ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
American nationhood refers to the way people in America are united in various activities to an extent of even having a common government; which resulted in the formation of the United States of America. More precisely American nationhood refers to the national cohesion and unity among the Americans and how they are brought together by the things they share and have in common. There are various items, documents, artifacts or people which have led to the development of this nationhood among the Americans. Generally the development of the nationhood was contributed by these items, documents, artifacts or people;. which in one way or another helped the development and the strengthening of this unity among the Americans (Gephardt, 1984). First, religion was one of the major factors that initiated the development of nationhood in America. Initially, the diversity of religions among the Americans led to the diversity in lifestyles among various religions in America. This is because various people from different parts of America adopted various religious institutions, which resulted into the lack of unity among the residents of America. More specifically, the development of a common religion in America as a result of the civilization of European countries led to the development of Christianity which up to now remains one of the main abiding factors in America. The study of religion was very important in the sense that it formed the basis for civilization in America (Graebnor, 1978). The civil war era is also another event that led to the development of nationhood in America. In the 19 th century the southern and the northern white Americans had to come back to the reconciliation of their fundamental differences in the governmental organization, and the economic status of the country. More importantly was that theses two regions resolved to come together so as to restructure the reincarn
Introduction Gender issues have caused great controversies across many societies in the world. For instance, great controversy surrounds issues of inequality between the two genders, social and economic roles of the two, as well as the freedom enjoyed by the two genders. For centuries, females were considered to be frail and males were dominant. The biological make-up of women and the cultural perception by the society has contributed to this position of women in the society. As a result, women have constantly engaged in protests in order to get the rights equal to those of men. This article analyzes a book by Ariel Levy, the Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. Levy’s book examines how the raunch culture was introduced in the society under the pretext of feminism. Further, this article discusses the influence of the raunch culture on women. Overall, it seeks to establish how the raunch culture relates to feminism. Raunch feminism This term refers to an over-sexualized culture that objectifies women and encourages them to objectify themselves in the belief that they are advocating for empowerment. According to the raunch culture, women should look sexually appealing in public. This culture advocates for things like wet T-shirt contests, pole dancing, and wearing clothes that expose an individual’s body (Tamar, 2010). This culture has promoted the rise of sexuality and pornography in the society. This culture has spread fast because of the media promoting products that exploit women such as pornographic videos, provocative clothes, make-up kits, and novels among others. Unfortunately, women have embraced this culture. They continue to strive in order to acquire these products. Levy coined this term to address the current situation in the United States. In her book, she shows how women are purchasing commercialized ideas at the expense of their personal needs and desires. Raunch culture suggests that women’s definitive expression of their empowerment is their sexuality. Arguments made for raunch culture as a type of feminism Feminism should help women feel accepted and accommodated in the society. Many feminists strive to become the best in all respects. Clearly, women feel integrated when they are the best. Since women are physically attractive, they should strive to look good on the outside. In addition, women should have the freedom to express their feelings. Raunch culture is about sex appeal and advocates for women to express their sexuality comfortably. Therefore, wom
Introduction On 12 June 2005, one of the most outstanding people of our times Steve Jobs addressed the Stanford University graduates with these important words: “No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share.” (Stanford Commencement Address). Yes, death is one of the saddest things in people’s life. No one can stand in the way of death when it comes and knocks persistently on one’s door. However, in the poem Death be not Proud , John Donne’s somber narration describes death as a temporary sleep; and Emily Dickinson’s poem, Because I Could Not Stop for Death , describes a journey symbolically in the company of death to the final little house swelling off the red earth, thus introducing the idea of something more ahead, some nice future after death. So the question is, death – is it the end? Main body Most people, if not all, would want to live again if they could do so with restored health and vigor in a world where peace prevails. Humans are unlike animals, we cannot accept the idea that after a death we are simply gone nowhere. This is the idea the two poets bring to the minds of their readers. In their poems, they share an opinion of death as a temporary stage of transition into the world of immortality (Ruth 205). Emily Dickinson asserts, “Because I could not stop for Death …The carriage held but just ourselves, and immortality” (190). Donne believes that “And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die” (Donne 108). Death is a short temporary sleep that will strike its victims and reward them with eternal life. Sleep will cease from life acquiring an immortal body. Everybody will wake up “updated” than one slept in a four-corner mound of earth (O’hara 166). Donne’s poem presents a proactive view of the unknown life after physical death as an interesting concept linking together happiness and immortality. Interestingly, sickness, hunger, war, and fear of harm are absent in life after death according to Donne. Reflectively, death is simply the right of passage into another form of living as numerous religious inclinations often believe. A conclusion can be made that Donne and Dickinson share the same views on death as being temporary, though an unfair experience. The poets support their logic that death simply cannot be a fair ending for people, that it is rather a new beginning. Dickinson describes the journey to a cemetery as an unfair experience. The victim has to separate from his/her loved ones. Death as a theme takes the form of an indiscriminative visitor. The mortal body then separates from the rest of the society, the surrounding world, and every possession. She narrates, “My labor, and my leisure too” (Dickinson 190). “We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun” (Dickinson 190). The lines of the poem, Death Be Not Proud , by John Donne, also present the poet’s critici
Introduction Sikhism/Hindu is an Indian religion that emerged in the United States of America in the early 19th century. Hindu can be typically referred to as Santana Dharma and as well as Vaidika Dharma. There was a very tough situation in India due to the British colonial power. This affected the financial systems and the economy, thus making many Indians to migrate. The Indians immigrated gradually to America where they have grown into big numbers. Many immigrated to avoid problems that prevailed in their nations, as others went to study and to live there. Some problems in their mother countries included poverty, poor economy, security issues, and medical issues. Despite the challenges they face from the hosts, the Sikhs/ Hindus have continued to live and with time have acquired recognition. This has also helped them to emerge into the bliss of great opportunities and advantages. This paper seeks to search the plight of Sikhs/ Hindus in the United States of America. Challenges faced by the Sikhs/ Hindus There are several challenges facing the Sikh and Hindu religions at large, which are either i
Introduction The collapses of such great civilizations as the Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca civilizations are discussed by many researchers as rather unexpected and influenced by a lot of different factors, including environmental and social changes along with the war conflicts. The stages of the development of the Mesoamerican civilization and of the Incas were rather similar. However, different factors led to the societies’ collapses. If the territories of the Aztec and the Inca civilizations were invaded by the Spaniards and that situation resulted in the civilizations’ decline, the causes for the Mayan civilization’s collapse are not determined clearly. Thus, changes in the climate, environments, social, trade, and political development can be discussed as significant factors to influence the great civilizations’ development and further decline. The Role of Environmental Changes and Ecological Stress in the Civilizations’ Collapse. The Case of the Mayan Civilization The Maya civilization developed during the period of 2000 B.C. – 250 A.D. The Maya population achieved significant results in developing mathematics, astronomy, and solar calendars. The accomplishments in science contributed to developing the effective seasonal planting (Demarest, 2004). However, such environmental and ecological changes as continuous droughts and hurricanes could lead to exhausting the farming lands and lack of nutrition for the Maya population. The Impact on the Aztec and Inca Civilizations The Aztec, living during the period of 1325 – 1523 A.D., were military tribes of hunters who could achieve the great development at the small territories. They were successful engineers, and the Aztec population developed the important irrigation system, but definite changes in climate could lead to weakening of the irrigation system’s work and the Aztec could become more vulnerable when the Spaniards came to invade these lands (Leon-Portilla, 2012). The ecological stress at the mountainous territories with great deserts could also influence the power of the Inca civilization at the face of the Spaniards’ threat (Thompson, 1999). The Impact of the Endemic Warfare on the Civilizations’ Decline. The Impact on the Mayan Civilization The Mayan civilization is the combination of many small kingdoms united by the same territory, culture, and religious beliefs (Hunt, 2005). Any military conflict between the kingdoms could lead to the decline of the whole civilization because of possible peasants’ revolts and struggles for the power. The Effects on the Aztec and Inca Civilizations If there was a risk of the endemic warfare for the Maya civilization, the Aztec and Inca civilizations became the victims of the wars with the Spaniards. The territories the Aztec civilization and their weapons were too small in comparison with the potential of the Spaniards
This way or another every piece of literary work is intended to reflect the society the characters are destined to live in. If we assume that human life exists by certain laws, one of the laws will concern the coexistence of men and women. The thing is that in the most general sense they cannot live without each other, their lives are in close interdependence. Men’s lives seem to be a context in which women’s lives exist and vice versa.  1. In the current paper we will observe this interdependence by the example of the female characters from the two works, namely, Daisy Miller from Henry James’s novella Daisy Miller (written in 1877) and Judy Jones from F. Scott Fitzgerald ’s short story Winter Dreams (1922). The paper will focus on the comparison of Daisy and Judy, we will seek differences and similarities in the ways they are represented with the special attention paid to the men’s reaction to both female characters.  2. The first thing that comes to our mind is that in both works under consideration one can hardly define the main character: in James’s novella, one can hesitate between Daisy and Winterbourne, in Winter Dreams it is Dexter and Judy who pretend to be called the protagonist. Despite the lack of an obvious answer to the question of the main character, in both works, the women can be considered as determining factors of the plot’s development.  3. Daisy Miller reveals the theme of Americans abroad through portraying the courtship of the American girl by her compatriot Winterbourne which takes place in the European settings. The girls’ flirtatiousness prevents the young people from being happy together.  4. Daisy Miller is a wealthy, young, “pretty American girl” who travels with her mother and younger brother around Europe. The first descriptions of hers that the reader is given are as follows: “charming complexion”, “eyes were singularly honest and fresh”, she “was a coquette”, “she had a spirit of her own; but in her bright, sweet, superficial little visage there was no mockery, no irony” (James 5). The name of the character seems to be very symbolic; it means a flower in full bloom. But this is where another law of life comes in force: most flowers die in winter. The same happens to Daisy as she catches the Roman Fever and dies soon after.  5. Still, the characters like Daisy seem to be immortal, they share their energy and desire to live with everyone, making him or she remember her liveliness and uniqueness. The immortality of this character is also predetermined by the fact that the girl stands to represent the whole country she has come from. It seems that by all her conduct Daisy wanted to prove Winterbourne’s remark that “American girls are the best girls” (James 5) The mixture of traits that she possesses gives the general impression of an average American: on the one hand, Daisy is fresh, ingenious, spirited, innocent and independent, on the other, she is shallow, ignorant and provincial, unaware of social distinctions a
Introduction Vicarious liability holds that the legal responsibility for the misdeeds of a wrongdoer should be borne by another person who is the employer in this report. The traditional foundation of vicarious liability arose where corporate agents or employees committed a tort within the scope of their employment. The common law requires that the employers be held vicariously liable for crimes committed by their employees. For instance, considering a police officer who deliberately shoots an innocent civilian in the line of duty, the development of vicarious liability requires the government (the employer of the police officer) to bear the compensation cost. The common law provides that it is fair that the risk of the officer’s activity should be assigned to the employer (Chamallas 1315). The rationale for the vicarious liability lies in the contractual relationship that binds the employee and employer. The orthodox premise of the vicarious liability test was underpinned by two conditions. Firstly, the wrongdoer and the defendant had to be in an employment relationship. Secondly, it was required that the committed tort should fall within the scope of the occupation. These two limbs of the vicarious doctrines have changed in the modern times as justifications have been expanded to include situations outside the scope of the employment. This paper presents the justifications of the vicarious liability as applied in the contemporary world. Defining Vicarious Liability Vicarious liability is the accountability attached to a person or organization following the commitment of a tort. The person who commits the tort is referred to as tortfeasor while the one held responsible for the act is the defendant (Anselmi 45). The main thrusts for vicarious liability encompass three basic elements namely a tortious act by another person mainly an employee, a relationship between the tortfeasor and defendant, and a connection between the tortious act and that relationship. For wrongdoers to be regarded as employees, the vicarious liability requires that they have to satisfy three conditions. There must be an agreement between the employer and subordinate on the provision of skills in return for a reward in the form of wages or other forms. Also, there should be a degree of control exercised by the employer in the provision of skills by the employee (Cave 635). Finally, other terms of the contractual relationship must be consistent with its services. Vicarious liability was conventionally used only when the torts committed fell within the occupation scope. In the light of this knowledge, if a wrongdoing happens outside the scope of the employment, the tortfeasor takes a personal liability. Similarly, if the tort was committed in line with the employer’s authorization, the liability was born by the defendant. This case also occurs when the employee implements the authorization wrongfully. The latter scenario was exemplified by a case whereby an employee neglected an express prohibition in the Limpus versus the London General Omnibus Company 1862. This case was about bus drivers who were involved in a competitive ‘driving and ra
Introduction An Intrusion detection system referred to as IDS may be software and/or hardware installed to identify unauthorized efforts of gaining access, controlling, and/or immobilizing computer systems, primarily by means of networked services, like the Internet. These efforts may manifest in the shape of network attacks, malware, and/or discontented workers. The IDS is mainly used to identify various forms of malicious activities that can jeopardize the security of a networked computer system. This involves the detection of attacks against susceptible services; data-based application anomalies, host-driven attacks such as privileges upgrades, illegitimate access to confidential data, and malware such as Viruses, Trojans, and Worms. (Dollard, 2006) With extensive diffusion into the industry and integration of IDS systems, it is plainly evident that IDS constitute an integral component of the organizational infrastructure. The requirement for such systems is accentuated by a simple premise in the field of network security: defense-in-depth. It is a layered mechanism of defending the organizational information system and communications framework against malicious assaults and illegitimate access to confidential data and information. This technique entails compound, overlapping structures that facilitate organizations to prevent, identify and counter suspected interferences with network-based services. In this document, the IDS policy relevant to the organizational requirements of Gem Infosys is formulated following a logical evaluation of the scenario . Discussion Appreciating the necessity for IDS security, and consequently formulating an IDS policy that is aligned with the organizational requirements are significant steps in the pursuit of developing an effective overall information security framework. Nevertheless, these measures constitute just the preliminary phases of a comprehensive IDS implementation procedure. After procuring an adequate IDS structure, an organization should suitably and resourcefully deploy it across all organizational levels. (Fletcher, 2009) For the effective deployment of suitable IDS in Gem Infosys the following components are paid particular attention in the IDS policy:   * Incident response guidelines   * Staffing   * Configuration   * Training   * Updating signatures Incident response guidelines: The IDS facilitate the detection of security incidents and, identification of intruders. The organization may choose to file lawsuits, seek consultation, counter the intrusion attempt, disregard the intrusion or embark on different measures, based on the severity of the security breach. The incident response guidelines would assist the management to formulate an effective company response in such cases. Staffing: The IDS is expected to produce relevant information about the network used within the organization. This requires consequent assessment of the produced data. The services of a qualified network ana
For many years, music has been associated with positive impacts on human beings vis-a-vis reducing stress levels. Specifically, many studies have established that music could be utilised to alleviate anxiety and reduce heart rate in contexts that are exemplified by clinical laboratory events (Brattico et al. 2003; Sokhadze 2007). Nowadays, clinicians use songs to help patients to cope with pain that is associated with some medical procedures. Some studies have also correlated the use of melodies with elimination of clinical symptoms that typify some disorders, for example, epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease (Nilsson 2008; Sokhadze 2007). However, some scientists are controversial with regard to the health benefits of songs, such as stress reduction. Due to the controversy, some studies have been conducted to evaluate the benefits of melodies in relation to helping patients with dementia. It is worth noting that several methodological weaknesses have been identified (Sokhadze 2007). It is evident that better research designs would be required to help scholars to evaluate and decipher the effects of songs on human behaviour. In fact, such studies would focus on understanding both physiological and psychological impacts of music (Brattico et al. 2003). Many researchers have attempted to correlate physiological effects with melodies. For example, it is known that “affective visual and auditory stimulation could be linked to music” (Sokhadze 2007, p. 37). Stimuli that are intended to result in visual and audio effects have been shown to cause changes that are detectable by CNS and ANS. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate physiological changes that exemplify both CNS and ANS when both audio and visual mechanisms of the body are initiated. On the contrary, many scholars have concentrated on understanding either ANS or CNS mechanisms with regard to music (Sokhadze 2007). That notwithstanding, it is essential to note that emotional reactions that are linked to the functions of affective pictures have been studied widely. Generally, specific physiological measures, such as brain activity parameters, and duo dimensions of feelings have been correlated (Sokhadze 2007). Inconsistent results have also been reported in relation to cardiovascular responses to melodies. In fact, it could be concluded that most of the inconsistencies could be caused by methodological variations that happen during music selection. For example, Knight and Richard (2001) note that blood pressure could be reduced when people listen to sedative music. The relationship between melodies and the activities of the cortical region of the brain has been reported (Brattico et al. 2003). Brattico and colleagues (2003) argue that songs can cause calming and stimulating effects on the brain, which results from the extent to which the cortical region is activated by music stimuli. A study Sokhadze (2007) showed tha