ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Now and then countries that do business together run into a state of disagreement concerning the nature of imports and exports that are carried out between countries. The world trade organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to oversee and ensure fair international trade practices among countries of the world. The Marrakech Agreement which replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is currently used as a multilateral instrument of governing international trade. World trade organization believes in transparency, safety valves, building enforceable agreements reciprocity, and non-discrimination. Before any country comes to a decision of restricting imports from another country the due process must be followed to justify -these claims. If the due process is not followed and enough evidence gives a reason why a given country has put a ban on the importation of products from another country then the world trade organization may retaliate by imposing trade sanctions on this country. When New Zealand launched a panel request to resolve the issue of banned apple exportation it claimed that Australia was in breach of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) that was a binding world trade organization agreement that Australia was a signatory to. Article 11.1 of the SPS Agreement provides that: “The provisions of Articles XXII and XXIII of GATT 1994 as elaborated and applied by the Dispute Settlement Understanding shall apply to consultations and the settlement of disputes under this Agreement, except as otherwise specifically provided herein”. Australia and New Zealand concerning apple imports Australia banned the importation of New Zealand apples back in the 1920s and there has been a 90-year war between Australia and New Zealand concerning this ban therefore for almost one century it was illegal for new Zealand to export its apples to Australia. New Zealand had under some cases continued exporting apples to Australia but the Australian government stood its ground and insisted that the ban was still own. The Australian government and agriculture ministry believed that new Zealand apples were dangerous and that they could introduce blight bacteria into the apple farming regions of Australia and therefore went ahead to ban the importation of these apples as a measure of quarantine. On the other hand, New Zealand farmers and government read suspicion seeing this action as an act of sabotage and a blow into their $ 21 million apple export to Australian industry (Tripp, 2010). New Zealand itself was angered by this action of banning their apples because on their part they so no conclusive rational and scientific reason as to why Australia had decided to ban the importation of apples from New Zealand Steger, 2009. 330) Therefore on August 31, 2007, New Zealand decided to look for means to ensure dialogue between its trade and
Emergence of urban centers is the major cause of the increase in emissions that affect the ozone layer. The effects of global warming are also attributed to the urban sprawl and motorization. The urban sprawl affects the environment in diverse ways. The effects range from high level of energy consumption and use of transportation, cooling and heating facilities up to the sustenance of social thriving of urban neighborhoods. Meanwhile, to meet growth of motorization, developing countries have used a lot of natural resources to deal with infrastructure construction. However, there is adverse mass impact on motorized urban sprawl, which is solved by using technologies as claimed by business groups. This essay will analyze three main situations caused by urban sprawl, and argue that these problems can be solved by environmental and technological means. This essay is primarily based on air pollution, social polarization and loss of farm land ( Gleria and Jaeger 65). One of the greatest effects of urban sprawl and motorization is air pollution. Air pollution is emission of unwanted or unclean gases into the atmosphere. These gases are end result of the used fuels. Emitted gases lead to massive destruction of the environment. For instance, gases such as carbon dioxide if emitted into the atmosphere in large volumes gradually deplete the ozone layer. As a result of depletion of ozone layer, occur such effects as climate change. Climate change adversely affects both human and vegetative lives. As a result of climate change, we can observe unreliability of weather conditions, thus lowering rainfall rate. Droughts and extinctions of many plants and animal species occur. Air pollution leads to greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is formed due to emission of such gases as carbon dioxide that largely contributes to depletion of the ozone layer. As a result of this, direct radiation occurs, thus causing droughts and water loss in the atmosphere. Other effects of air pollution include cancer to human and animals. For instance, dissolved gases form an acidic media when it rains, thereby causing consumption of acidified water. Gonzales states that rates of gaseous emission are more pronounced in urban areas rather than in rural areas. This is due to the fact that most people in urban areas own cars, and the rate of motorist’s activities is higher than in rural areas. This means more consumption of fossil fuels and eventual emission of gases into the atmosphere (Gonzales, 211). Different solutions to control the widespread of greenhouse gases emission into the atmosphere are provided. Government provides solutions to these problems. Technological approach advocates for inventing electric cars. They argue that with the coming of electric cars, the rate of consumption of fossil fuels will be cut drastically. Therefore this will mean that emission of fossil gases reduces, thus no more global warming. The
Racial capitalism does more harm than good especially to the colored individuals. It does a great deal in hindering progress in the fight against racial discrimination. Social capital should be the way to go because it promotes the community as a whole. The oppressions brought by racial capitalism are responsible for the transformation of the culture of Africans in the Diaspora in their attempt to raise against it. The white culture has also been greatly changed as it is forced to accept economic strategies that are not discriminative such as social capitalism thereby changing their culture significantly. Colonization gave birth to slavery and slavery is what brought about the Africans in the Diaspora. Africans had and still have their own unique culture. The mass movement of Africans from their homeland to work as slaves in their colonial master’s plantations is responsible for the cultural transfer that took place during the colonial era. Africans who moved in to the new lands took with them a rich African culture which they struggled to retain in the new land. It was not an easy task because they also found new culture in the countries they were taken. It proved unavoidable to borrow some new way of doing things and leading their everyday life in the new lands. Their colonial masters had their own unique culture as well which was equally affected by the presence of the Africans. A major contributing factor to the erosion of culture on both sides is probably the attempt to learn each other and the inevitable interactions that took place. There is even evidence of marriage between the two races thereby creating need for a compromised culture that accommodates both parties. As slavery was abolished in many parts of the world, the struggle for superiority between the blacks and the whites emerged. The transformation of the African culture rode on the bocks a wide platform of audience that was emerging in the 19 th century. The audience developed as a result of social changes in theatre and music. Technological advancement in technology in the 19 th century also played a great role in enabling the upcoming African black artist reach a wider audience through radio, TV and the print media. Ironically, the prolonged domination of racism and slavery and brought about the pinnacle of black culture which became very popular. This left many talented artists with no platforms of showcasing their expertise and instead they were left to entertain members of their own co
This is a critical moment for Great Tunes Music Company (GTMC). Several challenges threaten to pull GTMC apart. These challenges include some very good options without which the company does not even have the hope to survive. With the recent changes in the leadership, there is a rare opportunity to put these challenges in perspective and to provide the much-needed fresh direction for the company. It is the role of leadership to bring together all the factors in an organization to ensure there is coherence and sustainability. The challenges the company must deal with are its business strategy, the organizational culture, and its operational structures. The company has a very risky business outlay characterized by 60% dependence on two artists for its income. Despite signing a pool of young artists on contract, the company has not been able to capitalize on their talent. This means that GTMC’s current positioning limits its capacity to take advantage of the lucrative youth market that represents a sizeable chunk of the music market. In addition, there is the threat of a much lower income from sales because of online piracy. GTMC suffers from a poor organizational culture. The last two leadership transitions were very jerky, and moved the organization from one extreme of almost no structures, to a very bureaucratic structure leading to disillusion among some members. The organization therefore lacks the culture that a consistent leadership style makes possible. This explains the poor levels of teamwork among members. All departments have their own priorities and what is sorely lacking is a means to bring all these efforts together into coherent action. Closely related to lack of an organizational culture is the type of decision making structures applied in the past. The company moved from a laissez-faire approach to decision-making then swung to a very structured format, neither of which is ideal for an organization of this nature. This means that at all times in the past, only a certain kind of people could thrive, making the rest unproductive. To put the organization on a balanced footing, two things will be indispensible. The first one is the development of a long-term business strategy that will address the business concerns of GTMC while the second one is streamlining of business operations. “An inspired and clearly considered strategy provides the impetus for commercial success, whereas a weak or misunderstood strategy may lead to a company going out of business”. It appears that GTMC is overdue for a strategic planning process. This process will help it to identify its strategic fit in the current operational environment and will bring to the fore the priority areas that the company must address to grow its profits and sustain its place in the music industry. Some of the actions may include promotion of younger artists, redesigning the income structure, and identifying emerging markets that the company can serve competitively. The result envisaged is a responsive organization re
Explain the Importance of Strategy Planning Strategic planning can be defined as an acceptable systematic process in which an organization takes in deciding important matters. Strategy planning is basically having a master plan for all the other plans in the organization. Strategy planning is therefore a very important process in any organization. This is because it helps predict the future. This means that an organization can be able to foresee the problems that can negatively impact the organization and thus avoiding them. It gives overall direction that is taken by an organizational management. In other words, it outlines strategies to be used by each department in an organization. These include marketing, finance and human resource. The departmental strategies developed; aim at achieving organizational success at large. It is however important to note that strategic planning do not dwell much on product panning ,the process of production or even the cash flow but they are just parts that contribute to whole organization. It is thus planning as a corporate whole (Burkhart and Reuss, 1993). Describe the Five Main Steps That Have To Be Taken To Build a Strategic Plan for a Health Care Organization Health care organizations today are forced to make proper decisions that will improve their image. This is only achieved through sound strategic planning. A strategic plan in this case is the document that outlines the reason for their existence, rationale and the direction they intend to take in order to achieve their goals. In addition, the plan shows the actions to be taken and how the performance is measured. To build a strategic plan for a health care organization, one should first start by executive summary section. This is basically the plan. It includes background information and its goals. This section is considered the most crucial because it is the only section read by people in charge of decision making. It should thus be written in a convincing manner. The second step is the overview. This is information on the operating environment. It entails the characteristics and the challenge that may be encountered as well as the means to solve them. External assessment is the third stage while building a health care strategic plan. This is a synopsis of this particular field. It entails trends in the industry in the region where the organization is situated as well as outside. It is thus external factors that influence the organization. In the internal assessment step, the operations of an organization are discussed. In other words, it gives details on management and the way goals are to be accomplished. Moreover it explains the viability and sustainability of the project. The last step is the appendices which show the supporting documents. Examples of these documents are research literature and other key data (Kovner and Neuhauser, 1990). Describe What Goes Into the Use of an Environmental Analysis; Include How the Use of SWOT Analysis and Five Forces Analysis Enrich the Strategic Planning Process Environmental analysis in a health care organization is done using SWOT and Five Force Analysis. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
Globalisation and internationalisation: what they mean in our workplaces/schools/study environment I believe that globalisation and internationalisation have changed their meaning in the way people understand them in the context of the situation in the world. At the same time, people realise the importance of sharing knowledge and experience including methods of delivering information and spiritual concepts. I am not a native speaker of the English language though I believe that I am actively using the opportunities offered by globalisation and internationalisation by learning English and using it in everyday life, communication with friends, and education. Moreover, I feel that many people would like to use such a chance for other purposes such as learning cultural differences and gaining experience related to professional career. As you probably know, English has not always been the language of international communication, trading, economics, and education though the situation changed due to the rising demand for a universal language that would be used as a unique method of sharing and acquiring information and gaining experience. There is no person that would not know about the situation in the international arena but this free access to information about other countries and people that live and perform actively all over the world is the result of globalisation and internationalisation. Globalisation and knowledge I do not think that all people should share the same point of view about the benefits of globalisation though i know exactly that some people think that globalisation blurs the borders between cultures and even makes some distinctive cultural features disappear. At the same time, knowledge and an opportunity to acquire it is a great deal of globalisation and every educated person would agree that educational policies and methods have been actively borrowed from Western educators and theorists influencing the way information is presented and taught to students in other countries of the world. On the one hand, globalisation opens many ways to access information, compare and contrast different concepts, language, religions. On the other hand, there are no two absolutely identical cultures which means that the same methods, for instance, in education can be beneficial in one country and absolutely destructive in other. I believe that a universal approach is not propagated in the western countries though it happens that diversity is not used commonly yet in other countries. In other words, diversity should be the major point in education opposed to universal educational policies and principles shared currently by many educators. Internati
The society in which we live is always changing. Nothing confirms this point more than the changed circumstances under which Rich and Tierney wrote their essays. Rich delivers her commencement address to a women’s college in 1979 while Tierney wrote his essay in 2006. To begin with, in Adrienne Rich’s essay, which was a commencement address as already noted above, it is clear that women are being exploited by men. The exploitation is in the form of doing work and not being paid or being underpaid, being censored, and devalued. She says that this has been happening for a long time in the history of mankind (Rich, p. 39). Apart from the above, Rich goes ahead to talk about the tendency of society to describe feminists as hard people who lack neutrality. She counters this by saying that culture is never neutral and that women are not supposed to be moved by this description. Rich also talks about what women need if they are to play a major role in the liberation of the woman. She calls it the outsider’s eye and says that it is important to get this perspective and try not to lose it as it will be a guiding force in fighting for the rights of women. Another aspect that Rich raises is the significance of studying history. The history she is specifically talking about is the one that touches on what women are going through both in the United States and around the world. She also says that history should enable the women to know where they have come from, how they have reached where they are, and the history of the much politicized female body. She also tells them to learn about the creative genius of women of the past, their skills and crafts, the techniques of women in other times and cultures, and how they have been mistreated (Rich, p. 41). Concerning their graduation and the prospects of joining law school as well as medical school, Rich points out the weakness in the joy of achieving this as it appears as a token. She however points out the fact that the members of the graduating class who will have the opportunity of joining these professions can make good use of their skills by fighting for the rights of women in legal issues as well as access to healthcare. Rich also makes it clear that it is not only women who are exploited or mistreated (Rich, p. 44). The other groups she identifies include children and people of color. These groups too can be assisted by the women who become lawyers and doctors according to Rich. Still on history, Rich emphasizes that these young women who are graduating must understand the great women who risked all to gi
Environmental justice refers to the fair treatment of people despite their race economic and social situation. Where there is environmental justice, people are treated fairly and given equal opportunities as those who are well in enjoying environmental protection and living in a safe environment safe from hazards. A good example of environmental injustice is the issue of global warming. Global warming has been caused by human activities and especially those of the developed world. However, the developing nations that contribute least to the problem suffer the most from the negative effects. To curb this injustice action should be taken   * nations educate people about the causes of global warming,   * teach people how to use alternative products to reduce environmental pollution,   * formulation and enforcement of tough measures against nations that pollute the environment. Developed nations should help developing nations deal with the negative effects of global warming.
The issue of slavery has long conflicted with the history of the United States of America, which is also called the world’s largest democratic state. With the independence of the country, there was felt a strong need for a cheap workforce to boost its economy. For that matter, Africans were traded to America in 1619 as “indentured servants” 1 . However more economic and land development resulted in the arrival of more Africans in the New World. By 1750, 200,000 African slaves were working in America which grew to 700,000 in 1800. In many states such as South Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia, the slave population outnumbered the white population (Sylvester, 1998). African American slaves were subject to various forms of brutality. Their social, political, religious, and cultural activities were controlled by their white masters. They were not allowed to educate themselves or participate in any political activity. Their masters controlled their sexual reproduction which was based on the concept of breeding children for the slave market. Female slaves were often raped and their families disintegrated as they were sold to other parts of the country 2 (Ender, 2001). There was no freedom of religion and one of the theologians justified the brutality on Africans by stating that “Negroes were enslaved because they had sinned against God” 3 . Special slave codes were set up and every slave was expected to follow the code of conduct expected from him (Sylvester, 1998). This brutal behavior by the white masters often provoked resistance among the black population. In this paper, I aim to discuss the different forms of nonviolent resistance adopted by African Americans as a protest against slavery. The methods, violent and nonviolent, were often successful and have been discussed below. The first and most common form of nonviolent re