ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Fundamentalism in everyday life is important, which makes everything that exists equally important. The state of being is crucially determined by the principle of fundamentalism, which in turn leads to the essence of an object (Allaf 2003). “The attributes, singly or collectively that make an object of a substance what it is and what it possesses and lack of which, it loses its identity is basically what essence is” (Weinberg 1964). So as to help in knowing the complexity in essence, Dilthey (1969) states that, “it is normally contrasted with accident, which is a contingent property that objects, or substances have and lack which does not deprive it its identity”(p, 66). Aristotle was the proponent of essence whose English translation meant the “what it as to be”. The difficulty the phases presented to translators led to the coinage of the word Essential in Latin to summarize the whole concept of essence (Dilthey 1969). Existentialism and metaphysics comprise some of the contexts within which essence can explored and which formed the interest base of scholars such as Ibn Rushd. Issues to do with existence characterize existentialism in an effort to define essence. Scholars such as Jean-Paul Sartre reckon “Existence precedes essence” for human beings. According to him, existence and actuality came first and afterwards, essence can be derived (Collinson.et al 2000). Existentialists argue the soul makes the most important part metaphysics. They continue arguing that human beings only acquire a soul only after their existence. Further, metaphysics holds its only during individuals lifetimes that people develop spirits and souls. Analysis of different scholar’s views on ontology and essence will for the basis of this paper. Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sina, and Aristotle works will feature in the sections ahead. Ibn Rushd The development of the concept of essence could not be where it is without the contributions of Ibn Rushd (Allaf 2003). He was the Muslim scholar who produced works that went against most scholars of his kind. His contributions are acknowledged by both friend and foes alike. Islamic philosophy and theology, Malik law, logic, psychology, politics and most importantly Aristotelian philosophy were some of the areas of interest of Rushd. His commonly referred to as Averroes in the West and his contribution to the shaping of Islāmic, Christian, and Jewish philosophy is widely acknowledged. Rushd produced works in reaction to Ibn Sina’s concept of essence precedes existence which is an important concept of existentialism. According to Hyman et al. (2010), Ibn Rush marked the climax of Muslim Aristoteliansim as well as its virtual end. Rush took keen interest in the works of Aristotle a stance wh
There are five major steps in the pretrial process. Notably, different systems have distinct pretrial processes. The parties involved in the process have the obligation to comply with these steps. Interviews are conducted as the first initial step (Waksman & Goodman, 2010). This also entails data collection. Information gathering is another critical initiative that is considered during this stage. All the pretrial detainees must be probed. Cash and bail considerations are important during these processes. However, this is subject to the overriding penal codes. The pretrial interviews are conducted for five days within a the week (Zalman, 2011). The officers must expound on the objective of the interview. In addition, the pretrial officers also have to declare to the suspects the voluntary nature of these interviews. Various critical facts regarding the suspects are gathered in this stage. Ideally, the process forms the basic springboard for successful prosecution of the case. The second step involves verification procedure. This stage entails the actual verification of gathered information. This helps to identify the family members with the capacity to pay for the bail. The third step involves the observation of a court appearance. The respective officers make a court appearance with a motive to initiate the arraignment. An interview form must be presented before the court officials. This form contains the kind of information already verified. Moreover, it must also disclose all criminal records of the arrested person (Zalman, 2011). All court administrative procedures involving the inception of hearings and proceedings are done within the stage. However, it should be noted that the pretrial procedures do not provide court recommendations on the eligibility for release of the suspect. The fourth step entails the release of the arrested person. This is d
What constitutional issue is raised in the Adarand litigation? The famous Adarand litigation concerned the case of infringed rights of women and immigrant workers, the population that was highly susceptible to risks of being maltreated by their employers. According to the details provided by Steiner and Steiner, the case was filed by a “white male,” as the case study says, who “argued that preferential treatment for minority and female contractors was unconstitutional” (Steiner and Steiner 620). According to the evidence presented in the case study, affirmative action was undertaken to provide the female and immigrant workers with the rights that they deserved. However, the case never actually went any further; even though there have been attempts to consider it in the Supreme Court, the case was still dismissed, which showed that the fight for the rights of women and minorities was only starting to brew. After the Supreme Court’s 1995 decision in Adarand v. Peña what requirements did an affirmative action program have to meet to be constitutional? Since the case of Adarand v. Peña concerned the infringement of rights of women and the immigrant workforce, it must be mentioned that the case was already related to the Constitutional issues. The Constitution of the USA guarantees that every single person disregarding the age, gender beliefs, or any other feature of his/hers has indefeasible rights, such as the right to live, vote, and, which is the most important in the given case, work and get paid for the services that (s)he provides. Seeing how this right has been infringed by the company, the case closely relates to the Constitution. However, the affirmative program, which came as the decision of the Supreme Court, Adarand v. Peña case, was not supposed to be based on the principles of a “color-blind” constitution and be based on the differences in the specifics of gender and culture; these specifics, however, must not be used as a basis for the employees’ evaluation. Was the decision of the Court majority correct? Why or why not? The court decision can be considered from different viewpoints. On the one hand, it is clear that justice has been restored and the minorities, as well as the female population, who had suffered from the negligence of Adarand, were avenged and offered a refund for their moral abuse. In addition, it is necessary to stress that the constitutional issues have been brought up once again, reminding people of the values that they must pursue in their career and personal life. On the other hand, the fact that the court decision tended to stress the difference between the immigrant and female population and the
John Locke was born in 1632 and he passed away in 1704. He was renowned for his argument that the rights to royalty. He was also famous for his anti-authoritarian theory. He challenged every aspect that there is, with regards to authority. Locke states that the way that the government runs the show is not enough and that they take advantage of people as they are in society. He had this theory that natural laws existed served to encourage people to be aware of their rights and not to let their rights be violated by any one in authority. John Locke, who was also widely regarded as the inventor of classical liberalism, was thought of as one of the most known intellectuals of enlightenment. He was an Englishman who had studied medicine (Russell 669). He had several articles that he had written about his social theory. There are quite a number of scholars who were influenced by his writings. These included scholars from all over the world including America and Europe (Solomon 101). There are a number of scholars who were greatly influenced by his writings including Rousseau as well as Voltaire. There are also many Scotsmen who were also taken by his teachings. The main group of individuals who really appreciated the work that was done by John Locke was mainly the academics. The extent with which his writings influenced the world is reflected in various instances such as the United States Declaration of Independence. This is one of the most notable documents in the world. His theory of mind may be considered as the main source of contemporary notions of aspects that may include self as well as identity. These aspects played a major role in the work of theorists like Kant as well as Hume. John Locke was the pioneer in the line of people who defined the self via a permanent state of awareness. He was also the person who first stated that the mind was a tabula rasa. He decoded some of the most basic facts that people overlook such as the fact that we are born without ideas that are inherited. Most of his critics thought that he was out of his mind. His political allegations were considered to be based on his religion. Academic believed that he came up with his writings after thinking through them basing his ideas on the religious aspects of his life (Feinberg 504). There are quite a lot of things that he derived from his knowledge such as the fact that he was able to decipher or conjure various aspects that no one was able to at the time when he was alive. John Locke managed to put things into a different perspective that saw a change in the way that people viewed the world. This was especially beneficial to people who had other ideas that were still related to his in one way or another (Sober 488). It may appear as if he was rebellious, but this may be the point of view of people who really did not want to understand things as they were. Most of these people were stuck in the lives that they lived in and were hardly ready to change their lifestyles. His line of thought was very useful and most people especially the scholars benefitted widely from using and following his teachings. Works Cited Feinberg, Joe
HIV is the short form of human immunodeficiency virus. When the person is infected with HIV, it is more likely that the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) will develop. HIV is a terrible condition because it cannot be cured. Once one has HIV, he or she will have to live with it for the rest of life. The virus infects T cells or CD4 cells. These cells are essential for the efficient functioning of the human immune system. HIV destroys these cells and makes the human body vulnerable to various kinds of diseases. An infected individual can live up to ten years until HIV develops into AIDS. When the final stage occurs, the human immune system is too weak to resist even the slightest illnesses. As a result, one can die of the usual disease. The most common way of HIV/AIDS transition is the unprotected sexual contact. There is no cure for HIV. However, particular medicines can prolong the life of infected people ( HIV Basics n.d.). Nowadays, AIDS is regarded as the most urgent issue on the global level. The number of HIV-infected people is immense in South Africa. The virus is the public health threat. For instance, more than thirteen thousand residents died of AIDS in the U.S. in 2012. More than one million people died of AIDS in the world in 2014 ( Basic Statistics n.d.). These rates prove the fact that HIV is the plague of the twenty-first century. Public health safety should be of primary concern. HIV and AIDS rapid distribution resulted in million deaths of people. This epidemic also has changed the society drastically. The statistics showed that HIV was more often diagnosed in men who had sex with men. Due to this fact, people all over the world became extremely prejudiced against homosexual communities. Almost eighty countries in the world consider homosexuality illegal. Individuals who display the belonging to some of the GLBT communities can be even punished. Fowler (2014) writes that in some countries being a gay is like being a Jew in Nazis Germany. In my opinion, the government should react timely and adequately to such issues as HIV/AIDS. President Barack Obama established the National HIV/AIDS Strategy in 2010. This program was the first comprehensive step towards fighting the problem ( HIV/AIDS: Moving Forward n.d.). The strategy was aimed at increasing the level of population’s awareness concerning the ways of HIV transmission. The results show that the lev
Spark is an open-source cluster of computer frameworks that optimally process real-time data. The system significantly contributes to the real-time analytics of data collected hence the proficiency of certain tech-based companies, such as Amazon. It is easier to use Spark to scrutinize current data to determine a pattern and establish measures for short-term changes and improvements (Dayananda, 2020). Therefore, the mainframe operates based on data partitioning across the short span overview. Spark’s Operability and The Features Technological advancement intensified the use of social media platforms among people globally. The concept led to the emergence of an international village, boosting the amount of data collected per minute across different domains. An excellent example is that Facebook collects 4,166,667 posts while Instagram follows with a recorded 1,716,111 data per minute (Dayananda, 2020). In this case, organizations use the Spark system since it efficiently compiles real-time data and relays optimal analysis. However, functionalism relies on the ability to partition the dataset into small packs for effectiveness and feasibility. Spark’s features include polyglot, speed, multiple formats, lazy evaluation, real-time computation, machine learning, and Hadoop integration (Hajoui & Talea, 2018). The interoperability of the distinctive elements fosters prominent output and preferential baseline of Spark technology by various companies. Interdependence between Spark and Hadoop Spark works with Hadoop due to the necessity to compound datasets for optimal analysis. The main aim of both systems encapsulates establishing distinctive factors influencing the productivity and scalability of the concepts. The key difference between Hadoop and Spark is the approach to the data analytics process. On the one hand, the Hadoop structure only processes a batch of datasets meaning that it is efficient in analyzing information stored for a longer period of time. On the other hand, Spark is a system that performs its tasks on a real-time basis while optimally using dynamic batches for exce
Introduction/Review The Paleo fad diet has been available for quite a while now. The actual idea that by switching to consume ‘paleolithic’ food one will get much healthier can be traced to as far back as 1975. Nevertheless, it was not up until the year 2002 (which saw the publishing of Loren Cordain’s book The Paleo Diet ) that the concerned diet began to enjoy much popularity with people. The diet’s philosophy is not too difficult to grasp, “Eat like our ancestors, and you could not only improve your health but also lose weight” (Orenstein, 2012, par. 1). Such a claim is backed by the assumption that processed food, eaten by the majority of people in just about any country, is much too high on fats and carbs – something that naturally results in increasing the likelihood for this food’s aficionados to end up gaining some excessive weight. The foods of a cave dweller, on the other hand, could not have had such a quality by definition, since there were no food-processing plants during the Paleolithic era. These foods include red meat, eggs, fish, fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, seeds/nuts, and olive oil. The diet’s presumed main benefits are as follows:   * While on this specific diet, a person will never have to worry about getting enough lean proteins, which play an important role in ensuring the proper functioning of his or her immune system. One’s willingness to replenish his or her body with lean proteins daily is also commonly recognized as the foremost precondition for the concerned individual to be able to enjoy having strong muscles and bones.   * Those on the Paleo diet are guaranteed to receive adequate intakes of different vitamins and minerals (contained in fruits and vegetables) as well, which in turn will reduce these people’s chances to succumb to several different illnesses, believed to be at least partially triggered by the factor of ‘nutritional deficiency’.   * The Paleo diet does tolerate some moderate intakes of the so-called ‘healthy fats’ (such as Omega 13), on the part of its affiliates. This results in both – causing the discussed diet to enjoy the reputation of being ‘tasty’, on one hand, and showing that its provisions are continually updated to correlate with the latest discoveries in the field of nutriology, on the other. It is understood, of course, that this increases rather substantially the diet’s popular appeal. According to the nutritionists who endorse the Paleo diet, it only takes a few weeks from the time when a particular person decides to become a ‘Paleo dieter’ for such his or her decision to begin paying off in several different ways. Among the most notable effects in this respect are commonly listed, “Improved blood lipids, weight loss, and reduced pain from autoimmunity” (Wolf, 2014, par. 7). Moreover, it has also been reported that the diet’s committed practitioners tend to exhibit a positive attitude towards life. Many nutritionists regard such reports as yet additional proof that by becoming affiliated with the Paleo diet, people can increase the efficiency of metabolic processes in their bodies. Nevertheless, there also appear to be a few cons to the diet in question. Am
Introduction Background of the research Organizations are changing their normal horizon of working and they are managing their routine tasks in a modernized way. However, emphasis is laid on the core principles of management. Management is basically the process of getting activities done in an effective and efficient way with and through other people (Hamel and Breen 2007). There are basically certain functions of management these functions are planning, coordinating, directing organization and etc. Organizations are usually implementing new and modernized management techniques to achieve their objectives in both the short and the long run and they are stressing on these techniques to achieve their mission. Effective use of management has helped different organizations to achieve their goals. These organizations implemented different theories of management which has helped them to achieve their strategic, tactical and operational goals. An organization that only relies on theoretical approach and doesn’t stress on practical implications of these theories suffer in the long run. That’s the reason why organization must apply these management models and they must implement them for the betterment of their organization. However, each management model takes on management in a highly unique perspective and seeks to develop an approach that can make use of the organization’s strengths and capitalize on them. An essential factor in this regard is that management is an element that an organization cannot do without and if multiple models of management were to be implemented simultaneously, the resultant could possibly be an exponential increase in the complexity of the management of the organization and would require additional resources to counter the complexity and ensure a smooth management operation. Organizations measure their effectiveness and devise a proper way of working with the help of management tools. Management tools helps an organization in both the short and the long run and it also assists an organization in the decision making process. These management tools include theories, strategies and measures that help organizations in achieving their tasks. Organizations heavily rely on these strategies because implementing these strategies would help them in both the short and the long run. The core management roles that these organizations manage are interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. Tools of management vary with the working criteria of organizations (Griffin 2006). There are many organizations in today’s world that manages their enterprises through classical tools of management. Tree Diagrams, Affinity Diagrams, Cause and Effect Diagrams, Pareto Charts, Control Charts and etc are examples of classic management tools. The classical tools although are quite effective but as the time passes by they are inefficient in the modern era that is the reason why modern management tools and managing the organization strategically might looks like a novel term but modernized managing techniques and modern management terminologies have fostered organizations with efficiency (Ham
Market Objectives This analysis takes into account all the objectives that were to be achieved according to the marketing plan. The organisation was able to achieve its marketing objectives for every segment. The sales level per segment can be analysed as shown in the table below Sales, k units        Planned Figures  Actual Figures  Difference Households            441              311.4           129.6      High-End Households   84               67.3            16.7       Companies             197              149.8           47.2       High-End Companies    78               73.4            4.6        Total sales in units  800              601.9           198.1       Our product performed very well in all the segments except for the household segment. Our planned units were 441, but we only managed to sell 311.4. This therefore indicates that our product is not doing well in the segment since U-Phone X offers similar features at lower prices with a higher warranty. U-Phone X is priced at $ 201 while iClassic is priced at $ 240. Our warranty is 24 months while U-Phone X offers a warranty of 36 moths. Market Share The difference between planned and actual market share for our product as shown in the statement of the company indicates that our marketing strategy is not effective in the household segment. A difference of 4.7% reveals our market share is below the competitor’s level in the market. The competitor also offered low prices and extended warranty to the customers. Financial Objectives                                                    Households             $105,840  $74,736   $31,104 High-End Households    $20,160   $16,152   $4,008  Companies              $47,280   $35,952   $11,328 High-End Companies     $18,720   $17,616   $1,104  Total sales in dollar  $192,000  $144,456  $47,544                                                     From the table, it is evident that the organisation has been able to attain the expected level of sales for each segment. Increased spending in promotion and distribution channel enabled our product to perform well. However, our sales level in the low-end segment was not very promising since we outmatched the competitors. Status of Things as Planned From the figures shown above, it is evident that the organisation was able to increase the unit sales for each segment and especially in the low end segments. The sales levels in the segments were increased due to investment in product promotion. The company was able to achieve its financial objectives as indicated in the marketing plan. The sales levels in the low-end household and companies segments were relatively higher as compared with the ones in the high-end segments. The organisation could not overcome the market share of the competitors in these segments due to slow response to improve the distribution channels. For example, U-phone and ONE “WAVE outmatched our performance in the distribution