ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The aim of this report is to analyse the financial position of Hikma Pharmaceutical PLC and GlaxoSmithKline PLC. The report will examine the firm’s daily operating activities and compares its performance with the closest competitor, the GlaxoSmithKline PLC. First, the report provides the industry overview and the background of both firms. Second, the report provides the segmented analysis in terms of products and geographical regions in order to better understand the performance of both firms. The report will then provide a financial ratio analysis of both firms in order to determine with certainty the best firm for investments The economic pressures including global crisis, price rise and increased rate of inflation and the general instability in the Eurozone affect both firms. The social, political and economic factors have a direct impact on the operating activities of both firms as well as their long-term growth decision plan. Finally After a careful examination of the financial ratios of both firms, Hikma Pharmaceutical PLC has come out to be the best firm to invest in compared with GlaxoSmithKline PLC. The reasons for such a conclusion can be seen in the report below. Introduction Industry overview The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most competitive with small and large firms operating within the global marketplace. Besides, the industry is most affected by the external factors including the level of economic growth (Yahoo Finance, 2014). Despite the continuing macro-economic and global challenges, the need for medicines and healthcare remains a priority to the majority of the global citizens. Despite the global economic growth recorded in 2013, the industry is still being affected by the fallout from the international financial crisis that began in 2008. The current industry growth of 3% is slightly lower compared to the projected growth of 3.5% and 3.1% growth the industry recorded just before the financial crisis. Within the Eurozone, which forms the largest market, the economy has remained weak over the years with an annual growth rate of 1.9%. The industry is yet to respond to the growth in the economy as predicted (Yahoo Finance, 2014). However, according to the industry information company (IMS), the sales in the pharmaceutical market have increased slightly from £499 billion in September, 2012 to £511 in September, 2013. The growth was primarily driven by the emerging markets including China and Asia Pacific regions, which recorded over 10% sales growth. The total sales from the Asia pacific were 22% up in 2013 financial year. The Eurozone sales remained unchanged while the North American sales remained at £219 billion representing 43% of the total global pharmaceuticals market. The top therapeutic pharmaceutical categories remained unchanged over the period in terms of positioning. The Institute for Healthcare Informatics (IMS) predicted that the annual sales for prescription med
The financial crisis that occurred in 2007-2008 is frequently defined as one of the major financial events at the beginning of the 2000s. Wallison even compares it to the Great Depression of the 1930s and introduces it as the world’s worst financial crisis that could happen again (3). Some effects of the crisis are still felt because people cannot control the presence or the absence of money in financial markets. Some people and organizations have numerous doubts and think that the same or even worse outcomes could be observed soon. To comprehend its essence and try to predict its repetition again, it is necessary to analyze its causes and investigate its consistence. One of the main reasons for why the financial crisis happened in 2007-2008 was the fact that banks could create much money in a short period of time. The outcome of such possibility was unpredictable and uncontrolled changes in housing prices and the development of speculations on financial markets. People got access to huge amounts of money, but did not know how to spend them in a proper way. The first falling of housing prices was observed in 2006. Rating agencies gained huge powers. The beginning was impressive, and realtors were happy to admit the fact that people could afford themselves new houses. People believed that the situation could be changed and stabilized soon. However, no improvements were observed. People continued taking loans and credits and enjoyed cheap and easy money in the housing market without even thinking where all that money came from (Eecke 93). Each time a bank offered a loan, new money was created, and the debt in the economy was doubled. In several months, it was clear that the economic debts were unpayable. Many banks turned out to be close to become bankrupts. The Federal Reserve Bank did not hurry up to blame banks for the mortgage crisis numerous countries were in but to focus on the work of Congress, the representatives of which made people believe in the possibility of having cheap and available houses without proper financial support and background. Personal greed, numerous frauds, failed regulations, and low interest rates created good opportunities for banks and other loan organizations to convince people and take risks. The collapse of the global financial system was evident (Wallison 134). Still, regardless of the fact that the scope or the consistence of the crisis was global, not all countries underwent such terrible change and financial concerns as the citizens of the United States. In Canada, the closest neighbor of the US, banks were able to stay stable and avoid the negative outcomes. At the same time, some European and Asian countries could not avoid the effects of the crisis and had to re-evaluate their economic and political rel
Introduction Electronic mail or e-mail has been accepted by the society as the most accessible and effective form of communication. It is used almost in all professional and non-professional fields. The widespread application of the email is thus a new method of communication. Therefore, there is a need to review and design guidelines for privacy, regulation and practice in its use. It is unfortunate that major part of the society perceives email messages as free-flowing and safe to send. Yet, there are a growing number of cases wherein an email message may be used as legal evidence in the court of law (Fell, J. & Salmon, J., 2008). To date, guidelines are being implemented in order to both protect the society from scams as well as to prevent further misuse and abuse of this novel form of communication. Also laws are being designed for the same purposes. There are a number of major factors that should be understood by a computer user in order to prevent any problems associated with messaging through the internet. The need for such guidelines is important because email is now used for both personal communication and official transactions around the world (Sachdev, 2005). Main body Similar to simple letters that are written on paper, email messages are also characterized by basic features. In an email, a footer section is included which provides the sender’s address and proper identification of the person sending the email message. There may be cases wherein an anonymous sender would send a scam letter asking for payment from an individual. In other cases, major transactions are performed through the email message (Stephenson, 2005). Hence, there are companies that would include a disclaimer at the end of the message to indicate its confidentiality and impossibility of sharing it with any other individual. In addition, a disclaimer may foresee the cases of the accidental reception of the email message (Stephenson, 2005). In such cases, the sender should be informed and the recipient should immediately delete the message. This action helps avoid any untoward cases of unintentional dissemination of information, especially if the topic of the email message is serious. Other disclaimers may also state that the email message is not a formal contract unless this intention is directly stated in the email message. This measure may protect both sender and recipient of the email message (White Paper, 2005). For example, the recipient might perceive that the message contains a contract agreement. However, in actuality, the sender was only aiming to discuss issues of a future contract (White Paper, 2005). Similar to a letter document, an email message should be forwarded to its recipient only. Any other individuals can receive it only if it i
In 2017, a first-year student at Louisiana State University, Maxwell Gruver, died of alcohol poisoning after drinking 190-proof alcohol called Diesel. The first thing that comes to mind? Careless youth that does not know what to do with the freedom of being away from the parents and starting adult life. But what if I told you that Gruver died because of a centuries-old university tradition that persists despite official bans and efforts to cancel it on campuses nationwide. The Louisiana State University student fell victim to hazing. Hazing is an initiation ceremony in which a person has to suffer humiliation, degradation, abuse, and danger to join a group. Often seen as a rite of passage, hazing has proven to be very dangerous to college students – the community I am part of. Therefore, I am writing this letter to demonstrate that hazing is an unfortunate tradition that is no longer acceptable on college campuses. Hazing is not fun or innocent. In fact, it leads to many negative consequences. The media do not do a great job covering the detrimental impact of hazing because it is only deaths that are reported. However, statistically, 71% of hazing survivors have long-lasting negative effects (Allan 45). Some of them develop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), a debilitating condition that prevents people from normal functioning because of anxiety, depression, flashbacks, and loss of control over their lives. Others complain about poor academic achievement and underperformance because of peer pressure and psychological suffering. It is easy to imagine how difficult it must be to build relationships after hazing as they do not know who to trust. Lastly, hazing may pose threats to physical health in the form of intoxication or injuries. How is it fair to start college expecting new knowledge, connections, and opportunities but instead having to heal from the consequences of a cruel and outdated tradition? I want to add that it is not only the victims that are likely to face negative consequences. Not enough attention is paid to how hazing derails the lives of those who organize such events. A number of states enact anti-hazing laws according to which abusers might have to pay monetary fines and, in some cases, even face jail time. Hazing may result in a ban from participating in some educational programs, suspension, or expulsion. Some people who host hazing events are talented athletes that may lose their membership and privileges if they cross the line. I believe that a good part of abusers is misguided and conformist. Because no comprehensive action is taken, they compromise their own future prospects for
Diverse analytical methods can be applied in populations study. Population appraisals are practical information gathering mechanisms in research. Reviews, as research techniques, are generally preferred in psychology studies. Individual self-reported information is gathered from surveyed respondents. Targeted information depends on the research objectives. A review might be centered on an individual’s details or be based on personal attitudes. Appraisals can be prepared by applying comprehensive techniques. Prearranged quizzes are developed and the studied populace queried. Alternatively, a set of questions may be issued, in the form of a questionnaire, to the surveyed population. The two survey methods are acceptable in population research. However, the investigator is required to select the most suitable technique for the intended study. Study reviews are usually regulated to establish research dependability and legitimacy. Controlled surveys have significance and their outcomes are realistic in a bigger populace. Enormous information quantities can be gathered in a modest interval. Review exercises are inexpensive compared to alternative information gathering methods. Appraisals can be developed rapidly and operated without difficulty. Population assessment methods are applied in various subject areas. Individual details, opinions, historical conducts, and viewpoints are researched by reviews. On the other hand, inappropriate management of reviews can weaken research outcomes. Individual responses might lack precision and have biases. Reviews may be conducted in varied ways. Most commonly applied techniques include correspondence, phone, internet, or door to door visits. Whichever survey method applied a successful outcome can be expected. Global human populations have a tendency of judging life aspects based on religious beliefs. Fundamental spiritual opinions have been incorporated across cultures that guide a member’s judgment. Religion has influenced various human social attributes. World attitudes towards life have greatly been directed by religious teachings and practices. Scientific surveys ought to be conducted with exactness. Well-designed reviews are astute, edified, and largely relevant in development. Selected survey method for a study is dependant on the desired outcome. Internet-based reviews have extensively been applied in psychology studies. Online survey techniques are advantageous compared to conventional methods. However, challenges with the methodology have been noted. Data accuracy, internet accessibility, and inferior answer speeds are obvious setbacks experienced in online surveys. However, various aspects have improved data collection outcomes. Individualized email correspondence, summarized prompts, preannounced assessment aim, and uncomplicated designs are some major steps taken in the improved survey structures. Although the method might be attractive, prudent steps should be adhered to as partiality might arise (Solomon, 2001). Respondents in an online survey might not portray seriousness in their answers. Skewed responses might have consequences of false information. A specific study que
Leadership is the process of putting up a practice for people to throw in their efforts to make something happen. In a nutshell, leadership is perceived to mean the capacity to put in order a group of people to accomplish a common objective. The kind of a leader that an organization has will determine the direction that the organization will take in terms of development. Visionary and exemplary leaders will steer an organization to prosperity and success while inefficient leaders will drive the organization to disarray and disorder (Burns 6). The overall definition of leadership is not easy to find. However, most definitions of leadership include elements found in the standard definition proposed by Stogdill. Stogdill defined leadership as a process of influencing the actions/operations of a structured group of people to establish or achieve a specific goal (Stogdill 366). Whereas it is not the goal of this essay to investigate in great depth, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln from the perspective of a specific theory, it is clear that he could be understood to embody a number of the chronological and recent theories and models. Where the characteristic style of leadership is concerned, Lincoln can be seen to fit into the ‘ main five’ elements of trait theory (Kennedy 12). These elements originated from numerous years of trait theory studies, from Stogdill’s fundamental work in the late 1940s and early 1970s, through to Kirkpatrick and Locke’s non-conformist perspective that such crucial leadership qualities can be learned and also acquired. The main five’ elements are insight, fearlessness, determination, uprightness, and friendliness. As this essay attempts to document, such qualities, (especially insight, determination, and uprightness) characterize Lincoln’s leadership (Kennedy 13). One vital distinction between the skill and the trait approach to leadership is that the latter is to a great extent held to be firm and inherent, while skills can be obtained and shaped. The skilled approach additionally plainly indicates that leadership attributes, (for example, charm and amiability) in themselves are insufficient since leaders also have to be capable (Anel 5). With respect to the skilled approach, this essay represents the perspective that in numerous regards, Lincoln was ‘learning at work’. Such learning was difficult on numerous occasions (intensified by the virulent civil war), but once learned, Lincoln can be seen to utilize the new skills to a great effect. Regardless of the way that essential advancements in the skilled approach to leadership have
Conjoint analysis are terms used to describe a statistical tool that marketing researchers use to assess the value consumers attach to different features of a service or product. In marketing, conjoint studies are normally carried out to determine the combination of features of a certain service or product that are likely to have the most influence on a customer’s choice or decision making. In other words, conjoint analysis is all about trade-offs and features (Green, and Srinivasan 4). The combination of such features is very important especially when developing marketing models on the revenue generated by a given brand. They also assist market researchers to project the market share and/or profitability of a given brand. Conjoint analysis enables you to pose questions that compel respondents to make trade-offs on features. In addition, you can also project the value that respondents place on the individual features of a brand in line with the kind of trade-offs made. Finally, conjoint analysis enables you to simulate the reactions of the market to different trade-offs features that you might be considering. For more than three decades now, market researchers mainly in the United States and Europe have been using conjoint analysis to help them understand customer choices and preferences. The main area of marketing where conjoint analysis is mainly used extensively is in new product development. In addition market researchers have also used conjoint analysis to determine product/service pricing and targeting dynamics. A number of studies show that discrete choice and con
Abstract The article is a summary of the writing disabilities that have children with special needs. The present study focuses on an article entitled “Improving the writing performance of young struggling writers: Theoretical and Programmatic Research from the centre on accelerating student learning.” The paper presents a brief analysis of the main points provided in the current research. Article Summary The number of children with writing disabilities is quite high. In the United States, the number of students who cannot write properly is quite high, and the majority of affected students are in the 4th, 8th, and 12th grade. These children cannot master proper writing skills appropriate to their grades. A child with special needs usually experiences writing difficulties; especially students who have behavioural disorders, learning disabilities, and speech difficulties. In order to address these problems and difficulties in writing, a number of proper strategies should be developed. One of such strategies is the planning strategy instruction which comprises of various interventions that can be adopted in order to assist writers who are currently enrolling in the primary grades. Such an approach can be more effective with young children than with adults. The use of this strategy is based on the SDSR model, which is a combination of strategy development and strategy regulation. When using this approach, children learn how to accomplish tasks such as story writing improving their writing skills. In addition, students learn self-regulation procedures, such as setting their goals and skills that will enable them to achieve these goals. Self-regulation is important when it comes to self – evaluation (Graham et al., 1998). SDSR approach plays a crucial role when it comes to the students’ independence in the learning process. The instructor does not have to be there all the time to evaluate the student’s progress because they are able to evaluate their own progress without additional help. It helps students understand and correct their mistakes, and thus, avoid them in future. However, the instructor’s help and assistance are crucial to ensure success in the learning process, although, students make quite good when they are applying the strategies themselves. Graham et al. (1998) argue that students should be allowed to learn writing skills at their own pace. Applying this way, they will have an opportunity to understand in depth all they are supposed to understand about writing. Instructors should ensure that students are fully conversant with what they are supposed to know in one stage
Introduction Zhuangzi was a traditional Chinese who acted as a very influential Chinese philosopher and he lived around 4th century BCE during the time of warning State. His name at times appears in other different forms such as Chuang Tsu, Chuang Tzu, Zhang Tzem Choang-SZi, ChuangTse or master Chang in English. He lived during the reign of King Hui of Liang and the time of King Xuan of ai. He lived within the span of 370-301 BCE. He was from the town of Meng which was situated in the state of song. He was given a name Zhou and was an official of meng. This philosopher was also a writer and he wrote the Taoist book Zhuangzi which he named after his name. He was given honorific title for writing the Taoist book. Zhuangzi was born in a place that was situated within the administrative unit country during the time of Tang dynasty. Zhuangzi wrote the first seven chapters of Taoist book while the rest of the chapters were completed by his students and other philosophical writers. Therefore, this shows that the rest were a result of composite of writings. The extent editions of the Zhuangzi are as a result of recession by the Guo Xiang. Zhuangzi according to the Chinese religion he ahs has been categorized as Taoist which is evidenced by the inner chapter of the text since he stands out from the rest. Zhuangzi’s philosophy is skeptical since in most of his writings he argues out that life is limited and the amount of things one knows is also limited. His philosophy was very influential In development of Chinese Buddhism especially the Chan. Main text Zhuangzi was known to be the first anarchist; he argued that the world does not need leadership and governing since he believed that things work out well when they are left alone to sought themselves out. He was the first Chinese to work out the ideas of spontaneous order before proud and Hayek. Allan Watts declared that Zhuangzi was liberalization since he was sympathetic to Monarchial libertarianism. Zhuangzi also stated out that life form possesses an innate ability or power which can enable transformation and adoption of the surrounding envi