ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Modern history appreciates the history of the United States from a European perspective. This statement is based on the realization that the United States of America is the creation of people who migrated from Europe. The first group of Europeans who established a colony in America called it the New World. But what was America like before the Europeans came? More importantly, how did they find out about the New World? It is interesting to point out that there was a time when Europeans had no idea that there was a world on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. The first European who discovered the New World was Christopher Columbus and he provided the first glimpse into the life in the American continent. However, very soon Europeans developed a very specific vision of people who lived in the continent, as Europeans believed their civilization was superior. The Discovery In the latter part of the 15 th century Christopher Columbus said that there was a westward route that would allow European traders to travel from Europe to Asia. No one believed him and thought that his plan was desperate and unrealistic. It took him a long time before he could come up with all the resources needed to begin his journey. He discovered the American continent and it paved the way for other Europeans to create a link between the two continents. An important aspect of Columbus’s quest of a westward route towards Asia is related to geography and the expansion of the power of European kingdoms to the far corners of the globe. But another important aspect of Columbus’s quest was the information preserved through his journals. Christopher Columbus was not only an excellent adventurer; he also understood the historical importance of his work. Thus, he endeavored to preserve in writing his testimony on what he saw during his first contact with the native inhabitants of the American continent. It has to be pointed out that a contemporary understanding of the natives can be easily affected by the interpretation of European historians or from the point of view of the white man. There are those who tried to paint an accurate picture of the norms, traditions, culture of the native inhabitants. But there are also historians who interpreted the natives’ way of life and behavior through the narrow context of their own culture and traditions. An ethnocentric view of the world compelled the Roman Empire to label tribes people outside the realm of Rome as barbarians. In the case of America, the same thing can be said. More so, Ancient Greeks believed there were different worlds. They called the worlds “the Antipodes” (qtd. in Fernandez-Armesto). Thus, Europeans have developed the idea of their superiority throughout centuries as they considered others as their antipodes. It is rather natural that Europeans of the 15 th century saw the natives as uncivilized an
Introduction Online targeted advertising is becoming a popular tool to promote brand recognition and form company loyalty. However, numerous ethical questions arise due to the controversy over the matter. One of such problems is whether it is ethical to target children and adolescents. On the one hand, some stakeholders recognize the danger in the issue and insist that the internet should be free from advertisements targeting children (World Health Organization, p. 31). On the other hand, experts believe it may be impossible to avoid targeting children. Therefore, software engineers are to consider ethical standards to ensure the best interest of the public (van Reijmersdal, p. 397). The present paper provides an overview of the two competing views and concludes that targeting children may be ethical if their parents are provided with a chance to opt out, and the product is not harmful. The answer to the posed question implies that software developers need to provide a clear way for users to avoid online targeted advertisements. Topic Overview Online advertising is an innovative technique used by marketing manager
Introduction Apple, a world renowned maker of computers and information technology-related products launched its iPhone 4 on June 24, 2010. Soon after, users started complaining about diminishing signal strength ostensibly caused by faulty antennas on the iPhone. When the complaints started streaming in, Apple responded by advising the iPhone 4 users to try holding the gadget in a specific way in order to ensure that the gadget has as much signal strength as possible. “Apple has stated that holding almost any mobile phone in certain ways will reduce its reception. The company has also claimed that the signal attenuation is a fact of life for all wireless phones” (Adhikari, 2010). To many analysts, this response by Apple was tantamount to failing to accept responsibility for a faulty device and instead issuing the consumer with directives which were not part of the initial instructions on how to use the iPhone. As McEntergart (2010) notes, different solutions have been offered by apple as an elucidation to the antennae issue, but none seem to address the problem as 1.7 million people who had already purchased the communication gadget by July 2010 would have liked the issue to be handled. Some of the solutions suggested by the Apple Company include purchasing specific cases for the iPhone 4 (the cases costs an extra $30), using duct tape on the iPhone or purchasing a software patch, which has the ability to alter the gadget’s signal thus reflecting the actual signal strength that the iPhone has at different points. According to McEntegart (2010), most of the suggested solutions are half-baked and do not befit the 300 dollars purchase price that people paid to get the gadget in the first place. As such, the author notes an iPhone 4 recall is inevitable in the future. Adhikari (2007) observes that Consumer Reports- a consumer watchdog organization in the United States has refused to give the iPhone 4 a stamp of recommendation insisting that Apple needs to fix the antennae issues on the device “at its own expense” before the organization can consider recommending it for purchase to the general public. Notably, Consumer Reports argues that by advising users to purchase a case for the iPhone 4, Apple is skirting its obligation to give the consumer market a consistent and reliable product and instead putting the onus on its customers. To this end, Consumer Reports suggests that though a product recall would “put a black-eye on Apple”, it is the best approach to addressing the iPhone 4 antennae issue, since failing to attend to the issue comprehensively would only dent the company’s image further. Notably, Apple is not yet ready for a product recall just as yet. This conclusion is attained by analyzing the company’s response to the antennae problem. From such responses, one can deduce that Apple will only recall the iPhone 4 as a last resort. But why is the company shilly-shallying on a recall while so many analysts have suggested this it is the best way to handle the situation? Well, Keller (2003) argues that a product recall usually decr
Executive Summary To remain competitive in modern contemporary markets, companies need to have effective marketing strategies. An effective marketing strategy assists a company segment the market effectively and reaches the target market on time. With development in technology, changes in the electronic industry are fast; the industry is dominated by innovation and invention. Marketing managers have the role of aligning their companies with the needs of customers; there is need to have policies that are responsive to the changes in the industry. Nokia Corporation has been ranked among the leaders in the industry, in 2010; the company was second from Apple Inc. in sales and electronic products production. To maintain the leadership the company adopts strategic management styles that assist it add value to their target customers. Despite the company dominance both need to adopt “Blue Ocean” strategy to enlarge their market base (Rakesh, 2005). Introduction Amidst the changing business environment, the role played by marketing, advertising, and communication continues to take centre stage in strategic management arenas. Strategic marketing has gained much advocacy from management gurus as a way of improving ones business and retaining competitiveness; Nokia is international company in the telecommunication industry that have different approaches to marketing. Its marketing team lead by marketing managers/leaders at different level determines the strategy the company adopts; the effectiveness of their marketing programs makes the differences in their operation level. This report evaluates the role played by marketing managers within an organisation; it will use Nokia Corporation as a sample company. The company looks at how marketing is used to create competitiveness among companies in the same industry and will offer best approaches to marketing considering their internal and external environments (Barney, 2007). The nature of the industry Advancement in technology has facilitated the growth of mobile and telecommunication industry. On the other hand company’s electronic products are on the rise; the sector is dominated by leading world producers who depend on their operational management decision to remain afloat in the competitive industry; some of international companies in the industry include Samsung, Nokia, Sony-Ericson, Apples, and Google Android-powered phones. To remain competitive companies in the sector must adopt effective marketing strategies (Kerin and Peterson, 2009). Historical background of Nokia Nokia is an international phone company, with its headquarters in Finland; according to the company’s website, the company
Communication is a complex process that has a tremendous effect on people’s life. Those who have difficulties with communicating are not fully integrated into the society as the ties in the society are based mainly on communication. Therefore, it is necessary to have communication skills to be a member of the community. It is also important to understand what communication is and how people communicate. There are two major types of communication, verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is based on words. It is crucial to pay attention to the meaning as there can be explicit and implicit meanings. People should be able to decode the meanings to adequately react. For instance, when Ann says that she is going to watch a ‘dull’ movie, her friend, Lisa, can offer to go to the cinema or have a party as Lisa may know that Ann hates watching ‘dull’ movies and simply has nothing else to do. If Lisa did not understand the hidden meaning but simply accepted it as a fact, Lisa would have to stay home and their friendship would not be that strong. As for nonverbal communication, it involves such signals as facial expressions, tone of the voice, body language and even distance between interlocutors. Nonverbal communication enriches people’s interactions and adds meaning. Thus, although a person can use decent words, it can be clear that he/she is angry if he/she is frowning. It is also important to remember about cultural nonverbal signal. In other words, these are signals used by people of similar cultural background. Thus, hugs reveal affection and Americans can give hugs to people they just met. In China, this is inappropriate as hugs are only for close people. Admittedly, it is crucial to know all (or at least the majority of) signals especially when people of different backgrounds communicate. It is necessary to understand all the meanings and signals as this will enable a person to respond adequately and communicate effectively. Admittedly, to communicate effectively, a person should be a good listener. I am an adequate listener. I am always focusing on the speaker’s message and I keep an eye contact and pay attention to nonverbal signals to elicit additional meanings. I always try not to judge the speaker. I believe these are good traits. At the same time, I feel I restrain from giving enough nonverbal signals when listening. I think such kind of feedback is important for the speakers as he/she is able to see my reaction. To train m
Introduction Social networking is the most important tool in modern day communication and advertising. One such great social media is Facebook that has numerous subscribers worldwide. However, the question that needs to be answered concerning the social networking is the required subscription age. This essay is mainly going to reflect on the negative effect of Facebook on children but also acknowledges some of the positive aspects associated with Facebook. Positive effects of Facebook on children Facebook as platform has very many applications which can enable a child to interact with his/her peers as well as developing technical skills. Through Facebook blogs, teenagers may discover opportunities in community projects or activities which may in turn assist them to discover new potential and identity. The cost of travelling is very high. Therefore, travelling from one place to another with children to visit friends or relatives is becoming uneconomical. Facebook has provided a solution this problem through live chatting, photo exchange and videos. Thus facebook has provided a good substitute for which children can interact with their peers and friends – regardless of the distance- at a minimum cost. Negative effects of Facebook on children Facebook comes with a full package of games, group invitations, multiple friends request, videos and other applications that keeps the user entertained as he or she is in the network. Ritualistic involvement and Periodic usage of such applications leads to social networking addiction. This creates obsession and thus deprives an individual of the normal and real life. This is dangerous to a growing child as it denies him/her the privilege of coming face to face with person. Moreover, such addiction interferes with a child’s study or school life. This mostly happens when children opt to Facebook instead of studying. Reduced study time and concentration in school work leads to persistently poor grades and loss of interest in formal education. In
Introduction Innovation is a tool in entrepreneurship which allows entrepreneurs to exploit change as an opportunity for business. It characterizes a new way of doing things. Intrapreneurship refers to a strategy of developing organizations’ human resources to eliminate the possibility of their skills (innovative and creative) from being dormant. In this case, employees are at will to undertake innovative activities using company resources to assist in re-invention and improving performance in the organization. Creativity and innovation makes entrepreneurs tick. This paper seeks to discuss aspects relating innovation and creativity as applied within an organization setting. It establishes the relation between these two aspects and intrapreneurship. Distinction between creativity and innovation In entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation go hand in hand. Ideally both aspects involve creation of something new. They are central to the entrepreneurial process. Creativity and innovation are vital skills for any successful entrepreneur. Creativity can be defined as the production of novel and unique ideas. Innovation refers to transformation of an existing idea into something better through modification and improvement. Creativity is simply the creation of something new. For example, creation of a new product or service that is not in the market. Creativity occurs in the event of identification of a need that is untapped and unexploited hence the need to fill in that gap and create equilibrium in the market (Heye,2006). Innovation is improvement; hence an entrepreneur can improve the features of a product through branding and adding new functionalities. Innovation gives an entity the ability to survive in innovative markets by staying ahead of its competitors. This clearly indicates that innovation and creativity are inseparable and are useful for startup entrepreneurs and equally entrepreneurs who are already doing business. Creativity is a function of three vital areas: expertise, motivation and creative thinking. It requires an individual to have a vision to do something that will impact people, and in this case, customers in the market (Larsen & Lewis, 2007). Intrapreneurship An ‘intrapreneur’ is an employee who practices entrepreneurship skills in an already established firm. Intrapreneurs are known for their agility and ability to take the organization to the next level through product evolution, organizational changes and innovation. The term is derived from a combination of ‘intra’ (which is borrowed from internal) and ‘entrepreneurship’. Intrapreneurs enhance their entrepreneurship skills and benefit from creating connections and networking with other successful entrepreneurs. They are also mentored by members of management within the organization. Furthermore, they do not invest in resources and technology as they have the firms’ resources and infrastructure at their disposal. Intrapreneurs equally learn from their mistakes. Challenges in ma
The central argument in the Medina constitution is the establishment and advancement of pluralism. Against the current Muslim ideologies that discourage pluralism, the Medina constitution is one of the evidences indicating that early Muslims were democratic and embraced pluralism. The pluralistic ideals are spelt out in almost every chapter in the Medina constitution. The constitution of Medina outlines a series of agreements that were drawn up in the first three years after the Hirja to end the differences between the people of Yatrib and the Muhajirun. As a result, a number of rights as well responsibilities were drafted for the Jews and Muslims in Medina to bring them as Umma, a distinct community from the surrounding pagan society 1 . The constitution instituted an Islamic state. In addition, the constitution was also drafted to take into action the interests of the emigrants from Mecca spelling out their rights and bond that connects the emigrants with other communities in Medina. The Medina’s constitution also established a free state that in effect was a pluralistic society including Muslims, Jews, and pagans. The document is partitioned into two segments. The first part stipulates the mutual relations among Muslims while the second part addresses the rules that control inter-communal concerns between the Muslims and the Jews. The Medina’s constitution opens by establishing one community consisting of the emigrants from Mecca and the native Muslims. The agreement states that the Muslims of Yatrib together with their followers as well as those who labored with them are one community of believers known as the Umma. The provisions assert that the Umma are to make war as one. The believers shall not leave anyone needy among them by failing to disburse his liberation money in a show of kindness. Further, believers are to seek revenge if any Muslim is killed fighting in the way of God. However, if a Muslim kills a fellow Muslim, then the customary laws of revenge keep on functioning 2 . Moreover, the constitution asserts that believers shall be in opposition to any person who seeks to spread hatred, corruption as well as prejudice among the believers. In other words, any one practicing the vices should be considered a non-believer. Besides, the rules apply to the believers only. The constitution also emphasizes on the equal handling of all Muslims with value and decorum. The charter disbands the divisions between the inhabitants and the emigrant Muslims thereby presenting principles of equity and fairness to all Muslims irrespective or their origin of birth, tribe or ethnic background. In addition, the constitution does not condone the inhabitants to acquire the status of superiority over the immigrants. On the other hand, the immigrants are not supposed to be considered more important. The constitution also recognizes that the Jews who follow Muslims are not to be mistaken nor shall his foes be helped to carry out an injustice to him. The indivisibility of unbelievers is emphasized in
The Good Samaritan Hospital (GSH) is facing fierce competition from a neighboring hospital. This has resulted in the hospital losing its market share and a reduction in its revenue. The reason GSH is losing its market share is because of disruption in customer relationships. The customer relationship is fundamental to every institution that offers services. Customer relationship is the trust and commitment the people have in the hospital. The poor customer relationship is a result of poor service delivery by the staff which has led to a decline in the number of patients attending the hospital. The hospital should focus on the creation of the development plan for staff which will develop strategies to improve service delivery. Expansion is a key stage in a business life cycle. It is a period where a business gains a new market share and increases its revenue and profit. The period requires extensive research and planning to propel the business forward. It focuses on improving service delivery and adding new services or products to the existing market. Market research is the process of gathering data about a market through observations, surveys, and other techniques. The objectives of carrying out market research on GSH would be to determine the health of their existing product in the market. Another objective is to assemble data to aid in the analysis and accurate decision-making. Collection of data from the Bremerton Washington market and professional analysis would help in the determination of the actual problem in the GSH services and products. The Third objective of market research on GSH is to enable us to understand the entire market, customers’ needs, current prevailing market prices, and the prevailing market trends. This is useful in the creation of customer databases, their lifestyle, their preferences, and the need to develop a strategy to improve sales. The survey will be as used as the survey design mode. It will determine the behavior and attitude of the people on the service offered at the hospital. The survey will be a cross-sectional design and will target the people Bremerton area. Questionnaires and interviews will be used to collect data from the target population. I will utilize the primary sources of data. Primary sources are reliable and authentic. Experimentation requires natural as well as artificial settings in which a logical study is undertaken to collect accurate data. These sources are highly recommended for medical studies. I have to ensure the controlled negative influence of extraneous variables in the results that we are searching for. The target problems are easily addressed. We will be able to obtain entire control over the process of research. I will be able to streamline the undertakings addressing the scope and objectives of the GSH. This source will allow greater focus on unambiguous issues while utilizing the resources of time, human resources, and cost-effectively and efficiently. A regression model is used in market research. T