ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The nation’s paths to democracy are discussed here, with reference to the term “transition.” Nations must overcome significant changes in politics and ideology, and these aspects can prolong the process and bring many associated challenges. The problem is that those nations that did not start the transition to democracy during the twentieth century can potentially face many barriers to success in the process because of a long history of developing through dictatorship (Masoud 76). Libya is one such nation, where dictator rule damaged any possible premise of democracy. Muammar Qaddafi was killed in 2011, the dramatic outcome of the armed conflict that went on for several months (Blanchard 3). While the killing of Qaddafi was perceived as the end of decades of dictatorship and the beginning of a new political era (Boduszyński and Pickard 87), the expected political changes were not observed in the country. Currently, Libya is only still transitioning to democracy, and its path is more complicated than the trajectory taken by countries like Tunisia, Egypt, and Pakistan. The important question is why Libya’s transition to democracy is associated with more barriers than was the case of these nations, who won their democracy as a result of similar political conflicts. It is important to discuss how Libya’s struggle against dictatorship prevented the country from quick political changes and how this nation’s transition to democracy is different from the experiences of Tunisia, Egypt, and Pakistan. The Issue of Transitioning to Democracy The transition to democracy is viewed by researchers as a process during which leaders need to realize certain changes in political, legislative, and social systems in order to guarantee the democratic development of the state (Heydemann 195; Ishay 374). Thus, just because a dictator is removed does not mean the situation can immediately lead to democracy; certain concerted efforts must be made. The state must pass through the problematic period of transitioning to a new political order, an idea that is practical in nature. According to Diamond, et al., “The so-called concept of transitions to democracy is not really a concept, and it certainly wasn’t a paradigm; it was just a category or a set of ideas about how democracy might happen” (89). Therefore, a series of democratic transitions should include concrete practical steps, including “expansion of the middle class,” stabilization of “new democratic institutions,” a focus on economic development and accentuation of social values and human rights, as well as t
Introduction Chromatography is an analytical chemistry technique used to separate a blend of substances into their constituents. The fundamental principle of all forms of chromatography is that the mobile phase carries the constituents of the analyte through the stationary phase by capillary action. Various compounds travel at varying rates. The rate of migration relies on the strength of the chemical interactions between the analyte and the mobile phase as well as the interactions between the analyte and the stationary phase. Paper chromatography uses homogeneous porous paper as the stationary phase (David and Underwood 209). The mobile phase is usually an appropriate solvent or a blend of several solvents. The proportion of the distance covered by the substance to the distance traveled by the solvent is what is referred to as the ratio-to-front (R f ) value. The R f value is constant for a specific compound provided all other factors (such as solvent components and paper type) are kept constant. Figure 1: Determination of Rf values It is possible to identify compounds using their R f values since similar compounds have the same R f value at similar conditions. Alternatively, a compound can be detected by matching the location of its spot with the location of a similar spot of a recognized substance. However, in some instances such as amino acids, the spots can be colorless. Such cases require that the spots are reacted with a substance that yields a colored product such as ninhydrin. Paper chromatography has numerous applications such as establishing the presence of the desired compound in a mixture of substances or determining the effectiveness of purification processes. This is especially useful in determining pollutants in environmental analysis, food analysis, as well as in cosmetology. Identification of amino acids is also important in recognizing inborn errors of metabolism. The advantages of paper chromatography are that it is fast and cheap. Experimental Section A Whatman No. 1 filter paper was cut into a rectangular shape. Five amino acids cysteine, leucine, glycine, arginine, and alanine were used at the standards in the identification of two unknown amino acids unknown #3 and unknown #1. A pencil was used to draw the baseline on the filter paper after which drops of the test samples and the standards were applied repeatedly on the baseline. Each spot was then labeled accordingly. The paper was appended in a beaker holding a low level of the solvent with the lower portion of the paper (just before the baseline) touching the solvent. This was carefully done so that the spots were not immersed in the solvent. The beaker was then covered using a watch glass. Figure 2: Setting up paper chromatography The beaker was set aside undisturbed for about twenty minutes for chromatographic separation to take place. The filter paper was taken out of the beaker when the solvent level got to one inch from the edge of the paper. The level of the solvent was marked using a pencil after w
Definition Schieve and colleagues (2007) define autism as a neurodevelopment disorder characterized by considerable impairment in communication and interactions, as well as unusual stereotyped behavior in children below the age of 3 years (p. 114). Manning, Wainwright and Bennet (2011) argue that children with autism are faced with a big challenge because of the nature of the symptoms the disorder. The same case also applies to their parents and caregivers (p. 320). Background information Bleuler coined the word “autism” in 1911, while Leo Kanner published the first clinical report on autism in 1973. In his report, Kanner sought to shed light on the cause of autism and how it affects the behavior of children. The report examined eleven male children who had unusual but similar behavior patterns. The children also demonstrated the desire to remain alone. Over the years, numerous studies involving children with autism as the subjects have been conducted and the research findings have allowed researchers to uncover other similarities shared by children with the same condition. Some of these symptoms include the inability to imitate what others speak, failure to acknowledge the presence of others, the ability to line up or stack objects endlessly, and the ability to memorize trivia (Hall & Graff, 2011, p. 6). The cause of autism is not known yet and researchers are trying to identify whether the disorder is due to a single cause or multiple causes. However, if a child within a family is diagnosed with autism, the chances for another child in the same family to be diagnosed with autism increases by between 2 and 8 percent (Hall & Graff, 2011, p. 6). Even as professionals and researchers try to identify the cause(s) of autism, we need to help children who have already been diagnosed with autism and their families as well. Since autism is incurable, its diagnosis might bring about serious problems to the family affected. In addition, it can cause a crisis among members of the society. Research indicates that early diagnoses and suitable intervention affects children diagnosed with autism positively and as a result, they can be assisted to master various adaptive behaviors. Prevalence One in every 110 Americans is thought to have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This means that 2.8 million Americans have already been diagnosed with ASD (Johnson, Frenn, Feetahm & Simpson, 2011, p. 2). In the last 20 to 30 years, we have witnessed a considerable increase in the number of Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnoses. As Lyons (2010) reports, for every 1000 children, 6.7 are diagnosed with ASD. Diagnosis The diagnosis of
Evaluation of the Economic Environment for FDI in the UAE World Economic Forum (4) pointed out that the UAE has been experiencing a steady growth of GDP an average of 10 % during 2010 and the country has fixed up its target to achieve 8% per annum growth rate up to 2015 while the country has anticipated towards 3.5 % population growth and per capita income reaching at US$ 50,000. Assessment of The Growth and Direction of FDI in the UAE Library of Congress (16) mentioned that due to the governmental policy of law liberalization, the intensity of foreign investment in the UAE has been growing in an accelerating rate, as per existing policy for any foreign entry in UAE, necessarily needed to have 51% shares while the dominating power conserved to the national companies OECD (21). It has been evidenced that traditionally the country emphasized keeping control over the foreign companies, although the local system encouraged the foreign companies with favorable investment environment by providing, energy and infrastructural support. At the same time, the government also established free trade zones in some areas like Dubai where the foreign companies are entitled to own 95% of the owner including controlling power and thus the free trade zones have turned as an effective attraction for foreign investment in UAE. Moreover, the foreign companies in UAE are also enjoying corporate tax holidays along with the immunity of personal taxes for the foreign entrepreneurs, while there are also opportunities duty-free importations. Global Office (1) argued that there are both forms of FDI inflow and outflow in UAE but the attracting foreign trade zone has shaped another more influential driver for the multinationals while the total volume of FDI in the free zone of UAE has reached at the US $ 73 billion. Within the last three decades, the export processing areas in the free trade zone has turned as a heavenly place of investment where local legislation doesn’t encounter the multinationals to their restriction-free business operation and the country has turned as the second FDI attractive region in the world. The Minister of Foreign Trade already announced that the multinational would be entitled to obtain 100 % ownership in the country setting their business in thee 36 free zones of UAE serving investors, targeted gain US$ 200 gross export revenue per year by creating about 40 million direct employment opportunity. National Bureau of Statistics (18) presented that the net exports of UAE are directly associated with the savings, investment, and trade balance between the internal and economy represented by the multinational and local firms’ direct o
Outline In this paper, the life and leadership traits of Herb Kelleher are to be discussed and their effects on SouthWest Airlines as these were the airlines that are the most liked by the customers. In addition to this, the main values that reflect the leadership traits of Herb Kelleher that are being observed at SouthWest Airlines are to be discussed in this paper. Abstract Success stories in the business world are well known but there are few whose lives are an example. These are the examples that have made greater changes in the businesses and have created revenues large enough to be estimated. The shining businessmen are those who believe in values being practiced in the workplaces where Herb Kelleher had his presence. Introduction Life of Herb Kelleher Haddon Heights has been known to be the birthplace of Herb Kelleher. A graduate of New York University, Herb Kelleher and one of his clients are the founders of the famous airlines today known as Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines thereby came into being in the year 1971. The client who worked along with Herb Kelleher was Herbert’s law client and a businessman in Texas (Drexler 10). After facing the toughest of competitions and challenges, Southwest airlines gained the greatest customer support as it offered the best of services with the lowest fares as Herbert knew that eliminating the unnecessary services can be strategic and this paid off (Porras 25). Leadership traits in Herb Kelleher Owing to the pleasant personality of Herb Kelleher and being the chairman of Southwest Airlines, it was made sure that the corporate culture was created at Southwest Airlines. During this time it was noticed that the employees enjoyed working at the Airlines and the times of the flights were seldom announced in a singing manner, often following the tunes of the famous songs at that time (Peterson 28). Southwest Airlines Herb Kelleher has been known to have the most charismatic leader and his leadership has made Southwest Airlines the best place to work at as has been said by Fortune magazine. This is the airline that has been seen as a representative of the vision that Herb Kelleher had. The dynamic and flamboyant personality that Herb Kelleher has made him one of the most talked-about businessmen in the world of great organizations (London 58). According to Herb Kelleher, his greatest influence has been his mother as he mentions that the Second World War had been the time when he had lost most of his family members and at this time his mother had exhibited the strongest of her will and determination in order to keep together what was left (Fenster 75). It has been seen that although Herb Kelleher is loud by nature still he had a windowless office at the Dallas headquarters of SWA. All of the employees at the airlines were made aware of their true worth and were being treated equally and this made them work with diligence and wholeheartedly at the airlines (Drexler 45). Kelleher used to work daily seven days a week. It has been known that Herb Kelleher had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in the year 1999 but still, he used to fly from Houston to Dallas to get his radiatio
Introduction The financial crisis experienced in the period between 2007 and 2008 was a great shock and strain to most of the economies. This financial crisis occurred as a result of the various economies possessing a lot of fictitious wealth such as the wealth gained from excessive borrowing from international bodies so as to try and bridge the gap between excessive spending by governments and firms, which result to very high budgets, and the available financial resources for the governments and the firms. The great difference between the available financial resources and the high budgets resulted to a large deficit of finances for fitting into the budget, forcing the governments and firms to lump into a state of excessive borrowing, a factor that has left most of them, especially the large countries, in great debts (Reinhart & Rogoff 2008). The global economy, especially the economy of the UK, was seemingly very stable before the year 2007 as all the financial undertakings of different economies seemingly thrived fairly. This was not really the case since the UK always got into a state where its budget was higher than the available financial resources and there was always a deficit in the amount required in the budget. Since there were a lot of national and international financial institutions willing to help the government out of the crisis it was facing due to the deficits, the government always found itself borrowing for the sake of bridging the gap brought in by the deficits. This continued for a long time and each time, the government made its budget in a manner that gave provision for inclusion of borrowed money for meeting its budget. This forced the government into a state of great debts and inflated budgets as its budget included repayments of the borrowed money and its interest rates. This further resulted to a state of increased deficits in the budgets resulting to more borrowing. In the long-run, the nation found itself so enormously tied up in debts in a manner it could n
Are you getting fat and lazy? It would be best to try regular workouts since they prevent health problems and keep your body in good shape. Today, individuals are all exposed to health hazards due to the change in lifestyles. People have limited physical activities, and this can lead to various health problems. These problems provide the basis for the need and importance of working out and actively staying healthy. Humans have to engage their bodies in physical activities so that the muscles and other body organs may work well. Working out will improve sleep patterns, help fight stress and depression, and improve memory and thinking capacity. Furthermore, regular workouts reduce the risk of having heart disease. I want to inform you of the importance of working out. I hope by the end of this speech, you will be motivated to work out and live a healthy life. Let us talk about the benefits of working out. Firstly, the risks of developing many life-threatening diseases can be minimized by working out. Inactivity can lead to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart conditions. Recent research on lack of exercise and heart disease, the study reported that almost 40 percent of heart-related complications are due to lack of physical exercise (Pinckard et al. 69). Failing to work out is an example of physical inactivity. Healthcare providers recommend a daily routine of about thirty minutes of aerobic exercises (Pinckard et al. 69). During workouts, aerobic exercise will increase your blood flow throughout the cardiovascular system circulating oxygen to our muscles. For example, swimming, dancing, and cycling help in blood flow in the body. Secondly, you will feel stressed if you do not work out. For instance, most students say they experience stress in their school lives. A study comparing inactive college students found out that learners who work out regularly experienced little pressure while those who do not exercise have experienced high anxiety levels (Sharon-David and Tenenbaum 21). Thirdly, when we fail to work out, our metabolism may start to slow down as our muscles shrink and the body fat percentage increases (Pinckard et al. 69). Moreover, a lack of exercise causes our bodies to preserve more calories, and we eventually grow fat. Lastly, when people fail to work out, they may die young due to these health complications. Additionally, when humans’ stress level is high, they cannot have a better sleep at night. Working out is not only about the issue of losing we
Identifying the ethical dilemma Should we use friendships to influence our decisions while on duty or remain neutral? Understanding the situation From a social perspective, friendship should not influence decision-making in criminal justice because this situation leads to subjectivity and inadequate decision-making. Stakeholders The main stakeholders are the local community, the judge, and the offenders. Rights and Duties  1. The stakeholder’s right. Right actions are defined by general individual rights and standards agreed upon by society. Outside what is agreed upon by society, the right is a matter of personal values and opinions. Basically, the social contract constitutes the basis of moral order. The right of the society is to receive objective and impartial treatment of its members. The right of the judge is to provide independent decision-making based on his professional knowledge and skills. The right of the offender is to be punished according to legislation rather than the subjective opinion of another person.  2. The authority by which the stakeholder has that right. Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles of justice, equality, and dignity of human beings. Basically, ethics and principles constitute the basis of moral order. The community has its right granted by the Constitution. A judge has their right in accordance with current legislation and Codes of professional conduct. The offender is granted his right by the Constitution and the criminal law.  3. Other stakeholder(s) that have a duty to protect the right named in (1) above. In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activities. In some cases, the government or the courts intervene to pinpoint the kinds of services expected. Due to this lack of identification of their role, police officers wind up serving various masters. One consequence has been the frequent use of footnotes to avoid making hard and fast, professional judgments. The criminal justice system is another stakeholder which guarantees that rights are preserved and not violated.  4. What the stakeholders named in (3) above have to do to perform and uphold their duties to the stakeholder with the right named in (1) above. Conducts that are enforceable through the Rules of Performance and Behavior and through the interpretation of the various senior-level committees. Members should accept the obligation to act in a way that will serve the public interest, honor the public trust, and demonstrate commitment to professionalism. The criminal justice system introduces strict laws and regulations, Codes of Ethics, and Codes of conduct for judges in order to preserve and control the issue of human rights.  5. Why the stakeholders with a duty named in (3) above accept responsibility for performing the duties describe
Introduction Solar energy is a renewable source of limitless energy, which is expected to last about another five billion years or so according to scientific research (Sherman, 2003). There are about three different modes of harvesting solar energy, but the two most popular are orienting a structure towards the sun to enable maximum utilization of the sun’s energy, and the other is the use of photovoltaic cells and solar panels to harvest solar radiations into electrical or mechanical energy (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007). Credit is given to the most famous scientist, Albert Einstein, for establishing the close relationship between photochemistry and photoelectric effect. It is due to his research in the early 20 th century that we set the laws of photochemistry that represent the starting point for understanding and exploiting solar energy. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and the expenses incurred in the mining of fossil fuels, it is important that we find a new source of energy to fulfill the energy needs of the world. Harnessing solar energy People have been using sun’s energy in countless ways since time immemorial and it is practically impossible to determine who actually discovered solar energy. We can however appreciate milestones in the use of sunlight in the previous inventions such as the sundial and the utilization of solar energy by Auguste Mouchout to power the world’s first solar-powered motor engine. Moreover, Charles Fritz set a milestone when he invented solar cells which converted sunlight (around 1 to 2 percent) to electrical energy. Silicon is used in most solar panels as a semi-conductor though recent development of cheaper-to-produce silicon crystals which has not outdone the previous original silicon crystals (Sherman, 2003). The crystals are however fit into larger panels which produce about the same amount of electricity or more for the same investment. However, only about 30% of the sun’s light is absorbed and optimum efficiency is reached when the solar panel is oriented at 90 o to the sun. Neverth