ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Power is, to put it as simple as possible, the ability to influence the behavior and actions of other people to get what one wants. That is, when someone has power, that person is capable of getting what they want by any means, even if it means using other people against their will, or if the things they want to achieve are morally or legally questionable. One example of someone imposing their power on another person is the relationship between Mr. Miyagi and Daniel, the two main characters from the 1984 American movie The Karate Kid . The goal of this case study is to examine how Mr. Miyagi manages to influence Daniel to do what he wants and what are the sources of his power over Daniel. First and foremost, it is necessary to list and describe all the different sources of power. According to J.P.R. French and B. Raven, there are six of those: legitimate, coercive, reward, information, expert, and referent (French & Raven, 254). Legitimate power is the one that derives from a person’s official status or position ( Organizational Behavior , 12). For instance, the CEO of a big corporation holds a large amount of legitimate power. Next, there are reward and coercive powers, which are closely tied together while being antithetical to each other. Reward power is the ability to encourage other people to comply, using methods like increasing the salary or giving a promotion (Organizational Behavior, 13 ). Conversely, coercive power is meant to discourage noncompliance through the people’s fear of punishment (Organizational Behavior, 14). Examples include parents grounding their children, being fired from the job, or suffering physically. Expert power is dependent upon a person’s experience and knowledge ( Organizational Behavior, 14). The oldest and the most experienced members of an organization often possess such kind of power. Information power is similar to expert power, except that it comes from people’s ability to access information, as opposed to their own qualities ( Organizational Behavior , 15). Finally, there is referent power which means being able to evoke respect and devotion from other people ( Organizational Behavior , 16). For that reason, referent power is often synonymous with charisma. Now that all the sources of power have been covered, it is time to see which ones Mr. Miyagi uses to influence his apprentice, Daniel. In the movie, Mr. Miyagi decides to teach Daniel karate using seemingly very unorthodox methods. ( The Karate Kid , 1984) Namely, he assigns various menial jobs to Daniel, such as waxing cars, painting a fence, and so on. ( The Karate Kid , 1984) The fact that Daniel, while being initially incredulous of Mr. Miyagi’s unusual methods and stern regulations, abides by them completely without expecting any reward or payment means that Mr. Miyagi does indeed hold a considerable amount of power over Daniel. As for the sources of this power, Mr. Miyagi works as a maintenance man for an apartment complex ( The Karate Kid , 1984); therefore, he is qualified to assign various kind
The last three decades bear testament to the devastating effects of HIV and AIDS on all spheres of society. No society has gone untouched by the epidemic. While poorer countries have the highest infection and casualty rates, richer countries continue to devote significant resources towards research and financing of the fight against the virus. San Francisco represents the developed world while sub-Saharan Africa represents one of the worst hit regions by HIV. The goal of this paper is to compare the impacts of the epidemic on these two regions by looking at the driving factors and the intervention efforts by the church. San Francisco holds an important place in California. It was once the largest settlement in the east coast of the United States. It played a significant role in the Second World War by acting as an exit point for troops headed towards the pacific. This city became the heart of civil liberties movements in the United States after the war. The movements set out to expand the traditional definitions of marriage and to mainstream same-sex unions. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the largest community living with HIV in the city is gay (San Francisco AIDS Foundation). Another factor driving up infection rates in the city is drug use characterized by sharing of syringes. As the drug problem spread out in America, San Francisco took its share of the burden, resulting in a large community of addicts. Access to syringes has improved over time but it remains a controversial intervention in the control of the spread of HIV. The HIV case in Sub Saharan Africa lies in the larger issues of poverty, tradition, and ignorance (Umunna 25). This part of the world provides case studies on absolute poverty (WHO and UNAIDS 20). As a region, Sub Saharan Africa is home to majority of the worlds poor and has some of the most deplorable health care systems. Because of poverty, the infection rates have soared since most people do not have access to credible information because there is no infrastructure to relay the information (WHO and UNAIDS 20). Traditions amongst the people living in sub Sahara Africa also contributes significantly to the spread of HIV. Some of them promote practices such as wife inheritance, communal circumcision using the same set of knives and polygamy. All these are risk factors in enhancing the spread of the virus. Ignorance makes it impossible for the people to know how to conduct themselves to avoid infection such as mother to child transmission. A keen look at the factors driving the spread of HIV in both areas reveals that the same basic elements are responsible for the spread of infection. Sharing of need
Introduction Moral obligation to recognize other human subjects, as it is described by Christine Korsgaard, is a complex phenomenon, depending on the proper balance of thought and action. The thinker highlights the need for including numerous components in the analysis of situations when guidance for people can be clearly seen. The presented approach is partially aligned with the teachings of Karl Marx, who narrates about societal struggles in terms of classes and privileges. The linking elements, in this case, are presented by the connection between self and others, and its patterns can be examined through the lens of the two philosophers. Therefore, the moral approach to the awareness of other people can be advanced by relying on the considerations expressed by Christine Korsgaard and critical social theory developed by Karl Marx. Christine Korsgaard The moral recognition of the Other, as per the philosophical thought of Christine Korsgaard, is based on human nature rather than solely on any external laws. From this perspective, the process is mutual since “all rational beings could agree ot act on together in a workable cooperative system” (Korsgaard 1996a, p. 99). This stance implies the autonomy of individuals, which is guided by self-interest alongside normativity because one’s desires and actions are the causes of all attitudes towards other people. The claim of the interrelation between moral obligations and personal motives is supported by the fact that the inherent value of human interactions is the reason why this connection appears in the first place (Korsgaard 1996a, p. 91). In addition, the awareness of the patterns of mental activity, which is impossible to achieve, contributes to the necessity of viewing the existing norms through the lens of communication between people (Korsgaard 1996a, p. 91). In other words, one recognizes the Other by relying on a combination of so-called societal laws and consciousness attributed to humans. The idea of the existence of autonomy alongside cooperation in society viewed as a natural outcome of exercising individual will is underpinned by the way thoughts and actions of people come into play. Thus, the “thinking and acting self” represents the freedom of the members of the community to take action with respect to the principles of voluntarism and the authority, serving as “the source of obligation” (Korsgaard 1996a, p. 104). According to the philosopher, morality in taking into account other people when pursuing one’s desires is demonstrated by the coordination of all needs of the participants in the process, which are to be re
Introduction The 7th July 2005 bombings in London influenced the changes in the police’s methods related to preventing terrorist attacks as well as coping with the attacks outcomes significantly. The possible variants to prevent the attacks were analyzed along with examining the effectiveness of overcoming the bombings’ effects. Special agencies focused on the potential possibilities for the country’s security system to predict and overcome the attacks and provided the analysis of the results. The 7th July 2005 bombings were suicide terrorist attacks in London aimed to kill the masses and damage the transport system of the city. Three simultaneous attacks realized during the morning rush hour were observed in London Underground, and one bomb was detonated on a bus in Tavistock Square later in the morning. As a result, the victims of the attacks were fifty-two persons who were killed, and several hundreds of civilians were injured. Four bombers were also killed during the attacks ( Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London, 2006). The success of overcoming the negative effects of bombings depended on the particular features of realizing the preventive security policies and on the effective police reaction. It is important to analyze the role of police and country’s security systems in the situation along with discussing the police reaction and lessons learnt from the attacks which are also significant for developing the anti-terrorism policies in the United States. Thus, the research aims to discuss and analyze the police reaction to the accident and the effectiveness of the realized operations as well as the importance of the lessons learnt for the further development of anti-terrorism policies in the United Kingdom and in the United States. The Details of the London Terrorist Attacks of 7 July 2005 The London bombings in 2005 were organized and coordinated terrorist actions against the civilians which included three attacks in London Underground and one attack on a bus moving to Tavistock Square. At 8.50 AM, three bombs were simultaneously detonated by terrorists in London. The fist two explosions of bombs were observed on London Underground C69 and C77 Stock Circle line, terrorists detonated bombs in trains 204 and 216. The third explosion was on London Underground 1973 Stock Piccadilly line, train 311. The blasts caused great damages to trains and stations of London Underground, resulting in the significant number of victims. In an hour, the fourth attack was realized on a bus in Tavistock Square ( Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London, 2006). The number of killed victims and injured people was increased. As it was found later, the blasts were the results of using the homemade bombs made of organic peroxide substances prepared by four terrorists belonging to the Mu
Executive Summary Park Hyatt Hotel is one of the leaders in Australia’s hospitality industry. Nevertheless, it has received some criticisms regarding its pricing strategy and saw a minor decline in profitability. To address the situation and retain competitive advantage, five revenue management strategies are suggested for implementation. The strategies include redistribution of the marketing effort between the online and offline service distribution based on the yield of customer segment, the introduction of dynamic value-based prices, the expansion of the data collection process, partnering with a data analysis service to gain access to real-time updates for improved response time, and the increase is service transparency for customers through a dedicated platform. The combined effect of the said strategies is expected to include the diversification of the customer base, the increased loyalty of the existing clients, and the optimisation of resource allocation. Introduction Park Hyatt Sydney is a luxury five-star accommodation that is widely recognised as one of the leaders in Australia’s hospitality industry. The hotel offers high-grade services, a variety of rooms and suites, a gym, a spa, and numerous design solutions that indicate a persistent striving for top quality. The hotel enjoys favourable reviews from both the visitors and the press (Schlappig, 2015). Nevertheless, the latest report reveals a noticeable decline in revenues starting in 2014 (Hyatt Hotels Corporation, 2017). In addition, the company received minor criticisms regarding its pricing policy oriented towards a higher-income segment of the population (Luxury Travel Expert, 2014). Such setting noticeably undermines the company’s reputation and can lead to its loss of competitive advantage in the long run (Van der Wagen & Goonetilleke, 2012). It is thus suggested to review the current revenue management approach and introduce several strategies that can improve the situation. The current proposal contains five strategies that address the existing inconsistencies in the hotel’s policies and offer new tactics for enhancing customer satisfaction rates. The emphasis is made on distribution channels and pricing, with analytics, transparency enhancement, and forecasting assigned secondary priority. Distribution channel-oriented strategy provides additional means of diversifying the customer base as well as reaching the feasible new audiences. The pricing strategy focuses on the mechanisms of determining the costs of services and, in this particular case, adjusting them to the immediate conditions of the market (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker, & Brennan, 2015). The analytics and forecast strategies outline the approach to data processing and utilisation and identify the necessary resources. Finally, the transparency strategy encompasses a broad range of tactics that collectively contribute to the improved t
Introduction The paper is a critical analysis of organizational structure of HP Company. This is tackled by providing an over view of the organization, the structural issues facing it, a thorough discussion of ways that can help solve the structural problems and finally a conclusion and recommendation section that summarizes the paper. It is worth noting that, what drives organizations in carrying out their day to day activities is organizational structure. Organizational structure refers to a system that dictates the hierarchy, activities as well as how things are coordinated to help organizations attain their main goals and objectives. Different organizations adopt different structures. Despite this sort of arrangements, problems do occur and a time they are so serious that may threaten the wellbeing of the organization in question. In the situation of HP, it is well known to be the first major organization to have CEO woman back in 1999. Fiorina Carly widen the business of the organization by acquiring other businesses. However the purchase of Compaq brought controversy which was the beginning of her trouble as the organization faced a number of problems ranging from financial to cultural issues. She was later fired and in her place came Hurd Mark. The later received a number of complains regarding the sales department. The issues raised included who was to be conducted, getting the go ahead in hiring sales representative to mention but a few. His analysis revealed that the many layers of structure were the problem. To curb this, the new CEO resorted to firing employees that were not performing well and cutting down on the layers (Jana, 2009). In one instance he completely did away with a sales group. Having in mind that organizational structure is what every organization will consider, its functions are dependent in a number of factors such as the type of products and services offered to customers and target market ranges. The functions of organizational structure include determining focus range, the types of products offered, niches to be focused as well as the strategies to target markets. Overview of the Organization Hewlett Packard Company was formed in 1939 by two electrical engineering graduates from Sanford University. Hewlett Packard is the second names of Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard the founders of the company. The Company was established at a garage belonging to Packard as the name was arrived at after a coin tossing between the two co founders of the corporation of which Packard won but they decided to name their electronics company Hewlett Packard Company. The company was an idea after a fellowship in Stanford alongside Pastor Fredrick Terman who they consider their mentor (Packard, 2006). The Hewlett-Packard Company was incorporated in 1947 but the shares were offered to the public in 1957 (Jana, 2009). With the initial capital of US $ 538 they were able to produce their first ever financial successive produ
In 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. In turn, personal computers sold by this corporation were also considered to be unique by many consumers, and this business segment significantly contributed to the profitability of this company, even though the management laid more stress on mobile technologies such as smartphones. In order to illustrate this argument, one should look at Apple’s approach to product development and pricing. It should be noted that this company attempted to design innovative or even groundbreaking products; moreover, the company charged premium prices for these goods. When discussing the generic strategies of Apple, one should look at the qualities of the products offered by this company. In many cases, they entirely transformed different segments of the market. For example, one can speak about iPod. A similar argument can be applied to such a product MacBook Air that appealed to many users, especially those ones who valued portability (Marino, Hattaway, and Jackson 31). At the moment of its release, this design of this laptop was almost unprecedented. This is one of the aspects that can be singled out. Apart from that, the company charged premium prices for their products. Their approach differed from the policies adopted by such companies as Dell, Acer, or Hewlett-Packard. The managers believed that consumers had been ready to pay this price. Despite, the increased cost of its personal computers, Apple was able to control 8.7 percent of the U.S. market (Marino, Hattaway, and Jackson 31). Thus, by retailing personal computers, the company was able to increase its profitability. It is possible to relate these examples to such a concept as differentiation. This notion means that a company tries to distinguish its products in terms of design, usability or efficiency. This approach often enables an organization to gain competitive edge, and win the loyalty of clients. Yet, a company should continuously develop innovative products in order to be successful. This is one of the limitations that should not be overlooked. On the whole, the success of Apple illustrates that in some cases differentiation strategy can increase the competitive strengths of a company because this organization is able to retain clients for a long time. This principle of differentiate has been applied to personal computers marketed by Apple since these products could be distinguished in terms of design and usability. To a great extent, this policy contributed the improved financial performance of this company. These are the main points that can be made. Works Cited Marino, Lou, John Hattaway, and Katy Jackson. Apple Inc. in 2009 , New York, Routledge: 2009. Print.
Introduction Business entities are profit making organizations, which require concise decision making and mutual coexistence among employees and stakeholders to achieve goals and objectives. Business operations should be geared towards achievement of profit targets and commanding wider market segment. However, relationship with competitors should be healthy to avoid misunderstanding, which leads to disputes. Nonetheless, successful entities allow employees to contribute to decision making and planning of future activities. It is the prerogative of the management and stakeholders to ensure there is a clear channel of communication and distribution of resources among all departments to avoid blame shifting thus to enhance quick supervision. AAA as an international company needs to adhere to forces of mindset in order to build confidence within employees’ fraternity thus to make work efficient and effective. Forces that influence mindset Past experience of workers is instrumental in the quality of work and profits gained by the business. Experience is a tenet that distinguishes between junior and senior employees hence this can be realized in line with the quality of services in the company. Vernon and Bud have worked with AAA Company for more than twenty years therefore, they command a lot of experience and relationship with potential customers. It is fundamental for the company to integrate suggestions by the leaders and critically evaluate the merits and demerits of their thoughts. More so, it is not a guarantee that suggestions from seniors are correct and beneficial but they need to be analyzed to avoid demoralizing other employees. In this regard, AAA invested in mentoring the individuals therefore, it is worthless losing them to other rival firms that may utilize their experience to out-compete the company in the market (Wind, Crook, & Gunther, 2005). Hereditary is a trait of mindset that bestows individual courage that they belong to an entity. Employees belong to an organization therefore, they are not allowed to disclose secretes and operations of the enterprise to other firms. New owners are allowed to make changes to activities of the firm but should consult employees because it may interfere with flow of work ultimately removing existing departments for instance, transportation of non-perishable goods will stretch the operations of the business and mar relationship with employees and competitors. Genetics differentiate characteristics of individuals though at times, genes create a link among members of a society. AAA indulges in transportation of perishable goods therefore; it is complex to change to non-perishable goods transportation because it is of different genre and can ruin the relationship with its customers and other firms in the same industry. Genetic difference