ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the Company of the Poor book written by anthropologist and physician, Paul Farmer and theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez uncovers one of the most hazardous problems of the modern society, namely, the essence of poverty. According to the authors, the conversion is a prerequisite to solidarity. Under the term conversion , they understand the transformation of society and people. The conversion would lead to the liberation of the political and socio-economic point of view from exploitation and oppression of the poor. It would also allow building a “new world” and “new person”. It is a historical process in which people consciously develop their own destiny through social change. Moreover, the deepest level of liberation – religious one that is a deliverance from sin and the connection with God would be achieved. Authors believe that the whole society is in need of conversion to its proper organization in order to eliminate the issue of poverty. Solidarity is the protection of the poor and marginalized layer of the population. Farmer and Gutiérrez state that to be a Christian means to live in solidarity with everyone in faith, hope, and love. Solidarity is a benevolent act of unity with the poor and, at the same time, a liberating protest against poverty involving the poor themselves. Consequently, objects of care and charity become subjects of action. According to the authors, globalization of the economy is to help people recover the solidarity between communities and to resist against the alienation of man from man. The theory described by Farmer and Gutierrez is called liberation theology and explores the possibility of fighting against poverty by suppressing its source, which is a sin. The poor and marginalized are considered structurally sinful as they accept discrimination without resistance and without trying to throw off the shackles. At the same time, violence is not considered a sin, if applied with the aim of the resistance to oppression. However, liberation theology is not only a traditional call to help the poor in the form of charity, but call for the political change of society. In particular, Farmer and Gutierrez wrote that the cause of global poverty is unjust and sinful social structures related to the incorrect arrangement of society. It is not an accident. Poverty cannot be healed by generosity, and equality on the planet would not prevail until the establishment of new economic order (Farmer and Gutiérrez 65). Therefore, the poor need to fight against the barbaric and unjust system of private property based on the exploitation of social relations that infringes on poor human beings. Thus, liberation theology investigates relationships between Christian theology and political activities, especially in the field of social justice, poverty, and human rights. Hence, a fundamental code of spirituality and ethics of liberation theology is not conventional “do good and avoid evil”, but “do good and fight evil” principle. Speaking of Farmer’s medical work, the discussed concepts are operative in terms of hermeneutics praxis. In other w
The concept of personality is one of the central topics in psychology and psychoanalysis. There are several scientific theories that characterize the process of the personality development. The understanding of this process is a crucial factor in the children upbringing and education of people. The aim of this essay is to define the concept of personality, give its theoretical explanation and analyze factors influencing the process of the personality development. There are different views on the concept of personality and, as a result, different scholars interpret the concept in their own way. For instance, Allport defined it as “a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings” ( Personality , n.d., p. 294). Other scholars concentrated their attention on the additional features of personality. For example, Child insisted on the importance of the consistency and difference of behavior in definition of personality ( Personality , n.d.). One of the broadest definitions is given below. “Personality is an individual’s unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature, expressed as a developing pattern of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and integrative life stories complexly and differentially situated in culture” ( Personality development , n.d., par. 5). There are several basic theories explaining the concept of personality. The first one belongs to Sigmund Freud, a famous Austrian psychoanalyst. Freud defines the personality as the union of three integral parts which are “Ego”, “Id”, and “Super-Ego”. The first component relates to our past experience, our bad memories, which can be both conscious and unconscious. The “Id’ is our inner perception of ourselves. And the “Super-Ego” is what the environment contributes to our personality. In addition, Freud argues that “Ego” and “Super-Ego” exist in the continuous fight against each other, but “Id” tries to find a compromise in their struggle. It is the compromise between our personal satisfaction and moral norms. Overall, Freud’s approach to personality focuses on the unconscious motives of people and determines the sexual needs as the most influential factor in the personality behavior ( Personality , n.d.). The next theory of personality development belongs to Erik Erikson, an outstanding American psychoanalyst who broadened the sphere of psychoanalysis founded by Freud. The theory of identity is claimed to be the most influential work by Erikson. In context of the developed theory, he studied the personalities of the famous historic leaders and made a great contribution to the determination of the factors of their development. In particular, the analysis of the personalities of Adolf Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King was conducted by Erik Erikson. Furthermore, the theory was concentrated on the conception of the identity crisis through which the personality went in the process of its development. Erikson also defined eight stages of personality development stating that each stage of life would
Case management refers to a collaborative method of assessment, planning, facilitation and promotion for alternatives and services to attain an individual’s healthcare requirements through communication and accessible resources to enhance distinctive cost-effective results (Williams & Wilkin, 2009). Case management has been beneficial to a broad group of members in the society. The main beneficiaries include the aging, the young people, and the mentally and physically challenged. They have been able to get assistance on insurance and legal issues, and the management of those with chronic illnesses like breast cancer (Cohen & Cesta, 2005). This has been achieved through the development of appropriate nursing programs and creation of employment opportunities. Case management is designed to ensure that appropriate plans are put in place to ensure successful medical rehabilitation. This essay discusses case management in patients of cosmetics and breast reconstruction from cancer for the wellbeing of the patient. Patients must receive appropriate post-treatment care in order to reduce cost. After the patient has undergone surgery, efforts should be made to ensure that she undergoes chemotherapy or radiation treatment, gets the right diet, and other necessary rehabilitation measures for physical challenges (DelGiorno, 2006). For a successful management of the patient, comprehensive planning is required. The care giver must gather as much information as possible concerning the case at hand. Resource availability is most crucial consideration during the planning stage (Hillegass, 2002). The success of the plan depends greatly on the availability of the necessary resources. During the primary stages of planning, methods of financing the entire case management should be identified as well as the availability of administrative services. A number of factors are involved in the assessment and planning for case management. Patient’s willingness to participate as a partner in the management of their illness is one of the most important considerations. Direct involvement of the patient in the planning process will determine the success of the program (Hillegass et al., 2002). Moreover, the role played by each participant, the healthcare providers, the family members, and the patient herself determine the outcome. According to Hillegass and colleagues, the patient and family members are quite instrumental and crucial in the formulation, continuous evaluation, and alteration of the drawn plan of care management (2002). This is a core principle of the care entire care management program. The timing of care management is also very crucial in keeping the patient in the best condition possible. The process should start as early as the day of admission particularly for breast reconstruction clients. According to DelGio
Introduction Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a world known chain of fast food restaurants based the United States. It’s the world’s most popular chain of restaurants that sells chicken pieces in a variety of forms.The company receives more than 12 million customers per day in its various restaurants based in 109 countries in the world. Harland Sanders is the person believed to have come up with this recipe more than half a century ago. The cooperation is part of the world’s largest restaurant, Yum! Brands Inc. KFC Business Strategy Evolution Over the years, KFC has used a number of business strategies that have enabled them to evolve from a one man business to a multi-billion dollar enterprise. One of the skills that it first utilized was ensuring that one’s skills and knowledge is invaluable. The success of a business is greatly affected by the level of expertise the company brings in. it is obvious that the higher the level of skills and expertise, the greater the potential of business success. It is advisable that people set up businesses based on their own set of skills and areas of expertise just like the founder of KFC, Colonel Harland Sanders. His knowledge and expertise in preparing chicken meals contributed to the success and expansion of KFC ( KFC Business Strategies 2011). Another strategy that was adopted was the strategy of achieving uniqueness. Being able to be set apart from other competitors goes a long way into improving the growth rate of any business. This is only achieved by doing things differently. It is therefore advised that the entrepreneur skims the market first in order to establish what they could do that is different from their competitors and it also has to be appealing to their customers. The way products are produced, pac
Public Relations Down St Restaurant has been identified to aid in the analysis of the public relation concepts. It is noteworthy that the restaurant is located in New York City. Public relation ideologies revolve around exploring restaurant as illustrated by goods and processes. It is the creation of consciousness to convince potential clientele why the hotel is the finest. It uses various modes of announcement like media and Internet. The chief aim behind the public relations initiatives is to attain and keep hold of customers. The Down St Restaurant should apply the following public relation initiatives so as to maximize their profit. Initial strategy One of the finest public relation initiatives is the utilization of Relationship Marketing (RM). It strikes an association between acquisition and retention of customers. This concept was initiated in 1983 and became more accepted in the 1990s (Donald 2005). The process of correlation marketing aims at networking, associations and exchanges during market strategies. “Quality, customer care and promotion strategies must be put together, the initiative focuses on combining the trio into one, thus realizing their concerted effort” (Donald, 2005). RM involves allowing the customer to assess your services. This will enable an individual to identify the loopholes within the restaurant. This will enable one to take corrective measures on subsequent occasions. It also involves rewarding significant proportions of outstanding customers. The result will be gaining maximum knowledge in consumer desires and wants. This will see the restaurant offering the finest services to their customers. The customers will also experience enhancement in the services when they revisit the restaurant. The main challenge in implementing RM as a strategy is that it requires the attention of the whole organization. All players in the restaurant should gather enough information relating to the purchaser. The initiative requires a lot of time and may consume numerous resources before actual realization of the returns. Some customers may as well give flawed information during assessment. This is to please the hotel owners. Second strategy Another strategy that will see Down St Restaurant riding higher than its competitors is the use of advertisement (Malin, 2009 ). The aim of advertising is to make the restaurant as attractive and enticing as possible. This strategy allows the restaurant to communicate to the general public about their services and why they are the best place to be. The initiative involves both indoor and outdoor marketing channels of advertisement. They include print displays, broadcast advertisements, which are aimed at reaching out to masses. The trick here is the choice of the best media for various groups of clients. Choose the best place to position your billboards and other print displays. The restaurant should major more in outside advertisement, but indoor techniques should not be left out. The hotel should appear in the media when it offers discounted rates to draw in more people. Advertisements can also be put in magazines, directories and newspapers. Mag
How Zara used corporate, business and functional strategies to improve its competitive position within the industry Zara gained competitive advantage in a highly competitive and evolving fashion retail industry through a quick time production cycle. This allows Zara to differentiate its products from the other competitors and cater to a wider preference of the customers. On applying Porter’s generic strategy model, it is observed that Zara adopted differentiation as a generic strategy to gain competitive advantage. The first level of differentiation adopted by Zara was in its production process. Quick production time helped Zara to address the demand of the supply chain within a very short period (two to four weeks) of time while competitors took at least six months. The reason for such prompt response to the supply chain demands were its internal production system and close suppliers mostly in Europe. All the suppliers supplied the finished items to the central distribution from where the products were directly shipped to the stores eliminating the need for warehouses. The most important strategic advantage of Zara in order to be cost effective is its differentiated model of production wherein not all the production is outsourced to external vendors. For instance, highly fashionable items are risky and therefore, are made in-house while the regular standard items are price sensitive and therefore, are produced in Asia where production cost is 20 to 30 percent less than that in Europe. The other differentiation strategy adopted by Zara was creating a sense of scarcity with its products and its non-presence in fashion shows where fashion retails usually display their products. On the other hand, Zara’s products are first available in their stores. Therefore, Zara has gained competitive advantage over its competitors by adopting differentiation strategy in production process, distribution, retailing, and product design. Zara’s competitors and their key strategies different to Zara’s Two major competitors of Zara are Benetton and Hennes and Mauritz (H&M). Unlike Zara, H&M outsources all its productions to mostly European suppliers. Though close to home suppliers help in reducing production cycle time, it is not comparable to that of Zara. Benetton too outsources its production process to subcontractors. H&M expanded its geographical market expansion 10 years before Zara. H&M has a distribution center in each country where it operates. Unlike Zara, H&M follows a single format and their product prices are slightly less than those of Zara. H&M and Benetton follows intensive advertising strategy and have fewer designers (almost 60 percent fewer). Benetton sells its products not through company owned retail stores as did Zara but through franchising and subletting to small entrepreneurs. Both H&M and Benetton have fewer designers than Zara and also had less designs offered annually. Zara offered close to 11000 designs and catered to a wide variety of trend and market preference but H&M, Benetton created very few designs per annum, and their operations were much smaller than that of Zara. Benetton i
Food crisis refers to the shortage of food that occurs as a result of poor climatic conditions, environmental factors and poor distribution of food in different regions leading to famine. Previous food crises have threatened the livelihoods of many people across the world. Some of the common effects associated with food crises include things such as hunger and famine, increased rates of malnutrition, regular protests, and high food prices. Food crises would tend to arise from various factors, with the main ones being change in oil prices, production of biofuels, and changes in weather and climate. The world has experienced numerous food crises over the years. This paper examines the contribution of biofuels in the most recent food crisis that occurred in 2011. The 2011 global food crisis was a serious food shortage affecting most parts of the world. The crisis, which had begun by the end of 2010 through the entire 2011, affected both developed and developing countries in the world, whereby the latter were the biggest sufferers (Brown, 2011). In fact, biofuel was among the key factors that had contributed to the crisis, as several developed countries maximized production of renewable fuels from plants. Biofuels are easily produced from crops and have less environmental effects compared to non-renewable sources of energy. This advantage has made biofuels a better option for many third world countries who want to save on imported oils as they focus more on minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases from non-renewable fuels. The use of crops for fuel purposes has continued to raise serious concerns across the world over possible competition with the usual food purposes (Mueller, Anderson & Wallington, 2011). In this regard, USA and other countries from the European Union who have fully embraced the idea of biofuels would consider raising the expected targets of crop production to meet these crucial demands. However, no matter the initiatives that had been undertaken to increase crop yields for biofuel production, there was still need for extra agricultural products to cater for the heightening demands. The main reason for this was because the supply of these products remained limited, thus leading to higher prices for important cash crops such as soybean meal, corn, wheat, and barley, which are used in the production of biofuels. This demand would also affect food supply as farmers converted most of their lands to the production of crops intended for biofuel production (Cribb, 2010). Biofuels were to
Introduction Discussing the issue of care provided without consent has always been challenging. Patients may often refuse treatment even in emergencies due to various reasons, including their religious beliefs. Both legal and ethical consequences are expected to arise from the mandatory treatment of patients who did not give consent to them. However, in life-threatening situations, doctors are expected to act immediately and put the health of their patients first regardless of whether the latter agrees with the method of the intervention. The current discussion will explore the case of a patient refusing emergency care despite the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm and the actions of a healthcare provider targeted at eliminating the adverse risks of non-treatment. There are several general principles established over time within the medical practice and apply to case law associated with healthcare ethics. For example, it is expected that every adult that is in sound mind has a legal right to determine what treatment will be done, which means that any health care intervention completed without consent is considered a trespass. Informed consent, in the medical context, refers to the ability of patients to make their own decisions regarding care based on all material information presented to them. The need to obtain consent is different from the duty to warn about the possible risks for the health of a patient. For example, in the described case, the doctor explained to the patient that if she does not receive immediate treatment, there is a high risk of mortality. Despite this fact, a patient has a right to refuse treatment, as the woman did in the scenario (Clancy, Vaught, and Solomon 2017). However, an important legislative exemption states that
Children from immigrant families make up the largest and the most rapidly growing group of children in the entire United States, with approximately 20% of all children speaking a language other than English when they are at home. Therefore, there is an inconsistent exposure of children to either English or their first language, which means that there could be potential challenges when it comes to teaching and communicating with bilingual children. Bilingualism is defined as the ability of an individual to speak fluently in one language while also being successful in understanding another. To a great extent, bilingualism (especially among children) presents an opportunity to preserve the national culture and language, allows being more advanced in language learning, opens better career opportunities, and promotes cross-cultural communication. When speaking about bilingualism, parents play a dominant role in choosing how to educate their children. However, because different families approach the matter differently, educators are challenged by an increasing need for developing a unified framework of efforts to teach bilingual children both at school and at home settings. The problem is significant due to the lack of parents’ knowledge about the importance of language development and the absence of efforts on the part of educators with regards to teaching bilingual children. To develop a unified approach towards teaching bilingual children, it is first important to answer the following research question: “What challenges do parents face when raising bilingual children?” Hypothesis Bilingual children face many challenges both at home and in the classroom. Similarly, their parents also struggle with determining which strategies will allow their children to learn two languages instead of focusing on one. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the lack of unity in the efforts of parents and teachers regarding language development is the most problematic challenge that hinders children’s’ learning. In the modern learning environment where children are presented with innovative tools and methods of learning, overcoming the challenges of bilingualism is more than possible. Therefore, the main issue lies in developing a cohesive strategy that would combine the efforts of parents and educators regarding the language development of bilingual students. Literature Review The benefits of parents and school involvement Research on the topic of raising bilingual children is not narrow; on the other hand, scholars working in the sphere of education have paid a lot of attention to the topic. First, it is note