ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The conflicts between the bureaucracies and the citizens affected by their new policies arise quite frequently. However, in the higher education sector, these issues are relatively novel. McCann and Perez-Pena (2016) describe the strike started by the faculty members of Pennsylvania state educational institutions: “Thousands of faculty members went on strike Wednesday at 14 Pennsylvania state colleges and universities — a rare escalation in higher education, but one that reflects increasingly widespread tensions between administrators and their faculties” (para. 1). They stress that the walkout situation is entirely new to the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and is also “one of a handful of faculty strikes around the country in recent years” (McCann and Perez-Pena, 2016, para. 2). The strike and its consequences can be used to illustrate the core concepts of public administration, such as bureaucracy, bureaucratic power, and accountability. Analysis The primary cause of the walkout was the unfairness of the working conditions of the faculty members. For instance, as McCann and Perez-Pena (2016) explain, unionized faculty members have been working without a contract since the end of June 2015. However, when new contracts were reached, the education workers found the new conditions unacceptable: low pay and benefits and the high price of health insurance were among the newly proposed conditions (McCan and Perez-Pena, 2016). As a result, “more than 5,000 professors and coaches at 14 institutions across the state with a combined enrollment of more than 100,000 students” (McCan and Perez-Pena, 2016, para. 5) went on strike for three days, until the tentative agreement was reached. In the end, even though “the union would not get raises as high as those of other unions representing state workers that recently settled contracts” (Mele, 2016, para. 6), the strike still managed to grant employees some raises and new ways to save on health care costs. So, how do the concepts of bureaucracy, bureaucratic power, and accountability apply to this example? As a structure that administers the workings of educational institutions on a state level, the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education is a bureaucracy. It has a certain sector of expertise (education), as well as governmental support, and thus it has bureaucratic power, which gives the System the right to enact new policies and regulations that affect the state education system and its citizens. Finally, accountability is defined by Milakovich and Gordon (2013) as “a political principle according to which agencies or organizations, such as those in government, are subject to some form of external control, causing them to give a general account of, and for, their actions” (p. 59). Clearly, the State System is accountable to higher administrative levels, for instance, the state government. However, it is also answerable to the citizens affected by its policies and regulations. Despite the fact that the citizens do not have any formal control over the State System, they can still influen
Culture is what distinguishes the human civilized society from other creatures existing in the world. It finds its reflection in many kinds of human activities, including art and communication. People have accumulated the knowledge, values, beliefs, and attitudes to the whole scope of objects they have ever known in the cultural heritage and have become inherently able to transmit it to successive generations who enrich and reconsider it according to the current situation and conditions in which they live. With the emergence of the global mass market, the means of communicating cultural values and appealing to them was found in the powerful tool of advertising that constitutes a powerful tool for these purposes nowadays. However, it is important to understand how cultural values have been changing throughout the 20th century and at the verge of the 21st century; exploring cultural artifacts in advertising may be highly helpful in finding cultural reflections of the modern epoch. Looking at the tendencies of emphasis change in advertising, one can draw the line the modern reality. It has developed greatly throughout the 20th century and at the present moment of time, it possesses enormous power of influence on the human mind, perception, and the system of attitudes’ formation. The present-day humankind represents the realm of consumers in the world market, which is essential for advertisers. For this reason, it is possible to find out much about modern opinions on such things as health and beauty as well as the changes that occurred within the field during the past century. Only by meeting the cultural standards posed for some products by the target customers, advertisers will manage to convince their customers that they need that very product as the alternative that will meet their demands the best. One can see the practical proof for this argument on the example of cosmetics advertisements taken from different periods of the company’s existence. The company taken as an example is Maybelline. The advertisement that was used to promote its cosmetics in 1952 can be seen in Figure 1. As one can see from the present advertisement, the Maybelline Company promoted intensive make-up that was able to make every woman much more impressive, remembered, and recognized. Taking this into consideration and looking at the picture of the ad, one can assume that unnatural beauty was more appreciated in the 1950s – women only started to use cosmetics in the post-war years, and the style of a woman was considered good in case she could use bright tones of lipstick, eyebrow liners, shades, etc. Women who did not use make-up or who wanted to seem natural were considered pale and uninteresting, so bright makeup was highly fas
Garbology Archaeology can be defined as the study of ancient remains in order to understand past human activities and lifestyles. This gives archaeology a close connection to history. Garbology on the other hand is a study that aims to give insight into people after studying their trash or refuse. Through garbology, one can be able to make conclusions about the lifestyles of those who dumped the trash. The main advantage garbology has over archaeology is that it provides actual evidence of people’s actions. This as opposed to archaeology where focus is on things people may have done. In this case, garbology was conducted on unknown occupants of an off campus apartment. Their week’s load of trash was investigated. No other information about the occupants was previously known. This is what was found in their trash; several juice boxes, several milk cartons, a number of half-eaten chips packets, an empty nut packet, and a can of hair product. There was also two condom wrappers, two cigarette stubs, two bottles of expensive wine, two used pens, an on old laptop bag, and several soda cans. In the trash bag, there was an unusually large amount of half-eaten bread products and several dozens of eggshells. There was also a lot of coffee residue on the trash. The first thing one seeks to find out about from this trash is the population of the occupants. The juice boxes found in the trash mostly came in instances of two. The number of eggshells is also indicative of the same thing. From this, one can conclude there are two occupants living in this apartment and they both happen to have similar schedules. The other thing that can be learnt about the occupants of this apartment is their feeding habits. The garbology reveals that the occupants only consume processed foods. This means that either they eat in restaurants or they exclusively consume processed foods. This also indicates that the occupants of this house are not much into home cooked meals. This could be because they lack cooking skills or they do not prefer it. Owing to the fact that there are instances when simpler meals like eggs and nuts have been cooked, the more logical deduction would be that the occupants of this house lack commendable culinary skills. According to this study, one can estimate that eggs and bread are consumed in this apartment almost daily. This implies that the occupants eat breakfast at home and it is mostly consisted of eggs and bread. The two bottles of wine found in the trash indicate the expensive taste of the occupants. Their assumed pricing of the wine implies the occupants have middle class tastes. The brands of their cereal and breads bags also support this view. In addition, the fact that they can afford to eat out on several occasions a week shows that they are not doing so bad financially. The condom wrappers indicate that either one or both occupants are sexually active. Condoms are also associated with short-term relationships meaning that one or both of the occupants may be in such a relationship. There are only two cigarette stubs. T
Introduction There are several programs that are related to nursing profession and they are affordable to nursing students. Hence, before anyone get into school, she or he need to know the type of nursing programs they wish to pursue in order to obtain the one that works best for them. For instance, if an individual has pursued an associate degree or is an associate nurse (AN) that takes two years and emphasizes on the technical skills rather than the theory, they are well placed to apply for Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). In addition, the associate degree permits them to be referred to as registered nurses (RN) and are in a position to faster than an individual with a BSN program, thus it works well for most of the students. Associate program requires one to volunteer in a certain hospital where they carry out their practices. This kind of study assists the nursing student in becoming competent in the area of health care provision. Main body However, BSN program is preferred by many nursing career leaders since it offers the best chances for them to get into the job market. This is because if one look into most of the advertisement, one of the requirement is the BSN degree for most of the job opportunities. Moreover, it is an entry point or stepping stone to the nursing practice professional. For one to fulfill long-term goals, it takes him or her a lot of time while short-term goal is a part of the several steps involved in the long-term goal. For instance if someone’s long-term goal is to pursue a BNS degree, finishing a program like RN that will assist the individual to proceed to the next level is a short-term goal. Whether the goals are short term or long term, they should be realistic, attainable in that with the results, one can be in a position to accomplish or achieve his or her expectations, skills, values and motivation. Goals that are reachable are possible, measurable, flexible, ethical, controllable and believable. Unlike any other profession, nursing has several paths of education for anyone who many wish to advance his or her education. Therefore, it very crucial for individuals willing to undertake nursing careers to re-evaluate their career goals both short and long term. A nurse is the main person in saving lives and caring for other individuals in any health care setting. In addition she or he in many set up be it homecare or hospital environment will realize the patient who requires quick attendance or attention prior to the arrival of the doctor. Therefore, it depend on the nurse on how she or he will respond depending on the status or condition of the patient, procedures of the hospitals and what is within their reach of their practice. Thus, in order for the nurse to offer quality health care services there is need to set up short and long term goals that will help him or her in fulfilling the desired objectives. This begins from the stage of nursing career where the student is required to develop their own goals during their study
Summary Traditionally, transportation flow (TF) is defined as the “movement of vehicles carrying various types of cargo and passengers between different geographic destinations or within a certain region” (Davulis & Sadzius, 2010, p. 19). As a rule, the density of the TF may vary depending on the number of vehicles on the road, the width of the latter, the time of the day that the TF is measured at, etc. The above-mentioned characteristics of TF often define the transportation costs spent on transferring people or objects. In their case study, Xie, Waller and Kockelman (2010) analyze the approaches that can be used in order to improve the quality of transportation flow in the traffic congestion environment. Problem In the case study under consideration, the issues related to the traffic congestion concern are dealt with. Specifically, the authors of the research outline the reduction in the efficacy of the transportation flow, which is caused by the traffic congestion. According to the solution suggested by the authors of the study as the key means of addressing the problem, the joint use of lane reversal and crossing elimination should be considered in order to make the transportation process less expensive and time-consuming. The designs suggested by the authors incorporate the decision to accommodate the outbound traffic in a more adequate manner by carrying out the reversal of the traffic direction on the inbound lanes and the change in the designated roadways (Xie et al., 2010, p. 106). The solution, which Xie et al. (2010) suggest for improving the TF in the specified area is quite original, yet completely adequate. According to the authors of the study, the O-D flow organization problem can be resolved with the adoption of a combination of a branch-and-bound and a simple-based method for designing the best transportation route possible (Xi et al., 2010, p. 113). Therefore, the study is a graphic example of the fact that, with a distribution allowing for reducing the density of the TF, the latter becomes much smoother and faster. In addition, the authors make it quite clear that the O-D flow optimization problem is linked directly to the flow distribution concerns (Xie et al., 2010, p. 108). Significance Though the pattern of the transportation flow change as the effect of the reconsideration of the distribution strategy suggested in the case study by Xie et al. can be viewed as a unique solution to a very specific problem, the ideas that are conveyed in the paper, as well as the approach adopted to the solution of the issue alt
Educational assessment is a process of documenting the learners’ knowledge, attitudes and skills. Assessment focuses on an individual student, course group, or an organization. Assessment in learning is an essential practice to every instructor. An Instructor assesses the students’ learning process using two major approaches. Traditional assessment relies on forced choice and written measures while authentic assessment involves the incorporation of a variety of written and performance measures. Summary Assessment is an essential component in realizing the success of a teaching process. Students regard assessment as an important part of their academic work. As a result, they dedicate most of their time on assessed academic work. Most students spend a significantly small portion of their time on non-accessed academic work (Lombardia, 2008). To transform students’ learning, the concerned individuals should focus on improving the current system of learning. Several factors necessitate the need to change the current methods of assessment. These include the economic conditions, availability scholarship, and the students’ population. Institutions of higher learning should recommend strategies for equipping students with the skills necessary for realising economic development. Considering the market demand, graduates should be well equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge by the time they leave college. Subjecting students to a huge workload of learning materials at a go significantly affects their understanding power. Therefore, students should be provided with a few learning materials that are more specific in their content. Of late, there has been an observable trend among the undergraduate students preferring to be taught more on innovation unlike in the past where students were only concerned with the final mark at the end of their course (Lombardi 2008). The Implementation of the authentic assessment goals may be complicated in some scenarios. For example, most faculties think that accommodating open-ended challenges in the actual cases of problem solving is challenging. However, research shows that sever
Introduction An occurrence of one act may be a result of the presence of another. The study involved here shall establish the knowledge claim that gun shows results into an increase in the number of suicides and homicide cases. The article shows the procedures that were followed during the study. Some considerations were made during contacting of the study; location. For this research investigation into the likely link or lack of it between the occurrences of the deaths due gun shows involved the use of ZIP zones to investigate. The regions that were chosen for the study were population higher densely populated regions and regions with significant number of gun shows per year: Texas and California. Over a period of 11years, data was collected and analyzed using correlation and regression tests to draw a conclusion that there was no significance relationship between gun shows and an occurrence of suicide and/or homicide. The end finding reveals that there is little link between tighter regulations to fire-arm related deaths. Hypothesis The hypothesis for this study can be given a two-dimensional view. In the first place, the study seeks to establish knowledge claim that unregulated gun sales at gun shows each year makes it possible for criminals to obtain fire-arm thus increasing the possibility of homicide cases (Gerish, & Lacey, 2010). Secondly, the study investigates claim that gun shows enhance suicide with a lethal weapon; a fire-arm. Below is the hypothesis. The availability of gun shows increases homicide cases and suicide by use of a fire-arm. The method for selecting participants in for this study is not applicable as data was sourced from already existing literature (Babbie, 2010). Additional statistics was made from recording fire arm related deaths. Therefore there was no method used. Variables From the study independent and dependent variables can be identified and they are listed below.   * Independent variable- the independent variable in the study is the gun shows held each year across America.   * Dependent variables in the study are two, that is, homicide cases and fire-arm induced lethal suicide. Biases in the study The biases that were identified in the study systematic errors due to:  1. Lack of enlisting the number of fire-arms owned by people- the study tries to relate the link between the presence of a homicide and suicide related deaths due to a previous gun show (Houser, 1998).. However, many people are likely to own more than one fire arm, resulting to bias since a fire arm used may not necessarily have been bought after gun show.  2. Lack of specification of the guns most likely used to be used- this introduces bias as the study reveals that there is a variety of fire-arms on display, rifles included. There is lack of inclusion of this particularly to fire-arm related suicides. The results were tested and analyzed using regression and correlation of the results. The baseline model was employed to create a linear relationship of the results from the data collected over an interval of one week for a period of 11 years (D’Oliveria & Greene, 1982). Ethical concerns about the study The aim of the stu
Introduction The origin of consciousness has been discussed from time immemorial with different authors, both philosophers, and scientists trying to understand and comprehend its relationship to the mind. In this article, I seek to understand the true definition of consciousness about the works of Damasio’s “The Feeling of What Happens” and Pinker’s “How the Mind Works.” Their works define consciousness from the perspective of cognitive science and neuroscience, and that is what I seek to compare and contrast. Main Body Damasio argues that neuroscience is a mother of consciousness and uses an example of neurologists and how they limit themselves to the basic definition of consciousness as a matter between the start and the end of a comma. Thus, he further argues that the matter of consciousness is dependent on the art of selective attention where a person may decide either voluntarily to pay attention or involuntarily due to an external factor such as an illness (Damasio 32). Damasio also illustrates how consciousness is related to creativity and how it influences their emotions and feelings. On the other hand, Pinker’s argument is directly at loggerheads with the basic definition of neuroscience, where we hope to understand the functionality of the brain and the mind as a whole. He argues that it is impossible to comprehend how a complex organ as the mind operates. This directly makes Pinker’s argument the one that supports the basic idea that cognitive science affects consciousness. Pinker’s argument, unlike Damasio’s, does not expect us to have the slightest idea of how the consciousness and cognitive science are achieved as these are both products of the human mind which is complex and difficult to comprehend since the mind differs among different individuals due to the basic theory of natural selection and experiences that never apply equally among individuals (Pinker 66). Therefore, it is such reasoning that drives Pinker to argue against the scientific definitions of the mind as compared to the philosophical definitions while Damasio balances the two fields. Damasio further argues that for one to be able to understand the process of consciousness and cognitive science, they should be willing to, first of all, understand neuroscience. According to him, it is the science behind how the brain and the mind function (Damasio 56). He states that from careful study of neuroscience through the understanding of neurology and neuro-anatomy, one can understand the working of the mind scientifically. Consciousness is defined as a state where an indi