ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Japan is now one of the leading nations that play an important role in the international arena. However, at the beginning of the 20 th century, the country was regarded as a local power that was often looked down on by Western countries. 1 It is noteworthy that Japan was seen as the most potent state in the region, which was accepted by the Asian and Western countries. The Japanese ruling elites tried to maintain their supremacy in Asia, and they were ready to employ various instruments including military ones. 2 The Russo-Japanese War was one of the important turning points in the history of Japan as it made the rest of the world acknowledge its potential. One of the primary outcomes of the war was the fact that it was the first victory of an Asian state over a western state in the modern times. This military supremacy of an Asian country made other states in the region feel more empowered and some Western states more concerned about their interests. 3 For instance, the USA had to consider the potential of Japan and its rising influence in the Pacific region, which was one of the American spheres of interest. Russia and the United Kingdom also had to develop new plans aimed at limiting Japanese control over other Asian countries. It is also a common belief that the Russo-Japanese war laid the foundation for the beginning of the two World Wars that outbroke soon after. 4 Therefore, this military conflict is still in the researchers’ lenses as the war was a turning point in the history of several countries. This paper includes an analysis of the major causes of the was with the focus on the international and state levels. Different Levels of War Causes Analysis It is widely accepted that wars are an indispensable part of the development of human society. Scholars have different views on the factors affecting the outbreak of wars as some believe that personal traits of leaders are central to this process while others stress that the functioning of states and their political agenda are primary causes of war. Some theorists emphasize that the conflict related to the scarcity of resources is the key factor leading to the start of a war. In his book, Waltz identified three levels of factors that lead to war: international, interstate, and personal. 5 The personal level mainly implies the focus on psychological and cognitive traits of countries’ leaders who often have their own interests or ideologies. The interstate level is associated with the way countries develop with the focus on the political, economic, social, and cultural domains. The international level of war causes is primarily linked to the ways states interact. It is noteworthy that the relations between states, as well as processes taking place within countries, are characterized by considerable complexity. Therefore, several factors tend to lead to the commencement of wars. This paper provides a brief examination of all the three levels of war causes. Personal Level As mentioned above, the personal level is associated with the characters of and decisions made by countries’ leaders. Nevertheless, it is possible to focus on certain
Executive Summary The paper analyzes the role of the board of directors for the company’s success and tries to determine the right composition of the given body. Specific attention is drawn to board size, the presence of independent directors, and diversity because these phenomena can directly influence the performance of the firm. The presence of outside experts and board size can have either a positive or negative impact, while diversity, both racial and gender, lead to useful outcomes. Finally, personal recommendations have been produced, and they stipulate that the board of directors should consist of 8-12 members, including a few independent specialists, women, and representatives of various minorities. Introduction The board of directors is an essential component of every business. It is so because this body is responsible for developing and meeting the company’s strategic goals, supervising top managers, establishing the company’s culture, and others. It is believed that the successful performance of a firm is inseparably associated with the efficient board of directors. That is why this board should have the appropriate composition to cope with the tasks above. Problem Statement Every firm or company does its best to achieve the best performance results. Drawing specific attention to the composition of the board of directors is a useful strategy to prosper with the issue above. It is possible to mention that the structure refers to various components that can either positively or negatively influence a business. Consequently, these phenomena, incl
Introduction New product development is pivotal to bring added value in the market. In most cases the new product entering the market would shake up similar existing products in terms of price and quality. Development of new product takes into account several factors that must align together to enable effective implementation of the entire process. One of these involves definition of roles played by each partner who is taking place in the development process (Clancy, Krieg & Wolf 2006). Efficient development would mostly depend on the person handling the food product at the end of the process before its formal release into the market. This would involve assessment of food quality in terms of flavour, colour, texture, and taste (Christine 2011). This development process takes place in the laboratory, where the laboratory technologist plays a significant role to ensure food manufacturing process adheres to quality outcome . In this case, the major role played by the technologist would ensure the salmon pastries developed meets the market demand, customer preferences, and standardized criterion to avoid failure upon its introduction in the volatile market. This lays the ground in which effective design of a practicable plan and its implementation helps the process of food development (Key Note 2002a). Tasks like processing and manufacturing, sorting, blending, grading, and packaging are paramount in ensuring the food produced attains its competitiveness in the market segment. Therefore, technologist has to ensure the product meets these specifications by taking an active role in the entire developments and processing stage at the laboratory level. Use of certain equipments and technology would also add value to attaining this standard. Market survey shows that the process must take into consideration the customers’ cultural values, ethical issues, social lifestyles, and some specified responsibilities, such as, codes of standardization, nutrition content, and health claims (Clancy, Krieg & Wolf 2006). This will help the technologist design an appropriate procedure for processing the food free of any risk or hazards. Opportunities are immense if the product comes with an added value from what the market has to offer. Competitiveness of the product will therefore, depend largely on its features, and the response of the customers on the same (Grebitus 2008). General input The input would involve taking an active role in ensuring the proposed food product underdevelopment meets the laid criteria for safety, quality, and hygiene. This happens by making sure the entire laboratory process in which food processing takes place has good microbiological protocols to maintain precision and standardized hygiene during manufacturing process. Application of hygienic work practice would help provide a safer environment. In most cases the food may be free of pathogens but if the environment of preparation is full
This site belongs to “Mothers against Drunk Driving” (MADD), a voluntary and a non-profit organization that aims at stopping drunk driving. MADD is based in the United States and seeks to protect and support victims of drunken driving. Other objectives of the organization include acting against teen drinking and supporting stringent measures against dunk driving. The organization was established in 1980 by its pioneer Candice Lightner, a mother whose child suffered a tragic death due to carelessness of a drunk driver. MADD has grown significantly since its establishment; at present has approximately six hundred state organizations. The organization has community action teams in fifty states in United States. The organization has grown to penetrate Guam, Canada and Puerto Rico, where it has affiliates. MADD’s membership and support is currently estimated at three million people in the US alone (Hamilton 90). MADD’s site is useful to the general public in countries where it has support and membership. It is useful to victims of drunken driving and to the families of the deceased victims as a result of drunk driving. In the US, MADD is the leading organization in campaign against drunk driving. The organization inception in 1980 was characterized by a change of public’s perception towards effects of alcohol on drivers. The organization was established after a thirteen year old girl was hit and killed by a notorious drunkard in California. Her mother contributed significantly to form and popularize the organization. She was joined by other women in the US to campaign against the lax system that had failed repetiti
Misinterpretation of information is common and is brought up as a result in the break-down in communication between the sender and receiver of that message. The evidence that the information was misinterpreted will be depicted by the feedback received from the receiver. The sender will be in a position to detect whether the information has been misinterpreted because it is only him/her who knows the right interpretation of the message. Some examples of incidences that information has been could include; being brought for a glass of mango juice when in actual sense you had asked for lemon juice, sending someone to renew some books in the library and the person ends up returning the books when in actual sense you needed the books back for use in your studies, asking an accounting question on debit balances and the person asked responds to the credit balances instead of what you had asked and another incidence of misinterpretation of information would be purchasing piriton syrup for a patient instead of piriton injection as prescribed by the physician. In the first incidence, the misinterpretation comes because the hotel attendant did not fulfil the request placed by the client. He did not bring the particular juice he was asked which was mango juice but brought another type of juice which was lemon juice. The hotel attendant’s misunderstanding of the information is depicted through the feedback from the hotel attendant who brought the wrong commodity (Carver & White, 1994). In the second incidence, the misinterpretation of information is shown where the person sent did not heed the instructions given to her. This is depicted through the feedback of the receiver when he returns the books instead of renewing the books for the reuse by the sender. In the third incidence, misinterpretation is identified by the fact that the receiver did not explain what he was asked but instead went ahead to give information about credit balances. In the fourth case the misinterpretation of information is depicted again the feedback brought by the receiver. He does not follow the physician’s keenly but instead goes to purchase the drug but in syrup form. Some of the changes one could have made to improve perception from the attached articles are: understanding of the key difference between partial and subjective perceptions as this would affect the kind of perception you have towards a certain issue, another perception change would be to avoid pre-judgement of someone’s mind before he/she has given his perception about a certain subject, and another way to improve human perception would be the comparison between one’s perception about a certain issue and what others perceive about the same issue to make a conclusive judgement with regards to a particular issue at hand. Besides one can also improve human perception by key analyzation of information to deduce indisputable truths and distinguish them from fictions. This would lead to positive perception about the suggested subject as the evidence gathered will be substantive as it will be based on facts which are greatly discussed and well
Normalization is necessary for reducing redundancy and ensuring that only relevant information is kept in each table. There are also no complications arising from the addition, deletion, and updating of data in the database. In addition, it is beneficial to break down a large database table into multiple tables and connect them using relationships. A table that is not normalized will contain the same information in several rows. Since this implies that the table on insert has a lot more information than it needs and updates are not applied to all of its other records, inconsistent data is a risk (Milicev, 2021). The deletion of one record may mistakenly destroy data from a second unit wrongly linked to the first. Normalization ensures a more flexible database and data consistency. Relationships should first be in the 1NF to qualify to be in 2NF. Suppose there is no valid subgroup of any primary keys of the table that relies on any proper subgroup of any non-prime character (attributes not included in any applicant key). In that case, the relation is in the second normal form (Wang & Stantic, 2019). Partial dependence occurs when the correct subset of candidate keys dictates the non-prime property. There must be no transitive reliance on non-prime qualities for a relationship to be in the third form. Column references that are not reliant on the primary key should be included in 3NF. A third normal type of data normalization is essential since it helps reduce the amount of data redundancy. Additionally, this helps to guarantee that the database’s data is accurate. It will also aid in the database’s organization. Every non-trivial function must satisfy at least one of the following conditions for a relationship in 3NF.   * The dependence A –> B   * A is a super key.   * B is a prime attribute.   * A->C is a transitive dependence if “A->B and B->C” are two functional relationships. In conclusion, data normalization’s advantages extend well beyond reducing disk space and its associated impacts. Changing and updating data in the database will be a lot simpler if one follows this procedure. As a result, the data is more precise and easier to work with because of the absence of redundancies and mistakes. One should not disregard data normalization if one uses a database, which is the case with practically all businesses these days.
Social diversity is a common characteristic of societies since historical times. Increasingly, this has enabled the populations to cope with various social, economic, and cultural challenges with ease. To a great extent, human diversity has been responsible for continued survival of the human race. Populations have formulated, implemented and enforced various laws and policies that are aimed at maintaining social order. Likewise, these have been instrumental in enabling them to co exist in a harmonic manner. There are various policies and laws that have been developed since historical times. In some instances, these have been compounded by various controversies. This is attributable to their complexity as well as their implications. Amongst these are the miscegenation laws that advocated for interracial marriages. It is against this background that this paper reviews the concept of miscegenation laws. To enhance a harmonic consideration, it begins by providing a historical overview of the laws. Then, it underscores the challenges that the laws faced. Finally, it details the implications of the laws to the affected populations. The formulation and implementation of the miscegenation laws dates back to the practice of slavery. The abolition of this practice gave the Black population a chance to interact in various ways with their White counterparts. Having been introduced in 1863, Tehranian affirms that the laws advocated for the interracial marriages between the Black and White factions of the population (62). From a political point of view, relative legal documents argued that this was in line with the objectives of the then Republican Party. The documents were later declared as a hoax, written by a democrat leader, in a bid to undermine or discredit the abolitionist movement. The abolitionist movement was spearheaded by the civil society and Martin Luther King. In the United States, these laws were solely referred to the intermarriages between the Black and White populations. According to historical accounts, the laws were aimed at galvanizing the war (Lemire 51). Notably, the laws were very sensitive especially considering that the White population held negative perceptions towards the Black populations. Of great importance is the fact that the laws had direct impacts on the values that were held in high regard by the majority of the population. In this respect, the White population considered itself to be superior to the Black population in all ways. It was therefore forbidden from interacting in any way with the minority populations. Important religious values and teachings considered the interracial marriages to be not only unnatural but also against the divine order. For this reason, the laws were faced with strong opposition from different facets of the society. Traditionalists and religious fundamentalists were particularly offended by the laws and considered them a contravention of important social values and virtues (Novkov 232). In this respect, it is worth acknowledging that relative social and religious values were imperatively important in maintaining and enhancing social sta
Introduction This is an American company that specializes in making and selling of computers and other related products. It was founded by Michael Dell in 1984 who is the current chairman and the Chief Executive Officer. Today, this company is one of the largest manufacturers of computers. Organizational Structure and Controls In order to continue growing, Holzner (2006) argues that Dell has acquired other companies such as Alienware and Perot Systems. He claims that this has been a strategic move to increase its production and thus improve on its revenue. The company has diversified its production. He says that the company has ventured into the production of printers, scanners, notebooks and servers. According to Treacy (2004), the company is run by a group of nine directors. He says that the nine board members are elected by the shareholders during the company’s annual general meeting. To improve on its management, he has observed that the board members have established committees that are dependent on each other. They include Finance, Audit, Compensation, Governance and Nominating and also the Antitrust Compliance Committee. In order to make its presence felt in different parts of the world, Holzner (2006) has stated that the company has its representatives in different parts of the world. He says that these people act in the capacity of Vice Presidents. SWOT Analysis Strengths The company has managed to eliminate retailers in order to sell its products to consumers direct. This has lead to increased sales of its products. In addition, Dell is a brand known all over the world. As a result, marketing it is not a difficult task. Weaknesses The company has in the past dropped some products from its product line due to faultiness. This causes a decrease in sales to an extent that some customers opted for other brands at its expense. To regain the lost customers is a challenge to the company and hence a major weakness. Opportunity The company has an opportunity to open other plants in other parts of the world to minimize the costs involved in shipping finished products. The company has a good reputation worldwide. As a result, it has an opportunity of extending their product line and brand worldwide. Threats There are other companies engaged in a similar business as Dell. Therefore, unless the company keeps on improving its technology, others such as Acer, HP, and Apple will out do it. Conclusion Dell has not been in existence for a long time as most of her competitors. However, she has managed to challenge them to become one of the leading companies in the manufacture of computers and other related goods. Reference List Holzner, S., 2006. How Dell does it . Philadelphia: McGraw Hill. Treacy, M., 2004. Double-digit growth: how great companies achieve it– no matter what . New York: Penguin.
App-Based Technologies The Digital revolution has changed the way most businesses in the world operate. One area that has been highly affected is the Supply chain management sector. Web-based applications such as uber freight, Magaya supply chain, Keeptruckin, Shipsy, Amazon, and Cargomatic, among others, have reduced the cycle time within supply chain management in an unprecedented manner. Meanwhile, the applications have also disrupted the existing world businesses to a huge degree. This paper will look at the pros and cons of web-based applications such as Uber freight, how the apps will continue to reduce the cycle time within the supply chain and how they will continue to affect world businesses. Pros and Cons of App-Based Technologies Like all things that deal with technology, App-based technologies will continue to provide massive advantages but at a cost. The first advantage that Uber freight and similar apps will provide is a drastic reduction of operating costs for an organization. Instead of spending millions to cover employee expenses, these forums will give an alternative self-service platform. The platform will be not only continent but simple hence encouraging even more purchases. This will be achieved through a web-based computer or smartphone application software. The Web-based applications will also, in addition to reducing costs, offer better customer service. The algorithm set will be able to help both the customers and the employees navigate the systems with ease (Cempírek et al., 2019). The systems will also provide a platform that is free from human error and emotional bias. The technology will also be of use for the employees in logging bills through the applications. The apps will continue to provide customer reviews as they have done. This will not only help the potential clients know the best employees to work with but also the ones that offer services to their personal preferences. Such technologies will, however, continue to cost the organizations that procure them a big sum of money. As technological changes continue, the cost of constant updates, maintenance, or a complete overhaul of the system will continue to be incurred. Some consumers will continue having problems with the navigation of the systems, and this will force the organizations using the technologies to add a separate manual department where such clients will be served. Different software will need different applications making the costs generally high, unlike if only one type of application was designed. How App-Based Will Reduce Cycle Time in Supply Chain Web-based applications will provide a direct link between the supplier and the client. The client, through the app, will select the product of his/her choice, select the preferences they want, and say color and quantity. The supplier, not a middleman, will be immediately notified when an order is made and payment is made. A receipt of the order will be directly printed without the intervention of any employee. The drivers will also be notified by the app of the location they will be supposed to deliver the goods or services. Automation of tasks will reduce th