinks that the catastrophe and aftereffects of the brutality was severe and far and wide. Mongols who came from the periphery of China attacked and possessed the cities and they plundered, seized, killed and destroyed the inhabitants of the cities. Only a minute fraction of Muslims escaped from the brutal attack of Mongols. They captured the cities such as Kashghr, Balasaghun, Samarquand, Bukhara, Khurasan, Rayy, Hamadan, Aserbaijan, Arran, Darband, Alaris, Lazicans, Qipchaqs, Ghazna, some parts of India, Sistan and Kirman. They conquered all these cities in a year but Alexander who conquered all cities of the world took ten years to seize. Ibn al-Athir explains about their way of life as t
Inflammatory Arthropathy Long-term systemic autoimmune illnesses and self-limiting viral diseases are among the leading causes of inflammatory arthropathy. Rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies are the most prevalent forms of this condition. The latter is a cluster of related inflammatory disorders, encompassing ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis (Fitton & Melville, 2019). In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that more than 10 million people are affected by arthritis in its various forms, broadly categorized into inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthropathies. In this regard, this condition is a major public health concern and aggravates the country’s cumulative disease burden (Fitton & Melville, 2019). Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent non-inflammatory condition and encompasses multiple metabolic disorders. Numerous potential causes, including short-lived viral attacks and such chronic autoimmune infections as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can trigger the onset of inflammatory arthritis. The accurate diagnosis of these conditions is critical to ensure proper management. This is accomplished by combining appropriate diagnostic tests and considering the illness’s clinical attributes. Despite resulting from a wide range of causes, a significant proportion of the cases are linked to few but such prevalent conditions as RA or a type of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Rheumatologists should evaluate suspected cases of inflammatory arthritis for a comprehensive diagnosis and initiate treatment at the earliest opportunity where necessary. The physician should consider the most appropriate diagnostic approach for differentiation and the subsequent adoption of the correct remedy (Fitton & Melville, 2019). For instance, the conditions with a self-limiting potential require symptomatic treatment modalities and should be isolated from the more severe and long-term categories (Fitton & Melville, 2019). Early interventions enhance therapy effectiveness, limiting joint degeneration and the resultant disability. Evidence indicates that joint impairment can commence in the initial stages of RA, with an estimated 25% of patients presenting RA experiencing bone erosion within the first three months of indication onset (Fitton & Melville, 2019). In this regard, delayed treatment impedes positive outcomes, reduces the probability of attaining remission, and increases the risk of resistance to the targeted medical interventions. This is primarily due to the progressive nature of the condition and could cause severe complications in the patient’s major organs. Thus, early diagnosis enhances the potential for better results in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Enlisting patients for early intervention with potentially hazardous medications should be considered against the fact that some incidences of inflammatory arthritis can resolve on their own or move to remission without pharmaceutical intervention. Findings indicate that approximately 30% of early arthritic patients who do not meet the clin
The phenomenon of private property is having been widely discussed by the leading economists worldwide. Marx believed that its character was determined by the owner. In other words, he assumed it critical to distinguish between laborers and non-laborers while speaking about the owners of private property. The main disadvantage of Marx’s considerations resides in the fact that he limited the notion of private property to petty industry. Therefore, the private property, according to Marx, is supposed to produce commonly essential goods and thence, to contribute to the general welfare. Marx notes that when private property, such as petty industry, belongs to a non-laborer, this form of ownership leads to “slavery, serfdom, and other states of dependence” (Heilbronner 189). This statement cannot be argued in the modern context when employees essentially depend on the private property’s owner. Meanwhile, they are free to choose between the “owners”; thus, “slavery” cannot be applied to this form of dependence. Moreover, the relevant form of property allocation seems to be impossible in the modern world where petty industries are replaced by large corporations that provide thousands of workplaces. Hence, it might appear that Marx overlooked the fact that the number of goods demanded in the market would be growing, making petty industries incapable of fulfilling the social needs. According to Marx, the main barrier to the establishment of the “right type” of the property is the existence of the “old social organisation.” Hence, in order to reorganize the institute of private property in such a manner that it serves the interests of the society, it is essential to complete several steps. First and foremost, it is necessary to ensure the minor property of the many, instead of the “huge property of the few” (Heilbronner 189). At this point, it might be argued that this proposal is rather a pun than a rational suggestion. As soon as the majority receives the property, it will essentially assign another minority to manage it, returning to the initial pattern. Secondly, Marx states that it is essential to eliminate expropriation – its mechanism allows separating a laborer from the products of labor (Heilbronner 191). Upon applying this assumption to the modern reality, it can be noted that the complete elimination of the expropriation mechanism is impossible in today’s world where the means of labor become more sophisticated along with its character. Works Cited Heilbronner, Robert. Teachings from the Worldly Philosophy , New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Print.
Introduction Reflecting on one’s own practice experiences as a healthcare professional is important for learning from mistakes and improving for the future. All experiences will have positive and negative aspects, which means that every situation has an impact on one’s development as a specialist and an individual (Koshy, Limb, Gundigan, Whitehurst, & Jafree, 2017). In this reflection, I will address my shift activities, discuss assessment techniques, provide lessons learned and challenges, evaluate strengths and weaknesses, and explore the issue of patient safety. Responsibilities On my shifts at a post-operation unit, I was responsible for caring for four patients, each of whom was recovering after a surgical procedure. As a career, I was to administer medication, prevent pressure ulcers through turning and eliminate any signs of infection on surgery sites. These responsibilities allowed me to develop effective time management skills. In terms of delegation, I contacted the IV team when needed as well as asked nursing assistants to take patients’ vital signs when I did not have time to take them myself. Comparison to Past Experience Compared to the previous experience, my assessment technique has improved significantly. I conducted the head-to-toe assessment of patients and checked their lab values to maintain them within recommended thresholds. An important takeaway was learning how to document patients’ assessments. A new lesson learned during my shifts was giving pain medication to my patients – it had to be a priority. I wrote down the times when the medication was administered to keep track of the schedule and ensure that the patients do not experience any pain. Reflecting on my previous journal, I was unable to document the experience on the first shift due to technical issues (not having my password and username) (Koshy et al., 2017). This made me focus more on my responsibilities such as changing sheets, giving patients medication, and completing head-to-toe assessments. On the positive side, I considered the issue of risk reduction: I was very aware of my hygiene such as washing hands with soap and wearing gloves at all times. Also, I also made patients wash their hands and prevent them from touching their surgery wounds, and avoiding myself to do so when checking their condition. Caring for Patients The four patients for whom I cared were recovering from surgery, and all of them required different care. The first patient had abdominal surgery and was given staples; the second had left hip surgery, the third had total hip surgery and was on patient-controlled anesthesia and was at high risk of respiratory distress, the fourth had ear surgery and did not stay in the unit for too long. When caring for these people, I took care in controlling their pain levels, educating them on post-surgery care, responded to their calls for help, monitoring vital signs, checked surgery sites for infections, and completed head-to-toe assessments. In terms of medication, I administered Heparin to prevent blood clots because the