ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The increasing knowledge base in such areas as psychology, sociology, and medical science, as well as the continuing regard for human life, continue to play a role in how society’s criminals are treated. While society once tortured and murdered its criminals in many cases, prisoners are now being treated more fairly than ever. Punishment is now designed to rehabilitate and solve problems, rather than simply attempt to eradicate them. Human rights movements, legislation, psychoanalysis, and hundreds of empirical scientific studies are among the factors that have led to the current humane treatment of prisoners today. Michael Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison is one example of the modernized perspective in this area. Research findings continue to show new promising ways in which criminals can be rehabilitated, and through this newfound understanding of criminal behavior law enforcement can actively seek effective solutions while reforming convicted criminals. The following describes the best ways to punish “better” rather than “less,” while describing how these theories apply in a more general sense (Foucault p.82). Through this, we gain a deeper understanding of why humanization has been a common theme while there is some hope in “better” punishing criminals, while the implementation of the modern theories in criminal justice and psychology seek a better solution. Foucault implies that general individuality may be integrated into modern processes while are egalitarian by definition, however using components that do not fit this definition while he explains “ Historically, the process by which the bourgeoisie became in the eighteenth century the politically dominant class was masked by the establishment of an explicit, coded and formally egalitarian juridical framework, made possible by the organization of a parliamentary, representative regime. But the development and generalization of disciplinary mechanisms constituted the other, dark side of these processes. The general juridical form that guaranteed a system of rights that were egalitarian in principle was supported by these tiny, everyday, physical mechanisms, by all those systems of micro-power that are essentially non-egalitarian and asymmetrical that we call the disciplines. (Foucault p.222) In this, we see the complexity of not only discovering the most effective practices but in implementing them as well. Foucault takes care to consider the areas of sociology and criminology in his book. All social theories can use cognitive restructuring to reform criminal behavior. Cognitive restructuring is the process of eliminating counter-productive thoughts and replacing t
The first social networking site (SNS) appeared in 1995. However, back then, few people ever imagined that this new form of web interaction and communication would grow to become the largest virtual community in the world. Today, social networking sites, such as Facebook, Orkut, YouTube, Tagged, Twitter, and MySpace, are some of the most important forms of communication, connecting billions of people from all corners of the world at the click of a mouse. This platform allows for the global sharing of information even in places that are not accessible by mainstream media. As a result of their popularity and ease of accessibility, social networking sites have had a big impact in today’s society. Facebook Facebook was created in 2004 and is today the largest SNS, commanding a following of more than 800 million active users found in all parts of the world. The company was founded by Mark Zuckerberg together with his three college friends, and although its membership was initially limited to Harvard students, it soon spread to include other students before eventually opening to all persons aged 13 and above (Carlson 23). It has since grown to become the most used SNS by worldwide monthly active users. Facebook has had a number of social impacts among its users in a number of ways. With its accessibility in most mobile technologies, the site allows friends and persons with mutual interests and beliefs to continuously stay in touch wherever they may be. Although Facebook has been said to be beneficial to its users’ lives, scholars have argued that it may make users to be antisocial since there is no direct communication between them. Besides, some people have claimed that Facebook is a source of disagreements in relationships. Twitter Twitter is a SNS and microblogging site based in San Francisco that allows users to post short text-based posts referred to as tweets. The site was developed in July 2006 by Jack Dorsey and has grown to gain global popularity, with more that 300 million users, resulting in more than 300 million tweets and approximately 1.6 billion search requests daily. Twitter has impacted its users’ social lives in a number of ways, for instance, it allows busy persons to keep in touch with their audience since the tweets are typically short, consisting of 140 characters (D’Monte 8). The site has also been largely to organize protests aimed at governments some of which have had far-reaching effects. Examples include the Egyptian Revolution, Tunisian protests, Iranian election protests and the Syrian protests. YouTube YouTube is a video-sharing website founded by 3 ex-PayPal employees in 2005 that allows users to upload, watch, and share videos over the internet. In late 2006, the company was bought by Google and is now headquartered in Calif
Introduction Regardless of the service-driven nature of contemporary economies, marketing is often viewed from the perspective of manufacturers and covers mainly the promotion of made products and consumer goods. Services marketing is a growing field of this sphere of knowledge that focuses specifically on the marketing of intangible entities – services demanded by consumers. In fact, over the last decades, the size of the service-oriented sector has been growing in almost every country in the world (Lovelock & Patterson, 2015). The expansion of the service sector started from the growth of the essential services such as healthcare, personal grooming, education, and hospitality to services that help customers find required goods, handle their finances, and take care of their pets. The processes and strategies involved in services marketing are multiple and diverse. The purpose of the present report is to study and discuss two of the selected services that were received by me personally over recent times. One of the chosen services will be low-contact (online retail) and the other – high-contact (restaurant). Both customer experiences and interactions with the service providers will be analyzed with the inclusion of a discussion of the unique aspects of both businesses. Further, a comparison will be drawn of how my role as a consumer and behavior differed in both experiences. Finally, a critical review of models of customer sat
Introduction A lot of evolutions have in recent times been observed in the business strategic planning process. This is because businesses are more concerned about how they can maximize their earnings through cost minimizations. Various strategic planning methods have therefore been adopted to better the situation. The Opportunity Model is one of the methods used in strategic planning. In this model, the plan assists the firm to seek favorable solutions to the problems that are likely to face them and therefore mitigate the occurrence of losses. In the Opportunity Model, the senior management concentrates on creating a win-win situation where the firm benefits through utilizing a valuable chance in its operations. The Goal Grid method is an alternative strategic planning method. This is where a two-by-two matrix is developed to assist in answering the basic questions that mostly arise in the business world. The matrix uses ‘achieve, preserve, avoid and eliminate’ as the four major categories of answering questions of ‘do you need something?’ and ‘do you have it?’ This paper will seek to compare and contrast the above-mentioned methods of strategic planning. In addition, it will discuss how they differ from or augment the traditional SWOT analysis. Comparison and contrast of Opportunity Model and Goal Grid Some of the major similarities between the two models are as discussed below. The first one is shown by thorough scrutiny of both internal and external factors of a business enhances were the management to strategically position the objectives of the firm well. The internal factors facilitate efficiency in productions which boosts the firm’s output. On the other hand, proper analysis of the external factors assists businesses in market positioning. The two strategic planning methods which include the opportunity and the goal grid methods enable the firm to effectively and efficiently manage its operational techniques towards profit maximizations. This is because the opportunity method reaches out for the achievable value while in the goal grid method, the future achievements are the key issue in a firm. From the two methods, it’s important to have a different dimension when we are addressing problems facing the business communities. This is because if proper measures are being taken, the problem can turn out to be an opportunity towards which better returns are obtained (Morris, 2005, p. 50-56). The second major similarity between the opportunity and th
Introduction Michaels Companies is one of the largest US-based store chains to specialize in various arts and crafts. The company operates over 1,250 stores and provides artistry goods, craftwork, framing, wall décor merchandise, floral arrangements, and DIY (do-it-yourself) decorations market (“Michaels Companies Inc”). It employs over 12,000 workers in North America alone, making it a large employer in the job market (“Michaels Companies Inc”). Diversity is a very important aspect of creative arts, as individuality and cultural variety make the business shine. Michaels Companies are known for their liberal and progressive attitudes towards diversity and inclusion in the workplace. At the same time, the US is experiencing a resurgence of exclusion based on gender, race, age, and social backgrounds. To resist these trends and benefit from the advantages that inclusion has to follow, the company needs to focus on training its senior management staff and its employees in diversity consciousness. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the company’s existing policies and practices and develop comprehensive training programs for executives, staff, junior managers, and employees. Diversity Areas of Michaels Race and Ethnicity Michaels is a very inclusive company in terms of race and ethnicity. Michaels Stores Experience report states that the company pays well and has a very diverse pool of employees, which vouches for its commitment to offer equal opportunity to various minorities (“Michaels Stores”). This fact is reinforced by a news story, where one of the shop managers was berated by a racist customer for having diverse employees (Eversley). The company stood up for its manager and employees, further affirming its diversity goals. Age and Generation Michaels Stores has expressed an ageist approach towards its workforce. Although the company hires individuals from 16 years of age and has no hard limit on the maximum employee age, the majority of its employees are young people (“Michaels Salaries”). This approach is motivated by a list of prejudices towards elderly individuals in the workforce, with an implicit claim that they are less physically and mentally capable of adhering to the high standards of creativity and quality expected at the stores. Gender and Gender Identity There is no information on gender equality and identity issues in Michaels Stores. Religious and Spiritual Beliefs There is no information on religious issues and biases in Michaels Stores. Disability and Ability The company seems to discriminate against disabled individuals based on the same list of qualms it uses to invalidate older employees from its workforce. The general claims are that disabled individuals are physically incapable of performing certain activities at the stores. Other implicit biases prevent disabled individuals from being hired in creative positions, with a justificat
Organizational Goals Mission Our mission is to improve and conserve the environment in South Florida through the businesses and citizens of Dade and Broward counties. Our office will accomplish this through outreach programs that engage local communities and teach partners how to utilize native plants, reduce energy and water consumption, and recycle, recognizing the unique challenges associated with an urban environment, a hot climate, low-lying land, and local lifestyle preferences. We will also partner with low-income areas to use environmentally sound methods to improve underprivileged communities. By partnering with the community, we will create positive awareness and collaborative approaches to environmental preservation efforts. Goal 1 Increase the education level about environmental protection of Dade and Broward counties’ residents, South Florida. Objective Develop educational materials and provide training to citizens. Measurable   * Increase awareness of:       + waste management and recycling;       + reduction of resource consumption – water, energy, and raw materials;       + decrease of the carbon footprint through the use of environmentally friendly transport and reducing consumption of clothing, furniture, food;       + pollution prevention;       + sustainable development goals.   * Within a month, develop training programs and educational materials on the mentioned aspects.   * Within two months, negotiate with 5-10 companies and organizations to cond
What innovations did the Kennedy administration bring to US foreign policy in 1961? In what areas did his foreign policy build on the past? When John F Kennedy resumed power, the US foreign policy was based on containment implying that the major aim of the US was to contain the influence of communism in the world. However, Kennedy was the view that things had changed and the US was supposed to work closely with the Soviet Union in restoring peace and stability in the world. Even though he wanted to work with the Soviet Union, the aggression of the USSR, and the threats posed by Cuba changed his reasoning. While in office, Kennedy introduced another diplomatic aspect, which was related to supplying relief food to the third world countries. The major foreign policy was related to the increasing American troops in Vietnam. He was following up on his predecessor’s policies aimed at achieving greatness for the state. Kennedy believed that by helping the third world financially, the US would have an opportunity of distributing its democratic values. In 1961, he created the Peace Corps, which was an organization charged with the responsibility of sending volunteers to the third world. Through the organization, several American citizens were deployed in various parts of the world to help in building roads, developing the healthcare system, improving the education system, and offering advisory services aimed at improving the economies of the third world. In the same year, Kennedy declared that he would implement the policy developed by Eisenhower, which was popularly referred to as the Bay of Pigs. This was an attempt by the US government to help political dissidents in Cuba. The US government promised to offer technical support to rebel soldiers in Cuba, but the program failed terribly when Cuba adopted communism (Gaddis 14). Which of the authors on the Cuban Missile Crisis – Dallek or Paterson – do you find more convincing? Do you see the crisis as Kennedy’s finest hour or the culmination of an errant obsession gone wrong? The Cuban Missile Crisis was the most challenging incident in Kennedy’s presidency. On October 16, 19962, the US government, through military intelligence found out that the USSR had accumulated missiles in Cuba. The first option was to destroy the missiles. Some military generals believed that invading Cuba was the best option. However, Kennedy c
Wu Zetian was the Empress of China, who ruled during the late Tang Dynasty. She was born in 624 and started her political career as a concubine of Emperor Taizong. Later Wu Zetian became Empress Consort with her son Emperor Gaozong (Marriott 15). The Pharaoh Hatshepsut was born in 1507 BC and was the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. This paper aims to compare the reign of these two significant female rulers. Wu Zetian was chosen for comparison as she was the only recognized Empress regnant of China. Her reign lasted from 660, when her son Gaozong died from a stroke, until her death in 705 (Marriott 15). Wu Zetian was an experienced politician and strategist; under her rule, China expanded its borders through the annexation of the Korean Peninsula and conquest of four Tibetan provinces. And Hatshepsut was the only female “king” of Egypt, as she called herself ( The Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 63). She ascended the throne in 1478, as the daughter of Thutmose I, and a wife of the 2-year-old Thutmose II, and ruled until her death in 1458 BC. Hatshepsut revived Egypt’s traditional trade routes and made a significant contribution to Egyptian culture. Although the Empress and the Pharaoh lived and ruled at different times and in different countries, they have a lot in common. Firstly, an interest in construction: Wu Zetian built many temples to revive the Buddhist tradition in China (Jülch, 15). The most distinguished examples are the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and Dayun Temples. And Hatshepsut initiated more than a hundred constructions and established the Egyptian Valley of the Kings. The most famous are the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut near Deir el-Bahri, Karnak Temple in Thebes, and numerous temples in Nubia ( The Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 63). Also, both rulers contributed to the development of art; a collection of poems and books with tips on government management were written on behalf of Wu Zetian. These are Biographies of Notable Women, Guidelines for Imperial Subjects, New Teachings for Official Staff Members (Marriott 16). And Hatshepsut ordered to create a lot of sculptures that today can be found in museums all over th
Summary of Key Issues in the Article The above quality management journal focuses on the effects of retail service quality and product quality dimension, with Hong Kong being its location of study. When the economy faces recession, success is based on how retailers are able to acquire customer loyalty by responding to customers’ demand. Customer loyalty is brought about by a long-term and stable relationship between the customer and the business owner. Needless to say, customers are highly concerned with quality of services, which is a major contributor to customer loyalty. This article emphasizes on physical aspects, personal interaction, policy, reliability and problem solving as impacts of retail service quality (Yuen & Chan, 2010, p224). For instance, when individuals are asked to name their expectations and perceptions on a service, they tend to rate the former services higher. Retail service quality scale is a tool that has been rated as effective when dealing with retail businesses. Retail businesses can fall under several dimensions, the first one being personal interaction whereby, owners are helpful to customers thus earning their trust and confidence. Secondly, policy involves operating hours, payment options, and parking space, which are required to be effective. Thirdly, physical aspect involves the appearance of the business and reliability whereby, the retailer fulfills his promises to the customers (Yuen & Chan, 2010, p.224). The authors further describe product quality in regard to eight dimensions, including “performance, conformance, features, reliability, serviceability, durability, customer perceived quality and aesthetics” (Yuen & Chan, 2010, p.224). However, only three dimensions are emphasized on. They include durability, which is a measure of a product life; serviceability, which refers to the speed and competence; and aesthetic and customer- perceived quality, which defines product quality construct. Customer loyalty is defined as a positive feeling towards a certain product or service, hence always re-purchasing of that product or service (Yuen & Chan, 2010, p225). Loyal customers are willing to spend much more compared to less loyal customers, hence becoming an important asset to the business. However, there are two types of customer loyalty; person- person loyalty and person to firm loyalty, whereby, firm relationships are short-term compared to person – person relationships. Therefore, the link between retail service quality and customer loyalty lies in the fact that good service may lead to customer loyalty. There is a possibility that positive perceptions of service quality may increase the chance of a customer to be more in
Introduction A social theory is a correlation of principles in helping to understand social life. These theories are meant to be used as models to explain human behavior in relation to other forces. The frameworks in which the social theories are applied are founded on quantifiable social facts which can be tested scientifically. It is the role of criminological theorists to collect data, build a hypothesis and eventually put them to test empirically. For a social theory to be valid, the hypothesis stipulated should be in line with research data. Innovative methods are sometimes used by criminal theorists to evaluate the validity of a social theory. For instance criminologists could compare the effect of adding enforcement party in a particular field such as the National Hockey League . As the referees are increased in the field the number of penalties decreases. This could be compared to the crime sector where increasing the number of police decreases the crime rate in a given area (Siegel, 2009). Disorganization theory The theory deals with the surroundings in urban life in relation to rates of crime. The urban environment may be somewhat disorganized since the social entities such as schools, businesses and family setups are not discrete hence fail to function as required. Lack of jobs, inadequate schooling, poor housing, low earnings, and high number of illegitimate children characterize the state of social disorganization. Those living under such conditions go through conflicts and desperation which leads to engagement in antisocial activities (Siegel, 2009). Gang violence results from such a set up where the rising cost of urban life dictates engagement in such activities as commercial prostitution. Strain theory According to Siegel, “strain theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals which people have and the means they can use to obtain them legally” (2009). For instance, many people aspire to acquire wealth, fame and power although their capabilities depends on class and those of lower class struggle to acquire their desires conventionally. As a result, they are filled with frustration, desperations and prejudice or what is described as strain. They either become socially responsible by learning to live under their state or else could opt to engage in other socially unacceptable ways to acquire their desires e.g. through burglary, drug cartels or other violent activities just like in the disorganization theory (2009). Cultural Deviance This theory incorporates the strain theory as well as the social disorganization it points out that as a result of strain and societal segregation there is a particular culture t