ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The hospitality business is an important branch of the state economy, and much attention is paid to investing in this area in developed countries. In the USA and, in particular, in Washington, D.C., where a large number of administrative centers are concentrated, this industry is advanced due to many guests coming to the capital. Based on the analysis of the development of the hotel business in this region, it is possible to consider the specifics of investing and the growth prospects of interest in this field. As related sub-topics, such factors will be assessed as security parameters, tourism opportunities, tax liabilities, and pricing policies. Finding the best ways of financial promoting hotels in Washington is an essential task for the owners of these establishments, and the economic indicators of development directly affect the profits received by the state. Historical Background In the district under consideration, many significant events took place. A number of meetings at the highest level were held in local hotels, which acquired the status of cultural heritage and became part of modern history. For instance, the establishment “Mayflower” founded in 1925 is known for its neighborhood with the White House, which is one of the factors that attract honored guests (Morris and Patrick 36). However, some of the local hotels have an even earlier history. As the authors point out, the legendary “Willard InterContinental Hotel” was erected between 1816 and 1858, suggesting that the hospitality business in the region appeared before the Civil War (Morris and Patrick 35). Therefore, the analysis of this industry may provide a large number of valuable facts and historical links. Geographical and Economic Importance From the standpoints of both geographic and economic importance, hotels in Washington have the status of sought-after establishments. According to Beracha et al., such an indicator as land supply elasticity in this region is high enough (1.28), which proves the demand for construction here (271). Regarding geographic significance, the status of the capital determines the high density of guests at various levels, including high-ranking persons. Consequently, t
Harper Lee’s book “To Kill a Mocking Bird” is famous in the American literature for its humor and warmth in communicating serious issues of racial inequalities and rape. The story is told during the Great Depression with the main protagonist Scout Finch living with her older brother Jeremy Jem Finch, their father Atticus Finch, and their black cook, Calpurnia. Scout is intelligent and she has firm faith on their community’s goodness; this faith is hugely tested during the trial of Tom Robinson. On the other hand, Jem is an example of the common and typical American child who does not back down on any challenge. Jem feels too old for his sister to bother him and this change of attitude dismays the young scout. Focusing on chapters 13 through to chapter 18, this paper will analyze Jem’s character, his growing maturity, as well as his growing awareness on matters of prejudice. In the course of chapters 13 to 18, Jem significantly grows from a child to a playful child to a composed, calm, and mature person just like his father. In these chapters, Jem’s growing maturity is evident; at the beginning he used to be a constant playmate of Scout’s but after realizing that he is four years older than Scout, he separates himself from her usual games. These changes in Jem are explained by their cook as he claims that “Jem does not want Scout pestering him” (Lee, 2010). As a result, Calpurnia starts referring to Jem as “Mister Jem” a title that is only used to refer to adults. All the same, Jem’s maturity is shown by his maintenance of a close relationship with his sister. He remains his sister’s close companion and offers her protection throughout the rest of the story. According to Lee, Jem develops “a maddening air of wisdom” as described by his sister Scout; these changes annoy Scout but the adults around them do understand Jem (2010). As the story progresses, Jem enters the adolescence stage where his ideals are put into trial and shaken especially during the Tom Robinson trial. During the trial, Jem perceives the legal system as unjust and his entrance to adolescence makes the situation more complicated and also traumatic. During this point in his life, Jem becomes disillusioned after realizing that justice hardly prevails. Although the injustice leaves Jem confused and quite vulnerable, he still believes in the commitment towards justice as instilled to him by Atticus. After the case, Jem concludes that “there are four kinds of folks in the world, the ordinary kind like us, the kinds like the Cunningham, the kinds like the Ewell, and the Negroes” (Lee, 2010). This assumption portrays Jem as a wise mature person who understands the community well. Making such an observation shows that Jem is wise and has the knowledge to understand the ideas of racism in the community. At this point in life, Jem possesses moral courage rather than the childish courage he once had such that he could never back down on any dare. As Jem matures, he becomes more
Objective Observation The structure of the road is not so smooth with a few cobblestones. It is sloped at the end and the road is curved to the upper left side of the hill. There seems to be an arc at a greater distance adjacent to the bulky tree, and the shaded black part of the road depicts it is frequently passed through by people and vehicles. Furthermore, the road is exceedingly wide. The picture artistically depicts the distance between the poplar trees making the trees on the right side to be smaller than the left side. Poplar trees are aligned in significant dimension. The woods’ structure is thin, medium textured and is straight-grained; they all have comparatively uniform texture. The poplar trees have significant marks on the middle part of the trunks. There are few houses seen on the right side of the picture, all with the same pattern and structure. The left side of the road is slanted downward while the right side is slanted upward, both with growing bushes. The hill seems to touch the sky. The clouds are massive and carry a huge amount of water. The clouds are layered and in between stratus and nimbus state, mostly covering the place. However, the lights can still penetrate the clouds and forming a silver lining at the center. The sun shines directly at the East, forming almost perfect right angles of poplar trees on the left and their shadows. Subjective Observation The picture is very classic and elegant. It was probably taken almost three o’clock in the afternoon because of its perfect shadows. The contrast highlights the sun’s radiant lights while it touches the left part of the trees making perfect shadows as though it was a ladder leading to a place of special importance. The image captured great light and its vibrancy occupied my emotions. It made me realized how magnificent God’s creation is, the perfect growth of the trees, the heights of the hills with its beautiful plants, grasses and all the things that occupied it, the houses, the people and the community that preserve the peace. The angles are perfect; the dimension between the roads, the grass and the poplar trees are arranged as though it was perfectly calculated by the photographer. The picture represents a peaceful community and it made me relaxed. The arrangement of poplar trees vary significantly at a first glance. Talking about perspective, it seems that the trees on the right side are smaller than the left ones, simply because the photographer captures the image near the trees on the left side. But if you will come closer into a deeper understanding of this picture, their heights are just the same if it the photographer’s position is in the middle of the road, in between those poplar trees. The house seems to offer comfort and pacify weary travelers in the midst of their journey. Figure 1. Minor White Road and Poplar Trees in the Vicinity of Naples and Dansville, New York 1955
Introduction Judicial independence is the principle that the verdict of the judiciary should be fair, impartial, and honest and not subject to manipulation from other arms of the government or political or private interest. To achieve this, judges must be free to decide on facts and law without the threat of reprisal either financially, physically, or occupationally. Substantial restrictions are placed on judges’ conduct to make judicial independence possible. This includes the prohibition of judges from making a ruling in a case in which he or she has a personal interest in the outcome of that case. How Judicial Independence is achieved To facilitate judicial independencies, judges must be protected from threats of reprisal, and the process through which judges are selected should be open, fair, and above board. Protection from reprisal is primarily achieved by keeping the salaries and the position of judges away from the reach of outside forces. Most country’s constitution grants that judges hold office for life. Judges’ salaries are protected and they can not be reduced while they are in office. These two provisions cater for security in tenure and pay for the judge, freeing them to apply the law impartially and fairly to all parties before them. Judges’ selection should strictly be according to the merits of the candidates and not through political consideration. This is a key to guarantee that the judge will act impartially. Judges’ selection should also be free from discrimination on basis of sex, color, race, social status, or political affiliation. Significance of Judicial Independence The Modern principle of judicial independence advocate for the separation of power. This separation of power creates the legislative arm which plays a big part in the constitutional amendment of especially on judicial rulings which may have adverse effects on the stability of a nation. Judges with a lucrative pay package and permanent office tenure are left with all the time they need to scrutinize the constitution and the details of a specific case without havi
Security, Ethics, and Privacy Introduction Computer networks enable people to communicate and this has created some places that never existed before as this is just a place created in the mind. It is popularly called cyberspace (Mather et al., 2001, p. 55). Ethics is a very philosophical subject where people can determine right or wrong actions. It defines moral codes of certain field of work besides; computer security and privacy have been the main issues that are addressed under this subject. Security Even thought the terminology ‘computer security’ is often used, the content in a computer is vulnerable to very few risks except when an individual is connected to a wider network. Since the use of computer has grown over the past few years and more networks are being developed every day, the use of computers and networks has posed greater risks to computer users. This has made the use of the term very common (Mather et al., 2001, p. 55). The main technical areas that are addressed in computer security concerns are availability, integrity, confidentiality and authenticity (Pfleeger, 2006, p. 700). Confidentiality – this is a factor that addresses privacy or secrecy of information that one has on the computer or computer networks. This concept demands that information should not be accessed by unauthorized person. It is illegal to breach confidentiality since the consequences could be detrimental. Integrity is a concept that requires information to be safeguarded from unauthorized changes which the official user cannot detect. Hacking is one of the computer crimes that compromise integrity of computer and computer networks (Foxman & Kilcoyne, 1993, p. 106). Authentication is a concept of computer security and ethics in which the user is identified to be exactly who he/she says he/she is. This concept is very important because sometimes unauthorized users can access the information by stealing identity (Foxman & Kilcoyne, 1993, p. 106). Availability on the other hand is the concept that requires the free unrestricted access to the information by the authorized user (Molie, 2009, para. 2). Breach of this is often denial of services. Serious issues that are often addressed under this include non repudiation and access control. Access control is a situation whereby legal users are not only denied access to some resources, but also some vital services they are legitimately entitled to. Non repudiation is when a person cannot deny having sent information when he/she actually sent it or vice versa. Besides the technical aspects, the concept of computer security is very wide and it is greatly embedded in disciplines like privacy and ethics. Under these disciplines, computer crimes are described in terms of things that prevent, detect and remedy attacks and anonymity and identity in computer world. Cyberspace is a very important aspect of life and many people depend on it for school work, professional works and communication (Molie, 2009, para. 3). For computer users, authenticity, integrity and confidentiality are the commonest problems they have to deal with, while internet users are more prone to issues of privacy inva
The issue of how man relates to nature and how free is his existence has been a subject of much debate among social theorists and philosophers. The pursuit of individualism as propounded by John Locke and Capitalism by Adam Smith laid the foundations for the industrial revolution and democratization of the Western World. This view was challenged by Marx and Engels who held both philosophies as evil and contrary to the natural freedom of man. This essay examines the works of Marx and Engels in their critique of industrialization. That man profited from industrialization is a fact. The levels of production of Great Britain more than trebled with the advent of the industrial revolution and more land and raw materials could be exploited more efficiently thanks to industrialization. Industrialization made it possible for the West to suitably exploit and enhance their profits, wealth, and hold over much of the developing world. It can be said without doubt that the fruits of the industrial revolution allowed advances in science and technology including the science of war which ensured the victory of the Christian world over the Muslims led by the Ottoman Empire which had lagged behind on industrialization. Since commodities became available in large numbers, more finished products were made available to a larger number of people and thus more money could be generated with the sale of those goods thus prosperity increased. Hence industrialization undoubtedly helped those countries. Marx and Engels however, believed that industrialization served to exploit the workers getting cheap labor and reaping the profits from the lands that belonged to everyone. According to them Industrialization increased the divide between the rich and the poor and shackled the poor to the chains of servility and penury. Their clarion call, “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains. (Jackson 122)” evoked the Russian revolution. Engels amplified that despite the growing wealth of the rich the workers were “sinking into pauperism (Marx, Engels and Moore 65)”. According to Marx and Engels, the problems of industrialization did not lie in its natural form but in the ‘bourgeoisie capitalism’. Industrialization in which equitable distribution of wealth was ensured was good however that required state ownership of land and industries. It required that the produce of those industries and industrialization, in general, be distributed to all members of the state without enriching the few against the toils of the many. Hence ‘collectivization’ was the way forward as enriching the few only increased greed, avarice, and corruption. An egalitarian society where all were equal including their economic status was according to Marx and Engels, the epitome of human society. The writings of Marx and Engels were adopted by the socialists and the communists with a gusto that led to the establish
Introduction It may prove difficult to draw clear difference between infringement of personal privacy and fair usage of social media due to the availability and ease with online materials can be accessed at any given time. One may not know which video files, songs or pictures to upload and use without permission. It is therefore the duty of the management of social media sites such as Facebook, twitter and You Tube to protect themselves and their users from infringement of privacy. According to studies carried out by recent empirical researchers, loss of privacy can be minimized by designing an End User License Agreement (EULA), a term of service that will to some level, control loss of privacy especially on copyright infringement (Aula 2010, p. 45). Tackling this management problem will save social media companies from heavy losses due to payment of huge fines for any form of privacy infringed. Additionally, it will save the image of social media sites from severe damage linked to sites where the rate of infringement of privacy is high. The use of, or viewing of personal materials without express permission from the owner is a violation that demeans intellectual property of the owner. Due to lack of thorough regulation, many internet users especially in sites like facebook have tremendously violated privacy laws. Lack of strict regulation may be due to the fact that most governments and management teams have given the issue of violation of privacy a laissez-faire approach (Coeckelbergh, 2011, p.132). This has immensely contributed to increase in violation of privacy. On the same note, distribution of private materials in the internet has become commonplace. Theft, unauthorized access to materials of other internet users and distribution of illegal copyrighted materials like movies, music, photographs, literature and games have tremendously increased. Modern technology has necessitated sharing and uploading files in social networks. A bigger portion of the uploaded and shared materials infringes on copyright and privacy. This essay will examine how lack of proper management on Facebook, twitter, You tube, MySpace and other social sites has led to loss of privacy. Findings and discussions To begin with, Facebook is a networking site that connects people in different geographical locations who study and stay around them online. In addition to being a social site, there are quite a number of other social interests that are carried out. They include sharing of links and videos, knowing each other and uploading photos. Social media sites have spread far and wide with over one million registered users who can open files and browse freely, receive and send messages and pictures (Hall, 2011, p. 425). The graph below shows adoption of social media over time alongside elements of management policies. Source: https://heidicohen.com/5-social-media-adoption-indicators/ Facebook and other social media sites users can also post and share their interests and biographies with other users as well. The site offers its users opportunities to connect in almost every area in life. It has numerous benefi
Customer service is very important in any business as it determines the success of the business. It refers to the various services and support provided to the customers before they make a purchase decision, while they are buying products and after the purchase has been made (Zemke, 2006). However, customer service recognizes that the two types of customers can be grouped into internal customers and external customers. Internal customers include the employees within the organization who can also buy the products while external customers are the outsiders who buy from the organization. In starting up a new coffee shop that is Wi-Fi accessible, it enables managers to transfer data from one location to the other branches. Given that there are 3 locations within a 50-mile radius, it may be difficult for the managers to travel from one point to the other in order to perform their activities. To do this effectively, the management model to be adopted for the coffee shop is the participative approach to decision making. The customers should be treated well in order for them to continue buying coffee from the shop. A participative management approach refers to the process of management that involves the employees to participate in the decision making process of the organization. It is the best approach to be used in this situation because customer service is more important to the business. The employees do not need to be left behind in the decisions made, because they are the ones who serve the customers and therefore can greatly contribute ideas in the decision making process. For example, they know the tastes and preferences of customers, the customer needs and some of the complaints made by customers on the products and services provided. The management may not have any idea on such crucial matters. The way employees are being treated will be reflected in the way they also serve the customers. The participative approach allows the employees to accept all decisions made by the management as they were involved in the making of the decisions. It is very rare to find any kind of resistance on decisions made. This enables them to be motivated in serving the customers (Maslow, 1954). Once the employees feel that they are valued as they participate in the decision making process, they also work hard to maintain their jobs and serve the customers in a good way. Empowerment enables the employees to make some necessary decisions by themselves in the various problems that customers may be facing. For example, a customer may request for a small discount and the employee can decide to offer the discount. Given the various locations of the business, the management can allow the employees from the various locations to always communicate through the Wi-Fi before making any important decisions (Hamel, 2009). Once the management acknowledges their suggestions, it can use the Wi-Fi to inform them on what to do next. Every store requires about 10 employees. This may be very costly for the coffee shop if managers for every store were to be employed. Inputs and feedback
The use of illegal Marijuana in Canada has been the subject of discussion in the twenty first century. Canada is among the leading nations in the percentage use of illegal marijuana as stated in the World Drug Report of the year 2007. The same studies indicate that the report of the united nations illustrates that 16.8% of the Canadians aged between sixteen and sixty four years either smoked or took some derivatives of marijuana in the year 2006. Although some reports indicate that the percentage use of marijuana may have decreased, research conducted by United Nations on Ontario students indicate that the trend is actually on the increase [1] . With that background in mind, this paper shall discuss some of the reasons behind the high usage rate as well as ways that can be used to reduce illegal usage of t