ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leadership plays an important role in defining the ability of a firm to achieve success in the market. According to Blanchard and Cathy (2002), organizations depend on leadership to define the path that should be taken in order to reach a specific destination. Successful companies in the world attribute their achievements to effective leadership. The Virgin Group, Apple, and Microsoft are some of the largest and most successful companies in the world. The success story of these companies cannot be told without the mention of the pivotal roles played by their leaders. The Virgin Group owes its success to the effective leadership of Sir Richard Branson. No one can talk about the massive success that Apple Inc has achieved without mentioning the name of Steve Jobs. Microsoft Corporation and Bill Gates are names which are inseparable. These leaders were able to understand the needs of the employees, the changes taking place in the market, and the technological dynamics. In Australia, there are a number of companies that have experienced massive success due to effective leadership. Aussie Commerce Group, Schnitz, Drilltechniques, and Fossil Energy Services Pty Ltd are some of the companies that have experienced massive success in the past. These companies have been in existence for only half a century, but because of effective leadership, they have experienced massive growth of their market share within the country. This research focuses on the extent to which leadership influences the market performance of companies. Effective Business Leadership According to the research by Ferch and Spears (2011), effective business leadership is one of the most important ingredients that are needed to succeed in the current competitive market. The level of competition has become so stiff that many organizations are now forced to find a way of developing superior strategies to protect their market share. Many scholars say that the success of a firm heavily relies on the effective company leadership. Company leadership goes beyond developing policies and forcing the stakeholders to apply them as per the wishes of the leader. It also surpasses providing the needed resources to undertake specific activities. Leadership is about managing people within an organisation. Employees form a very important part of an organisation. The effort they put in what they do, and the desire they have to see the firm successful defines the ability of an organisation to achieve its objectives (Annabelle, 2006). A leader is expected to create and then share the ambitious visions with the employees and all other stakeholders so that they are convinced that the future is bright. Transformational leadership is one of the recent leadership models that have been considered effective in managing stakeholders who have varying interest. For instance, while the shareholders will demand for increased interests, the employees may desire increased wages. These interests may affect the financial position of an organisation if they are not managed properly. A leader must find a way of convincing the
Introduction An agricultural system can be defined as various components brought together. This is achieved by a form of interaction and interdependence operating within certain boundaries. The aim is to achieve designated agricultural goals and objectives to benefit the owner. The analysis of agricultural farming system has two dimensions including the production and management systems. The production system involves crops, pasture, animals, soil and the biophysical system. The management system, which is more predictable than the biophysical system, involves values, goals, people, knowledge and resources (Singha, et al, 2012). Agricultural system research began in the late 1970s by scholars based in the developed nations. The aim was to address the challenges faced by small scale farmers who had not embraced new technology. At the time, technological innovations only suited large scale farmers. The main aims of the research were to educate small scale farmers on how they should make decisions. In the 1980s, some European scholars also found out that small scale farmers in inhabitable areas were not adopting new technology appropriately. Therefore, the agricultural system was introduced to assess the needs and potential of both commercial scale and small-scale farmers. The main purpose of farming systems approach is to address world changes and solve problems that challenge farmers (Mcgilloway, 2005). In the early days, farming was preoccupied by crops and livestock keeping. However, todays there is no limitation to the amount of enterprises a farm system can have. Multi-scale approaches have opened up studies on landscape and market environments. Modern system recognises the role of different stakeholders and the different aspects that they bring into play. Modern systems take a territorial rather than a sectorial approach where some members of the family work outside the farm, but still enjoy the benefits of the output. System performances are not pegged on productivity alone but encompass stability and sustainability. Farms are changing continuously in the same way as the society, economy and climatic conditions. Optimum conditions require constant learning that involves an active and continuous process (Byzedi, et al, 2011). General systems classification The systems can be divided into three broad classifications that include natural, artificial and social systems. Natural systems are those that occur naturally; they are not a subject of mankind. They include all things that exist naturally, and include both physical and biological components of nature. It is important to gain deeper knowledge about how these systems interrelate and all processes that occur to constitute the world and support all forms of life (Ahmed, Alam & Hasan, 2010). It is not possible to copy or duplicate the fundamental, natural systems. They exist in their own form. Those that are relevant to agriculture may include the following: the weathering or rocks to form soils; plants that grow on the soil; animals that feed on the plants; manure obtained from the animal and rechanneled to the soil to enhance its fertility
The process of globalization influences all the spheres of people’s life, including the aspect of food mass production to provide people with the necessary nutrition. Furthermore, the planned development of the food industry also contributes to keeping the political balance and even peace in the world because of the significant role of food in people’s life. However, the approaches to the mass production of food and to the general food industry’s progress should be changed because today the world population faces the controversial problem of food safety which is also associated with the problem of good nutrition. The problem is in the fact that the food safety issues become the real threat to keeping peace in the world of mass production because of the problem’s seriousness and role of the issues not only at the domestic and local but also at the international levels. Thus, the food industry needs to be changed in order to overcome the connected food safety and nutrition issues because the spread of diseases caused by inappropriate food in relation to its safety and nutritional value is the international problem, and it can be resolved with the focus on designing and enacting the effective legal regulation. The development of the food industry regarding the mass production of food globally led to the discussion of the food safety and nutrition issues at the international level because the violation of the food safety and nutrition norms by one national producer could cause the spread of the associated illnesses in the other part of the world. For instance, in 2008, the deaths of infants in China drew the public’s attention to the fact that the Chinese producer of the raw milk for babies added melamine used for producing plastics to the milk in order to increase the nutritional value (Lin 645). The national crisis in the food industry in China provoked the discussion of food safety and nutrition issues globally. From this perspective, it is possible to state that “food safety issues respect no national boundaries because hazards can be introduced or exacerbated at any point in the worldwide food chain” (Lin 643). That is why the food industry should be changed in relation to the safety and nutrition issues because while becoming globalized, the food industry and the associated mass production affect the public health not only at the domestic but also at the international levels. Nevertheless, many unfair world food producers are inclined to reject the claims that the use of definite unhealthful ingredients can cause different negative health consequences for the public because of the problems with the products’ nutritional value. Thus, food producers support the idea that the food safety is not the main issue which can be discussed in relation to the threats to the people’s health because, for instance, dangerous gas emission
In general, the COVID-19 pandemic qualifies as one of the most impactful disasters of the 21 st century, posing difficult and unparalleled challenges to healthcare professionals as well as health systems worldwide. Health systems faced with the overwhelming demand for health capacity have created numerous guidelines showing how patients should access healthcare services. From a philosophical standpoint, utilitarianism has emerged as the key ethical theory in references to public debate in regards to response to the pandemic. According to Beauchamps & Childress (2019) utilitarianism stipulates “the right act in any circumstance is the act that produces the best overall result as determined by the theory’s account of value” (p. 354). The concept is based on the premise that the right action in a given circumstance is typically the act that maximizes utility, that is, the value that guides actions, policies, and programs. In a healthcare setting, the moral obligation of a healthcare professional is to maximize utility as it is termed as the right thing that should be done. In this regard, it is quite essential to examine how utilitarianism applies to the COVID-pandemic from a healthcare perspective by examining its numerous principles. To begin with, one key rule of the utilitarian approach is to save the greatest number of patients other factors considered constant in a healthcare setting. This principle is particularly applicable to the lockdown situation by evaluating the number of lives that would be lost in the event of a lockdown. Given a specific scenario where one patient has a 90% chance of recovering whereas another patient has a 10% chance of recovering, medical attention should be provided to the patient whose recovery probability is high. In a situation of scarcity, the treatment duration should always be optimized to save most lives. On t
The critical insights of this chapter revolve around aspects of constructing and maintaining the statistical and practical significance of the study and the importance of meta-analytical designs. Researchers often employ analysis methods that demonstrate the statistical significance of policy, yet not every study is able to demonstrate it. For instance, the use of percentile difference is not always a valid measure of the significance of change as not every measure can have a true zero. Thus, in order to accurately present and demonstrate the study, researchers are required to carefully plan the measures and coefficients they are going to use. In this endeavor, an effect size statistic could help rate the results that lack a true zero, thus helping to ascertain the program’s magnitude (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2003). An odds ratio or standardized mean difference is also a crucial tool that assists in assessing and demonstrating statistical significance by allowing to compare results through min-max spread or the change in the chance of an occurrence. A key insight about statistical significance gained from this chapter is that it cannot be used as a measure of importance. It is, however, useful in establishing the fact of correlation or dependency in variables, thus eliminating the notion of chance. Conversely, if statistical significance is not registered, it is not indicative of the program as not effective. It is merely a demonstration of a study’s design weakness (Rossi et al., 2003). Thus, the successful establishment of this indicator could be relevant mostly as a premise for further discussion of the program’s significance in relation to measured outcomes. The practical importance of this complex of assessments is strong as it allows for finding more correlations between variables and using them to construct more knowledge about the program, uncovering possibly unexplored areas relative to its effects on the studied population. Practical significance is seldom uncovered in studies but is more often indicated indirectly. This factor of research is especially relevant in health care or law enforcement policies, as the allocation of financing
Various organizations have different approaches to the way they operate. It can be even claimed that the performance of the operations is under the constant influence from various internal and external sources. For example, the way organizational culture affects the management of resources at the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is discussed by three professionals in two articles. They believe that in this particular situation, the culture just made the process of management more complicated. In his article, Dennis Fitzgerald discusses the application of NRO’s resources with the purpose of national security enhancement (9). Edmund Nowinski and Robert Kohler, in their turn, pay more attention to the analysis of program management. They take into consideration not only personal views but also those provided by Fitzgerald (Nowinski and Kohler 9). According to the information received from these two sources, the culture of the organization has much influence on the manager and the way he/she performs duties. NRO turned out to be focused on creativity and innovativeness while the culture is risk averse. Such cultural peculiarities made NRO push technological boundaries. The focus on the breakthrough seems to be advantageous, but it made the leaders make risky decisions. Moreover, it increased organizational costs, which then required reconsideration of finances. Extreme focus on effectiveness and efficiency resulted in the design of a flexible application of resources. Initially, it could have been advantageous, as provided an opportunity to adjust operations to the particular situation. Still, it turned out to be rather complex from the management perspective, as there was no decent general guideline that could be used to streamline and simplified the process. As a result, the leaders had to take risks and funding depended on the tolerance of the authorities mainly, which was rather subjunctive. It was also very critical that product lines received more attention than the personnel. Being not really interested in the needs of the staff and the way they treat their work, and leadership made the gap between managers and employees more vivid. The necessity to promote the culture of pride, feeling a part of a big unity, creativity, and product priority affected career development program and made it rather complex. Even though it was unofficial, the employees had to prove the enhancement of their technical skills and knowledge during 5 stages. Such approach was costly and entailed technical and schedule issues, which proves it to be not good enough. The information about the connection between culture and management of the resources was similar in two articles. Still, they are totally different from each other. Fitzgerald’s source seems to be more authoritative than the work prepared by Nowinski and Kohler because it is written with the reference to historical information with almost no personal biased ideas. It provides the readers with materials but not interpretations. Until the end of the paper, they have an opportunity to assess the work themselves. Still, authoritativeness does not always mean persuas
Methods The proponent of this study attempted to violate a social norm. The social norm that was violated can be described as “invading personal space.” In the Western world and other societies all over the world, there is a concept called “personal space.” In this cultural framework, strangers and to some extent, friends and relatives must learn to respect an imaginary line that must separate two people. The best example of respecting personal space can be seen in public areas. For example, it is not acceptable to sit so close to a stranger because this is considered invading the person’s personal space. In this particular social experiment, the proponent of the study sat next to a stranger in public places like malls and parks. Findings It was a major challenge to violate a particular social norm. The one who attempts to violate a social norm feels uncomfortable. Part of the reason why this negative feeling comes up is due to many preconceived ideas. For example, members of society frown upon violation of social norms. These are not legal rules. However, the social backlash is still the same. In other words, there are strong feelings involved when it comes to violating social norms. It will require a great sense of purpose to deliberately violate a social norm. It will require courage because of the anticipation of the negative feedback from strangers. In this particular social experiment, a significant reaction is expected based on the proximity of two individuals sitting on one bench or sofa. A wooden or metallic bench is commonly found in public areas, such as shopping malls and parks. It is interesting to point out that in a typical bench there are only two people that can occupy it if they do not know each other. In order to elicit a strong response from the person sitting on a bench or sofa, it is important to occupy the space that is intended for the one who is supposed to sit in the middle of the bench. Thus, if there is already a person occupying the bench, the one that came after him must sit on the farthest side of the bench. Thus, if the social norm violator decides to sit in the middle area, the one occupying the extreme side will make a glance to make sure that the other side was not yet occupied. If the other extreme side is empty the stranger begins to feel uncomfortable. In most case
Introduction Systemic risks are those risks that are faced by the economy rather than by financial institutions such as banks. Systemic risks exert a significant impact on the behaviors of investors. These risks sometimes overshadow their responses to standard business fundamentals. It is important to understand that if systemic conditions worsen, the value of investments can greatly be affected. To the extent that business organizations are exposed to systemic risks, systemic shocks can lead to a future deterioration of fundamentals that have not been captured by the current values of these investments (The Levin Institute. 2011). The recent waves of financial crises have revived the interests in market discipline in the global financial system. It is also worth noting that the control and effective management of systemic risks can actually support the zeal of globalization in business organizations (Moneyterms. 2011). This paper discusses the effects of globalization in all business institutions and also the ways in which systemic risks can be controlled in order to enhance the various aspects of globalization. Globalization Globalization is the global trend in which there is the growth of a free trade and investment across borders and the resulting integration of the international economy. (Waters 2001). This happens only to those countries that open themselves to international trade. Thus, the global market plays a leading role in the process of globalization. The above definition by Cato focuses on the economic aspects of globalization. Therefore, according to Cato, globalization is an individual process. This process enables the free markets to provide individual freedom. It is worth noting that free markets have positive effects on the standards of living (Steger 2009). This is because it increases the standards of living for those people who take part in the globalization process. The explanation above is called the neoliberal worldview (Ervin & Smith). Positive aspects of globalization include the rapid growth and poverty reduction (Boudreaux 2008). Although it has been hailed by a section of leaders across the world, globalization has also passed through rigorous opposition from other people, citing increased inequality and environmental degradation (Ervin & Smith). Another definition of globalization according to the International Monetary Fund is that it is a historical process that comes as a result of synthetic innovations and technological progress. This term refers to the increasing economic integration throughout the world using specific machinery such as trade and financial flows (Robertson 2000). This term can also refer to the movement of people in terms of labor, and knowledge in terms of technology, across international borders (Ervin & Smith). Another definition of globalization given by Edward Herman describes it as a process whose overall idea is to support the ideology of free markets. The ideology justifies a contemporary form of imperial domination that has been in existence since time i