ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Experiences that people undergo in their lives shape how they perceive the world. In essence, worldview varies from one person to another depending on childhood experiences. Childhood experiences happen at the family level and at the societal level. Existence of varied childhood experiences implies that family and society play a significant role in shaping how people perceive the world. The nature of parenting that children receive coupled with cultural values and ethics that children learn effectively shape their perception of the world. Thus, worldview is a product of cumulative experiences that a person undergoes from childhood through into the adulthood. By examining worldview of a person, one can easily predict childhood experiences that have contributed to such a worldview. Therefore, this essay analyzes the interview of Condoleezza Rice, former Secretary of State, with the objective of identifying childhood experiences that have shaped her perception of intercultural events in the modern world. The family background really shaped how Rice viewed the world. Rice’s father was a Christian, a Presbyterian minister while her mother taught science and music. Owing to the Christian background, Rice was able to view the society in terms of good or evil. From the perspective of Christianity, Rice struggled to ensure that the good triumphed over the evil. From the interview, Rice is “smart, tough, and deeply religious woman who sees the struggle against the enemies of the United States as a fight of good versus evil” (Couric & Rice, 2006, para. 18). The religious background of Rice made her to view the world from the perspective of Christianity. Thus, Rice viewed that the United States supported Christianity by ensuring that it struggled for the human rights as enshrined in the constitution. In contrast, Rice viewed that anyone who went against Christianity was evil and an enemy of the United States. Rice did experience acts of terrorism in her childhood, which consequently influenced how she perceived the world. In the interview, Rice confessed that she remembered how she experienced the ordeal of bombings in the church when she was barely eight years old. As the racists decided to bomb innocent children in the church, it resulted in the loss of three girls who were her close friends. In her argument, Rice observed that the bombing of innocent girls by racists was an act of terrorism, homegrown terrorism, which aimed at terrorizing communities (Couric & Rice, 2006). Basing on such childhood experiences of terror, Rice understood that terrorism constitutes inhuman acts that any society should not condone. Thus, Rice became a true believer of the antiterrorism ideology of the United States. Rice supported the antiterrorism war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which has led to the democratization of these countries. During her childhood, Rice experienced racial discrimination. The Whites treated African Americans as inferior people who did not deserve the same privileges that they enjoyed. In essence, the Whites saw that African America
Socialization is a process by which a child is initiated to various roles of the society. The behavior or attitude adopted by the child depends mostly on the background that the child is brought up in. Children accept and adopt the characters portrayed by the person responsible of taking care of them such as parents, teachers and neighbors surrounding the child. A family forms the smallest unit in which the child’s socialization is initiated. It is observed that various families have various impacts to the socialization of a child (Roberta 129). From the observation carried out in a number of families it was observed that in the family where parents are very close to their children and offered guidance or assistance to the children, discipline them whenever they do something wrong, the child is observed to have morals and respect (Janet 234). On the other hand, it was observed that in families where the parents have no time to spend with their children, the children are observed to have low morals, independent and self centered. In the family park it was observed that children behaved and socialized differently, some children were seen to be more jovial and cheerful where others were seen to be lonely and uninterested. Some parents were observed playing games with their children where else other were just seen to have no interest with the games played by the child. It was observed that those children who parent interacted and assisted them in play games were friendly and had a good social life compared to the child who parents had no time to spend with them in playing games (Roberta 374). School is another agent of socialization. In the school context, it was observed that teachers and pears play a great role in influencing the socialization process of the child. Teachers act as role models to the children, they adopt teacher characters and attitudes toward life (Roberta 235). In a class where teachers are friendly and give positive remarks to the children as well as giving them a chance to express themselves, the children were observed to possess positive attitudes towards studies. They also appeared motivated and eager to learn new things. When the teacher proved to be hostile an
Introduction A number of American citizens are of the opinion that the majority of social programs in the nation need to be discontinued. On the other hand, these programs have genuine beneficiaries whose lives will never be any easy or bearable if they are phased out. Examples of these programs include Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. The argument is that it is not justified to take the yields of some other individual’s toil to cover the costs of these programs. It is as well incorrect to compel citizens into an inexhaustible succession of reliance, which according to this group is the only outcome at the end of the day attained by these programs (Zeleny, 2009, p. 1). It is in addition divergent to the purpose of the United States government, as projected by the founding figures. The opponents suggest phasing out times covering a length of time spanning from five years at the least and fifty years at most. Social Security This refers to the national Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. It is financed by way of devoted payroll levies referred to as Federal Insurance Contributions Act. It avails benefits to retired persons and those without employment, and another benefit when one passes away. The disabled are also covered by this act. Imbursements to present retired individuals are covered by a levy on present employees’ earnings, partly directly as a payroll levy and partly remunerated by the employing firm. States also are assigned funds to offer support to elderly persons and the disabled (Samuelson, 2005, p. 1). Medicare This is a societal assurance scheme run by the American government and it offers health care assurance coverage to persons above sixty five years of age, and those who conform to other exceptional standards. This scheme’s coverage caters for eighty percent of any given medical care expenses with the rest twenty percent being catered for through other means which the patient will be responsible for. Generally, all people who have attained 65 years of age or above and have been official inhabitants of the United States for leastways 5 years are entitled to Medicare. Other beneficiaries in the nation are those with impairment, provided their circumstance(s) are innate or else everlasting, not considering age (Medicare.gov). This is as a result of the provision that such impaired persons are as well intrinsically warranted to Social Security Disability Insurance. Participation in this gives one the right Medicare coverage. Medicare also finances nationality education courses for the greater part of medica
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a very serious condition that affects the health of the mother, as well as her baby in varying time periods: immediate, short-term, or long-term. It is a type of diabetes that affects pregnant mothers and has the potential to recur despite the fact that it mainly disappears after birth. This paper is aimed at enhancing the understanding of GDM among Australian pregnant mothers with a focus on its prevalence, causes, health implications, established policies and public initiates aimed at addressing it, as well as future strategies and approaches that could help reduce its incidence and prevalence. The prevalence of gestational diabetes worldwide has shown a general increasing trend in the last 20 years across race/ethnicity groups. According to recent data by Ferrara (2007), an increase of approximately 10 to 100% has been reported in various race/ethnicity groups. In Australia, the prevalence of GDM is estimated to range between 5.2 and 8.8% (Cheung & Byth 2003). The 2005-6 gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia report gave a figure of 4.6% to represent the fraction of pregnant women aged 15-49 years with GDM. This was a 20% increase compared with what had been recorded in 2000-1 (Templeton & Pieris-Cladwell 2008). According to this report, the incidence of gestational diabetes was increasing. This is seconded by Ferrara’s (2007) in his research work, in which he showed increasing trends in the prevalence of GDM in various geographical regions where South Australia was part. On an annual basis, 16,500 women are diagnosed with GDM (Dodd et al. 2007). Unfortunately, this is expected to continue growing. There is no definite known cause for GDM but there are different facts and theories presented to guide this. One version is that during pregnancy, the hormones responsible for foetal growth and development impede the action of insulin hence insulin resistance (Australian Government and Diabetes Australia 2010). Based on this theory, it is automatically presumed that when the release of the blocking hormones stops, then the insulin levels go back to normal. As a result, it lacks a definite cause. Alternatively, risk factors are used to explain the cause of GDM as stated by Jovanovic & Pettitt (2001). These risk factors among others include obesity, maternal age, and a family history of diabetes. The fact that a pregnant woman gets GDM for the first time during their pregnancy is a risk factor in itself because histories of GDM are associated with high chances of developing the disease in subsequent pregnancies (Hall 2001). Racial differences are also very imperative in determining the occurrence of GDM. This can be supported by the fact that the prevalence of GDM was reported to be higher in Chinese and Indian women residing in Australia compared with the women of European or Northern African descent, who were residing in Australia as well (State Government of Victoria
Introduction Nowadays, one may notice that mass media do not pursue the goal of notifying the people about the news but hidden advertising or bias. One may distinguish several types of bias: confirmation bias, selection, outliers, overfitting or underfitting, and confounding variables. For this analysis, two pieces of news published in one day but on different media were chosen, and one may see a difference in their approach. Main body Thereby, the first piece of news was chosen from the MSNBC media, which informs about the racial issue and some concepts used by politicians. In particular, the author is concerned about the “wokeism,” which, according to the writer, is tearing America apart (Nair, 2021). However, one may get sight of some principles of bias present in this post. Generally, the main principle of the media is a neutral position regarding the covered information object. However, there is the author’s condemnation of certain actions, which subconsciously forms the reader’s opinion. Although, it seems that the reader should independently form an opinion about some events or statements after analyzing the text. The second piece of news was taken from Fox News, and it reports about policy disagreements concerning Covid-19. Thus, doctor Anthony Fauci stated his opinion about some lawmakers on Covid-19, claiming that they oppose “science” (Brown & Aitken, 2021). Compared to the first one, this media has a more neutral tone of storytelling. Thus, the authors used only quotes from the participants of the conflict taken from Twitter. Moreover, there were no personal conclusions about the correctness of anyone. Thus, the author only informed the reader about the essence of the issue without using any bias principles. Summary To sum up, one may conclude that the authors have allowed readers to form their own point of view in the second media. In the context of news journalism, this approach seems to be appropriate since it does not manipulate people using preconceived opinions. In some cases, people tend to adopt an already existing opinion that may be formed for advertising purposes. Works Cited Aitken, Peter, and Brown, John. “Rand Paul blasts Fauci: ‘Astounding and Alarming’ to Declare ‘I Represent Science’.” Fox News, 2021, Web. Nair, Anjali. “’Woke’ has been Weaponized to Label Those Fighting Oppression the Oppressors.” MSNBC, 2021, Web.
The engaging instruction causes a heightened interest in the child, contributing to an increase in learning effectiveness. Seefeldt et al. (2014) note that it is crucial to monitor the acquisition of skills to ensure that learning is effective. If you observe, you can make changes in the educational process in time and avoid a long period of using ineffective methods in work. Moreover, thanks to monitoring, it becomes clear that the child is moving forward in mastering skills and moving on to other tasks. Thus, by the identified degree of effectiveness, one can be convinced of the level of engaging instruction. Furthermore, McGiboney and Roberts (2015) highlight such qualitative indicators of the success of kindergarten students as cognitive activity and independence. So, cognitive independence is necessary for making autonomous decisions in overcoming learning difficulties, and cognitive activity is considered a behavioral form of expression of motivation. Thompson and Thompson (2015) emphasize the development of creativity as a criterion for engaging instruction. Therefore, to ensure that the curriculum is fun and meets the developmental requirements of children, it is essential to pay attention to the dynamics of their development during the monitoring of the mastering of skills and evaluate indicators such as cognitive activity independence, and creativity.
Introduction Since its origin, the relationship between the photographic image and the past has captured the scholarly interest of numerous cultural and literary critics, all of whom seek to analyze the extraordinary power that a particular photograph may have to conjure the past viscerally and immediately. Some photographs develop an emblematic status of an individual, or an event of global significance such as the Holocaust. A particular photo can be so emotionally arresting that it retains an essence of its subject and the circumstances of the photo for a century after it was taken, and invites the viewer to seek a virtual experience of the past within its frame. Walter Benjamin discussed this phenomenon in Selected Writings when he said “no matter how artful the photographer, no matter how carefully posed his subject, the beholder feels an irresistible urge to search…a picture for the tiniest spark of contingency, of the here and now, with which reality has…seared the subject, to find the inconspicuous spot where in the immediacy of that long forgotten moment the future nests so eloquently that we, looking back, may discover it” (Benjamin 510). Similarly, in Susan Sontag’s influential book On Photography, the critic notes that while photography often depicts odious acts such as murder, atrocity or sexual assault, it nonetheless simultaneously lives in two worlds – the contradictory space between imposition and detached objectivity. In Sontag’s words “using a camera is not a good way at getting at someone sexually. Between the photographer and the subject, there has to be distance. The camera doesn’t rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit and at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate…all activities that can be conducted with some detachment” (Sontag 13). Ashley La Grange wrote that “despite being modern, photographs are mysterious. Photographs are not interpretations like writing and handmade images. Photographs seem to be pieces of reality that one can own” (La Grange 30). The sense of reality that photographs impart will occupy a large part of this discussion; the reality of the past, in particular, is of special interest, as is “photography’s connection to death, and thus the power of photographs as media of mourning” (Hirsch 256). Often the most powerful photographs contain opposing elements, and the restless energy produced by the concurrence of these elements within one frame is the same vibrancy that pierces and provokes the viewer when he encounters the photograph. Marianne Hirsch writes of photographic images as cultural relics that ferry the chasm between generations when she writes “the relationship of children of survivors of cultural or collective trauma to the experiences of their
Food safety and quality play a major role in disease prevention. However, food contaminants and adulterants may be present in food as the food undergoes the various stages of its processing, blending, packaging, transport, and marketing. Food contaminants are foreign materials added to the food with a purpose/willingly. Food contamination can occur from the environmental, bacterial, fungal, or chemical fields. Some of these contaminants added to the food and pose a great threat to human health are; oxalic acid, fluoride, Ascaris lumbricoides, bacillus cereus, salmonella species, metals ( mercury, lead, cadmium, inorganic tin), mycotoxins (patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxins) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrates (Food safety 2009 par. 1). Food adulteration according to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938) is any food that contains materials that are injurious or noxious to the health of a human being. These adulterants may include substances like food additives, color additives, pesticide residue, and animal drugs that are harmful to someone. If the irradiation process fails to be conventional with the rules, it may result in food adulteration (Enotes 2009 par. 2). Food contamination and adulteration are either due to recklessness, unhygienic conditions during food production, packaging, storing, and marketing, or because of financial benefits. Both food contaminants and adulteration pose a great health risk to individuals and health effects associated with them are cancer, paralysis, lathyrism, brain damage, abortion, anemia, blindness, and death just to mention a few (Dr. Jaiswal n.d par 2). Food contamination and adulteration continue to exist up to date and there is a real threat to everyone even those who are part of the food chain. Recently, melamine had been added to milk powder to increase the protein content in China (Science & Technology 2009 par. 2). Generally, protein levels in a milk sample are determined by measuring the amount of nitrogen level in the milk ( Iben’s n.d par 6) Therefore, the idea of adding melamine to the milk to increase its protein levels is wrong because melamine contains six atoms of nitrogen. Hence, any addition of melamine to the milk drastically increases the nitrogen levels detected in the milk test, leading to incorrectly high protein approximations. Moreover, the same melamine used to increase the protein contents, has other substances like cyanuric acid that mix with melamine to form crystals, which accumulate in the kidneys leading to renal failure and kidney stones (Iben’s n.d par 6). This act of adding melamine to the milk is o
Aim and Objectives of Research This of duration overrun study aims to:  1. Identify what causes the duration overruns in the construction of new academic campuses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).  2. Evaluate the significance and relate the causes of overruns using the viewpoint of the project owner, consultant, and contractor. The objective of this paper is to examine the issue of duration overrun using the example of Saudi Arabia and the perspectives of project stakeholders. Justification for Research Problem: (Why is the research problem important to the industry, and why should you do the research?) One of the significant factors of any project’s success is delivering the project on time. The main issue is that delays cause time overrun, cost overrun, conflicts, and project abandonment (Fugar and Agyakwah-Baah 2010). However, this topic is sensitive due to many factors that affect the project timeline (Assaf et al. 1995). The variety of factors that can impact the delivery of the project can relate to issues with one of the three parties – owner, consultant, or contractor. By identifying and addressing this problem, the project managers will be able to overcome the quality and cost problems associated with overruns. In the last decades, KSA experiencing a construction boom due to its economic thrive. Therefore, it is the most suitable time for universities to improve their campuses—however, these projects experience delays due to many causes (Albogamy et al. 2012). Whereas, there are few studies on duration overrun in projects construction undertaken in KSA as well as in the Middle East region. Therefore, there is an essential requisite for such a study to identify the causes resulting in duration overrun in the construction of KSA academic campuses. Additionally, this study will evaluate the importance of addressing overruns and examine this problem from the viewpoint of the project parties. Knowledge Areas for Literature Review Project duration overrun can be defined as the delay of delivering a venture on an agreed timeline with an end date (Stumpf 2000). In the modern world, many studies claim that project construction success is dependant on completing the project within a specific timeline, agreed with a budget, and specified quality outcomes (Aziz 2013). The Knowledge area for this study will focus on finding the causes of projects duration ov
Culture is a unique aspect influencing every individual’s life and shaping his/her mentality, behaviors, and reactions. However, the diversity peculiar to the world gives rise to different customs and lifestyles typical for a certain area and unusual for another one. For this reason, people moving from their motherland to new countries might experience a culture shock or a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fear, or stress caused by a new environment and culture (“Culture shock,” n.d.). This phenomenon can be viewed as one of the adaptation mechanisms vital for a person’s ability to adjust to previously unknown surroundings (“Culture shock,” n.d.). The time needed to accept new conditions differs regarding the peculiarities of a person and the degree of stress he/she experiences. Although culture shock can be unpleasant for an individual and trigger complicated feelings, some positive effects can be linked to it. First of all, it helps to increase the flexibility of the psyche and readiness to accept new facts and phenomena. Second, it results in acquiring new knowledge and better adjustment mechanisms (“Culture shock,” n.d.). Fresh experiences help individuals to grow personally and broaden their understanding of culture and diversity of beliefs and values. Finally, culture shock leads to the development of self-confidence promoted by the expanded worldview (“Culture shock,” n.d.). In such a way, although new environments, customs, and behaviors might be stressful for a person who has never seen them, the strong feelings associated with them result in the formation of a strong response and triggers various processes in the brain necessary for the better adjustability and flexibility. That is why traveling, as one of the central sources of culture shocks, is beneficial for individuals and helps them to engage in continuous personal development. Reference Culture shock . (n.d.). CAPS. Web.