ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Psychology as a formal discipline has a long history, dating back to the Ancient Greeks. The discipline has a fond relationship with philosophy, and was in fact curved out from mainstream philosophical thoughts that had been expressed by ancient philosophers thousands of years ago. Many civilizations throughout the course of history have offered speculative ideas about the nature of thought, soul, and spirit, a focal point that is mainly perceived as the precursor to the field and discipline of psychology (Baldwin, 2009). In Ancient Egypt, for example, the Edwin Smith Papyrus holds ancient description of the human brain, including some speculations about its core functions (Mandler, 2007). It is the purpose of this paper to critically evaluate the historical developments of psychology According to Baldwin (2009), “…a history of psychology is nothing more or less than a history of different ways in which man have looked upon the mind” (p. 1). Thales, Plato, Pythagoras, and Aristotle are ancient Greek philosophers whose philosophical thoughts and orientations greatly assisted and influenced the development of modern psychology (Benjamin, 2006). In the book De Amina , Aristotle vividly wrote philosophical concepts about the psyche and what it really means for the body and spirit to be alive. In the same book, the philosopher discusses critical issues of perception, behavior, intellect, aspiration, and imagination. These issues, though discussed philosophically, came to form the basis of 19 th century psychology. According to Mandler (2007), Aristotle and Plato were indeed the founding fathers of empiricism and psychodynamics respectively. The two concepts continue to influence the field of psychology to date. Scholars, however, have noted that the early development of psychology as a discipline was not well documented as was the case with other disciplines such as philosophy and the sciences (Baldwin, 2009). According to Klemm (2008), “…scattered reflections on psychological questions indeed abound throughout the entire history of science but the continuity of psychological investigation has often being interrupted, while a really fruitful development of psychology belongs to very recent times” (p. 1) . This scenario led to the overwhelmingly popular assertion by contemporary psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus that psychology has a very long past that is unfortunately enshrined in a brief history. Some contemporary western philosophers such as Rene Descartes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill were also instrumental in the formation of psychology as a distinct field of study. Descartes lived during the renaissance era, and can pass as a primary contributor to the formation of psychology mainly due to his works on rationalism, nativism, dualism and mechanistic interactionism (Mandler, 2007). As a philosopher, he argued that truth could only be found from careful use of reason, thereby r
The painting by Jean-François Millet Angelus depicts a peasant with his wife bowing in evening prayer in the field. In the foreground, there is a field under the setting sun. The sky shimmers with bright colors, against which the village church’s outlines are visible in the distance. The sounds of bells from afar call the couple to prayer. The man has stopped working, and with his head down, he is holding a hat in his hands. Despite the outward rudeness and simple clothes, devoid of grace, his face expresses sincere faith. The woman’s hands are also folded in front of her chest; in her bent figure, it is difficult to read the facial features, partly hidden by the headdress. The subtle palette includes softly balanced reddish browns, grays, blues, blues, and purples. Dark figures with bowed heads enhance the overall epic sound. The author demonstrates genuine emotions in his work: despite the picture’s seemingly neutral plot, human figures indicate deep sorrow. The characters’ feelings are noticeable through the positions that their bodies take during prayer, which, combined with the color palette, creates a sense of the reality of what is happening. Despite the fact that this work was commissioned by the American artist Thomas Appleton, it is difficult to argue that it was done solely for commercial reasons (Dees, 2017). The heroes’ silhouettes express depression and grief, which can be evidence of the artist’s inner experiences. The artwork’s initial plot was probably changed due to the artist’s desire to make the work more neutral, making it easier to sell it. The work is named after the first words of a Christian prayer recited by Catholics three times a day – “Angelus Domini.” For a long time, scientists could not deduce the connection between the heroes’ grieving figures and the work’s plot. However, at the request of Salvador Dali, the French Louvre made an X-ray scan of the painting, which revealed another layer (De Burca, 2018). It turns out that initially, instead of a basket of potatoes, over which the peasants were bending, a tiny coffin was drawn. The picture was probably conceived as a plot about a small child’s funeral, whom they did not even have time to baptize, and there was no place for him in a Christian cemetery. This is what explains such sadness of the characters and the general suppressed mood of the picture. The warm colors used in the sky are a symbol of God’s presence: He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds (Psalm 147: 3). The new interpretation of the work allows concluding the artist’s religiosity and desire to convey the sorrow and compassion that represent the features of the entire Christian culture and the Bible. The work of Jean-Francois Millet is made in the style of classical realism, as evidenced by utilizing artistic expression characteristic of the direction, such as the plot and the manner of execution. The painting’s overall mood is conveyed through the color palette and the position of the characters’ figures. The view
When talking about the social networking and the ethical issues concerning the business element in the given sphere, it is most appropriate to consider the existing controversies from the point of deontology, since the latter, according to the definition provided by Brooks & Dunn (2009), “Deontology is different from consequentialism in that deontologists focus on the obligations or duties motivating a decision or actions rather than on the consequences of the actions” (184). In the case study entitled “Case six. One more look at social networking” and conducted to figure out the probable ethical dilemmas existing in the social networking at present, important remarks concerning the business development in the sphere of social networks have been made. According to the research, “Social networking web sites have had negative publicity in recent years, due to them being targeted by pornography and predators” (Case six. One more look at social networking, 2006). In the given case, students split in two teams to engage in fundraising; one of the teams makes use of social networks, while another one resorts to school advertisements, banners, etc. As a result the former team wins, which shows the promotion effect which social networks have. Thus, an ethical concern appears and the question is raised, whether it is ethical to use commercial sin social networks. Because of the active business development and the commercialization of the social networks, the impact which the latter leaves on the users leaves much to be desired. The given issue causes for a more detailed consideration of the Australian Computer Society code of ethics and an even more thorough check of whether the current state of affairs can be considered as a deviation from the existing norms. However, considering the Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics, one can hardly find the statement which can terminally ban the undesirable commercials from the users to observe on the site. Despite the fact that certain statements can be vaguely related to as the ones that speak against the display of commercials with the inappropriate materials, the situation can be hardly addressed to as a completely clear-cut case. On the one hand, there are such statements as “3.1. I will not knowingly mislead a client or potential client as to the suitability of a product or service” (Australian Computer Society, 1997) and “4.1. I will protect and promote the health and safety of those affected by my work” (Australian Computer Society, 1997), which can supposedly be applied to, since the inappropriate information in the commercials can be classified as misleading and harmful for one’s psychological safety. Nevertheless, the connection between the statements and the claims seems rather vague, which gives the reasons for concern. Hence, the postulates of deontology should be applied to maintain the balance between the business goals and the usability of the site, which will require a profound theoretical basis. Since in the given case the customers’ interests and even well-being is invo
Since its discovery in 1976, the Ebola virus has killed many people (WP Editorial Board, 2014). In the past, it has often manifested in small outbreaks that kill dozens, or hundreds of people, before containment. However, the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the deadliest (WP Editorial Board, 2014). The outbreak affected some West African countries, including Nigeria, Senegal, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Guinea and Senegal (Sun, 2014). Internationally, the disease also affected America and some European countries. Although some of these countries are now Ebola-free, recent health reports show that the death toll, from the outbreak, is nearing 9,000 people (WP Editorial Board, 2014). The same report shows that the fatality rate for the disease is 71% (Sun, 2014). Poor preparedness and poor coordination are mainly responsible for the high number of fatalities associated with this health disaster (WP Editorial Board, 2014). In line with this observation, this paper shows how the affected countries could better prepare for the disaster. How might federal, state, and local resources be coordinated to respond to this Ebola outbreak in West Africa? Coordination in health disaster management should occur at different levels. At a federal level, governments should screen the people leaving or coming into a country for Ebola. At a state level, the government should mobilize state resources to contain the disaster (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). This step involves freeing state resources to create a working health infrastructure for containing the outbreak. Locally, there should be a “grass root” support, where community organizations could volunteer their services and provide resource support to state and federal health agencies (Public Health Informatics Institute, n.d.). Furthermore, people should be willing to volunteer information to authorities concerning sick people, or people they suspect to have contracted the virus. Such initiatives should stop cases of family members hiding some of their loved ones for fear of isolation (Sun, 2014). If authorities implemented these initiatives during the Ebola outbreak, there could have been a limited spread of the virus and fewer fatalities. How might state and local agencies and officials work together to plan and respond to this Ebola outbreak in West Africa?
Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to find out whether the use of diversification by Samsung in the penetration of the Saudi Arabian market has been successful. A case story is provided detailing how the company incorporated a combined approach to diversification to ensure its success. Currently, Samsung’s main concern is to remain relevant in a field that is constantly changing and crowded with both international and local competitors. Research Design, Data, and Methodology The case used academic secondary sources to collect data. The sources were retrieved from qualified and well-known publishers and journals. It is important to note that there are sufficient studies that have been done on the subject that made it possible to write the report. Results Several findings were realized after the literature review was conducted. The main finding that was recorded was the success of the combined diversification approach in the Saudi Arabian market. It can be argued that if the company had not used a combined approach then it would not have had the success it currently enjoys. Conclusions In conclusion, diversification indeed was the viable marketing strategy for Samsung in Saudi Arabia. Not only did the strategy allow the company to maintain its market share but it also ensured the growth of the company portfolio. Saudi Arabia is known to prefer local products. This goes to show the effort put up by Samsung to maintain the top spot in the industry in the region. It is crucial to note that the company has employed the use of other strategies in the same country before. However, diversification was selected due to its applicability. Introduction Samsung is one of the largest conglomerates in South Korea. Headquartered in Seoul, the company is well known for its electronic products even though it has ventured into other business lines as well. As of 2017, the company was valued at US$188.9 billion. One can argue that the company has had to use different strategies to penetrate almost all markets in the world. This is due to the differences in economies in the different markets it is in. For example, it is the largest phone brand in Africa. To achieve this, the company came up with a marketing strategy that lowered the prices of its product in the African market. The reason is the lower economic status of the target group in that specific market. The same strategy is not applied in the US, where the economy is more stabilized. The assignment will, however, consider strategies that the company has used in Saudi Arabia. It is pruden
Introduction The stories selected are The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara and A Wall of Fire Rising by Edwidge Danticat. The central theme is poverty, which associated with the cultural background of the characters. It is important to note the fact that culture-based poverty due to discrimination of the past or political ineffectiveness of the nation can have a profound ramification in the lives of its victims. Therefore, Bambara addresses the poverty as the lack of knowledge, whereas Danticat shows that desire for freedom is main motivation behind getting out of poverty. The Lesson The Lesson addresses the topic of poverty, which is prevalent in African American communities across the United States. The story’s main characters are Miss Moore, a teacher who is presented as a highly educated and sophisticated woman, and Sylvia, an African American girl and one of the students of Miss Moore. Sylvia is a rebellious and over-confident person, who considers herself as being ahead of people surrounding her. Throughout the story, Miss Moore unveils the fact that they are at the lower end of the economic distribution of wealth. The latter activity takes place when Miss Moore brings her African American students, including Sylvia, to a toy store. The teacher does it in order to show them how their wealthier counterparts live and what kind of resources are needed to live as these richer kids. In the store, Sylvia states: “Who are these people that spend that much for performing clowns and $1,000 for toy sailboats? What kinda work they do and how they live, and how come we ain’t in on it?” (Bambara 5). This shows that Sylvia finds it highly difficult to comprehend that someone possesses a sufficient amount of wealth to be able to afford the toys in the given price range. However, Miss Moore watches the children’s reaction, which is manifested in the realization of their current situation. Later, Sylvia reflects on the core idea that her teacher was trying to instill among her students. She says: “Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out” (Bambara 5). Thus, the children finally begin to comprehend the real meaning of these words by first-handedly observing the wealth disparity between them and others. A Wall of Fire Rising The given story takes place in Haiti, and it is about a poor Haitian family living in harsh conditions of poverty. The main characters are Guy, a father and husband, Lily, a mother and wife, and Little Guy, a child. The primary cause of their financial struggles is the fact that they are trapped in a poor nation of Haiti with incompetent political leaders. Although the story’s central idea in poverty, it focuses on the notion of freedom and how each member understands this concept. The boy, Little Guy, observes and learns about the concept of freedom from his book of European origin (Danticat 149). However, it is clear that this idea of freedom, which was prevalent during th
Douglas Sirk’s 1959 movie “Imitation of Life,” a glamorized remake of a 1934 film of the same name, revolves around the relationship between a white woman and a black woman who have two things in common: both are widows and both have one child named Susie and Sarah Jane respectively (“Imitation of Life”). I am more sympathetic towards Annie because she bravely endures hardships in life without complaint while giving her love totally to her child. First of all, the loss of her husband meant she had to struggle to make ends meet for her daughter and herself . Secondly, she is black, which during the 1950s background of the movie, was a great disadvantage in the United States due to racial discrimination by whites. Most of all, after struggling to look after her daughter, she is on the receiving end of continuous rejection by Sarah Jane that culminates when Annie finds and confronts her errant daughter for the last time where Sarah Jane shows no love, remorse or lack of animosity towards her mother, callously declaring: “If we should ever pass on the street, please don’t recognize me” (“Imitation of Life”)}. Finally, the scene that provokes the most sympathy towards Annie is her forlorn death-bed message to Sarah Jane passed on through Lora: “Tell her I know I was selfish, and if I loved her too much, I’m sorry. She was all I had” (“Imitation of Life”). On the other hand, Sarah Jane is not worthy of any sympathy whatsoever. She is a hypocrite who shuns her African-American heritage and continually tries to pose as a white. Worst of all, she directs her anger at being black towards her saintly mother, causing Annie intense pain and anguish which is not alleviated until her death. Sarah Jane’s hysterical display of sorrow at Annie’s funeral, during which she cries: “Miss Lora, I killed my mother” (“Im
Abstract This research paper presents operational planning at the local level for potential terrorist threats. The plan is intended to offer guidance to aid local authorities before, during, and after a terrorist event. It clearly shows lead personnel and related plans of action. The document recognizes the roles of first responders in operation and, therefore, it does not strive to replace their roles. Instead, it serves as a plan to guide local agencies to deal with threats and attacks. The local agencies of interest include law enforcement, fire departments, and emergency medical or health services, among others. It concludes that operational planning requires coordination and collaboration among all levels of government, agencies, private organizations, and nongovernmental organizations. Further, local agencies must continuously improve their levels of operational preparedness to thwart new forms of threats and attacks. Introduction The federal, state, and local governments have all developed crisis and outcome management plans to act for any type of emergency scenario. While operational planning cuts across all levels of governments, state and local governments have persistently improved upon their current response plans to tackle any cases of terrorism. All operational processes should be clear and ready to ensure that all levels of the government and agencies are integrated to respond effectively in the event of a terrorist attack. That is, all persons and jurisdictions involved in the planning and mitigation processes should collaborate and coordinate their efforts fully. The operational planning must identify and outline specific steps necessary to protect the public by revamping capabilities at the local levels (Walsh et al., 2012). The operational planning offers specific steps that all the relevant agencies can take to protect public safety and limit the extent of adverse outcomes. By preparing a plan with the scope and mandates of every agency at the local levels, local authorities strive to work well and improve their overall readiness for terrorist threats. This research paper presents operational planning at the local level for potential terrorist threats. Purpose The purpose of operational planning is to protect the public and property from terrorist threats and events and to offer guidance to main responders and support organizations. Terrorism Local agencies must define terrorism and its related aspects. Terrorism is an art of imparting unnecessary fear in people using different methods, both conventional and unconventional. Terrorists, which may comprise of a small group or individuals with a certain purpose, intend to change human activities and actions. Terrorist events or threats may involve chemical, nuclear, biologi
Introduction Bullying is a major issue affecting children who are at the school-going age and also young people. The discussion of the day is on bullying and whether the bystanders have any role to play when it comes to preventing bullying. A bystander behavior can be identified as Watching someone being harrassed and not intervening,witnessing an argument on the streets and not helping to solve the issue and finally by assisting to join in a bully by ways such as cheering on and laughing.The behaviors could also be positive in ways such as intervening by trying to stop the bullying behavior and by understanding the issues that bring about bullying behaviors.There are various forms of bullying such as cyberbullying,being a witness to someone verbally abusing another person, Discussion The talk is about human rights issues in Australia.The focus of the topic of the day is on bullying.The host Mr. Greame is the commissioner of disability and race discrimination.The guests in the studio are Mr. Jonathan who is the CEO of InspireFoundation and Ms. Helen who is the chief commissioner of Girl Guide Australia. According to Helen, the girl guides undertook a survey called the Girl Guides Say whose aim was to identify the needs of young people.In the report, bullying w as identified as one of the major concerns affecting the young people in Australia, and hence they came up with the bystander initiative that aims at employing positive bystander behaviors whenever they witness this occurrence. In the discussion, Jonathan points out that the major concern that underlies bullying is the issues of mental health among young people. He points out that the number one cause of death among young people is suicide. Both Jonathan and Helen approve of the bystander action as one of the ways to curb bullying. According to Helen, the Girl Guide initia