ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History of entrepreneurship This chapter is dedicated to the history of entrepreneurship, its basic notions of as well the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. The chapter starts with an insight into the history of entrepreneurship, which is divided into five periods. During the earliest times, the role of entrepreneur lied in signing the contracts with a money person. The very concept of entrepreneurship dates back to the Medieval era. Though the term appeared first in the seventeenth century, entrepreneurship as a phenomenon emerged in the 13th century as Marco Polo started international trade as the merchant traveler. Later, in the Middle Ages, entrepreneurs handled large production projects. In the 17 th century, the concept of taking a risk returned to the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs became the ones to make contractual arrangements with the government to provide a particular type of supplies or services. In the dawn of globalization in the 18 th century, the entrepreneur was simply an inventor, unable to find his or her projects, as opposed to the venture capitalist who sought for lucrative investments. In the 19 th and early 20 th century, entrepreneurs had virtually the same role as managers. Today entrepreneurship means using available resources to organize them and transform them into something that increases their value, assuming the risks. This is why, to be successful, an entrepreneur should be able to take initiative, be involved in the creative process, and devote a significant amount of time and effort. In addition, a modern entrepreneur should be able to devise a plan of his activities. Possible reasons for entrepreneurship Later in the chapter, the author lists possible reasons for starting a new career, then describes the perception of entrepreneurship in different cultures, and how a desire for entrepreneurship may be encouraged. Besides, the several factors were listed, such as finances, government, and background, etc. that define the possibility of starting a new business. Advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship The next section is devoted to benefits and disadvantages of entrepreneurship. An individual may be driven by such factors as the desire for personal and financial independence, desire to tackle challenges, or even simply for the sake of enjoyment. One needs to be aware of the pitfalls, such as high level of risk and stress. There are also many misconceptions about being an entrepreneur. Many believe that entrepreneurship will allow them to work less, but this is not the case with entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should also be aware that they will need to acquire a set of skills that differs entirely from what they imagined. Last, but not least, many entrepreneurs may find themselves struggling with fina
The NBA Playoffs is one of the favorite sporting events in the US. The NBA Playoffs pits the seven best basketball teams in America against each other in a title run. The viewer rating for the NBA Playoffs shows that this event is one of the biggest sports and entertainment events in the US. This makes the NBA Playoffs an ideal environment for a cultural study of American values. This paper analyzes the NBA Playoffs from a cultural perspective, with the intention of uncovering the social values of the American people. The game in question was the match pitting Miami Heat against Indiana Pacers. The most interesting findings from watching the game were as follows. First, the basketball pitch had very few advertisements compared to other sport events such as soccer. This was rather surprising owing to the popularity of the NBA Playoffs. Secondly, the commentators used flattering language, and showered praise on the players. Thirdly, the NBA fans were indefatigable. They kept cheering on the players despite the unusually high number of scores made by the players. Finally, it was very clear that the players in the NBA teams are superstars. Their fans idolize them. A critical viewer can learn a lot about the American culture by watching the NBA Playoffs. The games communicate several things about the social realities of the US. The three main social realities that the NBA Playoff pitting Miami Heat against Indiana Pacers are as follows. First, the commentators said very flattering things about the players. They complimented the players liberally each time they made a successful attempt to score. Some of the statements picked out from the commentary were, “pretty move from Lewis”, “James the floater”, and “nice adjustment, that’s a beautiful move”. These comments reveal one of the social traits of Americans. Americans tend to be liberal with praise. They compliment people whenever they see something well done. Secondly, it is important to note that the pitch had very few adverts compared to other popular sports. However, there were still signs that the commercial elements of the sport are important to the organizers. An LCD screen on one flank of the basketball court had commercial adverts on display. One of the adverts was about the NBA Store. This is where NBA fans can buy merchandise branded and sold by the NBA. During the breaks, commercials ran on TV. The commercialization of sports and entertainment is a social reality in America. The third aspect of American social reality that one can glean from watching the NBA Playoffs is America’s obsession with success and its inclination to reward success. The NBA players are celebrities in their own right. This came out clearly from listeni
The orchestra playing Haydn’s Symphony no. 94 creates variations of the opening theme by leading melodies with different instruments. The symphony opens with oboes, bassoons, and strings. Then, the composer adds flutes while the strings change movements. The transition from the quiver to the chromatic movement also creates variations. Moreover, the changes in dominant musical keys are also significant and add up complexity to the introduction. The symphony is called Surprise due to a particular second movement. The Andante second movement’s generally smooth flow of music gets suddenly interrupted by a loud chord. This unexpected fortissimo comes at the end of a piano phrase and creates the effect of surprise. Although this feature was not in the original score, the symphony is now famous for this unexpected change in music’s loudness. Any listener could hear a surprise in the second movement. A dynamic change in the loudness creates this sensation. This effect is achieved through pianissimo pizzicato strings repeating the first eight bars being suddenly interrupted by the surprise chord. It imitates the impact of some unexpected explosion and creates an unanticipated disturbance in a listener who is drifting inside the pianissimo music. The symphony is scored for strings and woodwind instruments. They include flutes, oboes, bassoons. Moreover, symphony presupposes the use of such brass instruments as horns and trumpets. Finally, one could also hear percussion instruments in the musical score of the symphony. All the instruments play their part and create the overall effect of the symphony that has been charming listeners for more than two centuries. Haydn’s Symphony no. 94 is an excellent example of the classical symphony. It includes various features that reflect the wide range of musical techniques and musical power. Moreover, it is rich in ideas and attracts listeners with its simple motifs and multiple playful variations. This symphony’s music reminds people of careless times, playfulness, and freedom.
In a traditional company, the sole method to close the opening between the order cycles of customers lead times in logistics is to carry inventory. In the fashion industry, the time spent to finish the process from products from acquisition to delivery and the length of time customers are ready to wait for their products is not fully integrated, and the way to best do this is to have a stored and display inventory of products. This in itself is an implication of a general forecast with the obvious assumption some sales will be made. As such, the way the majority of fashion companies meet this need is to attempt to predict the desires of customers and the requirements of the market and then attempt to match these needs with the ordered inventory. As my company is a part of the fashion industry this involves keeping up with current trends and styles, and these commonly change often and without predictable reasons. Thus, this area is particularly challenging for my company and the entire industry. Even generally these predictions are challenging to make accurately, hence the common suggestion that all forecasting errors are resultantly inventory problems, whether the result is a shortage or an abundance of material (Donovan 2009; Rushton and Croucher 2006). While attempting to improve the accuracy of these kinds of predictions will always seem like the best course of action to fix this real issue, some consider this issue in another way. The answer may lie in investing larger amounts of money and energy in improving the methods of forecasting, which is a primary area of focus within my company and the fashion industry. On the other hand,
Value Strategy Many entrepreneurs consider the development of a value strategy a key issue in justifying the development of a particular business. The solution of several problems is of fundamental importance in supporting such a course of work. In particular, it is essential to determine at what level prices should be set and why this value should be dynamic but not static. The implementation of this strategy allows maintaining high consumer interest and, as a result, achieving stable profits. When setting the price level for certain products, any entrepreneur should take into account that this variable can change within certain limits. Its minimum level is determined by the costs of production and sales of products: the price should reimburse these costs and provide some profit. Its maximum level depends on the emerging consumer demand in the market. As Green and Katz (2017) argue, “central to lean business practices is being close to your customer;” therefore, the interest of the target audience is to be taken into account (p. 165). The specific price level is set in accordance with the goals of the business and the competition prevailing in the market. The neutral pricing strategy may be an effective way of creating a successful business. Given all these criteria, it will be easier to achieve stable consumer interest and profits. Benefits of the Value Proposition The neutral pricing strategy is applicable at all phases of work except decline and is typical for start-up businesses when profits are determined as a key success factor. This principle of operation is considered fair since it does not lead to the emergence of new competitors, does not allow firms to profit at the expense of buyers, and makes it possible to obtain a fair return on invested capital. Priem, Wenzel, and Koch (2018) give an example of such a strategy and note that it allows the target audience to “retain some consumer surplus,” which, in turn, has a positive effect on the evaluation of a certain business. Moreover, this type of business activity leaves some space for growth, and the seller can use different methods and ways of attracting customers in the future. This dynamic and safe scheme of work may be a significant advantage in organizing an individual business due to its neutrality an
According to American legislation, a contract is valid if it has the following elements:  1. offer, made by one side and acceptance of the other party;  2. consideration or any material value;  3. legal capacity,  4. purpose (Slawson, 1996). This agreement can be either oral or written, and its terms must be clearly stated and understood by both sides. Additionally, both parties must be well aware of the consequences. So, they also need to be out of age and mentally healthy in order to enter such agreement. If we refer to the case John Leonard vs. Pepsi Co ., we may say that the companys commercial had all these characteristics because this enterprise named the reward (a Harriet Jet) and the price, 7 million Pepsipoints. Certainly, this advertisement aimed to produce only humorous effect but from formal point of view it was a valid contract. However, the court overruled the claims, made by John Leonard. In order to explain the decision of the judge we should discuss the objective theory of contracts. According to this principle, the agreement is real only if a third party believes that the terms are reasonable and objective (Benson, 2001, p 5). In other words, the arbiter had to determine whether this commercial was a genuine pay promise or just a joke to entertain the viewers. The judge concluded that this promise could not be taken seriously because the price of a Harriet Jet was approximately 26 million dollars, while the cost of Pepsipoints was $ 700.000. Moreover, no person could presume that Pepsi would distribute military aircrafts to the civil population. The judge applied this principle while trialing this case. In fact, he relied mostly on common sense and from his perspective, this statement, made by Pepsi Co,, was not a pay promise. This is the main reason why John Leonards suit was unsuccessful. In this respect, we need to point out that in the vast majority of cases; commercials are not considered as valid contracts because they are not specific. They are usually based on the play of words or even metaphors and this is not acceptable in legal documentation and business communication. Very often they appeal only to a persons sense of humor. It is hardly possible to find any legal contract, which does not specify the rights and duties of the participants. Advertisements seldom do it. The management of Pepsi simply did not expect that their joke would lead to such misunderstanding. However, there are cases, when advertisements can be regarded as valid contractual agreements (Beale, 2002, p 189). For example, when a firm says that it will return money if the product does not work appropriately, the customer has a right to request a refund (Bolton & Dewatripont, 2005). The client can even suit the company if this enterprise does not fulfill its obligations. Provided that a company or a person makes such a promise, he or she automatically signs a unilateral contract, which means that this individual undertakes the responsibility to pay a certain a
Introduction According to Forster and Wallace, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a Cold War relic 1 . This organization was able to survive the end of the Cold War since it went on serving several helpful purposes for the members and also because the members totally came to an agreement that they would not define the core post-Cold War objectives of the organization quite precisely. Since June 1950, at the time South Korea was invaded, the alliance has been reshaped by unforeseen crises. The 1991 “outbreak” of conflict in the former Yugoslavia offered a learning process that was quite painful and very long for the U.S as well as the European allies. From this learning process, there has been evolving of new concepts of “joint task forces and peace-enforcement operations” 2 . The September 11 terrorist attacks, which caused the NATO council to hold the first ever discussion under the Article 5 terms; “will spark a further process of adaptation and innovation” 3 . However, before the September 11 incident, the growing impact of enlargement and the Balkan involvement had offered a powerful European focus to NATO, “even as the security priorities of its leading member were shifting away from Europe” 4 . Forster and Wallace point out that NATO is turning out to be more inclined towards being a European security organization and being less inclined towards being an alliance 5 . It is reported that the future of NATO was up in the air when the Cold War came to an end. Being an alliance that was created with a purpose of offering collective defense against the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union, this organization was required to give a definition to new mission so that it could go on serving as a significant actor in the global politics. The United States of America was the main muscle behind the organization but it was not clear as to whether or not this country would go on guaranteeing security even to the alliance members that were there, “let alone whether NATO would provide a security umbrella to new members” 6 . Several years later, by the year 2008, the organization had growth and there were ten more members who had joined. In the year 1997, three more members had joined NATO and seven joined in 2002. It is pointed out that “Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty now bounds the United States to come to the defense of former Warsaw Pact and former Soviet republics” 7 . The territory that is protected by NATO has reached the borders of Russia. The United States has been in the lead in making NATO to enlarge from within. The question has however been that, “why the U.S extended security guarantees to new members and consistently pushed for NATO enlargement under the last three presidential administrations” 8 . To give an answer to this question, this paper is going to consider the is
Introduction Electroconvulsive therapy is a psychiatric treatment that is used to treat severe depression, catatonia and mania in patients through the use of electronically induced seizures. The patient is anaesthetized during the entire treatment process. The treatment is given to patients who do not respond to antidepressants or mood stabilizing medications. Electroconvulsive therapy is administered over a period of two weeks in a series of treatments; usually six to twelve. Through-out the entire procedure, the patient is closely monitored. A rubber block is put in the mouth of the patient to prevent them from biting their tongue. Once the patient is unconscious, an electrical current is passed through the brain causing a grand-mal seizure that lasts up to twenty seconds. According to the American Psychiatric Association (1), the patient regains consciousness after half an hour. Experts cannot pin-point how ECT works but the procedure is believed to relieve symptoms of depression, mania and catatonia. It causes changes in the chemical balances of the brain thus relieving some of the symptoms of mental disorder. The treatment varies in three ways: the positioning of the electrodes, the frequency of the treatments and the electrical waveform. However the effects of ECT do not last a long time and the patient has to go back for further treatments. Using ECT in Bipolar Patients Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric mood disorder where the patient experiences extreme mood swings. The illness is known to cause changes in lifestyle and health. Bipolar patients experience highs and lows in their moods otherwise known as depression and mania. Depression is whereby the patient feels helpless, sad, despairing and worthless while mania is where the patient feels creative, has feelings of grandeur and is hyperactive. According to Malhi (3), sometimes, both the feelings of depression and mania can appear at the same time causing the patient to go into a “mixed state.” Treatment of bipolar disorder varies among individuals. Some individuals may not respond to drugs used to treat bipolar. As mentioned earlier, ECT is used to treat cases where the patient fails to respond effectively to prescribed drugs. When other forms for managing the disorder aren’t effective, the psychiatrist is recommended to start using ECT in order to be able to manage the disease effectively. Psychiatrists select bipolar patients for ECT on the following basis: the patients have acute psychosis, have severe mania such that they place their own and others’ well-being in danger, are pregnant and cannot or do not want to take medication, are at immediate risk of death by suicide, and their physical condition rules out the use of antidepressants. Effectiveness of
Monty Roberts is well-known for his unique abilities and effective strategies in training wild horses. This man is outstanding in his knowledge of horses’ psychological peculiarities, and applying it into practice in his work on horse training. Generally, what Mr. Roberts’ approach implies can be described as negotiation process which helps him to persuade the horse to trust him and then to accept the changes he wants to put into effect. Mr. Roberts’ approach can be well seen in the offered video where he is shown to be able to tame the horse in less than thirty minutes. The video begins showing the animal completely disregarding Mr. Roberts along with his efforts to lariat it. Instead, the horse resorts to the use of every possible method to escape; the animal is shown running very fast in every possible direction and searching for a way out. What can be seen as the most notorious actions by Mr. Roberts’ is his negotiation process with the horse. He constantly talks to her using direct address, constantly praising her and applying a special soothing language. After ten minutes of such cautious communication Mr. Roberts succeeds to establish a close contact with the animal: the horse no longer tries to run away from him, and more that this, she tries to come closer and shows her submissiveness. After twenty minutes of work, the result is impressive: the horse no longer shows wild tendencies in her conduct, and more that this, she becomes submissive and allows rider on her back. Surely, what helps Mr. Roberts to succeed in his taming the horse is using specific techniques and approaches. Namely, Mr. Roberts’ main success strategy is applying of Motivational Interviewing approach. This approach implies such ways of communicating with the “object of work” as using soothing language, constant praising, and addressing the “object” in a friendly and welcoming manner. Motivational Interviewing approach teaches that ambivalence, resistance, and change are the necessary characteristics of the process of transformations within the object of influence. Ambivalence and then resistance is seen not as a reason for aggression and something wrong, but as a normal part of the process which if exists proves that the process progresses properly. We see it in the way Mr. Roberts talks; he explains the horse that he sees she does not like his actions, but he says that is normal. Furthermore, changes appear in case the specialist establishes close confidential relationship with the client. Thus, Mr. Roberts does not provoke the horse looking in her eyes directly; he also stops chasing her with a lasso very quickly, eventually showing some sort of an ignoring strategy. This is wise as the horse is sort of intrigued: she is expecting harsh methods and aggressive and annoying strategy, and instead the man leaves her in peace. This is the exact strategy which motivate