ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The story Eating Christmas in the Kalahari written by Richard Borshay Lee raises the problem of social equality and cultural differences and their values. The author managed to disclose the most important human features valued by all nations, such as kindness, generosity, and openness. The problem of intercultural differences was vividly demonstrated in the example of national customs and traditions of the Bushmen’s society. The story highlights the attitude of the particular national society of Bushmen to the arrogance and social inequality in the modern world. The Christmas story that happened according to the traditions of the tribe closely interacts with anthropological problems existing nowadays. The author tried to underline the complete disrespect of the Bushmen to the arrogance of the guests visiting their territory or living with them. It may seem cruel and cynical that these people got used to mock everyone, but this very habit helps other nationalities to understand their mistakes and get rid of arrogance forever. “…when a young man kills much meat, he comes to think of himself as a chief or a big man, and he thinks of the rest of us as his servants or inferiors. We can’t accept this.” The author underlined the fact that people should overcome this lesson of line and become more open and frank to those who surround us, no matter what nationality they are. The story is really thought-provoking while it teaches everyone to evaluate what they have and strive for self-improvement. Arrogance will never result in cultural friendship and mutual respect. The example of Bushmen’s lesson showed that every person could understand his faults; it is important to establish rapport in order to realize how to change one’s world look. “…we always speak of his meat as worthless. This way we cool his heart and make him gentle.” Eating Christmas in the Kalahari disclosed the contact between two different societies which have very much in common though are different in views and values. The author managed to show that the Bushmen’s society directs its morality at the improvement of human inner qualities. They explain that all people are equal at any situation, whether you killed a big animal or not. “We refuse one who boasts, for someday his pride will make him kill somebody.” The story managed to show the way how people can fight such negative features as arrogance and envy; the author underlined the value of generosity and kindness in one’s attitude to others. The Bushmen tactic of humiliation appeared to be quite effective, even from the point of view of anthropology. It showed that intercultural barrier could be broken if everyone would understand the value of social equality and openness to each other. The problems of social interactions and national misunderstanding se
Overview Paul Samuelson has awed people through his works in economics. Before 1930s, presentation of economics was in the form of diagrammatic models and verbal explanations. Samuelson introduced mathematical analysis and different methodologies (theories). For these reasons, he is highly valued for raising economic science to the next level. This explains why his works made him the first American economist to win a Nobel Prize from the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Revealed preference theory Samuelson introduced the ‘revealed preference’ theory to elaborate that people living in representative agent economies, should allow free trade to serve the purpose of improving the economic status of all people. If free trade cannot benefit all people, countries should opt to ignore conducting free trade with other countries. With this, Samuelson was able to create the general equilibrium approach, which showed that in a trade where there are losers or winners, the winners could compensate losers so that none has to incur economic losses. This forms the basis of our economic polices today (tariff barriers elimination and lobbying for trade protection) (Rogof, 1-6). Equalizing factors of production prices Bertil Ohlin, the Swedish economist highlighted that international trade equalizes factors of production prices. For example, trade between the United States and India can narrow the existing wage-rate differentials. Through mathematical tools, Samuelson exhibited the conditions under which differentials could amount to zero thus leading to creation of factor-price equalization theorem. Factor-price equalization theorem also made people understand the reason why trade liberalization relatively benefits the factor of production that is in abundance (skilled labor in the US case). It also made people understand the reason trading in goods equalizes opportunities effectively just like trade in capital and people. The reason behind this was that if countries rich in labor export more labor-intensive goods whilst the countries poor in labor export more capital-intensive goods, there would be equalization of prices of goods. Samuel easily proved this and came up with conditions that could allow trade in factors to substitute trade in goods. In simple terms, he provided a demonstration to show that trade in goods could equalize return on capital rates and wages across countries (University of Pennsylvanian 3-9). Consumer choices Samuelson made it possible to observe consumer choices and tell how a change in prices could affect the consumers. He did this by coming up with comparative statics, which made it possible to indentify changes present at the equilibrium of constrained maximization problem. The comparative statics produce positive results as long as one constraint is slightly tight or relaxed (University of Pennsylvanian 10-11). The OLG model Perhaps the major step that Samuelson made in his work was introducing the Overlapping Generations (OLG) model. The model shows how people undergo different economic times, thus creating cycles that can help individuals think about personal monetary
Introduction Typically, democracy is a system of governance in which people choose their preferred government and rulers. This can be exercised through voting in a free and fair mannerism. 1 It is instantiated by rights like freedom of expression and freedom of speech amongst others. Therefore, at its core, democracy signifies a fair and justifiable power distribution in any kind of society. This paper discerns whether democracy can be spread by force. Concurrently, it argues against the possibility of attaining democracy through forceful strategies. It also provides relevant countries and global instances (as examples) to certify this claim. This is a critical provision when considered comprehensively in the realms of democracy and its relevant benefits. In a democratic society, an individual has more power of governing his or her life as it would be appropriate (self choice of expression). Considerably, there are four main elements of democracy. 2 Besides a political system where people choose and replace their government through elections (which are free and fair), people also participate actively as citizens in their civic life and politics. In addition, the rule of law which applies equally to every citizen should be used to protect the fundamental human rights of each and every citizen. Even though democracy is much embraced in most countries of the western world, it has failed in some continents such as Africa, Middle East regions, and to some extent, south Asia. Tribalism, which has its deep roots in these counties, is the major reason for this failure. Considerably, some attempts to attain democracy through force have worked in some countries including Japan and Germany after the World War II. Nonetheless, some forceful efforts have failed significantly. Actually, the majority of people from these countries would prefer voting for a candidate who is a member of their tribe, religion, or sect rather than someone else who is a not a member even if that individual have got better governance ideologies. This is very evident in countries such as Zimbabwe and Iraq. The United States of America is at the forefront in spreading democracy. 3 But why should they seek to spread democracy? And can democracy be achieved by force? Evidently, forced democracy might destroy a society during its establishment. Consequently, the society should be rebuilt after achieving the concerned democracy as it happened in the developed nations such as the Japan and Germany amongst others. Democracy can be spread by force To some extent this statement is true. For instance, the United States of America has launched an international war on terror, which involves strategies that embrace the regime change concepts. This creates new identities which are politically democratic and wins the hearts and minds of people. As an illustration, the involvement of the US in both Afghanistan and Iraq was premised on the view of eliminating terror and putting democracy in place. The United States has been successful in campaigning and spreading democracy through the use of milita
According to Augustine, the place where God’s mind touches people’s mind is full of light. Saint Augustine argues that God is something greater than people’s intellect, and his true nature is difficult to understand because he is peace and harmony. This keeps people hearts and mind in him. The author further argues that peace is not inferior to humans’ mind, that is why it should be visible to peoples bodily eyes, although the mind itself is invisible (Augustine 34). Augustine reflects upon himself and enters in the innermost place of his being with the vision of his spirit. He sees a light, which is great and far above his spiritual ken, thus it transcends into his mind. Charity surpassing knowledge is God, and we all can fill his fullness (Augustine 18). This is inferior to the light of people’s minds, which were bestowed by his illumination. According to Augustine, this light is superior and inaccessible to the bodily eyes since the body is visible, and the interior man is invisible. The mind and intelligence are the best parts of us that are invisible to bodily eyes, thus the higher part of us cannot be visible to the lower part (Augustine 14). Augustine refers to God as a light. According to him, this light is the one
Introduction Within the last few decades, the global higher education sector has grown and changed dramatically (Altbach 1). Different trends have underpinned this change. For example, changing population demographics, changing workforce requirements and globalization have underpinned the changes in the higher education sector (Hijazi 68). Similarly, increased competition and higher education delivery methods have also spurred the dramatic changes in this sector (Guinier 36). Despite these changes, many observers are optimistic that the higher education sector is growing in the right direction (Altbach 1). However, these changes could push some institutions into oblivion. This is why industry incumbents, in both the private and public sectors, continually scan the global higher education environment for positive and negative changes in the sector and align their strategies accordingly. The intent of this paper is to compare the higher education sectors of Boston (United States of America) and Dubai (United Arab Emirates). This strategic analysis will use six strategic management tools – SWOT Matrix, CPM, Porter’s five forces, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), integration strategies, and strategic formulation. The findings of this paper will be useful to policy-makers and education leaders in making strategic decisions and planning for higher education initiatives in their respective jurisdictions. However, before delving into these details, it is important to understand the Dubai and Boston higher education sectors. Higher Education in Dubai This study categorizes higher institutions of education in Dubai as those that have a physical presence in the city. Such institutions should also have a dedicated full-time faculty to teach their students. According to the Dubai Knowledge and Human Development Authority (1), there are only 52 higher institutions of education in Dubai. They offer associate degrees and higher certifications. Compared to their global counterparts, higher institutions of education in Dubai are relatively young, and so is the country. In the 1960s, there were only a few primary and secondary schools in the Emirate, without any institution of higher learning. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) University was the first institution of higher education started in the country, in the late 1970s. It only had 400 students (Dubai Knowledge and Human Development Authority 1). Soon after, higher colleges of technology emerged in the 1980s. The entrance of Zayed University, followed this growth in the 1990s. The AUD Emirates Academy made a debut in Dubai’s higher education sector from 2000 to 2003 (Dubai Knowledge and Human Development Authority 1). Since then, Dubai has experienced growth in its higher education sector, which has not only seen the proliferation of UAE-based universities, but also the increased emergence of foreign-based institutions of higher learning. For example, since 2003, the knowledge village and Dubai International Academic city have set up operations in Dubai.
I attended the 25th Anniversary Celebration of National Black nurses Day. It took place in L’Enfant Plaza Hotel (480 L’Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20034). Among sponsors of the event were such companies as Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Bon Secours Neuroscience Institute, Coca Cola Company, and Pfizer Inc. The meeting was professional were professional nurses, researchers and students shared their ideas on a variety of issues. Such topics as malnutrition, adult nutrition research, development, childhood obesity were highlighted. Some PowerPoint presentations on these issues were conducted. Students of medical schools also presented results of their surveys on problems that existed in their schools. This was a very informative event as it provided several insights into the present state and possible areas to develop in the contemporary nursing practice. I believe such events are very important as nurses can share their experiences and concerns, which positively affects the development of the nursing practice. It is necessary to note that there is a lot of confusion in nursing practice. This confusion is because healthcare professionals do not have similar ideas on the roles played. Thus, nurses often fulfill the work of other professionals and sometimes this leads to overlap (White et al., 2008). Importantly there is almost no confusion in nursing practice as nurses tend to have similar views on their role and their responsibilities. White et al. (2008) state that nurses (who took part in their survey) pointed out three major spheres of nursing practice: physical assessment, social and cultural development, and mental state. Nurses check clients’ physical state (taking blood pressure, temperature, helping them take medicine, etc.). Nurses also work with clients’ relatives trying to comfort them and informing them about their close ones’ state. Of course, nurses also help clients cope with depression, anxiety, etc. However, when it comes to their workplace, confusion comes into play (White et al., 2008). Nurses often work 24/7. When other healthcare professionals leave, nurses often fulfill tasks that were completed earlier. This hap
Introduction The problems affecting sub-Saharan Africa in the global system could be comprehended through the understanding of colonial legacies (Taylor 2010, p. 12). The Europeans divided sub-Sahara Africa into various units for easy administration. Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa were categorized as settler regions whereby the locals were forced to live in the suburbs while colonialists occupied the major towns. This division and application of defective policies resulted to the problems that are still haunting the sub-Saharan region even in the modern society. World systems theory states that sub-Saharan African is the periphery while the west is the core. The sub-Saharan economy relies on cheap-manufactured goods from the west yet the region has enormous resources that cannot be compared to those of any other region in the world (Fortna 2008, p. 13). Therefore, it could be easy to describe Sub-Sahara Africa as a marginalized region, yet the region plays a significant role in the global map. Sub-Sahara Africa is known for its resources hence many states in the international system have always wanted to associate themselves with the leadership of the region. World economic powerhouses such as the US, Britain, China, and Canada have always generated strong foreign policies towards states in sub-Sahara Africa such as Kenya and South Africa due to their enormous economic chances. There have been various changes in the foreign relations between the sub-Saharan region and other actors in the international system (Goldstein 2011, p. 70). These changes are brought about by the economic and political developments of the global system, especially the last part of Cold War and shift from bipolarity to unipolarity. For instance, conflicts are no longer rampant in the sub-Saharan region such as Sudan and some parts of the East African region, which have redefined the relationships between states in the sub-Saharan region and other units (Howard 2009, p. 72). This article looks at the changes that the sub-Saharan region has gone through, which have readjusted its relations with other actors in the international system. Research Question To what extent has Africa’s dependency on external actors evolved over the last decade? The Issue of Dependency Dependency theory emerged to challenge modernization theory after it surfaced that the major role of global bodies such as the United Nations, World Bank, and IMF is to fulfill the wishes of the developed countries. The theory was formulated in Latin America to challenge the views of modernist theories, but it is widely applied in understanding African politics. Immanuel Wallerstein developed a closely related theory referred to as the world systems theory to support the ideas of dependency theorists. Dependency theory insists that the ongoing relationship between the south and the north is no
Introduction Physical assisted suicide refers to deliberate annihilation of life done by another person through an open request of the individual wishing to die. It may entail killing a sick person out of apprehension and sympathy for his suffering. For years, medical doctors have been proscribed from assisting long- suffering patients in committing suicide (Dahl, 2008, p. 127). This issue is touching and controversial and ranges from abortion. It has not been established whether the physical assisted suicide is expedient for a community. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of physical assisted suicide. In my opinion, I believe that physical assisted suicide is beneficial and should therefore be legalized. Discussion Major argument – Pros of Physical Assisted Suicide Premise 1: Physical assisted suicide saves patients from terrific pain and misery. Many disorders such as cancer lead to a slow death and doctors have adequate knowledge and skills to know when the days of a patient are limited. Patients suffering from such ailments know that they will die, and their pains only continue increasing day by day. It is, therefore, questionable about why the doctors should let these patients suffer continuously till their bodies collapse. It is humanitarian to give the patient the choice to articulate when he has had enough pains. “Imagine what it would be like to spend six months vomiting, coughing, enduring pain spasms, losing control of excretory functions and suffering psychologically” (Hendin & Foley, 2002, p. 315). Premise 2: The entitlement to death should be primarily determined by an individual. The government constitution does not at any point state that the authority has the power to keep an individual from carrying out suicide.” After all, if the patient and the family agree it is what they want to do, whose business is it anyway? Who else is it going to hurt?” (Dahl, 2008, p. 127). In a nation that is allegedly free, physical assisted suicide should be a basic right. Premise 3: Physical assisted suicide allows individuals to die with self respect rather than having the ailment diminish them to a shell of their previous selves. Patients who are about to die are at times unable to look after themselves and discomfitures such as vomits, salivations, urine and fecal waste must in this case be attended to by treatment subordinates. Practically, all persons want other people’s final reminiscence of them to be how they were at some point in life but not what they were during their last moments. “Other patients and families have the same wishes for themselves. We should let people die with their dignity, pride, and self-worth intact” (Kopelman & Allen, 2001). Premise 4: Costs associated with medical care can be decreased. Physical assisted suicide minimizes the enormous costs associated with long- suffering patients as it is extremely expensive to maintain a dying patient. For instance, one must shell out money for x-rays, laboratory examinations, hospital operating costs and medical staff remunerations.” Is this the best way to spend our money when the patient himself would l
Abstract Cecilia was understood to be a striver and a survivor. She was endowed with virtues that hastened her opulence during the medieval period in the European society. Besides, her hardihood was one of her. Sanctified with excellent health and a grand family, was a definite ingredient to cultivate and contribute to her maturity. This essay explores the European social life which has been presented in the book “A Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock, c. 1297-1344” by Judith Bennett. It describes what Cecilia’s life represents in the society and examines how other individuals’ lives in the book represent in the society. Thus the essay points out tensions in the society as represented in the book. It further explores the social systems and how they have been expressed in the book. Also, it expounds on the roles of men and women and fixes the differences and likenesses. The paper also examines the life of Cecilia and hardships that she did face, it identify a bigger problem and explains. Moreover, the essay, allows me to identify the most interesting part about Cecilia’s life. And finally the paper concludes. Cecilia Penifader Life Cecilia was privileged to be born in a wealthy family during the thirteen century. She was born in central England. When Cecilia was budding up, her early days were in the farmyard around the home (Bennett 24). She was enthusiastic and helpful in the family and she loved, playing, gardening, cooking and taking care of Agnes, her little sister. Cecilia had to double performing the harder of the work of which men did to keep and manage her extensive parcel of land, despite her worsening age. Implication of Cecilia’s’ life and other characters represent in the society Like any other women in the society today, Cecilia Penifader represents the universality of women in the world (Bennett 35). This implies that women can confidently symbolize an ordinary man, but not just any other women in the society. In the medieval times, peasants were used to portray “natural male” and women represented “women” for example Jane and Charlotte, the central characters in the book does, or as children being presented by women for Lewis Alice does. However women in no way represented civilization. Thus, Cecilia shows that women can typify the collective human circumstances of men. Cecilia was a distinct woman who took part meant for her