ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Consciousness is expressed as the awareness of self which is influenced by past and present experiences. When a child is born it does not know itself and in fact the early years of development emphasize on learning about the environment. Biological conscience is influenced by what we see and hear. A child realizes her gender by observing those around him or her. It is this consciousness that defines our behavior and personality. This paper seeks to define consciousness, focusing on the biological perspective to explain the various aspects of consciousness and how they affect our lives. Personhood theory explains that consciousness is always present in human body but it can not be seen because it’s more spiritual than physical. Both the brain and the consciousness are intertwined because the brain acts as the reservoir of information which is conveyed by the consciousness. When somebody touches another person that touch is interpreted by the conscious of that person to determine whether it’s a friendly or hostile touch. From that point the mind is induced by the consciousness in response to the touch. Human consciousness is said to be divided because the brain is capable and actually refines information in two ways. Our consciousness creates an image of what we are unable to see in our eyes. The unconsciousness enables us to perform various tasks at the same time because information is processed in dual ways. A good example is when one watches television while talking on the phone at the same time without missing anything in both cases. When our consciousness is focused on one single event our attention to that event makes it difficult for us to notice other events in close vicinity. When one is driving while talking on the phone he or she may not notice a pedestrian crossing the road and this might result in an accident. This is because our consciousness is held hostage by our object of focus hence we see what we want to see and hear what we want to hear and ignore other activities. If you are watching dancers do their thing your focus won’t be on all of them but on the one that looks more appealing to your eyes. When you are thinking about other things that are not physically present you are said to be asleep because you do not realize what is happening in your current location. Being awake comes in when something happens or someone does something to bring your attention back such as tapping your back. This situation is referred to as inattentional blindness and this is why when you watch a movie more than once you will realize there are things you did not notice the first time you watched it (Myers 59). Sleep is one of the most crucial elements in every human being because it plays various roles in someone’s life. First t
Introduction The population of the U.S. and developing nations has been changing in the recent past. According to Kotkin (2010), the population of the United States is growing rapidly and is expected to expand by 100 million by the year 2050. However, the growth in population is uneven as the structure is not balanced. Further details of the changing demographics of U.S. indicate that the population of middle aged people, which forms the productive labour force has been declining while the life expectancy of the people aged 65 years and above is expected to increase (Kotkin, 2010). The trend is similar in other developed countries such as Japan and United Kingdom (Craine, 2010). These changing population trends have pronounced implications to the business world as discussed bellow. Implication of Population Demographics The general increase in population will increase the market and therefore the turnover rates of firms. Since goods are produced for consumption, increased population will provide the needed market for the same. Thus, the management of the business that sells fast moving goods should prepare to increase the stock of the firms to meet the rising demand. Given that the population growth is uneven, firms are going to incur more compensation costs from training. Majority of the population consists of the young and the old. This implies that the working population that is middle aged and which has the required expertise does not suffice business needs (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). As an alternative, the business has to resort to the young and inexperienced population for labour. Such kind of labour must undergo vigorous training at job places before being vested with responsibilities. Therefore, there will always be some training cost. To curb the same, managers should work towards autom
Entomophagy is consumption of insects by humans. Consumption of insects has been practiced by humans for ages. However, different cultures consumed insects for different reasons. In western and European cultures insect consumption is restricted to extreme conditions. In these cultures insects were considered to be repulsive organisms and their consumption was not condoned. In fact insects were viewed as causes of various health problems that inflicted pain on man. Currently, literary works portray insects as desirable creatures. Insect eating has existed for long in some cultures. Entomophagy is widely practiced in Eastern cultures and Africa. Members of these communities eat insects for their taste, for survival, and as a cultural expression. In western culture insect eating is largely regarded as a disgusting undertaking. The aspect of insect eating for survival is emphasized in western media perhaps in an attempt to make entomophagy more acceptable. However, media and literary productions in the west are preoccupied with portraying entomophagy as exotic. Exoticism appears to be the driving force behind the emergence of television shows featuring insect eating and insect containing cuisines. Exoticism appears to provoke the interest of the viewers and television audiences. Viewed from this perspective, entomophagy seems acceptable to the western viewer. Mass media and literary productions are increasingly portraying insects as acceptable creatures. This is evidenced by arguments supporting environmental protection. The love for nature should compel one to consider insects as part and parcel of a beautiful environment. It has been argued that to love nature is to love everything in it. Previously insects were not considered as food in western culture. Therefore, accidental ingestion of insects would evoke a lot of misery and suffering. However, mass media and literary productions have helped shape the notion that insects are other food. Some people have accepted insects as alternative food. The aim is to give an impression that insects should not be reserved for extreme times only. Insect eating is currently portrayed as a source of entertainment and awe. There are many television shows whose main content is insect eating. These shows tend be sensationalistic in nature. Entomophagy in the shows is packed in such a way that it provokes fear and disgust at the same time. Insect eating is used to create spectacle. The television shows feature characters playfully eating insects. Before the emergence of these shows insects were largely viewed as disgusting creatures. They were perceived as dirty disease causing organisms. Few would dare touch them and even less would dare eat them. Mass media and literary works are aiding change in attitude towards insects. Insect consumers can now critically examine their position as consumers. Similarly, they assist the consumers to examine their opinion of insects. Critical examination of consumers and products was suppressed in the past. In the process
Introduction The ongoing progress in the field of biology and medicine appears to have a significant effect on the most fundamental principles of the society’s functioning in terms of providing perspectives for genome research. However, Greely pointed out that “the science of DNA, when applied to humans rather than bacteria or fruit flies, immediately suggested many and varied applications to human affairs.” 1 This statement is also related to the practice of genetic mapping that has many legal, ethical, and social implications, which are capable of altering the essence of developmental dynamics within the society. The purpose of this paper is to analyze what social, ethical, and legal implications DNA mapping can have in the context of the current progress of genome research. It is important to start the analysis by defining DNA mapping and its purpose. The full set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is known as a genome. 2 The nucleus of any cell in a body includes DNA. Furthermore, two sets of chromosomes can be found in the nucleus. Forty-six chromosomes are observed, and each of them contains a DNA strand. 3 Genetic or DNA mapping is the process of “assigning genes to specific chromosomes.” 4 Thus, “genetic linkage maps determine where one genetic locus is relative to another based on how often they are inherited together.” 5 In efforts to study the organization of human DNA, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was created. 6 The HGP was designed as an international research project to unite the efforts of researchers and create a complete map related to the human genome. The decoding process included three stages: the sequence of nitrogenous bases
The Melbourne story and Australian history The history of any nation can be traced on different levels. For instance, the history of Australia can be considered through the story of one of the Australian cities. Admittedly, Melbourne is one of the most meaningful Australian cities in terms of history as has often become a center of Australian life, political, economic, cultural, etc. Crotty and Roberts (2009) stress that the very approach to understanding Australian history has changed significantly and now lots of significant events, trends, and people acquire historians’ attention. This change is apparent for visitors of the exhibition The Melbourne Story which is now on in the Museum of Victoria. This exhibition displays the development of the city and it also reveals major milestones in the development of Australia. It is possible to take a closer look at each part of the exhibition to learn more about the history of the nation. The meeting place The exhibition starts by telling the story of the events that took place in the 19830s-1850s. That was the period of massive immigration and the development of the European ways of life (Macintyre 2009). New cities with streets, houses, municipal buildings appeared at that time. This was also the period of industrialization and the cultivation of new lands. European continued exploring the continent and they kept interacting with aboriginal people. Noteworthy, the exhibition has a number of items that bear historical, cultural, and even emotional value. One of these items is a canoe that dates back to the 1850s. It is believed that the canoe was stored by a collector ( Yarra canoe n.d.). This item is a great illustration of the way some Australians treated pieces of aboriginal culture. It becomes clear that many Australians of the middle of the 19 th century respected and tried to preserve some traits of aboriginal culture. The town of gold The next landmark is the gold rush in Australia which took place in the 1850-1880s. Blainey (2009) stresses that it was a time of fast development, great empowerment and significant poverty at the same time. Admittedly, thousands of people rushed to Australia in their search for their fortune. This led to the rapid development of the new colony. Railroads, roads, buildings, towns were built at that period of time. Noteworthy, lots of people did find enough gold to start a new business and become wealthy. Though, the majority of gold miners came back to big cities in their search of jobs. It is also important to add that men significantly outnumbered women at that period and this led to the rise of criminal activity, alcohol abuse, and the development of prostitution. The exhibition has a very valuable artifact that reveals the exhil
Introduction In the article, Making Limbs from Fins, Scheider and Shubin investigate the genetic transformations involved in the evolution of fish fins into limbs. The findings support the views presented by paleontologist Jenny Clack in the video, Evolution: “Great Transformations”. Clack studied tetrapods structures and found evidence supporting the development of limbs from fish fins. The researchers also acknowledged the validity of genetic clues presented by Hogenboom in the article, Genetic clue to how limbs evolved from fins. Article Review The research evaluates the possibility of using the transformation genetics of fish fins to develop new limbs on a fish (Scheider et al. 1121). The researchers claim that the Devonian period culminated in the realization of two noteworthy innovations that led to the formation of the tetrapod limbs. The theoretical framework is enhanced using studies published by credible researchers. The article focuses on the structure of fin rays, which are subject to the transformations of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Secretions from the AER are responsible for limb proximodistal growth. However, the growth is suspended during digit patterning in order to form fin folds. Schneider et al. consider 5 ’Hoxd gene expression extensively responsible for digit formation (1121). The article predicts that the second phase of 5 ’Hoxd gene expression may help in explaining the origin of the autopod. Additionally, emphasis is placed on a study conducted by Freitas and colleagues in 2012 on hoxd13a- overexpression. In the Freitas et al. research, zebrafish was used to test the effect of the hoxd13a gene in the fin development stages. Additionally, the researchers introduced the hormone dexamethasone to induce hoxd13a over-expression and to examine its impact on the fold formation. Overexpression of the gene was associated with the development of an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton is responsible for limb formation. The article demonstrates the significant relationship between gene overexpression and formation of distal limbs. The analysis shows that previous studies have been consistent with the longstanding theories of fin to limb evolution. In fact, the researchers referred to other studies involving gene expressions of hoxa13b , cyp26b1 , and pea3 that produced similar results to the hoxd13a overexpression (Scheider et al. 1121). The findings show that a reverse evolution process can be carried out on fish embryos to demonstrate how fins developed into limbs. However, the article claims that the evidence from previous studies cannot be substantial without emphasizing on cell proliferation. The work of Freitas et al. is associated with noteworthy findings on limb evolution. In fact, the article lists evidences from the over-expression research, which promote all evolution principles presented in the transformation theories. The last section proposes the need for advanced research in shared gene components during the formation of fins and limbs
Introduction Recommender systems have generated various benefits to both consumers and product providers, especially now with the emergence and popularity of the internet. Technological advancement has to some extent provided the backdrop for recommender systems. Emerging technologies (iPod, iPhones, and other Mac products) have provided the necessity of recommenders. Without this, downloads of music can have some difficulties. Recommenders have a wide range of applications that include movies, television, and music, to name a few. First of all, what are recommenders? Recommender systems provide recommendations on items to consumers. Consumers can have access to so many items on sale over the internet and recommender systems are there to help them make the right choice or pick according to their liking after they have inputted their data in the system. When consumers purchase items, they provide data according to their purchases, product ratings, user profiles, and likes or dislikes of items, goods, and other consumer products. This information is then processed for comparison in the systems’ databases by software that uses a type of algorithm. Recommender systems have become a popular technique to prune large information spaces so that users are directed toward those items that best meet their needs and preferences. (Li and Kim, 2004, p. 100) Recommenders are intelligent systems that employ prediction techniques to determine what is and what is not interesting by learning from the user and sometimes other users. Recommenders use techniques such as information filtering, social filtering, genre-based recommendations, case-based reasoning, and item-filtering (Setten et al., 2004, p. 13). There are hybrid recommenders too which are combinations of two or more recommender systems and which work by combining collaborative and content-based algorithms. Recommenders help users to locate and choose items on sale. In the Amazon store for example, as users browse for books, they are guided by a recommender phrase that says: Customers who bought this item also bought… A push of the button can lead to choosing and picking other items of the customer’s liking. Recommenders are more beneficial if organizations share their resources (i.e. products and customer database) and recommendations boundlessly (i.e. apply recommendation systems on to inter-organizational level), and more importantly, the great business value might be generated during the resource sharing process among the organizations (Weng et al., 2004, p. 32). This means to say that organizations or business should not isolate their databases or the vast information they have acquired from customers. By sharing their databases, a whole lot more benefits can be derived from it. Methodology This brief paper will analyze and examine how recommenders work and their positive purposes in present-day businesses using different technologies and the internet. First, we delve into the techn
Introduction Church has always played an important place in people’s lives. However, the extent of the impact is different for all people and communities. Whereas there are individuals who cannot imagine their existence without a religious component, there are also people who hardly even think about the role of religion in their lives (Rice 17). One of the aspects that can alter citizens’ opinions about church is the involvement of various services and programs promoted by religious organizations in the promotion of communities’ spirituality. The aim of the paper is to investigate the efforts of church services and programs in the advancement of a spiritual community. The Spiritual Relevance of Building a Community In the modern world with numerous problems and temptations, it is becoming harder and harder for churches to unite people around the notion of following Christ. However, it is their highest mission to overcome these difficulties and become places where communities can gather and unite rather than misunderstand and avoid. In his book, Crabb suggests the points that can be employed to evolve the structure of church as a relevant community-building resource:   * to create a safe place where people can face both the ugliness and the beauty of this life;   * to foresee what the Spirit can do and experience “the pains of childbirth” while people anticipate for Christ to be conceived in one another;   * to differentiate Flesh Dynamics so that individuals could despise and discard them, and to detect Spirit Dynamics to cultivate and discharge them;   * to pour “what is alive” in every person into others to reinforce hope about the vision’s possibility to be accomplished and to touch one another with the power of Christ living in individuals (Crabb). Overall, spirituality has a prominent place in building a community and creating multiple ties across it, as well as establishing the appropriate ethical code and defining acceptable behaviors in it. Thus, the integration of spirituality in creating a community, as well as building the very foundation on which a community stands is imperative. Spiritual Community as Recovery Facilitator It is also noteworthy that the introduction of spirituality into a community is likely to result in the enhancement of the healing process. Namely, the recovery stage, which allows one to explore one’s spiritual side and address the trauma that one may have experienced in the past, becomes possible once the notion of spirituality becomes deeply engrained into the community. According to Borneman and Puchalski, the inclusion of spiritual ideas and principles into the community context allows broadening the perspective of its members and approaching the issues that may have had a profound impact on their mental and physical health. Namely, the authors emphasi
This is a great feature in the world. It is in the list of the most scenery worldwide. The formation of the Grand Canyon “ Grand Canyon formation occurred an exceedingly long time ago. However, no one is pretty sure of how its formation took place. Nevertheless, geologists come up with some guesses about this. Some say that there was a combination of some forces that led to its formation. One strong suggestion is that there was erosion who’s the main cause was water and wind. Other forces that also contributed to the formation of the Grand Canyon are; volcanism, continental drift, some vibrations in the orbit of the earth and many others. Water had an immense impact on Grand Canyon since it occupies the largest percentage of the world’s space. This becomes a complicated issue especially because the Grand Canyon is found in the desert. The soil that is in the canyon is extremely hard and does not absorb water whenever it rains. This is what makes it truly evident that water caused that erosion. Another cause is water in the form of ice. When it is hot, the rocks in canyon crack. After this, during the cold season, the water freezes inside the rocks. This causes expansion of rocks. As a result, the rocks may fall, which in most cases leads to the formation of a landscape in the canyon. The origin of the Grand Canyon rocks Geologists come up with a conclusion that the rocks formation was from the combination of forces like continental drift, and volcanism. The earth is not