ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Why does Stillman suggest that defining public administration has become difficult? According to Stillman, public administration is hard to define because this field, having developed over the 20th century, appears almost all-encompassing, covering an enormous area of human activity, beginning with delivering mail and patching potholes and ending with creating and implementing the policies of the government and distributing the vast majority of the resources present in the society (1). The fact that this notion comprises so many constituent parts makes it virtually impossible to provide a definition that would cover each of the areas touched by this activity, as well as explain all the numerous, sometimes inconsistent, values involved in it. Attempts to unequivocally “define the core values and focus of… public administration” have failed, causing numerous debates and entirely different opinions on the topic (Stillman 1). How have historians and the literature defined public administration? Do the views coincide with how public administration is viewed today? Public administration has been defined in many various ways, ranging from “the production of goods and services designed to serve the needs of citizens-consumers” through “activities… involved in the establishment and implementation of public policies” to “cooperative effort of the individuals who make up the administration” (Stillman 2-4). The definitions are sometimes inconsistent; some of them incorporate all the three branches of government (executive, judicial, and legislative), others claim that only the executive branch should be included (Stillman 2-4). These views partially constitute the contemporary perceptions of public administration. All of them cannot be adopted at the same time due to the mentioned inconsistencies; however, they provide a sketch of how to view public administration. Some of the views can still be reconciled; for instance, it is claimed that public administration is primarily related to the executive branch of government, at the same time being related to the other two (Stillman 4). Most of the elements of these definitions can be viewed as constituent parts of contemporary definitions, for it is apparent that no definition can grasp the field in question thoroughly. Stillman in Chapter One, “The Blast in Centralia” What reforms would you recommend to prevent the tragedy from reoccurring elsewhere? How could such reforms be implemented? In our opinion, to prevent similar tragedies from occurring elsewhere, it is a good idea to introduce more severe responsibility for the authorities of the mine
Abstract Social media present a novel platform through which people can exchange information and ideas. In addition, people can post their profiles online for purposes of socialising, and thus employers can access potential employees’ information over the different social media platforms. By using the social contract theory, this paper explains why it is unethical for employers to search social media for information about potential employees for a job. The paper highlights, evaluates and discusses the ethical issues involved in using the social media to gather employees’ personal data before giving some safeguards for stakeholders if the practice were to become a standard for hiring within organisations. Identification of ethical issues involved in this practice Essentially, social contract theory presents ethical and moral conducts as a contract entered between people and society. According to Locke (2003), social contract constitutes a “hypothesis explaining how society originates as well as the presumed relationship between its members, how they incur responsibilities, and their rights” (p.31). The theory suggests that while exercising one’s rights during social interactions, people should not infringe on the rights of others. In the case of employers seeking to recruit personnel, it is their right to acquire the correct information on the potential employees’ details to mitigate the risks associated with employing people of inappropriate professional and ethical calibre (Tavani, 2011). Although employees have the duty to provide correct, concise and precise information without deceit, employers should utilise all resources within their disposal to ensure that they acquire the right information required to make the final decision on whether to hire an applicant or not. This aspect, however, does not imply that employers need to invade the privacy of information of the personnel recruited. The need to contact many people within a short time with minimal cost and the need to recruit persons qualified optimally for a given job opening constitute major ethical issues requiring evaluation while using social media to search for people’s information. From the context of ethical conducts of the Australian Computer Society (ACS), the deployment of such information to draw a conclusion on whom to hire or not implies that the information needs to pass the ethical test of integrity, reliability and credibility. However, how accurate is the information provided over the social media? Is it also ethical to deploy personalised information over social media to draw a conclusion about the ethical standards of a potential employee and what about the ethical concern of infringing on the privacy of an individual? A
Introduction After the sudden collapse of the energy giant Enron in January 2002, financial statements seem a lot less hard and objective than they once did. Enron caused widespread distress among equity shareholders, as a company with an equity market capitalisation of over $70 billion became worthless in just over a year (Burton 2002). Enron’s collapse was also a calamity to many of its employees, who not only lost their jobs, but saw the value of their 401k pension plans invested in Enron stock disappear. Inquiries into Enron’s collapse indicated that it resulted from major failures of corporate governance. Certain senior Enron executives appeared to have made significant profits from secret deals made with the company. The board of directors appeared to have failed to control such behavior, just as it rubber-stamped the production of accounts that failed to disclose material factors such as significant off-balance sheet debt. The Enron board also seemed to ignore reports from middle ranking executives exposing dubious practices. In February 2002 US Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neil announced planned changes in the law making it easier to punish corporate executives guilty of misleading shareholders: Enron and Accounting Practices Indeed, the Enron debacle focused attention on US accounting practices, and highlighted the relationship between companies and the accounting firms who as auditors were meant to confirm the accuracy of financial statements. Burton Malkiel, Professor of Economics at Princeton is a long-time observer of financial markets. For many years corporate governance experts had worried over potential conflicts of interest when accounting firms acted as both consultants and auditors to the same firm, but these conflicts burst out into the open after Enron. The auditors to Enron were Arthur Andersen, one of the top five firms who dominate the global accounting market (SEC Says Corporate 2002). The fallout from Enron’s collapse left Andersen facing legal challenges including a criminal charge from the US Department of Justice. About the same time, the SEC announced that it might seize the profits of company executives who made profits by selling company stock while earnings were inflated. It noted that Enron executives had sold $1 billion in company shares before the share price collapsed on news that charges would reduce earnings by $585 million, and revelations of off-balance-sheet debt The SEC also announced that it would assess the performance of the audit committee of any company whose financial reporting was investigated by the SEC (‘Socially Responsible Firm Publishes 2002). SEC director of enforcement Stephen Cutler explained: An audit committee, or audit committee memb
Introduction Pregnancy is a challenging time for the female body: the entire organism mobilizes to allocate resources and ensure that the baby’s development is healthy and passes the most important milestones. Today, the prenatal and neonatal processes are studied well enough to identify key predictors of a mother’s and baby’s health before and after birth. Thus, it is important that an expecting couple take their doctor’s guidance seriously. The end goal is to avoid unnecessary risk or moderate them, in case eliminating them completely is not possible. This paper concerns the case of Shanvi – a 30-year-old woman going through a second pregnancy. Her situation is far from ideal and aggravated by multiple risk factors, including both physiological and social. The outcome is the premature birth of a baby boy that scored relatively low on the Apgar scale and displayed health issues. Four factors might have shaped this patient’s outcome: type II diabetes, depression, high BMI, and high blood pressure. In this paper, discuss two risk factors – type II diabetes and depression – at length and give recommendations on how the case could have been handled better. The factor I: Type II Diabetes Type II diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Based on self-reported data, around 6% of Australians (1.2 million) suffer from this condition (American Diabetes Association, 2015). Diabetes is a chronic disease which means that there are no shortcuts or easy solutions. It needs to be handled carefully and thoughtfully on a daily basis. This is especially true for women who want to have children. It is recommended that they manage their blood sugar levels even before starting to try for a baby (American Diabetes Association, 2015). It is not uncommon for women not to be aware of their pregnancy during the first few weeks. This unawareness alongside unbalanced sugar levels is very dangerous: recent studies have shown that high blood sugar during the first term is associated with birth defects. These include diabetic embryopathy, especially anencephaly, microcephaly, and congenital heart disease. Aside from that, babies of mothers with diabetes are likely to be large, therefore, complicating delivery. They are also likely to have low blood sugar soon after birth. The definite list of birth complications is below. Some of them seem to be the case for Shanvi, as explained further:  1. Stillbirth (fetal death). Pregnant women with diabetes are more likely to have stillbirths. While it is not entirely Shanvi’s case, it should be noted that diabetes might have contributed to her first baby’s early death (at three days post-birth). It is possible that the baby was growing slowly in the uterus because of poor circulation. Other likely reasons include high blood pressure and damaged small blood vessels. The exact reason stillbirths are prevalent in women with diabetes has yet to
The fear of death is one of the most spread fears experienced by human beings. However, each person fears different concepts related to death. For instance, “some people fear death itself, while others fear being shut in a coffin and buried underground” (Sass, 2002, p. 52). From the religious perspective, some people know about their sins committed on earth in their life and are afraid of the punishment for those sins as opposed to people who believe in God and His wisdom and know about the salvation that will come and the peace they will find after death. “Moses said to the people, ‘Do not be afraid. God has come to test you so that the fear of God will be with you to keep you from sinning.” (Biblica, 2011, Exodus 20:20). As the fear of God is viewed as one of the most powerful ways of preventing people from sinning, they should be afraid of God and His wrath. In this respect, the only thing that people should fear is God’s power and his ability to punish the sinful instead of worrying about the earthly things that would not influence the peace of their souls. It is claimed in Genesis 23:1 “Sarah lived to be a hundred and twenty-seven years old” (Biblica, 2011). This means that people became afraid of death because they did not live long and no one could tell them how long they can live. This reflects the Christian perspective regarding death because people became vulnerable since they were banished from paradise and could rely only on themselves. As such, people that believe in God claim that the moment will come for every person. I believe that the humanistic existentialistic philosophy explained by Bevis (1989, p. 50) best fits my understanding of human nature, human society, business, and the Good as integral parts of the nursing profession and principles of our work. When my grandfather died, I was little and did not understand the concept of death but knew that this was an even full of grief for my father. Now, I know perfectly what it means to be a nurse and how I, as a professional, can bring relief to patients and communicate with them using the humanistic existentialistic philosophy which presupposes acknowledgment of human nature and human needs prior to the business. Nursing can best incorporate moral obligations of love injustice only if every staff member realizes the difference between decisions made when he/she experiences love or when he/she is led by the moral obligation of justice to fulfill the professional duties and responsibilities. For instance, I had a case when a patient was waiting for a living donor organ for almost a year
People are constantly changing and developing, and every day they become entirely different. A new day brings a lot of fascinating and exciting events that shape a person’s personality to one degree or another. As a rule, the acquired knowledge and accumulated experience are based on specific concepts and elements that build individuality into a single whole. In fact, the ideas related to knowledge, representation, and power helped me to a large extent to understand myself, realize my inner self, and evaluate my role as a high school learner. The following three ideas have resonated in my soul and deepened my thinking about how I position myself as a learner. The first concept that influenced me to a large extent is an essay by Jack Meiland about the difference between schools and colleges. Meilland’s work is reasoning concerning two different levels of education. There, the author of the paper compares the system and the learning process in college and school. Together with a reader, he reflects on particular educati
Introduction: Ebola Crisis and the Concept of Humanitarian Politics Despite its comparatively recent emergence, the Ebola epidemic has already become infamous everywhere across the world community. Because of the humanitarianism approach, whither the UNO promotes as the key tool for handling the problem, as well as the individual concerns of the current world leaders, the problem of Ebola has shifted from the healthcare domain to the political and economic one. Healthcare background: Ebola epidemics in West Africa Though the Ebola disease has a rather long history (WHO Ebola Response Team 1), its reoccurrence in 2011 took the healthcare services by surprise and was not addressed properly, which resulted in its rapid development. Caused by ebolaviruses, the disease affects kidneys and liver, triggering a severe fever, headache, sore throat, etc. (Dixon and Schafer 548). Due to a rapid drop in blood pressure, which occurs as a result of a major loss of blood, the disease is extremely hard to treat. First contractions of Ebola were witnessed in 1976; in 2014, an outbreak of Ebola occurred in West Africa, causing a lot of people to die (Qui et al. 1). Political background: key tenets of the humanitarian politics Academic sources define the policy of humanitarianism as “assisting people in need of help –an action based on notions of saving humans and humanity from real and perceived danger” (Shrestha 2). As soon as the 2014 Ebola epidemics started, it was decided that the politics of humanitarianism should be adopted in order to address the issue. The residents of West Africa have been receiving medical assistance and essential support since. Nevertheless, the support of the areas of West Africa that have been affected by the virus seems to have exhausted itself due to the threats that the involvement in the issue may lead to. Research Hypotheses: Humanitarianism Politics vs. the Politics of Fear Null hypothesis The changes in the course of the humanitarianism politics, which can be observed at present a
A mental illness or disorder is a pattern which has potentially been reflected on behavior. It is generally associated with disability or distress, and is not considered part of normal development. A combination of a person’s feelings, perceptions, actions and thinking, constitute a mental disorder. Certain regions of the brain and how they function, are associated with these combinations. In some social contexts, it can be related to the nervous system. Mental disorders amount to about a third of the problems related to the nervous system, which people report annually in many countries. This is according to World Health Organization (WHO). A report released by the World Health Organization clearly indicated that worldwide, many people report problems related to mental disorders. This has prompted many medical specialists and psychologists, to give more emphasis on how to treat or control the mental disorders. As a result of this increased emphasis, many people in this and related fields have started specializing in mental disorders. In the 18 th century, the causes of mental disorders were not well known because there was very little research on this aspect at that time. Increased research and evolution of technology in the modern world, has made treatment and control of mental disorders easier since the causes of these disorders have been identified through research. This paper will focus on mental disorders, where it will extensively explore the topic. Causes of mental disorders are not clear. Defining and classifying mental disorders has been a major challenge to researchers, service providers and also those diagnosed with the disorders. Neurological disorders, learning disabilities and mental retardation, all constitute to mental disorders. Dichotomous symptoms profiles are used to separate the normal from the abnormal. Many scientists have come up with varying arguments regarding mental disorders, where one group argues that the disorders are due to value judgment. The other group postulate that the disorders may be due to scientific and objective reasons (Coverdate, 2001). Scholars from each of the schools of thought have come up with various arguments to support their side. Each side has its own arguments, and this has created a long debate on which side is right. The debate on this issue has led to emergence of new information regarding the issue, and this has greatly widened the knowledge on the issue. Mental disorders are of many different categories. There are also many facets of human behavior that can also become disorders. If a person develops anxiety or fear easily, he may be suffering from anxiety disorder, which partially interferes with the brain. The common categories of dysfunction disorders include phobias, panic disorder, obsessiv
Introduction Normally the history of American sub continent begins from the colonization from Europe. In the age of geographical discoveries there was a high rate of migration from European countries including Britain. But Britain was able to exert an everlasting influence on America. It was more culturally than racially. Now the majority of Americans are not from Britain, but the Anglo-Saxon culture which came from Britain has everlasting influence on America. Main body Albion’s seed four British folkway in America is a historical work by David Hackett Fischer which tends to ask these questions-“Where do we come from? Who we are? Where are we going?” Fischer brought to American historiography the approach of the French school of the Annals initiated by Georges Dumezil and developed by Fernando Braudel. Moreover, he wrote a total or unified social history which checks all possibilities. The work plays the role of an encyclopaedic guide to the origins of colonial American culture. The work can be considered as the search for casualty in history. His attempt to search the colorful regional stereotypes of American history is really interesting. The New Englanders, Southern gentlemen, Quakers, and Southern highland clans come under this category. So we can see that the foundation of American culture is based on four mass emigrations from four different regions of Britain by four different socio-cultural groups. Fischer argued that race must be considered an important factor of cultural continuity. For example, Nelson Rose points out that, “To make his point Fischer has somewhat overstated his case for the continuity of British culture in America. Certainly, the formative or constitutional period of America was overwhelmingly the work of British peoples” (Rosit) after centuries, the British culture can exert immense power on American culture. It is evident that when racial changes occur within a society it brings about fundamental and long-lasting cultural change. From another point of view, the cultural values and institutions in America are dominated by Britain. We can see that millions of Americans are not ethically Anglo-Saxons but they are culturally Anglo-Saxons. We can feel the continuity of British culture in America. Moreover, the formative or constitutional period of America is the work of the British and we can see that many British values and institutions remain in America. East Anglia to Massachusetts East Anglia is in England, which is located near to a port which was famous for fishing herring fish. The connection with the sea resulted in the initiative taken by the people to settle in faraway colonies on the American mainland. At that time no one can imagine that people can reach faraway places. But adventurous seafarers and others attempted to do so and became successful in their attempts. The history of Eat Anglia says that in the tenth and e