ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Modern business environment dictates that organizations need to employ effective strategies in their operations for assurance of success, survival, and growth. There are many changes taking place in the environment in which organizations operate. Therefore, organizations need to take adapt to those changes and equip themselves well with adequate ‘tools’ to help such organizations win and realize growth. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) is a concept that has evolved to define modern organizations within perspectives of strategic planning. This research paper constitutes the goal of defining the concept, exploring it with regard to key stakeholders, and subsequently, assessing how SHRM goals can be evaluated effectively. Such information will be important especially to organizations in the process of working out their SHRM policies. There are increasing levels of uncertainty coupled with intensification of competition that have combined to force organizations to put more emphasis on developing key core competencies (Yuksel, 2011). The development of these key competencies is seen to aim at increasing the competitive advantage of organizations in the dynamic environments. Prahalad and Hamel (1994) observed that those organizations that possess unique and non-substitutable resources and competencies competitor organizations do not have, exhibit high chances of realizing sustainable advantage (cited in Yuksel, 2011). An organization’s competitive core competences and capabilities can be obtained from numerous sources. Such sources include possessing effective technology, enhancing organizational learning, and encouraging strategic flexibility and innovative capacity found among the human resources (Yuksel, 2011). As a result, it can be deduced that effective creation, organization, and leverage of knowledge throughout the organizations are becoming increasingly the main sources of competitive advantage in fast changing, information-driven economy. Boxall and Purcell (2003) contend that almost all organizations have strategies since it is the duty of organizations’ managers and employees to design and implement strategic choices for their organization to function on in achieving goals (Ojo, 2011). Known as strategic choices, organizations are forced to create and implement sustaining strategic choices that become vital in dealing with strategic problems and challenges within the organization. In this way, a strategy may be developed and implemented by a particular company either to maintain viability of the organization or to produce sustained advantaged within the organization in dealing with the external environment (Ojo, 2011). In creating these strategies, the aspect of hu
Introduction The system of global media is radical and more often than not does not respect anything that comes in its path to profitability. Notably, global media companies are politically reserved mainly because they benefit from the present social system in today’s world. Having fewer but giant media corporations may contribute to news coverage that is not aggressive. It is also argued that these global media companies are likely to reduce and control expression and information (Patrick, Evan H, 2001). The global media is highly dominated by a few super-powerful, U.S based companies. This system has been working mainly in advancing in the market globally as well as promoting commercial worth. These companies however demean journalism and any culture that does not promote the interests of the media corporation. The top five global media companies are as follows; (Third World Traveler, 2007).   * Time Warner   * Disney   * Bertelsmann   * Viacom   * News Corporation Time Warner Formally, the company was known as Warner Communications Inclusive and Time Inclusive. The company is based in New York City. This is the largest corporation in the media industry worldwide. The company was formed back in the year 1989 as a result of a merger between Warner communications and Time inclusive. Time Warner has been advancing to becoming a full global corporation. It has a total of 200 subsidiaries in the world. The company in the year 1996 was earning over two-thirds of its income from the US. This global media company expects that globalization will foster even more growth in revenue. Back in the year 2000, the Time Warner Company was bought by AOL at a price of US$ 164 billion. The companies merged into a brand new entity. The ownership of the new company was 55% owned by AOL and 45% by time Warner. The subsidiaries of this company are numerous. Just to mention a few, the subsidiaries include; CNN, Time Warner Cable, Cartoon Network Home Box Office among others. It has mainly operated in TV, Publishing, internet services, film, and telecommunications. Warner has specialized in global television since this is one of the most lucrative and potential areas in the media business. The company has been channeling its resources to programming, production, and channels instead of developing the whole satellite structure. The corporation is also rated among the largest owners of movie theatres world wide. Time Warner intends to strategically merge with TNT, CNN, and HBO International, (Robert W. C.1999). Disney This is the second-largest global media company in the world. It was founded way back in 1963 by Walt and Roy Disney. The headquarters are in California. In the year 1995 Disney progressed from its state as a leading global producer to become a fully inclusive giant in the media industry. This was by the purchasing of Capital Cities/ABC at a price of $19 billion. This went down in history as the largest acquisition ever. Today, Disney makes its income as follows; 31% is from broadcasting, 23% comes fro theme parks and 46% from merchandising, f
In practice the SOA is used to improve or enhance operations across different platforms. In line with this there is the option to use services to complete various tasks. This function is commonly referred to as the (ESB). The main role of the ESB is to enhance interoperability due to the fact that it integrates different platforms and programming languages (Josuttis 48). In this case there is a company interested in scheduling automatic bonus payments based on the monthly sales volume. For the construction of services that can increase or improve interoperability the company can make use of some popular software products such as BEA and Cape Clear (Infoworld 24). These approaches have been developed to ease the creation of services in a SOA. The Sierra Strategy developed by BEA is useful in that they are targeted at reducing the cost and complexity of service creation. Cape clear on the other hand has produced an SOA editor aimed at easing the development of services. For the purpose of this company Cape clear appeared to provide an appropriate solution to the task the company intends to include in its list of services. The company intends to automate the process of scheduling bonus payments. Cape clear was found to be useful in that this product contains wizards that can automate routine tasks (Infoworld 24). The other service that the company would like to include is a reporting system that allows for the use of data from all four systems at the same time. For this purpose the use of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) may be an apt solution. A lot of XBRL software available today is standalone where this means you must use several applications to complete a task as opposed to just one application (Hoffman, Watson and Watanabe 2009). Through the use of XBRL the enterprise will be able to improve its reporting capability and interoperability to allow all four systems to deliver reports without any significant changes to the system (Hoffman, Watson and Watanabe 2009). Due to an increase in pressure to integrate among enterprises using disparate systems several companies have begun to develop various ESB products. In this section of the report the discussion will introduce and recommend two such solutions. One such solution is known as Sonic ESB 5.0 which is based on standards such as XML and SOAP (Infoworld 34). Traditional software was connected via point to point links whereas ESB’s propose connections based on various SOA standards. This position allows or enhances interoperability between distributed and different platforms (Infoworld 34). This is because it allows for systems that provide essential operations to be incrementally added to the ESB. Another good ESB product is the system known as WASP produced by Systinet (Infoworld 38). This is a development framework that revolves around web services. The product is favorable because despite it being a commercial product it is also available to no charge thus providing small enterprises an opportunity to access the product (Nash 161).
Caterpillar Inc. is a leading global equipment manufacturer for the mining, oil and gas, construction, railway, and industrial industries. The company has three operating segments: the construction industry, the resource industry, energy, and transport. The first and last segments generate the largest revenue in the company’s consolidated revenue structure. Caterpillar Inc. also provides financial and related services through a number of subsidiaries. The company regularly conducts external audits and SWOT analysis to assess its effectiveness. These measurements help to identify the shortcomings of the organization in time and promptly eliminate them. I think these measurements are practical, and the firm’s successful work in the global market confirms this. The company’s organizational structure is guided by a board of directors and a global management team who work on overseeing the company’s actions, performance, and management policies. Caterpillar Inc., having suffered from the actions of competitors in the mid-1980s, reorganized in order to establish internal accountability relationships. Caterpillar’s Board of Directors presently has 11 associates (Lysak et al., 2020). This number allows one to diversify the experience without hindering practical discussion or reducing individual accountability. Previously, if something went wrong, the heads of departments blamed the managers of the central office for everything. The clear accountability provided by the new structure has forced people to look for solutions to problems rather than looking for the guilty. Accountable employees of the company work in various departments, factories, and testing sites. The company’s organizational structure is closer to the traditional rather than Holarctic. The company does not form autonomous groups and teams within divisions but centralizes management in the main office (Lysak et al., 2020). This helps the company to make global decisions and achieve their implementation effectively. It is also vital for an organization’s leadership team to be able to identify external and internal environmental factors. This is important
Receivers of messages can provide feedback in several ways. They can respond by communicating back to the sender verbally that they have received the message and that they shall act on it. Receivers can also provide feedback through non verbal communication like gestures. The receiver can acknowledge receipt of the message by nodding the head or immediately doing the action that is stated in the message. For instance, when a person says good morning and stretches the hand, the receiver of the message can simply provide feedback by shaking the hand stretched out to him/ her without saying a word. Feedback can also be given through simple gestures such as by smiling. When a girl is complimented by a man, it is appropriate for her to simply smile if she does not know how to react to the friendly gesture. Lastly, feedback can be given through written communication. This applies to instances where a medium is used to convey the message such as mobile phone or the internet. Hence, a receiver can respond to any kind of communicated message by replying an email or sms. Feedback has an effect on the message that is initially sent to the receiver. When the receiver gives feedback to the sender, this terminates the communication process. The aim of sending a message is usually so that it can be decoded for interpretation by the receiver (Lussier 365). The encoded message contains meaning which the receiver digests after conducting the decoding process. When feedback is given, this means that the encoded message was received. Feedback can reveal whether the message was interpreted wrongly or correctly. If the wrong interpretation occurred, then the sender of the message can change the format in which it was encoded. Correct interpretation of a message leads to termination of the communication process. The most important step in the communication process is encoding. This is because if the message is encoded wrongly, even effective decoding will not bring out the intended meaning. If encoding is not done correctly, it does not matter how many times the message is resent to the receiver since it will always be interpreted inappropriately. On the other hand, if encoding is done well and decoding done wrongly, this situation can be corrected if the message is resent and the receiver asked to be keen when decoding it. The encoding process can be improved if communication skills are improved especially by the sender. The sender ought to understand what he wants to put across to his audience before encoding the message. It is also crucial for the sender to understand the audience and how they perceive issues. This enables the sender to effectively carry out the encoding process so that the intended message will be passed across. The importance of the encoding process reveals the need for communication skills. Effective encoding enables employees to progress in their careers. Employees who cannot express themselves in a clear manner do not get to advance in the workplace. Proper communication which comes from effective encoding fosters understanding which is required in coordination. Effective encoding also prevents conflict si
In criminal justice system, there are heated debates about advantages and disadvantages of punishment and rehabilitation. Crime control policy in the 1990s stands in sharp contrast to that of the 1960s-1990s. Growing fear on the part of the public, the unsuccessfulness of the liberal programs of the previous two decades, and the conservative swing in political mood have produced a dramatic departure from a policy of improving the justice system and rehabilitating convicted offenders to concern about violent crime and attitudes that favor punitive policies. Federal, state, and local governments have reacted to public sentiment by passing legislation that provides for longer sentences for violent criminals, and legislative, executive, and judicial bodies are streamlining due-process rights to protect the innocent rather than the guilty. The aim of the paper is to evaluate and analyze benefits and drawbacks of punishment and rehabilitation using statistical data analysis, personal interviews and observations. Traditionally, punishment and imprisonment have been the same forms of control and social order maintenance. Many people including police, law enforcement officers, judges, advocate that greater punishments be applied to a larger number of people. It seems paradoxical that one of the most democratic nations continues to have one of the greatest crime problems. According to Burke (2005) punishment as the desired means of crime reduction has not worked in the past, and it is not working today. The lower crime rate in other countries must be attributable to something other than the effect of formal sanctions. Instead of trying to figure out what that might be, we rely on punishment. The United States is the most punitive nation in the modern Western world. More people are incarcerated in the United States than in any other modern nation. In 1990 more than 300,000 people were held in this nation’s prisons. Of greater significance is the proportion of the population this number represents. In the United States, 200 out of every 100,000 citizens are imprisoned, a rate that outranks that of all other nations. Poland comes closest to the United States with a rate of 190, and Australia incarcerates 128 of every 100,000 people. If what exists is not working, people want to increase it–incarcerate more people for longer periods. Prison space to incarcerate one person costs an average of $75,000 (Crow, 2001). This means that if a state wants to lock up a mere 100 additional inmates, $7.5 million will be needed. The need for space far exceeds our fiscal ability to provide it. To incarcerate one person for on
Introduction The public transport system in Hong Kong is very sophisticated and highly developed and encompasses both private and public transport. Majority of the people in Hong Kong commute by public transport which is considered to be one of the most efficient in the world. The recent introduction of the Octopus card which does away with the traditional mode of payment by cash has enabled the public to conveniently commute with one card in all the modes of public transport such as mini buses, ferries, trams, buses and trains. Hong Kong has a very efficient network of trains and they are operated by MTR in the urban regions of Hong Kong, Kowloon peninsula as also the northern fringes of Hong Kong Island. Trams in Hong Kong are owned by a government company, The Hong Kong Tramways which operates trams on an exclusive basis in northern Hong Kong Island. The main tram services connect the central business districts of Hong Kong with Victoria Park. The MTR system is equipped with ten lines connecting 82 railway stations and 68 minor stops. While eight of these lines cater to the normal metro services, the Airport Express directly connects the International Airport with the city center, and another connects the city center with the Hong Kong Disneyland. There is a facility known as light rail which functions more like a tram service and also runs on streets along with other vehicles. The trams are run by the Hong Kong Tramways which operates street cars with double decks. The rail system for trams in Hong Kong is thirteen kilometers in length and the track length is thirty kilometers. The trams operate together with other vehicles on the road. Bus services are one of the oldest means of public transport in Hong Kong. The public franchised bus services are operated by different companies. Bus services in Hong Kong are characterized by a very long history and presently there are five companies that operate public bus services on franchise. However some of the buses which are not franchised also cater to the needs of commuters in being feeder services for residents in residential centers in the new territories. The biggest bus company in Hong Kong is The Kowloon Motor Bus Company Limited which was set up in 1933. The company boasts of a fleet of 4300 buses that operate on 420 routes with total employee strength that exceeds 13000. Citybus is another company that provides public bus services in Hong Kong and is particularly engaged in the operation of bus routes in residential areas connecting them to Shatin, City One and Kowloon Tong railway station. New World First Bus Services is also a major transport company in Hong Kong that provides transport services in Hong Kong Island. Minibuses known as maxi cabs and taxis also operate through out Hong Kong. Hong Kong is known to have a very efficient taxi service and there are about 18000 taxis that serve over one million passengers everyday and represent about 11% of the daily passengers who use transport in Hong Kong. Surpri
The Formation of the GCC Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a political and economic pact that brings together six of the Middle East counties including Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain. The GCC was founded in May 1981 in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. In the UAE, an emir heads the seven-member states with the federal monarchy heading the UAE nation. Constitutional monarchy is found in other nations like Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain. Oman and Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, are fully absolute monarchies. GCC has repeatedly revised a proposal to transform the confederation into a Gulf Union to expand its political, economic, and military power. According to Shanahan (par. 3), scholars view such a move as being central to counterbalancing the Iranian superfluous influence in the region. While Iran seems to pose a major challenge to the union, some member states do not favor the idea of forming the Gulf Union to check the influence of Iran. The GCC-Iran Divide Since its formation, the Gulf Cooperation Council has historically sought to portray itself to the rest of the world as a Middle East unifying entity. Much of this unifying impact was realized mainly during the periods the Middle East nations experience heightened regional instability, which emanated from the Arab uprisings in 2011 and Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. Nevertheless, below the surface of events, the council of these monarchies has been divided internally by historic curiosities realized over time through leadership changes and various regional alignments. Even in their rivalries within the union, the GCC countries have always been motivated to stay united to front a formidable shield against Iran. With the coming to power of President Rouhani, the most noteworthy contemporary source of antagonism amongst the GCC member states. As Shana
Enron Company The scandal that took over the business environment and involved the executives of Enron company is well-thought-out to represent one of the most notorious commercial delinquencies in the history of the United States (Yallapragada, Roe, & Toma, 2012). Moreover, numerous researchers in the area consider the case of Enron an unofficial example of a basic white collar crime. The latter is defined as a criminal activity aimed to obtain financial profit in a non-violent way while operating within a workplace setting that offers education and is perceived as respected. The whole Enron process was based on the statement of deregulation that allowed the executives of the company to interfere with the earnings reports that were presented to the investors and workers. On a bigger scale, Enron executives were able to skew the reports and conceal the data regarding the company’s losses. Therefore, the investors had to make more monetary contributions to the company’s budget so as to maintain the existing level of profits (which was fake, obviously). The factual financial state of Enron was only available to the executives that were involved in the fraud as the latter basically stole the money coming from investors by misrepresenting the earnings in the reports. It also led to a situation where even more stockholders wanted to contribute to the financial condition of Enron. When the fraud was found out, the company went bankrupt and disappeared from the worldwide business scene. AIS and Securit