ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter Five Summary The discussion in chapter four brings out the importance of each of the 21 responsibilities individually but says very little to show how they relate to each other. For the relationships to be identified, a factor analysis was conducted based on responses to a questionnaire used to assess the behavior of principals’ in relation to the 21 responsibilities. This is the subject matter of this chapter. An important discovery that resulted from the analysis was that two traits; first-order and second-order changes, appeared to underlie the responsibilities (Marzano, Waters, & McNulty 2005). First- and Second-Order Change First-order change is incremental in nature and is usually the first option sought after by school leadership when faced with a problem. Its success relies mainly on past occurrences and the application of fresh ideas is often not an option. To a large extent, it can only prepare an individual for common situations. It is, however, quite challenging to try using this approach on new challenges for which solutions are not readily available. Second-order change on the other hand is radical and for any benefits to be realized, steadfast leadership is a must. It entails conceptualizing a problem differently or adopting a completely new strategy. The Difficulty of the Second-Order Change The adoption of second-order change has failed in a number of occasions and in discouraged innovation in many areas. There is a high tendency for humans to look at nearly all problems as if they were of first-order nature and this is one of the reasons why it has been difficult to advance the use of second-order change. Also, second-order change is to a certain extent unpopular with many as it strongly disregards the status quo which most people are determined to maintain. The use of second-order change has also been a dreadful venture for many who may not be ready to accommodate criticisms. One has to be quite resilient to succeed using this form of leadership. Leadership for First-Order Change: Managing the Daily Life of a School The outcome of the factor analysis clearly shows how the 21 responsibilities interact and how they can be applied to achieve change. Involvement in the day-to-day changes in a school will require that all the 21 principal responsibilities to be seen as important although to a varying degree. Despite the fact that the responsibilities are ranked in order of importance, none of them should receive little importance. The routine business of schooling demands corrections and alterations which, by definition are first order in nature and as such, first-order change is viewed as a by-product of the day-to-day functions of the school. Relating the 21 responsibilities to the first-order change shows that these responsibilities define the standard operating procedures in a school. They are regarded as the management tools of effective school leaders. Leadership for Second-Order Change Unlike first-order, second-order change is linked
There is no doubt that we live in a century of technological progress. We use many innovations in the sphere of entertainment, but I believe that the main stress should be put on helping people to feel safe. This is why our group is interested in designing a new half-track that will be able to overcome any obstacles and transport patients to the hospital just in time. The weather and road conditions may be different and our goal is to provide the half-track with as great off-road capability as possible. To increase it, we use treads, similar to those that a tank has, and wheels. The combination of these components significantly increases its ability to move through flooded areas. Besides, it makes the half-track able to be used for transporting people even in case of severe weather conditions. This type of vehicle is able to work properly during heavy snowfall and move through hills, which makes it even more helpful. To ensure that the half-track will demonstrate proper functioning, we have suggested using quite a power engine. Then, to eliminate the possibility of its running out of gas on the way to the hospital, we designed the fuel system so that the half-track has quite a big fuel tank. For some drivers moving through such difficult areas can be a sophisticated task. This is why we decided to add a new dimension to our vehicle so that it could be driven by a robot. Such an innovation is able to make the transportation easier. Nevertheless, big sum of money is needed to create a system that will be safe for patients and public health care workers. In the beginning, we need to introduce a control system that will work without errors. This is extremely important as every failure can cost us the health or the life of a patient. The half-track should also have a navigation system that will help it to arrange an itinerary by itself. Nevertheless, each message about the new itinerary should be sent to medical monitoring service in order to be checked. To continue, it will be necessary to create a special database containing information on all the hospitals that are in this area. It may turn out to be helpful if there is a bad connection to the monitoring service. In such a case, the control system of the half-track will be able to choose an appropriate route from the database. Besides, to provide a patient with security, specialists working in the monitoring service should be able to control the moving of the half-track. Thus, they should be sent an alert message if the half-track goes out of control. Automatic system still cannot be very safe if it works without man’s control (Ohn-Bar & Trivedi 91). T
Introduction The human development refers to the process of becoming mature physically, psychologically, and socially. The development in a child occurs in relation to the interaction that the child has with the immediate environmental factors. The biological, social, or psychological context in which a child grows is referred to as human ecology (Berns, 2009, p.5). The setting under which a child is brought up will greatly affect his development. The family and the home setting of a given child becomes the most fundamental factor that influences much of the development. Much of the child’s time during the early stages of development is spent with the family members. As the child grows and relates with other individuals outside their nuclear family, the kind of interaction so developed will also affect his development. The extended family is the next immediate factor that will influence the development of the child. The child grows up and attends childcare and educational centers. He will be visiting healthcare centers and different other learning facilities in the neighborhood. He then meets children from within the community in different sites like a community playground. The child now interacts with a wider group of individuals from the society. Other factors may not be in the immediate surrounding of the child but will influence his development. Various legal provisions and the condition of the parents’ workplace may have influence on a child’s development. Such external factors have often been neglected by various researchers and scholars. However, they influence the meaning that an individual makes out of the immediate settings and influence his behavior and development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, p.18). Thesis statement The human development does not occur in isolation. The interaction between the various environmental factors like the family of an individual, their home, the school he attends, the community, and the society have significant impacts on the human development in children. The systems of Bioecological Model of Human Development The Bioecological model of human development consists of four basic systems that define different levels of settings affecting the development of a child. These are Microsystems, Mesosystems, Exosystem, and Macrosystem. Different interactions and relationships occur between these structures and affect the development of a child (Berns, 2009, p.18). Microsystems Microsystem is the fundamental structure of the Bioecological model of the human development. It encompasses the relationships and activities that are carried out in an individual’s immediate setting like the family, school, the community as well as the peer group (Berns, 2009, p.19). The family is the first setting that a child encounters in a normal societal setup and is a major component of the Microsystem for a developing child (Lerner, 2002, p.41). The parents are supposed to take care of the child and provide the required parental love to ensure proper emotional development. The family background (parents’ education, family size, the availability of the learning materials and other facilities at home) will affect the ch
Do you believe that Meursault is guilty of murder? If not, is he completely innocent of any crime, or is he guilty of something else? If the latter, what? Do you believe he intended to kill the Arab? Meursault is not innocent. He is guilty of murder because he killed the Arab, but this is not the only crime he is guilty of. Though he killed the Arab, Meursault is not a murderer because we see him in the earlier stages of the story stopping Raymond from killing the Arab with a gun. He is seen to have no feeling of regret even after his mother’s death. He is sentenced to death, and he does not see it as a big deal because he argues that everyone will have to die eventually. He is accused of senseless killing, and the courtroom wants him to explain the reason behind the unmotivated killing. The outcome of the trial is more of moral condemnation rather than a punishment for murder. Meursault does not appear to see as if he did something bad by killing the Arab. If fact, when he is prompted to explain the killing, he says that it was because of the sun. He is honest and readily accepts the responsibility for the murder because he sees nothing wrong with his actions. The sun was hot on his head, and the sweat was entering his eyes. When he went close to the Arab, the Arab lifted the knife, which reflected in Meursault’s eyes so that he could not see properly (Camus, 1946). Rationally looking at the cause of the murder Meursault is not guilty, and he did what he had to do. That is why he has no regrets and shows no emotional concern. On the other hand, he is guilty of taking someone’s life, and he admits it but does not give a considerable reason. I do not think he intended to kill the Arab because there was not a history of the two having grudges or having conflicting interests. It was just a matter of a thoughtless reaction (Guignon, 2004). The character Meursault We do not know much about this character. Even his second name is not available, and he is only referred by his first throughout the book. It is hard to fully understand Meursault’s personality and the behaviors he portrays. As the story starts, he lived in Paris but is now living in Algiers. He moves his belongings to one-bedroom, and they fit they’re showing that he had very little possession. It indicates that he had no greed for material possessions. Meursault is a secretive reserved man. We see him refusing to
Introduction The challenges that face humanity due to diseases remain common in the global arena. Particularly, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most deadly ailments that kill and disable many Australians. The 40,888 key coronary problems recognized in 2007 were responsible for 30% of all fatalities. At the same time, 20% of deaths recorded in Western Australia were associated with heart problems. CDVs entail the consortium of diseases that emerge as a result of insufficient blood distribution to the heart (Department of Health Western Australia, 2009). The constriction that occurs in the coronary arteries hinders blood circulation. Most importantly, atherosclerosis causes the arteries to develop coronary constriction. Researchers argue that cases of Myocardial infarction (MI) are very common in the country. It emerges as a result of permanent destruction or death of sections of heart muscles. The destruction or death of such muscles is normally associated with inadequate blood circulation to the sections. The extent to which MI is impacting Australians is well documented. The illness mostly affects individuals aged between 25 and 84. However, men are at elevated risk than women of contracting MI. Furthermore, MI is likely to attack men beginning at relatively younger age (Department of Health Western Australia, 2009). It has been indicated that MI affects both older women and men. However, 75% of older men are suffering from MI. In Australia, the illness affects more indigenous people. Indeed, higher mortalities resulting from MI and complications associated with MI have been recorded among the Aboriginals (Brown, 2012
Summary of News Reports Healthcare problems attract enormous attention to the public today. They are not already only contemporary issues that are discussed by the scientists and professionals, which underlines that they reached criticality level. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is among the conditions that are discussed so widely that almost every person in the world knows about its existence. Even though healthcare professionals investigated the syndrome and virus that causes it (HIV) for a long time and found medicines that can help to prevent and control it, HIV/AIDS is still spreading. In her news report, Wendy Lemeric (2016) discusses the most recent HIV/AIDS cure, trying to show how close the scientists are to discover it. The author throws light on the collection of studies and reports made by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. She describes one of them in brief (adding an anti-retroviral drug to an existing anti-retroviral therapy) to prove that steps forward are made, and a cure for HIV infection is likely to be found soon, as researchers are not going to stop and continue deepening into the topic. Martin Duberman (2016) provides a more focused view of the problem. He discusses the spreading of AIDS among African American males who are engaged in same-sex conduct. The author believes that people in color become more affected by this issue than others. Duberman (2016) pays attention to the lower-income populations, as they have high rates of deaths because of AIDS in comparison to the whites with a decent income. He is highly concerned that African American gay people lost a sense of urgency as they believe AIDS to be manageable. As a result, no positive changes are seen among this population, and the problem fails to be solved. A recent news report presented by Dan Taylor (2016) questions the effectiveness of HIV treatment and taking AIDS under control. He shares the information about the prevention pill, known as Truvada, and emphasizes the fact that it has different effects on male and female populations. The author is concerned that scientists give the general public a false sense of security. Still, he is sure that they made a great step forward since the time the disease first emerged. Taylor (2016) believes that much more work should be done before it could be said that the goal is achieved. Catharine Paddock (2016) investigates the problem of HIV/AIDS from a financial perspective. She pays attention to the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where a lot of people suffer from this problem. Paddock discusses the report prepared by the scientists from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. They calculated the funding these countries require and claimed that it would be impossible to provide them because domestic financing will not have an estimated amount of money available. Thus, it is emphasized that it is time to search for a range of innovative sources of finance that will allow improving the situation. The author points out t
Executive Summary The contemporary business environment is very competitive, thus calling for all business organizations to implement organizational changes in order to attain competitive advantage over rival firms. However, it is a common phenomenon across all industries that employees will always be resistant to change, thus the need for proper planning in order to ensure benefits accumulate to both the employees and the organization. In the case of Wilder’s Store, several problems have been identified as negatively affecting the performance of the company. Such problems include inadequate personnel in assembly section and inadequate storage space. In this view, the store plans to implement changes in the above mentioned areas, however, it faces resistance from employees, who perceive the proposed change as being an interruption to the normal working condition. In implementing the change, the firm should ensure that it communicates the proposed change clearly to all employees, as well as making the understand the need and the benefits they will derive from the implemented change. Indeed, involvement of employees in change process will reduce resistance. In implementing change, several steps have to be followed including, establishing the sense of urgency, forming guiding coalition, creating a clear vision and communicating such vision to all stakeholders, commitment to sustainable change and finally, making a follow-up plan to establish the effectiveness of implementation. When all the above are observed and employees involved in change process, there would be smooth implementation of change and subsequently
The shepherd theory originates from the ancient saying by Mohammad which states, that no prophet has never worked as a shepherd (Adair 17). In the Islamic holy book, David was also recognized as having been a great shepherd during his youthful days. In one of the psalms, David said that God had chosen him to be his servant and had anointed him to become a king having led his youthful life as a shepherd (Adair 18). It is obvious from the above passage that the metaphor called ‘shepherd’ strongly symbolized great leadership characteristics, which were even recognized by the almighty God (Adair 18). That is why ancient leadership theory authors used the same metaphor in most of their great works (Adair 19). According to the shepherd theory, there are three vital roles of a good leader, which include:   * Achieving the tasks which the leader is charged with (Adair 18)   * Holding a team or group together in unity (Adair 18)   * Accomplishing every team member’s need (Adair 18). The shepherd theory indicates that leadership is a journey and the theory is so strong in its overtone and greatly affects the modern leadership theory. It is a simple and serviceable model, that can be used by the modern leaders even though its lessons seem to be more implicit (Adair 18). The shepherd theory gives us a quick insight into how a leader is supposed to be. It indicates that a shepherd has to lead the flock, sometimes walking several miles a day in search of the scarce pasture that grows in the wilderness (Adair 18). Lambs in a usual way follow their mothers, while the full-grown sheep follow the dominant ram (Adair 18). To mark their path sheep have hoof-glands that emit a distinct scent (Adair 19). Individuals observed this phenomenon in the ancient days and found out that docile sheep could be tamed and induced to follow human leaders instead of following the usual dominant ram (Adair 19). Shepherds had dogs in the old days, but the dogs
Introduction In order to remain legitimate, citizens ought to have confidence in the criminal justice system. If these citizens think of the institution as trustworthy, just, and fair, then chances are that they will concede to it. Law enforcement is one of the most critical components of the criminal justice system because it interacts with almost all members of society. Ethnic minorities and poor people predominantly contact the government through the criminal justice system. It, therefore, makes sense for law enforcers to appear just to this group of people. When policemen act differentially or in a biased way against a member of society, then they send the message that the political and social system of the country is unreliable. It is imperative to study one aspect of police interactions with the public; domestic calls, in order to determine whether such injustices exist. In this paper, it is hypothesis is as follows: law enforcement officials will respond quicker to domestic calls in a white neighborhood than calls from predominantly black neighborhoods because of the perception of repeated crimes in such areas. Literature review It is necessary to look at theoretical underpinning of crime in order to understand the context of the research hypothesis. Two theories are insightful in this analysis; they are the social disorganization theory and the conflict theory of criminology. The social disorganization theory postulates that crime rates will be high in areas with dysfunctional communal institutions and minimal communal relationships. Lack of strong communal ties minimizes people’s cooperative behavior and hence their ability to prevent criminal behavior. If a community engages its members in communal institutions such as schools, churches and family, then chances are that these people will have a strong bond with each other. Consequently, they are less likely to commit crimes against one another. Analysts often apply the theory to people in small geographical units such as neighborhoods or communities (Bursik, 1988). The social disorganization theory arose in the early 1900s and criminologists used it to explain high rates of crime in Chicago. At the time, numerous immigrants had entered the city and few of them associated with each other on the community level. Chicago, which had consisted of a peasant society, became a multicultural city. Inconsistencies and disorganization replaced the uniformity and harmony that existed in the peasant society. Individualism and economic competition disintegrated the family unit as well as other communal institutions. Since families were agents of social control in the previously homogenous society, then the heterogeneous society undermined government control. As a result, crime and delinquency persisted in Chi