ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Research Aim The aim of the research is to discover the significance and extent to which communication in multicultural project teams contributes to project success. Many project teams have had an international outlook with firms carrying out project activities in offshore countries away from the country of origin. That is in addition to working with expertise with different cultural backgrounds and experience, which necessitates the need to establish how communication in project teams is key to project success. Research Objectives To achieve the aims of establishing the importance of communication in project teams toward attaining success in project work with members from multicultural backgrounds, the underlying objectives include:  1. To identify the role of communication as a tool in a project team to enable effective understanding between team members.  2. To determine the barriers, which need to be overcome in project teams with a multicultural background.  3. To discover the best method of creating cross cultural project communication to achieve effective team work toward achieving best team performance.  4. To identify a scenario case example of a successful multicultural project team with effective cross cultural communication to inform the study. Research Questions  1. What role does communication play in project teams with a multicultural setting?  2. How is communication managed between team members with a multicultural background?  3. Why do strategic managers need to study cross cultural communication in project teams?  4. What barriers should managers identify within a cross cultural setting that impedes the optimal performance of team members in project teams?  5. Why is it necessary to study cross cultural communication?  6. What practical scenario examples can serve as a learning point for successful project teams that have embraced cross cultural communication? Literature Review Different authors have contributed to the study and role of communication especially in project teams with diverse cultural backgrounds. These include Adler and Graham (2003, p.5) who have extensively studied and reported on communication between team members from different cultural backgrounds and attempted to show the significance of communication in such a setting. Communication, as demonstrated by Ansari and Jackson (1996. P.6), Hall (2003, p.5), and Hall and Hall (2004, p.11), is based on a number of factors that are crucial that a project team mana
Introduction Rapid development of information technologies, especially Internet and various social changes contributed to the decline of public library usage in the United States and many other countries (Goulding 2006, p. 112). This trend urges these organizations to improve their practices and find new ways of attracting visitors. This paper is aimed at describing an imaginary public library that will serve the needs of a middle-sized city with a population of 150,000 people. In particular, it is necessary to identify the major services that it will provide. Secondly, this essay will explain how this institution will cooperate with other public libraries and governmental structures. Thirdly, one has to explain the principles that will govern this organization. One should note that this organization will operate in the environment which does not yet exist. This means that this institution will not have to face budgetary constraints as it is often done by public libraries. Secondly, it will work in the environment in which the government fully appreciates the educational importance of such organizations and supports them. The services provided by the public library First, we should say that this organization will be a part of a large library system. The thing is that such networking enables libraries to better share resources and information (Wilson 1992, p. 166). It is particularly important when we speak about books or periodicals. Secondly, these institutions will able to share information about user’s most common requests. As it has been said before, this organization will work in a middle-sized city. Its population will have various educational, informational, and developmental needs and this library will serve these needs. At this point, it is necessary to speak about these functions in more detail. First of all, this public library will support those people who pursue their education. In this case, one can mention school, college, or university students and those people who want to acquire new knowledge in their professional area (McClure & Jaeger 2009, p. 50). The readers of this library will represent various age groups. They will be able to find literature related to their areas of study. Admittedly, this organization cannot be compared to a research library in which a collection is focused on one or two specific subjects. The books and articles stored in this public library will be related to a variety of scientific disciplines or liberal arts. Another type of services will be related to the informational needs of the clients. These needs can very heterogeneous, and it is rather difficult to identify each of them. The readers must be provided access to a variety of printed and online sources of information. The staff of this library will also help clients develop their information literary skills. In other words, these visitors must know how to access and evaluate various sources of information and assess their validity (Roman& Fiore 2010, p. 27). This issue is parti
Assia Djebar was one of the remarkable female writers of North Africa. The scope of her writing encompassed prose, dramaturgical, and journalistic works. One of the famous novels of this writer is Children of the New World . This book reveals the status of women in Muslim society, which has been a forbidden topic for the majority of Arab writers for decades. The purpose of this paper is to review Djebar’s Children of the New World and discuss the various examples of the emerging female agency in the book. Review The novel is devoted to the description of the Algerian War. In particular, the book exhibits the role played by women during the military conflict in the face of nurses, revolutionaries, messengers, and so on. The text also shows a wide social, ethnographic, and historical background in order to fully recreate the traditional way of living in the country (Deb 15). The reader can observe the national specifics of the state and comprehend the complexities of the lives of women at that time. In this reading, the emphasis is made at a recreation of the psychological portrait of a generation that has been able to reach a social
Introduction Training is a learning process where employees acquire knowledge and skills to improve their competence and to help them achieve organizational goals. Every organization will need to train its employees in order to increase their productivity and to become proficient and competent while carrying out their job duties. There are two types of training methods: in-service training and pre-service training. Pre-service training is offered by formal institutions where persons attends regular classes in order to attain a formal diploma or degree whereas in-service training is undertaken when an organization offers time to time knowledge or skills upgrade to its staff. Methods of Training Training methods are divided into cognitive methods and behavioral methods. Cognitive methods give information either in written form or orally and provides guidelines on how to go about job tasks. They include lectures, discussions, demonstrations, virtual reality, programmed instructions, computer based training and intelligent tutorial systems. On the other hand, behavioral methods enable learners to exercise behavior in real fashion and they help in skill development and attitude change. Behavioral methods include games and simulations, behavioral modeling, case studies, equipment stimulators, business games, role plays and in-basket techniques. The training method selected should be able to motivate the learners to improve on their performance. In addition, the training should help staff transfer what they have learned in training to job situations and they should be allowed to actively participate during the training or learning period (Bass and Vaughan, 1966). On The Job Training (OJT) On job training, also known as hands on training, is the most commonly used training method in small organizations. This form of training always takes place at the actual work place. The existing experienced and skilled managers and supervisors take the lead in training less experienced and knowledgeable employees who join or are already working in the organization. William and Kazanas (2004) mention that there is no official procedure for undertaking an OJT and point out that that trainers need not to have formal qualifications as long as they are experienced and have knowledge in the field. The employees are coached, mentored, and instructed by their superiors on how to handle their job duties. This training method helps to identify weaknesses and strengths of the employees. However, the competence of this method cannot be proven because some sloppy work habits can be passed from supervisors to the trainees and this might affect their output. Besides, finding the right time to implement training schedules can be a challenge because the trainers’ responsibilities might be left unattended to and this might affect the organizations’ performance. In spite of these limitations, this method is one of the most effective training techniques and has been successfully used in many organizations. Alipour, Salehi, and Shahnavaz (2009) avow that OJT results into more creativity, realization of organizational goals, and enhances work quality. L
Introduction Sentence refers to jail-time or a prison term with a specific time range that is based on the verdict of a judge or jury to a convict in a court of law. The term is usually founded upon punishments that are set by the state law or the Federal law where a federal crime has been committed. In technical terms, the term is decided within the nature of the crime committed and takes into considerations fines, community service, restitution and probation in-grained to the offender, (Roberts, 2003, p. 19). Sentences are normally based on the nature and the extent of the crime committed by the offender. Sentence extends upon special jurisdictions in that a sentence can be suspended, concurrent or consecutive. Therefore, the statute of jurisdiction within which a crime is committed determines the penalties to be imposed by the court. Sentencing structure in the U.S. is classified into three distinct sentence structures, namely; Indeterminate, Determinate and Mandatory sentences. Indeterminate Sentences Indeterminate sentence consists of a specified range of years where the term to be served by the offender must fall within the prescribed range and at the same time, the paro
The brand to be examined in this essay is the Hershey Chocolate Company. This company, venerable by U.S. standards, was founded in the 1800s, and produces products are beloved and, now, iconic. If not wildly cutting-edge in its introduction of new items, this firm has on the other hand remained consistent in quality. It is now a global confectionery business, and represents a consumer product that lies somewhere between a commodity staple and a luxury item. As such, it fills an important spot in a portfolio that aims to cover industry sectors. Its business performance has shown stability and generally positive trends, and thus represents a sound, albeit non-flashy, investment. This brand is admirable to this consumer and scholar because it provides products that nearly everyone has enjoyed in one form or another. From little kids’ chocolate milk, to the Kisses that adults exchange on Valentine’s Day, Hershey’s products are ubiquitous. They are widely available, at an attainable price point, to virtually all US consumers. Their quality is predictable and satisfying, although other brands seem to have picked up the gourmet end of the market. This particular scholar has enjoyed wonderful Hershey’s chocolate bars. They have been a pleasure as portable energy on trips, as shared pick-me-ups in between classes, and in the form of that odd American summer and outdoor dessert, s’mores . It has been reassuring to this student that the chocolate bars are readily available and reliable in taste. Hershey’s products have been an affordable little luxury. The company’s founder, Milton Snaveley Hershey, was born in rural Pennsylvania, and grew up in a farming community about 1.5 hours from Philadelphia. His grandfather was a Mennonite minister, and his mother, who raised him largely by herself, conveyed a fierce work ethic. He worked in several candy businesses in several cities including Philadelphia, and New York. He eventually settled in Lancaster County, founding the Lancaster Caramel Company. This location took advantage of the readily available butter and milk produced by the local dairy farmers on some of the nation’s richest grazing land. Caramels include a mere handful of ingredients, but depend for their taste on good ingredients and careful technique, which he emphasized. He became aware of chocolate manufacturing equipment in the late 1800s, when chocolate was still a very high-end, luxury item (Biography.com, 2015). While attending the Columbia Exposition in 1893, he acquired specialized chocolate-making equipment, and used the use of milk in making coatings for his Lancaster caramels. The sale of excess chocolate formed the basis of a whole separate business, which was called the Hershey Chocolate Company, which eventually became the main business. One thing that makes Hershey such an unusual firm is the way that its founder contributed so powerfully to the education, housing, and health of the community created by his factories. He founded a school, and eventually endowed it with the bulk of his fortune. Today, there is a school, a medical school, a resort, and a theme park, all carrying the Hershey name. The produc
Introduction A stock exchange market is a place where business activities take place. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) are examples of stock exchange markets. The stock exchange market is controlled by specialists and dealers who are market makers (Ellen, 2010). Brokers usually go to the specialists or dealers and present their request to either sell or buy shares at a certain price. The specialists and brokers then match a broker’s request with another one to facilitate trade. When there is no broker who matches any of the requests, the specialist buys or sells the shares (Sobel, 2008). This process continues and becomes the business of the stock exchange market. Analysis The movement of buyers and sellers in both exchange markets is controlled by police to reduce traffic that may develop in case of no order. Both the specialists and the dealers in both exchange markets determine the flow of shares. The shareholders in both exchange markets benefit from obtaining profit from the sale of shares. Also, since both exchange markets are now public entities, they are bound by the rules set out by the Securities and Exchange Commission (Sobel, 2008). The two stock exchange markets are different from where they take place. The NYSE takes place in a physical locality within the city of New York while NASDAQ is located on a telecommunication web site on the internet. The NYSE involves an auction process whereby the customer with the highest bidder is allowed to buy the shares while in the NASDAQ dealers are involved to determine the buyer. Another difference is that NASDAQ involves dealers who look for the market for the orders while the specialists in NSYE facilitate the trade in the stock exchange market. NASDAQ is regarded as a new form of stock exchange because its physical market is found online while NYSE is considered as an old form of the stock exchange with a physical market located in one area. Ownership of shares in the two exchange markets forms the other major difference between NSYE and NASDAQ. Initially, NASDAQ was a public entity while NSYE was a private entity but both exchange markets are now public entities (Ellen, 2010). The Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 were enacted by the Congress Assembly in August 2002 to form an oversight board to control the registered public accounting firms and associates (Randal, 2004). The board is authorized to change accounting laws at five years intervals. This oversight board gives sanctions, supervises, and advises the firms on important decisions to make. Other r
Introduction China is one of the countries that have the longest history when it comes to the nature of practices in the social and political realms. Historians argue that China is the oldest empire in the world. The height of political developments in China can be traced from the Ming regime to the present Peoples Republic of China. However, the height of political developments in China can be traced from the Qing dynasty to the Peoples Republic of China. A lot of political changes have taken place during the regimes. This paper discusses the political developments in China during the Qing dynasty, the Republican period, and the Peoples Republic of China. The paper focuses on the struggle by the regimes to extend the central political authority and the challenges faced in trying to attain this goal. Qing dynasty and centralized political authority Most researchers who are following up the history of China argue that the Qing dynasty was highly characterized by imperialist tendencies. The boundaries of modern China are marked out of the territory established by the Qing Dynasty that prevailed from 1644 to 1912. According to history, the military conquests that resulted in the broadening of the dynasty point to the issue of power and central control in the Qing dynasty. To establish control, each ruler who ascended to power sought to concentrate power through exercising central control. The leadership experienced during that time can be likened to the hereditary power. Rulers sought to pass political power to their kinsmen. Within the first century of existence, emperors embraced military conquests in the expansion of the dynasty. A sense of disintegration engulfed the dynasty approximately three hundred years into the existence of the Qing dynasty, resulting in the divide of the dynasty into different dynasties. It is vital to look at the factors that accelerated the move towards disintegration (“Chapter 4: China’s Qing Dynasty and its Collapse” para. 1-3). First of all, it is vital to observe the Qing dynasty was founded on conquests, meaning that different territories came together by forced bonds. Such bonds could only be maintained if there was complete integration. The implication here is that the dynasty existed on temporary bonds that could be broken by small forces of disagreement. Tensions between Chinese and Machu remained active through the existence of the dynasty. The people of Manchuria, the conquered region, were against the extension of imperialism, while the people of China-backed imperialism (“Chapter 4: China’s Qing Dynasty and its Collapse” para. 3-4). The other thing that comes out in history is the absence of the spirit of national
Organizational profile Audi is one of the most recognized and respected luxury car makers in the world. The company is formed in the year 1910 in Germany. Later in 1932 Audi was merged with auto majors DKW, Horch, and Wanderer. Audi AG is headquartered in Germany. Audi was wholly owned by the auto major Volkswagen in the year 1964 and since then Volkswagen is its parent company. The core strategy of Audi is to lead the company through better technological advancement. The company’s main product line is automobiles. But it is also involved in developing engines. Sales performance Audi posted record in its total sales and in sales revenue in the year 2007. “2007 was AUDI AG’s twelfth record year in a row worldwide. From January through December, 964,151 cars were handed over to customers – 6.5 percent more than in 2006 (905,188).” (AUDI AG: New sales records in all regions in 2007, 2008). The company was able to achieve this sales target by introducing its technologically superior models. The aggressive market study conducted by Audi has shown that the customers require products with high end technology and luxury features. The company’s growth rate in Germany is 7.9% from 7.6% in the previous year. Thus AUDI ranked first in terms of sales in the whole Europe. Competitors of AUDI Audi’s major market segment is luxury cars. The company faces stiff competition from other major players in this segment. The other major luxury car producers that compete with Audi are Mercedes Benz and BMW. Mercedes Benz is the world’s largest luxury car manufacturer. Mercedes Benz is also headquartered in Germany. The company enjoys a very good brand value in the market. Mercedes Benz had its major focus on luxury features and recently the company has started focusing more on technology. The second major competitor of Audi is BMW which is also the leading luxury car manufacturer of the world. BMW is also a German car manufacturer. BMW is known in then market for its high end technology and luxury features. BMW has two subsidiary companies Mini and Rolls Royce. It can be seen that both these companies are as good in luxury and technological features as Audi. Audi’s marketing research Audi has been through a continuous marketing research process which gathered them enough information for developing strategies to be successful in the market. The core findings of the research are enumerated as follows:   * Customers require high end technology: The people want a car that is more advanced in technology. A car that equips more technological features is likely to be more successful in the market.   * The customers are much concerned a