ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Milgram’s behavioral study of obedience was an experiment conducted at Yale University. It was designed to evaluate the degree of obedience to an authoritative figure during the voluntary participation in the apparently painful and potentially harmful experiment. The initial hypothesis was that the large proportion of the study sample would resist the authoritative commands and terminate their participation before the alleged voltage would reach the hazardous height, as indicated by the response of the “learner.” The method involved recruiting 40 males from the ones willing to participate in a supposed study of memory and learning (Milgram, 1963). The sample was collected on the territory of the University, and the procedure was initially conducted on the premises. The procedure was as follows: the experimenter (“Experimenter”) issued simple mnemonic tasks to the “learner,” an actor who was presented to the participant as another volunteer. The participant (“the learner”) had to administer stronger electric shock each time the ‘learner” failed. Four authoritative phrases were said in the invariable sequence once the “teacher” expressed doubt. The experiment was terminated once the “teacher” insisted or after the maximal voltage was administered four times. The results indicated stronger obedience than hypothesized by Milgram (1963), with the majority of participants showing complete compliance. The experiment had several controversial ethical issues. For instance, the American Psychological Association (2010) states “8.02 informed consent to research: psychologists inform participants about… (4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects” (p. 10). The description of the procedure provided by Milgram makes no mention of the potential stress resulting from participation. At the same time, the participant displayed significant stress in response to the reaction of the “learner” (Milgram, 1963). In addition, according to the “8.07 deception in research: Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value” (APA, 2010, p. 11). While the study necessitates the belief in the reality of the alleged danger to the “learner,” this is insufficient for determining value. Diana Baumrind criticized the latter by pointing out that the experimenter was not entitled to proceed with the experiment upon seeing the distress experienced by the participants. What further aggravated the situation, according to the author, was a “posture of trust and obedience” assumed by the volunteer upon opting in for the experiment (Baumrind, 1964, p. 421).
Discussion To ensure that the rapid diagnostic product achieves success in the market, an effective marketing plan that differentiates the company in the market place should be set up elaborately. This is intended to offer the company an excellent opportunity for early success. The marketing plan incorporates key elements that would help commercialize the rapid diagnostic products effectively. These key elements include: promotional literature and advertising material; promotional newsletter; customer training workshops; medical/scientific trade exhibitions such as, the media; domestic promotion that includes mailings and telephone contacts; specific target product mailings conducted monthly; key journal advertising; internet home page; presentation and publication of scientific papers; international distribution meetings; multimedia presentations on notebooks and desktop computers; distribution of multimedia presentation on CD; and press releases. Promotion Literature Advertising will be the major promotional element the company will use to penetrate the market. It will be used both to establish the rapid diagnostic product in the market and increase its sales. Through advertising in medical and scientific journals, the market will be informed of the very existence of the product and, specifically, its pharmacological, chemical, and physical properties. Clients will be persuaded to use for the cure, prevention, or treatment of disease (Stephens, 2005). The advertising will adhere to six specific principles; the central sales idea, uniformity of presentation, protested promotion, split second timing, overwhelming of clinicians, and advertising behind advertising. A central idea will be developed by emphasizing the physical, the chemical or pharmacological properties of the product. It will also include its mode of administration, side effects, and contraindications. The aim will be to differentiate the product from existing competitive products, thereby offering the product uniqueness in its class (Kurtz, 2009). Uniformity of presentation will include the proper coordination of all promotional activities, including detailing, direct mail and advertising (Kotler, 2000). The advertising material will be protested on selected practicing medical practitioners in selected localities. This will be aimed at evaluating the product purpose and effectiveness, so that necessary alterations could be made in the final product. Split second timing of promotion will involve simultaneous distribution of the product, detailing, direct mail, and journal advertising. The Internet Homepage The internet would provide the most powerful medium for promoting the rapid diagnostic products to the market (Can’t, 2009). The internet has a multimedia nature combined with its capacity to deliver huge amounts of product informati
Article Summary The article “Tipping Point Leadership” by Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne offers powerful concepts that can support every organizational change (OD). According to the article, every organization encounters numerous obstacles and hurdles. Managers and leaders should overcome such hurdles before implementing every change. Some of the major challenges affecting different organizations include “lack of resources, opposition, status quo, and lack of motivation” (Kim and Mauborgne 1). The case of Bill Bratton also supports the concept of Tipping Point Leadership . Bill Bratton used the best ideas to support the targeted change. He identified the best resources in order to transform New York City. He also encouraged different players to support the targeted change. He also “silenced every naysayer in order to make the change successful” (Kim and Mauborgne 6). The “political and motivational hurdles in a firm can make it impossible for managers to achieve the best outcomes” (Kim and Mauborgne 5). Manager should “tackle these hurdles before implementing a new change” (Kim and Mauborgne 8). The practice will make every organization successful. How the Article Relates to Our Class Content Tipping Point Leadership is a theoretical approach that can transform many business organizations. The theory presents a unique design characterized by four hurdles. These “four hurdles include cognitive, political, motivational , and resource ” (Kim and Mauborgne 5). Organizational leaders should deal with these hurdles in order to support every targeted change. These ideas support the theories and concepts studied in our class. Managers should use this leadership strategy to support every proposed change. Managers should also “silence naysayers and motivate their workers” (Kim and Mauborgne 6). The practice will eventually support the proposed organizational change. Managers should address the challenges and issues presented by different stakeholders (Kim and Mauborgne 1). The article presents a powerful theory can transform many firms and business organizations. Practical Application The ideas presented in the above article can make many organizations successful. The case study of Bill Bratton encourages managers to address the hurdles affecting their firms. Our company markets a wide range of electronics to different customers. Our company has been using a powerful leadership strategy in order to achieve its goals. The company motivates its employees using the best incentives. Our managers also support the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This approach encourages the firm to address various social problems. Our managers also collaborate with every employee. The practice has made it easier for the company to address the needs of its customers. These ideas are therefore applicable in
Introduction The United Arab Emirates is often accused of violating human rights in a variety of significant and dangerous ways. The nation’s denial of freedom of expression and religion, as well as its discrimination against women and the punishment of same-sex intercourse with the death penalty, are among the most prominent issues. Moreover, many of these concerns are not endemic to the country but rather prevalent across many Islamic Middle Eastern nations. On the other hand, the United States is generally seen as highly protective of human rights, serving as a world leader in their promotion. There are still issues in the nation, but they are minor compared to those in the UAE, and lawmakers are working to address them. As such, a comparison between the two nations would be highly beneficial to determine how significant the differences are and why they occur. UAE Overview The United Arab Emirates is a Middle Eastern nation that consists of seven smaller states whose sheiks constitute the highest ruling body. These leaders are not elected, but people can participate in the appointment of a part of the Federal National Council, an advisory body. Islam is the UAE’s national religion and features prominently in law and government practices. According to “2018 Country Reports,” the nation’s human rights violations include denial of personal freedom, gender discrimination, the criminalization of homosexuality, harm to civilians during military operations, a lack of government choice, and others. These issues are part of a lengthy trend that does not appear to be changing significantly over time. Overall, personal freedoms and gender-based discrimination warrant detailed mention, while other issues can be discussed in a shorter format. Personal Freedoms The UAE’s restriction of personal freedoms is extensive but can be condensed to two primary topics: speech and religion. The government punishes criticism harshly and works to prevent rhetoric that highlights the negative aspects of its performance. “United Arab Emirates” discusses several cases where critics were imprisoned for criticisms and comments on Twitter for periods between ten years and life. Moreover, the government owns most traditional information outlets, ensuring that they are discouraged from opposing the official policy, and sets stringent and arbitrary restrictions on speech online (“2018 Country Reports”). Examples include supporting registered political movements that disagree with the government or nations with which it has tensions. Moreover, the government has been known to detain people who have served their sentences for purposes of convenience. While the UAE does not prohibit the practice of religions other than Islam, it inhibits their functioning and spreading. According to the “2018 Report on International Religious Freedom,” t
Terms of reference and issues to be determined The conflict that has been described in this case study can be effectively resolved only with the help of International Commercial Arbitration. In this section of the paper it is necessary to draw up terms of reference for the arbitration. Furthermore, we need to compile the list of those issues that will be investigated in the course of this trial. According to the standards, established by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and International Court of Arbitration, the terms of reference (TOR) should include the following items:  1. The scope of the tribunal’s duties and responsibilities.  2. The names of conflicting parties: in this case, we need to speak about the Contractor (a construction company from Spain) and Employee (the Ministry of Communications in the Republic of Toupee).  3. Contact addresses of both parties.  4. The claims of both parties  5. The list of issues to be determined. Under the circumstances, the court will have to focus on the following questions.       + The responsibilities of the employer and the contractor         It should be pointed out that this contract has been concluded on the basis of the Red Book provisions. According to these provisions, the responsibility for the most parts of the design lies on the shoulders of the Employer or Engineer (Burgan, p 26). The concept of design includes the selection of the construction site and this is arguably the underlying cause of this dispute. One should bear in mind that the Ministry of Communications decided to build a road in the area, liable to seasonal flooding. Furthermore, the Engineer determined the exact level of road, however, these estimations proved to be erroneous. As a result, additional work and extra costs were required from a contractor. Therefore, the court will need to decide whether this company is entitled to any compensation for their extra efforts. In construction contracts, such situations are normally classified as unforeseeable physical conditions (Burgan, p 33) . The court will need to answer the question whether the supply could by any means predict that the road would have been flooded for more accurate estimation of costs.       + The costs of change         The tribunal would have to ascertain whether the actual cost of change was two million dollars as it was noted by the contractor. As a matter of fact, this was the major stumbling block because the Ministry of Communications believes that the expenses, entailed by this change were much lesser.       + Prolongation costs         The court will need to determine the amount of compensation, given to the contractor in connection with prolongation costs. It should be borne in mind that due to the devaluation of the local currency, Toupee Follicles (TF), the suppl
Introduction During a 30- minute interview, I sat down with a former coach of mine and discussed drug usage among high school athletes. The coach touched upon a few issues concerning drug testing policies, drug education and awareness programs for coaches and athletes used at high schools in Mississippi. INTERVIEWER : Are the incidents of drug abuse frequent among athletes and what measures are taken for improving the existing situation? COACH : The problems of drug use are a common scenario among young athletes that does not receive the proper attention. The main causes making athletes to look for performance-enhancing substances include their low self-esteem and willingness to enhance their chances for making outstanding achievements (Coakley, 2008). International Olympic Committee (IOC), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and Professional Sports League united their efforts for developing drug testing policies as well as education and awareness programs for the purpose of ensuring drug-free environment for athletes and strengthening sport ethics. INTERVIEWER : Why do you think these measures can be ineffective? COACH : The main difficulties in implementing the drug testing and controlling policies are preconditioned with the main controversies of applying them in practice. On the one hand, drug-free environment is important for the health of athletes and integrity of sports. On the other hand, drug testing procedures frequently turn out to be ineffective. Partially violating the rights of athletes for privacy, these policies can result in the protests of athletes (Coakley, 2008). Additionally, athle
Introduction It is necessary for filmmakers to use the best tools and ideas in order to make their works spectacular. A good work of art such as a film should have a proper theme, clear message, and at the same time entertain the audience. The film “The Graduate” by Mike Nichols narrates the story of a young man who has just completed college. At the age of 20, the protagonist realizes that everything is complex and hard than he had thought earlier. This essay therefore explains how the film “The Graduate” utilizes the best aspects of art and design to present useful insights that can help young individuals have a better life. The film achieves this using the best editing, “mise-en-scene”, photography, shots, and storyline. Analysis of the Film “The Graduate” Summary of the Movie Mike Nichols is the director of the film “The Graduate”. The 1967 film is based on a novel written by Charles Webb in 1963. The name of the novel is also “The Graduate”. The actor in the film is Benjamin Braddock, a recent graduate who lacks a clear understanding of life. As a graduate without any aim in life, Braddock decides to befriend an older woman by the name Mrs. Robinson. It is also notable from the film that Mrs. Robinson is married and has a daughter be the name Elaine. Benjamin Braddock eventually falls in love with Elaine, Robinson’s daughter. From an historical perspective, it is agreeable that the film plays a significant role towards boosting the position of folk-rock in the American society. Produced in the 1960s, the film explores most of the issues that affected the society during the time. Historians and researchers have argued that the film presents a major cultural and historical value to the American people. It adds a sense of beauty to American art and film culture. The use of various technical aspects of film production has made it a spectacular piece of art. For instance, the producers used the best mise-en-scene, close-shots, long shots, sound track, and editing to present quality scenes to the audience. This has made it easier to deliver the targeted message to the audience. Lawrence Turman and Joseph Levine produced the film in 1967. The producers managed to present various themes that can educate different members in the society. The first theme in the film is the idea of “coming of age”. In the film, Benjamin and Elaine are two youngsters who are unable to make the best decisions in order to address the issues affecting them. This explains why Benjamin encounters various challenges and obstacles because he is “indecisive” and incapable of coming up with the best solutions. The theme of “rebellion” is also evident in this film by Mike Nichols. The film presents a “radical mood” whereby Benjamin rebels against many things and ideas in the society. For instance, he appears to ridicule the existing social norms. This occurs when he befriends Mrs. Robinson after finishing school. He also rebels against the social ideas in the society. As well, the movie demonstrates
The human right protection dictated by the Catholic faith prevailed at the time of Thomas and Aristotle. The church declared the acts of slavery as infamy and conjured to discourage slavery since it was dishonored God and destroyed the lived of many people. Essentially, the practices of kidnapping and slavery were apparent and acceptable in most cultures across the globe. However, these vices were heavily discouraged by various sections of the Old and New Testament. This prohibition was a root course of the declaration made by Catholic Church (Schwartz 405). Under the management of Leo XIII the modern culture of faith and human rights were initiated and developed in a holistic manner that resisted the development of human right violations. In this respect, the church had established set of directions in which each person must live in equity with other people. However, the effectiveness of slavery and such associated acts as trafficking and kidnapping are still apparent globally. In this light, this paper will evaluate these serious violations of human rights associated with the Catholic theology (Regan 132). Human Trafficking The process of human trafficking occurs in three steps incorporating recruitment, transportation and exploitation. Colonel states that “since 2006 the Rise of organized crime and violence related to drug cartels in Mexico has brought serious challenges for the authorities to provide security for those who live within export”. Exploitation is a lethal attribute involving slavery and forced labor. Moreover, some cases of forced labor involve pornography, prostitution, domestic workers as well as removal of organs for transportation. The control of the victims involves such cases as where they have debt bondage, blackmail, use of violence, application of threats, and taking away of documents and money. The catholic theology is against these vices that demoralize the equality of people. The catholic faith dictates that each person deserves equal treatment. Besides, it has been against slavery as depicted since the time of Moses in the Old Testament. Forced Migrant Labor People were incorporated in a system where they migrated to places where they could find reliable jobs. However, the promises that are made during the migration period are not entirely true. It appears that people who migrate to these regions are left without the documents and connections to return in their countries. In this respect, the migrants are abused and forced to work as slaves while trying to survive in these regions. Illegal immigrants are also vulnerable to the abuse since they cannot seek legal assistance from the host government. The catholic theology points that they cannot ignore the people facing exploitation as the followers of Christ. Sexual slavery In some cases, people have been exported to other countries illegally, where they are used as sex workers. The migration is usually funded in one way transport so as to prevent return. The slaves cannot request assistance