ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The increasing amount of waste has been a significant problem in big, rapidly expanding cities, especially in developing countries. However, garbage should not be treated only as an economic burden. According to Didero (2012), “many poor city dwellers regard waste as an important economic resource” (p. 27). The cases as with the Zabbaleen people in Cairo show that there is an opportunity for the mutual benefit of the garbage collectors and the cities. Many poor people at the outskirts of big metropolises may have profit from garbage and in such a way, improve the hygienic situation in the cities. Main body However, this cooperation is rarely smooth and perfect and may result in several problems. To begin with, not only poor people see garbage as a source of profit. Big multinational companies that usually have support from governments state their claim too. Secondly, voluntary garbage collectors do not feel responsible for the environmental situation as they pursue economic goals exclusively. This issue arises in the cases when the amount of waste significantly overcomes the economic need of the collectors. Based on this, the reformative initiative which would organize the work of garbage collectors and combine their benefit with the needs of the city is needed. The Zabbaleen are the ancestors of Egyptian farmers who moved to the city in the late 1940s and settled down on its rapidly growing outskirts. They made their living by collecting and recycling garbage for decades. In the 1980s they connected their efforts with local non-governmental organizations. The research claims that this cooperation resulted in the recycling of almost 80% of the collected waste – the rate three times exceeding the quantity of waste collected in major European cities (Simpson, 2017). The situation got worse in the 1990s when the city developed so fast that the Zabbaleen were unable to cope with the situation. The government resolved to put them aside and to attract multinational companies. This decision lead to hazardous outcomes both for the Zabbaleen and the city as less than 20% of the waste was being recycled. Only in 2011 the government officially employed the Zabbaleen to garbage recycling. Numerous companies are providing their initiatives to solve the problem today, but, despite the positive development of the situation, much remains to be done. The waste materials from Cairo have been the subject of conflict among global companies for years. According to Fahmi (2010), they are seen differently by the corporations and the Zabbaleen population. The first see the source of income, and for the latter, it is the only source of livelihood. In order to increase the use of the waste materials for the Zabbaleen population, it is essential to implement the project which would consider the most effective use of these materials by the Zabbaleen. The idea is to create a pl
Introduction This is the era of the information age. Currently there are over two billion internet users in the world. The internet is the fastest growing market place and many companies are increasingly adopting internet related technologies to tap to the growing market. The internet also has been the source of multi billion companies like Google and facebook that solely derive their revenues from the net. These companies and many more have products that have made sure millions of people are hooked to the internet for work and leisure. Because it’s a virtual place that is not very limited, the internet has been on the receiving end of both criticism and praises. It’s a fact that the internet is an employer to millions of people who work and do business online. However, its also a known fact the internet is a place for many people to waste time and many companies have tangibly proved that productivity falls when employees engage in internet related activities (Marzilli 34). Similarly, the internet is the source of many online relationships that people form with virtual partners that normally lead to the breakage of their marri
Gun control in United States is a government limitation of ownership and purchase of firearms. Availability of guns is majorly controlled by different organizations through the famous disarmament debate. This paper will look at various ways of gun control, the available statistics, background checks of control of guns, ownership of guns and the measures that the United States government has taken to control spread of guns and small arms (Brochtler 436) In the United States, the rights of people to bear and keep guns are guaranteed by the constitution.”The U.S constitution has guaranteed the rights of purchase and ownership of guns” (Brochteler). Since 1930s, law enforcement officials and federal judicial officials have held that such rights exist under the docket of the attorney general John Ashcroft. This paper is based on recent available researched data on United States Gun control measures and policies. In a similar understanding, data usually associated with consequences of gun control laws in different geographical areas is used as evidential point of reference (Brochteler 459). “There are different methods employed in the assessment of gun controls among which surveys are the most common and popularly used methodologies. While accuracy of the assessment outcomes is very crucial factor in the endeavor of setting gun possession and use limits, accuracy has largely been determined or influenced by individual’s knowledge or personal perspective view on the Delisier”. The United States has however, enacted strictly licensing and other control measures, according to federal legislation (1968). The sale of riffles has been prohibited. Gun control in United States has been widely debated. The National Riffle and Gun Association (NRGA) have notably opposed the acquisition of guns by individual people. This is strictly to the unlicensed gun holders. “Unlicensed gun holders should be prosecuted since the act is has led to increased crime rates Delisi41”.Due to the growing number of guns related crimes and citizen pressures, congressional passage (1993), of the brandy bill was passed. This bill passed a requirement of five day waiting period before a handgun purchase. In the year 1994, crime a bill that outlawed possession, sale, and possession of military style assault weapon was set forth. Research provides that as of the year 2009, United States has a population of 307 million firearms owned by civilians and out of this; 300 millions are handgun (Delisi 33). According to (mother 231), “Recent research resulting on gun control from U.S states are alarming especially considering the escalated levels of gun possession within the private sector”. “First and foremost, studies have shown that more than forty percent of U. S families pos
Introduction September 11, 2001 was a critical point in the life of the United States of America. Considering themselves secured with top quality protection system, the USA failed. Hundreds of lives and unfulfilled desire were the result of 9/11 attacks. Believing in personal strength and firmness, 9/11 has ruined the understanding of the government in the relation to the security and encouraged for creation specific policies aimed at creating an new security system which was necessary for the USA. Apart from implementation of the new policies, which are going to be discussed below, a number of steps were taken. Thus, if before 9/11 attacks few local enforcement agencies were involved in terrorism combat, so the mentioned day encouraged for creation special agencies on local, state and federal levels aimed at incorporating preventive actions and fighting terrorists all over the country. The USA understood that cyberspace is the area which must be protected. The discussion of the specific Acts and Policies directed at USA security is going to be considered with the purpose to follow the changes which occurred in the USA after 9/11 attacks. War on Terrorism Policies Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act) Act of 2001 is a document which established the main regulations for war on terrorism the government is to follow. The USA PATRIOT Act regulates many specific spheres of life and interacts in many of them by means of implementing rules to follow. The main issues discussed in the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) are as follows, protection of domestic against terrorism, surveillance procedures, financial situation devoted terrorist combating (international money, banks’ security, currency protection), government border protection, removing terrorism investigation obstacles, protection of the victims of the terrorism, information sharing, strengthening the terrorism criminal legislation, intelligence improving, and other terrorism related problems. It should be mentioned that this Act (2001) allows specific legal organizations to follow US citizens more precisely. In other words, FBI and other enforcement structures were allowed to check citizens’ mail, follow their phone conversations, and do other intrusion into human life for security measures. USA PATRIOT Act (2001) regulates the actions of the government, states the goals the criminal justice system should achieve and governs the actions which should be implemented in different specific situations. Reading USA PATRIOT Act (2001), it may be considered that the act states the actions which a
Summary A precursor to radicalization and terrorism is the lack of proper socio-political integration of certain communities in countries. Therefore, the phenomena of xenophobia, victimization, and discrimination appear. Individuals and groups which cannot properly interact with the host society, that is, assimilate, are looking for like-minded people to communicate, while building separate social networks. Therefore, radicalization builds ideology and extreme belief systems, whereas terrorism facilitates action pathways through violence. Toxic Ideas Radicalization lies at the heart of terrorism and plays a central role in the propagation of ideas. It is the process of creating and developing extremist beliefs and ideologies, which should be distinguished from action pathways (Borum, 2012). The transformation of each radical terrorist is a deeply individual and unique process. The predecessors of the personal approach of radicalization are socio-political alienation, deep religious identity as opposed to globalization, and dissatisfaction with the state’s foreign policy. Pathway to Terrorism Radicalization and terrorism are highly interconnected notions that facilitate each other. Certain factors trigger the development of new systems of personal beliefs and critical reflection, which lead to sustainable behavior change. Applying these concepts to the phenomenon of terrorism explains how people who have not previously practiced violence come to justify engaging in violent behavior. Social and political factors which conflict with the existing interpretation of oneself and society contribute to radicalization. Precursors do not just coerce into participation in terrorism but affect the context of life in this way. A person becomes receptive to new experiences, redefinition of semantic perspectives, and changing beliefs. Social Mechanisms The three theories discussed in the article are Social Movement Theory (SMT), Social Psychology (SP), and Conversion Theory (CT). SMT must be able to grow and expand to preserve its influence by mobilization, recruitment, participation, and removal of barriers (Borum, 2012). In other words, a person who joins an extremist group needs to be actively involved by either recruiting people or promoting the overall cause. SP is a section of psychology, which studies group dynamics and interaction. It explains radicalization by claiming that groupthink is often more biased and irrational, which leads to higher levels of polarization and extremism (Borum, 2012). In addition, the members feel less responsible for their actions because the group acts as a support network. CT primarily focuses on the individual rather than groups, where there are key stages, such as interaction, commitment, consequences, quest, encounter, context, and crisis (Borum, 2012). Therefore, the overall transformation of a person’s belief and views occur gradually through the given steps. Possible Steps The best way to
The patient and I sat in the nurses’ room, where I conduct the interview. From the interview, I managed to obtain a comprehensive patient valuable history in providing patient care. While interviewing the patient, I focused on collecting data related to his gender, age, ethnicity, social history and environment. According to the information he gave, the patient is a 40 years old black male. The client also revealed that he is an immigrant from Africa and does not have any medical insurance cover. In conducting the interview, I employed the following skills and techniques: rapport building, this is was to help me establish an excellent nurse-to-patient first impression that would build the tone of the discussion. The patient became relaxed and comfortable with me, making him open and honest in our communication (Ball et al., 2017). Active listening is a dynamic technique that enabled me to hear what the patient said and interpret to understand the message without tainting it with personal judgment. Open-ended questions required the patient to answer by descriptions rather than with a yes or no. The skill compelled the client to provide in-depth and insightful details about himself. The closed-ended questioning technique aided me to obtain precise details from the patient by asking a yes or no question (American Diabetes Association, 2017). In seeking intentional answers, I used leading questions that brought the client to give responses that he perceived to be the ones I needed. To acquire patient clarifications without giving him a chance to defend his choices and actions, I used the “why” questions. The questions give the patient the comfort of answering without feeling as if you are judgmental (Sullivan, 2018). Showing empathy to him felt as though I fully understood his condition making him mo
Two Albums There is may be no poet who has never written about love. This is the only theme which always remains topical. And this is the theme which unites two different singers and songwriters, Etta James and Emmylou Harris. The styles of these singers are quite different. Etta James performs R&B, jazz, rock7 roll and American blues. She is the winner of many music awards, but her album At last is the one that made her famous. The style of this music is R&B. Though released in 1941, the song At Last is still played on oldies radio stations. The words of the song are quite simple but touching: “The life is like a song”. It is about the experience of love that has at last come and changed the heroine’s life. The words are very romantic and naïve: “And here we are in heaven for you are mine…” It is pure love with no fears, which is full of hope and devotion. The voice is deep and joyous. The next song which I would like to analyze is All I could Do Was Cry . It is about women’s experience of love too, but the mood is absolutely different now, the music is in minor key. This is a song about separation. The heroine is losing the man she loves. She is sure that her life has come to an end because the man of her dream has married another woman. The repetition of the world cry adds to the atmosphere of hopelessness and despair. The other album under analysis, Wrecking Ball , is absolutely different in style. The singer, Emmylou Harris, is known for her country and bluegrass music, but this album has some features which make it different from all her works. It is difficult to judge on whether the music is country or popular one; the style is rather a mix of country and poetical oriented popular music. Only some of the songs are demos; they are mixes of compositions which were recorded at Nashville Woodland studios. What makes this album resembling At Last is the emotional experience of a woman in love. The song Goodbye is a heroine’s recollection of happy days that she spent with her love. In this song the word cry is repeated too. She is thinking about the happy moments they have spent together, but she cannot remember if they said goodbye. These words made the whole impression more dramatic, because for the heroine the story is not over yet, but she knows that her feeling is hopeless. One more song from this album, May This Be Love , presents the listener an absolutely different mood. The music, the voice and the lyrics create a feeling of happiness and joy. The heroine is sure that “Nothing can go wrong”. These works were performed in different time, and their genres are different. But both of them are about women’s experience of love, which is extremely touching. So love is the topic which is burning in all times. A Question for the Class I would like to discuss the meaning of titles in both albums. What do they mean? What is meant by Wrecking Ball? If it is used to describe
Chronic kidney disease is one of the diseases that have been considered as the leading cause of deaths in the United States. The Healthy People 2020 program singled this disease as one that should be fought and eliminated by the year 2020. The research done by Henry Ford Health System (2011) tries to dissect some of the possible causes of Chronic kidney disease among the Americans, and why it has remained one of the leading cause of health concern in this country. Chronic kidney disease has been one of the leading causes of deaths in the United States among the aging population. Although there is effort put in place by various authorities in this country, this war is yet to be won. It is upon this basis that this organization decided to conduct this research. The lead question used in this research was as follows. What are the leading causes of chronic kidney disease, and how can it be fought successfully in the United States? This research has been done in a very diligent manner, and it adds new knowledge into this field. A research can only be considered as useful if it has a positive impact in the particular field of concern (Fielding, 2009). The targeted people are the current generation that will live to see the vision 2020 period as well as the future generations. The study can be of great importance in identifying the current health status of the Americans, all the health indicators and the major issues emanating from chronic kidney disease. This information is vital as it helps in drawing the strategies that can effectively be applied to achieve the Healthy People 2020 policy. The researchers in this study were keen on developing a research question that would bring on board as many stakeholders as possible. For example, the research question may be used to determine the role of the private sector in partnership with the health department as that of creating awareness on health related issues to the public and providing any health related information for public ac
Clinical nutrition is the scientific study of the relationship between nutrients and a healthy body. The field deals with ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, storage, and removal of waste products by the body. Apart from these, a doctor of chiropractic would be interested in the environmental factors that affect the quality of food and how these factors affect health. For instance, there has been a controversy over the safety of eating genetically modified food. This mandates a clinical nutritionist to research to find out the effects of any of these foods. Nutrients can be described as the substances that the body requires for growth and development. There are more than forty-seven known nutrients. They are divided into two categories. The first one is the macronutrients that include fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that are broken down to provide the body with energy. In the second category are the micronutrients, which include minerals and vitamins that aid the body in utilizing macronutrients (Gibney, Elia, Nutrition Society (Great Britain), and Ljungqvist 7). This paper explores the importance of the study of clinical nutrition. Nutrition study was pioneered by scientists way back in the 18th century and by the 20th century, they had discovered that some diseases like rickets and beriberi were related to lack of certain nutrients in the diet. This led to the setting of the recommended minimum amount of everyday nutrients that a person was to take to avert these diseases. The modern study of clinical nutrition has come up with dietary reference intake (RDIs) that sets the daily nutrients required by the body to ensure optimal health and reduce the risks of chronic sickness (Gropper, Smith, and Groff 27). Clinical nutrition has become so significant that it has now been included in conventional medical treatment, majorly because many diseases are now associated with eating habits. A patient who has been diagnosed and found to be diabetic is usually referred to a clinical nutritionist. Who seeks to understand the patient’s lifestyle, fa