ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The current research paper provides with comprehensive analysis of the law-making process and the structure of the British Parliament and American Congress. These two institutions represent the paramount of constitutionalism in the West but are distinct in many respects and hence require careful comparative analysis. Laws are passed faster in Great Britain than in US Congress because there is less interaction from an average citizen at the national level. Every citizen is represented in Congress in two ways by three people. Each citizen has two U.S senators who represent them as residents of state. Each citizen also has one U.S representative who speaks for them as a resident of a congressional district. Senators and representatives thus face different challenges, yet they must somehow reach agreements from these different perspectives. The system as a whole is developed to serve the cause of stability which often frustrates those people who are accustomed to political rivalries and opposition. Main text It seems that there is greater involvement and representation of the public and their wishes in the American government than there is in the British government. When the citizens are accorded greater involvement in the government, it then follows that the law takes a long time to be passed. This could be difficult because the wishes of the citizens are varied and it becomes difficult to know which ones to give priority and which ones not to. The legislators are therefore faced with a daunting task. The citizens take the legislators to parliament expecting them to support and pass the laws and policies they support. They also expect them to oppose laws that they do not support. The legislators try their best to do this as they know that they depend on the constituents to get into parliament. Legislators are usually influenced by organized interest groups in disproportionate ways. Not all mistakes found in the political process and identified by interest groups do stand in the way of particular political outcomes. However the law-making process cannot be excluded from interest groups because it is assumed that interest groups represent ordinary citizens. Their involvement in policy-making improves the processes of decision-making. Citizens, as expected support policies that meet their demands. On the other hand they block policies they feel only reflect the interests of those in power. Interest groups sometimes make it almost impossible for policy-makers to implement policies that are best in terms of efficiency especially if such policies usually impose costs on sections of the public in the long run. Economic growth may occur at a slow pace because of rivalry between interest groups over the distribution of economic gains. (Olson, 1963, pg 243). The ever present threat of policy influence by interest group was something that was detected early by the makers of the constitution of the US. To counter this threat, a constitutional system of republican government that takes into account interest groups was formed. This system allows
Infectious diseases are known to be the major cause of deaths around the world. Studies have shown that infectious diseases are the third major cause of deaths in the United States (Freimuth, Linnan, & Potter, 2000). Research has also revealed that deaths caused by infectious diseases have grown by 58% between 1980 and 1993; the leading contributors were respiratory disease (mainly pneumonia), and HIV infection (Pinner et al., 2006). Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are diseases caused by recently discovered microorganisms or recently discovered breed of an already known microorganism such as AIDS, SARS; recent infections resulting from the development or change of an existing organism such as influenza, already known infections that overspreads an area of population, and recognized and pre-existing infections reappearing because of public health failure or drug resistance such as tuberculosis. Emerging infectious diseases are of a growing concern to public health. This paper emphasizes on why it is important for Public Health to address infectious disease. Also, the paper will place emphasis on how public health counteracts complacency regarding infectious disease, the general public’s perception of infectious disease and how their perception hampers the effort of public health. High prevalence of chronic health diseases such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and many others has been recorded in many countries of the world today. However, it is crucial for public health to pay great attention on infectious diseases even when chronic health diseases have become more rampant in most countries, as infectious diseases are the main cause of illness, impairment, and death worldwide. Furthermore, infectious diseases are relatively easily transmitted, and agents that cause infectious diseases are present everywhere (Pinner et al., 2006), which makes everyone susceptible to these diseases. Hence, addressing infectious diseases will go a long way in curbing prevalent death cases around the world. Complacency towards infectious disease has been an issue in existence worldwide. Many efforts have been made by the public health to counteract complacency regarding infectious disease, such as producing strategic plans and programs for addressing emerging infectious diseases (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). These plans and programs concentrate on increasing response capacity and surveillance; focusing on useful research priorities; enhancing control and prevention programs; and putting in place public health infrastructure. An example of such strategic plan is the Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratory Fellowship Program (EIDLFP). In an attempt to counteract complacency regarding infectious disease, CDC in partnership with the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors put up EIDLFP to provide training opportunities for workers of state public health la
This case study is on the Gulf of Mexico which has one of the worst oil spills history incidents; more recently this region experienced a massive oil spills that turned out to be an environmental disaster. This case study intends to discuss a framework of responding to oil spillage operations occurring specifically in the Gulf of Mexico and how related factors impacts on such an operation; in this case the oil spill was Deepwater Horizon. The model that we shall refer to is known as “A bi-criterion, multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model” (Zhong and You, 2011). In such a case where Oil spill is of Deepwater Horizon, the response operations are spread across three levels described as S1, S2 and S3 which are at peripheral distances from the point of oil spill indicated as 60km between each other (Zhong and You, 2011). For this case the MILP model was supposed to develop a cost-effective and efficient response operation for an oil spillage that was “25 degree API crude oil that had been spilling for 42 days at an average rate of 10,000 M 3” (Zhong and You, 2011). The expected end results and other variables needed to develop the response operation plan is to have a final of only 1500 M 3 oil spill remaining after the clean up and have 3 types of mechanical systems that will be used in cleaning the oil spill (Zhong and You, 2011). Other factors and variables were considered and included in the MILP model in developing the response operation while using 180 days as the base number of days that would achieve the same results if no response was implemented. In determining the optimal number of days that is the most cost-effective Pareto-optimal curve was utilized in this case which gave range of 75-180 days and cleaning costs that vary from $1095MM-162MM (Zhong and You, 2011). Figure 1 Figure 2 During this particular response, the model indicated 77 days to be the most economical compared to cleaning the oil spill in 75 days though they only vary by two days since the cost differences is very significant between these two points by almost 50% (Zhong and You, 2011). Because oil spill cleanup is very costly, this model indicates that use of booms to protect coastline is a cheaper strategy than cleaning the spill on sea since natural process will clean most of the oil spillage anyway (Zhong and You, 2011). Finally, the model indicates that dispersant application is the most efficient method of oil cleanup in this case (Zhong and You, 2011). Recommendation Based on the analysis indicated by the MILP model, it would appear that oil spill cleanup should be hedged on specific critical times during the duration of the spill when the exercise is most economical to undertake. Thus, one recommendation for this study is that oil spill cleanup in this region be planned along these critical times so as to maximize resources in doing so and take advantage of the natural cleaning process that as we have seen is very effective in achiev
Introduction Real Estate Industry in United Arab Emirates has been experiencing growth of 20% per annum since the year 2010 (Lasalle, 2012). As demand for housing increases, the industry strives to meet the demand by rolling out multimillion apartment projects such as the one in the Greens at Emirates Golf Club in Dubai. However, such big projects may not meet their goal, especially when response from end users is negative (Afsar, Rehman, and Bangash, 2010). Fortunately, the Real Estate Regulatory Authority in Dubai (RERA) has been mandated by the government to regulate this industry and review customer concerns. In the last one year, occupants of the newly completed multimillion dollar apartment project called the Greens have registered complains to RERA on the billing system on water and electricity consumption. This prompted RERA to commission an inquiry into the planning of this apartment. Interestingly, the body established some faults in the planning blue print. Thus, this research treatise attempts to explicitly review impacts of bad planning in the Dubai real estate industry on customer perception, in terms of value and level of satisfaction. Research background Recently, the topic of utility and service charges has become a hot debate amongst the residents of apartment complexes in Dubai. Many people pay utility bills that do not reflect their actual consumption of electricity and water. The Real Estate Regulatory Authority in Dubai (RERA), which is the sector responsible for these matters, had to step in and find out the root cause of this problem (Mochal, 2003). After requesting to have a look at documentations of the planning phases of apartment complex projects, the authority discovered that a mistake was made during the planning process of most of the apartment complex within the UAE (Deulgaonkar 2012). The mistake was that there was no separate electricity or water meter installed in each of the apartments in the complex, which means that the entire electricity and water consumption of all the residents was measured by one meter then the bill split between water and electricity consumption. Research Problem This research will deal with the
A Slice of the Modern Period In the context of the epoch, Kandinsky’s biography became relevant as he joined the Blue Rider and gained an opportunity to find his unique manner of painting. Before the Blue Rider, Kandinsky’s experience was restricted to following the traditions of the genre (Boehmer, 2013). Kandinsky, W., (1901). Study for the sluice . The Blue Rider, however, triggered a massive outburst of expressivity in Kandinsky and resulted in a series of paintings that defined the artist’s future style. It was after the communication with the members of the club that Kandinsky finally realized what he could contribute to Modern art. Even though the idea of using color as the means of expression did occur to several artists before Kandinsky and had become a well-trodden path by the time that Kandinsky started painting, the artist still managed to find an innovative way to use color in Expressionist paintings. In Kandinsky’s artworks, the color was no longer the medium to convey a particular emotion – it was the embodiment of emotion. Kandinsky. W., (1914). Painting with three spots . As Kandinsky explored the world of Expressionism, he blazed new paths in this style, experimenting with color like an alchemist. The so-called Bauhaus period of his evolution as an artist signified an even greater emphasis on the use of color in painting; this time, Kandinsky insisted that his color theory can be related to some of the psychological personality theories (Short, 2010). Kandinsky, W., (1922). Small worlds . Abstractionism needed Kandinsky as much as Kandinsky needed Abstractionism. It is remarkable that the artist emerged with his creations at the same time when the Abstractionist movement began to subside, only to be replenished with new ideas. Characterized by a variety of styles, each demanding unceasing attention, Modern period could be defined as the era of artistic experiments (Bassie, 2008), and Kandinsky did exactly that – he experimented in search for the ultimate formula of Modern art. Kandinsky, W., (1936). White line . The Color of Expressionism As it has been stressed above, Kandinsky experimented with colors in his artworks. He was one of the voices of the Expressionist generation of artists. However, he was not alone – quite on the contrary, he competed and collaborated with several other artists that created artworks in Expressionist manner. A product of angst, Expressionism emerged in Germany as a counterpoint to Impressionism and the attempts of its adepts to avoid including additional layers of meaning into the artwork. Considering Impressionism too simplistic, Expressionists claimed to depict reality in much better thought out manner a
Angiosperms in the most basic of terms refer to seed-producing plants. These plants grow to maturity and reproduce through the production of seeds that are later dispersed through numerous means of seed dispersal such as wind and animal activity among others. The seeds then later germinate and the lineages of the plants continue. However, in this life continuation process, the newer generations of these seed-producing plants have been determined to progressively differ from their parenting plants. This difference is accounted for by the slow but progressive process of evolution. The process of seed production is reproduction in which the male gametes commonly referred to as the pollen grains are brought into contact with the female ovules. This process of bringing the two into contact is referred to as pollination and is normally made possible by a myriad of agents key among which are animal. The most notorious animals in this process are birds and insects. In the process of looking for food in the plants, birds shake off pollens thus making them come into contact with the ovules or in some instances, the bird literally transports the pollen from one plant to another thus necessitating the cross-pollination process (Cronquist 66). Through time both the plants and the birds have co-evolve
The Cold War lasted approximately for forty-five years, and its primary goal was to confront and oppose the idea of communism in the entire territory of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics. The Korean War during this period involved the USA and China that were obliged to fight against each other, supporting South and North parts of Korea. The following paper will explain and cover the USA’s role in the Cold War era in Korea, and other significant shifts of this period. Discussion The United States of America’s government was supporting South Korean forces during the country’s conflict with North Korea. The latter opponent was supported by China, as their country did not have enough powerfulness and military supplies to confront such a strong country as the USA and South Korea together (Mercer, 2013). Moreover, the American government could benefit from its participation in this war later by investing its finances in various industries of South Korea. Nowadays, the US government has this country’s companies’ shares and receives dividends from them (Mercer, 2013). Although America lost approximately thirty-three thousand its citizens during the Korean War, this event influenced the building of multiple American military bases in Asia. There were many social, political, and economic changes in the Civil Rights movement during the Cold War. For instance, the minimum wages in America reached their highest peak in the sixties, whereas various racial minorities were neglected and persecuted (Sandler, 2015). The USA implemented such policies as spreading its forces all over the world during the Cold War to show its powerfulness and greatness to the potential opponents. Conclusion As it is possible to witness, the USA’s policies and actions during the Cold War were intended to form its future because the country became great due to its efficient strategies and moves. Although this period is considered as a repression time in America because of multiple major changes in its economic system and citizens’ mentality, it made the USA the greatest country in the entire world. The American government started supporting South Korea, which influenced the building of the country’s settlements in different territories of other countries.
Introduction It has been established that more than three quarters homicides at the workplace are accomplished by use of guns. In regard to this about two-thirds of workplace homicides are associated to robbery and the remaining third is resulted from misunderstandings between the workers and the customers. In the USA more than thirty states have existing laws which liberalize the carrying of concealed weapons and five other states have taken extra steps to check property owners’ and employers’ capability to keep out weapons from their premises. These legislations put pressure on the employers’ ability to set up and enforce policies barring clients, visitors, and employees from moving firearms into workplaces. The United States of America alone has very high rates of gun ownership and high rates of shooting compared to any other country in the world. Within the USA, those areas with higher rates of gun ownership also are the leading in incidences of homicide (Miller, p. 92). Discussion Individuals carrying guns to the workplace is not a commendable thing. To exemplify how serious the situation is we can only look at the period between the years nineteen eighty to the year two thousand and two where statistics show that there were 16,459 homicides as resulting from shooting in the workplace (Hendricks, p. 322). As a result, employers have formulated firm arms policies, prohibiting guns from the workplace and from vehicles employees drive to work. Different state laws have also made it promising for employers to do this, serving as a welcomed barrier between guns a
Introduction Underage drinking contributes numerous health related and social problems among the society. This paper presents the relation between alcohol and sexual assault among adolescents and health problems. The reports of the various studies say that 50% of the sexual assault among adolescents is due to the influence of alcohol. It results physical injuries, fights, road accidents, drowning etc. Alcoholism is the major cause of health problems among American teenagers. It increases the vulnerability of poor academic performance, disturbance in the behavior and profession. Overconsumption of alcohol causes for depression, antisocial personality disorder, neurological problem, cancer, heart diseases and liver problems. Alcohol and sexual assault among youth Consumption of alcohol is a major cause for the sexual assault among adolescents. It is said that half of the sexual assaults happen due to alcohol use. Sexual assault means the way of doing unwanted sexual contact by means of violent or non-violent patterns. Sexual assault is becoming a common problem among college girls and studies show that one out of five college girls have undergone sexual assault during their college time. Most of the cases are related to alcohol consumption. A study was conducted to find out the relation between alcohol and sexual assault among middle school children. “Findings from the study indicate that alcohol was involved in approximately 12%-20% of the assault cases, depending on age and gender of the respondent. For females, the presence of alcohol during assault differed significantly based on the location at which the assault occurred, ranging from 6% (at the survivor’s home) to 29% (at parties or someone else’s home).” (Amy, Melissa, Antonia, Carol, & Sean, 2008, Resume/abstract.para.1). Another study was conducted to assess the role of alcohol in sexual assault, taking samples from community and college students. “It is estimated that in half of assault cases, the perpetrator had consumed alcohol (Coid, 1986; Johnson et al., 1978) or that victims had consumed alcohol (Abbey et al., 1998; Harrington and Leitenberg, 1994; Presley et al., 1997).” (Amy, Grey, Antonia, Carol, & Sean, 2008, para.2). More researchers are of the opinion that one to two-third sexual assault among college students and teenagers are due to underage drinking. There are various studies to highlight this fact. A survey was conducted among South Western University and the result shows that 53% of sexual assault perpetrators had used alcohol at the time of brutal activity. A survey conducted in Colorado University shows 100% of alcohol influence in the sexual assault. Health problems and alcohol among adolescents Suicide is becoming a major problem among American teenagers and alcohol is one of the contributing factors for it. “The epidemic increase in the suicide rate among youth may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of alcohol abuse.” (Kusserow, 199