ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
If we talk about the best and the most influential composers of all the times, Johann Sebastian Bach is one of the first names that have to be mentioned. This German composer and organist created plenty of unbelievable works, which presented the Baroque period in all its glory. In comparison to many other composers of the 17 th , 18 th , and 19 th , Bach’s life and career has quite limited boundaries from Eisenach to Leipzig. However, his works and ideas are known to the whole world and arouse interest of many people with different cultures and preferences. His The Well-Tempered Clavier and Three Collections of Dance Suites are probably the greatest intellectual treasures all over the world. These keyboard works have their own peculiarities and captivate both the listeners and the performers. Without any doubts, lots of pianists prefer to use the works by Bach during their performances, but they do not completely comprehend their style and background. Such lack of understanding turns out to be the major reason of why the same works may be presented and comprehended in many different ways. This is why it is crucially important to know the background of each musical work and be able to analyze its style. This time, two above-mentioned Bach’s works will be under our consideration. In Bach’s life, there are three major periods: Weimar, Cöthen, and Leipzig. During each of these periods, Bach created more and more captivating works and amazed people with his abilities to choose the best things in the world and represent them by means of music. “It was in Weimar that this remarkable process o
Summary Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a neurological disorder known as developmental absence, which results from the malformation of the congenital brain. It can occur as a comorbid disease in such genetic and prenatal diseases as toxic syndromes and other chromosomal abnormalities (Siffredi et al., 2013). In addition, it can occur in isolation, with a lack of sufficient evidence for neural defects, although such individuals with isolated AgCC indicate a more favorable prognosis with a particular configuration of psychological disorder, which may inhibit mental development, thus, overall well-being (Siffredi et al., 2013). Therefore, the capacity to temporarily preserve necessary information in the brain in the presence of a disorder or defect, also known as working memory (WM), is vital for underpinning higher cognitive developments. The contemporary study’s objective is to comprehend whether verbal reminiscence impairments are a distinctive pattern of high functioning persons with AgCC in school-aged children and to develop a better appreciation of the function of CC in verbal memory, retrieval of learned, and retention of information. Physical callosal injury in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) is linked to defects in list learning and loss of organizational integrity of the callosal zones connecting the frontal and the temporal zones, which are related to loss of verbal memory in Alzheimer’s disease (Paul et al., 2007; Brown & Paul, 2019). The previous studies are vital in providing insight into the direction of the research under study. As such, previous research on persons with AgCC on assessment of their auditory memory indicated contradictory outcomes. One study showed that persons with AgCC had a comparatively integral presentation on tests of vocal memory and performance (Paul et al., 2007). However, other studies established that people with insulated AgCC also have minor injuries on oral memory tests (Erickson et al., 2014). In another study with partial AgCC, persons showed reduced uttered memory on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children’s Version (CVLT-C), dissimilar to the complete AgCC designated above, the teenagers with pAgCC executed poor performance on the signaled memory (Paul et al., 2016). To address the inconsistency in the previous studies with CVLT, it was predicted that children with AgCC would show reduced performance on a verbal working memory task at 7 years compared with typically developing controls. Moreover, it was hypothesized that children with AgCC will show poor performance on verbal working memory tasks at 13 years than typically developing controls established in
Introduction Elephants are one of the most endangered species in the world. Human incursion, as well as poaching, has contributed to a decline in elephant numbers. Therefore, increasing attention has been placed on the poaching of elephants throughout the world. Interestingly, emphasis on poaching has overshadowed other aspects of elephants’ life. Elephants have a highly sophisticated social setup. In fact, elephants have one of the most refined sign languages. Researchers have shown that elephants use various ways to communicate with each other. Research in elephant communication has taken decades in the wild. Moreover, researchers have taken steps to study the movements of the big mammals to establish their communication tools. Tourists who view elephants rarely take note of their communication techniques. In fact, most tourists enjoy the scene without interpreting elephant movements or gestures. Nonetheless, scientists like Joyce Poole have spent most of their time studying the big mammals. In the process, they have identified various ways in which elephants communicate. Elephants have been found to have capabilities of communicating with individuals as well as a herd of elephants. This paper will focus on the various ways elephants communicate. In addition, the paper will explore past research by various scientists on elephant language (Poole and Granli 1). Over the past decades, scientists and conservationists have developed databases, which decode numerous discrete elephant gestures. Moreover, they have come up with decoded elephant signals that have proved the existence of communication between the mammals. In this regard, scientists observe the movements of elephants as well as their postures to illustrate evidence of communication. Additionally, scientists have made sense of the significance of acoustic communication in the big mammals. Different sounds have been found to have dissimilar meanings in elephants. For instance, rumbling has a different meaning from roaring in elephants. Furthermore, trumpeting has a different indication of screaming. In essence, different idiosyncratic sounds have distinct meanings. It should be noted that elephant postures that include ear flapping or positioning also have unique meanings. Theorists and scientists like Poole have gone to the extent of predicting and translating elephant movements and positioning through signs and gestures. Elephant gestures such as head-toss, ear-wave, and musth-walk have been associated with male elephants in heightened sexual disposition. Moreover, male elephants also exhibit the above-named gestures when an aggressive mood. Typically, elephants communicate in five main ways. These include Acoustic, chemical, seismic, tactile, and visual communication. The paper will go over each of the ways of elephant communication (Poole and Granli 1). Just like other communal mammals, elephants have a complex line of communicati
Executive Summary This paper focuses on ijarah as a mode of transaction under Islamic banking that permits Muslims to acquire property in a shariah compliant way. First an overview of ijarah including its features and conditions is presented. This is later followed by a discussion on the difference between an ijarah contract and the conventional financial system. The differences between ijarah and other contracts under Islamic financing are explained. Precisely, ijarah is distinguished from murabahah, mudarabah, diminishing musharakah, salam and istisna. Finally, the requirements of an ijarah contract and the considerations of a promise to purchase a house are talked about. Introduction Islamic banking is a form of banking whose objectives and operations are fully guided by Quranic principles that govern the Islamic religion. All transactions including deposit taking and financing are based on Shariah laws that are founded on Islamic principles. Central to Islamic banking is the prevention of interest or riba. In general, Islamic banks are not expected take interest. Apparently, there are four teachings in the Quran that advice those who profess the Islamic faith against taking interest from borrowers 1 . First of all, interest is regarded as a removal of wealth from the blessings that come from God. Secondly, taking interest is likened to the embezzlement of another person’s property. Thirdly, all Muslims are expected to desist from taking interest for the sake of their own welfare. Taking of interest is thus regarded as a curse. Finally, Muslims are only required to recover the principal amount and in the event that a borrower is not able to pay back what was borrowed, the lender should forgo the money owed to him or her. Arguably, any person who acts contrary to the requirements of Shariah law as far as interest taking is concerned is said to be at war with God as well as his Prophets. Despite being a very small segment of the entire financial sector in the world, Islamic banking has continued to infiltrate various countries over the years 2 . Similar to conventional banks, however, Islamic banks run risks as part of their operations. The Shariah Supervisory Board exists to ensure that all Islamic banks are compliant with the requirements of the Shariah law 3 . Overview of Ijarah Under Islamic banking, Ijarah is a lease or contract in which a lessor allows a lessee to make use of his or her property after paying an agreed amount as rental fee. According to Schoon 4 , two distinct forms of lease transactions can be identified under ijarah and are known as operating and financing lease agreements. Under the ijarah contract, the lessor usually transfers the usufruct of a given property to a lessee for a specified period of time. T
Create a program which will help in provision of healthy foods in Pocatello high Schools Students in High Schools are provided with breakfast, lunch and super. Breakfast is usually served in the morning before students go for their classes. Lunch is served sometime around noon while supper is served around 6 pm in the evening. The population in high school comprises of children between the ages of 12 and 18.This stage of development is called adolescent stage. During this stage, children grow at a very fast rate. A health diet is therefore needed for this special group. Their diet should be balanced to provide them with the basic nutrients needed for proper growth of their body. Unbalanced diet can cause health problems like anemia, obesity as well as eating disorders. Apart from provision of high quality foods, students should exercise their bodies through taking part in co-curricular activities. Some health problems like obesity are prevented through doing exercises like playing football (Idaho Food bank 3). A health diet should include foods from all the groups of food. They should contain proteins (meat, bean) which help in growth and repair of body tissues, carbohydrates (cereals and bread) which provide the body with energy, fruits and vegetables which contain various minerals and vitamins. Dairy products like cheese and butter are also good for them health of adolescents. Adolescent’s foods should have high contents of minerals and vitamins but low amounts of fats and sugar. Fatty and sugary foods lead to overweight which in turn leads to disorders like obesity. Examples of such foods include hamburgers, potato chips and soda. These foods easily replace healthy foods in children when used often. Studies have shown that students can drink a lot of soda but fail to take milk, which provides their body with calcium (Idaho Food bank 5). Students should not be allowed to take junk foods. High school students should be given chicken and fish instead of beef as a way of reducing calories in their diet. Lunch without meat in high school, for example bean soup, salads, fruits and vegetables help in reducing fat. Another concern for high school students is dieting. This is especially common with girls who through the influence of peer pressure desire to be thin. uch girls limit the amount of food that they eat to grow thin. In severe cases, these girls can starve themselves. The issue of dieting should be discouraged because it affects the health of students in addition to the fact that they lack full concentration in classes because they are hungry. Balanced diet contributes to good moods of children, which enhances their learning. Students should be taught on the importance of healthy feeding habits on their bodies (Idaho Food bank 4). T
Introduction Rape is primarily the product of social interaction, in which a person acquires an excessive assault drive. It is frequently done with the use of force and, on rare occasions, with the help of harmful tools (Wilson & Miller, 2016). Although epidemiological research indicates that both males and females are assaulted, females are at a far higher risk of assault. The paper analyses two rape cases, identifying the unique issues for each and providing treatment options for the victims. Main Differences between the Two Rape Victims The two victims experience different aspects after the rape cases. Considering the female victim is raped by their husband, she will get afraid about becoming pregnant due to the assault (Russell & Hand, 2017). Emergency contraception should be administered if she seeks medical attention within a few hours of the sexual assault and for up to five days afterward. On the other hand, the male victim assaulted by a stranger in the washroom will not have a fear of pregnancy, and there will be no need to take contraceptives. Furthermore, the male who has been sexually attacked will have the same impact as other survivors of rape. He may confront additional obstacles that are unique to his scenario. He will experience shame or self-doubt because he believes he should have been tough enough to fight off the perpetrator. These physiological responses do not imply that he desired, invited, or appreciated the assault in any manner. If something terrible happens to him, he should understand that it is not his fault. Unlike the female, he will not have the feeling of fighting back because he will feel ashamed due to his ego; instead, depression will be his disadvantage. Contrary to the man’s scenario, marital rape is common, bringing abused women health problems, agony, and grief. Children in homes where marital rape happens often suffer from the psychological impact of seeing violence, as well as the fact that it can jeopardize their mother’s capacity to care for them. She may also be afraid to speak up for fear of being humiliated, making her unable to stop the abuse or prevent the harmful consequences for herself and her children. This could be owing to a family or community’s tolerance of marital rape and other types of violence against her or because she lacks the confidence, skills, or means to support herself financially. Unique Issues Each Client Faces in Dealing with Trauma Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can affect clients confronted with traumatic life scenarios. Different significant concerns that frequently arise were identified (Pinciotti & Orcutt, 2017). The first is distress, anxiety, and arousal issues that were not evident before the event. For example, the man who has been sexually assaulted will have problems with sexual functioning, such as low sexual desire or erectile dysfunction, which will impair his self-esteem and feeling of manhood and his intimate relationships. Additionally, the woman g
Introduction In our daily lives, most people are diagnosed with some form of psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia and other forms of anxiety disorders. Moreover, in connection to the nature-nurture issue, a number of psychiatric disorders are either inherited from parents or are developed due to a complex interplay of environmental factors. They can also be due the combination of both factors. It is important to note that each psychiatric disorder differs in management methods, which eventually is beneficial in ascertaining appropriate means of treatment. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia refers to a malfunction of the brain that has affected the lives of many people throughout history (Andreasen, 1994). However, the infrequent and unusual brain disorder has not been given the right approach and several of its victims have suffered in silence. The genes and the environment have been attributed to be one of the causal factors for this condition. It is approximated that about one percent of the entire population suffers from schizophrenia and it runs in most families. The disease is present in about ten percent of those who have afflicted first-degree relatives and those with afflicted second-degree relatives are also at increased risk. According to Tsuang, Faraone, and Johnson, the probability is highest in the case of identical twins, which is at about forty to sixty-five percent (1997). Researchers postulate that the condition is developed due to interaction of several genes, which possibly are able to disrupt the normal functioning of various parts the brain. The ailment makes the lateral ventricles to increase in size and impinges on the normal functions of the frontal regions of the brain. The temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdale, sections of the limbic system, as well as sections of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) are mainly reduced in volume due to this disorder. In addition, the prefrontal cortex, which serves as a memory center, is also intensively affected. Medical experts have also postulated that the condition is due to abnormalities in brain chemistry and structure. This is directly related to the differences in the complex and interrelated chemical reactions in the brain, which involve a number of neurotransmitters (substances that allow easier communication between the brain cells). Dopamine and Dopamine receptors have been identified in this respect and the treatment for managing this disorder is mainly targeted to interact with dopamine receptors. NMDA, GAGA and the cholinergic system have also been associated to this medical condition. As described above, there are marked disparities between brains of healthy individuals and those of afflicted individuals. Moreover, those afflicted have limited amount of grey matter, limited or increased biological activity is some parts of the brain, and lack of conformity of the brain tissue. Scientific investigations have a
Research questions and hypothesis Central research question: How to Decrease Turnover and Increase Retention of Nurses? Sub-questions How does the introduction of better working conditions improve the turnover level and retention? Does greater awareness of interpersonal skills positively influence turnover and retention of nurses? Hypothesis Emphasis on social and bonus schemes, as well as effective strategies of human resource management, can decrease turnover and increase retention. Can your idea be tested with any of the various types of experimental designs? Why or why not? The ideas can be tested with the help of surveys made of questionnaires, as well as experiments consisting of introducing a new position into the hospital – a psychologist who will take care of nurses’ concerns and problems. The psychologist’s tactics will be premised on Nola Pender’s behavior model that assumes the importance of introducing a collaborating approach to communication among the nurses. What is your design? Why have you chosen that design? A quantitative design has been chosen because intervention techniques and statistical analysis will contribute to definin
Diabetes belongs to the most severe health issues prevailing all over the world. In the USA, this disease impacts millions of people annually. A particular risk group for diabetes is formed by African American females. The vulnerability is high among women of African American descent belonging to the age group of 35-50 years. The present paper aims to identify health promotion and disease prevention issues specific to the selected group and develop a plan of teaching for these females. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Issues To define the points related to the health promotion and disease prevention, research was performed in scholarly journals. Although it was impossible to find an article that would cover all three aspects of the selected group (age, sex, and race), several sources covering at least one of these characteristics were located. As a result, it is possible to establish the following issues related to promoting health and preventing diabetes in African American women aged 35-50:   * obesity is one of the most frequent health risks in middle-aged women that may lead to the development of diabetes (Fisher & Kridli, 2014);   * education provided by nurses is a crucial factor in promoting healthy behaviors of obese females (Fisher & Kridli, 2014);   * it is possible to prevent the development of diabetes if dietary challenges are overcome (Murrock, Taylor, & Marino, 2013);   * there are substantial barriers to African American females’ physical activity (Joseph, Ainsworth, Keller, & Dodgson, 2015);   * obstacles to physical activity among African American women exist at interpersonal, intrapersonal, or
There is no doubt that HIV is one of the major pandemics in the world. We have investigated several main causes of this pandemic and we have come up with possible prevention measures. However, according to current health reports, the disease of HIV is still spreading at an alarming rate and the treatments are either ineffective or hard to reach by people who really need them. By conventional economical theory, the investment in education or any other encouragement to human capital/stock increase total productivity and improve general economy of a nation. However, this is not the case in Zimbabwe. It is because the HIV pandemic in this country used to be so severe that people were dying much faster than they could be trained into productive members in society. In such harsh environment, any kind of contingency plan including education and health care plan is pointless since the country cannot even support its citizens’ physiological needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. When a region is suffering from massive population loss, human’s basic survival instinct start emerging and as a result of this, people reproduce more offspring. Moreover, because the HIV is a sexually transmitted disease, the more people reproduce, the faster the disease spreads. Eventually, the situation will become a never ending loop where massive population die-out shall have become a routine. In recent years, several national governments have been working with NGOs to make a few progressive changes in Zimbabwe to cure or mitigate the current HIV pandemic. Prevention measures for HIV in Zimbabwe and the rest of slow developing countries are given the first priority by health care professionals. Most of these prevention measures and policies are carried out by the collaborative work of governments and several NGOs and the results are very promising. Moreover, although the situation of HIV pandemic is improving in a positive way, scientists around the world are developing several experimental treatments that can effectively work in a country like Zimbabwe. Below are a few factors which can ease the financial crisis or physical/psychological problems for people are already infected with HIV: Financial solution: land acquisition and redistribution People need financial income and basic nutritional supply to survive. People who live in a country where they cannot support their basic needs can hardly consider treating HIV as their first priority. One of the most effective ways of solving the two problems is to provide HIV infected citizens with their own ways of achieving financial independence. The process of acquiring agricultural lands