ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Diabetes is a health condition that is developed when sugar level in the blood increases above normal levels. The two major types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1 diabetes. This essay discusses some of the most frequently asked questions about type 2 diabetes through a sample dialogue between a patient and a doctor. Patient: What is type 2 Diabetes and how is it developed? Doctor: Type 2 diabetes can be described as a complication in the metabolic processes characterized by a relative shortage of insulin and high levels of glucose in the blood (Barnett, 2011). It differs from type 1 diabetes where there is a complete deficiency of insulin caused by destruction of pancreatic islet cells. In addition, type 2 diabetes is more common in adults unlike type 1 diabetes which is prevalent amongst young people. The typical symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: recurrent urination, excessive thirst, and persistent hunger (Wilson &Mehra, 1997). Type 2 diabetes is caused by a mixture of lifestyle and hereditary factors. Even though some factors, like nutrition and obesity, are under individual control, others like femininity, old age, and genetics are not. Sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition and stress are the major causes of Type 2 diabetes. Particularly, excessive consumption of sugar and fats increases the risk of infection. Genetic factors have been linked to this condition. For instance, research indicates that if one identical twin is infected, there is a 90% probability of the other twin getting infected. Nutritional condition of a mother for the period of fetal growth can as well lead to this condition. Inadequate sleep is associated with Type 2 diabetes since it affects the process of metabolism (Hawley & Zierath, 2008). Patient: How is type 2 Diabetes transmitted? Doctor: Type 2 diabetes cannot be transmitted from one individual to another, since it is not caused by micro-organisms that can be spread. Instead, it is a health condition where the body is unable to create sufficient insulin to maintain the blood sugar level. Nevertheless, a child from diabetic parents is likely to develop the complication due to genetic inheritance. According to Hanas & Fox (2007), there are some genes that may result in diabetes. As in 2011, research showed that there are more than thirty-six genes that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes infection. These genes represent 10 per cent of the entire hereditary component of the complication. For instance, a gene referred to as TCF7L2 allele, increases the probability of diabetes occurrence by 1.5 times. It is the greatest threat amongst the genetic invariants. Children from diabetic parents are, therefore, likely to get infected s
Isaiah is far from presenting the story of Israel in chronological order, but it still makes it possible to restore some of the most important moments from the history of Israel and the people who lived there. This poem, above all, reflects the Jewish continuity and the fact that the Jews are the only nation who, for 3,000 years of their existence, managed to stay on the same land and retain the same language and religious traditions that they originally had for they have been blessed by their God: “Their descendants will be known among the nations/and their offspring among the peoples./All who see them will acknowledge /that they are a people the LORD has blessed” (Isaiah 61:9). The Jewish people once came to the Land of Israel under the leadership of Moses “who brought them through the sea,/with the shepherd of his flock” (Isaiah 63:11). They are the descendants of Abraham who established their belief in God, the God who made a proclamation about the end of the world and gave a word to save people who will have firm faith in him: “They will be called the Holy People,/the Redeemed of the LORD;/and you will be called Sought After,/the City No Longer Deserted” (Isaiah 62:12). However, on the way to their happiness, the Jewish people had to suffer a number of misfortunes. The poem reflects one of the turning points in the history of Israel. Starting from 587 BC, Jerusalem was captured by several superpowers. Life-changing for the Jews was the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonian Empire which was accompanied by the devastation of the city and the destruction of the Temple: “Your sacred cities have become a desert;/even Zion is a desert, Jerusalem a desolation./Our holy and glorious temple, where our fathers praised you,/has been burned with fire,/and all that we treasured lies in ruins” (Isaiah 64:10-11). This, however, was not the end of their sufferings yet. Further, the Jewish people were exiled from their land; they settled in different world countries where the people had the religions of their own and where the Jews were foreigners: “We all shrivel up like a leaf,/and like the wind our sins sweep us away” (Isaiah 64:6). Meanwhile, each of them bore an utmost desire to return to the Land of Israel which was occupied by people who did not share their religion and did not wish to accept their faith: “I have held out my hands/to an obstinate people/…a people who continually provoke me/to my very face,/ …who eat the flesh of pigs,/and whose pots hold broth of unclean meat” (Isaiah 65:2-4). Ins several decades, the Jewish people returned their right to get back to their homeland and managed to defend it from several subsequent wars earning their happy living: “They will build houses and dwell in them;/they will plant vineyards and eat their fruit” (Isaiah 65:21). Since then, the Land of Israel has belonged to Jewish people who pray to their God and to whose prays God responds: “They will rejoice in their inheritance;/and so they will inherit a double portion in their land,/and everlasting joy will be theirs” (Isaiah 61: 7). In this way, Isaiah prese
Introduction It was a place secluded from the rest of the world. The American continent was not part of Europe or Asia. Thus, the culture in the Caribbean remained constant for hundreds of years. Then Christopher Columbus came up with a brilliant idea to sail westward, confident that there is a new route to the other side of the world. In so doing, he accidentally discovered the Americas, and his first stop was the Caribbean. Since that time, conquistadors from Europe as well as neocolonialists in the 20 th century began to transform this region. The result is a melting pot of culture but, most importantly, a fusion of cuisine that is not only a great addition to the world’s culinary arts but giving joy to the people of the Caribbean as well as to the rest of mankind. Caribbean Culture Caribbean culture is rooted in its history. It is a region untouched by the empires of Asia and Europe. This is because the American continent was separated from the rest of Europe and Asia. There is a geological explanation for this but suffice it to say that for hundreds or even thousands of years, this part of the planet developed its own unique culture and traditions. Without a doubt, the people in the region called the Caribbean had something similar to other tropical islands such as those found in the Pacific Ocean, but it has also developed a culture and a cuisine distinctly it’s own. This pre-colonial culture, as well as culinary arts, was shaped by the forces of nature as well as the natural resources that abound in the area. This means that the tropical climate dictated what types of food can be prepared on a daily basis, as well as the type of foods that can be preserved for future consumption. With regards to the natural resources, the most dominant factor is the bounty of the sea and the presence of flora and fauna unique to a tropical climate which, by the way, is absent in the temperate regions that can be found north of the Caribbean. According to one commentary, the Caribbean lifestyle is a by-product of its tropical environment, “The music, architecture, and customs have all, in some way, been shaped by the physical landscape and climate” (Segisys, 2009). Aside from the tropical setting, there are other factors such as the European colonialists, African slaves that came with European dominance, and the influence of the neighboring Native American Indian tribes. The following major islands in the Caribbean have their own unique history and thus contributed to the rich cultural diversity of the region:   * Barbados – One of the more important islands in the Caribbean and was a former British colony. It has retained enough British traditions that it is even called “Little England” by more than one commentator.   * Jamaica – This is another island that was heavily influenc
Ethical issues are becoming more and more critical within today’s reality, as the global shift in ethics affects a growing number of spheres of human life. One of such spheres that have been heavily influenced by ethical and moral issues is religion, especially Christianity, as the world’s largest and one of the oldest religions. In religion, ethical and moral failures that could have been forgiven within other spheres of human life are highlighted and discussed on a large scale. This is the case, as any religion by definition imposes higher standards of morality and ethics on its followers, especially on those who assume the leadership positions within religious communities. As the role of Christian ministry within religious communities and congregations is high, the attention to the actions of representatives of these ministries is also increased. These people may serve as priests, educators, worship leaders, counselors, or assume one of the many other roles within their communities. Therefore, the results of the minister’s actions, especially their wrongdoings, could be disastrous and could affect a lot of people within different scenarios. “Ethical failure in the pulpit affects the pew” (Trull & Creech, 2017, p. 2) – the leaders of religious communities serve as representatives and ‘faces’ of the religion. Therefore, their mistakes are associated not only with their personalities but with the religion itself. While many can be wise enough to separate a person and a religion, for others, the ethical failures of religious ministers can cause even disgust towards religion and the subsequent rejection of it. This becomes especially important if ethical and moral failures of religious leaders happen systematically; in that case, people start to believe that the institutions within religion shape people’s behavior in such a way. Reference Trull, J.E., & Creech, R.R. (2017). Ethics for Christian ministry: Moral formation for twenty-first-century leaders . Baker Publishing Group.
It can be argued that the heart is the most important organ in the human body. Without the heart the body will cease to function. Even if there is a perfectly functioning brain and even if other physiological systems are working at optimum levels, everything will fail if the heart ceases to function properly. The heart is the main organ responsible for the transport of blood, which in turn is carrying nutrients and other essential things that are needed in order for the body to function perfectly. In order to fully appreciate the functions of the heart this study will focus on hemodynamics and a medical condition associated with the heart, cardiomyopathy to help explain what can happen if the heart is no longer working perfectly. Hemodynamics A basic understanding of medical terms will immediately reveal that hemodynamics has something to do with blood and movement or the movement of blood inside the human body. According to experts it is essentially the study of blood flow to the body tissues (Smith, par. 1). It is impossible to understand hemodynamics without being acquainted with the circulatory system. But the focus of this study is not really about the circulatory system but blood flow, the main processes involved, specifically how the heart works in tandem with veins and arteries to make the blood circulate efficiently throughout all the cells in the body. Before going any further it is important to point out that if the body will no longer be able to experience adequate blood flow then the person dies because it can no longer be sustained with food and oxygen. Blood flow makes it possible to deliver nutrients and oxygen to every cell of the body. But the transport of nutrients and oxygen is just one of the many vital functions of the circulatory system. This is because the circulatory system is also in charge of delivering other substances into the human body as well as in the regulation of body heat. Thus, even if one simply considers the hemodynamics component of the circulatory system it is easy to understand why failure is not an option and that if blood flow is restricted then death can occur. There are so many physical factors that can affect blood flow and these include:  1. the pressure generated by the heart;  2. the diameter, length and geometric features of the vessels; and  3. the rheological properties of the blood. But first the following components must be present (Bull
Introduction Mexico has experienced war and violence since 1810. Though the wars have cost people’s lives they have nevertheless been influential to bringing about revolution. This essay will discuss the history of Mexico in the light of the wars that the nation as undergone as covered in an article by Enrique Krauze. Biography of Enrique Krauze Enrique Krause is 63 years old. He has a good record in writing: “He is the author of Mexico: Biography of power ; he is editor in chief of the magazine Letras Libres and was, for twenty year deputy editor of Vuelta, whose editor was Octavio paz” (New York 1). Mexico in 1810 Mexico has a trend of crisis in wars after every hundred years. This occurred in 1810 which was followed by the one in 1910. However, the recent Crises in 2010 are characterized by a different approach. While the previous were characterized by clashes, the recent crisis is caused by hunger for money and wealth. The crimes are committed by gangsters. This violence has cost the lives of many Mexicans (Krauze 1). In 1810 to 1821, the violence was caused by exploitation of the people of Mexico by the colonial Spanish authorities. It was known as Mexican War of Independence. The Mexicans had many reasons for triggering violence. First was the ruli
According to the National Geographic, the human history of Cape Breton can be traced back to 10,000 years of migration (National Geographic, p.1). Ancient people groups came here to settle thousands of years ago. But with regards to European settlers, their arrival started in the 15 th century when explorers came to visit the area. Some of the first European settlers who came were the Portuguese and the French. Scottish, Irish, Dutch and English families who were attracted to the beautiful landscape of Nova Scotia followed them. From the Medieval period, up until the modern age, significant migrations of Europeans transformed Cape Breton into a melting pot of European culture. Although there is evidence to show that Portuguese sailors and fishermen were the first to establish a settlement in Cape Breton, it was the French who dominated the area in the 16 th and 17 th century. The ascension of French rule in the land coincided with the fact that France was the recognized superpower in Europe during this time (Naylor, p.96). But eventually the power of France to dominate Europe and its colonies began to wane in the 18 th century (Naylor, p.96). The decline of France’s military and economic might also coincided with the rise of the British Empire in both Eastern and Western hemispheres. One of the most significant developments was the success of the British Empire in dominating North America in territories that will one day become the United States of America (Magocsi, p.308). It did not take long before the British Empire began to expand its colonies to include not only the American colonies but also territories located in Canada. It was the French who first made a significant impact on Cape Breton’s culture. But the British were also considered as one of the “founding peoples” of Cape Breton (Magcosi, p.308). The interaction of the British and the French settlers shaped the culture of Cape Breton and its surrounding areas. The political turmoil in France and its financial woes made it difficult for the once powerful French government to manage its colonies and to expand its dominion in the realms outside Europe. When the French loosen its grip in Nova Scotia, it was the British who took over. The second major event that significantly altered the cultural landscape of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia was the American Revolution. Before the United States was established, the American colonies were under the control of the British Crown. When the Americans successfully defeated the British Empire, English soldiers and loyalists to the British Crown had to find a place where they can avail of political asylum. These were families, soldiers and public officials who used to live in the Thirteen Colonies of America. These people were called Loyalists and considered by many to be Canada’s first political refugees (Simcoe, p.1). Many of them found a home in Nova Scotia and some of them began to build comm
Introduction Bahrain is a small monarchy with a population of slightly over one million as of 2007 statistics. Members of the Sunni minority are the rulers of the monarchy; the present king is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, and he has held the office since 1999. The prime minister of the country Khalifa Ibn Sulman Al Khalifa, is the king’s paternal uncle. Though the country is a monarchy, there is a parliament which passes the laws by which the country is governed. Human Rights Issues in Bahrain as Represented in the Western Mass Media The Western mass media is in love with sensationalism. There are incidences where news reports are exaggerated and blown out of proportion to make them more appealing to the viewers or to perpetuate misconceptions of places and peoples that might not be necessarily accurate. The human rights concerns in Bahrain are one such case. There are so many developments and advancements in the Bahrain that the Western mass media totally ignores. Human Rights Watch Groups have accused the government of injustices such as capturing and torturing political prisoners, and going to the extent of getting prisoners to confess to crimes when under torture. Such accusations are false and ungrounded. The allegations made by the Western mass media are that Shiite Muslims are discriminated against in terms of gender, employment, housing, in politics and education because of the laws that are in place. 1 Bahrain is an equal opportunity country, no matter the race or religion of an individual. This is illustrated by the fact that only fifty percent of people living in Bahrain are Bahraini born and the other fifty are immigrants. The western media has made allegations that the government uses unnecessary force in quelling protests, by groups that the government purposely labels as being extremists and fundamentalists so as to justify the force used. One of the main proponents against human rights abuse is Erick Sottas who is the president of the World Organization against Torture. He states that Bahrain has remained adamant against investigating allegations of torture, opting instead to cover up issues, and discouraging external investigations. However, Mr. Sottas does not have evidence to back up his claim. There are very many positive steps that have been taken by the Bahraini government towards achieving equity between the two major religious sects and the several minority groups in the country. These positive actions are the ones which are downplayed by the western media. The United Nations has acknowledged that King Ahmad is a leader of reforms, who has taken positive steps towards integrating the people of Bahrain. One of these was presenting the motion to the Bahraini parliament that the country should join the International Covenant on Civil an
Summary This research’s specific objectives are to analyze the contemporary global pandemic, discover the most effective means to limit the spread of COVID-19, and prevent another epidemic from happening. The method used to study these objectives is secondary source research, focusing on defining the problem and describing the preventive measures worldwide and the UAE in particular. All of the above led to individual recommendations through the evaluation of the methods mentioned above. The paper’s central findings are the need for creative solutions to the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic and the overall cooperation between nations to stop the new epidemic from emerging. In conclusion, the UAE’s response to the pandemic was highly effective due to extensive testing and AI use. Lastly, the central recommendations are constant global health monitoring, execution of sanctions for perpetrators, and technology implementation. Introduction The COVID-19 virus has spread to nearly every state on Earth, with significant outbreaks in a number of countries. COVID-19 has been a test of many countries’ ability to deal with rapid increases in medical patient numbers and their ability to limit the spread of a virus. Understanding how this virus spreads is the first step in limiting future outbreaks. Researching regional approaches, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to outbreak prevention can help determine which methods are most effective. Similarly, global responses must also be analyzed to understand how a pandemic can be limited through international cooperation. Several potential solutions can be synthesized from the available data, which can then be evaluated to determine which methods are most effective. Additionally, recommendations for pandemic prevention can be formulated to guide government officials and medical professionals. The Description of the Situation A cluster of unknown pneumonia with unexplored etiology emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. It was known that some of the initial patients visited a seafood market, where people were selling various wildlife species. The following virus separation from human subjects and a molecular study revealed that the pathogen was a novel coronavirus (CoV), initially called 2019-nCoV (Sun et al ., 2020). Afterward, the World Health Organization (WHO) changed the name of the disease to COVID-19. This new CoV is currently the seventh Coronaviridae that can be transmitted to people. The virus started to grow rapidly due to the critical increase of cases. The second phase occurred on January 13 and was highlighted by the accelerated expansion of cases due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in hospitals and families. During this phase, the virus reached
Individual, Community, and Population Health Postpartum depression (PPD) refers to a complex combination of emotional, physical, and social changes that occur after childbirth in certain women. PPD is an example of major depressive disorder starting four weeks after birth. The degree to which depression is diagnosed depends not only on the period between delivery and initiation but also on the major depressive disorder. This form of mental illness is associated with chemical, social and cognitive changes that occur during a young age. The term identifies a set of changes in the body experienced by many new mothers. In addition, medical practitioners might consider prescription and counseling services to manage PPD (Tabb et al., 2019). After delivery, chemical changes lead to a rapid decrease in hormones. There is still no clear link between the drop and the depression. However, the levels of reproductive hormones are known to increase during pregnancy before decreasing dramatically three days after giving birth before they fall back to their level before pregnancy. This study’s primary objective was to determine the factors impacting depressive episodes in US mothers with the focus on lower-income moms using a 4-tier Social Ecological Model (SEM). Identifying Strategies for the SEM Prevention Activity Matrix Public health problem: Postpartum depression Levels of SEM                                 Determinants