ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Among the numerous meanings of panspermia is free roaming of seeds. Scientifically, it is the roaming of life baring forms contained in debris of universe bodies such as comets. Panspermia hypothesis states that the life forms are transferred to various universe bodies through meteorites, comets and asteroids. Various theories of panspermia claim that life on earth originated from seeds of life reaching our planet from space either on meteorites or as spores pushed by solar radiation (Impey, 2010) This hypothesis as first proposed by Svante Arrhenius who suggested that living microorganisms in a dehydrated state could have been driven here by the pressure of light from the star of another planetary system (Zubay, 2000) They include Ballistic panspermia suggesting that impact between the roaming bodies expelled rocks from a planet’s surface serving as transfer avenues for spreading dormant biological material from one planet to another within a similar solar system. A second variation Lithopanspermia involves expelling of materials from one solar system to another. The only difference from the first one is the area of transfer. A third variation of the hypothesis, directed panspermia, suggests that there was intentional spreading of the free roaming material of life from planet earth to another through advanced extraterrestrial civilization. In this third case, humans were the sole transfer agents. This hypothesis, however does not detail the evolution concept and only touches on the origin of life on planet earth and transfer of life throughout the universe. It should be noted that these processes are time bound. In this regard, panspermia hypothesis still holds but due to the
Introduction Paul Jackson Pollock born 1912, died 1956, was an American abstract painter who practiced the ‘Action Painting’ technique. This was a new technique that very few painters of his era practiced. In this technique of painting, paint of different colors and materials, including industrial and house coating paints, is splashed, dripped, smeared and dribbled on a canvas. The mass of paint is then formed into different layers using knives, brush, fingers, sticks, trowels and other items. Jackson Pollock mastered this technique and while such paintings look like a mess of colors, careful inspection reveals that the paintings have very intricate patterns that put a living form for the painting. One of his best known paintings was ‘Convergence’ created around 1952 (Harrison, 2007). An image of the painting is given below. Figure 1. ‘Convergence by Jackson Pollock – 1952 (Harrison, 2006). Naifeh’s opinion Naifeh (1989) has pointed out that Jackson’s paintings to a great extent reveal the turmoil he inflicted on himself and t depression bouts that he went through. He had also taken up to drinking and had alcohol related problems. The paintings bring appear chaotic at the first glance, but closer inspection revels very fine details that symbolize the struggle of the artists spirit when bogged down in a mire of life. The painting reveals the struggle that a human spirit is undergoing as it gets caught in a morass. The white splashes can be regarded as spirits that are liberated from the black morass, the red splashes can be regarded as the spirits that have been blooded as they struggle against life forces. Technique that Jackson used Naifeh (1989) has suggested that the technique that Jackson used was not random splashes of color, which even a monkey can do. According to the author, the artist direct paint and made it drip by using tubes and cans of paint. The act of carefully monitoring and guiding the drips is as skilled as the act of painting by using a fine brush. When Jackson was actually painting, all his actions were done by his sub conscious and he would go in a trance like state as the painting came up. The canvas were spread on the floor and Jackson would be painting from all the four sides, sometimes using multiple layers. Writing further, Naifeh comments that the paintings reveal hidden fractals that are higher form of fractions and used in advanced mathematics. There have been suggestions that Jackson was attempting to define the Chaos Theory, ten years before the theory was proposed. Harrison (2007) suggests that Jackson was totally consummated by his paintings and she speaks of tragedies such as his bouts of alcoholism, the estrangement with his wife, the i
Introduction In the recent past, there has been an increased shift in investments. Most potential investors perceive the securities market as an optimal investment destination. This is because there are diverse options that are available to the investors enabling them to maximize their wealth. Despite this shift, there is a great risk considering the volatility within the financial sector. Among the risks that are faced by this sector is the chance of occurrence of insider trading. Insider trading refers to the process by which a professional within the securities market engages in unethical conduct. This occurs through a process of buying and selling securities by breaching the fiduciary duty or other trust relationship. In this way, these dealers hoard important information from the public about the securities. This culminates in the prices of the securities being affected. Therefore the main objective of this discussion is to analyze how insider trading affects either positively or negatively enterprises. Ways in which insider dealing widens the bid-ask spread According to John, bid-ask spread refers to the difference between the highest price for a security or other financial instruments that an investor is willing to pay and the lowest price that the seller is willing to offer (1997). Brokers within the secondary market of the stock exchange usually make their gain by widening the bid-ask spread. This means that there is a high chance of these brokers engaging themselves with insider trading where there is no information asymmetry. This is because there is selective disclosure of reliable information. For instance, by considering a company there is a possibility of some individuals having access to superior information regarding the future performance of the organization. Using this information, these individuals can use the services of the brokers to trade on the companies securities. Depending on the performance of the listed firm within the securities market, these individuals can sell these securities if the information they have indicates that they will make a capital gain upon sale. If there is a perception that there will be a capital loss, they will not release the securities to be traded within the stock exchange market. This means that these individuals are using information related to the securities whereas it is not reflected in the current price of these securities. The first effect of using this information by the parties is that the market price will first respond by moving towards the best-estimated price of the securities, which improves the market pricing efficiency. This means that such individuals make a lot of profit by involving themselves in insider dealing. Insider trading results in the prices moving away
Introduction Blood diamonds or rubies are the main source of revenue, supportive tool of despotic rulers of Africa and dictatorial rulers of Burma. Approximately 90% of world‘s exporting diamonds and gemstones is organized by the tyrannical regime of Myanmar and military rulers have undertaken about $750 million dollars, having gigantic profiteering shares in world s’ highest quality gemstones marketplace since 1964. Main body The worldwide indignation against the repressive attitude of the generals of Myanmar has encouraged the EU to disallow the trading of Myanmar s’ gemstones, one of the major exporter of diamonds in the world. US government is also under pressure to tighten a loophole on the current US sanctions which let the trading of precious stones of Burma. But the trading of Myanmar‘s gems has been continuing in its neighboring country, Thailand which has direct business deals with military junta of Burma. The citizens of Burma have been exploiting under the pressure of despotic rulers who are involved in sales of precious gems to support their dictatorial government. As the military rulers never feel any hesitation to shoot the protestors or uprising movement of the Buddhist monks who protest against repression and exploitation of Burmese dictatorship. Myanmar’s generals have entire control over the exporting of diamonds since 1964 and they have been earning massive amount of income about $750 million. A large number of precious diamonds and gemstones are smuggled over the border into china and Thailand. China, Thailand, Canada, France, the U.S.A, and Italy are the main bidders of blood diamonds of Burma and they are importing the largest part of gemstones of Myanmar to their countries. Though many times some trade sanctions are imposed upon Myanmar gemstones due to its uprising movement of public against their rulers ‘s repressive attitude but there is no use of such restrictions as the exporters of gemstones in Myanmar are running their business boastfully in spite of all such international trade ban. The defense ministry or military officers rule over Burma s’ gemstone trade dominantly and all major countries including china, India, Thailand, Singapore, America, Canada and France are scooping up Burmese diamond exportation. The government’s Myanmar Gem Enterprise, Burmese Export Company has been developing its exporting business of gemstones with the ratio of 45% every year. The gem auctions are arranged by the military regime twice a year since 1964, having official hold on gem trade by Myanmar government. Blood Diamonds is a famous movie, depicting the repression, exploitation and brutal attitude of despotic rulers upon their common laymen by snatching away their precious asset without the proper payment to them. This film is a true representation of tyranny and greediness of dictatorial regime of developing countries where the rulers are exploiting the public by having entire hold over the precious asset of the country. The perfect solution of deterring such brutal and tyranic attitude of Burmese government is to convince the international marketers not to buy Burmese gems which support the fund-raising ca
Critical thinking and Decision-making Critical thinking is in most times confused with creative thinking or even thinking outside the box, which are different things altogether. Clemen (1991) defines critical thinking as “…the identification and evaluation of sources, processes and evidence given to assist in making informed decisions” (p.23). The sole reason of critical thinking is to make decisions that enable one to solve certain problems in a given circumstance. Fisher, Ury and Patton (1991) argue that critical thinking is a way of striving to achieve the highest possible level of reasoning and making judgments. Whatever the understanding is, critical thinking helps one make a good analysis of information, and using reason effectively to make sound judgment in certain situations (p.7). With the rapidly growing competition in the corporate world, managers who fail in critical thinking subsequently make wrong decisions and fail to solve problems and conflicts, which cost the organizations a lot. This can be in terms of reputation as well as in terms of profits. In order to be in the perfect position to make decisions, it is important to have a clear understanding of what decision-making is all about. Decision making can be defined as the process of clearly identifying hypotheses, rating the evidence that is provided as well as the possible outcome of actions or plans of action and keenly considering the relationship that may be in existence between the two(Glaser,1949, p.34). This results to the making of sound judgments that will have the least amount of risks compared to any other possible options. Decision-making may be required in such incidences as solving problems existing between employees and the organization, individual employees and the management of the organization or personal differences between the employees. Critical thinking and dispute resolution at the work place The responsibilities related to human resource management in corporations that are success-oriented require vesting on people who portray excellent critical thinking abilities. This is because such offices are important in that they hold the keys to either the success or the failure of the corporations. Decisions made in these offices can have either the best or the most catastrophic impacts on the overall operations of the organizations. For instance, in cases whereby there are problems between workers and the management, which may possibly result into a strike, it is important to reach a consensus, which favors both the management as well as the workers. This means forging a win-win situation for both the workers and the organization. Certain critical thinker’s characteristics should be evident in the personality seeking to broker the agreements. Rationality and open-mindedness are among the most imp
Qualitative Research Designs In an article by Johansen, Tavakoli, Bjelland and Lumley (2017), the authors used case study approach. They focused on understanding of the client’s and therapist’s experiences’ nature, how their relationships developed, and how the therapist approached the patient’s experience avoiding certain themes and shifting them in the process. Thus, the authors “chose a qualitative case study, using a constructivist and inductive approach to analyze a client’s and therapist’s experiences of an integrative, simultaneous treatment of BPD, complex trauma, and addiction” (p. 238). The study design was focused on gathering interview material as research data that was later analyzed to derive certain causality. The researchers pointed out that the patient involved in the study did not argue against taking part in the process, nor did the client insist on the results not being published. Thus, the central ethical issue of this case study was the patient’s ability to share their experience and be involved in the study in the first place. Since this was addressed by explicitly informing the patient about the process, the authors did not violate the patient’s privacy in any way. As stated by Yilmaz (2013), quantitative “explains phenomena according to numerical data which are analyzed using mathematically based methods, especially statistics” (311). Therefore, given the nature of the study, these methods may not be appropriate to contribute to the research design. However, quantitative methods would certainly help to establish individual causal links between the investigated phenomena. According to Flick (2014), one of the solutions of studying a complex phenomenon is “to take contextual conditions into account in complex quantitative research designs (e.g., multi-level analyses) and to understand complex models empirically and statistically” (15). Thus, this study may be viewed as sophisticated enough also to bring particular statistic factors into account. Quantitative methods, then, would allow the coverage to be expanded beyond just empirical measurements, which would certainly improve the case study in general. Understanding Workflow Design There are three main features of improving workflow in patient care. Those concepts are the work system, the processes, and the outcomes (“Toolkit Available for Assessing the Impact of Health Information Technology on Workflow in Provider Offices,” 2011). The work system is a description of a staff member’s ability to carry out their tasks using certain tools that their organization provides. Needless to say, that the optimization of the work system may significantly affect the outcomes of treatment. With the optimization the institution will achieve better results and, therefore, will receive better revenue and feedback from their customers. An example of improving the workflow in a health care organization may be found in research by Ho et al. (2014). The authors sta
The music industry in Canada has grown at a very high rate, with both men and women artists becoming very popular. Issues of race face the industry, such as when artists of African American descent could not win the Juno Rewards. For a long time, popular female artists have not been taken seriously as far as their performance in the music industry is concerned. Although Canada has had female music artists for a long time, nonetheless, many individuals did not associate women with music. Most of the music fans in Canada are more familiar with male artists because they have been used to attending their performances. When a female artist performed and won a reward in presence of other male artists, the female and the referees that announced the artist a winner would receive criticism. The fight against gender discrimination has been very strong and has yielded some better results where women artists have as many fans as men artists. The emergence of such popular artists as Celine Dion, Avril Lavinge, Sarah Mclachlan, Shania Twain, and K. D. Lang, amongst others, has led to the promotion of women in the music industry. Today, any artist, both male, and female can win any award without attracting much criticism. There was a belief that women could not produce certain types of music such as hip-hop. The first woman to participate in hip hop was seen as a joker as this was not recognized as a type of their music. This paper will seek to analyze women musicians and the way the perception of this bender in the music industry in Canada. The Juno Rewards In the organization of the Juno Rewards, the Talent Committee that used to select the performers was faced with difficulties when choosing those artists to perform in the occasion. In addition to choosing the talent of the artist, they had to look at the popularity of the artist because drawing the intention of many viewers was one of the objectives of these rewards. Selecting a female artist when most of the fans supported men performers could have been of no interest to the viewers. The viewers had to be satisfied with the show and this made it very impossible for the Talent Committee to select a female artist. This system not only blocked women from performing but also had adverse effects on the African Americans who were artists in Canada (Ira 1990). These were even hated by the fans in addition to being unpopular. Promotion of young and new artists in the ceremony became quite difficult as this would reduce the number of viewers on part of the Talent Committee. The media including the radio and the television also played those songs from artists that will attract many listeners (The Canadian Journal of Sociology 2006).
Introduction The unique position of the US President as the key decision-maker has opened up the opportunity to exert a broader and more targeted influence on the course and content of foreign policy development. The presidential foreign policy establishment is faced with the task of ideologically substantiating its strategy of international activities in the new environment. However, the president is involved in presenting a model of new world order and a global strategy for the long term. The study of the doctrinal aspects of US foreign policy in the areas of foreign policy making is all the more relevant. It is due to the vision, concepts, ways of implementing foreign policy guidelines, and the institutional base of the current system of international relations. It was proposed and developed by US foreign policy specialists, as well as interpretation US roles remain debatable. The president’s role in policy making is to ensure goal adherence and thorough execution. The recent Obama and Bush administrations are excellent illustrations of the presidential role in international relations. The basis of the US strategy is the doctrine of American foreign policy. It is manifested on the concept of neoconservatism, which can be expressed in the form of virtue and power 1 . The era of the 2000s, perhaps one of the most critical periods of American history, to a certain extent, rival the age of the formation of the US statehood. The events of September 11, 2001, sharply actualized the issue of national security and the terrorist threat. The policy integration was preceded by a large-scale preparation of public opinion, and an atmosphere of intense anticipation was created around the document. In addition, US foreign policy was highly regarded as a source of global unipolarity, which raised some concerns 2 . It was signed by the president to introduce to the US National Security Strategy, briefly outlining the main ideas of the document. Bush Administration The given presidential decisions caused a great resonance in society and received a positive assessment as a clear, far-sighted, and impressive response to the threats that America faces today. However, at the same time, it was criticized as a radical and disturbing retreat from the American foreign policy tradition. In the following months, senior foreign ministers, as well as the president, explained the administration’s approach in more detail. It included the possibility of preemptive strikes, taking prevent
A story is told of Henrietta Lacks, a poor, young American woman who learned that she had terminal cancer in the early 1950s; a narration usually portrayed as exploitation. Cells collected from her cancer biopsy were later cultured without her permission or knowledge to create a cell line known as HeLa. In the decades that followed, a study using these cells led to several medical advances. Although the interventions saved lives and made many people rich, the family of Ms. Lack never benefited. One of the lessons which comes out of this story is that human beings are behind all the biological samples used in the labs (Nature, para. 2). Much of the science today is on the subject of using human biological tissue of a certain kind. Those behind such samples usually have their feelings and thoughts about what should happen but are often not considered. The HeLa cells story and the circumstances which befell Henrietta have always been used to illustrate a racist scientist performing something malicious to a black woman. Even though it might not be accurate, the whole act was an injustice, and the real story is much more complicated and subtle. The HeLa cells have been a familiar topic for a long time, but the ethical controversy made the whole story well known. Had they just asked for her permission, she would have willingly allowed her cells to be used in the research. Unfortunately, they did not, and, therefore, the family should be compensated. A similar thing happened with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in 1932. Black men were recruited into the study and used as subjects to study syphilis (Clinfield, para. 3). These two studies have severely impacted the history of research practices. Out of these two studies, the harm caused when researchers pay little attention has openly come out. Such unethical clinical experiments cannot be done in current times because of the strong human rights activism. Works Cited Clinfield. “The Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.” Clinfield , 2019, Web. Nature. “Henrietta Lacks: Science Must Right a Historical Wrong.” Nature , 2020, Web.