ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The writing styles and language use of Ciaran Carson Carson’s first book was The New Estate (1976). In the ten years before The Irish for No (1987) he perfected a new style which effects a unique fusion of traditional story telling with postmodernist devices. The first poem in The Irish for No, the tour-de-force ‘Dresden’ parades his new technique. Free ranging allusion is the key. The poem begins in shabby bucolic: ‘And as you entered in, a bell would tinkle in the empty shop, a musk Of soap and turf and sweets would hit you from the gloom.’ It takes five pages to get to Dresden, the protagonist having joined the RAF as an escape from rural and then urban poverty. In Carson everything is rooted in the everyday, so the destruction of Dresden evokes memories of a particular Dresden shepherdess he had on the mantelpiece as a child and the destruction is described in terms of ‘an avalanche of porcelain, sluicing and cascading’. Like Muldoon’s, Carson’s work is intensely allusive. In much of his poetry he has a project of sociological scope: to evoke Belfast in encyclopaedic detail. The second half of The Irish for No was called Belfast Confetti (1990) and this idea expanded to become his next book. The Belfast of the Troubles is mapped with obsessive precision and the language of the Troubles is as powerful a presence as The Trouble themselves. The title “Belfast Confetti” signals this: ‘Suddenly as the riot squad moved in, it was raining exclamation marks, Nuts, bolts, nails, car-keys. A fount of broken type…’ In his next book, First Language, (1993) that won the T. S. Eliot Prize, language has become the subject. There are translations of Ovid, Rimbaud and Baudelaire. Carson is deeply influenced by Louis MacNeice and he includes a poem called ‘Bagpipe Music’. What it owes to the original is its rhythmic verve. With his love of dense long lines it is not surprising he is drawn to classical poetry and Baudelaire. In fact, the rhythm of ‘Bagpipe Music’ seems to be that of an Irish gig, on which subject he is an expert (his book about Irish music Last Night’s Fun (1996) is regarded as a classic): ‘blah dithery dump a doodle scattery idle fortunoodle.’ Carson then entered a prolific phase in which the concern for language liberated him into a new creativity. Opera Etcetera (1996) had a set of poems on letters of the alphabet and another series on Latin tags such as ‘Solvitur Ambulando’ and ‘Quod Erat Demonstrandum’ and another series of translations form the Romanian poet Stefan Augustin Doinas. Translation became a key concern, The Alexandrine Plan (1998) featured sonnets by Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Mallarmé rendered into alexandrines. Carson’s penchant for the long line found a perfect focus in the 12-syllable alexandrine line. He also published The Twelfth of Never (1999), sonnets on fanciful themes: ‘This is the land of the green rose and the lion lily, / Ruled by Zeno’s e
The life of Sara Baartman continues to attract the attention of people who are interested in the history of colonialism and slavery. To a great extent, the exploitation of this person shows how an individual can be dehumanized because of race, gender, or nationality. More importantly, the sufferings of this individual can be accepted by other people. It seems that the discussion of these issues is still relevant nowadays, when a person can be discriminated due to some reasons. This paper is aimed at discussing these questions in more detail. First, it should be noted that Sara Baartman was orphaned and enslaved at a very early age. From the very beginning, she was treated as a mere object, rather than an individual. More importantly, later she was chosen by a British surgeon who wanted to display her at as an attraction. The film Black Venus or Venus noire eloquently illustrates how people can use the rhetoric of race and gender in order to justify cruelty or discrimination ( Black Venus ). In this case, one should pay attention to the scene when Sara is examined by a surgeon ( Black Venus ). He speaks about her as an interesting specimen that he was lucky to find. However, he completely disregards the idea that he is speaking about a human being. This is one of the details that attract the attention of the viewer. To a great extent, this behavior can be explained by the ideology that made some races or nationalities inferior or superior to others. This is one of the main arguments that one can make. One can also discuss the movie The Life and Times of Sara Baartman directed by Zola Maseko. This documentary shows how this person was treated when she was in Britain and France. One of the most striking details is that Sara was often accompanied by an animal trainer when she was exhibited to French viewers ( The Life and Times of Sara Baartman ). Again, this example tells that she was dehumanized by other people. In fact, she was reduced to the status of an animal. It is quite possible to argue that this cruelty takes its origins in racial ideology. At that time, this worldview was quite acceptable to the community. Furthermore, one should remember that Sara was victimized as a woman. She was viewed primarily as a sexual object by men who to look at her. It did not even occur to them that Sara was forced to act as an exhibit. This is one of the themes that were explored in the movie Black Venus . Apart from that, Sara was discriminated on the basis of her nationality. For example, at the time when she was in London, a great number of black people lived in this city. Yet, Sara did not enjoy the same rights because she differed from them in terms of her origin. So, such a factor as nationality could also play a significant role. The exploitation of Sara Baartman shows that in the nineteenth century a person could be victimized in several ways. This woman, who became the victim of the existing social order,
Introduction Variations in communication styles and cultural differences have always hindered successful operations of businesses at international markets. As such, it becomes vital for multinational corporations to consider these two major aspects for better management of international business. Furthermore, the assessment of economic and political risks in the host country is also vital. Culture has a great influence on consumer behaviour and revenues generated. Therefore, ignoring the influence culture has on business operations at international level, may lead to business implications. This is because past research indicates that ignoring the influence of culture especially when organisations centralise their marketing and business operations has always resulted to losses (de Mooij & Hofstede 2002). To better understand business operations levels, Hofstede’s model of national culture is adopted to explore the main differences existing in different countries as a result of cultural differences. The current report explores a UK based company that has a large chain of fish and chips restaurants and takeaways mainly in the UK but with presence in other countries as well. The company is looking to expand into China but is concerned about minimising its exposure to risks. Therefore, the report to the board of directors provides evidence based analysis with recommendations on what strategies should be adopted. To realise this objective, the report revolves around political and economic risk as well as the implications for operating a business in a very different culture other than that of UK. Literature review The Hofstede model, a brain child of Geert Hofstede, came into inception in the 1980s. The model was developed with the objectives of evaluating and differentiating cultures as it pertains to organisational cultures. Research data was obtained from more than 116,000 surveys conducted in 40 nations with more than 88,000 employees to develop the model, (de Mooij & Hofstede, 2002). The participants used were all employees of IBM, a multinational corporation (de Mooij & Hofstede, 2002). Hofstede study identified five dimensions which could be used to differentiate cultures and they are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity-femininity and long-term vs. short-term orientation (Paul, 2011). Hofstede in his study conducted in 40 countries, concluded that these dimensions act as indicators where the countries could be placed based on cultural dimensions. The primary focus of the power distance dimension’ is on the level to which society is able to reinforce interpersonal relationships, individual or collective achievement (Paul, 2011). The second dimension which is uncertainty avoidance according to Hofstede (2011) is “related to the level of s
The assimilation of Asians in the United States has been one of the most common themes among artists who try to bring out the life of Asians in this country and some of the challenges they face as they try to fit in a community that is largely dominated by the Whites. The Chu defines assimilation as a process where a group or an individual adopts or embraces a new popular culture (44). Adopting a new culture may not be very easy, especially when one is already an adult. However, sometimes it is so important that one is forced to try embracing the new culture as the only way of survival in the new environment. In this paper, the researcher will focus on the assimilation of Asians in the United States based on three primary texts. Research questions Assimilation of the Asians in the United States is a common theme that many scholars have worked on from different perspectives. In this paper, the researcher developed the following questions to help in providing a specific focus for the paper.   * How does your culture affect you?   * How does assimilation affect you?   * How do you find the balance between your own culture and American culture? These questions will offer guidance about the specific facts that should be collected from the texts in order to support the chosen theme in this study. They will help explain the assimilation of Asians in the United States and the challenges associated with it. Language and Communications According to Chu, the first step in assimilation is the adoption of popular language and communication strategies (18). It is only possible for one to follow a new culture if one has a mastery of the new language. Asians did their best to understand English as the first step towards adopting a new culture. In the poem ‘How I Got That Name’ by Marilyn Mei Ling Chin, the author explains how the family struggled to understand English, a new language that was used in the United States. She says that her parents, especially her mother, found it very challenging to master this new language. However, they had no alternative but to master it because it was the only way of communicating with others who did not understand Mandarin. She says, “My mot
Introduction The dynamic nature of modern business environment, coupled with rapid advances and complexities in communication and technology have resulted in development of diverse business strategies aimed at promoting business competitiveness in the global markets (Bower 2003). Companies are currently seeking positions of competitive advantage over their rivals by strategizing towards the creation of long term consumer and supplier loyalty. In addition, business leaders are pursuing new and advanced business paradigms that provide opportunities for their companies to work closely with long term and new business partners in order to effectively adapt to the rapid changes occurring in the market place (Bower 2003). New and beneficial business relationships are arrived at through development of project procurement strategies that aim at striking a balance between work, motivation, and risks for long term sustainable business efficiency. Procurement refers to the process of acquiring new services and products at the most efficient prices and incorporates activities such as contract strategy, contract documentation and contractor selection (Bower 2003). In simpler terms, procurement concerns itself with the function of purchasing inputs that are used in the firm’s value chain such as raw materials, supplies, machinery etc. The process employs specific technology which facilitates in dealing with vendors, qualification tools, and information systems (Barnes & Open University 2001). Procurement practice is one the processes that organizations and teams acknowledge as a most important element of project management (Dinsmore 2010) Project Procurement Management Project procurement manage
Introduction The Seveso dioxin leak is one of the major disasters that occurred in Europe in the 20 th century. The disaster occurred in Meda, Italy, in 1976. A damaged valve at the ICMESA chemical plant led to the release of a cloud of smoke that contained toxic chemicals. The main poisonous chemicals that were in the fume included dioxin and trichlorophenol (EU, 2014). The emission of these chemicals into the ambient environment led to air pollution, contamination of vegetation, and negative health effects. This paper will shed light on the types of exposures that occurred during the disaster, as well as the methods for detecting the relevant contamination. Also, the potential health effects of the exposures and the nature of the risk associated with the disaster will be discussed. Types of Exposures Exposure to toxic chemicals was the main risk associated with the Seveso dioxin leak. The smoke that was released into the atmosphere contained high levels of tetracholorodibenzoparadioxin (TCDD), which is a highly toxic type of dioxin (Gerber & Jensen, 2007). The toxic smoke covered a distance of nearly six kilometers in the Seveso region. As a result, 11 communities that had approximately 40,000 people were exposed to toxic chemicals through direct inhalation of the contaminated air. Exposure to contaminated food was also a major aspect of the disaster. Thousands of farm animals inhaled the toxic fumes immediately after the accident. Besides, they ate plants that were contaminated with high levels of dioxin. Consequently, excessive amounts of dioxin were found in animal foodstuffs such as pork, meat, eggs, and milk (Doble & Kumar, 2005). This means that the public was exposed to the risk of food poisoning through eating contaminated animal food products. The residents of Seveso were also exposed to waterborne diseases after the disaster. Some of the carcasses of the animals that died as a result of the accident were swept by rainfall into water bodies such as rivers (Assael & Kakosimos, 2010). Moreover, rainwater was contaminated due to the high concentration of dioxin in the air for several days. This increased the risk of an outbreak of waterborne diseases. Methods of Detecting the Relevant Contamination Over 90% of human exposure to dioxin occurs through the consumption of contaminated animal food products (EU, 2014). Thus, testing for dioxin contamination is mainly done on samples of suspected food products. However, quantitative chemical analysis of the level of contamination is often very difficult and expensive. Thus, the following sophisticated techniques have been developed to detect dioxin contamination. Chemical Analysis Th
The Research Question The study of organizational behavior has encompassed a great deal of attention to the effectiveness of performance appraisal methods and processes. One facet of effectiveness concerns feedback from employees about their appraisals. Keeping and Levy (2000) maintain that the study of employee reactions to appraisals has been singularly plagued by an absence of theory (let alone a cohesive body), a fragmented range of study instruments, and overlapping instruments in use for measuring the same construct. Anticipating there may be a confusion of labels and constructs, the authors aimed to isolate the measurement properties of the varied reactions employees have about their appraisals. Prior Findings/Background Information In addressing themselves to this question, Keeping and Levy decry the persistent gulf between theorists focused on the psychometric properties of performance appraisal scales and I/O psychologist-practitioners who believe that employee reactions are critical to perceived appraisal effectiveness. But the criteria used to define employee reactions are already somewhat dated, the authors contend, notwithstanding advances in both measurement knowledge and operationalization of constructs. Hence, Keeping and Levy aimed for better insight into the standard criteria: satisfaction, fairness, perceived utility, and perceived accuracy. The first question they address is whether these several appraisal criteria are truly standalone constructs or whether they can be traced back to some other, as yet unidentified, overarching construct. Second, the authors address themselves to the contextual facets of appraisal. Third, they investigate bias effects owing to either method or negative/ positive affect. Predicted Results There were no a priori hypotheses as such since the study aimed to characterize or filter which of several scale measures in use bore the best relationship with the construct of effect about the appraisal. Methodology The study involved a cross-sectional study of employees in a mid-western business organization. The sample consisted solely of those who had received a performance appraisal within two months prior to the survey and participated in a discussion about it. The study instrument was a mailed self-administered 94-item survey that ended with items about positive and negative affect concerning the performance appraisal. Relying on “best practices” in the field, scales that had most frequently been employed in the past, the research team used questions eliciting: satisfaction with the appraisal session itself, satisfaction with the appraisal system as a whole, perceived utility of appraisal, perceived accuracy of the same, procedural and distributive justice, and positive or negative affect. Findings Absent any formally stated predic
Abstract In 2014, the US is set revolutionize its healthcare industry. On the 1 st of August, the country is expected to make major changes in its healthcare information management system. The change will be marked by the introduction of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). The new system will replace the existing ninth revision. All healthcare service providers are expected to have implemented the framework, failure to which they will be denied license to practice. No further grace periods and extensions will be provided. As a result, the focus of stakeholders in this industry has shifted to healthcare information management specialists. The specialists are charged with the responsibility of spearheading the implementation of the new system. The ICD-9 code is used in the country’s healthcare system for a number of purposes. For example, it is used to report inpatient procedures and medical diagnoses. The framework provides support for electronic transaction. However, ICD-9 is set to be replaced by ICD-10. The latter is an improved version of the former. The new system will be introduced on the 1 st of October, 2014. It is set to bring about significant changes to the management of healthcare information. Specialists working in the Healthcare Information Management (HIM) sector anticipate the changes to ‘revolutionalize’ the health industry. There are other developments that are anticipated in the industry as a result of the new system. They include the introduction of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA] (Sean, 2012). With the implementation of ICD-10, the HIPAA standard will be upgraded from the traditionally used 4010/4010A version to a more advanced 5010 edition (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS], 2013a). The new changes are likely to improve the provision of healthcare services, especially with regards to revenue collection and payment procedures. In this paper, the author is going to look at some of the issues revolving around ICD-9 and the new version, ICD-10. The aim of this paper is to review the future and place of this new system in the American healthcare system. It is a fact that implementation of the new mechanism is bound to face a number of challenges. Some of them include lack of capacity among healthcare organizations, as well as possible resistance from various stakeholders. The impacts of such hurdles on the efficiency of the new system will also be reviewed. A total of 35 journal articles were accessed from Google Scholar, Medicaid, and Mediplus databases. An exclusion
Information about the Company Dell Incorporation (Dell, Inc.) was established in 1984 as PC’s Limited by Michael Dell. By 1989, the company was able to “commence their business dealings across country boundaries” and soon afterwards “go outside of the United States to Europe, and the company was able to achieve $50 million of sales turnover” (Dissanayake, 2012, p. 27). In 2014, Dell, Inc. “shipped over 10.8 million units growing 8.5% on the year”, mainly in the U.S. and Asia-Pacific excluding Japan region taking the third position on a worldwide basis after Lenovo Group Limited and Hewlett-Packard Company accordingly and leaving Acer, Inc. and Apple, Inc. behind ( PC leaders continue growth and share gains as market remains slow, according to IDC, 2015, para. 11). Nowadays, scope of Dell, Inc. products and services includes business and consumer hardware (PCs and servers), networking and storage-related services, enterprise solutions and software technologies SWOT Analysis Strengths   * Customer-focused marketing strategy   * Product diversification Since its foundation, Dell, Inc. announced “a consumer concentrated approach” avoiding intermediates so that “the company was able to pass the benefit to the consumer while reducing the cost of the product” (Dissanayake, 2012, p. 27). This unique customer-focused marketing strategy distinguishes Dell from its competitors by providing additional competitive advantages. Hence, Dell, Inc. has used direct sales channels (phone, The internet, and mail) to sell customized products and services at low prices. After Michael Dell, the founder, and private equity firm Silver Lake Partners bought back Dell from public shareholder, new Dell’s strategy called Project North Star was announced: “to accelerate our solutions strategy and to focus on the innovations and long-term investments with the most customer value” ( Dell , 2015). Hence, Dell’s shift to IT solutions and services will enlarge products range and attract new customers. Weaknesses   * Product recalls   * Single supply chain Dell, Inc. needs to improve its production quality control because when in 2006 the company experienced a battery problem with one of its product, “its poor reputation routinely contributed to the virality of angry blog posts and memes” (Dilworth, 2013, p. 27). Since it was impossible “to ignore the online howls of customer discontent”, marketing team had “to go out and participate in these forums that were just incredibly unpleasant” (Dilworth, 2013, p. 27). Nowadays market trend has changed due to “demand for commoditized products, changes in customer channel preferences, emerging market growth, component cost declines, a more capable supply base and globalization” (Davis, 2010, p. 3). Since customers need cost reduced products and services fast, Dell, Inc. should “move from a single supply chain to a client segmentation supply chain approach” and develop “long-term demand sensing to continually refine its portfolio” (Davis, 2010, pp. 1, 4). Hence, Dell’s competitors have an edg