ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Throughout history, there have been documented accounts of terrorism and civil uprising in various nations around the world. While some of these situations have occurred due to violation of various human rights, others have been as a result of poor leadership and managerial skills by leaders of these nations. In the past two decades, cases of terrorism acts and civil instabilities have increased rapidly. This can be attributed to radical teachings and a need for change by the perpetrators. Countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt and Libya have in the recent past experienced civil unrest as citizens set out to fight for a more just and democratic regime. Syria has also followed suit and for two decades, the nation’s citizenry has witnessed unimaginable atrocities at the hands of greedy and callous leaders. This paper shall set out to explore the situation in Syria. To this end, a brief history detailing the circumstances that led to the situation shall be discussed and viable recommendations on how best the situation can be resolved provided. The Syrian situation: a brief overview The middle-east has for a long period been in a state of unrest. As mentioned earlier, this has been attributed to poor political systems, policies and cultural practices that limit people’s ability to enjoy their rights. While proponents of these dictatorial tendencies argue that such factors guarantee cooperation and foster peaceful coexistence, documented evidence proves otherwise as can be cited from the Syrian conflict. Machiavelli (1961), states that the ongoing Syrian uprising is a part of a conflict that has been in Syria for a long period of time. Its cause can be traced as far back as in the early 1960’s. According to Yaniv (1986), Syria was in a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011. As a result of this declaration, the constitutional protection of the Syrian citizenry was suspended. The Syrian government attributed this state of emergency to the fact that Syria was at war with Israel (Yaniv, 1986). Since then, Syria has been ruled by the secular Ba’ath party which took over during the Ba’athist overthrow in 1963. As a safe measure, the party ensured that Syrian citizen had limited powers in regard to presidential election. To this end, Syrian citizens could only approve a president through referendum and multi-party elections were not allowed for this legislature (Kalmamaz, 2011). The Ba’ath party has effectively managed to maintain control over Syria despite various internal power changes such as the 1966 coup and the Syrian Correctional Revolution that took place in 1970 (Kalmamaz, 2011). After this revolution, the situation only got worse as president Hafez al-Assad banned all opposition parties and candidates in a bid to promote conformity. However, this move only led to more uprising by Islamic insurgents that reached a climax in 1982. According to Ofra and Sherko (2009), president Hafez al-As
Introduction The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis has been enhanced in recent times. Hunt & Geddes (1985) noted that, in the past, many children succumbed to the condition in less than a year after birth. In addition, very few victims lived for over a decade after diagnosis. However, great strides have been achieved in the management of the condition and over three quarters of the affected victims can now live up to adulthood with the condition. In recent times, treatment of cystic fibrosis has been advanced where both antibiotics and physiotherapy treatment are used to manage the condition. Maffessanti, Candusso, Brizzi, & Piovesana (1996) noted that the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is common among children with very few cases reported among those in middle and late adulthood. This paper discusses the issues that one would need to consider in the physiotherapy management of the patient newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). According to Di Sant’Agnese & Davis (1976), individuals diagnosed with Cystic fibrosis (CF) should have physiotherapy procedures as part of their treatment regimen. The procedures used, and the treatment program should be specific to each person. Stern (1997) noted that the procedures should encompass the airway clearance techniques, exercise, and sustenance of the thoracic and general mobility. Airway clearance techniques focus on reducing the blockage of the airway and enhancing ventilation. This is meant to postpone the progression of the disease. Exercise strives to increase cardiovascular and respiratory capability and strength within the lower and upper muscle areas. This improves endurance, functioning of the lungs, and general health. The maintenance of the general and thoracic mobility
Background Caterpillar’s ethical problems are worth examining because of three factors. First, it is a global company, with more than 500 dealer and facility locations all over the planet (Murphy, Laczniak, & Prothero, 2012). Second, the company achieved worldwide sales amounting to $42 billion in 2010 alone. Finally, Caterpillar produces heavy equipment that is needed in both industrialized and developing nations. In other words, the overall success of Caterpillar will inevitably trickle down, affecting millions of households, and business organizations on a global scale. The failure to address ethical issues can lead to a host of problems, such as a decline in revenue; negative impact on the company’s reputation; and rising costs to operate the business. Rising costs were attributed to legal and social repercussions of unethical practices. Stakeholder Analysis Caterpillar confronts an ethical dilemma of immense magnitude, because it manages a complex network of stakeholders. It is a dilemma, because a decision to favor one stakeholder can irreparably damage the firm’s relationship with other stakeholders. It is imperative to strike a balance, but this objective is easier said than done. Corporate leaders must learn to balance the complex interrelationship of at least four major stakeholders (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2008). The fi
300 is a movie that was released in 2007 and it was inspired by the 1998 comic series. It illustrates the story of the Battle of Thermopylae which occurred during the Persian War. The film was directed by Zack Snyder who also participated as a co-writer. The film uses an imagery technique, a replica of the original comic book. The film is inaccurate in many aspects in regards to recorded historical accounts. The first inaccuracy in the film is that king Leonidas was accompanied by 300 Spartans acting as his bodyguards. The Spartans depicted here are, in fact, Spartiates who were full Sparta citizens. The king could not have asked 300 soldiers to protect him while he went for a stroll, as depicted by the movie (Snyder, 2006). The ephors would have refuted this act with all their might. Additionally, some Persians survived during the war contrary to what is displayed in the film. For instance, Herodotus was sent as a messenger while Aristodemos got an eye (Rawlinson, 2016). Therefore, it shows inaccuracy that all soldiers died in the war. In the film, a wounded soldier Dilios is sent back to narrate to the council the events in the battle to send more warriors. The character Dilios is a fictional character added to the story. The only person who went back to Sparta during the war was Aristodemos, who got an eye infection and Dilios getting his eye hurt is an allusion to Aristodemos’ problem. Dilios tries to get the council to assemble an army to assist in battle, but that would not happen as the council was against it in reality (Snyder, 2006). Hence, it is inaccurate to show that Dilios was sent back to the council. The Spartans were never alone in the battle; the reality is far from that. In addition to the 298 warriors present in battle, there were seven hundred Thespians under the command of Demophilos (Rawlinson, 2016). Leonidas even tried to order them away, but they insisted on fighting with their companions. Also, there were four hundred Thebans who Leonidas forced to fight, but when the tide of the battle changed, they surrendered to being slaves to the Persians. There were also several hundred helots, and in total, there were nearly two thousand three hundred Greeks at the battle (Rawlinson, 2016). Therefore, the Spartans were assisted in the war by Thespians. There are many cultural inaccuracies depicted in the film. First, the Spartans did not get into battle nearly naked as they are portrayed in the film. They had armor, and helmets and carried non-uniform battle attire to war. In the film, they are flashing muscles in all directions, which is a weakness in war. Secondly, the Spartan men never kept their hair short, it was usually long and very kempt, especially when going to war. Sculptures depicting warriors have t
Introduction The corporate social responsibility (CSR) report is the documented statement of the taken actions in the field of the community relations or in the area where the interests of the organization meet the stakeholders’ interests. According to Idowu and Filho, these reported actions and initiatives can be discussed as the way to respond to the stakeholders’ interests with the help of following the principles of sustainability (Idowu and Filho 21-22). From this point, it is important for the organization to develop and present the CSR report because the organization should address the stakeholders in relation to the sustainable performance, focus on the environmental issues, and developed responsibility. Thus, the important purpose of the CSR report is to inform stakeholders about the organization’s contributions to the idea of sustainability. The importance of the CSR report can be discussed with references to Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and Emirates Airline’s approaches to corporate social responsibility. Contributions of ADNOC to CSR and Sustainability ADNOC’s priorities in the field of corporate social responsibility are the response to the community’s interests and the environmental protection. In the CSR reports, ADNOC usually provides the information on the policies and actions performed to improve the working conditions for employees, on the achievements in reducing the negative impact on the environment, on the changes in the economic impact on the community, and on the aspects of operations.   * ADNOC focuses on contributing to the employment diversity and on providing the educational and training opportunities for employees.   * ADNOC’s strategies to reduce the negative impact on the environment are in a constant progress. Such numbers as the 76% reduction in hydrocarbons are mentioned in the 2011 CSR report (“ADNOC CSR Report 2011”). ADNOC discusses the strategy associated with the environmental sustainability principles as ecologically sensitive.   * The next contribution is associated with the economic development of the community and with the continuous support of the local suppliers.   * ADNOC sponsors a variety of community’s social projects and develops public awareness campaigns. Emirates Airline’s Contributions to CSR and Sustainability Emirates Airline is focused on contributing to CSR and sustainability as the part of the organization’s mission because the company’s goal is to develop the environmentally friendly organization which progress is closely associated with the technological development and the idea of sustainability. From this perspective, Emirates Airline concentrates on developing the effective CSR program which is constantly improved. The main points of the CSR program and associated contributions are the following ones:   * Emirates Airline focuses on the environmental protection and orients to smarter planes which are developed basing on the advanced technologies to save fuel and reduce emissions.   * The company us
How are learners in grade 3 using technology in a free-choice situation? The grounded theory approach is necessary for answering this question. The grounded theory model is used when the hypothesis is made on the basis of the collected data (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2011). In this situation, to propose a hypothesis, it is important to use such data analysis methods as questionnaires and observation. The objective of the analysis is to define the themes of how 3-grade learners use technology in a free-choice situation through open and axial coding. The main data collection tool is the questionnaires. In such a way, the questionnaire for the 3-grade learners is to include questions of (i) what technology they use most often, (ii) in what situation do they use it. Since the questionnaires are a structured form of the interview, they are to be analyzed with the help of the axial coding. It means that the data in the form of the learners’ answers will be put into the larger categories to identify more generalized themes. However, it is important to ensure the objectivity of the research, for example, by applying such data analysis method as the observation (Creswell, 2012). What is the relationship between playing Angry Birds and achievements in mathematics? For researching this problem, the correlational study approach needs to be used for determining the co-relatedness between two phenomena (Cohen et al., 2011). In other words, each variable should be studied not separately, but in their cohesive interrelatedness. The data collection tool is the interviewing. The questions on the interviews are to deal with the examining of two variables. The two variables for this study are the academic performance in mathematics and the fact of playing or not playing the game of Angry Birds. For determining the correlation between these variables the statistical method of finding the coefficient of correlation R is used (Cohen et al., 2011). Thus, the correlation may be positive and negative. For example, if the more successful students are at learning mathematics, the less they play Angry Birds, the correlation is negative. However, if the results indicate, that with the rising achievements in mathematics increases the amount of time spent on playing Angry Birds, the correlation, it means that the correlation is positive. If among the students with high academic achievements are many of both those who play Angry Birds and those who do not, it means that one variable does not determine the other, and there is no correlation between the phenomena. What technology do learners prefer to use to access course related materials? The qualitative approach to the study that needs to be used for this research presupposes the subjectivity of the results caused by the non-generalizable nature of the collected data. The method of data collection is the interviews. There is a small sample in this study and results can be subjective because they do not represent the generalized circumstances. Each learner has his or her subjective reasons for using certain kind of tec
Introduction Economics as a discipline has been in development for quite a while, influenced by a variety of theories, concepts, and ideas. Some of these theoretical frameworks have been in use for an impressive amount of time, while some have been sparked only recently by the changes in the economic environment and the tendency for the current relationships to be geared toward the process of globalization. However, when it comes to defining the magnitude of the effects that theoretical frameworks have had on the realm of economics as a discipline, one must give Adam Smith’s works credit for serving as the foundation for the evolution of the discipline (Heilbroner 95). The role of the government should not be underrated as the legal framework in accordance with which economic transactions occur exists owing to the actions of the state authorities. However, allowing state representatives to make essential decisions as far as the trading process is concerned means hampering the economic relationships as they are self-guided, i.e., governed by the invisible hand. Analysis Differently put, Adam Smith assumes that the role of the government in determining the course of economic relations must be limited significantly, while the agents of these relationships must trust the invisible hand. The reasons for the stated assumption are quite basic – the author of the theory believes that the economic processes are stifled otherwise. Indeed, when executing their influence to the point of shaping companies’ decision-making processes and compelling them to follow a set of rather rigid patterns, one is likely to observe an impressive drop in the companies’ profitability and popularity in the target market (Hargroves 176). It should be borne in mind, though, that Smith’s theory is not perfect. Dismissing the possibility of state bodies having an impact on the key economic transactions, he makes companies quite vulnerable to the possible violations of the economic laws. Therefore, a delicate balance between the suggestions made by Adam Smith and the idea of a rigid system of governmental supervision should be viewed as an option. While the very concept of the state government not interfering with the crucial choices made by organizations is rather sensible, the security of these firms demands that certain restrictions should be imposed on the trading processes. Conclusion Smith’s assumptions concerning the significance of the invisible hand in the economic interactions between the representatives of for-profit organizations are quite legitimate as they contribute to the improvement in the decision-making processes and allow m
Introduction The success or failure of any business is heavily anchored on the persuasive messages that encompass both the internal and external communication processes. Whether you are attempting to persuade your boss to initiate new business ventures in Europe or Middle East or encouraging prospective customers to try your products, you will more or less use the same techniques of persuading. This entails all the efforts to alter the attitude of the targeted audience, their beliefs and actions. The techniques employed in persuasion are a cornerstone of both marketing and selling, but even if these don’t form fields of your specialization you will still need the techniques for the general advancement of your career. Effective and successful professional clearly comprehend that persuasion is not all about trickery or rather influencing people to make decisions that are not to their best interests; rather, it allows your audience to see the choice that are available and help them make the decision to agree with you. In this report, the focus is on identifying the preferred tone and the organization for the persuasive message. One question that conspicuously forms the basis of the research work is whether the North American system and guidelines of effective message writing applies to the audience from the Middle East countries. The report presents a summary of the findings from the research conducted through a number of sampling and analytic techniques where the type of organization, tone and style of persuasion preferred by the audience in the Middle East region is identified. Methodology The research work was preceded by data collection that entailed seeking information from a sample of ten respondents who generally represented the entire Middle East region. Data collection was through questionnaires that were issued to ten different individuals from different age groups. However, in three instances, direct interviews were employed as the respondents were semi illiterate and they preferred this method. When using the questionnaires. A sample of four persuasive communication messages were issued to the respondents where each one of them was expected to analyse them by comparing any two samples at a time and rank them relative to their acceptability. This ranking was based on a scale provided in the questionnaire. The information gathered from the respondents was then analysed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the results tabulated. The Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) is a decision making technique that is used in the determination of the relative importance. It was developed by a mathematician by the name Thomas Saaty. This method breaks down the decision making-maki
Introduction This study paper looks at British social work and specifically concentrates on adult disabilities and tries to answer the question on whether assessment and management of risk in social work with disabled adults can be described as a complex and problematic phenomenon. A number of materials-books and journals will be used during the research of this subject. The utter generality of the ongoing cultural debate about organizations and personification has predestined that all facets, phase, or parts of social work have been influenced by it and the UK has not been left behind as its impact has certainly not been confined to those working in the new ‘adults’ social services departments. Assessment and management of risk in social work with disabled adults can be described as a complex and problematic phenomenon Social workers as professionals are required to be persons who are strong willed and have the desire to be of assistance in the improvement of other people’s lives especially those with disabilities. For that reason, social work as a professional career for any individual entails provision of help, provision of solutions to personal problems such as personal, family and relationship matters to people in their everyday lives. Furthermore, social workers are also involved in providing help to disabled people, or persons dealing with life threatening or fatal diseases and cases where social problems come into play such as drug abuse and unemployment. Consequently, social workers wind up being connected with or participating in research studies either as subjects or conductors of the study itself, advocates for an improvement of services and policy development/planning involvement (Priestley 2003). In essence, social work is concerned with providing and making available their services to a specific target populace. They are by and large, concentrated in diverse areas of practice in relation to a person’s inclination and capability. The areas of expertise found under social work fall under political, mental health, elderly, slums dwellers, medical and education. If they have the right State mandated license, these workers are referred to as licensed clinical social workers in spite of whichever setting they are in (Oliver & Sapey 2006). During the last decade, the viewpoints and principles of the Independent Living Movement have had a considerable power to influence people’s perceptions or deeds by way of dispute, for example, or vigor of character in regard to social work in the area of adult disability. A shift in practice has been observed from establishment of clients who are reliant on services offered by professionals, to formation of working partnerships with the disabled people in question. This is happening so as to be able to secure the rights of adults with disabilities to be recognized as equivalent citizens of a state (Thomas 2003). Notwithstanding the shift observed in the last ten years or so, there has also been a substantial sudden increase of attention being heaped on the health, well-being and the embodiment of the natu