ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are several reasons for paying attention to the history of the United States during the 18th century. First, colonial changes were observed, provoking new concerns and demands. Then, the emergence of the Great Awakening and the American Enlightenment led to the American Revolution. Finally, the birth of an independent nation could not be ignored. However, all these events could not happen if the mother country of colonies listened to English colonists and recognized their true causes of grievances. The governance was not perfect, and devoted colonists, also known as the patriots, paid attention to such problematic areas as political representation in the legislature, tax policies, and power concentration. Different methods were used to achieve the desired goals and eradicate injustice in society, starting from insignificant consumer revolutions and attempts to reform administration and ending with the American Revolution. Native-born Americans used civic engagement and ethical norms to fight for their rights to govern themselves. In this paper, grievance causes, civics methods, and ethical considerations of the patriots in regard to the metropole during the mid 18th century will be discussed to understand the worth of the new United States. Main Body The rise of the patriots was explained by the necessity to redress various grievances among English colonists about unequal power concentration, unfair tax policies, and the lack of political representation in the 1700s. During this period, the American land was a melting pot with a number of landowners from Britain, Spain, and France pursuing their own interests. 1 They set specific rules to meet their political and economic benefits but neglected the demands of the native citizens. As a result, people united to protect their rights and called themselves patriots. They fought against invaders and injustice that was related to colonialism. The patriots focused on the support of economic growth and the necessity of rejecting the idea of raising taxes. 2 The national debt was a problem for many countries in the 1700s, but English colonies should not take responsibility for all the British invaders’ mistakes. Another critical aspect of the patriot’s activities was the desire to promote political change because the locals did not have enough representation in the legislature. An abusive attitude was a norm that deprived colonies of the potential to gain independence. The statement mentioned in the Declaration of Independence about the necessity for people to dissolve their political bands and be equal within the frames of the Laws of Nature proved the grievance of the patriots. 3 There were no specific laws and acts where the relationships between the Americans, the British, and other owners were equally discussed. It was necessary to resist the invaders, and the patriots used various methods, including consumer revolutions, administration reformation, boycotts, which resulted in the American Revolution in 1765. English colonists developed a specific understanding of how to defeat the British power
Throughout the whole history, people demonstrated their significant curiosity in any sphere of life, especially in those where they are functioning. The science developed, and its representatives became focusing and self-specializing in different aspects of people’s life. However, when it comes to anthropology, which is a social-oriented science, the studying process might achieve some limits of interpersonal privacy. In this case, the “observers” might even unintentionally turn into “active researchers” by examining some fundamental aspects of people’s everyday life. As a result, the main question of the essay might be derived from Napoleon Chagnon’s practice while studying the life of Yanomami, a Venezuelan tribe. Is it morally acceptable to invade other civilizations’ lives and neglect the alienation principle, which might lead to unclear and even false opinions about certain phenomena? To answer this question, it is critical to profoundly understand Napoleon’s situation, the main preconditions and consequences not for the one person but for the whole tribe. More specifically, one of the most known anthropologists used a controversial approach in studying the everyday life of the Venezuelan tribe Yanomami concerning the falsification of facts and misinterpretation of cause-and-effect relationships. While developing his knowledge about the tribe, Napoleon succeeded in interviewing some of the most important tribe representatives, which gave him an incentive to develop the famous theory for which he was accused in the El Dorado affair (Endicott et al., 2001). His theory was based on the notion that, in general, the Yanomami representatives are violent, and their level of violence might demonstrate their specific position in society. After stating this theory, the scientist gained “doubtful” consent after asking for personal information analysis, which resulted in questioning the theory as a whole. Why do people consider the individual’s characteristics written by another individual as the truth in the last resort? The outcome of Napoleon’s analysis sounds questionable due to the lack of multiple-side analysis. While applying the only theory into practice without observing the situation holistically, which professionals ought to execute during the taken research, the scientist forgets about the fundamental principle of alienation. However, this principle plays a pivotal role in the correct civilization analysis since it requires a person to stay unbiased and do not express any opinion about the object of research before the process itself finishes. As a result, by neglecting the alienation principle, N
The primary concern posing a threat to the delivery of high-quality healthcare services is minimum nurse staffing ratios, which remain a mystery in most hospital departments including medical-surgical units. The National Nursing Shortage Reform and Patient Advocacy Act proposes that all hospitals such as those in California should implement a staffing plan, which complies with the proposed minimum nurse staffing ratios. According to Everhart, Neff, Al-Amin, Nogle, and Weech-Maldonado (2013), low staffing levels are majorly manifested through low nurse to patient ratios that result in increased workloads, nurse burnout, patient and nurse dissatisfaction, and poor health outcomes. As a result, nurses are likely to leave their work undone or quit professional practice, a move that further worsens debilitating staffing shortages (Everhart et al., 2013). Further, inadequate staffing of these professionals is a huge menace to the health of patients, which is associated with poor health outcomes including preventable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, meeting minimum nurse staffing ratios promotes the delivery of high-quality care, patient safety and satisfaction, and better treatment outcomes. Reduced nurse-patient ratios are associated with many clinical problems including low-quality care and the subsequent adverse impacts. High patient-nurse ratios are associated with increased workload, nurse burnout, medication errors, reduced nurse-patient interactions, and increased hospital nosocomial problems like infections and patient falls (Hinno, Partanen, & Vehviläinen-Julkunen, 2012). These problems are attributed to staffing shortages that reduce the time for providing timely care including the turning and repositioning of immobile patients and the time nurses spend with their patients. As a professional clinical nurse, I work in a medical-surgical ward in a Californian hospital, which suffers from the acute shortage of nursing professionals. One time, I was in the ward taking care of nine patients, a number that surpasses the recommended nurse to patient ratios. As a result, the workload was overwhelming; much focus was on completing tasks such as drug administration and documentation. Consequently, time for interacting with patients was reduced, some of the patients missed medications, and in some cases, medications were administered inappropriately. Eventually, the lives of patients were at risk. In the State of California, all nursing departments including the medical-surgical units should meet set minimum nurse-patient ratios at all times. The renowned Safe Nurse Staffing for Patient Safety and Quality Care Act mandates the realization of these ratios to achieve high-quality care and better health outcomes. The financial impact of meeting the ratios is associated with reduced hospital stays due to faster patient recovery, reduced nurse turnover, less patient falls, nosocomial inf
Adapting Treatment to Patient Problems O’Brien’s research on adapting treatment to the patient problem is purely descriptive. Descriptive research tends to describe the situation by adding knowledge to what is already known about the subject. Also, descriptive research uses methodologies that add up to the already known elements in a positive perspective. Hence, the recommendations and findings of the research aim at adding knowledge to the research subject. O’Brien’s research is descriptive based on the medical subjects of the relationship between treatment and the patient’s problem. The research subject is already in existence and thus it needs a description of information that would add value to it to enhance its effectiveness. Besides, by looking into the subject, viz. adapting treatment to the patient problem, it is descriptive in the sense that the reader expects the findings to be substantive for knowledge addition purposes on the topic. In the case of descriptive research, the research findings and recommendations are expected to be congruent with the researcher’s hypotheses coupled with proving and adding knowledge to the question. O’Brien (2011) used experiments as the key method for the research. Experiments produce substantive results that bear little errors in most cases as opposed to other research methods that demand the use of statistical methods to reduce the effects of random errors found in the obtained data. Also, it is easier to observe the recovery progress of a patient after going through this form of treatment than collecting data through interviews as the former saves time and resources. On the research findings, the researcher found out that patients who receive this form of treatment, viz. a combination of medical treatment and patient problem, take a shorter period to recover fully as compared to patients receiving one form of medication. For instance, the subject of the research is the patient receiving a combination of treatments of depression and drinking and s/he takes a shorter period to recover than those who take either of the treatment in a given period. The findings are valid and essential for the research topic, and thus necessary for this form of descriptive research. Besides, the findings are found to be congruent with the author’s argument, and hence adding weight to the research question. However, the findings are not exhaustive to the research question as it re
Brief Synopsis of the Issue   * Kasih Food is a leading producer of Mediterranean food (both canned and boxed) based in Jordan since 1926. The company offers a wide range of high-quality products including numerous varieties of canned beans, hummus, mezza and other local delicacies.   * Kasih Food is a recognized high-quality producer of Mediterranean food in the Middle East that follows the principles of responsibility and transparency in its activity.   * The company currently distributes its products in such countries as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Palestine, Iraq, and the USA, though it has not entered the EU market yet.   * The company’s vision statement outline’s Kasih’s ambitions to become the leading supplier of Mediterranean food in the world – thus, entering the EU market will assist in achieving the targeted aim (Kasih Food 2012).   * Jordan is a partner of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership that is aimed at promoting its economic integration in the EU market.   * Jordan concluded a Free Trade Agreement with the EFTA that eliminates custom duty on fish, marine products, and other industrial goods.   * Germany consumes 8.5% of all the canned production in EU; besides, the primary location of the canned products imported to EU is Germany (CBI 2009).   * Germany and Jordan have close political and economic relations; therefore, it is assumed rational that Jordan should start entering the EU market from Germany.   * The proposed export plan engages external parties such as ZIM Integrated Shipping Services, the German Development Bank, and Coop.   * It is assumed that the current political context in Germany is favourable – the exceeding number of immigrants will increase the demand for products from the Middle East. Recommendations   * In order to avoid additional risks, it is proposed that Kasih Food concludes the Free on Board Agreement with the shipment company.   * ZIM Integrated Shipping Services is the recommended shipment partner that can perform the products transportation to Europe. The company carries out product shipment to three European ports (ZIM n.d.).   * It is proposed that market entry is carried out collaborating with Coop that performs food retailing through different channels (Coop n.d.).   * Packaging will be performed by Kasih Food, every canned and boxed product will have a special barcode in order to avoid counterfeiting (that is particularly possible related to boxed products). The size of the standard packages will not be changed in order to avoid additional expenses. However, in future, the size of the offered package can be adjusted in accordance with the relevant demand.   * The transpo
Quebec is a province in Canada, which is the largest administrative division. In addition, Quebec is one of the largest provinces in Canada and has the highest population among other provinces in the country. Natural resources, commercial enterprises, and industrial developments have made the province to be one of the most powerful provinces in Canada. Quebec has been engaging in a fight for independence and self-governance with Canada for decades. Some of the major drivers of the fight for independence and self-rule include the perception of marginalization, the uniqueness of people presented in terms of cultural and social settings, as well as the need to pursue their own social, cultural, economic, and political interests as an independent state. Therefore, it is within this context that this essay assesses the reasons why Quebec wants to separate from the rest of Canada. Marginalization The residents of Canada, who live in the province of Quebec, believe that Canada undermines them in terms of development and provision of basic amenities. The people of Quebec perceive that the government is not doing enough to alleviate poverty and reduce the levels of inequality in their province. Therefore, the belief has compelled Quebecians fight for their self-governance and independence. Furthermore, since the central Canadian government implements most of the policies, the French-speaking residents of Quebec believe that most of basic and social amenities do not reach their province. According to Little (2006), many communities in Canada feel that they are not only in the minority group, but are also marginalized. The concept of marginalization worsened when Canada failed to recognize Quebec as an integral part of the state and thus made the residents of Quebec to imagine that the government does not value their needs. Marginalization became apparent in the 20 th century, when the central government of Canada started undertaking some policies meant to change the lifestyles of Canadian citizen, including those in Quebec in line with the requirements of the nation. Mookerjea, Szeman, and Faurschou (2009) explain that banning French schools in some provinces of Canada was one of the factors that made Quebecians to experience discrimination and marginalization. Additionally, limited access to basic needs such as education, which was only accessible to a few individuals in the province, did not address the main needs of Quebecians, but instead increased their quest to separate from Canada. The absence of good housing, good education, and augmented inequality in Quebec led to a sovereignty movement aimed at separating the province from Canada. Marginalization was evident in the inequality presented by the state when it entitled Anglophones, who are English speaking people, to services such as education, justice, and healthcare while leaving out the residents of Quebec, who are Francophones. Social and Cultural Uniqueness The people of Quebec are different, both socially and culturally, from people in the rest provinces of Canada. Quebec province comprises of Fran
Normal Homes The first reading is an article titled ‘ Normal Homes ’ written by Melissa Gregg and published in the ‘ Journal of Media and Culture ’ in the year 2007. The article focused on the queer and black Australians whom the author depicts as historically disadvantaged groups. In the article, the author suggests that activists for the two groups have to combine their efforts in addressing the issues that affect their respective communities (Cregg, para 3). To argue her case effectively, the author draws from the arguments presented by Laurent Berlant, who had developed a unique approach to the debates surrounding citizenship in the US. Berlant thought that “the intimacy of citizenship is something scarce and sacred, private and proper, and only for members of families” (as quoted in Cregg, para 4). Berlant also observed that the hetero-normative culture uses orthodox means in the promotion of change among the non-normative populations. The non-normative populations are usually denied any support that they need since they are regarded as incompetent in the moral sense. Cregg agrees to the sentiments put forward by Berlant and compares the scenario with the Australian case. In this respect, the author highlights the case of the indigenous population in Australia which she thinks reflects the arguments presented by Berlant (Cregg, para 5). The white Australians despised the lifestyle of the aborigines and did not regard homes belonging to the aborigines as worthy for inhabitation. The article also looks at the predicament of the little children and individuals practicing same-sex relationships. In general, the article presents different lives that exist in the same town; it indicates that people have different views of what is regarded as home, and it shows that intimacy often thrives beyond the conventional couple relationship. Displaced subjectivities: the queer refuge body in law The second article by Senthorun Raj entitled “ Displaced subjectivities: the queer refuge body in law ” focuses on the issue of sexuality and validation of asylum. Basing asylum claims on sexual orientation depends on the sensitivity of sexuality and fear related to persecution. Nevertheless, efforts to define these issues about asylum have been faced with numerous challenges. To vet refugees based on their sexuality is determined by the aspects of sexuality about persecution. It has been identified that emotions, desires, and feelings are made unclear due to various factors. These include the administrative method of verification that has a cultural perspective; a narrative process that produces a distorted, stereotypic, and over-emphasized legal trope in respect to gay and lesbian individuals seeking asylum (Raj, para 1). In Australia, the focus has been on how subjectivity related to homosexuals has been viewed. It has been observed that Australia’s case is distinct especially when it comes to persecution in respect to public and private spaces. The article holds that though it is imperative to acknowledge the non-normative position of queer subjectivity wit
Introduction Cruelty is often viewed as a violent action, which promotes the aggressive nature of human beings. Despite having an individual contribution to each offensive act, the role of the circumstance cannot be underestimated, as various social factors tend to affect the reaction of a person to a particular event. Nonetheless, I tend to believe that social conditions have a minor role in the decision-making, and the individual perception of cruelty and the level of egoism define the involvement in the cruel or prohibiting violence, as aggression is normality for some persons. Meanwhile, the presence of fear of punishment and public ignorance is regarded as the core excuses for not taking part in the activities, but some of the ignorance can be viewed as a psychological reaction to the event leading to self-protection. Consequently, several situations and experiments will be analyzed to determine the possibility of the social influence and authorities to affect the person’s actions during the cruel moments. Analysis Firstly, The Milgram’s study was aimed at the discovery of the nature of the obedience, and questions whether one should obey when the actions involve a high level of cruelty and conflict (Milgram 169). Meanwhile, the experiment design is highly associated with cruelty and obedience, as the participants have different roles as a subordinate and authority (Milgram 169). According to the experiment, the leader was in control of the shock experimentation, and the power contributed to the rise of the belligerence, as it complies with the initial nature of the hypothesis as the aggression is the natural part of a human being (Milgram 179). The research can conclude that the designated power and the orders of the experimenter play the role of the rise of the aggression and indifference to the pain of the learner. Despite the cruel nature, the series of experiments were able to depict the ability of the head of the extermination to influence the actions of the leader in the majority of the cases. Nonetheless, one woman was able to express her dissimilar opinion, and her disobedience was the primary cause of its termination. This example portrays that cruelty due to obedience cannot be considered as an exception, as each personality has a right to express his/her opinion regarding the situation, and this aspect reflects an individual attitude towards cruelty. Another situation was the murder of Kitty Genoverse at night in New York while the Winston Moseley stabbed her to death and the lights in the windows did not stop him, as he did highly doubted the possibility of the help to come (Slater 95). His actions were associated with cruelty and disobedience but can be viewed as the result of social circumstances since he discovered the possibility that there would be no obj