ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Isolationism, liberal internationalism, realism, democratic globalism and democratic realism are considered to be the major schools of American foreign policy. The schools differ fundamentally on issues on foreign policy with the intervention of America in Iraq being an ideal paradigm of the polarity within these schools of American foreign policy. Often termed as the American “liberation” of Iraq, the ongoing conflict in Iraq has been a significant event that has ensured the incessant disputation between the main foreign policy principles as the American government attempts to install an autonomous government in Iraq. This essay aims to discuss the perception of the major schools of American foreign policy with regard to the intervention of America in Iraq. Isolationism This foreign policy integrates Non-interventionism with Protectionism compelling the political leadership to evade binding agreements with other nations and war is only used in defending territory. In addition, this policy controls trade between states through government regulations that discourage imports and prevent capture of indigenous markets and businesses by foreigners (Radosh 6). Isolationists are opposed to the invasion of Iraq thus argue that the United States is acting according to the will of oil corporations and actually consider the access to Iraqi oil fields as the sole stimulus for U.S. incursion (Krauthammer 1). Furthermore, the number of civilian deaths caused by the tactical bombing and armed invasion of Iraq by the U.S have been more than the fatalities caused by Saddam Hussein’s actions. According to Radosh, isolationists also view the ongoing American liberation of Iraq as a form of neo-imperialism where America is acting to control the international trade and investment models as well as advance its global interests while limiting the influence of its competitors (Radosh 8). Liberal internationalism The liberal internationalism international policy asserts that liberal nations should have the authority to intercede in other self-governing nations either through the armed forces or charitable support in order to accomplish its liberal goals (Engle 4). Supporters of this policy agree with the ongoing American liberation of Iraq stating that the involvement of America in the creation of a new Iraqi government has brought about a new form of democracy in Iraq (Engle 5). In addition, Iraq has had problems regarding the rights of women for a long time. Women were treated in an inferior capacity and according to former president George W. Bush, restoration of human rights was one of the main objectives of the invasion (Holsti 67). Libera
The film Before Sunset (2004) dwells upon a story of two people who meet after a long parting in one of the most romantic cities of the world. The movie is about love and it is but natural that it is set in Paris. Notably, a variety of films reveal the romantic facet of the French capital and Richard Linklater’s film also highlights some of the most romantic parts of Paris. Some people may say that the city is an ordinary urban settlement which is no different from the rest of the cities in the world, but such film as Before Sunset proves that there is something special about the very planning of the city. The two people are trying to figure out whether they can be together and their dialogue is hardly interrupted by other people. The people in love are in the heart of the urban city but they are still in their own intimate shell as Paris suggests such intimate venues as narrow streets, cozy cafes, picturesque parks and boats which help people enjoy the intriguing views of Paris. One of the most remarkable features of Paris is that it has so many narrow streets which create a really special intimate atmosphere. Thus, the two people need privacy as they want to spend time together. It could be really difficult in the majority of urban areas of the world, but Paris is a special place. There have been many attempts to zone the city to adjust it to the changing needs of the changing society (Gordon 19). However, the narrow streets are still there and they form a really amazing network. This specific planning can be regarded as a certain heritage of the Middle Ages when European civilized urban areas were much alike (Macionis & Parrillo 232). However, Parisians decided to keep this aspect of their medieval civilized past, but transformed it into a bit different concept. The tiny streets of the medieval city which are associated with poverty and insanitary conditions are now symbols of intimacy. The main characters are strolling about the streets and discussing quite intimate things and it is impossible to be dishonest and Jesse unveils his trip to Vienne ( Before Sunset ). The two people are also getting closer as if the tiny streets make them bend to each other and they feel they are as close as they were in Vienne. Another stage of the couple’s meeting takes place in a cozy Parisian café where the conversation is getting even more intimate. There can be no surprise that the main characters choose this setting for their conversation as they want to learn more about each other’s life. They avoid crowded and noisy places like shops to be able to talk ( Before Sunset ). Admittedly, small cafes are famous for their special romantic atmosphere where people can reveal their secrets and their true feelings. The French capital is full of such tiny cafes where couples in love spend their time. Zukin stresses that urban areas are cultural centers where theatres, concert halls, museums provide people with entertainment and other joys of civilization (132). Of course, cafes can be easily put
Path leadership Theory The path-goal leadership theory was developed by Robert House an American psychologist in the year 1971. It offers a very clear prescription on how leaders can influence their followers towards the achievement of the goals set. It is a detailed outline of the effect of the conduct of leadership in improving productivity mainly through constant motivation and satisfaction among the followers. The three main pillars on which the theory is established include the need to make clear the path towards achievement of the goals already determined. Secondly, obstacles hindering performance should be removed and finally, there is the need to offer incentives which facilitate the achievement of these goals. These three pillars have their extremes on the top and the bottom. That is a leader is at liberty to embrace a weak or strong application of approach (Evans, 1970, p280). Clarification of the path gives a definite direction on which the followers are to follow at all times. It entails establishing parameters and the overriding principles which should inform the intricate decisions constantly made by the followers. Here the leader can opt to be absolutely clear in issuing directives or be vague. Clearing obstacles entails acting in a manner which facilitates rather than hindering performance. Reward offering element can be implemented by the leadership in different ways or on the other hand leadership can opt to ignore and remain passive in the function of encouraging. Robert explains that the above elements are implemented through the application of four major leadership styles. The leadership styles are directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership and achievement oriented leadership (House, 1971, p325). Directive leadership entails providing the rules to be followed by the followers as well as continued guidance in areas which present ambiguities. It is most applicable in areas where tasks are not structured and more importantly where the followers have limitations in experience. Here, the leader takes the responsibility of directing the followers on the right path to follow in the execution of the different tasks assigned to them. The role resonates with the element of the theory which requires the leader to clarify the path for the followers. The style entails intensive interaction between the leader and the followers. Participative leadership on the other hand is concerned with engaging followers in decision making processes. This enables them to not only own the tasks but also motivates them. Some of the actions in line with this leadership style entail engaging the subordinates in developing solutions to the problems ahead, consultin
Executive Summary Since 1997, Amazon has been delivering top-quality services to its customers. Today, Amazon is a multinational company that operates in several markets e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence markets. It employs 1.3 million people and serves hundreds of millions of customers around the globe (Amazon, 2021). It has created more than $1.6 trillion of wealth for shareowners, which makes it one of the world’s largest corporations (Amazon, 2021). Amazon is considered one of the best employers and the world’s safest place of work (Amazon, 2021). The most famous products and services of Amazon include Amazon Prime, Amazon Marketplace, Alexa, and Amazon Web Services (AWS). The company is known for its support of sustainable development principles and takes high social responsibility (Amazon, 2021). In summary, Amazon is an international company that competes in several markets using the latest technology. Amazon was started in Washington in 1994 before reconsolidating in Delaware in 1996. Amazon has strengthened its selling mechanism in its SEC Form 10K filing with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (Amazon, 2021). The corporation is led by four ideologies: a customer-centric style instead of a competitor-focused approach, a craving for creativity, a commitment to operational distinction, and long-term performance. The company went through an initial public offering (IPO) in 1997, which allowed it to transform the business from selling books to selling different products (Amazon, 2021). Despite high initial investments, Amazon was unable to make any profit for four years, showing first profit only in the fourth quarter of 2001 (CNN Money, 2002). Other important dates include launching Amazon Prime in 2005, moving to the cloud computing market with AWS in 2005-2011, and announcing Alexa Voice Service in 2014 (Amazon, 2021). In short, the company has a rich history of success in several markets. The service discussed in the present paper is the retail platform used by the company to compete in the e-commerce business. The platform allows companies and individuals to sell their products. At the same time, Amazon uses the platform to sell its own products, acting both like an e-commerce retailer and an online marketplace. This implies that Amazon uses both B2C and B2B models, which allows it to have a large customer base with diversified revenue streams. Amazon focuses on standardization of quality and procedures around the globe to ensure minimal deviations, which allowed it to create a s
In the United States of America, abortion was first legalized nationwide in 1975 after the renowned Roe v. Wade case. Over the decades to follow, there has been gathered enough evidence to make significant advancements in terms of abortion availability and technique refinement. In 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine were asked to conduct an extensive study on the current state of science, thus, systematizing existing data and putting together a clear picture of abortion care. In preparation for the study, the authors outlined several research questions:  1. What kinds of abortion services are available in the US?  2. What is the association between the appropriateness of specific abortion services and various clinical circumstances?  3. What are the physical and mental health effects of abortion?  4. How safe are abortion services?  5. What are the minimum standards a medical facility needs to meet to provide abortion services?  6. What are the professional requirements that health practitioners need to meet to conduct abortion and abortion-related procedures?  7. What safeguards are necessary to han
The history of serial murder stretches into the beginning of humankind and beyond. While it was very easy for a crafty person to avoid punishment in the ancient times, modern forensic practice and investigation tools allow law enforcement agencies to rigorously and systematically prosecute murderers. Nevertheless, investigators can be limited because of the pressure that comes from the media and publicity. On the other hand, one can argue that the mass media do not have a significant impact on forensic actions and practices. However, the history of forensics demonstrates many ways in which law enforcement can be pressurized to limit its activity and affect its efficiency. Therefore, the media play a bigger role in the investigation of serial murders than it may seem. Globalization of Serial Murder Investigation Many factors determine modern forensic practices. Some of the factors include the increasing complexity of identifying and capturing the criminal. While it is much easier to apprehend delinquents than it ever was because of the steady development of surveillance and communications, it is complicated because of growing globalization. Borders are becoming less impenetrable, peoples mix and it is often not easy to spot unusual behavior at first sight. However, globalization does also affect investigations of serial murders in a positive way; it allows countries to share experience on the topic of investigating the cases of serial homicide. Therefore, forensic units are presented with a variety of different methods that originate from various countries and cultures. For example, an article by Rossmo (2014), a former British detective inspector, presents the new method of narrowing the area in which the homicide has taken place (geographical profiling), and the method of closing the circle of suspects (psychological profiling). This is an excellent example of how experience exchange can benefit each participant. The primary influence that globalization has over the investigations of serial murders is that it can significantly reduce the efforts necessary to prevent such crimes or to solve the cases much faster. Therefore, globalization should be regarded as a decisive factor that contributes to forensic practices concerning serial crimes. Serial Murder and the Media While globalization pushes criminology and forensic practices to move forward, the media tend to decrease the effectiveness of any investigation. Primarily because the media benefit from attention, and law enforcing agencies often go out of their way to prevent the media from causing chaos amongst the community. Furthermore, the media often confuses the facts so that investigators are seen as not only dormant, but brutal in their actions as well. Accord
This paper, written by Hsin-Hui Huang and Karen E. Diamond, investigates the effect of information about a child’s disability on preschool teachers’ actions in integrating children with disabilities in their classroom. Of special interest was whether the gravity of a child’s educational requirements and the teacher’s knowledge about the disability condition were linked to teacher’s responses towards incorporating such children in their classrooms. To determine whether there was a link, Huang and Diamond collected information from 155 preschool teachers in two US states to asses how they responded in terms of degree of comfort, classroom adaptation, and need for assistance. The researchers’ findings showed that pre-school teachers’ responses to their pupils’ disability were dissimilar irrespective of the diagnostic labels. The teachers treated children with mild disabilities with more care than those who were physically disabled. Besides, contrasted with children with diagnostic labels, the teachers treated children without any diagnostic labels with more care. Teachers’ training and practice in handling disabled children were linked to their degrees of comfort. The results corroborated earlier studies that had showed that teachers, from preschool through secondary school, are liable to include a child with minor disability in their classroom than those with severe conditions (Huang and Diamond, 2011). Importance of the Study For along time, children with disabilities, both major and minor, have been discriminated against in educational institutions, the trend has continued despite the fact that some children have previously excelled and even outshone their counterparts who are deemed as ‘normal’. Besides, children with disabilities have exceptional abilities that can be nurtured and bred so that the children can achieve their full potential. The study is important towards understanding teacher’s responses towards accepting disabled children in their classes, and their differing responses based on disability labels. Findings from the study can be used by stakeholders in the academic sector to promote the intake of disabled children in mainstream classrooms. The findings can also assist in the development of a curriculum for training teachers that gives them an
The article, accessed through Magportal is entitled “A feminist defense of men’s rights”, author Wendy McElroy. The author stresses the negative tendencies radical feminism has recently bred, including the discrimination of males, overlook of men suffering from domestic violence and enduring separation from their children as a result of divorce. The author sees the recent violation of men’s rights in the excessive spread of gender feminism, which appeared in the 1960s and touched primarily the family aspects of woman’s life, in particular, the right to terminate pregnancy, to leave kitchen and begin higher education, to place the part of domestic and parental responsibilities upon a man. Its foundation consisted in a radical antagonism approach, which stated that men and women have been struggling between themselves for the corresponding distribution of rights and duties since the prehistoric times, so the only modus operandi of achieving the recognition of women’s rights is confronting men. The perspective generally views sexes as classes and focuses on their divergences and disagreements, which the author opposes, offering individualist feminist framework, which proposes that both rights and responsibilities be divided symmetrically or proportionally, i.e. a male and female should establish a dialogue and have a right to express their attitudes towards domestic work, employment, divorce and childcare, as beyond the gender feminist rhetoric, individuals of opposite genders are able to negotiate. The article has been literally a revelation, given that it structured my own thoughts, critiques and attitudes towards various sociopolitical movements. In fact, I tended t
The Executive summary The movie rental industry in the United States has been declining swiftly through the years due to changes in technology. The advent of the internet, cable TV, online downloads, and online streaming of videos has resulted in the decline in revenues and clients of the movie rental industry. This paper evaluates the factors that have led to a decline in revenues and the clients of the blockbuster movie and DVD Rental Company through the years. The study utilizes data obtained from both primary and secondary sources to identify the key factors that have made the blockbuster company experience significant challenges in the movie and DVD rental market. The key factors identified by this research paper that have contributed to the fall of the market share in the movie rental and sales business of blockbuster Inc. is competition. Blockbuster Inc. has faced stiff Competition for market share in the movie rental and sales business from technologies such as cable TV, the internet, Netflix, red box and online streaming and downloading of videos. Through the identification of the key factors responsible for the fall of the blockbuster movie company, this research report serves as a benchmark for providing insights into how the blockbuster company can remain relevant in the changing market of movie and DVD rentals in the united states. ­­­­­­­­­Introduction Blockbuster LLC. Is a company based in the United States of America that provides video games and video rental services? The Company was established in 1985 in Dallas. The company offers movie, rental, through movie rental shops. Blockbuster also delivers DVD by mail and provides video streaming on demand. The company had enjoyed tremendous growth over the years. At its peak in the year 2009, the company had over 60,000 employees and 500 stores across the United States and, managed to open 17 stores in seventeen countries around the world (Newsman, 2011). However beginning the year 2009, the company began to experience revenue losses until the company had to file for bankruptcy in September of 2010. The dish network then acquired the company for 233 million dollars on April 6, 2011 (Newman, 2011). The steady fall of the company from periods of rising in profits to a steady fall in the profits and the eventual bankruptcy of the company represents the changes that have occurred to the video games and DVD rental market in the United States. Research background The sudden decline of the share market of a blockbuster in the movie rental business and the sudden fall of blockbuster into bankruptcy raises a fundamental question of what factors contributed to the falling of the company. The company had enjoyed many years of tremendous success in the movie rental business. Type