ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Corruption is one of the biggest menaces that have faced the current world. It is vice that has robed many if not all nations a lion share of the resources that would otherwise been placed in capital projects. Across the globe political corruption has manifested in the manner that public officers have used their de jure powers for illegitimate benefits. The political officers who are charged with the core obligation of discharging their mandate with the cardinal objective of protecting the interest of the public have gone astray and turned a threat to the welfare of their employers, the citizens who pay taxes hoping better delivery of public goods. “Corruption manifests itself in varied forms that range from bribery, nepotism, misappropriation of resources, graft and patronage,” Ades,A & Di Tella, R. (1995). This kind of practices has resulted in the loss of public confidence on their own government .During electioneering period political candidates have promised haven to the electorate on their desire to relentlessly fight the vice raising the public morale to vote in favor of such candidates. These expectations abort immediately after the winners take over governance and begin to slow down their promises. Many governments have put in place institutions that are geared towards spearheading the war against graft. The anti graft bodies have ended up utilizing public resources without proper accountability as to the output from execution of their mandate. Globalization has had a great impact on corruption .With globalization the ways in which corruption is practiced has been transformed to take into consideration the technological advancement. The improved communication in the mobile telephony for example has enhanced coordination between various corrupt officials and made it possible for faster corrupt practices. Globalization has enhanced transnational activities e.g. human trafficking, drug trafficking and terrorism. The war on corrupt practices has also been complicated with better new ideas and software that conceals evidence necessary for indictment of corrupt officers. However, globalization has also enhanced the fight against corruption by boosting the modes of carrying out investigation and improving the methods of netting criminals e.g. through the use if CCTV surveillances and use of modern equipment in fighting terrorism. The transnational security threat caused by corruption is fast escalating across the boarders of the nations. Some of the security threats arising from corrupt activities include drug trafficking, international terrorism, kidnapping, international illegal immigration and money laundering. These threats to security has created instability causing fear by investors and other economic agents to withdraw their investments a move that has adversely affected the economic prosperity and growth of the economies (Chinhamo, O. & Shumba, G. 2007). It is the misuse of the legitimate authority that has hugely fueled these activities that results
Introduction The 21 st century has been characterized by major technological advances that have helped humanity achieve great progress. New technologies have changed the manner in which business is conducted and organizations have had to adapt themselves to the prevailing technologies in order to remain competitive. Employees have been forced to keep adapting themselves to new technologies in order for the organization to benefit. Lommerud, Meland, and Rune (2006) declare that new technology has enabled organizations to increase productivity and gain a competitive edge on the global market. In spite of these benefits, there have been concerns that using new technology does not always assist employees and employers in the organization. These concerns have been raised following the realization that new technology might lead to the disruption of customary work practices or negatively affect the productivity of employees. This paper will argue that while new technology has benefits in the workplace, it is mostly a negative occurrence since it has substantial negative impacts on employees and employers. To reinforce this assertion, the paper will analyse a number of prominent disadvantages that arise because of using new technology in the workplace. Arguments against New Technology New Technology facilitates teleworking, which exposes employers to social isolation and mental health problems. Technological advances in communication have made possible the concept of teleworking, which is defined as work far away from the office using technology (
Peter Singer is an Australian Philosopher. He is considered as a controversial ethicist, who gives one-fifth of his income to famine relief agencies. Recently he wrote an article in The New York Times “The Singer Solution to World Poverty” in which he has suggested that those who have money to spend on luxury should generously donate to help poor people. In this article he has represented some unconventional thoughts about rich people`s obligation for needy ones. However, he has overlooked many facts and has unanswered many questions. Peter Singer has suggested that prosperous people of America should limit their luxurious activities for the sake of poor, hungry and malnourished people. Here question arises what does luxury means? Everyone in this world has different perception about luxury for example many people consider Television as the basic need of life in order to get information and current situation of the world where as some people consider it as a luxury like Peter Singer who strongly believes that the amount of money we spent to buy a TV could be donated to a hungry person who can buy healthy food for himself with that money (Singer). Today people do not consider TV as a luxury but they rely on it for their daily activities they wanted to know about weather emergencies, current events and happenings that are going on across the global. One more important question is about “necessity”. Most of the American people consider toilet paper a necessity whereas other might consider it as a luxury those people who are living in stricken localities. In this article Peter Singer emphasizes on the need to save lives of poor people by donating that money which goes for luxuries (Singer). Money should be donated to the organizations like UNICEF that could send the money across the boundaries. With that money clothes, food shelter and basic necessities of life could be provided to needy people. However, many people doubted the amount of money they donate to such organizations would really reach to the people it was send for? Peter strongly believes that people of America may become kind one day and they start donating money for hungry children in foreign countries. There is urgent need to realize the fact that if a person just gives up eating out in a restaurant for only one month he could easily save amount that can save life of a child (Singer). From this it could be suggested that saving life of a child is much more valuable than dining out. The perception of donating might be difficult for few years but gradually prosperous people would start donating and this trend could be passed on to generations to generations. Another important question which has left unanswered is that what will happen if organizations such as UNICEF will receive more and more money, they will become power
The present study provides important insights into the teeth brushing behaviors of intermediate and secondary school students. According to the research findings, more than 89% percent of subjects reported having brushed their teeth at least once daily. Different from this, another study in Riyadh showed that only sixty-five percent of students cleaned their teeth once on a daily basis. On the other hand, as reported by AL-Mas, approximately 27.6% and 26.8% of female students in intermediate and secondary schools respectively, brushed their teeth at least once on a daily basis. These research findings clearly indicate that adolescents have altered their teeth brushing habits, because of the increased frequency of teeth brushing reported. Although this is the case, these research findings are incomparable, because these studies used different questions on health behaviors and cut-offs. In addition to using different questions, the studies also concentrated on different age groups and diverse populations hence, making it even harder to correlate the results of these research findings. Contrary to research findings of the teeth brushing habits of Saudi Arabian adolescents in Riyadh, corresponding research finding in other European countries and North America showed a higher incidence of tooth brushing among adolescents (Maes et al, 2006). Further, as shown by these research findings, there is an increased tooth brushing frequency with increased age. Considering this, these research findings agree with other research studies, which have shown that, peer approval is one of the primary determinants of tooth brushing behavior (Honkala, 2002; Rise, 199; Maes et al, 2004). Unlike previous research findings, there was no correlation between parents’ level of educational attainment with the tooth brushing routine (Kuusela, 1997; Keogh & Linden, 1991). In addition, as clearly depicted by the current study, the majority of youngsters seek dental-medical help once they experience symptoms of teeth problems. These findings were also evident in other research studies carried out in the Middle East (Rajab et al, 2002; Peterson et al, 1990; Vigild et al, 1999). On the other hand, there is a strong correlation between a mother’s level of education attainment and dental attendance. This finding is in agreement with the research results of research studies carried out in Jordan and Finland (Rajab, 2002; Honkala et al, 1997). In the present study, more than half of the girls took a shower at least twice a week. Most Saudi teenagers take a bath more regularly than other adolescents do in other countries, for example, Iran; although this might have resulted, because of the variation of the season when the facts were collected (Dorri et al, 2009). As per this research, the relationship between taking a shower and age was not of great significance. As proved by other previous research findings on general cleaning, thi
Introduction Control is the principal subject in numerous organizational theories and remains possibly the main topic that shapes each and every individual’s experience in organizations (Baker, 1993, p. 409). Chester (1968, p. 17) highlights the significance of control. He states that the “key defining aspect of any organization is the workers subordination to a level that their own aspiration do not surpass collective will of the organization”. He adds that for individuals to realize their dreams they must give up a portion of their autonomy in the organizational. Due to this tension, control is commonly challenging in many organizations. As a result, Organizations have been prompted to set up control systems. The organizational control systems have considerably evolved in response to changes in managerial systems from the authoritarian bureaucratic control to consensual control in the shape of independent groups or self-managing teams. The latter is a decentralized and more participative egalitarian system that provides a better alternative to the hierarchical bureaucratic control. This system of control has also evolved from value-based consensus to a system that entails rationalized standard rules (Baker, 1993, p. 410). Edwards (1981) identified three strategies of control that have developed from the contemporary struggle to control individual activities in organizations. The first strategy is the direct, totalitarian and individual control mainly used by business owners or hired managers. This is common in family-owned busines
Psychology is an indispensable and integral part of politics. Politicians use psychological tactics to captivate the minds of the voters and beat their political opponents for them to win an election. Since voters have psychological needs that are political, a politician employs psychological tactics in satisfying them. A politician who successfully satisfies voters is the one who is likely to win an election. Therefore, psychology is paramount in political arena. This essay explores the application of psychology in the United States 2012 politics. The New York Times features the 2012 politics in the Republican Party. Zeleny and Rutenberg (2010) report on the political realignment in the Republican Party indicate that “…not one of the possible 2012 Republican Presidential contenders is planning to make a formal announcement before early next year or even later … to avoid the scrutiny and expenses that come with opening a full-fledged campaigns.” This is a psychological tactic and strategy to confuse their political opponents. According to the Kuklinski (2002), “the way people think and act in politics depend enormously on the way people think and act.” This underscores the relationship between psychology of the voters and politicians, as the work of the politicians is to harmonize the two different psychological entities in order to captivate the minds of the .voters. Ms. Palin has left her contenders wondering whether she will be on the race to the White House. Zeleny and Rutenberg (2010) describe Palin as an outstanding candidate by saying that, “no contender produces as much anxiety and curiosity as Ms. Palin.” This description underlines the psychological influence Ms. Palin has over her political opponents and voters. Ms. Palin has managed to wield much political power in the Republican Party and her contenders are waiting her political moves so that they can
Introduction The play Iceman Cometh depicts events and social life American underground at the beginning of the 20 th century. In this play, O’Neill creates vivid and bright images of characters and their life paths. O’Neill uses the method of dramatization to depict between sexes as might be expected, between two opposites. The one theme deals with marriage or love as a continuous felicity; the other theme portrays betrayal and dishonor (Dugan 43). Thesis The play is based on the opposition between two genders, make and female, which helps the author to create unique identities and unveil the problem of human elations and communication. Main body From the very beginning, O’Neill depicts prostitutes deviate into two types, or rather, the philosopher- prostitute, a romantic meeting, and a fairly realistic representation of twentieth-century, the streetwalkers who values money and wealth. The difference can be seen at its most clear between the young ladies of the evening (Dugan 43). As against the philosophical prostitute, the author sees the ladies as “street walkers” and by themselves as “tarts,” not “prostitutes.” these women come not out of romantic imagination but off the streets of New York (Hinden 65). The gender relations are evident through the characters of Pearl and Margie described as dollar streetwalkers: each of these girls has freshness but each is familiar with hard and worn words of the trade. These girls are portrayed as over-romantic, ridiculous, giggly, indolent, good natured, and happy (Dugan 43). O’Neill depicts that one of the many sins these women committed is to have built up the image of prostitutes as romantic and sensational, instead of showing these women as they really are, unfortunate and diseased” In the late scenes generally the image of the prostitute tends to be, like all the other images, a literal transcription of reality, untinged by the smallest amount of invention, meeting, or idealism (Hinden 65). Instead of fairly grammatical, philosophic thought on the meaning of life, Margie and Pearl are given to more earthy distinctions and descriptions: MARGIE Anyway, we wouldn’t keep no pimp, like we was reg’lar old whores. We ain’t dat bad. PEARL No. We’re tarts, but dat’s all. Through the images of prostitutes and their relations with men, the author describes two polar attitudes often merge in the same play, poor under class and upper class of clients. in the book, a special attention is paid to the men attitude toward these women. The uniqueness is that their perception and attitudes vary by about the same ratio that the prostitutes themselves do. Margie has possession of life’s meanings, and thus all males seek her out, not only for sexual relations but for the sense of stillness that she gives them (Dugan 43). Only in the presence of prostitutes, men can take off their masks and be themselves. Margie and Pearl are the thing of a good-natured and compassionately contempt and are never taken seriously. In this sexual scene the male characters are regularly crude, and between them and the prostitutes there is a kind of fr
Introduction and summary of the book Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England is a book that lays bare the role of Africans towards Britain’s industrialization. Drawing on more than 20 years of studies on the field, Joseph Inikori, of University of Rochester, has written a thought provoking and convincing book on one of the classic subjects of our age: Britain’s industrialization process. The book covers the period between 1650 and 1850 and shows the vital role of expanding the Atlantic trade to the realization of England’s industrialization process. The role of Africans in this process, the core focus of the book, is evaluated in terms of the part played by the diasporic Africans in extensive commodity production in the Americas- of which the widening Atlantic trade was a part- at a time when socioeconomic conditions in the Atlantic basin spurred small-scale production by native populations. In his work, Inikori tries to prove the notion this trade was vital to the success of the revolution. Inikori presents the importance of the Atlantic trade to the success of Britain’s industrial revolution, and precisely, commerce with the Atlantic Basin, saying that Africans were central to this all important process, both as buyers and producers of trade commodities.. As he presents, the thought that trade was a motivation behind the revolution is barely a strong point, but it comes as an alternative to the domestically centered arguments that appear frequently in today’s literature. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England was first published in 2002 by the Cambridge University Press and is divided into nine chapters with the tenth chapter being the conclusion. Each chapter of the book handles a different aspect of the role of Africans in England’s industrialization process. To help in putting his points across, Inikori uses first hand information, for example, in page 60, he gives a table on “Growth of Industrial Output” while on page 61, he gives a table on “Changing structures of Industrial Value Added in Britain” (Inikori 60, 61). He concludes the book with a table on the volume of goods that were imported by Britain. An example is Nick Craft’s figures showing the volume of raw materials exported to Britain between 1770 and 1830, to show the importance of African produced goods in the revolution. Reception The book has received mixed reviews among scholars. A review by Kevin O’Rourke (Trinity College, Dublin) notes the style used by Inikori to be that of the old-style economic historian: the author uses archival evidence and records to prove his point that the Atlantic trade was vital to Britain’s industrial revolution. Old-style history’s comparative advantage depends on using facts, and the ideas presented by the author here make his point clear. O’Rourke notes the difficulty the writer goes through to prove that trade in external markets was the fi
Introduction Orange PLC Company is one of the most profitable international companies in the global business arena. The company has its headquarters in New York. The New York branch has 250 employees in the three departments of production, marketing, and human resource management. In order to survive and control a sizable share of the global PC industry, Orange PLC Company has endeavored to remain competitive through its unique organizational culture. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review the organizational culture of the Orange PLC Company. Orange PLC’s Organization Culture Organizational culture is a manner in which people in a company operate on daily activities unconsciously and consciously. Through creation of a unique organizational culture, the Orange PLC institution has been able to offer supports programs within its workforce to accomplish the strategic objectives of business sustainability. Observable artifacts The physical structure of the Orange PLC’s organization culture promotes positive relationships between favorable and effective job performance within a friendly work environment as attributes of motivation and congenial conditions. The structure encourages security, comfort, safety, and prevailing physical convenience (Baack, 2009). Measuring factors such as interpersonal relations, working conditions, support and trust, welfare provisions, and work environment have greatly contributed to the organizational effectiveness as well as employees’ behaviors at the Orange PLC. Enacted values The Orange PLC Company has identified that the key driver of productivity is employees’ morale. Through the motivational strategies, the employees are very productive, creative and more interested in their work commitments. The satisfied workers are eager to create positive results in their work. This element has been embedded in the company’s unity of purpose symbol designed to create the culture of efficiency and support among the employees. The employees are very proactive and approachable (Baack, 2009). With the need to establish a proactive organizational culture, the Orange PLC Company has developed a discursive approach in explaining and exploring shared and coordinated actions on roles and channels through which organizational framework functions in the exchange of information. This is of great essence towards understanding its organizational communication. Employees are also allowed to contribute their viewpoints regarding the daily management and operations of the organization. In order for the productivity quotient to become an effective tool, the company has made sure that workers and the management team understand the collective responsibility perspective of the institution (Flamholtz and Randle, 2011). Espoused values The company has three building blocks of learning, a supportive learning environment, concrete learning process, and practice leadership, which reinforce innovation. The managers play a significant role in setting up the learning environment for the employees. This culture has created an ideal climate for innovation and commu