ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Global English refers to the use of English language as the main means of communication, irrespective of its dialects. It also implies the process of using the English language as the standard mode of communication among global communities. Alternatively referred to as common English, general English, or universal English, global English implies the collective varieties of English language that people speak across the word. While studying how global English has spread across the word, differentiation of its dialects such as the American English, Australian English, and Britain English among others is important. The need to facilitate trade has led to the deliberate universal spread of the English language. Although global English may suggest the standardisation of the language as a means of communication across the globe, there lacks consensus towards such a possibility. Although there have been proposals on how to internationalise English to ensure its higher accessibility among people from different nations, some steps such as the development of Basic English have incredibly failed. Major challenges emerge in the process of harmonising spellings and pronunciation of words. As the paper reveals, irrespective of the dialect, the number of people who speak the English language across the world continues to rise. People who Speak English across the World English constitutes one of the major languages that are spoken around the world. Yoshikawa (2005, p.354) states that it is spoken in nations such as ‘the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and various Caribbean, and Pacific island nations.’ Indeed, English has been declared the national language in countries such as Singapore, Pakistan, Philippines, and some sub–Saharan African nations that include Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda among other nations. However, in these nations, it does not imply that 100% of the population can fluently communicate in it. Thus, determining the exact number of its speakers across the globe is problematic. While the census figures in nations where it is widely spoken may provide a more accurate approach to determining the precise number of its speakers, such figures approximate the population size. Nevertheless, not all people in the above-mentioned nations speak in it. From the above expositions, all attempts to determine the number of English speakers across the word involves making approximations. Ethnologue (2015) informs that by 2014, English language had about 400 million speakers in 8 nations among them the US, South Africa, New Zealand, and the UK. Saville-Troike (2006) approximates that about 1.4 billion people speak English. Approximately 950 million individuals speak it as a second language while about 427 million are its native speakers. Why do people converse using the language? People speak English to exchange ideas, opinions, feelings, and any other aspect of expression. The idea that people use English because of higher probabilities of getting the audience to understand it encounters immense criticism. For example, Saville-Troike (2006) claims that no statistical f
A male in his mid-thirties suffers from falling asleep in inappropriate places during the daytime, and this problem caused several car accidents. Moreover, the male noticed that he becomes weak and even can fall while being excited and experiencing other strong emotions. Sleep at night is also associated with terror dreams and feelings of being paralyzed. It is important to discuss what diagnosis can be associated with these symptoms and what processes can cause such problems. A nerve impulse is transmitted between neurons with the help of chemicals. This process is known as synaptic transmission. Thus, a nerve impulse easily reaches an axon, but it is necessary for an axon to provoke the flow of calcium ions that stimulate the further release of neurotransmitters in order to reach the other neuron (Ahmed & Thorpy, 2010). These neurotransmitters allow the rapid transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another each time it is observed. While comparing the activities of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it is important to state that they have different structures and functions. The elements of the CNS are the brain and spinal cord; the elements of the PNS are nerves. The brain and spinal cord work to integrate and analyze the information received from nerves to coordinate senses, motor functions, and emotions among other processes (Luppi, Clement, Sapin, Gervasoni & Peyron, 2011). Thus, all commands received from the CNS based on the sensory data and further analysis are performed by the PNS. The problems with sleep are associated with the affected brain functions. The possible diagnosis to explain the patient’s symptoms is narcolepsy which is a neurological disorder. Such symptoms as excessive daytime sleepiness, muscle weakness after experiencing strong emotions, and terrifying dreams are caused by the fact that the brain cannot regulate the neurological processes coordinating the sleep-wake cycle (Kornum, Faraco, & Mignot, 2011). Narcolepsy is usually caused by problems in the work of such neurotransmitters as hypocretins. Such a brain part as the hypothalamus produces hypocretins, but when it is affected, it is possible to observe the lack of hypocretins in order to coordinate the neuron signals (Ahmed & Thorpy, 2010). Therefore, such symptoms as the excessive daytime sleepiness, the muscle weaknesses, hallucinations associated with dreams, and the possible sleep paralysis are caused by the lack of hypocretins and the ineffective work of the hypothalamus, leading to narcolepsy. When an electroencephalogram (EEG) is completed for the sleeping patient with narcolepsy, it is possible to observe the extreme activity associated with the rapid eye movement phase of sleep. Afte
Every family tends to have a common or unique adage that parents use to make their children follow particular advice. It may often have a scientific basis or be completely ridiculous. The one common in my family was that you improve the immune system if you take cold showers. When I was young, my mom always used to say this adage to make me want to regularly take cold showers, especially before traveling somewhere. After unwillingly doing it several times, I did actually start to feel better. However, evidence support is essential to support the parents’ claim and prove the concept that was hardly promoted in our family. Cold bathing is claimed to bring multiple health benefits, such as the immune system and cardiovascular circulation improvement. A cold shower can indeed make one feel more awake, but does it have a direct medically proven effect on the immune system? A randomized controlled trial intended to find a clinical basis for these claims (Buijze et al., 2016). It was found that cold showers for 30 consecutive days indeed resulted in a 29% reduction of sickness absence (Buijze et al., 2016). Moreover, when combined with physical activity, it escalated up to a 54% reduction (Buijze et al., 2016). The perceived energy level was also reported to increase. Thus, such an experiment led to recognizing regular cold showering effect on the general person’s well-being. Parents deeply care about their children and want them to be healthy. It may often lead to being apprehensive or even neurotic when asking children to comply with all their health advice. The most horrible thing about this overprotection is that these adages are often not scientifically proven or even harmful. Thus, it is always necessary to check on the so-called effectiveness of well-known medicine to stay healthy. Resource Buijze, G. A., Sierevelt, I. N., van der Heijden, B. C., Dijkgraaf, M. G., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2018). T he effect of cold showering on health and work: A randomized controlled trial . PloS One , 13 (8).
The taxes on alcoholic beverages were increased in Japan due to various reasons. Japan is a small-developed country, which is conscious of its people’s welfare, economy, and social lives. This was a positive step in the country through various perspectives. The increased taxes on alcoholic beverages discouraged the consumption of alcohol, as a way of promoting the health of the citizens. Another important reason for raising the alcoholic beverages taxes was to improve the economic growth of the country (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). A decline in tax revenue, which is directly related to the Gross Domestic Product of the country, leads to weak economic growth. Earlier on, the total public debt of Japan was increasing at an extremely high rate. The ruling of increasing the alcohol taxes was particularly crucial. The government used it to assist in bringing down Japan’s increased level of public debt. The Japanese citizens took the issue of increased taxes negatively, but they later realized the importance. Although most of the citizens considered this ruling being oppressive, it was meant for the goodness and well fare of the entire nation. In the past, Japan’s consumption taxes were among the lowest globally (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). The increased rates of alcoholic beverages acted as a new source of the nation’s revenues. The government had limited sources of their revenues, and the act of raising the taxes was recognized to be an increased source of the government’s money. The revenue from taxes was obtained from the citizens and invested to assist the same citizens. Through this act, it was possible for the government to ensure equal distribution of resources in the whole nation. The GATT principle of every member state to protect its domestic industries by the use of tariffs is applicable. It is a crucial aspect of every member country to make use of open and liberal trade rules. Through such follow-ups, it would be hard for any nation to use quantitative restrictions, except in special incidences. It is a complex way for member states to adhere to, but through the application of a few basic and clear rules, GATT manages to control member states (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). The principle offers some exceptions to the countries that have difficulties in their balance of payment. Such countries are advised to minimize their levels of imports and manage their external financial status. This exception offers greater adjustment al
Introduction Joseph Nye is a prominent political scientist and author of numerous books that explore various topics that are related to the economy, politics, and others. It is paramount to note that “The Future of Power” is not the first work that focuses on this topic, but this one is quite different and draws attention to such aspects as the role of the country and others. It was met with the acclaim of critics, and many believe that it is incredibly influential and one of the best works of the author. The phenomenon of power is discussed thoroughly and in a very comprehensive manner. One of the strongest points of this book is the language that is used by the author. It needs to be said that that it is quite evident that the author did not try to be controversial with this piece and wanted to focus on the general public. Discussion Types of Power It needs to be said that the book starts with a discussion of different forms of power, and the author explains how they may be utilized to their full potential and what complications may occur. It needs to be said that the author explores the roles of power from different perspectives and the fact that some of the views on this topic are incredibly outdated and do not reflect the changes that have occurred over the last few years. Military and economic powers are still quite significant, but other forms that are
The most momentous and significant features of the avant-garde in architectural science are practical representation and proliferation of paper design into the actual object. Over the last decade, architectures of different orientations have represented interesting combinations between pictures and objects comprehensively drawn in a blueprint. This argumentative research paper attempts to explore the significance of drawing in the field of architecture in the periods from the ancient era to the present times. Besides, the treatise concentrates on the arguments of Evans on Revit. In addition, the essay is keen on how a graphic presentation is essential in transforming a drawing into a building and what modern architectures are losing by adopting the Revit technique. Architectural transformation emphasizes translating a drawing idea into a physical structure. Despite the varying opinions over time, technological push and functionalism remain almost the same (Brown 123). Spectacular designs have been embodied in sharp and spectacular blueprint drawings, paintings, and pectoral cuttings as a result of Revit technique. Interestingly, the idiosyncrasies surrounding these pieces of art often make it an uphill task in architectural description (Pérez-Gómez 311). Thus, this has led to much architecture to question relevance, association, and the link between drawing and actual building. By description, drawing is essential in literal architectural essence. Drawing presents the meditation, future vision, medium, and architectural bear (Byron 124). Moreover, it builds auxiliary which constructs design dominion (Evans 31). However, the drawing medium seems to be divorced from the future of architectural construction. It is therefore necessary to conceive visualization before embarking on creation. In my opinion, the art of building is a constituent of scientific architecture, but secondary in reality. Reflectively, drawings of architectural nature reveal stealth reality. In fact, this nature of visualization on paper is sufficient guidance for builders to practice potent and not latent conception (Cheng 145). Robin’s conceptualization of drawing is particular, is distinct, and resonates generatively on translation without alteration. Evans asserts that drawing is the only unfailing communicant even in pretense of autonomy by architectures (Cheng 321). The only quantifiable variance would be the fact that endeavors are not a direct medium of operation for an architect. Out of this concept, two views emerge. The first would touch on the texture. The predicament is to ultimately relate a two-dimensional blueprint to an architectural inception to distinguish a mere art form construction (Etienne 231). As asserted bluntly by Robin Evans, architectures are mere drawers of blueprints from which actual buildings are derived. Thus, a systematic translation of a blueprint into a building may be challenging, especially under innovation as a condition. Architectu
Introduction Stakeholders, management, and employees are fundamental parties of organizations, who work collectively to achieve the same goals. The shareholders, who are the main owners of organizations, have a working relationship with the managers, as they always urge the management to strive towards achieving the organizations’ goals and objectives. The agency theory elucidates the relationship that exists between the shareholders and the executives of the company. Shareholders and principals are concerned with daily activities of organizations. Conversely, many shareholders perceive that managers do not work towards achieving the goals of organizations. Instead, shareholders hold that managers use their positions as opportunities of achieving their personal goals. Therefore, a values conflict arises between the owners and the principals of organizations. Consequently, the conflict compels shareholders to control and oversee the operations of organizations through corporate governance. Thus, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the conflict of values between the shareholders and the managers. The Components of Values Conflict In organizations, conflict of values occurs when shareholders, who are the owners of organizations, develop a feeling that managers, who are responsible for the daily activities of organizations, are using their positions as avenues of achieving their personal objectives. Values conflict is associated with managers who use the organizations to meet their own objectives, instead of the values that shareholders have concerning the organizations. Stakeholders perceive that managers do not invest enough time, money, and efforts in boosting organizations to achieve essential growth and development. Conversely, some managers perceive that shareholders want the organizations to achieve their own interests at the expense of employees. Protagonists believe that shareholders only think about revenues and profit margins of the organizations, but not the overall welfare of the workforce and sustainability of the organizations. Some components of the values conflict include the perceptions held by shareholders and the management concerning administration of the organizations, the attitudes of the shareholders and managers, the level of suspicion among the parties involved, and the arguments presented by the parties. The Reasons and Rationalizations that the Protagonist Must Counter From the shareholders’ perspective, managers do not invest enough efforts, money, and time towards organizations’ performance without external control and the application of corporate governance. Instead, managers use their positions to meet their own interests, a behavior deemed as opportunistic by shareholders. Therefore, shareholders observe that devoid of effective corporate governance, managers cannot sustain organizations to survive in the competitive markets. Shareholders fear that organizations can fail to maintain their market share, and consequently collapse. According to m
From Our Archives: A New Look at the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson is an article by Michael Les Benedict that focuses on the impeachment of a former president of the United States. The author specifies that the article only covers the events leading to the impeachment due to the limited space. To provide a thorough chronology of Andrew Johnson’s presidency and ensure an accurate description and analysis of his actions, the author offers four separate segments of the article. The article was written in the light of reawakened interest in the president’s impeachment and covered the story of Andrew Johnson’s presidency, his impeachment, and its relation to the Republican party. In the first segment of the article, the author depicts the actions of conservative and radical Republicans towards Johnson. According to the author, the radical Republicans made several attempts to institute impeachment proceedings against Johnson, but their conservative colleagues thwarted their plans. The author emphasizes that despite widely spread opinion on Republican congressmen’s eagerness for revenge upon the president, the majority of them hardly displayed it and tried to squelch the radicals’ approach. The author devoted the second segment to the analysis of the English impeachments and compared them to the radicals’ interpretation of impeachable offenses. In this segment, the article provides a valuable explanation of the radicals’ understanding of the Constitution and its flaws and defines the danger and consequences of “power abuse” (Les Benedict, 499). Further in the segment, the author lists how Johnson’s actions encouraged former confederates and the disastrous consequences his actions had on Southern loyalists and black people. The next segment of the article covers the chronology of Johnson’s actions with the focus on the event of winter of 1867-68. The author points how at that time, the president’s executive implementations “nullified” congressional legislation (Les Benedict, 504). Les Benedict notes on the contradiction in Johnson’s actions as none of his actions taken separately violated the law, but they were a part of a conscious and determined program. The article depicts the radical Republicans’ anger from the injustice of final failure and emphasizes how the radicals discussed creating a separate radical congressional party organization just two days after the vote. Lastly, the final segment of the article covers the rest of Johnson’s presidency and his actions, which, according to the author, became even more aggressive after the threat of impeachment was gone. The article lists all the possible outcomes and dangers that Johnson and his offensive presented to Republicans. The author points that Johnson’s impeachment was the last measure that could help to defend the constitutional prerogatives of Congress. Moreover, the author provides impressive metaphors of how the presidential aggression pushed the men against the wall and forced them to take a stand, and the Congress had to choose between themselves and President Johnsons.
Introduction In today’s era of heightened expectations, school leaders are in the hot seat to ensure effective and excellent educational outcomes. The multi-levelled pedagogic school leaders highly determine the mode of teaching students in schools and the effective application of the learning process. Not only are they curriculum leaders but they are also educational futurists, disciplinarians, instructors, assessors, analysts, field experts and society builders (Davies 2005). They are involved in the core running of the school and act as a go-between in case of any arising conflicts between the parents, students, teachers, education participants such as unions and the society itself. This requires them to not only be sensitive when meeting student’s demands and needs but to also be critical thinkers so as to deliver valid judgments based on logic. School leadership is currently a complex concept with most leaders failing to balance their roles. It is evident that they are heavily inclined towards school management and accountability hence disregarding the effective mode of impacting knowledge to students to ensure quality teaching and learning. The outcome greatly reflects the quality of the school leaders’ pedagogy and their ability to give credible teaching instructions to improve learning in schools. Teachers need to have adequate knowledge of how to teach students and be able to implement and design the school curriculum. The following paper will therefore discuss the current change in pedagogical and instructional roles that seem to create imbalance in their competing roles and how the same can be reclaimed. School Leadership Previous studies have attempted to define the concepts, models and practises that characterise the effect of leadership in educational outcomes. Several contemporary leadership theories have come up as a result. According to Davies and Ellison (2001), the distributional and transformational leadership theories are examples of such theories. These two theories have been discussed by many scholars in an attempt to draw an understanding on the nature of school leadership and how it affects learning and teaching in schools. They also create a link between the leaders and the teachers themselves with an attempt of establishing the student outcomes that is derived from this relationship. Though the study on effective leadership based on this theories have not been concluded, it is evident that school leaders have a big role to play. Student performance is therefore attributed to the influence impacted through effective leadership. Successful school leaders give support and knowledgeable instructions to the teachers, a practise that develops their inner intellectual powers. In addition, they also implement an effective organisation model that helps them strike a ba