ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Kate Chopin was a woman who wrote from the female perspective. Most of her works were written in the late 1800s, when writing about female sexuality was practically unheard of. Although her works were probably read because of curiosity at that time, she received a lot of negative criticism. Long after her death, her works were rediscovered and praised for their “independence of mind and feeling” (Columbia Encyclopedia, p8277). Two of her most controversial works are examined here: “The Storm” and “The Story of an Hour.” “The Story of An Hour” This story was written in 1894 while Chopin lived in St. Louis. Previously, she had resided in New Orleans with her husband and six children. Upon his death, she moved herself and her children to St. Louis, where she began to write. During the lifetime of Chopin, women had few rights and were under the control of their husbands. It is from this perspective that Chopin wrote this story. “The Story of An Hour” is about a woman who awaits the return of her spouse from a trip when word comes that there has been an accident. It is further reported that her spouse has been killed in that accident. The woman responds as any would, that has lost a loved one, she sobs and goes to her room. It is there that she slowly becomes aware of a change. Her thoughts are moulded by the view of the “tops of trees that were all aquiver with new spring life” (“The Story of An Hour”). It is the trees that invite the thought about a possible new beginning or change in this woman’s life. The woman sits quietly, with an occasional sob, as she ponders her future. The seriousness of her situation is expressed in the sentence that states: “It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought” (“The Story of An Hour”). She seems to slowly recognize something that is “too subtle and elusive to name” (“The Story of An Hour”). It is the spring air coming in through the window that attaches meaning to her elusive thoughts. The woman realizes that she is free from the subjugation that comes with marriage at that time in history. She repeats over and over that one word, “free”. The story acknowledges that she will, in fact, miss and mourn the passing of her spouse, but she is comforted believing that she will live now “for herself” (“The Story of An Hour”). She is struck by the sound of the words and repeats the realization that she is “free! Body and soul free!” (“The Story of An Hour”). She relished the thought of being free, and the smell of the spring air coming in through the window encourages the thoughts and realizations. She is prompted to open the door and accompany her sister down the stairs. During the descent, the front door is unlocked, and a man enters…it is her husband. In one instant, the realization that she is not free enters her mind, and she wails a “piercing cry” (“The Story of An Hour”). The story ends with the sudden death of the woman upon seeing her husband. The last sentence tells of what the others thought: “When the doctors came, they said she had died of heart disease—of the joy that kills.” (“The Story of An Hour”). But, the reader knows that h
The topic of the essay “From Divided to United during American War in Vietnam” is the war in Vietnam and the perception of it by the American people. In the essay, the author argues that Martin Luther King Jr. fought not only for the civil rights of people in the United States but also condemned the violence that this state imposed on other nations. The essay explores the topic in great detail, however, some changes can further improve it. From a reader’s perspective, some parts of the essay require additional explanation, for example, the phrase “even so, King worried he should say more.” Here, it is unclear what King would want to say to elaborate on his idea that the United States had “dirty hands.” Additionally, it would be better to separate some long paragraphs into smaller ones and divide the ideas presented in them, for example, paragraph three, which has about five hundred words. To conclude, this essay explores the war in Vietnam in great detail and provides sufficient evidence to support the argument, but some changes can be made to the way the information is presented.
My task for this paper was to pick a primary source related to the history of religion in America. I decided to research on American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which was established in 1978 by the U.S. government. The following paper contains examinations of this source’s author(s), context, and its impact on religion in the United States of America. American Indian Religious Freedom Act American Indian Religious Freedom Act gives American Indians a right to choose or practice any religion that these people prefer. This primary source of history of religion in America was established by the United States government in 1978 (Chassanoff, 2013). Nowadays, it is kept in the National Archives of the USA and can be accessed from various online sources of a related topic. The original law was typed on a tawny sheet of paper with a red frame around the main text. There are two ellipse stamps on the sides of this document that state a date (August 1 – 1978) of release and other titles. Passage It is a well-known fact that different practices of American Indians were not allowed and were persecuted by Federals on the territory of the United States of America. There were many issues before, which did not give these tribes permission to enter their holy places and to practice their religious rituals there. One of the laws also did not allow using and wearing different attributes and other religious items of Indian tribes. Another issue of Indian religion was that their ceremonies and services were constantly interrupted or interfered by police or some other controlling departments (Grande, 2015). Besides that, other tribes as Eskimo, Aleut, and Native Hawaiians were limited in their religions and freedoms as well. Context of the AIRFA American Indian Religious Freedom Act has an official style of writing, contains regulations that correspond to the title of this Act, and denies particular restrictions to religious studies for Indian tribes. Each of the ten paragraphs starts with a word “Whereas”, which is continued by one official regulation. An example of one of the law’s paragraphs is given below. “Whereas the religious practices of the American Indian (as well as Native Alaskan and Hawaiian) are an integral part of their culture, tradition, and heritage, such practices forming the basis of Indian identity and value systems” (“American Indian religious freedom act,” 1978, p. 1). The first paragraph informs that American Indians now have a legal right to follow and practice any religion that they desire. The second article says that the U.S. government appreciates a tremendous variety of religions and other related heritages in the country. The third paragraph was mentioned above as a quotation. The fourth article accepts an ideology of American Indians
Introduction Globally, issues pertaining to security matters have been among the most contested affairs since the world started transforming drastically to industrialization. International policymakers and advisors have always argued that the current world might not continue with its economic and social development if issues concerning international security remain unaddressed. Within the contemporary world, major forums conducted in almost every state or nation always discuss security affairs in almost each of their sittings. Security remains the most important human factor that determines the overall economic development of the world as well as a single state or nations. Issues pertaining to security have arguably been the most modern challenges facing the entire world including both the developed and the developing nations. In the context of developed nations, security problems have been marring development in world largest economies including China, Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom among others. Extremists, terrorists and insurgents are constantly causing tension globally. This study provides an analysis exploring security threats facing china. Background to the study China currently ranks among the world most developed economies and the trend may proceed extensively if the prevailing drawbacks and uncertainties hampering economical and political progress recede. Security matters in China have continuously been the most tantalizing problems across the entire China with policy makers and government securities facing a great challenge in providing a safe environment to the most populated nation. China’s population currently stands at approximately 1.3 billion people in the latest census. Researchers and scientists have continuously posited that China’s security remains in jeopardy despite its advanced interactions and constant co-operation with the international communities. According to Medeiros (20), security threats facing China are diverse and constantly increasing. However, according to sources, China has remained vigil over the issue of national security over the last one decade, by governing the activities of People’s Liberation Army. Gertz (8) postulates that international insurgents and extremists have always put China in the spotlight with current research revealing that its interaction with America and the wrangles resulting from political polarization are the most probable factors eliciting security tensions. The current security issues facing China are not new, they began a way back some decades ago when China faced national security crisis that involved internal conflicts. Chinese have long engaged in civil war since the Kuomintang (KMT) regime where the civilians through the Communist Party of China fought against political oppressions exercised
Authors may use their writing to communicate sensitive societal issues, such as racism, rape, and discrimination. Nelle Harper Lee, known by many as Harper lee, was widely acknowledged because of the story To Kill a Mockingbird, released by Lippincott on 11th July 1960. The author was born on 28th April 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama (Zouaghi & Dib, 2019). She had three siblings, Alice, Louise, and Edwin, who participated in her upbringing. The father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was a lawyer and a newspaper editor, where he practiced at the Alabama State Legislature (Burling & Barton, 2016). As a lawyer, he contributed to defending the black man accused of killing a white store clerk. She went to Monroe high school, and her teacher inspired her dreams of becoming a brilliant author. At 18, the author joined Huntingdon College in Montgomery and later studied law from 1945 to 1949 at the University of Alabama (Jay, 2018). She later transferred to Oxford University as an exchange student for a year, but six months before completing her studies, she went to New York to become a writer. The author perfectly reflects her life in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird as her father played an essential role in creating the story. In 1960, during the book’s release, the author did not expect the book to receive a warm reception (Burling & Barton, 2016). Atticus Finch, the character portrayed as an excellent father in the book, depicts the picture of Harper Lee’s birth father (Lechner, n.d.). The actual father of the writer had played a significant part in helping defend the black people. In the novel, during Tom Robinson’s trial, people showed much hatred towards the blacks as he was linked to raping Mayella, a young white lady. Finch also showed great courage in defending Tom against the accusations that were levied on him (Bond, 2018). Tom knew he had fewer chances of winning the court cases, but he dared to fight for the truth. Scout, Atticus’s daughter, was not familiar with some topics in society, and thus Atticus ensured she taught her about rape and how it was evil. She did not understand what the term “niggers” meant until she came one day at home and asked her parent what the term nigger meant (Al-Mamoory & Witwit, 2021). She asked her father if she supported “niggers”, and he replied he does and should avoid using the word. The father does not want her daughter to use the lousy term and discriminate against anyone. Scout and her brother Jem faced discrimination and other historical injustices directed against the blacks. The author created the fictional character Finch to show the complicated feeling that her father had (Lechner, n.d.). Atticus Finch is a racially enlightened character, just like the writer’s father. It is indisputable that the writer had modeled her father’s life in her writing to portray the challenge they experienced due to racial di
Abstract This paper discusses the gravity of the issue of nursing shortage. The nursing shortage is a problem under a high level of media focus in recent times. By definition, a registered nurse is a graduate trained nurse who has passed a state registration examination and has been licensed to practice nursing. The three major educational paths to registered nursing are a bachelor’s degree, an associate degree, and a diploma from an approved nursing program. Nurses face problems such as getting into a nursing education program, lack of scholarships to do advanced programs, understaffing in the workplace, increased workload, lack of recognition, competition from female doctors, etc. Recruitment and retention measures are seen as possible solutions to the problem of nursing shortage in the long term. However, it is also possible to make use of innovative strategies such as floating and resource teams to meet the challenge for the short term. Recognizing the nursing shortage as a problem needing immediate attention is the first step in overcoming it. Media focus helps in reminding the authorities and the public that the nursing shortage is an issue to be attended to urgently. Is the nursing shortage as serious as it is publicized? The nursing shortage has been a problem under media focus at the national level for the past six years as it is one of the major issues facing the healthcare sector of the United States. This is attributed mainly due to the lack of enthusiasm amongst the youngsters today for pursuing nursing as a career option and secondly due to the rising population. A study by Joanne Spetz and Ruth Given explains that in recent years, there has been a high level of U.S. media focus on the shortage of registered nurses (RNs). The authors hold that wage increases can alleviate the problem by bringing labor markets into equilibrium. According to Spetz and Given, inflation-adjusted wages must increase 3.2-3-8 percent per year between 2002 and 1016, with wages cumulatively rising to 69% to end the nursing shortage. Statistics show that the nursing shortage is truly a serious problem as shown in the media. Hospitals in western and southwestern states and New England suffer most from a lack of specialized advanced practice nurses. Average nurse vacancy rates at hospitals have been found to range from 10.2& to 13 percent, with one in seven hospitals reporting more than 20%. The Bureau of Health Professions predicts that the shortage will increase over the next two decades with a shortage of 800,000 nurses projected by 2020. The issue of nursing shortage is accentuated by the fact that many other countries are also experiencing similar shortages (Spetz and Given, 2003). For example, in Australia, based on a Senate inquiry into nursing conducted in 2000, it was predicted that there will be a nursing vacancy rate of 30,000 between 2001 and 2006. This announcement shocked governments into acting to investigate what was affecting the nursing workforce across the coun
Social network plays essential role in the modern life. One of the main functions this modern service performs is the information sharing. Remembering the Arab uprising, I saw how Twitter and Facebook were used for organizing protests, informing participants about the time and place and making stress on the desired outcomes of these protests. Having found many sources which support my ideas, I see that the use of Twitter and Facebook was important in the rise of so-called Arab Spring. Reading Huang’s article “Facebook and Twitter key to Arab Spring uprising: report”, I came across the following statement, social networks “played a critical role in mobilization, empowerment, sharing opinions and influencing change” (Huang). Of course, the popularity of Twitter and Facebook cannot be rejected. If to see the number of new users of in the region during the Arab uprising, the increase by 30% during the first months of 2012 is seen compared to 18% of the same period in 2010 (Huang). Considering different sources and searching for the information devoted to the issue, I noticed that social media was useful not only for protests supporters. Both sides of the conflict used social network in their personal needs. David Bailey, an expert on social media and the military, in “Facebook, Twitter play key role in Syrian uprising” article said that “People are using all these social media platforms to influence audiences outside their country to support them; they’re getting quite aggressive with it” (in “Facebook, Twitter”). I noticed that the information spread too fast, many countries reacted to the conflicts and made all possible to support the citizens and to implement the democracy in the region. The attention of the USA, the Great Britain and France was reflected not only online but via the interference into the national conflict (Cockburn). Reading Cockburn’s article I understood that the absence of the social platforms could prevent the spread of the information, therefore, the international interference would not be so intensive. Reading Peter Beaumont’s article, I agree with his “defining image of the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa” which he calls “a young woman or a young man with a smartphone” (Beaumont). I understood that the use of smartphones and the Internet was essential for the development of the information spread. Watching news I saw how people were occupied with the Internet activity, how they used all possible facilities for connection. Posting and reposting information, commenting other’s posts and sharing the data via the social platforms was one of the most powerful weapons in the protests in the Arab world. I read personal opinions online and saw how many people of different age commented on those opinions, supporting and criticizing those. As I remember from the previous readings, government in Arab countries controls mass media and this control was intensified while the protests. Nevertheless, the Internet and social networking is difficult to control, therefore, the leakage of the information was inevitable (Gelvin 50). Gelvin in his article says that there
Gerald Graff and Michiko Kakutani address the issue of dumbness in the current education system, which leads to the production of half-baked professionals. According to the two scholars, the education curriculum drills students in respect to their careers forcing their mind to become dumb. Additionally, factors like politics in schools also affect the thinking capacity of students negatively. There is a vast difference between earlier students (1950s-1980s) and the current students (Graff 25). The current education system focuses mainly on professional or class achievements rather than on extra-curricular activities or sporting activities. Most students are unaware of the political wind in their country or the world. The education system perceives class achievers as bright or intellects of the world. Therefore, the inability to associate with the outside world through engaging in discussion, debates, analyzing arguments or contributing to other people’s view is the main problem the young generation is facing. Consequently, the minds of the young generation cannot think beyond schoolwork or anything taught in class. Also, the students are not rebellious even in matters concerning their rights or self-respect (Kakutani Para. 16). They focus more on actions, duties, honor, and teamwork rather than words, feelings, rights, and self. According to Graff, the main problem lies in the current education curriculum and the political system in the society (27). Students learn to be respectful to their elders especially parents and teachers. Therefore, when any of them engages in an argument or oppose any activity at school, they are liable to punishment and even expulsion. However, the children who attend school and non-school going children appear to have the same form of behavior. They cannot think beyond books, which reduces their innovative or creative skills when they are not in class. Most school administrations do not encourage their students to engage in extracurricular activities and if so, the time allocation is minimal, that there is no realization of a child’s potential or talent. Unfortunately, there is politicizing of the education system that students hardly engage themselves during the construction of the school syllabus. Therefore, the leading solution is to encourage children to read a wide range of books like sports magazine and not necessarily examinable material. Additionally, teachers, lecturers, and professors should engage their students during lessons to enable them to think widely. Teachers should also involve students during debates or discussion and therefore, allow them to discover their talents, passions or level of creativity. Finally, the media, internet services, and parents should encourage students to debate current issues in society. In summary, Graff and Kakutani explore several issues that dog the current education system. According to the two scholars, the current education system is to blame for the production of non-intellects in society. The difference and inability of th
Job design in an organization is crucial from various perspectives as it deals with work rearrangement aimed at overcoming any employee dissatisfaction. In respect to this, there is always renewed hope and strength for employee to perform his or her duty successfully (Robertson & Smith, 1985). Applying this to any customer service professional, the company will be able to reflect a good picture generally of the whole business system, because when the customers are served with enthusiasm, they are able to develop a unique liking of the company. For this case, considering improvement of working conditions for customer service professional in the credit card company, various ways of restructuring and reorganizing the working system are necessary in order to improve working conditions and also enable good reputation because the customer care provides a link between the customers and the company. As always expected, there must be rewards through better pay package. The incentives that should be offered to the customer care would include getting offered credit cards with low interest rates, a periodic reward of points to the employee when it is revealed that the employee is very much committed to the company’s work. There must also be granting of leave for the employee to refresh, especially from a period of a tiresome work session. In addition, there would also be on job training in order to acquire more skills in the credit card business process. The knowledge on the credit card business helps customer care make informed decisions when advising the customers, which may include marketing strategies. There must also be an innovative working environment which is admirable for the employee to work in the company effectively (Parker & Wall, 1998). In enhancing job design for the customer