ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Juan Doming Peron became the President of Argentina in 1946. Peron was born in October 8, 1895 near Lobos, a town in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was a colonel in 1941 and a brigadier-general in 1946 (Hodges, D.C). Peron was one of the chief leaders in the military coup and overthrow President Ramo Castillo in his position. He became the Secretary of Work and Social Welfare. Before he became Argentina’s president, he was both a Minister of War, a Vice-president of the republic and also the president in National Department of Labor in 1943-1944 under General Edelmiro Farell. (Hodges, D.C) He established rapport to the people especially from the under privilege workers or what they called “descaminados.” He also gained the army support during that time (Whitaker, A.P). Peron was fired and jailed in 1945 due to the military coup against him which resulted to government crisis. Eva Duarte Peron, or as known as Evita, wife of Juan Peron, was the one who formed unions in which a large number of workers in Buenos Aires, stipulated his liberation. When was Juan Peron already free, he spoke to a crowd of thousands were these people supported him. In the end of 1945 or eventually in February of 1946, he was elected as President of Argentina which was nominated by the Partibo Laborista (The Labor Party) and inaugurated in his position in June of the same year. He greatly enhances the number of unions and and helped established the General Configuration of Labour (CGT) which is created in 1930 (Hodges, D.C.). People supported Juan Domingo and Eva Duarte Peron because of a promise that he will build a prosperous nation. He started to build Argentina’s steel and iron industries. He even embarked his plan to an industrialized nation. Argentina at that time also began to make airplanes and ships for merchants marine. He was in the government for about 6 years with an extremely authoritarian position which intensify divisions and hatreds among the people in Argentina.(Wynia, G.W) Evita as the first lady of Argentina, was a notable woman. She has a great impact on Juan’s political decision since she was an actress and loved by her fans at their time. She even gave the poor opportunities which she did not experienced in her life such as schools, marriage licenses, job opportunities and even homes. Peron was called a “nationalist dictator and a demagogue” due to his political way o
Chapter 7 Extended investigations have been carried out on living things. It is advisable to allow young learners to experiment with tiny living organisms and seeds. The latter is a critical practical part of the study of science at the lower level. Practical lessons also prepare young learners for higher grades. Koch observes the concept of being alive is crucial when introducing learners to science (150). As children continue to mature, their perception of living and non-living things also change progressively. Besides, the author has used a typical science story on the composition of seed so that young learners can understand how living things grow. Chapter 8 A learning progression in the exploration of density has been discussed by the author in chapter eight of the book. Besides, the concepts of sinking and floatation have been used to demonstrate the concept of density. The quotient of mass and volume is equal to density. Objects that float on the water have a lesser density than water, while those that sink are denser than water. The property of liquids has been proposed for the fifth graders. Science teachers have specific roles to play while delivering lesson content to learners. For example, they are supposed to acknowledge the ideas presented by learners and also assist students in understanding one concept before progressing to the next task (Koch 200). Chapter 10 The importance of energy in our daily lives is a critical area of discussion in this topic. From the chapter reading, it is evident that energy is a vital concept in science because it exists in different forms. It may be possible for learners in different grades to have different perceptions about energy. Hence, it is the role of a science teacher to harmonize the meaning and significance of energy in science so that learners can be at the same par with each other (Koch 238). Moreover, batteries, bulbs, and wires are vital apparatus that science teachers can use in class to demonstrate the concept of energy. Chapter 12 In chapter 12 of the book, the author explores the link between science and other disciplines. Koch begins by asserting that childhood experiences should not necessarily dissipate as a child grows to maturity (299). From the discussion in this chapter, it is evident that science cannot exist in a vacuum. It interacts closely with other disciplines. In addition, STEM education has been revisited in the chapter. In order to offer a clearer understanding between science and other areas of study, the author has employed a number of science concepts in real-life situations. The properties of both living and non-living things have been emphasized in the chapter using a poem. Glucose is classified as a simple form of carbohydrate that is vital in the growth of plant cells. The oxygen gas emitted by plants is used by animals during the breathing process. All scientific
People often encounter various issues related to cultural diversity in their lives, and at times they entail ethical dilemmas. My friend Ali, who is Muslim, was once invited to dinner by his Chinese colleague to celebrate the Chinese New Year and was excited about it. Ali’s colleague said to him: “It is a pleasure for me to host you in my home and I am sure that you will love the meal my mother cooked for us.” Ali thanked his host and responded by saying: “I am happy to be your guest and cannot wait to enjoy the dinner in your company.” Yet, when they sat at the table, the main meal of the night turned out to be rice with pork, a product prohibited in Islam. The meal was cooked by the colleague’s mother, who was a lady who did not speak English. Thus, a difficult dilemma emerged for Ali, who by eating the meal would violate his religious obligations and by refusing it would show disrespect to the hosts, and especially the mother of the colleague. There can be multiple approaches to such a dilemma, one of them is that of a subjective moral relativist. Such a person would decide in support of refusing to eat the meal offered by the hosts and politely explaining to them their perspective on eating pork. The decision by a subjective moral relativist can be explained by the person’s core philosophy. Moral subjectivism implies that there are no objective moral values, and every decision must be motivated by feelings or desires (Jacobs, 2019). As a result, subjective moral relativism is correct since by implementing it, every person would value their own feelings more than those of other people and would ultimately choose to adhere to their principles. Nevertheless, a cultural relativist would make the opposite decision and would agree to share the meal with the hosts despite the fact that eating pork was against their beliefs. Cultural relativism also postulates that religious or other beliefs have no objectivity. Yet, it implies a conclusion that all cultures are equal, and it is unethical to place one’s cultural beliefs above those of others (Rachels & Rachels, 2019). As a result, a cultural relativist would decide in favor of consuming pork as a way to demonstrate their tolerant treatment of other cultures. Disrespecting the hosts by refusing to eat their food would constitute intolerant behavior unacceptable for cultural relativists. Yet, this approach is incorrect because it would make the person implementing it to ignore their own views. Ali decided to refuse to eat the meal and notified the hosts about his religious beliefs and the prohibition of pork, mandatory for all Muslims. The colleague respected the decision and offered him a different meal, while the colleague’s mother became visibly disappointed with the guest. Ali said that their belief is the most important element in their life, and being a virtuous Muslim implies making certain sacrifices. He was ready to f
The need to manage people effectively in a changing business environment underlines the need for scholarly research on the best personality traits of managers and leaders. CMI (2013) reveals that researchers in the field of organizational management and leadership have also been interested in interrogating effective approaches for the management of people and subordinates. The consensus among researchers has been advocating for participative and consultative approaches to leadership and management as opposed to traditional approaches of command and control. However, CMI (2013) confirms that the approaches to management and leadership vary depending on circumstances and individual characteristics. This section responds to this point of view. It also compares and contrasts the similarities and differences between management and leadership. Leadership and management differ in the manner of getting things done in an organization. In a video by Johannsen (2009), the speaker reveals how leadership inspires followers to work collectively to achieve specific goals. Leadership is an organizational practice that not only influences followers (employees) but also leaders in a manner that ensures that organizational objectives are achieved through change (Kedharnath 2011). This claim suggests that leaders get things done by influencing people. On the contrary, management focuses on commanding people. Managers get people to work for an organization while leaders wish to make people within an organization follow them. Figure 2 shows a comparison between a leader and a manager in terms of their roles. Fig. 2: A Comparison between a Leader and a Manager. Source: (Kedharnath 2011). While leaders are driven by achievements, managers struggle to achieve results as their main outcome. Their approach to attaining outcomes also varies. Walumbwa, Mayer, Wang, Wang, and Workman (2011) assert that leaders look for problems to develop new and innovative solutions. While managers focus on risk-aversion, leaders embrace risk-taking. Managers get involved in decision-making processes in an attempt to appeal to persons who are above them in the organizational hierarchy. In contrast, leaders take the role of facilitating the decision-making process to appeal to their hearts (Walumbwa et al. 2011). In this process, they deploy leadership traits such as transformational leadership, consultative, participative, transactional, and democratic traits among others. On the other hand,
Introduction Barcelona football club was undeniably the best soccer team in the last ten years. The professional football club based in Barcelona, a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean has won numerous domestic, continental, and global titles in the last decade. The club has won 21 titles since the year 2004 (King, 2010). This success has propelled the club to the second position among the world’s richest soccer teams based on revenue and market value. The football club has also managed to increase its fan base in the last ten years, especially on major social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus. Barcelona boasts of a highly talented and dynamic team of young players drawn from various parts of the world. However, Spanish players such as Xavi Hernandez, Andres Iniesta, Cesc Fabregas, and Victor Valdes among others dominate the team (Hunter, 2013). The team also boasts of Lionel Messi who is arguably the best player of the current generation of footballers in the world. Most players who have represented the Barcelona football club in the last decade have managed to receive individual accolades for their efforts with the club and their national soccer teams (King, 2010). Success and achievements in the last decade Barcelona is one of the most successful teams in the world in terms of overall achievements since its inception. From the year 2004, the club has won a number of domestic and continental titles, as well as global titles. The domestic honors won by the team in the last decade include six Spanish football league titles, six Spanish Super Cup titles, and two Copa Del Rey titles (Hunter, 2013). Continental honors include three European Champions League titles and the two European Super Cup titles. Barcelona also achieved global success when they won the FIFA Club World Cup in 2009 and 2011. The club has emerged as runners up in most of these competitions several times during the last decade. In the last ten years, Barcelona has had three managers who helped to put it on the global map following the team’s impressive results (King, 2010). The most successful of the three managers was Pep Guardiolas, who made history for winning numerous
The cyber space has been recognized as the new domain of warfare; cyber warfare is actions of either states or non-state organizations to penetrate another nation’s computers or other networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruptions. Cyber warfare target not only national security, but also frauds like identity theft and stealing of classified information from competitors, rivals, and groups. Primarily, cyber attack can be waged by foreign agencies, terrorist, criminals, hackers or insiders (National Communication System, 2002, p.20). Cyber attacks in the US are increasing in number and level of sophistication in the present years. Moreover, most cyber attacks are motivated by politics while others are motivated by economic gains, ego, personal enmity, or war and military gain. The range of techniques used in cyber warfare includes use of malware, virus, worms, and destruction of computers. Cyber warfare could have serious repercussions on security of the US; for instance, destroying the economy through commercial espionage or theft of intellectual property. Given the loss associated with cyber attack, the government should spend its resources to monitor, and prevent a cyberspace attack just as they protect the sea, air, and land. However, it is difficult to trace the source of attacks, and if the aggressors are identified, it is a complicated task to deal with them if they are not state or a state sponsored organization. Since the 2008 hacking of the US department of defense network, the government had to review its strategies of cyberspace defense to prevent and bar any future attacks. Nevertheless, cooperation with other nations could help prevent a cyber attack since they can share intelligence, and other important information. How cyber warfare is a national, homeland and international security issue Cyber warfare is a national security threat since it risks the security of a nation, its economic status, and causes conflict between nations. There are several types of cyber threats which have different motivations and targeted to a group of people; cyber terror, hackivism, black hat hacking, cyber crime, cyber espionage and information war (CQ Researcher, 2010, p.144). generally, the targets of cyber warfare are innocent victims, the government, companies, decision makers, infrastructure, information technology system, and private or public date. Military and defense The military and defense networks are at risk of attacks from other nations and terror groups exposing the US and its people to terror activities. Generally, hacking in department of defense networks tends to leak classified and non-classified information to potential aggressors, thus giving them an upper hand in their actions. However, it is difficult to assess or to estimate vulnerability, risks and costs of a cyber attack making it all the more dreadful (Cordesman, Cordesman, and Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2002, p.4). The networks of military contractors are susceptible to attacks and classified
Introduction This essay is on love and justice. Love and justice are God’s gifts. The two are virtues which should be practiced by humans for a peaceful and sober coexistence. However, there might be no definite meaning of these virtues though everybody talk about and desire them. Love is all about passion, affection, care and affirmation either expressed by kind deeds or sincere words spoken from a person. The Bible defines what love is though in different meanings. Love and justice are intertwined and this essay will explain the Christian understanding of love and justice. It will also show how Martin Luther King Jnr tried to practice love and justice in his civil rights campaign. Correlation between Love and Justice Love can be based on a romantic relationship, friendship or expressed unconditionally like in parents or spiritually by God. The absence of love will generate feelings of neglect, loneliness and emptiness which are disastrous. Justice is associated with fairness, rights and equality to accessing resources. Its definition and interpretation is however based on the law and that which is not just is termed as unjust. The absence of justice leads to anger which is shown through strikes, riots or peaceful demonstrations. Notable is the fact that justice delayed is lawfully described as justice denied. Christian understanding of Love and Justice Christian belief and understanding of love is founded in the Bible as written by Paul in 1 Corinthians 13:4, 7-8 that “love is kind, patient, accommodative, hopeful, enduring, eternal, is not rude, is not boastful and is never envious” (The Bible 798). They believe that God is love and that he sacrificed his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross for their sins because he loved them though they were sinners. They thereby practice love by passionately helping the poor, sick and the needy, charity work, loving their children, children obeying and loving their parents, loving themselves by taking care of their bodies, caring for others and being responsible. Hence they believe that in practicing this sincerely, they are expressing love to others and desire the same to be done unto them. Christians believe and understand that God is just. They believe that God is fair in that he rewards people with what they deserve. They understand that justice is attained by treating everybody equally, advocating for others to be treated fairly, not discriminating on basis of color, religion, race, wealth and by respecting others. They believe that all are created in God’s image and thus all should be treated equally (Schubeck 23). Martin Luther King Jnr. and Love and Justice In his civil rights campaign, Martin Luther King Jnr. had a personal touch with the oppressed and the poor .He gave hope to the poor, companionship to the lonely, help to the lost, understood and advised the ignorant. He advocated for people to help others. Through these he expressed love and was equally loved by the oppressed. He was honest and compassionate man (Dharmara 1) Martin Luther King Jnr. was a brave human rights defender. In his civil
The views of Edmund Morgan that American democracy was achieved through slavery are valid. One of the evidence is that freedom and slavery expanded simultaneously, which is not possible under normal conditions. This shows that the United States could not be what it is in the modern society if slavery could not have taken place. In this regard, the founders of the American nation were simply hypocrites who never had the interests of the poor and Africans at heart. They were simply concerned with fulfilling their interests. Some analysts argue that slavery in the United States was an exception while others are of the view that it was a legacy to oppression and exploitation. Edmund outlines the paradox of the American democracy, which shows clearly that the founding fathers were just charlatans. Edmund wonders why the rights of Africans were sacrificed for the sake of whites. In other words, the whites saw it wise to destroy the rights of Africans in order to facilitate good life among Europeans. In this case, it is clear that American freedom and democracy that is hailed in the modern society rested on the foundation of slavery. Throughout his text, Morgan shows how founding fathers exhibited paradoxical behavior in their support for democracy. Many founding fathers claimed that each person was to be set free, yet they enslaved Africans, together with their offspring. This was contradictory since they simply wanted their race to be set free, but not other races, including the black race. This is absurd because they only felt pain when someone was controlling them, but they enjoyed when they controlled other people. Thomas Jefferson was one of the individuals who participated in advocating for independence, yet he owned over one-hundred slaves in his home. Without slavery, political, social, and even economic development in the United States could not have achieved. It is a known fact that slaves were the backbone of the economy in the south since they supplied free labor. White settlers could not have afforded to produce goods in case labor was supplied at a fee. Politically, slaves contributed in fighting for the rights of the poor. They organized themselves into groups that later demanded for their rights. The constitution was amended severally to include the rights of blacks and other minorities. In the modern America, minorities, including women, are able to participate freely in nation building due to the activities of slaves during the Civil war.
Introduction Mobile learning (m-learning) is a current development that supports pedagogy. It enables students to learn in environments that do not necessarily have formal structures. The current student is more experiential hence seeks to relate with the physical environment. Mobile learning enables students to learn in any environment they maybe in- a bus, park, or any other place apart from a class. This paper discusses the impact of m-learning in pedagogy. Contextual Critique Despite the positive impact of m-learning in pedagogy, it is associated with some negativity. Due to lack of a formal environment, students will not get an opportunity to enjoy formal interaction between them and their teachers (Cobcroft, Towers, Smith & Bruns, 2006). They do not get the chance to ask questions where they do not understand and especially in the case of English. The use of mobile learning leads to “lack of teacher confidence, training, and technical difficulties with devices used” (Facer, Faux, & McFarlane, 2005). Grade 5 IT students may be more drilled to m-learning compared with formal learning hence may develop a disregard for the latter. The notion that they have more control over their learning process increases their reliance on the digital tools and not on their teachers or fellow peers. The m-learning process does not allow for assessments and exchange of feedback. M-learning is deemed a threat to the structured style of learning. Keough (2005) also points out that m-learning is a technology that is based on concept and not every student may have the opportunity to use it. As a result, there may be division in class as those students with the m-learning devices deem themselves as being a notch higher than the rest of the students and the teachers. This would be the ideal case for IT students because they are able to manipulate these devices. In addition, technologies such as these may be hard to use and especially for the English students. M-learning is still a new technology and just like any other technology, is bound to change and grow. Therefore, it is not a standard mode of learning that is widely recognized: lacks a curriculum that can be followed by subsequent generations. M-learning therefore should be incorporated with other models of learning that are considered acceptable (Muyinda, 2007). The m-learning is not reflective since one just takes-up information contained in these devices yet it may not be credible (Laurillard, 2007). Relevance of Conversational Framework The conversational framework is an ideal guide for formal education in that it guides tutors on how to develop and imp