ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the 1800s, the world entered into the first industrial revolution. Industries were growing enormously due to new inventions and innovations. Since 1800s, the world has gone through four phases of industrial revolutions (Pozdnyakova et al., 2019). Each revolution affected the way of earning livelihood, movement, and communication. The purpose of this paper is to compare the life during the 1800s and now based on the fact that the two eras coincide with two epochs of industrialization. People’s life started changing in 1800s following a series of inventions and innovations which appeared in industrial revolution. The era created brilliant opportunities for society, such as the realization of mass production, cost reduction, and quality products through technological innovation. People started getting jobs, and their living standards improved. The discovery of new products made it easier for people to live a healthier life. The life expectancy increased due to invention of medicine. It is also during this time that transport and mobility improved. Nicolaus Otto invented an internal combustion engine that used petroleum as an energy source (Popkova et al., 2019). In 1877, Daimler inherited the technology and obtained a patent (Popkova et al., 2019). Internal combustion engines, which have higher thermal efficiency and are easier to miniaturize than steam engines, have promoted innovation in industrial machinery and enabled the invention of automobiles and aircraft. With the spread industries, mass production of the manufacturing industry has greatly advanced, and capitalists have gained enormous wealth. Additionally, during 1800s, people could use electricity for the first time. Edison put an incandescent light bulb into practical use in 1879 (Pozdnyakova et al., 2019). In 1882, the world’s first power plant began operations on Pearl Street in New York to promote electricity (Pozdnyakova et al., 2019). Edison’s inventions became widespread around the world in the 1880s. In addition, the war of the currents with Nikola Tesla revitalized the industry. It was also during this period that electrical communication technology was born, such as the invention of the telephone by Bell in 1876. Today’s life is much different from what happened in 1800s. The world is like a global village as mobility has become even much better. A person in Africa can do business with a person in Europe without any geographical barrier. People can access efficient services due to higher degree of automation of intellectual activities brought about by technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (Popkova et al., 2019). The developed AI not only works according to human programming, but also learns autonomously and can perform advanced tasks such as stock price fluctuat
Ergonomics is a study of the interaction of the worker and his or her work environment. With the constant development of technology nowadays, there are more people engaged in labor depending on computers. An essential group of medical workers as surgeons, according to Catanzarite et al. (2017), also have a variety of ergonomic changes in the operating room. The ergonomic program is a systematic process for predicting, recognizing, analyzing, and controlling work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). To follow the effectiveness of these programs, they should be monitored, evaluated, and checked for the achievement of planned goals. Evaluation is a step that needs to follow the whole program and provide information about the progress. Between inputs, outputs, outcomes, and impacts, a causal connection should be found. Inputs are resources such as funding, technology, equipment, facilities, personnel, and clients. Process evaluation starts with the first implementation of the action aimed in the program. Output evaluation is the achievement of one crucial goal set by the program. The outcome evaluation is showing the results of the program. Long-term impact evaluation can show the prolonged results and effectiveness of the program. Monitoring the progress of the work should be divided into qualitative and quantitative tools. Qualitative instruments such as focus groups or in-depth interviews are a cheap way of monitoring the process and can provide information on why an intervention may or may not have worked. Quantitative implements such as randomized controlled trials, controlled before-after studies, and before-after studies with no controlled group are usually more expensive but provide the most precise evidence. Ergonomic problem health can prevent and reduce the number and severity of work-related musculoskeletal hazards and improve the environment at the job place. The evaluation of the Rochester University (2020) shows that due to their program, the number of jobs in which ergonomic disorders have been controlled significantly increased. Evaluation, monitoring progress and achievement of planned goals can help make these programs more efficient and resultative.
Abstract The film Erin Brockovich (2000) dwells upon a dispute between a company and a community where people managed to make the organization pay for the caused harm and change their operations to prevent any negative effects in the future. The film is an illustration of the implementation of proper research based on the major ethical and scientific method principles. The protagonist gathered data and conducted needs assessment effectively, which enabled her to identify variables correctly and measure them. She collected a sufficient amount of sound evidence to support her claims and accusations, as well as make the company pay the necessary sums to address the aftermaths of its unethical activities. Erin was an ethical researcher although she was rather biased. However, her bias did not have a negative impact on the research. Keywords : survey research, data gathering, needs assessment, Erin Brockovich. Survey Research Survey research is widely used in social science, and this method is applied in diverse areas, including but not confined to business, healthcare, and education. This research method enables the investigator to obtain a considerable amount of data within an established period of time (Ruel et al., 2015). Survey research can help in exploring people’s demographic data, attitudes, behavioral patterns, and other aspects. Therefore, this method is utilized in both qualitative and quantitative research designs. In terms of this design, participants respond to a provided set of questions, which can take different forms. These can be pen-and-paper questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, online questionnaires, and phone surveys. Online surveys are preferable when a large sample is involved, and high flexibility is required. Face-to-face interviews are conducted when the researcher aims at gaining insights into a problem or phenomenon. Two major types of surveys, based on the time scale, exist, which are longitudinal and cross-sectional survey research methods (Ruel et al., 2015). The former is conducted over a considerable amount of time which can be up to several years and even decades. The latter is implemented at a specific time interval. The utilization of this research method is featured in Erin Brockovich (2000), and this paper includes a brief analysis of the research instruments used in the film. Data Gathering The film in question dwells upon a dispute between a large corporation and people living in the area contaminated by the plant owned by its division. Initially, the characters, employees of a law firm, utilized a common data gathering method by examining the available records (Soderbergh, 2000). The client provided all the records she had regarding her case, and Erin, the protagonist, reviewed all of them, which is essential for any research and is the basics of the scientific method. Erin paid the necessary attention to all details and found a substantial amount
Forgiveness is a virtue that people need to have to maintain peace in the world. At one point or another, people will come face to face with occasions when other people wrong them. If we allow anger and revenge to cloud our judgment, we will end up fighting all the time. Shedding blood will be the order of the day. People will hold grudge against each other, and unity among members of a community will be jeopardized. In this regard, people have to learn to forgive each other. However, the Amish people have a different way of forgiving those who wrong them. Usually, people who have been wronged will pour out their anger on those who offend them immediately the mistake has been done. After some time, the insulted people will slowly come to terms with reality and then forgive their enemies. For the Amish people, this is not the case. First, they forgive a, nd then go through the emotional process of accepting the truth. It is important to note that the immediate forgiveness of the enemy does not mean that the Amish will let the perpetrators of crime go free. No, they will still like to see people held responsible for their actions. I should state her
Organizational culture is the criterion through which particular managers of an organization normally dispense their authority. It entails how a leader in an organization influences the subordinate staff in executing his/her duties. The organizational criterion adopted by a leader also influences other leaders in the organization. Leaders in an organization rely on each other for coordination and synchronization of activities for effective operation. Together, they develop a norm for handling matters and responsibilities in the organization. The interaction of employees and leaders in an organization cultivates the organizational culture (Pfister, 2009). An organizational culture is said to be developed when certain recurrent traits of running affairs are evident in the organization. The management is the key decision making authority in an organization. Organizational culture significantly influences the decision making process of an organization. The choice of the criteria for decision making is influenced by the methods used to make past decisions. If the subordinate staff’s opinion was always being taken into account during the past decision making processes, it was highly likely that any future leader in the organization would adopt the same approach as used by his/her predecessors to make a decision. The majorities of leaders learn managerial skills from other experienced leaders and develop or modify them to suit their situation (Driskill & Brenton, 2011). Therefore, the interaction of leaders in an organization will nurture a constructive culture of management. Moreover, involving leaders of junior, senior or equal ranks in decisions making may promote a culture of productive and efficient management. The development of an organizational culture largely depends on the communication between members of an organization, leadership, and clients or customers (pfister, 2009). When a decision is made, its outcome will always be influenced by several individuals in the organization and not only the leader of the department for which the decision has been made. Furthermore, although a decision may not be the most appropriate, it may be favored because it conforms to the usual conduct of leaders and staff members in the organization. A new criterion of decision making may be unfavorable due to the established and rigid organizational culture. Therefore, a careful evaluation of all factors including the opinion of other stakeholders and the organizational culture will be essential in making an impartial decision. Furthermore, the opinion of people who do not value the traditions of the organization should be considered in order to make a decision in which all the parties have been involved. Considering a scenario whereby I am in a position to offer a solution to an institution regarding academic affairs, the first action I would take would be to organize a meeting with all the individuals involved. If the problem is established to emanate from the institution’s administration, the representative of the administration should be allowed to present the institution’s stand regarding the issue of discussion. However, if
Anthropology is a crucial area of expertise that allows people to develop and enhance their knowledge of cultural peculiarities of representatives of different generations, beliefs, and locations. Anthropologists can use various approaches in their research, but the best way to describe culture is to combine both classic and creative modes. In this essay, the examination of the approaches used in the works of two anthropologists, namely, Richard Lee and Marjorie Shostak, will be conducted. A conclusion that summarizes the main points will be provided at the end of the paper. The first ethnography that is examined in this paper is written by a Canadian anthropologist, Richard Lee. The work is called “The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari” and describes characteristic features of one of the foraging groups from the Kalahari Desert. The ethnography conforms to the classic norms of ethnographic description because, first of all, it reveals aspects of social reality that prevailed among foragers who lived thousands of years ago. Lee explores the life of hunter-gatherers, arguing that they did not spend much time collecting food, which enabled anthropologists to look at the social reality of foragers differently (Lee 1994, 73). Also, the author defines the main patterns of the previous ideas presented by anthropologists about the life of hunters-gatherers and correlates them with his own revelations. It demonstrates Lee’s ability to conform to the classic norms of ethnographic description. These norms contribute to a sense that culture is a fixed pattern of shared meanings because using them allows uniting all cultural differences and contradictions under one theory. The second ethnography that is explored in this study is written by an American anthropologist, Marjorie Shostak. The work is titled “The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman” and examines the lives of people in the community of forages. This ethnography displays creative departures from classic norms of ethnographic representation because Shostak managed to reveal differences within the describe
Introduction There is talk of an information revolution with the advancement of technology witnessed in the media today. We are in a time of rapid change of technology in the media industry and we wonder if that translates to a revolution or is just a change of events as history goes. This essay looks deep into the history of technological advancements in the media industry to bring out the understanding that the current rapid advancement of media technology is an evolution rather than a revolution. Creation of the Media Industry The history of media technology starts with the invention of the phonograph in 1877. Later on in 1881 to 1900, the gramophone appeared and started gaining popularity. During this period, the proponents of each technology set up companies to market their technologies. The effect of the separate developments was a turf war of which is better between the two technologies. The proponents of the gramophone highlighted how 52 discs fit into a space of only eight cylinders. The format war lasted for 30 years. After Thomas Edison’s invention of a light bulb, Lee De Forest’s invention became the most significant in the early 20 th century. Forest came up with an electronic advancement of the light bulb called the Audion vacuum tube. Lee De Forest based his invention on the developments done earlier by Fleming and Edison. The Audion tube instead of lonely rectifying AC current was capable of amplifying the current. Later the Triode replaced the Audion name, because of amplification, and became the accepted way of amplifying. Transistors replaced it after half a century. The triode is notably the invention that made inexpensive amplification possible. Without it, there would be no wireless voice transmissions as they are now (CED Magic, n.d.). Disc records came to being in 1913 as diamond disc records introduced by Edison. Their popularity came about with the availability of phonographs that were capable of using electrically recorded discs. Phonographs and discs became popular in American households just like by pianos. The entry of Radio Corporation of America made the radio much more popular than the phonograph. Advancement in wireless radio signal amplification and perfection of the super-heterodyne resulted to a development of a new radio receiver. The tuning of the receiver needed no antenna and had a reduced static charge. The Radio Corporation of America bought the development patent and popularized the radio receiver. After the radio came the television in 1926. Initially there were two types of television prototypes. One prototype used a spinning mechanical Nipkow Disc while the other was tube-based. The early television types had only a maximum of 30 lines of resolution (CED Magic, n.d.). The cathode ray tube television was an amalgamation of several inventions. The kinescope invention modified the cathode ray tube. The CRT was a modification of the Crookes tube. Perfection occurred when current directed through an anode ring. Lastly, the CRT TV
Introduction The hospitality industry is a sector that has received plenty of attention in the recent past, and that more research is also being carried out in order to ascertain the needs of this lucrative industry. Businesses in this industry have fetched a lot of revenue and foreign exchange because of the needs of humankind at the moment that center mostly on leisure, food, and accommodation. More people are moving around the world in search of education, to set up their companies through globalization, to study, for tourism purposes, etc. hence the need to tap the money used for such requirements through the hospitality industry is evident. One of the ways of taping these proceeds is through the development of good restaurants for both leisure and accommodation purposes. In the UK, for example, there are many restaurants promoting various cultures and providing the necessities of different nationals visiting the UK for varied reasons. One of them is the Mortloch Hotel, situated on 30,000 acres of mature gardens and woodlands with splendid views of the surrounding hills; it provides accommodation, conference facilities, among other services. (Powers, 1995). Research indicates that this hotel has failed in its business operations whereby we find that its employees are said to be demoralized, the hotel is said to have employed more than five managers, its facilities and equipment are terrible, the customers are reported to be complaining about the hotel’s operations, we also find that this hotel is reported to have a lot of debts which if not handled the hotel will probably run to bankruptcy. As a result of these challenges, the owner has decided to put the Hotel on sale. As a result of the need for diversification , the PDR Ho
Main arguments of the authors In their article, “Greater equality: the hidden key to better health and higher scores”, Wilkinson and Picket (2011) argue that equality in terms of income levels among the population is more important to better higher life expectancy and that the more egalitarian a society is, the healthier its population tends to be. We also need to note that these arguments have also been supported by a lot of studies that have sought to compare states within the united sates, different countries and different regions. The authors have further observed that countries with higher income inequalities have been shown to report more social and health problems compared to their counterparts with less income inequalities. The author has given the scenario of child A, born in the United States where the government’s budget on health care accounts for almost 50 percent of the total global health budget, but there are very high income inequalities (Wilkinson & Picket 2011). Child A is then compared with child B, born in Greece where the cost per an individual on healthcare is less than half the amount spent in the United States. However, the income inequalities in Greece are minimal, and as a result, child B has a higher likelihood of not falling victim to child mortality compared to child A. The study involved the collection of data on various social problems including level of trust, obesity, teenage births, mental illness, homicides, social mobility, and imprisonments rates. The results of the study revealed that all these social and health problems were common in each US states, as well as in all the countries that were surveyed by the study. Also, the results demonstrated an increase in the Index of Health and Social Problems score as the levels of inequality increased (Wilkinson & Picket 2011). Thus, countries with higher income inequality also suffer from more common social and health problems (Denisenko 2008). Inequality, as opposed to the average living standard, is related to the prevalence of poor social problems and poor health in the rich countries (World Health Organization 2010). Research shows that solidarity, community and social cohesion are important for the well-being of the human race (Jordal 2010). The authors have also demonstrated that as income inequalities in the United States continue to increase, so does the public expenditure on prisons. The results of the study further show that if we can reduce inequality in the society, then our quality of life and well-being will also increase. Identifying the explicit theory used in the paper and any implicit approach that the author(s) might have The authors have fully and clearly demonstrated that if at all we intend to enjoy better health and longer lives, then we must ensure that we must pursue greater equality (Prochorov et al 2007). We must also make sure that the gap between the rich and the poor has been reduced as much as possible so that we can all enjoy the benefits associated with increased equality, such as reduced social and health problems. For example, in a society whereby there is a big gap between those who are rich and those who are poor