ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The assessment of efficiency and account for the social context of the study are both crucial elements that require critical consideration. The former is relevant due to the fact that the benefits that emerged as a result of a policy implementation might not outweigh the costs, rendering the whole endeavor practically not worthy of the effort. The tools that might assist researchers in measuring efficiency are mainly represented by cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses which have certain important aspects to consider. Both of them can be conducted ex-ante (before implementation) and ex-post (after implementation), which speaks to their flexibility. The rationale for ex-ante analysis consists of predicting the efficiency of a program before initiating it so that there is a choice between adjusting, leaving it intact, and expanding it. This element is more crucial because it allows saving resources in case adjustments are needed as compared to the ex-post situation when changes could be costly (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2003). Ex post analysis is useful when a program has limited predictability. In both cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses, there is a need to select an angle that can review the program’s efficiency from the standpoint of different stakeholders (Brannen, 2017). It is also noteworthy to mention that certain programs, due to their high relevance to society or a particular group, should be implemented regardless of the results of an efficiency assessment. In such a scenario, the goal of using this instrument is to anticipate whether additional funding is required (in the case of ex-ante ). The insights from chapter 12 include the need for considering the social context of the study and various aspects pertaining to policy significance. Social ecology is essential to be aware of and evaluate, as the relationship between the stakeholders of an implemented program can often be complex and involve multiple opinions. Taking this into account, considering major sides’ relationships that might be conflicting is crucial for the policy’s success which makes it a relevant part of a study. Political processes are also a key part of the context, which obliges the researchers to consider what effect results will elicit. Thus, in the example provided by Rossi et al. (2003), the difference in estimations and the final number of the homeless in Chicago for a social policy triggered harsh public criticism. Therefore, there is a reason to address conflicting claims and frame provocative data in order for the results of a study not to create a negative reception from society before the policy is implemented. Policy significance will be, to a certain extent, dependent on the current policy space, which is a range of alternative solutions to a given problem (Murphy, 2017). By assessing major “competitors” and changes that occur in the contemporary world, researchers may assess the significance of their study. For instance, policies related to reforming penitentiary systems had different agendas in the 1990s and 1970s, which demonstrated the regard given
The architecture of California was highly advanced because of the social and political revolutions coupled with the rise of technological and engineering developments. The characteristics of this modern culture were among others; machine drawn creative designs, an expressed structure adoption, the elimination of unnecessary details, emphasis on functional aspects in which horizontal and vertical lines were being accentuated. Different styles adapted in Mississippi included the Beaux arts style which is still being used in designing public buildings like museums and the colonial revival style popularly used for houses and government buildings (Rifkind 250). Architectural modernism in California, as written by Hines, had an effect to liven up and urbanize the surrounding environment. The inhabitants of California saw the need to change the building designs both at work and home to meet their religious and economic needs. This as well served as an opportunity for confronting and enjoying life. On the other hand modern architecture has offered much delight by emphasizing light-shadow patterns and having a variety of shapes for every new building. Structural foundation and support beams are also popular. These buildings are able to withstand earthquakes of some higher magnitudes and in the process, people feel relatively safe unlike in the past (Baker 94). The culture of Modernism that swept the United States in the 20th century saw the construction of a skyscraper after another one. This enabled industries to accommodate their staff under one roof. This led to the maximization of productivity since all the processes and transactions would be handled within a centralized place. This also made the country’s economy expand and grow because many kinds of businesses operate in a single building as well as employ many people. The possibility of altering the appearance, partitioning, minimizing maintenance, and making extensions are some of the other advantages. Since the 20th century, architecture in the USA has led to the development of modern homes which
In the contemporary world, innovation has turned out to be one of the most important strategies that leaders are required to rely on for the growth of their businesses. It is necessary for innovative leaders to think differently to come up with creative ideas. They are expected to employ a process that is not organized to develop, explore and experiment with new ideas. However, it is not easy for leaders to be innovative as various factors hinder them from successfully applying the innovation process (Hess par. 2). This essay discusses factors that make it hard for leaders to be innovative that include fear, their organizational environments and failure to understand some crucial aspects of the innovation process. As human beings, leaders are likely to have fear, an emotion that makes it hard for people to think differently and develop novel ideas. Hess (par. 4) claims that the fear of failure, losing one’s job after making mistakes and, looking bad makes individuals reason defensively. This is because people are inclined to defend what they believe in making it difficult for them to think beyond what they already know. Therefore, leaders have a fear of providing the wrong direction or failing in their leadership roles since it can result in the loss of their jobs or lack of confidence. This makes it hard for leaders to be innovative. Organizational environments make it hard for leaders to be innovative since they do not help them in overcoming their fear of failure and making mistakes. Hess (par. 7) explains that organizations focus on producing results that can be forecasted, standardized and reliable. For this reason, it is wrong for an organization to have failure or mistakes. Nonetheless, innovation requires an environment that tolerates mistakes and promotes efficient operations. Various companies that are considered innovative such as W.L. Gore & Associates and Intuit use their mistakes and failures as learning opportunities. For instance, Intuit Company took eight years to build a culture that encourages innovation that is driven by experimentation (Hess par. 8). Therefore, lack of a supportive organizational environment makes it hard for leaders to be creative. Leaders also find it hard to be inventive due to their failure to understand certain aspects that are necessary for novelty. Firstly, leaders fail to understand that collection of massive volumes of data does not necessarily help in the innovation process. Such data may not assist in getting correct predictions during innovation. Secondly, they do not understand that failure is inseparable from creativity. Thus, they are not ready to fail to succeed in developing novel solutions. Third, they are not aware that, innovation needs to deviate from the regular things and focus on unique issues. Fourth, they do not engage constructive conflict in the innovation process, meaning
Introduction The film is set in Rwanda during the outbreak of the 1994 genocide that claimed the lives of more than 800,000 people (Eleanor, 2004). In this film, Paul Rusesabagina (Don Cheadle) is a member of the majority Hutu ethnic group and a manager of a luxurious hotel in Kigali named Sabena, a subsidiary of the Hotel des Mille Collines international group. Despite being a Hutu, Rusesabagina is married to Tatiana (Sophie Onkedo), a member of the Tutsi ethnic group (Eleanor, 2004). However, his marriage exposes the cultural differences between the two groups, with his closest friends seeking to execute him for being a moderate Hutu. The film reveals some deep-rooted cultural differences between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, which pose a major problem that risks the lives of thousands of individuals and families. Arguably, the existence of cultural differences between families across the lifespan is the most significant problem affecting the family of Rusesabagina as he attempts to play the role of a corporate manager and a family man (Eleanor, 2004). Description of Movie Family As mentioned above, Rusesabagina is a Hutu but married to a Tutsi woman. This exposes him to attack by his Hutu friends and neighbors. His family is therefore an example of families that attempt to overcome the tensions created by cultural differences between the two ethnic groups. The couple has three children, whose ethnic identity is complicated because they cannot be Hutus and Tutsis at the same time. Family Processes   * Culture and ethnic traits : The main aspects of the family process in this film are ethnicity (ethnic traits) and culture. Ethnically, the children are supposed to be considered Hutus in Rwandan culture. However, the fact that their mother is a Tutsi exposes them to violence. In addition, they have light skin, a natural characteristic of the Tutsi people. In general, the Hutus have a black complexion, short and relatively stocky (Luis, 2004). The Hutu militia recognizes their victims by color and height. However, the relationship between Rusesabagina and his wife is strong, which exposes them to execution. The cultural differences between the two groups arise from historical facts and stereotypes. The Belgian colonialists gave more economic, military, and political powers to the Tutsi because they believed that they were closer to the Europeans than the Hutus, owing to their color and height. On the other hand, the Hutus believed that they were more “Rwandans” than the Tutsis because the latter came from certain places in Ethiopia because of their color. These factors have a profoun
Introduction Scholars have been critically analyzing the works of followers of Jesus with the view of identifying any contradictions. The works of Paul have been criticized by a group of scholars who believe that they have massive contradiction from the works of other apostles, especially James, who was one of the disciples of Jesus. According to Witherington (2013), these claims are largely misguided, especially given the fact that these critics have been analyzing the New Testament partially. They have failed to look at the bible comprehensively in order to address some of the contradictions that may exist due to the difference in personal experiences. When the disciples started their work after Jesus had ascended to heaven, most of them were forced to work in different regions as they tried to preach the gospel to the gentiles. This meant that they encountered different sociological factors that informed their writings. Although they were guided by the Holy Spirit during their writings, they had to make their message fit into the local context in order to remain relevant. This meant that the way a message presented by Paul who was in Corinth at one time, would have some slight difference from the message written by James when he was in Antioch. This is a fact that is largely ignored by some scholars when critiquing the works of Jesus’ apostles. In this study, the researcher seeks to discredit the claim that earliest Christianity was like dueling banjos when it came to theology and ethics. Understanding the Basic Theology and Ethics of the Earliest Christianity According to Witherington (2013), many scholars have deliberately failed to interpret the message written by the followers of Jesus as they are presented in the bible. They deliberately misinterpret this information by selectively analyzing sections of these works without comprehensively understanding the message that different apostles were trying to pass. Witherington (2013, p. 38) says, “Besides the fact that Tabor dramatically overplays the contrast between James and Paul as individual thinkers and apostles, he also portrays a picture of early Christianity as involving dueling banjos, which is false.” In his works, this scholar tries to bring out the works of the early apostles of Jesus as presented in the bible in different contexts. Some of the disciples of Jesus such as John, James, Peter, and Mathew made massive contributions into the New Testament. They had direct interaction with Jesus when he started his ministry. However, Paul was a convert who interacted with Jesus in a vision. Some scholars have been using such differences in the way these apostles interacted with Jesus in order to find differences in their work. Paul, though one of the people who were initially opposed to Christianity very strongl
The history of America is full of very controversial and even shameful episodes. There were unjust wars, stealing of land, killings of thousands of innocent people, massacres, and bloodbaths. Looking from today’s perspective at what was going on two hundred years ago, when the nation was still at war, it is hard to define who were heroes and who were villains because people were murdering each other from every side. However, despite the controversy, some people did come to be recognized as American heroes, and I think Tecumseh should be regarded as an American hero, too. He refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which established the boundary between Indian and American territories, and he rejected Indian leaders who had sold land to the federal government. However, unlike his brother Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh did not say that “white people…were the source of all evil in the world.” In his speech to William Harrison, Governor of the Indian Territory, Tecumseh did not call upon Indians to fight against white people. Instead, what he did was question the promises made by the Americans and condemn their taking of Indian land. Tecumseh calls Harrison “brother,” and his message is mostly peaceful. The Indian leader does say that he is a warrior, but he does not ask his followers to shed blood. His main value and goal is Indian unity. He wants all tribes to live in peace with each other, and he wants them to live in peace with the Americans. Indeed, he condemns the efforts by the Americans to separate tribes, set them against each other, and thus make them weaker. Judging from his speech to Harrison, Tecumseh was a leader who wanted peace, which is always praiseworthy but especially so in a time of war. However, it is also known that Tecumseh was an ally of Britain in the War of 1812 and had called for attacks on American frontier settlements prior to that. This fact makes his status as an American hero questionable at the very least. However, I still think that what the Indian leader declared in his speech to Harrison is an outstanding attempt to preserve peace, which certainly makes him eligible to be called a hero. He said that Americans had repeatedly broken their promises of providing security to Indians, which is why Indians had the right to disregard further promises and protect their own security by creating a union. Again, Tecumseh did not suggest an attack on Americans in his speech. Moreover, he stressed the major similarity between the American nation and the Indian tribes, as both were striving for unity. He said, “Your states have set an example of forming a union among all the Fires, why should you censure the Indians for following that example?” What Tecumseh was asking for was nothing more than for Indian lands to be left to Indians. He judged those chiefs who had sold their land to the Americans, as he excl
Introduction At present, Heineken International, one of the world’s largest brewers, faces a number of difficulties at the US beer market because of the stagnation of the sector and the current financial crisis and has to look for hidden opportunities for improving the situation. Acknowledging the importance of marketing strategies for influencing the public consciousness and shifting the customers’ preferences, Heineken marketers impose measures for holding the ground of the drink against wine and products of the main competitors. The purpose of this paper is to examine the elements of the current marketing strategy of Heineken International, to evaluate the ways and channels through which the image and logos of the company are communicated to potential consumers. Analysis of the market sector, Heineken’s portfolio, and main strengths of Budweiser and Corona as its main competitors help to determine the main strong and weak points of the company and to give recommendations for improving the market performance of the product and identify the ways for reaching the target consumers. Executive Summary Heineken International, one of the world’s leading beer-making companies, suffers from stagnation in the US beer market and the financial crisis in the country. However, analysing the existing state of affairs in the sector, marketing department would be able to offer marketing measures for utilizing the hidden opportunities of the current situation and taking advantages of the main company’s strengths. This paper is aimed at critical evaluation of the present-day Heineken strategies, analysing the policies of the main competitors and offering measures for improvement the current Heineken program. Despite its excellent financial performance within the latest years, diversified product portfolio and popularity among customers, Heineken International should consider the growing competition in the sector and all the challenges of the US saturated beer market and implement effective marketing strategies for keeping its ground against other types of drinks and other beer-making companies. Budweiser as the most popular local brand and Corona as the world’s leader in beer import are the main company’s competitors, whose achievements need to be taken into consideration by Heineken marketers. The internal analysis of Heineken strengths and weaknesses in the US market shows that branding appears to be the main company’s weak point. For this reason, more emphasis should be put on creating the customers’ awareness of the product, utilizing all possible communication channels and taking advantages of the innovative technologies. Besides influencing the public opinion of beer in general and company’s product in particular, Heineken marketing strategies are aimed at increasing home-drinking and penetrating the health beer market. Meeting the growing demands of present-day consumers, the company invests into advertising for differentiating the brand from its competitors and sports competitions for creating links between the product and sport as a significant attribute of healthy lifestyle. Anoth
Summary Tobacco, despite its legal status, has become increasingly recognized as a dangerous substance. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) cites tobacco use as the leading cause of preventable death in the United States (CDC, “Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction”). In this literature review, tobacco use refers to any use of any nicotine-containing tobacco product, i.e., cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and electronic cigarettes. According to the CDC, serious negative health consequences are attributable to tobacco use, impacting the whole body, including the circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive systems, as well as being linked to a number of forms of cancer. Approximately one-half million Americans die prematurely from actively using or second-hand smoke from tobacco products each year, leading to a significant public health problem. The financial burden attributed to smoking and second-hand smoke is estimated to be $300 billion annually. On a positive note, a decline in tobacco use has been noted among youth in states that have invested in tobacco control programs. In New York State, between the years 2001 – 2010, a state-endorsed tobacco control program reported declines in smoking among youth, with a resulting decrease in health care expenditures in 2010 (CDC, Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs: 2014 ). According to the CDC, “Each day in the United States, more than 3,200 youth aged 18 years or younger smoke their first cigarette, and an additional 2,100 youth and young adults become daily cigarette smokers” (CDC, “Youth and Tobacco Use”). In response, in my literature review, I will discuss prevention programs used to prevent tobacco use among youth. I will also include information about initiatives that states and schools have taken to help address this issue. Although in its 1994 “Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction,” the CDC states that schools are “ideal settings in which to provide [tobacco use prevention programs],” the success of such programs is highly dependent on support at community, state, and national levels (CDC, “Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction”). Introduction Learning institutions are in a better position to fight the use of tobacco products among young people. Children spend a considerable share of their time in school. As a result, they acquire smoking behaviors from their peers in school (Goldstein et al.). Over 80% of adult smokers claim that the practice originated in school. Research conducted in American schools in 2015 showed that a significant number of eighth, tenth, and twelfth-grade students use tobacco products. Some students have claimed that the behavior started when they were in the sixth grade. Nicotine is “a highly addictive drug and adolescents who are still going through critical periods of growth and development