ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Do you ever discuss your dreams with others? What has been the strangest dream you can recall? If all your dreams, including your nightmares, reveal something about your personality, what has been your most insightful dream to date? Follow your dream with an analysis, suggesting its possible meanings and implications. – Dreams are an integral part of our lives. Even though they constitute a minority, they undoubtedly hold a great importance in one’s life. Dreams are not only dreams; they are a mirror image of our brain. They reflect the mind of the individual. What we think or what we have in our mind consistently is what the dreams show us. They provide a major contribution in making a person know what he is and what kind of a personality he possesses. They open a whole new world in front of us and let us take a look into the enticing and astonishing world of dreams. If only one can decipher them and know what they mean, then only it will be fruitful. All these dreams have a specific meaning in our lives, which we are often not able to comprehend. Often, one does not even give much importance to the dreams he sees. He lets it just go and doesn’t even think about it, doesn’t give it a second thought. In one way or the other, these dreams try to tell us about ourselves and also make us alert and aware of what lies in the future. Very few people can decipher what these dreams mean. I often get such dreams, which I am seldom able to comprehend and decipher. But, I usually feel free to discuss my dreams with my mother and father. They do have knowledge about what dreams mean and what should be done about them. I always make it a point to discuss my dreams with them so that I may come to know what’s in store for me. They help me in every way they can. One must discuss his dreams with only those people who can help him understand the mystery behind the dreams, and not with those who listen to them and make fun of it without even trying to know what it is all about. Sometimes, these dreams hold very sensitive information within them and once deciphered, it can make life, if not easier, more meaningful and bewares us with the oncoming dangers or mishaps or even the failures that one would encounter in life.. Not only this, dreams also inform us about good and positive things too. But, knowing about the difficult times is more important than coming to know of the positive things. Since, it is necessary to arm one against the mishaps that could occur in life. To encounter good and nice things, we need not be alert or aware. Good things are best encountered when they come as a surprise. It is basically the negative aspects that are highlighted by these dreams and which would be better if we come to know about them before they happen. Dreams also help us understand what we are and what all are our capabilities and abilities. It makes us aware of some of the things that we might not have done or tried to attempt in our lives, either out of fear or of insult. Also, some things that one needs to be aware of so as to be able to escape the bitter times in life. I had one such dream, which helped me open myself up t
How would you characterize the relationship between sales and marketing? Sales and marketing are very closely related business fields since for one to be able to achieve high sales, they have to put in place effective marketing strategies. Marketing and sales go hand in hand in achieving one major objective of increasing company’s sales and publicizing its brands. How can customer requirements dictate the design of an organization’s distribution channels? Since consumers are the driving force behind any company’s success, their requirements and preferences have to be put into consideration and treated with the seriousness they deserve. Hence in considering their requirements, the design of an organization’s distribution channel may have to be changed in order to best suit the targeted market. What type of territory management plan is most effective? Explain Segmented territory management plan is the most effective management strategy when a company focuses to maximize on their revenues in a particular region. This is achieved by dividing the market into smaller segments and establishing the company’s branches in each region to effectively mobilize clients and market its products. It is very effective as the branches are closer to the customers hence serve them better.
Great Awakening refers to an era of religious revival in American religious history (Carwardine, 2011). Moreover, it occurred from 18th to 20th century and was characterized by wide spread revivals lthe ed by protestant ministers, an increase of interest in religion, a jump in church membership and forthe mation of new religious movements (Fogel, 2010). The great awakening deemphasized the significance of the doctrines of the church while emphasis was on the spiritual practice of an individual (Heimert, 2010). The Great Awakening started when people in Europe and America colonies were questioning the individual role in the society and in religion (Fogel, 2010). At the same time, there was enlightenment that emphasized logic reasoning and individual power to understand the universe based on the scientific law and as a result, people relied more on personal approach to deliverance rather than cathedral doctrines (Carwardine, 2011). In 1688, there was glorious revolution in England that resulted to an end of the fight between religious and political groups (Heimert, 2010). The Church of England became the sovereignty church of the country and consequently, suppression of other religions like Judaism, Catholicism and Puritanism took place (Fogel, 2010). Although this led to solidity, it created spiritual hunger because religion became something of the past in which people went through motions during religious services without deep conviction of the heart and soul (Heinkel, 2010). After a decade of this complacency in both England and America colonies, the spiritual revival of the great awakening came about (Heinkel, 2010). The first great awakening began in 1720 and lasted to 1830 (Kelleter, 2010). 1730 – 1760 was the phase of religious revival characterized by weakening of predestination doctrine, recognition that many sinners may be predestined for salvation, introduction of revival meetings and a rise of the ethics of generosity (Heimert, 2010). Additionally, Church ministers supported the great awakening and the pastoral styles changed (Heinkel, 2010). For instance, leaders like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield elicited emotional response from their audience through powerful preaching that gave the audience a sense of personal revelation of their need of salvation via Jesus Christ (Heimert, 2010). Consequently, Christianity became personal to people through fostering a sense of spiritual conviction by encouraging introspection and a commitment to morality (Fogel, 2010). 1760 – 1790 was the phase of rising political effect characterized by revolution of America, attack on the corruption of British, belief in equal opportunity and establishment of egalitarianism as an ethic that was national ( Heinkel, 2010). Furthermore, the evangelical movement of 1740 helped in the growth of democracy and Whitefield campaigned for freedom and liberty (Fogel, 2010). In the period of 1760 to 1830, the revolutionary coa
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is a treaty that was adopted by the 56th World Health Assembly on May 2003 and became international law on 27 th February 2005, after 40 UN-member states approved it; as of September 2008, 163 governments had approved the pact to become the first global health treaty approved under the WHO auspices. Although countries ratified and implemented the treaty, tobacco control civil society organizations played a significant role in the FCTC negotiation, ratification and implementation. More than 350 organizations from the parties joined together under an overall organization, the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) aiming to influence the parties stand. Roemer, Taylor & Larivier (1989, p. 7) note “the parties are bound under the international law by the pact provisions which requires parties to adopt a comprehensive range of measures designed to reduce the devastating health and economic impacts of tobacco”. To achieve its broad objective, the treaty’s provisions include policies that supervise the manufacture, distribution, marketing, advertising and taxation standards on tobacco and tobacco-related products (Mackay 2003, p. 551). The foundation stone of the treaty is “to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke” by enforcing a set of universal policies in the global fight against tobacco control (World Health Organization n.d.). It also establishes tobacco control as a priority on the public health agenda and sets up mechanisms for country commitment and accountability. The FCTC has adopted several supply, demand and harm reduction mechanisms that are aimed to improve the health of the people by getting rid of the consumption of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke (Mamudu & Glantz 2009). Given the dangers of tobacco smoking, the role to protect from tobacco products is inherent in the right to life and the right to the most achievable standard of health, as put in many international legal tools. The duty to protect people from tobacco smoke corr
Introduction Management is the heart of every organization. The goals and objectives of an organization may not be met without an effective management team. Management is mostly used in business organizations as a way of uniting people together in order to achieve the goals of the organization. For such purposes, management is defined as the acts of getting the members of the organization together in order to achieve a common goal in keeping with the goals of the organization. Management is the human action in an organization that aims at improving the level of production of the organization. The role of management in an organization is various tasks that are done by the managers in the organization. To understand the role of management, the role of managers must be well understood (Coghlan, 1993, p.13). The Management is made up of a team of muggers who are assigned various tasks in an organization. The role of management is therefore diverse. It can only be defined in the context of various tasks of different managers in an organization. The role of management is therefore the various tasks undertaken by different managers in an organization. The objective of this assessment is to present an argument that “Management is a diverse role, and increasingly so in the 21 st century”. The Role of Management The role of Management in business organizations has changed greatly in the 21 st century. It has become difficult to categorize the role of management into distinct functional units because the role has become so complex. Prior to the 21 st century, the role of the management could be categorized according to the tasks performed by its different branches. The branches of management include human resource management, operations management, marketing, financial and strategic management. With the increasing growth of information technology in business management, organizations have come up with an autonomous branch of management called information technology management. The role of this branch is specifically to ensure that the management information systems are well maintained within the organization. According to Dale (1989, p.4), it is apparent that the role of management can only be described with respect to the tasks performed by different branches of management which are the main departments of the any organization. Every activity that goes on in the organization is the initiative of the management. The management role ranges from formation of business policies, operations, staffing and every other section of the organization. Every department of the organization is manned by a manager and each of them is assigned specific responsibilities. Their major roles could also be used as the major roles of the entire management. For instance the role of human resource manager is to ensure that the organization has enough and qualified workforce to carry out the activities of the organization (Karagara, 2010, p.1). His department is also given the responsibility of maintaining the best staffs for the organization a
Introduction “The association between e-commerce barriers and gender has not been explored in-depth, even though it has implications for the adoption of this technology” (Kolsaker & Payne, 2002). As evident from many developed nations, the role of women in issues that affect the economy cannot be ignored. The difference between the way men and women perceive issues needs to be addressed effectively to allow consistency. A study carried out by MacGregor & Vrazalic (2008) reveals that men and women face different challenges as business managers and entrepreneurs. “Addition findings from the study reveal a greater differentiation of barriers within male-owned/managed SMEs, which suggests the need for more customized e-commerce adoption program in these organizations” (MacGregor & Vrazalic, 2008). Differing levels of appreciation for e-commerce between men and women could slow down the level of growth in its application. Women must develop the same level of appreciation for e-commerce as men to allow its development. Issues that concern men in business management further differ from those which women would be concerned about. While women are more concerned about details, men tend to pay attention to cumulative progress. Their management styles further differ as explained by Hersey, Kenneth & Dewey (2008) who point out that “female managers of small business are more comfortable with giving instructions to staff through informal conversation than are their male counterparts”. Communication and problem-solving strategies further differ. “While men will stress the role and use of power, female managers stressed the importance of interpersonal communications” (Whitehead & Roy, 1999). Gender differences in the perception of e-commerce Gender plays a significant role when it comes to the adoption of new technologies and business practices. The differences arise from the way men and women perceive the importance of a certain technology, its benefits, and its challenges. A study conducted in Australia by (MacGregor & Vrazalic, 2008) reveals that there is no major difference between the way women and men view e-commerce but reveals a difference in the way men and women react to technological problems facing their businesses. In a study conducted on small business owners, the results reveal that men are less concerned about new technologies for their businesses and felt they don’t need them. Women on the other hand are more receptive as far as new technologies are concerned. They are keen on understanding how the technologies could benefit their businesses and how easily the technologies can be integrated into their businesses. In the UEA, gender differences arise from many other factors. The level of literacy among women is lower compared to that of men. This makes it more difficult for a larger number of women to appreciate and use new technologies in the market such as e-commerce. It may not b
Introduction Not so long ago, nurturing the idea of flying abroad to study or work was an idea that was viewed by majority of people as unattainable dream. In Africa for example, people who had traveled abroad for work or study related purposes were carried with much awe in their own villages. There were many assumptions doing rounds in the villages and towns about the West. I vividly remember an assumption I had when I was a little kid that in Western countries, there is no day or night. Of course there were so many other assumptions held by people from different cultures as regards Western countries. But this trend has changed since many people are now crossing the cultural divide to go and stay, study, or work in cultures that are radically different from their own. In going abroad, the visitor always have set perceptions about the foreign land. The hosts too harbor pre-determined assumptions about the visitors, which may not be necessarily true (Living abroad, 2008). Below I attempt to look at the assumptions held by the hosts, while drawing on the case study of Martha and Reza. Assumptions made by Hosts towards foreigners People always communicate with others all the times regardless of their cultural backgrounds. But communication is hard no matter how well we think we understand the other group. In the course of communicating, various assumptions and misconceptions are made. This happens more when the parties involved are from different cultural backgrounds as culture always forms the basis of all communication challenges (DuPraw & Anxner, 1997). In our case, Martha held some mistaken assumptions about Reza basically because they were from two different cultures. The first assumption made by Martha was that, Reza was just a typical refugee, drably dressed, and unsure of himself. This is an assumption that is held by many hosts in their interaction with foreigners, especially for the first time. This is all because of misunderstanding the cultures of other people. In a layman’s language, culture refers to a cluster of individuals or community who share some common experiences that have continued to shape their way of thinking and their world view. Martha failed to really understand the culture from where Reza came from but instead used generalizations to stereotype or to write-off Reza as someone who was unsure of himself (DuPraw & Anxner, 1997). Martha also assumed that Reza will be able to express himself by coming to the West and articulate his identity in ways that he could not do back home in Kabul. This is an assumption made often by the hosts to newcomers in their country. What they fail to internalize is that different cultures has different communication styles. Different cultures also have varying attitudes towards disclosure. Some cultures do not allow peop
Introduction Undoubtedly, education is the basis of every individual’s life as well as the future of the nation. The USA is famous for its high quality education. At present, it also takes pride in a variety of educational choices for young learners. Charter schools entered the educational scene in the late 1990s. Arizona is the state where the number of charter schools is on the rise and 14% of students in the state are enrolled in charter schools (Faller n.p.). Popularity of these schools is quite high. However, as anything new, charter schools have their proponents and opponents. The latter say that charter schools take money from the district schools and allocate funds ineffectively. They also note that results of charter schools are not always satisfactory and the methods used are not properly evaluated. Nonetheless, proponents of these schools stress that the majority of charter schools have proved to be effective. Clearly, Arizona must allocate funds to help charter schools develop as these establishments help cover larger groups of students, they introduce alternative educational approaches and they are competitors to district schools, which favorably affects development of educational system in the state. What Is a Charter School? There is a great variety of charter schools which differ in form, curriculum, governance, etc. Charter schools may also focus on specific areas, e.g. sport, art, science, etc. Charter schools are non-profit or for-profit organizations. These schools may use traditional as well as innovative approaches. As a rule, charter schools are attended by students living in the district where the school is physically situated (“Charter Schools; Admission Requirements” n.p.). There is one major similarity. If the number of applicants is too high, students are enrolled on the basis of a lottery. Students are not enrolled on the basis of their acad
Introduction Ukraine became a socialist republic in 1919 after the civil war tore the Russian Empire apart. The country was one of the founding members of the USSR in 1922. The history of the socialist Ukraine is full of dramatic events and deeply entwined with other countries of the Eastern Bloc. Transforming Into a Socialist State Ukraine became a socialist republic in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the Petrograd uprising, the Bolshevik government instigated a rebellion in Kiev. That resulted in the civil war in Ukraine itself between the nationalists, the Bolsheviks, and the foreign intervention forces. The chaos continued until the end of the Soviet-Polish war and the signing of the Peace of Riga in 1921. At that point Ukraine finally became a socialist republic, as most of the resistance forces, including foreign armies, anarchists and nationalists were rooted out by the Communist government. During its early years as a part of the newly formed USSR, Ukraine thrived. The educational programs carried out by the government increased literacy levels and promoted urbanization with more people moving into the cities from their rural homeland. That time was also marked by the flourishing of the Ukrainian national culture. The support of the central government helped promote national arts. That period lasted until the late 1920s. With Stalin rising to power, the industrialization began. It was aimed at increasing the production of the USSR by any means necessary. In 1929 the forced collectivization started across the USSR. Ukraine also was subjected to the reforms which included forced confiscation of land and possessions of the peasantry for use in the kolkhozes – government-ruled collective farms used to centralize peasant labor. The results of collectivization and the related reforms were especially dire in Ukraine. The country was swept by the widespread famine, as individual and kolkhoz-owned food stocks were confiscated by the secret police called NKVD. The event became known as Holodomor and reportedly took lives of more than 10 million people across Ukraine. It was aimed to cow Ukranian peasants into submission and to prevent the nationalist movement from causing any unrest (Bilinsky, 1999). Ukraine During the Second World War During the Second World War, the territory of Ukraine became a part of the Eastern Front. The heavy fighting devastated the country. First, the Soviet troops retreating through Ukraine used the scorched earth strategy to stall the German advance. Soon after, the Nazi troops pillaged all that was left. Ukrainian nationalists saw the German occupation as another chance to reclaim freedom for their country as they viewed the Soviet regime as oppressive and unjust, especially after the Holodomor. The long-time leader of the nationalists Stepan Bandera led the Ukrainian Insurgent Army first against the Germans, then against the Soviets in hopes of creating a truly independent government. However, their methods were more than questionable, as