ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How a space is arranged for public use says a lot about the activities expected and the preferred ways that a particular culture might decide to carry out these activities. It is a complex relationship where the space defines the actions of the people using it, but the people using also define the space being used. To make this concept a little easier to understand, it is helpful to look at a well-known public space such as the food chain McDonald’s, where most restaurants are designed according to the same general plan. McDonald’s restaurants are usually pretty straightforward in their intended use. Upon walking in the door, usually positioned near the approximate center of a rectangular block, the customer is placed close to the empty space in front of a serving counter. If the restaurant is crowded, this generally has the effect of placing the newly entered customer conveniently at the back of the line. The customer is generally greeted, though, with a sense of open space and a gleaming stainless steel countertop manned by a low computerized cash register, a smiling teenager waiting to take their order, and large lighted menu boards over the teenager’s head that provide both pictures and text regarding the food available and the prices charged. Whether they are ordering food to eat at the restaurant or food to take away with them, the customer is provided with a wide-open space in which to await the delivery of their food, which, thanks to Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory (1911), has been reduced to almost no time at all. The computerized register makes it possible for the customer’s order to be delivered to the back of the kitchen area (nearly totally separated from the rest of the restaurant behind the counter) at the same time that the order is made. Beginning with the receipt of the order, delivered to a monitor screen directly from the cash register, buns, which used to take 20-30 seconds to toast, are now toasted in a machine that reaches temperatures of 545 degrees, reducing the time needed for this stage of the work down to 11 seconds. Once the buns come out of the toaster, a second employee assembles the particular sandwich ordered from a divided condiment stand in the center of a long preparation table. This streamlines the process by placing each item in order of its correct placement for the various products made. All condiments are kept at room temperature to keep them from cooling the meat before the customer receives the sandwich. Thes
1. An infant’s perceptions of the world are completely different from the views of a grown person. For example, and adult sees the world as something completely external, and they see themselves as an individual within this world. They have a sense of their self. For an infant, there is no such a sense. A baby is not aware that they are a separate person; this awareness is a result of a separation-individuation process which begins when the infant finds out that they cannot always be with their mother, and that they are not the same with her (Mahler, Pine and Bergman 3-4). The child has no knowledge of their body first; it also takes time to achieve (Bernfeld 264). As a result, the infant has no social awareness at all. It is hard to fully imagine what is happening in their head, but I understand that at the beginning they only see the world as a set of visually (or via other senses) familiar objects, and alien objects. The social awareness only comes much later, with age, when the baby learns to distinguish their body from the world, and learns to realize that other people are separate individuals who constitute an important part of the outer world. 2. When a child develops from an infant (birth – 18 months) and reaches early childhood (2-5 years), many important changes occur. A very young child has rather poor vision and hearing; while vision becomes adult-like at the age of 4 months, hearing reaches the adult level at the age of 18 months only (Anand 32-33). The developing hearing allows the child to learn the language. While they start babbling at the age of around six months, the ability to recognize objects when they are named develops at the age of nearly 18 months. 2-year-old toddlers can use simple phrases, 3-year-olds have words for most objects that surround them, and can talk about things in 2-3 words. 4-year-olds use many sentences longer than four words, and children of 5 can tell short stories (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association par. 3-6). Also, as toddlers learn to distinguish themselves from the surrounding world, they become rather egocentric. I understand now that this happens, among other reasons, because they do not have any social awareness yet; they have just developed the sense of their self. They also explore, experiment, and learn self-control. Children graduall
The oil crises of the 1970s, the loss of the Vietnam War, and the Iranian hostage crisis were some of the major crises that the U.S. faced in the 1970s. These had an overbearing effect on the economy and politics in the U.S. These problems we’re able to show the limits of power that the U.S. had abroad. During that time, the U.S. was considered a superpower, which was usually a result of winning the second world war. This historical war had an immerse consequence on humanity. Furthermore, the U.S. had emerged victorious in the cold war. Thus, when these crises occurred, the U.S. did not influence to ensure that the problems were solved in their favor. For instance, in the U.S., we’re not able to save its hostages in Iran. This was despite numerous efforts ranging from diplomatic to military attacks. The only solution came after Iraq attacked Iran, and also the former Shah died. Therefore, Iran was forced to release the hostages to gain support from the U.S. in dealing with Iran. The limits of power by the U.S. in this scenario were also detailed because U.S. President Jimmy Carter lost his re-election bid in the 1980 presidential elections. Thus, the crises acted as a real call that power the U.S. had abroad was reducing. It no longer had the upper arm in resolving conflicts or providing solutions to international problems. The military might think that our country possessed during the time of crisis was of no help to us due to several reasons. For instance, the U.S. did not have certain economic resources to be of influence. During the oil crisis, the U.S. did now have power abroad since key oil suppliers had joined hands to proclaim an oil embargo. This would have adverse effects on the world as
Studying the History of the United States after the Civil War The essence of studying the history of the United States is for the sake of understanding what has previously worked and what has not worked. Moreover, history has a bearing indicating how people behave the way they are behaving today. To this effect, one can appreciate the existence of some institutions, social relations and the cultural values we have today. The histories we learn have impacted in our lives since they explain the beginnings of some of the ideas we have today and, as such, they serve as to shape one into becoming an active member of the American history. Basically, the rationale behind acquiring knowledge about the history of the past is because one will stand at a better position to understand the people and the societies we live in today and, hence, appreciate them. History as an “art and a source of entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding” (Deloria and Salisbury 34). The most remarkable personal event in my life traces back to the days when I was a teenager. Our family was big and, as such, the little food brought on the table was always scrambled for. This strengthened my mentality because I grew up knowing that the world is not a bed of roses and one needs to hustle in order to survive. With respect to administrative matters, the approach in this class is to learn about historical institutions, people and events. As such, this constitutes what is termed as concrete learning. Moreover, one needs to understand a given context and accurately interpret it in what is termed as reflective interpretations. Reconstructing the United States after the Civil War In 1863, the African Americans were set free in the rebel states courtesy of emancipation proclamation. This was a result of the thirteenth amendment of the constitution which emancipated all the USA slaves as an aftermath of the Civil War. The citizenship of the freed black population was still a major challenge to the nation even after the emancipation proclamation. However, the reconstruction that was implemented by the congress was short-lived (1866-1877). After the Civil War, people needed to be enlightened. They were illiterate and therefore black and white teachers, churches and schools had a great role to play in educating the people. The way of governance was also to be reconstructed through the amendment of the constitution to provide for democracy and human rights that would enable them to vote, own land, employ them to raise their living standards and enable them to access public utilities. The refuges were to be located and united with their families. Basic needs such as food and medicine were to be provided. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson encouraged moderate reconstruction. Lincoln’s 10% plan with malice toward none; charity for all helped heal the nation’s wounds. He also pardoned the ex-confederates except the high ranking military or civilian authorities. The former confederates’ states ratified the 13 th amendment which banned slavery or involuntary servitude except for a punishment against crime where the
Introduction American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) is a well established clothing retailer with stores in various towns and cities across the world. The company was established in 1977 by Jerry and Mark Silverman. In 1991, however, an abortive expansion plan resulted in huge financial losses for the company. This forced the Silverman family to sell their rights and thus ownership was transferred to the Schottenstein family. Change of ownership resulted in an overhaul of the company’s operations. As a result, the company managed to sustain growth in the last decade. Currently, American Eagle Outfitters has a total of 1,086 stores. The stores mainly sell the company’s key brands namely, American eagle, Aerie, and 77 kids. The company has stores in the United States, Canada, Central and South America, and the Middle East. American Eagle Outfitters specializes in a wide range of products including clothing, accessories, and footwear, among others. The company also runs an online store where consumers across the world can shop using their debit or credit cards. The company has a workforce of 34, 900 employees. The company has managed to segment the market using various brands. Aerie, for example, is a brand whose target market includes females between the ages of 15 to 24. On the other hand, 77 kids targets toddlers of between 0-24 months. This strategy has ensured a continued rise in the company’s net income after the 2008 global financial crisis. For example, in 2011, American eagle net income rose to $ 151.7 million. This is a 7% increase from 2010 w
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the renowned artists whose artworks can still be traced by the current generation. The artist mainly dwelt in painting, sculpturing, drawing, among other artworks. The main reason for focusing on the artist is his ability to integrate the human perspective using various art techniques. Additionally, he was the first artist to incorporate biblical stories into visual arts. Therefore, I chose Leonardo da Vinci because of his painting The Last Supper or Il Cenacolo, which is a biblical illustration that employs various techniques of art such as gesture, form, and balance. The main thing that draws people to The Last Supper is the skillful display of every disciple’s specific reaction to the news. One can deduce the disciples’ emotion from everyone’s response to the news that one of the people present would betray Jesus Christ. The portrait illustrated Jesus’ final supper with his followers when he was about to be betrayed by one of his disciples. Moreover, drywall for painting makes it interesting since traditionally, the Italian artists were mainly painting on wet plaster (Bahreynian et al. 40). Furthermore, Jesus and the 12 disciples sit on a long table in a spacious and simple room (see fig. 1). The lack of obstruction in the picture and the simplicity of the room used in the image depict the drama of the event. Figure 1. The Last Supper (Motta et al. 3). Additionally, in this image, all the psychological and compositional focus is on Jesus. Although the disciples look surmised on the news, Jesus remains calm in the picture. The illumination of the light from the main window makes Jesus stand out from the crowd. Moreover, the head of Jesus is the focal point among other parts by converging linear perspectives into the composition. Therefore, the artist’s strategic use of psycho-dimension and 2D focus is distributed equally into the painting. As a result, the drama in the picture is enhanced, thus making it relevant to the context. Furthermore, form and gesture have been keenly used in the portrait to unify the 12 disciples in the four groups. The followers are organized into groups which are composed of three disciples each, and the groups are distributed equally in each side of Jesus. Da Vinci seems to have gone against the traditional iconography that was widely used to illustrate the drama in the picture (Bahreynian et al. 38). The drama is further depicted with the presence of Jesus in the middle of the table. A man carrying a bag of money in his right hand is seen seated on the left side of Jesus, and this is an indication he is Judas, the betrayer of Jesus. The disciples sitting at both ends of the table seem to be calmer than the rest of the followers, which helps contain the energy in the painting. However, the intensity of the portrait increases as the disciples get closer to Jesus. The latter seems to be aware of the situation and is rarely bothered by others’ actions. One might conclude that the disciples are experiencing psychological disturbance since their reactions in the picture range from fear to horror because they don’t believe that one of t
Dahuili Wang is a 90-year-old female who is admitted for bacterial pneumonia. Her main complaints include a productive cough and weakness that have been bothering the patient during the last week. At the moment of presentation, other critical signs are adventitious breath sounds, fever, hypoxia, shortness of breath, and weakness. The elderly respond to infection with low sensitivity due to hypoxia and poorly defined alterations in the immune system. In addition, people’s age is a risk factor for such diseases as pneumonia, and monitoring of their clinical stability is required. Mrs. Wang has already been waiting for some time to receive treatment, and there is a chance that her signs and conditions have worsened. Therefore, immediate priority of care is expected to treat her pneumonia and use intensive oxygenation. Action A nursing action plan consists of several stages, namely examination, diagnosis, and interventions. The assessment of the patient’s functioning and history proves the necessity of optimizing oxygenation. The physical examination aims at identifying the level of tissue oxygenation and the evaluation of the cardiopulmonary system work (McCalley, 2019). Diagnostic tests, such as X-ray and arterial blood gas test, can show if there is some deviation from the norm. Regarding the offered subjective and objective data, nursing diagnoses for the patient with bacterial pneumonia are impaired gas exchange, risk for infection, and risk for impaired skin integrity. An individualized care plan has to be developed for each nursing diagnosis to predict the disease-related complications and achieve the desired goals and improvements. Impaired gas exchange is related to retained secretions and inflammatory processes in the lungs. Hypoxia, shortness of breath, and restlessness are the characteristics of this condition. The application of nursing care will help achieve such outcomes as improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues and optimal gas exchange. One of the obligatory interventions for this case is the assessment of respirations and vital signs. A nurse has to note the quality of breathing and promote health for adequate oxygenation. This step allows manifesting respiratory distress in the patient and evaluating the degree of lung involvement. The use of accessory muscles ca
Introduction If we look back into the history of the 16 th -17 th centuries, it becomes evident that, no matter how different the foreign policy of all the European countries was, the ultimate goal of the monarchs was still to enhance the economy and to win their country the status of the most influential and outstanding power in the world. This motivation served the ground for the colonization of new lands. It was especially profitable for the empires that had the best fleets one could imagine at that time. Both England and Spain could boast of this advantage. That was the main source of confrontation between the two. Since the monarchies were striving to achieve unquestionable supremacy, they both were attracted by the prospects that colonization of the New World promised. 1 However, the basic difference that predetermined the course of future events was the time priority that the Spaniards had over the English, who arrived 87 years later and thus had a completely different style of colonization. Their late arrival gave the English a considerable advantage as they could critically estimate the model of settlement that had already been established before them and use it as an example as well as a warning in certain aspects. The Spaniards could not have done the same being the first to come. However, they enjoyed larger territories and the freedom of choice, whereas the English had to satisfy themselves with what was left. 2 Thus, we can claim that the colonization styles of the English and the Spaniards were entirely different in their approach, which was mainly accounted for by the time they arrived at the continent and the consequent advantages they could obtain due to that. The paper at hand is aimed to identify these differences that include geographic, investment, population, governmental, and religious aspects. 3 It will also highlight the styles the two nations chose for interactions with the indigenous population. Differences in Geographic Location If we want to account for the choice of territories that the Spaniards made, we should bear in mind that their primary objective was to gain riches for the Crown. That is why they had to continuously expand their settlements. Most of the southern and southwestern lands soon came into their possession. Their total territory encompassed parts of Florida, New Mexico, Texas, and the coast of California. 4 As far as the English are concerned, most of their colonies were initially situated in Virginia and Massachusetts. However, the English quickly started expanding their territories, and soon there were settlements all along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The colonies were scattered from Maine to Georgia and could be found even as far from the coastal line as the Mississippi River. As compared to the Spanish, whose major interest was to gain more wealth and lands for the empire that already existed, the English brought new settlers to colonize new areas allowing them to ha
Introduction In this 21 st century, it is a pity that the human species will still continue to suffer from the problems of equity and equality. The issues are pegged on superiority, values characteristics or even criteria used to elevate other human beings from the others. Well, these two aspects have been defined in different ways as shown below. Definition of the Differences between “Equity” and “Equality Equity In most cases, it is seen as the state in which individuals enjoy more or less the same status within the society, in one respect or the other. This is evidenced through certain equality issues such as freedom of expression, freedom to vote, right to own property, and right to vote among other social privileges. Others also attempt to incorporate the concept of equity in factors such as equal obligations and opportunities towards issues such as health care, access to basic amenities and education. In short, equity is used to refer to the absence of any kind of discrimination of caste/class hierarchy in the society (Brewer, 2006). Equality On the other hand, equality is seen to advocate for each individual to be treated fairly, regardless or his or her social economic, religious, sexual or gender orientation. It is centered toward sending issues of victimization, bullying, and harassment of any nature in the society or even the globe at large (Bannerji, 2000). In essence, this whole debates of equality and equity rotate on the fact that both of them are closely intertwined, that is, the presence or lack of equity in a community will mean that equality can be very difficult to achieve in that particular community. For example, if education is not equitably distributed to a particular race, gender, and state, then there may be less employment of people from that domain, thus, it be can concluded that there is no equality in job distribution. Therefore, the entire human race, especially this current generation should come together and wage a war to end the above social injustice (Brewer, 2006). Equity-Construct The concept of equity construct can be analyzed in terms of race, and how it has persistently continued to hinder some groups of people from attaining their goals in life. The problem of racism has been a big obstacle towards having a society with well developed skills through education. Consequently, this has denied the United States chance to give other world econom
Introduction In reference to Hines (1), the understanding of what life is defines the purpose of living it. Such understanding is also dependent on an individual’s awareness about the reasons for existence. People can never live a life truly without comprehending why they were born and the purpose they have on earth. In this view, the various definitions regarding the meaning of life are based on existential grounds. The life of a human being is very different from that of animals. While animals appear to survive day to day without concern about their existence, man’s life is precious and has meaning. Hines (2) also points out that man tries to understand the universe that he lives in, and all human beings appear to have a similar concern for survival. Religious groups, philosophers, and scientists have discussed the question concerning the meaning of life throughout history. Each of these groups tends to have their own understanding of what life is about. Additionally, it is very clear that the scientific and religious understandings about the meaning of life are very distinct, and some of the interpretations tend to contrast with others. Paterson (51) acknowledges that religion attempts to understand life through the presence of supernatural beings that control an individual’s actions while on earth. Moreover, it encompasses various beliefs that give meaning to life. Notably, Hines (1) argues that all the views regarding life are concerned with a similar fundamental aspect; understanding the reasons for existence. Science attempts to understand the origin and the nature of the universe in a bi