ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The recent regulation accepted and approved by both camps, “bootleggers” and “Baptists” is tobacco prohibition. The private interests, social expenses and public policy clearly corresponds to the issue of tobacco: certain individuals choose to smoke. Their decision to smoke imposes costs on the community and the state. Both “bootleggers” and “Baptists” agree that policies are needed to manage the tobacco industry or otherwise rectify the inequity of uncompensated externalities. The public costs are great, but are rarely accurately portrayed. “This seeming paradox grows from and is explained by tobacco roads paved with “bootlegger-Baptist” coalitions” (Rotondi 2007). The social interest goals are to prohibit and limit tobacco usage and impose heavy taxes on tobacco producers. Most political leaders who oppose tobacco use claim smoking increases health care costs, expenses that are subsidized by non-smokers. In reality, regardless of their higher prevalence of disease and physical disability, tobacco smokers save state money on health care. Yet, tobacco smoking is socially costly. Tobacco smoke contains over four thousand compounds, many of which are poisonous, tumerogenic, mutagenic or carcinogenic. The Baptists state that tobacco smoking is the single most avoidable cause of death in the United States. The tobacco industry is directly responsible for one in six deaths– % 25 of all deaths among men and % 11 of all deaths among women. “In the current debate, members of Congress must decide whether they want victory for the largest U.S. cigarette producers at consumer and perhaps even Baptist expense. While they choose, they should bear in mind the historical reality that in the tobacco context, as Baptist fervor foments, bootleggers rake in the alms” (Rotondi 2007). The issue is based on the fact that tobacco smoking also reduces the quality of life and ruins the body in numerous ways. It increases the risk of incurable diseases such as diabetes and of peptic ulcers. It makes genetic diseases more difficult to treat and more likely to be fatal. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in older women. The benefits for “bootleggers” are that price increase will lead to industry profits and transfer of the capital to party. Thus, the question how much tobacco smoking will continue to decline depends upon social policy in the form of excise taxes, anti smoking actions, restrictions on smoking and regulation of the tobacco industry. It also depends on real income, new investigations about the health effects of tobacco, and advertising and promotional activities by tobacco manufacturers. Many American tobacco companies have restructured their product range in order to reduce their risk b
The Enlightenment Period The era brought about the generation of new ideas, which affected the social, religious, and political arenas of human life. People reacted differently as societal changes bombarded them to embraced religious tolerance as well as explore the importance of life. Prior, many colonists believed God made the world but did not have any influence on it (Fogel 59). Enlightenment amplified the concepts of logical thinking and embraced rational ideologies. They also experienced a clash of political cultures demonstrated by the failure to imitate British political institutions. The period made it possible for people to reason and make logical judgments individually. Therefore, a group of revolutionaries, among them John Locke and Thomas Hobbes developed models that got rid of oppression and campaigned for human freedom and equal governance. Many revolutionary intellectuals heightened their thinking capacity and endeavored to improve the quality of life using innovative devices (Fogel 60-61). Thomas Hobbes, for example, believed that a strong monarchical government had the power to protect people. The American constitution is a reflection of innovative opinions that were grounded on the respect of human rights as the shaping of democracy and government by the multitude, and the partition of power. The power of mortals in the company to reach sensible conclusions that started changing the rule of nations gave birth to social equity. For example, John Locke propagated for the freedom of thought and religion by rebuffing the divinity and privileges of the English kings and queens. He drove in the notion of ‘natural’ governance systems created by people, a concept that influenced the Patriots. The American Revolution The uprising commenced after the French and Indian conflicts and remains one of the most substantial bits of history in America. For the purpose of this discourse, the ‘road to revolution’ is defined as the developments that led to the establishment of the United States. Historians believe that the results of the seven-year battle set off by territorial conflicts among settlers in North America paved the way to the revolution (Anderson 638). These arguments are based on the hypothesis that the war changed relations between the European powers, colonies, and col
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) refers to a physiological situation under which the heart is incapable of pumping adequate blood that can meet metabolic requirements that a human’s body needs (National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (Great Britain) & Royal College of Physicians of London, 2003). It describes the results of what happens when the heart does not pump enough blood to body parts. In layman’s language, heart failure occurs when the heart cannot carry out the workload it has. The most common symptom of CHF includes shortness of breath and tiredness (Matzo & Sherman, 2010). Individuals with CHF usually look tired and cannot carry out tasks that involve much energy. In most cases, CHF is caused by a heart attack, even though there are other causes. Heart attack has the effect of damaging the muscles of the left Ventricle. The damage of the muscles of the left ventricle results in systolic dysfunction, hence chronic heart failure (Ellis & Holmes, 2006). The other cause of CHF is coronary artery disease. This simply refers to when arteries that supply the heart with blood become narrow (Ellis & Holmes, 2006). The previous occurrence of heart attack can also lead to CHF. A previous attack, also known as myocardial infarction, can leave damage to muscles making the muscles not work normally (Jones & Cowie, 2006). The other cause can be high blood pressure, also commonly referred to as hypertension. Blood pressure is the force exerted against the arteries as blood is pumped. Congenital heart diseases can also result in CHF. Congenital heart diseases are defects to the heart that an individual had at birth (McDonagh, 2011). Finally, the other cause of CHF includes endocarditis or myocarditis, a condition that affects the heart valves or the muscles of the heart (Vijayalakshmi, 2011). However, there are times when the cause of CHF is not known and cannot be established. The main symptoms of CHF’s existence are breathlessness and exhaustion or fatigue. The shortness of breath is commonly referred to as dyspnoea and mainly occurs when an individual is lying down (Christensen, 2004). The other common symptom is the swelling of the feet, especially the ankles. These symptoms can also be accompanied by sudden weight increase. However, these changes or symptoms can be
Introduction Southern Sudan is currently conducting a referendum and the voting exercise has been scheduled to run from January fifth to fifteenth 2011. The referendum is being conducted after a consensus between the North and the South on the modalities of power sharing between the two blocks had been set (The Kansas City Star). The out come of the referendum will determine whether the Southern Sudan citizens will gain their independence, that they have fought for over the last few decades, or continue being part of Sudan (The Kansas City Star). The exercise has attracted a great international attention characterized by a high presence of international diplomats and journalists who are keenly observing the process. The Referendum Process The Southern Sudanese citizens have demonstrated a great sense of nationalism since the beginning of the voting exercise by turning out in large numbers to vote in various polling centers (The Kansas City Star). The polling centers have also been extended to neighboring countries like Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda among other counties which have a considerable number of Sudan citizens. This is meant to give the Southern Sudan citizens in these countries a chance to participate in the exercise. According to the Kansas City news paper report on Sudan referendum, the Sudan government and its party are ready to consent the outcome of the referendum. This comment was made by Ibrahim Ghandour and it has reduced the speculation that the government would probably disown the results of the referendum (The Kansas City Star). On the other hand, Omar al-Bashir who is the current president of Sudan has however had mixed reactions about the process saying that it would possibly compromise peace between the Northern and Southern Sudan regions. Nevertheless, he has promised that as long as the whole process is conducted fairly the Southern Sudan block will be free to be autonomous (The Kansas City Star). Although the referendum is being carried out in various parts of Southern Sudan, the hotly contested Abeyi region which is popularly known for having rich deposits of oil “the black gold” has actually been left out in the referendum race due to unresolved residential and demarcation disputes (The Kansas City Star). The Abeyi region was to have a parallel referendum at the same time to determine if it should be part of the South or the North. However, this has been shelved until the mentioned disputes are ratified. Cases of escalating violence have been recently reported in this region owing to the current high political temperature in the region (Garang). It has also been reported that Northern militia groups have been lynching the southerners along the border of Khartoum (Garang). The US gov
Introduction Management consulting is defined as an advisory service contracted and provided by expert people who assist the client organization to identify and analyze management problems, devise suitable solutions and help in the implementation of the said solutions. It is a method of assisting organizations to improve managerial practices as well as employee and overall organization performance and growth (Hanisch, 2012). Business entities and companies seek consulting services due to several reasons including uncertainty, time factors and reputation. Uncertainty is covered by expert analyzers who are charged with the responsibility of sieving information to provide coherence and meaning. Some firms may not have technical and managerial capacity to resolve the problem and may require time to develop such hence the need for management consultants. Finally the firm may acquire recognition and status as a result of interacting with the consultancy firm (Perchthold & Sutton, 2010). Nature of management consulting The role of management consulting is to help client organizations solve arising issues while ensuring profit maximization. This guarantees an improvement in performance and ensures value creation. Core processes of consulting include business planning, risk management, new product development and operations management. Acquisition of a consulting firm Firms, like IBM as described in the case study, need to remain relevant and active within their respective industries. There is the need for redesign of business process in a manner that boosts efficiency and productivity. The aim is to eliminate unproductive components or layers of the firm, reduce costs and improve quality. Acquisition of a consulting firm by IBM will guarantee flexibility in business processes and operations. Furthermore, it allows the firm to shed off
The fast pace at which the use of new forest product technology for making paper, recycling and pulping signifies development and need for efficiency in the forest industry. As this paper shall examine from a case study on the use of forest product technology by Consolidated Papers Inc, a leading North American Producer of super-calendered and coated printing papers, the use of technology in the forest industry in America is a powerful force that is changing the forest product market. Forest product technology for papermaking Gas-fired paper dryer A gas-fired paper dryer is one of the new technologies used by Consolidated Papers Inc. in its paper making processes. This innovative system incorporates a dimpled heat transfer surface and a ribbon burmer to increase efficiency and energy needed for effective drying of papers. This machinery has been lauded as a useful and valuable technology by the Groupe Laperriere and Verreault (GL&V) in the USA and Boise Paper Solutions which have tested and demonstrated its efficiency. The gas-fired paper dryer is a new tool with a high drying capacity. Uwasu et al (2012) indicate in that this system has a drying drum through which surface temperature is increased. Traditionally, companies in the forest industry have relied on steam system to dry papers during paper making process. Inasmuch as the system has been effective, the aforementioned new technology introduces efficiency and is a direct replacement of other drying methods. The gas-fired paper dryer works through coming into contact with surfaces of the drum that are hot which provide a drying effect. Laser-ultrasonic web stiffness sensor This new technology is the only sensor that is being used to measure stiffness of light weight papers online. It works through a non-contact sensor. In addition, it controls and guides real time processes essential for reducing costs due to waste reprocessing and to optimize paper quality during manufacture. This technology was developed by the Institute of Paper Science and Technology at Georgia Tech and demonstrated at Boise Mills and MeadWestvaco. Figure 1: A diagram showing a Laser ultrasonic sensor Dumont et al (2006) indicate that this technology is significant in the sense that its non-contact characteristics ensure no downtime production or risk of tearing. Besides, it is highly efficient because unlike contact sensors, its abrasive and hot web does not cause overheating, drift damage and wear. It is imperative to highlight that in comparison to the paper mill, the LUSS offers continuous monitoring of an out-of-plane shear and flexural rigidity when constructing reel. In addition, it reduces off-spec product waste, improves product uniformity an
Introduction The story of a person with a disability is often one of exclusion and hardship. From struggling to get up the stairs that do not have rails and ramps to finding a job and becoming a contributive member of the society, disabled individuals are forced to show greater mental and emotional fortitude to keep up with the rest (Barclay 2011). Nowadays, there are many government and non-government organizations to help disabled individuals along the way. The two popular organizational paradigms involve trickle-down effect and grassroots organizations (Biswambhar 2007). The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these types of organization, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, and analyze how the local legal framework affects their performance, using Spain and the USA as examples. Strengths and Weaknesses of Trickle-Down vs. Grassroots Approach Trickle-down approach to organizational development suggests a top-to-bottom approach. The resources are distributed from the top of the organization to its various levels (Tricker 2015). This approach allows for higher levels of accountability. It is typically used in large organizations with a strict hierarchical structure and a number of levels of five or more. When it comes to non-government organizations (NGOs), the trickle-down approach is typically used in organizations founded by wealthy individuals or in those that are directly or indirectly supported by the government. All strategic and financial decision-making is typically done at the top, with the branching lower levels carrying out the orders and decisions of the governing body. When analyzing such an organization, it is important to note that its structure resembles that of a classic corporation, with top-to-bottom leadership, multiple levels of hierarchy, and managers operating at each level. This structure comes with a set of strengths and weaknesses. One of its primary strengths is in the organization’s centralization (Kluyver 2012). It is capable of undertaking large projects and operating with greater amounts of resources and money. Due to having connections to the government and various wealthy donors, a trickle-down organization is more likely to receive grants and funding from various sponsors, as they would be held accountable for the results. However, large trickle-down organizations have been criticized for losing touch with reality. Since all decisions are made at the top, based on the information sifted through various hierarchical levels, they may not be very effective or even applicable at the ground level. As a result, the aid delivered by large-scale NGOs is often too little, too late, and too inefficient to make a difference (Florian 2010). Grassroots organizations, on the other hand, evolve from groups of individuals coming together for a common cause (Don 2017). The majority of m
Religious identity is very important because it portrays our diversities in worship. Religion is based on people’s background and that is why people who share common beliefs belong to the same religion. Religion is broad and thus it is divided into several groups such as Islam and Christianity, among others. This means that religion was spread along racial lines because a close observation reveals that every religion was easily adopted in some geographical locations than others. Perhaps this was due to lack of efficient transport system and thus people had to stick to their own form of worship. As time moved by, religion was used to draw line between people of various races and ethnicities. This has led to the emergence of a perception that religion is defined by race hence when people come across someone of a given race or ethnicity they expect that person to belong to a specific religion even when he or she is not aware of that religion. In addition, religions have been assigned personality traits depending on what prominent people who belong to that religion engage in. For instance, if one of the most wanted criminal is a Christian, people from other religions think that all Christians are criminals. Muslims have been suffering a lot especially after the September eleventh attacks that have made the trust that used to exist between Christians and Muslims to decline. This is because when Christians see a Muslim, they view them as terrorists and they can never trust them. This has made innocent Muslims to be subjected to humiliation because of evils that were done by their friends and relatives. Most important to note is that it is not every Muslim that supports and agrees with the arguments of terrorism groups. How to Recognize Nonverbal Behavior Verbal communication goes together with nonverbal behavior because it helps to ensure that the message has arrived home. Even if someone does not speak by observing their nonverbal behavior we can get the message they are trying to put through. When you look at someone’s body behavior you can tell whether he or she is happy or not because in as much as someone can remain silent in order to be cautioned from being rude, their body language tells it all because its response cannot be altered. There has been confusion in understanding nonverbal behavior because they have different meanings in various geographical locations. For instance, waving of hand may imply you are calling someone to come to where you are, whereas in another region it might mean that you are simply greeting that person because he or she is a bit far from you. In nonverbal communication, it is tricky to discover what certain behavior means because it is only the person who does the act that knows why he or she did it, unlike in spoken communication because we can refer to relevant written materials in order to understand what the person is saying. For instance, when you buckle up someone might think that you do not have confidence in the driver while the person could onl
Introduction The Discovery of America by Europeans set the stage for unprecedented demographic trends that characterize present-day America. The most aggressive of the European colonial forces were the English and the Spanish whose activities led to the creation of colonies that form the present United States. Relations between the colonizers and the indigenous peoples of the American continent are one of the most important aspects of the colonization of America. The defeat of the indigenous peoples by Europeans led to cultural integration and “bitter-sweet relations” between the two groups. Many scholars assert that the Native Americans were initially hospitable to the newcomers. However, the Europeans were less courteous in their approach to the Indians. The Europeans took the native’s land and enslaved many of them to work in the mines. According to Mario the English and the Spanish saw the natives as uncivilized savages who needed to be transformed into civilized people through conversion to Christianity (8). He further says that the English more than the Spanish were cruel to the indigenous people. The need for labor and the lack of tenacity among Indian workers led the Europeans to look for new sources of slaves in Africa. This marked the entry of Africans to America. It is important to note that Africans may have arrived in America before the Europeans either by the mistake or by intentional voyages across the sea. The relations between the Native Americans and the colonists especially the British and the Spanish can be summed up that were characterized by conflict. In some instances, however, the relationship was that of mutual benefit. Native Americans and Spanish Colonists The Spanish colonies in America were one of the territories forming the Spanish empire including areas such as Africa, Asia and Oceania. Columbus led their explorations and their forays led them to acquire and establish colonies in the land that makes the stretch between California and Florida in the present-day US. During the invasion, the Spanish used their superior weapons to conquer the native tribes that inhabited the areas. According to Sucheng and Spencer, the Spanish managed to infiltrate the native tribes and stoked rivalries that played to their advantage (46). According to Corrigan, the