ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Crucible, set in a theocratic society, is a 1996 film, based on Arthur Miller’s play of the same name and it features high-profile stars like Daniel Day-Lewis (John Proctor) and Winnona Ryder (Abigail Williams), and the impressive Paul Scofield (John Danforth) and Joan Allen (Elizabeth Proctor) in supporting roles. The film’s writer himself, Arthur Miller, does the screenplay while Nicholas Hytner is the director. Most scenes in the movie were filmed on Choate Island in Essex, Massachusetts, and they represent the events that took place in the Salem during the seventeenth century. The occurrences portrayed in the film have recurred with astonishing inescapability all through the history of humankind. The film and the play versions of The Crucible have many parallels. The 1953 play was written during the House Committee on Un-American Activities investigations. During the investigations, Miller was summoned to give his testimony in 1956. And, even though the play can be considered as an historical allegory for the events that took place during this era, its true worth is found in its capability to be re-construed so that it can fit in any era. Undeniably, the play’s rich themes, such as intolerance, thirst for power, the need to be accountable for our actions, public and private moralities, and the role that hysteria can play in tearing apart a community, are universal in scope. Although Miller has never consented to the historical accuracy of the story, most of the events in the story match up with the occurrences in Salem, Massachusetts during the seventeenth century. During that time, superstition was rampant in Puritan town and about nineteen villagers were hanged as witches, four died in prison, and one was tortured to death for refusing to answer questions. It was a period, similar to that in the U.S. in the mid-twentieth century, when a simple allegation could conceal ones fate. In addition, justice was regarded as secondary to saving a life during that era in America. The film opens with an astonishing depiction of the event that set all the trials in motion. A number of Salem village girls gather in the woods where they chant and dance, wishing for men that they love to fall in love with. However, the arrival of the local preacher Reverend Parris (Bruce Davison) spoils the party. Two of the girls subsequently fall into coma-like states. This makes everyone to start suspecting witchcraft as the cause of the misfortune. In order to save themselves from the noose since they confessed to performing witchcraft, the girls plead for their lives. Soon, the girls face trials in which the condemned are arrested. On the other hand, the innocent who do not confess are hanged. The film that runs for one hundred and twenty-four minutes is rated PG-13 because of the intense portrayal of the Salem Witch Trials. The film is due to the outstanding recreation of the play for the screen. Unquestionably, the storytelling is top-quality, the visual style is perfect, and it is a powerful, thought-provoking production. All through the film, the atmosphere is ma
There is every indication that social media marketing is rapidly replacing the conventional marketing platforms that have been used for a long time. The World Wide Web has been widely accepted as a viable medium through which marketing can be executed. As a matter of fact, most contemporary business managers believe that they can hardly do without wrapping their businesses around the internet through social platforms. This implies that marketing has been revamped with extreme focus on the targeted audience and not merely profitability (Castronovo and Lei 125). In the past few decades, it was possible for companies to grow and post impressive performances without putting in place aggressive marketing. However, it is now almost mandatory for business enterprises to engage in advertising and marketing. The dissemination of marketing messages is the main principle behind viral marketing in social media. In other words, internet-based channels are used for sharing viral marketing messages. Customers and business enterprises may connect emotionally when viral marketing is carried out in the most successful manner. Perhaps, it is crucial to briefly explore why social marketing through social media is increasingly becoming vital in the internet. To begin with, it is imperative to mention that changes have taken place in regards to roles of marketing. In addition, the same changes have been enhanced by social web. The traditional marketing tools are increasingly becoming irrelevant and less effective. This explains why the mass marketing model has been undermined. The social web context has also set up new guidelines for evaluating marketing success. Moreover, true interactivity has been promoted by the new forms of social media marketing. In order for companies to utilize social media marketing successfully, they are definitely required to make use of contents that are relevant to the targeted audience. Besides, professionally designed websites cannot be ignored at all. There is usually no control in viral marketing bearing in mind that it is purely verbal. When considering the new forms of marketing, it is interesting to note that they are free of collateral. Both digital media relations and digital media marketing should be employed when engaging in social web marketing. For example, companies that use social media such as Facebook and Twitter ought to realize that the latter are marketing platforms that are generally non-intrusive. Marketing managers should realize that messaging is not the only role of social web. It is necessary to change the way old things have been done for a long time. Nonetheless, the use of social media in market
Educational theory Learning is a crucial activity in the lives of humans and its forms the basis of the educational process (Isman (2011). Consequently, a lot of attention has been paid to the understanding of how learning takes place, leading to the formulation of numerous theories of learning and instruction. These theories have evolved over the years as developments in other areas of education continue to happen. There is no one theory that can be described as the perfect theory that fits in all learning situations. This means that different theories are applied to different learning situations. The various theories of education and learning describe how learning occurs, the factors that shape learning, the importance of memory in learning, and how knowledge is transferred (Ravenscroft (2011). Behaviorism is one of well known learning theories. The theory posits that human beings receive a stimulus in the process of learning, which they respond to. According to Isman (2011), this mode of learning is best promoted by task-based learning. Learning under behaviorism is also influenced by the rewards that are obtained from learning, as well as punishment. Repeated experiences end up establishing memory. Cognitivism is the other theory of learning, which posits that learning occurs in a structured way. Yilmaz (2011) argues that knowledge is transferred by duplicating the knowledge of the instructor in cognitive learning. Consequently, problem solving type of learning highly promotes this mode of learning. The third most common learning theory is constructivism, which is a theory that proposes that knowledge is passed through socialization. Social and cultural factors seem to influence learning under this theory. A more recent theory of learning is the connectivism theory, which posits that knowledge is transferred by connecting to the source if knowledge. According to Ravenscroft (2011), connectivism is a complex learning mode where learning is distributed in a web and it is enhanced by technological advancement. Connectivism According to Thomas (2010), the emergence and development of diverse communication tools and the subsequent deployment of these tools in the discharge of education has resulted in the alteration of the learning environment. What is meant here is that there is a lot of change in the way education is discharged. This comes from the fact that education is changing from the traditional persp
Global digitalization, generated by the fourth industrial revolution, leads to dramatic changes in all spheres of society’s socio-economic life. The most significant trends in humanity’s development are currently accelerating technological innovation, globalization, and digitalization of all processes. Tourism is one of the first to experience the impact of global digitalization. It is an information-rich industry that responds quickly to all changes. Digitalization is mainly manifested in introducing digital technologies into the business processes of enterprises in the tourism field. Automated management systems for hospitality and tourism primarily ensure the smooth implementation of internal processes. Such technologies in practice make it possible to modernize the service, increase data processing speed, and eliminate errors due to the human factor. However, there are some critics and concerns about this trend, being implemented in hotel and tourism services annually. Main Factors Driving Global Trends within the Hospitality and Tourism Over the past two decades, the number of international travel has doubled. Consistently growing demand ensured the same increase in hotel rooms. According to the Deloitte report (2019), at the beginning of 2019, there were more than 184 thousand hotels in the world, including about 17 million rooms. Investors are keeping an eye on new tourist destinations; simultaneously, a significant part of the funds is invested in premium hotels. They are the first to innovate technology, use new marketing techniques, and follow the trends. Consumer needs are driving the development of the hotel industry. New formats and brands are emerging in the budget and economy segments, representing an alternative to well-known hotel chains. For instance, Radisson develops the Radisson
Background of Paper and Hypothesis of Paper Diabetic neuropathy is one of the leading causes of kidney failure or end-stage renal disease. However, the available literature and research studies have revealed little early cellular or genetic changes that precede this condition. Before this study, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) had been used to understand gene transcriptional changes that occur in human diabetic glomeruli. However, this form of sequencing is limited, as it does not quantify gene expression in individual cells. Bulk RNA-seq is only capable of measuring averaged and integrated gene expression in many cells. Additionally, the available laboratory techniques, such as measuring urine protein or serum creatinine levels, are not sensitive enough to identify the early signs of diabetic kidney disease. Consequently, it was difficult to identify cellular changes that occur in the early stages of kidney failure in diabetic patients, which hindered efforts to intervene appropriately. However, advancement in isolation techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), has enabled researchers to study transcriptional changes in single cells. According to Wilson et al. (2019), scRNA-seq “quantifies gene expression in individual cells, and unlike bulk RNA-seq, it can interrogate transcriptional states and signaling pathways in multiple cell types simultaneously” (p. 19619). Therefore, scRNA-seq solves the problems associated with the non-specificity and sensitivity of bulk RNA-seq and other laboratory isolation techniques. Based on this understanding, the authors of this article wanted to use scRNA-seq to identify gene expression changes that occur in the early stages of kidney failure among diabetics. The findings of this study would help significantly in the early detection of diabetic neuropathy using biomarkers for disease progression for timely and appropriate intervention. The authors hypothesized that using scRNA-seq to isolate and study single cells in the kidney cortex in patients at early diabetic neuropathy would show gene expression patterns and signaling pathways changes that occur as the body adapts to hyperglycemia, which is elevated blood sugar levels. Explanation of all Datasets The first data set involved changes in signaling networks in the diabetic glomerulus. In this case, diabetic mesangial cells had “increased expression of CCN1 and SLIT3” (Wilson et al. 2019, p. 19620). SLIT3 gene regulates cell migration while CCN1 gene is induced by the
Introduction Globalisation of world politics has led to numerous arguments on issues pertaining to global civil wars. Globalisation, popularly described as the defining feature of the existing world, has resulted to several changes cutting across economic, social, and political perspectives. Global wrangles have become persistent with nations combating for wealthy and superiority, seeking to own precious natural resources and consolidate authority. 1 This aspect has shifted scientists, researchers, and psychologists’ attention to emphasise on studies concerning human responsiveness towards confronting situations resulting from war. With the advent of terrorism and liberalism, intrusion and triggering of human interaction and social welfare, human beings are becoming concerned with issues pertaining wars. Some individuals seem anxious about the existing situation, while others remain tentative and tend to ignore the events occurring around them. In this view, this essay seeks to investigate the reality in the meaning and the notion of the word “realism” as described by Paul Berman. Aspect of Realism The subject of realism traditionally emerged from political issues that influenced the modernity of the political realm across the globe. Realism is a broad term, thus it attracts diverse definitions. However, realism is an international political matter that influences individuals’ perceptions on war, and thus research has described it with a reflection to international relations. Donnelly 2 describes realism in both traditional and current meaning. According to him, realism might either refer to a philosophical disposition, a position of normative emphasis that forms theory, a loose framework, clear, and recognisable flavour or even an attitude of mind. In a bid to simplify this definition, realism reflects an individual’s state of mind, which is of a philosophical state that characterises personal behaviour over certain issues. Therefore, a realistic person is someone who is likely not to accept anything, unless his or her state of mind gives room to acceptance of a certain fact. Facts about realism It is difficult to establish empirical evidence on realism in the context of human nature. Normally, as serious situations trigger the world towards massive action, three distinct characteristics in human nature are apparent. First, there are individuals who react wildly and aggressively towards things
Introduction Psychology evolved from ancient civilization of Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Arabs, among other ancient great thinkers who made significant contribution to the development of psychology over the centuries. Psychology developed from various fields of knowledge such as philosophy, sociology, biology, physiology, anthropology, and other related disciplines because it interfaces widely with diverse disciplines. Until 1879, psychology was a dependent discipline, which formed part of ancient philosophy and it evolved to due to emergence of empirical scientific skills that enhanced research and validation of psychological theories. Since psychology is the study of mental processes and human behaviors, it was challenging and complex for the ancient psychologists to design experiments that would empirically demonstrate psychology of human beings. Hunt admits that “studying the behaviors of humans is more complicated because of the influence of extraneous variables that are difficult to control. Oftentimes it requires researchers to make inferences or interpretation because the data is comparatively less clear-cut” (2006, p.12). The emergence of scientific skills and their application in various fields of knowledge led to the development of psychology as an independent field from philosophy. To explore history of psychology, this essay examines personalistic and naturalistic contributions of different theorists who represent various phases of psychological history such as philosophical antecedent, early physiological experiment, applied behaviorism, psychoanalytic movement, and contemporary movement, and ultimately evaluate personalistic and naturalistic views of psychological history. Philosophical Antecedents to Psychology Before the development of empirical scientific skills in the late 19 th century, psychology was an integral part of philosophy since great philosophers used rational introspective of human behaviors to understand the nature of human beings. Since philosophical ideologies questioned human mind and behavior, it provided a basis for the psychologists and physiologists to elucidate human mind and behavior according to their respective perceptions. Ancient great thinkers employed philosophy and physiology in the study of human mind and behaviors. According to Griffiths, philosophy entails introspection of mental processes because “through a process of self-questioning and asking others questions; philosophers have attempted to unravel how we think, how we learn, how we gain knowledge and how we use our experiences” (2007, p.5). On the other hand, physiology involved the study of human body to unravel complex processes of the
Introduction As of late the Thai market has been dominated by locally manufactured rubbing alcohol as a means of providing the needs of the people of Thailand for disinfectants. Fortunately recent developments within the country such as the expansion of its business centers through greater foreign direct investments has led to a population that has more buying power as compared to previous generations (Thailand 5). This presents itself as an ideal opportunity for new foreign brands to enter Thailand in order take advantage of the new employee market which numbers in the thousands all of whom have started raising families of their own creating the need for cheap rubbing alcohol to be used at home. It must be noted that several studies conducted on the behavior of employees working at several companies have shown that the number of marriages has been steadily increasing. This has resulted in an increase in the overall amount of home disinfectants bought by a progressively younger generation; this is also not limited to individuals but families as well. An examination of the local market in hygiene products shows that on average the sale of rubbing alcohol actually reaches the same level as that of other products such as deodorant, mouthwash, toothpaste etc. This might be because the physical environment that various people within the overcrowded cities expose themselves to presents such a degree of health risk that constantly carrying a bottle of alcohol is actually the norm in several areas. Various travel blogs to Thailand also state the need to purchase supplies of rubbing alcohol before venturing into the cities as a precaution against the threat of germs. It must be noted though that Thailand itself is a relatively clean country where the fear of germs is not as bad as compared to countries such as India. Location of Thailand The total land area in the U.S. is roughly 9,826,675 KM2 and is located in the Western Hemisphere on the North American continent. Thailand on the other hand is far smaller at only 513,120 sq km in total size and is located in South East Asia. The overall distance is considerable as such the import and export of materials to and from the U.S. going to Thailand and back entails considerable cost on the part of the sending company. In terms of overall stability Thailand has experienced numerous coup attempts within the past decade as well as political unrest due to the estranged nature of its political parties which have been a source of contention for several years. Population The population of Thailand has been estimated at reaching 66,720,153 by 2011, overall the population of children in Thailand only reaches 15 million with the remaining 51 million being composed of adults or the elderly. As such as far as populations go Thailand actually has a relatively stable population size compared to the rest of the world. Climate comparison In comparison to Thailand’s relatively tropical climate which is spread out evenly along the entire country, the U.S. experiences variances in weather and seasonal conditions where the Southern half of the country is relatively temperate as compared to the r
Six-sigma quality management refers to a program-oriented management methodology aimed at improving an organization’s merchandise. Concurrently, this system aims at improving operations involved in an organization (Thayer 2012). This occurs through persistent minimization of defects within the entire organization. The increasing global competitiveness has increased the demand for application of contemporary and strategic management strategies within organizational and business setting. Perhaps, this explains the reason for the high demand of the approach within present organizations. The approach refers to a strategy that concentrates on the improvement of clientele needs and preferences (Inglis 2005). It also helps in the comprehension of sufficient operations, business systems as well as productivity processes. Financial performance is another core area of focus of the concept of six-sigma. Since the period of its invention, the strategy has played significant roles within most firms or corporations. It has potentially enabled most corporations to maintain their competitive edge in the relevant markets. This has occurred through the incorporation of knowledge. It is important to understand various provisions of six-sigma as a quality management process. The processes have drawn basic knowledge from statistics and project management among other basic business realms. The six-sigma approach has both organizational as well as individual or stakeholder benefits. The benefits of the approach may be realized through persistent minimization of variations. In addition, this has also occurred through placement of various operations within appropriate levels. The six-sigma approach has been known to improve the process flows within any organization or business processes (Kwak & Anbari 2006). Furthermore, the approach has been associated with minimized rates of overall defects notable within basic organizational processes. It is evident that with its application, the system is focused in the reduction of defects and malfunctions within any operational procedure. This has consequently helped in the streamlining of basic processes and coordination of operations. The approach also offers a collective and uniform language applicable within any system. Therefore, it has remarkably helped in the improvement of basic communication as well as feedback processes. Roles are therefore performed adequately; there is articulation of the collective objective and mission of the company. The approach also helps in the minimization of cycle times. There is a general condition of enhanced capacity of knowledge and awareness. Moreover, the individuals within an organization also develop the capacity to manage their newly acquired knowledge. This benefit helps to motivate individuals and enhance innovation as well as novelty. Throug