ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Globally, America is one of the countries in the world that receives the largest number of immigrants. The country has approximately 38.5 million immigrants. The high magnitude of migration has contributed immensely to development. Economically, the country significantly relies on immigrant labor. Immigration has promoted scientific, technological, and industrial development in the country. Most importantly, the population in America would decline in the absence of immigration. Immigrants relocate to America for diverse reasons. This paper discusses economic pressures and immigration policies as some of the most notable factors encouraging immigration. Economic Factors There are various economic reasons that continue to influence immigration. The notion that America offers people better employment opportunities has motivated many people to relocate. Indeed, most immigrants relocated to America for reasons associated with labor are motivated by the economic and financial superiority of the country. The trend is exclusively explained by the “microeconomic rational choice theory”, which posits that immigrants make appropriate decisions about the economic benefits of relocating to other countries. The new economic perspective also suggests that immigrants should not be seen merely as individuals while making immigration decisions to improve their economic status. However, immigrants should be seen as households and communities migrated to other nations because they are attracted by better financial opportunities. Macroeconomic factors also influence immigration to America. The “push and pull” theory posits that large economic forces are responsible for the high number of immigrants in America. Push factors, such as poverty, small economies, unemployment, and overpopulation in the developing world, hinder individuals’ efforts to escalate their financial status. However, America is seen as a country that has lucrative pull factors including wealth and a well-developed economy. There are also structural perspectives, which explain immigration. The investments made by America and American people in the developing world create linkages, which facilitate immigration. Furthermore, American firms generate goods that are more competitive in the developing world than local companies. Therefore, many people who lose employment opportunities eventually migrate to other areas to enhance their economic status. Immigration Policies The role played by policies in controlling immigration cannot be underestimated. Indicatively, policies regulate the movement of people to other countries. The US has diverse policies, which encourage or restrict immigration. Immigrant admission policies allow certain types of immigrants to enter America from different countries. Indeed, America has received many immigrants in the country through suitable admission policies. T
A number of theories have been advanced to try and explain how an individual’s personality develops. Some of the prominent psychologists who have developed theories that have widely been accepted include; Eric Erikson, Sigmund Freud, and Kohler (Allen, 2003). Moreover, research findings reveal that a significant number of American population experience different types of psychiatric disorders. The essay will discuss Freud’s theory of personality development and then focus on the nature of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as one of the common disorders affecting up to 2% of America’s adult population. Among the various theories put forward to explain personality development, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory can be considered as one of the most comprehensive in explaining the development of human personality. Virtually all the dozen theories of personality development universally agree that personality starts at childhood and develops as the child grows to adulthood. This theory provides a clear and a stage by stage development of personality which I strongly agree with. Freud’s theory argues that personality is shaped by inner tensions and struggles that an individual experiences and must be met sooner or later. He identified three major mental processes that are in constant conflict with each other; the Id, Ego, and the superego (Allen, 2003). The Id involves the inherent biological instincts which are present at birth. It is irrational, impulsive, self-serving, and totally operates unconsciously. The Id is controlled by the pleasure principle but the urges are expressed uncontrollably. The ego, on the other hand, is in the middle and manages both the desires of the Id and those of the superego. The superego is like a censor for actions and thoughts of the ego. Freud, in his theory, points out that an individual’s personality is formed before one is 6 years old by a series of psychosexual stages. He argues that infancy urges for erotic pleasure play a central role in personality development. Four erogenous zones were identified as having the potential of being the source of pleasure, frustration, and self-expression. Unresolved conflicts or emotional hang-ups would manifest themselves later in life as fixations (Allen, 2003). The first is the oral stage. This occurs during the first year of life and the infant derives pleasure from mouth stimulation. Oral traits may be created at this stage if they are overfed or suppressed. Such traits include, gum chewing, smoking, kissing, alcoholism, and nail biting in adulthood. Fixation of oral stage later creates oral-aggressive mature person who argues always. Anal stage occurs between ages 1 and 3. At this stage, the child attention moves to elimination process. When the child is trained on toileting, he may react by approval or express aggression and rebellion. In turn, he “withholds” or “let go.” The type of such training may instill such responses into personality. Traits at adulthood due to this stage include; compulsive cleanlines
Introduction Albert Einstein is one of the most influential figures in history of humanity. His works not only in physics but also in philosophy have been of great influence and have also stirred controversy to the world today as when they were written. Arguments have been put forward that he has been of greater influence than fellow historical figures as Michael Faraday, Copernicus, Isaac Newton and even Galileo. He was deeply critical of not only the issue of religion, but on the supernatural being (God) as well. Albert Einstein was had a deep conviction of the natural that he could not reconcile himself with the possible existence of a super natural being whose existence cannot be proved. As such he proclaimed that man would be limited if he was constrained by any thoughts of reward and punishment after this life and that natural events can only be influenced by natural laws rather than a super natural being ( Einstein 1930 ; Space and Motion para. 3. It is his contributions in physics however that Albert Einstein has managed to attain immeasurable influence not only to modern physicist but also to those scientists who lived during his time. Other than philosophy, Albert Einstein was also attracted to world politics especially after the discovery that German scientists were planning to develop an atomic bomb. Albert Einstein wrote to the then US president Franklin D. Roosevelt asking him to invest in research into nuclear energy as a counter measure to the dangerous atomic energy (Kupper para. 4). Einstein discovery in the field of physical reality have yielded more influence to the world of physics especially in the discipline of physical reality than any other person work. Over the years, scientists and researchers from every corner of the globe have hailed his theory of relativity as the only practical explanation of the physical world today. This contribution is what sets Albert Einstein apart from the other physicists (Bibliography shelf para. 5). Analysis Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in March 14, 1879. Despite the fact that he had as slow start in life, nonetheless, he progressively moved towards scientific stardom and in his various works, such as the theory of relativity, the Brownian motion and the movement of light led him to win many accolades and a lot of recognition, including the 1921 Nobel peace prize for physics (Highfield and Carter 21). Einstein dedicated his life to physics and all through his life he worked tirelessly to make many discoveries in the field. As a result, Albert Einstein may rightly be regarded as the father of physics. He is one of the most accomplished physicist as well as philosopher of modern times (The Nobel Foundation para. 2). Albert Einstein is a scientist who lived before his time. His disc
While having the potential for higher profit attractive industries have a far greater degree of market competition resulting in the erosion of a firm’s economic performance as compared to companies that exist in unattractive industries where through the development of innovative products and services a market-dominant position can be reached with fewer problems related to intense competition due to the nature of the industry. One of the main problems any firm has to deal with when operating in an attractive industry is the fact that it usually finds itself immersed within a highly competitive market where all actors (referring to all firms that are engaged in active competition with each other) are trying to “get ahead” so to speak through either better product offering, better customer service or more end-user applications that increase the viability of a particular product (Wernerfelt & Montgomery, 1986: 1223-1230). Even if a firm has valuable, costly to imitate and rare products which has resulted in it developing a dominant market position the problem of operating within a highly competitive market within an attractive industry is that it cannot ensure that it will be able to capture 100% of the market nor can it say with absolute certainty that other competitors within the same industry won’t be able to subsequently take over its dominant position (Jie, 2011: 40-52). While attractive industries have a great deal of potential for enabling a company to gain massive amounts of profits the fact remains that such enterprises have the propensity of attracting new actors due to the perceived potential for lucrative gain (Wernerfelt & Montgomery, 1986: 1223-1230). The end result is a continuous stream of new innovations, product lineups or service offerings that have the potential to either chip away at a dominant market leader’s position or cause a certain degree of competitive strain on other companies already present within a particular industry (Lin, Li, & Whinston, 2011: 171-202). In order to better understand how this can occur within an attractive industry two companies will be examined: Blockbuster and Apple, to show how operating in an attractive sector don’t necessarily guarantee a higher level of economic performance. When examining what can happen to a company within an attractive industry that has subsequently lost its market position as a direct result of competition the best example that can be seen at present is the fall of Blockbuster and the subsequent rise of Netflix within the past ten years (Mullaney, 2006: 56-57). What is notable in this particular case is that Blockbuster originally had a dominant position in the U.S. market. It had 3,000 stores and controlled 95% of the video rental market; however,
The Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) program was developed in 2007 by the Department of Defense (DOD) to acquire and field the new vehicles for combat operations. The purpose of the report on the program’s development and achievements is to present the results of the study conducted by the United States Government Accountability Office with references to the program’s process, results, challenges, and lessons learned from the acquisition (Sullivan, 2009). The report provides the assessment of the program’s results basing on the several years study. The need for more armored tactical vehicles was determined in 2005, and the program was developed to acquire three versions of MRAP of different sizes and power: the smallest version of MRAP, the multi-mission platform, and the largest version of the MRAP vehicles ( MRAP vehicles, 2007). The successes of the program’s realisation depend on determining the highest level of priority of the program and discussing it as the most important acquisition program of the period. The positive aspects of the program’s development are the orientation to the proven technologies, the establishment of the minimal operational requirements to provide the company with the possibilities to meet them effectively and the progressive approach to the processes of testing and fielding the vehicles. To provide the vehicles of the highest quality, the orders were developed depending on the concurrent testing approach. Nine commercial sources were determined to choose the most effective and appropriate vehicles among them when the contract was based on buying four vehicles to test the production of all the companies on the questions of design and performance. The accents were made on the progressive testing and on the proper assessment of the production. It was stated that MRAPs are developed vehicles which can be used for providing the specific missions effectively (Sullivan, 2009). It is fixed in the report that the success of the program is based on establishing the minimal operational requirements and determining proven technologies for their further testing and using. The advantages of the usage of commercially available products were supported with references to the program’s results. It was stated that the MRAPs respond to the requirements of safety and sustainability and perform effectively within the theatre of the war actions. The minimum requirements determined by DOD for vehicles for specific missions were met (Sullivan, 2009). The program’s challenges are associated with the issues and concepts of reliability, mobility, and safety connected with testing and adapting the vehicles for their further usage in operations. The main requirement is that the weapons must be fully tested before being fielded. The procedure of testing takes much time, and it should be correlated with the terms of the order. It was mentioned that the necessary testing operations were completed in 2008, and the number of vehicles was fielded in time. The requirements w
Definition and Description of Arthritis Arthritis simply stands for the swelling joints in the human body. There are many incidences of arthritis (Coates, 2010). A joint refers to an anatomical position in which two or more bones meet (Angelillo, 2009). Notably, there are approximately several kinds of arthritis. Healthcare providers regard arthritis to be a mere soreness of a joint (Eustice & Zashin, 2007). However, public health definition of arthritis is more general. It is inclusive of approximately one hundred rheumatic complications. These conditions exclusively attack the joints (Katz, 2005). The tissues surrounding these joints may also be affected. There are notable differences in the pattern and severity of the symptoms.   * Rheumatic complications frequently present with pain (O’Keeffe, Tom & Farewell, 2011). In addition, the conditions might be associated with rigidity. Particularly, this may be eminent within and around the joints.   * Some rheumatic complications may also affect the immunity system of the body (Bjorklund, 2010).   * Different internal organs within the body system including the immunity system may also be affected (Eustice & Zashin, 2007). Public health endeavors to analyze the occurrences of arthritis within the general population.   * There are critical diagnosis procedures set within clinical settings. This helps the clinicians to assess and determine the types of arthritis complication (Coates, 2010). Arthritis is the main complication that may affect the entire human skeletal system.   * Arthritis causes severe disability among individuals with approximately fifty years in age (O’Keeffe, Tom & Farewell, 2011). This trend is largely notable within the industrialized nations. It is imperative to observe that arthritis never occurs as solitary complication.   * Many forms of arthritis have been identified (Busija, Buchbinder, & Osborne, 2009). Osteoporosis remains to be the most prevalent type of arthritis. Osteoporosis predominantly affects the elderly persons. It is important to examine the various or potential causes of the arthritis condition in human beings. It is important to understand the physiology of the human joints (Fox, Taylor, Yazdany, & Brewer, 2011). This because it would enable individuals to better comprehends the processes that occur whenever an individual suffers from any kind of the complication. A joint refers to the anatomical juncture on which a specific joint moves. This movement process normally occurs on a particular bone. The ligaments present in the bone area are very important (Busija, Buchbinder, & Osborne, 2009). This is because they assist to clutch the bones together. Notably, these ligaments appear like the elastic bands. They have eminent basic functions:   * They help to position the bones within the right places.   * Furthermore, their rotation is important in the operation of the skeletal system.   * Their contraction helps in initiate the joint movements (Lacaille, White, Backman & Gignac, 2007).   * The cartilag
Introduction It is clear to everyone that the world had a long and complex way of transformation before it became similar to the world we live in now. Everything changed including people, their traditions and their way of life. These changes depended on many various factors, such as: geographical location, religion, beliefs, traditions and many others. Even our prehistoric ancestors left us the evidence of their life style and cultural growth. They painted on the walls of caves, for example, and those paintings reflect what was happening hundreds and even thousands years ago. In their paintings many cultures showed their attitude to animals by drawing pictures of hunting. Some animals were sacred, though, like a cow in India. It is hard to believe that after so many years Indians still consider cow as a sacred animal. These shows how past beliefs can influence future. It is also becomes obvious from various murals and paintings that people were pigeons and religious issue was extremely important for them. Main body Egyptian culture was probably the most religious one. It had hundreds of gods and reflected their existence on the walls of different temples and tombs. Karnak temple, the biggest and one of the oldest in Egypt, shows how developed Egyptian civilization was. Architectural wonders and archeological excavations proof that Egyptians were developed in all spheres of life: medicine, architecture, legal system, economy, literature, scripts and, of course religion. Scientists are still looking for clue to how people of those times performed craniotomy, which is considered to be one of the hardest operations nowadays. It is well- known that this civilization was the first who practiced mummification and some techniques of making faience and glass that are still being used. Egypt is also the most mysterious civilization. Many scientists are still trying to find out how was it possible for people who lived five thousand years ago to use techniques of building famous pyramids. The Tutankhamen mask is still considered to be one of the most valuable works of art. There are many othe
In Liebeck vs. McDonald’s, it seems that the plaintiff proved all elements of negligence including DUTY OF CARE, FACTUAL CAUSE, PROXIMATE CAUSE, BREACH, and DAMAGES. The research shows that gross negligence was detected in relation to McDonald’s customers who burned their skin as a result of extremely hot coffee all over the country. At the same time, the corporation’s management was aware of that situation and took no measures to improve the situation concerning sale, manufacture, and marketing of excessively hot coffee. Liebeck also proved that scarring on her body caused her both physical and psychological damages. Thus, it is evident that such a result of severe consequences required comprehensive recovery. One of the key arguments of McDonald’s was the statement that everyone knows that coffee is usually served hot, and Liebeck should know about it as well. Besides, the cups have the corresponding warning. The defendant insisted that it is a known fact that unsafe drinking of coffee heated to 190 degrees can cause burns. However, I consider that risk defense assumed by McDonald’s cannot be applied in this case as people older than 65 years are at more at risk of spilling coffee and thus more prone to burns. At this point, McDonald’s agreed that their clients are unlikely to assume that they will get third-degree burns in case they spill their coffee, especially if they cannot eliminate hot liquid immediately from their clothes. Therefore, it is possible to point out that Liebeck won the case as it was extremely dangerous from the side of t
Introduction Research Background The college learning environment is very dynamic and often accompanied by discoveries for students. As a result, students have developed a series of schoolwork habits in the process of learning such as reliance on media support programs, use of mobile phones, and other social interaction. These habits have direct or indirect impacts on the outcome of the learning process among college students. For instance, it would be prudent to review the effects of different schoolwork habits on academic performance and general productivity in the competitive college learning environment. Several scholars and researchers have successfully associated different schoolwork habits with academic performance, level of discipline, and general productivity of students. According to Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski (2015), overindulgence in the mobile phone culture harms college performance since it acts as a distractor. Moreover, the mobile phone culture consumes a lot of learning time as users are often engrossed in playing games, texting, chatting, and making long phone calls. Moreover, Mokhtari, Delello, and Reichard (2015) note that overreliance on different media resources is a distraction in the college learning environment since it promotes the culture of laziness. This means that schoolwork habits associated with the use of media resources may result in negative performance, especially when a college student makes it part of the studying process. However, according to Petty (2014), some schoolwork habits positively influence performance, especially when integrated with the curriculum. For instance, digital learning and online research are instrumental promoters of active and effective performance. Therefore, it is important to focus on one schoolwork habit and its impact on the learning process to establish the existing correlation. This study aims at examining the relationship between college students’ work habits while in the library and how they affect the perception of class performance. Research Significance The proposed study is focused on the library learning environment since it is an instrumental determinant of academic performance. Most of all schoolwork activities are associated with library research. Therefore, the study will be able to establish the positive or negative impacts of different schoolwork habits in the library environment in terms of perception on class performance. Literature Review Students’ academic habits in college are formed due to various factors that should be taken into account when analyzing academic performance, productivity, and other criteria. To assess the conditions influencing the effectiveness of students’ work, it is possible to c