ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The poem “We Real Cool” by Gwendolyn Brooks can be considered a form of sarcastic personal commentary wherein it showcases the “cool” aspect (i.e. traits that make a person popular) in such a way that it reveals how “coolness” evolves into an escalating series of activities resulting in a person’s death. The reason why “We Real Cool” is being described as a type of sarcastic personal commentary is due to the type of language is utilized wherein the inflection seen in the sentences and the types of terminology that are implemented mirror that of the “cool” language that is emphasized in present-day pop culture as being part of African American slang language. The poem as a form of social criticism “We Real Cool” criticizes the act of trying to be cool by showing that the path to “coolness” always ends in disaster. Brooks shows how acts that are at times considered “cool” by students such as skipping school often escalate resulting in that individual going out late, drinking and inevitably performing other activities that are considered “cool” by everyone else. It reaches a point wherein the pursuit of being cool they do not see the end result of their actions resulting in their potential death. Stylistic elements When examining the poem, it becomes immediately evident that it follows the AABB meter as evidenced by the first and second stanza and the succeeding 4th and 5th stanzas respectively. It is not overly complicated and can be easily understood upon an initial overview. What is interesting about the poem is that the tonal quality takes an abrupt turn at the very last line of the poem wherein the first few lines are generally happy and pleasant with the last placing a decidedly dark emphasis on the act of “being cool”. For me, this makes the poem quite interesting since it compels the reader to read through the poem once more in order to better understand the message that the author is attempting to convey. It should be noted though that the poem possesses a certain degree of intentional grammatical incorrectness in order to better depict the pop culture slangs of “cool” activities. For example, the very title of the poem “We Real Cool” is grammatically incorrect since following grammar rules it should state “We are really cool”. By removing the modifiers in the sentence, the poem follows the method of sentence creation commonly utilized by the African American culture which eschews sentence modifiers in favor of utilizing a more direct “subject-adjective” form of sentence construction. Examples of this can be seen in the stylistic elements of rap music which follow the same rules in sentence creation. Since rap music is considered “cool” by the standards of the present day generation of teens, utilizing the same sentence creation rules as rap music helps to enhance the association between the poem and activities that are considered “cool”. This leads the reader to imagine the “voice” of the poem as someone coming from an African American background given the sentence constr
Our planet is in a dire state. Unfortunately, technology that has allowed humanity to prosper is negatively impacting our ecosystem. The situation has gotten so drastic that ecologists are warning us that we are getting past the point of no return. Numerous issues such as pollution, global warming, climate change, carbon dioxide levels, deforestation are permanently changing the face of our planet. One of the greatest threats facing us is plastics and micro plastics pollution. Most of it is not disposed of correctly and ends up harming land and marine wildlife. To save our environment, we must find a suitable way to deal with plastics and microplastics. In 1907, the first fully synthetic plastic was invented by Leo Baekeland and revolutionized mass manufacturing (Science History Institute, n.d.). Humans did not need to mine natural resources anymore; all human needs could be fulfilled in the laboratory. During the Second World War, plastic production increased by 300% as it was used t
Introduction Jehovah’s Witnesses is one of the international Christian denominations. The doctrine of Jehovah’s Witnesses has much in common with the teaching of unorthodox directions in Christianity. Still, it differs in a specific understanding of many religious concepts, making it difficult to classify the movement. The organization is known for rejecting blood transfusions and celebrating traditional religious holidays. However, other crucial points help to understand the ideas and beliefs. The paper provides knowledge of the fundamental principles of the organization. For this purpose, it is important to analyze Jehovah’s Witnesses’ activity, structure, history, beliefs, and the right of free exercise of religion. Moreover, these days, there are some critiques of the movement from various society’s parts, including medical institutions, governments, and other confessions. Overview Even though Jehovah’s Witnesses use Christian terminology, the organization is classified as a new religious movement. They reject most Christian beliefs, for instance, the creation of the world, the immortality of the soul, and the doctrine of the Trinity (Cole, 2019). Nevertheless, Jehovah’s Witnesses acknowledge death and the Resurrection (Cole, 2019). This religious movement is characterized by the expectation of the imminent end of the world and the establishment of a paradise on Earth, where those whom Jehovah’s Witnesses consider worthy will live eternally (Chryssides, 2019). Thus, it has several common features and significant differences from Christianity. Regarding the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ status, the opinions of religious scholars are different. Some of them consider the denomination to be Seventh-day Adventists (Chryssides, 2019). Simultaneously, Jehovah’s Witnesses do not classify themselves as Protestants, regarding fundamental differences from Protestantism (Chryssides, 2019). Some other researchers examine this movement as a para-Christian and pseudo-Christian organization, while many theologians classify Jehovah’s Witnesses as sects (Chryssides, 2019). Hence, the perception of Jehovah’s Witnesses remains debatable in religious studies. Activity and Structure Jehovah’s Witnesses’ principal activity is disseminating their teachings and offering their literature. In the United States, they have the opportunity to conduct a promotion on radio and television (Chryssides, 2019). The movement uses several legal entities to advance its goals; the oldest and best known are the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (Knox, 2018). The organization’s funds are made up of donations and the sale of printed materials (Cole, 2019). Gatherings are often closed, but Jehovah’s Witnesses need to spend several hours per month spreading their materials and beliefs by communication or distributing brochures. Concerning Jehovah’s Witnesses’ popularity and governance, the organization is widespread globally. The movement has a multilevel management structure, headed by 10-15 people; membership is usually lifelong (Cole, 2019). Religious and administrative centers are located in Warwick, Wallkill, and Patterson (Chryssides,
Path goal theory Northouse (2009) adduces that Path-goal theory is concerned with the effects of superiors on the performance of the subordinates. It seeks to understand the relationship between the superiors and the subordinates. There are two general propositions which are seen to be essential in the path-goal theory. The first proposition is based on the fact that the behavior of the leader should be acceptable to the followers and contribute to the success of the organization. The other proposition has it that the behavior of the leader should be motivational. This behavior should be supportive of coaching, guidance and support which are necessary components for effective performance. In the first case study the coach, Bob Knight is seen to be a strict disciplinarian to the point that the gets into various controversies. He is seen to be arrogant and unwilling to listen to the views of the rest of the players. He is seems to favor unorthodox means of getting to his goals. This has a way of creating an environment where the team members do not enjoy even when they do win their matches. Additionally, the coach seemed to be so obsessed with winning such that he seemed to embody the perception that the end justifies the means. He had no qualms whatsoever to defend this perception even to the media. This can have a negative effect on the morale of the players who may feel that the coach is not mindful of their welfare. Nonetheless, he is a very successful coach. On the other hand coach K was disciplinarian while at the same time displaying a willingness to understand his players. However, it is interesting to note that he was a former student of coach Bob Knight. In as much as coach K was a strict disciplinarian he did not derive his authority by having a lot of elaborate rules. In fact he emphasized to his players that all they had to do was to ensure that they did not get in behaviors which could be injurious to them which could end up hurting the entire team. This ensured that the player had a clear picture of what was expected of them. At the same time the coach ensured that at all times he communicated his honest opinions to the players. This additionally helped in boosting their motivation. He achieved a lot of success by ensuring that he engaged in behavior which seemed to motivate his players and this way he achieved enviable success. Leader-member exchange theory According to Miner 2007, Leader- member exchange theory is based on how leaders are able to maintain their position of dominance through a various tacit agreements with their followers. To facilitate this, the leaders can have an inner group as well as outer group. The inner group comprises of close associates of the leaders to whom the leaders delegates more responsibilities, have an eas
The Little Foxes (1939), written by Lillian Hellman, is one of the most notable plays of the 20th century. The themes of money, gender inequality, betrayal, selfishness, and human relationships are prevalent in the story and are transparently portrayed by the unfolding drama. The central part of the plot revolves around the cotton mill, and the characters, Regina, Ben, Oscar, and Leo, are trying to make a profit via mischievous acts (Hartley & Ladu, 1948). They are opposed by Horace, Regina’s husband, who continually rejects the proposals concerning the investment. Regina’s brothers, Ben and Oscar, resort to various ideas and tricks trying to convince Horace but fail at peaceful negotiations. As a result, Leo, Oscar’s son, steals the bonds in an attempt to quickly invest them and make a profit. However, Horace notices the mischief and threatens the members of Regina’s family with canceling the will. Nevertheless, Horace suffers from a heart attack shortly after, and Regina deliberately refuses to save his life. As the drama unfolds, the characters are continually faced with various challenges and fail most of their objectives. The proposals of Regina, Ben, and Oscar are continually turned down by Horace; Leo’s theft is immediately noticed, and Horace suffers from a heart attack before canceling the will. In other words, the characters cannot achieve any of their goals due to various complications. At the end of the story, Horace has suffered a lethal heart attack; Ben, Oscar, and Leo are claimed as mischievous cheaters, and Regina seizes the immense wealth at the expense of everyone leaving her. Ultimately
In the modern world of competition it is essential for hotel business to understand the needs and preferences of customers and provide them with the best possible services (Hall and Page, 1999, p.97). Thus, the majority of international or regional hotel companies start investing in training and development programmes (Olsen and Zhao, 2008, p.171). Hudson Hotel (New York) pertains to one of such regional hotel chains, Morgans Hotel Group (“Morgans Hotel Group”). Admittedly, hospitality is the key consideration for every respectful hotel (O’Fallon and Rutherford, 2010, p.30). Hospitality presupposes that hotel staff will provide “the flexible delivery of hotel services” (Bardi, 2006, 309). Fortunately, nowadays flexibility has become accessible due to technology which assists in addressing “the training needs” and the needs of providing good services (Wallace, 1993, p.62). As far as training is concerned, various visual aids have proven to be very effective in development training (Pike, 2003, p.63). Fortunately, Hudson Hotel has the opportunity of implementing various training strategies using technology since it is designed to become an example of the boldness and diversity of the city” with numerous conference halls and other accommodations suitable for training (“Hudson New York”). Thus, technology assists in implementing various development programs. As well as many successful hotel companies Hudson Hotel uses various training techniques which can be divided into three major groups: “vocational training, professional education and executive development” (Jafari, 2003, p.176). Vocational training plays the essential role since it helps to develop the key consideration of hotels, hospitality (Weber and Chon, 2002, p.80). This kind of training is preoccupied with such areas as skills (bad making, vacuuming, bathroom cleaning, using equipment, industrial safety), attitude (meeting standards, appearance, personal hygiene), and knowledge (hotel layout, knowledge of rights and benefits, grievance procedure understanding) (Jones, 2007, p.159). Executive development also plays a significant role in Hudson Hotel training programs. This training is aimed at developing new (modern, innovative) skills in management personnel. To develop skills and knowledge mentioned above various training techniques are used in Hudson Hotel. For instance, demonstration and skill practice are very effective techniques (Malhorta, 1997, p.265). Demonstrations consist in sharing experience when a person who possesses definite skills shows (demonstrates, teaches) them to a newcomer, and the latter tries to repeat the same gaining the necessary knowledge. Talks, lectures and seminars are also very effective in terms of employees’ development (Malhorta, 1997, p.266). As for such kind of training it is necessary to mention that one effective technique of organizing lectures (conferences, talks) is used at Hudson
Everyone has read detective stories at least once in their life or watched detective programs on TV. Sometimes it could be seen that the heroes of the works use so-called indented writings. These writings can be on the second, third, and so on pages, depending on the pressure on the writing subject, that is, a pen or pencil. Even though such records are difficult to see, the examiners still have the experience and specialized equipment to ensure that this concealment was revealed. Indented writing is invisible indentations in the sheets of paper located under the page on which the information was initially written. Indented writing can help solve a case, as it often has the information necessary for the investigation (Girard, 2017). In order to see the inscriptions, one can use a pencil, but for forensic experts, it is an unprofessional tool that can only harm the evidence. Indented entries often do not match the information written on the surface of the original document. To open the information, specialists use various professional equipment. It includes a device for a laboratory that works to restore documents with indents. In addition, a photographic method is used, which is based on sliding light, and an electrostatic detection device is also used (Girard, 2017). Naturally, specialists must have the necessary skills and knowledge to detect information written using indentation. Moreover, the use of a soft pencil or copy paper can spoil essential details, and therefore the use of these methods of amateur examination is prohibited. In conclusion, indented writing is a common practice in the criminal world. When writing with indents, the necessary information remains hidden since it is invisible and is printed on the pages following the original. With this tool, one can hide many important and personal data. To detect the inscriptions, specialists are needed and equipment that will allow the records to be declassified and not damage the evidence. Reference Girard, J. (2017). Criminalistics: Forensic science, crime, and te
Action Plan Any prejudices based on differences among people, as a rule, are the causes of conflict situations arising in different teams. The problem of discrimination against the LGBT community is acute enough, and the college case confirms this fact. An appropriate action plan based on step-by-step intervention should be developed, as it helps to avoid further experiences of the target audience and to eliminate prejudices against the members of sexual minorities. The whole stage of work may be divided into several steps, and appropriate strategies can be introduced gradually. For instance, to begin with, it is required to think over the mechanism of activity in this direction. According to Dessel et al., in the context of the topic under consideration, bystander intervention may be essential due to an opportunity to be in contact with students experiencing discrimination (101). Subsequent stages of work in this direction can include the following steps:   * Making a presentation on the topic of the equality of people regardless of their religious, racial, and sexual background.   * Organizing a club to help the members of the LGBT community experiencing sorrow concerning discrimination.   * Using Bucher’s approach who invokes to “address people the way they want to be addressed” and implement the system of mirroring based on copying other people’s gestures and behavior (145).   * Involving the most active members of the group in collective work on the promotion of equality as an integral component of a civilized society through the organizing thematic meetings and concerts.   * Private conversations with the most active opponents of sexual minorities and finding out the reasons for the intolerant attitude. Works Cited Bucher, Richard D. Diversity Consciousness: Opening Our Minds to People, Cultures, and Opportunities . 4th ed., Pearson, 2014. Dessel, Adrienne B., et al. “LGBT Discrimination on Campus and Heterosexual Bystanders: Understanding Intentions to Intervene.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education , vol. 10, no. 2, 2017, pp. 101-116. EdChange . 2019. Web. National Equity Project . 2019. Web. Project Look Sharp . 2019. Web. Rethinking Schools . 2017. Web. Teaching for Change . 2019. Web. Teaching Tolerance . 2019. Web. Valls, Víctor, et al. “Linking Educational Diversity and Team Performance: Team Communication Quality and Innovation Team Climate Matter.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , vol. 89, no. 4, 2016, pp. 751-771. Zinn Education Project . 2019. Web.
Introduction We live in a time when the majority of citizens in Western countries think of the concept of cultural and scientific progress as something that is being objectively predetermined, in the historical context of this word, due to humans’ metaphysical superiority over the animals. In its turn, this allows countless moralists, which represent various religious denominations, to continue generating rather a substantial income by exploiting people’s naïve belief in their own “god-likeness”. However, given the fact that it only takes a few seconds for otherwise culturally refined individuals to begin acting as savage beasts, while being put under the set of specific circumstances (as it happened on sinking “Titanic”, for example), there can be very little doubt as to layer of people’s civilizational refinement being only a skin-deep. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the motif of people’s inborn bestiality is being prominently featured throughout the entirety of Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” – at the time when the author worked on this novel, the pace of scientific progress in the field of biology has not been slowed down by considerations of political correctness, as it is often the case nowadays. In its turn, this allows us to think of “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” as a literary work that continues to provide us with insight into the real nature of the human psyche, even though this novel has been written in the 19th century. In our paper, we will aim at e
Introduction The following study will highlight how fiscal stress manifests itself in different states and municipalities, and how best it can be dealt with to avoid negative affect on the public. The public should not be deprived of essential services that should be provided to them by states and municipalities in times of fiscal stress. Impact of fiscal stress on states Fiscal stress in various states can be measured using certain indicators which are budgetary, service oriented, cash and long term. Fiscal stress is categorized into various groups which are low, medium and high level. To combat fiscal stress, the States can embark on short and long term measures. Short term measures include cuts on expenditure, increase in taxation, and use of rainy days’ funds. The only solution that has been found to be more effective in the reduction of fiscal stress for states is balancing financial expenditure and revenue. The impact of fiscal stress on the States mainly affects delivery of services to the public. The most affected service is usually the provision of security to the public by a given state. Other impacts of fiscal stress on states include failure by the latter to initiate development initiatives or projects, reduced health care services, and neglect of community based initiatives like health education. Fiscal stress can lay a lot of burden on the financial position of any state. Increased expenditure and global financial crises are major challenges to states. Impact of fiscal stress on municipalities Organs of California Municipality have been forced to cut down on their expenses. Job losses are experienced due to the economic recession which has also affected the state. Worst still, the California Local Government Machinery has been constrai