ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many patients have been in and out of hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest. A number of these patients die during their stay in hospital or develop severe permanent neurological impairment. The only therapy that has been developed to improve patients’ condition after successful recovery from sudden cardiac arrest is the induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia for 12–24 hours. This medical process, also known as protective hypothermia, lowers the patient’s body temperature in order to help reduce the risk of the ischemic injury to tissue resulting from a period of insufficient blood flow. Insufficient blood flow often results from a cardiac arrest or the occlusion of an artery by an embolism, as in the case of stroke. Therapeutic hypothermia may be induced either through invasive or non-invasive techniques. In the former, a catheter is placed in the inferior venacava via the femoral vein while the latter involves wrapping or covering the patient’s torso or legs using a blanket dipped in cooled water. Most studies have proven that patients who develop ischemic brain injuries have better outcomes if a hypothermia procedure is incorporated in their treatment regimen. Therapeutic hypothermia also decreases energy use and oxygen consumption in the brain and heart and glucose consumption during the early stages of cardiac arrest. Discussion The main role of a therapeutic hypothermic treatment is to protect the brain after a cardiac arrest. Indeed, cardiac arrest patients who have been given up for dead have been resuscitated and discharged to return back to their families and jobs with all or nearly all of their intellectual abilities intact after undergoing a hypothermic treatment. The most commonly used and cheapest method of this form of treatment is the use of cooling blankets and mattresses in combination with ice packs. In some cases, cooled intravenous (IV) fluids are used. Other methods include ice lavage, surface cooling helmets, and endovascular heat-exchange catheters. As soon as a patient’s heartbeat is restored, doctors and cardiologists quickly apply ice and other coolants to moderately lower the patient’s body temperature by about six degrees. The temperature reduction should be achieved within the shortest time possible, normally within 3 to 4 hours, until a temperature of approximately 33 o C is attained. The patient is then put in a drug-induced coma in intensive care for 24 hours before progressively being warmed back up to normal temperature. Passive rewarming techniques are undertaken to allow the patient’s body to return to normal temperature. Active rewarming techniques use warming blankets or warmed IV fluids. At normal temperatures, the resumption of normal blood flow can have fatal effects on the brain. Therefore, a process known as icing is undertaken. Icing the body slows metabolism and protects the brain from at least some of the damage caused by the restored blood flow. However, doctors caution that not all cardiac-arrest patients are candidates for therapeutic hypothermia, and even some patients
In “A room of ones own” Virginia Woolf speaks about the problems of women, gender roles, and the low social position of women writers in society. She depicts such as phenomenon as an “androgynous” mind trying to find factors that influence a woman writer and prove equality between men and women. As a feminist writer, Woolf focuses on equality and a women’s culture that opposes male culture. Thesis Using the symbol of “room of one’s own”, Woolf tells readers that women should fight for freedom, rights, and happiness because they have outstanding talents and equal social rights with men. Woolf uses the phrase “Shakespeare’s Sisters” to underline the creative skills and talent possessed by many women writers. “ A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction” (Woolf). Woolf underlines that because of gender differences and social inequalities, many women writers are denied opportunities to create fiction limited by their social and domestic roles. The other problem is that even if a woman, like Judith, possesses Shakespeare’s gift, she would be never accepted by male writers. Male writers set certain norms and principles in literature excluding women from this sphere. This situation of dependency results in stifled development so that women become incapable of working as fiction writers and achieving economic independence. According to the images-of-women approach, writing necessitates a repudiation of stereotypical and therefore oppressive representations of what it means to be a woman or a man and a celebration of portrayals of women that demonstrate that women and men are equal. Woolf underlines humanism and emphasizes conceptions of the self and identity important for many women. “Also, it is becoming evident that women, like men, have other interests besides the perennial interests of domesticity” (Woolf). It is related in important ways to feminism: Woolf sees women as oppressed because they have been restricted to the domestic realm and have not been granted the same opportunities or rights as men. Woolf insists that men and women have the same innate capacities but that women have been deprived of a right to develop those capacities because of prejudicial laws and policies. “If we have the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what we think; if we escape a little from the common sitting–room and see human beings not always in their relation to each other but in relation to reality; and the sky” (Woolf). Woolf emphasizes equal rights between men and women, to fight discrimination against women despite abilities that are the same as those of men, and to champion the importance of education for women. Woolf vividly portrays that women’s position in society and their independence depend upon income and their place in society. Gender differences are unimportant for women writers because they have excellent writing skills to write about feelings and emotions, life troubles, and social problems. The goal for women becomes the elimination of discriminatory practices rather than the transfo
Introduction Information plays a crucial role in the running of modern society. The ability to receive and transmit information is of great importance. While oral communication plays a role in this task, reading and writing are even more significant in information processing. For this reason, literacy has emerged as an important concept in the modern world. By definition, literacy is “the ability and the willingness to use reading and writing to construct meaning from the printed text” (Wray 7). Several social, economic, and political benefits are attributed to the attainment of literacy. For this reason, policy makers and governments stress the importance of promoting literacy among their citizens. This paper will set out to discuss why literacy matters and its importance in today’s society. Why Literacy Matters in Today’s Society Literacy is important since it influences a person’s ability to gain employment and earn a decent wage. Employers consider the literacy level of a prospective employee when making employment decisions. Research reveals that people with poor literacy have the lowest levels of full-time employment in all sectors (Dugdale and Clark 17). The literacy level of an individual often determines his/her wages. Jobs that require high levels of literacy often pay better than those that require little or no literacy. A person’s earning power is therefore improved by his ability to read and write. Dugdale and Clark declared that improvements in literacy have a profound effect on the economic well being of an individual (5). Improved literacy expands a person’s access to meaningful employment opportunities. According to Dugdale and Clark, good literacy is associated with higher wages and those with higher levels of literacy are more likely to have investments. Without good literacy, an individual is at a high risk of being stuck in a low-paying job or even suffering from unemployment. The poor wages earned by the low literacy individual make it probable that he will live in overcrowded neighborhoods and depend on government relief. Research reveals that individuals with improved literacy are less likely to be on state benefits and more likely to own their own homes compared to persons with poor literacy (Dugdale and Clark 5). Another reason why literacy is important is that it leads to better health outcomes for the person. Literacy impacts on health in a number of important ways. Directly, it increases the capability of an individual to engage in self-care. Pignone and DeWalt explain that high literacy makes it possible for patients to acquire optimal self-care knowledge and skills since they are able to attain and process complex information (897). In such situations, the patient with poor literacy will be unable to process the information leading to adverse outcomes. In addition to this, literacy contributes to the acquisition of information on health-related matters. People with improved literature are more aware of the health risks they face and the ways in which they can mitigate these risks and achieve good health. Literacy has an indirect impact on health s
Introduction and Background Headquartered in Boston, MA, GE is a giant digital industrial conglomerate dealing in a wide a range of products and services spanning from aircraft engines and parts, medical imaging, financing and power generation to industrial products, and oil and gas production (Reuters, 2019). It has more than half a dozen segments and is indicated to have been reaching out to customers in over 180 countries worldwide by the close of 2016 (Reuters, 2019). GE is currently producing on a lean Six Sigma product development process. The Six Sigma was a strategy CEO Jack Welch introduced between 1981 and 2001 in order to measure and analyze internal performance and reduce defects to the margins of 3.4 per 1,000,000 (General electric, n.d.). This strategy eliminated a lot of internal bureaucracies and enhanced performance and efficiency. Under CEO Jeff Immelt between 2001 and 2017, GE took a swipe towards lean unrelated diversification and digitization. The GE Capital exit plan announced in 2017 under the 2016 Annual Report (Lohr, 2017) is ostensibly a move towards an even leaner diversification in a commercial-market focused strategy. The removal of GE Capital from its portfolio implies that GE eliminates its focus on consumer-based markets and can now channel all its efforts into diversifying products for its commercial consumers of power infrastructure and technology. Main Objectives The Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is the systematic methodology that utilizes tools, training, and measurements to give GE the ability to design processes and goods that align with the customers’ expectations. The DFSS also ensures that the goods and processes are within Six Sigma quality standards (General Electric, n.d.). The Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) is a production process for GE that ensures continued improvement (General Electric, n.d.). The DMAIC is not just systematic; it is equally scientific and fact-based. It is a closed-loop process and thus eradicates unproductive steps, emphasizes new measurements, and utilizes technology to initiate development. The DMAIC process is versatile and is transferrable to new products that GE may intend to produce. The versatility of the DMAIC process at GE arises from the adaptability of the products to the production process. In order to take advantage of the human resource and other resources in the developing world, GE has outsourced manufacturing plants as well as Research and Development (R&D) to these countries. The recent developments and policy changes in China and India have encouraged great foreign direct investments by giant multinationals of GE’s threshold, and GE has moved into these markets to capitalize on that (Mullock, 2016). The reasoning behind these moves has been to remain cost-effective in pursuit of global expansion. Figure 1 below shows a summarized process map for how GE produces its products. Figure 1: A summary of the process map at GE Source: Best Business Tips (2018). At GE, the business-lev
Executive Summary This paper explores the marketing strategies of Flydubai’s strategic network expansion department. The paper analyses the marketing activities that are apply to Flydubai’s network expansion campaign. The report begins by evaluating and analyzing Flydubai’s current market position. Flydubai is a new comer in United Arab Emirates (UAE) aviation industry and it is important for the airline to pursue a number of entrepreneurial marketing strategies before the organization can cement its place in the global aviation industry. The first part of the paper covers Flydubai’s background information including its current position in the industry, immediate competition, and an overall look into the market. The second part of the paper analyses the company’s entrepreneurial marketing strategies. This analysis covers various marketing activities by Flydubai in regards to the company’s proposed network expansion. Some of these factors include market segmentation, marketing mix, and development of new services, product rollouts, and customer engagement among others. The paper ends by offering recommendations for Flydubai’s network expansion strategy. Background Information Flydubai is a commercial airline that was started in 2009 with its main base being Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The company’s initial strategy was to provide its clients with low cost but high quality services. Flydubai has achieved a popular product through its custom Economy Class tickets and low-cost destinations. The airline’s products are also flexible because it is possible for customers to pay for any service-extras of their choice. The airline has a fleet that includes both small and large aircrafts such as Boeing Jet liners. In the course of its operations, Flydubai has managed an impressive network expansion, which has seen the company operate in over 90 destinations, and in more than 5 continents. In a report that highlighted its operations within the first 75 months, the airline had managed to “to grow its fleet to 50 aircraft, all of them 737-800s and since then it has started over 110 routes from Dubai’s main airport and last year the carrier transported over 7.2 million passengers” (Morrison & Mason 2016, p. 58). Since its inception, Flydubai has enjoyed a significant rate
Introduction Apartheid was a political principle that was adopted by the National Party administration of South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was one of the systems adopted to segregate the black people and deny them their rights. It was aimed at instilling the white supremacy, through maintaining the Afrikaner marginal rule. Apartheid was established in 1945 after the Second World War by the National Party, which was dominated by the minority Afrikaner whites. Even though racial discrimination was established by colonialists, the National Party adopted apartheid as a national policy after the 1948 general election. The policy came up with four categories of races including native, white, color and Asian races. This meant that these races had to live in different localities either willingly or by force. In 1970, the apartheid regime proscribed political organizations that were formed by other races. The blacks were forced into being refugees in their own country since their citizenship was nullified. They were forced to live in the ten tribally based autonomous motherlands referred to as Bantustans. Through this, the government could easily restructure the education system, medical care services and other public services, which were distributed racially. The black people could always be mistreated in the public and their culture was devalued. They received inferior services that could not be matched with those of other races. Within South Africa, the natives staged demonstrations to demand for their rights. This was through political violence, which was organized by African leaders and political organizations such as Mandela and UDF respectively. Internationally, the global society slapped economic sanctions, including trade embargo. Since 1950s, the state witnessed violence due to practices exercised by the government. Many leaders were imprisoned while others were exterminated. This paper will only concentrate on the activities of political organizations from 1985 to 1989. The Background of Apartheid and Political Violence in South Africa Before 1948, South Africa was a state that was run democratically. Even though racial discrimination was rampant, it existed illegally. Before elections, the major Afrikaner party urged citizens to vote for it since it could introduce apartheid. It closely overpowered its major opponent and formed a coalition regime with another marginal Afrikaner political party. Malan was declared the first premier of the apartheid regime. The officials of the National party tried to justify the existence of the apartheid policy, arguing that South Africa did not have a single homogenous race. The officials of the National pa
In the ancient world, law and justice was used to maintain peace and harmony between people living in different societies. These laws were used to judge citizens of territories where ancient empires had acquired authority to administer as the dominant source of government. Ancient laws and justice systems were influenced by religious doctrines, where the elite were given more protection compared to common citizens. In these societies laws were used to protect interests of the elite from any form of violation by people from lower classes. This paper will discuss how law and justice was applied in ancient societies by analyzing the Twelve Tables in Ancient Rome and The Laws of Hammurabi in Ancient Babylon. Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables in Ancient Rome served as the foundation of Roman law and was formed to govern how the Roman Republic was ruled. They were influenced by unwritten customary laws which were observed by Roman citizens in different parts of the empire. Before the formation of these laws, there were a lot of class struggles between aristocrats and working class citizens of the empire. In essence, the Twelve Tables were a set of rules that were used to govern Roman citizens by the empire’s rulers. The structure adopted for these laws was similar to ancient Greek laws even though they were written in Latin. They were publicly displayed for all Roman citizens to read and understand. They conferred different penalties depending on the nature of the offence committed, severity and the social status of the offender. The Twelve Tables were used by magistrates, who formed part of the privileged class to enforce law and order in the empire. They consisted of statutes that set norms and practices all citizens in the empire were required to observe. Significance of Each Table They are widely regarded as the foundation of modern law because they sought to address various legal and justice issues in ancient Rome. The first table enforced the supreme authority of the court. Any person summoned had to appear before the magistrate and if he failed, he would be brought to court by force. It also stipulated that an accused person court had a right to an advocate with a similar social status. Therefore, conflicting parties were required to present their issues in a trial, where a judge would administer a final ruling. The second table outlined penalties for various offences committed by Roman citizens. A free citizen found guilty of theft was flogged and ordered to repay stolen items to the owner while a slave found guilty of theft was sentenced to death by getting thrown off a cliff. The third table dealt with fraud and required that a person accused of engaging in fraudulent acts pay double the amount he had taken to compensate the aggrieved party. This had to be repaid within thirty days, failure to which the guilty party was required to perform free hard labor for sixty days or become a slave. The fourth table mandated that a father had the ri
Through the research of communication issues in the accounting profession, it has been discovered that the successful knowledge transfer within the professional setting requires focusing on the goals of communication. The findings of the empirical studies and examples from my personal experience have made it apparent that the reader-centered approach is much more effective than using the templates for reproducing certain documents. No longer should accountant professionals overstate the structure of their letters. Working on certain documents, they should rather pay more attention to the context of communication, its end goal, and readers’ background knowledge. The personal evaluation through testing of my communication skills allowed identifying my strengths and deficiencies in their relation to the opportunities of effective communication in a professional accounting environment and my corresponding career prospects. Shifting my efforts from the traditional method of business communication to the reader-centered approach would foster the development of my communication skills and provide additional opportunities for professional development and career growth. Every time the situations requiring effective knowledge transfer occur in accounting practice, the accounting profession has to consider the readers’ background knowledge, level of competence, and the situational context. Thus, the choice of proper wording and certain explanations of terms and processes if necessary for the readers lacking accounting knowledge should be balanced with the requirement of starting at the point where the writer’s and reader’s knowledge diverges. The overabundance and the failure to provide the necessary background information and illustrations are equally hazardous and can become barriers to successful knowledge transfer and achievement of the primary goal of professional communication. Bearing in mind the challenges of my future occupation, I will need to shift the emphasis towards the goal-centered approach to professional communication for improving my professional skills and career prospects.