Miller, F., Vandome, A., & John, M. (2010).Parenting styles. New York, NY: VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K. In this study, the authors define parenting styles as psychological constructs signifying typical strategies that parents utilize in bringing up their children. The authors continue to explain that parenting styles are affected by children’s and parents’ dispositions and mainly based on the influence of one’s culture, traditions and origins. Most parents have learnt parenting styles from their own parents: some are accepted while others are disregarded. The four types of parenting styles include Authoritarian Parenting, Permissive Parenting, Authoritative Parenting and Uninvolved Parenting. Authoritarian parenting style normally brings about kids who are compliant, yielding and gifted; however they rank lower in cheerfulness, social proficiency and self-worth. Authoritive parenting style, on the other hand, tends to give rise to children who are competent, happy and triumphant. Permissive parenting style is frequently applied to children who rank low in self regulation, cheerfulness and contentment. These children often perform poorly in their school work and also face problems with the authority. Authors state that the parenting style which ranks as the lowest among all other domains is meant to be an uninvolved parenting style. Kids lack self-discipline; they are less proficient and skilled compared to their peers; and moreover, they experience low self-worth. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. Based-on these aspects, Baumrind said that many parents display different styles of parenting. In the 1960s, she carried out a research study on more than one hundred preschool-age kids. Through the use of naturalistic study, parental discussions and other research studies, Baumrind categorized four significant parenting dimensions, they included the following:   * styles of communication;   * nurturance and warmth;   * disciplinary strategies;   * maturity and control expectations. Developmental psychologists are interested in knowing how children development is impacted by parents. Nonetheless, finding definite cause-and-effect relations between various behaviors of parents and later-on behaviors of kids is very intricate. The researcher states that different styles of parenting result in different children behaviors. The four parenting styles are used by different parents in disciplining their children. Cohen, A.D., & Rice, J. (1997). Parenting styles, adolescent substance use, and academic achievement. Journal of Drug Education, Volume 27, 199 – 211. This article explores how both parents and children see the styles of parenting, and how this evaluation is linked to educational accomplishment and substance abuse. Parents and students were surveyed; parenting styles included authoritative, permissive, uninvolved and authoritarian. Children and parents agreement on styles of parenting was poor. Learners saw parents as being less permissive, less authoritative and more authoritarian . High marks were linked to child and parent conception of “lower permissiveness, lower authoritarianism and higher authoritativeness.” Child alcohol abuse and tobacco use were associated with children’s conception of higher permissiveness