ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The situation discussed took place in the final year of school. As part of the final year assignments for the Information Technology subjects students needed to assemble into groups and produce a complex. My group consisted of six people, three women, and three men. All participants were high-achievers, and only two of them had worked together before. And one of the guys were both drawn to the leadership position and had different views on how the assignment needed to be performed and used different styles of leadership. This caused shifts of power and conflicts which had to be resolved for the project to be a success. Symptoms and Analysis Initially, the second leader and I served as the dual leaders of the group. We began the “forming” process, during which social connections started to build and members began discussing the project and orienting themselves to their possible roles. During this process, I showed myself as a participative leader. I organized the group to discuss questions and ideas, engaged them, and made sure everyone participated in the conversations and the decision making. This was effective at first but came at odds with the other leader’s autocratic leadership style. During the “storming” process, it became apparent that the autocrat had a defined vision of the project, and was determined to use the group to achieve that views. He deliberately used Neutral, and Dishonest, and Unethical Influence Tactics to dominate the group. He used ingratiation at first, to gain the members’ appreciation, and then began dismantling their ideas through criticism and upward appeal, by only advertising his ideas to the teacher, and mentioning the ideas of other students in an underhanded manner, and then using the teacher’s praise to promote his designs further. The students submitted to this, in part, because the autocrat had a reputation as a Subject Matter Expert. All this caused severe groupthink, with “effective” members becoming “yes people” and “sheep”. The autocrat used this to reinforce his authority, claiming that he was the only one making a meaningful input. Because of his aggressive tactics, he shifted the power to himself at first. Since the effectiveness of the group had dropped, I realized that leadership needed to change. I got in touch with the four remaining members separately from the autocrat and started rebuilding the relationship with them in accordance with the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory. By using rational persuasion and charm, I persuaded them that the current course of action needed to be changed, and brought to their attention that they were unhappy with it. I apprised the targets and reminded them that their marks and experience were at stake, and we formed a coalition with me in charge to take the power from the autocrat and delegate it to the group. He became resistant and ignored appeals to reason. To get him to work with everyone, I legitimated my request, by reminding him that his actions went against the requirements set by the teacher, and could cause him to lose points. This worked in combination with peer pressure, a
Taking responsibility is often discussed as a challenging process because of the associated limits and frames in behaviors and feelings of blame or duty. In addition, responsibility is usually associated with the personal maturity of an individual who can act conscientiously and focus on consequences of his or her actions (Perring, 2014, p. 18). From this point, the idea of responsibility is discussed in different situations when a person is expected to demonstrate a certain response to events, processes, and behaviors. The implicit idea behind the notion of ‘responsibility’ is that this response should be moral and accountable (King & Carruthers, 2012, p. 201). The purpose of this paper is to examine the aspects of the definition of ‘responsibility’, to discuss the recent debates on the concept of ‘responsibility’ in the scholarly literature, and to analyze the idea of responsibility with references to the known cases of responsible actions and with the focus on the students’ responsibility in the context of education. Definition of the Problem In spite of the fact that the idea of responsibility is explained to persons since their childhood, and they learn to be responsible while studying and behaving, the notion is still discussed as complex for understanding. It is rather difficult to overestimate the role of responsibility demonstrated by persons in the society because this concept is also closely related to the notions of morality, ethics, and duty (Khoury, 2012, p. 188). From this perspective, people are inclined to view responsibility as an essential aspect of their life, and the understanding of this idea is developed through the education and social interactions. The problem is in the fact that researchers and educators impose different meanings on the idea of responsibility as a moral, philosophical, and social concept. According to Isaacs (2014), responsibility can be divided into personal and social, and the man’s actions differ depending on the type of responsibility that a person can assume (p. 41). In addition, there are disparities between taking responsibility for something and acting responsibly (Toumayan, 2014, p. 270). Therefore, the detailed examination of the concept of responsibility is required. The Meaning of ‘Responsibility’ Although people can claim that they understand what the concept of ‘responsibility’ means, researchers distinguish a variety of approaches from which this idea can be viewed. Williams (2013) defines re
Introduction Organizational concept (decision making) plays an integral part in the success of a given organization. It can be said to be the process that results in the selection of a course of action that will be most suitable among the many alternatives present. In the long run it ends up with a choice. On the other hand it can be said to be a strategic process. It involves efficient and proper implementation of strategic plans to achieve desired organizational goals (Stanhope, 2002, p.12). In coming up with decisions in an organization, multiple divisions have to be involved in this process. This therefore means that gaining acceptance from all the stakeholders might be a challenge (Stanhope, 2002, p.10). In coming up with a decision, the impact that the decision will have on other workers should be evaluated. If not well calculated and anticipated the implications of the decisions can affect the overall running of the organization. Schools like any other organizations need good decision-making to enhance their operations. There are many competitive pressures that are facing schools in their pursuit of providing quality education. This paper will therefore focus on my school and how it has embraced technology to improve decision making in trying to attain organizational goals. In trying to improve decision making my school has used decision support systems. This system has helped the management in decision making by compiling information from the available raw data, personal knowledge and documents to identify and solve problems thereby making the right decisions. In the long run the school has increased personal efficiency and facilitated interpersonal communication. Since this is a learning institution it has promoted learning and training by increasing organizational control in the school. Application This system has used a structured avenue that has included the management, students and the development approach. The system has been able to manage, retrieve and manipulate most of the information that was not structured in an electronic format. This has allowed the management to make decisions in a particular problem area. Although it has not provided the ultimate decisions it has gone in a long way to help in decision making. On the other hand it has provided special expertise through the stored facts, rules and procedures (Gachet, 2004, p.13). Different users have been created to use the system which has opened up the necessary space. Both the teachers and students have been given an opportunity to present their queries thereby increasing interactions and communication. It can be learnt that technology has influenced good decisions as all the people are involved at one stage or another. Students have also been encouraged to feel free and ask any questions that they need attended to, which has enabled the management to come up with sound decisions. This is an investment that needs proper evaluation before the system can be developed. There is need for evidence regarding the cost effectiveness and efficiency of using this technology. Therefore the school needs to look at the student achievement and research on technology. The manage
Introduction Nursing is an important branch of healthcare because it plays a supportive role. Even though most nurses have limited skills, training, and experiences, they play important roles that allow healthcare facilities to operate smoothly (Halstead 2010). Therefore, their contributions in providing healthcare services cannot be ignored. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative is a reputable committee that researched various issues affecting nursing. This essay explores various issues presented in the work of this committee. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative Committee and the IOM Report This committee was established to research the working conditions of nurses as well as the way to improve them to ensure they offer good services. Many nations including the U.S.A. have experienced serious challenges in providing good healthcare services to their citizens (Institute of Medicine 2011). In addition, this challenge continues to trouble nations even though they invest a lot of resources in solving them. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative got world recognition when it was mandated to conduct research and report about various issues, affecting nurses. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was mandated to work with this committee to conduct research and give their report about the challenges nursing and present recommendations face to solve them. These bodies were supposed to offer solutions to the problems that they would highlight during their research to ensure they are solved (Mason 2011). They worked together to ensure that they had identified all issues that affected nurses and their environment. This was motivated by the need to improve the existing conditions where nurses offered poor services to their clients. In addition, the increase of the population, changes in technology made it difficult for nurses to deliver their duties well. This means that these challenges kept changing and adopting new traits while nurses continued to work under the same conditions and using old technology and skills (Institute of Medicine 2011). This committee was supposed to research the problems associated with the training and education of nurses, availability, and quality of health insurance covers and licenses, remuneration, and allowances given to nurses (Valiga 2012). Therefore, it had a huge task of analyzing the conditions that prevailed at that time and which influenced the provision of services by nurses. The Importance of the Report The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative Committee presented its report to the Department of Health (DOH), which gave highlighted some issues regarding the challenges that nurses faced during their services. In addition, it presented r
In his article, Richard Buchanan quotes Rittel as having defined wicked problems as “a class of social system problems which are ill-formulated, where the information is confusing, where there are many clients and decision makers with conflicting values, and where the ramifications in the whole system are thoroughly confusing” (“Wicked Problems In Design Thinking” 15). In this definition we get to understand that a wicked problem is a situation that confronts designers in whatever new situation that presents itself before them in their daily works. Therefore in any field such as science of the artifact, architecture, engineering or writing this becomes a technical problem where a designer has to be creative in coming up with a design that responds to unique situations. Therefore owning this problem is being accountable for the responses to artifacts regardless of the fact that there are numerous conflicting views which would come out from the users and which the designer can never have a prior knowledge. This is as a result of big differences between the liberal arts, especially the old, and the new; because liberal arts no longer treats science as primary and art as secondary but saw science itself as art. This gives us an understanding as to why in design thinking will continue to expand meanings and connections in today’s culture. But there are emerging problems in the relationship between art and sciences, industry and manufacturing, marketing and distribution and the final consumer who utilizes the final product of this design thought. There is a disagreement of the notion that design is a science but what is clear is that everyone could benefit from appreciation of design principles and thought pattern. The contemporary culture has been affected by design in a way that can be understood when this effect is classified into four areas of analysis. The first one is the symbolic and visual communication which encompasses the traditional definition of the graphic designer. The second one is the design of material objects which concerns itself with form and appearance of everyday product like clothing, tools, Vehicles et cetera. Third, is the design of activities as well as organized services like the traditional management concern for logistics, aimed at enabling human beings attain objectives in life. This is where the concept of strategic planning and design thinking can be used to improve aspects of intelligence, meaningfulness and human experience. The fourth area is
The Puritans believed that a natural human being is not possible to understand and acknowledge the deity. In the vast nature, human beings are required to much more understanding and updated of there intelligent minds. They claimed that natural people can only get to know all that a person has agreed to reveal voluntarily. The Puritans described God as “divine sovereignty” that meant that God is Powerful and the whole universe is created by his will. They also believed that God was the ultimate source of all good things and everything he did was pure and holy. Man is perceived to be part of creation of God that was made in the image of God.But the Puritans also believed that the human goodness was lost when the first parents disobeyed the covenant of God. This led to the fall from the state of righteousness with God and so they became sinners. This acted as the beginning of every illness and human physical motility, but in spiritual world it was the initiation of mankind soul imprecise. The Puritans further believed that human being became self-centered instead of God-centered and in this essence they put great emphasis on the fall of man and the original sin. Indeed, the two values that are verified pragmatic in theology.The Puritans also believed in the principle of predestination which means that God is all aware of what is happening. They believed that everything happens for a reason with God because he will save what he wants to save. This belief was very consoling to them as they clearly alleged if anything occur must have connection to God even though they did not understand. They also believed that in his benevolence, God chose saving some people despite their uncleanness. These people were rebels as they absolutely refused to tolerate any authority whatsoever which did not come from the word. But in the case of the group of Pilgrims this had became something like an egalitarian type unlike the Puritans who had different way of seeing things. The Puritans people took the religion very seriously and saw it as complex and highly wise affair. The puritans emphasized on education that fostered class distinction, and this pushed the entire group to prioritize education. This was a way of life amongst its people that necessitated understanding matters of salvation. The understanding of the Scripture was very essential for the Puritans; this attitude would never be compromised in any way as it characterized them into New England. It is through the emphasis of education that saw the start of Harvard College that come into being since the entire community gave their maximum support including the poor ones.In 1947 a legislation was introduced in Massachusetts which ordered that every single town which had a population of one hundred families to introduce a free language class. In 1560s, a reform agenda was brought forward in churches which wanted to regain a state of hol
A museum is basically a building set aside for the acquisition, management, inquiry, presentation and educational interpretation in the aim of having scientific or traditional value. The main objective of such museums is to enable the modern generation to appreciate their respective culture as well as history. Just like many other educational institutions, a museum is divided into various departments such as agriculture, science and arts. This plays a significant role when locating a certain item in the museum. Apart from the internal layout in a museum, there are some which tend to favor conservation over education and the reverse. This is mainly affected by national governing policies. There are others which are more specialized to the type of information stored in them. They include, church museum, and historical museums, among others (Miller, 1989). Some of the oldest museums include, Capitoline Museums which ranges from as back as 1471. The second oldest museum is museum which was established back in 1506. Various amendments have been made so as to enable both the scholars and the public to access these resources. Museum management is conducted under the governance of board of directors with respect to the National Governing Policies. There are both private and those that are considered as public museums. Private museums are established and managed by individuals or a group of investors while public are managed by either the government or various educational institutions (Findlen, 1989). Exhibition history is generally an outline of the history of the exhibit. “It includes the name of the host institution, the title and the opening and closing of the exhibition” (Forgey, 2004, p.1). This allows easy access to these facilities from all quotas. Exhibit design is the form used to display substantial exhibits. Apart from traditional 2-D and 3-D designs and architects, audio-visual, software designs and editors supplements the display of information (Miller, 1989). However, these exhibit designs tend to vary with the type and the governance of museum. Immediately after arriving at the museum, a brief introduction of the history of the museum is given out. This may be accompanied by handouts and pamphlets for further clarification. If it is a large group, the number is divided and assigned to various tutors who in turn take the students to various locations in the museum. Each exhibition is usually accompanied by a brief history and origin. This may be orally presented by the tutor or written at the background of the showcase. Slide presentation and video presentations are also offered to enhance embark on theory from the portraits (Forgey, 2004). When it comes to the value, there are some exhibits that tend to be more valuable than others. Historic portraits tend to be more preferred, as compared to other valuables in a museum. This is because they are limited and cannot be retrieved once they are destroyed. Over generations, people tend to treasure
The world’s business environment is shifting as more people develop and grow businesses that impact the global economy. The entrepreneurial spirit is particularly vibrant in the United States, where approximately 550,000 ventures are launched each month (Scarborough 1). However, while many people come up with ideas, very few act on them to create viable businesses. Understanding the factors that drive change agents to develop innovative solutions to complex problems is essential. While industrious individuals generate new ideas in the face of uncertainty, truly unique and successful ventures are generated by originals who seldom adhere to the rules that define entrepreneurship. Originals are individuals who have unique ideas and take specific steps to see them materialize. They are focused on driving change and creativity, which is defined as the capacity to generate avant-garde propositions designed to solve specific challenges while utilizing existing opportunities (Scarborough 37). It is vital to note that these individuals have certain defining features. For instance, they often start late and may seem to procrastinate (Grant). Many originals get their best ideas when they temporize rather than act on specific projects. Individuals who rush to complete assignments are often deemed less creative than those who take their time and deliver at the last minute. However, chronic procrastination is associated with a decline in inventiveness. Therefore, taking some time to evaluate divergent ideas and think in non-linear ways boosts ingenuity. Missing the first-mover advantage does not mean the new business will fail. It is critical for entrepreneurs to focus on defining and refining their ideas before jumping into the market. First movers report a 47% failure rate compared to 8% among improvers who take the time to evaluate the conditions before introducing a product (Grant). It is often much easier to make improvements on an idea than coming up with a new one. Fear and doubt are common features associated with original individuals. This contradicts conventional definitions that highlight how entrepreneurs are “confident in their ability to succeed” and have an “abundance of confidence” (Scarborough 4). While they may look self-assured on the outside, originals experience the same anxieties that plague ordinary people. The key difference is that they have effective management techniques which help them focus on the main mission. For instance, rather than focus on self-doubt, originals distrust ideas and refuse to accept default options (Grant). They instead search for alternatives that best address their needs and expectations. Even though fear is present in every original’s pursuit of success, they are more scared of failing to try, which prompts them to exhaust all available options before giving up. Originals develop hundreds of bad ideas before finding one that works. This aligns with the entrepreneurial spirit, which encourages individuals to keep trying even when they fail (Scarborough 39). Therefore, dedicating efforts to increase output leads to increased variability, wh