ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Analogical reasoning is a means of processing information that relates the familiarity between new and understood concepts and then uses those similarities to comprehend the new concept. After the process, either certain actions are accepted or the differences between the two scenarios are identified. It is a method of inductive reasoning since it seeks to shade more light on what is true, as opposed to deductively reasoning the fact of something. It is vital in advancing the frontiers of knowledge (Boelcke, 2009, para. 1). The uses of analogical reasoning in computer ethics have many benefits. The reasoning method is in line with moral standards. If you believe that it is morally not acceptable to break the bank and steal money, you should equally consider it wrong to steal someone’s personal computer. This aspect of reasoning enables the application of what is deemed to be morally wrong in society and relates it to computer technology. Analogical reasoning enables one to come to terms with the gains or outcomes of each action done in computer technology. Suppose you arrive early one day to work to complete an urgent research work required for presentation by your boss by noon, unfortunately, you find the saved file corrupted and inaccessible. What would you do? The chances of you recovering the file before the deadline are slim. You may consider duplicating data from previously done works, but this may lead to unauthorized access to someone’s intellectual property and possible infringement of the company’s policy. Not accomplishing the work in time may also put you in trouble. In such an ethical dilemma, you will have to reason analogically in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of your next course of action. On the other hand, involving in analogical reasoning has dangers involved. One of these is being too oriented toward the similarities between different situations without recognizing their significant differences. A superb example is a hacker, who in his or her thinking, seeks to demonstrate justice by finding errors in a computer’s software or operating system. The social norm is that anyone seeking access to information without prior permission has been deemed a lawbreaker. In this regard, the innocent hacker is branded names as a thief or a con. Analogical reasoning fails to draw the thin line between pleasure and business. For example, a company employee may wish to notify his or her boss on holiday about the progress of the company and does not mind demonstrating professionalism in sending the notification. The employee may fail to adhere to grammatical standards or correctly format the finished text. The advent of the internet has made the world to become a global village. Over two hundred countries utilize this innovation. The computer age has brought the problem of global ethics. If a country wishes to protect its freedom of speech on the internet, whose rules are they going to use? The earth is witnessing discussions of ethics an
Every society is comprised of different groups of people with their unique characteristics. There are different activities that take place in societies on a daily basis; hence people are found in different places. Every activity in any society involves interaction among different people because without them, there is no society. Similarly, people are found in all set ups in the society whether libraries, gyms, work places or public places. The people found in all these places have differing characteristics; hence they are classified into specific categories. A mall is a large shopping center that is comprised of different types of businesses. Since people have various needs that have to be fulfilled in order for life to be complete, malls are characterized by large numbers of different people who visit the premises with various needs. The first type of people in a mall is the workers. A mall is comprised of different stores, businesses and restaurants which are enclosed in one building. The different business enterprises are operated by different people; hence the number of workers in a mall is large. The workers range from business entrepreneurs, restaurant attendants, attendants of stores and other people who run different businesses. The workers in a mall have the responsibility to provide various services which are required by people who visit the premises. For example, a person who visits the mall to purchase certain goods is attended to by the shop attendants while another person who visits the premises to eat is served by the restaurant attendants. The workers are, therefore, an important group of people in
Introduction The stage of development in teams usually defines their future. Any team that is able to identify its stage of development goes on to succeed since, they know where they are and what they need to move on to the next level. Most of the times teams ignore activities such as evaluation of their progress and at times they do it as a routine without the intention to accept or act on the results. Nonetheless, it is quite important to note that the more a team’s or a group’s performance is evaluated, the higher their chances of improving. Several methods and models have been brought forward to help in team evaluation and development, among these include Tuckman’s model, which has helped determine the stages of numerous teams and groups. This paper will endeavor to evaluate this group using Tuckman’s model (Clark, 2010, p. 1). Stage of the Team Tuckman formulated a teamwork surveying model, which has been used by several groups to determine their level of developmental stage. The model is designed to spot the current stage of a team or a group. The model is designed in the form of a questionnaire, each question has at least a point, which range from 1 to 5. The scores awarded are based on behavior of the team. These points are then summed up to determine the stage of a team. According to Tuckman’s model, there are four stages of a team, these are Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing stages. The lowest attainable score is 8 and the highest is 40. The rules governing determination of a stage states that the highest score of the four stages gives the most likely stage of a group, while the lowest gives the least possible stage. In addition, a team is considered to undergo transition when two scores are very close, unless they are both high in forming and Storming stages or in Norming and Performing stages, in which case, they will be considered as Storming stage or Performing Stage respectively. Lastly, in case all scores of the four or at least three stages are almost similar, then the team is considered volatile, or without clear perception, in most cases it would be the storming phase (Clark, 2010, p. 1). According to the questionnaire filled in Tuckman’s model, this group attained the following results. Forming stage (22 points), Storming stage (23 points), Norming stage (30 points) and Performing stage (38 points). These scores show that the team is in the Performing stage, since the highest score is 38 and the highest possible points are 40. At the same time, when both Norming and Performing scores are checked, they are all high. The close scores between Forming and Storming are therefore less important since there are high Norming and Performing stages. Moreover, it is also important to note that according to Tuckman’s model, any score above 32 points indicates the highest probability of the stage of a team (Clark, 2010, p. 1). Performing stage is the fourth level of group progress. At this stage, our focus is to offer the best teamwork ever. It is characterized by productivity, harmony and participative leadership among others. Creativity is the main
All year round, approximately 30,000 people are reported to die from gunshot wounds in the USA. In 2010, the US reported gun violence as the leading cause of premature mortality, with young people falling victims. However, it is such a pathetic state for a developed country as the US to have such high mortality rate due to the high prevalence of gun violence. Among all the developed countries with high crime prevalence rate, the situation was termed as the worst in the US, which associates to the high firearm homicide rate. The high prevalence of ownership of guns accompanied by less restrictive laws underscored some of the reasons contributing to violence and high rate of crime in the country. Peek-Asa, Butcher, and Cavanaugh (3) note that various economic costs are linked gun violence. For instance, the country spends approximately $30 billion annually on settling medical bills in relation to treatment of firearm injuries and deaths. The incurred costs could be spent in expansion of other productive economic activities. However, the cost of owning and using a gun goes beyond this point since there are other adverse effects and outcomes. In addition, violence and other forms of crime cause a reduction in revenues collected from taxes, and these elements are some of the challenges that the federal government should address. Policies Regarding Control of Gun in the United States There have been several debates concerning the gun control policies. The proponents of gun control policies hold that the control measures counter the prevalence of crime incidences by ensuring that firearms are taken away from the wrong hands. However, most people assume that they must either support or oppose the gun control policy, which is not the case. Policies or laws on gun control stipulate the types of the firearm to be purchased, qualities of the purchaser and the holder, and safety restriction concerning the storage and use of guns. Although there were laws to ban the possession of guns, this move was overturned by a court order that was passed by the supreme court of Columbia and Chicago. Currently, the implemented policies do not fully disarm adults as long as they are over the age of 21 years. This requirement seeks to control the rates of prevailing crimes since fewer people would be in a position to own guns. In order for the gun control to ensure a reduction in the rate of crimes, there should be an evaluation of the impact of the gun control policy on availability and accessibility to firearms, especially for the case of handguns. On the other hand, the effect of the prevalence of guns on the commission of a crime should also be evaluated. Many rese
Introduction Copper futures market The market for copper future has been growing over the years just like the other commodities across the world. This can be attributed to the high demand for copper that is created by rapid industrialization in emerging markets. Thus, countries that endeavor to develop fast have a high demand for copper. Examples of these countries are China and India. It is estimated that China accounts for about 40% of world’s copper demand. Thus, movements of the demand for copper in the Chinese market have a significant impact on the global demand for copper. If this trend continues, it is expected that the demand for copper will exceed supply, and the prices will go up by a large margin. Copper metal trades as a future contract. In these contracts, “buyers agree to take delivery, from a seller, of a specific quantity of copper at a predetermined price on a future delivery price” ( Copper Futures Trading Basics , 2009). The copper futures contracts are mainly traded on two markets. These are New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and London Metal Exchange (LME). On the NYMEX, the copper futures prices are quoted in dollars and cents per pound and are in units of 25000 pounds. On the LME, the prices of the contract are also quoted in dollars and cents per pound while units are 25,000 pounds ( Copper Futures Trading Basics , 2009). The two major factors that influence the price of copper are the forces of demand and supply and Copper Development Association (Rutledge, Karim & Wang, 2013). The use of future contract in the market for copper has been quite significant in maintaining stable prices of copper. A study carried out by Souha Boutouria and Fathi Abid in 2012, indicated that hedging and the future contracts are effective in reducing the market risk of copper traded on the LME (Boutourian & Abid, 2012). Also, a study carried out by Sunita Arora and Narender Kumar in 2013 on the role of futures market in price discovery revealed that the futures market is effective in discounting new information (Arora & Kumar, 2013). This level of discounting is achieved because the copper market is well developed. Relative strength index (RSI) The index is a technical indicator
Plasma protein binding is the process a certain drug attaches itself to the proteins that are found within the blood plasma. A drug’s efficiency may be assessed by the how loosely or strongly it binds itself. For instance a loosely bound drug is said to be more effective as it can navigate through all the cell membranes. Protein binding is said to have a big command on the biological half life of any medicine. The part that is bound to the protein may act as a storage that supplies the drug slowly into the system. Under normal conditions, a drug may exist in two forms while it is still in the blood i.e. bound and unbound form. These forms are highly dependent on the drug’s attraction towards plasma protein. In most cases, one fraction of the drug may be bound while the other part may be unbound (Edmunds & Mayhew, 2004). Given that the unbound form of the drug is bio-transformed from the body, the other part of the drug may be liberated so as to maintain a steady balance. It is also important to note that while albumin is basic, the other drugs will primarily bind themselves to it. The other parts that have been discussed are both acid and neutral drugs. When the albumin becomes drenched, the other kinds of drugs that are both acidic and neutral will attach themselves to lipoproteins. It has been shown through various researches that a patient taking Warfarin faces a higher chance of increased bleeding, if they decide to take a course of aspirin. This is because Warfarin is an anticoagulant that exhibits a therapeutic indication that is low (Edmunds & Mayhew, 2004). Cytochrome P450 This is a cluster of enzymes that that can be found in the body particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum. The gene responsible for this cluster of enzymes has known to be in existence for the last three and a half billion years. High levels of this cluster of enzymes can be located in the liver and are also responsible for the transformation of many types of drugs including drugs that mitigate the effects of cancer into a less toxic form. This assists the body in excretion as issues can arise if the toxicity is let to exist. Endogenous compounds ingested orally through eating are metabolized and hence this is manifested through the high levels of concentration are also found in the small intestines. A number of mechanisms can modify the P450 sy
The Edward Norris case is very essential for business people given the various crucial lessons it has. To begin with, the case puts forward various strategies that have been used to combat crime in Baltimore. From the case study, it has been proofed that not all the strategies that are implemented by somebody can work. While the commissioner of Baltimore Police Department (BPD) had been trying to come up with the best ways of addressing the rising criminal activities in the area, crime was on the rise. There had to be a change not only of policies, but also of the people involved in implementation of these policies in order to mitigate criminal activities. On the same note, the case study explicitly outlines the security situation in Baltimore. It should be noted that security is key for every business person. People want their property to be safe. Moreover, nobody can feel safe and confident to work in a place where it is highly likely to be killed by criminals. The case study outlines clearly the security situation of Baltimore and how the police department is tackling the issues. Arguably, investors and even cu
Shankara was an Indian philosopher whose views are considered to be the most influential in the country. Understanding Vedanta from Shankara’s point of view, it is possible to refer to a human soul as to All-awareness, or Brahman. Shankara is sure that human soul has the quality rebirth each time it dies until the soul is able to leave this circle. Shankara is sure that Brahman is the only unchanged entity which deserves attention and exists separately from others. According to Shankara’s vision of Vedanta, only Brahman is real while the whole world which surrounds it is an illusion. One of the main problems of the modern world is tat people are unable to understand their unreality and the existence in the illusion. Moreover, people and all the surrounding attributes are going to rebirth again and again until they are able to understand their illusion existence. Thus, it may be concluded that Shankara’s vision of Vedanta based on knowledge as only having realized the illusion of the world people used to consider the real one they will be able to get free. People are to consider their personal inner world to understand the true nature of the Self (Oxtoby and Amore 78). First of all, it should be stated that the Self exists just as the attribution to other things, just because it is unable to exist separately. Shankara’s vision of the Self is compared with the waves which are unable to exist without the sea. One of the main purposes of human existence should be the realization of the Brahman. To do it correctly, according to Shankara, people are to meet the following conditions. The eternal and non-eternal
Introduction In their article titled “ Last Hired, First Fired?” Couch Kenneth and Fiarlie Robert investigate the notion that the African Americans are discriminated in the employment sector as opposed to their White counterparts. It has been largely thought that the African Americans were the last people to be hired during an economic boom while they were the first ones to be shown the sack in the event of a recession. Couch and Fiarlie (246) make the conclusion that in fact, the African Americans were the Last Hired but they believe that that they were not the First Fired. The Research The research was carried out on the background of the fact that the hypothesis that blacks were the Last Hired and First Fired was previously tested by examining the rates of employment in the business cycles. The weakness of this approach is that there have been no examinations of the cyclic movements out of and into unemployment (Couch and Fiarlie 227). To look at the idea more scientifically, the two elected to carry out a more comprehensive and representative research by looking at survey data spanning over fifteen years for the period of 1989-2004. The first deduction they made is that the employment rate of the African Americans was half that of the white population for the period under study. The ratios arrived at for the unemployment rates for the blacks were 12.4% as opposed to that of the whites which was 5.4%. Based on this data, they make an informed judgment that the assertion that the unemployment rates of whites was half that of the blacks to be factual (Couch and Fiarlie 227). As a rule of thumb, a good research should have comprehensive data and the inference should be based on scientific observations. This is something that the two did as seen in their analysis of the data set. The purpose of the research is maintained through out the article and as one goes through it, there is clarity of the main idea that is being investigated which is necessary for a good research. Couch and Fiarlie investigate the concept by looking at the survey data as well as looking at some other analyses by other experts. All the cited experts agree to the fact that the employment rate of the whites was higher than that of the African Americans. The conclusion arrived at by Couch and Fiarlie that the blacks were last hired is not convincing. The assertion is based on their personal observation and all the other experts that have been quoted in the article don’t seem to subscribe to this view. The explanation they give to the assertion is at best vague. They say that unemployed blacks were hired in the early stages of the business cycle and they were later on in the cycle drawn from the employed segment (246). The question was whether the employment rates were different across the races and it would not be expedient to state that the African Americans were reemployed. Taking staff from their current position to a new position should not be considered as employment as it is merely a promotio
Introduction The rate of recidivism across the globe and especially in the US has grown to so disquieting a stage that one of the most significant concerns of the criminal justice system today is to seek the ways to reduce recidivism or at least to check the alarming pace of its growth rate. Studies on the various measures of recidivism, such as re-arrest, reconviction, re-sentence to prison, and return to prison due to various charges etc. also suggest the rising rate of recidivism in the US. Recidivism can be comprehended as the reversion into criminal activity and is normally measured by a former prisoner’s return to prison for a new offense and the increase in the rate of recidivism has far-reaching implications. It is estimated that the rate of recidivism in the U.S. has increased by two-thirds, indicating that “two-thirds of released inmates will be re-incarcerated within three years. High rates of recidivism result in tremendous costs both in terms of public safety and in tax dollars spent to arrest, prosecute, and incarcerate re-offenders. High rates of recidivism also lead to devastating social costs to the communities and families of offenders, as well as the personal costs to the offenders themselves… A Justice Department study of 15 states found that prisoners released in 1994 had been charged by 1997 with the following crimes: 2,900 homicides; 2,400 kidnappings; 2,400 rapes; 3,200 other sexual assaults; 21,200 robberies; 54,600 assaults; 13,900 other violent crimes; and over 200,000 car thefts, burglaries, and drugs and weapons offenses.” (Mckean, 2004). All these indicate the need for steps of reducing recidivism which has far-reaching implications to communities where released prisoners reside. In this paper, all these aspects of recidivism as well as various ways of reducing the high rate of recidivism will be explored. When considering the issue of criminal justice a tool for measuring success is rate of offender recidivism. Determining the percentage rate of those offenders