ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Inclusion is an important educational concept that provides equal opportunities for all students to pursue their academic goals. However, disabled students have often been marginalized in most societies. Indeed, countries that have not effectively integrated inclusion concepts in their mainstream educational systems report low levels of educational enrolment for disabled students. Most developed countries, however, have a better record of implementing inclusion. This paper focuses on inclusion in the UK and how Nigeria can learn from the UK’s inclusion model to implement the same. Insights regarding the implementation of inclusion in developing countries are also explored. Comprehensively, this paper proposes that Nigeria needs to identify its unique socio-cultural barriers to inclusive education, provide adequate educational resources, involve all stakeholders, provide the right legislative framework and adopt a community-based approach if it is to truly realize the goals of inclusive education. Introduction “Inclusion remains a controversial concept in education because it relates to varying educational and social values, as well as to our sense of individual worth” (Francis 2002, p. 12). The above statement was made by Francis (2002) (an educational researcher) in an attempt to explain the discriminative nature of many educational systems in the world today. This chapter focuses on the concept of inclusion by elaborating how inclusion is conceptualized in Nigeria and the United Kingdom (UK). Two questions will be answered in this study. The first question investigates what factors to consider before setting up an inclusive primary school in Nigeria (that is inclusive of children with difficulties and disabilities) while the second question investigates barriers and challenges to inclusive education in Nigeria. First, emphasis will be given to explain the concept of inclusion in the educational system and later, the challenges pertaining to the comparison of how inclusion is practised within the Nigerian and UK contexts will be analyzed. Nonetheless, within the context of accommodating the needs of special students, inclusion is normally perceived as a principle to enable students with special needs to get equal opportunity as typical students. The Wisconsin Education Association Council (2012) explains that ideally, special students are supposed to receive the same opportunities as normal students do. Similarly, in an inclusive setup, special students are required to interact freely with students who do not have any special needs. This is the principle that inclusion strives to uphold. The scope of inclusion focuses on including all calibres of students in the
The need to introduce dress codes in all educational institutions can be listed among the most widely discussed topics regarding students’ rights. Today, many researchers against the introduction of strict rules for school children refer to creative ability and self-expression in their arguments. Dress codes, and especially school uniforms, urge students to wear clothes that they do not choose. To some extent, it runs counter to the freedom of expression protected by the First Amendment (“School dress codes,” 2017). Self-expression is extremely important for teenagers, but not all its forms are socially acceptable. Instead of letting children wear clothes that they want, about two-thirds of schools in the United States utilize dress code policies that are rather strict (“School dress codes,” 2017). In the context of dress codes, self-expression remains a tricky question. However, it does not always involve wearing something really provocative or even offensive, such as clothes with controversial slogans. Many children who do not belong to subcultures just want to choose their favorite colors or express their mood with the help of clothes, and prohibiting it does not seem just. Self-expression can also be related to socialization and differences between social groups, and dress codes attempt to create “artificial” uniformity. Being urged to wear only approved clothes, students are deprived of an opportunity to understand the differences between social groups and the unique problems of their social class. For instance, practices banning certain hairstyles popular among racial minorities are still used in some institutions “that were exclusively white” two decades ago (Chutel, 2018, para. 4). Thus, some dress code rules can be regarded as harmful because they decrease the visibility of racial and ethnic minorities. Importantly, this tendency is true for social classes; when all children are dressed the same, social inequality becomes less visible, but it does not disappear. In the modern world, dress codes are also used to promote the “right” relationships between men and women, which makes them harmful for the latter. For example, many types of clothes popular among female students (especially during hot weather) are considered to be “sexually suggestive” (“School dress codes,” 2017, para. 7). According to the proponents of such rules for teenage girls, short skirts and similar clothes contribute to sexual crime in schools (“School dress codes,” 2017). As a result, female students are objectified and shamed based on their clothing choices. Despite the popularity of arguments about creativity, school dress codes are believed to have a variety of advantages related to their initial intended purposes. One of the functions of school uniforms is to minimize differences in appearance and, therefore, improve student safety (“School uniforms,” 2018). At the same time, the positive impact of dress codes is related to students’ academic performance (Daniels, 2005)
Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of cluster headache is complex and cannot be identified precisely; however, the most popular theories describe such states as abnormal functioning of hypothalamus, vascular dilation, circadian effects, trigeminal nerve stimulation, and histamine release that may bring about unilateral temporal and periorbital pain that continues up to 2 hours (Dunphy, Winland-Brown, Porter, & Thomas, 2015). Symptoms and Signs Pain on one side of the head (burning, sharp or steady), pain around one eye, red or swollen eyes, tearing, rhinorrhea or stuffy nose, burning face. Lab and Diagnostic Tests Neurological examination is required to assess brain function, reflexes, and senses. In complicated cases, CT scan (using X-rays to make cross-sectional pictures of the brain) and MRI may be recommended (Dunphy et al., 2015).
Creative Brief Information About the Client Bose Corporation is a well-known producer of technically advanced and high-quality audio equipment. It is famous for professional audio systems, noise-canceling technology, and continuous R&D. Bose has a premium brand image driven by its objective to release devices that customers cannot buy anywhere else. The corporation used to improve speaker quality through research, giving less attention to design and other odd features (Dolan, 2019). Although it is a small company, Bose is an international company that operates in Europe, South America, the United States, Canada, and Asia. It also strives to sell products directly to the customer applying e-commerce and closing their retail locations. Information About the Project The company used to enjoy commercial success and a leadership position in the industry. Nevertheless, the last decade saw the rapid growth of the new major competitor-Beats Electronics. Although experts and consumers still rank Bose products higher than Beats devices, the privately held corporation lost its market share to the former. In 2017, Bose’s market share dropped to 8%, while Beats captured the headphone market, reaching a 25% market share (Frantell, 2019). As for 2019, the most preferable brand among wireless headphones producers was Apple (57%, their Beats brand got 26%). Bose finished second (39%), beating Samsung and Sony (Niu, 2019). In 2020, the corporation’s annual sales dropped by $0.4 billion. Hence, the new marketing strategy aimed to expand the client base and increase awareness is necessary. “Better sound through research” slogan accompanied with text-heavy press advertisement campaign loses the competition to more appealing rivals’ strategy. The new social media-based (Facebook and YouTube) ad campaign will last half a year, requiring a $2 million budget. Three months are needed for preparation: collaboration with celebrities, filming the video, posters, designing a slogan, and social media posts. Target Audience Analysis Bose’s primary target group ranges from young adults to middle-aged Americans representing middle or upper class. Thus, clients are not price-sensitive, value high quality of sound, and ready to pay for innovations. They are usually interested in technologies and enjoy a stable life. Audiophiles, travelers, musicians, and professionals (aviators, home builders) usually choose Bose. The secondary audience is millennial businessmen between 30-40 years. On the contrary, athletes, teenagers, and fans of celebrities prioritize Apple (Beats) over Bose due to better advertising and more appealing design. Target Area Analysis The campaign will mainly target business people who highly value their free time
Rationale Leaders including business leaders thrive on the good performance and success of their team members. Effective leaders spend time developing their team members by assisting and guiding and coaching them (Russel, 2003, p. 23). One of most defining moments of a leader especially in business is the time of transition. Transition always creates tension between him/her and the employees because of the lack of familiarity on mode of operation and their leadership style. However, good leaders succeed through transition through redefinition of the need for power and control in an organization. New leadership skills and management approaches are crucial to successful transitional leadership in an organization. Achievement of the above calls for training that will equip team members with the necessary skills while helping the new leader entrench his/her leadership (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2006, p. 144). Need for Leadership Training This training will largely be based on the Adlerian theory approach that mainly uses a social model for human behavior to provide a suited framework to improve managerial approached effectively enhancing leadership in an organization. The approach promotes encouragement, democracy and social interest in an organization (Adair, 2010, p. 50). More important however is the guidance that these principles accord leaders in building a collaborative workforce that gives emphasis to participative management, coaching and employee engagement in an organization. The training is therefore needed to facilitate the change of management as described above so as to pull the organization out of the current crisis. Objectives of Training The main objective of this training will be helping employees particularly managers get used to a new approach to management on the organization. This objective will entail training leaders on how to balance the various needs of employees during and after the transition period. Managerial employees will
Motivation can be defined as a force that encourages and pushes an individual to perform to his fullest. Motivation is a very significant force that is required to finish a task or complete a goal. Motivation can be extrinsic like something that is done to earn a reward or avoid a punishment. Cleaning the room to get a reward from parents is one example. It can also be intrinsic like something that is done if it brings pleasure and is enjoyable. For example taking part in a football tournament could be enjoyable and rewarding in terms of certificates and medals. I mostly get motivated with verbal praise rather than monetary benefits. Motivation can come in different types, and the one I find most effective is when someone believes in me and place all their trust on to me. I am a person who liked to get appreciation when I put extra effort to meet targets. If I do not get appreciation, then I am more likely to lose motivation. I then feel that all my efforts have gone to waste as no one appreciated or even noticed the task I so brilliantly completed (Kinicki, 2008). I normally try to interact and keep a positive behaviour and attitude with my co-workers. I have learned that keeping a positive and friendly attitude is very important and leads to motivation. As people find me friendly, they always try to give me honest advice and correct feedback which motivates me. I believe that I was able to stay motivated because my co-workers have been supportive. I have seen such types of employees and know for sure how dissatisfied they are with their entourage (Pinder, 2008). My organization makes sure that employees interact with one another and that there is no one receiving special treatment nor is there anyone creating groups between employees. The organization believes that if employees work as a unit then they will be more efficient rather than working all by themselves. For this purpose, they believe in job rotation. Every member of the organization gets to be a part of different teams so that he could spend time with them and get to know them. The organization believes that when the entire organization knows each other then there would not be any complaints or any jealousy for the others. The organization makes sure that all employees feel that they are equally contributing towards the success of the organization. There is no one small or
There was a thought once that Internet would eradicate social divisions and inequalities among the Americans but the emergency of Facebook after MySpace showed that this was far from reaching. The movement of teens from MySpace to Facebook brought about this reality. The introduction of Internet did not make people colorblind. In essence, the internet mirrors and boosts everyday life, advancing racism and class-based divisions in American society. Class and race are magnified in the social sites by tastes, aesthetics, and language and network structures. Many teens had used MySpace before Facebook came up, and it was cool for all until it was associated with black cultures that brought about hip-hop. Many elites, in this case, the whites, thought that this was endangering the lives of their well-behaved children. This led to banishing MySpace and forcing the kids to detach from the social site. It was associated with ghetto that was connected to the life of the black race. MySpace and Facebook are not explicitly defined in terms of race but associations have proved this right. Social networking sites provide youths with a platform for socializing with friends for matters of personal preferences, safety and presence of their friends. The teens in America segregated along the same lines that shape their social relations, which include socio-economic status, race and ethnicity, educational goals and lifestyles. Moving from MySpace to Facebook happened because of the above-mentioned reasons. It is true that values and norms of a person are directly linked with his/her identity and membership. Additionally, norms always differ across racial and ethnic groups, and as Tatum (1997) says, they are reinforced as people of color seek to identify with their racial and ethnic background. MySpace was associated with gangster lifestyles, and this never went well with the elites. As a result, self-segregation emerged entailing belonging, identity development and navigated systematic racism. As a result, the Blacks preferred something that would show their lifestyle to the best advantage, something that would not compromise them. With emergence of Facebook, which many viewed clean and well secured as opposed to MySpace with its spammers which had held its users as hostages, many teens moved to the new social site. The cleanliness in Facebook did not go well with the teens who preferred bling in MySpace to express themselves. These happened to be the mostly blacks, and thus, the segregation and movement touched on race and class. Teens
Introduction In a case like this, when a person sells his idea to a company, the dimensions of his rights vis-à-vis the company would stem from the terms of the contractual agreement he has signed with the latter. The terms and conditions surrounding the sale agreement would determine the extent to which he would be able to exercise any exclusive right over the final product. Sale of ‘idea’ to Company In this case, it also needs to be seen that what the individual has sold to the company is the idea to make and market the product, and not the product itself. Hence, his rights and obligations would be seen from the truth of this perspective. Moreover, the responsibility of funding the idea and undertaking necessary research to convert it into a final product is being taken by the buyer company, and not by the individual. Thus legally speaking, the person’s right ends with the selling of the idea to the company. However, if he has leased or mortgaged the right for specified period, to the company, the laws relating to leasing or mortgaging of intellecurtal property rights would be invoked. Basically, an exclusive right allows the person to transfer, sell, and mortgage or license the right to third parties and thereby dissuade others from using the exclusive right to the said property. Decided case on intellectual property rights : Evan Brown v.Alcatel Inc, F/K/A DSC Communication Corporation No. 05-02-01678-CV It is seen in a landmark case law relating to intellectual property rights that even a person’s thoughts could be the property of his employer company. In the Alcatel case, the defendant, Evan Brown was working with a company on a project of deciphering computer software, and he developed a method of converting machine executable binary code into high level source code form using logic and data abstractions. The purpose of this idea is to take existing executable programs and “reverse engineer” the intelligence from the programs and “recode” the intelligence into a portable high level language.” (Brown). Legal consequences of not handing over solution to Company He was under contractual obligation to employers to disclose the solution of his research which he refused to do. Eventually, the company terminated his services and proceeded legally to recover the solution from him claiming it to be the company’s property. The court sided with this contention of the company. Judge, Curt B Henderson of the Collin County, Texas, 219 DC, who presided t
Introduction Crisis is a symbol of an important business interruption that motivates the widespread coverage of mass-media news. The administration of crisis should be put in place to guarantee the well-being of an organization. This ought to be done by the Public Relations department whose starring role in crisis management must be clearly elaborated (Regester & Larkin , 2008). Crisis has some effects on the organization. Initially, competence in communication will make certain and reflect the manner in which an organization PR manager handles the crisis. The role of PR, how these roles are efficiently implemented, along with how the PR communicates and engages with the media in dealing with crisis management is explained. How the PR specialists manage crisis using key rules and 5Cs effective models of communication in dealing with the media is discussed. The paper also analyzes ways in which the PR exercises 3Ps of Jefkins in managing crisis. The definition and effects of crisis in an organization Crisis may possibly denote a significant business distraction that motivates widespread coverage of the mass-media news. This may mean dissimilar labels are being granted to the crisis contingent based on the likelihood of the incidence and level of risk involved (Ralhp & Yeomans, 2009). The concepts of issue and crisis management may well delineate a possible crisis that is, likely and unlikely crises. The administration of crisis is depicted as an imprecise and extensive concept largely relating to the possible unlikely events that reduce the organizational functions. The likely crisis has an elevated risk of incidence including loss of company reputation, properties, or even death. However, the concept of crisis is considered as more focused in varied organizations (Seeger, Sellnow & Ulmer 1998). Effective implementation of PRs role Provision The department of PR should ensure that there is the improvement of an even provision at the crisis management stage. The practitioners must put more emphasis on the communication amongst organizational group members. The strategy empowers the factions to reach an agreement and be reliable on what ways to divulge into the mass media (Seitel, 2011). Uniformity in various organizations appears to be an actual pitfall. Therefore, it is significant to employ effective communication from the PR to stabilize this bottleneck and put it right. It is similarly essential to initiate an effective administration of information during the crisis moment. Hence, the PR puts media provision in place to curb an austere impairment to organization’s operation. Preparation The PR must make certain an arrangement of permanent lineup for crisis supervision. The management crews of certain organizations should consist of a combination of different individuals (Seitel, 2011). Certainly, this incorporates other departmental managers, communications, and Brands executives from Public Affairs department, and the managing directors. Indeed, this