ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Document structure extraction has been a widely researched area for decades. Recent work in this direction has been deep learning-based, mostly focusing on extracting structure using fully convolution NN through semantic segmentation. In this work, we present a novel multi-modal approach for form structure extraction. Given simple elements such as textruns and widgets, we extract higher-order structures such as TextBlocks, Text Fields, Choice Fields, and Choice Groups, which are essential for information collection in forms. To achieve this, we obtain a local image patch around each low-level element (reference) by identifying candidate elements closest to it. We process textual and spatial representation of candidates sequentially through a BiLSTM to obtain context-aware representations and fuse them with image patch features obtained by processing it through a CNN. Subsequently, the sequential decoder takes this fused feature vector to predict the association type between reference and candidates. These predicted associations are utilized to determine larger structures through connected components analysis. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach achieving a recall of 90.29%, 73.80%, 83.12%, and 52.72% for the above structures, respectively, outperforming semantic segmentation baselines significantly. We show the efficacy of our method through ablations, comparing it against using individual modalities. We also introduce our new rich human-annotated Forms Dataset.
We try to justify rigorously, using a Wong-Zakai approximation argument, the susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) stochastic differential equation proposed in [2]. We discover that according to this approach the "right" stochastic model to be considered should be the Stratonovich version of the It\^o equation analyzed in [2]. Surprisingly, this alternative model presents the following feature: the threshold value characterizing the two different asymptotic regimes of the solution coincides with the one describing the classical SIS deterministic equation.
It is pointed out that the average semi-inclusive particle phase-space density at freeze-out can be determined from the coincidence probability of the events observed in multiparticle production. The method of measurement is described and its accuracy examined.
(Quasi-)Poisson-Lie T-duality of string effective actions is described in the framework of generalized geometry of Courant algebroids. The approach is based on a generalization of Riemannian geometry in the context of Courant algebroids, including a proper version of a Levi-Civita connection. In our approach, the dilaton field is encoded in a Levi-Civita connection and its form is determined by the Courant algebroid geometry. Explicit examples of background solutions are provided using the approach developed in the paper.
This document consists of two papers, both submitted, and supplementary material. The submitted papers are here given as Parts I and II.   Part I establishes results, used in Part II, 'on functions and inverses, both positive, decreasing and convex'.   Part II uses results from Part I to extablish 'inequalities for the fundamental Robin eigenvalue for the Laplacian on N-dimensional boxes'
We show that any solution of the 4D Einstein equations of general relativity in vacuum with a cosmological constant may be embedded in a solution of the 5D Ricci-flat equations with an effective 4D cosmological "constant" that is a specific function of the extra coordinate. For unified theories of the forces in higher dimensions, this has major physical implications.
We have carried out a joint photometric and structural analysis of red sequence galaxies in four clusters at a mean redshift of z ~ 1.25 using optical and near-IR HST imaging reaching to at least 3 magnitudes fainter than $M^*$. As expected, the photometry and overall galaxy sizes imply purely passive evolution of stellar populations in red sequence cluster galaxies. However, the morphologies of red sequence cluster galaxies at these redshifts show significant differences to those of local counterparts. Apart from the most massive galaxies, the high redshift red sequence galaxies are significantly diskier than their low redshift analogues. These galaxies also show significant colour gradients, again not present in their low redshift equivalents, most straightforwardly explained by radial age gradients. A clear implication of these findings is that red sequence cluster galaxies originally arrive on the sequence as disk-dominated galaxies whose disks subsequently fade or evolve secularly to end up as high S\'ersic index early-type galaxies (classical S0s or possibly ellipticals) at lower redshift. The apparent lack of growth seen in a comparison of high and low redshift red sequence galaxies implies that any evolution is internal and is unlikely to involve significant mergers. While significant star formation may have ended at high redshift, the cluster red sequence population continues to evolve (morphologically) for several Gyrs thereafter.
We have observed that the shot noise of tunnel current, I, in GaSb-AlSb-InAs-AlSb-GaSb double-barrier structure under a magnetic field can exceed 2qI. The measurements were done at T=4K in fields up to 5T parallel to the current. The noise enhancement occurred at each of the several negative-differential conductance regions induced by the tunneling of holes through Landau levels in the InAs quantum well. The amount of the enhancement increased with the strength of the negative conductance and reached values up to 8qI. These results are explained qualitatively by fluctuations of the density of states in the well, but point out the need for a detailed theory of shot noise enhancement in resonant tunneling devices.
We consider the universal scaling behaviour of the Kondo resonance in the strong coupling limit of the symmetric Anderson impurity model, using a recently developed local moment approach. The resultant scaling spectrum is obtained in closed form, and is dominated by long tails that in contrast to previous work are found to exhibit a slow logarithmic decay rather than power-law form, crossing over to characteristic Fermi liquid behaviour on the lowest energy scales. The resultant theory, while naturally approximate, is found to give very good agreement for essentially all frequencies with numerical renormalization group calculations of both the single-particle scaling spectrum and the self-energy.
NeXus is an international standard data format intended to reduce the need for redundant software development efforts in the neutron and x-ray scattering communities. As the NeXus standard matures it is starting to be used at laboratories for storing raw data. The Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center (MLNSC) at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory have been working with NeXus in an effort to share data and software. MLNSC is now writing files compliant with NeXus and the Integrated Spectral Analysis Workbench (ISAW) software from IPNS is being used with this data. Problems can arise if the standard is interpreted in different ways and information that belongs in the file is not accounted for in the standard. This paper will discuss an inter-laboratory collaboration in relation to a maturing data standard.
Schubitopes were introduced by Monical, Tokcan and Yong as a specific family of generalized permutohedra. It was proven by Fink, M\'esz\'aros and St.$\,$Dizier that Schubitopes are the Newton polytopes of the dual characters of flagged Weyl modules. Important cases of Schubitopes include the Newton polytopes of Schubert polynomials and key polynomials. In this paper, we develop a combinatorial rule to generate the vertices of Schubitopes. As an application, we show that the vertices of the Newton polytope of a key polynomial can be generated by permutations in a lower interval in the Bruhat order, settling a conjecture of Monical, Tokcan and Yong.
Recent analyses of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps from the WMAP satellite have uncovered evidence for a hemispherical power anomaly, i.e. a dipole modulation of the CMB power spectrum at large angular scales with an amplitude of +/-14 percent. Erickcek et al have put forward an inflationary model to explain this anomaly. Their scenario is a variation on the curvaton scenario in which the curvaton possesses a large-scale spatial gradient that modulates the amplitude of CMB fluctuations. We show that this scenario would also lead to a spatial gradient in the amplitude of perturbations sigma_8, and hence to a dipole asymmetry in any highly biased tracer of the underlying density field. Using the high-redshift quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we find an upper limit on such a gradient of |nabla sigma_8|/sigma_8<0.027/r_{lss} (99% posterior probability), where r_{lss} is the comoving distance to the last-scattering surface. This rules out the simplest version of the curvaton spatial gradient scenario.
Static and dynamic critical behavior of Sn$_2$P$_2$S$_6$ type ferroelectrics and (Pb$_y$Sn$_{1-y}$)$_2$P$_2$(Se$_x$S$_{1-x}$)$_6$ mixed crystals with line of tricritical points and line of Lifshitz points on the $T-x-y$ phase diagram, which meet at the tricritical Lifshitz point, can be described in a combined BEG-ANNNI model. Such the model considers first and second neighbor interactions for pseudospins in a local three-well potential. Below the temperature of tricritical Lifshitz point, the "chaotic" state accompanied by the coexistence of ferroelectric, metastable paraelectric and modulated phases is expected. In addition to the frustration of polar fluctuations near the Brillouin zone center, in Sn$_2$P$_2$S$_6$ crystal the antipolar fluctuations also strongly develop in the paraelectric phase at cooling to continuous phase transition temperature $T_0$. Here, critical behavior can be described as a crossover between Ising and XY universality classes, what is expected near bicritical points with coupled polar and antipolar order parameters and competing instabilities in $q$-space.
Quantum Fourier transform is of primary importance in many quantum algorithms. In order to eliminate the destructive effects of decoherence induced by couplings between the quantum system and its environment, we propose a robust scheme for quantum Fourier transform over the intrinsic decoherence-free subspaces. The scheme is then applied to the circuit design of quantum Fourier transform over quantum networks under collective decoherence. The encoding efficiency and possible improvements are also discussed.
We give an explicit form of Ingham's Theorem on primes in the short intervals, and show that there is at least one prime between every two consecutive cubes $x\sp{3}$ and $(x+1)\sp{3}$ if $\log\log x\ge 15$.
We report the determination of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction, the dominant magnetic anisotropy term in the \kagome spin-1/2 compound {\herbert}. Based on the analysis of the high-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, we find its main component $|D_z|=15(1)$ K to be perpendicular to the \kagome planes. Through the temperature dependent ESR line-width we observe a building up of nearest-neighbor spin-spin correlations below $\sim$150 K.
An important component of Ap\'ery's proof that $\zeta (3)$ is irrational involves representing $\zeta (3)$ as the limit of the quotient of two rational solutions to a three-term recurrence. We present various approaches to such Ap\'ery limits and highlight connections to continued fractions as well as the famous theorems of Poincar\'e and Perron on difference equations. In the spirit of Jon Borwein, we advertise an experimental-mathematics approach by first exploring in detail a simple but instructive motivating example. We conclude with various open problems.
Recently, there has been a lot of interest in automatically generating descriptions for an image. Most existing language-model based approaches for this task learn to generate an image description word by word in its original word order. However, for humans, it is more natural to locate the objects and their relationships first, and then elaborate on each object, describing notable attributes. We present a coarse-to-fine method that decomposes the original image description into a skeleton sentence and its attributes, and generates the skeleton sentence and attribute phrases separately. By this decomposition, our method can generate more accurate and novel descriptions than the previous state-of-the-art. Experimental results on the MS-COCO and a larger scale Stock3M datasets show that our algorithm yields consistent improvements across different evaluation metrics, especially on the SPICE metric, which has much higher correlation with human ratings than the conventional metrics. Furthermore, our algorithm can generate descriptions with varied length, benefiting from the separate control of the skeleton and attributes. This enables image description generation that better accommodates user preferences.
We consider the Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs equations for an SU(3) gauge group in a spherically symmetric ansatz. Several properties of the gravitating monopole solutions are obtained an compared with their SU(2) counterpart.
Helioseismology has allowed us to infer the rotation in the greater part of the solar interior with high precision and resolution. The results show interesting conflicts with earlier theoretical expectations, indicating that the the Sun is host to complex dynamical phenomena, so far hardly understood. This has important consequences for our ideas about the evolution of stellar rotation, as well as for models for the generation of the solar magnetic field. Here we provide an overview of our current knowledge about solar rotation, much of it obtained from observations from the SOHO spacecraft, and discuss the broader implications.
Line-doubled Fresnel zone plates provide nanoscale, high aspect ratio structures required for efficient high resolution imaging in the multi-keV x-ray range. For the fabrication of such optics a high aspect ratio HSQ resist template is produced by electron-beam lithography and then covered with Ir by atomic layer deposition (ALD).
The dynamo action achieved in the convective cores of main-sequence massive stars is explored here through 3D global simulations of convective core dynamos operating within a young $\Msun{10}$ B-type star, using the anelastic spherical harmonic (ASH) code. These simulations capture the inner 65\% of this star by radius, encompassing the convective nuclear-burning core (about 23\% by radius) and a portion of the overlying radiative envelope. Eight rotation rates are considered, ranging from 0.05\% to 16\% of the surface breakup velocity, thereby capturing both convection that barely senses the effects of rotation and other situations in which the Coriolis forces are prominent. The vigorous dynamo action realized within all of these turbulent convective cores builds magnetic fields with peak strengths exceeding a megagauss, with the overall magnetic energy (ME) in the faster rotators reaching super-equipartition levels compared to the convective kinetic energy (KE). The core convection typically involves turbulent columnar velocity structures roughly aligned with the rotation axis, with magnetic fields threading through these rolls and possessing complex linkages throughout the core. The very strong fields are able to coexist with the flows without quenching them through Lorentz forces. The velocity and magnetic fields achieve such a state by being nearly co-aligned, and with peak magnetic islands being somewhat displaced from the fastest flows as the intricate evolution proceeds. As the rotation rate is increased, the primary force balance shifts from nonlinear advection balancing Lorentz forces to a magnetostrophic balance between Coriolis and Lorentz forces.
We propose a simple but suggestive seesaw model with two phenomenological conjectures: three heavy (right-handed) Majorana neutrinos are degenerate in mass in the symmetry limit and three light Majorana neutrinos have the tri-bimaximal mixing pattern $V^{}_0$. We show that a small mass splitting between the first generation and the other two generations of heavy Majorana neutrinos is responsible for the deviation of the solar neutrino mixing angle $\theta^{}_{12}$ from its initial value $35.3^\circ$ given by $V^{}_0$, and the slight breaking of the mass degeneracy between the second and third generations of heavy Majorana neutrinos results in a small mixing angle $\theta^{}_{13}$ and a tiny departure of the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle $\theta^{}_{23}$ from $45^\circ$. It turns out that a normal hierarchy of the light neutrino mass spectrum is favored in this seesaw scenario.
Weyl semimetals are new states of matter which feature novel Fermi arcs and exotic transport phenomena. Based on first-principles calculations, we report that the chalcopyrites CuTlSe2, AgTlTe2, AuTlTe2 and ZnPbAs2 are ideal Weyl semimetals, having largely separated Weyl points (~ 0.05/A) and uncovered Fermi arcs that are amenable to experimental detections. We also construct a minimal effective model to capture the low-energy physics of this class of Weyl semimetals. Our discovery is a major step toward a perfect playground of intriguing Weyl semimetals and potential applications for low-power and high-speed electronics.
We report electrical transport measurements on individual disordered carbon nanotubes, grown catalytically in a nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide template. In both as-grown and annealed types of nanotubes, the low-field conductance shows as exp[-(T_{0}/T)^{1/2}] dependence on temperature T, suggesting that hopping conduction is the dominant transport mechanism, albeit with different disorder-related coefficients T_{0}. The field dependence of low-temperature conductance behaves an exp[-(xi_{0}/xi)^{1/2}] with high electric field xi at sufficiently low T. Finally, both annealed and unannealed nanotubes exhibit weak positive magnetoresistance at low T = 1.7 K. Comparison with theory indicates that our data are best explained by Coulomb-gap variable range hopping conduction and permits the extraction of disorder-dependent localization length and dielectric constant.
Via a multidimensional complementarity relation we derive a novel operational entanglement measure for any discrete quantum system, i.e. for any multidimensional and multipartite system. This new measure admits a separation into different classes of entanglement obtained by using a flip operator 2,3,...,n times, defining a m-flip concurrence. For mixed states bounds on this m-flip concurrence can be obtained. Moreover, the information content of a n partite multidimensional system admits an intuitive interpretation. Explicitly, the three qubits system is analyzed and the physical difference in entanglement of the W-state, the GHZ state or the bi-separable state is revealed.
We describe the first discrete-time 4-dimensional numerical application of Regge calculus. The spacetime is represented as a complex of 4-dimensional simplices, and the geometry interior to each 4-simplex is flat Minkowski spacetime. This simplicial spacetime is constructed so as to be foliated with a one parameter family of spacelike hypersurfaces built of tetrahedra. We implement a novel two-surface initial-data prescription for Regge calculus, and provide the first fully 4-dimensional application of an implicit decoupled evolution scheme (the ``Sorkin evolution scheme''). We benchmark this code on the Kasner cosmology --- a cosmology which embodies generic features of the collapse of many cosmological models. We (1) reproduce the continuum solution with a fractional error in the 3-volume of 10^{-5} after 10000 evolution steps, (2) demonstrate stable evolution, (3) preserve the standard deviation of spatial homogeneity to less than 10^{-10} and (4) explicitly display the existence of diffeomorphism freedom in Regge calculus. We also present the second-order convergence properties of the solution to the continuum.
We perform a general computational analysis of possible post-collision mass distributions in high-speed galaxy cluster collisions in the presence of weakly self-interacting dark matter. Using this analysis, we show that weakly self-scattering dark matter can impart subtle yet measurable features in the mass distributions of colliding galaxy clusters even without significant disruptions to the dark matter halos of the colliding galaxy clusters themselves. Most profound such evidences are found to reside in the tails of dark matter halos' distributions, in the space between the colliding galaxy clusters. This feature appears in our simulations as shells of scattered dark matter expanding in alignment with the outgoing original galaxy clusters, contributing significant densities to projected mass distributions at large distances from collision centers and large scattering angles up to $90^\circ$. Our simulations indicate that as much as 20% of the total collision's mass may be deposited into such structures without noticeable disruptions to the main galaxy clusters. Such structures at large scattering angles are forbidden however in purely gravitational high-speed galaxy cluster collisions. Convincing identification of such structures in real colliding galaxy clusters would be a clear indication of the self-interacting nature of dark matter. Our findings may explain the dark matter ring feature recently found in the long-range reconstructions of the mass distribution of the colliding galaxy cluster CL0024+017.
In this article a new method of generating sums of like powers is presented.
The ultrafast-rotating ($P_\mathrm{rot}\approx0.44 d$) fully convective single M4 dwarf V374 Peg is a well-known laboratory for studying intense stellar activity in a stable magnetic topology. As an observable proxy for the stellar magnetic field, we study the stability of the light curve, and thus the spot configuration. We also measure the occurrence rate of flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We analyse spectroscopic observations, $BV(RI)_C$ photometry covering 5 years, and additional $R_C$ photometry that expands the temporal base over 16 years. The light curve suggests an almost rigid-body rotation, and a spot configuration that is stable over about 16 years, confirming the previous indications of a very stable magnetic field. We observed small changes on a nightly timescale, and frequent flaring, including a possible sympathetic flare. The strongest flares seem to be more concentrated around the phase where the light curve indicates a smaller active region. Spectral data suggest a complex CME with falling-back and re-ejected material, with a maximal projected velocity of $\approx$675km/s. We observed a CME rate much lower than expected from extrapolations of the solar flare-CME relation to active stars.