ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The USA is famous for having the highest numbers of incarcerated prisoners in the world. Despite being only the third most populous nation, the country’s incarceration rates surpass that of India and China combined. As it stands, over 2 million prisoners are currently being locked up in American prisons, with over 7 million being under supervision or on parole (Hyeyoung, 2008). Unlike in other countries, where the population has been mostly homogeneous, in the USA the problem of mass incarceration is not only a matter of criminal justice but also a political and a racial problem. The purpose of this paper is to research the subject of black incarceration and outline its reasons as well as the effects on the prisoners and their families. Overview of the Topic Black prisoners are largely viewed as victims of a profoundly corrupt and prejudiced system that grooms them to become criminals from a very young age. Even though the black population comprises only 12.1% of the entire population of the USA, the ratio of white to black prisoners is circa 1 to 9. This number has grown three times since the 1970s. Researchers, advocates, and social workers offer plenty of potential explanations for this happening. The most popular theories include the pointlessness of the War on Drugs – a campaign initiated by President Nixon in the 1970s in an attempt to curb the drug flow from Mexico, the inherent prejudice of the white-led criminal justice system, the historical impact of segregation and slavery, and the disparities in wealth and education levels (Hyeyoung, 2008). Topic Relation to Specialization This topic pertains directly to me as a major in Education. Almost every research done on the matter of crime, social inequality, and poverty highlights the importance of education as a means to ensure safety, security, and social mobility for the discriminated populations. Thus, my job is to ensure that my students do not drop out, understand the importance of education in their lives and shield them from any negative and antisocial influences they may experience due to their social status, educational status, and background (Presser & Sandberg, 2015). Also, this subject relates to me as an educator and a citizen. I must participate in the social and political life of the community, promote laws and legislation aimed at reducing crime, poverty, and social ineptitude among the neglected minorities. Researching this topic would provide me with the critical insight necessary for understanding the roots of the problem as well as the effect it has on the target populace, which, in theory, should enable me to perform affirmative actions and
Leaders choose an appropriate organizational structure depending on various factors characterizing a company. However, the most prominent ones include the environment in which the company operates, its size, the technologies available to it, business strategy, as well as the stage in the organizational life cycle. Thus, Bombas has implemented a unique employee-oriented structure and culture because the company is relatively young and focused on innovation as a core of its strategy. The company has taken the route of giving back as an essential principle of its culture and mission, engaging in charity work and encouraging employees to be proactive in helping and supporting needy people. Through fostering a welcoming environment, a “Hive” in which workers feel safe and confident to be creative and innovative, Bombas has enabled high levels of performance and satisfaction among employees. Thus, a favorable and person-oriented organizational structure and culture provide benefits to the ways in which employees behave. Bombas has shown to be highly results-driven, and the ways in which the goals are met are often experimental and boundary-pushing, which has shown to bring significant success to the performance of the team. Intrinsically, workers at Bombas are motivated to do well because their accomplishments allow them to develop as professionals and become valuable team players (Fischer, Malycha, & Schafmann, 2019). For instance, the “Surprise and Delight” program is instrumental for making employees feel that they help others, making them feel better internally. The extrinsic motivation of Bombas employees is illustrated by the array of benefits they receive, such as total heal
In the new testament of the holy Christian bible, there are two parables that describe a shepherd and his sheep. One of the parables is in the book of Matthew, in the eighteenth chapter (Matt. 18:12-14 Revised Standard Version) 1 , while the other account is in the book of Luke in the fifteenth chapter (Luke 15:4-7 Revised Standard Version) 2 . The two parables are similar, and are given by the same person. Jesus of Nazareth gave the parables to his disciples as an example of his relationship with humans. However, the two parables are not entirely similar. There are some differences in the two accounts. One of the similarities between the parables is that Jesus of Nazareth gave both parables to his disciples as an example of love between him and all humanity. In addition, he talks about a lost sheep in the two parables. In the two parables, the shepherd goes out to look for the lost sheep and leaves his other flock unattended. When the shepherd finds the lost sheep, he brings it back to the rest of the flock and rejoices. Both parables were used to illustrate the importance of all people to god, including sinners. In both parables, Jesus describes himself as the savior who has come to retrieve the lost sheep. The parables were some of the many others he had told his disciples at the same gatherings. Moreover, both parables were given at a time Jesus was narrating many other parables. Although the parables are considered descriptions of the same event, there are differences in the manner they are presented. The parable of lost sheep in the book of Mathew was told in response to a query by Jesus’ disciples. They wanted Jesus to tell them who the greatest authority in heaven was. On the other hand, the parable of the lost sheep in Luke was given to the Pharisees after they observed that Jesus dined with sinners and kept their company. In the book of Mathew, Jesus talks of one sheep leaving the flock and going into the mountains, while in Luke, he is quoted saying that the sheep goes into a wilderness, which is not a precise description of any particular environment. In the book of Matthew, the account of the shepherd and the lost sheep talks about a man who rejoices for the recovered sheep more than he does for the flock that did not go astray (Matt. 18:12-16 Revised Standard Version) 3 . In the book of Luke, the account described the shepherd’s actions. He puts the recovered sheep on his shoulder and rejoices. One of the most explicit distinctions between the two parables is that the parable in Matthew talks of a man who just rejoices. The happy shepherd takes no further action. However, in Luke, the shepherd takes the sheep home, calls his neighbors and his friends, and asks them to rejoice with him to celebrate the recovery of his sheep. At the end of the parable in the book o
Due to the ongoing process of Globalization, the contents of the most popular media-products are now becoming increasingly uniformed. This simply could not be otherwise, because the earlier mentioned process presupposes standardization. In its turn, the latter allows companies to substantially increase the extent of their commercial effectiveness. As Vrontis, Thrassou and Lamprianou pointed out: “The experiences of a growing number of multinational companies suggest that there are potential gains to be obtained by standardizing marketing practices” (480). At the same time, however, it is now becoming increasingly clear to marketing managers that, in order for a particular media-product to appeal to the targeted audience, it must be psychologically attuned to how the audience members tend to perceive the surrounding socio-cultural reality. This creates objective preconditions for the media-products’ content to be semiotically consistent with what happened the specifics of an ethno-cultural affiliation, on the part of potential consumers. After all, today’s psychologists are thoroughly aware of the fact that it is namely the particulars of how one positions itself, in the ethno-cultural sense of this word, which defines the concerned individual’s existential mode more than anything else does. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, as of today, marketing strategies utilized by the owners of transnational media-corporations in different parts of the world, do take into consideration the discursively relevant aspects of the targeted audiences’ cultural uniqueness. In this respect, we can only agree with Sinclair and Wilken, who noted that: “While the economic logic of globalization might impel global marketers to seek the theoretical advantages of standardization, experience with the realities of linguistic and other cultural differences has obliged them to go some distance towards the ‘glocalization’ of their marketing campaigns” (147). In this paper, I will explore the validity of the earlier suggestion at length, while analyzing the discursive significance of the visual and textual messages, explicitly/implicitly conveyed by the covers of the UK and the US editions of Vogue Magazine (February, 2010). The most easily identified difference between the two covers is that, whereas, the US cover depicts a clearly Caucasian model (Jessica Biel), the UK cover depicts a model (Cheryl Cole) that can be best identified as a someone who has been born in the multiracial family. In fact, on the magazine’s cover, the latter appears to be at least partially Pakistani, in the ethno-cultural sense of this word. In its turn, this can be explained by the specifics of how the policy of multiculturalism is being implemented in the US, on the one hand, and in the UK, on the other. Whereas, in the US, the policy of the mult
John Stuart Mill an English philosopher promotes the idea of an individual’s liberty. The individual right’s liberty main concept is the harm principle. The harm principle promotes individuals rights. It states that the society can only exercise power rightfully over an individual if his or her actions cause harm to others. Mill used the utilitarianism source that a right action should bring most good. Thus, according to the principle, an individual has the right to do whatever he or she wills unless the action brings harm to others and that is the only time power should be used to prevent an individual from exercising their will. If an individual’s action does not harm others, it brings most good, and it is therefore permissible. The harm principle holds the opinion that an individual is sovereign over his mind and body. Mill strongly believed that an individual has a right over the majority rule (Mill, 2010). The harm principle posits that an individual has liberty and the liberty extends to authority above the society. According to the principle, individuals can think whatever they like because they have the freedom. The society should not interfere with that freedom even if it differs from what the majority thinks. That individual has the right to hold a contrary opinion from the society. Moreover, individuals should have the right to their own tastes, interests, and religion. The interests and tastes do not have to conform to the society’s moral beliefs as long as the individual does not harm others in the pursuit. An individual can do as he or she wills, and the society should not try to stop them even if the interests are immoral according to the society’s beliefs (Mill, 2010). On the contrary, the harm principle only concerns about preventing an individual from do
Introduction Success in any organisation is subject to different factors and the management takes the core position in establishing competent and proficient performance. Internal and external factors directly or indirectly influence performance depending on the nature of the business that an organisation specialises in and the competition in the industry. However, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been influencing the output of firms as most of them ignore its principles and requirements in favour of increasing their profits. CSR integrates the social obligations of an organisation to the surrounding community such as the creation of job opportunities, involving the community members in promotion and advertising campaigns, and consolidating all issues affecting the internal operations of the organisation with respect to the wellbeing of employees, subordinate staff, and shareholders. This paper aims at investigating the major causes of stress in the workplace in relation to the role played by management and employees in different sectors that may cause stress. The elements that cause stress and how they can be managed will also be considered. Lastly, the paper will consider some recommendations that can help in the reduction of stress in the workplace. Major Causes of Stress in Workplace Stress is a feeling of distress and discomfort coming from disturbance or uncertainties. This psychological problem arises in situations where an individual is not comfortable with issues happening around him/her. Stress has a number of healthy and behavioural disadvantages, which include depression, change of attitude towards some common things that one participates in, and lack of pleasure. In a workplace situation, stress lowers the performance of employees as they fail to dedicate and commit their efforts to their roles and duties. Below are some of the causes of stress in the workplace coupled with how they can be managed. The roles played by various leaders in an organisation in an attempt to reduce workplace stress are also discussed. Lack of Employee Satisfaction Employee satisfaction is the most crucial aspect that contributes to the performance of businesses and non-profit organisations and institutions. Employee satisfaction is acquired through issues related to effective communication between the leaders and employees and motivation. An accomplishment in an organisation is obtained through the combination of different efforts from different individuals that are qualified for specified task to which the organisation is working towards achieving a positive return. The different departments in an organisation are established to aid the general managerial staff to monitor all sectors within the organisation and be in a position to evaluate and assess the contribution of each sector towards the attainment of the set mutual goals and objectiv
For a long time, there has been a common belief that thoughts suppressed during daytime are likely to be dreamt during the night. This is according to the research done on the suppressed thoughts and their influence on the dreams at the University of Texas, San Antonio (Wegner, Wenzlaff and Kozak, 2004). The purpose of this research article is to find whether suppressed thoughts have an influence on what is being dreamt by an individual. In this regard, the research questions were as follows. Do suppressed thoughts have an influence on dreams? Are there explainable theories behind suppressed thoughts and dreams? What is the connection between surprised thoughts and mental control? The research hypothesis is based on the theory that suppressed thoughts can be accessed through dreams. Brain activities evidenced by rapid eye movement (REM) are an indication of brain activity in trying to access suppressed thoughts. Pre-sleep waking thoughts also influences dreams. However, this is only known as a psychological theory and its factual statement is yet to be tested. The access of suppressed thoughts has recurrently been explained in the theory of ironic processes of mental control (Wegner, Wenzlaff and Kozak, 2004). Basically, the suppressing of thoughts and then activating them later in dreams have been viewed by psychologists as a way of controlling mental states. For this to happen, there must be a conscious process that tries to access the desired state of mind. In addition, this process is also supplemented by an unconscious process that automatically tries to access the contents of the desired state of mind. An example of such interactions is given by an individuals desire not to think about eating a chocolate bar. In such a process, a person will be forced to suppress his or her thoughts towards other important issues such as dieting and dangers of cholesterol. According to theory of ironic processes, suppressed theories are more likely to be evidenced in dreams compared to immediate thoughts before sleeping or waking. Psychologists allege that such can be evidenced by rapid eye movement (REM) exhibited in a person during sleep. Basically, the rapid eye movement is a sign that certain memory functioning is taking place, preferably the deactivation of suppressed memories. Dreaming of past events such as traumatizing events are viewed as suppressed thoughts and are sometimes deactivated through dreams. The research methodology used the following design and procedure. First, the research participants were undergraduates sampled from the University of Texas, San Antonia. The research sampled 202 women and 128 men. The sample population had a mean age of 20.36 years. Moreover, the participants were required to have at least attended the psychology introduction course offered at the university. Other important aspects of the research participation and design included offering the sample population with the following condition. 3 (instructions: suppression, expres
Product Differential Palisades has used both unique selling position (USP) and emotive selling position (ESP) to gain its competitive advantage. Its convenient location, celebrity endorsement, impeccable customer service, longest track record, best selection, irresistible offers, endorsement of events and/or education make it a real attraction to the youths who are the main targeted population for the shopping centre. As much as USP provides logic and reason as to why one should select a particular store, Palisades’ primary reason has always been an emotive one hence it has managed to make its customers feel an elite which is important, and valued for this store. Above-the-line advertising media This form of advertisement involves the traditional media, such as television, newspapers, and radio to reach a wider audience. ATL advertising is usually used by companies that seek to build and promote their brands. For Palisades, the best above-the-line marketing media appropriate for promoting itself to the customers are television and internet. Television advertising uses a short message which is instantly repeated several times so as to direct consumers to the other media sources where the information regarding their brands can be found. For example, these can be the print media, websites and other related sources of information ( Varey, 2002 ). Consequently, as more cable and satellite channels develop, there is an increase in targeted opportunities but with a decreased coverage. Many analysts also concur that consumers have a wide range of media channels to choose from. Internet marketing uses online media to promote particular products or services. This kind of marketing is sometimes known as e-marketing. With the current rapid technological advancements which have increased bandwidth and internet speeds, advertisement is increasingly becoming more interactive. Joining the social networks, such as Twitter and Facebook, by major companies as well as Palisades is the way to enter the 21 st century as this platform allows them to interact with the customers via the Internet, in order to be always in touch with them and listen to their views. Advertising via the social blogs is also one of the best ways to attract the youths, particularly with regard to the fact that they spend a significant amount of their time on the internet surfing. Social network marketing strategies, like endorsement of a company by celebrity, is also an effective method to interest the youths in the brand. In most cases, the use of online marketing is often seen to be a cheap way of reaching out customers when compared to the traditional forms of marketing. This is because online
The main problem that makes the difference between nominalism and realism is the question of the existence of properties beyond objects. Realism in its radical form, or Plato’s realism, refers to the universals as independent entities that exist regardless of the objects in an ideal world. Moderate realism, which is also called Aristotelian or strong realism, rejects Platonic realism. According to this point of view, universals are real but exist only when an object having certain properties exist. Nominalism, in its turn, denies the existence of universals. Thus, nominalism and realism are two opposite views on the nature of universals. To my mind, Aristotle’s realism is one of the best concepts for the description of our reality. On the one hand, we live in a world that consists of material objects. On the other hand, everyone is able to discern certain properties of these objects. Every individual knows what length, shape, or temperature is. Besides, the existence of numbers and mathematical principles allows us to suppose that there is some realm existing between material and ideal worlds. On the one hand, numbers do not exist, but on the other hand, mathematics successfully describes real physical objects. Being a Christian, I consider that universal ideas and properties were created by God, but they can exist only in the objects of the material world. It could be argued that there are objects with the same properties which do not have anything in common. For example, a beautiful girl does not have anything in common with a beautiful sunset. However, not all the members of a certain category should necessarily have common traits, and this argument does not prove that there are no universals at all. I see the point in bundle theory developed by Mill and advanced by Hume. According to this theory, there is nothing but a bundle of perceptions of objects related only by causation and resemblance. However, “resemblance” is a universal idea itself, as could be seen from the fact that people can see common attributes in things that actually do not have anything in common. Thus, when nominalists take to attempt to prove their point of view, they use universals. It allows suggesting that realism can successfully describe our world.