ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Agriculture in the 21st century faces numerous challenges impacted by the great tempos of urbanization, a decrease of cultivation areas, worsening of the environmental situation, etc. However, agriculture still has to produce more food and fiber to sustain the growing population with the limited rural labor force. In addition, it also suffers from the problem of climate change. According to a report published by FAO in 2009, the world population is projected to grow by a third between 2009 and 2050 [1]. Areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa were predicted to experience the fastest population growth of about +114% [1]. If to speak about the United Arab Emirates, its agriculture GPD was 0.8% in 2012 [2]. Between 2005 and 2010, the population increased from 3.7 million to 8.4 million. In 2015, it was estimated to be 9.5 million. The exponential growth has resulted in a 30% increase in food demand in the nation which conditioned the increased demand for food and other products of the agricultural sector [2]. Besides, the increased population also conditioned the appearance of another concern related to the well-being of people and the existence of sources needed to provide them with the needed essentials. Yet, one realizes the fact that food, water, and energy are crucial for the economic growth of a nation, poverty reduction, and human well-being. For this reason, the relationship between sustainable development and food, energy, and water demand has been a subject of study for decades through the nexus approach. According to numerous researches related to the creation of beneficial living conditions, these three elements are inextricably linked [3]. Water supply is one of the basic demands needed to align the efficient functioning of the agricultural sector, which, in its turn, will be able to provide the food needed to satisfy workers needs and obtain the needed energy. This chain evidences the existence of the direct correlation between food, energy, and water. The alterations of one element affect the others. An imbalance in food, water, and energy nexus impacts both the economy and environment of any state and might result in the collapse of the state machine. The given paper provides the investigation of the given nexus from the foods perspective. As mentioned above, all elements of the system impact each other. For example, producing one calorie of food requires at least one liter of water while energy is needed to cook or warm food. Besides, fossil fuels are essential for making fertilizers and pesticides and energy is also necessary to manufacture agricultural products. Numerous research studies prove the given correlation and admit the extensive complexity between water, energy, and food nexus [3]. Food is essential to provide a human with energy to work and maintain good health. Water and energy are required to produce food. Energy is needed to move and use water. On its part, water is vital for cooling power plants and producing oi
Introduction The question of gun control is crucial for every country taking into account the rise of international terrorism and repetitive cases of shooting in public places. People fear and admire weapons. Children and adolescents watch films and play computer games with lots of weaponry, learning that murders are a common thing in society. Adults collect firearms and hunt. Although there are certain benefits for civilians in carrying weapons, robbers, gangsters, and killers use their rights to commit crimes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the benefits and limitations of gun control. How Popularity of Guns Affects The Society In every country around the globe, any place or person can become notorious as soon as a shooting is involved (Spitzer 15). Nowadays, weapons are available to anyone who can provide all the necessary approvals. Therefore, the question is only in obtaining the papers needed. The cases of people shooting in malls, schools, and movie theaters are numerous. They demonstrate that even people with a serious mental illness can easily find weapons. The constant threat of terrorism pushes people to buy firearms even if they do not know how to use them. This results in many cases of self-shooting and accidental murders. Modern mass media support the demand for pistols, revolvers, and rifles of all sorts. Gun owners are presented as famous successful people with lots of money. Guns are closely associated with power. This image is very attractive to adolescents who become very famous in their cities once they decide to use their firearms. It is not a big surprise that children and teenagers can carry weapons. They can buy them illegally, steal guns from their parents or make their barrels. The video instructions are open to watching online. Some people even present guns to their children as a gift. Weapons play a significant role in the cultures of many countries. The gun is a symbol of conquering as well as a sign of protection. For centuries long, people have stayed their ground using firearms. This is still true for those who live on an international border. Illegal immigrants and smugglers trespass the border carrying weapons to meet also armed citizens on the other side. The circulation of firearms, in this case, ends only with the death of participants. New means of self-defense should be introduced to protect those who live near a national border. Nevertheless, the majority of people build their image of guns on the information from news, films, and books. The amount of firearms in society has increased since World War II, but it is still a relatively rare case even for police officers to use their guns (Woldoff et al. 57). Mass media remains the main source of information about weapons and contributes to the popularity of firearms in society. All abovementioned speaks strongly for strict gun control and elimination of weapons among civilians. How People Can Protect Themselves in the World of Guns Mass media can easily overestimate the threat of weapons in civil society to attract more viewers. Citizens with allowed guns do not normally go rampage and shoot everybody around them as soon as they acquir
The movie “The Barn Burning” directed by Peter Werner, based on William Faulkner’s short story examines a boy who struggles with family devotion and a higher sense of justice. When the person is growing up, he changes and looks at things for a different outlook. In the story, the central hero Sarty has many conflicts with his father, however through all of them he begins to mature into a man. Tommy Lee Jones is the actor portraying Abner Snopes’ character. He is a Southern tenant farmer, the father of young Sarty Snopes, being driven out of town after burning down his landlord’s barn. In a court, Harris asked for testimony that Snopes burned his barn. The night before, Sarty was waked by Snope and taken out of the house, Abner blames him for planning to report to the judge of his guiltiness in the arson. Snope hits his son and explains to him that to stay loyal to his family is always obligatory. Sartori tries to give notice Major de Spain of Snopes’ intentions to set fire to his barn, too. However, his landlord overtakes him soon on his horse. Sarty leaps down into the trench to get away from the road. “The boy hears two gunshots and Snope is killed. Intensely affected by his father’s behavior, Sarty does not pause to look back and return to his family” (Faulkner 11). “Barn Burning” reveals class conflicts, vengeance, and the influence of fathers that the viewer observes through the third-person perspective of a young, sensitive child. The story presents poor white labor cultivating both the respectability of “gentleman farmers” like Major de Spain and the farm’s crops. “The sweat economy lays bare the labor that the capitalist economy works to obfuscate: the exploited labor making possible the leisure that, according to the Twelve Southerners, is the hallmark of agrarian society,” states Bloom (149). Family loyalty for the Snopes family, especially for Sartoris’s father, is valued above everything. It seems like family obtains outside of society and even out of the law, and the base of their moral code and worldview is blood relations rather than eternal concepts of right or wrong. Snope’s threat confirms how isolated the family is and that they ultimately rely on each other for shield, even if their belief in this protection is unproven. The story presents two central heroes: Sarty and his father, Abner Snopes. It goes without saying that both characters are deep and dramatic. First, the boy stood behind his father, who was at war, all the time, he respected him. Therefore, shy Sarty’s first step toward maturing is family support and pride. Hans Skei comments that “the development of Sarty takes him from being an ordinary Snopes, submissive to the ‘old fierce pull of blood … into a society whose laws and regulations the boy intuitively seems to have not only accepted but come to trust” (60). After a time, Sarty acquires an individual maternity, learning such moral values like justice and truth through evaluation of the negative and positive aspects of his life. Abner Snopes is as complicated character as his son is.
Qualitative research approaches were used to study the prevalence of personality disorder. The researchers also employed phenomenology and ethnography approaches in the investigation. Participants were drawn from diverse areas and racial backgrounds in order to obtain more information. Innovative knowledge in the field of psychological studies was drawn from the research. The research showed that the essential structure of most mental conditions was invariant in both men and women. The study also showed substantial gender differences in the level of mental problem (Eaton, Keyes, Krueger, & Balsis, 2012). Notably, it was also found that gender differences were connected with common cerebral conditions. This discovery is very crucial in the field of psychology. Obviously, this research had a huge contribution to psychological studies. This is evident from the findings that proved effects of gender differences on the prevalence of mental conditions. Indicatively, psychologists and other professionals will apply these findings to explain the associations between mental conditions and gender. Previous epidemiological explorations provided the foundation for this research. The studies present extensive links between gender differences and the prevalence rates of cerebral conditions. Previous theories showed that women were more likely to suffer mental conditions than men. Indeed, incidences of depression, social phobia, dysthymia, and panic were common among women. Conversely, antisocial individuality behaviors were more prevalent among men than women (Eaton et al., 2012). Therefore, the study confirms that mental conditions manifest differently in both genders. The research generates innovative knowledge, which advances psychological studies. A representative sampling technique is applied in this study. The participants were drawn from general civilian groups and non-institutionalized American population. The participants enrolled in the study were aged eighteen years and older. The study oversampled African Americans and Hispanics (Eaton et al., 2012). The sampling approach used in the research was appropriate. The researchers chose appropriate data collection techniques for this study. The researchers also used an interview schedule to detect mental problems among the participants (Leedy & Ormrod, 2011). Structured interview sessions were conducted by knowledgeable in
At the present stage of development, the modern world is characterized by the influence of social media: they have become an integral part of people’s everyday lives. As a result, the way people communicate and interact is now different from what it used to be. In other words, the dynamics are different. Konnikova refers to the research conducted by Dunbar and informs that “The amount of social capital you have is pretty fixed” (238). It means that the number of individuals a person can meet and associate with is limited. In the context of social media, the essence of communication is new, and the question is how people will develop their social skills in these circumstances. According to Maria Konnikova, social media have altered the authenticity of relationships: the world where virtual interactions are predominant is likely to change the next generation in terms of the ability to develop full social awareness in the context of real-life communication and interact online. Initially, communication among people demanded the cultivation of relationships face to face. One cannot have unlimited contacts. The studies demonstrate that “the number of people the average could have in her social group was a hundred and fifty” (Konnikova 236). It is the nature of a human being that makes them include approximately 150 persons in their social circle. The number of people who may be invited to a large party exemplifies this characteristic. The author argues that early childhood experiences form future social relationships and interactions. This idea seems relevant to any society: people’s background prescribes a certain model of social behavior that will be used in adulthood. To put it bluntly, children translate their real-life experience into their future. However, in the context of social media, the situation is different. One of the most important features is the lack of touching. According to the research, it plays a significant role for human beings since it provokes emotions directly connected with communication (Konnikova 239). Deprived of touching, a person interacts in a different way. Social media give the opportunity to exchange facts, but they cannot provide tactile perception. As a result, they cannot replace the face to face full communication. People do not communicate in the usual way: they do not obtain most of the non-verbal information even if they use, for instance, video. Something is always missing. The author conveys the idea that communication almost equals to guesstimation. It is unknown how the nex
The functionalists approach recognizes the interconnective elements of society. It believes that there are social structures and tasks are given to individuals to perform, and it is on the basis of the smooth functioning of these tasks that society exists and progresses. Under this school of thinking, “the individual is viewed as an actor with larger social processes.” (Sociology, 2007). Should there be any transgressions, then through a process of seeking balance, corrective, and if necessary punitive steps are taken to rectify the situation and restore the status quo. Thus there is a smooth process without the need for radical changes in the system. What happens in the context of functionalism is that individuals conform themselves to the dictates of society and internalize good behavior into their personalities so as to conform to the needs of society. “A thing or phenomenon becomes an object of activity as it meets a human need.” (Center for Activity Theory & Development Work Research, 2004). Coming to the medical aspects, it is seen that this process believes that all substructures, including the part of the human body, are part of the total body. All parts of the body have to function normally and adequately in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the total body system. If there is a dysfunction in any organ, it reflects upon the entire system, and corrective action has to be initiated to cure the disease and bring the person back to normal. Therefore, diagnosis of the disease and its cure are important aspects that need to be addressed. It did not consider that the workforce would feign illness to claim Medical benefits nor the Marxist belief that the medical system was designed so that the workers would be in a state of total good health, in order to be able to their full potential always and to enrich the bourgeoisie by added surplus profits to them. “A recognized ‘paradigm war’ exists between the two distinct approaches of health education and health promotion practice.” (Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2003 Vol 12, Issue 6. p. 796). The Traditional biomedical model concentrated more on the causes of the disease rather than the disease itself. This school of socialistic thinking believed that diseases arrive due to the abnormal functioning of the body and are always followed by symptoms, if not initially, then later on. They believed that there could be no disease without some kind of physical symptoms and maintained that health was a condition devoid of any illness. They believed that mental health was different from physical health and needed to be treated separately, although the possibility of interconnection between diseases of the body and the mind could not be discarded. In the traditional biomedical model, the patient happens to be a victim of circumstances who has no choice but to accept the treatment and is a passive receiver of medical treatment, along with his consent and active co-operation. Therefore it could be said that the essential difference between the two systems was that while functional theory tries to delve into the causes and treatment of various diseases
Introduction The weaknesses of the American Constitution led to the rise of the Civil War. For example, the constitution failed to define the powers and obligations of the states. Therefore, Reconstruction refers to the measures that were adopted to solve social, economic and political challenges that led to the outbreak of the Civil War. This essay discusses the American Reconstruction. Legislations that were passed during the Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction began in 1865 after the death of Lincoln. The following legislations were passed during the Presidential Reconstruction. President Johnson outlined the procedures for the formation of new states. The new states were required to eradicate slavery, renounce secession and cancel the Confederate debt. However, the new states passed Slave Codes, which curtailed the freedom of blacks. In 1865, Radical Republicans encouraged the formation of more states in the South. The Civil Rights Bill was one of the major legislations that were approved by Congress in 1866. In addition, the Congress endorsed the Fourteenth Amendment, which introduced the system of birthright citizenship. The Fourteenth Amendment emphasized the principle of equality before the law. The radical phase of the American Reconstruction started in 1866 during the Congress elections. In 1867, the Congress approved the Reconstruction Acts, which led to the creation of five states in the South. The Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment during the Radical Reconstruction. This amendment forbade racial discrimination in politics. In addition, the Congress passed several legislations to curb political violence. Radical Reconstruction ended in 1877. Achievements of the Reconstruction The following achievements were made during the Reconstruction. First, the Reconstruction was successful in reuniting the Americans after the Civil War. For instance, by 1877, most of the former Confederate states had endorsed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth clauses in the American Constitution. Therefore, the gaps in the American Constitution were bridged during the Reconstruction. For instance, the rights and obligations of the states were included in the American Constitution. There was a significant improvement in the economy of America during the Reconstruction because racial discrimination was abolished in economic activities. For instance, blacks were allowed to carry out economic activities and slavery was abolished. Moreover, the education sector was transformed significantly. For example, the government funded public schools. Failures of the Reconstruction The Reconstruction failed to improve industrialization in the South. Moreover, poverty remained widespread in some states because of high taxation and mismanagement of public funds. Some whites detested laws that emancipated blacks from slavery. Consequently, they formed radical groups that terrorized blacks. For example, Ku Klux Klan killed many blacks and destroyed their properties. Therefore, racial discrim
Introduction Sweet land is a film which was directed and written by Ali Selim. The stars in the film include Alex Kingston, Tim Gurnee, Elizabeth Reaser John Heard, Alan Cumming, Lou’s smith and Ned Beatty. The film is set in Minnesota in the 1920’s. The foundation of the story is Will Weaver’s “A Gravestone Made of Wheat” which was written in 1989. Theme of the Film The theme of the film is ethnic stigma. The whole story centers on Inge Altenberg who is an orphan. From the way she is received in America to the way society reacts to her immigration status (Weaver 46-52). She ends up being isolated with her partner just because of her ethnic background and immigration status. Their bid to be married is thwarted after the town clerk as well as the church minister refused to conduct the ceremonies. This is a clear subjection to humiliation simply because of belonging to a different ethnic group. The film represents the horrors and agonies of immigrants in society. Essence of Diversity The movie presents the challenges and problems experienced by immigrants. The stigma associated with being an immigrant is well portrayed in the film. The issues of diversity exposed by the film are the treatment extended
When Irmgard Keun wrote her The Artificial Silk Girl, she created not only an ordinary female novel, but also a fascinating research of the social situation in German in 30-50s and women’s place in all spheres of life. Berlin, a huge metropolis, is depicted as an enormous machine which buries destinies of little people under its wheels, especially if they were unlucky to be women. Television, advertisements and other types of mass-media always had a great influence on minds and souls of people. Doris becomes a victim of the sugary fairy-tale which promises fame, richness and chic, glamour life and as many others, comes to Berlin looking for success and popularity. She has a symbolic token of luck: a fur coat which she previously stole. Wearing this important item she looks exactly as a film star and feels ready to start her promising adventure to the bright future. She starts making notes which are meant to content thoughts of a future glamour star. She often repeats that she wants to be a shine and tries to reach her goal by all means. She leaves the person who, she thinks, is her only love. Since Doris is a woman who comes from a working class and an average bit-part actress, she fails to become a popular star. It is natural that Berlin absorbs her. Society is not just for lonely women. Very soon Doris sees that she does not have another opportunity than living with men. Though she tries to find a decent job Doris is also illiterate, so, she has to withdraw her patron’s attention from finding her mistakes and inserting commas by the means of her feminine charm. As a result, she leaves the work until she is not involved into an undesirable love affair. Though Doris has not received any good education she has a sharp mind and writes her notes keenly describing vividly and to the point the picture of social life in Berlin. She sees that the main problem of a lonely woman, facing bourgeois, is the fact that she is considered a whore even if she is not. Moreover, even if she finds a proper job, she does not receive the same salaries as men do, and does not have chances to hold a high post. All spheres of life are in men’s hands. Decent women are mothers who are rarely seen on streets. One of the main points of women’s downfall, besides the lack of means of subsistence, was social attitude to a lonely woman. Consequently, Doris finds out, that Mr. Berlin is shining and sparkling; the city reminds a consumer which absorbs everything which is possible to assimilate: “All the people are in a hurry – and sometimes they look pale under those lights, then the girls’ dresses look like they’re not paid off yet and the men can’t really afford the wine – is nobody really happy? Now it’s all getting dark. Where is my shiny Berlin?” (Keun 101). Though Doris prostitutes, she does not fe