ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Factors that Impact Costs and Demands   * Aging Population;   * Ethnically Diverse Population;   * Size of Household;   * Geographical Shifts. In the modern world, costs and demand levels of businesses are impacted by numerous factors that refer to life expectancy rates, ethnic composition, geographical shifts, and household size. All these factors have a significant impact on businesses on different levels as they encourage service providers and manufacturers to implement new approaches to advertising, increase the quality of products, and meet the needs of people with different cultural and religious background. Aging Population   * Population graying urges numerous companies to change their approach to advertising (impulse buying is less typical for older adults);   * Aging population decreases the demand for entertainment services and increases the demand for medicinal drugs and dietary products. As is clear from the graph, the average life expectancy continues to increase both in countries with developing and developed economies, and it has a significant impact on costs and demand in the world of business. It is known that older adults are extremely different from young people and teenagers in terms of the approach to purchase decisions. For instance, it is much more difficult to encourage older adults to buy products that are easy to live without as they are not attracted by bright advertisements. Older people shape the demand as they are willing to buy multi-purpose products, facilitating their everyday life. Therefore, costs and demands are impacted by this factor as many manufacturers and service providers have to focus on the utility of products rather than on their unique design. Also, the influence of this factor encourages businesses to change the approach to advertising that can involve additional costs. The principle “sex sells” and various attractive images are less effective for the older audience, and the demand for entertainment services gradually decreases due to the impact of this factor. Ethnically Diverse Population   * Ethnical diversity can increase the demand for translation services and language courses;   * Ethnical diversity is about religious diversity that shapes the demand for alimentary products, media products, clothing, etc.;   * Ethnic wage differences can decrease operating costs in manufacturing companies. Ethnical diversity can impact costs and demand in numerous ways. First, the growth of ethnical diversity is associated with the growing demand for products and services that help ethnic minorities to both observe their cultural traditions and assimilate into communities with different cultures. For instance, ethnical diversity may result in an increased demand for language courses, document translation services. The changes may apply to businesses
Introduction Gender issue has never been an easy subject to deal with. For years, the sphere of political, social and economical life of people all over the world was dominated by men, while women’ were restricted to the household domain; more to the point, women were not allowed to explore the plethora of social opportunities that the world had to offer to their male counterparts. Things started changing, however, at the beginning of the XX century, when the feminist ideas offered in the XIX century were finally starting to spread across Europe and America. Despite the seeming difference in story, characters, settings, and many other details, such stories as the Awakening by Chopin, Doll House by Ibsen, and many other works featuring the stories of women of the XX century had the same feminist element in common. No matter whether these stories praised female liberty or desperately acknowledged the fact of women being deprived of their liberties, they all made it clear that the time for female liberation had come. Research Summaries In her article “The Search for a Feminine Voice in the Works of Kate Chopin,” Martha Cutter searches for the open doors for feminist movement that Kate Chopin left in her literature heritage. Cutter analyzes a number of female characters in Chopin’s works, starting from the numerous female characters in Awakening, including Edna, the twins, Adele, etc., and up to Lalie from Love on the Bon-Dieu . Weirdly enough, Cutter’s research shows that Chopin, in fact, does not overrate the chances that feminist proponents have in their fight for women’s liberation: “there is no feminine voice ‘out there’ that can be used to disrupt the voice of patriarchy that is ‘in here’” (Cutter 109). Therefore, Cutter makes it clear that, despite her attempts to promote feminism, Chopin realized that the chances for success were close to nil. Ibsen did not compliment on the attempts of the feminist movement in his Doll House either, which the next article, however, is trying to prove wrong. Analyzing Ibsen’s dollhouse and the leading character, Nora, Joan Templeton makes it clear that, despite the story conveying a rather desperate message to the audience, it, in fact, is empowering in that it finally gets the priorities straight. Ibsen, in fact, states the necessity to fight not merely for the liberty, but for the liberty of women in an “Everywoman’s struggle against Everyman” (Templeton 36). Another intriguing analysis of the early XX-century introduction of feminism into world literature, the article by Stanley Weitraub suggests the reader to drive parallels between the famous Doll’s House and a nonetheless famous work by Bernard Shaw, The Irrational
Introduction Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809 to uneducated farming parents, in his young ages he was respected and prosperous inhabitant of Kentucky. His family worshipped in the Baptist church, which opposed slavery practices in the region. However, Lincoln never belonged to the church and he showed no interest in any religion. At her young ages, he had encountered the side effects of slavery practices and poor tenure systems/ policies when his family was forced to move out of Kentucky and inhabit Spencer County. In 1830 after settling in Indiana, they encountered even more problems related to financial and land ownership as the tenure system was not well defined. This forced them to be settled at the government land as his father could not obtain title deed for their land and they had encountered financial hardships. Many believe that these problems made Lincoln to study law in college so that he could assist his community as well as his family. At one time, he encountered a slave public sale while in New Orleans, though he could have came across the same rather this time it was brutal and seem unfair. Slavery was prevalent in United States between 1619 to 1865 as slaves were considered as private property and law legally recognized it. Most of the slave issues were dealt with in court where many of these slaves were Africans, people with African origin and few American natives. Slave trade was prevalent in southern settlements than the north areas, as one family out of four owned a slave. By 19 th century, the economy growth was influenced by presence of these slaves, as they were never paid despite their hard work in cotton plantations. In 1810 almost I million slaves were sold to Kentucky and Tennessee, but afterwards many were moved to other states where they were highly demanded. However, starting 1750 there were campaigns to abolish slave trade as it was considered a social evil. These movements were started by northern states, which declared that all people are equal and free. In addition, insisted on special rank for the freed men. However, this faced great resistance from the south states, which highly profited from these practice. This is because many of them had large cotton plantations and they appreciated the free slave labor. Analysis Lincoln became actively involved with politics at the age of 23 in 1823, where he was campaigning in Illinois as state representative bur he lost. Then he started being involved business across the Sangamon River where he owned a steamboat and became familiar with slave trade practices. Similarly, he became well known as a businessperson but later employed as a community postmaster and surveyor. As businessperson, Lincoln came face to face with how the slaves are treated by their masters during an auction. While he was concentrating on a business to improve the navigation of the Sangamon River, he could not understand how a human being could treat a
Although movies are generally seen as a means of escaping the everyday world to a few hours of fantasy, they can also have a profound impact on how we view the world around us, including our concepts regarding racial issues. It is through the analysis of film that we can understand the values and ideologies emerging from our culture and gain a glimpse into how the powers that be define us, a sort of ‘single voice’ that works to promote the status quo or to effect social change. However, it is also up to us, as the audience, to determine how we will interpret these messages. There have been several theories proposed regarding how race is represented in the media. To understand the concept fully, it is necessary to understand how media influences society, with examples from the movies Trading Places, Just Cause and Crash used to illustrate these. The ‘single voice’ typically belongs to those who hold the power and leaves very little room for differences of opinion. “Broadly speaking, the media exist in a very close, sympathetic relationship to power and established values. They favor a consensus view of any problem: they reflect overwhelmingly middle class attitudes and experience. Basically, this unfits them for an authentic portrayal of the black community and its problems” (Hall, 1974). More than simply speaking of the news or documentary forms of media, Hall’s ideas encompass the world of entertainment media as well. He indicates that even here, where the goal is supposed to be strictly entertainment, the media continues its long-standing tradition of reinforcing middle-class society’s concepts of the world. “Above all, the media are defensive about the sacred institutions of society – whereas black people most encounter problems in these sensitive power-areas: employment, public discrimination, housing, parliamentary legislation, local government, law and order, the police” (Hall, 1974). In order to appeal to the middle class, many of the films that come out of Hollywood tend to reflect the hopes and dreams of this class of society. This typically involves the concept that the lifestyle of the very wealthy is the only lifestyle worth having. It also reinforces the thought that it is only through hard work and struggle that one can appreciate this good life. The black man, and occasionally a woman, is allowed to enter this world only at the invitation and assistance of a white man while the typical portrayal continues to hold him down at the lower rungs of society. This type of portrayal reinforces the concept that black men are not capable of success and white men are not very capable of failure. As Hall (1974) makes obvious, even comedies t
The flow of cultural diversity in music is a challenge for new generations in each epoch. The world of youth culture is too versatile touching upon every personal likes or dislikes. This paper is dedicated to reviewing two movies so that to define the main idea and intentions which are strived to evaluate the significance of subcultures. Remix cultures are in focus in this work so that to make emphasize the permanent reasons when, for example, inventing samplers and giving hip-hop culture more freedom in expressing the way of various music flows. Realizing the beauty of people’s innovations in popular genres of music one cannot but admire the tempo, rhythm, bass, and timbre of present-day’s music culture along with the followers. The two movies are under analysis in this paper due to their coherence to contemporary youth motives: Scratch and Syncity. These two are the material base to be critiqued so that to evaluate the spread of remix culture within society and youth in particular. One of the followers of remix culture known as Dj Spooky once told: “It’s all about the selection of sound as narrative. It’s a process of sifting through the narrative rubble of a phenomenon that conceptual artist Adrian Piper liked to call the “indexical present:” (White, 1996) Before analyzing these two parts under analysis it is necessary to mention that the era of hip-hop not only popularized the coloring of modern music but also expanded the huge audience of youth and people urging to make their life full of some additional sense. In other words, when in the music arena emerged hip-hop culture maintained in musical arrangements the globalization process began occupying new territories and new communities up from the early 1980s until now. The community of people gathering to share their interests in music, dressing, language, manners, and culture, on the whole, gives birth to the new aesthetical background. In return, this causes the emergence of a newly oriented generation of people. Acco
If a person is in another person’s premises and their relationship is such that the occupier and the invitee mutually benefit, then there is a duty of contract. In this regard, the occupier is responsible for ensuring that the premises are safe and the invitee cannot be harmed while at the premises. It is stated in the Contributory Negligence and Personal Injuries Act chapter 54 that the occupier must take reasonable steps to prevent any foreseen harm to invitees. In this case, Kelsey Parks was an invitee to D & D shopping mall (Phang & Yihan, 2012). Consequently, D & D shopping mall had a duty to protect Parks from any possible harm. In suing for damages, Parks will need to show her contractual relationship with D & D shopping mall. She comes to the shopping mall every weekend and usually uses the car park. Therefore, there was no reason why she would not have used the parking that day. Even though there was a notice, Parks can still sue the shopping mall for damages. The red hand rule, as explained by Lord Denning in Thornton, requires any peculiar clause to be brought to the attention of people in the clearest method possible. However, for the case of Parks, the warning was not in the manner that any person would see. Nevertheless, the shopping mall may argue that Parks ought to have seen the notice on the entrance. However, according to Contributory Negligence and Personal Injuries Act, section 3(1) the fault of the claimant for damage shall not be used as an excuse to defeat the claim but can only reduce the claim (O’Sullivan & Hilliard, 2012). On the other hand, Parks may not be able to exempt herself from the fact that she ought to have known that cars are parked at owners’ risk which had been on the notice from the beginning. It was determined in J. Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw (1956) having had several dealings of the same nature before, the defendant ought to have been aware of the exemption clause. Parks had dealt with D & D shopping mall for a long time and therefore ought to have known that the mall accepted no liability for any vehicle in the parking lot. Consequently, the shopping mall may be exempted from liability. On the same note, the exemption clause requires that reasonable notice be made. As was held in the case of Thompson v London Midland & Scottish Railway (1930) there was a reasonable notice despite the exemption clause being referred to in a different place (Tabalujan & Toit-Low, 2009). Therefore, D & D shopping mall would be exempted from the damage of the car because they had referred to the clause in red. However, the new notice would not exempt D &D from liability. To begin with, Parks was used to get warnings in the parking area and not at the entrance. Similarly, the Unfair Contract Terms Act section 2(1) states that liability for negligence cannot be excluded just because there was a personal injury suffered. In the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), Lord Atkin’s “neighbor” principle provides that one must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions that one can reasonably foresee might injure a neighbor (Phang, Chan & Chiu, 2004). In this regard, D & D shopping mall should have go
The Concept of Organizational Structure Leadership and management are terms used interchangeably in business and other corporate sectors. A leader concentrates on motivation of a group to accomplish common task. Leadership dwells more on social influence while management focuses on the use of people irrespective of self motivation and drive. Vision and power forms the main difference that defines the two concepts. Leaders have visions and generate power from their subjects while managers may not have visios, instead, concentrates on power generated from positions (Saxena & Awasthi, 2010, p.13). There is need for a good leader to strive and accommodate change by appreciating dynamic fluctuations in addition to motivation. He or she inspires and influences followers into the right destination while managers center their interest on maintaining status quo within a paradigm system (Saxena & Awasthi, 2010, p.13). The two concepts of leadership and management are meant to complement each other for desirable results within an organization. It is therefore, possible to incorporate the two for achievement of goals and accomplishing tasks. One major cause for dispute is the diversity of concepts to embrace change, which may be reluctantly accepted by a manager at the expense of workers. Attaining great standards in leadership undermines growth of managers due to the diverse nature of interests (Harry Levinson, 1989, p. 65). An example of interaction between these concepts is demonstrated by Mike Merwin who is a supervisor at FLEXcom Company. He talks of distributing time in achieving both management and leadership practices. Management takes 30% while the rest goes to leadership (Thornton, 2003, p.3). Stephen Robbins together with Tim Judge suggests that efficient leaders should take into account three basic roles for efficient delivery. One of the roles is conveyance of information (Robbins and Judge 2011). This involves reception, processing and dissemination of information across all sectors of a firm. Internal and external systems are linked together via communication channels through an efficient network system for completion of goals and tasks (Robbins and Judge 2011). Interpersonal role qualifies the process to be efficient. The other role involves decision making. At this point, the entrepreneur makes a decision to take risk, handle disputes and act as a link between the business and external factors. A manager acts as centre of power representing interests of an organization. He or she is the flag bearer, leader and a pillar of motivation to the rest of the workforce. Self image and personal conduct of a manager is paramount in the perfection of the roles played when carrying out duties (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The roles that are played by good management are vital for proper functioning of an organization. An example of a personality with good leadership is the former South African icon, Nelson Mandela who set an outstanding example in t
Introduction Community-based correctional institutions have gone through tremendous changes in the past twenty years. The rapid growth of incarcerated individuals, issues related to health and safety, and the increasing cost of maintaining prison facilities have facilitated several changes regarding the operation of correctional facilities in the United States and other parts of the world. Even though the public does not have faith in the way community-based correctional facilities are managed, such facilities continue to flourish mainly because there are no better alternatives. The fact remains that the services of many correctional departments, as well as the processes involved, are different from those applied in the past. Currently, several factors are considered before designing community-based correctional programs, including technology, which has brought about some reforms. The future is even expected to be better given the fact that technology is transforming society in the way that few people expected. This article looks at the past practices regarding community-based correctional programs, the current trends, and the future opportunities (Muraskin, & Roberts, 2009). Some of the current trends include the introduction of services that are constitutionally anchored and the application of cost-effective strategies. Unlike in the past when prisoners did not have rights, the current law provides that prisoners should be given some freedom since they are also human beings who are always in need of basic needs. These fundamental rights cannot be denied because they are contained in the constitution. Past Trends As earlier stated, the idea of community-based correctional programs was introduced due to the increased number of offenders and the strained resources. Various governments came up with some programs that would allow offenders to avoid the criminal justice system by not being taken to court, charged, and sent to prisons to serve their terms. Most community-based correctional programs employ probation meaning that the accused is allowed to undergo some form of reform with close supervision from an expert. Some programs suggest that offenders should be subjected to communal services as one way of punishing them. Critics point out that instituting community-based correctional programs is condoning crime because such programs do not ensure justice to the offended. Community-based correctional programs do not utilize incarceration as a way of ensuring justice to the offended and the offender. In the past, several strategies were employed regarding community-based correction
Sanguine mangers characterized by a keenness of understanding of market forces know quite well what to expect when launching a new product in a new market that is characterized by a multicultural environment. They know that issues such as cultural differences, product branding, norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, distribution channels, communication strategies, market expectations, and satisfied customer differentiate one market from the another (Kang, ND). Success in one market, as has been evident in the US market may not translate to success in the Japanese, South African, or the South American markets. Each market uniquely defines itself by a myriad of issues such as cultural differences and marketing communications as noted above. Therefore, a marketing plan devised by the successful marketer must integrate strategies focusing a specific audience. That is the case with Uniland multi-national cooperation. Uniland has successfully marketed its new product in the US market and has aggressively set down marketing plans to take the product further, labeled as Orange homecare medical product, into the global market particularly the South American, South African, and the Japanese markets. Different markets are uniquely characterized by different marketing strategies due to different cultural backgrounds, consumer tastes, consumer behavior, reactions, and consumer perceptions about new products (Kang, n.d). Marketing a new product in the US may demand less sophisticated distribution and marketing channels than can be demanded by marketing a similar product in the Japanese, South African, and the South American markets. A solid knowledge about the new market is indispensable to successfully penetrate and launch the new product (Cronin, 2000). In the modern age of e-marketing, the marketing manager in the new markets could establish a connection element that plays a key role in reaching the target market. Effective communication strategies, e-commerce strategies, could effecti