ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In order not to be biased, today specialists are very careful with the assumptions on the idea that criminal and offending behavior stands in the correlation with the factors of racial or cultural belonging. However, the statistical evidence suggests that among the solved crimes, among people of certain races and cultures, the rates of violent behavior are higher than among the others. That is why this paper’s objective is to explore different views on how the factors of race and culture can influence the violent and criminal behavior in people, to analyze the evident correlations between the crime rates and those factors, and to review the theoretical explanations of the correlation between race, culture and crime. Theories of the race and culture factor in criminal behavior The first theory that has a lot of influence in this respect is the trait theory. Firstly developed by Cesare Lombroso, this approach suggests that the traits of our appearance have the direct correlation to the possibilities of violent behavior (Siegel, 2007). Nowadays, the adherents of this theory developed many justifications for it, trying to prove that it is more than judging the people based on their appearance. This theory hypothesises that the causation of the crime lies in the biological and genetic factors. However, those biological traits can be recognized in the physiology of the potential criminal. One of the traits of a potential violator is the high levels of testosterone, which according to this theory influences the very neurochemical functioning of the brain, encouraging hyperactivity and impulsiveness (Sampson & Wilson, 1995). Since the levels of different hormones vary from one race or nationality to another, this approach suggests that belonging to one of those races or cultures is a risk factor for committing a crime. The equilibrium between physiological and social aspects Ethnic and racial minorities commonly live in worse socio-economical conditions than the majority of the society. On the other hand, they may also have the genetic preoccupation for the violent tendencies in behavior. Thus, in modern trait theories, the scientists try to evaluate how the impact of those two factors combines. Physical traits and social surrounding, according to this theory, produce the behavioral patterns (Siegel, 2007). The counterargument to this theory is that of two people with the similar physical traits and cultural background, it often happens that one commits a crime, whereas the other one does not indicate criminal behavior. Therefore, there has to be another component defining the patterns of behavior. Social learning theory The social learning theory introduces the idea that the behavior is, in many ways, the result of obtaining skills and behavioral patterns from observation and socialization with the surrounding world (Sampson & Wilson, 1995). Howe
Introduction In the present day, Nuclear disarmament is top of the U.S and global agenda more than it has ever been before from the start of the nuclear era. For instance, it is reported that “George Shultz, Henry Kissinger, William Perry and Sam Nunn have urged turning the goal of a world without nuclear weapons into a practical enterprise among nations” (Perkovich, 2008, p.1). It is also reported that President Obama has made a pledge to “renew the goal of a world without nuclear weapons” (Perkovich, 2008, p.1). Moreover, John McCain pointed out that it is now time to “take further measures to reduce dramatically the number of nuclear weapons in the world’s arsenals” (Perkovich, 2008, p.1). Other leaders in the world like Gordon Brown, the British Prime minister, expressed the need “to accelerate disarmament amongst possessor states to prevent proliferation to new states, and to ultimately achieve a world that is free from nuclear weapons” (Perkovich, 2008, p.1). All these people are leaders in the nations having nuclear weapons. The calls made by these leaders give a clear indication that nuclear weapons pose a danger to the world. In this paper, it is going to be argued that; the nuclear weapons should be abolished since they pose a great danger to life on earth. Abolishing Nuclear Weapons The nuclear weapons are the only kind of weapons that exist which have the ability to wipe out all living things on earth. According to Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (1999), “the very existence of nuclear weapons leaves open the possibility that a nuclear exchange might take place”(Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 1999, p.1). This could take place eiher deliberately or by mistake. Lack of absolute “nuclear disarmament” may lead to terrorists having access to the nuclear weapons. Reports have been given out of the attempts to smuggle “weapons-grade plutonium from Russia” (Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 1999). Having fewer numbers of the nuclear weapons implies that there are very minimal chances of terrorists stealing these weapons. Each and every measure taken to abolish nuclear weapons will serve to bring up the level of security. Without abolishing the nuclear weapons, the danger that will always be there is that more and more states will seek to obtain these weapons and this will eventually lead to an increase in the number o
This paper is the analysis of the novel and film versions of High Fidelity. The paper focuses on the main themes of both versions and the way they are delivered, the techniques and methods employed by the authors of both the film and the novel in order to get their messages across to the readers and viewers. The novel and film versions of High Fidelity are focused on the exploration of the same issue. The main character is in search of an answer to a question that keeps bothering him. Rob asks himself: “What is wrong with me? Why am I doomed to be left?” (High Fidelity). The readers of the novel and the audience of the film are suggested to search for the answer to this question in Rob’s past and his behaviors. Rob has a major problem – every romantic relationship he has ended as a failure, and every woman Rob dates eventually leaves him for another man. First of all, a book and a film rely on a rather different means in order to communicate messages. While in a book, the narration is used to provide descriptions of emotions, behaviors, thoughts, and environments, a movie relies on visual images, sound effects, music, intonations, and facial expressions. The main character of High Fidelity Rob is suffering from a post-breakup depression. In a book, his feelings are described by means of first-person narration as Rob openly pours out his soul to the readers. In the film, Rob also does the narration addressing the viewers, but his story is supported by emotional reactions the audience can witness – Rob screams in frustration, slams doors, and has tears in his eyes. In both versions of High Fidelity , Rob goes through his past relationships, pointing out the similarity between them, which makes it clear that the similar patterns of all his relationships are not caused by the women. In the film, the lack of Rob’s confidence is more obvious in the other spheres of his life – career, relationships with friends, mother. The novel emphasizes this aspect as well as mentioning that Rob used to be a very successful disc jockey but failed to commit to that occupation. This way, it can be concluded that Rob has a tendency to jeopardize his relationship with everyone and everything as soon as it becomes especially good. One of the most noticeable differences between the film and the novel versions is the location, the novel t
Carl Zimmer in his article In Search For explores an interesting topic in acquisition of intelligence. In this article Zimmer dwells on a peculiar and particular new dimension in the long history of intelligences studies. Zimmer make a concerted effort to unearth findings of scientists who are studying the relationship between genes and intelligence. Other than discovering that scientists have developed technologies that can measure intelligence variation between different individuals, scientists have now made a breakthrough in technologies that can identify thousands of different types of genes in human beings. A few scincetist have delved into the uncharted territory that tries to connect intelligences and the occurrences of certain genes. Actually reports are telling of possible relationships between genes and intelligences. However scientists are still baffled by the new realities that have emerged. They have conclusively documented that intelligence is an observable trait in human being and can even be felt by others. However, any criteria developed to measure intelligence despite yielding valid resets are only speculatory. Furthermore all positive leads the scientists have had on linking the development of in
Should employers be allowed to monitor computer, Internet, email, and telephone use by employees? Should employers utilize closed-circuit television (CCTV) and global positioning technologies to collect information on employees? Why? Nowadays, employers tend to monitor the actions of the employees by checking corporate computers, their activities on the Internet, phone calls, and the content of the email messages. Despite questioning the ethical considerations, the management implies that this approach is beneficial, as it helps “measure the quantity and quality of employees’ work” (Schneeman, 2000, p. 195). In this instance, it is critical to determine whether the employers should monitor actions of employees via different means of communication, CCTVs, and global positioning technologies while providing legal and rational reasoning for the necessity of the particular actions from the security professional’s viewpoint. Firstly, it could be said that the evaluation of the employees’ activities tends to comply with the business law while referring these actions as “the ordinary course of business” (Twomey & Jennings, 2012, p. 825). Meanwhile, the management team defines the paramount importance of these aspects by referring to the maintenance of the quality of the work at a sufficient level and evaluating the actions of each participant of the working process individually (Schneeman, 2000). In turn, the employees utilize monitoring to prevent illegal actions and crimes from occurrence while el
Introduction Arguably one of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks. These two entities have virtually transformed the world as far as information processing and communication is concerned. Although computers are hardly a century old, they have revolutionalized the way in which we carry out our day-to-day activities and hardly any arena in our lives has escaped the influence of these systems. As such, a breakdown of the computer systems would be catastrophic to an individual or an organization. Despite this, Goldsborough (2004) notes that a constant reality when working with computers is that the data stored on the PC can disappear in an instant. For this reason, it is of uttermost importance to ensure that contingencies are taken in the event that a computer system should fail. Crash recovery measures provide the best way to salvage a failed system. This paper will engage in a detailed analysis of how to carry out a crash recovery. Computer Crashes All computing systems are vulnerable to a wide variety of potential threats including; viruses, hacking, bugs, and physical damage to name but a few. All these threats may result in a system crash with varying consequences to the users. Bobrowski (2006) defines a crash as “the unanticipated failure of the system in question”. Crashes result in the computer system being inoperable until a solution to the crash is arrived at. There exist two major forms of crashes; hard disk crashes and OS crashes, and the recovery process will be dependent on the unique nature of the crash. Hard Drive Crash A hard disk crash is brought about from a hardware failure on the disk. A hard disk crash implies that all or some of the hard disk sectors are damaged and therefore unreadable. Hard disk failure may be caused by contaminants on the disk which may cause a head crash that damages some of the data on the disk. Head crashes may also arise from the hard disk being jarred while it is in use. Some of the signs of a hard disk failure are clicking or whirring sounds from the hard disk when the computer is turned on. To recover from a hard disk crash, one will be forced to invest in a new hard drive. Even so, one may wish to salvage the data that exists in the damaged drive. Operating System Crashes OS crashes are logical failures that make either part of or the entire OS unusable. In the event of a logical failure, the hard drive is still fully functional and the error is only on the OS. An improper shutdown of the computer due to power failure or poorly written software may damage critical system files resulting in an OS crash (Gookin, 2009). OS crashes may also occur as a result of memory overflow where data from one area of memory goes to memory allocated for another program. This may result in data corruption and the eventual crash of the OS. OS crashes can also be caused by viruses,
Alvin Ailey was able to merge dancing techniques which previously seemed to be completely incompatible with one another, and it is one of the major achievements in the history of choreography because such artistic choices influenced many performers and choreographers. This is the thesis that should be discussed more closely. This paper is aimed at examining the main milestones in the career of this person and the long-term impacts of his activities. In particular, much attention should be paid to his work in the Horton Dance Company and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre. Moreover, it is important to consider his choreographic techniques. Furthermore, one should discuss his major character traits such as perseverance, willingness to take risks and readiness to provide creative freedom to other people. While discussing the life of Alvin Ailey, one should first mention that he was able to make considerable achievements, even though he grew up in the environment in which many people could be deprived of the opportunity to fulfill their talents. He was born in 1931, at the time, when America was badly affected by the Great Depression. Moreover, the life of the country was profoundly influenced by the segregationist policies which prevented many African-American people from raising their social status. To a great extent, Alvin Ailey had to struggle with these obstacles. He had to lead an itinerant life for several years, but he retained his dedication to theatrical career. Overall, such behavior indicates at his perseverance. Later, his talent attracted the attention of prominent choreographers such as Lester Horton. It is important to discuss their cooperation in greater detail. Overall, it is possible to argue that the encounter with Lester Horton profoundly influenced the life and work of Alvin Ailey. In particular, he had an opportunity to master several aspects of theatrical performance; for instance, one can speak about dance, set design, costuming, and painting. This knowledge was critical for the development of his career. Additionally, he could freely experiment with various styles that could range from classical ballet to the dances of Native Americans. Such practices profoundly affected his dancing performance and choreographic decisions. Lester Horton died in 1953, and Ailey succeeded him as the director of this theater at the age of 22. This decision suggests that he was able to take risks. Yet, this c
The desire of nations to facilitate overseas investment has been exhibited in a dramatic increase in different bilateral treaties of investment designed to promote and protect investment between two countries. The globalization of the international economy is having a positive impact on the overall volume of overseas investment. Firms now view the entire world as their market and undertaking foreign direct investment in an endeavor to assure that they have a considerable presence in every part of the world. Most of the firms are now of the belief that it is significant to have specific production facilities based very close to their main customers which, in fact, is creating enough pressures for increased overseas investment. Globalization Human societies throughout the world have established increasingly closer connections over many centuries, but the current pace has increased dramatically. Cheap telephone services, Jet airplanes, emails, huge ocean vessels, computers, swift flows of capital have transformed the world into a global village and more autonomous than ever. Multinational firms manufacture products in different countries and sell them to customers all over the world. Raw materials, money, and technology move more speedily across national borders. Serving the global market is indeed a gigantic step for most of the firms who in the past have concentrated on their local markets and as such have limited data about potential global markets. Before access the international market it is necessary that a strong analysis should be made by the firms of the potential advantages and risks that could be encountered by the firm and capture the entire assessment of the global market. Proper diagnostic evaluation of current resources or business should be made as well a huge volume of research time should be spent on developing the plan to operate globally. This specific diagnostic evaluation will help to assess whether the aim for exploring foreign markets will be ultimately satisfied and whether the related risks of the venture are worth the expected returns. (Leif, 2003) The phenomenon of globalization has far-reaching impacts on the operations of firms. Due to globalization economies, laws, and social movements have ultimately formed at the international level. Many academics, politicians, and journalists treat such trends as inevitable and welcome. For most of the people in the world, globalization has a huge impact on their traditional ways of life along with threateni
Literature Review Today, the most common theories of language acquisition are behaviorist perspective, innatist perspective, and cognitive perspective. Each of these theories incorporates numerous perspectives, smaller theories, approaches, and hypotheses to explain how the first and second language learning process develops, and what the regularities and consistent patterns of this process are. The following literature review aims at observing the main aspects of these theories. Behaviourist Perspective In the book “Language”, Sapir has defined the behaviorist perspective as the theory that views language acquisition as the process of imitation, habit formation, and reinforcement (27). Sapir has also stated that language acquisition occurs through a process of a habit formation (29). Overall, Sapir’s work describes behaviorist perspective as the theory that focuses on the process of first language acquisition by infants who master their first linguistic skills by repeating after their parents. Lightbown and Spada have stated that the behaviorist perspective became the theoretical foundation of the Audiolingual method of second language teaching (58). Innatist Perspective Innatist perspective is described by Ellis and Shintani in their book as the theory having its foundation on the principle that humans are born with innate awareness of the principle of Universal Grammar (147). The concept of Chomsky’s Universal Grammar is explained by these scholars as the human cognitive ability to learn grammar intuitively. Krashen’s Acquisition theory agrees with Chomsky’s Universal Grammar on the idea that human language acquisition does not require learning conscious grammatical rules (Gass and Mackey 94). Comprehensible Input concept implicates that listeners can understand the message of a piece in a foreign language even if they do not understand all words mentioned in it (Gass and Mackey 97). The Natural Order Hypothesis argues that acquisition of grammar structures both in the mother tongue and foreign language learning occurs in a predictable order (Gass and Mackey 95). Monitor hypothesis assumes that the Monitor or the inside Editor helps the new language learner alter one’s utterances based on the learned knowledge (Gass and Mackey 95). Affective Filter hypothesis states that the second language acquisition can be prevented through the system of filters such as boredom, fear, anxiety, and resistance to change (Gass and Mackey 98). Cognitive Perspective Cognitive perspective is defined by Mitchell, Myles, and Marsden in their book as the theory that states that second language acquisition
Financial Gate Keepers and the Global Crisis The 2008 financial crisis showed the major flaws of global financial market. Many researchers agree that gatekeepers played crucial role in the development of the critical situation (Utzig 1). Thus, researchers note that one of the major causes of the global crisis was the fact that companies relied on gatekeepers (i.e. “credit reporting agencies, appraisers, and rating agencies”) instead of making “particularized investment decisions” (Block-Lieb and Janger 466). This practice proved to be erroneous. It is necessary to note that gatekeepers were (and to certain extent remain being) “the biggest uncontrolled power in the global financial system” (qtd. in Utzig 4). The lack of control led to negative effects. Thus, there were conflicts of interests which resulted in situations when many gatekeepers were concerned with their own profits rather than with providing correct data. Many gatekeepers provided companies with data which were ‘convenient’ for the latter. Some companies tried to create favorable image, whereas other companies tried to make money on some companies’ (or their subsidiaries’) ratings. Sometimes gatekeepers could ‘do a favor’ to a pa