ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Organizations are important units that engage in several activities to benefit members of the society in different ways. Their set up includes areas that deal with health, businesses, government, private organizations and learning institutions. The role of organizations in the society covers a wide area that includes services delivery, product innovation and other responsibilities that benefit community members. As a result, organizations have a responsibility to formulate strategies and policies to ensure effective work flow with their management structures. The strategies they come up with are used to implement new plans and projects that include resource management units that include finances, tangible assets, technology and human input. This paper will discuss several factors that organizing has in management in relation to the resources mentioned above. Management Management is an important aspect of any organization because it dictates how activities are run. It is charged with the responsibility of managing resources in the society and to make sure that these resources are productive and accounted for which forms the basis for organizations in the modern times. However, principles of management do not entirely depend on modern systems but seeks to address emerging business needs, respect for humanity and organized distribution of economic resources. As stated earlier, these resources include permanent assets, financial assets, manpower and technology. For effective management to be realized there is a team that works closely with managers to implement their recommendations. Samson & Daft (2009) argue that “Among the common responsibilities of managers include setting goals, drawing plans, organizing events, education and training and instituting controls.” Organizing Organizing in management involves instituting mechanism in management structure that revolves around dividing labor responsibilities, collaboration, management of tasks and information exchange within the flow of the organization. Organization involves positioning resources in a manner that would smoothly implement the plans, propose working relations and disperse resources to meet the targets of the organization. A graphical representation is used to illustrate flow of power in the organization upon which decision making relies. Robbins, etal. (2003), wrote that, “It is also part of organizing to allocate individual responsibilities within an organization.” An agreement has to be made regarding job description of individuals and the manner in which they should execute them. According to Fayol (1949), “Part of organizing in an organization involves making decisions to create departments or job clusters in order to ensure effective implementation of roles.” Departments are formed on the basis duties, results, location or customer needs. The process of organizing involves assigning an individual responsibility that produces the best out of them. In the past, jobs were assigned with strict adherence to specialization of labor which was based on the assumption that the narrower the job description the better the performance. However, recent research has
Crime is still a part of human life, and thousands of people are injured or even killed every day. Criminals commit crimes and often try to conceal their actions, but there are still various tracks that enable the criminal justice system to locate criminals and prove their guilt. These tracks can be of different types as they can be pattern evidence, weapons or parts of arms, clothes or fragments of garments, and so on. These track mainly referred to as physical evidence. Physical evidence can be defined as “any type of tangible evidence as opposed to something such as the testimony of an eyewitness” (Bell, 2012, p. 208). Bell (2012) stresses that to be presented in the court and be a sound piece of evidence, physical evidence “must be documented, collected, marked, transported, and stored” in a specific manner that depends on the type of evidence. One of the most widespread types of physical evidence is the so-called pattern evidence. These include fingerprints, as well as shoeprints or footprints, tire prints, tool marks, and handwriting (Siegel, 2011). These types of proofs are called ‘pattern’ as they share some features in common. It is necessary to note that technology plays an important role in the identification of patterns, and numerous automated fingerprint identification system exist ( Strengthening forensic science in the United States: A path forward , 2009). At the same time, people still analyze the pairs that are characterized by a significant likelihood of matching. Thompson, Tangen, and McCarthy (2013) note that the court relies on experts’ decisions when it comes to the analysis of physical evidence. Importantly, this reliance is often questionable due to various errors experts have made. Taylor, Laber, Kish, Owens, and Osborne (2016) also analyze the way experts draw their conclusions and claim that although experts become very conservative in many cases and try to be absolutely sure in their reasoning, they still make mistakes that can often ruin people’s lives. One of the major downsides of this method is that experts rely on their experience, skills, and knowledge, which can be insufficient for making the right decision. More so, in some cases, experts’ decisions can be biased as they can be aware of the conclusions of other professionals (Siegel, 2011). As far as the case in question is concerned, police can obtain several types of physical evidence, and fingerprints are one of these. Criminalists find several latent fingerprints on some surfaces in the bar. The latent fingerprint is “strictly defined” as fingerprints that are invisible or hardly visible (Bell, 2012, p. 148). Nonetheless, any type of fingerprints (irrespective of their visibility) is referred to as latent at present (Bell, 2011). Dactyloscopy is the science that studies fingerprints and other “friction ridge structures” (Siegel, 2011, p. 49). Ridgeology is the ridge analysis utilized to compare this type of pattern evidence. It is necessary to note that f
Introduction These stories are quite fascinating and provide us with the opportunity to come up with solutions to challenging ideas. The Inception by Stallman gives us an innovative idea of restricting password sharing. It tries to create a virtual world in which the right to read is regulated. Similarly, Inception, which is a film directed by Nolan tries to create a world in which people can steal others’ ideas in a dream. The idea is quite advanced and frightening at the same time. It is also true that these stories are in the virtual world although some aspects of the former (right to read) have been witnessed. For instance, Princeton University bookstore announced their plans to restrict e-book reading from the same computer. In addition, other institutions like the Tennessee government went further in 2011 to restrict sharing of passwords. Warning in them These stories are quite frightening and reasonably so, sends a stern warning to the world over our future. For instance, the right to read has been implemented partly by more than one institution in the Tennessee government as well as Princeton University bookstore, among others, since its inception. This means that, in the coming years, with plagiarism taking its toll in the majority of institutions, this law will slowly come into place. Furthermore, the Inception only fuels more fear and warning to the future world, at the same time, it offers a chance for research on ways of minimizing such acts if they occur. Parallels to real life The right to read is quite influential in real-world situations. This comes at a time when copyright issues have escalated all over the globe. Plagiarism is at its peak in institutions with the various institutions putting high levels of restrictions and penalties on plagiarism. In essence, the film predicts future restrictions, which had started as seen in Tennessee’s case as well as Princeton University bookstore. The inception is also not far from reality as businesses steal ideas to gain a competitive edge over the others. However, the level of theft in Inception is quite some time away from reality, even though it gives a clue to the future and creativity. The sick clown in Julian Dibbels and dystopia The article talks of cyberspace rape, which allows avatars to interact sexually in a way that is out of the real world. Dystopia is also a huge imagination in cyberspace games and creates a virtual world that would frighten the real world. Ways to perceive the virtual world The virtual world is more often considered outside of reality. However, as has been witnessed in the right to read, these ideas are slowly cropping into the real world. The virtual world can therefore be perceived as a parallel to the real world although this may not be as perfect as it is in the virtual scene. Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson Snow Crash is a cyberpunk novel written by Stephenson about a protagonist known as Hiro. This novel is a huge fiction and talks of a new intelligence agency, the CIC which is believed to take o
Introduction Graffiti is a painting, mark, or writing that is scratched, scrawled, or sprayed on surfaces and walls in places that are reachable to the public eye. However, they are not very easy to interpret. The word graffiti initially referred to the marks that were found on prehistoric Roman art. Today, graffiti is found in a variety of forms from simple sketches to complex and lively wall paintings using different materials. Spray paints and marker pens are the most notable materials used to create graffiti. In some countries, graffiti art is considered a criminal offence in form of vandalism and defacement of property. There are different genres of graffiti. Firstly, we have political graffiti that is done in magazines, posters, comic books, pamphlets and so on. The second genre is gang graffiti which is used by gangs to signify group membership, identification and territory marking. The third type is known as rock and roll graffiti, and lastly is graffiti art (sometimes known as known as hip hop or New York style graffiti) which is thought to have originated from the US and spread all over the world through hip hop music, tattoos and clothing label designers. Why graffiti art is controversial in the contemporary society Most graffiti is done by teenagers and youths mainly on public parks, cities, walls, school property or on unoccupied premises. For a long time, it has been associated with vandalism particularly when it is done on public or private property, monuments, and pavements without the consent of relevant persons (Sudbanthad, para. 7). What makes the act controversial is that most of it is done with no permission. Besides, some graffiti contain indecent or offensive images or text. Graffiti art also makes the environment untidy and dirty. In addition, fumes from the paints used for creating graffiti add noxious chemicals into the air and this can affect the lungs. The greatest fear about graffiti is that it may significantly contribute to global warming on a long term basis. Many countries also claim that it costs them billions to clean graffiti off buildings. Finally, Graffiti encourages violence whereby gang groups disfigure other gangs’ arts thus resulting in violence. Graffiti as an art Graffiti is an art since like other art forms like music and poetry, it helps persons to express not only their emotions but also their political and social feelings. One point that needs to be clarified is the difference between graffiti art and graffiti vandalism; the former refers to a genuine art form used to express emotion and feelings while the latter refers to a hijacking of the otherwise noble art for personal gains, such as when it is used by criminal gangs or done illegally (Manukau Institute of Technology). One graffiti artist summarizes the role of graffiti in expression as “…an expression of my mind. It’s my mind coming to reality. It’s a thought coming so that people can see it. It’s the manifestation of a thought so that ever
Do you think that individual factors or family factors are more important when creating interventions for delinquent youths? Give reasons for choosing one or the other. What type of intervention do you think is most effective? Conviction among behavioral scientists is that, factors that contribute to juvenile offences are multidimensional, constituting biological, social, and psychological factors. Each of these dimensions further constitutes numerous factors, which have the potential of making youths get involved in delinquent behaviors (Corrado, 2002). In realization that family factors have a great influence in juvenile delinquency, it becomes clear that juvenile offence constitutes a complex system. This complex system is manifested through social and economic disadvantage of the family, parental conflict and deviance, attachment and involvement of family members, social constraints such as rules, discipline, and supervision (Corrado, 2002). Accordingly, youth delinquency behaviors on large scale are being precipitated by family and community factors. For instance, experts in the fields of child development, psychology, and criminology are convinced that family system variables play critical role in the development of delinquent and deviant behaviors (McGaha and Leoni, 1995 cited in Quinn, 2004). Moreover, “family-related variables consistently have been shown to be factors in the absence or presence of criminality” (Quinn, 2004); for example, according to field research carried out by McGaha and Leoni (1995) observation shows that individuals who are tightly bonded to social groups such as family, school, and church are less likely to commit delinquent acts (Quinn, 2004). Family factors contributing to delinquency among youths include: poor parental monitoring, lack of parental communication including little warmth and great hostility, poor or lack of parental attachment, negative peer influence, lack of parental involvement in and appreciation for education, parental substance abuse, marital discord and disruption, absence of one or both parents in homes, and prevalence of poverty in the family (Quinn, 2004). In a related study carried on African-American youth males in attempt to find out factors that drive their tendency to be involved in delinquent behaviors, it was found out that social class was not a factor that prompted delinquency behaviors among these youths. Factors cited by the youths to contribute to their behaviors include parental rejection, family poverty, family education experiences, poor supervision and unresolved family conflict, and attachment deficit (Quinn, 2004). Numerous empirical tests with regard to social control models on delinquency prevention and intervention have shown that interventions that promote family management skills have capacity of being the most cost-effective strategy for reducing problem behavior in youth (Dishion and Kavanagh, 2003 cited in Quinn, 2004). For example, a parent-focused group based on family management produced reduced coercive interactions between the parent and you
Emerging Technological Case Study Using intelligent building capabilities, e.g. sensors and tracking devices in a medical building will not only boost the security of the medical facility but also perform other related operations like in-field patient monitoring, environment monitoring, storage of patients’ data, monitoring the patient response to treatment and identifying patients’ location and status. These healthcare applications ensure effective Doctor-Patient interaction and communication. It also translates into the provision of proper treatment and medicare without disturbing the patients’ comfort. However, the deployment of this new technology in a medical facility without considering the risks involved can be detrimental to the entire plan (Klingbeil & Wark, 2008). These healthcare applications, i.e. sensors and other associated IT systems are faced with security and privacy threats. The patient’s personal information is confidential and hence should be stored in a secure environment. The possible security and privacy concerns that the medical facility must put into consideration before venturing into the plan include: Risks when examining the patients’ critical symptoms While the doctors may be monitoring and snooping about the patients’ vital symptoms in their attempt to detect an illness, a third party may get the patients’ data through the communication channels using a receiver antenna. The intercepted messages might contain vital information about a patients’ location and identity and thus the patients’ security and privacy will be at stake. Threats to the data transfer In case hospitals choose to use the wireless transfer of information in unrestricted areas, the data transfer will be under threat. After sensors have collected physiological data about a given patient, the data have to be transmitted to the remote server of the medical facility. While on transit, a third-party might capture and change the physiological data. The patient will be at risk if the changed information is sent to the server. The main types of transit attack include interception, where a third-party illegally access the transit information, and message modification where the patients’ medical data is captured, then it is modified and thus becomes misleading to the users. Threats on the patients’ location Some medical sensors track the patients’ mobility to ensure that the exact position of the patient is known and confusion during emergencies is minimized. Location tracking systems utilize radiofrequency waves, received signal indicators, etc. Therefore, if a third-party receives the patients’ radio signals, they might be in a position to locate the patient. Activity-based risks A third-party can get the health status of a patient who might be exercising or practicing in a fitness center. Using the captured data, they might guess the activity that the patient is doing and sent misleading exercise tips and messages to them thus interrupting the entire diagnosis procedure. Replay risks In the case of a home care facility, a third-party may attack the wireless relay point when a patient is transmitting
The Divina Commedia is foreshadowed in the promise to the memory of Beatrice at the end of the Vita Nuova. It was completed only a few months before Dante died. “It is a n allegory of human life in the form of a vision in which Dante is led by Virgil (philosophy based on reason) through Hell and Purgatory to the Earthly Paradise (tempered felicity and spiritual liberty, where he is met by Beatrice (wisdom revealed to man) who guides him through Paradise to an experience of eternity and the anticipation of the Beatric vision (Groiler Encyclopedia: p. 22). “In their journey through Hell, Virgil and Dante stop in the Eighth Pouch of Eight Circle where Dante speaks to Ulysses, the great hero of Homer’s epic, now doomed to an eternity among those guilty of spiritual theft (the false counselors) for his role in executing the ruse of the Trojan Horse” . When it was clear to the Greeks that unless they could get their army into the city and take the Trojans by surprise, they would never conquer. The stratagem of the wooden horse was a creation of Ulysses. He did not overlook anything and the result was the total destruction of Troy. The attack was carried on at night and the result was butchery on both sides. When morning came, what had been the proudest city in Asia was a fiery ruin. Considering the destruction, the loss of human lives and the reduction to slavery of even the Trojan Royalty, aside from the fact that the attack was done in stealth to a sleeping civilian population, Ulysses was largely to blame and deserves to be consigned to Dante’s Hell. “Chief among the captives was the old Queen Hecuba. For her, all was ended…’What sorrow is there that is not mine?’” (Hamilton: p. 200) There are at least two other characters in the Iliad worthy of examination in Dante’s Divine Comedy; namely, Paris and Achilles. The inclusion of Paris is credible, but it is hard to believe this of Ulysses and Achilles since they are regarded as great heroes of the Trojan war. The foolish judgment of Paris caused the Trojan War. He was the Trojan prince deemed by Zeus as an excellent judge of beauty. The three goddesses, Aphrodite, Hera and Athena appeared to Paris and bade him to choose who among them deserved the golden apple marked “to the fairest”. Each goddess offered a bribe: Hera promised to make him Lord of Europe and Asia; Athena, victory against the Greeks; and Aphrodite promised Helen, the fairest woman of all. At that time, he was living with Oenone, a lovely nymph, but he chose Aphrodite. The latter led him to Sparta where Menelaus and Helen, his Queen lived The royal pair received him graciously. In Ancient Greece, ties between host and guest were strong, but Paris broke that sacred bond by carrying Helen away. Later on, when Paris was wounded in battle, he begged to be taken to Oenone who could cure him, but she refused. “His desertion of her and his long forg
Introduction Burke was a political thinker and a states man. His views highly influenced the revolution of many countries including France and America. As an English man, he did not fear fighting for the liberty of the American people by winning debates in the English parliament. Liberty in a revolutionized country and peace were the main advocacy statements by Edmond Burke. He was much conserved about politics hence named the father of conservatism. He mainly negotiated for the repealing of the stamp Act which was a tax on publishing materials and also legal documents. The reason why this tax was imposed was because of the huge debt that the British government had acquired during war in North America. For this reason the British resorted to impose tax on the goods that were imported by America. It is at this point that Edmund and British Prime Minister called for the repeal of the tax system. The Prime Minister defended America because of their cumulative economic stability while Burke did it for being a lobbyist. Other forms of taxes included duties on tea, glass and additional imports from the Great Britain. The taxes were later dropped except for tea after the Boston Massacre (Dreyer 469). Edmund Burke’s Views Burke adamantly defended the American government by objecting taxation from their colonists. His argument was that the American people should be left alone to tax themselves. As a New York colonial legislature lobbyist, he went forth to make a plea in parliament to protect the American people from the taxes imposed on them without consent by the North Lord’s policy. He added that these forced imposition of taxes would only result into chaos hence disobedience from the American people. His continued fight for America was evident in his 1775 speech which majorly touched on liberation from forced taxation. In this speech his argument was that, the people of America were very distant to have fair representation in parliament hence they were to posses their own power by taxing themselves. The American Revolution later began after their Minutemen and the Redcoats of Britain battled at Concord and Lexington due to lack of agreement between the two countries. This led to the liberation of the Americans in 1776 (Dreyer 450). At this point Burke had sided with the colonist and urged the Americans not to pull away from England completely. He acted as a mediator and requested the Lord North to end the war after the British defeat. Unfortunately Americans refused to settle for nothing but for their full independence. The independence of the American people was greatly contributed to by Edmund Burke. The King then named George refused to end the war while at the same time he had lost much of support of the Lord North in parliament. This crisis led to the Resignation of the Tory government. Consequently, the new Whig prime minister urged the King to accept America liberty since it had been achieved. These series of negotiations wired by Edmu