ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The rapid growth of the information technology sector worldwide, with the accompanying rise and spread of the internet denotes the intensity of the challenge of meeting the special needs of persons who cannot use the standard versions of tools and equipment available for accessing information technology services. Computer access stands as the standard measure of participation in the information age. Researchers continue to investigate possible solutions by making unique adaptations to equipment to address the limitations caused by a wide range of impairments that impede access and service delivery, through information technology equipment, to individuals with special needs. The mouse and the key board are the two basic input devices necessary for the operation of a computer. Various adaptations of these two primary input devices are available to serve the needs of persons with special requirements. Types of Special Needs Special needs take various forms. Physical impairment, caused by injury or disease, makes it difficult and in some cases, impossible for individuals to interact with information technology equipment, usually by rendering parts of their bodies unresponsive. Mental retardation on the other hand interferes with the process of control such that an individual, who may not have any physical impairment, does not have the necessary degree of mental control to interact sufficiently with information technology infrastructure. The third type physical impairment that interferes with interaction with information technology infrastructure is perceptual disorders. Blindness or unreliable vision limits reception of visual information, and the operation of controls requiring visual feedback. Most information technology equipment use a screen to display information and as the interface for receiving commands. Design Considerations for Professor Hawking’s Special Needs Professor Hawking has limited motor control. The key design considerations to put into focus when providing Professor Hawking with a solution to enable him control his computer include the nature of impairment and the degree of control he has over his body. These considerations will influence the choice of possible input devices. It is also imperative to know his technical ability. This refers to the degree of training he possesses in the use of a computer and the training he may require to operate the computer effectively. The third consideration will be the peripherals he will require for his operations in his line of work, such as a printer and a scanner. The other class of consideration is summarized by Seba, Hew and Huang (2004) who noted that, “in many important applications such as computer aided tut
Sampling methods Sampling methods are divided into two groups – probability sampling and non-probability sampling. The latter is not recommended for research due to potential errors and bias. Probability samplings are divided into 5 subgroups (“Simple random sampling,” n.d.): Simple random samplings, stratified samplings, cluster samplings, and systematic samplings.   * Simple random sampling. In this sampling method, each member of a stratum has an even probability of being chosen. An example of this method would be choosing five students out of 30 by drawing their names out of a hat.   * Stratified sampling. As the name implies, this method suggests taking samples from every population subgroup within a particular stratum.   * Cluster sampling. This method suggests dividing the stratum into separate groups at random and then taking random samplings from every group. Example: Geographical cluster sampling.   * Systematic sampling. Samples are selected from a random starting point, at equal intervals. Example – sampling every 5th student in the group. Z-tests and T-tests Z-tests and T-tests are widely used in statistics and can be applied to almost any subject of study, from business to mathematics, sociology, and science. These tests are used to test certain hypotheses and prove or disprove them through statistical means. Z-tests allow the researchers to compare population mean to the sample. T-tests, on the other hand, allow to analyze two population means through statistical examination. Z-tests are prevalent over T-tests in research and study for several reasons. First, T-tests can only be applied to samples with sizes of 30 or less. Z-tests are preferable for larger samples, and research favors large samples due to greater amounts of variation. However, Z-tests require knowing standard deviations. If there is no data on population standard deviation, then a T-test is preferable. To summarize, T-tests should be used only when the sample size is below 30 and when there is no data on population standard deviation (Botts, n.d.). The alpha signifies Significance levels ought to be determined prior to the start of the research. The alpha signifies the maximum level of risk at which the null hypothesis could be rejected or disproved (Frost, 2015). The standard level of significance for most researches is 0.05, which is, however, a subject to change. In general, the larger level of significance (0.1) is picked in order to detect any poss
Background of the company Toyota is the leading automotive manufacturer in Japan and Ian Rowley stated that Toyota has successfully captured 50% of the total market share in Japan (Rowley, 2007) while the company was in the third position in the global market (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2001). However, the following table demonstrates the market share of Toyota in Japan – Car Manufactures  Market Share in 2004  Change 2003/2004 Toyota            40.90%                +3.30%           Nissan            14.40%                -0.10%           Honda             13.0%                 +1.10%           Suzuki            11.50%                +5.4%            Mitsubishi        5.20%                 -28.9%            Table 1: Market share of Toyota in Japan. Source: PSA (2005). Presently, the company is the legal owner of various globally branded cars including Lexus, Scion, Isuzu, Yamaha, and Mitsubishi Aircraft Co with about 522 subsidiaries; the company had been able for making an access into a Formula 1 functionality group through the inauguration of joint-ownership with Citroen and Peugeot (French Vehicle Company) for the creation of speed vehicles up there (Reuters, 2011) 1 . Toyota closely observes environmental sustainability, and maintenance of its such philosophical view requires obligation of environmental laws for upholding atmospheric safeguard, concerned with production of outstanding low hydrocarbon emitting cars environmentally friendly hybrid-engines for individual markets; it experimented with Brazilian and European markets along with further innovative proceedings for enhancing vehicle-capacity by lowering weight and size (Financial Times, 2011). Chang-Ran Kim the Asia autos correspondent reported in Reuters that Toyota faced some uncertain events during its entire journey, for example, because of global financial crisis; the company had to sacrifice its continuous record of global profits margin in 2008 by first yearly loss within last 70 years (Kim, 2008) 2 but in 2010, the company’s market share seemed to be far better than the previous year’s. Figure 1: Direct Competitor Comparison. Source: Yahoo Finance (2011). The following figure shows Toyota’s market share in the context of global automotive industry (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2001): Figure 2: Toyota’s market share in global automotive industry. Source: Ghadar and Ghemawat (2001). PEST analysis This segment is going to analyze political, economical, Socio- cultural and technological factors of Toyota Motor Corporation in terms of present global market condition (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2008) 4 , for example- Political factors Hurley, Norton & Quiroga (2005) stated that foreign direct invest policy of overseas government has major impact on the company, for instance, the Chinese regulation is not easy to follow in case of joint venture 5 . On the other hand, some other government initiatives and policies influence the business operation, such as, tax exempti
The art of negotiation plays an important role in communication. Negotiation approaches vary from culture to culture. It is important to understand the cultural backgrounds of the people that we negotiate with to follow the right approach that is agreeable to them. This paper will look at the five negotiation approaches used by the Chinese and their effectiveness when applied in a US setting. The Chinese normally insist on general terms that are to guide the negotiation process before it begins. This helps them to control the location where the negotiation is going to be held if they are the hosts. They usually make the other side to show their level of interest in a proposition first before they reveal their own interest. They do this to analyze the weaknesses of the other party and how they can exploit them. Chinese businessmen usually look at ways they can benefit from a business transaction at the expense of the other party (Miles, 2003, p.454). These approaches are likely to catch an American businessman doing business with the Chinese by surprise. The Chinese businessman is likely to have a psychological edge over the American businessman. The Chinese businessman is likely to come up with conditions that favor his position during negotiations. The Chinese know how to act with authority, whether it is real or imagined. They use strong-arm tactics to push their position through to gain an advantage over the other parties they are doing business with. They know how to apply psychological force to make the other parties yield to their position for their own benefit. This makes them use all types of tactics to strengthen their bargaining power. They compel the other parties to reveal their interests first in a transaction to be agreed upon, and then afterward, they delay revealing their own interests. They use time as a tool of coercion to make the party yield and concede to their demands (Miles, 2003, p. 455). This approach can be very effective for the Chinese in the US, where the element of time in business negotiations is highly treasured. Many American businesspeople look for ways to close business transactions within a short time. During negotiations, Chinese business firms use many people who do not have clearly defined roles and levels of authority. Some of these people deflect attention from the people with the real authority who pretend to be aloof during the negotiations. They bring in unrelated issues to the negotiating table, which are not of interest to the other party. This approach is used to exasperate the other party as the Chinese take time to strengthen their own bargaining position. Sometimes they use go-betweens who push their agenda more vigorously to make the other side concede without a fight. This approach can work in the US because
Introduction Different philosophers across all centuries have defined religion using various terms. Ludwig Feuerbach, a 19th-century philosopher performed incisive exposition of religion and made notable criticisms. One of his incisive expositions is about consciousness in religion, particularly Christianity. In his exposition, Ludwig asserts that religion entails consciousness of individual nature. What differentiates animals from humans is consciousness. The consciousness of humans to their nature enables them to understand their divine role relative to animals. In the exposition of Religion as Projection, Ludwig argues that the nature humans represent imperfection and sinfulness, while perfection and sinlessness represent what humans ought to be. In this view, human nature is full of sin, whereas what humans ought to be is godliness. Thus, Ludwig asserts that humans can only realize the truth of religion, escape alienation, and experience freedom if they begin to attribute godliness to themselves rather than projecting godliness to another being. Summary of the Reading Religion is an important aspect of humanity because it differentiates humans from animals. Consciousness is the specific aspect of religion that makes humans unique among different creatures that are in the universe. Consciousness enables humans to understand their nature, unlike animals that do not have the capacity of consciousness. In essence, humans have both inner life and outer life, while animals have outer life only. Although animals can be conscious of their environment, their consciousness is limited to external life. For instance, the caterpillar is only consciousness about the nature of the tree that it feeds on, but unconsciousness about the extensive universe. The consciousness of the caterpillar is very limited in that one can equate it to instinct. In contrast, the consciousness that humans have is infinite. The infinity of human consciousness is evident in the attributes such as the power affection, power of will, and power of thought. These powers are the highest powers that reflect the perfection of humans. In the aspect of imperfection and perfection, religions act as a link that makes humans move from the point of sinfulness to godliness. In essence, religion denies humans the power of reason and goodness but projects them as earthly thinkers, wicked, corrupt, and evil. Essentially, religion makes humans project themselves as objects of godliness. Thus, the mystery of religion is that it projects humans as objects of God. A religious human constantly strives to be an object of God by reflecting the godly attributes. Therefore, Ludwig states that humans need to attain godliness by attributing to perfections that are in God rather than projecting their nature to reflect attributes that are in God. Why is the Source Significant The article is very significant in religious studies because it does not only aim at differentiating animals from hu
Serial killings are not a strange occurrence in most parts of the world although they are minimal and add up to not more than 1% of total murders annually (FBI pr. 32). A serial killer is defined as a person who has killed at least three persons consequently to satisfy personal aims. The murderers are mostly sexually, financially, motivated, or do it to get thrilled or due to anger. Usually, the murders are similar in form as victims may be from the same sexual or racial backgrounds. The macabre concern regarding the matter is extensive, given attention by not only the law enforcers but also by individual scholars, journalists, through movies, and other aspects. This began during the 1880s due to mysterious series of killings in Whitechapel, London performed by a mysterious person dubbed “Jack the Ripper”. This continued in the 1990s after cases regarding Green River serial murder, Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgeway who had murdered 48 women in Seattle. BTK, Dennis Rader had killed ten victims in Kansas in the nineteenth century. All these cases have sexual aspects where serial murders killed their victims, who were especially prostitutes after having their sexual encounter (FBI pr. 39). Law Enforcement Response to Serial Killing Law enforcement agencies are constantly demanded to handle murders in all nations in the world. Specifically, many homicide cases are usually tragic, particularly ones that involve serial killers. These cases have been constantly studied by scholars as well as law enforcers since Jack Ripper’s cases during 1800, California’s “the Zodiac Killer” and including the most recent sniper murders that occurred in 2002 (Newton 386). Studies have tried to evaluate the cases in relation to the causes, patterns, and effects of serial murders. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has tried to analyze serial murder in relation to profiles through the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and partnering with local and international agencies to curb serial killings through teamwork to achieve their goal. Serial killer cases are critical especially when the media is involved. Investigation of such cases is usually hard and such studies are usually done independently by expatriates and there have been limited efforts for law enforcers and experts to agree on the outcome. As a result, the FBI has tried to link together the controversial viewpoints regarding serial murders through the establishment of a multi-disciplinary approach in a symposium held in Texas in 2005. This symposium was meant at connecting experts in the field in various specialties to gather enough information regarding serial killers (FBI pr. 22). The expertise incorporates law enforcers for successful apprehension as well as in investigations regarding the matter. Additionally, mental health practitioners, scholars, and other experts such as media personalities and judges made their contributions. Here they discussed the internat
From the gender perspective, feminism can be defined as an international trend that is aimed at addressing or tackling issues and affairs affiliated with women all over the world. It’s a movement that is mainly concerned with fighting for women’s rights in terms of gender equality and equity in the distribution of resources and opportunities in society. Feminism in a broad sense encompasses women’s rights in the political, socio-cultural, and economic sectors within a given social or cultural setting. Generally, feminism is the movement against gender inequality and practices which discriminate against women in all aspects of life (Kali, 2008). Sex versus Gender Feminists’ theory offers a succinct distinction between sex and gender. Sex is the biological distinction between males and females. It involves the biological features as well as the sexual intercourse act between males and females. Gender on the other hand entails all the culturally learned and assigned roles between males and females. However, gender and sex are interchangeably used when addressing issues concerning women’s affairs. Traditionally, the roles of women were confined to household chores, giving birth, and raising families, while men enjoy social privileges such as leading. Modern feminism is opposed to the traditional views and fights for gender equality and equity in society. A good example is in the political front, where political feminism highly encourages women to actively engage men in leadership opportunities in society. Patriarchy Patriarchy is a social organization that is characterized by total male dominance and supremacy. In a patriarchal setting, women are discriminated against in proportional sharing of power. For instance, a father in the family is the overall controller where the wife is supposed to be a submissive follower. In most cases, patriarchy usually results in the oppression of women. Patriarchal oppression is highly criticized by feminist theorists, as it undermines and violates females’ rights in society (Patriarchy, 2009). Consciousness-raising Consciousness-raising is a feminists approach is a program that empowers women’s liberation in creating awareness of societal problems, concerning women’s discrimination on the basis of sex. Sarachild (1978) noted that in her thought about women’s oppression, her consciousness becomes higher. Sarachild (1978) thought that consciousness-raising was all about mobilizing masses of women to rise against oppression and violation of women’s rights. Intimate Partner Violence Every woman is entitled to enjoy her conjugal rights without any form of intimidation or violence from her male partner. A good example is a case where the husband batters his wife in demand of sexual favors when the wife is not in a good state for it. This is a major issue of concern to all feminism campaigns against intimate violence inflicted on women and men, although cases for the latter are minima
Abstract The past two decades have placed much emphasis on sustainability practices within different industries. In 2017, half of the top 100 fashion brands implemented a sustainable approach in their practices (McKinsey, 2017). Fashion as an industry highlights sustainability is a part of its social and environmental movements. Conversely, emphasis on sustainability from the consumer perspective has been a mainstream issue. Consumers are constantly drawn to companies with clear sustainable practices and products. Yet, companies have constantly fallen short of upholding their socially responsible image in front of the public eye. Widespread societal concern that firms are disseminating false or ambiguous environmental information has led to a growing number of customers becoming skeptical about the environmental performance and benefits of green products. Previous research has considered how skepticism might have a detrimental effect on consumer responses (Annamma, Sherry, Venkatesh, Wang, & Chan, 2012). Other studies identify several barriers consumers might face when purchasing sustainable products. Therefore, there exists a need for a better understanding of how skepticism affects green purchase behavior (Wunker, 2017). This study will identify consumer perception barriers of green purchasing behavior and examines the effect of these barriers towards CSR practices. Moreover, consumer perception influences consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing. Specifically, this research considers consumer perception on purchasing decision and word of mouth intention. To set scope to this study, the target group will be the young consumers (between 18 and 35 years old) who live in The Netherlands and purchase sneakers from Nike and Adidas. A quantitative methodology through questionnaires will be used to collect primary data and the result will be analyzed by SPSS software. Introduction Study background In the past two decades, business sustainability has gathered much attention from both academics and practitioners across different industries all over the world (Turker & Altuntas, 2014). Sustainability is an integral aspect of businesses because it promotes prudent utilization of resources and markets companies. While the topic has gained much controversy, most businesses consider sustainability essential for their practices. The three dimensions of sustainability have been referred to as the Triple-Bottom-Line, seeks to address social, economic, and environmental issues (Govindan, Khodaverdi, & Jafarian, 2013). In order to improve a sustainable business, firms must create Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies, through designing policies that integrate environmental, social, and ethical rights into business operations. A company’s association with environmental issues determines its reputation (Caplan, 2003). Due to this fact, more fashion companies are taking sustainability into consideration (Choi & Cheng, 2015). Adidas and Nike, for example, have stepped up seriously. Adidas has created a greener supply chain, eliminated plastic bags, and participated in different sustainable projects. Their cooperation with Parley allow