ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Revolution is an attempt to overthrow an existing form of power or organizational structure that take a short period of time. They vary in terms of methods, period, and motivating ideas. Hosni Mubarak became the president of Egypt in 1981 after the assassination of President El Sadat and ruled until 2011. He became the longest serving president in Egypt history. He used National Democratic Party. He used authoritarian rule. He won five consecutive times with majority of the votes (The New York Times 1). Millions of protesters began campaigns of non-violent resistance on 25 th January 2011, to a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labor strikes to overthrow the regime of their president Hosni Mubarak. They were inspired by the successful revolution in Tunisia (Dinga 461). The people complained of police violence, state of emergency laws, lack of freedom of speech and free elections, unmanageable corruption, unemployment, food price inflation, and low minimum wages. Revolution in Egypt has had positive impacts on the country since changes were done to withdraw the negative impacts of the rule of their president (Dinga 462). Causes of revolution Emergency laws extended the power of police, constitution, and legalization of censorship. Individuals were being imprisoned without trials. Non-governmental political activities and unregistered financial donations were forbidden. The government rejected some education centers, mosques, and denied the freedom of the media. The government argued that these laws were meant to avoid the threat of terrorism in the country (The New York Times 1). There was increasing levels of unemployment and reliance on subsidized goods. Population grew from 30million in 1966 to 79million in 2008 with majority living below poverty line. The people were densely populated in a way that they could not provide enough food for themselves. Moreover, the youths remained unemployed (The New York Times 1). In 2010, human rights organization estimated 50,000 to 100,000 people in detention without trial. The police had excessive power to torture to extract information or confessions from people or suspects. Between 1993 and 2007, 167 deaths occurred and 567 tortured by the police. They created a very bad reputation to the people since they were being used by the government to carry out detentions and mysterious murders (The New York Times 1). There was corruption in the government elections and officials. Mubarak won five times with the majority votes and any opposing candidate would be imprisoned for example, Ayman Nour. Voters’ turnout became extremely low due to the lack of trust of the corrupt representational system. The powerful businessmen in the NDP party accumulated a lot of wealth from the public funds (Kinzer 1). Negative impacts of revolution 840 people died and 6000 were reported injured. On 11 th February Mubarak stepped down and the supreme council of the armed forces took over for six months before the elections were made (Dinga 445). The economic conditions became poor due to the governme
Introduction The question of motivation is of high importance in the studies of criminality since it is essential to understand the factors which affect delinquency and crime. In the article under analysis, self-control theory is employed to investigate the causal relationships between self-control and thrill-seeking. This paper aims to discuss the article’s primary purpose and key questions addressed, data and methods which were used, and the study’s conclusions and limitations. Article’s Main Purpose Burt and Simons (2013) begin with the explanation of self-control theory (SCT). In general, this method perceives the motivation to commit a crime as invariant, deriving from the assumption that the pleasure which is obtained from delinquency is equally attractive to everyone. However, such assumption focuses only on the ends of crime (e.g., received delectation) and neglects the other potential causal source: “differential attractions to the means” (Burt & Simons, 2013, p. 1328). Therefore, the authors’ primary intention was to explore the process of crime in the context of individual differential patterns of motivation. These models represent a balance between the reward of crime and the possible risk of punishment. Key Questions Addressed In their attempt to bring “consideration of the process of crime into SCT,” Burt and Simons (2013) address several important questions (p. 1329). Firstly, they observe possible inequality in attraction to crime. Secondly, the correlation between self-control and thrill-seeking is questioned as the authors struggle to understand whether or not thrill-seeking could moderate the effect of self-control (Burt & Simons, 2013). Also, the authors explore the question of how deviant decisions are made, and how the risk of punishment shapes the delinquent behavior. Data and Methods Used Furthermore, it is important to discuss data an
Introduction Every day many Americans who require organ transplant strive to get the few available organs such as lungs, hearts, kidneys and other vital lifesaving organs, as well as blood. However, ethical and legal issues, and unwillingness of many potential donors to provide consents have slowed down the rate of organ and blood donation in the county. This essay argues for the need to enhance organ and blood donation to save millions of lives of Americans who require organ transplants. Get more donors through incentives and provide support It is possible to get more people to donate their organs by addressing legal and ethical concerns of potential donors. More individuals can be encouraged to register as organ donors. It may seem simple to get people to register as organ donors. Improving the rates of deceased donations can increase the number of available lifesaving organs for donation. These organs are obtained posthumously from individuals who have given their consents for retrieval. In addition, living donors for kidneys, for instance, should also be encouraged to donate their organs to address the shortage. The state or federal government should find ways of providing incentives to potential donors to encourage them to donate their organs to strangers. That is, potential healthy donors should benefit from their acts of donating their organs to strangers through ethical incentives and not payments. Physicians and patients have noted that the best approach to facilitate organ donation is through encouraging more living organs to take part in the organ and blood donation activities. This approach can help to address the growing shortage. Incentives from governments to encourage individuals to donate their organs may be in the form of tax credit, support in retirement or other designated forms of assistance people may require. It is imperative to note that potential recipients may wait for nearly five years to get organ transplant from donors. This implies that several people c
According to Deans & Karwan (1994, p. 26), a global information system is an information system that is specially designed to collect and process information that is related to a specific field. The system also integrates, evaluates and communicates the processed knowledge. In addition, Oxford University Press further defines, “global marketing is marketing on a worldwide scale reconciling or taking commercial advantage of global operational differences, similarities and opportunities in order to meet global objectives.” As to the objective of this paper, it will show the importance and advantages of a GIS strategy that will propel a local industry player hoping to achieve results, attain and sustain the local tourism company in a profitable operation while catering to the local market demand. Understanding of GIS A GIS supports any application that requires the processed knowledge. The modern technology advancement has led to the development of data management systems that are in a position to support enormous information reliably. GIS has led to standardization of data communication. GIS has a profound impact on travel agencies and organizations. A GIS is relevant for communication of knowledge and relevant tourist destinations throughout the world. The main components of a global information system that lead to fast data communication to the organization are software tools that can capture and store data in bulk such as a guided data storage software (Deans & Karwan, 1994, p. 38). A GIS encompasses many levels of analysis including international policy analysis, international enterprise of an organization, groups or team and the overlay of technology. Global information systems development was motivated by increased international business and trade activities especially since the 1980s. The GIS was also developed following a revolution of information technology in the U.S. according to Oz (2008, p. 180), the cul
Introduction The history of the American people in the 19 th century is portrayed as life in any normal setting but the people who lived in this era led a rather different lifestyle from the present day or modern lifestyle. This is because the economic activities of the people of this era were mainly focused on agricultural and locomotive industries. Thus this paper seeks to show that life in that era was indeed different from the present life focusing on different aspects. Views of the outside world (foreign & domestic) and how they are determined In America, at that time domestic views were geographically and politically biased because for example the north Abolitionism is highly blamed by the south, and their views were seen as ‘unjust’ and ‘unmanly’ 1 . This shows that there existed rivalry between the north and the south that made these two sides keep on differing on their views for each other. Also, external communities to the American society were highly observed and were treated unequally with indigenous Americans. This is supported by the report where major arrests 2 are made with the majority of those arrested being Negroes and slaves as blacks were referred to during that era. Therefore, it greatly counted to be an American to be served right or to get justice, and therefore this shows that justice could have been biased. The outside world in America during this era was very less concentrated as more attention was directed on the local matters but some more hitting news like that of the French government that was about to get overthrown by the military of Napoleon is highlighted. This implies that the press of the moment concentrated on the news of the people around these people just like some of the current press companies. Despite these different views, the American people worked in different fields whereby it is not clear whether it was specialization or just work as anyone could work. There was the organization of the white-collar job at that time such that those who took these positions became estimable members of the state for example a judge who had served as a magistrate was referred to as an estimable citizen at the time of his death. But the majority of Americans worked in locomotive industries which were considered mechanical work. Other people worked as businessmen trading in jewelry as in the newspaper someone had advertised for the new arrivals of jewels that he promises are quite attractive and a bit expensive. Still, in the business sector, some more people sold greengrocer 3 as seen in the advertisement columns of the newspaper, others dealt with coal that was fed to industries as a fuel resource. There are even cases where the runaway Negroes, who ran away from the south to the north, engaged in plumbing business on their way to the north. Urban problems and communication During his era, many urban problems are encountered and some of these problems are the continuous cold weather of the season that even the writers of the articles refer to as so persistent that the sun will h
The main purpose of establishing an organization is to fulfill the laid down objectives. A company may lose its meaning and purpose when those objectives are not met accordingly. At this juncture, an organization has to consider either quitting its operations or changing its objectives to comply with the prevailing situation. However, it may not be easy for such an organization to make an exit decision due to many factors. There are several strategies that a company can use so as to effectively quit its operations without causing external alarm. One of the most reasonable strategies that can be used by an organization to exit its international operations is by selling the organization. It may have been difficult for the organization to operate in this country because of the fact that; it did not understand the needs of the people. An entrepreneur of the same country could transform the organization into an institution that will run in accordance with the people’s requirements (Pettinger, 2002). This will also allow the former owner of the organization to observe such operations under new management and understand what exactly made him not progress. He may not buy the same organization back but it will assist him to make future decisions. Some of the issues that may make an organization consider implementing an exit strategy are; if the objectives of its establishment are not being fulfilled, in case of insecurity in the area of location that may jeopardize its activities incase it continues when the organization lacks support from the community of location when it has accomplished its intended mission and the technological and environmental changes that render the organizations operation invalid. When an organization establishes its operations in a foreign country, it is likely to experience some internal and external issues upon its decision to exit. This is due to the fact that, during its operations, it had some impacts on both the local residents and its dependants (Newman, 2007). When an organization is established, the surrounding people benefit a lot from its operations. Apart from the services, they also provide employment which helps in boosting the living standards of the concerned employees. It may not be easy for these individuals to come to terms with such a decision. The organizations on the other hand will have some questions to answer on what led to such a decision. In most cases, when a company decides to withdraw its operations, it is usually assumed that it was unable to manage its resources. This may cause it to be ridiculed by other similar organizations and also affect the other similar branches established elsewhere. Some
Introduction Human services organizations play a great role in providing help to people who cannot access them because of certain constraints such as their financial status or health. To make the provisions of these services more efficient, most of these organizations have resorted to collaborate with other institutions (Salamon, 2003). A good example of organizations that have opted to work together to ensure that they offer their services to the society more proficiently include the YMCA of Metro Atlanta and PD Gladiators. The two organizations have united to assist Parkinson’s disease patients to improve the quality of their life by providing them with particular services. The YMCA of Metro Atlanta and PD Gladiators Partnership The YMCA of Metro Atlanta is a nonprofit human services institution that envisions creating a society where everyone is comfortable. The organization has existed for over 150 years transforming many lives not only in Atlanta but also across the world. When the Metro area experienced conflicts in the earlier years, the YMCA of Metro Atlanta offered a good refuge for the residents. It grew to become one of the best nonprofit organizations in Atlanta that the citizens could rely on concerning their health, recreation, as well as the establishment of strong families. The organization believes that every individual should be granted the opportunity to enjoy his or her potential. The YMCA of Metro Atlanta focuses on three major areas, which comprise youth development, healthy lifestyle, and so
Introduction A partnership includes different types of affiliations. Scholars define the term as deciding to do something together. In fact, a partnership is a relationship that encompasses two or many groups sharing a common goal and deciding to pursue that goal as a team. Partnerships may vary in terms of scope, complexity, purpose, diversity of partners, and size. The importance of developing partnerships Partnerships are very important in any organization given that they serve as a strategy for success in every organization’s service delivery system. Partnerships ensure that the resources and risks involved in carrying out an activity are shared equally to increase efficiency (Myers, Myers & Grant, 2010). In most cases, partnerships allow for sufficient use of resources with no wastage, thus better use of limited resources. The diverse number of groups in a partnership ensures that there is through accountability. Conversely, individuals, groups, and professionals are involved in a partnership with their different expertise. The step ensures that there is accurate understanding of the prevailing issues. The strategy enables the group involved to develop good strategies that increase their ability to plan and evaluate (Tsasis, 2009). Therefore, partnerships allow for the advancement of various methods, assets, and flairs. Partnerships also ensure that there are no duplications of activities. The assertion follows the fact that there is more than one party to go through the intended plan. It convenes together diverse ideas as compared to a single organization. Partnerships coordinate and integrate services, which helps in building communities. Human service administrators (HSA) These people need to have great leadership and management skills without which the entity will collapse. The administrator searches, recruits various stakeholders and gives the partnership skills and resources it needs. The HSA should be easy to relate and interact with since its mandate is to motivate participants to ensure that the work is successful (Salamon, 2003). The administrator has to give clear detail on the role of each partner and ensure that each one serves in the partnership for a long time. That is, administrator shows how partners will benefit from the collaboration. Elements contributing to a successful partnership The fact that right actors should be included in the partnership is very important. All the relevant and diverse stakeholders’ viewpoints must be involved. Secondly, the definition of the purpose of the partnership as well as the expected results ought to be clear. Lastly, everyone must agree with only the clearly stated roles and responsibilities of each party involved in the partnership. Elements contributing to failed partnerships Shortage of resources and time pose a problem to partnerships. More often than not, the organization looking for partnership is not always willing to employ more resources. Thus, such strategies overwork the current staff with little or no increase in their salaries (Tsasis, 2009). As a result, if an organiza
Alzheimer is a mental complication that results from progressive impairment of the memory (Small, Rabins & Barry, 1997). This complication results into difficulties in communication, ability to recall as well as personality and behavioral related disorders. In most cases, these difficulties are used for diagnosing the disease. There are several factors such as aging, heredity, blood pressure and head trauma that may make an individual to be susceptible to the illness. Research evidences illustrate that Alzheimer has no specific cure. Nevertheless, there are measures that can be taken to control and manage the symptoms. These include cognitive, pharmacological and other alternative control measures. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the three therapeutic interventions on the basis of their effectiveness, validity, efficacy, symptom, behavior management and recidivism. It is apparent that pharmacological treatment is widely used to treat Alzheimer. Nonetheless, researchers recommend that non-pharmacological therapies should be tried first. Natural therapy entails numerous treatments such as aroma therapy, dieting and taking mineral supplements such as vitamins (Cummings, Frank & Cherry, 2002). This implies that cognitive and natural therapies are highly perceived to be effective as opposed to pharmacological treatments. It is on this ground that these non pharmacological therapies are considered to be more varied since they are both ancient and traditional. Research has shown that the level of efficacy obtained in both cognitive and natural therapy is very promising. Multiple studies have thus shown that these therapeutic measures are highly beneficial and reliable to treat Alzheimer than the pharmacological measures. Moreover, random surveys have shown that their efficacy level is widely recognized by both patients and healthcare providers. Therefore one cannot deny the fact that cognitive and natural therapies have high level of recidivism as opposed to pharmacological treatment. One cannot ignore the fact that both cognitive and natural therap
The main idea put forward in film, The Fog of War directed by Errol Morris explores whether those who took part in the Vietnam War are contrite, or excusatory for the negative effects brought about by the war. The director supports his claims by staging a series of interviews with the then secretary of defense. He also uses other media resources such as television news and press reports dating back to the time of the war. Through these sources, the audience gets direct information about how the war started, proceeded, and ended. Through interviews, the director vividly brings out McNamara’s character and life history. McNamara’s endeavor to avoid the one question that seeks to know whether he was really doing the will of the people when he masterminded the war that killed many, shows some guilt or fear of judgment (Holden Para.9). He responds by saying that his actions always hinged on tall orders from the president of people-by-people; therefore, obeying everything that the president said, meant doing the will of the people. McNamara’s career during the time he was the president of central bank, his family life including death of his wife, and his tenure as defense secretary are valuable pieces of information that the director explores. Through the interaction between the director, McNamara, and a series of events like numerous phone calls during the interview describing events during the war, the audience is able to get a clear view of the Vietnam War and its effects. Morris, the director of the film is concerned about the historical, economic, and social setting that prevailed during the Vietnam War. During the interview with McNamara, the director’s choice of questions seeks to unveil the historical events that accompanied the Vietnam War. The mention of the fire lynching of Japanese nationals by firebombs and the bizarre bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brings out the historical setting of the film. The life of McNamara at this historical time also underscores the social setting that Morris seeks to explore. At one point during the numerous series of interviews, McNamara talks about his social life. He talks about the hard family life he led before engaging in any government duty or his time as a Defense Secretary. He talks of a tumultuous life that subjected his family to depression; something he believes accelerated the unfortunate demise of his wife (Powell Para.16). His life after serving as the President of Central bank also comes out. A revelation comes out pointing out that during this period; he spent most of his time in activities to benefit the poor, as well as those inclined at making the world a better place. Conventional wisdom holds that, the Vietnam War caused mass destructio