ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dr. Leta Hollingworth (1886-1939) of Columbia University is regarded as one of the pioneers in the field of women’s psychology. However, she is more famous for her studies on highly and profoundly gifted individuals. This paper would look into the parameters of her works on children and adults with exceptional intelligence in education which she termed as ‘gifted’. The main concern of Hollingworth’s studies was focused on the “ unique adjustment problems that gifted children experience ” (Silverman, 1990, 171). Silverman states in this context that Hollingworth was “ fascinated with the minds of gifted children and sought to understand each child’s personal experience ” (Silverman, 1990, 171). Her studies revealed that gifted individuals were extremely capable of learning multiple skills of different subjects at the same time at a very rapid pace. She also deducted that these individuals often appear to be difficult for the common society as they are in a constant search of finding minds of similar capacity. However, she also insisted on the fact that these individuals are also highly sensitive to strong odors, loud sounds, and powerful light and they are easily irritable by the presence of these elements. Nevertheless, despite being highly intelligent, Hollingworth suggests, the gifted individuals are not very successful in common schools and this is propagated by the fact that they feel left alone and thus are frustrated quite often because of this loneliness. This results in a profound depression for these individuals and turn becomes introverted and mostly shies in the eyes of society. All these parameters are because a gifted child has a brain that is fundamentally operative in a different manner from the rest of the population as per the deduction of Hollingworth. (Griffin, 1990) With this inference of her study, Hollingworth prepared herself for a proper foundation of a school or similar educational institute that would be able to provide these individuals the proper education that is required for them. However, this dream was not realized until her death, and only then the National Gifted Children’s Fund was established. She remains one of the most noted women in the field of psychology for the work on highly and profoundly gifted individuals. Hollingworth is important in the field of study of psychology because through he studies of gifted individuals, she established the truth that every intelligent child was unique and ther
The issue of treating animals as equal to humans is one of the most controversial questions related to ethics and morality. Scientists use animals in experiments because this practice can contribute significantly to improving the quality of the people’s life and to developing lifesaving therapies. However, the people’s opinions on the ethical context of the issue are rather different. From this point, animal experimentation cannot be discussed only from one perspective, and the evaluation of different visions is necessary. In spite of the fact that it is possible to find the arguments to support the idea of using animals in experiments, animal experimentation cannot be discussed as the ethical procedure because animals have the right to avoid sufferings as any other creatures without references to the idea that humans’ interests in the case are of the higher priority. Those animals which are used in experiments have to feel pain and suffer for the benefit of humanity because this procedure is important for scientists to find the new ways of overcoming certain diseases and health problems. Nevertheless, people do not have ethical rights to cause animals’ sufferings in order to satisfy their needs. Animals also have definite needs, and their rights should be taken into account. It is stated that animals can feel pain and pleasure as well as humans. Thus, using animals in experiments, people work to affect animals’ sufferings, and they become feeling pain. Although it is inappropriate to treat animals and people equally, it is important to pay attention to the fact that people are more persistent while discussing the problem of pain and sufferings in relation to humans. As a result, the consequences of false morality are observed, and thousands of animals are used in experiments because they are discussed as belonging to the lower species. Furthermore, it is also immoral to distinguish between animals according to their species, size, and abilities because all of them belong to living creatures who can suffer as humans do. A man has achieved significant results in developing technologies and science. Today, it is possible to find the relevant methods to assess medicines and procedures or to learn the necessary information on diseases without involving animals in experiments which can be harmful for them. If this problem was more controversial decades ago because of the level of the scientific progress, nowadays this question is more associated with the aspects of morality and ethical treatment of animals. The reasons to discuss the experience of animal experimentation as immoral are connected with the idea that animals live not to satisfy the people’s needs, but to respond to their own n
Ethic is a set, theory or system of moral principles or values (ethic par. 3) that organizations adopt to govern the members’ actions and decisions. The IEEE Code of Ethics manifests such ethical principles and values which the organization mandates its members to imbibe as their personal obligation (IEEE par. 1). The Code emphasizes the relevance and necessity of technology and its influence upon the life of everyone (IEEE par. 1). It enumerates the acts and decisions of the members (first party) towards the receiver (second party) of their actions and services that includes the world in general, the community served, and other members of the organization, who, besides the members are the end-receiver of the technology. Fair and equal treatment of all persons regardless of race, religion, gender, disability, etc. (IEEE par. 9) subscribe to the ethical principle of justice (Rainbow par. 8). The principle of beneficence, that of doing what is good (Rainbow par. 2), is shown in arriving at engineering decisions that would promote the safety, health and welfare of the public and owning responsibility for such decisions (IEEE par. 2). The principle of doing no harm or least harm (Rainbow par. 3) manifested in making engineering decisions that would not endanger the public and the environment and avoiding infliction of injury to persons, property, character, etc. through fictitious or malevolent actions (IEEE par. 10). Corollary to avoidance of harm to others is gaining technical competence and experience; enhancement of the knowledge on the technology, its suitable application and effects of such technology; and embarking on a task if qualified, revealing all limitations (IEEE par. 7). Under the Deontological Theory (Rainbow par. 10), the Code puts emphasis on the duty of the members to the second party mentioned above (IEEE par. 1). Ethical standards with Consequentalist underpinning include presentation of evidence-based truthful declarations; avoidance of any form of conflict and informing the parties involved if conflicts exist; rejection of bribery; acceptance, acknowledgment or offer of truthful criticisms for technical work and errors and providing appropriate credits to accomplishments; and providing support and assistance to co-members in attaining professional growth and adherence to the Code (IEEE pars. 4, 3, 5, 8, 11). Consequentialism purports the moral rightness of an act when it causes a “more favorable than an unfavorable” result (Fieser par. 27). The Utilitarian Theory of Mill, an illustration of consequentialism, states that an “action is right” if it upholds the most suitable outcome (Hursthouse par. 2). The ethical principle of respect for the autonomy of the individual (Rainbow par. 4) is not included in the Code. Regard for autonomy is shown by undertaking consultation with stakeholders to elicit their views and sentiments on the technology being imposed upon them for the promotion of the greater good. Under the principle of autonomy, people are allowed to decide for themselves and control their lives (Rainbow par. 5). Respect for human rights and individual freedoms
Wars come in different shapes and sizes and range in many aspects, ranging from magnitude and actors involved to agendas and relations to national borders. Yet whether interstate or civil, framed in national, ethnic, or other terms, all wars have some things in common: they are violent and, therefore, dangerous, and they are an essentially collective effort. This makes them subject to the collective action problem: as long as there are costs of participation, individuals may rationally choose not to participate in a collective effort even if it would promote the common good. Moreover, wars usually involve large groups – nations, classes, and ethnic or religious communities. This fact exacerbates the collective action problem even further: as Olson rightly noted, large groups “will not organize for collective action merely because, as a group, they have a reason for doing so.” 1 Thus, the collective action problem impacts the likelihood of the civil war in several ways. Free rider majority makes it easier for smaller groups to threaten the status quo, and the difficulties in enlisting support make it harder to maintain peace or create a strong rebellion, necessitating diverse recruitment strategies. One way in which the collective action problem makes civil war more likely is the obvious advantages of free-riding as compared to the active support of the ruling government and existing status quo. Free riders are the individuals who prefer not to participate in collective action, even when this action seeks to promote public good that would ultimately affect them as well. A well-functioning state is the ultimate example of a public good: everyone needs military defense, protection against civil unrest, and the functioning legal system, and everyone benefits, if indirectly, from their existence. 2 Yet states distribute the public good over large populations, meaning that the proportion of said good received by every individual is not particularly significant. As a result, when reasonable individuals face a conflict between promoting public good at a cost for themselves or abstaining from doing so, assuming that others will contribute instead, they would likely choose the latter. Hence, the collective action problem severely undermines active popular support for the government actively and, by extension, peace within the country. This prevalence of free-riding does not merely limit the support for the existing status quo in a given polity but also makes it easier for a smaller group to upset it. The number of government’s active supporters is inversely proportional to that of the free riders. Consequently, the collective action problem creates a
This time, I will reflect on existentialist nihilism and Cartesian dualism. I will not undermine the postulates of nihilism because I respect philosophers’ opinions. Instead, I will speak in favor of Cartesian dualism – argue that it is a more parsimonious explanation of reality than existentialist nihilism. My argument is based on the conviction that God is power. He is the source of perfection, and perfection entails the existence. From this perspective, existence is about becoming closer to God and perfection by following His rules. In this way, existence and relation between God and human can be compared to a driver and a race car – regardless of outstanding technical features, reaching the destination point is impossible without the involvement of a driver. A similar approach to explaining reality is expressed by dualists. According to Descartes, “there is a God who is all-powerful, and who created me, such as I am.” From this perspective, it is evident that He should have designed the rules for us to follow because he created me and the environment to live in, and gave me mind to perceive this. Because people are more than just a body and they have the ability to think about the world they live in, as well as question or deny their senses, it points to the existence of something bigger than biology – a soul. Because “thinking is another attribute of the soul,” it proves that there should be a higher being – God. On the other hand, Sartre does not believe in God. Instead, he claims that “existence precedes essence.” A human has no creator and no blueprint or design. It means that it is the choices people make that determine who they really are, not the higher authority that made them the way they are. Moreover, Sartre denies the concept of perfection of people. He states that ideas or universal truths can be perfect, but persons, including God, cannot. More than that, because God does not exist, He is the impossible that returns us to the idea that people themselves determine who they are. But why there is no God? God does not exist because it would take away human’s freedom. Therefore, if people are free, there is no God. In my belief, the idea that there is no God because His existence means the absence of freedom is not right. The same is true about Sartre’s claim that people are imperfect. Even though Descartes recognizes imperfection of a self-being, he states that no machine ever created by a human is as perfect as a human body created by God. Moreover, machines’ perfection in completing technical tasks cannot help them outperform people because we act from knowledge, not a code or the disposition of our organs. Still, there is something higher to lead us, even though it might limit our choices. Let us return to the example of a driver and a race car. Machines cannot determine the direction to move in – even the most advanced autopilot technologies require the involvement of a human. In this way, a race car
Target Market Demographic Seeing that the B2B market is currently viewed as the target area of the company’s operations, retail organizations that require shopping carts for their business need to be considered as the target market. Nonetheless, the target audience should be viewed as different customers with unique needs and requirements. The company size can be interpreted as the parameter of the market segmentation. Psychographic The psychographic portrait of the identified market is, however, rather homogenous. Most of it is represented by retail organizations that have been dominating the retail industry for quite a while (e.g., Target, Wal-Mart, etc.) should be viewed as prospective buyers. Although the companies of such scale already have a well-developed supply management chain, they might be looking for cheaper options of better quality. Furthermore, it will be necessary to appeal to the companies’ willingness to retain their clients and increase customer satisfaction rates. Behavioral A rise in competition rates has recently been documented in the shopping cart market. The phenomenon can be attributed to an increase in the population growth, as well as the expansion of retailers into the global economy environment. Attributes Weight (40-70 lbs.), weight capacity (up to 1,500 lbs.), maneuverability (360°), different types of charging docs for different devices (4-5), and barcode scanner sensitivity (attempts to read the data per second: 30-2,000) should be considered the essential attributes of the shopping card to be produced. Level of Sustainability The level of sustainability of the product is medium. Although the costs are expected to be quite high due to the inclusion of IT devices into the product design, the expenses will be covered once retail organizations recognize the product value. Concept Statement The business project in question implies creating smart shopping carts with IT options attached. Particularly, the opportunities for using and charging smartphones while shopping, learning essential information about eh products with the help of barcode scanners
The text by Michel Foucault provides an outline of the security measures taken in a certain town that was facing a plague. The design of the tower is in such a way that the guard can watch all the prisoners from a strategic point at the middle. The prisoners were not in a position to see neither the guard nor their colleagues. With such a confinement, all the prisoners had to maintain discipline. The design of the tower and the quarantine measures imposed on the citizens of the town is clear indication of the influence of power. This introduces us to the various effects of power in the society and the change that power can bring in a societal setting. In the current world, it is evident to see that power has overtaken individual freedom and ability to address freewill among members of the society. With power, we have been reduced to mere citizens who have to submit to the laws and regulations without even questioning on the consequences of what we are being forced to oblige to. Interrogation room is a perfect example of Panopticism in the modern world. In an interrogation room, the person being interrogated is seen by officers from the outside but does not see them. This reflects on how power should be seen as visible whose presence can never be verified. The mirror plays an important role of a sociological machine that influences the thinking of the person being interrogated and gives the officers a sense of power within the confinement. Under such an environment, it is likely that the subject will temporarily lose their innate identity and oblige to accusations that might be false. Just as how Michael describes it, the interrogation room can be likened to a laboratory where the officers bring people to derive information and observe their behaviors during the interrogation. Depending on the behavior portrayed by the subject being interrogated, the officers in charge believe that they are in a position to gauge the validity of the information being given. Looking the piece from a religious perspective, it is evident that the piece depicts the role of religion in the society. Biblically, God is all knowing than any other living creature. At a lesser scale, Michel depicts how God influences our behaviors. From religion, we know that God is in heaven and watches all our deeds on daily basis. We all believe that God is always watching us, near us, and knows what we think. This makes us have a constant fear that God is always watching us and therefore we should be showing good deeds at all times despite the circumstances. However, none of the living creatures is sure about the criteria used by God in watching us. No human being has the evidence that God is always watching us but we always believe that he is always watching us. With this fear in our minds, our behaviors are influenced and we will always want to impress God in our actions. This is due to the religious teaching that the people who disobey God and do act
Recently, insider threats have become one of the most complex problems in various kinds of companies. This problem is especially acute in structures closely related to ensuring security, including state security. Most of all, in such situations, systems with a certain degree of openness, such as government, industry, universities, and research laboratories systems suffer (National Counterintelligence and Security Center [NCSC], 2017). The loss of valuable information in such structures can lead to a wide variety of consequences. That is why the IC manager and leader must concentrate all forces on ensuring all protective measures and counter-intelligence programs. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of various new technologies in countering insider threats. First, it is necessary to determine what exactly the insider threat is and who the insider is. According to Hunker and Probst, an insider can be a person who has privileged, legal access to any organizational structure and has the right to represent it or make changes to it (2011). Accordingly, an insider threat can be described as a threat emanating from a person who uses his or her access for other purposes or whose access leads to improper use of the system. The most critical aspects that define an insider are access to the system, the ability to represent the system to outsiders, as well as the trust of the organization and knowledge (Hunker & Probst, 2011). Thus, counteraction to insiders should be directed along the way of these aspects. All approaches to solving the insider threat problem can be divided into two types: social and technical. According to Safa and Furnell et al., factors such as the severity of sanctions and lower remuneration have a substantial impact on employees’ attitudes toward the company (2019). Accordingly, to reduce risks, managers are advised to pay attention to environmental factors and improve the working environment (Safa & Watson et al., 2018). However, these factors can only generally improve the situation, and for effective results, it is necessary to use technical measures. Such measures may be, for example, host-based analytics, which analyzes data collected from the host, i.e., from every computer. A variety of statistics can fall into the category of this data, from the simplest values to data from applications. Such data may seem useless, but with the accumulation of statistics, this
Main Issues Covered in terms of Youth Sports Participation in the United States According to Atencio and Wright (2008), the main issue covered in youth sports participation in the United States revolves around the relationship between the African American culture and basketball. While this relationship appears to be almost taken for granted, it forms the root of the levels of risk surrounding African American youths. The connection is also attributed to the concomitant and post-industrialism social anxieties facing these youths. The basketball game comes out as a platform through which policymakers use the game to turn young black adults from crime and gang-affiliated thoughts into positive alternative community groups. As an example, Atencio and Wright (2008) show that the sport has been central in changing the mindset of the community groups in African American neighborhoods, from poverty-stricken to socially cohesive individuals. Therefore, with sports serving as