ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Social networking has become a necessity in the modern day investment markets. The use of social networks has increased due to their adaptation in making an investment decision especially at the capital markets. Individuals and corporate organizations rely on social networks in making investment decisions that concern the capital markets. Influence of social markets has resulted in quick and simple ways of accessing capital markets’ information by all interested individuals and companies. Researches from various scholars indicate that the data collected from various types of social networks can be useful in the prediction of the future prices of stocks in the capital markets. Information from social networks can be used in developing capital market predictive models. Literature review further indicates that the advent of social networks is a great achievement in the financial world. However, researches show that social networks cannot be fully reliable in matters of finances since it has no clear checks for accountability. This paper is a literature review on the impact of social networks on capital markets. Introduction Social networks have become a vital tool in various facets of development in the modern world of finance. Individual investors, groups, and companies rely on social networks for financial information. Investors adopt the financial information from social networks in making financial decisions. Capital markets across the world cannot distance themselves from the modern tools of communication due to the view that they highly depend on communication. Social networks adopt the use of computers to connect people, groups, and organizations. A social network includes an online site or platform that facilitates building of social relationships or communities. The social network groups often have a common interest in various matters, activities, foundations, and lifestyles. The users of social networks rely on individual profile portal. Every individual has a distinctive identifier that links him or her to other users. Due to its individualistic and communal reach, social media has been widely accepted in the world of finance. The traditional ways of communication and conducting business at the capital markets have thus changed after the inception of social media. There are various examples of social media platforms; for example, Skype, Facebook, a
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting newborns whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Studies have shown that the issue may affect both psychical appearance and mental health. The problem impairs which biological functions, as Williams, Smith, and Committee on Substance Abuse (2015) describe it, “exposure to alcohol can damage the developing fetus” (p. 1395). Neurodevelopmental disabilities are often linked to FAS, with scientists developing diagnostics criteria and prevention programs to counteract the issue. However, according to Williams et al. (2015), the problems connected to mental health caused by FAS remain in place throughout the life of a patient. Early diagnostics and therapy can help improve some of the common symptoms, and thus better quality of life for an individual. Additionally, the studies on FAS revealed that no amount of alcohol during pregnancy could be justified. Williams et al. (2015) state that “no amount of alcohol intake should be considered safe” (p. 1396). Additionally, the researchers identified that there is no period during pregnancy, in which exposure to alcohol would not affect a fetus. Nor is there a particular type of alcohol that can be considered safe in regards to FAS. Moreover, FAS is only one issue that can be caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Other problems include partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related congenital disabilities, and neurological effects. Popova et al. (2016) state that many comorbidities are associated with FAS; thus Ms. D. should be further examined to determine the scope of issues. The author’s study revealed that psychological consequences include dependence syndrome and psychoactive substance abuse. Thus, it is evident that substance consumption in any period of pregnancy impairs the biological development of a fetus. This aspect affects the mental and psychical health of an individual. As was previously mentioned, FAS affects an individual throughout a lifetime and can not be adequately treated. However, therapy can help improve some of the coping skills and mechanisms that would help Ms. D take care of herself and her newborn son. Williams et al. (2015) state that “psychological and vocational outcomes through longitudinal intervention and treatment that maximize protective factors and build capacity in identified strengths” (p. 1399). Social support and education are among the crucial aspects of such interventions. Neuroleptic medication can help improve a patient’s symptoms as well. According to the case assessment, Ms. D. has excellent social support, which should be used as part of the treatment strategy. Further mental health assessment is required to identify other possible mental health issues that Ms. D may have. For instance, Murawski, Moore, Thomas, and Riley (2015) state that other problems such as attention deficit disorder (ADHD) co-occur in 50% of FAS cases. The authors suggest treating comorbid conditions using conventional approaches to an illness intervention,
Introduction There were, and still are, many experts and non-experts of law and the financial sector that wonder if its redundant to transform into legislation regulations that are like copy-paste of already imposed rules by banking institutions?!! Anyway, regardless this interrogative point in the minds of many, the newly minted Credit Card Accountability, Re
Introduction When speaking about 1960-70s, many people think of the times of freedom, love and peace. Of course, it is important to note that people longed for freedom, love and peace, but there were wars, hatred and restricted rights for many people across the world. Therefore, it is possible to claim that 1960-1970s were the times of “protest and rebellion” (qtd. in Evans & Kingsbury 14). As for Americans, they were tired of the war in Vietnam as well as they were tired of hatred within the society. Millions of people, called hippies, were promulgating principles of love and peace, and Rock n’ Roll. There was one consequential event which united all those people. That was a music festival which grew in a great sociocultural movement. It was the first Woodstock Festival held in 1969. This music event became a manifestation of all principles and ideas which were in the air. Three concepts ‘reigned’ over the festival: peace, love and Rock ’n Roll. They opted for peace Admittedly, the war in Vietnam was one of the most disputable issues at that period. It is important to take into account that during 1960s many people were living in a constant fear of atomic war. The assassination of the President Kennedy and the Cold War contributed greatly to the rise of people’s concerns. Of course, the involvement of the country in the war in Vietnam was criticized by the majority of Americans. They did not want to put up with the fact that young Americans were killed for nothing as no one ‘understood’ this war. The United States participated in the war to ‘help’ French people fight against the spread of Communism in South Asia. Of course, anti-Communist ideas prevailed in the American society of that time. However, people still believed it “to be unjust, undeclared war” (qtd. in Fornatale 41). Basically, this war divided the country “in a way it hadn’t been since the Civil
Evolution is a complex biological process that entails changes in innate characteristics of organisms over a short or a long period. The process of evolution is subject to many forces, which drive the development of species, variants, and populations of organisms. Thus, this essay seeks to define and examine micro-evolution and macro-evolution, species and population, evolutionary forces, variation, isolation mechanisms, and speciation as some of the important evolutionary concepts. Micro-evolution and macro-evolution are two forms of evolution that occur among organisms. Essentially, micro-evolution is unique because it occurs over a short period, such as a generation and entails genetic changes of organisms. Micro-evolutionary changes are not visible because they happen at the genetic level and within current species (Bandey 74). Comparatively, macro-evolution is a form of evolution that occurs over a long period like geological time and entails the sum of all micro-evolutionary changes. The macro-evolutionary changes are very visible because they comprise morphological and physical changes. Micro-evolution and macro-evolution usually occur within species and among populations of organisms. A species is a group of organisms that have the same genetic makeup in that they can interbreed and give rise to fertile young ones, which have the same genetic makeup as their parents. As a group of a certain species of organisms inhabits a given geographical area or an ecosystem, they constitute a population. Hence, the evolution of organisms occurs at the level of species and population. The occurrence of micro-evolution and macro-evolution is subject to evolutionary forces, namely, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and selection. Genotypic and phenotypic variations that are common in organisms emanate from genetic changes that mutation cause. Replication errors, radiations, mutagenic chemicals, and micro-organisms are responsible for the mutations that arise during cell division. As gene flow drives the evolutionary changes, it is responsible for the marked changes that are evident among species and populations of organisms. According to Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, interbreeding makes genes to flow from one population to another, and thus, causes micro-evolution (42). The interbreeding within species and between populations is very important because it increases the diversity of genes in a gene pool. In a certain gene pool, the diversity and the dominance of genes dictate the evolutionary process that organisms undergo. Genetic drift is a special evolutionary force that is dependent on the diversity of alleles in a given gene pool or population. Haviland et al. define genetic drift as “the chance fluctuation of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population” (43). The definition indicates that the genetic drift is the te
Introduction Substance abuse remains one of the major social problems affecting many citizens in different corners of the world. The American government has been using powerful measures and laws to deal with the problem. The “War on Drugs” campaign has been implemented in an attempt to deal with this social issue (Cooper, 2015). However, the campaign has produced mixed reactions from different theorists and sociologists. The main area of concern therefore focuses on the effectiveness of this fight against illicit drugs in the United States. This discussion explains why new programs should be implemented in order to substitute this campaign. Main Statistics in the United States show clearly that “more citizens are dying annually due to continued use of illicit drugs” (Cooper, 2015, p. 3). Studies “show that over 44,000 citizens died in 2013 after overdosing various illegal drugs” (Cooper, 2015, p. 6). This single fact shows clearly that substance abuse remains a major dilemma in the country. The efforts put in place to deal with such illegal drugs have therefore failed to produce the best results. This is true because “new cases of drug abuse and use are reported every single day in the country” (Cooper, 2015, p. 4). The government also “spends over 50 billion dollars annually to support this campaign” (Buxton, 2015, p. 9). According to different sociologists, the crusade has continued to favor incarceration. Most of the imprisoned people come out unreformed (Buxton, 2015). This malpractice has led to increased cases of recidivism. As well, incarcerated drug traffickers acquire new skills and competencies from their respective prisons. This social problem will therefore continue to take new shapes every day. It is also notable that the fight against illegal drugs has been applied disproportionally in this country (Buxton, 2015). For instance, most of the targeted individuals are usually from low-income populations or minority groups (Cooper, 2015). The decision to
Introduction The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is a framework utilized in the development of software systems. Its structure involves five phases that are essential for effective software development, which is as follows (Hijazi, Alqrainy, Muaidi, & Khdour, 2014):   * Requirements analysis   * Design   * Implementation and Unit testing   * Integrations and systems testing   * Maintenance and operations. Nevertheless, software development is a process that involves certain risks, as the SDLC framework is prone to weaknesses from the start of the project and until the acceptance of the final product by the customer. There are different kinds of threats that affect each particular stage and might cause disruptions or even prevent the entire project from being completed. In order to be able to manage these risks properly and provide a cost-efficient risk management strategy, these risks and their causes must be fully understood and identified. The concept of intrinsic versus non-intrinsic security weaknesses is considered to be among the primary factors to consider when developing an effective risk management strategy. The purpose of this paper is to explain how Risk Management is used to determine whether a vulnerability is considered intrinsic or non-intrinsic, and ho
Introduction The sphere of psychoanalysis is very broad and influential; modern science still sticks to some theories developed in the past by well known and skilled psychiatrists and pediatricians. The theories of psychoanalysis are in wide use in current times. Such well known psychoanalysts as Donald Woods Winnicott and Margaret Mahler managed to make great contributions to the development of psychology as a method of treatment. They studied such aspects as transitional space, symbiosis and individuation. Their researches and practical recommendations are considered to be of magnificent value for modern science. It should be noted that contemporary sphere of psychoanalysis uses sophisticated concepts and theoretical issues developed by scientists and psychologists mentioned above. Their theories are merely concentrated on the methods of disturbed children treatment through the involvement of psychoanalysis; the theorists are focused on the aspect of mother-infant interrelation and stages of infant’s development through the mother’s participation in it. Main Part of the Study Margaret Mahler and Her Theoretical Study Margaret Mahler is considered to be a Hungarian physician having contributed to the development of psychiatry. Her theories were centralized around the aspect of psychoanalysis. Mahler devoted her study to the analysis of childhood development. She managed to deepen into children’s psychiatry concentrating on their psychological state and gradual inner development. The principle sphere of Mahler’s work touched psychoanalysis of disturbed children. The development of the Tripartite Treatment Model is recognized as important contribution into the psychological area. This model was focused on the children’s treatment through their mothers’ participation. It gave a start to the exploration of childhood severe disturbances stressing the significance of environment on child’s process of rehabilitation. It is important to stress that Mahler was merely interested in the phenomenon of mother-infant duality. She always tried to document the influence and effects of early child’s separations from mothers. It is important to stress that the separation-individuation documentations mentioned above are considered to be the most important contributions to the psychoanalysis development. Besides, Mahler managed to highlight abnormal and normal features related to the ego psychology. Her studies appeared to be of great value for psychological explorations of children’s early formation. She tried to work with children being psychotic; though the psychoanalytic treatment had not involved psychosis yet. It should be mentioned that she was completely struck by symbiotic child psychosis. She perceived symptomatology as the normal process derailment making object- and self representations completely distinct. It should be underlined that one of her most significant works is considered to be The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. Margaret Mahler’s Theory of Separation Individuation One of
Summary The article specifically outlined a purpose to investigate attitudes of Community nurses towards end of life care. From previous studies this appeared to be a major concern because many people would prefer to die at home. However, due to the reluctance of Community nurses to undertake this role it remained unattainable. Statement of Conclusions Theoretical Perspective It was pointed out in the beginning that this article projects a research conducted to identify reasons for significant decline in the amount of patients who die at home as against those desirous of doing so. Thus, the researchers developed the theoretical perspective that if community nurses were trained in strategies of caring for the dying it would be more achievable. The researchers then emphatically presented four key concepts which guided the investigation namely; community nursing, end of life care; training and education. (Smith & Porock, 2009, pp 601) Investigative Techniques-Sampling, Instrument and Population Creditably, structured questionnaires utilizing the survey method were administered. This was adopted in scientifically identifying initial concerns related to the reluctance of community nurses in carrying out end of life care as part of their profession. A representative sample from a population of 677 registered Community nurses was drawn which can be considered adequate based on the nature of descriptive studies. The population location consisted of two British counties (Smith & Porock 2009, pp 601). This variable introduces an element of limitation since results cannot be generalized with comparable validity to similar populations of nurses around the world. Precisely, death or dying embraces culturally sensitive paradigms which impose limits in themselves. Therefore, separate studies should be conducted within diverse populations for distinct conclusions to be made on attitudes of Community nurses towards hospice exclusively. The strength of this study lies in its instrument. Researchers were very intentional in structuring questions which generated relatively accurate measurements of attitudes at various levels. Specifically, they adapted Frommelts’ Attitude to Care of the Dying Scale. This is highly commendable for a study of this nature excluding many patterns of internal and external invalidity. Display and interpretation of data In the researchers’ use of descriptive statistical analysis they efficiently presented findings by adopting both qualitative and quantitative features to explain their conclusions. Apart from utilizing percentile tables they supported arguments by implementing correlations to further strengthen their assumptions. The language style of the writers, in projecting their conclusions, was rather comprehensive. Even though an attempt is deliberately made to keep the display of data highly methodological the tone was mo
Review of the Film Mr. Augustine, now a teacher, narrates his experience during the 1994 Rwandan genocide that claimed over 800,000 lives. Captain Augustine, a Hutu, was married to Jane, a Tutsi. The political temperatures were already rising up. Augustine, as a captain in the Rwandan armed forces, found himself in a very awkward position. He was a Hutu who was in the military that was highly charged against the Tutsi, the tribe of his wife. He was aware of the tension that was brewing in the military and in the country at large. The Hutu based military would stop at nothing but to ensure that the Tutsis were eliminated in large numbers. When an unknown group shot down the president’s plane, the tension that had brewed up blasted. Mass massacre against the Tutsis erupted. Within the first day of the fights, over eight thousand people had been killed in the war. The majority of the casualties were the Tutsis because they were the minority. Moreover, the Hutus were in control of all government units, including the military. They, therefore, used government machinery in the fight. Although the Tutsi rebels also killed and maimed several Hutus, the majority of the casualties were the Tutsi. Augustine had to seek the help of the brother Honore, who was a radio broadcaster and widely known to rescue his family from the capital Kigali. Unfortunately, they were intercepted, and the children were brutally murdered. The wife later detonated herself, killing a number of Hutu militants who were on a mission to kill the Tutsis. The Hutu soldiers would go to schools, churches, and other social places, eliminating any Tutsi or their sympathizers. The Rwandan Patriotic Front later overpowered the government forces hence taking overpower. The desire to watch this movie was because it is very motivational and educational. The movie brings to life the real events that took place in Rwanda in the 1994 genocide. So real is the movie that the viewer is left wondering whether the movie is not a live coverage of the episode that took place. The director of the movie managed to bring to focus on the activities that led to the war in this country. The politics and greed, the need to revenge, ethnicity, and tribalism are some of the social evils that are presented in a way that makes an individual appreciate the facts that caused the war. This movie brings several themes to focus on. It brings out the unconcerned attitude of international society towards the plight of some people in the world. The pace at whic
Photo: Center for Disease Control/National Archives Catalog This picture reflects the present mistrust of African American population to COVID-19 vaccination. The story behind this picture is related to the scandalous Tuskegee Syphilis experiment conducted for forty years. In partnership with the Tuskegee Institute, Public Health Service organized a study recruiting six hundred African American men from the poverty-stricken regions of Alabama. By 1972, most of the recruited men died, and those who stayed alive had infected their wives and children with syphilis. Opinions were divided in two groups: some believed that the men already had suffered from syphilis, while others thought that the men were infected due to the injections. This case reported increased skepticism toward the American healthcare system among African American population. We could see the impact of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment eighty-nine years later, as many African Americans refuse to receive COVID-19 Vaccines. My study concentrates on the relationship between African-Americans’ COVID-19 vaccination levels and the influence of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Moreover, the study includes additional factors such as di