ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The chosen case discusses the ethics of autonomous vehicles using the example of a fatal collision between a 2015 Tesla Model S and a tractor-trailer. The car’s program responsible for collision prevention malfunctioned, and the driver did not have time to react. The key ethical issue, in this case, is the safety of autonomous vehicles. The author mentions that autonomous cars are supposed to be safer, but they only reduce the risk of road incidents by 40%. People operating such vehicles may trust in the programming too much, and thus will be unable to take control and avoid the crash when needed. Additionally, there are also some conflicting ethical obligations that might prevent developers from creating a safer autonomous program for driving the vehicle. For example, there may be a collision between the safety of the driver, the protection of other people on the road, and the traffic laws. Eight Moral Tests Because of these problems, autonomous vehicles would not pass Davis’ Eight Moral Tests. For instance, there may be cases where autonomous cars do more harm than regular ones, and thus this option would not be preferable in the harm test or the reversibility test. Furthermore, the accountability of developers for road incidents that occur due to program errors mean that autonomous vehicles are unethical based on the results of professional and organizational tests. This analysis shows that the safety of autonomous cars is significant problems that affect the ethics of producing and using this vehicle type. The primary alternative, in this case, is for Tesla and other autonomous vehicle producers to provide correct instructions to drivers in a way that ensures that they comply. For instance, installing wheel sensors to remind drivers to keep their hands on the wheel would be one option to make driving these vehicles safer. Alternatively, the producers could recall the technology until it is perfected, and the errors in programming are fixed to guarantee safety. Student A Thank you for your discussion of the case. I agree with you that the case portrays problems in the safety of autonomous vehicles and that both customers and producers should take it into consideration. You also made a good point about advertising such vehicles and autonomous, and I think that this is among the core problems in the case. When drivers perceive their cars as requiring little to no guidance, they will be more relaxed on the road and will not be ready to take action when needed. Misleading advertisements have a significant impact on how drivers perceive their cars and the driving process. Hence, I think that you are correct in saying that producers need to take action. However, one question that was left unanswered to me was whether or not there are other options besides recalling the vehicles completely. Do you think that a change in advertisement and technologies to keep the driver alert could fix the problem? Student B Thank you for describing your thoughts on the case. I agree with you that the manufactu
The waste industry is essential for highly industrialized cities and urbanized villages as well. Nowadays, the development of technologies for transporting, sorting, and recycling waste has reached the stage where the workers’ ecological values and healthy work conditions could be incorporated. As such, in the United Arabian Emirates, Bee’ah concentrates on environmental and waste management and embraces the power of “renewable energy, green mobility, transport, education, and technology” (Bee’ah, n.d., para. 3). However, the great capacities of the industry as a whole and the company in particular come with great responsibility. The treatment of complex tools used for providing the organization’s services is to be done by people with specialized education. Moreover, these technologies need examination for being apt and safe for exploitation. A special attention is paid the the risk assessment of the lone operators’ workplace; in Bee’ah, the safety precautions correspond to the European standards and UAE laws. Since not every facility requires several regular workers for its maintenance, lone operators sometimes perform services for the company. In the industry, workers of such a type are helpful in the waste and recycling sector since they can repair, examine, and sustain the tools, instruments, and technologies for use. Lone workers are recognized as so when they operate without any additional assistance or support. Despite the mobility and the company’s financial resources saved being a valuable part of the lone workers’ aids, there are hazards to be considered. Lack of supervision and support from others may lead to emergencies threatening the lives of the staff and the preservation of the company’s property. Thus, the lone workers in the waste management industry are useful but require a safe environment and risk assessment programs. However, Bee’ah follows a set of obligations guaranteeing the workplace conditions that would be safe for its workers. According to Bee’ah’s health, safety, and environmental policy document, the company obeys the demands of ISO 45001 of 2015 and 2018, the international standards for manufacturing products or services (Bee’ah, 2021). Moreover, the UAE and Sharjah Municipality laws guide the organization in its work (Bee’ah, 2021). The ISO requirements include several levels of risk identification and assessment. The evaluation of workplace conditions and activities prescribed to an individual reveals the possible danger coming from them. Consequently, a methodology for controlling the reported risks should be developed ( ISO 45001 – Clause 6.1.2: Hazard Identification and Assessment of Risks and Opportunities , 2018). In a team, disagreements often arise because of one’s unwillingness to follow the safety rules for various activities. Therefore, the company has a guide for risk assessment but should regulate its workers so that they entirely comply with the requirements. To conclude
There are various claims and misconceptions in the field of nutrition due to the fact that it is highly difficult to identify the core influencing factors. Therefore, confident and assured statements should be questioned and treated with skepticism. The given article argues that low-carb diets are linked to an early death because proteins are known to cause cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Dennett). However, these pieces of evidence are not fully plausible, and they require deeper analysis. It is important to understand that the impact of various diets on a person’s health and longevity cannot be clearly outlined. The main reason is that a number of factors should be included and considered before making strong claims. For example, the article states that low-carb diets lead to increased consumption of protein, which can be found in red meat, thus, it causes cancer and heart problems (Dennett). It is not necessarily true due to the fact that it is not known if people use red meat as a primary source of proteins. In addition, the author makes an assumption that low-carb dieters eat mostly animal-based fats, which needs more clarification and informative research (Dennett). It is possible that the given individuals are more educated and aware of their health, thus, they would avoid consuming unhealthy food. It is also highly difficult to identify specific influencers affecting one’s longevity and lifespan because death can be caused by non-dietary factors. In conclusion, it is critical to understand that diets cannot have a direct impact on an individual’s overall longevity. These claims require in-depth research and prolonged studies in order to verify the cause-and-effect relationship. In addition, both lifespan and nutritional habits include a number of important variables, which needs to be considered. Therefore, the given article should conduct more specific research on low-carb dieters and their food preferences. Work Cited Dennett, Carrie. “Cutting Carbs Could Lead to Premature Death, If You Replace Them with the Wrong Things.” The Washington Post . 2018, Web.
Features of E-commerce Turner Broadcasting System embraced e-commerce due to the perceived threat of broadband video to its TV industry. Tuner’s interactive services have managed to combine TV services and the Web enabling viewers to have new experience. Its websites allows for advertising and viewing on both TV and the Internet. Moreover, customization on the Web services enables viewers to access specific information of their liking and choice. Tuner’s linking of their Web to the internet allows it to have universal viewers. The Web also has a socialization section for viewers. Web Value and its development of the TV business Web creation has enabled Tuner Broadcasting System to remain in business. The combination of both TV and Web services has allowed the companies to increase viewers since it’s possible to access it globally. Tuner’s ability to create and run Websites successfully has allowed it to sell more advertisements that generate money for both companies. Companies like NBA, PGATour and PGA pay Tuner millions to run their websites (Laudon 409). Through the integration of many features on the Web, viewers can access a wide range of information through the Internet or TV. With the advertising caption on the Web, viewers can gain knowledge of specific products in the market enhancing the companies’ visibility. NASCAR Trackpass: Tuner Sports New Media’s value to sports sites NASCAR.com was the first company to be managed by Turner Sports New Media Company. Turner’s ability to manage Web companies is exemplified by the success it has with NASCAR.com which ranks among the top three Internet sports sites (Laudon, p. 409). NASCAR’s TrackPass is the most enhanced e-commerce feature on the NASCAR.com. NASCAR TrackPass’ interactive presentations, a key feature in e-commerce include; TrackPass Scanner, TrackPass Pit Command and TrackPass RaceView (Laudon, p. 409). Customization of the applications is enhanced with the viewers enabled to access cars and drivers racing, pausing, replaying and rewinding ongoing races. Social networking section is also provided (Laudon, p. 409). Tuner Sports New Media and its growth prediction Due to the innovativeness of Turner Company and the success gained from the existing successfully managed Web services, it is possible for Turner Sports New Media to continue growing steadily. Its increasing Web clients from one in 2003 to five in 2008 indicate a sturdy growth (Laudon, p. 409). The company’s experience in the field of Web management and extensive viewer base can also enhance its development. Turner’s interactive strategy that is employed in their Web running is more likely to attract more clients and viewers, placing it among the best Web managing companies. Since it is not the only Web Company in the market, Tuner might find it difficult to maintain its current growth due to
Introduction Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles, gain more and more popularity nowadays. While some of the states have passed the bills that will help with the regulation of these machines, not all of them decided to allow legal control of the vehicles. Drones are used in various industries: they can deliver purchases, film videos, collect weather data, take part in searches, etc. However, drones are also known to be used as tools for drug dealing, surveillance, and espionage. On the one hand, drones might be helpful during police operations; on the other hand, they are a perfect tool for covert surveillance. Drones can violate personal space if they are not controlled. The mission of this program is to address the violation of privacy by drones and suggest necessary means (a notification system) to guarantee that drones will not hinder public safety. Executive Summary Although the control of drones has already been implemented by the Federal Aviation Administration, these limitations do not guarantee public safety in the areas where drones are used. To avoid any incidents, the Federal Aviation Administration needs to develop a system or an app that will track down all unmanned aerial vehicles used in a certain area, including drones used by the police. Notifications about the presence of drones will be able to warn citizens that a police operation might be conducted somewhere near them; thus, any involvement of civilians will be prevented. Although the Federal Aviation Administration has a list of strict rules applied to drones, these rules do not guarantee that all owners of unmanned aerial vehicles will follow them. Drones can be used for terrorist attacks: they can be hacked, reprogrammed, shoot down. If an armed police drone is hacked, not only the police but civilians too can be injured or even killed. An application that will notify the user about an approaching drone will help prevent crimes, as well as allow the user to control his or her privacy. Statement of Need Drones have been used by the police in various countries for several years now. However, while some of them were engaged in operations that would end unsuccessfully without aerial surveillance, others were used to watch over public places (Finn, 2011). The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Drug Enforcement Administration used drones in some of their operations. Drones of very small sizes, called hummingbird-drones or mosquito-drones are being developed
It is said that higher levels of religious faith and immediacy are important achievements made by people since it is faith only that provides the individual an opportunity to attain a situation of the true self. Hence human beings have large responsibilities in making choices about life decisions which ultimately lead to the deliverance or damnation of people. To form the same, a combination of religious faith, ethical and aesthetic beliefs are required. For people to achieve religious faith they must first accept ethics and a pledge has to be made to deviate from the aesthetic because it is ethical that eventually determines what is evil and what is good. Aesthetic is of the lowest immediacy because it does not have any order which is essential for leading a structured life. The aesthetic is not considered a proper way of life since it refrains from moral sense and conscience. Opponents of the aesthetic way of life believe that implying that one should live in the moment entails egotist and selfish attitudes because one is constantly aiming at transforming the unexciting into something that is exciting and interesting for solely selfish motives. This paper will present the different arguments in favor and against the aesthetic way of life and how an ethical lifestyle can counter the adversities arising from aesthetic life. According to Kierkegaard, an individual passes through three phases while attaining the status of true self; aesthetic, ethical, and religious. All these phases of life represent rival viewpoints about life and per se conflict with each other always. In this context, instead of providing dictating explanations and answers in regard to his theory, Kierkegaard felt that people should decide for themselves in reaching conclusions about the given phases and stages of life. The aesthetic is considered the area of sensory pleasure and experiences. It is essentially described by the existence of pleasure and in living an aesthetic life to the maximum one has to aim at maximizing the given pleasures. By increasing the amount of aesthetic pleasure one can get rid of boredom and Kierkegaard defined several ways in which this pleasure can be achieved. He suggested that the expectation of an event to happen often gives more pleasure than the event itself. If individuals can draw upon expectations and anticipation, a greater amount of pleasure and happiness can be achieved. Events that are experienced unexpectedly often lead to greater levels of pleasure as compared to planned events which are always in anticipation. The aesthetic individual lives in the moment and has no serious commitment to anything in particular. Aesthetic people are not entirely impulsive and will act on long-term goals only if they appeal to them, and will let go the moment they get bored with them. They get pleasure in terms of the possibilities in life that provide enjoyment and not in terms of following ideals to live life. In being inherently passive the aesthetic has no qualms in seeking pleasure in things over which he may not have
Laws indeed differ from state to state. In a court case involving Jessica Cox, an owner of Baxter the cat, and Sally Allen, a victim of cat injury, the ruling that “the owner of the cat is not liable to its trespass simply because it is the most docile and harmless pet” is outrageous (Heller 2). I tend to disagree with the court ruling. Moreover, the claims by Jessica that she could not control Baxter just because he was not neutered and that she left his problem for everyone to deal with shows her irresponsibility for the cat’s behavior. She should have kept the cat indoors most probably in a cage at all times. This would make sure that Baxter would not roam free, thus such injuries by the cat would not have occurred on her neighbor. However, I agree with Justice Barry R. Schaller’s first ruling that the likelihood of harm by the cat to persons may have resulted due to known behavior but not the cat’s previous history of aggression (Heller 1). But this does not cleanse the owner of Baxter the cat of the plaintiff’s allegations. It is the responsibility of Jessica Cox to take care of her pets including the cat, and take any other form of responsibility, whether legal or material that comes as a result of the cut. Works Cited Heller, Matthew. “Court Declaws “One Free Bite” Defense for Pet ” . New Look on Legal News , 2008. Web.
Introduction A college is an institution, essentially an educational campus, where a student can continue his or her education beyond high school. Education attained from college helps men and women enjoy better-off, exuberant, and more meaningful lives. It is college where students start learning higher subjects for their professional careers like engineers, lawyers, or doctors. Other subjects that are covered under Arts & Humanities are: Literature, Language, Creative Writing, Philosophy, Religion, History, Tourism, International relations, and Political science etc. College education helps prepare individuals to contribute to community affairs with matured outlook and greater understanding. Main body One of the oldest educational institutions for higher learning in the United States was Harvard University, which was established mainly to prepare citizens, the cream of nation, for the ministry and high-ranking posts in the cabinet and government. But today such an institution or school of learning is called a Seminary or Theological school. These special institutions and schools, later broadened their syllabi to include courses of study relating Liberal Arts , and then these were called Colleges of Liberal Arts. The pioneer universities of the US then started dividing their courses into different fields of learning. The departments, which taught each branch came to be called Colleges. Hence, the word College in the United States especially came to have two meanings and forms as:   * A part of a university that teaches a special branch of knowledge, or   * A separate, independent institution that specializes in a single branch of knowledge. The names of colleges often determine the type of learning they impart. For instance, Agricultural Colleges, Dental Colleges or Teachers Colleges. Normally all universities have various kinds of colleges ranging from law, medicine, theology, dentistry, arts and fine arts. The Community colleges are the Junior colleges that mainly offer two-year programs intended for a person’s semiprofessional career. Successfully completing a junior college program, students are transferred to a “senior” college for advance study. Nearly all high school students, at some stage in their study-life, are posed with two questions, which are:  1. Should I join college? and  2. Which college should I select that can best serve my purposes? First of all students should take into consideration their own abilities, aptitudes and aims. They should then be able to decide whether they will receive the required standard of learning they aspire to get in the college that will help them in their future career. For instance, many students may feel that special vocational training, instead of a typical college education, will be better for the careers they want to pursue. Therefore final decision about choosing a college should be made only after a serious thought about ones aptitudes and aims in life. Those students who get admission in college without pre-thinking and without being much inclined may find it difficult to be successful
Introduction Marketing is the management process that involves promoting services and products, as well as transferring them to the customer ( What is marketing? Definition and meaning 2019). It is designed to enhance individuals’ awareness of a company, services or products. However, some organisations use marketing strategies to gain as much profit as possible, causing clients’ dissatisfaction and using their trust for inappropriate purposes. This paper reflects on the objectives of marketing and concludes that it can exploit customers but this is not the only purpose. Marketing in Today’s World Prior to discussing the purpose of marketing and its role in customers’ lives, it is vital to note that marketing has become a significant aspect of business. Many organisations use marketing strategies to attract clients. There are various types of marketing strategies available today, including advertising, as well as the Internet, diversity, and transactional marketing. These tools aim to enhance individuals’ awareness of brands, present products and services, and increase customers’ interest in them. Currently, the most popular business strategies are digital and social media marketing (Stephen 2016). Marketing can be related to all spheres of people’s lives; for example, it can affect humans’ diet and food preferences, style, behaviour, and habits (Cohen et al. 2015). Moreover, some marketing strategies can result in normalisation of aggressive behaviours in humans (Deans et al. 2017). These facts suggest that marketing can be used as a mean of exploiting customers and profiting off of them. However, it is crucial to address the issue from multiple perspectives. The Purpose of Marketing It is evident that companies develop marketing strategies to create value for individuals and sell their products to as many of them as possible. Moreover, sometimes, organisations design strategies the way that they persuade customers to buy products they do not need, some of which will be discussed below (Ngwe 2018). Thus, it is possible to say that marketing serves the purpose of creating an artificial desire among individuals (Kim & Aggarwal 2016). This point can be illustrated by the example of shops that sell various products at very low prices. As items are affordable, clients tend to purchase many things at a time, not realizing that pricing for some items is unreasonable. It is necessary to mention that in addition to the point discussed above, many organisations do not sell their services and products on a fair basis. An example of it is advertising campaigns that feature products for a very low price to gain individuals’ interest. It is evident that companies do not mention that the quality of such items is very low as well. Customers, however, buy these products as the price is attractive. Usually, such items become overused after a short time, which causes clients’ dissatisfaction. Another example is sales that many companies regularly hold, offering products or services for a discount price. However, sometimes, the discounts are fake and organisations do not make pr