ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historians have over time argued whether the conversion of Constantine was genuine as some are of the idea that the vision he said he saw could have been just a reflection of the sun on ice crystals otherwise known as the halo effect. Others argue that the fact that he always exhibited soundness and also the fact that he did not recount this vision to anyone until after he had won the war is evidence to the fact that he was not using the story to gain acceptance and therefore, it is authentic. The conversion of Constantine into Christianity took place during the war that he fought against Maxentius, who was not only his co-emperor, but also his brother. He was specifically convinced that military might, could not win him the war and therefore, he set out to find a more powerful deity hence his quest for divine assistance 1 . During his prayer for divine intervention, he received a vision of the midday light with the inscription, ‘in this sign you will be victorious’. He believed this to be a sign from God and henceforth set out to order that the symbol of the intersection of the Greek letters chi and rho, which were his saviors’ name to represent his army. This conversion helped Christians as they were now safe from persecutions and it also opened the way for the adoption of Christianity as the religion of the state. The church leaders and the missionaries benefited from gifts and grants from the state to advance Christianity too. It is said that the fall of the western empire had major effects on Christianity and among the effects were; while the prominent Romans fled to the east, the bishop of Rome became the new prominent person who was recognized as the ruler of Rome even by the barbarians. His moral authority increased as was evidenced when he was summoned as an arbitrator when the emperor disagreed with the bishop of Constantinople. Since his authority was unchallenged, he took over the responsibility of the emperor. This period set the stage for the papal system. The church was also allowed to educate and convert the barbaric tribes into Christianity and some of these barbarians ended up becoming good religious leaders and even missionaries. Of particular interest was the conversion of Clovis who was the king of the Franks, which was followed by the conversion of three thousand of his men 2 . This set the stage for widespread adoption of Christianity and served to boost missionary efforts as even more tribes that were far away were targeted. However, this has been criticized as a move by Clovis to gain political acceptance. As noted in the article, Heretical Christianity did work to promote Islam as most of the heresies were doctrines that had disputed the existence and acceptance of Jesus Christ as a son of God. Islam in itself had borrowed some of its teaching
This paper analyzes the movie Women From the Lake of Scented Souls , alternatively known as Woman Sesame Oil Maker by Chinese director and scriptwriter Xie Fei. The main aim of the work is to assess the effects of the Confucian values on the heroines of the film. Summary of the Movie Women From the Lake of Scented Souls tells the story of Xiagn – an industrious middle-aged woman living in a quiet village in rural China. She was sold to her husband at the age of thirteen and managed to transform the disgust with her slothful and abusive husband into energy needed to maintain the family’s sesame oil production business. Her success is noted by a Japanese businesswoman, who invests into Xiagn’s business and helps it grow and prosper. As she grows rich, Xiagn becomes concerned with the fate of her epileptic and mentally disabled son Dunzi. She arranges for him to be married with Huanhuan – a peasant girl, whose family desperately needs money. After the young woman is nearly strangled during one of Dunzi’s fits and runs away, Xiagn realizes how she orchestrated the misery of Huanhuan and tries to redeem herself by offering the girl freedom. However, she feels that her life is already ruined and sinks into deeper despair. Confucianism and Women It is widely accepted that Confucianism placed women in the position of submission and servitude. One of the basics of this teaching are The Five Bonds: ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend. As Confucian teaching has influenced other Asian cultures as well, these bonds play an important part in those countries as well. For example, these bonds are honored in Japan, where women face similar problems (Cooper 5). In this paradigm the place of the woman was one of a servant: she was supposed to be loyal first to her parents, then to her husband and finally to her sons as a widow. Prominent Confucian thinker Zhu Xi even stated: To do wrong is unbecoming to a wife, and to do good is also unbecoming to a wife. A woman is only to be obedient to what is proper (Tiwald and Van Norden 296). All of these views and ideas are reflected in the movie. The burden of obedience and servitude oppresses both Xiagn and Huanhuan. It is the primary source of their misery. They are bound by their obligations to their families, no matter how cruel those people are. These bonds, very Confucian in their nature, prevent the heroines from attaining any sort of personal happiness, forcing them to care for the unloving husbands, despite having no love for them. It is worth noting that some writers attribute that concept of womanhood to the perversion of original Confucian beliefs which considered men and women equally capable of virtue (Clark and Wang 2). But it is clear that one way or another, the later teachings contributed greatly to the women’s role as mute servants in Chinese society. At the time the movie was filmed, the significant changes were set in motion by
The author of the article, Dirk Vandewalle, is a professor at Dartmouth College. The article, ‘After Gaddafi: How does a country recover from 40 years of destruction by an unchallenged tyrant?’ analyzes the events going on in Libya after Colonel Gaddafi. The article first appeared in The Daily Beast on February 27. Vandewalle borrows much of his reasoning from his previous works on ‘A History of Modern Libya’. The book discussed the life of Libyans and state of affairs in Libya under Gaddafi. The article evaluates available political solutions that can be applied in restructuring Libyan institutions in the modern world. The article offers insight to Libyan elites as regards to leadership. The paper links Gaddafi’s dictatorship with the worst revolution experienced in the world. The article talks about the rise and fall of Gaddafi, who was a self-styled dictator. The essay observes that Gaddafi took over power through bloodless coup and went ahead to eliminate all forms of opposition to his regime. The fallen leader became aggressive after being inspired by Libya’s hero referred to as Omar al-Mukhtar, who was a Cyrenaican tribal chief. Italians assassinated the hero in 1931, something that did not auger well with Gaddafi. Gaddafi developed a negative attitude towards the West leading to a deadly attack in 1986, when Americans bombed parts of his kingdom. The West disliked Gaddafi because of his proposal of uniting the African continent and the Arab world. After taking over power in 1969, Gaddafi was faced with one big problem of uniting a state divided on tribal lines. He adopted a policy that would see off his opponents. He embarked on torture as one way of scaring political activists in the state. Indeed, many people lost their lives, forcing others to fly out of the country. Political dissidents were further hunted in foreign lands, and were being referred to as dogs. Some normalcy and constancy was witnessed after 1992, when Gaddafi agreed to engage the West in oil trade. The collapsing oil market was quickly reinstated and some political freedoms were granted to Libyans. However, Gaddafi never allowed active political. The article posits that Gaddafi’s son, Saif al-Islam, tried to urge his father to open up and allow some criticism, which he succeeded. Saif became the darling of the West because he was against his father’s style of rule and life style. The article ends by asserting that Libyans never wanted to be told anything related to Gaddafi’s regime after the uprising. This means that they were fed up with dictatorship and autocratic rule. Unfortunately, even Saif could not do anything to salvage his besieged father, because people could not listen to him anymore. In fact, he was likened to his father implying that he was in danger too. The paper discusses some of the important issues as regards to Gaddafi’s leadership and the position of Libya in the international system. The main point discussed is Gaddafi’s leadership style, which was disregarded by many people in the state. The leader was intolerant to criticism implying that no opposition was to be
Introduction Bacterocera tryoni, a serious pest of diverse fruits and vegetables, belongs to the family of Tephritidae and is native to Australia, particularly the state of Queensland. It is an appropriate model insect that the study used to illustrate genetic linkage and mapping of visible and molecular markers of the white gene. According to Gilchrist et al. (2014), tephritid fruit flies live in colonies that permit sympatric speciation and the maintenance of pure strains. Moreover , B. tryoni flies are easy to manipulate to get desired hybrids because they have a flexible mating pattern that allows male back cross without the interference of crossing over during meiosis. Comparatively, B. tryoni has white recessive marks on its thorax, which are homologous to white eyes of Drosophila melanogaster. The mapping of the white gene on different chromosomes and microsatellite loci suggests the existence of a linkage to the visible white marks. Gene mapping is essential to create a genetic linkage between the visible white marks and white gene in B. tryoni. In the experiment, male back cross enabled the identification and differentiation of the nature of linkage that exists between the white marks and the white gene. The presence of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the white gene permits RFLP to generate fragments of different lengths. The targeted region of the white gene comprises of 680bp with conserved restriction site (GTAC) and polymorphic restriction site (GTWC) for Rsal. When digested with Rsal, the conserved restriction site in one allele (b) generates two fragments (550bp and 130bp), whereas both conserved and polymorphic restriction sites give three fragments (360bp, 190bp, and 130bp) in another allele (a). RFLP is a molecular marker that effectively differentiates the two alleles of the white gene and enhances the creation of the genetic linkage of white marks. Hence, the purpose of the laboratory report is to describe how amplification of the white gene, restriction fragment lengths
Introduction Financial inclusion is the process of making services provided by different sectors of the economy, especially the private sector, available to all businesses. This way, the system supports as many people as possible without biases. Financial inclusion aims to allow people of a particular economy to financially establish themselves, which helps raise the living standards in that current economy (Center For Financial Inclusion, 2018). The economic instability present in Nigeria presents a problem as their currency is debilitating to the other world currencies. It is also to be noted that despite the country being a large economy, the development rate is severely below what is expected (Financial Inclusion Insights, 2017). Analyzing the financial inclusion in Nigeria through a quantitative research method allows us to understand how financial technology companies can aid in developing their large economy. Financial technology companies integrate technology into finance to better deliver better services to consumers, allowing them to control their economic outcomes better. The drawbacks of financial inclusion are investigated, and financial technology firms are included to see how these drawbacks may be reduced. It is also to be noted that there is a significant gender gap in financial inclusion in Nigeria, which shall also be addressed in this paper. Problem Statement The paper aims to analyze the terms of financial inclusion in Nigeria and where the economy falls short. It seeks to look at how financial technology firms may aid in the weaknesses that evoke financial inclusions or lack thereof. It looks at the aspects of financial inclusion as a fundamental right for the citizens and why it is essential. Thus, the paper aims to analyze whether Nigeria’s economy is financially inclusive and exclusive and the detriments that come with such terms, and how this can be aided through financial technology firms. Hypothesis and Objectives It is assumed that Nigeria practices more financial exclusivity than inclusivity. There are barriers to financial inclusion, such as the lack of education in the financial sector and the lack of infrastructure to support financial inclusion fully. The study’s objectives are to analyze the nature of f
Psychology has been defined differently by various authors. Dewey defines psychology as the science of facts or self phenomena (1). On the other hand, statistics is defined as the process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data (Clark 40). The application of statistical methods in psychology enables psychologist to make informed decisions after analyzing and interpreting data. Statistical methods can be categorized as descriptive or inferential. Descriptive methods encompass techniques that describe a set of data in an effort to condense or better understand what is there. For example, the average age group of 100 individuals might give a much better image of the group as compared to individual listing of each of the 100 ages. Moreover, inferential methods are a body of techniques which allows us to draw a conclusion about a larger group of objects by examining only a portion of those objects. The importance of statistics in psychology can be illustrated through the following example. Consider a therapist who deals with sexual abuse. The therapist received approximat
Introduction Several organizations have embraced technology in their operations. However, it is of paramount importance that entire operations of the organization are integrated. This calls for need of implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). According to Sheilds (8 -12), an ERP is a computer-based system used to manage internal and external resources including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, human resources and intangible resources such as customer relationship management, intra-organizational communication and supplier relations. Budget request For the ERP project succeed, it requires total of 102,500 US dollars, this amount is spread as follows: User and Software requirements Specification costs 2,500 dollars, ERP modules acquisition costs 54,000 dollars, system integration costs 20,000, dollars, system testing costs 5,000 dollars, user training costs 12,000 dollars, system installation and commissioning costs 4,000 dollars and annual system maintenance 0f 5,000. However, it is expected that the system shall save the organization 50,000 dollars annually for a period of six years from the installation date. Organizational Contribution The ERP shall contribute to integration of organization’s operations since all systems shall utilize a centralized database and reduce data redundancy. It shall also contribute to operational cost reduction due to staff doing the same work; furthermore, ERP contributes to ease management of organizations resources such as human resources, monetary resources and assets. In addition, the ERP project shall improve the organization’s total service delivery. For the proposal to succeed, 360 degree influential communications issues includes: Source factors To be persuasive enough, the budget proposal should originate from a trustworthy source, where the recipients are fond of and appreciate the expertise of the writer. An expert in ERP should therefore be the person to prepare the budget proposal professionally and be able to address effectively, accurately and timely the concerns and recommendations from all concerned stakeholders. Project Communication plan Servaes (23 -25) argues that there should be an effective bidirectional communication strategy with all the involved stakeholders. The decision makers’ executives and corporate finance/ budget analysis committee have to be informed on the benefits and the competitive advantage of implementing an ERP such as reducing operational cost and creating a sense of ownership of the project. Communication with other departments is important; for them to understand that ERP shall be of great benefit to all departments in order to focus on the same organizational goal. Users have to be involved to get their training needs and IT department staff; in order to ascertain the available knowledge base. According to Mochal (42 -46), a communication plan affects a project’s success and involves determining communication needs for each stakeholder, brainstorming how to meet the needs, mandatory communication and prioritizing communication options. Message and audience factors The understanding of the
Hotel Cavendish is located in the dynamic center of Bloomsbury in UK. A PESTEL examination is an essential tool which helps in analyzing the political, economic, social, technical, environmental and legislative pressures which may affect an institution (Institute of leadership and management 2007, p. 23). These external pressures that have an effect on Hotel Cavendish ought to be vigilantly taken into account by the hotel administration. The hotel’s strategic fundamental position in the capital makes it susceptible to PESTEL pressures. This is evident in the existence of new rules in the city that need acquiescence. Demographic changes may lead to the diminution of market size and a fresh technology may be introduced (Institute of leadership and management 2007, p. 23). This requires new advertising and end user approval alternatives that need clear exemplification. In a social context, London has an assortment of religion and cultures. Hundreds of languages are spoken in its environs and the employment of more trained staff that is multi-lingual is necessary for the 4-star hotel. Around 2 million visitors from all over the globe visit the center every month either for business purposes or leisurely as tourists. Demographic trends evident in the changes in the populace age, composition along with the entry of new cultures and race in the area make it appropriate for the hotel to identify its potential clients. The capital is an economic center and countless intercontinental businesses are carried out here. Large business moguls arrive in the city of London to transact huge business deals. There ought to be additional options of spacious conference rooms for delegates, aside from the present ones which host 2-80 people (Cavendish hotel, 2010). The hotel administration should endeavor to sustain regular businessmen who may want urgent accommodation in the hotel or referred to alternative areas. Even though it is required to reserve in advance, there can be exceptional reservations for a number of regulars. There are hundreds of overseas banks and offices for thousands of companies in L
Introduction “The Prince” is a work of an Italian philosopher, diplomat, and historian Niccolò Machiavelli who wrote it in the 16th century. It is one of the most controversial texts in history. It describes the most effective ways for princes to rule their people, wage a war, and gain economic profit regardless of moral issues. Machiavelli was a person of his time, Renaissance, when Italy was torn into many Principalities and city-states, and war between them had almost no end. There was no regular army, only mercenaries, which accurately reflected the spirit of the era, when war was fought mainly for money, not for ideas or beliefs as before. There is a specific term for the behavior described in this work, called “Machiavellianism”, which can also be applied to contemporary politics. It means that Machiavelli had precisely grasped the nature of Europe’s politics after the Renaissance, which did not change still. One of the most exciting ideas of this work is a Prince’s maxim to be both “beloved and feared” (Machiavelli, p. 53) that is crucial for leaders to follow for this principle’s effectiveness. The Meaning of the Principle “To Be Both Loved and Feared” The principle “to be both beloved and feared” connects two important feelings of people which can prevent unwilling riots and uprisings. Love for a ruler is necessary because it motivates subjects to pay tribute to their lord and to supply his army. However, when this feeling is not accompanied by fear, they may exceed the limits of what is permissible. In addition, there is a danger that the land with such people will gradually weaken and eventually be conquered by an alien army. Fear is necessary because it states strictness and the actual distance between the people and the ruler. Everyone must do his or her duty, otherwise he or she will be punished. It is a more effective method to control everything, but if it is a single one, it can also lead a principality to crush. However, to make a combination is complex, therefore, ” it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with” (Machiavelli, p. 98). Therefore, the two feelings described two feelings have to be together as they only in tandem predict the most prolonged ruling period but having a fear takes precedence. The Possibility of Following the Principle Following this principle is possible for a prince who can effectively govern the people because of it. First of all, it is logical because love as affection to the prince and fear do not contradict each other. They are both necessary for saving a connection between the people and the lord. They appear as logical effects; fear is the product of not wanting to lose the connection. Additionally, Stockholm syndrome can serve as an example of how love and fear get along. Secondly, a union of love and fear is possible empirically; everyone can notice this on a mundane level of relationships between children and parents. The former may simultaneously love and fear the latter because parents may punish children when they do not conform to their ideas of good behavior. Despite this fact, most of them love their father and mother. However, a prince