ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different psychological set ups can induce a variety of impacts on individuals subjected to such set ups. The prison set up is thus expected to have similar impacts on its inhabitants. Establishment of such impacts of the prisons set upon prisoners or prison guards was the basis of Stanford prison experiment that was carried out by Philip Zimbardo. This paper seeks to discus the experiment. The paper will look into the results of the study and apply such findings to the real life events that are experienced today. The Stanford Prison Experiment The experiment was meant to investigate the response that people develop when they are exposed to different environments from their original environmental set ups. Taking volunteers and posing them as prisoners was the test that was to reveal the acquired responses of such individuals. Nature of the experiment The individuals who were to assume the role of prison guards were not subjected to any form of formal training but were only offered a range of actions that they could take with respect to the experiment. The prisoners were on the other hand given shocking arrests that was followed by blind folding before they were driven to the experimental location. They were then subjected to humiliating experience that involved being stripped off their clothes, chained and subjected to an assimilated real prison setups. Results of the Experiment One of the results that were realized from the experiment was the level of rebellion that the prisoners developed after some time within the prison set up. The guards then called for reinforcement and resorted to forcefully counter the rebellion of their prisoners. Measures like confinement of rebellion leaders and intimidation of individual prisoners were then adopted by the guards. An adopted psychological treatment of the prisoners that involved interchange of privilege treatment was then proposed by one of the guards and adopted on the prisoners. This resulted in distrust among the prisoners and eventually weakened the organization of another rebellion. A level of psychological complications that included “acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying and rage” (Zimbardo, n.d., p. 1) were however developed by the prisoners with difference in degrees leading to the release of one prisoner within two days. There was also a development of a planned escape by the prisoners (Zimbardo, n.d.). Review of the result of the experiment also revealed some developed characteristics. It was, for instance, realized that induced situations cause significant inconsistent reactions on individuals. Role acting was also realized to create some sense of act
To begin with, in order to provide comprehensive guidance concerning the distribution of funds for the monitoring, prevention, control, and treatment of emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, it is essential to identify the problem. Thus, zoonoses, or zoonotic infections or diseases, are ailments naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to human beings and vice versa. Transmission may occur “by the consumption of contaminated food and water, exposure to the pathogen during preparation, processing or by direct contact with infected animals or humans” (Sanyaolu et al., 2016, p. 1). A recent observation of zoonotic diseases’ trend indicates that the emerging of new pathogens remains unpredictable and they keep spreading across the countries. According to the World Health Organization (n.d.), approximately 60% of emerging infectious diseases detected and reported worldwide are zoonoses, and 75% of new human pathogens revealed in the last several decades have originated in animals. In general, zoonotic infectious diseases may be regarded as a critical issue of global health protection due to high mortality rates, their epidemic potential, and limited access to vaccines and specific treatment for spread control. In addition, because of globalization that resulted in the interconnectedness of the contemporary world, any infectious disease that emerged in one country constitutes a potential threat to all others. Moreover, besides a considerably high burden on global health systems, mortality, and morbidity, zoonoses cause substantial economic losses due to the limitations of trade, manufacturing, and traveling. After the analysis of the infectious diseases’ previous outbreaks and a current situation related to the coronavirus pandemic, it is possible to conclude that the sustainable and reasonable distribution of $100 billion would be in the following way:   * 10% ($10 billion) of the funds for epidemiological, biomedical, and behavioral research. This sum is justified by the unpredictable character of pandemics and outbreaks, current knowledge in the etiology of the majority of viruses, and the prevalent significance of prevention and treatment. In other words, zoonoses are almost impossible to predict regardless of their well-investigated nature. Moreover, for instance, coronaviruses (CoVs) as a “large family of single-stranded RNA viruses” and their impact on the health of animals and human beings have been already distinguished by specialists before the pandemic started in 2019 (Wu et al., 2020, p. 44).   * 50% ($40 billion) of funds for the prevention of diseases and community education. According to the statements of the United Nations Environment Programme (2020), “given that a single zoonotic outbreak can incur trillions of US dollars in costs across the globe, prevention is significantly more cost-effective than response” (p. 7). The identified sum will contribute to the collaboration between ve
Therapists have several approaches at their disposal when trying to solve problems affecting their clients. Any approach may be applied to a case and this is purely at the discretion of the therapist. In this paper, I will employ: psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and humanistic approaches to Darren’s case. To achieve this, I will use each of the above four approaches to propose the causes of Darren’s symptoms and suggest specific techniques to help him and ultimately chose the best approach. If I was a psychoanalytic therapist, I would certainly say that, Darren’s symptoms are as a result of repressed feelings, thoughts and motives rooted in the past. An individual’s personality is composed of the id, ego, and the superego, In Darren’s case; his Id and superego are in conflict because his id was seeking pleasure by just relaxing and not putting more effort to studies and constantly casting blame. His ego on the other hand wanted him to work hard and pass exams. This conflict then led the superego to intervene in a punitive manner by compelling him to stop attending classes. Our unconscious minds directly influence our behavior and actions (Goldenberg & Goldenberg). The technique that I will use to help him is free association. This technique will enable Darren to freely associate with me and speak out what is on his minds. The advantage of this technique is that, it allows Darren to get access to his unconscious conflict which then leads to an insight and the ultimate assimilation of the new material by the ego (Miller, 2004). Taking the position of a behavioral therapist, I will suggest that, Darren’s actions are caused by environmental influences. Through this approach, I will study Darren’s behavior experimentally without considering his mental state. I will therefore be able to explain his behavior through observation in the present and find a way to modify it. I will employ behavior modification as a technique to help him (Reynolds & Janzen, 2007). This technique uses Skinner’s operant conditioning principle which provides for clearly specified consequences either positive or negative for certain actions. This technique sets to give rewards and privileges for desirable behavior and withdrawal of the privileges for undesirable behavior. I will therefore agree with Darren on the rewards and privileges that will be extended to him if he works hard in class and produces good grades and agree on the withdrawal of the positive reinforcement if he performed poorly. This will work well because there is a predictable pattern between the stimulus and the response in our minds (Miller, 2004). Putting on the shoe of a cognitive therapist, I will say tha
Ethics and compliance programs are important for any company in order to develop the ethical culture in the organization and contribute to preventing and eliminating the unethical conduct. Stakeholders should be provided with significant information regarding the business purpose, values, standards, and principles of the professional and ethical conduct followed in the organization (Anghel-Ilcu, 2014, p. 113; Brecher, 2014, p. 242). This proposal provides the information on the World Insurance Partnership’s business purpose, statement of values and their explanation, definition, and explanation of the idea of social responsibility, the overview of the procedures of regulatory compliance, discussion of the training programs, and the overview of the monitoring and enforcement systems. Explanation of the Business Purpose World Insurance Partnership is a company that provides insurance services of different types for more than 20,000 households in five Western states of the United States. The business purpose of the company that is associated with the corporate mission is to provide the near perfect insurance services to clients in a timely and accurate manner and guarantee complete protection at the lowest possible cost with the focus on the clients’ needs and interests. As a result, World Insurance Partnership works to improve the quality of human life while focusing on guaranteeing the complete protection for clients. World Insurance Partnership develops the high-performance culture and focuses on conducting business in an ethical manner and in compliance with regulations, laws, and norms followed in the industry. Explanation of the Ethics Program’s Purpose The Ethics Program for the World Insurance Partnership is designed to declare the company’s core values, to promote the ethical principles and standards among the stakeholders with the focus on principles of transparency, integrity, and accountability. Statement of Core Values The World Insurance Partnership’s code of conduct is presented in the form of the statement of core values. This code of conduct includes the definitions of values, guiding principles, and standards followed by the company’s stakeholders. The employees of the company are expected to act in accordance with the values and principles stated in the code of conduct, and the corrective action is developed for the employees who do not follow the principles, values, and standards. Core Values Transparency. World Insurance Partnership focuses on making rules and principles followed in the company transparent, and the company accentuates the transparency of the decision-making process in the organization. Respect. The employees are expected to treat the clients and each other in an ethical and respectful manner, with the focus on stakeholders’ needs and interests (Schwartz, 2002, p. 29-30). Integrity. World Insurance Partnership promotes the value of integrity while providing services for clients and developing relations between employees because of the necessity, to be
Abstract Modern organisations develop and function in the rapidly changing world dominated by information technologies that serve as the drivers of success and growth. As a result, the organisations that are willing to stay at the top of their industries and remain, strong competitors, tend to adopt new technologies actively for the purpose of enhancing their performance. In turn, the adopted innovations and information technologies tend to produce a powerful impact on various elements of an organisation including its contextual and structural aspects. The organisation overviewed in this report is Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) – one of the most influential and powerful corporations in the UAE. Due to its orientation at innovative practices and active adoption of the latest technologies, DEWA managed to achieve a high level of excellence in many of its services and operations. However, regardless of the active addition of new technologies to its working process, the creation of Smart services and Data Hub, the structure of this organisation remains surprisingly vertical keeping its stiff hierarchy and a confusing division of power and leadership with overlapping spheres of expertise that are likely to slow down many of its functions. Introduction The contemporary world is known for its rapid development due to the advancement of information technology that serves as a major driver of growth in many other industries. Moreover, information technology seems to have become a very important part of many spheres of life and activities of the modern people of developed and emerging economies, thus achieving ubiquity in the majority of the world’s most powerful countries. The benefits brought about by the IT are diverse and multiple; also, they are strongly associated with the opportunities for advancement and development of an industry or a business. As a result, many organisations are focused on adopting new technologies and embracing the latest IT practices for the purpose of becoming stronger competitors in modern business realities. However, the adoption of information technologies calls for significant changes in the working processes, operations, communications, and systems of organisations. Basically, an organisation’s IT practices often end up reshaping its entire structure and changing its business strategies and approaches. The major purpose of the present paper is to review this process using a specific organisation and explore the impact that information technologies tend to produce on this organization. The establishment selected for this project is called Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) that is a large and powerful government corporation that is focused on staying on track with the latest innovative practices and technologies, expanding its impact, and shaping its operations and systems in an optimised and efficient manner allowing this organisation to function successfully and fulfil its multiple tasks and duties. Literature Review Since the present paper i
In the study by Grantham et al. (2006), convenience or accidental sampling was used, and the most convenient people were selected as the study participants. Regardless of the convenience and frugality of this sampling method, it is necessary to consider its disadvantages, including the possible sample bias and the reduced representativeness of the population, for evaluating the appropriateness of this approach critically. The same method of convenience sampling was used in the second study by Maloney & Weiss (2008). Even though in the second study, the participants were selected from the original sample according to the definite criteria for inclusion or exclusion, the data was retrieved from only one clinical setting and, consequently, the principle of representativeness was understated, resulting in the increased risks of the sampling biases. The bias introduced by the method of convenience non-probability sampling, which was used in the study by Grantham et al. (2006) for evaluating the effectiveness of the self-medication programs, can result in sampling bias and the lack of representativeness in the achieved results, which would not allow making any generalized conclusions (Polit & Beck, 2004, p. 291). Regarding the convenience sampling method used in the study by Maloney & Weiss (2008), it can be stated that due to the study design, the elements did not have equal chances for being selected and the participants of the study were not able to represent all the characteristics of the population. Though retrieving the data from an entire population is impossible, careful sampling is required for achieving unbiased estimates (Yoon & Horne 2004). In that regard, it can be stated that the sampling methods used in the research under consideration were predetermined with the convenience consideration and could contain certain biased estimates. The eligibility criteria were not clearly defined in the two studies, and none of the approaches can be replicated. Taking into account that convenience sampling was used in these two types of research, it can be stated that the definition of the criteria was not detailed. Still, some of the criteria were disregarded, whereas some of the definitions were inappropriate. In the first study, all patients enrolled in the self-medication program and giving their consent to participate in the study were included in the sample. The exclusion of the patients who did not pass the cognitive assessment was not appropriate because these patients should have also been enrolled in the program, and the impact of the approach on their condition should be studied as well. Regarding the second study, the description of the criteria for inclusion was insufficient, whereas the gender and demographic background of the participants were not discussed, and the specific disease and received education on treatment were consciously disregarded. The sampling size of 220 patients for the study by Grantham et al. (2006)
Strategic planning is a key element for successful implementation of a learning process. For instance, when coming up with a design lesson for ELLs, one has to take into consideration a number of issues. These may include the title, objectives, timeline, content and the audience. Below is a detailed lesson outline on vocabulary Lesson Content                                                                   Title of the Lesson                                      Target Audience                                             Lesson time and duration                                      Brief overview of the lesson                                                                 Material requirements                                                   The lessons will entail all the content areas that are relevant and applicable.  Mind Gym                                                 All Grade levels                                            15-30 min Wednesday-Friday                                    The lesson is developed to enable the ELLs to learn vocabulary through an elaborate process  Mind gym handout, Folder, Dictionary, projector, pointer and a computer Lesson Objectives                                                                Homework                                                 Assessment                                                  Lesson Application                                            Accommodations                                                                                                                                                       1. Learn new Vocabulary.                                                         Students receive crossword, puzzles to do while at home  Assessment will entail writing a paper using words learned  Vocabulary is in every discipline and applies while writing.  The mind gym handout contains both the simple and difficult task for various students                                                                                2. Language development and correct use of words                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Teacher preparation  1. The teacher should construct sentences that explain the used word; these sentences should contain numbering, and follower a certain order. She/he should then draw a table that fits each word in a particular sequence.  2. The constructed sentences should lead to a certain word; for
Libya is an African country located on the northern part of the continent bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It covers about 1,760,000 square kilometers most of which is desert and semi desert respectively. Libya gained its independence in September 1951 after being ruled by the British and the French administration for almost an entire decade. Libya is one of the first country’s that attained its independence through the United Nations. The type of government rule is defined as an Islamic Arabic socialist state. After its independence, it became a federal monarchy under the rule of King Mohammed Idris and later in 1953 it teamed up with other Arab states League. In 1969 Gaddafi overthrew King Mohammed Idris through the help of a movement he had formed in 1963 known as the Free Officer’s Movement a group that comprised of the revolutionized army officers. Since then, the country has been under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi summing up to over 40 years in the throne. The population of the country is said to be to about 6,200,000 people, with Arabs constituting to the greater percentage of about 90% of the country’s population. This however is further calculated to 50 persons per square kilometers, the small population seems to cause the small population to large land area situation. Most people in Libya live along the coastal shores and more than half of this population is said to be mainly concentrated in the country’s largest cities Tripoli and Benghazi. The common religious practice among the people of Libya is Islam which is mainly composed of the Sunnis. Their official language is Arabic however languages like English and Italian are also used. The capital city of Libya is Tripoli where the country’s largest port is situated. The city’s population is approximated to total to about 1.7 million people. Subsequently, 30 % of the population is under the age of 15 with a significant number of the people being literate about 82% of the total population. In terms of economic status, Libya is a rich African oil state reserving about 43 barrels and 1.48 trillion cubic meters respectively besides oil it also a major producer of natural gas. Oil is the country’s economic backbone as it accounts to approximately 95 % of the states revenues. The revenues collected from the oil sector amounts to one-quarter of the state gross domestic profit (GDP). After the UN sanctions were lifted in 2003, Libya’s effort to make progress in economic reforms picked up as this was one way of ensuring that the campaigns to reintegrate the country to international fold was successful. Due to its desert condition not much of agriculture is conducted in the country due to poor soils and for this reason, 75% of its imports are food products. Despite its rich oil and being among the highest African country earning income per capita, the country has over the years faced challenges in the implementation of social economic policies which were imposed in the late 1080s. The income flow is also however not felt by the common citizens of th