ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Google is one of the greatest success stories in corporate online enterprise. The growth of the company from a humble enterprise to a multinational company turning over millions of sterling pounds is a feat that only a committed business-minded collaboration can achieve. The company has established online presence in various areas including search engine, social networking, messaging and service in data centers. This presentation has analyzed both the company’s business and leadership strategies in the light of other approaches that could have been used to warrant such tremendous success. It has been well established that the transformational leadership style that was embraced is best suited for the kind of business that Google is involved in. This strategy should therefore be maintained even in the wake of the paradigm shift facing the company. An internal review has been conducted for the company and this generally revealed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the company have been critically highlighted. It has been realized that some of the company’s greatest strengths include a well established brand name through the provision of reputable services as well as proper market capitalization. By the company ensuring that the usage of the website accords them interactivity and is easy to use, Google has consistently triumphed over competition. These benefits are spread by word of mouth and this by extension contributes to the growth of the company’s reputation. The weaknesses that have been touched on include the fact that the company has been overly dependent on the search engine for almost all its financial benefits while the rest of the services it invests in yield nothing in return. One of such unprofitable ventures include Youtube which provides receives massive daily traffic but does not bring any returns to the company. Another weakness that has been established is the vulnerability of Google to spam attacks. Even though the company invests a lot in ensuring that spam and other related attacks are kept in check, the rapidly occurring changes in information technology see the creators of such malicious content carry the day by coming up with more elaborate versions of spam. The identified opportunities available to the company include the venture into android software- a factor that has been necessitated by the gradual shift of the internet to mobile devises. However, with such opportunities come even greater threats. The company is now prone to law suits emanating from privacy issues and censorship authorities. Other threats include the rise of competition from other internet giants such as Yahoo and Microsoft. The creators of online libraries are now starting to be more protective of their content and can configure it in such a way that it is not accessible via Google. This has seen users migrate to other ways of conducting data searches gradually ‘stealing’ clients from Google. Aside from this, an external review of the company was also done and it listed some of the factors outside the company that have made Go
Introduction The chest is a cavity in the upper region of the body located between the neck and the waist or the abdomen. In human beings, it is commonly known as the thoraxic cavity. The chest’s major function is to protect the major organs in the body found in the thorax. The heart and lungs are the major organs protected by the chest (Wijkstrom-Frei, El-Chemaly, & Ali-Rachedi 2003). However, there are many other organs in the region, including the major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles, the neck muscles and part of the spine. The chest itself is supported and protected by various muscles covering the ribcage, the spine, and shoulders. All these organs and muscles function together to ensure proper body function. To understand the structure and importance of the chest, a study of the various organs found in the chest paramount. For the purpose of this study, emphasis will be given to the heart as the ‘engine’ of blood circulation and the organs of the respiratory system such as the lungs, the trachea and diaphragm (Frank, Netter & Carlos 2007). The Heart Structure and Function The heart is located in the middle of the thorax (mediastinum) between the lungs and is more inclined to the left below the sternum. This is because the left half is bigger because it is responsible for pumping blood to the whole body. Because of this reason, the left lung is smaller than the right one (Romer, Parsons & Thomas 1997). The Heart cells (called cardiomyocytes) develop into muscle fibers that aid in the conduction of electrical impulses. The first and prime organ in the chest is the heart. It is about the size of a clenched fist and is located between the lungs in a camber that is well protected by the rib cage. It is made of a special muscle called the cardiac muscle and is the only organ that has that kind of muscle (Jardins 2012). The heart slows or speeds in response to automatic signals from the brain, in line to the needs of the body. It has the sole work of ensuring that every cell in the body gets the necessary nutrients and oxygen needed for sustenance. It does this by pumping oxygenated blood from the
Article Analysis The Authors’ Question The article Activator Control of Nucleosome Occupancy in Activation and Repression of Transcription by Bryant et al. delves on a highly studied area on the relationship between chromatin structure and gene expression (par.1). In this study, the authors assert that the universal activator, namely the Gal4, helps to remove promoter nucleosomes. In the process, it triggers the transcription of information. However, the way the activator performs this function is a least known process. This gap has been the subject of debate in many studies. To study this area, the research paper focuses on two questions, which include:  1. Is the reformation of promoter nucleosomes required for gene silencing?  2. Does Gal4 perform its task in sync with galactose and glucose? The Hypotheses A hypothesis is a central part of a research paper since it guides the process of proving or disapproving any author’s assumptions in a given research. In the article under study, Bryant et al. draw their hypotheses from the research questions (par.3). The hypotheses include:  1. The reformation of promoter nucleosomes is required for gene silencing  2. Gal4 continues to function in the presence of galactose and glucose What they Did to Test the Hypotheses To test their hypotheses, Bryant et al. used the experimentation method where they applied the quantitative micrococcal nuclease protection assay (par.4). The method is essential in the measurement of any specified DNA fragment together with the population that is covered or occupied by a nucleosome in vivo. Using this method, the authors seek to show that Gal4 recruits SWI/SNF in early steps of gene activation. Subsequently, it quickly removes the promoter nucleosomes. The authors also show that when SWI/SNF is not available, an augmented degree of gene recording is witnessed. Besides, the gene boosters are freed from nucleosomes. Once the relocation of body components from galactose to glucose is done, the recording process reduces. Nevertheless, once glucose is included in the cells that develop in galactose, the change of nucleosomes does not occur swiftly, even though mRNA manufacturing reduces. The Results Following the experiments, the results reveal the nuclease sensitivity in and around GAL1 10 UASg. The experiment shows that transcriptional machinery does not protect the digestion of micrococcal nuclease. These findings correlate with the previous studies that have used micrococcal nuclease. In terms of the sensitivity of nuclease around GAL1 10UASg, the experiment reveals that each member of the population has its DNA segments well protected. According to the article, the protection follows the presence of a molecule that is bound to UASg. Further, the experiment shows that SWI/SNF is a requirement for the rapid removal of nucleosome. Besides, the experiment confirms that any delay in the removal of nucleosome causes a corresponding interruption of the onset of the transcription process. Such findings are contrary to the previous studies that have claimed that the mutation of SNF2 does not have any influence and effect on the transcription process of GAL genes. What the R
In a formal setting of an organisation, managers oversee the execution of duties by other people in the organisation. The theory of management is arguable among experts. There are several theories on how to become an effective manager in an organisation. The classical theory advocates the perspective that there is a single way to run an organisation. According to this theory, a manager either has to be a strict manager in the organisation, or has to adopt leadership as a means of guiding the organisation to its success. The use of strict and coercive management tactics is supported by the theories regarding management styles. Two antagonistic theories analyse the concept of work, and help identify the two major styles of steering an organisation to success. One theory supposes that work is unpleasant for any individual. This means that an individual will only work due to the necessity to fulfil personal needs, and that majority of individuals are not self-motivated enough to take on their tasks without coercion. Due to this theory, some experts maintain that strict management practices are always necessary to realise performance in any organisation (McGregor, 1960). Another theory postulates that work is a natural phenomenon and that in the right environment humans can be motivated to work towards organisational goals without any form of coercion. This theory advocates that for people to work towards the organisational goals, they just need a leader to instil a sense of direction in them. In that case, the leader does not provide the motivation directly, but creates a vision for the subjects he or she is leading (McGregor, 1960). In “The theory of social and economic organization”, Weber and parsons say that the organisation must gain the trust of the workers for in to get maximum output from the labour force (Weber & parsons, 1964) The ideas in the two theories have a radical approach at execution of duties in an organisation. Application of either theory alone in organisations has often led to failure of business strategies. Annabel Beerel explores the relationship between management and leadership in her book, “Leadership and Change management.” She says that whereas leadership is capable of existing alone. Management is not capable of effective execution of its role alone (Beerel, 2009). This necessitates the need to merge the concept of leadership and that of strict management becomes necessary. In the quest to blend t
Introduction There are different forces which are associated with the evolution of human beings. These include natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and the mating structure of a population. Various evolutionary biologists have agreed on the first three forces. The fourth force is treated as new and it is not explained in a traditional setting. However, there have been disputes regarding the impact of each force among biologists. For example, the population mating structure is a categorization that is used to organize different phenomena of the human evolution. Though many scientists agree on the phenomena, they organize them in different ways. This paper will therefore illustrate how the four forces of evolution impact variation within a population as well as between populations. Natural selection This is defined as the difference in the reproduction of organisms which results from the traits that organisms adapt from their environment. The components that are important in this context include differential reproduction, heritable traits, and the adaptation of the organisms to the environment. Differential reproduction is linked with the way in which organisms adapt to the environment such that if the adaptive traits of these organisms are transmitted to the next generation, the behavioral and physical traits of species change. This makes it possible for the species to adapt to their environment better. Genetic drift This refers to the changes in the regularities of allele over time due chance. Chance changes the frequencies in allele thereby altering the probability of transferring the allele to the subsequent generations. This process is compared to tossing a coin in each generation. The degree of bias is therefore influenced by the frequency of allele in that generation. When the size of a population is small, the overall effect of genetic drift is to repair the alleles. This means that if genetic drift is a continuous process, the alleles become fixed by chance. Mutation Mutation is described as the error to copy DNA by organisms. The different classifications of mutation depend on the type of a cell that is affected by mutation and the amount of DNA that has been mutated. The mutations that affect the human cells comprise of somatic mutations and germinal mutations. Somatic mutations influence other cells of the body other than those that produce the gametes directly. Germinal mutations on the other hand affect those cells which turn into gametes directly. Since there are many somatic cells in humans compared to germinal cells, most of the mutations in human beings are therefore somatic. These mutations do not have any effect on an organism when they occur in a section of the DNA that is unused. They just influence the physiology of the cells. However, germinal mutations are described as the life force behind evolution. Their role is to introduce new genetic material to species. Without germinal mutations therefore, there would be no forces of evolution such as natural selection, genetic variation, and genetic drift. The co
Introduction Being a member of a particular state or country provides an individual with rights as well as responsibilities. This means that just as much as an individual expects the government to perform its duties, the same is expected of them. Famous philosophers have delved into this issue over the past centuries dating back to human existence all in the view of exploring the interaction and relationship between the state and the people. Overtime, most philosophers have influenced the role of politics and intellectual thought with some of their theories and school of thought going a notch higher to become the foundation of modern day democracies and states. This paper has particularly focused on two famous philosophers whose ideas still proliferate and apply in the modern society. These are Karl Marx, the father of socialism and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose famous work ‘The Social Contract’ has been the basis for democracy and the will of the people. Jeanne Rousseau ‘Men are born free, yet everywhere they are in chains’. These are famous words from his widely acclaimed work, ‘The Social Contract’. Rousseau was of the opinion that the civil society has failed to bestow upon human beings their natural birthright to freedom but has rather confined them to the false sense of security from the state. According to Rousseau, the citizens are a collective grouping which general views resonate loud in the political sphere of the state and are supposed to uphold the greater aspect of representing the general will of the people. It occurs when human beings as individuals hold dissimilar views and desires respective to their personal positions but the sovereign carry the day, representing the general will of all the people. Rousseau therefore proposed means by which the awareness of the general will would be achieved and this would be through the convening of the sovereign in regular periodic assemblies (Simon 76). This would be done individually or through the elected representatives of the sovereign as reflected in most modern democracies. Therefore, with reference to his definition of the sovereign and the general will, Rousseau was of the opinion that citizens had the obligation to attend the assemblies organized in order to deliberate upon their current state, proposing ways and means of improving their lives as citizens and also to ensure that the general will of the people was respected and achieved by the state. This goes further in indicating one important role of citizens, that of voting. According to Simon (308), voting or the electoral process is the benchmark used to determ the democratic state of the country. The outcome of this process should reflect the general will of the people. Citizens therefore have the customary duty of voting on issues that require a general decision, such as during referendums, as well as electing suitable representatives who would properly represent them in the national arena ensuring their voices are heard. Rousseau concurs with Simon’s view and indicates that it is crucial that human beings exerci
Throughout the history of its existence, humankind has been increasingly using energy for the purposes of industrial development of civilizations. Natural resources, such as gas, coal, and oil have so far been the key sources of energy. However, as the aforementioned resources are non-renewable, the issue of using alternative sources of energy has emerged. Among the many options investigated nowadays by the scientists, geothermal energy occupies not the last place, possessing a number of both advantages and disadvantages that make it a point of debate in the energy-seeking society. As such, geothermal energy can be defined as the energy of the Earth (in Greek, “geo” means “earth”, and “therme” means “heat”) (California Energy Commission, 2010). Deep underneath the Earth surface, there is a thick layer of magma, liquid rock so hot that at the depth of ten thousand feet its heat would be enough to boil water. Underground water reservoirs are sometimes situated close enough to the magma layer and warm up to over 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Nowadays people use those natural hot water reservoirs either directly, when hot water springs are located close to the surface, or indirectly, by pumping hot water and steams to the electricity generation power plants or geothermal heat pumps controlling temperature of buildings above ground (California Energy Commission, 2010). Employing geothermal energy as an alternative to traditional energy sources is attractive due to a number of advantages. For one thing, geothermal energy is characterized by renewability and sustainability (Geothermal Education Office, 2009). Heat radiation is emitted continuously from within the Earth, and annual precipitation regularly refills the underground reservoirs with huge amounts of water. Therefore, it is possible to sustain the production of geothermal bases for at least centuries on end. For another thing, using the renewable and sustainable geothermal energy allows for considerable saving of exhaustible and polluting resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear materials. Environmental impacts are thus lowered by eliminating the necessity for mining, processing and transporting fossil fuels (Geothermal Energy Association, 2010). In addition, using geothermal energy considerably reduces the risks of global warming compared to other energy sources. Geothermal energy plants have been found to emit a sufficiently low amount of the key greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, which makes this type of energy plants an attractive environmentally friendly alternative (Geothermal Energy Association, 2010). Along with the aforementioned attractive characteristics, the rosy prospects of geothermal energy are marred by a number of disadvantages. Firstly, due to geographical locations, geothermal sources are not universally available and are concentrated mainly along the sites with high volcanic activity. Secondly, drilling n
“Looking beneath the surface” entails going beyond the physical appearance in search for the truth and analyzing the real issues that underlie something. In other words, a philosopher is expected to assess something carefully before drawing a conclusion on it instead of accepting to be fooled by the superficial sparkles that mean nothing. Aurelius, who was a Roman emperor and a great philosopher, coined the term, but it has gained relevance among modern thinkers who insist on conducting a proper analysis on a subject before coming up with generalizations. Based on this classification, an individual is expected to figure out the actual meaning of important information when conducting explorative research to understand the causes or the effects of something. The ideas of the Polish novelist in the Heart of Darkness aimed at unraveling the issues that faced ivory traders in the Congo basin meaning the author attempted to look beneath the surface. In his analysis, Joseph Conrad noted that the river was big and resembled a huge uncoiled snake whose head was in the sea while the body was in the land (Conrad 41). The tail of the snake was lost in the depths of the land. Thus the actual length or size of the snake could not be established. The writer did not mean a real snake; instead, he referred to the nature of ivory trade that was practiced in the Central African region. The writer went a notch higher to explain the role of imperialism in influencing colonialism and racism globally. The author proved that Africans never benefited from the trade given the fact they exchanged their expensive goods with valueless products manufactured in Europe and dumped in Africa. The western powers were so heartless to the extent of forcing the ivory traders to dispose of their products without any form of compensation. In his analysis, the color of Africans never reflected their behavior and reasoning, but the whites were simply hiding under their skin, yet they had dark hearts that were indifferent to the sufferings of the majority. Kafka’s Metamorphosis describes the processes that an individual could go through to achieve his or her desired interest (Kafka 112). The author looked at the real issues that faced people in their daily lives in their quest to richness. In this regard, he attempted to look beneath the surface instead of simply claiming that life was unfair to individuals. He established that life did not allow them to grow rich because of certain reasons. He compared a salesperson, Gregory Samsa, to an insect that underwent metamorphosis having enabled it to develop new structures and features. However, the author was never interested in giving the causes of transformations; instead, he focused on explaining the challenges of a new status. He noted that Samsa struggled a lot to fit in society, having acquired extra features and structures that made him a
Introduction From a business perspective, consumerization refers to the approaches that are adopted with regard to the use of private resources that are aimed at improving operations of business establishments. In the healthcare industry, consumerization is the adoption of information technology (IT) devices to improve healthcare operations and responsibilities. Some of the devices used in the sector are mobile phones, laptops, and iPads, among others. Across all industries, it is critical to note that consumerism is occurs when consumers and/or personnel use their own computing devices. In the contemporary world, it is notable that patients are increasingly being involved in their care experiences and making their own care decisions. With the increased evolution of IT, patients can access and manage information at any time using various mobile tools. Cloud computing is a form of IT approach that enables many users to perform various tasks using internet-based tools. Some of the tasks that are supported by cloud computing include processing of data, storing of data in central resources, and accessing of computer services on the internet. This paper focuses on discussing the future opportunities and implications of the technology in the healthcare sector in relation to the effective management of resources, business intelligence, and analytics. In addition, it analyzes the business benefits and impacts of the IT platform vis-a-vis compet