ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This essay discusses the application of scientific management theory. Read on to learn more. Introduction According to the theory of management, scientific management refers to strategies that are used to determine how best a certain job can be performed in an organization. Scientific management can also be technically defined as management thought primarily concerned with the physical efficiency of an individual worker (Harris, 2002, p. 377). According to Ritzer (2010, p. 22), “scientific management is a procedure aimed at production of nonhuman technology exerting control over employees or workers in an organization”. Nowadays, most organizations in the industry make use of scientific management. Some of these organizations include hospitals, car and computer manufacturing industries, processing plants, hotels and restaurants among others. Despite many criticisms and theories that dismiss the relevance of scientific management in modern times, this paper analyses the impact of scientific management in the 21st century. Although scientific management has a great, positive impact in the 21st century, it also has some disadvantages. This may influence of scientific management in the current work environments leading to inefficiency. Critical Analysis of Scientific Management Taylor who is referred to as the father of scientific management developed the theory of scientific management. Before the invention of this theory, most business organizations used the rule of thumb. This is where the worker had the initiative and control. In the application of the rule of thumb, it was the efforts of the worker which gave results of the business productivity, either a success or failure. According to Taylor (1911, p.133), “the rule of thumb is inefficient such that it cannot not give the desired results as per the industry expectations”. His aim and motion to develop the theory of scientific management was to replace the rule of thumb which was unproductive and inefficient. Fundamental Principles of Scientific Management There are key principles of scientific management. Some of these principles include time study, functional foremanship, and use of equipment and implements of a high standard in trading, use of standard acts of workmen, use of functions that are uniquely planned among many others. The key principle of scientific management is geared towards ensuring that employees and employers prosper to the maximum. Scientific management not only ensures large revenues to the company, but also ensuring that every branch of business has developed to its high state of excellence. Again, scientific management does not only ensure higher wages received by the employee than the usual wage of his
Introduction Talent management encompasses the processes of identifying the best human capital that can go a long way in improving performance outcomes of an organization (Collings & Mellahi, 2009). Effective talent management ensures that the products of a company are produced and sold, resulting in excellent outcomes (huge profits) (Tarique & Schuler, 2010). In this context, my firm would require hiring the best sales representatives to market its hybrid scooter, which has an appeal to both women and men of all ages. Already, the product is being advertised through television and other media. This paper aims at making a recommendation to the management of my organization with respect to the analysis of various economic opportunities in the UK and China. Comparison of the UK and Chinese markets Employee skills are essential to achieving the goals of my firm. Some of the skills that would be required for the position of a salesperson would be the ability to work in a team, analyze market data, obtain and process information, communicate verbally with leaders and consumers, make strategic decisions, and solve problems. The UK and China would support the employee skill sets necessary for industry differently. This is due to the fact that the two nations have varied cultural dimensions, which can be assessed using the Hofstede’s model. The UK has lower levels of power distance than China, whose many citizens believe that power within organizations is distributed unequally. With respect to individualism, China is ranked lower than the UK, implying that many workers in Chinese firms do not embrace individualism when performing their duties. Regarding masculinity, the two nations have almost the same score. However, persons in the UK have relatively high levels of the desire to compete and achieve their goals. Chinese citizens have higher levels of caring for others (feminine). In terms of uncertainty avoidance, China has a higher score than the UK. This implies that Chinese people are more concerned about what will happen in the future. In an attempt to identify the nation that would support the employee skill sets, it is also crucial to consider demographics. Based on global statistics, China is the most populous country in the world. Due to the country’s large population, the government came up with a policy to reduce the number of children in families (Zhou, 2008). From an analytical perspective, China has more workers than the UK, but education levels of the workforce may be different from that of the UK (Zhou, 2008). The economy of China is improving at higher rates than that of the UK. In fact, it is expected that China will be the next world superpower. Currently, the number of unemployed people in the UK is 6%, while that in China is 4.14%. Regarding literacy levels, the UK has a higher percentage of citizens who have attained university postgraduate degrees than China. However, the number could be bigger in China due to its larger population (Zhou, 2008). The demographic factors that are addressed above would g
Introduction The continent Europe is believed to have contributed a great deal to the formation and structuring of the contemporary sporting framework. Formerly, sports and sporting affairs were subjected to guidelines and parameters. However, in due course of time, sporting events developed a variety of competitive aspects which in turn dependent on market conditions during the 1980s. Competition resulted in the conversion of an administrative sports structure into a scheme largely dependent on the economic constraints of costs and labour engagements. This system was toughened in 1995 when community powers conveyed little apprehension in relation to sporting activities on account of a verdict pronounced by the European Court of Justice declaring that players could from then onwards engage in free movement from one squad to a different team. This implied that with the lack of stringent regulations, the framework in which European soccer was played progressed autonomously. Nevertheless, this lack of a proper regulatory framework is being brought under the scanner as a consequence of this arrangement’s incapability to warrant the perseverance of the system of European soccer. In light of such circumstances this paper discusses crucial economic factors such as salaries, contractual obligation
Introduction This paper is a discussion and analysis on traditional cuisine and the factors that influence the changes in dietary practices of indigenous people, and how to cope with the changes brought about by several factors. It has often been said that traditional cuisine is a part of an indigenous people’s culture, or it is a way of a tribe’s expression of taste and love for their ancestry and heritage. However, it is sad to note that many traditional cuisines have been slowly diminishing for reasons which will be dealt with and discussed in this paper. It might be too early to conclude, but it is nevertheless noteworthy, to speak of the successes of some traditional cuisines and this is because of the efforts and sacrifices of some leaders and members of tribes or ethnic groups who do not want their traditional “taste” to go to waste. When one traditional food is forgotten, a part of a culture is lost. The focus of the study is based on understanding the evolution of traditional food and how change in food pattern has influenced certain cultures, or the culture of various indigenous peoples throughout the world. The importance of nutrition is enhanced and the primary approach is to understand the importance of traditional food for the health of the indigenous people. The paper defines the important qualities of traditional food system with the aid of examples from specific cultures where previous research has shown that dietary change has consequences on nutritional health of the indigenous people. Change in the diet of people has caused nutritional problems because of the lack of raw materials caused by globalisation, urbanisation, and Westernisation, among other factors. The emergence of the debate over traditional and changing food culture has emerged from the subject on the re-localization of food consumption and production. Traditional food for a region is usually identified as the dietary system inherent within a culture that grows out of the social and natural resources available and accepted by the culture (Kuhnlein & Receveur, 1996). The definition is somewhat comprehensive since it involves socio-cultural factors such as the sourcing of materials and the preparation activities. Traditional food is a valuable part of a people’s culture. It can be deduced from the literature that the various indigenous peoples in different regions who have assimilated with the local populace have tried all possible means to preserve and promote their traditional food, albeit with some difficulties because of environmental influences which are discussed in the literature review. The paper defines and discusses many aspects about traditional food, including definitions of traditional and indigenous food and indigenous population. Other issues discussed relevant to the dissertation are concepts of culture and tradition of different indigenous peoples in several regions), along with the changes in traditional food over time due to several factors. Aim and Objectives Aim The aim is to provide an analysis and understanding of various traditional foods of indigenous people in different regions and three case studies of tradit
Definition of PPC The act of manufacturing and producing more of something means less production and consumption of other items. The creation of everything needed (scarcity) is due to the insufficient resources, and the option taken has features of the optimal mix. An opportunity must be considered, and the decision made involves the sacrifice of the alternative. It gets assumed, in economics, that people will always choose the option that will yield them the greatest satisfaction or gain. The financial resources of an item, when measured using the alternative forgone (the sacrifice made), is called its opportunity cost. Graphs can be used to bring out the illustration of the cost, of using resources that are scarce (Dornbusch and Frankel 23). A curve that is used to describe the possibility of production is one that shows the prospect cost of making use of scarce resources for production instead of other goods or services. It shows all the combinations of two manufactured goods given the available resources. When plotted on a graph, the graphs are not the typical straight line but curves. It comes from an assumption that a firm’s resources cannot be correctly occupationally mobile. The possibility of a nation’s production possibility curve was ever shifting inwards A nation’s production possibility curve can turn inwards. A curve below the production possibility curve of an ec
Case problem summary The main problem in the firm is nepotism, which is evidenced by the hiring of Mary Smith, a daughter of the firm’s boss, as an administrative assistant even though she does not have the skills required for the position. For the short time she has been in this position, Mary has failed to deliver her roles as required due to a mismatch of her skills and job description. This contributes to the terrible mistakes at her new workplace, including failure to be accurate in details and poor filing of documents. Subsequently, her time management skills are poor, as she cannot meet deadlines. Since she is closely related to the boss of the firm, she tends to be high-headed, which puts her in conflict with other employees, thus failing to deliver the expected duties as expected. Job Description Required for Mary’s Position According to Nkomo, Fottler, & McAfee (2011), it is important for a human resources manager to ensure every job description matches the skills required to perform the job. An administrative assistant’s job requires an organized approach to work, which may need efficient time management skills, good communication skills, and the ability to blend well with the team. This involves possessing good human resource expertise that would make one respond to employees’ needs effectively. Further, an administrative assistant should be accurate to details and proactive as well as know when to seek help from a supervisor. The tasks to be handled include managing correspondence, ensuring a sufficient and efficient supply of stationeries, making and receiving telephone calls, and being the face of the organization (Nkomo, S., & Fottler, 2012). Various skills are useful for the position of administrative assistant. Technological skills allow interface in office applications, which are necessary for maintaining correspondence, research, and the online community. Additionally, communication skills are important due to the nature of the office environment. There is always a need to maintain contact with different clientele to keep abreast with operations, which can alternatively be delegated to other employees, such as clerks, receptionists, and typists; this is important to keep the office environment organized. Good command of the English language, both written and spoken, is important and can be boosted by taking lessons in business communication. Technical oversight skills help in ensuring the right environment is provided to meet the order and repair of office supplies. Finally, there should be proper inventory records to maintain the stock balance. Management skills allow controlling the actions of other people and intervening in their welfare. This may need the cultivation of problem-solving skills that allow flexibility in unforeseen conflicts. Further, the administrative assistant makes appointments for the boss, maintains his/her calendar, and ensures orders to the company are delivered on time. Finally, planning skills will allow the establishment of administrative procedures that enable managing of employees’ calendars and ensure sufficient resources to sustain the company’s operations. Steps Needed To Remedy the
This controversial film illustrates one day of events in a black neighborhood. It shows the African American population’s frustration with how they are being treated and how it elicits their reactions. The storyline also comments on other racial stereotypes, including Hispanics, Koreans, Italians, and Caucasians. The portrayal of stereotypes in this movie can be analyzed in light of Berg’s 11 theses of stereotypes. Berg identifies stereotypes through 11 theses: rigid logic, basis in fact, generalizations, worthwhile predictors, uncontextualized dialogue, dominant majority, ideological motives, in-group influence, repetition, normalized beliefs, and ignorance (Berg, 2002). Thus, statements such as rigid logic, basis in fact, generalizations, and worthwhile predictors can be applied to Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing . The movie Do the Right Thing depicts many stereotypes and myths that work at far too general a level to be worthwhile predictors. Some of the stereotypes are that most of the black characters in the film don’t have jobs. In fact, the only black character who has a job is Mookie. Another myth is when black characters don’t listen to a white person driving a beautiful convertible. The man warns them several times not to wet his car, but they keep moving anyway. Berg’s thesis that stereotypes may have a basis in fact can also be applied to this film. One of the stereotypes throughout the film is that black characters do not obey the command of the police. Especially in the scene where a fight breaks out in front of Sal’s pizzeria. Some of the characters jumped on the firefighters and started fighting with them. Part of the inner fervor is inherent in African Americans. However, the fiery temperament of African Americans is depicted in a caricatured way, which gives rise to stereotypes. Thus, the conflicts and fights depicted depict the stereotypes that African Americans are troublemakers, violent, out of control, and easily involved in criminal activities. The same stereotypes are distinguished by rigid logic. Moreover, stereotypes are simplified generalizations that assume out-group homogeneity. So, Spike Lee exaggerates the stereotypes of his characters to show the racial prejudice inherent in every ethnic group and race represented in the film. Italians are prejudiced against blacks and vice versa, Puerto Ricans are prejudiced against Koreans and vice versa. In general, it is worth noting that one of the film’s strengths is the complexity of its characters and the portrayal of blackness on screen. Lee went beyond the stereotypes of African Americans in movies and created characters that are reflected in everyday life. In Do the Right Thing , blacks are not represented in the traditional binary of inferior and smiling, aggressive
Introduction Emergency rooms have been incorporated in healthcare establishments as preliminary management stage for sicknesses and wounds. Persons with convoluted medical conditions were generally admitted into emergency rooms departments of the healthcare organizations. The casualty units in healthcare institutions served as admission places for severely hurting patients. Emergency rooms were intended to serve patients twenty four hours a day and all week long. Based on emergency rooms work intensity, resources availability was considered prime. Equipments that were utilized in casualty department functions were suitably planned. The functional magnitude of emergency rooms in healthcare institutions prompted establishment of an industry. Apparatus th
The art objects belonging to the Islamic world and to the period of the Mughal Empire’s growth are exhibited in the Jameel Gallery and the South Asia Gallery of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. If the objects presented in the Jameel Gallery reflect the standard features of the Islamic art, the objects typical for the Mughal art can be discussed as influenced by the combination of the Islamic and European tendencies. From this point, the development of the Mughal art depends on the historical progress of the South Asian region during the 16 th -19 th centuries. To examine the specific elements of the Islamic and Mughal arts in detail, it is necessary to discuss the features of the definite objects observed in the Jameel Gallery and the South Asia Gallery. The Specific Features of the Islamic Art The Islamic art is characterised by the unique variety of used patterns, styles, motifs, colours, and materials which can be associated with the rich Islamic art. For instance, it is important to note that both naturalism and abstraction are characteristic for the Islamic art of the 12 th -13 th centuries (Brend, 1991, p. 28). In the Jameel Gallery, it is possible to observe the exhibited naturalistic figure of a bull made in the 1200s and the abstracted filter resembling an elephant made in the 1000-1200s. In spite of the observed differences in style, these objects represent the characteristic elements of the Islamic art. The ceramic fritware figure of a bull is made to depict the animal’s features in detail and naturalistically, reflecting such small elements as the curled tail (Figure 1; Room 42: Islamic art , 2013). Figure 1. A figure of a bull. The function of the figure of a bull cannot be stated clearly, but the function of the abstracted filter made of earthenware is obvious. Many objects representing the Islamic art have not only the cultural or art value but also the practical significance, providing the glimpses into the Islamic households and modes of life. The earthenware filter for a water-jar made in the 1000-1200s and observed in the Jameel Gallery is decorated
I agree with natural theorists that abortion disrupts nature, primarily with regard to the purpose of the unborn child. However, a woman has a natural responsibility for preserving the life of the unborn child. Despite the current controversial debate, abortion should be discouraged because it risks the lives of the mother and unborn child. However, a conventional interpretation of abortion laws is required to clear the present conflict between criminal laws and abortion laws. It is correct that criminalization of women in the United States is attributable to criminal laws, but not necessarily the abortion Act. Ideally, abortion regulations are meant to regulate the manner in which abortion is performed to protect the dignity of a woman. The recent appellate judgment on McCormack v Hiedeman’s case, in which the U.S. Court of Appeal expounded on the precepts of abortion laws, explains this aspect. Prochaska reports “the court found the historical purpose for regulating abortion had been to protect, rather than punish women and held that abortion laws should not be used to prosecute a woman for aborting her child” (par. 6). Therefore, it appears correct that a woman has a natural right to get an abortion. The first reason as to why a woman has a natural right to get an abortion can be provided by the existence of the right-to-life provision in natural and legal laws. Both sides acknowledge a woman’s right-to-life although they construe diverse perspectives. Ideall
Media plays important role in shaping the attitude of society towards a specific group. Nevertheless, media influence is not always possible. Negative aspects of media portrayal are evident in the representation of Australian youth. Teenagers and young people have a clear presence in media. Images of young people are often abused to promote everything from cosmetics to charities. The portrayal of youth’s participation in society is a critical factor given the significant role of media in shaping the social concept of youth and the capabilities of young people. Undoubtedly, media includes the voice of youth, but it tends to present only a selected group of people in the light of a certain range of issues. Publications are mostly devoted to individual achievements or faults, while there is an evident lack of portrayal of youth as a distinct social group with its own rights, desires, and qualities. Positive Portrayal of Youth Kuehn and Yarlett (2001) argued that a positive view of youth’s active participation in society was found in specific areas. In particular, young’s people who participated in the labor force were positive focusing on career achievements. Participation in education was portrayed also positively with a large proportion of young people presented as educated. In addition, young women’s role in deciding on social matters was also portrayed from a positive aspect. Nevertheless, Kuehn and Yarlett (2001) expressed the concern that the diversity of youth presented was rather limited. Most articles under research presented young people as educated and having their educational status stated. For example, the young people represented in media were aged 19-21; while females enjoyed a greater range of representation from 12 to 22