ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To begin with, I should say, that there are too many beautiful things connected with art. The variety of them is very high so that one can capture the wholeness of the world through its reflection on canvas, architecture, music, etc. A man was not enough to only have a survey of nature, all its peculiarities, and miracles. He attempted to describe it by different means, mainly thoughts, imagination, words, creativeness. From that time began the era of art, through which men tried to express and impress their admirers, as well as to make them think critically. In course of the historical development of art, the era of Baroque is known to give birth to the Classical period in music. Classical because the musicians tried to connect all the perfect things done by them with antiquity and best manners of ancient Greeks and Romans art expression. This music aimed to enlighten those who had forgotten the ideas of ancestors in a slight and picturesque way. “The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained.” (The Classical Era 3) It is so not only in music but also in the visual and literary sides of art. Classic music at its best obtained precious qualities, namely: “noble simplicity, balance, the perfection of form, diversity within unity, the seriousness of purpose, and restrained use of ornamentation.” (The Classical Era 3) Symphony, realized in contrast temples within four movements in large orchestras; Concerto, fulfilled with three movements for an orchestra of medium size and with solo; Sonata, underlining the significance of one or more solo instruments and similar to the symphony in tempo model; and String Quartet, for two violins, viola, and cello with guidelines equal to the symphony. (The Classical Era 14). It was an epoch of grand forms and performance, which was supplied by outstanding musicians, such as Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). Their influence on music was huge and versatile. The details in their works were of high significance. Music at that moment began personifying the idea of gorgeous intermediacy Moreover, there was grace and dignity in each of its “gestures”. The meaning of the word baroque has its roots in the Portuguese word “barroco”, which was a part of the elaborate form. Today it is known to mention something “elaborate”. The style of Baroque created too many artifacts in architecture, sculpture, and music, of course. It appeared just after the Renaissance period and expressed itself dramatically and vividly, characterizing the ornamentation of its forms. Baroque music coincides with the period of Baroque art, but, on the contrary, it is known to capture the later time. The historians consider the Baroque Era to start with the opera arou
Introduction Human eyes are important organs in the body system. A healthy eye is responsible for converting light into electrical signals (Laha et al., 2017). Sudden vision problems make people anxious. Regular checkups are necessary for people of all ages. Health promotion is based on assessing nursing processes and peer-reviewed evidence. In this paper, attention will be paid to the human eye as one of the crucial organs in the body system. Its functions vary, including the possibility to convert light into important electrical signals to the brain (Laha et al., 2017). In case a person experiences vision problems, anxiety and panic occur. To avoid sudden vision changes, people have to check their eyes regularly and improve their awareness of health promotion. Patient’s Case The case under consideration introduces a 32-year-old female who is presented to the ER with her friend. The main complaint is a sudden vision problem in her left eye. The patient is a math teacher; she is alert and reports no recent traumas or injuries that could influence her health condition. In addition to vision problems, she seems to be anxious as it is hard for her to understand the reason for her situation. To provide the woman with comprehensive help and diagnosis, an analysis of her history and physical examination are required. Comprehensive History The first step is to pay attention to the patient’s comprehensive history. According to a Celebrity Group Company (2019), it includes four main issues – reasons for admission, review of systems, history of present illness, and past/family/social history. Organized interviews and personal communication are the main sources of information to formulate the historical data for further analysis. In the table, Jessica’s history is introduced and explained from the point of view of her present and past complaints. Reasons for admission Sudden vision decrease (left eye only), Blurring of vision. Review of systems (ROS) Visual activity: 20/200 (left eye) and 20/30 (right eye); horizontal nystagmus; muscles normal; sclera white; visual fields – unable to assess (left) and intact (right) History of present illness (HPI) Decrease in vision started this morning and progressively worsened within a few hours; pain during movement an eye; no redness, no tearing; inability to determine colors Past, family, and social history (PFSH) Blurring of vision due to overheating one month ago (improved by getting in a cool environment) Physical Examination As soon as the doctor is done with communication, it is high time to complete a physical examination and identify the potential causes of pain and vision change. In addition, a physical exam is an excellent opportunity to identify if there are any threats that could lead to visionary complications. The review of systems that are directly related to the problem of the patient is critically important. In this case, it includes the examination of the eyes. Although the sclera is white with conjunctivae clear, her vision activity is low in t
If, as the President of Helpo Pharmaceuticals, I was to assess the provided ethical dilemma within the conceptual framework of Utilitarian theory, I would end up deciding in favor of subjecting South African villagers to drug-testing, as something fully ethical/moral. This is because, given the fact that Utilitarian theory’s foremost theoretical premise is being concerned with the notion of ‘maximization of benefits’ 1 , it will only be logical, on my part, to assume that the potential benefits, which will come as a result of people in Western countries being provided with the effective cancer-drug, would dramatically overweigh the dubious benefits of considering the lives of South African villagers as such that represent a some kind of ‘sanctified’ value. After all, according to the proponents of Utilitarian theory, it is only one’s life that can be enjoyed, which deserves ‘living’, in the first place. This partially explains why Utilitarianists tend to think of the notion of ‘life’s worth’ as being synonymous with the notion of ‘pleasure’, regardless of whether this pleasure is being of sensual, aesthetic or intellectual essence: “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure . It is for t
The principle idea of the article under discussion is to consider the problem of the interpretation of the concepts belonging to social science. Alasdair MacIntyre tries to put an emphasis on the ambiguity of the social concepts by contradistinguishing them to the notions referring to the natural sciences. According to the author’s point of view, social questions are apt to possess a contestable character that has to be taken into account while analyzing their contents. In order to illustrate his idea, the author uses basic examples adopted from the political and educational fields. MacIntyre begins his analysis of contestability of social contests by depicting the significance of the criteria one follows while considering a particular notion. Thus, the author claims that the generally accepted normality of certain phenomena is based on the personal beliefs and assumptions that are commonly presumed to be objective. Meanwhile, MacIntyre presumes that the convictions about a particular condition are equally debatable as the object of these convictions. Therefore, none of the existing concepts in the field of social science can be regarded as finite or determined (MacIntyre 1973, p.2). MacIntyre points out the two principal characteristics typical of the social concepts. First of all, the author illustrates the influence of the established beliefs on the behaviour of a concept with the help of a military-focused example. Thence, according to MacIntyre, the concept of an officer can only function on condition that it is identically conceived both by the officer and the subordinates. In case the notion is misinterpreted by one of the sides, the concept’s basis will be ruined. In the meantime, the author notes that whereas mutual understanding naturally exists, applying to some notions, it is not always present in relation to the others. Thus, Maclntyre employs the example of political parties, the concept of which proves to be rather questionable due to the divergence of the social views (MacIntyre 1973, p.3). Secondly, the author states that one of the principal features that make the social concepts different from the notions of science is the lack of law-governedness that endows the natural particulars with sufficient stability. Thus, the law-based criteria one applies to the analysis of such scientific concepts as planets and atoms turns out to be irrelevant when dealing with social particulars. The impossibility of making references to the law-governedness regarding political, familial and other social issues makes the contents’ continuity highly debatable (MacIntyre 1973, p.5). The core part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of the social concepts’ continuity. MacIntyre suggests that the necessity to consider social particulars within the framework of organizations and practices deprives one of the ability to estimate the notions’ continuity. The author depicts the incapability of forming objective predictions related to the outcome of a conflict within a certain concept drawing on the example of the British Conservative party. Pursuant
Introduction Crime is a common malpractice in many societies. Criminology is a complex field that examines why human beings commit different crimes. The field also studies why criminals behave in certain ways. The film “Monster” narrates the story of Aileen Wuornos. Aileen is a prostitute and commits several murders. She also steals money from most of her victims. She kills her suspects in a brutal manner. She uses most of stolen the money to indulge herself with Selby. The audience can examine and understand Aileen’s criminal behaviors and using different criminological theories. This paper describes how the facts and events of Aileen Wuornos support the social disorganization (conflict) theory. Conflict Theory Every society encounters different upheavals and conflicts. The conflict theory affirms that criminal activities usually arise from disorganizations and challenges in society. Most of these conflicts arise from social imbalances. Some social groups might lack some of the needed incentives and opportunities in the community. Some malpractices such as apartheid, prejudice, and discrimination will result in social conflicts. The existence of conflicts in society forces many people to behave differently. The individuals will also engage themselves in criminal activities. The above scenario explains why many sociologists consider the conflict theory as a good explanation for such criminal activities. The existence of impractical laws might result in various conflicts. Most of these conflicts occur when these laws support the disorganization in society. Public consensus is what determines the nature of every law. Such conflicts will encourage more people to engage in different criminal activities. In the film “Monster”, society appears to have many prostitutes. Prostitution is a good example of societal conflict. The encounter between Aileen and Selby shows how society does not support its children. Selby’s parents exiled her after engaging herself in lesbianism. Aileen and Selby do not have a home after falling in love. This explains why Selby decides to move back to their home. Society appears to reco
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which affects both the spinal cord and the brain. MS affects myelin sheaths of the nerves, thus preventing transmissions of nerve impulses in the body. Myelin sheaths insulate nerves cells in the body, which have a pivotal role of transmitting action potentials from one nerve cell to another. According to Minagar, Jimenez, and Alexander, MS is the leading cause of neurological disability among young people (230). Although MS is a dominant neurological condition among the young people, the disease is still incurable. However, management interventions are available to alleviate the impact of the condition and help patients to live a normal life. Since the cause of MS is still unknown, most researchers consider it an autoimmune disorder. Therefore, this research paper examines causes, prevalence, types of MS, diagnostic techniques, and management of interventions with a view of enhancing understanding of MS. Causes Since the specific causes of MS are still unknown, many researchers have attributed the condition to a complex interaction of genetic, immunological, microbial, and environmental factors. In the aspect of genetic factors, many cases of MS are attributed to the genetic makeup of an individual. Individuals with certain genetic makeup are prone to MS when compared to the general population. A study done on the United States’ veterans indicates that prevalence rates of MS are higher among the white veterans than in back veterans (Ramagopalan and Sadovnick 207). Moreover, epidemiology studies have shown that family members with a patient with MS are susceptible to the disorder. Siblings of the patient are about 30 times more susceptible to MS than the general population. Additionally, variation in the major human histocompatibility system is one of the susceptible causes of MS. Therefore, there is enough evidence to believe that genetic factors predispose individuals to MS. Immunological factors are also responsible for the occurrence of the MS in the population. When antigens enter the human body, they trigger immune responses, which can be unfavorable resulting into autoimmune reactions. Minagar, Jimenez, and Alexander argue that MS is an immune-mediated disorder where astrocytes, activated inflammatory cells, and oligodendrocytes are responsible for the pathogen
Introduction The General Allotment Act of 1887 was one of the most important steps in the development of the relationship between Indians and the federal government. It was first proposed as a measure to help the Indian population to become more civilized and educated while at the same time preserving their rights. Nevertheless, the Act was widely seen as a measure of control and assimilation that facilitated the whites’ occupation of the lands native to Indians and affected the culture and lifestyle of the indigenous people. It is still perceived as one of the “forceful and unilateral policies” (Wilkins and Stark xxxiii) that were imposed by federal bureaucrats on the Indians with the sole aim of seizing control of the land and the native populations. Aims of the Act According to Wilkins and Stark, the General Allotment Act of 1887 “aimed to absorb Indians into American society by individualizing and then patenting Indian lands into parcels of 160, 80, and 40 acres” (xxxii). It was part of a larger U.S. assimilation policy, which was designed to decrease the cultural and social gap between the Native Americans and the whites (Wilkins and Stark 127). Deloria and Lytle argue that “Allotment redirected the thrust of the federal-Indian relationship to that of property management” (5). To the general white public, the Act was justified by the fact that Indians were seen as incapable of managing their own lands and had to be supervised (Wilkins and Stark xxxiii). Moreover, in order to achieve a certain coherence within the society, it was necessary to ‘enlighten’ Indians, to teach them proper manners and provide mandatory education to ensure that they fit into the new society. Another goal of the act was the reduction of tribal power. Lawrence and Cooke explain that the issue of tribal sovereignty was a persistent issue for white Americans from 1532 (218). Chang explains that the whites perceived the Indians’ tribal sovereignty was the major factor stopping their peaceful assimilation: “they thought that tribal identification and solidarity impeded the ‘civilization’ of Native people — by which they meant their embrace of Anglo- American culture, family structures, and individualist commercial orientation” (109). Therefore, by breaking up the tribal lands into allotments, the whites hoped to decrease the Indians’ tribal bonds and promote economic individualism, which would enable them to enter the ‘civilized’ state and become part of the newly-formed society. Finally, on a more practical level, the Allotment Act was needed for the acquisition of Native lands and the reinforcement of the federal authority. Wilkins and Stark claim that the Act has helped to decrease the volume of the territories controlled by tribes from 2 billion acres in 1887 to 150 million acres in 1924 (138). Thus, the three main goals of the Act were the reduction of the tribes’ power, the acquisition of new lands, and the lawful establishment of federal authority over the Indians. Provisions The main provision of the General Allotment Act was that the majority of Indian territories are to be divided into smaller pieces of land and distributed around the peopl
A small world can be viewed from different perspectives. This can be from the mathematical, physical or sociological perspectives. Small-world network is a mathematical graph. In this graph most nodes don’t neighbor one another. Apart from this, these nodes can be approached from different directions. Small-world networks are characterized by cliques and near-cliques. From the sociological perspective, these small-world networking has advantages. One of the advantages is their resistance to change. This is due to the presence of the filtering apparatus that makes use of highly connected nodes. Also, the other advantage is the efficiency in transferring information. It has the capability to transfer information and at the same time has the capability to maintain the number of links needed to keep the network running (Murray, 2010). The models related to this are mostly applicable to empathy group theory. The theory has been represented in sociological argument. Affinity groups can be described as social movement groups. They are characterized by their small size. Also, they are semi-independent pledged being directed towards a bigger goal. The model has been used to prove th
Biological psychology is the term used to describe a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavioral and experience mechanisms in humans and animals; specifically touching on the evolutionary, physiological, and developmental aspects of behavior. This field of study also represents a major point of view in the field of psychology, emphasizing that behavior can only be properly understood by analyzing its evolution, as well as analyzing how behavior is controlled by the way the brain and other organs function. The greater part of biological psychology deals with the functioning of the brain. Other terms that are synonymous with the term biological psychology are physiological psychology, psychobiology, biopsychology, and behavioral neuroscience. The main emphasis of the field of biological psychology is to create and analyze the relationship between biology and various psychological issues. Besides laying great emphasis on behavior, neuroscience also delves into the fields of anatomy and chemistry (Kalat 2008, p.2; Eysenck 2004, p.25, 31-32). Also referred to as physiological psychology, biological psychology dates back to the 18 th and 19 th centuries and continued with its development way into the 20 th century. From such men as Rene Descartes, the development of biological psychology spread down to men like Wilheim Wundt, founder of experimental psychology; who produced a major work titled Foundations of Physiological Psychology between 1874 -1908. Another major pioneer of modern psychology William James, in his very influential text titled Principles of Psychology (1890), devoted a third of the works to the study of the brain as well as the nervous system. Both men carried out a great study in philosophy and medicine and also regarded themselves as physiologists. Yet, their study was not aimed at eroding the field of psychology to physiology but instead aimed at studying the mind through the application of scientific methods of physiology. Biological has over the years evolved to include major modern topics such as motivation, emotion, sensory processes, learning, and memory. Various scholars and researchers have been involved in the development of various fields of physiology with such fields as a neural and physiological mechanisms of emotion and motivation becoming a major field of biological psychology in the twentieth century. Recently, the fields of cognitive and behavioral neuroscience have been incorporated into biological psychology. Many other areas of psychological psychology have now evolved into major fields of study in their own right (Weiner 2003, pp.47, 51-56). Many theorists have made tremendous contributions to the field of biological psychology and one of the earliest theorists was Charles Darwin, who together