ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The government plays a very important role in the regulation of a country’s economy by regulating and authorizing the amount in circulation and the amount held by banks and other financial institutions. This process can be done in two different ways which include monetary policy and fiscal policy (Frank & Bernanke 42). Monetary policy is the process where the government intervenes by administering and controlling the amount of money in the economy using the Central Bank in many countries and the Federal Reserve in the United States. This is effected in several ways which include buying of government securities in the open market operations, interest rates, discount window rate and controlling the minimum reserve requirement ratio. Fiscal policy is where the government does not directly affect the supply of money in the economy thus it affects the amount of money by use of taxes and government spending (Friedman and Schwartz 79). In the 1930s the U.S economy almost collapsed when most civilians lost their jobs and the stock market crashed due to the persistent fall in stock prices which led to increased sale of stocks but with the forces of demand and supply, supply was way greater with no demand. This led to a financial panic since everyone wanted to sell their stocks. Banks had also invested a large portion of their clients deposits into the stock market which rendered then bankrupt forcing them to close down. People ran to the remaining banks to try and salvage the remaining amounts of money before they could close down. This affected other countries although not as much as it did in neighboring countries. This led to the intervention of the government to restore the economy since unemployment increased at an alarming rate (Bernstein 53). Many economists especially the classicals advocated for minimal if not all government intervention and claimed that the forces of demand and supply would adjust themselves until the economy was at equilibrium but with government intervention, the forces would be disrupted and slowed down thus, would not work effectively. This theory was overruled by the John Maynard Keynes who developed the Keynesian theory which argued otherwise (Glasner 40). He proposed government intervention to correct the economies instability especially in the case of correcting inflation and recession. The government through the Federal Reserve uses various tools to affect the economy which mainly focus on the rate of interest prevailing in the market, the amount of money in the economy through money supply and the aggregate expenditure. The main question to ask is what caused the great depression? It is believed that the crash by the stock market was caused by the stringent monetary policies which were set by the Federal Reserve. Some of the policies were persistent increase in the Fed Funds rate which led to stock market to crash. This led to investors selling their dollars in exchange for gold while others withdrew their funds and exchanged it to other currencies (Bordo et al 78). The government tried to preserve the value of dollar from depreciating by raising th
Background information & problem statement The movie industry is comprised of establishments whose core business entails the exhibition of motion pictures and theatres. The industry has experienced extensive evolution over the past decade. For example, technological innovation has led to the emergence of different types of movie formats such as digital formats. The industry is experiencing a challenge due to the high rate of piracy and change in consumer behaviours as evidenced by the increase in demand for high quality products and services. Reports show that the movie theatre industry has been affected adversely by the slow economic recovery and decline in consumer spending arising from the 2008 global economic recession (Wright and Larsen 169). In addition to these challenges, the industry is characterised by a high degree of concentration and market dominance by large players such as Cinemark Holdings Incorporation, Regal Entertainment Group, and AMC Entertainment Group. The industry players are adopting the concept of mergers and acquisition in an effort to achieve market competiveness. For example, in 2006, AMC Entertainment merged with Loews Entertainment in an effort to attain an optimal market position. Loews Entertainment had established 415 theatres in over 11 countries. Similarly, Cinemark completed its process to acquire Century Theatres Incorporation in 2006. The above industry changes indicate that the long-term survival of firms in the movie industry is dependent on their effectiveness in strategic management. One of the functional areas that the industry players should focus on relates to marketing. Research purpose The purpose of this research paper was to conduct a study on how firms in the movie theatre industry can achieve optimal market performance through market segmentation. Relevance of the study Findings of this study will be of great importance to firms in the movie theatre industry. The study will provide operators in the industry with insight on how to be effective in attracting and retaining customers through market segmentation. For example, movie theatre operators will appreciate the importance of integrating non-price and price factors in their market segmentation process. Therefore, the appreciation and adoption of the study’s findings will enhance the industry players’ competitive advantage. Development of an approach to the problem Research question The study was guided by one main research question as outlined below.   * How can market segmentation be implemented in attracting and retaining movie theatre viewers? Theoretical framework The demand for a product or service varies across different consumer groups depending on disparate aspects like age, gender, and economic status among others. Subsequently, the significance of understanding the prevailing market dynamics cannot be underestimated. Aziz and Nas define market segment as “a subgroup of people or organisations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs” (44). Market segmentation is increasingly becoming one of the fundamental elements in contemporary marketing. However, the attainment of competitiveness
I fully agree with the statement that the healthcare system in the US can be referred to as a “sickness care system” due to its reactive nature. According to Anderlini (2018), every person aged 65 or older has at least two chronic diseases and takes several prescribed medications. The problem is mainly due to the focus on episodic care providing treatment for a patient’s sickness. A paradigm shift from illness treatment to prevention can offer better outcomes for patients in the US. The U.S. healthcare system has made significant progress in shifting the priorities from treating sickness to promoting health. The main driving force of the change in the U.S. Preventative Task Force (USPTF, n.d.) that develops recommendations for preventative procedures necessary to avoid adverse conditions. The focus of the organization is to provide evidence-based suggestions for healthcare providers regarding screenings, counseling services, and preventive medications to improve health outcomes. However, the results of the change are insufficient, as experts state that government spending on prevention and health promotion remains low. The U.S. government spends $3.2 billion a year on health promotion and illness prevention procedures; however, this is only 3.1% of the total spending on healthcare (Anderlini, 2018). Moreover, the studies show insufficient monitoring of public health to realize the existence of the problem before it becomes evident (Anderlini, 2018). Investing more money into research on health promotion, introducing new technologically advanced methods of community health assessment, and healthy lifestyle propagation can be beneficial for improving patient outcomes. In conclusion, while the U.S. healthcare system is in the process of changing its priority from providing acute treatment to health promotion and illness prevention, it still has a long way to go to demonstrate a paradigm shift.
The art of tattooing, which appeared in ancient times, has always given rise to different feelings and could arouse fear, anger, peace, and other emotions. This cultural trend emerged at the dawn of civilization when people lived in caves and got food by hunting and gathering. The first documented tattoos date back to the Bronze Age. These images on the body were primitive and did not have an aesthetic character but rather were intended to identify people and served as their social markers. Traces of tattoo are clearly visible on the surviving remains of a hunter located under the ice of the Italian Alps. This indicates the antiquity of this art, and the traces of a tattoo are clearly visible, which testifies to the antiquity of drawing on one’s body. Over time, new meanings began to be involved in body decoration. People identified some symbols with victory, social status, religious beliefs, and other aspects of life. These images often represented distinctive signs that made it possible to describe a person and understand some of his or her beliefs and preferences. For medieval Europe, tattooed body parts of defeated enemies were of particular value. However, this art came to the Old World much later than to other civilizations. In the Egyptian kingdom, there was a cult of tattoos when images of brides and other symbols were applied to the body of the deceased. Despite the fact that not all ancient people appreciated this type of body decoration (the Romans did not recognize tattoos and considered true beauty unsullied), this trend gradually became world-wide. In Christianity, there is no clear tradition of drawing patterns on humans’ limbs and torso. Nevertheless, both earlier and today, some symbolic images, or stigmas, are on the bodies of believers, for instance, crosses on the wrists, symbolizing the torment and death of Christ on the cross. At the same time, the church did not encourage such art, and during the bloody Crusades, the trend of tattooing was significantly weakened in Europe. However, it flourished in eastern countries, particularly in Japan, where the culture of body painting became a cult. In addition to marking on a social basis, for instance, class affiliation, individual groups and communities had their own unique signs. Yakuza members, as the ancient Japanese mafia, had distinctive tattoos that carried a deep meaning. Residents of island peoples also practiced this art, and their images were a very important attribute of social development and were passed down from generation to generation. Subsequently, Europeans adopted this trend, and one of the justifications was the desire for exoticism and a passion for an unfamiliar and distant life. In the era of colonization, slaves also received special tattoos, but they did not carry an aesthetic connotation but provided for the marking of the workforce. After the industrial revolution, when a special tattoo machine appeared at the end of t
Introduction The scandal surrounding Annette Schavan, who was the German Minister of Education, gives rise to a great number of questions about the integrity in academic settings and education. It should be noted that Anette Schavan resigned from her post because she was accused of plagiarizing some parts of her doctoral dissertation (Kulish unpaged). Therefore, one can say educational institutions and policy-makers should make sure such incidents are reduced to the minimum. This memorandum is aimed at discussing some of the main issues related to the problems of academic dishonesty and ways of preventing such cases from happening. On the whole, one can say that ethics principles should play a vital role in education; without them, students are not likely to become good professionals or responsible citizens. This is the main argument that one can put forward. The issues that the committee should take into account There are several points that academic committee should take into consideration when developing policies that enforce ethical behavior in educational institutions. First of all, a great number of people, especially officials strive to highlight the fact that they have an academic degree (Kulish unpaged). Such a situation is characteristic of many European countries such as Germany (Kulish unpaged). In this way, they attempt to raise their social prestige and gain the support of other people. This is one of the reasons why some of them claim that they have completed the dissertation. Nevertheless, the recent scandals indicate many of these individuals do not attach much importance to the educational value of degrees. This is why they can be engaged in different forms of unethical behavior such as plagiarism ( German education minister quits over plagiarism allegations unpaged). This is one of the points that be considered by the academic committee. Furthermore, one should bear in mind that contemporary technologies can offer many opportunities to people who want to attain academic degree without taking too much effort. Nevertheless, the committee should also take into account that the accusations of plagiarism should be properly substantiated. The problem is that these claims can actually ruin professional of an individual who can be quite innocent. Again, the example of Annette Schavan is very eloquent because her governmental career can be almost ruined ( German education minister quits over plagiarism allegations unpaged). Finally, one should keep in mind that the case Annette Schavan does not imply that every governmental official can be suspected of unethical behavior. Overall, the problems highlighted by Nicolas Kulish in his article are particularly relevant nowadays when students find ways of violating rules that are adopted in academic settings. Therefore, this problem is very urgent, and it cannot be overlooked. To a great extent, this behavior can be explained by the attitudes of many people who associate education with prestige, but not with knowledge, skills, or expertise. They are willing to emphasize their social status. This is one of the issues that are imbedded in the Annette Schavan
Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson are two famous puritan writers. In this essay example, we will discuss their lives as well as narratives, common themes, and writing styles. Read the article to learn more about these prominent representatives of American literature! Introduction The 17th century was the period when many aspects of the people’s lives were based on religious principles. That is why the Puritan writing also reflected the religious themes or presented the discussion of certain elements and events from the spiritual perspective. The works by two famous American Puritan writers of the 17th century Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson reflect the main features of the Puritan writing because the authors discuss their personal experience concentrating on their spiritual growth and the role of God in their life. Thus, Bradstreet emphasizes her experience as a writer in the poem “ The Author to Her Book ” and reflects on the life-long knowledge along with the role of religion in such works as “ Upon the Burning of Our House ” and “ To My Dear Children .” Similarities in Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson’s Works In “A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” Rowlandson provides the discussion of her own life and religious experience. Although Bradstreet and Rowlandson’s Puritan writings differ in style and approach, both the authors present their views and ideas through the lens of religion and focus on relief, assistance, and hope provided by God to overcome life challenges. What do the poems of Anne Bradstreet and the narrative of Rowlandson, when looked at together, suggest about the fears and anxieties of women in puritan society? The tendency to connect the aspects of the secular and spiritual world can be observed concerning the Puritans who succeeded in regulating their lifestyle according to the Biblical norms and ideals. The Puritans were characterized by the ability to discuss all the events and phenomena in life from the perspective of their religious education. From this point, religion was the fundament of the Puritan society. The sinful nature of humans can be overcome with the help of faithful living and devotion to God. As a result, the Puritans should focus on their thoughts and actions and control them with religious principles. To be sure that an individual follows the right path, the Puritans should focus not only on the spiritual improvement but also on self-discipline and reflection. In spite of the necessity to regulate their life according to strict norms of the Puritan doctrine, the Puritans are happy to receive God’s assistance and feel God’s blessing. That is why the Puritans perceive any life challenges through the prism of their reliance on God. If to compare and contrast the lives and writing of Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson, it becomes clear that they also followed these ideals as the Puritans, and these principles were reflected in their works. Lives of Puritan Writers Although the life experience and knowledge of Bradstreet and Rowlandson are different, these two authors
Introduction The case supports the use of leadership theories to support the needs of different employees at the workplace. This paper explains why Wendy’s behaviors are capable of affecting the hospital’s performance. This essay uses different theories such as the Four Drive Theory and Equity Theory to motivate employees. The paper explains how Tanya can use these theories to deal with Wendy’s situation. Discussion Questions The Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect (EVLN) model examines how employees respond to dissatisfaction at the workplace (Lefton 2012). According to the EVLN model, Wendy will start neglecting her nursing duties. The EVLN model explains why Wendy has decided to pay minimal attention to her duties. Wendy has also reduced her work effort at the clinic (Lefton 2012). This behavior will affect the organization’s performance. This is possible if Wendy does not provide quality care to her patients. The practice is capable of affecting the quality of healthcare availed to different patients. Wendy’s behavior is capable of affecting the clinic’s working environment. Wendy’s malpractices will affect the performance of every nurse in the healthcare facility. Tanya should use different motivational theories to motivate Wendy. These theories will motivate Wendy in order to provide quality services to her patients. Tanya can also use the theories to motivate her nurses. Tanya should use Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy theory to motivate her nurses. This theory explains why every nurse leader should be ready to fulfill the needs of his or her nurses. Tanya should also be ready to address Wendy’s expectations. Wendy will be satisfied if th
Introduction The discussion in this paper is going to be based on two books; “The great divorce” written by C. S Lewis and “Man’s search for meaning” written by Victor Frankl. These books closely look at the life of a human being. In “The Great Divorce”, the narrator in this novel gets himself in a harsh and joyless town. This town is seen as either purgatory or hell and this depends on the duration a person stays there. Finally, the narrator gets a bus that carries those people who long to explore another place. He boards the bus and starts talking with the other travelers. On arrival to the destination, the travelers, the narrator being among them, are gradually portrayed as ghosts. On the other hand, in the “Man’s search for meaning” the author gives an account of his experiences as a prisoner in the concentrated camp and gives a description of psychotherapeutic way of getting a meaning in life. The book is in two parts; the first part provides the author’s analysis of his personal experiences in prisons and the second part presents his notions of meaning as well as the logotherapy theory he has. Basing on these books, it is going to be indicated that life is a journey which is travelled by people and in the course of this journey; there are ups and downs that are experienced. Life is a Journey The meaning of living is always there in a person’s life even during moments of suffering. Basing on Frankl’s book, “Man’s search for meaning”, this author indicates that, for every person who might be in great need, there is always someone who would feel for this person and is ready to help. The individual to offer help can be a friend, a relative, or any other person or it can be even God. Basing on the life of a prisoner, the author draws a conclusion that the psychological reactions a prisoner experiences are n
In 1969, N. Scott Momaday created a story about the journey of Momaday’s Kiowa ancestors and called it The Way to Rainy Mountain. The author traces his roots, starting from the Kiowa Indians. In order to present a really informative and educative picture of his own past, Momaday chooses an unusual way for his story and tells about his grandmother’s death, his desire to visit her grave and add more information about grandmother’s life. From the very first sentences, it turns out to be rather clear that Kiowa tribes respect the land and nature they live in. He underlines that it is not enough to take the earth and its gifts for granted, because it is crucially important to care about it and conserve it. The work under consideration presents several Kiowa legends through the story about the narrator’s grandmother, her life and death, and introduces some Kiowa myths. This information cannot but captivate the reader and opens for everyone a new world, full of hope, belief, and trust. People have to believe in something in order to get a sense of life and enjoy it. “My grandmother had a reverence for the sun, a holy regard that now is all but gone out of mankind. There was a wariness in her, and an ancient awe. She was a Christian in her later years, but she had come a long way about, and she never forgot her birthright.” (Momaday) This very quote helps to recognize the major trends, which were inherent to the Kiowa Indians. The life of Momaday’s grandmother was not simple; she faced certain problems, and wanted to choose the best ways to live her life properly. However, she never forgot her roots and respected her history, her ancestry, and her past in general. The Kiowa tribes respected lots of things; and sun was one of them. With the help of this citation, the reader can learn that Kiowa people not only respected the sun, but also were afraid of its power and energy. The way to Rainy Mountain is not a simple description of how the Kiowa people developed, learnt, and protected their knowledge. This way is a description of their culture, their preferences, and beliefs. The author concentrates on three different visions: historical, personal, and cultural. In the above-mentioned citation, Momaday unites all these three visions and creates a clear picture of how people treated the nature and what was so special about it. People could change their faith, they could find some other places to live, they could meet new people and choose the other preferences; but still, their history, their memories, and their rights remained the same. They got one simple right to live and be the people of Kiowa. Nothing can change this truth and no one can forget it. The story created by Scott Momaday is unique indeed; it helps the reader to comprehend that our history should be respected and studied thoroughly. People of Kiowa demonstrated how powerful the belief could be and how it is easy to forget about it and even lose the faith. The chosen quote and the text in general open eyes to numerous details, which people should take into consideration in