ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction World religions make use of the scripture to justify their actions, which are ultimately deployed in the context of war and peace (Almond 45). It is arguably evident that scriptural passages have been quoted as the guiding principles for the engagement in warfare and the establishment of peace. This implies that scriptural knowledge is vital when analyzing the religious values on war and peace, especially in societies whereby religion is used as a motivation and justification of war and peace (Daryl 85). This paper bases on comparative religious studies in order to have a comprehensive overview of the justifications for war and peace basing on the religious scriptures. The fundamental argument that forms the basis of the paper is that all religions in the world have within themselves the seeds that can be result to the establishment of either war or peace. It is also vital to take into account the viewpoint that factors that determine peace and war in the world religions are based on the divine commandments, teachings attained from the scriptures and the divine interpretations of the scriptures by the believers (Gopin 100). Basing on the scriptural comparisons of the various world religions, this paper discusses their respective religious views with regard to the elements of war and peace. A consensus among all the world religions in relation to war and peace is the opposition to use of force that is deemed lethal or killing. There are exceptional cases where killing and the use of force is justified, but only under particular circumstances (Hertog 74). A comparative review of the scriptures of the various world religions reveals that there is a fundamental rule against killing although there is a variation relating to the strength of the applicability of t
Introduction Civil defense, or civil protection, represents an effort of protecting state citizens from natural disasters and military attacks. Protective efforts are based on the fundamental principles of emergency operation that include risk prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, evacuation, and recovery. At large civil gatherings, protecting people is especially important because of their high concentration in one area, and any disruptions to safety can lead to significant health risks. In preparation for World Cup 2022 in Qatar, civil protection efforts play an essential role because they are the key to preventing risk factors that could lead to adverse circumstances for the population. The current report will focus on providing recommendations for civil defense planning for Qatar’s World Cup in 2022. Current Efforts of World Cup Preparation When preparing for securing the World Cup events, the Security Committee of the Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy (SC) completed a program that trained security leaders for the World Cup 2022 (“SC Trains Security Leaders for Qatar World Cup 2022”). The course lasted over 15 weeks and included 100 officers who would implement direct civil protection efforts at the event. Brigadier Ibrahim Khalil al-Mohannadi, who is the dead of the Advisory United at the Security Committee, underlined the importance of the training program in refining officers’ skills as well as ensuring that sports facilities are prepared for the events that would occur during the Cup. The preparation program was targeted at providing Qatari officers with skills and knowledge of securing World Cup facilities that would hold matches. It is also important to note that officers were selected by strict standards and were prepared with the help of the latest FIFA methods and requirements of security. Hiring the most effective and skilled personnel is crucial because it would define the key features of the event and characterize the main factors describing the population involved. Any training programs that would be held in preparation for the World Cup should use cadres of the highest standard, which are “efficient and in conformity with international standards and guidelines of human rights” (“SC Trains Security Leaders for Qatar World Cup 2022”). Future SC programs should include practical training in ensuring security at sports events. The training course that finished in 2018 is a bronze-level program, which means that there will be next steps targeted at increasing leaders’ responsibilities at different World Cup security levels. The program was designed to have several stages and will last until 2022 to include practical training for attending international sports events. At the core of the practice is the cooperation between security players and supporting bodies to confirm the dedication of Qatar to ensuring the civil protection of their citizens. Besides, there is the need to establish a cohesive strategy in the systematic management and planning of significant events through harnessing both human an
Discussion In this paper I argue that thoughts and feelings have different distinctive properties such as size, shape, color, and so on. My argument is in agreement with the writings of Rene Descartes on the mind-body relations. I do believe that systematic consideration of Descartes views reveals that he holds a qualified view about our thoughts of bodily shapes, sizes, location, and motions; and feelings or sensations of color, pain, taste, and so on as aspects of the mind (Heil, 1992). My reasons for believing in Descartes views are: one, when he talks of our ability to understand such qualities clearly or distinctly, he has mind qualities understood abstractly, as opposed to the specific, fully determinate qualities of actual bodies around us. Although it may be stimulated by sense, such apprehension is intellectual; two, insofar Descartes does acknowledge that we are able to apprehend reliably the size, position, shape, motion, and distance of actual bodies, he insists that we do not do so strictly by sense (Lawrence, 2002). Descartes Mind-Body Relation Theory (Cartesian Dualism) Rene Descartes advocated for the theory of the mind-body relation otherwise known as Cartesian dualism. Descartes maintains that individuals are composed of two distinct substances: one immaterial that is, the mind, spirit or soul; and the other material that is brains or bodies (Lawrence, 2002). Much of Descartes reasoning behind this conclusion stems from the fact that mind and body seem to have altogether different properties; reasoning I agree with entirely. Material substances can be characterized in terms of their specific size, shape, and location. However, immaterial substances cannot be characterized. Instead, the state of immaterial substances or the mind must be described in a very different way, in terms of thought, emotion, will, and others. While the minds of individuals can be located in time, they cannot be located in space. They have no size, shape, color or any extended property (Descartes et al., 1988). The Attributes of the Mind Throughout his contributions, Descartes differentiates sensations of color, taste, and others with size, shape, and motion ideas. He thought of color, taste, pain and so on as merely confused ideas, which fail to compare any quality existing in physical reality. According to him, these properties must be attributed to sense. For instance, Descartes in the principles of philosophy says of color: “when we think we perceive colors in objects although we might not know what this might be, that we call by the name of color, and we cannot understand any similarity between the color which we suppose to be in objects and what we experience to be in feel, yet, because we do not notice
This paper focuses on fluoride-containing varnishes regarding the history of their development and application in dentistry. Specifically, the paper focuses on the use of this form of varnish in a process meant to improve shortcomings of existing topical fluoride vehicles and consequently prevent or reduce the occurrence of dental caries (Beltrán-Aguilar, Lockwood, & Goldstein, 589). The paper outlines the clinical use of this type of fluoride vehicle, its cariostatic mechanism, efficacy, safety, and toxicity. The article was chosen as it is quite relevant to the field of dentistry and provides a deeper understanding of fluoride varnishes and how they work to prevent dental caries. The authors undertake a detailed literature review that examines several aspects relating to the use of fluoride varnishes in clinical environments. This literature is all peer-reviewed and drawn from notable journals, hence the information contained therein is credible. The paper outlines several clinical trials aimed at determining the efficacy of fluoride varnishes and their findings. Generally, fluoride varnishes have been found to reduce caries by between 18 and 77 percent. The authors make a good effort to increase the level of evidence, that is, almost all observations, statistics, and findings mentioned in the paper are drawn from actual experiments that were carried out. The main population group affected by the findings of the study is children as evidenced by the individual clinical trials that the paper draws upon. Most of the studies mentioned in the paper focus on children and this can be justified by the fact that dental caries occurs mainly in childhood during teeth development. The paper outlines the intervention procedure involving clinical trials to determine the effects of fluoride varnishes from fluoride gels. Comparison is done against children who do not use fluoride varnishes. The outcome is an illustration of the benefits of using fluoride varnishes instead of the conventional fluoride gels in dentistry, particularly among children. The strength of the paper lies in its detailed investigation of the efficacy of fluoride varnishes, particularly in comparison with other types of topical fluorides. The authors compare varnishes with other types of topical fluorides including acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and Duraphat. The authors report that fluoride varnishes are better than other fluoride gels since they are more efficient and are less likely than gels to be ingested by young children. The paper also investigates the safety and toxicity of fluoride varnishes, especially in consideration of their high fluoride concentrations which can be as much as 22,600 ppm F – , which becomes toxic when it enters the body. However, they refer to earlier experiments undertaken by Roberts and Longhurst which showed none of the children participati
Introduction Mohammad Abdu was an Islamic jurist who was born in Egypt in 1849. In addition, he was a religious scholar and reformer who contributed greatly to Islam. He is regarded as the founding father of Islamic modernism, which encouraged use of reason in efforts to keep up with the changing world (Sedgwick 19). Abdu was born into a peasant family that could not afford a lavish life. However, his parents hired a private tutor who taught him the basics of Islam such as how to recite the Quran. His contributions to Islam were based on his study of philosophy, logic, and Muslim mysticism at the University of Al-Azhar (Sedgwick 20). One of his instructors at the university (Jamal al-Din al-Afghani) influenced him significantly. Abdu used the influence of al-Afghani to advance his study of politics, Muslim mysticism, and journalism. He advocated for reforms in the Egyptian society through education. He believed that quality religious education was key to good morals in children, which would help them to improve the society (Sedgwick 21). In addition, he believed that scientific knowledge was necessary because it was important for better reasoning abilities. He highly criticized corruption, lavish living, and fallacies. Abdu’s contributions to Islam Abdu’s main contributions to Islam include pioneering the Islamic modernist movement and reinterpreting Islam thought to modern thought. His contribution of developing Islamic modernism was significant in liberalizing the Egyptian education system, transforming Islamic worldview, fusing western and Islamic ideals to form a liberal Islamic society, and restructuring the jurist consult agency (Sedgwick 23). He championed Islamic feminism, which had been disregarded in Islamic teachings and ways of life. He constructed an Islamic model of thought that valued feminism and that distinguished the Islamic view of feminism from the western view of feminism. He pioneered Islamic feminism, and his ideals spread to other Muslim countries around the globe (Sedgwick 24). He advocated for gender equity and maintained that women had equal rights to men. Therefore, he taught that the preferred Islamic ideal for marriage was monogamy because polygamy would not foster justice and equality for all partners in the marriage. Modernity refers to renunciation of old ideals and values in favor of new values and ideals. Islamic modernism refers
Introduction The case discussed in this paper was brought to court by instituted by W. O. Lucy and J. C. Lucy, complainants, against A. H. Zehmer and Ida S. Zehmer, his wife, in this case, the defendants. The claim is about the specific performance of a contract by which it was alleged that the Zehmers had sold to W. O. Lucy a tract of land owned by A. H. Zehmer in Dinwiddie county. This piece of land contained 471.6 acres, more or less, and was known as the Ferguson farm. The sale price was set to $50,000US. J. C. Lucy, the other complainant, is a brother of W. O. Lucy, to whom W. O. Lucy transferred a half interest in his alleged purchase. The contract which enforced the purchase and finalized the transaction was written by A. H. Zehmer and seemed that the parties agreed upon. This agreement was induced by the words written at the end of the document and signed by the defendants, A. H. Zehmer and Ida S. Zehmer. “We hereby agree to sell to W. O. Lucy the Ferguson Farm complete for $50,000.00, title satisfactory to buyer”. Here is the kernel of the case brought to court. During court questioning, A. H. Zehmer admitted that at the time mentioned W. O. Lucy offered him $50,000 cash for the farm, but that he, Zehmer, considered that the offer was not part of a serious business transaction and was just made in jest. With this thought in mind, and with the fact that both he and Lucy had had several drinks, he wrote out “the memorandum” quoted above and induced his wife to sign it. But he also added during the questioning that he did not deliver the memorandum to Lucy, but that Lucy picked it up, read it, put it in his pocket, attempted to offer Zehmer $5 to bind the bargain, which Zehmer refused to accept, and realizing for the first time that Lucy was serious, Zehmer assured him that he had no intention of selling the farm and that the whole matter was a joke. Lucy left the premises insisting that he had purchased the farm. Opinion of the court In a review of the basic facts of what happened, the assignment of error is to this action of the court. Depositions were taken and the decree appealed from was entered holding that the complainants had failed to establish their right to specific performance, and dismissing their bill. On the other hand, Lucy has its own story to declare to the court. He had known the Zehmer’s and their family for around fifteen to twenty years. He had also been familiar with the Ferguson farm for ten years. Seven or eight years ago he had even tried
Introduction The Kenyan economy is making an upward move after an economic basin in 2011 (The World Bank 3). According to recent statistics, the Kenyan economy recorded a 5 percent economic growth in 2012. The country’s economy is stabilizing due to a number of reasons. These include a drop in interest rates, an increase in tourism, and a reduction in inflation. The prudent approach to stabilizing the economy is good news for international trade, especially with the bordering countries (Zepeda 1). In the past decade, Kenya’s imports have recorded a steady increase as opposed to exports. This shows that the balance of trade for the country is not in its favor. To enhance the balance of trade, there is a need to make various changes to the trade barriers. Analysis The initiation of free interregional trade would be a prudent approach in stabilizing the Kenyan economy. To begin with, with a free interregional trade, the Kenyan economy stands to benefit. For instance, Kenya is a country that extensively depends on agriculture as an economic activity. Most Kenyans are involved in agriculture, which is a source of income for many families. However, most of the produce lacks a ready market. This increases the losses incurred by these farmers, especially when dealing with perishable produce. However, with the enhancement of interregional trade, the market for these products will swell. This will give the farmers and people involved in agriculture an opportunity to sell their products over the borders. With a broader and ready market, the farmers and other producers will have an upper hand in making greater progress. As such, there will be a reduction in the losses incurred by the people involved in farming and agriculture. The value of products and services increases when they are transported from one place to another. Apparently, the enhanced transport and infrastructure in Kenya is an encouragement to interregional trade between Kenya and its neighboring countries (Winston and Castellanos 1). As a result, the farmers will feel the importance of free trade, when they garner higher income from their occupation. This will enhance the economy of Kenya, as it will have a greater exchange of products to other countries. As a fact, this will be a relief to the Kenyan economy, as the balance of trade will improve. According to the money exchange markets, the Kenyan shilling is relatively stronger when compared to the neighboring countries. Therefore, this will be an advantage to the Kenyan economy, as the superiority of the shilling will lead to better economic growth. In such instance, the farmers and producers will have a better bargain in the markets, as they will be trading goods at a higher rate when compared to a single market, where the shilling is standard. In addition to this, it is noted that the tax rates on the borders discourage people to indulge in trade. For instance, when taxes are levied on the product, the farmers hav
Introduction After decades of stagnation, the events in the past few years indicate that the economy of Guam is likely to convalesce and augment in the prospective years. In comparison, 2012 recorded impressive growth in the economic growth rate than the preceding years, excluding 2010. In essence, although there are several challenges for Guam’s economy, the future appears promising. One of the major issues concerning Guam’s economy revolves around the labor market. Being a huge tourism destination coupled with an insufficient population, it is compelled to seek foreign labor and bilingual employees. Importing labor comes with various challenges in connection to the acquisition of visas and the lack of employee motivation. In consideration of such imminent problems in Guam, the discussion in this paper will underpin how the country manages its new labor force by examining the relationship amongst the diversity of race, immigration, and employee motivation. Guam’s Economic Overview Guam is located at the westernmost periphery of the United States as well as the initial Pacific island to be invented in the Western globe. The population growth rate is gradual and dwindled when compared to the population between 1990 and 2000, which had grown by an impressive 16.3 percent. By 2000 Guam’s population estimation, the median age was 27.4, a figure lower than that of the U.S., which was at 35.3 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). Guam underwent an extensive era of investment-oriented development from the early 1980s to the 1990s. It is amazing to note that in this era, the private sector played a more significant role in the economy than the public sector. The labor market, as well as output, declined substantially in the late 1990s and have even persisted in the 21 st century (Schumann, 2008). Employment is a key factor of deliberation in Guam. According to the latest statistics from the Department of Labor of Guam of 2011, the level of unemployment is at 13.3 percent, while the total population in the labor market is 61,930. Unfortunately, the latter is a minute decline of the preceding labor market in 2010, which stood at 62,200 people. More disheartening is the fact that the unemployment rate in Guam is twice that of Hawaii and superior to the United States’ rate of joblessness (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). However, in research done by Dr. Maria Claret, a Resident Development Economist at the University of Guam-Pacific Center, the growth changes witnessed in the labor market between 2012 and 2013 are favorable as well as promising. Claret acknowledges that the rate of joblessness in Guam had reduced by 2.37 percent from June 2011 to June 2012. Nonetheless, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ latest reports in employment, although the provision jobs by the public sector, it was insufficient to offset the 3.86 reductions of jobs available in the private sector, which is the driving force in Guam economy (Talma
In the research of Alissa E. Setliff and Mary L. Courage “Background Television and Infants’ Allocation of Their Attention during Toy Play”, the authors address the influence of background television on infants’ environment. The issue of the effect of TV on the distribution of their attention during the play was raised. Those who spend time at background television while playing may have many disadvantages in their later childhood (Chonchaiya, Sirachairat, Vijakkhana, Wilaisakditipakorn, and Pruksananonda, 2015). 88 infants at six months of age took part in the study. Due to such circumstances as somnolence, fussiness, crying, and parents’ interruption material from 28 of them was eliminated. Consequently, the final selection included 60 infants (30 female, 30 male). It is important to note that that the average age of infants during the research was 26 weeks. All participants were Caucasians, mainly middle class, who were enrolled from the information base where the data was provided by parents. 52 of infants returned at the age of 12 months to take part in an additional session. However, five of them were eliminated because of fussiness, crying, and somnolence. The number of participants was 47 (22 female, 25 male) (Setliff & Courage, 2011). The initial analyses did not reveal any differences in primary indicators of attention to toys or to television between those 13 participants who took part only in the first session and those who participated in both. A year later, when infants were two years old, 37 of them took part in additional session (Setliff & Courage, 2011). During this procedure, three of them were eliminated because of equipment errors. 34 participants (19 girls, 15 boys) were examined at an average age of 100 weeks (Pempek, Kirkorian, & Anderson, 2014). Preliminary researches did not show differences between infants who participated in the previous sessions and those who took part in all procedures. Such equipment as analog cameras was used for the research. The first session’s participants were presented with bright-colored toys with movable parts that met age requirements. Infants in the second procedure were given seven toys as well as the same as was provided for six-month old participants. As for the third session, it should be noted that new models of age-appropriate toys were given to infants. According to Setliff and Courage (2011), “the distinction between exposure to television that is ‘‘background’’ and that which is ‘‘foreground’’ is an important one that was first made by Anderson and Evans who defined foreground t