ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In still structural industries, we have various steel components for interior framework design. Welded steel column, steel beam, Steel truss, Steel floor deck, and steel purlin are used during installation of steel buildings. A steelwork framed house is strong and has various advantages over any other type of construction. It takes a shorter time during construction with bigger usage space, resists earthquake faults and it is environmentally friendly. Effects of Rotting on timber floors Various houses use timber for interior decoration and expect high-quality timber that can last for a longer period. Timber lasts long unless acted on by environmental changes around. Dry rot and wet rot are the major problems of timber products due to moist conditions. Dry rot can penetrate the brickwork to destroy positioned timber and the interior decoration of the house. Wet rot condition is caused by water from the roofs and it hardly decays due to the presence of high moisture. These two rotting systems can be treated by removing and replacing damaged areas with a small piece of timber. Treatment is also done on timbers before redecoration. Fungus is a major infection of timber and it exists when there is presence of water, Air and food. Water is essential to fungus and can be eliminated since air and food are available. Skirting boards are decorative planks that serve sensible imperfections during joinery. These molds run along the walls either nailed or glued. The reason for skirting is to hide gaps in walls and floor, free timber from scratches, provide varnish on the house and hide electrical installation wiring. They are fitted by using spirit level to ensure proper alignment on the walls. Pre-Stressed Concrete This is a structural method that is used to produce floors, bridges and beams to overcome concrete weakness when there is pressure above. It is unique in occurrence and most engineers prefer it due to its perfection when placed to service weight. Concrete can be reinforced by either pre-tension or post-tension methods to carry greater loads. The Post-tension method is a compression of concrete that is prepared and hardened as a final product. It has a greater distance compared to ordinary toughened concrete. Pre-tension method pulls concrete abutments placed at both ends of beams, positioning beds to give out desirable products of concrete. It is the best method used since it is resistant to heavy loads and more reliable. Meanwhile, Pre-stressed concrete is a modern method of reinforcement used in stretched steel strands and constructed to oppose the framework in use as well as add tensile strength to the concrete. Hydraulic jacks are used to crumble forces before being wedged. Most concrete made by this method is useful in slabs construction, houses found in areas with clay soil and structures present in areas with unstable volcanic activities. Tension on strands is prevented by the concrete, providing high-quality material to overcome pressure of the steelwork framework. Pre-stressing is the easiest method used when tensile strands are stretched. It is used to
Introduction One leader’s style may be to exhibit initiating structure activities more frequently than consideration activities, whereas another leader’s style may be the opposite. Following Schien (1996), a large segment of leadership research has focused on the problem of determining which styles of leadership activity are most effective in different work situations. Perhaps the most cogent explanation of why the frequency of leadership behavior is posited to affect the subordinates’ performance and job attitudes is found in House’s Path-Goal theory of leadership effectiveness. Path-goal leadership theory can be successfully used by John Terrill in order to solve the conflicting situation and improve organizational relations. Discussion Section House’s model (1971) explains leadership effectiveness as an extension of the expectancy theory of motivation. This model suggests that the subordinate’s satisfaction and work motivation is a function of their expectancy that work effort will result in higher performance levels and the expectancy that higher performance will lead to desired outcomes. The frequency of the leader’s Initiating Structure activities is considered to enhance and reinforce the subordinate’s subjective expectancy that individual effort will result in successfully completed work assignments. The frequency of supervisor Consideration behavior is viewed as a desired outcome reinforcing the subordinate’s job performance. The leadership influence is stronger when the frequency of the reinforcement behaviors is made contingent upon subordinate performance. In contrast to other models (transformational, situational, and democratic), the strength and need for path-goal leadership effects on subordinate’s motivation will vary depending on the structure of the work task, the subordinate’s psychological and skill attributes, the workgroup norms, and the organization environment. Consequently, the effectiveness of different leadership styles is posited to vary between different work situations (Segriovanni and Glickman 2006). However, at extremely high-intensity levels, the individual’s arousal level may be accompanied by feelings of increased tension resulting from the intense stimulus events. It is suggested that at these high levels of arousal, an individual may psychologically withdraw from the stressful events, and the motivational response to the stimulus will begin to decline (Robbins et al ., 2006). The supervisor’s leadership behavior can be represented as a time series of stimulus events for the subordinate where the intensity of specific events and the frequency of events may vary in different relationships (Robbins et al ., 2006). If one extends the underlying opponent-process phenomena to explain the subordinate’s response to a time series of leadership events, then the hyp
Introduction The given literature review will primarily focus on a synthesis of the current literature in order to understand the most common and impactful disadvantages among Latino households in the United States. The synthesis review is divided into three themes, which are nutrition and physical health, suicide, and housing. Nutrition and Physical Health It is important to note that one of the critical disadvantages among low-income Latino households is food insecurity and poor nutritional access, which translates to the development of major metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. A cohort study conducted on 168 households from the Latino population indicates that food insecurity has a strong correlational connection with maternal clinical depression, where both factors have predictive capabilities for behavioral issues (Nagata et al., 2018). In other words, the authors of the research claim that food insecurity is a root cause of many social problems in the target group. Although the researchers properly assess the issue of food insecurity in the Latino community as being a major indicator of poverty, the causal assumptions in regards to maternal depression should not be taken as reliable. The main reason is that correlation does not necessarily mean causation, and thus, the study needs to be used only for food insecurity data. Another piece of literature addresses the notion of individual-level and home-level diet connections. It should be noted that the overall conclusion is based on the strong associative relationship between home-level and individual-level dietary factors (Kong et al., 2018). In other words, the authors propose to design interventions, which target home-level dietary changes rather than individual-level ones since the latter is a derivative of the former. Although the data presented for both home-level and individual-level dietary assessment can be considered accurate and representative of food insecurity issues among Latino households, the correlational connection between them does not mean causation. They can be consequences of a larger causal factor, which is unknown or overlooked in the research. Therefore, the proposition to focus on home-level dietary changes is not a well-evidenced strategy. One of the most impactful aspects of food insecurity and poor diet prevalent among Latino households in the United States is obesity. It is important to note that obesity is a metabolic condition, which can make these individuals prone to develop more serious problems, such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and even cancer (Ochoa & Berge, 2016). The results of the longitudinal and cross-sectional study reveal that there are three major adult-associated factors, which involve sleep duration, food security and socioeconomic status, physical activity, screen time, and parental influences (Ochoa & Berge, 2016). Although the authors suggest focusing on sleep factors as interventions, one might argue that the overall issue is the result of food insecurity and low income since feeding behavior might be a byproduct of not being able to access healthy food options. Therefore, th
Displacement refers to offenders’ response to crime blocking or prevention. Criminologists explain that when a crime is prevented it does not disappear; it only gets transformed in some aspect (Barr and Pease, 1990, p. 152). Scholars have identified six categories of change in crime that arise from crime prevention efforts. First, crime prevention results in temporal shifts. Offenders shift the timing when they engage in criminal activities. Second, offenders respond to crime prevention by shifting from one location to another. The shift in location is known as the spatial shift. Offenders also respond by changing their targets. The fourth response regards the methodology of committing. Offenders opt to change the tactic of attacking their targets when efforts to prevent crime are pursued. The fifth form of displacement concerns crime (Barr and Pease, 1990, p. 152). Criminals also respond to crime prevention by picking new types of crime. The last form of displacement relates to the offender. When a society makes effort to control crime, the old offenders are replaced by the new ones. Some criminologists propose the existence of the free-rider, also known as diffusion of benefits. The protection that a target group or area receives from crime prevention or crackdown efforts focused on another group or area. Crime intervention efforts lead to the dispersion of the beneficial impact beyond the areas that were directly aimed. The concept of unintended benefits is also referred to as the multiplier effect, halo effect, or the free bonus effects. Scholars have identified deterrence and discouragement as the main processes through which the diffusion of crime prevention benefits happens (Clarke and Felson, 1993, p. 170). Deterrence refers to circumstances where criminals overestimate the danger associated with a crime intervention and opts to abstain from committing a crime even in circles not covered by the prevention initiative. Crime crackdown benefits would spread as a result of the criminals’ fear of being apprehended. Discouragement gives attention to costs and benefits associated with offending. It refers to circumstances where crime intervention efforts make the cost of committing an offense greater than the benefits accruing from the crime. The perceived reduction in the benefits associated with committing a crime results in general benefits for the entire community (Clarke and Felson, 1993, p. 172). There exists theoretical support for both displacement and diffusion of benefits. Perspectives that back crime displacement include rational choice, routine activities, and crime pattern theories. The rational choice theorists hold that crime is a conscious option (Eck, 1993). Offenders are not pushed to crime by circumstances rather; it is a rational choice to participate in deviant activities. Crime results from a cost-benefit analysis of t
The world community is on the edge of the homogeneous trend in buying similar food and clothes; it also follows similar cultural tendencies, including music preferences and video programs. In the United States, consumer culture and popular culture have become identical notions because younger generations are dependent on existing trends and fashions in behavior. Apparently, the reluctance of people to understand their real needs are swallowed by the overwhelming power of advertising, and the extreme influence of mass media. In particular, Americans are attracted by visual ads and commercials because they receive access to a better world. What is more important is that adhering to a consumerist ideology, people strive to improve their environment by creating a utopian vision of the world. However, consumerist culture prevents people from understanding the veritable values of society and, as a result, popular culture consumes uniqueness and plurality of genuine American culture. To prevent the spread of consumerism, individuals should gain awareness of the fact that commodity items should not be perceived as symbolic signs of popular culture, but products for sustaining living standards and meeting specific needs of humans. The U.S. government, therefore, should implement specific regulatory and legislative measures to limit the spread of consumerism. People often buy similar products because they perceive them as signs of popular culture. Looking at the commodities beyond their actual needs, individuals fail to follow their own unique lifestyles. According to Maasik and Solomon, “American culture and popular cultures are virtually one and the same, and that whether we are looking at our political system, our economy, or simply our national consciousness” (vii). As a result, goods bought by consumers do not actually reflect their physical needs but express their desire to fit in the frames of the popular culture norms. Such an ideology of consumerism was also initially presented in the eighteenth century, before the industrial revolution. The signs of consumerism also involved the spreading market for sugar, which was considered the product of wealthy Europeans in the Middle Ages. People longed to have sugar on their tables not because they had a special need for it, but because it was a sign of welfare and wealth. Stearns mark
Introduction The economic situation in the country can be impacted by various factors. The life of the Medieval Europeans was highly influential by the Church and every step taken by authorities and monarchs was talked over with the secular clergy. In this respect, the society was under two powers: the official one (the power of the monarch and the Parliament, if any) and the power of the Church. Regarding this, the Church established rules and laws using influencing politics, law-makers, and their decisions. The population had to work hard to pay taxes to the state and various fees required by the Church that assured them of the importance of that. Additionally, the financial situation was not stable and the government could not change anything because of the Church that encouraged people to live a poor life now to live in Heaven after their death. Industrial Revolution was not profitable for the Church as it could enhance the people’s opportunities to live better and deprive them of a stable income and a people’s belief in the poor life full of hardships on earth and a good life in harmony in Heaven. Discussion Church and persuasive arguments The Church is influencing people’s decisions and dreams. Instead of dreaming about a happy life on earth Tom, the main character of William Blake’s poem “The Chimney Sweeper”, wants to live with God in Heaven and is ready to go through various hardships of life and overcome all difficulties. “He’d have God for his father, and never want joy” (Blake line 20) can be interpreted as the main evidence of the religious impact on people’s minds. People are not expected to want something different than God’s favor. Besides, wealth is claimed to be inappropriate for those who truly believe in the best motives of the Church that wishes all people only the finest life. The other points in this poem are the brainwashing of the poor people by the Church and other higher classes who say the poor ones only need to perform their duty sincerely and never look for joy in this life. Then only they will get a wonderful afterlife cared for by the angels and fathered by God himself. These words are always taken seriously with no question. The agonies of the poor ones remain in their life and still they work hard for the dream of the afterlife. The working class or any other person is never allowed to rebel or question any action of the Church or the higher class. In this respect, class discrimination has closely intertwined with economic problems and religious ones. The innocent child takes the words of an angel in his
Inventory is a significant cost in the majority of enterprises, and fashion industry which I am involved with is no exception. My company is finally at a point where it has a feel for how much stock to keep in a specific amount of areas, as well as a good level to maintain with regards to reordering. My company uses the variety of types of inventory and holding stock, with the exception of raw materials. Working stock is primarily used in my company as well as in the fashion industry in general. Some other companies keep a moderate stock of raw material in the form of textiles, however this is not a primary concern in the logistics agenda of the company. My company has always understood that have excessive amounts of stock stored across many locations carries the high probability of incurring a high cost (IBC, 2007). While the products carried have a high life-cycle and are not subject to expiration, storage is performed efficiently while the goods may be subject to go “out of style,” as my company is concerned with active fashion and is not a producer of basic clothing. My company does commonly make use of the law of square roots to see some savings in inventory. While my company is aware of the Pareto analysis, it only loosely considered the actual activity while trying to see if this rule is evident in the company or even the industry or if it is only relevant to other areas. The economic order quantity principle plays a key role in inventory actions and processes, while my company uses both fixed point and periodic reviews in these actions and processes as well (Donovan, 2009; IBC, 2007). Loss and damage are the common issues that are not countered often enough in the fashion industry, particularly when there are no changing rooms, security cameras, or adequate organization of inventory procedure and paperwork. My company does experience higher losses in times of higher stocks, which suggests employees are often to blame in addition to shoppers. Damage is also of particular concern to my company as well as the industry in general because storing clothing for long periods of time has the tendency to make clothing wear, fade, or require washing if possible (IBC, 2007). Planning for material requirements in fact plays a role in ordering additional products. Optimization systems are not in effect to any real efficient level as of yet, however this is one of the areas currently being developed and improved within the company. Our companies relies mainly on physical inventory control (Donovan, 2009). Overall, our company is best described as developing in the areas of refined and organized processes, particularly with middle management. Managers, generally, lack organised strategy and a uniform logistics procedure. The fashion industry’s main concerns are trends and the tastes of consumers, and most expenses go to these areas of design and materials (Boak and Coolican, 2001). While the cost of missing inventory is not as high with my company as it is in other areas, due to the high cost of fashion-type clothing being related to style, brand, and other factors not associated dire
Executive Summary Six Sigma is an incredible management tool that used to improve the processes and the quality of the outcomes. The tool has been effective in many service industries, especially the airline industry. In Emirates Airlines, the Six Sigma management tool has been an essential management philosophy for eliminating process variation and increasing customer satisfaction and service deliverability. There is an intricate relationship between technology and Six Sigma in generating quality improvement. While a business improvement model adopted by the airline has had an enormous impact on the customer satisfaction, key challenges, including culture, cost, leadership and problems of delays in data gathering have been found to be major obstacles in implementing the Six Sigma paradigm. The objective of this research is to explore the implementation of Six Sigma in Emirates Airline with a focus on the challenges that face the firm in its implementation of Six Sigma. The paper shall examine the challenges in the light of corporate culture, customer participation, and the leadership commitment because research has found that implementation of processes foreign to a firm is dependent on the soft skills and people. The research will use qualitative research methodology, which is fundamental in gaining insight into the topic of study. Introduction Overview of the company Emirates Airline, a subsidiary of Dubai based airline is ranked the highly and the largest in the entire Middle East based on fleet size, profitability, and the number of passengers that board this airline (London Business School, 2005). Emirates Airlines is ranked number eight in terms of the number of passengers and remains among the top ten largest airlines in the world in revenue base. Today, Emirates Airline (London Business School, 2005) operates in over 62 countries and has over 3,700 flights per week operating in over 100 destinations. Since its establishment in 1985, Emirates Airline has registered a steady growth— and today, the airline is one of the six airlines, operating the most sophisticated aircrafts (Etienne, n.d). In today’s fast paced and competitive environment, the operators of airlines are realizing the need to implement Six Sigma as a key process improvement tool. For many years, both airline operators and stakeholders have been engaged in research to address key industry challenges and Six Sigma philosophy has been an incredibly important tool in discovering stellar results in this complex service i
The Morningstar calculations of the total return are based on the relation between net asset value per share in the end and at the beginning of the month together with the correlation of per-share distribution and reinvestment at a specific time. Net asset value per share is divided by the number of distributions. The tax-adjusted dividend per share conforms to the correlation between actual dividend per share and the product of maximum state tax rate and maximum federal tax rate. Finally, cumulative value calculations depend on total return for over a period of T months in case there are no redemption fees. In case, there the redemption fees are present, the cumulative value will be adjusted to such variables as front and deferred load and redemption fees. Morningstar Rating usually resorts to different fund categories of asset classes which serve as the basis for further calculations. To provide accurate calculation and reporting, Morningstar publishes the categories in comparison to one another. The Morningstar Rating provides advice for investors on how to select one of the funds out of a number of available ones. In Morningstar rating, an accent has been made regarding the funds as investment portfolios rather than autonomous investments. Therefore, Morningstar provides the funds in comparison based on risk-adjusted-performance. Unlike the methodology applied by Morningstar Ratings , Standard and Poor ’s method of mutual fund ranking moves away from the risk-adjusted theories instead of being more focused on the consideration of risk and cost factors. Hence, the risk consideration includes interest-rate risks and a combination of