ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United States of America is one of the nations occupied with people from different minor races apart from the whites. The dominant minor groups include the Indians (Native Americans or red Indians), the African Americans, and the Hispanics among others. Unfortunately, the issue of racism, discrimination, and oppression of the minor races has existed since the slavery times. The whites in the US, sadly, perceive the minor groups as poor, unintelligent, and ugly among others. Contemporarily, the minor groups and other human rights groups are fighting to end the reign of racism in the US. Although the rate of racism has declined, the American people have adopted other sophisticated means of racism like identification of sports teams, sports attires, college names and other symbols to continue practicing the vice indirectly. The Promotion of Racism through sports As aforementioned, the Indian Americans is the dominant minor race that exists in the United States of America. The group practices its culture through sports and other activities while in America. Sadly, the sports teams of the Indian groups with the non-Indians differ drastically through naming. Ward posits, “The American Indians have protested the use of native names, symbols, and images as sports teams’ mascots” (439). The practice not only promotes indirect racism, but also undermines the American Indians in their own country. For instance, the government and other public institutions practice the vice of racism when they identify the race of teams in sports. The demeaning identification of the natives not only promotes racism, but also leads to unrest because the minor races join hands to protest against the government. However, the government and other media personnel are quick to defend their intention, as only enhancing ‘fun’ and not discrimination; therefore, it is not ‘big deal’ (Ward 441). According to Kwame Tour’e, a leader of the black liberation, racism was thought to be outdated; consequently, the majority became self-satisfied by believing blindly that racism was dead and buried. Therefore, the aspect of racism still exists in the contemporary American society even though some people are quick to rebut this fact. Impact of the racism The major impact is the break down of communication between the Indians and the whites, which not only lead to tension in a state, but also disunity. Secondly, other minor
The Universality of family The writer Melford E. Spiro features insights of American anthropologist Murdock who managed to ratify the suppositions on the universality of family based on the scholar’s critical contribution of the cross-cultural study of Kinship. The presentation by Melford features a groundbreaking contribution based on research findings by Murdock that by extension to the universality of family, the nuclear family is also universal in the empirical contributions of Murdock. In Murdock’s perspective the nuclear family which is also universal (Murdock) has fundamentally four principal functions which are sexual, economic, reproductive and educational. Nuclear family Irreplaceable In relation to the perspective of the Anthropologist captured in the preceding entry, Murdock is quoted in the same paragraph articulating that there is no society to date that has been successful in replacing the nuclear family to which these critical functionalities can be feasibly transferred. Melford leverages on the empirical insight offered by Murdock to assert that that there is little reason to probe or query the scholars prediction that is it remarkably doubtful whether any society ever will succeed in such an attempt , ” Utopian advocating for the eradication of family to the contrary notwithstanding’ ( Murdock cited in Melford Spiro). Family Functions Critical In the extract , Melford points out that Murdock accounts for the universality of the Nuclear family on the basis that the functionalities of the nuclear family are of fundamental importance and are prerequisite for the survival of any society hence the universality of the nuclear family.
Jazz and Civil Rights Movement The civil rights movement filled the black activists with a sense of cultural freedom and self-assertion, which went far beyond the formal goals for which they had been fighting. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee had its “fellows of liberty” who embodied the aspirations of black fighters for freedom in music and song. After the bebop music, jazz has ceased to reach a broader audience and has focused on music and the musicians who were within this musical mainstream. As a result, jazz has been associated with the civil rights movement. This music appealed to culture, in which personal and social positions became inseparable. Jazz became a place, where a person was accepted for their actions and ideas alone and not for race or ethnicity. “Jazz,” writes Stanley Crouch, “predicted a civil rights movement more than any other art in America. Not only jazz music itself was an analogy to the ideals of the civil rights movement, but jazz musicians took up the cause” 1 . Using celebrity and their music, the musicians promoted racial equality and social justice. Although sometimes criticized by activists and black musicians for playing as a stereotyped musician, speaking mostly to a white audience, Louis Armstrong often had a subtle way of addressing racial issues. In 1929, he recorded a song from the popular musical “(What Did I Do to Be Like That) Black and Blue?” 2 . Armstrong became a cultural ambassador, performing jazz around the world and representing the interests of civil movement activists and supporters. In response to the growing upheaval surrounding public school degeneration, Armstrong has openly criticized his country. Especially after the Little Rock crisis of 1957, during which the National Guard prevented nine black students from entering high school 3 . Such a position only strengthened civil rights activists, as found support from musicians, public people, and artists around the world. Advantages of Musicians’ Role Nonetheless, the presence of musicians and artists in political and civil campaigns has its advantages and disadvantages. Foremost, musicians can talk to a broader audience and spread ideas or ideologies among them. Such an activity supports the movement’s progress and awareness about social or political problems 4 . Besides, art brings together people who may share values, thoughts, and intentions. The use of music and concerts as a platform for such alliance positively affect civil movements, as they can develop their positions or ideas in different vectors. Disadvantages of Musicians’ Role Artists should be very attentive to the social and political agenda. Most people may misinterpret the musicians’ slogans and ideas, which can lead to unpredictable consequences or social conflicts escalations. Moreover, music, art, and performance are usually seen as neutral activities, which share values and ideas with all citizens and social groups rather than with a
Mammals are subdivided into three major subclasses; Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria. Prototheria are the egg laying mammals. Metatheria are the mammals whose young ones are born while immature or undeveloped and must cling to their mother until they are big enough to survive on their own. Before they are born, the young ones are usually attached to the yolk. For the Eutheria, their young ones form embryos and are attached to their mothers through placenta in the womb. The three subclasses are similar in that all of them are warm blooded, are four limbed and breathe air. In all the above subclasses, young ones depend on their mother for food. Their bodies are either covered with hair, fur or bare and have a constant body temperature. Their lower jaws are a single bone and have three bones in the middle ear. The three subclasses are different in their mode of reproduction. Prototheria lack teats but feed their young ones from mammary segregations. Moreover, unlike other mammals, they have a singe opening for excretion and reproduction. Metatheria have a pouch where the young ones stay until they are fully developed. Eutheria is the only class that is able to live in the three environments, terrestrial, air and water, and the placenta transfers nutrition to the young one from the mother. The order primates have distinct traits. They have five fingers on each hand and five fingers on each toe, a longer gestation period compared to other animals of their size, forward facing eyes and have stereoscopic vision, well developed skeletal features related to arms and legs. Many primates are omnivorous. These traits are important in that the fingers and toes are useful in grasping and manipulating bits of food as they feed. The long gestation period helps them in ensuring their young ones are well developed before they are born. Primates are omnivorous in that they can feed on different types of food available on different environments. The positioning of the eyes is for the purpose of making decision stimulated by vision; the stereoscopic vision helps them to make proper distant judgments especially when they are moving from one position to another. Primates have a collar bone and two separate arm and legs bones for better limb movement and accurate motion. Primates are successful in that they are intelligent and use that intelligence optimally to survive and get food. Primates are usually protective of their young ones this makes them surv
Introduction The job relates to a procurement clerk to be hired within the organization. The procurement clerk will be required to compile records such as purchase orders and other information necessary for procurement of materials and services (O*NET Online para. 1). Tasks The procurement clerk will be required to perform the following tasks.  1. To prepare purchase orders and send them to the appropriate departments and suppliers  2. To determine whether the amount of inventory within the organization is sufficient for its operation, if not, the procurement clerk will be required to order more.  3. Contacting suppliers so as to schedule the delivery dates, resolve shortages and other problems that might arise.  4. Compare product prices and other specifications so as to determine the best bid to select from the various suppliers.  5. The clerk will also be required to respond to inquiries made by customers and suppliers. Some of these inquiries may relate to order status and possible changes. Knowledge  1. Clerical- The procurement clerk should possess comprehensive knowledge with regard to clerical systems, clerical procedures and administrative procedures. For example, the clerk should have knowledge related to word processing, stenography, designing forms and managing files and records. The clerk should also be familiar with office terminologies and procedures.  2. English- The clerk should possess sufficient knowledge of English. This is with regard to knowledge of its content and structure. He or she should also have good knowledge of English, such as rules of composition, spelling of words and their meaning.  3. Computers and electronics- The clerk should be have knowledge on electronic equipment, processors, circuit boards, computer software and hardware, computer applications and programming.  4. Mathematics – The clerk should have knowledge of arithmetic, statistics, calculus, algebra and geometry and how they are applied. Skills  1. Reading comprehension- Should be able to read and understand written statements related to the job.  2. Communication skills- Should be able to communicate fluently so as to convey the intended information effectively..  3. Active listening- The clerk should be attentive to other people, take time to understand what they are saying, ask questions when appropriate and should not interrupt when others are speaking.  4. Writing-Should be able to communicate effectively to the intended audience through writing.  5. Critical thinking- The procurement clerk should be reasonable in dealing with problems that arise. Abilities  1. Written comprehension – The procurement should be able to understand and comprehend information presented through writing.  2. Oral expression- The clerk should be able to communicate ideas a
Introduction Recent media activities have shown an increasing trend among media corporations and information outlets to provide the public with an in-depth coverage of sports activities including scandals, conflicts, and news updates. These crises have become common especially where drugs, financial difficulties, sex, and violence are involved. The coverage often comprise on field or court issues, and direct conflict with off-the-field stakeholders and personalities. Such crises are often the cause of severe reputation problems to sports organizations, clubs and stakeholders (including players, club owners, fans, and the management). Scandals of fair play where sportsmen and women or athletes, clubs and officials of sports organizations have often been accused of corrupting their winning are the most common as they receive a lot of media attention. There have also been problems of financial crises experienced by clubs in various sports organizations such as those witnessed in the Spanish Football League recently whereby many clubs could not afford to sufficiently pay their players. National Basketball Association (NBA) The National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of most popular sports organizations in the US. It consists of thirty clubs with twenty-nine of them based in the US while the others are based in Canada. It is a member of the USA Basketball which is the National Governing Body in- charge of basketball in the country. NBA is also recognized by the International Basketball Federation. It was established in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America having been founded by individuals who had previously owned key ice hockey arenas in Midwestern Northeastern United States and Canada. The association started with just eleven teams. It later merged with the National Basketball League to form the National Basketball Association in 1949. Currently, it has over seventeen franchises across cities within the US. Since then, team expansions, relocations and reductions have seen the number increase to thirty. NBA league organization groups the thirty teams into the Western and Eastern Conferences. There are three divisions in each conference. Every division makes five teams. The existing league divisional arrangement was established in the 2004-05 season. NBA teams plays 42 games at home and an equal number of away games. This makes 82 games in a
The power of an employee in any organization depends mostly with his or her performance. There are other aspects that can increase his or her power, but good performance will automatically achieve this. Employees’ performance may be good but it will require one to be outstanding among other employees for his or her voice to be heard. For an employee to perform best and his power-increased within an organization he or she should demonstrate some important characters (McCroskey, et al 120). Such an employee should be in a position to deal with risks. He should posses some tactics to handle risks and uncertainty. Once an employee portrays such traits, the employer finds it relevant to allocate such responsibilities to him or her. The employer start developing some trusts to such an employee, and can be entrusted incase a company is encountered by such challenges. An employee who wants to perform best and outstand among others should be result oriented. She or he should take full ownership to his duties and responsibilities until they are effectively done. He or she should make sound decisions concerning the issues affecting his duties without much consultation (McCroskey, et al 82). He should only consult his immediate boss in making decisions that are beyond his capability. Such an employee becomes stronger day by day due to many experiences, and it becomes possible for him to achieve his goals within the set time. At times, his supervisors and immediate boss may disagree with his judgment, but he should stand strong and support his reasonable decision. Such an employee should portray a “can do” attitude to other employees and his supervisors. For an employee still to outstand among his colleagues, he or she should be energetic. His output should probably be higher than his supervisors expect. His commitments should be focused to the overall organization, its objectives, and its final success. His commitments should have a wider coverage and not necessarily his duties on the job description (McCroskey, et al 96). Such an employee should be interested to contribute to the final results, and confirm the outcome of his contributions quickly. It’s advisable for an employee who desires to have his power increased to be quick and clear in pointing out mistakes whenever they occur. Giving credit where it deserves to his fellow employees and to his supervisors will place an employee at a competitive edge than the rest. An employee who is determined to have his voice heard in an organization, should perform his duties effectively with or without supervision, he should know what he want to achieve and work towards it tirelessly. Self-motivation and setting out priorities among his objectives should be emphasized with minimal guidance. Such an employee should not wait his supervisor to give guidance on the things that can be done by use of common senses (Mc
This book entails the private lives of families during the Cold War. Homeward Bound has not only been responsible for altering the common consideration of the Cold War in America but it also compels historians and readers like me to reassess the association between the public and private lives of American families after the Cold War. Elaine Tyler May through this book raises a question upon the political ideology by researching that the Atomic Age and the Cold War were not the only objectives to be studied by those who make the public policy. We all know that the Cold War era released tensions and pressures as such that made a heavy impact on American life at every level for the reason that the declared foreign strategy of containment in the direction of the Soviet Union had a familial consequence. The apparent threats of this era were a nuclear war, consumerism, collectivism, women’s liberation, and sexual testing which were shown to be contained in the family itself. In my view, I believe that the thesis May argues on somewhat portrays “ cold war ideology and the domestic revival as two sides of the same coin” (p. 10). At the same time, I read this to be a reflection of the scrupulous fears and anxiety as well as the ambitions and expectations for the period. I read Elaine Tyler May’s study, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, and found out that the theme of her work is inspired by the much talked about settlement of the families away from the city after the war. We all have read in miscellaneous Cold War accounts that these families were abnormally big and it was difficult for them to dwell. However, very few works reflected the account of abnormal increase in the rate of birth after the war which was surely a demographic abnormality. This increase in birthrate was seen last in late 1800s after which the birthrate had started to fall. This rise in the birthrate been noted as return to customary traditions and family values which have been made probable by the wartime affluence which followed fatalities caused by the Depression. May convinces the reader at this point that these outsized middle-class families belonging to the towns were not a foreseeable come back to a former model but a new model of a family which resulted in the framework of a particular communal and political culture after the war. I perceive, May’s thesis is aiming to map out the edifice of this new image of family life as it resounded throughout the newly formed culture and became a basis of developing the foundation of societal approaches and strategy formulations in the community. In my opinion May’s book is a significant study of the development of meticulous philosophies of the standard family and for the clear links it discloses between life of families, public and political philosophies in this era. To study the familial structures existing in the postwar era, this book would prove to be the only such account of history that will answer all your questions. May signifies that the postwar fa
Classification within the prison facility refers to the process of placing offenders in one of the various inmate custody levels based on some rational idea or criteria. During the last one decade, considerable attention has been accorded to the classification of detainees. Such classification is determined by a set of well-articulated legal factors like the magnitude of the offense, criminal record, and personal characteristics that help guide the decision-making. In this respect, prison classification helps assess prisoner risks to balance confinement requirements that are in line with the program needs. The principal rationale for classification is that offenders are not all the same. The reason is because they differ from each other in not only the severity of the crime, but also in the objectives behind committing the crime. Thus, the classification must be conducted while considering the needs of every offender as distinct (Siegel & Bartollas, 2014). Various purposes make classification inevitable in the prison systems, and include the need to screen the offender for confinement or release after the hearing. Second, it helps correction specialists to determine the most suitable placement for the offender. Finally, it establishes the appropriate needs of incarcerated offenders. Crime committed, level of education, social background, prior crimes, work history, age, and gender are some of the key predictors that guide the placement procedure. Based on these criteria, the prison classification specialists are in a position to assign the offender the most suitable custody supervision. Following admission, processing and assessing commences, determining their medical and mental state is conducted to support the individual profile for each offender concerning his/her program needs. For instance, in the Alabama Department of Corrections the Central Classification Division referred to as the Central Review Board (CRB) conducts this procedure. During the classification, a detainee is put under the suitable custody and the supervision level. During the 20 th century, classification systems changed hugely, and corrections took a different shape that gave way to reform and rehabilitation as the primary goal. Currently, correctional standards in Alabama are swiftly adopting to objective models as opposed to subjective models. Subjective approaches seem to assume informal procedures that in many cases cause inefficiency and unreliable decisions. Contrary, objective models rely on a focused set of well-articulated legal parameters. Objective models often emphasize on consistency, fairness, and inclusive decision-making. Inmate custodial levels include close, medium, minimum I, minimum II and minimum III risk levels. Detainees in close supervision show the greatest risk. The magnitude of the risk is least among inmates in minimum III level. In regard to prison security levels, inmates are placed by security level. For example, the cell areas within close supe