ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are numerous examples in history pointing to the significant role of art in the promotion of political aspirations and national philosophies. Ideologies such as communism were known for excessive use of posters depicting the desired state of things and creating the image of the ideal world where everyone would work to benefit the state and leader. Posters were seen as one of the primary means of communication between citizens and leaders because they reflected the plans for future development and showed people who were to become role models for regular Chinese people (Smith 551). Under Mao, communism centered on such values as rapid industrialization of the economy, integrating women into economic and social life, human mastery over nature, and leaving old issues in the past, giving a path to a better future (Strayer 1081). These values were perfectly depicted on the shown posters because they portray a woman occupied at a commonly male working position (poster 3), operating factories and the use of natural forces such as water for benefitting the national economy (poster 2), a man destroying the symbols of the past as well as the signs of the international developments depicted in rock platter (poster 1). Moreover, poster 4 represents the communication between the leader and the people of the state (Strayer 1080-1084). All in all, posters were strong because they underscored universal consciousness and loyalty to Mao (Lu 79). Furthermore, they are still timely nowadays because China follows the path of industrialization and the involvement of women in economic life. However, there are still some weaknesses because no women are portrayed on other posters stimulating the desire to drive social change and industrialization, limiting the role of women to hard work. Moreover, other weaknesses were revealed after Mao’s death. Even though the overall sense of grief points to the effectiveness of posters promoting love for the leader, the consequent struggle for power, which was common before the rule of Mao, highlights the fact that initiation of social change was weak, and there were no real changes in the political system (Wright 177). Works Cited Lu, Xing. Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact of Chinese Thought, Culture and Communication, Columbia, SC: South Carolina University Press, 2004. Print. Smith, Stephen. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Strayer, Robert. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources, New York, NY: Bedford/Saint Martin’s, 2010. Print. Wright, David Curtis. The History of China, Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2011. Print.
According to Weber, an organization that is designed around specific rules and procedures, as well as control mechanisms, is “an ideal type” of bureaucracy (as cited in Volti, 2008). In order to have an “ideal” restaurant operation, it is important to establish an organizational structure with a clearly defined hierarchy. The organizational structure of a restaurant is dependent on a wide variety of factors such as size, a structure of ownership, type of service, and target customers (Mensah & Mensah, 2016). The functional framework for both small and large establishments in the food serving industry varies according to the individual needs and the policies of the particular enterprise, but it is basically the same. With the specific personnel needs such businesses have, it is important, then to design an organizational structure that would have a clear chain of command and would be in line with those needs to achieve effective operation of an enterprise. As noted by Altinay and Altinay (2004) proper organizational structure is “a prerequisite for accomplishing any of the various tasks of entrepreneurship “ (p. 334). This paper will design an organizational structure for a small restaurant. It will also explain the relevance of hierarchical ranking to achieving the efficiency of the enterprise. Front and Back of the House The restaurant will be divided into two main departments: front of the house and back of the house (Hanly, 2016). The front of the house will be composed of the dining area, where food is served, and the bar area for serving beverages. The kitchen, where the food is prepared, along with the administration office, which is concerned with management, coordination, and accounting functions of the enterprise, will constitute the back of the housing department. Since it’s a small operation, managerial duties related to the operation of the front house will not be split up between two positions; only one manager will tend to both areas. For ensuring efficiency, they will report directly to the general manager. Horizontal and Vertical Divisions of Labour All labor will be divided horizontally into separate tasks to achieve the efficiency of the operation. Branching responsibilities in this manner will
Reverse logistics is the course of planning, controlling and implementing the course of stock and finished products from the manufacturer, distributer or through the use of point to point recovery or disposal point (Spicer & Johnson, 2004). Products recall, wrong deliveries, commercial returns, warranties, refurbishment, repairs and end-of life returns are few of the many examples of reverse logistics faced by companies. Though undervalued, reverse logistics is part of supply chain management that has currently gained much attention due to its direct impact on company’s margins and corporate image in terms of corporate social responsibility. Operational factors European Union (EU) Legislation European countries are producing approximately1.4 Billion tons of waste products, which are dangerous (Guid & Van, 2001). These directives require the manufacturers of products to bear the bigger part of product disposal costs for a sound environment analysis (Owen, 1993). The goal of these directives is to encourage the manufacture of environmentally friendly products (Owen, 1993). Installation of the necessary reverse logistics systems is not amongst the competence of the producers but requires a third party for implementation. Examples of the European directives include end of life vehicles (ELV) Directive 2000/53/EC, Battery Directive 2006/66/EC and WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC. However, these directives are not binding laws to the member states, but act as guidelines within which they have to comply. It is the responsibility of the European Union member states to transpose and implement the EU legislation into national laws to be followed by all members. The ELV Directive In Europe, around 9 million tons of waste is produced by ELVs. However, used cars have many parts that can be recycled which include oil, plastic parts, filter and batteries. Notably, 75% of ELVs are recyclable (Spicer & Johnson, 2004). Important to note is that portion of each end of life vehicle is recyclable, and thus minimizes its environmental impact. The ELV Directive came into force in October 2000, with an aim of achieving environmentally friendly transport. The WEEE Directive According to Fiksel (1996), this rule imposes financial and physical responsibility for establishing effective methods of disposal and collection of electronic waste. The directives state that companies should establish an infrastructure for collecting WEEE. The Battery Directive This rule has two main purposes, which include reduction of hazardous materials used in batteries and enhancing recycling and collection of batteries. It also aims at achieving optimum collecting and recycling quota for all used batteries (Bellmann & Khare, 2000) Customer characteristics The top companies find it very crucial to leverage their reverse logistics capabilities. Many of them use reverse logistics capacity as a promotion stra
The sex of an individual is normally classified in terms of biological factors. In most cases, external appearance of an individual is used to tell whether the person is male or female. When a child is born with a male reproductive organ, then new-born is identified as a boy. However, current advances in scientific studies on human beings have revealed shocking news. An individual might have the XY chromosomes that are usually attributed to a male person but still appear as a female. Similarly, an individual may possess the XX chromosomes but acquire the external appearance of a male person (Gender innovations, 2012). In most cases, the latter may be occasioned by the inability of the concerned person’s body to process certain gender hormones. It is imperative to mention that another special identity exists in human population. Such Individuals are biologically known as intersex. They usually possess both the male and female characteristics. This paper examines Jane Doe from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She is a female athlete who underwent testing to determine her sex. This practice is usually a common requirement by many athletic bodies across the world. However, many organizations criticize this move by asserting that it is a form of gender discrimination. Jane Doe is an American citizen who is registered as a female person. She is currently 20 years old. She has been participating in athletics since she was 14 years old. The sex issue came into limelight after she won several medals in the 800m race. She has a masculine physical appearance and qui
Nowadays, hardly will you find a person who does not realize the incredible power of mass media, its huge impact on us, on our lifestyles, actions, our physical looks and even personal features. This especially refers to those who tend not to think much and analyze information they receive from TV or newspapers. The power of mass media became apparent from the very first days when technological advancements made it possible to spread information to larger masses of people. With time, it also became obvious that media can be used not only to inform people, but also manipulate their minds and make them think in a certain way. In this paper, I will discuss two works of two German authors: The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by a German philosopher and essayist Walter Benjamin and The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum by one of the most popular post-World War II writers Heinrich Boll. With the development of mass communication and mechanical reproduction, the very gist of art and its various forms transformed significantly, purposes of many artists for creating their works also changed. With time, mass communications became politicized and were used for creating distorted, deceitful images, political repressions, human rights violations, and violence. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin Walter Benjamin wrote this famous essay about art in 1935 and discussed various impacts that mechanical reproduction and mass communications had on art. Before I discuss some of Benjamin’s ideas covered in his essay, let me say a few words about political and cultural situation in Germany in the 1930s. Actually, it was a period when Germany was suffering from a cultural crisis, when fascism was on the rise, and when Marx’s communist ideas were popular as well. German society including various artists were split and had to choose a side to stand on – either fascist or communist ideology. Definitely, such political conditions affected art greatly. Now, imagine that such dramatic changes in German cultural life are accompanied by the development of technologies and mechanical reproduction. What does it mean? It means that mass communications and art are available to the mass audience. Now, not only rich people can observe the works of art in museums or galleries. By means of mechanical reproduction, copies of the works of art can be quickly disseminated, and large masses of people can have access to them. Taking all this into consideration, Benjamin talks about art, changes that it undergoes, new functions that it gains, new values that it has for people. Benjamin notes that “instead of being based on ritual, art begins to be based on another practice – politics” (224). The works of art were no longer produced for art’s sake, but were affected by the political struggles. However, Benjamin talks not only about politization of art. He mentions drastic transformations in the gist and value of art. For instance, in his essay
Simulation Decisions All organizations are subjected to external and internal risks due to globalization and liberalization of trade barriers.So most organizations now have a special risk assessment and risk management team to eliminate or reduce the effects of risks. The crisis task force consists of the chief executive officer and the departmental heads.They meet periodically to discuss the impacts of risks and how to mitigate them, so that the impacts on the company is minimum. The Company: The Company in Question is a leading producer and supplier of organic farm produce. What started off as a small farming operation in 1975 has now grown into a professionally managed organization with staff strength of more than 200 people. The company grows its crops using only organic methods and does not use pesticides or non-organic fertilizers. The farm and the headquarters are located in California and distributes its products to three neighboring states. Because of rising levels of health awareness, more and more people are turning towards organic foods and hence the future of the company looks very bright. The company sells its products mainly to small retail and medium sized groceries in these areas. It does not cater to supermarkets because of the low prices offered by them. Produce is delivered through a network consisting of 10 delivery trucks. The food is packed in such a way that food that will ripen at the earliest are delivered to nearby shops while those that will take longer are delivered to shops in more distant places. Risk Assessment: The area of operation is agriculture and all risks associated with this type of activity can be included as potential risks for this company also.  1. Production: Optimum agricultural production is dependent on many factors such as weather, availability of irrigation facilities and organic fertilizers. The company uses lady bugs instead of pesticides to ward off pests. Risks due to weather include unseasoned rains, excess or no rains, floods, cyclones, forest fires etc. A study of past weather records in the area will be helpful in assessing average weather patterns. The Company has enough water sources to irrigate the land for a period of six months in case there is no rainfall. Organic fertilizers like compost and animal waste is available throughout the year.  2. Storage: The Company has storage facilities like warehouses and cold storage facilities. A failure in the distribution system can cause problems in storage because the available cold storage facilities can accommodate the produce of not more than two days. Because of its inherent nature, certain produce cannot be stored for a period of not more than one week without being spoilt.  3. Distribution: Even though the network of the company is efficient and the number of trucks is adequate to handle the business, a breakdown may cause serious losses to the company. This is because the entire product life is limited to a maximum of two da
Introduction Youth crime has become a major issue of concern worldwide because most youths have been indulging in crimes at very high rates. This has raised the need to take some steps in an effort to either minimize or avoid the involvement of youths in criminal activities. Youth crime also referred to as juvenile delinquency entails some abnormality in the youths’ behaviour in regard to societal or even legal expectations. There are many factors that are considered to facilitate indulgence in crime by the youths for instance poor up bringing, poverty and unemployment, lack of education and peer pressure among others. This research paper will look into the various aspects that are associated with youth crime for example the causes, the delinquent behaviours involved, and the preventive measures undertaken to handle the delinquencies. Causes of Youth Crime There is no distinct factor that can be pin pointed as the root cause of youth crime. This is because youths engage in criminal activities as a result of the different situations that they face in life. The situations could be as a result of either social, economic, cultural or even family problems. Different economic, social and cultural conditions in different countries causes the difference in the causes although some common causes can be drawn since all hail from family relationships, the social environment and the economic situation surrounding the youths. The relationships that exist in the families of the youths could facilitate the indulgence in criminal activities for example when the parents are involved in crime, when there is poor parental guidance and supervision, in case of neglect and isolation or harsh treatment by parents hence the development of defiant behaviour, where there exist family conflicts and the youths feel overburdened, ineffective or lack of communication between the parents and the children hence lack of forum for discussing the problems that the youths could be having, disrespect and irresponsible behaviour among family members that may make the youths take it as a normality, family break-ups and violence among others. An economic condition on the other hand entails aspects like the political situations surrounding the youths, poverty and unemployment among other aspects (Western, Lynch and Oquilvie 45). The political situation in a nation may also lead to indulgence in crime by the youths for example in instances where there is political instability, the youths may tend to look for means through which to secure a better future hence engaging in criminal activities in search of a livelihood. Lack of employment opportunities for the youths is also a major contributing factor towards delinquency. Some of the youths have got education but lack employment chances making them hopeless and susceptible to anything that may come their way, crime being one of them as they try to survive and establish a source of living. Poverty and inequality also contributes to criminal activities. This is because no one is ready to accept
Introduction Great Greek writer Homer was a beginner of all the world literature. The success in the study of his creations was considered to be the forward movement of all philological sciences. That’s why Homer’s poems with their emotional perception had a great influence on the next generation of writers. In 1667 the English writer John Milton wrote “Paradise Lost”. It was written after the Restoration, but the powerful voice of the poet declared that the spirit of the Revolution was not broken, that it still lived in the hearts of the people. Being a Puritan, Milton wanted to portray God as an almighty embodiment of Justice, and Satan as the villain, but Satan became the hero of this great work. Description of “Paradise Lost” “Paradise Lost” was an epic poem. The characters were Satan and his rebel angels. God, three guardian angels – Raphael, Gabriel, and Michael, and the first man and woman – Adam and Eve. The revolutionary spirit was shown in Satan, who revolted against God, drew to his side many rebel-angels, and was driven out of Heaven. Down into the fires of Hell they fell. But Satan was not to overcome. He hated God who ruled the universe autocratically: “High on a throne of royal state, Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heaven” (Readprint) The very word “tyranny” made God a despot and repulsive to the free mind. Though banished from Heaven, Satan was glad to have gained freedom. He pitied the rebel-angels who had lost life in Heaven for his sake and decided to go on with the war against God. Milton served the highest model of epic poetry of antique times. The writer was inspired by Homer. Following him in “lost paradise” the author attempted to draw the universal picture of existence: the battles, which solve the fates of peoples, the elevated faces of Gods and the human persons, and also different everyday details. Poet scrupulously reproduced the composition of the antique model – Homer’s “Iliad”. He, like the Greek writer, widely used the methods of hyperbolization characteristics of heroes, constant epithets, expanded comparisons, and metaphors. Milton’s choice of words, grammar, and word order were Latinized. The tone of narration was elevated and solemn without psychological nuances. Both eposes were written in the blank verses. Milton hid his thoughts behind the fantastic subject. He was not interested in private cases and situations from people’s life. The author was interested only in person on the whole. That’s why he put a religious subject into a philosophical poem. If in the first books a contrast between forces of sky and hell symbolized the fight of good and evil, the central theme of «Paradise Lost» was a reflection of such fight in human’s heart (Stephen Fallon, 1991). Milton’s work was varied in content and at the same time was extraordinarily difficult and contradictory. The author himself wrote that in his “Paradise Lost” he wanted “to justify the way of God towards a person” (Marritt Hughes, 2003). The work was based on the plot of the Old and New Testaments. The Bible legends made the basis of the plot of “Paradise Lost”, that’s why it was considered to be a poetic arrangement of the Bible. Such an