ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Donald Trump Donald Trump is one of the world’s most successful leaders in the business world. Trump is known to follow the autocratic or dictatorial styles of headship because of his blunt attitude toward his employees and his keen attention to small details (Nayab & Scheid, 2011). In addition, he is very demanding as he is portrayed by the television series The Apprentice . Donald Trump is very adept at this leadership style. Trump has practiced the management style since he started the Trump Organization. In the Trump Organization, Donald makes almost all the decisions with few consultations from a group of trusted executives. He has managed to maintain success using this style of headship in the real estate business in America and across the world. His business is worth billions of dollars. Theory X has enabled Trump gained respect from his employees, business leader’s peers, and the management fraternity in general. The autocratic headship style gives leaders total powers to do as they desire regardless of other views. It also gives the head of an organization the right to decision making without consultation with other managers, and the followers obey the instruction without questions (Dubrin, 2011). Personal Experience I would encourage the autocratic leadership style under several situations, such as when employees or followers have low motivation to work, when working in teams and when the nature of the task is achievement oriented. The autocratic style ensures an equal allocation of duties. The other situation I would recommend theory X is when project teams comprise of inexperienced group members. In this situation, an autocratic style of leadership minimizes trial and error and ensures no time is wasted while undertaking the task. In my experience, the person who I have witnessed apply leadership style is my current supervisor at work. The nature of work in our organization demands we work in teams. However, in a team set up, I have witnessed a number of team members in the teams I have been a member do nothing, but in the end, take credit for the team effort. My current supervisor at work noticed this trend, and he decided to apply the autocratic style of leadership. Some of the actions he undertook that seemed to inspire the workforce were; he defined each group member’s duties, and at the end of the task, every group member was assessed on his or her effort on the task. This approach motivated some of the workers who used to take credit for other people’s efforts. In addition, it allowed the employees to grow their talent since every team member was allocated duties according to his or her talent. It also facilitated quick decision-making (Murugan, 2007). Theory X seemed to motivate the workforce when tasks involved complex technicalities when the organization was undergoing changes in the external environment. The downside of the autocratic style of leadership was that, in some instances, some employees did not feel motivated enough to perform their duties, as they felt powerless. The other downside of this style is that some employees had a feeling of resentment when the d
Introduction The twists and turns of the decade have left their mark on the ecocultural background of Latin America. Down from strains to changes and reforms the economic setup has let a memorable picture of progress. A lot has gone by over the years with change making an impression on the cultural value of the economic heritage. Undeniably the economy is a relevant and pertinent beacon for culture enthusiasts. Argument Cultural Roots The last few decades have seen the various trading blocs make attempts at harmonizing the competition from the great internal markets with the lesser external markets. It is during this period that organizations such as the Latin American integration association have been formed in attempts at providing a central source of control. This has been motivated by growth and expansion in population and consequent demand attracting more interest to cities and towns which are considered the hub of culture. Towards the end of the 19th century the debate for and against harmonization has come to the attention of both economic and cultural scientists who have resolved to give socialism and communism in an attempt at sticking a compromise. Questions of economic gaps also continue to claim the greater share of attention with the gap between the haves and have-nots widening by the day. The question of blending the traditional and more generous culture into the al too capitalist setup has created an even greater platform for the entertainment of socialist and communist ideas that continuously provide solutions to cultural deficiencies brought about by modernization. Historical Roots The historical pretext and antecedent is rather impressive contrary to general opinion. A common denominator in all indigenous population was their affinity to commerce and economics in the strict since of trade. Clearly every regional segmentation bears a connection to this cultural artifact in one way or another (Smith 2005). The term Latin America was developed to represent the differences in ethnicity culture size and population of the regional divide as well as the shared colonial experiences that made a great impact on the economic pace of the region in the late eighteenth and mid seventeenth century. Countries and states made a break for identity in the economic realm by aggression and a heightened appetite for modernization that saw traditional rural setup gradually give way for modern industrialization. The shift from mass media to the modern day multimedia played an even greater role on characterizing the ideological and social rebirth of the region as a whole. Families no longer took turns to harvest each other crop or assist each other transport their produce to the market. The interpersonal gap grew even bigger especially after the world wars that spread a shiver and fever of suspicion in that spilled on into the cold war and post cold war 19th century (Appelbaum et al. 2006). Cultural Periods According though the structuralisms a
Facebook, Inc. is a famous American conglomerate that currently owns WhatsApp, a popular messaging app, and Twitter, a simple tool to express one’s thoughts. At the moment, more than 190 million Americans are its registered users (Statista, 2021). Despite some advantages, these social networking services often violate their customers’ privacy, freedom of speech, and manipulation of gathered information; thus, they should be permanently banned. The relatively fresh case of barring former president Trump on Facebook revived the ongoing debate regarding the company’s double standards. The politician was allegedly banned for safety reasons as he was accused of spurring violent movements across the country. However, Facebook and its other platforms have been failing to introduce even policy for a long time. For instance, the platform contributed to the encouragement of offline violence and modern cleansing in Myanmar (Stevenson, 2018). The same role Facebook played in Sri Lanka, where materials posted on the service for approximately ten years worked as propaganda and violence incentives (Brustein, 2020). Facebook lacks transparency and content monitoring; it also lacks a timely reaction to human rights violations in every country it is present, not only in the US. Another problem is that Facebook servers contain too much personal information. People’s data potentially may be at most sold to national agencies which conduct unethical surveillance. Facebook was on the list of powerful institutions delivered by Snowden to journalists back in 2013 (Collins, 2019). It means that the American conglomerate had been a partner of the National Security Agency in the surveillance program. Tools that originally were used to protect personal data are currently used to control and manipulate people. Some opponents would argue that it is not possible to live without social networking services. It helps to optimize human activity, connects people around the world, and fosters cooperation between nations. Facebook also opens opportunities and work options for journalists, marketers, and IT professionals. Nevertheless, in the same manner, it may be used to promote violence, racism, ignite hostility, and misuse personal information. Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter should be permanently banned since Facebook, Inc. fails to maintain even policy worldwide to stop racism, violence and prevent human rights violations. It stores the unbelievable amount of personal information that apparently could be sold to anyone who pays money. It is not possible to reform and update such a giant; it is time to impose sanctions.
Introduction Feminist archaeologists study vital information regarding the past societies through analyzing a social aspect of gender relations and ideologies. Feminist archeology examines the roles and activities of women in the past societies. Feminist archaeologists participate in theoretical issues that place women as the main focus of their analysis. Feminist researchers play a significant role in developing new interpretations of social values, cultural norms and gender ideologies. They use feminist theories for interpreting the past societies. Feminist archaeologists oppose the irrational practice of viewing the values and customs of the past societies. Gender inequality continues to oppress many women in the society. Feminist archaeologists actively participate to address gender inequality. They take part in establishing methodologies that are significant in anthropological archeology. Feminist archeology adopts feminist theories in interpreting information on the past societies. This study aims to promote the significance of women’s roles in the society. The goal of the feminist archeology intends to challenge the manner in which the modern world makes use of archeological information. Feminist theorists continue to pose vital questions that address gender inequality and discrimination. Body Feminist archeology explores gender issues of the past period in order to establish relevant information. According to Brettell and Sargent, feminist archaeologists contribute greatly to the interpretation of archeological information (56). Feminist archaeologists promote new methodologies in examining gender roles and use new questioning approach to challenge the conceived ideologies of the past societies. They give privilege of considering first all the social issues regarding women and men in a contemporary perspective. Feminist archeology brings a revolution that supports women who suffer from the overwhelming influence of masculinity. Feminist archaeologists offer new ideas which have immense effects on the gender practices and ideologies in the modern society. Hamilton views that feminist archaeologists have challenged the traditional ideas of gender and sexuality (98). They have established an important discussion in feminist archeology. They want to promote gender equality as an approach of eliminating oppression that they face in the society. Women across the world continue to encounter oppression. Male archaeologists dominated early archeological stu
Creation Myths Myth 1: Purusha Sukta                       Religion or culture of origin: Hinduism                Myth 2: Prometheus, Athena, and Epimetheus  Religion or culture of origin: Ancient Greek mythology  Who created the world? Myth 1 According to Rigveda, Purusha was everything that has ever existed. Purusha gave birth to Viraj, an egg symbolizing the unity of male and female energies. Purusha was also born from Viraj. Eventually, Purusha was sacrificed by the gods and disassembled. His body parts became various objects, creatures, and elements of life such as the sky, the air, stars and planets, animals, and people. Myth 2 In Greek mythology, the world’s first gods appeared out of Chaos. Who were the main characters involved? What was the process? Myth 1 The primordial divine beings, Purusha and Prakriti, interacted and made a sacrifice, which served as the starting point of everything. Myth 2 Gaia, Eros, Tartarus, Erebus. Uranus appeared later created by Gaia without male participation. He fertilized her and generated further creations. What was the motivation to create the world? Myth 1 Humans were just one of the parts of everything that appeared after the sacrifice of Purusha. Myth 2 People were created so that the gods had someone to worship them. How did humankind come into being? Myth 1 Different casts of people appeared in different body parts of Purusha. Brahmins appeared from his mouth; his arms became noble warriors, his legs generated simple working people such as peasants, and his feet became the lowest cast. Myth 2 Prometheus sculpted people out of mud, Epimetheus gave them various traits and Athena made them alive through breathing life into them. Did the original creator maintain involvement in the newly created world? Myth 1 After the creation of the world, the new gods and divine beings became the main figures. Myth 2 Titans created by Gaia and Uranus started to rule the world until they were overthrown by the Olympians, who became the main rulers. Flood Myths Myth 1: Manu and Matsya  Religion or culture of origin: Hinduism            Myth 2: Gilgamesh epic   Religion or culture of origin: Assyria and Babylon  Who or what caused the flood? Flood Myth 1 The flood appeared by itself as a natural cataclysm. Flood Myth 2 The gods had a secret plan to start a massive flood. Who were the main characters involved? Flood Myth 1 Vishnu working through his Matsya avatar and Manu, the man. Flood Myth 2 Ea, Enlil, Anu, Ninurta, and Ennui, who are the great gods and Utnapishtim, a man. What was the motivation for causing the flood? Flood Myth 1 The flood happened by itself as a natural disaster. Flood Myth 2 The great gods were willing to erase the civilization of people. Who survived the flood, and why? Flood Myth 1 Manu survived the flood because he was warned about it by the fish avatar of the god Vishnu. Manu saved the fish, and in return, the fish saved Manu telling him to build a very big boat. The fish that Manu released into the sea dragged the ship through the waters until they reached the mountains (Manu 2014). Flood Myth 2 The god Ea broke the secrecy of the gods’ plan about the flood and wa
There are two worldviews dated back to the eighteenth century in institutional economics. These are ‘topdown’ and ‘bottomup’ views (Easterly, 2008: 95). The topdown view sees institutions as dependent on laws designed by political leaders; thus the name, ‘designed order’. Institutions refer to “informal constraints and formal rules” (North, 1991: 97). The bottomup view sees institutions as originating gradually from the culture and ways of people in society. The written law formalizes the already shaped values ‘spontaneous order’ (Easterly, 2008: 95). Some of the differences between the two orders are the changes in institutions, functions of the economists, global acceptance and the treats that they encounter from economists. Distinctions and examples of these concepts are explained below. In the designed order the political leaders disregard the old rules and norms and make new ones. For instance, as it was tried in the French revolution whereby the French would disregard the culture, language and style of their colonists and would impose French culture and habits upon them. One of the rules was that the colonists had to speak in French therefore disregarding the indigenous languages of their colonists. They would also impose dressing and eating habits on them. The spontaneous theory on the other hand, views the recent institutions as highly tied up with the earlier ones. Such institutions rely on the previous theories and facts in order to come up with their decisions. Therefore, the change in institutions is gradual in nature (Easterly, 2008: 95). For example, Darwin’s theory of evolution gives an account of evolution of man over time. It relies on climate and change of behaviour to account for development of mankind from the first to the last stages. Under designed order, economists have a problem in determining the best possible institutions
Technology has come to occupy a very important place in our lives today. This can be found in many aspects of daily life. Driving to work involves the use of evolving technology as every car made today includes varying degrees of computerized information systems that inform the vehicle of important information – everything from the need for an oil change to sophisticated mapping systems and instant notification of emergency services in the event of a crash. Work life typically revolves around the use of computers whether it is the auto mechanic evaluating the performance of the vehicle or the designer attempting to create a safer, more economical and fuel efficient car. Technology is also highly used in the operating room as patients’ histories are entered into computers and checked against drug interactions, tracked for needed procedures and monitored for life signs and medication treatment. Technology has entered into so many phases of our lives that we tend to simply take it for granted. This is the central message in both Isaac Asimov’s short story “Robot Dreams” and Alex Proyas’ film I, Robot. In exploring these issues, both stories question whether this involvement is justified and what can be done to improve it. Asimov’s story presents a single chapter in the story depicted in Proya’s film yet both manage to convey the same sense of technological involvement in the everyday lives of its human characters. In Asimov’s story, a robot, ELV-1 called Elvex, has been created that is evidently capable of independent thought approaching the level of human sentience and perhaps having fully achieved such. This character is duplicated in the film version in the form of Sonny. Both stories use the human character of Susan Calvin to reveal a robot’s wish to be free of its human restraints and convey the possibility for robots to reach human intelligence and capacity for thought. This humanity is illustrated in the robot’s ability to have dreams, in which he stands at the head of a multitude of robots to lead them to a better existence. However, while Asimov’s story remains set within the strict confines of the research lab with only two female researchers aware of its existence, Proya’s character is allowed to develop far beyond this limited scope as it is first accused of killing its creator and then leads a suspicious detective to the detection of the master computer’s plot to take all of humanity captive. Thus, both stories involve the evolution of the robot mind to something approaching or perhaps equaling sentience and both include the element of danger as the robot mind envisions freedom. However, while Asimov’s story leaves no question that the developing robot mind is dangerous, Proya’s story opens room for discussion allowing Sonny to survive to fulfill his drea
The Beck Depression Inventory II is a measurement tool used to evaluate depression based on 21 variables. The scale comprises of four points with a range of 0 to 3. The score is arrived at by adding the highest points obtained in all the twenty one (21) variables. The score range can therefore vary from 0 to 63. The Beck Depression Inventory II score can be used to evaluate depression in a population and to determine the degree of depression. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory II depends on the clinician’s ability to closely look at the depressive symptoms while being keen on the details of the specific variable. This can be helpful in ensuring proper diagnosis as a prerequisite for correct psychological treatment. An accurate diagnostic instrument would maximize both sensitivity and specificity at an optimally efficient cut point (Ward, 2006). The Beck Depression inventory tool is highly dependable and valid in measuring symptoms associated with depression as it gives adequate results indicating the extent of depression. This comes in handy in identifying people who have disorders. General and specific variables of depression in the population sample need to be considered to ensure the validity of the BDI results. Limited information regarding the accuracy of the tool in diagnosis is available but it has the capability of being used to evaluate depression in populations. In a research on the accuracy of the Beck Depression Inventory to diagnose depression symptoms, as reported by Ward (2006), a two-year follow up on a sample of depressed outpatients showed interesting results. It was observed that at diagnostic cut-points of 14/15 the tool was able identify 85% of those diagnosed by the SCID as positively depressed. This can be considered as somewhat high degree of accuracy. The tool can therefore be of great importance in identifying depression cases as long as correct cut points are set for the respective population. The tool also proves to be better in diagnosis than random diagnosis. The Beck Depression tool can provide reliable results to diagnose MDD and dysthymia. However, the tool can over identify depression disorders when more sensitive cut points are established. Reference Ward, C. (2006). Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory—II. Psychological Assessment in the Public Domain, 18 (1), 81-88.
The concept of leadership is highly complex, driven by factors that a person must evaluate and apply, both in the external environment and internal self-development. Social and economic conditions have changed the perception of the best leadership qualities over time. However, one characteristic that has always been at the core of leadership competence is creativity. Creativity serves as an inherently compelling leadership quality as it allows to push for progress through ingenuity, unorthodox tactics, and innovative solutions which drive forward an organization to become a pioneer in its field. The reading discusses how the Jesuits were able to demonstrate the growth of their religious organization through unique practices of leadership and business that followed their ideology but sought to innovate within the rapidly changing world. The author mentions that the leadership quality of creativity including imagination, flexibility, and adaptability is critical. However, the Jesuit ingenuity was the ability to cultivate such qualities within people. To achieve the true potential of creative qualities, a person must adopt a particular approach that affects attitude and worldview. Ironically, this ingenuity comes by adopting indifference which allows one to avoid narrow-mindedness and prejudices (Lowney 128). The Jesuits rapidly adapted and grew as an organization and company by making innovations and exploring the world. In Asia, they sought out new markets and integrated within by showing flexibility in strategic values. Instead of maintaining a conservative and controlled environment like most religious organizations, Jesuits undertook a path of exploration and improvement. This is reflected throughout the company, from business practices to leadership management. The focus was on chasing and creating opportunity through unorthodox approaches and resourcefulness rather than traditional methods (Lowney 139-145). There is an inherent paradox to contribute creativity to leadership. In a modern world, leadership implies stability and order. Meanwhile, creativity is associated with a lack of restrains and chaos. It can be argued that while original explorers and first enterprises in history had to be creative, this trend would not be appropriate in a modern age that demands predictability and planning. This is evident in business, where everything depends on the reactions of stockholders, and in politics where any untraditional approach comes under scrutiny from the media. Creativity can be an exemplary leadership quality if it is appropriately managed. Since the beginning of the 21 st century, creativity has emerged through technological innovation. Many of the largest technology companies were founded by ambitious and creative leaders who sought to stretch the imagination of possibilities and business opportunities in not yet existing industries. An emerging trend of creative leadersh