ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Adolescence is the age in life when most of a person’s development occurs as they are transforming into adulthood. The transition period is marked by emotional upheaval which may be released on parents due to novel cognitive ability and hormonal imbalances. Their brain development leads to developed reason, which may lead them to feel superior and acquire a sense of individualism. At this time, there is a need for them to be aware of the changes they are experiencing, how they affect them and what to do about them. The development entails physical and cognitive. Cognitive development is characterized by growth in information processing, thinking and application of new skills. Physical development This is portrayed by speedy adding of height and weight boys gain muscles and shoulders broaden, acquire ample skeletal muscles, which strengthens the vital organs such as the heart and lungs becomes larger. The girls acquire body fat and hips broaden with more settling around the legs and arms. This is as a result of the secretion of Thyroxin and Growth Hormone which aids in skeletal development. Moreover, secondary sex traits begin to appear controlled by estrogens in girls and androgens in boys. These are marked by hormonal changes which triggers the developments of these traits. The traits that are visible includes; development of hair in the pubic and armpits, onset of menstruation (Menarche), enlargement of breasts, endometrial development for females due to estrogen and penis enlargement for males and spermarche or initial ejaculation due to the hormone testosterone, the voice deepens and facial hair appears for males due to release of testosterone and increased oil and sweat production which causes acne. Onset of puberty is a hormonal process that is controlled genetically and comes earlier for girls. Other characteristics of physical development entail mass brain growth which dictates their capability to reason with emotions which may at times be judgmental and may cause psychological distancing from close people. It could be also the result of engagement of teens in drugs, eating disorders, promiscuity (Rathus, 2008). Physical development is determined by a number of factors such as heredity, nutrition, physical fitness, health. It does not only show physical traits growth but also internal organs growth e.g. brain, heart, and kidney. In nutrition, a child requires a balanced diet with mineral, fruits, carbohydrates, vegetables, and plenty water in the right doses. Malnourishment due to poor nutrition may cause prematurity and neural flaws. To avoid unexpected illnesses such as high blood pressure, coronary artery destruction, cardiovascular illnesses and obesity which may affect the children, they require sufficient elements in their diet. Culture also may play part in determining physical development since it may enhance or deteriorate gross motor skills. These are the skills that entail utilization of large muscles such as walking. For instance, in the U.S, children exercise both fine and gross motor skills while playing sports such as baseball. The chance of exploring rec
Introduction Berkshire Hathway is a holding company that began its operations in 1888 as a manufacturing company. It was started by a Chinese business man known as Horatio Hathaway. To a large extent, the company is involved in insurance business through its subsidiaries. It is, however, also involved in other types of businesses. Over the years, the company has managed to grow its portfolio by actively reinvesting insurance premiums. Presently, Berkshire Hathway has stocks in several companies that are publicly or privately owned. The company is managed by Warren Buffet, the chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Reasons for the Success of Berkshire Hathway The success of Berkshire Hathway is largely due to the decision made by Warren Buffet to shift the company’s focus from textile to insurance. Although there are many risks associated with the insurance business, premiums provide the capital necessary for expansion. Through investments in stocks and bonds, Berkshire Hathway has been able to improve its financial ability while ensuring that it is liquid enough to meet claims by clients. The success of the company can also be attributed to its ability to process claims faster. Among other things, fast processing of claims helps to increase the confidence of clients in the ability of the company to deliver on its promises. As a consequence, Berkshire Hathway’s public image has improved tremendously. In addition, the company is able to attract new customers, besides managing to retain existing ones. The company also has strict policies designed to guarantee the safety of premiums. Despite the fact that insurance business forms the bulk of Berkshire Hathway’s portfolio, the company has also invested in other sectors of the economy including the utilities and energy sector as well as the finance and services sectors. Notwithstanding this, the insurance business forms the bulk of what Berkshire Hathway does. Types of Companies that are Not in Berkshire Hathway Portfolio and Why There are some specific companies that, for one reason or another, are not in Berkshire Hathway portfolio. For clarity, the companies may be placed in various categories. The first category includes insurance companies that have active investment portfolios. Considering that these companies have interests that are similar to those of Berkshire Hathway, a conflict of interest is bound to arise. Consequently, these companies do not see a reason to invest through Berkshire Hathway. The second category includes companies where managers are actively involved in the allocation of capital. Through optimal allocation of available capital, these companies ensure that business ope
Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a critical matter of concern due to the necessity of creating and operating a separate system for juvenile justice, addressing age differences of criminals. In the United States of America, there is a distinct line between adult and juvenile justice systems. However, regardless of the separation, there are several challenges in the juvenile justice system, as it is characterized by imperfections and significant gaps. Therefore, the central objective of the paper at hand is to identify and describe the main issues related to the operation of the modern juvenile justice system of the US. The Role of Status Offenses in Juvenile Delinquency To begin with, it is essential to define the concept of status offense. In general terms, these are socially unacceptable behaviors, such as running away from home, skipping school and traffic violation. Even though the range of these behaviors is wide, it is evident that they are not crimes. However, offenders are treated like criminals based on their age or belonging to a particular class or group – in most cases, minorities (Levin and Cohen). The criticality of status offenses is the fact that they are perceived as crimes and are commonly addressed by incarcerating offenders. In this case, the major issue is that the 1980 version of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act allows incarceration because of committing a status offense (Knefel). The risks of such a reaction to delinquent behavior – treating n minor offense like a serious crime – are connected to the increased likelihood that a teen treated in a similar way will grow up to become a serious offender (Levin and Cohen). From this perspective, the challenge is connected to the inability to perceive the needs and specificities of young offenders and address them in a manner to avoid changes in their personalities. As a result, it turns impossible to reintegrate into the community after committing a status offense, thus making teen isolated from society and instigating them to serious crimes in the future. Adultification of Youth Another challenge is referred to as the adultification of youth. It stands for the specificities in perceiving and treating younger offenders. In fact, they are seen as adults because they committed adult crimes (Benekos et al. 130). This challenge has several critical consequences. First of all, it is associated with the lowering of ages of criminal court jurisdiction. It means that younger offenders are unlikely to get away with community service. Instead, they will be sentenced to custody in case of committing a serious crime. Another outcome connected to the adultification of younger offenders is the very fact that it leads to overcrowded jails. Accompanied with the increased attention to status offenses, it leads to situations when it is necessary to place kids in adult jails because there is the lack of places in juvenile jails. Regardless of the changes in federal legislation and the requirement to keep children out of adult jails, still more than 2,000 younger offenders are kept in adult prisons
The most notable thing in life is to learn how to make it meaningful and valuable. An individual’s life seeks to fulfill two aspects, which are to discover the meaning of life and look for its value. I find meaning in my life when I help people that I encounter in my life. In most cases, I help those vulnerable to deal with their childhood memories, and at the same time, be of assistance to strangers and friends around me. However, I may end up neglecting my own life. I establish that happiness and success give meaning to life. In addition, I do not believe that life can be hard for some individuals. This is because the world has a place for everyone, thus no one should be a stranger in this world. I have devoted my efforts and time to helping the rejected using my little tricks and fantasy. In essence, happiness and success give my life a certain meaning. I would like to prove that life is worth living. In essence, I maintain that one discovers him/herself through doing something important. I discover that life is not only about action, thoughts, wishes, or intentions, but deeds and, therefore, I spare my time and efforts to help people as I feel responsible for the others. I believe that meaning can arise from within life. This is evident when I begin to search for love after dedicating a lot of time to serving others. I realize that life can have meaning when I spend it with someone I love. In addition, I discover that as one is still alive, what he/she does gives meaning to his/her life. Every day, there are a lot of accidents, some of which are murders, abortions, and other awful events. There are high rates of abortion and accidents that are occurring nowadays. This reflects the kind of values that we have adopted in our lives. The young ones are considered to have no proper values. In the United States, abortion is considered as a method of family planning and a way of contraception. To many, life is of more importance than no
In the Age of Universal Healthcare in Canada, Why is There Still a Healthcare Gap with Women? Healthcare services tend to vary for men and women due to their physical and psychological differences. In particular, women present specific needs associated with pregnancy, child delivery, menopause, and breast cancer, while men suffer more from heart failures, prostate cancer, and mental disorders. The healthcare gap between men and women exists because the above peculiarities are not taken into account as appropriate (Panisello & Pastor, 2015). The contemporary gender-specific diagnostics and treatment lack reaching their paramount goal that is to comprehend the differences in expectations and needs of an individual patient. Several factors impede the resolution of the identified problem in the field of healthcare-associated with gender. First, females are underrepresented in scholarly studies since males act as a major part of respondents. As a result, the findings are applied as evidence-based practices for both men and women, while their needs may be completely diverse. Second, the majority of caregivers are women, who lack proper education and continuous training that should be updated along with the changing environment. Since women have to care about their family and work simultaneously, such a situation creates additional burdens (Pederson, Raphael, & Johnson, 2010). Third, another issue leading to the mentioned gap is that plenty of women cannot feel secure in their homes due to domestic violence, while men are prone to street crime only. It creates mental issues and psychological health problems, which are deteriorated under a lack of access to healthcare services caused by low income, cultural prejudices, and public transport co
Introduction Internet has radically changed the business environment. Since its inception, Internet has grown into a powerful tool both in doing business and in the social realm. It is true to say that life is not and cannot be the same without Internet as it is today. Internet has had both positive and negative effects in the business environment. For instance, it has greatly improved the efficiency and the effectiveness of business transaction more so in the delivery of both goods and services. However, Internet has its own negative impacts on the business environment. For instance, because of the increased access to information, customers can now shift from one seller to the next with great ease based on the advantages they are likely to reap from the new seller. This has tremendously reduced customer loyalty and increased competition among producers. The increased ease in the customers’ access to information has led to pricing transparency. This has restricted companies from increasing prices to increase their profit margins without losing their customers. Competition has also become cutthroat and mostly based on price advantages. This has motivated companies to try their best to make products in the most cost efficient ways in order to remain competitive and relevant. This paper analyzes a scholarly article concerning author’s discoveries, description of the problem and a detailed discussion why it is a scholarly research article. Central Research Problem This research seeks to address the effect of the negative impacts of Internet affecting the travel industry. The negative effects include reduced customer loyalty, increased price competitiveness, and increased online pricing transparency. It seeks to achieve this goal by coming up with a strong E-Business strategy whose aim will be to strengthen the relationship between the companies/producers and their end customers. This is mainly because the stronger the above-named relationship the lesser the chances that the consumer will purchase from another company or supplier. Therefore, this ensures that the companies will perpetually have their customers. Consequently, the company will continually register profits. Customers while purchasing goods and services online direct the research towards developing a conceptual framework that will determine the factors affecting decisions. This is with the aim of applying the findings of this research today in future studies (Wen, 2009). Authors’ Discoveries Theory of Planned Behavior The researchers found out that attitudes play a very important role in shaping the behavior of the consumer. Attitude is a person’s evaluation of a product or a situation either favorably or unfavorably. The attitude of a consumer towards a travel product will be central in developing the intentions to purchase the product or not. It also includes whe
Calcium is an extremely important nutrient in all living cells. It is the most abundant mineral element in the human body and comprises about 2 percent or 1200g of the total body weight of a mature person. “A massive 99% of this calcium is contained in the skeleton and teeth in the form of an inorganic crystalline calcium and phosphorus structure known as hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] while the rest is stored in soft tissues and body fluids” (Abrams 283). Calcium has a variety of uses in the human body including the regulation of intracellular events in body tissues, contribution to nerve function and muscle contraction, and the mineralization of bones and teeth (Abrams 283). Individuals should ensure that they consume adequate amounts of calcium in order to attain peak bone mass (PBM) and reduce susceptibility to osteoporosis or bone mineral loss, which is a property of aging (Abrams 284). The role of Calcium in dental health According to van Loveren, there are three kinds of hard tissue found in teeth: dentin, enamel, and cementum, but only the first two contain calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite. Ideally, only the enamel part of teeth should be exposed to the oral environment, though multiple factors, including aging, may cause the dentine to be uncovered due to wear of the enamel, or receding of the gum tissue (van Loveren 56). Teeth are subject to demineralization and remineralization based on multiple dietary factors and the pH of the oral environment. This implies that sticking to a diet that has adequate calcium content is essential for maintaining the right mineral composition for one’s teeth. The ideal mouth pH is 5.5; however, improper dental hygiene coupled with low fluoride ions can cause an accumulation of plaque bacteria. The bacteria are responsible for fermenting sugars in the mouth, resulting in a more acidic oral environment that causes demineralization by the disintegration of the hydroxyapatite in enamel. According to Dawes (723), the critical pH does not have a distinct value. On the contrary, it is inversely proportional to the concentration of saliva and plaque in hydroxyapatite, which is influenced by the kind of diet that one maintains. As such, the consumption of adequate amounts of calcium can significantly reduce the risk of dental caries due to the increase in calcium content in plaque (Dawes 723). Van Loveren (59) claims that remineralization occurs when tooth pH rises above the critical value of 5.5 due to the neutralization of acids by saliva. To maintain the right balance between demineralization and demineralization, and an appropriate level of pH, one should reduce the intake of fermentable sugars, and exercise proper oral hygiene by brushing twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste (van Loveren 60). Bone growth and health The progressive and permanent growth of human beings occurs during infancy and childhood following a ‘sigmoid’ curve. Between birth and maturity or adult life, the amount of calcium in a w
Introduction Apple is among the globally renowned organizations. It has continued to record remarkable performance levels, thanks to the company’s capacity to efficiently manage external forces available in its macro-environment. Apple’s leader, Tim Cook, has steered efforts to implement approaches that have helped this company to identify prospective ideas while at the same time securing it from potential risks. Conducting a PEST analysis can reveal key external elements that business managers may need to incorporate when implementing strategies for managing the prevailing macro-environment. The issue of uncertainty is also presented as good for business. PEST Analysis Apple operates in an environment dominated by politics. However, the available political factors are beneficial to this company. For instance, the current free trade policies and the friendly political atmosphere in industrialized states have favored its global operations (Liu 2017). Regarding external economic forces, Apple enjoys the high pace of growth among emerging economies that are expected to boost its clientele base. It also benefits from operating in stable industrialized nations such as the U.S and Singapore (Liu 2017). The prevailing socio-cultural atmosphere presents an opportunity for this organization. Presently, the number of people who deploy cell phones, iPhones, and iPads is increasing. In addition, the need for joining Internet-facilitated social media platforms has pushed customers to seek the company’s digital gadgets. Regarding technology as an external force, Apple operates in an environment that is currently marked by increasing demand for cloud-computing services in many companies. Moreover, this organization stands to gain from the booming apps business. PEST analysis is vital for business administrators, especially those who operate in the technology sector. In particular, business managers rely on it to understand various changes that are being witnessed in various markets. Such forces may operate against a company by interfering with its prevailing business networks or promotion techniques. Hence, organizational administrators can deploy findings from PEST analysis to implement the most appropriate decisions before such counterproductive issues happen. Uncertainty Many businesses plan ahead of time by developing strategies that can help them to deal with any uncertainties. According to Antonczyk and Salzmann (2014), such efforts indicate the extent to which they view uncertainties as counterproductive to their day-to-day operations. Specifically, companies that embrace this perception argue that the improbability of the future has the potential of interrupting their valuations (Antonczyk & Salzmann 2014). However, scholars such as Browne (2017) present a different perspective whereby some organizations, including Wolters Kluwer, regard uncertainty as to good for business. I agree with this perspective because this company’s CFO captures the client as the mos
The message of the painting is sometimes difficult to identify if one does not know what the artist wanted to say. Moreover, if we know nothing about the painter, his life, and the period of life when the painting was drawn, the task becomes more difficult. However, at the same time, the lines, the color, shades, and the very object of the painting. Of course, different people may see various messages of the painting, however, due to the fact the people who live in the same country and have the same culture have a similar understanding of the signs most people see the same message. The painting “Lori” by Traci Morgan shows a woman who seems to sit near the wall. This woman is thinking about something. Looking at the painting under discussion, we do not see a woman’s eyes as hair covers them, however, it is possible to predict that the painting is about a lonely woman who stays alone in her flat and thinks about her life. However, she may read something serious as to take off the hair out of her face she throws back her hand apart from doing it stretching her hand before her eyes. The impression of the woman’s loneliness is created also by the colors chosen by the painter. It seems that grey colors are dominating and the instances of pink do not create a positive atmosphere but add to the groom’s mood. After a thorough and attentive look at the picture, it becomes obvious that the grey and pink colors are not the only ones. Green is also present with brown, and one sees that pink is dominating; however, its combination with grey does not make it bright. Looking at the colors one may believe that the author intentionally wanted to create the groom’s mood, however, being sad, the painting does not create a negative or pessimistic impression. The lines are not accurate, it seems that the artist used smears while creating the painting. Shades play a great role. The only attentive look helps understand how many parts of the picture are created using shade. Shade plays a really important role as it helps understand that the body is hilled, that the woman is thinking about something. There are a lot of different signs that help understand the woman in thinking about something. I am sure that the main message a painter wanted to deliver to the audience is the thoughts of a woman about 30 about her loneliness. I suppose that women above 30 who are not marr