ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Arab-Israeli conflict started in the middle of the 20th century with the establishment of Israel as a separate state in May 1948. The roots of this issue go back to the end of the 19th century, while its consequences are observed even today. Initially, nationalist ideas and the desire to support and develop Arab and Jewish cultures triggered the sectarian intercommunal conflict that led to the civil war in 1947, which soon turned into the Arab-Israeli War. The nature of the conflict altered with the course of time so that the focus was made not on all Arab countries but on Palestine, in particular, in the 1980s. All in all, those events that happened in the framework of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the second half of the 20th century had an enormous influence not only on these two parties but on the whole world. The June War of 1967, for example, affected the situation greatly, influencing superpower relations. The consequences of this Six-Day War not only affected the regional issues but even changed the international energy and economic orders. Analysis The June War that took place in the territory of the Middle East started on June 5th under the initiative of Israel’s Defence Minister. General Moshe Dayan considered it to be a preventive military effort that was expected to cope with the impending attack by Arab nations. Actually, this war did not affect Israel from the very beginning and was targeted at Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. However, the Israelis believed that they also were a target and that it was a matter of time when they would be attacked. However, the thing was that the United Nations at that time entered the Middle East, and Egypt wanted to protect its vulnerable area. As it was preparing its forces and closed off the gulf to Israeli shipping so that they decided to be proactive and launched a military campaign and destroyed the air forces of the involved parties. As a result of those dramatic events that happened in 1967, the Arab world suffered a great disaster. The leader of the Arabs was weakened, and the crucial military situation was also accelerated by the blow of the Arabs morale. Those nations that considered themselves to be the stoniest parties in the world were defeated at the same timeless than in a week. In addition to that, their territories were captured by Israel, and more than 500,000 Arabs came under Israeli administration, which became a significant issue for the government. As a result, a lot of these people joined the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The Israelis believed that it was a terrorist organization that is why they had to alter their domestic policies greatly, which also affected the relations with other regions. After these events, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt had to improve Arab unity, so they developed new regimes. However, people tend t
In a competitive business environment, it is prudent for business managers to develop strategies that will enable their business establishments to thrive and maintain their customers (Okonkwo 288). It is also critical to analyze the market trends of their commodities. Thus, this paper focuses on analyzing the market trend for the 2016 spring, using Lush Bath Department as the target. Area of investigation    Opportunities  Threats                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          % Reason       % Reason                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Current Sales Trends     2.7%           This one of the leading departments in the Lush industry and has gained popularity in both the United States (US) and worldwide (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, and Gao 509). Its current sales are increasing compared with 2014, implying that consumers are satisfied with its products. Many customers are attracted by its natural products because they do not contain preservatives. According to Lush (par. 5), it focuses on offering the freshest products to its customers, increasing sales.  1.0%  One of the major threats to the Lush Bath Department is poor packaging, which faces competition from other companies that produce similar products. The global supply chain has been challenged, whereby products are delivered on the same day or take the shortest time to other companies. Brand names are not used appropriately, and since names have different meanings in different countries, they might lead to a decline in the sale of goods. Fashion                  2.1%           Lush Company is on top with regard to fashions. This is facilitated through the designing of various brand names. Its products have different shapes and sizes. This has resulted in an increase in its profits. Attractive colors and scents also have been used to attract the youths                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0.2%  Other companies have many brand names, but not as attractive as Lush.
Introduction: Real Problems in Virtual Communication The differences between genders and the peculiarities of the communication within completely male and completely female mini-societies have always been key issues that allowed a borderline to be drawn between the two genders. Indeed, predetermining men and women’s roles in society, the aspect of communication between the former allow to establish a paradigm for a certain social behavior, which is completely different between the two genders. As Barrett & Davidson (2006) stress, “it has been shown that women and men use email in ways that replicate gender roles and communication style differences in other forms of communication” (133). In the given paper, the specifics of the use of and access to the Internet and social media are discussed. Social Media Use and Access Established long ago and shaped throughout the centuries of human development, the communication within the female and the male mini-communities has taken certain shapes, which, although slightly changed with the advent of feminism, still remain relatively the same, mostly because of the behavioural patterns established for both genders; as Barrett and Davidson (2006) explain, women’s speech patterns “are asserted in terms of contrast with male norms, which means they are linked with subordinate roles rather than leadership” (p. 10). However, in the sphere of virtual communication and the social media, due to the considerable change of the environment, behavioural patterns might change, which could lead to different attitudes and different specifics of female and male communication and “suggest new, variant patterns” (Barrett & Davidson, 2006, p. 14). By understanding the way new technologies impacts the communication of men and women, it may be possible to determine how the future communication of the two genders will evolve and whether “using these technologies will retain or change previous research findings about male and female communication patterns, suggest new, variant patterns […]” (Barrett & Davidson, 2006, p. 14). It seems that the cyberspace, first defined as the “electronic space of data and representations generated, organized, and presented consist
Introduction The US security policymakers have to demonstrate adaptability and reason in their work. There is a need for them to select the paths towards liberation. In addition, they should leverage the present financial crises, which will enable them provide security more successfully. There are considerations on whether the military departments should be reformed so as to cope with real risks. There is a need to reform the security enterprise in the country. This will ensure that the foreign policy agrees with the national guidelines. Going Beyond Counterterrorism In the US, there is a concern for the series of threats. In this regard, there is a need for immediate responses to security threats. It is worth mentioning that during discussions on security concerns, the idea of Grand Strategy is vanishing slowly. A majority of the occupants in the White House have avoided discussing and enhancing an outstanding strategic vision (Fierke, 2007). Many of them do not have a clear picture on the direction the country should take to guard the national interests. Only a few policy makers have focused on the nation’s principles, primacy, and guidelines. It is imperative to differentiate terms such as security dogmas, national security, and grand strategy. National security strategies and policies are not adequate to curb counterterrorism. As far as the case of Afghanistan is concerned, the grand strategy is avoided. The death of Osama Bin Laden is not enough reason for the US to avoid Afghanistan. On the contrary, Afghanistan is central in the grand strategy, since it should guard the US from Muslim extremism. In addition, it should ensure a stable geopolitical environment, which is essential for enhancing the US interests (Binnendijk, 2006). It is impossible to achieve the grand strategy through implementing counterterrorist procedures alone. Key figures in the nation should enhance the grand strategy, which solves today’s issues. In addition, it guarantees future supremacy. Hard and Soft Power American conservatives agree on several issues in regards to the country’s national security. It is thought that the majority of the potential and present national security risks will be long- term. Therefore, a coherent conservative stand will be maintained in the country. Some security analysts advocate for hard power. This involves nuclear deterrence. Conservatives doubt the ability of global institutions to promote successful national security. This never implies discarding the universal opinion or advocating for unilateralism. It is worth pointing out that the US should not wait
The book by Ha-Joon Chang is said to be a masterpiece of the kind in the economic education sphere. Via the twelve chapters of the book, Chang takes the audience into a wonderful garden where every tree is a thinker, and every branch is an economic thought. The book’s chapters are carefully sequenced. The exposition gives evidences that conclusions on crucial real-life topics can be made from what is discussed and applied in alternative economic theories, such as class-based theories (“A Unifying Principle of Economics?” par. 5). Excellent narrative capacities are combined with attention to historical and political considerations, giving regard to ideas alike to Hayek’s (Vidler par. 2). Chang also do not use equations and figures, as it is put in Perlman’s studies (Mugge 12). The book includes two parts including an epilogue. The first introduces participants and economic primary tools. Here the author makes stress on the importance of knowing the historical fundaments of economics, such as capitalism’s path (Merino 13). The second part views the tools in use for key issues’ analysis, ranging over the industrial roles, poverty and the present economic welfare (Pigou 60). The part views discussions of the relevance of the international economy, which are seen as social doctrine (Abela par. 2). The epilogue estimates the value of adopted methodology. Chang’s “Economics: The User’s Guide” caught my attention with the absence of quantitative materials, that is replaced with pure reasoning. I also like the way Chang narrates through the material. For instance, Coggan in his “The Money Machine” clearly explains the financial systems of large entities but uses jargons and inappropriate language for his explanations. “The Undercover Economist” by Harford is also a significant source. Still, the book is being bound to one topic. These are the reasons for my choice to stop on Chang’s “Economics: The User’s Guide”. I expect a lot of insights from this book and feel that it can tie me closer to the world of the economic market. Works Cited A Unifying Principle of Economics? 2013. Web. Abela, Andrew, The State’s Role in the Economy. 2012. Web. Merino, Noe. Capitalism . Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2010. Print. Mugge, Daniel, Fickle Formulas.Towards a Political Economy of Macroeconomic Indicators. 2015. Web. Pigou, A. C., and Nahid Aslanbeigui. The Economics of Welfare . Fourth ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print. Vidler, Naomi, F. A. Hayek: A Consideration of Austrian Economics in the Modern Political Environment. 2009. Web.
Authentic identity is what determines our actual state, namely nationality, race, gender, and more. That is, it is what allows us to identify ourselves in society. It is crucial to remember that each of these labels, or other conceivable labels, might appear to the individual wearing them to be a genuine and honest identity. In this sense, true identity is not something that can be decided for you by someone else. It is investigated and may change over time as people’s ideas and values evolve and define their identity. It can be quite challenging to explain to a child what identity is, but it is also significant for every growing up person. The conversation should be aimed at showing that all people are entirely different. In the process of growing up, each of us faces the problem of self-determination (Yip, 2018). After all, identity is self-identification, the ability of a person to determine his belonging to any group. Social identity is essential for the development and formation of personality. Without self-determination, people cannot move forward, live among people, live in harmony with ourselves. In my opinion, Mateo’s classmates did not want to offend or hurt the boy in any way. However, it is worth understanding that they are faced with finding a person slightly different from them. It was quite difficult for a child’s perception to understand the conditions in which Mateo grew up. They also need to understand the feelings of the boy himself and exactly how he feels comfortable. On the other hand, if a non-Hispanic person said something like that, it could be regarded as an insult. This is due to the fact that a person from another community cannot be sufficiently aware of how a representative of a particular group perceives himself. The formation of personality primarily occurs under the influence of society. Studies have shown that age, ethnic, and gender identities are elements of a common social identity. The problems of forming an age, ethnic, or gender element strongly hinder the existence and normal development of the individual. For example, they are capable of destroying physical and mental health with all the consequences that follow from this (Haslam, 2020). Consequently, age differences also affect perception in society in different ways. I know that in China, people use the expression “egg-person”. It is used for white people who are sufficiently imbued with Asian culture. That is, they are white on the outside and yellow on the inside.
This reading inspires and suggests a different way of looking at one’s health. The author proposes that by regarding oneself as a being of energy, one can enhance one’s well-being over the whole of life. While this approach may present challenges to embracing it right now, it certainly opens up many avenues for thought and action. My philosophy of health has not been clearly articulated in the past. In this, I am probably like many people. I have taken for granted that I will have good health while young, and probably experience health problems when older. I have also taken for granted that medicine will help me to some extent as my health issues multiply. This attitude probably arises from seeing relatives and family friends showing different degrees of health and robustness in different decades of life. Siblings are just as vigorous and healthy as I am. Uncles and aunts are healthy, but take fewer risks with their bodies. Grandparents’ health concerns may interfere with their productivity and enjoyment of life. Great-grandparents are more frail or dead of the diseases of old age. For a child, this is just the way the world is, and few children question it. This, nonetheless, was my first introduction to the idea that health was not unvarying, and was, thus my first, immature philosophy of health. As I have grown older myself, I have also watched as my relations and neighbors showed signs of aging. They show decreased vigor and increasingly complain of health concerns. This recognition of changes in people over time has occurred only since adolescence. Before then, such changes were simply not noticeable to me, partly because I was less aware of my growth and development. Adolescence showed me that I was a creature that passes through phases and stages of life. This realization made it easier to notice the stages of life and health that others experience as well. I now notice aging very clearly everyone that I interact with over time. For example, an uncle who played football with his nephews in his 20s safeguards his knees in his 40s. The grandparent or great-uncle who once chased me as a toddler is now glad to sit down. The beloved great-grandparent who once participated in all family events needs help with daily chores. I have assumed, I think, that this decreasing mobility and freedom of action would happen to me as well, without having thought about it very carefully or specifically. This was my more recent philosophy of health – still very unsophisticated, but with the addition of a perspective of time. I certainly did not delve into the three aspects of health as described in this course. My family cared for my physical health and warned me away from risky behaviors. My mind was to be improved with as much education as I could manage financially and intellectually. Spirit was taken care of by my attending to religious obligations t
Perhaps, none of the great philosophers and thinkers of the ancient period have had as great an influence on modern political thought as Plato. Schooled by Socrates in the art of dialecticism, Plato’s works use dichotomy to explore various problems of human affairs. This essay uses the translation of Plato’s Statesman as provided by Joseph Bright Kemp published by Forgotten books.com. In the Statesman , Plato addresses the all-important question of political leadership and this essay analyses Plato’s concept of what constitutes ideal political leadership and what qualities a statesman should possess. The main thesis of Plato’s Statesman revolved around the ideals of political leadership and what sort of qualities should a statesman possess. Plato believed that to rule required special qualities, the quantification of which required a full inquiry. The questions that Plato asks are eternal and have contemporary value. The central query of whether a statesman should be a person well versed in sciences or liberal arts is a question as valid today. Undoubtedly, political leadership that encompasses statesmanship cannot rely purely on science and not have a grounding in liberal arts. A technocrat can possibly build efficient roadways, and railways, but may not understand the social construct of his populace and may ultimately fail to provide the requisite leadership because of a lack of knowledge of liberal arts. History is full of examples of such leaders who despite their marked successes ultimately caused more damage to their countries because of their failure to appreciate or understand liberal arts. Stalin is one such example, under whose tyrannical rule the Soviet Union rose to great military strength but developed a society fearful of its leader who, in the end, has been credited with the deaths of over 20 million Russians through purges, forced migrations, and imprisonments. Obviously, such leaders had never read Plato. Plato extols the virtues of a statesman stating that it is not the power of the statesman that is important but his knowledge. Thus statesmanship is not just a science but an art and a statesman’s art “may be called either the art of managing a herd, or the art of collective management” (Plato and Kemp 11). These are wise words indeed as, which can well be used in the modern world. To further explain his treatise Plato uses the tool of dichotomy. Plato argues that to discover the real leader of men, there is a need to carry out subdivisions or use the analytical process of separating the herdsman from the herds. To do that art of management of men required further subdivision based on the principle of voluntary and compulsory (Plato and Kemp 37). Yet, to separate the leader from the ‘led’ requires further refinement of the dialectical process. Here Plato uses the example of the art of weaving (Plato and Kemp 41) as an art of entwining the warp and the woof. Just as weaving is a
Behaviors related to the disease The client reports that she hardly engages in physical activities and consumes portions of large size, this is detectable from shortness of her breath. In addition, she wallows herself in alcohol when subjected to stress and pressure. She complains about feeling tired all the time. Physiological/biological characteristics The individual has high levels of c-reactive proteins, which is the indicator of heart problems. These proteins are triggering factors of inflammation and they are the evidence that the vascular system is not functioning well. High levels of c-reactive proteins could be the reason why the patient feels fatigued. The patient complains that she is always on the move, trying to fix almost everything. She is not aware that she is under stress, which further increases the levels of c-reactive proteins. Also, the patient has a high blood pressure that is further aggravated by stress levels. Psychosocial characteristics The individual has a negative attitude to other people characterized by anger and hostility, which are both signs of vascular disease. She talks impolitely to the health workers and she is not even appreciative of the fact that the health professionals want to help her. Continued negative emotions during illness are associated with poor survival (Taylor, 2012). High levels of c-reactive proteins and related proinflammatory cytokines are attributed to hostility. Hostility tends to isolate individuals from the rest of the world, and when faced with problems, they will not seek help from available social support structures. The isolation manifested by the individual is a sign of depression, where one typically shuts the rest of the world. Depression alters the proper functioning of the heart by “increasing the heart rate and inflammation processes, lowering heart rate variability, cardiovascular reactivity in times of stress and slowing recovery of heart rate such as after an exercise” (Tayloy, 2012, p. 320). Environmental characteristics The individual is non-white, and her work is to take care of her family. Seemingly, there is no energy balance and the energy taken in is greater than the energy expended. When asked about her emotional state, she said that she was taught never to trust anyone, and that people will always become friends with someone with malicious intentions. Her hostile behavior had stemmed from the behavior she had learned from her parents, especially her mother with whom she spent most of her childhood and teenage days. Elements of a treatment plan A healthy diet consisting of all the nutrients in their right proportions is deemed helpful in alleviating cardiovascular di