ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of war and peace is a central matter of concern in developing bonds in the global arena as well as between states. It has always been a stumbling point in the theory of international relations. Now some numerous approaches and theories describe the acceptability of waging wars. Nevertheless, most of them are based on myths, including but not limited to the myth of optional war and the myth of national self-defense (Oberman 2015; Rodin 2014). Some of them focus on the conditions under which waging war is required, while others concentrate on the permissibility of military conflicts. Still, the question is, why is it ever possible to state that there are optional wars? Therefore, the belief that there is no such concept as optional or permissible war is the foundation of the paper at hand, as states are either required to become involved in conflicts due to self-defense issues or prohibited to as it points to the fact that they enjoy moral corruption and seek ways to justify unnecessary bloodshed (Oberman 2015). Waging a war is a complicated decision, especially given a normative democratic theory. From the perspective of this approach, democratic states are rarely concerned about other democracies as they are believed to be predictable. It means that in most cases, other democracies are perceived as a pacifist and demonstrating no interest in aggressive actions (RAND n.d.). Still, the growing interconnectedness between international relations actors, as well as the increasing role of economic issues in the regulation of interstate bonds, makes it complicated to identify the real aggressor. In this way, the issue of the permissibility of wars is becoming more and more challenging. To speculate the justification of the self-defense wars, it is critical, to begin with obtaining an understanding of such a concept as the lesser aggressor. It can be explained by the volume of potential harm a state might inflict when initiating military actions aimed at violating another state’s rights, such as sovereignty, national wealth, or territorial integrity. In this way, lesser aggressors are those that can do less harm compared to other potential aggressors (McMahan 2014b). From this perspective, waging wars against lesser aggressors is often seen as permissible because it is believed that averting small harm is beneficial for the state’s future welfare as well as helpful for improving its global image. This assumption is based on the belie
Geographically located in the Asia-Pacific region with a small population occupying large tracks of land, coupled with political and economic stability, Australia has played a key role in its success with space-related activities (Australia Government, 1999, P.1). Such programs as operation of satellite and its services, processing of signal and space data, space instrumentation, designing of ground equipment, tracking of space debris and GPS usage are useful in Australia just as it is in other countries in terms of socio-political and economic benefits that come with them. These programs are applied in national security-related issues, natural resource and environmental management, navigation, and communication like in broadcasting purposes (Australia 1999, P.1) To begin with, Australia’s national security does benefit a lot through space-related activities. This benefit is seen in the way research on astronomy, specifically, space technology is used significantly in the management of security issues. For example, aerial surveillance is used to monitor borders, survey anti-terrorism programs, and maintain the insecurity of telecommunications (James, 1992, P. 129). The meteorological data is also used in the prediction and timing of any probable security scare to the national defense department, hence the decision to put a budget of over $1 billion for the next generation satellite and ground station investment that began in 2006 and will run through to 2016, intended to boost its research (DITNR, 2006, P.1). Space activities have so far also benefited the economic aspect of development in Australia. According to a policy paper on space engagement by the Australian government in the Department of Industry, Tourism, and Resources (2006), involvement in space activities is “user-and market-driven” with the main objective of getting inroads to economic advantages of space activities. The launching of satellites in the Australian space can benefit the countries in the Asia-Pacific that can get access to data on environmental monitoring and weather forecasting at a cost, hence boosting Australia’s economy. In addition, the use of space-related technologies have increased tremendously within the past few decades with many private companies especially the broadcasting industry buying space products like satellite broadcasted airwaves, hence a potential of making a generally improved economy (Deeker, 1997,p. 4) The education sector is also not left out in the benefits that accrue from space science study and technological innovations. The successful launching of the spacecraft is likely to attract more international students, scholars,
This is an extremely frustrating fact that some commercials or advertisements within American broadcasting make people get bewitched and simply buy whatever. The campaign ‘America Runs on Dunkin’ can be deservedly called a national offense for those who understand the real underlying meaning. The United States of America has had Dunkin Donuts’ products since the middle of the last century. Although the company has been known as an American feature in a long run, today it boasts of the extremely outrageous fact of launching anti-advertisement. Namely, the anti-advertisement characterizes the people of America – with all its diversity – as an ignorant nation. It is hard to believe that an average American, who has been living in this state for years and saw the old good ads of the company before, such as “Time to make the donuts”, are likely to indulge in wasting their money just because the company conveys that all America does that, and this became a common American habit. To be more exact, it is necessary to draw the example of the ‘Auto-pilot’ campaign here. It suggests to firstly buy a coffee or going to their store before doing anything else at the beginning of the day. So, why is it considered to be the best thing to do in the morning? Who said that hopping in your car and driving to the nearest Dunkin store makes you a proud American? It is decidedly that Americans do not pay much attention to what they do with their savings and furthermore with their lives. However, sorrowfully, this forces to make a conclusion that ‘Corporations Runs the US’ Another commercial that aroused controversial feelings as per diversity and mental abilities of Americans is the campaign about ‘Fritalian’. Isn’t it the saddest thing in the world when the foremost fast-food company in the American market persuades that Americans are not able to ‘form the words’? Whereas keeping in mind that the US is the richest country as per diversity of the population. This is a real anti-ad for those who stick to it and take it for granted. Moreover, this fact becomes even more embarrassing when we realize that ‘corporations run the US’ because of this way the scale of the horrible ignorance enhances, creating a new image of Americans – the wrong one. The anti-ad broadcasts that high-calorific products as ‘White Hot Chocolate’ – being a new flavor – make us proud to be Americans. Is it really so? What hides beyond that? Maybe, it is the fat rates of America and the related diseases that should really force us to open the eyes, while corporation offers to autopilot to the nearest Dunkin’ Donut store where neither grammar nor culture matter. Therefore, it is necessary to mention that corporations have to respect the nation rather than releasing the anti-ads hoping that people will not be able to understand the hidden motives. In conclusion, it is essential to not let the slogan ‘America runs on Dunkin’ fool Americans, whereas it is all the other way around: Dunkin runs on America, indeed. The right way to handle the problem is to either
Introduction It is worth noting that Black Friday has become one of the important days of the year when a large percentage of citizens go shopping because of the sales that stores offer. The main goal of retailers on this day is to vacate their warehouses while buyers try to purchase as many commodities as possible at the lowest price. As a rule, on Black Friday, customers can buy gadgets, clothes, and other goods with discounts up to 90% (Tate 149). Even though such an offer seems quite attractive for both buyers and suppliers, the tactic of selling has become uncontrolled. The purpose of this paper is to provide arguments supporting the position that the marketing of Black Friday has become unethical. Argumentation One of the main arguments proving that the marketing of Black Friday has become uncontrolled is the fact that ads are developed to promote violent and inadequate behavior of customers (Lindstrom 208). Also, commercials encourage people to queue for hours to make their purchases. In recent years, multiple ads displaying people waiting for their turn to enter a shop, which will be opened late at night have been created. Such depictions encourage consumers to employ certain behaviors and model-specific shopping techniques (Lamb et al. 762). Therefore, such marketing strategies are aimed at affecting the psychology of buyers. Also, there have been multiple cases when people were hurt on Black Friday because other customers were violent. Ads promoting this event tend to impose a belief that such insanity should be considered the norm. Despite the aggressive behavior employed by many people on Black Friday, the majority of individuals are ready to tolerate harassment to be able to purchase discounted commodities (Leonard). Importantly, these factors have also resulted in the fact that people prefer going shopping instead of celebrating Thanksgiving together with their family members. Therefore, it can be assumed that marketing has encouraged a shift in the value system of people. Apart from that, the marketing of Black Friday pushes people to make purchases that they do not need. Marketers use particular psychological strategies to ensure that customers will stand in line to buy a commodity because of its low price. Such practices stimulate “marketing-driven commodity fetishism”, which also causes violence but helps retailers make profits (Leonard). Since the main aim of shops is to sell as much as possible to empty their warehouses, they are ready to employ any marketing strategy that will stimulate purchases. Counter Argument Nevertheless, Black Friday can provide customers with specific benefits, which can be achieved through effective marketing. For instance, customers receive an opportunity to purchase items such as smartphones and other expensive goods, which they usually cannot afford to buy (Hasen 89). On this day, the majority of retailers offer their products at the cost lower than the recommended retail price (Davidson). Therefore
Introduction Human society is the largest organisation of people that the mankind has managed to create. The society develops according to the principles that regulate the functioning of organisations as well. Numerous scholars have tried to study and explain these principles, and what they have managed to generalize is the definition of the organisation as a collection of individuals united by joint goals and activities directed at achieving these goals (University of Leicester, 2008, pp. 4 – 6). Some other scholars add the flexibility to the definition by considering the role of environment and contingencies in developing the organisational structure (University of Leicester, 2008, p. 20). This paper aims at studying the organisational structure of Wilson & Co., a Grenada-based accounting and consulting company, through application of basic organisation structure theories. In more detail, this paper will examine the historical and business background of the Wilson & Co. company with the help of considering the accounting and consulting industry background. Further on, this research work will move to study the organisational structure of the Wilson & Co. company and its major goals as stipulated in the company’s mission, vision, and the strategic planning statements. The next step of the current research will be to compare and analyze the correspondence of the organisational structure and organisational goals of Wilson & Co. company. Respective conclusions will be made from this analysis, which will allow formulation of the final conclusions and recommendations of the research. The two final points of the work will be exactly the summary of the major research findings and the set of recommendations that the company might use in case of necessity. Wilson & Co. Overview Industry Background Thus, Wilson & Co. operates in the business environment of Grenada. The economy of this country is based upon four major areas of activity that include agriculture, tourism and services, trade, and construction (Best of the Caribbean, 2009). The economy of Grenada is a developing one, and this means that Grenada’s business environment is greatly affected by the international economic processes of globalization and trade liberalization (Best of the Caribbean, 2009). This fact, in its turn, also means that the competition in the market of Grenada is strengthened by the international companies choosing to operate in Grenada. The services industry in which Wilson & Co. functions is also characterized by strong competition, with the only exception that only the domestic companies dominate this industry (Best of the Caribbean, 2009). Company’s History Wilson & Co. operates in the accounting and consulting segment of the services industry in Grenada. In this industry segment, Wilson & Co has four major competitors. They are Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Arthur Anderson Company, Pannell Kerr Forster, and Agostini W R FCCA Company (Best of the Caribbean, 2009). All these companies, as well as Wilson & Co. operate in the same industry segment and offer their customers the same set of accounting and consulting serv
Introduction The change of climatic conditions across the globe has necessitated partial shift from the over-reliance of natural rainfall for crop production, to the application of irrigation for production of food and other types of crops. The need to continually produce food crops to feed the rising global population has placed special demand on the water used for irrigation because adverse climatic conditions have pushed more people to engage in irrigation. Water management and handling has had a considerable contribution to the global carbon emissions. There is need to reconsider the manner in which irrigation is administered in our farms and ensure that loopholes that lead to rise in energy consumption in irrigation are sealed. Areas of interest include the pressure employment of pumps in irrigation, efficiency of systems (Gilley, James & Darrell; cited in Hardin, & Ronald, 89) and the possibilities of reduction of water used for irrigation purposes. Carbon Footprint and Irrigation Water processing and handling systems involving heating, moving, and treatment contribute to at least 290 million metric tons of carbon footprint per year. Of all the U.S carbon emissions, “5% is embedded in the country’s water” as Carbon Dioxide (Bevan, & Wendy, 1). The carbon footprint in water for irrigation has been aggravated by the fact that people have been adopting technologies that favor usage of pressurized systems that raise energy consumption (up to 163%) even though they present opportunities for saving water in surface water irrigation (“by between 10% and 66%”) (Cawood). Furrow irrigation also makes soil produce more Green House Gas. However, although drip irrigation may be used to achieve reduction of carbon footprints, care must be taken not to apply nitrogen fertilizers that may increase production of Nitrogen Dioxide in the soil. About 32% of all the water used in the United States is for irrigation purposes. This water amounts to 128389 Mgal/day. Water for irrigation contributes to energy usage by 25,639 MkWh and to carbon emission by 15,813,624 Metric Tons every year in the United States. The amount of water used to irrigate crops may also disrupt the balance within the soil and the structure and thus affect the normal production of green house gas from the soil. It has been argued that 25% of all the carbon emission emanates from agricultural activities. These activities also result in the emission of 65% of methane and 90% of nitrous oxide. The impact of water irrigation in production of Nitrogen dioxide has been captured in that microbes may produce either more of it or less depending on if moisture is high or low respectively. Thus irrigation with water will influence the levels of carbon emission
Introduction ‘A Man for All Seasons written by Robert Bolt is considered to be a prominent play, reflecting the atmosphere and life in England in the 16th century through parallelism to the modern era. The author managed to demonstrate the idea of legal and moral interaction, political and religious contradiction based on corruption, the central theme of the play. He reflected the rise and fall of his protagonist Thomas More showing strong social hierarchy and political pressure of the period he lived in. It is necessary to underline the fact that Bolt focused on the character’s experience disclosing spiritual, political, and mental corruption promoted in the society of that period. Historical background The 16th century was a period of political conflict and corruption in England; the theme is presented through the statesman Thomas More who is considered to participate in the struggle between the state and the church. Being a man of principles, it is necessary to suffer isolation from common opinion influence and general thought promotion. More’s complicated political campaign stands for truth as an inspiring light; nevertheless, the refusal to compromise the principles resulted in the struggle against the whole world. The author managed to underline the idea that Thomas More was eager to lose everything to reach wit and truth for English political development. “Why, Richard, it profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world…. But for Wales!” (Bolt, p. 95). The truth is presented against power based on political leaders’ desire to be at the head of the state and dictate their regulations and standards for society. Rich’s rise causing More’s fall is the phenomenon of wit and just dissolving for corruption prosperity. The author managed to show that the new leader never protested England’s corruption, though his power and Crown corrupted him (Innes, p. 115). The play discloses mental corruption through Thomas More’s desire to make light of different threats and dangerous situations, though his disapproval of the king’s intentions, has always been oppressed and ignored. The author strived to represent the theme through the concept ‘silent’ underlining the fact, that expressing no opinion and personal considerations helped More to protect the family from US legal prosecution. Mental corruption was vividly expressed throughout the play, being overcome by listening to inner voice and conscience, connecting with the idea of the necessity to serve and listen to God, to avoid mental limitations and pressure on the part of social unity (Odell-Scott, p.114). Pragmatic vision Moral and spiritual approaches appeared to be described through pragmatic vision; More’s principles and moral standards were considerably contradicting for the 16th century. It is necessary to underline the fact that the author disclosed a considerable dilemma between the character’s loyalty to King, conscience, and religious scruples. “And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according t
Why did the Paragominas support their mayor? Firstly, Adnan Demachki was efficient in his previous term (Duncan, 2013). Secondly, the mayor persuaded the people to stop deforestation to save the Amazon. Traditionally, this decision would have been unpopular with most people because it infringed on their capacity to generate income. However, a number of events worked concurrently to initiate change. Chief among them was the fact that international pressure on the government caused it to blacklist Paragominas from cheap credit; this affected the citizens of Paragominas financially and socially. Additionally, Greenpeace’s boycott of soya, beef and leather also caused people to consider supporting the mayor. Interestingly, the mayor managed to convince 88% of the people to support his re-election (Imazon, 2013). What level of biodiversity does the Brazilian Amazon support? Amazonia supports the world’s highest level of biodiversity. Brazilian Amazon supports more than half of the world’s animal and plant species. Amazonia is considered to be among the world’s largest natural resources. It produces 20% of the world’s oxygen. It is estimated that Amazonia contains more than 500 mammals, 300 reptiles, and 175 lizard species. Moreover, the rainforest supports about a third of the world’s birds (BluePlanetBiomes, 2003). What is deforestation and why is it practiced? Deforestation refers to the lasting destruction of forests with the aim of making the cleared land available for other uses. It is estimated that the world loses about 18 million acres yearly to deforestation. Deforestation is usually done for various reasons namely to make land available for cattle ranching and to harvest timber for use in making commercial items such as furniture and paper, among others. Deforestation is also done to create space for urbanization and housing. Moreover, deforestation is sometimes done to make constituents such as oil from palm trees. However, the most common cause of deforestation that affects more than half of forests is for use as fuel (Bradford, 2015). How does deforestation affect the Brazilian Amazon? Amazon forest is one of the world’s biggest regions that support half the world’s animal and plant species. Deforestation destroys the ecology of the forest. This results in destruction of habitats of the world’s species. Secondly, deforestation in Amazon influences global warming because it is responsible for about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation also causes soil erosion in the Amazonia thereby destroying land for agriculture. Additionally, deforestation leads to displacement of indigenous people living in the Amazonia. Deforestation also leads to less forest cover, which eliminates natural filters for water that is utilized by the inhabitants of Amazonia (Lind, 2010). What is the history behind the fight against deforestation? Who spoke out against it? What role did the population of Brazil play in changing Paragominas from logging town to a site of environmental protection? It is estimated that Brazil has lost about 19% of its rainforest in the past. Moreover, Brazil makes the most of Amazonia at 63%. The figh