ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
New York is portrayed as Broadway’s birth city and a dream city for most people as written by Jean Schopfer (1992) in his article, “The plan of a City”. Although it is a dream city for most people, some people actually believe that a city could affect one’s mind psychologically. Lynch suggests that urban designers should make a city more imaginable. According to him, building a more creative city could encourage its people to be more creative as they react to their environment and everything around us, does have an impact on us. Lynch has also been quoted saying “People perceive cities as consisting of underlying city elements such as paths (along which movement flows) and edges (which differentiate one part of the urban fabric from another) if they understand how people perceive these elements and design to make cities more imageable , lynch argues designers can create more psychologically satisfying urban environments.” In this sentence, what he is trying to say refers to the city elements. For example, we can try to apply this theory to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This is one of the most famous museums in New York, a must-see site for tourists.The Metropolitan Museum of Art which is located at the 5 th avenue in New York is one of the biggest museum with a many different types of paintings ranging from American Decorative Arts which has around 2, 600 drawings to Arms and Armor displays which is one of the most popular part of the museum. Currently, the museum is expected to have a collection which contains more than 11,000 pieces from sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific Islands and the Americas and is housed in the 40,000-square-foot (4,000 m²). Lynch has come up with many concepts of place and description of a city. Among these, one of Lynch’s innovations was the concept of place legibility, which is fundamentally to make it easier for people to understand the layout of a place. Thus, if we are incorporating this to the Metropolitan Museum, Lynch study would mean that the museum should be designed in a way that the public can walk around it easily. The design of it should have been based on his study of the place. Lynch was able to isolate distinct features of a city, and see what specifically is making it so vibrant, and attractive to people by introducing this idea. This can be related to the museum concept as well. People come to the museum expecting it to be vibrant and colourful to see. Thus, if we incorporate Lynch’s points, it is quite practical to ensure that a space such as the Metropolitan museum has those standards in order to keep people interested. Mental maps of a city are mental representations of what the city contains, and its layout according to the individual. To understand the layout of a city, people first and foremost create a mental map. This is similar to when people go to the Metropolitan museum, they actually remember certain paintings or areas that become a landmark for them. Thus, different people may have different landmarks in a museum, which is based on what they perceive is
Subjective In this scenario, the patient is a 33 years old Caucasian male with no significant prior medical or surgical history. He comes into the office with a complaint about a persistent rash on his skin. The patient claims that the symptoms first manifested approximately a week ago. When questioned about itchiness or pain, he admits that the area sometimes feels irritated, but does not significantly hurt. According to the patient, the region appears to be limited to a patch of reddened skin on his upper back. The manifestations of the increases in intensity do not seem to correlate to any pattern the man can observe. No other symptoms are present, and the patient claims to be in generally good condition, lead a healthy lifestyle, and have few to no allergies. Objective An examination of the problematic area reveals that there is a patch of skin of a considerably different color from the rest. The spot is reddened and roughly circular, approximately four centimeters in diameter. The area is slightly upraised and appears to have silvery discolorations scattered across its surface. The texture feels rough to the touch, and the patient can feel the contact without experiencing any particular discomfort. The spot does not feel significantly hotter than the surrounding area of the skin, and the patient’s temperature is normal. A further examination reveals no other places with similar characteristics, and the rest of the surface appears to be in good condition. Assessment Differential Diagnosis 1: Plaque Psoriasis Pathophysiology Plaque psoriasis is the most common variation of the skin condition, which is caused by immune system malfunctions. According to Menter (2016), this particular variety manifests itself as well-defined plaques of one to several centimeters in size, with thin silvery scales appearing on their surface. The condition is incurable and carries a high risk of comorbidities surfacing along with considerable negative impacts (Menter, 2016). Pertinent Positive Findings The description of the patient’s rash roughly matches the symptoms of the condition, particularly with regards to the specifics of the area. There are no other clinical manifestations, a trait often associated with psoriasis (Menter, 2016). Furthermore, itchiness, or pruritus, another trait of the condition, is also present. Pertinent Negative Findings The rash is not symmetrical, unlike what Menter (2016) asserts is the common tendency for psoriasis. Furthermore, the patient does not report any pain or malaise nor match the risk factors described by Menter (2016). Rationale While the patient does not match all of the specifics of psoriasis, Menter (2016) mentions that the condition can manifest in various ways that complicate diagnosis. The patient matches one of the two bimodal distribution groups of the illness, and its genetic nature means that risk factors do not necessarily have to be associated with the emergence of the condition (Menter, 2016). As such, a diagnosis of psoriasis appears to be appropriate, though testing should be conducted for other possibilities. Differential Diagnosis 2:
The mental health of the elderly and the veterans, in particular, has always been of great importance in nursing. Indeed, veterans and older adults tend to have a more vulnerable response to the transition from medical facilities back to the community. The nurses play a significant role in supporting these transitions while presenting resources for the emotional and physical well-being of veterans, especially when there is a risk for suicidal behavior due to trauma and depression (Luci et al., 2019). For this reason, the legislation on both state and federal levels requires nurses to undergo a standard procedure of veterans’ evaluation prior to releasing them from the facility. The current memorandum of the Veteran Health Association expects nurses to secure veteran outreach programs, suicide risk screening, and report potential risk cases to the facilities responsible (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2021). The directive, for its part, became a law after the Veterans’ Care Transparency Act was passed to Congress by Lauren Underwood, a representative of the 14th Illinois Congress who was once a fellow registered nurse (US Congress, 2020). Hence, sharing the vision of veterans’ health, Underwood became a community advocate for public mental health. Currently, the legislation presupposes a standardized assessment procedure that includes a mandatory screening of the veteran 24 hours before the discharge to make sure that the patient is capable of returning to the community. However, the legislation currently requires no mental health screening immediately after the release (Luci et al., 2019). This gap should be bridged because people discharged from the medical facility may face various challenges during their first days of community reintegration. It is vital to keep a record of the mental health of the veteran population regularly after the transition
Muscular dystrophy (MD) is an aberrant health condition where the muscular system gets affected ( http://kidshealth.org ). Considered to have a genetic etiology, this condition leads to a defect or absence of vital genes that make up the proteins essential for hygienic muscles ( http://kidshealth.org ). As such, it is widely believed that MD is an inherited disorder and not to be transmitted through contact from one individual to another indicating that it is not infectious or contagious ( http://kidshealth.org ). There are various types of Muscular Dystrophies which are as follows. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): This is the very important and frequent type of muscular dystrophy commonly encountered in children ( www.cdc.gov ). It is clinically identified during the childhood age of 3 to 6 years ( www.cdc.gov ). It occurs due to an aberration in the gene coding for a protein known as dystrophin which is responsible for muscles to retain their vigor and power ( http://kidshealth.org ). The absence of dystrophin would lead to the total collapse of muscles and the affected individual turns weak. Boys are the favorable targets for DMD and in severe consequences would need to depend on a wheelchair ( www.cdc.gov ). The symptoms noted are walking defects, repeated falling, trouble while lying down or sitting ( www.cdc.gov ). The gradual beak down of muscles never ceases until the age of 12 when children with DMD fail to walk ( www.cdc.gov ). DMD is also common in teenagers in their 20’s as it leads to respiratory or heart problems, or both ( http://kidshealth.org ). As such, individuals with DMD would tend to die during early teenage or adulthood ( http://kidshealth.org ). The other conditions reported to occur are rigidness in the joints of the spine and scoliosis ( http://kidshealth.org ). Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), is another type that is analogous to DMD in its incidence. It manifests slowly and is less problematic ( http://kidshealth.org ). Therefore, muscle collapse and loss of vigor tend to develop late at the age of 10 or during adolescence ( http://kidshealth.org ). Like DMD, the affected individuals develop respiratory, Musculoskeletal disorders ( http://kidshealth.org ). These individuals do not rely on a wheelchair and could survive for a prolonged period ( http://kidshealth.org ). However, this could depend on the magnitude of problems encountered during the disease condition ( http://kidshealth.org ). The other type of Muscular dystrophy is that of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) ( http://kidshealth.org ). It usually occurs late in childhood and continues till the age of 25 ( http://kidshealth.org ). This disorder also affects boys and the affected organs include that of a musculoskeletal system comprising of shins, arms in the up
The increasing role of industries centered on the knowledge economy has changed the way companies view their hired talent. Innovative businesses now focus on mindshare and the ability of workers to participate in mindshare practices. Mindshare is a scope of employees’ knowledge, skills, personal characteristics, and opportunities for future growth. Human resource management has developed new strategies for talent acquisition. Networker innovators are the companies that implemented this new approach and succeeded in hiring elite knowledge talent. They can create and use the mindshare of their working talent to move forward. Mindshare differs from intellectual capital which encompasses human and organizational capital. Human capital is the combination of all qualifications and knowledge possessed by employees. Organizational capital includes all assets of a company. Mindshare incorporates these two elements and adds social capital – relationships between employees, branches, companies, and stakeholders that improve innovation, knowledge gathering, and collaboration. External relationship capital is a part of this element. It includes external relationships between companies and their employees. Mindshare is focused on unparalleled talent finding and development. Here, employees are not replaceable. They are unique, as they possess individual skills, beliefs, and capabilities that can be utilized by the company. Elite talent is more efficient and can bring more value to the firm than an ordinary worker. The location of knowledge is shifting towards emerging markets and decentralized systems of operation. Offshoring and outsourcing are more useful than they were before, being valued not for lower prices but better talent and higher networking possibilities. Offshoring provides access to location-specific knowledge and new talent, while outsourcing allows one to employ companies with special education and expertise. Networked research and development strategies drive innovation forward at a higher speed. While home-based research and development facilities give companies more control over the processes, they do not foster innovation at the same rate. Networked and decentralized systems are risky because they are more complex in nature. They have employees with different values and come with hidden costs such as reluctant knowledge sharing, cultural differences, and the lack of proper communication. Nevertheless, the success of these systems is usually more prominent. China and India are the key places for finding and recruiting knowledge workers. Talent-centric human resource activities include a number of strategies. Talent retention is a significant aspect of mindshare because turnover lowers companies’ innovative processes and disrupts shared knowledge development. Thus, innovators value practices for talent retention such as the adaptation of the working process to local traditions. Hiring global talent also increases talent quality. Employers value ambition and desire to grow professionally along with a global mindset, extraordinary thinking, interpersonal skills, social networ
Introduction Overview of NGOs Non-governmental organizations are a form of social enterprises. These can be defined as revenue generating businesses, which perform social functions and achieve social changes by using business principles (LCS, social enterprises, poverty alleviation, and long-term care of the elderly in selected places p.2). These organizations are usually regulated by various organs of the government depending on each country (Social Enterprises, Poverty Alleviation and Long-Term Care of the Elderly in Selected Places 2). They are usually accountable to the arm of government, which provides services similar to the services they offer. Most of these services complement the services provided by social services department of most governments. Social services provided by non governmental organizations usually target   * The aged   * Women   * The disabled   * Ex-offenders   * The disadvantages Since the above services complement the services performed by governments and most governments have subvention mechanisms to the NGOs, they are in essence performing the services, which would otherwise have to be performed by the social services department of the government. These may be in the form of   * Tax benefits either in the form of reduced tax or tax exemption   * Tax benefits to people who donate to the non profit organizations   * Provision of management services   * Public institutions prioritize the purchase of goods and services from organizations which offer certain social services   * Funding may also be availed for projects undertaken by the social enterprises if the project will create employment to citizens.   * Partial payment of the various types of insurance premiums, which the social enterprise faces   * Subsidizing of labour costs (Social Enterprises, Poverty Alleviation and Long-Term Care of the Elderly in Selected Places 3). The NGOs have various other modes of getting financial resources but their main source of funding is usually the Subvention mechanisms provided by the government. Background of LSG Earlier System of Subvention before LSG In Hong Kong, the non-governmental organizations, which provide social welfare services, usually get government funding through Lump Sum Grant Subvention System. Prior to this system, the government used to reimburse the NGOs for the real costs incurred in the provision of social services. This system was known as the subvention system; however this system was said to be very “inflexible, complex and bureaucratic” (Lump Sum Grant Manual p3). The earlier subvention system had awkward rules governing the reimbursement of expenses and in the selection of qualified staff. Furthermore, this system did not give incentives due to effective of resources so that the organization may have lower costs of running, hence have better value for money, and therefore improve on the available services. The NGOs were prevented from flexibly using their money and could not keep the savings they have acquired. This made them not to spend their money economically. These shortcomings made the government appoint a consultant in 1995 to review the social welf
A brand is a name, graphic, or sound that distinguishes a company’s products from those of the competitors. Branding has traditionally been applied to commodities. However, research by Hankinson (2001) concludes that “the branding of places and locations is not impossible” (p.1). A successful brand is readily recognized by many people, irrespective of whether they consume the products or not. Cayla and Arnould (2008) state that “brands have become ubiquitous in global popular culture. The Coca-Cola logo and Nike swoosh are brand symbols that trigger myriad responses; their cognitive salience and ability to arouse passion are undeniable” (p.86). Branding a city means promoting the city to associate it with certain carefully selected attributes. A city’s reputation is the estimation in which people hold it. Glückler (2007) observed that as “reputation is itself uncertain information, its reliability and credibility vary with the communication channel through which it circulates” (p.953). Fombrun (2008) adds that “reputations are useful earmarks not only for individuals and products but even for the largest companies” (p.4). Paris in France is a superb example of a successfully branded city. Many people positively associate it with romance. Baker (2007) states that “the thoughts and associations that come to mind with a city’s name are likely to have huge financial, political and social value” (p.28). The aim of branding a city is to improve its perception in the international community, and in so doing, bring in more business. A branded city is positively idealized. El-Amir et al. (2010) have observed that “in the desire to dominate markets, brands play a key role” (p.70). The branding city determines this view. In trying to brand a city, it is vital to project those values which are truly intrinsic to the city and which the residents can identify with. According to Kavaratzis (2004), “city branding is the appropriate way to describe and implement city marketing” (p.1). Any attempts at city branding would be seen as hollow and lacking in authenticity if a strong self-image and identity within her citizens is first cultivated. Indeed not all branding exercises are formalized strategic plans. Holt (2007) observes that “it is surprising that cultural-brand campaigns developed in this seemingly contradictory organizational environment” (p.18). Dublin is Ireland’s capital city. It has a population of over a million people on Ireland’s east coast. Dublin is a historical and cultural center. It is also a modern educational, artistic, administrative, economic, and industrial center. The city covers an area of 115 square kilometers. It has one of the quickest growing city populations among European capitals, and of net immigration. These young and single foreigners are mainly from the EU. Dublin experiences a maritime temperate climate. Dublin is the key hub of Ireland’s highways network. In 2009, Dublin got credit as the fourth world city in terms of riches. About 800,000 people have actively employed Dublin’s services and industrial sectors. According to Thompson (2003), the positionin
Slumdog Millionaire is a movie which touches many problems, such as poverty, love, destiny, education, slavery in the modern world, prostitution, etc. Watching this movie, one should think about personal life as about an opportunity to get to know much data without being subjected to dangerous problems. The modern world is developing, however, there are places and situations which continue shock with their barbaric customs. The movie under consideration shows the life of a poor Indian boy who has come to the TV show not with the desire to become rich, he is reduced of any material interest. His only purpose in this TV show is to make sure that she watches it. The movie deeply discusses the live of poor boy from slum whose only goal in the life to save a girl he loved when he was a boy. Along with the central ideas of the movie, it raises a lot of different problems which may be too distant from people in the civilized world but which are too close to those who live in poor Indian slums. Trying to get the deep meaning of the movie title, Dargis writes the following, “A modern fairy tale about a pauper angling to become a prince, this sensory blowout largely takes place amid the squalor of Mumbai, India, where lost children and dogs sift through trash so fetid you swear you can smell the discarded mango as well as its peel, or could if the film weren’t already hurtling through another picturesque gutter” (Dargis). The word “slumdog” becomes understood and the movie is fulfilled with the more sense. Bradshaw’s review is full of details about the movie plot, the consequences of the events, etc. However, he lacks the deeper consideration of the central themes discussed in the movie. Considering the movie from the theme of the developing world, it is possible to use Bradshaw’s review as the guide of how a person managed to get to know what he knows without having an education and why people are so suspicious about luck (Bradshaw). One of the themes in the movie is luck and destiny. It is impossible to say that luck has nothing to do there, that it is just the destiny that each question from the movie is connected with some specific incident from Jamal’s life. This boy has never got education, one of the books he has ever read is The Three Musketeers , still, he does not know the name of the third musketeer and this is the final question on the way to Rs. 20 million. How could a boy who has never studied manage to answer all the questions? Is that luck or destiny? The film director answers with the help of one of the characters, Latika, that it is a destiny. Still, an attentive viewer may contradict this statement adding that it is also luck, luck for a person who being restricted in everything in his life manages to win while others failed having good education, degrees, etc. Poverty is one more problem displayed in the movie. Living in the modern civilized world, many peopl