ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Regional integration is to a large extent a function of inherent interdependence among economies, as well as, the need to promote harmonious coexistence. For various economic, social, and political reasons, countries appreciate the need and value of cooperating with their neighbors in their development processes. Economically, countries located in various regions of the world’s six continents have sought to establish free regional markets and common currency zones by abolishing trade barriers and unnecessary tariffs to encourage trade and free movement of labor and capital. This task is a brief discussion on whether United Kingdom should join the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Should United Kingdom join the EMU, or remain outside the euro-zone? The EMU refers to policies adopted by European countries aimed at bringing member economies of the European Union together to allow them to embrace a common currency, the euro. As a result, EMU is commonly known as the eurozone (Roney & Budd, 1998). Currently, majority of the European Union member states have already adopted the euro as their currency. However, the United Kingdom, together with Sweden and Denmark, has remained outside the eurozone since its official inauguration on 1st January 1999 (Roney, & Budd, 1998). The question of whether the UK should join the EMU or not is a multifaceted decision making issue. The UK should swallow its perpetual imperialistic pride and see the benefits, and a likely inevitability, of joining the eurozone. Even though the UK has the right to choose to join or not to join the eurozone, the time to join this zone has finally come (Wargitsch, 2007; Grauwe, 2007; Watts & Pilkington, 2005). After all, from an academic point of view, there are numerous benefits that the UK can derive from joining the EMU, a fact that is corroborated by views of leading British academic economists, as an interview, conducted by The Economist Magazine in 2006, demonstrate (Mankiw, & Taylor,2006). First, within the eurozone, Britain will benefit from a stable exchange rate. Economists argue that, even though British corporate bodies will continue to be subjects of adverse fluctuations of the euro against other currencies like dollar, yen, and others, their currency will remain fixed permanently against the euro (Mankiw, & Taylor, 2006). This benefit cannot be underrated given that approximately 60% of the European Union members are consumers of British exports (Mankiw, & Taylor, 2006). Economists assert that, there is no other better alternative through which Britain can achieve this stability. Moreover, if Britain chooses to retain its sterling pound, it will continue to receive speculative attacks (Mankiw, & Taylor, 2006). Second, academic research has shown that joining the eurozone would have a stabilizing effect on the UK stock market prices (Mankiw, & Taylor, 2006). Third, economic experts argue that by opting to stay outside the eurozone, Britain risks losing its remarkable record in attracting foreign direct investme
Adam Smith is regarded as one of the first scholars who considered the physiocratic system in detail. He criticized the old mercantilist system and stressed that only new principles could help nations prosper. Thus, Adam Smith believes that the mercantilist system cannot fit in the society of the 18 th century. According to the mercantilist system, the major way to accumulate wealth is to accumulate gold and ensure balanced trade. Another principle of this system is exporting. The mercantilist system heavily relies on exporting goods and products to other countries. Mercantilists think that this can contribute to the development of industries and other sectors of the economy as gold is accumulated. However, Adam Smith claims that these principles will lead to deterioration of economy as gold does not mean much if people do not produce goods (Kucukaksoy 110). The philosopher also emphasizes that export hurts the development of the country as people within the country do not get the goods they produce (Smith 166). Moreover, the philosopher notes that the country needs materials and goods to produce other products. For instance, if the country produces cotton, there should be factories producing clothes. Hence, people will have jobs and have money to buy the products they produce. It is also necessary to add that the mercantilist system is based on significant governmental control. It is believed that there should be centralized power that can allocate funds and distribute goods. However, Adam Smith stresses that the economy should be uncontrolled as it is governed by natural laws. It is possible to state that the physiocratic system can be regarded as a complete contrast to the mercantilist system. Adam Smith is a devout supporter of the physiocratic system. He thinks that this economic system can help countries achieve real wealth. First of all, it is important to add that, according to Adam Smith, real wealth is the country’s land and people who produce goods (Smith 168). The philosopher believes that natural resources are the greatest wealth of any country, and it is crucial to manage them properly. As has been mentioned above, Smith opposed the idea of export. According to the physiocratic system, it is necessary to invest in and develop the economy of the country rather than export goods (Smith 170). Development of the economy leads to an increase in jobs and wealth of people. Finally, according to the physiocratic system, governmental control cannot be applied to the development of the economy. Adam Smith stresses that there is natural law, and the economy follows this law. Any control can interfere in the natural course of development of the economy, and it will have negative effects (Smith 171). One of the principles of natural law can illustrate the effectiveness of the system. Thus, it is natural that a person will grow plants if he/she knows that he/she will get the crop. Otherwise, people will not work hard and will not try to get better results as they will not get the results of their labor. However, governmental control often means that the country takes all the results, and people have almost nothing. Of course, th
Introduction History can provide many examples of using different substances to change an individual’s psychological state, mood, cognitive processes, or behavior. However, although substance use can be viewed as a part of human life typical of different national, social, and cultural contexts, this practice can potentially result in abusing drugs and cause significant psychological and physical harm, destroying interpersonal relations. Even though some drugs can be used safely, most people using substances face health and social problems (Lal 2005). It is possible to refer to drug addiction as a specific substance use disorder. This illness can be defined as mostly a chronic condition, for which the continuous and repeated seeking, use, and misuse of drugs are typical despite experienced harmful consequences. This specific psychological and mental illness has a relapsing nature, and it provokes critical changes in the brain, being the most severe form of a substance use disorder (National Institute on Drug Abuse n.d.). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) refers to the term “addiction” when discussing such specific behavior as obsessive drug-seeking. Nevertheless, in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , “addiction” is not mentioned as a separate condition or diagnosis, and it is regarded under the category of “substance use disorder.” This disorder can be specified as mild, moderate, or severe (National Institute on Drug Abuse n.d.). The condition is characterized by a variety of symptoms: social impairment, decreased control, the risky use of drugs, and pharmacological criteria. Ten diagnostic criteria are used to determine a problematic pattern of using drugs according to DSM-5. These criteria help to distinguish between different degrees of the disorder. Thus, a mild disorder is characterized by 2-3 criteria, a moderate disorder – by 4-5 criteria, and a severe disorder – by 6-10 criteria (National Institute on Drug Abuse n.d.). Referring to this classification, researchers agree that, despite the degree of disorder, the key influential factor is the client’s commitment to realizing change in the pattern of using substances (Lal 2005). Behavior change models in this case are frameworks that can explain what stages and steps individuals overcome on their paths to change their behavioral patterns. There are several models of behavior change, the two-stage model by Tuchfeld and the trans-theoretical model by Prochaska and Di Clemente are most remarkable. According to Prochaska and Di Clemente’s model, the key stages of change are pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and possible recurrence (Lal 2005). Interventions to treat a substance abuse disorder apply these change models. Behavioral counseling, the use of medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing are actively used to treat drug addiction. Motivational interviewing (MI) was developed by Willia
Today, public information officers (PIOs) are an integral part of many organizations and act as a medium between an organization and the community. However, the area of PIOs’ influence extends far beyond the local community, as they can affect the organization’s image nationally and even globally. One of the reasons for such an extensive influence of PIOs is the process of mediatization, which makes companies more exposed and vulnerable to the attention of media outlets. Moreover, new technologies, including social media, allow for the faster spread of information. In these circumstances, the role of PIOs becomes crucial to a wide variety of businesses, as they can promote effective communication with the media and the public, therefore influencing the perception of the company. This paper aims to discuss the roles and responsibilities of public information officers in today’s world, as well as to outline the challenges that mediatization and other trends in communication pose for PIOs. Public Information Officers Role and Function A public information officer (PIO) is responsible for developing and maintaining a positive public image of his or her organization (Locsin). PIOs are also known as public
Introduction From the previous chapter, it was exposed that the ultimate goal of Fresno Pacific University (FPU) is to increase enrolment. However, to achieve this goal, the university must make some changes to its organizational approach by trying new ideas and strategies. Thus, the chapter focused on the organizational background and final choice for the university. This second chapter provides a literature review on how FPU can increase its college student enrolment through various key strategies. It looks at the history of enrolment of students at the university. It also looks at its current elaborate plan to enhance enrolment. Finally, this chapter discusses the key strategies that have been implemented by other institutions to gauge how FPU can equally enforce them to grow its own student enrolment. Fresno Pacific University Student Enrolment Fresno Pacific University (FPU) recorded the highest number of admission in 2014. Compared to the previous year, it admitted an additional 257 students to its record. This move accounts to about 7 percent increase. More importantly, the campus is enrolling more than 3,700 students for the first time. The rise in enrolment followed the introduction of new bachelor degree programs, particularly healthcare administration and social work. While traditional undergraduate students slightly dropped, graduate students increased in good numbers. In addition, the growth of graduate students was enhanced by the increase in internship programs, which the institution has embarked on promoting aggressively. Other factors that equally contributed to the rise in enrolment included committed faculty, quality academics, utilization of educational technology, enhancement of facilities, and introduction of global MBA programs. It also shows that prospective students saw a lot of progress at the university and a bright future for its students (Fresno Pacific University, n.d). FPU has enrolled students since 1944 when it was started. According to Fresno Pacific University (n.d), although there has been a slight increase in the number of students enrolling to the institution, the current figure shows reluctance in the enrolment management upon considering the number of years it has been in existence. There has not been aggressiveness to reach out to a large population of students. Indeed, several reasons reveal this situation. Mainly, FPU has typically enrolled students generally from within California. It has not done enough marketing and advertisement to attract prospective students beyond the boundaries of the state. Equally, the institution has been slow in its pace to introduce new education programs that can persuade pre-professional students to enroll. In addition, unlike many upcoming universities that have open admissions, FPU restricts its enrolment timeframe. It does not allow students to join when the sem
Introduction Presently, video games can be considered huge contributors to the world economy. The budgets of some digital games can exceed hundreds of millions of dollars. For instance, one of the most expensive games is “Grand Theft Auto 5” developed by Rockstar. According to Villapaz (2013), its creation and marketing cost was estimated at 256 million dollars. The game was exceptionally well met by critics and audience and stays popular even today. On the other hand, there are games such as “APB: All Point Bulletins” with a total budget of over 100 million dollars which received only 56% on the popular gaming review agency, Metacritic ( “APB (All Points Bulletin),” n.d.). Both games were developed by experienced professionals, but the results seem to be different. Such considerations invoke the idea of the relevance of spendings for the quality of the product as well as market reaction. In light of this notion, there arises a question: can a large budget be a solid predictor of a game’s quality and user’s perception? Rationale The relevance of this question resides with the fact that the gaming industry is full of rather unpopular games created by small studios. If the research could shed light on the link between cost and reception, then probably there may form a tendency to allocate massive investments with prospective projects. In terms of social influence, the answer to the proposed question may add another factor to consider to buyers’ selection process. In addition, this research may be interesting because of the value games create and the influence they produce on gamers. Marchand and Hennig-Thurau (2013) argue that the properties of the user network are, to a certain degree, connected with the game quality itself. A rare game, except mass-multiplayer ones, has a pre-formed community, and the launching of a well-developed project seems to form a solid fan base. Yet, the authors mention that this topic is not supported by high-quality research (Marchand & Hennig-Thurau, 2013). In light of this the current study question, if answered, could provide insight into how the number of resources spent on the game contributes to the formation of such a community. The sphere of research devoted to games is to a large extent undeveloped or concentrated on the negative effects of games on the individual’s personality (Marchand & Hennig-Thurau, 2013). The insufficiency of high-quality research undermines the adequate perception of games as a scientific and social phenomenon as well as an integral part of the digital content. Thus, there is a need for diversification of the research, and exploration of video games from a variety of angles implementing a mixed socioeconomic and psychological approach. Status The research is currently in the planning phase where relevant supportive materials are being identified reviewed. The materials include peer-reviewed research articles, trusted and well-known websites, newspapers, and books. The desirable information that those sources would hopefully contain includes statistical data on game
Introduction Literature works of different periods mirror the background of the country in the period the author lived and worked. One of such works representing the history of China in the twentieth century is a novel To Live by Yu Hua, which together with Chronicle of a Blood Merchant , and the best-seller Brothers belong to the later works of critical realism created by Hua (Li 132). The novel is a four-decades family history of Xu Fugui which discovers such issues as filial devotion, personal development, and the crossing of personal life and the events in the political life of the country. The novel was banned in China soon after it was published. The ban was caused by the fact that Hua criticized the rule of the communist party. On the whole, the novel is an example of intersection of personal and historical aspects of life depicting an individual and his changes under the impacts of the political history of the country. Politics and History in the Novel The plot of the novel comprises four decades of Chinese history. The most significant political and historic events that make the background for the novel include the Sino-Japanese war, the civil war in China (between the nationalists and the communists), and the becoming of the people’s republic of China. However, the special attention is concentrated around the Great Leap Forward movement, and the Cultural Revolution (Doll 1). In the context of these events, the title of the novel looks ironical. Naming the novel “To Live” is strange enough because many characters in this story die. However, this title can reflect the ides that Fugui, the main character, is the only one to survives by the end of the novel. The novel mirrors the real situation that existed in the country of that period, both social and political, presenting the history of China. Thus, similarly to many other Chinese citizens of that time, Fugui was making an impression of an eager communist supporter. Behavior other than supportive could be considered threatening to the communist party. It could cause public humiliation or even death penalty. The example of Long Er, a rich landowner who got his property already in in pre-communist China, proves this fact. Fugui describes a land reform that was performed in his village. Aft
The primary source for this study is the general medical journal The Lancet. It publishes the survey data and provides statistics and a comparative analysis of the obtained quantitative information. The Economist can be seen as a secondary source that describes research with less digital content. The study represents a decrease in the HIV infection rate of girls in school by stabilizing their families’ financial difficulties. The World Bank funded the study to demonstrate the value of money in reducing the spread of HIV among young, poor girls. The study was authored by Berk Özler, Lead Economist and Poverty Research Manager. The medical journal The Lancet presented statistics based on a survey in the Zomba district of Malawi (G.C. 2). The Economist later summarized the study with the most critical findings from the analysis. Thus, 1,300 unmarried girls aged 13 to 22 took part in the study. This is a sufficient number of subjects to consider the prevalence of HIV in poor areas. The sampling took place with the help of a computer, so the girls fell into different experimental groups randomly. Thus, a group stood out in which girls and their families were given small amounts of money every month, girls paid to attend school, and girls left without financial support. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the subjects who received the money in both groups showed a significant reduction in the spread of the virus. However, test subjects with no money were forced to look for a sugar daddy. Therefore, in this group of issues, the statistics of the spread of HIV were preserved. Thus, the drug called money is adequate and affects the spread of STDs. The implication is that the global community needs funding to stop the spread of HIV. However, research and further assistance to young girls have several limitations. Firstly, it is hard to understand how much money each person needs to stop looking for sugar daddies and move on with their lives. Moreover, the study was conducted over 18 months, so it is impossible to assess how it will work in the long term Work Cited G.C. “ A Drug Called Money ”. The Economist. 2012. Web.
Afra, S., 2008. Availability, Affordability, Accessibility: Housing Victoria’s New Migrant and Refugee Communities. Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria Policy Discussion Paper , 4, pp. 1-28. The policy discussion paper seeks to establish the cause of housing shortage in Australia and NSW. Afra argues that although refugee population has increased tremendously in the past decades, it does not warrant that they experience unprecedented housing shortage in NSW. He asserts other factors such as accessibility, affordability and availability contribute to housing shortage in NSW. Thus, the article recommends that NSW government should ensure that decent housing is accessible and affordable for refugees to live in human conditions like native communities. Apout, M., 2003. Moving Refugees into Mainstream School. Refugee Council of Australia , pp. 1-11. The article delineates obstacles that have prevented refugee students from performing well in their academic studies. Since refugee students have traumatic experiences that affect their psychological wellbeing, they have great difficulties in coping with new learning environment, curriculum and language. Hence, the article recommends that educational needs of refugee students should reflect their traumatic experiences. The educational system should customize educational curriculum, language and psychological needs as means of enhancing their academic performance. Moreover, refugee students need special teachers who would enable them cope with social and psychological challenges. Bannister, D., Blunden, H., & Forhmader, C., 2004. Report to the UN Special Rapporteur on Housing Women and the Rights to Adequate Housing in Australia. Coalition of Non-Government Workers Australia, pp.1-131. The report collected commends and recommendations from the Australians to establish the nature of housing system in Australia. The report found out that Australians in NSW are complaining about housing shortage that has led to increased rent and mortgages. NSW has a high housing stress, which has predisposed many refugees to live in deplorable conditions. Thus, the report shows that refugees are the most vulnerable group to housing shortage in NSW; hence, government needs alleviate their living conditions. Craig, K., 1999. Strategic Directions in Refugee Health Care in NSW. New South Wales Health , pp. 1-29. Due to influx of more refugees, Australian government realized that there is need to provide long-term health strategies that gather for unique needs of refugees. The article marks an important point in Australian government, as it is the first document that provides strategic framework for implementing refugee policies in NSW healthcare system. The strategic framework aimed at ensuring that NSW healthcare system provides multilingual health information, assess refugees effectively, provide interpreters and enhance accessibility of their services to refugees. Minister for health then, Craig Knowles asserts that strategic policy was helpful is delivering effective healthcare service