ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Darley and Latane (1989) begin their work by describing a criminal case of a woman stabbed to death in the streets of New York while 38 witnesses aware of the attack that was going on for about half an hour failed to react. The authors present the opinions of the commentators on the case that associated the urban environments with the lack of humanity, alienation, and apathy (Darley & Latane, 1989). However, the perspective of the authors is different. In the research, they explore the possibility of the presence of some other factors. Their hypothesis maintains that in the situation with many bystanders, the pressure to take action and the blame for not providing help in time is diffused among all of them. At the same time, when there is just one observer, all the pressure is focused on them. That way, the authors hypothesize that a bystander’s reaction to a situation is determined by the presence of the others. Method Participants The study included 59 female and 13 male Psychology students of New York University. Apparatus The equipment used during the research included a record of a discussion created for the study and the microphones through which the students were supposed to talk to the imitated respondents of the discussion. The experiment took place in a room entered through a long corridor with some other doors. After the experiment, all the participants filled in a questionnaire with the scales of Machiavellianism, authoritarianism, anomie, social desirability, and responsibility, and shared their feelings about the test. Procedure During the experiment, the researchers observed the reactions of the subjects exposed to an imitated emergency through the record. One of the respondents was recorded to have an epilepsy seizure. The subjects believed it was a real event. The experiment included three different types of tests based on the sizes of the bystander groups. The data collected by the researchers demonstrated that the reactions of the subjects differed according to the number of perceived observers of the situation. Results The experiment demonstrated that in the groups of 6 and 3 people, the bystanders were less likely to react compared to the groups of 2 (the seizure victim and one participant). The people in the groups of 3 reacted with a higher likelihood than those in the groups of 6. Gender, occupation, and personalities of the subjects as well as those of their group-mates did not affect their likelihood to address the crisis. Discussion and Evaluation The independent variables in the study are the gender and occupation of the subjects, as well as the number of people in groups. The dependent variables are the rates of response to the situation by the subjects. The hypothesis that the witnesses of an emergency are less likely to react if they knew about the presence of other bystanders was supported by the data. However, the one about the impact of the group composition was not confirmed. The researchers theorized that the subjects who failed to respond to the situation did so due to hesitation, but not indifference towards the victim. In my opinion, the study was comprehensive and took into consider
Background   * Problem: The use of electronic cigarettes by adolescents.   * Topic importance: E-cigarettes’ use by teenagers is growing despite adverse effects.   * Target audience: Adolescents.   * Attitudes and behavior: Skepticism to the risk of e-cigarettes and their perception as something “cool” lead to smoking.   * Setting: A social media campaign on YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram. Introduction Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) appeared on the market rather recently, but their use has grown substantially over the years. These devices act similar to traditional cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, mimicking the process of smoking and, in some cases, providing a user with a dose of nicotine (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019). The debate about the benefits and drawbacks of using e-cigarettes over traditional ways of smoking is ongoing. The problem discussed in this paper concerns the popularity of e-cigarettes among the youth – many teenagers and young adults currently use these devices (Johnston, O’Malley, Miech, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2015). Although the research on e-cigarettes is incomplete, more and more studies are showing that these devices have a severe and long-lasting negative effect on adolescent health. Some problems include respiratory symptoms, such as chronic bronchitis and toxic poisoning, since e-cigarettes may contain carcinogenic compounds (McGiney, 2018). Such health issues often go unnoticed by the public because the findings are recent. Another harmful effect of e-cigarettes is the chance that, after using them, adolescents will switch to traditional tobacco cigarettes, which have many known life-threatening effects on one’s health. This fear is not baseless as numerous studies support it. Primack, Soneji, Stoolmiller, Fine, and Sargent (2015) and Leventhal et al. (2015) collect data and find that young people switch to cigarettes after using their electronic counterparts more often than those who did not smoke in the first place. Thus, this paper aims to shed some light on these connections and present essential information for adolescents themselves and their families to persuade them to stop or reduce the use of e-cigarettes. The importance of this topic lies in the concern for public health and the lack of information th
Introduction The paper is a company analysis of JSC Katavsky Cement. This is an organization based in Russia. It was started in 1915 as a simple production center that later became a research entity in the sixties. In essence, the company prepares cement on commission. It also engages in the manufacture of chalk, fertilizer and clinker. Besides these, it carries out a range of services such as construction and mediation and processing for the Russian Federation. JSC Cement is one of the most influential Cement companies in the region. In fact, it produced 2.6 million tons of cement in the year 2006. The company is on a path of continuous growth since it boosted production by 13% in 2006 and by 15.4% in 2007. In addition to these accomplishments, the organization boasts of a “Golden quality mark”, “All Russian brand” and the “100 best products of Russia” awards. In the latter awards, it garnered a laureate diploma as well a First Class Diploma. Analysis of the JSC Katavsky’s internal environment This internal environmental analysis will examine all the major company elements of JSC Katavsky Cement. These will include company policies, formal structures, organizational resources, managerial philosophies and managerial leadership styles. It should be noted that organizational cultures also form part of a firm’s internal environment, however, these will be examined separately in a subsequent portion of the essay. Company policies JSC Katavsky Cement has established a series of company policies designed to guide its managers while making both long-term and short-term decisions. One such policy is continuous improvement and innovation. Currently, the plant is planning an overall upgrade to boost production. The latter move is an indication that this cement manufacturer is always looking for ways of becoming more competitive. Employees in this company also know that they ought to carry out their respective tasks and responsibilities in a socially responsible manner. Any activity that might put the lives of other persons in danger is strongly discouraged within this firm. One way in which they do this is through their certification system. All cement manufactured in this company is compared to a German standard in order to ensure that the end-user will be safe when utilizing it. On top of these, the JSC plant often updates its equipment in order to make sure that its employees are protected and that their consumers get what they are looking for. Given the fact that the company has received more than one award for its commodities, then this is proof that its company policies must be heading in the right direction. It should be noted that as a cement manufacturer, there are some unique environmental conditions that are often faced by such companies. This corporation may have to minimize its emissions and make its working conditions more effective. Its te
Scientific innovation, invention, and growth in international cooperation has resulted to corporate citizenship and good cooperation between the Americans and the Vietnamese; according to Hung Cam Thai in his book “Better or For Worse”, globalization has had an effect on transpacific Vietnamese marriages; the Vietnamese are increasing engaging in trans-border marriages. Since the Vietnam War, there has been an increased migration of American-Vietnamese men to Vietnam to look and marry their brides. This paper is paper discusses the changes that has occurred in transpacific Vietnamese marriages because of globalization. The society places income as a main hindrance or facilitator of marriage pin the economy, however with the trend in globalization, women Vietnamese women are getting more exposed to “marriageable men”, these are men with well paying careers from different countries who can maintain a family. On the other hand the bar or unmarriageable men has short as men with low income are increasing with increased “competition: for brides. The Americans are having an upper hand in the system as they are more economically empowered that local Vietnamese e men; this has lead to an increased transpacific Vietnamese marriages. With improved communication systems, Vietnamese are able to date, meet, love and engage in intimate relationships with people who are not in the country. Social networks and international dating organizations are the main platforms that they are using. According to Hung Cam Thai, globalization has opened doors for an improved relationship between men and women. The Vietnamese men were initially taken as the only source of men for their women, however, with globalization, women are able to date and relate with other men living in other places. On the other hand, the current globalized world has seen the emergence of single mother and fathers who are respected in the country despite the notion that existed before globalization. With improved transport networks as well as good relations and interactions among countries, the Vietnamese has been able to move to different countries for various purposes such as education, living and to marry in other places. The Americans can have closer linkage and can migrate to the country in search for wives and lovers. Vietnamese are moving to America, Africa and European countries in search for live hood as well as for socialization; this has been enabled by globalization. Those people migrating to the people are able to mingle with them and develop homes and families. Other than the Vietnamese women moving to other areas, there are immigrates to Vietnam that get a chance to date them and develop relationship in the country. Americans- Vietnamese international cooperation have joined efforts to ensure that they make policies that can benefits the citizens of wither country; this has made the American be able to move to Vietnam more easily and the opposite is true. Vietnam’s education system ha
Computer-aided software engineering, which is abbreviated as CASE, refers to tools employed in the development of information systems (Rock, 1990). In other words, these tools are used to engineer efficient and maintainable software products. First, to use CASE tools effectively, it is paramount to assemble all the necessary tools. Second, it is essential to have a decent layout that necessitates easy access to and use of those tools. Third, handling CASE tools requires a skilled person. CASE tools fall under two distinct categories: upper and lower. Those which are found in the upper category include specification, requirement, design, and planning. On the other hand, those which fall under the lower category are integration, implementation, and maintenance (Maxim, 2010). CASE tools are anchored on various building blocks. The first building block is the integration framework. These are advanced tools that enhance communication between CASE tools. Portability services form the second building block. In this case, integration framework and CASE tools are made to be portable meaning they are compatible with various hardware and operating systems. Operating systems, hardware platforms, and environmental architecture form the third, fourth, and fifth building blocks. Operating systems allow for object and database management while the fifth building block necessita
Introduction In the early 1960s, television media has confidently assumed the most important role in informing the general audience about global events. Millions of Americans relied on television for information about the Vietnam War. At that time, television was the main source of news and, consequently, it has the most powerful influence on public opinion. Taking into account that people tend to trust news broadcasting by national television networks, it allowed the interested parties to shape the way in which Americans perceived the war. With the increasing dependence of Americans on television for images of the Vietnam War, the news became more and more biased. Based on the broadcast news, the public formed an opinion about the war. Unfortunately, the coverage of the Vietnam War was not objective. It is important to explore the coverage of the Vietnam War on television because at that time television was highly trusted by the people. Moreover, the television coverage of the Vietnam War reveals the first attempts of interested parties to modify the content of the news in order to shape public opinion and gain the support of Americans. Taking into account that at the outbreak of the Vietnam War television was a new medium, thousands of Americans relied on broadcasted news as the main source of information about the global events. As the result, the news about the Vietnam War has greatly shaped the opinions of the American nation regarding the pre-war situation (the incentive to start the war), the course of the war (what happened in Vietnam), and after-war (the attitude toward the Vietnam War veterans). A closer look at the Vietnam War coverage by television reveals that the American government abused its power to influence the content of the news delivered to the general audience. While the aims are not clear and it is not likely that the manipulation with a public opinion will ever be recognized, the presence of influence cannot be denied. Special attention is paid to the complicity of soldiers and the government. The soldiers went to Vietnam with the hope to protect their motherland and bring democracy to Vietnam; however, their expectations were not met as they realized that Vietnam did not represent any threat to the security of the United States. Thus, two narratives of the Vietnam War were created: the one told by the news media under the close monitoring of the American government and the other told by the Vietnam War veterans. At the dawn of television media emergence, the coverage of the Vietnam War was subjective as the opinion of the public was manipulated by the government to get the desired reaction from the Americans to support the war. Theoretical Background To assess the impact media has on public opinion, it is vital to look at the theory relevant to the discussion. If to assume that news images of war affect public support, the retrospective studies of the U.S. use of military force (invasions, wars, etc.) should support the casualty intolerance hypothesis (Pfau et al, p. 303). At the same time, the
In projects disputes are unavoidable; they need to be addressed in good time to minimize their adverse effect on the project. In the case of Victorian Desalination Project the main disputes likely to occur is from the communities likely targeted by the project, developers, government, and those people who live within the location where the desalinating plant will be made (Lock, 2007). To resolve the problems, the following measures should be taken: Adopt project Portfolio and Program management (PPM) plans Portfolio and Program management (PPM) programs should be developed to ensure that activities go in line with the set condition; within the needs of the Victorian Desalination Project, there are micro projects that needs to be effectively managed to ensure they donor have conflicts that might hinder the attainment of the entire project. The right method of preventing and handling such disputes is to ensure that there are correct documentations and the subcontract contracts are clear and precise that they can be relied upon. When adopting the PPM management approach, it acts as the blue print that will be consulted in the case there is some dispute and stand with the part that has acted within the frameworks of the blue print (Newbold, 1998). In the event that the people where the project will be made have some conflicts, the management of the Victorian Desalination Project should explain to them the benefits whether direct or indirect they are going to get. The management should understand the society and know the right people to approach to talk to the community; some people may include councilors, administrative bodies like county heads, or even religious leaders (Pons, 2008). Arbitration In the event there is some conflict that has occurred among the parties to Victorian Desalination Project there should be room for negotiation and solution to the problem observed seek; the arbitrators that can be adopted should be people who are not inclined to a particular side as this will improve the decisions and the guidelines they are to give to the conflicting parties. When choosing the arbitrator, the person should be acceptable by both parties and neither should feel that the party has been chosen because he will side with the opposing side. Arbitration is a good meth
In Dante’s Inferno, the second circle of hell is dedicated to the deadly sin of lust, which is the final destination for the individuals who used to be lustful and adulterous during their life. Famous residents of this circle of hell included Achilles, Paris, Cleopatra, and Helen of Troy (Puchner, 2021). As a punishment, the inhabitants were forced to deal with continuous and extreme wind storms. Such a punishment is fitting because it symbolized the swaying of passions associated with an adulterous relationship. There is no peace and stability when it comes to lust, and the residents of the second circle were also given no rest. The fourth circle is about greed, reserved for the overly materialistic people who were only concerned about their wealth and financial stability. As Dante suggested, individuals condemned to this circle spend a long time fighting over money and valuables, which is why they are greeted by Plutus, the mythical deity of wealth. The punishment for greed is being weighted down with material possessions, which is a highly fitting solution – the sinners feel the physical weight of the excess, which was intended to teach them that material things are just things. The fifth circle hosts violent individuals, the wrath of whom in life was divided into violence against others, violence against self, and violence against God. The ones who were violent toward others are boiled in the river of blood to make them feel the physical pain that they caused to others, as well as see the consequences of their actions. Those causing harm to themselves were condemned to eternal misery as gnarled trees in the Wood of Suicides. Finally, violence against God was punished by placing the sinners in the Abominable Sands, left to wander in the desert and experience the burning sandstorms. Such a punishment was fitting because violence against God was likened to being lost in a desert, walking to find one’s purpose. Reference Puchner, M. (2021). The Norton anthology of world literature (shorter 4th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company.
Nursing is a very noble profession that requires a lot of patience and understanding. Nursing involves safeguarding and advocating a healthy mind and body. This dignified profession also assists in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of various diseases. Being a ‘Bachelor of Science in Nursing’ (BSN) is the prerequisite for becoming a qualified and approved nurse. But even during their studies, students of BSN can avail various professional opportunities provided by hospitals. Likewise, with other professions, nursing also has certain professional values to be followed. Professional values mean the moral standards to be followed while performing duties. The ‘National League for Nursing’ outlines four professional values for nurses namely, caring, integrity, diversity, and excellence (NLN, 2013). Nurses have the moral responsibility of extending all possible help and care to their patients. While performing their duties, nurses have to consider the fact that every person is concerned about his/her dignity. It is obvious that due to the diverse population, hospitals have patients from all ethnicities and cultures. Nurses’ behavior should be impartial and irrespective of such diversities. It is an ethical or moral responsibility of nurses to be accountable to their professional job profiles. Sometimes, due to the language barrier, nurses are not able to understand what the patients want to convey. The changes in the characteristics of such populations, the unstable fertility rates, and advancements in science and technology have resulted in an overall cultural revolution. Owing to such developments, there has been a need for change in nursing practices worldwide. According to the ‘Canadian Nurses Association’, nurses are ethically responsible to exhibit certain values during their, “interactions with individuals, families, groups, populations, communities and society as well with students, colleagues and other healthcare professionals” (Canadian Nurses Association, 2008, p. 8). Nurses should be aware of their patients’ sufferings and act in a sympathetic manner. Being competent and having the required knowledge is very critical in this profession. Nurses should always advocate a healthy mind and body. The guidelines of the ‘Canadian Nurses Association’ require the nurses to keep their patients informed about the decisions being taken about their illness. Nurses should always acknowledge the dignity of people and behave respectfully. All information pertaining to the patients should be considered confidential and private. Being fair and safeguarding human rights are also considered to be professional obligations of nurses. Above all, nurses should be responsible for their actions. According to the definition of nursing, as described by the ‘Royal College of Nursing’, “Nursing is based on ethical values which resp