ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
English Language Learner (ELL) assessments are aimed at testing the knowledge of the students whose native language is not English. The ELL assessments are organized in six states including Arizona, California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois (Guidelines for the Assessment 2009). The testing of knowledge of English is a complicated process. That is why the special guidelines have been developed to provide a coherent framework for the proper assessment. The aim of this essay is to describe the peculiarities of the ELL assessments in my native city. First of all, it should be mentioned that I live in the city of Perris, California. My school name is Val Verde Unified School District. The system of education developed in the school district is highly appreciated not only in California but nationwide. The school provides the students with the ELL support service which is, undoubtedly, valuable for those students who are not native speakers. The ELL program offered at my school is for the students who have the elementary and intermediate levels of knowledge in English as well as for those who achieved the advanced level. In the first case, the Structured English Immersion Program is appropriate as it meets the needs of the English learners who have not yet achieved the advanced level (Val Verde Unified n.d.). In the second case, English Mainstream Classroom is a proper choice as it is developed for the students who have studied English for a quite long period of time and have a substantial knowledge (Val Verde Unified n.d.). Besides, there is one more ELL program option at my school. It is the alternative Bilingual program (Val Verde Unified n.d. ). “This option is designed for ELL’s entering VVUSD or for continuing students whose parents wish to waive into an alternative program” (Val Verde Unified n.d. par.3). Special Education English Learners is the ELL program option for the students with special education (Val Verde Unified n.d.). The option assumes the engagement of the teachers who possess the knowledge and experience to meet the educational needs of those students. The California English Development Test (CEDT) is used at my school to assess the ELL knowledge in writing, speaking, listening, and reading (Val Verde Unified n.d. ). The test is approved by the California Department of Education and assesses ELL students in five levels which are Beginning, Early Intermediate, Intermediate, Early Advanced, and Advanced (Val Verde Unified n.d.). The test is based on the widely-accepted ELD standards which “set clear development benchmarks that reflect ELL students’ English language proficiency at various developmental stages” (Sato et al. 2012 n.pag.). The reclassification process has been also developed in my school district. “English Learners shall be classified as Reclassified Fluent-English Proficient (R-FEP) when they have acquired the English language skills necessary to receive instruction and achieve academic progress in only English” (Val Verde Unified n.d. par.8). The school district adopted the specially developed reclassification criteria measuring the level o
Introduction Although war starts due to negative administrative assertion such as affirmations by administration catalyze its emergence. Good example of affirmation include the indications that war in Iraq stated because Iraq was in violation of some U.N. Security Councils Resolutions, such as being in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Fight for peace is also another issue that fuels war since some governments feel the need for ensuring favourable conditions and unsuccessful endeavours to promote dialogue for peaceful solutions succumb to war threats and eventually action. Governments react pro-actively and make the most of all in its power to protect its citizens by fighting enemies. However, power of commands to declare war without solid reasons and proof is not justifiable. In most cases, war causes negative effects on human lives by depriving them the most essential needs and respect for civilization. This research paper is critical analysis of war. The paper mainly reflects on some of the negative effects of war on humanity and human rights. How Families of Solders in War are Affected The main reason why war is not justified is due to effects on human rights for instance many coalition soldiers lost their lives in the Iraq war (Rai and Chomsky, 141). According to Iraq coalition casualty count (1), up to date more than 4,300 U.S. and 4,693 coalition solders have died because of the Iraq war. The death of all these great compatriots is due to haste of administrators to go to war. This has deprived many families their special members whom were responsible for basic provisions including love. Other than fatalities, many casualties who were competent family providers now depending on others in different ways doe to physical, mental and psychological injuries. Such conditions increase pressure on health provisions due to lack of specialized facilities or medical resources in most care centres. The effects not only affect the coalition governments in war, but also members of the attacked countries for instance, Iraq people recorded the greatest number of fatalities and casualties during the Iraq war (Keegan, 31). Cost of War After wars, there is high dependence on large-scale humanitarian and reconstruction assistances and primarily, high compromise on human rights, which requires delivery of humanitarian support and prepositioning of crucial human needs (Sifry and Cerf, 27). Humanitarian crisis during war is very high. Before the wars, various organizations and agencies are able to provide aid through the oil for food programme, but on war engagements halts the undertakings thus causing loss of human life such as poverty or malnutrition related deaths. People have right to basic needs such as food but war-torn areas causes massive suffering associable to lack of food especially among women and children. In line with Sifry and Cerf (27), war disrupts these non-governmental organizations plans for humanitarian assistance due to the uncertainty during and after the war. Poverty is one of the main effects associable to human
Introduction The Journal of Jean François De La Pérouse is an article that recounts general events associated with1786 French expedition to Monterey, California. Jean François De La Pérouse recorded information on Spanish encounter with region’s peoples, cultures, animals, and plant life. Natives of Monterey bay found themselves lonely island since they were cut off from even the most essential supplies and information (La Pérouse et al. 4-5). Despite these, European countries such as Spain developed interest on the land. There was dire need for help within Spain’s northernmost outposts and at the same time lack of settlements worsened the situation. However, the French delegation to the region seemed more advanced in terms of knowledge and technology compared to their Spaniard counterparts. Accessibility to Monterey bay through sea or land was one of the most difficult tasks. This article discusses the main factors that were responsible for Spain’s weakness in California. Some of these factors include; culture, language barrier and poverty. Thesis Statement: “California was an isolated land with unique natives having unique traditional practices” Culture Culture comprises of people’s traditional values and practices hence forms a very important aspect of every community. Indian culture was marred with complexities which could best be described as primitive. Monks and soldiers of Spanish origin had village life which was quite different from that of the Europeans civilization. The kind of behaviours that the monks demanded of their new subjects was beyond expectations. Amongst these rules included chastity amongst unmarried, long hours of prayers as well as high level of obedience towards authority. Soldiers and monks present in the Island forced Indians to abandon every of their tradition for the purposes of adapting to the European lifestyle within shortest period possible. These rules were instituted through monastery which happened to be an institution optional to Europeans themselves. According to the journal, Spain’s efforts within California were believed to have produced many frustrations on the side of monks as well as dire condition of misery for Indians. The situation was best described as complete disaster (La Pérouse et al. 14-15). While Europeans needed to undergo several processes for their crops to be ready, Indians seem to gather acorns from oak trees revealing that they depended more on what nature offered. Such culture required no skill or advanced effort for Indians, their way of doing things involved lots of simplicity and also entailed levels of religious and social complexity. The societies of Indians were based on highly evolved network of economic and spiritual
The nature of conflict The notion of conflict is general to our realization and approval of our switch with reality – of personal action. Conflict can be regarded broadly as a theoretical group indicating the clash of authority against power in the striving of all obsessions to become apparent. Conflict also can be regarded just as a discrete sort of social performance – as two parties attempting to get something they both cannot have. The concept of conflict is multidimensional; it encloses a number of shapes. We choose one relying on our logical reasons and sensible problem. As the human concern is to realize conflict as a social field occurrence, I must first believe conflict as a universal grouping. From this most general beginning, I can work towards understanding social argument and its experiential demonstrations. Reality includes multiform and interrelated potentialities, natures, and authorities. What factor befalls manifest hinges on the dialectical altercation between this reality and our viewpoint that is an influence, an externally directed vector. What we distinguish is the result of the difference between this vector and realism’s inner bearing vector of authority. Conflict is a balancing of vectors of authorities, of potentials to manufacture effects. It is a clash of authorities. But it is not just a balance, equilibrium, of powers. It is not a stable resultant. Conflict is the pushing and pulling, the giving and taking, the process of finding the balance between powers. Conflict Resolution corresponds to a meeting of denotes (or agreements for the prospect), not unavoidably members’ interests or viewpoints. Contributors will generally come to maintenance the same agreement or concord for very dissimilar motives. Conflict decision does not inevitably resolve strains among parties. Conflict declaration may just adequately align substances to allow each contributor to make adequate development toward his or her preferred ends to rather stating there to be “a state of agreement” rather than the vague and demanding “state of disagreement.” Introduction The essence of the paper is to regard the conflict which happened at the managerial level within the Greenlife Company. Company’s culture As it may be seen in the case study part, the company’s culture involves collective management, where no “I” is encouraged. Jane put all her efforts to create a managing “Top Team”. Her aim was to create a team of managers who could solve all the matters of the company collectively, but ultimately it occurred that all the decisions were taken by Jane because of her high authority and competency in managerial issues. Company cultures that promote dialogue and discrepancy over ideas and conclusions at all levels of the firm always overcome the competition. Such cultures enhance leaders who are not afraid of conflict as they trust in the power of productive tension bound for growth. They hearten sanctioning leadership and foster diver
The operations concept, its relevance and meaning The concept of operations lays more emphasis on the effective management of organizational resources and business operations with the main objective of producing and delivering services in an efficient manner that satisfies the customer (Sadler, 2007). The concept of operations significantly entails the management of both human and capital resources needed to facilitate the production and delivery of goods and services. In addition, the concept of operations management is associated with the management of the business processes that are aimed at driving profitability for the business enterprise. Business operations are a core element for every firm, and this implies that operations management plays a significant role in fostering its profitability and competitiveness in the service and manufacturing sector that is characterized by intense competition (Johnston & Clark, 2005). The development of service is an important aspect of the concept of operations that serves to ensure that there is flexibility in the execution of business operations and processes. This is important in reengineering the design of a product/service to suit the requirements of the clients of an organisation. With regard to this, it is important for firms to conduct an in depth needs analysis of its customer requirements before embarking on service delivery. Operations management ensures that an organisation deploys the concept of flexibility during the execution of business processes in order to accommodate future changes, without having the need to get back to the starting point the development of service (Johnston & Clark, 2005). The relevance of the concept of operations in the development of service fosters the attainment of quality during service or product delivery (Sadler, 2007). Quality implies that services are developed and delivered in a manner that meets the required standards without underestimating the expectations from the customer. The concept of operations also plays an integral role in enhancing the speed of service development and delivery (Johnston & Clark, 2005). Speed implies that the needs of the far-reaching customers are met in an efficient and timely manner that is devoid of cases such as production and delivery delays, and delayed product/service release dates. Cost is also an important element of the concept of operations. Cost implies that the organizations utilises their resources effectively during production in order to enhance their productivity and the quality of service delivered to the customer. Areas of operations management The first element of systems and operations managemen
Marketing has evolved with the evolving technologies in the world. The emerging technologies have completely changed the marketing processes in the current world. Freeman (2010) observes that for a long time, marketing was considered an operational activity and it was a unit under the production department. This was the time when most firms employed the production strategy. There was a general belief that once a product is availed in the market, consumers would have no otherwise but to buy it. This notion was held for a long time. Because there was minimal competition in the market, these firms managed to operate with this policy for long. However, the emerging technologies have created a global village where an individual could move from one end of the earth to the other within a very short time. Improved means of communication is another aspect that has changed marketing practices. The invention of telephones was a major milestone in making the world a global village. A person in New York would easily communicate with another in Riyadh or Melbourne in real time. As communication was enhanced, people became more knowledgeable and therefore more demanding. Current Marketing Situation It is always very important that before introducing a product to the market, care be taken to ensure that there is a deep understanding of the market situation. Market situation refers to the forces that dictate the condition of the market. They are the forces that would determine if a given product would be acceptable in the market. Of concern would be the acceptability of the product in the market, the size of the market and its sustainability. In order to elaborate on these factors, a number of analyses would be used in this research. In this case, we would discuss the introduction of a new brand of water, hereinafter referred to as Clearwaters. Market Description Bottled water is one of the new products in the Saudi markets. This product was considered a free product and many people relied on tap water as the preferred clean water for drinking. However, this changed with time. Bottled water has come out strongly as one of the beverages that are considered important goods. Because of the ease to carry it and the fact that it is believed to have nutrients, there has been a consistent increase in the size of the market for this product. The bottled water market has consistently been eating up the market share of other carbonated drinks such as the cola products. Health experts have been raising concerns over the ingredients of the cola products and the possible effect they might have on consumers. As such, those individuals who are health conscious have considered taking bottled water instead of the carbonated drinks. This market is relatively young, especially in the Saudi market. However, it has experienced a massive growth over the past few years. Some of the market leaders in the beverage market such as the Coca Cola Company have come up with their
Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Payment (FRP), the article titled “ The 2010 Federal Reserve Payments Study ” aims to offer an empirical analysis of the noncash payments trends in the U.S. from 2006 to 2009. Some of the noncash payment methods evaluated in the study include automated clearing house (ACH), check payments, debit card, automated teller machine (ATM) withdrawals, and credit card transactions, among others. Data for this evaluation is obtained from secondary sources, primarily the “2010 Depository Institutions Payments Study”, the “2010 Electronic Payments Study”, and the “2010 Check Sample Study.” It is however important to note that the findings for this study are compared against the backdrop of a similar study done in 2006, implying that the FRP conducts these studies on a triennial basis, that is, after every three years to principally evaluate any observable changes in noncash payment trends and consumer financial behavior. One of the general findings that may offer a unified direction in this summary is that noncash payments in the U.S. continue to gain credence over cash payments by virtue of the fact that the number of noncash payments steadily increased at a ‘compounded rate of 4.6 percent’ from 95.2 billion recorded in 2006 to total 109.0 billion in 2009. It is also worth noting that the estimated value for all noncash payments totaled $72.2 trillion. Figures for the 2006 value of noncash payments are missing in the study, thus it is difficult to evaluate the relative increase in value. Another general finding that is of importance to this summary is that electronic payments, including debit cards, credit cards, ATM withdrawals and ACH, now collectively surpass three-quarters of all noncash payments in the U.S., while check payments continue to diminish and are now standing at less than one-quarter of all payments effected through noncash modalities. This implies that customers may be losing interest in making payments by check. The researchers and consultants for this particular study are quick to point out that the increase in electronic payments witnessed in the market as well as the associated decline in the use of checks to make payments can be positively correlated to technological advances and financial innovations that continue to influence the payment modality choices of both consumers and businesses. In addition, the researchers also note that other factors, such as the business cycle, shifts in the composition of economic activity, government and institutional regulatory frameworks, and demographic shifts, may also have a role to play in influencing the observed trends. Going by individual noncash payment modalities, it is clear that since the last survey was done in 2006, the debit card has surpassed the check as the most utilized noncash apparatus, while ACH, credit cards, and prepaid cards, such
The main objective of the paper is to provide the reader with detailed instructions on conducting a feasibility study. The intended audience of the paper may be the persons interested in creating their own business project and not knowing how to start, as well as the entrepreneurs who need to make some important business decisions and seek the instructions to substantiate them. Generally, a feasibility study can be defined as an evaluation of the specific proposal in order to determine its suitability. The feasibility studies are primarily used for the analysis of business projects and ventures. The main goal of the feasibility study is to identify whether the business idea is viable, as well as to determine the potential problems and hurdles. The analyzed business venture can concern the start-up enterprise, the expansion of current business activities, the acquisition of an existing company, or the opening of a foreign subsidiary (Hofstrand and Holz-Clause 1). First of all, it is crucial to distinguish between the feasibility study and the business plan. While the feasibility study plays the investigating role and answers the question, whether the business idea is viable, the function of the business plan concerns planning, and it provides the actions and steps necessary to turn the idea into a real business. The business plan is always prepared after the feasibility study, and only if the venture is considered to be viable (Hofstrand and Holz-Clause 2). Another significant thing to understand is that the feasibility study need not be difficult or expensive. It should only be a first look at all the important issues and a basic analysis of them, nevertheless ensuring the identification of the potential problems. All you need to conduct the feasibility study is time and money. Time and money are required to depend only on the complexity of the business project. You may need from a week to a couple of months to conduct the study, and its cost will depend on the number of researches and the number of consultants involved. The experts define the following main steps of the feasibility study: the project description, the market analysis, the technical analysis, the organizational analysis, the financial analysis, the conclusions, and the decision-making. What follows is the detailed description of the mentioned stages: The project description After you have chosen the most promising business idea, it is necessary to define its scope. You should include the following main elements into the project description:   * The project name.   * The project purpose (define the main reason for the p