ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is worth noting that dividends represent the money income of shareholders. They reflect the efficiency and success of a commercial organization. As the research shows, the majority of organizations consider reinvested earnings as the leading source of financing, and because the payment of dividends reduces its volumes, the decision on the way dividends are paid affects the size of the attracted sources of capital. One of the most important tasks of the dividend policy is to ensure the optimal correlation of shareholders’ interests with sufficient financing aimed at the development of the company. The purpose of this paper is to review the studies conducted on the topic of dividend policy and to determine whether dividends are significant for companies or not. Summary and Reflection It is crucial that the self-financing of companies can directly depend on that part of the net profit, which organizations send to pay dividends. Consequently, this can lead to a reduction in the rate of growth of equity and solvency. However, if companies do not pay dividends to their shareholders, they, in turn, can start getting rid of securities, which will lead to a decline in the market value (Rahgozar & Rahgozar, 2014). Thus, companies need to anticipate whether the number of dividends paid will affect the wealth of the shareholders and what maximum amount of payments can be furnished by the enterprise. Many experts in the industry emphasize that in the long run, dividend yield makes a big contribution to the overall profitability (Rahgozar & Rahgozar, 2014). The reviewed researches have shown that the package consisting of shares with high profitability will surpass the one with low profitability as well as market profitability for a long period. Nevertheless, Fu and Blazenko (2015) argue that this is not characteristic of the current market. They have provided a hypothesis that “the returns for non-dividend paying firms are no greater than dividend-paying firms despite high-risk metrics” (Fu & Blazenko, 2015, p. 15). Notably, their assumption has been confirmed by the analysis of common-share returns, which evidenced no significant difference between the two polar alternatives despite the existence of certain risks in the case of non-dividend paying enterprises. In the same manner, Denis and Osobov (2007) have conducted their study to determine the regular connection between dividend-paying and non-paying firms. Interestingly, the research results support the provisions promoted by the previous group of researchers. That is to say, the propensity to pay dividends depends on the domain of a life cycle (Denis & Osobov, 2007). Therefore, the inclination to make payments depends on the scale of business, the capabilities to expand or go international, and the earned equity mix. For this reason, it can be stated that their research supports the approach assuming that the preparedness to pay dividends depends primarily on the allocation of the free cash flow (Tsuji, 2012). Conclusion Thus, it is impossible to make an unambiguous conclusion abo
The entrepreneur’s likely sources of venture capital are banks, private capital investments, and customer contributions. With sufficient capital investments, the entrepreneur can easily secure loans to aggressively pursue his business goals and objectives. Featured as a risk taker, innovative, and visionary coupled with initiative and true business abilities, these qualities make him worth of external capital injection. Success is evident from gains made in business sales revenues in the range of $750,000 a year. This is also demonstrated by a striking rise from a humble beginning when the business consisted of an old computer and a single two head machine to its current status. Advantages and Disadvantages of Sources of Capital A bank loan is a reliable source of capital for any business enterprise. Bank loans are offered at competitive interest rates which are pegged on current market rates (Grossman & Livingstone 2009, 145). Drucker (2009, 200) argues that with minimum interest rates the entrepreneur has the advantage of retaining more profits while a small amount of the profits goes towards loan repayments under the mortgage loan agreement, thus generating more revenue to the business. In addition to that, bank loans are readily available, relatively cheaper to service, and can easily be secured by one with a good score card. The entrepreneur’s history of innovativeness and growth are contributing factors to a good score card. However bank loans have their disadvantages. A bank loan is secured against collateral that is used to evaluate the amount of money to loan an individual. Should the entrepreneur’s financial needs be in excess of his collateral, the lending bank may not provide sufficient amount of money to meet the entrepreneur’s financial needs. Bank loans take long to process. This may be a disadvantage to the entrepreneur in that delays may deny or completely damage available opportunities as other entrepreneurs may identify and seize upon existing opportunities if no timely financial intervention is made available to the entrepreneur in need. Bygrave and Zacharakis (2004, 125) argue that if credit scores for the new entrepreneur are not excellent, that too may deny the entrepreneur an amount equivalent to the financial needs spelt out in the business plan. The bank may foreclose to recover its loan if the entrepreneur defaults to repay the principal and the accruing interest. For personal loans, repayment may be pegged on individual relationships. Interest rates can be negotiated and at times these loans can be secured without attracting any interest. Personal loans do not take long to process. However the disadvantage lies in the fact that the lender may decide to change the terms and conditions of the agreement on the loan if no article or memorandum of understanding was signed at the time of lending, between the lender and the borrower. The amount loaned out may be limited depending on the financial status and willingness of the lender to give. This may compel the entrepreneur to borrow from more friends. The process may be time consuming. Loans secured from customers have flexible interest rates.
Tests for Otitis Media (Right Ear)   * Use a pneumatic otoscope to look at the ears, throat, and nasal passage of the victim, with the view to note any abnormalities or amount of fluid that may be behind the eardrum.   * The pneumatic otoscope is used to puff air against the eardrum of the right ear because this is where the pain is originating. In normal situations, the puff of air would trigger the eardrum of the right ear to move but the practitioner should observe little or no movement of the eardrum if the middle ear section is filled with fluid. This patient has no fluid in both ears.   * The pneumatic otoscope should then be used to examine and determine the mobility of the patient’s tympanic membrane (TM) in response to pressure shifts; here, the doctor/nursing practitioner will note a perforation or tympanosclerosis (bulging tympanic membrane and redness inside the right ear), which is key in establishing a diagnosis of Otitis media without effusion. Tests for Herpes Zoster (Right Neck)   * Examine the rash on the right side of the neck   * This examination proves that the rash is on only one side of the body and has erupted along with one of the many nerve paths, called dermatomes, implying that it is easy to make the diagnosis for Herpes Zoster. Antibiotics A higher dose of Amoxicillin should be indicated (80 mg per kg per day) for 5 days to ensure successful eradication of bacteria causing Otitis Media. Quinolone-based eardrops such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin should be administered to treat the right ear perforation and eradicate bacteria. Herpes Zoster should generally self-resolve with time, so no medication should be administered during the first visit. Unstable Angina: Causes, Risk Factors & Symptoms Around the world, unstable angina has been cited by scholars and medical practitioners as one of the leading causes of a heart attack. Extant literature demonstrates that angina is a type of chest discomfort arising from constrained blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium), implying that unstable angina is a medical condition in which the heart is limited from receiving adequate blood flow and oxygen, leading to a heart attack (Jneid, 2012). Unstable angina is caused by a variety of factors; however, medical professionals agree that coronary artery disease arising from atherosclerosis is by far the most widespread trigger of unstable angina due to the upsurge of fatty material called plaque along the arterial walls of victims (Jnei
The need for immediate laboratory tests just like developments in technology has been a factor to be taken into consideration in transforming medical laboratories. According to Casagranda (2010), developments such as the use of Point of Care Testing (PTO) have specifically been adopted for quicker response to emergency treatments. The basis of Point of Care Testing consequently led to improvements in facilities to ensure ready availability of equipment and personnel for such tests which are occasionally required within short time durations (Casagranda, 2010). Such developments have equivalently called for the need for improvements in the operation of laboratories with respect to the scope of work, quality of offered services, organization and economics which have been factors towards laboratory systems operations. In response to the demands with respect to scope, for example, laboratories have developed to offer a wider range of services that include analysis of services offered to patients besides the traditional testing that was initially primarily offered. The wide diversity of services that include “wellness centers, home care, physician’s offices, acute care settings, and long-term care operations” (Wolper, n.d., p. 1) have also demanded improvements in the value for utility for the services that are being offered as well as management of the processes to ensure that the operation costs are minimized. The need for integration of laboratory centers has also been realized for improvement of customer services since no single center can manage the provision of all testing services that patients may need. Integration is similarly important with respect to coordinating interdepartmental operations of a laboratory center. This is due to the nature of services that are offered by laboratories. The main function of conducting tests and offering accurate results requires well-coordinated processes between different departments to ensure that no mix-up is encountered which may lead to the delivery of wrong results to a patient (Wolper, n.d.). Developments that have been initiated by technological advancements have also led to significant improvements in the operations of laboratories. Contrary to the former periods when the equipment was s
Measuring the process of a company’s daily performance is an efficient way to check whether an organization is progressing or whether its ideas have worn out their welcome. Helping determine the efficacy of a number of processes within an organization, starting from the production process to the process of information sharing, the given system of performance measurement is doubtlessly significant. Applying the given evaluation system to the Riordan Manufacturing, one will be able to specify the issues within the organization, as well as define efficient means to settle these conflicts. Since the Riordan Manufacturing utilizes the means of organization performance measurement that allow to evaluate the efficiency of various departments from several aspects, including economical, financial and technological one, the company manages to keep in pace with the latest theories of leadership management. Considering the company closer, one will notice that it has a number of process performance indicators, starting from the various process classification models, such as Value Chain Group’s Value Reference Model, to the processes that are associated with data objects. However, technically, there are four basic processes that serve as the major performance indicators in Riordan. As the company data shows, Riordan conducts a very thorough supervision of the project, which presupposes that such events as kickoff meetings, reports circulating for comments and corrections or “archived in process assets library” are utilized in the course of the project implementation. Thus, a flawless flow of the process is guaranteed. The second process that helps define the quality of the company’s performance is the creation and maintenance of the data gathering instruments. There is no secret that Riordan, like any other company, needs updated and detailed information concerning both the state of affairs within the company and the information on the market within which the company operates (i.e., the plastic products mark
Introduction In his book, State and Society in Spanish America during the Age of Revolution , Victor Uribe-Uran, considers the period between 1760 -1850 to be a period of deep-seated transformations. Other authors had different names for the same period. For instance, palmer referred to this period as the Age of Democratic Revolution. On the other hand, Hobsbawm called this period the Age of Revolution. Many authors have carried out studies on events that took place within Latin America on different issues such as religion, politics, and even infrastructural development. Their activities relate to a period that they have referred to as the Age of Revolution (AG). Just like most authors who have adopted the theory of the Age of Revolution, Uribe-Uran uses this concept to bring out the history of Latin America in terms of political and colonial aspects (Uribe-Uran 89). According to Uribe-Uran, Latin America’s activities cannot be separated from its colonial aspects. This is because the colonial system was of significance in various aspects that took place between 1750 to1850. Uribe-Uran makes use of the work done by others in his work. He analyzes the literature of others to get their views on activities within Latin America. In his work, Uribe-Uran considers the reasoning of others in their view about Latin America. For instance, he incorporates the views of Van Young in his book. According to Young, it would be wise to consider the late and early national eras as separate periods when analyzing the Age of Revolution. Young claims that integrating the two periods would raise several new possibilities relating to the same research. He adds by saying that systems such as those relating to production, gender, family matters, and even social relationships were in existence even before this period (Uribe-Uran 59). These systems were altered in the Age of Revolution. He continues to say that, looking at the late 18th century and early 19th century would provide pertinent information that would be used in determining the role of this period in Latin America. Another source of evidence that Uribe-Uran uses in his work is Salvucci’s essay. The essay looks at the economic situation in Latin America. His essay confirms that, during this period, Latin America suffered from a condition that was referred to as ‘Dutch Disease’. This was as a result of export bloom and reduced traditional export. It led to inflation that affected many parts including Peru and Mexico. Salvucci demonstrates his findings by running a regression analysis that encompassed production, trading activities, and prices of various commodities such as gold and silver in New Spain. His research encompasses Brazil and the
Fashion Fashion in the 1950s was a reflection of what the people feared. It also symbolized their aspirations. It was only after the 50s when the young boys and girls began adopting fashions of their own design. In some countries, governments used some clothing as tools to control some ideologies. This included the USSR. In order to maintain proper attitudes, there was need to maintain conservative clothing. This applied for the workers, students and others. In some places, jeans were outlawed. Women’s fashion, in this decade, symbolized fragile femininity. The men’s clothing, on the other hand, were conservative and clean cut (Rantisi 101). The 1960s marked the highest level of consciousness in terms of fashion. Fashion was highly valued and this can be seen in the way the clothes worn by the wives of the presidential candidates in America hit the headlines. This period emphasized on shorter coats. In America, the silhouettes had low waists. There was also the reintroduction of the princesse shape, which was present in the 1950s. However, this was accompanied without indentation on the waistline. The over-blouse was also fashionable during this period. Other parts of the world emphasized on the designing of sharp-pointed hats and wide collars. In Europe, the skirts of this period were shorter than usual. Gender roles In the 1950s, the role of housekeeping and raising the family was meant to be for the women. However, it was less rigid than before. The man was the sole breadwinner in the family and he went out to work. His main role was to provide for the family. The woman, on the other hand, stayed at home and performed the house duties. These activities included cooking and caring for the children. The woman was not expected to work even though she was learned. However, the women had started to take up some jobs in the factories in order to increase workforce. In the 1960s, the man was still the breadwinner at home. The man was still expected to go to work in order to provide for the family back at home. The woman also continued performing duties similar to those of women in the 1950s. They stayed at home, cared for the children and performed the house duties. However, this period marked a time for change for the women (Moen, Erickson, and Dempster-McClain 288). This is when the roles of women in the American society changed dramatically. This is when the largest number of women joined the workforce where they received pay. As the women increased in numbers at the workplace, they exerted more pressure on the management in order to address the forms of discrimination in terms of pay and promotions. Social views Social views include divorce issues. During the 1950s, divorce was not a common thing. This was due to the pressure from the society. The society expected those who were married to remain married. Another issue in the 1950s was in employme
The article addresses the unique corporate practices and policies at Google, which seamlessly merge with their corporate culture. Human resource policy can shape the way the employees work in the organization. It shapes how the people work in the organization and how the culture will be. A decentralized, flat hierarchical structure is practiced by many organizations, but the way the corporate culture and image is shaped, which accentuates this, is what is important to deliver the signal of equality among employees. At Google, employees are valued for the work they do, and they are treated as equals. They are given equal opportunity in every aspect and provided with additional benefits and perks to keep them happy outside the organization. In this article, Wright discusses the different methods used by Google, which help them to achieve an open culture and maintain a bureaucracy-free structure. The article talks about Google’s hiring process. It states that a potential candidate is interviewed at least by four interviewees before he is hired. These four people who interview the candidate are not necessarily the seniors or represent the top management, but they are the supervisors and even colleagues of the potential candidate. Google’s logic behind following this rule is that the people who are at the job know best what the requirements for the positions are, and they are the best judge for it. Moreover, they believe that a group of people are wiser than a specialist. As Mellissa Karp, HR manager at Google, states that “wise, collaborative crowds that include a diversity of opinion, independence of members from one another, decentralization, a good method for aggregating opinions and return for contributors’ investment.” According to her, the employees of Google are content with this process as Google prefers to hire people who are opinionated and they are used to providing one due to the corporate culture. Google uses an employee tracker which is called ATS, which gets updated every
Cold war is the period of tension between America and the Solviet Union which lasted from 1945 and 1980. Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by an atomic bomb marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the cold war. It developed after the world war two, and this was due to mistrust between the two states. America was a communist state, and feared the Solviet Union which was an anti-communist state, slowly coming into America (Farber, 1994). There was a widespread belief among the American people that worldwide control by the Russians was a reality. It was a period when weapons of mass destruction were a major concern and Americans were feared of owning the most powerful in the world (Marilyn & Robert, 2002). The cold war period was characterized by an intensified tension over a long period of time; in 1949 the United States and USSR had already acquired nuclear capability. Due to the external military threat by the communists, there was a dire need to give Americans enough protection. National politicians started to warn the citizens of the threat. They were, therefore, told to be vigilant against the communists. These warnings were even accelerated by other levels of society including the media, pastors, opinion makers and community leaders (Harrison & Thomas, 2008). Citizens had a role to play in protecting communism as citizen soldiers by building a cold war home front. In addition to this, there was an increased promotion of codes of conduct and enacting of public policies by the politicians to boost the American homes. There was a heightened sense of fear and insecurity among the Americans impacting the society to a great extent. Most of the American people were in agreement with their leaders that the best ways to avert the dangers of the cold war were through family stability (Harrison & Thomas, 2008). These beliefs transformed the American society are vividly beyond the expected boundaries. There was an immense rush in the society towards marriage and child bearing thus; lowering the age of marriage for both men and women (Elaine, 2008). It reduced the class lines and increased racial divisions. The white middle and working class remained prosperous due to their ability to access suburban good life. The black Americans were excluded from suburbia by racial division that remained camouflaged in the aura of unity. Bonding helped the families feel at ease and protected against dangers of the outside world. As a family issue was becoming a major issue, couples had limited things in their lives, which included some consumer goods, their sexuality and privacy. Furthermore