ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The birth and death of mankind and the earth as a whole has been the question prophet has answered. This happens to be the question any believer or non-believer would like to know about. Though there is no difference between the Hedith and the Quran when it comes to the basic tenets of Islam: “He is the One God and Mohammed is His messenger”, there are other subtle differences in the way, the Quran is interpreted by An-Nawawi and by other Islamic scholars. Thesis The basic spirit of the Quran is reflected in Hadith as well even though there are some Hadiths that are contradictory to the basic tenets of the Quran. Analysis Hadiths are mostly sayings supposed to have been said by Prophet Mohammed whereas the Quran is that of Allah through Mohammed the Prophet. While most of the Hadith books lay down the same ground rules that are in line with the words of the Quran, the spirit of the Quran is not reflected in some of them. An-Nawawi’s Forty Hadiths do reflect the same principle of the Quran in terms of life and its birth also says that what is not in line with the thoughts reflected in the Quran will have it rejected (Hadith, p. 5). In the Quran too, Mohammed espouses the reason why only good deeds need to be committed and he also says God’s words as an account of all the good and bad deeds are maintained by God to ensure that on the Judgment day even the dead will be raised and questioned about their deeds. The Seventy-Fifth Surah highlights this as the resurrection. In the Hadith 37 of An-Nawawi, the Prophet explains how the accounts of the good deeds and the bad deeds are done. This would help God realize the extent of good and bad deeds every person has done and the accounts are maintained by Him. On Judgment day and after the resurrection, the person is questioned based on his accounts thus created. The need for Hadith is questioned in many cases. Most of the Hadiths according to researchers have been created much later after Prophet, therefore, they are not the true reflections of the Prophet’s actions or thoughts. And Hadiths were expected to provide more explanation to the Quranic verses. But then as Quran says (54:17, 22, 32, 40), it is made easy to learn for anyone who is interested in learning. Obviously, God does not need to be told how to talk to people whom he made. He knows how to word his thoughts and actions and also to instruct his people. The need for Hadith may be questioned. In some cases, Hadiths do give wrong and contradicting ideas to that in Quran. These need to be ignored and should not be taken into consideration. However, many of the Quranic thoughts and ideas are researched in the early hadiths that made it to the hands of the people. Conclusion It is important, therefore, to appreciate the fact that Hadiths originally were made to reflect the life and times of the Prophet. But since there has been a st
The health of the population is one of the values for the society, therefore, preserving and strengthening it is an important task in which everyone, without exception, should take part. Changes in the conditions for the functioning of state structures and the ongoing transition to market relations put forward new approaches to organizing and methodological support for the training, retraining, and advanced training of nursing specialists. Nursing personnel, carrying out the nursing process in the provision of obstetric and gynecological care, provide medical and preventive care to women and families at various periods of their lives, carry out observation, examination, rehabilitation, provide care and necessary assistance. For women, the decision to terminate a pregnancy may be based on various factors. Abortion is the purposeful or accidental termination of a pregnancy (Endler et al., 2019). In some countries, abortions are officially allowed, while others are limited to the level of inadmissibility of targeted assistance from medical personnel. Additionally, different religions differ in their attitude towards abortion. Therefore, women who come to the idea and decision to have an abortion may have a different life situation, as well as the conditions for terminating the pregnancy. A nurse plays the role of an adviser, mentor, assistant in relation to a woman and her family. Nursing staff must fulfill all stages of the nursing process: conduct an initial assessment, identify t
Animals that breed seasonally show a variety of behavioral patterns during the mating season, the study of which provides qualitative insights into the nature of breeding in the natural environment. The present study sought to test the influence of morphological and physiological traits on the reproductive attractiveness of Junco birds. Specifically, the effects of two variables at once were evaluated: the proportion of white plumage on the brown coloration of male birds and the concentration of 2-pentadecanone in the reproductive secretion of individuals. It can be seen that each of the variables was quantitative, and its expression was represented by either a fractional value or a percentage (Soetewey). It was assessed to what extent these variables could be related to the number of offspring among male birds. The results obtained showed compliance with the initially set statement; namely, they confirmed the relationship between the analyzed variables. However, it is fair to say that while the direction of this correlation was expected, its strength was unexpected. Specifically, linear regression and correlation models were used to test the relationship between the proportion of white areas on male bird coloration. The results showed well that an increase in the number of white spots on the tail of Junco birds was associated with an increase in the number of offspring produced by this individual. However, the quality of this association was weak, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of only 0.19, implying that the number of white spots and reproductive attractiveness were weakly-moderately related (Fernando). For the concentration of 2-pentadecanone, the positive correlation power was almost three times higher. It follows from this that in contrast to the coloration of birds, female Juncos could pay attention to the smell of males in the mating season first of all because the secreted secretion possessing the odor of “attractiveness” contained an increased amount of the organic component. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with the evidence previously published by other authors. For example, Whittaker et al. confirmed that the volatile compounds of Junco birds are reliable predictors of reproductive success in male birds (698). In another paper released six years later, Whittaker and colleagues observed that the metabolic activity of symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the odor glands of animals was responsible for this success (1). Interestingly, however, this evidence is not unique to birds. A paper by Zhou et al. showed that the volatile compounds of animals, particularly pandas, are critical for reprodu
Introduction This essay examines the documentary evidence presented at the beginning of Christian art. A summary and an analysis of the documentary evidence is undertaken with personal remarks on the significance of the documentary being made. Terms Used   * Byzantium: “ Byzantium is the name given to both the state and the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire in the middle ages” (Hasall 1).   * Renaissance: renaissance is associated with a time when there was a great thirst for knowledge; this is a time when knowledge expanded widely (Renaissance 1). Summary and Critical Review of the Documentary The art of eternity was a documentary presented by Andrew Dixon. Through the documentary, Andrew shed light on the beginning of Christian art. The documentary can be sectioned into three parts: the painting paradise, the glory of Byzantium, and when East Meets West. For the purpose of this review, only the first episode, painting paradise, is analyzed (BBC 1). Painting Paradise Basically, this episode of the documentary evidence was inclined to show how the early Christians tried to pass messages about Christianity. Under this section, the documentary shed light on how Christian art began at a time when the influence of Roman governance was weakening. Andrew carefully and effectively traced the beginning of Christian art in Egypt through the Coptic Church, in the Roman system and lastly in France. The presenter showed real evidence of early Christian art through the three regions, that is, Egypt, Roman Empire and France (Christian Art 1). In Egypt, the presenter brought out the significance of the Coptic Church, especially the Coptic museum, which stocks some of the ancient manuscripts. The Coptic Church in Egypt is quite old and has a rich stock of ancient Christian art. Some of the images persevered in the museum belonged to the sixth century, which was a very long time ago. The presenter was of the view that some of the images were specially designed to evoke some sense of eternity. The presenter tried to show a vivid connection of the images at the Coptic museum and images that were located at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Through this section, Andrew effectively brought to light, great works of early Christians, most of which had been restored. During the Roman Empire, Chri
A psychological test is something that calls for an individual to present a certain behavior that can be used in the measurement of personal characteristic or trait or in the anticipation of outcome (Lovler, Miller & McIntire, 2010, p. 6). Validity helps to know whether a test measures what it’s meant to measure. Making the test real to life is a way of increasing validity. Reliability is about how far the result can be depended on. Reliability and validity are some of the crucial issues that are involved in conducting psychological testing. Validity is a very fundamental concept in both measurement and psychology. There is a great relationship between reliability and validity. Unless the test is reliable, trying to define its validity will be pointless. Theoretically, the correlation of a test with another variable should not be higher as compared to its correlation with itself. “The maximum validity coefficient between two variables is equal to the square root of the product of their reliabilities” (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2008, p. 154). Given that validity coefficients are not required to be extra high, there may be lack of proper correlation between two scores for two traits if there is unreliability for each trait’s score. At times, it is difficult to show that a reliable test is meaningful. This means that there can be reliability without validity. On the other hand, being able to ascertain that a reliable test is valid is not logically possible. Different types of evidence are used to establish the validity of a test. They include content validity evidence, predictive validity evidence, construct validity evidence, concurrent validity evidence, convergent evidence and discriminant evidence (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2008, p.154-155).
The present paper considers the period of transition that took place in the Russian Federation in 1990s. It was certainly a turbulent decade for the people, the government and for the whole country concerning all aspects of social, political and economic life of the nation. There was much done in the sphere of broken economy which, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, simply seized to exist. However, the President of the Russian Federation together with the newly elected government made a series of steps marking the creation of a new economic and political system. The period of transition is justly called the time of chaos and disorder that continuously took place in the Russian Federation under the presidency of Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s. He was a rough and intolerant leader who tried to guide the country out of the ruins it found itself in, but in fact the period was disastrous for the whole country: In fact, in the dislocation and chaos that accompanied the transition from the centralized economy he had inherited from the old Soviet Union, most people saw their circumstances deteriorate. Inflation became rampant, the poor became poorer, profiteers grew rich, the military and many state employees went unpaid and flagrant criminality flourished (Berger, 2007). The transition involved a huge set of reforms and changes that were needed within the country – for example, the adoption of Gaidar Reforms. They included:   * rehabilitation of ruble (there would be no more barter but there would emerge normal trade with the involved national currency);   * market liberalization (after many years of centralized economy the Russian Federation finally received the opportunity to trade freely);   * privatization that will be discussed separately, construction of a social security system and converting the defense sector (which was left not financed at all, with Yeltsin and his government considering this sector unimportant anymore). (Russia, the West and Gaidar, 2001; Russian Economic Reform Loses a Friend in Ousted Gaidar, 1992). The change in the financing cut influenced the development of technologies that were actively worked out during the Cold War and the existence of the USSR – much attention was paid to armor and innovation (e.g. launching of ‘Mir’ or improving the military facilities) at the expense of the needs of the society. During the liberalization period financing was streamed on social needs more than on defense, “as president, Mr. Yeltsin cut defense spending to under 5 percent of the country’s gross domestic produc
The article develops an understanding of the retrogressive impacts of rampant Internet use, online gaming, and online gambling among individuals in their tertiary education levels. The researchers refute the previous works of literature that have analyzed the significance of the Internet, whereby previous studies depict that the Internet plays a significant role in preventing depression ordeals and making people happy (Kalkan & Bhat 18). Despite the Internet being helpful to students in conducting their studies and visiting different social media platforms, this article presents a comprehension that Internet use causes dysfunctional online behaviors, impairing college students’ lives. Therefore, the authors aim at outlining the relationship between online gambling, Internet use, and online gaming with life quality and depression among students that are in college, warning learners that they should embrace responsibility. Most college students accumulating to ninety-eight percent, have smartphones and other technological gadgets that play a critical role in helping them access and navigate through the Internet. According to Kalkan and Bhat, college learners spend about twenty hours online on different social media websites per week, whereby the trend seems severe among the youngest group, between the age of eighteen to thirty (21). The majority of the participants claim that they engage in online gaming and gambling apart from visiting social media platforms because they perceive it as a better option than loitering in public places. Understandably, it means that students spend and waste a whole day out of the seven days in a week, whereby the time could have been spent doing other essential issues that might enhance their lives. The authors opine that many of the mental health problems among U.S. college students arise from the Internet, online gaming, and gambling. The researchers used the non-experimental method to realize the aforementioned findings. The non-experimental strategy incorporated descriptive analysis of the previous materials and literature to comprehend the impact of online gambling, gaming, and Internet use. The non-experimental approach incorporates comparing the multiple types of research on a topic and then developing findings based on the research. Moreover, the authors have used different materials that contradict each other about the subject and subsequently developed critical findings after conducting a thorough analysis of the diverse resources. The questionnaire method used in the study incorporated the Precision Efficacy Analysis for Regression (PEAR) approach in sampling the 222 participants aged between eighteen to sixty-nine years, whereby the average age is 25.04 years (Kalkan & Bhat 21). PEAR involves the analysis of observable traits in people who engage in different practices related to the area of study. It entails critical analysis and creating findings based on what an individual says. The PEAR m
Introduction The current violent acts and indiscriminate killings of Americans have shocked the nation and left many people traumatized. The country has suffered because of dangerous individuals who use firearms to commit horrendous acts of violence. There is the need to regulate gun ownership and use in the country. Proponents of gun laws are concerned that public safety is increasingly diminishing. An instance of this is manifested in the escalating firearm related crimes. On the contrary, the opponents of gun laws are concerned that more restrictive regulations take away their rights for self-defense. Individuals who use firearms for recreational purposes have also protested against the proposed gun laws. Much as the opponents of firearm regulations have raised strong arguments for the need to continue owning guns, this paper states that the dangerous individuals should be stopped from handling guns in order to stop the unnecessary loss of lives associated with gun violence shows the need to have a more restrictive gun laws. Arguments for or against Gun Laws Americans are divided over the proposal to enact a more restrictive gun laws. Many people have challenged the proposal to legislate stringent firearm regulations. The opponents have argued that Americans must defend themselves against criminals. They have argued that allowing augmented firearm possession and use for self-protection is the most effective approach to control firearm violence and murder (The White House, 2013). However, the opponents should appreciate that more restrictive gun laws does not take away their self-defense rights. The proposed gun regul
William Shakespeare, the well-known English poet and playwright is famous for his various sonnets, short poems filled with expressive emotions and deep feelings. Overall, Shakespeare has written 154 sonnets which are thought to be created in the period between 1592 and 1598 (Introduction to Shakespeare’s Sonnets par. 2).This paper is focused on one of the most known sonnets of Shakespeare, the sonnet number 18 which is also known as “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” The main theme reflected in the sonnet number 18 is love. The author expresses his affection to a person he does not name, yet it is suspected that the mysterious object of the poet’s admiration who is mentioned in most of the other sonnets is a young man named William Herbert, the Earl of Pembroke (Introduction to Shakespeare’s Sonnets par. 4). The very first line of the sonnet is a question, the speaker wonders if he could compare his beloved person to a summer day. Generally, this seems to be an appropriate comparison since summer is known to be a beautiful and pleasant time of a year, enjoyed by everyone. Yet, the author has a different opinion, his view of a summer day is unusual. He mentions number of negative qualities a summer day has. First of all, the speaker states that the summer weather can be quite unpleasant when “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May” (3). Secondly, the author notes that summer is rather brief and short-lasting. Thirdly, the poet adds that “Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines” (5) meaning that the heat of summer can be simply unbearable and merciless which is definitely a negative characteristic. Finally, the author underlines the imperfection of summer remarking that it is not always bright, and from time to time summer days are cloudy with their “gold complexion dimmed” (6). The speaker lists all of these negative features of summer in order to answer his initial question and confirm his primary statement where he admits that the object of his romantic interest is “more lovely and more temperate” (2) than a summer day. In the next several lines of the sonnet, the poet reminds the reader that nothing is eternal, and “every fair from fair sometime declines” (7) meaning that even the most exceptional beauty tends to go away after a certain amount of time since this is how our world is – every object and being here goes through stages of birth, blossom, decline and eventual death, obeying the cyclic nature of life. Yet, having stated that everything sooner or later loses its beauty, the poet emphasizes that his beloved is an exception, because their “eternal summer shall not fade” (9). The poet believes that the person he admires in this sonnet is never going to lose their fair beauty or even be taken away by death. This statement seems rather bold, because it looks like the poet is convinced that the object of his love is g
Brief Business Description Subway is one of the key worldwide competitors of KFC and McDonald’s. The company was established in the middle of the 20th century. The creator of the Subway brand defined the essential values of the company. He claimed that the quality of the food and outstanding customer service should be the key strengths of the company. Subway restaurants are aimed at providing excellent production while trying to ensure the lowest production costs possible (Valentin 202). This managerial incentive defines the international success of Subway restaurants. The company offers numerous sandwiches to its customers and expands Subway’s product mix annually. The company carefully listens to their customers’ feedback and is motivated to adjust its strategy for the variability of the clients’ wishes and needs. Country Selection The country that is chosen as the next expansion opportunity within the framework of this paper is Indonesia. Subway may experience significant growth in this country due to its economic peculiarities and financial state of affairs. Indonesia is a perfect candidate for expansion because there is only a small number of local competitors. Introducing Subway as a contender to the market of fast-food restaurants will be a great opportunity to test the survivability of a major corporation in tough commercial conditions and all-inclusive bureaucracy. It is also important to take into consideration the occupational and personal values of Indonesians who will work for Subway. Therefore, several issues should be addressed by the marketing specialists before entering the Indonesian fast food market. Marketing Issues and Their Solutions The first issue is the lack of risk-taking and innovative mindset among both Indonesian managers and employees (Simi and Matusitz 60). This aspect of the business is a crucial characteristic of the future success of Subway in Indonesia. The expansion of the chosen fast food restaurant chain can be undermined by the lack of motivation of local employees. The company should identify all applicable approaches to improve the morale of the employees and implement several incentives that are typical of the United States and Australia (Lee and Edwards 42). Subway should also look out for the issues that may transpire during the brand registration process. In Indonesia, these rules are fairly authoritarian. On the other hand, the availability of natural and human resources may mitigate the adverse impact of the strict government on Subway’s practices. On a bigger scale, the resources that are available to Subway in Indonesia should be perceived as the most significant asset intended to help the company in the battle against the local marketing issues (Min