ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Research indicates that computer simulations as opposed to other media like print, video, film or lectures have a claimed primary advantage, which is, increased transfer of learning (Allessi. Trollip1985). Transfer of learning simply means the students having the ability to apply what they have learned during instructions level, to the real performance or a new situation. Simulations are assumed to boost transfer better than other media or books. However, this paper focuses on a particular area of simulation research, by the name fidelity, which has received a significant attention in relation to non computerized simulation. This is a critical variable in general when it comes to design of simulations. Fidelity on the other hand, refers to how direct a simulation imitates reality. To elaborate further on this fact, transfers of learning in plane simulators have revealed that the initial training in simulators is more efficient as opposed to that of a real plane. Many military preparation studies by means of mechanical simulators shows no difference at all, and if there is, then very little in transfer, or learning due to fidelity. Reviewed study on the motion fidelity in flight training found that it does not considerably affect learning. While some other authors have concluded that fidelity motion was of some significance for experienced pilots and not for beginners. However, studies of fidelity in military school came to a conclusion that, there is no proof of learning discrepancy due to low fidelity. Fidelity effects are largely dependent upon the learner’s instructional level. During the primary stages of learning, high fidelity illustration may confuse a learner due to the speedy representation of the compounded sequence. The same circumstance may not be found challenging by the student who has advanced to a higher level of consolidated skill. Other theories for fidelity effects are related to the definition of fidelity and transfer. The complexity of explanation result to the hypothesis like relationship of fidelity and learning is non linear and depends entirely upon instructional rank of the student. For high level fidelity the quantity of learning decreases. It appears that we are facing a predicament when we narrow it down simulation design. Increased fidelity should increase transfer theoretically; this may hinder initial learning and again in turn slows down the transfer. Consequently decreasing fidelity can enhance initial learning, but what the students have learned may not necessarily be transferred to the application scenario if proved dissimilar. My take in this is that, the solution to this problem lies in ascertaining proper level of fidelity based on current instructional level of the student. However the question I would ask is what mechanism of simulation should vary on fidelity, and, under what circumstance should it be so. As a conclusion we realize that whilst simulation take lead as one of the most promising in regards to computer based instruction, there is still a whole lot more we still need to learn concerning their design.
The smart cities, such as Dubuque in Iowa and Portland in Oregon, aim to track the use of resources by its citizens and provide this data to the citizens so that they are aware of how the resources can be conserved and the environment improved. These analyses generate significant amounts of data; therefore, the cities need the cloud to store and give access to this data. The cloud allows putting all the information together in a particular “hub”. As Dubuque officials notice, a smart city focuses on giving the citizens information about the resources they use. Moreover, its aim is to make the use of these resources cost-efficient and avoid any useless waste of them (e.g. eliminate water leaks). The major “smarter city” programs in Dubuque are smarter water, smarter electric, smarter natural gas, and smarter travel. The smarter water program allowed citizens to understand how many gallons of water leaked in their houses per hour. It was estimated that 28% of the water produced in the country is lost through leaks. The data gathered by the officials has shown 6.6% reduction in water consumption in the houses that took part in the pilot program in Dubuque. The next step of the program is to move the silos together and understand what interrelationships are there between these hubs (smarter water, smarter electric, etc.). The cloud computing is expected to help in these calculations. The IBM and the community also plan to save 64,944,218 gallons of water using its cloud system. The approach in Portland is different to the existing one in Dubuque but very similar to what the Dubuque’s officials aim to reach. A simulation model and a decision support system were created to develop what-if scenarios. These scenarios will predict negative and positive consequences of a proposed policy. The model allows the officials explore the relationships between the core systems (economy, education, healthcare, transportation, utilities, government services, etc.). The city and IBM collected ten years of the city’s data to build the system that would support the creation of metrics used for the Portland Plan, the city’s roadmap for the next twenty-five years. The model helps to understand what policies should be implemented to achieve the goals that the city has set. The model uses a holistic approach together with predictive capabilities to make Portland “a smarter city”. It is possible to assume that Dubuque will also follow this framework once when all the data from its systems are combined. So far, the difference
In the process of developing characters in their plays, poems or films, the playwrights, poets and filmmakers strategically feature both similarities as well as differences in the characters. Lorraine Hansberry provides the best illustration of this claim through the way he presents the characters in his play A Raisin in the Sun. Lena Younger and Walter Lee Younger are similar and at the same time different based on some parameters discussed in the paper. For instance, while Lena loves her family directly, Lee does it, but indirectly. There exist some differences between Walter Lee and his mother Lena. Lena is a loving mother, a trait that provides the reason behind her patience, selflessness and understanding. She seems determined and caring to her family because when faced with discrimination she migrates with it from the south to Chicago (Hansberry 112). She is a mother who cherishes and values the unity and family as opposed to Lee. On the other hand, lee is more ambitious and he tries his best level to reach more people by fully living the American dream by working towards economic success in order to improve the living condition of his family. However, he develops an ambition of owning a liquor store thereby concentrating on the business more than his family as his mother does. When it comes to an idea of freedom, the two characters have different perspectives and understanding. Lena sees freedom of living as more important compared to money. She seems more concerned about the status of living conditions and the ability to enjoy the freedom as opposed to being in possession of money. On the other hand, Walter Lee is so much engrossed with money. He thinks that money is the real freedom, which can rescue him from the many life obstacles (Cliff 12). He believes that money is the only thing, which brings happiness and comfort in the lives of people. Therefore, a clear cut of their differences is that while Lena’s experience of racism forms the basis of her decisions, Walter Lee on the other hand bases his on his dreams of owning many businesses. There are also similarities that these two characters depict in the play. For instance, both are determined and brave. The two make a decision to move to the white neighborhood amidst resentments and threats by some weak representatives who claim that Chicago, their intended destination, is not a place they can be welcomed. However, they defy the claim and make their way to Chicago where they manage to buy a house regardless of the financial obstacles. They run through a financial crisis after the collapse of the liquor business opened by Lee whose friend runs away with some of the money that Lee intends to invest in the business (Cliff 43). Regardless of the impediments, Lena uses her savings to facilitate their resettlement in the new land because for her, determination welcomes no barrier. In addition, the two characters value their family as opposed to anything else though the degree of the value differs. Lena is more concerned about the life of her family more than anythin
Problem statement During fifth grade and below, many students find themselves in the company of others whose behaviors rarely match. A bookworm child and another who smokes meet in class during lunch and even accompany each other when going home. Nonetheless, the characters of the two children contrast in a huge way. As such, I tend to suppose that it is true that an enemy can be your child’s friend. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the factors that can lead to a child’s friend being his/her enemy. The reason is that during childhood, many people pick up potential enemies even without knowing. Yet, psychologists overlook the tendency of an enemy being a friend of the victim. So much so that they tend to think that a child’s enemy will always be his counter friend. Besides, this paper will focus on new research that shows that antagonistic patterns of interactions amongst children can be important for the positive development of a child. Concepts The primary concepts are antagonistic relationships and peer rejection. The first concept focuses on the importance of antagonistic relationships amongst children. Antagonistic relationships make people feel that children stand to lose in terms of healthy development and growth. However, these types of relationships are important and make the children develop coping mechanisms. The difference is the manner in which different children respond to similar relationships. The rate of hostile relationships amongst children in school remains high with high schools recording an average of 50 -70% amongst the students (Thompson and Grace 258). Therefore, people tend to think that antagonistic relationships are detrimental to their children. Nonetheless, psychologists point out that amongst myriads of people who experienced such relationships; they are currently fine with their lives contrary to the belief that a child’s enemy is his/her enemy in school (Thompson and Grace 258). The second concept is peer rejection. People feel that children have had friends who after socialization reject them as their friends owing to a number of factors. This makes them create more enemies from their initially perceived friends. A point of view by many people indicates that many friends who face rejection from their peers attest to the fact that their current enemies were initially their friends (Thompson and Grace 260). In this tune, people think that myriads of children in this bracket experience hostility from their initial friends. This is in line with my hypotheses that a child’s friend could as well be their enemies in the future. Information Psychologists in various universities have made conclusions that tend to concur with my hypotheses. Particularly, the University of California found out that over 2000 students have experienced hostilities emanating from initial friends. Most of them attested to the findings that ex-friends rarely turn out to be bitter rivals. Their rivalry impedes their psychological develop
According to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, there are six principal air pollutants, the excess of which critically affects the health, lifestyle, and welfare of the population. They are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particle pollution, and sulfur dioxide. Increasing the level of each of them will most likely have critical consequences, and should be regulated by governmental services. Still, to my mind, the priority should be given to the regulation of particle pollution as the most dangerous issue. Particle pollution or “Particulate matter,” PM, is an effect caused by contamination of air by the particles of different origin. They might be dust, small droplets of nitric and sulfuric acids, coal and metal particles, organic chemicals, etc. The particles are subdivided into two groups. The size of “inhalable coarse particles” lies within the range of 2.5 and 10 micrometer
Introduction Cyberspace is a common terminology in the computer world that is used to refer to the virtual computer world. The computer world is characterized by a lot of information floating within cyberspace or the computer system’s network. Cyberspace can be defined, in general terms, as a domain of “electronics and electromagnetic spectrum” for the storage, modification, and data exchange through systems that are linked to each other and the associated physical infrastructure. Cyberspace from this definition can exist on land, space, air, and even in the sea. It is sometimes described as a global information grid (GIG) because of the internet systems that connect the world through electronics and more especially, computers. Today, with growing literacy, more people have access to computers than ever before. This increased access has led to increased crimes over the internet. Every society needs some regulations to control the behavior and acts of its members to be maintained within what would be described as normal. To achieve this, rules and regulations are put in place to be followed and in case one fails to do so, there is an outlined form of penalty or punishment. This controls the people and keeps them orderly by the use of a law system. The same applies to cyberspace just like in normal space to limit and avoid crimes of cyberspace and abuse of freedom. Cyber liberalization In cyberspace, people are generally free as compared to real-life situations. There is however a need to regulate cyberspace activities. Everybody enjoys their freedom in the computer world (cyberspace and the internet). There is no control, self-organization, or decentralization over what one on does the internet and cyberspace. There is therefore a need for user intervention as the net cannot control or care for itself. In such freedom, there is a high likelihood that people will not be responsible (Baase, 2009). Cyberspace crimes There is no restriction to internet usage in the world today as there is the freedom to cyberspace. However, people are bound to misuse this freedom and commit cybercrimes. Cybercrimes are activities that would cause the destruction, degradation, or disruption of an adversary or competitor’s information technology. Cyber exploitation is the act of stealing information from an adversary or from someone else in cyberspace. Other crimes in cyberspace include data breaching, destruction of infrastructure among others. Therefore, there is a need for laws to control, limit, or eliminate crime and hostilities in cyberspace. Part of the defense plan was recently developed by the Obama administration. This plan provides protection for infrastructures like financial systems, electric grids, and transport networks from people who have cyber attacking habits. In this proposal, homeland security was to work with the states in controlling cyber crimes. Since these computer network systems are created by using other electr
Introduction In the US, there is an income tax system that was instituted by the government. The objective of this system is to help the government in the collection of revenue from the public. Amongst the component of the income tax are the itemized deductions. These are items that are listed separately from the individual’s tax adjusted gross income. The itemized deductions results into reduction of the taxable income.These include items such as interest expense, medical cost and contribution to charitable organizations. The objective of this discussion is to illustrate how these components form a part of the itemized deductions. Tax deductions have a positive impact on the individual’s income. There are various components that form part of the itemized deductions and include the following Interest deductions Interest refers to the sum amount that an individual pays upon utilization of borrowed money (Rande, 2004, para.1). In order for one to deduct the interest from borrowed money so that it can add up to the individual’s tax return, one must be liable for the debt legally. This means that one must be able to itemize his tax deductions on his tax return. Tax deductions on interest expense consist of six main components. These include the interest on investment, home mortgage, business, passive activity, student loan and personal interest. Investment interest refers to all the interest that an individual incurs in the process of buying an investment property. This interest is categorized as an itemized and hence it is tax deductible on the tax return. The investment income is tax deductible only to a limit of the individual’s net income from the investment. This means that the tax deduction on investment interest cannot exceed the net investment income. Any excess amount that is left is passed on to the future without expiry. In order to determine the investment interest that is tax deductible, one has to determine the net investment income. This is done through addition of the interest income that is taxable, ordinary dividends and the capital gains. From this all the investment miscellaneous itemized deductions are subtracted (Rande, 2004, para.9). Passive activity refers to all the activities that are related to the conduct of the business in which the owner is not materially involved. It also includes all the rental activities. However if the individual is involved in rentals of real estate, this activity is not considered as being passive unless it meets certain characteristics. This includes active participation and the providence of service to the real estate that is approximately 750 hours annually (Rande, 2004, Para, 10).The passive activity interest deduction is limited to the losses incurred through passive activity. On the other hand, interest on home mortgage refers to the interest that an individual pays in relation to a loan that is secured on the individual’s home. This may be the main home, second mortgage or a loan on home equity. In order for the interest on home mortgage to be categorized as tax deductible, they must meet certain criteria. These include a loan that was ta
Introduction In the morning of 7 th July, 2005, the City of London experienced an event that will be etched in the history of Britain. On this day, a terrorist planted bomb rocked a subway ripping through a passenger bus and resulting into several deaths and injuries. Within a span of one hour starting at 8:51, more than forty people died and seven hundred others were left with injuries. This event acted as an eye opener to the British government concerning terrorism (The Guardian, 2008). It was at this point that the British announced that their country had become the prime target for terrorism activities. Consequently, this called for a new approach to the systems of counterterrorism. Due to its new dimensions, the terrorism activities had taken a new phase of not only being a thing of the Arabic nations but citizens of Britain. As a result, the British government in conjunction with several Muslim organizations, policy makers had to convene a meeting from which they would discuss the method of countering this crime (Ansari, 2002). Eventually, several decisions were arrived at to combat the new phase of terrorism. Albeit their imperfections and shortcomings, the decisions were rooted in mutually protecting the victims of terrorism and at the same time protecting the Muslim community from u
HIV/AIDS is referred to as a long-wave event because of its large-scale effects. Since the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s, the disease has prevailed for a long-time and with wide-spread repercussions (Barnett 2006). Considering that HIV/AIDS has no cure, the disease is now a pandemic due to its disastrous effect on those infected and affected by the same (Barnett 2006). In fact, the prevalence and effects of HIV/AIDs are compared to other long-wave events such as global warming, cancer and obesity. Nonetheless, there are features that make HIV/AIDS a long-wave event. For example, the origin of the disease has always remained a mystery and a contentious issue (Barnett 2006). It has taken a long time for any efforts to materialize in containing or preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. In fact, it has remained difficult to mobilize resources to address HIV/AIDS. In addition, dealing with myths and consequences associated with the HIV/AIDS pandemic is a long-term challenge. There are political and governance implications of HIV/AIDS in states with high levels of infection. Moreover, HIV/AIDS has been associated with slow economic growth and social tensions. In this context, the government’s capacity to facilitate governance is hampered by diminishing military preparedness and increasing cost of social welfare. Reports from Zimbabwe and South Africa suggest that governance is hampered by deaths of politicians, business persons and civil servants (Barnett 2006). With the death of politicians and civil servants, it becomes a challenge to develop. This is because of the continuous disruption of the government’s goals in implementing policies is unnecessary. The increased infections of HIV/AIDS in developing countries, especially in South Africa, imply a likelihood of political and social unrest (Smith & Whiteside 2010). Reports from National Strategic Planners in South Africa suggest that issues of HIV/AIDS are a common feature among the middle-class and political elites (Barnett 2006). In this regard, there is a high probability of a political struggle to control resources directed to HIV/AIDS management programs. In fact, reliable information from the United States departments suggests that the struggle to manage resources for HIV/AIDS programs undermines democracy (Barnett 2006). There are concerns that HIV/AIDS can be a source of potential security threat (Elbe 2011). Indeed, such concerns are valid, considering that the pandemic has political and governance implications (Smith & Whiteside 2010). In any case, the lack of social and political goodwill to accommodate those affected and infected by HIV/AIDs has always led to stigmatization. There were claims that HIV/AIDS will create 42 million orphans by the end of 2010 (Barnett, 2006). Although such reports are yet to be validated, concerns about terrorism using the orphans as militia have been fronted by security policy-makers. An increasing number of people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS create a possible recruitment pool for terrorists (Barnett 2006; Elbe 2011). However, this is possible if effecti