ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Water is the most imperative and precious resource necessary for survival of human beings. Human beings have a steady and continuous need for pure water that is free of poisonous chemicals and pathogens for utilization and running daily processes. Nevertheless, clean water is not always available to all people. Although three quarters of the earth’s surface is covered by water, most of that water is not suitable for human consumption. In the present times, above fifty percent of people in the diverse regions of the world do not have access to safe and pure water to meet their daily needs. The condition is worse still due to the natural disasters that limit the availability of water that is safe for human being consumption. Industrial processes use large amounts of water, which require treatment before being discharged to surface water systems. Wastewater from the municipal wastewater treatments systems has effluents, which affects aquatic life. There is therefore a need for innovative designs for treatment units, efficient low-cost methods and approaches for water quality assurance. Background Definition Of Purification Of Water Purification of water is removing impurities from water to make it fit for consumption as well as removing microorganisms that contaminate it. The process depends on the impurities in the water, level of contamination, finances available and the standards (Crittenden, 2010). The main objective of purifying water is to serve the intended purpose in different industries. Problem Of Chemical Spills In Water Chemical Produces Water Pollution It Creates Waste Products Water pollution has always been a main problem to the atmosphere and the surrounding. With industrialization in major areas and urban cities rising, the water around them just keeps being polluted. There are many causes of water pollution but chemicals are found to have the fatal effects to both living organisms and human beings. Chemical pollution emanates from the effluent outfall from the industrial factories, refineries, residues of agricultural practices such as fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Polychlorinated biphenyls is also found in drinking water and is toxic for human consumption. Waste materials from chemicals such as lead and cadmium also pollute water. Chemicals Make Water And Seas Poisoned Chemical discharged in the water bodies cause water pollution to have unfavorable consequences to both marine life and the human beings at large. According to Clarke & Frid (2009), eutrophication originates from water that comes from the
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The assassination of Archduke Franz is what sparked the Great War into motion. The Serbians wanted to take possession of the Austria-Hungary’s South Slav provinces so they orchestrated the assassination of the Archduke. They were not content with the territory or size of the country and were looking for a way of expansion. The Austria- Hungary government issued an ultimatum to Serbia to prosecute the murderers. It declared war on Serbia. Russia came strongly to Serbia’s defense. Germany was quick to declare war on Russia in support of Austria-Hungary. France and Britain in turn declared war on Germany leading to the Great war that lasted in 1914-1918. The New technologies in the Great War The technology in the World War 1 was better than any other time in history. The weapons used in World War 1 included the hand grenades that were introduced by the British during the war. The Germans used the rifle grenades in the trenches. They were used to attack soldiers from a greater distance than the hand grenades. The different countries also introduced poison gas. The effects on the soldiers were deadly. The gun ammunition used in the Great war was more sophisticated and dangerous. The soldiers’ lungs were destroyed by the gas. There was also innovative use of weapons such as the submarines and the war planes. The effect on the civilians and the soldiers was great. Many countries lost thousands of soldiers within days. Many civilians also lost their lives. At the end of the war, countries in Europe were devastated as they assessed the number of lives lost and the people who were maimed for life. The impact of the sophisticated weapons on the infrastructure was also devastating. The Russian Revolution The Russian people grew tired and angry at the Tsar government for several reasons, First of all, the Russian army was highly weakened by the war and many soldiers died. The dead soldiers were over 200,000. These men came from the farms causing food shortages. Trains were being used in the war so limited transport to the cities. There was high inflation and famine in the cities. The government had increased inflation by printing millions of the country’s currency in order to finance the war. There were riots and strikes concerning the economic crisis which made the Tsar flee the city. The imperial government took over and formed the Russian provisional government. The Tsar was seen unfit to
Every type of business comprises not only economic affairs but also ethical. The modern world is considered to be amoral and hostile, so to work better and without extra conflicts, colleagues should follow simple rules which are gathered in the Business Ethics Documents. Business ethics is a mode of behavior; it controls the ethical behavior of members of the company and other business partners. Business ethics plays two main roles that are, observance of regulations and rules of the company members and partners and providing the control under them. There are professions where working ethics is very important as it reflects the norms of behavior, which are the basis for this kind of work. Focusing on the professions where working ethics is very important, the most valuable example is the police department. Working as a law enforcement officer, it is crucial to follow working ethics as these are the main rules, and the failure to implement these rules may lead to discharge. A great responsibility is set on the enforcement officers who are aimed to maintain order in the society and protect people. Identifying sources of change in personal and organizational ground rules using a current ethical issue, it is possible to mention that the police officers’ ethics are strict, and this makes them always be ready for anything. The rules which are identified in their behavioral policy are aimed to organize the person, to make him/her more strict and precise in his/her actions. This ethics teaches police officers to be stronger in order to survive in the extreme conditions where they usually appear. Considering the law enforcement code of ethics, it could be noticed that policemen are always under pressure. It is important for them always be attentive and ready to react to any danger, but people’s organism cannot cope with all the requirements which are demanded, some rest should be taken from time to time in order to release from that tense. Newcomers to the police may be depressed by the tension which is maintained on them, so some time for relaxation, physical and, what is more important, moral should occur in the professions like police officers. There is always a basic skeleton that is impossible to change in the ethics of the enforcement code, but there is also always a field for improvement in this sphere. The world develops, and more and more new aspects appear every day which should be taken into consideration. To be specific, examples of racial discrimination can be mentioned. The periods when Afro-Americans were considered slaves have passed, a
Main Issues The Right Stuff (RS) is an electrolyte hydration product launched by David Belaga. The case is written because an innovative technology, namely, the NASA formula and patent, were employed to develop the RS, and their implementation is associated with particular managerial issues. With a start-up fund of $300.000, Belaga managed to grow within the domestic institutional and individual athlete markets. However, the major issue faced by Belaga is the targeting of new non-athletic and international consumer groups (Terjesen, 2016). Base of the Pyramid and Born-Globals Prahalad (2006) divides the economic pyramid into four sectors. Its top comprises people with the purchasing power of more than $20.000. At the same time, the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) comprises over 4 billion people who live on less than $2 a day (Prahalad, 2006). The given group of potential consumers provides opportunities for the business growth as the demand for high-quality and innovative products in this market is very high. Additionally, the BoP provides opportunities for the development of entrepreneurial partnerships because the productive sector in low-cost markets is underused, while the need for change and economic solutions remains great there (BoP Innovation Center, n.d.). The “born-global” concept refers to a company that has a vision of becoming a global player from the very start. Although in a longer perspective, Belaga planned to compete with such large international brands as Coke and Pepsi (Terjesen, 2016), the RS cannot be considered a true born-global brand because it is a domestic start-up and the internationalization period takes a significant time for the firm. However, since the RS is “international by design” and aims to expand in the international market, it shares some characteristics of a born-global company (Tanev, 2012, p. 5). Business Model Belaga utilizes a direct sales model. He is both the manufacturer and the retailer. He uses raw materials to create the product and then sells the RS directly to customers − individuals and organizations − or turns to a well-developed network of partnerships to do so. Table 1: The business model canvas for the RS.                                                        Key Activities                        Value Propositions  Customer Relationships         Customer Segments        Key Partnership                                          * Manufacturing,                      * Quality,          * Direct contacts,             * Individual athletes, NASA.                                                    * Marketing,                          * Efficacy,         * Donations,                   * Institutions,                                                                 * Customer service.                   * Flavor,           * Professional endorsements    * First respondents.                                                                                                  * Price.
The rapid rise of technologies and the evolution of communication means resulted in the appearance of new approaches to the learning process. At the moment, individuals have a wide range of opportunities to improve their knowledge and acquire additional information. The Internet and mediated means of communication contributed to the reconsideration of the existing methods of studying and to the creation of an individualized approach used to take into account the needs of all learners and satisfy them by suggesting different learning specifications (Jain, Sharma, Joachims, & Saxena, 2015). Under these conditions, developing a checklist that might be used to identify and design online learning specifications becomes crucial. It will help to create the most efficient and, at the same time, a convenient method that will guarantee improved outcomes and outstanding final results. First of all, creating an efficient checklist should be preceded by the assessment of the basic needs of primary learners who are engaged in the studying process. To understand the main directions in which the course should be developed and elaborate an appropriate theoretic framework, learners should be asked questions to determine the current state of their knowledge, basic needs, and ideas about the specification courses (Chen, 2016). In this regard, the need for a checklist becomes obvious. It could be used as the primary assessment tool to collect the most critical data and create the methodology which could be considered appropriate for a particular case. For this reason, the creation of a checklist becomes an integral part of the online learning specification practice. Besides, the checklist consisting of several important questions could be suggested  1. What are your basic learning needs?  2. What is the sphere of your interests?  3. What is the appropriate design for your online courses?  4. What is the main reason for taking this learning specification? Thus, the list of questions could be continued depending on the learning specification and the desired outcomes. The given checklist will help to collect the data needed for the improved specification and choice of the most appropriate methodology. Therefore, there is an excellent need for storing this data. It could be used to create standardized mechanisms of assessment using similarities in needs and demands. For this reason, personal data about preferences should be stored. It will help to choose courses more efficiently and become more helpful. Moreover, statistical information related to the most frequent choices should also be collected and processed. In the course of the operating room’s functioning, new sets of data will be collected and contribute to the improved outcomes (Smith, Basham, Rice, & Carter, 2016). Therefore, considering the character of the above-mentioned data, we could assume that at least two types of databases should be created. The first one is needed to collect, process, and structure the informa
Introduction Media has been present in societies for decades due to its importance in entertainment, enlightenment and provision of information. Consequently, its presence has attracted studies on how it affects the society. Research has proven that media has fundamental effects on its’ audiences behaviors and thoughts. Theories in various fields such as psychology, media studies, sociology and communication are called media effects. Some critics suggest that the media delimits an individual’s ability to be autonomous by linking the world to an individual, and reproducing a society’s self-image. Media content that are meant for newsworthy events usually have enormous control on the society. Media content are initially written in scripts before being relayed as finished contents to the audience. There are different theories that people use to interpret and write scripts. This paper examines the strong points as well as the limitations of analyzing media theories through academic concepts (Kirsh, 2009, p. 56). Writing a script for the media refers to the act of conveying ideas in a reader’s mind through the use of words. A scriptwriter writes the words on a page so that the words create sounds and images, which the reader can understand (Dyer, 1993, p. 99). Theories of understanding media focus on approaches, concepts, debates and research, which helps readers understand why media content is the way it is. To understand scriptwriting, it is essential to focus on the theoretical and practical aspects of scriptwriting. Theories of scriptwriting provide more depth to the scripts as it gives the writer an opportunity to think deeply about what they are writing. It also makes them aware of their intended audience. Therefore, they can be confident that they will effectively communicate their ideas. Theory also helps writers think through their scripts, emphasizing on the important parts of the story. This makes writers grasp their own themes and ideas. Discussion Despite the importance of the media, there are conflicts on its analysis, especially, the effects of has on individuals. Through technological advancements and cultural improvements, media has gradually changed in content and complexity. This has encouraged the advancement of diverse theories to help analyze its scripts. To understand the effects of media, it is important to understand the approaches to different theories. Interpreting film and media scripts cannot depend on one theory, as people perceive concepts differently. However, in order t
The terrorist threat is strongly associated with weapons of mass destruction and unconventional warfare both in public consciousness and federal risk management policies. Aum Shinrikyo is often cited as a typical example of such activities. The following paper aims at analyzing the Tokyo subway sarin attack, evaluate the threat of such type of attack by applying the risk management perspective suggested by John Parachini (2003), and explore the obtained implication for useful takeaways for US policymakers. Aum Shinrikyo was a powerful authoritarian religious cult from Japan. Today, it is mostly remembered for the execution of a major terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. Although not the first terrorist activity by the group, the 1995 attack was the most successful one, and the one most prominently covered by media worldwide. The attack was a coordinated operation that occurred simultaneously in five locations of the Tokyo subway. During the rush hour on March, 20, the perpetrators entered the subway carrying plastic packages that contained liquid sarin. The packages were dropped on the floor and pierced with sharpened umbrella tips. Since sarin is one of the most volatile nerve agents, it quickly vaporized following its release, covering a large area. The casualties resulting from the attack included 13 people dead, 50 severely wounded, and several thousand lightly affected, which qualified the 1995 attack as the deadliest incident in Japan since World War II (Pletcher, 2014). The magnitude of the event, its dramatic quality, and a range of unprecedented elements also led to a visible reshaping of perception of terrorist threats both in the public consciousness and the policies of defense agencies around the world. In particular, the U.S. federal agencies, which have long theorized on the possibility of terrorists using the chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The Aum Shinrikyo sarin attack not only created a precedent for the possible scenario but illustrated the aftermath and indicated several challenges in case of such an incident. However, according to Parachini (2003), it also introduced several factors which diluted the focus of subsequent policymakers and distorted the perception of the terrorist threat. The principles of risk management of terrorist threats are based on several factors, not all of which are relevant to the efficiency of the resulting operations. For instance, the agencies tend to place excessive focus on the use of CBRN as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) (Parachini, 2003). While such an approach can be useful for effective preventive techniques since CBRN use necessitates the use of specific countermeasures. For instance, sarin, used in the Tokyo subway attack, is highly volatile, which makes it a rapid but short-lived threat, and requires specific protection means and equipment. The combination of these factors creates a setting that demands special training and resource allocation for successful mitigation and prevention. At the same time, the dramatic effects of such an attack align well with the supposed needs of the terrorist groups seeking attention and notoriety. A
As the country continues to witness the brutality of the security forces against members of the minority races, several media objects have emerged to express the social dissatisfaction with this kind of discrimination in modern times. George Tillman Jr’s 2018 film The Hate U Give is one of the several modern films that increasingly focus on presenting powerful messages of race, identity, and gender in American social life (Tillman Jr., 2018). Nevertheless, the film transcends the fundamental issue of discrimination. It exposes another layer that examines the divisions within the minority communities and the position of women in such settings. Focusing on the Black community, The Hate U Give portrays diversity within the American minority groups. The director presents characters like Starr and Amandla as black people but with diverse physical characteristics (Tillman Jr., 2018). Black characters are presented in multiple appearances, such as wearing different hairstyles and textures, facial appearances, skin color, and coifs. Nevertheless, society considers them “blacks” and places them in the same group that is an easy target of police brutality. The theme of police brutality against society generally considered black is expressed without shying away from reality. For example, during a conversation with Carlos, a white police officer, Starr asks him how to deal with white and black suspects of crime in a public place (Tillman Jr., 2018). Carlos answers that he would use force, including shooting, to deal with the black man but would warn the white man instead of rushing to use force against him. Yet, Starr’s question places bo
The Main Issue of Concern American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) outlined guidelines based on evidence of thrombolytic and antithrombotic therapy. The guidelines featured recommendations to healthcare services providers aiming at managing and preventing venous and arterial thromboembolism in surgical and medical patients. These recommendations are carried out on conditions such as cerebrovascular, cardiac arterial-venous thromboses, peripheral vascular disease, and in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Despite availing the guidelines to healthcare providers, hospitalized patients still fail to receive the appropriate and adequate protection against deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The recommendations for the management and prevention of DVT entail applying mechanical prophylactic measures whose application needs to be understood by the healthcare providers. The mechanical prophylactic prevention measures entail several actions. These measures include exercising, the use of graduated stockings or the knee-high compression stockings use, exploring a variety of motions, and the use of pneumatic devices for compression. Ensuring DVT prevention has been achieved successfully requires the healthcare providers to conduct a timely assessment of patients. The Importance of the Issue In the case of UMMC Hospital, it is recommendable to apply knee-high compression stocking use. This measure helps reduce venous stasis and improves the venous return in the leg veins. The knee-high compression stocking measure is easy to use, and it does not increase bleeding risk in most patients. Healthcare providers should be careful when applying this measure since it relates to patients at a lower risk for DVT development. Furthermore, the knee-high compression stocking measure applies to patients who possess the contraindication of using the pharmacological recommended measures. The knee-high compression stocking prevention measure of DVT is easily accommodative by most patients and can be possibly continued up to the basis of outpatient. The suitable patients for this measure are the ones who have a lower risk for DVT, particularly when paired with exercises of the foot and ankle for those capable of conducting them. Caution in the use of knee-high stockings is required for individuals who possess arterial insufficiencies of lower extremities since their arterial circulation has been compromised already. To obtain an extreme benefit and avoid tight-fitting stockings resulting in a tourniquet effect, selecting a proper fit i