ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concept of knowledge attracts the attention of a number of researchers in different spheres. They consider the way it is created and utilized. Organizational studies are also tightly connected with knowledge. The knowledge foundation of the companies is under investigation. Knowledge management targets at the application of “technical and organizational capabilities to improve the processes of creating, storing, retrieving, transferring, and applying knowledge and greater a greater emphasis has been placed on the management of knowledge and the development of the channels through which knowledge and information flow, they note” (Rooke et al. 2009, p. 3). The epistemology of knowledge management varies in different organizations. Our attention will be paid to the artefact-oriented one. The structure of the project management is said to be influenced by the artefacts both paper-based and computerized. They can be found in the public access and can be easily utilized to enhance cooperation among the participants of the project (Borghoff & Pareschi 2013). In the artefact oriented perspective, the information technology is highly valued. It helps to codify knowledge, its inset and spreading. The more information the organization gathers, the more knowledge it gains. That is why it is important for it to use publicity available artefacts. They may include any documents and other specific information such as reports, plans, guides, and shared databases. Unfortunately, this data cannot be always used due to its quality and content. Project knowledge includes the information that helps the company improve its business. It offers organizational changes on the basis of utilizing best practices of other companies. Thus, the staff is to learn how the projects were managed by others and plan their own actions (Grillitsch, Müller-Stingl & Neumann 2007). In other words, when a new idea occurs, it is not brought into action before the previous experiences are investigated. In this way, the organization reduces the possibility of negative outcomes and increases customer satisfaction. Artefacts in the form of “process documentation, product specifications and development documentation”, etc. are pointed out as an essential element of the knowledge management activities (Christensen, Bukh & Bang 2008, p. 14). To collect the information, the employees are to document all their ideas that are to assist in dealing with some project and solving particular issues. However, in this way the knowledge can be utilized only by the personnel of this company. To make such data available for other organizations, this one can upload it on the official site or to add to the shared network. Some may consider that this approach can reduce the chances of the company to be recognized among the competitors. Still, I believe that allowing some information be available to the public makes it look more fair and trustworthy, which attracts costumers. M
Juxtaposition of the two main characters and emotions Raymond Carver story “A Small Good Thing”, brings to our attention the struggles a family undergoes when confronted with the sudden and untimely death of their only son, Scotty, who died in a fatal accident on his birthday. The main characters undergo sudden emotional change as a result of the accident. Every change of event causes them to change emotionally in some ways. Carver successfully managed to use a unique sense of writing where he makes the readers to feel sorry for the Weiss family and not Scotty who had an accident during his birthday. Juxtaposition of Ann and the Baker The choosing of Scotty’s birth day cake set the pace for the forthcoming changing journey of Ann. Ann strikes the mind of the reader as a self-preserved woman. At the beginning of the story, we come across Ann as one of the protagonists in the story as she tries to order and give instructions for her son’s birthday cake. Here again, Ann being a self-conscious woman, as depicted in the mind of most readers, goes a step further and tries to make a connection with the baker and we see her imagining that a man of his age must have clearly and with no doubt undergo through many similar events and special times of cakes and birthday parties of his own children during his entire life time. As Ann is patiently waiting for her son to get medical attention while at the hospital, she comes across Franklin’s family and again we see, even though she doesn’t know them, we see her feelings are compelled and she wants to tell them about her own son. This is a great sense of bonding and connection; we even find her later checking with the nurse to know how Franklin is doing; this is when she came to see how her son was doing. When Scotty unfortunately dies, we find the doctor being between a hard place and a rock, as he tried to break it to Ann and her husband that their son died, but as event later unfold, the doctor connects with Ann and the two went ahead and hug each other. Later on, we see also Ann being connected to her son when she requests if she can stay with Scotty’s body to no avail, but later when they were driving away from the hospital, she kept looking back. The Baker The baker strikes the mind of the reader as an old man full of pride. During the first encounter with Ann, we find the baker as not willingly to engage with Ann in any friendly talk, making Ann to be uncomfortable prompting her to assume that he too had children. The baker simply does not struggle to bond or connect with anyone, in fact, he tends to isolate himself whenever someone tries to connect with him. Later on, his loneliness materializes where he makes endless disturbing calls to Ann and when Annfails to collect the birthday cake, we see the Baker making a lot of disturbing phone calls to Ann’s home. All these uncalled-for traits that the Baker possess are as result of being without any kid, and thus very lonely. From the onset, the
The article by Shai Bernstein, Josh Lerner, and Antoinette Schoar is devoted to the issues of sovereign wealth funds (SF). The authors use the history of SF and analyze the current situation through original quantitative research. The authors begin with an overview that demonstrates that there exist up to 70 SF, with the 20 biggest ones encompassing 90% of the total SF asset (Bernstein, Lerner, and Schoar 220). SF are founded on various sources, including resources (like petroleum), state-owned property selling revenue or trade surpluses. SF are characterized by rapid growth (have grown ten time
Abstract The topic of the research study is to analyze the way people view sexuality and how any differences in sexual preferences are reflected on the individuals and the views about those individuals by people around. A number of questionnaires were handed out, where the participant groups were organized according to age and gender. The choices of candidates varied between heterosexual and homosexual. The results have shown that there is no significant difference in the way females and males view sexuality and the qualities of people with different orientations. But, different values have shown that people with homosexual orientation are judged differently by others according to their social qualities and competency. This leads to the conclusion that there is a form of prejudice that exists in the society and people are predisposed to certain views towards other individuals. Introduction Hypotheses: The study will be directed to predict that people of male and female gender view homosexuality differently. Another hypothesis is that the qualities of a person will be viewed differently according to their sexual orientation. The sources to be used in research are as follows. The article “Cohort differences in tolerance of homosexuality: attitudinal change in Canada and the United States” analyzes how different generations and age groups view sexual orientation. The toleration towards the difference between individuals is analyzed and compared to other groups (Andersen & Fetner, 2008). “The psychology of sexual prejudice” looks at the attitudes that people exhibit towards others and their sexual orientation. Social research is analyzed, considering psychological reasoning and the view of the larger part of the population. A cruel reality in treatment of people who are different is shown and the reasons are examined. The article compares the past struggles of people of different sexual orientation and the hardships they face today. The term “sexual prejudice” specifically illustrates how society has created a predisposition and stereotypical attitude towards other individuals (Herek, 2000). An article by Herek, “Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale”, takes a statistical look at the way society’s opinions are distributed. Reliability and validity of the research play and important role and ATLG scale organize that data for easy and precise interpretation (Herek, 1994). The journal “Sex differences in how heterosexuals think about lesbians and gay men: Evidence from survey context effects”, illustrates experiments that were produced to show the correlation of different views. The results were also separated into White and Black males and their assertions (Herek & Capitanio, 1999). “Do heterosexual women and men differ in their attitudes toward homosexuality?” is an article that compares gender views on sexuality. The way people brought up is very unique and the
Introduction We all have different relationships with one another, one of them being interpersonal relationship. To separate interpersonal relationship from other forms, we must observe the number of people involved, their physical closeness to one another, use of sensory channels in the process of communication, and the feedback resulting from the communication (Littlejohn 1999). In interpersonal relationship, very few individuals are involved, and the participants do communicate in very close proximity to one another. Participants always give immediate feedback or response and the form makes use of many sensory channels. It is also true that interpersonal relationship occurs between individuals who have relative knowledge of each other over a period. These people must recognize one another as unique individuals, holding some shared interests and objectives (Anderson & Ross 1998). Interpersonal Deception Theory Theories have been nurtured to support and explain interpersonal relationships. One of the many theories is Interpersonal Deception Theory. The theory was developed by Judee Bugoon and David Buller in 1996. This theory proscribes to the idea that, deception occurs in almost all conversations between two people who are intimate with one another (Griffin 1997). In the cause of communicating, equivocation, falsification, and concealment of information occurs. This happens either voluntarily or involuntarily. A deception is a dishonest message that is passed on from one individual to another in the course of communication. Here, information is knowingly manipulated by one individual – the deceiver, and passed on to the other party in the most sincere manner possible. The deceiver may of course be unaware of his deceptions but obviously gives himself away through a process called leakage (Mahajan et al. 2001). Miron Zuckerman and Robert Driver in “ The leakage hierarchy ” say that, there is a basic assumption that our nonverbal behaviour is to some extent unintentional. Whenever we try to deceive other individuals, our body language will always give us away. The face is the most important part of our body that discloses indications of deception. By looking at the attempted control, arousal, the affective approach, and cognitive factors in the process of communication, one may be able to uncover the deception (Wood 1997). In the course of interpersonal relatio
According to the Case 1-3: Wal-mart Stores, Inc., the retail industry is one of the most competitive segments in an economy, players in the industry need to have effective management programs to maintain their competitiveness. Wal-mart is an international retail giant operating in more than 3,200 outlets in Europe, the United States, Asian countries and North American countries. David and David (1) state that to operate competitively across those countries with different cultures and consumer need, the company has effective global strategies. Wal-mart stores have been in operation since 1962, with the first branch at Rogers, Ark, in United State of America. In a span of ten years, the company had diversified to major cities in United States and had 11 branches. According to Fortune 500, 2002 to 2010, the company is the leading retail outlet in the world. It specializes in different merchandise from electronic to toys. The profits made by the company rose from $219.81 billion in 2002 to $405 billion in 2010 despite the world’s economic situation. The number of employees in the same period rose from 1.29 to 2.1 million. The company has over 8,747 retail units situated in 15 countries and operating under 55 different banners. The quality of managerial decisions has led to the company’s success. It adopts strategic management systems in all its operations. Wal-mart understands that not all countries can be effectively tapped with a similar organizational structure; with this in mind, the company has some unique systems of structure that are relevant to the kind of market that the company is operating. The company’s structure established three main systems, Wal-Mart Stores, Sam’s Club and International Store; the difference of the stores is on the approach they take to sell the company’s products. Under the structure of Wal-mart Stores, the company is further dividend into Discount Stores, Supercenters and Neighborhood Markets, the above structures offers different shopping atmosphere that assists the company divide the market on income lines; this is the main structure operated in the United States. With the thousands of products that the company stores; it ensures that every store has the right quantity and quality of products using a computerized supply chain management system. According to Frankel (2), one of the best ways to remain competitive in modern business environment is to adopt strategic managed policies. The company have 40 Regional Distribution Centers, which each covers an area of over one million square feet’s, inside the distribution centers, there are five conveyer belts that move over 9,000 merchandise, they operate 24 hours, seven days a weeks To stand out amidst high competition, Wal-mart has an effective marketing strategy; the strategy is responsive to the needs of certain market thus the system may seem different in different countries. To come up with the specific marketing approach to use, the company undertakes a massive marketing and marke
Introduction Socialistic ideas have been popular in many parts of the world since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The USA could not be an exception and these ideas acquired strong support in the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Orestes Brownson and Eugene Debs are regarded as some of the major promulgators of socialistic ideas in the USA. Both thinkers strived for better life of Americans and tried to make people believe that it was possible. However, the two socialists had rather different approaches to the matter. Thus, Debbs relied on the theory of social contract and acted in terms of this approach, whereas Brownson was against the idea of the social contract as he longed for the society where Christian morals reigned and where no social or political despotism existed. It is necessary to note that both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, but Deb’s ideas seem more applicable to the contemporary life. Similarities between the Two Approaches To begin with, it is necessary to comment upon the similarities between the ideas of the two philosophers. Admittedly, both thinkers promulgated socialistic ideas as they unveiled vices of the American society of those days. For instance, Debs stressed that the disproportionate distribution of wealth and products is supported by the ruling elite (Dubofsky, 2011). Likewise, Brownson argued that political elites often violated common moral values and brought some individualistic values to the fore (Herrera, 2001). Both thinkers promulgated ideas of justice and the common good. It is also important to note that Brownson and Debs were devoted to their ideas and believed the society they longed for could be created. This devotion can be regarded as one of the major similarities between the two thinkers who knew their approaches were applicable. Both thinkers had many followers who shared the same standpoints. It is also noteworthy that the two philosophers tried to encourage people to unite. For instance, Debs claimed that each person (or rather worker) would become “a larger man” and would begin “to feel like a collective son of toil” (Debs, 2009, p. 405). Brownson also wanted people to unite and achieve a true equality. In this respect, it is possible to focus on the thinker’s view on the slavery. Brownson (2009, p. 405) stressed that slavery was the “deadliest curse” and “the foulest stain”. Therefore, the two thinkers strived for equality in the democratic society. Differences between the Two Approaches Orestes Brownson lived in the times of the great turmoil of the Civil War. He lived in the period when the American society was torn into two camps. The North was highly individualistic while the South was governed by the ideas of authority and strict rule (Moffit, 1978). Brownson became a devout Catholic and he acknowledged that Christianity could become the necessary ground for the development of a moral society governed by universal laws. The philosopher wished to generate “a “theoretical basis for or
Introduction Florida State is situated in the southeastern region of the United States, adjacent to Alabama and Georgia as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Assault is considered a crime against persons in Florida and indeed throughout the world through the preconditions for assault may vary in different states and nations. For instance, in a jurisdiction such as New Zealand and Australia, assault is regarded as an act that causes another person to receive abrupt and personal violence. However, in America and a majority of jurisdictions, the threat of violence caused by an abrupt show of force is also regarded as assault. This essay aims at looking at assault in Florida from a historical and modern perspective and also identifies how the threshold of assault has been defined with dynamism throughout history in the state of Florida. Laws as a reinforcement part of a justice system demands that all individuals be aware of and respect other people’s boundaries though it is possible to legally give consent for assault. The elements of assault under historical common law In the United States of America, the common law referred to assault in its different forms as a battery. The elements of battery are three, the first one being a volitional act depending on whether it is purposeful and intentional rather than reflexive or unintentional(Dressler, 2006). For instance, a person suffering from epilepsy hits his wife while suffering from a fit. Even though the contact causes harm to the wife, it would not amount to the battery since the act was unintentional (Ormerod, 2006). The second element is that battery is accomplished with the intention of causing harmful or offensive contact with another person or in situations that make the certainty of such contact ample. The final element of battery is that which causes harmful or offensive contact (Bumgarner, 2004). Therefore, throwing a shoe to hit an individual is a battery if the shoe indeed hits the person and is an assault if the shoe misses. The definition of assault under the historical common law, therefore, disregards the fact that the person may have been unaware that the shoe had been thrown at them (Bumgarner, 2004). Also, the state of Florida did include the description of civil assault as part of the definition of the crime (FBI, 2006). It is the, therefore, a criminal assault to deliberately place another person in fear of harmful or offensive contact. Fear, according to the Florida state is the awareness of the possibility of assault; hence, fear is not an emotion rather is a perpetuated mental state. The elements of the current Florida st
Introduction Thomas Jefferson was a prominent political leader of the 18 th century who made his name in the history of United States of America by drafting the famous Declaration of Independence. Jefferson’s desire was to return to Virginia to help the state government in writing the constitution. However the Congress appointed him to the five member committee that was assigned the task of writing the Declaration for the Colonists. The committee appointed him to produce the necessary points for the Declaration to be reviewed by them. Jefferson relied upon the works of several scholars such as Locke and Hutcheson for drafting the Declaration. At the same time he relied on help from the Virginia Declaration of Rights, his own draft of the Virginia constitution along with several other documents (Library of Congress, 2006). Jefferson produced a remarkable document supporting the colonists in their right to freedom from the British rule. The document was based on the premise that all men are created equal and therefore they must have their inalienable rights to life, freedom and pursuit of happiness (Library of Congress, 2006). There were several changes made by the review committee and then by the Continental Congress. Still, Jefferson maintained his authorship. He was proud of it but was critical of the changes made relating to the accusation of slave trade. In this paper I aim to discuss in detail some of the influences that helped Jefferson in drafting one of the most remarkable documents of revolution and independence ever drafted in the history of United States of America. Locke’s Influence On Jefferson According to the article “The Philosophical Basis of Modern Racism” (n.d.), John Locke had strongly made his influence upon Americans. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence is a prominent example of Locke’s influence. Jefferson considered Locke one of his greatest heroes. He admired his philosophies greatly. Upon analyzing the strategy and language use of the Declaration of Independence one cannot ignore the influence of the Second Treatise by Locke. Locke’s Second Treatise is about the equality of people and their rights to live a free life according to their wishes within the limitations imposed by laws that are there to protect their basic rights. Likewise the Declaration of Independence states: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men were created equal and were endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The above statement actually echoes Locke’s views on liberty and equality. As we compare Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence with Locke’s Second Treatise we find both of them revolutionary in nature. Jefferson had tried to explain the fact that the King of England had actua