ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Every country is governed by a constitution, a set of rules that specify the nature of the government. All constitutions are aimed at protecting, not only the rights of people, but also those of the country. It contains different elements like the bill of rights, the principles of constitution, federalism, as well as the judicial review. This paper provides a detailed analysis of these elements. The bill of rights takes into account the crucial rights of the people of a certain country. It is aimed at protecting all classes of people living in the country. Some of the rights/freedoms considered include the freedom of religion which asserts that all people have the right to worship and none should be denied this, regardless of the belief or day. The right to bear arms allows all countries to establish their own security systems. The right of quartering of soldiers asserts that soldiers must not be quartered during the peaceful times. The right of search and seizure holds that if there is no investigation of a crime that has taken place, then the court will not carry out any related analysis. It also takes care of the prisoners by holding that they cannot be punished before trial which should be systematic rather than speedy allowing no confrontation of witnesses. It gives the jury the mandate of dealing with civil cases which in turn should not by all means pronounce a cruel or unusual punishment to the offender. It also specifies the body responsible for making it, highlighting the levels of powers it ought to allocate to both the state and people. There are four principles of any constitution. According to Balmer, the principle of separation of powers, checks and balances asserts that the executive, judicial, and the legislative systems should have their powers separated, though serving one government (Para. 3). Federalism principle divides the larger body into smaller self governing bodies. The principle of limited government holds that the government should only do what its people allow. The principle of judicial review addresses courts duties. Another addressed issue is the length of time that different people ought to serve in their positions varying from 2 years for house representatives, 6 years for senators, 4 years for the heads of states as well as electoral commission servants. The constitution also allows room for amendments, though this can take time before being effected as illustrated below using the U.S constitution that was ratified in the 19 th century. The constitution is less of words, efficient and difficult to change. It stands out as the most effective and oldest in the world. It existed during the 1861-1865 war. Since then up to date, it is only 27 successful changes that have been made in the section of the bill of rights. This has been achieved by employing some laid down technical procedures like the formal amendment procedure which allows an amendment if two thirds of the house of congress and the legislature proposes the change. Another way of amending is through the review of the judicial and legislative systems. These two act if there is any crucial change as demanded by the people. In c
The modernization in Russia covers a long-term period, starting with the reforms of Peter the Great and finishing with new Russia after the decay of the USSR in the 1990s. Going to the way of a separate country, the country came through the Russian Revolution, Stalin, Khrushchev, and different types of reformation. Peter the Great made the church subordinate to the government. He improved education having modernized it and created a strong army that could sustain the European invaders. Peter the Great understood the importance of science as one of the main aspects of building a strong society and a powerful country. During the period of the ruling of this person, many scientific schools were created which taught the future professionals. Peter the Great established the relationships with Europe that increased the country’s economic potential. The Russian Revolution is the way of making Lenin and then Stalin, the leaders of a great country. Stalin is remembered as a person who won World War II, but who also implemented different repressions. The collapse of the church and the Cold War was the most negative aspects of the time of the ruling of this person. Having created a powerful country, USSR, Stalin w
Introduction People are currently living in a shifting world, and it refers mainly to the environment. It is impossible to ignore dramatic climate changes that become more and more evident every year. The most interesting is that they have a binary nature – people suffer from them significantly, but almost all of them are caused by human activity. Thus, the climate is changing, and this scenario introduces a few significant issues. Main body Climate changes are dangerous because they influence all the living creatures in the world. Firstly, the World Ocean is now witnessing much higher temperatures. There is clear evidence that an Ocean temperature has become “0.4 degrees Fahrenheit higher since 1969” (NASA par. 7). Even though this increase seems to be insignificant, it can create enough harm for species that prefer living in colder waters. Secondly, marine life is also at risk because of ocean acidification. It is said that this index has increased by approximately 30% since the mid-20th century (NASA). It could not but result in negative consequences for the ocean population and diversity. Finally, all the climate changes, including temperature rise, glacial retreat, sea-level growth, and others create numerous extreme events across the globe. The United States alone has been witnessing an increased number of devastating hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. Thus, it is hard to overestimate the threat for humankind the climate changes represent. Conclusion To conclude, all the climate changes are essential now like never before. It is necessary to pay attention to them since ignoring would aggravate the situation. People’s responsibility for global warming and other environmental issues is evident for everyone, but they seem to close their eyes to possible consequences. If modern people do not try to limit their impact on the environment, future generations will live in harsh ecological conditions. Work Cited NASA. “ Climate Change: How do We Know? ” NASA Web .
SWOT The country chosen for this assignment is Ukraine, an Eastern European giant. It has dominated global news primarily because of the gruesome military conflict with Russia and internal governmental shifts dating back to 2013 (Mejias and Vokuev 2017). In order to grasp what issues the country faces, it is crucial to create a full image of the area by examining its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). The analysis has demonstrated that Ukraine’s primary strengths include its favorable geographical location, a variety of logistics opportunities, excellent human capital, and massive reserves of a number of natural resources. Furthermore, the nation has established diplomatic ties with the European Union as well as relatively powerful agricultural and military-industrial sectors. As for the weaknesses, corruption in every sector of public affairs, political instability, the government’s lack of a concise and efficient development strategy, and a high level of political apathy are some of them. Next, it is important to decipher all the threats and opportunities the country has. In regards to opportunities, Ukraine is on the path to becoming an EU member. It can expect significant growth in tourism as Ukraine enters the radars of Europeans and Americans as an exotic, post-Soviet shrine to industrial architecture. In addition, Ukraine has the potential to grow economically through foreign and domestic investments in innovative industries, especially taking into consideration the strength of the nation’s IT industry. Furthermore, Ukraine has the opportunity to become a popular destination for medical procedures as the services provided locally are rather cheap and of high quality. Lastly, Ukraine is a country, which, unfortunately, finds itself in a position where it has many threats. For instance, the nation is definitely affected by climate change and the impact is likely to grow as the South of the country already requires land reclamation. Ukraine seems to be at the brim of either fully accepting Western ideas of globalism and tolerance or moving softly to the ideology of national protectionism. In addition, it is undeniable that the existing conflict has the potential to grow and lead to a variety of issues, including new disputes with other nations. Furthermore, labor migration Ukraine suffers from is a legitimate threat to the country’s human capital opportunities. Locale As mentioned earlier, Ukraine enjoys an exceptionally good geographical location due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the country possesses a considerable amount of valuable natural resources. Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine (2021) notes that according to recent estimates, around 25% of the world’s highly fertile black soil is located in Ukraine. In addition, the nation is one of the prominent leaders in regards to the deposits of mineral raw stock, natural gas, and iron (Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine 2021). Secondly, the country’s location leads to an array of logistics opportunitie
Chris Ofili was born on 10 th October 1968 in Manchester. Ofili attended St. Pius X High school. He later advanced his learning in Xaverian College. His art foundation was built at Tameside College in Great Manchester. Ofili furthered his studies in London, at the Chelsea Art School from 1988-1991. He is well renowned due to his unique eye for art especially depicted by his paintings. Ofili is a turner prize British winner well known for his artworks that cite aspects of his Nigerian customs and tradition. Currently, he is based in Trinidad. Afrodizzia, one of Ofili’s paintings was signed, titled and produced in 1996. It was executed on linen and its approximate size is 243.8 by 182.9 cm. Afrodizzia is a painting full of life done on a canvas sealed up with layers of different medium like elephant dung, paint and cut out photos. The frame is unique as it rests comfortably on rolls of elephant dung. By incorporation of this unique material-elephant dung, he brings in the aspect of African culture tracing back to his roots in Nigeria. The composition explores the black man’s experience as the surfaces are patched with tiny heads of figures that possess Afros. Afro is a hairstyle that was well embraced by the black man’s race in the 1970’s and became a traditional emblem. The winding rows and incoherent lines of brilliant colors are the key elements of art incorporated in this art piece. They create a feeling of systemic and arrangement in the overall structure of the painting. The semi-transparent ponds of resin create a blend hiding some heads and color. Through the cloud of glitters of oil paint and the resin, the left out heads denote the black man’s society where the lower class people were held with less respect as compared to the upper class people (Doy 32). The use of color, line and dots aim to bring in authenticity of Ofili’s painting, Afrodizzia. Within its composition, elephant dung – one of Ofili’s trademarks has been applied. The painting rests upon two balls of the elephant dung well endowed with color. Color as an element of art brings in illusions of light. Color is well used to create fields. The painting rests on two balls that have been decorated with colored pins. Black color represents the black community which traces Ofili’s, roots. An additional six balls of dung are fixed to the canvas surface with five of them bearing the names Miles Davis, Diana Ross, James Brow, Cassius Clay and Tito Jackson – all black men. Slotting in of these black men brings in cultural significance depicted by the bold black color. The decorative dots technique and colored pattern technique incorporated in Ofili’s painting have helped him create three dimensional elements. The lumps of elephant dung into the medium he uses (canvas) serves as bases on which he displays the artwork and compositional elements. It brings in depth, yet another element of art. Creation of depth in paintings is
Theorists and scholars consider organizational change as inevitable if a business is to remain competitive. However, new ideas for change usually encounter resistance from the people in an organization. The video “Silicon Valley” shows how resistance to change created new opportunities for competition in the telecommunication industry. From the beginning, eight intelligent young men defected from their company to start their own business. The young individuals realized that change was discouraged at the Shockley Semiconductor Company. The resistance to change is what created new opportunities for competition. The video shows how innovation and change are essential ingredients towards industrial growth and healthy competition. After leaving the company, the eight young men, led by Robert Noyce, co-invented the famous microchip. The device became the pillar of their transistor business. The microchip was an innovative device that changed the world forever. The devices are used in modern electronics such as computers, household appliances, vehicles, airplanes, and cell phones. It is agreeable that the microchip was an innovative strategy that transformed the telecommunication industry forever. This was a “critical innovation” because it relied on earlier technologies to come up with something smaller, effective, and useful to the industry. A few years after the invention of the microchip, the young individuals were able to succeed in their business. The microchip, also called the integrated circuit, reshaped the industry. It led to the invention of new devices such as pacemakers, smart phones, and video recorders used widely today. With the invention of the integrated circuit, an innovation was in place thus resulting in the reduction of energy consumption. The devices increased the efficiency of different communication and technological gadgets. The idea behind the invention of the microchip had numerous impacts on society by promoting development. The video shows how the brilliant minds established a new idea for innovation. This is what transformed the culture of Santa Clara Valley in California. A new managerial style emerged thus setting the right pace for new companies to produce revolutionary devices that changed the future of the world. The video shows how innovation was the leading factor behind the success of Noyce’s ideas and the respective company. As well, the video shows there were certain changes in the business. The first outstanding change occurred in the organizational leadership style pioneered by Robert Noyce. This was something exemplary because the company encouraged new ideas such as openness, horizontal managerial structure, and transparency. The new change discouraged the contemporary practices such as organizational stability and hierarchical managerial structures. The leaders encouraged their employees to form diverse teams, compete with one another, remain transparent, and continue being risk takers. The video shows clearly how the new leaders embraced the idea of effectiveness. The new change encouraged participation whereby the employees focused on the targeted goals and results. A new sense of account
Introduction A class can be defined in different ways according to the sociological theories of Marx Weber, Pierre Bourdieu and Karl Marx. Marx defines a class in terms of capitalistic differentiation while Weber defines it on the basis of social stratification. The Marxian theory defines a class in terms of owners of labor, capital, and land in a capitalistic society (Calhoun and Gerteis, 2007). These three owners receive profit, wages and rent correspondingly. Therefore, class is fixed by the owners of capital and the relationship individuals have to production resources. This theory brings out two types of social classes. Marx refers to them as the bourgeoisie and the proletariat to mean the owners of production resources and the working class respectively (Calhoun and Gerteis, 2007). Bourgeoisie can also be classified into owners of capital or land. On the contrary, Weber asserts that class, party and status are aspects of all communal structure. These aspects present economic, social and political order in that order (Calhoun, Gerteis and Moody, 2007). For that reason, it is not appropriate to fix class without considering the other two aspects. Essentially, Weber defines a class as a group of individuals united by social action. Bourdieu defines classes based on social space. His definition tends to explain how classes are formed (Calhoun and Gerteis, 2007). His classification is derived from the division of different types of capital. Over the years, the situations under which class politics were effective have taken a tremendous shift. This is because the societies have transformed from communal or societal regimes to industrialized economies. An advanced industrial society is characterized by a rise in the standard of living. This extends to previously deprived parts of the society. It is also notable that manufacturers focus on production of luxury goods. Likewise, there is an increased focus on financial and political hegemony. More resources are allocated to scientific research and experimentation. Industrialization has promoted a stable economy that meets the needs of the classes. Therefore, the antagonism between classes has reduced significantly as social mobility increases. Furthermore, the gap between the owners of capital and labor cease to be decisive because economic factors are less prominent. This paper examines the reasons why class politics is no longer popular in advanced industrial societies by focusing on the changes in classes, status and politics. It also discusses social space and symbolic space in relation to class politics. Classes and Social Action Weber asserts that class does not necessary refer to a group of individuals with similar skin color, gender or nationality (Calhoun and Gertais, 2007). If the term class is used to describe this group, then it would lead to several distortions. Essentially, classes emerge as a result of social action (Calhoun and Gerteis, 2007). It is imperative to note that these types of act
Introduction Native Americans are characterized by the diversity of their cultures, forming a variety of tribes that follow contrasting traditions and often use different languages. Many of the differences can be attributed to the vast size of the continent where they live relative to the size of the population. However, there are likely other reasons why people chose to distance themselves from each other and form highly varied cultures. It is possible that the organizational particulars of the Native American society played a role similar in influence to that of geography. The purpose of this discussion post is to propose explanations for the branching development of the people of the Southwest. It is not unusual for societies that experience different circumstances to follow highly divergent paths of growth. Groups of people that lived in various locations could choose appropriate ways to produce the goods necessary for survival, including hunting smaller game or bison and resorting to agriculture (Anderson and Chamberlain 2008, 8). Numerous horse cultures that sprang from geographical positions can serve as an example of such divergences, such as “the classic, flamboyant equestrian culture of the western Plains nomads and the less dynamic horse culture of the eastern Plains village farmers” (Hamalainen 2003, 834). The variance would influence the entire course of a group’s later development, the formation of traditions, and the establishment of relationships with other residents of the area. However, the Southwest is not so geographically diverse that environmental circumstances can explain the range of variance. This fact becomes particularly evident once the notion of communication between different groups is taken into account, as the process necessarily involves mutual understanding, which stems from similarities. However, the history of Native Americans is marked with prominent individuals (Jacobs 1993, 341), leaders who enjoyed respect and authority. They had the power to shape their group in small ways, and the changes accumulated with each generation. This individualistic political culture may be the critical factor in explaining the myriad of little details that distinguish various people of the Southwest. Native Americans are a highly diverse group, a tendency that is likely due to their l
The Advantages of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Budgeting Top-down budgeting is built upon gathering the experiences and opinions of managers along with the accessible previous data connected with the related activities. The top and middle managers assess the cost of the project and the main subprojects constituting it. Further, the cost assessments are forwarded to lower-level managers who decide what parts of the budget should be given to work packages and particular tasks. The benefit of the top-down budget is that such accumulative budgets are frequently generated very precisely. Additionally, the statistical allocation of every category is fixed, which allows high consistency. In bottom-up budgeting, tasks, itineraries, and separate budgets are also designed with the help of a work breakdown structure. The employees responsible for the work receive advice on budget and period to complete the task most efficiently. At first, approximate calculations are made regarding resources. Further, they are changed to dollar equivalent. Bottom-up budgets prevalently are more precise in details, but they require a thorough inclusion of all constituents. The benefits of such budgeting are connected with participative management. People closer to the production process can receive a more specific idea of resource prerequisites. Also, the immediate engagement of low-level managers in the development of budget enhances the possibility of their tolerating the outcomes without complaining. Operation of Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a procedure employing the allocation of input aspects and expectations and returning a variety of results and their expectations. Risk analysis methods are brought in when they are consistent with an issue at hand. The data connected with the project is marked by unpredictability, and therefore it is suitable for the utilization of risk analysis. Risk analysis involves the assessment of such factors as the length of the project, several resources necessary for the project, the value of the outcomes, and other aspects. Risk analysis does not eliminate doubts, but it can decrease them. To interpret the results of risk analysis, the manager needs to accredit monetary worth to the risks and adjust them to the estimated advantages. To make successful project choice decisions, managers may apply simulation. Definition and Importance of Slack Slack, or float, is the divergence between the latest possible starting times and the earliest start. Slack is significant to the project manager as it serves as an option for flexibility in the case when work or resources need to be readjusted. A project with little slack is doomed to failure if work rearrang