ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Military service is perhaps the most difficult profession in the world because it calls upon its men and women to execute tasks that in some measure, involves death and destruction. Managing troops and subordinates in the military is unique as unlike a corporate entity, military leaders are required to manage their people to fight a war, suffer privations and give orders to kill other human beings. In short, the noble profession of arms is an anathema to all teachings humane and at times produces ethical dilemmas which are not easy to resolve. Therefore, military leadership demands a rare mix of human qualities and attributes that transcend the ordinary. While leadership styles have been described in great detail by various pundits specializing in the subject, this essay outlines the author’s personal philosophy of military leadership. The overriding principle that this author believes in is that a leader must lead by example. It must be understood by all military leaders that there are no bad subordinates, only bad leaders. Hence, it devolves upon the leader to provide the necessary inspiration, enunciate clearly his vision and mission for his subordinates and above all be faultless in his personal code of conduct and maintain the core values and traditions of his service. The author of this essay believes that passing clear and unambiguous orders are the first step in the right direction for providing effective leadership. Possessing the highest levels of personal professional knowledge and being decisive is the next step. ‘Plausible Deniability’ may be necessary attribute for a politician, but definitely is not the province of a military leader. Any leader who ‘beats around the bush’ to escape personal responsibility will quickly lose the respect of his subordinates. A leader who does not delegate authority is no leader at all. Practitioners of ‘Zero Error’ are not true leaders but instead are careerists. The operative principle is ‘delegate but monitor’. Learning to delegate and having ‘broad shoulders’ to take responsibility for the subordinate’s mistakes when things go wrong is a leadership attribute often forgotten. That the ‘buck stops here’, at the leader’s doorstep must be made unambiguously clear to gain the trust, loyalty and unswerving cooperation of subordinates. The ‘ Hierarchy of Loyalties’ which consists of six loyalties: Constitution, Mission, Service, Ship or Command, Shipmate, and Self is known to all. What must be made clear by the leader to his subordinates that this hierarchy must be understood lucidly and that every subordinate must develop the courage to contest an unlawful superior order even if it means personal censure at a later stage. Personal courage is a prerequisite in the business of war. A fearless (not foolhardy) leader is one whom every subordinate will willingly follow in the harm’s way. In conclusio
There is no use denying the fact that the modern age could be characterized by the comparatively stable crime rate ( It’s not just the Mafia anymore. , n.d.). The fact is that nowadays, a great deal of attention is given to the issue of criminal defense. The state tries to guarantee security to its citizens and protect them from crimes. However, the current situation is not also ideal as there are still many problems in the given sphere. Moreover, one should not forget about the organized crime. Despite the fact that RICO act had the great impact on the development of this sort of crime, there is still the necessity to struggle against it and introduce various defense practices. First of all, it should be said that the modern criminal law is different from the law which existed in the past century. It was changed under the influence of several factors. The blistering development of the organized crime in the first half of the 20th century resulted in the corruption of almost all spheres of social life (Finklea, 2010). Citizens of the state were not protected and there was the fear of revenge and the feeling of helplessness. That is why, the changes to alter the situation were needed. To understand the nature of these changes better, it is vital to discuss the issue of the organized crime and give a clear definition. The main difference of this sort of crime from some other kinds lies in the fact that there are certain hierarchy and organization that controls all actions of the members of this criminal group. Having the developed structure, it tries to protect itself and looks for various tools and remedies that could help to do it. It should also be said that the given structure helps a crime group to become more influential and act even at the state level. It leads to the development of corruption and lowering of the authority of power. Very often some posts could be occupied by people who work with the organized crime, protecting them. Finally, one should also remember the financial aspect of the given issue as giant companies also help organizations of this sort to launder money and obtain great incomes. The given system is very stable and it is very difficult to destroy it as there is the support from the officials and the absolute financial power. With this in mind, realizing the great threat of the organized crime, it is vital to provide new and efficient practices that will be able to protect people and stop the development of the organizations of this sort. RICO act could be taken as the first stage of this struggle (Samaha, 2013). This document introduces some serious punishments and penalties for acts that could be taken as the part of the activity of a certain criminal organization ( RICO Law , n.d). The given law is focused on racketeering which means that the organized crime could lose its financial support and power ( Organised crime: strategy for the prevention and control of organised crime , n.d.). Due to this very Act a great number of various criminal groups were discovered and punished ( Racketeer Influence
Introductory Note This presentation provides an analysis of a news article that features a criminal justice issue, referring to a research study. It presents information about the study, showing what data was used to conduct the research. The paper outlines the study’s sample size and who was included in it, as well as evaluates its validity, credibility, and potential bias. The paper discusses the angle of the news article, the author’s perspective, and the appropriateness of the research data utilization. It concludes that the news article presented the issue correctly and used reliable evidence to support its claim. Research Study Analysis The research presents a qualitative research design; the study was published in 2017 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal. The source is a comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journal that features articles on social, biological, and physical sciences. The sample size of the work included 682 and 299 stops of black and white drivers accordingly, conducted by 245 officers of the Oakland Police Department (Voigt et al. 6522). These numbers comprised about 70% of all stops during April 2014. Authors received more than 180 hours of footage of interactions among the police officers and drivers and were able to obtain and analyze more than 36,700 utterances of officers (Voigt et al. 6522). Thus, the dataset consisted of transcribed footage from vehicle stops taken from body cameras. The findings of the study show that police officers were less polite with black individuals compared to white ones. In many cases, they did not use polite words and did not show a respectful attitude towards the representatives of the minorities (Voigt et al. 6522). In addition, white people were almost 60% more likely to hear respectful utterances, while black community members were around 60% more exposed to a lack of respect (Voigt et al. 6524). It is evident that police officers were rarely disrespectful towards white individuals. The study does not show significant threats to measurement validity. The authors drew valid conclusions based on the obtained data; their personal opinions did not interfere with the obtained results and did not affect the interpretation of the data. It is possible to say that researchers had developed a belief regarding the results
Introduction Storytelling is a means by which one can convey events using words, images or by means of sound. This is done through making the story more appealing to the audience. Storytelling has been an activity practiced by all diverse cultures all over the world. Each culture has its own way of telling its own stories with different objectives. One, stories are used for educational purposes. Secondly, stories are used for entertainment purposes. Lastly, stories are a means of preserving cultural beliefs of a community, and they help in instilling morality to the society. In telling a story, one has to consider the plot of a story, characters depicted and the storyline narrative point (Hansen 1). Demonstrate insight and creativity when choosing the book to be told When choosing a storybook, the storyteller has to consider the vocabularies in the book and the words used should be motivational to the hearers in order to get their interest to listen. The book should stimulate imagination in that it should be richly creative. The stories should be meaningful and be of moral encouragement to the hearers. Another insight in choosing a book is to consider one with series parts since it encourages one to follow a character in its adventurers (Hansen 1). Provide a short description of the book and the appropriate age of the audience The description below will revolve around a story called “The Little Prince”. The little prince is a story about the life of a prince who was alone and lived on a tiny planet. He had ownership of two volcanoes and a flower. The little prince had so much pride in him that he had to travel to several planets. On his travels, he came to earth. When he came to earth, he met a fox who taught him the secrets of the most valuable things in life. This book is suited for young children (De Saint 1). Describe in detail the planning and rehearsal needed to tell the story Telling a compelling story involves well-planned steps. First, the storyteller has to know the relevance of his/her story to the audience. The story should be easy to relate to and should have broad ideas. The storyteller would draft the story if it were the first time for its presentation. The lesson of the story should be appropriate to the context of the whole story. A talented storyteller should engage the hearers of the story and be able to engage their senses in that they can visualize the story. The responses from the audience make the storyteller are aware when his/her story is appealing or uninteresting. Lastly, the delivery of a story is of importance since it makes the audiences enthusiastic about it (Hansen 1).
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and an important scientific figure in the Age of Enlightenment. The philosophical stance of David Hume was based on his opposition of Spinoza’s, Descartes’, and Leibniz’s rationalism; he also was a devout skeptic and atheist. In his interpretations of human nature, Hume distinguished natural causes, such as environmental and climate conditions, and moral, such as economic development, education, and customs. In his essay “Of National Characters,” the philosopher suggested that a nation’s character was impacted predominantly by moral and not physical causes. He aligned this impact with the same level of influence in which individuals that make up a nation are affected by traditions, their education, and economic developments. It is essential to mention Hume’s criticism of theories supporting the influence of physical causes, which is indirectly linked to the philosopher’s intention to explain the rise and progress of the arts ( Philosophical Works 189). In discussing the qualities that a nation has, Hume described it as a group of individuals whose manners were directly associated with moral causes, such as sharpness of mind, generosity, gaiety, and many others. This exploration was in no way related to the ideas of imagination or Christian ideology; instead, his work was grounded on intellectual revelation. Beattie opposed both Hume’s epistemology and ethics. The philosopher argued that Hume’s denial of all truths, except for those that could be verified by sensual experiences, contributed to the undermining of the accepted principles of truth. These principles were affirmed not only in common sense but also in the Christian religion, in Beattie’s opinion, which Hume opposed significantly. While Hume denied the possibility of the power of imagination, Beattie, in contrast to the former, said that imagination could be a powerful tool to create ideal representations of the truth. It is essential to understand that most of Beattie’s assertions gave immense importance to the role of Christian ideologies and the powers the latter offered to the imagination. According to Hume’s “Philosophy of Human Nature,” any dogmatic interpretations of nature that had been given by religions were not entirely satisfactory in their essence ( A Treatise of Human Nature 112). In his “Essay on Truth,” Beattie identified truth as the constitution of nature that determines people to believe, while falsehood was referred to as the constitution of nature that defines people to disbelieve (34). In the opposition between Beattie and Hume, the issue of racism appeared. While such a revelation is surprising, it should be mentioned that in his “Of National Characters,” Hume was caught saying that he suspected “the negroes to be naturally inferior to the whites. There scarcely ever was a civilized nation of that complexion, nor any individual, eminent in action or speculation” ( Philosophical Works 228). To counter this point, in his “Essay on Truth,” Beattie wrote that H
The play A Raisin in the Sun was written in 1959 by an African-American writer, Lorrain Hansberry. The great success was that it became the first play written by an African-American woman and staged on Broadway. A Raisin in the Sun takes place in the Chicago slums and revolves around what is to be done with a ten-thousand dollar life insurance check belonging to the Younger family. Hansberry unveils life grievances of a black family using symbols of shabby apartments and “Eat Your Eggs”, the theme of hunger, loosing hopes and dreams. Thesis Unique symbols help Hansberry to unveil the themes of loosing hopes and hunger, and set the tone of the play. Using symbols of shabby furnishings, a plant and money, Hansberry sets the tone of the play and unveils life grievances faced by the main characters. The furnishings symbolize the shabbiness, drabness, and desperation of the ghetto. The furnishings, which are described as “tired” from having had to sustain the living of too many people for too many years, suggest the weariness of the inhabitants of this Southside of Chicago apartment where roaches and rodents share the family’s living space. The furnishings suggest two things: the struggle and deferred dreams. Like the furniture that sags, so does a little plant belonging to Mama. The feeble plant growing doggedly in a pot on the window sill represents the suffering and disillusionment that Mama and other poor blacks experience when they find themselves entrenched in deplorable living conditions. Throughout much of the play, Mama tends to this withering plant that suffers because the apartment has only one, small window, through which comes a minimal amount of sunlight. That little plant is the symbol of hope for a family determined to escape the squalor and violence of the ghetto (White Supremacy, 1999). Linked to the plant is the garden that Mama envisions whenever she thinks of the new house and money. The symbol of money (lack of money) is used to portray hardship and social inequalities. “Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life—now it’s money. I guess the world really do change” (Hansberry, p. 32). The Youngers struggle to find an exit from the ghetto but fail because they do not have enough money to prove their personal identity and become free from oppression and segregation (Abell, p. 430). The theme of hunger is often associated with ghetto living. Hansberry uses food to symbolize the emotional or spiritual deprivation that results when dreams are thwarted. One of the early scenes centers around Ruth insisting that Walter Lee eat his eggs. Each time Walter Lee attempts to talk to his wife about his dreams of becoming an entrepreneur, she tries to circumvent the issue by offering him eggs. When Walter Lee complains, for example, that black men are yoked to a race of narrow-minded women, Ruth disinterestedly tells him that he should eat his eggs and be quiet. Later, when Walter Lee comes home inebriated because Mama will not give him money to invest in a liquor store, Ruth offers him
Hobbes establishes a definite picture of what human beings represent. He believes that they do not have special rights, although one can be entitled to everything simultaneously, as any moral order is non-existent (Lawhead, 2014). Humans are egoists who lack sympathy for others, driven by the desire to survive (Lawhead, 2014). Thus, they either want peace or the means to defend themselves, as the natural state is that of fear (Lawhead, 2014). Consequently, humans are willing to restrict themselves to pursue their best interests (Lawhead, 2014). Overall, human nature is selfish, and following any rules would be for personal gain. Hobbes is realistic in his views, which is reflected in how he treats nature and physical facts. The philosopher does not idolize the former, believing it to be rather hostile, as humans have to survive (Lawhead, 2014). Then, he emphasizes physical facts over a moral order, insisting that people create laws based on reality rather than spiritual ideas (Lawhead, 2014). Lastly, what does not make Hobbes cynical is his advocacy for social conventions, which are the means for survival and peace (Lawhead, 2014). Altogether, Hobbes is realistic, relying on facts and prioritizing a social explanation of the government over divine rights. According to Hobbes, human beings create a government to survive. They abandon their rights to live peacefully, allowing a sovereign or an assembly to preside over them to make everyone abide by the agreement (Lawhead, 2014). The government alone decides what is lawful to prevent anarchy, which appears antagonistic to the state of peace (Lawhead, 2014). Having a division of power is a sign of weakness, and Hobbes’ contemporary events informed him of its dangers. Generally, peace is achieved by creating a government and forsaking individual rights in favor of one entity to ensure humans’ chaos-less existence. Reference Lawhead, W. F. (2014). The voyage of discovery: A historical introduction to philosophy (4 th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Scenario 1: Evolution of Gas In this potential scenario, the balance in the consumption of gas as a source of fuel for commercial and residential customers is the same in 2050 as the current use in 2018. The global community is heavily relying on gas for heating and cooking. However, the use of hydrogen as an alternative gas is at its peak. This means that the gas network is converted to the hydrogen fuel power. Most public transport vehicles are using hydrogen fuel cells. For example, in a cold day in 2050, with low temperatures of between -10c and -5c, a young accountant wakes up in her house, which relies 100% on hydrogen gas for heating, lights, and water boiler. The lady runs a bath and places a kettle on the hydrogen gas cooker. After breakfast, she takes a hydrogen fuel cell-powered bus to work. Despite the extremly low temperatures, her office has a hydrogen-powered floor heating system. Scenario Assumptions The scenario assumption is that by 2050, hydrogen gas usage for residential and commercial purposes will account for 47% of all energy sources. Moreover, hydrogen consumption for transport purposes will peak at 60% of all energy sources. However, the percentages are likely to vary from one region to another. These scenario assumptions are summarized in table 1 below. Table 1: Scenario of hydrogen usage in transport and commercial/residential categories. Use category                Natural Gas  Hydrogen  Electricity Residential and commercial  16%          47%       35%         Transport (rail and road)   18%          60%       22%          Specific Area of Interest: Heating Fuel In scenario 1, there is a general steady shift from one region to another across the globe towards acceptance of hydrogen technology due to its abundance and efficiency. The assumption is that at least 70% of all energy costs will be directed towards hydrogen gas for commercial and residential use. Due to a technological paradigm shift, there is a new system called the Regional Transmission Line that transports the natural gas into an extractor, which separates hydrogen gas from methane (Beer, 2013). The hydrogen gas is then distributed through a special pipeline for residential and commercial usage. At the same time, the 2018 Natural Grid Distribution network has been expanded to distribute any surplus hydrogen gas to other regions and the same trend is adopted across the globe (Hillebrand & Closson, 2015). More sources of hydrogen gas are being pumped into the grid to meet the rising demand as a strategy for reducing the cost of carbon emission during hydrogen extraction from natural gas. Among the notable new sources include electrolysis and nuclear energy. Possible Networks In this scenario, the regional and national gas grids gain dominance in supplying heating energy. The grids have been transformed from a simple system to a complex and highly intelligence network that is accommodative of different sources of hydrogen gas. The world energy leaders have just approved a Real Time Network that is computerized and covers almost 10,000 kilometers per hydrogen distribution pipeline. This system in 2050 is seven times more efficient than the 2018 natur