ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Hand hygiene has been with us for ages. This notwithstanding, its application in the medical sector has remained quite low. For the idea to be fully embraced, it is imperative to create avenues through which health care practitioners can be educated and sensitized on the importance of hand hygiene practices. This paper examines six articles on the subject of hand hygiene and the use of alcohol-based sanitizers as a way of controlling infections. Evidently, and as revealed in this study, effective hand hygiene practices help to prevent the transmission of infections from one patient to another. In addition, hand hygiene makes it possible for health care practitioners to safeguard the lives of patients. Introduction An important consideration for all health care practitioners is the need to ensure the safety of all patients under their care. To a large extent, patients undergoing surgical operations are often exposed to risks that can cause them to develop serious medical conditions that can be very costly to treat (“Hand Washing: What is the Solution?,” 2014). Usually, infections find their way into a patient’s body through open wounds or other weak body points. Apparently, most nurses and doctors are aware of the risks involved and make every effort to see to it that patients are protected. The use of surgical scrubs is thus popular among doctors and other health care practitioners who are cognizant of their importance in preventing infections during surgical operations. Three options are available for ensuring hand hygiene including the use of soap and water, antiseptic solutions, or alcohol-based hand rubs or sanitizers (“Hand Washing: What is the Solution?,” 2014). Some of these are, however, less effective and may not prevent the transmission of microorganisms into a patient’s body. Despite efforts to ensure that patients undergoing surgical operations are not affected by acts of negligence on the part of health care practitioners, there are some instances where due diligence is not exercised, subjecting patients to serious medical risks. In order to protect patients, physicians in some countries are required to take an oath compelling them to handle all patients with care, without causing any harm (Nazarko, 2013). As a consequence, the importance of hand hygiene should be reinforced among health care practitioners. However, this did nothing to ensure the safety of patients and some patients even refused to visit hospitals to seek treatment because of fear of being infected. They would thus look for alternative ways of treatment which, to a large extent, may be costly and less effective. According to Chen et al. (2011), infections as a result of healthcare are prioritized among the chall
The first article by Holt-Lunstad et al. examines the connection between various forms of social deficits and the decreased life expectancy in older people. Its results reveal that it is possible to predict early mortality by analyzing whether an older person lacks social contacts. The second article by Valtorta et al. draws a link between cardiovascular diseases and loneliness. The researchers concluded that social isolation is associated with a higher occurrence of strokes and coronary heart disease. I have learned that a social connection is a feeling of closeness to another person. It is one of the basic needs that uphold physical and mental health and can take a form of a friendship, business partnership, or other relationship. The term “social convoy” refers to people within the same or nearest generations who share any relationship at any point in life, and it is an essential part of creating a sustainable social connection. Self theories focus on the fact that older people undergo significant changes to their identities, such as lower self-esteem, despite maintaining a strong sense of self. Erikson’s self theory explains psychosocial development in older people by comparing integrity and despair as the primary sources of influence on social connections. In turn, socio-emotional selectivity theory discusses how older people choose to maintain relationships with those who contribute to their happiness. Age stratification, which comes from the loss of social status and inability to fulfill previous roles, harms social interactions. The disengagement and activity theories provide differing views on the issue, although they do not contradict each other. Social convoys of older people get thinner as fewer people are available for contact, which leads to isolation and loneliness. Befriending older people and promoting healthy relationships with them is a crucial step in preventing their loss of health in late adulthood. A few years ago, I witnessed such a phenomenon when I learned that one of our neighbors is a lonely elderly woman whose only visitors are social workers. One day she was hospitalized, and I never saw her again, and I believe that if she had any social connections, she would not appear in this situation. After learning how relationships strengthen modern society and improve the well-being of older people, I think it is crucial for adults to continue maintaining close contact with their parents and grandparents. I will definitely put additional effort into establishing this connection with my future family.
Introduction Research is very important in every subject. There will be proper research methodologies, which will produce the good results in every field. Research is essential in marketing field, science field, and sales field. The human research includes experimentation and observations. The humans are the main topic on the research in social sciences, biology, genomics, etc. These research studies with the human participants have social and legal issues. The most necessary ideology of the human study is to produce more and more profits from the research and diminish the troubles and hazards to the subjects. The profits should be to the human world and it will be for the well-being of the peoples all over the world. It has to strengthen the power of people. The hazards consist of the worries, death, injuries, loss of privacy, etc. These should be avoided to get the maximum use of research with human subjects. “No research involving human subjects should occur without some expectation of benefit, whether it be the advancement of science and new understanding, or a direct benefit to the participating subjects. Researchers’ claims about the benefits of their research will rest in large part on their ability to collect useful data” (Frankel, 1999, p.5). There must be proper understanding of the goal and the aims with the study. The study should reach the public by considering societal values and welfare of the people. The ethical considerations should be there to maintain the human morale. The ethical points of research will make a motivating study. The human participants have to get the worth of the research if it is in marketing or in biological science. This should develop the performance and health of human participants, improve their knowledge and experiences. Research study conducted with the use of human subjects that has been properly done from an ethical perspective There are several norms that must be met while conducting research using human subjects. Besides the fact that these r
This paper discusses the key issues on how tourism can contribute to the poverty reduction and how the initiatives on poverty reduction can be measured as well as how the indicators can be identified. Conceptual issues have also been discussed to determine current and future challenges facing tourism as a tool in reducing poverty. In the past, the impact of tourism has been identified based on the growth of Gross National Product and creation of employment. Many analysts have perceived tourism development as positive when there are many tourists arriving in the country, the length of stay for tourist is long, increased occupancy of tourists in hotels and when the expenditure related to tourist is high. However, these measures do not provide ways to establish the impact tourism has on poverty reduction. Most information about tourism focuses on a general development of a country and less developed areas through tourism but ignore how the industry can be used to reduce poverty. Tourism development as a measure of development in economy in a country has been referred using general terms focusing much on growth and modernisation in economy. Economic analysts have always assumed that whenever there is growth in tourism the result is the poor benefiting. While it is true that tourism generates employment for the lower and middle class economic and social classes, it is evident that much benefit of tourism goes to the expatriate companies both locally and internationally as well as local elites. The poor people employed in the industry earn low payments. In addition, if the planning and management in the industry is poor, ecological system depletes uncontrollably, the cost of living goes up for the surrounding community and their cultural traditions are damaged. The officers entrusted with tourism management have failed to demonstrate how tourism can affect poverty alleviations. Much attention has been given to macro economic impacts and the potential tourism industry has to cause economic growth to both the poor and marginalised people as well as the surrounding communities. They have failed to define measures and show demonstrations on specifics regarding how tourism can reduce poverty for the individuals in the community. Regarding community development, the focus is shifting from impact of tourism on overall growth of economy in the society to specific impact on reducing poverty for individuals. Managers in the tourism industry are currently experiencing growing trend in realising that poverty reduction does not always follow economic growth and that poverty can only be reduced through concerted effort and pro poor policies that are specific in improving the living standards of the poor in developing countries. Identification of programs at various levels has been made possible by organisations such as World Health Organisations to reduce poverty through tourism. Such people have been defined as those earning less than $1 per day. When individuals are po
Time management is very important in tertiary education. Both the lecturers and students have to observe time for the smooth running of the institution. With proper time management, students for example can complete a given task comfortable. Lectures are also very important in tertiary education and for this reason there is the need for both the lecturer and the students to observe time. The essay endeavours to examine the importance of time management and the role of lectures in relation to tertiary studies. To start with, the essay shall explore the importance of time management in the lives of tertiary students. The second part of the essay shall examine the important role played by lectures in tertiary studies. To start with, time management enables students in tertiary institutions to organise their different activities effectively. Proper time management enables students to balance between their studies and social life. Similar sentiments have also been echoed by Burdess (2007) who argues, ‘balance your non-academic activities with your academic work’ (p. 6). Poor time management by tertiary students may result in overlapping of activities. For example, they may either dedicate a lot of time to their studies or miss out on their social life. Alternatively, students could also dwell too much on social activities (for example, sports) to the detriment of their academic work. As such, such students should learn how to balance between academics and social activities. In addition, proper time management enables tertiary students to complete their tasks within the stipulated time. Proper time management would also give tertiary students enough time to study, complete their assignments on time, undertake leisure activities (for example, swimming, shopping, and visiting friends), and still create time to study for examinations. Moreover, proper time management helps tertiary students to reduce stress levels. Those students who are able to manage their time well from the beginning of an academic year are more likely to perform better than their counterparts who are poor time managers. As such, they do not have to rush to complete assignments or revise for examinations at the last minute. This way, they avoid poor academic performance. Lectures are important to tertiary students since they guide them on how to undertake their studies successfully. Students who attend lectures regularly get the chance to clarify with the lecturer the areas of a given unit that they do not understand. This way, they are not likely to be overwhelmed with a lot of information when completing assignments or sitting for an examination. Lectures also make tutorials easier. Furthermore, students who attend lectures are also more likely to get additional information that may not be available on the study material. For example, sometimes lecturers provide very clear examples that enable the tertiary students to gain further insight into the subject of study. Also, students can also use these examples when writing examinations. Ac
Nursing Goals and Objectives Short-Term Goals                                               Intermediate-Term Goals                                      Long-Term Goals                                                                             Finishing a bachelor’s degree in Nursing.                      Succeeding in the current position as a Nurse Practitioner.  Increasing professionalism and marketability.                                               Passing the National Council of State Boards of Nursing exam.  Completing a critical care certification.                    Enrolling in a master’s degree program in Nursing Management and Organizational Leadership. Finding a position as a nurse at a healthcare facility.        Achieving clinical mastery to open work opportunities.       Advancing to a Leadership role in nursing.                                                   The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree was initially introduced in 2004 by the American Association
An examination on ABC Corporation’s security at Juan Capistrano revealed that the security system needs to be improved and strengthened. On January 1, 2010 as I was executing my duties, I visited the manufacturing plant to assess the implementation of the security policies that had been set by the corporation. The policy requires;   * All employees to be screened by security guards whenever they are entering the facility. Each employee to wear an identification badge issued by the company and it must have one’s photo. If an employee has any item when entering the place, the security guards are required to search the item. Employees are also required to report and escort fellow employees who have not put on the identification badge while at the facility.   * All doors leading to the plant buildings as well as the outside gate to be locked from 6:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. Observations During the morning hours, for a period of thirty minutes, 50 people entered the facility out of which only 25 of them wore badges. The security guards overlooked that and let them pass. Out of the same 50 people, 30 of them had carried items with them and still the security guards allowed them to pass without inspection. On the very same day, I attempted entering the facility only to find out that all doors to the buildings were not locked as well as the exterior gate. I even entered the production facility freely without questioning by any security guard. Probable causes and effects Negligence of the security is mostly by the security guards who fail to check and deal with employees violating the policy appropriately. This may occur due to friendly relationships that are more likely to develop between the employees and the guards since they work at the same place and are therefore companions. This would make the guards unable to inspect his friends and workmates. They are also to be blamed for the neglect of locking doors and the gate probably because they do not want to do it over and over again. The employees on the other hand will neglect the policy requirements since they know that the guards will not inspect them. The general effect is a weakened security where anyone including non employees will enter the facility anytime and this is likely to result to theft cases by outsiders and the employees as well. Poss
Introduction When the unnamed football club from Minneapolis Minnesota, later called Minnesota Vikings decided to join the more established National Football League, the American Football League had to replace it with the Oakland Raiders. The AFL admitted the Raiders partly due to the lobbying of the Los Angeles Chargers owner, effectively inheriting the draft picks of the Minneapolis club. The history of the club reflects both challenges and landmark achievements including AFL titles and Super Bowl wins. There are many perspectives through which one can analyze the history of the Raiders. In this essay, however, the analysis will focus on the dominant phases the club has gone through and the people at the helm, who have been behind the events comprising the team’s history. To that effect, the analysis will focus on three phases including its founding, the move to Los Angeles, and the move back to Oakland. A brief description of the NFL-AFL merger will also be part of the Oakland Raiders team history analysis. History After its acceptance to the AFL, the team launched a name search competition, initially picking Oakland Señors but, later settling for Oakland Raiders after the poor reception of the name by the fans. Initially, the team held its debut matches at the Kezar Stadium in San Francisco. The Raiders moved to the Candlestick Park venue for the 1960 season, the Frank Yourell Field in 1962, and later on to the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum. The move did not however improve the team’s fortunes, suffering a series of losses both on and off the pitch. One of the factors one cannot ignore about the Raiders is the change of ownership throughout its development. The 1962 season, however, marked a turning point for the Raiders after the hiring of Al Davis who would later become the club’s owner. Under Al Davis, the Club improved tremendously through the implementation of various changes including change of the team’s colors to silver and black and adoption of an aggressive offensive strategy that Al Davis referred to as the “Vertical game”. Al Davis briefly left the team in 1966 after accepting a position in the AFL as a commissioner. He made a return to the team two months later and went ahead to buy a stake as third general partner for $ 18000. He eventually took control of the team in 1972 after a revision of the partnership agreement. His effect on the team was clear since most of the team he helped assemble won the 1967 AFL championship, earning a Super Bowl place. The entry of John Madden in 1969 marked the beginning of the most successful era of the team’s history, winning six division titles in the 70’s decade. After the merger of NFL and AFL, the Raiders continued their impressive performance culminating in the 1976 Super Bowl win over the Minnesota Vikings. John Madden led the Raiders to ten consecutive winning seasons, eventually leaving the team in 1979 with Tom Flores, the first-ever Hispan
Disease Process Renal failure (RF) is a prevalent chronic disease that inflicts an enormous burden on the healthcare system not only in the United States but also in other developed and developing countries across the world (Matavinovic, 2009, p. 1). RF is a condition in which “the kidneys fail to remove metabolic end-products from the bloodstream and regulate the fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance of the extracellular fluids” (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 433). The underlying cause of RF, according to these authors, is closely related to renal illness, systematic illness, or urologic faults that have no renal bearing. The stages of progression of RF include diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, renal failure, and end-stage renal disease. RF can occur as an acute or a chronic disorder, with available nursing scholarship demonstrating that acute RF is abrupt in onset and often is reversible if identified early and managed appropriately, while chronic RF is the end result of irreparable damage to the kidneys which develops slowly over the course of a number of years (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013, p. 1275-1278; Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 433). RF with dialysis qualifies as a chronic RF. The clinical manifestations of RF include “alterations in water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; mineral and skeletal disorders; anemia and coagulation disorders; hypertension and alterations in cardiovascular function; gastrointestinal disorders; neurologic complications; disorders of skin integrity; and immunologic disorders” (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 438). The pathophysiology of RF can be explained in four stages, namely (1) rate of renal blood flow to the tissue becomes higher than that of other well perfused vascular beds such as heart, liver and brain, (2) glomerular capillaries become vulnerable to hemodynamic injury due to the high intra- and transglomerular pressure, (3) glomerular filtration becomes exposed to negatively charged molecules which serve as a barrier in retarding anionic macromolecules, and (4) the sequential organization of nephron’s microvasculature and the downstream position of the tubuli with respect to glomeruli, not only maintains the glomerulo-tubular balance but also promotes the dispersion of glomerular injury to tubulointerstitial compartment in disease, exposing tubular epithelial cells to uncharacteristic ultrafiltrate. Diagnosis of RF should include “assessment measures to identify persons at risk for the development of acute renal failure, including those with pre-existing renal insufficiency and diabetes” (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 436). Additional diagnosis for RF should include inability to concentrate urine as well as “evidence of pro