ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Price is a very essential aspect in every business as it is the fundamental determinant of the profit to be achieved after the sale of a commodity or service and therefore influences the success or failure level of the business. Pricing is the process of determining the cost of a product or a service so as to identify what a business will obtain in exchange of its products or services. It is one of the components of the marketing mix, the other ones being; product, place, and promotion. The factors associated with pricing are; the production cost, competition, the market place and condition, and also the quality of the product or service. Value of the product towards the customers should also be considered in determining a price to ensure that the customers pay what is equivalent to the value gained (Pratt, n.d). Pricing Strategy According to Phillips (2005), pricing strategy is a logical choice from a list of alternative prices that seeks to maximize profit within a specific period of time under a certain situation. There are various approaches that can be adopted by companies or businesses in pricing their goods and services and there is no single model identified for the purpose of pricing. However, every pricing strategy should seek to maintain fairness and integrity throughout the pricing process. Here is a guideline on how a company may undertake its pricing process. The company or business should undertake a marketing strategy which involves carrying out a marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the product in relation to its quality and that of other products in the market. Decision on the market mix is then made where the definition of the product or service is done, and distribution and promotion strategies identified. The other step involves analyzing the demand curve as pricing is directly affected by the prices of the particular products. Calculation of cost is also crucial and the company should put into consideration all costs associated with the product, the fixed and variable costs, so as to make sure that profitability is achieved. The surroundings factors like competition and legal conditions should be considered too. In pricing the product, a business should assess the influence of its pricing towards the pricing of competitors. The price should be in line with that of competitors to avoid unhealthy competition and should also adhere to price control aspects of the government. The business should also establish pricing objectives so as to come up with the most favorable price of the product. The objectives may touch on aspects like maximization of profits, revenue, quantity and quality of the product among others. It is after consideration of all the above that that the price is agreed upon. Classification of Pricing Strategies Pricing strategies can broadly be categorized according to the b
There are ongoing debates concerning the concept of green movement is closely connected with theories of economic development and population growth. Specifically, in order to advance social and economic welfare of the individuals, there should be an increase in the urge of natural resources, like water, energy, and minerals. The success of sustainable development here lies in a degree of efficiency of using the natural resources and in the extent to which the waste products are minimized 1 . In this respect, the concept of green movement provides us with the idea of using minimum resources to provide more means for larger groups of population. This ideology has led to a tag of war between two different groups that hold different thoughts about the same ideology. These groups are Boomsters and Doomsters. The Doomsters, though in general support of the green ideology, hold that the population growth puts pressure onto the little resources that are available, compromising the quality of life human beings live. This is because population growth has a direct effect on resources like energy, water, space and even the climate. They further argue that it is this growth in the population that is responsible for social, economic and even political ills being experienced in the world today. Doomsters’ position is countered by the Boomsters whose arguments hold that all solutions to human beings are provided within human population. Therefore, a rise in the population is a major step towards alleviating human problems, among which is poverty. Any attempt to control the rate at which human beings reproduce is not supported by this group, since they believe that advancement of technology and the diffusion of the same has positively affected the lives of many poor people around the world. This group is particular about the individuality of human beings and their freedom to make use of such resources as energy and water. While considering the two sides of the debates from the viewpoint of green movement, the development of economically prosperous society consist in creating ecologically sustainability that takes it roots in social liberalism, grassroots democracy and environmentalism, which is the main idea supported by doomsters 2 . Specifically, they understand the concept as the urge to introduce approaches to controlling the utilization of natural resources that can be quickly exhausted. Defining the Term “Green” The term green is often associated with ideology, concepts, and approaches that promote an ecological outlook on all social, political, and economical processes. Specifically, each field of social life, including technology, science, and ps
Introduction In a business context, the significance of such communicative skill as listening might be largely underestimated. The latter can be specifically outlined in a subordinated relationship, where the example of the relationship between LeMessurier and his students, listening to which resulted in finding a problem that could have led to a catastrophic failure of the structure of the Citigroup Centre Tower in New York (Hamilton, 2008, p. 101). Accordingly, an example such as the aforementioned implies that listening is not only acceptance of the spoken words, where effective listening requires skills just as much as any other forms of communication. The significance of the latter is specifically in organizational context, where effective exchange of information can prove to be critical, where it is a fact that listening skills “top the list of effective managerial communication skills” (Tesone & Pizam, 2009, p. 149). For managers, such significance can be fairly easily explained through the fact that employees in senior positions spend as much as 85% of their communication time listening” (149). Despite the latter, listening can be considered as the least taught skill. In that regard, this paper analyzed listening as managers’ essential communication skill, stating that due to the fact that the responsibility for communicating effectively in all directions lies with supervisors (154), managers should be sensitive to their listening responsibility. Discussion The listening relationship between managers and employees can be paralleled to that of the relationship between large departments and smaller departments. The similarly can be seen in that in both cases the higher sides might assume the superiority of their opinions and outlooks in covering the critical issues. In that regard, as large departments need to resist the temptation of assuming their outlook already integrates all the salient and critical insights, they have a special responsibility to listen to the perspectives of smaller departments” (Hopkins, Couture, & Moore, 2001, p. 11). Similarly, “[m]anagers must be willing to listen to employees and provide support without removing responsibility” (Barry, 1997). The rationale for taking such listening responsibility by managers can be seen related to the issue of motivation. The findings of a study in Brownell (1990) investigating the relationships between the perceptions of managers’ listening by their subordinates and by the mangers themselves, indicated the age of the managers as an influential factor in being ranked as a poor or good listener (Brownell, 1990, p. 411). A possible suggested explanation was based on that fact t
Both Intra and inter-agency coordination is important to ensure the success of implementing community programs. Agencies act as sources of external intervention when a community’s resources are not adequate to meet the community’s needs. Intra agency coordination entails coordination within an agency to achieve intended objectives. This coordination is very important as it ensures that each person within the agency works to achieve the ultimate goal. For example, if an agency is focusing on healthy living practices in relation to cancer, different individuals representing different departments such as nutrition, screening, gender and reproductive health, and IT will all work towards the common objective. The input of each department is essential in reducing the incidence and prevalence rates of cancer by a certain percentage, and any sluggishness by either one of the departments would mean that the overall objective would not be achieved. It is necessary that an agency does its best to avoid gaps that would necessitate a similar intervention in the future in case the agency does not yield any positive impact. Agencies are implementing bodies of already studied interventions; therefore, if a project fails, it only means Intra agency coordination was not properly developed. In case of successful implementation of an intervention, the agency needs to give a report to existing agencies within the region to give the progress of what has been achieved and is yet to be achieved. A particular agency cannot succeed without taking the community’s socio-cultural system into account. Intra agency coordination cannot be fully achieved without incorporating members of the community, who are fully aware of the community’s needs. Community members are the best people to assess and determine how a project can be integrated to fit into the lives of the community without infringing on their values and norms. Intra agency allows the staff to deliberate on issues and to devise plans that can be used to deliver the project collectively without seeming like separate entities. When an agency is faced with adversity, for instance increasing dropout rates, intra agency coordination is paramount to this end in developing ways to encourage beneficiaries of the project to embrace the project. Inter-agency coordination is necessary to avoid duplication of resources, which could otherwise be used for other interventions. Identifying what other agencies are offering is very important to determine prevailing gaps that need to be addressed. If one agency focuses on healthy living practices by advocating for healthy nutrition, frequent med
On the first page of the story, the author uses several techniques to present his narrative to the reader. First of all, it becomes clear what point of view the narrator takes in this work. The third-person narrator tells the story by referring to the protagonist in the third person, which the author does in this story. The reader also may notice that the narrator is presumably limited omniscient since he is commenting on the thoughts of one character. Perhaps later, he will represent the thoughts of other characters, but when reading the first page, it seems that the author has a connection only with the protagonist. In relation to other characters of the story, the narrator is objective. Additionally, on the first page, the reader may notice that the author also uses character dialogues for the narrative. On the first page, the author also does not provide the reader with any information about the character traits of the hero, only some hints through the description of his thoughts and behavior. The first page also presents the reader with an exposition of the story, in which the author introduces the characters, as well as limited information about the setting. The author also describes the locale so that the reader can assume who the protagonist may be and which events may be related to him. However, the period of time during which the plot might unfold cannot be identified from the first page of the story. Literary devices used by the author include primarily imagery, which is used several times. After reading the first page of the story, the reader can identify key aspects for an initial understanding of the story and the role of the narrator in events. One may also notice that the author uses expressions that emphasize his style and some irony. Thus, the first page as a whole clearly indicates what mood is conveyed in the story. Although the reader cannot identify the conflict that will be presented later, the author introduces the protagonist and setting, which is paramount to the beginning of the story.
Introduction Western society at the present is experiencing an epidemic of obesity where the poor, for the first time in history, are proportionately the most obese sector of the population. Evidence of this can be seen in the work of Cloake (2013) wherein his study shows that “ nearly 33% of adults within the U.S. and the U.K. are obese with nearly 90% of those cases attributed to individuals with low incomes ” (Cloake, 2013, pp. 24). The main problem is that on average there are “ nearly 300,000 deaths a year from obesity related illnesses resulting in billions of dollars spent on health problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure etc ” (Cloake, 2013, pp. 24). This is a surprising concept given that excess body weight and fat is normally connected with the excessive eating habits of the rich. The problem with obesity among the poor has reached a point that international popular culture representations of Western society have depicted an unflattering image of its p
Executive Summary According to various surveys, the majority of people in the United States have pets that are regarded as companions and family members. Their owners pay particular attention to the animals’ health, that is why high-quality medical assistance for pets is inevitably required. In recent years, the start of a private veterinary clinic became a highly-demanded business idea as it has a substantial number of advantages. First of all, this market is not dominated by any company, and the opening of a local veterinary clinic that will focus on a particular area is highly beneficial. The majority of pet owners will not agree to go to another part of the city with their pets, especially in the case of an emergency. Moreover, the timely provision of quality health care services and the kindly treatment of consumers and their pets by staff may provide a stable customer flow and the return of investments within three months. This business plan describes the expediency of the PawPaw VetHelp clinic’s opening. The mission of this sole proprietorship is the enhancing of the relationship between owners and their pets through the providing of high-quality medical and surgical care. The PawPaw VetHelp clinic will offer a wide range of services, such as the veterinarian’s consultations, vaccination, laboratory tests, surgery operations, and dental care, for dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, and reptiles. The clinic will focus on all population groups regardless of their age, gender, and level of income. The majority of people currently have pet animals at their homes, and they need a local veterinary clinic that affords all necessary services at reasonable prices. That is why the most optimal variant for the clinic’s location is a facility with a parking space in a dormitory district within the range of the residents’ vision. The PawPaw’s regular staff should consist of two licensed and experienced veterinarians, two receptionists, and a cleaning specialist. For the clinic’s advertising campaign, it is highly significant to activate all sources of information, such as radio stations, television channels, and social networks. The initial capital of the clinic will be generated from personal savings, a loan from the Small Business Administration, loans from relatives and friends, and a loan from a commercial bank. Company Profile Legal Form of Business The PawPaw VetHelp clinic is a sole proprietorship; the owner is Jeff Smith, a licensed primary veterinarian with a 45-year experience of work with animals. Company Mission The mission of PawPaw ‘s professional team is enhancing the relationship between owners and their pets through the providing of high-quality medical and surgical care. The clinic’s warm hospitality, the professionals’ commitment to their work and their love for animals, modern equipment, and particular attention to staff’s education and qualification help to create a positive culture of mutual understanding. Custom
The foundations of public HRM Scholars have asserted that effective human resource management is fundamental towards realizing the success of a public organization (Hays & Kearney, 2001). Traditionally, the personnel manager (PM) was charged with the responsibility of effective human resource management. However, prior to experiencing the incessant transformation, the management of people within public institutions was left to the HRM that relied on comparatively old theories, processes, and goals. The following perspectives detail the foundations for the public HRM systems. Traditional theories The normative HRM theory The public HRM systems are founded on the normative theory that embraces both the soft and inflexible or hard HRM concepts under which the human resources management basics are anchored. In fact, the hard or inflexible human resource management model forms the HRM customary strategic base. The hard HRM model has its foundation on the Harvard conception, which was developed to link the organizational strategies to the management of employees (Guest, 1999). The inflexible human resource management model emphasizes the correlation amid the operational units and procedures namely work laws, contract consultations, productivity assessments, reimbursement and rewards, staffing, the psychoanalysis of employment, and staff scheduling to the adopted commerce strategies. Thompson (2006) claims that these tend to apply the public institutions wellbeing in excess of the contradictory happiness and aspirations of the workforces. The theory recognizes the public instit
According to Herbert Kohl (1995: 26), social change takes place as a result of large social movements. This author claims that social change can not be attributed to individuals, and children should be informed of this in school. However, this view is contradicted by Amy and David Goodman in their book Standing Up to the Madness: Ordinary Heroes in Extraordinary Times (2008). These two focus on a single individual (hero or heroine) in analyzing social justice activism in the United States of America. The two authors argue that one individual, a hero or a heroine, is responsible for instigating social change in the society. This essay is going to look at the techniques that Goodman and Goodman use in this book to convince their audience that their hypothesis is right. The success of these techniques (or lack of it thereof) to convince the audience will be analyzed. This essay will achieve this by analyzing the first chapter of the book. As stated earlier, Goodman and Goodman (2008) hypothesize that social change in the society is attributable to the actions of a single individual in the society. They make efforts to convince the audience on this in each and every chapter and in each and every case study in the book. Their hypothesis is the complete opposite of the one proposed by Kohl. However, a textual analysis of chapter one and the “Turning Point” of the same points out that the Goodmans’ arguments emerge somewhere in between the continuum. In their argument of how to effect social change in the society, Goodman and Goodman reveal (intentionally or otherwise), that social change is instigated both by a single individual and mass movement in the society. The individual may be the source of the impetus for social change, and this far the Goodmans are right. However, it takes the mobilization of the masses to effect real social change. In other words, it is the action of the masses that turns the ideas of the hero or heroine into reality. This will emerge in several quotes that will be analyzed in the chapter to be analyzed. On the “Turning Point” section to chapter one, Standing up to the Madness in 1955: the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Goodman and Goodman (11-13) talk about the rise against Jim Crow segregation laws in America. They give their story focusing on Rosa Parks as the heroine of the movement. Goodman and Goodman attribute the origin of the modern civil rights movement to the actions of this seamstress. They report that “(Rosa) Park’s action was the spark that ignited the modern civil rights movement” (Goodman & Goodman 12). They are of the view that the ruling by the Supreme Court in June 1956 declaring the Jim Crow segregation laws as unconstitutional could not have taken place if it were not for Rosa Parks (Goodman & Goodman 12). The authors
Introduction In every organization, the way in which people behave is determined by organizational culture, communication, authority and motivation and other work techniques. A favorable culture is that which makes people feel important. This type of culture should embrace good communication, motivation for workers and good work techniques. The Culture Embraced At the America Red Cross Organization The culture of an organization can fall under pluralism, dualism or salad bowl. Everyone should be able to adopt their organization’s culture although sometimes it might be hard to assess and understand that culture. As employees interrelate with each other at their place of work every day, their various cultural demonstrations practically begin to disappear and they begin to adopt the organizational culture. However, how employees behave in terms of workmate relations, enjoyment of work and performance in their duties is shaped by the organizational culture, as stated by Norgren & Nanda (2006). The America Red Cross organization embraces the pluralistic culture whereby, people from all races, religion, ethnic group or societies are tolerated. Our organization deals with people from all walks of life and does not discriminate against anyone. As a result, workers in our organization have unity in the performance of duties. Everyone feels free to talk or work with others without feeling undermined. Following our pluralistic culture, our organization has managed to outsource and offshore its services in various countries and our workers always find their work environment very conducive. In addition, our organization highly promotes the employment of the minority such as women who are usually treated equally with their male counterparts. The America Red Cross organization has a good coordination between the subordinates and the executives. Since disagreements are inevitable in any thriving organization, when they occur they get quickly solved due to better coordination. Instead of creating enormity we take the challenge to boost our relationship as workers. There is also a high degree of respect for the authority and this has seen our organization climb the ladder in its productivity. Thus, I do find pluralism being a very tolerable and fruitful culture in our organization. Modes of Communication Communication, both oral and written, is very essential to the foundation, success and efficiency of any organization. In America Red Cross, we have embraced the written modes of communication. The reason behind the written modes of communication is that, we are able to save time since there is no running u