ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The “Occupy Wall Street” movement can be considered a manifestation of the influence of the media on the perception and thus the impression of the general public towards particular ideas and events. The propaganda model presents the notion that the content produced by mass media supports current sociological and ideological biases which is utilized by the media in order to promote particular ideas for their own gain (i.e. higher ratings) or the gain of the political and economic elites (i.e. to get access to information as well as advertising deals). Through such support, this in turn impacts the perception of viewers who rely on the media as their primary means of information regarding events that occur within their city, region, country or the world around them. It is within this context that the media can be considered the largest proponent towards the creation of the Occupy Wall Street campaigns in the U.S. Evidence of the propaganda model in action during the coverage of the “Occupy Wall Street Movement” can be seen in the typical “pro and con” structure which portrayed sensationalism, bias, as well as unbalanced reporting. One way of understanding the effectiveness of such methods of coverage and its ability to sway public opinion is by examining the concept of irrational exuberance which acts as a means of influencing the behavior of a media outlet’s audience. Irrational exuberance can be defined as the means of by which an individual molds their behavior on the actions of other people. It is defined as being “irrational” since some individuals tend to take things at face value resulting in their opinion being swayed by outside media without necessarily considering the other side of the issue. Within the context of media coverage and the general consensus of the members of the “Occupy Wall Street movement”, there were was little in the way of sufficiently objective reporting on the part of the media as well as a lack of proper understanding on the part of the protestors. This was evident by the sheer fact that there were no long term plans put forth by the protestors in order to resolve the problem that they were protesting against. This in effect means that they were protesting against an issue with no clear idea on how to resolve it and were just protesting for the sake of protesting. This is a clear indicator that irrational exuberance was in effect which was brought about through the biased reporting of the media. In addition, both economic and political/social propaganda were evident during the events. Arguably, the media was used to spread and promote propagandistic m
The history of the mankind is often called to be the history of separate personalities, who shape the course of events in the whole world by their actions and words. Thus, the role of a personality in the history has always been stressed by scholars who claim that these are people that make history but not vice versa. The history of Turkey is not an exception, and the life and main ideas by Ahmet Agaoglu have played a central role in the formation of the new Turkey after the Ottoman Empire had been destroyed and the Turkish Republic established. The book Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey is a brilliant source of information on Ahmet Agaoglu’s life and main political, social ideas. Although having its strong and weak points, this book is an example of a well-documented and argumentative source. So, it is necessary to see the background of this book. First of all, Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey is one of the first attempts in the Middle East studies to present a detailed and argumentative account of the life of a prominent political and social statesman. Aside from other points, the main idea of the book is the highlighting of the Turkish identity and its major principles. Historical background is also rather significant in the book as far as the author manages to put the life and work of Ahmet Agaoglu in the context of the two Russian (1905 and 1917) and one Turkish Revolution (1908), World War I, and a number of other events that determined the development of the mankind for the next century. Therefore, the bulk of the data that Shissler (2003) operates with are either purely historical or deeply philosophical, depending on the matter of study in a certain chapter. The former are present because the book under analysis, aside from being a detailed biographical account of Ahmet Agaoglu’s life and work, is a historical work dealing with such controversial events in the history of humanity as the Russian revolutions, World Wars, etc. Therefore, Shissler (2003) describes those events through the prism of Ahmet Agaoglu’s personality: He was involved directly or indirectly in three revolutions (1905 in
Introduction Observing the news and media resources it could be said that the wars between equal opponents since World War II were apparently left in the past. In his book “Why Nations Go to War”, John G. Stoessinger introduces the idea that the “weak” sometimes have an important power over the “strong”. This paper analyzes this idea on the basis of the concept of asymmetric warfare. Analysis More often the concept of asymmetry is applied to characterize the relations between non-comparable opponents in military force and status, where it is possible to consider the popular mythological analogy of David and Goliath’s fight. With the exception of few literature sources of a strategic and legal character, the allocation of asymmetry, as a rule, specifies the paradoxical characteristics of the relations in which a weaker opponent is capable to cause serious damage and even imposing the will to the stronger opponent, whereas the stronger opponent is not always capable of defending own interests and subordinate the weak. The beginning of the military operations in Iraq in 2003 and the inability of the coalition of the strongest powers to finish the war in accordance with primary plans, i.e. to establish full control over the country after defeating its armed forces, the transition of military actions to guerrilla warfare is considered by the experts as an example of classical «asymmetric conflict» which can be compared to the war in Vietnam. In the Iraq conflict, the obvious disproportion of power possibilities of opponents, their statuses and the tactics of military actions can be revealed. Guerrilla wars in the conditions of occupation or colonial government and the national-liberation movements were ranked as a category of asymmetric conflicts in the sixties of the past century. Over the last years that passed after the end of World War II, many national-liberation and anti-colonial movements used the strategy of guerrilla warfare as a result of which it was possible for these movements to exhaust if not force the will of the opponents and to force them to make concessions. The popular reasoning of Mao Zedong about the strategy and the tactics of guerrilla warfare are surprisingly conformable to those reasons of the outcome of the US War in Vietnam (1964-1975) which were outlined by Henry Kissinger. Both politicians saw the reasons for the victory of the Vietnamese in the long pattern of the war which exhausted the USA, despite their military superiority. The success in
Show business manifests through myriad media formats and the recent spurt in radio talk shows and their wide local popularity has spurred the development of numerous FM stations all over the country. In order to grab the attention of the avid listeners, innovative and meticulously planned music as well as talk shows are planned, designed and executed keeping in mind the tastes and preferences of local audiences as well as the national stage, if the broadcast capabilities include such a framework. Shock Jocks contribute substantially in the success of such programs with their witty comments and innovative utterances which stimulate anticipation as well as keen interest in the listeners. In the process local and national advertisers are able to push many of the products across to their customers through strategically placed audio ads which generate huge revenue for their respective companies. A radio jockey has to keep in mind what to say and what not to according to the prevalent norms in the social setup he or she is operating in. Inadvertent or intentional slips of the tongue, though generating great interest can sometimes lead to serious trouble as demonstrated by the incident leading to the sacking of Don Imus from two of the major broadcasting radio stations, CBS and MSNBC (Clemmitt 1). Slapstick comedy and shock comments are the essence of a successful radio jockey and on most occasions they get away with the most preposterous and ridiculous comments which serve to stimulate as well as titillate the humor bone of the listeners. But if certain limits are crossed, the very comments which appear innocuous at first can be interpreted in a different way altogether. Imus, who already had a reputation for passing racial slurs, especially against the African-American community, was caught offhand on one such occasion while discussing the NCAA Women’s Basketball Championship, in which he labeled the Rutgers University Women’s Basketball Team members as “nappy headed hos”, largely due to their composition of the team, which was represented by all black team (Clemmitt 20). Although he was quick enough to air an apology when he realized the gravity of his mistake, the comment sparked huge outcries which lead to severe condemnation and protests form African American organizations across America. Imus was labeled a misogynist and this particular comment was widely published over the internet which strengthened the case against him (Clemmitt 20). The protests reached such a crescendo that the two major broadcasters he was working with had to stop the talk show and sack him permanently. A controversy raged thereafter which
Cisco Systems Cisco Systems Company refers to a United States multinational business with its headquarters in California that engages in designing, manufacturing and selling networking devices. At the close of 2011, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company, John Chambers, was trying to restructure and streamline the company after a year of stumbles that had resulted in the company facing a financial hardship. In April, the company had announced a change in its consumer products business that made Flip, business unit dealing with video cameras, to collapse. In 2011, the sales of the company had continued to decline and had dropped by about 40% in its fourth quarter. The net income of the company in the fourth quarter, ending on July 2011, had dropped to 1.2 billion dollars from 1.9 billion dollars in the same quarter in 2010. Following the decline, Cisco began an overhaul of its functions by cutting $1 billion from its yearly operating costs to cater for the declining sales. Moreover, Cisco made an untimely retirement offer to more than five-thousand of its older workers and anticipated that around 3,000 workers would leave as a result (Waters, 2011, para. 2-5). Following the restructuring of its management, the company reduced its huge number of executives to just three. General Motors Around mid 2008, an international-scale decline distressed the economy of the US and the stock price of General Motors (one of the “Big Three” automakers in the United States) dropped by about 30%. Because of the fall in automobile sales, General Motors borrowed emergency loans from the government to assist in handling its financial shortages. By mid 2009, the condition had turned from bad to worse in such a manner that General Motors was facing bankruptcy and liquidation. To avoid the loss of jobs and in an attempt to stabilize the industry, the governments of both US and Canada offered an 85 billion dollars worth of bail out to the “Big Three” (General Motors (GM), Chrysler and Ford Motor Company). GM rose from bankruptcy as a new company with a great part of it under the ownership of the US Treasury (Ikenson, 2012, para. 4-7). General Motors terminated some of its brands (reduced its brands from 8 to 3) in trying to address bankruptcy, by intending to save 5 billion dollars per year. Nevertheless, this turned out to be very expensive because of franchise laws; for instance, General Motors had to spend approximately 2.1 billion dollars for the withdrawal of Oldsmobile (Ikenson, 2012, para. 5-6). By 2012, General Motors had considerably recovered and made sales of more than 9
In service or product industry, there are formal groups developed by the management to perform certain duties: formal groups have some set goals and objectives to attain in an organization; some examples of formal teams include human resources management team and project management teams. Alongside formal groups, some informal group results not from deliberate management making but they exist by the virtue that human beings are beings and tend to live in groups. Mutually shared interests among members of informal groups hold the groups together; some examples of informal teams are social welfare groups, security, knowledge acquisition and groups to purporting to liberate the organization (Newstrom & Scannell, 1998). This paper discusses the role of teams/groups in the telecommunication industry. The role of teams and groups in the telecommunication industry Scientific innovation and invention has resulted to an increased development in communication industry; there are a number of communication channels and modes. The industry is one of the fast growing industries in the world. Currently the influx of mobile phones and internet communication has shaped world communication strategies some of the major international companies include Nokia Phone Company, Motorola Phone Company and Apple Inc. The role of formal groups in the industry varies with the role that a specific group has been assigned to undertake. For instance, in the industry, there is need for massive research to develop and differentiate ones products, a team made for this task has the mandate of ensuring that the task has been conducted effectively for the general welfare of the company. Different tasks in an organization are given to different groups that are made of human resources with varying talents and those who can merge their strengths for the good of the organization they are operating. Groups are the brooders of innovation and creativity, when people are working in different groups, they come up with strategies and different ways of doing things that can be beneficial to the entire organization. Apple, the world leading company in phone and electronic industry attributes its success to robust and orchestrate teams that support each other to develop and invent products that are responsive to market needs. Ericson is one of the oldest phone manufacturers but the trailing performance of the company has been attributed to weak teams operating in the company. Informal groups operate for the interest of its members; the members have some personal interests; the groups pay a major role in fulfilling psychological interests of team members. They create unity and job satisfaction. A company as a whole can be taken as a team that aims to fulfill its mission and vision; it also has some objectives it aims at fulfilling; in the larger company groups, there are small teams that play part in the fulfillment of the organizations roles. Teams may be in departments, tasks allocation and How to develop and maintain an effect
Introduction Research design is an inevitable part of any type of research since the ideas, the flow of study, and the results obtained should be presented in readable and scientifically literate form. The division of research into two broad categories of qualitative and quantitative research accounts for the choice the present topic. The paper analyzes the research design of a set of peer reviewed articles devoted to vaccination that belong to the sphere of quantitative research. Main Body In their article, Findley et al. study the interrelation of coalition of community and improvement of child vaccination rates in New York. The researchers make use of “retrospective, matching, birth cohort design” in order to present an evaluation of a comprehensive childhood immunization program of “outreach, education, and reminders in a Latino community”. (Findley et al., 2008, p. 1959). The design of the article satisfies basic demands since it presents accurate and clear information of the main sections. As for the methodology used, the scientist applied “quasi-experimental, retrospective, birth cohort design” (Findley et al, 2008, p. 1960). They made use of the hospital data and the New York Citywide Immunization Registry. The article reports about the software used in the research. Thus, methodology section covers all methods used. As for the results of the study, they are presented at the beginning of the article and the rest of the article shows the flow of the research. A concise but informative conclusion states that “reminders, tracking, and outreach” improve the analyzed immunization rates. The article by Ndirangu et al. dwells on the state of childhood vaccination in rural areas of Southern Africa and establishes the ties between the level of immunization and HIV status of the mothers of the children. The methods used by the authors in the research are mainly statistical. They analyze the data concerning 2431 children (Ndirangu, 2009, p. 1383) applying the data to five types of vaccination. The design of the article reflects all stages of the research in a proper order. The methods used are mainly numerical. The results are presented in percentage ratio and recommendations concerning the increase of vaccination coverage are given. The third article by Nitch-Osuch concerns the coverage of influenza vaccine in risk groups determined by age in Poland. The authors have performed a qualitative analysis of data provided by National Institute of Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health and Central Statistical Office (Nitch-Osuch, 2009, p. 198). The design of the article follows the flow of the research conducted and ends with the results based on the quantitative analysis. The main method used in the research is qualitative analysis of the data provided by above mentioned official sources. The quantitative results are presented in percentage form along with the authors’ concern about worsening situation caused by low level of vaccination of children in Poland. The theme of vaccination is extremely popular in peer reviewed
Introduction Globalization is the emerging incorporation of economies, as well as societies throughout the globe. Currently, almost every industry is experiencing globalization either directly or indirectly. A novel international energy economy that will create a rise in demand and supply and thus encourage the different regions in the globe to rely on each other is developing. A global widespread energetic reliance on energy resources, as well as networks is increasing in the international economy. Economists have estimated that almost $22 trillion is needed to invest in the distribution of infrastructure, which would meet the expected demand up to 2030. The mobilization of the required resources and other factors are posing challenges to the future of the energy industry. This paper will discuss the challenges that face the energy industry, which is my future career, due to globalization. Problems of Globalization in the future of the Energy Industry One of the main problems that globalization has caused to the energy industry is energy security. Energy security refers to the availability of sufficient, cheap, and dependable quantity of energy. In addition, energy security has a close association with geopolitics, as well as regional security demands (Bradshaw 275-290) because sufficient, cheap, and dependable quantity of energy is an essential component of any contemporary community. The challenges in energy security come in a number of ways. The economy of any nation relies on the abundant and affordable distribution of fossil fuels (Amineh and Guang 78). Moreover, the spatial formation of the international economy coupled with its elements and subsidiary organizations especially the transport sector only become a reality if there is a dependable source of low-cost energy. Nevertheless, the nature of fossil fuel capitalism runs back to the industrialization epoch during its integration in the established market economies (O’Loughlin and Staeheli 126). Researchers have underscored the fact that the exhaustion of hydrocarbons is always accompanied by externalities, which come in the nature of effluence and environmental dilapidation, a price that is rarely paid by consumers or producers. This price is left in a remarkably low condition primarily because of its pivotal role in economic development. This economic reluctance has been crucial in maintaining the stability of energy services, but it is currently generating an unpredictable danger to the planetary ecosystem (Bradshaw 275-290). For decades, industries from both capitalist and socialist backgrounds have been overlooking the abundant and cheap distribution of energy majorly due to the consumption of the ever-rising quantity of energy mainly in the nature of fossil fuels. As the effects of industrialization stretched b
Land transportation has evolved throughout the human history. It started from simple strides, taming wild horses and invention of the wheel. History puts it that the initial invention of man-made transportation occurred in the Mesopotamia or Asia. This was the time when man invented the wheel at around 4000-3500 BC (Bardou, Jean-Pierre et al, 1982). The combination of the horse and the wheel made transportation system simple as it facilitated exchange of crops. It eventually led to mass movement of people and goods, and the wheel became advanced means of land transportation. The use of the wheel eventually led to chariots. Sumerians were the first men to first experience wheel transportation. Chariot had the ability to enhance the speed of movement. Man soon invented a four-wheeled cart that improved efficiency in movement. There were significant improvements in land transportation as automation development took place through steam engine. This was the origin of movement of a large number of people in the 18 th century (Bardou et al, 1982). However, the locomotive steam engine was slow and majorities considered it unsafe. Man soon invented locomotive steam engines. They had the power to drag many cars. This was an obvious improvement in the land transportation development. As time progressed, man advanced the development of the locomotive system. This resulted into improved speed and safe travel than earlier attempts. The period of the World War II marked the introduction of a diesel-powered engine. Initially man had attempted to power trains through electricity as early as 1895. However, lack of efficiency made that discovery unreliable and expensive invention. Soon, the development in subway led to dependence on electricity as the method of underground movements. Some studies suggest that there were attempts to “use steam engine in the East during the period of 800 BC” (Bardou et al, 1982). However, man limited this discovery to personal travel and not mass movement of people. The period of 1860 marked a milestone in the development of land transportation. This was the time when Lenoir Jean Etienne of France made an engine powered by gas. Since then, there are advancements in land transport. Automobile discovery remains significant development since the period of the wheel. Automotive is