ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Fertility is one of the most debated issues in Bangladesh. The rate of fertility is very high compared to countries like Kenya, due to poor family planning. However, the rate has been on the decline due to factors that include education, employment opportunities, and erosion of degrading traditional beliefs. Illiteracy among women in Bangladesh is caused by demeaning cultural beliefs that ignore the need for women to get educated. Women are considered inferior to men. Illiteracy contributes to high fertility rates because women do not acquire knowledge on the importance of family planning. This hurts development because few women take part in activities that promote economic development. Education is important because it teaches women the importance of using family planning methods such as contraceptives. Fertility rates are low in countries where women are educated. Introduction Fertility is one of the most critical issues that affect Bangladesh. The fertility rate in the country depends on several factors that include population density, level of education, and culture. These factors are responsible for the high rate of fertility in Bangladesh. Many women are illiterate and as such embrace cultural values that advocate for large families. Despite the negative influence of these factors, the rate of fertility has been on the decline in past years. This decline has been initiated by the inability of available resources to support the growing population. Education is an important factor that determines the choices that people make about fertility. In Bangladesh, illiteracy among women has contributed to the high rates of fertility (Levine 2007). The situation has been worsened by the religious beliefs of women who believe in bearing many children. Compared to Kenyan women who possess knowledge on family planning, Bangladesh women rarely use contraceptives. However, with the introduction of education on family planning, the rates have declined significantly (The World Factbook). Fertility has a direct relationship to a country’s development. Low fertility rates lead to more involvement of women in jobs, thus promoting economic development. Highly fertile women spend most of their time carrying pregnancies and taking care of their babies. On the other hand, high fertility rates lead to high population growth. High populations put pressure on available resources, thus decreasing development. Finally, high fertility rates lead to a decline in the quality of health care services because of population pressure. Controlled population growth ensures that health services are of high quality
Introduction Environmental sustainability can be defined as acts of making amicable decisions towards business activities that will reduce the rate of environmental pollution. The process involves not only reducing the rate of waste product production but also coming up with amicable programs that will facilitate sustainability. For instance, many countries in the world experience a lot of water conservation challenges due to rapid population increases; these problems need to be solved. How countries achieve environmental stability Many developed countries such as the U.S.A have some water conservation programs that play significant roles in reducing the rate of water consumption. Some of the programs that have contributed positively towards water conservation in the U.S.A are related to those implemented in the AUS. For instance, both the U.S.A and the AUS advocate use of low-flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, faucet aerators, gray water, and the practice of landscape irrigation (EPA, 2012). The U.S.A recommends for installation of plumbing equipment that uses less water. Egypt is one of the renowned countries in Africa that has advanced greatly in terms of agriculture. Like the AUS, Egypt uses groundwater and harvested rainfall water for irrigation. Although Egypt reuses almost all of its wastewater, its water conservation programs differ greatly from those practiced by the AUS and U.S.A. Egypt also lacks enough financial resources for the installation of facilities such as faucet aerators and flush toilets in diverse localities. Additionally, Egyptian people lack enough knowledge concerning water management, thus they incur a lot of challenges about water conservation (Omar, 2003). How does AUS achieve environmental stability The American University of Sharjah is one of the renowned universities in the world that has greatly taken part in the conservation of the environment. It is the only university that has managed to reduce the rate of energy consumption by 12%, water utilization by 39%, and carbon dioxide emission by 13% within a very short period. It started its conservation programs in late 2010. The success of AUS in the conservation of the environment was based on the conservation measures in the university setting. The AUS has many programs that help greatly in reducing the amount of water consumed within the campus. For instance, most of the washrooms within the AUS campus are installed with manual taps and mechanical taps to reduce the amount of water loss. To further regulate the loss of water, the AUS administration also repaired water leaking systems within the campus. Most of the counties in the Middle East depend on agriculture activities. However, due to low water, almost all of them import food from other nations. Despite water challenges inc
Coming-out videos are gaining increasing popularity in modern media culture. Ridder and Dhaenens (2019) explore this phenomenon by demonstrating how media nurtures engagement in such content and encourages youth to express their identity in their sensitive and emotional moments. Moreover, the article underlines how the values of symbolic capital appeal to young people’s realization in the framework of sexual hierarchies. It is interesting to examine different arguments proposed by the authors of the paper. First of all, Ridder and Dhaenens (2019) state that one should be careful about the popularity and virality of videos on YouTube containing coming out stories. It should be recognized that such reports are actively promoted and circulated to increase representativeness and visibility. In this sense, a particular paradox is noticeable that young people can exploit such content for not sincere purposes in the pursuit of popularity and reach. Indeed, the dramatization and mainstreamness of the topic of queer and gay communities do not always reflect reality, although it is intended to inspire people to normalize their identity. Nevertheless, as the paper rightfully underlines, this does not mean that coming out stories should not be on YouTube. Ridder and Dhaenens (2019) claim, “Asking the question than if it would not be better for queer youth not to share coming-out stories on YouTube, is asking the wrong question.” In fact, the ethical concern can be resolved when sharing coming-out content beyond one media platform, and notably in various ways. This would still increase the visibility of the topic without making it over-dramatized, and consequently, commercialized. Overall, the topic raised by Ridder and Dhaenens represents a complex ethical issue. The problem is that media platforms can use sensitive and vulnerable topics to entertain publicity by promoting emotional content. However, the solution is found in distributing coming-out stories in different media resources using multiple forms of narration. This could be done, for instance, through blogging or distributing educational content related to the queer and gay community. Reference Ridder, & Dhaenens. (2019). Coming out as popular media practice: The politics of queer youth coming out on YouTube . DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies , 6 (2), 43. Web.
Introduction The researcher hopes to make use of the participatory action research (PAR) technique to gather the necessary information to facilitate in the implementation of the current project. This will result in the generation of useful information that will in turn enable the community and project implementers to examine the developmental needs of the current project and come up with the most effective intervention strategies to the problem (Brown and Jones 79). With the PAR tool, the community takes an active role in the project and they relate to the emerging information easily (Goff 6; Greiner et al 34). The research proposal begins with an introduction of the action researcher. In addition, the proposal shall also explore the purpose of the research. The various stakeholders involved in the project shall also be identified, along with the virus role that they play. The anticipated outcomes of the project shall be identified, as well as the different stages of the project. The various tools used to collect and analyze data shall also be identified, along with an explanation of how the action researcher hopes to achieve the project’s validity. Moreover, the limitations of the research shall also be explored, in addition to the key issues and ethical consideration in the management of the project. The focus of the research and how it is relevant to Sustainable Development The focus of the research is to identify waste disposal problems that the members of El Valle beach town in the pacif
Introduction A community cannot achieve civilization as well as prosperity without a competent police force. This necessitates the need for coming up with a recruitment plan that takes into account the needs of a given community, commonly known as community policing. An effective recruitment plan entails carrying out an assessment of the police workforce requirement in both the short term as well as long-term basis. This paper will review a case study of Greenfield Police Department in a bid to improve its hiring procedure. It will do so by answering a number of questions emanating from the study. Analysis Are There Negative Consequences Of A ‘Two- Year Degree’ In Law Enforcement In The Greenfield Police Hiring Process? The Greenfield police department is governed by its own criteria for evaluating eligible applicants for police recruitment. With regard to educational performance, the policy still states that eligible applicants must possess a ‘two-year degree’ in the field of law enforcement. As a result, questions abound on the validity of this requirement, as many claim that this eliminates a number of prospective applicants who can perform the job diligently, since the police recruitment is characterized by short and long-term job training. Miller, Hess, & Orthmann (2010) affirm that there is a significant difference between attitude of the educated and the uneducated officers with regard to community policing policies, especially with the minority officers. However, even though the educated officers depict an optimistic attitude towards the community policing policies, it is apparent that the law enforcement education does not influence an officer’s behavior while arresting suspects. Hence, behavioral change towards the community policing can only be achieved through on job training programs. With this in mind, and given the fact that police force has a tainted image that embarrasses law enforcement graduates, making them to seek jobs elsewhere, this requirement only leads to a shortage of staffing requirement for the Greenfield police department both in the short term as well as in the long term. What Changes Should You Suggest For The Written Exam? Using a language that is not in line with the policies of the Greenfield police department lowers the validity of the test since it makes it complex to find clarity on factors that motivate applicants in joining the police force, including salary, retirement benefits, housing, opportunity for advancement, as well as the hiring process. A change of language, however, has the potential of contributing positively towards assessing the appropriate methodology for interviewing new applicants. However, even though there should be networks and relationships between the police force and other departments, the police department should have written the exam, as they are obligated to assess the values that emanate from the cultu
Introduction Nowadays, people constantly receive information from various sources such as social media, newspapers, films, TV shows, news, and many others. All they refer to the mass media what is a common name for all means designed to reach the general public. One could think that mass media covers all the issues that naturally come to the agenda and transmits unchanged information to the audience, but the reality is quite different. There are important processes and technologies that shape the content outlets disseminate and what they want to receive back from the target groups. Information very often comes deliberately formed in a way that helps to highlight its real message. Here is where public relations practitioner comes as he/she operates within mass media in order to cultivate a good relationship between the organization and its clients with the help of prepared activities and campaigns. It is essential to understand how mass communication works to be a successful professional. That is why such theories as agenda-setting, framing, and agenda building, which explain how mass media are arranged, provide essential insights to enhance the PR activity of practitioners. Main body To begin with, the term “agenda-setting” denotes a summary of the news that is relevant at a given time. From a scientific point of view, agenda-setting is characterized as a combination of media products, convincing people to consider events or phenomena that they met through the mass media channels to be more significant than others. According to McCombs and Shaw (1972), who conducted one of the first research related to the theory about the 1968 presidential elections, the mass media apply a strong influence on what people consider to be an important issue. The authors reveal that media outlets used public agenda in a way that made some issues more notable for readers. A public relation is a crucial tool for many institutions such as businesses, government agencies, associations, etc. All of them strive to follow their goals, which could be fulfilled only by maintaining relationships with the public and target groups such as customers, shareholders, communities, and others. Media is not so powerful itself, because the media agenda is shaped by so-called “early recognizers” who usually spot raised issues and disperse them to the public (Protess & McCombs, 2016). Of course, public relations practitioners are among those early recognizers who operate in media relations. By the same token, agenda-building, together with framing theory, are important tools the practitioner can use. According to Cobb and Elder (1971), social processes can influence which issue will become important for public policymakers. PR practitioners can exploit agenda-building in order to reach out to the policymaker during such activities as lobbying or in times of crisis. When the crisis occurs, or the CSR of the company is under scrutiny, the practitioner does not have to find the attention of the public and media as the coverage is already high. In that case, the work of a PR agent is to deliver the perspective of the organization to the journalists to shape the angle of
The population of the North American Colonies during the 17 th century was heavily steeped with immigrants from Europe. The background of the immigrants was diverse. The immigrants in Virginia and New England came from a British background. They rapidly developed tobacco cultivation with the help of workers who were either white indentured laborers from England or African slaves. By the end of the 16 th century, Britain had taken over the Dutch colonies of New Netherland and New Amsterdam , and the Swedish colony of New Sweden ; the European immigrants in New York and Delaware were of Huguenot, Dutch, Walloon, Swede, and African backgrounds. Spanish immigrants established the colony of New Mexico . The French founded Acadia and Quebec , as well as New Orleans. As there were no rules governing immigration, a large number of people from all over Europe came to North America to settle in the colonies established by the Europeans. In the first 70 years of the 17 th century , nearly 470,000 persons immigrated to the British colonies alone – 210,000 voluntary European immigrants, 50,000 white convicts, and 260,000 Africans. Two other significant groups that immigrated during the 17 th century belonged to Scots-Irish and German backgrounds. By the year 1783, the total colonial population of North America was 2.5 million, out of which 500,000 were African American slaves, 250,000 were of Scots-Irish background and 200,000 were of German background (MSN Encarta). The ideology of the European colonists during the 17 th century had one common denomination: expansion. They were all strong militarily and economically with formidable shipbuilding and navigation technology. Spain used the knowledge and skill acquired during the Reconquista to strive for military victories, the establishment of a central government under their control, and the promotion of Christian missionary work. Northwest European nations used their mercantilism experience to strongly develop investment activities; they were not much interested in central government control. During the 17 th century, the British, who arrived in North America later than other Europeans, displayed colonization motives that were inconsistent and gradual; the appropriate and sensible assessment was used to deliberate over issues such as commercial enterprise, freedom of religion, and over-population. During this period the British government had not yet stepped in to officially take over charge of the British-dominated colonies (Wikipedia.org). The goals of the European immigrants who moved to North America in the 17 th century were diverse. Continental Europeans were escaping from conditions of war, pestilence, and drought in their homela
Code of Ethics Appropriate for the Specialty of Mental Health Counseling Ethical issues associated with mental health counseling are crucial aspects to take into account when organizing activities to help the target audience. Relevant codes contribute to following the necessary rules to communicate and interact with clients and meeting the standards of professional collaboration. For instance, in the area of mental health counseling, specialists resort to technology-assisted counseling as a methodology to introduce relevant innovations as auxiliary tools to help clients (American Counseling Association, n.d.; Newsome & Gladding, 2017). Utilizing this practice responsibly is an essential task since, from an ethical perspective, the interaction process should not allow the target audience’s data leakage caused by undeveloped algorithms for storing and processing personal information. In the field of multicultural competence, as Ratts et al. (2016) state, ethical norms imply meeting “racial, ethnic, gender, sexual, socioeconomic, age, religious, spiritual, and disability identities” to provide ethically sound mental health counseling (p. 29). Flexible approaches to interaction with clients involve taking into account various individual factors (Ratts et al., 2015). They are crucial criteria for successful interpersonal communication between counselors and the target audience. From a practical perspective, ethical standards in mental health counseling aim to provide an adequate framework for the successful implementation of communication approaches (American Counseling Association, 2018). According to Iarussi and Shaw (2016), for instance, during the referral process, specialists obtain relevant data about the features and personal characteristics of their clients, which, in turn, stimulates closer contact and more successful counseling. In addition, with regard to practical goals, mental health counselors
The use of computers has rapidly changed since it first came into being back in the 1940’s. A piece of major equipment that was once only used for data storage and analysis by the government, then later on some well financed corporations, has now become the main source of information and communication by everyone on the planet. The birth of the internet changed the way we use computers by allowing us to access information from across the globe and in various languages. We now have the ability to travel from one country to another without ever leaving the comfort of our own homes. Most importantly, we have been given an opportunity to have a free exchange of ideas with people who are not only from all walks of life, but also from various countries, regardless of the time difference. Indeed, the computer and the internet has changed the face of our social lives and way of thinking. This is an opportunity that we must learn to embrace and use to benefit not only ourselves, but society as a whole. But with such great social advancement also comes great responsibility. Just as we are expected to conduct ourselves in a certain way when out in public, so too are we expected to interact with our internet based acquaintances. There are ongoing debates and conflicts about how Internet Ethics plays a role in our modern day lives. When is old school ethics too old school? Does Internet Ethics vary greatly from the social ethics of the past? How does one deal with ever changing technology in terms of this ethical debate? These and some other concerns are what I wish to discuss with as much detail as I will be allowed. Discussion The internet allows us to have a free exchange of ideas using social forums such as discussion boards, chatrooms, and shout out walls. These instruments of thought sharing encourage us to be free with our thoughts and say what we actually feel. Such areas do not even require us to sign our real names, only aliases to the sentiments that we choose we share with the world. It has in effect, emboldened us to fight for our right to be heard using the cover of anonymity that only the internet can offer. But there have been quite a great number of people who have overstepped the bounds of decency in expressing themselves over the internet. So much so that the internet is sometimes called the New Wild West because of the degree of lawlessness and abandon its users tend to displa