ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historicism and its Definition “The Scarlet Letter” by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an excellent piece of literature enabling us to examine the way historicism can be applied to understand the value of moral lessons which can be derived from a certain opus of any particular literature period. Along with historicism, this excellent literature piece presents a valuable ground for the analysis of symbolic addresses applied in it especially in connection to the historical background of this opus. The symbolism in connection with historicism may be applied to reveal the most appealing ideas and address the most complicated issues of human life, and this concept may be well explored within “The Scarlet Letter”. This romantic work discusses a row of important problems existing within the community of people it relates. Speaking about historicism as a successful critical approach for studying literary works of this kind, it should be mentioned that it relates to the main points of this novel in an excellent way helping to understand a row of important details which the author applied to reveal the moral dilemma of the main heroine of his book. Generally, such important themes as legalism, guilt, immorality, and sin related in the novel may be discussed through the prism of historicism, and even the very title of the novel featuring the word “scarlet” or extremely red highlights the ideas of sinful practices described in the novel along with the need to repent which were so timely for the society during the historic period when the author wrote his novel. Addressing a row of important lessons which can be derived from “The Scarlet Letter”, it can be very beneficial to do so in terms of their connection to the historical background of this important literary work. Historicism can be evaluated as an efficient approach helping to find out the value of this novel and to go deep into the ideas put by the author into it. According to Critical Approaches (par. 7), The Way Historicism Helps to Identify the Value of Moral Lessons Presented by the Author in the Novel Historicism may approach a text from numerous perspectives, but all perspectives tend to reflect a concern with the period in which a text is produced and/or read. No “history” can be truly objective or comprehensive because history is constantly written and rewritten; however, studying the historical context of work, particularly in contrast with that in which it is read, can illuminate our biases and hopefully enable us to understand the text (and the culture, context, ourselves) better. It appears, thus, that the novel presents a row of deep ideas that can be efficiently analyzed using historicism helping to see all the riches of thought and morality which are incorporated into this inimitable piece of literature. Evaluating the text from the point of view of historicism, the first thing to be mentioned is the period when the text was written. The novel was created in 1850, the period when moral values underwent serious chan
Spiritual growth and continuous work to achieve this growth are among the expectations that God places upon Christian believers. The ultimate goal of spiritual formation is to become closer to God in order to discern, understand, and realize His purpose for oneself while staying true to the teachings of the Bible. Being a moral, ethical religion at heart, Christianity does not offer an easy and straightforward way to spiritual formation. A believer does not achieve spiritual enlightenment through mere external manifestations of faith by completing rituals and uttering prayers. On the contrary, the spiritual formation of a Christian often demands hard and determined intellectual work in order to not merely follow the pre-set forms of worship but to become closer to understanding God. This course has aided my spiritual formation and hopefully improved my ability to approach learning as a necessary component of faith that makes one closer to God’s truth. In particular, the course repeatedly highlighted how faith may motivate learning and how learning about the Bible textually and interpretatively may bring one closer to understanding and experiencing God and His presence. Faith as Motivation for Learning One way in which this course has aided my spiritual formation so far is by stressing the importance of faith as a motivation for learning. The Scripture says: “The Fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge” (Proverbs 1:7). When I think of these lines as applied to me, I do not interpret them at face value – that is, thinking that God inspires primordial dread, forcing people to learn under the pain of severe punishment. Rather, this course has aided me in viewing the reverence of the Lord as the “first and controlling principle of wisdom.” 1 Since God is the creator of the reality that surrounds us, reverence before His creative power that achieved it is a powerful motivation for learning. Interestingly, even secular philosophers recognize the motivational power of faith as a fundamentally positive force for learning, recognizing the immense “motivating and inspirational power” that faith can bring to the study of many disciplines. 2 I already knew about the motivational power of faith before taking this course, but it helped me understand better how it may become a strong foundation for learning specifically. Methodology of Combining Faith and Learning Motivation is one thing, but the methodology is just as important. For my part, this course helped me understand that studying theology is not about acquiring God’s truth immediately in its totality but about gradually becoming closer to understanding divine will and intent. Historical study of the past, including biblical past, has moved from one extreme to another. A positivist approach claims that scientific methodology allows true-
Most of the time, people cite renown and well established men like Erick Erickson, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, and Wilhelm Wundt as the significant contributors to the vast field of psychology. They usually spring to mind first because their theories have been vastly studied. As much as they deserve their due credit, however, it should be realized that they never singlehandedly led to the creation of the field of psychology. In the history of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950, many women struggled with the limited education and freedom they had to make their mark in bringing about the field of psychology. Although most of their contributions are usually overlooked, they were able to beat the odds in a field, which was mostly dominated by men, to give defining opinions when psychology was in its developmental stages. One such woman, who demands attention over all the others, is Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930). Calkins, a philosopher and a psychologist, is maybe well known for her achievement in becoming the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, an accomplishment that was difficult to attain during her time. It is sad to note that the road to realizing this accomplishment was marked by several hindrances as well as discriminatory practices. On March 30, 1863, Mary Whiton Calkins, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to a close-knit family of Wolcott Calkins and Charlotte Whiton Calkins (Waithe, 1995, p. 103). She was the firstborn in a family of five kids. The family stayed in Buffalo, New York, during most of her youthful years. Waithe notes that “in 1880, when she was seventeen years old, her father, who was a Presbyterian minister, found another job in Newton, Massachusetts” (1995, p. 103). Consequently, the family moved to the new place, which became her home for the rest of her life. Since education for women did not receive much recognition during that time, her family closely monitored and designed her educational career. Upon graduation from Newton High School, she was admitted to Smith College in 1882 to undertake her studies; however, one year later, with the death of her sister, she started to take private lessons. Calkins re-entered the institution two years later and after completing her studies in classics and philosophy, her family went to Europe for sixteen months. She took the opportunity to increase her knowledge of the classics. When the family came back from the trip, Mary’s father talked with the administration of Wellesley College for her to commence working as a tutor in the institution. Calkins then started to teach in 1887 in
This paper analyses the above article The social networks have become extremely popular of the past two decades and they pose a particularly high potential of changing people’s lives. This can happen at both community level and interpersonal level. Among the young people and particularly high school, college, and university students, this trend is exceedingly common because these age group forms the heaviest users of the social sites. The adoption of these sites continues to grow large to reach a wider audience; therefore, it is expected that the changes will be felt in all segments of the society. Audience of this Article At a personal level, the information provided for identification in public profiles often reduced the barrier to social interaction. Therefore, this enables connection of individuals who otherwise would have not connected in the first place. At a community level, organisation of the profiles of many people reduces the need to organise contact information from other people one connects with (Hargattai 2007, p. 278). Social sites provide a straightforward way to see people who share interests and so on even though they could differ in other dimensions. The popular culture, which tends to be the order of life among certain age groups, is indispensable. Younger people are the most vulnerable to the fad and subculture of a certain moment in human history. This phenomenon is so because in a normal way of life, people are affected by media, artistic events, and people who represent pop culture (Hargattai 2007, p. 279). The perception of the world comes to students in a symbolic way rather than encountering it first-hand. Saturated societies like Europe and America and highly affected. Students embrace technology and popular culture activities because they tend to be technologically savvy and they have different worldview of events, which is to fulfil the way they feel about themselves and build self identity (Boyd 2007, p. 127). Younger members of the society, the students depend on the symbolic reality, which they realize from the popular culture to satisfy their cognitive instincts. This is the reason why this paper is written to tap the optimistic uses that popular culture can be used by students especially for assignments, group discussion and even preparation for future jobs (Ellison, Lampe, & Steinfield 2009, p. 3). Each generation that lives on this planet laments the lack of civility and high level isolation due to new technology of the moment (Junco 2011, p. 4). This generation is no different, access to computer, internet, cell phones and iPods can deny people chance to enjoy today’s pleasantries in life. The social network sites work the same way and student find places of commonality and building acquaintances hence reducing barriers to socialization (Boyd 2007, p.127). Students say they use social network
Even a brief analysis of terrorist acts that had taken place on British soil during the course of last decade, invariably point out to the fact that these acts cannot be discussed outside of conceptual framework of policy of multiculturalism, which has been actively pursued by New Labor government. For example, the perpetrators of London subway’s bombing on July 7, 2005, consisted of recently arrived Pakistani and Jamaican immigrants, who nevertheless managed to obtain British citizenship with ease, due to government’s persistent assumption that “ethically unique” immigrants in Britain do contribute to this country’s well-being, despite objective reality suggesting something entirely opposite. In its turn, this explains why in recent years, the anti-terrorist sentiment among Britons has been attaining clearly defined anti-immigrant undertones. In her article “Why Might Young British Muslims Support the Taliban?”, Alison Shaw states: “The fear that we might be harboring Islamic terrorists in our midst is of course not entirely unfounded. The extent of British Muslim involvement in Osama bin Laden’s Al- Qaeda network remains unclear, but since 11 September evidence has been accumulating that implicates at least some British Muslims in the activities of extreme Islamist groups” (2002, 6). The recent sociological surveys, conducted to define how citizens’ attitudes towards terrorism correlate to their ethic affiliation, leave no doubt as to the fact that. at least a half of British Muslims fully support what they refer to as “struggle against Western imperialism”. Given the fact that Muslim population in Britain now accounts for two million, it means that close to one million of Britons hate the country of their citizenship with utter passion, while never skipping a chance to cause Britain harm, every time opportunity presents itself. Moreover, the number of Muslims in this country continues to increase in exponential progression to the flow of time. In his article “Officials Think UK’s Muslim Population has Risen to 2m”, Alan Travis provides us with the insight onto the fact that it is the matter of comparatively short time, before the process of Britain being turned into Northern Pakistan will be completed: “The 400,000 increase in the size of the Muslim community in less than seven years demonstrates its position as
Intercultural marriages between couples of distinct communities have become a common phenomenon in society as a result of which children of these inter-caste marriages are often confused and perplexed. Such children are often faced with the dilemma of choosing between two religions and the constant pressure of hurting either parent by making a choice. Even a simple question by friends and peers regarding their choice of a holy book, for instance, the Bible or the Bhagwad Gita could put these “mixed” children in rather embarrassing situations. Children may develop feelings of being ‘neither here nor there’ due to the constant confusion in their lives; whether they should go to the church or to the temple; whether they should worship the Hindu God or Christ; whether they should enjoy Christmas as their religious festival or Diwali; whether they should eat non-vegetarian food or abstain from it. The list of choices is endless as also the confusion with which the child may constantly be faced in life. In the paper, I aim to discuss the trend of inter-caste or ‘mixed’ marriages in society, a phenomenon which has been prevalent in society since times immemorial, but is becoming more common in the current times. The paper also aims to discuss the repercussions of such inter-caste marriages on their children, especially those families who have a rather strict approach to religious beliefs. Every family and household has its own set of religious norms and beliefs, especially those families, where religion is important and customs and traditions are strictly followed. Such families ensure that the same values and religious beliefs are inculcated among the children of their households and these customs are passed on from generation to generation through certain rituals and traditions. Thus, in such family structures, children acquire a sense of identity and belonging to the particular religion they follow, which contributes substantially to their psychological and moral development. Additionally, most religions are more like a code of conduct for daily life with their daily practices and rites. Right from birth, when children learn through observation, there will be two distinct activities which the child witness. As children grow older and see other children from families with no religious distinctions, they would obviously be confused as to why their family is different and why the parents are not united in their religious rites. These confusions could result in greater dilemmas when they have to face embarrassing questions from society including their teachers, friends and colleagues. Sometimes, these problems could lead the children to question their integrity and self-image. Children of such mixed families may be plagued with question
Abstract Strategic global management is closely associated with the managerial principles of the companies and the globalization tendencies. The issues, which should be discussed on the matters of the NUMMI activity are closely linked with cross-border communication and the matters of strategic management. Structure, partners, research and development, control, and coordination are the key matters of the global management strategy of the NUMMI alliance. Potential Problems of Cross-border Joint Ventures These problems are generally associated with the matters of cross-cultural communication, and differences in the strategic management principles, applied by the managers of these companies. Thus, American GM and Japanese Toyota managers have different representations on the matters of global business performance. Thus, as it is stated in NUMMI (2007): NUMMI already had everything going against it when GM decided to kill Pontiac and pull out of the venture in July. Its United Auto Workers contract guarantees workers $28 an hour compared with $24 an hour in other Toyota plants. Higher electric rates in California made it undesirable. Thus, the problem was resolved, nevertheless, the misunderstanding, which caused this problem may be an essential problem for performing the other ventures. Problem Overcoming Because all the problems arise based on the misunderstanding, caused by the differences in the cultural perception of the business process, all the problems may be resolved only by the means of negotiations and conferences, where the problems are discussed. By the corporate policy of the companies, all the problems of communication should be resolved as soon as possible, as this is the only way to avoid the further development of the conflict. Consequently, the necessity to overcome the problems and difficulties is closely associated with matters of communication. (Gerardo, 2008, p. 321) NUMMI Basics Selection of Partners The partners are either selected by the previous cooperation experience or based on the analysis of the cooperation and partnership with other companies. Thus, if the potential partner is a reliable cooperator, the company is offered to arrange negotiations on the matters of further partnership. Structure and Processes The alliance entails several plants and managerial departments, consequently, to avoid mistakes in management and manufacturing, every department and every division of manufacturing power is engaged in a particular manufacturing operation. Thus, it should be stated that the necessity to arrange the proper structure is the key principle of NUMMI coop
Introduction Papa John’s International Inc. is an American-based restaurant franchise company specializing in pizza delivery and carryout (“Company overview,” 2017). The enterprise was founded in 1984 by John Schnatter and Bob Ehringer (Smith, 2013). In 2016, Papa John’s International Corporation owned more than 5, 000 brand restaurants and 4, 353 franchised restaurants (“Company overview,” 2017). Furthermore, in three decades of operation, the company has established its outlets in 45 countries (“Company overview,” 2017). It follows that the organization’s management team is capable of transforming cash flows into a substantial growth of the market share. The company’s success is underscored by the fact that in 2016, it increased its net income by 18 percent and revenues by 8.5 percent (Maze, 2016). The aim of this paper is to analyze the company’s profile and competitive standing. The paper will also provide strategic alternatives for Papa John’s that can help it to strengthen its competitive edge. Company Mission and Critique Papa John’s Intern
The events that occurred in Watts, one of the districts of Los Angeles, in 1965, had a racial background, like some other riots that took place in the United States during that period. Victims and material damage inflicted on the city were significant and, when evaluating this unrest from the standpoint of strength, it can be noted that a large number of people were involved in the conflict. Although the manifestations of racial segregation were less noticeable than earlier, according to Miller, “the symptoms of the approaching storm had been present in Los Angeles for years.” 1 Pressure on the black population and periodic conflicts with law enforcement agencies were frequent, and the arrest of Marquette Frye and his younger brother on August 11, 1965, was the final point. 2 Further events were the result of racial minorities’ dissatisfaction with the policies that the authorities adhered to, and open confrontation with police officers led to riots. Therefore, the government’s disregard for the rights and freedoms of the black population of Los Angeles and the biased attitude of the law enforcement agencies became the main drivers that prompted people to unrest. While assessing the findings of the primary sources, it can be noted that the despair that gave rise to the rebellion reached its boiling point, and any other minor provocation of the security forces could cause an uprising. Martin Luther King, who witnessed these events, argued that the people involved in the conflict were scared, but they were relieved that they were able to draw attention to issues of racial discrimination. 3 Despite the fact that this public figure condemned violence in any form of its manifestation, he sympathized with the citizens of Watts and noted that “the larger group of participants were not criminal elements.” 4 This fact proves that not only marginal segments of society supported the idea of rebellion but also ordinary people who were interested in finding freedom and not being dependent on the opinion of the authorities. Shortly before the events in Los Angeles, King received the Nobel Peace Prize, which made him an authoritative member of the pacifist movement. 5 Nevertheless, the opinion of the inadmissibility of people’s rights infringement could be interpreted as partial support for the rebellion’s movement. The factors that led to the Watts uprising were not only the indifference of the authorities regarding the rights and freedoms of black people but also the brutality of police officers. As Miller states, law enforcement agen
Introduction Access to healthcare has always been a critical component of the American dream. The enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – popularly known as Obamacare – in 2010 signified a major step towards the attainment of this dream. This legislation was meant to facilitate access to affordable health insurance coverage for every American. Notwithstanding the noble intentions of its promulgators, the Act has been the subject of extensive controversy and incessant calls for repeal. Although both its proponents and opponents advance persuasive grounds in support of their respective positions, a repeal of the Act would be disastrous as it would undermine the significant gains in terms of increased access. Benefits of Obamacare Obamacare signified a major boost in the efforts to enable universal healthcare in the US. According to Amadeo and Boyle (2021), the Act presents numerous benefits that, cumulatively, have contributed to increased healthcare access and ins