ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thesis Statement Constantinople was one of the most developed cities in the world and the largest in the XI century. The cultural traditions and customs impacted all the neighboring States, and, it is claimed that originally, the Byzantine culture was formed under the influence of the European countries; however, the Oriental variant is also not excluded. Introduction To begin with it is necessary to mention that the history of Constantinople is featured with numerous historical events, failures and successes, blooming and ruining. Originally, any foreigner could not feel as a stranger, as it was the capital, where foreigners all over Europe Middle East and Asia gathered. In order to define the image of the city, and simplify the task of defining the prevailing influence of the civilizations, it is necessary to give the brief historical description. Thus, Constantinople was the capital of Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It may be seen, that the prevailing period of its history, the empire was oriented at Europe, however, due to comfortable strategic location between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where East meets West (European and Asian continents are divided), it experienced the influence of several cultures: Muslim, European and Slavic, as merchants all over the Europe, Middle East and Slavic countries headed to Constantinople for rare goods and for beneficial trade. The diplomatic relations were extensively developed, and Byzantine Empire was constantly supporting or struggling against some neighboring States. Byzantine Constantinople was the capital of Christian Empire – the successor of Greece and Rome, and it became the wealthiest and the largest city in the whole Europe. Thus, by the XI century the Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. As the city of numerous peoples, Constantinople had several names. Thus, Slavs called it Tsargrad (“The City of Emperors”), among Vikings it was known as Miklagard (The Great City), and the Greeks called it Polis. Constantinople in the XI century I witnessed that the XI century of Constantinople history is featured with the deep and strong friendship of the Byzantine Empire with Slavic peoples of Kievan Rus and Muscovy. In 980 the emperor Basil II got the unusual gift from tsar Vladimir of Kiev. Emphasizing the significance of their friendship, Vladimir presented 6000 Varangian warriors, which Basil used as the new bodyguard. These warriors were known for their ferocity, honor and loyalty. The traditions of this Varangian unit essentially influenced the Byzantine army traditions; however this influence was not essential enough. There is a story, closely linked with their loyalty, which impressed ev eryone in the empire. Thus, the witness told me the following: “ They were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword an
Introduction Leadership is a very complex quality that can often be misconceived. Since it involves the influencing of people who could be also leaders or followers, its effectiveness is mostly accurately rated by the people who are led. This implies that it is difficult for the leader himself to gauge the quality of his/her leadership since such an opinion may be based on bias. Given the demanding conditions for an effective leader, it may be very difficult to find a leader who qualifies for the title of an effective leader. Where Have All the Leaders Gone? In the book, Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, the author, Lee Lacoca criticizes the effectiveness of contemporary leaders both in business and in politics and helps the reader to gain an insight into the practice of evaluating leadership and the qualities one should possess as a leader. The title of the book is used to accentuate the fact that according to Lacoca, contemporary leadership has been diluted and it is extremely difficult to find a person qualifying to be a leader in the society today. Given the dire need for effective leadership in almost every realm of life, it is apparent that Lacoca proposes a revolution in leadership if the world is to benefit from business and political leadership. Qualities of an effective leader The success and power of organizations depends on the kind of leaders that they have. Leaders may either make an organization succeed or they may run the organization into losses depending on their effectiveness and the support they get. They must therefore be respected and given an adequate freedom to perform their duties. This statement gives an insight to one of the many qualities of a good leader which is the quality of being confidence and having a firm stand. Let us have a look at some of these qualities. According to Lacoca, leaders must be curious listening to the people they lead curiously and reading extensively. This helps a leader to get different ideas and grow his/her base of decisive ideas. It also makes a leader to test his/her beliefs. This way, a leader can know if the things he/she believes in are wrong or right. This evaluation is very important because it could draw the thin line between success and failure of an organization or government. That is, if a leader believes in wrong or unrealistic things and he/she is adamant to accept other people’s ideas or to evaluate his/her ideas, the will most probably be implemented in the organization that the leader represents and this could be very disastrous to the organizations (Lacoca, 2007, p. 33). Creativity is central to effective leadership. The leader must be always willing to try different ideas as long as they make a good difference in the organization. Lacoca criticizes former United States President George Bush for acting out of instincts in handling the Baghdad issue. He says that President Bush was instinctively trusting that everything would be okay without knowing the facts and therefore, the issue went unsettled. It
Introduction Business etiquette is an established order of conducting in business and business contacts. Etiquette, if to understand it as a set procedure for conducting, helps to avoid missteps or to smooth them by accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the primary function or meaning of business etiquette can be defined as the formation of such rules of conducting in society that contribute to mutual understanding of people in the process of communication. The second most important function of etiquette is a function of convenience that is feasibility and practicality. Starting with the small things and to the most common rules, etiquette represents the system which is close to the daily life. One of the first rules which define etiquette is just to respect others. Body The most popular and most recognized clothes is costume. The costume is the business card. The first impression is kept in the memory of people with whom we are familiar for a long time. Therefore, neglecting the appearance is an unforgivable mistake. For example, accuracy and smartness in clothing is often associated with organized work and ability to appreciate someone else’s time. The rules concerning the wearing of a costume: It would be better not to wear simultaneously costume and sporty footwear. These things are incompatible for their intended use; it would be better to wear tie while wearing suit; shirts must have long sleeves. It is considered elegant, if sleeve shirts are visible from under the jacket sleeves; it would be better not to wear too bright costumes. The most common colors are dark blue, dark gray; it is better not to wear or dark-colored shirts. A few simple tips: 1. Wear light costumes in the afternoon, dark – in evening. 2. In formal situation the jacket should be buttoned. 3. The jacket buttons can be undone during a dinner or sitting in theater seats. 4. Keep costume always in good order. The same is about shoes, socks, and cufflinks. 5. The costume must be comfortable. 6. Do not follow the fashion always. Better not look fashionable, but good than bad and fashionable. 7. Please always have two handkerchiefs. The first “working” – in your pocket of the trousers. The second – always absolutely clean – in the inner jacket pocket. The manner to behave is the way to show respect to the surrounding people, as clean clothing, polite treatment in a conversation, tact. Habits play a great role In the manner of conduct. They may emphasize human dignity as well as to reduce to zero the best features. Being natural is one of the main conditions for the business person, as well as an
Introduction Climate change has direct impacts on oceans as the article clearly articulates. The author asserts that climatic conditions influence the ocean directly, although the vice versa is also true. These impacts are major reasons that influence human welfare. This paper is a summary of an article about the impacts of climatic changes in the ocean with regard to ocean acidification. Brief historical account of the effects of pH levels Oceanic scientists use The Joides Resolution, which is a specially designed ship for digging up sediments from the floor of the sea (Zimmer par. 2). The scientists once dug up sediments that were 55 million years old from the base of the ocean (Zimmer par. 2). As they studied the deposits, they realized that there was red clay formed in the middle of the sediments and this was a clear indication of how the shelled creatures of the sea had disappeared (Zimmer par. 4). This discovery led to a scientific conclusion that the changes were greatly influenced by the alteration in the level of the ocean’s pH. Effects of the drop in pH levels With the drop in the water’s pH level, the shells are corroded and destroyed. The scientists realized that the crisis lasted for several millennia before the oceans could fully recover from the impacts of the drop in the pH level (Zimmer par. 4). Based on their discovery, scientists now are warning against spewing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. By so doing, scientists warn that the ocean will get more acidic and the pH level will consequent
The modern age could be characterized by the rapid evolution of communication technologies and means of transport. Natural borders between states become more and more conventional. In this regard, globalization could be considered one of the main trends of the coherent society. However, the close interaction between various states and nations could not but result in the appearance of numerous conflicts that are conditioned by differences in mentalities. The fact is that some practices which are appropriate for one nation could hardly be accepted by another. That is why these concerns gave rise to the necessity of the creation of some tool that would serve as a landmark for all participants of a certain event or process. All these premises conditioned the introduction of international law. It could be defined as a set of rules accepted as binding in relations between states and nations all over the world (Brahm par. 5). It helps to create a beneficial background needed for the effective cooperation between states. With this in mind, the international law and international relations are in direct correlation as the first phenomenon creates the framework for the evolution of the second one (“International Law and International Relations” par. 5). In case there is no law that introduces some limits, the efficiency of the cooperation between states will suffer from differences in approaches, mentalities, and points of view, and the creation of some common solution will be impossible. Being an active member of various international organization and deals, the UAE also acts in accordance with the main aspects of international law to gain understanding and promote or protect its interests. That is why the population of the state accepts this laws great power and recognize its great impact on their lives. One should also realize the fact that the appearance of international law was a long-term process that was impacted by a number of important factors. These were the mentality, philosophy, religion, etc. The first attempts to create some common approach to international affairs were made in the 16th century by Alberico Gentili, Francisco de Vitoria, and Hugo Grotius (“History of International Law” par. 1). They recognized the great importance of some unique tool that could help states abandon their ambiguous demands and focu
Social behavior is a complex of behavioral patterns typical for most of society at a particular time. There are several types of them, but they all are characterized by a lack of specific structure, even in the case of deliberately organized movements. It is due to many different influences between all social movement’s members. If they are not directed by some external or internal motivational force, such as political will or money, which organizes them, they are easy to dissolve eventually. The spread of the Internet and social media leads to massive changes in social movements’ creation, organization, and dissolving, allowing much quicker information exchange. Social movements are various, and social media influence them all directly. Uncontrolled movements are initiated by some changes in the world, which are influential for people: for example, financial crises, wars, or even some rumors about important events. Such rumors can even be not true: the prominent example was the case with Sony and Apple in 2010. There were a lot of posts on Facebook and other social media about hypothetical plans of Apple to acquire Sony ( Types of Collective Behavior – Introduction to Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World , 2016). They were not true but led to a rise in Sony’s stock price, which depicts how easily social behavior may change under strong stimuli and due to quick spreading. Thus, one can see that social media made social movements much easier to create and much easier to dissolve. They facilitate information exchange, and therefore, all events may become known to many people rapidly via social media posts, online news, and blogs. The consequence is that the social movement, created in response to a stimulus, such as rumors about a large company, will be formed instantly, and its consequences will reveal very quickly, too. Reference Types of collective behavior – introduction to sociology: Understanding
As a nurse, I am subjected to various challenges while on duty, requiring more knowledge and wisdom to solve them, especially ethical dilemmas. Unlike other professions where one can make errors and correct them later, nursing does not give room for costly errors. With over five basic ethical nursing principles, decisions might vary from nurse to nurse but still be correct. These principles as applied under different circumstances, and a nurse might further seek help from other health professionals to handle them. However, irrespective of the advice they receive, they will have to be responsible for their action. Working as a nurse, I am not any different, and I go through all these challenges like other colleagues, with some other experiences being more memorable than others. On the eve of New Year 2021, I was among the nurses scheduled to be on duty that night, with others having the New Year excitement in them. The night started lively, with 75% of the scheduled medical practitioners reporting, whereby only 65% of the nurses reported. The absentees cited that we had a low number of admitted patients by then who could be handled by just 50% of the nurses available. This seemed to fool the management since they had scheduled each on their shift irrespective of the patient’s number. Unluckily, only two senior doctors out of the seven scheduled doctors reported necessitating only one doctor to remain in the emergency room. At the same time, the other responded to other calls from the already admitted patients. When only three nurses were assigned to the accidents and emergency rooms, our dilemma hit us. The hospital has two Emergency rooms indicating that the absent staff had inconvenienced us, leading to understaffing. Barely 30 minutes after assignment to our designations, we received the first patient involved in a car accident. He had lost a lot of blood, and the doctor, with the help of the other two nurses, handled the situation, and she was scheduled for immediate surgery. The incident left me in the emergency room as the sole qualified medical practitioner. In less than 10 minutes after my colleagues had left to stabilize the first patient, the second patient arrived with the help of the police ambulance. The patient was a cancer patient who was through with his chemotherapy treatment but had severe side effects. I moved swiftly, conducted a routine checkup, and realized she was low on red blood cells count despite his immunity being better. I tried reaching the other doctor to come and help, but they were all handling severe cases. I was left with no options but to step up my roles where I had to make serious calls which have always been left for senior doctors. I instructed our guards to reach more nurses, at least two of who might not be so engaged to come and assist me in handling the patient and even make a decision. My first call was to administer intravascular (iv) fluid to stabilize the patient while waiting for the doctor
Contemporary Islamic laws have various principles that administrate how they account for their finances. One is abiding by the Islamic laws, also called sharia and the second principle is prohibition of giving and receiving of interest, also called riba. Third is avoiding any risk, speculation and uncertainty, also called gharar. For instance, sharia law prohibits practices like gambling and their funding. In Islamic finance, gharar entails essential events of uncertainty in a contract such as price, while riba entails the interest charged in lent money. In Islamic financing, both rewards and risks are shared between the two parties in a contract. However, the degree of each person’s share varies from one contract to another. An example of a financing that involves a high degree of risk and reward is venture capital, while sale of assets on credit or installment is a low degree risk and reward financing. The reason why contemporary Islamic finance incorporates Islamic financing in its product is to comply with sharia law in investing and financing. Banking emerged because of growth in businesses. First banks came from ancient temples around the Mediterranean Sea. The business transactions were between moneylenders and priests. In these transactions, deposit formed the basis of the first currency. These banks ushered in various types of products such as loans, credit facility and many others. The availability of cross-cultural coinage opened ways for international business, which allowed global exchange of currency. Current Islamic banking movement began in 1963 with the setting up of Mit Ghamr Islamic bank in Egypt. The bank provided loans to its customers. Since then, developments in the Islamic financing have grown. For instance, in 1960s, Islamic faith financial practices experienced a revolution when political and socioeconomic factors merged. Hence, the finance system has progressed based on the faith of Islamic teachings including wealth distribution, social and economic justice, work ethics and expected responsibilities of the state, individuals, stakeholders and the society. The tenets of the Islamic bank are to abide by the sharia laws in interest transaction, speculations, risks and uncertainties. Furthermore, financing structures complied with the doctrine and the religious beliefs of Muslim. Islamic financing objectives included ensuring equitable distribution of resources to all members of the society, ensuring resource optimization through financing of affable projects that have economic implication and social development by creating a fund to help the unfortunate in the society. Others included economic development aimed at boosting the economy, ensuring stability of money value and ensuring that every Muslim complied with the sharia laws, whereby, receipt and payment of interest was not allowed. The five principles that govern the Islamic finance system include riba, which pr
Introduction Hip hop is a music genre that has evolved and diversified significantly since its formation in the 1970s. Most music listeners nowadays associate hip hop music with songs of Kanye West and other modern mainstream performers. However, although today’s hip hop music does share some similarities with old school hip hop, it is much more superficial and generic, compared to the timeless music of the old school hip hop. Old hip hop music Old school hip hop was developed between the 1970s and early 1980s as rhythmic music with extended breaks, characterized by beat juggling and mixing. Although rapping was not present in all old school hip hop tracks, this vocal style gained widespread adoption by the hip hop artists by the early 1980s. During the early history of hip hop music, due to the competition between the hip hop artists, this music genre became more varied in vocal and rhythmical aspects. The sound became more complex, too, and featured several layers of samples and sophisticated arrangements. The lyrical content of early hip hop songs was similar to the lyrical content of modern hip hop songs and centered mainly around sexual themes. However, as the genre grew more mature, the lyrics became more conscious and focused on cultural, political, and philosophical themes. Since hip hop is mainly an African-American genre, it became an expression of struggles the African-Americans performers at that time faced, leading to the creation of conscious hip hop subgenre in the early 80s. Among the first conscious hip, hop compositions were How We Gonna Make The Black Nation Rise? by Brother D with Collective Effort, and The Message by Grandmaster Flash. In the latter years, the hip hop performers went on to write metaphor-loaded rhymes that inspired people and explored such topics as poverty and domestic violence. Contemporary hip hop music In the 2000s, hip hop music saw mainstream success and heavily influenced other genres such as pop music. Similarly to old school hip hop, the modern version of this genre still consisted of rhythmic music accompanied by rap. Some artists also saw this music as a way to tackle challenging themes, continuing the work of the performers of the old school era. However, the popularization of the genre did lead to some significant changes to both the sound and the lyrical content. Some albums featured as few