ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The phenomenon of authorship is especially significant for the writing field, as it establishes responsibility for the presented content. Published works always require the identification of the individuals who participated in the creation of the paper, as well as the clarification of the contributions made. By establishing authorship, it becomes possible to attribute academic, social, and financial outcomes to people involved in the creation of the writing, highlighting both positive and negative results of the endeavor. Nevertheless, given that the current media platforms and genres are consistently evolving, considering whether the creator should be openly acknowledged becomes a crucial issue. From my perspective, every person who was involved in the production of a publication should be offered credit for participation, and their input should be identified if the author does not wish to remain anonymous. The significance of authorship becomes especially evident when groundbreaking works are considered. The authors of original literature writings and scholarly studies that bear special importance for the development of specific fields can considerably benefit from such recognition. Furthermore, establishing the creator of a literary piece often aids the researchers in clarifying how this work was produced and which events from the author’s life impacted the writing. After that, community recognition is also advantageous for supporting the content creation endeavors of various authors, as it significantly enhances their motivation. Therefore, when the labor of a creator is acknowledged and positively acclaimed, the probability of literary and scholarly works production is tremendously elevated. However, of special importance are the negative effects of authorship, which might prompt the emergence of adverse outcomes. In specific scenarios, the anonymity of the creator should be preserved, thus maintaining the right to privacy and protecting the author from such consequences as negative feedback, allegations, and bias. Thus, even though I believe that it is essential to establish authorship, the writer’s decision to sustain anonymity is considerably more significant, meaning that the author’s choice to remain unidentified should always be respected.
The deficit, the nation’s bank account of sorts, is a major indicator of the country’s economic condition. If the National Debt of the United States cannot be described as a situation experiencing a crisis then little else can. At their greatest level in history, the current deficits provide the economy with a small boost, but if allowed to continue on its path of projected growth, deficits will eventually result in lower standards of living caused by a sustained stagnation of the economy. Citizens will also be deprived of various government programs such as those targeted at the economically disadvantaged – a state many more people will experience if the current trend is not reversed. Other government-funded interests such as education, military, and infrastructure will suffer greatly as well. Why these statements are valid along with imparting a general overview of the national debt so as to illuminate the crisis is this paper’s purpose. If Congress does not control its overspending through measures such as passing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution and adhering to it, the country’s economic future is in deep peril. Started in 1791, the national debt was, by those days’ standards, an incredible $75 million. Due to President Andrew Jackson’s prudent approach to government spending, the national debt was lowered to, again adjusted to today’s standards, to an incredible $37 thousand (Suter, 2004). The Reagan/Bush administrations of the 1980s ran the debt up by historic proportions. When President Clinton took office in 1993, the debt stood at $2.4 trillion. The massive increase of debt was not used for infrastructure, education, public programs or even to finance a war. As a result of Reagan’s ‘trickle-down economic theory, the money wound up in the pockets of the rich. In the early 1990s, Congress adopted a ‘pay-as-you-go’ policy and federal spending cuts which resulted in budget surpluses for four consecutive years. Clinton announced that the nation could pay off the debt by the year 2013 if it stayed on the present course. That optimistic prediction has long since been forgotten. Since 2000, the debt has tripled. The ‘pay-as-you-go’ policy expired in 2002 allowing Congress to cut taxes, a politically advantageous move while also increasing spending (Schoen, 2006). According to the Commerce Department, the yearly payment on this debt, the deficit, reached $725.8 billion. This represents a 17.5 percent increase from 2004 (Armstrong, 2006). These figures are well past most peoples’ comprehension. If, for example, a person were to spend a million dollars a day since the birth of Christ, they would have to continue the spending spree for 700 more years to have spent one trillion dollars. Multiply that amount by eight. That still does equal the current national debt. The current President Bush administration cut the taxes of the rich while increasing military expenditures on The War on Terror, invasions of Iraq
Graves’ disease is a term commonly used to describe a particular problem that affects the thyroid gland, skin, and eyes. It causes the gland to create an excess of thyroid hormone, which in turn causes hyperthyroidism (Toft, 2014). The disease is known by many different names. It is called Graves’ disease after being first described by Robert J. Graves – an Irish doctor who described it in a patient (Toft, 2014). This discovery happened in 1835 (Toft, 2014). However, several other physicians have made notes of the disease prior to that, and the first mentions of it could be traced to the Thesaurus of Shah of Khwarazm – a 12th-century medical tractate. It is also known as Basedow disease or Perry disease, named that way after other doctors who contributed to its discovery (Toft, 2014). This paper is dedicated to analyzing the disease based on its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Epidemiology In the United States, Graves’ disease is considered the most common reason for hyperthyroidism (Yeung, 2016). According to a study conducted in Minnesota, the yearly commonality of the disease is around three per 10,000 (Yeung, 2016). When it comes to maternal thyrotoxicosis, the incidence is one per 500 people (Yeung, 2016). Maternal Graves’ disease is the most common cause of that (Yeung, 2016). As a rule, patients tend to have a genetic predisposition towards autoimmune thyroid diseases. These include the Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves’ disease (Yeung, 2016). On the international scale, Graves’ disease remains the most common reason for the appearance of hyperthyroidism (Yeung, 2016). It is responsible for 60 to 90 percent of all reported cases around the world, the percentage fluctuations depending on the region (Yeung, 2016). Studies performed in the United Kingdom report that the yearly incidence of Graves’ disease is around 20 cases per 10,000, with 8 out of 20 being women (Yeung, 2016). If untreated, it can cause life-threatening thyrotoxicosis, also known as thyroid storm. Without proper medical attention, the disease could cause abnormal weight loss, along with bone and muscle catabolism (Yeung, 2016). In addition, Graves’ disease is known to cause such complications as ophthalmopathy, acropathy, dermopathy, which could be the reason for severe morbidity (Yeung, 2016). Graves’ disease is known for plaguing young women. However, it is possible to get it at any age. It is a disease that predominantly targets women, as the male-to-female ratio among the afflicted persons is around 1:8 (Yeung, 2016). The age of a typical patient varies from 20 to 40 years (Yeung, 2016). Etiology As it stands, the exact reasons for the development of Graves’ disease remai
Introduction Irish potato famine is one of the most talked about historical events across the world. The famine was characterised by mass starvation, death and emigration of Irish population (Donnelly 7). According to the Irish people, the famine was the worst in their history in terms of scale, duration and effects (Donnelly 8). Despite all the pain and suffering that people underwent, no important lessons were learnt from the effects of the famine. Today, almost two centuries after the famine, similar famines are still being experienced in different parts of the world (Ross 7). To compare the Irish potato famine with the modern day famines, this paper analyses the causes and severity of the effects in both cases. The paper asserts that famines come as a result of negligence. Causes of the Irish Potato Famine Irish potato famine was experienced between 1845 and 1849 (Ross 7). According to Ross (7), the famine was caused by too much reliance on potato crop by a section of the Irish population. Ross observes that potato farming was cheap in terms of maintenance and storage (8). In addition, the crop had the ability to yield high nutrition per given surface of land (Ross 8). In this regard, potato crop was the only viable business for Irish people because they had no access to large tracts of land. Ross also notes that most of the land used by Irish people for farming was owned and poorly managed by British landlords (9). Furthermore, the Irish population had substantially increased prior to the famine. As a result, land was subdivided into small portions that could not support meaningful Agricultural activities (Ross 10-11). The resulting over-reliance on potato crop meant that any dangers that threatened the crop also threatened the lives of the Irish people. As widely feared, the coming of Potato blight in 1945 destroyed the crop and left more than 33% of the population exposed to starvation (Ritschel 18). According to Ritschel (19), the crop was destroyed at the time when the British government had put in place a policy to discourage citizens from relying on food aid. As a result, the British government did not make any efforts to ensure that the affected population accessed food. Like many of the famines experienced today, Irish potato famine only affected a section of the population (Ritschel 20). Ireland was still exporting other forms of food at the time when peasant farmers and labourers were facing starvation (Ritschel 20). Large land owners who grew grains and kept livestock were still harvesting and exporting excess food (Ritschel 21). Although the British government’s failure to intervene may be attributed to the need to discourage people from relying on food aid , it was still the responsibility of the government to shield its citizens from such vulnerabilities (Ritschel 21). The famine could have been averted if the government had put in place policies that discourage subdi
Introduction Peer feedback is a critical instrument in the field of academic writing, in general, and in accounting, in particular. It has been long established that peer assessment of key areas of a student’s task performance helps them to develop writing proficiency. The findings of a study conducted by Bijami, Kashef, and Nejad (2013) show that peer feedback approaches the efficiency of instructors in enhancing a student’s ability to become an autonomous writer. Another study suggests that feedback is extremely valuable in improving the writing performance of assessments (Lu & Law, 2012). The aim of this paper is to report on the process of feedback incorporation in a persuasive essay. Discussion The revision of the first draft of the essay based on the peer review revolved around the incorporation of the following corrections: inclusion of a proper definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR), punctuation correction, and choice of alternative paragraphs and sentence structures. The peers have not provided any feedback on the strengths and validity of arguments presented in the paper; therefore, only the aforementioned feedback points were used to improve the writing. The definition of CSR was borrowed from Przychodzeń and Przychodzeń (2014), who describe it as a business’ duty to act in a socially-responsible manner in the pursuit of monetary expansion. To further clarify the concept o
Leadership is an attribute which is necessary to organize and control the work of people in order to achieve the set objectives and realize the corporate purposes. General Colin Powell provides eighteen lessons of leadership which can be discussed in the context of organizational leadership. In spite of the fact all the presented lessons are effective and focus on the important aspects of the leader’s activities in relation to organization, it is possible to determine the most significant lessons which can be used in the majority of problematic situations to complete the definite goals. It is important to concentrate on the lessons in which the necessity to be responsible, to look below the surface appearance, and to become a simplifier is emphasized. It is stated in the first lesson provided by General Colin Powell that “Being responsible sometimes means pissing people off” ( Colin Powell Leadership Primer, 2004). The reason to focus on this lesson is in the fact that the real leader follows his path according to the set goals and developed approaches, the leader’s vision of the people’s skills and abilities is objective and realistic, and the leader does not compromise to satisfy people’s interests at the expense of the corporate goals and priorities (Powell, 2012). From this point, the leader is responsible for following his viewpoint for the sake of the company even if it is necessary to confront some people. For instance, if the leader’s decision does not satisfy the expectations of some people within the organization, it is inappropriate to follow these people’s interests at the expense of corporate purposes to preserve the positive relations with the opponents. Thus, the discussed principle should be implemented when the leader hesitates about the consequences of his decision for some people who do not agree with it. The seventh lesson is important for leaders because it asks to pay attention to the whole picture and not to be confused with the good surface appearance. Thus, according to General Colin Powell, “Keep looking below surface appearances. Don’t shrink from doing so (just) because you might not like what you find” ( Colin Powell Leadership Primer, 2004). Sometimes, leaders become challenged by the situation when the reality is not as good as it seemed earlier, before examining the possible pitfalls and reefs. The injudicious decision based on the ‘surface appearance’ can result for the organization in a financial, material, and energetic loss. That is why, the importance of the seventh lesson is in
Introduction In about 500 BCE, the Chinese military general Sunzi wrote the following in The Art of War: “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.” This statement may be applied not only to the war, but also to any type of a contest. Moreover, it is possible to give supportive arguments and examples in favor of this statement from fiction and even the Bible as the phrase is correct and no one even tries to contradict it. Know Yourself One of the main priorities of this statement which proves that it is correct is that if a person knows his/her personal abilities, he/she is able to range whether he/she is able to cope with the particular difficulties or not. People should be aware of what they can do as this is guarantee of their success. When people know how to react to a particular situation, when they know for sure whether they are able to cope with a specific task or not they already know whether their attempt will be in vain or not. Dealing with people and trying to combat them, it is important to be aware of their abilities as the outcome of the battle also depends on whether one knows the strengths and weaknesses of an opponent. In case of wrong correlation between the powers of n opponent, one risks either suffer looses or be defeated at all. Each person should be aware of personal skills and the skills of an opponent. As it has already been said, there are a lot of examples when the aware of personal abilities and the ones of an opponent brought a victory to a person. Therefore, referencing to such pieces of world literature as Homer’s Odyssey , Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Gospel of Mark it is possible to use the examples from these literature works and prove the statement of Chinese military general Sunzi. This statement was said centuries ago, but it still remains up to date now. Homer’s Odyssey Reading this epic poem, it is possible to come across a lot of specific examples when being aware of personal abilities and danger a rival can cause, Odyssey ma
Introduction Modern evangelicalism emerged three centuries ago out of spiritual movements such as the Great Awakening of Protestant churches. The second great awakening was a spiritual movement of protestant churches, which began in the central Europe, quickly spreading to the British Isles and Britain’s North and helped to shape the new nation. The movement then spread to Britain’s North American colonies, embracing the West with the movement’s power. The Protestants had a great rift in their worshipping perceptions having been divided in both worship and witness on matters concerning the biblical interpretations and church control because of the existence of ethnic and cultural boundaries. After much disagreements and fights, numerous numbers of protestant leaders joined hands and collaborated in the work of gospel ministries through cosponsoring revivals, prayer concerts, and holding common fasts. All these accomplishment came through new communication networks linking evangelicals who lived and worshipped in Europe and North America. One revivalist who spearheaded the protestation is Charles Grandison Finney, a trained evangelical preacher. Finney was a great believer in Christ and upheld the principle of conversion as a way of religious living. His involvement in the great awakening brought a sense of gospel urgency and renewed spirit of cooperation. This resulted in the formation of a religion based on reason and promoted by figures, i.e. deism. The revolution affected American Christianity, mostly negatively because there was destruction of church property (Sweeney, 2005, p.27). Charles Grandison Finney Charles Grandison Finney, the youngest of seven children was born in Connecticut. He studied law for four years, but later gave up legal practice to preach the word of God. He became a powerful evangelical preacher due to his inclination and strong belief about the word of God and the changes that he anticipated to bring through revivalism. He acquired a preaching license from the Presbyterian denomination and after some time came up with techniques that brought about regeneration of Presbyterianism, known as new measures, which pioneered revivalism. This revivalism faced criticism from the Christian society. Beliefs Charles believed in having faith in God, that fa
Outline This paper primarily aims to give a better understanding of Radio Frequency Identification. RFID’s have spread their wings around the globe, and their benefits are numerous. The paper first talks about how they have saved businesses money and time in managing their assets and inventory and how they have become dynamic substitutes to barcodes over the period. Secondly, the paper talks about the vast impact RFID’s are having on companies and industries, how they are being used for various purposes in different industries and how these industries have benefited from them. Lastly, the paper talks about the importance of integrated RFIDs. Since companies are now interlinked together and also work together to achieve common goals, RFID’s should be implemented across the supply chain to achieve the greatest efficiency and accuracy. Based on your background readings, what makes RFID such a big deal in managing production and inventory? Ans1. RFID is a major player in the field of production and inventory management. The systems based on RFID provide a piece of accurate information related to product and inventory levels at thousands of firms and retail outlets across the globe. Production and inventory systems start from the factory or supplier and end at the retailer. RFID provides an end-to-end supply chain through which every single product is monitored and controlled from production till it reaches the consumer. RFID has become a dynamic substitute for bar codes in many places. All this hype has various reasons to it; RFID systems are powerful, compact, flexible, and can carry extensive amounts of information regarding products and inventories. The use of state-of-the-art wireless technologies is used to track products, inventory, and even equipment in a flawless manner. RFID provides a platform for businesses to engrain a fully automated data securing and analysis system that helps businesses keep track of their resources, whether it be inventory at a cell phone manufacturing company or a fleet of vehicles for a flower delivery firm. Where optically based systems lack, RFID provides logical solutions to various logistical problems. As compared to bar codes, RFID’s do not require a line of sight, have an extensive and portable database, tracking is conducted in real-time, and multiple tags can be read/wrote simultaneously. Moreover, RFID technology, although being the latest, is still evolving and becoming more affordable. New innovations are also coming up, for e.g., a weather and traffic update system for truckers and delivery vehicles. This would enable them to avoid heavy traffic and re-route as per weather and traffic conditions. Therefore, RFID is a very effective and efficient system, and companies worldwide are using these systems to work towards their goals, including tracking and authenticating valuable assets, managing aviation baggage handling, manufacturing processes, etc. What is the nature of the impact that RFID is having on industries and on individual companies within those industries? Ans