ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Staffing approaches A number of factors come into play when choosing the appropriate staff for the international subsidiaries of a multinational company. In its former ethnocentric approach, the biggest consideration for Sony was the home country’s authority both in foreign strategy and recruitment. For the company, most subsidiaries would have Japanese staff in senior positions. Unfortunately, this kind of approach has several disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is applying a foreign culture on foreign employees in these subsidiaries. A good example of how this failed to work out was in the strike at the Sony manufacturing plant in Indonesia where laborers protested against a policy that had them work while standing. With a shift from such an approach, the firm could take on a Geocentric approach. This way they will manage to balance the need to transition from their ethnocentric structure which has been seen to cost them in certain situation without necessarily pulling out all Japanese workers. In using the geocentric approach they stand to gain in a number of ways. They will firstly be able to take advantage of low labour costs by employing their skilled workforce in certain countries e.g. China. The shift would also allow the company to keep track of their talent management strategies which seeks to maximize the quality of their workforce globally. The use of their online training software TrainNet will go a long way in ensuring that the communication between the central human resource department at the Japanese headquarters and global staff is robust and steady. Characteristics to look for in subsidiary managers Some characteristics that Sony should ensure it looks for are strong communication skills, leadership ability, talented and flexible. The different kinds of culture that the staff will be exposed to will demand an understanding of different people from around the world. The need to exercise effective communication by both subordinate staff and managers is highly essential to the success of these subsidiaries. Managers will need to show exceptional leadership abilities as they will be forced to deal with employees from a variety of work and educational backgrounds. The fact that the global approach of recruitment will pool in workers from different parts of the world will mean that these workers need to be able to cope with one another and communicate well. It will be necessary for these managers to equip themselves with sound knowledge and fluency in a variety of languages in this regard. At the same time there will be a huge n
Introduction The majority of issues facing a common person could be considered psychological problems resulting from the blistering development of society and constant increase of the level of stress. Furthermore, the state of a person is also impacted by his/her financial stability that determines the position in society and further perspectives of an individual. These factors obviously promote the pernicious effect on the life of a person, his/her psyche, and self-esteem. Additionally, the growth of the significance of the financial sector gives rise to a great number of concerns related to the attempts to earn money and guarantee stability and success. However, the great level of rivalry and the modern market environment contribute to the development of a number of psychological disorders that deteriorate the quality of life of an individual and condition the further aggravation of the problem. For these reasons, psychology becomes the crucial concern for the modern world as it might help to mitigate the negative effects of various failures and improve the general state of a person. Background The given sphere has always been an important part of science and developed along with society. Yet, the 20th century could be taken as the period of its blistering growth and increase of the popularity. The complexity of the epoch and a great number of stressors introduced the necessity of the further evolution of psychology to help people to overcome challenges appearing on their way. This fact conditioned the rise of psychotherapists and the sector in general. Additionally, the further evolution of society promoted the growth of numerous schools of psychology that tend to help a person to improve the quality of his/her life and attain success. The popularity of these branches rests on the modern environment that poses a number of stressful situations that trigger some changes in the psyche (Kasser and Ryan 411). Besides, positive psychology also aims at the improvement of the state of a person. Positive psychology Defying the term, it uses the psychological understanding of the nature of a human being and intervention to help to attain success and contribute to the personal growth of a person (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 5). As against classical psychology, positive one does not tend to correct some pathology or deviation; however, it is focused on the creation of the conditions beneficial for the development of an individual (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 5). Moreover, it also could help a person to act in the most efficient way to guaranty the progress and achieve the desired goal. In this regard, one could realize that positive psychology could be used in any sphere of human activity to improve the final results. A
Introduction Reinstating a military draft would be retrogressive both for the social and economic lives of the American people. The paper shall analyze this statement on the basis of labor wage costs and other doctrines that are instrumental in maintaining the military. Problems with reinstating the military draft The military draft is another way for the Department of Defense to run away from the true costs of engaging in war by keeping down their labor costs. Once reinstated, the military draft would ensure that the US Army has a sufficient number of soldiers required to run efficiently. The alternative to this is to recruit members on a purely voluntary basis. The major incentive for the public to join such an army in the latter case would be its wage levels. If soldiers got over fifty thousand dollars annually, then chances are that so many recruits would be attracted. Therefore, a military draft is another mechanism that the Defense department is utilizing in order to deviate from the true economics of its human resource personnel. (Williams, 3) In order to place the latter argument in perspective, then one can imagine a different scenario like say a General Dynamics firm. The latter firm engages in production of Army supplies that are just as important in the process of running the military as the soldiers themselves. If the government was to issue draft notices to the public to wok for General Dynamics at three hundred dollars, then this would solicit very harsh reactions. The public would call such a draft slave labor and no one would support it. If a draft seems quite inappropriate for other aspects of the military, then it is only logical for the same consideration to be made in terms of recruitment of soldiers. One argument that has been put forward by supporters of the military draft is that this approach ensures that sufficient numbers of soldiers are recruited at costs that can be duly afforded by the government hence supporting the fundamentals of economics. However, this argument is quite misinformed – every time the military employs a soldier, then that soldier is forced to forego other income generating activities that would contribute towards the economy of the nation. In this regard, the individual ought to be compensated for sacrificing this responsibility in order to join army. Consequently, the use of the military draft disregards this fact and ignores that rational of what most economists call opportunity costs. In order to understand why a military draft is a bad idea, it would be essential to look into current operations of the US Army. A number of analysts have asserted that this army is one of the best in the developed world yet in order to get to that level, the country has been using an all-volunteer strategy. One would therefore wonder, if this strategy is working so well currently, then what would be the point of changing it. Instead of focusing the country’s energies on compulsory military recr
Performance/breach and remedies Introduction To determine whether Teto is liable to Retro Ltd and whether Teto is entitled to any remedies for the small orders in the first months requires an examination of the terms of the parties’ contract, their significance and the parties conduct in relation to the performance of the contract. As Edwina has made a pre-contractual assurance to Teto in the course of negotiations which has not been embodies in the main contract, the parole evidence rule and the possibility of a collateral contract existing where the agreement expressly states that it embodies the parties’ entire agreement is raised. The basic principles of breach of contract will also be discussed alongside the proposed available remedies The conditions and warranties in the contract will be discussed with a view of establishing actual breach of such conditions and warranties and the possible remedies that accrue to such breach. Lastly the doctrine of promissory estoppels will also be discussed as an avenue of providing some remedy to Teto. Body Teto and Retro Ltd have entered into an agreement on the following conditions:  1. Teto will supply material, the order will be supplied within 3 days and the price will be subject to a 20 % markup on the suppliers cost;  2. The agreement is for a period of a year. It is important to note that the parties have entered into a written agreement which clause 7 makes clear is an entirely written one and so the parole evidence rule will apply and evidence of prior representations such as Edwina’s assurance cannot form part of the parties contractual relationship. Collateral Contract A collateral contract is a term which describes an oral unilateral contract, which is independent from the main written contract. The collateral contract is comprised of an oral promise or assurance made by one party that is the consideration for the other party entering into the main contract: De Lassalle v Guildford. It can only exist where an assurance is given in a pre-contractual context and never post contractually: Hercules Motors Pty Ltd v Schubert . It is clear that Edwina’s assurance is consideration for Teto to enter the written agreement. There are three basic requirements of a collateral contract are:  1. That the statement is promissory in nature; and  2. That there is not inconsistency between the main contract and the alleged collateral contract.  3. For a person to establish a collateral contract they must establish that they entered into the main contract in consideration of the statement made by the representee: J J Savage & Sons v Blakney. Inconsistency A collateral contract cannot be inconsistent with the main contract which is known as the rule in Hoyt’s Pty Ltd v Spencer . The possibility of arguing that Edwina’s oral promise constitutes a separate collateral contract faces the difficulty that any collateral promise must be consistent with the written agreement and clause 7 would be interpreted to mean that Retro Ltd’s prior representations cannot be relied upon and so they could not form a separate collateral contract. Conditi
In the video “the learning organization,” Peter Senge discourses on the importance of an organization’s ability to work at its best by bringing together the various contributions of the members of the team. Senge proposes that an organization needs to encourage its members to shift from traditional thinking and challenge new boundaries so they can improve themselves from within through diverse experiences. When people work in teams, he proposes, they should develop a sense of candidness that allows them to be open and criticize each other. He is especially concerned with the ability of leaders to positively take criticism on their leadership styles, but also be capable of criticizing themselves. The central issue in the lecture is the capacity of the members or an organization to reflect on various issues, and this is something that could greatly benefit the Dubai police force. Senge suggests that an organization should practice reflection so that it can avoid being fixated with treating symptoms and work on reflecting on the bigger picture to discern the underlying causes of the problem. Take, for example, the problem of traffic congestion in the city; the police officers are constantly engaged in dealing with the traffic snarl-ups and cases of road rage because there are simply too many vehicles on the road. However, while towing cars and issue parking tickets solves the problem, in the end, the force would benefit from reflecting on how to solve the problem in the end. A possible solution could be cooperation with the city authorities to increase the parking fees or prevent personal vehicles from accessing some parts of the city. Nevertheless, Dubai law enforcement seems to have adopted some of the proposals suggested in the video, although this may have been done independently. For example, outside the city, there are limits due to the excellent roads and the many wealthy inhabitants who own supercars, there have been many issues of speed-related accidents. The police force has moved to tackle this problem in a very creative and non-traditional way that reflects the spirit of challenging traditions, as suggested by Senge. They procured supercars for the traffic patrol officers, making Dubai the only place in the world where police drive around in official and Marked Ferraris, Lamborghinis, and other high-end supercars. As a result, unlike other countries where the police will have to rarely on-air support or roadblocks to apprehend speeding motorists, in Dubai, they are literary given a run for their money. This is a case of the police reflecting on the speeding problem and realizing that the only way it can be solved in the long term is to ensure that the offenders are made aware that they no longer have the monopoly of fast cars. Senge further suggests that an organization should have a clear image of what they want to achieve in the end to motivate their staff. The Dubai police force will have to do more than get a few fast cars on the road to enhance such an image; to do this, the channels of communication between the superiors
Introduction Definition Diabetes is a disease caused by the inability of the body to control blood sugar because of the lack or inadequate production of insulin by the B cells of the pancreas. Types of Diabetes There are two types of diabetes namely diabetes type1 and type II. From a medical point of view, it is evident that diabetes type 11 is the most prevalent or common form of diabetes among diabetic people. Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 has early onset and therefore affects children but in some cases, it attacks any age. Type 1 is autoimmune. It occurs due to the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin as a result of the destruction of beta-cells by the immune system. Type 2 Diabetes It occurs when the human body does not generate adequate insulin or if the body fails to utilize the generated insulin properly. Adult people are the most prone to type 2 diabetes which hampers the pancreas from performing its function as required. Among the adults, it is common for obese people aged above 40 years old particularly for those whose has a history of the same (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, 2010). Various indications for a diabetic diet A diabetic diet comprises meals that are aimed at reducing the elevated blood sugar levels in diabetic people. A diabetic diet can be considered a healthier meal for diabetic people. A diabetic diet is indicated for people with elevated blood sugar and diagnosed as prediabetics. This aids in averting the progression of the condition to chronic disease or full-blown diabetes. Some of the symptoms that lead to the initiation of the diet by the physicians and nutritionists include Unquenchable thirst that may lead to increased consumption of water. Another symptom of a diabetic diet includes weakness and fatigue because the pancreas fails to release insulin that helps glucose to move into the body cells to produce energy (Ezrin & Kowalski, 1999). The diet is also indicated for those people who are predisposed to developing type 11 diabetes due to their family history. This is precautionary as these people are liable to develop diabetes. It is also indicated in diabetics to prevent the development of complications such as kidney failure, diabetic nephropathy among others. In these circumstances, low-calorie foods with high fiber content are indicated and if foods with high calories are used they should be divided into 6 smaller meals as opposed to the conventional three heavy meals. Scientific Rationale for a Diabetic Diet Refers to ways through which diabetic people can reduce or cut down the blood sugar levels in their bodies to normal levels. The principle behind this is that with a proper diet, blood sugar levels can be reduced to the normal range. The most prevalent scientific measure is the use of supplements in people’s meals. Examples of supplements include traditional low-fat meals or diets because they contain few simpl
Introduction This paper analyses different customer segmentation concepts and its implications to organizations. Key determinants of customer segmentation are identified; consideration of high customer segmentation and its impacts are also discussed. Lastly, consideration of the high and low customer segmentation approaches and its implications to the organization’s market mix are discussed with relevant examples. Customer segmentation and its impact for business According to Kumar (2008, p.44) customer segmentation is the identification of customers based on groups such as demographics such as age, sex and income or attributes like customer attitudes/behaviours and psychological profiles. As stated by Fisk (2009, p. 3) customer segmentation is relevant to business management because it enhances strategic prioritization where different elements of the segmentation can be applied to create a customer strategy that comprehends the values of varying customers and ways of addressing them appropriately. As stated by Tsiptsis (2010), customer segmentation also helps in competitive positioning of a business utilizing micro-segmentation to enhance the values of a brand in order to align it with the target clientele within the market. Outside the market, customer segmentation is essential in setting future strategic plans such as seeking other new markets, establishing new products and even speculating market changes (Wang, 2006). Customer segmentation also enables holistic management of business through comprehending of essential customer needs, behaviours and profiles. Focusing on high customer segmentation, for instance, allows a business to adopt a market approach strategy with higher chances of success because of the clear identification of the customer needs within the market (Hawkes, 2003). Customer segmentation also allows for pooling of organizational resources and human capital towards the core needs of the target customer and hence an important consideration outside marketing. Key determinants of customer segmentation According to Zoltners (2004, pp.60-61), companies can identify key d
While pursuing our studies we often have to consult and refer to the ideas of other people in reading them as texts, or by listening to lectures or during classroom lessons. Subsequently all the learning has to be compiled by way of our own writings and presentations and it becomes imperative to give credit to the sources from where we have taken the given information. If we do not give credit to such sources, it amounts to plagiarism, which is also defined as using the ideas and works of other writers without citing them appropriately. Plagiarism can be avoided by citing in the required format all the sources that have been used in a given piece of work. Such sources could pertain to other people’s ideas, theories and opinions that are available as common knowledge by way of magazines, books and on the worldwide web. All material that comes directly from the text must be put in quotations and appropriate paraphrasing must be done so that the same arrangements of words are not replaced. There should be a checking done of the paraphrasing in one’s work to ensure that the same words and phrases from the text are not used in one’s work. The adverse consequences of plagiarizing can be very severe in that zero marks can be given in the assignment and the course depending upon the disciplinary authority’s discretion. A permanent notation in this regard is added on to the file of the student. There could be a disciplinary hearing or the student may be reprimanded formally. Sometimes plagiarism can be taken as a very serious offence and the student may be expelled without being given any other hearing opportunity. Sometimes the certificates, diplomas and degrees are withheld or withdrawn by the university and legal action can also be taken against offenders in extreme cases. Hence it is essential that all original concepts and data used in the written assignment have to be referenced appropriately to avoid the charge of plagiarism. If the ideas from other sources are not paraphrased, they can be included as quotations but must be quoted and referenced as required. I feel that plagiarism is indeed an immoral practice since there is no justification in a learning environment to take credit for work done by others. In essence plagiarism amounts to copying the work of others, which is not fair especi