ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Human beings possess five human senses which they use to get information from their surroundings and they include taste, smell, touch, hearing and sight. Information collected by these senses pass through a process before it gets fully understood.The question of when our senses should be trusted to give the truth is very debatable as some would argue that, they should be trusted at all times, some would say they should be partially trusted while others would not trust them at all. However, each argument can be supported, giving situations where common sense can be trusted to give the truth as well as situations where senses cannot be trusted. Introduction According to (Lehrer, 2000), the sensory nerves are usually the first to detect information from the senses which is then relayed to be interpreted by the brain. It is after this interpretation that one gets to understand what has been detected by a particular sense. One can opt to trust or not trust the information gathered by senses depending on his/her belief on the issue or object under study. Trusting the senses also depends on a particular time and situation that we are faced with and therefore, we sometimes tend to trust them while at other times we don’t. Another determinant is our bodies’ and mind’s condition because we can only trust our senses when they are in a good condition. When Senses Should Be Trusted To Give the Truth (Mudimbe ,1988), argues that, truth is what one feels is right after reasoning and it is not uniform to all people as one person’s truth can be taken to be a lie by the another which makes truth debatable. When one’s body and mind is in good condition, it becomes possible to gather information around one’s environment using the five human senses. Human senses gather factual information on the ground which is in most cases trusted to be the truth since it is all they can provide and we entirely depend on them. For example, the sense of sight is used when performing experiments in the laboratory to check whether one is using the right specimen, setting and mixing them correctly to obtain the results. It would be impossible for a blind person to perform some experiments where color needs to be recognized as well as other results needed in data entry for an experiment. This makes the sense of sight a necessity in providing truth which should be trusted. Another example is when reading texts; it is very obvious that we trust our eyes without question to give us details of a particular written material. When one wants to answer a question, information read by the eyes is used to give feedback meaning that the sense of sight is trusted. Blind people often trust their sense of touch to help them recognize their surrounding. Though a lot of training is done to help them read and write, it is clear that at the end they depend on their senses to give them information which they internalize to get meaning from it. If one needs information that gives description of an object’s color, texture and shape, it would be appropriate to trust the sense of sight, touch and hearing since they can see and feel that object. (Guias
Introduction Case studies are designed to approach examples from real life that help leverage experience and knowledge presented by the analysis of events. The mentioned method allows executives to learn from the experiences of other managers and companies, which would enable them to overcome particular difficulties they may face. This paper aims to summarize helpful hints from Hammond’s article and discuss how those can be applied for approaching case studies. Approaching Case Studies Firstly, it is necessary to understand that case studies require an application of analytical skills. Hammond (1976) recommends looking through the case before examining it in a detailed manner. One can read several paragraphs to gain a general understanding of the topic. This approach is helpful because it allows thinking about the implications of the described events. This tip can help approach a case study because by applying it an individual will be able to reflect on the topic disc
Introduction In 1776, American colonies were deciding whether they should be further dominated by Great Britain or become free from the power of the sovereign. Tomas Paine was one of the advocates of the separation from the monarchy and the establishment of democracy. In his pamphlet, Commons Sense , he outlined his vision of the democratic future of America and opposed the power of the king. In the same year, the United States became an independent country, and over 50 years later, Alexis de Tocqueville stated his reflections about the threats of the current political system in his text Democracy in America . These two works by Paine and Tocqueville reveal the change that happened in the perception of monarchy, democracy, and tyranny over time. What Paine considered to be American freedom turned out to be a new form of despotism from Tocqueville’s point of view. Main body To prove that the US had to break free from Britain’s power, Paine started his pamphlet by explaining why humans need a government at all. In his opinion, humans are subject to vices and cannot control themselves effectively (Paine 3). Therefore, the government is “a necessary evil” that is established “to supply the defect of moral virtue” (Paine 2-3). Indeed, without any administration, society would be drowned in chaos, mainly because of human greed and envy. Naturally, people may be ruled in various ways, so Paine suggested a scenario for a successful government reigning over a happy community. From his point of view, a king meant nothing for the well-being of society; rather, the prosperity of the nation depended on common interests and mutual support of each other (Paine 3). To maintain such relationships in society, people should elect their representatives regularly, and the elected should return to the community after serving their terms (Paine 3). Thus, the government should be formed of people who are aware of the electors’ pains and needs and can address these issues. However, such a type of government is impossible with a monarchy. Paine found the political system with a king at the head absurd because “it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required” (4). He argued that monarchs were separated from the public due to their position but were required to be well informed of it, which were two contradictory clauses (Paine 4). The ignorance of the living conditions of the subjects often resulted in a divorce between common people and a ruling clique with a sovereign at the head. Therefore, the king’s decisions were designed to satisfy the needs of the elite rather than improve the position of the community. There was one
Widely misunderstood across all quarters but often quoted; Bruce Tuckman’s remains an iconic figure in understanding group management. His brilliant and detailed descriptions of fundamental stages of group development are a simple model that is easy to understand and apply. Do not forget that this simple model helps reverse and examine what’s hidden behind each stage. A renowned educational psychologist who fist developed this model in 1965 immediately after graduating from the University of Princeton, Tuckman was able to keenly examine the general behavior of small groups under different environmental situations and detail the distinct phases that these groups undergo. Towards this, he developed the four stages that small groups need to undergo before they achieve their ultimate goals. The model was developed and refined in 1977 with the important assistance of Mary Anne Jensen. Described by many as genius, Tuckman was able to describe the four stages in explicit manner by demonstrating that the process of group development in most instances is subconscious, but knowledge on the understanding of this role can effectively assist a group to achieve its objectives with ease and speed. Tuckman described the first stage as the forming stage. Our social desire as human beings rests on the fact that we are accepted within a given group and that controversy and conflicts are minimized to aid group development. In this stage, serious issues and intense feelings are often not expressed but always remain avoided. This stage also involves individuals adjusting to their routines and analyzing the various aspects of team organization. It is a stage compounded by collection of information and impressions. Tuckman defined it as comfortable stage to be in the process of group development. The second stage is the storming stage. According to Chimaera Consulting Limited (2001), “individuals in the group can only remain nice to each other for so long, as important issues start to be addressed and some people’s patience will break early, and minor confrontations will arise that are quickly dealt with or glossed over”. The adjustment process continues into this stage but minor differences are as a result of conflicting roles and responsibilities. The ability to suppress the conflict will depend largely on the culture of the organizations. Individuals will have a feeling of either winning or losing and will search for adjustment mechanisms to do away with the conflict or minimize its effects. The last two stages are norming and performing respectively. The norming stage involves the establishing of the rules of engagement. “Having had their arguments, they now understand each other better, and can appreciate each other’s skills and experience. Individuals listen to each other, appreciate and support each other, and are prepared to change pre-conceived views; they feel they’re part of a cohesive, effective group”( Rowe, 2006). The performing that is
Pastors teaching love in the 21st century church Pastors can be considered teachers and mentors as they provide spiritual advice and guidance to the community. For them, it is vital to teach and show love for the population to allow for the growth of a church. As feelings and emotions hold a primary position in the postmodern world, it is necessary to translate traditional teachings about these concepts to the current perspectives. Pastors can interpret Clapper’s ideas about love and use them in a personal conversation with the twenty-first-century church in the following ways. In the modern world, the Weasley’s vision of Christianity as the renewal of the heart should be re-envisioned to be understood. For humans, emotions have intentional nature as they motivate people to behave in particular ways. However, Clapper notes that emotions should be perceived as affections that serve appropriate reasons and are different from passions (2010). Affection and love may be seen as interconnected concepts. In the Christian understanding, love is a key concept and attribute of God; it should be self-sacrificial and focused on giving to others (Wood, 2016). Thus, pastors can use the idea of love as a rational and not purely romantic or erotic emotion in their services. To teach this concept in a personal conversation with a twenty-first-century church, pastors should involve affection in their actions. It is vital to remember that although affection and love are related, they are not identical. To perform ministry, pastors should strive to kindle affection. For example, they can show genuine interest in people’s families, celebrate positive events and changes that happen in individuals’ lives, and be kind to them. These actions reveal a caring attitude and indicate the pastor’s yearning, compassion, and sympathy. As a result, through positive emotions and feelings, church members can learn the meaning and significance of affection. Imagery of exile The imagery of exile influencing the evaluation of the church Beach (2015) discusses the need for spiritual leadership in providing the community with the resources vital to see that God is in control of everything. The author notes that for individuals, hopelessness can be a result of their marginalized position. The author explains that exile is a central concept in Christian faith and can be found in various aspects of individuals’ lives. Each person is a distinct human being that has particular perceptions and beliefs. People experience exile when they feel abandoned or alienated, which may be a significant problem for Ch
Introduction The Battle of Sadr City, Iraq (March – May 2008) was a successful military operation conducted by the U.S. military troops together with the Iraqi government forces against Jaish al-Mahdi terrorists who had a firm grip on the territory. Due to a number of important events and decisions which occurred / were made during the armed conflict, it was possible for the allies to defeat the enemy. The operation on the whole was able to lead to the desired political outcomes, for the terrorists were driven out from the territory, and the Iraqi government managed to establish control of the city. It is important that the victory of the allies occurred in spite of the numerical superiority of the foes and the difficult terrain of the urban territory; the U.S. Army suffered only relatively small losses. Analytical Framework In this paper, the data gathered from literature related to the 2008 battles in Sadr City will be used in order to understand the events that took place there and to analyze the outcomes of the mission as a whole. The literature used will include books and reports about the events, as well as other scholarly and online sources. The main plans and actions that the American Army implemented will be described, and the ways in which they helped the troops to win against the enemy or made them lose their positions will be exposed. Our analysis of the events and our conclusions will be based on the criterium of effectiveness of the military actions, which includes the ability to defeat the enemy and to suffer the minimal losses of troops while taking part in the hostilities. Analysis of the Operation The battles in Sadr City took place in March – May 2008. According to George Bush, the President of the U.S. of that time, the general aim of the whole mission of the American troops was “to help Iraqis clear and secure neighborhoods, to help them protect the local population, and to help ensure that the Iraqi forces are capable of providing the security that Baghdad needs”; the Baghdad Security Plan is reported to have been the main component of the surge 1 . It is stated that, according to this plan, the military operation had three main objectives: clear the territory of the extremist elements that might cause trouble for the local dwellers, capture the control over it by providing a full-time presence of the American and Iraqi troops on the street, and retain this control. 2 The terrorist organisation of Jaish al-Mahdi (JAM) had firm control over the Sadr City. As a result, the intelligence that the U.S. forces were able to gather about the territory was limited. On 23 March 2008, JAM launched a number of rockets at the Green Zone (or International Zone) in Baghdad, where Iraqi government offices and foreign embassies were located, and on 25 March Iraqi government checkpoints were massivel
Introduction Business excellence entails more than putting in place an evidence proven quality system. Therefore, the topic of business excellence models coupled with how they apply to the UAE organizations like Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENOC) is paramount. The models help in establishing what an organization does or should do right from leadership, operations, strategies, managing customer relationships, information processing, reinventing process, and addressing the people’s issues. The topic is important since these issues determine the competitive advantage for any organization. Indeed, ENOC requires strong management systems to enhance its present and long-term competitive advantage. This move is necessary to ensure long-term performance so that stakeholders can generate value from their investments. Research questions, objectives, and aims The research question for this paper is how can BEMs help ENOC to achieve its strategic performance goals to deliver optimal value to the stakeholders? Responding to this question, this paper’s objective is to discuss how ENOC has used one of the BEMs (4P model) to achieve both short-term and long-term success. The paper seeks to provide a potential benchmark that other organizations in the UAE can use to enhance their success by deploying effective BEM(s). Literature review The 4P model integrates different aspects of an organization. Mohammad et al. (2011, p.1221) note that these include ‘soft (intangible) and hard (tangible) aspects, subjective and objective aspects, rational and irrational aspects, individual/personal and collective/organizational aspects’. It offers a recommended structure for enhancing sustainability in realizing organizational excellence (Dahlgaard & Dahlgaard-Park 2004). The model aims at integrating and ensuring harmony amongst people, work teams, or partnerships, organizational processes, and organizational products or services as a precondition for achieving business excellence. The model is enabler-result oriented having 5 criteria as shown in figure 1. Dahlgaard, Pettersen, and Dahlgaard-Park (2011) note the first 4 criteria constitute the enablers also called critical factors for success while helping in realizing results or success of service and products within an organization. The first 3 are enablers of the system of management while the fourth component is process-oriented, which helps in the development, production, and delivery of services coupled with products of an organization to the market as formulated in the organizational plans and strategies. The implementation of the model requires the development of an appropriate organizational culture, innovativeness, customer orientation, and deploying effective techniques coupled with tools for management like lean techniques. Figure 1: The 4P business excellence model. The 4P model shown in figure 1 was first developed and implemented in the Danish co
Introduction The geopolitical magnitude of Afghanistan is very significant due to it is the door to central Asia, the Indian peninsula, and the Russian coastal region. History evidenced that Afghanistan has been the victim of aggression, conspiracy, and controversy among the imperialists and religious radicalism for more than a century. In this era, the US and its European collaborators turned the country into a native land of terrorism and threat to humanity. Taliban- the terrorist force of Afghanistan, which has given birth by the Americans to combat against Russians and has turned its gun against the USA after the Russian’s back. In 2001, the U.S. military toppled Al-Qaeda, which has controlled by the Taliban. In 2004, modern Afghanistan became the Islamic Republic, as a demographic region of Afghan citizens. With this new government, Afghans are facing collapsed economic system, continuous attacks of opium drug, enlarging terrorist activities, recovering land mines, returning home of refugees every year, etc. However, the future vision of Afghanistan is to become the land of optimism, freedom, and a new era of beginning. In this paper, from the history to the current situation, Afghanistan would be focused on analyzing the future expectations of this country for Afghan people and other people related to this region (Library of Congress 2008). As the land is too ancient, the history would be drawn from the 9th century to the 21st century, with its assets, territories, industrializations, emporium, 9/11 problems, U.S. attacks, and much more remarkable situations. Overview of Afghanistan Afghanistan is an Islamic republic situated in Central Asia (Library of Congress 2008). It has borders with many Asian countries and is located in the west of Pakistan, East of Iran, South of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. It has also a border with China through the Wakhan Corridor, which extends from the northeastern part of it. Thus, it has the most land border with Pakistan, which is about 2430 kilometers, and the least border with china of 76 kilometers (Library of Congress 2008). The total area occupied by Afghanistan is almost 647,500 square Kilometers. Kabul is the capital city and there are some other cities with economic and political importance like Hirat, Jalalabad, Qandahar, Kunduz, and Mazar-e-sharif. According to the 2008 estimation, it has almost 32.7 million populations with a growth rate of about 2.6% per year (Library of Congress, 2008). About 75% of the total population is located in rural areas. The birth rate is almost 45.8 and the death rate is 19.6 per 1000 pop
Introduction A budget refers to a list of planned expenditures and revenue. For a government, this is a summary of how the government plan to get revenues and how it will spend that money. In America, the federal budget is planned by the management and budgeting office and then taken to the congress for deliberations. Congress will make any desired changes on the budget; all states in America are supposed to have a budget that is balanced. However, the federal government is permitted to have deficits. The budgeting cycle We are going to examine the budget cycle and analysis that is normally taken when planning a budget. For the purpose of this paper, we are going to examine the budget cycle and analysis of a public district school. The budgeting cycle involves various aspects, which include; development of a budget, budget monitoring, strategic planning, results in communication, and then final assessment. Schools are required to make budgets for the sake of sound financial planning and accountability, as Hartman observers. Education budgets are a good working instrument for the success of local district schools and also the states. And provide an important chance for planning the school mission, improving school operations, and achieving the schools’ education objectives. Factors considered before budgeting The district school budget for the next financial year is normally based on a different factor. One an analysis of existing and also proposed programs of education, and also any new permitted by the Michigan laws or by the district school board. Two; an analysis of the district financial records and also audits got from the current preceding financial year accounts to be able to determine the district fiscal strength. Thirdly, before the budget is developed, the school has to the analysis of current and impending employees’ union consultation. Lastly, the budget reflects on projected income for the subsequent financial year. Various districts will put different degrees of highlight on the above four discussed factors. Use of the budget The budget gives a level of satisfaction of financial planning information to the state, the local authorities, and also the federal government. It also gives useful information to the taxing authorities. And it is used by the school to show how accountable the school is. Budgeting also provides an opportunity for parents to analyze the school source of funds especially the number of federal funds. Budget development The school districts have a lot to do because they must track their internal expenses and also track other many complex fiscal and budgeting. However, other districts have no written description about the way their budget procedures. District heads know these procedures of the head and draw the budgets without written laws. In developing the budget, the school makes an estimate it will need to spend for the financial year a