ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Mrs. Brown is a 67-year-old African American client. She lives in Westchester County, and she happened to be my neighbor. Living in the same neighborhood, I have known her for more than ten years. We have interacted on several occasions, such as community work, charity walks, and community sporting activities. As a result of our various interactions, she becomes a suitable person to carry out my interview as part of my course requirement. History and Description of Questionnaire Results Demographics The client, Mrs. Brown, is a woman of African American ethnic background. She was born in Westchester County in 1954 to an American father and an African mother. She has lived in America her entire life and learned in the same place until she graduated from Westchester community college with a Diploma in Nursing. Mrs. Brown is 67 years old, and she has been married since the age of 21 years to Mr. Brown. Together they have three children. Mrs. Brown was employed as a nurse in Westchester Medical Centre for 37 years until she retired in 2017 when she was 62 years old. Perceived Physical Functioning The perceived physical functioning of a person changes with age. Just like any other person, Mrs. Brown had experienced age-related differences from when she was young. The physical functioning of the body is also different from when she was young. Functional decline is one of the biggest and most common challenges in elderly people (Wei et al., 2019). For example, there is diminished muscle strength and mobility as well as a loss of skin elasticity. The poor physical health and well-being in this population have been attributed to a wide range of factors, including the co-existence of multiple morbidities. Mrs. Brown exhibits some of these typical physical health changes that are common during old age. Most of the changes are disadvantageous because they substantially limit important functions such as movement, hearing, and sight. For example, her ability to sustain heavy physical activities had highly decreased compared to when she was in her 20s and 30s. Besides, her participation in sporting activities, charity walks, and community work has decreased. This is mainly because of her susceptibility to environmental hazards and age-related complications. Perceived Mental Functioning Despite her age hiccups, Mrs. Brown maintains a decisive outlook on things and events, and she seemed to have a high memory of both positive and negative experiences in her life. Due to her regular physical activities, though they have decreased, social interactions and mental activities, her long-term memory is as sharp as when she was young. She demonstrated a high clarity of thoughts and a br
The concept of “disease” can be defined in different ways, depending upon the approach and the most important criterion chosen by scholars. Whereas both value-requiring and dysfunction-requiring definitions of the concept of “disease” are applicable to particular cases but inappropriate for others, they should, therefore, be combined for constructing a complex concept. The first value-requiring definition of disease offered by Lester King is based on the culturally-relative values. Therefore, according to this definition, the condition can be regarded as a disease if it is assumed so by the community. For example, masturbation or slave’s desire to escape was condemned by the society of the nineteenth century, but are regarded as normal today (Schwartz, 2005, p. 5). On the other hand, the Chinese practices of foot-binding, which deformed people’s feet and left them unable to walk, were considered normal in the past. Therefore, this value-requiring definition of disease does not pass the test of the time and makes the definition rather confusing. Another value-requiring definition, offered by Culver and Gert, focuses on objective values and uses the aspect of harm as the main criterion for distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy conditions. This definition assumes that disease means that a person suffers or is at increased risks of suffering. In that regard, in the case of Mr. Smith discussed at the beginning of the article under analysis, had a malady not only when he had a fever, but also when he had a running nose because he was already under the risks of the further spread of infection in his body. However, in the frames of this value-requiring definition, pregnancy can be regarded as a malady because it can result in serious complications and even death. Similarly, the slave’s escape or even dark skin of an individual can lead to negative social implications and increased risks, and therefore can be regarded as maladies. Though this value-requiring definition focuses on objective values, it has a number of limitations. Alternatively, dysfunction-requiring approaches to the definition of the disease use the presence of biological dysfunction as the main criterion for the definition of impairment (the term offered by Boorse, who promoted the idea of eliminating the value judgments from the definition of disease). Importantly, this approach uses statistical data and considers the specifics of the reference class to which an individual belongs. In that regard, Mr. Smith’s pneumonia can be regarded as impairment because it leads to the organism’s partial dysfunction. However, the main challenge for Boorse’s theory was the statistical calculation of what is normal functioning for a particular class of living beings. For instance, if a particular segment of the human brain is responsible for being attracted by the opposite sex, the phenomenon of homosexuality can be regarded as impairment because it is associated with the failure of the s
Introduction Generally, addiction refers to the habitual psychological and physiologic reliance on a substance/drug that cannot be controlled. Alternatively, it may also refer to when an individual participates in a pleasurable activity of which a sustained use might be compulsive hence distorting the normal life routines. Generally, addiction has led to broken morals, malpractices, distorted relationships, as well as significant health problems. It is notable that most addicts might not be aware of their deviant characters. Contextually, physical addiction incorporates a biological condition where an individual adjusts to the presence and continuous use of a given drug. Consequently, the body develops some tolerance. The phenomenon involving the overreaction of a person’s brain also includes another potential physical addiction. It is argued that people abuse drugs or develop addiction to contain emotional stress. Because these psychologically-drawn addictions are never based on drug and brain impacts, this explains why individuals often assume addictive behaviours when they consume a specific or a totally distinct type of drug. Dealing with addiction remains a complex initiative due to myriad of influences it causes in the society. This paper explains the correlation between the legal system and addiction. Additionally, it also discusses if laws and the government agencies dealing with drug control assist in lowering the incidents of addiction. The Correlation between the Legal System and Addiction The recent developments in psychology, as well as intensive studies in the concept of addiction, has drawn considerable debates and concerns on the issue of relationships between the legal system and addiction. Historically, it is observable that the legal system has been an active agent towards the minimization of drug abuse. Moreover, it has also stood out to be one of the sole actors in the punishment of drug perpetrators, as well as addicts. In US for instance, the justice system has always been influenced since early 1900s through attempts to totally eliminate various drugs. The setup of juvenile, as well as rehabilitation centres by the government for the youth drug addicts, remains a noble initiative catapulted by the legal systems. Evidently, the struggle by most legal systems to curb the menace is noticed globally. For instance, the first law targeting drugs in US was termed the Harrison Act of 1914. This legislation acted against the consumption, distribution, and trade of illicit drugs within the society. Additionally, it outlawed opiates as well as cocaine. After the emergence of this act, several policies were passed. Consequently, major amendments were also put in place at diverse intervals. However, it is critical to note that the war on drugs began later during the early 1970s. This was mainly realized after the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act in 1970. The country also promoted a movement known as ‘War on Drugs’ fighting against illegal international trade and consumption of illicit drugs. Generally, despite several loopholes tha
Abstract Increased human population has led to uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources leading to destruction of the ecosystem. Forests and wetlands have been cleared to create land both for settlement and agriculture. By clearing the forests, the world is witnessing an increased carbon emission into the atmosphere, leading to the destruction of the ozone layer (Douglous, 2006). The number of residential houses has been increasing proportionally to meet the increasing population for settlement purposes. The increased residential unit has increased the demand for energy and consequently the level of greenhouse gas emission. In Australia for example, there are about eight million residential homes, which use 13% of the total energy and emit 10% of the greenhouse gases (Douglous, 2006). Governments world over are funding mechanisms that will help reduce the number of greenhouse gases emitted by the use of regulations and incentives. The main hurdle in saving on energy and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere s to quantify the energy consumed. We must quantify our consumption before we can determine the ways to save and reduce emissions. With the hard economic times, building designers are conscious of the need to come up with buildings that are efficient on energy use in order to reduce the energy bills (Lapkin & Constable , 2008). This paper looks at the energy ratings in residential houses, the limitations in the methods used to measure the energy metrics,d possible improvements that should be applied to improve the measurements. The report is divided into sections, the first section looks at the tools of measurement. The second part is dedicated to the procedure of measuring the energy performance of a building, the shortcomings, and suggestions to reduce the shortcomings. Introduction The Australian government has bebeenhe forefront to help the citizens reduce their energy consumption. A number of incentives and financial support are already in place to support this course. In this report, the writer demonstrates that the energy rating metrics on building energy efficiency are not always true; it also explains how the energy metrics are measured and suggests changes that should be adopted to improve the measurement of energy rating metrics. There are several tools for measuring the energy performance of a building but all lack standardization, making it difficult to get reliable data from the measurement. This report will look at the various tools used in the measurement of building energy performance and the shortcomings in the tools of measurement. T
Introduction The following research paper explains how Bellamy and Spencer differ in the novel ‘Looking Backward from 2000-1887’.This essay also examines the Bellamy’s ideal future and also critically examines as to whether or not people can live in Bellamy’s world.’ Looking Backward from 2000-1887’ is a utopian novel that was published by Edward Bellamy in 1888.Edward Bellamy was a Massachusetts renowned writer. In this novel, a thirty year-old American man by the name of Julian Wess wakes up after falling asleep for one hundred and thirteen years. After waking up, Julian Wess discovers that the society has done away with the class divisions.Also, he, he discovers that the same salary is given to workers all over the country and that poverty does not exist in the society. During the time that he was asleep, the United States had developed as a utopia society.Julian Wess is lucky to find Doctor Leete who guides him by showing him around and explaining to him all the recent developments that have taken place in the United States. Doctor Leete explains to him that the retirement age is 45 years and that resources are publicl
Introduction The world is now edging sixty years since the development of lasers and their wider applications in various industries like manufacturing and medicine. Indeed, the advancement of this technology has made a quick revolution, especially in medicine. Luckily, lasers use light photons to perform the intended task. There are different types of lasers. Each type performs its own function. While engineers use lasers in manufacturing products, businesspersons in supermarkets, gynecologists use carbon dioxide lasers for gynecological operations. (Kaplan, pp. 195-196). Thus, people suffering from various defects like gynecology, myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia are in potential, to once again, bear children normally and stop wearing sunglasses respectively. For example, indispensable eye defects occur when the retina cannot focus properly. This is because, the retina relies heavily on the cornea and if the cornea cannot focus light, then a certain defect occurs. The same case happens when the cervix is unable to dispel some cells. The cells can lead to cervical cancer if left in the cervix for a long time. The paper will examine advancements in laser surgery technologies. Laser Surgery in Ophthalmology With lasers, doctors can perform surgical operations even on small body organs like the eye with a lot of easiness and correct the defect. For example, laser eye surgery is the most prominent and successive medical technology over the recent years. People suffering from vision impairments can undergo surgical eye surgery and retain their sight. Usually, the operation takes less time to complete. Both government and private hospitals are now using this technology to offer services to their patients. Under this technology, the laser applies the principle of fluorescence to send beams into an eye cornea turning it back into its original position and shape. A type of laser known as Excimer normally does this correction. Under normal situations, the excimer is a source of ultraviolet light. Since laser beams travel in a straight line, doctors place them directly into the eye of a patient vaporizing the eye. (Uhr, pp. 435-438). Interestingly, since eye defects are mainly erroring on the refractive index, the excimer has the capability to alter any error that might have occurred. Laser eye surgery or Lasik surgery helps doctors to measure the extent of eye defects. The laser-guided beam forms a three-dimensional optical eye figure at the same time highlighting the affected areas. The excimer then works under wave-front tec
Approximately at the end of the Second World War, after the world had seen the terrifying aspects of technology and science mirrored in the nuclear bombs, weapons of mass destruction and Mengele’s experiments, the human kind began to doubt that scientific progress alone can improve human society. After that, it became clear that unless steered in the right direction, science and technology can bring about unimaginable destruction and suffering. More importantly, the ignorance about science among the general population became the tool for exploitation masked by justice and good intentions. There was a whole array of novels at that time that dealt with this topic, and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Nineteen-eighty Four are just two examples. These two books deal with the hidden and not so easily observable side of the Enlightenment in that they explore the ways in which scientific knowledge provides tools for exploitation. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Kesey tackles the problem of mental institutions and how the categorization into the sane and the insane can be used to secure conformity and docility. Orwell, on the other hand, deals specifically with the problem of using new technologies for surveillance and control justified by common social goals and preventing crimes. It can be said that while both of these books address the issue of hidden methods of
Sports have become an important part of people’s lives. In the USA, sports can be regarded as a well-developed industry which has such characteristics as advertising and customer orientation. Thus, sport is not about results only as managers and clubs owners as well as athletes are often concerned with earning money. It is possible to consider three sources in media to understand the major focus of the contemporary sports industry. Thus, Laurence Holmes, in his show, focuses on the joy of watching sports. The host focuses on the joy of the “Blackhawks glory days” (“Laurence Holmes” n.p.). This is a call-in program, and listeners share their emotions. The host also provides extracts from different sport games, and there is a lot of cheering. With the help of these extracts, Laurence manages to recreate the atmosphere of joy. In other words, the host shows why people are eager to pay for the delight of watching a sports game. Interestingly, the show’s sponsor was a park where listeners could also feel the joy of sport as they could do sport there. Another show to be discussed is the Boers and Bernstein Show. The hosts discussed the performance of the Bears (“Boers and Bernstein Show” n.p.). Again, the major focus was made on listeners and their ideas. In other words, the hosts also focused on the customers of the product produced by the sports industry. Sports fans expressed their ideas on different players’ performance. The hosts also discussed the ways players should act to satisfy their fans’ expectations. Interestingly, the sponsor of the program was a sporting event. It is possible to note that the two programs seem to be a combination of a research platform and a place to facilitate people’s interest. The hosts are emotional (like the vast majority of fans) and start arguing with each other and those who call or those who participate in the program. They often use humor and try to make their programs interesting to their listeners. Notably, one of the hosts’ aims is to promote their programs and make people listen to them. However, they are also promoting sports on the whole. The hosts are appealing to sports fans who are often adults (of the same age as the hosts are). The target audience of these programs is really wide and varies significantly. These can be males and females, adults and teenagers, white-collar employees, and unemployed or retired people. Clearly, sports are a customer-oriented business as everybody in the business are trying to satisfy fans and viewers who are, actually, customers. Thus, the programs create a positive image of sports and focus on the orientation of the “business.” At the same time, a blogger focuses on the other side of the industry. Importantly, Zirin also stresses that athletes and especially sports organizations have a significant influence on people and try to satisfy their fans’ expectations (n.p.). Hence, everybody involved in the business has tried to condemn Suarez’s bite to make sure that they are on the same page with sports fans. Nonetheless, the authors also reveal t
Introduction In the Greek language, strategos (strategy) mean commander in chief. In human resource management, strategy refers to decisions and actions taken by senior management of an organisation. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) refers to management processes and consistent HR practices focused on achieving organisational goals and objectives. Definition of SHRM SHRM has a variety of definitions given by various scholars. There is a wide variety of perception on strategic human resource management. Some people believe that it is a formal management process that helps managers to accomplish future organisation goals. Other people view SHRM as an evolving process that assists managers in dealing with difficult issues (Purcell 59). A few people argue that strategic HR lacks theoretical clarity. Strategic management Strategic management constitutes actions, resolutions and decisions that organisations make to achieve long term objectives as well as improve performance. Activities and decisions made by the management of a given organisation affect all its employees. A key objective of SHRM practices is to gain competitive advantage (Bratton 38). The success of an organisation depends on its employees. Employees are sometimes referred to as resources. They are the main asset of any organisation. An organisation ceases to exist without the presence of employees. Employees provide a competitive advantage to an organisation. They are the main determinant of success in organisations. In order to be successful, an organisation has to embrace strategic management practices. Examples of these practices include recruitment, motivation and retention. Models of strategic management Strategic management continuously affects the senior management, its environment and resources. All activities of an organisation affect each other. An organisation’s missions, goals, environmental study, strategy and strategic evaluation are all part of strategic management. The senior management team should align their positions to the goals and objectives of an organisation. Missions, objectives and values that an organisation would like to achieve, ought to be addressed by senior managers. Environmental analysis (SWOT analysis) is an acronym for strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats in organisations (Boxall & Purcell 35). During strategic formulation in organisations, the management examines how strategic factors affect strategic decisi