ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ and ‘Mother Savage’ are two short stories depicting Vengeance as expressed in the perceptions of the writers; Roald Dahl and Guy De Maupassant respectively. Both stories reflect aspects of human cruelty, perversity, and violence displayed by female characters. Lamb to the Slaughter published in 1953, tells the story of Mary Maloney, who deliberately clubs her detective husband Patrick to death, after he had revealed to her his plan to abandon her. ‘Mother Savage’ on the other hand, tells the story of a widowed woman who is driven by her son’s death in war to kill four Prussian soldiers she had been quartering. To express the character of the woman, Guy observes her to be “made of a stuff similar to that of the men from the country side- a hardy old” (12).This paper offers a brief analysis of appeal of logos as expressed in Dahl’s ‘Lamb to the Slaughter.’ A perfect appeal of logos in Roald Dahl’s ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’ is well expressed by Mary Maloney in her persuasive way to stay out of guilty. Having killed her husband, Mrs. Maloney takes her time to rehearse several times in front of her bedroom mirror on how to come up with a smart impression that will never raise any doubts about what she had just done. This is before she went out to pick some items from the grocery, to create an alibi by making the grocery owner believe that everything was fine. “Patrick’s said he’s a bit exhausted and doesn’t want to go out tonight, and he’s caught me having no vegetables tonight” (Dahl 5). In all this while, Mrs. Maloney appeared normal and her unusual happiness would not pass as a gesture of suspicion to Sam. The power of reasoning applied in this setting is finally seen when the detectives investigating her husband’s death approach the grocer for questioning. Coming out clear from the observation of the grocer, “The lady had acted normal and a bit cheerful and there was no doubt that she was going to give her husband a wonderful supper” (Dahl 16). This assurance by the grocer had removed any doubts which the detectives would be having about Mrs. Maloney. Through this intelligent logical approach, Mary Maloney succeeds in confusing the detectives’ further attempts to establish the circ
Security vulnerabilities in software result from defects or bugs that occur within the system. These defects lead to failure to meet the operational requirements and errors in the operational requirements. An example of a defect is the coding error. Coding error is attributed to errors in the timing and, errors in validation of input data. Security problems may arise when software requirements are improper. According to (Hamill, & Goseva, 2009) failures are behaviors of components in the system while faults are conditions in the system. As such, not every fault corresponds to failure. The software may perform as required if the conditions that would breed failures will not be met. The fact that the component is faulty does not render the results vulnerable. The requirement may not be successful in dealing with some system states and unwanted behavior may show up. This is a problem that has resulted from failure of the system, in the engineering processes which allocate the requirements of the system. As such the vulnerability becomes faulty. Computer architecture covers all parts of a computer system necessary for it to function, including the operating system, memory chips, circuits, buses, networking components and security components. (Hennessy, & Patterson , 2006) portray that the interrelationships of all of these parts is quite complex, and making them work together in a secure manner is complex. Security architecture differs from computer architecture in its strategies and methodologies. Security architecture has strategies which are intended to prevent undesired behavior in the system while computer architecture has strategies which are aimed at enabling wanted behavior. Security archite
Vindication of the Rights of Women is written by a British Feminist Mary Wollstonecraft in the 18 th century, and contribute significantly to feminist philosophy. The author emphasizes on feminism and the significance of intellect in the pursuit of women to become strong in physically and psychologically. She responds to political as well as educational theorists who suppressed the rights of women in the 18 th century. She points out that weakness which is portrayed in being sentimental, choosy and being susceptible is not the way out for women rather, they have to acquire education and cultivate their rightful position. She tries to transform the view towards women in the society as she states that “ These pretty nothings, these caricatures of the real beauty of sensibility, dropping glibly from the tongue, vitiate the taste, and create a kind of sickly delicacy that turns away from simple unadorned truth; and a deluge of false sentiments and over-stretched feelings, stifling the natural emotions of the heart, render the domestic pleasures insipid, that ought to sweeten the exercise of those severe duties, which educate a rational and immortal being for a nobler field of action” (Wollstonecraft 15). From the book, it is clear that the author maintains a clear motive that women have equal rights as men in the society by being companions to men other than being viewed as ornaments, marriage property. At the time, the book would have a significant effect on the culture in the sense that it addressed an important issue of feminism after the French Revolution having triggered heated debates in Britain. It was a time when the society had denied women their natural rights which were supposed to be free as having originated from a free giver who is God. In addition, the society had emasculated men and related women to emotions, susceptibility and sensibility. The late 18 th century society viewed women as being unable to have a clear thinking due to their susceptibility to emotions. However, According to Wollstonecraft, women’s education would alleviate their contribution by thinking rationally if and only if they acquired education aided by men (Wollstonecraft 30). Education came in handy as a door opener for women to have their rightful positions which would not only transform their lives significantly and add value to them but also contribute to civilization. In deed, education has helped women to gain equality and continues to equip them with leadership qualities. Wollstonecraft warns women against succumbing to feelings which degrade their wellbeing hindering them from having rational thinking which in turn harm
Introduction Currently HIV and AIDS, is the world’s worst pandemic. It is responsible for deaths of millions of people weekly around the world. Efforts have been made to contain the pandemic but in vain, and that is why researchers are concentrating on the social determinants of health in the context of HIV/AIDS. This is in their bid to try lessening the severity of the disease. Therefore, this paper intends to highlight on the social determinants of health in regard to HIV/AIDS. Main body The social determinants of health in regard to HIV/ AIDS are embodied in education (how ignorance impacts on the spread); poverty (how the lack of basic necessities can influence prostitution); the availability of basic medical services that help in reducing severity; gender aspects in some societies; availability of hospitals and institutions offering medical services; nongovernmental organization that help in impact reduction, social amenities and structural interventions. The issue of social determinants of health cannot be completed without the mention of structural interventions. As shown by Blankenship et al (2006), “structural interventions refer to public health interventions promoting health by altering the structural context within which health is produced and reproduced”. As an intervention, this aspect has only of late received attention in regard to the pandemic. It includes “community mobilization, integration of HIV services, contingent funding and educational and economic interventions” (Blankenship et al, 2006). The above aspects include a mixture of actions which encompass the creation of awareness, identification of the challenges to prevention measures; emphasis on prevention measures rather than treatment, VCT services and anti-retroviral therapy medication; funding aimed at boosting prevention measures and the boost of economic aspects together with educational interventions (aimed at teaching people on the pandemic and boosting peoples economic status to avoid social ills such as prostitution). Prevention and control, is another aspect that is deeply rooted in the social determinants of health. This is aimed at curbing all diseases associated with the pandemic in the society i.e. TB and malaria. “Most cities in the world are poorly equipped to handle the ecological and social pressures brought on by the rapid urban population increase and its attendant consequences” (Annette et al, 2007). Circumstances related to the mentioned diseases are the likes of mobility, overcrowding, and inefficient regulatory interventions do inhibit social interventions. As stated by Luginaah, Yiridoe & Taabazuing (2005), regardless of the increase in knowledge on the pandemic, research has shown that nations having high prevalence speed have limited behavior changes. This is due to voluntary testing and nongovernmental intervention. This has become a very important shot in the arm aimed at combating the disease. Mc Donald & Roberts (2006) on their part assert that “whenever the epidemic strikes i
Introduction The role that data plays in informing important decision-making processes can never be underestimated. Many program managers in different fields, including healthcare, often refer to their databases to inform critical decision-making in addition to facilitating effective program management (Bandy, Burkhauser, & Metz, 2009, para. 1). Within the healthcare context, the decisions made through such data are essential if services are to be delivered cost-effectively. Indeed, many health institutions around the world are increasingly investing in information and communication technology to consolidate their databases to improve service delivery (Pelletier & Diers, 2004, p 1). This paper aims at using All Saints Hospital, Capricornia, to show how healthcare data can be invariably used in important decision-making processes. Pros and Cons of Funding on a Flat Rate compared to funding on DRG Basis According to Shaman et al (1994), health facilities must aim at achieving high-quality healthcare at the least possible expense if they are to maximize cost-effectiveness (p. 52). To achieve this objective, hospital funding agencies are leaning more towards the outcome-based model that funds hospitals for what they do (Cheah & Chee, 1999, para. 2). In Australia, payment for hospitals in the private sector is mainly done through a combination of per diem and case-mix-based approaches such as the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRGs). Both systems have their advantages and disadvantages (Reynolds, 2008, p. 27; Courtney & Briggs, 2004, p. 10). The per diem rate is advantageous as it gives health facilities the leeway to consider and calculate all the costs based on individual treatment procedures. Unlike DRGs, the per day funding rate sufficiently accounts for disparities in therapeutic philosophies, necessitating health managers to take a more detailed approach while calculating the level of funding needed for each patient based on the national bed day cost (Reynolds, 2008, p. 56). In healthcare facilities with specialized needs, DRGs are often accused of taking a simplistic view of disparities in patients’ needs, including the complexity of illness and co-morbidities (Cheah & Chee, 1999, para. 11). While the DRG model is good at assisting clinicians and managers track the actual cost of providing healthcare to clusters of patients with analogous diagnostic characteristics, it may prove disadvantageous to some health facilities if the level of funding is tied to the national average bed day cost (Ferguson, 2004, p. 324). Factors such as a high elderly population often occasion the costs to “blow out beyond the national or state determined costs weights” (Reynolds, 2008, p.27). Such a scenario may occasion financial difficulties as witnessed in All Saints hospital since the health facilities use much more resources than they get from the funding agencies. The flat per diem rate can act to remedy the situation in such circumstances. However, the per diem rate fails to provide a framework for motivating health personnel to treat more patien
One of the most vivid and memorable events in the Korean culture, the Korean Festival in Houston makes one dive into the Korean culture and understand the essence of the Korean dances. Although the process of globalization shapes the Korean culture a lot, the dance tradition manages to remain the same, with only a few elements borrowed from the Western style. The Korean Festival in Houston is a perfect reason to analyze the impact of the Western culture on the Korean dance, considering such essential factors as gender, modernity, empire, environmental concerns and globalization, much closer than ever. The first thing that comes to one’s mind when watching the 2012 Houston concert (ArirangDanceGroup, 2012 Houston Festival) is that it is completely unique, which seems incredible, given that the event takes place in the heart of America. Indeed, how can a group of people so detached from its native land set such typically Korean performance? The answer is, however, rather simple. Culture is far not as fragile as people think it is, and it takes much more conscious effort to make to disintegrate; in the case with the Koreans in the USA, migration is an obvious obstacle, yet this obstacle is rather easy to overcome. As Appadurai explains, “The story of mass migration (voluntary and forced) is hardly a new feature of human history” (Appadurai 4); thus, national culture must have become quite immune to the outer impact (Salih). Hence, the fear that the process of globalization is likely to kill the national culture and that “genuine humanism can degenerate into jingoism and false patriotism” (Said xxi) is less than reasonable – once there are at least a few people who can relate to a certain culture, it will never die, which the concert certifies. On the one hand, living in a foreign country does make the culture more vulnerable to the impact of globalization. As Mahfouz explains, the introduction of a more influential culture affects the inferior one in the most negative way “Everything has changed!” (Mahfouz 3). However, such events as the Farmer’s Dance (ArirangDanceGroup) claim the opposite. Their authenticity does not leave any shadow of the doubt that Korean culture can survive even on the American continent. Spawning from the issue of national identity raised in the paragraph above, the idea of empire and its gradual decay can also be traced in the elements of the concert. On the one hand, the concert makes it obvious that Korea has established its own culture against all the odds and the influence of the American culture; on the other hand, it is still clear that, unlike elements of culture, the principles of community structure are not going to stay within the American diaspora for too long. As Said explains, Every single empire in its official discourse has said that it is not like all the others, that its circumstances are special, that it has a mission to enlighten, civilize, bring order and democracy, and that it uses force only as a last resort. (xvi) Herein lies the fallacy of each empire. Relying on its own uniqueness, it falls apart once its people are ou
Aim of the project The main aim of this project is the development of IP telephony as a means of communication in the Qatar Ports Management Company (QPMC). IP telephony is a mode of communication which is employed by companies in the enhancement of mobility and flexibility in that communication within and without the building is made possible and hassle free. When this project is implemented, the company will have the advantage of a reduced cost in communication and have an added security considering that IP telephony is a concept that enhances privacy (Schulzrinne 1997; Pan and Schulzrinne, 1997) (b). Project objectives The IP telephony technology will provide additional data and voice security to the company as all voice movement will be closely monitored with ease. This will result from the sense that the employees will be suited with specially configured departmental phones. The quality of the voice in the company will be improved greatly. (Rosenberg and Schulzrinne, 1998) Other features which are targeted are instant messaging systems in all lines and the use of VoIP. (Schulzrinne 1997) (a). On completion of the project, it will be fully documented and all the workers provided with copies of user guides which will enhance some smooth transition into the new system (Andersson et al 2006; Schulzrinne, 1997 (b)). Primary research The existing problem within the organization is closely linked with the absence of the effective communication tool for the team, and the absence of opportunity to make long distance calls. In fact, the offered project of IP telephony network creation will be used for resolving the existing communication problem and providing an opportunity for the team to have the properly adjusted connection. The problems that have been found at the current stage are as follows:   * Existing PSTN networks are not able to realize the required functionality, and do not provide the required security level.   * VoIP provides the opportunity to add more than one call within the frames of the only high speed connection. Hence, it may be useful for decreasing the informational load of the office in general, and adjust a better connection within the organization (for making internal calls)   * Conference call, call diverts, automatic redial, number identification are the opportunities that are cheaper (or even free), and of higher quality over the IP network. While the costs for phone calls are unreasonably high in the PSTN networks   * PSTN networks are less safe, and digitization is more reliable in VoIP networks   * The company needs to get additional information such as whether a subscriber is available for a call. Moreover, conference integrations are often required, while traditional networks are not able to provide such a service. Secondary research A lot and in depth research was done on the implications, benefits, disadvantages and cost of the system. This helped in the ensuring of the feasibility of the project. When IP telephony is used in an organization, some benefits that come with it is the use of the voi
“The Problem of Social Cost” by Ronald Summary Coase (1960) main focus in this article includes the reasons why some externalities are internalized (p.1-44). These externalities include rights, expenses, and reserve allocation. He utilizes Pigou’s method in finances to illustrate his ideas. That is, if factory contamination causes $50 in damage annually, then tax it $50 until the factory fixes it. Besides, if installing a scrubber costs $40, it implies that the company will fix one and end the taxation. He points out that if X (the factory) hurts Y (the community), then forcing X to compensate Y permits Y to hurt X. He asserts that this approach is not socially proficient. Coase argues that it would be more efficient (but not impartial) for the entire system if it would cost $30 for the community to relocate. In this situation, he assumes that there are no transaction costs. However, he also focuses on transaction costs involved in settling the social costs and allocation of property rights. Coase (1960) also brings out the issue of non-coercive solutions (p.1-44). He illustrates this by using a correlation between a rancher practicing the activity and a farmer. He argues that if humans existed in a domain that did not involve transaction costs, they would negotiate with others to yield maximum efficiency in the distribution of resources (Coase 1-44). Analysis and conclusion From the book, if Coase’s argument is to be considered in resolving social costs, then the aspect of rights has to be put into consideration. That is if the rights are allocated, and the transaction costs are missing, then the externalities need to be internalized. For example, side compensation appears in the aforementioned illustration. This requires the negotiation of the property rights considering that the transaction costs for doing so do not exist. I agree with Coase on the importance of price in dealing with the externality cost. When transaction costs are involved in settling the social costs, the issue of property rights is bound to arise, with price eventually being a center of focus just like Coase suggests. I also agree with the view that the parties will have to look at the available options. In my view, one may opt to bargain without transaction costs. One may use legal processes to assert the right. In concurring with Coase, one may choose to internalize through merging X and Y into one entity. Any rise in the transaction costs means that one party may find it difficult to internalize the externalities alone. A rise in the transaction costs implies that one must incline towards greater stages of centralization to effectively handle externalities. I observe that Coase fails to appreciate the real-life situations where no bargains can be made without costs. In situatio