ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The chapter introduces by elaborating on the mechanisms and strategies that federal and state governments have installed to ensure that they are able to gauge the quality of education that students receive. With changing educational syllabuses, competition, emergence of generation Y population and globalization, there has been the need to change the assessment method adopted in schools. The assessment system operation The state and federal government has established some measures that can be used to assess the performance of students, they are aimed at having continuous assessment of the student as well as gauging them against global educational standards. From a general perspective, assessment can be classified as internally formulated assessment tests and external assessments aimed at rating the child against global and other external standards. Whichever the approach the main reason is to improve the quality of education in the system. Barometer and lever of reforms The chapter is of the opinion that students have their main assessment done by their tutors through continuous assessments and tests monitored by teachers and tutors, the main reason for this is for teachers to gauge their rate of delivery. When the assessments are done, the main agenda that aimed at is to advise and offer a wide review to tutors on the level and mode of delivery they are able to attain among their children. Extensive Educational Assessment According to the chapter, this is more so a scientific assessment method where the student and the tutor can tell if and how much students have achieved. With such an approach, they are able to advise the state on the quality of curriculum and syllabus they have developed. The system has been developed with time and adjustments made to make it more applicable and effective in modern education systems. Every stage has some adjustments that are made to make the system more applicable and effective in its system of operations. Despite the system having developed and favored by situations, it has some shortcomings. The system has been blamed for favoring gender differences among students and sometimes is not able to differentiate the needs of people of different races, gender, nationality, or orientation; such efforts make the systems fail the test of time of comparing education curriculum efficiencies among different nations. Federal intervention policies With the stated issues that face the externally mandated assessment, the federal and state government has come up with number of programs that can be implemented to save the situation, they include inclusion education system, online assessment methodology, and No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The basic goal that the system want to attain is that the quality of education in the country is high and there are measures that can be implemented to improve the current state. Reference Linn, M. &Miller, D.(2005). Measurement and assessment in teaching . New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Introduction: Culture and Aesthetics in the Context of Culinary Systems Living in the today fast-paced environment does not allow people to think much about the aesthetic aspects of food, including not only its preparation but also consumption thereof. The identified tendencies in the lives of the 21 st -century people lead on to a false assumption that there is little to no aesthetics in food consumption or production. However, there is an obvious connection between culinary systems and aesthetics as a concept. Moreover, there are different cultures of food production and consumption. Essential Cultural Perspectives: The Chinese Interpretation of the Culinary Art In the context of the Chinese culture, culinary is typically perceived as an art form. As a result, food, as well as the stages of its creation and consumption, is viewed primarily as an aesthetic experience. Therefore, the creative imagination aspect of food preparation is emphasised heavily in the Chinese culture (Ilmann, 2013). What makes Chinese food different from the one belonging to any other culture is the fact that it is very rich in colours, flavours, and taste diversity. The use of spices and other flavour enhancers often had the aesthetic purpose of dispelling specific smells that would be considered unappealing otherwise (e.g., mutton). However, the addition of spices into the food also implied diversifying the taste and making the experience of its consumption unique. Therefore, when arranging the Chinese restaurant so that the patrons could approve of the authenticity of the place, one must consider the emphasis on the artistic aspect of cooking. The process must be viewed as the ultimate way for a cook to express themselves and their artistic vision. Finally, one must keep the focus on the diversity that is viewed as the essential feature of the Chinese food and the core of its aesthetics. Practical Aesthetic Ideas for a Chinese Restaurant The aesthetics of the restaurant must be both sophisticated and appealing to the citizens of all cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Furthermore, when implementing the designed culinary approach in the context of a particular setting, one must bear in mind that there is a palpable difference between the Eastern cultures and the Western ones. Therefore, it is necessary to realise that, in case the patrons of the restaurant are of a European, America, or any other descent that is not related to the Eastern one, premises for a culture clash can be created. To avoid the possible issues, it will be necessary to resort to some of the cross-cultural communication techniques that will help get the message across successfully without distorting it (Young & Richardson, 2013). At this point, one must bring up the problem related to the use of the traditional tropes and elements associated with the Chinese culture and usually viewed as stereotypical. Although some of them might be true, the stereotypes about the Chinese culture harm the process of experiencing the Chi
Introduction Leadership involves the ability to influence the behavior of others (Carver & Candela 2008). Leadership is acquired through observation as well as practice. It may also be acquired as a result of experience. Influences brought about by leadership include the sharing of visions, motivation as well as acts of encouragement. A leader must therefore be able to win the hearts of their subjects to be able to influence their practices and to gain the support of the people in the organization. This way, the leader can influence the direction of the entire organization with minimal resistance from the members. Nursing on the other hand is a profession within the public health sector charged with the responsibility of caring for individuals as well as families and the society at large (Chang & Daly 2008). The primary responsibility of nurses is to attain and maintain optimal health in the community. Their value for life as well as their emphasis on the quality of life occasionally brings about quick recovery among patients. The responsibilities of the nurses however vary as a result of their education levels as well as the level of specialisation. Nurses are today involved in activities such as prevention and diagnosis of illnesses and by so doing, improving the health of the community at large. The author of this paper seeks identify and analyze leadership, knowledge, skills, and behaviors as displayed in the movie ‘Invictus’. The writer further relates these qualities to various leadership theories. The author will explain how the leadership theories, skills, knowledge, and behaviors influence culture in a given organization. The effects of these elements are also discussed as well as their impacts on the nurse as well as the patient’s outcomes. Leadership Knowledge, Skills and Behaviours in Invictus in Relation to Leadership Theories The movie has been used by many people around the world as a source of inspiration and from where individuals can draw leadership qualities. These leadership skills have been displayed in the possibility of bringing about peace through a sport, rugby. The movie features Nelson Mandela as a crafty leader who unites his country against the Apartheid regime (Clint 2009). A rugby match is used to bring about unity whereby South Africans come out in large numbers to support the Springbok team regardless of their skin colour (Clint 2009). Great leadership skills and behaviours are portrayed in this movie and various leadership theories can be used to justify the manner in which these qualities have been used and their applicability in the field of nursing. This is to bring about effective leadership as well as to ensure desirable outcomes for the nurses, the patients and for the good of the entire society (Marquis & Huston 2009). A variety of leadership theories are used in the analysis of these leadership qualities in relation to the health sector with more emphasis on nursing. The leadership theories represent lines of thoughts by various philosophers and great writers who attempt to explain leadership from their own understanding (Prentice & Rabey 2009). The various the
The Dinner at Trimalchio’s: What Makes a High Social Status Throughout the history of humankind, societies have featured hierarchies, i.e. the positions of some people were higher than those of other people. The social position of a person may be determined by various means. In primitive societies, the strongest person had the highest position due to the ability to defeat other members of this society in a physical fight. In more complex societies, the concept of high social position was more complicated and involved power, influence, wealth, and other considerations beyond mere physical strength. In a Roman society of the 1st century AD, the social position of a person was primarily defined in terms of social status, as opposed to merely being rich. A Roman writer known as Petronius made an important contribution to the understanding of social status in Ancient Rome by describing a dinner hosted by a freedman (i.e. a former slave or a child of former slaves) and the behavior of people who attended it. By reflecting on the writing in which Petronius mocks the way a freedman strives for behaving like a person with high social status, it is possible to observe what constituted the membership of the elite. Instead of wealth, the main characteristics that qualified for membership of the elite were origin, discourse, and behavior. First of all, it is noteworthy that wealth alone did not qualify for membership of the e
Welcome to the Geological Time Machine, the one-of-a-kind invention that allows people an opportunity to visit past geologic times with sightseeing tours. Our unique product offers three types of tours designated for three geological eras. In general, the geological eras represent the distinct changes that the planet Earth and its environment faced through the course of history. The following travel guide will provide more detailed information about the characteristics of each era and its main attractions that you can visit through our tours. Paleozoic Era Tour Time period: Paleozoic Era began 541 million years ago and ended 252 million years ago Figure 1. Image of the ocean landscape during Devonian Era (Andrejs Lazovskis, n.d. Figure 2. The image of animals that went extinct after the Permian period (Penn, J., & Deutsch, C., 2018. The tour takes place during two of the most exciting and extraordinary periods of the Paleozoic era: the Devonian and the Permian periods. The Devonian part of the tour focuses on displaying the life of various marine animals that lived in the ocean. On the other hand, the Permian period part of the tour illustrates what animals could live on the planet if the Permian excitation did not occur. The Paleozoic Era defined the beginning of modern life and is characterized by the creation of various life forms and organisms. The Paleozoic era began with significant growth and development of new life and ended with a massive extinction of most creatures known as the Permian extinction. The processes of global warming caused the Permian extinction. Figure 3 Image of underwater life in the Paleozoic era (Hovorkova, A., n.d.). Mesozoic Era Tour Periods within the ara: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian Figure 4. Image of life forms during the Mesozoic Era (Publiphoto, n.d.). Time period: Paleozoic Era began 252 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago. Figure 5. Image of Dinosaurs in the Mesozoic Era landscape (Publiphoto, n.d.) The Mesozoic Era is the second major geologic era that is widely known for the existence of dinosaurs. In addition, this era is also characterized by the development of the early ancestors of modern animals. This tour is recommended for the younger audience and people interested in animals. The mammal animals, birds, and several plants developed during the Mesozoic era. The era could also be characterized by a different climate that was significantly warmer with mild distinctions between seasons. Similar to the Paleozoic Era, the Mesozoic era ended with a massive extinction from a meteor that struck the Earth. The place of the meteor’s landing, the Chicxulub crater, is situated in Mexico. Figure 6. The model of mammals’ first ancestor (Buell, C., n.d.). Periods within the era: Triassic, Jurasic, Cretaceous. Cenozoic Era Tour Time period: from 66 million years ago until present days. Figure 7. Image of animals in the Cenozoic era (Publiphoto, n.d.). Figure 8. The Rocky Mountains were formed after th
Since time immemorial, man has sought to understand psychology and explain his development throughout life. Through observation and experimentation, he has sought answers on questions about himself; of things he has no idea of. Some have been answered; some have remained enigmas. The human psychological being is a complex entity and at times one would think of it as inexplicable. Psychological dualism seeks to explain that mind and body of man is independent, mind is separate from body. It implies that though one can act over the other, these entities are separate and neither has influence on the other. Man is matter, body and soul (Dostoevsky, 2006, p. 1022). Monism on the contrary describes mental and physical human properties as a single entity. It states that mind and matter are both formed from a single substance and both are dependant on one another (Pavlov,1956, p. 98). It clearly rids of the notion of dualism. When it comes to matters medical, there is disparity between the attendance of the body and mind. The mind is considered a very delicate organ of the body and only specialists in the field of neurosurgery are allowed to conduct operations on it. It is considered the most important organ of the human body and thus requires special attention. It would be highly unlikely to bump into a neurosurgery specialized hospital as it would be in the case of clinics, dentists, opticians etc. Thinking is a process that is conceived in the mind. It is a cognitive mental process (Madell,1990, p. 56). Before the physical matter proceeds to take action, the notion has to come to mind. It is the mind which first receives his information then sends it out to the rest of the body for ex
Use of technology is necessary for the designing industry to advance. The industry is fast moving away from old technologies to incorporate new and innovative technologies. When it comes to technologies used in designing, BIM- Building Implementation Modelling technology leads the way. This technology uses three-dimensional technology with design information (Underwood & Isikdag, 2009). Through such technologies, buildings are first built virtually before they are erected on the ground. The stakeholders in the construction and design industry are always on the lookout for new technologies that may improve their businesses. This technology is often expensive making it only affordable to big companies. Documenting a design is a complex and painstaking process. This is also the most important part of a designing or a construction project. Once this is done right, the rest of the project flows easily. Proper documentation of ideas can sometimes be a complex process. The first step when documenting ideas is to get a team in place. The professionals involved in the designing process should be assembled in a group. Then a leader in charge of the group is picked. The leader should be dedicated and have the capacity to encourage all the other members to contribute to the process. The next step involves picking a technology to be used in the documentation process. This technology should be financially viable and within the limits of the project’s budget. Some clients request for a specific technology. If that is the case, those specifications should be met. Sometimes more than one technology is used depending on the scope of the project. When documenting designs it is important to ensure the working environment is collaborative. Information should be shared throughout the process. Everyone involved in the designing process should feel free to contribute new ideas. Documentation also requires the necessary hardware and software that can support it. Once all these requirements are in place, the visualization of the project starts. All the necessary information about the project is then documented sequentially. Purpose of Documentation There are various reasons why designs are documented. First, a designing team can alter a project at any instance during the documentation process (Yezioro, Dong & Leite, 2008). Appropriate documentation allows this to be effected without interruptions. When these changes are made early, they require few resources and minimum input. Documentation allows the team to straighten out high cost structural problems before the building project starts. Documentation makes sure ideas are captured at the time of their conception. At this time, the ideas are fresh and easy to probe. Documenting ideas allows the creative process to progress fast. Where there is no documentation, the design team might be stuck on one idea and not realize it. One of the main reasons for documentation is to have all the necessary information in a central poin
Introduction Colonial America refers to the history of the United States or the history of the territory that would become the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence from Europe. Specifically, it means the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which declared themselves independent in 1776 (Adams, 1921). The late 16th century saw Spanish, British, French, Swedes, and Dutch colonizing eastern North America (Adams, 1921). Many early attempts such as the Lost Colony of Roanoke failed. However, successful colonists came to the New World from a variety of different social and religious groups who settled in different locations on the seaboard soon established. This paper shall try to classify the immigrants during the colonial period of America. Many other groups, however, were mentioned in many detailed and more accurate history books providing that there had been a variety of peoples as well as other earlier inhabitants in the New World most importantly, the Native Americans which are today called Indian Americans (Tanaki, 1998). While these groups could have been equally important for the classification, due to restraint, were no longer discussed in this paper. Discussion The different groups that came to America during the period include the Dutch of New Netherland, the Swedes and Finns of New Sweden, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the Puritans of New England, the English settlers of Jamestown, and the “worthy poor” of Georgia. Each was said to have come to the new continent for various reasons and created colonies with distinct social, religious, political, and economic structures (Andrews, 1932). The New Netherland has its beginning in 1624 when the Dutch East India Company delivered the first colonists from southern Netherlandic or Walloon ancestry on Noten Eylant (now Governors Island) in New Netherland. This group came from the Walloon communities in Amsterdam, Haarlem, and Leiden and comprised thirty families. They planted the concept of toleration as a legal right in North America and they had to attract, through attitude and by example, the natives and non-believers to God’s word (Jaap, 2005). The Swedes and Finns of New Sweden embarked from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637 and anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill that is known today as Swedes’ Landing. They built a fort on the present site of the city of Wilmington named Fort Christina after Queen Christina of Sweden. In the following years, the Swedes and Finns, along with Forest Finns from Central Sweden settled in the area and constituted an invasion of New Netherland, since the river and the land in question had previously been explored and claimed for that colony. The Quakers or the Religious Society of Friends was founded in England in the 17th century as a Christian denomination by people unsatisfied with the existing denominations and sects of Christianity. Likewise, England’s reasons for colonization were practical considerations, such as commercial enterprise, over-population, and the desire for freedom of religion (Andrews, 1932). New England was composed of English Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in Europe a
Any revolution is a great change in the life of any society. This can be a political, economic, technological and even psychological change. Thus, Scientific Revolution, which took place in the nineteenth century, enabled the humanity to make a great stride forward. People of the twenty-first century welcome such changes and understand the importance of the revolution that shaped the development of the society. However, thinkers of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries could have a different view on the change as they only witnessed first steps and saw the way political and economic system changed in revolutions and wars. Thus, Karl von Clausewitz considered the nature of war and it is possible to predict his view on the Scientific Revolution. The thinker notes that war is a conflict between two polarities (Von Clausewitz 14). Von Clausewitz does not give any evaluation and does not state that it is bad or good. However, he notes that the war is often inevitable as there are always polarities that tend to lead to a conflict. Hence, it is possible to assume that the thinker would welcome the course of the Scientific Revolution that is, actually, an inevitable and natural event. More so, it is possible to identify two polarities, the old and the new, which got in conflict and led to the development of the technology and thought. The thinker would also support the spread of ideas of democracy as they would diminish polarities, which could occur. At the same time, Burke would definitely oppose the Scientific Revolution. The thinker stresses that the change is usually negative as people should focus on what they already have and try to stick to it (Burke 22). The philosopher would oppose the Scientific Revolution as it was a rapid and dramatic change. Burke could welcome only slight changes which would not change such fundamental things as the societal structure and mindsets. Of course, the thinker would also oppose development of democratic ideas as they were totally different from what was in the society of the early eighteenth century. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the two thinkers have a different view on such a great change as the Scientific Revolution. Von Clausewitz would welcome the changes as he saw it as a natural cause of development while Burke would be against as he regarded a change as a threat to the society. Works Cited Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. Oxford: Stockton Wilson, 2013. Print. Von Clausewitz, Karl. On War: Book I. On the Nature of War . Web.