ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The modern-day Postal Service suffers from inefficiencies, increasing deficits, and a failure to be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances. Historically, governmental control and monopoly of the Postal Service have their roots in the reign of Charles I and was passed down through the Founding Fathers and defended in later legislative actions. In 1970, an important reform occurred which allowed the Postal Service to operate more like a private business, with less direct influence from governmental sources. However, these reforms were insufficient to root out inefficiency in the system. In order to truly realize cost savings and increased efficiency, full privatization of the Post Service must occur. Even though some critics claim that this will lead to the lack of faith in postal operations, this argument fails to take into account a competitive market, validated by the trust people put into email services. As a public company, the individuals making decisions about goals are external to the organization. Furthermore, because individuals working in the Post Service do not have a vested interest in the financial success of the organization, and instead merely need to protect the status quo, there is less personal incentive to root out inefficiency. Competition in the market would also provide an organizational incentive to become more efficient. However, several institutional challenges have thus far prevented a switch to a more privatized system, including the prevalence of the postal unions and the upfront costs. Making changes towards a privatized system would enhance savings for taxpayers, increase efficiency, and allow the Post Service more flexibility when approaching modern problems. In Section 8 of the US Constitution, the founding father enumerated a specific number of powers granted to Congress. Among them is the power to “establish Postal Offices and post roads.” Over the course of the next two and a half centuries, the Postal Service has become one of the largest federal organizations, regularly servicing nearly every individual in the country. According to Tom Readmond, federal-affairs manager of Americans for Tax Reform, “The Postal workforce is bigger than any two branches of the military combined. You could replace the Marines and the Army with postal workers, and you’d still have some mailmen leftover” (Ryan, 2005). However, with a dwindling volume of mail through the system, increasing inefficiencies in the structure and growing labor costs have left the Post Service with rising deficits which are made up for by growing congressional appropriations (Gattuso, 2003). In a time of fiscal crisis in which all government agencies must adapt to changing times, the Post Office is more flexible and competitive. To cut down on costs on an already businesslike operation, provide better service and increase competition, the US Postal Service ought to be privatized, and their legal monopoly revoked. The history of
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a relatively young nation. Traditionally, before the establishment of the country in 1971, women were involved in taking care of family and raising children. They traded in local markets alongside with men and produced handicraft items and clothes (Alwahedi, 2015). The leading role in women’s empowerment belongs to Sheikha Fatima Bint Mubarak. She initiated the creation of the General Women’s Union in 1975 as the national mechanism for fostering gender equality (The UAE Gender Balance Council, n.d.c). One of the conducted surveys has shown that around 50% of students believed in the economic importance of women in the pre-oil period (AlMutawa, 2016). Consequently, it is worth looking at the current state of affairs. The objective of the paper is to track changes in gender equality policies, especially concerning the equal representation of all women in the country’s workforce. First of all, equal educational opportunities are crucial for empowering women in their future workplace. The overall literacy rate of women is 95.8%, whereas, in 1975, it amounted to 31% (The UAE Gender Balance Council, n.d.a). Currently, Emirati women make up 70% of all university graduates (The UAE Gender Balance Council, n.d.a). However, the political activity of women and their presence in governmental institutions remain weak. Women were granted the right to vote and run as candidates for the Federal National Council only in 2006. Besides, there are only nine female ministers out of 31 positions (The UAE Gender Balance Council, n.d.a). Consequently, according to the Global Gender Gap Index, the UAE managed to take 120th place among 153 assessed countries in 2019 (World Economic Forum, 2019a). It is crucial to consider the representation of both Emirati women and expatriates in the economy. Globally women remain underrepresented in managerial and leadership positions, as well as in the labor force. Women are given fewer economic opportunities and do not have access to capital. According to the World Economic Forum, it will take 257 years to reach gender parity in the economic sector (World Economic Forum, 2019b). The possible solution is to engage women in sectors where they are currently not adequately presented. For example, only 12% of experts in cloud computing are women (World Economic Forum, 2019b). The leader in terms of closing the gender gap by more than 80% in 2020 is Iceland (World Economic Forum, 2019a). Almost 90% of women in Iceland are employed; moreover, they constitute 40% of ministers in the country (World Economic Forum, 2019a). Therefore, political empowerment and equal economic possibilities go hand in hand. National authorities have launched the UAE Centennial 2071 plan to become a leading country in the world. One of the pr
Introduction In the current rapid development of social networks, is the Internet safe? Well, Narcissism is a culture that is spreading so speedily especially in the US. It mainly depicts those individuals who only care about themselves; as a result, they experience a constant need for approbation and mostly relate to their peers. This attribute is very risky to the young age group, as social experts have noticed that they tend to lock out the other age groups from their every day activities. Hence, they miss out on indispensable aspects necessary for their progress into mature adults. This culture is also referred to as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD); thus, it is a real psychosomatic health predicament. Similarly, individuals with this trait feel self imperative and are not receptive to criticism. In the U.S, the culture of narcissism is promoted by social networks; thus, the dangers of Facebook and other social networks outweigh the benefits involved. It is thus reinstated that in the modern generation engulfed with technology, Facebook and other social networks are propagating the culture of narcissism. This trait does not only mean seeking interest, as everyone who signs for a social network have the intent of interrelating with others. Consequently, these individuals are not capable to form long-term and healthy affairs; thus they seek refuge in Internet sites. Experts have gone to the extent of researching on how individuals express their personality traits in Facebook and other social network sites. It is noteworthy that this move has been triggered by the implausible escalation in the social networking sites. In these sites especially Facebook, individuals have a ‘list of friends’ and ‘posts on walls’ factors that illuminate a relationship with the customs of narcissism. Similarly, these individuals post pictures on their profiles that are alluring and self endorsing; some even go to the extent of using snapshots. Basing on this fact, it is obvious that these social networks promote the customs of narcissism in the contemporary society (Twenge & Campbell110). Posting pictures with such features and characteristics evidently portrays the actuality that these individuals are advertising themselves. It is a fact that they are seeking attention from their peers, as they expect them to mention on these photos and most importantly, these should be positive comments thus making them contented. Indeed, the profile pages of narcissists have three distinctive characteristics which include the magnitude of social contact; this means that they normally have many friends on their list. The other characteristic is that their main profile pictures are always self upholding, meaning that they are always seeking
Chess is an excellent metaphor for corporate rivalry. It is a brutal sport, and players have to smash their opponent’s pride as they challenge them. The number of potential movements in chess and industry is enormous since there are 9 million possible positions with only three opening moves (Behl, 2021). In marketing, it is essential to consider how many options there are in companies or start-ups for determining retail costs, a quantity of inventory, tactics, and marketing. Chess is a battleground where players must beat their opponent at all costs in order to win. Since there is a limited need for the goods and several competitors eager to provide them, the top-ranked CEO must play to win in order to gain and hold market share (Rao, 2015). Chess players such as Fisher in the video checkmate the opponent and only pawns in a game to consider three steps forward. Fischer’s strategy of not moving until you see the winning move is applicable to business executives to develop ways of winning in business (Behl, 2021). Having a set of assumptions on what steps the organization plans to pursue to become more competitive is what strategic management entails. Once a year, an organization will go through a strategic planning phase, resulting in a document that serves as a guidebook for the management team in the coming year. Efforts should be made to render strategic thinking a year-round practice for businesses. The capacity to predict big changes in the global landscape and recognize new opportunities is at the core of strategic thinking. Chess is an interesting game because it needs deep thought, planning, and prediction skills. It is often compared to a corporate plan. Each player meticulously examines the screen, waits patiently for their turn, anticipates the opponent’s next pass, and mentally plays through various scenarios. In the corporate sector, this is similar to strategic strategy. However, in certain markets, rivals strike on both angles at the same moment, internal business struggles may have a detrimental impact, and a slew of other factors can all come into play at the same time (Rao, 2015). Nonetheless, there are strong similarities between chess and industry (Rao, 2015). Chess, on the other hand, is a game played with mind. According to the movie “Searching for Bobby Fischer” movie, Chess players who sit on the throne look at a chessboard and observe what their adversary does (Behl, 2021). The players make a sequence of constructive and reactive movements. By obstructing all escape routes and catching the King, one wins. Any step alters the game’s outcome. Taking an opponent’s piece will allow a player to strike deep into their territories, just as gaining a large contract will have a negative effect on your rivals. Any action must improve their odds of winning the game. Chess and company have a lot in comm.
Health Equity Issue The primary issue is that there are existing racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related mortality, seen across the nation. This report will focus specifically on New York City (NYC). According to the latest available government report, there were 273 pregnancy-associated deaths in NYC, 115 (42%) of which were pregnancy-related complications over a period of 4 years. That is a slight increased from 252 deaths the prior 4 years. Although the pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) decreased by 44% to 18.9 per 1000, live births, including decreases among Black and Latina women, Black non-Latina women were 8 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes. Leading causes of pregnancy-related deaths were cardiovascular (25.2%) and embolism (21.7%), while the primary non-pregnancy-related cause was substance use (40.7%) (New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2020). The NYC government and health agencies recognized that there are racial and ethnic inequalities that persist which led to poor health outcomes and pregnancy-related mortality. A range of factors contribute to the issue including structural racism as well economic oppression, pregnancy discrimination, and poverty; all of which can impact the maternal health before, during, and after pregnancy. Racism creates barriers which limit access to healthcare, safe housing, and other key institutions. A chilling statistic is that if black women were to receive care and deliver in the same hospitals (or same level of quality and access) as the majority of white women, the maternal morbidity rate for the demographic would decrease by 47.7% (New York State Taskforce on Maternal Mortality and Disparate Racial Outcomes, 2019). The racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortalities is a nationwide issue that is health workers, officials, and agencies are aware of, but it remains especially prominent in highly urbanized areas such as NYC which typically house the largest racial/ethnic minority communities. Policy Environment The policy environment around the issue is complex as it relates both to healthcare, but also a range of other socioeconomic legislation over decades that have consistently left racial/ethnic minority communities and populations behind. Health inequities stem from social, economic, environmental, and structural disparities. Baciu et al. (2017) identify two root causes, the first being the systemic and institutional mechanisms of distribution of power which inequitable across lines of race, gender, and class. The second is the unequal allocation of
Content Ronal Reagan, the 40th president of the United States, was the speaker of the speech. That speech was given from the Oval Office at the White House. The President spoke at 5 p.m. on January 28, 1986, when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke after 73 seconds of the flight. The speech was given to address the American grief about the disaster that happened to the Space Shuttle Challenger and support the families and the nation. The position of the speaker (the US President) and the responsibility of the government to explore space even at the cost of human life made Reagan qualified to give this speech. Delivery In the speech, Reagan emphasized such words as “our,” “loss,” “mourn,” “ Challenger ,” and “today.” A slow rate of speaking was used to appreciate the level of grief but changed to medium speed when the goals of space programs were explained. Reagan spoke softly to demonstrate his understanding of the situation. A positive but mourning tone was applied because it was important to support and motivate the nation. The speaker properly used non-verbal gestures like constant eye contact with the viewer, correct facial expressions of sadness, and pauses. Overall Impression Reagan used logos to underline the importance of astronauts’ work in space exploration, ethos to show his presidential authority and the necessity to continue space journeys, and pathos to share his sadness about the accident. The logos’ example, “But they, the Challenger Seven, were aware of the dangers, but overcame them and did their jobs brilliantly,” explains the event’s clear reason (“Challenger Explosion and President Reagan’s Address to the Nation” 00:03:35-00:03:41). Pathos “we share this pain with all of the people of our country” shows the mourning appeal to the audience (“Challenger Explosion and President Reagan’s Address to the Nation” 00:03:11-00:03:14). Apart from the conditions under which it was delivered, Reagan’s speech was successful because of its emotional appeal and intention to support and motivate Americans for dedication and new achievements. Reference “Challenger Explosion and President Reagan’s Address to the Nation.” YouTube . 2016. Web.
Introduction Poverty reduction in poor countries, African, Central American and Asian, has been an international discussion for recent past by the developed countries, International Monetary Fund, United Nations and the World Bank. Although the agencies have developed various strategies to alleviate poverty in the developing countries, poverty still dominates the lives of many citizens in these countries. In fact, poverty continues to grow in most of the developing countries, that is, poor countries are becoming poorer. Analysts attribute the trend to the political situations in of these countries. Economists however, impute the poverty growth to poor approach of alleviating the poverty. Politicians blame the developed countries for trade barriers whereas human activists accuse the governments of the poor countries for the poverty growth. In spite of the growing attention into the subject, poverty threatens majority of the communities and societies in the developing countries, particularly in Africa. Stakeholders involved, should develop a different approach for successful reduction of poverty in these countries. The evidence from the current and past attempts to reduce poverty is that, poverty reduction cannot occur on a local scale. For it to be meaningful, poverty reduction must be broader in scope; it must include changing the whole society. The essay discusses job creation and trade as the initiatives of poverty reduction. Poverty Reduction Poverty reduction requires creation of permanent jobs. Unemployment characterizes the economy of poor countries. Currently, more than 4 million people are unemployed in Egypt (Essoyan 2007, p. 1). Unemployment deprives people their dignified livelihood. The unemployed in the society are incapable to satisfy their basic needs. As a result, such people become a burden on their societies. Unemployment results into insecurity and may even lead to violence. These factors have adverse effects to the economies of a country. The role of job creation lies on the local governments and the international agencies such as UN, World Bank and IMF (World Bank 1997, p. 45). Creation of permanent jobs reduces poverty in two ways. First, employment improves the standard of living of a society and second, employment enhances development of a country. This development may be in terms of infrastructure growth, innovation and technological advancement. Employment enables people to cater for their health and education. In effect, the poverty in these regions will reduce. Trade plays a very crucial role in poverty reduction and development. Trade creates opportunities for employment and individual development of the population. Trade enhancement, particularly the international trade, results into exports of goods in the developing countries. Exports in turn, increase the income of a country. Subsequently, the countries can cater for their development needs. Trade encourages industrial growth, which is instrume
Introduction This background paper on “A New Executive Order on Intelligence” discusses a revision to Executive Order 12333 (EO 12333) addressing one of the oversight problems. The problem to be discussed refers to the incidentally obtained information from United States persons and issues it may cause. The paper suggests changes and improvements to the Executive Order and the existing United States legislation in order to comply with the norms of a democratic society. It requires consideration by the senior United States Senator for Texas, John Cornyn. Main body EO 12333 serves national security purposes implying surveillance and data collection activities. According to EO 12333, data collection is aimed at “foreign powers, organizations, and persons, and their agents” for the purpose of making informed decisions on national security and defense issues (Office of the Director, 2012, p. 744). However, the Executive Order also allows incidentally obtained information that may include information from United States persons (Office of the Director, 2012, p. 746). It is worth noting that the definition of United States person implies not only U.S. citizens but also permanent resident aliens (Office of the Director, 2012, p. 752). The definition also refers to an “unincorporated association substantially composed of United States citizens or permanent resident aliens, or a corporation incorporated in the United States” (Office of the Director, 2012, p. 752). It is possible to agree that cases involving incidental data collection may be subject to concern. There are some reasons to believe that the mentioned aspect is not sufficiently regulated and restricted. The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) notes that incidental collection occurs rather frequently (“Report on the surveillance,” 2014). According to the PCLOB, when collecting information from targets, information from people who are on the other side of communication is collected as well (“Report on the surveillance,” 2014). In a significant number of cases, these people may be United States persons. For regulation of such cases of incidental collection, the government is obliged to follow minimization procedures restricting the use of information
The submerged arc welding process is a high productive and highly flexible process for welding steel plate. Discuss the validity of the above statement. Submerged arc welding (“SAW”) is a fusion welding process (Jeffus, 2004 p.736). The main feature of this welding process is the production of high heat from an arc between the work “and a continuously fed filler metal electrode” (Jeffus, 2004, p.736). A more technical definition is given in the following statement, “An arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work” (Miller Welds, 1982, p.1) The following reasons help explain why SAW enables the worker to have more flexibility and therefore achieve a higher productivity rate. The reasons are listed as follows: a) higher deposition enhances welding speed or production; b) deep penetration in some cases may eliminate join preparation; c) excellent mechanical properties for high quality code and X ray requirements; and d) improves welding operator comfort and appeal (Miller Welds, 1982, p.1). High productivity is not only limited in the speed of completion but also in the quality of the work that is made possible by this technology. Consider the following benefits. SAW enables the welder to fabricate large, thick sections, from 10 mm to more than 508 mm thick (Jeffus, 2004, p.735) SAW also enables the welder to “cover large areas on tanks and pressure vessels with welded covering of special alloys” (Jeffus, 2004, p.735). As a result it is possible to lower the total cost of fabrication because the main components are made of less expensive metal but the surface of the finished work is made of expensive alloy. It produces high quality work because it enables the welding of two different types of metal. Another major advantage of SAW is that it requires minimal operator protection. This is possible because of the heavy blanket of granular flux which is a major component of the SAW process. The heavy granular flux covers all the arc light and the only evidence that someone is welding two pieces of metal together is the occasional flash that can be seen from time to time. As a result, many welders can work close to each other without having to worry about the effect of arc flash. Furthermore, the welder need not wear a helmet. Thus, workers can see better and this improves the safety of the work environment. The need to wear a helmet can easily affect vision and movement. The heavy protection required in ordinary welding processes can restrict movement. The cumbersome clothing can significantly reduce the performance of the welder as it can contribute to fatigue. In conventional welding methods there is a need for “forced ventilation” in order to protect the workers. But with SAW this precaution is virtually eliminated (Jeffus, 2004, p.738). As a result high productivity is achieved because it is possible for a greater number of welders to work together in a