ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Killing a human being is morally and legally prohibited, except in a few rare cases under which it is permitted and justified. Philosophical debates on the subject of abortion revolve around the issue of “personhood” among others. Marquis bases his argument on the value attached to a human being’s future 1 (p190) to justify his stand against killing and abortion. This essay explores and criticizes the reasons that he advances to justify the immorality of killing, and it also examines the impact that this view has on the moral debate about abortion. Marquis’ view on why killing is wrong The views expressed by Marquis on why it is immoral to take away human life are that; killing a person is wrong, not because of the effect the death has on the murderer or those around the victim, but what it does to him/her1 (p190) . A homicide takes away what the victim values most, his/her life and the enjoyment of a valuable future 1 (p191) . He says that it is unjustifiable to deprive a human being the future experiences he was bound to enjoy. Every person has dreams and aspirations, plans for future activities and projects, and denying him/her a chance to fulfill all these is immoral, according to Marquis. Marquis opines that a person cannot suffer a loss that is more dreadful than the loss of one’s own life 1 (194) . Inflicting such a loss on any one is only justifiable in extremely rare occasions 1 (195) . He attaches a lot of weight on the future experiences of a person and assumes that the future of human beings is of immense value. It is, therefore, immoral to end another’s life and cause him/her such immense loss. Marquis extends this view to the debate on abortion and argues that the same reasons that make it morally unacceptable to kill an adult person also apply in cases of abortion. He opines that fetuses too are organisms that have a future and it is immoral to deny them the chance to enjoy this future, just like an adult human being. Implications of this view on the morality of abortion Anti-abortion campaigners justify the immorality of abortion with arguments which are based on biological and theological theories 2 (60) . Many argue that an individual’s life takes form at the moment of conception and, therefore, abortion is akin to the murder of an adult in cold blood. The argument is that even if the embryo is still microscopic and has not yet developed human characteristics in order to be termed as a real human being, it is still a person whose killing is unjustifiable. The genetic makeup of that embryo makes it a human being 3 (104) . The arguments against abortion that revolve around “personhood” also invoke the
Hyper text markup language (HTML) refers to the principal rack up language used in exhibiting web pages and information that can be displayed in an internet browser. A web browser reads HTML credentials and converts them into web pages that are observable and perceptible. Elements consisting of tags enclosed in position brackets denote HTML. These elements apply as the structure blocks for every website built. HTML allows for descriptions and entrenchment of items and application when creating association forms. It also offers the means to generate ordered credentials through indicating structural semantics for text in the form of headings, paragraphs, lists and associations, among others. Delivery of HTML documents applies means similar to those used by other computer files. In some instances, delivery happens through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). An HTML element refers to all items between the start and end tags. The universal form of HTML elements is in a pair of tags consisting of a start tag and an end tag. Interpretation of HTML by web browsers into structured data does not constitute a programming language. The key feature of a programming language is the presence of functional roles. HTML is applicable to structural roles, as it does not execute any actions. The key features of HTML that disqualify it as a programming language are lack of restricted statements, lack of input and the presence of output, and failure to define functions that can influence information. The inability of an individual to compute a sum in HTML disqualifies it as a programming language. Therefore, HTML is not a programming language. A programming language will allow a user to illustrate a process that generates defined outcome while HTML will only add context and structure to a text. HTML is clearly a markup language. Markup language denotes a formatting design that transforms original text into ordered documents. Markup exists in two distinctive categories namely: expressive or structural mark up and technical or presentational markup. Expressive markup describes how documents structure happens while presentational markup specifies the manner in which document presentation applies. HTML is essentially descriptive and does not compare to programming in any aspect. If programming were to be less complicated like HTML encoding, then an easy task like writing a letter or a word document can qualify as programming. Programming entails more than observance to formatting rules. Conditional sequencing makes programming unique and sets it miles
Introduction Nowadays, it is becoming extremely important for everyone to join their efforts to fight against environmental problems and start making individual contributions. Each separate system and sphere are also trying to contribute to this process, and transportation is no exception. This research paper seeks to answer two important questions: What are the benefits of intermodal transport, and how can this solution reduce negative impacts on the environment? Although almost all modes of transport contribute to the pollution of nature, and the use of vehicles is growing, intermodal transportation can actually benefit the environment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Defining Intermodal Transportation To begin with, it is important to define intermodal transportation to explain its positive influence. According to Crainic, Perboli, & Rosano (2018), it “refers to multimodal chains or networks involving at least two transportation modes, freight being packed into a “container” and not being handled at intermodal-transfer terminals on its trip” (p. 401). This type of transportation was invented about forty years ago, and at first, not all of its benefits were evident (Rossi, Pozzi, Pirovano, Cigolini, & Pero, 2021). Nowadays, researchers know about several advantages of intermodal transportation, whether domestic or worldwide. The Necessity of Addressing Environmental Issues It is well-known that environmental problems are becoming more severe and significant. As noticed by Khrutba, Mateichyk, Spasichenko, & Marunych (2019), irrational use of natural resources when implementing freight transportation results in natural ecosystems’ disturbed balance. Greenhouse gas emissions are a great threat to the planet, and addressing this issue by creating environment-friendly solutions and technologies (Kubáňová, Otáhalová, & Senko, 2020) is vital. As illustrated in Figure 1, there has been a rapid increase in annual global CO₂ emissions, and it has become possible to reduce them over the past few years. Therefore, it is required to strengthen the recently used effective resources and solutions and make sure that the positive trends are continued. Fig. 1. Annual CO₂ emissions (Source: Ritchie & Roser, Our World in Data, 2021). Is Intermodal Transportation Beneficial? Apparently, intermodal transportation has rather positive impacts and is recognized as a useful logistics system. For example, in Europe, it is believed that intermodal transport is environmentally better and provides a fierce competition to road transport (Rossi et al., 2021). Overall, it is possible to say that the positive effects of intermodal transportation on nature are rather surprising and interesting. For those logistics companies that are trying to reduce their carbon footprint, it is recommended to pay attention to the multi-carrier transporting freight approach. Dairy Supply Chain It is possible to understand the advantag
Introduction Background Information Many parent discipline-training programs strive to improve the quality of parenting practices, relative to their proficiency in reducing disruptive behaviors among their children (Hemmeter, Ostrosky, Artman, & Kinder, 2008). According to the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health (1998), more than 800,000 families participate in such programs, annually, but few of them report on their progress in the course of the training period, or after the training period. The purpose of this paper is to research the effectiveness of various discipline-training programs and the variables that make them effective. Implications for parent education will be discussed. Some key words and concepts used in this study follow:   * Program Efficacy – This is the ability of a training program to produce desirable effects in parent discipline training (McIlvenny, 2009).   * Child welfare – Child welfare is a system designed to guarantee child safety and to improve the capability of parents or guidance to care for their children (Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, 1998).   * Child Maltreatment – This concept refers to the poor treatment of children through the presence of physical or emotional harm. Child maltreatment often occurs when parents or guardians adopt behaviors that are outside the norms of conduct (Purdue University, 2014).   * Discipline – This term refers to attempts to correct undesirable social behaviors (disobedience) either through punishment or through other measures that could correct disobedience (Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, 1998).   * Parent Education – parent education refers to a purposive learning activity where parents seek to know or understand better ways of interacting with their children, for purposes of promoting positive behavioral traits among them (Croake & Glover, 1977).   * Child Behavior – This concept refers to how children conduct themselves when they interact with other people, or when they are by themselves (McIlvenny, 2009). Historical Overview In the past, private and government agencies have educated parents on different methods of interaction to promote positive behavioral changes among their children. Before the 1800s, information about parent education was disseminated from European experts to American mothers (Croake & Glover, 1977). The first documented record of a parent education meeting in America happened in 1815. These meetings mainly comprised of mothers. They often adopted a similar name – “maternal associations.” The main agenda in such meetings was to discuss child-rearing problems that the mothers faced (Croake & Glover, 1977). Notable theories and models that have dominated this field include democratic parenting, therapeutic parenting, socially conscious parenting, and developmental parenting (Purdue University, 2014). These theories and models have used two focal points for developing parent education models. The first one is behaviora
Situation Summary Objectives Sony is willing to promote its TV products as a partner of the Texas Rangers Club. The company emphasizes on the fact that if TVs produced by Sony are to be installed at the Rangers’ Ballpark, then they can be easily fixed up in houses as well. This will ultimately raise the awareness of the brand. Marketing tactics Pre-event strategies Sony will raise awareness among people in order to remind the public of the partnership it has had with the Rangers (Kurtz 37). The public awareness will involve ads; commercials will account for about 60% of the total budget set for ads during the pre-event period. The purpose of the pre-season advertisement is to instill a notion in the minds of the public that the coming season is a fully entertaining event; by its advertising Sony highlights the fact that thanks to the digital TV any person has the chance to watch their team perform and play. Therefore, if Sony can provide such an entertainment at the ballpark, then the product will appear even more entertaining in homes. During the sporting period During the sporting season, Sony will take the advantage of the massive number of fans visiting the stadium to watch their team performing on the pitch (Koekemoer and Bird 21). The company has weighed the advantages of advertising its product during the sporting season. The estimated number of fans attending every sporting event at the Ballpark is around 42,719. During the season, Rangers plays about 162 games, 81 of which are home events. This means that every season around 3.4 million fans attend home events. By placing the advertisements in the Ballpark, the company will make sure that about 3 million fans see the ads 81 times in the Ballpark and 162 times on TV screens. The marketing tactics during the season will also involve television advertising during out matches. In this case, Sony will seek to advertise itself in the leading sporting media – the Fox Sports TV that reaches approximately 6.5 million homes in the five southwestern states. The Sony product and its name, consequently, will appear every time Rangers Club appears on the television with additional ads to remind people about their partnership with the club. Finally, during the season, Sony will communicate the role it plays in sponsoring the club by placing its ads free in the club’s print magazine, on social media pages and the internet (Kress 231). Rangers has an estimated number of 3 million visitors of their website every season, most of whom are looking for daily updates about the club, its events and performances. Visitors to the website will gain awareness that Sony is the sole sponsor of the club, and the one that organizes the events they enjoy watching. Graphics, pictorial representatives and videos on Sony products about their importance in homes will appear on every pag
Facts of the Case The case is tightly connected with the problem of discrimination. It occurred because white and African American children were segregated in the public schools in accordance with the state laws while they should have had equal rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. This case was rather complicated, and it started with the class action suit that was filled by twenty children who did not receive an opportunity to enter the school that was near their homes because of their race. The respondent party included representatives from the local Board of Education. It was also named as public officials. The US District Court for Kansas was the first to consider the law case. It was stated that the separation of white and African American children was possible. Still, each of twenty children was looking for admission on a non-segregated basis. The applicants attracted attention to the race discrimination that continued after the abolition of slavery. The Court concluded that the children’s rights were violated, but it did not provide any guideline on how racial segregation can be ended. Issues “Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other “tangible” factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities” ( Brown v. Board of Education , n.d.)? Decisions The Court came up to the decision that the legislation that was accepted in Kansas was unconstitutional because it opposed the Fourteenth Amendment. Reasoning The judges made their decision after comparing the state and national legislation. Kansas Statute of 1879: School facilities for African American and white children can be separated. A Kansas statute “permits, but does not require, cities of more than 15,000 population to maintain separate school facilities for Negro and white students” (Brown v. Board of Education, n.d.) The Constitution of the USA: Guaranties equality to African American and white children. “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” ( 14th Amendment , n.d.). Separate Opinions The applicants believed that their rights for the equal protection of laws were neglected by the state legislation and claimed that the public schools should enrol children of all races. The respondents claimed that even though the schools for African Americans and European Americans were separated, they remained equal. Thus, no rights were deprived. The Court
Two forms of government There are two forms of government that can represent the will of the people. In particular, one can speak about direct and representative democracies. Each of these models has both advantages and disadvantages. For instance, one can mention that direct democracy enables citizens to take decisions about political or administrative questions without any intermediaries. Such an approach is beneficial since it ensures that the will of individual citizens is not misinterpreted or distorted. Yet, the decision-making can be slowed down. This short-coming can become very important at the time when urgent actions or decisions should be taken. In turn, the representative democracy is based on the idea that certain organizations and individuals can express and promotes the interests of the population. This strategy can speed up the development of laws, but there is a risk that the interests and intentions of the public can be disregarded or misrepresented. United States: Democratic country There are several cases which can be used to argue that the United States is not a fully democratic country. For example, one can mention that prayers are prohibited in schools, because this ritual is regarded as a violation of the Constitution. In turn, one can note that that the majority of the US citizen can support the idea of allowing prayers in school. Thus, the critics of the American government can say that the will of the nation is not properly represented by the state. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the role of government is also to protect the rights of the minorities, even if their views are not shared by other people. Much attention should be paid to such aspects as the freedom of religion or sexuality of a person. Some of these aspects were elaborated in the Constitution of the United States in order to protect the freedom of an individual. Therefore, people should not suppose that a democratic government should only promote the will of the majority. Such an assumption can hardly be called accurate. Moreover, despite some limitations, the United Stated can be regarded as a democracy. The Jeffersonian-Madisonian debate The Jeffersonian-Madisonian debate is aimed at examining the role of the Constitution. James Madison argued that this legal document had to include certain provisions that could not be changed by later governments. In other words, the Constitution had to be fixed because in this way, one could ensure that certain rights of citizens such as the right to jury trial. In contrast, Thomas Jefferson argued that the main law of the country had to be flexible since people could have new needs and interests that could not be properly regulated with the help of the fixed Constitution. These are the main aspects can be identified. These two approaches should be reconciled so that the main law of the nation ensures the unalienable rights of citizens and remains up-to-date. These are the main aspects that can be identified.
In counseling, compliance with ethical standards is critical since the negligence or violation thereof may cause a tremendously adverse effect on a client’s progress. However, in the cases that require sacrificing ethical principles for the sake of customers’ well-being, some ethical principles need to be ignored (Cottone et al. 145). One of the most common situations that demand a counselor to dismiss ethical standards involves the dilemma regarding the notion of veracity. Implying that a counselor has to be fully open and truthful in their interactions with clients and colleagues, the specified principle can be ignored once group or family counseling is provided. In the described scenario, telling the complete truth to all parties involved may entail disclosing personal information about specific members to which they may object (Corey et al. 206). Therefore, unless all participants are privy to a specific piece of information or have given their full consent to sharing personal data in the setting of group counseling, a counselor will have to bend the principles of veracity in order to meet the standards for non-disclosure. It is worth noting that the decision to violate the concept of veracity should be made only under special circumstances that imply possible harm to clients if the information is disclosed. Therefore, any other instances will require utilizing the concept of veracity and telling the full truth. The significance of veracity as the foundational mechanism I building relationships between a counselor and a patient lies in the development of trust that the specified notion provides. Therefore, it can only be bent in situations that suggest immediate harm unless the information is concealed. The notions of privacy, confidentiality, and privilege are central to the process of counseling and have to be adhered to so that rapport could be established between a patient and a counselor. Being the constituents of the code of a counselor’s ethics, the three notions in question have quite a number of points of contact, simultaneously retaining unique characteristics that set them aside from each other. Due to the nuanced nature of the specified elements and the subtle connections that they share, they can be used to advance the relationships between a counselor and a patient, encouraging the latter to engage in the process of managing their emotional and psychological concerns. The principle of privacy is supported by the constitutional standards that entitle every citizen to have the right to control the management of their personal data and the disclosure thereof. Therefore, privacy can be seen as the legal interpretation of the subject matter. In turn, confidentiality implies a professional stance on managing clients’ information and suggests that a counselor should promise to keep it concealed from any third parties (Corey et al. 207). The difference between privacy and confidentiality is often misconstrued by clients, which leads to legal conflicts (Corey et al. 205). Finally, privilege refers to a patient’s right to d