ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To begin with, the world economy is versatile and volatile. The development of a country is a process which should be constant and with clear perspectives. People try to simplify these processes to make their life easy, but still there are many facets of the economic growth of the country. The United States of America represents a model of intermutual actions between various factors which influence the picture of a country’s well-being. On the whole, one cannot but realize that productivity of the population is the main means for its progress. To work out the point of wages increase and the effect of such measures, it is useful to appeal to the article by David R. Henderson “If Only Most Americans Understood”. Here the author gives some pieces of information about possible minimum wage increases from $5.15 to $7.79 per hour, the reasons and repercussions of such a measure. First, there must be an explanation about the way such innovations lead. A man can work trying to earn as more money as it is possible to keep his life and to support his family. While working a man also thinks over the products prices or services needed, so that to detach a definite sum of money out of the wages. The initiative of the Congress to increase current wages up to $7.79 seems for many people senseless and useless as well. The congressmen are trying to implement something new or the population by means of technical change of the wages. It stays clear and benevolent, but there is another problem as of the situation when the prices grow up with such increase of wages. Another problem is that plenty of the employers cannot pay their employees. The answer remains unanswered: Would it be great and convenient to set up wages? What are the hypothetico effects of such innovation? Are people aware of the current increased wages? Even if they understand that this will cause them to pay higher prices on goods and services, they see that as a worthwhile price to pay. But economists of various political stripes tend to oppose the minimum wage. We understand that it will help only a subset of the people it is thought to help, and will help them only a little — while hurting some of them a lot. (WSJ, 2006) The situation is no-brain because politics providing people with this novation do not mention the mechanism of its realization strictly regarding the idea of general improvement of life in the US. As people are not fully aware of the real reasons for the issue they apply such actions without any doubt. The reason is that many providers of such measures are involved in the system of beneficiation by means of people’s agreement with them. Another thing is that “Raising the minimum wage by a substantial amount would price working poor people out of the job market.” (WSJ, 2006) People do not even understand the result of the salary increase. It has
The psychology of learning is a term that describes hypothetical methodical discipline. The term ‘learning’ is used to depict a course that relies on knowledge and is a reason for long-term adjustment in the potential in a manner of conducting oneself. In contrast to a substantial behavior, attitude potential defines the feasible pattern of actions of an individual (Kurtz 81). Learning psychology is based on the presumption that the surroundings, accustoming, support and various other factors give psychotherapists a suggestion towards interpreting of human nature and demeanor. “As opposed to short-term changes in behavior potential (caused e.g. by fatigue) learning implies long term changes. As opposed to long-term changes caused by aging and development, learning implies changes related directly to experience”. (“Psychology of Learning” par. 2) There are different theories regarding the psychology of learning; moreover, they have been categorized into four extensive prospects. These are behaviorism, cognitive theory, humanistic perspective and social aspect (“Learning Theories Site Map” par. 4). Behaviorist theory aims its attention towards the detectable behavior. The example is a positive reinforcement of a child learning to walk. According to the cognitive theory, learning is considered to be an entirely cerebral or neurological mechanism (Muehlenkamp 125). A dancer who expects the applauses of the audience as a positive reinforcement is an example. Humanistic perspective claims that learning is not essentially mental; affection and feelings alter the process of learning. The example is family therapy. And last but not the least, social aspect shows that a person is learning better in class exercises or group activities rather than separately. The example is a child observing the behavior of group characters on TV. “I
In his intriguing story an occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, Ambrose Bierce expound on the impact of civil war in America. Intuitively, he highlights the effect of hanging on the conscience of an individual. The law has convicted Peyton Farquhar to hanging because of his attempt to destroy a bridge. Due to the conviction, Farquhar experiences both psychological and emotional imbalance. Therefore, through his professional and educational background as a military officer, Bierce applies realism as the significant writing style in his article. The next discussion not only defines realism and naturalism but also authenticates realism as the major element used in Bierce’s story. Realism is a form of writing style whereby the author uses his experience or observations in his/her contemporary times to compose a story, poem or any other form of literature. Most of the realistic literature materials encompass actual events, genuine observations and absolute truth. For instance, in his story, Bierce gives specific details of the setting of the story, which is during the civil war (actual) in Alabama. Furthermore, he provides a vivid description of Peyton’s death, which the soldiers accomplish by the use of ropes and rifles. On the other hand, naturalism is an element of writing style, which lacks any form of artificiality. Alluded from the word ‘nature’ literal naturalism promotes humanity, justice, morality, and lets nature to take its course. For example, Bierce’s story lacks naturalism mainly because the death of Peyton is artificial and thus, does not occur by natural means. Therefore, the element of realism is evident in Bierce’s story because he vividly outlines every detail of the war, military personnel and the subsequent impact of defiance. The first incidence of realism is the description of the death of Peyton. Bierce writes out every detail that entails the hanging of a criminal. According to Bierce, “The man’s hands were behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely encircled his neck” (Bierce 1). Also, there was “stout cross-timber above his head and the slack feel to the level of his knees” (Bierce 1). The ability of Bierce to give every detail and physical painting of Peyton picture before his death makes the story realistic. Secondly, the setting of the story is in the 1870s the period when Americans were experiencing civil war. Moreover, as a soldier who had fought during the civil war, he authenticated his observations through literal writing. Thirdly, Bierce gives a clear picture of the soldiers by describing both their military wear and the guns especially when they are ready to accomplish their duty. Finally, before the execution of Peyton, he undergoes emotional and psychological, which leads him to have illusions (Bierce 3-4). In reality, this is the effects a person who is about to face immature death will experience. Based on the evidence mentioned above Bierce’s story falls under the classification of realism. In conclusion, realism and naturalism are two writing styles that were common in Americ
Cultural Background The family consists of four members: the father of the family is John Smith, the mother is Fang Smith; they have two children – Michelle aged eleven, and Paul aged eight. As you can see, Fang is Chinese by origin and her native culture is Chinese. She came to America to the University and met John here. They got married and now have two children that are full-fledged members of American society and genuine representatives of American culture. Now Fang is 34 years old. She can be considered Chinese American except for her environment which is full of Chinese national cultural ornaments and figures, according to the Friedman Family Assessment Model (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2006, p. 335). Cultural and Religious Orientation and Extent of Acculturation Language and Cultural Identity The self-identified ethnic background by Fang is Chinese American as she thinks that the level of acculturation is comparably high, while other family members identify themselves as Americans including children. The language spoken in the family is English; Fang does not use her mother tongue while communicating with her children; so, they do not know Chinese. However, sometimes, she can sing in Chinese when she is sad or happy but mostly when she is alone. Other family members speak the English language only. The country of origin of the interviewed member of this family is in china, though she has lived in the United States for 16 years. The children of the interviewed member are Chinese Americans of the second generation. However, they identify themselves as Americans as they were born in the USA. The family’s social network includes two different ethnic groups with diverse cultural roots. “Chinese American individual may nod head to indicate yes or shake head to indicate no. Excessive eye contact indicates rudeness” (Giger & Davidhizar, 2004, p. 15). Residence and Activities The family of the interviewed member lives in the residence which is not a part of a homogenous neighborhood. They live in a calm suburban area that cannot be considered the one enriching cultural diversity of its inhabitants. Religious aspects, as well as cultural ones, vary within the family under consideration. Fang does is not demand her children to be adherent to the religious aspects of Chinese traditions, though family traditional values are highly appreciated in this family. All rules established by parents are family-oriented. In this respect, children are not required to believe in something except their family and respect their forefathers’ traditions and moral values. Recreational and educational activities are pure/America and need no thorough explanation because Fang had come to the USA to study in college as well. Dietary Habits, Furnishings, and Family Roles The dietary habits include a mixture of common American dishes successfully combined with traditional Chinese foods that are served mainly on family holidays when all family members come together and recollect their forefathers. Besides, eating together is one of the family traditions taken from Fang’s original culture. Groceries are freq
Verbal dyspraxia is a developmental problem in children when they experience problems with speech. One characteristic problem of children with this developmental disability is that they are unable to speak without thinking in between words. It is important to note that this problem does not arise because of the physiological problems, such as malfunctioning of mouth and tongue muscles (Edyburn, 2003, p. 20). This problem makes their speech to be unintelligible as they cannot speak continuously in a flow. Children with this problem require early specialist’s attention to address the complication to avoid disturbance in their learning process. Some of the characteristics include a limitation of the range of consonant and vowel speech sounds, used favorite articulation, vowels’ distortions, inconsistency in speech, poor sequencing of words. More precisely, as length of the word, phrase or sentence increases, errors of omission and substitution (idiosyncratic substitutions may occur), voice difficulties, resonance difficulties affecting the tone of the speech, prosodic difficulties affecting rate, stress, rhythm and intonation also grow. Another problem Ann is experiencing is a writing problem. Writing itself is a very complex process. It involves both the motor aspects of handwriting and the cognitive component of creating or composing written material (Bateman & Herr, 2003). This is a replication of verbal dyspraxia as the speech problem replicates itself to the written material. Owing to this fact, the written data will have the same prevalent characteristics in verbal dyspraxia. These problems can be faced by using assistive technology to help the child overcome the challenges. Handwriting is another problem that Ann is facing. Handwriting consists of visual perception, neuromuscular abilities, motor skills, cognition and social emotional factors (Graham & Weintraub, 1996). Coordination of all these factors is also important. Students with such a disability like Ann may require assistive technology to boost their learning and presentation skills. Visual perception refers to the ability to infer from information taken through the eyes. Neuromuscular abilities enable one to combine muscle strength and postural control; motor skills let the assimilation and interpretation of information trigger appropriate motor response. Cognitive skills give one an opportunity to write a composition while social and emotional factors enable the student to keep up to date as he/she faces difficulties in writing. The UDL solutions chart below represents the possible solutions to these difficulties. Deriving UDL Solutions Materials & Methods  Potential Barriers/ Missed Opportunities                         UDL Solutions                                                                                                                                                 * Visual and physical fatigue                                    * Highlight specific words for easy reading
Communication challenges This part illustrates at least three barriers or challenges to communication. First of all, one can speak about the differences in attitudes and perceptions of the interlocutors. The guest, Mrs. Richards believes that her needs have to be of the utmost priority to the receptionist and other personnel of the hotel. In her turn, the receptionist thinks that her main duty is to attend to another customer who asked for her assistance first. Their main problem is that they do not try to put themselves into each other’s position. This is the main reason why they cannot understand one another. This video also exemplifies linguistic communication barriers. They are particularly important if we speak about the conversation between Manuel and Mrs. Richards. This case shows how foreign words can be misinterpreted by the listener. If we apply the communication process model to this situation, we can say that these interlocutors have no common way of encoding oral messages, and non-verbal communication cannot overcome this linguistic barrier. Thirdly, it is quite possible to mention physical challenges to communication. Probably, Mrs. Richards has hearing impairments, but such a possibility has been overlooked by the receptionist. Each of these challenges can disrupt communication. Moreover, they can give a person a false idea about the intentions and views of the interlocutor. This is the reason why they have to be avoided. Effective communication and promotion of good organizational behavior This part demonstrates that effective communication is essential for promoting good organizational behavior. First, the employees, who do not possess well-developed communication skills, can appear to be inattentive to the customers’ requests. It should be noted that the receptionist deliberately confronted two clients with one another to show Mrs. Richards that she is not the only visitor to the hotel. Such practice is hardly permissible for any service organization, including hotels. Secondly, the receptionist failed to take into account the age of the visitor and did not even try to be more patient. These examples show that effective communication is essential for good relations with customers. Furthermore, this scenario shows that language proficiency is crucial for effective interactions among employees. Manuel is unable to speak English, and he can hardly communicate either with his colleagues or clients. Thus, well-developed communication skills are vital for quick and effective interactions between co-workers. In turn, the absence of these skills leads
Introduction The tug-of-war between cohabitation and marriage has been spawned by different interpretations of various twin sets of values, such as rights/needs, individualism/community, fear/hope, and freedom/love. Marriage is always looked upon as the ideal traditional relationship based on love (Waite et al., page 2) that fosters stable families and a stable society. On the other hand, cohabitation stands for liberty and independence (Civitas), where there is no restriction on adopting or changing life patterns that can be done with or without the agreement of the cohabiting partner (Waite et al., page 2). There are many negative effects associated with cohabitation First of all, the chances of persons living together before wedlock getting married to the same partner are very slim. A survey conducted by Columbia University discovered that only 26% of women and 19% of men ended up getting married to the person with whom they were living (Members.aol.com). This refutes the common perception that cohabitation is a stepping stone to marriage. The chances of cohabiting couples getting married are less because they fundamentally believe cohabitation is an ‘option’ to marriage and not a ‘preparation’ for marriage (Civitas). It is commonly found that males are less inclined to marry their female cohabiting partners as they look upon the relationship basically as a source of easily available sex that has no reflection on marriage plans. Secondly, couples cohabiting before marriage suffer higher rates of divorce after marriage. A survey in 2003 found that, within 2 years, 32.4% of marriages between earlier cohabiting couples ended in divorce, as compared to just 8.3% of marriages between couples who did not cohabit before wedlock. This trend is the result of many factors. Cohabiting couples are more non-conformist, and therefore end up being less committed to marriage as a societal custom. They are used to existing with an easy exit without many obligations while cohabiting; as a consequence, they face little difficulty in severing a marriage later if they find it inadequate. The second factor is that they place greater value on being independent and having lesser responsibilities . The third factor is their pessimistic conception of marriage that causes them to quickly resort to divorce when faced with marital problems (Larson). Thirdly, couples who cohabit before wedlock have unhappier marriages. Cohabiting couples are less happy emotionally because they are not linked to society as well as influential sources , who lend social and emotional assistance (Larson). Loss of parental support is another disadvantage to cohabiting couples. A survey of 309 newly married couples conducted by the National Council of Family Relations discovered that those couples who lived together before wedlock found their level of happiness had dropped after marriage, the most commonly cited problem being a reduction in the general standard of communication. The survey concluded that it is not feasible to use physical relationships as a proper basis on which to e
Introduction After conducting thorough evaluation on a short video by Amy Cuddy the researcher will assess how the speaker delivered the message to the audience; how the environment affected the effectiveness of the presentation; development of the speaker’s content and the speaker’s delivery skills. The researcher will base the critique on fundamental principles of effective communication and presentation. Therefore, the study will begin by developing a theoretical framework on effective communication and presentation then proceed to apply the concepts to the scenario. For a good flow of the essay, refer to the brief outline above. Effective Presentation Researchers have noted that any presentation should be simple, precise and that technology should not play the bigger role. This is because the facilitator of any presentation hopes to have the entire audience recall the quality of his research and not the “PowerPoint wizardly” (Atwood 34). The facilitator should also take into consideration the logistics involved, for instance; the size of the hall where presentation takes place, time factor and other equipment such as microphone, internet facilities or connections and computers just to mention a few. In terms of disaster planning, the facilitator should take necessary precautions so as to avoid what could go wrong and instead take measures accordingly. The other point is the need for backup including usefulness for hard copies’ handouts that would cover the slides. Moreover, they should be legible (Atwood 38). The other consideration is that the facilitator should arrange the material body and ensure to address the main points. In addition, he should use concrete methods such as statistics, examples, comparisons and reiteration. In the same vein, there should be good organization of the material, for instance; the presenter ought to give a summary and put emphasis on the most salient points (Atwood 34). The other factor is format where this invites the facilitator to focus on the environment itself, such as the room. In this regard, if a dark room is used it should be accompanied with a dark background and light letters. In the same context, the slides should be conducted on a light background including radiant letters. The fonts should also be big enough, for instance, 32 points or more (Mandel 22). Use of graphs is highly recommended while doing presentation since it helps to capture attention of the audience. This is because use of accurate graphs help in driving home the facilitator’s points (Mandel 33). In terms of delivery skills for the presentation, the facilitator should ensure the voice is audible enough, eye contact is good, pr