ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Munchausen syndrome is a disorder in which a person simulates, exaggerates or artificially causes symptoms of the disease in order to undergo a medical examination, treatment, hospitalization, surgery. The reasons for this behavior are not fully understood. The generally accepted explanation of the causes of Munchausen disorder is that the simulation of the disease allows people with this problem to receive attention, care, sympathy, and psychological support, the need for which is frustrated. The term “Munchausen syndrome” was proposed by Richard Asher, who in 1951 first described the behavior of patients who tend to invent or cause painful symptoms. The disorder is understood as an extreme and long-lasting form of a simulative disorder in which the simulation of disease is central to a person’s life. There are two major types of Munchausen syndrome. First, the actual Munchausen illness, or a simulated disorder, when a person causes some physical symptoms in himself and enters the clinic with them. Second, the so-called delegated Munchausen syndrome, or proxy Munchausen. The patient does not cause symptoms in himself/herself, but in some other person who is dependent on him/her and is actually in a helpless state (Baig, Levin, Lichtenthal, Boland, & Breitbart, 2015). Usually, these are mothers, women who intentionally cause symptoms in a child, come to a doctor with him/her, and doctors try to help, understand what happened and examine the child. In this situation, a sick woman receives care and attention; there is some decrease in the stress level. It is known that the delegated form of Munchausen syndrome occurs mainly in women, and the usual way, when a person himself/herself causes illness, is equally present in both men and women. There is even evidence that this is more common in men (Fraher, 2014). It is important to understand that the disorder can be gender specific. Patients with Munchausen syndrome deny the artificial nature of their symptoms, even if they show evidence of a simulation. In case of refusal of treatment by one specialist, a patient with Munchausen disorder turns to another. The actions by which the features of the disease are created can cause irreparable harm to health and constitute a danger to its life and adversely affect mental development and health. Munchausen’s syndrome is complicated to recognize, so its prevalence cannot be accurately determined. There are isolated cases of observations in various fields of medicine (Amladi & DePry, 2017). The causes of the disease are more profound than the simple desire to attract attention, but they are not well understood, because this is not the most common mental disorder. Patients come into the view of professional psychiatrists and psychologists far from always (Fraher, 2014). Now it is believed that this is a syndrome that can occur in various mental illnesses, primarily in the case of personality disorders and in mild forms of schizophrenia and slow-moving schizophrenia. The diagnosis and disorder type identification are critically important. According to the diagnostic criteria, in order to diagnose M
Introduction   * Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding was a parody of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela;       + In the novel Joseph is introduced as the sister of “the illustrious Pamela whose virtue is at present so famous” (Fielding 2);   * The novel is an epic comedy written on the model of Don Quixote;   * Vanity is one of the main themes of the novel;       + Fielding mentions in the Introduction to the novel that the source of true Ridicule is Hypocrisy or vanity (Fielding xii). Vanity as a Theme   * Vanity is the pride in oneself;   * Vanity of virtue is one of the main theme of the novel:       + Pamela was virtuous and so was Joseph Andrews but virtue (Fielding 2) is hypocritical according to Fielding;       + Parson Adams has vanity in bookish knowledge and contempt for lack of it;       + Slipslop has vanity of being the bridge between the two social strata. Parson Adams   * Adam’s vanity lies in his pedagogic achievements:       + Adams believes that his knowledge gained from books is superior to those gained from experience;       + He boasts of his son’s acumen, but is reality is found to be less than what he boasts;   * In vanity of his bookish knowledge, Adams judges others:       + In chapter 17, the episode with the bookseller and the in-keeper shows Adams to be pompous about his knowledge (Fielding 27-33);       + In chapter 3 Adams is described by Fielding as a “an excellent scholar” but “entirely ignorant of the ways of the world” (Fielding 14). Lady Booby   * Lady Booby has the vanity of social hierarchy:       + Fielding considers Vanity to be a virtue of affectation (Fielding xii);       + When Joseph rejects her plea for love, her vanity is hurt and she first throws him out of job them try to stop his marriage to Fanny;       + Vanity of rejection from a footman makes lady Booby become the villain of the novel;       + Lady booby is a satire on the virtue and chastity of the women of hierarchy who are hypocritical in their appearance to the world. Mrs. Slipslop Mrs. Slipslop is addicted to her desire for social alleviation:   * Slipslop feels she belongs to the higher class though she is a maid to Lady Booby;   * Her vanity lies in her knowledge of the ways of the higher classes;   * Her vanity was expressed in chapter 3 where she expressed her greater knowledge over Adams;       + “Mrs. Slipslop, the waiting-gentlewoman, being herself the daughter of a curate, preserved some respect for Adams … always insisted on a deference to be paid to her understanding, as she had been frequently at London, and knew more of the world than a country parson could pretend to.” (Fielding 6);   * In her vanity she deliberately does not acknowledge Fanny’s courtesy and leaves the room. Joseph Andrew Joseph is the male counterpart of Pamela in the beginning of the novel:   * Guarding his chastity against the lusting Lady Booby, Mrs. Slipslop, and Betty;   * His vanity
Political Factors  1. Any political instability, especially in India or in the Middle East, can lead to major risks for the company. As the company provides IT services to customers from 175+ cities, governmental restrictions against IT business during instability may lead to severe losses for the company (Company overview, 2016, para. 1). Effect: high.  2. Political liberalization. The company has more chances to provide IT services to the customers of all classes. Liberalization allows the company to overcome the limits and continue its development. Effect: medium.  3. Change trends of government laws. Any regulations that target or restrict online cooperation between companies will limit the company’s ability to function across six continents and provide services to them. Moreover, the government of the US changed the rules of outsourcing but did not provide any tax rebates. Effect: high. Economic Factors  1. Currency fluctuation. As WIPRO is an international company, its revenues are gained in different types of currency. Currency fluctuation can decrease the revenue of the company, as a currency has been unstable in the past several years. Effect: high.  2. Exchange rate. The exchange rate can also adversely affect the revenues, as the expected revenues can decrease due to unprofitable exchange rates. Effect: high.  3. Increased foreign exchange. The major revenue of the company consists of U.S. or Australian Dollars, as well as Euros, but the costs are in Indian Rupees (Financial capital, n.d., para. 5). Thus, increased foreign exchange can lead to an increase or decrease in revenues of the company. Effect: high.  4. Global recession. Global recession presents a risk to the company, but, as stated on the WIPRO website, the recession allowed the company to identify and invest in future opportunities. Thus, a global recession may be used as an advantage as well. Effect: medium. Socio-Cultural Factors  1. Work culture. To be successful, the work culture of the company needs to be people and employee/stakeholders/customers-oriented. The company has its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that prescribes certain standards to all employees. Effect: medium.  2. Attitude towards work. The keywords that define WIPRO’s position are innovation, respect for every individual, and honesty in the working process. Effect: medium.  3. Demographic. As the demographic landscape of the countries changes, the company needs to evaluate how IT can understand and approach demographic needs. Effect: medium.  4. Media views. WIPRO has won many awards and was praised by media as an innovative and environmentally friendly company with an unbiased approach to all employees. Effect: medium. Technological Factors  1. Focus on research and technology. WIPRO is one of the leading Indian IT companies; it works with different governments. The company delivers management and deployment services and actively cooperates not only with the Indian but with other governments as well (Government , n.d., para. 1). Effect: high.  2. Impact on the value chain. As an E-Commerce company, WIPRO has influenced the value chain and successfully integrated int
Introduction The proposed service is a laptop rental service for university students. It will consist of short- and long-term rentals of laptops that would require students to pay a fee for rental of the laptop. The company will have a range of laptops from different brands that students would choose from after applying for the service. Laptops will be set up and pre-installed with basic educational software. Students will pay a set fee based on the laptop selected and time rented. Upon return of the product, the computer will be evaluated, and the student will be billed fully for the full time the product was rented. The service will operate 24/7 for the university so that students can rent a laptop at any time for academic needs in case of emergency situations. Concept Statement Concept: A 24/7 service which allows students at the university rent laptops for a set fee, catering to both, short-term emergency leases and long-term needs of students who require laptops for academic activities. Goal: To establish the business as a primary, accessible solution for students who are experiencing issues with their computers and establish a profitable long-term business model. Risks: There can be an inherent lack of interest in the business as most students also have mobile devices which they can use or utilize computers free of charge at the university library. There is a risk that initial investment will take a significant time to recoup given the expense of hardware and various costs in upkeeping it. Target Market The target market will be students, and potentially staff who are members of the local university. National survey data demonstrates that 80% of students have laptop devices for their college (or higher) education, while 4 out of 5 rely heavily on digital learning tools for a wide variety of activities (Reed, 2016). Therefore, students attending the university will be the target market and preference of the rental service. The laptop rental service will target those who need a computer device for academic purposes. Potentially a partnership with the university can be established to provide favourable rates as well as a liability system for those affiliated with the university as either student or staff. Service Positioning Given the target market statistics described above and with an average university population between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals, both empirical and anecdotal data suggests that students may need a laptop rental. The average malfunction rate for laptops is 20% while failure rates are at least 31% within 3 years (Newman, 2009). Given that higher education lasts at least 4 years on average, it is likely that at least a third of the 20,000-30,000 population will experience a malfunction. The nature of college academic studies is that laptops are necessary for most students either for note taking, completing assignments and coursework, and for other aspects
Nursing may be considered a therapeutic activity since it affects people both physically and psychologically. Ersser (2019) assumes that “symbolic images of nursing may depict it as a therapeutic act through representation as healing” (p. 28). The point of this idea is that thanks to nurses, patients receive not only medical services but also communication and care. This may have a positive effect on their psychological state and even contribute to a faster recovery. However, not all nurses have a caring and cautious attitude to patients. Therefore, the required therapeutic effect is not always achieved. Nurses have many roles, such as helping, training and educating, monitoring patients’ condition, and organizing some services and events. However, in addition to this, they are responsible for providing patients with an atmosphere of comfort, verbal and physical communication, emotional and psychological support, and a pleasant and calm environment (Ersser, 2019). Only with this integrated approach patients can feel protected and safe. The mental state of people has a significant impact on their health. This means that a caring attitude and the right atmosphere will help them bear the disease more efficiently and recover as quickly as possible. A significant aspect of medical practice is the vulnerability of patients. It consists of two elements: related to an individual and the whole population (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2016). Vulnerability is caused by the fact that people are susceptible to problems in physical, psychological, and social spheres. This can significantly affect the health of the whole world, as the number of such people increases. Also, De Chesnay and Anderson (2016) state that “anyone can also be vulnerable at any given point in time as a result of life circumstances or response to illness or events” (p. 4). Therefore, nurses need to be aware of the level of vulnerability of patients and understand its possible consequences. Vulnerability is manifested in many situations, even when people come to the hospital and interact there. It also affects those who work with complex and dangerous equipment or often get in some stressful situations. Other causes of vulnerability are, for instance, bad habits and lifestyle (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2016). All these factors must be remembered to clearly understand what to expect from patients. These features may vary in each region and each hospital, but usually, general trends can be identified simply. Also, when communicating with patients, nurses should understand what can affect the process of their illness and recovery. According to statistics, there are several main groups of people who are more susceptible to various diseases and health problems than others (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2016). These are people with chronic illnesses, mental disabilities, alcohol
Introduction Frost was a poet for all people in that, as a mature poet, he used plain English, and he wrote about the everyday things in his surroundings, often as metaphors for the day-to-day cares of life. He was a farmer by choice for much of his life, and wrote about nature and the seasons, especially favoring Winter. His life was not extraordinary in any important way, though he did have more than the usual share of sorrow. However, he never quite fit in anywhere, as evidenced in his poem: Two Roads Diverged in a Yellow Wood: “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” It was not Robert Frost’s life being different which made him and his poetry, but rather, his reaction to life which was different, and his insight and ability to see things and communicate that to the reader that made him a distinctive voice in the wilderness. Poets are not born: they are made. A poet needs to have a facility with language and an eye to see (not necessarily the actual eye, but discernment) truth. Poets make connections, and so every poet’s work is intimately connected with who he or she is. What they write is their interaction with life. Main body One place that Frost did not fit in was at school as a student. His father died when he was eleven and he and his mother moved back to Massachusetts from San Francisco to live with relatives. “In 1897 he enrolled at Harvard, hoping to prepare for a career in college teaching, but he left after two years without a degree.” (Greenberg and Hepburn ix) His grandfather despaired that he would ever succeed at anything and gave him a farm in Derry to help him out. Frost worked the farm, but could not make enough to support him and his wife. He was obligated to work the farm for ten years, and he wrote all this time. One interesting facet of poetry is that the actual writing of a poem may not be representative of its incarnation. That is, a poem may begin in the subconscious long before it finally rolls off the pen. So we have no way to know when any particular work of Frost’s began forming in his mind. We only know when it was published. Therefore we can only guess by the content when any particular poem had its genesis. For example, the poem The Good Hours (1915) is written about the narrator taking a walk through the town and far past, then returning to find everything closed down, and all the windows dark. He commented that he felt a connection to them: “I had such company outward bound.” When he came back, he realized that he was still an outsider. Everyone else in the small farming community was asleep and yes, he “profaned” the snowy streets with his footsteps. So we find that he valued nature, and this idea likely began while he was still living in Derry, but he was an outsider. He was even more alone after his mother died. He echoes this in his almost shockingly frank poem, Home Burial (1911). Frost and his wife went to England in 1912, where he made the acquaintance of
Technological progress was and remained one of the moving forces of economic development throughout history. Robotization and automation are some of the most notable contemporary developments in this respect. The sheer magnitude of technological advances in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and the prospects of workplace automation may raise concerns about the employment perspectives for humans. At the same time, there are also grounds for optimism allowing the proponents of robotization to argue that its benefits will most certainly outweigh its potential downsides. A utilitarian approach to the problem requires analyzing whether robotization will promote the greatest happiness for the largest number of people as opposed to other options. From this perspective, robotization is an ethically laudable development because, instead of mechanical jobs taken by robots, it will promote more meaningful and fulfilling jobs for humans. The main argument why the effect of robotization on employment deserves a positive ethical evaluation is that it will make jobs more meaningful and rewarding. Utilitarianism’s central premise is that ethically right decisions promote “the greatest possible quantity of happiness” for the greatest number of persons (Bentham 232). One of the main aspects in which employment may promote happiness is by offering emotionally fulfilling, meaningful work. The five critical factors of meaningful work, as identified by Smits et al., are the sense of purpose, social relationships, improvement and professional growth, recognition, and autonomy (507). If robots take over tedious and mindless tasks, they will allow human workers to focus on more purposeful and rewarding activities (Smids et al. 516). Moreover, the time that would otherwise be spent on these tasks may be used for enhanced interpersonal contact with coworkers, also making the jobs more fulfilling. Thus, a good ethical option maximizes happiness, and allowing the robots to take over tedious and uncreative tasks will make work more meaningful and, hence, increase the workers’ happiness. Therefore, one may claim that robotization’s effect on employment is ethically positive. The obvious objection to this argument is that, although providing some people with more meaningful and rewarding work, robotization will also deprive othe
Introduction The poem “Mending Wall” by Robert Frost seemingly narrates the complicated relationships between two people who set boundaries to make them healthy. However, there is a political interpretation of this piece, and it is primarily connected to the countries’ intentions to strengthen their borders instead of establishing cooperation. From this perspective, the examined work is valuable for understanding global processes in the world that determine international communication patterns. “Mending Wall” by Robert Frost The lack of agreement of governments is conveyed by the poet in several ways. First, he states that “something there is that doesn’t love a wall,” implying that there is no unity in perceptions of actual needs (Frost, n.d.). This factor seems crucial for finding common grounds for making decisions affecting all the participants. Second, Frost (n.d.) writes, “The gaps I mean, No one has seen them made or heard them made,” and these lines show that there are no clear threats requiring building the walls. In other words, the problems as they are presented by political leaders are not underpinned by sufficient evidence. Third, he says, ” I’d ask to know what I was walling in or walling out,” thereby reflecting the public confusion regarding the dubious feasibility of implemented measures (Frost, n.d.). Thus, this piece demonstrates the failed attempts to justify the selected course. Conclusion In conclusion, the “Mending Wall” by Robert Frost, when examined through a political lens, confirms the unreasonably of dividing people. In this way, the boundaries represent unnecessary limitations that serve no one and, therefore, should be reconsidered. The reason why this idea applies to real-life situations is in the decisions made by leaders of the countries while not expressing the actual benefits of borders.
Introduction The thinking of many people often describes gender roles as an inherent part of any society. In fact, some nations and populations may believe that their existing societal structure is the correct and most logical one. However, anthropologists, sociologists, and other scientists strive to prove the opposite, arguing that gender roles are as accurate for one group of people as they are false for another one. Thus, some underlying factors must form one’s personality and activities to adhere to the supposed social norm. In her work, Mead counters the idea that gender roles are ubiquitous and vital for human existence and discusses a concept of taught differences (Jacobus 237). Her process of thinking outlines the lack of necessity for gender stereotypes and proposes a new structure that would emphasize one’s individuality and achievement. Although some loss of societal values may be possible if all gender stereotypes are erased, the result of this change would bring many desirable outcomes to all people regardless of their gender. The Erasure of Gender Stereotypes A number of scholars have proven that various societies have their differences in gender stereotypes. Mead, for instance, shows many striking variations in behaviors and activities that are presumed to be exclusively feminine or masculine. In fact, some o