ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The introduction A brief overview of important historical points The role of government in American education is considered to be a question of great sensitivity. Generally, one is to keep in mind that originally “policymakers have supported state and local control rather than federal directives and federal education legislation has normally contained strong prohibitions against federal control of education” (Orfield, 2004, p. 4). In other words, there was a need to protect a national department of education from any abuse of government. General support for American society and fears of radical changes prevented government legislation for many years. Traditionally, there were the conservatives, who tried to protect education from federal control; liberals and moderates, however, were of the opposite opinion and wanted to develop federal programs, in order to support the growth of educational establishments. It should be pointed out that the supporters of public education also wanted to involve federal government in education, in order to equalize funding of the establishments and create a strong support for poor children. Thus, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which was created in the mid of the sixties, led to a significant governmental role in public education. The thesis statement The impact of the federal government on public education is recognized to be extremely important for the development of American society. Although the evolving role of the federal government is regarded ambiguously, nobody can deny the fact that various education programs and laws created by the federal organizations help improve students’ academic achievement. The body When discussing the evolving role of the federal government in education, there is a need to consider some important historical data. Thus, first of all, it is necessary to trace back the events, which had a great impact on modern education system formation. As far as there are a lot of data concerning the education system of American society, one is to keep in mind that there are key events, which are to be highlighted. On the other hand, it is necessary to touch on the most influential events the modern system of education is related to. The No Child Left Behind Act In the early eighties, Department of Education was created; the main purpose of its establishment was to promote “student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access” (Nelson, 2011, p. 1). Twenty years later, the federal government established one of the most import
Introduction Through globalization, many countries have embraced free-market trading in their economies. In free trade, the government permits traders to conduct business freely without regulations or imposed taxes. Traders mutually agree with buyers on the best price to transact. However, free trade is a bit flawed, and critics argue that it is only theoretically faultless (Friedman, 2003). Therefore, this document critically analyzes free trade, critically considering its positive and negative sides. In a free-market economy, traders possess the freedom to produce and sell their products and services setting their own predetermined prices, based on mechanisms of demand and supply, and without the government’s intervention (Hayami & Godo, 2005). Free market also allows producers to increase their supply to the market, and face the risks or enjoy the benefits related to it. Moreover, consumers have the freedom to purchase items at the price predetermined by the traders, in any amounts, depending on their capability and willingness. Free market also leads to increased competition and consumers have the capacity to acquire the best products and services at a reasonable price. Introduction of new products in the market comes with high prices tagged on them. However, through free-market trade, others copy the idea and introduce similar products, thereby reducing their prices significantly (Friedman, 2003). Moreover, the stiff competition compels these traders to manufacture products of high quality, in a bid to outdo their competitors. This benefits the consumers significantly, since traders supply a range of high valued goods and services at reduced prices. Moreover, as foreign investors venture into a host country, foreign exchange increases, thereby boosting a country’s economic growth. Free market also increases employment opportunities and improves the citizens’ living standards. Some of the imperfections of free market are that private investors may not be willing to supply some essential goods and services. For instance, they may not engage in education, since it is not profitable (Gershon, 2009). Moreover, if they manage to supply these services, they are not able to cater for all residents. In addition, since markets are free, powerful traders may dominate markets, thus lead to rise in monopolies. Some of these monopolies increase prices of commodities, and thereby result in exploiting the consumers, since there is little or no government intervention in controlling prices (Friedman, 2003). Besides, these companies target wealthy people and mostly supply luxury goods, since they are inclined in profit maximization. They overlook the poor consumers, thereby leading to an unbalanced economy. This may also lead to overconsumption of injurious products such as cigarettes and alcohol. Moreover, since these investors venture only in the highly profitable businesses, there is uneven utilization of resources, resulting in wastage of useful resources. Conversely, there is a rise in pollution, since traders increase wastes while trying to maximize their profits thr
Trends in law enforcement change every year and depend on the legitimate President of the United States of America who follows a certain policy. These improvements are considered to make the work of police departments better and more beneficial for regular citizens. The following paper will discuss five trends of law enforcement in the year of 2017. Discussion The first trend implies the improvement of various partnerships between the national police and other community organizations. This collaboration might increase the community members’ and regular residents’ contribution to different law enforcement activities. In particular, the police departments will share their public safety strategies with other people to make them aware of certain forthcoming changes. This might let other individuals help resolve national problems or crimes. Also, the officers will be more polite to the people who they are obliged to work with, whereas their cultural norms and personal values should improve. Another trend is that law enforcement agencies will reconsider their approaches to the forcing practices that are intended to ensure accountability and transparency of a separate case. The use of force by the police was discussed at the professional and public debate event. It appears that some citizens and small businesses are not satisfied with the particular forcing actions of officials. Therefore, police officers should be more cautious and careful with citizens who do not follow the country’s law. From now on, people who work at the U.S. police departments are expected to have expository conversations with the residents who accidentally break the law or are not aware of certain governmental regulations. The next trend is intended to show that police officer remain the community members as well as regular citizens. Unfortunately, many employees of law enforcement agencies were neglected and often referred to as enemies by people who had a chance to face their legal competencies. However, it is time to change the situation described above as police officers have the same rights and freedoms as other residents of the United States of America. Their professional actions will demonstrate more respect for other people. In turn, the individuals who work for the police also want to be respected by those whom they protect daily. Another trend is caused by the concerns of active social networks and Internet users. People who share private files and information are not satisfied with the fact that their messages are monitored by law enforcement agencies. The citizens were discouraged because their rights and freedoms were violated
Targeted Website Jean Piaget studied “the development of children through continued interaction and observation” ( Piaget, 2015, para. 1). Piaget’s theories have been applied in many learning environments. The website “www.learningandteaching.info” focuses on the scholarly achievements of different theorists. The website highlights the major theories associated with human development. Main Points Covered in the Resource This webpage offers useful discussions and ideas to the reader. The website begins by giving a detailed biography of the psychologist. Jean Piaget was born in 1896. Piaget studied and published many scientific papers. He later examined the development of children. Piaget completed most of his works by observing and analyzing the behaviors of small children. He also designed various activities for targeted children. This practice “made it easier for him to understand the reasoning processes of the targeted children” (Simwata, 2010, p. 368). The website also explains why Piaget’s work has been influential in many fields. Many educationists have been using Piaget’s theory to develop the best curriculum for their children. Piaget formed the foundation for future human development and growth theories. According to the theorist, a child’s thinking process is not smooth. Small children take long before understanding the things around them. Many institutions have used such ideas to support the needs of many children. The webpage goes further to describe Piaget’s key terms and ideas. Some of these terms include “accommodation, conservation, operation, and egocentrism” ( Piaget, 2015, para. 4). These terms are critical towards understanding children’s growth patterns and behaviors. The website also describes Piaget’s four stages of child development. These stages include “sensory-motor (from birth to 2 years), pre-operational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational” ( Piaget, 2015, para. 7). The website also highlights the weaknesses associated with Piaget’s theory. Why this Resource is Acceptable The selected resource offers a detailed analysis of Jean Piaget’s theory of development. The webpage begins by giving a brief biography of the theorist. The webpage also explains why Jean Paget concentrated on the developmental processes of children. This approach makes the resource meaningful and acceptable to many readers. T
Introduction Qantas (Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd) is the official airlines of Australia (Payne, 1957). The flying businesses of the Qantas Group include Qantas, QantasLink, and Jetstar brands that domestically operate more than 5,000 weekly domestic flights in Australia, 250 weekly flights within New Zealand, and nearly 700 international flights a week to 80 international destinations in nearly 40 countries (Kronos, 2007). The Qantas Sale Act 1992 limits foreign ownership to 49 per cent in total and 25 per cent by any one foreign entity. Hence Qantas is not a multinational but a transnational and a global corporation that operates across the world but controlled by only Australia (Langmead, 2007). Geoff Dixon is the present Chief Executive Officer of Qantas, Peter Gregg, its Chief Financial Officer and Executive General Manager Strategy and John Borghetti is Executive General Manager Qantas (Qantas, 2007). According to a poll held by Business Asia in 2000, Qantas airways is Asia’s most preferred airline (Cameron, 2000). Early Beginning to World War II (1920s-1940s) During this stage, the main benefit of internationalization was the increase in the number and quality of fleet Qantas possessed and also increase in its brand equity through participation in World War II. The key limitation to internationalization was basically their limited fleet. External triggers   * Accidental Meeting: Qantas was in itself founded through an accidental meeting of Fergus McMaster with P.J. McGinness and W. H. Fysh.   * World War I: The First World War (1914-18) accelerated the development of aeroplanes which were then in their infancy.   * Development of Aeroplanes: By the early 1920’s aeroplanes were much more reliable and capable of flying longer distances and carrying heavier loads. This made the 1920s the ideal time for starting an airline.   * Availability of Pilots: Moreover pilots who returned from WWI were also available for work.   * Public perception of flying and heroism: Flying captured the imagination of the public and pilots were seen as heroes. Charles Lindbergh was a flying hero of this period as he was the first pilot to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Internal triggers   * Great Leaders: The growth of Qantas during the early days was mainly due to the work of great leaders like P.J. McGinness (1896-1952), Sir Wilmot Hudson Fysh (1895-1974), Sir Fergus McMaster (1879-1950) and W. Arthur Baird (1889-1954) (Qantas, 2007).   * Expansion of services and fleet: In March 1927 Qantas opened the Brisbane Flying School that later transferred to the Queensland Aero Club. The Australian Aerial Medical Service was formed on 27 March 1928 and Qantas signed a years contract to operate medical flights on demand.   * Connection with Britain’s Imperial Airways: In 1931, Qantas established a link with Britain’s Imperial Airways. And on 18 January 1934 Qantas Empire Airways Limited was registered in Brisbane. This was a combination of the interests of Imperial Airways and Qantas which each held a half s
Personal Values The situation presented in the case requires a careful ethical assessment. My personal values dictate that children should be provided with quality parenting and education to the best of their parents’ ability. However, in the current state, the parents are not capable of doing so. I also believe that people have a right to have children, with no discrimination based on their condition if it does not directly harm the child. Societal Values Societal values also state that children should receive healthy parenting and education. Low-functioning parents are often treated as unfit to provide parenting to their child. This leads to the child being transferred into the foster care of others. Society also allows for anyone to have a child, but the conditions for raising them may be strict. Professional Values and Ethics Professional values are stated in the case itself. Despite the school and the private agency pushing for the child to be taken into foster care, the previous cases that involved children who have psychological issues suggest that it may be unethical to put the child through additional stress that could result in separation issues, adjustment problems, and abuse. Options There are three conceivable options available to resolve this issue. The first is to put the child in the custody of foster care. It is possible that with appropriate care, the child will be able to adjust to the new environment. The second option is to leave them as is, which is likely to exacerbate the issue, but a slim chance of a stable environment developing over time exists. The third option is to enlist the help of outside organizations that are focused on providing parenting help to people with intellectual disabilities. Best Option for Individuals The best option for individuals, in this case, is the third one. An outside organization will be able to provide support in the developing of parenting skills for the parents. The case states that they love their son and show high levels of interest in his education and development. Therefore, they should be more susceptible to training from such an organization. The child would also benefit from the improved parenting and the lack of additional stress that can come from separation. Best Option for Society The third option is also the best one for society as a whole. The child will not have to depend on the foster care system while growing up. He is less likely to develop new disorders due to the trauma of separation. Also, if the parents properly adjust to the help that outside organizations may bring, the child will not experience developmental issues. This option also minimizes the conflicts between the values because the child will receive proper care without the parents losing the child. Least Harmful Option The third option is the least harmful out of the three. The first option is likely to cause trauma to the child and parents. When separated, the child may develop new issues and not receive any benefit from the fo
The question of justice has always been actual. People have always been trying to provide fair punishment for some crimes. These punishments have always been a topic for discussion, as sometimes they are really very severe. However, one more issue arises in these debates. It is the issue of punishing the innocent, which is very important and even generic for all spheres of justice. It is possible to suggest some very strict punishments and apply them, but only being totally sure in person’s guiltiness. However, it is impossible to achieve dead certainty, and history knows a lot of examples when innocent people were punished because of mistakes in the system of justice. It is relatively easy to correct mistakes connected with terms of imprisonment. However, if a person is sentenced to capital punishment, there is nothing to be done. Taking these facts into account, two different approaches to justice and punishment appeared. They are reflected by a theory of retributivism and a theory of utilitarianism. Retributivism was the first of all punishment theories to appear. It states that society is “justified in punishing persons when and only when they deserve to be punished” (Moore, n.d., para. 1). It supposes punishment to be the best reaction to any crime. If a person breaks the law, he consciously deprives himself of the right to obtain something. It can be freedom or even his life. The main advantage of this theory is that real criminals are informed of its strict rules, and they will think twice before committing some crime, keeping in mind unavoidability of punishment. However, its main drawback is that innocent people also know about this peculiarity, and they can also suffer from
Witnessing crime activities, disasters, or accidents by onlookers elicits legal and ethical concerns during time of bearing witness. On one hand, the witnesses have right to give all details regarding the occurrence of crime, disaster or accident, but on the other hand, the victims have right to privacy. Thus, bearing witness and respecting victims’ privacy calls for delicate balance to ensure that victims receive appropriate assistance to prevent them from undergoing unnecessary psychological torture. However, maintenance of delicate balance is very hard for it has resulted into opposing schools of thoughts. There are proponents who argue that witness rights should take precedence over victim rights because evidences are critical in investigation and should not be part of victim’s privacy. On the other hand, opponents argue that victim’s privacy is paramount to avoid further victimization of survivors. Since a victim requires urgent assistance, the bystanders should bear witness in spite of victim’s privacy rights. Victims need urgent assistance from the bystanders and thus the right to privacy comes second. If the rights to privacy take precedence, then the victims will not receive timely rescue because bystanders will shy away not only from rescuing, but also from bearing witness lest they violate victims’ rights. Hence, privacy of the victims does more harm to their situation for they will suffer in silence while the public assumes all is well. Given that victims are in dire need of help, they are unconscious or cannot make any rational decisions regarding their rescue process or privacy rights. It is therefore, ethical responsibility of the bystanders to report exactly what transpired in crime, accident, or disaster for the public to understand. Thus, bystanders should be free to bear witness of the victimizing circumstances to enable the victims receive appropriate assistance and for the public to prevent future occurrence of the same. Experiences of victims such as crime, disasters, and accidents are matters of public interests. By bearing witness, the bystanders are giving out relevant information to the public that is helpful in assisting other victims or preventing occurrence of victimizing circumstances. For instance, a bystander can bear witness of how fatal road accident occurred with the objective of warning other drivers from driving carelessly or may also narrate how criminals robbed certain home to alert people. In such issues, the public has the right to know what and how their lives predispose to certain dangers in the society because a victim is worth many other victims if impending crises are not made public. If matters of public interests are subjects to victim’s rights, how will the public take caution concerning the predisposing circumstances they do not know, except the victims alone? Therefore, bystander’s information is very important and should not be subject to privacy rights of the victims. From utilitarian point of view, bearing of w