ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is a possibility of the legalization of marijuana use in the territory of the United States of America. This drug is intended to reduce severe pain in patients who cannot reduce their sufferings by conventional medicaments. However, cannabis addicted people might use this law for their benefits. The following paper will discuss how American citizens contribute to the marijuana legislation in their country and how it can influence their lives. Do Patients with Intractable Pain Hold more Favorable Views Regarding Legislation of Marijuana Use than the General Public? Some patients who suffer from severe pains in their bodies on a daily basis might be thankful to the American government for providing them with the ability to purchase some marijuana. Indeed, they will be concerned with their health problems and cannot be judged for using the drug (Wang et al., 2014). However, the general public might be against the law described above as some people have children who are lazy, snack-grubbing teenagers with drug addictions. In turn, these people understand that some individuals need to receive marijuana as fast as possible due to their adverse health conditions (Wang et al., 2014). Therefore, regular citizens’ opinions as to the marijuana legislation are shifting. The clinical problem of interest is in the herb’s pain-reducing abilities. Although it does not cure patients, it makes them feel better. On the other hand, it has an adverse impact on the young people’s (who overuse the drug) health conditions as the smoke affects human lungs and bronchial trachea. Unfortunately, there are many drug users in the communities that American citizens live in and communicate with on a daily basis. Nevertheless, it would b
The green movement is concerned with the conservation of the environment from the manufacturing industry emissions (Chittom, 2008). The movement has gained popularity and many corporations in the US are moving their manufacturing operations to offshore locations. These locations are situated outside the US and they involve full manufacturing or assembly characterized by low labor and low cost, as well as the availability of cheap raw materials. The corporations may either decide to import or export the final products to the manufacturers’ host country. There are various reasons why most of the US manufacturing corporations are shifting their operations to off shoring. These companies fear the litigations and regulations associated with product liability. The corporations also fear the emerging litigations trends related to the developed green products regulations. For example, the use of nano materials and phthalates has high litigations as they are harmful to the environment if not well handled and this could be a liability to the company. Therefore, the major cause and reason is the fear of product liability suit associated with green movements. However, there are negative implications that arise as a result of the green movements and these may have long term negative consequences. Based on a survey report by Accenture, most of the companies that have offshored their supply and manufacturing operations have reported that this has hurt the capacity of meeting the expectations of their consumers (Barber, 2011). Most companies are unable to meet the demands of the customers’ unique products expectations since they cannot make timely delivery and maintain competitive costs and low operational inventories. Although the movements advocate for the environmental conservations, the manufacturing industry is most likely to be affected as most of the companies would divert their companies to other areas (Lewin Massini & Peeters, 2008). This would reduce the rate of foreign direct investments because of the regulations put in place by these green movements. New technologies like the nanotechnology would not be advanced because of the fear of litigations that may arise based on product liability. It also creates unemployment since when the manufacturing operations are offshored, the opportunity of creating new jobs is eliminated thus unemployment. The companies have responsibility to both the global community and the U.S as their manufacturing operations. The companies have the responsibility of conserving the ecosystem as well as the health of the people in the society (Chittom, 2008). Through the observations of the green movement regulations, the companies wo
Introduction to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections Pseudomonas infections are any of the health ailments associated with the causal agent Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a bacterium that may infect the whole body. Most of the patients who fall ill with these diseases are the ones with the destroyed integrity of a physical barrier to infection (such as the skin and mucous membranes) or with immuno-compromised body defense mechanisms, for instance, pseudomonas infections affect very ill persons and the juvenile ages. This is a rod shaped gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Pseudomonadaceae and usually, it is found in the entirety of man’s surroundings, that is, in the soil, water, plants, and animals (Belinda, 2006). Most of the serrovars of Pseudomonas isolated from clinical cases produce a characteristic blue-green pigment called pyocyanin and they are identified by a unique sweet odor (Samer, 2008). These bacilli organisms are often feared because they cause severe hospital-acquired infections especially in immunocompromised hosts, and are usually resistant to antibiotics making therapy choices complicating. These organisms are referred to as opportunistic pathogens since they do not ordinarily cause disease by themselves but proliferate freely in persons with weakened immune systems due to illness or extensive medication (Belinda, 2006). Patients with AIDS and those who have been hospitalized for a long duration of time have an amplified risk of attaining serious pseudomonas infections, because of lowered immunity to diseases and the fact that P. aeruginosa is often well established in hospitals thus becoming a nosocomial disease due to resistant development to antibiotics. Pathogens are isolated from the patients who have been hospitalized more than 1 week, this organism is the most common one and it has become the usual etiology of nosocomial diseases such as pneumonia, upper and lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bacteremia that is usually life-threatening on other complications (Samer, 2008). Health threats posed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections The Pseudomonas bacterium has achieved the second position in the frequency on which micro-organisms cause nosocomial pneumonia and currently it is the most common etiology associated with intensive care unit (ICU) pneumonia. In real clinical case characteristics, most of the Pseudomonas bacteria are resistant to certain commonly used antibiotics, which makes them difficult to treat. This brings about the idea that these organisms can develop a way of drug resistance hence it is usually found in most hospital facility environment (Scott, 2003). Another factor that is exhibited is that these Pseudomonas infections secure more chances of spreading within hospitals by health care human resources, medical apparatus, drainage areas such as sinks, antiseptic solutions, and even the foodstuffs offered in these health facilities causing a lot of complications in many of the hospitals because they seem to lead to ve
Brief Description of the Community that was Selected Based on current records, it was noted that Kenya has the 4th largest HIV epidemic due to nearly 1.6 million people in the country living with HIV. The spread of the disease was noted by Wachira, Naanyu, Genberg, Koech, Akinyi, Kamene, and Braitstein (2014) as being the direct result of a lack of sufficient education regarding the spread of HIV and other STDs Summary of Mini-Needs Assessment With nearly 100,000 additional cases of HIV in 2012, the spread of HIV in Kenya has grown significantly dire to the extent that an immediate response to resolve the issue is needed. There is also a significantly low uptake of safe sex methods (i.e. condoms or regular blood screening) with nearly 50,000 people a year dying from HIV in Kenya. Primary Socio-Ecological Factors Related to the Health Issue When looking at the current issue surrounding the affected community, there are two specific socio-ecological factors that seem to affect the health issue, these consist of: Current lack of social understanding regarding the spread of HIV: One of the main problems when it comes to the community that is being examined is the lack of sufficient understanding regarding how an individual contracts HIV and how it is spread. From the work of Wachira et al. (2014), it was noted that the most common societal notion surrounding HIV was that it was a disease that is isolated towards people that engage in homosexual acts. This misconception creates a social stigma against individuals that have contracted HIV to the point that many individuals within the community being investigated actively avoid testing themselves for HIV or even outright deny it even if they have contracted HIV. The end result is that this lack of social understanding and the negative connotations surrounding the infection make it harder for prevention methods to be put in effect. Poverty and its Impact on Safe Sex Practices Wachira et al. (2014) stated that rampant poverty in Kenya is one of the main causes behind the continued spread of the disease, as seen in 2012, where nearly 100,000 new cases were reported. The connection between poverty and the spread of HIV is connected to the fact that few people in Kenya actually practise safe sex through the use of condoms. This is mainly due to societal misconceptions regarding the use of this contraceptive as well as the supposed cost associated with it. Wachira et al. (2014) went on further to state that of the 100,000 new cases reported in 2012, nearly 80 per cent of them originated from the poorer sector of the economy and showed a connection between poverty and the spread of HIV. Types of Resources and Stakeholders There is a fairly limited amount of resources available with the primary stakeholders in preventing the spread of HIV in Kenya taking the form of the Kenyan government as well as the World Health Organization (WH
Adolescence is the time when the whirl of emotions and new feelings becomes a part of high school students’ life experience. Though adolescence is the period of life when people get positive experience, its extreme saturation and high intensity often prove too much for adolescents to bear without stress and suffering. The worst outcome of depression is suicide. Suicide is an awful deed in itself but it becomes even worse if committed by a child or an adolescent. King et al. (1999) state that today suicide is a “the second leading cause of death among youth 15 to 19 years of age and the third leading cause of death among youth 15 to 24 years of age” (p. 202). Students who belong to racial and ethnic minorities constitute the group of risk connected with high depression and suicidal rates and it is the primary task of health teachers to reduce suicidal rates among all high school students, racial minorities included. While Bernal (2003) states that children, who belong to ethnic and racial minorities, “are considered more resilient when … when they have a greater sense of self-control, self-efficacy, and a positive identity” (p. 475). However, current situation in high school does not provide healthy environment and treatment of students, especially racial minorities. McFadden (2010) states that Asian American women aged “15 to 24 lead in the highest suicide rate amongst all ethnic groups” (para. 1). “Model minority” stereotype is one of the leading factors that influence the increased suicidal rate among racial minorities. Besides, the mixture of two cultures, a native one and a strange one contribute to emotional problems of minority students that result in depression and suicides as its worst outcome. Students suffer from cultural barriers as they often have nobody to help them and loneliness only aggravates depression. Health issues become decisive factors and major causes of the increase of suicidal rates among high school students. It is known that people who belong to different races experience depression in different ways. For instance, if Hispanics suffer from depression, they experience not only emot
Organizational Change Human resources are believed to be the most significant organizational asset, however, many businesses are yet to fully utilize its potential. Utilization of this potential or its lack is directly dependent on the overall leadership (Gareth & George, 2011). Today, business is shifting from a culture of management to that of leadership. To fully utilize its human capital and survive stiff competition, businesses must embrace strategic leadership. Only businesses led by competent and strategic oriented persons stand a higher chance of their surviving (Vecchio, 2007). Change Impact on Human Resources Business success is directly dependent on its leadership (Mullins, 2010). Since HR plays a critical function in business, practices that negatively impact employees must be avoided. Leadership practices must have strategic direction. A well-developed and fully utilized workforce is a source of competitive advantage (Armstrong & Baron, 2002). Leadership impacts human resources in various ways, in particular: Staffing and employee training According to Dunford & Akin (2008), businesses look for strong leadership skills when staffing because employees are a source of competitive advantage. Effective leadership can greatly improve the effectiveness of training and enhance organizational knowledge (Hislop, 2009). Changes in organizational processes necessitate the need for training. Since some employees are naturally resistant to change, strong leadership is needed to implement new systems and communicate their overall benefits to employees (Clegg et al, 2011). Performance management Spector (2012) has observed that effective leaders use objective performance appraisal systems and implement appropriate technologies in order to improve business operations. For instance, HR practitioners today use bio-metric attendance registers and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to manage employee data. Job changes, such as transfers, promotions and demotions can easily be effected from the same database. Management development and talent management Businesses are increasingly going international. Strong and effective leadership is required to make decisions on issues like restructuring, strategic partnerships and succession planning. Vecchio (2007) has emphasized the fact that international business requires effective talent management strategies to ensure long term survival of the business in its international engagements. Employee communication, engagement and productivity Businesses are increasingly striving to align their staffing processes with organizational strategies in order to hire only the right employees (Spector, 2012). HR practitioners must measure employee engagement and productivity. Employee engagement and motivation is done by implementing the right policies and procedures. Competent lead
Introduction Karen Russell’s “St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves” is a fantasy fiction story that tells about a group of girls who grew up in a forest and were raised by wolves. Following the order of their mother, who is a werewolf, the girls entered St. Lucy’s home to get re-educated by nuns. They face many hardships in the process of adaptation to the human world: learn how to wear clothes, talk to people, and behave in society. The setting of fantasy fiction merged with reality helps to see human society from a different perspective and sheds light on the way we live our lives. The Subgenre of the Story In fantasy fiction, the story uses magic creatures, such as werewolves, who want their children to get a better education among people. This subgenre helps a reader to focus on the details and setting that differ the human world from fiction. The magical storyline depicts the humanity of magic nature, showing how werewolves want their children to be educated. “Our parents wanted something better for us; they wanted us to get braces, use towels, be fully bilingual” (Russell 227). This introduction to the world of magic arranged through the use of fantasy fiction subgenre gets a reader acquainted with the primary tool that the author uses. This tool is the use of minor details embedded in the setting of the story. Minor Details and Setting The setting of the story is described through characters and small details. The mentors at St. Lucy’s house are always called nuns or sisters, which gives the reader a feeling of a traditional and religious society, where rituals and norms of behavior are crucial. This part of the human world is associated with purity, spirituality, and peace. Using a religious topic makes readers imagine the atmosphere in the house with no need for additional descriptions of the environment. Many particular details, such as smells, light, the hardships of using casual objects, focus the reader’s attention on the differences between the wild world and human society. The girls who come from the forest have difficulties in wearing shoes, which limit their moves; they are disgusted with the smells of food, chemicals, and perfume. “Everything was smudged with a human odor: baking bread, petrol…” (Russell 228). Descriptions of these details make readers feel emotional, remembering how they learned first things as children and awaking their pure child souls. The readers feel compassionate for the girls, trying to recall the time when they forgot about their true nature. This effect is reached by opposing the details and the setting of the traditional human world with the magic of the wild forest. Describing the Setting of the Education Process The progress in describing the setting of the education process draws parallels to the way people grow up in a civilized society. Step by step, the girls learn to obey the rules of the community. They forget their true nature and pretend to be someone else – a personality who does not show true feelings. Eventually, in an attempt to be accepted by human society, the girls learn to tell lies to satisfy the expectations of others. Readers feel sorry for the characters and understan
Introduction Emile Durkheim was born from a Jewish family in the village of Epinal near Strasbourg, France. He lost faith in God at a tender age and turned to secular view on religion. His work was based on two themes, control of collectivism over individualism. He also dealt with application of scientific methods to study social phenomenon (Alun, 2005). Many scholars from France, England and Germany (Durkheim, 2001) influenced him. His first monumental work was on the social division of labor. He later published a book on rules of sociological methods. He completed his trilogy by publishing a book on sociological theory of suicide in 1897(Durkheim, 2001). In his book on suicide, he used statistical ingenuity to reject previous theories for giving extra social factors such as heredity, climate as causes of suicide. He came up with the sociological theory on suicide, at the end of 19th century. He established a causal relationship between suicide and social cohesion. He maintains that two social factors: integration and regulation determines the rate of suicide (Alun, 2005). He defines social facts as things external to, and coercive of the actor. He used data collected from different cultures and societies, to support his own findings. He carried the study of suicide in statistical and qualitative approach. He used the theory to explain the scientific method of sociology. Durkheim argues that, suicide is a social phenomenon, and the main causes of suicide were social: the end of overpowering of social relationship. He was concerned with element of a group or structures in the society rather individuals. In order to describe, varying rates among different religious and other groups, he studied the characters of these groups. He was not concerned on psychological traits of the component individuals (Watts, 2006). According to his study, he explores the difference in rates of suicide among Catholics and Protestants (Alun, 2005). He argues that Catholics have stronger social controls than Protestants hence lower suicide rates. He talked about collective currents draining down the channels of social structure. The strength of the social current determines the volume of suicide (Watts, 2006). He talked of factors such as depression, which is an independent non-social cause of suicide. Durkheim established various causes and types of suicide. He argued that suicide was because of social causes. One of the social factors he established is religion. According to him, the rate of suicide was different among different religions. He collected data among Catholics and Protestants. He found out that suicide was low among Catholics as compared to Protestants. This attributes to Catholics having stronger social controls than Protestants (Durkheim, 2001). The freedom given to the Protestants also attributed to high suicide rate among them. He was concerned abo
Introduction Fabiansson (2010, p. 102) defines gambling as betting of money or any other material item that has value in an event whose outcome is unpredictable with the main objective of getting extra money and or other material items. In most cases, gambling usually turns out to be addictive despite the fact that people initially perceive it as a social activity. In the United States alone, the National Research Council reports that the problems associated with gambling have far-reaching impacts that extend beyond the gamblers themselves to include employers, workmates, the taxpayers and social friends (National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, 1999, p. 36). The family turns out to be the most affected by the direct impacts of compulsive gambling. Some of the fundamental effects associated with gambling on the family members include material deprivations, increasing cases of domestic violence, potential divorce, family separations and increasing cases of child abuse and neglect. It is arguably evident that gambling poses a significant threat to the family unit and cohesion. This paper discusses the potential impacts that gambling imposes on the family. Main Body The first notable effect of gambling on families is that it results in material deprivations, which pose significant constraints towards the provision of basic needs for the family. Gambling usually turns out to be more than just a game, and people who are more consumed in gambling usually find it hard to control the urge of gambling (National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, 1999, p. 35). The basic implication of this observation is that addicted gamblers can bet virtually anything at their disposal to satisfy the urge associated with gambling. Sustained gambling habits imply that such an individual is likely to bet all the financial savings, material assets such as houses, cars and any other property, which are supposed to provide basic needs for the family (Fabiansson, 2010, p. 104). The situation is worsened by the fact that gambling is usually hard to realize until the time when an individual has nothing to bet. In such cases, it is usually too late to salvage what has already been lost during gambling. Material deprivation is also imposed because people who gamble cannot engage in productive work, which significantly affects their earnings in cases of constant losses (Makarchuk & Hodgins, 2002, p. 126). This usually has an effect on the provision of basic needs for the family. People who are addicted to gambling perceive it as a solution to their problem. As a result, they are likely to bet even important assets hoping that they will recover their losses. The National Gambling Impact Study Commission reports that families having gamblers are at a high financial risk, usually associated with large amounts of credit card debts, illegal loans, multiple mortgages, m