ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Individuals engage in social activities due to the desire to belong. In this regard, Fiske (2010) identifies five motives that encourage individuals to take part in societal activities. These motives include the control motive, the desire to belong, comprehension motive, self-enhancing motive, and trusting motive. This paper aspires to compare the five motives in an attempt to establish the strongest motive. A number of studies show that individuals take part in social activities so that they can receive necessary assistance (Thrash, & Elliot, 2002). Social problems cannot be tackled individually hence, individuals form groups or teams to deal with socio-economic problems. For instance, the physically challenged would form self-help groups to fight their rights. Through the groups, the interests of members would be achieved through collective bargaining. The groups would as well provide social and psychological support. In many cases, people form groups whenever they feel that their interests are under threat. Regarding the motive to control, people form groups in order to dominate decision making in society. The motive to control is mostly political because groups with this kind of motive would dictate what should be done in society. The motive to control is used to fulfill other interests other than social interests (Gable, Reis, & Elliot, 2000). In society, the political class would form associations that would ensure the proletariat does not unite. For instance, the formation of a trade union is an example of a control mechanism. The trade union is always formed to serve the interests of the ruling class. This is because the ruling class always influences the selection of union officials. Since people’s understanding is limited, they form groups to help them in interpreting the surrounding environment. This kind of motive is referred to as the comprehension motive. Under this motive, people come up with mechanisms that help to predict the future. Self-enhancing motive is the desire to fulfill self-interests. The interest of many people is to improve their performance socially and economically. In this case, they would form groups or teams to enhance their chances. For instance, people with similar ideas would form a political party or an organization that would help them achieve certain goals. Lastly, people engage in societal activities to build trust. Some people engage in activities to bring about sanity. For instance, interest groups and pressure groups would always force the government to share information with the public because they are interested in fairness and trust. Motive to Control The motive to control summarizes the reasons why an individual would engage in social activities. This is because individuals will always engage in activities that satisfy their interests. For politicians, they would engage in politics in order to control decision-making processes. For an individual, he or she would engage in an activity in order to achieve personal interests. Therefore, the motive to control expl
Economic Development The economy of each country is impacted by its own characteristics which guide the direction for present and the future. The status of the economy of Vietnam is characterized by:   * Baseline at a low level   * Alteration to market economy   * Limited dependence of local enterprises on the global economy because the local economy is open and has integrated with the global and regional economy only a while ago at a surface level (Thien, n.p). For many years, Vietnam has remained the fastest-growing economy of the Southeast Asia. It is one of the emerging markets of the world where more multi nationals are now doing their businesses. This is due to different reasons like availability of cheap labor, land and tax benefits. Some of the companies are coming to Vietnam as a result of shifting their business from China, where they have to incur extensive costs and have to face the threat of a constantly fluctuating Chinese Yuan and the political uncertainties of the country (Field, n.p.) Inflation is a vital issue in Vietnam and the focus has been long on containing inflation but the financial crisis across the globe has resulted in new policy confrontations for the government, as a result of which legislators have been forced to change their focal point from controlling inflation to sustaining economic growth. But the social and economic stability of the country is threatened by the runaway inflation, consequently, the central bank announced a few months before to lower the dong’s reference rate by 2 percentage points, though this can have assorted results (EIU, n.p.). Because of this announcement, the dong had the greatest depreciation in single-day since 1998. The lowering o reference point was meant to restrain speculation on the currency, but on the other hand, it increased the apprehension that the SBV is not dedicated to the recent system of exchange-rate and that depreciation will definitely continue. This has resulted in local firms’ and households’ dumping of the Dong for US dollars, creating more downward pressure for the local currency. The poses a policy dilemma for the authorities as a weak currency encourages exports and helps the trade deficit from increasing more, the central bank is not willing the further depreciation of the dong swiftly or considerably, due to the right fear of magnifying inflation. Even though the SBV has sufficient reserves of foreign exchange for avoiding any considerable depreciation of the currency against the US dollar, a look at the prices in the future implicate the market expectation of the dong weakening further. The foreign exchange market has turned jittery due to the efforts of firms and households of reducing their ‘exposure to dong’, and an interest rate on dong deposits which is quite more than that on US dollar deposits (EIU, n.p.). The success in economic reforms is beyond the expectations of majority of the observers. As a result of being integrated into global markets, econ
Introduction To some extent, every military operation poses a threat to those people who are not involved in combat. Moreover, any armed conflict may entail the violation of human rights, destruction of property, or any other action that can be condemned from an ethical point of view. The rules of engagement (ROE) and the laws of armed conflict (LOAC) are aimed at reducing the risk of such events. They can be viewed as a set of regulations which explain when and how the force can be used. This paper will discuss the history of the LOAC and ROE and explain the difference between them. Secondly, it is necessary to show how they affect combat and peacekeeping operations by looking at the operations of Australian forces. On the whole, both the ROE and LOAC set much higher standards for the countries are engaged in military operations. They have to take much more effort in order to minimize the risks for the innocent people. Thus, these restrictions play a positive role, even though they may decrease the efficiency of the troops. The history of the ROE and LOAC Although, war has always been a part of human history, the rules regulating the behavior of combatants began to be codified only in the nineteenth century. At that time, it became apparent that military operations cannot be separated from the norms of ethics. One can refer to the famous Lieber Code which was adopted in the Union Army during the Civil War in the United States (Nelson and Sheriff 257). It expressly forbade the slaughter of civilians and the soldiers who surrendered (Nelson and Sheriff 257; Perna 31). This code can be viewed as the first example of the ROE. Later, the ethical norms were discussed during a series of Geneva conventions during which international leaders attempted to set the rules to which combatants had to adhere (Crawford 17). These conventions laid the foundations of modern LOAC. Unfortunately, the two World Wars showed the LOAC could be useless, if they had been enforced. Special attention should be paid to the Fourth Geneva Convention that took place in 1949. The thing is that largely motivated by the atrocities committed during the World War II, and its purpose was to find ways of averting them in the future. It was important for two reasons. First of all, every state that ratified this agreement cannot violate it only because the other combatant state has not ratified this treaty (Crawford 19; Gardam 80). In other words, every country that is a party to Geneva Convention cannot violate its provisions, even if it is at war with a state that does not adhere to the laws of armed conflict. Before 1949 the states did not have to comply with this obligation. The provisions of the Geneva Convention played an important role during various armed conflicts, for example, the War in Afghanistan or the invasion of Iraq (Sanchez 465). These rules address such important issues as the treatment of captives, taking hostages, torture, confinement of the civilian people, and so forth. Certainly, one cannot say that these r
Introduction Before human beings utilize a substance as either a cosmetic or a drug, its effectiveness and efficiency is first tested. Such tests are usually performed in animals mainly because of their inferiority in society. Animals end up with permanent damages or prolonged sufferings due to effects of chemicals. Proponents of animal testing argue that it is better to use animals because human life is more valuable than anything in the world could be. Opponents have stood firm to challenge the position by claiming that human beings should come up with other alternatives instead of using living creatures. Hartung is one of the staunch opponents of animal testing who has overseen reduction of animal testing in Europe. Hartung argues that abolition of animal testing will probably lead to better science since the method was developed out of a crisis (Abbott, 2005). This means that it is not accurate and can lead to more complications in human beings. Indeed, several tragedies have been reported in various parts of the world including the 1930s incident where a woman lost sight after using Lash-Lure to color her eyes. Animal tests should be evaluated carefully because of a number of reasons. One reason is that chemicals can have diverse effects that cannot be determined by animal testing alone. For instance, animal skin is different from that of human beings hence the difference in effects. Again, the policy should be reviewed to conform to environmental demands since some chemicals have been proved to have acute consequences to the environment. This paper analyzes the effects of animal testing and gives some alternatives that can be employed in testing chemicals. It further looks at the activities of animal rights groups and their achievements. Validity of Animal Tests In many tests, only rats are used in studies implying that the sample size for researches is usually limited. Researchers cannot apprehend the full effects of a chemical since more advanced or higher animals are not used. Scholars attempt to research on primates using young animals, which make interpretation of data very hard. Chemicals manufactured after undergoing tests using juvenile primates are usually dangerous to human beings since their effects have no enough literature. Furthermore, there is usually incongruity as regards to the age of species. Researchers approximate the age of animals and equate them to those of human beings. This normally results to serious problems when not carefully considered because days are equated to years of human beings, for instance; a drug that is effective in rats at day two is believed to be functional to human beings at the age of two years (Baldrick, 2010). Chemicals and drugs do not apply uniformly in animals and human beings because environments are different. Before a ge
Introduction The song that does speak to me spiritually is Craig David’s “walking away” (Craig 12). This is the most inspirational song that I have ever heard of and to my surprise; it was sunk into me the first time I heard it play. It is based on the realism of love and the responsibilities as well as the challenges that are related to it. Craig David used the correct wording here and these words are interwoven exceptionally to ensure that the intended message is delivered out rightly. The coining of similes and the tone he sets it on is what does mesmerize me most. When this song is sung, it makes me see the troubles that are in a life and the exhaustion that Craig David is subjected to. Main body He decides to walk away and leaves the woman in his car stuck in the traffic jam as depicted by the video of the song, such an undertaking cannot be explained better by another word other than being disgusted to the brim with the nagging nature of a woman. From this angle, it does create in me the real image that symbolizes the troubles and ills of a distressed marriage or dating. Such images do associate themselves with my inner self in a tricky and mysterious way hence making me visualize the synergy of it. It is the way he shows passion and never looks back at the image that does leave me glued to the speaker and the television when the song is played. The wording should also be one of the reasons that this song is too much into me spiritually. Keen listening of the song as it plays is a fundamental aspect that does result in a serene and conducive environment that augurs very well with it. When I do listen to it in such a polite setting, the sound of Craig David does speak to me in my heart and soul as he gives out his misappropriations of the woman in his life. Such strong words, full of meaning and sense as well as the drive to listen, are according to me the reasons behind the spiritual attachment with the song. Imagery, the symbolism applied and sarcasm of leaving someone in a car stuck in a traffic jam should be one of the various reasons that the song speaks to me from a spiritual perspective. I at times think that Crag David did not reason out well if at all he decided to leave the troubled woman stuck on the road, which is against the societal, accepted norms and ethics. Such a picture of Craig David “rolling” and the woman struggling to create a way for the overcoming traffic as well as pleading with him not at this time that he should have decided to leave her and should come back and let them seek out the car first. This pictorial element here opens up the emotional windows and doors for the song to get into me and commence a spiritual talk (Craig 4). Conclusion The various instances whe
Currently, there is evidence of extreme weather changes and global catastrophes due to global warming, environmental pollution, erosion, depletion of natural resources, and diminution of the ozone layer. As a result, the planet earth is dying little by little because studies show that the plants, animals, rain forests, and water sources that were once the definitive characteristic of different ecosystems are no more (Greenberg 86). Therefore, there is the paramount need for man to take bold steps in terms of conserving the environment, and guaranteeing the survival of the present and future generations. Thus, the spirit of going green entails getting different people in the world to become aware of their decisions and activities that hurt the environment and the world at large (Greenberg 87). This essay presents a discussion on the various steps individuals can take to go green, and the importance of Go-Green programs in conserving the limited natural resources for future generations. Therefore, relative to the current global climatic and economic changes, there are several simple steps that each individual should take to enhance environmental conservation. Here, environmental conservation begins with an individual’s initiative to conserve the immediate environment such as at home. These individual initiatives can then extend to the workplace, the national level and finally to the global arena (Greenberg 88). As a result, going green at home entails saving energy through compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), switching-off all lights before leaving home, using power bars to switch-off idle electronics, and purchasing energy-efficient appliances. These activities are beneficial to nature in terms of lowering energy consumption rates per household, and as a result, the total energy savings in different homes can contribute to low rates of energy consumption at the national level (Greenberg 89). Another bold step in going green entails saving water at home and at the workplace. Here, it is advisable for one to take shorter showers, use low-flow showerheads and toilets, use delay-timers on the dishwashers, and planting drought-resistant flowers and plants in the garden. Subsequently, individual initiatives in conserving water play a major role in contributing to conservation of natural water resources at the national and global levels. Furthermore, individuals can play a central role in controlling environmental pollution through walking more than using motor vehicles, and using renewable energy resou
The Chief Executive Officer’s Leadership Style Howard Schultz; the Starbuck’s chief executive officer (CEO) is a transformational leader. Schultz trusts in motivation and moral support. Moreover, he believes in organizational growth. Harrison (2005) alleges that Schultz persuades his employees to come up with novel ideas. He challenges status quo, and this underlines the reason Starbucks has achieved its current success in terms of product diversification and brand positioning. Schultz is a good communicator and uses personalized consideration. He deals with each staff individually and supports them based on their needs. As a way to motivate his staff, Schultz acknowledges the contribution of every employee. At times, he makes personal calls and sends emails to employees to seek their advice. Harrison (2005) asserts that Schultz has empowered his staff. For instance, employees have the liberty to select their working hours. His leadership style has helped to motivate employees, thus guaranteeing a continued growth for the company. One of Schultz’s goals is to ensure that Starbucks dominates the coffee market. Hence, He has guaranteed that employees know about his vision. Besides, he has instilled the idea in his staff. Today, all Starbucks’ workers share in the desire to dominate the coffee market. Schultz Leadership Style and Organizational Culture George (2007) claims that Starbucks’ workers are known as baristas. The company regards its workers as the image of the enterprise. One of the company’s cultures is the sustenance of an uplifting experience for its customers (George, 2007). Schultz has encouraged innovation in Starbucks leading to the enterprise offering the best beverages in the market. He encourages his staff to provide personalized services. Hence, the company has a catchphrase that encourages staff members to serve one client at a time. Starbucks is dedicated to creating a culture of legendary services. The company has recruited a cultural specialist to help it achieve this objective. George (2007) holds that Starbucks entrusts its staff with the responsibility to preserve organizational culture. Schultz allows employees to buy company’s stock as a way to motivate them. In addition, Starbucks believes in diversity and inclusion. The company hires employees from diverse backgrounds as a means to ensure that it offers customized services. Schultz advocates service diversification. He maintains that it is only through product and service diversification that a company can remain competitive. Hence, he promotes the culture of inclusion by employing staff from different regions. As aforementioned, Schultz is a good communicator. In addition, he encourages communication among the employees. Communication helps to ensure that each customer receives what s/he orders. Schultz believes, “people do not think about just how much you realize, but how much you care” (George, 2007, p. 54). Consequently, he encourages his staff to be social conscious. Presently, Starbucks embodies a number of features that aim to improve customer exper
Introduction Following by Christopher Nolan, released in 1998, reveals the story of a young writer who, for his obsession to follow random people in the streets of London, gets involved in a criminal world and ends up in a police department accused of a crime he has never committed. Narrative discourse methods and techniques The narrative discourse of the film is achieved by several methods and techniques, typical of a film noir and a modern documentary style. Raining various mixed feelings of suspense, interest, perplexity, sympathy, blame, and appealing to intellectual perception, a black-and-white handheld film with non-chronological order of scenes makes a great impact on any viewer. The film abounds in various camera shots techniques, diegetic and extradiegetic sounds, compositional scenes, and frames. The plot The film tells different stories connected through editing. The mainframe of the story is the conversation of the interviewer and a pivotal character that gradually reveals hints and small details to the viewer. Main scenes description Let us focus on the scene when Cobb joins the protagonist Bill in a café to expose Bill’s secret. I’m going to figure out what emotional and intellectual response this scene evokes on the part of the viewer. Christopher Nolan resorts to various camera techniques to emphasize and enhance the idea of the scene, to provide a frame for the spectator’s vision. The scene opens up with establishing shot that gives the whole view of the café. Close-ups of the main character allow us to carefully read his face, to get absorbed in the atmosphere of suspense. Moreover, the next extreme close-up of such seemingly minute detail as a plate of food immediately draws up to the conclusion that Bill is very concentrated on the object of his pursuit. Compiling crisp black-and-white shots into one scene the director manages to create intrigue and suspense: as the shots substitute each other depicting first Bill then Cobb, then again Bill and Cobb the viewer begins to figure out and wait for some twist. The next over-the-shoulder shot depicts approaching Cobb the table where the pivotal figure sits. This technique is used deliberately to show the inescapable exposure of Bill’s secret. The view at this point feels confused and embarrassed for Bill or, at least, is supposed to be. Then Nolan resorts to a two-shot, concentrating only on the conversation of two men. This is do