ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Instruction design model is a systematic goal based mode of instruction delivery. It is systematic since the system follows specific steps to achieve the intended goals. The design involves activities, objectives, presentations, materials, feedback, and guidance. The goal of each and every design is to ensure effective, efficient and quality delivery of instructions to the intended groups. There are numerous instruction design models, consequently, their uses depends on the course needs. Despite their differences, instruction designs goal are to maximize development of learners knowledge. This paper analyses ADDIE instruction design model. The increasing demand of information in all the fields including learning and entertainment has brought with it the need of content. The value of information content has been identified as vital tool in instruction delivery in any setting. The mode of instruction delivery is vital for societal and economic development. As a result, selection of any mode of instruction delivery hence needs to be critically considered to meet the intended function (Elizabeth & Donald, 2010). ADDIE Instruction Design Model ADDIE is the most used and common Instruction System Development (ISD). The acronym, stand for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate. The model follows the classic ‘waterfall’. The stage marks the major training and development progression in application of ADDIE. All these stages are the roadmap of instruction delivery. ADDIE application has been successfully achieved SAS online trainings among other fields of trainings. ADDIE Analysis Just like in marketing, ADDIE instruction design follows a systematic analysis to achieve its goals. The first step in the analysis involves creation of goals and o
Introduction In the contemporary interpretation, the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is conventionally utilized to denote a special sociolinguistic category, in particular, a functional type of language that is used as a medium of intercourse between speakers of different languages ​​in the certain spheres of the interaction (Jenkins and Leung 2). As the process of globalization began its rapid development, the world started to experience the need for a sole communication tool that could be used in many different countries. In the modern world, the English language takes the position of the leading language used for global communication. English has been playing this role for many decades now. As a result, the agenda of teaching this language, as well as the education for teachers, has been significantly influenced by its role as a lingua franca (Deniz et al. 144). However, regardless of the active research regarding the effect produced by the status of English as the global communication language, the changes it inflicted on the education for teachers of the English language remain underresearched. The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical perspective on the establishment of English as a lingua franca and then move on to the modern state of affairs and the impact produced by the current status of the English language on teacher education, the way English is taught these days, its use as an instrument for intercultural communication. English as a Lingua Franca: A Historical Perspective Initially, a lingua franca implied a specific language form based on the vocabulary of French, Provencal, and Italian languages ​​which originated in the Middle Ages for the negotiations of Arab and Turkish merchants with Europeans and existed in the form of “Sabir” until the 19th century (Wansborough 42). The establishment of English as a lingua franca was a lengthy phenomenon that was not a planned action. It can be noted that English became a lingua franca due to several factors that eventually led to its transformation and popularisation so that it became convenient for the speakers of different first languages to embrace English as the means of global communication. To be more precise, the factors that contributed to the becoming of the modern lingua franca include the simplicity of English and ease of learning, its adaptability, a wide geographical distribution that made it reach every continent, and the strong and influential positions of the nations that use it as their native language in the world (Abdullah and Chaudhary 129-131). The establishment of English as a lingua franca stretched throughout many centuries with the colonization practices of the British Empire and the United States of America, the amplification of their power after the Second World War, and the developed status of the other countries that use
Identifying the central argument of the two articles Richard Falk and Michael Walzer present varying views as regards to the reason why state and non-state actors intervene in the international system whenever a crisis emerges. The two analysts differ over a number of fundamental issues, but they seem to agree about the nature of the international system, as they both observe that actors do not intervene to fulfil the interests of the affected individuals, but instead they aim at realizing their national interests. Falk notes that powerful states intervene militarily to realize their ambitions and objectives in any conflict. He analyzes the effects of intervention whereby he comes up with two sets of reactions that intrusion seems to generate as far as legal, ethical, and political issues are concerned. In the first response, Falk observes that commissions are set up within the state to investigate the consequences of interference where eminent persons are appointed to serve in such committees. The second response to intervention is criticisms from civil societies and human groups. The analyst tends to disapprove the behaviour of powerful states and other units that rush into conclusion without seeking the approval of the world governing body, which is the United Nations. For him, the advice of the Security Council should always be relied upon before coming with a decision to intervene militarily in a war-tone region. Falk accuses the role of non-official bodies, such as NATO, which are often used in restoring peace without the approval of the world governing bodies. States should embark on strengthening the legally and ethically accepted institutions, such as the regional blocs since they represent the interests of the majority. Non-official organizations, including NATO, only represent the interests of the powerful states, such as the United States, France, Britain, and other US allies. Whenever intervention is undertaken, Falk suggests that the UN objectives under the responsibility to protect clause ought to be followed closely. In this regard, the rules of engagement should be clear meaning that actors should determine when to intervene, the mode of intervention, and must give a genuine reason for intervening. Additionally, military involvement should be employed as a last resort meaning that other options should be explored. If military action is adopted, approval should be sought from the UN to make it legitimate. Michael Walzer approves intervention if it is felt that human life is in danger. In fact, he claims that actors should make an attempt of intervening as soon as possible to prevent human suffering. In his view, it is difficult to commit crimes against humanity without being noticed in the modern international system because of the development of information communication techniques. In his attempt to justify intervention, he analyzes four major themes that actors have to consider, which include the nature of occasion, the agents to be used in intervention, the techniques of engaging
Sources in Secondary Research During research on any subject, including business and management, one may utilize different categories of literature materials. Sources are divided into those categories based on such criteria as originality and proximity of data origins. In other words, while some materials may convey the original opinion of their authors and provide unique empirical information on a matter of interest, others may offer a second-hand perspective and summarize the data obtained in previous research studies. In this way, sources are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. The differences between them will be discussed in the present section of the paper. Primary sources are the materials characterized by the highest degree of originality and proximity to the origin in comparison with the secondary and the tertiary ones. According to the University of Minnesota (2018), “these sources are records of events or evidence as they are first described or actually happened without any interpretation or commentary” (para. 2). They often describe discoveries, new ideas, and theories, demonstrating original thinking. A few examples of primary sources include journal articles based on empirical research, personal notes and diaries, artwork, government reports, and others. In contrast, secondary sources utilize the information recorded in primary materials and provide its analysis. According to the Willamette University (2014), “they summarize, evaluate, and analytically interpret primary material, often by offering a personal perspective” (para. 4). Considering this feature, every secondary source always includes a full list of references to the retrieved data, which can be accessed by readers to deepen their research and understanding. Some secondary source examples are literary criticism, legal reviews, professional opinions, and others. Lastly, tertiary sources neither provide any new informa
The phenomenon of the unprecedented success of Venice is worth of detailed research as it clearly demonstrates how free trade, reasonable government, and proactive maritime policy can create a powerful, prosperous state out of a small city. Taking the best from the economic growth in Italy in the XI-XIII centuries, Venice became one of the most important political, trade and financial centers in Northern Italy and the Adriatic. Participation in Crusades made for significant enrichment of the Republic and brought it many new possessions in Italy and the whole Mediterranean. After defeating its utmost rival, the Republic of Genoa, in the XIV century, Venice began to form the Mediterranean empire. XIV-XV centuries were the time of economic and political prosperity of Venice. The Republic had become an important actor in European and international politics and diplomacy, supporting political connections with most of the civilized states of that time. Venice strived and succeeded in becoming the strongest maritime and colonial power with the largest fleet in Europe, enormous wealth and developed economic ties with the rest of Europe and the Middle East. It may be suggested, that the crucial prerequisite for such success was the republican form of government, which was mild and legitimized the power of the trade oligarchy. And those were the economic reasons that caused the decline of the mighty state. The discovery of the maritime route to India, the rise of Ottoman Empire and gradual fading of Mediterranean trade into the background and its replacement by the Atlantic trade transformed Venice into a weak secondary state. Napoleon wars aggravated the situation completely and once vigor prosperous republic disappeared in the dusk of the newly emerging era of the great world superpowers. But whatever the ending was, Venice’s story was bright and rich with historical lessons.
During his lifetime, Mahatma Gandhi contributed to different social issues. This paper evaluates three main issues that Gandhi addressed. These include solving the difference about worshiping God, adoption of non-violence in revolution and discrimination amongst the Hindu caste system. Muslims, Hindus and Christians worship the same God According to Gandhi, all people worship the same God despite their religious differences. Gandhi appreciates the existence of difference in the name of God amongst the Muslims, Hindus and Christians. However, he asserts that the various names used to refer to God are not a representative of His individuality but His attributes. As a result, Allah in Muslim, Ishvara in Hinduism and God amongst the Christians refer to the same spirit. In his reference to God, man has made an effort to give God different attributes in an effort to illustrate His mighty. However, Gandhi is of the opinion that God is immeasurable and indescribable. He further advices people to live like brothers and sisters and respect all religions. Additionally, no religion should be considered as being superior to another which means that no one is justified in trying to convert other people to his or her faith. In summary, Gandhi advices people to understand the fact that God is omnipresent and all-powerful and that He searches a person’s inner-being in order bless him or her. Incorporation of non-violence when seeking for justice Gandhi played a critical role during India’s struggle against the British imperialism. In his leadership, Gandhi advocated for non-violence as a methodology of fighting against the British rule. According to Gandhi, non-violence is an effective mechanism in advocating for peace (Mayton 4). In order for the concept of non-violence to be applicable, Gandhi is of the opinion that it is critical for individuals to appreciate the difference between an individual and his or her actions (Mayton 6).One should ‘hate sin and not the sinner’. All individuals should consider one another as being children of one creator. Additionally, truth, empathy and patience should guide one in seeking justice. Difference between the Hin
Introduction Diversity management is an organizational program developed and designed voluntarily. It ensures that there is more inclusion of all individuals into both the formal and informal organizational programs. Kellogg Company The age, gender, race, and ethnicity, and language of employees is pre-determined, the organization can have no control over these criteria. This company has found the need to transform the human resource system due to the dynamic labor force. At the same time, this company is undergoing major changes in the nature of employment relationships. The management of this organization has realized the importance of increasing diversity in the workforce. This company has moved away from the traditional human resource systems that were largely designed for a harmonized workforce. The organization is undergoing challenges regarding the integration and design of some specific human resource policies such as selection and compensation, in support of the implementation of a diversity management strategy in the workplace. Experts from diverse policy areas have come together to develop views on the significance of diversity in the workplace. This company and some other companies have been trying to improve the inclusiveness of minority employees in the workplace. This has been achieved through positive efforts by the organizational management to improve the diversity of employees in the organization. Diversity is also crucial in the top management team. This will determine the extent to which top management is heterogeneous with respect to the employees. According to research, there is a significant distinction among the different kinds of diversity. Qualitative data from four different organizations indicate that the understanding of diversity is based on how the socio-demographic differences of employees affect the performance of the company. The socio-demographic can either contribute to or hamper the performance of the organization. These understandings of diversity shape the companies approach to diversity management. Schneider Electric in Paris According to Schneider Electric in Paris, diversity management is the range of managerial practices that promote the career development of the minority groups. Many companies including Schneider Electric in Paris run diversity programs for minority groups. These programs are aimed at improving recruitment, employment, retention and promotion of employees from the minority groups. These companies have also changed the ethos of the organization in relation to the diversity of the workforce. This organization faces a paradoxical situation. If the company shuns diversity, it ri
Introduction The current global financial crisis is one of the worst financial crises in history. It has affected many businesses and individuals all over the world. Businesses have closed down and many people have lost their jobs. Uncertainty, political risk and financial risk have also increased (Global Economics Crisis Resource Center, 2009). The negative effects of the global financial crisis have been felt in most parts of the world i.e. in the advanced countries, the emerging markets and in the developing world (Yadav 2008). The global financial crisis According to Allen and Synder (2009), the global financial crisis is a disturbance in the economic environment which brings about a drastic drop in the value of assets, failure of financial institutions and a disruption of the stock exchange (p.36). Business organizations begin to cut costs so as to avoid liquidation therefore the unemployment rate escalates. he purchasing power of many companies and households is reduced as prices of commodities soar. Interest rates, real estate, international investments and international business are also affected. The high cost of doing business in such an economic environment drives many companies to restructuring or closing down the company (p.37). Toporowski (2009) asserts that International business operations have particularly been affected by the global financial crisis because most target markets have cut expenses due to the crisis (p. 162). Therefore the politi
Reasons for Interest This article discusses issues on how a manager who is utilizing the strategic management skills may be able to utilize and effectivey manage the average employees within the organization in a manner that ensures that they are at least optimally productive while at the same time identifying their potential to grow and move up the productivity and official ladder. At the same time, the manager may be able to identify the ordinary employees who are comfortable to their positions and their level of productivity (Tjan). In addition, the manager may be able to identify the employees who add no value within the company and who should be gotten rid of. This article helps in identification of the management skills that are required for every organization to effectively manage its labor resources in a manner that ensures that it lies above average in its operations and productivity. This aspect is hence very important in the discussion of strategic management that is being undertaken within our class. Synopsis Key Issues: Business builders managing their talent base within the average employees, performing regular and specific performance feedback, fit-test point, catering to the top-of-the-pool talent, Worker productivity. Summary of the Article Strategic management of the average employees is a skill that requires viewing the employees from a different perspective. It is not the average employees that really count in the organization but rather the employees that are way above average. Every skill builder within the organization should focus on attaining an above-average level from all employees since the average will always cost the organization a great deal yet without a lot of returns. The manager should hence focus on this factor through different strategies that are at hand so as to ensure best productivity levels from the employees. The
Server Availability Enhancement The server execution environment may experience failures due to memory errors caused by memory corruption. Such failures are typically caused by programs attempting to make invalid point access and out-of-bounds array accesses. While this situation can be corrected using programming languages such as Java and ML, these errors can be addressed by enabling programs to execute based on a failure-oblivious computing technique (Rinard, Cadar Dumitran, Roy, Leu & Beebee, 5). The technique allows a program to continue executing in an error-prone environment without throwing exceptions when errors are encountered by running programs. That reduces server vulnerability to security attacks due to memory errors. A typical C compiler environment test results have shown the technique to be an error-free execution and reliable environment in view of the above errors in a server environment. The failure-oblivious computing technique allows a server to concentrate on executing critical data and discard any errors detected in the program execution environment. During program execution, minimal error propagation lengths and error flow characterize the technique. In theory and practice, the technique has been proven to be secure and of low cost with minimal overheads in server administration (Rinard, Cadar Dumitran, Roy, Leu & Beebee, 10). On the other hand, critical disadvantages with the failure-oblivious computing technique include execution path failures, bystander effects that are generated during program execution, and limited user experience. The technique can be implemented using two sets of codes as has been demonstrated with the Apache server when appropriately configured. Other operating environments with similar experience include sending mail on the Linux operating system, midnight command which is an open-source software environment, and Mutt which is configured for the Unix environment as a text-based mail. All these are critical to ensuring user data and memory remains secure and aptly managed based on new file management systems (Rinard, Cadar Dumitran, Roy, Leu & Beebee, 14). Log-Structured File System A log-structured file system is a new approach to disk storage management where files are assumed to be cached in a memory that is dynamically expanded in a sequential log structure. The approach improves the write operations while maintaining system integrity during crashes. To enhance the efficiency of the log-structured file system, a segment cleaner dynamically creates free space based on different technologica