ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Discrimination is defined as the intentional distinguished treatment of people based on the latter’s membership or perceived membership to a certain group, or their characteristics (Buxton, 2010). The treatment may be a denial of rights and privileges, which are otherwise granted to people of other groups or those that possess various characteristics. Discrimination exists in various types, these include; racial and ethnic discrimination, discrimination on nationality, on the basis of gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, language and employment. This paper will dwell on racial discrimination on people of African descent, and explore various aspects that include the highlight of their past and their present state. Past Illustration Racial discrimination against Africans descent has a deep and dark past. This is dated back in the slavery days. Indeed, the vice is common in many cultures, in the world. The African slave trade is the most famous; the trade culminated in the Atlantic slave trade that took place between the 16th and the 19th centuries (Schaefer, 2012). Slaves were acquired through slave raids in African villages, and prisoners sold by chiefs. The slaves were then sold to European traders who then sold them to the Americans. It is estimated that more than 12 million slaves were shipped out of their homes in Africa (Schaefer, 2012). Once at their destination, the slaves were subjected to work on American farms and paid nothing except the rations of food by their masters. After the abolition of the slave trade, slave trade abolitionists returned many of the freed slaves to West Africa. Some remains and are the ancestors of the African Americans today. Even after the abolition of the trade, African Americans had to fight hard for their rights due to the immense segregation that they suffere
Introduction The enhanced progress of economic and social development in the present-day world implies the emergence of new means to transmit essential information to the citizens. In the case of news, they are related to online platforms used for this purpose, which satisfy the needs of people more efficiently than previously popular sources. Therefore, online journalism is better than printed journalism because of its greater availability and capability to save time, which is critical for most readers. Main body The first reason is connected to the emphasis of writers on mobility essential for the population. The necessity to provide them with an opportunity to be updated with real-time news is confirmed by scholars. They claim that the evolution of the Internet as one of the principal innovations led to the particular value of mobile phones and tablets for displaying the distributed content from official publications (Višňovský and Radošinská 9). This argument is underpinned by the instant access to any kind of data provided by magazines (“5 Differences Between Writing for Online and Print”). Hence, they are not only more convenient but also more comprehensively reflect on issues. The second factor indicating the predominant importance of online journalism compared to printed articles is its impact on the amount of time people spend reading them. In the business world, it is especially vital since the rapid performance of most operations require timely awareness about all shifts in the field (Višňovský and Radošinská 4). Meanwhile, according to the researchers, an average person spends only about two minutes to learn about a topic of their interest (“5 Differences Between Writing for Online and Print”). This outcome is partially conditional on the shorter length of websites’ information added to their advantages. Conclusion In conclusion, online journalism is more beneficial than distributed printed newspapers due to its compliance with the needs of people. In other words, it saves their time spent on reading while being always available from their mobile devices. Since these two circumstances are especially values by the citizens living in the fast-paced world in the conditions of unexpectedness, this innovative method of spreading news is more effective.
Introduction Dietary habits are inseparably connected to one’s culture and traditions. Therefore, to understand one’s culture-specific needs and the challenges that one faces in a new cultural environment, an assessment of dietary habits is essential. By taking a close look at some of the patients’ cravings, one will be able to develop a more profound understanding of patients’ needs (Kittler, Sucher, & Nelms, 2017). In the case under analysis, a 34-year-old male Mexican immigrant from a neighbor’s house was interviewed. The respondent answered several questions about his daily meals, food preferences, types of food that he did not like, traditional Mexican dishes, food preparation practices, and other relevant issues. The results of the interview indicated that the patient’s diet is very rich in proteins yet lacks calcium. Therefore, products such as cheese, yogurt, beans, almonds, and fortified foods, as well as some less obvious choices such as salmon, can be seen as important additions to a typical Mexican diet. Because of the lack of calcium and folacin, as well as several crucial vitamins, including A and C, patients of Mexican origin require additional assistance in choosing their daily meals (Pilcher, 2017). In order to help the respondent to retain his culture and at the same time develop healthier habits, one must consider slightly shaping the diet. Key Insights The respondent explained that most of his choices of food were defined by two primary factors, which were Mexican culinary traditions and financial opportunities. As the respondent explained, he would buy healthier food if he could afford it. In addition, a substantial lack of dairy products in his menu should be regarded as a reason for concern. The food that the patient chooses for his daily menu could also use more vitamins, particularly A and D. Specifically, the respondent must include fish oils and liver in his diet; otherwise, dealing with current health issues might become a problem. The interview has also shown that financial issues caused by the lack of job opportunities and options for education have affected the patient’s food choices to a considerable degree. As the respondent explained, he would switch to a healthier choice of products if he could afford to buy food that is rich in vitamins and nutrients. Therefore, addressing social concerns is an important step in handling poor dieting choices to which a large part of Mexican Americans resorts. Applying the core and complementary food model to the diet described by the respondent will reveal that the dominant culture has had a minor effect on his dietary habits. Specifically, the core foods consumed by the interviewee reflect the Mexican culture fully and point to the strong influence of the agricultural traditions that are characteristic of Mexicans (Pilcher, 2017). For i
Disadvantages in cultural adaptation The Walt Disney Company has a serious weakness in its cultural adaptation concerning the various countries in which it operates. For example, the strategies that Hong Kong Disneyland (HKD) has put in place for adaptation to the local culture appear to have failed just like in the Paris outlet (Young & Liu, 2007). However, as opposed to Disneyland Paris, HKD has incorporated a few cultural issues into its operations. Although HKD has tried to pay some attention to a few aspects of the Chinese culture, it has attracted a lot of negative publicity. This is due to its failure to study the consumption habits and a few other norms of the Chinese population (Young & Liu, 2007). The Lunar New Year Holiday Fiasco, which occurred during the first year of HKD’s operation, is one of the manifestations of the negative publicity the firm has received. Consequently, HKD needs to learn all the important Chinese traditional festivals to avoid any issues in major events. Adapting to Chinese culture To motivate more locals to attend its events, HKD needs to adapt to Chinese culture. The company should invest more resources in research and development concerning Chinese culture. This can enable the management of HKD to know the cultural aspects affecting the company’s operations. Also, the firm should reduce the daily capacity limit of visitors in the park to avoid overcrowding, which has been a major source of negative publicity (Young & Liu, 2007). HKD is reluctant to reduce its daily capacity limit probably because it fears making further losses. Instead of changing the time it opens and encouraging weekday visits, the company should concentrate on delivering efficient and high-quality products. The best alternative advice the company can get is urging it to expand its parks to accommodate more people. HKD can also open additional outlets or branches to avoid overcrowding. Engaging local media The media can improve or tarnish the reputation of a company depending on the information it relays to the public regarding it. For that reason, Hong Kong Disneyland s
Sweatshop is a term used to refer to any working environment whose conditions are unacceptable. The overriding characteristics of the industry are long working hours and poor payments regardless of the law provisions in those countries. In most cases, violation of child labor laws is prevalent and employees are subject to abuse by the employer without an easy way out. The definition used in the United States for a sweatshop is, “an employer who violates two or more of the federal or state labor laws governing compensation, child labor, occupational safety and health, industrial homework workers’ compensation, or industry registration.” In most cases, sweatshops are involved in human trafficking. In almost all cases, sweatshops in the United States are companies in the garment producing companies ranging from the mega companies to their contractors and subcontractors. Brief history The concept of sweatshops has its origin from the early 19 th century in which case, an intermediary- normally referred to as the sweater- directed others in the process of producing clothing, under arduous conditions. The tailors would contract an intermediary who would in turn subcontract another intermediary ultimately; the subcontracted sweater would
Gerry Philipsen, who is commonly referred to as the father of The Speech Codes Theory, did an ethnographic analysis to establish the different meanings that are shared in a culture and he published his findings in the Quarterly Journal of Speech in an article entitled “Speaking ‘Like a Man’ in Teamsterville: Culture Patterns of Role Enactment in an Urban Neighborhood.” For about three years, Philipsen interviewed the people of this community so that he could get the definition of speech codes. And after the successful research, he defined speech codes as forms of speech patterns that adhere to given rules and structures within a community of speakers. Therefore, Speech Codes Theory strives to elucidate on the ethnography of communication since there are several cultures in the world, which have distinguishable set of communication patterns. In every special culture, speech codes, or rather the conversation itself, are stressed in different ways as illustrated by the study Philipsen performed in south Chicago involving the white males. Philipsen study indicates that speech codes are found in every culture and they serve different purposes. The culture of a particular community states how its members can engage in a conversation. Philipsen notes that “cultures are not only varied but are also internally diverse in the emphasis they place on the value of talk” (13). For developing a better understanding of individuals in a particular culture, knowing how their speech code is interpreted is of essence. Some cultures maintain the value of communication through conversation while others maintain that silence is more beneficial. “Each community has its own cultural values about speaking and these are linked to judgments of situational appropriateness” (Philipsen, 13). In the study, which was based on a community he nicknamed the “Teamsterville,” Philipsen notes that “One manifestation of cultural outlook is the local view of the appropriateness of speaking versus other actional (such as silence, violence or non-verbal threats) strategies in male role enactment or self-presentation” (13). The symbolic interaction in Teamsterville is valued most by the male figure since it is of essence for men in the community to assume the major responsibilities and cover certain boundaries so as to show that they are the dominant beings. The understanding of this cultural pattern is that the men assume dominant status within the community. At Teamsterville, the importance of the reputation of men concerning their attributes is rated through their interaction with one another. In addition to having a clear understanding of individuals, a strong cultural pattern in communication ought to maintain clarification of its values. The findings concerning the behavior of the inhabitants of Teamsterville reveal that its
Introduction Islam and Christianity are the two major religions of the modern world. There are many common beliefs shared by the two religions and significant differences as well. The most significant similarity between these religions is that they both believe in a single supreme being. Both religions base their beliefs and practices on their holy books, the Bible and the Qur’an. Significant differences in the teachings of these books make the two religions irreconcilable. Differences in the teachings and narratives of these books may seem insignificant to outsiders but have been causes of irreconcilable differences between these two religions. But even with these differences both religions cannot deny common beliefs and customs. The story of the creation of man and the world is one such teaching that conveys the differences and similarities in Islamic and Christian teachings. Discussion The description of the creation of the Adam and Eve can be found in both the Qur’an and the Bible. The Qur’an does not describe the creation of Eve but both the Bible and the Qur’an agree that Adam was created by a supreme being and his role was to be a keeper or caretaker of creation. In Genesis 1:26, God talks of creating Adam in His image to rule over all the birds, fish and creatures of the land. In verse 28 of the same chapter man is told to subdue the earth. The word subdue means to bring into submission. By this God gave Adam authority over all that He had created on earth. The Qur’an also supports the view of Adam having authority over all creation on earth. The Qur’an calls Adam a viceroy. A viceroy is someone who governs an area but is a representative of the person who gave him the authority. The Qur’an repeatedly shows the authority given to Adam in all its depictions of creation. This similarity is significant both to Muslims and
Leadership is the ability to socially relate and positively influence others in order to accomplish a specified task. Traits are said to be innate qualities and inborn characteristics which helps to define a person. Therefore, trait approach to leadership assumes that good leaders have common characteristics and innate qualities which are inborn and makes them stand out in terms of leading and influencing others. This makes them political, military and social leaders as well as business managers. According to this theory, leadership is not learned; rather, it is to be found inside the individual. In this paper the author is going to look at Northouse Case Study 2.1. The case study will be looked into from the perspective of trait leadership model. In the paper, the author is going to select the theoretical model to be used in the case study, provide a description of the model selected and finally develop their own analysis or insights on the case. Various researchers have come to contradict this universality of leadership trait that distinguishes leaders from non-leaders (Northouse, 2010). Other scholars argue that personality traits greatly influence leadership and thus separate leaders from non-leaders. Charismatic and visionary leaders have a pattern of traits that makes them actively engage in management. They are motivated to attain self actualization and social power. They are able to exercise self monitoring . These traits make them effective leaders compared to average individuals in a leadership position. In an attempt to understand the relationship between leadership and personal characteristics, Stogdill (a scholar) carried out two surveys. The findings of these surveys are reported in Northouse (2010). The first survey done between 1904 and 1947 identified eight major characteristics found in an outstanding leader. The survey concluded that a leader is a non-passive person who makes use of his traits to help him lead others and solve problems. In his second survey in 1974 Stogdill shows that there is a balance between trait and leadership meaning that a leader emerges as a result of both personal characteristics and the situational factors. These traits include taking responsibility for his decisions and actions, task completion, urge to pursue goals and remain on track. Others are self confidence, tolerance, ability to change others behavior and sociabili
Rigor in empirical research has to do with both reliability and validity. In this short submission, one scrutinizes validity as applied to the methodological options for research into professional learning communities (PLC’s). There are three types of validity and these are impacted by two different factors. Construct validity is a function of the study instrument (Creswell, 2003). This is, in fact, the most familiar aspect of validity: whether the study does measure what it purports to. Were a completely original and quantitative study instrument to be formulated for the research on PLC’s, due consideration would have to be given to Creswell’s construct of “…convergent and discriminant validity as two interlocking propositions” (2003, p. 64). For example, it would be useful to correlate shared values, team teaching, commitment, collaborative learning on the part of teachers, universal learning where students are concerned, and a culture of continuous improvement with, on the other hand, result/criterion variables such as scoring well on state achievement tests. If a mixed-methods research program is to advance the concept of PLC’s, quantitative measurement is needed to satisfy the criterion of observed convergent validity and downplay those PLC components that, while theoretically making sense (and possibly convergent), are empirically revealed to be divergent. Administrators and teachers themselves would therefore learn to take away time and other resources from the latter and emphasize those that more truly relate to desired student achievement goals. Equally important, however, and more within the control of the researcher who must often utilize tests or measurement instruments devised by others is a robust research design that optimizes internal and external validity (Creswell, 2003). When research is more truly and exclusively qualitative, the standard of rigor is more likely to consist of both internal and external validity. This is so because how the researchers, study participants, and readers of the report together assess the accuracy of the results has a great deal to do with the acceptance of the findings. When a mixed-methods strategy is called for, as seems likely for this research into professional learning communities, it is unlikely that there is one single, an overarching measure o
Introduction Events of terror and violence are not instantaneous, meaning that their effects stretch for prolonged periods of time. There have been many cases in human history when victims of terror, after surviving violent events, struggled with consequences for many years. This paper provides an overview of scientific evidence on the issue and discusses the case of a woman who survived the Japanese comfort station. A comparison between theory and the actual case is made in order to promote the claim that terror leads to mental health issues that will pursue the victims for the whole life, but such consequences can be moderated by external support and emotional intelligence. Theory Overview The number of extreme events and health-threatening situations has been growing continuously for many years. This constant increase requires that the scientific community studies the health impacts of these terror-causing cases as a separate field of health sciences. When inspected in general, terrorist acts and other violations have both long-term and short-term health influences on victims (Mohanti, 2017). These health outcomes are comprised of both physical injuries and psychosocial complications. Furthermore, impacts can be considered at an individual and a societal level (“Effects of Terrorism,” 2018). In most cases, current scientific evidence emphasizes the magnitude of stress-related conditions, while physical injuries are common during accidents (“Effects of Terrorism,” 2018). However, it is important not to dismiss the fact terror is often accompanied by physical distress. Trauma can be obtained not only from witnessing a frustrating scenery but also from receiving continuous physical abuse. Individual Level In terms of physical health, victims of terror may have issues in sensory organs, may develop a disability, chronic conditions related to pain, including problems with the back and tissue. Disturbances in the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs are also common (“Effects of Terrorism,” 2018). Sexual violence introduces another layer of physical health outcomes. Urological, gynecological, and genital conditions are among the typical results of rape and other forms of sexual disturbance. In most cases, victims are forced to engage in unprotected sex, which may cause a plethora of sexually-transmitted diseases, including HIV (“Effects of Terrorism,” 2018). Pregnancy and miscarriage are also among the possible results of rape, which may, in turn, lead to issues in the reproductive system (“Effects of Terrorism,” 2018). It is evident that the range of possible physical health outcomes is extensive. However, most scholars stress the importance of studying impacts in terms of mental health because they often bring long-term complications that affect both an individual, a society, and subsequent generations. People that have experienced terror often develop psychiatric conditions, such as acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Both ASD and PTSD are transient reactions to external events – in other words, these conditions do not last for prolonged periods, and their effects decline over time