ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A field trip is an expedition to an area that is far from the normal environment. It is usually done by a group of people. The trip’s objective is a reflection of education. It is aimed at providing students with an experience that will offer them an understanding and knowledge of daily activities. It usually provides observation opportunity for any subject in their natural state. During a field trip, various activities take place. We went for a field trip to a ropes course, during which we were divided into teams and were able to do various team-building activities. Towards the afternoon, we did challenge activities such as rock wall climbing, walking on a wooden log that was about 20 feet high, and climb cargo net. The activities that surrounded me were of substantial experience and included rock wall climbing which was a fascinating challenge. This activity involved an individual to climb an artificial rock wall in all directions. The directions may be going upwards, downwards or sideways. The aim of this activity was to get to the top of the wall without falling. Since it was a competition, the goal was to complete climbing the rock wall in the shortest time possible. There was also an aim of reaching the topmost part depending on the difficulty of climbing. In the process of climbing, an individual was to maintain the use of hands in order to provide balance and support of his or her weight. The challenging activities involved physically and mentally demanding sports. My set out goals when planning to participate in the event was to be courageous, and to be able to participate in all the activities. The reason for this was that, being afraid would be an obstacle for achieving the goal of completing the challenging activities at hand. An individual’s state was challenged, and his or her attitude or emotional state could be shaken. The knowledge of participation in the event for an individual would challenge his or her attitude and emotional state before, during, and after the event. Before the event, I was a bit nervous. I was filled with anxiety and worry of getting involved in activities that I had little or no experience. During the event, I gained endurance and strength and was able to overcome all fears. Through participation in the event’s challenging activities, I was able to do many things that I never thought I could. This is mainly attributed to the support I received from my classmates. After the event, I was happy to be able to participate and overcome the chal
Abstract Since euthanasia is a medical practice that involves the termination of life, its legalization in various jurisdictions has triggered public policy debates. The debates revolve around the technical aspects of euthanasia such as the nature of euthanasia and safeguards to prevent abuse. Proponents of euthanasia argue that dying patients have the right to die with dignity, caregivers have a right to discontinue medical interventions due to unbearable burden, and healthcare providers have a duty to act in beneficence. On the other hand, critics contend that making euthanasia lawful would amount to inviolability of life, encourage wrongful use of mercy killing, and contravene the non-maleficence principle. Technical Aspects Euthanasia is a medical practice, which allows healthcare providers to terminate the life of a patient to relieve pain, alleviate suffering, and save medical resources. The nature of euthanasia varies according to the sources of the informed consent. Technically, euthanasia can be voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is a type of euthanasia where patients give informed consent regarding termination of their own life. According to Math and Chaturvedi (2012), non-voluntary euthanasia happens when family members give the informed consent on behalf of a patient who has no capacity to do so. Involuntary euthanasia occurs when healthcare providers and family members consent to the euthanasia of a patient against his or her will. Therefore, the nature of informed consent technically determines legal and ethical aspects of euthanasia. Since euthanasia is prone to abuse, health care systems in countries that have legalized euthanasia have put legal and ethical safeguards. Pereira (2011) states that for euthanasia to meet legal and ethical requirements, there must be written and voluntary informed consent, reporting of the case, performed by physicians only, and consideration of the second opinion. The requirement of written and voluntary informed consent prevents physicians and family members from performing non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Reporting is an important requirement that promotes accountability in medical practice given that there is fear of the slippery slope. The requirements of physicians to perform euthanasia and consideration of the second opinion eliminate the violation of legal and ethical stipulations, and thus, control the performance of euthanasia in health care environment. Public Policy Debates Supporting Arguments The proponents of euthanasia hold that people have right to die just as they have right to life because they can make rational decisions based on availed information or experience. In this view, autonomy is an important right, which allows people to make decisions regarding their end of life care. Autonomy is a central pillar that supports euthanasia because it regards individuals as entities, which have a capacity to make moral decisions
Introduction The provision of quality healthcare services has become a consistent challenge that has baffled nurses, leaders, and civilians. People have explored chances of ensuring Americans get good health services but most of their efforts have not produced good results (Barr 2011). This essay discusses the views presented by Professor Amitabh Chandra regarding the challenges facing healthcare policy makers in America. Discussion The professor is shocked that almost 80% of Americans pay taxes that are directed to the provision of healthcare services. This means that the country is spending a lot of money in providing healthcare services that are not even affordable or available to all patients (Chandra 2012). He identifies three major challenges that make the American healthcare system to experience frequent failures despite efforts by policy makers and other stakeholders to revive and improve this sector. These challenges include the presence of a huge population that is not insured and which spends a lot of money to access health services when it falls sick. People have not developed the culture of seeking health insurance covers offered by public and private institutions and this means that they have not secured their future against health complications. He argues that in 1999 less than 14% of the population was not insured and by 2010 this figure had increased to 16.3% and the trend seems to be moving upwards (Chandra 2012). In addition, he claims that most uninsured people do not seek regular medical examinations since they fear incurring heavy costs. Therefore, when they get old they have various health complications that would have been managed if they had sought medical services earlier (Barr 2011). He believes that medical insurance covers are preventive measures that ensure people invest in preventing unnecessary huge medical bills during old age. Secondly, he argues that health facilities should ensure their services are proportional to their costs. This means that there must be policies to ensure that patients get quality services at affordable prices. He believes that most Americans are paying a lot of money and getting compromised services that do not reflect their costs (Chandra 2012). Therefore, he proposes that doctors should be paid a lot of money not because they do a lot of work but because they ensure their patients are kept healthy, happy and alive. Thirdly, he identifies technology as an important aspect of improving healthcare in modern societies. He claims that America is busy re-allocating funds from education to healthcare and this poses a great risk to the future of healthcare services (Chandra 2012). He believes that money should not be diverted from schools to healthcare since this hinders knowledge development and research on issues that affect human health. He offers a detailed explanation
The introduced Canadian perspective on the provisional agenda of the North Atlantic Council seems to cover key points that concern Canadian security. Increased presence in the world peace operations and maintenance of tight relationships with other NATO members, especially remarkable is the smart defense approach that considers the military and economic needs of Canada. Although, it is difficult to judge the extent of the Syrian threat to Canadian interest during the outbreak of coronavirus, which seems to continue even today. Therefore, it would be essential to review the proposed question for a more effective approach to the defense of Canadian interests. Nevertheless, this act protects the interest of both Israel and Canada and will positively impact their relationship. Furthermore, it is notable how the Canadian government is willing to cooperate with the withdrawal of troops from Iraq if the official request were to be made. This statement in itself is probably a contribution to the international image of Canadian humanitarianism, but the extent of such image improvement is questionable. The focus on building trading relationships and close ties with other NATO countries could be seen as the most important aspect that Israel might acknowledge. Israel’s national security has experienced decades of varying threats, which included terrorism, missiles, and existential nuclear dangers (Freilich, 2018). However, the former national security strategy (NSS) is non-existent in the country as the first document of NSS was developed in 1953 (Freilich, 2018). Nevertheless, the country is more secure than ever before due to the political and military bonds it forms active trade agreements with various powerful countries such as the USA, China, Russia, Germany, Canada, Poland, and India (Freilich, 2018). Currently, the country exhibits great
The following situation illustrates a very complicated moral dilemma. One has to choose between a public health program that would increase life expectance by two years; a reform of educational system that would improve the work of our primary schools and a housing program which would provide every homeless person with an adequate place to live. If I were in charge, I would provide funding to a housing program, as it seems to be one of the most urgent problems in the society. Currently, at least five percent of the population cannot afford an appropriate habitation, and this gives rise to a large number of problems:  1. increased expenses on Medicare;  2. high rates of violent crime (Levinson, 2004). Therefore, I have chosen to fund a housing program as it will help to solve many of our problems, not only homelessness. While making this choice, I tried to take into consideration the best interest of community. To a large extent, this decision can be explained by the utilitarian theory of ethics, according to which the interests of society are more important than the interests of an individual (Westermarck, 2000). There are some other reasons, why I would like to argue in support of a housing program. First, the problem of our schools does not originate from the lack of funding. More likely, it is connected with the lack of appropriate educational methods or with the teachers’ inability to use these methods. Increased funding will not enable us to overcome the key difficulties, faced by both parents and educators. The program that is supposed to increase life expectance at two years may appear to be a very promising undertaking. Yet, it is not quite clear to
Any country highly values its human capital which is the most important input into the day-to-day operations of the economy. It is the responsibility of any government to ensure that each and every employee is satisfied with the conditions of work so that the employee can deliver to the maximum. However, given the capitalistic nature of human beings, employers are likely to take advantage of their employees. As a result, governments have come up with laws that guide the relationship between employees and employers in their places of work. Nevertheless, these laws differ from one country to another. Consequently, while the labor laws of the United States and France can be similar, they have some differences. To begin with, the government of France has made it compulsory for firms to set aside a stipulated amount of money to be used for employee training and development. As a result, all firms in France conduct training at a given period. However, French firms have no specific training programs and target groups. As a result, only employees who are considered as being high potential are selected and trained. Firms have specific vacancies for this group of people and consider them easy to train (Blanpain, 2010). On the contrary, the US labor laws are not specific in terms of employee training. Therefore, firms are free to choose when to train their employees. Similarly, employees are protected by the government of France making many of them reluctant of joining labor unions. As a result, France has a minimal percentage of its workforce being members of labor unions. This is because the French labor code demands that companies with more than 50 employees must form three worker councils (Alibekova & Campell, 2007). Moreover, the firms are supposed to introduce profit sharing and submit restructuring plans to the councils whenever they want to dismiss employees for economic reasons. On the contrary, some basic issues on employee protection are not addressed by the US labour laws. This has prompted many employees to join unions (Goldman &Corrada, 2011). Regarding discrimination issues at work places, both countries have very strict laws in place. Both countries have illegalized discrimination based on gender, age, marital status, family background, political ideologies and religious background among other factors (Morriss & Estreicher, 2010). In both
Introduction After implementing the filing system, the hospital will need to control costs. The costs are controlled through the budgetary process. It will require various resources which will make it successful. The resources required include staff, computers, extra space, and maintenance. The space must be large enough to have an area for consultation, a waiting room, a pharmacy, wards, stores, and an open field for parking and for patients to rest while waiting for some medical attention. Resources always range from machines, drugs, human resources, ground, and finances. Without these resources, the hospital will be successful in delivering the services. This requires a budget which is a quantitative expression of a plan of action and an aid to coordination and implementation. Budgets can be prepared or formulated for the organization as a whole or any sub-unit. They may include income, expenditure, and the employment of capital. Budgets can be designed to carry out a variety of functions such as planning, evaluating performance, coordinating activities, implementing plans, communicating, motivating, and authorizing actions. Budgets are very important to the organization as they provide a discipline that brings planning to the forefront as a key management responsibility. In most cases, budgetary systems are more common in larger companies where formalized and sophisticated techniques are developed to serve the management. The major argument of budgeting maintains that the benefits from budgeting nearly always exceed the cost. Therefore budgeting programs are very important and helpful to almost every organization. Specific strategies to manage budgets within forecasts of the hospital Management by objectives Under this strategy, the issue of coordinating the efforts of executives in achieving policy objectives have been highly stressed. A hospital that uses budgeting control faces human resistance. Employees can view budget control as a pressure device calculated to force them to attain impossible goals. As a result of this, managers who have been negatively implicated in the reports may not accept the adverse result. Therefore, there should be efforts to ensure that managers and supervisors appreciate the psychological implications of a budget. Further, the problem of human resistance can be solved by the participation of all stakeholders in preparing budgets. The actual participation by top management in formulating budgets encourages them to play an active role in achieving corporate goals. The strategy ensures that each manager has responsibility for his objectives formulated with his immediate superior. For successful application of this strategy, it requires a hospital plan within which to operate. Further, a clearly defined hospital structure of manageme
Management has been a crucial human activity since time immemorial. Ever since human beings began forming social organizations with the aim of accomplishing particular objectives, management has been essential in ensuring the coordination of individual efforts. As a matter of fact, the society has constantly depended on group efforts, which have increased with time, raising the significance and complexity of managerial work. Several management approaches have come up with the aim of elucidating how supervision should be executed within organizations. This paper aims at critically analyzing scientific management, shedding light on its principles and characteristics while establishing its level of applicability and inappropriateness in modern management. Definitions of Scientific Management The phrase scientific management is coined from two words; scientific and management. The term ‘scientific’ refers to the logical investigative and objective approach whereas ‘management’ refers to the process of ensuring that duties are executed through others. According to Fredrick Winslow Taylor, scientific management refers to the art of establishing the best and most cost-effective approach of doing things within an organization. It involves deciding what to do and who to do a particular task and the most appropriate way to perform a given task within the organization. According to him, scientific management refers to the application of scientific practices to management which include; selection, staffing, training, posting the employees and the most cost-effective means of doing a particular task (SWATI, 2011). As Harlow Person puts it, scientific management typifies a form of arrangement and practice in a purposive and combined effort which is based on the codes or laws that are formulated via the method of scientific analysis, as opposed to using strategies which are formulated in an experimental and informal manner of trial and error method (SWATI, 2011). Jones argues that, scientific management refers to a set of clearly set regulations that are laid down by those in the managerial positions which should be applied to harmonize an organization in order to realize profound strictness for maximum productivity (SWATI, 2011). Lioyd, Dodd and zynch posits that, scientific management aims at getting the most out of the systems, employees and resources while influencing productivity with regards to positioning and planning of the employees towards the ultimate to achieve utmost productivity (SWATI, 2011). According to Peter F. Drucker, scientific management refers to a structured study of work
The rise of mutual disassociation that is emphasized by the essay of Sennet arises from the loss of the durable sense of common interests among people within the city (Sennet, 25). Contributing to this is the fact that the sense of “community” that used to exist prior to the development of the present day “capitalist orientation” has given way to the inclination that it makes no sense to develop relationships in the long run due to the temporary nature of interpersonal connections that is emphasized within workplace environments. What must be understood is that the basis behind the creation of communities and societies in the first place was the inherent common interests (i.e. the need for protection, the necessity of companionship, to be close to particular services etc.) from which people at the time derived a certain degree of mutual benefit. As a result, this created the concept of the “social contract” which takes the form of people agreeing to follow the rules of society in order to benefit from the common interests shared. Once factors such as mutual disassociation and the loss of common interests enters into the picture, people no longer derive any benefit from being part of society and thus the social contract between that individual and society dissolves resulting in adverse patterns of behavior and action. The train of thought of such individuals follows this particular method of implementation: “why should I follow the rules when I have no common interests nor derive any benefit from society?”. Given sufficient traction and enough individuals this may result in the complete dissolution of society as a whole with people acting for their own personal interests rather than the shared interests of the community. In order to remedy this situation it is advised that a sense of “belongingness” be implemented in that practices that emphasize the temporary nature of job assignments, the dissolution of interpersonal relationships and an emphasis on competition rather than long term cooperation be dissolved in favor of practices which create a greater feeling of community for those employed within corporations. It is only by doing so that the potential dissolution of the various societal constructs that are currently present can be prevented. Experiencing the Power of Strangeness For me, the best way in order to experience the power of strangeness would be to visit the Downsview station near the Spadina subway extension, fold my arms behind my back and watch as people come and go from one direction to another. While this may seem a bit strange, the reason behind this is the fact that you get to see a lot of how a local society is like by the way they travel. They can either be as aggressive as the people in New York or as orderly as the people in Tokyo. Combining this method of observance and experiencing the commute for myself would in a way help me to better understand the local people and for me this is truly a way of experiencing the power of strangeness (Mutrie, N.A.). Sending a Post-tourism tourist to the city Based on my experience, one of the more interesting locations that a post touris