ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In every area of study, research is quite a crucial tool in finding and making conclusions about a certain phenomenon. Researchers make analysis of existing literature concerning a topic of research or study because carrying out a research can be quite cumbersome; therefore, it would be crucial to borrow ideas from articles written by other researchers. In the course of handling this paper, there will be an examination of the fundamental concepts utilised in research in relation to the study of psychology. The paper will also be based on the provision of relevant examples in relation to demonstrating the need and for psychology. Additionally, this paper will be based on discussions on various concepts in relation to psychology by explaining various scientific methods used in carrying research in this field. The paper will also draw a distinction between qualitative and quantitative data gathered and utilised in carrying out research. Finally, the paper will shed some light on the procedure to be utilised in construction and testing of a scientific theory. Although psychology has been presented as a subject for quite a long time now, it has been hard to define the subject conclusively. However, there have been several misconceptions in relation to the subject as depicted by the media and education systems due to a diversified career path in this field. Psychology defines the scientific study of how the brain of a person functions in the urge to determine his or her mentality, hence the behaviour depicted (Haslam & McGarty, 1998). However, the discipline can never be complete if it is not applied. Psychology as a field of study aims at understanding a certain behaviour depicted by a certain group or an individual.
Introduction Background to the study Krexox is a store owned by a sole-proprietor and is located within the suburban Mill Run shopping center. The store has been in operation for 5 years. In its operation, the store deals with a variety of food products such as cereals. To ensure that consumers easily access the cereals, effective positioning is integrated. The firm has attained this through incorporation of racks which are strategically located within the store. The racks are 20 meters in length, 1 meter wide and 1.5 meters in height. To increase their carrying capacity, the racks have two shelves on which the cereals are stocked. Since its inception, the firm has managed to attain an optimal performance as a result of integration of effective marketing practices. In order to analyze the operations’ of Kerox store, the researcher conducted an observational study. The observation is conducted during the busy morning and afternoon hours for a period of three days. Aim The report is aimed at analyzing Krexox cereal aisle. Scope The report entails an analysis of Krexox store. The various types of cereals the store deals with are identified. In addition, the report also includes the various consumer behaviors identified. An explanation of the findings is also given. Finally a conclusion giving some of the marketing strategies which the firm can integrate are given. However, the report is limited in that it is only based n observation. Types of cereals The entrepreneur has appreciated the fact that consumer’s have diverse product requirement. As a result, the store stocks various cereal brands. From observation, it was identified that the store mainly stocks wholegrain cereals. Some of the whole grain cereals which the store stocks include cheerios, mini –wheat, muesli, French toast crunch, golden grahams, cinnamon toast crunch, low fat granola, oatmeal crisp, oatmeal squares, shredded wheat, multi-grain chex, wheat chex, grape nuts and grape nut flakes. In addition to whole grains, the store also stocks other cereals with other characteristics such as novelty ingredients, cereals which lead to reduction of weight and also those which reduce heart diseases. It was also observed that the cereals were stocked in various quantities while the packets were branded in different colors. From the observation conducted during the three days, it was observed that the rate of restocking the various cereals varied. The rate of restocking was measured on a scale of 1-5 where 1-2= slow rate of restocking, 3-4= medium rate of restocking, 4-5= Fast rate of restocking. The table in the appendix section illustrates the rate of restocking identified. Consumer behavior observed From observation, a number of consumer behaviors were identified as outlined below.  1. The consumers enquire about the characteristics of the various cereals. One of the elements enquired about relate to health characteristic of the cereals.  2. Consumers evaluate the quantities in which the cereals are packaged.  3. The consumers enquire about the price of the various
Three Steps for a Leader to Promote a Healthy Organizational Culture Leadership plays an essential role in promoting a healthy environment in the workplace. Executives perform a number of important functions, duties, and responsibilities aimed at improving the welfare of their employees. In this respect, they should undertake three major steps in enhancing organizational culture. First of all, leaders should shape an organizational environment with regard to a vision and mission which should also be shared among the employees. It means that leaders should provide an organization with a specific vision that enhances the identity and meaning of organizational objectives (Popa, 2012). It is extremely important for a leader to articulate the company’s mission in an efficient way so that people feel strongly committed to these goals and strive to align their personal goals with those introduced by a leader. In addition, a leader should effectively articulate and promote his/her company’s vision externally, as well as establish fruitful relationships with the external stakeholders. Second, executives should organize an effective distribution of resources and be able to estimate feedback received from the external environment. External stakeholders have a potent impact on the development and performance of an organization (Popa, 2012). In this respect, leaders should ensure that the established vision of the organization meets the goals of the external environment and is relevant to the circumstances. Finally, an organization’s managers should work on creating value to the mobilized resources for developing vision and creating demand for the product or service. A leader, therefore, is an individual who influences and creates a specific environment in the workplace and beyond. In case this person is not able to influence the organizational processes and enhance values, his/her leadership skills are under the question. Three Interpersonal Behaviors that Leaders Should Take to Promote a Healthy Organizational Culture Each leader should be able to build a trustful partnership with front-line managers and their subordinates to gain confidence and authority. However, they should realize that gaining respect does not mean receiving total control and dominance over employees. In this respect, there are three main interpersonal behaviors that each manager should possess – being honest and straightforward, highly responsible, and committed to goals and vision. All these types of behavior introduce a favorable environment and trust among the employees. To begin with, being honest and straightforward means being transparent and open. Executives, therefore, should be more concerned with the way they deliver and exchange information, as well as take control of information flow between different departments (Johnson et al., 2012). Further, leaders should not only be able to distribute respon
Introduction Roads in the Middle East face the very same problems as the roads of the other countries. A great number of people use cars every day to get to their job or on private business in order to settle some personal affairs. In the modern world, people tend to drive cars more and more often refusing to use public transport because of its inconvenience. No one would agree to spend even thirty minutes in a bus or tram crowded with people where one has to argue all the time because of the occupied vacant place or stepping on somebody else’s foot, moreover “busses and trains tend to be hopelessly crowed, particularly during the rush hours” (Justine Vaisutis: 104). Especially terrible the public transport seems to be in summer when it is unbelievably hot. No one would contest that it is far more comfortable to sit in one’s own car with air conditioning and light calming music than to use the bus where you are deprived of a possibility to relax. Availability of cars at low prices makes it possible for most of the families to have their own means of transportation which they can use any time and which is always at hand when you need it. The condition of the roads in the Middle East is not as appalling as in some other countries this is why it does not seem to be that big a problem. Much more attention is to be paid to the problem of traffic jams since it is very vital and touches the lives of most people in the Middle East. No matter how problematic the traffic jams seem to be for the Middle East roads, no proper solution to this problem has been offered so far this is why there is a necessity to reveal the possible solutions which would help reduce the number of cars on the roads thus making traffic jams not so frequently observed. Driving in Rush Hours What should be mentioned above all is that not using the cars in rush hours would help avoid traffic jams which make most of the drivers nervous because of wasted fuel and time. Mehran Kamrava (2005) informs that recent decades have seen an astounding rise in the number of vehicles in the Middle East, so much so that traffic jams have become daily features of even smaller cities and towns throughout the region. It is namely in the rush hours that most of the traffic jams are formed because this is when people get back home from work, that’s why “daily peak-hour traffic congestion is inescapable in every large metropolitan area in the world” (Anthony Downs: 2). Reasons to Refuse from Driving in Rush Hours Of course, not a single person would appease the idea that he or she should not use the car for coming back home but if given a little thinking this idea does not se
“Legend” is a crime drama directed by Brian Helgeland based on an authentic storyline where two twin brothers from London engage in organized criminal activity. Tom Hardy portrays both brothers that are not typical “legends” the one may expect to see from the title. Helgeland revives the images of the Kray brothers, Reggie and Ronny that at some point become one of the leading players in the brutal games of the gangster side. Viewers are invited to follow the story behind an unusual family business shaded with obstacles shaping events in London of 1950s. The filmmaking part of the “Legend” leaves even more space for one’s doubt than the plot does. The viewer gets engaged seeing the complexity of Hardy’s acting craft with a plaque of historical drama. Nevertheless, critics lament the lack of depth and development behind the rise and fall of the 60s London’s most notorious criminals and continue to compare this narrative to the previous works of Helgeland. Berardinelli openly criticizes the quality of analysis done on the film’s material but highlights Hardy’s performance. The lodge seems to be dissatisfied with the fragmented script in comparison to Helgeland’s previous works. Kenny points out the banality and clashes that creators of “Legend” failed to omit. The discussion on “Legend” is worth further exploration, as there are many cinematographic elements that were truly omitted by the director and harmed the synopsis of the feature film. Starting from the movie’s “main advantage,” as Kenny phrased it, Tom Hardy does absolutely great at portraying two separate individuals on the one screen (2). Even Berrardineli, in his extremely critical review, leaves room for a positive comment towards Hardy’s work: “It’s hard to put any of the blame for the film’s missteps on star Tom Hardy, who acts with conviction” (2). In fact, twins are shown to the audience through the lens of a very delicate work done by Hardy. The charisma of the starring actor centers the audience’s attention and leaves an exhilarating feeling. The legendary brothers from the East End decided to engage in an illegal lifestyle surrounding themselves with robbery, murders, racketeering. Hardy splits his talent into two separate lifelines that constantly cross while portraying both Reggie and Ronny Kray. There is no doubt left that these two are blood-related while looking at them. However, once the first act of the storyline is finished, and one gets to know both protagonists better, there is a degree of astonishment at how different they are. Hardy does an indisputably good job of being both Krays, and he succeeds in his task of
The story ‘The Tale of two Cities’ written by Charles Dickens is considered to be dedicated to the disclosure of French Revolution period; it is the classic work representing the archetypal characters through the concepts of good and evil interaction, physical and moral courage. The paper will be concentrated on the analysis of the story central heroes, Charles Darnay, Sydney Carton, Lucie Mannette and Madame Defarge, combining the elements of violence and horror with the romanticism and realism style portrayed by Dickens. Charles Darnay is depicted by Dickens as a French aristocrat, living in England through his inability to accept the injustice and cruelty of French social system. The character is the embodiment of moral values and greatest virtues by his rejection of uncle Marquis Evremonde’s snobbism. Darnay, who is presented as the protagonist of the story, is the expression of nobility and morality. Moving to London, he marries Lucie Manette and they have a little daughter Lucie. ‘He had loved Lucie Manette from the hour of his danger. He had never heard a sound so sweet and deer as the sound of her compassionate voice; he had never seen a face so tenderly beautiful, as hers when it was confronted with his own on the edge of the grave that had been dug for him.’ (Dickens 131) The events surrounding the character are filled with envy, evilness and hatred; nevertheless, the power of love and deep moral values make the character remain just and faithful. Dickens depicts Darnay as a flat character; despite this fact, he undergoes only minor changes
It is imperative to note that that the documentary titled “Blackfish” has drawn the attention of the public, and has facilitated many discussions. It is focused on an orca named Tilikum that is associated with three human deaths. The director focuses on the captivity of the animal and provides numerous pieces of evidence that suggest that it leads to many problems. The narrative is emotional, and such arguments should be analyzed because they are quite comprehensive. It is quite obvious that the treatment that Tilikum had to deal with was unreasonable, and has led to numerous problems. The issue that should not be overlooked is that humans disregard mental capabilities of other creatures, and do not consider them to be intelligent. However, orcas are smart, and they are incredibly emotional. Moreover, it is suggested that he is so aggressive because he was harassed by other orcas. It is understandable that interactions are quite important, but employees should have taken appropriate measures to improve the experience of a captive whale. Another aspect that should be highlighted is that people that defend the captivity make false claims very often to protect the image of the enterprises, and they are not based on any pieces of data. The argument that the lifespan of whales is not reduced in such environment is highly questionable because a psychological pressure is enormous, and it may be hard to handle for some. A pos
Purpose Employers spend significant amounts of money on workplace training activities. Transfer training (the use of knowledge in practice) is an outcome that the organizations want to achieve from employee education. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of activities before, during, and after training on worker’s information transferring. The use of the quantitative design allows the authors to evaluate which period of training is more important than others. Goal The central goal of the study is to compare the relationship between the transfer of training and “pre-training, during-training, and post-training factors” (Jaidev and Chirayath 55). Transfer of knowledge is defined by the authors through such characteristics as improved performance, low rate of mistakes, use of new techniques, faster work completion and others. The scholars pose the following questions:   * Do pre-training, during-training, and post-training factors influence the information transfer?   * Which of these activities may be the most influential? Literature Review   * Employee training is vital for many industries – more than 60 % of workers use the gathered knowledge immediately after education (Jaidev and Chirayath 55).   * Three main factors have an impact on employees’ training success: the design of the training program, workplace environment, and workers’ individual characteristics (Jaidev and Chirayath 55).   * Some of the best practices for improvement include coaching, supervisor-employee interaction, and job-relevant information.   * The attitudes of the manager and the involved employees may positively and negatively affect the outcome of training.   * Intrinsic motivation also has an effect on employees’ training – the opportunities are used effectively by interested participants.   * Successful training reduces turnover rates and improves communication.   * Previous findings consider goal-oriented training as highly effective in motivating employees.   * Moreover, long-term goals and high self-efficacy also affect the outcomes of training.   * Specific aspects of the workplace environment are also significant – management participation, involved employers, and peer support network.   * The direction of the organization and employees’ participation in the formation of educational programs increase the staff’s intrinsic motivation (Jaidev and Chirayath 57). Main Information   * The authors separate all program-related factors into three stages.   * Pre-practice conditions: organizers, motivation, goal orientation, commitment, preliminary discussions.
This Changes Everything: Capital vs. the Climate “This Changes Everything: Capital vs. the Climate” is a book written by Naomi Klein and published in 2014 by Simon & Schuster Publishing. The book is considered to be a testament to movements against Global Warming. It offers great insights and well-supported analysis against deniers of climate changes, who are supported by corporations and industries that stand against anything that would diminish their profits. The book’s central motif is that to survive, humanity needs to reform from individualistic and towards the collective model – something that is fiercely opposed by the members of the industrial-capitalistic camp. The first chapter of the book serves as an introduction to the subject. It begins by presenting the arguments and choice quotes of the deniers of global warming – something that sets the mood of the story and puts the reader on the right side – the side of the pro-science and pro-environment movement. The main idea set forth by Naomi Klein in this chapter is that the Environmental subject is being viewed as a battleground between the right-wing and left-wing political ideologies. She states that “For the left, Climate change is the perfect thing. It’s the reason why we should do everything [the left] wanted to do anyway.” This reasoning explains why the power-hoarders and factory owners are so adamantly against climate change policies – they see not only a threat to their profits, but their property as well, as socialism for them is associated with redistribution of wealth and power. Some of the other ideas that are covered by the first chapter are how the corporations are stripping the world clean of resources, while simultaneously financing pseudo-scientific research to support their ca
The modern definition of medical practice and health care has become explicitly related to the aspects of the socio-cultural environment. Evolving from such a tendency, scholarly research is frequently focused on the correlations between the cultural peculiarities of patients and their health conditions. For example, when speaking of motherhood, it is of paramount importance to remember that females representing cultural minorities have a predisposition for postpartum depression due to lower levels of social support (Pao et al., 2019). Thus, such peculiarities may be combined under the notion of cultural competence, which stands for the ability to acknowledge various cultures and secure appropriate communication within them. Competence can be demonstrated in terms of cultural sensitivity, skill, proficiency, and dynamicity (Sharifi et al., 2019). However, when trying to take into account cultural competence, nurses frequently struggle with the ways of understanding profoundly the cultural identity of a patient. Hence, in order to resolve the issue, nurses should:   * Ask the patient directly. There is a common belief that asking a person about his or her religion is considered highly inappropriate, whereas the truth is that many people appreciate the nurses’ effort to help (“Seven steps to become a more culturally sensitive nurse,” 2019). When asking direct questions, nurses are capable of eliminating any preconceived feelings and assumptions in terms of one’s ethnic affiliation, focusing on the objective data instead.   * Raise cultural awareness. When working in a particular area, nurses should carefully examine the area’s demographics in order to become aware of the diversity scopes. Having obtained enough information, nurses would no longer need to ask many direct questions concerning one’s culture and thus, avoid unpleasant situations. Having taken the aforementioned aspects into consideration, it may be concluded that nurses nowadays cannot ignore the concept of culture as a major contributor to the patterns of public health. For this reason, they are to promote cultural sensitivity in the workplace and increase their own awareness in terms of cultural peculiarities and their effect on health. Proper attention to the patient’s cultural affiliation results in both better communication and treatment outcomes.