ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
International arbitration is increasingly being accepted by the international business community as an efficient and flexible method of dispute resolution. The increased use of arbitration has led to the publication of awards and the evolution of a considerable body of juridical writing on the subject. The publication of awards would contribute to the systematic elaboration of rules governing choice of law in international commercial arbitrations. Juridical writings, which are often cited in arbitral awards, would also play a useful role in this regard. The majority of the critics admit that the essential elements of international arbitration are thus its consensual and binding nature, and the active role played by the participants in choosing the arbitrators and determining the procedure for resolving their disputes. However, the role of national law in international arbitrations is noteworthy, the scope of national law interventions in international arbitrations is continuously being circumscribed and streamlined. During the early stages of the twentieth century, when international commercial arbitration was still in its infancy, the regulation of international arbitration was essentially left to national jurisdictions. With the development of better means of transportation and communication and the attendant increase in the volume of international trade and commerce, the practice of arbitration was increasingly embraced in international trade. In no time it became obvious that domestically cultivated laws of arbitration–which mostly reflected attitude and policy amenable to the needs of the domestic community–were ill-suited for the regulation of international arbitration. This realization argued the need for the development of effective international regimes that would not only unify the law relating to international arbitration but also formulate rules that are appropriate in an international arena. The arbitrations that fell outside the convention were subject to the procedural rules of the place of arbitration that were often not well developed to handle international arbitrations. Several countries still had arbitration laws dating from the period when national courts were hostile to arbitration (Anton and Beaumont 34). Additionally, the divergence in national arbitration laws complicated the ability of arbitrators to familiarize themselves with arbitration laws and procedures (Bondzi-Simpson 3). The above factors underscored the need for the modernization and harmonization of national laws relating to international commercial arbitration. It is hardly useful to stress that the above conventions and the Model Law apply only in those countries that have either ratified or enacted them into law. Despite this fact, Dolzer and Schureuer (33) make constant reference to these conventions and the Model Law because they embody an emerging consensus on how the practice of international arbitration should be organized
Article Summary The article analyzed in this paper is Exploring the alignment between service strategy and service innovation by Lightfoot and Gebauer. It investigates innovation service misalignment with related strategies, which limits new service releases and access to business opportunities in the capital goods sector. The authors’ central thesis is that reconfiguring service innovation determinants so that they are aligned with strategic goals could result in revenue gains. The study used a qualitative, multi-case approach to explore service innovation-strategy fit of 12 firms (case studies) from Western Europe. Qualitative data were collected through interviews of 80 people and internal reports. Data analysis involved the pattern-matching logic and inductive reasoning to identify company-relate, process-related, and result-related determinants, e.g., innovation culture, service quality, and market competitiveness, and their strategy alignments. The findings suggest that achieving service strategies-determinants fit is not easy and innovation success is realized only with particular determinant schemes. Critical Evaluation Research Question The article sought to answer the question; in what ways are service innovations aligned with strategic choices of capital goods producers? This research question seems right given that its purpose was to examine strategy-innovation alignment in service delivery. It fits with the other articles reviewed that show that specific configurations of service innovation factors translate into profitability. Previous studies examine this topic from different perspectives. While some scholars consider service innovations an efficient approach to providing customized solutions, others regard it as fundamental to the success of capital goods. Nevertheless, sparse research on how to adopt critical innovation factors hinders innovation-strategy alignment. The article sought to fill this knowledge gap by considering the different ways these determinants could be aligned with strategic choices to achieve business goals. However, it should have considered studies on retail service innovation to gain insights into their critical success factors and strategies. Problem and Methods The methods selected were largely appropriate for exploring the research problem. Investigating innovation determinants-strategy alignment would require a subjective dataset from people involved in innovation projects. The authors collected interview (qualitative) data from 80 interviewees drawn from R&D, marketing, and product/service departments. Interviewing allowed them to triangulate secondary data and validate constructs dur
Introduction Activision Blizzard Inc which was previously known as Activision Inc is based in California, USA, and mainly engages in provision of entertainment software and peripheral products to its customers across the globe. The company provides a wide range of video games which include PC based games, Microsoft Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii among others. Globally, the company’s portfolio stands out as one of the best selling products (Christensen 77). The company has its network spreading across many countries from Europe, America and Asia. The company has several segments which include Activision Publishing, Blizzard Entertainment and Blizzard Distribution which make it very competitive. The publishing segment is mainly concerned with creating, marketing and sale of the company’s products to its main customers which includes game specialty stores and electronic stores. The industry macro economic environment The macroeconomic environment refers to societal forces affecting the entire microenvironment. Such forces include economic, demographic, technological, political, global, social- cultural and legal factors as discussed below. Political/ legal environment It is always important to learn the rules before playing the game (Ricky and Pustay 85). However, many people lack knowledge about political/ legal environment. Activision Blizzard Inc is a California based company and sells its products to a number of Asian, American and European countries where by rules governing the industry are quite different. Therefore, it becomes much more important for the marketing staff to understand the rules governing the industry to avoid problems. Moreover, non -compliance with laws, regulations and ordinances could lead to fines, negative publicity, and embarrassment or even to the worst expensive legal suits. Economic environment The economic well-being influences the consumer spending behavior. Further, consumer buying practices influences the health of an economy. Louise and Kurtz (49) observed that economic environment consists of such factors that influence marketing strategies and also the consumer buying power. They include inflation, unemployment, resource availability, business cycle and income. Interestingly, the economic growth of most countries which form markets for Activision Blizzard products recorded remarkable growth to year 2006; only to be hit by depression in 2007, with inflation rates rising to worrying levels. This indeed led to sluggish economies causing adverse effects on company products movement in foreign markets. Additionally, high inflation rates also led to rise in production expenditure making the company products costly, hence leading to a decline in sales and profitability. Social/ Cultural environment This component consists of the relationship between society and its culture with the marketer. Doing business in foreign countries calls for thorough understanding of culture of nationals in the respective countries. According to Ricky and Pustay (85), “a soci
This article mainly focuses on how leaders create and use networks in their work place for their success in discharging their duties, a skill that non leaders do not posses. This article was written by Herminia Ibara and Mark hunter. Ibara is a professor of leadership and learning at the University of Insead, Fontainebleau, France and the director of the faculty of leadership initiative, an executive program for managers moving into broader leadership at Insead. She has also written numerous books. Hunter is an investigative journalist and a professor of communications at Insead and has written different books (Ibara and Hunter 108). The authors while examining the networks which are the personal connections that will provide support, information and resources, found that they are the most challenging for managers who are transitioning into new leadership roles. When managers move up the ranks, they will be addressing issues that will impact the whole organization and not only their areas of specialization, these new roles require relational tactics, which involves exchange and interaction with the current and potential stakeholders. All these contacts are particularly critical to the new roles of the leader. The authors identified three different types of networks which are interdependent on each other. They are operational networks, personal networks and strategic networks. Personal networks will help to improve personal development of the manager. These based on the relationships forged with the immediate superiors, juniors, the peers and outsiders like suppliers
In the US, human services and professional education of specialists in this sphere were first put under scientific research, and methods and technologies in the field received a comprehensive theoretical justification. Modern human services workers appear as carriers of a coherent system of professional values. It is not allowed to condemn a person on racial, ethnic, financial, and other indicators. Although in practice, the principles proclaimed in the US Constitution do not correspond to reality, which appears in the form of racism, the superiority of some social groups over others, with the condemnation of the poor. This paper will discuss the current issue in the human services field, namely, diversity and biases related to the ethnicity of people in need, and empirical research studies that present solutions to mitigate the problem. One of the most critical problems of American society remains the diversity and social protection of racial and ethnic minorities in the country. This includes people at the lowest levels of social life, mainly black Americans, American Indians, Alaska natives, and others. Standards developed by the National Association of Social Workers (2015) claim that employees in this field must have cross-cultural knowledge, language, and communication skills to manage people in need professionally. Nevertheless, it is reported that the human services sphere is suffering from diversity issues and biases based on the ethnicity of people who require help. For instance, according to the Pew Research Center (2020), Asian and Black American people during the coronavirus pandemic experienced adverse events arising from the ethnic prejudices of human services workers. Biases associated with ethnic and racial status influence social workers in different human services systems; for instance, it is stated that “African American children were 2.2 times and Native American children were 2.9 times more likely to be placed in out-of-home care compared to white children,” which depends on the decisions made by authorities and social workers who are responsible for the disproportionality happening in the field (Ellis, 2019, para. 14). Researchers have investigated the social sphere and its employees across different directions and highlighted that the issue of implicit racial and ethnic biases of social workers and healthcare professionals has a direct negative impact on the health outcomes of people who receive help (Hall et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the new empirical studies data reveal that, generally, American society has decreased its implicit negative biases towards anti-gay, anti-black, and anti-dark-skin attitudes (Charlesworth & Banaji, 2019). However, people who tried to get help in different social spheres still report that human services professionals treat them with prejudice re
Abstract Economics is the social science of making sufficient choices or decisions and studies how people interact in their society economically. This paper introduces the subject of economics and unfolds what it is all about. We live in a society where economics is a valuable need in order for us to understand and handle any problems that may occur in the future. The basic economic problem is scarcity, where people’s wants and needs are unlimited. Every time a need is satisfied, a new need is then created thus, creates the unlimited wants and needs of the human characteristic. The problem of scarcity results in allocation, which is the process of choosing needs that will be gratified and how many resources we will use in order to satisfy them. Because there are so many wants waiting to be satisfied, there are only so many resources to fulfill those wants. Limited resources are the condition of there not being enough resources to fulfill all wants and needs. Introduction Since economics is all about making choices, people must understand the cost and benefits of any choice in order to make competent choices. Opportunity cost and Opportunity benefits guide the decisions process of individuals and countries and determine the goods to which they are going to be produced. However, Opportunity cost is the option that you must give up when you make a choice, and opportunity benefit is what you gain by making a certain decision. An example of opportunity cost and opportunity benefit is assumed one night you have a stack of homework waiting for you to do, but when your parents get home, they demand that you go out with them to eat dinner and catch a flick afterward. Yet you really want to do your homework and study, but you give up your education time to spend the night with your parents. Your opportunity cost of this is what you give up, and that is your study time; however, you do gain a benefit from giving up your homework, and that is a movie and a casual dinner with your parents. Every society has basic economic questions, and when responding to these questions, societies must balance the needs of individuals with the needs of society together. The subject Economics is divided into two separate branches: microeconomics which examines the choices of individuals regarding one product, one firm, or one industry, and macroeconomics examines the conduct of the whole economy at once. Eve
The film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005) dwells upon the case of Enron which is seen as the largest scandal in the corporate world of the USA. The film can have a number of implications. In the first places, it can be utilized for educational and training purposes. Clearly, any business person has to watch it at least once in his/her life to be aware of the outcomes of irresponsible behavior in the corporate world. It is possible to consider implications of the film to understand its effectiveness as a training tool. As has been mentioned above, it can be used in education. Notably, this use is not confined to higher educational establishments only. Young people can be exposed to the issues discussed in high school. Thus, students of a high school can be shown extracts from the film (as well as entire film) and start a discussion of a variety of issues. One of the major problems to be discussed is, of course, ethical and responsible behavior in business. Students interested in law, accounting, management can benefit from exploring the issues revealed in the film. The teachers can put the episodes where stakeholders of the case comment on their behavior and their feelings as these episodes are thought-provoking and appealing ( Enron: The Smartest Guys ). When it comes to college students, the focus should be made on particular business issues as well as ethical ones. The film reveals certain actions of Enron’s top managers that led to the company’s debts and bankruptcy ( Enron: The Smartest Guys ). First, students should discuss the way the company tried to respond to the challenges it faced. Secondly, students may also try to develop their own strategies which could have been helpful for the organization. Again, students can concentrate on various facets of the case. Some may focus on legal issues while others can try to analyze marketing or human resources strategies exploited. Students may also try to develop regulation to prevent companies from acting in irresponsible ways. It is also possible to try to trace companies that tend to act in a similar way. Therefore, it is essential for students to be aware of details of the case and understand hazards of irresponsible behavior of managers. As far as training is concerned, human resources mangers can find the film very helpful. They can utilize certain extracts from the film to highlight wrongdoings and their possible outcomes. It is possible to develop a variety of activities and discussions to share ideas on the matter and develop proper behavioral patterns. It is also possible to use the film when developing the company’s culture and focusing on the organization’s values. It is possible to address to certain episodes form the film as a contraposition of values which should be the basis of any organizations’ culture. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the film in question can have numerous implications in education and training. The case of ENRON can shed light on legal, business and ethical issues. Students and employees have to remember about the scandal to avoid getting inv
Introduction According to the UN, children are one of the most vulnerable populations (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Despite the efforts of the U.S. government to ensure a thorough health care coverage for all children who are residents of the country, there remains a number of children who are uninsured and have no access to medical care, usually due to the parents’ low income and difficult living conditions (HRSA, 2015). This paper aims to examine the gaps in pediatric care coverage, as well as the reasons for these shortcomings. Analysis HRSA’s (2015) analysis of health care use by pediatric population shows that the primary source of pediatric care is the doctor’s office: “Among children with a usual source of care in 2012, 74.2 percent of children used a doctor’s office; 23.9 percent used a clinic; and 1.9 percent used the hospital and other places, including emergency rooms and hospital outpatient departments” (p. 91). However, the preferred source of care varies considerably by family income, as well as race and ethnicity. For instance, HRSA (2015) states that children with household incomes of less than 200 percent of poverty were about twice as likely to use a clinic as a usual source of care than children with higher household incomes. Insurance coverage provided to children is either public or private, with private insurance usually being provided by the parent’s employer and public insurance supported by Medicaid or state-governed plans (HRSA, 2015). Children’s insurance coverage varies between populations: where the prevalent type of insurance for non-Hispanic white children is private (68.6), non-Hispanic black children are twice more likely to use public insurance (58.8) (HRSA, 2015). The percentage of uninsured children is high in Hispanic and native populations – 11.8 and 11.9 respectively (HRSA, 2015). The overall percentage of uninsured children has been gradually decreasing over the past decade but remains relatively high at 6.6 (HRSA, 2015). Therefore, the lack of universal insurance coverage is evident, meaning that the current health care sources of the U.S. are not sufficient to cover the entire pediatric population. The majority of child populations that are affected by these impairments are racial and ethnic minorities, such as Hispanic, Native American, and Black (HRSA, 2015). However, the family income also plays a vital role in health care access (HRSA, 2015). One of the main reasons for the difficulties in health care access is the refusal of some states to adopt the Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Medicaid expansion. According to Blumental, Abrams, and Nuzum (2015), the Medicaid expansion has been effective in lowering the rate of uninsured persons and increasing access to health care, particularly in the low-income, Hispanic, and Black populations: “Groups that have historically