ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The authors of the paper seek to demonstrate that ole-gum resin methanol extracts from Commiphora molmol and Boswellia papyrifera plants have some anti bacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA (Abdallah, Khalid and Nazlina). The authors argue that these resin extracts have active compounds of phenols, alkaloids and saponins; especially the methanol extracts. The anti microbial activities of these extracts were compared to those of regular antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA pathogens. The authors consequently believe that traditional and folk medicine may be an avenue for discovery of new forms of anti microbial therapies. I agree with the authors based on the study methodology, procedure for setting up the cultures and the results obtained. In performing any experiment, the methodology is crucial to obtaining credible results. In the first step, the Commiphora molmol and Boswellia papyrifera plant materials must be processed in similar manner. Both are crushed into powder and extracted by dissolving them in various solvents and then distilled, evaporated then dried. The solvents used are petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. The extracts obtained at the end can then be considered to be similar which a crucial aspect of an experiment like this is. The next step in the experiment was also significant in ensuring the chemical components in the extracts are known and that the anti microbial activity is attributed to each of them separately. The authors call this step phytochemical screening. After the different components are identified in the extracts, they are confirmed by various known tests; these tests are already known to be valid. It is also significant to note that in the course of the experiment, there were seven different strains of MRSA used. This is important because it is necessary for the end result to provide an answer for more than just one strain, especially since varying forms of the isolates have been recovered from clinical specimen. Knowing how these plant extracts affect all the strains is crucial information for anyone who intends to take up the use of these plants for anti microbial therapy. In the course of the experiment, the isolates are grown in brain heart infusion broth at 37 degrees Celsius for 18–24 hours (Abdallah et al). This is clinically very important because it is necessary that the growth of these isolates mimics the environment of the human body as this is the environment of interest for this study. Since MRSA is aerobic, and is also not a fastidious organism, the condition in which the MRSA was grown in the broth was optimum for its growth and this promotes the reliability of the methodology used. The Commiphora molmol and Boswellia papyrifera extracts under investigation are tested against other already commercially available antibiotics whose effect on MRSA is already known. This contributes to the clinical significance
Introduction Hatred refers to a deeply rooted emotional detest that an individual has against other people, ideas, or material objects. Hatred usually results from anger or a negative experience that a person has undergone. Emotions of hatred result into hate crimes and children are not an exception. A number of juveniles have been convicted of hate crime cases in various states of America, as well as, other parts of the world. Hate crimes refer to criminal offenses, which are “motivated partly or entirely by a perception that the victim is different from the perpetrator”). Some of the differences that can lead to hate crimes include differences in race, gender, social status, and disability. This paper examines hate among juveniles. It also explores how juveniles develop hatred and the reasons why they are engaged in hate crimes. How Juveniles Develop Hatred Children learn emotions of hatred as they grow up. In their early stages of development, children learn through observation. A majority of children are usually keen to observe how people relate with one another, as well as, how their elders treat and relate to those who are different from them in terms of color, gender, and religion. Therefore, through observation children learn how to relate with others either in a positive or negative way. For instance, a child who is exposed to hatred at an early age is likely to exhibit similar emotions. Consequently, children who have developed feelings of hatred usual
Malcolm Baldrige Award Malcolm Baldrige Award refers to the highest level of recognition that a US company can receive in terms of performance. It is the only formal body, which recognizes excellence in performance by US companies in private and public sectors. The president of the US gives the award to the best performing company in terms of quality performance annually. The organizations that qualify for the award cut across Education sector, Manufacturing Health Care non-profit making and business related organizations. Maureen and Gruska state that “The Congress established the award in 1987 under the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987, named after Malcom Baldrige who was the US Secretary of Commerce” (2005). The establishment of the award was to give recognition to those companies that showed great performance and achievement in quality business practices. The establishment of the award was to create awareness on quality of goods, services and performance excellence to promote competitive advantage among organizations. Therefore, it refers to a customer-focused agent aiming at achieving productivity, financial and market outcomes, competitiveness, good governance and leadership, product and services outcomes, as well as the quality of US firms for the good of all citizens (Maureen and Gruska 2005). Criteria for getting Malcolm Baldrige award The award identifies organizations that act as role models for other firms. It helps firms to identify improvement efforts, identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and to identify their management information systems for improvement. Organizations have to apply for the award and for an organization to get the award; it must meet the performance criteria established. Companies must apply for the award and pay a nonrefundable fee. The assessment of the companies is based on its focus and attention to customers, internal processes, employee satisfaction, and leadership among other factors (Maureen and Gruska 2005). The history of Malcolm Baldrige award In the 1980s, the US government and industry sectors came up with the idea of having quality control measures expanded to the competitive market. Regardless of this, most of the businesses did not care about quality. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award became the law on August, 20, 1987; it aimed to be the standard of measure of excellence that would propel US organizations to become excellent companies. At the end of 1987, Dr. Riemann and his staff in NIST came up with an award framework with a scheme of evaluation, which is now called the Baldrige Award. The award expanded to healthcare and education fields in 1998, and in 2005 to nonprofit sector (Maureen and Gruska 2005). Malcolm Baldrige award recipients (companies) Year   Recipient                                       Sect
Being one of the key people in the history of Britain, Margaret Thatcher introduced the state to a range of innovations, which concerned the political, economic and social life of its residents. As far as the impact of the changes made by Margaret Thatcher in the realm of the British economy, politics and social life is concerned, one must admit that the former prime Minister literally reinvented the way in which the British society and business operated. Despite the fact that some of the alterations, which were introduced into the society were quite radical, the improvements in the aforementioned areas are quite convincing of the success of Margaret Thatcher’s approach. First and most obvious, the alteration in the principles of the British electioneering should be mentioned. The famous Saatchi poster featuring a line of people above the famous “Labor isn’t working” slogan was not only a gimmick for the Conservative Party and Thatcher to win the elections and take the majority of seats in the Parliament. Apart from its obvious goal, it also pointed at the barely noticeable, yet economically tangible flaws of the British society, which Thatcher aimed at addressing. Miraculously, even before Thatcher actually started working in the realm of the UK Parliament, she managed to reinvent the electioneering principle (Bronstein and Harris 276). As far as the economy of the United Kingdom is concerned, the reduction in the influence of the trade unions was another priority of Thatcher’s (Ball para. 22). However, compared to the rest of the objectives that the Prime Minister and her party were aiming at, this goal did not seem to be an adequate response to the economic issues that Great Britain was facing at the time. Hoping that a drop in the influence of trade unions will inevitably lead to an increase in the productivity of state entrepreneurships, Thatcher did not take the problems of the British manufacturing industry into account, which led to an ultimate failure of the British government to boost the revenues of public companies. The reform for home ownership (Ball para. 5), whic
Puritanism developed in the end of the 16 th century in England. It was a powerful movement that embraced such spheres as political, religious and social. It also shaped family relations and even everyday life. In the first place, Puritanism was the movement that “sought to purify, or reform the Church” (Kang 148). Puritans thought that even their national church was still influenced by Catholicism. This was one of the most hostile to Catholicism groups within the group of Protestants. This led to prosecution of Puritans who were forced to move to the New World. Notably, Puritanism was very popular in the New World (particularly in Massachusetts) throughout the late 16 th century and 17 th century. There were a number of reasons. In the first place, the immigrants who came to that land were Puritan exiles. Of course, they remained faithful to their religious tenets as this was one of their “safe zones” in the New World. At the same time, Puritans believed in their being exceptional (Mingiuc 213). They thought they had been chosen by the God to purify the church in this world, so they believed they needed to make the New World purified from paganism, i.e. Indians. Puritanism has always been associated with progress and change. They did believe they were destined to bring the change to the New World. This was a very ‘suitable’ justification of taking land (i.e. resources) from Indians. Moreover, Puritans tried to live in accordance with the Holy Book. Of course, they referred to the parts of the Bible concerning Noah and Moses who explored new lands, and this was justified by the God (Bercovitch 181). At that, Puritans had a definite code of conduct, they had specific rules to follow, which was also quite convenient as they did not need to invent anything in the New World. However, it is necessary to note that Puritanism as a potent movement became less popular and even vanished in the end of the 17 th century and in the beginning of the 18 th century. Again, there were several reasons for the decline. First, political changes in Britain made many Puritans alienated from their roots (Kidd 32). When William took the throne, Puritans in Massachusetts hoped that they would have their basic rights secured (Kidd 32). Instead, they lost a lot of their freedoms. Of course, this political alienation from Britain also affected faithfulness to the entire movement. Apart from political issues, people were dissatisfied with the movement as it was too strict. New generations of Puritans did not want to tolerate all those restrictions. The world had changed and Puritans’ tenets also were becoming outdated. Puritanism started declining in the New World. However, it is necessary to note that there are still traces of this movement in the American culture as even the American dream is based on such principles as progress and hard work (Bercovitch 172). Thus, though P
Labeling of products and sustainable marketing are important elements used by companies to sell their brands through retail and wholesale transactions. The main reason for labeling is to enable consumers to identify a certain product easily and as quickly as possible. Most consumers have a difficult time identifying their preferred products if they are not well labeled. Secondly, companies label their products to make them more appealing to their target market. A significant number of consumers purchase certain products because of how they are labeled or packaged, and not because of their quality. Product labeling and sustainable marketing can also be used to rebrand Kern County almonds to enhance their marketability. Kern County can enhance the marketability and brand position of its almonds by designing an effective labeling system for the products. The packaging of the almonds can be designed using an attractive phrase containing alluring words such as ‘Kern County almonds, truly raw almonds, never pasteurized’; the phrase can make the product look more attractive and appealing to the customers. These words would not only explain to the consumers how fresh the almonds are, but also make them look unique and different from the others. Such a label on t
Introduction Literature plays an important role in shaping the morals of society. Literature also plays a central role in enabling cultural integration. Also, it defuses myths about particular cultures. Literature also plays a significant role in globalization. This happens when literature from a given culture is read throughout the world. For instance, William Shakespeare’s books have been translated into many languages for reading in various cultures around the world. This suffices important role played by literature in diverse cultures. Besides, literature shapes the morals of learners. It also serves as a warning against vices in society. This paper will explore the warnings and morals of British literature. Warning and Morals from “Beowulf” Malory narrates about a great hero in Geats. Beowulf fights great battles and wins. He is not driven by material gain. He gives his rewards to the king of Geats on his return. This shows a selfless person who fights for his people. Moreover, his 50 years of rule is characterized by peace and prosperity. In the end, he sacrifices himself to defend his people from a dragon. It can be noted that Beowulf loves everyone; he risks his life to fight Grendel and his mother for the Danes without invitation or pay. This book is essential for leaders and learners alike. It teaches them to be selfless and caring. Warning and Morals from “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” Malory’s story gives an account of Sir Gawain and King Arthur’s nephew, the Green Knight. He talks of magical powers of help by King Arthur’s half-sister who sends a green knight to challenge the king to a game. This challenge is used to test King Arthur and his representatives at the feast. Sir Gawain accepts the challenge but disregards its rules. He, therefore, loses automatically and awaits his fate based on the rules. Again he shows his disregard for rules when he meets Lord of the castle. However, he is also portrayed as a brave warrior through his efforts. However, in the end, he accepts his fate, and he admits to being dishonest. This book is important in teaching the audience about honesty, and repercussions of greed. It also teaches the audience of benefits of bravery. Also, one is taught to accept his situation irrespective of how difficult it is. Warning and Morals from “The Canterbury Tales” Geoff
It is said that television and media brought about new problems that are evident in the modern day and age. Mostly, these influences are harmful in relation to violence and people’s general behavior, which is characterized as careless, destructive and unpredictable. In reality, there is a great difference and separation between the violence that is seen on TV and that in real life, as people will not become aggressive if their character is not based on aggression. For a long time, there has been a debate that violence in the media causes more aggressive behavior in the person. There have been numerous studies, but the evidence is somewhat controversial. The majority of people believe that the causation of violent behavior by media is exaggerated. The social theorists suppose that people learn by modeling and imitating behavior. There have been experiments where such imitation would be tested with children as participants. It has yielded imprecise results (Wells, 1997). Further studies and experimentation have not established any particular correlation because of the control variables being too fluid. An important concept in movies and media is that they constantly remind the viewer that it is only the authorized people, like police officers and other authorities, are allowed to use violence as a last resource. In many instances, there is added humor, even though it does not diminish the violent and dangerous nature of the situation where a person is killed or their life is threatened. In general, it is possible to assume that a person might get desensitized towards violence, blood, aggression and criminal behavior. It has been proven that the more a person is confronted with a certain stimuli, the more they will get used to it. This can be seen in many examples from real life (Casey, 2008). Today, there are movies that show very gruesome and graphic scenes, and it is a fact that many people watch movies like “Saw” and it might make them more used to horror and blood. But people realize that it is a movie and a false, staged situation. A real life occurrence would be very different. For example, if a movie does not have graphic images or scenes, it might create an idea of violence where people are controlled against their will or held hostage. From one perspective, it is said that the person will learn to like the violence and use it in real life. But a person’s character or individuality cannot learn to like a particular stimulus. If a person does not like to smoke, they will not get used to it by constantly smoking. Or if someone likes a certain color or smell, a person cannot be made to like or unlike something. In the end, it is possible to see that there must be a link between violence and an already existing personal predisposition to it. The only people who will get affected by graphic violent media are those who require ideas in how to manifest own violent behavior. From this pers
Introduction In the early centuries, China was ruled by dynasties. The last dynasty that ruled China was the Qing Dynasty between 1644 to 1912. In the 19 th century, the dynasty underwent reforms and modernisation as Chinese leaders embraced foreign ideas and foreigners. There was the need to interact and learn new ways of life because of the ever-changing world. The paper delineates on the significance of foreigner and foreign ideas, their views, and the role of the views during the reformation period and modernisation of China between 1860s and 1890s. Significance of foreigners and foreign ideas during the Qing Dynasty Reforms and Modernisation Reforms and modernisation caused a paradigm shift in the away Chinese people viewed and perceived the ideas of foreigner. One of the personalities that were credited for these changes in perception was Feng. Feng was an intellectual that recognised that the world was changing and that the Chinese nation was required to open up and appreciate other worldviews. This could enable the Chinese to be part of the wider world (Feng 1964, p. 51). Foreigners and foreign ideas had great significance in China especially during the Qing Dynasty reformation and modernisation between 1860-1890s. These ideas led to the appreciation of western sciences in China as central or necessary sources of knowledge. Most of the western education areas such as mathematics, science and geography became pertinent in China. The subjects were incorporated in some of the academies, and were taught in China. For instance, the introduction of western subjects led to the established of Kuang fang- yen kuan academy at Shanghai that taught western sciences and languages (Feng 1964, p. 51). Foreigners in China were perceived negatively. Most Chinese believed that all foreigners were bad people. Therefore, they could not be trusted or believed in whatever way. Chinese people were suspicious and jealous about all kinds of barbarians and that they had a negative attitude towards them. However, this reformation and modernisation brought a turning point in their perceptions. The view of the Chinese was changed. They realised that foreigners required good treatment and respect. This contributed to the adoption of different cultures and worldviews that helped to establish positive relationships between the Chinese and foreigners (Rozman 2002, p. 217). Foreign ideas were also of importance during this period of reformation because they helped the Chinese people to acquire relevant skills in various industries that later empowered china as a nation. China’s relationship with foreigners helped it to acquire various skills in manufacturing of machines and weapons besides helping to acquire military skills and training (Feng 1964, p. 53). Even though this was done in disguise, China aimed at getting skills and knowledge that could empower and strengthen it to be self-reliant in various areas. Furthermore, foreigners and foreign ideas acted as a waking up call for the people of China during the Qing Dynasty reforms an
Non-assertiveness refers to the state of mind where an individual experiences conflict in the mind (the individual is bothered, upset, uncomfortable with the given situation) but chooses not to show any reaction to it. This reaction is evident when the opinions expressed or the emotional reaction of a person is indirect and difficult to identify because it lacks any form of external manifestation. This reaction finds application in most instances of my individual life because I often find myself listening and executing the needs of other people without giving my personal opinions or thoughts. In most cases, I would agree to do task requested before I express my personal feelings of whether or not the task should be done or not (Goodboy & McCroskey, 2007). The non-assertive reaction is however only expressed in situations in which I am the least in rank, size monetary capacity or social status. I tend to be more assertive when in the company of peers or other people who are my juniors, this is unfortunately not always the case because I rarely find this company as often as I find the “seniors” company. Given a task within the context where I am the least, I take it up without questioning. This always helps to avert the notion that I may be insolent or disobedient to the seniors; I may also be unwilling to provide meaningful alternative solutions or insights to a problem; this however shall depend largely on how my opinion or personal ideas will be perceived. Such a reaction has significantly assisted me in demonstrating total submission and respect to authority and hierarchy (Papa & Daniels, 2008). Research in human behavior and psychology has shown that non assertive individuals are often taken advantage of by colleagues or peers who capitalize on this trait. This often port