ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Food is one of the fundamental needs of human. Food security is the ability to access food by those who need it. Every household is termed as secured food wise if it has access to safe and enough food hence freedom from hunger. The World Food Organization describes this security as access to nutritious, safe and sufficient food to cater for the basic human desires. The rapid increase of population all over the world is the major result for food insecurity (Harman 18). To ensure the situation does not run out of hand, the global body Food and Agricultural Organization has been at the forefront since time immemorial to cater for issues related to this basic human need. Central to this organization is governance. This can ensure that even if there is increased population, there can be enough resources or produce to cater for the increase and even shortages. Global Governance Food security has become a complex task to achieve with the development of globalization. Initially the main focus of the governing body was on agriculture. This ensured carefully monitoring of production and even the surplus that are stored. Today, different issues of concern have cropped up. These are in terms of food processing, food distribution and food consumption. Governance of food security has become challenging with the forms of contradictory policies that exist. Most third world countries have weak connections with the global governance (Harman 18). These countries are always the worst hit groups when there is hunger breakout. On the other hand America and most of its environs have high influence in the global governance. Their exports have greatly increased while other third world countries exports have reduced. These countries used to export in a massive way but have since declined in production. These countries are not promising at all. Therefore they have less influence of the global investment kitties. One will find that those countries that are stable in terms of agricultural production and are also doing great in the processing have much attraction to investment and are therefore considered a priority by the governing bodies Importance and Aids by Global Governance Research Several methods have been employed to cater for increasing cases of food insecurity. One of these methods is research. The cases of reduced land for tenure have been the main cause of low agricultural production. Currently, researchers have introduced novel ways of producing crops. This has been aided greatly by biotechnology. This new research concept has enabled the production of crops that can resist adverse conditions. In addition, other crops can also do well in green houses. Unfortunately, other countries cannot afford this. Although global governance has given out these good options, some countries cannot afford. This is becau
Describe the company and its strategic imperatives, the role of the person/s who provided data, and their position/s in the organization Star Rubbish Removal Company that produces consumer recycled products explores many designs to bring in the market. The majority of its employees are trained to be aware of the coming up trends with creative ideas that later become adopted by the company. Besides, the majority of its employees are of the age between 25 and 40, and hence it makes the company be able to implement innovative models. However, employing the young also creates a problem because several young people are always on the move from one company to another, looking for better payment and a more comfortable environment. This creates a constant lack of experienced workers in the company, so it has to recruit new members and train them again thus creating an obstacle for sustainable growth. According to Aaker (2005), the strategic objective of a company may be achieved due to a basic SWOT analysis studied in the following paragraphs. Regarding the changes in the market size and shrinking demand for a solid waste recycled product, competitors have created a rivalry between the local and international products. With the rising counterfeit products in the market, substitute products have flooded the market reducing the demand for authentic quality and original goods. Therefore, these factors have made the company to develop new marketing strategies in producing unique innovative recycled products that are intended to become superior in the market, thus creating trust among its customers. Being vulnerable to imitation, the company has been duped by the former employees who passed through its training, thereby transporting their designs to other companies. This current problem has not been addressed because most employees are young and deem to leave the firm after the contracts’ expiry. As a result, the products that are imitated are usually priced low to beat the original ones, thus maximizing profits for the imitations and reducing benefit margins for the company. In a technologically advancing world, companies have become very crafty, especially in using the internet to compete in the market by discrediting their rivals. In the Star Company, the marketing department has decided to have a follow-up with most of its customers, thereby introducing a chatting website and offering services to people who would need their assistance. Training young people on Art, computer skills, and starting a kids program to tap their skills in drawing and modeling toys was one of the services offered. The company has a wide range of opportunities according to the marketing manager. He noted that by identifying the product’s recipes, the company came up with stringent strategies that would protect their products from imitators. This made their competitors lose because customers discovered the difference in quality. Description of data collection and questions In sustaining competitive advantage, Barney and Jay (2002) pointed out that being ambiguous creates complex obstacles to success, thus companies have
Introduction Ethical consumerism has become an integral aspect of the modern economy. Individuals are increasingly making their consumption decisions based on ethical values. Ethical consumerism refers to “the practice of purchasing products and services produced and distributed in a way that minimises social and environmental damage” (Attalla & Carrigan 2001, pp. 560-578). Thus, an ethical consumer is a person who purchases goods and services that support environmental and social responsibility. Ethical consumerism is driven by the need to improve the wellbeing of consumers and the society, as well as, profits in a sustainable manner (Gemma & Makatouni 2010, pp. 287-299). Given the increase in demand for ethically produced goods, companies are shifting to ethical marketing to improve their competitiveness. This paper will examine the impact of ethical consumerism on Twinings Company. It will begin with an overview of Twinings. This will be followed by a discussion on the ways in which ethical consumers affect the company’s marketing strategy. Recommendations will also be made to enable the company to respond effectively to ethical consumerism. Overview of Twinings Twinings is a leading vendor of high quality tea in the world. The company was founded in 1706 in London where its headquarters is located. Currently, the company is owned by Associated British Foods and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Twinings sells over 500 varieties of specialty tea brands. Its mission is to be the leading producer of premium tea brands in the world. The philosophy of the company is “to be totally committed to producing the highest quality tea brands and make them accessible to everyone” (Twinings 2015). Twinings has several organisational values that guide its operations. These include aiming high, freedom to act, scope for growth, and collaboration. The main competitors of Twinings in the global tea market include PG Tips Tea, Lipton Yellow, and Tetley. PG Tips is the main competitor since it has the largest market share of 25% (Pashova, Nikolova & Dimitrov 2013, pp. 1-9). Tetley is the second largest competitor with a market share of 23%. Twinings has a total market share of 14%, which makes it the third largest firm in the industry. However, it has a dominant position in the specialty tea market. Twinings controls nearly 48.5% of the specialty tea market (Twinings 2015). This achievement is attributed to the market knowledge and experience that the company has gained in the last 300 years. Twinings also faces competition from small specialty tea companies in London. These include Teanamu, Tea Palace, Tea Smith, and Postcard Teas. Impact of Ethical Consumerism 4Ps of Marketing Ethical consumerism has a great impact on the company’s marketing mix strategy. To begin with, the product strategy of the company promotes production of tea in an ethical manner. The company collaborates with i
Introduction “The Name of War” by Jill Lepore is a useful source, which can be used in analyzing and interpreting the war between the Indian alliance against the English. Importantly, the author did not provide her opinion about the military conflict but provides the reader with accurate details of the setting, the triggers of the war, the battles, and campaigns. It ensures that the historical facts are not distorted to meet the needs of a certain party, and the audience can analyze the events relying on the evidence. The purpose of this paper is to review the assigned selections of Lepore’s book and discuss the importance of the theme of violence in this reading. General Reflection It is worth noting that the conflict described in the book was not regarded as a clash between sovereign peoples since the Puritans of New England perceived it as a civil war. They believed that they had a certain superiority over the Indians in the natural hierarchy (Lepore 77). Moreover, it can be assumed that the British colonists perceived this war as a form of a kindred conflict. Despite the fact that the warring parties directed their actions against each other, the Indians suffered the greatest losses. In this war, more than half of the settlements were attacked, and many of them were destroyed. The king’s name aroused fear in the Indians as people were tortured and killed in the most sophisticated ways, and this fear also brought discord to the Indians camp. Violence The theme of violence is an important method of analysis since it helps to understand the Indian people better. All the parties were violent and ruthless; nonetheless, the reasons for the violence were different. For instance, Algonquians resorted to killing and torturing because they wanted to preserve their national identity and a sense of belonging to their place of residence (Lepore 8). The detailed descriptions of the way Indians burned houses and killed their victim’s evidence that it was a form of protest, and they did not relish the death of people belonging to other nations. The English, in their turn, were driven by the desire to cease the influence of the Indians, and they intended to consolidate their positions in the territory. The violence also had a metaphoric meaning. To be more precise, the Indians destroyed the land and killed the livestock of their enemy. It was not done out of revenge but to show that they did not accept the English property and their cultural influence (Lepore 43). Therefore, it tells the audience a lot about the history of colonial North America a
Introduction The United Arab Emirates is a state of the Persian Gulf. The political structure of the state is the Federation of the Emirates. The UAE is considered to be one of the most developed countries in the region. The rapid economic growth is one of the criteria making the country attractive for investing. There is one more factor which should be taken into consideration. It is a political risk. The aim of this essay is to analyze the investment appeal of the UAE. Government structure The government of the United Arab Emirates is represented by three branches: the governor of the state, the legislative authority, and the judicial authority. The legislative authority of the country is composed of the president, vice-president, the Federal Supreme Council, and the Council of Ministers headed by the prime-minister. The president and prime-minister Nowadays, the post of the president is taken by Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan who governs the country. The post of the president is traditionally taken by the Emir of Abu Dhabi. It means that this post is factually descended. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum is the prime-minister of the country. Communist democracy The communist democracy is a term which is, sometimes, applied to the political regime in China. Although the United Arab Emirates shows the rapid economic growth and is open for foreign investments so as China, the communist party does not govern the country. Therefore, we cannot say that the political regimes in the UAE and China are similar. Freedom index The index of economic freedom of UAE is 71.1
Problems Associated with Compliance Programs and Reasons Why Employees and Their Managers Are Skeptical about Them In a given business environment, a company must always comply with rules and regulations formulated by either the government or industry. As the sets of internal policies and procedures of an organization, compliance programs are majorly established to help any business entity to uphold such rules and regulations. However, successful implementation and adherence to the compliance programs by the employees and managers are met with numerous challenges. The executives feel that a lot of money is spent on compliance costs, yet little benefits are realized. Nevertheless, employees view them as a series of box-checking routines and insignificant activities which only waste their time. According to a survey by Deloitte in 2017, the most outstanding challenge towards these internal policies and procedures is the choice of metrics for evaluation. The survey further indicates that only 70% of firms tried to evaluate the effectiveness of their compliance programs in the US, and only a third among them were confident of using the right metrics (Soltes, 2018). Some companies use incomplete and invalid measurement tools while other executives are biased during implementation resulting in incorrect evaluation results. Compliance programs should hold individuals accountable for violations as they undertake their duties. However, when incomplete metrics consisting of simple statistics are used to sanction those who breach the rules and regulations, the evaluation results can be misleading. A company which punishes only low-level employees or those with less potential and defends seniors usually faces resistance towards its policies and procedures from workers. Instead of measuring compliance among employees based on how well they demonstrate their understanding of policies and procedures, some companies use the data on the number of workers who have been trained (Chen & Soltes, 2018). Similarly, some firms mistake legal accountability for compliance effectiveness, yet a group of workers may acknowledge policies but do not apply them into everyday work practices. It has also been noted that some employees do not report any form of misconduct, especially among the senior managers, for fear of retaliation. Some people who engage in misconduct may fail to participate in the evaluation processes, hence prompting the management to draw incorrect conclusions on the compliance effectiveness. AB InBev Compl
Introduction Greco-Roman antiquity is a bright page in the history of civilization, representing a mixture of knowledge, ideas, traditions, and customs that were formed from the fusion of the Greek and Roman peoples. When the Romans conquered Greece and began assimilating local culture, well-educated Roman citizens learned Greek and interacted with the newly conquered culture. It was not just a copy of the Greek and Hellenistic models, because as a result of the merger, a completely new, unique culture was formed. This new cultural model influenced all spheres of public life, including such a broad topic as the naming traditions in ancient Rome. Names during the Republic Period In the era of the Republic and later, the Romans bore three names. Praenomen corresponds to our familiar names: Marcus, Gaius, Lucius, etc. Nomen gentilicium indicates the clan to which a person belongs: it is something like our surname, but in a broader sense, it includes many other families and sometimes extends to thousands of people (genus – gens). Cognomen is a nickname that indicates any character trait or appearance of a person. For example, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is a common Roman nomenclature (Diazilla, 2022). According to Rizakis (2019), traditional Greek names express the individuality of their owners. However, from the 2nd century BC, i.e., after the conquest of Greece by Rome, many noble Greeks began to use the Roman nomenclature in official honorific documents. Nevertheless, the Greek nobility still managed to apply their traditions to the Roman nomenclature (Kantola & Nuorluoto, 2022). Moreover, the Greeks continued to use their usual single names – praenomen in an informal context. Figure 1. 8 Conferenza I classico (tria nomina) (Diazilla, 2022) Slave Names and the Influence of Christianity As in Greece, slaves could keep the names at birth in Rome. More often, however, slaves were distinguished by their origin in homes and estates, and then the ethnicon replaced the personal name: Sir, Gallus, etc. Enslaved people were often called puer – a boy – combining this designation with the name of the master in the genitive case (Lewis, 2018). Thus, the slave of Marcus became Marziporus, and the slave of Publius became Publiporus. Christianity, trying to break away from the pagan tradition of names, decisively introduced into the nomenclature unusual, artificially created, and sometimes quite bizarre constructions based on Christian ritual formulas or prayers. Here are some examples: Adeodata is “God-given,” Deogratias is “thanksgiving to God,” and even Kvodvultdeus is “what God wants.” Partly influenced by Christianity from the 3rd century AD, a new naming system emerged in ancient Rome – just a single name, Greek or Latin (Rizakis, 2019). Therefore, Christianity particularly caused the change of the usual Roman naming system. Roman Names of the Late Empire By the middle of the 1st millenniu
Introduction Modern architecture is a word given to styles of building with the same distinctiveness; it is the generality of form and removal of decoration. This style was started in the twentieth century. Many architectural educators and influential architects adopted this style but in the first half of the twentieth century very few ‘modern buildings’ were built. After the Second World War, this style gained popularity it ended up becoming the main architectural style for corporate and institutional buildings for about 30 years. The exact origins and characteristics of this style are still open to debate and interpretation. (Wright, Levine 5, 2008). The origin of modern architecture to some historians is seen as a result of social matter that is closely related to modernity project hence leading to enlightenment. To historians, the evolution of modern architecture was a result of political and social revolutions. To others it was a result of engineering and technological developments to some extend this is true since new building materials such as steel, concrete, iron, and glass started being available leading to the invention of new building techniques and this was part of the industrial revolution. (Wright, Levine, 20, 2008). Charles Bage Shrewsbury mill owner in 1796 first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which depended on cast iron and brick with flagstone floors. This helped the mills to accommodate bigger machines for such form of construction strengthens the structure. The knowledge of iron properties was poor as a construction material which led to the collapse of early mills. In the 1830s Eaton Hodgkinson introduced section beams as a result there was extensive use of iron construction. In the 1920s various architects all over the world started developing new architectural solutions to incorporate traditional precedents with the latest technological possibilities. Modern architecture important figures by the 1920s had gained good reputation t Le Corbusier in France Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germany was the three most recognized. MOMA International exhibition of Modern Architecture that was organized by Johnson, Philip Johnson, and Henry – Russell Hitchcock as a collaborator in 1932, brought together many different trends and threads. They were identified as having the same style and common purpose; they were all combined into the international style. (Wright, Levine 5, 20, 88 2008). In the international style, the architects who worked on it were focused on breaking architectural tradition to design unornamented and simple buildings. The materials that were most in use were steel for exterior support, glass for the façade, and concrete for interi
Industrialization is a means to modernize a country using the resources available within the country. Industrialization is well supported by globalization and outsourcing that help economies lacking in particular resources to transform themselves into industrialized economies. The industrial economies are having the capacity to serve a huge market and also they have got resources such as skilled labor and raw material to carry on the operations. The industrial economies have a major tendency to have technological innovation and also they usually specialize in manufacturing which serves as the basic need for the people living in those economies. According to the sector classification, the industrialised economies are placed in the secondary sector. The industrial economies grew in number in the nineteenth century when major parts of Europe and the US were industrialised. However, there is always room for improvement and this was represented by the post-industrial economies. Unlike industrial economies which concentrate on manufacturing, post-industrial economies think ahead and concentrate on the services offered to the residents. Post-industrial economies often de-industrialize themselves as technology plays a key role in their development. Such economies might relocate their manufacturing units out of the country (outsourcing) to someplace where it is cheaper to manufacture the goods while concentration is on the attached service with those goods that customers might be highly interested in availing. It is for such reasons that 80% of the businesses in the US are service-oriented. Hence the post-industrial economies fall in the tertiary sector category. The transformation of an industrial economy