ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People have a right to seek a legal solution when their rights have been violated. Moreover, everyone should be able to access justice. However, this does not mean that the court will grant damages for injuries caused by one’s negligence. Therefore, the ‘compensation culture’ is not exercised in the courts in cases of negligence. This paper aims to critically analyse the concept of the ‘compensation culture’ in the UK in order to find out whether the culture exists, or is just a myth. The paper brings out proof of the non-existence of the ‘compensation culture’ and how the courts in the United Kingdom deal with this concept. There are arguments that the United Kingdom has made compensation and litigation so common that they have become a custom in the society. The paper shows how the constant suits and compensations could affect a society negatively. Several court cases based on the ‘compensation culture’ phenomenon in the UK and how the UK courts have adapted to the ‘compensation culture’ have been employed in the analysis. The paper concludes that there is no sufficient historical proof or legal backing to show that the ‘compensation culture’ exists in the UK; therefore, it can be said to be a misguided theory in society. The culture is only present as a myth among the people, but it does not have any legal impact. Main Body There have been concerns about litigation becoming a culture in the United Kingdom. The compensation culture implies a society where people sort all disputes in the courts, even when it is not necessary and reasonable to do so. It signifies a nation where people seek litigation for even the most minor disagreements. Some of the leaders have openly expressed their concerns about this phenomenon. In 2004, Stephen Byers, who was then the Trade and Transport minister, stated that excessive suits and compensation would have tragic impacts on the economy and the peop
Horn, D. S. and Gassaway, J. (2007). Practice-Based Evidence Study Design for Comparative Effectiveness Research. PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. RTC are attributed to high levels of attaining causality in scientific research. RTCs incorporate origins that can be controlled reasonably and at the same time different interventions that can be tested. In matters pertaining to health services the subjects are randomized in terms of control arm or treatment for the sole reason of eliminating the subjects’ differences as well as isolating the effects of the treatment attained. While considering nonrandomized groups, there is a possibility of not accounting for nontreatment effects thus affecting the outcome in the sense that the outcome may not be reflecting the intervention or the treatment. RTCs are regarded for their simplicity in terms of computation and their small sizes which are helpful in while computing limitations for a past period of time. The use of multivariate statistics power is limited as different types of variables are considered and covariates are other hand selected neutralized for the sole purpose of evaluating intervention effects. The use of randomization is effective in a bid to neutralize cofounders that are unmeasured. By using measured cofounders, patients are excluded from the study. It is through the RTCs that people have confidence in the numerous studied that have been undertaken. The definitive protocols that are attributed to screening of patients, collection of data and monitoring of care are some of the processes that make the whole RTC method to be relative expensive. It is because of their design characteristics that findings attained from RTCs do not reflect comparative effectiveness. European pressure ulcer advisory panel and National pressure ulcer advisory panel. (2009). Pressure ulcer prevention . Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. The article highlights the incorporation of evidence based practice in the preventive and treatment measures of pressure ulcers. These practices can be incorporated by the medical practitioners in their daily activities in the clinics. In relation to prevention, the article indicates that the guide that is provided to the evidence based care is essential in preventing development of pressure ulcers. The prevention measures are not selective in terms of ages but rather they apply across the various ages. In addition to this, a rigorous and explicit method is normally used in the development of evidence based practice. Boggie, M. K. (2011). Evidence-based practice in wound . Washington DC: Department of Veteran Affairs. In her article, Bogie indicates that there are programs that have been developed to cater for wound care research, which incorporates the pressure ulcers. In the article, electrotherapy has been suggested a
The development of arts and sciences, as well as old science in Islamic the empire, is explained by the inquisitive and speculative nature of the Arab people from long ago. Thus, there has always been a particular cultural attitude among the Arabian people before and after the rise of Islam. This cultural attitude is the need to advance their philological skills as well as the need to perfect their practice of etymology and lexicology (Sabra, 1975). From constant observation of the earth, they were able to attain astrological, astronomical, and meteorological knowledge that they applied to their lifestyles. Further, with the advent of Islam, these Arabs focused on jurisprudence and philological sciences. One other science that the people loved was the healing art, a profession that was only acquired by a minority of the population but was highly popular among the people due to the high demand for healing services. Contribution to Mathematics Arabs are credited with the invention of arithmetic. They essentially derived their knowledge of algebraic theories from two books. These are IX of Euclid’s Elements and the introduction to the science of numbers (Sabra, 1975). The information obtained from the second book was later translated into the Arabic language by Thabit bin Qurrah, who also revised the information acquired from the first book titled Elements (Sabra, 1975). Among the key things that Thabit did to contribute to this field of knowledge were his remarks on infinite collections. He espoused that infinite groups could be components of other infinite collections. This idea is a fact, given that some even numbers happen to be natural numbers, yet both are infinite values. While it did not strike Thabit to try and develop a theory that would explain the idea of transfinite numbers, his statement was reflective of the exploratory and critical attitude present in most Arabians. Gradually, the theory of figures progressed among Arabs with the need to explain the concept of irrational numbers. One of these developments was through the consideration of ratios as numbers. This was oblivious of whether they were incommensurable magnitudes of not (Sabra, 1975). Astronomy Traditional Arabic astronomical readings relied on Greek characters. This reliance was derived from the presumption that astronomy was an interpretation of both mathematical and physical premises. Resultantly, this prompted the Arabs to read many books, and one such book was the Planetary Hypotheses by Ptolemy. However, this book was inadequate in converting scientific language into a physical language. In an attempt to present a better understating of astronomy, One Arabian, Ibn al-Haytham wrote the book Optics. The book explained various theoretical concepts like refraction, the reflection of light, as well as rectilinear propagation (Sabra, 1975). It is through this research content that Kamal ad-Din was able to explain how the rainbow was formed. Through an analysis of the work by Al-Haytham, ad-Din was able to explain how both the primary and secondary
Petrol stations cannot be left behind in environmental conservation because they are the largest producers of carbon wastes that contribute to global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Petrol retailers are therefore in constant quest of coming up with working environmental policies with necessary health and safety measures while at the same time satisfying the needs of their customers. The environmental management system adopted should be geared towards bettering environmental criteria, mitigate health and safety requirements while still enabling the venture to break even (UNEP/IPIECA, 1995). It is imperative, for purposes of posterity that Shaq petrol station builds a working relationship with its financial investors, the local people in the neighborhood, its customers and the staff in general. For the aforementioned to be actualized Shaq petrol station will have to integrate into their system environmental policies that cut on operational costs; entice the environmentally aware individuals in their attempt to show they are environmentally conscious; be proactive on matters about health, environment and safety; differentiate the services Shaq offers from those of its competitors; Shaq petrol station should also contemplate going for the services of environmental accreditors and after which decide on whether they should make the report on environment assessment private or public. This will help in improving the management of environmental issues. The benefits will encompass saving on operational costs because there would be minimal legal tussles, lower insurance premium, a few insurance claims and insurance premiums; efficient ways of implementing environmental policies with good public relation coverage; good management practices and coordinated flow of information concerning customer inflow; availability of proof that the venture is meeting regulatory health and hygiene requisites. Formulation of policies and a show of commitment is not a guarantee that environmental performance will meet the demands of both the business venture and law. Environmental policies should have some point of convergence with management aspects in order to fully address environmental performance (Training Resource Package, 1996). Health, safety and environment management system to be adopted by Shaq should entail leadership and commitment; policy and strategic objectives; organization, resources and documentation; evaluation and risk management; planning, implementation and monitoring and finally conducting of review (UNEP
Introduction There are a number of advertisements that contain educative and informative visual and written elements which perform many functions. In this paper, one particular ad will be analyzed and evaluated in order to define what key signs make this ad powerful, what cultural codes help to comprehend the message of the ad, and what arguments may be used to prove the correctness and reliability of the chosen image. The popular English-language magazine Cosmopolitan is chosen for the analysis; among the variety of ads which are presented in Cosmopolitan , it is not very easy to chose the one and prove that the chosen image is the best for the analysis. However, taking into consideration the idea that ads have to contain a number of signs and message to people, the ad with Jude Law who advertises Dior is chosen. Semiotics itself represents a kind of social interaction that should happen between an individual who observe this ad and the sign that is offered in a variety of interpretations. In this paper, the analysis of the ad from Cosmopolitan will be organized: this ad is both male- and female-based because women can find Jude Law attractive and stylish person with proper taste and ideas, and men may comprehend what kind of perfume is possible to use and become a true “modern” (Figure 1) man. Discussion Identification of key signs . The advertised product under consideration, “Dior Homme Intense”, has a number of signs whose meanings introduce a kind of favourable impression on people and underline masculine context in which it is presented. Semiotic analysis evaluates a number of signs in the chosen societal society and turns out to be helpful for those who want to comprehend the essence of the ad under discussion and the purposes of its message. Signs of advertisement are not independent from the context they are presented in. At the chosen semiotic level, it is possible to identify the following signs: the picture of Jude Law that introduces the image of a handsome, smart, intelligent, and stylish man who makes use of the perfume and achieves success in this life; white background that proves that nothing else is as important and significant as Dior; the chosen slogan “the essence of modern man” (Figure 1); and finally, the bottle of the perfume itself that informs people how Dior looks like. Ferdinand de Saussure identifies two integral parts of any sign in the ad that are the form of the sign and the concept of the sign (Sebeok 2001), this is why it becomes very important to interpret each sign and its part in a proper way. Interpretation of signs . There are four main signs in the chosen ad, and each of them has its own meaning (connotation) and function. First, the image of the man, Jude Law attracts the attention. The chosen perfumes are for men; and it is necessary to choose a successful handsome and attractive person who may prove that this choice is justified. Jude Law meets all these demands, this is why his image should attract the attention of many women
Many times firms engaged in manufacturing operations are confronted with a buy or make decision. Such a decision revolves around whether to manufacture each input required for the finished product, they produce or to buy them from the market. A number of factors, such as input costs and sales volumes influence this decision. Analysis of the cost workings of the Ski Corporation reveals that buying the bindings will result in an increase in the variable costs per pair of skis, of 50 cents than the costs of producing the bindings, within the factory. Therefore, the decision is to make the bindings in-house. When a sales volume of 10,000 units per year is considered, Ski Corporation may produce its own bindings, as own manufacture will result in break-even sales. On the other hand, buying the bindings will lead to a loss of $5,000 to the company. Considering a sales volume at 12,500 units per year, Ski Corporation may buy the bindings instead of manufacturing them in-house. This is because making the additional volume of bindings will need new investment from Ski Corporation to purchase new equipment. Therefore, it will make sense for Ski Corporation to buy the bindings incurring the increased variable costs. In this case, the company can avoid the additional investment of $10,000 in fixed costs, which is required to manufacture the bindings in-house. Buying bindings at a sales volume of 12,500 units will make the company earn a profit of $18,750, whereas producing them in house will result in a profit of only $15,000, which is lower by $ 3,750. When the company hits a sales volume of 30,000 units, it is advisable for Ski Corporation to invest the additional $10,000 for manufacturing the bindings in
Introduction The case under analysis turns out to be both private and public because it grounds on the personal attitude of certain people to the situation and influences the general development of the company, its growth, and employees’ cooperation. One small company, where only twelve people work, faces some internal problems. Eileen Nolland is responsible for absolutely different duties, connected to employees’ needs: answering phone calls, updating files, purchasing necessary for office goods, and even participating in making decisions, crucially important for the company. Jack Barns, the boss of the company, appreciates the work by Nolland and always provides her and other employees with some commissions and benefits. However, the major point that disturbs the rest of the employees is Nolland’s ability to set her working hours. Organizational Behaviour The employees of the company cannot agree that Eileen may take a day-off when she wants and explains her absence by tiredness because she stays at work till late at night to make some corrections with files or improve some other mistakes. Eileen does perform all her duties well, and her role in the company is rather considerable. She is always ready to present reliable information and helps to solve this or that problem; she may find some time to stay at work to do something necessary for the company; and she always tries to purchase important things, spending less money that is so profitable for the company. Nevertheless, such a close relation to the boss causes lots of misunderstandings among other employees; they think that such preferential treatment is not appropriate for their organization. To my mind, the way the boss tries to explain why Eileen is absent today, and what she was doing last night is unnecessary. The boss should not explain why he makes this or that decision to his employees all the time. This very case does not introduce whether other workers get opportunities to obtain permission to be absent. If they have, the problem under consideration does not make sense. To present some explanations for this problem, it is necessary to clear up why employees find such treatment inappropriate and what Jack thinks about all this. First, Jack admits that he wants the rest of the workers at his company to approach their duties the same way as Eileen does it. He cannot comprehend why some workers demonstrate their hostility to Eileen. Maybe, it is possible to talk to each employee and ask why they behave this way. Communication between the boss and his/her employees is always something that may help to solve problems and find out the best ways to create a good atmosphere for work. When there are good relations between collaborators, the results to achieve success are increased. People are eager
It is disappointing when reports of women who return to prison after their release surface. This trend has been in existence for sometime, and this paper will offer solutions to the peril. Traditionally, prison facilities were introduced to reprimand wrong- doing by inflicting discomfort or pain on the offenders (Zaitow, & Thomas, 2003). This has changed, and prison is no longer known for inflicting brutal punishments. It currently works on a person’s mind and body, to punish the offender thus dissuading them from repeating the offence by overseeing their apt reentry into the society. Theoretically, jails are supposed to; ensure security for all offenders thus improving the welfare of the confines with maximum effectiveness and economy. By confining inmates, they are kept in a restricted environment hence limited psychological freedom. Simulations have shown that lockups are dehumanizing since prisoners feel rejected and damned by the entire society. Female offenders find it harder to cope after incarceration than their male counterparts. They are stigmatized, and are often dismissed despite the genuine efforts they make to change. Several of them fail to find a well-paying and respectable job thus lack means of livelihood (Zaitow, & Thomas, 2003). This underscores the importance of specialized rehabilitation programs and therapy that empower inmates in their quest for fresh beginnings. This is in addition to keeping them away from the lure of reverting back to their former detrimental ways. Each program or therapy targets a specific group, with the definite need of reform consequently adapting to life outside prison. Pre-release Programs Incarcerated women pose a myriad of challenges for their family and friends upon their release. This occurs mostly because significant proportions leave without undergoing meaningful transformation (Alarid, Cromwell, & Del Carmen, 2007). Once they get back home, they are obliged to contend with the reasons that sent them to prison and the stigma. Most of these women neither have homes nor food, and some are short of finances to cater for basic needs. Pre-release plans refer to an assortment of social and community based activities tailored to ensure inmates seamlessly transit back into society, upon release. The inmates are expected to take on different jobs and volunteer for existing opportunities. It is noteworthy that counseling services constitute an important part of the process (Alarid, Cromwell, & Del Carmen, 2007). In the course of implementation, the prisoners should be screened personally to establish their dynamic individual needs. This helps the counselors and facilitating organizations plan adequately and group appropriately. Special sessions are to be held for inmates to align them with different society service ventures and specialized instructions. Peer counselors should form part of the worke
Executive Summary Value management is a process that is used to discover the different functions of the project. This includes coming up with techniques and tools which can be useful in meeting the required objectives. Value management will be used to successfully manage the construction of TechWatt Corporation’s new building. This will be beneficial, as it will ensure that the project flows smoothly from the inception to completion. In addition, value management will assist in cutting costs while improving performance. This report will include the benefits of value management to TechWatt Corporation, the agenda for the study, techniques that would be useful if applied in the study. In addition, the issues that should be analyzed during the value management study will be dealt with. The participants of the program and the role they will play will be discussed. Introduction Value management has been widely accepted as a means of enhancing the value of a project from it inception to its operation. The process ensures that quality, performance, reliability are upheld while minimising the life cycle costs (Shen & Liu 2004). Value management is useful in dealing with challenges like constraints in the budget and complexity of a project. Value management can assist in reducing costs while sustaining or improving the performance of a construction project. TechWatt Corporation will benefit in many ways by using value management during the projects initial stages. It will be able to add value to the building project that thus improving its position in the market. The main benefit of value management is attaining the maximum the maximum value from the entire project. This is what sets value management apart from other methods of improving value for projects or systems. TechWatt Corporation will be able to find the best ways to optimize design and establish the project objectives by analyzing the project briefs. Information required before the workshop Financial information is very important for decision making during the deliberations in the workshop. This includes the costs of the project, the expected benefits. The venture can create value if the benefits are more than the costs or if there is value for the money invested. Financial data is useful in his stage because sound decisions can be made based on this information. (Shen & Liu 2004) Information about risks that TechWatt Corporation would face should be made available to the participants of the workshop. Considering risk is necessary in value management. Important data includes the kind of risks in the market and ways to manage these risks. In addition, the cost of dealing with risks should be highlighted. (Shen & Liu 2004) People involved Value management is a team activity which involves the interaction and cooperation of many people. The team TechWatt Corporation may include in value management study may include the project manager, constructor, company managers, t