ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction New York may be regarded as the United States’ quintessential immigrant city. Throughout its history, New York has been the most significant passage for new arrivals, and it currently continues to be a leading immigrant-receiving center. It may be noted that the most outstanding symbols of American immigration – Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty – are situated in New York’s harbor (Foner et al. 29). This essay addresses the immigration history of New York City through the examination of the general history of American immigration, the city’s background, and its contemporary state from the perspective of newcomers. During the research of several scholars’ works, it was discovered that New York City may be characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity from its foundation until the present day. The city’s political, social, cultural, and economic sectors are significantly influenced by immigration, however, globalization and neoliberal policies influence the immigrants’ working class as well. Nevertheless, in general, the immigration policy of New York City corresponds with the position of the United States as an immigrant-receiving country. General Immigration Policy of the United States All countries in the world have a different attitudes to immigration. The United States of America, Australia, and Canada are defined as settler nations (Hollifield et al. 9). They regard immigration as the “part of the founding ideal or myth” (Hollifield et al. 9). However, these countries, similar to other immigrant-receiving countries, inevitably pay careful attention to main issues such as the number of foreigners, their countries of arrival, and socioeconomic statuses. In general, “nations of immigrants” are societies that were founded, built, and developed by immigrants in the present day (Hollifield et al. 10). That is why, for these countries that welcome a substantial number of foreigners annually, immigration is determined as a fundamental element of historical consciousness, founding ideal, and national identity. However, the ideals of immigrant-receiving countries do not imply their complete openness throughout history. In the contemporary western world, immigration is frequently claimed to be the source of political, economic, and social tension and conflicts (Hollifield et al. 10). For instance, during the last decades, the US government has been obliged to adopt restrictive measures for immigrants to limit their rights and “indulge anti-immigrant public opinion” (Hollifield et al. 10). However, the United States of America is the only immigrant-welcoming country that has the most significant gap between the defined goals concerning immigration control and the actual results of conducted policy. Historically, the United States has both high immigration levels and the substantial growth of illegal immigration. In recent years, the government exerts every effort to control the Mex
Introduction The Communist Manifesto is one of the defining works of communist ideology. It outlines the main philosophical positions of communism as a whole and critiques feudalism, capitalism, and reactionary types of socialism. This paper will touch upon various aspects of the manifesto related to production and ideological differences. Mode of Production Marx describes the term “mode of production” as a combination of productive forces (means of production and human labor power) and relations of production (various types of relations including property, work, and ownership relations). According to Marx and Engels, the mode of production is one of the main differentiating factors between eras and ideologies. For example, feudalism utilized an exploitative mode of production based on the possession of the land and human beings who had to work on that land by the ruling class. Complex agricultural systems were the primary means of production of feudalism as well as the increase in specialization among artisans (Marx & Engels, 2002). During the later feudalism period, the means of production were updated by the use of machineries such as wind-mills and clockwork devices. The mode of production introduced by capitalism may appear similar to feudalism, but it has some important differences that made it a more modern and more appealing ideology in comparison. The mode of production for capitalism is primarily based on the practice of industrialization. Factories, transportation, and the introduction of private property are some of the elements that encompass the mode of production in capitalism. The ruling class becomes the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production, and who exploit the working class of the proletariat through wage labor. The main difference between feudalism and capitalism lies in the possibility of the non-aristocratic people to become the bourgeoisie through owning the means of production. Revolutionary Bourgeoisie Marx and Engels considered the emergence of the bourgeoisie class revolutionary because it destroyed the previous structure of the world. The power of the aristocracy was negated through the ability to buy and sell the land, and property that was previously unavailable to anyone but the aristocratic classes. Guild masters lost their power due to the introduction of competition where anyone could enter into any type of industry if they had the required capital. The industrialization that enabled capitalism to take over feudalism has also forced it to become a global phenomenon. The prices of products produced
Significance of the Project The prolonged contact with asbestos develops asbestosis that is associated with the broncho-pulmonary system. Moreover, pneumofibrosis may occur in the lungs – the process that is similar to pneumosclerosis, when the normal tissue is replaced with the scar one (Oury, Roggli, & Sporn, 2014). The International Agency for Research of Cancer refers to asbestos to the most dangerous category of carcinogens that also significantly facilitates the effect of other carcinogens (“Asbestos (chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite ,” 2017). The contacts with asbestos can cause lung cancer and tumors of pleura and peritoneum. In this regard, it becomes evident that asbestos removal should be performed by either expert removalists or with a minimal release of fibers by homeowners (Goswami, Craven, Dahlstrom, Alexander, & Mowat, 2013). In Australia, DIY Removal guideline provides essential insights on how the latter may remove asbestos, increasing awareness, and providing the related documents (“DIY Removal,” 2017). The proposed research will reveal exposures related to this fiber as well as the ways the challenge can be addressed by informing health care professionals and advancing practice. Ethics While conducting the prospective study and investigating respondents’ indicators, it is necessary to receive their informed consent that would outline the key aspects regarding confidentiality, the lack of any harm, voluntary participation, and the right to remain anonymous. The purpose of the research and its course will be explained in detail before the study. Proposed Benefits In effect of the proposed study, it is expected to contribute to both theory and practice of health care by reflecting the most relevant aspects related to asbestos removal (Park, Yates, Hyland, & Johnson, 2013). Such information disseminated to health practitioners, patients, and potential risk groups is likely to increase awareness and prev
Introduction Research consumer refers to people who understand the concepts of research extensively and are able to apply these concepts in the process of conducting a research. Since consumers are people who understand the qualities and the use of a given product, research consumers are people who understand the qualities of research and the application of research concepts. As a research follows a systematic process that involves planning, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, research consumers have knowledge and skills that are necessary in the interpretation and application of research findings. The research findings should be valid and reliable for the research consumers to interpret and apply them in resolving human issues. Hence, the purpose of the essay is to examine research concepts learned during the course and their importance in research. Use of Statistics and Ability to Review Research Articles During the course of study, I learned about statistics as the process of gathering, examination, interpretation, and presentation of data. I have also acquired the knowledge that statistics entail all facets of data analysis such as designing research, sampling of subjects, administration of survey, performance of experiments, collection of data, and interpretation of data. With the knowledge acquired, I understand that to conduct a research effectively, the researcher should define and develop a research design. A research design comprises of methods and procedures that researchers use to conduct a research. The research design also defines the type of the study in terms of qualitative or quantitative study depending on the nature of data that it collects. Additionally, during the period I learnt that hypothesis is a supposition that a researcher put forward to test a given scientific assumption. According to Creswell (2008), the hypothesis allows researchers to test scientific assumptions while minimizing the occurrence of type I and type II errors. Researcher subjects a hypothesis to a scientific process of hypothesis testing, which results in its acceptance or rejection. Furthermore, I understand that validity is a key element in determining the generazability of the research findings. The validity of research is a property of a measurement tool used in an experiment. It shows the extent or degree to which the research findings are reliable or reflect the accuracy of the findings as they are in field of study or on the target population. In other words, I have learnt that validity refers to the degree of conformity between the findings of research and the reality in the field of study. The external validity depicts the accuracy of the research instrument in measuring a given attribute, while external validity portrays the generalizability of the research findings. In addition, I now understand that reliability is the extent to which research findings can give dependable, consistent, stable, and workable results. Thus, for research findings to be valid, they should have a consistency irrespective of the nu
Mental health can be defined as the emotional and spiritual resilience, which enables enjoyment of life and the ability to survive pain, disappointment and sadness. Also, it could be defined as a positive sense of wellbeing and an underlying belief in an individual’s dignity and worth (Cherry, 2014; Mash & Wolfe, 2013). Mental health is determined by the interplay of various factors at the intrapersonal, interpersonal and the environmental levels. Thus, the measures taken to promote mental health are largely influenced by the type of a mental case. These measures are broadly divided into protective measures and risk factors. The protective measures include an understanding of the gender, social-economic factors, cultural practices, working place and how these experiences predispose people to higher risks of mental health (Mash & Wolfe, 2013). Healthy social support and strong social network and social inclusion are said to be key to mental health since they create higher levels of trust and thereby minimizing cases of psychological distress. Risk factors, on the other hand, are the levels of psychological distress faced by the target population. These levels are categorized either as primary level interventions. If there are risks of a universal nature that can be addressed through sampling of the most predisposed persons, then selective interventions are applied to assist those at a higher risk of a given type of mental ill health. Some of these factors are community violence and disasters, divorce/family break-up, chronic poverty, homelessness, and parental inadequacies. (Mash & Wolfe, 2013) The protective triad refers to a number of health promoting events, which involve the strengths of the child, the family, school environment and the community, which not only boosts the child’s self-esteem, but also provides him or her with the ability to avoid risky situations and the ability to recover from misfortunes (Mash & Wolfe, 2013).
Parenting is an activity that involves various aspects. One of the issues in parenting is managing child behavior. This paper analyzes what a parent should do to guarantee proper growth of a child. Introduction Managing or controlling behavior of a child is one big problem that parents face. Human behavior is not predictable neither is it cured. When children grow, their behaviors change as they continue interacting with the world. This implies that human personality is not static but dynamic. In most cases, children who seem to be quiet at ages 3 to 6 turn out to be disruptive when they get to age 10 and above. Parents therefore have a responsibility of determining the kind of behavior to accept and encourage their children to ape (Novak, & Pelaez, 2002). This varies with age because behaviors tolerated at infancy may perhaps be discouraged at adolescence stage. This paper will analyze behavior change in children as a parenting issue. Website 1: Behavior Issues with Children The site was found through keying in some parental issues related to child behavior. The researcher keyed in the phrase “parental issues”. The search engine utilized was Google, which is easy to use and gives a variety of options for the researcher to choose. The address for the site is https://www.sutterhealth.org/pamf/health/childrens-health . Palo Alto Medical Foundation created the site in 2011. Pablo Alto Medical Foundation authored the data implying that none of the information can be reproduced without permission. The organization is a registered medical institution that provides information to the public as regards to child health issues. The main objective of the author is to inform the public about the parenting needs and challenges faced by parents in bringing up children (PAMF, 2011). The site explains some of the most important things that parents must know in case they are to bring up their children well. For instance, the author notes that it is imperative for parents to understand the behavior of children because it facilitates proper action. Again, the author suggests that parents should set guidelines for children, which allows them to internalize what is required of them. The site is therefore reso
As an academician, I have never stopped to ponder on the topic of biopsychology. To begin with, the term biopsychology may be elucidated as a branch in psychology that focuses on the manner in which the human brain affects our thoughts, behaviours and emotions (Cherry, 2013, p.1). A number of authors have given different definitions. Nonetheless, the definition above provides sufficient grounds for an academic discussion on the topic in question. There are mainly six divisions in biopsychology. These divisions can be categorized as physiological psychology, neuropsychology, comparative psychology, psychophysiology, psychopharmacology and cognitive neuroscience. That said this work provides a chart on the six divisions of biopsychology, the typical research for each division, a discussion on the six divisions and a reflection on the six divisions. From the chart above, one can get an idea of the research areas on the six divisions. Nonetheless, it is critical that every scholar has an opportunity to understand all the divisions in biopsychology. To begin with, comparative psychology gives biopsychologists the grounds to analyse the science of behaviour as opposed to the neural systems of behaviour. This is achieved by comparing the traits of distinct species with an aim of appreciating the genetics, adaptation of behaviour, and evolution. Secondly, cognitive neuroscience is the most recent division in biopsychology. This division provides the grounds for studying the neural bases of recognition (Pinel, 2009, p. 38). Apparently, this division can be appreciated as the higher intellectual process like attention and memory. Since it this division deals with cognition, its main research involves the human brain. Next on the list is physiological psychology. This division deals with the neural systems of behaviour via the express management of the brain cells in experiments. The experiments generally apply electrical and surgical methods. Since this division deals with how brain cells are manipulated, laboratory animals are frequently used in research. Another division in biopsychology is known as psychopharmacology. It is similar to physiological psy
Abstract Ethics can be applied in any profession. Ethics denote a set of laws or moral systems that provide a basis for discerning whether an action is correct or erroneous. This paper reviews the applicability of ethical and legal principles at the Chipotle Restaurant. Chipotle has a strong code of conduct for its members of staff besides a series of social initiatives aimed at promoting ethical behavior. The restaurant should adopt ethical education and continuous intervention strategies to enforce adherence to its code of conduct. Lastly, the company may roll out corporate social responsibility programs such as fitness initiative, free clinical camp initiative, and partnership with the community in the development and social projects. Chipotle’s code of conduct Chipotle has strong ethical principles that guide other employees when carrying out their duties. The ethical code consists of laid down structures to keep staff in healthy and stable mind in their duty of serving the interests of the restaurant through regulatory, ethical communication models. These models are the motivation to acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend. Therefore, a proactive behavior control system for the restaurant functions within a structured reward system. Since the system functions within accepted parameters, employees have developed a self-consciousness to deliver quality services and defend the organization as part of a family unit (Chipotle Mexican Grill, 2013). The levels of moral responsibility within the Chipotle have three building blocks of learning consisting of a supportive learning environment, concrete learning processes, and practices leadership that reinforce innovation. The managers are expected to play a significant role in setting up the learning environment for their employees. This culture is meant to create an ideal climate for innovation and communication among the employees. The teamwork ethics spell the rules of engagement, expected behavior, and repercussions for misconduct. These rules appreciate diversity and uphold integrity in judgment (Chipotle Mexican Grill, 2013). Steps to obedience to the code of conduct Human process-based intervention strategies are presented as directed at improving the general state of relationships between individuals and within and among groups in an organizational setup. To attain this, a sensitive form of social responsibility testing should be done at Chipotle to ensure that both management and employee teams remain accommodative to the basic needs of their counterparts. Therefore, the elements of moral responsibility should be dynamic to accommodate the aspect of free will in exercising moral responsibility (Bazerman & Moore, 2009). Besides, the restaurant should implement continuous ethical education. The main aim of ethic education is to create a sagacity of moral responsibility of the staff at the earliest time possible before they join the manag
Introduction Education is generally thought to lead to economic development. This notion is based on the human capital theory which hypothesizes that investment in the acquisition of attributes, aptitudes, and competencies in an individual should lead to increased productivity and should therefore be expected to have economic returns (Fleischhauer, 2007). This accumulation of competency is said to rely on one’s naturally endowed capabilities (OECD, 2007). Based on this assumption, countries have committed significant portions of their national budgets to education expansion intending to achieve economic development and poverty reduction. In so doing, it is hoped that the skills acquired by the individuals who undergo education would lead to increased productivity at the individual level and subsequently, with enough buildup of productive individuals, at the community level and ultimately at the national level. However, this does not always work that way. In this essay, I will show that when working towards the attainment of economic development and poverty reduction, education is not an investment for a country to make. To provide systematic proof, this paper will be divided into two sections. The first will examine the efficiency of education in achieving economic development while the second will assess the capability of investing in education to attain poverty reduction. Issue I The principal argument for the proponents of the human capital theory as a vehicle for economic development and poverty reduction is the assumption that economic development and poverty reduction are hindered by a shortage of human capital. This is however not always the case. Olaniyan a
Introduction Unlike earlier, Australia’s Textile, Clothing and Footwear (TCF) is today undergoing transition whereby there is increasing reduction in protection levels, impacts of increasing level of global competition and adoption of new business and organizational strategies. Central to these developments is the role of human resource (labor). Labor is the transformative unit that any organization uses to realize its goals. This paper will discuss the labour market in Australian textile industry with focus on Billabong Company. Labor demand and supply in Australia’s textile industry Labor market is seen to be influenced by key factors such as demographic, economic, levels of education and skill, environment, political, technological, and other social aspects (Buchanan and Callus, 1993). In analyzing supply and demand concepts concerning labor market, it is obvious that when a price is floored above the equilibrium wage, the presence of minimum wage laws results into unemployment. Generally, Australia’s labor market in the past has been characterized by insensitive wage fixing system, restrictive nature of unions, and skewed decision of the industrial tribunals and the destructive role of industrial regulations. This is in addition to laws, which have largely limited the ability of employers to organize the means of production in the best way, and the net effect has been increas