ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Recent studies have attempted to give Human Resource Management (HRM) a wider perspective in what we can refer to as Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). Different scholars have provided varied definitions regarding SHRM. These definitions attempt to focus on integrating HRM into strategic planning, activities affecting people in their attempts to execute the business strategic needs, and activities that managers and HR share in their attempts to solve both the business and individual problems. In this review, we shall define SHRM as an organised and careful management of human resources and activities aimed at enabling an organisation achieve its main objectives. Based on the above definition, this paper attempts to respond to the statement, ‘ Strategic Human Resource Management enhances organizational performance in both good and bad economic times ’. Consequently, we shall use three theoretical approaches to indicate the relevant of SHRM and the above statement. These theories include resource-based view, behavioural, and agency or transaction cost perspective. Resource-based perspective This theory originated from the works of Penrose and other scholars in the field SHRM. This theory offers a competitive advantage view from the internal strategy of an organisation and its resources. In this approach, Barney defined a competitive advantage as “when a firm is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors” (Barney, 1991). Consequently, any an organisation can sustain its competitive advantage after all attempts to copy it have stopped. The resourced-based approach looks at a competitive advantage from perspectives of immobility and heterogeneity in resources. Heterogeneity resources are mainly organisational capital such as physical, human and other capitals. Immobility means other firms are unable to get heterogeneity resources from other firms. This is unlike the traditional approach where the opposite happens. Sustained competitive advantage can only exist under four conditions. These include organisational resources that are of positive value, the firm must possess unique resources, these resources must also possess imitable quality, and the competitions cannot substitute these resources with any other. This is how firms use their resources to achieve sustained competitive advantage. In this context, resource-based perspective posits that no organisation has a capacity to buy sustained competitive advantage. This is because it exists in a rare form in the organisation. Scholars have been exploring the idea that human resources can be a part of organisational, competitive advantage. Studies by MacMillan and Schuler focused on how organisations can exploit their human resources to create and sustain a competitive advantage. These authors present their mode
Introduction The book of First John has received relatively less attention from biblical scholars compared to other sections of the gospel. Part of this diminished attention stems from the ambiguity regarding the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of First John. Here, critics often say the book of John undermines the prominence and role of the Holy Spirit in Christians’ lives. For example, Nissen argues that the gospel speaks little of the Holy Spirit and does not portray it as a key theme. 1 Fears are rife that, from the abstract understanding of the portrayal of the Holy Spirit in the gospel of John, many people will understand it as a lower case issue, hence refer to it as the “spirit,” as opposed to “holy spirit.” Although such fears are rife, the true question that arises in this analysis is if the book according to John de-emphasizes the prominence of the Holy Spirit. This paper shows that this belief is false because the apostle firmly entrenches the Holy Spirit in the life of Christians and believers alike. To affirm this claim, this paper draws a connection between the Holy Spirit and Christ. It also shows that the Holy Spirit is central to the rebirth of Christians (baptism) and helps them to live according to the word of God. The importance of this investigation stems from a careful consideration of the critical role that the Holy Spirit plays in the spiritual nourishment of Christians. Moreover, The apostle John emphasizes the importance of the holy spirit in his biblical teachings. Therefore, contrary to the opinion of some observers, this paper argues that the book of John shows that the Holy Spirit is critical to the nourishment of Christians’ lives. The Background Some biblical scholars believe that some people have misrepresented the role of the Holy Spirit in the book of John because of its ambiguous depiction in the gospel. 2 In fact, their views show that most of these misrepresentations have brought a cessation from the orthodox view of the same issue. The secessionist group that has promoted this view has merged into a larger movement known as “second century Gnosticism.” 3 This view largely explains the departure of the heretics (2:19) because they believed they were the sole confidants of the true recipients and guardians of the spiritual truth, which was supposed to explain the role of the Holy Spirit. In line with this view, the Apostle John draws a connection between his teachings with the true anointing. In the same breadth, he warns believers against false prophets who may purport to be preaching the word of
The theme of change is accorded great importance throughout the poem with emphasis on aspects of vivid imagination. The poem is elusive, ironic and mythical in its examination of in-depth reflection of the passions, inner strengths and limitations of people. Unique physical transformations play strategic roles in shaping the physical changes of the stories in The Metamorphoses Ovid. Ovid’s reason for going into exile relates to the unidentified indiscretion he made against the emperor’s decree. As a result, The metamorphosis Ovid permeates the medieval literature and culture. The stories are clear in their unique metric skills and detailed analysis of passion. The Metamorphoses Ovid is perceived to be based on immorality. The separate stories have an elusive relationship, plots and characters that are a factual reflection of people and happenings in the society. Popular tales or characters in The Metamorphoses Ovid include the story of Narcissus, the young man who disrespected the Nymph Echo, Syrinx and Pan, Heracles, Phaethon, Pygmalion, The rewarded sculptor, Daphne, Pentheus, Midas who had a distinctive touch, Epaphus, Phaethon, Icarus, Pyramus, Thisbe, Arachne, Achilles, Hercules and Medea among others. All the characters in The Metamorphoses Ovid clearly bring out the idea of change. Though viewed as destabilizing, dangerous and robust, the concept of love emerges as a major force that effects change in the society. Transformation emerges as the main aspect of creation through the revelation of issues related to the formation of the world and the emergence of new beings. Focus is laid on the concept of continuous mutation. Immortality emerges as a vital characteristic of Ovid’s poems with the core premise of transformation being revealed as a major aspect of
“Education they say is wealth”. This brings us to the topic of discussion on the theories of education. Education theory is the theory that focuses on the reason, usefulness, and understanding of learning. Education theory can also be said to be the knowledge that is conveyed into a person to meet an ethical standard of living and interaction with people in society. The functionalist perspective on the purposes and prospect of education is that every person belongs to the society; hence, having self-right and reason of belonging in the society. The functionalist further stated that Education brings about the purpose of socialization and occupational training in every society (Andersen & Taylor 2006, p.353). Diana Kendall in her book stated that the standard of education is very low and not encouraging, in that academic training does not promote the high standard required at work and in the society, hence, inability to meet the good standard of knowledge required of them. (Kendall 2009, p.394). The conflict perspective on the purposes and prospects of education is that before the dominant class has a ploy of exploiting the masses in the society. They further stated that there is competition among collections of people for power, income, and social status, highlighting the role which education plays in such conflict (Andersen & Taylor 2006, p.354). The conflicts view is on the link between learning and discrimination in society. The conflicts stated that education often brings about the difference in class, racism, and discriminations among the youths (the rich against the poor). The said youths isolate
An Overview of the Concepts and Practices An extensive research on the various aspects of leadership reveals a number of concepts and practices that organizational members have to conceptualize in order to realize the desired goals and objectives. Team leadership model is one of the terms often used to suggest one of the ways through which a manager could lead his or her team in achieving the goals. Based on the model, the leader is simply expected to monitor the performance of the team before taking the most appropriate action to ensure that effectiveness is enhanced. While monitoring and evaluation has never been an easy task, the leader has to develop various strategies that will help him or her understand the functionality of the team. On the other hand, mental model suggests that the manager has to understand the thought process of each team member and try to compare it with what is expected in the real world. In this regard, it is critical to incorporate the views of each person in designing a policy that will affect the team. Through the model, it is noted that each person has a unique way dealing with an issue meaning giving members of the group an opportunity to contribute their ideas results in enhanced decisions as opposed to coming with unilateral decisions that are insensitive to the beliefs, values, and expectations of the majority. Action mediation is concept suggesting that group members should employ various courses of action before formulating the final decision. Task leadership function is a practice that entails job supervision, policy formulation, problem solving, adopting changes, making plans, and ensuring that goals are achieved. Additionally, maintenance function is another practice that includes development of positive climate, solving problems at the interpersonal levels, developing strategies that satisfy the needs of all members, and encouraging cohesion. A virtual team is made up of persons who come together to work without thinking about national borders, time, and space to achieve a collective objective using technology. Team development means encouraging members to coexist in a culturally diverse environment since it enables effectiveness. A collaborative environment is the one that allows members to solve their problems and listen to the pleas of each other. Northouse (2012) presents a leadership model that is of great significance when it comes to diagnosing problems in various groups and designing appropriate courses of actions. First, it is noted that a leader has to possess a stable mind to help in determining whether an action has to be taken or the situation is to be monitored for some time. Secondly, the leader has to determine whether the problem is internal or external since a decision cannon be formulated
Introduction Companies meet CSR challenges on a regular basis. In fact, virtually all innovations come with social and economic challenges. Therefore, companies like General Electric (GE), among others, should act honorably to realize a suitable CSR strategy. This paper will explore GE healthcare’s CSR dilemma. Specific ethical issues The first ethical issue concerns use of ultrasound for illegal abortions of female fetus. Secondly, there is concern regarding the low cost of ultrasound device, which makes it easier for illegal vendors to acquire and use the device illicitly. Recommendation concerning the first ethical issue would be to create awareness on the implications of illegal abortion of female fetus in developing countries. This would create a change in attitude and hence safe usage of the ultrasound device. The second ethical issue can be solved by avoiding sale of the device to illegal third party vendors (Singh, 2011). The concept of professional and applied ethics The concept of professional and applied ethics recommends behavior, which is better than that which is required in the rules of conduct. In most cases, these behaviors are deliberated as philosophical recommendations to members. Firms like GE electric, among others, are required to act professionally. Companies are required to accept their social responsibility to the community. In essence, companies are usually given minimum levels of responsibilities that are compulsory. It should be noted that the minimum rules are enforceable. The concept of professional and applied ethics requires professionals to commit unwaveringly to an honorable behavior. Moreover, companies are required to be upright even in difficulties. Above all, companies are required to adhere to integrity, competency and objectivity. This ensures that the companies provide quality services to society, and maintains integrity. Professional ethics covers responsibility to colleagues and clients, among others. Whether GE breeched the concepts GE healthcare’s low cost alternatives for diagnostic machine were important because they lowered the cost of accessing ultrasound services. However, GE healthcare breeched the concepts of professional and applied ethics by ignoring the two countries’ common policy on gender determination. Specific Example GE healthcare was aware of the countries’ policy regarding gender determination but did not help in the enforcement of these laws by selling the machines to legalized vendors only. Additionally, the company should have conducted follow-ups on third party vendors to ensure that the devices were used as required. Furthermore, GE healthcare’s marketing strategy did not help this cause (Singh, 2011). Preference for male children GE has the responsibility of assisting with the
Explain how students’ prior experiences, interests, and thought processes can influence the learning of current content area concepts. Establish the link between past experiences, student interest, and present learning. Students’ prior experience, interest, and process of thinking can influence learning due to the fact that learning is the dynamic process of shaping and reshaping thoughts based on new knowledge. These experiences influence the understanding of content area with intent consideration of information about the physical and social world. Furthermore, students’ prior experience uses the process of inquiry to define educational context and this can be achieved by retrieving prior knowledge available in the memory by cueing. In establishing the link between past experiences, interest, and present learning, it will be noted that students with increased prior knowledge are faster in understanding taught courses since prior knowledge is easily retrievable and thus the present learning of the new contents are quickly linked. This can be connected to the ongoing questioning of students’ understandings about the world around them. These components of inquiry relate to the very heart of naturalistic knowledge. Additionally, from students prior experience of the environment (by asking theoretical and operational questions, making observations, developing hypotheses, engaging in experimentation and investigation, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, making inferences, and formulating new questions), the link between past experiences, student interest, and present learning will be established. According to the research, students learn from their experience with both past and current event, knowledge, and behavior linked to gathered information (Caine & Caine, 1994). This link bridges the dualistic dimensions. 2. Address each of the following key principles of brain-based learning:   * Importance of meaningful learning   * Knowledge background   * Levels of processing   * Development of neural connections   * Relevance   * Activating prior knowledge (schema theory) Ans: Importance of meaningful learning : Teaching by use of brain-based learning is the importance of meaningful learning. However, meaningful learning includes all necessary information required by students. This information is best understood and remembered by the students (Slavin, 2006). Knowledge background : Knowledge based background attempts to bridge the gap between knowledge of the brain, its functioning and educational practice. The gained knowledge and practice help attain positive results. Levels of processing : Brain-based learning emphasizes that there are levels of processing connected with how accurately knowledge is attained (Slavin, 2007). The brain processes information differently from standard information, which is less expected to be memorized (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). An example of this can be the breeding and examination of eggs with a concurrent understanding of t
Many people, who seek a better life in the United States, call this country “the land of promise”. Over the twentieth century, America has transformed into some melting pot, in which various ethic groups may successfully co-exist. However, every person, attempting to adjust oneself to new conditions of life, has to make certain sacrifices, in the overwhelming majority of cases, he or she has to abandon ones own culture and language. It is often proclaimed that America celebrates biculturalism and ethnic diversity, but very often, immigrants prefer to disguise their cultural heritage, in order to become full-members of the contemporary American society. The main task of this essay is to analyze such works as the poem Immigrants by Pat Mora and Brave We Are by Tahira Naqvi. It is necessary to show how both these authors explore the problem of acculturation. The first question that we need to discuss is the way in which Mora and Naqvi reclaim their cultural Heritage. In her poem “Immigrants” Mexican-American writer, Pat Mora suggests that immigrants, struggling to assimilate into a dominant American culture, often reject their traditions of their native country. In addition to that, they try in every possible way to look like natural Americans. The poetess says: “Wrap their babies in the American flag, Feed them mashed hot dogs and apple pie, Name them Bill and Daisy” (Pat Mora) Although it is not explicitly stated by the author, it seems that she is both ironical and compassionate for such people. They place taboo under their own cultural heritage, and the only way for them to reclaim it is to “whisper at night in Spanish or Polish when the baby sleeps” (Pat Mora). The primary concern of these people is to be accepted into a new society. Pat Mora could have named this poem in many different ways but she chose to call it Immigrants. It seems that the main purpose of the author was to make the reader understand how difficult for these people to remain faithful to their native culture. The very word “immig
Introduction ABC Services, whose name has been changed in order to maintain anonymity, is an assisted living facility that offers services to older people and people who need care from a service provider to carry on with their life. The establishment is a fairly large one and has five locations that are spread across the USA. There are a total of about 100 patients in the five facilities who have signed up contracts with the company to get assisted living services. The Recruitment process The recruitment practices in the company are fairly simple in that the company places an ad for service providers who are offered a salary and perks that commensurate with the existing norms in the industry. Usually, the company places ads in newspapers, and people apply for the jobs that are provided to them. The company seeks personnel who are committed, can work under pressure, and maintain their emotional balance in severely stressed conditions. Often the people who sign up for the services of the company whom they cater are edgy and may require a lot from the caregiver in terms of commitment as well as patience. Potential employees who apply for the position of caregivers have to go through a strict test before being admitted to the facility. The most common problem faced by assisted living facilities in the US is paradoxical because the number of assisted living facilities is increasing in the country and the number of personnel required as a staff is also increasing, but center managers are frustrated that the people with the right attitude and dedication are hard to come by. The kind of personnel that is required in these facilities are those with a genuine sense of service and a caring mentality. Anyone who takes up the job because of being curious or as a stopgap arrangement cannot face the pressures that they have to undergo as part of the training as well as the actual work requirements. The fact that the health care aides employed in an assisted living facility have to have a set of educational as well as personality traits makes them exclusive in the job market. Just about anybody cannot be employed as an aid because this work demands a lot of commitment and the ability to sustain a lot of strain, both mentally as well as physically. Often, employees are required to work in extended shifts, and they may have to do so without adequate rest in between shifts. The environment that most of the employees find themselves also adds to the problem
According to the article “Pepsi and Coke to Post Calories of Drinks Sold in Vending Machines” featured in The New York Times on October 8, 2012, obesity is recognized as a crisis escalated in America during the last few years. The article covers all the aspects of debates on the issue of reducing obesity by calorie management basing on calorie count disclosure, consumer education, and taxation by government. The beverage companies proposed the ways of regulating calories intake through creating awareness of the amount of calories in their drinks. Besides the beverage association’s effort, cities also plan to tax sodas to discourage consumption (Strom). Coca-Cola and Pepsi beverage company’s marketers focused on the consumer’s need of dealing with obesity. However, introduction of calorie count in beverages as a way of customer protection can be ineffective for changing the customer’s preferred beverage choice. The better approach is the process of teaching consumers about the danger of sugary foods like it is in Seattle and Philadelphia. The public in Philadelphia and Seattle are taught about the number of calories gained from sugary drinks and sodas. The inclusion of calories count to vending machines may be an ineffective way to regulate the amount of calories consumed because many people do not use such vending machines. The percentage of vending machines owned by Pepsi and Coke is only 35 while the rest are owned by food vending companies (Strom). It is wrong to state that this approach can be effective since the public have their minds preconditioned to think that this is just but another marketing strategy aimed at increasing the companies’ sales (Strom). This approach may not bring about much difference in reduction of the obesity cases. Moreover, the move of authorities in cities to tax the beverages may also not bear positive results because people are not necessarily discouraged by high prices of products, and consumers usually highly value their desired brands. Work Cited Strom, Stephanie. “Pepsi and Coke to Post Calories of Drinks Sold in Vending Machines” . The New York Times. 2012. Web.