ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
FDI Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is has proven to be a major contributor to economic progress in the modern world economy. The main reason is due to the fact that FDI significantly solves the problem of scarcity of capital in the economy. The fact that foreigners come in with funds to be utilized within the economy improves both the levels of resource utilization and in the process improving the level of employment in the economy. Indeed, experts asset that all the countries registering high levels of economic growth and development across the world record high levels of inward FDI. China is one such country. Since the year 1979 when the country launched comprehensive economic reforms focusing on implementation of an outdoor policy, the country has become the second largest recipient of FDI after the US. In fact it is the leading recipient of FDI among countries categorized as developing economies. Implementation of the economic reforms was in phases. The first phase was between the years 1979 and 1983. During this period, the government was able to attract a paltry $1.8 billion as FDI over the 5 years. The period was characterized by the establishment of Special Economic Zones with special policies aimed at attracting investments in the Zones. Most of the FDI was thus mainly within these zones but it was clear that the incentive was weak. The second phase saw the opening up of about fifteen cities along the Chinese coast. A commendable increase was recorded for the five years ending in 1989 with a total inflow of $2.1 billion. Afterwards other factors such as the Tiananmen incidents slowed down the growth of FDI from a high of 6.2% to 2.8%. The third phase saw a push towards an overall reform process which would see even bigger commitments towards an open door policy as well as market orientation. These reforms were very popular among international investors as they were a remarkable departure from the traditional socialist policies which had for decades scared of capitalists from the rich western nations. These policies were nationwide rather than regional implemented between the year 1992 and 1998 resulting in a peak of $45 463 in 1998. For the entire three phases it was clear that the Chinese economic growth was almost in tandem with the rate of growth of inward FDI. In the 1970’s the growth levels were below 5% but by the end of the 20 th century, the country was able to maintain growth levels of above 10% for decades. There are several factors which attract business to China. The first and most important one is the availability of cheap labor. Western investors may have high levels of capital but labor is always a challenge mainly due to the high living standards there. China has the largest population in the world and the educational levels are co
Introduction COPD stands for achronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is an inflammatory lung condition of chronic nature. COPD is associated with the obstruction of airflow to and from the lungs. Some of the major symptoms of COPD include coughing, wheezing, sputum production, and breathing difficulty (GOLD, 2017) The main cause of COPD is long-term exposure of one’s airways to harmful substances, which can lead to irritation. One of the most common substances of this kind is cigarette smoke. People affected by this disease are also at risk of lung cancer and heart disease (GOLD, 2017). COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention Strategies According to GOLD (2017), medical professionals should consider COPD as a diagnosis in all patients affected by such symptoms as sputum production, dyspnea, chronic cough as well as in those with a history of exposure to risk factors for this condition. Working with such patients or with patients who are known to have COPD, it is essential for health care providers to have their detailed medical history. Moreover, as specified by GOLD (2017), to make the diagnosis, it is necessary to have the patient undergo spirometry. Specifically, the existence of a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 is evidential of the presence of a significant limitation to the patient’s airflow (GOLD, 2017). COPD management goals are based on the need to relieve symptoms, stop the progression of the disease, and prevent potential complications thus reducing mortality (WHO, 2018). Management and prevention strategies for patients with COPD include smoking cessation (if the patient is a smoker), pharmacologic therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, inhaler technique, pneumococcal and influenza vaccination; in advanced COPD cases, palliative approaches can be considered (GOLD, 2017). In severe cases, non-invasive long-term ventilation can be one of the most suitable options (GOLD, 2017).In clinical settings, vaccinations can be enabled by involving respective professionals. Pulmonary rehabilitation can be carried out under the supervision of nurses who also can deliver patient education regarding the condition. Pharmacologic therapy involves timely administration of prescribed medications, which can be practiced in clinical settings. Smoking cessation is the most challenging strategy because it mostly depends on the patient’s readiness to give up the habit. However, nursing professionals can help motivate the patient and engage therapists specialized in smoking cessation. Case Study Diagnosis The selected case study was presented as an example in the article about the use of spirometry as a Pulmonary Function Test that helps determine the level of airway obstruction. Spirometry is usually viewed as one of the essential and necessary tests that are quick, objective, non-i
I read The Pearl by John Steinbeck. I liked it very much, except the ending was too sad. I think Steinbeck used language very well and made the characters very real. It was a good story. This was an exciting story at the beginning. This really poor family seems to have a chance to rise above their beginnings. First their little boy is stung by a scorpion and the doctor will not treat him, because the parents have no money. Then Kino finds the pearl, the largest he has ever seen. This beautiful pearl should make them rich. Kino and his wife begin to plan how they will educate their son. However, the townspeople begin to plan to cheat the family of money and the pearl dealers agree to fix the price on this pearl. He refuses to sell it. Kino plans to travel to another city to sell this pearl, but his brother warns that the pearl is evil and he should just sell it. Many people try to steal this pearl and even attack Kino looking for it. The family leaves and they are followed. Kino goes in the night to kill the trackers, but the baby cries and the trackers shoot him because they think he is a coyote. Kino kills them all, but their son is dead. They return home and Kino throws the cursed pearl into the sea. I think this story is how people really are. I also think it is sad that they did not find some way out of the trouble. But the way Steinbeck describes everything is so real that this book is as good as any television show. It is easy to read, but still very full of beautiful pictures for the head. The couple are very real and I understand how they feel. However, I think their brother should have helped them more, especially when the boy was stung. Families should work together. I was surprised that they did not have more friends. I thought that poor people usually were more helpful, especially in villages where everyone knows everyone else. I think there was a racial thing going on here also, because I think this family was part Indian or something. It just seems that they were not accepted by many people. I think it has to be more than just being poor. This story seems to be also about humanity, like how we treat each other. It also talks about how money is not everything. However, the terrible things that happened to this family only happened because of greed. Kino’s brother would say it was their fault for trying to get a fair price, for trying to raise their status, but I think that this great pearl was too big, not too big to be valuable, but too valuable. So many people wanted it. Kino and his wife should have decided to share it with some of their friends, and maybe even some with the whole village, and then maybe all of this woul
In her article, “The evolution of the new environmental meta-paradigms of nursing”, Dorothy Kleffel explores nurses’ views of environment and how they have differed widely over time. Kleffel has examined the egocentric, homocentric, and ecocentric environmental paradigms. The three levels of paradigms allow us not just to define the scope of nursing, but also understand it (Kleffel, 2006). Early nursing leaders such as Florence Nightingale and Lillian Wald had comprehensive perspectives of the environment and later on, their viewpoints on the impact of the environment of an individual helped to shape the nursing profession. Florence Nightingale’s work incorporated egocentric, homocentric and ecocentric viewpoints. Her egocentric ideas were mainly concerned with managing the surroundings of an individual. For example, she advocated for pure water, clean air, cleanliness, efficient sewage, light, good nutrition, and warmth as necessary in order for individual patient healing to occur. On the other hand, her homocentric ideas were concerned with the plight of the environment surrounding the community and how it affected members of such a community. For example, she was concerned about the need for clean water supply, proper waste and sewage disposal, improved housing, and alleviation of overcrowding. Nightingale’s ecocentric ideas were concerned with the need to address the broader economic, political and social elements of the environment and how this impacted on the health of individuals. Like Nightingale, Wald was also concerned about the impact of the environment on the health of individuals. Based on these viewpoints, the scope of nursing could be defined as encompassing the egocentric, homocentric and ecocentric dimensions. In the 18 th century, there was a lot of overcrowding and pollution in the cities and as a result, social amenities were not sufficient to cater for the rising population owing to rural-urban migration (Kleffel, 2006). This led to disease outbreaks, increased infectious diseases, and deaths. By the 1930s, the trend had changed largely due to the work of the early nurses such as Florence Nightingale and Lillian Wald that sought to address the environmental conditions that affected the health of the individuals. By this time, immigration had declined markedly, and infectious diseases had been replaced by chronic degenerative diseases. Owing to these changes, public health services were no longer in high demand. The scope of nursing had to change as well because nursing was moving from the community to hospitals (Andrist, Nicholas & Wolf, 2006). In addition, the patient’s environment was now confined to his/her hospital room. By the 1950s, nursing education was already on its way from hospitals to the universities, and this gave birth to nurse theorists. Many of the nurse scholars began exploring environmental thoughts in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 21 st century, many nursing scholars have become increasingly aware of the need to extend their focus on the individual from the egocentric paradigm to include the ecocentric and homocentric paradig
Introduction Leisure is an important aspect in everybody’s life. During leisure people express themselves and become more relaxed. Tourism is physical and metaphorical. Travel is a fascinating metaphor because it refers not to the fixed but to a journey, a crossing from the familiar centre to the exotic periphery. Tourism is also a metaphor for the imposition of the western gaze. There is enjoyment by the rich of the exotic difference of the other and exploitation too. Travelling has also become an increasingly popular way of discovering one’s identity. It is based on theories such as socialization theory, ideology, and disciplines and technologies of the self. There is no such thing as homogenous identity; all are multiple of postmodern and globalised world of fragmentation and disorientation. Clearly, the concept of identity is linked closely to issues of interpretation and representation, which are pivotal to discussion about heritage and arts tourism. For instance, the exploration of existential authenticity which can be sought through travel can be an important part of identity construction. This paper looks at the definition of leisure, the definition of tourism and their theoretical concepts. It also looks at the relationship between tourism, leisure lifestyle, and affluence, and theory of consumption in regard to self-identity. Leisure Leisure is associated with different behaviours and activities from the ones expressed on a work day. Research related to leisure has been focusing on the psychological attributes that are linked to leisure as researchers try to define what is meant by the term leisure (Jenkins 2003). Theoretically, it has been found that leisure is associated with gender, that is, men and women exhibit different characteristics when
It is hard to deny that power often goes hand in hand to strength. Though the ability to take control over the rest of the people and even entire states often depends on such qualities as diplomacy, intellect and strategic thinking, brutal force often actually turns out the pivoting point in the argument between opponents. The given phenomenon spawns a number of ethical questions concerning the situation when the strongest wins only owing to his/her single asset, that is, the ability to use strength to prove the point. Understandably enough, the concept of force as the ultimate argument in a discussion has been a very low, if not the lowest, means of solving a conflict. For example, in his Magnum Opus, The Republic , Plato deliberately introduces a character that will represent the thoughtless, unreasonable, mean-spirited idea that the power belongs to the strongest and be opposed to Plato’s own concept of whose hands the power is supposed to be in. However, with the appearance of Darwin’s famous work, The descent of man , the idea of the domination of the strong ones suddenly gained sense; moreover, it can be argued that in a way, Darwin’s work justifies the idea of power being given to the strongest ones. Hence, Darwin’s work becomes a touch controversial. However, despite the seeming similarity between Thrasymachus’s point of view and Darwin’s concept of the strongest as the most possible survivors and leaders, there is a mile of small differences that sets Darwin’s idea of the strongest as the ones with the greatest amount of assets and Thrasymachus’s concept of the strongest is the beholder of brutal force thousand miles apart. On the one hand, it seems that there are a number of similarities between what Darwin offers as the basic principle of survival and what Thrasymachus claims to be the key principle of existence. Indeed, both philosophers believe that the strongest species have the greatest opportunities not only to stay alive, but also to reach the top of the social hierarchy within a specified group. Darwin insists that the principle “only the strong survive” works within a group of any living creatures, not only people, and is the basic rule of evolution that allows only the most powerful creatures who, therefore, have the opportunities to produce the healthiest posterity. As Darwin puts it, “The stature and strength of the men of a tribe are likewise of some importance for its success, and these depend in part on the nature and amount of the food which can be obtained” (Darwin). Therefore, Darwin stresses that a man’s strength, as well as his behavior and manner of conduct affect his social status and shape people’s attitude towards him. Thrasymachus, in his turn, argues that strength alone can be the source of everlasting power over the rest of the people: “My answer is that might is right, justice is the interest of the stronger” (Plato). Therefore, it is clear that Thrasymachus claims justice to be the privilege of the strongest. It is noteworthy, however, that both Darwin and Thrasymachus use the notion of strength in their argument. However, the use of the same word is as far as the similarities be
This part provides an introduction into Fayol’s classical management functions and sets the stage for the rest of the paper. Classical Management Functions Several decades ago, English speaking managers and academics were introduced directly to Henry Fayol’s ideas about managerial work. His article, General and Industrial Management, in which he outlined the key functions of management as planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling, had a significant impact on managers and the practice of management around the world (Lamond, 2004). Fayol’s classical management functions were later extended by other researchers who argued that the management functions, as presented by Fayol, represented the most useful way of conceptualizing a manager’s job (Carroll & Gillen, 1987). Planning is concerned with the identification of the future and determination of the actions and organizing focuses on establishing lines of authority and responsibility, coordinating deals with setting the timing and sequence of activities, commanding sees to it that what is agreed upon is accomplished and controlling ensures that everything is done based on set rules (Lamond, 2004). Another argument presented by Wren (1994) also indicated that Fayol’s elements of management provided the modern conceptualization of any management process. In addition, Wren stated that Fayol’s principles formed a great foundation for understanding the contemporary managerial function (Wren, 1994). Although quite appealing, the use of classical management functions to describe managerial work has been criticized by many. Years later, after the English translation of Fayol’s work, Mintzberg (1973) dismissed as a fairytale, Fayol’s conception of managerial work. According to Mintzberg, management is not just about functions. Rather, it is what managers do. He argued that his findings were completely different from those presented by Fayol (Mintzberg, 1973). Since then, different authors have devoted themselves to understanding the usefulness of Fayol’s ideas in describing managerial work. This part looks at the models that presented by other writers and compares them with Fayol’s model. The paper then makes an attempt to show that, despite being rejected by some authors, Fayol’s model is nevertheless useful. Contemporary Management Models As noted earlier, one of the ardent critics of Fayol’s work is Mintzberg. In his studies, Mintzberg argued that a manager should not simply be looked at as a decision maker or a motivator.
Overview Introduction When one thinks of Walt Disney, the mindsets visions of characters, animated films, and amusement parks. There was more to Disney than those few obvious things that one notices. There was a man of magic, dreams, and optimism. Behind the imagination lived a role model who, from the heart, made the world a better place for both animals and humankind. Disney went through many struggles that influenced him to set goals and expand his opportunities for his future.1 With Walt Disney’s efforts, he changed and inclined the world through his entertainment, accomplishments, and even his struggles. The Walt Disney Company was founded by brothers Walt and Roy Disney on October 16, 1923, as a small animation studio and grew into an empire. After Walt’s death in 1966, the company became increasingly detached from its original vision. The Walt Disney Company is a diversified worldwide entertainment company with operations in four business segments: Media Networks, Parks and Resorts, Studio Entertainment, and Consumer Products. For much of its history, the company was known as Walt Disney Productions, Ltd.; it took its current name in 1986. Disney’s long-term prosperity fundamentally rests on their ability to create exceptional content that audiences around the world embrace, to deliver that content, to the greatest extent possible, to consumers when, how, and where they want it, and to do so in a way that delivers economic value to their shareholders over the long term. In 2005, Disney had revenues of $31.9 billion. 1 Walt Disney himself talks about the most meaningful and emotional moments of his life that explore the extraordinary hardships he overcame to achieve what he did in his lifetime. He had one foot in the past and one in the future. He wanted to inspire the young creative minds of today to help invent the future.” Walt Disney 4 Background “Walt Disney Company, the entertainment and Media Corporation based in Burbank, California. A leading name in family entertainment for much of the 20thcentury.” In the early 1920s, Walter E. Dis
Law is considered to be one of the integral parts of any human society as it regulates relations between people and ensures that their rights are protected. Since the first stages of the evolution of the civilized world, there have always been multiple debates about the just character of regulations that are taken as basic ones for the life of particular communities. The fact is that any legislation presupposes limits for people, and these limits might be inappropriate for various groups. Under these conditions, the question about the legal nature of multiple regulations emerges. At the same time, any law must be just, it is a fundamental rule of the world. This opposition results in the appearance of a certain precedent because if there is any case of injustice, a person tries to resist it and overturn the law by referring to some higher principles that are related to morals, ethics, and people’s needs. Similar issues can be seen in modern society, and, moreover, they have reflected in Kafka’s work The Trial. The novel revolves around Josef K’s arrest and the continuous trial. One day, the man is detained in his house by two guards who cannot explain the reason for his arrest. However, they are sure that there was a need for it as they know the verdict. Since this very event, Josef’s main activity is multiple attempts to protect himself from the Law and ensure the court that he is not guilty. Throughout the whole book, the author tries to show how absurd the justice system can be in its attempts to follow the existing legislation in its abstract form (Kafka 45). All efforts to find the details of the whole trial fail as there is no clear understanding of why it was initiated and what are the real consequences. Under these conditions, the two possible ways out include either endless attempts to defer the case or persuasion of courts that Josef is not guilty and should be forgiven. In the end, the main character is executed because of the court’s decision. The story provides a perfect view of the justice system and how it might work if detached from reality or some existing conditions. First of all, the main character’s arrest without any clear reasons can be compared to the real justice system that often acts in similar ways. The author conveys the idea that in many cases, people do not even recognize how courts work and what are the real reasons for them being imprisoned. At the same time, in the novel, Kafka emphasizes the fact that law, in its abstract and ideal form, is too vague and unclear, a concept that cannot be applied to the ordinary lives of individuals who have their unique features and peculiarities (76). Describing the system, he says, “after all, our department, as far as I know, and I know only the lowest level, doesn’t seek out guilt among the general population, but, as the Law states, is attracted by guilt” (Kafka 55). It means that people have a very vague understanding of how t