ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Common Sense as written by Thomas Paine was initially published in 1776 during the time of the American Revolution. It was a pamphlet that provided the colonists in America with arguments to get independence from the rule and occupation of the British. It is well-known that Common Sense reached out to hundreds of thousands of people who were desperate to get independence and inspired them into a fight for their liberty. At a time when a lot of uncertainty prevailed after the war, Paine won over the American people with his simple words which served as motive power for people to get confident about what they wanted. He made them realize that rulers were in fact the representatives of the people and that the Monarchy of the British government had no basis to rule over them. The pamphlet was aimed at convincing people that they should not be ruled by a King who was born to rule rather than has been chosen by people to govern for them, in other words, the fact that the British Monarch had inherited his right to be a king, did not mean that he could govern for the people of America. Common Sense did not simply try to convince people that they had to fight for their independence. Its aim was to demonstrate the incompetence of the government. Paine himself kept to the point that government might be a necessary evil, but it had to work in the best interests of people taking care of their welfare and expectations. The pamphlet made people suddenly realize that they deserved proper representation. By his work, Paine inspired a vast majority of Americans, and not only men but women (for instance, Abigail Williams) whose most utmost desire was getting independence from their husbands. At the time when the pamphlet was released, independence was much desired and Paine reached out to a large number of people at an appropriate time defending independence from the British. Moreover, the pamphlet made people realize the importance of American independence, which marked the beginning of a radical movement. Apart from working on Common Sense, Paine is known for having a number of occupations in Britain before his coming to America in 1774. Firstly, he worked as a supernumerary officer at Thetford from 1761 to 1762. After that, he got a position of an excise officer in 1762 in Lincolnshire, and in August 1765, he was fired from this position for committing alleged discrepancies. Until he was reinstated to the position of an excise officer, he worked for some time as a stay maker in Norfolk and then as a servant for some nobility. Paine was a minister of the Church of England until 1767 after which he got work as a school teacher in London. From February 1768, he worked with Lewis in East Sussex where he developed an interest in civic matters and was introduced to members of the elite intellectual society called Society of Twelve which indulged in discussions of town politics. Paine actively associated with the church group Vestry that made collections to be distributed amongst the poor. During the years 1772 and 1773, he was occupied in working with excise officers who demanded the parliament to improve their w
Risk-taking behavior in adolescents is a significant bother for the US healthcare system, as it negatively affects the health and well-being of the population. According to Edelman et al. (2014), automobile and other accidents, violence, drug and alcohol use, and sexual risk-taking are the most frequent negative behaviors among adolescents. Even though some risk-taking behaviors, such as driving under the influence of alcohol and having unprotected sex, have decreased, it still remains a significant problem (Edelman et al., 2014). On the physical level, risk-taking increases among adolescents as a result of changes in the brain’s socio-emotional system, which makes adolescents more reward-seeking, especially in front of their peers (Edelman et al., 2014). Thus, nurses need to make special considerations about health promotion for this age group. Stress is one of the factors that affect risk-taking behaviors. According to Edelman et al. (2014), stress may lead to significant psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, hostility, and anger. Additionally, stress causes a sense of disconnection from life’s meaning (Edelman et al., 2014). As for the social consequences of stress, it can cause over-eating, excessive use of alcohol or drugs, and smoking (Edelman et al., 2014). American Psychological Association (APA, 2020) reports that the pandemic caused increased stress among adolescents and older adults due to increased uncertainty. In particular, the average stress level has risen from 5.6 to 6.1 between 2018 and 2020, as the pandemic disrupted the plans of Generation Z concerning their carrier and education (APA, 2020). Thus, it is clear that the prevalence of risk-taking behaviors among adolescents is expected to be increasing during the pandemic. Therefore, it is crucial that nurses are equipped with reliable strategies to reduce stress and risk-taking behaviors among adolescents
United Arab Emirates Law and International Law The United Arab Emirates is a state which has a rather complex legal system that is not always in complete agreement with international conventions and acts to which UAE is a party. In this paper, we will discuss how the conflicts between international and domestic legal acts are handled in UAE. It is important to understand the general structure of the domestic legal system of the United Arab Emirates before talking about its relationship to the international legal conventions. The legal system of the UAE comprises both Sharia and laws of the European type; the latter refers to the French-like legal system consisting of codes, and not the British common law system. The structure of the legal system is described as complex; the Islamic law and civil laws (and the respective courts) function simultaneously but cover different legal areas (Khedr 2.1). The domestic laws of the UAE may overlap with, and sometimes partially contradict, the international legal codes and conventions to which the UAE is a party. In cases of such overlaps and contradictions, the international laws and agreements usually take legal priority over the domestic ones, but this largely remains an unwritten principle (Briggs 107; Luttrell 156). For instance, even the Constitution of the United Arab Emirates does not contain specific rulings about this issue (Briggs 107). On the other hand, some codes may include concrete directions regarding the issue; for instance, the Article 22 of the United Arab Emirates Civil Code of 1985 explains that the Code’s directions do not override contradicting directions of international conventions which are currently in force in the UAE (qtd. in Briggs 107). And yet, because most other codes and legal documents do not contain specific instructions regarding this issue, Emirati courts may occasionally make decisions based on the domestic law rather than on the international regulations and agreements. It is also interesting that in the UAE there are some domestic legal codes that run counter to some international conventions, but that were adopted at the time when these international conventions were already accepted by the state. For instance, the UAE Commercial Transactions Law (CTL) was adopted in 1993, and this law contains some contradictions to the Warsaw Convention of 1929 (as amended) despite the fact that the Convention was an accepted international statute in the UAE at the time of the adoption of CTL. Even though CTL states that it must be used without prejudice to any accepted international conventions, there have been some court decisions according to which the provisions of CTL should override the Warsaw Convention (Briggs 108). Therefore, it is evident that the absence of a law which unequivocally establishes the priority of the international conventions over
Introduction The retail industry has been one of the globally competitive industries among other industries. Despite that the retail industry is primarily associated with the small of goods in small quantities to the final consumers, large companies and business entities have taken up the race into the industry. This phenomenon has been highly witnessed in developed and developing economies like the US, China, Brazil and UK, whereby the retail industry is overwhelmed by large companies. This phenomenon is associated with the lucrative nature of the industry as compared to other business ventures. The retail health care management has been the most distinctive in the global market whereby it offers diverse opportunities. A point worth of consideration is that the levels of competition in the industry have magnified over the last couple of decades. This has forced the operating businesses to adopt the most competitive strategies. For instance, global marketing strategy has been one of the mostly adopted strategies in the retail business. The case of CVS Caremark has been of great importance as far as the health care retail industry is concerned. In this case, CVS Caremark has been a leading player in the retail health care management industry is concerned, whereby it has demonstrated commendable competency. The marketing strategy of the company has also been efficient thus enhancing its competitiveness in global markets. The operations of CVS Caremark in the retail industry are very explicit. In this case, CVS Caremark operates a chain of retail pharmaceutical shops in varied formats in different markets including the US. The products and services dealt with by this company are vividly retail in nature in the sense that the company focuses on the final consumers (GICS, 2011). Basically the company deals with pharmaceutical products which are aimed at boosting the health of the community. This is a clear demonstration that CVS Caremark is operating in the retail industry. The success of the company has been clearly demonstrated by its rapid growth and expansion in the US markets (CVS CAREMARK, 2011). The success and competitiveness of CVS Caremark is closely influenced by its strong mission and vision statements. The company’s mission statement is a vital tool in driving the operational and marketing forces within the company. The brands as well as the industry in which the company operates are adequately incorporated into the mission statement. This has played a vital role in enhancing the competitiveness of the company. CVS Caremark has a very admirable mission statement which reads as; “We provide expert care and innovative solutions in pharmacy and health care that are effective and easy for our customer
Abstract The paper looks into the stakeholders and the reasons behind the trend of adopting green operations. It also examines the limits of environmental management in business. The study revealed that people get into green business practices for cost savings, to build innovative cultures, increase shareholder value, attract and maintain customers and to enhance employee retention or satisfaction. Some businesses have chosen not to pursue solid environmental strategies, and have selected for green washing. However, this dishonest approach could harm them in the long and short run. It was also found that green strategies will become more imperative for businesses in the future. Firms will become more proactive and governments more carefully observant. Introduction Environmental sustainability has gradually entered the ordinary business environment. Organisations are finding new and creating ways of going green. Furthermore, a number of them now know that the there is a business case for environmental management. All organisations have certain responsibilities due to the fact that they have many stakeholders which have an interest in their operations. Even the most basic organisation will have more than just the owner as a stakeholder. The larger the organisation, the greater the number of stakeholders that it has, the more complex will be the decision-making process (Huff, 1982), This is due to the fact that decisions need to bear in mind various influences and pressures affecting many stakeholders ( Gioia & Chittipeddi, 1991). These issues become more complex because some stakeholders may have different demands and expectations from the organisation. As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, the demands of stakeholders are more emphasised on ensuring environmental sustainability (Orlitzky, Siege & Waldman, 2011). Purpose The purpose of the study is to determine who are stakeholders and what is their reaction to environmental sustainability and why many businesses are going green. It essential to determine the motives and goals behind the strategy in order establish whether this is a reasonable approach. Additionally the report will clarify the wrong and right approaches to environmental management through an analysis of its effects. Scope With reference to the above purpose, the scope of the report will be around the stakeholders as well as the reasons behind managerial consideration of stakeholders’ views, the monetary and non monetary incentives for going green, and the effects of green was
Climate change is a topic that causes vibrant discussion in the international arena. This concept can be defined as a rise in the Earth’s temperature due to anthropogenic activity, resulting in alteration of usual weather in various parts of the planet (What Climate Change Means for Oklahoma 1). The primary causative factor of global warming is the substantial increase in carbon dioxide production by humans. During the last century, Oklahoma experienced a significant negative impact of climate change because the state’s soil became drier, and the number of rains rose (What Climate Change Means for Oklahoma 2). Hot summers and infertile lands may damage Oklahoma’s agriculture, causing food scarcity and high costs for consumers, like my family, but this harm can be minimized if we plant trees and reduce car travel. Global warming led to the poor condition of agricultural lands in Oklahoma. Indeed, increased rainfalls and high temperatures resulted in heavy evaporation from the soil, making it drier (Climate Change in Oklahoma 1). If this situation persists, land productivity on cattle ranches and farms will drop significantly. Therefore, the cost of various products may rise, affecting many low- and middle-income families. Since I am still in college, our family’s only source of income is provided by my father; hence, the price increase will damage our budget. Although our financial situation will not be the same in several decades, high air humidity can harm my health, exacerbating the asthma symptoms. People can introduce simple changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, our family can reduce car travel and walk if the distance is short. Furthermore, we can plant more trees in our neighborhood during weekends to diminish the negative influence of carbon dioxide production. Similarly, other people living in Oklahoma can engage in these practices to slow the progression of climate change. In summary, global warming caused a substantial alteration to Oklahoma’s climate, resulting in more rains but dry soil. Climate change can negatively affect the agricultural sector in the next several decades. Moreover, it may affect our family’s budget and exacerbate my asthma symptoms. However, this issue can be mitigated if people in Oklahoma will introduce some simple routines, like walking instead of driving and planting trees. Notably, all families should engage in these practices to maximize impact. Works Cited “Climate Change in Oklahoma.” SCIPP , 2013, Web. “What Climate Change Means for Oklahoma.” United States Environmental Protection Agency , Web.
There is a great number of hard-boiled detective fiction exists in American literature, but there is a novel that is being beyond that of many others. It is Red Harvest by Dashiell Hammett, whose outstanding style of writing was described as “the simple art of murder” in Raymond Chandler’s critique essay. It is really considered now as one of the masterpieces of crime fiction literature (Wagner, 3). Red Harvest was the first detective story written by Hammett and the first crime fiction that created a new sub-genre in a crime fiction literature. Now many critics call it a literary landmark. The way Dashiell wrote his crime novel was absolutely different from the way other writers did: Hammet was one of the most influential writers of hard-boiled crime fiction. This particular sub-genre is seen as an American counterpart of the British crime fiction that rather concerned itself with upper-class murders in a somehow artificial world. Here we have descriptions of a rough American urban setting, with characters talking like they would talk in reality (Wagner, 4). Hammett’s contribution to the formation of crime fiction is invaluable. He was the creator of his own hard-boiled style in the world of detective stories. There are many reasons why his style appeared; social and historical issues are some of t
Introduction A lot of research was done to come up with the Artificial Intelligence article for non experts. Artificial Intelligence is by all means one of the disciplines whose context is quite difficult to fathom especially if you are not an expert. The purpose of this report is to inform you of how much work I have completed towards the production of the article, as well as how much work remains to be done to help people fully appreciate the role of Artificial Intelligence in post modern development. Work Completed “Article for Non Experts: Artificial Intelligence” The article follows an outline which helps in developing appropriate context suitable for conveying the intended message. The outline is also intended to help the reader get back to track in case he or she gets confused by detailed discussions within the main document. The sidebar implicitly explains to the reader the relevance of conducting research in the field of Artificial Intelligence by quoting John smith. Basically, the sidebar arouses curiosity among readers by giving them a reason as to why they should be very much concerned with what transpires in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The sideline compliments the sidebar by giving precise information to the reader on other available articles that are related to the current article and how they can be obtained. This also helps the readers identify with a reliable source of information related to Artificial Intelligence. This is followed by an introduction to the article that explains what Artificial Intelligence is and what it is not. The article thesis describes an Artificially Intelligent Machine as that which is capable of learning from experience as well as be able to be taught. The history of Artificial Intelligence is given in a religious perspective to capture the sidebars notion that the creature described in holy books could actually be an Artificially Intelligent machine. This helps in retaining the reader’s curiosity apart from explaining the possibility of both positive and negative aspects of Artificial Intelligence. The reader is to independently determine what aspect outweighs the other as the article does not do this. Work Scheduled “Article for Non Experts: Artificial Intelligence” The current article gives the outcome of thorough research conducted on the history of artificial intelligence. Evolution stages of the discipline are discussed. The challenges encountered and successes achieved have been discussed. The article ends by giving the current status of Artificial Intelligence by reflecting on a real life case study. The case study shows that the crucial stage of attaining the goal of Artificial Intelligence that is capable of altering human destiny is no longer a pipe dream but a reality. This is so since machines that can learn from experience and that can be taught are being built under a project commissioned by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).The next article should focus on ex
A manager needs to use different criteria when making decisions that have an impact on his firm’s operations. A manager needs to identify the specific problem that exists in the firm which needs to be solved. After identifying the problem, a manager needs to brainstorm with other members of the organisation to come up with probable solutions. A consultative process makes all participants in the firm have more confidence in the manager’s leadership (DuBrin, 2003, p. 65). A manager needs to look at benefits and problems of every proposed solution before settling on the most appropriate one. A manager needs to understand all benefits and risks likely to be experienced by his organisation after the decision has been implemented. An effective manager needs to understand the industry his firm operates in to ensure he makes appropriate decisions that advance its interests. He needs to take note of different issues in the industry to find out how they impact on his firm’s operations. Jones and George (2006) reveal that a manager needs to rely on accurate information to expand his knowledge on various matters in the market (p. 87). A manager needs to study both short term and long term trends in the industry to understand how they are likely to impact on his firm’s performance. It is vital for a manager to understand his firm’s vision to ensure that he makes appropriate decisions that help it achieve its objectives in the industry. He needs to allow other stakeholders in his firm to participate in making crucial decisions that enable his firm to make positive progress in the industry. The assumption by an automobile manufacturer stating that the demand for SUV’s will continue to rise due to an increase in fuel prices is not backed up by accurate statistics. The manufacturer needs to do a lot of market research to validate this assumption, before its managers make any decisions regarding this issue. A leader should not use assumptions that have not been verified through elaborate marketing research to make choices that impact greatly on a firm’s operations. He needs to use statistics gathered from different consumers to understand the best course of action his firm needs to pursue in the market. Pastinen (2010) reveals that managers need to develop effective systems that help them coordinate all activities their firms are involved in (p. 59). These systems will help a firm understand financial as well as strategic implications of choices it makes in different markets. Therefore, the SUV manufacturer needs to assess all risks it is likely to experience before it decides to manufacture more vehicles. An airline that makes an assumption that some travellers are willing to travel without additional amenities should conduct more market studies. However, the airline’s managers need to take time to find out if there are any major changes in the industry before making a drastic decision. Managers need to compare services offered by other airlines to get more evidence that shows this assumption is credible and likely to benefit