ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Theories that explain the occurrence of crime in society have been developed to shed light on the increasing cases of criminal behavior. In particular, theories are used to show why criminal rates differ in terms of gender, race and age. Furthermore, theories are critical when it comes to understanding the role of social institutions in curbing the vice, as well as conformity. Criminological theories claim to explain the origin and causes of crime even though few have the capability of doing so. Upon this realization, this paper attempts to compare the validity and effectiveness of two theories that is, General Strain and Self-control theories. The paper tries to explain whether the two theories would effectively explain crime in relation to gender, age and racial/ethnic variations. The main aim of the paper is to explain why the records show that men commit more crimes as opposed to women. Furthermore, records show that criminal behaviors differ by age meaning that age is a major variable when it comes to understanding crime in society. Young people in their earlier 20s are prone to criminal activities as opposed to any other category of age group. Finally, the theories would be compared as regards race. It is established that race affects crime rates (Sampson, & Laub, 1993). The paper will specifically examine the occurrence of robbery in society in relation to race, age and gender. The arrests and self-reports from reliable sources reveal that robbery is on the increase owing to economic and social changes. This paper applies the two theories in explaining the incident in various localities. Through the analysis of the two theories, it is established that many variations exist. Data gathered from arrest records are usually official statistics gathered by the law enforcement agencies, which are the police officers. Self-reported data on the other hand are gathered through surveys and confessions from criminals. From the analysis of the two theories, minute differences exist between data gathered through arrests and self-reported data. However, the theories explain the occurrence
Major products offered by the company MOCA is a museum in Atlanta, Georgia that focuses on contemporary artifacts (MOCA 1). The business was established in the year 2000. The firm gathers and conserves current local art for the Georgian audience. Georgia has a population of 456,002 (MOCA 1). In its locality, the museum is the only institution that is focused on assortment, conservation, and interpretation of the state’s finest contemporary art. The works exhibited were produced in the mid-1940s to the present. The Museum precisely displays the works of individuals born and raised in Georgia and other artists who have developed their work in the region. The services offered by the institution advances MOCA’s mission and goals. As such, the company has been able to attain its mission through exhibitions and collection of visual arts. To enable the business to compete with global companies, it has also assembled exhibits from around the world. Through this, they have been able to support the visual arts by coming up with a platform for active interchange between artists and the community. The fee imposed by MOCA depends on the destination of the visitors (MOCA 1). The entrance fee is $ 12. The firm’s core business comprises of permanent collections and exhibitions of artifacts. It also offers digital works and videos to users. Similarly, the institution distributes its periodicals to schools and universities within the state. Its resource center stores chronological work of arts of Georgian artists for future reference. As indicated above, the company does not create the products it exhibits. Their principal role is to collect and conserve them for future generations. By focusing on contemporary art, the museum has been able to offer valuable services to the consumers. Similarly, the value of its services has been enhanced through its digital platform. The firm faces competition from High Museum of Art, Atlanta History Centre, and Michael Carlos Museum. Notably, these competitors offer temporary and limited artifacts, unlike MOCA. MOCA’s pieces of arts are varied and are stationed at the facility permanently (MOCA 1). Through this, the firm has been able to differentiate itself from its rivals. The different products offered by the company complement one another. As such, the pieces of arts are displayed based on their history. Therefore, by analyzing their dates of production, clients can be able to explain how different products produced in the same era are related. The products that receive the most attention from the customers are paintings and ink drawings of famous contemporary artists based in museums (Brown 55). The popularity of arts from younger artists from America, Europe, and China has also been on the rise. Furthermore, photography has also emerged as a source of less costly works for most clients. The photo’s date, exclusivity, and technique affect its market price. Therefore, consumers value historical artworks made by artists with a high price index. Equally, the demand for unique original works has been on the increase. The limitations faced by the firm include limited exhibitions and funding. As such, the company rece
Normal development among children encompasses a concurrent physical, cognitive and social development. This implies how one expects children of various ages to have different levels of cognitions, social attachments and physical characteristics. However, the development of every child stands out unique and theoretically complex. Various factors including environmental and experiences that children go through amongst others play key roles in influencing how they go through the sequences of development. Consequently, all children may fail to develop based on some predictable sequential development steps at the same time: normally divided in terms of years. The project seeks to make an observation of four-year-old and a seven-year-old child to unveil the conformance of the widely anticipated developments at the stages with the actual field observations. Observations for a four-year-old The child has intensive desire to know what cause some certain feelings such as sadness or anger. She talks out the causes of her sadness, for instance, claiming that her momma has beaten her up and attempts to deal with her anger by copping strategies such as drawing pictures. The child interacts with his/her friends through plays portraying sympathy especially when the friends are hurt. She also attempts to suggest mechanisms of resolution of conflicts. The child was particularly interested in leaving the parent to explore the world with her friends. However, she seemed concerned with the whereabouts of her parents. Physically, the child can run around as she involves her friend in hide and seek games. She also seems to have perfected galloping, hoping and jumping skills. She approaches the world with lots of curiosity and enormous imagination in an attempt to build on her abstract cognitive abilities. Observations of a seven-year-old Emotionally, the child has an enormous ability to understand his peers feeling. The child observed tended to set off from his friends when it comes to anger management through requesting the peer members to leave him alone. This is perhaps indicative of the desire to manage his emotions independently. Socially, the child participates proactively in games governed by rules. He/she also takes time to limit certain actions of his friends that he thinks would hurt his person. Physically the child seems to have perfected combination of motor skills such as walking rhythmically according to musical beats. The child’s cognitive ability is concrete with the ability to identify numbers, sounds, words usage and association of music with moods. The child was able to identify objects within his environment with the capacity to extend his knowledge on three-dimensional objects. Is the seven year old on track developmentally? Children development experts posit various developmental anticipations of children at various ages. At seven years, one expects the child to have developed cute l
The development of technology and Internet access contributes to the development of new innovative ways of advertising in the marketing field. The aspects allow the establishment of the new approaches to delivering the message to the final consumer. The primary goal of the paper is to evaluate popup-ads as an innovative and interactive promotional vehicle. Firstly, the usage of the popup-ads has to be defined and assessed due to their active spread on the Internet. Secondly, their effectiveness has to be determined. In the end, its usefulness is evaluated with the assistance of the examples. In the end, the conclusions are drawn to underline whether the popup ads are the most suitable promotional vehicle for brand creation. It remains evident that the internet influence dramatically the way marketers advertise their products. As for the popup ads, this promotional vehicle can be defined as a window or particular image, which appears on certain websites to get the attention of the audience (Belch & Belch, 2011). In this instance, the consumer needs to have access to the Internet and visit particular websites. Nowadays, the Internet can be accessed with different gadgets such as tablets, smartphones, and laptops. Consequently, the popup ads can reach the audience effectively due to their easy accessibility. Due to the positive intentions of online advertising, many companies actively utilize it to promote their products. The wide range of the products and services can be promoted with the assistance of the popup ads. It could be said that the delivered messages are rather laconic and cost-efficient due to their low costs. In this instance, the companies, which do not have the well-established budget for the advertisements, usually use popup ads to reach their target audience without additional costs. It could be said that the popup adds combine the characteristics as being innovative, accessible, unique, and informative due to their ability to contain short and direct messages, they do not take a lot of space, and can catch the attention of the website users due to their popup effect (Belch & Belch, 2011). Nonetheless, it is unclear whether it can connect with the audience effectively, as it is the popup ads that are discovered as being negative among consumers. Moreover, the audience members are forced to use it since the advertisements appear randomly and rapidly on the website, and in most of the cases cannot be avoided. It could be assumed that consumers change their view of the product towards a negative perspective (Hern, 2015). In this instance, the popup ads will increase the consumers’ awareness of the product, but the attitude towards the product mi
From music festivals to major sports competitions, mega-events have shown to present multiple economic, social, and environmental challenges in hosting countries or regions. Carbon emissions and the amount of waste produced during the preparation, execution, and post-operation of such events have the potential to cause great damage to the environment. The organizers of some global events have made attempts to promote environmental sustainability, introducing new standards and policies; however, the effectiveness of the latter may be argued. A good example of such approach is the 2006 World Cup in Germany, which was the first country hosting WC that suggested a sustainable long-term environmental project. Its five “Green Goals” focused on “energy, water, waste management, climate change neutrality, and efficient transport” (Dolles and Söderman, 2010, p. 589). Claiming to be carbon-neutral, the event was seen as a great achievement. Yet, as Meza Talavera et al. argue, the organizers did not take into consideration the international movement of spectators and participants, and all the carbon emissions related to their journeys (Meza Talavera, et al., 2019). Following Germany’s example, the organizers of South Africa WC tried to implement the “Green Goal 2010” program. However, it was a great challenge for a developing country with a number of important problems, such as poverty, inequality and unemployment. South Africa 2010 did show relatively good performance, but lacked a more organized approach and direction (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2011). Brazil 2014 had an experience similar to South Africa, and the results of Russia’s attempts to support environmental projects during the recent World Cup 2018 are still to be evaluated (Meza Talavera, et al., 2019). Although there are some efforts made to improve the situation, the society is currently far from solving all the challenges presented by the outcomes of mega-events. Not all the countries hosting them are able to prevent or even minimize the long-term impacts on their environment and the environment of nearby regions. The effects of some environmental policies may be seen better in case of smaller-scale events like concerts and music festivals. However, at the moment there seems to be no way to completely eliminate or prevent environmental risks of hosting mega-events. Reference List Dolles, H. and Söderman, S., 2010 ‘Addressing ecology and sustainability in mega-sporting events: The 2006 football World Cup in Germany’, Journal of Management & Organization , 16(4), pp.587-600. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. (2011) Sustainable Mega-Events in Developing Countries. Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Meza Talavera, A., Al-Ghamdi, S. and Koç, M., 2019 ‘Sustainability in Mega-Events: Beyond Qatar 2022’, Sustainability , 11(22), p.6407.
Abstract Antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time. Trade practices that are considered unfair include monopoly, formation of cartels and predatory pricing. Monopolies usually dictate over prices of goods that are in the market because in most markets, monopolistic organizations are the sole suppliers or producers. Cartels usually agree on prices that they set for consumers so that consumers have no choice but to buy the products or services at the prices set by the cartels. This proposal will look at unfair trade practices and antitrust cases in relation to corporate organizations. Corporate companies should remain responsible and transparent to allow accountability of their actions and allow consumers to feel positive effects of fair trade practices such as availability of commodities and fair prices for goods and services. The paper will also look at methods which can be used to allow collection of accurate data concerning antitrust laws and unfair trade practices in
Thesis Despite the existing environmental hazards, human losses, and influence on other industries, the government cannot neglect the industrial, financial, and employment benefits of fracking and offshore drilling and continues developing new implementation plans. Body Main Idea # 1: In the United States, many groups are against offshore drilling and fracking expansion because of its negative effects on the environment, populations, and other industries. A number of environmental issues are frequently discussed regarding offshore drilling that contributes to air pollution, carbon emissions, oil spills, fires in the sea, and climate changes. Although the chosen processes are mechanical, oil transportation through the rigs emits carbon and pollutes the sea, so “environmental costs and greenhouse gas damage would total $2 billion” (Bailey). As soon as oil spins over the sea or ocean, a lot of harm is caused to marine inhabitants and the environment, and these changes are irreversible and stay invisible for some time. In addition to environmental losses, the cost of human life should be evaluated through the prism of offshore drilling and fracking. Deepwater Horizon is known as the night that “killed 11 people” and “harmed marine ecosystems and coastal economies for years” (Calma). Drillers should spend much time offshore, and the remote environment creates certain threats for human life, including extreme heat, cold, storms, and other natural disasters that people are not able to control. Finally, it is necessary to remember that offshore drilling and fracking could determine the development and growth of other industries like tourism and fishing and provoke discontent related to the quality of ecosystems. After the Deepwater Horizon accident, the “coastal tourism industry lost about $22.7 billion,” and the “fishing industry lost $247 million” (Zachos). The desire of people to entertain or work depends on the surrounding quality, and negative environmental changes under the pressure of offshore drilling create challenges in the spheres of tourism and fishing. Main Idea # 2: Although millions of people cannot get rid of the idea that oil drilling is dangerous, one should recognize its industrial and economic benefits and think about new employment opportunities for Americans. The analysis of recent economic changes proves the benefits of offshore drilling and fracking by reducing import costs and lowering petroleum prices in the region. The price “$50 per barrel” would result in garnering about “$492 billion in revenues” and “$42 billion in lower oil prices” (Bailey). Increased domestic production of oil is characterized by significant achievements in the country because the government should not spend a lot on the establishment of international trade but expand economic activities. Along with e
Introduction Insurance plays an important role in our lives. It involves financial protection that can occur unexpectedly or during unpredicted loss. When a person buys insurance, he or she pays an insurance company a monthly premium which can guarantee financial compensation in cases of uncertainties which can occur such as bodily damage or property loss among other misgivings. This paper explores the conventional and Takaful insurance. It points out the aims of and objective of conventional and takaful insurance. Besides, it gives a brief history of takaful and explores Takaful Company of South Africa as one of the company which has embraced takaful in delivering services compliant with Sharia. Further, the paper discusses the products that Takafol produces such as commercial takaful and personal takaful. The papers further assess Takafol with compliance with Sharia principles. In conclusion Takaful helps in promoting solidarity and comradeship among the Islam community by embracing Sharia. Besides, efficient and customized Takaful product provides a competitive advantage for Takaful to gain international presence in untapped markets such as Europe and the Americas. Conventional insurance Conventional insurance entails an agreement whereby an insurer in return for a premium accepts to pay the insured a sum of money or its similar in any kind in case of happening that might occur. This is contrary to the other party, in this case the insured i.e. “Financial interest” (Archer et al, 2009, p.36). Conventional insurance is action based for instance; most clients of conventional insurance expect that their policy will be rewarded when their premiums are paid. For example, if an accident or a fire ensures after the policy period ends it will compel the policy owner to be covered under any other relevant policy that can apply except when the policy was renewed. Conventional policy applies where awareness of the insured event such as accident or fire is possible to track the event by itself (Archer et al, 2009, p.44). This helps in inducing a claim on the insurer to be instituted during the period of the policy or rather after it results. But, other types of insurance cover are emblematic because theyy deliver unlike in tandem with their founding objectives. For example, cargoes or ships in case they are lost or not, may be insured and specialized indemnity insurance is provided on claims made basis. Conventional insurance is no
In this book, the concept of a person being a behaviorist is critically observed. The influences of the behaviorist’s environment on the observations made by the same person are also under scrutiny. This is because the behaviorist is also a part of the society and cultural structure. In addition, the ideal perception of a behaviorist while making important observations is discussed. All conclusions made by a behaviorist are based on the characteristics that are physically observed alone, and do not include influences of beliefs and culture (Hallman 108). A behaviorist has to observe the actions of an individual or a group of individuals in a relationship among themselves or other people. Behaviorism is closely related to study of organisms’ response to each other’s action. This means that the behaviorist has to observe the behavior of two organisms while he or she is a subject to influences of experience in the society. This experience significantly influences the manner in which behavior of the individual under observation is understood (Hallman109). The behaviorist has to make observations free of the influence of culture. Since the behaviorist is obviously under influence of culture that has nurtured him or her, objectivity is required to accomplish the task of observation. Behavior of an organism has to be observed within a specific cultural context. The study of human behavior involves objective observation without invoking the theory of the supernatural or the unknown. A human being is an organism in a behaviorist’s perception. This way, the behaviorist is able to observe free of cross-cultural influence (Hallman 108). To a behaviorist, a human being is an organism that reacts to the changes in its environment, and is not guided by any other external influence other than biological factors (Hallman 110). Why Does Mead Claim That A Multiple Personality Is In A Certain Sense Normal? Mead’s theory of self explores the concept of personality. He explains that people do not have a single personality. To mead, multiple personality is a common phenomenon among members of the society. Multiple personality means that a person will assume the personality he or she thinks is the best for a particular situation at any moment. A person’s behavior is modified by the impression he or she wants to make on other people with whom he or she interacts. Depending on the impression an individual wants to make on another, one will assume different versions of self. Self means the personality of the individual whose behaviour is under scrutiny of the party on whom the impression is being made. Since every individual wants to make different impressions on different people, every person will subconsciously assume a different personality while he or she is under observation from the party of interest. This assumption of different selves is not an action aimed at deceiving the other party, but is a subconscious