ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Throughout history, the state of being “true” or “false” has always been a major aspect of any statement, event, belief, or object. Individuals use any or both states to assert an idea, influence, convince or even lead or rule over groups of people. In the modern context, the idea of truth and falsity is used to express ideas about society, especially in the media such as films and literature (Blackburn & Simmons, 2011). In the recent past, the 2011American animation film “Rango” provides evidence of the controversy between the truth and falsity in the society. In the Dirt community, almost every aspect of life is controlled by some falsehood, which convinces the entire community, denying the members the right to know the truth and free themselves from falsehood. The idea of truth and falsity has remained an important topic in philosophy. Several theories have been developed to explain “what is the truth” and “what is falsehood or falsity.” Although philosophers have developed diverse schools of thought to explain “truth and falsehood,” it is evident that most philosophers agree that the term “truth” denotes the “conformity between the human mind and an object (Le Morvan, 2008). If the knowledge of human mind is conformable to a known object, the mind has “logical truth,” which leads to “true judgment” as the true understanding of theory, notion, or fact (Schiffer, 2009). Similarly, if an object is “cognoscible or conformable” to a possible or real knowledge, the mind has some “metaphysical truth” (Tomberlin, 2003). On the other hand, falsity is the direct opposite of the truth. Negative falsity is the mere absence of truth. According to the principle of bivalence, the two states (truth and false) are exhaustive in a joint manner. Also, they are mutually exclusive options for any statement. Something is either true or false, but not both (Baldwin, 2006). Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film “Rango” revolves around the life of a lizard named Rango, a false name he uses to hide the truth about his origin, background and the reasoning for coming to the desert town of Dirt. Also, the story revolves around the plight of desert animals at the Dirty Town. They have to endure drought and continuous absence of piped water because the town mayor, an old and cunning Tortoise, uses falsehood to deny other animals the right to access water to remain under his control. There is a competition between Rango’s falsehood and the Mayor’s falsehood, which eventually reveals the truth, giving the animals a chance to regain their rights to access water. First, the audience is introduced to the idea of “truth versus falsehood” when Rango, a pet lizard, pretends to be “popular” and “hero,” yet he is encircled in a small glass terrarium by his owner, an unidentified human (Verbinski, 2011). The audience realizes that Rango’s only companion is a pet fish that does not speak. Secondly, Rango doe
The global oil supply has not increased since 2005 and the world has undergone the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. The decline in the oil supply has adverse consequences to the economic growth (Tverberg 28). This is a grave problem for all; however, common person is not concerned with the effect of such depletion. All he can see is rise in the price of gasoline and cooking gas. However, analysts are concerned with the depleting resources and skeptics predict that the resources will soon be exhausted. This essay is an exposition of the present state and causes of the rising oil prices and depletion of the oil resources. In the end, the essay tries to provide a practical solution for the situation. Depletion in the oil resources is an evident problem. Dr. M. King Hubbert has predicted a bell shaped oil production curve. He stated that in the 1970s oil production was highest after which the production has gradually declined, indicating a bell shaped production curve (The Economist). Based on the success of Dr. Hubbert’s predictions, geologists have applied his methodology to estimate the present oil production and they fear that global oil production will peak in the coming decade and then there will be a decline in the oil production (The Economist). Presently, depletion theorists believe that the depletion of the oil resources has already begun and the global oil production has already reached the slippery part of the bell shape devised by Dr. Hubbert. However, another group of scientists believe that there will be enough oil to meet the demands sufficiently until 2020. However, even in such a situation, rise is oil prices are inevitable. The increasing prices of energy have led to severe economic pressure on economies and more importantly common person. A study on the depletion of oil resources in oil rich country – Syria – has demonstrates that it has led to greater increase in interest rate (Tverberg). Syria has been an oil exporter, however, depletion in its oil resources has endangered the financial condition of the country. When oil supply is high, the revenue from export helped in public finance for developmental activities and international industrial and agricultural production. However, with a decline in the oil production, and consequently, export, the Syrian government failed to meet the developmental needs of the country, and hence led to increase in internal inflation, especially that of food and consumer goods. The internal unrest has become so acute that the country faces the threat of an imminent civil war. Similar situation has been observed in other oil-rich countries like Egypt, Yemen, and Tunisia. In another research, Dr. Tverberg demonstrated the decline in the real GDP due to the depletion of oil resources in the USA (Tverberg 29). The reason for this, he says, is the mismatched rise in oil prices and the rise in income. He says that when oi
World literature shows us great examples of penetrating into human psychology, depicting human nature and the contradictions of people’s life. Such masters of word as W. Shakespeare, F. Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, O. de Balzac provided us with longstanding and immortal images of such inherently human feelings as love, hatred, tenderness, anger. There is no denying the importance of the fact that human nature includes both positive and negative features. To be human means to be contradictive and unstable, have something to adore and hate. Only robots can be integral since they have no soul. Thus, the portraying of essentially different and opposite features of characters, measuring both their weaknesses and strengths was the main characteristic of humanist and realist literature for a long period of time. Those writers who were insightful and attentive to details rightly thought that there can be no absolutely positive and negative characters. On the contrary, the integration of oppositions constitutes the fabric of human life. Such renowned humanists in literature as Faulkner, Dostoevsky, Stendhal always left place for some hope. Besides those negative features they depicted in their protagonists such as Rodion Raskolnikov, Julien Sorel etc. they understood that human nature has an impulse to become more kind, loving and tender. This is the leitmotiv of all best modern writers. In order to make these suggestions obvious and understandable it is needed to apply them to analysis of the work of certain modern writer. I will try to fulfill this task through analysis of the novels of such writers as Joseph Conrad, Toni Morrison and Chinua Achebe. Among the modern writers who best understood the dilemma of contradiction and tragedy one must point to a talented writer J. Conrad and his well-known novel Heart of Darkness. Talking about the context of this novel it is critical to note that the plot is developed in Belgian colony and concerns the life of indigenous people. The narration develops on the two levels. At first level the author describes intrinsic to early modernist literature themes as alienation, disintegration, confusion etc. and on the second level ties them into the wider context of colonialism and discusses how it influences the relations between people, how it makes them what they are. In this terms the plot and the greater idea of the Conrad’ s novel goes in line with our task to analyze how does the dilemma of contradictory human nature is realized in the modern literature. Heart in Darkness in total is a novel about the understanding the world and people. The novel main character is Marlow, an insightful traveler who makes journey to Congo River in order to find Kurtz, a person well-known for his intellectual and personal skills. Conrad depicts this travel as permanent encounters with situations when local and indigenous people are oppressed by Belgian colonizers. Marlow reacts to this oppression with anger and tries to protect these people who are brutally treated by whit
Marketing as a management role, has undergone a serious shift, from what used to be an operational function of management, to its current strategic role. The marketplace has grown more competitive, with market rivalry that requires a proper strategy in order to emerge the winner. Globalization has increased this competition as much as it has opened new markets for firms around the world. With marketing having moved from an inward-out approach to an outward-in, there has been need to develop a lasting relationship with customers in the market. As part of what has been referred to as social marketing, public relations and relationship marketing has been seen as key instrument for success in managing markets, especially in international events. Marketing in the international forum is much more demanding than doing the same within the country. If a firm wishes to market its products within Switzerland, it would be easier to do so using the national mass communication channels to reach out for the intended customers. However, international trade is much more demanding. According to Woodruff (1997, p. 78), international markets requires more effort because the area of coverage is large. For a firm to manage international markets, they would require a proper marketing strategy that would see to it that they reach out to the target group with the right information, and they manage to convince this group about the products they have for them. Cancer awareness creation is an international event that would require proper marketing in the target area if success is to be realized. It has come to the realization of many nonprofit making organizations that marketing is an inevitable event. Marketing, as Ward (1999, p. 78) says, is the only way an organization, both for profit and not for profit organizations, can realize success in thei
Recently many events that affect all spheres of human life have occured. The most resonant and influential incidents were the world pandemic and the spread of protests throughout America due to the events in Minneapolis. The last ones affect not only people’s opinions but also more material things, such as the budget allocated for the police. Many government officials supported the idea of a possible defunding in law enforcement agencies. This paper analyzes an article written by Peter Beinart (2020) and highlights the problem of reducing police funding connected with the protests. The article “Cities may have no choice but to defund the police” (Beinart, 2020) was chosen because it describes the current problem of connecting protests with a reduction in the police budget with more details than other news. The author raises arguments and facts that the state authorities will soon lack a budget in general, up to possible bankruptcy. Moreover, he traces the reasons for such a recession – a decrease in incoming taxes due to the collapse of tourism, massive lost jobs, and other factors arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some representatives of the country’s authorities also said that now is not the best time for the federal budget to help local authorities. Some states, such as Los Angeles, initially intended to reduce the budget in other areas and keep the police financing the same. However, the Black Lives Matter movement has made a change, and now it is the police who are the leading contender to lose money. The New York’s mayor also announced his desire to reduce the police budget. Bill de Blasio promised to lower the city department’s funding – the largest in the country – and apply it to different social programs. Thus, the main issue can be distinguished – local authorities in cities and states expect a decline in the budget due to a combination of different reasons. Subsequently, there is a need to reduce funding in various areas. Taking into account the demands of people who went to protests due to George Floyd’s death because of an officer’s actions, police departments became the primary candidates for financial deprivation. More detailed data on the funding and the amounts of money that will be applied to the police will be known after July 1 – the deadline for the budget planning. This situation draws public attention to systemic problems in policing in America. Such changes will have the most significant impact on the work and structure of the police. Although, according to Beinart (2020), crime rates across the country have already decreased significantly and may be controlled by smaller police efforts, new changes may be unpredictable. For example, this may mean that the 911 emergency services will not be able to respond quickly to calls from citizens, and officers will work in greater danger due to a lack of backup. Moreover, for this reason, cases of committed crimes may not be sol
During the twentieth century, many changes in the economy and the global market have been realized. Many options have been available for the business people and stakeholders left with the freedom to choose among the different ways of conducting business that best fits their interests and capabilities. Several questions have cropped up regarding conducting general business in the entire world. It is therefore up to the managers to make the right business decisions to ensure that their businesses stay afloat. Which market system is better: capitalism or communism? To begin with, capitalism is a market economy whereby people are allowed to own private property and control the same as they wish. The owners set their prices and make decisions on every aspect of their businesses. The market is free and is characterized by fair competition. The main advantage that businesses operating under this economy enjoy is that the government has no right to interfere with such establishments since there is minimal control from the state. The businesses have the right to compete to the optimum. This type of economy allows people to choose the type of work and environment that best suits their interests. The business stakeholders enjoy their profits as there is no such legal requirement from the state. The problem is that most people in some regions of the w
The dispute about the role of government in times of economic downturns is still active among economists. One group stresses that the government should preserve its “bystander” role. Experts who support this idea believe that forces of a free market are capable of regulating the economy both during bad and good times. Hence, the government has no need to be involved, and the market will successfully deal with all emerged issues by itself. Another group argues that the government should play a “supervisor” role, who monitors the economic situation and then intervenes with a well-defined policy. Such a policy should be aimed at overcoming market failure, prolonged recessions, reducing unemployment, and maintaining a situation during a health or environmental crisis. The common policies, spotted in areas of medical care, environmental quality, housing, and immigration, should be considered to assess the necessity of governmental interventions. According to Sowell (2008), government-paid medical care usually means that prices are artificially controlled and lowered by the state, which brings about adverse outcomes. In the long-run, price control leads to quality deterioration of medical care products and services and to decline in its quantity. For instance, such price control issues were seen in the Soviet Union, Japan, France, and the UK (Sowell 2008). Lower prices, which are not regulated by demand and supply, increase the consumption of particular goods and services but, at the same time, remove incentives for producers and caregivers to provide them. Government-paid health care also drives up costs because people with minor medical issues demand more medicines and caregivers’ attention than they actually need, just because those services are free. Third party-payments also tend to increase the cost of the treatment due to the bureaucracy complexity that is needed to administer this process and skyrocketing demand for medicines (Sowell 2008). Moreover, government-run medical systems meet high costs that are not included in economic statistics such as premature deaths and pain. It seems that the US mixed approach to health care is the most effective one. Nevertheless, the government should control such medical care elements as organ transplantation and drug approval, but it should be based on appropriate and transparent regulation. In terms of housing, rent control is a trendy type of government intervention because of its political attractiveness, but it has negative economic consequences. Lowered prices encourage people to demand more housing than they need. Thus, there will be a shortage, a decline in quality, and the development of the black market (Sowell 2008). Moreover, rent control usually makes it unprofitable to build new houses and even reduces incentives to maintain existing housing. Nevertheless, governmental intervention in real estate is necessary, taking into consideration its unique social and economic aspects. The government is usually expected to provide proper legislation, subsidies, zoning, price policies, and taxation. Moreover, in the age of gl
Market Targeting Market targeting is particularly crucial in marketing of products because it enables marketers to come up with strategies aimed at reaching all sections of the target market. Market targeting and segmentation is tremendously valuable because customers have different tastes and preferences hence calling for organizations to come up with ways of addressing these needs (Applegate, 2001). For instance, some sections of the target market may require gums with strong menthol while others may prefer sweetened gums. In order to win everyone in the market, products must be differentiated in order to meet tastes of all customers. Market targeting guides marketers on how to carry out their marketing promotions in order to maximize sales in the target market. In addition, it helps them to come up with advertisements covering all segments in the target market. Market targeting guides marketers on how to position their products effectively in order to have a competitive advantage over their competitors (Bussing-Burks, 2009). This means that organizations need to understand factors that influence consumer behaviors and this can be known after carrying out a market research. Targeting helps marketers to narrow down needs of different market segments. Then they design products to fit into various segments of the market. Target for Eclipse gum The best market segment for Eclipse gum is youths since they chew gums more than old people. This means that considering demographic factors the company should ensure that they design products to capture youth’s attention in order to maximize their market coverage. In addition, Eclipse company’s marketers should make sure that they consider psychographic factors since they contribute to consumer buying behavior in a great way. This means that they should target young people who are getting information regarding their health hence preferring chewing gum. This is because gums are believed to help people in relieving their muscles whenever they feel stressed (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2008). They should target the working class because these are the people who work hard in their offices hence requiring gums to relieve their nerves after some time of hard work. Psychographic factors are concerned with personality and lifestyles of people and these play key roles in market targeting and segmentation. For instance, the company should come up with gums designed for each class of people in order to capture all potential consumers in the market. Eclipse Company should differentiate its products in order to meet psychographic requirements of customers in the target market. This makes consumers feel that they are appreciated by the company that provides products that reflect their social class. In fact, there should be Eclipse gums decided for people living in various places with different senses of class. For instance, there should be significant packs for the rich who should be avai
Introduction The tool for leadership self-assessment consists of seven stages such as personal qualities, collaboration skills, service management, service improvement, providing direction, creating the vision, and forming a strategy. The main objective of this tool is to help the professionals view their performance critically and learn new details about their work so that they could improve in the future. Results When it comes to my personal qualities assessment, the tool helped me learn that I need to improve my performance under pressure and seek for feedback for the people around to find out my strengths and weaknesses. At work, I often ask the patients to evaluate my performance, but I fail to request feedback from the colleagues. My advantages are the willingness to self-actualize and learn, and also my integrity and strong values. As for the collaboration skills, my benefits are networking and team work which means that I am good creating and maintaining connections with others and fit well in collaborative tasks. When I have to be a part of a team, I put the success of the group before my individual needs. Besides, working in a team I am good at coordinating the collective effort and optimizing the operations so that the team functions more effectively. My only point for improvement is the ability to mediate conflicts. My management skills assessment indicates that I am a good planner, and I am successful at managing performance and people. However, my resource management that is associated with my efficiency could be improved. At work, I often notice that some tasks could be accomplished faster, and my habit of multitasking prevents me from increasing my productivity. When it comes to the improvement of provided services, the tool shows that the preservation of patient safety, as well as critical evaluation of myself and the work of others are my strengths that can help me achieve transformation and learn innovative practices. The assessment also indicated that the creation of vision is one of the most difficult aspects of leadership for me, and I definitely need to practice it more as this is the basis for the improvement and implementation of my working strategies. For instance, I often face a professional problem when I know what kind of result needs to be achieved, but when I try to address the problem, I find out that my resources are insufficient or my plan is flawed. Reflection The self-assessment tool proved to be highly useful for me as it brought my attention to two of my issues that I have never considered. First of all, it pointed out that I should pay more attention to feedback, and ask my colleagues to provide it. Practically, feedback of the peers is a valuable resource for improvement. Feedback of the peers is a useful method of evaluation that does not only generate new insights concerning various aspects of one’s performance, but also