ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper presents a proposal to a company’s CEO aimed at the improvement of the company’s current position and final outcomes. This proposal delves into Hofstede’s model, which describes long-term and short-term orientations and the potential impact that these perspectives can have on the functioning of an organization. As for long-term orientation, it could be defined as the extent to which individuals are focused on long-term goals (Textbook). In other words, it could also be explained as an orientation toward future achievements and goals rather than immediate revenue (Brigham et al. 2014). Long-term orientation helps to attain a certain competitive advantage by outlining the most important stages of a companys growth and creating a strategic plan aimed at its becoming a leading one in a certain sphere. On the other hand, short-term orientation is used to describe an approach that is focused on short-term results, profitability, and immediate revenue (Textbook). In this case, all efforts are devoted to the quick rise of a certain venture and its increased profitability, and long-term perspectives are often ignored. Short-term orientation contributes to the appearance of qualities such as personal steadiness, respect for tradition, and self-respect among the company’s employees. Besides, the functioning of SmithFinances might be improved by applying the long-term perspective. The company’s bottom line is increased profitability. Considering the unique features of the functioning of any financial company, a long-term perspective should be explor
Summary In his article, Quarantelli (1960) discusses the generally accepted (at least by official agencies such as emergency management structures, the police, the government, etc.) perceptions about the process of withdrawal of civilians from an area that is affected by a disaster and provides evidence that these perceptions are false. The author states that there exist three main basic misconceptions about how the process of withdrawal occurs; there are two main images, one that of panic, the other – of dependency; the third image, that of control, is superimposed on these two ones (Quarantelli, 1960). These perceptions are discussed in turn. Thus, the first misconception is the image of panic (Quarantelli, 1960). It is often assumed (at least by official agencies) that when a disaster occurs, most people simply flee from the affected area in a panicked, hysterical, disorganized fashion (Quarantelli, 1960). Thus, individuals are assumed to lose the ability to think rationally, running away as far as possible, being driven by panic only (Quarantelli, 1960). Due to the fear of such behaviors, official agencies sometimes even failed to inform the population about the coming disaster (Quarantelli, 1960). However, Quarantelli (1960) cites evidence that people seldom flee from an area of disaster in a panicked manner; instead, they often tend to remain in the disaster area so as not to leave the location they are accustomed to, even in spite of being asked to leave by officials (e.g., their home), but find safer places within it. The second misconception is that of dependency; according to it, some people might become completely helpless and devoid of any initiative to act due to panic, waiting in a childlike manner until someone such as the police take care of them (Quarantelli, 1960). However, the author states that this is also not true; a considerable amount of evidence suggests that people very rarely behave in such a passive manner; this may only occur with few people for short periods of time, and usually after the disaster (Quarantelli, 1960). In contrast, most people behave in a rather rational way, according to the information that is currently available to them, and cooperate with one another so as to cope with the disaster (Quarantelli, 1960). Finally, the third misconception is that of “control”; according to it, people can be controlled to a great degree, and should always be coordinated and directed by e.g. state authorit
Introduction Management is an important aspect in all business organization regardless of their size. It ensures proper utilization of the available resources in order to achieve a company’s goal, objective, mission and vision. Management has got various concepts, planning being the core upon which the rest should build on. Planning has got many merits on the company’s performances and failure to plan can have adverse effects eventually leading to collapse. In this paper, WorldCom is the subject of study where effects of planning and various factors that led to its failure have been looked at. Planning is very important in any organization as it helps one focus ahead and determines what actions to be implemented in the future. It falls among the four functions of management, the rest being directing, organizing and controlling. Planning is an on going process and because unavoidable factors will always be present to influence a company’s performance either positively or negatively, adjustment to the planned action is required and this can be termed as strategic planning. It gives a systematic way of determining when a given activity or task in the organization is going to be executed, which manner it is going to be done and the individual responsible for executing it. It is a basic function of management which enables adequate use of available resources in order to meet the demand. It ensures achievement of the set goals by use of facts and not guesses. Since objectives and goals are set in planning, alternatives are also availed by the same process so as to maximize the results of an organization at the long run. As a basic function of management, planning is vital for success of any company as it determines the current position and gives a way of reaching future expectations. It simplifies ways of achieving set goals in an organization. Strategic planning is vital as it enables establish a company’s strengths and weakness (Rane 2007). WorldCom organization is a company responsible for telecommunications. In 2000, this company failed in its services delivery due to lack of proper management plan which is essential in achieving a company’s goals and objectives. Firstly, the management did not control the bad actions such as acts of fraud by those under their control. Infact, they joined hands in the perpetuation of these acts which are a detriment to success of a company. Under, proper management, those above such as th
Introduction Writing essays at tertiary level is basically not an easy task especially for undergraduate students who join tertiary institutions. This is because the essays they were writing at undergraduate level are totally different from essays at tertiary level. Such students usually have difficulties in planning and writing essays according to the required standards (Fowler, 2007, p.19). Actually, some of them are usually confused on how to develop their essays in a logical approach. At undergraduate level, these students are more conversant with writing essays that are not based on analytical research work. Writing essays at this level does not require students to give out evidence of their research work like in the case of tertiary level. Most of them are used to writing essays without supplying any research evidence or attributing a particular work of an author (Ehrenhaft, 2001, p. 83). For this reason, these students may not be in a position to develop their own ideas and reflect them on paper work. Adjusting to the tertiary writing standards is normally difficult for many undergraduates who can not have their own independent thinking. On the other hand, there are few teachers who are able to help students to learn much of the essay writing skills (Tanner, 2004, p. 45). Thus, not all of them spend their time in explaining to students on how they are supposed to handle essay writings. The objective of this paper therefore is to discuss why writing an essay at tertiary level is extremely a complex process. Reasons why writing essays is a complex process Reading widely One of the reasons why writing essays at tertiary level is a complex process is because students are usually expected to read widely. Reading widely is very essential as it enables students to have a critical analysis of a particular field of literature. Unfortunately most undergraduate students do not like the idea of reading widely and so they fail to come up with a well researched essay paper (Shields, 2008, p. 55). Without a thorough research, it becomes more complex to write essays at tertiary level. When students are at their tertiary level, they tend to be lazy and may not take their time to do a proper research work (Tanner, 2004, p. 90). As a matter of fact, most of them prefer copying information from books rather than interpreting in their own words. This is a trend that is common at undergraduate level although it really affects students as they join tertiary level. With such a trend, student will always have difficulties in writing essay since they were previously used to copying information from books (Cornford, 2003, p. 81). According to Fowler, writing essays is complex at tertiary level because students lacy independent thinking (Fowler, 2007, p.112). Further more he says, “The reason for this is because independent thinking is not compulsory at the undergraduate level.” By the time these students join tertiary institutions, they can not write essays that are based on original work. All they ever want to do is to duplicate information since that was the trend during undergraduate level. Having an original work is a primary factor w
Logistics Consulting Firm This organization may use the skills and experience of all team members as employees of such firms must be knowledgeable in various areas of study: accounting, supply chain analysis, project management, regulatory compliance and quality control (Gudehus & Kotzab, 2009). In itself, logistics is the movement of goods from manufacturer to the customer. It encompasses transportation, warehousing, packaging and other elements and the strengths and skills of our team can be of great use for a logistics consulting firm. One should bear in mind that logistics consultants must be competent in such disciplines as statistics, foreign languages, and information technology (Gudehus & Kotzab, 2009). Very often logistics firms have to co-operate with overseas companies, and this is why the consultant has to have well-developed communication skills and be able to speak foreign languages like French, German or Korean. Thus, the consulting firm can employ our team on the basis of experience, academic background and skills of each individual member. Nevertheless, we need to point out that each of team members has to acquire or elaborate new skills in order to be employed by a logistics consulting firm, for example, mathematics or ability to work with Excel and Power Point. Risk management consulting firms Those firms, which provide risk management services to their clients, may employ each member of our team. In this case, we should speak mostly about skills, rather than academic background. Risk management is primarily concerned with the analysis, evaluation and prevention of all possible threats that can possibly harm the company (Crouhy et al, 2006). People, who work in such firms, have to possess well-developed problem-solving skills or ability to analyze quantitative and qualitative data. These are the properties which the members of our team have. Moreover, one should not forget risk management also involves logistics, project management, and accounting. Thus, a risk management consulting firms may need people, who have academic background and previous experience, similar to ours. Nonetheless, we should bear in mind that risk management consulting firms can render their services to various enterprises: IT companies, automobile manufactures, construction companies. Therefore, in some circumstances, the skills and experience of our team can hardly be applicable. Business consulting firms As a rule, business consulting firms employ people, who major in various areas of study and have different sets of skills. Business consultants must have practical experience in accounting, project management, supply-chain analysis, or quality control (Toppin & Czerniawska, 2005). So, a business consulting firm can find the previous experience and education of each team member very useful. Yet, we need to point out that a person ought to have at least ten year of work experience in order to be employed by a business consulting
“Much must be done… Much must be changed…” these words Alexander II, the emperor of Russia (1855-81) uttered in 1843 when he was acting as his father’s Regent (Caldwell). This desire related to the urgent changes that the Russian state needed served as a driving force for the reforms so skillfully implemented by the “Tsar Liberator”. But as it often happens, governors who strive for the state’s success are not accepted by the radical masses. On March 1, 1881, when the emperor signed the proclamation announcing his intentions to implement the so-called Loris-Melikov Constitution he was mortally wounded by bombs in a plot sponsored by the opposing People’s Will. Our point is that Alexander II was a great man and he should have not got killed because of at least three reasons: the reforms that he has carried out during the years of his reign allow him to be ranked as one of the great makers of modern Russia; he built the base needed for the emergence of capitalism and industrialization in the Russian empire; the death of one person does not lead to the crucial change in the society’s development and to the more far-reaching reforms. Alexander’s importance lies chiefly in the reforms he has carried out during the years of his reign. “ … Alexander II was probably the best Emperor Russia ever had. His reforms of 1861-4 … did more to set Russia on the road to a civilized form of polity than any before–or since” (Footman 9). The steps that Alexander II has taken for the benefit of his state took the form of social, administrative, educational, and legal reforms. Though Russia turned to be one of the last countries which managed to shake off serfdom, Alexander’s contribution to this historically significant event cannot be underestimated. Less corruption and a sense of fairness were the results of Alexander’s deeds in the legal sphere. Zemstva as a new form of local government that Alexander introduced operated successfully and made sufficient improvements in the provision of local services. More spheres wherein Alexander II became notable is education and censorship: during his reign, the number of primary schools has increased significantly; the quality of teaching has improved; the secondary education curriculum was modernized; the number of students engaged in it doubled; universities were allowed to exercise administrative autonomy; as preliminary censorship was relaxed, the publishing flourished. Military reform was a priority for Alexander’s policy. This was the most convincing factor that influenced the bureaucracy’s decision to abolish serfdom. As for Alexander’s achievements in the economic sphere his introduction of a public budget in 1862 and
Civil disobedience is a powerful tool in the hands of the oppressed and disenfranchised, and its effectiveness has been proved numerous times in the course of history. It is usually used as the last measure in situations when there are no other formal or informal ways to influence the existing status quo. There are several reasons why civil disobedience in a democracy is morally justified since people who engage in it disobey laws and rules which are inherently immoral themselves. First, it is important to establish the notion that civil disobedience cannot be viewed as a crime, especially in a democratic society which values basic human rights. People who participate in civil disobedience embrace a conviction that it benefits society, and to stress it, they do it publicly to attract everyone’s attention to particular issues (“Civil disobedience,” 2013). Additionally, they do it in a non-violent fashion, which once again shows that civil disobedience does not imply an intent to harm any party but rather to urge the government to resolve the injustice. Moreover, according to John Mackie, there cannot be a right to perform actions which are morally wrong (“Civil disobedience,” 2013). Similarly, if a certain law forces citizens to act in a morally inappropriate manner, it is their moral obligation not to follow it. Essentially, civil disobedience arises in response to a situation which involves performing immoral and wrong actions on an obligatory basis. Thus, civil disobedience becomes a morally justified act since it seeks to openly and non-violently address wrong and problematic phenomena in society. Civil disobedience is an effective tool which can help resolve unjust situations and display public rejection to participate in immoral activities. People who engage in it do not wish to inflict any damage but to raise awareness and make their views known to the authorities. Civil disobedience, therefore, constitutes a morally justified act of not obeying the rules, which force citizens to act immorally. Reference Civil disobedience . (2013). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Pumpkins are herbaceous plants which belong to the family Cucurbitaceae and are widely grown in Pacific Northwest. The optimal growth conditions of pumpkins include; temperate oceanic climate, sunny conditions, warm soil of pH ranging from six to seven and temperature of between sixty to seventy degrees Fahrenheit. The type of soil required for growth of pumpkin should be well-draining with plenty of organic material. Pumpkins are tender herbs which grow annually. Low temperatures of below 50 degrees Fahrenheit such as those that occur during spring and fall are known to cause stunting or slow growth in pumpkins. Pumpkins require enough water to grow well, but care should be taken to ensure their leaves remain dry at all times. The soil should be kept warm at all times. Heat and humidity provide a conducive environment for the development of powdery mildew; a major disease which affects pumpkins (Preparing your Garden). One way of keeping the leaves dry is by ensuring that the pumpkins are watered early in the morning to give them sufficient time to dry during the day. This, in essence, protects the pumpkins from diseases which are known to thrive well in damp conditions. However, watering of pumpkins should be done less frequently and the soils must have good water retaining capacity (How Much to Water Pumpkins). Pumpkin seeds are planted on small heaps of soil with a depth of between one to two inches and spacing of four to six feet. A plant with fully grown leaves and roots is used as a transplant. Spacing is also an essential requirement for pumpkin growth. Pumpkins require a lot of tourists home, and therefore the soils need to have sufficient organic matter. Areas, where pumpkins grow, should also be free from weeds, and other crops as these are known to compete with pumpkins for the available nutrients Reducing weeds is achieved by using plastic and organic mulches that also help to conserve water and hence minimize the frequency of watering. Most common parasites that affect pumpkins are squash vine borers and cucumber beetles (Preparing your garden). Frequent dusting and spraying can prevent these parasitic infections. Squash Vine Borers (SVB’s) are a nuisance to pumpkin farmers. Squash Vine borers are known to destroy pumpkin vines from the inside. The disease can be fatal to the pumpkins if untreated. The signs and symptoms of Squash Vine Borers infestations include; wilting, sudden changes in ripening, holes and sawdust-like power on the vine. Once the vine is infested with Squash Vine Borers, the only remedy is complete removal using a sharp object after which fungicide is applied to the area of infection. However, removal causes more harm to the vine (Teuro). A variety of pumpkin diseases such as powdery mildew thrive well in areas with high temperatures and humidity. To be on the sa
Identified as the “practice of state recognition, constituting a political community as a member of the society of states with the concomitant rights and responsibilities, and legitimating its participation in the practices of international society” 1 , legitimation is often viewed as an integral part of the concept of a state. Despite the fact that the process of state legitimation based on the original definition of Weber presupposes the immediate involvement of every citizen into the political and legal structuring of the state and the creation of the circumstances, in which the state “claims legitimacy from its citizens” 2 , the actual introduction of legitimation into the fully transparent communicational society involves the unceasing adaptation of the abovementioned environment to the realities of the present-day realm and the changes that the society undergoes, including the alterations in the political, social, economic and technological domains. Herein the proof for Blakeley and Saward’s claim of the contemporary state being engulfed into a continuous process of legitimation lies. First and most obvious, it should be noted that the legitimization process cannot be viewed outside of the context of the alterations, which the contemporary society has undergone over the past few years. To be more exact, the issue of technology and its role in the political and social life of the society should be brought up. Though often underrated to the point where it becomes merely a tool for interpersonal communication, information technologies of the 21 st century create the premises for a more expeditious and a by far more efficient engagement in the political and social life of the state. The continuous evolution of the technological advances, with the help of which the political and social engagement of the state’s citizens is facilitated, can be viewed as the proof for the legitimation being an unceasing process as well. More to the point, the incorporation of the latest technologies into the process of state legitimization can be considered a solid proof for the fact that the state development hinges on the extent, to which the citizens are engrossed into the process of legitimization, thus, contributing to the evolution of the state’s legal, political and economic development. The role of symbols and images, as well as the changes that the specified elements undergo over time, should also be mentioned as the key proof to the fact that legitimization of the state, as well as the increased involvement of the state citizens with the process, is the ultimate path to the democratization of the society. Whether the symbols and the realities associated with a particular political system are utilized in a rather subtle way and with regard to the psychology of individuals, or whether the symbols of the state and its power get their message across in a very on-the-nose manner, the presence of these symbols defines the legitimation process to a considerable extent. One might argue that the process of legitimation has already occurred in the contemporary state, seeing that the key concepts of democracy make the basis of the con