ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The book The Jesus I Never Knew by Philip Yancey discusses the personal attitude and relations of the author with God and his understanding of God. The book consists of three parts and fourteen chapters. The author tries to persuade readers that religion and God should be a part of our life and everyone should have a possibility to decide the role and importance of God in his own life. Yancey says that from early years he was deprived of a chance to understand God and learn about religion. Yancey dedicates his writing to everyone interested in religion and theology, personal reflections on God, and unique perception of religion. The author stands against the modern education system and poor religious education at schools and at colleges. In the first part of the book, Yancey states that if we limit our presentation of biblical content to the purely human and natural scene, we cannot deal with God as anything more than an idea or interest of mankind. There are many scholars who insist that neither in general historical study, nor in the history of ideas, can we do more than deal with what men have thought about God, or what they have done to establish relations with the God whom they make the object of their faith and thought and cult practice. In this view, God is an idea. Men may think that he is real, and the historian, therefore, may say that men think so, but he is simply describing the attitude of men; he is not asserting or denying the existence or action of God. In this part, Yancey proposes a unique interpretation of God and his vision of the divine nature of God-human relations. The second part, “Why he Came” discusses the importance of Jesus Christ in religion and his role in our life. Yancey states that to recognize the human factor means to recognize that all aspects of human life have their place in the biblical picture of life. When we write about the biblical message and try to grasp and state its guiding ideas, we may slip into an intellectualism that loses the richness of human life and the Christian experience. Biblical theology is not concerned simply with the mind. It sees a man in his need and failure, his repentance and faith, his worship and fellowship, his work, and his kinship both with nature and with God’s life and purpose. The Bible is concerned with the whole man in his total need, and with the full answer to that need in the gospel of God. One type of leader could capture the attention and imagination, strike home to the will, and win converts
Introduction Victim precipitation is the contribution made by a victim that either directly or indirectly encourages a certain reaction of the victimizer. The victim precipitation concept was used to offer an explanation of the role of a victim in incidents of homicides. Research on victim precipitation has shown that most of the homicides involving adults are partly fueled by the role of the victim. However, there are no studies to prove that victim precipitation applies in homicides where the victim is a juvenile. (Felson, 1998). Applying the concept of victim precipitation to homicides (Marciniak, 1998) argues that, it is important to focus on the role played by the victim on matters involving violent crime because most researchers studying crime are strictly concerned with the offender while ignoring or underestimating the contribution of the victim. According to the research conducted by The National Crime Victim Survey, criminal acts are not a random process. How much an individual is prone to risks depends on his/her lifestyle and regular activities and therefore victimization is especially involving violent crime which occurs more often to certain individuals than to others. According to Davis (1997) Studies have also shown the existence of a close link between the victim and the victimizer. Even modern biology and psychology suggest that individuals who are violently delinquent have genetic traits and so this is also applicable to victims of genocide by analyzing their behavior type. Aggressiveness for example can lead to a violent reaction and subsequent victimization while incidences of rape are more likely to occur to girls in miniskirts. Therefore it is possible for the victim to shape as well as mold criminal behavior. According to a study conducted by Galway (1981) on homicides, among the 588 Philadelphians who were slain between 1948-1952, 26% of them were directly initiated by the victims. He suggested that in crime the victim is a positive precipitator. According to Davis (1997), a similar study was conducted by Voss on Chicago murders and found that 38% of the victims positively precipitated their own demise. According to Tumin (1969), about 14% of cases of aggravated assault, 5% of rapes, and robberies rating to 8% are victim precipitated. Homicides involving a husband and a wife where the wife kills a husband are more common where the husband has been more violent. How victim precipitation is affected by crime prevention techniques (Tepper, 2006) found that, victim precipitation can be minimized through the introduction of situational crime prevention strategies where the opportunities for a crime are reduced through measures that depend on manage
Polypharmacy is convincingly the fiercest impediment to optimal patient outcomes among the elderly. This fancy word is another way of saying that a person is concurrently consuming several different medications [1-3]. Polypharmacy can render prescriptions for treating diseases and extending life among older adults counterproductive, demanding the proactive implementation of specific research-informed interventions. The elderly increasingly rely on medications to manage different illnesses that accompany old age, but this is proving risky. Concerns abound regarding the unintended destructive effect of medication overload following the widespread use of a pill for every ill with which an elderly patient is diagnosed [4, 5]. Precisely, researchers have confirmed that polypharmacy motivates medication noncompliance, attracts adverse drug reactions, and increases fall, rehospitalizations, and healthcare costs [2, 3]. The numerous negative consequences listed herein confirm the urgent need to address this phenomenon to optimize the utility of years of centuries of scientific knowledge on treating and controlling diseases. Several interventions exist for managing medications and polypharmacy among the elderly. Recent studies propose the involvement of a multidisciplinary team – patient/family, clinical pharmacists, and other caregivers – to educate clients about the risks of certain drugs and how to keep accurate records of medications [1, 3]. Additionally, healthcare professionals should utilize the Beers Criteria and START/STOPP strategies to assess a patient’s prescription, preferably monthly or after each provider visit [1-3]. During these routine checks, clinicians can assess medication adherence, monitor adverse drug-related reactions, explore patients’ use of OTC medications, and ensure that elderly patients only use one pharmacy to acquire drugs. Hoel et al. [1] even suggested shifting focus from longevity to vigilance, comfort, and satisfactory life quality. These measures help eliminate duplicate drugs, avoid contraindicated medicines, and help clients understand the need to adhere to their prescriptions. Polypharmacy poses a severe threat to the well-being of elderly patients who concurrently consume many drugs. Seemingly, existing healthcare interventions overly focus on making elderly patients live longer at the expense of quality of life. Therefore, treatment regimens should be meaningful, simple, and comprise minimal prescribed medications, all of which are given for the right purpose and taken as appropriate.
Context and Background At present, hydrogen is gaining more recognition as a means to transport energy, due to the increased implementation of fuel cells, among other reasons. For instance, oil refineries have expressed the need to improve and increase the number of hydrotreating processes for sulfur removal in fuels. Another important issue is the reduction of impurities in hydrogen for its further use, as some processes require purity as high as 99.99% (Xiao, Fang, Bénard, and Chahine, 2018). It should be noted that the availability of hydrogen from natural sources does not match the demands of the industry, which is why its industrial production is so critical. Commercially, a number of adsorption processes have been developed, including such widely used options as pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA), and thermal or temperature swing adsorption (TSA) (Hauchhum & Mahanta, 2014). Hauchhum and Mahanta (2014) show that the aforementioned processes have been tested for efficiency in a number of studies, and the evidence has shown that PSA promises decent perspectives in the field. Among the advantages of the approach is its convenience of implementation over a broad range of temperature and pressure conditions, as well as cost-efficiency and low energy requirements. The first stage of adsorption process design includes selecting an appropriate adsorbent with necessary selectivity and working capacity (Wynnyk, Hojjati, Pirzadeh & Marriott, 2017). As of now, the industry uses a wide variety of adsorbents: activated carbon, zeolites, s
The 1972 German massacre during the Olympic Games in Munich was shocking for the entire world. Although terrorism was already a renowned international threat in the 1970s, security during this event was not strong enough to prevent the invasion of the Olympic village by the Palestinian extremists (Hirsch, 2020). According to Spindlove and Simonsen (2018), on “September 5, 1972, eight members of the Palestinian Black September terrorist group entered the village” and “managed to secure … nine Israeli hostages” (p. 160). They demanded to release more than 200 Palestinian inmates from Israel’s prisons in exchange for the athletes, who would be killed if their request was not fulfilled (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2018). The leaders of the two affected countries decided not to accept extremists’ terms. Thus, the German military group opened fire on terrorists and their hostages, which resulted in the death of all of them (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2018). This accident strengthened Germany’s anti-terrorist agencies, while Israel responded with the Operation Wrath of God. Germany had to implement additional regulations that could control immigrating Arabs and their organizations within the country to prevent similar tragic accidents in the future. The main reason why terrorists were able to invade the village was that the Games had weak security that was unarmed (History, 2021). Moreover, theories suggest that Palestinian extremists received assistance from the administration of the Olympic Games, but this information was never confirmed (Reeve, 2018). Germany established a GSG-9 agency, which became an elite anti-terror unit (Spindlove & Simonsen, 2018). Its principal function is to defeat terrorism and rescue hostages in case of an extremists attack (Reeve, 2018). Furthermore, the government was involved in a series of official meetings with the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the leaders of the Arab world to prevent similar attacks through cooperation (Hirsch, 2020). This situation was humiliating not only for the German government but also for the entire civilized community; hence, this issue and the importance of counterterrorism were taken to the international arena. Israel’s response can be considered brutal because it involved chasing and killing the responsible parties, naming the operation with the emotive but relatively pretentious title “Wrath of God.” Israel’s Prime Minister claimed they refused to negotiate with the terrorists because “no Israeli anywhere in the world can feel that his life is safe” (History, 2021). In fact, their primary aim was not only vengeance for the murdered athletes; they also wanted to spread fear among all Palestinians. Thus, Israel created a special committee that had to identify and kill everyone who was involved in the Munich massacre (Reeve, 2018). This operation continued for more than twenty years, with multiple wins and minor losses for Mossad (Reeve, 2018). Undoubtedly, this event was a horrendous incident for the Israeli people and the global community. In summary, the tragic accident that happened at the 1972 Olympic Games in Germany showed the exi
According to Goldman, sexual desire is the desire a person has for another person’s body and, desire for the pleasure obtained. Sexual activity is the action that fulfills the desire of the person. It is the desire for another’s body and pleasure brought by physical contact. That desire cannot be detached from its fundamental context. This implies that sexual desire or activity is not what is caused by the contact but the physical contact itself. Sex can be defined as an expression of “romantic” love between partners. In addition, sex communicates other emotions besides love or can communicate nothing and still be termed as sex. The desire can be said to be physical-psychological between two individuals with a deep emotional relationship. A normal person cannot have this desire with so many individuals and for those who claim they do, the love they give is very weak. Sexual desire does not involve just the desire for a conversation but, real sexual contact (1-6). For Neera, sex reveals most truths concerning individuals showing their fears and, deepest desires of their partners and themselves (Neera par. 1). Thus, monogamous sex requires self-control and it is difficult to control monogamous love. Naturally, love is not monogamous and sex strengthens families and, restricts the sexual desire of a couple for other people. To some extent, the freedom of women has been curtailed and some tend to use it as a weapon. Love is accompanied by a sexual desire, which is both physical and psychological. According to Nagel, sex takes place when two people are aroused by one another and the sexual relationship becomes a form of personal communication of feelings. Sex does not imply communication or a series of gestures but pleasurable physical activity. Sex cannot account for caressing, holding hands, and kissing. Plain physical sex is vulgar and non-sensation sexual encounters should be avoided (pp. 1-2). Many view the possibility of reproduction as a threat and sexual desires are based on physical beauty ignoring the reproduction capability (Raymond and Christopher 180). Goldman argues that there is no morality aspect of sex and sexual ethic is similar to any other form of ethics. This implies has unless governed by the rules that apply somewhere else, nothing is immoral in sex. Nevertheless, manipulation of victims without their interest is sexual misconduct and it leads to the violation of the moral rule. These include rape and molestation
Introduction Being a social philosopher and thinker, Confucius has been at the forefront in establishing knowledge on the issues of justice, morality, sincerity, and correctness in governmental, personal, and social relationships. His ideas and values on the concepts of morality and justice have impacted on many generations. All the values highlighted by Confucius have gained abundant prominence across China and the world in general. One of the most outstanding philosophies offered by Confucius is in the quote, “the strength of a nation derives from the strength of the home.” In this passage, Confucius addressed the role of the family in the growth and development of a nation. Confucius had strong regard on the family as the sole origin and foundation of the nation. In his opinion, Confucius stated that the stronger the family values, the stronger the nation would be. This is possible by embarking strong moral values to the family units. According to Confucius, it is impossible for one to teach others what he can not teach his family. Being the smallest unit in the nation, the family plays a vital role in ensuring the stability and progress of the nation. The moral values advocated by Confucius can be best adopted in the family. Since the family members are more close to one another, teaching them moral values ensures a stronger family. The principle adopted by Confucius that, “people should not do to others what they don’t want to be done to them” is best applicable in the family level. By adopting this principle, a stronger and more united family will be established. It is notable that by ensuring strong families guided on integrity, the nation as a whole will be stronger since it is composed of families. The issues of love and sincerity have also been identified as key pillars in the family. This is also a core aspect in Confucius philosophy which advocated for a united society governed by good human relations. By ensuring order and harmony at an individual family level, it becomes automatic that the nation as a whole will have the order. This is s
World War I, known in America at the time it happened as the Great War, was not only an international military conflict but also a series of historical processes that changed American society and were reflected in populations’ experiences. Before the war, there had been attempts to improve the relationship between labor and capital, and part of the process was labor migration of southern African-Americans northward and westward. The war changed the ethnic composition of the working class, and the need for manpower reinforced labor unions and movements (Zieger, 2000); particularly, more women became involved, gaining more political and economic power in the home front. By the time the war began, more and more people in the United States believed that they were a great nation with claims to global leadership. Before that, the widespread view on American history was exceptionalism, and Americans were only willing to intervene in international processes or conflicts when a serious threat was recognized. However, such conflicts as Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War showed that the United States was interested in expanding its influence; this was demonstrated in World War I, as America became a strong global power, and expansionism continued after the war. There was a heated debate in the American society concerning the county’s involvement in the Great War, and President Wilson was heavily criticized not only for the fact of entering the war but also for the way the United States carried out its participation. However, the debate was focused on the United States, and little concern was expressed about the impact on the international community. According to a historian Ross A. Kennedy (2001), the dominant belief was that the American nation had a mission, and entering the war and facilitating international relations upon its completion was part of this mission. Wartime production needs to launch industrial expansion in the countries that participated in World War I, including the United States. More factories appeared, and since the process was rapid and forced, the working conditions for people in those factories were poor. However, the economic impact was the growing economic power of the United States, both internally and externally; also, the growing working class became a more active participant of economic relations in the country. Before the war, the dominant mood in society was neutrality. The experience for entering the bloodiest war that had ever happened in the history of humankind was a significant shift, and this is demonstrated in the way most Americans in the post-war period were keen on the idea of American global influence (Ives, 2017). The very notion of American patriotism changed. A key figure in the process was President Wilson himself, as he was an ardent supporter of the United States’ participation in international relations. His overall idea was that this participation was a crusade for liberty, but many assessed it as the continuation of the American imp
Introduction The Founding Brothers, By Joseph Ellis, is a documentary-style book that tells about the relationships between the founding fathers of the United States. The Author is a Ford Foundation Professor of History at Mount Holyoke College. He served his country as a Captain in the United States Army and taught at West Point (Military Academy), New York. Ellis’ other books include:   * American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (2007)   * His Excellency: George Washington (2005)   * American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (1998)   * Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (2001)   * After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (2002) Primary Theme The primary theme of the book, Founding Brothers, was the relationships between the men in leadership positions in early American history. The book goes into great detail about how each man felt about the other men and why they behaved the way they did. Most of their behavior was typical of that era but some of their behaviors were because of the stress of nation-building that the men had undertaken. Ellis is quick to point out that this generation was the “greatest generation in American history” (McDonald, p1). These men were responsible for the successful American Revolution that, if it had gone wrong, these men would have been charged with treason and hanged by the British. Ellis describes each man as they show up in history beginning with George Washington who, by the time of this book, was passing on the torch of leadership to Adams (after he won the election). Ellis points out that these men knew they were making history and many, like Adams, kept a record of correspondence for historical purposes. Primary Intention The author’s primary intention was to record history from the perspective of the men who served the United States in the highest positions. He gives each man back his intricacies or personalities rather than just recording what the men accomplished and how they accomplished what they did. For example, Ellis tells of the relationship between John Adams and his second wife, Abigail, who was referred to as his “one woman cabinet”. Ellis takes the readers from George Washington’s last party through each subsequent leader and his importance to the country. Most significantly described in the book was the election of John Adams over Thomas Jefferson. The book pointed out how the election winner was President and the second placer was the Vice President. In this case, Adams won by three votes