ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical and geographical background Pompeii was a splendid city situated in the area of contemporary Italy with population of about 20,000 people. It was built with the wall which surrounded the city by 6th Cenotury B. C. (Connoli 11). The sceneries of the city were amazing, because notwithstanding it was situated in the distance of nearly 2 km from sea, it was considered with the marvelous mount of Vesuvius (Life in Pompeii). Historical Evaluation   * Pompeii are thought to be founded by the ancient Etruscans and heirs of Aeneas (Jashemski and Meyer 58).   * City occupied very convenient place for navigation. Near was the mouth of the Sarno River (Connoli 14).   * It was situated next to another ancient city of Herculaneum.   * Inhabitants of both cities adored gorgeous Vesuvius.   * It consisted of several parts, as walls, houses, forum, places for entertainment.   * In fact, it was a Rome-like city, because Pompeii was all-sufficient in everything needed at the time. The rise of population even caused the spread of the city borders outside the walls (Life in Pompeii para. 2). People and Entertainments   * People of Pompeii were very concerned about their city and its significance for them.   * There were several riots of Pompeian people against, first, Greeks, then Romans.   * Taking into account the interests of population in working, one should not forget about outstanding theatrical and circus culture in Pompeii.   * Baths, exercise grounds, palaestra, swimming pools, amphitheatres, theatres, forums, law courts, banks, market places and much more were apparent in Pompeii(Life in Pompeii para. 2). Inside Description   * The architecture of Pompeii was executed in antique style with different needful appliances, such as water ways for indoor use.   * Moreover, the houses of wealthiest citizens still amaze viewers with their magnificence and addiction to highly patterned culture of antique people.   * Pompeii was characterized as the city of contrasts.   * Having an area of more than 7 hectares it comprised places and architectural structures for versatile use.   * People of Pompeii were really lovers of liberty. Nature of Pompeii   * It was situated near the Bay of Naples.   * A subtropical Mediterranean climate influenced diversity of species in the area.   * Flora and Fauna promoted different kinds of trees, plants, animals.   * Nature of Pompeii also made it unique among Roman cities. Landscape   * Landscape of Pompeii was flat.   * Vesuvius was the only brow in the region.   * It was the most adorable wonder of the nature for Pompeian people.   * A divine design of the mount Vesuvius was being shared among citizens comparing it with the mount Olympus.   * They could hardly know that it was a volcano. August 24, 79 A.D. One night was quite silent for Pompeian people. They had already finished their ordinary deeds and were ready to continue cycle of life… Suddenly Vesuvius began roaring. People were doomed to be petrified in earth of Pompeii. City was first unearthed in 1600 (Connoli 17).
Leadership is among the most sought-after traits today. Increased competitiveness in political, social, and economic sectors has raised the need to have capable persons to lead others. Leadership can generally be defined as creating a way for a group of people to achieve something extraordinary (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). The main question, however, is whether leaders are born or made. Choosing any of the two options would bring obvious disagreements and contention from the society; on one hand, if leaders can only be born, then the world can only have a certain number of leaders at any one time, limited by the occurrence of leadership traits. On the other hand, if leaders are made, then in the proper environment, anybody can become a leader; and thus everyone has leadership potential within him/herself. The debate regarding the origin of a leader has been long and controversial. The idea that great men are born is not new. This was a very popular opinion in the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. In that era, bloodlines were very important; and the consensus was that certain families, usually from the upper class tended to produce leaders for various sectors rangin
A civilized society is often divided into classes where each has its specific and unique characteristics. Political divisions are adjusted by every nation, but some are thought to be global views. As a result, there are layers of civil masses and the conditions for existence are not always equal. One of the most important aspects of any society is the connection between politics and economics, and the intricate social network which is established by the environment. Even though there are several political parties some norms are similar. Marxists and liberals share some assumptions about economics, politics and their connection to the social make-up. Even though each school has contradicting views, the common strand can be found in the direction of the social unity. The end result of Marxism is the cooperation between people and classes. The equality and unity of all people can also be found in liberalism. The cooperation is key in the two schools of thought where governments and classes work on the common goal. The economy is defined by the interaction of individuals, corporations and governments. Politics exist to reflect the order of the nation which comes from social regulations and norms. Both doctrines base the development of economics and global politics on material benefits of society. This is thought to be a criterion of progression of a nation towards economical efficacy through production or industrialization. As a result, an individual becomes a participant of economics and politics. Marxists and mercantilists have given equal support to trade and international economic relations. As the internal economics are supported by the amount of finances, the nation should strive towards cooperation between countries which in turn, will lead to a healthy development of trade and economics. The government will be interested in bettering the relations with other countries, so the politics will be aligned with economics. The shared interests in increasing cooperation will lead to the development of a more stable economy. The decision and laws made by the government will be dictated by mutual gain, thus creating a society where people’s unification is pursued as a resource of wealth. An active balance in trade will nullify any conflict, as nations will be dependent on others. Mercantilism is much different from liberalism, as it bases itself on monetary gain where the government and economics are one thing. Liberal school is not based on material possessions and accumulation, whereas mercantilism is. In Marxism, the actors are people who are all of the same class. As the end result is socialism, individuals become interconnected and evolve for a common good. The international conflict is nullified through cooperation and mutual economic goals. In liberalism, the individual is valued higher than the social division. The
When the person’s life is full of everyday sufferings because of diseases and there are no perspectives for the recovery, the question of possible euthanasia becomes urgent. The problem of euthanasia is discussed from many perspectives with references to the social, medical, ethical, and religious aspects. There are two opposite visions of the problem which are based on different backgrounds. Thus, those persons who are inclined to examine the issue within the social and medical contexts often support the idea of euthanasia as appropriate to follow the patient’s will and relieve the sufferings. The opponents of this vision build their arguments with references to the ethical and religious aspects of the problem (Tulloch). Although both positions can be supported with a lot of arguments, people should change their absolutely negative vision of euthanasia because the right to die with the help of physicians can be considered as one of the human rights; euthanasia is supported to help the person and relieve the torments; it is possible to choose the palliative treatment, passive or active euthanasia. People have different human rights according to which they can regulate their personal life and choose the legal ways to follow. It is possible to discuss euthanasia as the right to die along with the accentuated right to live the desired life (Cavan and Dolan; McDougall and Gorman). Thus, LeBaron states that “the individual has certain rights guaranteed under the law and the Constitution that allow them to choose when they can die” (LeBaron). Those people who suffer from everyday pain and whose life resembles a survival can choose the death as the way to cease their sufferings. However, there should be strict criteria to choose euthanasia as the only possible variant to change the situation and help people to relieve the unbearable pain. Euthanasia should be discussed as the extreme means available for those patients who have no perspectives for the further recovery (Burkhardt and Nathaniel). From this point, it is impossible to discuss euthanasia as the way to kill because it can be considered as the required medical procedure (Torr). That is why, it is important to accentuate the necessity to concentrate on each individual case and make the significant decision to use or not euthanasia as the only method to resolve the problem. Euthanasia can be realized with references to different techniques used. Active and passive methods of euthanasia should be chosen according to the patient’s state, patient’s will, and the family members’ viewpoints (Nys). The supporters of euthanasia and their opponents discuss the controversial question of the palliative treatment as one of the ways to realize euthanasia (Materstvedt). According to LeBaron, “theologically and morally it is acceptable for a patient to choose palliative treatments that may result in death” (LeBaron). The social vision of palliative treatment is not as negative as of euthanasia, but the procedures have the same results. The opponents of euthanasia can provide many arguments depending on the ethical and religious aspects of the question. Thus, Lahl pays attention
In the fast paced modern life, it had become almost equally complex to maintain road safety. Engineers and other authorities have come across many issues regarding safety of county roads. Similar case that had been analyzed in this paper is about the Verdant Country Commission (VCRC). This paper is a case analysis recommending some of the engineering and construction techniques that would help engineers regarding road safety. Case Presentation The Forest drive had recently became the centre of attraction as the Verdant County’s population had been observed to be increasing rapidly. The increase in the population had been observed to be 30% in the past ten years according to the Verdant population statistics. The increase in population had automatically increased the levels of issue regarding road safety. Traffic had been considerably increasing that is directly proportional to the increase in population of Verdant County. Forest Drive had thus become one of the main roads that transfer the heavy traffic towards industrialized city of Verdant (Online Ethics). Verdant County Road Commission had assigned the responsibility to Kevin Clearing to solve the problem of Forest Drive as soon as possible. The urgency to go about the problem is due to the increasing accidents by cars and incidents of wreckage of cars due to the lush green forests by road sides (Online Ethics). Analysis Previously it had been noted that Mr. Kevin Clearings had proposed the plan to cut down the trees alongside the road because the roads had become quite small in width. At first the plan by Kevin Clearings were accepted by the company but due to the admission of law suit by citizen environmental group, his plan had been questioned by both media and VCRC. The citizen environmental group had come up with petition signed by 150 citizens along with the protests that had been news from quite a long time (Online Ethics). Many media persons and other social workers had claimed that it is due to the carelessness of the drivers that the roads are now being considered as small in width. The opposing groups have been claiming that VCRC must make sure that the driving rules and speed is being checked by the authorities rather than suggesting the cut down of trees which would be decline for natural habitat (National Academy of Engineering) It is clear from the above noted case that the problem will continue to grow until or unless the trees are not being cut down. It is suggested that Kevin Clearings make use of the civil engineering theories that recommend engineers to keep a saturation flow values in situations such as Forest Drive in the chosen case. The traffic in 3.5 meter wide road needs mapping that would allow landscaping as well as activities of pedestrians. It is also to be made sure by planning of Kevin Clearing that he considers the prospects of driving rules and regulations (Turner and Haraharp). The county governing authorities must file law suits against
Concept of Posture   * Posture is one of the means of non-verbal communication.   * Posture is a part of human kinesics. Communication is the exchange of information between people, the primary purpose of which is to develop common meaning, a shared point of view, or agreement in different situations. Non-verbal communication plays a crucial part in communication and understanding. It uses paralinguistic methods of information delivery – loudness of speech, tone of voice, gestures, facial expressions, postures. Kinesics comes for the the word kinesis , which means “movement” and refers to the study of body’s physical movements (Hans & Hans, 2015, p.47). Posture as part of kinesics is a very powerful tool that helps people communicate non-verbally. It is used to convey moods or emotions as well as to emphasize the verbal communication. Kinesics movements such as posture are very often performed on a subconscious level. The Importance of Posture   * The importance of interpreting posture as a non-verbal type of communication.   * Limitations of posture as non-verbal communication. Body language, in comparison with other verbal means of communication, is unique. Assuming that it carries between 60 to 80 percent of the information transmitted to another person, it is easy to see the importance of interpreting this method of contact. Many people have experienced a feeling of vague anxiety when communicating with another person subconsciously sensing the insincerity of the words conveyed. Posture is a part of any relationship, regardless of awareness. Posture as non-verbal communication is not free of certain limitations. It is learnt in a cultural context; therefore, it may not be universal. Most of the time, people unconsciously and habitually engage in non-verbal communication by moving the various parts of the body. Thus, it lacks formality since there is no particular structure or rules. Postural Signals   * Open posture can non-verbally communicate empathy, sincerity, respect.   * Closed posture may imply discomfort, irritation, anger. These two forms of posture can convey the level of confidence, status, or friendliness of one person to another. In an open position, a speaker is usually seated or standing directly facing their partner, with their hands either apart or on the arms of a chair. This stance as a rule non -verbally communicates openness, respect, empathy, or sincerity. The very first sign of a closed posture is crossed arms. A person seated in a closed position usually has the legs crossed and is positioned at a slight angle from the person they are talking to. This non-verbal communication sends negative signals, implying annoyance, boredom, irritation, or disinterest. Op
The Obama Stimulus was directed towards bettering the economy and creating more jobs. The purpose was also to strengthen the dollar and increase the fiscal stimulus. The public disbelieved it created more jobs and due to great debts, the help of the government turned out to be not significant enough to change anything. The Act did create more jobs in the number of about 2.5 million and also added between 2.1% and 3.8% to the gross domestic product. But the dollar bill became somewhat weaker, as the problem cannot be solved by simply giving money for help, the policies must be changed also. So, it is thought that it was a waste, as the unemployment in general increased. The Community Reinvestment Act’s purpose is to provide more lending opportunities to those who have lower incomes. It is a great idea because it could aid in the crisis and raise the economy. In reality, it is unclear if this caused the crisis or advanced it. An opposing view relates to the fact that how can this sort of act help, while those with lower income have less credibility and thus are not reliable to lend to. It seems as if it was a deliberate act because these facts were known before the passage of the Act. Even though the lending possibilities increased, they still did not help those below the poverty line. The question posed is, how can the economy rise when the real problem is not dealt with? There were also some unexpected turns when some minority groups were outcasted by the real estate industry. It has divided more and less successful neighborhoods sharper. Overall, the act seems one-sided, aiding those with higher income and completely disregarding those with minimal opportunities. This article talks about letting the Bush cuts expire. The wealthy are the ones who are reaping all the benefits when compared to the middle class and working families. But that would also mean cuts to very important social programs like Social Security and Medicare. One proposition is to cut the spending on several government programs, particularly including defense spending. Social programs must be protected, as they strengthen society and thus the economy. The contributions to social welfare have been non-existent, as it is funded independently by the payroll tax. The bottom line is that tax cuts should not be given to the wealthiest of the world, while social programs dwindle. The opposing views of liberals and conservatives are as follows: Conservatives say that it is the government that must be there for the people. The free market and business run best when the government does not have to intervene in its matters. As people must help themselves, the government should focus on the general economy. Those with the most wealth and power will be the ones
Classification of Tropical Storms Tropical storms are categorized by wind speed and by the structure of the storm into the following:   * Hurricanes: These are the highest intensity storms, with the highest wind speeds,   * Other tropical cyclones,   * Subtropical cyclones and related storms. Tropical storms have the potential to do great damage, particularly on islands and coastal continental areas. In fact their names reflect where they form, hurricanes in the North Atlantic and Caribbean, typhoons in the Pacific, and tropical cyclones over Australia. [Lower intensity storms have lower wind speeds and often not display the convection and circulation properties that is generally seen in hurricanes. However it is important to note that lower intensity storms can also from time to time perpetrate greater damage than storms of higher intensity, depending on where they strike and the particular hazards they bring.] Tropical Storms in the North Atlantic The Historical North Atlantic Hurricane Tracks:   * Major Storms are those that made landfall in the United States and that were classified on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale as Category 3, 4, or 5 at the time of landfall.   * Landfalling storms are defined as those storms whose center is either crossed or passed directly next to the United States coastline, and which are driven ashore by the wind with tropical s
Background Most management theories and literature tend to present managing as if it is a technical and rational activity. For example, management is presented as a discipline that involves the calm, careful and well considered tasks of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Such a view certainly helps us to understand some of the tasks managers do. However, others have questioned whether such technical and rational sounding descriptions actually tell us what being a manager and performing in a managerial role is like in reality. Therefore, this paper reviews literature that depicts the role of managing by comparing and contrasting technical and rational realities of being a manager. Literature Review Management is perceived in different ways. Several literature hold that management work involves the technical and rational realities of management functions (planning, organizing, leading and controlling).For instance, according to Watson (2006), the practice of management involves managing power and politics where by one has to exert power to others or being subjected to it. However, it is always challenging to managers to balance power and politics since according to Watson, the most taunting task for managers is managing how to manage. In this respect, one is said to be a manager when he or she is able to use and balance power and politics in the best manner of his or her management functions. Nonetheless, Watson (2006) continues to note that power exists at three level in the technical and rational reality; the first level is at interpersonal level where some people exert power by making others perform tasks that they would not do, the second level is at organizational structure level where certain individuals are in positions that make them determines what others do in the organization, lastly, it