ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The development of sentencing system has undergone a number of changes. Its historical overflow gives an opportunity evaluating the role of death penalty in various countries throughout the world. Sentencing System The development of sentence system was merely based upon the factors listed below; it meant that in accordance with these aspects the defendants used to get their punishment. Sentencing Typology It is important to stress that sentencing all around the world is characterized by the following aspects:   * The content covering all illegal determined actions;   * Issuing organ meaning monocratic court judgments;   * Legal competence covering appeals, single judges, etc.   * Legal Field containing various levels of civil, constitutional, administrative judgments. Death Penalty History   * Death penalty law was initially introduced ion eighteenth century BC.   * The first person being executed was Captain George Kendall (1608);   * Britain practiced capital punishment in the period 1823-1837 covering about 222 crimes;   * The first corrections in the sentencing system were made in Pennsylvania in 1834.   * In 1846 the capital punishment was abolished for the first time in Michigan;   * Mass abolishment of death penalty worldwide is observed since 1907;   * The federal death penalty is expanded in 1994 by Law Enforcement Act;   * 2005 – death penalty is declared to be unconstitutional and cruel. Capital Punishment in the USA The table demonstrates the last four centuries in the death penalty development in the USA. One can observe the increase of punishment usage in 17th, 18th centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century capital punishment was at the peak; the chart shows rapid change in modern law system compared to the previous centuries. Correction System The sentencing system has undergone major corrections in the flow of its development related to:   * Probation;   * Jail;   * Prison;   * Parole. Federal Prisons under correction Offence            2000     2001     1995-2000 Violent offenses   13,740   16,170   8,7%      Property offenses  10,135   10,664   5,2%      Drug offenses      74,276   78,501   47,5%     Total              131,739  142,766  100%       The table demonstrates the number of sentenced people imprisoned by federal law under correction. It shows the changes in the total number of crimes under the correction system development. Recidivism Rates in the USA   * About 70% of releas
Introduction On Monday this week, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the longstanding independent expert panel focused on prevention and primary care and whose members are appointed by the Department of Health and Human Services, released new screening guidelines raising the minimum age (from 40 to 50 years) at which adult women should start mammography screening for breast cancer, loosening the interval between such examinations from yearly to every other year, and even dispensing completely with self-examination of breasts (Kolata, 2009). The caveat is that these guidelines appeal to all but the small number of women identified as being a medium- to high risk for contracting breast cancer. This is an authoritative pronouncement because the USPSTF is a national body tasked to furnish well-considered guidelines to doctors, insurance companies, and policy decision-makers. Research Method and Statistical Analysis In order to rigorously evaluate national breast cancer screening strategies (there are 20 extant) anew, the Task Force did a meta-analysis of all available studies covering the contemporary cohort of women 39 to 79 years old. A meta-analysis is a way to combine findings from separate research teams that have a common methodology. This is not as difficult as it sounds since the common methodology merely had to be prospective studies that follow and record outcomes for a cohort of American women. Cost and benefit analysis was then modeled with the help of five independent bodies such as the Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, Georgetown University in Washington DC, and Stanford University in Palo Alto. Without meaning to but by virtue of common data types and data analysis comparing prevalence rates and odds ratios – akin to the discussion of probability rates in populations and samples – the five models yielded consistent rankings of screening strategy effectiveness (Mandelblatt et al., 2009; Bennett, Briggs, and Triola, 2009). On the whole, the Task Force reports that a 15% reduction in breast cancer mortality that can be ascribed to the use of mammograms seems decidedly low compared to the risks and harm which tend to affect women in their forties more (the odds ratio is 60% higher in this age group versus females 50 or older). Moreover, women just entering middle age are much less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer anyway. As well, the mortality rate associated with ten years of annual mammography screenings was substantially lower in early middle age (O.R. = 0.0005) compared to those aged 60 to 69 (O.R. = 0.003). Just as valuable and eminently sensible for women is that the latest USPSTF recommendation adds the dimension of cost-benefit analysis. The Task Force points out that many women are kept in the dark about: a) the physical trauma of a mammogram procedure (one patient describes it as having her breasts squeezed by an ice-cold freezer door); b) the great number of false positives the test yields and the emotional torture this leads to; c) that trigger unnecessary follow-up tests that are not only invasive but also harmful (e.g. a biopsy); and, d) the indiscriminate rush
Introduction The notion of a competitive advantage has become rather popular in business sciences. According to Porter, competitive advantages in the market happen to appear when customers are provided with production which is of the higher value but at the same cost or of the same value but at a lower cost. The first one is called broad differentiation strategy. The second one is called broad cost leadership strategy. This work aims to consider the concept of the broad differentiation strategy in staffing, including staffing models and staffing strategies, apply it to HR planning, staffing planning, and diversity planning, choose a substantive assessment method, and discuss what should be done to maximize its reliability and validity. Notion of the Broad Differentiation Strategy The broad differentiation strategy can be defined as a strategy which is based on the external competitive advantage. This advantage is acknowledged to rely on the company’s marketing know-how, its particular ability to elicit and satisfy the expectations of customers who prove to be discontent with the existing products and services. Companies who have chosen this strategy tend to be directed to supply products and services which appear to be more attractive in the eyes of clients than the production of the rival organization. The differentiation implies an accent on the creation of a product which might be considered as something unique by the customer. It is important to underline that, in this context, the work “product” stands for the aggregate of material and non-material trappings. The uniqueness might lie in some constructive peculiarities, operational characteristics, maintenance service, or the name of the brand. It is stated that each producer is supposed to decide how to position the production: as cheaper, or as more useful, original and high-quality. It is necessary to note that the two strategies mentioned in the introduction do not prove possible of combining into one (Hiriyappa, 2013). Hence, in the differentiation, the major focus is assumed to be on the uniqueness of the product. However, the product should be differentiated not only by its distinctive quality. It is crucial to use other strategies to ensure the customer that the product is unique so that the customer gets ready to pay a higher price for the product than the price of the rival company. Therefore, the essence of the broad differentiation strategy implies finding ways to the only one to offer customers additional characteristics of the product which are desirable and preserve this advantage on a regular basis (Hiriyappa, 2013). Broad Differentiation Strategy in Staffing The broad differentiation strategy in staffing is acknowledged to imply the focus on the pers
Introduction Being a CEO or the owner of the XYZ Internet Access Company, there are different things to put into practice to run this company without any problem. First thing is to provide uninterrupted service to the customers. To make this possible, CEO should have set of good managers in each section to handle it properly. Just having the managers won’t make the company successful; CEO must motivate the new managers to use their skill effectively. This can be done by giving various instructions which are quickly understandable to the new managers to improve their performance. Always set a goal for managers and CEO should always maintain good communication with the managers (Guideline for the new manager, 2006). This paper mainly discuses on a model named POLC model which focuses on planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Section 1 The XYZ Internet Access Company is operating in a competitive environment where many internet service providers are operating. So, to operate in a competitive environment, the CEO and managers of the company should work hard. Motivation and innovation from the CEO is most important for the survival of the company in this competitive environment. The Company is providing “high speed internet, digital phone, dialup internet, long distance, business services such as web hosting and domain registration, fax to email” (Product + services, 2009). and other services widely. Being a new company, it will add some more features soon. The high speed internet service provided by this company is very fast and reliable that helps the customer to search the web within seconds. The CEO and the managers should ensure that the speed of the high speed internet never decreases. The dial up connection provided by this company is limited to some area and its speed depends upon the network congestion. In case of digital phone, th
Argo depicted the events when many Americans were taken a hostage in Iran after the American embassy was attacked. Some of the hostages managed to flee and seek refuge at the residence of the Canadian ambassador. The Central Intelligence Agency was contracted to secure the hostages and ensure that they arrive safe and sound to America. Tony Mendez, who was in charge of the operation, designed a plan that whereby the American hostages were to disguise themselves as the production crew and leave the country. This was to ensure their safety in the expatriation process. There was a time constraint as the Iranian militias began to figure out the truth. On the other hand, the White house was keenly following the process. This movie depicts the beginning of the period that was characterized by the war on terror. The American government had to ensure the safety of its citizens; hence, it had to take affirmative action. The Iranian militia took hostage fifty-six American people; this is an ascertainment that the end of the Cold War period ushered in the War on Terror. Some of the American people were rescued, but others did not make it out of Iran. The end of communism resulted in the formation of numerous radical groups. The movie Argo tries to depict the aspects of terrorism that were in existence during this period. The war on terror continues up to this day to ensure the American people are safe at all times, especially from the threats of terrorism that have been rampant recently. The movie is based on the Post-Cold War error when the American people were hopeful that the reign of Bush would be fruitful as was the case during the reign of President Reagan. Bush had managed to defeat the Democrats’ candidate in the 1988 election, and although President Reagan’s rule was characterized by an increase in economic growth and development, the inflation rates dropped drastically. The USA and USSR were the world’s superpowers during the Cold War period, and animosity existed between the two superpowers as they viewed each other as enemies. In about 1991, the period of the Cold War came to an end, and that ushered in the period concerned with the war on terrorism. The USSR collapsed at the end of the Cold War, and America remained the world’s superpower. The United States was forced to adapt to the new conditions, budget allocations towards the military were cut down. Also, there were advancements in technology, and the use of cloud computing became widespread in the United States of America. The end of the Cold War continued in the era of war on terror, especially with the Middle East. George Bush’s reign was characterized by several international military engagements in the Middle East. Bush dedicated the state’s time and resources to ensure that the state of Kuwait was liberated from Iraq. The end of the Cold War forced the United States to formulate new military strategies
Introduction The auto service business is one area of business that has particular rules. The Muffler Magic case, which is the subject of this case study analysis, supports this claim. Even though “Muffler Magic provides quality Auto Repair,” it faced significant difficulties (“Some stuff we’de like you to know,” n.d., para. 1). In this paper, the author will analyze in detail the case of Muffler Magic to identify the company’s major issues and offer practical solutions. Relevant Information about the Case of Muffler Magic Before identifying the fundamental problems and suggesting appropriate solutions, the author of this analysis will highlight and describe a few essential facts about the Muffler Magic case. Dessler (2017) mentions that Muffler Magic is a network of auto service centers that provide all types of vehicle inspection and repair services. It is safe to say that this statement is not valid. Muffler Magic officials claim that “Muffler Magic specializes in custom exhaust repairs, mufflers, brakes, wheel alignments, and transmissions” as well as “brake line and fuel line replacements” (“Some stuff we’de like you to know,” n.d., para. 2). One of the essential facts is that the company has experienced a decline in company-wide revenues (Dessler, 2017). Given this situation, Ronald Brown, the person who runs the company, decided that the problem was financial in nature (Dessler, 2017). He and the Human Resources manager chose to consult with a professor who analyzed the situation and offered three recommendations (Dessler, 2017). Now Brown is faced with the complex task of correctly choosing the proposed advice on which his organization’s fate depends. The Nature of the Key Problems, Their Identification, and Description Poorly Organized Top Management From the presented case, it can be stated there are two key issues, each of a different type. One of them derives from the managerial factors; it is poorly organized top management. There are only eight top managers, including Brown himself, who occupies several positions simultaneously (Dessler, 2017). It has been scientifically proven that if an organization’s leader occupies t
Appropriate management systems ensure quality and safer structures. The purpose of this report is to evaluate Domhus UK Ltd, a manufacturer of high specification prefabricated houses, various aspects regarding its operations. By analysing various construction management books, journals, and websites, the report discusses the company’s significant environmental aspects, suitable objectives, targets and environmental management programmes, and the relevant auditing arrangements for the integrated management system. Company’s significant environmental aspects The fact that the company manufactures most of its components in a controlled environment reduces the waste of materials and lessens environmental impacts on land and the society. The company can integrate wastes into the construction process rather than being lost on-site and discarded as landfill. The materials, which are mostly organic, have low embodies energy compared to the materials mined from the earth’s crust (Birkeland 2008, p.104). The reuse of components serves to keep the environment clean with the organic materials, which contain fewer petrochemicals, enhancing a healthier environment especially concerning air pollution (Bragança 2007, p.105). Since onsite construction is minimised, various forms of pollutants that might have been introduced into the environment are avoided. In this regard, health and safety are maintained while at the same time avoiding dirt, which could inconvenience local residents. Furthermore, these practices ensure the protection of the habitats, waterways, and other natural features (Howarth & Watson 2009, p.35). The minimisation of the consumption of energy during the construction phase is also beneficial. Suitable environmental programmes The design process should involve a detailed assessment of the construction process to eliminate any problematic health and safety issues within the design (Lowton 1997, p.67). The organising and controlling of the work on site should ensure the observance of environmental safety. By observing site-specific retrofitting, prefabricated buildings can considerably contribute to reduced land coverage resource flaws (Schaur 2005, p. 78). Furthermore, constructing prefabricated structures in combination with greenhouse aspects of heating, cooling, and ventilation can be beneficial. High concentrations of the interior environment contaminants can be minimised. Adopting more sustainable principles in the materials and production systems will facilitate more environmentally friendly structures. The prefabricated houses can be designed to achieve high-energy efficiency and thus minimise the consumption of non-renewable resources and ensure appropriate management of the renewable and local resources (Mehta et al. 2008, p.32). Such include the minimisation of the extensive use of air-conditioning. The buildings should be energy efficient and utilise energy
The modern environment of photographic art and creation poses ongoing challenges and innovative approaches to convey the surrounding world through the digital art piece. According to Lowe (2020), it is crucial for photographers to follow “freedom of space” in their creation, experiment, and, thus, explore the target subject without any constraints (p. 145). With this said, the dedicated photographers aim to pervade their art with a deep philosophical undertone and inspire other people to explore their philosophy within themselves. Inspiration Piece The inspiration piece selected for this reflection assignment is the glass ball photography created by a British commercial and landscape photographer, Paul Reiffer. It is an experimental approach to illustrate the surrounding world by using one simple, transparent object, such as a lens ball, which is rapidly growing in modern photographic art. His art piece is named on behalf of his worldwide project “Glass Ball Photography – The Whole World in your Hand,” created in 2018. The photographic piece demonstrates a night city landscape with the contrasting transfusion of bright colors on the dark background, which is conversely displayed in the glass ball in a full 180-degree view. It serves as an upside-down challenge for viewers’ minds to deeply explore the shot. The photograph contains two landscapes, with a glass ball view as a pivotal subject, resulting from the “refraction and chromatic aberration” (Reiffer, 2018, para. 4). Reiffer’s idea was to renovate his typical approach to traveling and capturing the literal landscapes and cityscapes and enhance it with an experiment using a glass ball. The artist follows the ultra-wide-angle photography because it is able to capture a shot with a greater field of view compared to the human eye, providing an unrealistic perspective on the world. Glass Ball Photography – The Whole World in your Hand. My Art Piece Reiffer’s vision of the ordinary landscapes and night city scenes have significantly inspired me to create a night time shot with a glass object. My photograph is named “The Art of Glass Vision and the Lighting Game,” 2021. This piece serves as a creative method to transform the commonly accepted vision of the world in the experimental context. The glasses with liquids are used as the focal point of the shot, which helped me to recreate the simple night time indoor environment as a fascinating game of the light. The most intriguing point of my photograph implies the capti
Introduction: Reinventing the Modern Society In 2013, it was hard to believe that a mere two decades ago, the Internet was a completely new and wondrous concept. With the advent of the digital era, it has finally become obvious how small the world really is and how easy it is to reach out to the people in the remotest corners of the planet. Digital media affected both the lives of individuals and organizations, which resulted in exploring new opportunities and fighting new problems. Despite the fact that new media offers ample chances for expanding the business and building relationships, it must be used with due care because of numerous threats, the key one being the inability to maintain relationships with as many people as modern media allows for. Digital Media Affecting Individuals and Organizations: Real-Life Examples To understand how badly modern media has altered the lives of individuals and the processes within organizations, one must consider several aspects of human life, i.e., business sphere, marketing, and social life. The first and the last examples introducing the experience of an individual, while the second being the story of a company, the given news articles will allow taking a broader look on the role of modern media. A revenue stream for all media products: a perpetual motion machine As soon as digital media made it clear that marketing can reach out to the remotest corners of the earth, new opportunities for using digital media as a means to boost selling and promote to even more people in new and original ways. Moreover, the entire business model as people know it has been challenged by Andrew Sullivan (Aravosis, 2013), a man who decided to prove that a subscription-based revenue model was enough to fuel an entire blog: “Sullivan initially set a revenue goal of $900,000 a year to maintain the standard of the blog” (Luger, 2013). The rules were quite simple yet efficient: “He asked readers to sign up for an annual subscription that costs a minimum of $19.99, and gave the readers the choice of paying more if they wanted” (Luger, 2013). The results speak for themselves: “As of March 12th, The Dish had collected over $660,000 from nearly 25,000 subscribers” (Luger, 2013). It must be admitted that the given idea has its flaws. To start with, considerably dependent on the human factor, the suggested model is pretty unstable. Keeping the audience amused is not easy, and once they are out of reasons to have fun, they simply unsubscribe and move to a different entertainment site. In addition, with different visitors having different browsers and types of connection, Sullivan has to abstain from animation and other gimmicks that can possibly low down the download process. However, as a means to maintain a site on a budget of the owner’s pocket money, this is a truly worthy discovery. To give cre