ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Business operations are an integral part of the communities, the general public expects responsible behavior from the private sector and Consumers expect goods and services at competitive prices. Fredrick points out that buyers are increasing becoming aware or sensitive on how company transactions and particularly the kind or goods and services deals with impact on the surroundings and their societal existence; this in turn influences directly consumer’s day-to-day buying choice or resolution with respect to their surroundings and moral concerns. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is voluntary commitment a company undertakes to improve the well being of a community through responsible business practice, environment and charitable activities (Kottler and Lee 3). Social responsibility in short therefore implies putting the welfare or interests of the stakeholders of the firm in mind. These stakeholders include customers, employees, shareholders, the government, the suppliers and the public in general Objectives Corporations have started addressing business ethics in various ways, including the introduction of well grounded training programs for its staff, the development and practice of codes of conduct /ethics, company values statements and the hiring of corporate social responsibility managers. The paper tries to analyze and debate on the positive ethical implications for taking part in socially responsible practices in the workplace. According to Fredrick (400) business ethics is a culture, belief, social norms and common values that aims at inculcating a sense of responsibilities by employees in providing goods and services. One of the ethical benefits of CRS; encourages good governance approach which enhances transparency, accountability. CRS pushes companies to practice code of conduct, respect the fundamental human rights, labor laws, and embrace diversity. Lastly it improves brand differentiation as major brands are built on ethical values like body shop, and American Apparel. Charitable corporate giving is an important contemporary issue in business ethics because it promotes and encourages public interest, by improving the community growth and development, for instance some companies provide funds for research work, technology development and provision of free services like medical camps. It also helps in improving the reputation and perception of a company’s image, and in turn helps in retention and recruitment of human resource within a competitive graduate market, as it’s known for its high standards in training and respecting International Labor Organizations laws. Corporate giving also plays a role in building and establishing customer loyalty base. I will discuss with my boss on the benefits I have found from this research and by creating good relations with the consumers, the surrounding communities will increase our market base, improving
Introduction The Fatwa / Sharia pronouncement chosen for a case study literature review addresses the process of financing the purchase of a car (“Auto Finance (Murabaha)”). Approved by the Fatwa and Sharia Supervisory Board of Rakbank, this process is as follows: a customer contacts the bank and requests to finance the purchase; the bank demands that the customer promise to purchase the desired car from the bank for an established price, then the bank purchases it from the seller, and sells to the customer. To further analyze this modus operandi known as Murabaha, three aspects need to be addressed; the general meaning in terms of Islamic finances, the promise to purchase, and the debate around such operation. Operation / Modus Operandi First of all, Murabaha is a widespread form of providing financial services in Islamic financial institutions. Hanif states that this form of services incorporates the cost-plus-profit purchase agreement and suggests that a bank delivers the product a customer (in this case acting as the ultimate buyer) wants to be delivered instead of providing the customer with funding for purchasing the desired product (169). According to Beck et al., the meaning behind this modus operandi is to avoid making a return on money lending (434); since usury, according to Sharia, is sinful and prohibited, such avoidance is one of the pivotal elements of Islamic banking and the operation of Islamic financial institutions. Further, relevant literature stresses the importance of the promise to purchase as a necessary element of entering into an agreement of the addressed type. El Massah and Al-Sayed suggest that such a promise signed between the buyer and the bank before the bank purchases the desired product is a crucial element of risk aversion in Islamic finance (52). However, Mohieldin argues that the promise to purchase may not be part of Murabaha contracts (5); there is an alternative type of such contracts, and the terms and conditions may provide for the bank’s responsibility to make a product available for sale without requesting any prior promises or imposing any regulations on the customer. Finally, it is noteworthy that the described modus operandi is not specific to auto loans (or, to be more precise, auto finance); it may apply to financing the purchase of various assets, including commercial equipment (Haltom 15). The Murabaha operation is widespread and constitutes a large portion of Islamic banking and finance volume; however, critics have claimed that this operation is “a distinction without a difference” (Haltom 17). The criticized aspect of Murabaha is that it avoids interest but, in fact, operates in a framework in which the customer pays more than the product would cost in case it was bought directly, and the bank keeps the remainder, which can be interpreted as interest. On the other hand, a noteworthy difference is that Murabaha does not imply extra charging (Hanif 169); i.
Introduction Qian Xuesen was born in December 1911 at Zhejiang province of China. His family moved to Beijing where he spent his early life. After receiving his secondary education, he was admitted to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, where he pursued a degree course in mechanical engineering and graduated in 1934. In 1935, he joined Nanchang Air Base for an internship program and later on he was offered a scholarship by Nanchang Air Base to Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a masters degree in aeronautical engineering (Chang, 1996). He moved to California Institute of Technology for his doctorate studies and he graduated in 1939. He was employed by both MIT and Caltech as a lecturer. Qian contributed to the exchange between China and the rest of the world in the field of science through development and improvement of the aviation industry. Body As an assistant lecturer, he contributed to the world exchange through his interest in rocket experiment. In his experiments, he assisted in conducting seminal research about rocket propulsion and in early 1940s he aided other engineers in founding the jet propulsion laboratory used by NASA. Jet Propulsion technology was a proposal to the US military for the development of missiles in response to the Germany latest V-2 rocket technology (Chang, 1996). During the Second World War, he served in the US government science advisory board. He helped advice the US defense forces on how to develop and use ballistic-missile during German war (Chang, 1996). After the Second World War, he was holding the position of lieutenant colonel. In Germany, he managed to debrief Nazis scientist hence being permitted to go and analyze Hitler’s V-2 rocket facilities. He also interviewed rocket scientist Werner Braun and Rudolph Hermann (Feigenbaum, 2003). Qian enormously contributed to the Manhattan project that leads to the development of the first atomic bomb. He was later propelled in 1949 to directorship position at Caltech (Chang, 1996). Later in 1949, a proposition to design a space plane as a winged rocket had been presented by him. This innovative idea managed to cause a significant impulse for the development of Dyna-Soar project, which later on affected the USA space shuttle (Michael & Susan, 1993). He was accused of being a communist sympathizer by the FBI and later on he was deported to China; the move was not welcomed by many US scientists. Due to the accusation, he was charged by
The theme of sexual relations between a man and a woman has been an integral part of imaginative literature. Since sexual intercourse is a ticklish question, the attitude towards literary works with sexual content has been diverse and contradicting. Kahane and Cavender mentioned books with sexual content as a favorite target of censorship (342). They stated that such books as Lysistrata , Decameron , and Canterbury Tales had been banned in the USA and “kept away from the public eye” (Hall and Wrigley 86) for a long period of time due to their sexual content. However, it is necessary to analyze the works with evident sexual content in order to get at the function of sex in them. A very shallow opinion is to consider such classical works as Lysistrata as a play that focuses on lust and primitive desires. One more erroneous point of view treats Lysistrata’s sexual content as a means of creation of purely humorous effect. Lysistrata’s explicit sexual content performs numerous functions, describing a relationship between men and women, illustrating power, justifying the importance of love, feelings, and peaceful life without war. It is necessary to tackle the background of the creation and the function of ancient Greek comedy on the whole. Younger states that the majority of Greek plays had certain sexual content (130). However, he describes Lysistrata as a play with “significant sexual content” because it abounds in numerous sexual jokes and all male characters wear phalloi (Younger 130). The zest of the play is that the dramatist manages to satisfy the lustful audience and preserves such important themes as politics, war, and peace, making them run smoothly on the seemingly shallow background of women who refuse to have sexual intercourse with men. The sexual content of the play is connected with the Peloponnesian war. A military interaction was indecisive, as Sparta could not defeat Athens at sea and Athens could not defeat Sparta on land (Aristophanes and Sommerstein xvi). Aristophanes offers his own way to make peace. The character of war is described in a light manner, with the use of sexual context. Van Steen describes Lysistata as “Aristophanes’ least politicized works because it contains … more sexual humor” (77). Still, the harmony of the military theme and sexual theme makes the first one even more prominent. The role of women and omnipotent female sexuality is the primary theme of the comedy. Female power is the synonym for female sexuality. Thus, the author wants to show that physical power is not the only power that can conquer all nations. The play’s aim is not only to amuse a re
Introduction Employees have always been faced by several challenges at work place ranging from poor salaries to job layoffs. Stress at work is also affecting many employees today and it is important for them to know how to deal with it. Stress at work can be defined as “the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker” (Somaz and Tulgan 34). For example a sales employee who fails to meet his sales targets is likely to be stressed. Causes of Stress at Workplace Stress at work is always caused by several factors which may include the following. An employee who is given several responsibilities may feel that he or she is being exploited. This may cause a bad relationship between him and his employer. If an employee is given very few responsibilities he or she may feel neglected and less important at work. This makes such an employee to continue serving in constant fear that he may lose his position easily. Workers who serve under strict supervision of their managers may often feel confused. Heath related problems can also lower the performance of employees and this can be really stressing to them (Somaz and Tulgan 39). Symptoms of Stress at Workplace Work related stress can be manifested in the following ways. A worker who is stressed may experience physical problems like: headaches, high rate of metabolism, stomach pains or ulcers, and also high blood pressure. Workers may also experience psychological stress and its symptoms may include the following: poor concentration, depression, anxiety, great sensitivity, and mood swings. Apart from these symptoms, some stressed workers may also have the following behavioral symptoms: lack of patience, poor work relationships with the managers, absenteeism, loss of appetite, and increased rate of smoking (Losyk 24). Management of Stress at Workplace Employers’ Initiatives The success of any organization depends on the productivity of the workers. This is because the employees are the ones who always implement the decisions made by the managers. They therefore need constant motivation from the employers and workmates. Stressful conditions should therefore be kept at a minimum level because they can cause detrimental effects on the employees. The managers can use the following strategies in managing stress. The workplace environment should be calm and free from any interference that may affect the workers. Workers should be given enough responsibilities. Managers should motivate employees by giving them extra allowances and incentives for extra duties that they perform. Workers should be engaged in decision making processes. This makes them fe
Introduction Toilet training is the teaching of a toddler to enable it to identify its body warning signs for urinating and having bowel movement as well as making use of a potty chair (or toilet) properly and at the correct times. Gaining toileting abilities is practically a developmental landmark for toddlers and those overseeing their growth i.e. parents, nannies, nurses, teachers and other child care professionals. A parent, especially the mother (or the person who replaces her) is the initial and most important educator of a child and thus must have acquired the qualities and knowledge necessary for the upbringing of a child (UNESCOUNICEF, 1979:1). According to Michel (1999:240) there is need for guidance for those overseeing the development and growth of children. Such guidance helps in recognizing when a child is ready to start acquiring toileting skills, how to assist the child gain those skills, and how to tackle problems in the course of the toilet teaching process. The challenges that face parents and those involved in the toilet training process include refusal to cooperate, withholding of stool, and constipation (Michel, 1999:240). The existing analyses on toilet training are founded in the physical and psychosocial growth of the child which includes culture diversity. This paper seeks to explain the significance of the toilet training process in child development and growth as well as the components of successful toilet training process. Determining the Appropriate Age for Toilet Training Before the onset of toilet training, there are developmental stages through which the child passes in enhancing control over several bodily functions. Toilet training involves some degree of growth, because in a situation where development is hindered the child will be unable to learn and respond as per the parent or instructor’s wishes. Establishing the correct age to begin toilet training is one of the points of consternation for those overseeing the growth and development of toddlers. Tracing the literature back as far as Freud, it is evident that particular psychologists did not feel that toilet training was a natural process. It needs to be cultivated and enhanced among kids. Freud (cited in Stadtler, Gorski & Brazelton (1999:1359) believed that, wrong application of this process occasioned a high possibility for developmental trauma. From the literature reviewed there seems to be an agreement that there is a specific age at which young children ought to be taught the toilet training process. Most childcare practitioners and professionals across different cultures suggest that two years is the most appropriate age to commence toilet training. It emerges that there is most certainly a range of years that needs to be considered by parents and child care professionals in order to maximize the effectiveness of toilet t
The Boston Marathon bombing happened 4 years ago and affected the field of homeland security greatly. Different local and federal agencies cooperated in order to protect both citizens and the whole country. The police role in these activities was extremely important. Officers are expected to maintain operations in four systems:   * Criminal justice system. They are to be gatekeepers, and both prevent and respond to crimes. They are the ones who determine which criminals are to be considered by the criminal justice system. In this way, the police are in charge of making criminal cases and identifying suspects. After the Boston Marathon bombing, for example, the Boston Police Department made a criminal case and started searching for the offenders, ensuring that they would be considered by the criminal justice system. In the framework of the investigation, the police identified carjacking suspects who were later connected to the bombings.   * National security system. The police are to maintain anti-terrorist efforts. For this purpose, they gather information in two ways. On the one hand, officers can observe the situation themselves and address terrorism. On the other hand, they can receive assistance from the community. The Boston Police Department, for example, asked citizens to participate. People shared information about individuals in photos. During the investigation, they responded to calls for suspicious activity and packages, trying to identify terrorists and prevent further bombings.   * Safety system. They are to respond to serious emergencies (maintaining evacuation or ensuring traffic safety, for example). The police should be ready to deal with chemical, biological, and pandemic situations. In this way, the Boston Police Department ensured that all people who were injured because of the bombings were transported to the healthcare facilities. They provided traffic safety for ambulances, which streamlined this process. As the investigation started, the police restricted access to the place where the marathon was held. In this way, they ensured that other people would not get hurt and avoided any contamination or damage of evidence.   * Security system. The police should ensure security at schools and malls, etc. They should pay attention to different quasi-public places that represent nation’s infrastructure but are privately owned. Cooperating with various organizations, the Boston Police Department coordinated public messaging. In this way, they received an opportunity to inform the population about the outcomes of the bombing. Moreover, the police stated what has been done and provided some recommendations for the representatives of the general public to return to their normal lives. In the framework of the investigation process, citizens were asked to stay at home while the police were searching fo
Introduction Public libraries have been forced to engage in outcome-grounded estimation and decision-making recently. Institutions of both the private and public areas have been thinking over this claim by their funders for several years. The lesson of this paper is assessed as the synthesis of the findings, associated with library researches held in different states. Then, it would be necessary to assess the adherence of the library to the impact study findings. The fact is that, the research may be related only to libraries, and the assessment of the adherence of some particular library to the study is essential for the entire research, as it helps to define the research aberration. The research models that should be applied for the offered lesson should be the following: Sociological research model and Cognitive research model. The key difference of the offered models is in the information processing method. The sociological model requires as much info as possible for the research (focus, gather, record, arrange, evaluate), while cognitive is aimed to make the final conclusions grounding on logical processing of the info (Focus, locate, evaluate synthesize, conclude). The steps of these models are the following. Sociological:  1. Focus (what is the question).  2. Gather data (compose questionnaires and arrange surveys).  3. Make a thesis statement (define the central line of the research).  4. Extract necessary information (analyze the gathered info).  5. Arrange (synthesize and present the findings).  6. Evaluate the effectiveness (define the aberration) Cognitive model  1. Focus (define the question).  2. Arrange plan (how the research should be held).  3. Locate (find the necessary resources).  4. Record (emphasize the most essential parts).  5. Evaluate (analyze the gathered info).  6. Synthesize and conclude (make the necessary conclusions, related to the study question).  7. Apply.  8. Assess the effectiveness (define the aberration). Evaluating the effectiveness of the models, it is impossible to define which is more or less useful. Both are relevant for the current study, as it relates various researches. Thus, sociological model is more suitable for the research of the recruitment difficulties and the media center work effectiveness. The cognitive model will suit more for the assessment of the academic benefits of the school library, and influence of the library’s level on the study. Synthesis of the Findings The chart displays the most significant impact studies within the sphere of school libraries activities. As
Background Company Description PriceSmart Trinidad is a volume-driven merchandise and services provider, delivering significant value, quality and low prices to the member-consumer through an effective and efficient conduit that not only leverages economies of scale in aggressive buying, but also promises to deliver low-cost distribution and rationalized operations across the country and beyond. The parent company – PriceSmart, Inc – is headquartered in San Diego, California, and is the largest and fastest-growing operator of warehouse membership clubs in Central America and the Caribbean, with operations in 12 countries, 770,000 membership accounts and over 1 million cardholders. PriceSmart Trinidad offers high quality, differentiated merchandise at pocket-friendly prices for its retail and wholesale customers. The products are divided into three main segments, namely: Hardliners (electronics, office supplies, appliances, etc.); groceries (food, detergent, wine, health & beauty, etc.), and; fresh products (chicken, beef, pork, fruits, vegetables, etc.). PriceSmart Trinidad also has a bakery, food outlet, one-hour photo studio, a tire repair centre, and a designer perfume and lotions manufacturing centre. Product Description “Royal Health Lotion” is a new health and beauty product developed by PriceSmart Trinidad to be sold under its groceries segment. The company intends to position this product as the only facial moisturiser, cleanser, and anti-aging health and beauty product available on the market. The product has been developed using natural herbs, such as Aloe Vera , ultra-filtered honey, and carefully selected Chinese herbs to trigger an entirely unique beauty and skin health experience to its consumers. It will present itself as a holistic and natural alternative to conventional health and beauty products, which are mostly made from skin irritating chemicals. The strategic role of Royal Health Lotion for PriceSmart Trinidad i