ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Scientists will never seize to carry out their diverse research and experiments that have changed many ideologies of life. Thanks to their undying efforts because today it is possible to confirm the biological identity of a child through DNA tests. In other words, one can test whether a child belongs to him or her through a DNA test. Owing to this fact, the article E-Reserves is about DNA tests that were taken to prove the identity of a slave’s child. Jefferson a former Ambassador to France had fathered his slave’s child. The story continues as Jefferson denies having any relationship with his slave. Following this accusation, DNA tests were carried out to verify the allegations. Essentially, there was the need for Jefferson to clear his name which was at stake bearing the fact that he had a role in the anti-slavery movement. The objective of this paper is to discuss the findings of the article provided in light of Jefferson’s views as shown in his original version of the Declaration. About this, the paper discusses how Jefferson was a hypocrite regarding his affair with Sally. DNA Tests Jefferson was a widower who got himself into a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings who was also a sister to his late wife (Dinitia and Wade 1). This started when Sally went to stay with Jefferson because she was taking care of his daughter Maria. By that time Jefferson was an ambassador to France when he had summoned his daughter to live with him. According to Madison, Sally’s son, her mother was Jefferson’s concubine who gave birth to at least one of the ambassador’s children. Sally also claimed that she had a relationship with her master although Jefferson denied all those accusations (Dinitia and Wade 3). Initially, tests proved that there was no connection between Sally’s children and Jefferson. This however changed when other tests confirm that indeed there was a relationship between Sally and Jefferson. Sally had several children although two of his sons namely Thomas Woodson and Eston Hemings were suspected to be Jefferson’s sons. Tests were therefore carried out to confirm whether there was any relationship between the descendants of Jefferson and his slave Sally. DNA tests showed that the Y chromosomes of Eston Hemings were similar to those of Jefferson. Thus, the tests proved that indeed Jefferson fathered Hemings. On the other hand, the chromosome test differed from that Of Jefferson which means he was not his son. The results were enough evidence to prove that Jefferson had an affair with his slave Sally. This is the hypocrisy of the highest order because Jefferson was preaching water but drinking whine himself. Jefferson was a person who talked about ending slavery which he feared could lead to racial mixing. Jefferson’s actions were diff
Introduction Human genome sequencing presents several challenges related to experimental procedures and bioinformatics. As to the first challenge, the extraction and amplification of DNA for sequencing are cumbersome procedures, which take a lot of time and require due diligence. These procedures, however, are indispensable since next-generation sequencing approaches require voluminous templates for effective sequencing of the genome. The second challenge is that the human DNA is complex because it is diploid with repetitive regions and structural variants (Mostovoy et al. 587; Bickhart et al. 643; English et al. 1). Their existence, therefore, complicates sequencing by making the process of phasing more difficult. The production of short-reads poses a third challenge that hinders coverage of whole-genome sequencing and reduces the accuracy of the genome assembly. Huddleston et al. note that the assembly of short-reads gives rise to low-quality contigs, especially in complex regions of the human genome (688). The fourth challenge occurs because the contamination of libraries or the existence of chimeras prevents the accurate determination of the human genome (Bickhart et al. 651). The last challenge to be mentioned is that the vast volume of data generated in sequencing requires huge storage space in databases and powerful computer programs for assembly, analysis, and interpretation. DNA Sequencing Automated Sanger sequencing is one of the novels approaches to human genome sequencing. It is regarded as the gold standard of sequencing because it is highly accurate, generates long reads, targets small regions, and is ideal for sequencing small samples. However, this approach has its setbacks: it is a tedious method that needs preparation of template DNA, and it is very slow for whole-genome sequencing. As another novel approach, sequencing by synthesis (Illumina) is an effective technology due to its accuracy, high throughput, and scalable method that generates long reads. However, its weakness is that it entails a burdensome preparation of libraries and adapters as well as the purchase of expensive equipment. Single-Molecule Real-Time sequencing (SMRT) is a novel approach to human genome sequencing that allows real-time detection of DNA synthesis, generates long reads, is highly accurate, requires a small amount of template DNA, and does not need PCR in sample preparation. Nevertheless, SMRT has lower throughput and parallelism than that of Illumina. Nanopore MinION is another approach that proved to be advantageous because it can generate long reads of up to 200kbp as well as allows real-time analysis of sequences, is fast, affordable, and does not necessitate extensive preparation of template DNA (Jain et al. 3)
Introduction The concept of brands and branding is not new to the academic and business world. This concept can be traced down to the beginning of civilisation where headers branded their livestock for differentiation purposes (Mukherjee 2013). However, development of major features of modern branding can be traced back to the 16 th century when brands developed by individuals (such as Josiah Wedgwood and Rose Bertin) appeared (Mukherjee 2013). Due to the importance of branding in the business world, a number of procedures and theories have been developed with regards to this phenomenon. This paper will explore development of the concept of branding, its relevant theories and concepts, development of branding within the last decade and expected directions that it might take in the next decade. Finally, the paper will include suggestions on areas that future research should focus on in the academic as well as practitioner point of view. Literature Review on Branding Trends and Development The twenty-first century is marked by attention to global issues which are related to environment, human health, and equality and so on. Clearly, companies could not remain intact and have to respond to the latest trends occurring in the society. Thus, development of brands is now connected (to this or that extent) to an issue which lies within the areas mentioned above. Tustin and De Jongh (2008, p. 32) stress that companies employ the concept of brand citizenship which is development of a brand “by backcasting key business decisions throughout the value chain and business processes to reflect ethical implications at every decision-making point”. In other words, companies tend to add an ethical value to their products as well as brands. Contemporary consumers are not satisfied with high quality and reasonable prices. They want to become a part of a process of development and improvement through their buying experience. It is possible to state that they are willing to buy from responsible companies that contribute to development of the community. Thomas et al. (2013) also note that companies are trying to add certain ethical value by considering the US cereal brands. These brands were articulating the following messages: healthy eating and lifestyle, family values, happy and easy life. Admittedly, each product can be linked to a number of ethical values which will be shared by individuals as well as large communities. Apart from ethical component of the brand development, companies pay a lot of attention to innovation. Brandt, Cazzaniga and Hann (2011) note that consumers want to buy really high-quality and innovative products which could address issues which are arising. For instance, cosmeceuticals have to come up with innovative goods as consumers; needs are changing due to the change of the environment, cultural diversity as well as fashion and people’s preferences (Cazzaniga & Hann 2011). Clearly, companies providing other types of goods also have to introduce novelties to help consumers adjust to the changing society. Brand Analysis over the Last Decade During the last decade, the world has experienced tremendous changes especially
Introduction Domestic violence against women refers to “any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, and mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts as coercion” (Renzetti and Bergen 32). Domestic violence against women is one of the oldest social and public health problems in the history of humanity. It began in the traditional society when women were subordinated to men. The culture of most communities in the pre-modern world considered women to be equal to children. Besides, most communities viewed women as men’s properties (Latchana 17). As a result, women had very limited rights in the society. Men influenced nearly all aspects of women’s lives including their participation in economic activities, leadership, and social relationships such as marriage. This led to various forms of violence against women such as sexual harassment, deprivation of liberty, and physical abuse. For instance, battering was considered as a means of punishing errant women rather than a form of physical abuse. In the 1870s, men began to change their perception of women (McGee 34). In the United States, the courts abolished the common-law principle that allowed men to punish their wives. Similarly, men’s right to punish their wives was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1891. The government and the civil society in virtually all countries are constantly campaigning against domestic violence against women. However, the prevalence of the problem is still very high. The symptoms of domest
Introduction Terrorism attacks involving the use of violent means in the contemporary society have been on the rise, which has resulted to the loss of many innocent lives. In the past, terrorist groups like al-Qaeda have carried out terrorist attacks in countries like the United States and Kenya among other countries. These attacks include the 1998 bombing of the US embassy in Kenya and disastrous terrorism attack in the US, which targeted the World Trade Centre and the pentagon in the year 2001. These attacks were targeted on buildings that housed many citizens of the respective countries. The main aim of targeting these buildings was to kill thousands of people in a bid to create fear and warn the countries that the terrorist groups were determined to reach their political and religious goals by whatever means possible. This assertion explains why it is very important for any building in urban areas to be prevented from any potential terrorist attacks, as terrorist organizations with ill motive will continue to terrorize innocent people in the quest to advance their agenda. In order to avoid a recurrence of the terrorist attacks that happened in 1998 at the American embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, and other threats across the world, there is a need for risk assessment to be carried out on the facility. Risk assessment to this facility is crucial, as it will aid in making important decisions on areas that need improvement. Certain steps must be followed to ensure that the building is safe. Threat identification and rating Threat identification is the first step in the risk assessment of the US embassy building in the capital city of Kenya. Apart from terrorism attacks, it is important to note that the building can be affected by other equally catastrophic threats as natural events like earthquakes and tornados or accidents like a fire. Hence, the management of the facility carries the responsibility identifying any possible threat to the facility as it helps in safeguarding people in the building. As the threats that may affect the building are different, there is a need to gather sufficient information on each one of them. Natural disaster threats can be identified by researching on historical data that is available on the national libraries, archives, and even on the Internet (Kunreuther, 2002). With the information gathered on the frequency of natural disasters that have happened near where the building is situat
Introduction The Industrial Revolution brought about a great time of change. Advances in technology and machinery touched off new scientific debate while Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution further questioned the veracity of the Bible itself. The increasingly literate public was becoming more involved in these debates being waged, particularly as newspapers and other periodicals became more available thanks to the introduction of the printing press. These new media proved essential in introducing and maintaining widespread discourse in the political and social issues of the day, not just in the form of non-fiction news articles, but also in the form of fiction novels. One of the debates of the day was the question of the proper role of the scientist in the contemporary age, addressed in the novel Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley. Within the film Young Frankenstein, Mel Brooks attempts to demonstrate through humor the same types of danger of technological advancements upon society that Mary Shelley was attempting to illustrate in her novel, Frankenstein, a more serious approach to the subject The main ideas in the book and film One of the main themes within the book is a questioning of what it means to be human, an idea that is also addressed in the film. We see in the departure scene between Frankenstein and Elizabeth at the train station how the modern world has reduced something even as natural as human touch and emotion to a mechanized, untouchable element. Despite the length of the journey about to be taken by Frankenstein, Elizabeth won’t permit him to kiss her (it’ll mess up her lipstick), hug her (it’ll wrinkle her ‘taffeta’ dress), disturb her hair by pressing a kiss to her head or even hold her hand as it might damage her polished nails. Finally, they end up saying good-bye with a simple touch of the elbows. In contrast, the more natural character of Inga is first seen offering a ‘roll in the hay’ as Frederick climbs into the back of a hay wagon he will be riding home. She touches him often not only here, when she curls into him for protection against the lightning and the wolves, but throughout the rest of the film, demonstrating instances of intelligent thought as well as natural carnal desire. This contrast between the two women forces attention and an obvious preference for the more natural rather than the technological. More about Frankenstein How is Frankenstein a Romantic Novel? 5 929 How Does Elizabeth Die in Frankenstein? 5 719 What Does Frankenstein Do after His Creation Comes to Life? 5 2329 In Frankenstein, Who Cares for Victor When He Is Stricken with a Fever? 5 526 What Do Victor and Walton Have in Common in Frankenstein? 5 1775 Why Does Frankenstein Feel He Has the Right to Take the Life of His Monster? 5 436 Inspector Kemp is another example of a technologically influenced character. With a false arm and a rather ridiculous approach to his profession, Kemp illustrates the failure of technology to adequately replace humanity. To use this bendable arm, Kemp must constan
Introduction History shows that war comes with all kinds of violence to the people involved in it. This violence can be in the form of killings by guns, bombs and the many hardships that come with it. Wars do not involve only men but also women. Many of these women who have gone through war experiences have had to live with fears of such violence. To many of them, the greatest fear that has stayed with them is the fear of being harassed sexually where by those who resist risk being killed. In this paper we will discuss the fact that the greatest fear of women during times of war is not the killings and the hardships, but men. Women and War Women are the most affected victims during times of war. And if you thought that women soldiers are safe, then you are wrong. Women soldiers who have participated in wars have recounted horrible stories of being harassed by their men counterparts. Many of the US female veterans of the war in Iraq when interviewed confirmed this allegation that rape by men soldiers was their greatest danger to the extent that they were routinely warned by their superiors about going out without an escort. Some soldiers resorted to carrying knives with them for protection. A case to prove this point was given by Spc. Mickiela aged 21; when asked why a knife was her accompaniment, she said “The knife wasn’t for the Iraqis; it was for the guys on my own side.” (Benedict 1). Although there are no comprehensive statistics on these issues, the US DoD acknowledged that this is a serious problem. Measures have been put in place, but as the number of female soldiers increases, the problems also seems to increase. Women are victimized A report by Col. Janis Karpinski showed that three female soldiers died of dehydration because they refused to drinks liquids during the day. All this was because they feared that could be raped if they visited the latrines in the dark. In the US, female soldiers are prohibited by the pentagon from serving in ground combat, but this is not the case for those who have took part in wars in the Middle East. Women soldiers are exposed to equal risks just like men, and as if this is not enough, the men treat them as inferior and sex toys. Many female soldiers have been sexually assaulted but did not report it for fear of being victimized or being punished if the assailant was their superior. In most cases, the superiors to whom the female soldiers report to are men. That is why most of the cases go unpunished. It is an issue of a woman’s word against the man’s, and the man’s word always prevails. It is all about covering up your comrade. Many atrocities are committed and go unpunished under the disguise of comradeship. Men will protect their fellow men, the same is expected from women, but female soldiers are very few meaning that they depend on
Introduction John Grierson, prior to becoming what he is known today as the father of documentary, was a political activist, a social critic, and a person that could easily be swayed to do something when he has seen something done the wrong way. In defining a documentary as “the creative treatment of reality,” Grierson could as well be his view of film as a form of social and political communication or a mechanism for social reform, education, and even spiritual improvement. In the context of ‘Not for publication’ (by Chris Masters), this essay shall try to point out how the creative treatment of reality was undergone. Discussion Chris Masters as a documentary producer/writer/reporter rolled into several roles depending on what he says as the availability of talent, budget and time, discussed about documenting the drug addiction house in an undisclosed area in one of Australia’s cities. In documenting such a case, it could be as easy as ABC-get proper permission from whoever runs the place, prepare questionnaire for certain people — from the manager of the house to new customers — and role the film, or start the recording. But reality is not everything that can be seen, heard and experienced at any given time. It is a mixture of people and their experiences, past, their background, and all the circumstances that have brought them to a certain place at a certain time for a certain experience: this time, at the drug or heroine joint. So that in order to create reality, Masters has got to dig deeper. This is why in a documentary, Masters enumerated the staff: researchers, reporters, writer, producer, cinematographer, computer graphics artist, and some other more talents that could contribute to bring out the best there could be out of a story or a documentary. As a researcher, Masters had to know what happened to the 16-year old neophyte shooting heroine in the house. How come? So, he had to learn that she was a secondary school student aiming to go to college, but did not make it on the list, and now feels a failure. She met a boyfriend material who was into the drug use, and since she felt she has nowhere else to go or turn to, despite siblings who made it to college, there she was. She was described as nice and polite although wearing one-size smaller boots or outfit. Masters went far more ahead to pin a reality by arranging a discussion and a meeting with the school prefect. Maybe, she could be persuaded to do rehabilitation or counselling. He felt for the teenager, and the manager of the shooting gallery felt for the student himself, but there was not much to recover from heroine users as they, as Masters wrote, are often denied what there is for them about life, if there ever really was. There are a lot of other characters they were able to meet, a transvestite, an Indian, a young man dealer, all in the use. And more younger ones. Prior to the video take, the team already went to do some background check and research on the issue: media hype and exposes, church
Teen childbearing is one of the most debatable issues in the contemporary American society. It has been acknowledged that adolescent mothers tend to start smoking (cigarettes or marijuana) or binge drinking (Fletcher 209). Clearly, young females (those under 18 years old) may have various health issues during the pregnancy and labor or even be prone to miscarriages (Weed, Nicholson, and Farris 74). It has been estimated that teen childbearing cost almost $11 billion in 2008 (Plastino 493). Researchers often claim that the negative consequences (especially economic losses of the country) are overestimated (Weed, Nicholson, and Farris 72). However, everyone agrees that adolescent mothers often have fewer educational and job opportunities as they have to balance their family and work. Clearly, such outcomes (both personal and national) reveal the complexity and urgency of the issue. It is essential to identify particular reasons for teen childbearing and possible strategies to handle it. It has been acknowledged that socioeconomic factors are central to the problem. Minority groups are the most vulnerable due to their low economic status and lack of job opportunities. The situation is quite alarming in some states. For instance, 72% of “all teen births in California were to Latina adolescents” in 2009 (Minnis et al. 334). The researchers also note that Hispanic adolescent mothers tend to see their economic difficulties as the major reason for their behaviors and choices made. It is also found that adolescents often have unprotected sex that is associated with substance abuse (Basch 615). Researchers note that juvenile delinquents are more likely to have children than their peers (Barrett et al. 970). The rate of delinquents among underprivileged groups is significantly higher than among middle-class youth. Therefore, it is essential to address two major aspects. It is important to provide more opportunities for the underprivileged youth and improve their education especially when it comes to sex or risky behaviors. Clearly, it is nearly impossible to make sure that all teenagers will obtain higher education and land a good job. However, it is possible to provide more educational opportunities through courses for underprivileged groups. These can be extracurricular activities (aimed at equipping teenagers with certain occupational skills or knowledge) and activities that “enhance their self-identities and future aspirations” (Basch 617). Of course, these young people should also have efficient sex education courses. It is essential to make sure that young people understand the outcomes of risky behaviors. Importantly, they should have the necessary skills to avo