ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Use of dramatic irony in Macbeth Dramatic irony occurs when the audience has more information than the characters. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to amuse the audience and to show the level of deception developed by the main character. In Act, I, Scene III, the first instance of dramatic irony occurs when the three witches appear, and they greet Macbeth and Banquo. The witches address Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor, which Macbeth takes to be a prophecy (Shakespeare 7). However, the audience knows that King Duncan has given orders to Ross to have Cawdor placed under Macbeth’s control, as a reward for winning the battle. Another incidence of dramatic irony occurs when King Duncan gives a pleasant speech about his host, not knowing they plan to assassinate him (Shakespeare 14). Dramatic irony occurs when Macbeth and the lords await the arrival of Banquo. Macbeth already has information about his murder. The audience is aware of Macbeth’s actions, but the characters are deceived. Macbeth says, “I drink to the general joy o’ the whole table, and to our friend Banquo, whom we miss, would he were here, I to all, and him, we thirst” (Shakespeare 39). He expresses how he anticipates the arrival of Banquo when he has been told by the first murderer about his death. Another instance of dramatic irony is when Macbeth speaks to Banquo’s ghost, and the guests consider him a disturbed man. They claim he needs to be left alone. The characters are not aware, as much as the audience, that Banquo’s ghost is in their midst (Shakespeare 38). The audience is aware of Macbeth’s murders when the characters still consider him an honest man. There are other dramatic ironies in the play, such as the plot by the three witches and Hecate to deceive Macbeth. The dramatic ironies are used to emphasize the treacherous plots that the innocent-looking faces conceal. It also creates suspense that keeps the audience anticipating reaction when the truth is revealed. The theme in Act V, Scene V In Act V, Scene V, Shakespeare brings out the theme of ambition through Macbeth’s speech. He speaks about the brevity of life and anxiety during critical times. However, a major theme that fits the description is ambition. Tales of ambitious people are “full of sound and fury” (Shakespeare 65). Ross describes it as “Thriftless ambition, that wilt ravin up thine own life’s mean!” (Shakespeare 28). Ambition comes with a lot of energy, but it is short-lived. Shakespeare develops the theme by the people he uses to talk about the future. He uses the three witches to forecast what is going to happen. The three witches have been used to tell the story of the brief life of Macbeth. They have made him more ambitious than they found him. Shakespeare uses the porter to give the impression of what is likely to happen. The porter fits the description of a tale “told by an idiot, full of sound and fury” (Shakespeare 65). The porter says, “Here’s a farmer that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty” (
DHL Accident in Bagdad The root cause of the DHL A300-B4 accident in Bagdad on 22 November 2003 was a terrorist attack resulting in severe damage to the left-wing, complete loss of hydraulic plane control systems, fire causing more destruction, and the left fuel tank devastation (Mickolus and Simmons 12). The accident was preventable since the corresponding services warned the public regarding the possibility of a terrorist attack in this region (Mickolus and Simmons 13). The major lessons learned from this accident are that CRM is the key preventive measure when it comes to flight safety and security promotion measures. It is only with the perfection of the team members that the pilot could land the plane and save the crew’s lives. This conclusion can be made because the plane completely lost its control due to the asymmetric destruction. Also, this case demonstrates that it is important to continue to increase flight safety in the world since terrorism movements continue to maintain a high level of preparedness to similar acts of terror. After 13 years since this accident, similar cases continue to take place in numerous areas around the globe. The calamity addresses the companies and countries that seem to be the leaders in the area of antiterrorist protection. A vivid illustration is the latest accident of the Russian plane in Egypt taking away the lives of over 300 innocent people returning home from vacation. DHL accident suggested that CRM is an effective system for flight safety and security protection, and still, it needs to be more elaborated to ensure better outcomes (Wilkins 58). The examples of CRM in the case of this flight are the exemplary performances of the three people comprising the plane crew. The crewmembers demonstrated outstanding professionalism by landing the plane with the major damage to one of its wings, with only one engine working, total loss of hydraulic control, unsafe landing speed, and complex ground characteristics of the landing surface (Stewart 15). Qantas Flight 32 Accident on the Way to Dubai Qantas Airbus A380 flying at the height of 7,000 feet encountered a sudden engine rotor problem on 4 November 2010 (“A380 Engine Explodes ” par. 1). As a result, considerable structural damage was caused to the plane. With the exemplary actions from the flight crew, control over the plane’s system was returned, and the plane landed in Changi Airport (O’Sullivan 93). The root cause of the
George Orwell (1903-1950), British novelist and essayist was born Eric Arthur Blair in the state of Bengal in India. He is remembered to date for his highly satirical novels that reflected his controversial sociopolitical views- Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. He spent his life at various places – Eton, India, Burma and Europe. He also fought in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republicans in 1936 and was seriously wounded. His early works were most autobiographical – Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), Burmese Days (1934), The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) and Homage to Catalonia (1938). George Orwell was basically a socialist and he had strong views against imperialism, fascism, Stalinism, and capitalism and his works were based on them. Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ was a political fable set in a farmyard but based on Stalin’s betrayal of the Russian Revolution. This novel brought Orwell the first taste of financial success. ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was set in an imaginary totalitarian future and the book made a huge impact on its readers with its title and many phrases such as ‘Big Brother is watching you’, ‘newspeak’ and ‘doublethink’ – becoming very popular and widely used. Orwell’s other novels include A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936), and Coming Up for Air (1940). He also wrote many literary essays of critical acclaim. His volumes of essays include Dickens, Dali and Others (1946), Shooting an Elephant (1950), and the Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (4 vol., 1968). Orwell died of tuberculosis on 21 January 1950. Thesis: George Orwell is known as the greatest political writer of the twentieth century. Before Orwell turned writer at the age of thirty he opened himself to a wide range of life experiences by opting for various jobs in various places. His experiences ranged from Eton to service in the colonial police and from short periods as tramp, dishwasher, hop-picker, tutor and teacher to book reviewer and pseudo-Georgian poet. During the next twelve years he worked as a book dealer, farmer, shopkeeper, film critic, broadcaster, editor, columnist and war correspondent to supplement his meager income as an author. He deliberately went in search of experiences and was a keen observer. As his books were mostly political commentaries, they often faced difficulty in getting published. For example, ‘Down and Out in Paris and London’ were rejected by Cape and Faber, the English edition of ‘Burmese Days’ was refus
Introduction The crisis triggered by the spread of the coronavirus infection has affected all of the world’s countries. The economic recession resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in their GDP, unemployment and inflation rates, and the economy’s main sectors. Even though its impact varies from country to country, it brings new problems to all of them. The most severe consequences of the current crisis are poverty and inequalities worsened by these circumstances (Martin et al., 2020). These indicators are directly related to the global shifts in the economy specified above. Their consideration based on the data of two regions will reveal the interdependence of all outcomes of these processes. Hence, this paper aims to compare the situation in the USA and in the UAE to demonstrate their similarities and differences. The Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Indicators The first parameter allowing to contrast the economic positions of the selected countries is their GDP. As follows from the recent report, the overall balance of the United States is expected to decline by 5.9 percent by the end of the year compared to an increase of 2.3 percent in 2019 (“The United States,” 2020). From this perspective, the situation of the UAE seems to be more optimistic since the expected change in GDP is the decline by 3.5 percent in contrast to the increase of 1.3 percent in the past year (“The United Arab Emirates,” n.d.). These indicators allow concluding on a more optimal position of the UAE and, therefore, a lesser impact of the crisis. The second characteristic for comparison is the countries’ inflation rates in the prices for goods and services. In the case of the United States, it has dropped from 1.8 to 0.6 percent, which is faster than over the previous two years (“The United States,” n.d.). In the United Arab Emirates, this parameter has risen to -1 from -1.9 from the last reporting period, and its dynamics are also more positive than the results of the United States’ economic activity (“The United Arab Emirates,” n.d.). In this way, it adds to the advantages of the country that might facilitate further recovery from the crisis. The inflation rates of the countries mentioned above are complemented by the third parameter worsening the overall situation, which is the unemployment rate. In the United States, it reached 10.4 percent, which means an increase of 6.7 percent from the past year (“The United States,” n.d.). As for the United Arab Emirates, this indicator was 2.4 percent in contrast to 2.3 percent in 2019 or, in other words, there was only a slight change in this area (“Unemployment, total,” n.d.). Therefore, it also demonstrates the favorable position of the latter compared to the situation in the United States. The fourth and final parameter for comparison is the impact of the crisis on the main sectors of the economy of the two countries. It reflects the difficulties they face regarding their principal economic activity. From this perspective, the United Ara
Introduction Although Detroit is the largest city in the state of Michigan, it is the poorest city in the U.S. with unemployment rate of near 50 percent and a child poverty level of 47 percent. Community food security is a condition where all members of a community have access and close proximity to enough nutritious, culturally acceptable food at all times from environmentally sustainable sources. The food security policy of Detroit was created to ensure that all the city’s citizens are hunger free and food secure at all times. The policy addresses accessibility to quality food, hunger and malnutrition, inadequate diet, civic education, economic injustice, urban agriculture, and food security in schools. Accessibility to Quality Food More than 500,000 residents in Detroit live in areas with limited accessibility to quality food. Detroit was among the cities that were hardest hit by the recent economic recession with an unemployment rate of 16.7%, poverty level of 20.5% and most of its residents received the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP) benefits. The available food varieties are too expensive for most of the residents. Lack of accessibility to transport infrastructure due to inadequate public transport system and minimal supply of fresh foods in the food stores available are some of the factors that contribute to inaccessibility of food to the residents (Lee, Johnson & Joyce, 2008). Therefore, there is urgent need to increase the amount of culturally appropriate food outlets, carry out a research on the available food enterprises and ensure that the available food stores comply with the food safety codes and sanitary standards set. Due to the food problem, there was need to establish a policy that addressed the issues. The public transport system needs to be reviewed to ensure that public transport is accessible especially to local farmers. Local production of food needs to be encouraged and this is already being experienced as Detroit has become a model for urban agriculture initiatives with most of its residents now undertaking urban agricultural practices. Lastly, a ban needs to be set up for all Genetically Modified food supplies in the city (Pothukuchi, 2011). Hunger and Malnutrition Through a study carried out by WIC programme, it was established that majority of children in the city were malnourished and anemic. Programmes such as the food stamps have helped alleviate severe cases of hunger but have not successfully tackled the problem. Community self help groups and other government programmes need to be highly considered as an effective means of curbing the food problem. Faith and community based education as well as civic education can also be exploited as a drive towards a more secure food state. Inadequate Diet The level of junk food in Detroit is alarming. Obesity is almost becoming an issue of public concern and this is majorly caused by the fact that families stopped preparing fresh foods and instead prefer packaged foods that are instant to prepare. With
Introduction Xopenex (Levalbuterol) is the respiratory drug discussed in this paper. This drug is usually used precisely in the treatment or prevention of varieties of respiratory diseases in adults and children; including bronchospasm and asthma. Xopenex (Levalbuterol) Xopenex, also known generically as levalbuterol tartrate is a respiratory drug that treats a variety of respiratory diseases. According to (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 1) the trading name for this drug is Xopenex (Levalbuterol). Drug preparations and composition Xopenex Levalbuterol is composed of a mixture of micronized levalbuterol tartrate, dehydrated alcohol USP, oleic acid NF and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro ethane; all mixed together forming a suspension (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 5). Notable to mention is that during the preparation process levalbuterol component is highly pressurized and compressed into a metered-dose aerosol inhaler. This is to ensure that it produces aerosols that the patients inhale when orally administering the drug. Mechanism of actions Xopenex inhaler must first be sprayed into the air 4 times before using it; especially for the first time. This should always be done for all inhalers that have not been used for more than three days. Xopenex contains an active ingredient called adenylate cyclase (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 3). This active component is activated by beta 2-adrenergic receptors lodged at the airway smooth muscles. After activation, the adenylate cyclase increases the intracellular concentration of the major cyclic-3’, 5’-adenosine monophosphate (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 4). Moreover, this increase in cyclic AMP activates the cellular protein kinase inhibiting the phosphorylation of myosin. Finally, muscles relaxation is retained. Side effects It is clear that all beta 2-adrenergic agonist drugs are always accompanied by similar and significant cardiovascular effects. The indicator for such effects includes; an increase in pulse rate, body blood pressure, and even body electrocardiographic changes (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 4). Medically, when using Xopenex, it is important to put into consideration all possible side effects and precautions to be followed. Users must be warned not to exceed the recommended dosage, especially for asthmatic patients. Overdosage of Xopenex can lead to the development of cardiac arrest, which might lead to death (“Xopenex HFA: Levalbuterol tartrate” par. 4). The other side effect associated with Xopenex is immediate hypersensitivity development. It is important for patients to know immediately after administering Xopenex, hypersensitivity reactions might develop. They appear in form of; rashes, angiodema, oropharyngeal edema among others. Xopenex interaction with other substances Xopenex should be used with great caution especially when being interacted with other substances. The doc
Introduction The term Basilica is a Latin word that is used in describing a Roman public building that was located in Roman town. (Willibald, 2004) After the Empire of Roam was Christianized, the basilica contributed to church construction that is currently used by the Pope. In the picture of architecture, the basilica constituted of large roofed halls that were used for legal matters and transactions. They were characterized by interior colonnades where the magistrates sat. There were clerestory windows that were used to light up the hall. Early examples, of basilica buildings, include the Basilica Porcia and Pompeii. Main body Christians were interested in buildings that were larger and handsome compared to the furtive meeting places for their worship needs. They were not interested in formulas to base their temples style because they believed that pagans worshiped on the outside and they (pagans) preferred the housing to be used for treasury and cult figures. Constantine who was king at that time preferred the basilica model of construction and made an apse on which the priests and bishop sat. A good example that was constructed by Constantine was his palace which was later used as a church. The architectural style was a rectangle with both sides two stories high with arch-shaped windows and without aisles. (John, 1997). The introduction of Byzantine art was due to the development of Roman Empire art which was originally influenced by Greek art and was also associated with classical art. This also marked its inclusion into the basilica architectures that constituted designs and paintings. The Basilica of Santa Pudenziana constituting the Byzantine art like the window detail, painted and sculptured entablature, and the Apse Mosaic of Evangelists and Christ are known good examples of their inclusion in the Basilica era (Willibald 2004 pp. 541 – 641). An example of Romanesque art is the Basilica Saint Magdalen. This construction was founded by Girard de Roussillon which was a simple form of the Benedictine monastery. Its construction plans are simple with its facade humble and restrained. It was characterized by a Latin cross, the antechamber or the narthex that was used by pilgrims for preparations before coming to the nave. The nave is 18 meters high and contains 10 bays that have bright and dark drawings. T
Introduction Self-awareness is an important aspect with regard to individual performance within organizations. Organizational performance depends on ability to understand weak and strong areas that manifest within the workplace (Short & Palmer, 2003). This enables pursuit of desirable traits that facilitate growth and fulfilment with regard to operations within organizations. On the other hand, self-awareness enables people to desist from behaviour patterns that impede performance and positive action. Organizational leaders should popularize application of self-development tools that bolster the ability to demystify and entrench positive character traits (Short & Palmer, 2003). Personal characteristics and assessment results Self-assessment creates impetus for positive action within organizations. This is a vital prerequisite for success in all undertakings that suffice with regard to corporate settings. Most models of self appraisal highlight pertinent aspects of personality and orientation. They revolve around determination of diverse thresholds of human engagement in contemporary society (White & Lehman, 2005). It is important for individuals to hone positive attributes that accentuate their ability to interact with colleagues within the workplace. Persuasive individuals are likely to possess attributes that enable the realization of individual and collective aspirations in organizational contexts (White & Lehman, 2005). Such attributes enhance negotiation and analytical capabilities among employees. It is also important for organizational leaders to have control over their organizational jurisdiction. Control is a vital aspect in leadership because it bolsters individual ability to identify and act on contentious issues within the workplace. Leaders who relate well with people have an upper hand with regard to actualization of collective ideals and aspirations (White & Lehman, 2005). Although it is necessary for leaders to hone their ability to relate with people, they should focus on relevant areas of interest. They should strive to acquire and amplify appropriate learning styles. Learning offers room for individual and collective betterment in organizations. Numerous learning styles suffice with regard to organizations. Some leaders are comfortable with visual learning while others prefer print learning (White & Lehman, 2005). It is important for individuals to identify the most suitable learning style. Pursuit of appropriate learning style creates room for acquisition and retention of ideas. Devoid of such efforts, it would be difficult for leaders to maximize on gains that emanate from such undertakings (White & Lehman, 2005). Other learning styles include auditory learning, olfactory learning, kinesthetic learning, haptic learning, and interactive learning. All the above learning styles are indicative of diverse abilities and characteristics that manifest among individuals in diverse thresholds of organizational