ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Libby is a small town situated in the Kootenai Forest. It is considered the worst asbestos contamination site in the United States of America. The contamination was caused by W.R Grace, which was a mining company that operated a vermiculite mine in the town from 1963 to 1990 (Peacock, 2008, p. 23). There were asbestos fibers in the vermiculite ore that was extracted in Libby. The asbestos fibers were released into the air, thereby contaminating several buildings and public areas in the town. According to OSHA, asbestos is a hazardous substance that causes diseases such as lung cancer, lethal tumor, and mesothelioma among others (Peacock, 2008, p. 31). By 2000, the contamination had caused the deaths of at least 200 residents of the town. In addition, 375 people had been diagnosed with illnesses such as mesothelina. Overall, the contamination had caused at least 1,000 illnesses in the town. This paper will discuss the effects on the surrounding community from W.R Grace’s asbestos contamination, the response made by W.R Grace to mitigate the contamination, and the impact of the contamination on existing policy and enactment of new legislation. Effects on the Surrounding Community The vermiculite ore that was mined in Libby had asbestiform amphiboles, which consisted of toxic substances such as winchite, richterite, and tremolite. According to the USA’s geologists, at least 84% of these minerals were airborne (Sullivan, 2007, pp. 579-585). “At least 26% of the vermiculite ore consisted of asbestos” (Sullivan, 2007, pp. 579-585). The process of extracting minerals from the vermiculite ore led to the emission of toxic dusts. This is because 40% of the dust was asbestos. The toxic dusts settled on roofs, cars, vegetation, and play fields, thereby exposing the public to the risk of getting asbestos related-illnesses. The spread of asbestos in the town caused deadly illnesses and loss of hundreds of lives. The effect of the contamination was exacerbated by the fact that the mine had employed thousands of people in Libby and the nearby towns. The residents who worked at the mine were exposed to asbestos levels, which were as high as 182f/cc on a daily basis (Sullivan, 2007, pp. 579-585). The health effects of the contamination caught the public attention in 1999 when several residents of the town were diagnosed with asbestos related-illnesses. An investigation on the effect of the contamination by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2000 indicated that the deaths caused by malignant and non-malignant respiratory diseases had significantly increased in the town. In particular, between 1979 and 1998, the number of deaths caused by malignant and non-malignant respiratory illne
Introduction Effective communication is an integral aspect of nursing because nurses constantly interact with patients, families, colleagues, supervisors, and managers in the course of their duties. Rosenblatt and Davis (2009) argue that the nature of communication determines the quality of care that patients receive. In essence, effective communication leads to poor quality of nursing care, while effective communication leads to improved quality nursing care. In this view, healthcare centers must enhance the effectiveness of the communication process so that they can improve the quality of nursing care that patients receive. Marquis and Huston (2012) analyze the communication process and identify media of communication and environment as factors that determine the effectiveness of communication. In the factor of environment, there is an external environment, which comprises power, status, and authority, while the internal environment comprises feelings, values, emotions, stress, and temperament. The media of transmitting information that affects the effectiveness of communication are verbal, written, and non-verbal means. Therefore, the essay examines a case study of ineffective communication and describes barriers with a view of proposing strategies that are applicable in promoting better outcomes. Case Study In an incident that depicts the ineffectiveness of communication in nursing care, a home health aide, who was providing nursing care to a patient with pressure ulcers, did not communicate effectively with the authorities and colleagues. In the first instance, the aide did not report to the home health agency regarding the presence of a patient with pressure ulcers, who required special care. Furthermore, the aide took the weekend off without reporting to the home health agency and left the patient unattended to by other aides. After two days, the condition of the patien
The unprecedented growth that has been witnessed globally over the last half century has been the direct result of national and more so, international trade. However, there has arisen the need to impose trade barriers such import restrictions, tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers, which must transcend products and address matters at a national level. When import restrictions are imposed on a country, struggling companies are cushioned from international competition. However, the consumers, producers and trade partners of the said countries will be negatively affected because there will be an obstruction of internal structural reforms and curb on innovation because of reduced competition. Trade barriers have cost implications on all countries and this created the opportunity for fair trade. Moreover, by removing trade restrictions imposed on developing nation’s boasts trade and exposes these nations’ relatively free international trade and moves these nations closer to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals. Consequently, these nations would attain relative stability and strengthen their financial markets. Eventually, this would create favorable conditions for long-term capital flow and steady trade. This can only be achieved if protectionist rules and safeguard measure are put in place (The Doha agenda, 2001). However, if trade restrictions frictions are to be effectively sidestepped, the WTO regulations must be strictly adhered to, which regulates a four-year limit for safeguard measures by states. The WTO further states that the“ restricting application of such measures to those products viewed as likely to regain their competitiveness or where domestic industry adjustment is likely to occur through some other mechanism during the period of safeguard application ” (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2001). In conclusion, trade barriers are more harmful than not to both the beneficiary of protectionism and otherwise.
The Yearling, a novel which broke new grounds in movie making, sweeping away the boundaries between an adventure film and a drama, turned to be one of the pearls of the American movie art. As millions of people saw the characters of the famous and gripping novel in flesh and blood, the story became ever more popular. However, it is obvious that the book and the movie suggest slightly diffelent vision of the story. Though bound with the same plot, they offer different palettes of feelings, which is quite a peculiar subject to discuss. Tracking the common details of the book and the movie, it is important to mark that the film scriptwriter did not make great changes to the plot. Surprisingly, this made the film not a pathetic imitation of a novel, but a movie that can stand on its own. Unlike most of the films based on books, The Yearling is enjoyable both as a novel and a film, incredibly exciting and moving. Another feature which can be traced in both the original story and the movie is that each is filled with intense emotions. As soon as the reader or the spectator starts on a journey into the backwoods of Florida, where Jody lives a careless life of a little boy faces his first great grief, (s)he becomes an integral part of the story as well. Seeing the world with the eyes of Jody, the spectator understands that the movie sucks him/her in, inviting to take the lead part in the movie – or, rather, become Judy for the next couple of hours. This is what actually happens to the reader of the book, as the plot of the story unwinds. The third and the most important common feature of the novel and the film is that both convey the specific atmosphere of the American South, with its peculiar speech and with its spirit, filled with pride and hospitality. With help of the brilliant cast, each dialogue in the book was brought into the movie, turning it into a piece of the Southern America carved out of the Florida landscape and planted into the movie. However, there are a plenty of differences between the movie and the book as well. It takes only a couple of glances to see all these peculiarities which make the film a piece of its own. Among the most evident differences is the relationship between Jodi and his father. In the novel, it is only the very end of the story when Ezra “Penny” Baxter grows closer to his sin, whereas in the movie the bond growing between Jody and his father is more explicit. In addition, the movie offers another interpretation of Penny’s character. Posed as a cool-blooded and, with Jody’s vision of the situation, almost cruel, in the movie she is depicted as a person who is guided by the clearest and the most logical reasons. Ordering Jody to go to the woods and kill the deer, Penny is not being violent, but merely trying to avoid another problem or nuisance, the movie argues. The last, but not the least comes the evident difference in the way the book and the movie end. It seems that in the novel the p
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depression during its discovery, affects millions of lives today. Living with this disease can be life changing, leaving the victim feeling isolated with no knowledge on how to cope or why one has such raging emotions and fear that can lead to an outburst of depression, sadness and some cases of harmful rage. This comes from within and out of the blue. This disorder affects every race, all ages from the very young to the old. Male and females are affected, but not equally (Smith and Segal, 2011, p. 1). Understanding bipolar and how it affects your mind and physical health is very helpful in coping with it. This helps one understand more about the symptoms associated with the disorder and alongside various medical treatments, therapy and support from loved ones, this disorder is very manageable. As mentioned above, bipolar disorder leads to unusual changes in emotional status of affected individuals. There are common symptoms of the disorder that can help family members identify the illness. Long periods of extreme happiness or a high is a common sign of the disorder. Patients of this disorder often get agitated very fast and for no good reasons alongside having a jumpy feeling. Restlessness and lack of sleeps is also a common sign. Other patients have impulsive behaviors and unrealistic beliefs on their capacities. As the disorder progresses, the affected individuals lose interest in certain activities such as sex. Some have trouble making decisions and concentrating on something, be it in school or at work (Read, 2010, p. 1). In extreme cases, patients may start talking about death and thinking of committing suicide. There are several types of Bipolar Disorder. The most common types are bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I is classified as the most severe in all forms of depression. Bipolar II is the more common type and is similar to Bipolar I, but it is less severe. Diagnosing Bipolar in children is more difficult than it is in adults. I will use a little boy named Timmy as an example. Happy five year old Timmy playing with other children his age until something happens, he changes suddenly into a violent, raging little wild boy. His fits are brushed off as temper tantrums until they become more often and serve in nature such as, hurting himself or another child. I have witnessed Timmy banding his head against the wall till it bleeds. This comes and goes leaving a happy little boy running and playing normally. At the age of 15 Timmy is diagnosed with bipolar I. More studies need to be done on the disorder in the infancy stage. Temper tantrums may be the beginning stage, but in fact he is dealing with bouts of depression and mood swings, coupled with bouts of aggressive behavior. There are no cures for bipolar disorders, but treatments for living with this disease are available. Lithium has offered much success alongside counseling and therapy. Learning how to live with this disease will help you live a happier and productive life. The best help is having a good
Research question What factors predict the quality of life for breast cancer-stricken African American and Euro-American women? It is seen that although AA women have a lower propensity to contract breast cancer as compared to EA women, their death rate from this disease is higher. (African American women and breast cancer: Should everyone be treated the same? Does one size fit all?. (n.d)). The main aspect is that AA women usually contract cancer, usually of high grade, fast-growing type, at a younger age, when compared to EA, and this may be attributable to socio-economic, environmental, lifestyle and diet factors. It could also be seen that the prognosis of the disease may also be late, which may be cause for aggravation and possibly delay in onset of treatment. (Amend, Hicks, & Ambrosone, 2006). Identification of population Research has provided that between 1998 to 2002, EA women had a higher age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rate, seen as 143 per 100,000 as against 119 per 100,000. It is seen that in the age group of more than 50 years, EA was more at risk of contracting cancer, as compared to AA. This is seen as 397 per 100,000 women as against 323 per 100,000 in AA. However, for women under 35 years of age, the incidence of cancer is higher for AA than EU women. And this is relevant for mortality rates also, in that between 1995-2001, the five-year survival rate was 79.5% in the rate of AA, but 89.5% in the case of EU. In other words, the risk of dying of breast cancer was higher for AA than EU women. (Amend, Hicks, & Ambrosone, 2006). Variables (including extraneous variables and their types): The variables in this survey are in terms of the
Introduction Professional development is the skill that an employee gains in order to improve his or her personal development and the growth of his or her job. In the education sector, professional development is best defined by Little who refers to it as “a focus on and responsibility for student learning and the formation of professional community inside and outside the school” (Little, 1996, p.1). It is the process through which teachers are able to better understand their students, as well as understand the process of learning and teaching (Darling-Hammond & McLaughlin, 1996). Generally, professional development allows an individual to attain his/ her highest potential, both personally and professionally and ensures professional growth, through which job performance is improved, and personal satisfaction raised (Rennekamp & Nall, 2006; Zepeda, 2012). This paper gives a project that focuses on the professional development of teachers teaching ESL students. The paper focuses on the best way through which ESL teachers can best be able to ensure best results and performance among the students in terms of, class participation, enjoyment, comprehension, and memory of content taught multi diversity and effective communication among other important aspects of English as a second language learning. Project Aims and Objectives This project mainly aims to ensure professional growth among ESL teachers. Objectives To improve English teaching skills among ESL teachers Such skills will include; how to ensure that students get to enjoy the class, how to ensure that students, from different cultural backgrounds, are able to effectively relate with each other, how to adapt the learning materials to ensure that they he
The effectiveness of production processes can be defined based on a wide range of factors that include outputs compared to inputs, product quality, or the levels of wastage. In their article, Islam, Khan, and Khan (2013) provided a comprehensive analysis of the problem of wastages in the manufacturing industry and discuss a method aimed at the minimization of reworks. The methodology presented in the work being discussed is based on thirteen steps, each of which refers to various aspects of data collection and analysis in garment production. The methodological framework pays close attention to proper data classification. During the preparatory stage, Islam et al. (2013) collected and organized data on product quality, singled out five categories of defects and their prevalence, and defined underlying problems related to these defects. Paired with the information above, the results of observations were used to complete cause and effect diagrams and analyze the way that operators, communication issues, sewing machine malfunction, sewing methods, and raw materials were related to the occurrence of each problem (Islam et al., 2013). Following a step-by-step approach, the researchers defined the key factors causing the problems and designed well-structured recommendations to minimize the impact of unwanted factors. The degree to which the solutions are practically significant is defined with the help of diagrams that show changes in defect levels associated with their implementation. According to the results, the use of improvement strategies designed for each type of defect was associated with a rapid decrease in defect levels. Apart from the above aspects of garment production, the researchers proposed a set of recommendations that could reduce defect levels associated with finishing activities such as washing, packing, or pressing. In particular, they singled out such problems as the presence of marks and spots. Thus, the solutions that they propose primarily refer to oil leakage prevention, improved machine cleaning procedures, and the use of washable markers or chalks for marking.
Introduction Quatar is one of the oil rich countries in the Arabian region deriving most of its wealth from its rich oil and natural gas resources. Quatar is a Muslim country with a population of approximately half a million with only about quarter of these being citizens. Women in Quatar are approximately half the local population and their role and participation in the society has continuously changed with time. This essay discusses women in Qatar in regard to politics, education, marriage, role in the society, and how this has continuously changed with time and how the society and leadership treats the Qatar women. Women in Qatar Quatar women have been given the right by the laws to own property businesses and participate in any form of economic activity. They have the right to use their wealth and income at free will however the society discourages women to participate in non family businesses where trading is especially with strange men. Recently it has been reported that there has been a positive change whereby women organizations such as women’s investment company of Quatar alongside businesswomen club of Qatar have encouraged women to participate in business at a higher platform. Women and Education The government gives the right to education to all Quatar citizens including women. Since the education system is free, Qatar women have the free access to education. However it is reported that there are different colleges for men and women probably due to the influence of the Muslim culture. The government has introduced a policy allowing other international organizations to install modernized education system where women will even benefit more. Since time immemorial women in Quatar were not allowed to specialize in higher levels of learning such as engineering and computer science, however they have recently taken the challenge and reports indicate that they achieve the same level of competence and success with their male counterparts even after enrolling in the theoretical fields. With their qualifications they are able to participate in the work industry. However, statistics have indicated that women only contribute approximately slightly above ten percent of Quatar working population and a quarter of the national labour force. With more women seeking higher education it is projected that in the future Quatar women will compete at a much fair level (Qatar, 2000, p.1). Quatar women are usually given equal work opportunities. They are entitled to maternity leaves and also given special time packages to allow them to take up their roles as mothers and take care of their children. High quality child care is not fully developed though it is
There are usually several defense tactics that can be applied in a court of law in the event of a criminal case. A defendant may use contributory negligence as his or her defense against a plaintiff in a lawsuit. This is where the plaintiff is fully responsible for the incident that may have brought about an injury or accident. It applies when the plaintiff fails to take appropriate measures to minimize the effects of the accident or deliberately exposes him or herself to the injury. Voluntary assumption of risk is also a defense strategy that may be used by a defendant. Here, the plaintiff must have been fully aware of the risks involved in a cause of action but he or she went ahead and did it anyway. This may be termed as a complete defense as it gives the defendant an automatic exoneration whereas the plaintiff is left with no choice but to withdraw his or her lawsuit. Illegal act, on the other hand, is a defense strategy that may be used by a defendant if a plaintiff is harmed while involved in an illegal action. This too is a complete defense. This is because the plaintiff stands no chance of winning the case in which he or she gets physically harmed while engaging in unlawful activity. In such incidences, the injured persons are merely compensated for their injuries without making any profits from the lawsuit. Finally, there is the consent defense which involves intentional torts. Here, the plaintiff agrees to the tort committed and is never in a position to claim any form of compensation for the injury attained from the act. However, the consent provided by the plaintiff must be genuine and fully informed to meet the requirements of a consent defense. In the case study of Christopher K. Jameson, who allegedly caused a four-car accident while attempting to make a phone call, we can note that nearly all the four types of defense strategies mentioned above may not be applied successfully in a court of law if all the four defendants initiate a lawsuit against Jameson. For instance, Jameson may not use contributory negligence as a defense tactic against David, Justin, or Haddad. This is because the three-car owners had absolutely nothing to do with the accident. They did not expose themselves or their cars to any risk since they all parked at their rightful places. Additionally, neither of the car owners was in a position to take any measure that would have minimized the effects of the accident. Illegal acts may also not be successful when applied by Jameson as a defense tactic. This is brought about by the fact that all three car owners hit by Jameson’s car were not engaged in any illegal activity. Their cars were all parked at their rightful parking places. Subsequently, consent may not succeed as a defense either. This is because David, Justin or Haddad would not ha