ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When customers exhibit signs of dissatisfaction regarding the services of a particular organization, it is crucial for the organization to take corrective measures. Always, customers expect to get value for their money. The failure to address service failure may drive away customers and adversely affect an organization’s reputation as dissatisfied customers tell potential customers about the organizations poor service delivery (Anderson et al., 2009). This factor considerably affects an organization’s earnings and may eventually lead to closure when the aspect of service failure occurs on a large scale. The services offered to customers considerably contribute in the marketing aspect of an organization as consumers play the role of personal marketing. Personal marketing is crucial in promoting an organization’s name and its services. A customer is satisfied when the offered services meet his or her expectations (CENGİZ et al., 2007). Exceeding a customer’s initial expectations increases the customer’s possibility of seeking the services of the same provider in future. To recover from service failure and restore customer satisfaction, an organization has to embark on vigorous improvement procedures that portray its commitment to customers. An appropriate service delivery approach should ensure satisfactory service delivery and increase profits. Despite its negative effects, service failure can considerably boost an organization’s marketing and enhance customer loyalty (Komunda & Osarenkhoe, 2012). This paper investigates the outcomes of service failure in the highly competitive air transport industry and the gains that airlines derive from appropriate service recovery procedures. The nature of the air transport industry creates several opportunities for mistakes to occur during service delivery. This makes the industry considerably prone to service failures. In addition, the industry is subject to numerous external factors that could disrupt normal service delivery. Objectives  1. To determine the relationship between service recovery
Introduction The following literature review aims at exploring the current approaches to studying consumer behavior and locating gaps and discrepancies in theory. The acknowledgment of gaps is important because in the contemporary dynamic environment the inability to predict and control customer behavior usually leads to economic issues. The review compares the traditional five-step model to the proposed alternatives and provides an in-depth view of the factors and methodologies used in the studies. The articles from credible peer-reviewed scholarly sources are preferred to warrant consistency. Each objective is reviewed in a separate chapter. The Traditional Approach The most recognized model of consumer decision making is the so-called “five-step” model. It does not have specific and well-defined stages – instead, it is described with the generalized “steps” which are modified and altered in different sources. The robustness, flexibility, and simplicity of the model are responsible for its popularity and constant usage in research. The first stage is the recognition of a problem, at which the consumer is acknowledging the difference between the actual state and the desired one. According to Bruner and Pomazal (2013), this stage is often neglected in the studies, and its use is limited to the definition. At the same time, they point to the fact that the problem recognition is a complex and multi-layered process and depends on several causes, may develop depending on the chosen consumer actions, and is influenced by the variety of factors, with reference groups, novelty, and thinking is the most common ones (Bruner & Pomazal, 2013). The next step is information search when the consumer is inquiring about the desired product or service. Traditionally, the search consisted of the interpersonal communication, relevant personal experience, and various types of media, with the social media and other Internet resources becoming dominant nowadays (Hugstad, Taylor, & Bruce, 2013). Hugstad et al. (2013) also note that aside from the availability of sources and the capability for processing information, factors such as social class and perceived risk noticeably affect the outcome. After the information is gathered, the customer is considering the alternatives. While some scholars tend to include this into the research process, others argue
The main functions of an organisation’s management are: planning, organising, leading and controlling. In SOL Cleaning Services, much of the management’s responsibilities and authority have been decentralised to a team of 135 supervisors. Each supervisor is in charge of a team of about fifty janitors, and act together to come up with their own budgets, negotiate their own contracts with clients, and hire new staff. Much of the planning function is left unto the self-managed teams. Liisa Joronen, the chairman cum owner, says, “People are ambitious and unrealistic. They set targets for themselves that are higher than what you would set for them. And because they set them, they hit them.” The management recognises that people are creative, mindful and emotional and should be given freedom to use their brains alongside their hands. Thus, the management gives the employees full responsibility and independence in their work and each individual plans and manages their own tasks. However, the management prepares the overall company budget, which contains training programs, forthcoming occasions and organisational info, and evaluation reports that are stored in the firm’s Intranet. SOL’s management philosophy emphasises “employee freedom, responsibility, trust, creativity and goals, as well as pleasant and professional working methods and work results.” [1] In addition to employees, each studio provides for its own equipments, tools and replenishments. However, although the employees get a chance to do what they like, the management is actively involved in vital tasks, such as managerial decision making, allocating responsibilities and resources to the various studios. The overall company uses a unified complex sales database, on its Intranet, to track its current clients and its “most targeted accounts, when they were last contacted, by whom, and what pledges were made.” The controlling function involves monitoring employees’ activities, keeping the firm on track towards its objectives, and taking action where necessary. In SOL, the 135 Service Supervisors perform much of the controlling function. They use advanced technologies, such as laptops and mobile phones, to function wherever they are and however they want. And to ensure that SOL’s customers and assets are protected, its employees are fully registered and adequately covered by a comprehensive insurance policy. Although the employees work in autonomy, the management employs metrics to measure their performance. There are performance benchmarks that are established by the sales personnel and the cleaners assigned to a certain task, which the client uses to rate the cleaner’s work on a monthly basis. Even the janitors carry “quality passports” that show recommendations by clients. The management is involved in influencing employees to inspire them to achieve the firm’s objectives. In SOL, the managers are appraised on the quality of their work rather than havin
Introduction The United States is the leading economy in the whole world for a long time now. After the word war, Europe and Japan have overpowered economically hence the United States of America grew up economically than most parts of the world. However, for the last 20 years, Japan and Europe have posed a stiff challenge since their economies are coming up. Discussion In terms of democracy, the United States goes by the majority system where citizens vote for their leaders at all levels by use of the majority rule of over 50% of the votes. On the other hand, Germany uses both the majority and the proportional system to elect their members of parliament. The German government parties choose the person to run for a parliamentary seat, while in the United States it is the congress that chooses the person to run for the seat. In the U.S freedom and security are very essential as part of the welfare of its citizens just like in Germany and Japan where they are very important. A welfare system promotes the freedom of the people as it enables them to live without fear. Germany emphasizes security while the United States emphasizes much on freedom. Giving a bad expression on an American company’s products on the web may lead to someone being prosecuted by the company lawyer through the judicial system. Homeless people in the U.S do not have the freedom of speech (Powell & Hendricks, 2009). The US Supreme Court has ordered that local laws that do not allow individuals to ask for money are constitutional. Also, someone may be sacked for no reason which reduces the freedom of speech in the workplace. Germans have more concerns about security as compared to Americans as someone may be sacked from the job after being given enough reason that quantifies his or her sacking and after a long time of notice. There is no freedom of traveling by the U.S citizens such as traveling to Cuba was banned. Sex education is emphasized in Europe more than in the United States and Japan. Killers and murderers in Germany are put in prison for fifteen years but in the United States, most murderers are put in prison for life. The juniors who commit murder in the U.S and are of age 13 and above are put in prison for life just like the adults. But in Germany, children below 14 years are not punished but those over 18 years are treated as adults. Japan is much like t
Brief Background Margarine Unie, a Dutch margarine manufacturer, and Lever Brothers, a UK-based enterprise specializing in soap, created Unilever in 1930. From the 50s and further, the company extended the range of its products. The company has made many acquisitions, but we are interested in those of ice-cream persuasion. The first one occurred in the 1920s when Margarine Unie and Lever Brothers bought Wall’s meat business. The idea to produce ice-cream for summer proved a success. In the 60s, Unilever acquired Good Humor, US. By the late 70s, Unilever had acquired a third of the ice-cream market in Western Europe and became the biggest ice-cream manufacturer in the US. The acquisitions continue into the 21 st century: in 2010, Unilever acquired EVGA, Greece, and in October 2015, it acquired GROM, Italy (Landini 2015). Mission Unilever prides itself on its remarkable understanding of the consumers’ needs. It engages itself in producing consumer-oriented goods that consist of food and beauty products. The ultimate social goal that Unilever tries to achieve is improving the life quality on a local and global scale. Thus, it deploys an unambiguously stated mission concerning the quality of its products. It agrees and undertakes the obligation to distribute ice-cream made of the finest-quality ingredients. It also claims to adopt environment-friendly technologies and business practices ( Sustainable Living n.d.). Strategies in Action Currently, the company adopts the strategy of product development that presumes to improve the characteristics of a product to meet the market’s needs. The company continuously monitors the demand to decide whether the product brings profit or the line should be called back. Also, Unilever tracks the competitors’ products to ensure its leading positions in the market. About human resources, the company manages the recruitment of staff members to make sure the workplaces suit the workers and vice versa. All new employees are trained and surveyed for the salaries to be adjusted. The company maintains its financial operations relying on the resources it accommodates. They do their best to mitigate post-trade risks through the adoption of practices deployed by ICAP and are the world leaders in sustainability ( In search of the good business 2014). Leaders in Sustainability, % Unilever                      32.5 Patagonia                     9    Interface                     7    Marks & Spenser               6    Nestle                        4    Natura                        4    Nike                          4    GE                            4    Walmart                       3    Puma                          3    IKEA                          3    Coca-Cola                     3     The acquisitions have an undeniably important part of Unilever’s success. Through acquisitions, the Wall’s company started its growth from a soap-and-margarine joint business towards a global ice-cream manufacturer. With time, the acquisitions became an indispensable resource of the local market information concerni
The first day of freshman can be the most challenging one. This is obviously because being in a new environment with unfamiliar faces can be very confusing to an individual (Matlock, 2005). However, preparing adequately and gathering enough courage can help a freshman overcome some of the challenges. On the first day, a freshman is likely to be nervous. No matter how nervous an individual is, he or she should find enough courage to stay calm. Nervousness is a weakness easily detected by senior students. Just in case senior students realize that you are a freshman, they will harass and frustrate you on the first day (Kaplan Higher Education, 2008). This is because all freshmen are underestimated by other students. A new school environment can bring confusion to a freshman. It is therefore very advisable for a freshman to come with a map or a friend, who will act as a guide. Coming with a map or a friend will help an individual not to get lost, which can even be more traumatizing. To be organized, a freshman should ensure he has a program schedule on the material day. After going through the orientation process, one should not ignore anything even the smallest detail. Ignoring details can cause a lot of harm to a freshman on the first day. So it is advisable to carry a schedule from room to room; that way, a freshman will look organized. By so doing, it is likely that no one will even realize that you are a freshman (Kaplan Higher Education, 2008). It is also extremely important to come with most of the basics materials on the first day. Even if an individual does not have enough supplies, it is necessary to come with a book bag, which will fit all the materials (Matlock, 2005). In addition, it is also important for a student to bring some of the course materials to avoid disappointment on the first day; mostly, it is advisable to carry a notebook, pencil, pen, calculator, and geometrical set, just to name a few of the essential items (Kaplan Higher Education, 2008). If you get an opportunity, you can always ask your teacher what will be needed so that you can come fully prepared the following day. Most importantly, a freshman should form friendship with everyone he meets on the first day. Although this may be difficult, it is an important tool that will help every freshman to have an enjoyable time. Friends will help one to get organized and to stay updated, which is extremely important in keeping track of assignments, home works, and other course projects (Matlock, 2005). Friends will also help you in terms of advice and they will also provide you company during this crucial time. Whenever senior students want to take advantage of you because you are a freshman, friends can really be helpful. Undoubtedly, the first day as a freshman can be very challenging. For me, I was nervous and looked confused. However, I gathered courage and followed my friend’s advice. I came to school on time, I attended the orientation, which was very informative, I brought with me most of the essentials, especially the book bag, and I become friends with almost everyone, including the old students. Although I was extremely tired at the end of the day, I h
In the grand scheme of things, prosecutors and victims of violent crimes are natural allies. The prosecutors strive to bring the offenders to justice, whether to fulfill their duty before the law or achieve career progress. At the same time, the victims get moral satisfaction when the criminals are brought to justice. Therefore, one might think that prosecutors and victims are naturally supposed to cooperate. However, this logical scenario does not necessarily happen in practice. Sometimes, the victims cannot adequately cooperate with the prosecutors due to the experienced shock, fear, or mistreatment in the prosecutor’s office. During the mid-70s, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded the first Victim/Witness Assistance Projects (VWAPs) in order to enhance cooperation between the prosecutors’ offices and victims (Karmen, 2019). With time, the VWAPs have become firmly established institutions charged with the noble mission of supporting crime victims. Prosecutor offices can assist the victims of violent crimes through various means. The best practices include psychological help in hotlines and crisis counseling, shelter, food, transportation, and property recovery (Karmen, 2019). In addition, most VWAPs make referrals to local agencies, which provide the victims with long-term care (Karmen, 2019). Furthermore, prosecutor offices offer legal assistance through pamphlets about the adjudication process. Finally, VWAPs mitigate confusion by notifying the victims about indictments, postponements, acquittals, convictions, and other possible developments in the case (Karmen, 2019). As such, the modern prosecutor offices are well equipped for ensuring the victims’ cooperation through legal, psychological, and even financial support. The San Diego County District Attorney’s Office serves as a specific example of a well-rounded victim services project. The Victim Assistance Program offers emergency (crisis intervention), legal (court support, orientation in the criminal justice system), and psychological (referral assistance) help (San Diego County District Attorney, n.d.). In addition, victims of violent crimes may receive special reimbursement for eligible losses from the Victim Compensation Board, which is funded by restitution fines (San Diego County District Attorney, n.d.). These reimbursements cover such losses as medical expenses, home security improvements, or outpatient mental treatment, among others. Overall, crime victims in the County of San Diego can rely on decent support from their District Attorney’s office.
Phagocytosis Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf other smaller cells or particles. The engulfing cell is called a phagocyte. After the phagocytosis process is completed, a phagosome is formed. In some cases, the phagocyte derives nutrients from the engulfed material. This form of feeding is common amongst amoebas and sponges. However, in higher animals, the process is used mainly for defence purposes, especially after infections. This paper discusses the phagocytosis mechanism, especially in higher animals, together with how it is used by the immune system to fight diseases. The Phagocytosis Mechanism A bacterium will be used as an example of the engulfed particle. Before the phagocytosis process can be completed, the engulfing cell should adhere to the bacteria. The adherence process depends on the bacteria’s chemical receptors on the surface (Arandjelovic & Ravichandran, 2015). The phagocytosis process can only occur after the phagocyte binds to the receptors on the surface of the bacteria. If the phagocyte is not compatible with the available receptors, blood proteins, which are called opsonins, form a coating film on the surface of the bacteria through the opsonisation process (Davies & Abreu, 2014). The phagocytes then bind to the opsonins, and the phagocytosis process is initiated. After the adherence phase, the engulfment process starts. This speed of engulfment depends on the size of the bacteria or particle. Small bacteria are engulfed instantly. However, large particles or clumps of bacteria are engulfed slowly over a prolonged period. The phagocyte moves around the bacteria until they are engulfed completely to form a phagosome. The phagocyte then releases hydrolytic enzymes, which are used to digest the phagosome (Gordon, 2016). Figure 1: The phagocytosis pathway (Richards & Endres, 2014). The enzymes are normally found within lysosomes, which are membrane-enclosed sacs found inside a cell. The enzymes break down the phagosome into small organic components that are ultimately used by the cell for different purposes (Gordon, 2016). The undigested materials are released back to the tissues, which activates the immune system to produce more phagocytes to digest such materials. In some cases, some bacteria are not recognisable by the general antibodies present in the body. As such, the opsonisation process does not take place, and the bacteria cannot be engulfed. In such cases, the body is forced to mount an immune response to attack the bacteria, as explained in the next section. Role of Phagocytosis in the Immune System In the mammalian immune system, the white blood cells (WBC) are the common phagocytes. After bacteria invade the body, the immune system’s first reaction is to control the invasion and eradicate the pathog
Network Analysis When evaluating the diversity of my social network (Facebook), I can note that among a large number of friends, there is much in common; however, significant differences are also present. In particular, regarding the criterion of a social class, the overwhelming majority is similar. Also, the age setting is relatively stable since young people make up the largest percentage of registered users. Nevertheless, the network is diverse in terms of such parameters as race, job functions, religion, education, and interests. In more detail, the relationship of all variables can be seen in Figure 1.