ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The problem of chemical dependency is one of the most severe threats to personal and public health. The uncontrollable urge to use endless doses of nicotine, opioids, or alcohol causes critical damage to physical health and adversely affects the psychological well-being of the individual. Among the factors listed, alcohol addiction is subject to special consideration, being one of the most dangerous types of disorders. To be more precise, by 2018, alcohol took the lives of more than 5,698 people, an increase of 7 percent over the exact figure in 2008 (NHS). At the same time, the UK is one of the most drinking countries, as the average number of liters of alcohol per person there was 11.45 in 2018, higher than in other developed countries (Ritchie and Roser, 2018). As a consequence, alcohol addiction is a significant national problem that causes severe health damage. This essay seeks to discuss this problem from a biological and social perspective. In Jack’s proposed case, alcohol addiction is an obvious problem that threatens the man’s physical and mental health. According to the DSM-5, Jack already exhibits two patterns related to craving and tolerance. Tolerance expresses in ever-increasing amounts of intoxicating drinks, while craving describes a man’s inner desire to participate in parties and fights. Several unrelated factors may be predictors of Jack’s chronic alcoholism. First, although there is no reliable evidence, genetic heredity with a drinking father carries weight. Either epigenetic constructs or an upbringing with a constantly drinking father, or a combination of both, could have caused Jack to develop an alcohol disorder. Second, the man is under constant work stress, and alcohol has been known to allow people to forget and abstract from their problems. In addition, Jack has a rambunctious lifestyle and goes to wild parties, which in itself can become predictors of alcohol use. Finally, the ever-increasing quantity of drinks he ingests causes Jack to develop alcoholism, in which it takes more alcohol to achieve the euphoria of intoxication. Consequently, Jack finds himself in a vicious cycle in which he constantly has to drink more to get drunk. All of these factors can work together, whic
The history of immigrants to the United States is a controversial topic that has raised heated debates in recent years. Immigrants have been exposed to a lot of changes in their quest to getting assimilated to the American society. The U.S immigration policy has failed to limit the type and the number of immigrants coming to the United States. The first immigrants to the U.S were Britons of European descent. They were followed by German immigrants in the mid 1700s and owing to their ethnic background (different language) they lived in ethnic enclaves. As a result they were not culturally assimilated. During the great slave trade, Africans were involuntarily immigrated to the U.S and were highly discriminated upon on account of their racial backgrounds. In addition, their intermarriage with the natives led to the emergence of African Americans or Negroes. With more than ten million immigrants, racial and ethnic diversity in the American society increased tremendously. The first, second, and third waves of immigrants contributed to high levels of immigrants in the U.S. Immigration resulted in the emergence of various ethnic groups in the U.S. this had a dramatic impact on the ethnic and racial relations of the Americans. To better understand the history of U. S immigrants, it is important first to relate it to ethnic and racial relations. The different races are classified as White, black, Asian, and Indian. In this context, Hispanics, Arab Americans, Asian Indians, and bi-racial people do not fit in the mentioned races of immigrants. In terms of ethnicity, the whites are the majority while other groups are considered as ethnic minorities. Based on the immigrants’ history, the whites have been dominant compared to other races. In other words, the whites are highly placed followed on the U.S’ ethnic hierarchies, followed by Asian Americans and other ethnic groups (Hispanics/Latinos). Blacks or African Americans are at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. The historical legacy of immigration has played a crucial role in sustaining ethic hierarchies in the United States. The reason behind this is that after migrating to the U.S, immigrants were hierarchically placed into different socioeconomic positions. For example, White Americans who forms the majority group were placed on the top to them, and for this reason, they tended to view other races as being inferior to them especially the minority groups such as African Americans. Over the years, we have witnessed drastic changes in the composition of different ethnic groups and races. For example, the racial category of white Americans has been expanding constantly throughout the American immigration history. Currently, they constitute an estimated 75 percent of the United States’ population while the minorities share the remaining percentage. Although whites form the largest percentage, there is fear that in the near future they will be surpassed by other minority groups thus making them socioeconomically and politically weaker. In understanding the U.S immigrants’ history, the African Americans cannot be ignored as they have contributed
In recent years, the Earth’s climate has changed markedly: some countries suffer from abnormal heat waves, others from winters that are too harsh and snowy for these places. Climate change is one of today’s significant difficulties. Unpredictable weather patterns that threaten food production, and rising sea levels that inflate the danger of natural hazards are the outcomes of climate change and have a global nature and unprecedented degree. The consequence of global warming on the planet’s natural landscape regularly leads to geopolitical changes that threaten the stability of already vulnerable regions. Climate change threatens human security, creating multiple vulnerabilities and exacerbating existing social tensions. Unless action is taken now, subsequent adaptation to climate change will be more challenging and costly. Global temperature increases result in a scarcity of natural resources; climate change is becoming a security threat, particularly in politically unstable territories of the world. Conflicts often arise between different social groups regarding resource-dependent communities (Sharifi et al., 2020). Disputes related to resource scarcity stem from multiple tensions in land-use systems, control of seasonal livestock routes, rangeland restoration, and new farming and production forms. However, looking at climate change solely through the lens of conflict narrows the scope for human security-based solutions. The article by Ayyoob Sharifi, Dahlia Simangan, and Shinji Kaneko (2020) studied this topic in more depth. Their work examined papers over the past three decades related to climate change and its relationship to conflict and peace. Many different articles, reviews, and studies on this topic have been published recently. However, according to Sharifi et al. (2020), there is still no bibliometric analysis in this area. Thus, the purpose of their study is to fill this gap for a greater understanding of the problem at hand. The authors are professors and researchers at various universities and have several dozen papers on social science, the natural sciences, and the environment to their credit. The authors have included many charts and tables to help understand the research they describe and make the structure of the article clearer. The review looks at various works from different years on the environment, connections to conflict, and the impact of climate change. The authors use outside sources to corroborate their statements. As a research method, bibliometric analysis was used to measure documents related to recording and transmitting knowledge and apply statistical techniques to the library and information science (Xu & Yu, 2019). This approach makes the work not only impartial but also objective. The results of this work can help identify understudied research topics that require further attention and can be used by scholars and policymakers as additional guidance in the field. Security thr
The diversity workplace assumes people from different countries or people with different ethnicities, beliefs, and backgrounds. As a result, employees have various styles of communication. It creates misunderstandings that need to be addressed. Communicative barriers often occur due to the different traditions and world views but, what is more important, due to different communicative styles. Each person has his or her own style of communication that imposes distinctive imprint on their behavior and interaction with other people. For example, the Chinese use the indirect style of communication while Americans the direct ones. The direct style is associated with the expression of the true intentions of the person. It is a peculiarity of the American culture that leaves little room for understatements. Americans tend to call a person on straight and clear conversations. Such style takes great care to preserve the position of the speaker in the conversation. Most often, this style develops in individualist cultures. In its turn, indirect style enables people to hide their desires, needs, and goals during communication. In such cultures, preference is given to indirect and ambiguous communication that is dictated by the importance of respecting the other person’s position. As a rule, it is a collectivist culture. Thus, the Chinese do not give negative answers such as “no” or “I do not agree with you.” Usually, they use evasive answers like “I agree with you to some extent” or “I feel sorry for you.” “Some people may even feel that Asians are deceptive or hiding pertinent information while, in fact, they may have been socialized to communicate in a less directive style to demonstrate respect” (Harvey & Allard, 2015, p. 212). The context of the situation is the key to understanding such cases. Moreover, non-verbal communication is also important. For example, hugging is one of the cross-cultural misunderstandings. In China, people ask consent before hugging someone, as hugging someone without permission is considered rude and a violation of one’s personal space. In the United States, hugging someone is considered a friendly greeting. However, the employer has to resolve confusing and challenging situations created by communicative styles in the workplace. Speaking of the negotiations, the decisiveness of Americans manifests itself in readiness to make decisions during the meeting. On the contrary, the Chinese have come
Introduction Any type of food regardless of how it is grown or processed has to pass through several channels during transportation from the point of origin to its point of consumption or storage. Foodstuffs are usually transported either in form of bushels, bouquets, bundles, buckets, in small packages, poly-line up barrels or baskets. Transportation of food can either be through road, air or water means and thus different precautions should be used for the different means. Without proper mechanisms put in place while handling food and food ingredients, these foodstuffs become vulnerable to contamination at some point either during transportation or storage, thus these processes should be cared out carefully (Bachelard & Baker 2007). Transportation During transportation, the quality of food products especially consumer goods can gradually depreciate in quality if not properly stored. In most cases, the food end up having microorganisms but is dependant on various factors such as temperatures and other factors like; availability of nutrients in the foodstuff, oxygen, water or preservatives used. As a result, proper transportation ways should be used and other preservation measures taken to prevent food contamination (Vorvick 2011). Warehouses Warehouses are common storage facilities for foods which if not properly maintained may cause food poisoning. Warehouses storing foodstuffs if not well managed are vulnerable to attracts from various insects, rodents and birds which can contaminate the food stored through their excretions or infections (NSW Food Authority 2011). Especially considering the temperature changes in Melbourne, which have led to a rat plague so, precautions should be increased against rodent /animal plagues. Warehouses also can lead to cross contamination especially if there are different types of foods that have been stored together. For instance, vegetables with traces of bacteria’s can contaminate meat and grain products if stored or transported together. Additionally, food contamination may take place during food packaging where the materials used are found to be contaminated. The World Health Organization (2007) advices that, “mold and b
The detection of conditions with atypical symptoms is crucial to treating patients. Atypical presentations are more prevalent in older adults than in other populations due to age-related changes (Liang, 2016). Some of the problems that are difficult to recognize are common. For instance, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most often occurring infections in geriatric patients (Wojszel & Toczyńska-Silkiewicz, 2018). Several signs can be the same in younger and older adults, including increased frequency and urgency of urination, burning, and pain, odorous urine, and others. These symptoms constitute a typical presentation and lead one to suspect the development of a UTI. In contrast, the atypical sign that occurs in older adults is behavior change. In a recent case, a 72-year-old African American female came into the office, stating that she “does not feel right.” She did not give any other descriptions and could not pinpoint any possible causes for her agitation. However, knowing that confusion, restlessness, and fatigue are associated with UTIs in geriatric patients, I decided to perform a urinalysis on the patient (Wojszel & Toczyńska-Silkiewicz, 2018). The results of the test confirmed the suspicion of a UTI. This case shows that atypical presentation can differ significantly from usually expected symptoms. It is vital to know the specific aspects of older adults’ health and behavior to detect issues. The use of general tests is also a viable strategy as it may help to eliminate a number of possible conditions (Resnick, 2016). In the discussed situation, I relied on my knowledge of atypical presentations as well as the necessary set of diagnostic tests. Other strategies may involve reviewing patients’ medical history, studying their response to diagnostics, and determining conditions by elimination.
Juan’s condition is serious because he does not have a work permit, yet he suffers from a disease that needs surgery. Additionally, he does not have relatives to take care of him, given the nature of the disease and its extent. When seeking treatment options, Juan will have to deal with several challenges. One of the challenges is that he does not have the necessary documents that would help him in seeking medical care in the country. The laws suggest that any migrant must prove his or her legality before receiving government-funded services. If he decides to seek private medical services from the local providers, he will have to part away with a considerable amount, which he does not have currently given the nature of his work. He cannot risk visiting the government clinic because the chances are high that he might be thrown out of the country. The challenge is related to cultural beliefs and traditions as regards medical conditions. His friends are all of Hispanic origin, and they advise him to seek the services of the traditional doctor because his condition might be related to witchcraft. Th
Introduction The paper aims at analyzing the past and current family systems by way of comparison because the present is always the product of the past. The type of change that happens to the institution of the family is gradual that is, various components that constitute the family have amble time of adjusting according. The story of the past offers understanding to the present events happening at various societal levels including the family level. Through history, therefore we are able to offer coherence to the present world. To arrive at the interjection point between the past and present, a survey was conducted by way of questioning the old. It revealed the changes that have occurred since then to date. Changes occur because of developments in politics, economics, technology and culture. People have developed modern intellectual reasoning that changes the way families are managed. Production is no longer small subsistence but instead, it has been commercialized posing challenges to the way the family is constituted. Globalization due to expanded technology has brought people close to each other hence affecting the family values in many ways. People in the modern world interact freely while relating to those they want without restriction. We have the human rights organizations that facilitate equality among all citizens, discrimination based on race, gender and social status is no more. Political awareness has ensured that civil awareness is achieved. The society is governed democratically meaning that autocracy is no longer tolerated. The external forces generated through developments in various societal organizations affect the family unit. As the state is governed democratically, so is the family unit. Methodology The correspondent was conducted over the phone, a number of questions were asked to him including mostly those connected to the family values. The correspondent is a village mate and is believed that he has enough knowledge about the lineage of the kinship, which is the custodian of the family values. The old man claimed to have had a troubled background since his parents passed away immediately he was born. It was a big challenge to him living without the support of the parents. At that time, it was not a problem growing up without parents since the community had a collective responsibility of bringing up children. What he only missed was parental care but not other necessities such as food and clothing since the community provided them. It means that the community was too supportive to its members; someone needed not be around for his/her roles to be performed. The old man was approached by first informing him how experienced he was in terms of interpreting the society values, he was also informed that the information he could release was confidential and no one could access them. The interviewee accepted to volunteer the information because he noticed that it was only to be utilized academically. He gave out information for as long as the interview took, the correspondent was co-operative and appr
Executive Summary Introduction Understanding an employee’s job status and satisfaction level is an important area of study for academicians and managers alike. For managers, doing so helps them to identify areas where they could improve organizational processes and employee productivity. Comparatively, academicians investigate job statuses and satisfaction levels because it allows them to comprehend existing employment patterns and factors influencing employee satisfaction. This way, they contribute to policy development processes. Nonetheless, the debate on how to improve the workplace environment for the benefit of workers and managers has been characterized by broad observations, which do not specifically focus on issues that relate to workers directly or they’re unique social and cultural characteristics. Literature Review Past studies that have investigated employee welfare in the hospitality industry have failed to investigate context-specific factors affecting job satisfaction. However, the sector is broad and of a global nature. More importantly, it is increasingly being defined by regional and cultural-specific factors, such as the growing importance of China in the global hospitality industry as both a source and destination for foreign tourists. At the same time, varying education qualifications among employees who work in this sector have complicated people’s understanding of what makes workers and clients satisfied with their work. Consequently, current studies fail to explore existing differences in job satisfaction among graduates in the hospitality industry based on social, educational, and cultural differences. Methodology This study sought to fill the above research gap by investigating an employment status and job satisfaction levels among Chinese graduates in the hospitality industry. Four research questions guided the review. They sought to find out the attitudes of Chinese graduates in the hospitality industry regarding their work, how satisfied they were with their pay, whether they felt adequately recognized for their work and if they believed they had adequate opportunities for career growth. Using a mixed-methods approach, evidence was collected from 75 respondents using a structured questionnaire, which was administered, as an online survey. T
Compared to common criminals, corporations relish a number of benefits in case of legal action against them due to the possibility of entering into a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA). The major advantage of such practice is avoiding trial and imprisonment (Apuzzo). Corporations refrain from potentially catastrophic collateral aftermath of being involved in the criminal justice system (Bourjaily 543). The conditions of a DPA presuppose that if the defendant succeeds in fulfilling the provisions required by the prosecutor, the charges are dismissed, and the case is closed (Reilly 839). Thus, a corporate defendant’s advantage is that unlike an individual defendant, their criminal misconduct, however serious, can almost always be alleviated by following the agreement’s terms (Reilly 840). Also, the company can retain its reputation if it avoids legal prosecution (Bisgrove and Weekes 420). Additionally, corporations save money on avoiding lengthy legal proceedings and preventing punishment of those employees who were not involved in criminal activity. This way, the so-called whole company effect can be avoided, and innocent workers do not feel the negative implications of their colleagues’ wrongdoings. Other stakeholders impacted by resolving corporate crimes with the help of DPA are stockholders and customers. For them, DPA seems to offer positive outcomes since they can avoid negative consequences of criminal prosecution acts against corporations (Reilly 842). If an organization’s accounts do not become frozen, and the company continues working, innocent parties will not suffer. Research indicates that clients tend to break contracts with corporations that have lost their trust due to financial scandals and legal action (Bourjaily 546). Therefore, the use of a DPA has beneficial outcomes for all stakeholders. However, despite DPA’s advantages for stakeholders, there is a major discussion in the modern criminal justice system as to its negative effects. First of all, judges and prosecutors are concerned with the fact that by using a DPA, the justice system loses the opportunity to “recover the proceeds of any wrongdoing” or affect the company’s governance (Bisgrove and Weekes 418). Another concern is related to the prosecution of fewer individuals in case of employing a DPA (Reilly 842). Additionally, experts in criminal justice consider that there is an increased likelihood of “abuse and exploitation” in the processes of negotiation and implementation of agreements (Reilly 843). Further, a DPA does not provide sufficient transparency or adequate access to all interested parties in the justice process (Reilly 843). Bourjaily identifies two dangers of the DPA: creating “a shadow system of adjudications” and promoting a perception that some corporations are “too big to jail” (547, 549). The first problem lies in the impossibility to control the negotiations under the DPA approach. The second danger is that the double standards used f