ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Presenting Ehrenreich as a low-wage worker proves to have sounded normal to all those who never knew she was an underground writer. Behind the scenes the writer holds a Ph.D. in biology and has been familiarized with an upper-middle-class life in the U. S. Being an essay writer as well as a cultural critic, she chose to analyze the effects of the welfare reform on the unskilled locals who had been absorbed into the labor market hence leading a ghost living in terms of survival ranging from $6 to $7 a single hour a case equal to living from hand to mouth. For this case she picked on different places with different settings to stay and personally get involved in the low-wage work to justify the case of dire poverty among the low class in the states. At first she experiences life in Key West, Florida a city near her native home and she lands a waitress job but still kept her profile underground even withholding her name and instead was always referred to as ‘girl’ (Ehrenreich 51). Surprisingly enough the dues paid were not enough to substances for the rent installments that were to be paid a month earlier for the trailer she had rented after spending some time of agony in search of a residential, so as a result she went for a second job as a housekeeper in an adjacent restaurant. This proved a culture within the employees that in case a single job could not measure up to meeting the life expectation
In his book “The Great Transformation,” Karl Polanyi (2001, p. 57) argues that “a market economy can function only in a market society.” Essentially, this means that the market economy introduces changes to the social sphere and thus can not be viewed in separation from society. One of the aspects of the social change which requires closer inspection is the separation of the political and economic spheres. Separation of Society Before we proceed with determining the basis for his allegation that the national economy demands the institutional separation of the political and economic segment, we need to first locate his understanding of the market economy and, more importantly, market society. Polanyi’s understanding of the market is consistent with the common scholarly definition: it is a set of rules which regulate the process of participating in an exchange of goods and services. The market economy, then, is “an economic system controlled, regulated, and directed by markets alone” (Polanyi, 2001, p. 68). However, while the market relations in a market economy are usually perceived as natural and universal, Polanyi challenges this assumption by exposing the underlying obligations resulting from it. To illustrate the seemingly voluntary nature of the market economy, he uses the example of Enclosure, or, rather, its aftermath. This process, which the author calls “revolution of the rich against the poor” (Polanyi, 2001, p. 35), is essentially a legally-justified land grab, the process involved market relations on initially uneven terms: the poor were theoretically given the same opportunities as the rich, which did not make any sense considering the resources at the disposal of both parties. However, this is not Polanyi’s chief concern – instead, it is defined to further clarify his views on the social role of the market. Another important concept, which is arguably more relevant to the discussion, is market society. For the author, once the market economy is introduced to the society, it gradually becomes changed towards a market-oriented one. In other words, it starts to adjust to the principles dictated by the market. Notably, the process is not a natural one: the Enclosure (according to Polanyi – the onset of the market economy) is both initiated and sustained by the power and authority of the Government, with major resistance from the commons. The dependence of market society on the market economy for Polanyi is two-directional: the market relations reshape the environment – via destruction, as, according to the author, “the fabric of society was being disrupted” (Polanyi, 2001, p. 35) but later relies on the new entity and depends on it to continue to exist. Again, the process is not fully self-sustainable, since it requires enforcement. Nevertheless, the benefits of it are also visible and at least for some participants, highly motivating. For
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus was born just about 69 CE during which time the Julio-Claudian dynasty collapsed devoid of a direct successor. During this time, the Senatorial commanders of provincial armies had to result to war in order to tackle the question of succession. Suetonius’ father was a tribune of the armed forces and was theretofore involved in the battle of Betriacum during the reign of the four Emperors. When the battle ended, the Flavian dynasty conquered and this ushered in the empire of the Caesars as the novel rulers of Rome. Conceivably, it was as a result of his fate being entangled with such events that motivated Suetonius to make a decision of writing the history of the Caesars Empire. In any case, Suetonius was a chief witness for Rome’s early empire which makes his account of the Roman Empire viable. Suetonius took to literature and law where he held several positions in the imperial regime’s progressively professional system of government. At one time, Suetonius worked under Hadrian where he used his literary and legal skills while working at diverse secretarial positions at the imperial palace. It is said that he was later dismissed by Hadrian for allegedly behaving in an improper manner towards the empress Sabina. However, before being dismissed, Suetonius had gathered firsthand experience within the internal dealings of the empire. He is also said to have had access to the imperial archives and had profound communication with several significant people within the empire. In general, Suetonius possessed the familiarity and education to develop into an important element of Rome’s uprising proficient intellectuals. Even though Suetonius wrote several books, my main concern, lies in his biographies of colonial characters, in ‘The Twelve Caesars.’ His memoirs start with Julius Caesar and ends with Domitian. This paper aims at evaluating the culture of Rome by assessing ‘The Twelve Caesars, “Julius Caesar”, “Nero” and “Vespasian by Gaius Suetonius. The paper attempts to find out Suetonius views on public power, the manner in which the government controlled the rulers and how power should be used by those who possess it. In this amazing synopsis of the dozen pseudo-monarchs, Suetonius does not conceal the crimes by the Roman emperors but presents the facts to the best of his knowledge. Even though there has been some debate disputing the authenticity of some of Suetonius accounts as mere hearsay, he had access to relevant sources of information. After going through Suetonius’ biographies, we often get the feeling that Roman history was much better than the crude gossip that are experienced in our present scandalous media. In view of Julius Caesar, Suetonius begins by representing some of the conquests he made, which take account of Gaul and the civil war, in opposition to Pompey the Great. He also describes Caesar’s decree of “Veni, vidi, vici” which is translated to mean, “I came,
Introduction The concept of sustainable urbanism is the term that has densely entered modern life and is one of the determinants of contemporary social development. The organization of life in cities is going on at a fast pace, which requires the parallel improvement of public services. Accordingly, the quality of life changes with the emergence of new trends, and it allows forming new directions of social changes. Sustainable urbanism is a phenomenon that is typical for modern American society and is characterized by a rapid pace of development. Mixed-Use Developments Contribution to Sustainable Communities Sustainable communities are what today can be observed in most big cities. According to Farr, the neighborhood is one of the factors determining the degree of urban relations strengthening among people in the society (42). Life in big cities implies close ties with neighbors, and the competent establishment of this connection, for example, by distributing residential complexes and other places of people’s mass gatherings, helps the population to successfully coexist in these conditions. Also, a complex approach to the formation of a new way of life largely depends on the level of the government’s interest. As Rapoport claims, if local authorities successfully integrate new life trends with old ones, it helps to successfully control the degree of citizens’ satisfaction and ensure a high standard of living (112). Therefore, different approaches make a significant contribution to the formation of sustainable urban communities. The Contribution of Sustainable Urbanism to the Improvement of Life The development of the urban lifestyle is inextricably linked with the improvement of living standards. Thus, according to Farr, a large crowd of people obliges the authorities to provide the population with all the necessary amenities, for example, regular supplies of products, the organization of leisure, etc. (59). Also, the transit network substantially develops, and as a result, trade relations are established with other settlements (Farr 114). Moreover, according to Rapoport and Hult, various innovative technologies are developed, for instance, environmental projects to preserve a favorable climate in the centers of large people concentrations (1779). All these factors are certainly benefits of the development of the society. Sustainable Urbanism in Boston About separate specific cities, the effects of sustainable urbanism are also manifested in the best possible way. For instance, a specific program functioning in Boston “helped to start the Boston’s Department of New Urban Mechanics,” which is essential in the process of the city’s development (Haas and Olsson 156). Such a program allows successfully coping with the consequences of environmental challenges and makes it possible to control the entire rhythm of the city’s life, including its various spheres (Marcus et al., 439). The concept of a green city is especially signif
Compare and contrast the experience of Northeast with Southeast Asia Geography and institutions play a key role in the long-term growth and development of an economy. Geography determines the ecology, climate and nature of economic activities carried out in a particular region. If the ecology is favorable, it can provide ample fauna and floral species as well as rich minerals required in the process of escalating economic growth through trade and commerce. Institutions are the formal mechanisms put in place in order to monitor geography, enhance trade and eventually determine income levels in various countries. They are mechanisms established in order to control human activities such as trade, commerce and governance. Institutions and geography influence development either negatively or positively. This paper compares and contrasts experiences in North East and South East Asia and evaluates how decolonization changed the vicious circle of institutional development in Asia How “decolonization” changed the vicious circle of institutional development in Asia Evidences from literature have shown that the decolonization era in Asia is a very essential phase since it marks a new development trajectory and opportunity to terminate colonial legacies. This phase led to the culmination of extractive institutions that were relatively worse than pre-colonial institutions. Research has shown that decolonization led to emergence of new political institutions aimed at enhancing socio-economic growth. In real sense, decolonization resulted into upsurge of independent states such as Taiwan and Korea. Prior to the end of colonial rule, some states adopted repressive institutions that had the characteristics of colonial systems. These resulted into the rise of socio-economic problems such as wage inequality and income disparity. Eventually, it occasioned the rise of political and socio-economic revolutions. It is important to note that some institutions established after colonization era were developmental while others were extractive. Egalitarian institutions eventually substituted oppressive ones. Characteristics of the latter included democracy and equality unlike the colonial regimes that spearheaded racism, inequality and exploitation. Decolonization changed the vicious circle of institutional development in Asia by eliminating the powerful elites who wanted to gain power at the expense of development. This also resulted into the end of extractive political institutions that were not innovative and equally destructive to work force. Comparison between the experiences of Northeast with Southeast Asia During the pre-colonial period, both North East and South East Asia experienced positive economic growth. Besides, the regions had excellent institution
The Battle of Antietam was started by the Union Army under the leadership of Major General George B. McClellan against the Confederate army under the leadership of General Lee in an attempt to stop Lee’s invasion of Maryland. The Union army wanted to stop the Confederate’s invasion of Maryland and other territories claimed by the Union. The battle was very significant to the American Civil War as a whole because it enabled President Abraham Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation (Morris and Kearns 57). This battle discouraged the French and British governments from recognizing the Confederacy’s legitimacy within the country. It emphasized the legitimacy of the Union forces in the country. This is so because although the Confederate Army won the battle, they were forced to retreat away from Maryland, which was militarily considered a loss (Alexander 34). To gain a tactical advantage over each other, the warring parties employed different technologies when engaging in the war. In what Sears described as ‘artillery hell’ both armies were keen to use modern tools of war to achieve success (71). The confederate armies used horse artillery batteries to gain an advantage over the Union forces. On the other hand, the Union forces used nine batteries on the ridge. Intelligence played a significant role in this battle. General McClellan was able to get hold of the military plan that his enemy, General Lee, wanted use and how he intended to strike the Union forces. However, McClellan failed to make use of this intelligence effectively, making it impossible to defeat the Confederate forces. However, the intelligence helped the Union forces to prepare for the assault planned by the Confederate army (Jucar 61). The terrain of the battlefield provided an excellent cover for Lee’s forces. The low ridge offered a perfect defensive position for the Confederate forces which were outnumbered. They were able to hold their ground and fight the enemy despite the numerical strength that the union forces had. The terrain made it easy to launch an offensive without suffering major casualties. The priest says that the terrain favored the Confederate forces, and that’s why the Union forces were unable to take advantage of their numerical strength effectively (44). On the battleground, the Confederate army won the war. They were able to defeat the attempt of the Union forces to drive them out of Maryland using military force. They were able to hold their ground well despite their numerical disadvantage. However, in military terms, it is the union forces that won the battle because the Confederate army, even after showing brilliance at war, still left Maryland as per the desires of the Union
Abstract Logistics has evolved through a passage of time from an unplanned, unorganized and inefficient task to a well planned, well-developed and highly synchronized process. Today logistics plays an extremely important role in almost all the organizations. Military is not an exception when it comes to the importance of logistics. Today, the efficiency of the military forces is highly dependent on the efficiency of the logistics department. The logistics process starts from the manufacturer’s storage units and ends at the final consumer. The main purpose of the study is to examine extensively the current Refit Material Support Group in Royal Navy of Oman (RNO) in order to highlight the weakness points and try to improve them. This would become possible after reviewing all relevant literature that would help gathering the required information from the publications. Moreover, to interview the Officer in charge of Refit Material Support Group and the staff officers in the logistic directorate in the Head Quarter and finally propose good practices to achieve high performance of Refit Material Support Group. Introduction Logistics is the management of flow of material, information, service and capital. Logistics in today’s world also gives importance to all the communication, information and control systems that are essential for efficiency of an organization. Logistics is a process of supply chain management which is developed to help the organization achieve its goals. Major focus of the logistics is on enhancing the efficiency of the organization and integrating all the departments working within the organization and outside it. Logistics has now become a part of the organizations that cannot be ignored by any management no matter what the management is focusing on.Logistics has developed over a period of many years as businesses have gradually expanded operations, accelerated the inflow and outflow of goods and so have also increased the number of complexities in the business world. The sole purpose of introducing, managing and developing logistics is to control, support and enhance the life cycles, effectiveness, efficiency and overall performance of any organization. Logistics comprises of several professional fields, for example, planning, controlling, directing the whole organization, establishing coordination between all the departments of the organization, forecasting future needs and arranging for them, warehousing of supplies or inventories and arranging for efficient transportation. Military logistics is the planning, coordinating, directing, controlling, transporting and management of the movement and maintenance of military forces. Military logistics deal with:   * Designing, developing, acquisition , storing, distributing, maintenance, and disposition of materiel .   * Medical services. Military logistics deals with the issues of procurement of supplies, maintenance, distribution, transportation and replacement of personnel, equipment and supplies. Military logistics deals with:   * Designing, implementing, enhan
Introduction Digital imaging can be defined as the art of creating digital images, normally from an actual scene, through the use of various image machines such as digital cameras, scanners and complex imaging systems. In digital imaging, each image comprises of a particular number of pixels that are then mapped onto a grid and stored in a sequence in electronic format. The number of pixels per inch (ppi) in any digital image is an indicator of the resolution, which is simply the ability to identify the spatial details of the image. The bit-depth and pixel measures of a digital image relate to the colors visible in the image, and affects the size of the picture on the computer. Images made up of only two pixel shades, popularly known as black and white, are binary, grayscale images are normally displayed in 8-bit mode and are made up of 256 shades of gray while in a 24-bit imaging, normally known as true color, in the highest digital image representation visible to the human eye. Digital imaging finds application in numerous image complex procedures, some of these include ultrasound, tomography, radio telescopy, sonar imaging, digitization of physical images, magnetic resonance imaging and so on. Article Summary The article was obtained from the Business Wire magazine and details the unveiling of patient-focused diagnostic imaging technologies that will help medical practitioners in providing safer and more precise examinations. Digital imaging technologies are preferred because of their high-resolution abilities that enable users to view fine details of cells and organs, besides, they do not damage the cells as in the case of other imaging techniques and this results into more precise and safer diagnoses and exams. The technologies were unveiled by Toshiba America Medical Systems Corporation (TAMS). The patient-focused technologies include Aquilion TM ONE and Aquilion TM Premium computed tomography (CT) systems, M-Power magnetic resonance (MR) imaging user interface (WIP), Aplio TM MX ultrasound systems and the Kalare TM Wireless (Business Wire, 2011) . All of these technologies are applications of digital imaging systems. The products were showcased at the Association for American Medical Systems Management (AHRA) annual meeting in Texas from August 14 to 17. At the meeting, Toshiba also announced the 4 th annual Putting Patients First Program, a program that will offer healthcare providers with the resources required to improve imaging quality and making the process safe (Business Wire, 2011). The Aquilion ONE and Aquilion Premium CT systems are intended to improve patient exams while lowering costs. The Aquilion ONE generates images that have never been seen in CT Imaging systems. The system can produce high resolution images of entire body organs in a single rotation. The system also boasts of dose-reduction technologies thereby making the imaging process safe. While