ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction  1. Hair color, gender, and birthplace are examples of qualitative variables. A qualitative variable represents quality as opposed to a numerical measurement (Stangor 17). Therefore, it cannot be expressed in a numerical form. The measurement of a qualitative variable involves a nominal scale, which groups data into categories (Creswell 90). Hair color can be black, brown, brunette, or blonde while gender can be either male or female. Birthplace is a person’s place of origin in terms of country, state, or county. The place of birth often varies between individuals.     Qualitative variables can be categorical or ordinal. A categorical variable comprises “two or more categories that lack intrinsic ordering” (Creswell 91). A person’s gender can be either male or female. In this case, there is no clear ordering of the two categories. Hair color comprises many categories that cannot be ordered from the lowest to the highest. Similarly, birthplace, as a variable, cannot be ordered in clear categories. Therefore, a categorical variable has no clear ordering or ranking of categories.  2. Radioactive emissions recorded by a Geiger counter are examples of quantitative variables. A quantitative variable is expressed in terms of numbers. Numeric scales, namely, “interval, ratio, or ordinal scales”, are used to measure quantitative variables (Carlson and Winquist 27). Radioactive emissions are measured in counts per second, which are numerical or quantitative data. Counts per second are represented as a ratio of the amount of radioactive particles emitted from a radioactive substance in a second.     Ordinal variables show a “clear ordering of the categories” (Creswell 92). They allow ordering of values into low, medium, and high. The categories can be ranked from the smallest to the largest with the difference between them being either uniform or unequal (Stangor 34). An interval scale is used to measure a variable with equal sizes between categories while an ordinal scale ranks values into unequally spaced categories.     A ratio scale is a numerical scale that “lacks a clear zero point” (Stangor 35). In a ratio scale, the size interval represents a ratio or proportion of the total values. Counts per second represent a ratio scale that measures radioactivity dose in seconds. Therefore, the amoun
Introduction The process of designing language-learning programs requires the participation of different individuals. Designing language-learning programs also requires the input of individuals involved in policy formulation. An example of a subject is the teaching of English as a second language. English is taught as a second language to individuals who immigrate into areas where this is the language of choice. In addition, people are willing to learn this language so that they can participate more in international trade. This paper contains a proposal for the teaching of English as a second language to a group of immigrants. Context Description Background and Motivation The learners are from different parts of the world having immigrated into an English-speaking nation. These individuals have immigrated here to pursue higher education or to engage in other activities such as trade. In ad
Introduction The rise of the Communists into the realms of power after the Chinese Civil War in 1949 was to usher China into a new form of political economy (Chow 2007: 13). The Communists set about to implement their economic policies which were to the most part based on a government planned economy. Such governmental control on the functioning of commerce came at a large cost to the Chinese as their global competitiveness was almost nonexistent. The country was markedly prone to agricultural inadequacies resulting from a lack of capacity from the communally owned farms (Knight & Lina 2005: 24). Economic strife also resulted because local industries were increasingly becoming overwhelmed in trying to meet the local demand of the ever increasing populace (Eichengreen & Tong 2006: 76). Having realized the negative impact that the tightly controlled economy was having on the country’s ability to self cater, the government, in the 1979, set about to transform its economic policies. The first step was to transform the agricultural sector, thus giving rise to private ownership. The economic liberalization that resulted saw millions of rural farmers increase their living standards tremendously. In urban areas, the government relaxed investment regulations, thus attracting foreign investment and becoming more prone to free market policies. The result of these economic reforms was that China has over the past three decades revolutionized its economy tremendously into becoming an economic heavy weight (Chow 2007: 23). This paper tracks the evolution of the Chinese economy from the development strategy that set up all the current gains. The development strategy is examined on the basis of economic development. The paper then looks at the economic views that have enhanced development by promoting commerce and attracting investment. In effect, the paper examines how a market economy can be credited for China’s rapid economic growth over the past three decades. Development economics The link between economic policies and the resulting development that is brought about in a society is the basis of development economics (Todaro & Smith, 2009: 7-8). This link between economics and the role it plays in development is mostly linked to the developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America. There are various theories that try to explain the link between availability of productive resources and sustainable growth over time. The social conflict theory, for instance, can be used to explain how the agricultural productivity of China was failing prior to economic reforms due to the socio-political confli
Bartholomew’s Case Bartholomew’s case is an illustration of Intellectual Disability (ID) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). DSM-V code for ASD is 299.00 (F84.0) with three specifiers, such as severity, accompanied issues, and genetic or environmental nature (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 50). ID’s code ranges from 319 (F70) to 319 (F73), where the qualifiers depend on the severity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 33). Intellectual disability can be determined by the fact it affects adaptive functioning, such as communication, social participation, academic or occupational functioning, and personal dependence (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016). The given factors can be observed in this case, and ID is also supported by the criteria, which are onset during the developmental period, altered functioning, and clinical assessment or standardized testing (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016). It is common that ID will exhibit comorbidity with other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD. Bartholomew expresses repetitive patterns of behavior and problems with social communication, which are the signs of ASD. The treatment methods should include psychoeducation, such as family training, and behavioral techniques, such as therapies, as well as communication training (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016). Children and people who fall into the spectrum of autistic disorders, as a rule, are united by common features, that is, the presence of a characteristic triad. This involves difficulties in communicating with other people, difficulty in perceiving something new and determined by limited interests, and repetitive patterns of behavior. Thus, autism is a general developmental disorder characterized by intolerance to normal human stress. Everything can be perceived strongly and vividly, especially the forms of close contact with another person, and the weakness of the ego-sense. Severe autism is rare, and mild and mosaic conditions are widespread. At the same time, children with such a diagnosis do not turn away from the world around them. They desire to communicate and be understood, and as a rule, they have even more than ordinary children. Not all of them have impaired speech, and many of them speak very well and have a preserved, and sometimes very high, intel
The catastrophe that took place on September 11, 2001, in the United States took the lives of many people and caused serious damage to several buildings ( Aguirre and Turner 275) . This terrorist act was conducted by the members of Al-Qaeda which escalated the racialization of the people of Arab ancestry and Muslims by Americans. In fact, the relationships between the United States and the terrorist groups of the Middle East had not been easy before the Twin Towers were damaged and an attempt to destroy the Pentagon was made in 2001 ( Aguirre and Turner 275) . For example, in 1993, there was an attack the purpose of which was to blow up the North Tower of the World Trade Center ( Aguirre and Turner 275) . However, the events of 9/11 were so tragic and terrifying that they will be long remembered. The catastrophe caused a wave of hatred and fear of Islam followers and Arabs in the US. Immediately after 9/11, the number of hate crimes increased drastically; even individuals who did not belong to the Arab community but looked like Arabs were targeted. Apart from physical violence, people of Arab descent experienced high psychological pressure though they were not to blame for the attack. There is long-existing prejudice against the representatives of the Middle East. For example, in 2010, campaigns like “Check it right, you ain’t white” that aimed at counting the number of Iranian-Americans in the US were conducted (Shams). Hence, it might be concluded that Americans tend to perceive Arabs as suspicious and foreign people of color. In my opinion, any sign of discrimination is wrong; despite the impressive progress achieved, people still need to learn how to respect and understand others. It is understandable that Muslims’ worldview and culture seem strange and foreign to Americans. The terror and anger caused in people by 9/11 are also justified; nevertheless, the US is a multi-national country and it is important to eliminate discrimination and prejudices. No nation should be regarded as wicked; in each country, there are evil people. As shootings in schools and other incidents have shown, among Native Americans, there is a large number of terrorists, too. That is why, to sum up, I would like to say that although people’s feelings might be understandable, racialization is not the best way to solve problems, it just creates new ones. Works Cited Aguirre, Adalberto, and Jonathan Turner. American Ethnicity: The Dynamics and Consequences of Dis
Introduction: Police Subculture and Ethical Concerns Although the area of law enforcement is typically associated with the ideas and essential concepts of morality and ethics, the current environment thereof leaves much to be desired as far as its moral foundation is concerned. Studies show that the present-day realm of law enforcement is infested with the ideas of nihilistic skepticism, which implies that the reasons for an objective judgment should be denied (Reisig & Kane, 2013). Therefore, there is a pressing need to analyze the target environment and reform it so that the essential decisions should be ethical, as well as aimed primarily at facilitating the wellbeing of all parties involved. Exercising Authority on Vulnerable Population: A Delicate Choice The issue of power abuse remains among the most common concerns in contemporary law enforcement practice. Enabled to make the choices that a range of people depend on, and that can be used in favor of the police, LA officers often face the temptation to abuse their authority and profit from other people’s lack of experience and information. However, even when taking actions that can be interpreted as fully legitimate from the perspective of the current law enforcement principles, LA representatives may harm vulnerable populations. As a result, police officials face a complex dilemma concerning the choice between acting as required by the police guidelines and meeting the actual needs of the target population. It would be wrong to claim that the problem is not addressed by the LA officials. On the contrary, programs have been developed to manage the issues related to the vulnerable population members and the dilemmas that police representatives face when dealing with the identified social stratum. For example, extensive programs aimed at vulnerable sector checks have been designed to create a safer environment for the people that face economic, social, or any other concerns which make them vulnerable to the actions taken by the police. Nevertheless, the problem remains topical, and it is necessary to resolve the issue so that the members of the LA department could accomplish their tasks and, at the same time, make sure that the representatives of the vulnerable population should not be affected. Lies in Reports, During Investigations, etc.: Ends and
History of Hellenism Hellenism is used to articulate the acculturation of Greek language, culture, practices, and traditions by the Jews for an extended period between the fourth century BC and the first centuries of the Common Era. The history of Hellenic Jews is well documented reaching back into history as far as the 332 BC. It is well known that Hellenism started after Alexander the Great occupied the Persian state. This led to the merging of the east and west of the Mediterranean and due to trade Hellenism took root in the Jews. It was after Alexander’s death in 323 BC, when his entire rule was divided amongst some of the army generals who were in his army. Among these generals was Ptolemies an Egyptian-Hellenic who ruled over Judea before it was seized by Seleucid Empire and the Syrian-Hellenic under Antiochus III. These rulers treated their Jewish subjects with compassion and this helped strengthen Hellenic influence especially in the eastern side of the Mediterranean. Greek cities emerged in large numbers others taking over the foundation of older Semitic buildings and in a gradual process, cities like Decapolis ended up being the pillars of Hellenism. (Cohen 1987). Greek in a sense became the trading language throughout the eastern region of the Mediterranean, though Jews spoke Aramaic amongst themselves. Aristocrats seemed to have profited more from the amity of Hellenistic rulers than did other classes, however, Hellenists were found at classes of the Jewish society. Jesus as the Messiah The word Messiah is derived from a Hebrew word that essentially means ‘Anointed’. Bible scholars argue that Jesus was in reality born but did not perform any of the miracles written in the Holy Bible. Others argue that Jesus was a made-up personality who was used by early orthodox Christians to lure other non-Christians into taking up Christianity as their religion (Charles1997). The Old Testament is full of prophetic innuendos suggesting that there would be a Messiah. The Messiah would come to suffer for the sake of sinners and the Messiah would call God, “My Father”. Jesus Christ fulfilled all this and if the prophecies were indeed true, then Jesus Christ was the Messiah. A good example in the Holy Bible is Isaiah 35:5 “Then will the eyes of the blind be opened and the ears of the deaf unstopped. Then will the lame leap like a deer and the mute tongue shout for joy” Jesus in part proved that he was the Messiah. He did this by fulfilling the prophecy above (Cohen 1987). As stated by (Cohen 1987) “In the Holy Bible i.e. Matthew11:5, Jesus tells John
Introduction Nursing is among the many careers where professionalism is of vital significance. The nursing profession depends on practitioners’ operation in a manner that characterizes the virtuousness of the wider discipline since all nurses have a code of ethics. Professionalism among nurses is imperative for enhanced patient outcome, and nurse educators ought to put emphasis on this fact for nursing to uphold professional practices (Balang, Burton, & Barlow, 2017). The nursing industry is extensive, comprises of different people in diverse situations and locations; this is where professionalism comes in handy attributable to the necessity of an element that connects all nurses. There is a fundamental need for human dignity and correspondence, which is a section of the anticipations of professionalism in nursing. Professionalism Concerns While undertaking their roles in a bid to ensure professionalism, nurses face numerous challenges. One of the greatest concerns is the diverse levels of education among the practising nurses (Yoder, 2017). Different educational levels might create a division among nurses if they do not strive to lessen its impact. In addition, the issue of gender may act as a challenge to nursing practice. For a long time, nursing has been perceived as a feminine profession. Nonetheless, in recent times, men are pursuing this career in a great way. This should be encouraged as a means of creating diversity and a wide pool of talent. The existing challenges should be carefully circumvented to provide grounds for nurses to put efforts into the enhancement of professionalism and reputation. Patients have a belief that nurses in any place are competent and professional. This calls for nurses to uphold professionalism all the time so that patients remain assured of the availability of quality care wherever they are (Westrick, 2016). When patients are in need
Abstract This is a memo from Ms. Mary Ford to Mr. Hector Fuentes. In this essay, this memo has been analyzed following the steps of critical thinking outlined in various books that have been read. Mary’s letter considers these steps in relation to the issue in question. She rejects the governor’s offer of privatizing the management function of the DMV information systems of the state, and says that the plight of the workers should have been considered. Introduction Critical thinking helps people extricate from difficult situations. A critical thinker will not make his/her decisions abruptly, and s/he will reason them to come up with the best decision. S/he will weigh all the options available so as to defend the decision made. A critical thinker is well aware of all the constraints and barriers in critical decision making and will still overcome them. S/he must follow some steps so as to arrive to a conclusive and viable decision. These steps will guide this person in making choices that will not only assist him in the future, but are backed by enough evidence that will convince people that one has considered a lot of things before settling to a decision (Browne & Keeley, 2010). This will make this person seem genuine to people as they will trust this individual in areas where intricate judgments are to be made. The Issue under the Question The governor, Gloria Gainor, wants to privatize the function of the information systems management in the Motor Vehicles department. This means that the employees in this department have to be outsourced. The governor, Gloria Gainor, promises to ensure that the outsourced personnel are given the similar jobs in other departments. The governor justifies this move by claiming that it saves the state some $250,000 on an annual basis. However, the APEU director of human resource, Ms. Mary Ford, is against this move. Her view is that this move is disastrous to the employees of the department. She advises the chairman to reject this move and gives some valid reasons for the rejection of the offer made by the governor. Ms. Mary Ford is very firm on her decision and feels that the move to privatize the information systems management function would affect the whole state. In a nutshell, Ms. Ford advises the chairman to reject any sentiments about outsourcing that are advocated by the senator. Ms. Mary Ford’s Reasons for Rejecting This Move There are very many things that drive Ms. Ford to reject the move by the governor. She has some very authentic and valid reasons that clearly define her view. The first reason that Ms. Ford gives is that the move by the governor is an assault to the union. The members of the union in this department will be disadvantaged since the powers of the union are to be reduced. Mary Ford clarifies that this privatization attracts foreign binders, and these binders may even accept wages that are lower than the wages given to the union members. This will set a platform which the government will u
Introduction The international organisation for standardization – ISO, in its bid to streamline and regulate the networking sector, introduced the OSI labelling techniques. The OSI layer labelling operates as a guide post to provide a universally accepted framework for implementing networking protocols. (Hallbarg 2001) OSI layers The OSI are divided into seven layers labelled in integers from 1 to 7. The layers are arranged in a stratum whereby layer 7 is in the top and the bottom layer is 1. Physical layer This layer determines the electrical and physical stipulation for the devices. This layer plays a significant role of specifying the connection between the device and the medium of transmission. The physical layer is focused in the reception of signals through the physical medium. It defines the transmission technique and the medium through which these techniques are conducted. Data link layer This layer is relegated into two sub groups, in this layer; the data transmitted is essentially assigned specific and appropriate physical property. The transmission is done through wireless routers e.g. the 802.11 Wi-Fi these physical properties would include such features like the medium of transfer. This layer is also responsible in the delimitation of the network type and the packet sequencing procedure of the network. It uses DCA and LAC protocol Network layer This is the third layer in the series. The network layer determines the manner in which data is sent to other devices. The determination of router tangents and the recipient address. This layer is classified into three sub layers depending on the logical schemes of apportioning