ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is a well-known fact that societal norms and standards shape people’s minds. Sometimes, individuals try to live according to the rules that other people (who surround them on a regular basis) follow regarding their health, appearances, lifestyles, and so on. This culture also significantly influences a person’s behavior, goals, values, health, and other essential factors that form one’s individuality. Social media is another factor that shapes our minds and even dictates various cultural norms. It is necessary for people to understand and control their individual environments, choose appropriate societies to communicate with every day, and avoid following trends on social media. Otherwise, the tremendous psychological and cultural influence might destroy all the wise principles and values present in the person’s both mind and body. The following paper will present a discussion of how does society shapes individuals’ health and beauty ideals and how does their health and beauty ideals shape their social experiences. Discussion Recently, many social media sources were accused of enforcing what is called “a thin ideal” that is followed predominately by adolescents (Tiggemann and Zaccardo 61). As the attention of other people is important for teenagers, they strive to change their bodies according to different standards promoted via social networks (Facebook and Instagram), television, and other popular media (for instance, YouTube). Almost all popular personalities demonstrate their skinny bodies, and hence their followers consider these figures to be attractive as they like their idols’ appearances. “Acute exposure to fitspiration images led to increased negative mood and body dissatisfaction and decreased state appearance self-esteem relative to travel images” (Tiggemann and Zaccardo 61). Therefore, many high-school and college students follow different diets and maintain healthy lifestyles to fit these cultural norms established by bloggers and other celebrities on social media. Continuing the topic of teenagers’ intentions to become skinnier, it would be proper to mention that many of them disregard their health and the concept of being fit in general. Instead of consuming healthy meals and do sports, some adolescents refuse to eat (Tiggemann and Zaccardo 61). Unfortunately, the body shapes that they find attractive are rather skinny than fit (usually, adolescents do not even see the difference between these two words). Nowadays, overweight teenagers can be made fun of at schools or universities, which makes them feel awkward among their fit peers (Tiggemann and Zaccardo 62). Therefore
Introduction The political history of America can never be complete without mentioning Abraham Lincoln.And, with this history comes the role that he played in the abolishment of slavery in America (Meirs, 1991) 1 . Though he didn’t do it immediately he assumed office, Lincoln eventually helped bring constitutional changes that saw the end of slavery. There was some reluctance to abolish slavery when he assumed office, as read from his first inaugural speech. In this speech, Lincoln emphasized the need for the law governing slavery to prevail and pointed out the importance of the independence of individual states in administering laws that governed slavery without the interference of the central government. He observed that much apprehension had invaded the south since the republican administration had assumed power with him as the president. 1 st inaugural speech It was important for the south to note that his ascendance to power would not change the way the laws were observed, he added. He informed the nation that his government was ready to protect its people through the constitution. This discussion will be elaborated more by his 1 st inaugural speech. Gerald (2008) 2 notes: Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration, their property, and their peace, and personal security, are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the amplest evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I do not incline to do so.” Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them. And more than this, they placed in the platform, for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves, and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read: ( Roy, 1935) 3 Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by an armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes. (March 4, 1861) 4 Although the president insisted on the application of the rule of law in the running of the nation, he also accepted that there were vacuums in the law that were in use. In his speech, he did not clearly indicate the exact sol
Maximum security prisons present particular institutions of legal punishment established in the United States. They are designed for “the worst of the worst”; the system is based on practically constant “lockdown” and control (Rhodes, 2018). Despite the continued use of such a system in the United States, the author challenges the reasonableness of maximum security prisons or control units and promotes an idea of its inherent irrationality. The paper aims to analyze the internal design of control units and the conditions upon which they are built. Subsequently, the author’s purpose is to consider how confinement in such institutions affects inmates and the staff. Overall, the paper applies qualitative analysis methods; particularly, the author appeals to primary sources of data, providing observations over and partly interviews with particular prisoners. However, the scope of a paper is relatively limited because the author visits only one control unit; it is regarded as a typical one, so the results of observations and data collection are generalized over the entire system. Paper provides a few portraits of inmates; the first one is presented in the beginning and characterizes the general impression of imprisonment. This inmate is called Jeremy Roland, and he has a life sentence. Nevertheless, he regrets his crimes and is ready to be punished; thus, he can be characterized as a rational actor, although he denies it himself. Also, Roland divides inmates of maximum security prisons into two categories: “bad” and “sick.” (Rhodes, 2018). Overall, given Roland’s rationality, he can be assigned to the first group, but the next portrait drawn by the author represents a second one. This prisoner is Thomas Vincent; he is sick, and mad psychologically; the author notes that he has destroyed all his property and continues to harm himself. The central paradox is that Vincent should be released because his sentence is close to the end. However, he still has psychologically deviant, and even the staff that has controlled him question the adequacy of his release and what they should do with him. Therefore, these two contradictory examples illustrate a problem of the system’s reasonableness set by the author because while rational prisoners are forced to serve severe sentences (Roland’s life imprisonment), irrational ones are released (Vincent’s “madness”) (Rhodes, 2018). Further, the author provides a more pr
Introduction Famously known as HP, Hewlett Packard is one of the biggest multinationals in the world. The company deals with information and technology (IT) in addition to other related products. It focuses on developing and producing computer software and hardware. In addition, it designs and develops software and delivers services to customers. William Hewlett and Dave Packard founded the company in 1935 and it has remained one of the largest firms in the country in terms of revenues and performance since then (Eisenhardt et al., 1997). Currently, the company operates in numerous nations around the world. It has its headquarters in California. Since its entrance into the market, Preston (2007) asserts that HP has grown in size and performance due to its superior strategies adopted by different managers. As elucidated by Eisenhardt et al. (1997), the company’s vision and mission have changed over the last decades to accommodate change and increase its competitiveness. Despite the changes in strategy, the HP has experienced failures and successes in equal measure. However, the failures have provided important learning lessons for the company (Hill & Jones, 2012). This paper articulates that successful strategic planning has kept Hewlett-Packard (HP) alive and well for over seven decades. This has in turn made it become the world’s largest PC vendor by market share in 2012. It utilizes scholarly sources that focus on strategies used by managers of HP since its inception in 1930s to 2012. Early years (1939-1959) In its early years, the company was unfocused and lacked a comprehensive strategy (Eisenhardt et al., 1997). Its managers, Dave Packard and William Hewlett faced stiff competition from other companies. They had inadequate capital that did not allow the company to compete effectively in the technology market (Packard, 2006). Despite numerous attempts to keep the company afloat amid the fierce competition, the founders began an innovative project (Morris, et al., 1998). The Oscillator Project allowed the company to flourish in the long term. Particularly, Hewlett and Packard understood well that innovation and creativity would provide the company with a competitive edge over its rivals (Packard, 2006). The Oscillator program entailed the use of the available resources to make a price-competitive product while at the same time introducing quality and reliability. Through this project, the two were convinced that the company would take off impressively. Oscillator HP200A used innovative technology that allowed the company to sell at it a sheer $54 compared to the rivals whose retail price was not less than $200 (Malone, 2007). This product was an instant success that allowed the company to increase its innovation and creativity. According to Hill & Jones (2012), the proje
Introduction It’s no doubt that the world is facing a topic of water crisis which has gone out of control and therefore raising a lot of concerns from the leaders and international organization who are trying to come up with ideas of solving this problem (Oxfam.org.uk, 2011). However, the root cause of this problem is upon the human race that is entirely to blame for the ever increasing water crisis due poor and undeveloped policies governing protection of such water one of the most precious natural resource. In this regard the following discussion will elaborate on the major causes and implication of water shortage in the planet today. First, both industrial and domestic water pollution is one of the major causes of water shortage because as more water is polluted the more water is wasted (Oxfam.org.uk, 2011). Due to lack of proper technology available for recycling and purifying such polluted water in many countries across the world, issues of water pollution have become so prevalent and therefore contributing to high percentage of water wastage. Secondly, water shortage has also been attributed to the high population growth causing a serious competition for this resource (Jones, 2010). The world population is increasing at an alarming rate and consequently straining the supply of this natural resource and hence resulting to severe scarcity of such water due to it’s over use. Additionally, poor management of the water catchment areas is also another cause of water shortage (Oxfam.org.uk, 2011). Majorly, when water catchment areas are destroyed through deforestation among many other ways, water is also likely to decrease due to destruction rocks and water table hence resulting to low water generation from the surface of earth (Oxfam.org.uk, 2011). On the other hand, due to the fact that water has become a scarce resource, consequently this has possible implications to the humanity and animal kingdom as well. To the humanity, one of the major implications is that, water scarcity may possibly cause a disagreement of ideas in the planet due to conflict of interest among different countries who would want to have the natural resource for them selves. Additionally, issues of water shortage may also probably cause division of classes when people will want to own water privately and this will create a class of water have and have-nots (Jones, 2010). Discussion Summary of the article This article is a discussion regarding one major problem that is an issue of concern in the 21 st century which according to the author, the world is currently facing a major crisis- the scarcity of water one of the most useful natural resource. The argument is that, in the 20 th century the world was having a crisis in dealing with issues such as political ideologies among others, but now the current crisis is much worse and it might be one the major causes of conflict in the planet today (Jones, 2010). The author describes the intensity to how much water as natural resource has become so scarce especially the fresh water whi
Introduction On June 30 th , 1997, after 157 years of British colonial rule in Hong Kong, it’s important to review the British administration’s legacy in Hong Kong. It will be quite naïve for one to resort to any one-dimensional blanket conclusion or to outline any specific sweeping approval or condemnation o the diverse record of the British rule in Hong Kong. It is equally risky to only review the achievements in the last days of the British rule and use such review to restructure or substitute for the full span of the British rule as its finest moment in Hong Kong. A much more informed and also balanced evaluation of British historical deeds should be appreciated in its fuller perspective of the real inputs and outputs of the British administrative system in modeling development in Hong Kong the life of Hong Kong people in the course of entire British rule. (Chan, 1990) Outline the of the paper This paper will therefore take a critical look at the legacy of the British rule in Hong Kong from two different viewpoints, one according to the viewpoint of the Hong Kong people and another viewpoint will be according to the British populace. When analyzing the British legacy in Hong Kong, it will be prudent to appreciate the past British deeds in their contribution to the current state of Hong Kong, it will be equally vital to pinpoint the misdeeds of the past British administration in Hong Kong and their present effects. Today Hong Kong is globally renowned as an outstanding example of a liberal community with a lively economy, where its entire population of over six million people enjoys their liberty and opportunity. As such, the British rulers can in reality claim substantial credit. As depicted by Christopher Pattern, the final British governor in Hong Kong, four main contributions of the British to Hong Kong’s success, are; rule of law; civil service; economic freedom, and lastly democratization. These will be the main points that will be reviewed to articulate the correct British legacy from the Hong viewpoint. From the British point of view, the paper will examine a general overview, Proposals, from 1945 to 1952, the 1980s views, and effects of the Policies and the British Legacy. Finally basing on the above outline the pape
The present situation in America is such that there are two classes of its citizens, the taxpayers, who pay for the services provided by the government, and those who do not pay federal income tax. The number of freeloaders in the year 2009 was found to constitute 47% of Americans (Nyhan 1). 40% of the 47% who do not pay income tax are provided with benefits and cash by the government, which comes from the taxpayers. These cash handouts are in the form of unemployment benefits, housing subsidies, welfare, child tax credits and other programs. On the other hand, about three-quarters of the federal income tax comes from the top 10% (Nyhan 1). So the question is, what factors have led to this current situation that takes money from the rich and gives it to the poor? Could the budget-cutting climate that threatens public education and health programs lead to a widened gap? The reliance of middle-class families on early education support and public health care has been on the rise since before the great recession. The family income in middle-class families was observed to drop by over $4,200 while that of better-off families fell by only $140, in the period between 2000 and 2008. The increased taxation and decreased income for the middle-class households would lead to a decrease in their federal tax, and more reliance on federal support. Their struggle to meet their family needs has contributed to a widened gap between them and the wealthier families (Nyhan 2). Could the increase of single-parent families cause a wider gap? Research conducted over a period of more than fifteen years showed an increase of over 10% in the number of families led by one parent, from 14%. This implies an increase in the number of unstable families since the family income in middle-class families would be split in two, which in turn leads to reliance on public programs. This is an inhibitor to the growth of income, as they struggle to provide the basic needs increases (Schlafly 1). Is the location of a particular socio-class relevant to the opportunities available for employment? The chances available for employment for the middle-class are different from those of wealthier families. Most people in middle-class households rarely make it through high school. In order to contribute to the family income, they move through various odd jobs hoping to find a job with better pay and security. Without the necessary education, it is unlikely for these people to get good secure jobs, and are likely to end up in crime and drug abuse, which blocks their chances of financial growth (Schlafly 1). Does the class structure affect the laws made? The laws are made to favor wealthier households or corporations that provide the middle-class with employment in the form of labor. These factories are at liberty to close down when they feel that their profits are insufficient, and open up in countries with lower-wage workers, without considering their workers or the communities (Schlafly 1). With such laws, the wealthy people have the right to take away the means of livelihood of people, in or
A rather old genre, a murder mystery seemed to have worn out its welcome long before the XIX century. However, the audience needed more bread and circuses, which meant that the genre of who-done-it stories was to be changed once again. And there was no one who could update the genre of detective better than the father of thriller himself – Edgar Allan Poe. Thus, “The Tell Tale Heart” marked the second birth of detective stories. On the surface, one can argue that in his inimitable manner, Poe offers the readers a cautious warning about the trap of lies, and that, no matter how well lies are concealed, the truth will finally reveal itself. However, going a bit further, one must admit that the crime of the leading character was not discovered by the police; nor did another Sherlock Holmes ripped the veil off the mystery – quite on the contrary, the policemen were completely unsuspicious up until to the point when the quote-unquote “protagonist” disclosed the truth. Therefore, one might take the idea of lies and truth a bit further and conclude that Poe’s key point was that it is the liar who finally reveals himself. While the motifs for the criminal to confess can vary from insanity to being disgustingly vain, the point is that a criminal makes the first step towards solving the mystery of his crime. One might argue, however, that Poe did not focus on the issue of crime and punishment; as a matter of fact, not all critics agree that the leading character should be viewed as a negative one. According to the existing evidence, some critics suggest that the whole story is, actually, a self-defense speech: “It has been customary to see that tale as a confession , but it becomes clear that the narrator has already confessed to the murder of the old man who was his former living companion. The tale, then, is not so much a confession as a defense” (Zimmerman 143). Thus, the idea that a criminal or a liar feels the urge to reveal his crime is stated explicitly in the novel. The leading character of the story can hardly be viewed as a protagonist. While the readers see him as a man who has been put through a lot of suffering (Sova 174), it is still very hard to relate to the leading character. However, the question is, why relating to the lead in “The Tell Tale Heart” is so difficult. It is not that the readers have never experienced irrational hatred – on the contrary, this emotion is rather common, for our senses often run ahead of our thinking process, and we form an opinion about a person before we actually realize why we love or hate this person out of a sudden. Rather, it is the fear that they can possibly be so overfilled with hatred that it will turn them into psychotic killers makes the obstacle between the audience and the lead. Being able to