ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the course of history, the basis of political universalism has been on the assumption that human beings are no longer plausible. The arguments supporting universalism have for a long time taken lightly the common core of humanity that surpasses every social or historical context. Universalist critics argue on the basis of the complicated role that both culture and tradition play in all human judgments. However, it is difficult for human beings to reject cultures and practices as an inherent part of humanity and instead purchase on other ways of living politically. Critics view universalism as only necessary for defending the interests of the Western democracies including human rights. Modern critics believe that an appropriate universalism must consider the very multiplicities of our cultures and traditions that the old universalism so much ignored. This paper seeks to establish whether the European integration process since 1950s reflect Carl Schmitt’s critique on universalism. The concept of political: enemy and friend In 1927, an essay entitled “the concept of the political” found its way in the local dailies. The paper was published by Carl Schmitt. The essays by Carl Schmidt were built upon the ideology of Woodrow Wilson who asserted in an address on the conditions of peace on January 8, 1918, that ‘the final war for human liberty’ could be justified in upholding ‘the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak”. It is upon this notion that, ‘the structure of international justice’ was built. Wilson asserted that the principle necessitated the acceptance of the principle of national self-determination and consequently, the territorial re-arrangement of Europe and its colonies. Wilson’s 14 point principle called for a general association of nations of the world to “…be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike” (Tokár, 2001). To this end, President Woodrow Wilson legitimized the principle of human rights and grasped the notion of abstract humanity. In fact, Wilson called for the formation of the ‘league of nations’ which should include great and small states. As evident, Wilson accepted the reality of pluriverse of sovereignty and as such, stated that they were equal but with politically distinct humanity. For Wilson, the protection of humanity, democracy and human rights, freedom, justice and self-government were the only justification for war. In effect, Wilson was arguing that there had to be a difference between ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ wars. He rationalized that in just wars, remaining neutral was not a possibility. Carl Schmitt’s reflection on international politics was a criticism of Wilsonian ideology coupled with the defeat of German in the WWI. His essays on international politics were intercalated with polemical political commentaries that were published in newspapers with the aim of contributing to political debate and mobilization. Schmitt was displeased w
Review Of Literature The purpose of this review is to examine the available literature on the effectiveness of using therapeutic vests, weighted vests, and pressure vests on children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Attention deficit disorder (ADHD), Pervasive Development Disorder (PDD), other developmental disabilities and sensory processing abnormalities. The use of therapeutic vests is a commonly accepted practice throughout the special educational and occupational fields. Scopes and types of design The scope of this review began with an article by Ayers in (1972), but the main review covered the period beginning from 1999 to date. The types of designs vary from one article to another. Two of the articles were literature reviews: one by Morrison (2007) and another by Stephenson &Carter (2008). Morrison (2007) included five articles in the review. Stephenson (2008) examined seven studies. The studies that were reviewed used experimental design conducted using only a small number of participants. Two different research studies by Reichow, Barton, Sewell, Good, and Wolery, (2010); and Cox, Gast, Luscre, and Ayes, (2009) studied three participants in an alternating treatment design with the following conditions: no vest (A), vests-no weighted (B), and weighted vests (BC) Cox (2009). Riechow, Barton, Good, and Wolery, (2009) studied one participant and used an experimental design A-B-A withdrawal design (A), weighted vests (B), vests with no weight, and (C) no vests. Hodgetts (2010) studied ten participants and used a single-case, A-B-C-B-C study design with A= baseline behavioral ratings without a vest or heart monitor; B=a vest without weights and a heart monitor; C=weighted vest and a heart monitor Hodgetts (2010). VandenBerg (2001) studied four participants and in his study; two males and two females were receiving school-based occupational therapy. Each of the children had been diagnosed with ADHD. The participants were aged between 5 to 6 years. Fertel-Daly, Bedell, and Hinojosa (2001) studied five participants in a research design using an A-B-A single-subject reversal design:  1. baseline,  2. weighted vest was worn  3. no weighted vests were worn (Fertel et al.2001). Defination Of Disabilities Autism is characterized by social interaction impairment witnessed in poor eye gaze and gestures and limited personal relationships. The victim is not at ease communicating verbally and non-verbally in correlation with the age already attained. They delay acquiring a language and at times show a lack of ability to speak and the inability to engage in make-believe play. Their interests and activities are restricted and are not at par with their level of development. Their movements are stereotyped and quite often they flap their hands (Frith, 2003). Pervasive development disorder is an attention deficit hyperactive syndrome. Children with this disability have problems with focussing their attention appropriately. The victims have a very high degree of physical activity. The victims have a set
The Corporation is a documentary written by Joel Bakan in 2003, which revolves around the attainment of legal status by corporate companies, which accords them the privilege of enjoying similar rights as human beings. It brings to the fore the social injustices that corporate companies commit in their business ventures. The Corporation reaction paper seeks to shed light on different opinions for and against the corporate world, brought out by the documentary. Summary of The Corporation Documentary The Corporation (2003) focuses on the development of modern business corporations, starting from an entity being originated as a governmental agency, to the emergence of a contemporary financial institution endowed with legal human rights. The film mainly looks at the US corporations. One of the key themes of the film is the assessment of corporations as humans. The Corporation Reaction Paper: Ethical Analysis of the Documentary Although a corporation is viewed as a human with a conscience, it is one with a dark side that seeks to leave a trail of destruction, whenever it goes out on a profit-making initiative. Incidentally, it does not regret having done wrong as an average person does. For the most part, corporations aspire to make maximum income per unit of input used in the production process. From The Corporation documentary review it is evident that employees know that they are not free to do as they please, as pointed out by Sam Gibara, former CEO and chairman of Good Year Tires (Achbar, Abbot: The Corporation). As shown in the film, corporations will go to the extent of making even the tragedy of others a business venture, in total disregard of what befalls others as recounted by Carlton Brown (Achbar, Abbot: The Corporation). It is noted in the documentary that corporations have made profits out of everything, including those that are essential to human life. The Corporation Rhetorical Analysis After The Corporation documentary analysis it is clear that there are several stylistic devices employed in the documentary as far as ethos, pathos, logos, and fallacies are concerned. Ethos is shown where senior officials of corporations like Ray Anderso
This paper is aimed at discussing the experiences of the immigrant population living in the rural areas of Florida. In particular, it is necessary to show how mental health counselors can assist these people. One should note that the majority of these individuals come from Latin American countries. However, a significant proportion of these people come from other region such as Southeast Asia. These people can be employed in different sectors of the economy such as farming, healthcare service, construction, and other industries. Advocacy Methods One should mention that these people can face several challenges. Some of them are not the citizens of the United States. As a result, they do not always have access to healthcare. It is possible to apply several advocacy methods. At first, one should speak about public campaigns in the social media that can attract people’s attention to the challenges faced by these stakeholders. The residents of Florida should understand that many immigrants do not have access to mental health counseling. The main advantage of this method is that it can increase the awareness of many stakeholders as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily lead in the changes of healthcare practices. Furthermore, it is possible to mention the creation of workgroups formed healthcare workers who should identify the strategies which are needed to help foreign-born population. The main benefit of this approach is that it can lead to development of new strategies. Nevertheless, this advocacy method may not bring changes to the agenda of politicians and regulators. Finally, it is possible to mention public demonstrations. The main strength of this strategy is that it can affect the attitudes and decisions of legislators. However, this advocacy process requires the mobilization of many participants. These methods have been selected because they can be used together to promote the interests of the immigrant community. Identify Institutional and Social Barriers There are several barriers that these people have to overcome. The main problem is that many of them do not have access to healthcare services, because they do not have citizenship status (Weist, Evans, & Lever, 2007, p. 180). As a result, they cannot easily find assistance of metal health counselors working in various medical institutions. Additionally, one should not forget about the impact of linguistic and cultural barriers that prevent them integrating into the society. Analyze the Impact of Local, State, and National Public Policies on the Quality and Accessibility of Clinical Mental Health Services The accessibility of clinical mental health service has been affected primarily by the adoption of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (National Immigration Law Center, 2010). This law covers some of the costs related to mental health services. At the local level, this issue is shaped by non-governmental and charity organizations that try to assist people whose income level is n
When it comes to the economy, the private sector provides the community with job positions, various services, and economic growth. It plays a significant role in creating infrastructure, businesses, and employment possibilities because the monetary investment from private companies allows it to outgrow the usual barriers of the public sector. While the public sector is essential for any country, the role of the private sector should not be underestimated as it is a crucial part of the economy (Lane, 1982). There is a fair amount of criticism aimed at the private sector, and it has its merit. Private companies exist first and foremost to earn capital, and it creates a plethora of examples when human rights, state regulations, and the local community suffer from it. This is why the state must affirm its role in regulating the business practices that happen within the private sector. Laws and regulations must be established that ensure that the community does not become collateral damage in the private companies’ pursuit of wealth. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) is an example of public and private sectors intersecting with one another. Both sides benefit from the partnership, as they can provide one another with a necessary service. Thus PPP has become more common in many countries over the years (Bovaird, 2004). While PPP is viewed as efficient, there is legitimate criticism raised against it. The main concern is that the private sector benefits more than the public sector. Some people also raise concerns that private companies gain considerable influence over non-profit and public organizations that should be guided by the community’s needs instead of profit margin. Although it is true, the issue lies not within PPP as an idea but in the way private and public sectors interact (Forrer et al., 2010). Public and private organizations need to use their partnership to benefit the community and the economy instead of overpowering one another. While concerns regarding PPP’s flaws have validity, these partnerships contribute significantly to a country’s economy and infrastructure and should not be seen purely negatively.
This report pertains to an analysis performed by Diligent Consulting Group for Loving Organic Foods’ venture. It aimed at determining the source of the idea which arose the motivation to boost customers’ habits of making purchases. The major market segment of customers was identified with their purchasing frequency determined. It was established that customers who lie within different age-groups have been purchasing organic foods for over three months from the business venture. Their motives for purchasing particular items vary from one person to another. The rising need to establish the source of customers’ motivation to make purchases prompted Loving Organic Foods to survey 200 clients who previously made organic foods purchases, and 124 clients who responded had their age data randomly recorded. The survey targeted past clients of Loving Organic Foods who had made purchases in the preceding quarter of marketing. O
The success of education is attributed to the use of modern teaching methods that have been developed in the last few years. These methods include project work, providing meaningful choices for students, self-directed learning, literature-based reading, and problem-based curriculum. A well-prepared learning environment facilitates excellent learning outcomes. Consequently, the Montessori education system focuses on proving a learning environment that enables students to acquire knowledge by exploring and engaging in different learning experiences. Piaget (1970, p. 30) asserts that the primary role of intelligence is to promote understanding and invention among learners. The origin of our “intellectual operations is, thus, to be sought for as far back as an initial stage of the development characterized by sensory motor actions and intelligence”. This implies that successful learning has a strong correlation with the development of primary sensory motor actions. Children are likely to do abstract mental operations if they undertake regular practice with sensorial activities. Imitation, developing mental images, drawing, and language development are the main learning characteristics of students who are between 2 and 8 years. Thus, children prefer symbolic and semiotic functions at this age. Students should be guided to generate ideas and to discover mathematical relations on their own, rather than forcing them to accept those generated by adults. Educators should help students to gain experience in using mathematical skills at their own pace. This can be achieved by encouraging the students to engage in regular practice that enables them to develop and to use deductive reasoning in mathematics. Piaget (1970) emphasizes the importance of allowing children to do their work independently by asserting that “even in the sphere of image-recall and memory, it can be shown how much structure and even the conservation of memories is linked to the schemata of actions and operations” (p. 35). Piaget (1970, pp. 35-36) illustrated this argument through an experiment that involved a comparison of the memories that different teams of young learners can retain in an exercise that involves grouping cubes in terms of whether the groupings are perceived, looked at, reconstructed by the learner, or an adult as the young learner observes. The memories exhibited in each case were superior. This means that the presentations by the adult produced mere perceptions. Consequently, vital information is often lost each time an experiment is done as the child observes, rather than allowing the child to perform the experiment on her own. Maturation and exercise of intelligence can be achieved through practical experiments, as well as, independent thinking. According to Piaget (1970, p. 36), children will always demonstrate high maturity and advanced level of thinking if they are guided to do independent work. This observation holds regardless of the condition in whic
Conservatism can be defined as a social and political term used to mean save or preserve. Though its application differs from country to country, conservation political ideology holds up all the tradition and tradition values i.e. it is a preference of historic ideas rather than the modern ideals and abstracts (Heywood, 2007 pg 107-113). Conservatism was developed in the 1789 as a reaction to the French revolution. This was attributed to the fact that the French Revolution had an effect on the traditional values and beliefs and thus the conservatism developed this ideology that tried to restore the pre- revolutionaries’ tradition and tradition values. Conservatism belief that the society is not only a collection of individuals but rather a living organism that is closely related but with different individuals; it thus allows for the gradually developing institutions and practices that are shown continuity and stability (Rejai Mostafa, 1995 pg 30-45). Conservatism political ideology is practiced in the modern political world as it opposes the liberalism and radicalism opinion that the human beings can be ethically modified through political and social changes. However, conservatism argues that human beings are guilty of original sin and are full of evil thoughts and actions. Moreover, conservatism tends to assume that human beings are pushed by their zeal and craving and thus they will act in a violent and irrational al manner so as to achieve their desires (Heywood, 2007 pg 112-140). Thus conservatism tend to address tradition al politics and cultural values so as curb restrain human behavior and thus ensuring ethical behavior. Conservatism as opposed to liberalism, embrace concrete traditions which are used to plan the society. Conservatism supports the idea that the society is complex and there is a difference in what the government plans to do and the actual thing that happens in the society. This is because people adopt skills, manners, morality and other cultural values and practices from their ancestors thus knowledge of society history is essential especially to a political leader as he or she will be able to anticipate the effect of the change that he or she want to instigate in that particular society. Moreover, this knowledge will help in the implementation of the government or the political leaders’ ideas in the society (Rejai, 1995 pg 80-104). All these ideals of conservatism political ideology are largely practiced in the world; many leaders have gone to the socity so as to understand their culture and their cultural values before instigating their political ideas. This has resulted to the adaptation of their ideas at the grassroot level and this has lead to societal growth. In the future the political leaders of the world are likely to adopt the organization political ideology. This political ideology seeks for social array whi
Summary The book “Tuesdays with Morrie” is about the lessons the author (Mitch Albom) learnt from a former College teacher, coach and friend-Morrie Schwartz on death and life. Essentially, the book starts with a brief history on Morrie’s life before the illness and his reaction after the diagnosis. Readers learn that Morrie opted not to throw in the towel but continued with these classroom activities until his body could not allow him to do so. Mitch Albom then gives a brief summary of his interactions with Morrie in College. Eventually, we learn about the first time Mitch sees Morrie on TV after decades of loosing touching and this is the ice breaker that brings these two individuals together. The rest of the book essential delves into the lessons on life that Morrie gets from his dying mentor. It is called Tuesdays with Morrie because that is the day when they meet every week. In these lessons, Morrie clarifies the most important aspects of life and affirms that one needs to be bold enough to focus on these things. To the protagonist, living life in the moment and then detaching oneself from those moments is a sure way to get the most out of it. Furthermore, he asserts that when one focuses on giving rather than taking then one can find purpose. To him, it is the little things that matters the more as seen through his description of what a perfect day is. He also stresses the importance of family and love as these are essential foundations that can get one through the hardest and most difficult times. Short Reaction When I started this remarkable book, I expected to get insights on death and the end of life (although I was able get these) the most profound aspect about the book was its teaching on life and living. It has lessons for almost every single aspect of life that one faces i.e. school, marriage, careers, money, society and most importantly life’s misfortunes. It taught me how to get the best out of life rather than focus on a frantic rat race. The book was so profound to me because it was not a work of fiction; these were all assertions made by a real human being. Morrie Schwartz did indeed fall victim to the unforgiving illness – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and all the advice he gave was personal and genuine. I could connect with every emotion, every struggle and every loss. To me, the author did a splendid job by capturing all of Morrie’s assertions in a book that has been distributed to the rest of world. There is no doubt that what Morrie shared with the author is relevant in any person’s life and it can therefore make another’s life richer and better. This book has definitely changed my life. I keep referring to it from time to time and will read little bits of it just so that I can be reminded about the richness and weal