ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mission Statement The organization is dedicated to supporting families and children who are deaf or exhibiting hearing problems. Hand and Voices is a parent-driven and non-profit organization whose main concerns are the conditions and nature of children with hearing complexities. They strive to provide resources, networks, and information to improve communication and educational outcomes for these vulnerable groups. The organization’s main mission is partnering with parents and interest groups in intervening for children who have deaf to unlock opportunities so that they realize their highest potential. In achieving its mission, the organization is partnering with the right people, including parents and consumers who are deaf, thus giving a basis for handling the vulnerable in the community. Summary of Services Hand and Voice is one of the organizations in the world whose main agenda is to support and open opportunities to those who have auditory problems. The organization’s goals are anchored in that communication among vulnerable groups is vital, just like normal people. Therefore, through experts, the organization trains the deaf sign languages and extends the courtesy by finding them opportunities (Hands & Voices, 2022). A good example of a Hand and Voice organization is the American Society for Deaf Children, whose attention supports families living with deaf children. This is done through training and creating awareness in the community. The organization has taken and given hope to these families, takes responsibility for educating both the families and the deaf individuals, and provided researched information about handling the deaf. Moreover, the Hand and Voices, through partners, have opened several opportunities for this group and are providing vital resources that are basics for the existence of the deaf. Reference Hands & Voices . Handsandvoices.org. (2022). Web.
Education is one of the oldest assets that started with the first human being. Since the beginning of human life, education has taken many forms which are geared toward bestowing knowledge to the young generation. In the recent past, a few centuries back, formal education has been introduced to most parts of the globe. This was contrary to the common traditional way of passing knowledge and information, which often involved gathering in the fields where the youth were told about new technologies and subjects. The introduction of formal education seemed to be having many advantages over the old type of education. Its general assessment of these advantages made it easy for people in the most developing continents and countries to embrace it. (Bean, 1999): In the present day, there has been a drastic and dramatic change in the overall procedure and system of education. This has been brought by several factors such as advancement in technology as well as improved infrastru8ctiure and communication means. Due to technology, online learning has been possible. This form of learning, when well scrutinized, it seems to be easy as compared to classroom learning. The commitment of this online education has enabled many candidates to obtain their education on their home grounds. Thus considering its advantages, online education is one of the most convenient ways of learning for those disadvantaged individuals due to distance. It cuts down the cost of traveling, buying books, and building classrooms. The cost which the parents can not avoid is tuition fees. This also cut down on rent costs where the students are boarders. Throughout many states, there is a growing consciousness that the cost of senior education is like a runaway freight coach. Hence, there is a need to get rid of unnecessary costs of bus fare and accommodation. Online has an additional advantage to students. Students are exposed to exploit the new technologies; hence they are able to access easily all the needed learning material as well as examinations and results. Internet technology which is widely used by online schools, provides easy access to school facilities. This has acted as a way of easy information transfer between the students and the administration staff and tutors. This cuts down the institute’s operational cost by employing fewer numbers of staff officials and the cost of accessing other material from different institutions.. (Connick, 1997) On the other hand, online education poses one great social disadvantage. The fact that learning takes place through the internet creates a clear indication that there are not intimate social relationships among the individuals making up the school community. They are just limited to chat sessions which may not be so often. This makes it difficult to understand some of the problems that are affecting students’ performance and does not provide the way forward of solving such problems. Also, another problem that is associated with online learning is that technology is bound to change. The fast-changing technology creates barriers that hinder the transfer of valuable education. For instance, when a student is given an online exam,
Eating behavior is controlled by a complex process that aims at maintaining homeostasis. Eating provides the body with fuel to maintain body temperature and essential elements to grow and repair tissues. Eating is controlled by hunger, a feeling of misbalance, and satiety, a feeling of equilibrium. There are several types of hunger controlled by different organs. The first two types of hunger, glucoprivic and lipoprivic, are controlled by the liver. When the liver detects a depletion of glucose or fatty acids supply, the vagus nerve carries the signal from the liver to the NST in the medulla. Information about the amount of glucose and fatty acids s relayed from the NST to the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. The arcuate nucleus sends neurons to the PVN and the lateral hypothalamus to control both metabolism and feeding. The third signal for hunger is ghrelin, “a hormone that is synthesized in the stomach and released into the bloodstream as the stomach empties during fasting” (Garrett & Hough, 2018, p. 257). When a person feels full, hormones, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY3–36 (PYY), are released to promote the feeling of satiety and suppress the appetite. Therefore, reduction of calorie intake may not be an effective strategy to promote weight loss, as the body will encourage regaining weight by reducing metabolic rate and increasing calorie demand. Bulimia is a dangerous eating disorder that is caused by repeated bingeing and purging. Even though bulimia patients are mostly normal weight, they fight hunger, as their ghrelin levels are lower in comparison with healthy people, and their PYY levels do not rise as much following a meal (Garrett & Hough, 2018). The neurological reasons behind the process are alteration in brain chemicals. According to Karges (2015), altered serotonin levels may lead to dysregulation of mood, appetite, and impulse control in bulimia. Current treatment methods of bulimia include nutritional counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (Harvard Health Publishing, 2009). Considering that the causes of bulimia are both psychological and neurological, I suggest using a combination of CBT and SSRI to regulate serotonin levels and learn coping mechanisms to fight bulimia. Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, are often caused by social pressure from friends and family to maintain a particular body image. Multiple research has shown that greater use of social media websites is associated with the development of eating disorders (McLean, Wertheim, Masters, & Paxton, 2017). Therefore, an adequate strategy to reduce the amount of pressure put on teenagers is to promote social media literacy. According to McLean et al. (2017
It has been said that the only certainties in life are death and taxes. Most people, at least those in the civilized world, view both with fear, even horror but perhaps death has a bit of an edge because it deals with the continued presence of a person on the physical plane and delves into the realms of the unknown. Moore and Williamson state that there is much about death that humans fear because it is so often accompanied by pain and suffering for themselves, for those whom they love, even for strangers for whom they feel sympathy and empathy. (3) It is accepted that death is inevitable but for many people, it is not something they want to dwell about openly although may think about it constantly, especially when they or people they know are in the midst of it as in terminal illnesses or even just old age. It has been suggested that the fear of death is a natural response shared by most sentient creatures. Even for animals that are presumably ignorant of death as a concept, self-preservation is paramount to all other considerations, except perhaps the preservation of offspring in some species. For humans, eight kinds of fear relating to death were identified. These are fear of premature death, fear of the idea of death, fear of the dying process, fear of the death of significant others, fear of the unknown, fear of being destroyed, fear of the body after death, and fear of the dead. (Moore and Williamson, 3) Of these dimensions, perhaps the most significant in human history is the fear of the unknown, or what happens to a person after death, and fear of the dying process. Because the former is the aspect of death that remains largely undiscoverable and unprovable in any practical way, it has been the subject of much philosophical debate. This paper will discuss some of the arguments regarding this particular dimension of death and dying and how helped shape religious practices and society. It will also touch on the fear of the dying process, how medical practitioners regard terminally ill patients, and the ethics of withdrawing treatment. Platoon death and the soul Phaedo is part of the Middle Dialogues, a series of conversations that are considered to be one of the most dramatic and intense of Plato’s works, and this particular section dealt almost
Facts The 2001 Patriot Act revised a provision of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. Sec 1804 to require a law enforcement agent to confirm “a significant purpose” rather than “the purpose” of conducting the investigation in obtaining foreign surveillance data. Shnewer, Tatar, and the Duka brothers lived in New Jersey, though the Duka brothers were illegally in the United States. The defendants showed interest in violent jihad, especially attacks against the American military personnel. The FBI conducted a sixteen-month investigation of the defendants’ activities, from January 2006 to May 2007. The procedural history The respondent government charged the appellants in the District Court for plotting to attack American military bases in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, especially the Fort Dix base. The prosecution submitted a wide range of evidence including recordings of conversations among the appellants and their informants, testimony from state confidential informants and law enforcement agents who had conducted a sixteen-month investigation, videos of the training trips by the appellants in Poconos, propaganda videos, and videos showing the appellants purchase of automatic and semi-automatic weapons to be used in the attack. The court ruled that the defendants were guilty of conspiracy to murder the American soldiers. The court also convicted four of the defendants of firearm offenses. The defendants filed a timely appeal against their convictions and sentences under 28 U.S.C. Sec 1291 and 18 U.S.C. Sec 3742 respectively. Issue is the evidence obtained by law enforcement officers under the revised FISA unlawful? Holding No. The information that the law enforcement agents acquired under the statute is lawful because the significant purpose requirement is reasonable. The court held that the 4th Amendment does not require a strict standard of “the primary purpose”. What matters most is whether the “significant purpose” standard is reasonable. Reasoning The court reasoned in line with other appeal courts that have considered the matter. The cases of Berger v. New York , 388 U.S. 41, 55 (1967), Camara v. Mun. Ct. , 387 U.S. 523, 534 (1967), and United States v. Abu Jihaad , 630 F.3d 102, 122 (2d Cir. 2010) held that probable cause under the Fourth Amendment involves the “reasonableness test”. The court concluded that the 4th Amendment is flexible with regard to searches carried out for law enforcement purposes. Nat’l Treasury Emps.
Introduction For very many years, military leadership has been informed by the concept of “chain of command”. This model is designed in such a way that there are commanders who give orders or instructions in an attempt to ensure that the targeted agency or battalion achieves its goals. However, theorists in the field have supported the use of evidence-based leadership models to influence and engage soldiers. This paper will analyze an unethical behavior experienced at the Headquarters & Service Battalion and present appropriate measures to implement a new cultural change. Case Scenario Military ethics is an ideology that empowers and guides service members to portray the best behaviors. Some of these principles include selflessness, duty, honor, courage, competence, commitment, and loyalty. Unfortunately, the selected battalion has recorded an unethical behavior that has the potential to affect its success or performance. 1 The absence of discipline in any military organization is a critical issue that affects performance. This is the case because soldiers are usually expected to obey orders, support the welfare of their colleagues, and respect each other. The latest event that has occurred at the Headquarters & Service Battalion is capable of reducing every soldier’s morale. At this battalion, a social media scandal has been reported where some soldiers have opened anonymous accounts and posted nude and semi-nude photos of their fellow service members. 2 The occurrence of this indignity has led to a high-profile investigation into the command climate of the battalion. Analyzing of Existing Organizational Culture: Schein’s Model Edgar Schein’s model has been widely used to analyze organizational cultures and guide leaders to implement powerful changes. The targeted unit or division can be analyzed as an organization with unique principles, vision, mission, and leadership strategies. The model offers three levels that can be used to evaluate an organization. The first one focuses on symbols and artifacts. 3 Looking at this unit, it is evident that there are powerful processes, organizational structures, and a logo. Outsiders and insiders can recognize these symbols immediately. The second level under Schein’s model has espoused values. This layer focuses on values, ethics, standards, and rules. At this unit, the c
Introduction Supply chain management is a crucial constituent of any retail business entity. The smooth flow of operations within warehousing, inventory, transportation, and delivery is key to successful performance and customer satisfaction. Amazon, as one of the leading online retail companies, demonstrates significant advancement in its supply chain management. In this paper, general information about the company, its supply chain strengths and weaknesses, innovations, and perspectives for future improvement will be provided. A broad discussion of the strategic decisions made by the authorities of Amazon will be presented to introduce Amazon’s transportation improvement plan. Demographic Information About the Company Amazon is an American online retail company that has become a leading entity in the worldwide market of online product selling. It was founded in 1994 as a retailer of books (Sharanya & Nair, 2018). The headquarters of the company are located in y based in Seattle, Washington. The current range of Amazon’s products varies from books, computers, and goods for gardening to media, such as e-books, films, music, and others (“Amazon.com Inc.,” 2019). Also, the company offers services of personal shopping, direct delivery to the client, and an accessible system of online payments. The number of employees in the United States is estimated to be approximately 275,000 people; however, the investments made by the entity have led to the creation of 680,000 jobs in the country (“About Amazon,” 2019). Amazon’s strategy is to create a favorable economic environment for small businesses that would enable efficient and reliable service and product delivery for the customers. The Relevance of the Supply Chain to the Company’s Strategic Goals The supply chain utilized by the company enables creating transportation opportunities from the place of the product’s origin to the location of consumption in the shortest period. The entity initiates such programs as Amazon Flex and Delivery Service Partners to encourage small businesses participation in free and fast delivery of products (“About Amazon,” 2019). Overall, technology and artificial intelligence are identified as the essential components in the supply chain management utilized by A
The definition of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid consisting of genetic instructions needed by all living organisms to function and develop. The only exceptions are the RNA viruses being the exception (Ghosh & Bansal 2003, p. 621). A brief history about the discovery of DNA The history of the discovery of DNA dates back to 1865 when Gregory Mendel used theories of heredity in analyzing the genetic profiles of pea plants. Genetic science came into being in 1900 following the discovery of Mendel’s work by Erich Von Tsechrmark, Carl Correns, and Hugo DeVries. In 1935, Nikolaevitch Belozersky succeeded in his quest to isolate DNA. In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson proposed the complementary, helical, anti-parallel and double-stranded model of DNA (Dahm 2008). DNA polymerase was discovered and isolated by Coenberg in 1958. In 1966, Marshall Nirenberg, Severo Ochoa and Heinrich Mathei demonstrated that each of the 20 amino acids can be determined by a three nucleotide bases sequence, a move that proved useful in cracking the genetic code. The first DNA cloning trial was successfully undertaken in California, in 1972. A year later, the first recombinant DNA organism was produced. Four years later, the NIH released guidelines for the first recombinant DNA. The guidelines sought to restrict different types of experiments. In 1980, Kary Mullis, together with his fellow scientists at the Berkeley-based Cetus Corporation, invented the PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The PCR technique allows for in vitro multiplication of DNA sequences. In 1984, Alec Jeffreys was instrumental in helping to introduce the DNA fingerprinting technique. The technique has proved quite useful in the identification of individuals. The technique was used in a court of law for the first time in 1985. The National Center for Human Genome Research was created in 1989, with James Watson as its head. The organization was charged with the responsibility of overseeing the $ 3 billion set aside by the U. S. government to facilitate in human DNA sequencing by 2005. The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990, at an estimated cost of $ 13 billion. The launch was an international effort aimed at mapping the human genome (Prophase Genetics, 2006). This would facilitate in better and faster identification of U.S. soldier who dies while in combat. In 1993, a map of the human chromosomes (the 23 pairs) was produced by the Daniel Cohen led international research team ( Maddox, 2003). In 1995, DNA fingerprinting and PCR technology were used in a high-profile murder trial case involving O. J. Simpson, a former football player. Using the new techniques, the courts found O. J. Simpson not guilty. In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned by researchers from the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Shortly thereafter, Pol
Introduction The key limitations in this research were self report bias and attrition bias caused by parental withdrawal. These limitations affected the reliability and validity of the research in different ways. Self report bias The research relied upon self report assessments to establish relationships between the parameters. Subjects filled in assessment forms during and after the intervention but biases affected the reliability of the research. The main challenge with this method of data collection is it is difficult to control the level of honesty among the participants. Some of them may not be honest about certain subjects that they perceive to be personal. This bias is difficult to accommodate in the research analysis because one cannot assess a participant’s honesty levels. It all depends on their personality and their interpretations of the research parameters. In addition to intentional dishonesty, some of the participants were liable to introspectability. In self report research, subjects may perceive themselves in a totally different way than is the case. Even if that participant may genuinely want to be honest, he or she may not know that he or she is representing an incorrect view of himself or herself (Miller & Wright, 1995). Certain individuals lack the capacity to fully understand a research question. In the assessment, the questions were written as simply as possible. However some of them could still have interpreted their own things. Abstract concepts are difficult to understand, and they require people of higher than average intelligence to answer them correctly. If the research was only measuring concrete things like the cost of buying something, then chances are that fewer threats to the validity and reliability of the research would have arisen. Additionally, since the research contained multiple choices, the rating involved could have affected the outcomes. Analysts have found that some people are in-between raters while others are extreme raters. The latter tend to choose mostly the best and the worst scores in a rating scale. Conversely, in-between raters tend to select values that are in the middle. As a result, the responses in the questionnaire will be affected by one