ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the hunters and gatherers settings, men set out with shotgun and head to the forest to search for wild fruits and animals for food. Women, on the other hand, gather fruits and vegetables from nearby bushes in order to make food readily available. These tendencies coupled with relatively lower population and little competition for resource ensured harmonious living amongst human fraternity. Ripe potatoes, carrots, and green lettuce existed in large quantities in most backyards, especially in the summer. In the winter seasons, on the other hand, fruits and vegetables remained readily available. The green produce subsidized the already flourishing meat and protein sections from the wild game. All these ensured that the human fraternity enjoyed abundance in alternative nutrition, hence providing assurance of good health and longer lifespan. However, industrial revolution transformed the food production systems and greatly changed the eating habits. The revolution transformed both the physical and mental food production and consumption landscape. As Pollan explains, majority of the current population do not hunt. 1 Gathering only exists in a few communities across the world as more people resort to modern modes of eating. These coupled with the rapidly rising population against the rapidly reducing levels of the natural environment, pizza and other fast food products continue to gain ground in the current markets. Scarcity of land forces human settlements into areas that remain forested with vast natural and game products. Encroachment into the forestland for human settlement reduces the quantity of land available for backyard cultivation. All these translate to skewed eating habits evident in most populations across the globe. The struggle for the limited resources amid growing population created a capitalistic system in the management of natural resources. Several authorities developed systems for management of the natural resources and control of the economy. Even though capitalism aimed at controlling resources and ensuring proper management for societal success, it fails to create proper measures for return to the liberal hunters and gatherers lifestyles that guaranteed healthy food in abundances. Similarly, skewed systems of resource mobilization and wealth control leads to the state of ‘man eat man society.’ Resources such as corn, which previously acted as basic carbohydrates to the human fraternity, get diversion towards fuel production to run machines. This coming in the wake of insufficient land for cultivation creates a system in which humans turn to omnivorous status and bio-fuels to run engines. Literature Review In the book, The Omnivore’s Dilemma , Pollan draws vivid explanations through a series of four piece meals. In this setting, there exists a series of industrial foods originating from the fast manufacturers such as McDonald’s, and industrial organic foods compr
This essay paper seeks to discuss the questions related to the articles posted on the blackboard course page. The contents of the articles are report by UNCTAD and international production and the truth and consequences of off shoring by Biven. Below are the responses to the six questions. Core business is the main activity that defines the existence of an institution. It is the foundation of the all the activities that an institution engages in. In this context, the core business of TNC is network provision. Every other activity that the company engages in revolves a round network provision. The company therefore formulates strategies to facilitate its core business in the presence of competitors. For example, formulation of foreign market entry strategies by TNC is to ensure that market penetration is smooth. Global value chain is the process of creating partnerships with various business institutions within an industry. These partnerships can be reshaped to form a concrete business network. The network is built to facilitate trade between local and foreign countries. It therefore, ensures that goods and services are available to consumers in good time. TNC has formed many partnerships with other businesses to strengthen its global connection. According to the report by UNCTAD, non-equity modes of entry are
Introduction Corporate taxes refer to tariffs imposed on the income of companies. They are used as a form of legal obligation that businesses owe to governments of countries where they operate. It is important to understand that rules associated with corporate tax rates range from one country to another. A comparison of tax rates in different countries contributes to the understanding of tax rates’ history that influence economic growth and taxpayer behaviour. For this assessment, it was chosen to compare the UK and US corporate tax rates, how they have changed throughout the twenty-year period, and how these changes contributed to advantages and disadvantages in taxpayer behaviour. The paper includes such information as current data on corporate tax rates in the UK and the US, a 20-year comparison of rates in two countries, advantages and disadvantages of corporate tax systems, commentary on current developments, and a conclusion. Current Data United Kingdom When discussing corporate income taxes to which companies-residents of the United Kingdom are subjected, it is essential first to mention that taxes are being imposed on the total income. Such income includes money that a business earns from all sources within a specific accounting period; also, taxes take into consideration all chargeable capital gains (EY 2017). On the other hand, companies that are not residents of the United Kingdom are subjected to corporate income taxes only in the case if they operate in the country by using permanent establishments (EY 2017). These establishments can take several forms: a fixed place of business in the UK that serves as a vehicle for companies to carry out their business or an agent that has been given authority to conduct trade in the county on behalf of a foreign company. The main corporation tax rate in the United Kingdom for both large and small companies in 2016 was 20%; the decision to establish this figure was made in April 2015 (OECD, 2017). It was expected that the rate would decrease 1% to become 19% starting from April 2017 (EY 2017). The rate will subsequently drop to 18% in April 2020 ( Spring budget 2017 2017). Companies that earn profits from the extraction of oil on the UK continental shelf (ring-fence profits) are required to pay a rate of 30%. Such companies have an option to claim the smaller profits rate (19%) but only under the condition that its profits for an accounting period are less than £300,000 (EY 2017). It can be concluded that the United Kingdom has been relatively loyal to corporations and has tried to provide fair conditions for businesses to pay corporate income taxes. However, such developments as Brexit are expected to change the tax environment in the country and lead to fluctuations in taxpayer behaviour. Importan
Shower Foam Deep Moisture Foaming Body Wash by Dove has been chosen for the analysis. Its volume is 13.5 oz, and it is produced by Unilever. The generic is Total Moisturizing Body Wash with Shea Butter by Equate, which is 23.6 oz and is manufactured by Walmart. The components of the two substances are almost similar; however, the product by Dove has a foaming effect while the second product has a creamy texture. Therefore, Dove has more Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate to produce the foam. In terms of pricing, the first product is two times more expensive than the generic product while offering twice less product. The packaging is dissimilar as the body washes by Dove has a dispenser. However, the material used to produce the bottles is the same. To differentiate themselves, brands mention their peculiar features on the packaging for the customers to observe them straight away. For instance, the product by Dove is clinically tested while the other body wash is cruelty-free and hypoallergenic, and the packaging is recyclable. To meet customer needs, the brands use a price differentiation strategy (Kerin and Hartley 113). Thus, generic products are almost similar to each other and offer the same solutions to customer needs; however, it is the task of a customer to choose whether he or she prefers branded commodities or those that are charged less but do not belong to a famous trademark. I am loyal to Walmart products such as Equate since they are less expensive than branded goods, but they are similar in quality. The reason for this choice lies in the understanding that when purchasing such commodities, I do not have to overpay for the famous name but spend my money on the product’s content solely (Kerin and Hartley 113). The marketing strategy that this
For many decades and centuries, research has been done by people with the aim of getting conclusions and findings that would answer many questions that humans have. There are various and different ways through which data and information can be collected by various researchers in order to obtain the answers they are searching for. Define research and scientific method Research is termed as the formation of innovative information and the exploit of presented data in a new and imaginative way so as to make innovative theories, methodologies and approaches. This might consist of combination and study of prior examination to the level that directs to innovative and resourceful results. This explanation of research is reliable taking into account a wide concept of research and investigational progress as containing resourceful work embarked on an organized source in order to add to the data collected as well as information of humankind, society and culture, and the utility of the reserve of information to develop innovative use. This meaning includes pure and tactical essential research, practical research and tentative development. Practical research is unique examination embarked on to obtain original information but aimed at an exact, realistic intend or purpose (Aron and Coups 2009). The scientific method is the procedure by which scientists, communally and over time, attempt to create an exact image of the world. Distinguish one intellectual viewpoint manipulating both observations and understanding of likely phenomena (Aron and Coups 2009). We aspire throughout the use of these actions and measures to reduce those controls, when raising a hypothesis. The scientific method tries to reduce the pressure of prejudice or unfairness in the experimenter, when testing an assumption or a hypothesis. The scientific method has four steps:  1. Surveillance and explanation of an occurrence or collection of occurrences;  2. Formulation of a theory to give details on the occurrences;  3. Utility of the theory to foresee the subsistence of additional occurrence or the outcome of fresh explanation quantitatively;  4. Presentation of investigational analysis of the forecasts by a number of self-regulating experimenters and appropriately carried out tests. Compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary data Primary source data are a unique way, such as a first-hand description of an occurrence or a job of literature or art, which has not been understood by anyone else. Ordinary forms of primary data are journals, script, biographies, dialogues, verbal communication, tales, poems, performance, and piece music (Creswell 2008). Secondary sources evaluate and read primary sources, outline upon them to give details on proceedings of the earlier period or discover the sense of mechanism of art. Secondary sources are frequently created well after the proceedings or primary data they refer to, and their writers have a propensity to be more the current scholars or observers than witnesses
Introduction Social contract theory holds that the natural conditions of men puts them free in society. The contract was signed by men to bring to an end the conditions of the state of nature. Life in the state of nature was brutal, short lived and nasty. Men were going for each other, conflicts and wars were the orders of the day. Life was anarchic and short lived which forced men to sign a social contract that could bring to an end the conditions in the state of nature. Men agreed to surrender their sovereignty to one common authority that would oversee the interests of all. The contract was patriarchic and male dominated in various ways. Carole Pateman formulated sexual contract theory to challenge the fraternal social contract. She argues that for there to be a binding relationship in marriages, female partners should consent (Carole, 1989, p. 35). This means that women are not passive recipients of societal values as it is thought about. This paper therefore examines the fraternal social contract, its provisions and sidelines of women in the society. The paper proceeds to discuss the relationship of fraternal social contract with community formation. It addresses the contradictions of the formations with feminist approaches to community development. Fraternal Social Contract and Women in Society The contract signed by men to bring to an end the conditions of nature did not involve women in managing societal issues. The conflict is deemed to have been among men only and women were not counted. This implies that men were in charge of leadership positions and they controlled all forms of socio-political lives. Women were pushed to the periphery since they had no individual meaning in society. They were expected to undertake duties and responsibilities assigned to them by men. Most of the responsibilities were associated with domestic cores. Education and Child Rearing Women were supposed to receive specific information that would help them acquire skills for proper child rearing. Rousseau (1987) agrees that education is necessary in an individual’s life but the kind of education to be provided is not gender neutral. Education was to serve the purpose of instilling morals and ethics to youngsters. Women received different forms of education mostly associated with family values. They were to feed their children by breast-feeding and take care of their husbands. Men on the other side were taught leadership skills and other skills that could help them solve conflicts peacefully. The social contract provisions have influenced educational policies up to date. Women are not treated equally to men while the kind of education provided to them is relatively inferior. Men dominate the prestigious courses offered in higher institutions of learning and the society tends to believe that it is the way of life. Most scholarly activists are attributed to men even though women contributed e
Some of the vital skills needed in life are bargaining and negotiation skills for the purpose of settling disputes since disputes may arise at the work place, at home, at schools or even at the community and the national level. Disputes are not always bad since they may lead to progress while solved. Some of the institutions that solve disputes are courts, regulations and also traditions. This means that every person or group needs to have bargaining and negotiating skills for disputes to be settled at the group or the persons favor. An explanation of the process of negotiating and bargaining between NHLPA , a hockey team union and NHL , the owners of the hockey team helps in understanding this concept. In the presented case, NHL and NHLPA are bargaining towards are leveraged agreement between the team and the union. Essentially, the union is interested with a better salary that increases with the increasing market performance. The negotiating and bargaining presented has a long history since it was started in the 1950s before the union was formed. However, the successful formation of the union led to a better bargaining power where several incidences of successful negotiations were witnessed. In the case at hand, NHL came up with several proposals that were meant to increase competition in hockey by aiding small uncompetitive teams to become more competitive. Although the proposal seemed sensible at first, it was somehow delimiting the union because the three proposals laid down by NHL did not favor NHLPA . For example, the team owners wanted to come up with a tax system that would tax the large teams where tax obtained would be used to boost smaller teams. The rest of the proposal seemed to affect the new entrants since it was meant for curbing what they made and limit their mobility at earlier times in their career in order to reduce player bidding. Through bargaining, the two parties came up with an agreement where the payroll taxes were removed from the proposals. However the team owners won the third proposals where the union allowed NHL to restrain the salaries of runaway players. While this settled the matter for a short time, the team owners felt that the union had outwitted it since it removed payroll taxes and allowed rockie player’s salary to be based on performance. On the other hand, the union felt that the decision of the union
Introduction The focus of this essay is a business enterprise that would be involved in selling glasses and pitchers. The products can be used for various purposes among them putting beer, juice and water. Most people think that bars only sell beer but there are juice bars. A juice bar is a place where people who do not take beer can go and take different types of juices. One of the advantages of the products is that they are able to keep liquids cold for about one hour. Location The location of a business is important since it determines its growth. This implies that before starting any business enterprise, it is important to identify a suitable location that guarantees satisfactory business growth (10 reasons to start a business, 2013). Our business would be located in the City of Vancouver. There are other locations where the business could have been established, but the City of Vancouver is the most suitable among them. The City of Vancouver attracts many tourists because of its good hotels and attractive sites. In addition, tourists are always ready to use a lot of money and this would increase our profits. Apart from tourists, the residents of the City of Vancouver would find the product beneficial. The city is characterized by many bars and restaurants which need a high number of glasses and pitchers. In addition, the local residents like healthy drinks and milk. This implies that our products would fit well with the needs of the local residents because of their high consumption rate of fluids. The business would be given time to stabilize within the first year before expanding it to other places outside the city of Vancouver. We would first carry out a market research to identify the most suitable locations where other outlets would be established. In the third year, we would spread the business to British Columbia because this would be a viable region where it would thrive well and grow fast. Market Analysis The first thing in our market analysis would be our target customers. In this regard, we would first apply business to business strategy. Business to business strategy means that we would walk into local stores such as bars, restaurants and juice points where we would do presentations on our products. This would popularize our business enterprise and provide local traders with adequate information about our products. In addition, we would offer free samples such as table mats with adverts about our products for the customers to get information about the products. Our second strategy would be business to customer strategy (Rodgers, 2001). In this strategy, we would make use of online platform
Introduction The National Agro-food Policy (NAP) implemented by the government of Malaysia can have profound implications for various stakeholders such as farmers, investors, labor force, and consumers. The paper is aimed at examining various aspects of this program and its potential impacts. Analysis of the policy Overall, the NAP has been necessitated by several factors. In particular, Malaysian policy-makers focus on the possibility that the price of crude oil will gradually increase during the period between 2010 and 2020. Therefore, it is vital to make agriculture of the country more sustainable in terms of energy consumption. This requirement is particularly relevant if one speaks about the potential impact of climate change which can make wheat production less cost-effective. Additionally, policy-makers paid attention to such an issue as the rising prices of food products throughout the world. In turn, it is vital to ensure the food security of people living in Malaysia (Dardak 2015). This detail became very important after the food crisis which affected the Asian markets in 2008 (Tey 2010, p. 501). Furthermore, this program is supposed to improve the competitiveness of local enterprises. These businesses should be able to operate at the international level. Finally, it is vital to improve the quality of food. One of the main objectives is to make sure that businesses comply with the safety standards that are adopted by Malaysian regulators and international organisations. These are the main needs that governmental officials took into account. This policy includes several important elements. At first, one should mention the adoption of regulations that can facilitate the work of farmers. For instance, it is possible to consider the reduced tax rates for these businesses. Apart from that, policy-makers focus on the development of infrastructure that can be critical for agricultural businesses. For instance, they invest capital in the construction of roads and improvement of the water supply system. It should be mentioned currently many lands are not occupied, because there are no infrastructural resources. So, one of the tasks is to address this problem because it impairs the work of many businesses. Furthermore, the goal of this