ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Published in October 1923, “Demon Bird” is a short story written by Haruo Satō after a three-month traveling across Taiwan, Japanese colony since 1895. The journey is the starting point for a disenchanted reading of the Japanese colonialist era at the turn of the twentieth century. Through an effective narrative style, Satō censures the Japanese colonialism, and highlights the relation between civilized colonizers and native aboriginals. Finally, he explores how the socially dominant group progressively isolates and eventually wipes away individuals who are different. In the second half of the nineteenth century Japan developed from a feudal society into a modern constitutional monarchy (Segal 1). This process had two significant consequences: it promoted colonialism, but it resulted in a society open to foreign influences (Segal 2). While imperialism led to the acquisition of Taiwan and Korea as colonies in 1895 and 1920, the modernization attracted western disciplines into Japan, including anthropology and ethnography (Tierney 126). The repressive methods and the policy of assimilation of indigenous cultures aroused a liberal reformist movement (Tierney 125). In “Demon Bird,” Satō utilizes the narrative style of the ethnographic reports to blame the Japanese imperialism. In the first part, Satō instructs his audience of a superstitious belief that the fortuitous meeting with a bird, the hafune or demon bird, is the anticipation of sudden death (Satō 111). Only some individuals, called mahafune or bird manipulators, can gaze at the bird safely. The ability to control the demon bird gives mahafune the power of harming others, hence when the inhabitants of a village discover bird manipulators, they kill them and their families (Satō 112). How a bird manipulator is detected, isolated, and eventually eradicated offers the occasion to strike the first blow to the civilized Japanese nation: as the natives destroy those who are different from the majority, the colonizers treat like beasts those who have different cultures. Satō (116) notices how civilized governments imprison, and put to death those who think differently from the mainstream. The second part reports the destruction of a family of mahafune , reaffirms the censure on the colonial policy, and questions the validity of anthropology (Tierney 132). Satō tells the story of Pira, a girl who avoids the traditional courting rituals to hide a rape by a Japanese soldier. Her fellow villagers look at her suspiciously, thinkin
Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is an acute alteration in fluid and electrolyte equilibrium that occurs in underfed patients following nutritional assistance (Yantis & Velander, 2009). Parenteral nutrition is the most common cause of RFS although enteral nutrition and oral administration of I.V fluids with dextrose can also cause it. The initial case of RFS was observed after the Second World War when feeding of malnourished casualties led to cardiac and neurologic malfunction (Rio et al., 2013). Presently, most cases of RFS arise in hospitalized patients with a large proportion of the patients showing electrolyte imbalance. RFS is characterized by reduced concentrations of magnesium, potassium or phosphorus (Mehanna, Moledina, & Travis, 2008). These symptoms manifest within the first 72 hours after initiation of feeding and can continue for the subsequent two to seven days (Yantis & Velander, 2009). Cardiac problems happen in the initial 48 hours while neurologic disorders occur later. Any malnourished individual is at risk of RFS. However, persistent alcoholism, rapid weight loss and prolonged starvation increase the risk of RFS. Pathophysiology of Refeeding Syndrome The body has a preference for glucose (which comes from the ingestion of carbohydrates) as the key source of fuel. Prolonged starvation depletes glucose reserves causing the body to move to the breakdown of protein and fat for energy. Consequently, the quantity of insulin falls because of the reduced availability of carbohydrates. A steady reduction of cellular and muscle mass then arises causing the degeneration of essential organs such as the heart, intestines and liver. Therefore, cardiac and respiratory performances weaken leading to a slow metabolic rate. Nutritional support (refeeding) can be attempted to restore the body’s activities. However, if done aggressively such as in parenteral feeding, refeeding can cause adverse consequences mainly because of the alteration in the production of insulin. Restoring glucose in the body increases the amount of insulin, which promotes cellular uptake of glucose alongside electrolytes such as phosphate, potassium and magnesium. This causes hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia (Khan et al., 2011). Nursing and Medical Management of Refeeding Syndrome Nurses must work together with dietitians, health care providers and pharmacists to prevent RFS (Yantis & Velander, 2009). Nurses ought to recognize patients at risk from their pre admission medical history and promptly detect the signs of RFS. This involves checking serum electrolyte concentrations and making certain that they are normal ahead of commencing nutritional support. If abnormal, the electrolyte levels ought to be corrected without delay. The administration of phosphate to anorexia nervosa patients prevents RFS (Rio et al., 2013). Blood pressure and pulse rate also need to be checked. It is important to restore blood volume, but care is required to p
Introduction Human beings are constantly changing individuals. Ever since their birth they evolve and develop as they pass through the different stages of life: infant, adolescence, adult, and aged. While a lot of these changes can be the result of chance and personal choices the true reason behind them is very different. It is believed that the biological and psychological factors are deeply ingrained into creating changes in human beings as they grow older (Mental Health). The development of humans falls into three categories: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial (Sigelman & Rider). Physical changes Physical changes occur in the child during the period of adolescence as they hit puberty. Starting at the age of eleven for girls and thirteen for boys, rapid physical changes occur in the individual. Hormone changes cause moodiness and restlessness in a child. A surge of growth and development may also cause the adolescent’s bodies to use up energy faster. This will increase their ability to get tired as they begin to require more sleep. The bodily changes induce menstrual cycles in girls and a deeper voice for boys. Both suffer from the growth of body hair. Thus, the adolescent body suffers from great and quick physical changes as it moves from childhood to teenage years. Adolescence Piaget refers to adolescence as the final stage in a human being’s growth. It is known as the formal operational period and is the fourth stage in the life of the individual (Santrock 2008). Starting from puberty, this stage is considered to continue as the individual turns into an adult. It is during this period that an individual begins to use logical thinking. In this stage, concrete experiences are viewed abstractly. Thus, the child now begins to examine the information available along with an application of a supposed hypothetical situation. The child now begins to use a trial and error method. A plan is devised to solve a problem and tested accordingly. Another change that develops in the cognitive sphere is the creation of the future. Adolescent now begins to fantasize about their future and what they wish to be. Coupled with this is a feeling of self-awareness. This makes the adolescent conscious of their self as they deal with social matters. It also instills a feeling of uniqueness and invincibility within the adolescent’s self. Adolescent suffers tremendous changes in their cognitive self as they mature from childhood to puberty. Social experiments show that a child is greatly influenced by their parent’s actions and attitudes in their behavior as they mature to adolescence. The effects of maturity bought on by puberty can affect the social process of individuals which in turn affects their adaptation to the rest of society (Magnusson 1997). Thus, biological maturity does not affect the values that are endorsed by an individual. Their socialization is according to the life they lead and the values that have been seen and taught to them as they grow older. Conclusion Thus, the stage of
Abstract The question of the necessity of punishment as a deterrent to crime has been on the minds of many individuals. Law is defined as a set of rules that govern a particular group of people within given jurisdiction such as a state. Law sets out the manner in which people ought to conduct themselves and provides various punishments for those persons who fail to abide by the set rules and regulations. The different sources of law include the constitution, the parliamentary acts, and delegated legislations etc. However, most individuals hold that the sole source of law of law is God, who is the author of life. This view is held by most religious persons. Punishment has been used as a remedy for breaking the law and as a deterrent to crime. As such, Christians widely believe that God is the sole source of law who should determine the punishment for breaking laws that he has set. This research paper will analyze punishment based on deterrence from a biblical perspective. Introduction The question that rings in many people’s minds is whether punishment is a deterrent to crime. Most individuals hold that capital punishment acts as a lesson to individuals who intend to commit related crimes (Franz, 1929). Once criminals see other criminals undergo punishment, they become cautioned from engaging in criminal activities (Isaac, 1975). There are other groups of Christians who claim that the bible clearly says that vengeance belongs to God as a human being has does not have the authority to punish. Whatever view one has, it should never make him/ her confuse the personal views with the word of God. The Bible is divided into two distinct sections which display two different dispensations; the Old Testament and the New Testament. A look at the Old Testament reveals that God issued laws which were referred to as Mosaic laws. These laws offered remedies for sinning most of which was death. There was however a classification of sins based on their magnitude. Simple acts of transgressions were dealt with by sacrifices. However, some sins had an express death sentence. The New Testament came with the birth of Jesus Christ and the Mosaic Law was replaced by God’s grace which is defined as the God’s unmerited favor to mankind. The main message in the New Testament is that the goodness of God leads to repentance. This seeks to indicate that punishment does not act as a deterrent to crime. Old Testament provision of Punishment Throughout the Old Testament God gives express laws which give capital punishment as remedies. This is always aimed at warning people from engaging in activities that will break the God given laws. The first major example of capital punishment in the bible is during the times of Noah when God destroyed
Mediation process Mediation process is an exercise aimed at bringing two parties into an agreement in an outsourcing deal. Vendors or suppliers of Information technology products and services are made to agree on the terms of their relationship with the organization(s) requiring these services. This mediation process is usually supported by an expert who will at all times ensure that the parties focus on their main goal of entering into a mutually beneficial outsourcing agreement rather than their differences (Rost, 2006). In the mediation process each party will come up with its terms of references and the mediator will facilitate the negotiation process (Sparrow, 2003). Negotiations between organizations like Condy software services and WeRunIt is usually very challenging because Condys’ agenda will be profit maximization through high sales while WeRunIt will be aiming at maximum profitability through low cost production. According to Hale (2005) in most cases parties are in agreement as regards the ultimate formation of the outsourcing relationship but the cost and terms/ conditions of engagements usually bring in contention. It is in here that mediation process brings in sobriety to the parties so that their discussions will be directed towards achievement of their ultimate goals. Issues in Mediation The mediation between WeRunIt and Condy software services mainly focused on the contractual price, period and other conditions. The two organizations debated for a long time over the pricing structure and payment frequencies. This was the most contentious issue but finally the parties came to a crunch and an agreement was arrived at. Condy agreed to take the responsibility of creating and maintaining WeRunIts’ website. It also signed in to put up an e-commerce module in the website to facilitate online payment and maintain databases of entrants to different promotions. Condy was not able to accept the responsibility for supporting accounting systems of WeRunIt since they did not have expertise in the area. Contractual period and the termination rights were also discussed and both organizations agreed on a five years renewable contract only to be terminated by a five months notice period by either party. Condy actually lobbied for a longer period of time since the initial capital required to roll out the project was high while WeRunIt wanted a shorter contract period so that it could test the competency of the vendor. The service level agreements were also agreed upon and remedies on cases of downtimes were discussed. WeRunIt actually rooted for an absolute 24 hours a day uptime for the
Mozart and His Operas Mozart is famous as one of the finest operatic musicians in olden times. There’s something in Mozart’s music that makes him eternal. This “something” can be clearly understood as the intellect of his characters, the melodic whole and melodramatic timing. The peculiarity of Mozart’s operas that sanctify them from all others is their plainness. They nearly guide you to think that you could note down an opera yourself. Though, under this simple arrangement is a sneakily planned arrangement of the opera intact. The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart is one of his initial and premium illustrations of this plan. Mozart, along with Da Ponte, the most well-known librettist of the time, produced cheerful, delightful humor that brought enthusiastic reviews from Vienna, where it was released afterward from Europe. The underground to this opera is its disparity. The scheme is exceptionally complex, and even Da Ponte and Mozart under no circumstances likely resolved all the gaps. A Count tries to lure his lady’s chambermaid, merely to be taken down by a deal between her and the complete cast, including a gardener, a cunning contact, and many ladies of the courtyard. Though the entire opera is a comedy, quite a few solo vocals bring listeners to tears frequently, including the well-known Dove sono, which is sung by the Countess. The way Mozart has handled the characters is amazing, and we’ll find that he has a skilled stroke with the scheme from the changes that he makes himself in the lines. His orchestration reflects his swift mood swings, to create an opera that strikes every feeling and determines almost flawlessly (Mozart’s famous operas). Cosi fan Tutte Così fan Tutte is a humorous opera with a strange name. Così means like this or in this fashion, fan stands for do and Tutte means the Italian female adaptation for everyone. So the title can be translated as Like this do all (women) or In this fashion do all (women) or Women are all the same. It’s an embarrassingly entertaining opera, yet, had some of the greatest of the mastermind Mozart’s musical compositions. This opera was specially made to Mozart, in 1790, by Emperor Josef II subtitled The School for Lovers. The story was written by Mozart along with Da Ponte upon special assignment by Emperor Joseph II since Mozart’s earlier comedy Le Nozze di Figaro was a very big success. The basic plot of the opera is about an old philosopher and pessimist, Don Alfonso, who is dogged to show to his two young friends, Ferrando and Guglielmo, that their fiancées, Dorabella and Fiordiligi, are not faithful like any other woman. Alfonso, with the aid of the ladies maid, Despina, sets his scheme. He tells the ladies that their lovers, being officers, have been called on duty and introduces them to two Albanians who are Guglielmo and Ferrando in disguise. After some pressure, the ladies give in to the Albanian’s movements,
The development of businesses and corporations worldwide has created a market that is property and rights oriented. There is a lot of scheming and fraud that governments and private companies have to develop protection for, in a form of copyrights and patents. Not only are there ownership rights for products and physical property but also, for ideas and potential goals, plans and strategies. An idea is worth much more than the finished product because it is the basis for all production. But there is also the matter of usage of already existing material and the contracts that are drawn up by companies to make a profit. Often, these contracts come with a pricy tag and are thought to be unfair by people who want to use information available to the public. Jason Mazzone writes on the difference between copyright and contracts, sighting the unfairness of the latter. He writes that “When contracts replace copyright law, consumers become used to having few or no rights…” He suggests that Congress could prohibit contracts that limit the use of public domain materials. 1 I agree, as if the public has access to certain materials, they must be allowed to be used without a contract. In case the agreements are made for a purpose to treat all members equally, it is fair. The need for agreements and laws that regulate trading and property possession are a necessary attribute of the global economy and businesses. Governments, private corporations, as well as individuals, all participate in the establishment and continuation of fair and respectable trade.  1. Who will decide the amount of rights the users of information will receive?  2. As contracts are unique to each location, what rights and conditions will a contract have in a different state or even country? An article titled “Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences hosts Workshop on intellectual property” talks about the need for laws that protect intellectual property. One of the participants “…emphasized copyright registration and protection of traditional folklore in India”, which is a valid and needed fact. 2 This is a rather important and interesting part of society, and it is significant that India is keeping up with the modern world. The developed countries have an established order and control of goods and intellectual property, while developing countries might have some setbacks or limitations that can be used by others to their advantage. Previously, the world trade was not as regulated as it is today, which led to a number of unfair and unbalanced transactions. The transport and use of certain products might be regulated as well. For example, some products or technologies or even concepts, will not be allowed to be used
Introduction The life of a hero is characterized by how much they are remembered after their death. Some people are referred to as heroes even before their death. Their lives encompass qualities such as eminence, character and even complexities which can be summarized as positive in their lifetime, their negative part notwithstanding. The strong democratic stand of people like Roosevelt and Churchill makes history worth reading. Of course, there are those remembered for their negative contribution (not heroes in the strictest sense) to society like Hitler. The life of Andrew Carnegie embodies outright good and evil creating a paradox in defining the hero he is. His life as narrated by Peter Krass unravels the reality of a complicated man, a one-time poor boy, an enthusiastic and ruthless businessman building the most profitable steel company in the world in another instance, yet a renowned philanthropist giving away his riches while preaching peace to those who would listen to him. This essay seeks to understand the life of Andrew Carnegie as illustrated in Krass’s book Carnegie and more importantly why the man did as portrayed. Main body Krass’s book is not the only one that has been written on Carnegie, being the famous man the latter was. As expected, a one time richest man in the world with a wealth of $100 billion in today’s dollars, only half of Bill Gates’s $50 billion at the time of the stock market bubble, would attract the attention of any sane man. His ‘literary assistant’ James Bridge presents the earliest unauthorized history of his company. He did his work in 1903; something though not widely read today formed a strong basis for the harshness and ruthlessness that Krass has passed on today’s Carnegie. Credible, we could say is the work of James having served in the industries
The article primarily focuses on the disruptive aspect of read-only participants in an online learning community setting. The research problem is based on the fact that a student’s online visibility affects their performance, which inevitably influences the outcome of courses. There are two main research questions where the first one addresses whether online participation has a relationship with successful course completion and learning. The second element focuses on the correlation between learning community and participation. The methodology was comprised of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, which is also referred to as a mixed methodological framework. The former utilized ATLAS.ti software to gather valuable data on examination essays, online quizzes, discussion posts, and blog postings (Nagel et al., 2009). The quantitative component used the LMS tracking tool, which calculated the instances of relies and postings. The findings of the study illustrate the proper correlations between the overall performance and outcome. For example, five key elements, such as logins, posts, reply ratio, collaboration, and feedback percentage, were highly predictive of the grade group within the online classroom (Nagel et al., 2009). In other words, the degree of a student’s participation in the given activities determined whether they will fail, pass or be distinctive. The authors also discussed the implications of the research, which derives several conclusions from the gathered data. Low online visibility of a student can be attributed to a read-only approach, lack of contribution, technical problems, and absence of any reason. An online course can be completed only if there is active participation. The researchers additionally suggest rotating group members, encouraging the submission of high-quality postings, grading individual contributions in a group project, and communicating login frequency.