ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of the United States has a life-changing period between the end of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth – industrial urbanization. It is also called the Second Industrial Revolution as the increasing number of urban citizens coincided with the time of rapid technological progress of the twentieth century. By the 1900s, nine-tenth of the nation’s manufacturing took place in urban areas. This paper aims to discuss the influence of migration and technology in industrial urbanization, and prove that technology played a more important role in the development. Before the Civil War, only a tenth part of the United States population lived in towns or cities, but the situation dramatically changed through the following century. The number of people who moved from the countryside to a city doubled in thirty years, and by 1900, almost half of the population lived in cities. For example, New York had more than two million citizens, and towns of countryside-based states such as Nebraska increased the urban population fifty times. The increasing proportion of the people living in urban areas and the decrease of the rural way of life is called urbanization. This process influenced many institutions of the United States, such as culture, family, and, most importantly, the economy. People migrated from rural to urban while the technologies developed due to industrial progress. Mainly, it happened because the iron and steel industries expanded and needed innovations to increase production. Moreover, such technologies as electricity and communications developed to improve industrial growth. It became the critical factor for the economy’s growth: industrial volume of production increased, more factories were built, and required more human workforce. Urbanization, together with industrial progress, caused economic development and opened job opportunities that drew people to leave their countryside lives. The basic scenario of urbanization is when a factory establishes, it requires many workforces and makes people move to live nearby. The concentration of different people expands as well as the factory grows, and a town appears. Migration and Its Role in the Industrial Urbanization Migration has always been a part of history, as people tend to move to places rich in resources, and leave lands that ran out of them. With the population expanding, the need for more jobs and more resources appeared, and migration also became a solution. Due to the economic crisis after the Civil War, the United States population generally migrated for work. New York City is a remarkable example of the city that drew migra
Creative advertising is the one of the approaches in product promotion that distinguishes a product from those of the rival businesses. It employs cost effective methods in advertising that enable an organization to target the specific audience with a given brand. It not only helps an organization to reduce the cost of product promotion, but also ensures effective communication of product information to the consumers in the market (Suneja, 2009). This paper highlights the creative advertising approach used by Max Burger Restaurant. The restaurant makes different burgers from various ingredients. Moreover, the business offers complimentary products such as milkshake, soft drinks, and other fast foods. Max Burger Restaurant offers fast products to various consumers in the market. However, the creative advertising approach will mainly focus on the target audience. The audiences targeted with the brands include the youths, young adults, and children. These categories of consumers provide the immediate market for the company’s products. For instance, most youths in the society tend to consume fast food products such as burger and milkshake. Youths lead a busy life style that is mainly characterized by mobility, hence denying them the opportunity to consume homemade foods. The same case is evident in young adults who lead busy lifestyles due to job related issues or studies. School children on the other hand prefer fast foods due to environmental requirements. School children tend to prefer fast foods such as snacks and burgers due to convenience. From this information, the restaurant’s brand will accommodate the requirements of the target audience (Max Burger News, 2014). Information on product features will be used to develop the brand idea. The business will include information that describes features such as taste, yummy, and freshness. The three words will attract the targeted consumers to buy the products. For instance, among the youths burgers are likely to generate high sales if they have right content in terms of burns, the type of meat used, and other vegetable products used in making them. Children, on the other hand, prefer snacks that are yummy and sugary. The product features will enable the organization to define its brand to the consumers. The brand statement will therefore transcend from the product attributes and the needs of the target audience. The brand statement should seek to provide the solution to the consumers (Kevin& Don, 2003). Max Burger Restaurant will strive to provide products, which portray the brand statement to the consumers. The organization will state its statement
How can health promotion be executed in a contemporary global community, and why is it important? Introducing tools for health promotion is essential to maintaining community members’ well-being. For this purpose, innovative techniques such as social networks and other means of disseminating crucial information among community members must be deemed as a necessity. Furthermore, the focus on patient education must remain consistent. Patients must be provided with an opportunity to gain a deep insight into the means of addressing their health issues and locating the available health resources (Green, ‎Tones, ‎Cross, & Woodwall, 2015). What is the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease? Among the key functional changes associated with cardiovascular disease, a steep rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be mentioned first. The specified alterations can be explained by the changes in the cardiac cycle inflicted by the alterations in the structure of cardiac valves. Depending on whether the pathology thereof is acquired or inherited, the abruptness of changes in the valvular calcium load defines the severity of the disorder and, therefore, the progress of the disease. The change I the efficacy of contractile proteins in a sarcomere can also be regarded as one of the primary stages of cardiovascular disease development (Thaden et al., 2015). How is an assessment carried out for urology disorders? The process of urological evaluation typically hinges on the type of disorder that is suspected to be observed in a patient. However, certain common characteristics can be identified when considering typical urology disorder assessment. Because of the lack of reliability when it comes to studying the symptoms experienced by a patient in regard to problems with their bladder, it is necessary to identify the type of sensation experienced by a patient. Furthermore, it is important to determine the presence of any obstructive symptoms that may indicate that there is bladder intermittence (Winer et al., 2017). The specified steps will allow determining the presence of symptoms that will shed light on the problems experienced by a patient. As a result, the threat of misdiagnosing a problem will be reduced considerably. How is chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD) identified? To locate the presence of COPD in a patient, one should consider their history closely, including such details as the experience of smoking, the instances involving shortness of breath and the frequency of their occurrence, etc. X-rays and spirometry are used as the definitive diagnostic tool (Hunter et al., 2016). How are STD-related programs implemented in the modern environment? The probes of managing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are rather complex since STDs may affect different bodily functions; therefore, each sexually transmitted disease requires a unique treatment plan. However, at
Research has proved that animal cruelty has been on the rise for the last two decades due to the increase of human population globally. The competition between animals and human beings for survival has influenced animal cruelty. In most cases, animals are trained through intimidation as they are severely beaten up like they don’t have feelings. A good example is presented in animals performing in circuses like the elephants that spend close to 23 hours every day in chains. American scientists subject animals into dangerous complications while they use them to test new inventions especially in the medical arena. Like 25 million vertebrates in America are used to perform medical tests per year (Lockwood, 1998). Various researches indicate an increased rate in animal cruelty thus necessitating the need for viable measures to be taken accordingly by the relevant authorities. Literature Review In this paper I will discuss the different cause’s animal cruelty and their impacts on social, culture as well as environment. Animal cruelty is an ethical question as well as being of potential economic concern. This will be deliberated upon in this paper to determine how cruelty affects the economic growth and undermines ethical standards. In the body also I will be tackling and providing evidences concerning general causes of animal cruelty. In the second part of the body, I will be more specific on the effects of animal cruelty in respect to ethics. I will base my argument on the number of unnecessary deaths in animal parks and reserves. I will
The concept of sexual perversion is rather complex because it depends on the discussion of naturalness related to sexuality and individuals’ intimate relations. Thomas Nagel’s account of sexual perversions is closely associated with his discussion of the psychological theory of sexual desire as the fundament for developing the persons’ sexual relations (Nagel 5). According to Nagel, sexual desire is a complicated phenomenon that is associated more with the persons’ relations than with the expression of a certain attitude; thus, sexual desire is referred to as sexual communication between people. Nagel’s vision of sexual desire can explain the whole nature of individuals’ sexual relations. Nagel claims that sexual desire is associated with the person’s relations in the external world, and it is not a simple expression of the person’s attitude in spite of the fact that this phenomenon is connected with the idea of attraction (Nagel 8). The core of the sexual desire is the mutual perceptions because sexual desire leads to the individuals’ sexual interaction (Nagel 10). The identification of a person with his body is important to develop the idea of attraction, and as a result, mutual sexual desire (Nagel 12). Thus, to speak about successful or complete sexual relations and natural sexual desire according to Nagel, it is necessary to focus on such factors as the presence of persons who have positive sexual perceptions of each other, who identify the bodies of each other as attractive, and who are ready to start the sexual interaction or communication. The discussion of sexual desire provides the background for understanding the nature of sexual perversion. Following Nagel, definite types of sexual intercourses can be discussed as pervasions because of their character. From this point, Nagel assumes that sexual pervasions are associated with the “unnatural sexual preference” and with the incompleteness of sexual intercourse (Nagel 5, 14). According to the author’s theory, a pervasion, in this case, is a result of developing incomplete sexual relations or it is a result of focusing on the changed awareness of oneself and the object of desire. The examples of deviant sexual activities associated with the idea of incomplete variants of the sexual relations are voyeurism and exhibitionism because these activities do not require the response in the form of the partner’s sexual desire (Nagel 15). Furthermore, “narcissistic practices and intercourse with animals” can also be discussed as the forms of incomplete sexual communication because the problem is in the fact that the intercourse is associated with the “awareness of one’s own sexual embodiment” instead of involving both parties and awareness of the other person’s sexual attractiveness (Nagel 14). Referring to these explanations, it is possible to assume that homosexual relations are not an obvious pervasion because sexual interaction can be discussed as complete while following the basic principles of Nagel’s theory. Anal sex is also not a pervasion because it satisfies the desire of both persons without reducing their awareness of themselves as sexually active parties. On the
Introduction The article “The relationship between nurses’ perceptions of empowerment and patient satisfaction” by Donahue et al. has a number of inconsistencies with respect to the issue of nurses’ empowerment and patient satisfaction. However, before even digging deeper into its contents, the title itself is not catchy. For one, it is extremely long to entice a probable reader and yet it does not look interesting at a glance. Again, going by the title, the article seems to be bent on nurses’ empowerment than it is on patients’ satisfaction. This aspect alone reduces the probability of the article being read by people who are not health practitioners. The title’s ability to appeal to a broader scope is very narrow due to the choice of words and its length. That’s the title; we have not looked at the abstract yet. One can not fail to note even by the look of it that it lacks the flow in ideas. The abstract An abstract as always should be a summary of the whole article and by this it means that just reading the abstract, one should be able to find the main ideas expressed in the article. The abstract provided in this article however can not do that. After reading the article, the ideas therein are not fully and effectively represented in the abstract as it should be. I find the abstract too shallow and general for one to understand the entire article by reading it. It does not represent the solution and problems of the research, it only mentions of them. In fact, the beginning of the abstract is just a repetition of the title. This abstract is not a summary of the content but an overview like an outline. Problem statement In the introduction, the authors begin by describing the role of nurses in promoting professional practice. Quite a good start to build on the body of the article but as I mentioned earlier this makes the article look like a nurses’ inclined research. In the first paragraph, the article is about the role of nurses and the best practice to attract them, “A culture that supports autonomy, control over the practice environment, and collaborative physician relationships is characteristic of hospitals that have been successful in attracting and retaining nurses.” (Donahue, Piazza, Griffin, Dykes, & Fitzpatrick, 2008).It goes on to discuss strategies that are essential to improve and increase patients volumes. This deviates a bit from the
Alcohol, as a beverage, can be classified as an intoxicant. There are different forms of alcohol sold in the market. Sale of alcohol can be carried out in social eating and drinking places. They range from strong spirits to mild wine depending on the percentage of alcoholic content. It has been known to be a social beverage for centuries among adult community members. People tend to take alcohol in the evenings as a way of relaxing after a day of work and or during celebrations. Physicians may recommend alcohol for digestion purposes. Alcohol is available to patrons in exclusive permitted establishments. Off the shelf sale of alcohol is permitted but not consumption there and then. Dram shop is a term used to refer establishments where alcohol beverages are sold. Laws were put in place for the accountability to establishments arising out of the self-service retailing of alcohol beverages to clearly drunk patrons or minors. These patrons can cause harm to themselves or others who were not involved in their drinking. These are well intended for guiding behavior in the public. Concerned groups have championed for the enforcement and ratifying of these laws. The laws have drawn criticism as people claim it can cause acts of irresponsibility among the patrons. Serving alcohol to minors is illegal in all 50 states. Several states impress charge on bars for serving minors who subsequently harm themselves or others as a way of deterring the illegal practice of serving minors alcohol. In some states minors have legal authority to sue a drinking establishment for their own injury sustained while drunk. Some states have dram laws that extend to serving the routinely intoxicated. Dram shop law has been applied differently across the US. States such as Michigan and Alaska have drunk-driving fatality rates that are low on average, yet the law is narrow in the states. Compared to Illinois where the law is much broader, the fatalities are higher on average. In New Jersey, the dram shop act monitors consumption of alcohol in cases involving self service. Usually, this provides patrons with a civil remedy when they are harmed as a result of self-service by establishments to clearly drunk patrons. Some cases arise where attorneys argue that their clients did not see as if the consumer was intoxicated, and allowed the self-service to them. The law is silent on imposing an obligation to supervise alcohol handling and consumption. It is clear that the dram act was put in place to be a way of protection and service. As much as it helps many recover losses, it has also created a sense of irresponsibility among individuals. Some areas have the dram act but it is narrower, hence people get more responsible as there is no safety net as such in case of damages. This enables sale and consumption of alcohol to be a choice that is equally shouldered by the establishments and the consumers. In areas where the dram act is widely established, irresponsibility is encouraged without knowledge. A business person has enough liabilities to ponder on in business. Additional liabilities create unfavorable conditions for the business to survive. Ind
The first article is an opinion-piece appearing in the “LA Times” and it is titled “Money Won’t Buy you Votes”. The author of this article is Peter Schuck a law professor and an expert in government and political policies. According to Schuck, campaign-financing stakeholders are concerned that new developments in electoral guidelines will promote inequality in the United States’ politics. The concerns of the stakeholders arise from two Supreme Court rulings that allowed politicians more access to private campaign contributions. However, the author of this article disputes the notion that money can influence election outcomes or corrupt democracy (Schuck 1). Schuck gives several reasons to support his argument. For instance, the author claims that the money that is used in election campaigns is not excessive. In addition, the author notes that there are several other factors that contribute towards the inequality of elections other than campaign finances. The opinion writer claims that incumbency is the leading cause of election inequality and not campaign finances. According to the opinion article, the popular belief that private campaign financiers can hijack the electoral process has already been disputed by the existing empirical evidence. The other opinion-article is written by Mark Linsky and it appears in the online issue of “The San Diego Union-Tribune”. Linsky’s article addresses the issue of campaign financing and it is titled “Want Clean Elections? Public Financing is the Answer”. The author of this article is a political science professor who is based in San Diego City College. According to the article, the problem of corruption arising from campaign financing during elections can be contained. The author notes that while local administrations have been trying to manage the situation using locally enacted laws, recent Supreme Court decisions have reversed the gains of some of these legislations. The article’s main argument is that ditching large private donations in favor of public financing would help level the playground for all election contestants. The author addressees the recent initiative to have San Diego’s election contestants give up private campaign financing in favor of publicly acknowledged money (Linsky 1). According to Linsky, the fears of compromised elections would be alleviated by the San Diego initiative that favors public campaign financing over private campaign financing. According to the author, the advantages of public financing include prompting transparency in the electoral process and offering the underfunded candidates a fair chance during elections. According to the article, the money issue is very prominent in the current electoral processes and eliminating it would allow candidates to focus on other important issues. Comparison of the Two Articles Both of these articles address the issue of campaign financing. However, while one article articulates the disadvantages of private campaign financing, the other one downplays the relevance of financing in election outcomes. Sc
Introduction During the 20 th century, there have been numerous federal legislations for purposes of improving the quality of lives of the people. Insufficient civil rights laws had played a pivotal position in the obstruction of the federal government. The protection of the people’s democratic institutions and the enjoyment of people’s rights and the constitution required development and improvement of the feeble and insufficient laws. The United States had been in war against a world’s racist known as Adolf Hitler. There was also a rumbling racial war on the return of black American veterans perceived to be unshackled (Gardner, 2002). Consequently, in order to attain racial impartiality, it would be achieved through armless protests and breaking of the pattern of racial segregation that was in the south. In addition, there was the equal rights legislation for blacks. For instance, the Supreme Court made a decision that enabled the black Americans and the white followers to stop the deep-rooted segregation practices. Civil Rights initiatives of the 20 th century They included the Truman and the California civil rights initiatives. The Truman’s initiative was a campaign for then civil rights formed by President Henry Truman (Conrad, 2005). Truman formed a committee that produced a report on civil rights The California civil rights initiative ended the affirmative action for women, and the marginalized groups in California. Following the rumbling racial segregation, several civil rights came into place. Chronology of civil rights during the 20 th century First in 1910, there was creation of a national association. The association was in the forefront to ensure that all people received equal treatment thus the enhancement of equality. Consequently, there was a revolution in Mexico thus the influx of immigrants looking for work in US. Secondly, there was the 1920 constitutional amendment, which permitted women to vote. This enhanced the empowerment of women thus gender equal opportunity among the gender. In 1941, an executive order, which banned unfairness against all the marginalized groups, was issued. This order enabled the creation of rights for the minorities (Raiford, 2011). The minorities could now participate in the administrative practices. In 1966, there was formation of an organization aimed at enhancing equality within genders. In 1973, the congress passed an act for job rehabilitation. This act barred inequity against disabled people on the usage of funds. Additionally, the national conference held in Texas, necessitated the reforms. These reforms aimed at empowering women and providing them equivalent opportunity to men. Remarkably, in 1988 the Supreme Court approved the congress’s act, which provided for the restoration of the civil rights. This act overturned the Supr