ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Supply chain management is an efficient tool that is used by the automobile manufacturers in order to increase the productivity of the company e.g. Hero Honda, Toyota. These automobile industries create and manage network for knowledge sharing processes.It has been regarded as the high performance resolution. The automobile manufacturer promotes the investments of the resources. In order to gain competitive advantage the firm has to put in join efforts to perform in best possible way. The possession of the resources is considered critical. To develop distinct types of collective efficiencies, coordination must exist in the firm. This was suggested by Thompson’s theoretical model of categorization of interdependencies. The activities of the firm are related to each other in a pooled way. They are interdependent on each other to derive the benefits from the available resources. The activities of the firm may also be related in a sequential manner. It occurs where the input of any firm will be the output of another firm. The activities of the firm may also be related in a reciprocal way. This occurs when the input of any fir is dependent on the output of other firm and vice versa. ( Lazzarini & Paulo, (n.d), p. 351). Another way to develop competitive advantage is by implementing global strategies. It helps the firm to enhance their performance much better. Most of the organization does not possess well developed global strategies, because of this opportunities for improvement goes unrealized. (Trent, & Monczka, (n.d)). The expectations of the firm are aligned In order to avoid the trade hazards and to develop competitive advantage. The firms should focus on safeguarding their mechanisms and should avoid opportunistic expropr
People in the society should be able to live in harmony with each other. However, it is not always the case since some of the members in the society do not abide by the laws set in the society that ensures that people live in harmony. It is for this reason that there is a need to have an institution to ensure that laws of the society are followed and those who fail to abide are sent in these institutions. The institutions that the law breakers are put are the current day prisons. The human rights groups argue that every person has a right, thus setting up standards that the prison should have. Today, for a country to set up prison, it has to abide to the international standards (Roth, 2006). There are several reasons why there are prisons in our society, however, it is notable that one has to be first convicted before he or she is put in prisons. One of the purposes of having prisons is to deter people from committing crime. Incase the society has a reason to believe one of its members is likely to commit crime, they may notify the authority of their concerns and in their response they may imprison a person if they feel it is the only way they can do to deter the person from committing crime. Another reason of establishment of prison is to provide a place where the crime committers in the society can be sentenced for their crimes (Roth, 2006). Individuals who fail to follow the laws laid down by the society are usually subject to conviction by the authorities and if found guilty of the crime they commit, they are sentenced to prison for a certain period of time depending on the weight of the crime they committed. Imprisonment may range from a few days, months, or even for a lifetime according to how serious the crime is. Prisons can also act as a shield to the public. The meaning of this is that prisons can act as a way to protect the public from crime committers. Since these people who are held in prison are withdrawn from the society, peace and harmony is maintained. There are people in the society that can not live without causing problems to other people, who are the main targets of the prisons. Prisons also act as reformation homes. The crime offenders have the chance to change their ways in the prisons through the various programs offered to them when in prison. The time spent in the prison also offers a chance to inmates to reflect on their lives and become transformed (Seiter, 2008). The rights of the people serving time in prison are usually forgotten. There are many problems experienced in these institutions as a result of being forgotten. Overcrowding is one of the problems experienced in United States prisons. The influx of inmate has been in the increase through the years and there has not been any major expansion of these facilities. Due to overcrowding, the behavior and the health of the inmates have changed which is a negative consequence (Conan, 2004). The safety of the inmates has also been in question due to the high numbers of inmates in the prisons where segregation of the inmate’s in some parts has not been pos
Introduction The importance of oil and natural gas industry It is impossible to imagine the modern world without energy. People got used to live in warm houses, the greatest plants work on the basis of the products oil and gas industry supplies them with. This high demand on energy in different forms makes it impossible for the modern economy function without it. Oil and gas industry is considered to be the most impacting in the whole world as well as in the USA. The Purpose of the Research The main purpose of the research is to consider how oil and gas industry affects the economy of the country. It is important to understand that the financial value of the industry is not the only an issue which is considered to be influential at the financial market, labor market is also affected at great extend. The Effect of Oil and Natural Gas Industry on the Economy The General Impact of the Industry on the Economy of the USA The general impact of the oil and gas industry may be divided into three main measures, direct impact, indirect impact, and induced impact. Direct impact is understood as the jobs and added value which are considered within the industry. Indirect impact is followed within the industries which deal with the products offered by the oil and gas industry. Induced impact is considered as the use of the income resulted from the oil and gas industry. Almost each country in the world deals with this industry and it is possible to say that the impact of this industry is great (“The Economic Impacts” 9). It is crucial to consider the financial importance and the significance of the industry as the employee in detail. The Impact of Oil and Natural Gas Industry on Business and Finances Dwelling upon the impact of the oil and gas industry on the economy of the country, business sector cannot be omitted. The great impact of the industry on business may be explained as follows, the industry spends money which is further spent by local businesses and recipient employees; then businessmen purchase different goods and hire employees who get salaries and spend them on state economy. This is an indirect impact of the oil and gas industry on the USA economy (“The Economic Impacts” 14). The demand on the products manufactured in the industry has been increasing from year to year. With the rise of the prices on the oil and gas, capital investments increased as well. This influenced the level of revenue in the industry and the rate of taxes the industry pays to the national treasury. The production of the crude oil in 2005 was valued at $45.2 billion. The increase of the natural gas production is measured by the increase on 312% from 1997. The export of gas and oil brought the country value at
It is not simple to understand why multinational managers behave unethically. However, some general reasons that guide their behaviours could include societal culture, decision-making processes, personal ethics, organisational culture, leadership, and unrealistic performance goals. The above reasons explain why international managers may behave unethically. Hence, ethical behaviour relies on whatever is good for an individual. Societal cultures differ from one region to another. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of collectivism and individualism could help in explaining why managers behave unethically in different societies. For instance, managers would act unethically and promote corruption in countries like Russia and China, which emphasise collectivism (Robertson and Fadil 387). International managers may lack integrity and honour that guide their personal ethics. As a result, they may engage in unethical behaviours. While strong personal ethics may help multinational managers to act ethically, managers who found themselves in cultures that do not emphasise the importance of personal ethics may engage in unethical behaviours. Organisational cultures emphasise the importance of ethical behaviours when dealing with all stakeholders, but managers may not observe such practices in foreign countries. For instance, Chinese companies are known to emphasise economic benefits at the expense of other corporate responsibilities. As a result, they have encouraged corruption when seeking contracts and tenders in foreign countries. Leadership sets examples for others to follow. The Enron scandal demonstrates poor leadership that leads to unethical behaviours in firms. Hence, a failure in leadership may encourage unethical behaviours among junior employees. In most cases, multinational firms may not realise that their decisions are unethical because they fail to question their decision-making processes. For instance, critics have argued that Starbucks exploits coffee growers, but the company has not evaluated its decision to view them as unethical. Parent companies put pressure on their multinational branches to perform better based on unrealistic performance goals (Hill 155). As a result, these companies resort to unethical practices in order to meet their performance expectations. Managers may ignore both personal ethics and organisational ethical practices in order to achieve performance targets by engaging in corruption. Multinational organisations have codes ethics that guide their operations overseas. Codes of ethics rely on Kantian and right-based theories of moral philosophy (Hill 163). These business codes of ethics have b
The national scorecard on the state of the U.S Health system consisted of an audit into the performance of the system. The 2008 scorecard was used to assess the condition of healthcare in terms of quality, accessibility, and impact as well as equality in its availability. The parameters however indicated a minimal improvement from the previous 2006 results. In 2008 the commonwealth fund commission received the report that showed achievements just above sixty percent. The report pointed out that the major areas of poor performance included healthcare access and the level of mortality in the U.S. According to the scorecard, data on the metrics used shows an overall decline from the expected including aspects of efficient delivery and healthy living. The report further outlined the scores for each parameter with the areas of quality and equity attaining a 71 percent score while the healthy living was ranked at 72 percent (The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High-Performance Health System, 2008). The objective of this research is to analyze the results based on findings in the area of Health care quality, access, and efficiency. The study will focus on these areas as they are related to issues that are prevalent in current health policies. Moreover, aspects such as quality and access play a major role in determining the performance of any healthcare system. For instance, studies of the current policy show that the system is facing challenges in areas of funding, equity, and access due to the competition between players in the private and public sectors. In addition, the system has been found to be inefficient with problems being encountered in administration and medical insurance (Garson, 2010). This implies that challenges noted in the 2008 national scorecard on health are relevant for the current system. Quality The national health system scorecard involved an examination of quality in various areas. The report looked into the safety of care, effici
To gain prosperity and stability in business, any organization relies on several determinants of success. These aspects usually include a strong leadership and management team, a wise resource distribution, and, last but not least, employees. Without the loyalty of people working in a company, no manager can reach positive outcomes. However, it has become increasingly harder for US organizations to retain their workers due to a variety of causes. Organizational behavior has undergone crucial changes due to three major factors. Firstly, the level of job disengagement and dissatisfaction has become omnipresent and tends to be exacerbating. Secondly, management approaches have a negative impact on employee satisfaction. Thirdly, the majority of companies have failed to implement the policy of employee engagement despite the fact that the requirements are quite common and easy to follow.[1] All of these factors separately or in a combination contribute to the problem of poor human resource management, which inevitably leads to high turnover and low job satisfaction. Hence, a viable solution to this aggravating issue is increasing the level of reciprocity between employers and their workers, which can be attained through various approaches. The major reason why the rate of reciprocity between the two core constituent forces of any company is that employees have lost trust in their employers. More and more research studies indicate that the level of distrust in management is “pervasive.”[2] Reports reveal dramatic data, such as nearl
Introduction The quest for understanding East Asian politics compelled earlier philosophers to focus on political economy and political culture in their explanations, but this approach left the study of political systems, in East Asia, underdeveloped, which allowed the emergence of new and current approaches. The new approaches focus on the changes, characteristics, and future expectations of East Asian governance. In addition, the new approaches explain the nature of unipolar powers, “especially in the one-party regime, one-man rule, and the oligarchical unipolar system” (Yung-Myung, 2003, p. 45). The political elites dominated the political unipolar systems, which gradually changed to plural democracy and authoritarianism triggered by diminished revolutionary zeal and growth of civic society. The viewing of East Asian, as an independent sphere and the only determinant of global stability, limited the approaches of both political economy and political culture. Theoretical approaches in the study of East Asian security For the last fifteen years before 2008, both Taiwan and East Asia experienced a deteriorating relationship although there was economic independence. In 1990, there seemed to be a political reconciliation, but the continued misunderstanding and differences in political objectives and future political prospects aggravated deterioration of the close relationship between the two regions (Hayes, 2001, p. 274). The two sides feared political challenge of their central interest by each other. For instance, Beijing feared Taipei would shut the door on its quest for unification and Taipei, on the other hand, feared that Beijing would restrain it to the point that negotiations on China’s terms would become inevitable (Hayes, 2001, p. 274). The approach used here involved the assertion of sovereignty and protection of interest by each state. In this case, Taiwan asserted its sovereignty and expanded its international space while Beijing developed and improved its military capacity enabling enforcement of diplomatic quarantine to Taipei. The wrong turn of events against what the United States expected caused considerable worry, in Washington, because the two sides would ignore the United States’ appeal for the cessation of restrains and conflicts. Yung-Myung observes “…the failure of the United States appeal for peace would entrap the United States in a war with China” (2003, p. 50). This fear of the appeal failure led to the application of the dual deterrence security approach in which the United States conveyed both warnings and reassurance to Beijing and Taipei. New features of Asian security In the post Cold War, the United States focuses and approaches Asian security from a regional perspective a symposium on East Asian security. In this recent approach, defense o
Confronted with intractably slow and bumpy global economic recovery which followed the 2007/08 global economic turmoil, most countries have recently been tempted to resort to undervaluing their currencies in order to gain a competitive edge over their rival economies. This practice when a country attempts to achieve a competitive stand by devaluing currency to favorably influence the value of its exports is referred to as currency war (“INTERNATIONAL: 2013 could see renewed currency wars” 1). Just like any other economic conjecture, currency wars have received varied reactions among economists, especially in light of the global recovery progress. I do not wish to delve into the global meltdown recovery topic but rather look at the issue within the realm of macroeconomic outlook of a singular economy. The fact that currency war relates valuation of currency is influenced by or interrelated to national exchange rate regime. Delving further into the topic of exchange rate regime, two major exchange rate policies are pursued by different economies, namely, fixed and floating exchange rate policies. Fixed exchange rate regime denotes the practice where country’s nominal exchange rate is determined firmly by the state monetary authority in regard to a particular foreign currency or aggregate of foreign currencies. In contrast, floating exchange rate regimes
The case of Tata Nano is truly unique, as it managed to comply with several demands that seemed entirely unattainable. Specifically, the car, which cost a moderately low sum of money, met the quality standards set for much more expensive cars; in addition, the car was promoted successfully in India, where the car market was very small due to the economic issues. However, the project still needs support, which can be provided when taking two denizens of the Indian population. To be more specific, middle class families and businessmen should be viewed as the key target audience. With the car allowing seating four people and sold for a reasonable price, it can be viewed as a perfect option for families of four or fewer people (Lemley, 2013), as well as businessmen, who would like to save money by purchasing low-price high-quality products. In order to enhance the purchasing process, the organization will need to consider the promotion campaign, which will ensure the target Indian population in the safety of the car and the reasonability of the purchase. In addition, choosing different media tools, i.e., the traditional and the modern ones will help one promote the product to a large amount of the Indian population. Targeting Segments and Brand Positioning Statements Though the time elapsed between the emergence of the Baby Boomers generation and the Gen Nester, each of the two displayed entirely unique buying behavior patterns. Segmentation variables for both types include the following items: Social influence A closer look at the BB and the GN will reveal that the people, which belonged to each era, differed greatly in terms of the social ideas, which they accepted as a norm. Specifically, BB were comparatively less susceptible to the effects of media on their buying behavior than the GN people (Parment, 2013). Product choice While BB preferred to use logics in the process of choosing an item to purchase, GN were clearly guided by emotions when represented with another opportunity for buying a product (Parment, 2013). Retailer loyalty Unlike GN, who preferred to switch between retailers in search for a better product, BB were very loyal to a specific retailer (Parment, 2013). Based on the differences specified above, one may assume that incorporating a more aggressive promotion approach in its marketing strategy, the ReadyMade magazine could have survived the changes in the buyers’ behavior. Bitter vs. Twitter To people, who are tired Twitter’s stale interface, Bitter offers not only customizing options, but also an entirely new and user friendly one that will make the conversation process even easier. Core Market Offerings and Defining the Product Tropicana was right in making a decision to change its brand logo and update it according to the
Background of the Study The theoretical concept of this research is teacher efficacy and belief, which originated from Bandura’s self-efficacy in social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986). It has two elements, which include “efficacy expectations and outcome expectancies” (Bandura, 1986). The author is also quite categorical that efficacy among individuals has been demonstrated in various ways. For example, individuals can undertake self reflection in order to boost their levels of self efficacy. In addition, they are excellent self-regulators especially if they are allowed to monitor themselves. Other similar characteristics of self efficacy include being proactive, and self-organizing. Bandura notes that human beings usually contribute to the circumstances facing their lives besides the fact that they are products of the same circumstances. Kazempour also shares a similar sentiment about the relationship between the ideas of self-efficacy and teacher efficacy by asserting that they relate to each other (Kazempour, 2008). He noted that teachers who demonstrated confidence in mathematics teaching strategies had the ability to influence their students. In this context, the teacher’s belief has a direct influence on potential student outcomes in mathematics. It is also imperative to mention that teachers can use various strategies to enhance student outcomes and provide appropriate feedback that encourages positive results. As a matter of fact, teachers with high levels of efficacy have the ability to put in place and utilize various types of strategies. It is not possible to deliver the best results and claim efficacies if myriad types of strategies are not sourced and utilized. The role of an elementary teacher should be to improve student outcomes through different teaching strategies. Based on this observation, Kazempour (2008) concluded that learners’ performances in mathematics depended on their teacher’s efficacy, because teacher efficacy as dictated by the use of various strategies had a significant influence on the outcome of students. When multiple and efficient strategies are used, learners are easily motivated and therefore are expected to perform exceptionally well. On the same note, Bursal (2007 also noted that the use of self-efficacy in improving mathematics literacy allowed teachers to enhance student outcomes regardless of their social backgrounds or other challenges (Bursal, 2007). Teachers who were aware of self-efficacy stressed the importance of learners in the teaching and learning process. Such teachers made students believe they were a part of the learning process. In this model, learners may feel that their contributions are also important to the class and develop interest in the subject (Bursal, 2007). With reference to Bandura’s theoretical framework and other studies on personal efficacy and teacher self-efficacy, teacher efficacy may be defined as the teacher’s “judgment of his or her capabilities to bring about desired outcomes of student engagement and learning, even among those students who may be difficult or unmotivated” (Bandura, 1986; Ashton, Webb, & Doda, 1982a; Ash