ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A probability experiment refers to the analysis that depicts the possibility an event occurring in the future through the performance of a series of examination. Based on the results of a probability experiment, one can ascertain the truthfulness of some results or the chances of a certain event of interest occurring. The determination of a result in a certain probability experiment is termed as a trial. Some of the examples of probability experiments could be the act of throwing a dice or revolving a spinner. In probability theory, an event refers to the set of results of an experiment that can take probability values. This means that an event is a subset of the sample space that takes probabilistic values. Considering a finite sample space, an event would be any subset of the sample space. Similarly, the subset elements of the sample space are events since they belong to the universal set. In instances where the sample space is infinite, the outcomes would be values that lie within the real number line and thus the approach of the probabilistic event will fail. There exist two types of events. These are the simple and complementary events. The simple events, also known as elementary events are events that have a single outcome in the sample space. The probabilities of simple events are always positive, zero or undefined. On the other hand, the complementary events are events whose occurrence of one event hinders the occurrence of the other event. Similarly, events could be regarded as independent or dependent events. In this regard, the occurrence of independent events does not affect the occurrence of the other event. Concerning the dependent events, the occurrence of one event is subject to the occurrence of another event. Probability refers to the chance or possibility that an uncertain event will occur. Therefore, probability estimates the likelihood of the occurrence of events under conditions of uncertainty. A number between one and zero depicts probability. At times, a percentage value may be used to indicate a probability. A zero probability for an event implies that the event will not happen. A probability of one for a particular event implies that its occurrence is definite. When calculating probability, the ratio between the numbers of occurrence of an event with the total number of set of outcomes has to be obtained. Additionally, in determining the probability value, one could adopt either theoretical or experimental probability. Theoretical probability entails the calculation of probability based on the number of occurrence of an event dived by the total outcomes. An example of theoretical probability would involve rolling a six-sided die on the side indicated 3. The sample event would be
Internet marketing involves sellers who persuade customers to purchase their goods and services through the World Wide Web. This persuasion is done by displaying media stuffing that include search engines, banner advertisements and electronic mail marketing. Customers need to be pulled rather than be pushed. Conventional media such as radio, magazines, and television tend to push advertisements to customers without any form of interactivity. On the other hand, the World Wide Web provides users with opportunity to select the site they would like to visit. In this sense, companies have embraced the internet as a marketing tool. Internet marketing has been adopted by many organizations due to its efficiency in delivering message to intended customers within the shortest time possible. Advancement in technology that has been witnessed in the recent past has drawn many people to the use of internet not only for communicating but also to do business. The emergence of software that help in detecting the physical location of an internet user has enabled dealers to narrow their intended customers in order to increase chances of reaching them. [1] This is because advertising at random may not convey the message to people who need specific services and items. Sellers are able to specify their intended customers depending on their sex, age, state and other categories where necessary. It is perceived that customer requirements vary depending on their gender, age and location. First and foremost males and females have different interests thus internet sellers should watch what they intend to introduce to both sexes because they may not match. Females usually refer to the internet for learning purposes whereas males use the internet to mingle with their pals and also
The problems of raising children in dysfunctional families and the consequences of such upbringing require the attention of the authorities. Alcoholic parents or those parents who beat their children risk losing the right to educate them if an offense is registered once or several times. Under the recently introduced policy of the Department of Job and Family Services, these children will be placed in foster homes until it is determined that the parents have received mental health and addiction treatment. The authorities have implemented such provisions based on social learning theory. According to this theory, human behavior is conditioned by the constant mutual influence of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. The risk of a person’s involvement in criminal activity is higher if this person is in a certain way already connected with illegal structures. The forthcoming implementation of the policy raises specific ethical issues that cannot be ignored as they directly affect the well-being of children. Although there are positive consequences of such an attempt to eliminate the threat to children, there are still risks of mental health deterioration due to their separation from the family and other negative consequences. For children, being in a family where they are subjected to physical or mental violence is unsafe for their health. For example, child abuse in the family contributes to the spread of exposure to trauma at several levels of a child’s ecology (Rosen et al., 2018). Domestic abuse increases the child’s chances of suicidal thoughts and attempts (Lippard & Nemeroff, 2020). Children who were mentally, physically, and sexually abused in childhood have problems with memory in adulthood: reduced attention, visual and numerical information is poorly remembered (Dodaj et al., 2017). The registration of cases of abuse by parents and the subsequent removal of children from families is a radical step in solving the problem of violence against children in the family. However, it can be stressful for a child to be taken out of the family. There is no guarantee that children in a foster family will not be bullied and given proper care. The guardianship authorities work with potential adoptive parents to determine the sanity, financial condition, and reliability of future adoptive parents. However, there is always a risk that a child from one dysfunctional family will end up in another equally unreliable one. Moreover, when children are taken away from the family, the likelihood that they are already mentally tra
Introduction In the past, marketers have designed persuasive and informative advertising messages which they strategically place in various media with the hope of catching the attention of intended audience. Marketers hope that the messages will convince consumers and result in behavioral change that will benefit their brands. However due to a proliferation of advertising messages and media platforms it is no longer certain that advertising is achieving its objectives any more. Customers are being bombarded with many advertising messages than they cannot even remember from numerous media such as billboards, TV ads, web based advertising, mobile phone advertising besides the traditional media such as radio and print. The modern customers who are more informed now than the past views advertising as intrusive, insensitive and at times respect, quite often such advertising messages are being ignored; this is referred as media clutter by marketing professionals. It is because of such Ads that free TV and radio channels are popular today that has also made US government enact laws barring unsolicited telemarketing calls. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of experiential marketing concepts of ‘in store’ merchandising, in growing sales, strengthening brand position and delivering endless value and satisfaction to customers. The company in this study is Louis Vuitton which manufactures and sells high end fashion and luggage items. Experiential marketing is the opposite of inappropriate, opportunistic and disrespectful advertising. It is a concept that seeks to create fresh lasting connection between brands and consumers in the market place through innovative marketing strategies and campaigns that dazzle consumers’ senses, touch their heart and stimulate their minds positively (Schmitt, 1999). Experiential marketing uses credible voices, sensory experiences and respects consumers in its tactics and strategies (Lenderman, 2006). Unlike traditional advertising which bombards helpless customers with endless base advertising, experiential marketing seeks to create direct, positive and meaningful connections between brands and consumer on one to one basis (Pine and Gilmore, 1999). Because it is respectful, sophisticated, viral and unique method that connects consumers and brands, it gives marketers a distinctive competitive advantage in a crowded market place. It also avoids wasteful spending associated with traditional advertising because it ensures intended audiences get the message (Schmitt, 1999). Due to its unique nature experiential marketing require more resources than conventional advertising, if well planned and ex
After the invention of the internet, network intrusions became a major concern to network administrators. Nowadays, it is probable that it is nearly impossible for the existence of a completely safeguarded network system majorly due to network intrusion (Boriana and Lisa, 2005). Intrusion is usually carried out via signatures; a rule set that matches every attack instance modeled by the signature. A polymorphic worm (mutates through code transformations) is one of the many network intruders which always vary its payload on every attempt of infection. To detect this intrusion, the content-based signature intrusion detection system (IDS) a polygraph, is introduced. Polygraph indeed does successfully produce matching signatures for worms that are polymorphic. Unlike other automated signature generation strings that try to find a payload of continuous substring sufficient in length so as to only match the worm, polygraph tries to deviate from the weak assumption of the existence of an invariant payload substring through worm connections. Instead, a vital knowledge that worms must exploit some vulnerability on server software that contains important invariant bytes e.g. protocols, is employed. It thus becomes conclusive that these worms share a bit of invariant content because of the fact that they all take advantage of same vulnerabilities (Newsome and Dawn, 2006). It becomes even more conclusive from findings that nearly all software irrespective of the operating system contains invariants prone to exploitation. Some of the more common polymorphic worms used for intrusion include CodeRed that uses the GET string while converting to Unicode from ASCII to exploit buffer overflow, AdmWorm that overwrites return address via a buffer overrun, and many others. A typical polygraph monitor placed strategically in a network to have all access to network flow, assembles the flow to bytes which are continuous. Two flow pools are produced i.e. innocuous, suspicious flow. Set of signatures are produced to give either false positive or negative classes of worm payloads using algorithms based on Bayes law i.e. Pr (M|N) = Pr (M|N)*Pr (M)/Pr (N). From the law, Pr denotes probability while M and N are events. M|N implies an event M if N, another event occurs. In simple terms, Bayes law states that the probability of M given N is true is computed by finding the probability of M given N is true multiplied by M’s probability which is divided by the Probability
Introduction Technological advancements that have happened from the turn of the 21 st century to date have revolutionized how businesses relate with their customers. Consequently, business-to-customer (B2C) relationships have been affected. E-commerce, which refers to the completion of business transactions online, is one area of B2C engagement affected by the trend. Particularly, last-mile delivery options, which are part of the multiplicity of transport and logistics services offered by e-commerce companies to their customers, have been significantly impacted by the same trend as well (Pålsson, Pettersson, and Hiselius, 2017). For example, e-commerce firms have developed innovative solutions to deliver goods to customers using same-day delivery options, which exploit existing transportation capabilities of logistics companies to improve service delivery (Bhattacharjya et al. , 2018). More innovative solutions have been implemented in other areas of transport and logistics planning. Based on the above-mentioned developments, progress has been made to promote e-commerce growth through the adoption of innovative techniques in service delivery. These areas of service improvements have enhanced the profile of e-commerce as a formidable business platform for contemporary firms (Eschenbach, 2017). However, differences in factors that affect technology adoption and the use of innovative solutions across developing and developed markets mean that the benefits of last-mile efficiency gains may vary across regions. Furthermore, the presence of differences in logistics capabilities in various parts of the world means that delivery efficiency gains may be skewed towards propping certain markets or demographics at the expense of others. It is important to understand innovative solutions that increase last-mile delivery efficiency because e-commerce development is rapidly reshaping the structure of modern economies. Furthermore, as the world moves towards adopting more innovative solutions to address current market-related problems, the impact of e-commerce development will be more profound across most sectors of the economy. In this regard, there is a need to comprehend how different countries will cope with these changes to better prepare them to exploit existing opportunities of market development for their citizens. This approach to learning will better distribute the efficiency of last-mile delivery in e-commerce development across developed and developing countries. It will also promote equity in e-commerce growth and development across nations, thereby reducing existing inequalities across regions and societies. Thus, e-commerce growth is an expanding area of research that needs more attention from policymakers, practicing managers, and academicians because they are centers of knowledge development and application involved in implementing innovative solutions to improve B2C relationships. The present study is important to scholars because it will play a crucial role in expanding the body of knowledge in the research area. Consequently, practitioners in different business-related fields will understand the background
Introduction The success of a business highly depends on its supply chain metrics, which should be in accordance to its organizational goals. The metrics indicate performance, diagnose issues, suggest improvement and define expectations of a firm. If the metrics of a firm are properly formed, implemented, monitored and evaluated, they will lead to success. This case study discusses the effects of existence and lack of supply chain metrics of General Motors Company. The Flaws that Led to the Collapse There are various basic flaws in GM’s supply chain system that significantly contributed to the company’s collapse in the early 21 st century. The supply chain system personnel of the company were arrogant and did not care about the customers’ and dealers’ needs (Crumm, 2010). The company produced what they deemed appropriate and took it to the market for sale (they build the vehicles to stock and not for demand). The supply chain system lacked responsiveness at a time when the customers were more aware of their tastes and were more demanding. This was because of internet indulgence of the customers providing them with more market information on the commodities and services available in the market. The supply chain system of the company also failed to follow up on the special orders that the informed customers placed on the market, causing delay in deliveries. There was the lack of visibility, which left the dealers and customers with no way of checking on the progress of the company on their orders. Increasing supply cost was increased by the lack of upgrades to the system, insufficient processes and the increase in the costs of raw materials and inventory costs (Cohen & Roussel, 2005). The various departments in the company kept pushing the customers’ orders back and forth to avoid responsibilities. All the abovementioned flaws were heightened by competition from rivals, causing the collapse of General Motors Company. Indicators of the Collapse Among the various indicators that showed the collapse would happen were the unsold stocks in the dealers’ premises. This was a clear indication of the fall in the demand for commodities and services for the company, and ought to have been looked into for better performance. The company failed to respond to the various constraints that were evidently pointed out by dealers and the customers (Crumm, 2010). The company lacked customer satisfaction drive and concentrated on stock, and this was its undoing since customers should be the main priorities. Solving the Issues in the Company However, the company, on noticing the collapse and dedicated its resources to come back to a leading position in the industry through various steps. The supply chain system increased responsiveness to customers by conducting market researches and introduced follow up programs on the customers’ orders. The company’s production aim was change
Introduction Background The London 2012 games were based on a dream of hosting inspirational, secure and all-encompassing games that would leave a mark in the UK. When the representatives from the UK were bidding for the games, they promised it would be the first ever sustainable tournament. The meaning of the term ‘sustainability’ is very complex and therefore not easy to define. Brundtland commission defined sustainability as the ability to meet the current needs without compromising future needs. However, environmentalists and sustainability experts have been advocating for a more detailed definition. As a result, the organizers of the London Olympics came up with a sustainability plan that incorporated a range of sustainability definitions. The plan focused on the major sustainability premises namely: climatic change, management of toxic wastes, environmental conservation, health and nutrition, and inclusiveness. Climate change focused on management of water, energy, and alleviation/alteration of carbon impact. Waste management centred on the state of the art waste management infrastructure and exemplary management of resources. The management of biodiversity was aimed at encouraging the sport division to play a part in the conservation of nature and bring individuals closer to the environment. The London sustainability theme of inclusiveness focused on promoting access and celebrating diversity. Lastly, healthy living was meant to inspire everybody to engage in sports and to inculcate healthy lifestyles. The reassessment of various ways in which sustainability has been defined highlights the complexity of coming up with a single definition. Sustainability experts argue that the essence of sustainable development has become open to numerous applications and interpretations. Generally, there is a tendency by organizations and individuals to depend on a triple bottom line approach especially to evaluate performance alongside the meaning. The triple bottom line approach views sustainability in terms of the benefits achieved from the following viewpoints: environment, economy and socio-cultural. Purpose of the Report The general aim of this report is to assess the sustainability of the London games 2012.The report will adopt a triple bottom line approach (three sustainability indicators) to assess the sustainability of the London Games 2012. The use of the three sustainability indicators is in line with the legacy of the London 2012 games. There are other sustainability models that have added an extra dimension associated with governance. The socio-cultural and economic indicators used will consider this extra dimension by exploring the management of the games and other governance issues. Sustainability analysis using set indicators The use of a set of indicators, especially a far-reaching set, brings forth the question of how to evaluate the overall performance in relation to sustainability. Particularly, it brings forth the question of how to
Introduction Project-based learning is an ever-changing approach to teaching students new ways to find solutions to the problems they encounter with both their studies and real-life experiences. Problem-based learning involves developing cross-curriculum skills for students while they work in small groups. In addition, project-based learning provides an active and interactive learning environment that enables students to master various subjects quickly where they experience difficulty as its purpose is to let students retain knowledge as compared to other approaches used for teaching purposes (Edutopia, 2015). Overview of the General Problem to Be Established The general problem for the case study is that pupils in a particular class are not gaining from the experiences being delivered to them by their classroom educator. From the student’s data collected, it is recorded that a good fraction of them are always frustrated through the lessons, bored, and not understanding the concepts being presented to them by their classroom educator. Therefore, the problem to be established in this case study is to get the teacher to try to use project-based learning towards her students to enable them to grasp the core concepts being passed in the classroom lessons. The intuition behind this is that project-based learning provides students with an opportunity to be evaluated based on their projects while enjoying the greater flexibility of project learning. Overview of How Students Will Be Assigned and Monitored Students will be assigned and monitored through groups created by the classroom educator. They will be allocated according to complex series where they experience difficulty or challenges, and they will be controlled through how well they interact with team members over time and their personal participation in the group. Moreover, the assignment process may also involve group inclusions with the external academia to assist them in areas where they encounter difficulty to help in developing their professional skills and networks within and outside classroom lessons (Larmer, Mergendoller, & Boss, 2015). Description of the Problem Developed By the Group and Presented In Class As a result of the project-based learning, formed groups developed problems responsible for them not understanding the concepts being passed by the classroom educator