ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article under consideration is called CuO x – TiO 2 Photocatalysts for Production from Ethanol and Glycerol Solutions and is dedicated to providing and seeking solutions for the cleaner methods for energy production. The given research investigates the new technique of hydrogen production by photocatalystic reforming of ethanol and glycerol by impregnating CuO x / Tio 2 catalysts (Gomac et al. 3916). For the study, the researchers have chosen two different samples of different ratio. For the analysis of structural characterization, such methods as HRTEM and HAADF-STEM have been embedded; X-ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance technique have also taken place to guarantee the accuracy of production process (Gombac et al. 3916). The considered hydrogen production consists of several stages/methods. The initial stage is an aqueous solution of copper nitrate should be prepared for CuO x /Tio 2 catalysts that have been further added to the solution of cyclohexane (Gombac et al. 3917). The second stage involves the process of condensation and hydrolysis to form the Cu nano-particles enclosed into Tio 2 . The calcinations procedure is the third stage to deprive the substances from residues and to provide a cleaner product. The results show that this way of production is more effective in comparison with the previous impregnation of SG catalysts despite the some deviation in the second phase of production. The present research reveals numerous advantages in providing photocatalysts for hydrogen industry by means of reforming solution of ethanol and glycerol. The stability tests have also proved that such extraction is much cleaner than, for example electrolysis method. However, the photo-catalysts should be carefully examined and experiment to avoid leaching and activation. Therefore, an alternative design and ration should be worked out for the improvement of the production process. Works Cited Gombac, Valentina, Sordelli Laura, Montini Tiziano, Delgado Juan J., Adamski Giapiero Adami, Cargnello Matteo, Bernal Serafin, and Fornasiero Paolo. CuO x – TiO 2 Photocatalysts for H 2 Production from Ethanol and Glycerol Solutions. American Chemical Society. 114 (2010):3916-3925.
At the beginning of the 21 st century, the healthcare system has changed dramatically because of new technologies and new treatment methods available for millions of patients. Modern healthcare needs effective technology and marketing planning in order to compete with other healthcare providers. Innovations allow healthcare professionals to improve treatment methods and help those patients who are always considered hopeless. Also, new technology allows medical professionals to detect and recognize early signs of diseases and treat them at the early stages. Today, healthcare depends upon the goals and objectives of healthcare organizations and their strategic position on the market. The innovative elements used by healthcare organizations are organ transplantation and DNA analysis, cardiac potentiation therapy stimulation and new ways of birth, etc. These innovative technologies, which deal with people’s needs, provide satisfaction for these needs, and, hence, deliver utility. These drastic changes in income have caused additional turbulence in the marketplace in terms of people’s needs and their satisfaction. However, the unique concept of healthcare implies that the market functions almost perfectly and to the utmost satisfaction of consumers. “Technology-driven medical care becomes very sophisticated” (Shi and Singh 2004, p. 7). Today’s consumer has a tremendous number of choices. The economic impact of the modern corporate entity is far-reaching. New treatment methods and new drugs allow many patients to avoid surgery and support wellness, if the healthcare clients are complaining more often than before about some specific aspects of the healthcare delivery, there appear to be a serious problem in the making. “Development and diffusion of technology also determine the caliber of healthcare to which the people may have access (Shi and Singh 2004, p. 24). The change from an illness-oriented healthcare model to a wellness-oriented model has transformed the delivery process. The task of medical professionals is to prevent and predict illness and support wellness for diverse clients. In healthcare, communication strategies sta
Introduction Lockheed Corporation was until it merged with Martin Marietta one of corporations that supplied the government with fighter jets and technological innovations. Lockheed was instrumental in the advancement of warfare technology especially in aircraft manufacture. The company is credited with the production of Archangel A-12 a craft that formed a foundation for modern day stealth aircrafts. It is also through the development of this aircraft that many technological milestones were reached, an example is the plane could fly at speeds never thought of before. This craft reached speeds no other manned plane has ever to this day. Though the company had over the years been successful it was involved in some unsuccessful programs which to this date remains an embarrassment. An example of this program includes Aquila MQM-105 RPV. Though intended to be a revolution in warfare technology the program was a total disaster and cost the United States government close to one billion dollars (Ben and Leo 1994). Source: Adapted from Peter (2008). Why did the Archangel A-12 program succeed and the contributions of Lockheed and the Government The Lockheed A- 12 was an airplane built for the Central Intelligence Agency based on designs of Clarence Johnson. Based on this designs it was produced by Lockheed’s renowned Skunk Work as a reconnaissance aircraft to be used by the CIA. The single seat design was the predecessor to the twin-seat U.S Air Force YF12 interceptor prototype and the most revered SR-71 Blackbird. The A-12 was produced through to 1964 from 1962 and was operational until 1968 from 1963. The final flight of this plane was done in May 1968, and the program and plane retired in the same year on June (Bernard 1988). Following the failure of Project Rainbow to decrease radar cross section of the U-2, groundwork was started inside Lockheed to develop an aircraft that would overfly the Soviet Union and gather intelligence resource. The designs of these planes were called “Archangel” (Stephen 1986). This was founded after the U-2 program, which at the time was known as “Angel.” As the designs of the plane evolved and configurations variation occurred, Lockheed internal designation referred to these changes as Arch angel-1 to Arch angel-2…. The design’s evolution simply started being referred to as “A-1” “A-2,” etc (David 2007). The designs had gone up to A-11 stage when a review on the program was done. This arose from competition the program was facing against Kingfish a plane design which was proposed by Convair. Kingfish had the same performance as Archangel; however, Kingfish included features that significantly decreased its radar cross section. The CIA on this point saw the Archangel more favorable over The Kingfish and opted to continue with the A-12 program. In response to this review, Lockheed simply updated the A-11 by addition of two canted fins instead of the previous single right-angled
To volunteer is to wilfully carry out an activity that does not earn one any money and that is beneficial to others. Volunteer management is the process of choosing and incorporating volunteers into an organization and ensuring that they perform. It is a rigorous process that involves proper planning, recruitment, training, overseeing, motivating, appraising and even firing of volunteers. Volunteer management helps to control the resources of an organization. It safeguards the interests of the volunteers and fortifies the integrity of the organization (McCurley and Lynch, 1996). Volunteer Victoria is a non-profit volunteer organization whose objectives include enlightening people on the importance of volunteering and therefore encouraging them to volunteer. It also provides training, consultation and support to organizations that work with volunteers, on matters like recruitment, management, motivation and working with volunteers. The organization also works with organizations, schools, government and community leaders to identify community needs and inform volunteers about them. It also provides volunteer opportunities to people interested in serving their community. Volunteers need to be trained before starting their duties in order to execute them effectively. They need to know about the procedures and polices of that organization, how to use various equipment and what action to take when faced with different situations. Once recruited, they should be evaluated regularly to pin point any further training needs of the volunteers. Volunteer Victoria holds training workshops for its member agencies on volunteer management. Training is done by both the members of staff and contracted trainers. Training is offered on a variety of topics including how to manage funds, communication skills, networking, and succession planning, among others. The organization also offers training courses and seminars for the volunteers. Volunteer Victoria staff members offer training to just recruit volunteers to equip them with the necessary skills that are required to perform the assigned tasks. They also work hand in hand with the volunteers and offer continuous training to them as they go about their daily duties. They also conduct ongoing training and development in areas that need complex skills to ensure that those tasks are executed perfectly. The organization also invites professional speakers on contract who offer specialized training in various fields. Therefore at Volunteer Victoria, training is both done internally and is also out sourced (Blom, 2011). According to Hager and Brudney (2004), Volunteers can be motivated through giving them encouraging feedback for instance by thanking them for their work. Rewarding them for exceptionally done tasks or for going the extra mile also he
Introduction There is increasing debate regarding the likely benefits of modern biotechnology, and particularly of genetically modified food in assisting to attain society’s development and food security goals. The challenge facing decision makers is to understand what the technology can achieve, or has achieved elsewhere and to identify what prospects the technology presents to society (Jones, 2011). There are three key concerns. First, whether or not genetically modified food provides a sustainable food security alternative; second, what the inferences are of genetically modified food for bio-safety in addition to for human safety and health; and third, the level of current society capability of undertaking research, and efficiently track and assess genetically modified (GM) food and the role that such food plays in our society (Scoones, 2009). Genetic modification methods enable new features to be initiated into microorganisms, livestock and crops. These techniques can be utilized to enhance productivity in addition to their capability of resisting a number of diseases. Genetic adaptation is being utilized in the wildlife field with a view of creating disease tolerance, wood quality characteristics and herbicide tolerance (Lesley, 2010). Hence, genetically modified food is frequently viewed as the solution to food shortages. However, attaining food sufficiency is about more than simply ensuring crop productivity (Jones, 2011). There is significant ambiguity regarding the influence on human and environmental wellbeing, and as well whether GM food will offer a sustainable alternative to food issues. This paper focuses entirely on the role that genetically modified food plays in our society and its environmental implications. Role of genetically modified (GM) food As resources for public industry research reduce, and the aspects that enhance private industry establishment and desires turn out to be rooted in international governance approaches, the growth of genetically modified technology and application appears definite. The challenge for decision makers is that of responding to this indecision regarding the comparative chances and risks posed by genetically modified food: the challenge is whether to accept these novel technologies and face criticism for lack of safety measure, or to call for comprehensive research of likely threats and face criticism for not succeeding to act swiftly (Malatesta, 2008). There are concerns regarding the genetically modified crops being developed. The aim of the developers of nutritionally improved varieties is that of distributing these crops broadly in developing nations. Population growth in such nations creates an enormous dilemma not only to food security but also to nutrition security, with 94% of world population anticipated to happen in the developing nations (Lesley, 2010). Accordingly people have to ask: could such advancements in food sector be a promising method of improving the wellbeing of millions of people globally? The following are the roles played by
Introduction to Pakistan and Its Intelligence Agencies Short Description of Agencies Pakistan has a complex system of intelligence that includes multiple agencies which work together to support the country’s national security. The group name for these organizations is the Pakistani Intelligence Community. However, all agencies exist as separate entities, operating under their names. Three main organizations can be considered as the foundation of Pakistani intelligence. The first one is the Intelligence Bureau (IB). Formed in 1947, it is the oldest agency established by the country (Cloughley, 2016). It exists under the jurisdiction of the Pakistani government, being supervised by the nations’ Prime Minister. However, it also has an executive who holds the position titled Director-General. IB’s main functions include monitoring persons who actively oppose or endanger the governmental order of the country. The second entity consists of three services responsible for different types of Armed Forces. These are Pakistan’s Military, Air, and Naval Intelligence (abbreviated MI, AI, and NI accordingly). These agencies report to their corresponding Chiefs of Staff, a position held by four-rank star generals (Kiessling, 2016). Pakistan Army relies on these three branches of intelligence for all knowledge gathering activities. MI investigates the military capabilities of other nations and locates foreign agents or spies. AI researches the air forces and opportunities of other countries. Finally, NI performs similar duties, collecting and analyzing naval intelligence. All three services are concerned with military activity, employing the nation’s army workers of different levels. The last but not the least important one is the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), an agency established a year after IB, in 1948 (Cloughley, 2016). Notably, this organization recruits not only military workers that are drawn from the three military branches mentioned above but also the country’s civilians. The name of the agency is based on the fact that it works with data collected from all other entities and employs specialists from other intelligence s
Introduction One of the unique features of the United Kingdom political system is that it has an unwritten constitution. Compared to other nations, the United Kingdom does not have a single constitutional document hence the term Unwritten or de facto constitution. Most of the United Kingdom constitution exists in court judgments, treaties, and written form of statutes. Other unwritten sources of the constitution include royal prerogatives and the parliamentary constitutional conventions. The British constitution is based on the parliamentary sovereignty doctrines making the parliament the supreme and final source of law of the United Kingdom. Though the European Union’s European Communities Act complicates this principle, the United Kingdom has the power to change the unwritten constitution by passing new acts of parliament (Farnborough, p. 44). Main body The Acts of Parliament (statutes that have received parliament approval) are one of the most important sources of the United Kingdom constitution. According to the unwritten constitution there are three elements to sovereignty namely the monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. These are separate entities and no individual can be a part of more than one component. United Kingdom treaties do not automatically become law; they are incorporated into the constitution by means of the Acts of Parliament. For instance, the European Convention on Human rights has to an extent been factored in the United Kingdom domestic law albeit through the Human Rights Act. The European Union law has an impact on the United Kingdom law to the extent that its two houses permit. Since the United Kingdom uses common and civil law, judgments of the higher courts are used to form the precedents law. High courts’ decisions therefore bind the lower courts and the judges. Other sources to the constitution include constitutional conventions and the Royal Prerogative. Many conventions are of ancient origin and are mainly not officially enforceable in courts. The royal prerogative refers to powers with no statutory base belonging to the sovereign. Its most important power is the appointment or dismissal of the prime minister. It also has the power to: make war and peace, summon, prorogue and dissolve parliament, regulate the civil service, ratify treaties, and issue passports. In the history of the United Kingdom and unlike many other countries like France and the United states, there have never been plans to wholly change the constitution. There have been disputes though with some theorists suggesting that the 1688 compromise between the monarch and the parliament represents the constitution (Farnborough, p. 44). Another
Introduction John P. Cotter has developed an 8-step methodology aimed at helping leaders to gradually and effectively implement their change management policy in the company. It is assumed that the postulates proposed by the author can be easily incorporated into all organizational practices. Appelbaum, Habashy, Malo, and Shafiq analyzed this model, as well as the evidence in regards to its effectiveness, and presented the results in their review article. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the ideas discussed in this article. Ideas and Justifications The authors argue that the proposed model has a linear character, and the main goal (organizational change) can be achieved when all the actions are performed in the correct sequence. Interestingly, the authors emphasize the inevitability of errors when implementing this approach and the impossibility of using this methodology when introducing changes at the divisional level. This idea is important since it is not possible to apply Kotter’s recommendations to change management affecting one or several units. In this case, the resistance to change is frequently associated with corporate culture and values. Another fundamental idea expressed by the research group is related to the fact that Kotter’s strategy does not take into account the emotional component and human experiences. The methodology implies creating the atmosphere of urgency and constantly declaring that every employee should be involved in the change process. Kotter’s theory suggests that after every victory, leadership needs to mobilize employees with an even greater issue to overcome, which means that this technique has a forceful character. Nevertheless, it is difficult to maintain constant enthusiasm among the staff without encouraging and rewarding them for intermediate victories. The next particularly interesting idea is related to the lack of evidence to validate the efficiency of Kotter’s methodology. According to the article, the author of the model did not provide any
The problem of justice and law is highly debatable in American literature. Harper Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird and Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible is one of the brightest works revealing this problem. The present paper is aimed at analyzing the way how the issue of law and justice are disclosed in both works. At the very beginning, we would like to admit the fact that one work may serve as a background for another. The diabolic sense of terror wraps up everyone engaged in reading To Kill a Mockingbird and The Crucible . The reasons for this terror are similar in both cases. In Harper Lee’s novel, people of different are persecuted not only by law but by the whole society as well. In the world depicted in Arthur Miller’s play, the situation is nearly the same: the characters are unable to appeal to human justice and reason, being cooked together in the witch’s cauldron. Both works are social by their nature, with the emphasis made on society and not only on a particular individual. Both authors try and analyze the reasons for the degradation that American society undergoes. In their works, they make the reader understand that the rule of equal rights and absence of special privileges does not work in American society, and this is the ruling class that seems to be responsible for this failure. The “outsiders” Tom Robinson and Boo Radley from To Kill a Mockingbird are turned by society into witches from The Crucible . The difference between these witchlike creatures and the rest of the world is crucial and terrifying. The symbol of the crucible so appropriately chosen by Arthur Miller renders how the temperature of social grievance and madness increases. The only people who seem to be able to change the existing situation are children from To Kill a Mockingbird . They feel that the problem needs urgent solving but are not aware at the moment how to do it. It is notable that the epigraph from Charles Lamb admits the childish nature of the whole world and the lawyers as its best representatives. How knows, maybe, this feature of modern society is destined to cure it of the injustice diseases? Maybe, it is it that might help the world to pass the test on humanity? We want to admit the fact that the problem of justice and law is hidden in the very titles of the works under consideration. The “mockingbird” refers to unprotected victims of severe society whose rights are neglected and lost among the rights of the ruling class. The “crucible” stands for both the chaotic society, supersaturated with anger, as well as for the trial it needs either to pass or, to bear the burden of