ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Formative assessment is a part of the learning process that can take different forms. It has been acknowledged that this type of activity if implemented properly, tends to double the pace at which students learn (Corwin, 2017). Therefore, teachers pay considerable attention to the planning and implementation of assessments. It is critical to concentrate on the learning goals to be achieved, students’ levels and their needs (interests, physical and emotional states), the corresponding standards, materials, and the most appropriate forms to choose (Michelle Wagner, 2020). Creative arts can facilitate the assessment process making it less stressful and more engaging for children (Cooper, 2016). This paper includes a brief analysis of a formative assessment that involved a creative arts task. Children were divided into small groups of three and were asked to replicate a character from a story they read. They had a choice of materials to be utilized to complete the task. The group included a boy and two girls, and the students chose clay to replicate the character. The teacher monitored the process but did not intervene, although she provided some guidance and assisted when it was necessary. The children were completely engaged when creating the character, and one of them emphasized the need to be as close to the text as possible, which was the instruction given by the teacher. The teacher said that the grade would depend on the details. The teacher also discussed the process of making the character, and during this discussion, the children decided on the parts each of them would make. The result was remarkable as the students managed to replicate the character following the description. The group contained students who had an age-appropriate level of reading skills, so they did not have any difficulty with using the text. The students had one piece of paper with a text, so each student read the description for others to follow. Sometimes children looked into the text on their own, although the teacher encouraged them to read aloud for the entire group to refresh all group members’ memory. It is necessary to note that assessment is important in making students more responsible and autonomous learners (Pearson English, 2019). So, the teacher allowed students to look through the text and do the silent reading at times. One of the challenges related to the use of creative arts in assessment, at least in this group, was related to the time limits. Students wanted to make a perfect character, so they remade some parts and spent quite a significant amount of time choosing the best piece of clay or the necessary amount. On the one hand, the children displayed their reading skills, which was the major goal of the assignment. On the other hand, they were quite focused on the creation of the character rather tha
Introduction Cold chain logistics is the maintenance of a constant temperature of products throughout the demand-supply chain right from the time of harvesting to when the product reaches the consumer. It involves a series of distribution activities coupled with storage that maintains a given temperature constant. This temperature ensures a prolonged shelf life of products such as pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, agricultural products and frozen food and photographic film. Therefore, a good cold chain will maintain the products quality and reduce spoilage. Its major characteristic is that, if any of the links is broken, then the whole system would be rendered useless. Cold chain logistics infrastructure Its main infrastructure consists of: Farm processing center This center should be equipped with facilities such as weighing balances, sorting machines, grading waxing machines, packaging machines, pre-coolers, cold storage and normal storage. Weighing facilities The weighing facility required is a check weigher, which is an automated machine specifically designed to weigh packaged produce. They are very efficient with a capability of weighing more than 500 products per minute. They are normally found at the end of the product production line, used for ensuring that all products fall within the required weight limits. These machines are very accurate. Other devices have also been incorporated such as the x-ray machines and metal detectors for detecting any illegal substances or defects within the package and therefore, ensuring that the product going out of the production line meets the specified standards. Their accuracy and speed can be influenced by the following factors; the motor technology in use, the packaged content (which can be liquid or solid), the weight and length of the package, the line speed specified and interference from air flow that causes reading errors among others. The advantage of using check weighers include; They can be used for counting the packages and hence makes it easy to know the number in transit. They can also give the total weight of the package in transit. They can also print on the package labels containing the produce information, readable by barcodes. These labels can then act as a mediu
The process of child growth and development encounters many challenges including those of grammar and the use of grammar. Naturally, children own all pertinent linguistic knowledge, which help them in comprehension. However, due to cognitive limitations, experts have found out that children have difficulties in applying linguistic knowledge. Many at times, children show their capabilities in handling tasks that only adults can do – an indication that they possess the relevant knowledge of grammar. On the contrary, the absence of adult-like recital in comprehension explains the lack of adequate cognitive resources in children, which are imperative in executing computations hence, leading to comprehension. Some researchers have come out to explain this phenomenon through theories. For instance, Tanya Reinhart chose the pragmatic account of the Delay B Effect as the basis of her work. With time, she managed to explain the reasons behind delayed comprehension. In her work, Reinhart notes that grammar spawns two dissimilar derivations. For instance, in order to construct a sentence that contains a pronoun, listeners must distinguish the two derivations jointly with their consequent interpretations—of course through an operation—reference-set computation. Ironically, here we must be careful, as operation is not one of the elements of grammar, but it is paramount in other areas of grammar. For instance, a combination of operation and cognitive systems is significant at the grammar border. This implies that, children can have inadequate memory capacity to distinguish events and whenever such cases arise, speculation takes centre stage. Research shows that contrastive stress is among the factors that cause comprehension delays in children. Other setbacks behind such delays include quantifier scope and scalar implicatures. Moreover, the above concept also explains the reason for such delays and any other comprehension delays. Reinhart asserts that in matters production, delay is not prevalent. Supposedly, this is because the reference-set computation performs a difference role in production dissimilar to that in comprehension. One advantage of grammar is that it allows supplementary procedures for example, quantifier rising, coreference and stress shift. However, according to Reinhart, these procedures are ‘superfluous’ since they hold no grammar perspective, although only from the viewpoint of the language use. Nonetheless, sometimes grammar can generate multiple derivations in just a single sentence and lead to multiple comprehensions, forcing the hearer to compare various messages. On the contrary, in production, the scenario is different as the speaker is well aware of meanings of the spoken words. Thus, according to Reinhart, language is asymmetric. That is, the reference-set computation is only relevant in comprehension but not in production. So far, there
Introduction The need to follow ethical standards and adhere to the legal principles of interaction with patients is an essential aspect of healthcare professionals’ practice. When using the example of two separate cases illustrating the lack of understanding and disagreement between medical providers and their patients, it is possible to see what measures need to be taken to eliminate any bias. As a substantiation base, findings from relevant academic sources will be taken to confirm specific hypotheses. Ethical responsibility in the healthcare sector is an important part of the relationships of stakeholders involved and requires mutual respect from both medical providers and patients. Cases Analysis Racial Bias Ethical problems associated with racial bias are a major problem in the modern healthcare sphere. According to Garran and Rasmussen (2019), the patient’s prejudice towards the doctor about the race of the latter is one of the examples that are found in care facilities periodically. As the authors note, the manifestations of racism are formally addressed in medicine, which is a weighty omission (Garran & Rasmussen, 2019). The patient who makes a claim to the quality of care and wants to change her attending physician violates the ethical principle of justice, which does not provide for humiliating a person on the basis of ethnicity, gender, and other characteristics, including racial ones. Tajeu et al. (2018) cite the concept of unconscious bias that is explained by some people’s cultural background and their unintentional prejudices. However, in this case, the deliberate manifestation of unethical behavior on the part of the patient may be observed. The situation is complicated by the fact that the attending staff physician who was present during the conflict did not show any participation in resolving the dispute. Regarding my attitude to this case from a professional perspective, I would advise senior employees to carry out explanatory work with rude patients. It would be useful to convey to her the fact that the humiliation of medical specialists’ personal dig
The readings discuss the issue of private equity, being an asset for the fundamentals of investment. The paper is aimed at depicting the most significant outline of the readings and their interrelations in the context of the subject of investing. Nowadays, the concept of investment cannot exist as an independent economic notion. In order to remain relevant in the market, companies seek collaborations with partners from both the private and public sectors. Large companies tend to invest money in promising smaller companies, meanwhile waiting for governmental support. Such financial circulation drives the investment market towards constant innovation and opportunities created. The process itself bears the notion of private equity, i.e., investing in a private company with the intention to increase the stake’s value. With the rapid increase in the number of investors interested in private equity, the sphere has encountered a series of both positive and negative trends. Globalization, which helps the investors purchase shares in companies all across the globe, is, by all means, one of the major benefits in today’s economic world. However, the increase in taxes requires cooperation with the public sector, which is interested in investing in projects beneficial for the residents. Such a collaborative process is also known as Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), as it establishes proper communication between the sectors, thus, creating an economic balance. However, the question here is whether both sides of collaboration benefit to an equal extent. Once the government obtains a share in a private company, the business owners are exposed to a high level of responsibility, whereas the control is mostly taken over by the public sector. Aimed to create a balanced economic relationship, PPP allows the government to interfere with the companies’ activities. The collaboration, on the contrary, works both ways, as the governors often seek financial support themselves. The example of such cooperation is exposed with the help of a case study depicting the BTS project financing. Hence, it may be concluded that as the collaboration between public and private sectors is often inevitable, the companies and investors should be quite attentive in order to save their money throughout the partnership.
Introduction Cash budgets are useful in allocation of cash to respective areas of need and further identifying of the cash available for use in the preceding month/year (Mills, 2005). It takes into consideration the actual cash available during the month for use. Cash not available during the month being evaluated is considered as not being available for use during that month and hence not include for that particular month (Ogutu, 2008). Cash budget The table below shows the cash income and expenditure incurred during the Month of December.                                         December Cash on Hand (beginning of month)       6,000                                                     CASH RECEIPTS                                    Sales Revenue                           73,150   Collections fm CR accounts              3,600    Operating Income                        2,500    TOTAL CASH RECEIPTS                     79,250   Total Cash Available (before cash out)  85,250                                                    CASH PAID OUT                                    Credit Purchase payment                 21,000   Cost of sales                           7,250    Wage expense                            24,000   Miscellaneous                                    SUBTOTAL                                52,250   TOTAL CASH PAID OUT                     52,250   Cash Position (end of month)            33,000    Analysis The cash budget takes into consideration only the cash received and payable within the month the month of December. Prepaid rent was already paid and hence despite being an expense for the month of December, no cash is used in December to settle the same. Cash at hand at the beginning of the month is presumed to be the cash at the end of the previous month which is 6,000.   * Cash receipts: The cash sales value during the month of December is given by 95% of 77,000 which is the total sales during the month. The total sales revenue for the month is therefore given as 73,150.   * Total cash available: this is the value of all the cash received within the month of December and hence available for offsetting any bills to be incurred during the month. This includes receipt from sales, receipt from credit sales during the previous month and income generated from operating expenses.   * Cash paid out: this section takes into consideration the cash paid out during the month of December. These include payment of amount owed for purchases made during the previous month 75% of 28,000 which is 21,000, cost incurred for inventory purchases during the month of December 25% of 29,000 which is 7,250. and the wage expenses. Despite being attributable to the month of December, prepaid rent is not included in expenses as it has not impact on the cash available and hence is reserved for balance sheet entry (Jacob, 2010). Depreciation expense is also not included in the cash budget has it has no effect on the cash available for use to the business owner and like prepaid rent is reserved for balance sheet (Benjamin, 2011). The wage expense is incurred
My name is John Tremney. I was born in 1760 in Pennsylvania, Washington USA. I began working with the American government as a tax collector in 1788, one year before the federal government replaced the Articles of Confederation. I was to be promoted from a junior tax collector to a senior position in ensuring that taxes were remitted in time after five years of working in the US tax department. As junior officers, we were required to move around on horses and collect taxes from citizens. Promotion for junior officers in the tax department had been delayed in 1792 following the introduction of plans to have reviews for the taxes implemented in the previous year. It was the work of junior officers to move around and paste documents on buildings and other places to communicate to the citizens about the changes. Among the changes in the tax policy required that spirits distillers pay taxes to impose social discipline on the citizens (Morrison & Samuel, 182) although there were arguments that Hamilton, the Treasury Secretary of the new federal government had wanted to use the additional funds to service the national debt. The tax was for power advancement and securing of the new government (Graetz; Michael; Schenk, & Deborah). The large producer of spirits, including the then-president George Washington, would pay a flat rate while smaller distillers would pay by the gallon hence were more disadvantaged. As a result of poor roads, lack of money and being far from the market, Western farmers found it better to ferment and distill in portable quantities than take the grain to the market. One of the better goods for the western farmers in the times was whiskey. There was resistance to the tax proposals on the basis of unfairness and discrimination by the Western farmers who had processed a lot of their grain for liquor. Their resistance and deviance were because the proposals affected not only the whiskey sellers but also them. Protests which were violent took place in North and South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland (“What is the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794?”) and tax collectors were harassed by the “Whiskey Boys”. Things were not very easy for me and other tax collectors as under such conditions of rebellion, people had formed a hatred attitude towards us. This rebellion was not a minor one considering that it went on for some time. It was an organized criminal activity. The Whiskey Rebellion had “Tom the Tinker” who championed the idea that discouraged those who paid taxes also as their leader in the early 1790s. His men (“Tom the Tinker’s men”) ensured the carrying out of his threats. One day during the summer of 1795 while I was riding home from present-day South Park Township where we had spent the night in the offices with the senior officers reviewing the lists to determine those who had not remitted taxes and would be charged later on by the federal government, I heard the first shots five kilometers further and it emerg
An analysis of the Theory of Politeness According to Brown and Levinson, politeness is an important aspect in the day to today interactions and socialization of people in different situations. In communication, there are certain variables, which people consider either consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, for clear understanding of the theory, it is important to note that these two theorists borrowed an idea of “face” from Goffman. Goffman (1967, p.44) held that the variables which people either consciously or subconsciously adapt in their interactions are meant to positively influence them in their contact with their colleagues. There are two categories of faces: negative and positive face. Positive face aims at enhancing or achieving appreciation and approval by other people while a negative face is concerned with the individual‘s efforts or desire to avoid any impediment and be liberated from imposition (Mohammed 2010, p.2). Levinson and Brown points out circumstances, which contradict with the notion of the face through the verbal and the non-verbal communication styles of the speakers, a situation is referred to as ‘face threatening act’ (Brown & Levinson 1987, p.70). For instance, an example of a speech that poses a threat to the hearer’s negative face is a request, seen as an impediment by the speaker on what the hearer ought to or ought not to do. As a means to overcome these threats, the theorists have suggested four politeness strategies which individuals will fall for in order to avoid being vulnerable to the negative faces. Among them is the best politeness strategy or policy will be adopted by a person before performing a face threatening act strategies. These strategies include; negative politeness, bald on record, off record/indirect and positive politeness. These politeness strategies according to the two theorists serve a multiplicity of functions. However, as the paper unveils, the theory plays a very vital role both in communication and in the day-to-day interaction of people. Importance of the Politeness Theory The aforementioned strategies according to Brown and Levinson enhance or promote positive face or image of those who are listening. Bold on record is one of the strategies used by speakers to give directions and give instructions with authority. It is however important to state that this strategy can best meet its functions when used with people in close relationships. Positive politeness strategy also plays a positive function on minimizing the threat to the hearer’s positive face (Brown and Levinson 1987, p.60). This kind of verbal communication is intended to make the listeners feel good about themselves, their possessions, interests and especially in the context where the speaker and the listeners know each other to a given extend. Negative politeness strategy is also a function of politeness theory, which involves trying to be a part from t