ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of interpersonal interactions are rather complex and have multiple layers. Many scholars all around the world are focused on the exploration of human communication and its various characters and forms. The sociologist Erving Goffman proposed viewing one’s communication with the individual around as performance using a symbolic analogy of a theater (Barnhart N. d.). Goffman’s theory covers group dynamics, interactions within various environments, unconventional scenarios, and the influence of individual and environmental factors on communication (Barnhart N. d.). The proposed research will focus on Erving Goffman, and his vision of the self within the communication with the outer world; the theory will be demonstrated using the example of a teacher and their interactions with the class under various circumstances. Erving Goffman was born at the beginning of the 1920s; even though he is originally Canadian, he studied and practiced in the United States (Teuber N. d.). As a sociologist, Goffman has contributed to the research of human interactions. One of his major works concerning this subject is the book called “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” published in 1959. The book introduces Goffman’s theory of interactions between one’s self and the other individuals based on the analogy with the theater. This theory is also known as a dramaturgical approach with the self in the role of a main performer or actor (Barnhart N. d.). Goffman’s dramaturgical theory is based on the performances that require the presence of several main components – the actor (one’s self), the situation (the stage), and the audience (other individuals). The performances are the sources of a person’s meanings and information concerning themselves, the situations, and the observers. Discussing performances in his book, Goffman (1959:10) writes, “there is the popular view that the individual offers his performance and puts on his show ‘for the benefit of other people’”. However, in his theory, the author explores a different perspective and study “the individual’s own belief in the impression of reality that he attempts to engender in those among whom he finds himself” (Goffman 1959:10). In that way, the actor’s performance is seen not only from the point of view of the audience but from the perspective of the self. The mutual influence of all the factors and participants of the performance is the focus of Goffman’s interest. Overall, the concept of social roles is rather common in sociology. However, Goffman’s idea is to show that the performance does not have just one direction (from the actor to the viewers), but is a multidimensional action with a variety of impacts and outcomes that can be changed (consciously or unconsciously) by the actor, the audience, and the situations. The work of a teacher is a good ill
Introduction Life in certain African regions is very tough due to severe social and economic problems. Some parts of the population struggle every day, trying to satisfy basic needs. One of the persistent issues is a conflict of minerals in Congo, which implies using violent ways in cobalt mining and exports. At the end of the day, cruel actions in the mineral resource industry are relevant not only to local people but to the world population as well. Main body I realize that I use cobalt daily and I cannot imagine my life without a phone, a laptop, and all other gadgets. However, I have to admit that I rarely think about what sacrifice it takes to produce these goods. It was shocking to find out about the amount of used labor that allows me to enjoy my life. Geneen and Maryse claim that despite the significant growth in macroeconomic figures resulting from the sales of mineral resources, the citizens of Congo do not experience any remarkable increase in well-being (p. 6). This fact is crucial to know, and it will now make my purchase decisions more thoughtful. Even though some might argue that it is “too little too late” to change the situation, in my point of view, there is still hope. Enough Team suggests that learning about supply chains, protecting mines, improving the governmental system, and providing some opportunities for workers might contribute to the change. Conclusion In conclusion, the situation with mining for cobalt in Congo remains extremely severe. Developed countries put a lot of effort into trying to help the Congo solve these problems. There are many organizations that constantly work on finding ways to make the lives of the communities in Congo better. However, it seems like all the people across the globe should be educated about the issue and more responsible while making decisions. Works Cited  1. Enough Team. “ A Comprehensive Approach to Congo’s Conflict Minerals – Strategy Paper .” The Enough Project , 2017. Web.  2. Geenen, Sara, and Stefaan Marysse. “Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mining Sector.” Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy (2016)
Preamble The United Student World Assembly is a non-governmental non-profit organization that aims at giving equal education and participation opportunities to all students irrespective of the country they come from or the educational establishment they study at. The primary goals of the organization include presenting equal opportunities to the students around the globe, attracting the public attention to the most burning issues of the society, discussing these issues and of the ways of their solution, taking specific actions in respect of those solutions, gathering the assembly meetings, etc. Moreover, the United Student World Assembly enables students to participate in social development, making decisions that are considered even by the governments of various countries. The United Student World Assembly understands that the youth is the future of society, so it grants the students the chance to start their activities in changing the world for the better, not in the future, but starting from today. Thus, to educate and to personally develop are the main goals of the United Student World Assembly. Organizational Structure The organizational structure of the United Student World Assembly is quite simple. It starts with the ordinary members, i. e., students from all over the globe who are concerned with social and political issues affecting their own lives and the existence of the whole world. The ordinary members receive information through the internet by accessing the official web page of the United Student World Assembly. The higher level of the organization is the Issues and Campaigns Committee that deals with the very issues of information and is responsible for involving as many interested students as possible in the discussions of the globally vital matters. Besides, there are two other committees in the United Student World Assembly: Convention & Event Planning and Membership & Outreach committees that deal with the organization’s international development. Each committee has its chapters in various regions of the world so that to be able to gather people and encourage them to exchange ideas on this or that critical issue of the time. The joint work of the committees results in the International Convention that serves as the highest body of the organizational structure of the United Student World Assembly. The International Convention is assembled annually to discuss the most significant issues communicated by general members throughout the year via the Internet. The available members of the convention elect the speaker and the vice-speaker, while these committees’ members elect the heads of the committees, as me
Introduction The 21st century has been seen as a century that ushered different political, social, and economic aspects especially in matters concerning racism. At first, race was viewed as an ineluctable and natural framework representing human beings’ differences during this period, issues concerning races such as race discrimination were not evident. During the 19th and 20th centuries, especially due to the effects of slavery and colonialism, racial differences emerged (Henry 15 -25). The postcolonialism and post-slavery period has been one of the difficult periods because it’s during this period that issues concerning racial discrimination and inequality started to be of concern. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, race and racial ideas have taken different perspectives hence resulting in more problematic concepts than ever before. Race consciousness significance on racial equity Some of the key aspects that have played key roles in the activation of race consciousness include the enactment of civil rights and black power movements. Race consciousness has resulted in the development of a mentality among the minorities that some of the challenges such as the oppression of the minor races can be opposed and resisted and hence such groups started using race consciousness as a weapon of fighting racial inequality. Race consciousness has resulted in the incorporation and normalization of racial groups’ especially the ones that had conflicts during the colonial or slavery period. One way through which various states have managed to promote racial consciousness is through the deployment of anti-racialist policies and idioms on certain issues such as ra
Introduction The main objective of many schools is to ensure that learners perform well in their studies for them to attain success in life. This is a task that requires all schools to have set curriculum which make it possible for the determination of the progress of the learners in their studies. However, my school has no set curriculum that shows true learning progress for the learners. The current need in my educational setting is providing adequate resources to our students such as student workbooks, proper classroom materials to support lessons and materials for activities. It is important to provide adequate resources for our students to ensure that they learn well. Body There are various methods that can be used to identify specific needs for learners in an educational setting. The method used to identify the needs of learners in this study is conducting an evaluation of their academic performance. Through such an evaluation, it is possible to identify the areas that the learners show weak performance and find ways of improving it (Good and Brophy, 2008). In this study, the performance of the learners is analyzed in relation to the learning resources they already have. For instance, the performance of learners who do not have all the required resources is compared with that of other learners who have the required resources to determine the extent to which availability of resources affects the performance of the learners. It is important to identify this need and address it fully because unless the need to provide adequate resources for learners is identified and addressed in the right manner, it is not possible for them to attain the expected performance. This ensures that the school administration puts the right strategies in place that assist the learners to get the quality education they are supposed to get. There are various ways of addressing the needs of learners identified in this study. The first method of ensuring that this is achieved is by putting in place a well equipped library where learners can access the materials they require in order for them to perform well in their studies. This is an effective way of addressing their needs since they can access the library at their own convenience. The second method of addressing the needs is by partnering with organizations that support education in order to acquire materials that are necessary for proper classroom instruction. Classroom instruction is an important tool that should be utilized in the right m
The purpose of the research was to investigate how leader-member exchange (LMX) and the employee motivation to learn mediated by self-efficacy affect innovative work behaviour (IWB). Thus, LMX and learning orientation predict staff IWB since they influence actions to advance personal skills and abilities through information exchange about market needs and the development of new solutions (Atitumpong & Badir, 2018). The nature of the research is causal because it attempts to establish the cause-effect relationships between both LMX and employee learning orientation and IWB. Four hypotheses are tested to determine the correlation between the variables. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of the leader-member exchange theory. IWB entails idea generation and commercialisation (as creative product solutions and work methods); hence, it is an organisational asset. High-quality LMX fosters IWB by ensuring quality relationships, leadership support and employee empowerment and motivation. Learning orientation promotes customer relationships and employee self-efficacy (Atitumpong & Badir, 2018). The self-confidence acquired contributes to IWB. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicate that LMX and learning orientation of employees mediated by self-efficacy have a positive correlation with IWB. Methods & Empirics Research Method The study utilised a survey research method. The approach has three distinctive characteristics. First, it gives a quantitative description of certain aspects of the target population, which may include multivariate relationships (Sovacool et al., 2018). Thus, survey research was appropriate for studying the correlation between LMX and learning orientation (LO) on one hand and IWB on the other. Second, the method is subjective since data is obtained from persons. Third, survey research utilises a representative sample of a group to generalise the findings to that population. Atitumpong and Badir (2018) sampled employees and managers from the Thai manufacturing sector. Thus, their results can be used to infer the effect of LMX on IWB in similar populations. Before undertaking survey research, a model predicting the multivariate relationships must be constructed. It is then tested against the data collected. The study utilised a hierarchical linear model (HLM) in hypothesis testing. HLM corrects for the possibility of observations being non-independent because employees work following their supervisor’s directions (Atitumpong &Badir 2018). A three-step regression analysis confirmed the relationships between variables. Data Collection and Sampling Technique The prime mode of data collection employed in this study was a survey. The instrument was designed to collect the views of employees and their managers on LMX, LO and self-efficacy. The data collection process involved two steps. First, initial surveys were distributed to 494 employees who recorded their views on all items measured. The researchers received 362 responses that were included in the final a
Interracial marriages are almost as old as the history of organized society. People from most cultures practiced interracial marriage for various reasons. With the development of transport technologies, traders, explorers, and soldiers moved far away from their homes and landed in new places (Wensveen 20). If their destination was the home of a different race, then interracial marriages ensued. In the twentieth century, man’s mobility improved with the invention of the automobile, air travel and passenger cruises across the oceans. The number of people living in different continents away from their native societies is on the increase. This means that the number of interracial marriages is on the rise too. The goal of this paper is to investigate the issues that influence the raising of children in interracial marriages with the view of taking a position on whether to support or oppose interracial marriages. Historical View of Interracial Marriages Prior to the twentieth century, interracial marriages were the result of the movement of people from certain parts of the world to another (Laster 42). Whenever the newcomers settled in a new place, interracial marriages ensued. The two main factors that influenced interracial marriage prior to the twentieth century were trade and colonization. Most traders used ships to travel to distant lands to trade. They carried goods from their native land and took them to new places to exchange them for goods. Some of these traders ended up settling in the new territories. Some of them took local wives, thereby establishing interracial marriages. In places like America, hordes of settlers from different parts of Europe met in the new land, and intermarried as they sought to colonize the land (Fellman, Getis and Getis 55). Apart from the trade in goods, perhaps slave trade is the most significant factor that drove interracial marriages before the twentieth century. Slave traders usually took local women for themselves, and at times, they made some of their slaves their mistresses. Some of them eventually married the slave women effectively forming interracial marriages. The colonial period also saw the rise of interracial marriages. Some colonial powers such as the French and the Portuguese practiced policies intended to make their colonial subjects part of their citizens. For instance, the French in West Africa worked towards assimilating the locals to the French culture to make them French West Africans (Griffiths, O’Callaghan and Roach 23). Some of the colonial settlers eventually took local women as their wives resulting in interracial marriages. Colonial powers such as Britain and Germany had stricter rules relating to racial i
The Shard is currently the tallest building in the United Kingdom with very unique features based on the modern architecture. The use of Building Information Modelling was critical in ensuring that the project was conducted as per the specific needs of the clients and government. The system goes beyond the 3D model popularly used in the past to design structures. It also helps in ensuring that the project met time and cost specifications. Its usage ensured that the Shard project was a success. Background of the Building Project The Shard is a 95-storey building in Southwark, London and is currently the tallest building in the United Kingdom (Gohn 2009). Forming part of London Bridge Quarter development, the idea of this building emerged following a White Paper that was issued by the United Kingdom’s government that encouraged development of tall buildings in strategic transport hubs (Ecton 2012). Soon after the White Paper, Irvine Sellar and his partners came up with the idea of redeveloping Southwark Tower based on modern-day architecture. They wanted to come up with a unique structure that would not only change the skyline of the city of London but also introduce a new era in the country in terms of building designs. In the spring of 2000, Sellar travelled to Berlin, Germany to meet Renzo Piano, a renowned Italian architect to help in designing the building. In his mind, Sellar had a clear image of what he desired in terms of the design and height, but he needed an expert who could understand his idea and translate it into a functional plan. Renzo came up with the initial design that Sellar then presented to the government for approval. However, the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Foundation, and English Heritage opposed the plan saying that it was not in line with the heritage of the city. The opposition complicated the design work even further. The architect not only had to come up with a unique tall modern-looking structure as demanded for by the client, but had to introduce some aspects of English heritage in it to get the approval needed for the implementation. It was at this stage that Building Information Modelling became very relevant in the design of the Shard. Instead of coming up with a design in a piece of paper as used to be the case before, the architect had to develop a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of the planned building (Gohn 2009). The digital representation of the building clearly gave an image of
Introduction On December 27, 1979, the world woke up to the news of the invasion of puny Afghanistan in Asia by the then super power of the Soviet Union. The news brought with it the surmise that this was a war that Afghanistan, a disunited country with limited military resources, would not stand up to the military might of the Soviet Union, leading to the foregone conclusion that in a short while of time, Afghanistan would become another satellite country of the Soviet Union, joining the many satellite countries like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary that the Soviet Union had taken over, since the end of the Second World War. Protests were naturally expected from the United States of America (U.S.A.), the NATO countries, and other nations friendly with the U.S.A. and the NATO powers. They would remain protests only, just as would be the noises that would emanate from the United Nations (U.N). Gradually they were expected to die out. Afghanistan would have to virtually fight its own physical battles against the Soviet Union, and fait accompli the small nation of Afghanistan would be gobbled up by the mighty super power of the Soviet Union. Initially, the course of events could find no fault with the surmise that Afghanistan was a lost country, as more and more parts of the country swiftly came under the control of the Soviet Union. However, gradually the speed of the advance of the Soviet Union slowed, and even though most of the country was in their hands, they were soon facing strong resistance from the resilient Afghans in their pockets of strength. It was becoming clear that this was turning out to be a war of as attrition, and the more determined of the opponents would carry the day. The light at the end of the tunnel for the Afghans was glowing bright. The Soviets had not come prepared for a war of attrition, and the Afghans with ever growing support from the Americans in terms of military supplies were proving a hard nut to crack, in terms of total dominance. The war between the Soviet Union dragged on for nearly a decade, and in the early months of 1989, a tired, disappointed, and disgraced Soviet Union started pulling out its battle weary troops, not wanting to lose any soldiers to what had become a lost cause. Afghanistan had surprised the world by first withstanding total domination by the Soviet Union, and then driving the troops of the Soviet Union out of the country. Another super power had bitten the dust to a determined opponent, brining back memories of war between the U.S.A. and Vietnam. Background Moves by the Soviet Union to control the country of Afghanistan started earlier than the attempted physica