ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Language Shared reading is one of the most effective strategies to help the young child acquire new vocabulary and learn more about letters and words. Some researchers see it as the initial stage of learning how to read (Sénéchal 177). The parent reads the book with the child who may ask any questions. Interactive reading is another way to expand the child’s vocabulary and encourage him/her to participate in reading activities. The parent can ask the child to predict events in the book, explain something or describe somebody. This makes the child more involved and it enables him/her to use new vocabulary. Reading corner is another effective strategy that can be used to encourage children to read and expand their vocabulary through retelling stories. Thus, the parent creates a reading place for the child: puts pillows, a blanket to locate the place. The parent puts books and encourages the child to choose a book and tell about its content. Telling stories can also be effective as the child will be able to learn new words and expand his/her vocabulary. Parents can use some pictures (cut them out of magazines, draw them, use photographs) or toys to tell stories. Of course, the stories should be based on the child’s interests. Math “Find the numerals” is an effective activity that help young children mark numbers (Charlesworth and Lind 558). The parent asks the child to find all 5s or any other number in a magazine. The child finds them and cuts them out to glue the numbers into a number book. The activity “How many?” can help the child develop his/her counting skills. The parent asks the child “How many spoons are there on the table? How many chairs are there in this room?” The child learns about numbers and learns how to count. Fraction food is another activity to train counting skills and introduce fraction vocabulary (Charlesworth and Lind 558). When cutting fruit or vegetables (especially bananas or carrots) it is possible to cut them in two pieces and stressing that those are halves, three pieces stressing that those are thirds and so on. A monthly caterpillar can also be an effective activity to learn how to count. The child puts paper circles on the fridge door or any other surface each day adding one circle with the corresponding number. Each day the child counts the circles. These should be colorful circles. Science Melting/freezing is a simple but quite effective and fun activity. The parent can take a cube of ice in a plastic cup and ask the child to predict what will happen to the ice. When the ice is melted, it is possible to put the cup back to the freezer and discuss things that happen to water. The parent can also use the time in the kitchen to expose the child to some processes. For example, asking a child to mix two liquids or two substances. The child can also watch water boiling, or eggs changing shape and color. In the backyard, children can also learn a lot about this world. The parent can draw the child’s attention to ants or bugs who can
What Are the Benefits of Using NSAIDs? Human health is considered to be one of the most valuable things for the government and this is why the enormous sums of money are appropriated for research programs aimed at developing new drugs that would be cheaper, safer to use, and more effective. Drug development is a complicated process that involves proving that the drug is safe for human consumption, its effectiveness is much more significant than its side-effects and its present form is the best for delivering its active materials to the organ that needs treatment. The effectiveness of medicinal drugs is one of the key factors that define the result of the treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs belong to the group of drugs that have pain alleviating and anti febrile effect. If they are taken in comparatively high doses, they can also provide an anti-inflammatory effect. NSAIDs are regarded as one of the most efficient types of drugs and in many countries, people are not allowed to buy them if they do not have a doctor’s prescription. Anyway, there are certain nonprescription NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and aspirin. Being so effective, they also possess a range of possible side-effects, and using them without specialized medical consultation may sometimes lead to additional health issues. The group of NSAIDs comprises different medicinal drugs that oppress the activity of the cyclooxygenase. The latter is a ferment taking part in the synthesis of inflammatory markers that are substances causing the sharp rise of body temperature and the presence of pain syndrome. There are three types of cyclooxygenase that possess various properties and in order to block the activity of each type, scientists developed three types of NSAIDs. All of them are to be used under close medical supervision because there can be individual side-effects as renal insufficiency or drug-induced hepatitis. Nevertheless, NSAIDs can be used during the treatment of many health issues as they have various positive effects. They are recommended to be used in the treatment of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, post-surgical pain syndrome, headache, renal colic, fever, and even dysmenorrhea. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be distinguished from steroids. These groups have many things in common as they both have strong anti-inflammatory and fever-reducing action. They are called nonsteroidal because there is a need to draw a line between NSAIDs and glucocorticoids that also prevent inflammation but have a lot of common properties with steroids. Some of these properties are really dangerous for our bodies. As for NSAIDs, they definitely do less harm to our health and this is why they remain more preferable during the treatment than steroids. Even if we take into consideration the variety of possible side-effects caused by medical ma
Global Citizenship   * What interested you about the article and how is the content of the article related to aspects of global citizenship? Upon reading the news article from Amnesty International’s website about Chinese officials’ land grabbing act and how they tortured and killed one farmer who protested, I conclude that even if the notion of human rights is prominent in the modern era, still people abuse it. China as a country has grown to be a global economic power but with the modernization of its policies and systems, it seems that the country still practices traditional if not barbaric ways in settling disagreements and commotions. Relating to global citizenship and human rights, it seems that China had failed to bring about social justice, human rights for all, to the villagers whose farmlands have been sold by local officials who depend on revenues from land sales to increase their budgets. Universal Declaration of Human Rights   * How does the current event support or violate human rights? According to article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others and that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property” (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Chinese officials violated Article 17’s code of conduct when they sold the properties of the farmers, including Xue Jinbo’s land, without consulting and asking p
Company Summary Lululemon Athletic Inc. is a company dwelling within the textile industry (Lavrence and Lozanski 76). It is popular for its capacity to develop and grow its brand and appreciate income. This successful trend has been realized since 1998 (year of foundation) when Lululemon developed its first store. The company is inspired by yoga apparel that has facilitated the initiation of the prevailing 200 stores in Canada and the USA. After founding this company, Chip Wilson selected the name ‘lululemon’ as the initial brand name that remains up-to-date. Organizational Development A recent establishment on the fashion and quality of the black Loun yoga apparel made by Lululemon led to the loss of about 67 million dollars after seventeen percent of the products was called off (Lavrence and Lozanski 76). This sensitivity to meet the standards expected by the customer encourages loyalty and informs customers that the company is worried about their welfare. Although the capacity of the company to compete within the market was reduced at the time, the company has retained its brand and regained market. Company Mission Lululemon initial mission was to elevate the world from a state of mediocrity to that of greatness, which did not relay actual intent of the company (Range 111). This statement was later revised when the company’s management decided to create components for human beings to live longer, healthier and enjoyable lives. Need for Revision of the Mission Statement The current mission of the company might need a revised due to the diversity and developments made within the company. This aspect avails the stated mission is not the sole intent of the company. For instance, how is wearing a cloth connected to living long? The connections between these two aspects are narrow in a similar manner as the health mentioned within the statement. My recommendation is that the company ought to present a competitive mission to facilitate to become a leading company within its specialization. For instance, the mission statement can be to develop components for people to advance their sporting activities. Customers Perspective Superior Value The main strategy to ensure value is through studying the market and competitors (Ansoff 138). The firm has specialized with one class of apparels, which makes developments and market study easy. Therefore, the suggestions of the customers collected from the internet as well as comments on the social media are addressed stringently and easily. Furthermore, the prices are regulated according to the fabrics used and the prevailing fashion inspired by innovative products to maintain future profits. The study of the aspect can facilitate the update of apparel in accordance to the market in order to enhance a competitive advantage (Gamble and Peteraf 117). Provision of Customer Value Time Fashion is a vital aspect that must be strict to time. The company studies the market in order to identify the designs to release and intervals between the presentations of new fashions. In other cases, the delivery of services and orders made to the company are given minimum time in order to avoid delays and satisfy customers
Introduction “Are smaller classes better than larger classes?” continues to be a widely debated question in academic circles. There are advantages of having bigger classes and some other advantages of having smaller classrooms. Small classrooms are appeal to the common sense because they are economically feasible and can be a part of national subsidized programs including special education classes for disruptive or learning-disabled students and Title I interventions for children living in poverty. Moreover, small classrooms are best suited for small groups working with one teacher or tutor such as special programs for students at risk such as Success for All (Slavin & Madden 1995) and Reading Recovery (Pinnell, deFord, & Lyons 1988) (cited in Finn 1) Discussion There are three studies conducted within the past twenty years that have comprehensively studied the relationship of classroom size to academic achievement. The most popular study is the classic Meta-analysis of research that focused on studying the link between student performance and class size (Glass & Smith, 1978). The study involved 700 class size comparisons on data from nearly 900,000 pupils. It was found that smaller class size can lead to increased performance academically and benefits are most evident when class size is less than 20 students. Robinson’s (1990) study added an important set of qualifications to the findings of Glass and Smith. According to Robinson (1990), small classes are most beneficial for teaching reading and mathematics in the early primary grades and that students who are economically disadvantaged or from some ethnic minorities perform better academically in smaller classes” (p. 85). Slavin (1989) focused on just eight high quality studies conducted in this context and concluded that substantial reductions in class size have a small positive effect on students (the median effect size for the eight studies was only 0.13), the effect was not cumulative and even disappears in later years. He reinterpreted Glass-Smith’s findings by saying that large positive effects can be seen only in one to one tutoring (70-86). Two major statewide studies in the context of class size are Project PRIME TIME and Project STAR. In 1984 the state of Indiana funded an initiative to reduce class sizes in grades 1 through 3 to an average of 18 pupils, or to 24 pupils if an instructional assistant was in the classroom. The results for academic achievement were mixed – at times, small classes were found to have superior outcomes and, at times, the large classes performed better (Finn 1). The limitation of this study is that there is no well defined small class size. Project STAR involved 79 elementary schools in the state of Tennessee from 1985 to 1989 in three different class sizes. This was a classic study of large magnitude, scientific design and careful measurement. This research leaves no doubt that small classes have an advantage over larger classes in student performance in the early primary grades. It was also found that the small-class advantage was consistently greater (almost double) for minority students than for white
Central idea from the author In his book titled The Art of Not Being Governed , James C. Scott has focussed on the condition of people living in the mountainous region of Zomia and the reasons behind their choice to stay away from the state. Introduction Scott’s study concentrates on people living in clusters in different parts of the mountainous expanse of Zomia (in South East Asia). The fact that this area is not a part of any state inspired him to conduct this analysis. Unlike the lowland region, people residing in this region are not governed by any laws. They are considered to be existent for hundreds of years and even today their living style is primitive. Some of these primitive people ventured into the lowland areas and became civilized. This particular idea of Scott emphasizes the efforts being carried out globally for the upliftment of primitive people. Ironically, people living in this mountainous area intentionally avoid being part of the state in order to safeguard themselves from the usual (that’s their impression about the state) acts of slavery, taxation, bonded labor, employment problems, etc. Summary (Chapters 1 and 2) The first two chapters of the book mainly describe the geographical condition of Zomia. Scott argues that the geographical location of any region greatly influences the control of the state in that particular area. In the case of Zomia, people prefer migrating to this region because of its vast distance from the lowland area and also the topography in between. This region provid
The system providing for operations control with joint responsibility of licensed dispatchers is followed by about 50% of all the countries in the world, as many countries in North America (which is sorely responsible for about 40% of the world’s air traffic) follows this system (Cordes, 2007). The United States has overtime required that the dispatcher demonstrates extensive knowledge in meteorology and aviation. The dispatcher has to attain a competence that is similar to that of an airline transport pilot license, in these fields. Stringent training requirements for dispatchers in the United States are due to the high amount of responsibility delegated to them, and it is a requirement for all dispatchers to be licensed. The United States delegates a higher responsibility for its dispatchers, than provided in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the United States, the dispatcher possesses the ability to delay, divert or terminate a flight (Kay, 2009). While ICAO provides that these professionals act in a supporting and assisting role, the United States delegates a responsibility of dispatchers interlinking with that of the pilot-in-command according to the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) regulations (Cordes, 2007). Today, dispatchers are highly skilled personalities as compared to the previous situation, and licensing in the United States arose to ensure safety through planning and surveillance (The Position of Aircraft Dispatcher, n.d.). They are required to hold an FAA Aircraft Dispatcher certificate (iPod, 2006). The ICAO contains the requirements which must be fulfilled for a flight dispatc
Introduction All organizations and institutes constantly strive to raise their levels of performance and productivity. To reach the set goals of increased productivity in the organization, the contribution made by all members in the organization is crucial. Even so, these contributions can only achieve optimal impact if there is a strong leadership in place to guide both the individual and group efforts. This being the case, the development of leadership traits and skills is indeed necessary for the survival and continued success of an organization. There are various factors which make leadership roles mandatory in the education industry. To begin with, the teachers act as role models to their students and as such, they must exhibit strong leadership. Leadership by the school management is also necessary to ensure that the teachers are teaching in accordance to the set standards. There exist many leadership theories and their effectiveness is dependent on the particular environment. A leadership theory or approach that is both theoretical and practically adequate can be termed as the most efficient one for an individual to adopt. With these considerations, this paper shall set out to develop systematically and defend with reasoned arguments my own approach concerning leadership. My approach will not only borrow from well established theories and leadership approaches but it shall also build on them so as to come up with an even more effective leadership approach. A Brief Overview of Leadership While leadership has varied definition depending on the context, it can be generically defined as the process through which an individual makes use of the support and assistance of others so as to achieve predetermined goals and objectives (Burns 23). It is only though strong leadership that organizational goals are achieved and as such, leadership is essential for the success of an organization. Invariably, leadership involves working hand in hand with other organizational members since the leader has to elicit the support of relevant personnel in order to achieve the set goals. Various people favor different leadership styles and approaches and the success or relevance of each approach is dependent on the setting, the individual, and the cultural reality in which the approach is implemented. My Leadership Approach My leadership Approach would borrow from a number of contemporary theories and approaches that have proved to be successful in a wide range of settings. To begin with, my leadership would necessitate that the leader engagement his followers and this would result in satisfaction for both the leader and the followers. This is in line with the influential leadership style in many Western nations, transformational leadership. Burns introduced transformational leadership in 1978 and according to him, a transformational leader is defined as a leader who “looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower” (Burns 173). From this definition, it is evident that a transformational leader dif
Purpose Statement This briefing paper is directed to the management at the small TD branch in British Columbia (BC). The core purpose of this paper is to provide this branch and the Okanagan (Syilx) people with valuable information regarding the on-reserve home loan program. All the necessary aspects, including benefits, disadvantages, and potential opportunities, are presented. Overview of TD First of all, it is appropriate to outline the mentioned organization. It was developed by the Aboriginal Banking Group at TD to offer innovative and relevant products and services for the indigenous communities in BC. After thoroughly analyzing and interpreting the aboriginal market, the organization implemented an integrated approach to support it. In particular, TD focuses on the following three aspects: aboriginal customers and markets, talent and employment, and community investment. Meanwhile, TD offerings involve a set of products: personal banking and investing, advisory services, and business banking. In other words, they focus on a wide range of products and services that are available to everyone. TD’s Aboriginal Banking Group gives precise attention to the needs of indigenous customers. Focusing on financial innovation, it proposes a series of oriented programs at individuals and their families and businesses. Such a comprehensive approach allows for covering all the members of a community. TD strives to promote equity by providing fair loan conditions and other financial services and products. For example, one may note the Nisga’a Nation, which received property rights recently. Benefits, Drawbacks, and Challenges The on-reserve homeownership program, by its very definition, offers properties on reserve, avoiding government guarantee. The key benefit of this program is that it allows for a cost-effective solution to housing. At the same time, TD offers two options for its customers. According to the first option, a customer going to resolve their housing needs directly connects to a TD representative, which is, undoubtedly, advantageous as no additional actions are required. However, this option is not flexible and may limit some potential borrowers. The corresponding First Nation ensures a guarantee for the support of the members. The second option implies that an individual establishes a direct loan relationship with the First Nation that subsequently connects to TD. The paramount advantage here is the fact that First Nation receives an opportunity to offer more flexible loan terms, thus ensuring the satisfaction of the member’s expectations. Nonetheless, First Nation has to meet additional requirements rather than its members. Thus, members would own their dwelling while the nation would maintain it. It also seems important to emphasize that members may encounter certain challenges when selecting any of the presented options. They are associated with the Indian Act, several sections of which create difficulties with land securitization. To address the above challenges, TD initiates the on-reserve homeownership program by building close and trustful relationships with aboriginal communities. Considering the rapidly changing modem w