ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When two or more parties enter into a deal that requires the signing of a contract, some basic factors must be met by both. Blinder (2013, p. 59) defines a contract as a “legally binding agreement between two or more parties that has legal obligation.” As seen in this definition, once parties enter into a contract, they must abide by the set agreement as expected of them by the law. However, the contract must meet the five basic elements to be considered legally binding. In a modern highly competitive business environment where firms are keen on identifying weaknesses of other parties and taking full advantage of them, it is common to find cases where contracts are not based on utmost good faith. Some parties enter into contracts with fraud in mind. These fraudulent firms often aim at finding means of gaining more than the other parties in a contract. If it is proven that one party intentionally came up with measures to benefit more from a contract at the expense of the other party, then the aggrieved party may seek legal means of addressing the problem. However, Weatherall (2013) says that in most cases the deception is often done in such a smart way that it becomes almost impossible to detect that one party acted in bad faith. Such was the case in the scandals about Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers. Scholars and financial experts have been interested in determining how Goldman Sachs was able to come out of the 2008 economic recession a stronger firm while Lehman Brothers were forced out of the market. The two firms had a different business contract that led to litigation because of taking advantage of the investors and business partners. The outcome of these business contracts was a massive loss of investors’ money that led to a series of court cases. In this paper, the researcher seeks to investigate these two cases. Analysis of the Contracts General Contract Elements The United States Securities and Exchange Commission vs Goldman Sachs, April 16, 2010 Goldman Sachs had made great success trading in subprime mortgages before the 2008 global financial crisis. It enjoyed the high profitability of this product but was fully aware of the risks associated with it. In the 2005/2006 financial year, the management at Goldman Sachs realized that the market forces were changing. The chief executive officer at Goldman Sachs was duly advised that the economic trends strongly indicated that there might be a financial crisis in the global market, especially in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Given the anticipated financial meltdown, the top management at Goldman Sachs knew that the subprime mortgages that it had been offering to its clients posed a serious risk. It realized that most of the customers given such mortgages are the middle-class people who wholly rely on salaries from their employers to finance their mortgages. Given that these mortgages had no collaterals customers had to pay for them directly for this company to get profits. When the top management at Goldman Sachs realized the risk that it fac
Introduction Conflict is often unavoidable both within a state and between two or more countries. There are many reasons why disputes arise in society, from poor communication and misunderstandings between different social groups to political and economic power struggles. Religion and ethnicity can become sources of internal conflict if the two or more religious or ethnic groups cannot agree on an issue. Today, many communities within states still clash because of their faith or race. Main body Religion can become a source of internal conflict as spiritual beliefs often provoke disputes between various devout groups. Many belief systems have strict articles and doctrines that should be followed by their community members. These rules can contribute to those members being intolerant and discriminatory to other faiths with different convictions. Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are great examples of countries with identity-based conflicts. The disagreements between Catholics and Protestants in the two territories were significant and led to open fighting within these countries. Race and ethnicity can also lead to internal conflict in a country. It can begin if different ethnicities compete for a similar objective, such as a better position in society. If one race or ethnicity has more political and economic power than another, the disparity can also lead to violent clashes. A prime example of this is the recent riots in the United States as members of the African American community began to protest police brutality, leading to numerous riots in different states. These protests are also fueled by the activists’ belief in their disadvantaged position in the broader society and the desire to improve it. Conclusion In conclusion, race and religion can easily lead to internal conflict in a country. Disagreements between religious groups can stem from the differences in their belief systems and their inability to accept those disparities. Meanwhile, various ethnic factions often instigate disputes if they do not have the same position in society as other, more privileged groups. Overall, faith and race are still common sources of friction in many countries.
Introduction Irizar is a luxury coach developer and a division of big limited company with share investments in other nations. Irizar experienced problem in the early 1990s due to alterations in the intrinsic and extrinsic settings. To survive in the problem and reclaim competitiveness in the industry, Saratxaga was hired as the new manager of the organization. Saratxaga made innovative alterations (i.e. alteration in key values and enterprise framework via participatory administration) and was capable of achieving increasing growth level in turnover and extension into other markets (Forcadell & Guadamillas, 2002). This paper describes how the knowledge management model utilized by the company resulted in innovation and, finally, in competitive edge. In addition, the paper stresses the significance of knowledge management and the leveraging of organizational abilities in developing a culture of novelty. Knowledge management model The interaction of the aspects in the enterprise strategy results in collective learning procedure, competence creating and thus development of knowledge managing as a novelty model at Irizar. The function of novelty is summarized in the elements of the enterprise strategy that brings actual value to the clients and the entire team of stakeholders in the model. Innovation creates a better culture via collective decision procedures and that it changes personal or group implied knowledge into open knowledge that can be retained and utilized in the entire company as an incessant coaching procedure within the company. Innovation provides compe
Introduction Many epidemiological studies and large-scale surveys have been conducted with aim of finding out the frequencies of occurrence of particular potentially problematic behaviors in representative samples of children. Identification and rating of behaviors considered to be annoying and worrisome manifested by children have been identified to include: not listening, being overactive, fighting with other children, worrying a lot, and being shy (Campbell, 2006). In 2002, Winsler carried out a research and found out that behavioral competence among children is critical for best performance in the preschool setting (cited in DeLuccia, N.d). Furthermore, numerous researches done have shown that when behavioral problems occur in early childhood, there is a likelihood they will persist into the school age setting (Campbell, 1995 cited in DeLuccia, N.d). From such studies, any individual interested in the research findings may make conclusion that when early children behaviors are treated effectively, there is a great possibility that the children will experience lesser childhood behavioral problems in their later childhood development (DeLuccia, N.d). Therefore, the interest of this research paper will be to study, analyze, and evaluate behaviors that can be encouraged in the pre-school setting and at home. The research will recommend the behavioral strategies that can be adopted for pre-school and in home setting, which in turn can contribute to positive behaviors among the children. Thus, using the Family-Centered Program model, which appropriate strategies can be used to reinforce key behaviors of attachment, exploration, problem-solving skills, pro-social skills, and self-esteem among pre-school children is important. Scenario The development of pro-social behavior in early childhood is an essential development task for later successful interactions. Children who develop adequate and positive prosocial skills tend to be high in socially appropriate behavior, coping, attentional regulation and low in negative emotionality (Einsenberg et al., 1996 cited in Gullotta and Bloom, 2003). In addition, interfering with the development of prosocial skills tends to weaken the protective factors discovered to be vital to the successful adaptation and resiliency among the children in their later life. Moreover, young children up to the age of 18 months interact with their environment primarily through caregivers and it is always characterized by being oriented to the immediate stimuli in the subsequent environment and the behaviors that involve the careg
Introduction Identifying and diagnosing depression is a rather difficult task since there are no direct physical signs that can point to the presence of the problem. However, by exploring the changes in a patient’s behavior, one can pinpoint the changes thereof that may be characteristic of the specified disorder and, thus inform the further decisions made by a therapist (Carlsen, Mandel, & Toso, 2018). In the study, two tests for determining the presence of depression are compared to identify the superior tool. In the study, the effects of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) test will be determined in order to define its efficacy in locating the presence of depression symptoms in adolescents. Problem Statement To diagnose depression in adolescents, one needs to embrace a wide range of factors, some of which may be defined as rather subjective. In addition, the inability to locate depression in adolescents at an early stage and address it respectively is likely to lead to dire outcomes. Recent studies show that depression in adolescents may lead to further complications including suicidal ideation, difficulties in social interactions, and health issues (Boyer et al., 2017). Therefore, determining the tool that allows locating the symptoms of depression accurately is critical to the well-being of the target demographic. Design Plan In order to test the effects that the BDI tool has on determining depression in adolescents, one will have to conduct a randomized controlled trial. By using Student’s t-test, one will compare two groups of patients, one of which will be diagnosed with the help of BDI, whereas the other will deploy a traditional examination. The application of the test will allow proving the efficacy of the selected diagnosing tool and consider its advantages in regard to locating the presence of depression symptoms in adolescents. Method of Data Collection The information will be gathered with the help of an analysis of patients’ health records. Specifically, the instances of locating the instances of depression successfully wit
Introduction Human trafficking can be described as an illegal trade that deals with the selling and buying of human beings just like other kinds of trade. The human being are bought and sold for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sex (Strickland, 1). Human trafficking is a new term for slave trade and the victims are either sold by their family members or scrupulous business people who want to get money for the desire of being wealthy. After drugs and arm dealing human trafficking comes third in international crime rankings worldwide. This kind of trade involving human beings is illegal but people use dubious means to continue their dealings. It is very hurting to know that some corrupt law enforcement authorities who are supposed to protect the general public against such inhuman practices are the same people involved. The Trafficking process The enslaved people who may also be referred to as the victim are trafficked by being deprived their basic human rights. They are forced or enticed by being given false promises which are never fulfilled by the traffickers (Murphy, 1). They are promised good employment opportunities in neighboring countries but when they get there they are they are forced to work in brothels while others work in factories and agricultural farms. The good salaries they had been promised they are no longer given and incase they are paid it is either too little to meet their needs or they are offered travel documents by corrupt law enforcement authorities and on arrival to their destination their travel documents taken away from them. In this case they are forced to work there and do not have the necessary documents required to travel back to their homes in case of maltreatment. Likewise women and young girls are assured jobs that are well paying but
Name of state and statute This is a research on child abuse in the state of Idaho. The statute name for the child protection law in the state is in the 16 chapters of the juvenile proceedings under the Child Protective Act. Reporting a child abuse case In reporting a child abuse case, several factors should be considered. One of the basic factors to consider includes possible exposure to harm. Mandated reporters are expected to determine whether there is a legal cause to believe that an adult’s actions place a child in harm or imminent danger (Jirik & Sanders, 2014). Therefore, the most suitable individuals mandated to report such cases are professionals who have acquired relevant training to determine when an action amounts to child abuse. These professionals include physicians, podiatrists, law enforcement officials, surgeons, medical examiners, mental health professionals, social services workers, and emergency medical workers among others (Jirik & Sanders, 2014). Besides, other mandated reporters include non-professionals such as residents, interns, school officials, janitors, Christian teachers, baby sitters, as well as home security guards. Summary of child abuse’s definition Defining child abuse about Idaho’s Child Protective Act, there are different aspects to consider. The definition has been expanded to capture the broader meaning of child abuse and to incorporate different types of abuses. According to the Act, child abuse is defined as any conduct or omission that causes harm to the child. Some of the harms referenced in this definition include skin bruise, bleeding, malnutrition, burns, fracture of a bone, subdural hematoma, and death among others (Johnson, McBride, Hopkins, & Pepper, 2014). Another category of child abuse is sexual abuse where a child is exposed to sexual content or he or she is sexually molested (Johnson et al., 2014). Also, abandonment is recognized in Idaho’s definition of child abuse, and, according to the Act, it means the failure of the parent or the guardian to foster a normal relationship with the child (Johnson et al., 2014). This includes supporting a child as well as maintaining regular personal contact. If this happens without a justifiable cause and extends for one year, it can be used in a court of law as evidence of abandonment (Johnson et al., 2014). Besides, some words should also be said about such an issue as a threat of harm which is defined as actions or massages which are dangerous enough to unsettle a childs mind. In criminal law, these actions are also taken as a childs abuse and should be punished according to the law. The Law The child protection law is a very important document which is available for everyone who wants to see it and could be found on the official site of Idahos government in section 16 devoted to Juvenile Proceedings, Chapter 16 Child Protective Act (Child protective act, ID, Idaho Statues B.16, 2011). Military requirements for child abuse reporting Coordination of civilian child welfare by the mili
Introduction Throughout their lifetime, business entities are considerably pressured to raise their performance levels and productivity. This is evident in today’s businesses which are characterized by aggression and excessive competition. These situations forces businesses to exhibit innovation and improve their performance in a bid to ensure their survival in an unforgiving business environment. To this effect, many businesses have shifted to offshore outsourcing in a bid to lower costs and consequently, improve their chances of survival in an unforgiving business environment. While there is documented proof on how offshore outsourcing has benefited businesses and participating countries economically, heating debates have recently emerged citing this practice as a threat to various economies. As such, despite its benefits, offshore outsourcing should be abolished if the US economy is to survive and maintain its global position. In this regard, this paper shall set out to explore the reasons as to why this practice should be abolished in the United States. This shall be achieved by highlighting the effects offshore outsourcing has on human resource, customer satisfaction, management of business activities and risk management. Offshore outsourcing: A brief overview Applegate et al define outsourcing as a business strategy through which a business entity hires an external organization (located in another country) to perform specific tasks on its behalf (8). It is a business strategy that has gained momentum in the last decade mainly due to its effectiveness in cost reduction and access to special technical and application skills. However despite the benefits that have been documented regarding offshore outsourcing, there exist various negative social, technological, economical and legal implications resulting from this strategy. Abolishment of offshore outsourcing: justification Managerial issues Key among the major disadvantages of outsourcing is dependency on other organizations for the success of a business. Once an organization outsources some of its activities to another company, it losses all its managerial control regarding those activities. In addition, Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis argue that it is more difficult to manage outside suppliers than it is to manage one’s own employees due to differences in thought processes (42). As such, outsourcing has led to a situation whereby buyers suffer immense losses due to disparity in performance and lack of a shared vision between the buyer and the seller of outsourced services. This in turn affects the productivity of the outsourcing organization. It is with this fact in mind that outsourcing should be abolished. Human resource issues Arguably, offshore outsourcing has led to a significant increase in the unemployment rates I America. Proponents of this practice argue that the profits gained from outsourcing can be used to better the economy and provide more jobs due to an increase in market share. However, recent statistics indicate that more than one in every three employee
Introduction The science of human medicine is based on providing patients with the necessary medical advice, surgery or medication in order to help mitigate whatever malady they may apparently have. The use of placebos, while apparently sound for most doctors, is actually a form of deception since patients seeking treatment for a specific illness do so under an implicit form of trust with the doctor since they are leaving their bodies to his/her care (Biller, 2004). Giving patients what is the equivalent of a useless sugar pill must be questioned since it is the equivalent of an ethically and morally irreprehensible practice (Streiner, 2008). Based on the latest surveys conducted on most physicians, 62% indicate that they do prescribe the equivalent of placebo pills and do so under the knowledge that there is no therapeutic benefit whatsoever in their consumption and that they believe the use of placebos is a sound medical practice that will continue well into the future (Scahill et al., 2008). The reason why placebos work despite having no medical attributes lies behind ability of the brain to influence the physical health of a person. While it has yet to be clearly understood, psychologists and various other medical professionals have studied cases where what the brain apparently believes is happening to the body actually causes it to happen despite the lack of an external force used to induce the change (Streiner, 2008). The “placebo effect” is actually an extension of this line of reasoning wherein patients that are given placebo pills and told that they would be effective in helping with their malady has actually resulted in marked improvements in the overall medical condition of several patients (Cahana & Romagnioli, 2007). Examples of this rather unique phenomenon can be seen in individuals with chronic joint pain, back pain or other maladies related to pain. The patients describe a sudden feeling that the pain has lessened or gone away after they use placebos under the belief that the pills are actually the reason behind the loss of pain. In many cases physicians describe this as “the power of belief” wherein a patient believing that a pill will change his/her medical condition for the better actually causes a gradual improvement in overall physical health of the body. This sudden improvement has thus been connected to the state of mind of the patient wherein improving their outlook on their prognosis and being given the possibility of it improving actually creates a sufficient level of elevated mood that it helps in the recovery process (Scahill et al., 2008). Similar studies have been conducted on various patients in hospitals wherein families, friends and nurses are encouraged to talk to and relate with the patient thus improving their mood during their stay at hospital. The results show that improving the