ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of research obtained. These days, all existing companies design their documentation according to business documentation standards of document preparation and production. The quality of documentation is one of the most essential conditions of the successful functioning of the company. Business documents are produced in order to “communicate with its customers, its employees, its suppliers, the government, and other businesses” ( Microsoft Office 2003 2). The purpose and design of a business document depends on the type of the business operation. In this light, every type of the business document can be produced using different software and software applications. There is a number of features in a specific software used to create business documents, such as style, templates and macros. These tools help design and produce documents so that they fit document standards. As it has already been mentioned, every type of the business operation requires certain industry based design standards. One of the business operation types is Purchasing, “purchasing product need to be controlled to ensure purchased products/services conform to the organization’s requirements” (Arrowsmith, Linarelli, and Wallace 407). Thus, purchase documentation should contain information on products and processes of sales/purchasing. Each company that deals with purchasing should design its documents according to standards depending on the document needs of the organization. In order to define the document requirements and establish standards, in is necessary to “identify the types of documents required, determine entry, storage and quality needs, determine information technology capability” (“Manage Business Document Design and Development” n. p.). In addition, in order to produce definite types of purchase documents, it is necessary to remember that “the purchase documentation should contain information clearly describing the product/service ordered” (Oakland and Marosszeky 237). Each purchasing document is valid in definite operating location, “each operating location is responsible for the development and maintenance of records that document procurement and payment activity” (“Documentation Guidelines” n. p.). The contend of the document and some elements of structure can vary depending on the type of the operation location and the company’s business activities, definite components of structure and design should be presented at the document and should be designed according to the standards of the business documentation. Thus, one of the most important features of the purchasing document is the information about product/services ordered, such as “requirements for approval or qualification of product and /or service, procedures, processes, equipment and personnel and any management system requirements” (Oakland and Marosszeky 237). The ISO 9001 Standard provide different aspects of the purchasing documentation, however, the main requirement is that the document refl
Introduction Creating the environment, in which second language learners (DLLs) are capable of acquiring the related knowledge and train the corresponding skills in an efficient manner is a challenging task, primarily, because of the numerous prejudices that are surprisingly popular even among experienced educators. In his article, Myths and Misconceptions about Second Language Learning: What Every Teacher Needs to Unlearn , Marry McLaughlin addresses some of the most popular yet nonetheless wrong ideas about the process of learning and teaching a second language. Although some of the ideas voiced by the author might seem common knowledge, the lack of their application in the contemporary SLL environment is what makes the process of teaching ESL students increasingly more complicated. Summary According to McLaughlin, the outstanding abilities that every child supposedly has toward second languages is one of the most dangerous myths that have been swarming around the designated area. In other words, though children show outstanding abilities in acquiring the skills related to their native language, the ones related to second ones have not been proven. Therefore, by assuming that children have intrinsic abilities to learn second languages, a teacher is likely to set the expectations that are too high for the students. Similarly, language skills are not in inverse proportion to age, and nor is the time spent on immersing in the ESL environment. Finally, the ability to speak the second language does not mean being proficient in it for a child. McLaughlin has provided a brief overview of the most common misconceptions that teachers have about their young students, therefore, helping the former get a better understanding of the latter. Critique The ideas suggested by McLaughlin can be deemed as fairly sensible as a range of studies points to the same phenomena observed among young learners. Therefore, the content, as well as the arguments provided can be considered one of the strong aspects of the article. In addition, a perfect understanding of learners’ needs should be mentioned as one of the article’s key assets. Unfortunately, the paper also has several problems. For example, the author’s ideas are not supported by trustworthy resources throughout the paper. Although McLaughlin makes at some points rather efficient use of the articles chosen as the foundation for the research, the lack of consistent support for his arguments is, nevertheless,
Overview of the program This program is aimed at removing those barriers that prevent many women from undergoing mammography screening which is critical for proper treating of breast cancer. Additionally, it is necessary to develop methods of motivating women, who have reached the age of 50, to undergo mammography on a regular basis (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002). In the course of this program, a set of interventions have been developed; in particular, healthcare professionals focused on the benefits that telephone counseling could bring. These interventions can benefit women, exposed to the risk of breast cancer, especially those ones who do not undergo screening regularly. Evidence of success There is an empirical study which can confirm the efficiency of this program. In particular, one can speak about the research carried out by Stoddard et al. (2002). According to this study, telephone counseling was slightly more effective than traditional written reminders (Stoddard et al. 2002). Therefore, this practice can be adopted by medical workers who should ensure that women aged above 50 regularly undergo mammography screening. This is one of the aspects that can be identified. However, the researchers also note that some modifications should be made to telephone counseling in order to increase women’s motivation not to neglect breast cancer screening. This limitation should also be taken into account. One should note that this question attracts the attention of many researchers. For instance, Alfred Chang et al. (2007) note that telephone counseling is more efficient that written reminders. Thus, the benefits of this program are supported by empirical evidence. This is one of the key issues that should be considered. Socio-behavioral model The implementation of this program was based on the so-called Stages of Change Model (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002). According to this model, the transformation of a person’s behavior includes such stages as pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (Ogden, 2012, p. 44). This model implies that it is first necessary to change the attitudes of a person and convince him/her that a certain action should be performed on a regular basis. In their turn, medical workers should focus on those women who do not regularly undergo mammography screening. They should clearly communicate why this behavior can be detrimental. The main problem is that the organizers of this problem do not clearly show Stages of Change Model was applied. In particular, they do not show how medical workers could prompt women to reach different stages of change. Additionally, they do not provide evidence which can prove that some women did move from one stage to another. This is one of the short-comings that can be singled out, and this particular model may not be fully appropriate in this context. In turn, one can say that Health Belief Model can also be relevant to this case. This
Summary of the Article The mode of action of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is still not understood. However, HBO has been recommended for various health problems including radiation damages and gas embolism (Ghanizadeh, 2012). Additionally, it is suggested that intracranial abscess and contaminations caused by carbon monoxide can be treated through HBO. Patients undergoing this therapy experience both positive and negative side effects. On the positive side, it fastens the production of different types of reactive oxygen used in the body. Conversely, it has an effect on the middle ear barotraumas (Neubauer & Walker, 1998). Autism is a mental disorder, which mainly affects little children and other age groups. Unfortunately, people affected by autism cannot properly associate or communicate with others within society (Ghaziuddin, 2005). Besides, this disease cannot be treated. However, a few recommended drugs manufactured to control its symptoms are available. Since the disease cannot be cured, it is vital to obtain another therapeutic option. Although hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been recommended, its efficiency is still questionable. Conversely, many studies have been carried out to validate the efficiency of this therapy. Besides, all the studies carried out did not support the effectiveness of this hyperbaric oxygen therapy except one. Validity of the Study Critically, various studies carried out on hyperbaric oxygen therapy show positive responses. Consequently, information from different authors indicates that there is massive progress in the general operation and receptive language. In addition, there was a great improvement in public relations and eye contact (Ghanizadeh, 2012). The overall ABC score and the ratio of irritability in HBO had greatly improved. In other studies, there was excellent toleration of symptoms. Clinical global impression also widened according to its average scores (clinical global impression). The Quantity of the Sample Size It is arguable that the size of the samples used in the study was small. Thus, this might have been the reason for the negative results. Besides, few patients participated in the study. Some patients withdrew while others were simply not assessed. Conversely, out of the 46 patients, only 16 were treated, with some withdrawing after an attack while others were simply not included in the analysis. Accuracy of the Conclusions Critically, the conclusions made by the authors were relatively flawed. Varying outcomes were supporting the validity of this therapy. The tests carried out did not involve a placebo group (Ghanizadeh, 2012). Conversely, the authors were not able to comprehensively conclude on the capability of this therapy to treat autism. Some controlled trials have prompted further clinical trials to achieve more accurate results. Critically, the conclu
Introduction GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was established in 1949 and remained effective up to 1993. GATT represented an agreement between several countries, and this agreement enabled them to regulate trade activities. Trade regulation mainly entailed a reduction of trade barriers and tariffs between member states. The objective was to encourage trade practices that would result in mutual trade benefits among the countries involved (Zeiler, pp.1-2). Although the establishment of GATT was a noble idea, nonetheless, the organization was faced with the challenge of implementing policies. Consequently, this was a limitation to the success of GATT. When GATT collapsed, the former member states formed the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to replace it. Equality Even though various provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade advocated for equality among countries the actual implementation was a challenge. For example, some of the countries remained dominant over others, and this was a limitation to the organization’s effectiveness. Both the European Economic Community (EEC) and the United States were dominant over multilateral negotiations. The dominant member countries ignored decisions made by other GATT members. (Cline, p. 196). They favored their interests at the expense of other member countries. In this case, the developing countries were the main culprits as they lacked the power to influence decisions at meetings. Agricultural Trade Failure to liberalize agricultural trade has been recognized as one of the major failures experienced by GATT. This failure stemmed from the fact that GATT”s negotiations concentrated on tariff reduction, forgetting that when it comes to agricultural products, most factors that influence trade and the value of imports and exports are countries’ border and domestic factors, as opposed to tariffs (Johnson and Hou, p. 231). GATT only ratified a few border measures. They included import restriction standards, licensing, import quotas, and tariffs. GATT negotiations did not also consider domestic measures such as deficiency payments and subsidies (Zietz and Valdes, p. 72). This made the enforcement of GATT rules regarding the above-mentioned measures ineffective and impossible in some cases. Legal Failures D
Introduction The European Union is generally a group of European countries, and/or nations that work together in the quest of improving the lives of their respective citizens and build a better world 1 . Cooper describes the EU as not a federation like the United States or other federations in the world; neither is it a state replacing already existing states, nor an organization for co-operations between governments, just like the United Nations 2 . Over the last decade, EU’s success has been owed a lot to the unique way in which it generally works. It is unique because the member countries that form the EU have exclusively remained independent sovereign countries who, however, agree to pool their diverging sovereignties to gain strengths and global influences that none of them could have on their own 3 . This paper tries to discern the relationship that exists between the EU and the United States. It will focus on the political, economic and foreign relation that exists between the two. The historic relationship that exists between the United States and the EU is a very unique and crucial relationship. Both the EU and the U.S. have a deep sense of widely shared values and a strong belief in democracy as a way of governance, adherence to principles of the rule of law, respect for human rights and the market economy. Most of these values are fundamentally entrenched in governance practices of both the EU and the US. Moreover, deep ties between the two are not only evident in the political and economic spheres, but also in issues such as promoting the use of clean energy, combating climate change, aiding the developing world in dealing with poverty and terrorism among many other issues. The EU and the U.S. have also been at the forefront of ensuring access of adequate healthcare with key investments by the two in fighting the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. These are but some of the main areas that the EU and the Un
Introduction There were times when people would be imprisoned for speaking out their minds. Speech is one form of communication of thought, ideas and beliefs. Without the freedom of speech people can be forced to accept things that are stated by the society. In England for instance, during the 16th century Henry VII was taken to prison for speaking his mind, at the time it was a crime that was punishable by death. Freedom of speech allows personal ideas to be expressed freely; more so the freedom of speech in the United States governed by the first amendment of the constitution other than communication also covers public acts like parades demonstration, artist expressions and pickets. First Amendment in the United States constitution protects the freedom of speech (Tedford 123). Government condemnation and advocacy ideas that are not popular which people find without taste and against public policy for example racism and chauvinism are always unacceptable. Child pornography laws, Miller test for obscenity and speeches that may result to lawless actions are some of the exceptions in the general protection. In these areas there are limitations of free speech and other rights like rights of inventor and authors over their copyright. In US a graduated system is followed in regulating freedom of speech. In the First Amendment diverse types of regulation are subject to analysis in court challenges. Types of Speeches There are different types of speeches; the first is core political speech the most guarded form due to its communicative nature and its function to a republic that is functional (Mike 65). It is a speech about political issues and ideas that are not motivated by profit; the restrictions in this kind of speech must be well analyzed or else they can be struck down. Another kind of speech is commercial speech, in this kind it is not wholly protected although it is regulated by the state (Mike). There are some exceptions to freedom of expression. Many of these have been identified by the court and in many cases without controversy. Courts justified them as speeches which could harm the public or speeches that the fore fathers had no intention of protecting or just customs that had been part of common law tradition from England where the American legal system is derived. Exceptions Obscenity is one of the exceptions, according to the US Miller Test, obscenity is a test used by Supreme Court to determine if an expression or a speech can be termed obscene and whether it can be protected by the first amendment of the constitution (Tedford 124). This is speech that describes sexual conduct in very offensive way and it
The given case study revolves around a patient suffering from Down syndrome. Additionally, there are pieces of evidence that could be used to diagnose a blunt abdominal trauma. The fact is that the given injury could be severe, especially for individuals suffering from other problems with the brain and mental health. Besides, Dua et al. (2012) state that in case the given trauma is discovered, it is crucial to create a treatment plan that guarantees less complicated and severe consequences. For this reason, the first examination is critical as it ensures that an appropriate and timely treatment plan will be created. The article also outlines the unique importance of the National Trauma Bank as it helps to identify similar cases and apply the data to this same case. Delving into the case, we could also admit the fact that the usage of the given examination procedure helped to determine the signs of Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which could be extremely dangerous for the patient. Hamaguchi et al. (2013) are sure that individuals suffering from this very disease should be related to a particular risk group as it deteriorates the quality of their lives significantly and results in the appearance of numerous complications. They admit the fact that in case these patients are hospitalized in the intensive care unit, the outcomes could be more positive. For this reason, an immediate response is needed to assist a patient in his recovery. Furthermore, the patient also suffers from Down syndrome, which should be taken into account when creating a treatment plan. The article by Kira, Fawzi, and Fawzi (2013) provides several vital assumptions related to the issue. The fact is that patients suffering from the given syndrome have specific problems that appear during the traumatic process. The peculiarities of their brain functioning are affected by traumas in a way different from the traditional one. In this regard, the data obtained due to the examination should be processed to identify the trauma and the impact it might have on Down syndrome and the patients life. At the same time, Wark, Hussain, and Parmenter (2014), in their article, admit the fact that traumas might trigger the further development of dementia and the deterioration of patients health. In case a child is injured, the problem could become even more complicated as his/her further evolution will be impacted by this same trauma. That is why it is essential to examine a child and assess the main parameters. In case some areas in the brain are dam
Executive Summary This report evaluates the practicality of the Seventh Generation to venture into Kuwait Market. The company is renowned for the production of eco-friendly personal care and household goods. Currently, the Kuwait market is underutilized. Hence, the company has the potential of making a profit from the market. Seventh Generation has a team of experienced scientists who help it to manufacture sustainable and safe products. The biggest percentage of Kuwait’s population comprises conservative Muslims. They do not purchase personal care and household goods made from animal-based ingredients. Seventh Generation uses plant-based constituents to manufacture its products. Thus, it is likely to do well in Kuwait. The company requires positioning its products as sustainable and eco-friendly. Additionally, it should segment the target customers based on the level of disposable income, personality and values, and behavioral patterns. The government of Kuwait does not allow foreign companies to invest in the country. The companies have to partner with a local firm to gain entry into the country. Thus, the Seventh Generation should liaise with a local business. Introduction Kuwait is one of th