ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The U.S. health care system consists of health agencies of two types: publicly funded and privately funded. The first type of organization is supported by taxes, and it performs a wide range of activities, the enforcement of which sometimes requires a specific legal status of organizations (Rector, 2018). Private health care organizations are non-tax-supported, and they can be either non-profit or for-profit (Rector, 2018). This paper will compare the Administration on Aging (AOA) that is part of the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) and the National Council on Aging (NCOA). Both of them deal with the aging population, the care for which became one of the major goals of Healthy People 2020 (Lach & Noimontree, 2018). The health promotion services of NCOA complement those of the AOA, but the AOA is more successful in addressing healthcare disparities. The USDHHS is a large public health organization that handles health issues on the government level. It consists of a range of agencies, each referring to particular health care areas and specific populations (Rector, 2018). The AOA is one of its agencies, and it is designed to arrange health care for the elderly in accordance with the Older American Act of 1965 (Administration for Community Living [ACL], 2017). The AOA has the Office of Nutrition and Health Promotion Programs, the purpose of which is to educate elderly people about healthy behaviors, HIV/AIDS, oral health, and nutrition services (ACL, 2017). It also aims at preventing falls and illnesses and teaching the aging population how to manage chronic disease and diabetes without help (ACL, 2017). Thus, the publicly funded AOA offers a wide variety of health promotion services to its target audience. The AOA also addresses healthcare disparities in its specific demographic. It is the responsibility of the Office for American Indian, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiian Programs, which is another unit of the AOA (ACL, 2017). This office’s programs support tribal organizations so that they can provide health care for elderly people in their community (ACL, 2017). However, it seems that the AOA does not distinguish aging individuals with disabilities since it offers them the same services as the rest of its target population. The NCOA is a separate healthcare resource rather than an affiliated agency. It is a private, not-for-profit healthcare organization that focuses on the needs of the aging population (Rector, 2018). Since, according to Rector (2018), privately funded health services usually complement government services, the NCOA may be regarded as a significant supplement to the AOA. The NCOA programs are designed to help elderly people to get supplemental nutrition and develop healthy behaviors, as well as educate them about managing chronic conditions (National Council on Aging [NCOA], 2018). One of the greatest concerns of the aging population is the risk of falling because it may cause serious injuries at this age (Lach & Noimontree, 2018). The NCOA effectively addresses this concern through “awareness, education, and evidence-based falls
Leadership is the ability that makes capable of persuading others to work towards achieving the set objectives passionately. Leadership involves a community of interest between the leader and his subordinates, that is, these two groups should be pursuing a common goal. Different leaders and organizations may use several approaches to leadership. The different approaches have both disadvantages and advantages as discussed below. In competency-based leadership approach distinct skills identified, separate qualified staff from unqualified staff. People’s capability determines their level of performance and therefore a desired performance requires a specific level of skills. This approach majorly works on improving individuals’ skills and their performance as an individual moves from one level to another (Greenleaf & Spears, 2002). The competency-based approach of leadership has several advantages. This approach to leadership communicates reasoned outlook for roles and for levels of performance. Individuals get tasks that they are capable of doing. This ensures meeting of development needs set by an organization. Competency-based approach protects the morale of the staff. This approach provides room for improvement, and it also rewards those who have improved by giving them promotions. It also provides more valid data and thus makes working easier. To ensure that an organization is developing, performance management gets quantified and therefore the organization knows the areas that need an improvement. Competency-based approach is effective as it links development activities to goals, and provides guidelines for development. However, some people may argue that linking management to performance is the wrong way to develop leaders. An additional limitation of this
The main topic of discussion is the Supreme Court’s cancellation of vaccines and weekly check-ups against the coronavirus mandate for businesses. According to the mandate, OSHA would become the regulatory body for compliance with the rule at any enterprise with more than 100 employees. Contrary to the acute coronavirus situation, the Supreme Court recognized that OSHA exceeded its authority since the right to comply with such a mandate should remain with the employer. One of the points of view is that the COVID situation is getting worse, and the mandate was a logical continuation of Biden’s policy to combat coronavirus. According to CNBC’s analysis of Johns Hopkins University data, more than 731,000 new daily infections were registered in seven days, which is 4% more than the previous week (Kimball, 2022; January 25, para. 11). However, during the discussion, the point of view was expressed that the decision to comply with the mandate should not be binding but remain with the employer. The main argument is that such measures are too radical, and the picture of the disease cases is not considered entirely. The Supreme Court also agrees with this opinion, which concluded that ETS went beyond the regulation of workplace safety and entered the territory of broad public health measures (Bickel et al., 2022). The court also explained that coronavirus infection was included in universal risk diseases and could be compared with the risk of everyday dangers, which has nothing to do with the employee’s workplace (Bickel et al., 2022). The final argument against the mandate’s introduction may be that OSHA did not have enough historical practice to conduct such a broad experiment. This leads to the logical conclusion that the court’s decision and the point of view expressed in the discussion are fully justified and have much more negative sides than it seems at first glance.
“Africa” Maya Angelou’s poem “Africa” utilizes a metaphor of a woman who suffers viewing her children being enslaved to show an outrage happening in Africa. In fact, the first stanza gives a visual description of the continent’s beauty, drawing the analogy with the woman’s body. Specifically, the poet uses landmarks such as deserts, mountains, and the Nile River to describe the vastness of this continent. However, the verbs used in the first stanza seem to display Africa’s passivity and lack of power to do anything when her daughters are raped and sons are sold. In this poem, Angelou showed how the people of Africa felt when the white came to conquer their lands and kidnap them to slavery. Indeed, the phrase “had lain” depicts Africa’s inability to do anything against white oppressors. Furthermore, the expression “is rising” shows that black people’s self-awareness rose after a century of hardship and silence. It appears that the author hopes that new beginnings and opportunities will come for Africans after their lands are freed. “Still I Rise” In Maya Angelou’s poem “Still I Rise,” black people’s oppressor seems to be addressed as “you.” The poet uses a consistent tone full of pride for her race and ethnic identity to tell the target audience that Africans will continue to rise regardless of white people’s disrespectful attitudes and actions. In fact, the questions determine this poem’s tone and serve as an accusatory tool to confront the oppressors. Indeed, Angelou does not feel shame for black people being confident and arrogant in speech, dance, and laughing. The last two stanzas claim the beginning of a new era for black people when they leave all the shame of inaction in the past and rise. The poet’s self-respecting and non-hostile tone remained the same throughout the poem. Moreover, the author strongly supported her position and claimed that she would not change her stand. Overall, Angelou’s “Still I Ri
Introduction The processes of knowledge creation and knowledge acquisition are associated with a positive impact on business and the emergence of unique and useful ideas. To improve knowledge processes in an organization, it is important to create a creative working environment and empower employees to seek specific information sources. For example, modern social media presents a platform that offers a variety of business opportunities. To learn about the rapidly changing customer preferences, a company may organize a questionnaire with the key points about time, frequency, and challenges of shopping. By imagining what a potential client wants, it is possible to prepare the corresponding products and services that would be demanded. In creative problem-solving in business, the key idea is to anticipate customer expectations rather than just meeting them. Discussion Accordingly, the knowledge creation process may be improved by motivating managers to adopt the thinking style of innovators. They are to be stimulated to reconsider the accepted ways and design new ones to attract and retain more customers. Depending on a particular product, attention should be paid to demographic, individual, and pressure factors faced by a target population, while employees also need proper incentives to resolve problems and shape new knowledge creatively. For example, it is known that creativity reduces with age, and previously learned issues largely identify new solutions. Therefore, one may suggest that a team of creative knowledge developers should be composed of people with rich experience, intrinsic motivation, and self-confidence. At the same time, debates and discussions are necessary to reveal the gaps and opportunities based on critical appraisals since people with different yet reasoned views are more likely to come up with the best decisions.
Introduction QUANGOs are organizations that can affect policies and policymaking. The word QUANGO stands for Quasi Governmental Organizations. According to the Economic Research Council, QUANGOs are comprised of around eight hundred and eight three bodies and they usually assist those people who constitute the bureaucratic classes. (Armstrong, 2001) Quangos are believed to consume around one hundred and sixty-seven billion pounds every year. (Janssen, 2001) The money comes from the people. A section of the money is taken from the fees charged on business; this is actually paid by the consumers. Approximately one hundred and twenty-seven billion pounds is taken from peoples’ pockets as a form of taxation. (Isabel, 1995) QUANGOs constitute organizations such as the ‘School Food Trust’ ‘Milk development Council’ as well as ‘Thames Gateway Development Trust and other organizations of this nature. Many people have suggested that they should be removed. The existence of QUANGOS has been highly and strongly criticized by the people. They are believed to strain people’s finances and affect the economy. (Neilstrong, 2003) Quangos and Policy Makers Quangos are more popular with the government. This is because they assist the government in increasing the level of taxes being collected. The government believes that Quangos ensures that the money is absorbed by the economy. (Glazrsky, 2002)Quangos are usually part of the government’s policy meant to improve the revenue collection to avoid outside dependence. It is claimed that if the amount of taxation is reduced it would be tantamount to taking away the money from the government. As a result, it has made the government set aside large sums of money to spend it. The government has made use of quangos so as to meet the budget of half of the population who cannot
Introduction The key to innovation in the aerospace industry has always been the evolution of propulsion systems and engines. These mechanisms use thrust to propel an object generated through Newton’s Third Law of action and reaction. Propulsion is ultimately responsible for a flight and is the underlying physics principle for the development of modern aircraft engines. As technological possibilities expand, advanced propulsion systems are designed with increased capabilities, efficiency, and thrust. Military aircraft are commonly at the forefront of innovation due to the high-level performance requirements and large investments made into developing them. This report will investigate advanced propulsion systems in the context of the Lockheed Martin F-35 multirole fighter. Summary Propulsion is a force that pushes an object forward. Commonly, an aircraft propulsion system consists of an engine that generates an excess thrust which accelerates the plane by overcoming drag. Military aircraft such as the F-35 multirole fighter needs fast acceleration and must be able to maintain high speeds (Hall, 2015). Therefore, propulsion systems in these aircraft are more advanced with afterburners and other components which create excessive thrust to overcome high drag at supersonic speeds. Also, they must meet specifications of maintaining the balance, mobility, and efficiency necessary in a fighter aircraft while being able to withstand the tremendous physical stress of combat flight patterns. Lockheed Martin’s F-35 Lightning II multirole fighter developed for the U.S. military has one of the most advanced propulsion systems ever designed in the aerospace industry. The defense program benefited from significant investment as well as complex testing and integration of numerous large aerospace contractors cooperating on its production. The F-35 was developed in three variants meant for different branches of the military: Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Therefore, each model has individual requirements, and designing a propulsion system with support for each one was a monumental achievement of the manufacturer Pratt & Whitney. The F-35A uses a traditional take-off and landing (CTOL) design, similar to the F-35C, which must be able to operate on a naval aircraft carrier (CV system) with its rigorous conditions. Meanwhile, the F-35B operates with a shortened take-off and vertical landing (STOVL), which remains the most challenging to implement. CTOL and CV propulsion designs are nearly identical, but STOVL consists of a turbomachine similar to the others in combination with unique components. These components include a lift fan, roll post system, clutch driveshaft, three-bearing swivel duct, and a specialized
The dynamics of the disease and its recent epidemic The RVF (Rift Valley Fever) virus is a viral disease that normally affects sheep, goats and cattle; while uncommon, there are instances where the disease does affect humans and as such due to the infectious nature of this particular type of virus it has actually been classified by the U.S. government as being usable as a potential biological weapon (Hanafi et al., 2011). While in the case of humans the virus normally manifests itself as a mild fever, there are instances where more severe manifestations do take p
Introduction Chess is one of the most popular board games in the world. Basically, it did not undergo some drastic changes throughout centuries. However, it became literally larger. Nowadays many people can choose between playing conventional chess or outdoor chess. Of course, to make a choice people should know the difference between the two games since seemingly similar games have different characteristic features which influence their role in human life. Definition of the game In the first place, it is important to point out that the two games are absolutely identical in terms of basic rules. For instance, Wilkinson (2008) defines chess as “abstract strategy board game that is played by two players” (19). Outdoor chess can be also defined like that. Moreover, the board, chessmen and possible moves are absolutely identical in both games. Dimension The first difference to be discussed is the most noticeable, i.e. the dimension of the board and chessmen. Conventional board is usually placed on a table and players sit at this table. Whereas, outdoor chess is much larger, with the board placed on the ground and chessmen which can be as high as players. These characteristic features influence the way of playing: while playing conventional chess players are usually sitting, but playing outdoor chess presupposes that players walk and move. Players The dimension of the board and chessmen and possibility to be physically active or passive during the game leads to other two differences between the games. Thus, children are more attracted by playing outdoor chess rather than conventional chess. They like using chessmen which are just like toys. Moreover, children keep moving and having fun while playing outdoor chess. In fact, not only children like outdoor chess. Adults, who like having fun an
Introduction Is accounting profession entirely independent and dependable? This question was on every investor’s mind when a series of accounting scandals and frauds erupted in a small period of 3 years from the year 2000 to 2002. This period was marked as a crises period for investor trust in global entrepreneurships and the accounting profession itself. Many publicized business failures during this period such as that of Enron, Tyco and Worldcom (Tracy, p. 119) highlighted the mischief which was mainly due to embezzlement of funds, false declaration of profit by overstating revenues and understating expenses, amplifying the value of assets or understatement of liabilities. This typically involved companies’ defying directors with the assistance of offices in other corporations or affiliates (Albrecht, 2005). This takes us back to the critical evaluate and understand the objective of financial statements that is to provide information about the financial position, performances and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions (ASB, 1999). In this paper we would discuss the issues which make the conceptual framework lacking in the financial information of bankrupt companies yet so important for the users of financial statements, review a case of Next Plc. based on its financial statement year ended 26 Jan 2008 and finally draw our conclusions as to which qualitative characteristic of financial statement is by far most important one to its users. Critical Background The increasing number of frauds and misstatements led to a divisive debate over the information presented in the financial statements for the purpose of meeting the common needs of most users actually failed to fulfil its basic requirements. The content of financial statements show the results of stewardship of the management that is the accountability of the management for the resources entrusted to it (AT Foulks Lynch, 1998). The users of the financial information assess the performance of the management and develop their respective view of the company’s progress based on the disclosures made in the financial statements. Hence, it allows them to make their investment decisions if they believe that the company has performed well in the past or is expected to do well in the foreseeable future. The misuse of reporting principles and deliberate negligence by auditors allowed the management of many companies to manipulate the financial information and mislead users including equity investors, lenders, employees, business contacts, government and in general public. This resulted in billions of investors’ money being wiped out from the market and huge losses in terms of unemployment, loss of revenues to the governments and most importantly the damage it did to the accounting profession (Marnet, 2008). Some may argue that the financial statements only contribute to the decision making to an extent limited by the fact tha
Reasons for Japan’s economic stagnation Japan’s economy, which was once an envy of various economic players in the world due to its robust growth during the 1980s, plummeted into constant stagnation that proved difficult for the country to revamp. Several economic scholars have cited various reasons for the stagnation. However, the solutions to the economic situation proved elusive. While deflationary pressures have been cited as the major cause of the Japan’s economic stagnation, other factors such as surplus in savings, policy mismanagement, structural impediments, the appreciation of the country currency (Yen), the global capital flows and political factors have also contributed to the downturn. Recently, some scholars have also looked into other factors such as the demographics as some of the explanation for the negative growth of the Japan’s economy. Lessons other countries can learn from Japan’s economic deflationary spiral Many countries including the US as well as those within the euro zone tend to learn from Japan’s economic policy mess-ups. In fact, most economists point out that Japan’s central bank ignored the warning signs of the economic slowdown and only acted after things have gone worse. The Japan’s central bank disregarded the fact that most of the banks were in serious danger of liquidity due to accumulated debts. Under such circumstances, the central banks must act quickly and decisively to implement appropriate monetary policies. During the period of economic slowdown, Japan increased government spending ignoring the monetary policies that would create a balance leaving many banks and other financial institutions riddle with huge debts. However, the economic slowdown was cushioned with increased public savings, which allowed sustained consumption rates. Most countries have learnt these critical lessons from the Japanese economic deflationary spiral. Measures Japan can put in place to revamp its economic growth Various policy measures have been employed the country to tame the deflationary spiral over the years. In fact, the economic models such as reducing the interest rates have been applied by the government yet the problem persists. As a result, most economists have proposed new models that can be applied by the Japanese governments to increase inflation. However, most of these models are yet to be tested. Currently, the Japanese government should consider putting in place measures that will increase wages such as tax credit to companies that augment gross earnings. The other critical step is to put in place measures that would increase the share prices. Such measures include increasing the value of Yen against major currencies. The implications of Japan’s economic stagnation Economic stagnation is not good indicators for investments. The stagnat