ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It should be noted that the administrative law of Canada places a particular emphasis on the process by dint of which a legal decision is reached. Procedural fairness and clear, transparent procedures are of paramount importance. In that matter, fairness refers to the result achieved through a properly functioning mechanism for the administration of the law. Therefore, procedural fairness is a logical assessment of an action based on the criteria formulated in a generally accepted regulatory system. The purpose of this paper is to discuss such aspects of administrative law as discretion, credibility, bias, and duty to give reasons and support them with court cases. General Points Administrative law principles are applicable to the activities of the government. They are relevant for the governmental acts and procedures and regulate bodies governed by the state. Also, administrative law governs and controls the way various public programs are implemented. That is, it allows determining whether decision-makers act within the limits of their authority (Lewan’s 60). Ethics and observance of citizens’ interests are ensured by administrative law as well. One of the most significant aspects is the engagement of residents in decision-making, which is a hallmark of democratic practice. Participation of citizens in the process is essential for achieving fairness and justice. Discretion Discretion is a concept that assumes the predominance of expediency over legality during decision-making. It implies that the participants of legal relations are given the opportunity to act at their own discretion depending on the circumstances and within the framework of the law. In Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2 S.C.R. 817 (1999) case, this notion is defined as “decisions where the law does not dictate a specific outcome, or where the decision-maker is given a choice of options within a statutorily imposed set of boundaries.” It should be stressed that citizens exercise discretion frequently enough since it is a practice they employ when making any decisions. However, each particular situation defines the degree to which it is fulfilled. As for the courts, they assess discretionary decisions depending on the circumstances. In particular, they say “The Minister may/sh
The Republic of Moldova is a small eastern-European country that used to be a part of the Soviet Bloc. Its population reached its peak during the year 1990, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, and has been in the process of a steady decline since. According to Population Pyramid (b), the population of Moldova is at 4,033,936 people, having lost a net total of 330,000 citizens since the collapse of the USSR. The country’s life expectancy is at 71.63 years in total, with a few years fewer for males, and a few years more for females (Cash 93). Moldova’s birth rate is 10.57 children per 1000 individuals (Cash 93). Death rates are at 12.6 deaths per 1000 people, showing a negative dynamic (Cash 94). The population pyramid of the country during the year 2000 is as follows (Population Pyramid (a)): Fig. 1. Population Pyramid of Moldova in the year 2000 As it is possible to see, the number of people of child-bearing age and pre-child-rearing age are the majority, promising a potential growth for the country’s population. The only drop is seen among the individuals of years between 25 to 34, which is understandable considering that 10 years ago the country suffered a crisis, surviving the aftermath of the collapse of the USSR (Cash 91). However, these are not the only factors that affect population rates. In 2020, the population dynamics are as follows (Population Pyramid (c)): Fig. 2. Population Pyramid of Moldova in the year 2020 As it is possible to see, the number of people in the first third of the pyramid shrunk considerably, with the biggest quarter of the population currently found in other parts. It promises a continued shrinkage of the population in Moldova. The projected parameters for the year 2040 are even bleaker, with the population aging rapidly, and the younger people becoming fewer and farther between: Fig. 3. Population Pyramid of Moldova in the year 2040 The shapes of pyramids are different from those of the US for two major reasons. The first is that the population dynamic is negative – there are more deaths than births in Moldova, whereas the US shows a marginal increase from year to year (Cash 95). Second, Moldova has a very high migration rate, whereas the US is a country many people migrate into. Moldova’s current migration rate is at -0.344 per 1000 population as of 2020 (Cash 98). The reasons for such trends include the economic stagnation of the country, inept leadership in the past 30 years, and the open-border policy with the EU, of which Moldova is an associated member of (Cash 99). These trends make it very easy for the younger populations to migrate in search of a better life. The people most likely to migrate to Europe in search of work and better opportunities include those aged between 20-35, whereas older populations often find work in countries like Ukraine and Russia (Cash 99). These factors, combined together, explain the trends as they are demonstrated in the population pyramid. Moldova is in no danger of overpopulation, as the number of citizens occupying the country is projected to decrease by
There are several considerable differences between the traditional overhead allocation and ABC (activity-based costing) systems. With the traditional costing method, a company will have only one overhear rate, which will be calculated based on the direct labor or machine hours (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2018). In this case, the overhead will be calculated universally regardless of the activity. As opposed, the ABC costing method uses multiple activity pools, which will be calculated based on each of their metrics (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2018). Traditional costing is much easier to implement compared to the ABC system, but it is also not as accurate. In the long run, the ABC system proves a lot more effective as it results in better cost management. There are many ways in which a company can benefit from implementing ACB costing. First of all, this method allocates overheads based on the actual consumption of resources, which makes all the expenses more transparent (Mahal & Hossain, 2015). Therefore, it becomes easier to detect and eliminate non-value-adding activities, and vice versa. By helping to spot better ways of allocating cost, the ABC method allows making smarter pricing decisions, and therefore increasing overall profitability. As good as the ABC method may sound, it might not be the best decision for every company. It is a responsible move, which can affect lots of business processes. Therefore, the organization should carefully analyze its needs at the moment. There should be a trade-off between the costs of implementing ABC and its economic benefits (Mahal & Hossain, 2015). If the trade-off is not happening, it is better to stick to the existing system. Also, the ABC system is a lot more complicated, so if the accuracy of traditional overhead allocation is satisfactory and does not cause any profit loss for the company, there is no need to change it. The overhead allocation is essential for most manufacturing environments as it directly impacts the profitability of a business. It is critical to have a complete picture of all the expenses to be able to allocate them responsibly. Allocating overhead has utility and it is particularly beneficial for making pricing decisions. If a company bases its pricing solely on direct production cost, they automatically cut down their profit. When indirect costs are clearly visible, a business can easily cover them with pricing. Allocation of overhead is often problematic for an organization due to a lack of precision and accuracy in estimations. Since overhead costs are indirect expenses that do not influence the manufacturing process directly, it can be challenging to determine the exact amount of costs to allocate. That being said, indirect expenses are necessary for the smooth running of a business. The most typical problem that arises during overhead allocation is the inability to estimate the costs accurately. As a result, a company can make an incorrect assumpti
Summary The book focuses on a German theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, whose theology is showcased until the time of his death in the hands of the Nazis. It manages a successful interplay between Bonhoeffer’s biography and his spirituality and creates a relationship with the everyday Christian. His entire belief system is reflected in a way suggesting a demonstration of his character (Nichols 11). A personality that wholly emulates that of Christ, both in life and death, with complete trust in God’s will. The book covers various chapters covering extensive issues such as confession, prayer, and ecclesiology. Accordingly, it expresses the willingness to live in Christ and bear suffering because of their faith in Jesus Christ. The book expresses that Bonhoeffer’s writings are not the only activities that made him extraordinarily unique, especially the context of the 20 th century. He lived the life he described in his letters, as expressed by the biographical details present
Coronavirus Pandemic About The Coronavirus pandemic has become the main reason for discussion in the new decade. This is not surprising — the microscopic virus has caused more than 320,000 deaths worldwide in a few months and 92,000 in the United States (“Google News,” n.d.). Many politicians around the world have forcefully imposed restrictive measures to prevent the virus from spreading. Nevertheless, the pandemic has demonstrated the inadequacy of the health system. Economic Indicators GDP The primary macroeconomic indicator: shows the total cost of all services provided and products manufactured in the country. Employment An employment relationship with an employer that brings economic benefits: the high level indicates the degree of prosperity of society. Unemployment A high level reveals a lack of balance between job seekers and actual jobs. Could cause an economic crisis. Well-Being Not a real economic indicator, but what citizens feel is a subjective picture of how they perceive the economic situation. The Pandemic Macroeconomy GDP It is evident that the decline in enterprises’ productivity, the closure of service centers, and social service delivery points will eventually lead to negative GDP indicators. Employment The restrictive regime has resulted in many workers being remotely accessed — this has created a technological evolution of existing software tools. Unemployment However, some of the employees have been fired or dismissed: this leads to an increase in the number of consumers against the background of a decline in the number of production facilities, which causes a social and economic crisis. Well-Being The U.S. economic system has shown a paradoxical effect — on the one hand, the available reserves allow for cash transfers to citizens, and on the other hand, the lack of effective investment in health has led to high mortality rates. Business crisis The enterprises were not prepared for the crisis: the branches are closed, the finances are not coming in, the working personnel is being reduced. The effects of the microeconomic crisis can be summarized as follows:   * oproduction cuts;   * othe drop in prices;   * ojob cuts;   * othe growth in the number of bankrupt companies;   * oa sharp drop in wages. Socio Economic The Coronavirus pandemic has the potential to cause more socio-economic severe consequences. Poverty among the population is predicted to increase for the first time since 1998 (Mahler et al., 2020). The crisis has shown the immaturity of the U.S. health care system — lack of planning and risk management, lack of financial stability to scale up the work of clinics. It is interesting to note that the rules of hygiene during self-isolation have brought new values into society’s life — the importance of health care, the possibility to limit social contacts, and visits public spaces. Healthcare Organizations WHO Engaged in sponsoring research, public awareness, and laboratories. The main mouthpiece of the planet. CDC Less responsibility than WHO. However, CDC is accountable for monitoring and sharing information, resolving private situations, and transferring ambassadors and agents to hot spots. Current Policies R
Introduction Unlike many other nations of the world, Britain does not have a written constitution. A written constitution consists of all the laws and by-laws of a country that have been written down and explained in details. In a written constitution, every law that governs a particular nation is usually contained therein. A written constitution therefore consists of one large document, containing all the laws of a country. However, the British constitution is not contained in a documented book, but the different rules and laws governing the country are contained in different documents. Some of the laws are not even contained in any document, but nonetheless, they exist and are in use (Jones, 2009). The British government exercises full parliamentary sovereignty, whereby the parliament is able to pass all the laws of the country. In addition, parliament has the final word on most matters concerning the nation. The British governance is thus dependent on the customs and traditions of the nation. Just as many other nations have rules that have to be followed by members of the society, albeit informally, the British government also works in a similar manner. In 1970, Britain joined the European Union and the question that now arises is whether the British government will have to change its mode of governance in order to fulfill the demands of the European Union (Jones, 2009). The most evident structure of the British government is the parliament. Parliament exercises full supremacy in the nation. In all the undertakings of the British government, the final decision rests with the parliament. The British parliament is built around democratic governance and this ensures that all its actions are directed towards democratic governance. On many occasions, it has become necessary to change issues that harm or affect people negatively. On the other hand, if something does not seem to have any harmful effect, I do not think it would be of any use trying to change it (Jones, 2009). The unwritten constitution The nature of Britain’s unwritten constitution seems to be the best thing for the entire British kingdom. This is because British laws are not constant but dynamic. For this reason, I am obliged to support the idea that Britain should continue with its current mode of governance, whereby use is made of the unwritten constitution even though the country is now affiliated with the European Union (Jones, 2009). The rules and regulations governing Britain can always be changed to suit any situation that arises. For example, changes in the economy can easily be incorporated by changing the laws of the nation. This is one of the strong points that have enabled Britain to be on the forefront in matters concerning the economy. In a written constitution, any changes in the economy of a particular nation cannot be incorporated into the nation immediately they occur. This is because doing so would be against the written law and hence, illegal. It would take some time for such changes to occur because the constitution would have to be changed as well. By the time the constitution
Introduction Early pregnancy means giving birth while under the age of 20 years. This pregnancy occurs at puberty when they experience the initial menarche roughly at 12-13. At this stage, the females are potentially fertile. According to a nonprofit agency focusing on reproductive and sexual research, public education and policy analysis, teenage pregnancy holds adverse consequences to the society, child and parents. Overview The children, who are born to teenage parents, lack adequate medical attention. The opportunities of mother and the child to build a future are further depleted by these risks. Need for change in lifestyle by the mother may be the only option to have a healthy baby. Problems such as birth weights are common due to smoking and alcoholic mothers. During teen years, female teenagers are at twenty-five percent probability of smoking at pregnancy compared to adults. STIs (sexually transmitted diseases) are at its peak of contraction at this tender age. Some of the STIs include Chlamydia, which causes sterility, and pneumonia in newborns, syphilis, which causes blindness, Infant and maternal death, and HIV-the virus causing AIDS. The medical care given to mothers during pregnancy minimizes or eliminates the HIV virus being transmitted to the baby. Background The major cause of early life pregnancies is premature sex. The enlightened seniors should give further details about unprotected sexual intercourse, and missed periods. Where sex cannot be avoided, use of condoms would be a radical solution although not the best compared to abstinence. Peer pressure is a prolific mother inciting many young and innocent teens to have unprotected sex. However, there are other causes of early pregnancy such as those resulting from unreported rape cases. It would be a wise choice to discuss biting situations with health officers. Children born, leave their parents traumatized due to the gap that they open up between them and their social lives. Some are ashamed, which is vital for others to learn from so as to avoid similar situations. The HHS’ (The Department of Health and Human Services) commitment is preventing the out of wedlock births and encourage adolescent abstinence. The organizations’ driving force is the belief that community driven program tends to succeed. While promoting abstinence amongst teenagers, they stand a chance to make wise decisions for their bright futures. Abstinence Education Program This provides the federal grant to the states’ abstinence education entities on counseling and mentoring. The main aim is to promote abstinence away from early sexual activity before marriage. This helps in developing action plans to curb teenage pregnancies (Piehl 67). Boy Child Education Educating the boy child is not an exception in curbing teenage parenting. This way, the young men, are at a better position to decide on whether they would like to post
Review and critique of the piece The authors of the article forming the basis of this review are Adewade O. Ashimi and Taiwo G. Amole. The title of their article is, “perception and attitude of pregnant women in a rural community in north-west Nigeria to female genital mutilation” (Ashimi & Amole, 2014). The article talked about female genital mutilation. It is a report of a research conducted by the authors. Coming up with the report and publishing it as an academic article yields various outcomes for the authors. First, it allows the rest of the world, mainly other scholars interested in the subject of FGM, to access their work. Secondly, it informs the public, practitioners, and other scholars about the situation in Nigeria, which is the area of study on FGM and the perception and attitudes of people. This can be relevant to advocates of stopping the practice or authorities seeking to enact policy on the issue. The authors also intended to highlight the special case of Nigeria concerning FGM. The main fact is that the country has one of the most prevalent cases of residents having undergone FGM. In addition, many of the documented cases have urban origins, thus the research and its report aimed to provide a balance in the information available about FGM in the country by examining the situation from a rural setting. Female genital mutilation has no rosy outcomes and everyone who undergoes it loses a part of their body, leading to impairment. The above sentence is the thesis statement of the research, which is supported by the fact presented in the article that claims most people who undergo the practice have difficult childbirth. Secondly, discontinuation efforts have been hampered by inadequate female education and empowerment (Ashimi & Amole, 2014). The credibility of the findings presented in the research, which contribute to the conclusion and answer the research hypothesis, arise out of the methodology used by the authors. The research used a descriptive cross sectional study. This is a qualitative method that captures various data in an unstructured form, though its interpretation may follow a structured form for the sake of making the analysis part possible. The authors relied on pretested structured interviews, where they tasked interviewers with the role of asking and collecting responses from participants. The questionnaire used for the interviews was filled with perception and attitude questions targeted at women who were attending antenatal care. With the above method, the research found out that 79.3 percent of respondents were aware of the practice and tradition was cited as the main reason for the FGM activity by 34.4 percent of respondents. A majority of respondents mentioned the need to ease child birth as the main reason for the practice, but they were not a clear majority. Other findings also showed that 39.1 percent of the respondents had undergone FGM and 21.5 percent the people who were aware of FGM were willing to ensure that their daughters passed through the tradition. The authors also highlight different
Views concerning Making Marriage Work Based on the interview conducted by Betty Ann Bowser regarding the institution of marriage in Oklahoma, the welfare program tries to help individuals especially married couples, who are psychologically affected as a result of broken marriages. According to the governor, Mr. Frank Keating, poverty is one of the major reasons why most families end up being divorced. However, marriage is a long term commitment and individuals should not venture into it without knowing the risks involved. People who are planning on getting married should first be acquainted with each other before settling down on getting married. According to rules and principles governing marriages, it has been instituted that marriage involves joining two people; in the end, combined understanding and resources tend to bear fruitful results economically (Bowser, 2002). This is true because individuals tend to meet new people and thereafter, fall in love within a short time frame. After some time, they become married without any adequate dating and proper understanding of each other. In most cases, the newly weds end up in a financial compromising situations and become strained; as a result, one party displays violent behavior (domestic violence) while the other becomes demoralized leading to divorce. Furthermore, most men turn to alcohol and substance abuse and later become violent towards their wives. Norma Battice, a divorced mother of two children, can testify to spousal abuse from a drug addicted spouse. The aim of the governor in using state funds to reduce the number of divorce cases is compulsory because it becomes obl