ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Traditional Drill and Practice is a method that targets improving reading skills among learners with disabilities. It helps to teach high-frequency words in a case where the pupils may not read the presented terms automatically. The instructor models the words and asks the learners to read them aloud. The students are then left to read the terms independently, and corrective feedback is offered to help them learn the words. WordSheets perform the same function as TDP but differs in two ways (Mulé et al., 2018). First, the target words in WS are offered in a manner that approximates the appearance of words in a connected text or a reading passage. Secondly, the instructional stimuli are presented in one sheet, thus increasing efficiency by boosting the opportunities to respond within a fixed instructional period. The purpose of the article is to compare two-word interventions that are WordSheets and Traditional Drill. The WordSheets tend to differ from Traditional Drill and Practice based on the opportunity to respond thus increasing efficiency and the presentation of stimuli that resembles normal passage reading. TDP, on the other hand, has been shown to improve word recognition. The research design is a quantitative one meant to determine unknown and known words from the two sources. Up to 379 high-frequency words were selected randomly and used for the study (Mulé et al., 2018). The comparison was made on first-grade learners identified and struggling pupils. Results from the survey showed that WS was less effective in cumulative retention as compared to TDP despite its response opportunities. There were no differences as far as treatment gains and maintenance are concerned for the two approaches. The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction Using Kurzweil 3000 on Sight Word Acquisition for Students with Mild Disabilities The strategy in the study helps to solve the problem of consistent reading failures among learners with disabilities. Often, sight words are more than half of the words that students read; thus, helping in their recognition goes a long way towards improving their reading efficiencies. Kurzweil 3000 allows students to use computers to read aloud words before taking part in instructional activities. The approach supports both free operant and selection-based responses that help to provide data for progress monitoring (Cullen et al., 2013). The tutor, to allow students to give their answers in the form of typing, selecting multiple choices, and using a microphone to say the answers, can formulate the embedded questions. The study focuses on the impacts of a computer-assisted instruction approach on sight word acquisition for graders with learning disabilities, ADHD, and mild intellectual defects. The Kurtzwell 3000 program helps to convert text into speech for the disabled by mastering sight words. The research design used is a mixed-met
Introduction According to Dante’s inferno there is a relationship between the sin and its consequences in the after life. Sinners are considered to be taken to hell being a punishment of their sins which they committed on earth. For instance when Dante found himself lost in the darkness of the forest, he met the shade of Virgil, which requested to deliver him by taking him through hell and purgatory (Kline, 120). For those who lived before the era of Christianity and the infants who die before they are baptized they are taken to a circle called limbo to live eternally without hope. The real punishment of the sinners in the life after starts in the second circle. The punishments of the sins are not equal. Some are more severe than others. Main body Dante is very brilliant as all of his punishments relate directly to the sins which were committed. For instance Lucifer is considered as the greatest sinner above all. His permanent position is the deepest part of the hell in a freezing lake where his large wings keep on blowing the cold air to maintain the coolness (Kline, 119). Lucifer is given three heads which symbolizes the trinity of the divine Christianity that is the three parts of one God, the father, son and the Holy Spirit. Each head is said to consume the three known traitors in the history of the bible, one is Judas who betrayed Jesus Christ, and the other two are the Cassius and Brutus who are known to h
Introduction Secondhand smoking, also known as passive, is detrimental to public health due to its association with chronic conditions. Passive smoking causes premature death of nonsmoking individuals, including children. It also causes respiratory complications, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (Coughlin et al., 2015). Scientific evidence shows that chronic conditions, particularly respiratory disease and cardiovascular conditions, decrease with legislative bans for public smoking (Coughlin et al., 2015). Therefore, smoke-free legislation in public places offers an opportunity to protect the public from the negative effects of smoking, hence influencing social norms and reducing risky smoking behavior. Policy Proposal Public Policy Issue Smoking continues to be major public issue considering the number of smokers in America. According to the CDC, about 18% of U.S. adults are categorized as either consistent or chronic smokers (MacArthur, n.d.). This percentage translates to around 42 million people who smoke regularly (MacArthur, n.d.). On the one hand, more than 3100 smokers are underage while about 300 start as casual substance users but later become daily smokers (MacArthur, n.d.). These statistics have contributed to
Introduction In Chinese history, poetry writing reached its zenith during the period of Emperor Xuan Zong (r. 712-756). During his reign, poets were honored with high positions in the Imperial Academy and higher seats in the court as well. Along with the five classics, poem writing was part of the civil service examinations during that period. Li Bai, Bai Juyi, and Du Fu were among the most famous poets. Li Bai was the most respected romantic poet of those times. Li Bai was inspired by Taoism and good wines. He exhibited wild and free imaginations in his poems especially in the context of nature. Du Fu, a good friend of Li Bai, belonged to a different style – one of realism. Du Fu’s poems revolved around social issues and were full of compassion for the poor and downtrodden. Du Fu condemned the rich who, he felt, enjoyed feasts while the poor starved to death on the roads. He also bled for the families of the soldiers who were fighting in the borders. Li Bai and Du Fu took romanticism and realism to great heights. Li Bai’s life and creativity Li Bai, alias Taibai alias Li Po was a famous poet of the High Tang period. He wrote more than a thousand poems in his life and has been acclaimed as the Deity of Poetry. Li Bai loved drinking, swordplay, and travel. Li Po as he was commonly known wrote many poems on the theme of drinking and being drunk. Li Po enjoyed his wine and also used it as a poetic metaphor for the good things in life. Life at its best, according to the verses of Li Po, is a kind of intoxication, an elevation; he felt that poetry like good wine should be able to promote self-awareness and also be uplifting. Even nature, as Li Po likes to present it, has a kind of intoxicating quality, especially in spring. The poet’s presentation of himself as drunkenly enjoying some natural setting is thus a cleverly unpretentious way of presenting transcendent states of mind and being. To highly tradition-bound poetry, Li Po brought a sense of freedom and adventure. Li Po’s poems are simple and unpretentious. “High in the Mountains, I Fail to Find the Wise Man,” is a distinctive poem of Li Po. It begins abruptly, moves forward more unpredictably, and ends more astonishingly. The constant shift in visual imagery and sensation is charged with magic and beauty – ‘the sight of the deer’, ‘the sudden sky overhead’ and ‘the breathtakingly beautiful sight of the waterfall’. The Chinese valued Li Po for his spontaneity and freedom. There is a story that Li Po died when he drunkenly tried to embrace the reflection of the moon in the river. Li Po had the gift of talking through the voices of other people. In the poem, “The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter.” Li Po spoke with the sensitivity and sensibility of a mature woman. He loved to handle themes of friendship and especially separation among friends. He felt genuine distress when parting from friends. Poems of friendship and leave were handled in a very unique manner by Li Po. Most of the experts now d
Nowadays, the legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes is still being strongly debated. Many scholars refer to it as a “controversial” and “multifaceted” issue that requires careful consideration (Caulkins & Kilmer, 2016). Initially, the usage and storage of any amount of marijuana were criminalized in the United States, but after finding no severe health or mental consequences, some states considered it reasonable to legalize using, selling, and producing this drug (Caulkins & Kilmer, 2016). For example, in 2012, citizens of Colorado and Washington approved the legalization of marijuana by proposing the most appropriate legal framework and taxation system. Nonetheless, the existence and popularity of the black market throw into question the government’s ability to control the distribution of marijuana and drug trafficking across the country. Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to understand the impact of taxes on the financial stability of the market for legal marijuana with the help of the law of supply and demand and price elasticity in Colorado and Washington. Simultaneously, it is essential to determine the structure of the market and emphasize the importance of governmental intervention in this industry. In the end, conclusions are drawn to summarize the main findings of the paper. Impact of Taxes of the Financial Prosperity of Legal Market As mentioned earlier, the success and market share of legal marijuana was highly linked to the black market and elasticity of the prices. It could be easily predicted that this governmental intervention would create a favorable environment for the black markets while causing them to thrive and retain more clients. The primary reason for that is the fact that the black markets will offer marijuana for a more appealing price due to the absence of taxation in this segment. Thus, these consequences of imposing taxes can be easily explained by the laws of supply and demand. Figure 1 depicts the current situation in the legal market, where the demand curve (blue) has a downward slope while the supply (red) has an upward slope. In turn, Q stands for quantity and P for the price. Figure 1. Legal market without tax. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in positions of the curves after increasing taxes along with the pressure of the black market. In this instance, it is clear that the supply curve will experience a substantial downfall due to high operating costs and taxes. Meanwhile, along with that, the percentage of customers will also drift to the black market or switch to alternatives since cheaper options will continue to exist. Nonetheless, fluctuations of supply and demand will not be as dramatic as shown, since people tend to change their attitudes and give preference to legal drugs during periods of reduced price elasticity (Ingraham 2016). Figure 2. Legal market with tax. Market Structure Initially, marijuana production, sales, and distribution were completely determined by the black market, which was controlled by the basic principles of supply and de
Marketing Concepts for Social Media   * Concepts of raising brand awareness.   * Maintaining communication with the target audience.   * Creating product involvement and brand recognition.   * Concept of building conversions to increase profits.   * Forming social identities and the decision-making process.   * Making positive brand association through interaction. Social media marketing is a significant procedure, and its concepts are largely based on modern approaches to the organization of interaction with customers on the Internet. According to Tuten and Solomon, different concepts form this concept, including brand awareness, conversion build-up, and other significant aspects (49). In Figure 1 presented by Wunderboom Marketing et al., it is possible to see that modern advertising affects all the important resources that people use today. These intersections prove the relevance of social media marketing and the diversity of its aspects. The key objectives of interventions are to create a positive image for specific products and to engage the target audience. Brand Communication in Social Media   * Promoting a particular brand among different users.   * Modern advertising methods – bonuses, prizes, and other mechanisms.   * Setting the value of the brand for the target audience.   * Tracking user activity in real time.   * Sales and advertising are available on the same platform.   * A wide range of advertising integration techniques. Brand communication provides an opportunity to promote certain products through special mechanisms that allow distributing promotional materials among the target audience. According to Tuten and Solomon, the relationship between goods or services and the growth of their sales depends on the quality of promotional work conducted online (64). Today, many opportunities for product distribution exist among different groups of users on social networks. As a result, sales as the main objective of marketing increase due to a positive attitude towards a particular brand. Social Media Strategies   * Identifying the most popular search area.       + The knowledge of the interests of the target audience and their preferences contributes to ensuring the demand for certain goods and helps to find the most effective ways of goods distribution (“Importance of Social Media Marketing”).   * Engaging the audience through direct interaction.       + Contact with potential buyers on social networks makes it possible to increase their confidence in the availability of communication and enhances interest in certain products due to clients’ trust (“Importance of Social Media Marketing”).   * Capturing public attention through lucrative offers.       + This methods helps promote certain goods and not lose interest among potent
Introduction Natural is a real dramatic baseball movie based on the biography of John Knowles, a renowned baseball player. In order to understand the film well, it is important to have a look at the people who made the film. The film was directed by Barry Levinson and produced by Mark Johnson. It was written by Roger Towne and Phil Dusen berry and stars Roy Hobbs, Robert Redford, Robert Duvall, Glenn Close and Kim Basinger. John Knowles character was played by Roy Hobbs. The music was done by Randy New Man, Edited by Stu Linder and distributed by Tristan Pictures. Natural was released on May 11, 1984 and its running time is 137 minutes. [1] The film was called Natural because the main character Roy Hobbs has a natural baseball talent and the film revolves around his accomplishments and suffering. It was nominated for four academy awards among them first for best supporting actress (Glen Close). [2] Plot The plot of the film starts by depicting Roy Hobbs as a child, playing with his father in their family farm. While still young his father dies unexpectedly breaking up under a tree. The tree is later cut into two by lightning and Roy Hobbs makes a baseball bat out of the tree. He scribbles a drawing of lightning bolt and the words wonderboy. At the age of 19, he is given a trial by Chicago cubs as a pitcher. On his way to the Ch
The implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation. The research focuses on the punishment of corporate officers and external auditors found conniving and conspiring to defraud the investors and other stakeholders by presenting false income statements and balance sheets. The research focused on studying prior accountings scandals as triggering events precipitating the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The research focuses on the auditing oversight committee. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act aims to significantly decrease and stop the preparation of fraudulent financial statements. According to Debra de Vay (2006), the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation. The law was crafted by United States Senator Paul Sarbanes (D –MD) and United States Representative Michael Oxley (R –OH). The law was approved and implemented in 2002. The accounting scandals that rocked the United States precipitated the compulsory creation of a law that would bring back the public’s trust in the financial statements, the external auditors, and the corporations. The law only focuses on companies offering their stocks within the United States stock exchanges. The law does not cover private companies not offering their stocks in the stock exchanges. According to Theodore Plette (2008), the 200 laws created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or PCAOB. The board registers external auditors, inspects, and determines if the companies are complying with all the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Likewise, the Act makes it compulsory for senior managers of the corporations to be held directly liable for any fraudulent misrepresentation in the organization’s financial statements. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 increases the penalty for auditing firms and corporations found violating any section of the 2002 Act. The 2002 law punishes any person (corporate officers or external auditing staff) found burning, hiding, or damaging records that will prove the financial statements are fraudulent. Bernhard Kuschnik emphasized (2007) the law focuses on curtailing the fraudulent preparation of
The topic regarding homosexuals and their right to marry has created widespread controversies. This has prompted scholars to identify and weigh the benefits and disadvantages regarding this practice. Being a sensitive issue, it requires thorough understanding before taking a stance. Based on the meticulous research conducted in this regard, homosexuals should be allowed to marry. The term homosexual refers to people of the same sex engaged in a sexual relationship. Some countries such as the US, prohibit the use of the word as it depicts a lot of negativity. Consequently, the accepted words in such countries are Gay, for man-man relationships, and Lesbian, for woman-woman relationship. Different cultures have different definitions of marriage. All these definitions converge on the idea that marriage is a legal or societal union between two people for the purpose of extending family lineage. In general, marriage is an establishment in which sexual intimacy is acknowledged (May, 1995). This union concerns interpersonal relationships that vary from one person to another. There are several reasons why people marry. These include emotional and legal security, religious and societal obligation, and economical purposes. A significant number of people prefer the heterosexual marriages which are widely accepted. Homosexuality is not a new phenomenon. Its history dates back to the 19 th century. In fact, most countries in East of Asia have documented same-sex marriage for the last 1000 years. Some scholars who have devel
Abstract This paper touches upon the problem of violence among adolescents and studies the influence of such factors as gangs, weapons, and video gaming on students’ behavior. While uncovering the roots of the issue, the provided action plan addresses initiatives to help reduce the prevalence of youth violence and diminish its impact on the rest of children. The plan involves identifying a risk population (pupils aged from 11 to 18) and introducing educational and local interventions to maximize the police effectiveness in crime fighting. Close cooperation with schools, parents, and media, is the variable determining the overall success of the campaign. Other communities (medical facilities or software developers) are also marked as key participants and will engage in the plan implementation process once the promotion of the campaign is launched. Introduction The murdering of 17 people in Florida’s high school in February 2018 served as a nudge for community and governmental structures to apply stricter control over gun distribution. Recent events have shown that gangs have an enormous influence on the minds and behavior of regular students, forcing law-abiding youths to turn into criminals. By addressing the issue to the fullest extent of the law, the city police department introduces a new action plan assigned to reduce crime prevalence and bring back safety to schools and public facilities. There are strictly defined educational interventions in the plan aimed at weakening the effect of violence on children. For the initiative to be successfully implemented, an extensive promotion campaign and active community assistance are required. Initiatives to Address The challenge of street gangs has forced governmental bodies to look for the strict measures of protecting adolescents from the disruptive influence of criminal groups. Considering that pupils in the USA start attending a middle school at the age of 11, the given plan identifies everyone aged from 11 to 18 as a high-risk population (Jennings-Bey et al., 2015). With regard to this fact, the current program addresses both educational and local initiatives to ensure that a complex approach to the issue settlement has been taken. Educational initiatives are targeted at teaching youth about actions leading to criminal prosecution and the possible outcomes of this behavior. Teachers are encouraged to invite police officers to their classes. Local initiatives involve close cooperation of schools and police departments in the matters of crime fighting. The police are responsible for