ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The phenomenon of youth who repeatedly engage in criminal behavior is common in the society. Youth who repeatedly commit crimes are known as re-offenders, while the repetition of crimes by youth is technically referred to as juvenile recidivism. The study of juvenile recidivism has attracted substantial attention from scholars, especially psychologists, because the youth are considered to be at more risk of becoming re-offenders due to their age. A number of studies have suggested that with appropriate correction, juvenile recidivism can be substantially reduced. Programs designed to be implemented as juvenile offenders serve their time have been proven to have mixed results as far as juvenile recidivism is concerned. There has, therefore, been substantial controversy on whether services offered in correctional facilities are able to reduce the recidivism rates of juveniles. This paper looks at the studies that have been done about this topic in a bid to establish the reliability of services offered in correctional facilities in the reduction of juvenile recidivism. Literature review Wilson (2010) seeks to identify the policy interventions that can be employed in the United States in order to reduce juvenile recidivism in the United States. Some of the strategies that Wilson 2010 suggests include Life Skills classes in and out of correctional facilities, ”interpersonal skills courses, counseling, targeted interventions for serious offenders and therapeutic wilderness and challenge programs” (Wilson, 2010, p. 51). Wilson (2010) also states that the program that had yielded impressive results in the past include “individualized counseling, personal skills training, and behavior programs” (51). On the other hand, a number of interventions were proven to have little effects on the rates of recidivism. These interventions include vocational programs and challenges focused on deterrence. From his text, it is apparent that the services that juvenile inmate
A contract is an agreement that involves two or more parties with the aim of creating a lawful responsibility. The accord sets the limits and dictates how the entities, the offeror and the offeree are expected to conduct themselves. A contract clearly states the mandates of each party and the consequences that can follow if one party fails in its designated responsibility (Goldman & Sigismond, 2010). Thus, it is important to understand the elements of a valid contract to avoid any disagreement among parties. The major elements of a contract are: offer, acceptance, legal consideration, object, capacity of parties, and consent. In business contracts, an offer refers to what one party is willing to do for the other party. Alternatively, it can be something that one party is willing to give to another party in the contract. The offer must be communicated to all the parties – it can be oral or written. Field (2011) states that the offer must be clearly stated in terms of the target object, conditions, and the parties involved. Once the offer is communicated, acceptance of the terms and conditions of the offer creates a contract. This implies that the offeree must also communicate the acceptance to the offeror, which exactly reflects the offer made. An offer becomes invalid once an acceptance has been received and therefore, the offering part should no longer communicate the offer to the accepting party. Additionally, legal consideration seeks to bind the contracting parties. Consideration refers to what the parties earn from a contract. Without a consideration, a contract is not valid because the consideration is supposed to influence the parties to stick to the contract. The consideration can be in any form, such as money and so forth. Lawful consideration is essential because an agreement is only valid when there is something in return, not necessarily cash, but an act, abstinence or promise, and to do or not do something (Mallor et al., 2010). Object of the contract is also an important element of a contract which must be legal. Object refers to the thing that is making people to enter the agreement; without it, the agreement is not valid. For instance, in an employment agreement, the job position is the subject of the agreement because if it were not there, the parties would not have needed the contract, and hence it is the backbone of an agreement. Capacity of the partie
Introduction In his article, Quarantelli (1993) discusses five main themes pertaining to the problem of disaster management. The first claim made by the author is that a considerable amount of social research does not match the classic scientific research model, but can still be of great use (Quarantelli, 1993). For instance, there are numerous studies that do not produce a specific answer to a particular problem but provide general information that can still be utilized, e.g., for policy planning. This information can be employed instrumentally (for action), conceptually (for better comprehension), and symbolically (politically). The second point considered by Quarantelli (1993) is that the implementation of research findings in disaster management depends, to a certain degree, upon the nature of the disaster. The disaster response in the U.S. is usually divided into four areas (prevention, emergency preparedness, disaster response, and, finally, recovery); a varie
Introduction Animate film The Lion King from 2019 is a remake of the popular same-name hand-drawn cartoon. The action of both films takes place in the African savannah. They tell the story of a lion cub named Simba, who lost his father Mufasa because of his evil uncle Scar and was expelled from the pride. Years later, he returns to restore justice and regain the throne. In spite of the fact that the remake features spectacular photorealistic scenes made with the help of computer animation, it lacks emotional richness. Progress of Technologies Seen in the Film Researchers note that over the last two decades, digitalization and visual effects used while making animated films have developed greatly providing film-makers with a set of new opportunities (Bruckner et. al. 6). In this respect, The Lion King (2019) is a milestone from a technological perspective (Seitz). Jon Favreau, the director, who is good at creating the feeling of realness in animated films and his crew make the viewers feel like in the movie, not digitally created lions, monkeys, and other animals but real ones are shown (Seitz). According to Seitz, “this might be his best-directed film, if you judge purely in terms of how the scenes and sequences have been framed, lit, and cut together” (Seitz). So, the film-makers managed to create an animated film that looks like it has been shot with a camera. The magnificence of the savannah is conveyed through employing long shots from the bird’s eye’s view and the high angle at the beginning of the film. Researchers note that shots of this kind are widely used by directors when they want to place a premium on the environment and show the position of the characters in it (Prince 9). Close-ups, on the contrary, emphasize the characters rather than the setting (Prince 9). The Lion King 2019 features quite a lot of close-ups letting the “camera” (for it is a digitalized movie) follow the animals while they roam in water and rain or run through the meadows. The light reminds of the natural light of savannah which makes this motif different from the one of the original (Seitz). Plain, drab colors chosen are also true-to-life, therefore, the audience is, on the one hand, excited to see such a detailed representation of reality (Seitz). On the other hand, all these tools make people feel like they are watching rather a documentary film about nature than a fictional animated movie. Emotional Impact of the Movie Although the technical components of The Lion King might deserve a high grade, it is possible to note that “the question becomes not if animators can create realistic animation, but if they should” (Greer 2). Actually, the faces of highly detailed digital characters look stiff and can hardly express the range of emotions required (Prince 13). That is why in the movi
The Balance of Payment The importance of balance of payments (BOP) can be understood with its definitions. The balance of payment is the record of all global money related exchanges made by a nation’s inhabitants. A nation’s BOP lets you know whether it spares enough to pay for its imports. By implication, the balance of payments uncovers whether the nation creates enough financial yield to pay for its development. Please note that the BOP deficiency implies the nation imports more merchandise, administrations, and capital than its trade (Machlup, 2015). It must obtain from different nations to pay for its imports. In the long-run, the nation turns into a net customer, not a maker, of the world’s financial yield. It might need to auction its advantages, for example, common assets and items, to pay for its utilization. Economists agree that a nation’s balance of payment is surplus when its external trade surpasses the internal production. By implication, its administration and inhabitants are savers. They give enough cash flow to pay for all residential production. They may even loan money to poorer nations to balance their trade surplus. A surplus balance of payments lifts monetary development for the time being. However, the nation must urge its inhabitants to spend increasingly and assemble a bigger local market. That shields it from being excessively reliant on trade driven development. It will shield the nation from swapping scale changes. Consequently, it will permit its organizations to refine products and ventures by utilizing its citizens as a colossal test advertises. Components of the Balance of Payment The current record is another term that is normally alluded to when the trade balance is talked about. The current record is the aggregate of the trade balance and net one-sided exchanges of pay. The current record is the distinction between the country’s salary and consumptions, and an extra obligation the nation claims to cover the distinction (in situations when wage surpasses uses, as it does in the U.S.). Thus, the trade balance is a noteworthy part of the current account record. Therefore, it is regularly to see the expressions “current record adjust” and “exchange adjust” utilized reciprocally, in spite of the fact that the two are not precisely equivalent words (Frenkel, 2014). The current account of the BOP is an indicator of a country’s investment balance and net transfers. Subsequently, when a nation has an exchange overflow (a positive exchange adjustment), by definition, the nation’s surplus must surpass local production. By implication, a nation with a present record surplus is additionally a net moneylender (this nation utilizes reserve funds that are not contributed locally to make credits to outsiders). However, a nation with trade deficit cannot lend money to other countries. Exchanges that emerge from the interchange monetary resources are recorded in the financial account record. The financial account is a segment of a nation’s BOP that includes liabilities to out-of-state people, particularly with financial resources. This record incorporates direct venture, portfolio speculation, and reserved resources, whi
Introduction Customer satisfaction is the primary goal of every business company. Many authors and scholars do add that it is the only way to succeed if the company wants to be successful in the market (Gomez-Mejia et al ., 14). This is certainly true even for a dental clinic. So, there exist a few conditions the company should accomplish to achieve customer satisfaction. Two of them are quality of service and brand image formation. These two factors cannot be achieved without proper communication and good relations among the staff of a company. In our case we have exactly this situation; a change in communication between staff members and the subsequent image ‘damaging’ in front of customers. Communication and image formation As we have mentioned above, for a company to have a good and positive image in front of the consumer public is a strong factor. It will certainly help that company perform better in the market. The same could be said about proper communication among staff. This proper communication certainly has a positive influence on the formation of good image to the customers, but it also has a major impact. It has a direct impact on staff performance and quality of work done. This is evident in the case we are discussing here. Maria had formed during the years a stable and positive relationship and communication with Sharon. Due to this positive relationship their work ran smoothly and with a high performance and quality of execution. The fact that they had developed an excellent communicative relationship made it possible for them to know very well their work along with where to help and how to help each other. Communication served as an intrinsic incentive which has a direct impact on increase of labor efficiency (Taylor, 45). Now the situation
System theory is a field of science that deals with the study of nature, society, and science. It can also be used to analyze and describe any group of objects that work to come up with a result. It can be done to an organization or society so that the learner can come up with results that can be used to have a trace of the origin and the growth of such society in terms of culture. The system is composed of interacting groups of activities that one has to carry out to benefit society. This theory has an emphasis on the cultural issues of people living in a certain area and the implications that are related to these cultures from one generation to the next. The organization and its environment relationship are complex and independent in that one have to consider the relationship that exists in an organization like the society and the surrounding environment like the climatic changes and other factors in the environment and the effects they have on people. (Seifert, 1995) This theory as an area of study developed following the world wars from the works of Ludwig, V, and others in the 1950s which was from the Macy conferences. The assumptions that developed from the western science that is the publishment of the online for the general systems theory that was from the Greek thought with Plato and Aristotle to that of Newton’s Principia have had a high influence on the areas of the social to hard sciences were the original theorists had found implications to make advances on the systems. They dealt with areas of complexity, self-organization, the connection, and the adaptive systems which were related to these organizations. The systems view was based on the ideas such as the relationship among the elements in the society like if the study was based on people then they had a study on how the people have an impact on the functioning of the society; the systems whether electrical, biological, or the social have common patterns, behavior, and the properties that the concerned have to understand in the field where one is taking the study and they used to develop a research on the behaviors of the elements to have a closer unity of science. This is because science and the environment are closely related as science can not exist in a vacuum and that the philosophy, methodology, and applications of this system are concerned with society. In 1956 there was the establishment of the society for general systems research that was later renamed the international society for systems science and this research was greatly affected by the wars that had impacts on the systems theory. The theorists had researched all the elements in the fields of sciences and therefore they related the information that they received with the p
Introduction to Business Law Business law is also known as business law and covers corporate law at large. Commercial law covers the whole body that governs all business and commercial transactions in the whole world differing in different countries. In addition it is a subdivision of the civil edict which mainly focuses on both personal and state law concerns. In its scope, principal and agent are majorly the titles included: carriage by sea and land, business shipping, assurance in life, accident insurance, fire, marine, bills of swap over and corporation. Under the commercial policy, the parameters of business contracts, employment procedures as well as the manufacture and trading of the merchandise is perfectly understood. In fact there has been adoption of a variety of civil codes enfolding absolute statements of each business policy in different states. Due to the fact that the nation beneath the authority of the police force and the legislative body by its vested supremacy is under the provincial headquarters of the United States, they have responsibility of monitoring commercial activities between two or more states. Despite “many efforts to form a unified body of business law, less has been achieved thus a general adoption of a uniform commercial code for all the fifty states each with its own modifications by their legislatures” (Nayler, 2005). Introduction to bankruptcy Bankruptcy is considered as an officially recognized position of an individual in debt or an association that has no ability to settle up creditors. “Normally in nearly all commands, bankruptcy is constrained by an order from court commonly instigated by the defaulter” (Nayler, 2005). “It is also good to note that a defaulter not being able to pay is not only considered bankruptcy which is not similar to insolvency” (Nayler, 2005). “In UK, bankruptcy is only considered for human beings while other insolvency processes like liquidation and administration is for the organizations, although in the United States, bankruptcy is practical more largely to formal insolvency proceedings” (Nayler, 2005). So as to okay the therapy and safeguarding of a business that may be in the throes of experiencing constraints of debts, the main focus of modern bankruptcy legislation and business debt restructuring performances do not respite on the purging of ruined entities. This is no more other than readjusting monetary and managerial structure of debtors who may be famil
An ethics foundation is inherently vital for anyone involved in healthcare. The context of healthcare where a certain level of trust and responsibility is placed upon medical professionals requires a level of morality. Furthermore, the challenges that the industry faces in modern times lead to those involved being placed in ethical dilemmas or be faced with moral questions commonly. Controversial issues ranging from organ donations to treating patients with diseases like HIV were at one time or another considered ethical dilemmas with strong views on many sides. Global and national medical organizations usually maintain guidelines and codes of medical ethics to address conduct in healthcare and highlight the importance of justice, equity, and access in medical care. It is the ethical responsibility of medical professionals to maintain a good medical practice and fulfill their duties to the patient while adhering to legal and regulatory requirements (Markose, Krishnan, & Ramesh, 2016). The Saint Leo University core value of excellence emphasizes that students develop the competence, skills, and acquire knowledge to become moral and responsible leaders and professionals (Saint Leo University, n.d.). Examining this value from the perspective of medical ethics, a conclusion can be drawn that ethics are an inherent element of excellence. Medical professionals should strive towards the excellent value as it encompasses a deep comprehension of their ethical responsibility as well as a conscientious commitment to the profession. By embracing excellence, a high level of quality and ethical standards can be achieved in healthcare, bringing positive patient outcomes.
Introduction Nearly every element of within the periodic table has found its way into the atmosphere. As an ease when studying the element and there species composition of compounds in the atmosphere, Seinsfield and Pandis (21) suggest categorizing of the atmospheric compounds as containing halogens, sulfur, carbon or nitrogen. Probably, this classification rides on the fact that emissions into the atmosphere breakdown from original compounds into component species before exiting the atmosphere in a cyclic phenomenon. Actually, the cyclic process of substances is contained in the biogeochemical cycle of elements. The scope of understanding the cyclic processes comprises atmospheric movement across Oceania, land terrains, biospheres, inter alia; chemical transitions (quantity and quality) of the substances and rates of circulation and transfer (Seinsfield and Pandis 21). The geographical paradigm gives this subject the spatial and temporal references, since the transportation aspect is a vector quantity that can be justified through a scalar quantity of time and direction. Mehta (124) explains that in 1852, Robert Angus Smith made-up the term acid rain. It was not until 1972, when the concept of acid rain became familiar in the western industrial world. The term referred to atmospheric acidity levels (at pH above 5.6) that surpass normal levels for rain, fog and smog. The precipitation (deposition) of these acidic concentrates impacted on ecosystems, antiquities and human health. Acid rain was traced back into the gradual Geo-biological processes within nature and accelerated volcanic emissions (Mehta 124). The problematic scope of acid deposition gained wider magnitude when it was realized that it evolved into a trans-boundary affair. It was revealed that there was mobility of precursor elements emitted from the industrial heartlands in Europe and North America. Emissions containing precursors- sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (referred to as NO X species) form the major bulk of acid rain. In order to effect solutions towards acid rain, a critical loads framework on emission cuts and ecosystem recovery was developed. Already, Europe has generated maps depicting critical loads. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) note that in the US three forms of acid deposition have occurred. These are wet, dry and cloud or fog depositions. Through research, more than 200 sites have been monitored as experiencing wet deposition consisting of rain, snow, sleet and hail. Dry deposition consists of vapor, particles and gases. Some coastal areas and high altitudes have been exposed to dry and cloud deposition. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) explain that the pattern of dry and cloud deposition widely varies spatially and temporally; thus, making it intricate to give consistent characteristics. Because dry and cloud deposition can accompany the other two deposition forms then researchers have resorted to bulk deposition measuring using open collector. Literature Review Tracking Acid Rain: The Case study of The Rust Belt, US Case Background The industrial heartlands of