ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Work by Sharon Hays Sharon Hays, in her work “Flat Broke with Children,” focuses on the problem of single mothers’ welfare and social status with references to the modern welfare reform in the country and its impacts on the persons’ wellbeing. In the work, Hays refers to the Personal Responsibility Act or the welfare reform along with discussing the real-life cases to analyze the role of the reform for changing the situation within the society. The author’s discussion is based on the detailed analysis of the single mothers’ cases about the role of welfare reform in their lives. Thus, Hays refers to the situations in the lives of Celia, Sally, Monique, and the other women who had to apply for receiving financial assistance according to the welfare program because of the impossibility to cover rent and child care costs with their earnings. The author states that the new welfare reform is rather imperfect to change the situation for the better immediately that is why the results associated with the discussed cases are different. There are many conditions, which should be followed to participate in the program, as a result, the effects of the welfare reform can be rather negative for those women who suffer from poor living conditions but have no right to participate in the program. The importance of the article written by Hays is in the fact that the author builds the argument with references to real-life cases and evidence to provide sufficient support for the main idea. To generalize the points of the article, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of welfare in the development of a family and to the social issue of increasing the number of families who have difficulties with covering the child care costs because of their material status. Thus, the material status is important for the effective development of a family, and this question becomes more crucial when it is discussed with references to mothers and their social status. Despite changes in the welfare programs, many mothers remain to be the victims of the situation when they have no money to care for children and to participate in the program. Questions to Discuss  1. What is the role of welfare reforms for the development of the family concept?  2. Can any changes in the welfare programs affect the situation related to the disadvantaged categories of the population positively?
Introduction Adequate health and Well-being is a human right according to the universal declaration of human rights. Each individual is guaranteed proper health care without minding his social-cultural or economic status. Reports are showing that there has been unequal distribution of health services, especially to the immigrants. The aim of this paper is to address the barriers that immigrant communities face in their endeavor to access health care in the United States. I am going to focus my research on the immigrants from Somalia who have settled in Ohio and in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The paper will touch on the background of Somali immigration into the US and their eventual settlement into these states, the barriers they face while accessing healthcare, and the proposed solutions to these challenges. It will also include fact-finding information from interviews. Immigrant communities in the US To address the health issues of the immigrants, one may need to understand the real meaning of the term immigrants. An immigrant is taken to mean anyone who came to a different country from another country and obtains permanent residency. An immigrant could be illegal when he/she lacks proper papers and legal when he/she has the proper documents like visa clearance. People who come to the US for purposes of study, work, or family visit are not immigrants. The number of legal and illegal immigrants in the US goes well beyond 30 million since 1960. Every year, an extra one million immigrants come to the US. These statistics show that this has been a boost to population growth. A lot of controversies have arisen regarding economic benefits, jobs, and the provision of healthcare. Mexico, India, and the Philippines have the largest number of immigrants in the US. The pew Hispanic center survey has shown that more than 12.7 million Mexican lived in the US in the year 2008 (PHC, 2008). This figure accounts for a modest 32% of the immigrants in the US. The same report showed that Filipino alone comprises another five percent with their number expected to be much higher this year. What leads to Immigration into the US? A number of factors have been put forward as to motivating, immigration especially into the US. These factors have been categorized into ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. Push factors include aspects such as religious persecution, political and economic hardships. Pull factors are mainly religious, thought, and speech freedoms and the economic benefits. Recent migrations into the United States have been motivated by;   * Promise of humanitarian pr
Introduction Obesity refers to a medical condition whereby a person’s body structure is made up of excessive body fats to an extent that is detrimental to their health. More generally obesity and overweight are defined the same way as conditions where a person body fats are above normal levels (Chen, 2008). The official definition of World Health Organization (WHO) states that “obesity is a condition where a person has abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health” (WHO.com, 2010). The scientific approach of determining obesity in a person is the Body Mass Index (BMI); a ratio index that compares a person’s weight against their height in order to arrive at a numerical figure that is used to determine if a person is obese or not (Chen, 2008). The current global projections by WHO on the trend of obesity indicates that more than 3 billion adults would be overweight by the year 2015 (WHO.com 2010). In this paper we are going to discuss the causes of obesity, risk factors, management, prevention, and summarize emerging research findings in the area of obesity in general. Background Information According to the WHO obesity and overweight are defined and categorized differently; a person is defined as overweight if their BMI figure exceeds 24, beyond 29 the official definition of the condition becomes obesity (WHO.com 2010). Nevertheless, numerous research findings indicate that risk factors of diseases associated with obesity tend to significantly increase among persons that have BMI of 21 and above. Generally obesity is categorized into three groups: class I obesity, class II obesity and class III obesity (MediLexicon.com, 2010). Class I obesity is for individuals within the range of 30-34 BMI, Class II obesity for persons between 35-40 while Class III is for persons with BMI figure that is above 40 and the most serious of all (MediLexicon.com, 2010). The current trend of unhealthy eating habits that is most prevalent in developed countries as well as in developing countries has been brought about by an array of circumstances that had combined together to cause this phenomenon. Among the major factors that contributes to the culture of unhealthy foods includes overpopulation, reduced farm yields, advent of Genetic Engineering (GE) technology, work related pressures, reduced incomes, and the power of advertisement industry (Boero, 2003) Causes of Obesity The major cause that is attributed to the high rate of obesity prevalence in the world today is mainly because of lifestyle changes. The term lifestyle when used in this context describes a particular way of living based on two forms of determinants; types of food eaten and physical activeness (Kim and Willis, 2007). One of the major factor that is attributed to overweight in both adults and children is dietary intake of food that are high in fats, sugars and carbohydrates; more than the maximum amounts that the body requires for it sustenance. When high diets of fats, carbohydrates and sugars are consistently taken over time the result is accumulation of energy that is stored in form of fa
Introduction In a diverse globalized world, cultural competence has become a vital skill for business employees at every scale. Furthermore, health is directly linked to cultural perspectives in diverse populations, affecting both employees and customers. In combination, businesses must consider these factors of cultural competence and employee health to remain competitive, maintain a good relationship within the community, ensure appropriate intercultural engagement, and offer proper health-related support. This report will focus on examining a local business and its practices after an interview with the owner, analyzing it in the context of this course. Business Methods The selected business is a local family-owned pizzeria which has served the local student population for the last 15 years. The manager, David was interviewed for this assignment. The pizzeria can be considered multicultural, employing an ethnically and culturally diverse staff as well as serving the college population of students and professors who have heritage from all over the world. David notes that cultural competence in this establishment was learned over time since management did not believe it to be a necessary aspect of a restaurant business. However, that soon shifted as the pizzeria began encountering culturally diverse consumers, and without staff having the required competency to deal with them, conflicting situations arose which damaged both the business and reputation of the establishment. The business took approaches to improve its cultural competence. First, it focuses on hiring a diverse staff which presents an image of inclusion. Consumers of all backgrounds feel comfortable coming into or ordering from the store. Second, the pizzeria offers more options, such as vegetarian, kosher, or halal ingredients along with other specials which appeal to the consumer. Finally, the staff is provided with basic cultural competence training. They are taught to demonstrate emotional connection and understanding, a proper way to pose questions or repeat something if there is a misunderstanding, and overall maintain a positive attitude. According to David, it has contributed greatly to improving the restaurant’s image as a culturally diverse and friendly place as well as allows the staff to provide service more efficiently by utilizing the time that was previously spent on unnecessary conflicts. Health problems have a significant impact on the productivity of the business. Considering that the workload can be difficult physically and mentally as well as the strict requirements for food safety guidelines, many health issues or illnesses can limit the productivity of an employee. The pizzeria employs mostly seasonal college students as well as a core staff which has been with the restaurant for many years. David notes that when a viral sickness hits, it becomes difficult to operate the establishment with severe understaffing and low productivity despite honest efforts on behalf of the staff that did come in. If some employees experience long-term health issues, their key performance in
The Internet has occupied the whole world. People pay bills and provide some financial operations through the Internet all over the world. Every company, even a small one, has Internet software and cannot imagine its work without the Internet. As a result, the commercialization of the internet has brought some changes to the work of companies. Companies began to think about changing the fundamental aspects of company strategies. The commercialization of the Internet gave a push to the appearance of such notion as “e-business”. Every organization tries to run its business according to some ethical rules. It is not a secret that there is business ethics, according to which people provide their business affairs. E-business is a relevantly new discipline that needs research and distribution. There is no doubt that the e-business ethics concepts should be studied as the discipline has widespread among companies in modern. So, our research will be directed to the ethics in e-business, its main principles, and sphere of usage. We should also state here the reason why we have chosen this topic for research. The introduction is one of the main parts of our research. In this part, we should give an explanation of the necessity of the whole of our research, its urgency, define its goals and represent the facts why it is going to be interesting. The first what we should point out is what business ethics means in general: its issues, some specific aspects, and activities. Then we should give a snippet review of what e-business is and what it is primary considerations. The main consideration of this part of our research should be the answer to the question of whether ethics is necessary for e-business and what for. The next step of our research is to consider the ethical theories, according to which people should reflect and evaluate their moral judgments. We should dwell upon ethical egoism, utilitarianism, Kantianism, discourse ethic theory, and virtue theory. (Jackson) Ethics in cyberspace should also be one of the parts of the research. We should represent the reader with the notion of cyberspace and ethics in its measures. The ethics of advertising is one of the main issues in e-business and we should pay attention to it in our research paper. The problem of children’s interaction with computer technologies and reading advertising should also be one of the parts of this question. The last point which we should consider in our research is a standardization of e-business ethics on the level of the company. Here we should dwell upon the ethics code, and study any company and give some examples of code of ethics in this company. We should conclude the work we have provided, some specific points we have discovered, and again underline the urgency of research the problem. The question about ethics in e-bus
A prophet is someone who is able to foretell the future and accurately give a description of events that are going to befall a nation or a given people. He is a religious figure and is claimed to have received divine revelation from a supernatural entity hence, he is regarded as a sacred individual. In most religions, they acknowledge some individuals as prophets due to the roles they played at a specific period of time. Although most individuals did not get acceptance in their lifetime they gained the status of being prophets due to the fulfillment of their predictions. A prophet is claimed to have contact with the supernatural and contacts with this divine powers can be an overwhelming experience as most claim. A prophet in the ancient times was believed to have a social, economic and political role as prophets were regarded to be the contact of humanity and the supernatural, with supernatural being the law giver is superior while humanity is the subject, but ensured the laws were executed perfectly. Failure would results to punishment from the supernatural or a warning which would obviously be relayed to humanity through the prophets. Due to their significance in social life, the prophets controlled the decisions of the leaders and the people. This means that an accepted prophet had authority in the land and would shape the social, moral, economic and even political parameters of a nation. A prophet was contacted through extraordinary visitations that were even hard for them to describe. Most of them would describe them as visions, dreams or life experiences which were symbolic of what would later come to pass ( New International Version, Hosea 1:2). The first encounter with the supernatural is what is regarded as a prophet’s calling and the message given is what is regarded as the prophetic message. The evidence of a specific prophecy would be left by the supernatural to confirm the calling. In most religions, prophets were given names that were symbolic of what they represented in that era with some being nicknamed prophets of doom due to prophesying destruction and dark days ahead. Examples of prophets of doom included the biblical prophet Isaiah, Jeremiah and others who were awarded this title because of their prophecies of destruction. Simply put, a prophet was the voice of God in that land or the supernatural force controlling a specified nation. Those who did not come in the name of God and did not pass the message faithfully were regarded as false prophets. As recorded in Exodus Chapter three, Moses’ encounter with God was a tremendous and an overwhelming experience. Moses who is also regarded as a prophet had a rare encounter with an angel of God as he was looking after his father-in-law’s flock in the wilderness. God appeared to Moses in form of fire (New International Version, Exodus 3:2). After
Introduction The value of the dollar keeps on fluctuating, sometimes it goes up and other times it goes down. The dollar appreciates or depreciates depending on the current prevailing economic factors. For instance, there will be an appreciation of the dollar in the case where there are positive economic factors, for example, a rise in consumer spending. On the other hand, there will be depreciation of the dollar under negative economic conditions such as a recession. Under conditions where there is a rise in the supply of money within the economy, this brings about dollar depreciation. This is for the reason that this supply is going up at a rate that is greater than the demand. The level of the money supply is raised by the government engaging in making more money or issuing out part of the securities it has to get money in return. Thus, moves like these form a basis for dollar depreciation. Moreover, the dollar can also depreciate as a result of the government projecting a slowdown in the economy. Whenever individuals turn out to be jobless, such a situation brings about a reduction in the “disposable income” and in turn, this brings down the level of “consumer spending”. When the unemployment rates are high, this affects the gross domestic product in that it will have to decline. Therefore these factors play a major role in making the dollar depreciate in the course of economic downturns (Carty, 2010). The depreciation of the dollar has several influences on the economy of a country. In this paper, a discussion is going to be carried out about the influence of the depreciation of the dollar on the U.S economy. The depreciation of the dollar decreases the purchasing power of the U.S, causes an increase in the prices of commodities, and brings upward pressure on the interest rates among other effects which may negatively affect the economy. These effects are going to be discussed and possible solutions are going to be considered. How depreciation of the dollar influences the economy According to Elwell (2008), “beginning from the break-up of the Bretton Woods international monetary system in 1973, the real exchange rate of the dollar has been largely determined by the market – the supply and demand for dollars in global foreign exchange markets” (Page 2). The demand comes from the foreign people who want dollars to use them to purchase commodities as well as dollar-denominated assets. The supply of dollars is carried out by the American people to the foreign exchange markets and in return, they get those currencies they use to purchase “foreign currency-denominated goods and assets”. Elwell (2008) points out that, beginning from the year 1994 up to the year 2002 “the real trade-weighted dollar exchange appreciated nearly 30%”(Page 1). There was the occurrence of dollar appreciation although the trade deficit of the United States of America, as well as the foreign debt for this country, went higher in a steady manner. From the year 2002 to date, there has been steady depreciation of the dollar. From the early months of the year 2002 up to the year 2006, the depreciati
Introduction In 2011, the BL unveiled Vision 2020, which underlines its ambitious plans for the near future. Yet, these plans are in jeopardy because of a reduction in government funding for library services (Potts and Roper, 1995). While such reductions are in line with the government of the UK’s budget austerity, extending it to library services accrues detrimental effects not only to the British library but also to the economy. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the need to continue funding the BL so as to sustain its economic, educational as well as cultural impacts. The BL is one of the leading recipients of UK’s government funds, estimated at US $153 million (Stratton, 2009). An evaluation of its economic benefits reveals a favorable cost benefit ratio, which indicates attractive returns per pound invested (Pung, Clarke and Patten, 2004). This is besides other non-economic benefits such as transfer of cultural artifacts from one generation to another, protection of Britain historical artifacts, support to other industries such as tourism as well as academic and scholarly benefits. Such benefits underlines the importance of expanding the services offered by the BL. Reducing funding has inverse effects; not only will BL’s 350 years collection be underutilized but also jeopardized. Indeed, there are numerous benefits accrued from BL, but which are as a result of sustained funding. Thus, the call for reduced funding is ill advised and instead, efforts should be made not only to source for additional funds but also look for new investment opportunities. The traditional approach to measuring BL’s economic benefits The purpose of this section is to fully demonstrate the true economic value accrued to the UK economy by the BL. As such, it is important to take into consideration the methods through which it is possible to demonstrate this. The approach is in consideration of the fact that the BL holds a range of valuable resources. Thus, the question is not whether the BL accrues any is economic benefits but to demonstrate its true economic value. In addition to this, an attempt will be made to demonstrate how much economic value the BL adds to the UK economy. For a long period of time, measuring the true economic value of the BL involved identifying both its quantitative and qualitative inputs into the UK economy. This method primarily focuses on identifying the BL’s input and comparing such input to output. For instance, with reference to input, efforts are made to identify the number of new items added to the BL collection. In 2003 alone, about 2.7 million items were added to the BL collection of resources (Howard, 2008). This is perceived to have had major economic effects as outlined here in. To begin with, increase in the number of items held by the BL meant added resources, which translates to additional income. Moreover, extra materials means addition of information based resources, which adds value-based skills, which further enhances economic development (Brindley and Read, 2011). The level of new jobs generated by BL is also factored in, and is used to determine the level of economic input. For instance, in