ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The relations of the countries in the world were not the same in the different periods of time. World history knows the peace times and the war times, when countries provided aggressive politics against each other and when the relations were structured to the diplomatic terms. Woodrow Wilson appeared to be the president of the United States of America when world politics was in the war relations with each other. His speech, which later was named Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, from his point of view, aimed to impart peaceful relations in the world’s economic and political life. Woodrow Wilson was the president of the United States from 1913 – 1921. He ruled the country during World War I, and as president of the country, did not want to enter this war for some time. January 8, 1918, was notable in the history of the United States and the whole world as Woodrow Wilson appeared before the Congress with his plan, which later received the name Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. These settlement points had a profound effect on the war’s outcome and the subsequent peace conference (America at War, 1998). The Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the conversation is about, are as follows, (1) an end to secret interrogations and open agreements among nations, (2) freedom of the sea navigation both in peace and war times, (3) equal conditions for trade for all countries, (4) the limitation of the armaments in countries, (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims, (6) the release of Russia territories and allowing for making decisions according to its interests, (7) evacuation and restoration of Belgium, (8) evacuation of France and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, (9) the reconstruction of Italian frontiers, (10) the opportunity for autonomous development of Austria-Hungary, (11) evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, (12) self-determination of the peoples of the Turkish Empire, (13) the creation of independent Poland, confirmed by international agreement, and (14) the establishment of general association of nations as the guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity of all countries. (President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points) Woodrow Wilson’s main aim, which he wanted to provide with the help of his points, was the “most forgiving peace plan ever” (Hakim, 2002-17). Wilson did not believe in revenge, and he wanted was a peaceful end of the war, as he presented it. It seems that he wanted to finish the war without winners and losers. Wilson guaranteed people freedom, what they wanted most of all. It is possible for us to dwell upon Wilson’s desires for a long time, but the finish would be the same; these points have never been established. There may be lots of reasons, but the main is that they ended with nothing. The aims of the war were not reached, the desires were not implemented, and that was the reason for World War II. From Woodrow Wilson’s point of view, these points were the best way out from the situation which had appeared. The freedom for all, according to his plan, would have satisfied every member of World War I, and they would all stop that war. The
The cold war was the period that ran roughly between 1946 and 1991 and was defined by proxy wars, military tension, political conflict and economic competition. During this time, the communist world, the Soviet Union and its allies, was in economic competition with the powers of the Western world like Europe. There was no actual battle, but the conflict was apparent. The cold war took effect on the European continent and spread over to the Asia-Pacific region. The primary difference in the cold war order of the Asia-Pacific and that of Europe was instigated by the reason for security arrangements between the two regions. Europe was intrinsically driven by the aim of preventing wars in Europe, and between East and West in Europe whereas Asia-Pacific was wedded to a more contemporary conception of sovereignty. Europe and Asia-Pacific had been incorporated into America’s global grand plan of containing the Soviet Union during the cold war. Three principal objectives governed this grand strategy. One, there was the need to enhance the dominance by the US in international relations. Two, it was necessary to contain and finally acquire victory over the Soviet challenge. The final objective was aimed at preventing an outbreak of a major war between the two superpowers, which could be catastrophic, due to their easy access to enormously damaging nuclear arsenals, and their immediate retaliation after an attack of whatever nature (Maull 1). The Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) process was used as Europe’s principal institutional expression to pursue its objectives via collective defence arrangements like NATO. In addition, deterrence and formulation of a policy that would reduce tensions, through détente, were also used (Maull 2-3). Asia-Pacific on the other hand pursued its objectives through balance of power and deterrence, which were developed based on bilateral security arrangements, and strategic rapprochement between China and America that had begun in 1972. Europe’s security arrangement operated under the double containment security system, where the Brussels Treaty of 1948 was the nucleus of it. This treaty was used to contain both Germany, and the Soviet Union. Europe adopted a multilateral security system that led to the formation of the Western European Union. The start of the mid-1950s to the end of the cold war was characterized by withdrawal of efforts aimed at foreseeing European integration, from security and the military. The European Economic Community (EC) and Euratom were developed under the treaties of Rome. The Euratom was aimed at ensuring that West Germany remained as a non-nuclear status. The EC on the other hand aimed at developing strategies for use in the coordination of foreign policy. It eventually grew into a Common Foreign and Security Policy in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, and the 1999 Common European Security and Defence Policy (Maull 6). The Asia-Pa
Introduction After the start of the First World War, different events and gaming activities had to be stopped in different parts of Europe. For example, the onset of this major global upheaval forced sporting organizations to suspend matches. This new development affected the experiences and outcomes of many players. Several clubs and associations were unable to pursue their aims during that time. Despite such negative influences, soccer remained a unifying factor throughout the war period and influenced a wide range of sociological and political aspects at the macro level. It helped redefine the concepts of humanity and unity despite the hostilities that existed between different nations. The purpose of this essay is to describe how soccer influenced or affected the political and sociological attributes associated with this war. Background Information On 4th August 1914, war was declared in Europe that would eventually become a major global upheaval attracting armies from different continents, including America and Asia. Immediately after the onset of this conflict, many cricket associations across Europe chose to cancel all organized or planned matches. Fortunately, different decisions were considered by the Football Association (FA) in Britain. Other soccer associations in this region were also expected to follow the example set by cricket teams. Serb reveals that soccer matches for the Football League continued for the entire 1914-1915 season (21). However, the events and descriptions associated with the ongoing war forced all stakeholders to consider suspending the normal or major league programs. However, many clubs in Europe were empowered or allowed to continue organizing regional contests and competitive matches amongst themselves. During this period, many footballers and athletes were tempted or encouraged to join the militaries of their respective countries and become part of the ongoing war. With some of the professional players deciding to serve in the army, competitive matches couldn’t take place. Throughout this war, soccer became a powerful tool that continued to revolutionize people’s thoughts, attitudes towards the situation, and expectations. Nonetheless, soccer continued to reshape the future of this upheaval by encouraging fighters to relate positively with one another, interact effectively, and focus on the most appropriate approaches to support the missions or goals of their respective countries. Soccer and the Famous Christmas Truce In December 2014, several unofficial matches were held on the Western Front
Compared to the foreign policy that is concerned with the national interests at the international level, the domestic policy is focused on that within the country. Overall, the diplomatic missions directed at the promotion of national values can be conducted at the domestic, regional, and global arenas. The promotion of security, prosperity, and stability is the primary objective of both types of policy. Foreign policy can be analyzed based on the decision-makers involved and the influences they undergo. For example, an individual decision maker’s perspective can be influenced by such variables as personality, cognition, affect, group, social milieu, and time. As opposed to individual decision-making, there is a bureaucratic model that operates through the standard procedures and lacks an individual approach. An example of a scenario where the individual decision-maker and a bureaucratic model worked in a combination is the case of the War in Iraq. In that scenario, the individual decision was made by President George Bush under the influence of cognition, affect that occurred after the attacks of 9/11, and social milieu. Further, the decision traveled the bureaucratic ladder downwards to the National Security Advisor under President Bush, the State Secretary, and the Defense Secretary. Reflecting on this decision and the policy and followed today, one may notice how many biases were in place to impact the decision-makers. Also, as soon as the decision was sent from the top down the bureaucratic pyramid, it became unstoppable and lost individuality. However, after the events of 9/11, the analysis traced the decision back to President as the primary acting figure and the gateway through which the decision made its entrance. As a result, regardless of the involvement of the bureaucratic model, President is still recognized as the main actor in the escalation of the conflict and the beginning of the Iraq War. Another approach to the foreign policy analysis apart from the individual decision-maker, and the bureaucratic model, is the Neorealist Unitary Rational Actor model. The latter view the states as unitary rational actors assuming the rationality and unity of their decisions; at the same time, the personality influences, individual variables, and quirks are seen as epiphenomenal (or secondary and not as important). Within the paradigm of the Neorealist Unitary Rational Actor model, the status of power is perceived as relative. In other words, the direction of the power is seen differently compared to the bureaucratic and individual paradigms. The collective power carried by the state is seen as dominant over those of an individual in charge of the system. The Black Box analogy works through the example of a hypothetical black box that is a device without any characteristics of how it works internally. The black box is the transistor, a mechanism that receives input information (that is, in our case, the environmental condition or a scenario)
Many ancient philosophers dedicated their works to war and expressed their opinion on whether or not fighting is justified by any means. The attempt to formulate criteria under which war would be morally right led to the creation of the just war theory. The current paper observes two ancient texts, The Iliad and The Bhagavad-gita , to investigate the arguments of what the virtues of wars are. The paper argues that although both texts name different reasons to justify war, all of them are united by the fact that they improve warriors life. Homer’s poem The Iliad depicts battles during the Trojan War and glorifies wars. From The Iliad , it could be inferred that war is justified because it helps to develop bravery and obligatoriness. In the eleventh book of The Iliad , Odysseus claims that only a craven man leaves the battlefield, while most decent people stay till the end (Hommer 242). Another illustration of the fact that wars are worthy of participation is Hector’s behavior. He is courageous; from his viewpoint, it is a shame to hide from conflict. In the sixth book, Hector says to his wife, who is worried about becoming a widow, that he “would die of shame” if he “would shrink from battle now” (Homer 176). Thus, Homer emphasizes that the necessity to fight is higher than staying alive. Homer also applies the concept of joy to justify battles. Throughout the book, he uses this word to describe the feelings of the battling warriors (Homer 168, 266, 307). Hence, it could be concluded that for Homer, war is justified because it gives the fame of a brave man, is prestigious and entertaining. The Bhagavad-gita is an ancient Indian religious and philosophical masterpiece, written by Vyasa, that depicts a dialogue between the prince Arjuna and his coachman, Krishna. The Bhagavad-gita reflects Hinduism’s tradition to classify all people into four varnas and hijrahs, that is, untouchable people. More precisely, shudras are born to serve, vaishyas – to trade, brahmins – to educate, and kshatriyas – to rule and fight. When the prince complains that he fears the outcomes of the war against his cousins, the coachman responds that the prince belongs to kshatriyas and, therefore, he should fulfill his duty as a combatant (Vyasa 29, 40). From this, it could be inferred that, compared with what Homer claims, the divine prescription, rather than the search for fame and the fear of becoming known as a coward, justifies war. Vyasa, similarly to Homer, states that a warrior should not be afraid of death. Nevertheless, the former’s argument is that every person inside has atman. Atman is the inner self that would reincarnate after the death of the physical body (Vary 435). On the contrary, Homer emphasizes that “man’s life breath cannot come back again” (Hommer 212). This means that Homer does not justify wars by the existence of the afterlife, as Vyasa does. Krishna also says that it would be fair to go to war if it is caused by just reasons. The coachman claims that it would be a sin not to react to the barbarous behavior
Cargo cults Cargo cults can be described as messianic or revivalist movements, which are mostly found in the oceanic regions. Cult cargo members are typically indigenous people of the oceanic regions with mystical beliefs of owning goods held by Europeans. In this regard, cargo refers to goods. Cult devotees believe that they will get back their goods with the help of magic and religious means. Cargo cult was first documented in the 19 th century in Papua New Guinea and other Oceanic regions like Vanuatu (Gaylor 1). The purpose of cargo cults to the people who practice them People who practice cargo cults believe that they will receive goods or wealth that is currently held by the Europeans. In this sense, cargo cult acts to reassure its adherents that their future will be characterized with plenty of wealth. Moreover, cargo cult helps in revitalizing people’s imagination and resilience in adapting to daily problems. Also, cargo cults fill the gap between their desires and existing ways of satisfying them. In essence, the cargo cult gives them hope of the coming period of prosperity and comfort (Gaylor 1). Acculturation Acculturation refers to the influence of one society on another due to constant face-to-face interaction. Acculturation is sometimes called culture contact. Acculturation involves the diffusion of different cultural traits. However, it particularly requires continuous personal interaction between two ethnic groups. In general, acculturation is usually utilized to refer to the adjustments that transpire in an indigenous society under the influence of modern culture (Gaylor 1). Acculturation in the development of cargo cults Acculturation played a central role in the development of cargo cults. For instance, in the 19 th -century cargo cult in Papua New Guinea resulted from the interaction between the locals and foreigners. The locals desired modernization, so they merged their mythologies with Christian Missionary beliefs leading to the formation of cargo cult movements in the Papuan Vailala Madness that occurred in 1919. Because of acculturation, local inhabitants tend to fill the gap between their desires and existing ways of satisfying the needs by forming movements such as cargo cult (Gaylor 1). The concept of cargo cults to modern American Culture North America is presently under cargo cults. The author believes that cargo cults influence every dimension of American lives. Fitzgerald gives examples of shopping malls and computers as examples of contemporary cargo cults in modern American culture. In essence, he stresses that borrowing of ideas without proper knowledge is common in contemporary cargo cults such as evaluation and computer. Just as people built a shopping mall after the first one, everyone is now going for computers (Fitzgerald 1). Revitalization movements of the Native American groups Revitalization movements were famous in Native American culture. Some of these i
Introduction Can a municipality disregard the results of a civil exam? The answer should be no. New Haven municipality should not disregard the results of a promotion test based on the fact that the exam yielded many qualified applicants from one race, and not enough of the minority since the exam was race-neutral. The municipal was not supposed to ignore the results because the exam was crafted by a professional body that ensured there was no bias towards any race but it focused on their knowledge regarding fire fighting. History of the case In November and December 2003 New Haven fire department conducted a racial free promotion test. The test was to fill seven captains and eight lieutenants’ positions. The department had authorized a company in Illinois IO solutions, to design a racial free promotion exam. Io solutions performed their task are required in designing a race-neutral promotion exam. The New Havens three rule stipulated that the three topmost scorers in a test only one of them would fill the vacancy. When the promotion exam results were out the whites scored higher than the blacks and Hispanics. In the captain’s test, the first person from the minority to score highly was in position six followed by another in position eight. The results would have enabled at least two Hispania in the rank of captain while the rest being whites. The lieutenant’s posts would all have been taken up by the whites since the first person from the minority was in position fourteen. Leaders in the New Haven council refused to endorse the names of the qualified candidates thereby making the results of the race-neutral exam invalid (Adversity.net. 2009). After the 1991 civil rights act new court ruling brought a new dimension in the order of employment and promotion. A precedent set by the Supreme Court put any program incorporating racial or affirmative principle needed to undergo stringent inquiry. The federal law against discrimination was in good faith in helping employers voluntarily help the minority but did not compel them to always incorporate the minority. New Haven council, therefore, was not obliged to incorporate racial principles because the test had been scrutinized by the designing company and was not race-biased (Spicer, R, and Spicer, 1995). The firefighters were justified to be entitled to the promotions because if there was one race or there were no minority promotion would have proceeded without any delay, thus the white firefighters had been discriminated against. Since the test was occupationally related there would be no reason to bring the issue of race as the disregarding factor. The positions at hand required very highly skilled personnel and declining to promote those who had scored highly would undermine the high standards required in carrying out the designated tasks. The New Haven municipality was not justified in disregarding the civil service exam because, in the case of Dallas v. Dal
Sometimes human bodies struggle with various diseases, infections, and viruses, so they use inflammation as a defensive mechanism to protect the immune system. Inflammation is a response to the attack on the body from the outside and inside. During the period of inflammation, the number of “chemical mediators from the circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue” regulate the inflammatory response (Abdulkhaleq, Assi, Abdullah, Zamri-Saad, Taufiq-Yap, and Hezmee, 2018). In my case, like all humans, I have faced numerous inflammations, most of which were acute, for example, burns or wounds. I usually have faced acute inflammations, and as an example, I want to describe the case that happens to me often: cutting my arm while cooking. I cut my forefinger slightly, and as a simple acute inflammation, it immediately started after the damage and lasted for about four days. The next day, I observed several signs of inflammation, such as the redness around the damaged spot, tumor, and warm place around the cut. When I tried to move my finger, I felt a sharp pain at the fold of the nail phalanx right where the injury was. It was hard to make a fist or hold something tight because it immediately started hurting. Thus, because it was the moving part, it prevented the cut from proper healing. The inflammation happened because I hurt the top layer of the skin, and bacteria with infection entered the damaged area. Thereby, the site on my skin was swelling, and the pain became more robust. Over the next few days, I took measures to heal the injury and disinfect and treat the wound so the inflammation has gone. Reference Abdulkhaleq, L. A., Assi, M. A., Abdullah, R., Zamri-Saad, M., Taufiq-Yap, Y. H., & Hezmee, M. N. M. (2018). The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Veterinary World , 11 (5), 627.
Introduction ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning and presents a system of software applications utilized by for-profit and non-profit organizations in their daily activities and operations. ERP provides a unified system of managing and accessing various data used in business operation and planning. Activities covered by such a system include accounting, sales management, procurement of goods, services, and resources, as well as manufacturing, marketing, project management, and various other activities, depending on the nature of the business. The speed of information-sharing and decision-making makes businesses more profitable and facilitates effective communication on a larger scale. Although the choice of appropriate ERP software depends on the size, type, and niche of the organization, there are several common systems for every ERP. These include integrated solutions that enable communication between departments, such as sales departments, customer service, financial department, HR, and IT (“Top 15 ERP,” 2017). The software that utilizes servers or cloud solutions can also serve as an information hub, providing necessary data to all areas of business via an elaborate network of solutions. The purpose of this paper is to compare three potential ERP solutions for the retail industry with the costs of application exceeding 1 million dollars. Reasons for Utilizing ERP As it stands, companies have a plethora of reasons to switch from outdated systems to ERP. Some of the most common reasons include replacement of the legacy system, promoting company growth, improving business performance, facilitating timely reports and regulatory compliance, and improving the quality of work. Additional reasons include standardization of global operations, reducing working capital necessary for business facilitation, integrating systems across different locations, and improving customer service. Nearly all ERP provi