ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
End of life care is among the crucial concerns in nursing all over the world because it can influence the dying persons’ quality of life. This type of care is aimed primarily at elderly people with various comorbidities, as well as those in the terminal stage of a disease. The literature review will seek to define the target population and its needs with regards to pain management, describe different types of treatment used in the UK and explore various concerns associated with pain management in end of life care. Based on the information gathered from evidence, the review will also suggest how the quality of care in this area can be enhanced. Background The subject of pain management in end of life care is of critical importance in the contemporary world. According to the definition provided by Schmidlin and Oliver (2015), a significant portion of palliative care, including the end of life care, is dedicated to providing relief for pain and discomfort associated with an illness. A recent ranking of countries by the Quality of Death Index showed that the United Kingdom performed better than other countries in Europe, America, and Asia (Ling 2016). This means that the country has a solid framework for providing the end of life care, well-trained staff, and high standards in terms of care quality (Ling 2016). However, there are still some issues evident in the UK healthcare system that affect people’s access to and use of pain management services and medications (Ling 2016). To facilitate improvements in this area of palliative care, it is essential to understand the needs of the target population and evaluate the treatment types offered in the United Kingdom. Literature Review Based on the background analysis of the issue, two key topics were chosen for further examination in the literature review. First, the review defines the target population and their needs, and second, it discusses major treatment types. The results were found primarily through the University library, although some guidelines were accessed from databases, such as PubMed and PMC. The full information on search criteria and keywords can be found in Appendix 1. Target Population and Needs Older adults Due to the aging of the global population, the share of older adults in the United Kingdom has increased over the last decade. However, as shown by a quantitative population study by Prince et al. (2015), the quality of life of many older adults is undermined by chronic disease, and their symptoms increase in severity as a person reaches the end of their life. To provide adequate pain management services to older adults living in the United Kingdom, it is essential to understand the influence of various common diseases and conditions
Egypt is a country which has one of the most interesting histories in the world. Moreover, Egypt is also associated with ancient mysteries of the ancient world. This country possesses really great antiques which impact on people’s decision to view and marvel at the ingenuity which was evoked when they were built. Scientists and anthropologists agree that the degree, upon which the work was done, indicates that the people who were involved in the construction of these structures had a great scientific knowledge. The most beautiful among these structures are the pyramids of Giza and the sphinx. It was Gustave Flaubert who noted that there was something curious about them, these famous pyramids, the more one looks at them, the bigger they become. The pyramids of Giza lie southwest of Cairo on a flat elevation of the Libyan Desert. These pyramids are part of the great cities of the dead of the Old Kingdom, extending from Abu Roash, in the north to Dahshur, in the south (Atiya, 2007). Generally, there are six pyramid groups, spreading over some thirty kilometers on the eastern edge of the Libyan Desert plateau. These include the Abu Roash, Giza, Zawiyet Aryan, Abusir, Saqqara and Dahshur (Atiya, 2007). There are some theories which try to explain how these mega structures appeared. However, there was no a conclusive theory or fact which postulated with regard to how these structures appeared. However, most of the experts of human history came to the common consensus that these structures were put up as burial monuments for the pharaohs. From the early accounts, the investigators fell into two main camps: those that regarded the pyramids as tombs and nothing more and, those that were convinced that the society was responsible for such amazing structures built with such inconceivable care and precision (West, 1995). The scientists who study pyramids decided to find out how these pyramids appeared. One of the most famous investigators was John Taylor who was an editor. Taylor was looking for the fundamental reasons for the peculiar angle of slope to conclude that the height of the pyramid was appropriate to its perimeter as the radius of the circle is appropriate to its circumference. According to him, the Egyptians displayed remarkable knowledge and wealth of geometric, mathematical, and proportional properties of the amazing pyramid (West, 1995). Taylor, therefore, concluded that the purpose of erecting these Great Pyramids was to pass on this profound knowledge. The mystery behind the construction of the pyramid of Giza is not about to the end. It is because the contradictory theories purported different ideas on how the structure was erected. However, they hold the common opinion that these structures were constructed by intelligent people who utilized immense knowledge in putting them up. Reference List Atiya, F. (2007). Ancient Egypt. New York: American Univ in Cairo Press. West, J. A. (1995). The traveler’s key to
People who have learned English as a second language have had problems communicating in America for quite a long time. Communicating to various cultural groups for those speaking a second language can prove to be a challenge. As different cultures have grown in America, as Latin Americans, have had their own language, Spanish, merge with English, the so-called Spanglish, and Black English population has over the course of American history had their own dialect. With the cross influence and interaction between these two cultures a merging or bridge should evolve to decrease the tensions that exist between the two, and for those speaking a different language. The misunderstanding has grown even more. With mutual respect and acceptance of Black English and Spanglish, it would be possible to make that link grow and to bring these cultures to a peaceful coexistence for minorities and subcultures. One of the most common concerns in the modern world is the issue of bilingual people, who, on the one hand, benefit from being immersed in these cultural variances, yet on the other hand, have to face sufficient challenges in navigating them. Another problem, which seems to have grown more significant at the current moment is the issue concerning the “correct” English language and its “incorrect” variation: standard American English and Black English. Despite the evident fusion of cultures, people are still reluctant to accept everything that does not suit the “norm”, especially concerning the language issues – surprisingly, people are highly unwilling to realize that the English language can merge with the other ones. In her astounding article, Ana C. Zentella dwells upon the problem of being bilingual. Thus, one of the most widespread issues is the problem of the language discrimination: “Speakers of non-defined mixture of Spanish and/or English are judged as “different”, or sloppy speakers of Spanish and/or English, and are often labeled verbally deprived, or deficient bilinguals because supposedly they do not have the ability to speak either English or Spanish well” (Zentella 215). Compared to her, June Jordan, the author of a study on the Black English, dwells upon the problem of being different as well, considering the social inacceptance of the dialect and the Black subculture: “white standards control our official and popular judgments
Abstract Uncertainty is the state of unpredictability under different circumstances. This paper explains the sources of uncertainty which include unknown business directions and the inability to predict a successful business opportunity, among others. Various sources of uncertainty affect the operations of both small and large firms. Uncertainties are usually accompanied by fear which if not properly managed leads to failure; it also leads to decrease in the levels of confidence. The research paper further examines the differences between mechanistic and organic organizational structures and the circumstances under which a company can employ either of these structures. The origin of organizational culture and the importance of using different organizational culture for example diversity are also explained. Sources of uncertainty and their effects Business owners are faced with a number of uncertainties in managing both large and small businesses. The rapid changes in the organization reduce the confidence of managers in meeting the future needs of the business. There is difficulty in determining solid and profitable business requirements; this uncertainty is usually caused by constraints in the process of gathering information and selection of a vibrant business opportunity. The process of implementing products is complex due to the various features of different products (Gareth, 2010). Technicality in the implementation process is also a source of uncertainty. Participation or the presence of the human personnel in an organization is a source of uncertainty to the management process. Uncertainty can also arise due to inadequate knowledge of the existence of alternative markets and the internal and external conditions of a firm. The time gap between the formulation and making of a decision and the implementation of what was decided also causes uncertainty. The sources of uncertainty in a business affect its operations. In the case of a small biotechnology business, uncertainty leads to fear and ultimately, failure. It decreases the willingness by business owners to expand their businesses. It also leads to reduction in business activity. Uncertainties in the business environment lead to contraction of business credit, thereby lowering consumer confidence in different products. In order to survive in the automobile industry, large car manufacturers have to cushion against possible collapse as a result of the uncertainties in the environment. The federal government has put in place certain policies that allow car manufacturers to access liquidity. Uncertainty can also lead to competition but the small businesses cannot shape the rules because they do not have enough resources. The management of the external environment is crucial in the success of any business whether small or big. It therefore implies that the management of the degree in wh
Advert 1: Tilescape Tilescape appears on the internet at ‘Fiveways Directory’ as a company that deals with tiles (The Fiveways Directory, 2014). The advert is printable, eye-catching, and it is obvious that the person who prepared the advert took superfluous time to put the pieces together. The space used for this advert is adequate because one can understand the functions of the “Tilescape.” The advert is targeting an audience in the digital world where the nature of the floor is sometimes enhanced by tiles to look more elegant and radiant. Tiles are associated with the aristocrats and individuals at the higher levels of the socioeconomic ladder. Advert 2: Cadillac Shield Cadillac Shield is the product advertised by this radio advert ( Cadillac Shield , 2014). Time used is one minute, and it aims at communicating the salient and most appealing characteristics of the product. The advertiser has used a combination of background sound and a deep voice to mimic the strength and efficacy of using the Cadillac Shield. This advert attempts to persuade the listener to use the Cadillac because of the mentioned benefits. As a result, it intends to influence the action of the audience through a social cognitive approach. Advert 3: Fiveways Fruits Fruits are being advertised here (The Fiveways Directory, 2014). The advert has used a limited amount of space on the webpage, and it is obvious that few minutes were taken to prepare it. This advert is plainly informative,
Our lives have become heavily reliant on the internet. We use it for everything from checking email to ordering food delivery services. It is a convenience that blurs our definition of safety. As adults, we have the ability and power to decide upon what types of websites we visit, whom we speak to, and how we conduct our cyberlives. The problem is that unsrcupolous individuals have found loopholes in the safety that we believed to be built into the internet. Phising sites and porn sites find a way into our systems and very often, open up our systems, both at home and at the office to potential hacker attacks and viruses. Considered the unknown frontier of the 21 st century, we have come to realize that not all is well in the cyberworld and that we will very often need protection from it. The first line of defense? An internet filter. Basically, an internet filter is a software program designed to block access to questionable websites and web content. By doing so, we protect our systems from experiencing any work disrupting scenarios and offers us a chance to safely surf the web without having to worry too much about internet security. The most important use of the internet filter though, seems to be in blocking out questionable websites from the home computer that children have access to. Parents know that children are of a curious nature and do not think twice about clicking on various advertisments on the internet that they find interesting. More often than not, a child will click on a link that could take them into a pornography website. Once there, nobody can predict what could happen and what kind of people the child will meet. Internet filters give parents a sense of control over their children in the only area of their lives where parents cannot get in, that is the internet. By installing the internet filter, a parent can help protect their children from pedophiles and other ill intentioned people who proliferate the web by pretending to be children. According to the National Institute on Media and Family, these sofware programs work in various ways to protect the child. Methods such as “(a)Scanning sites and blocking those that contain specific words. (b)Blocking sites that are found to contain sexually explicit, violent or hateful material. (c) Limiting a child’s search to a predefined set of sites or to sites that meet certain criteria. “, all help to insure that children have a layer of security and protection even when their parents are not around to actually make sure they are safe. However, there are still some people who do not advocate the use of internet filters. These are the people who believe that internet filters have connections with religious beliefs of over controlling parents. These are the people who do not understand that internet filters do not totally block ones internet access. Rather, as most adults have discovered, internet filters can be customized to meet your internet surfing needs. Children tend to view internet filters are extensions of their parents trying to control their lives. This is a misconception fueled by parents lack of communication with
Introduction The history of the development of Native American culture is estimated to be more than 12,000 years old. The main Native American cultural areas are the subarctic, arctic, Southeast, Northeast, Plateau, the Plains, and the Northwest Coast of North America (Table 55). The major Native American cultures are Adena, Coles Creek, Hokokam, Puebloan, and Iroquois among others (Wolfe 18). The essay describes the Native American culture from different perspectives. History of the Development of Native American Culture The Adena culture existed between 1000 BCE and 200 BCE. This culture consisted of related Native American communities that used primitive ceremonial systems (Coward 35). The Cole Creek culture was an indigenous development within the Mississippi valley and existed during the era of the Adena civilization. The Cole Creek era was characterized by the increased usage of flat-topped mounds, complex political institutions, and primitive agricultural activities (Talbot 28). The Hohokam culture was concentrated in the region of the American Southwest and consisted of a cluster of small villages spread across the Gila River banks (Kuprecht 41). Members of the Hohokam culture were active farmers who successfully raised squash, corn, and beans. The community developed the practice of dry farming. The Hohokam culture used primitive technologies such as pottery, architectural designs, and ceramic molding (Wolfe 11). The group also introduced the walled compound. Unlike their predecessors, members of the Hohokam culture traded in exotics and shells. The Puebloan culture covered Southern Utah, Southwest Colorado, Northwestern New Mexico, and Northern Arizona. This culture developed from the Picosa era. Members of this civilization had small pit houses, cliff-sited dwellings, and grand pueblos (Schmidtke 15). The Puebloan had a complex community network that linked several clusters of small families. At present, the Taos Pueblo, Mesa Verde, and Chaco cultural parks are associated with the Puebloan era. On the other hand, the Mississippian culture expanded into North America (Table 48). The ruins of the town that existed during this period indicate that it was complex and constructed using sophisticated tools. The Mississippian cultural era was characterized by a well-organized political system consisting of Cahokia (tribal chiefdom) and an active trade network (Kuprecht 33). The use of complex tools to construct 10-story mounds is a suggestion of technological revolution accompanied by iconography and artifacts. This culture became powerful due to wide acceptance of maize agriculture, political organization, and expanded population density. The Iroquois
Introduction There are currently a variety of signs indicating that the contemporary healthcare system is becoming increasingly more expensive. The costs that the federal budget suffers because of the need to meet the improved quality criteria. As a result, the very concept of value is changing its nature in the context of contemporary healthcare, with a gradual shift from a patient-oriented philosophy to the concept of addressing the current societal needs (Lehoux, Daudelin, Williams-Jones, Denis, & Longo, 2014). Therefore, the society, in general, can be viewed as one of the current stakeholders in healthcare. Consequently, the vision thereof incorporates those of patients, healthcare service members, entrepreneurs, providers, manufacturers, etc. Seeing that each of the stakeholders mentioned above pursues their own unique set of goals, a range of conflicts may emerge in the process of meeting these needs. Although the range of viewpoints that one needs to embrace in order to devise a specific solution is truly ample, there is a strong need to adopt the concept of sustainability and stakeholder satisfaction in the design of the healthcare system so that every participant of the healthcare supply cha
The elderly population had an increased risk of illness and used more medications. The 5-year mortality was increased in the elderly population which indulged in polypharmacy (Jyrkkà et al, 2009). The community elderly above 64 took a minimum of 3 medications; those above 80 consumed more (IOM, 1997). They contributed to one-third (33%) of the national consumption of medicines while their population came to just 13% in the US. Surprisingly, the amount spent for them for prescription medicines came to about 38% of the national expenditure at 36 billion in 1991 (IOM, 1997). In 2001, 44.3 billion dollars was the expenditure for elderly medicines (Stagnitti, 2005). In 2002, it grew to 49.9 billion (Stagnitti, 2005). The growth of the expenditure for the elderly medicines simultaneously with the rising elderly population could be noticed from these statistics. The elderly population group was obviously the most vulnerable to drug interactions. Weise reported in the “USA Today” that errors of medication harmed 1.5 million US citizens every year (2006). She indicated that the problem was so serious that one medication error was expected from each hospital per day. These medication-related problems further enhanced the costs of treatment of the elderly, contributing to 3.5 billion of the expenditure per year (Weise, 2006). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimated that one-quarter of the number were preventable injuries. The polypharmacy leading to medication-related problems was to be prevented. This paper is aimed at studying the problem of polypharmacy in the elderly and the role of the ARNPs in the prevention of such a problem through a literature review. Literature review The Institute of Medicine Report of 1999 indicated that medical errors cost 37.6 billion dollars in which 17 billion dollars were for preventable errors (Graban, 2009). In 2007, the IOM Report indicated that 4 billion dollars were used for treatment of medication errors while the 2008 Report of Milliman Inc, study put the annual cost of harmful medical errors at 17.1billion dollars (Graban, 2009). USA Today reported in 2010 that 44% of the 15000 patients who died