ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Observational learning is induced onto a person by a third party in all cases. This learning takes place by way of a person looking at a third party performing an action. Observational learning can and will occur in any age bracket. The beauty of observational learning is that of interest generated by the observer and the subsequent internalization of the concept learned to serve the individual’s intended motive (Chance, 2008, p. 23). At a local competition in a game of handball, sidestepping is one among several moves that are used to penetrate the defensive wall of opponents. In any game, high scores translate to winning. Unfortunately, since my sidestep was poor I couldn’t score. I generated interest by observing how easy it was to score once I observed an opponent performing the move that subsequently translated to him scoring many goals. The essence of this illustration is that by observing how the move was performed on several occasions I was able to master this beautiful skill and eventually would be able to dislodge any defense and create chances of scoring. There are a number of steps that are involved in observational learning and attention is one of them. The observer ought to be keen to and pay attention to details where necessary. Lack of the observer being attentive would out rightly lead to failure to grasp the underlying concepts in what is being observed. It also calls for the observer to pay attention to the major aspects of what is being observed. Failure to this learning would be deemed to have not taken place or there was little learning. The emotion of the observer also plays a role in the eventual internalization (Chance, 2008, p. 31). The observer’s retentional processes swing into action after observation. This entails a brief imitation of what was being observed. The essence of this is that it aids the observer to recall some of the aspects of what was being observed. In the first place, it would be hard to perfectly carry out the move hence the observer would do it in his own way, immediately following what was observed. The perfection depends heavily on the observer because it is by doing it in his own way and comparing this against what was being done and identifying flaws in what he has done and that need to be done in order to attain perfection (Chance, 2008, p. 34). An individual must have the motor reproductive processes required to perform the required processes. It translates to the individual’s ability to perform what was observed. While we may grudgingly accept that some people may observe the third party performing an action they may not be able to perform the same yet others would perform what has been observed with a lot of ease and in fact a lot better. This boi
Introduction Currently, the key task for management is successfully executing change in organisations. Organisational change denotes the set of different activities that yield an alteration in the course and progressions that influence the manner in which organisations operate. This paper analyses the case study of the triumphant turnaround of Nissan. The paper explores what was done to better effectiveness, adaptation, and human dealings, and the manner in which the potential transactions amid the performance determining factors were dealt with. Additionally, this paper will evaluate the features and expertise that elucidate successful tactical leadership perspective of Carlos Ghosn. Finally, the cross-cultural deliberations Carlos must take into consideration when executing change at Nissan is examined. What was done to improve efficiency, adaptation, and human relations, and how were the potential trade-offs among these performance determinants handled? Tactical leadership is a complex issue that entails managing organisations and assisting them in dealing with the current internationalised business setting (Laschinger et al. 2001). Various researches affirm the significance of tactical leadership in illustrating that an organisation is an indication of their pinnacle leader. Different studies concluded that tactical leadership is connected with several constructive organisational outcomes (De Luque et al. 2008). Tactical leadership is majorly seen as a part of the critical propellers of efficient policy execution. Pliable and adaptive leadership means that top leaders have an impact on the fiscal performance of any organisation through their influence on the major determining factors of the fiscal performance of organisations (that is, human dealings, efficiency, and adaptation). Leadership and management studies offer powerful proof that pliable and adaptive leadership is vital for the majority of managers (Elenkov & Fileva 2006; Arnold et al. 2000), which is particularly significant in cases of noteworthy change. Additional proof of the necessity of pliability in conduct when assuming a leadership position in a foreign nation, like in the case of Carlos Ghosn, is offered by cross-cultural study. At the time of his initial days as the leader at Nissan, Carlos Ghosn instigated several changes. His initial step was to establish nine cross-operational groups and granting them the opportunity to provide probable explanations. Strengthening cross-cultural groups is significant since strengthening them is reported to boost pliability as well as efficiency in an organisation. In a bid to enhance efficiency, Carlos Ghosn took up a cost leadership po
Introduction Culture refers to beliefs, values, and code of behavior upheld by a community that distinguishes that community from other communities. Organizational culture therefore refers to values, norms, principles, assumptions and patterns of behavior that distinguish one organization from another one. Understanding different cultures and their influence on business performance is very important. Management on the other hand refers to the process of managing people in order to accomplish set goals and objectives using available resources in an efficient and effective manner. Management tasks involve planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling (Connolly, 2008). This essay explains the effects of organizational culture on managerial decisions and how culture can influence managers to make decisions. Effects of Organization Culture on Managerial Decision The effect that organizational culture has on managerial decisions depends on whether the organization has a strong or a weak culture. Organizational culture determines the decision making process as well as decision making speed. Some cultures permit all employees to participate in the decision making process. Other cultures only allow the management to make decisions. Those organizations that allow all employees to participate in decision making process, might take long to make decisions due to the lengthy process. However, such decisions are likely to be effective since they incorporate different ideas from different people (Connolly, 2008). Organizational culture determines the kind of employees that an organization will hire. The culture that exists determines who should be hired by the organization. Clear guidelines are written down to specify qualifications required for a specific job. Good criteria exist for recruitment, selection, promotion, lying off as well as retirement. In this case, the management has to comply with the criteria (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of formalization. Formalization in this case means the extent to which written rules and procedures are followed in an organization. Organizational cultures with high degree of formalization make it easy for management to regulate. This is because there is a clear outline of how one is expected to carry himself/herself out, and so the employees strictly follow rules (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of empowerment in an organization. Some cultures allow the low level employees to make decisions on their own whenever necessary as long as the decisions are in line with the set goals and objectives of the organization. This means that, the top management is not the only authority all
Rome, Ancient Greece, and China belong to the earliest civilizations in the world’s history. However, they are well-known for being rather developed due to the richness of their culture, vastness of territory, and numerous victories they gained as a result of their foreign policy. Although these civilizations were located in different parts of the world, it seems they had a lot in common in terms of politics, economics, social structure, and culture. Religious beliefs had a great impact on the worldview of people in ancient times. For instance, religion was an essential part of life in Ancient Greece, which was reflected in people’s customs. The Greeks performed festivals and the Sacred Games in honor of their gods, created myths, and believed in omens (Seignobos, 2008). The religion of the Greeks was characterized by polytheism and anthropomorphism. The Romans also believed everything in the world was created by a deity, so they brought offerings to gods and consulted them before undertaking any act. However, they differed from Greeks in a way that they had more gods and did not give them a clear form (Seignobos, 2008). As for China, the main religion there was Buddhism, which “at a very early date had taken a firm hold on the imagination of Chinese poets and painters” (Giles, 2017, p. 16). Confucianism, which promoted politeness, honesty, and wisdom, was also widespread among the Chinese, although it is not considered a religion. Thus, it was important for the people of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China to have faith and praise the gods they chose. It is necessary to examine what place a woman took in the society for understanding the social structure of ancient civilizations. In Greece, girls’ upbringing varied – at Athens, they were secluded at home and taught to superintending the house-keeping, but at Sparta, they were trained in the same manner as boys to become robust women. (Seignobos, 2008). The same is true for Rome, where a woman was deprived of education and performed the role of the housewife. However, she was not excluded from the association with the men and was equal in dignity with her husband, which gave her a bit more freedom (Seignobos, 2008). In China, obedience was considered the main virtue of women. Her function in life was to serve her husband and his parents, to give birth, and to keep house. It may be concluded that women were discriminated in all the studied civilizations. The political system of the ancient civilizations also deserves attention. Greek land was divided into cantons which constituted separate states called cities. The government in Athens, the leading Greek city, was called a democracy, which implied that the true aristocracy governed the whole nation. This body was assembled three times a month, and du
The Ken Burns’s film ‘Jackie Robinson’ is a documentary that studies in detail the life and achievements of the African-American athlete, in particular in baseball and the civil rights movement. The film provided a lot of new and intriguing information on Jackie Robinson’s struggle. First of all, a lot of sources praise Robinson’s rise to stardom, and his simultaneous dedication to the civil rights cause, few sources fully disclose the role Branch Rickey, the Brooklyn Dodgers manager, had in the development of the young star. He chose Jackie very carefully, for his skills as well as his willpower and views on equality. Before signing him up for the Major League, Branch coached Jackie about all of the hurdles he would face as a black baseball player, and not only taught him how to deal with it but also stood up for him, helping Jackie create the public image that made him famous and admired. Jackie signing a contract with Montreal Royals, Dodgers’ “farm club”, broke the color barrier, and became an integral victory for the civil rights movement. Secondly, it was interesting to see that the changes weren’t immediate. Robinson was joined in the Major League by an African American pitcher John Right. Both men faced a lot of pressure due to their race, but Robinson was the star the people recognized, and Right was the one whom the media and his team could press down on. Right eventually left the team. Similarly, it was interesting to see just how direct and offensive the racial insults could be, with the Phillies manager Ben Chapman being the prime exemplar of the film, and just how resilient Jackie was in the face of them, despite clearly suffering. Thirdly, the film did a good job at showing how quickly and aggressively the public responded when Jackie started to speak against the inequality, and how he maintained his views when everyone was against him, even other, more militant civil rights activists, even his body, stricken with diabetes. Jackie Robinson was a fascinating person during his time, and the film does a exceptional job of showing what kind of a person it takes to achieve the recognition he received in the histories of sport and the civil rights movement. Works Cited Jackie Robinson . Dir. Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon. Public Broadcasting Service . Florentine Films, 2016. Film. Web.
Initial Response The National Health Service is the organization responsible for the realization of the program of continuous quality improvement in the United Kingdom. Several key issues regarding the problem can be determined nowadays. In particular, the NHS has undertaken financial reform, which influences the realization of its programs. “Key elements of the delivery structure today include an emphasis on local decision-making” (SteelFisher, 2005, p.2). Besides, the NHS intends to implement the changes in regulatory standards. It also makes efforts to improve the evaluation methods of healthcare services quality. The enhancement of the system of data monitoring is one of the key issues on the organization’s agenda. Furthermore, the NHS recognizes the necessity of improvement of the support of primary care physicians and makes efforts in this direction. The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) is an important initiative undertaken in the United Kingdom with the purpose of the improvement of healthcare services in the country. It is based on the scoring system. However, the framework has its strengths and weaknesses. The initiative allowed creating an effective framework for the assessment of the healthcare system. Besides, it contributed to the cost-efficiency of the continuous quality improvement program. The motivation of the hospital personnel is one more advantage of QOF. At the same time, some scholars argue that the framework is not very effective in prevention methods. Response Posts To Ellen Ferguson Hi, Ellen, Very good post! I think that you have uncovered all the problems without information overload. I agree with you that the QOF indicators still need improvement, though they are really helpful for the healthcare system in the United Kingdom. Besides, you have mentioned that the transparency and independence of the indicators reviewing process require improvements. Alike you I hold the opinion that the monitoring process is not perfect nowadays. The transparency and objectivity of the QOF are the characteristics of its quality. Essentially, they are the keys to the efficiency of any project. The NHS recognizes this fact and makes efforts to improve these characteristics. To Howard Patterson Hello, Howard, Very interesting opinion! As I see you have touched upon the important aspect of the National Health Care Strategy. I guess you have tried to focus our attention on the economic background of the health care problems. I also emphasize this aspect in my post. The economic downturn influences the direction of the NHS work. It should be noted that “the NHS accounts for 88 percent of health expenditures” (SteelFisher, 2005, p.2). This means that the economic distress puts pressure on the a
In their article, Gordon et al. speak about the US intention to accept more refugees. According to them, such a step should be made because America is a country that gives people second chances and hope. Zakaria supports this idea and mentions that foreigners search for a better life in the US because they follow the image of the American Dream that was created in the past and still attracts different populations. Many of those who believed that this country could give them a new better life received it, which strengthened such a vision. Syrians, just like other people, should have an opportunity to get at least a part of this dream. However, lots of Americans underline that foreigners developed the wrong perception of their country. A dream is not a reality. Just like others, they are ready to provide some assistance but cannot give the whole world’s population a possibility to improve their condition. Gordon et al. state that the US assists many different nationalities but Syrians receive the least even though their problems are not less serious than those other countries have. McCarthy supports this claim with the data that shows the US foreign aid by country. According to the budget request, Americans will spend billions of dollars to help others, especially Israel, but Syria is not on this list at all. Thus, if the US is not going to support the country, it should assist its refugees at least. However, it cannot be denied that America has already been spending lots of money in the framework of foreign aid. Even though Syria is not among the top ten countries, it still receives some funds, which the government believes to be enough for it to improve its condition without any changes in the number of refugees. Still, the American government should accept Syria
Individuality is the state of being independent, where one individual is separate from the other because they have their own needs, desires, and goals. Although some people try to maintain their individuality in a romantic relationship, others compromise and loose their sense. They forget to take care of their needs and concentrate on the relationship and tend to think that their partners will take care of their needs. This may create a break up in a relationship. People who are in love often struggle to impress each other and loose their individuality in the process. Some of them may feel good after the compromise while others feel suffocated by it. Carver and Scheier (2004) argue that there is a need to maintain individuality, especially when one feels suffocated after losing individuality. According to Giles (2000), it is always good to remember that a good relationship is one which you are not supposed to change yourself, but where you will grow together. Therefore, a person who is ready to accept you just as you are is a true partner and so, instead of striving to change your individuality try to accept the relationship. It is even possible to lose the interest of the other person after losing your own individuality. However, self-care and strong sense of self may make the relationship become strong and enhance sustainability and happiness. It is always good to enter into a relationship as a whole person with your
Introduction In the eighties, the United States of America and several other Western countries felt the emergence of a new concept and wave. It was the eruption of the term political correctness. Atkinson (n.d) defines political correctness as the “communal tyranny that …led to a spontaneous declaration that particular ideas, expressions and behavior, which were then legal, should be forbidden by law, and people who transgressed should be punished (para. 1). While it started as a small movement, the call for their expectations achieved a national acclaim leading to the enactment of some of them as written and others unwritten laws. Among the issues incorporated within the argument involved a wide array of cultural and academic issues in the contemporary society. For instance, studies such as women studies multiculturalism and feminism, practices like speech codes, and free intellectual enquiries became controversial topics that required careful consideration before being approached in public. Considering the increased controversies to date, it is necessary to understand the historical events that led to the development of the concept. History of Usage While most studies concerning the issue trace the origin of political correctness in the eighties and nineties, evidence points out that the concept of political correctness can be traced as far back as the eighteenth century. However, the usage might not be similar to the one employed currently. For instance, early usage involved literal meaning of the words “political” and “correct.” As a result, political correctness meant something that was in formation with the then political thought and policies. Therefore, the earlier usage of the word did not primarily entail the use of political correctness to mean defamatory or discriminative words or practices towards a demographic unit. However, the contemporary society has evolved to take up certain challenges which eventually led to the reconstruction of the use of the word (Wilson 34). In the early seventies, the word political correctness started assuming a new direction of usage. To be precise, the gender aspect of correctness started taking the better of the definition of the word. The new left proponents adopted the word in 1970 when Ton