ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Pepsi Co. is one of the biggest non-alcoholic drinks manufacturers in the world, selling its products to its consumers globally. To continually retain its market leadership position in the UK and continuously grow its market share, Pepsi has recognized that it should continually come up with innovative products that will allow the company to meet its objectives. UK consumers would greatly benefit from a Pepsi product that encourages healthy living, hence the introduction of Pepsi vitamin water under the brand name “Pepsi VITAMAX”. Pepsi is well known for its R&D initiatives, while management expects a positive response from the market once the Pepsi VITAMAX is introduced. Vitamin water can be made in the same procedure as bottled water, using the same equipment, while adding electrolytes, natural flavors, artificial flavors, sweeteners, minerals and more importantly, vitamins. VITAMAX will contain lower calories than other soft drinks, which means that the product will be attractive for athletes and health conscious consumers. This strategic marketing plan stipulates the need for the proposed product, marketing efforts that will be carried out within the first year of production as well as the various control measures that will make sure that the product becomes successful (Wheelen & Hunger 2002, 43). Advertising efforts will go towards educating the general public on the importance of healthy drinking habits, and he reasons as to why the need Pepsi VITAMAX. With the given success of bottled water in the UK, vitamin water is certain to be the next phenomenon. Pepsi will employ technology that will lead to cost and time savings in the production processes as well as distribution channels. Quality and tasteful products will always differentiate PepsiCo from its main rivals. The company expects to achieve sales of £5 million within the first year after introduction into the market. Corporate Objectives PepsiCo’s mission is to build and manage a wide range of brands that will increase the company’s market share and cement its position as the leading soft drink manufacturer in the world. The goal of the Pepsi vitamax project, as established by the company, will be to ensure customer satisfaction by promoting healthy drinking habits (Steiner 1997, p. 185). In the long term, Pepsi intends to extend the vitamax brand so as provide for different consumer preferences, and build on the growth of the vitamax brand. Market Overview According to the 2010 UK soft drinks report, published by the British Soft Drinks Association (2010, p. 5), the value of the of the UK non alcoholic drinks industry was worth an estimated £13.224 billion in 2009. This represents a 2.2 per cent increase in value from the previous year, while industry analysts are upbeat on the growth of the industry. The UK economy is improving from the effects of the 2007/2008 recession. While unemployment levels in the UK still remain significantly high, with the government seeking to cut spending an
In America, ownership of property included the right to own human beings. The introduction of slavery in America took place around 1619 when the first African landed at Point Comfort in Virginia, which was a new colony of England (Deetz, 2020). The Africans had been forcefully captured from their homes, required to board ships, and were taken to unknown lands. Most historians consider the period as the beginning of a 400-year story, which was marked by persistent inequality, a legacy of resilience, and oppression (Deetz, 2020). This essay will examine the beginning of the slave trade in America and its abolishment. The first African group in Virginia was not the first to arrive in North America but had a great significance in changing the Atlantic world in the Colonial era. The English colonialist justified slavery as supporting the chattel system and marking an end to rebellion from their colonies. Moreover, the captives provided cheap labor and were controlled, which ensured the profit margin of the landowners increased. Laws that guaranteed private ownership of property, including human beings, were legislated in America during the Revolution Era, which ensured servitude continued (Ushistory.org, 2020). Slavery ventured to the southern colonies at the rise of the rice kingdom. The movement of Barbados, who were wealthy planters, brought slavery to the south as the migration of these farmers was accompanied by their African workers. The arrival of the black man in America had a major impact on its economy The abolition of the slave trade began in 1787 through the American revolutionary war. Veterans were given lands in Ohio and other states, making people in the region free. The Civil War ended after the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 affirmed the liberty of all those held as slaves in all states, including the rebellious ones (A& E Television Networks, 2010). The adoption of the 13thThirteenth Amendment eliminated the existence of slavery during the ruling of Abraham Lincoln as the basic rights of the American citizens were recognized. To conclude, Africans captured and taken to unknown lands by the Whites ended up as slaves in their plantations where they provided cheap labor and maximized profits for the landowners. The abolition of slavery in American began during the revolutionary era, which led to the Civil war and the proclamation of Emancipation. Finally, the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment during President Lincoln’s rule eliminated it.
Introduction Differences in economic growth and technological levels among nations have led to domination of underdeveloped countries by the industrialized ones. Such developments have subjected the industrialized nations to pressure for expansion of their markets through a variety of means including political and military acquisition. This is typified in the current wars in Afghanistan where the U.S launched military intervention citing presence of terrorist groups in the country. Such an intervention may be perceived as an act of imperialism by the U.S on Afghanistan. The present research deals with the causes and consequences of the current wars in Afghanistan in terms of Imperialism and post-colonial theories. Thus, U.S is currently facing challenges in managing its heightened technological innovations and exploration of international market for its products may be the only option of offsetting the economic pressure. A variety of imperialism theories have explained the reasons behind expansion pressure facing the industrialized nations in different ways but the failure by such nations to internally cope with the effects of such technological innovations is predominant. Causes of the Afghanistan wars Following the 11 th September attacks of the U.S twin towers, the country launched a manhunt for the Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden as well as his group for being responsible for the attacks. United States accused both Al-Qaeda of terrorist attacks on western countries especially U.S and its allies and Taliban for inhabiting the terrorists. The U.S administration therefore launched attacks on the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001 to overthrow it from governance in Afghanistan. However, there is one thing that is not clarified in the U.S-Afghanistan war; the cause of the Al-Qaida attacks on the U.S and its allies and motive of the subsequent military intervention by the U.S. in Afghanistan. Different theories attempt to explain the causes of the aforementioned wars. To begin with, the invasion by U.S on Afghanistan may be attributed to the sudden demand for market for its excess products as well as investments. According to Hobson industrialized nations have adopted a political policy of imperialism to find foreign market for their products and investment due to their excessive production that has exceeded consumption rates in those countries (35). In a nutshell, the invasion of Afghanistan may have been done to pursue economic gains and not fighting terrorism as claimed by the U.S. On the other hand, U.S invasion of Afghanistan may also be perceived as a method of colonialism. According to Fanon, colonialism is violence in itself and not the attempt by the oppressed to resist such invasion. He states that the oppressed can not relate well with the metropolitan class and should therefore resist any kind of colonialism through violence (McCulloch 7). In the recent times, th
Abstract Ethical challenges have of late been a big issue in the business community. Despite many initiatives in the business world, the issue of ethics has prominently featured. This dissertation focuses on the role of enhancing ethics in employees’ job satisfaction in the American hospitality industry. This research met its aims of assessing the prescription of common organizational work ethics in the US hotels on employees’ job satisfaction. Secondly, it aimed at assessing the impact of prescription of common organizational work ethics within the U.S hotels on employees’ job satisfaction. These aims were met through extensive study of the relevant literature as well as through the implementation of the practical research. Establishments used in this research were Ritz Carton, Four Season’s Group of Hotels, Millennium hotels and W. Hotels. Questionnaires were deployed to the human resource management and further use of relevant literature. Data were subjected to the rating index. This research came up with a number of findings: the surveys confirmed that ethics played a major role towards job satisfaction by employees on top of increasing brand loyalty that eventually led to the success of the hospitality establishments. It was recommended that ethical structure should be established and conformity sought as this ended up boosting the morale of the employees, hence, great productivity commitment achieved. Introduction Compared to other industries, the hospitality sector is one area where many dynamics are taking place. It is for largely labor intensive with many workers spread in hotels, restaurants, resorts among other closely related enterprises. The issue of ethics in the hospitality industry is linked to the many trends that are taking place in the world sectors. Most of the media is awash with stories related to some sort of crime or the other. The business world has faced the challenges of being profit driven only. This means that, no matter what it takes, the end result is post profit. By this, many organizations have had to adopt a culture where ‘shortcuts’ are taken to maximize profits without
Types of Business Organizations Business organizations are classified based on various criteria, the most common one being ownership. There are three types of business organizations based on ownership. These are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations (Titman, Martin, & Keown, 2010). Sole proprietorships have one owner while partnerships and corporations have two or more owners (Perez, 2007). Sole proprietorships can be formed and dissolved easily and at a relatively low cost (Perez, 2007). The proprietor also takes home all the profit and does not have to consult anyone when making decisions. Income is taxed on the individual only. The major disadvantages are exposure to liability due to lack of separate legal identity of the business from the owner and the probability of failure of the business in case of the demise or incapacity of the proprietor (Titman, Martin, & Keown, 2010). Partnerships are easier to start than corporations. They also allow for the pooling of resources from the partners. Taxation of income is also done only on the partners. The major demerit of partnerships is that they expose individual partners to liability on the acts of their fellow partners that bind the partnership to a contract (Perez, 2007). Corporations are legally separate from their owners. This shields member from liability beyond their shareholding. They also have easier transferability of shares and perpetual existence. Disadvantages of corporations include high regulation and taxation on both corporate income and dividends (Titman, Martin, & Keown, 2010). The Finance Manager The Finance Manager sometimes referred to as the Chief Finance Officer, is a person appointed or selected to manage an entity’s financial affairs. His specific duties include overseeing financial planning, planning the corporate strategy, and controlling the entity’s cash flow (Titman, Martin, & Keown, 2010). He is selected to carry out these duties on behalf of shareholders as their agent (Olson, n.d). The overall goal of a financial manager is to carry out his or her financial duties with the aim of maximizing shareholders’ wealth as measured by the firm’s value through share prices (Titman, Martin, & Keown, 2010). His duties must also be in line with the entity’s mission. This goal is realistic because a finance manager is employed to wor
Introduction The aspect of valuation is an important aspect of asset management in the UK today and it is seen that it is very significant, because a large part of the UK economic growth stems from the real estate markets. Further, it is also seen that the growth in property markets have a great impact on the valuation of the property and impinges on matters relating to purchase, sale and dealings with real estate and other assets which are in need of valuation on a continual basis. Before entering the subject, we need to consider what is negligent valuation and it is seen that it could be defined as not acting in the proper way for the valuation of property or assets. It is often the case, that in the case of landed properties and other immovable assets; the valuer is forced to put in a figure that is advised by the client. Often the valuer has to act in accordance with the requirements of the client, including showing a market value of the properties in excess of what it actually commands, for the purpose of sale, lease or disposal of said land. This is unethical and against the fair concepts of real estate dealings but this often happens since the seller wished to have higher profits. It could also be due to the case that the valuer or expert witness was, initially engaged as a member of the team of valuers and had to toe the line of his seniors in preparing the reports etc. But now, he is an independent valuer but he has to stand by what he had opted for along with his other colleagues, and thus has no independent thinking of his own in certain circumstances. Client-biased valuation The aspect of client-biased valuation is of major concern in the UK today and often results in fraudulent transactions taking place due to the overvaluation of assets. It is believed that valuation is an important aspect and is attributed to property at any particular time. The main advantage is that it is a one-point estimate within a distribution, It is often seen that, at the discretion of the Court, the expert witness may often, at the instance of the clients, give valuation figures that may not believe themselves, or they may provide professional advice to their clients which they may not adhere themselves. There have been many changes in the UK judicial system with regard to valuation and the Woolf commission report in 1995 lists two types of evidence that an expert witness could give in terms of factual evidence and/or evidence of expert opinion. The case law of Whalley v Roberts and Roberts (1990) I EGLR 164 looked into the irregularities concerning negligence in mortgage valuation and the court opined that in certain situations, civil engineers and architects have no professional value as compared to surveyors In this case, it is also necessary to consider the duties of expert witnesses under English Common Law:  1. The expert witness has to bear in mind that his duty to the State overwhelms his sense of duty to his clients and thus he should not act in compromise of this supreme fact. This stand was re-established in the case of National Just
Mobily was created in 2005 by one of the largest telecommunications firms in Saudi Arabia and other investors (Mobily, 2014). The company operates in the telecommunications industry and offers the following services: telephone call services, data services, fixed and mobile telecom services. In recent years, the firm has realized over $5 billion in revenue and $1 billion in net income. Internal factors that could positively impact the performance of an organization are found within a firm. The external environment has no control over the internal factors. The manner through which companies handle their internal performance factors greatly determines their performance outcomes (Slack, Chambers, & Johnston, 2010). The personnel within Mobily have been instrumental in the excellent performance of the organization. The management focuses on hiring competent workers who could create competitive products to drive its sales. The telecommunications industry in Saudi Arabia is characterized by a high level of competition. Thus, only firms that hire highly skilled and innovative personnel can record good financial results (Slack et al., 2014). Mobily adopted an expansion strategy that relied on the strategic positioning of its personnel (Mobily, 2014). For example, a competent sales team is in charge of marketing in flagship branches across Saudi Arabia. Also, the team ensures that there is coordination of marketing of Mobily’s products in the network of outlets. Adequate finances have been important in the performance of the giant telecommunications company. The firm is owned by a consortium, which has a good financial base. The major partners in the consortium are Etisalat, six local strategic investors, and public shareholders. The owners of the firm have always ensured that there is enough capital for daily operations and expansion plans . For example, when the management embarked on an aggressive expansion plan across Saudi Arabia, its owners provided the proposed financial support to realize the growth goals (Mobily, 2014). Research shows that companies that have a strong financial base have higher chances of expanding than those that do not have a sound financial platform (Slack et al., 2014). Mobily has been able to launch most of its expensive products in the telecommunications industry because of readily available financial resources. For example, stable network services require huge investments because of hi-tech technologies. Innovative products have made the firm achieve excellent performance outcomes. Due to the high level of competition in the telecommunications industry, Mobily has been at the forefront in offering unique products that correlate with changing trends in the market. For example, Mobily offers high-speed internet services that are supported by a 4G platform (Mobi
Introduction The Practice of Spiritual Direction is a guide to Catholic leaders on how to help individuals seeking personalized guidance from the church. It covers a wide range of topics, including conceptualizing spiritual direction as a practice to the theological underpinnings of the relationships between God and humans. Authors William Barry and William Connolly draw on their experience as priests and educators within the Catholic Church to offer leadership advice (2009). The book is well written, with clear, approachable language, and is full of practical, real examples from the lives of the authors as well as insights from prominent Catholic thinkers. The handbook’s three-part structure is accessible and guides the reader through the concepts and challenges of spiritual direction. Overall, the text is a valuable book for both clergies struggling with the needs of people and for religious-minded individuals seeking ways to help fellow Christians around them. Main body The first chapter of the book explores the fundamental concept of spiritual direction. The authors suggest that the notion of spiritual direction is concerned with allowing individuals to understand and embrace their relationships with God (Barry & Connolly, 2009). The book supports the thesis in various ways; first, the idea presented in the chapter should not be perceived by the readers as authoritarian or controlling. Instead, Barry and Connolly interpret the primary cause of spiritual direction as sacred and informational. Thus, the most fundamental issues that can be resolved by applying the concept of religious orientation are related to comprehending the relationship between one and the Lord. Furthermore, spiritual direction allows people seeking to communicate with God to find the most appropriate path. Therefore, directors must encourage them to “enter into dialogue with God” (Barry & Connolly, 2009, p. 7). Moreover, the author claims that the spiritual direction does not impose a specific outlook on Christianity but instead attempts to lead directees down a path chosen by them individually. Lastly, the chapter emphasizes the importance of one-on-one cooperation and the subsequent relationship-building with people seeking supervision. The first chapter of the book brings in the essential point that is often being discussed in the contemporary theological setting. The chapter serves as a reassurance to the readers since it suggests that directing others spiritually does not imply control over the directee’s reasoning and decision-making. The second chapter of the text deals with the importance of religious experience in any activities related to spiritual direction and guidance. Barry and Connolly first emphasize the cultural shift that has happened in the United States since t