ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Genetically conditioned diseases have long been bothering the minds of scholars. The article titled “Angelman syndrome: Current understanding and research prospects” by Dan (2009) is one of the brightest examples of scholarly work carried out in the process of studying the human genetics and diseases it is subjected to. The article under analysis focuses on the topic of the so-called Angelman syndrome, a genetically conditioned disease allegedly related to “deficient UBE3A gene expression that may be caused by various abnormalities of chromosome 15” (Dan, 2009, p. 2331). Paper Summary In more detail, in his article Dan (2009) considers the topic of the Angelman syndrome in all its aspects. Particularly, Dan (2009, p. 2331) starts with presenting the background to the topic and discussing what scholars have achieved in studying this genetic disease. Further on, the author moves to examining the clinical and neurophysiologic features of the Angelman syndrome. Then, the author presents a detailed table of clinical diagnostic features for this syndrome, and starts the discussion of the genetic features of this syndrome (Dan, 2009, pp. 2333, 2335 – 2336). Strengths and Weaknesses Strong Points Needless to say, the analyzed article displays both strong and weak points. The former are mainly related to the manner of data representation, the strong scholarly support of the ideas expressed by the author, and the detailed consideration of any studied aspect of the Angelman syndrome. Further on, the article contains a considerable number experimentally proved facts and assumptions. Finally, Dan (2009, p. 2337) manages to outline the areas for further research on the topic, which adds to the credibility of the article. Weak Points At the same time, the article by Dan (2009) displays some weak points. In more detail, these weaknesses include the limited applicability of the article’s findings. The point is that the experimental support for the author’s ideas is derived from the experiments carried out with animals like mice (Dan, 2009, p. 2334). Of course, this does not mean that similar experiment should, or can, be carried out with human beings, but the applicability of animal testing results for analyzing the potential development of the Angelman syndrome in human beings is highly doubted. Scholarly Value Hypothesis Support The hypotheses of the article, that the Angelman syndrome is conditioned by the deficiency of the Ube3a gene in chromosome 15 is a strong one because it is supported by opinions of reputable scholars like Espay et al.,(2005), Lu et al., (2009), and Thibert et al., (2009). At the same time, the experiments and the study of scholarly works on the topic did not allow Dan (2009) to make any complete and finalized conclusions to either support or reject the hypothesis. Therefore, the hypothesis support in this article is based only on previous research, but lacks the empirical experimental basis. Experimental Evidence In more detail, the experimental evidenc
ATA SmartBrief is a United State Company associated with airing noteworthy news concerning the U.S’ airlines and Aviation companies. The following is the prime news highlighted by the company in the second week of October (9th – 14th). The news is grouped into three main categories; Company Watch, Inside Aviation and Energy Bulletin (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). The vital news highlighted on 10/9 was about how American Airlines taps TIMCO Aviation services for 757 works. It stated that there would be provisioning of extreme repairs for American Airlines on four Boeing 757 aircraft by the TIMCO Aviation Services. Andrea Huguely, who is the spokesperson for the airline, stated that the Airlines have to acquire a powerful strategic advancement into its upkeep planning requirements. This was reported in Tulsa world, Okla. On the same day, there was a report from Bloomberg on the contract talks between American Eagles and the pilot union stall. On 10/10, AMR proclaimed capacity reduction and plane retirements for American Airlines (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). AMR is planning to reduce the capacity of these airlines to 3 percent for the rest of the year 2011. This is due to the doubtfulness of the company’s economic environment caused by high fuel costs. Moreover, AMR is also planning to issue extra pilot retirements all through the fourth quarter. Still, on the same day, Canada was preparing for planned strike by Air Canada flight entourages, since the government of Canada was dissatisfied with the union’s decisions (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Bloomberg repeated this report on 10/11. Another report on the same day was about concerns raised by Southwest Airlines due to the changes in policy. The vice president of marketing and strategy at the frog firm, Adam Richardson stated that his favorite carrier was the Southwest Airlines, but he did not concur with some current changes in the Company’s policies. One of the policies that he did not agree with was the new check-in-procedure and recurrent-flier-encode. Harvard Business Review printed this report. On 10/12, the ATA SmartBrief had news concerning the regulators’ approval for slot swap between the U.S. Airways and Delta. The Delta Airlines will achieve management of half of the flights at the LaGuardia Airport in New York through operational landing slots and takeoffs with the U.S. Airways at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (RRWNA). The federal Controller approved that slot swap was implemented. In other words, Delta Airlines are targeting to own the New York market, and that is why they are doing everything possible to reach it. Helane Becker who is a Dahman Rose & Co. analyst issued this statement (ATA SmartBrief, 2011). Moreover, a report by Nasqad.com asserted that the United Continental Holdings’s CEO, Jeffrey Smisek is concentrating on changing the disputes of joint cultural amid carrier with its pilot coalition. He added that it is extremely easy to talk about culture, but it is very difficult to take action on it. Smisek also uttered that the coalition airline was not ready
Summary Nowadays, Christianity is the largest religion in the world, with more followers than any other religion. Originated in Palestine, it is based on the life teachings of Jesus Christ described in the New Testament. Among the main streams of Christianity are Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy. The basic principles of Christianity are those preached by Jesus Christ, and every Christian should apply them to one’s life. Accordingly, God’s spirit lives in every Christian as in a temple; hence, one may conclude that the body of every believer is God’s temple. The Holy Spirit inside The Bible is one of the most popular books in the world, which is the primary source and rule of faith. It is not just an ancient book for ancient people with teachings and rules of life, Bible is the word of God (Arnold & Beyer, 2015). However, these are not just words but a message containing the spirit of God that infuses every believer. With knowledge, convictions, and thoughts, the believer is filled with understanding of life and happiness, just as the temple of God is filled with the Holy Spirit. The main idea is that the bodies of Christians are a holy place where God’s spirit not only lives but is supported, flourishes, and worshiped. What should one let inside the Temple? Moreover, it is important what exactly one allows to enter the temple, thus, into the body: through the ears, eyes, and the general perception of information. The laws of morality and the rules of life described in the Bible apply at any time (Arnold & Beyer, 2015). Therefore, it is essential to be aware of what the temple (the body of a Christian) is filled with: what information and beliefs. In those days, when God created bodies and infused the Holy Spirit there, they became the Temple of God. Reference Arnold, B. T., & Beyer, B. E. (2015). Encountering the Old Testament (encountering biblical studies): A Christian survey. (Vol. 3.). Baker Academic.
Problem Statement General Notions The development of the human society, and especially the technological progress that has been observed over the recent two centuries, nowadays results is the huge amounts of various pollutants being emitted in the air, water, and soil daily. This, in its turn, leads to such serious problems occurring as the global warming and the greenhouse effect. The humanity, of course, tries to take steps to solve those problems, and the Kyoto Protocol, its DICE (Dyanamic Integrated Climate Economy) model, and the intended, but still not adopted, Copenhagen Conference Accord are some of those steps (Kolstad, 2000, pp. 11 – 12). Analysis However, the developed countries seem to be unwilling to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, the greatest environmental pollutant. This is reflected in the fact that the USA, world’s largest carbon dioxide producer, still have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, while the ideas of 2009 Copenhagen Conference did not find their support from any of the participating countries. Thus, the problem still remains relevant, and specialists argue that the cap and trade system is the way out for the American society. The major advantage of the system, as compared to carbon emission taxes, is that that it can actually reduce gas emissions as far as one carbon dioxide producer gets a specific limit for it, and those producers who do not meet the limit can buy the allowance from those who do meet it. Thus, the emissions of carbon dioxide are actually cut, even though at a minimum rate. Nevertheless, there is still a lively debate in the USA regarding the best way to solve the carbon emission problem, while no actual steps are being taken and the U.S. share of world’s carbon emission grows (by 15% between 1990 and 2004). Purpose Accordingly, the major purpose of the current work is to critically analyze the mentioned cap and trade system in order to find out the implications for its potential use in the United States. Moreover, the present paper will try to develop a comparative analysis and contrast the possible developments of the cap and trade system in the USA with the actual effects of the system in other countries. Background Thus, the issues of the greenhouse effects and the global warming are rather serious, which can be illustrated by the fact the emissions of CO 2 , i. e. carbon dioxide, are on the average increase of 12% annually. Other greenhouse gases, including methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons, have also increased considerably by the average figure of 30% between 1950 and 2000. Figure 1 illustrates the dynamics of CO 2 emissions between 1960 and 2000: Fig. 1 CO2 emissions in atmosphere, 1960 – 2000. Seeing the current picture, world countries address the ideas of the Kyoto Protocol they signed and ratified in 1997 and try to adopt the DICE (Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy), one of the major models of putting the climate change and economic interests of nations in accord through the use of cap and trade system (Stanton, 2009). The planned emission cuttings and actual successes of some countries in using the DICE are shown in Figure 2: Fig. 2 International
Introduction Availability of teachers and professors is necessary to give students a consultation opportunity. However, part-time working schedule is denying students this vital aspect. Consequently, students are not able to access assistance for tough questions and problems in a free manner. This essay will evaluate how adjuncts could increase office hours to serve students. In a bid to make this evaluation, I will lay principles of the problem and propose ways to solve the issues identified. Benefits An instructor’s office is a center that provides clarifications, accessible consultation, and advisory services to the student. Instructors assess the work done by students and mark assessment papers during office hours. When these services are unavailable, students might not be able to learn without mistakes, confusions, and misinterpretations. Learning must be directed fully to facilitate clear and concise understanding. Therefore, instructors must have offices to hold student issues diligently. Enough time should be allocated to office work for these reasons Distance Most adjuncts seek jobs from different institutions separated by long distances. Therefore, they must spare time to travel from one institution to the other. Shifting between institutions reduces the time that could be allocated to office services. Additionally, the instructors not only waste money and time but also become tired to work in the office. This arises from the long journeys traveled to provide part-time services. It is necessary to employ instructors for fulltime services in an institution. Fulltime employment will enable students to access instructions and consultation freely. In situations where this solution does not apply, institutions should share courses according to the available resources. These resources should include full-time employment of instructors for each subject. For instance, students who need a specialist should be admitted to receive the services fully in one institution. Inadequate Instructors Most institutions do not have enough instructors to direct students on various courses. Also, some subjects cannot be accommodated by the arising specialists. This implies that institutions may not get enough instructors to satisfy the full-time requirements of all institutions. However, strategies could be initiated to bring these students in fewer institutions where fulltime services are provided. Otherwise, students could be encouraged to specialize in this marketable area. This would provide long term security for the instructors. In adverse cases, instructors could be hired to provide full-time services from
Lesson plan 1 Needed for this lesson:   * copyright website.   * Computer, internet access, speakers, projector, screen Gaining Attention—about 1 minute Since this is a class of international students who may not be aware of copyright laws, or where to apply them, I will begin by explaining what copyright laws are and why one needs to know about them especially when living in America. This information is accessible from the website given above. Direction— 5 minutes (this will be an introduction of what we expect to accomplish in this lesson including the general objective of the lesson) The main objective of this lesson is to learn about international copyright laws and this can be accomplished by studying the copyright laws applied in different countries since there is nothing like international copyright. An author’s work is protected by the national laws applied in specific countries although international copyright treaties offer some protection to foreign works. Objectives   * learn more about international conventions (Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention)   * Identify the members of these conventions   * Explain how the members of these conventions are protected against copyright theft   * Highlight the requirements in these conventions- notice of copyright, year of publication, and name of the copyright proprietor. Recall— 5 minutes Review general information about Berne and Universal Copyright convention that makes up the international copyright laws. Content— 10 minutes A quick review of the website with information regarding international copyright laws Application Feedback—Level 1— 0 minutes Students who feel that they need to review the website again can view it over the internet on a computer in the Library or use the class computer after the lesson. Application Feedback—Level 2— 1 minute Students will form small groups and go through the website together then share what they have learn ed. Application Feedback—Level 3— 5 minutes Students will engage in a brainstorming session where they discuss the content of the lesson, the knowledge they have gained, and ask questions in areas that are not clear. Evaluation— 5 minutes I will use a cloze test to evaluate and multiple-choice questions to evaluate whether the students have fully understood the objectives of the lesson. Closure— 5 minutes A short discussion about what the international students discovered about international copyright law. Lesson Plan 2 Gaining Attention— 0 minutes Since this is a continuation of lesson plan 1, it does not require an introduction. Direction— 5 minutes Having discussed what is international copyright laws, I will move ahead to American copyright laws. The objectives of this lesson include:   * explain what is protected under American copyright laws   * explain where American copyright laws derive their power   * the scope of the copyright law- exclusive rights to Authors and Inventors   * Explain the ty
Employees in any organization want different things from their leaders in the personal and professional capacity. At the personal level, employees want leaders who relate to them. These are leader who are not intimidating, and who are easy to approach. Professionally, employees want leaders that are fair, and who recognize individuals on the basis of their merit. Hard working employees require recognition so that they remain focused in their work. Leaders who are determined to help individuals reach their full potential and use the right methods enjoy great support. Charismatic and transformational leaders Charismatic leaders make people follow them, by cultivating an admirable personality. They use charm and grace to inspire their followers. When working, they give every individual attention, and make them feel valuable in the organization. When they address their followers they tend to lift their hearts and spirits and leave them with an excitement which motivates them to achieve set goals. They are able to develop a strong bond with their followers. Transformational leaders have some charismatic characteristic, but are inspired by change. They can transform an organization from failure to success because they have vision and great passion to succeed. They inject great effort and determination in everything they do. Like charismatic leaders, they tend to give people high level of attention. The major focus of charismatic leaders is motivation of employees to achieve set goals and achieve full potential. Transformational leaders major focus is changing the organizations they head. Leadership traits Good leaders understand their followers and the organization they are heading. They have diverse leadership qualities that enable their organizations achieve their goals. Leaders should always be motivated. This will boost their followers to work harder. They will also be self-motivated and stand out as role models which reinforces their image. Many employees trying to match their standards increase their work output. During problems, good leaders make quick and reliable decisions to save the organization. Employees, who trust their leaders, will focus their energy in developing the organization as they feel secure. Integrity, self-confidence, and good knowledge of the business influences the decisions made by a leader. This is important when circumstances require the re-shuffling of employees. A leader needs to know where each employee will perform best when making the changes. Case study Dalman and Lei have different leadership qualities that have enabled their company to develop. They both have to use their unique leadership qualities, when they meet Venture Capital Group in New York. Dalman should shoulder the marketing needs of the business, as he has the character qualities required. Lei should handle the financial matters of the business, as he has the knowledge and qualifications necessary. Before the meeting, the two leaders shou
Climate change is the alteration of the normal climatic conditions in the earth, and it occurs over some time. Over the past few years, climate change has triggered numerous debates across the world, with some leaders claiming that it is a hoax while the majority believes that it is real and people should find solutions to curb it. In as much as there are arguments based around the subject, it is mainly caused by human activities, and it impacts the people and the environment equally. Causes First, climate change is mainly caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. With the increase in industrialization, many industries have been constructed to satisfy human needs. However, the majority of the factories use fossil fuels which are a significant source of greenhouse gases. Additionally, an increasing number of automobiles are used globally, and the majority of the vehicles are fueled using fossil fuels. As a result, they emit Carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which are major greenhouse gases. Second, climate change is caused by natural calamities such as volcanicity and wildfires. Although this is not common, active volcanoes worldwide release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere during the eruption. Even though some gases such as Sulphur-oxide can help the atmosphere because it acts as a coolant, some smokes, such as volcanic dioxide, can be detrimental to the climate hence causing alteration. Additionally, wildfires cause combustion in natural forests because it consumes carbon products, releasing carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Impact on People and the Environment Climate change causes hunger and diseases to people, thus lowering the quality of life. It results in need in that it can lead to depletion of the arable lands and degradation of the semi-arid areas that are mainly used by pastoralists, thus making it difficult for people to perform agriculture, a significant source of food. According to Caminade, McIntyre and Jones (2019), it can also cause vector-borne disease in humans. Besides, it can cause pest that can claim agricultural products; for instance, the invasion of East African countries by desert locusts which has destroyed numerous plantations, is linked to climate change (Salih et al., 2020). Moreover, it affects the environment by causing diversity (Freeman et al., 2018). Natural setup is usually rich in biodiversity hence making the biological processes complete. How Human Population Contributes to the Problem With the increase in the human population, the demand for more land for settlement and agriculture increases. As a result, more forests are cleared to pave the way for these essential commodities mainly used to accommodate the large population. However, the green vegetation that covers the woods acts as carbon sinks. Thus, they can absorb the number of gree