ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 406, Rome started military attacks against Veii, a remarkable Etruscan city. During these times, the Roman Senate appointed Marcus Furius Camillus as a military commander to control the Roman Army. Due to his talent as a warrior, Camillus managed to defeat Falerii and Capena, two allies of the Etruscan city. In the book, Livy notes, “…Marcus Camillus …found an increase of glory in the country of Faliscians… he compelled them to come forth from the city” (Livy pg 487). As a result, Camillus was a fearless warrior whose courage and furious temper imposed fear on rivals, which left the Roman Senate nothing, but proposing him the title of the Roman founder. Being a talented strategic leader, the defeat of Gauls was among his utmost achievements. In Res Gestae Divi Augusti , ( The Achievement of the Divine Augustus ), the Roman Emperor Augustus talks about his remarkable achievements and journeys contributing to the welfare of the Romans. In particular, the book reveals stories about his donations of money and land to the Roman plebs during his consulship: “I paid out 400 sesterces as largesse to each man from my own patrimony…I bought grain with own money and distributed twelve rations apiece” (Augustus pg 25). The emperor also remembers his multiple donations to his soldiers, including lands and monetary rewards. Apart from his patronage, the Emperor depicts himself as a wise ruler. His wisdom and great experience in military field are revealed through exceptional talent in establishing multiple alliances with other states during the period of his reign. In particular, Augustus writes, “The Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same oath of allegiance” (Augustus pg 31). Over seven hundred senators promised to serve under the Emperor’s law. Further, the Roman Emperor describes his expansion policy and peaceful co-existence of the conquered provinces. Further, Augustus claims about his success in expanding the territories without waging military actions on the peaceful population. Camillus’s achievements are mostly confined to his military attacks and conquering of numerous lands. He is known as a cruel and fearless soldier who misused his power and deterred the civil population of Rome. Unlike Marcus, Augustus’s deeds and achievements were less connected with his military policy, but with his social and economic reforms. This is of particular concern to his donations to the Roman plebs and soldiers. Marcus Camillus, an acknowledged military leader and Roman soldier, is also known as the second founder of Rome. He is also known as the most powerful and cruel dictator, although his military tactics helped Rome to stand the attack of the Guals. When the Roman army was defeated, the Rome was immediately seized by the rivals, although the Capital Hill remained under the control of the Roman garrison (Livy pg 520). The Roman Senators were aware of Camillus’s exceptional gift as a military leader and, theref
The authors in this study talk about the current and future changes in the field of quality engineering (Vining et al., 2015). In manufacturing, engineers are concerned most about the efficiency of processes and methods used to enhance performances. In the past decades, individuals identified statistical approaches used to improve productivity excellence in any engineering system. The authors start by first providing an overview of significant advances and trends that have taken place in the past decades and inform further how engineering should evolve to make new contributions. The article is majorly a reflection on where quality engineering is headed in light of the current situation associated with manufacturing. According to the authors, the field is transforming from the past challenges. Initially, individuals perceived quality engineering as the concept for improving the value of products, services, productivity, or reliability in the manufacturing sector. Individuals in the field contributed to such notion through the existence of agencies such as the American society for quality engineer certification (ASQ) (Vining et al., 2015). On the contrary, contemporary issues need adaptation to key basic tools in the industry, and the future depends on how well the equipment is embraced. In the coming days, it is perceived that robotic systems will control the manufacturing environment to enhance productivity. Economic and high-tech sensors for data collection will obtain valuable information to improve outcomes of the products. Such changes will result in sophisticated operations and a series of more complicated processes. Consequently, research methodologies will be required to meet the industry demand. The future of quality engineering is deemed to have brighter changes, and it will also contain significant challenges. According to the authors, one issue that will face the profession is an increased divide between practitioners and academic research needs (Vining et al., 2015). Professionals need to focus on the problems in the real world to meet the demand for new applications. The study mentions recent advances such as the extension of standard methodologies for addressing issues, experimental designs, profile monitoring, computer experiments
Organizational culture is a term used to refer to the ideals, values and practices prevalent among members of company or an organization and the procedures and practices implemented by management to ensure that those norms unique to the organization are observed (Brown & Payne, 1990). Organizational culture affects the management policy and performance of an organization. The success of new managers or directors depends on how well they are able to adapt to the organizational culture prevailing in the organization (Du Plessis, 2006, p.36). Several scholars have formulated various theories on the aspect of cultural organization. There is universal consensus among them it is determined by a range of assumptions developed from the social practices of the organization and the realty on the ground (Mullins, 2008, p.104). Researchers mostly use metaphors to explain the complex concept of cultural organization, the most common ones being machine to mean the organization. The word organism is also used as an alternative to machine. Use of the word organism originates from the systems theory where organizations are viewed to be in a constant struggle for survival in an ever-evolving environment (Smirchich, 1983). There are various types of cultures. Constructive cultures involve a policy of encouraging members so that they approach their work positively and are thus able to improve their output. Major characteristics of a constructive culture include expectation and motivation for achievement, self-drive, self-actualization and other related goals (Ogbonna, 1992, p.275) The other category of organizational culture is defensive colure further classified into aggressive defensive culture and passive defensive culture (Hersey& Blanchard 1993, p.64). The aggressive defensive culture grooms members to be protective of their status through all means possible, even if it involves the use of force. Members of such an organization ate expected to be competitive, power-driven and perfectionists (Willmott, 1993). Passive/defensive organizational culture manifests in interaction with people in a manner that will not endanger their status or security (Ackroyd & Crowdy, 1990). Members of such an organization tend to exhibit conventional characteristics, are dependent, and portray evasive behaviour. The defensive cultures are not poplar and constructive cultures are said to be the best in both terms of effectiveness and improving t
The poem “The Sunlight on the Garden” by Louis Macneice has four stanzas. Every stanza possesses six lines that rhyme abcbba. The fifth line illustrates two beats. All the other lines are represented as loose three-beat (Kennedy 109). The poem starts with a basic and common statement concerning the inability of maintaining any moment. The joyful moments are lost, as time proceeds. The sixth line illustrates that time’s passage hinders individuals from enjoying happy moments, or agonizing over sins. The second stanza illustrates aspects of freedom. Freedom represents joyful moments; but, as time elapses, it may end. Other disappearing things in the poem are dances, birds and sonnets. Stanza three describes war environment. The joyful activity of flying will end, and the airplanes will be responsible for bringing bombs and deaths. The stanza finalizes by representing the decreasing authority of the British Empire. The poem possesses definite form that is flawed slightly. The meter varies from one line to another, and hence, it does not follow the rhyme scheme. Also, the meter variation does not ensure breaking up the monotonous aspects of the poem. The subtlety nature of the poem creates a resonating effect; however, it also enhances difficulty in interpretation and understanding (Hirsch 67). The meanings of certain words change significantly. The term ‘lances’ found in line seven describes a bird; because of the images illustrated in the third stanza. In the eighth stanza the word ‘lances’ represents a soldier and the associated military theme. The meaning of the term ‘siren’ is also not clear in the poem. The word means the evil song that enhanced the death of sailors. Siren can also refer to the sound produced by an alarm. Works Cited Hirsch, Edward. How to Read a Poem and Fall in Love with Poetry . New York: Harcourt Brace. 2009. Print. Kennedy, John. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Drama, and Poetry . Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 2007. Print.
This is a very important discussion because a deep comprehension of the learning process should provide framework for curriculum and instructional decisions. This is because diversity in middle level schools calls for continual reexamination of educator’s assumptions, expectation, and biases. Therefore, decisions on education must be evaluated for their influence on students learning capability. Teachers are supposed to have enough information about shared beliefs of people and different styles of learning. This is because; there is a relationship between the environment in which the child is living or originates from and child’s success academically, socially and emotionally. The context, in which the leaner is in, is known for influencing the motivation behind the middle class student to learn. Context is everything in the material, mental and personal, social, institutional, cultural and historical that influences the meaning, which people make. The activities which students participate in and the interactions they have with peers, adults, and the physical characteristics of their learning environment all contribute to their motivation to learn and desire to engage. Context consists of cultural artifacts such as language, technologies, social interactions, communication and any other elements in the physical environment that influence learning, meaning making, and cognitive development (Ramirez, 1989). If a teacher is going to provide successful learning opportunities for the middle class students, he or she must have knowledge of the learner. This is in relation to personal characteristics and the beliefs of people that affect the way they behave. The middle school learner is a product of nature and nurture. Everyone is born with a tendency to learn in a particular way. Members of the family, what people belief in as well as the entire community influence this. Different researches show that the way of learning is determined by nature as well as nurture. Type development begins at a very early age and the argument is that type is inborn predisposition just like left or right-handedness. However, the successful development of type can be greatly improved or hindered by the environment. Members of the family should be encouraged to work together in order to help one another. The experiences that children get when they are young determine the styles of learning that they adopt. The style of learning is developed through the characters that are similar in children, the
The action potential is the communication process that happens within neurons as they communicate and send information from one neuron to the other. Neurons are the primary information structures that are used in the central nervous system. They accomplish their purpose by taking in information by inputting and sending it out to the next neuron by outputting it in the form of an electrical potential (Munoz, 2012, p. 2). The process of a neuron sending a signal is called an action potential, which happens by changing electrical potential that is brought about by the passage of an impulse along the cell membrane. Action potential takes place when stimulation is brought about by electrical potential through the gating kinetics of potassium and sodium, which lead to sensitivity and rapid depolarization. Action potential happens in five distinct phases namely the “rising phase, peak phase, falling phase, undershoot phase, and the refractory phase” (Munoz, 2012, p. 3). The conduction of an electric signal in action potential happens through ions, which in turn move along the axon of the cell. During this movement, depolarization happens thus leading to the generation of currents that reach a point of no return hence creating a threshold that generates a current that is big enough to move to the opposite end. Reference Munoz, F. (2012). Dynamics of Action Potential in the GABAergic Thalamine Reticular Nucleus in Vivo. PLoS One, 7 (1), 1-13.
MYOB is an Australian company that develops tax, accounting, and other software for a variety of businesses. It provides tools for making interactive dashboards and reports, monitoring the company’s progress, and managing its finances (“What is MYOB,” n.d.). MYOB products contribute to all kinds of business management decision making: operational, financial, strategic, and tactical, allowing companies to make informed choices and address their specific business needs. First of all, MYOB solutions contribute to financial decision making, helping businesses to save time and money. MYOB offers cloud accounting services that allow accountants and bookkeepers to remotely access and share the company’s financial records (“What is MYOB,” n.d.). The Business Intelligence (BI) tools are used to create fully automated flexible reports presented in a simple format, which facilitates faster and easier decision-making (“Faster decision making is easy,” 2017). With easy access to clearly structured information, companies make more informed and careful financial decisions. Another helpful product developed by MYOB is reporting dashboards that are used for making all kinds of business decisions. They display different types of data related to job functions, roles, and responsibilities and help to structure and analyze the company’s financial, organizational, and operational information (“Business management reporting, n.d.). With the help of dashboards, businesses can assess the profitability of each department and the performance of each member of the staff, which helps them to manage operations and human resources. Decision making in business management significantly depends on the management and access to information. MYOB tools provide such access, allowing companies to analyze all kinds of data and constantly monitor their progress. Furthermore, all MYOB products can be personalized to address each business’s specific needs. Overall, these solutions help companies achieve significant improvements in customer support, sales, operations, cost management, human resources, and product development decision making.
Introduction Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is an abnormality of sex that is mainly typified by the nonexistence of the need for sexual practices and dreams. For hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) to meet the definition of a disorder, it “must cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulties and not be better accounted for by another mental disorder, a drug (legal or illegal), or some other medical condition” (Moynihan, 2005, p.192). HSDD is categorized into several subtypes. Although hypoactive sexual desire disorder is considered a loss of sexual desire, even loss of sexual desires for a given current partner is also considered to have HSDD. Clinicians present this disorder as a problem that requires medical interventions. However, critics argue that asexuality is being subjected by studies in HSDD to positions that are similar to homosexuality during times of discrimination of certain types of sexual affiliation and inclinations. Causes and Symptoms While attempting to evaluate the causes and symptoms of HSDD, it is important to note that low sexual desire is not principally an indication of the presence of the disorder because of the need to satisfy the precondition that a given problem must cause interpersonal difficulties together with marked distress to meet the definition of a disorder (Moynihan, 2005). It also needs not to be explained by some sort of medical challenges. Faced with this dilemma, Mitchell and Mercer (2009) reveal that a description of the cause of HSDD is problematic. Symptoms and causes can be approached from the dimension of the description of what causes low sexual desires among people. Among men, despite the existence of various types of HSDD, or for discussion of this paper, low sexual desire, most men are diagnosed with three main types of HSDD. The first type of HSDD that is prevalent among men is the generalized lifelong HSDD. For this type, men have no desire or have little desire for being simulated sexually by self or by a partner. In the case of the second type (situational-acquired HSDD), men have previous interest for sexual stimulation by their present partners. However, this interest dwindles so that the current partners hardly stimulate them anymore. Nevertheless, I prefer being stimulated by other partners or by themselves (Moynihan, 2005). The third type of HSDD is the generalized-acquired HSDD. In this type of HSDD, men have had sexual desires at some time in their life. However, they are not interested in being sexually aroused either on a solitary basis or by future life partners. Under normal circumstances, it is incredibly challenging to distinguish the three types of HSDD. However, as Moynihan (2005) informs, the three types do not have the same etiology. For instance, the causes of the generalized lifelong HSDD are not known among many clinicians. For acquired generalized HSDD, its cause is known. The cause includes medical and health challenges, including psychiatric challenges, high prolactin l
Introduction Tobacco consumption is the leading avoidable cause of death in Europe. Traditionally, the tobacco industry in Europe was left to regulate itself since tobacco use was viewed as a matter of personal choice and government regulation was weak. The tobacco industry argued that intense government regulation was unnecessary for a legal product that was used by individuals on their own volition. However, this attitude changed rapidly in the EU starting from the late 1990s. The EU and its Member States singled out tobacco use as a vital area that needed significant government intervention and control. The Union recognized the significant health and economic burden that tobacco use caused to its constituent States and their citizens. Statistics indicate that 650,000 people in the EU die because of smoke related health issues each year. Berger-Walliser and Bird reveal that tobacco consumption kills up to half of its users (1016). In addition to this, smoking costs the EU about $100 billion annually in health care costs and other indirect costs including premature disability and lost productivity. For this reason, the member states agree that preventing smoking is good for the health and economic outcomes of the countries. With these considerations, the EU has implemented a series of directives and recommendations aimed at reducing tobacco use within the EU. One area that has been targeted in the aim to encourage a decline in tobacco use is advertisement. This paper will endeavor to provide an informative image of the situation with tobacco advertising and sponsorships in the EU considering the legal obligation of EU member states to implement the Directive 2003/33/EC, which effectively banned the advertisement of tobacco products. Advertising and Tobacco in the EU The EU and its Member States have recognized the many adverse effects that tobacco use causes. To reduce the tobacco consumption levels within the region, the EU has concentrated on advertisement. In spite of persistent claims by the tobacco industry that advertisement does not have any impact in the overall tobacco consumption among member states, the EU has consistently suggested that advertising does indeed affect tobacco consumption. Advertising is regarded as one of the most visible business activities and it aims at attracting people to use the advertised product and increases its market share of the product. Advertising therefore plays a significant role in promoting sales and attracting new consumers. According to the European Health Forum, there is a positive relationship between aggregate cigarette advertising and aggregate cigarette consumption (Smith et al. 3). In addition to this, the EU contends that advertising is responsible for the favorable assessment of people who smoke by the rest of society. This social acceptability contributes to the promotion of new smokers therefore increasin
According to data provided by the United States’ Federal Reserve, companies continue to hold massive amounts of cash. Although it is possible to invest this cash, most companies still avoid doing this. This data also shows an increase in corporate debt in spite of the fact that most companies have adequate cash reserves. Most of the cash held by these companies is in overseas accounts. One of the reasons for this trend is the prevailing low interest rates on loans. Other companies might be doing this to avoid the tax bill that is usually associated with offshore investments. Although this issue has been addressed by various economists, this trend has been on the rise over the last few years. It is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of this practice. Some of the companies involved in this practice will also be covered. One advantage of hoarding cash is that it makes it possible for companies to grow wealth. Most firms have more successful investments overseas than they have locally. Returns on these investments are mostly reinvested and this increases a firm’s wealth. The profits earned through local investments are mostly paid out in form of dividends. Shareholders have been asking for more cash returns on their investments yet they still need to increase the value of their investments. Cash hoarded overseas makes this possible. In the United States, all investments brought from overseas attract a thirty-five percent tax. This is why for most companies it is easier to reinvest the earnings because they will attract a lesser tax bill. Another advantage of having huge cash reserves is that they act as buffers in case of economic meltdowns. This is usually the time when it is harder to borrow money and the price of assets is lower. Hoarding cash is a practice many economists frown upon. One of its disadvantages is that it can play a major part in slowing down an economy. In times of economic slowdowns, an economy requires as much stimulation as possible. Subsequently, cash hoarding only makes the situation worse. The president of the United States is on record encouraging companies to invest and hire more. Another drawback to hoarding cash is that it attracts a huge opportunity cost (Opler et al. 8). Having excess cash on a firm’s reserves is not justifiable liquidity wise. It also makes it harder to do accurate valuation of companies. It is also clear that during a time of economic recess