ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background One of the main concerns of educational institutions in the academic accommodation of foreign students. In that regard, it can be stated that the contribution of foreign students to the economy of the receiving country as well as to the reputation of the educational institution cannot be overestimated. In Australian context, the latter can be seen through the fact that as of 2006 Australia holds the fifth position as a foreign student receiving country (Abbott and Ali, 2009, p.4). “Full fee-paying foreign students now constitute one-quarter of enrolments, and education is Australia’s third-largest services export” (Marginson, 2007, p.5). Within such scale of foreign students’ flow into Australian educational institutions, the educational and economic contributions are not the only associated issues, where adjustment issues might also arise, specifically in terms of language. The lack of such adjustments can be seen through a personal experience with an English class with mix-ability students, who are enrolled without a placement test. The problems corresponding to the aforementioned aspect might include lack of correspondence between the level of the textbooks and most of the students, lack of motivation in students, and difficulties in teaching reading, writing, and grammar as well as various communication difficulties. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose research that will investigate the relationship between language placement tests and the performance of foreign students in the classes that correspond to their assigned levels. The proposal outlines the significance of such a problem in the literature, the philosophical perspective for the proposed research, and the approach derived from the selected perspective. Problem Statement In addition to the variety of problems faced as a personal experience with mixed-ability foreign students, such problems have been widely articulated in literature and accordingly, have scholarly support. Comparisons conducted between international and domestic students, investigating the transitional issues faced by both groups, outlined that international students had more difficulties adapting than domestic students (Andrade, 2006, p.135). Although the comparison focused on both social and academic adjustments, it can be seen that in the context of the competencies of universities, the academic factor might be seen as more important. In that regard, “[a]cademic adjustment problems for international students tend to focus on language issues” (Andrade, 2006, p.135). In most cases, educational institutions use language proficiency tests, which are used to assist admission officers to make admission decisions. In that regard, the latter cannot
Background Information Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 when he was just 17 years old (Aaker, 1992). During its early days, the company was dealing with fledging company fish and the sale of charismas cards. The founder of the company conducted these small operations at his small farm in a remote village in Sweden. To maintain his customers and earn new ones, Ingvar ensured that he delivered the goods to the homes of his customers. This strategy was successful, and later on developed to be the tradition of IKEA (Bian and Moutinho, 2009). In the process of development, IKEA faced a lot of challenges. This included competition from rivals, sourcing for raw materials and manufacturing firms, entry into new markets and maintenance of high quality of its products and selling them at low prices. Through hard work, strategic planning and determination, the company was able to overcome these difficulties and now it is one of the leading furniture selling companies in the world. At the present moment, the company is operational in over 35 different countries, has over 285 stores and a workforce of 127,800 individuals (Kotler, 1997). The vision of IKEA is to create a better everyday life for many people (McGinnis, 2008). To achieve this vision, the company has developed and applied a number of strategies, goals and objectives. Some of these have had short-term effects while others have had long-term effects. The firm has also a strong corporate structure that has enabled its operations to be smooth. This structure is divided into operations and franchising. Operations mainly deal with the running and management of the stores while franchising deals with marketing and expansion of the firm (Miner, 2007). To ensure that the operations of the company are effective and efficient, the company has maintained a stable organization structure and culture. The managerial strategy of IKEA is formal, non-hierarchical, and based on a teamwork (Peter et al, 2009). This ensures that all the employees have a duty of care and respect for one another. As a result, employees at IKEA do not have titles or get special privileges. There is also effective communication among the employees. This ensures that the correct information is passed from one employee or department to another. As a result, the efficiency of operations within th
Many cities emerged after several European colonialists came to American. These colonial powers wanted to create new urban centers that would support trade and commerce. New cities emerged along the coastline to promote trade. The Europeans intended to create new cities similar to those in their respective countries. Unfortunately, the Europeans were unable to achieve their goals because of the existing cultural forces. The colonial powers introduced new centers to govern these cities. New “vices emerged such as prostitution, arson, insecurity, drinking, and smuggling” (Carp 43). Tax evasion also became a major challenge in the cities. Merchants and settlers occupied the best positions in society. Artisans and unskilled laborers were part of the middle class. Indentured servants and slaves were at the bottom. Diseases and infections were also common. I agree with Smith and Chudacoff because most of the American cities were critical to the justification and timing of the American Revolution. Such cities made it possible for different people to share their ideas and concepts. The cities equipped more people with new skills and firearms. The ongoing activities in these cities played a critical role in sensitizing more natives about their pathetic situations. Most of the Europeans were trying to enrich themselves. These developments would become relevant to the revolution. The people established new views and theories to support the revolution. Many Americans became conscious of the existing inequalities and injustices. Different issues, such as inequalities infringed the people’s rights and liberties (Carp 38). This description explains why the fight for freedom began in Boston. Many cities such as Boston became the breeding grounds for new ideas towards establishing a new order. Works Cited Carp, Benjamin. Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.
Introduction Psychoanalysts specialize in the diagnosis and provision of psychotherapy to patients with mental disorders. Their main goal is to reduce cases of neurosis among human beings. Freud notes that the main aim of psychoanalysis is to enable one to effectively take part in tasks of life. Freud mentions work and love as the main life tasks in which one requires a sound mind to take part. In this paper, the writer will describe the general process of orthodox Freudian analysis and point out its therapeutic goals. The paper also assesses how resistance and transference affect the therapy process. The writer also gives speculation of how the orthodox Freudian process can be applied successfully to treat the Hong Kong population. The Process of Orthodox Freudian The first approach to Orthodox Freudian is to develop a rationale for the patient’s development system. In the rationale, the therapist sets out a measuring tool that effectively captures the patient’s behavior in the interview with the therapist. By interacting with the patient, the therapists should be able to make interpretations of the patient’s internal issues. Wallace (1993, p.56) points out that it’s important to analyze the patient’s early childhood experience to establish if the current problems have any links to childhood experiences. Frustrations and bad life experiences in the early childhood stages impact negatively on one’s ego by their early life can be analyzed and healed through change and adjustment. Psychoanalysts aim at helping patients
Today, many nurses are concerned about their roles in the stabilization of public health and the solution of current problems connected to a constantly growing pandemic. The analysis and comparison of the US ACA and the UK Act proves the incorporation of a global perspective into any local practice. As a nurse leader, I have to support the idea of cooperation between hospital facilities at the international level. Sometimes, the intentions of one country are not equal to its available resources, and the potential of another country cannot be discovered because of the lack of professionals. Therefore, to tackle the determinants of health successfully, countries must exchange their experiences and learn from each other. The offered idea could considerably improve nursing practice because of the possibility of sustainable learning and the awareness of recent changes and achievements in different countries. Communication technologies will improve managerial effectiveness and the promotion of democratic values in health care (Sandoval-Almazana & Gil-Garcia, 2012). Different populations have various needs that are based on social determinants of health (Donkin et al., 2017). Many countries have already achieved success in social medicine and health equity, and it is high time to demonstrate similar results globally, predicting serious pandemics and underlying the contributions of nurses. In general, social change includes such human qualities and actions as trust, cooperation, respect, and the desire to study. The WHO offers a strong global perspective to tackle the determinants of health. Modern society has to accept the change that includes cooperation and international dialogue between healthcare providers. The transformation of cultural and social institutions is characterized by an understanding of what has not been clarified and how to deal with new threats. Such examples as access to care for people of color, improved childcare, and obligatory insurance for local citizens are the outcomes of social change from a global perspective.
Subtitles are vital for any video for numerous reasons, from its target audience belonging to different cultures to people experiencing difficulties hearing or being unable to play the video with audio in full volume. Therefore, the idea of creating a company specializing in providing transcription services to its customers appears to be quite reasonable. By using the hybrid business model as the tool for transferring from the traditional business context to the digital one, a company will be able to promote the described service successfully to the target audience. To map the key aspects of the business described above, a business model canvas was utilized. The process of filling it out has led to important insights, particularly, a better understanding of entrepreneurship’s goals and the ways of achieving them. Specifically, the insight into the partners, activities, and resources has allowed understanding the significance of different aspects of starting a business and creating a unique business model (Vukanović 3). Namely, the necessity to contextualize the delivery of transcription services to a wide range of customers, as well as the need to deploy different marketing approaches to cater to diverse audiences, have been recognized with the integration of the said business model. The focus on customer relationships and customer segments has been a particularly important issue to address, especially given the specifics of the digital market. Since determining the characteristics of customers in the online environment is quite difficult, the integration of the communication channels, primarily, social networks and the related tools is instrumental in improving the quality of feedback analysis and the further introduction of improvements. The emphasis on customers’ unique characteristics has been essential in adjusting the business strategy and especially the marketing approach so that people from different backgrounds could consider the specified business as a trustworthy organization with a high-quality product (Iankova 174). Indeed, since the entrepreneurship in question offers transcriptions to multiple languages, it will need to appeal to a very diverse demographic. Consequently, making the product look relatable and attractive to the target population is quite a challenge, which can be met by integrating a culture-based customer segmentation approach. The assessment of the cost structure is, in turn, another crucial part of the business plan. In the context of the selected business model, a vast range of costs can be avoided due to the integration of the frameworks such as the monthly recurring revenue (MRR). The inclusion of the MRR into the cost management process and the project’s financial issues, in general, will help to define the range of e
Hofstede, G, 1983, “National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations”, International Studies of Management & Organization , Vol. 13, No. 1-2, pp. 46-74. Hofstede (1983) recruited a sample size of 50 nations to characterise their cultural aspects applying the Value Survey Module (VSM). The model permits researchers to summarise the culture of any nation based on common dimensions. To ensure that a comparison was achieved, study participants could be matched by gender, age, educational levels, and the number of respondents on top management levels. This essay adopts the following framework to critique the Hofstede’s four dimensions on characterising national cultures: First, the essay will outline the model applied by Hofstede to identify cultures among countries. Second, the essay examines the appropriateness of terming culture as national. Thirdly, the essay critiques the assumptions adopted by Hofstede in the identification of national cultures. After discussing its remaining value and limitation of some other scholars’’ critiques, the essay will finally draw a conclusion. Hofstede (1983) applied the model that he had introduced in 1980, albeit with a relatively smaller sample size. It has been shown that most of his latter works are based on the first model he described (Hofstede and Bond, 1988; Hofstede et al., 1990; Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005). Despite this, the model has been widely argued towards its methodology, “conceptualisation and generalisation” (Yeh, 1988), Hofstede has not made attempts to revise it. The 1983 report summarised data from about 116,000 questionnaires which were filled by industrial workers in 50 countries. Each country was divided into three regions and data were collected at two points in time. Data were collected about employees’ earnings, security, and cooperation. The analysis of the data was comparing individual citizens, occupations, sex, and age groups across the 50 countries that were being investigated. An answer to each question in the questionnaires carried one score. The data that bank utilised had a total of 67 countries, but merely 40 countries were used at the start since the data were incomplete for the other 27 countries. The reduction o the number of countries led to the adoption of 50 respondents per nation. At a subsequent stage, the number of countries was increased to 50 due to the availability of occupational data. Questionnaires adopted by the study were either based on theoretical importance or statistical relationships (Hofstede, 1983; McSweeney, 2002). The four dimensions that were recognised were masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and individualism versus collectivism. Power distance was defined as a result of inequalities among individ
Introduction Care for the elderly from any background is a significant emerging issue in the modern health care. The social determinants of health and a sustained healthy lifestyle can have long-term effects, and the cost of care for that impact in the older population should not be a burden to the society as well as to the health care system (Nickitas, Middaugh, & Aries, 2011, p. 37). Identification of the Topic The idea presented in this health promotion proposal is relevant to the well-being of elderly and the improvements connected to their physical activity. The idea is based on the fact that the elderly should engage in physical activity in order to maintain their health and prevent any diseases connected with a passive lifestyle. In older adults, physical activity includes the leisure time, for example, swimming, dancing, and walking. Moreover, any physical activity attributed to their occupation as well as travel and other planned experiences is also necessary for living a full and healthy lifestyle ( Physical Activity and Older Adults , 2016, para. 1). If given information in a relevant manner, the elderly can start making healthy choices in their lifestyles that can greatly benefit them. The Targeted Behavior The targeted behavior for this health promotion is the physical inactivity of the adults aged 65 and older. According to the statistics acquired by the National Health Interview Survey, more than a half of adults aged 65 and more are physically inactive. Despite the fact that the majority of seniors recognize the fact that physical activity is good for their health and the overall well-being, they have some issues with starting even minor exercising and then struggle with keeping it up ( Exercise for all older adults: NIA guide shows and tells , 2009, para. 11). A key aspect of the health promotion proposal is addressing some barriers of the physical activity in elderly, such as illnesses or lack of self-motivation. The Proposal The choice of promoting healthy lifestyle changes along with an increased physical activity in elderly is closely connected with the fact that no matter what knowledge they have on this topic, the elderly still lack motivation for going outside, doing some simple but beneficial exercises, and going for a walk. The benefits of the active lifestyle in elderly include the following aspects: active lifestyle can be beneficial in preventing bone loss and reducing the risk of various di
Outline The aim of the research is to investigate factors that would enhance construction project’s success sponsored by the government in Dubai. The researcher developed three objectives for this study as follows.  1. To review the initiation of government sponsored mega construction projects in order to understand the processes involved and how they influence success of the project.  2. To determine the level of government involvement in construction projects in various stages of project life cycle.  3. To identify specific challenges faced by Mega construction projects in Dubai within the past decade. The previous chapter focused on the review of literatures in order to determine what scholars say about private construction of government projects. In this chapter, the focus will be on methods of data collection used in this study, its analysis and the presentation procedures. The focus of this chapter will be to define methods that will be used to investigate factors that would enhance success in private construction of government-sponsored projects based on the information collected from primary sources. The first section of this chapter focuses on research philosophy used in this study. It then proceeds to analyze the research design and its justification. This section explains why the researcher chose a given research design. The third section deals with the questionnaire design. Questionnaire was the main tool used in the process of collecting data. The next section deals with the interviews used in the study to gather relevant data from the participants. The chapter then analyses sampling strategies used in the study, and data collection techniques. The next section of this chapter is a framework for analysing data before concluding it with a summary. The researcher seeks to define an app
How the US became Powerful The US is the only superpower globally because of five major factors, one being the military power. Superpower means the center of power or polarity. The country has one of the most sophisticated technologies that are utilized effectively in strengthening military productions. It was among the first countries to acquire nuclear power, meaning it has the potential of manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. Secondly, the state is powerful economically, having come through several economic crises successfully. It has a wide market because of the population and the potential customers who have the buying power. Third, the US has a developed conflict resolution mechanism that has strengthened its diplomatic power making it the influential country. Fourth, it has a diverse culture that promotes togetherness, cooperation, and development. Finally, the country has a highly developed political structure that can never be compared to any other in the world. What is surprising is the way the country achieved its status as the only superpower in the international system (Hinderaker 392). The supremacy of the US is traced back to 1890 just after the Civil War, which had threatened to tear the country apart. The country was weakened after the internal conflicts, with the political class trying to bring things back to normal. The state had no stable military, forcing it to depend on geography as the only protector from aggressors. After the First World War, the US was an economic and political power to reckon with having benefited a lot from the war. It sold military weapons to various European powers and entered into trade agreements with the Asian giants that had stable markets. However, the US was still powerless in the 1930s while communism and fascism were taking over in Europe as the main economic doctrines. The Second World War strengthened the state further after it was realized that the standing army was necessary for protection. Long-lasting Effects from WW2 The main cause of the Second World War was the arms race, as many countries were focused on strengthening their militaries. The European powers, especially Germany, wanted to test whether it had accumulated enough power to regain its lost glory. In case the Axis powers had won the war, the world would be a terrible place because their only major objective was to dominate by eliminating other races perceived to be powerful. In this case, the Jews could be non-existent because the Nazi regime never wanted to hear anything about them. The long-term effect of the war is that it gave rise to the formation of global regimes, such as the United Nations. Lessons from the Korean and Vietnam Wars The Vietnam and Korean Wars proved that the powerful countries, especially the superpower, would do everything to ensure that they achi