ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Residential segregation is an ongoing problem within the U.S. that indicates a deep societal inclination towards bias for certain ethnic and social groups within the general population of the country. This form of community formation (i.e. Caucasians in one neighborhood, African Americans in another) extends to various social situations related to economic opportunity, education and even the way people are treated in public. Some communities and jobs simply require individuals with more money and a better educational foundation which result in a form of isolation and consolidation of different cultures in communities that are within their economic and educational strata. It is based on this perception that opportunities related to work, education and being within a safe community are often isolated to Caucasian populations. On the other end of the spectrum, low income housing, lack of job availability and unsafe communities due to high crime rates are often seen among minority populations as seen in the case of L.A. (i.e. Los Angeles). This in effect creates social segregation wherein American society is becoming increasingly divided over racial lines (Jesdale, Morello-Frosch, and Cushing, 811-817). Today, forms of racial segregation are also evident in society where wealth is increasingly being isolated towards the majority which in this particular case consists of the Caucasian population. The end result of such actions is that minorities remain minorities with wealth, education and connections being increasingly isolated to the upper echelons of society. It is based on this that this paper will explore the current level of racial segregation within various areas in the U.S. and attempt to explain the factors that lead to their development. Literature Review Origin of Residential Segregation Residential segregation as it is known today has its origins in the current level of structural inequality within the U.S. social system. Structural inequality can be described as an inherent bias within social structures which can provide some advantages to a select group of people within society while at the same time marginalizing others (Li, Campbell, and Fernandez, 2642-2660). This can be seen in instances related to racism, education and discrimination wherein certain segments of the population are categorized and marginalized depending on the color of their skin and their particular race (Li, Campbell, and Fernandez, 2642-2660). For example the law involving illegal immigration passed by Arizona has in effect created a form of discrimination against many Mexicans living within the U.S. who are in fact there legally. Structural inequality is one of the main reasons behind the continued limitations in the development of community systems wherein minorities are in fact being discriminated against due to connotations involving their propensity towards illegal or criminal behavior. One clear example where structural inequality promotes discrimination can be seen in the current
Power describes the capacity of an individual or teacher to compel or persuade actions or inactions. The features of power in a multicultural classroom include compulsion, penalty, and coercion. However, the power to compel specific actions in a classroom is called agency. As a result, the agency is stimulated by power. Thus, teacher’s assertive behavior in a multicultural classroom stimulate agency among students (Ahlquist, 1999). Students withdraw from class activity if they perceive teacher’s dominance in class discussions. The act of withdrawal is called the agency in the classroom. Race Race is a variable that affects the teacher-student relationship. Surveys revealed that race affects student’s performance. The findings revealed that black students perform well in a black environment. As a result, white students develop with white teachers while Afro-American students associate with black teachers. Thus, racial interactions facilitate learning. Students will likely choose role models from teachers that share similarities in behavior, race, and ethnic background. As a result, black teachers interact better with black students than white students. Racial gap can be closed with teacher’s attitude and control. Thus, teacher’s behavior and classroom techniques quality can improve communication in a multicultural environment. White privilege Diversity gap is a challenge in a multicultural environment. As a result, institutions with few minority populations suffer from white privileges. Consequently, white privileges affect student’s participation in a multicultural environment. Cultural diversity and white privileges complement each other. However, multicultural education was introduced to reduce the diversity gap. As a result, multicultural education creates a balance between what is right and what is enforced. The term white privilege denotes the advantage conferred on a dominant race. Student-teacher relationship in a white dominated institution is influenced by white privileges. As a result, Afro-American teachers suffer white dominance in a multicultural classroom. Consequently, black students are bullied my white teachers in a multicultural environment. For example, white students have the privileges to change teachers that affect their learning environment. The privilege is a disadvantage in the black community. Injustice The above example reveals the injustice in a multicultural environment. As a result, black students are oppressed in a white dominated environment. Thus, injustice prevents the student from participating in the class activity. Institutional discrimination and marginalization Institutional discrimination and marginalization affect the s
In the article “What Right Do Public Managers Have to Lead?” Behn (1998) undertakes a critical review of the American system of governance and examines various failures the system experiences in different branches of government such as the legislature, executive, judiciary, and political. It is in the context of the failures that Behn (1998) explores the roles of public managers in providing leadership to their agencies to overcome the governance challenges. Public managers refer to people who have managerial responsibilities with any government agency. For example, political appointees like cabinet secretaries and supervisors are mandated with ensuring that workers are motivated to achieve the agencies’ goals. The article succinctly builds the argument by referring to different situations that affect the governance system; for example, the failures by the stakeholders who ensure that checks and balances are maintained. The main argument that surfaces in the analysis is the need for managers to ensure public participation and provision of clear direction and motivation of people. As a result, Behn (1998) states, “The citizenry needs to be informed about the important issues and actively engaged in the policy debate” (p.210). The word “citizenry” as used in the article refers to various stakeholders from the key branches of the governance structure. Further, Behn (1998) expounds on the issue of public management by exploring different scenarios of failures and the possible measures that should be taken to set directions and align people with their mandate of public service. Thus, Behn (1998) points out to the mandate of public managers in applying enterprising leadership to achieve agencies’ purpose and create capacity for future goal
Introduction Starbucks is one of the well-known coffee house chains. The company is represented in many countries of the world. The brand of Starbucks has gained the popularity among people of different ages and represents one of the notable examples in the history of marketing and management. The aim of this essay is to describe the macro-environment of the firm and to analyze the uniqueness of Starbucks. Macro-environment The firm operates at the three levels of the environment: macro, micro, and the internal level. Each of them exposes the company to various risks as well as provides the opportunities for growth. The macro environment is the level, which determines the long-term perspectives of the company ( The marketing environment n.d.). The macro-environment consists of seven major elements including the demographics, economy, political factors, legislation, socio-cultural factors, ecological and geographical factors, and technology ( Marketing assignment help n.d.). For example, the technology plays a crucial role in the long-term success of Apple. The innovative activity is the important part of its business. The development and launch of iPhones and iPads have been accomplished due to the hard work of the R&D team of the company and its substantial financing (Apple n.d.). Besides, the economic situation determines the performance of the company, to the large extent. In the years of the economic downturn, the consumers tend to be less willing to pay the significant price for the new models of iPhone or for other Apple’s products. Starbucks brand uniqueness The innovative forward looking marketing strategy was the primary determinant of the Starbucks brand uniqueness ( What makes Starbucks 2012). “Unlike other companies, Starbucks has stayed away from promoting itself through ads in a billboard, newspaper, ad space or a poster. It has relied on the dictum “Real Simple is Real Effective”” ( What makes Starbucks 2012, n.pag.). Starbucks’ marketing strategy was focused on the product quality, customer satisfaction, innovation, “word-of-month” advertising, viral marketing techniques, strategic partnerships, and social responsibility ( What makes Starbucks 2012). However, the company has faced serious problems recently. The management has decided to close a substantial number of the stores. The analysts claim that the overexpansion ha
Introduction Communication is the process through which information is conveyed, and involves the sending and receiving of the message. It is a platform that develops, maintains and improves relationships among individuals and groups. However, in some cases, it can be the destroyer of relationships. There are several definitions of communication depending on one’s point of view. It has been described as the transition of information to ignite response, sharing of information and ideas among many other definitions. The word communication was adopted from a Latin word “communis”. The world has gone through several revolutions including communication revolution. Communication has come a long way due to the help of the consistent development of better communication equipment and technological development (Aggarwal & Gupta, 2001). Today, the communication world is sophisticated due to the many technological advances that have been witnessed. There have been numerous studies conducted in the field of digital communication. These studies have been the driving force of this technological advancement. The world is driving towards the digital communication though this has not been achieved mostly in the developing countries (Thomas & Chandra, 2006). Mass communication started in the fifteenth century by the invention of Johannes Gutenberg’s from printed information to moving information type. Printed information developed in the nineteenth century. Moving press information was aided by the improved transport system, the development of the telegram, and the invention of the telephone (Aggarwal & Gupta, 2001). Literature review The media industry in India has proliferated in the past recent years. The first Indian newspaper was printed in 1780, which is about two hundred years ago. Initially, the Indian media were divided into electronic and print media. The electronic media include television and radios. On the other hand, the print media include newspaper, magazines, and journals. The present technological advancement obliterated this divide. Mass media are instruments that have shaped the social lives of the society of the word and not just in India. There are three types of communication theories: the common sense theory, the working theory and the scholar’s theory. The common sense theory is created by the individual’s personal experiences and is useful to other people about how to communicate. The working theory is about the best way to do things. On the other hand, the scholar’s theory has undergone a systematic research, and the result provides an accurate and abstract understanding for the communication (Aggarwal & Gupta, 2001). Cognitive dissonance theory This theory concerns the incompatibility between people’s beliefs and actions. People deal with dissonance by avoiding hearing contradictory news of their own, seek reassurance after tough decisions are made, and try to change personal beliefs to match public behavior. A dissonance reaction can be explained by self affirmation and personal responsibility. This theory implies that influence is an intra-personal event that occurs when the
“Get the hell out of here!” he yelled at them. “Get a room!” The above was highlighted in DailyJournal.com and reported as the response of a coastal beach resident when he caught two tourist having sex against the wall of his house near an entertainment spot frequented by tourists in New Jersey (Perry). Morals issues aside, tourism is a big and crucial business all over the world. It is so vital that some countries solely rely on it for the bulk of foreign exchange to run their government. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) estimates for 2011 show that international tourism raked in US$1,030 billion ,representing an increase of about 3.9% compared to the previous year while demand for international tourism continue to surge, having experienced a growth of 4.6% since 2010. There is aggressive marketing of both popular and unpopular tourist destinations so as to realize even greater returns. From the same report, citizens of rich western countries form the bulk of regular tourists. Although some travel for business or even charity, the prime reason for many is to seek pleasure. Tourism exerts both positive and negative effects on the host community. Besides being a crucial source of foreign exchange, it is a source of employment. A lot of people get to work in the hospitality, retails and transportation industry developed to cater for tourists. The positive side of tourism is well documented and researched. However, negative effects of tourism are less talked about and are mostly ignored, much to the detriment of the local host communities. Although not all tourists travel for sexual adventures, tourism is routinely utilized by western citizen as an avenue for sexual exploration and gratification. Many reasons have been advanced to explain the sexual behavior of tourists abroad. One cites privacy of many tourists’ destinations as the primary reason that tourists exploit to experience sexual encounters they may shy away from at home. Language barrier between tourists and the locals has been suggested to contribute to the making of wrong assumption by either party about the other. These wrong assumptions enable them justify their wrong behaviors.For example, tourists may consider their sexual activities to be beneficial through the payment they make for them that end up supporting local economies and poor families. Additionally, economic superiority of tourists some of whom may be of quite lower economic class in their own countries may tempt the tourists to sexually exploit the locals. Tourists may also be seeking sexual satisfaction in their tou
Introduction Motivation is a very important aspect of the learning process whether in the classroom or outside. This is because it helps create a universal interest among students which leads to improved general success of the learners. The use of educational motivation theories is based on the assumption that each and every individual has specific needs concerning learning. It is for this reason that motivational strategies are applied in learning with the aim of creating a central interest in a certain task. There are various strategies that have been used in learning settings especially in schools to give the students motivation to succeed in their academic endeavors. Some of these strategies involve certain learning activities that seem be of common interest to the students. However, there are two basic theories of motivation in educational setting categorized by internal and external factors of individual students. This is because motivation has been said to be affected by a central part of an individual (Culatta, 2011, p. 1). Each of these theories have their advantages and disadvantages as well as different ways through which they can be applied in learning set ups. Intrinsic motivation As the name suggests, intrinsic motivation deals more with the internal factors that exist within individual students. Similarly, factors related to the task itself affects learning motivation. This is better demonstrated by what individual students like to do over other tasks. For instance, some students like reading more than others. In this case, such students are always motivated by their love for reading even if the task has no reward. On the other hand, the students who do not enjoy reading find it difficult to read unless pressured to do so by some kind of reward such as excelling in an examination. Carl Rogers, a humanistic theorist describes this kind of learning motivation as one which exists within oneself without the need to consider external factors. In this case, students do not require receiving external rewards as they get to build up their self-esteem through achievement of their desired goals which could be said to be internal reward (McDaniel, 2012, p. 1). This means that there is no external force driving the individuals to reach a desired goal/achievement. This kind of motivation is significant in that individuals are motivated by their desirable behaviors and this helps them to perform tasks much better and they are more likely to succeed without much concern of the reward that may come along with the task. The advantage of intrinsic motivation is that students or even adults are ready to take responsibility of their actions. This is because they act on the basis of a central locus from within and therefore they do not consider external factors as influences of the outcome of their actions. This leads to prevention of unnecessary blames such as to teachers and other external factors involved in a learning set up. Such individuals have cog
Culture refers to a set of customs, beliefs and behavior that are shared by a given group of people. The culture of a school consists of things such as policies, schedules, demographics and curriculum together with all social interactions that occur in between these elements to form the desired school image. Strategies that are not meaningfully linked to a school’s culture cannot improve instruction delivery as they are bound to fail. School culture is ordinarily formed when teachers and students interact during instruction delivery in a classroom; therefore classroom culture is a fundamental component of school culture. Educational excellence can be achieved by putting in place a strategy that is beneficial to a school’s culture and that can help improve instruction. School culture entails unwritten rules that govern how students and teachers interact with one another. The thoughts, feelings and actions that both teachers and students have towards the school are synchronized by a set of unwritten rules in the form of an accepted set of norms, traditions, rituals, beliefs and values. Apart from student-teacher interaction, unwritten rules also determine the outcome of curriculum decisions, tests and curriculum instruction. A school culture that is student-focused can be formed by encouraging teachers to pay much attention to efficient testing and curriculum that can facilitate the making of decisions in a school. This can be achieved by implementing a strategy that discourages teachers from teaching whatever they want and helps them move towards a more professional-oriented teaching culture by regularly celebrating student learning and achievement (Sergiovanni, 1984, p. 8). Celebrations symbolize what is valued within a school community. By incorporating celebrations into a school’s culture, students are encouraged to be more attentive and teachers tend to follow curriculum instruction all the more. Celebrations enhance the rules engagement by making teacher-student interactions to be more encouraging, cordial and collegial. Celebrations can be in different forms. A school can prefer changing a slogan or motto that has been in place for a long time then celebrate and reinforce it so as to replenish teachers’ and students’ energy. Slogans and mottos form a very important part of school culture. A good slogan and motto should be that which communicates the values of a school (Gregory & Chapman, 2008). Celebrations can be used as a way of transforming the negative aspects of a school’s culture and as a way of continually encouraging and developing the positive side of the culture. This can be achieved by initiating ceremonies and traditions that convey a strong message regarding the positive aspect of a school’s culture. Put in place a song that clearly conveys the value of the culture of the school. Celebration ensures that positive aspects of a
In Breakdown 1968, the author shows the moral breakdown of Mark. He is travelling with his pregnant wife and son, Hans to Los Angeles where he is planning to look for work. The car breaks down at a remote gas station and he has to get a new alternator. He hitches a ride from a man and two women who are part of a film crew in a hearse. They encourage him to leave his wife and kid and join them to live a better life. They manage to convince him. He takes up the suggestion and actually abandons his wife and child. He is completely selfish at this time, thinking of himself and accomplishing his dreams. He looks at his family feeling that they are trapping him. He is unable to reach for his dreams. He wants to join the entertainment industry and make it big. He is not thinking of his family and how they will get out of the remote gas station and go home. While in the car however, he starts feeling guilty and tells them he has to get out and go back to his family. He gets to a parts store when he realizes he does not have enough money. He is forced to call home and ask for help from his parents something he hates. Mark is unstable and not happy with the life he is living. The film crew offered him what he perceives as a way of escape and he was tempted to take it. He was on the journey of selfishness and abandoning his family but he redeemed himself at the end and came to his senses. The story shows us the moral failure of a man and his self-redemptive actions. Priest Leo experiences moral failure as Mark in the story of the Missing person. Priest Leo is convinced he is supposed to be a priest and he patiently works in the parish. However after the death of the old priest, he is moved to a parish where things are falling apart. The nuns have lost patience in following the rules of the church. Leo feels lost, moving from parish to parish till he meets Jerry, a man employed by the parish to assist in fundraising. Jerry causes Leo to change and condone actions that he should not. Jerry raises money through unethical means. He lies that the parish is supporting the disabled, orphans, lepers and even earthquake victims so that they can get financial support. On these meetings with the rich peop