ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The health of the population is the most valuable achievement of society, so the preservation and strengthening of it is an essential task in which everyone should participate without exception. Proper diagnosis and treatment of patients play a vital role in the profession of a nurse practitioner. A precise analysis of the available data will help correctly formulate the next steps in helping the patient and prevent complications. The name of the patient chosen for the study is Doris Greek-Martin. She is a fifty-seven-year-old female with diabetes type 2, elevated blood pressure (HTN), and coronary artery disease (CAD). She says that she is constantly feeling tired and do not want to do much. This feeling has significantly intensified in the last few months. In addition to fatigue, the patient also experiences a loss of appetite. Moreover, the woman pointed out that she has slightly swollen legs. When studying the medical record, it turned out that the woman takes several medications. Every day she takes Januvia, Atorvastatin, Lisinopril, and ASA. Once a week, she takes Fosamax and medications such as Xanax for anxiety and Coreg. Doris Greek-Martin’s preventive care shows immunization history. The patient’s last pap was two years ago, which had positive results. Her mammogram was two years ago and which also was normal. The woman had undergone colonoscopy five years ago without any harmful results. The patient’s Dexacan was done two years ago and concluded T scope of -2.3 in her left hip, which indicates the case of Osteopenia or thin bones. The presence of Osteopenia requires a change in lifestyle and the provision of a diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D in the diet (Aggarwal & Bains, 2020). Treatment of the underlying disease that causes malabsorption may increase bone density. Physical examination showed a generally alert obese female in no apparent distress. Pupils were in acceptable condition and reactive to light. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is normal bilaterally. Nares are patent, and the throat is without erythema or lesions. Respirations are appropriate rate and rhythm as well as cardiac. The skin has warm and dry, with spider angiomas present in the upper extremities and jaundice. The skin of patients with diabetes often acquires a pronounced yellowish coloration. Laser correction is recommended for the tre
Articles’ Claims The two presented articles deal with the issue of euthanasia in opposite ways. Ewan C. Goligher and his colleagues state in the beginning on behalf of the World Medical Association (WMA) that they have always opposed these invasions and considered them unethical (Goligher et al., 2019). Their response to the controversial question of the patient’s right to death is straightforward and negative. The main reason for the rejection of euthanasia is that it contradicts the essence of health care and the physician’s role in treatment and cure. The WMA representatives believe that euthanasia “fundamentally devalues the patient, … puts patients at risk, … totally lacks evidence as ‘medical treatment” (Goligher et al., 2019, p.35). Moreover, they argue that euthanasia acceptance will confuse boundaries between palliative care and end-of-life care practices that intend death. Calabro and colleagues, on the opposite, consider the appropriateness of end-of-life decisions from a positive perspective on the patient’s right to die. They emphasize the notion of the dignity of human life, that is, “everyone has the right to a worthy death” (Calabro et al., 2016, p.12). They place this notion in the paradigm of patient-centered medicine, arguing that, indeed, the decision to interrupt life-sustaining therapies is the most suitable way to support individual patients’ needs. Background Discussion of permitting or prohibiting euthanasia has been continuing for a long time in many countries. Both views have strong advocates, and a compromise between them seems unlikely. Euthanasia in the legal sense can be defined as the deliberate deprivation of a hopelessly sick person’s life to save them from suffering. According to the methods of application, there are two main types of euthanasia: “active” (positive), which consists in performing certain actions to accelerate the death of a hopelessly ill person, and “passive” (negative), the meaning of which is the rejection of measures that prolong the life of such a patient (Dintcho, 2020). In the article by Goligher et al. (2015), this division is presented as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In the theory of human rights, there is no explanation as to whether the right to life provides for the use of such a right as an unauthorized departure from life. According to the adherents of this position, the main criterion for refusing to use euthanasia is the hope that it will be possible to defeat the disease. Euthanasia is often opposed by official organizations that reflect society’s point of view and the state on this issue, while supporters of euthanasi
Speaking about invasive species, we usually mean those plants or animals that have spread to areas that do not belong to their essential habitat. Due to this fact, invasive species often pose a threat to the biological diversity of different areas. As for invasive species that are present in Florida, it is necessary to list walking catfish, rock python, and water hyacinth. As for another term, endemic species, it denotes plants and animals that can live only in the area that is restricted. As for the examples of endemic species from different parts of the world, there are Nicobar pigeon and the golden monkey. Endemic species such as pine acacia are presented in Florida as well. As is clear from the article that we were supposed to read, more and more representatives of influential countries start protecting wildlife. The governments are trying to redress threats against endemic species killing or removing invasive species. Nevertheless, people in many countries have refused to kill unwanted species recently, and it can be called an important challenge for the governments. More than that, eradication of unwanted species often costs a lot of money; nowadays, governments use preventive measures to address the challenge – they create huge protected areas and ban the import of certain plants and animals. Therefore, the risk is mitigated. African predators such as lions need to be provided with a lot of resources to survive. For instance, adult animal units need to eat more than 5 kilograms of meat every day. To support these animals, it is necessary to provide each unit with enough land and water – the proper size should be calculated based on the presence of other species that may have a positive or negative influence on the population of lions. The pressures threatening this organism’s habitat include uncontrolled multiplication of hyenas or crocodiles (Haywarda, O’Brien, & Kerley, 2007). More than that, a lot of lions die because of increased activity of hunters. International trade and political regulations play an important role in protecting this organism because the latter can prevent actions that may do harm to the population of lions. There are a lot of measures that are supposed to be implemented in the nearest future whereas lion hunting has already been prohibited. Another important question that needs to be addressed is the number of resources needed in order to preserve certain animal and plant species. As is clear from the results of a study conducted by specialists from Montgomery Botanical Centre, conservation is an extremely important activity when it comes to threatened species (
Organizational crisis is the key argument from both a scholarly and a practitioner-oriented point of view. Carmeli and Schaubroeck (2008) argue that, failures are part of the organization, and that financially stable organizations have most efficient ways of handling crises. From a practitioner-oriented point of view, one could learn the difficulties in the comparison of the crisis experience to crisis-preparedness. It is easy to plan and prepare for crisis from a scholarly standpoint, but about practitioner-oriented view, there are many difficulties toward translating theories into practice (McConnell & Drennan, 2006). Scholarly approach to crisis management get basis on the analytical approach that identifies the weakness in the organization management (Paraskevas, 2006). Practitioner-oriented point of view is applicable to managers towards designing an effective organization crisis response system that has a good theoretical foundation. Organizational crises are due to lack of integration of different disciplines within the organization. Scholars should study different crises within organizations and management ways, especially through system approach. Practitioners learn the importance of
UK government has embarked on an ambitious plan that seeks to reduce carbon emissions. They have a target of reducing this by half before 2025. According to the energy secretary, this is supposed to be reduced by 50%. As a matter of fact, this is in relation to another commitment that seeks to reduce greenhouse emissions with various set targets. In this case, they are supposed to be reduced by 60% and this is before 2030. Such measures are expected to help many companies that have embarked on green technology as time goes by. This initiative is expected to put the country on a leading edge. As much as this is welcome, other stakeholders are cautious that the country might end up being uncompetitive. This means that if other countries do not follow suit, this target can be scarped by 2014. In this case, Europe is also expected to follow suit so that this commitment can be successful. There has been no commitment from other countries and that is why this review will play an important role in the future. Global warming has been brought about by various aspects that can be termed as man-made factors. The country’s emission of gases has been reducing from 1990 and this is a good trend. In this case, more should be done to come up with legislation that will encourage a reduction in greenhouse emissions as time goes by. There has been a lot of opposition to this initiative because the country is still fresh from a recession meaning that caution and reprieve should be taken. Business leaders and opposition parties want a reduction in greenhouse emissions but there should thorough scrutiny before it is fully embarked on.
Introduction The four categories of private brands include premium, generic, copycat, and exclusive brands. Premium brands are characterized by added value on products and increased sales at the expense of image. Moreover, the quality of a premium brand product is also considered to be an order of magnitude higher than that of other brands. One example of such a category is The Body Shop, whose products are known for their high quality, uniqueness, and above-average prices. Premium products are most often located in a favorable place on the shelves (Shroff et al., 2021). Thus, The Body Shop products are often located in the most prominent places in the store. Under the category of generic private brands, products such as soaps, shampoos, or various bakery products without a specific brand name fall. The specifics of this category are the lowest prices for goods, and the objectives are to maximize the expansion of the customer base. Also, such products most often enjoy a discount policy that ranges from 20 to 50 percent. Copycat brands also provide lower prices for their products compared to premium ones. However, the goal of such a brand is to provide competition to other manufacturers and increase the share of retail trade. Copycat brands appear most often among large categories with influential leaders. An example of such a brand is Walgreens, whose prices are not as high as those of the brand leader, but also not as low as those of generic brands. Being a copycat brand, Walgreens ensures that the pricing is affordable for the majority of customers. Exclusive brands provide consumers with the best value and ensure customer loyalty to the store. Moreover, exclusive brands have the best value for money and the uniqueness of their products. As an exclusive brand, IKEA dominates the furniture market, providing products at extremely affordable prices, while maintaining high quality. Core differences between goods and services There are four fundamental differences between goods and services, which are that the service is intangible, inseparable, variable, and perishable. Intangible implies the fact that the service cannot be felt in any tactile way. In other words, the consumer cannot touch or taste a service such as a car wash. Also, by attending sessions with a psychotherapist, the consumer receives a service that he cannot tactically feel (Catana, 2019). Thus, the service is something intangible that the consumer feels after seeing the result. For instance, in the case of car washing, the consumer receives clean transport. The fact that the service is inseparable implies that it is provided to the client at the same time that he receives it. For example, the theater provides its services at the same time as the audience is watching a play, opera, or ballet. The next factor is variability when the consumer has the opportunity to use a particular service based on personal needs. For example, music concerts provide services for fans of a wide variety of genres. Services always vary
To understand and evaluate a society’s expectations of a person, the need to know what composes or constitutes a society arises. This evokes the question, what is a society? According to Sinclair and Helen, a society is described as consisting of people in a particular country who share a common past, or heritage and culture. They give an example of the United Kingdom, France and the United States being parts of British, French and American societies. There are within each society diverse and distinct communities, which people belong to (Sinclair & Grant 7). In this regard, in a society, a complex relationship exists among people of different stereotypes categorized into racial, ethnic, societal class and gender (Andersen & Taylor 276). A society’s expectations in this context would imply what people who share common characteristics expect from each other. This article attempts to explore ways in which a society’s expectations of a person based on the above stereotypes, affects how the society perceives them and how they perceive themselves. Gender and Society’s Expectations Beginning with gender stereotypes, that is, those based on an individual’s gender, there are different perceptions regarding both genders. Among women, the stereotypes are expected to be more negative than those about men. In various societies, the typical woman has been referred to as subservient. This means that their usefulness is regarded as inferior compared to men. Other traditional stereotypes about women include; overly-emotional, talkative, incompetence at math and science and flighty. These are mostly cultural, and such stereotypes have been conveyed by various media fraternities e.g. newspapers, magazines and broadcasts. As a result, women have become in certain instances, very prone to hysteria. Men on the other hand, though their portrayal is less negative than in women, are painted and portrayed as too macho, hardheaded, insensitive and generally only interested in having sex. The society perceives women to be incompetent, especially
Executive summary This paper studies the phenomenon as to why the presence of huge amounts of oil in a country has not helped to transform their economies into prosperous ones. This paradox which is not apparent to most people has several reasons. There are several countries rich in oil that have developed or developing economies. There are others who are not rich in oil, but still have managed to have a well developed economy or is in the process of having one. Then there is the paradox of countries rich in oil, but poor in economy. It is clear that it is not the presence of oil that is the criteria for development. There are many factors like polices, infrastructure, literacy, quality of labour force and a stable governance to achieve this. To study this, a general analysis is done and a further analysis of selected countries that appear to be in this category also is done. It is seen that the presence of oil is not a criteria for economic development. Certain relevant reasons that are responsible for this state of affairs are given. Also, suggestions as to how this might be corrected are also stated. The research methodology followed by reflections and conclusions is given at the end of this paper. Introduction To the general population the word ‘oil’ conjures up visions of riches and prosperity to any region that is blessed with an abundance of the product. Oil or petroleum, as everyone knows, called ‘liquid god’. So there would be a general assumption that all countries with rich oil resources are prosperous. This paper deals with facts that demystify that assumption, because in reality this is not the case. To highlight this point an example is given. The economic benefits of the new oil boom in many African nations have yet to reach the common man. A lot of money which could have been used for the economic welfare of the society is being wasted through squandering by the people concerned. According to a report by the newspaper ‘Independent’ many African nations with a healthy GDP is not using the money in the best interests of the country. United Nations data shows Angola having a healthy per capita income, but according to the report, it is the worst performing state in Africa with respect to infant mortality. The country’s infant mortality rate up to 5 years is a shocking 25%, i.e. only four out of 5 children reach up to the age of five and beyond. The nest biggest offender is Sierra Leon, followed by South Africa and Nigeria. It would be interesting to note that Angola and Nigeria are members of the OPEC. Bangladesh has a much better record than these countries. Corruption and political unrest are the major reasons for the unhealthy state of affairs. “Some of Africa’s biggest “success stories” are accused today of squandering money they could be using to help prevent millions of c
Introduction The Story of an Hour novel by Kate Chopin, recognized as a masterpiece of short fiction, reflects the complicated self-discovery mechanisms of a woman. Mrs. Mallard, a central character of the story, hears about the death of her husband who was riding on a train. However, the first reaction of grief is replaced by a strange feeling that she initially cannot understand. Unexpectedly, she feels a sense of freedom and happiness in anticipation of a life free from her husband’s despotism. In seeking to understand the author’s idea and the themes presented in the story, this paper will focus on such literary elements as setting, narrator’s point of view, and tone resulting in a concise discussion. Analysis The first literary element under analysis is the setting. The story takes place within one hour, primarily in the Mallards’ house, and nobody enters or leaves the house except Mr. Mallard. This creates a sense of limitation and restraint. Chopin mentions “a comfortable, roomy armchair,” yet the reader has no information concerning the color or size of it (1). Likewise, the setting provides no details about wallpaper or curtains. The lack of precise descriptions makes the atmosphere out-of-body promoting tension and close settlement of the situation. At the same time, the reader understands that Mrs. Mallard feels quite comfortable in her house, as well as her sister Josephine and friend Richard. This probably means that she is frightened by the outside world. It is also important to point out that she goes into her room and locks the door after the news is received. The author describes the beautiful landscape outside the window, emphasizing that nature reappears to a new life—to spring. Spring here is the symbol of free life, renovation, and hope. It reflects the main character’s inner world, her emotions, and feelings after she grasps her ideas. Speaking more precisely, the renovation of the soul and the renovation of nature go together in stressing the significance of the change. Chopin uses a circular narrative style to set the integrity of the story. In other words, the author begins and ends the story with Mrs. Mallard’s heart trouble. I noticed that Josephine, worried about Mrs. Mallard, tries to get her sister out of the room. However, Mrs. Mallard comes out ready for her suddenly changed life. The setting of the story includes two completely different versions of her destiny, namely the free one and the old one, where the loss of freedom becomes the reason for her death. However, it might seem that “the joy that kills” causes her death. In this connection, it seems necessary to provide some background information concerning the characters’ epoch (Chopin 1). It was a time in American society during th
Introduction Psychoneuroimmunology refers to the study of the interconnection of consciousness (psycho), the Central Nervous System- CNS (neuro) and the defense system of the body (immunology) and the implications that the interconnection has towards physical health. Psychoneuroimmunology has been widely used to explain how psychological approaches reduce the severity of medical problems (Lorentz, 2006, p. 1). Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) was outlined by scientists who were interested in studying the interconnection of the mind and the body. The scientists discovered that stress and unhealthy emotions increase disease vulnerability. They established that stress regulates the activities of the systems of the body and thus it interferes with their ability to maintain health. Their ideas have helped to better understand mind-body connections that are facilitated by the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Thus, diseases have been proven to have both physical and psychological aspects whereby both are interrelated. Stress has been proven to increase the chances of contracting diseases like coronary diseases, cancers, etc. It is therefore important for health practitioners to understand the adverse effects of stress in health and know the various remedies available for stress-related diseases (Karren, 2009, p. 1). Stress and Psychoneuroimmunology Stress is a usual occurrence in life. It starts with an unconscious reaction to demand. When such a demand becomes excessive, the stress becomes unbearable and results in diseases. Psychoneuroimmunology prioritizes stress and its effects on the body. Scientists have shown that stress has tremendous effects on the activities of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems and its presence or absence in a person may translate to the presence or absence of health problems. The following are the intricate details of how stress interferes with the systems of the body causing diseases (Quinlan, 2008, p. 1). When a person is faced with stressful conditions like the death of a loved one, the normal functioning of his/her body organs (homeostasis has interfered). This kind of stress is known as cognitive stress. Stress can also stem from non-cognitive causes. An example is a bacterial infection. Psychoneuroimmunology is normally focused on cognitive stress (Lorentz, 2006, p. 3). The responses that are normally triggered by psychological stressors do not have clear mechanisms. One of the explanations of the effects of stress on the immune system is the fact that the brain and the immune system share a transmission mechanism, the neurotransmitters. This means that the CNS (Central Nervous System) can convey information related to cognitive stimuli to receptors on immune cells through hormonal pathways. This causes changes in the immunity of the individual since the receptors of the immune system to regulate the immune system. This is the physical exp