ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The movie, ‘Apocalypto’ (2006), co-written, produced and directed by Mel Gibson, tells the story of Jaguar Paw (Rudy Youngblood), a young man living in a village bordering the place where Mayan civilization thrives. The purported civilization, in fact, is already degenerating into a killing field where human captives are sacrificed by decapitation for appeasing the Mayan gods besides being a platform for slave trading. This film, brilliantly and brutally portrayed with graphic violence is also a saga of unbridled love of a man and his quest for survival. The movie also illustrates how one’s fear provides him the means to survive and shows the extent to which a human can possibly push himself to overcome that fear. There is no denying the fact that ‘Apocalypto’ depicts violence and a weak hearted person might not be able to watch all those horrific details of carnage and mayhem. As the story progresses, one can easily recognize the indirect references to political and social inequities that run as strong undercurrent throughout the film and its significance remains till the end. However, these factors seem less significant when one views the movie from the perspective of its main theme, love. The protagonist proves that true love will make a person capable of accepting any challenge by surviving any ordeal, and it becomes evident that the film’s appeal mainly stems from the strong emotional impact it creates on its audience. It is the simple story of a tribal village boy who only wants to lead a normal life and live happily with his family and friends. He hunts in the forest, cracks jokes, makes fun of his friends has strong affection for his pregnant wife and young son. “Gibson succeeds in forging a strong bond between the audience and the protagonist. This is done quickly and economically. We are shown the love Jaguar Paw has for his wife and son and the lengths to which he will go to keep them safe.” (Tooze). On the other hand, he is quite apprehensive of the dangers that stalk them and sometimes he acts strangely, being alert to his surroundings. His suspicious nature and fear for the unknown becomes evident in the opening scenes of the movie itself when his hand moves to the knife when he notices the strangers who want passage through the village. His father recognizes Jaguar paw’s fear and counsels him, “Do not bring fear into the village,” and to get rid of it before it spreads like disease in the whole village. (Gibson). However, his fear derives from his concern for others and this fear is the very element that helps him save his wife and kid from raiders who spring a surprise attack. Another point that makes
Introduction Religious hypocrisy is an issue of all times in the humanity. The writers who lived in various centuries write on this evil differently. The two stories referred here are the magnificent works of two different writers who lived in different centuries. The story of “Young Goodman brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne and “A good man is hard to find” by Flannery O’Connor reveal some facts on religious hypocrisy. This paper presents the references on religious hypocrisy from these short stories. The comparison and contrast between these two stories are also briefly discussed here. The story of ‘Young Goodman Brown’ “Young Goodman Brown” is a story of Goodman Brown who is young and a devout puritan written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1835. This story unravels the religious hypocrisy that made him in an abject agony. The epitome of this story is that what we think and feel as good is not goodness in its essence. There is a perversion of evil in every one. He thought that his forefathers, wife named as Faith, local minister, religious leader, Deacon Gookin and Goody Cloys who was his catechism teacher are the admirable disciples of God. “Brown says: “after this one night I’ll cling to [Faith’s] skirts and follow her to heaven.” He believes Faith is an “angel” and one of the Puritan elect who is destined for heaven.” (Hawthorne, para.2). He set off for a walk in the midnight where he met devil as his fellow traveler. The devil led him through the forest but things happened in an opposite way when he encountered the respected members of his society in the clutches of evil. He became desperate and disturbed seeing them with evil. A Good Man is Hard to Find “A Good Man is Hard to find” is a short story written by Flannery O’Connor in 1953. The protagonist of this story is Grandmother whose name is not revealed and she has a son called Bailey. Bailey has wife and three children. Misfit, a criminal who escaped from prison, is another main character of this story. The Grandmother who is a zealous religious accused Misfit for having all misbehavior and disrespected him. In this short story the writer gives a glimpse on the religious attitude of the Grandmother and there is a small discussion between the Grandmother and Misfit. Incidentally, the discussion leads to the miracle on Jesus’ resurrection from the dead. “The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, “Maybe He didn’t raise the dead.” She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done.” (Analysis of “A Good Man is Hard to Find”, para.5). The old lady Grandmother was depicted as hypocritical old lady. She thought that no one gives priority for Christ in their life and she believed that a good man is hard to find. The writer clearly portraits the ironical difference between the old lady Grandmother and Misfit the criminal. The grandmother who considers herself very pious and normal is dishonest and showing disrespect towards Misfit whereas M
Summary Consumers show their attitudes to brands through commitment and loyalty. The components of the consumers’ commitment include such options as “good value for money”, “nice quality” for the intention to buy products of a particular brand. If a consumer likes the brand, he/she will continue “using” it in the future. Thus, if positive attitudes to a brand are characterized by consumers’ loyalty and commitment, positive attitudes of consumers should be permanent over a certain period. However, there are still doubts if such attitudinal stability occurs over time. The study explores the question of “the over-time stability of the consumer’s expressed attitudinal beliefs, both overall intentions-to-buy and free-choice beliefs about specific brand attributes” (Riley, Ehrenberg, Castleberry, Barwise & Barnard 1997, p. 438). Introduction The authors of the article base their study on previous research on the positive attitudinal response in time relation to the usage of a brand and researches that proved the lack of stability of positive attitudinal responses over time. The study also provides new results conserving the issue based on the data that included variations of consumers’ attitudes for different brands in different categories of products in the USA and the UK. The data included: consumers’ attitude beliefs, claimed frequency of purchasing the products of a particular brand, and “descriptive” and “evaluative” attributes (Riley, Ehrenberg, Castleberry, Barwise & Barnard 1997). Summary The previous research showed that attitudinal responses vary greatly with brand usage. The attitudinal response is dependent upon the structural market share effect (the number of users for example). The researchers also showed that “descriptive attributes” (based on t
Introduction Among numerous nursing specialists, the legacies of Virginia Henderson and Dorothea Orem seem to be especially vital for the development of current medical practice. In the first place, these two figures focused on the input of the patient care theory, which allowed them to constitute theories of nursing process and self-care deficit, respectively. Huitzi-Egilegor et al. state that Henderson’s model is often applied in empirical research (777), while, according to Alligood, Orem’s theory gained worldwide recognition (206). As a result, their research opened new possibilities for nursing, which last to the present day. The approaches have not only shaped the face of nursing education and practice but also established a base for further studies. Henderson and Application of Her Works First, one should state that Virginia Henderson was a “nurse, teacher, author and researcher” (Masters 36), who worked throughout her life in developing the guidelines for the nursing process. She is mainly remembered for the construction of the scheme which is based on the human needs, mentioned in Maslow’s hierarchy. In her works, Henderson insisted that nursing healthcare was to be provided when a person was is not capable of reaching all the natural needs of humans. Hence, she offered nursing workers theoretical instructions about the patients’ functions, which were are to be maintained and normalized during medical care. The importance of Henderson’s framework includes the following aspects which stem from her theory. Firstly, her model of assessing and satisfying patients’ needs, despite the gradual trend of replacement, is still deployed in the evidence-based research of the medical sphere (Huitzi-Egilegor et al. 777). Secondly, as Masters mentions, Henderson is responsible for “one of the most accurate definitions of nursing”, and the set of terminology accompanying it (36). Thus, one cannot underestimate her input in the theoretical base of nursing activities, which is reflected in the education in medical institutions and during the field practice. Orem’s Theory and Its Use As a proficient nurse and researcher, Orem similarly focused on the creation of theories that depend on human needs. According to Alligood, her studies were significantly based on her life-long experience in nursing (199). In the end, the self-care deficit theory emerged as the most notable feature of her research. As per Orem’s ideas, the self-care deficit describes the relationship between the patient and healthcare provider. It exists as a result of a person being unable to maintain independent self-care with their efforts. In such a relationship, nursing staff should develop methods and strategies for aiding the patients in eliminating the deficit or keeping them stable. The system of nursing care shaped by Orem stands in high regard in medical institutions across the globe. Scientists widely reference Orem’s works, and the nursing advancements in Germany or the USA use O
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be described as a practice whereby business entities regulate themselves by ensuring that they adhere to the established laws, ethical standards and international norms (Feltus, Petit, & Dubois, 2009). There have been rising concerns over the ethical and social responsibilities of contemporary firms. CSR is aimed at encouraging firms to take responsibility for their actions and promote positive impacts through various activities aimed towards the consumers, environment, employees, stakeholders and the community t large (Sun, 2011). A case provided states that Company Q is a small local grocery store chain located in a major metropolitan area. They have recently closed a couple of stores in higher-crime-rate areas of the city, reportedly because these two stores were consistently losing money. After years of requests from customers, all of their stores have started offering a very limited amount of health-conscience and organic products—all of which were high margin items. When asked by the area’s food bank for donation of day-old products, management declined deciding instead to throw the food away, citing worries over lost revenues due to possible fraud and stealing by employees who might say they are donating the food. This paper seeks to evaluate Company Q’s current attitude towards social responsibility and recommend three areas that could be improved regarding the company’s attitude towards social responsibility. Evaluation of the company’s current attitudes towards social responsibility In the above case, the firm has experienced some negative impacts as a result of high prevalence of robbery incidents in the area. This has resulted in the closure of two of its stores which were however reopened after pressure from the customers. The company has begun to offer limited amount of health-conscience and organic products—all of which were previously high margin items. The firm seems to feel harassed by the hostile business environment which has exposed them to robberies in the past. By providing limited amount of products that were initially of high margin it implies that the firm has abandoned the responsibility to its customers. In consistence with the broader socioeconomic model of social responsibility, the firm should have a responsibility to stakeholders, suppliers, customers, employees and the society (Sun, 2011). The refusal to provide adequate amounts of health-conscience and organic products indicates that the firm is less concerned about health promotion in the community it serves and therefore has a poor at
In this essay, I would like to raise such questions as the foreign policy of the United States. In particular, I intend to focus on somewhat imperialistic and even supercilious attitudes towards other nations especially those that are often labeled as “uncivilized”. While analyzing this issue, it is of crucial importance to dwell on such examples as military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, because they demonstrate that the course, taken by the US is ethically and economically unjustifiable. The major argument that I can advance is that these attempts to implant democracy in other states are perilous to our country and the rest of the world. Naturally, I cannot hope that this appeal will reach those people, who have the authority to alleviate the situation, but probably, this effort will make someone change his or her opinion about the current state of affairs. It stands to reason, that after September 11 attacks the measures, taken by the US were bound to become more aggressive. Nevertheless, only very few could expect that the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan would break out in such a short time (Mead., p. 7). Even this fact indicates that no thorough investigation was conducted, and these countries were the most plausible candidates for the role of scapegoats. Apart from that, these armed conflicts might eventually strengthen Americas positions in the Middle East and help to put an end to some terroristic organizations. However, we can ask ourselves whether this goal has been achieved. Judging from existing evidence, one can say almost for a fact that the circumstances only aggravated. First, this military involvement is maintained at the expense of human lives (and it does not matter whether it is American, Iraqi or Afghan soldiers and civilians). Additionally, our country has to incur immense financial costs, while there are much more urgent concerns within the United States. From my standpoint, the governments priorities should be reestablished. In this respect, I would also like to point out that US presence virtually left Iraq and Afghanistan in ruins; at present, they are engulfed in a political feud. As it has been noted earli
People start to develop higher cognitive abilities during adolescence. A lot of research goes into this development topic, and every year there are new statistics and theories. But what kind of process leads to this development, what affects it, and how can we measure a child’s intelligence? Cognitive Development Biological and Cognitive Perspectives Adolescence is a very turbulent time for human development. During adolescence, people become influenced by new things, gain new cognitive skills, and sometimes develop harmful behavior. Research indicates that during adolescence human brain undergoes a fundamental reorganization. The gray matter reaches its maximum density first in the primary sensorimotor cortex, and last in the prefrontal cortex. This leads to earlier development of the limbic system and the reward system, causing an imbalance of mature and immature brain (Konrad, Firk, & Uhlhaas, 2013). According to Piaget’s stages of Cognitive development, concrete and formal operational stages take place during adolescence. The concrete stage starts at age seven and lasts to about age 12. It brings a greater capacity for logical reasoning, which helps with hierarchical classifications and comprehension of class inclusion relationships. For example, this lets the child sort through a pile of change, separating the coins by value. The formal operational stage takes place from age 11 to ages 15 and up. It is subdivided into an almost full and full formal function (Dolgin, 2010). Adolescents develop introspection, abstract thinking, combinatorial thinking, logical reasoning and hypothetical reasoning, and complex problem solving (Frischkorn, Greiff, & Wüstenberg, 2014). For example, a person at this stage can apply the scientific method to solving a problem (Dolgin, 2010). Influencing Factors and Family Patterns Children at this age are influenced by their environment. There are many theories about which factors influence the child. For example, Piaget saw children’s cognitive development as an individual effort on the child’s part. Through interaction with people, children can learn that they can have different interests, appearances, and personalities. Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky thought it to be a more collaborative effort. He believed that a child could learn best when paired with a more knowledgeable partner and presented with a challenging but not overwhelming problem. This kind of approach can be seen when children tutor each other (Dolgin, 2010). Family patterns can also affect cognitive development. While a healthy family environment helps the child develop cognitive abilities, dysfunctional or tragic family patterns can lead to serious issues and disorders. For example, children from dysfunctional families are more likely to develop eating disorders with more severe symptoms (Anastasiadou, Sepulveda, Parks, Cuellar-Flores, & Graell, 2015). Intelligence Assessme
Introduction Lazarillo de Tormes in the renaissance period made literature as a description of the life he had. Lazarillo is a biblical name and acts significantly to the ideas conveyed in literary works. Lazarillo is the same as Lazaro which is in the Bible and got two stories about it. The first story from the bible where Lazarus occurred is the scene where Jesus gave life to the body of a man is Lazarus. The other one is about a beggar who always pleads at the gate of a parsimonious man. On the other hand, Lazarillo’s surname came from a river that run’s through the place of birth Lazarillo. He chose to pattern the surname to the river because he, indeed, grew up on the river. The first adventures of Lazarillo gave the Spanish word Lazarillo a meaning of being a ‘guide’ for a blind person and thus, named to the dog who guides, the perro lazarillo (Cirlot, 1953). The book of the life of Lazarillo de Tormes which described his life had three editions written anonymously. The books are published under the rule of Spain because Spain has become very much authoritative at that time about racial and religious prejudice. The picaresque novel which is also known as ‘picaro’ that means rogue or rascal was given recognition because of having a literary genre. The novel which exposed so much inequality while getting praises from the readers inspired more writers to line up o the same genre. Michel de Montaigne Another literary genre was created by a French author Michel de Montaigne in the 1950s. Montaigne was born on February 23, 1953, at the family estate called Montaigne in the Perigord near Bordeaux. Montaigne’s grandfather was the first nobleman in the family and his father was a Bordeaux merchant while his mother came from the clan of Spanish Jews which was converted into Catholicism. Montaigne is the third child in the family and was taught only Latin when he was at the age of 6. The childhood life of Montaigne was made unknown until the age of 24 because no clear information is published regarding this matter. It is said that Montaigne may be in other places mastering his crafts and enjoying the days of his youth (Frame, 1965). Montaigne met his strongest influence in 1557, Étienne de la Boétie when He became the councilor of the Bordeaux. La Boétie became one of the contiguous friends of Montaigne and shared a lot of interests when it comes to old antiquity. Unfortunately, la Boétie died in August 1563 because of dysentery. And on the 9 days of illness, Montaigne never left his friend. The death of La Boétie brought anxiety to Montaigne and inspired him to make an essay that he dedicated to his friend which was published in 1571. After the death of his friend, Montaigne married Françoise de la Chassaigne and had six children but only one has survived. Montai
Social exclusion is a risky process, which can lead to problems in decision-making. A student suffering from social exclusion may under perform academically. The effort of schools and parents can help those students who may be at risk of social exclusion (Whitney, 2007). Parents and schools manage this through holding review meetings so that they can discuss the strategies on how to eradicate social exclusion. Early childhood stage is the age of starting emphasizing on the social inclusion. Once a child has attained the age of three years, parents should play an important role of engaging these kids to the home interaction program (Whitney, 2007). These programs are considered to be an initiative of parents preparing their children for social activities ahead of them in school. These young kids who have not attained the age of joining schools, should be given home tutoring, and other education facilities to prepare them psychologically. During the early age of kids, parents should encourage their children to engage with social activities within the home compound. Children of this age can be brought together for some tutorial services and brain sharpening games. These activities are a good start for children’s education. The most appropriate place for eradicating social exclusion is at home during the early childhood stage (Whitney, 2007). The parents should play that role through the help of social programs. Once the children attain the age of joining schools, they should be given that priority to be with other children. School and the parents should work together to help children who are at risk and disadvantaged. Such children should be provided with health facilities, education, and a home. There are still those children who come from jobless families. School and parents should provide some sustainable employment to these families so that their kids can get a good beginning of their lives. Through the help of the community, school and parents can identify the places of great disadvantage and try to improve the status of the children who lives there. There are those children who are physically challenged and others with mental problems. Parents should not hide these children from the public due to fear of being intimidated, but they should rather bring them out and seek for assistance (Whitney, 2007). The school should take this challenge through the help of specialized teachers and equip them with the necessary knowledge that can help them in future. The physically challenged children should not be excluded from the society but should be made to realize that they are part of the society, and should contribute in the growth. Special job opportunities should be provided to the disabled and being offered community support. The issue of homelessness among young children has brought the aspect of social exclusion (Whitney, 2007). Such children feel unworthy and find it hard to interact with other children. Schools and parents can come together through the help of the government and provide shelter as well as