ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“How in the World?” is an article written by Stuart Crainer in the Business Strategy Review journal in 2010. Crainer focuses on the emergence of management as a profession and observes how the modern mode of management leads to absurdity of issues. Crainer tries to explain how the current situation in the management profession can be changed to achieve better results in the field. There are various challenges encountered by the managers in meeting their objectives. These challenges include meeting deadlines and ultimatums, boosting the motivation of the employees considering family issues, how to address the firm’s values and principles and advice the stakeholders on the organisation (13). The main question Crainer is trying to address is what the people know about management. Since the emergence of the civilisation era, management has been widely practised, with the ninetieth century, management emerging as a profession. It has revolved from an unheard, informal and minor role into a routine role that is analysed, recognised, taught, formalised and reviewed now and then. Management has become a driving force of the economy and social life. Every institution and organisations is under the realization of the management and its objectives are within the scope of the management. Crainer recognizes the work of Peter Drucker who says that management involves more than just business and is equally essential from multinational companies to local government. Drucker states that the emergence of “city managers” in the ninetieth century marked the beginning of management practice in certain jobs. Drucker recognizes that there are differences in management styles depending on an institution’s strategies and objectives, for instance there is a difference between managing a wholesale shop and managing a church although the managers commit the same amount of time and the people’s problems or confessions are almost the same. The distinctiveness is usually in the application and not in missions (Crainer 14). Crainer concludes that no matter what someone is managing, whether a bank, a church, a blue-chip company or a club, the differences between these contribute to only 10 percent of the individual’s work and the rest is interchangeable. The 10 percent is attributable to the organization’s precise objectives, vision and particular culture. Management can be used to gauge an organization’s achievements both financially and ethically in the industry. Cameron and Green a manager must possess must traits; be visionary, be firm, confident, humbl
Introduction Mating systems (MS) in animals are extremely numerous and very complex, mainly because a range of factors by which they are predisposed, as well as the ones that determine their further evolution, are yet to be explored. Hinging on not only the biological characteristics and development of the species but also the environment in which they live, the availability of the required resources, the presence of various risk factors, etc., MS may differ significantly for various species. It should also be borne in mind that the reproductive success of a particular species defines its further survival in the target environment. Therefore, the concept of sexual adaptation is not restricted merely to mating with as many females of the species in question as possible but, instead, extends to the ability to develop the adaptive pathways that will allow for the further increase in the fecundity of the specimens of the said species and, therefore, contribute to the rise in the number of offspring. These patterns imply greater levels of female investment in the process of raising the posterity (Shuker and Simmons 7). Therefore, for the most part, superior estimated breeding values determine the choices made by the representatives of various species before the mating process. It should be borne in mind, though, that there are certain social dimensions of mating that may determine the further evolution of the MS. Types of Mating Systems (MS) in Different Types of Organisms Hermaphroditic Species: MS Description, Examples, and Advantages Hermaphroditic animals are typically defined as those that possess the reproductive organs of both male and female sexes (Escobar et al. 1234). It should be borne in mind, though, that the identified definition is rather loose and does not fully encompass the variety of ways in which hermaphroditic elements manifest themselves in various animal species. Particularly, different types of hermaphrodites can be identified based on whether male and female reproductive organs are present in the target species simultaneously or whether the identified organism can alter its sex at a certain point in its development. As a rule, simultaneous hermaphroditism is mentioned when talking about the organisms that combine the characteristics of male and female reproductive systems at the
Introduction This paper will discuss transformational leadership, which is an established and modern approach that is used in numerous organizations worldwide. It will attempt to apply the framework in practice by analyzing two leaders, one of whom comes from the United States while the other is Chinese. The first leader is Lisa Su, the current President and CEO of Advanced Micro Devices Inc., who has managed to rescue the business from financial struggles. The second one is Jack Ma, the co-founder and former executive chairman of the Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group. The following paper will critically evaluate transformational leadership and discuss its application to each organization and its respective leader. Transformational Leadership Critical Analysis First, it is necessary to define transformational leadership and establish the guidelines in which it operates. Johansson and Styhre (2016) claim that it was first introduced in 1978 and incorporates the introduction of fundamental changes into how the organization operates at all levels. A transformational leader should be ready to lead initiatives that make the organization work significantly different than it was before and convince the rest of the members and leaders to adopt them. While this requirement implies a significant amount of charisma on the part of the leader, Johnson and Hackman (2018) note that transformational and charismatic leadership are distinct, even though they overlap somewhat. The primary difference between the two is how they approach the management of followers. Charismatic leader uses their competencies to direct their subordinates and convince them to follow the directions provided. The difference in the case of the transformational leader, as described by Rosenbach (2018), is that they motivate employees toward self-actualization by approaching them individually and reflecting on themselves. To successfully help others improve themselves, the transformational leader has to understand his or her limitations and overcome them. Etukuru (2018) claims that they have to be confident but also listen to their followers, stimulating creativity and innovation and inspiring others to perform excellently. As a result of this approach, the organization w
In 1787, stakeholders convened in Philadelphia to draft a new constitution. Key considerations entailed the need to review various provisions in the Articles of Confederation. However, the failure to reach a consensus promoted the abandonment of the Articles, and the onset of the drafting of a new constitution. This new document required the approval of at least nine states before it could take effect within the United States. Although numerous controversies and disagreements faced the creation of the new constitution, its ratification by eleven states was a milestone in American history. The Virgin Plan promoted the establishment of a central form of government that would adopt a people-oriented approach. Madison’s proposal of three distinct elements of governance gave citizens control over the executive and judiciary. Conflicts between the Virgin Plan and propositions by representatives of small states led to the introduction of the New Jersey Plan. Small-states’ representatives viewed the proposal concerning the adoption of a general voting for representatives to the lower legislative, rather than the one-state-one-vote approach, as an unfavorable concept (Foner 258). The New Jersey Plan incorporated various aspects within the Articles of Confederation that promoted the adoption of a unicameral legislature in which the vote per state stipulation remained valid. While the Virgin Plan focused on the inclusion of the public in key aspects of national governance and policymaking, the New Jersey Plan presented recommendations that sought to provide some level of influence to states with low populations, and minimize the dominance by states with high populations in crucial aspects of governance. Although both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson sought the building of a people-oriented country, they differed in their views concerning appropriate approaches that would help America to achieve various objectives. While Hamilton promoted the need to restrict leadership roles to the affluent and educated individuals, Jefferson viewed the government as an entity that could guarantee optimal results through the reliance on the public as decision makers. Another consideration is Hamilton’s support for the establishment of a national government while Jefferson encouraged the inception of a state government. Hamilton and Jefferson differed on various aspects of the economy such as the necessity of a national debt, an agriculture driven versus urban and infrastructural boosted economy, and the distinction between the powers of state governments and the national government. Thomas Jefferson’s views on appropriate governance, as the creation of an entity, which would allow the public to participate in policymaking, highlights aspects similar to Madison’s assertion within the Virgin Plan. On the other hand, Hamilton’s propositions depict aspects of imbalanced governance in which the minority influence decisions that affect the whole population. This demonstrates that he would adopt the New Jersey Plan. The consensus among delegates on the need to promoted unity between states rather than focu
Moral Theories Morality can be defined as the system through which human beings try to differentiate right from wrong. On the other hand, ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy that deals with morality. Moral theories are those theories that have been put in place to help determine whether some of the actions we do are right or wrong. They help human beings make informed decisions based on their understanding. Kant’s moral theory This theory is proposed by Immanuel Kant who was a philosopher and argued that the actions of human beings depended on goodwill. According to Kant, human beings should only do something if it is morally right. Based on Kant’s argument, we can conclude that an individual who follows moral laws in making decisions is a good person. One should also take into account the consequences, actions’ effects, or outcomes of their decisions. Kant defines goodwill as an action that respects moral laws. He believes that some actions are undesirable even if they would bring about happiness. Mill’s moral theory This theory is proposed by John Stuart Mill. According to this philosopher, people should consider possible outcomes, consequences, and effects of a decision before making it. Mill believes that humans should make decisions that benefit all people. His views also reflect an idea that people should do actions that make them happy too, which is known as utilitarianism. In addition, he defined a good action as an action that would make the person happy as well other people after the decision is taken. This theory focuses more on pleasure and happiness. However, Mill does not define how people should determine the effects of their actions. To shed more light on this the following moral issue could be given as an example. A woman is walking alone at night unaccompanied. A criminal happens to spot her and without warning pounces on her. The criminal intends to rape and then kill the woman. While the two are struggling, the woman happens to take out a machete. She is compelled to make a quick decision. She either attacks the criminal with the machete first or risks being raped and killed. If she killed the criminal she would be happy as she would have escaped from being raped, injured, or even murdered. Also, people would be happy knowing that she killed a criminal who could continue causing harm to society. The other option would be not to hit the criminal with the machete. Her fate would then lie in the criminal’s hands. She would risk getting hurt and worse of all being killed or raped. If the woman employs Mill’s theory to solve this situation, she would kill
This marketing plan is an outline of the second phase of business expansion. Different activities such as financial outline of the business, the proposed guerrilla marketing strategy, the appropriate location for the second store, and sources of financing for your second store have been evaluated. The second store will be a replica of the Café Inn coffee in terms of services and products offered. It should be noted that the model for the initial Café Inn coffee will be used as the basis for the second store located in Miami. A financial plan for the small business This section entails the financial requirements of the second business, the amount of capital that the owner has raised, additional capital required, and financial projections. Capital needed to expand the business An estimated $ 1.5 million will be required to expand the business. The amount will be secured from personal savings, profits from Café Inn, bank loans and borrowing from family, relatives and friends. Capital can be raised by owners Out of the $ 1.5 million required to expand the business, the business owner will generate a capital of $ 0.9 million. This amount will be secured from business expansion funds generated by Café Inn. Additional capital needed The rest of the capital ($ 0.6 million) will be secured through debt financing. The debt financing sources employed will be from personal savings, bank loans , and borrowings from family, relatives and friends. The need for capital The capital is required to expand the business to open a second store. Different tasks such as opening, marketing, securing the business, employees’ salaries, and wages, insurance payments, acquiring of inventories, and paying taxes will be financed through the use of the required capital. Financial projections The second business is projected to make a gross profit of 15% in a period of three years after attaining a market share of 5%. In addition, adequate financial flows are expected in order to service the expansion of business finances acquired through debt financing. It is projected that an annual sales growth rate of 10% will be achieved assuming that the business achieves a 5 % market share in the first year of operation. It is also projected that the second business will be profitable and that the profits generated will be used to service the loan and fund expansion strategies. The sales are projected as follows: first year $700,000, second year $950 million and $ 1.5 million in the third financial year. Important Assumptions This financial plan relies on multiple assumptions. The underlying assumptions are listed below:   * We assume that the economy will continue to growth without major market hindrance such as recession.   * We assume that technology will not change, thereby rendering the acquired facilities and technological equipments obsolete.   * We assume that the proposed access to debt financing will be sufficient to finance and maintain the proposed expansion financial plan as indicated in table below. General assumptions
Background Prior to the 19th century, art was vibrant. Artists prepared various forms of artwork for both commercial purposes and personal enjoyment or aesthetic value (Acconci & Acconci Studio 2004, Para. 4). The society was appreciative of precious artwork such as Leonardo da Vinci’s Monalisa and Van Gogh’s pieces. Part of their allure was the fact that these pieces were extremely rare. Only a handful of collectors could afford the exorbitant prices set for each piece because similarly, only a few artists of the time could reproduce with skill and precision copies of the originals worth a collector’s money (Bearden 2003, Para. 3). Consequently, art was remarkable, and the few artists whose talents were undeniable reveled in the glory that their work gave them. However, in the 19th century, the art world experienced a few fundamental changes. The industrial era triggered most of these changes as people began to generate more income and consequently, more could afford to purchase rare art pieces (Berry 2010, Para.1). With this unprecedented increase in demand, artists had to keep up somehow, and individualistic hand printing was far too strenuous and time consuming. Ironically, not an artist but a playwright or dramatist came up with the idea and technique of lithography. He was seeking for a printing technique that would enable him t
Introduction YouTube has become the most popular video hosting in the world and completely turned the user’s ideas about creating and consuming streaming videos. Millions of creators are posting content every day to maintain public interest in their personalities. To some extent, it may even seem that the authors become hostages of their format. Ellis Lindsay discusses the current problems facing YouTubers and their audience in his video essay. Main body The woman says that the creators of video on the platform once will face problems of authenticity. This phenomenon is related to the evolution of channels as the video hosting algorithms change. From the very beginning, authors are gradually improving the quality of their works, spending more money to create (Lindsay, 2018). One day bloggers come to the point where costs exceed expectations, but the video does not become popular. This makes it harder to generate income, and ultimately content makers have to produce real goods under their brands to maintain financial well-being (Lindsay, 2018). The audience is constantly invited to buy books, unique clothes, or household items. As a result, there is burnout of the blogger as a creator and requalification as a salesman. This evolution makes looking differently at the concept of popular mass culture, which generates two ideas. First, as soon as people start to like to encourage a blogger’s sophisticated and high-quality work, the creator falls into the trap of authenticity. In other words, the audience creates the environment in which each author more often calls the audience to action. Indeed, it is a cyclical process that leads to more commercialization of content. Secondly, it creates some ambiguity in the influence of popular culture. Although it seems that the viewer has to pay for the better work of creators, there is a substitution of concepts. Payment for content is made not in the usual sense – in
The selected restaurant is called Seaspice Brasserie & Lounge and is located at 422 Northwest North River Drive, Miami, FL 33128. The core values of this restaurant are to provide their guests with a high-quality kitchen and impeccable hospitality. In addition, the restaurant focuses on seafood; however, vegan options are also available. The restaurant’s commitment is to provide an insight into the aesthetics of the place. Moreover, it is feasible to say that visiting the website is essential before acquiring the place because it can help familiarize yourself with the restaurant’s features or any other organization. Therefore, it is interesting to assess Seaspice Brasserie & Lounge from the visitor’s point of view. To start with, the abovementioned restaurant fits into the category of fine dining. This term means more than a simple kitchen; instead, the point is to make the guest happy. Everything matters in fine dining restaurants; for instance, the atmosphere is necessary, as well as the service, and definitely, the dishes. The menu of Seaspice Brasserie & Lounge can be called table d’hote because it is relatively big and does not seem to change often. Moreover, the menu is divided into subcategories: appetizers, cocktails, entrees, brunch, pizzetta, salads, desserts, and bottle service menus. Thus, the table d’hote menu contains appetizers and entrees for a fixed price. Interestingly, the restaurant can organize private events, and it becomes possible to order a whole branch or dinner and buy a set of fine wine bottles. The menu contains the names of dishes and their prices; however, there are no photos, making a choice blind. The type of food service is the assembly as the restaurant states to store, assemble, heat, and serve all food themselves. As for food quality, having chosen gorgonzola, pear, and black truffle pizzetta from the menu, it is possible to say that the dish tastes delicious. It is hard to select good-tasting gorgonzola because this cheese is rare among cheese products. Gorgonzola, pear, and truffle are classic combinations that constitute a good pizza, so the dish is classically good. However, the price is relatively high per one dish, which is 27 dollars. What is more, the service is not as perfect as excepted; many reviews on this restaurant prove that waitresses might forget what the person has ordered, and the waiting time is long (“Seaspice Brasserie & Lounge,” 2021). Concerning the set-up, the restaurant is located near the Miami River, and there is an open-air summer veranda. Furthermore, there are tables for small and big companies, and it makes the tenure uncomfortable because of the crowded sitting places. The restaurant does not give much information about their kitchen equipment; however, it was noticed that pizzettas are prepared in traditional cooking ovens for pizzas. After the research on the Internet, it was investigated that a similar oven is found on eBay, and its price comprises 12,906 euros