ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In this article we provide explicit computations of the quantum corrections to the lightest CP-even Higgs Boson mass in the real version of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We compute the contributions coming from the SUSY-QCD sector with a precision of three loops at order $O(\alpha_t\alpha_s^2)$. The renormalization procedure adopted is based on the dimensional reduction scheme in order to preserve supersymmetry to all perturbative orders. The calculation extends the region of validity of previous studies to the whole supersymmetric parameter space. The involved master integrals have been computed by exploiting new proposed approaches based on the dispersion relation techniques for the numerical calculation of three-loop vacuum integrals with arbitrary mass scales.
We construct a class of variational methods for the study of open quantum systems based on Gaussian ansatzes for the quantum trajectory formalism. Gaussianity in the conjugate position and momentum quadratures is distinguished from Gaussianity in density and phase. We apply these methods to a driven-dissipative Kerr cavity where we study dephasing and the stationary states throughout the bistability regime. Computational cost proves to be similar to the truncated Wigner (TWA) method, with at most quadratic scaling in system size. Meanwhile, strong correspondence with the numerically exact trajectory description is maintained so that these methods contain more information on the ensemble constitution than TWA and can be more robust.
Working within the framework of both the $A_\infty$ and the Berkovits open superstring field theory, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a Neveu-Schwarz marginal deformation to be exact up to third order in the deformation parameter. For a specific class of backgrounds, we find that this condition localizes on the boundary of the worldsheet moduli space, thus providing a very simple computational prescription for recovering algebraic constraints (generalized ADHM equations) which need to be satisfied by the moduli. Applying our results to the $\mathrm{D(-1)/D3}$ system, we confirm up to third order that blowing up the size of the D-instanton inside the D3 brane worldvolume is an exact modulus of the full string theory. We also discuss examples of more complicated backgrounds, such as instantons on unresolved ALE spaces, as well as the spiked instantons.
We consider the existence and the non-existence of a minimizer of the following minimization problems associated with an improved Hardy-Sobolev type inequality introduced by Ioku. $$ I_a := \inf_{u \in W_0^{1,p}(B_R ) \setminus \{ 0\} } \frac{\int_{B_R} |\nabla u |^{p} \,dx}{\left( \int_{B_R} |u|^{p^*(s)} V_a(x) \,dx \right)^{\frac{p}{p^*(s)}}}, \,\,\text{where}\,\, V_a (x) =\frac{1}{|x|^s \left( 1- a \,\left( \frac{|x|}{R} \right)^{\frac{N-p}{p-1}} \right)^\beta} \ge \frac{1}{|x|^s}. $$ Only for radial functions, the minimization problem $I_a$ is equivalent to it associated with the classical Hardy-Sobolev inequality on $\mathbb{R}^N$ via a transformation. First, we summarize various transformations including that transformation and give a viewpoint of such transformations. As an application of this viewpoint, we derive {\it an infinite dimensional form} of the classical Sobolev inequality in some sense. Next, without the transformation, we investigate the minimization problems $I_a$ on balls $B_R$. In contrast to the classical results for $a=0$, we show the existence of non-radial minimizers for the Hardy-Sobolev critical exponent $p^* (s)=\frac{p (N-s)}{N-p}$ on bounded domains. Finally, we give remarks of a different structure between two nonlinear scalings which are equivalent to the usual scaling only for radial functions under some transformations.
Pseudogap formation is an ubiquitous phenomena in strongly-correlated superconductors, for example cuprates, heavy-fermion superconductors, and iron pnictides. As the system is cooled, an energy gap opens in the excitation spectrum before entering the superconducting phase. The origin of formation and the relevancy to the superconductivity remains unclear, which is the most challenging problem in condensed matter physics. Here, using the cuprate as a model, we demonstrate that the formation of pseudogap is due to a massive gauge interaction between electrons, where the mass of the gauge boson, determining the interaction length scale, is the consequence of the remnant antiferromagnetic fluctuation inherited from the parent compounds. Extracting from experimental data, we predict that there is a quantum phase transition belonging to the 2D XY universality class at the critical doping where pseudogap transition vanishes.
Velocity correlations in a 2D granular fluid are studied in experiments and numerical simulations. The transverse component of the velocity structure factor reveals two well defined energy scales, associated with the external "bath temperature" $T_b$ and with the internal granular one, $T_g<T_b$, relevant at large and small wavelengths respectively. Experimental and numerical data are discussed within a fluctuating hydrodynamics model, which allows one to define and measure a non-equilibrium coherence length $\xi$, growing with density, that characterizes order in the velocity field.
In this note we show how Ward identities may be derived for a quantum field theory dual of a string theory using the AdS/CFT correspondence. In particular associated with any gauge symmetry of the bulk supergravity theory there is a corresponding constraint equation. Writing this constraint in Hamilton-Jacobi form gives a generating functional for Ward identities in the dual QFT. We illustrate the method by considering various examples.
We reconsider non-thermal production of WIMP dark matter in a systematic way and using a numerical code for accurate computations of dark matter relic densities. Candidates with large pair annihilation rates are favored, suggesting a connection with the anomalies in the lepton cosmic-ray flux detected by Pamela and Fermi. Focussing on supersymmetric models we will consider the impact of non-thermal production on the preferred mass scale for dark matter neutralinos. We have also developed a new formalism to solve the Boltzmann's equation for a system of coannihilating species without assuming kinetic equilibrium and applied it to the case of pure Winos.
Using N-body simulations we study the origin of prolate rotation recently detected in the kinematic data for And II, a dSph satellite of M31. We propose an evolutionary model for the origin of And II involving a merger between two disky dwarf galaxies whose structural parameters differ only in their disk scale lengths. The dwarfs are placed on a radial orbit towards each other with their angular momenta inclined by 45 deg to the orbital plane and by 90 deg with respect to each other. After 5 Gyr of evolution the merger remnant forms a stable triaxial galaxy with rotation only around the longest axis. The origin of this rotation is naturally explained as due to the symmetry of the initial configuration which leads to the conservation of angular momentum components along the direction of the merger. The stars originating from the two dwarfs show significantly different surface density profiles while having very similar kinematics in agreement with the properties of separate stellar populations in And II. We also study an alternative scenario for the formation of And II, via tidal stirring of a disky dwarf galaxy. While intrinsic rotation occurs naturally in this model as a remnant of the initial rotation of the disk, it is mostly around the shortest axis of the stellar component. The rotation around the longest axis is induced only occasionally and remains much smaller that the system's velocity dispersion. We conclude that although tidal origin of the velocity distribution in And II cannot be excluded, it is much more naturally explained within the scenario involving a past merger event. Thus, in principle, the presence of prolate rotation in dSph galaxies of the Local Group and beyond may be used as an indicator of major mergers in their history or even as a way to distinguish between the two scenarios of their formation.
Relativistic effects in a three-body calculation of the $np\to\eta d$ process are considered. Relativistic effects on the range and strength of the pion exchange contribution to the reaction mechanism may be large, but boost effects of the two-body interactions are negligible. The relativistic calculation confirms previous non-relativistic results, showing that the shape of the cross section near threshold is essentially determined by the $\eta d$ final-state interaction alone. As for the region away from threshold, the relativistic pion exchange contribution is seen to dominate the other mechanisms of the reaction. It turns out that, within the relativistic reaction model, the $np\to\eta d$ experimental data excludes large values for the real part of the $\eta N$ scattering length.
In this paper, we introduce a new class of confluent hypergeometric functions of many variables, study their properties, and determine a system of partial differential equations that this function satisfies. It turns out that all the fundamental solutions of the generalized Helmholtz equation with several singular coefficients are written out through the newly introduced confluent hypergeometric function. Using the expansion formula established here for the confluent function, the order of the singularity of the fundamental solutions of the elliptic equation under this consideration is determined.
We present the discovery of eclipses in the X-ray light curves of the X-ray binary Swift J1858.6-0814. From these, we find an orbital period of $P=76841.3_{-1.4}^{+1.3}$ s ($\approx21.3$ hours) and an eclipse duration of $t_{\rm ec}=4098_{-18}^{+17}$ s ($\approx1.14$ hours). We also find several absorption dips during the pre-eclipse phase. From the eclipse duration to orbital period ratio, the inclination of the binary orbit is constrained to $i>70^\circ$. The most likely range for the companion mass suggests that the inclination is likely to be closer to this value than $90^\circ$. The eclipses are also consistent with earlier data, in which strong variability ('flares') and the long orbital period prevent clear detection of the period or eclipses. We also find that the bright flares occurred preferentially in the post-eclipse phase of the orbit, likely due to increased thickness at the disc-accretion stream interface preventing flares being visible during the pre-eclipse phase. This supports the notion that variable obscuration is responsible for the unusually strong variability in Swift J1858.6-0814.
We compute the monodromy groups of real Enriques surfaces of hyperbolic type. The principal tools are the deformation classification of such surfaces and a modified version of Donaldson's trick, relating real Enriques surfaces and real rational surfaces.
Very recently, diffuse gamma rays with $0.1\,{\rm PeV}<E_\gamma <1\,\rm PeV$ have been discovered from the Galactic disk by the Tibet air shower array and muon detector array (Tibet AS+MD array). While the measured sub-PeV flux may be compatible with the hadronic origin in the conventional Galactic cosmic ray propagation model, we find that it is in possible tension with the non-detection of Galactic neutrino emissions by the IceCube neutrino telescope. We further find that the presence of an extra cosmic ray component of relatively hard spectrum, which is probably related to the Cygnus Cocoon region and other PeV cosmic-ray sources in the Galactic disk, would alleviate the tension. This scenario implies the existence of an extreme accelerator of either protons or electrons beyond PeV in the Cygnus region, and predicts the continuation of the gamma-ray spectrum of Cygnus Cocoon up to 1 PeV with a possible hardening beyond $\sim 30-100\,$TeV.
We propose an explanation for the experimentally observed temperature hysteresis of magnetization in single crystals of lanthanum manganite (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3). The phenomenon is interpreted within the framework of a double-exchange model with allowance for the interaction of the magnetic subsystem with a bistable mode of the tilting-rotational oscillations in the correlated sublattice of MnO6 octahedra.
We propose a new framework of quantum field theory for an arbitrary observer in curved spacetime, defined in the spacetime region in which each point can both receive a signal from and send a signal to the observer. Multiple motivations for this proposal are discussed. We argue that radar time should be applied to slice the observer's spacetime region into his simultaneity surfaces. In the case where each such surface is a Cauchy surface, we construct a unitary dynamics which evolves a given quantum state at a time for the observer to a quantum state at a later time. We speculate on possible loss of information in the more general cases and point out future directions of our work.
We systematically investigate effect of oxygen isotope in $(Pr_{1-x}Sm_x)_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}CoO_3$ which shows a crossover with x from ferromagnetic metal to the insulator with spin-state transition. A striking feature is that effect of oxygen isotope on the ferromagnetic transition is negligible in the metallic phase, while replacing $^{16}O$ with $^{18}O$ leads to a giant up-shift of the spin-state transition temperature ($T_s$) in the insulating phase, especially $T_s$ shifts from 36 to 54 K with isotope component $\alpha_S=-4.7$ for the sample with x=0.175. A metal-insulator transition is induced by oxygen isotope exchange in the sample x=0.172 being close to the insulating phase. The contrasting behaviors observed in the two phases can be well explained by occurrence of static Jahn-Teller distortions in the insulating phase, while absence of them in the metallic phase.
In two recent papers exact Hermite-Gaussian solutions to relativistic wave equations have been obtained for both electromagnetic and particle beams that include Gouy phase. The solutions for particle beams correspond to those of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation in the non-relativistic limit. Here, distinct canonical and kinetic 4-momentum operators will be defined for quantum particles in matter wave beams. The kinetic momentum is equal to the canonical momentum minus the fluctuating terms resulting from the transverse localization of the beam. Three results are obtained. First, the total energy of a particle for each beam mode is calculated. Second, the localization terms couple into the canonical 4-momentum of the beam particles as a Lorentz covariant quantum 4-potential originating at the waist. The quantum 4-potential plays an analogous role in relativistic Hamiltonian quantum mechanics to the Bohm potential in the non-relativistic quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Third, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) operator must be defined in terms of canonical momentum operators. It is further shown that kinetic 4-momentum does not contribute to OAM indicating that OAM can therefore be regarded as a pure manifestation of quantum 4-potential.
2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted a lot of attention recently for energy-efficient tunneling-field-effect transistor (TFET) applications due to their excellent gate control resulting from their atomically thin dimensions. However, most TMDs have bandgaps (Eg) and effective masses (m*) outside the optimum range needed for high performance. It is shown here that the newly discovered 2D material, few-layer phosphorene, has several properties ideally suited for TFET applications: 1) direct Eg in the optimum range ~1.0-0.4 eV, 2) light transport m* (0.15m0), 3) anisotropic m* which increases the density of states near the band edges, and 4) a high mobility. These properties combine to provide phosphorene TFET outstanding ION 1 mA/um, ON/OFF ratio~1e6, scalability to 6 nm channel length and 0.2 V supply voltage, thereby significantly outperforming the best TMD-TFETs in energy-delay products. Full-band atomistic quantum transport simulations establish phosphorene TFETs as serious candidates for energy-eficient and scalable replacements of MOSFETs.
We introduce a simple class of mean field games with absorbing boundary over a finite time horizon. In the corresponding $N$-player games, the evolution of players' states is described by a system of weakly interacting It\^o equations with absorption on first exit from a bounded open set. Once a player exits, her/his contribution is removed from the empirical measure of the system. Players thus interact through a renormalized empirical measure. In the definition of solution to the mean field game, the renormalization appears in form of a conditional law. We justify our definition of solution in the usual way, that is, by showing that a solution of the mean field game induces approximate Nash equilibria for the $N$-player games with approximation error tending to zero as $N$ tends to infinity. This convergence is established provided the diffusion coefficient is non-degenerate. The degenerate case is more delicate and gives rise to counter-examples.
We present numerical studies of the nonlinear, resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) evolution of coronal loops. For these simulations we assume that the loops carry no net current, as might be expected if the loop had evolved due to vortex flows. Furthermore the initial equilibrium is taken to be a cylindrical flux tube with line-tied ends. For a given amount of twist in the magnetic field it is well known that once such a loop exceeds a critical length it becomes unstableto ideal MHD instabilities. The early evolution of these instabilities generates large current concentrations. Firstly we show that these current concentrations are consistent with the formation of a current sheet. Magnetic reconnection can only occur in the vicinity of these current concentrations and we therefore couple the resistivity to the local current density. This has the advantage of avoiding resistive diffusion in regions where it should be negligible. We demonstrate the importance of this procedure by comparison with simulations based on a uniform resistivity. From our numerical experiments we are able to estimate some observational signatures for unstable coronal loops. These signatures include: the timescale of the loop brightening; the temperature increase; the energy released and the predicted observable flow speeds. Finally we discuss to what extent these observational signatures are consistent with the properties of transient brightening loops.
We investigate a toy model of liquid, based on simplified HNC equations in very large spatial dimension D. The model does not exhibit a phase transition, but several regimes of the behavior when D\to\infty can be observed in different intervals of the density.
Supernova Remnants (SNRs) are believed to be the acceleration sites of galactic cosmic rays. As such they are expected to produce Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-rays through hadronic and/or electromagnetic scenarios, hence they are natural targets for observations with ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). Currently, VHE emission has been detected from several SNRs, making them one of the most abundant types of established galactic VHE sources. The MAGIC telescope, located in the Canary island of La Palma, has been performing observations of several SNRs over the last two years. Parameters like age, distance, radio flux, or possible EGRET association (i.e., criteria matching those already used for previous successful IACT SNR detections), were used to select candidate targets. Here we summarize the results of the past two years of observations.
We derived solutions for the Smoluchowski kinetic equation for the mass function of galaxies, which describes mergers in differential approximation, where mergers with low-mass galaxies are the dominant factor. The evolution of the initial distribution is analyzed as well as the influence of the source represented by galaxies (halos) that separate from the global cosmological expansion. It is shown that the evolution of the slope of the power-law part of the luminosity function at a constant mass-to-luminosity ratio observed in the Ultra Deep Hubble Field can be described as a result of explosive evolution driven by galaxy mergers. In this case the exponent depends exclusively on the uniformity degree of merger probability as a function of mass.
By using quark Yukawa matrices only, we can construct renormalization invariants that are exact at the one-loop level in the standard model. One of them $I^q$ is accidentally consistent with unity, even though quark masses are strongly hierarchical. We calculate a lepton version of the invariant $I^l$ for Dirac and Majorana neutrino cases and find that $I^l$ can also be close to unity. For the Dirac neutrino and inverted hierarchy case, if the lightest neutrino mass is 3.0 meV to 8.8 meV, an equality $I^q=I^l$ can be satisfied. These invariants are not changed even if new particles couple to the standard model particles, as long as those couplings are generation independent.
We show that silicon nitride can provide uniform coverage of graphene in field-effect transistors while preserving the channel mobility. This insulator allowed us to study the maximum channel resistance at the Dirac (neutrality) point as a function of the strength of a perpendicular electric field in top-gated devices with different numbers of graphene layers. Using a simple model to account for surface potential variations (electron-hole puddles) near the Dirac point we estimate the field-induced band-gap or band-overlap in the different layers.
The source-subtracted cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations uncovered in deep Spitzer data cannot be explained by known galaxy populations and appear strongly coherent with unresolved cosmic X-ray background (CXB). This suggests that the source-subtracted CIB contains emissions from significantly abundant accreting black holes (BHs). We show that theoretically such populations would have the angular power spectrum which is largely independent of the epochs occupied by these sources, provided they are at z>~ 4, offering an important test of the origin of the new populations. Using the current measurements we reconstruct the underlying soft X-ray CXB from the new sources and show that its fluctuations, while consistent with a high-z origin, have an amplitude that cannot be reached in direct measurements with the foreseeable X-ray space missions. This necessitates application of the methods developed by the authors to future IR and X-ray datasets, which must cover large areas of the sky in order to measure the signal with high precision. The LIBRAE project within ESA's Euclid mission will probe source-subtracted CIB over ~1/2 the sky at three near-IR bands, and its cross-power with unresolved CXB can be measured then from the concurrent eROSITA mission covering the same areas of the sky. We discuss the required methodology for this measurement and evaluate its projected S/N to show the unique potential of this experimental configuration to accurately probe the CXB from the new BH sources and help identify their epochs.
Given a smooth curve with weighted marked points, the Abel-Jacboi map produces a line bundle on the curve. This map fails to extend to the full boundary of the moduli space of stable pointed curves. Using logarithmic and tropical geometry, we describe a modular modification of the moduli space of curves over which the Abel-Jacobi map extends. We also describe the attendant deformation theory and virtual fundamental class of this moduli space. This recovers the double ramification cycle, as well as variants associated to differentials.
A more general expression for the quark propagator including both chiral and diquark condensates has been derived by using energy projectors. This makes it possible to study the phase transition from hadron phase to color superconductivity phase in the moderate baryon density region by using Feynman diagrammatic method or Green-function method.