ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction To act as a successful change agent in a community, a social worker needs to focus on obtaining funds for the research and project realization. Therefore, it is essential to discuss the role of understanding organizations and communities in the process of obtaining funds. Furthermore, the discussion of ways to obtain important knowledge regarding a community and funders is also essential in this context. Much attention should also be paid to analyzing the role of collaborations in funding. Thus, the purpose of this discussion is to analyze the importance of understanding organizations and communities for obtaining funds, present the ways of collecting data regarding problems, communities, and funders, and examine the phenomenon of collaborations to affect funding efforts. The Importance of Understanding Organizations and Communities to Obtain Funds When it is necessary to obtain funds for the social research or change project, the focus only on the problem without understanding an organization and a specific community in which it is located can be inadequate. To obtain funds for the study and the further implementation of appropriate interventions to address the problem and resolve the identified issues, it is crucial to understand the nature of the organization and its resources, as well as the nature of the community as an arena for the project implementation (Netting, Kettner, McMurtry, & Thomas, 2012). When organizations have no adequate resources to support the change project, communities can provide the required resources or funds. In this context, the understanding of a community is essential to realize which stakeholders are most interested in the project outcomes and which stakeholders can provide the required funds for the project’s implementation. Therefore, before planning the change and intervention, it is important to assess the organization’s and community’s capacities or resources and choose funders who can help in finding the required resources or funds. Ways of Obtaining Knowledge Regarding Organizations, Communities, and Funders Social workers and researchers can apply a range of strategies and techniques to obtain knowledge of the selected organizations, associated communities, and potential funders. To collect the necessary data, it is possible to refer to using organizational and community assessments and surveys, conducting interviews and reviewing and analyzing the information provided in the scholarly literature, documents, statistical sources, and online sources (Netting et al., 201
Introduction One of the most recent advances in medicine is tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is the synthesis of semi-synthetic human tissues using complex laboratory techniques and equipment. Tissue engineering carries with it prospects of curing diseases such as kidney failure, liver diseases, and diabetes through the synthesis and transplantation of new organs to replace the diseased ones. However, tissue engineering has also received significant criticism due to the ethical issues associated with the synthesis of semi-synthetic human tissue. Scientists now propose that there is a need to address the ethical issues before human beings can benefit from developments in tissue engineering (Mooney 59). Health Benefits Tissue engineering carries with it many health benefits considering that it is a technology that can be used to create “spare parts” for most organs in the human body. People will not need to wait for extended periods to find a kidney or a heart donor and burn victims can have their skins reconstructed. People can have spare organs such as bladders, breasts, bones, and liver. Tissue engineering involves the manipulation of embryonic stem cells to grow into an organ of desire. The manipulation involves growing the embryonic cells in specific biochemical factors that trigger them to grow into a particular organ (Mooney 64). Stem Cells The manipulation of stem cells to grow into desired organs is easier and more effective as compared to waiting for transplants. Scientists will only have to isolate cells from the body and manipulate them. However, donor organs are usually rejected by the recipient’s body. Therefore, scientists are usually forced to suppress the immune system of the recipient to ensure that the donated organ is not rejected. In an emergency, the stem cell option is more effective (Mooney 78). Ethical Issues Developments in stem cell research can only be beneficial when people are comfortable that the ethical issues surrounding stem cell research are dealt with adequately. One of the most debated issues is the use of embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from already fertilized ova. Critics argue that the use of embryonic stem cells for research is unethical because embryos should be given a chance to grow into individuals. Although most of the embryos used are considered medically non-viable, there is still the concern of some doctors using viable embryos when the use of embryonic stem cells is legalized. A major challenge for scientists is the possibility of stem cells turning into cancer cells. Studies with mice have shown that when the stem cells turn cancerous they can cause a tumor called a teratoma. The possibility of injecting human beings with cells that could be possibly cancerous also raises ethical concerns (Mooney 81). Future Prospects Recent developments in tissue engineering include the use of techniques that ensure
Literature Review and Data Exploration The issue of gender identity in the context of the topic of victimization has recently become a subject for discussing in relation to the criminal justice system of the United States. Gender identity is viewed in the scholarly literature as an individual’s perception and vision of his or her gender that cannot be related to this individual’s sex or the qualities of a physical body. 1 From this perspective, it is assumed that people can perceive or identify themselves as not only males and females, but also as having both genders or neither of these ones. This complex nature of the gender identity issue often leads to prejudice and controversies in the criminal justice system, as it is discussed in the literature on the topic. The purpose of this section is to provide the review of the literature on the subject of gender identity in the criminal justice system of the United States related to the experiences of certain individuals and the problem of victimization. Gender-related victimization is presented in the recent literature with reference to covering several topics. They include experiences of persons having lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) orientations and identity; experiences of women and perceptions of them as potential victims; perceptions of men as potential criminals and offenders. According to the research by Langenderfer-Magruder et al., experiences of LGBTQ people in the criminal justice system are understudied, and more attention should be paid to examining this topic with the focus on the aspect of victimization. 2 The reason is in changes of prisms through which these individuals’ experiences are discussed today. In the 1970s, the representatives of the LGBTQ community were often viewed as offenders, especially with reference to the roles of gay males. However, the current discourse is different, and LGBTQ people are often reported to be victims. The behaviors of LGBTQ persons are not discussed as deviant anymore, and police profiling has changed in this context. 3 Thus, they often become victims of hate crimes, or they take roles of victims in prisons even when being criminals. The topic of hate crimes is directly connected with the issues of gender identity and victimizati
Nuclear weapons are among the weapons of mass destruction, which were first detonated in1945 during the Second World War. Primarily, the United States of America is the only nation that has used nuclear weapons in wars, having detonated two atomic bombs in two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on 6 th and 9 th August 1945 respectively. The destruction of these two acts was immense and the effects of the same can still be felt to date. In the recent past, the possession and production of nuclear weapons has brought much tension in the world. From the time of these two bombings, nuclear weapons are closely monitored and supervised. This paper will discuss whether nuclear weapons brought the world to edge of war, as well as their role in ensuring peace. The nations that have acknowledged that they possess nuclear weapons are United States of America, China, North Korea, France, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, and India. Israel is suspected to possess this ammunition but has not acknowledged or denied the claim. However, the numbers of nations yearning to have nuclear power for either military or economic are many. Due to this, nations that already possess these weapons use this as a bargaining point, however, there are restrictions on who can produce or buy these weapons. Moreover, governments believe that nuclear weapons advance their national security, provide insurance against future risks and uncertainties (Paone, 2009). Other reasons why a country may want to acquire nuclear powers are if one of its aggressors owns these weapons, to advance its international standings, running of economy through nuclear energy. International relations are soaring since the invention of nuclear weapons. It is clear that with increase of nuclear, there is high risk of a nuclear war (Karp and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1992); indeed, nuclear weapons have brought the world to the verge of war. The ability of a nation to destroy another population and environment with these weapons launched from far has increased the risk of military conflict. In addition, the risk of nuclear terrorism is real, in the wake of increased terror attacks in the world. Although up until now terrorists have not used nuclear weapons in their attacks, there is a fear that, terrorist could access and use these weapons. In the event that terror groups cannot access nuclear weapons, they can choose to attack nuclear power plants, leading to catastrophic situations. Nuclear weapons are beyond reach by small terror groups; however, in the era where some states are exporting terror, these states can facilitate terror organization to obtain nuclear weapons. Even with restrictions and regulation on states intending to acquire nuclear weapon, some states have been able to obtain weapons of mass destruction illegally. With technological advancement, terrorists would not face any hitches in manufacture of nuclear weapons. In addition, some irresponsible states could possibly sell nuclear weapons to terror groups in the black
The development of a child depends on several factors that have been the subject matter of psychology through the centuries. There are diverse ways in which the development of a child can be looked at therefore the theoretical bases of the topic differ considerably. Various factors such as the psychological environment, the influence of the parents, family, society, etc influence the development of a child. The theories that deal with the basic questions regarding this can contribute to the various aspects of the development limiting our understanding to the basic elements which can be effectively implemented and thus they have a practical value as well. There are primarily four theories that deal with the development of a child and they are Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Contextual theories each with its strengths and limitations. Remarkably, all the child development theories contribute to the understanding of various stages and processes in child development. However, the contribution of the psychodynamic theories in the general awareness of the child development stages and processes and their scope for practical and scientific application make these preferable to other theories. Though all the four theoretical approaches are useful in understanding the child development, psychodynamic theories seem to include more fundamental elements of the developmental stages and they analyze the process of child development more scientifically. Therefore in my opinion psychodynamic theories seem to be more effective in explaining the child development and its specifications. The details of these theoretical approaches and the strengths they possess in comparison with the other theoretical approaches will effectively prove my selection of them to be correct. In understanding child development stages and processes, it is important to analyze the psychodynamic theories in detail which will also prove the advantages of this approach compared to others in explaining child development. The psychodynamic theories include a group of psychological approaches initiated by Freud with his psychoanalytic theories and the contribution of the other theorists of the group also makes these theories prominent to others. “The term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to systems that use motives, drives, and related covert variables to explain behavior. Psychodynamic career counseling refers to counseling approaches that are guided by attempts to understand, make meaning of, and utilize individual motives, purposes and drives to facilitate career exploration.” (Watkins et al, 79-116). The theory has been effective in explaining the various aspects of child development through its various concepts such as the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious, the id, the ego, and the superego conflict, conflict, an
Introduction Hypertension is known to be one of the most prevalent cardiovascular pathologies worldwide. It is defined as a sustained elevated systemic blood pressure (BP) of higher than 140/90 mm Hg (McCance & Huether, 2019). In this case, a 59-year-old African American male patient with hypertension is presented. The man’s lifestyle is relatively healthy, but his dietary sodium intake seems excessive. Since the patient is still hypertensive, his physician renewed his thiazide diuretics recipe, prescribed an ACE inhibitor, and recommended lowering his salt consumption. Pathology: Explanation and Plan of Care Hypertension can be either a primary or secondary pathology, and, in this case, the man likely has the former, which develops from the combination of genetic factors and unhealthy dietary choices. Excess sodium intake causes arterial stiffness and overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the regulatory mechanism that causes water retention (Gonzalez & Ferdinand, 2020). High circulating volume leads to elevated total peripheral resistance and thus hypertension (McCance & Huether, 2019). Therefore, it is essential to reduce the circulating volume with the help of diuretics, a low-sodium diet, and ACE inhibitors that block the activation of the RAAS. Ethnicity and Hypertension It is known that the incidence of hypertension is higher among African Americans. Black people are usually diagnosed with hypertension earlier than their white counterparts (Gonzalez & Ferdinand, 2020). Researchers identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms such as CACNA1 and SLC24A4 associated with hypertension in African Americans (Gonzalez & Ferdinand, 2020). Moreover, sequencing of the microbiota of hypertensive black individuals showed that their gut microbes predispose them to oxidative stress and inflammation (Gonzalez & Ferdinand, 2020). Vascular damage by inflammatory mediators puts African Americans at greater risk of developing hypertension. Systolic Hypertension Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) predominates among patients with high BP. The significance of addressing elevated systolic BP cannot be overestimated because it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications and mortality (D’Elia & Strazzullo, 2018). Chronic activation of RAAS, fluid retention, arterial stiffness, and pro-inflammatory state lead to ISH (D’Elia & Strazzullo, 2018). It appears that this patient’s genetics and dietary choices seem to activate all of these mechanisms. Risk of Heart Failure This patient seems to be at an increased risk for developing left heart failure (HF), which can be systolic or diastolic. The former occurs due to intrinsic cardiac problems, while the latter is caused by myocardial hypertrophy induced by a chronic hypertensive state (McCance & Huether, 2019). This man’s risk factors for hypertension and HF are being male, black, and consuming excessive salt. Since the patient does not have any heart problems, systolic HF is unlikely. Thus, this person m
The main reason why automatic stabilizers of the economy do not impact the economic curve, such as demand, is due to the fact that they are incorporated in the curve itself. In other words, they are constantly present and effectual, meaning that they are not switched on or off as other measures. Therefore, the notion that these stabilizers are always at work and their impact only perceptible and significant during major fluctuation is the reason why this is true. Two examples of automatic stabilizers provided in the text are transfer payments and personal income taxes (“Fiscal policy and stabilizers,” n.d.). The text did not include corporate taxes as a form of automatic stabilizer, which can also help cushion the businesses from GDP changes. United States economy underwent major fluctuations in the past two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown measures. I would consider implementing fiscal policies, such as universal basic income or UBI proposed by Andrew Yang, in order to help Americans to escape the depth of severe poverty imposed by the virus. The main reason is that the payments made during the initial months of the pandemic worked and helped the majority of the population. It has the potential to replace all the currently established transfer payment programs under a single transfer payment institution of UBI. The multifaceted use of a wide range of social pro
The Organization Background Florida hospital has faced the problem of low staff-patient ratio for several decades now. There has been a shortage of qualified medical health workers especially nurses. Nurses under this hospital have also been working under poor standards. The problem of low staff-patient ratio in this hospital started a few years ago after many nurses left the profession to other fields. The high rate of turnover by nurses was attributed to the prevailing poor working conditions. According to Smith (2012), turnover for nurses rapidly accelerated starting from 2011 when Florida had a nursing shortage of 11,000 nurses by the end of the year. To a certain extent, it was also attributed to overworking, job stress, and burnout. Employee burnout resulted from the low staff-patient ratio. This case has been evidenced by the report that was produced by Florida Centre for Nursing. According to this report, there has been an accelerated turnover for nurses from 2011 (Smith, 2012). It is also clear that the region of Florida where the hospital is located has a shortage of 6,750 nurses. Nurses could not withstand the bad working conditions that were provided by their employer: the government. In fact, majority of them left the field of nursing for good and entered into other careers. Temple, Dobbs, and Andel (2009) confirm that it was due to poor working conditions in the hospital that most of the nurses decided to leave the nursing profession for other jobs. It is therefore worth noting that the working environment in most of the hospitals within Florida is wanting. Key Policy Events (Regulatory and Legislative) There were legislations that preceded this issue. For example, the HB795 bill that was aimed at coming up with an act referred to as Florida Hospital Protection Act was shot down at the subcommittee stage. The Health and Human Service Quality subcommittee voted against the bill on March 9 2012. No proposals from this bill were accomplished. This bill was reintroduced again in the Senate on January 2012. These events preceded this issue. Financial Data The high rate of turnover of nurses from Florida hospital has resulted to severe financial complications. In fact, this situation may grow worse as years go by if the situation is not arrested. The hospital is forced to hire private practitioners and nursing students who are either overly expensive or who offer substandard services, which end up costing the hospital even more money. The cost making out for the damage that student nurses may make in the process of treatment is dire. In fact, this concern raises the cost of medical care to even higher heights. Co
In the modern world, social differences between groups of people exist on various bases and often cause inequalities. While some of those inequalities are related to characteristics such as race, gender, or age, others depend on factors such as the place of residence. Areas in which people reside affect their lives, whether positively or negatively. Those areas can be classified as to their zip codes that need to be examined to identify possible reasons for inequality due to infrastructural development. As zip codes differ on factors such as socioeconomic or ecological, people have various health issues, and the level of development of certain areas can affect people’s access to the means to improve their health. Different levels of development of certain places raise the question of whether residents of zip codes have equal access to such basics as health services. There are several ways to justify assessing the connection between zip codes and human health. First, with the spread of COVID-19, research shows that zip code analysis can help identify risk groups and locations (Sen-Crowe et al., 2021). Moreover, zip codes can determine whether those groups are at more risk due to racial discrimination inequities in areas with a lack of necessary services (Long and Albert, 2021). However, there is not enough information nationwide regarding COVID-19 on the zip code level to possibly prevent a further range of the virus (Sen-Crowe et al., 2021). Second, although the zip code approach to collect data needs to be done for over a year, it is expected to be cost-efficient and easy to implement (Bi et al. 2020). Third, the results of data collected on the zip code level can be used to indicate zip code trends and determine areas that need changes (Bi et al., 2020). Overall, these days the social impact of zip codes on human health needs to be examined to determine areas that need to be developed better to provide people with better health care services. A literature review relevant to this research proposal suggests that the connection between zip codes and human health has been examined before. However, as mentioned above, such information is not enough nationwide, meaning that more research needs to be done to determine areas that need improvement. For example, a study conducted in New Mexico examined the connection between socioeconomic status and cases of COVID-19 using the zip code level (Huyser et al., 2021). New Mexico was chosen to focus on areas populated by Indigenous people who account for a significant part of the COVID-19 cases in the state (Huyser et al., 2021). The researchers used the American Community Survey and the New Mexico Department of Health to create a zip code level dataset, with the number of COVID-19 cases as the dependent variable (Huyser et al., 2021). The research showed that more cases were detected in zip cod