ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction IMF is supposedly meant to institute mitigation measures to resuscitate failing economies in the global arena. The institution of IMF was based on the need to have a harmonised and balanced economic growth in the globe. However, certain policy decisions regarding world economies have been put into sharp criticism. Whether these decisions are advertently meant to “demolish” certain economies or not, is debatable. The fact, nonetheless, is that certain policy decisions of IMF have incessantly generated many doubts concerning the role of the body in achieving the perceived mandate. A case study is the financial crisis in East Asia in the 1990s. Several analysts have doubts regarding the commitment of the institution in establishing a strong pillar for economic growth in the global political economy. Many pundits concur that other than its “superficial” role in the maturation of the global financial systems; the institution has several covert intentions that inherently undermine the cardinal roles for which it was instituted (Love 32). This paper will try to explain the role of IMF in the East Asia crisis of 1990s; in addition, the discourse will elucidate these other clandestine agendas in the context of global economies. IMF and the East Asia crisis: “interventional catastrophe or negligence?” Liberalization of the market is very noble in modern economies; a liberal market is dependent on market forces to insulate itself against the inclement of economic forces. However, the decision to liberalize a market when the economy is under “duress” is suicidal. The IMF proposed very elaborate structural changes so that the markets of most of the economies in the East Asia block remain “laissez-faire.” The need to regulate the economic climate is very splendid during hard times. Interest rates must be tamed; government borrowing both in the domestic and external market strata must be regulated. Trade vagaries too must be synchronized during these epochs of economic pressures (Truman 118). The government has a responsibility of instituting the necessary fiscal and monetary policies to manage both the macroeconomic and the microeconomic climates during the economic constraints. However, the IMF ordered for the liberalization of the East Asian economy with the hope of the market stabilizing by itself; the result of this decision was adverse; it worsened the already volatile situation. The writer asserts that the simplistic solution that the IMF proposed was due to the ignorance on the economic issues in the region. Initially, the severity of the economic slump was not anticipated to last for long, no wonder the IMF proposed to make the financial market more “broad-minded” (Stiglitz 111). The writer asserts that the bailout programme by the IMF was rather reactionary and did not offer any long-term framework for the regional economies to stabilize. The effects of the bailout plan were not intended to resuscitate the microeconomic ambience, but rather an avenue of lifting out the international banks and huge multinational institutions out of the crises. IMF propo
Introduction Healthcare managers play a great role in supporting the day-to-day running of activities in their respective units. They take many responsibilities including coordinating, planning, and directing practitioners, groups, and departments. Managers serve in diverse hospital settings including specialized clinical areas and human resources. To achieve their objectives, they are expected to collaborate across disciplines, support talent development, as well as manage finances and budget. Moreover, they address the needs of the medical team and develop strategies to support the achievement of business operations (Guo, 2020). Healthcare management’s scope tends to change based on the level of authority, responsibilities, and activities of the unit. This paper intends to describe the different functions of healthcare managers including planning, organizing, staffing, controlling, directing, and forecasting, and maintaining their high performance. Planning Healthcare managers are expected to develop a detailed action plan to facilitate the achievement of the goals, provision of quality services to patients, and the accomplishment of the ultimate organizational goals. The planning process should focus on enhancing day-to-day activities towards the achievement of both short-term and long-term goals (Guo, 2020). The process is an ongoing step that varies depending on the organizational, division, and team goals. Managers are required to consider priority and urgent activities and prioritize them before others. Organizing Organizing involves the determination of how resources should be distributed and workers managed based on the plan. It involves defining the amount of work to be done and the distribution of resources to support the achievement of targets (Dunn, 2021). The function comes with many activities including assigning work, delegating authority, and offering direction to juniors. They offer guidance that enables everyone to understand their requirements and work hard towards the achievement of the ultimate organizational goals. Staffing Heath managers are involved in the employment and motivation of workers to facilitate the smooth flow of activities. The staffing process has many steps including recruitment, training, selection, orientation, and development. They coordinate with the Human Resource (HR) manager to identify the required skills, qualifications, and experience of workers to be recruited (Dunn, 2021). They are involved in the interviewing of new employees to ensure that the best candidates are selected. Healthcare managers train and motivate new workers to ensure that they develop the necessary skills to accomplish the assigned tasks. Moreover, these managers are expected to create a favorable environment and motivate workers to show commitment Leading Managers are expected to become role models for their juniors and inspire them to become more committed and determined. Leading others entails communicating, motivating, encouraging, influencing, and guiding others. This means that managers should assist those requiring support and solve problems affect
Introduction Islamic logic is a philosophical concept in Islamic theology and philosophical beliefs that guided great philosophers in achieving wisdom for them to understand philosophical and theological problems such as nature of humanity, existence of universe and societal ethics. Islamic philosophy does not only deal with the religious issues of Muslims, but also educational issues as philosophers want to unravel all mysterious in universe and society. In ancient times, Islamic philosophers obtained their philosophical beliefs and ideologies from Greek philosophy, Indian philosophy, oriental philosophy, and the Quran. Combination of the diverse philosophical ideologies resulted into Islamic logic, which has made marked contribution in the Islamic philosophy. “Historians of logic have long recognized that the medieval Muslim philosophers and philosophical theologians rendered variously as rationalist theologians, dialectical theologians and the ‘scholastics’ of Islam made some interesting contributions to the history of logic” (Corazzon 4). The Islamic logic flourished between 8 th and 12 th centuries culminating into Islamic Golden Age that revolutionized Islamic philosophy and theology. Great philosophers like Al Kindi (801-813), Al Farabi (872-951) Avicenna Sina (980-1037) and Averroes Rushd (1126-1198) made significant contribution in the evolution of Islamic logic. Therefore, this essay examines evolution of Islamic logic and Islamic theologians who made significant contribution in the Islamic theology. Evolution of Islamic Logic Islamic logic is very important in modern philosophy because it forms part of the evolution of philosophical logic in the world of philosophy. Great Muslim philosophers and theologians concertedly worked together during the 8 th and 15 th centuries leading to the development of the philosophy. As aforementioned, in the ancient times, Muslim philosophers and theologians relied on Greek philosophy, Indian philosophy, oriental philosophy and the Holy Quran in establishing Islamic philosophy with logic being the central aspect. Corazzon argues that, “when the Greek logical works were handed to the Muslim scholars in translation in and after the 9th century A.D., they studied them thoroughly and critically and wrote commentaries upon them” (8). The commentaries have now become part of Islamic logic that revolutionized Islamic philosophy during the 12 th century when theologians came up with novel philosophical ideologies. Muslim philosophers delved on life’s mysteries such as existence, creation, human nature, determinism, and divine knowledge using logic. Logicians and theologians worked together in establishing philosophical ideologies that has become cornerstone in the modern philo
The above-provided photo (taken in the movie-theater) features the poster of the 2015 film Trainwreck. The film itself tells the story of Amy Townsend, a young woman who works as a journalist for the men’s magazine S’nuff , while defying the patriarchal conventions about what it assumed to account for the ‘proper’ pattern of a woman’s behavior (‘emphasized femininity’). As Ritzer noted: “Emphasized femininity is a set of socially constructed ideas that accommodates to the interests of men and patriarchy and involves the compliance of females” (340). Given the film’s discursive significance, concerned with exploring the theme of women’s emancipation, the poster’s explicitly and implicitly conveyed semiotics do make much sense. The most notable of them is the image of the character of Amy, who drinks some hard liquor straight from the bottle, wrapped in a paper bag – in the same way that it is being usually the case with hardened alcoholics/homeless bums. Right behind Amy, we get to see the image of a man wearing a tuxedo (presumably Amy’s boyfriend) with the expression of emotional shock on his face. Apparently, the director deliberately strived to emphasize that the twists of the film’s plot explore different aspects of what happens, once a particular individual goes about rediscovering its sense of self-identity in the manner inconsistent with his or her gender-based social role. In its turn, this was meant to increase the film’s value as a comedy. In this respect, the poster’s main comical effect is concerned with implying that that the physiological particulars of one’s gender-affiliation are not always reflective of the specifics of his or her ‘mental wiring’ – something that brings about the notion of ‘transgender’. According to Ritzer: “Gender identity (of transsexual individuals) does not conform to the sex to which they were assigned at birth and move across the gender line in behavior” (340). After all, there is indeed a clearly defined dissonance between Amy’s strongly feminine looks, on one hand, and her emotional comfortableness with indulging in drinking (as if she could not care less about the fact that this was making her less attractive in the eyes of men), on the other. Moreover, it is not only that the discussed poster depicts Amy as a woman who used to give very little thought to whether she is being perceived as the legitimate object of men’s sexual desire or not, but also as some
Summary Elyn Saks’s novel The Center Cannot Hold chronicles the author’s struggle with schizophrenia and describes the difficulties that people with mental disorders face. Learning from the experiences of people living with mental illness helps healthcare professionals improve their understanding of mental disorders’ characteristics and treatment. Hence, this paper will analyze the novel The Center Cannot Hold , study the symptoms and manifestation of mental illness, and ways to manage it. The Character’s Diagnosis The author describes her symptoms as he gets older and the disease progresses. Saks (2007) began to show active signs of disorder in adulthood, the main one of which was the belief in “faceless creature from the sky,” which were evil and put on her mind thoughts that she was evil. In the acute stages of psychosis, Saks also experienced nightmares, fantasies, and hallucinations had confused speech and were unable to take care of herself because she lost her sense of reality. The woman was also prone to impulsive behavior and actions. For instance, once, she ran out into the snowy and icy street with a blanket pretending to fly (Saks, 2007). In most cases of psychosis, Saks (2007) describes feelings of fear, disorganization, agitation, and suicidal thoughts. For example, she believes that she kills people with her thoughts and that death can solve her problem because evil like her does not deserve to live (Saks, 2007). Delusions and hallucinations interfere with the personal and work relationships of a woman as, during periods of exacerbations, she cannot concentrate on work and study, she is afraid to enter into romantic relationships due to her diagnosis, and is also forced to hide her thoughts and feelings from most friends. For example, one day, Saks (2007) thinks that her friend is an impostor and refuses to communicate with him. However, when the acute phase ended, the woman could study or work and have a social life, even when the obsessive thoughts from the creatures from the sky did not disappear. All these signs, according to DSM-5, indicate a diagnosis of schizophrenia (Table 1). Table 1. Diagnosis Table for Saks’s Schizophrenia DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria                                     Character’s Symptoms                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Characteristic symptoms:                                      • Saks (2007) experiences delusions, seeing various creatures in the sky and considering that they want to attack her (p. 155).                                                                                                         * delusions                                                 • She hears the voices of people that do n
The history of motion capture dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century when Eadweard Muybridge introduced it in his “Animal Locomotion” study that examined the way in which birds moved. In its definition, motion capture relates to the analysis and expression of human movements in terms of mathematics. Motion capture found its application in a variety of areas, including human-computer interactions, biomechanics, as well as computer animation. The accomplishment of motion capture can occur with the use of optical, electro-mechanical, or magnetic technologies. While nowadays methods of motion capture consist of the use of cumbersome passive markers worn by the subjects, the previous methods of motion capture were even more complicated. On the other hand, the study conducted by Sundaresan (2005) offers an innovative way of motion capture that does not entail the use of markers; instead, the pose of the subject is estimated through the use of cameras installed around the subject (p. 1). Muybridge’s study that introduced motion capture consisted of recordings taken from multiple cameras which took subjects’ photographs in order to present visualized material on how movement occurs. The experiment was conducted in an open shed equipped with three batteries consisting of twelve cameras positioned at different angles. Each battery of cameras took one photo simultaneously, making three photos overall per one shot. Etienne-Jules Marey also explored the principle of motion capture – he used one camera in order to record images used to then make mathematical measurements. Sports medicine, medical studies, cinema, and video games animation, human-computer interactions have all included the use of human body pose estimation. The task of making estimations using a great number of algorithms is quite complicated and ambiguous. What also adds to the complication of the process is the image segmentation into multiple body parts, which are under the possibility of being self-occluding. However, without the analysis of different human body types, this process is impossible. Therefore, there is a high need for the use of a number of different cameras that will be beneficial for dealing with kinematic singularities as well as occlusion. In general terms, the majority of computer vision algorithms are targeted at applications that only require the poses’ approximate estimations (Sundaresan, 2005, p. 2). Additionally, such algorithms assume the availability of parameters related to the human body model. Thus, the complicated structure of human beings’ bodies makes the tracking of the motions a complex process. When ca
Introduction In nearly all civilizations, individuals possess certain traits and attributes that are regarded as meaningful to their day-to-day interactions with others as they represent their deeply held priorities, concerns and driving forces. Communities share values of what they think is right or wrong, reasonable or unreasonable, legitimate or illegitimate, among others, in the process engendering trust and commitment that enables them to function as a social system. The shared values link members of a particular community together (Granger 1993, p. 40). In equal measure, every organization has definite core convictions and passions about its undertakings, and about how the work gets to be done (Padaki 2000, p. 420). These core convictions become organizational values when they are transformed into comparatively enduring organizational practices. Values, either positive or negative, exist in every organization, and its management is a significant strategic mission since it defines the organization’s chances of success or failure. It is the purpose of this paper to critically evaluate the role organizational values play in influencing the process of employee recruitment and retention Definitions Many scholars and organizational theorists readily agree to the assertion that the term ‘values’ should be viewed in two ways – individual attributes and organization’s shared beliefs (Padaki 2000, p. 421). According to Padaki, “since the basis is in the organization of an individual’s belief system, the correct and precise meaning of the term value is an individual attribute” (p. 422). Organizations are made up of a collection of employees with individual value systems. To develop organizational values, organizations must have the capacity to initiate considerable agreement on individual value systems in the hope of demonstrating a recognizable organizational identity or overlap the diverse value systems exhibited by employees into a small set of consistent values, otherwise known as organizational value system (Padaki 2000, p. 422). Consequently, organizational values can be defined as “an enduring organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct or end-states among a continuum of relative importance” (Seevers 2000, p 70). Organizational values describe the most critical concepts or belief systems that highlight acceptable codes of behaviour by employees. Indeed, the values are indicative of fundamental aspects of work believed to be of primary importance to the effective functioning of an enterprise. Origins of Organizational Values The subject of organizational values is increasingly understood as an organization’s critical asset that can be utilized effectively to further its competitive advantage. However, the origin of the values is not as clear as its objectives due to the fact that they are relative to different cultures and time periods in the realm of history (Boudon 2001, p. 35). According to systematic studies conducted by management theorist Ralph Stogdill in the mid-twentieth century, devotion to organizational values was not considered as a management technique by then (Graber & Kilpatrick 2008, p. 183).
Identification of Problems The key problem presented in this case refers to the difference between the American and Japanese cultures, which caused misunderstanding and confusion during the negotiations. In particular, both verbal and non-verbal communication types proved to be different. The American business ethics is based on a direct communication style, the main purpose of which is the exchange of information, facts, and opinions (Holliday, Kullman, & Hyde, 2016). On the contrary, the Japanese business culture can be characterized by subtlety, a focus on appearance and manner and speaking, as well as relationships. Analysis and Evaluation The manner of business communication is the key barrier to successful negotiations in this case. If essential importance is attached to what is being said in the US, it is how and when issues are most valued in Japan. The American business persons immediately get down to business without waste time on introductory topics and courtesy exchanges (Holliday et al., 2016). If a conflict arises, they resolve it directly and openly. When Tim tried to reduce the price and achieve the approval of Mr. Kusushi, he failed, which caused anxiety and misunderstanding. On the part of the Japanese, such behavior might seem like a violation of business communication. The explanation can be found in terms of the concept of avoiding conflicts: the Japanese prefer to avoid them and think for a long time to make a correct decision. Since Tim was not aware of this point, he thought that the potential supplier wants to decrease the price. The American business school is based on a strong emphasis on personal initiative and achievement. Individual competence, professionalism, and responsibility for individual achievements are highly valued: to call someone incompetent in the American business environment is tantamount to insulting. In their turn, the Japanese are more inclined to be focused on the common interest, which is driven by collectivist orientations (Holden, Michailova, & Tietze, 2015). They have been taught not a strict logic of thinking, not grammar with its rules, but a subtle language of politeness. The Japanese often avoid directly refusing and perceiving consent as a virtue. Therefore, when Tim pressed Mr. Kusushi at work and continued to do so during the evening, he smiled and said “yes” (Holden et al., 2015). In addition, the handshakes and touching business partners, which is a widespread way to show commitment, are not accepted in Japan. Nevertheless, the fuzziness of the Japanese style of communication is pr