ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Dead Man Walking details Helen Prejean’s role as a spiritual counselor to a number of death row inmates in Louisiana (Prejean 1). Through the writing, the author illustrated the injustices surrounding the death penalty. In the year 1982, Prejean met death row inmates by the names Elmo Patrick Sonnier, Robert Willie , and Eddie Sonnier. After associating with the inmates, Prejean noted that there were numerous injustices waged against the capital offenders in prisons. She initiated several programs to sensitize society about the need to abolish the death penalty. Similarly, she educated the death row inmates on how to cope with agony and death. The topics illustrated below focus on Prejean’s story. The Catholic Church’s position on capital punishment For centuries, capital punishment has been considered a controversial issue among Catholic followers (Doubleday 6). There have been discords of opposing voices trying to address the issue based on the church’s current teachings. In the discussions below, the catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC 2265, CCC2266, and CC2267) is highlighted. CCC 2265 asserts that a valid defense can not only be a correction but also a critical responsibility for an individual accountable for the existence of other individuals (Doubleday 6). The above statement implies that collective defense necessitates that an undue attacker is made incapable to cause damage. Owing to this case, those who legally have the right also have the authority to use weapons to deter attackers against confronting the public members. CCC2266 states that the initiatives of the government to control the spread of conduct detrimental to individual’s privileges and to the fundamental rules of civil society are in accordance with the prerequisite of protecting the common good (Doubleday 6). As such, the valid civic authority has the mandate and the responsibility to impose a penalty proportional to the seriousness of the wrongdoing. Similarly, the penalty has the key aim of restoring the complaint presented by the wrongdoing. After the offender willingly agrees to the wrongdoing, the penalty assumes the worth of compensation. Based on the above illustrations, the penalty safeguards public order and adds to the correction of the offender. On the other hand, CCC2267 asserts that resuming that the offender’s character and accountability have been entirely determined, the old-fashioned philosophy of the Catholics do not eliminate alternative to the death penalty (Doubleday 6). The above holds when the alternative is the only conceivable means of safeguarding public lives against undue attackers. Nevertheless, when non-lethal approaches are adequate to protect the public’s safety from the attackers, the government should limit its powers to such approaches. Why is the Supreme Court’s 1972 ruling in the Furman v? Is the Georgia case important in the story
The patient is presented to the hospital with hip pain that, according to him, was caused by a workplace injury. The pain has persisted for seven years now, and after multiple diagnostic tests and examinations, it was discovered that his right hip joint was 75% torn. When referred to a surgeon, the patient was met with rejection because he was too young to undergo complete hip replacement. Since then, the man has been suffering from a cluster of symptoms including extreme cooling and cramping, which made neurologists believe that he has complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). According to the patient, his condition is hurting his mental health and has also ruined his relationship with his fiancee. Despite the psychological strain, the patient is alert, behaves appropriately, can communicate, and denies any hallucinations, paranoia, depression, or suicidal ideation. The first decision that the nurse has made to relieve CRPS symptoms is to prescribe amitriptyline 25 mg po QHS and titrate upward weekly by 25 mg. Oral administration of amitriptyline reaches a bioavailability of 30-60% and is widely distributed through the human body, binding to tissue and plasma proteins (Kondratenko et al., 2019). The plasma half-life of the medication lies between 10 and 28 hours and 16 and 80 hours for its metabolite, nortriptyline (Kondratenko et al., 2019). When used for neuropathic pain, amitriptyline acts as a local anesthetic due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels. After the administration of amitriptyline, the patient reported that his pain level dropped from nine out of ten to six out of ten. Among other positive results is a reduction in toe cramping that used to cause a lot of discomfort for the patient. These outcomes are consistent with existing research: for instance, Brown et al. (2016) show that when used for six weeks, amitriptyline led to an improvement in pain symptoms. As reported by van den Driest et al. (2017) sleepiness is a common side effect of amitriptyline, which is something that the patient is experiencing. In summation, the first decision led to satisfactory results, though the pain levels are manageable but not exactly low. Because the pain levels are far from ideal and the patient complaints about morning grogginess, the nurse decides to work toward 200mg of amitriptyline daily. The patient is advised to take the medication one hour early every night to avoid the side effects. As a result, he reports reduced pain levels, improved mobility, and even a return to dating life. Moore et al. (2015) reveal that adverse events associated with the use of amitriptyline wane after two or three weeks while the benefits become more prominent. However, alongside positive changes, the patient is frustrated with weight gain. For this reason, the third decision includes not only Elavil but also a referral to a nutrition coach who could help him with dietary habits. Existing research suggests that diet plays a crucial role in pres
Introduction Hospitals are normally mandated with the responsibility of ensuring that there is a good blood inventory system for optimum patient care. However, this is normally not an easy task for hospitals because they handle commodities that have a pre-determined shelf-life. This fact has prompted classical optimum inventory management systems to try to establish a model that greatly reduces under-stocking or over-stocking costs (Miller 1). Hospital inventories have been carefully analyzed in the past to establish optimum stock levels and many researchers have agreed that holding and ordering costs are not very suitable here (Tokay 2). Inventory management is normally desirable in instances where it is difficult to determine the demand for blood within any given region (Montgomery 4). As mentioned in this study, blood has a limited shelf life and it is a crucial commodity for any country that intends to provide excellent healthcare services to its people. However, blood is not obtained from any source; it can only be sourced from a healthy person. Its use is also strongly felt among injured or ill patients who may need it for survival or healing. Nonetheless, blood cannot be given to any person. It can only be used by people from one blood group (Norwitz 27). From this understanding, a national blood bank is a very important health resource for any country because it is a strong determinant of a nation’s health and wealth. Ataturk affirms that, “It is here that stocks of blood are maintained in healthy conditions to meet the demand. By the very nature of this perishable commodity, the policy matters regarding blood bank inventory management are average inventory level to be maintained for each group, average age of blood at the time of transfusion and the average amount of blood that perished” (Atamturk 57). Blood demand normally varies if hospitals or patients are far from the supply chain, but more importantly, there is a highly flexible shift in the orders registered upstream. This observation has been termed the “Bullwhip effect” (Nemhauser 32). In solving the problems arising from this effect, experts have come up with several strategies including dividing the inventory control problem into two parts, which include determining the order quantity and determining the reorder point. The latter problem refers to the minimal amount of blood that triggers the replenishment of bloodstock. The division of the inventory model into two parts stems from a famous researcher named Wilson, whose work birthed the stochastic models (Schrijver 54). Various models were developed to solve the above inventory problem. However, in detail, three models have been advanced as remedies to the above problem and they include the Newsboy model, Base stock model , and the (Q, r) model (Moon 825). The first model is usually too simplistic because it
Introduction System Engineering belongs to that category of Engineering that deals with the progress and association of composite simulated structures. System Engineering incorporates other regulations and specialty factions into a team endeavor, forming a prearranged expansion procedure that advances from perception to construction to procedure and clearance. Going back to the 1940s, in the time of Bell Telephone Laboratories, when Systems Engineering was first mentioned. The requirement to recognize the characteristics of a system on a larger scale, which is multifaceted manufacturing ventures may to a great extent, vary from the sum of its parts, prompted many engineering disciples and correlated manufactures across the world to concede and make use of System Analysis. Discussion Whilst it was no more probable to depend on design progression to improve, leading to an organization, and the presented apparatus were not adequate to assemble increasing demands, new methods began to expand that dealt with this intricacy face-to-face. The development of Systems Engineering as it persists till date encompasses growth and recognition of innovative techniques and replication procedures; techniques that can support the enhanced conception of engineering frameworks like UML, QFD, and IDEF0 have been industrialized throughout this period. In 1990, we saw the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE) being established for the purpose of maintaining Systems Engineering. The sole reason for the foundation of such a society was to cater to the development of Systems Engineering practices and learning. This should be kept in mind, that now the same organization has been renamed in 1995, as International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). T
Introduction The prader-Willi syndrome results from the deletion or lack of expression of seven of the genes found on chromosome 15. It is as a result of disruptions in the paternal chromosome 15. Disruptions in similar regions of the maternal chromosome result in the Angelman Syndrome (Eiholzer, 2005). People affected by the syndrome and its prevalence The syndrome’s incidence falls between 1out of 10,000 and 1 out of 25000 births that are live. It affects young children, adolescents and even adults. In some cases, it may affect fetuses developing in their mother’s wombs. Children suffering from the syndrome exhibit lethargy, retarded growth and coordination difficulties. They also sleep a lot and often experience difficulties during feeding. Adolescents may become obese and show slowness in development. Adults suffering from the syndrome also exhibit obesity and have a high tendency of suffering from diabetes mellitus (Whittington, & Holland, 2004). Relationship to other medical disorders The chromosomal disruptions affect the hypothalamus’s function of regulating appetite. The patients therefore have an extreme appetite that is insatiable and the result is obesity. Raised ghrelin levels are also found in the patients. The elevated ghrelin levels have a direct relationship with the obesity and appetite. Diabetes mellitus is common in the patients. The patients also suffer from anxiety and psychiatric disorders. In some cases, patients get depression, paranoia and hallucinations which mostly result in hospitalization. A major characteristic of the syndrome is hypogonadism. Males have testes that are undescended. The situation may be self rectifying. If this does not happen, replacement of testosterone or surgery may be applied. Females have an adrenarche that is premature and benign. The treatment used for this condition is the replacement of hormones. Patients of the syndrome exhibit a deficiency in growth hormones and are therefore short in stature (Whittington, & Holland, 2004). Historical information and current research conducted Heinrich Willi, Guido Fanconi, Alexis Labhart, Andrea Prader and Andrew Zielger were the first people to explain the Prader -Willi Syndrome. This was done in the year 1956. It has been found that over 400, 000 people worldwide have the syndrome and this is a significantly large number. Research has been extremely useful in the diagnosis of the syndrome. This is done by carrying out tests of a genetic nature on the patients. Research has aided in the prevention of erroneous diagnosis because the symptoms of the Prader – Willi syndrome closely resemble those of Down syndrome. Although there is no known cure for the Prader Willi syndrome, various treatments are being used to deal with the symptoms ex
Teaching English for Academic Purposes: Analysing Marking Descriptors Marking Descriptors – Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies The first marking descriptors document under consideration comes from the University of Warwick’s Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies. In this document, requirements for students’ academic writing proficiency are established ( Marking descriptors n.d.). There are six ranks of marks in the descriptor: zero, fail, first, lower second, upper second, and. These ranks are further sub-divided into zero, low fail, fail, high fail (sub Honours), low 3rd, mid 3rd, high 3rd, low 2.2, mid 2.2, high 2.2, low 2.1, mid 2.1, high 2.1, low 1st, lower mid-1st, upper mid-1st, high 1st, and excellent 1st ( Marking descriptors n.d.). The detailed ranking scheme employed in the descriptor is particularly useful since it enables a more precise evaluation of each student’s work depending on their academic achievement. The skills necessary for gaining the highest number of points are linked to excellent knowledge of the subject, including “exceptional insight” ( Marking descriptors n.d., p. 4). Also, such factors as eloquence and scholarly organization are considered as crucial. The descriptors emphasize the significance of such skills as presenting persuasive arguments, an engaged response, and integration. Scholars frequently analyze these factors in their studies. For instance, Young (2013) mentions that showing competence in interacting with others is highly significant for academic English course students. Hirvela and Du (2014) remark that students should be able to work with scholarly literature and interpret the data from it correctly. Haneda (2014) emphasizes the need to develop the abilities of problem-solving and developing ideas. When investigating analytical approaches used in academic writing, Basturkmen and von Randow (2014) agree that the knowledge of these skills is crucial for successful course completion. Thus, marking descriptors under consideration include the aspects that professionals regard as vital for students taking an academic English course. King’s College London (KCL) English Learning Centre (ELC) Writing Band Descriptors The second analyzed a set of marking descriptors that have been issued by King’s College London. The document comprises the following ranks of marks: outstanding, excellent, very good, food, satisfactory, basic, and fail ( KCL ELC writing band descriptors n.d.). The score is determined based on such factors as task fulfillment, critic
The policy of community-based victim assistance efficiently integrates the protection and means of relief for victims of a violation of the law with the development of knowledge addressed towards avoiding further deception. Victims of the violation of the law require assorted backing programs in order to receive assistance in handling bodily, emotional, fiscal and constitutional aftereffects of their assault (Davis, Lurigio, & Herman, 2013). Community-based programs suggest assistance that involve “help coping with the trauma of violent victimization, help filing victim compensation claims and insurance forms, help accessing long-term rehabilitation treatment, hospital visitation, self-protection education to help prevent revictimization, advocacy and liaison with the police regarding filing a complaint and making a statement, crisis intervention and support groups for victims, and guidance through court proceedings” ( Community-based advocates , 2011, para. 3). Moreover, community-based associations usually educate policemen about helping the victims of the crimes and introducing them to the multitude of similar assistant programs that are accessible within their place of residence (Campbell, 2011). There are several community-based programs of victim assistance in Georgia. One of them is ‘Adult/Adolescent Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners’, or else known as SANE. The representatives of this program are registered nurses, which have finalized their learning and analytic preparation in the medicinal forensic care of victims of sexual abuse (Campbell, Greeson, Bybee, & Fehler-Cabral, 2012). Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner program has its strengths and limitations, which will be described further. SANE proposes various segments of the modernized care, which includes extensive medicinal forensic test. The exam consists of “medical forensic history, a detailed physical and emotional assessment, written/electronic and photographic documentation, collection and management of forensic samples, and providing emotional and social support and resources” ( Sexual assault nurse examiners , 2015, para. 2). Moreover, the SANE gives testimonies in legal course of actions that are connected to the medical checkup and establishes that the provided proof will be relevant and justifiable at court. Another strength of the SANE lies in colluding with several other practices in the society that are able to arrange exclusive support for th
The scenario depicts that Kris is not paying attention to the consent agreed on the probation conditions. First, he failed to pay the fine of $500 required once the probation period commenced. Secondly, he has violated the peace of the neighbors by allowing friends to drink alcohol and make noise. These records show that Kris is not responding to the demands made in the agreement. This aspect implies that strict measure should be implemented to meet these demands. Since Kris wants to become a business, there are several changes he may be required to address. Peer pressure and bad relations can be factors dipping him into ignorance. It is probable that the attainment of the probation requirements can be achievable without drugs and alcohol. Roberts review is matching partially with my perspective as pointed in the following sentences. As Robert suggests it is agreeable that the nature of offense should determine the strictness of officer’s reactions. It is also important to obey the suggestion of Robert indicating that Kris needs motivation in order to come out of probation. However, I would deliver a contrary opinion regarding the friendship of Kris in the house. It is important to ensure that Kris is not involved in bad relations. Such relations may encourage him to take drugs and alcohol as well as provoke the society around his residence. Finally, I agree with Robert that all probation terms must be met including the payment of fine. The defendant most fitted for this form of probation must show the ability to comply. The probation is aimed at molding the behaviors of an individual by obeying various requirements. He or she should be nonviolent in order to ensure that reactions cannot lead to further issues in the community. In a bid to ensure this aspect, the defendant should have clean record of conduct before the current case. A person with extensive rap sheet can offend people during probation. In this regard, the history must approve that the defendant have a history without misconducts. The candidate should have no case of alcohol and drug abuse (Gadd, Corr, Fox, & Butler, 2014). Furthermore, the person should be employed in order to ensure that routines are followed and respected accordingly. It is vital to consider the nature of crime when considering the person for eligibility. Some forms of crimes cannot be granted probations. Matching the Inmates It is important to match inmates in accordance to various perspectives in order to ensure that inmates receive the appropriate attention. These perspectives include age, type of offense, gender, level of security among others. In fact, these levels can be segmented alongside sev
This case study involves education and career decision. The case study is going to highlight individuals career choices, factors influencing those choices and long life impacts of these choices. Finance There are several aspects to consider while making a decision on what career you would like to pursue.   * Personal interest includes what you like doing and how far you would go to get it. A good example is when someone is in love. One is certain they are right about their career choice when they end up engaging themselves in doing what they truly have a passion for.   * Amplitude is where you go beyond interest to do something that you have a potential and you are good at. For example, childhood dreams of becoming a doctor. With such ambitions one should be willing to invest in education to attain the necessary qualifications of becoming a doctor.   * Your personal significance is not right when someone keeps on moving from one job to another simply because they don’t feel comfortable with their choices. This is when you check what really matters to you.   * Employment and job opportunities – most parents, guardians and sponsors advise scholars to go for careers that fetch more money. This should not be the case, an individual is supposed to involve him/herself in a career path that they have interest in, work hard and earn as much as they can (Hull, 39). A real option identification A real example of real option is of someone who would want to be a lawyer but at the same time wants to be a doctor. This is a hard decision to make because in both cases the courses take a long period to study. The person may end up losing all their chances not only because they want both careers to pursue but because of the dilemma he/she is in, which is an obstacle for making a wise choice. Option real models The other options that this person has is to become a medical lawyer which was not his passion and which he was never qualified for. In a circumstance like this individual ends up paying more and relocating to other learning institutions. This three dimensional tree for Sx and S2 involves assumptions correlations and adjusting the probabilities of each node that reflect the risk of career choice and the risk of expansion of companies. Si-move S2move   Down  Up  Up       2.1   2.1 Down     2.1   2.1  In the occurrence of probabilities to reflect the risk of career choice over the risk of expansion. Si-move S2move   Down      Up       Up       2.1(p-1)  2.1(p+1) Down     2.1(p+1)  2.1(p-1)  There are several underlying risks that will be clear once he or she makes his or her choice:   * If he/she chooses to go after his/her career it might affect his/her relationship with the spouse   * It will also mean that he/she has not only abandoned his/her dreams’ but also has to start a new life (Hull, 66). Since this person decides to be a lawyer, it means that he or she has forsaken all his/her former goals and dreams. Our case character is volatile since he/she chooses to move ahead. He/she also chooses t