ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While regarding and analyzing the history of Art History, and Graphic Design in particular, it would be relevant to use as an example the poster of one of the greatest and famous graphic artists – Milton Glaser. There is no doubt that all of the three hundred posters designed and illustrated by him successfully fulfilled their functional purpose. One of the most popular and well known Glaser’s posters is the one called “I love New York”. It has been known for every American person and for the vast majority of tourists from all over the world since 1973, as it served as the tourism – campaign symbol of the New York City. It should be pointed out that the campaign with the usage of this symbol had an enormous success for twenty five years, and would probably have it even longer, but after the tragic aftermath of September eleven in the 2001 year, Glaser decided to update the design of image by adding a dark – black smudge in the lower corner of the red heart (which originally meant word ‘love’). One may suggest that the artist added this detail because of the bitter and hard feelings shared by many other people around the world, but most of all by the New York citizens. The poster was also edited with the symbolic words ‘more than ever’. Those words are significant as they represent artist’s inside emotions, that he desired to reveal to public. Those words serve as a means of other people’s inside feelings, which they were not able to express previously and this poster helped them in this. The words ‘more then ever’ also tell the visitors that the city of New York was damaged, but nevertheless it stayed the heart of the United States. Although the brightness of its emotion, energy and cheerfulness (represented by the read heart in the poster) was affected by the great tragedy (represented by the black spot on the read heart), still the happiness and warm emotions (red color in the heart) outweigh the darkness and disparity (the black smudge), therefore the New York city and its people still have the hope in their own hearts and the bitterness of tragedy can not destroy it. This short, but wise, profound and thoughtful phrase ‘I love New York more than ever’, may tell about the people’s fear to lost New York, and that after the tragedy their love to the city was strengthened by this feeling. One may also assert that the given phrase served as the unification factor for the entire American nation in their view toward the fear of what could have happened to the heart of it; but as the New York City survived and held out against the threat which desired to conquer the freedom – loving spirit of its citizens, the entire nation, united by the symbol of this city, would bravely stand against this threat. The design style is certainly appropriate to the communication, as it united the same ideas and the feelings of the different people concerning the heart of the United States of America, the New York City, its destiny, and its role in the everyday life of the American
Managing employees in cultural diverse environments is important because it helps reduce conflicts. Human resources managers have the obligation of identifying the culture of all their employees so that they can establish policies which favor each cultural group. Cultural conflicts are experienced in multinational organization and it is important for managers to learn the different cultures so that they can address the problems which are caused by cultural differences. The performance of an organization is improved when conflicts are resolved amicably. In addition, resolving cultural conflicts among employees improves the image of the company because it is a social responsibility for an organization to improve internal affairs (Merz, He & Alden, 2008). Managing cultural diversity effectively helps an organization to improve its market position in the global market as well as creating a favorable environment for all stakeholders to operate in. multinational organizations work in cultural diverse environments and it is important to integrate cultural aspects in the products manufactured. Customers are sensitive to cultural attachments in the products offered in the market and it is important for companies to identify the specific cultures of all the consumer groups in the market they operate in. in addition, managing cultural diversity helps managers to identify the best marketing strategies to be adopted in different market segments (Merz, He & Alden, 2008). Effective management of cultural diversity helps a company attain its corporate social responsibility goals. It is a corporate social responsibility for an organization to improve its relationship with the external environments. Learning the culture of the people surrounding an organization helps reduce conflicts and this improves the public image of the company. a good public image is important to the organization because it helps market products effectively to the consumers. consumers have become aware of the need to assess the activities of companies which manufacture products. When consumers attain confidence in the products offered by a company they become loyal to the products of such companies and this improves the competitive position of a company (Mead, & Andrews, 2009). The concepts of globalization can be applied to the business function of human resource management by helping managers integrate different cultural aspects relating to their employees. With the emerg
The article under review is titled “How to Pay for the (Pandemic) War.” It was written by Francesco Bianchi, Renato Faccini, and Leonardo Melosi and published by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) on 13 May 2020. The article examines the challenges that fiscal authorities face during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes “a coordinated policy strategy aiming at creating a controlled rise of inflation and an increase in fiscal space” (Bianchi et al.). The group of authors includes Francesco Bianchi, Associate Professor of Economics at Duke University, Renato Faccini, Senior Research Economist at the Danmarks Nationalbank, and Leonardo Melosi, Senior Economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The purpose of the article in question is to inform the reader about the current state of the US economy and a challenging fiscal situation at the times of the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the researchers, the fiscal stimulus of $2.6 trillion and the restrictive government policy due to the public health crisis might reduce the efficacy of fiscal interventions (Bianchi et al.). The article attempts to resolve the issue of the low-interest rates and high debt by proposing a potentially effective policy strategy involving the introduction of an emergency budget by the fiscal authorities. The position of the authors concerning the issue is focused on the need for a coordinated strategy between the fiscal and monetary authorities to stabilize the public debt and correct below-target inflation. Bianchi et al. argue that Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal has similarities with their approach to fiscal and monetary policy. President Roosevelt supported the division into a regular federal budget and an emergency budget, which is consistent with Keynesian economic theory named after the economist John Maynard Keynes. The theory was first proposed during the Great Depression of the 1930s and aimed at solving the financial problems in the short run (Jahan). Thus, the article is based on Keynesian economics and introduces the emergency budget into a “state-of-the-art new-Keynesian dynamic general equilibrium model,” which is especially relevant during recessions such as the one caused by the COVID-19 crisis (Bianchi et al.). The co-existence of the two budgets (regular and emergency) and the cooperation between the two authorities (fiscal and monetary) might help to stabilize the economy by regulating the dynamics of key macroeconomic aggregates (GDP, inflation rate, nominal interest rate) as demonstrated by the figures included in the article. The proposition might be implemented through a temporary rise of i
Introduction The strategic role of the technical support center is vital in the increment of revenue and cost-saving for high competition in today’s market. Market research shows that companies with poorly managed support centers do lose customers to the competition. Any technology company keen on growth must have a good support center. With the current market analysis, staff working in the support center needs to be effectively trained, to realize an efficient workforce (Biddle, 2006). Background Through market analysis, businesses make use of a support center to connect with their customers. This is a dynamic office that needs constant reinvention and evaluation to ensure efficiency. The employees need to develop skills to understand and respond to the needs and concerns of the customer (Biddle, 2006). You asked that I could present you with some ways by which one can do training evaluation. For effective results, such a program is dependent both on the facilitator as well as the participants. Strict adherence to evaluation and validation methods before, during, and after training is critical for success. Summary Training evaluation is important. There are four levels to measure the effectiveness of the training offered. The four levels are namely; reactions, learning, transfer, and finally results. Validation is a long-term follow-up used to measure individual strengths and weaknesses by the facilitator (Biddle, 2006). Reactions This is the startup level whereby the trainee’s response to the program is measured. The support center training should start at this level. The trainers must get to understand the perception the program receives from the learners. This will be of help in planning, training and also offer a way in which the program can be improved on. The level of the grasp of the new training material as well as the significance of the program on the participants gets to be discovered at this stage (Biddle, 2006). In case the program is received badly, and nothing happens for it to be tailored to relevance, it will most likely not succeed. Ways of carrying out this evaluation include; interviews, observing the engagement level of the participants, or by use of interactive assessment. Learning This is a test that is carried before and after training. The intention is to gauge the amount of material the occupants have been able to learn. This can be taken at the indi
Introduction Tourism is among the world’s leading industry. Tourism is the short term movement of individuals to places that are outside their residences or places of work (Burkart and Medik, 1981). Who is a tourist? A tourist is not the international person who has used air means of transport for a vacation, but a domestic or international person, irrespective of the means of transport, who has visited a place with certain reasons, such as health related, active sport, educational, cultural or business related trips. Today’s competitive economy, prosperity in tourism is greatly determined by understanding tourist behavior and integrating them to marketing strategy. This enables reduction of negative impacts during their tour, stay and interactions between the tourist and hosts. Tourist behavior emerges from the social, cultural and environmental systems. Balanced Critique The essay lacks an introduction that would define tourism, numerous grammatical errors, lack in consistency of citation styles, and the brilliant ideas are either repeated over and over and lacks flow in his/her presentation. Although the first paragraph provides misconception of information, the author explains on the different reasons for travelling varying from education, trade and pleasure. He/she outlines the benefits of tourism to include improvement of infrastructure, creation of employment, and social interaction among many others. He/she is also right to say that every traveler has expectations and always share their experiences with their loved ones. This implies that they play a great role in promoting tourism industry. Therefore tourist’s satisfaction should be the first priority o every marketer and hence all their suggestions, comments and recommendation should be put into consideration. Second paragraph categorizes tourist based on their behavior. Those tourists who visit environmental related –nature biased-, they visit beaches, waterfalls, forest, (Swarbrookes, 1999). Critique supported by examples What attracts tourists who are nature biased are aspects such as greenery and beeches (Andrew, Bigne & Cooper, 2000). Ego –tourist travel to show how sophisticated and wealthy they are, popular stars would fall under this category, they only travel to popular destination, Ethical based tourists (Butcher, 2003), responsible tourist (Lea, 1993) and spiritual tourist. Research in tourism marketing has improved dramatically in quality and depth, to reflect the growth of the field. Academics and marketers have grouped tourists together according to the characteristics they share. The importance of the grouping (typologies) embrace prediction of tourism trends, aid in product development and pricing of commodities (Swarbrooke& Horner, 2007, p5). These typologies reflect individual’s interests. Four Typologies are identified, two of non institutionalized roles; grafter and explorer and two institutionalized namely; organized mass t
Introduction H & M is a leading multinational company which deals with production and selling of fashion clothes. It was founded in 1947 as “Hennes”, having its headquarters in Stockholm Sweden. It has about 2, 300 stores in 43 countries and reports show that it had 94, 000 employees as in 2011. It is the Second World largest company after Zara and bigger than Gap Inc company which is based in the United States of America. H & M Swedish offices comprise of design teams responsible for merchandise planning and establishment of specifications. Production is outsourced from 800 factories located in Asia and Europe. As in 2010, the company had a revenue of 126.97 billion, an operating income of about 24.66 billion and 18.68 billion in profit (Tungate, 2003). Competitive environment analysis The major competitors include Zara and Gap Inc companies. Zara Company was originally referred to as Inditex manufacturing company, with its headquarters located in Spain. Zara launched an exemplary advertising campaign in the 1960’s which has favoured its growth. Zara has adequate managerial expertise and employs many expatriates who have imparted skilled labour force in the company (Hopkins, 1997). The reason why Zara Company is a big competitor to other cloth dealers is that it develops its products and brings them into store within only two weeks instead of the average industry time of six months. This makes it possible for the products to reach consumers within a short period of time as compared to other companies (Hopkins, 1997). Zara has adopted a zero-tolerance advertising strategy policy by using its revenues to start new stores instead of advertising its products. This is contrary to other cloth dealers that invest millions of funds in product advertisement. Zara offers more products than its competitors. It produces 11,000 items in a year compared to 3,000-4,500 items produced by H&M and Gap Inc companies (Lussier, 2011). Vertical integration adopted by the company makes it easy to control production steps from designing, supply-chain management, distribution and manufacturing. This helps the company to be self-contained throughout all stages of manufacturing, completion of products and distribution to the departmental stores within a few days (Lenkert, 2006). The company carries out marketing research to understand the fashion items needed by its customers and then delivers them rather than carrying out fashion shows to influence potential customers. The above reasons have made the company a leading competitor compared to other cloth dealers like H&M and Gaps Inc (Guffey, 2007). The other competitor is Gap Inc located in the United States. Gap Inc manufactures products that are later sold in America and other parts of the world (Broom, 1979). When the compa
For several millennia now, France has been at the core of European economic and cultural renaissance, and the heritage of this wealth, liveliness, and experience is clearly evident in the astounding multiplicity of things to see in a normal expedition of the country. Indeed, the sheer physical and cultural diversity offered by the country would be almost difficult to deplete in a lifetime of visits. One would be safe to argue that France is adequately endowed with very many attractions that serve to connect the visitors to the origin and essence of European civilization, at least according to what history books teach us. I personally found this to be true after I undertook a trip to the country of many wonders in the fall of 2008. There are very many attractions in France that five, ten, or perhaps twenty holiday days may never be enough for a typical holiday maker to sample the beauty and elegance of the country. I was mainly attracted by the richness of cultural attractions in the country, which transformed my holidaymaking tour into an educational expedition of some sort. I had previously viewed some TV documentaries about the Gothic cathedrals of the north and the Roman monuments of the south, and read about Dordogne’s prehistoric cave-paintings, but never did it occur to me that I would have the opportunity to experience the breathtaking sceneries firsthand. But here I was, sampling the mesmerizing and well kept cultural artifacts in person. I must say it was a huge educational experience for me especially after I attended several lectures about the historical and cultural importance of the monuments. No expedition of France can be complete without paying a visit to its capital city, Paris. Referred also as the City of Lights, Paris is seat to some of the most sought after cultural attractions in the world, including the awe-inspiring Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Versailles. The tour guides offered a detailed description of the history and cultural importance of these two marvels, and I must say that the educational experience received was an eye opener, especially after I came to learn that the Eiffel Tower is more than a tourist attraction. The tower, built in 1989, has a very special place in the hearts of many French nationals since it symbolizes the French Revolution. To date, the tower is perhaps the most identifia
Introduction The article under review is “Consumer Behavior in Online Shopping: A Study of Aizawl” by Amit Kumar Singh and Malsawmi Sailo. It was written in 2013 to describe the trends of Internet commerce that characterize the Aizawl region. While the article effectively utilizes the authors’ credibility, the relevance of the research, structure, organization, and illustrative material, other aspects like misapplied methodology and lack of convincing evidence appear to be unsuccessful and need improvement. Main body The article explores the behaviors and attitudes towards online shopping among citizens of Aizwal, India. The journal’s purpose is to discover the trend in e-shopping from customers’ perspective to apply the information in Internet retailing. The intended audience of the article is the companies that practice e-commerce. The authors use the survey research method and primary data collected via questionnaire from the sample of 30 respondents of various ages, professional backgrounds, and incomes to examine their preferences in online shopping. The main findings suggest that young people with stable income buy products online more frequently due to convenience and price-efficiency. The article shows the effective use of credibility of the authors, appropriate structure and organization, regional relevance of the cited literature, and functional illustrative material. The authors appear believable because the article mentions their professional background, as well as contact information. Both authors’ scientific and business work-related expertise fits the topic of the research. The structure and organization of the report follow the generally accepted format, which makes the information understandable. Additionally, the sources used in the literature review apply to the explored region. As it concerns the use of graphs and illustrations, they are successfully employed to aid a reader in understanding the findings in a bigger context. However, the problematic aspects of the research are informal language, inadequate methodology, and use of evidence, as well as lack of credibility in cited studies. Firstly, the language and the tone are overtly informal, with a prevalence of typos. For instance, the authors misspell “PayPal” as “papal” and use personal pronouns like “us” and “we” throughout the text (Singh and Sailo 3). Most of the studies included in the literature review section are not reliable since they are too old to identify the current situation of online shoppi
Summary of the Company (FedEx) FedEx was established in 1971 in Little Rock, Arkansas (FedEx Corporation 1). Today, FedEx is a global corporation in the transportation and logistics industry. The sector has evolved as businesses strive to create new products and services to meet the diverse demands of their customers. As such, the industry is now characterized by transportation and logistics, e-commerce, and business services worldwide. It is highly competitive with intense competition emanating from both global actors and well established local players and peers. FedEx generally faces competition from TNT Express N.V, United Parcel Service Inc., Deutsche Post DHL Group, Expeditors International of Washington Inc., XPO Logistics Inc., Royal Mail PLC, and Aramex among other global competitors and peers. FedEx offers a wide range of solutions products and services for millions of its customers globally. The company delivers nearly 3.5 million packages every day to over 220 countries and territories from its 1,800 FedEx Office shops spread across the world. FedEx focuses on common sales, marketing, revenue management, customer service, and information technology support for revenue generation and profitability. The company has created different business segments including, FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Office, FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical, FedEx Trade Networks, FedEx Cross Border, and FedEx Supply Chain. The financial reports for FedEx cover the year 2015 and 2014 for comparison. The company has realized increased revenues, increased total costs, but a decline in profitability between the fiscal year 2014 and 2015. This variation could be perhaps linked to increased costs. These strong financial results have made FedEx the most successful firm in the sector.                             Fiscal Year 2015        Fiscal Year 2014       Total Revenues              $ 47,453 (in millions)  $ 45,567 (millions)    Total Costs                 $ 45,586 (in millions)  $ 41,752 (in millions) Total Profits / Net Income  $ 1,050 (in millions)   $ 2,324 (in millions)   Countries in which FedEx does Business Countries in which FedEx does Business are spread across the world. The company asserts that it does business across 220 countries and territories through its 1,800 FedEx Office shops. These countries and territories are served by a global network managed by the company. They include the U.S; Canada; Asia Pacific (APAC); Europe; the Middle East, Indian Subcontinent and Africa (MEISA); and Latin America, Caribbean (LAC). It is imperative to note that FedEx can now be found almost in any country globally. As such, the company has focused on geographical segmentation for ease of performance assessment. Percentages of Overseas Earnings, Costs, and Profits As shown in the table below, FedEx has consistently reported its financial performances on the US and international operations. The US is the major market of FedEx, outdoing all other regions by far superior margins over the years (FedEx Corporation 43).