ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People’s cognitive, physical, and social development is characterized by certain milestones that have been well-researched. The cognitive development of infants and toddlers is associated with the acquisition of basic knowledge and skills that enables the child to become comparatively independent during the first two years of their life. Some of the central concepts related to this matter include classical and operant conditioning, memory, attention, learning, language development, and the sensorimotor stage. Diverse theories and approaches to the subject matter have been suggested. For instance, according to Piaget’s theory, the child develops in certain stages acquiring fundamental skills and knowledge (Paris et al., 2019). During the first two years, the child mainly develops sensory-motor skills. This newly acquired knowledge includes reflexes, circular reactions, and scheme internalization, as well as early representational thought. Reflexes are automatic reactions to some stimuli, and the child’s active learning starts with these automatic movements and reactions. During the first four months, primary circular reactions occur, which encompasses reflexes turning into voluntary reactions, and the child is becoming more eager to engage with the body and different objects. Secondary circular reactions
Introduction All through history, there have always been reports of the growth and development of empires. The Egyptian, Roman and Greek empires are but some of the greatest empires during medieval times (Haspeslagh, 2010). During the 16 th and 17 th century, the Spanish empire was one of the strongest empires in the world. Later on, during the 19 th and 20 th century, the British Empire became the largest and strongest empire in the world (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005). Even at the present day and time, there are empires. However, the composition and operation of the current empires are somewhat different to those of ancient times. This essay shall thus compare and contrast ancient and modern empires in order to determine their similarities and differences. Empires Contemporary empires differ a lot in the manner in which they are constituted and operated (Hobsbawm, 2003). The modern world has become vast and almost everything is integrated. As a result, each and every action is dependent on many other factors and its overall outcome has the chance of affecting almost all aspects of life. During the beginning of the 21 st century, for instance, SARS, a respiratory disease that originates in China affected transport, communication, international relations, the global market and the entire economy of the world (Hobsbawm, 2003). This is because the world that we are living in currently is mainly dependent on globalisation. Thus, a lot of operations other than political matters are conducted across the physical boundaries of nations (Hofstede, 2009). This globalisation is mainly dependent on technologi
Tax Memo Relevant Facts Sara in her individual capacity has incurred attorney fees and other costs of $ 11,000 in connection with her litigation with the Texas County Board for changes in zoning law so that her three parcels of land comprising of 30 acres could gain in value which was only $ 15,750 per acre before her appeal. During the pendency of her appeal in the court of law, the Texas County changed the zoning law permitting two residences per acre as against the original law of only one residence per every two acres. And as expected, the value of her land increased to $ 25,000 per acre. To recall, the property Sara received from her mother was only worth $ 15,750 attributable to the then prevailing pattern of land zoning. Stagnation in the land value was due to the said zoning that restricted to one residence per every two acres. Hence, she applied to Texas County in 2010 for changes in the zoning which however was rejected. Sara went on an appeal in 2011 as constitutional challenge of the Texas County’s zoning law which was unsuccessful. Then in October 2011, she appealed to Texas County District Court. By November 2011, the County suo moto effected change in the zoning law allowing two residences per every acre from February 2012 onwards. Issues identified The issue now is about the tax treatment of her attorney fees and other costs which she incurred half in 2010 and another half in 2011. Tax treatment means whether expenditure is deductible from one’s income for income tax purposes. In order to decide on deductibility, it should be decided whether the given expenditure is a revenue expenditure or capital expenditure. If former is the case, the expenditure is deductible. If latter, it can only be capitalized. This again depends on whether the expenditure is incurred in the course of business or in individual capacity for personal purposes. Obviously, Sara has incurred attorney fees and other costs in her individual capacity and hence tax law applicable to individual shall be examined in this case. Conclusion In Sara’s case, the origin of the claim led her to incur attorney fees and other costs, and hence the expenditure must be capitalized as per Sections 263. Authorities & Reasoning Section two hundred sixty three and 263 “A” provide for capitalization of expenditure incurred for betterment of real estate. Thus, attorney fee and other costs incurred for defending or perfecting title are eligible for capitalization by being added to the value of the property and not by being deducted from the income of the individual for relevant period. If this rule is to be followed, Sara has incurred expenses for litigation which have led to the Texas County making changes in
Introduction The selected reports address the need to reform the Australian Apprenticeship system to give participants the right skills that will impact the Australian labor market positively. The report of the Panel chaired by Mr. Jim McDowell titled A Shared Responsibility – Apprenticeships for the 21st Century mentions that there is need to come up with a system that is more efficient and capable of producing a large number of highly trained, skillful and highly inspired workers (McDowell et al 2011). Other reports echo on this sentiment, for example, the report by Amy Simons titled Report savages apprenticeship system blames the current system for causing young Australians to relinquish their occupations (Simmons 2011). The reports stress the need to simplify and streamline the system to impart skills that are crucial to the growth of the Australian economy (Evans 2011), similar calls are made by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) (ACTU 2011). The Housing Industry of Australia (HIA) contends that plans to reform the system are welcome, but the industry must be involved in coming up with a better system that ensures apprentices get employment opportunities (HIA 2011). The final report by the Australian Industry Group (Ai Group) commends the report by McDowell et al and says that it presents ‘the opportunity for real reform of the apprenticeship system after many years of tinkering’ (Ai Group 2011). Points or Arguments The reports agree on one issue: the Australian Apprenticeship system needs urgent reforms, and the recommendations by the government-appointed panel chaired by Mr. McDowell are vital towards achieving the reforms. The reports cite several weaknesses in the current program as a justification for the reforms, majorly, the low completion rates. Simmons mentions that more than half of those enrolled in apprenticeship programs drop out of the system. This anomaly is due to the low pay rates. Senator Evans mentions that since 42 percent of those enrolling in apprenticeship programs are aged 25 and above, there is need for a new system that recognizes previous experience or skills, this will motivate more persons to enroll in the program (Evans 2011). Quoting one of the recommendations by the panel, HIA reports that reforms will address the issue of high dropout rates and the will make the system simpler. The reforms will reduce Australia’s over-reliance on imported labor and meet demands of Australian labor market (ACTU 2011). A weakness of the current system is that it contains many difficulties and inconsistencies, and hence the reforms are vital towards overcoming the obscurities (Ai Group 2011). While the Australian Apprenticeship system continuously provides skilled labor to the market, there is a need for urgent reforms that will lead to the production of a skilled and flexible labor force that has the ability to meet the challenges of the Australian economy in competing with other global economies (McDowell et
Analyzing the Main Problems Highlighted in the Article The article under analysis discusses the problem of credit expansion in the United States as the core of the global financial crisis in 2008. George Soros, the author of the article, compares, the mortgage crisis is a bubble that burst and led to the bursting a larger bubble, the world economy (n. d.). According to the economist, the US economy experienced recession because of inappropriate US housing market policies. The so-called boom-bust process was initiated as a result of credit misconception. Specifically, “a failure to recognize a reflexive, circular connection between the willingness to lend and the value of the collateral” generates the consumer’s motivations to refinance their mortgages to get more profit (Soros, n. p). Because credit generated higher demands, the increase in the amount of credit was a logical outcome. As a result of the mortgage crisis, a rigid misbalance occurred between the profits produced by the United States and the resources the country consumed. In particular, the U.S. economy has swallowed other economies, which marked the global crisis development. Moreover
In the article Competing with Giants, Niraj Dawar and Tony Frost discuss the strategies that companies from developing countries can use in order to compete with international corporations. The authors argue that selling out or leaving the market is not always the most optimal solution for small businesses. According to this article, the managers should focus on the following issues:  1. Identification and assessment of ones competitive assets. The managers should focus on the strengths that their businesses may have, for example, well-developed distribution networks, low-cost of production, or loyalty of the customers. This knowledge will be essential for them in the future.  2. The degree to which the assets of the company can be transferred abroad. For instance, they should determine whether they have sufficient resources to enter foreign markets. Similarly, they should analyze the strategies of their competitors from the same perspective. This analysis will help them better develop their strategies and predict the actions of competitors.  3. Finally, they should evaluate globalization pressures or the likelihood that a foreign rival can enter their niche market. Apart from that, the writers describe four possible strategies that local companies can adopt when facing foreign competition. Depending upon the path that these businesses take, they can be categorized into four groups:  1. Defenders or companies that focus on one of their competitive strengths and meet the needs of one target group that cannot be reached by foreign corporations. For instance, one can mention Bajaj Auto a manufacturer of scooters. They target people who are interested in durability and low cost of a scooter, rather than its brand. In this way, they can rival with large corporations like Honda.  2. Dodgers or those businesses that can redefine their goals and main strengths. In other words, they can move to a different market that is of little interest to international companies. For instance, one can refer to Chinese software developers that chose to design programs for Windows, instead of developing operating systems.  3. Extenders or those organizations that strive to transfer their capabilities into foreign markets. These businesses usually seek markets similar to their own. One of such organizations is Jollibee Foods which is a Philippine fast-food chain that operates in China and Japan.  4. Contenders or those companies that attempt to improve their capacities in order to compete with large international companies. Among such companies one can single out Samsung or Sony. On the whole, this study outlines several ways in which local companies can withstand the rivalry of foreign corporations, namely:  1. Upgrading organizational strengths and capabilities so that the company did not have to move from a particular market entered an international corporation;  2. Diversifying the range of the products or services;  3. Moving to a different segment that is of no interest to a forei
Football is the most popular sports on our planet and has a fan base of more then 3 billion. It is played in almost all countries, with millions of fans and small time players competing and playing at different levels of the sport. With such a huge involvement of professionals, semi professionals, amateurs and fans, the game commands a very huge involvement and awareness among a very wide group of people. Unlike ‘elite sports’ such as Golf, Chess and racquet games and other such sports that require expensive infrastructure, all that is required to play football is a reasonably level and open ground and a football costing a few dollars. Consequently, the game is played by different social groups ranging from people in slums and very poor and developing countries to the affluent class of people. Social responsibility is the process in which organisations measure the impact of their activity on the society and attempt to ensure that the impact is positive by intervention. With such a large involvement of the public, there is tremendous potential for football to assume the mantle of being socially responsible. The paper assesses the extent to which the football industry from should be socially responsible. Corporate social responsibility CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility is the process and concept in which organisations give considerations to the interests and impact to the society and the environment in which they operate. The process extends much beyond the mandatory rules and regulations and is more of giving back to the society in which the organisation operates and using resources in a responsible and sustainable manner. The emphasis is on developing the local community and helping to build the infrastructure for development of the community members, employees, main stakeholders and other actors. Activities that are taken up for CSR include education and development of local groups, providing jobs and employment, carrying out health and hygiene development activities, giving training to children and adults, providing therapy and learning sessions to make people move away from social ills, drugs and alcohol, carrying out sustainable development of the region and so on. “ In its broadest sense, corporate social responsibility represents a concern with the needs and goals of society, which goes beyond the merely economic. Insofar as the business system as it exists today can only survive in an effectively functioning free society, the corporate social responsibility movement represents a broad concern with the business’s role in supporting and improving that social order” (Eells, 1974). Football with its mass appeal and wide public involvement presents a very good choice for organizations to be socially responsible. By organisations, we mean the football teams that actually play the game, government organisations that set up the infrastructure for promotion of the game , business organisations the sponsor development activities and individual players who spend their valuable time in helping the people. There is a lot
Introduction Employees in the United States are mainly protected by Title VII statute of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The statute forbids an employer from discriminating against employees on the basis of religion, sex, race, color or national origin. Religion here entails all religious practices, observance and beliefs. The EEOC which is the equal Employment Opportunity Commission oversees the implementation of Title VII. In 1966, the EEOC attempted to spell out an employer’s obligation with respect to religion. Under Title VII, an employer must be reasonable in accommodating employees’ religions, unless it affects his or her business. Employees’ religious speech at their work place is protected by the First Amendment’s free speech and exercises clause. The free-exercise clause states that individuals will not be prevented from practicing their religious faith freely by the government (Rich, 2008). Moreover, an employee should be able to make legitimate expressions or comments at his or her work place. These comments on various issues are legitimate if they outweigh his or her employer’s interest in efficient and proficient working. Some cases of religious harassment at work may be directed at the employees’ symbolic expression, such as adorning religious attire or other items that have religious significance. Others are about employees being prohibited from talking about their religion to co workers. An example of litigation over religious practice is, Mr. Jesse Cook, a 7 th day Adventist who was terminated from work due to absenteeism. This is because he always missed work on Saturday to observe the Sabbath day for Adventist (Cook vs. Chrysler Corp 60). In almost all of such cases, an employee insists that an employer’s course of action conflicted on his or her right to religious freedom. Employers maintain that they subdued an employee’s religious expression to avoid an establishment-clause conflict during litigation. Similarities between title VII and First Amendment It may seem like there is a conflict between the Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment and Title VII statute of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Mr. Cook sued Chrysler on the basis that he was sacked on religious basis thereby denying him his free-exercise rights under First amendment. However Chrysler won the case; the district felt that Chrysler had made efforts to meet Mr. Cooks according to Title VII. If we take an in depth look at the dimensions of the laws we realize that there is no confliction as such. A worker’s religiously aggravated expressions of faith are protected by the Title VII statute
Ethical egoism, like any egoism, refers to self-interest and the desire to achieve a goal with a level of disregard in terms of specific moral norms or other factors. However, ethical egoism, in particular, which is a normative notion, suggests that one’s actions can be morally explained in case the result is beneficial for the person executing them. On the other hand, descriptive egoism, which can be psychological and rational while also illustrating an aim toward self-interest, has other explanations. Psychological egoism is the belief that individuals think primarily about their own well-being, which is why they act accordingly (Shaver, 2019). On the other hand, rational egoism portrays the notion that an action is always rational if it is intended for one’s particular self-interest. However, the criticism of the theory refers to Kant and utilitarianism as other moral theories that always include the interests of other people as major factors. The theories of relativism and objectivism explain morality from two perspectives. On the one hand, moral relativism suggests that everything is relative and depends on circumstances (Gowans, 2021). On the other hand, objectivism illustrates the necessity for a set of moral rules that are to be followed. Individuals may be attracted to relativism since it leaves room for subjectivity and moral creativity. However, the attraction of objectivism is supported by its strict and comprehensive rules. Critics may say that relativism is too broad and may encourage people to act based on their possibly deformed norms instead of the societal ones. Moreover, objectivism can be criticized as a theory that implies that the same moral guidelines work for every person. The dialogue between Socrates and Gorgias covered ethics, on which the two had opposing views. Gorgias, a sophist, put a value on succeeding as a primary driving factor. Socrates, however, believed that knowledge is more critical and egoism is a private interest that ought to be secondary (Griswold, 2020). This is also the difference between philosophy and sophistry, one being ethical and the other one being less restricted by moral rules. Thus, Gorgia’s approach is dangerous due to the lack of moral guidelines that become useless in a paradigm when self-interest is the vital goal.
The internet-based marketing research survey was initiated with a view of understanding the various factors that affects the usage of mobile banking in Saudi Arabia. The conjoint study utililized a quantitative research design and subjects were drawn from the selected banking institutions. To ensure reliability and validity of study results, the questionnaires for the survey were duly filled by the Heads of Product Development and Marketing or their assistants of the selected banking institutions. The results were both interesting and insightful. The study was clearly able to uncover some of the challenges that continue to bedevil the sector, which is invariably at its infancy stage in many countries across the world. These challenges include socio-cultural and religious barriers, age and market segmentation, security fears, lack of effective communication and marketing strategies, inability to break through the zone of being related to simple transactions, and failure to offer authentic banking experience. However, the study revealed that mobile banking is ripe for takeoff, and may indeed overtake other banking channels such as branch and ATM due to its numerous tangible benefits that will serve to catapult the sector to success and dominance. Some of these benefits include accessibility, high marketing potential, high penetration levels, better performance, convenience, lower charges, among others. These benefits and challenges will direct the future of mobile banking in Saudi Arabia Introduction Background The design, development, and production of mobile handsets have revolutionalized civilizations across the world in ways that can only rival the invention of the wheel in the 19 th century. Not only has the device served as an engine for growth, but it has made life easier, convenient and more comfortable. Intra and cross-boarder communications can now be done within the comfort of the living room, and business deals are sealed using the convenience of mobile telephony (Laukkanen 127). Indeed, the use of mobile telephones has penetrated every single aspect of our social lives, whereby the devices have been personalized to offer the greatest satisfaction to users while serving their communication needs. The introduction of sophisticated mobile telephony with multipurpose and multimedia functions is reminiscent of the 1950’s, when the first color television set hit the markets; everybody was mesmerized. But while many studies have been conducted on the social impacts of mobile telephony on communities around the worl