ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cultural anthropology is the study of man, and how he lives in society. Different human cultures are considered to understand man in the society. Every society has a culture, contrary to the western thought that Africans did not have a culture, because they did not have a history. Culture is the way of life of a people. By claiming that a certain society does not have a culture, then the claim may be interpreted as though that society does not have a life. In this paper, a consideration is made of the way of life of the pigmy population of the ethnic group of the Baka of Cameroon. These are people who have lived in the forests and are still living there A pigmy is any person from a human family whose adult male’s height is less than one hundred and fifty centimeters. They are found in different ethnic groups, but mostly found in Central Africa. Examples of pigmies in central Africa are the Aka, the Efe and the Mbuti. There are pigmies in other places in the world, notably Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea, all in Asia, and Brazil and Bolivia in South America. Members of a slightly taller group, reference to the pigmies are referred to as pygmoids. The word pigmy is sometimes used derogatively, and so the bearers of the title would rather be referred to by their ethnic identities. One would therefore be termed as a Mbuti, for instance, instead of being referred as a pigmy. There is however no single title for the whole group other than the term pigmy. The origin of the pigmy community in the central African region is still in doubt. They are believed to be hunters and gathers from the late Stone Age period of the central African rain forest. They were partially absorbed by immigration to their place of habitual stay by agriculturally oriented immigrants. The pigmies are believed to have independent adaptations to the forest, as researches have shown. The argument accrues from the fact that the genetic mutations in the two groups of eastern and western pygmies vary and have no notable relationship. The eastern pigmies who comprise the Mbuti are the shortest of all the pigmy populations and have been noted to be divergent from other human populations. However, the intermarriages between the different populations have distorted the original heights of pigmies, where some are found to be taller than others. A case of the Hadzabe found in the Savanna east of the forest is relatively tall as a result of heavy intermarriage with their neighbors. Pygmies count among the oldest populations in Africa. They are mentioned in Egyptian records four millenniums ago as they were taken by traders to the pharaohs for a dance. In such a case, they were used as a means to an end of the merchants, in a way viola
The UAE government has a sound and active foreign policy that was established by President Sheikh Zayed. The UAE foreign relations are created on the basis of diplomacy, negotiations and consideration. The United Arab Emirates, as a member of the Arab union that is geographically located in the Middle East, is considerate to its neighbors and plays a significant role in matters concerning the International community as a whole in the region (US Department of State, 2011). In order to fulfill its regional as well as international role, it has to ensure that regional, political and economic security as well as respect of human dignity is maintained. Thus, to ensure that this is achieved, its foreign policy is tailored to the principles of partnerships through the dialogue and consensus locally and at international levels. Due to its economic and political stability, the UAE has a very influential role in Arab affairs in the Middle East. In order to achieve its diplomatic objectives, “one of the central features of the UAE’s foreign policy has been the development of closer ties with its neighbors in the Arabian Peninsula through the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)” (UAE, nd). Literature Review The UAE and Afghanistan relations have been greatly influenced by the UAE foreign policy, thus there exists bilateral relations between the two countries. In addition, due to Afghanistan’s security situation, the UAE has a military presence in the country in line with its policy of maintaining regional security and human dignity. Since 2006, UAE has played a more direct role in Afghanistan through its embassy in Kabul (Katzman, 2011). It also provides humanitarian relief to Afghanistan’s population by setting up hospitals, schools and religious centers all aimed at promoting human dignity (IPS, 2011). Due to the similarity of cultures and religion, the relations between these two countries have been fairly good as the local populations appeared to adapt easily to the UAE foreign policies. Nevertheless, the issue whether the foreign relations between the two countries have been strengthened or not lies in the constant discussions and dialogues, thereby ensuring that any activities they deal with do not meet any resistance. During the frequent dialogue between the two countries, they usually take into consideration how to enhance the mutual co-operation between their countries through commerce and other core factors vital to their bilateral and foreign policy framework (Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2011). For example, the recent bilateral trade negations called for development of Afghanistan’s transport infrastructure and aviation industry in order to increase trade and relationships between the two countries. It is also vital to note that the diplomatic relations between the two states have existed for the last two decades whereby the UAE under the guidance of its foreign policy has provided grants and expertise to Afghanistan to assist
Introduction This essay shall analyse the failure of project Ballycotton using the PESTLE analysis. PESTLE analysis involves looking at political, economic, sociological, technical, legal and environmental factors affecting the outcome of a project. Changes in these factors may or may not favour a project outcome. Political There are internal politics in every organisation. We can note the presence of organisational politics in opinions and attitudes of different stakeholders in the organisation. However, this depends on where the power of influence is. What is necessary in a situation of organisational politics is to identify and manage them. Internal politics of organisations also exist at personal levels and in team jealousies. These factors pose severe consequences to a project. Therefore, the project manager must identify and diffuse them. Project outcomes also depend on some other factors like clients, contractors, consultants, state authorities, material and service providers, among others. These bodies may also have their private agendas that eventually affect the outcome of a project (Lester, 2006). The project Ballycotton exhibits political differences between Michael Higgins and the Irish treasury civil servants over tax cut the film should have. The government’s decision to give a tax relief to the film project is a favourable political condition for the project. However, the political fights between Michael Higgins are factors that if not managed may derail the project. There are also political factors that the project’s sponsor and manager have no control over. Projects with international influences are likely to suffer disruptions due national or international political complications. Government actions such as changing taxation systems, exchange restrictions, penal working conditions, or even cancellation of the contract in totality affects the project’s outcome. Countries with unstable economies, government or prone to coups may make the project come to a halt. Project technical team should envisage, evaluate, and plan for such eventualities. At national level, there are also political actions and reactions that may affect the project completion. Economic Internal economic factors relate to the project viability and soundness. These are factors that are within the project team control. Project team must evaluate both the financial and non-financial gains before embarking on it. Project teams use financial models and proven accountancy techniques to evaluate the project viability (Lester, 2006). Evaluation s
The concept of accountability in the health care industry stems from the social concept of accountability wherein every single person is held accountable for his/her actions. It is a concept that has helped to maintain societal integrity since without accountability there are no set standards by which a person limits or sets their actions. In the healthcare industry, the concept of accountability has a similar role in that doctors, nurses, and healthcare providers should also be held accountable for their actions. This stems from the fact that these individuals and institutions have the lives of their patients in their hands. What must be understood is that a vast majority of doctors, nurses, and medical institutions are in fact profit oriented wherein their services come at a cost which directly translates into a certain level of income (Beckham, 1997). Without a sufficient level of accountability for their actions, the possibility of medical malpractice, insufficient levels of care, or medical over-billing is a distinct possibility that can occur. In fact, before sufficient levels of ethical standards were implemented in the U.S. healthcare industry doctors often subjected patients to increasingly expensive yet unnecessary tests and examinations to reap greater financial benefits (Beckham, 1997). As such, though patients may trust their lives in the hands of doctors, nurses and medical institutions certain outside accountability measures need to be put in place since at times such trust is betrayed by the very people who are supposed to be saving lives. Measuring Employee Accountability in the Healthcare Industry The inherent difference between accountability in the healthcare industry and that of other industries is the fact that in terms of their effect on people healthcare obviously has a more direct and potentially life-threatening effect as compared to other industries (Hendee, 2008). As such accountability in this particular case is held to a much higher standard and measurement since people’s lives are on the line. One of the first methods of measuring employee accountability in the healthcare industry is thus a measurement of performance standards during annual performance reviews conducted by the hospital. This can come in the form of the number of times that particular employee has come in late, the number of complaints voiced against that particular employee within a given year, their participation in operations, the number of patients cared for within the year and the success rate of such patients in terms of getting better both within the hospital and after they have checked out (Hendee, 2008). Performance standards are one of the first measurements of accountabi
Biometric Methods to be used for the National Identity Cards Over the years, there have been numerous concerns about the issue of identification. At first, authentication was simple and was guided by two key factors. One of these factors was what a user needed to have, such as a badge. The badge was a vital identification tool that would allow the one in possession to enter a restricted facility. The other factor is something that one knows about such as a personal identification number for use with an ATM or an appropriate password assigned to a user to guarantee him or her access to confidential or restricted information. However, with a continuous change in technology being experienced all over the world, a third factor has become a necessity. This third factor is something that someone really is and is represented by biometrics (Janker 2002). The use of a biometric security system provides an effective means for ensuring that the privacy rights of any citizen can be secured by accurately and timely identifying individuals without the need to rely on the use of identification papers or information that an individual must provide such as his or her social security number (Zhang 2002). The technology helps in empowering users with the ability to securely prove who they are to anyone, for any purpose, using their biometrics. Of great benefit is the fact that users are able to prove their identities without having to disclose the biometric data itself. The only time that a user’s record will be decrypted and displayed is when there is a positive match. Without a positive match being realized, all the information about the user is made completely inaccessible even to the system administrator (Li & Jain 2009). This strengthens the entire identification process. Defining Biometrics Biometrics refers to the use of unique individual characteristics for identifying or validating individuals. A biometric system may also be regarded as an automatic means by which one can detect a person using his or her behavioral characteristics ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). According to Woodward (2004), biometric security systems have the unique ability to identify who a person really is, as opposed to who he or she claims to be. Characteristics that are commonly used by the biometric system for purposes of identification or validation include fingerprints, the iris of the eye, voice and the face. There are a number of biometric security methods that have been set up or tried both in public and in the private sectors. Among these are fingerprints and face recognition technologies ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). This paper provides a critical evaluation of two biometric methods that can be used for the National Identity Cards in terms of their usability, reliability and scalability. The evaluation will also cover known security vulnerabilities associated w
Introduction Drug addiction is one of the burning problems discussed in contemporary society. These issues received great portion of attention from authorities and should be considered further with regard to all alternative measures that can be taken in order to reduce the level of drug addiction in population. Drug addicts and offenders have been victimized for long time and hence imprisoned for their condition. Incarceration was considered to be the only appropriate measure chosen by authorities and organizations concerned to deal with people taking drugs, as suggested in the study by Collica. In this respect, imprisonment was meant to isolate people that are not only morally defective but can harm or influence other members of society in terms of various sexually transmitted diseases and those transmitted via humor. owever, imprisonment did not change greatly the number of drug addicts. On the contrary, drug offenses had increased and concerned people came to know that the nature of addiction cannot be changed. This idea is supported in the study by Levinson (p. 105). There are several alternatives to prison that may be beneficial to society as well as the drug offender. Implications of these measures would not only save money, but it will also save lives. Discussion of the problem General information It is clear that the approach to drug addicted people, especially to drug offenders, should be changed ultimately. Many scholarly sources have suggested some measures to be taken as an alternative strategy to deal with drug offenders (Armstrong, p. 56). In that regard, it is possible to analyze rehabilitation as a part of the new strategy implementing more humanistic and effective methods. Through this process, addicts are provided with adequate care, training, and encouragement to cope with their addiction which results in a behavior change. This will, in the end, put an end to the drug related offenses as well as make drug offenders more responsible as members of a society. The aim of this paper is to provide an analytical report of the issue of drug addition in the United States. It is necessary to focus on rehabilitation opposed to imprisonment with regard to the effectiveness of both strategies. Imprisonment leading to criminal behavior Mental and emotional instability Drug addicts continue to flood our state and federal prisons instead of receiving the necessary treatment for their addiction. Incarceration is the primary prescription to a disease that claims many victims across our nation. The Department of Corrections only reinforces the propensity of drug use by not providing any skills or education to aid in their recovery so that the offender may re-enter society as a productive and self-reliant citizen. Instead, it is a revolving door for those wh
Strategic planning plays an essential role in the sustainable development of each organization, and the healthcare sector is not an exclusion. Baptist Health South Florida represents a non-profit organization that operates several hospitals, numerous healthcare centers, and health programs (“Baptist Health South Florida,” 2019). For this type of company, it is also critical to analyze the current strategies in use and see alternative ways of reaching the objectives, improving the performance, and meeting the needs of the stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the two strategies that Baptist Health is pursuing and to propose alternatives that can benefit the organization’s future development. One of the strategies within Baptist Health is the focus on the diverse organizational culture and continuous work on improving job satisfaction among employees. The organization employs about 20,000 people, and, in 2019, the company was named one of the best workplaces for diversity (“Baptist Health South Florida,” 2019). One of the advantages of pursuing the strategy of creating a favorable workplace is lower turnover rates, which positively influences the company’s culture. Besides, Baptist Health benefits from higher job satisfaction among the workers in a way that impacts productivity, creating better experiences for the patients. According to Abdulwahab (2016), employee satisfaction increases productivity and engagement in the work process. Still, the minus of this strategy is that it requires high time and financial resources to develop employee engagement plans and maintain high satisfaction. Also, pursuing this strategy creates high expectations among the stakeholders, and minor mistakes can have a considerable impact on the overall image of the company. Another strategy that Baptist Health is currently pursuing is the continuous introduction of new features to the existing services. In such a way, at the beginning of 2020, the company has introduced the ‘save my spot’ option to the visitors of Urgent Care (“Baptist Health South Florida,” 2020). The strategy of focusing on constant development and introducing new services creates such benefits as the attraction of more visitors and the creation of a more structured process for the employees. The use of the new features not only makes the company’s facilities more attractive to the patients but also simplifies the work procedures for the professionals. However, such disadvantages as financial expenditures for research and development and potential bugs with the
Introduction Teachers are usually regarded as very important stakeholders in educational process because they understand how students can acquire skills and knowledge. One can say that the success of many initiatives depends on their involvement, expertise, resources, and understanding of the goals that should be achieved. Nevertheless, in many cases, they do not have many opportunities to take part in syllabus design, its implementation, and evaluation. This inconsistency can be observed in the educational systems of many countries (Morris 171; Bantwini 87). The problem is that teachers can be practically excluded from this process. As a result, many educational programs and innovations do not achieve their expected goals. This paper is aimed at showing that the teachers should have a leading role in the development, implementation and assessment of the syllabus, because these professionals know what kind of difficulties students face and how their learning activities can best facilitated. The suggestions and recommendations of these professionals should form the basis of educational policies pursued by the state and their initiatives should be appreciated. Only active cooperation of teachers and governmental officials can improve learners’ experiences and their academic performance. The following literature review will be carried out in order to illustrate this argument in more detail since empirical evidence can better substantiate this claim. Literature Review The Background Overall, literature review can be regarded as a survey of relevant academic sources related to a certain theory or question. In this case, one should focus on the studies that examine teachers’ opinions about syllabus and curriculum development. Moreover, it is necessary to understand what kind of problems they face when governmental officials impose new educational initiatives on them without asking them for their feedback or recommendation. Furthermore, the reviewed studies will illustrate the pitfalls of designing a syllabus without involving teachers. These are the main themes that should be examined in this literature review. On the whole, the problems that should be discussed can be explained by the fact that many education systems can be very centralized, and it is difficult for school teachers to affect the policies of governmental officials (Morris 171). In his research article, Paul Morris argues that the top-down structure does not improve the decision-making within educational institutions because in many cases it excludes teachers who can better identify the needs of students (Morris 171). They have to work according to the syllabus imposed on them, even if it does not promote learners’ acquisition of knowledge or skills (Morris 171). This approach does not enable educators to offer their suggestions that can improve the syllabus, assess textbooks, or develop learning activities that are most suitable for students. These are the reasons why many scholars believe that teachers should have a decisive role in syllabus design. Such a researcher as Chris Kennedy advocates the teacher-driven approach to the design of curriculum and syllabus bec