ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Even though the process of teaching a foreign language to students in high schools across the world is supposed to be ideologically neutral, this does not appear to be the actual case. The reason for this is that, as practice indicates, such a process cannot be discussed outside of what happened to be the essence of the dominant socio-cultural discourse in a particular country where it takes place. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while comparing the currently deployed methodological approaches for teaching the English language in senior secondary schools in China, to the ones that are being used to teach the Chinese language in Australian senior secondary schools. While identifying the qualitative characteristics of both national-based curricula, I will also outline what should be deemed the main obstacles in the way of ensuring the pedagogical effectiveness of teaching a foreign language to Chinese and Australian senior secondary students. EFL curriculum in China When it comes to discussing the specifics of how the English language is being taught to the mentioned category of students in China, one must take into consideration: the discursive legacy of Confucianism in this country, and the historical aspects of China’s socio-economic and cultural development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Even though the English language in China became institutionalized (as one of the foreign languages to be taught in schools and universities) at the beginning of the 20th century, the establishment of the all-national EFL curriculum took place in the late fifties. Having been heavily influenced by the Soviet/Russian model of pedagogy, the curriculum’s guiding principles include:  1. Placement of emphasis on the development of writing and reading (rather than communicative) skills.  2. Deployment of the deductive approach to teaching grammar: “Students are given the grammar rules and examples, are told to memorize them, and then are asked to apply the rules to other examples” (Rao, 2013, p. 35).  3. The assumption that students must provide formally accurate answers to the questions concerned with the practical application of grammar/syntax rules.  4. Reliance
The painting ‘La Quatorze Juillet’ was painted in the year 1892. It was painted by an impressionist artist named Maurice Brazil Prendergast. The monotypic oil technique employed in the painting captures the eye in a meticulous way. Apart from the aesthetic emotion provoked in the painting, there are other captivating features that are amazing (Carroll 108). In the foreground, there are women and children. They are painted faintly in a dark green hue which caught my eye avidly. From a worm’s point of view, the main startling element is the texture of the foreground. The procession of the women and children on the path is clearly visible. The gray path which is somehow rough and hard sends an emotion to my nerves. The artist managed to bring out the roughness on the right part. Shapes in the top left corners are painted in a vibrant yellow hue. The spiral way in which the circular forms are repeated on the top left corner leaves behind a path of dark smog that changes whenever your eyes move across the painting. These circular forms give out an artificial light that is cast on the women and children visible in the foreground. Above the women, we see a crowd of people painted in dark green and the floor has faint light. I think the artist rarely used black color to bring any shadows or areas of darkness. Notably, the semi-circles on the left part of the painting diminish towards the middle in a sloping angle and while decreasing in size. These lightly colored semicircles give a three-dimensional aspect of the venue of the event. Thus it brings harmony and balance of forms in the painting. The use of color shows the emphasis on the event and the guests present. The colors employed in the painting divide the painting into three parts. The foreground is painted with a shallow brown-gray and white texture, the middle is dark-green with touches of yellow and the top left background is bright yellow, with a blue sky that is v-shaped. Amazingly, you can see the movement of the artist’s brush, mainly in the foreground and background. The yellow color shade light on the images and shadows are formed which are short hence depicting the time of the event (Carroll 111). Complex shapes across the middle parts are brought clearly by lines that are lightly colored and tinted in dark green. The woman on the left part is distinctly shown carrying a baby by dark lines on the arms and dress. The vanishing spiral lines suggest a movement of the figures in the top left area. The forms in the foreground are well spaced and concentrated on the two-thirds part of the painting in the left part. The dull space left in the bottom right corner is balanced with circular forms in the top right corner which is bright hence proportionality is achieved. The nature of the even
It is important to understand the basic terms, principles, and concepts of sociology and be able to put them into practice. To enhance understanding of this discipline, the following paper explains its main ideas. Social institutions, correlation, research ethics, high culture versus low culture, and consumption as the form of self-expression will be discussed in this paper. Social institutions Social institutions are complex groups of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time. These institutions include the economy, school, family, and others. Besides meeting people’s essential demands, these social structures give them roles like a wife, an employee, or a religious follower. By taking on a number of these “roles”, a person forms an identity. Social institutions can be divided into different categories such as music or sports. Being a sports fan is something that can give shape to a person’s identity. Therefore, sport can be considered a social institution. A fan of the Boston Celtics, for example, might assume the role of a loyal fan and learn loyalty, because they would support their team no matter if the team lost or won. Functionalism Functionalism reinforces the idea that social institutions present in society exist to perform an important function. The theory, however popular, has been challenged many times throughout the 20th century most famously by the conflict theory. The conflict discussed in this theory is the one between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The main idea is that because the former holds the means of production, the latter will always strive to get hold of it, resulting in social change. The theories’ views on social inequality are also different. Functionalism views social inequality and social institutions as necessary to maintain a functional society, like well-oiled gears in a machine. At the same time, the conflict theory sees it as a method to keep the ruling class on
“The Rocky Horror Picture Show” is a 1975 movie that was meant as a parody of the 1940s horror and science fiction movies. The film is an adaptation of the British musical stage play known as “The Rocky Horror Show”. This movie is a story about love, creation, hate, sex, and adventure. The story is set in Ohio where a recently engaged couple consisting of Janet Weiss and Brad Majors is on a road trip. The couple’s car develops mechanical problems in the middle of a rain storm. They are then forced to seek refuge in Doctor Frank-N-Futer’s castle. Doctor Frank refers to himself as an alien from the Transsexual planet of Transylvania galaxy. In the castle, they meet several other characters. The others in the castle include Magenta, Riff Raff, and Columbia. Their arrival coincides with the birth of Rocky Horror, a personal creation of Doctor Frank. At night, Doctor Frank seduces both Janet and Brad. The next morning a doctor by the name Scott shows up in the castle only to discover a dead body in the freezer. In the ensuing commotion, Frank turns Brad, Janet, and Scott into stones after suspecting they were all working against him. This event is interrupted by Riff Raff and magenta’s revolt. During the revolt Frank, Rocky, and Columbia all end up dead. Janet, Brad, and Scott’s all survive the encounter. After this, the narrator concludes the movie. “The Rocky Horror Picture Show” gained audience at a slow pace until it eventually attained a cult status. This film has also remained in cinemas from 1975 to date. Comparatively, the film is of lower quality than the original stage show. The reason for this seems to be the fact that the film makers decided to include a lot of in-jokes for the fans of this genre. Even the music used in the film is mostly meant for the genre’s fans. The two main characters Brad and Janet are refreshingly boring and they are completely overshadowed by other characters like Doctor Frank and his hunch-back assistant Riff Raff. The costumes used in this movie also turned out to be quite significant. When the movie started showing on midnight cinemas, fans would turn out dressed as characters from the film. The costumes used in this film are very similar to those in most Hammer Horror films. They resemble most of the costumes that were used in Frankenstein films. The costumes and the make-up for the original stage play were usually conceptualized by the actors. However, the makers of the film specifically designed the costumes and the make-up for all the characters. The set of the film is also designed to resemble that of most Frankenstein movies in the 1950s. A lot of the graphics used in the movie are in black and white as well as color red to signify blood. Most of the scenes interchange from black and white to color. This is due to the fact that the film was meant as a parody of both science fiction and horror films. Most science fiction films were in black and white while red was the dominant color in most horror films. Commercially, the movie was a huge success. The film has managed to gross over one hundred and thirty million dollars from an original budget of around 1.2 million dollars.
Introduction In the contemporary environment, every business has to be prepared for the emergence of complications and challenges due to various processes happening in the world. The worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus proved that problems can arise at any time and it is vital to adapt to them as quickly as possible. For this reason, companies and organizations have to learn to implement the concept of business continuity management in order to respond to unexpected circumstances with minimal damages. The following paper will discuss the importance of the mentioned idea and include a few examples of how organizations survived COVID-19 its effective use. The Importance of BCM Business continuity management is essential for any company that wants to ensure that it will not suffer in case an emergency occurs. As mentioned by Faertes (2015), the essential role of continuity plans becomes more and more recognized in the modern business environment. Natural disasters, pandemics, terrorist attacks, cybercrime, and financial crises severely influence development and performance (Faertes, 2015). Since these issues can appear at any time, organizations have to be prepared for quick adaptations. Thus, this is when business continuity management comes into practice. By carefully observing and analyzing tendencies and creating recovery plans beforehand, business leaders can address different problems before they happen. The Absence of BCM While it is clear how business continuity management helps organizations, it is also crucial to understand what damages it can bring. In case of an emergency or a critical period, business operations are seriously disrupted which means that top management has to deal with a high level of uncertainty and pressure (Schätter et al., 2019). The company does not have enough understanding of what can be the consequences of their potential decisions and actions; therefore, it loses a significant amount of time and contributes to the deterioration of the situation (Schätter et al., 2019). Hence, business continuity plans should be developed by all businesses. COVID-19 Examples of Su
The study of the history of the development of America reveals the issue of race as being central in the economic, social and political development of the nation. The phenomenon of racial slavery in America emerged with the demands in the Southern states concerning the economic viability of controlled and bound labor. The existence of norms and values that restricted the free citizens from exploiting each other initiated the emergence of racial exploitation. The discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus provided a new source of labor upon which America’s prosperity would thrive. An analysis of the social and economic structure of the colony of Virginia illustrates that the distortion of the indentured servant system in the colony made the concept of racial slavery considerably attractive. The separation of indenture servants and English landowners marked the onset of racial slavery with Massachusetts becoming the first colony to legalize slavery in 1641 (Dattel, 2009). In Virginia, laws on slavery stated that the child of a slave was automatically subject to enslavement, which made slavery a generational phenomenon. The story of the seizure of Anthony Johnson’s land following a declaration by a jury in Virginia that the government could reposes Johnsons’ land because he was a negro promoted the acceptance of racial exploitation directed towards Negros, mulattos and Indians. IN 1672, the king of England embarked on a venture to feed the increasing demand for slaves and charted the Royal African Company, which was at the center of British slave trade. The 1698 declaration by the England Parliament that any Briton was at liberty to trade in slaves marked the onset of a period of 50 years during which millions of Africans in slave ships reached the coasts of North and South America. As the European empire expanded, the colonization of America brought with it vast tracts of land that required intensive labor. The arrival of a Dutch ship loaded with slaves from Africa provided a solution to the problem of working on the harsh conditions that had proved unfavorable for the natives. The fluctuation of tobacco prices eased the demand for slaves, which later increased with the invention of the cotton gin and the replacement of tobacco with cotton as the main cash crop. The expansion of plantations in America in the 18 th century demanded an increase in the supply of laborers causing a peak in the transatlantic slave trade. The demand for laborers in the South increased with the invention of the cotton gin, which increased the cultivation cotton on a large scale due to the enhanced processing capability. In this regard, the South became a major hub for the slave trade and cotton-growing regions experienced an explosion of the slave population. The im
Introduction The literature of the Tokugawa period might be said to have begun with Confucianism. The special character of this literature was prefigured by an event of 1599. In that year, Fujiwara Seika (1561-1619), a twelfth-generation descendant of the great Fujiwara Teika, at the request of the warlord Akamatsu Hidemichi, punctuated some of the Chinese classics for reading in Japanese. This was not the first introduction of Confucianism to Japan–Confucian studies had of course been pursued in Japan since the sixth and seventh centuries A.D. at the latest–but never before had the correct way of reading the classics been made available to persons who were not in a select circle of disciples. “Knowledge of the Confucian texts was transmitted as esoteric learning and was a rare privilege, open only to the chosen few, at times only to members of the Kiyohara and Nakahara families” (Webb 19). This manner of transmission was typical of Japan, where the secrets of each branch of art and learning tended to be passed down from father to oldest son or from master to senior disciple, rather than made available for all to study. The insistence on lineage was as truer of Confucian scholars as of Shingon monks or Waka poets. Often the secrets that were so jealously guarded proved, when they were finally revealed, to be no more than trivia. (Kōjin 66-68) Nevertheless, without knowledge of the secrets, no man could count himself a full-fledged master, whether of Confucianism, the Way of Poetry, or the Way of Nō. When Fujiwara Seika broke the tradition of secrecy, even to the limited extent of punctuating texts, he was in effect ending medieval traditions and opening the way to the popular that would typify the Tokugawa period. Other men, inspired by Seika’s example, followed him in the work of enlightenment. In 1603 Hayashi Razan, who had been studying the Ch’eng-Chu texts of Neo-Confucianism at the Kenninji, a Zen monastery in Kyoto, decided to offer public lectures for the benefit of young Confucian scholars and physicians. Razan, though he was later to be known as among the most conservative of Neo-Confucian philosophers, was enthusiastic about non esoteric transmission of learning, possibly as the result of influence from his teacher, Fujiwara Seika. He persuaded Matsunaga Teitoku (1571-1643), a scholar of Japanese literature, to join him in the public lectures. Teitoku was reluctant to take the unprecedented step of lecturing publicly on teachings which he had privately received, and only after Razan’s father and uncle had joined in the persuasion, urging Teitoku to make Razan’s experiment respectable by participating, did he at last consent. The texts that Teitoku lectured on, Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness) and Hyakunin isshu (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets), would be of enormous imp
Introduction Strategic assessment requires the business to get to know its external environment, internal resources and the business culture. In getting a market niche in a given market, the organization in question has to get their strategy right in order to cope with other competitors in the field. Carrying out external analysis helps in understanding what might affect the business in the future from outside. External analysis is useful at three important levels. First level is the changes meant for the business environment, the next level is changes inside the business and the last level includes the activities of competitors known to the business. The competitive forces in business reveal the drivers that bring about change in an industry. Business managers and investors need to understand the structure of an industry in performing external analysis (Tutor2u, 2011). General Environmental Analysis (STEEP) Implications of the STEEP analysis to circa This determines how circa’s external analysis affects its business environment. Circa’s issues in STEEP analysis in terms of social environment should talk about; what ideologies does circa have for the market. This can be explained through the market prices that circa offers for its products. An example is the ZMF specialty chemical, which is selling at 2750 Australian dollars. This price is inclusive of a given margin which caters for situations where circa has to buy back the ZMF from third party converters. Another implication can be highlighted is, what pace is the technological change? To answer this, circa has a vision of having several plants with an estimated fabrication cost of 2 million Australian dollars for each. The next implication lies on the ecological factor. This asks questions as what recycling capabilities does circa have. This focuses on the feedstock that is used by circa if there is a capability of recycling them for use. This will enable unconstrained feedstock availability. An example to this is the availability of 0.75 – 1.5 million tonnes straw in the Malle/ Wimmera region. Another implication is how the income is distributed. This will depend on the consumption by the process. As an example circa’s production process may consume 50 percent of the char produced as energy, hence the need to use more economical means such as to use grid electricity. The last implication is how does circa processes influence decision making? This is possible since it can enable decision on feedstock costs. Circa approximate cost for a farmer is about 23 dollars per tonne delivered. This gives a selling price of char to be 3.6 time the price given by the government on carbon dioxide (Circa, 2009). Circa have several top issues that affect the analysis of its general environmental which include among the following five issues. The first issue is the type of feedstock used for the processes. Circa has a design capacity of 37.5 tonne per day of wet straw feedstock for each modular plant. The second issue is the yield produced by the processes. Circa’s main aim is to increase the yields through establishing more plants to be built while it addresses process bottlenecks. Thirdly, there is th
Introduction The faith of Buddhism was shaped by a man by the name of Siddhartha Gautama who is supposed to have been imagines by a miraculous conception “in which the future Buddha came to his look after in the form of a white monster and entered her correct side.” Siddhartha was born into an rich family; his father was a ruler in what is now Nepal. He was raise in a life of luxury and protected from the poverty and pain of the world. However, he knowledgeable visions presentation him the stark realness of the world approximately him, and afterward in life he renounced his riches and family and turn out to be an ascetic, seeking for answers to the mystery of life (www.buddhanet.net, 2004). This research focused on this truth that Siddhartha tried many habits to achieve highest Enlightenment, but was not capable to achieve this condition. Finally Siddhartha did not tire a center path – one of neither self-indulgence nor self-denial and by means of this technique, finally erudite of the truths of realism and attained Supreme Enlightenment, flattering “Buddha” and beginning Buddhism. Historical Analysis Buddhism, a person centered religion over 2,500 years old has additional than 300 million faction all through the world. Originally a religion of Asia, Buddhism is progressively rising in Australia, Europe and North America. Buddhism’s uniqueness is its center o the person rather than on heavenly being and gods. Today Buddhism carries on growing in Australia. Ethical thinking inside a Buddhist tradition involves the interaction of a vast collection of factors including, for instance, the ideas of its creator (s), the culture in which it’s experienced the changing needs of civilization and significant information in the later expansion of the custom. To this end a Buddhist custom both impacts on and is manufactured goods of wider civilization. (World Religions Rogers, k 2001:37). Siddhartha Gautama was one of person’s remarkable populace. History tells us that he was natural the son of a ruler in Northern India about 2,500 years ago. His near the beginning life was one of lavishness and freedom. He lived in fantastic palaces, enjoying the most excellent food, clothes and entertainments. The good existence however, was not sufficient for Gautama; he required to know come again? The rest of the earth was like. So he begins to off in his chariot to visit the rural community near his fortress. What he establishes there was li