ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aims and wishes of most college students and academic sponsors are the establishment of a better and more reliable future. Over the years, education systems have clearly defined the path to achievement as a schooling pattern that eventually leads to at least a four-year college attendance. How accurate is the symmetry of this pattern? Historically, there have been massive efforts by religious groups, civil rights movements, politicians and parents to push for equality among whites and African Americans in the education sector. Academics have undertaken enormous research studies concerning African Americans’ heritage and cultural existence. The study has a global significance, due to possible social and cultural influences the community may have beyond the U.S.A. This paper forms an analysis of the low number of African Americans attending colleges and proposes possible solutions over the declining numbers. The study will take a clear analytical technique of existing research studies, findings, and experiences. The analysis will also be a partial contributor to cultural studies of African Americans. In line with an anonymous author of an indigenous journal of Blacks in Higher Education, colleges opened specifically for African American communities as early as 1800’s evolved to today’s ‘Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)’. Affirmative action further pushed for the implementation of policies to level grounds and allow African Americans greater access to the then ‘American colleges and universities’(3). Despite the tremendous reforms in the education sector, with some attained as early as 1960s, there is still very low college and university attendance by African Americans. Today, the majority of these youth are yet to realize the total benefits of easy access to higher education. The real causes of low turnouts are still hazy. According to Gerald and Hussar, the 2005 statistics by the Bureau of Labour, indicated that bachelor’s degree holders earn half-better than high-school graduates. The statistics also showed that median earnings between blacks and white at the same working level were equal. There has been an increase in African Americans’ enrolment into the higher learning institutions. A greater concern lies on the fact that less than half of African Americans graduate, compared to over 60 percent white students who graduate from the same institutions. There is also a higher dropout of male than female African Americans (16). Is it a failure on the education system in preparing African American students adequately for college and consequently the job market? Hypothetically, this research analysis is on how different education aspects contribute to lower turnouts at higher education level, and higher dropouts of African Americans at the same level. Such aspects include the social economics status of African Americans, their family background influences, preparations for high education and college/university education environments. In line with Wilson,’ the legislated Higher Education Act defined and accredited ‘Historically Black Colleges and Unive
Freud Freud divided human behavior into conscious and unconscious dimensions. The goal of psychoanalysis, to this therapist, was to access the inner emotions and thoughts of the individual that he or she was unacquainted with; the latter is the unconscious (Friedman & Schustack, 2011). Therapists ought to move beyond a person’s conscious behavior because this is the element that the individual shows openly. In Asma’s case, the patient has no idea why she feels lonely and depressed. It is essential to unmask the unconscious to get to the root of her problem. The goal of therapy should be to create a healing experience by exposing these hidden emotions and thoughts. This could be done through the use of a range of techniques that could highlight the patient’s unresolved developmental or traumatic experiences. It is only after dealing with these latent issues that the external symptoms of depression can disappear. This school of thought may also provide insights into the personality dimensions of the patient. Asma appears to have an imbalance in her ego, id, and superego. The pleasure component of her personality, which is the id, appears to play a minimal role in her psychological life. She works all the time, and only dedicates a small portion of her time in pursuit of pleasure. Furthermore, her superego, which governs one’s morality, appears to be on overdrive. Asma focuses too much on behaving in a socially acceptable manner. She avoids friction with her friends and only seeks to please them. Additionally, she has centered her life on appearing successful to other people by acquiring material things. Therapy should focus on rectifying the ego by identifying and unraveling the defense mechanisms that the ego used to protect Asma. Some of the defense mechanisms that are evident in the case are a rationalization, repression as well as reaction formation. Asma feels that the path she chose as a successful businesswoman must come at the expense of happiness in other components in her life. Therefore, she has rationalized her existence to cope with her lonely circumstances. Additionally, repression is evident because she has not confronted the divorce she experienced as well as the one she witnessed between her parents. Most of the rejection and experiences she had as a child have been repressed and could be overcompensated by her material succes
American space exploration programs have been associated with several disasters that changed the way people see crisis and project management. They also were the cause of substantial changes in the US aviation and space-related policies. The accidents with Challenger and Columbia are two disasters that shaped such policies. It is possible to compare the two cases to understand fundamental errors that led to the loss of people’s lives and multimillion-dollar spacecraft. The two disasters are very different. Thus, the Challenger exploded several minutes after the launch of the spaceship (“Challenger Disaster Live on CNN” n. pag.). Columbia exploded on its return to the earth (Associated Press n. pag.). The failure in the joint of the elements of the rocket motor caused the Challenger catastrophe (“Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident” n. pag.). Columbia disintegrated as a result of the break off of the insulation foam that had hit the wing during the launch (“Columbia: Accident Investigation Board” 49). It is necessary to note that disasters could have been prevented. For instance, Columbia’s return could have been successful if the problem had been detected. The malfunction occurred during the launch, and there was time to fix it. Clearly, there had to be a proper detection system that could identify such issues. When it comes to Challenger, several problems were detected before the launch (Forrest n. pag.). However, the group of engineers and managers made the decision (that the spaceship was ready) that led to the catastrophe. Apparently, the disaster could have been prevented if they took the decision to implement the necessary diagnostic measures instead of focusing on the date of launch. Therefore, it is possible to note that the two catastrophes were caused by physical malfunctions and poor management. The analysis of the accidents led to the development
‘J. catches up with Dave Brown in the parking lot of the Talcott Motor Lodge. The night is clear and naked and swarming with so many anxious stars that it almost seems to him an invasion, a celestial troop movement auguring nothing good. In the cities it is safe because there are no stars, the light from a million apartment windows provides protection: they reduce the night into a vast purple mediocrity shielding against higher thought’. “John Henry Days”, Colson Whitehead John Henry Days is a novel by Colson Whitehead that received outstanding praises from critics of modern literature. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. This piece of fiction presents a panoramic view on American culture and history, and gives insights into people’s strives of both of the Information Age, and of the Industrial Age. Such a scope is achieved via intertwinement of two stories: the story of a favorite American hero who lived in the 19th century, John Henry, and the story of our contemporary, a young freeloading journalist, J. Sutter, who got an assignment to cover the festival, devoted to John Henry. The author uses an allegory, comparing and contrasting these two Afro-Americans, fighting their fights. John Henry was an incredibly strong man who worked for a railroad company as a steel-driving man. One day he decided to compete with a steam drill. John won, but at the cost of his own life, as his heart exploded soon after his victory. That was a noble, though futile, attempt to demonstrate that a human-being was not less capable, than a machine, and of a much greater worth and dignity, and an attempt to protest against soullessness of machinery and the upcoming substitution of humans by them. Unlike John Henry, Sutter does not provoke thoughts about human dignity. He is a true hero of our time – of the Information Age, whose head is full of junk and popular memes of successful, but at the same time, lightsome life. ‘The novel introduces him as a spendthrift and freeloader whose primary concern is where his next free meal will come from… The novel is a stylistic delight that deftly moves between Sutter’s meandering existence and versions of John Henry’s focused attempt to beat the machine’ (Hamilton and Brian 2010, 386). In contrast to the Industrial Age hero, fighting a great fight with a steam drill, his contemporary’s only purpose is to break the junketeers’ record – a pointless struggle, exposing the shallowness of the character. He is a typical product of postmodern, media-infested America. Bell (2004) retails the idea that ‘John Henry was killed by the Industrial Age; Sutter suffers the insidious effects of the Information Age’ (329). Unlike John Henry who won, Sutter decides not to conduct his battle and, as a result, he surrenders to intellectual death. The novel itself describes this state as being ‘devoured by pop’ (Schur 2009, 106). The passage from John Henry Days that I used as the epigraph can be regarded as the conceptual medium of the whole novel, and it characterizes the main protagonist’s inNtellectual death best of all. Modern people contain shallow knowledge, billions of segmental pieces of information in their heads, but do n
Introduction The criminal justice system refers to the agencies and practices responsible for controlling crime and imposing penalties on law violators. The primary reason for founding the system is to sustain social control, tone down crime, deter, and sanction persons considered to have broken the law. According to Schmalleger (2011), law refers to regulations that are made obligatory through a set of institutions. In this paper, the author will focus on law and criminal justice system by analyzing the case of Dale and Mike Parak. Dale and Mike Parak’s Case Defining Justice From this author’s personal point of view, justice is the legal act or procedure by which fair judgment is passed and criminals or law violators charged for their acts. Formally, the concept is defined as the proper administration of law. To this end, all people receive fair and equal treatment under the set regulations. However, debate still exists regarding the correct definition of law. The main factor associated with the dispute is varied perspectives. According social contract thinkers, for example, the concept of justice is based on mutual agreement between all parties concerned. On their part, utilitarian scholars argue that the concept is an action or decision that has the best consequences (Burns, 2007). Pepinsky’s perspective on justice Other scholars, such as Pepinsky (2006), believe that justice can be whatever one wants it to be. However, fairness is realized through a diverse community of interest. In addition, Pepinsky (2006) is of the view that justice should be based on ethics. It should also be anchored on one’s responsibility to identify their commitment to fairness. Views on whether justice was served An analysis of the case in light of the different perspectives of impartiality reveals that justice was served on Dale and not on Mike Parak. The primary reason for this is because the sentence was not passed to ensure fairness for the victim. The ruling was based on the reason of law. The ‘reason’ states that no person should decide when to end another individual’s life. The accused broke this rule. Sentencing Dale for capital punishment, which is the legal sentence for 1st degree murder, was lack of justice for the accused (Banks, 2007). Definition of the Charge against Dale from the Perspective of the State and the Prosecutor The prosecution would define the charge against Dale as manslaughter. An analysis of the circumstances that prompted Dale to end his brother’s life reveals that his actions do not meet all the components of 1 st degree murder. The criterion met by his deeds was unlawful killing of a human being. The reason is that Dale killed his brother without justification or valid excuse. However, there was no malice aforethought. The reason is that Dale’s action to shoot his brother was not a planned thing (Loveless, 2008)
The 1920s was a decade of riotous living and prosperity. However, apart from education and religion, two other notable sources of cultural tension were immigration and sexual morality. After the First World War, the US received millions of immigrants who filled the streets and parts of the country. In 1924, the immigration act limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country, excluding all Asians. Moreover, a growing preference for leisure and glamour in the 1920s facilitated an ever-increasing interest in the expression of sexuality. Contrary to societal expectations and values at the time, both women and men engaged in risky sexual practices, drugs, raves, and some even paid to see explicit sexual behaviors. These social attributes had a substantial impact on American culture.
Introduction St. Louis, Missouri is one of the most heard about cities in the United States; it is also a major port city in the country. St. Louis is a large city with densely populated urban areas. The most recent survey showed that its current population exceeds 315 thousand residents. Throughout its history, St. Louis has seen periods of rapid expansion and growth dictated by the attraction of large groups of the American population to its urban areas. As a result, the housing of the city had to be adjusted in order to be able to host the expanding number of dwellers. However, as it often happens in the urban centers all around the world, the parts of the city that saw a rapid expansion were also affected by a fast decline. One of the most legendary urban housing projects implemented in the territory of St. Louis during its growth was Pruitt-Igoe project that was designed for the purpose of offering new accommodations for the urban population of the city. This housing project is known to have been rather short-lived and is often regarded as a major failure of a design as its demolition followed its opening in just about a couple of decades. Pruitt-Igoe urban housing project and its history can serve as an excellent demonstration of the economic and social changes the city of St. Louis faced in the 1950s and 1960s; today, the project’s history works as a reminder of the city planning complexities and the need for a sustainable approach to urban construction, expansion, and revitalization. Project Initiation and Design Pruitt-Igoe urban housing development project was the response of the St. Louis city authorities to the problems of overpo
The forthcoming WTO round table negotiations to be held in Doha, Qatar will help to open up the international market, thereby ensuring increased export and import of goods and services. As such, manufacturers and exporters in Canada are convinced that the participation of Canada in the WTO negotiations is a very crucial decision. More than ever before, businesses in Canada are today enjoying friendlier rules and regulations on investment and international trade. Since 1989, Canada has witnessed a two-fold increase in the dollar value of goods and services exported (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 5). 1989 is an important milestone for the Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters (CME) because in this year, the Free Trade Agreement between the country and its neighbor, the United States, was launched. It is also important to note that at the moment, Canadian exports are enjoying a three-fold rate of growth, in comparison with the country’s rate of economic growth. On the other hand, manufacturing production in Canada is mainly export-oriented, and has witnessed a two-fold rate of growth in comparison with the country’s Gross Domestic Product, a clear indication that the Canadian economy is rapidly relying on a secure and open access to the global market. This is a further justification that indeed, Canada needs to engage in the international trade in order to sustain the growth of its export/import sector. In addition, Canadian organizations have lately been seen to invest more in their abroad markets. This has seen an increasingly larger number of Canadian companies opting to open up and expand their operations in the international market (Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters 5). What this means is that there shall be an increase in foreign direct investment flowing from Canada to the international markets where the various Canadian companies have made their investments. This is bound to increase Canadian’s export opportunity in the years ahead. In addition, this is also a chance for the various businesses in Canada to assume a partici
Apple Computer Inc. currently referred to as Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation based in the U.S., which designs electronics like personal computers, computer software, and distributes them for sale. Macintosh computers, iPhone, iPad, and iPod are the commonly known hardware products produced by the company. Its software includes aperture, Mac OS X operating system, iTunes, Logic studio, a web browser (Safari), and an operating system (iOS) for the media. The company holds annual Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in June during, which new products, and upgrades are announced. In 2012, the conference was held between 11 th and 15 th in San Francisco during which iOS 6 and Macbook Pro were introduced by the CEO of the company, Tim Cook (Kaneshige, 2012). According to Kaneshige (2012), the price of the new Macbook Pro starts from $2199. The machine cannot be upgraded and has the following features: a 4GB memory, quad-core i7 processor with a Ram ranging from eight to 18 GB, HD camera, Facetime for chatting, software, and a retina display of high density. Macbook Pro is used in organizations and individuals for work. It makes work easier by handling much work, which could have consumed much time and energy if it were to be done manually. Signing an agreement with Apple to purchase laptops for employees is the necessary measure to implement Macbook Pro. Apple Macbook Pro is an exceptional computer with fast performance, sharp display screen, a sleek design, and it is unique. Its battery is long-lasting. After charging, it lasts up to seven hours when used continuously. It offers a variety of connectivity options like thunderbolt, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB. The packaging, which includes glass and aluminum is good. It is costly because the HD display is combined with the glass, thus expensive display has to be bought or the machine is send for repair at the company. It is impossible to upgrade the RAM because the memory modules and RAM are fused with the logic board. In case of battery replacement, the Macbook should be send to Apple because the battery is fused to the case. The price of buying Macbook Pro is very high compared Ultrabooks from other dealers. Last, it does not include Ethernet port. According to iFixit.org, the new Macbook is the least repairable laptop (Kaneshige, 2012). The company introduced iOS 6 in replacement of Google maps on iPad and iPhone. To create their own maps, the company bought three mapping technology companies. The features of Apple maps include flyover feature, interactive 3D views, rotation, real-time and local search information. Advantages of iOS 6 are: it is upgradable, and it is offered freely for iPhone and iPad. The following are features of iOS 6, Facebook, Siri, passbook, phone, safari, Apple maps, shared photo stream, and it is accessible. The use of iOS 6 is to be implemented in 2012 but its advantages over Google maps are not clear. People learn the use of technology through free tutorials that come with products of the company. Apple keeps on updating their products making the company user friendly to the customers. The technology of using Ap
Robert Browning drew his inspiration from the suspicious death of the seventeen-year-old duchess of Ferrara within three years of her marriage. Through the poem “My Last Duchess,” the poet deeply explores the mind of such powerful dukes of the Victorian era and the dark aspects of life, especially for women living in those days. Women were objects to men and disposable to the desire of their husbands (Martens 215). The duke in the poem wants to control his wife’s aspects, including feelings. Edgar Allan Poe created the poem “The Raven” to exemplify people’s emotional battles during grief. The narrative is given in the first person to emphasize individual struggles experienced when battling loss and grief. “My Last Duchess” and “The Raven” are two different poems in the Victorian age’s voice, form, style, and features. Regarding the differences between the poems, “My Last Duchess” is better than “The Raven” in readability and the use of poetical devices. The two poems take distinct forms to express the writers’ ideas or messages. Browning’s “My Last Duchess” is a dramatic monologue because a single person speaks the poem’s words. The duke talks about his last duchess while another person listens to him. The dramatic aspect emanates from the second person’s presence, who should be the recipient of the words that the readers hear. Poe’s “The Raven” takes the form of a ballad as the writer narrates a story about an evening following the loss of a loved one named Lenore. There are 18 stanzas in the poem, each carrying six lines. Poe utilizes the first-person narration to allow the reader to follow through the emotional progression of the speaker. Although these differences exist, “The Raven” is also dramatic since it uses trochaic octameter, which is considered a dramatic form of a meter. Therefore, “My Last Duchess” is a monologue, while “The Raven” is a narrative, but both poems are dramatic. The voice and tone are different in Browning and Poe’s poems. “My Last Duchess” has a vulgar, cold, arrogant, and insensitive voice and tone. The duchess, through his words and actions, appears as controlling, brutal, and selfish. He wants his wife, the duchess, to exist only for him and hold his gifts in high esteem. For instance, he complains that his last duchess smiled pleasantly when he passed by but also gave similar smiles to everyone else (Browning 1). The voice of “The Raven” is despondent, dark, sorrowful, and melancholic. The speaker is grieving the loss of Lenore, his love, when a raven appears, and the only word it says to him is ‘nevermore’ (Poe 2). The poet’s choice of words creates the despondent atmosphere, including grim, bleak, ghastly, and haunted (Poe 1-2). Browning and Poe’s poems are distinctively different in their voices. The structures of “My Last Duchess” and “The Raven” are also discrete. Browning employed rhyming couplets and iambic pentameter style and enjambment on the lines. The lines have five