ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction War has always been a defining characteristic of human civilization. Since historical times, people have waged war against each other for various reasons. Before the First World War of 1914 to 1918, armed confrontations between nations were carried out in restricted manners and primarily against military targets. However, the First World War led to the emergence of a new kind of war. The two main sides in the confrontation carried out attacks with an aim of defeating the belligerent at whatever cost. The paper will demonstrate that the First World War was a total war since it bore most the hallmark characteristics of the total war including unlimited warfare, prioritization of armament efforts, involvement of the civilian population, and the widening control of the economy by the government. The Concept of Total War The concept of total war emerged in the years following the end of the devastating First World War. By definition, the total war is an engagement where each nation’s social and economic resources are impressed into the war efforts. During this war, all available national resources are mobilized and fully exploited to the single end of military success. Whole nations became integrated fighting units with military personnel taking over aspects of production in some countries. Another defining characteristic of total war is that it leads to the blurring of distinction between civilians and soldiers.
In the article, the author shares thoughts about her experience of being a Muslim in America. She recollects how she became the co-founder of the #mipsterz (Muslim hipsters) and the path she had to take before directing the video – “Somewhere in America.” According to the author, she felt uneasy and unconfident as the video became increasingly watched and trending because her face grew popular on the Internet. This popularity was connected to the ambivalent reactions of people in America as well as across the seas – the combination of support and admiration with harsh criticism and narrowness. The main idea of the video was to demonstrate that even though people choose to maintain their religious identity (wear hijabs ), it does not mean that they cannot be involved and succeed in mainstream activities, whether they are traditional American activities (for instance, soccer) or leisure (skateboarding, science or sports). In addition, the author recollects the life she, as well as all members of the American Muslim community, had after the terrorist attacks of September 11th – Islamophobia and non-acceptance by the majority. Because the video showed that American Islam is not associated with terrorism, it was supported by the majority of the community members, although the overall reaction to it was ambiguous. The main reason behind the support of the video is that it showed how American Muslims lived – regardless of excessive Islamophobic intentions, they led normal lives with interests, hobbies, and achievements. All in all, it was an accurate representation of the Muslim community – a minority in modern America that is commonly either underrepresented or misrepresented (Shaikley, 2014). That being said, regardless of the narrow focus on the life of Muslim women in America, the article is more than just a mere description of the author’s story and the video created by her. Instead, it is a comprehensive piece of writing addressing different groups of the modern community that aims at promoting social justice and equality. Based on everything that was mentioned above, there are several main arguments that are visible throughout the article. To begin with, religion does not determine who people are. Even though it predetermines acceptable patterns of thinking and worldview, it still does not make a person someone who they really are not. In addition, religion is a subject of severe stereotyping: just because one wears a hijab, others perceive them as either terrorist or possessing a particular set of characteristics, such as voicelessness, submissiveness, violent oppression, naïve desexualization, and lacking agency (Shaikley, 2014). All in all, just because someone is different on the outside (in particular, wears hijab and avoid excessively revealing clothes), they are believed to be somehow different on the inside – without the ability to have interests and achievements similar to those
Cancer has become one of the major concerns of the modern world. Statistics show that “in 2016, an estimated 1,685,210 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the United States and 595,690 people will die from the disease” ( Cancer Statistics , n.d., para. 1). The scale of the challenge is so significant that the numerous practices and medicines created to treat cancer and protect a patient could be taken as the logic result of the development of the problem. Besides, breast cancer is one of the most common forms of the illness ( Cancer Statistics , n.d). Mostly, it threatens the life of women and results in the significant deterioration of the health of the nation. For this reason, there are numerous practices used to treat patients suffering from the disease and guarantee them a productive life. Mastectomy also belongs to these practices. It implies the partial or complete removal of one or two breasts to delete the tumor and guarantee a patient’s recovery. However, it could also be used as the preventive measure for people with the high risk of breast cancer. Nowadays, mastectomy remains the most efficient local therapy used to prevent the further development of the disease and promote a patient’s recovery ( Cancer Statistics , n.d). Therefore, there are numerous concerns related to the issue. These are the ethical side of the practice, pharmacological therapy to support a patient, nursing care, etc. According to the latest surveys, on 1,216,820 women with primary breast cancer, 35.5% had mastectomy while the rest of respondents preferred breast conservation surgery (Davenport, 2014). However, it is vital to admit the tendency towards the increase of the number of patients preferring to undergo mastectomy to get rid of the disease and guarantee the complete recovery. The general number of people preferring mastectomy increased from 34,3% to 37,8% (Davenport, 2014). Surprisingly, younger women prefer to choose the practice regardless of the tumor size while the older ones consider the recommendation of their therapists related to the tumor (Satinder & Hemant, 2015). The increase of the number of people undergoing mastectomy could also be explained by th
Historical analysis Two cosmetic industry players; Frank Toskan, a makeup artist and Frank Angelo, a professional photographer started MAC in 1984. They made their products for professional make up artists who would apply them on photo shoot models or studio actors and actresses. Therefore, the initial client base consisted of members from the entertainment industry. Through celebrity endorsements, the line grew rapidly and became a product for the high fashion industry. The two founders used and expanded their business networks to grow their product lines. Many consumers appreciated the longevity and quality of their products. Because of this, MAC enjoyed more celebrity endorsements; artists, such as Pamela Anderson and Debbie Harry, promoted their products in the late 1980s. In the subsequent decade, 1991, the company formally entered the US market by opening its first New York store. MAC also grew its market by establishing its first European store in Paris, five years later. The company has expanded in a number of other influential countries, including China. MAC collaborated with various department stores in Canada and the US to distribute their products. However, the organization’s main distribution outlet was its retail stores. Currently, one can find their products in Macy’s or Nordstrom. In 1994, the company sold a substantial portion of its products to Estee Lauder. In 1998, the latter firm became the full owner of MAC after both founding entrepreneurs left the business. Estee continued with the original product lines but kept diversifying its range. Now one can find MAC stores in various parts of the world. The firm has a niche among professional make-up artists, even though ordinary consumers are fond of their products, as well (Byron B3). Industry analysis Vertically integrated, multinational organizations currently dominate the US cosmetics industry. Most of them manufacture, distribute and sell their products independently. Acquisition and buy outs are commonplace in this industry. Several of them prefer to create new business lines and streamline their production processes in order to stay ahead. The dominant players control a large market share because they have well established distribution channels. In fact, distribution is one of the biggest barriers to enter in the industry. A lot of government regulations exist for imported cosmetic products, so smaller firms that plan on going international may experience a lot of difficulties in penetrating new markets. The cosmetics industry is highly competitive; therefore, new entrants must be willing to create new product lines in order to stay ahead. The need for frequent product endorsements may also hamper some individuals from doing business in the industry. There is a high degree of rivalry in cosmetics production as evidenced through numerous imitation products. For instance, the natural-product boom started with one organization and spread to other organizations that had to keep up in order to
In the article from the Globe and Mail , the main argument is that Canada, as an ally of the United States and the United Nations (UN) was inclined to support military activity in Korea during the Cold War. However, as noted in the source, Canada had no adequate armed forces to send, including ground and air forces. After reviewing the assistance provided by such countries as Britain, Australia, and others allying with the UN, Canada expressed the desire to help them as well. To summarize the reason for its inability to participate in military activity, the Canadian government declared that a lack of proper planning, or even a complete absence of planning, resulted in failure to equip and train soldiers and sailors. At the same time, the article does point out that Canada had previously sent some naval destroyers to Korea. This action displayed the true intentions of the country’s government and showed that the lack of armed forces was not merely an excuse. However, it is also possible to interpret Canada’s actions as, to some extent supporting its role as a so-called middle power, in which it tried to act as a peaceful country and end the war in Korea with minimal intervention and the fewest possible causalities. This interpretation seems to fit the available evidence, as Canada had previously expressed its peacekeeping ideals. The second reading presents the views of James G. Endicott, a Canadian clergyman, socialist, and missionary activist. His argument is that the path of peace, through the use of negotiation and debate rather than war, is the most appropriate and effective way to resolve conflicts. Endicott emphasized that war between the Soviet Union and the Western powers is likely to be inevitable due to ideological tension between them. As for the war in Korea, the clergyman noted that no Canadians were afraid that the distant country would attack them or cause them any direct harm. However, if the government followed the US and the UN, it might send soldiers to Korea or China to suppress the local population, who were struggling to change the existing order in a legitimate manner. The author also emphasized the act recently approved by the UN about a peaceful resolution of conflicts, thus showing that the organization was not complying with its stated mission and ideals. More to the point, Endicott asserted that the Government pushed people to blindly follow its intentions. It is evident, he states, that some powerful groups were pursuing engagement in war and encouraging others to do so for the sake of their own profit. Comparing the two readings, it is safe to assume that the one by Endicott seems to be more convincing and to make more sense. The author clearly highlights the mission of the UN and then shows that the organization failed to comply with it. Another strong point of his argument is that he focuses on Canadians and the country’s affairs rather than mere assistance to allies. Endicott clearly understands that neither Korea nor China presented a threat to Canada and therefore argues that there is no need to participate in or promote war, while it is possible to apply peac
Introduction The contemporary world has been associated with an advanced technology which has greatly boosted efficiency and effectiveness across all sectors ranging from business, engineering to the medical field. The concept of cloning is among the most recent human discoveries that have greatly transformed societies. The invention has been associated with many benefits such as the ability to supplement natural organs with those generated those cloning. For instance, cloning has enabled generation of organs which has created an alternative organs supply which those organs that are delivered from donors during the organ transplant instances. Organs generated through cloning have been noted to be very effective as they are not known to experience any rejections since they share the same gene with the body system. Background Study Animal cloning has experienced a considerable success in the past few years. The first successful animal cloning was realized in 1997 when the Dolly sheep was successfully cloned. Since then, animal cloning has greatly improved as noted by the ability of scientists to regenerate pigs, rabbits, goats among other animals. Despite, the great success in animal cloning, human cloning has remained a great problem to many scientists. The recent success of a Korean scientist to generate stem cells from cloned human embryos is a great step for the success of human cloning. In spite of the presence of a very advanced technology in animal cloning, the process has been associated with many failures with a success rate of one or three in a hundred experiments. Human cloning on the other hand refers to the process of creation of genetically copy of a human. There are generally three diverse processes of cloning which include Embryonic cloning, adult DNA cloning and the therapeutic cloning. Embryo cloning is also regarded as artificial twinning. This process involves removing one or more cells from an embryo and enabling the cell to develop on separately having the same DNA as the original embryo. This type of cloning has
Introduction High jump is one of the numerous track and field events that have been growing in popularity over the past decades. The sport’s history can be traced back to the early years of the 19th century in Scotland (World Athletics n.d). It was first incorporated into modern sports as an event in the Olympic Games in 1986. High jump is one of the games that has undergone numerous evolutions since its inception as a competitive sport. In ancient times, jumpers used either a scissors technique or a straight-on approach to get over the bar. Techniques changed in the 20th century with the participation of athletes such as Michael Sweeney, George Horine, and Cornelius Jonson. Examples of accomplished jumpers include Dwight Stones, Ni-chi Chin, Gerd Wessig, Sara Simeoni, Dietmar Mogenburg, and Patrik Sjoberg. Countries that participate in the sport include Japan, China, Sri Lanka, India, Ukraine, Canada, United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, and Kazakhstan. Several techniques have been used in the sport by athletes, including the Straddle, the Eastern Cutoff, and the Western Roll. The Fosbury flop gained fame when the management of the spo
Pomegranate is a fruit crop belonging to the order Myrtales and the genus Punica . There are two species of pomegranate, the Punica granatum , and Punica protopunica . P. granatum originates from Yemen (Socotra Island) and is believed to be crucial in the ancestry of the present cultivated form of pomegranate. On the other hand, there has been controversy revolving around the family to which P. granatum L. belongs. Early morphological studies suggest that the species should be classified under the Lythraceae family; nevertheless, its distinct features, including the presence of pulpy seeds with edible sarcotesta, fruits with lethargy pericarp, the unicellular archesporium, and ovules with multilayers of the outer integument, indicate that P. granatum L. differs from typical plants found within the genera. As a result, it was categorized under a different family, Punicaceae . The word “punica” dates back to the 18th century and was given by C. Laneus. In Leighman terms, P. granatum L. is often referred to as the “seeded apple” or “granular apple”. Pomegranate has been a popular fruit crop since the 18th century due to its ability to withstand drought conditions, therefore, cultivated in arid areas. The peroxidation of lipids entails three steps which consist of initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation phase is triggered by the reaction of an activated oxygen species with a lipid substrate (allylic hydrogen), forming a carbon-
In Vitel’s Company, women make up more than half of the customers. Unfortunately, the company is at risk of losing some of them as customers. The company’s management team needs a strategy to save the company from detaching from its customers. The service manager, therefore, came up with a plan to curb the problem. The procedure entails special services targeted at women, including services such as one-on-one instruction of doing it yourself skills and free in-home consultations. The services will help maintain loyal women customers for the good of the company. The company will also offer free in-home consultations to enable the customer to visualize what is possible and design and determine a personalized solution for their home. The in-home consultation assists in developing a solution. The service manager presented the plan to the management team, but one of the executives opposed the program, most of the groups supported him. The executive gives three points why the management should not carry out the plan. If the program is implemented, customers will build their hopes for more unique services and demand free flooring and carpeting. The service manager disagrees with the executive, saying that there is a backup plan if this happens. The backup plan consists of three steps that deal with the demanding customers (Cavalieri 2023). The first step is to understand the customer’s problem and remain calm since the customer may not understand the impact their request may have on the company (Cavalieri 2099). Understanding the customer’s problem will increase the company’s sales. The second step is explaining the situation to the customer in a way that they will appreciate. It gives a clear understanding of the situation and the customer feels appreciated. Step three is where the problem is resolved by finding a win-win situation, make a “one-time-only” offer or refuse politely. Giving a customer an offer they cannot refuse will make them think the problem is solved. The three steps will greatly assist the company with the demanding customers. The manager should be customer-centric in order to satisfy the customer’s expectations entirely (Cavalieri 2112). Customer satisfaction is the most important aspect in every organization. The executive also argues that the more members of the management team oppose the idea, the more it makes it a bad idea. However, members can try to reconsider their decision and support the idea. It is advisable to give the new strategy a chance and see its impacts first hand. When the results of the program come out negative that is when the management should declare the plan misleading and should be expelled. Furthermore, the administration should apply the program since it is the only option (Fountaine 67). One cannot completely know if a plan works until members give it a chance. The executive also points out that the competitors applied the customer service plan specifically for women, but the plan failed. He explains that if the project failed for the competitor, then chances are it may also fail in t
Introduction: Skechers’ Shape Up and its Current Rates Promoting sportswear is not an easy task; even though sport has become an integral part of many people, a great chunk of the population still considers sport as something to be taken professionally. Therefore, promoting sportswear is quite a complicated task; however, with a careful marketing plan that involves the analysis of the related factors, one can possibly come up with a marketing solution for such a brand as Skechers’ Shape Up (Skechers, 2012). Customers’ Age and the Existing Marketing Opportunities When considering the target audience among which Shape Up is bound to enjoy the highest popularity, one should sort the potential customers according to their age. The given solution seems most reasonable, since it would be reasonable to suggest that the younger people are, the more actively they take up sports. However, according to the existing evidence, sport has recently become more popular among people over 50, which is also to be remembered for developing a marketing campaign. Age and the Related Issues: The Appropriate Ways of Shaping up Even though age is of great importance for making the list of possible customers, it should be also mentioned that personal characteristics also play great role in shaping people’s attitude towards sport and sportswear. When defining the best ways to promote such sportswear as Shape Up to different target audience, not only age, but also possible social and personal issues must be recognized. Lifestyle traits and the customers’ age: it is hard to keep fit When splitting the customers into age groups, one might consider lifestyle traits as a noteworthy issue. While some people may be inactive by the time when they reach their thirties because of their lifestyle, others, who prefer more active way of life, remain physically active till they are in their late 60ies (Finch, 1997). Shaping up and demographics: sports and the city Demographics is another important issue to consider. As for the chosen city, its population rates are rather low (21,177 people). Studies show that in the areas with low density of population, people are more apt to taking up sports (Arditti, 2012). Therefore, the age statistics should be related to the demographics when promoting Shade Up . Concerning the specifics of personality The last, but definitely not the least, personality plays a great role in people’s attitude towards sports. Unfortunately, it seems hardly possible to find a way to split the customers into groups according to their personality types. However, it is possible to adapt the future marketing strategy to suit all four personality types. For example, it will be a good idea to come up with four different legends behind the brad for four different personality types (melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic ones). Conclusion: There Is Still a Long Way to Go Therefore, it is clear that, to promote Skechers’ Shape Up in the given area, it is necessary to take careful account of the cust