ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is worth noting that changes in the life of society and the lives of women around the world are connected both directly and indirectly. Moreover, over the past decades, many values or approaches towards women and their role in the harmonious life of society have been fundamentally reinterpreted. It is important that in a sociocultural context, many researchers argued that female nature is formed by society, and modern theories of feminism testified that women should achieve not only political and legal equality, but also a revision of spiritual priorities in culture. Consequently, the feminist way of thinking recognizes the gender dimension in worldview and intellectual and social activities. In her book “Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions” Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie provides insights into the ways parents can develop feminism in their daughters. The purpose of this paper is to make suggestions for raising a feminist that would expand the advice proposed by Adichie. General Points I would like to state that even though I fully support the suggestions offered by Adichie, it is essential that these assumptions are accepted and interpreted correctly. When considering the ways feminism can be raised in children, it is crucial to comprehend that girls should not be brought up with an understanding that women have been suffering for a long time and did not possess their essential rights. The references to the past and traumatic experience might bring inferiority complex or encourage young females to blame males for the sufferings. Thus, it is essential to help girls accept the fact that inequality used to exist but the present time is the best period to live a different life filled with opportunities and help others comprehend it as well. Suggestions One of the author’s statements is concluded to the idea that it is necessary to raise children with the understanding that there are no specific activities for girls and boys (Adichie 14). This advice can be expanded to include aspects of gender roles. Many children are taught gender roles that cause them to act in a certain way, encourage them to choose certain professions, or live based on specific postulates that apply to women but can be ignored by men or the reverse. Nevertheless, it is necessary to educate children in such a way that they do not succumb to stereotyped thinking but confidently consider all the existing options. However, it is crucial to mention that children will still be growing in a society in which they can face pressure and stereotyped thinking that hypertrophies the difference between a man and a woman. Therefore, it is important to grow in the child the understanding that the opportunities of men and women are the sam
Introduction Every year, couples all over the world attempt to make a child, unluckily, lots of them find that they are not able to. The procedure to find out how and why they have infertility reasons can be long and difficult. Before the birth of Louise Brown – the first test-tube child, those women who had Fallopian tube obstacles (approximately twenty% of unproductive women) had no hope of turning to be pregnant. Typically, matter happens when an egg cell (ovum) in a woman is discharged from an ovary, goes through a Fallopian tube, and is fertilized by the sperm. The fertilized egg goes on traveling while it undergoes various cell separations. It then rests in the uterus to increase and develop. (Bender, 2003) Discussion Los of people still have lots of misconceptions about a test tube baby. Some consider that the baby is “artificial”. Nevertheless, we cannot produce synthetic babies in the lab! Essentially, in a test tube baby conduct, we try to maintain nature. This denotes that we do in the lab what is supposed to normally appear in the bedroom (but is not happening because of a medical matter, such as chunked tubes, as a result of which the couple is unproductive). This conduct does not unfavorably impact a woman’s health – or the health of the child. Many women are apprehended that the hormonal vaccinations they will require to take will make them fat. This is a myth – these are the same original hormones the body generally constructs offered them as inoculations in order to assist the woman to raise more eggs. This action does not reason a woman to run out of eggs any sooner either! Every month, 40 eggs start growing, of which 39 die, and only 1 survives and mature. In IVF treatment, the hormonal inoculations rescue the eggs, which would have died in an average way. Actually, the matter of birth flaws remains a contentious topic in test tube children. A preponderance of researches does not s
The concert of Europe refers to a group of countries that came together to form an alliance geared towards creating a power balance as agreed during the Vienna Congress (Ellis 19). The alliance started in 1814. However, it was dissolved in 1914 following the outbreak of World War I and the rise of nationalism. The countries that made up the alliance’s membership were Russia, Austria, the United Kingdom, and Prussia (Lowe 92). The four countries had already achieved success in Germany by defeating Napoleon. Although the alliance did not have a constitution, they had agreed that any member had the right to call for a conference in case a crisis that needed urgent attention arose. The main reason for forming the concert of Europe was the need to control France, which had become a nuisance after several years of war. The main threat caused by the involvement of France in wars was the quick spreading of liberalism to various countries across the continent (Ellis 28). Therefore, the four countries found the need to come together in order to maintain the status quo. One of the main factors that contributed to the success of the concert of Europe was a provision in the Act of the Vienna congress that required eight signatories for any of the existing boundaries to be changed (Lowe 117). This meant that France did not have any other choice other than to reduce its dominant influence and agree to work with the other countries. Works Cited Ellis, Charles. The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations . California: The Law Book Exchange Ltd., 2003. Print. Lowe, John. The Concert of Europe: International Relations 1814-70 . New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 2009. Print.
Introduction In the last few years, the Internet has played a significant role in disseminating information in the United States and other parts of the world. The use of Internet nowadays is so rife that it has become the number one source of not just information, but also communication and many other purposes like social networking and gaming. One of the greatest and most popular features that it particularly provides is online shopping, which is defined as the process whereby consumers purchaser goods directly a seller in real-time, without a brokering service. Actually, online shopping is a form of e-commerce. With the advent of the internet and introduction of security, online shopping has today reached unimaginable magnitudes. However, this form of trade has penetrated some areas more than others. Studies have also shown that demographics play a huge role in either promoting or stifling online shopping, for instance, areas with high literacy levels, income and occupation of the family head have been found to be more active in online shopping. Online shoppers generally use credit card to pay for their purchases, however, improvements in internet security has led to the creation of online money transfer websites such as Paypal. Other common payment options include debit cards, wire transfer, postal money order, gift cards, and so on. After a payment has been accepted, purchases can be delivered through the following steps: downloading, drop shipping, in-store pick-up, and shipping, among others. We chose this topic because many people have been shopping from the cyber world and online shopping is a controversial issue, which has been widely discussed. In this paper, we will be focusing on how and why online shopping has gained much fame and become a great phenomenon in the United States. Conclusion Online shopping was set up by the invention of Internet, computers ad technologies to accompany these systems. The world’s most popular online shopping sites: eBay and Amazon, were very influential in the growth of this commerce. Today, online shopping has become a great phenomenon thanks to the rapid development of internet security technologies and a similar pace in the penetration of the World Wide Web. The growth of online has been dramatic in the recent years due to several factors which include convenience as a shopper is bale to purchase goods at the comfort of his home, 24-hour availability, and the ability to compare prices of similar or related products all at one place. Customers also access free product reviews and are able to make informed decisions before making a decision. And if a customer is not satisfied with a specific product, he/she can easily choose another related product offered by the same online shop, or elsewhere based o
Introduction The leading sector in exports to Saudi Arabia from Spain comes from industrial technology. In 2012, the total exports in the industrial sector amounted to USD 527.701 million (Ranking of Leading Sectors Exported by Spain to Saudi Arabia, 2012). In February 2013, Mafex sent a delegation to Saudi Arabia to strengthen trade relations with Saudi Arabia that will increase exports on railway technology (Spain Abroad, 2013). It will include multiple sectors such as engineering, processing, and railway equipment. SAR3.04billion ($811 million) loan has been allocated towards the project to build a high-speed railway line between Makkah and Madina (Spanish-Saudi rail group gets $811 loan, 2012). Spain’s total export of services to Saudi Arabia in 2009 “amounted to about USD720 million” (OECD, 2012 p. 132). Spain export of services to Saudi Arabia Year  Services USD millions 2005  –                     2006  299                   2007  750                   2008  439                   2009  720                    The mode of entry is a combination of turnkey and direct export (Johnson & Turner, 2003). Turnkey involves an MNC designing and completing a project then handing it over to the local government when the country has gained the expertise to run it. Direct export will include equipment and services used to complete the project. Mafex is an association of companies that operate in Spain in the railway industry. The company will be involved with contracting services at the local level where it will use local currency to pay workers. Skilled labor will include engineers and consultants from Spain. Saudi Arabia makes a payment using Saudi Riyal but Mafex uses a combination of Euros and Saudi Riyal. Turnkey mode of entry has the advantage of using extra labor that would have been under-employed in the home country. Most railway construction work in Spain has been completed. It may only require maintenance. MNCs under Mafex may have the advantage of receiving subsidies at home to encourage exports. Mafex will benefit from having a technological advantage over Saudi Arabia (MacDonald & Burton, 2002). Direct exports require less capital. It favors existing when the project is completed. Railway construction involves using the great size of steel. It may require MCNs to partner with local manufacturing firms to lower the cost of transporting the steel. Business opportunities include a wide range of railway line components and equipment such as Train signaling and controlling system. The MNC under consideration is Invensys Rail Dimetronic which is the leading railway signaling and control system manufacturer, supplier, and installer (Invensys Rail Dimetronic, 2011). Factors that may affect international trade Saudi Arabia applies different levels of tariffs for different types of imported goods. Most imported products are under the 5% tariff which
Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Innovative Challenge for a New Global Economic Reality The article “Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Innovative Challenge for a New Global Economic Reality” is written by Kuratko, Hornsby, and Hayton (2015). It describes the advantages of corporate entrepreneurship as a sphere that helps to derive substantial benefits in the process of development and introduction of new business technologies. The authors note the importance of studying this area since scientists have not advanced far in the course of its improvement in recent decades (Kuratko et al., 2015). Today, corporate entrepreneurship and its research have become quite widespread, and many theoretical justifications obtained as a result of such research can be introduced into specific projects. Nevertheless, theoretical knowledge about this phenomenon requires a deeper understanding. Article by Kuratko et al. (2015) considers some scientific articles, as well as studies potential directions for the research and development of corporate entrepreneurship. Corporate entrepreneurship is an essential part of the contemporary business since this economic theory provides new possibilities and opens up perspectives for development. Thus, these results of the research, according to the authors, can significantly enhance the capabilities of certain organizations that work in this new and modern economic reality (Kuratko et al., 2015). Research Method The research method used in the paper is based on the analysis of articles on corporate entrepreneurship and the results of research by other authors. Among the topics that Kuratko et al. (2015) consider, there are several important aspects. First, they study the general concept of corporate entrepreneurship in the context of research of other scientists to draw a general conclusion about the essence of this phenomenon based on the received information. Secondly, they examine the given concept according to the specifics of management and the success of the application of this commercial space by people from the business sphere. Thirdly, Kuratko et al. (2015) consider the immediate process of implementing corporate entrepreneurship and the complexity faced by organizations in the course of introducing this technology. Another topic was the evaluation of the effectiveness of the studied concept, as well as its impact on job performance. Finally, the last issue for studying is the strategic entrepreneurship, that is, particular methods that allow improving existing order and adapting it to a specific organization. Conclusions The scientific articles that were studied and presented by the authors give a full picture of the details of corporate entrepreneurship and the peculiarities of its implementation in particular business areas. It is possible to conclude that the study of this economic phenomenon is an auspicious direction since in case it is properly used, its effectiveness is evident. Numerous scientific studies have made a significant contribution to the research
Introduction Kant’s third antinomy pays attention to the link between two major assumptions shaping the modern philosophical thought. The first antimony considers causation as an approach deployable to explain all motions of natural beings. The second assumption holds that people are self-moving and free. The first assumption finds relevance in modern science while the second assumption finds application in the interpretation of modern morality. At superficial value, the two assumptions appear to contradict. However, Kant “attempts to show that this contradiction only arises when reason transgresses its limits and seeks to grasp the infinite” (Gillespie 1). This way, reason takes a dialectic form. It is submerged in the illusion with imagination coupled with rhetoric acquiring noble roles in guiding it. The reason should not be exposed to subversion. Kant believes that this problem can be resolved only by subjecting the power of reason to criticism in the endeavor to establish its limits. This aspect constitutes the main objective of Kant’s book, Critique of Pure Reason . Kant argues that the critique of reason creates room for the possibility of establishing a distinction between legitimate deployments of reason in philosophy and rhetoric coupled with dialectical use. Hence, the foundation for rationality in science and rooms for religion coupled with morality are also excluded. This paper starts with a description of the Kant’s antinomies in general before introducing the third antinomy, which is “on freedom”, and finally providing the writer’s interpretation of the third antinomy. General Description of the Kant’s antinomies In the Critique of Pure Reason , Kant discusses four antinomies or metaphysical propositions, which seems contradictory. The first proposition deals with definiteness of the beginning and the end of the world in comparison to the infiniteness of the world (Moore 480). The second antinomy introduces the claim that everything available in the world constitutes simple indivisible elements, which are indestructible (Radner 413). The antithesis for this claim is that all things available in the universe constitute infinitely divisible and composite elements. The third metaphysical proposition’s thesis is the claim that people act in a manner determined by their free will while the antithesis is the claim that all things done by people are within the control of nature. The last antinomy encompasses the thesis that there “is a nec
Paul w. Miller in “Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown: Cynicism or Meliorism” states that critics have shared the feeling that Hawthorne’s story intends to express the move from the relationship between God and man that is brokered through faith to the state of evil taking charge resulting to the damnation of the human soul. He is not sure whether they think Hawthorne uses Goodman Brown to represent humanity as a whole or only the men who share the same sentiments as himself (255). Miller says that if Young Goodman Brown represents the whole of humanity, then this should be an indication of the cynicism held by the author Hawthorne during the time he composed this story. He goes on to indicate that if Young Goodman Brown was a representative of a segment of people who share sentiments similar to his, then his creator must have been pessimistic. In analyzing the words of Henry James, Miller says that the picture of Young Goodman Brown created by Hawthorne is not in any way intended to reflect his views about humankind. He says that it should however be viewed as simply work of creativity and nothing more. He however disagrees with James view by stating that unless other critics can analyze any work of art and the hidden meaning extracted, the work never qualifies not for a good art since this is what defines its quality. According to Miller, whether or not the creation of Young Goodman Brown is a representation of humanity depends on whether or not there is human representation in the whole story. This he says would determine if Young Goodman Brown is the representative of humanity or not considering whether Hawthorne has a sample of humanity in the story. Miller argues that if there were a representative sample of humanity in the story, then it is possible that Brown would not be a representative of all humans (258). Miller specifies that if in the story Brown moves from being faithful to be being evil, it is a clear indication strategically the story by Hawthorne targets to represent humanity. On the other hand if Brown is simply deluded by the devil with hallucinations and seeing false figures in the forest, it is then clear that he is not a representative of all humans but of a few who hold suspicions on others as he does. There are critics who view Young Goodman Brown as skeptical according to Miller. These include Richard Forgie, who then based on this concludes that Brown is a representative of the entire humanity. McKeithan’s view is different considering his conclusion brought out by Miller that Brown cannot pass for a representative of all men or the other people in the story. Miller concludes “…the witches that Brown saw in the forest were real” (260). He continues to justify Brown’s misanthropic view of the other people. His devotion to evil bars him to be regarded as a representative of all the other humans. Miller states the need to replace Hawthorne’s explanation of witch trials as containing that puritan “rigorism” by a virtue, which starts with the confession of human weaknesses. Miller concludes by addressing how one need not to consider Brown’s story as based on
Introduction Virtue ethics stresses the need to develop human character instead of striving to define ‘goodness and rightness’ (Porter 2005). The highest goal of virtue ethics is to promote human happiness. As Aristotle noted, we can only attain virtue through habits and inculcating moral and intellectual virtue. The concept of natural law relates closely to virtue ethics due to its grounds in nature itself. Natural law binds all human beings due to its norm for ethical behaviour. Natural law should act as a form of control to all humans. This is because it promotes a common good and allows people to be morally responsible for their own deeds. Thus, natural law relates to concepts of ethics, human rights, religious morality, and politics. The issue becomes complex if we focus on proportionalism. This justifies “a bad action as morally good but not morally right” (Kaczor 2002). This essay focuses on strengths and or, weaknesses of trying to propose moral goods for a society based on human rights, universal natural law, and claims of Christian faith. Notion of human rights Virtue ethics looks at how people can achieve a given fulfilment if they follow certain attitudes. George Robert looks at promoting virtue as the way to enhance and protect human rights in a contemporary society. This is because some scholars believe that the “law cannot promote morality” (George 1995). According George, the law can only work where it is legitimate. However, the issue arises on how far the law may reach in controlling individual autonomy. From this view, we can note that George based his argument on the principle of natural law. Liberal thinkers believe that the current legal systems impinge on fundamental rights of individuals. The law ought to guard human rights and promote moral order. According to Patrick Devlin, society can decide to promote collective morality necessary for its members (Devlin 1965). In this regard, the law becomes fundamental in safeguarding human rights so long as such individual rights do not interfere with society. Thus, individuals may be rational in their decisions, but the good for society comes first. This is because a society cannot allow what it disapproves to continue even if it impinges individuals’ rights e.g. the decision to be homosexual. Universal natural law The law should promote virtue in society even if it means coercing individual to become virtuous. To this end, the idea of virtue jurisprudence should focus on promoting good judgment. We can promote moral good through judicial virtues, which have normative significance and can provide basic explanatory to issues. Western philosophers use virtue jurisprudence to relate the law and virtue. However, we must note that virtue and law may differ depending on various schools of thoughts. For instance, Confucius argued that there is no need for “judges, rules, or jurisprudence in a society where people are virtuous” (Porter 2005). This is because individuals can solve their own problems independently. In this case, virtue and law oppose each other. Using moral good to enhance universal law in the contemporary society can be challenging because of inherent disagreements