ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The formation of gangs for a specific, often violent purpose is the subject of research by sociologists concerned with studying behavioral functions in society. Researchers are interested in determining the influencing factors under which people join gangs. Bands emerge worldwide, and they share a typical behavior: taking over a particular area of terrain and controlling it. In addition, gang activities involve crime and violent behavior. Gangs originated in America more than two hundred years ago, during the active migration of various nationalities to different parts of the continent. Gangs were prevalent among Latinos due to their low social standing and living in bad neighborhoods. Bands have developed their culture based on the gangs’ common ideas about behaving and what laws should be followed. Identifying the characteristics of each gang’s culture will allow for a deeper analysis of the social causes of gang behavior and an understanding of gang culture and how others view it. The research aims to examine the cultural characteristics that arise in gangs among Latinos. Literature Review The Emergence of Gangs among Latinos The U.S. State Legislature defines a gang as a group of people who assemble for a particular purpose and operate in a specific area, most often using illegal means to control it. This definition fits virtually any gang or crew that exists today. American culture is relatively young, which is probably one reason gangs are so prevalent in America. The first gangs emerged at the end of the 18th century, first as an extension of revolutionary movements, then becoming isolated and forming their ideals to guide their members. The gangs’ rules were not prescribed but passed on by word of mouth, and in case of non-compliance, various punishments could be applied to gang members. Latin American gangs are a particular type of gangs formed during World War II and quickly invaded the southern coast of America. The main reason for the mass migration was undoubtedly the bad conditions after the war and the desire to find new territory to live and work in. But the market was overcrowded with white and black people, and Latinos could not find their place in the sun. Poverty reigned in neighborhoods, transforming communities into clearly divided territories of different gangs. Gang processes were rapid, people banded together to survive, and their activities became increasingly criminal. Drugs and weapons became more readily available, and given the peculiarities of Mexican c
Capitalism refers to the classified ownership of methods of production with a principal goal of making a profit. It is a broad system and normally puts into perspective the different elements, which make up the special variants of capitalism. Polak and Williamson (2002, p. 61) claim that different situations will require the application of different variants of capitalism. Therefore, different economists and analysts take various views while exploring the issue of private enterprise capitalism. The two authors stipulate that different types of economists hold sundry viewpoints, for instance, a laissez-faire economist will have a different approach to capitalism to welfare economists or a political economist. Experts also establish relatively different categories of capitalism than the recognized categories. This research paper explores the different views of economists regarding capitalism. Any strategic analysis of capitalism is normally based on labor and market existence. In a commercial set-up, there have to be workers for the production process to run. Capitalism is a social and economic set up where private entrepreneurs own and control capital assets and buy labor with an established wage rate to produce capital goods (Williamson 2000, p. 51). The capital gains accumulate to the private owners and the pricing mechanism distributes the capital goods produced among users. Normally, laissez-faire economists argue that the government should not influence the markets in the private sector. Other economists establish that there is a need for the government to intervene to avoid the risk of monopolies. The question of wages in labor also calls for the intervention of the government to make sure that workers are treated appropriately (Williamson 2000, p. 65). The labor force of an economy makes up the social and moral aspects of the country. For instance, a well-paid worker will not engage in social immorality to earn a living. Any private entrepreneur strives to make a profit and fulfill their interests. Consequently, any entrepreneur will seek to cut down the costs of production and reduce their market price to attract more customers (Gibbon 2000, p. 47). This describes the income inequality phenomenon. For government enterprises, wages paid to the workers are uniform unlike in the case of the private sector. Private enterprises compensate their workers at different rates concerning the profits the enterprises make. Thus, it is possible to find compensation for some workers being reasonable while others receive very poor wages, which makes their lives unbearable (Gibbon 2000, p. 87). This phenomenon has formed the basis of arguments by some economists who are against capitalism. Branko Milanovic believes that capitalism is an imperfect and harmful system for any economy. He bases his argument on moral ground. The fact that some worke
Introduction One of the main roles of culture is the consumption of goods. In a way, consumption leads to capitalism that people produce and sell their goods for progress and prosperity. In most cases, the more people produce and sell, the richer they become. Thus, a prosperous society is the one that produces and consumes more. The gross national product (GNP) measures the economic growth of a particular country realized through production and selling of goods and services. GDP measures how successful a society has become through consumerism. Nevertheless, in order to produce, develop and consume goods, people must extract natural resources; then construct factories and industrial complexes. These factories will then produce goods for consumption. Research shows that the cultural context of a society defines its consumption. Perhaps this is the reason why consumption patterns of people do not change. Notably, consumption patterns form part of people’s lives hence, to overhaul it, people must be willing to leave their cultural practices including economic disarticulation. For example, when consumption drops, countries experience economic recession coupled with massive unemployment. The paper examines the effect of consumption in Korea from the colonial era to the contemporary era. The economic growth of Korea has a long history due to the shift of regimes. Each regime had its own culture of consumption hence, economic growth. It is imperative to note t
Nowadays, there are many discussions about whether or not teachers should be allowed to strike. Some people believe that teachers, as well as other types of workers, have a number of rights that cannot be neglected, and the right to go on strikes is one of them. However, there are also many proofs that teachers’ strikes have to undergo certain limitations, and teachers should not be allowed to strike because they may lead to unpredictable results. Current paper aims at analyzing why teachers should not be allowed to strike by means of counterarguments and refutations to prove the urgency of the chosen topic and the necessity to think about the conditions under which education is offered to students. The essence of teachers’ strikes is of doubtful nature: teachers may be allowed to strikes as they have the freedom of speech and rights that cannot be neglected by the government, the necessity to talk about the conditions under which they should work, or may want to discuss their disagreements with students, parents, and administration; however, teachers’ strikes are not appropriate due to the responsibilities before students, expectations that come from society, and the abilities to ask for help special organizations that aim at protecting teachers’ rights. There are three main counterarguments to the fact that teachers should not be allowed to strike. First, it is argued that a strike is an option for teachers to prove their rights, demonstrate their needs, and use the freedom of speech as a good chance to ask for better working conditions and higher salaries. Second, teachers face many challenges providing students with the necessary portion of knowledge and experience. Finally, teachers’ strikes may be justified as an outcome of poor cooperation with students, parents, and administration. The example of teachers’ strikes in B.C., Canada, shows that teachers may be dissatisfied with the fact that they have to work with a bigger amount of students and parents without an appropriate compensation. This attention to counterarguments helps to understand that people may introduce a list of clear and effective reasons of why it is possible to support the idea of teachers’ strikes around the whole world. Teachers are the people with their needs. The results of teachers’ dissatisfaction may reflect on the way of how an educative process is organized. Society should remember that teachers are the mechanism without which it is hard to promote social development. The profession of a teacher should be respected. However, it is also necessary not to confuse the profession and its role in society with the idea of strikes and their possible outcomes. It is high time to refute the counterarguments mentioned above and discuss a true essence of teachers’ strikes and their effects on society. First of all, when teachers go on strikes to prove their freedom of speech, they should remember about the responsibilities they have for the society they live in. The main
London 2012 Olympic Games In the run-up to the historic London Olympic Games in 2012, the organizing committee encountered great challenges in the mechanisms of selling out the eight million tickets equitably among the twenty-six events in the games. The main objective of such mechanisms looked forward to maximizing the sales of the tickets without compromising the ability of the fans to enjoy watching the games (Bertini and Gourville A4). It brings in a more collaborative and customer-oriented service provision with the argument that an increased number of fans come will increase the need for services in other areas, for example, in the hotel and food industry. The committee developed a customer-oriented ticketing system to increase sales of tickets at affordable prices while achieving the revenue target. Similarly, the event became the first in history to introduce no free-ticket policy. This aimed at reducing the fan craze in free events, thus increasing the rates of pleasure in watching different sports. Bundling of the ticket plays an important role in the equitable distribution of fans across all the events. However, the secondary sports often draw few fans with the primary event drawing excess. In order to curb this, the organizing committee abolished the ticket bundling system and introduced ticket tiers in all the events. These factors coupled with adequate transparency and the premiums on flexibility ensured that the London Olympic Games was prosperous (Bertini and Gourville A4). Sochi Games, Russia In many cases, corruption and lack of transparency appear when the hosting committees fail to give out the exact cost of the event. In Russia for example, the expected cost of hosting the games remains subject of debate as months before the event. Several critics of the government argue that a lot of taxpayer’s money is up for grabs if the spending on preparation remains unchecked (Myers n. pag). Aleksei Navalny, an anti-corruption blogger in Russia leads the assault of the organizing committees and the entire government as hoodwinking the public on the real cost of hosting the games. He claims, the Russians remain in darkness over the real cost of the games. According to him, the cost of twelve billion US dollars quoted by Vladimir Putin is far below the real cost of the games. In his argument, he believes t
Managed care refers to a set of activities that allow to reduce the cost of health care and improve its quality. Managed care techniques include the regular conduction of utilization reviews, cost-sharing, and the maintenance of provider networks. The critics accuscost-sharing care of the failure to implement the claimed outcomes, such as the higher quality and the lower costs of healthcare. At the same time, the proponents of this system argue that it contributes to the significant rise in efficiency and quality of health care services. In this context, private insurers play a significant role in the transformation of the healthcare system. First of all, it could be noticed that the practice of implementation of pay-for-performance programs leads to the overall higher quality of services rendered by physicians and other specialists. Apart from that, according to McGinnis, Goolsby, and Olsen (2009), some of the private insurers implement the practice of encouraging the relative improvements in skills and knowledge of physician groups instead of rewarding only high absolute performance. In addition, healthcare transforms due to the implementation of “tiered drug formularies and premium networks” (McGinnis et al., 2009, p. 277). The described innovations made the patients more responsible for their treatment. That is so because the newly implemented system allows consumers to make personal and independent choices concerning healthcare. These choices are made on the ground of the desired benefits and patients readiness to incur certain risks and costs. The role of nurses in the transformation of healthcare also under no circumstances could be underestimated. Salmond and Echevarria (2017) emphasize that the major contribution of nurses into the coinsion of healthcare is that they act as members of the interproinional team. In other words, the transition from “episodic, provider-based, fee-for-service care to team-based, patient-centered care” leads to improvements in quality and affordability of care (Salmond and Echevarria, 2017, p. 12). What is more, while private insurers are responsible for the shift from the traditional model of healthcare to the pay-for-performance system, it is in the interest of nurses to provide the patients with efficient, safe, and timely medical care. Finally, it is essential to mention that the responsibilities of nurses are not limited by the bedside care of the patients. Nurses could also contribute to the reduction of costs of the provided healthcare services. One way to achieve this goal is to analyze the symptoms and test results more carefully so as to get rid of some unnecessary medications. The idea is that nurses should assist physicians with the decision-making procedure and diligently report the symptoms, complaints, and changes in health status. The second idea is that nurses might improve communication with the managerial personnel and give them recommendations on the presence and absence of some supplies. This way, they could minimize the
Long-term effects on juveniles who entered the criminal justice system are disastrous. First, juveniles trialed as adults often receive harsher sentences for a variety of reasons, which implies that young people become adults in prison. Thus, when released, they have no experience or model of living an adult life outside prison. This causes integration problems, including housing and unemployment issues (Harris et al., 2017). Second, incarceration exposes youth to disease, violence, and abuse, which implies that being processed through the system undermines juveniles’ physical and psychological well-being. Finally, incarceration can cause mental illnesses and the development of addictions, which decreases the chance of successful re-entry (Harris et al., 2017). Thus, even though some offenders need to be processed through the criminal justice system to protect society, it is associated with negative consequences for the offenders. Week 5 case study featured Adam, a juvenile offender who had a history of numerous offenses, including shoplifting, drug possession, illegal drug trade, substance misuse, and violent behavior. Adam was charged with critically wounding a rival drug dealer. I recommended that the boy should be trialed as an adult, as he could clearly understand the consequences of his actions. The effects of the decision will strike Adam fully after it is implemented. Adam will be given 10-15 years of prison, which implies that he will become an adult behind bars. His drug addiction is likely to become worse, which may lead to problems with mental health (Harris et al., 2017). Moreover, after being released from prison, he will face housing and unemployment problem (Harris et al., 2017). Thus, Adam’s case is an excellent example of how the criminal justice system affects juvenile offenders. Reference Harris, C., Ortenburger, M., Santiago, F., Tellez, A., Heller, J. (2017). Juvenile injustice: Charging youth as adults are ineffective, biased, and harmful . Human Impact Partners.
Introduction Everyone has the intentions of living the best life on their days here on earth. For us to achieve the form of life that we dream about, it is necessary to make the best moves in all the situations that come our way. In this essay, the use of wisdom is going to be discussed about the views of wisdom of the philosophers of wisdom Plato and Nietzsche. The discussion will be based on the key statements of Plato – He advised people to be like Socrates, the separate soul from their bodies and practice death, then they will make the right moves. On the other hand, Nietzsche told them to act in a way that they will wish to live their life again. This will mean that they normally appreciate each moment of their life. Philosophies Plato is using a study of the allegory of the cave where he gives an example of a man who had been confined in a cave since he was born. In this allegory of the cave, the story has five parts; the shadow, the common man, the ascending man, and the descending man. All these parts are related to explaini
Bodyweight, which is an important factor that influences health, refers to an individual’s heaviness in pounds. Various clinical concepts related to weight include healthy weight, overweight, underweight, and obese. A healthy weight is the one that persons can comfortably maintain with regular physical exercises and a normal healthy diet and is not associated with any medical problem. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), persons are considered overweight when their body mass index (BMI) ranges from 25.0 to 29.9. Calculation of BMI involves division of weight by height squared in meters, with normal BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24.9. People are described as underweight if their BMI is below 18.5. Obese is a term used to define individuals whose BMI is 30.0 or higher. A weight below or above the healthy one increases risks for various health conditions, such as malnutrition, diabetes, and hypertension. Society’s opinion of underweight, overweight, and obese differ significantly from their clinical definition. Additionally, the view can vary across communities depending on the culture. The interpretation of weight mainly focuses on how people cope with social problems relating to being thin or fat. Increasing weight in some societies is considered a sign of being healthy if someone does not portray any health problem. Therefore, the perception creates the incentive of consuming foods that can help them gain weight without thinking about the negative impacts of such behavior. Modern females are obsessed with their shape and what others say about physical appearance. Most young females consider slender bodies as ideal shapes, which makes them contemplate losing weight. Even when they are underweight, others believe that they can control their weight. They do not consider their BMI and the health implications of being underweight. Indeed, society’s perspectives about weight are based on what people say and not health effects and medical definitions. Reference Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Assessing your weight . Web.
A simple understanding of how social media platforms function and how people use social media sites reveal the need for additional computer hardware usage in order to satisfy a growing demand for computing power. There are at least two major requirements in order for a computer system to function properly and support a cloud platform. First, the computer hardware must have the capability to run a particular operating system or OS. Second, the computer system must interpret the commands and request that users make via the OS. As a consequence, a greater demand for functional computer systems requires the purchase of a greater number of computer hardware. In order to reduce the cost of buying more expensive hardware, a process known as virtualization was developed for the purpose of reducing the cost of meeting certain requirements and the increasing demand for greater computing power. The Essence of Virtualization In a nutshell, virtualization comes from the root word “virtual” meaning to simulate the appearance of an object or idea. For example, when people talk about “virtual reality” they are discussing a process of simulating a real-world setting, such as, a person’s bedroom or living room. As a result, when images of these areas are made available, one can see objects and shapes that resemble the said areas. However, these are all virtual images or simulated images of the actual rooms. In a book entitled, Virtualization Essentials , the author stated that this particular process is a form of technology that enables the user to create simulated environments or dedicated resources using a single computer system (Portnoy, 2015). Red Hat, a company renowned for developing world-class software, described the procedure as the utilization of a specific software that allows the user to connect directly to the hardware, and at the same time, splitting the system into separate units known as virtual machines or VMs (Red Hat, Inc., 2017, par. 1). The different VMs are not only separate, they are also distinguished from each other, so that a single VM is one distinct system. The separation and the distinction of each individual VM explain the cost-efficiency advantage of using virtualization technology, because each VM functions as if it owns a dedicated computer system. However, it has to be made clear that there are several VMs that are operating within one virtual environment, and all of these machines are using only one computer hardware device. According to Matthew Portnoy, businessmen prefer to use this configuration, especially if they are not yet sure how many servers are needed to support a project (2015). For example, if the company accepts to work on new projects, the server needs are going to be satisfie