ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Job order cost accounting system is often used by companies producing tailored products or services. Companies that use this system characteristically base it on permanent inventory system, which constantly provides an updated record of inventories. The made-to-order products are produced independently and its manufacturing is what is referred to as job order manufacturing (Garrison, Chesley & Carroll, 2010, p. 5). Examples of customized products include men suits, tailored jewelry, and work of art. Boeing is one of the top manufacturers of special-order products. Besides manufacturing customized aircraft, it also specializes in aerospace system’s design, development and integration. At the point when a job entails delivering more than one unit of special-order products, it normally referred to as job lot. Examples of custom products manufactured as job lots include church seats. Despite the fact that these requests include more than one unit, the volume produced is normally low. Another element of job order manufacturing is the assorted qualities, which is normally referred to as product heterogeneity. To be specific, every client request is likely to vary from another in some aspect. The order difference may be trivial or noteworthy (Garrison et al., 2010, p. 6).The international job order operation begins when a company receives an order for a tailored product from a customer. This prompts the company to start working on a job. Jobs produced on speculation also exist but are less common (Barkowski, 1999, p. 22). The job order costing follows three steps. The first step entails predicting the cost of the job. This cost is pegged on the product design developed by either the company or the client. The second step entails price negotiation and decision on whether to proceed with the job. Besides cost-plus contracts, the price is dictated by market forces. Manufacturers assess the market price, contrast it with the expense, and figure out if the return is sensible. In the event that the return is not sensible, the manufacturer would decide on the preferred target cost. The third and the last step involve scheduling production process. The schedule should address the client’s needs and match with the manufacturer’s limitations. The individuals preparing the work schedule must also pay attention to workplace facilities, for instance, space, human resource, and supplies. When the schedule is finished, the manufacturer can order for raw materials. Manufacturing takes place as raw materials and work is connected with the job (Walther & Skousen, 2010, p. 14). Figure 1 below shows an example of job order operations. Figure 1: Job order production operations. Source: (Walther & Skousen, 2010, p. 14) The figure above demonstrates the production operations of a company that installs safety gadgets in autos and trucks. The security gadgets include alarms, fortified exterior, impenetrable glass, and
Introduction and Summary At the end of the 20 th century, when the impending alterations to the existing concept of communication seemed inevitable, the Iridium Project was conjured. In order to advance the specified realm and promote more efficient communication, the project creators attempted at building a satellite network that would permit telephone transmission of all sorts of data possible (i.e., images, sounds, texts, etc.). The Satellite Electronic Division R&D Group designed a system that allowed for the satellite communication concept to be implemented in 1987 (Kerzner, 2012). Although the project clearly succeeded in making telecommunication a commonly accepted and widely used phenomenon, Iridium still lacked a better management system. As a result, the project suffered from the increasing competition with more successful organizations; in some way, the demise of Iridium was predetermined by the very premise of the concept – by making telecommunication available worldwide, the project could no longer be of as much use as it had been in providing access to mobile communication. Strength and Weaknesses of the Iridium Project When it comes to defining the key benefits of the Iridium Project, the location of the financial resources is traditionally the first feature mentioned. Indeed, the idea of all states that participated in the project design to share the revenues generated by Iridium calls was a rather smart move to make. With all the credit to the developers of the project, one must admit that Iridium still has a few dents in it; specifically, the fact that the financial strategy had not been thought out thoroughly enough deserves to be mentioned (Gray & Larson, 2014). Indeed, while the idea of all partner countries contributing financially to facilitate the development of the project was moderately positive, the costs allocation seemed to leave much to be desired. In addition, the schedule of the project could also have been designed I a better way. For instance, the extraordinarily fast pace that the company started with supposedly predicted a similarly expeditious evolution in the future. However, once the Iridium Project faced the need to alter its strategy due to technological innovations, the project obviously took a back seat to new telecom entrants and their innovations (Gray & Larson, 2014, p. 355). Project Improvement Cost Estimating Because of a questionable cost allocation strategy, Iridium as a concept could not be deemed as credible from the ve
Environmental Forces that Promote Social Change Social systems are comprised of values, ideas, beliefs, knowledge, discoveries and exchanges. It is said that these elements are being transformed by the changes brought about by the environment. The environmental forces play a major role in ensuring that we change for us to be able to survive in the universe. Scientific theories on creation also suggest that human body functions were transformed to enable man to survive (Behrens & Neumaier, 2009). For instance, the need to develop a language was triggered by the need for communication. This paper will shed light on some of the environmental factors that are responsible for initiating social change, including environmental degradation, increase in population, technological advancement, and education. Environmental Degradation In ancient days, most communities did not have to toil to earn their daily bread because there were adequate resources in the environment to sustain them. Some were hunters while others gathered wild fruits, but this lifestyle did not last for long. According to Behrens & Neumaier (2009), this is because more forests had to be cleared with the purpose of establishing homes. When the bushes were cleared, the lands were left vulnerable to soil erosion and the wild animals became extinct while others migrated away from human settlements. With time, the lands that were once fertile could no longer sustain any plant life. The people who depended on such plants and animals had to look for alternative means of survival. The physical destruction of the environment has also interfered with the weather patterns and thus, farmers who relied on rainfall have to switch irrigation systems. This is because the trees that attracted and trapped the moist clouds are no longer existent, thus the farmers have to manually water their crops. Similarly, human activities such as industrialization have led to the destruction of the ozone layer and thus, people have to grow their crops inside green houses. Increase in Population The increase in population is also an environmental force. The force’s impact is very gradual such that people do not realize it. Cournover (2010) explains that when human population was still low, communities were bonded together by their values, but as more people continued to be born the social values and beliefs lost their place in the society. This is because communities could no longer continue residing in one place. Communities had to disperse in search of better livelihoods. During such migrations, they found themselves among other different communities. This led to cultural clash and thus, a unique culture had to be developed. For instance, in ancient communities, marriage was ma
Introduction In the school organizational setting, various frames play integral roles in facilitating a streamlined management of the learning activities. Notably, education organizations depend on the collaborative efforts of different departments that facilitate the delivery of quality learning experiences. The main frames applicable in the school organizational environment incorporate the aspects of the structure, human resources (HR), politics, and the symbol of the institution. Thus, fostering the efficiency of the mentioned frames goes a long way in promoting the realization of the educational facility’s goals and objectives (Hamdan, 2014). The education system in Saudi Arabia seeks to ensure that all schools in Middle Eastern country integrate the structural, HR, political, and the symbolic frames. In the era of unprecedented technological changes, the education sector is prompted to adopt the advancements to enhance learning experiences. The trend has led to the development of digital citizenry in the education sector (Manning, 2012). Nonetheless, the structural frame in the Saudi Arabia school system has demonstrated progress towards the adoption of technology primarily, through the embracement of digital communication systems. The HR frame has also witnessed considerable improvements in online recruitment processes by using multiple and different online platforms for advertising vacant positions among other processes. The symbolic and political frames have also witnessed changes influenced by technology in the school setting. However, some education organizations in Saudi Arabia have failed to address or promote digital citizenship in the school setting. Evidently, both the teaching staff and students in Saudi Arabia have put in place little effort in embracing technology in the learning processes, and thus, made small strides towards joining the digital citizenry community. Notably, school organizations in Saudi Arabia observing the K-12 classroom system lacks technology vision statements to guide the various activities of the institution towards with respect to the digital trends in the sector (Alrashidi & Phan, 2015). For these reasons, this paper examines the problem of failing to address and promote digital citizenship in the Saudi Arabia educational environment by considering the structural, HR, political, and symbolic frames. The Symbolic Frame The symbolic frame in the school environment setting infers to the elements that facilitate the construction of the institution’s identity. As such, if the school organization seeks to develop an identity likened to excellence or success, it prioritizes the issues that require consideration and development to reinforce the symbolic frame. Therefore, the school organization ought to focus on the establishment of a culture that pursues the realization of the school’s identity. For this reason, school organizations set goals and objectives that facilitate the reinforcement of their identity. The mission and
Abstract In the current era of digital technology, the government has a duty of ensuring that the department of defense policy on social media addresses the use of invented technologies of communication within and outside the workplace by the public service and the military. The main challenge is to discover the policy that can fit into the organization’s culture for the public servants as well as the military in order to enjoy the benefits of social media. Social media in the public sector requires a new approach in solving issues of information management, security, privacy and policies of official language as well as the legislative frameworks. The government should therefore lead by example to ensure that the public servants adhere to the new policies formulated in reference to the use of the social media. Introduction Due to the current mode of sharing information, the pace of social networking has changed compared to the era when technology had not improved. The technological services such as Facebook, instant messaging, twitter and blogs as well as LinkedIn have facilitated faster exchange of information. This has brought many challenges to the government in relation to privacy, security, management of the information and the law. The research was conducted to determine the impact of the social media on the military forces as well as the views of public servants working in different departments. This is in relation to the legislative policy and the impacts that are aroused due to the emergence of the new tools of social media used by the public organizations. Before the invention of the new technology, many issues were kept as a secret because of issues related to privacy, security as well as the law of the government. Literature review Social media has become a new channel for easy delivery of information. In any working environment, the management should monitor the behaviors and practices of sharing information in relation to the social media. Due to the use of social media by the employees, there are issues that emerge in terms of the ethics, security and the official language. The increased numbers of new and young employees in the public sector who are conversant with the new tools of social media have created new environment (Lanham, 2010). Individual and organizations have varied ideas on what should be contain
Introduction Evolution is the process of transformation in the inherited peculiarities of a population of creatures from one generation to the next. The genetic information that is passed on to an organism’s offspring produces the inherited peculiarities that are the grounds of evolution. (Shanks, 2004) Intellectual Design is the declaration that “certain traits of the creation and of living matters are best clarified by an intelligent matter, not an undirected procedure such as original selection.” It is a current shape of the conventional teleological argument for the existence of God, reshaped to avoid identifying the nature or individuality of the creator. (Young, 2004) Approaches The arrangement of Gould’s confirmations is historical and hits specific shapes and schools of science by the means the last 150 years. Starting primarily with polygenists such as Aggasiz in the mid-nineteenth century, Gould plans the application of quantitative techniques to show the attempts of researchers to enumerate cleverness and accordingly rank personalities, genders, cultures, social strata, and races in terms of rational capability. (Fuller, 2006) Gould’s method of argumentation here is brutal but applicable. His critical attack is launched against Morton. Applying the raw data that Morton offered, Gould discloses mathematical and arithmetical miscalculations that Morton entrusted (albeit unwittingly) in his judgment of the cranial dimensions between various races and genders to reveal the preeminence of European Males. These miscalculations entailed unequal image of racial clusters and gender and discriminating application of data. Moreover Gould attacks Morton’s prejudiced a priori conviction that “directed his tabulations along pre-established columns.” These statements were that aptitude could be calculate by brain size (cranial capacity) and that white race, approximately, were more intellectual than those representatives of other races. (Fuller, 2004) Supporters of Intelligent Design look for evidence of what they term “signs of intelligence”: physical features of an object that point to a creator. For instance, Intelligent Design advocates state that an archaeologist who finds a figure made of stone in a field may rightly terminate that the statue was planned, and may rationally search for the identification of its creator. The archaeologist would not, nonetheless, be validated in creating the same matter grounded on erratically formed grounds of the same magnitude. Design supporters state that living systems reveal great complication, from which they deduce that some factors of life have been created. Intelligent Design supporters say that even though confirmation stating to the environment of an “intelligent reason or agent” may not be straightforwardly apparent, its effects on nature can be distinguished. Dembski, in Signs of Intelligence, argues: “Proponents of Intelligent Design regard it as a methodical research strategy that examines the c
Socially disadvantaged and vulnerable populations (or groups) are all those who are not able to fully secure themselves and their families with the necessary standard of living. For example, minority, elderly, people with disabilities, and persons with special difficulties in finding work. In this paper, I will focus on the elderly comprising one of the most vulnerable groups due to their isolation that results in chronic diseases, decreased mobility, and potential problems of mental activity. The first challenge they encounter is a psychological burnout. The health of the elderly living in a large city depends on some psychological and social factors. The emphasis is made on the role that public policy can play in the process of shaping a social environment that improves the health of elderly people. Among pensioners, there are groups with different living standards and behavioral strategies determined by a combination of factors. The most significant among them are adaptive personal resources inherent in the socialization of the community. The social attitude of pensioners is maintained by a negative assessment of their life, depression, and inefficient everyday activities. A considerable part of pensioners experience a social failure, loneliness, worthlessness, rejection by society and the state, and feel psychologically oppressed (“Knowing Your Community,” 2016). A factor of loneliness is perceived by older adults as an extremely difficult one. Therefore, it is necessary to help them feel better involved in employment or other social activities (Code of ethics, 2000). Human service professionals are also to contribute to the high-quality future life of pensioners (Ethical standards for human services professionals, n.d.). The second challenge the elderly have to face is the violence occurring in low-income communities (Ohmer, Warner, & Beck, 2010). Because of the high labor migration, more and more elderly people left without help or support of their children (Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, 2008). The most common form of family violence against older adults is psychological, economic, and physical violence (ACA code of ethics, 2005). Victims of violence can be an elderly person. Usually, it is millions of low-income elderly worldwide who suffer from domestic violence having no protection. However, not all of them can seek help from the legislative body of the country because sometimes people are struggling to insulate their wards so that they could not complain. The consequences of physical violence can be physical injury, pain, or impairment of health. Violence can also be psychological when threats and harassment make him or her suffers emotionally. Another very common form of abuse is neglect of an elderly person. For example, refusal of the nurse or the caregiver to fulfill their obligations towards the older adults. Therefore, some social justice advocacy strategies should be introduced into practice (Ratts, 2008). The third factor is financial instability. Some limited capabilities, either physical or financial, certain information deficit, the
Introduction For scholars to better understand a field, research to unearth or explore a certain attribute within the same is usually carried out. Childhood is no exception. For childhood scholars to better understand this phenomenon and some of the overriding attributes, they will have to conduct studies and research that will explore an identified facet in detail. In their book Childhood Studies: A Reader in Perspectives of Childhood, Mills, and Mills (181-193) recognize this fact. They lay it down to the reader in the form of several issues that surround researching childhood. These range from the role and persona of the investigator, data collection, data presentation, and a myriad of other dos and don’ts likely to be encountered by a researcher. In the process, they quote the works of several scholars to justify their position and opinions. The Most Relevant Topics in Mills and Mills “Researching Childhood” After reading Mills and Mills’ account of researching childhood, the writer of this essay realized there are some topics that are relevant to them, based on certain justifications that will be identified later. The following are some of the topics that were identified: Coming up with a Topic Childhood has been defined variously, depending on the orientation and values of the scholar concerned. Mills and Mills (7) hold the view that many scholars conceptualize childhood to fit their goals and values in their particular fields. James and Prout (233) for example conceptualize childhood as a school transitional phenomenon. This is whereby the individual progresses from nursery to secondary school, depending on the system that the child was taken through. The definition is not the only thing that is multidimensional in childhood studies. There is a myriad of others, for example how childhood experiences vary from one culture and society to the other. This being the case, it is important for the researcher to define their topic, so that they can locate their study within the childhood field. Mills and Mills (185) caution that the researcher should avoid attempting to come up with or discover new information in the field. This is because studies cannot be exhausted, and what one may call a discovery may contradict what another researcher regards as their discovery. Data Collection and S