ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A regular basis of people’s behavior is caused by their cultural background that impacts on the various levels of human life such as the ways of workers’ behavior during the staff meetings, how they perform reviews, how students communicate with each other, etc. Culture as a symbolic structure includes the way people dress and how they decorate houses, what holidays they celebrate. Cultural characteristics play a key role in the communication between people. Being a part of globalized world, everyone should learn how to integrate into this common world and, at the same time, how to save one’s own cultural values. Uncertainty avoidance as a dimension of cultures indicated by Hofstede includes the way of how people consider themselves being involved in unknown situation. Wursten indicates that “the uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with certainty and ambiguity” (“Intercultural Issues in Recruitment”). Thus, everyone can consider oneself according to one’s cultural and traditional background. This issue is many-sided and includes not only personal conflicts but also national. According to EuroAfricaCentral Network, “in essence this cultural dimension measures a country or culture’s preference for strict laws and regulations over ambiguity and risk” (“Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance etc”). One can notice that some of the countries demonstrate higher level of possibility of conflicts than others. This statement helped me to comprehend one idea. Now it is evident why some of the nations always have the conflicts, revolutions, etc., while other countries never face such problems. Analyzing work of Rapp et al. (2011), I understood that culture is a complicated structure that involves many levels of our life and this issue is significant within the working process. The authors cite Hofstede’s idea that “uncertainty avoidance construct was calculated as a composite score of three separate factors:  1. rules orientation,  2. employment stability,  3. nervousness or stress at work” (Rapp et al., 3). Many workers face the problems based on cultural backgrounds. In this situation, organisational culture should include the equal attitude toward all workers irrespective of gender, race, nationality, etc. Its major function is to contro
Introduction Explicit review of this analytical paper resonates within an unlimited time frame. Reflectively, the review will authenticate relevance of a research article which apparently failed to comprehensively capture conceptualization ideas discussed within its periphery of ideal and actualization. Besides, the critique paper reflects on the methodology strategy and adopted methods which appear to have employed qualitative and quantitative analysis. In addition, the critique investigates research designs and conceptualized results which are quantifiable and assess the same in terms of relevance in the present organization structure in Public Sector Organizations (PSOs) (Griffin & Morehead, 2010). The scope in this scenario is to capture influence of environment on performance in organizations across continents of the global society. In the conclusive segment, evaluation of originality, presentation of alternative recommendations, and conceptualization are placed in order to ensure relevance in review of prospect schema (Kaczmarczyk & Murtough, 2002). Title Critique The title of this research article is given as “Workplace Environment and its Impact on Organizational Performance in Public Sector Organizations” which in my opinion, fail to comprehensively reflect on the aspects discussed in the text. As a matter of fact, the article is silent on segmentation of the research target who is the employee, geographical location of the research target, and the dynamics and unique aspects of the segment or sector of study. In addition, the title does not capture focus of the research article as that pointed towards understanding a quantifiable aspect of environment on social welfare in place of work. Also, the findings and recommendations presented in this research article are restrictive and may not paint actual picture of structural aspects of PSOs across the globe. Methodology analysis and measurements The article captured unspecified number of employees interviewed but gives percentages in analysis of response. The open-ended questionnaires sufficiently provide series of answers that are full of assumptions. As a matter of fact, most of references used in this article are outdated and may not present an accurate literature review on current issues of the topic (Barry, 2007). Therefore, in my opinion, since the article was done in 2011, the author should have used updated recent literature in order to put into account various social and technological dynamics that directly impact the workplace environment. Besides, the author is not specific on timeframe for the alleged causes and measurement indices for an otherwise result. As observed in the research methodology, the author employed the use of quantitative research methodology, which measures assumptions given and reflectively develops quantifiable results. Specifically, open-ended questionnaires are used as primary method of data collection. However, this method does not compre
Introduction Films are important to human life. They serve as tools for entertainment, educating and disseminating people. During weekends and holidays, people-young and old, spend most of their leisure watching movies either at home or at movie theaters. Depending on one’s perception and art of viewing, the moving image within a movie can entertain, educate or inform. Notably, a person watching a film with an informed awareness is more likely to understand the elements behind film production. For example, an informed awareness instills dexterity and background instructions as ingredients of film understanding. Apart from entertainment, critical and attentive film watching imparts greater thought in addition to awareness. Additionally, viewing a film not only lifts up a person’s celluloid experience, but also enable persons to understand the complexity, dense language, principles, cryptograms, and signs cinematic attributes exhibited during viewing. Other essentials paramount in understanding and interpreting a film include reading some facets of cinematography and familiarization of film terms that will enable one to comprehend the film language. This will stimulate thought as regard to the film, hence making the viewers cinematically literate. Most importantly, with an informed awareness, every viewer can interpret and analyze a film without any complication (Boggs & Petrie, 2008, pp.1-5). Analyzing an Entire Movie Perhaps to start with, it is better to define what we mean by analyzing a movie. Movie analysis involves breaking up the entire movie into numerous sections aimed at ascertaining the scenery, proportion, purpose, and correlation of the scenes. Each movie has its own plot as designed by the director or cinematographer. However, the plot cannot make the film entertaining or educative without good action. Actors are the one who give meaning to the plot of the movie. For instance, the critique emotions and moods of the actors are potential ingredients that add vitality to the plot hence, success of the movie. On the other hand, the art of film watching calls for decisive analytical approach in order to understand the plot of the movie. In addition, this analytical approach enables the audience to understand the fundamental elements of cinematography. Thus, film analysis entails prior pertinent preparation aimed at understanding the rationale of the movie and an inquisitive thought of adjudicating the basic elements, which compose the movie. In most cases, the credibility of analyzing a movie lies in the question “how”. Additionally, part of the movie evaluation involves proper deliberation on the role of music and other special effects as elements that compose the movie. For example, illumination, actors, colors,
Introduction Evidently, it is important for specialists dealing with drug abuse prevention programs to assess a community’s readiness before implementation. This can help in prospecting the outcomes of such programs. There are various reasons behind this phenomenon ranging from its viability to the enhancement of positive results as well as ethical provisions. This is a considerable provision for any expert endeavoring to establish, ratify, and embrace a particular program (related to drug abuse prevention) within a society (Hogan, 2003). Assessing the readiness of a given community can help in minimizing the challenges that the enacted program might face. Additionally, it helps in preparing the community (psychologically) in order to realize a positive response from the concerned stakeholders. Concurrently, it is vital for specialists dealing with prevention programs to attain an assurance that the concerned community will be ready for the proposed program, respond positively, and make critical moves towards eradicating drug abuse and addiction within the society. In order to plan a successful program in this context, there are seven steps that must be followed precisely. This will enhance the materialization of the concerned prevention program and other relevant provisions in this context. Probably, there are some steps, which are daunting to implement. They pose numerous challenges and complications. Conversely, other steps are easy to implement regardless of the condition. Importance of assessing a community’s readiness Contextually, the success of any prevention program depends on whether the concerned community is ready or not. It is needless to implement a program in a society that is hardly responsive and do not appreciate the prospected impacts of the concerned program in their lives. Firstly, assessing such readiness will motivate prevention specialists to establish and execute their obligations with promptness and precision. This is a critical provision in diverse contexts. Additionally, it is possible to prospect the success of the program in case the required readiness from the community can be unveiled prior to the program execution. It is agreeable that programs meant to eradicate the aspects of drug abuse (trade, distribution, and addiction) require an extensive cooperation from the society. In case, this is not possible, it is apparent that such programs will not make any significant impact on the lives of the concerned community (Johnson, 2010). Additionally, knowing the readiness, receptiveness, and willingness of the society is a critical provision during planning stages concerning the prevention program. Specialists will be able to know areas to tackle most, how to approach the concerned society, and how to maneuver with the program up to the end. This is a considerable provision in the realms of drug abuse prevention endeavors. Evidently, a resistant community can hardly be influenced by
Abstract Obedience has always been disregarded as a subject of study in the social science as a result of its ever-present nature. However, without studying and accepting the role played by obedience in nurturing human behaviour, its importance can not be understood. Obedience can make individuals perform tasks they hate or loathe the most once commanded to. From the psychological point of view the concept of authority can be translated into personal experience. Obedience can be as a result of cooperative mood of the people or fear of punishment depending on the system of rule or authority in place. Obedience can also be constructive or destructive; in a nut shell, obedience is one of the fundamental facets that ensure social well being and stability within a society. Introduction Obedience is a fundamental constituent in any social life’s structure. Every society or community expects its members to be obedient to the authority unless an individual lives in exclusion from others (Passini 2). Obedience is a very significant aspect of an individual’s life and defines a person’s behaviour. Since time immemorial millions of people have been slaughtered or put in a gas chamber for questioning authority in place. Analyst argues that these monstrous killings may have not occurred if some of these subjects opted to obey the order (Feldman 3). Obedience is a psychological instrument that connects a person to the political principle. Obedience is the dispositional adhesive that attaches the mass to the system of authority in place. Recent studies show that in the majority of the masses obedience is an extremely infused behavioural characteristic overriding teaching in ethics, empathy and decent conduct (Twenge 1a 2). Obedience serves diverse useful functions. As a matter of fact, the well being of any society is dependent on its existence. Obedience may be dignifying and instructive and refer to acts of assistance and compassion, as well as devastation (Felman 4). The idea of authority has fundamental significance in the field of social science, being the basic factor in the governance of the social life. The use of authority is also a type of social influence which provides the mechanism for sustaining the norms or values of a society or coercing people to change to these norms or values. Therefore, any form of communal life must have a structure of authority which may be run either through institutions or hierarchy (Burger 3). Some level of accountability and compliance to authority is necessary for the existence of every collective group of people (Campbell 23). However, from the historical point of view many people have defied these authorities and committed crimes or unethical acts. Orders from the authorities can either be implicit or explicit depending on the system of governance. For instance during the Nazi rule there were no di
Rhinoceros is an incredible woodcut made by Albrecht Durer. He created a woodcut picture that was reproduced several thousand times of the animal, which demonstrated a significant interest of the European people in Asia. His work was considered a masterpiece of that time that served informative and aesthetic purposes. The story of the picture can be used to describe the relationships between Europe, India, and the Islamic world. It is crucial to start with several facts from the biography of Albrecht Durer. He was a famous and well-known artist that made special artworks. It was found that Durer had never seen the beast himself and that created his work based on a drawing and written samples sent from Lisbon (Monson 51). Durer was an extremely influential Italian, and he knew many other influential people of the time, including Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Bellini. Even though Durer had never seen a live rhino and depicted it inaccurately, Durer’s Rhinoceros became one of the most popular pictures of the time. The picture of the rhino created in 1515 was inaccurate. The picture shows that a rhino is covered with plates of armor. Indeed, the audience can observe the shift in its meaning from an exact source of zoological information to a pictorial source of aesthetic pleasure throughout the construction of the history of the Rhinoceros (Feiman 22). Durer’s Rhinoceros also has a small horn on the back, scaly legs, and saw-like rear quarters. These features are not present in a rhino. The fact that Durer was interested in the animal and many people bought woodcut pictures of the rhino show how interested the public was in the gift from the East. The rhinoceros depicted by Durer had a fascinating history. It was first sent as a gift numerous times and always was the special art that every receiver would admire (Feiman 22). For example, it was sent to King Manual of Portugal, where it became extremely popular. King Manual even started a fight between an elephant and the rhino to see who would be the winner. It became one of the most precious possessions of the king. However, King Manual still sent the animal as a gift to Pope Leo X in 1515. This demonstrates how the Islamic world wanted to build relationships with Europe, how India lived during the time of the Islamic invasion, and how European kings wanted to receive Pope’s favor and attention. The rhinoceros was not the only time an animal was used as a diplomatic gift. For instance, it was a gift between various noblemen across India and the Islamic world. This is because the animal depicted was made realistically as opposed to other similar works of that time (Moson 51). The animals were often sent to maintain diplomatic relationships with the western world, knowing the increased interest in exotic animals. In conclusion, Durer’s Rhinoceros demonstrates the interest of sixteenth-century Europeans in animals from the East. Even though Durer had not seen the rhino, he created a woodcut print of the animal
Introduction Multiculturalism ideology is usually used as a way of enhancing integration of all ethnic groups within the society. It is an imperative concept that is quite controversial. Scholars continue to debate on this issue. Professionals and individuals are mostly interested in analysing the pros and cons of multiculturalism. It can be defined as a way through which all ethnic groups in the society are usually appreciated. Other definitions assert that it is an ideology that emphasizes on differences of diverse ethnic groups. (Brochmann, p. 78) Multiculturalism is mostly known to emphasize on the equality of all ethnic groups in society. Initially, Norway was an ethnically homogeneous nation. Later on, immigrants in the nation increased to approximately sixty thousand people. By the year two thousand and six, there were more than four hundred thousand immigrants. This resulted in Norwegian societies that have a large percentage of ethnic minority people. This paper evaluates whether multiculturalism in Norway is mere rhetoric. It also analyses multiculturalism practices in Norway. This also includes how multiculturalism concept is usually in the country. It finally finds out how multiculturalism policy is usually implemented in Norway. (Brochmann, p. 54) Literature review Some liberals use the aspect of multiculturalism to assert that all people are equal. This is where all races are usually deemed to be equal. There is the credence that reformation of economic, cultural and social aspects lead to equality. This results in norms that define citizenship within the Norwegian nation. This aspect is usually deemed to be universalistic and ethnocentric in nature. (Wikan, pg 107) Many scholars continue to argue on the effectiveness of multiculturalism concept. The fact that this ideology is mostly based on relativism spurs arguments on its effectiveness in enhancing integration of ethnic minority groups. While scholars agree on the fact that multiculturalism is important in social integration, critics still question aspects of homogeneous values in any culture. (Wikan, pg 107) Culture is an aspect that is generally perceived diversely in various contexts. Forces such as transformation of religion, political variations and economic changes generally facilitate in the comprehension of culture. Multiculturalism as a discourse is generally initiated to counter ideologies that are assimilative in nature. Norway is one of the nations that integrate the aspect of multiculturalism. This is generally geared towards e
As the name suggests, the tragedy of Othello has been a point of discussion by most literature scholars. The point of contention is on whether the piece of Shakespeare’s artistic work meets the basic requirements to be classified as a tragedy. In my essay, I present the argument as to why Othello is a perfect example of a tragedy. Tragedies are characterized by the presence of a tragic hero. The hero bears a serious a flaw that contributes immensely to his or her downfall. In most cases, such kind of a flaw referred to as a tragic flaw. The flaw is inherent to the person and can be used to give information about his or her background. According to Aristotle, a tragic flaw characterizes a tragic hero and the flaw is manifested throughout the play. In the tragedy of Othello , Othello portrays a perfect example of a tragic hero basing on Aristotle’s definition. This character exhibits two major flaws in his character, which include gullibility and jealousy. His eventual downfall bears a direct linkage to the previously mentioned flaws. Basing on Aristotle’s definition of tragedy, there are a number of factors that have to be taken into consideration before classifying a play as a tragedy or not. According to him, the prerequisite of a tragedy revolves around the plot of the play. Events are best portrayed as tragic if they happen unexpectedly, and occasioned with the occurrence of one another. Furthermore, Aristotle asserts that for the essence of tragedy to be effective, the hero must be faced with an option that is unavoidable. The presence of a tragic hero is an indispensable factor in so far as classifying a play as tragedy or not is concerned. The main character must bear the qualities of nobility, or rather high stature than other members in that particular setting. Despite this, the main character must portray elements of flaws in his or her character, which will eventually lead to his or her downfall. It is worth noting that the main character ends up destroying himself in most tragedies. This cannot be blamed on others, bad luck, or depravity. In reference to Aristotelian criterion discussed above, Othello meets the definition to be regarded as a tragedy. Othello, who is the main character, is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Having been a soldier in most part of his life, he commanded the respect and honor from the society. This is the reason as to why he was referred to as governor-general. He is confident even as he defends his marriage to Desdemona, a daughter of Venetian senator. He possesses a soldiery outlook and commands much respect from people of Venice. As already stated earlier, Othello is a tragic hero who exhibits two serious tragic flaws. These are gullibility and jealousy. He trusts Iago so much simply because he is a military man who they have served together for long time. His gulli