ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Luckily, the current generation knows no war. War is the greatest misery, it is a visitation, war is the embodiment of hell on the Earth. War is like a sore on the body of history and human society, it will bleed long after its official end, there will be those who are hurt, wounded, and changed by the war. There are a lot of those, for whom war has become a natural part of their souls; it is about “demons” mentioned by Blunt (p. viii). Those people are the only reliable source of information about war, the people who have endured war and who managed to commit their experience and pain to paper. It should be taken into account that each of those who write about his/her own war experience presents the information in the light of their personality and their attitude to war. If Blunt focused on combat when writing his memoirs, Holmes presents another side of the war, as war is not only on the battlefield. If we imagine that the accounts of Blunt and Holmes were the only accounts of war, they would be sufficient for us to get to know how the man could be changed by combat, nearness of death, and war. Blunt’s Foot Soldier is the Odyssey of a combat infantryman, the journey under shelling and among German mines. The main merit of the book is that it shows the way combat reshapes and changes human soul forever, revealing and strengthening feelings that are hidden in usual life. But for the technical details, it is a universal picture of combat; it can be applied to any battle or military action in terms of human soul wounded by war. Due to Foot Soldier , we have an opportunity to trace the European Odyssey of the author. The title of the first section is a perfect one; it sets the whole tone for the narration. A reader understands the crucial importance of this “journey”, we are prepared for the finale, but no one can even suspect that Blunt will undergo cardinal changes and will become an absolutely different person eventually. The details offered by the author show that his example is common and it makes it even more awful. Let us consider the beginning of the Odyssey and the infantry man’s expectations concerning the war and the gradual change of his inner world and the awakening of new feelings, his soul-searching. The idea presented by the author on the first page of the book eloquently describes the mood of every recruit, a soldier who can be called a soldier only relatively. He said that they were “men … who had no desire to die alone in some war-ravaged foreign country for a cause that was not … clear to any of us” (Blunt, p.1). The same idea can be found in Holmes’ A Yankee in the Trenches : “After more than a year in the British service I could not … say exactly why I was there” (Holmes, p.1). This idea reveals the awfulness of the initial situation: people were going to fight on the strange land without any motivation; they did not even understand what they were fighting and dying for. The best word that leaps into your mind when reading about the beginning of Blunt’s Odyssey is “naivety”. He said he was wondering if the training he had received could
Introduction Nowadays scholars report about the existence of around seven thousand languages in the world. However, every month two of them die. In our modern-day globalized society, there exists a serious danger that by 2100 more than half of the languages existing in the world will disappear. And this is not convivial; especially with regards to the fact that the death of each language takes away with it the unique culture, history, knowledge, mentality and frame of mind of a particular nation which used to practice this language. Whoever knows, maybe one day English will appear among the thousands of dead languages just as it happened with Latin. In the following paper, the phenomenon of language death will be examined on the example of Latin. Overall, the examination of the facts reveals that Latin became a dead language as a result of the Roman Empire’s fall; however, it still maintains its strong position in the area of education. The definition of “Language death” notion First of all, speaking about the very phenomenon of language death its definition is to be addressed. According to Crystal (4), “a language dies when nobody speaks it anymore”. This simple comment has a deep meaning, and helps to understand the very essence behind the notion of “language death”. Evaluating this comment, a conclusion can be made that a dead language is a language which is no longer used by people in their daily life. However, evaluating this definition, the question is whether Latin can be related to this definition as it is still used rater actively especially in such common areas of human life as medicine, law, Catholic religion and education. The fact that Latin is no longer used by common people in their daily life gives a strong basis for putting Latin into the category of dead languages. No one can say that Latin is his/her native language, and this continued to be so for more than a millennium. What an end of the language which used to be spoken by every second person in the world! Latin – the most famous language in the history of humanity to become dead Further, the phenomenon of language death can be well-discussed on the example of Latin as this language is one of the most prominent languages in the history of humanity, and it is also a progenitor of th
Over time, the family, which is regarded as one of the oldest and most significant social institutions, inevitably has undergone some changes. For instance, for many centuries, it was nearly impossible for people to get a divorce. This situation started to be the other way around by the 19th century when the governments of many countries decided to adopt laws that allowed ordinary people to divorce. Nowadays, people have the legal right to break up with their husbands and wives, and from the point of law, they have no problem getting a divorce. However, in the modern world, the rate of divorces is incredibly high and continues to increase rapidly. Moreover, there is a wide variety of reasons for getting a divorce, such as a spouse’s unfaithfulness, constant quarrels, issues related to abuse, lack of spouse’s attention, and many others. In the present research paper, the causes of the high divorce rate are going to be observed. What Are the Common Reasons for Getting a Divorce? As was already mentioned in the introduction, divorces are becoming more and more common in modern society. At this point, various scholars have conducted many types of research, the aim of which was determining the causes of that phenomenon. According to the data presented in Divorce: A Psychological Study by Shelly Day Sclater, more than 25% of couples married in the period between the late 70s and early 80s decided to get a divorce by the end of 1994 (Sclater 6). Moreover, the scholar singles out the possible causes of divorce: most divorces (54%) granted to women are connected to allegations and irrational behavior, while the reason for most of those (37%) given to men is adultery (Sclater 6). From that evidence, it can be concluded that there is a gender distinction of grounds for divorces since they vary for women and men. Is It Possible to Count the Frequency of Divorces? It is beyond argument that the abovementioned study cannot be considered sole possessor of the truth, being that scholars hold to the various views. The second point of view, which is going to be observed in the present research paper, is that of the anthropologist John Arundel Barnes. According to Barnes, it is difficult to pick only one adjective or index to describe the reasons for separation since it is a complex social issue (Barnes 98). In the study, the scholar analyses data about spouses that may have some impact on divorce (for instance, age of spouses at marriage, their religion, number of children they had, and some others) (Barnes 98). Barnes claims that there is some interrelation between the collected data and divorce frequency; however, the scholar cannot say under what circumstan
Bargh, Maria. “Opportunities and Complexities for Māori and Mana Whenua Representation in Local Government.” Political Science, vol. 68 no. 2, 2016, pp. 143-160. Maria Bargh outlines current policy alternatives for Māori inclusion in local authorities and the rationale for them. The author suggests that perhaps the assertion against the Māori’s representation was aggravated by a lack of transparency regarding the responsibilities and functions of local authorities arising from the Waitangi Treaty principles (Bargh 148). In the second part of this article, Bargh explores current Māori justifications for city government recognition and participation in judgement on the ground that Mana. Whenua implies the ownership and invasion of indigenous lands is a matter of sovereign power and authority. This reasoning puts forward the iwi as the owners of territorial sovereignty, hence the rights of the Indigenous people (Māori law) and other Māori living in this zone, as representation and participation in decision making. The publication examines the establishment of a te Arawa partnership board by the Rotorua District Council in 2015. The research revealed that it creates a distinctive glimpse into Te Arawan residents’ relationships, both inside and out of the district, using its first electoral results. Thus, the information included in this educative piece is critical in boosting the society members’ understanding of the Mana Whenua. Cuthers, William Kainana. “The Mana Model.” Te Kaharoa. vol. 11, no.1, 2018. William Kainana Cuthers refers to existing research documents to identify the Māori tupuna as the rangatira mandated to safeguard the community’s contemporary identities. Specifically, the author associates himself with Tamainupō, who led an impactful and successful lifestyle during his time (Cuthers 34). Other than reciting his whakapapa, the author claimed that he acknowledges being Tamainupō’s descendant. With this in mind, Kainana argues that he has the much-needed qualification to oversee a theory-based program to give details about the educational experiences of the Māori students and their achievement in typical schools within the New Zealand boundaries. Additionally, the information included in this publication links the rangatira with the Whānau to argue that the hereditary Māori leaders have the mandate of ensuring that the community members lead quality lifestyles. The information herein confirms that the success of the Whānau depends on the achievem
Identity theft is an act of stealing someone else’s identity with the intention of accessing resources or any other benefits that may come from using the victim’s name. People or even organizations can be faced with adverse consequences should they fall victims of these identity fraudsters. Identifying the connection between the identity fraud and the data breeches is always a very hard task since it is never easy determining how the theft was executed. An unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University affirms that in many cases, the reasons for identity theft are never identified but chances of falling victim to identity theft stands at around 2% (Michelle, 2000). With the advent of technology, identity theft has been made even much easier to the fraudsters. Hackers now have access to very malicious software and applications. There even exists such application as ‘interested in credit card theft?’ This reveals the ease with which the identity thieves can access all sorts of information online. An example of an identity theft is the case of Abraham Abdalla of Brooklyn, also known as the bus boy. He went online to access people’s private financial details. The victims included among the wealthiest people in America. He even had Oprah Winfrey’s and Steven Spielberg’s credit cards and financial information. However, his days were numbered and he was caught while he was attempting to make one of the largest transactions. It was referred to as a software giant. This and a multitude of various other cases occur every other day. How would you protect cooperate executives from fraudulent acts against them? Cooperative executives are at a great risk of falling victims to identity theft. This is so majorly because of the largesse that they always hold in the form of personal and organizational resources. This may consequently lead to large and even irrecoverable personal and organizational losses. Before coming up with ways and measures of curbing identity theft that may be targeted on the executives, it is necessary to identify the modes and means by which the theft may be executed. It is also very important to note that fraudsters begin by obtaining personal and confidential information of their victims. Thus, it is vital to note some of the ways in which personal identifiers may fall in the hands of the fraudsters. In order to obtain the confidential information, the identity thieves may apply various acts. One of the acts include rummaging through rubbish at dumpsites to access dumped documents which could containing their target victim’s information or rather – in this case – the executive’s information. These are the so-called dumpster divers. Redundant IT equipment may also serve as a rich source of information to the fraudsters. These equipments may include, amongst many others, storage media such as flash disks and other memory sticks, hard drives and mobile phones. All these equipments, when carelessly disposed of, may be the genesis of grave problems. Identity thieves can also observe as someone types their login details in an at
Any person, even without specific knowledge of the law and judicial ethics, may understand that to propose courthouse jobs to family members, relatives, and friends is unacceptable. Nevertheless, Luis Gonzalez, presiding justice of the Bronx and Manhattan’s appellate division, have instituted personal patronage “in his part of the court system” (“Judicial conduct unbecoming,” 2012, para. 2). In 2002, he joined his appellate division and introduced the practice of proposing vacancies within a courthouse to increase his control after his assignment to a position of the presiding justice seven years afterward (“Judicial conduct unbecoming,” 2012). According to the official report prepared in 2010 by the New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct, almost all replacements due to an early-retirement program of this appellate division got their jobs because they had relatives, friends, acquaintances, or other contacts. Among these people, six persons had a direct connection with the presiding justice Luis Gonzalez, including his secretary’s brother and his executive assistants’ nephews who were not sufficiently qualified for their positions. Among the personnel, there was Gonzalez’s ex-wife as well, who received a higher salary in comparison with other paralegals (“Judicial conduct unbecoming,” 2012). Every assignment was approved and signed by Justice Gonzalez, who initiated and controlled this favoritism. The state agency that was occupied with the presiding justice’s conduct issues an essentially critical report concerning his activity; however, Luis Gonzalez keeps his position until the present. The system of posting the majority of administrative jobs exclusively in “nonpublic rooms of the courthouse” supports favoritism and nepotism (“Judicial conduct unbecoming,” 2012, para. 2). This unacceptable activity does not give highly qualified candidates a chance to get their jobs in the court system. Reference Judicial conduct unbecoming. (2012). The New York Times . Web.
Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis, formerly known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminate is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). MS affects the neurons in the areas of the brain and spinal cord known as the white matter. These cells carry signals in between the grey matter areas, where the processing is done between these and the rest of the body. The transition of multiple sclerosis into the category of treatable neurological illness has fueled exponential growth in the MS literature. Particularly remarkable has been the surge in publication relating to the immunology of M.S. Application of current and future therapies. It should be kept in mind however that a more complete understanding of the M.S process requires an application of the psychological aspect of central nervous system immune surveillance and neurobiology, as well as the intricacies of abnormal immune neural interaction. This includes dynamics at the level of BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (B.B.B), the impact of immune mediators on neural responses and CNS repair, and in turn, the effect of CNS responses on the invading immune cells. Sclerosis is a chronic and progressive incurable disease of the central nervous system Signs and symptoms MS can cause a variety of symptoms, including changes in sensation (hypoesthesia), muscle weakness, abnormal muscle spasms, or difficulty in moving; difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia); problems in speech (dysarthria) or swallowing (dysphasia), visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis, or diplopic), fatigue and acute or chronic pain syndromes, bladder and bowel difficulties, cognitive impairment, or emotional symptomatology (mainly depression). It is considered a classic MS finding, but it can be seen in several other conditions as well. Diagnosis Multiple sclerosis is difficult to diagnose in its early stages. A definite diagnosis cannot be made until other disease processes (differential diagnoses) have been ruled out and, in the case of relapsing-remitting MS, there is evidence of at least two anatomically separate demyelinating events separated by at least thirty days. In the case of primary progressive, a slow progression of signs and symptoms over at least 6 months is required. Figure 1. DIAGNOSIS Different Type Of Multiple Sceloris Figure 2. Types Of Multiple Sceloris Immune Cell Interaction with the Blood-Brain Barrier It has adhesion, attraction, and invasion. When the immune cell system becomes activities they upregulate the expression of several families of molecules that facilitate their migration across endothelial barriers and into the target organ. The process of transmigration involved a tightly regulated sequence of events. Unregulated selections and integrands on the acti
To determine whether the average data for two groups is different statistically, researchers have to look at the group mean in relation to the variability of the data. The t-test examines the ratio of the data groups analyzed in relation to each other. The t-test allows researchers to differentiate a clear signal of statistical change and an appearance of similarity that otherwise does not count as significant change. A huge variability of data increases the difficulty of noticing statistical differences, whereas a mean difference serves as a signal for a statistical significance in the two groups of data. Directional hypothesis indicate whether the alternative hypothesis value is significantly larger or less than the null hypothesis value. Non-directional hypotheses indicate that the means of two samples are different; however the hypotheses fail to indicate the direction of the difference. Researchers use two-tailed tests to analyze a non-directional hypothesis. Under a non-directional hypothesis testing, results are interesting in both directions of the mean. The null hypothesis is a specific value and the alternative hypothesis only states that the results will be different. The researcher therefore has to consider two possible directions, the negative and the positive to the null hypothesis value. Using the formula of the t-test, one obtains a positive value when the first mean is larger than the second and a negative t-test value when the second mean is larger than the first. The difference obtained by the t-test might be because of chance. To clarify whether this is true, the researcher looks up the t-test value in a table of significance specifically to check whether the ratio (t-test value) is larger than a given value for chance. Under directional hypothesis, when using a one-tailed t-test, statistical significant table values provide a t-test value that cuts off the entire alpha value. On the other hand, for non-directional hypothesis, using the two-tailed t-test, only half of the alpha values are cut off from each end of the null hypothesis value. To increase the accuracy of the t-test, a risk level is set to indicate how many times you are likely to encounter a statistical difference that is significant out of chance when in reality there is none. In most cases, this risk level also known as alpha level is set to 0.05 implying that chance would account for five out of one hundred tests. A researcher will also need the degrees of freedom, which is the sum of the number of data values in all the groups after a subtraction of two. The three values namely, the alpha value, the degrees of freedom value and the t-test value form a complete set for looking up in a standard table of significance. When the look up indicates that the t-test value is significant, it serves as an indication that the two means of the data groups are different. In hypotheses testing where the standard deviation is unkno
Goals of the Mobile Crisis Program The goals of the program focus on handling psychiatric emergencies by police officers. The first goal of the program is to offer community-based services to people requiring psychiatric emergencies in reachable and convenient environments (Scott, 2000). These services are critical because people with mental illness often need them, yet they are neither available nor accessible in time. To reduce the number of people with mental disorders arrested due to their psychiatric conditions is the second goal of the program. Owing to the lack of understanding of the needs of people in psychiatric conditions, police officers have been arresting them without providing appropriate treatment. In essence, the program aims to reduce the criminalization of people with mental disorders and improve their recovery process through the provision of critical treatment. The third goal of the program is to relieve police officers of the responsibility of handling psychiatric emergencies and create ample time for them to perform their regular duties. Ultimately, the program contributes to the reduction in the costs related to handling and imprisonment of people with mental disorders. Study Sample The study sample comprises 131 customers who called 911 for assistance, and the police identified and categorized them as psychiatric emergencies. As the study employed a retrospective design, it sampled calls made in 1995 between October 1 and December 31. Out of 131 psychiatric emergencies, the mobile crisis team handled 73 cases, while the police team attended to 58 cases. The study sampled details of customers from the mobile crisis program, as well as the public safety department. Data retrieved included demographic attributes, psychiatric admission, homelessness condition, violence involvement, the duration of handling, and the resolution of the crisis event. The study also sampled 106 police officers who completed the satisfaction survey of the program. The Program Measurements Effectiveness The effectiveness of the program is its ability to achieve expected goals of providing emergency services, reducing arrests, and relieving police officers. According to Scott (2000), the effectiveness of the program was measured by assessing the difference between the rates of arrest and hospitalization of customers with psychiatric emergencies. The program expected that the rates of hospitalization would increase as the rates of arrest decrease. Hence, the increasing rates of hospitalization reflect the effectiveness of the program in handling psychiatric emergencies. Efficiency The efficiency of the program is its ability to optimize resources and reduce the costs involved in the achievement of the desired outcomes. According to Scott (2000), the efficiency of the program was determined by comparing costs incurred in every case handled by the police team and the mo