ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The ability to understand and address the effects of deforestation and logging forms the basis towards sustainability of resources, greater social-economic development, political stability and ecological sanctity in the fast globalizing society. Deforestation is not a one state issue as it was previously thought. In fact, it is a highly diverse aspect with far reaching implications to all environmental aspects. Lawrence et al (2012) point out that the current trend in deforestation around various countries across the world is shocking. If this trend is not addressed, its cumulative effects would be irreversible and therefore greatly risk the existence of future generations. At this point, key questions that have frequently been asked have included the following: What entails deforestation? How does deforestation affect a natural forest ecosystem? What are the main causes and resulting effects? What are some of the current efforts that have been put in place to address deforestation? Are these efforts efficient? The current concerns on global deforestation have been examined in this paper as part of underscore its magnitude on a global scale and the litany of the disaster in the market. To indicate the road path that has resulted into the current precarious position and how it can be addressed, the national policy options have also been evaluated. Finally, using the market to address the problem of deforestation and logging, the paper indicates the opportunities that can be assimilated to promote sound environmental practices that are equally sustainable while maximizing the returns to the people. Background and overview The ability to balance between economic development and natural resources capacity to sustainably maintain profitability forms the basis of the human race to match into the future with dignity and vitality. Though the understanding of deforestation and logging as analysts concur is highly contested, the revelation of its related impacts has created a critical niche that demands involvement by all stakeholders. Over the last few decades, the problem of global warming in conjunction with aspects such as deforestation have been cited as the most dangerous disasters in waiting on a global scale. This has been the case due to its expansive deforestation and destruction of nature that makes even those not involved directly in its destruction to severely suffer the negative effects. In their publication, Lawrence et al (2012) define deforestation as a permanent destruction of woodlands and forests. The definition points out at indigenous tree as well as vegetation cover which does not include plantations of pines and gums or industrial forests. Th
Introduction In the recent past, a number of countries have embarked on an ambitious program of privatizing the electricity sector. While some governments have sold part of their shares to the private sector, there are others who have sold all the shares to the private sector, leaving such governments with no power to control the actions taken by the new electricity company owners. There are some people who perceive this as a bold move while others have a different opinion. Those who view this as a positive move argue that, most of the government owned organizations lack proper ways of carrying out their work because of the bureaucracy involved. Furthermore, most of these institutions have been perceived as havens of corruption, since most of the governments lacked the capacity to fight corruption. Literature review A remarkable number of scholars have had their input on this field, where a number of them seem to concur with each other while a substantial of them differ in a big way from their counterparts. This has therefore led to lack of consensus between the two camps since each perceive their arguments as the one holding water. It is important to recall that the ideas of privatizing the government utilities was a condition set out by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank in the late 1980s, for any country that wished to have its loan application considered by the two bodies. These reforms were referred to as the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and were aimed at minimizing the government expenditure on non performing utilities. The critics of this program claims that it was structured in a way that poor countries in Africa, South America, and Asia would continue depending on the developed countries
A research as massive as the one that ties in such processes as child development, particularly child’s academic performance, and the mother’s adult learning (Sabates, Duckworth & Feinstein, 2011), definitely demands an all-embracive and comprehensive research of the available sources. In addition, it is crucial that the research should be structured and formatted properly. Therefore, the need to utilize an adequate reference style emerges. Since the APA style allows for creating a short annotation traditionally defined as an abstract, as well as developing a detailed outline and offering in-ext information on not only the author of the source, but also the date when it came out, therefore, facilitating the relevance of the source in question, it is the most appropriate style to be used in the given research. The APA style is not to be confused with the APS one, which is also known as the American Psychological Society reference style (Wharton County Junior College, 2013). When using the APA style, one must keep its peculiarities in mind. To be more exact several key specifics of the given citation style are to be mentioned. Created by the American Psychological Association (APA Style, 2014), APA includes the elements that other reference styles do not have and, therefore, needs to be taken a closer look at. Abstract An abstract is a short description of the paper, i.e., the goal, the method and the key results. An abstract precedes the text and follows the title page of the paper. Title page As a rule, the traditional APA style presupposes that the title page should contain the title of the paper, the student’s name and the institution that the student attends. Rules may differ, though, depending on the institution. Reference page Named the “Reference List,” an APA referee page contains an alphabetically ordered list of sources used in the paper. In-text citation One of the most memorable elements of the APA style – one may argue, in fact, that this is the APA style’s calling card – the method of citing and quoting sources in the text is definitely worth mentioning. Apart from providing the author’s name and, occasionally, the page (the latter being used in case of a direct quotation), the author of a research must also include the year when the source was published. It is desirable (though not imperative, unless stated in the instructions) that the sources used for a research should not be older than five years; seeing how the given research is going to be carried out in 2014, it will be necessary to use the sources from 2009–2014. In addition, it should be kept in mind that an APA style does not approve of using many quotations; instead, citations are much more preferable. Pagination According to the APA traditions, the front page does not have a number; the pages are numbered starting with the second one, which is the page with the abstract on it. Running head Another element that only an APA paper has, a running head is a capitalized and shortened version o
Terrorism has become one of the acute problems of our time, as a hard-to-control manifestation of cruelty and aggression. Usually, terrorism results from extreme dissatisfaction with the foreign or domestic (less often) policies of a country. The legal definition of the term is still ambiguous, but the best definition is considered to be the achievement of ideological, political, economic, or religious goals by violent means. Although the problem is quite acute, there are many measures, regulations, laws, and units to combat terrorism today. One of these is the Diplock Commission which was set up to reinforce existing measures to control and combat terrorism. This paper aims to analyze how the Diplock Commission was set up to look at ways of dealing with the legal aspects of controlling terrorism in a democratic society. The Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act, passed in 1973, gives the security forces the ability to bring the terrorists before court. It also ensures safety and integrity, covering all the controversial legal issues (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2017). Thus, terrorist offenses were listed as “scheduled offenses,” and the measures served the security services well. Judges had to try scheduled offenses sitting alone, with more than the right of appeal. Unless the High Court granted the bail, it was prohibited, with strict conditions attached. Security forces had extended powers for search and seizure, moreover, one could hold a person on arrest without a warrant for seventy-two hours. The onus of proof was reversed for those arrested for explosives and weapons to prove their innocence. Nationalists, Republicans, and civil liberty organizations opposed the introduction of “Diplock Courts.” Nonjury trials were established in response to witnessing intimidation by paramilitary groups. At its peak, there was more than 300 trial per year that were held without a jury. The government technically abolished Diplock courts in 2007, however, nonjury trials can still be held if there is a risk of jurors’ intimidation. Speaking about how it works in the context of a democratic society, one may notice that this was not a reaction to a violation of human rights, which is contradictory to democracy. Thus, in 2000 Terrorism Act was established, which reformed much of the mechanisms and powers dealing with terrorism. The act extended the definition of terrorism; thus, it also included intimidation of the public, influencing the government, and advancing a political, ideological, or religious cause. Moreover, endangering a person’s life, involving serious violence against the person or damaging the property, and creating a serious threat to public health became also considered terrorism. This act was further complemented by the Anti-terrorism Crime and Security Act of 2001, which addressed terrorism and foreign nationals (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2017). Although, civil rights movements opposed provisions of these acts, especially the points where the burden of proof is reserved in suspected terrorism cases. The basic principle of the Diplock Commission is
Preparing to Read PreP The Pre-Reading Plan involves formulating a central concept of the text, dividing the class into groups, and having students group ideas related to the topic into logical categories, reflecting upon their relationships, and eliminating redundant words from the list before reading. PreP can be used before reading various texts to uncover students’ prior knowledge and relate them to the text. Brainstorming Involves the examination of the title of the text and, possibly, the subtitles inside it; students then write out all the information that comes to their mind as concise bullet points. This can be used to uncover students’ prior knowledge and restructure it, as well as to agree upon central notions or ideas. Pre-questions Students are asked questions about the contents of the text. These may include definitions of the key concepts, examples of related situations, key traits of the phenomena involved, or students’ own experience with the topic. Also, students may be asked leading questions to better predict the contents of the text (Yang, Newby, & Bill, 2005). In a social studies classroom, these may be used especially when discussing topics that are related to phenomena existing today. Discussing the purposes of reading The teacher may ask students about for what purpose they think the text is provided to them to engage them in critical thinking, or the teacher may offer several purposes to be discussed. It is also possible to discuss the desired outcomes of the reading. This strategy can be used before reading virtually any text. Discussing the author It is possible to consider the author of the text and discuss the students’ knowledge about her/him. It may help to put the text in a broader context and help relate the students’ knowledge about the author to the ideas given in the text. This strategy can be used when reading works of any prominent authors that students are already familiar with. Reading to Learn Contextualizing Students may be asked to place the text in its historical context. The learners should reflect upon the contemporary values they are adherents of, and the values and perceptions of the time during which the text was written. The strategy can be used while reading any works that were written a significant amount of time ago. Reflecting upon challenges to student’s convictions Students may be encouraged to compare the perceptions expressed in the text to their ones, and analyze the arguments for and against the new perceptions – both the ones provided in the text and the ones students can think of. This can be used with any text expressing non-mainstream perceptions. Summarizing the text While reading, students may be encouraged to take notes of the text by wri
Introduction The savings-surplus sector has excess amounts of money that relic after the disposable income is used. This money can be kept in form of cash in banks or the form of securities. On the other hand, the savings deficit sector does not have savings and even requires additional funds to operate efficiently. Main body The savings-surplus sector is primarily made up of households. The inflow of money into the households is usually through wages, profits, rent, and receipt of interest. The outflow of funds is through the payment of taxes and household expenses. The surplus that remains when the inflow of funds is more than the outflow can be invested for a reasonable expected return. The savings-deficit sector comprises non-financial institutions e.g. retailers, manufacturers, service providers, etc this company receive money from the sale of goods or services to the households. The outflow of the funds is through payments of wages, salaries, taxes, and operational expenses. The group that makes up the savings deficit sector is characterized by attempts to borrow funds from households. They do this through the issue of shares and bonds. They are therefore borrowers. Savings- surplus sector are lenders because they give the firms money while expecting a return. However, if a company has a lot of retained earnings they can lend others that money and thus cross over to the savings-surplus group. The financial market provides an avenue by which the funds can be given out or received. It is the surplus i.e. the households which usually constitute the supply in the financial market. It consists of the stock market, bond market, money market, insurance markets, foreign exchange markets, etc without financial markets; the borrowers would have a hard time searching for lenders. A company that is seeking to raise money in the stock market has to sell its shares or bonds to the investors. It is the household that is the main supplies in the financial markets. Other ways in which the surplus side can lend the ones with deficits is through depositing money in a savings account at a bank, paying the premiums to an insurance firm, purchasing government bonds, and contributing to a retirement fund. Many times these people do not even know that they are lenders. Conclusion All of us can’t be on the deficit side. Such a situation would mean that there would be no way of getting funds should the company need them. This is because the circular flow of money in an economy means that there is a constant demand-supply of funds. There w
Introduction Breast cancer is a tumor that affects lobules and milk ducts, which form part of the breast tissue. Depending on the site of occurrence, breast cancer can form ductal carcinomas and lobular carcinomas if they occur in the ducts and lobules of the breast, respectively. Breast cancer is prevalent among women, and it is the major cause of death in the United States. The prevalence rates and epidemiology of breast cancer indicate that it is a challenging disease, which the health care systems across the world are struggling to diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent. According to Lin and Pan (2012), “breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, with approximately 1.38 million new patients, and 459,000 deaths per year worldwide,” (p. 1). The malignancy and treatment of breast cancer disable patients, as it causes great pain, shoulder dysfunction, lymphedema, hormone disorder, neuropathy, and psychological disorders. To enhance understanding of breast cancer, this paper assesses a literature review to determine treatment and rehabilitation options, performs a functional assessment, and establishes residual functional capacity of patients. Literature Review Breast cancer is dominant cancer among women, and it contributes to the high mortality rates. The health care system utilizes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery in the treatment of breast cancer. Since breast cancer has disabling effects, it requires effective treatment and rehabilitative interventions. According to Silver (2007), pain-relieving, fatigue reduction, physical exercise, and psychotherapy are some of the rehabilitation methods applicable to the management of cancer. However, a few numbers of patients usually undergo the process of rehabilitation; hence, increasing their risk of disabling effects of cancer (Lin, & Pan, 2012). Therefore, many women are grappling with the impacts of breast cancer and the adverse effects of therapies. Breast cancer and treatment methods have significant effects on the health of patients. Studies show that breast cancer and its treatment methods cause motor, sensory, cognitive, emotional/behavioral, and adaptive dysfunctions (Perry, Kowalski, & Chang, 2007). Motor and sensory dysfunctions occur due to chronic pain that has a paralyzing effect. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy cause fatigue and increase physical disability among patients with breast cancer. In the emotional/behavioral aspect, breast cancer and its treatment reduce libido, thus causing sexual dysfunction (Melisko, Goldman, & Rugo, 2010). Functional analysis shows that breast cancer and its treatment methods have significant disabling effects that require effective treatment and rehabilitative interventions. Treatment and Rehabilitation Options Depending on the nature and stage of breast cancer, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are available treatment options. Surgery involves the excision of the benign or malignant cells that are present in the breast. If surgery entai
What Problem is the Author Addressing? In the reviewed report, the author addresses the problem of recycling waste in America. Utilizing the data, he provides recommendations on recycling in the West Coast College to promote a higher rate of waste management. Secondary Research On page 1, the author states the sources he acquired the data about waste management from; the reports include the amount of trash and the type of rubbish (“How to write a business report”, 2017). On page 3, the author demonstrates the methods of how organizations promote recycling programmes and utilizes this knowledge to create recommendations for members of the community (“How to write a business report”, 2017). Primary Research The primary research of the report is the conducted survey among the members of the West Coast College campus that concerns the attitude toward the recycling programme and what materials informants mostly recycle. On page 11, the author presents the survey format that is used in the primary research (“How to write a business report”, 2017). Research-Based Report Similar to the current report, various activities might be performed to improve the quality of life in the workspaces or schools. For instance, a survey could be conducted to find out whether employees or students need more vending machines on campus as an efficient method to alleviate hunger. Reference University of Wellington, Victoria Business School. (2017). How to write a business report.
Introduction The impact of peaceful demonstrations against repressive authorities has proved that the democratic tool is significant tool that can be used to change the society in favor of majority rule. The mainstream South Africans employed this tool after being forced to bear the brunt of four-decade repression under the apartheid government. Strategic acts of peaceful civil disobedience saved several lives in mid 1980s, but drove home the message of popular disapproval of the political establishment. Peaceful strikes such as refusal to purchase goods from white men shops; failure to remit monthly rental fee, and job boycotts forced the repressive regime into submission, after its revenue dwindled. The paper explores various peaceful activities that forced the white ruling elite of South Africa to embrace negotiations that would open more room for African-led democracy. Additionally, Thoreau argument that democracy is not analogous to justice is also analyzed in regard to the fight against Apartheid in South Africa. South Africa Overview Painter and Blanche (521-525) indicate that widespread unrest rocked major South African towns in 1980s, protests which the locals churned against the colonialists. In spite of the largely peaceful demonstrations, which the locals believed would limit casualties and bring the change they yearned for; security forces were deployed by the government to contain the protests. The government applied a confrontational containment strategy that led to altercations between the law enforcers and the protesters. Isolated cases of violence were reported as youths and the police came face to face during protest and containment of the situation. Hapless activists of African descent were routinely manhandled and incarcerated by the government agents. Protesters, who were aware of the ruthless government machinery against them, began to convince the ordinary man to refrain from violent confrontations with security forces and adopt peaceful modes of expressing their dissatisfaction with the political elite. According to Davis (369