ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Negotiation as an integral part of a business process requires special attention and skills. The success of a business is frequently dependent on the ability of negotiators to resolve the arising conflicts efficiently and achieve the best possible outcome. The negotiation which will be analyzed in this paper was witnessed in a medium-size company operating in the sphere of design while experiencing a period of decline. Main Objectives First of all, it is necessary to provide some background information concerning the negotiation considered in this paper. The negotiation occurred in the period of the company’s crisis as the number of clients’ orders had reduced considerably. At that time, the company was facing restructuring, and significant layoffs were expected. The negotiation was held between the management of the company and the representatives of the employees. Initially, the interests of the parties appeared conflicting as the company’s goal was to cut costs without affecting the quality and the continuity of the working process. The employees, on the other hand, were interested in their job security. Evidently, the restructuring was of a high utility to the company but low to the staff. Thus, the success of the negotiation seemed to depend on whether value could be created. Considering the type of this negotiation, it was an integrative one as the efforts were made to take into account the interests of both parties. While the employees were aware of the company’s struggling situation and the inevitability of layoffs, the management did their best to consider the staff’s interests. The common goal became to reach a wise decision in those complicated circumstances. Both parties had to work on their positions to achieve the best possible solution in the conditions of conflicting interests. Finally, the position taken by the company’s management was to carry out the layoffs on a reduced scale and to offer some of the remaining staff different internal positions. The employees bargained for a higher compensation package in case of a layoff and retraining courses, funded by the company. It seems that the employees saw restructuring as an opportunity to change their employment position and guarantee themselves more security during the period of unemployment. Thus, value was created, and mutually beneficial outcomes were sought in the negotiating process. During the negotiation, the positions were discussed, and some adjustments were made. As a result, the company provided the laid-off employees with the compensation package on better conditions. The severance payment was increased by 7% instead of 10% demanded by the employees originally. Retraining courses were funded by the company for the employees who were offered transitions within the firm. Although the company had to meet additional expenses in the form of increased severance payments and retraining courses funding, the company managed to cut costs at the necessary level to remain in business. At the same time, the employees
Introduction Information collected from a field study is easily comprehended when presented in form of graphs and charts. These techniques are time-cautious to whoever is presenting the data as well as the audience at large. From the visual aid, one can tell and predict the trend of a given data (Paradi, 2010). However, this would be detrimental when a faulty tool presents a piece of information since it will portray the wrong information and hence confuse the audience. It is therefore important that a given data is presented carefully to avoid errors (Paradi, 2010). Real estate Graph 1 below represents information collected from units found in a given real-estate. The parameters that were taken into consideration were: number of baths, garage, township, distance, pool, bedroom, and the price. Graph 1: Cumulative bars (Cb) against items. From the graph, it is evident that the most expensive unit is item 24 valued at 345.3 units. Only six units out of 105 are valued at above 300 units. From the graph, the cheapest unit appears at position 79 valued at 192.2 units. From the information on the graph, it can be deduced that the distance from the town is a factor considered in pricing. This is so because the graph shows that item 46 is the furthest (21 units away) and is valued at 21 units. The graph also shows that the price increases with the number of bedrooms. As regards the sizes against price, the graph shows that the bars with the initial bars (blue) that are high give high prices. This simply tells us that the price of the units increases with their respective sizes. Graph 2: Cumulative bars against items. As regards the whitener (Graph 3), very few units cost above 30000 dollars (only six items). It can be seen that most whiteners that are aged are the most expensive. The reverse is true for cheaper products. The type of whitener is a minor aspect of price determination since it is a negligible factor that the customers purchasing can ignore. Both cheap and expensive items have varying ‘types’ that don’t follow a given trend. This is to say that other factors come to play in the determination of the price. This factor is age. Very few items cost below 25000 dollars (21 out of 79 items). The most expensive item is item 47 that costs 35925 dollars. Conversely, the cheapest item (item 60) is valued at 2200 dollars. Graph 3. Banking 2005 The information regarding banking in the year 2005 is represented in graph 4 below. From the graph, it is evident that the most credited ATM has the most balance. This ATM comes at position 48 having a balance of 8907 units. The most debited of the ATMs is the one with the least balance. This appears as item 17 with a balance of 137 units. The number of ATMs per city also plays a bigger role in the determination of the balance. As the number of ATMs increases so does the balances per machine reduces. This is portrayed by item 48 stationed singly at a city. On the contrary, item 17 is three in 3 cities. When the ATMs are more, the balance is distributed between/amo
Introduction Background Information The UAE is one of the fastest-growing economies in the Gulf region. One of the factors contributing to this success is innovation that is often achieved through the use of foreign labor force (Matherly & Hodgson, 2014). Expatriates form a significant portion of the labor forces in the Gulf states. The Emirati nationals rate is around 80%, which is regarded as appropriate for the development of the country since the excessive reliance on the foreign workforce may undermine the development of the country. At that, Matherly and Hodgson (2014) claim that the ratio of expatriates and nationals can change as only 43% of the Emirati nationals employed are under 24 years old. This trend unveils the persistent need to develop proper cross-cultural communications for Emirati companies as nationals and expatriates have to collaborate effectively to achieve organizational goals. Internal communication has a considerable impact on the work environment as well as the performance of employees and the entire company. Linke and Zerfass (2011) stress that effective internal communication positively affects the employees’ motivation and performance. Cross-cultural communication is a key component of the internal communication in organizations with a diverse workforce. It is especially important for Emirati companies where the number of expatriates is steadily increasing irrespective of the Emiratization policies (Matherly & Hodgson, 2014). Rana (2013) states that Emirati companies are now investing in the development of proper strategies of internal and cross-cultural communication. Gamification is one of the techniques used to improve internal communication. It implies the utilization of “the mechanisms of gaming to non-game activities to change people’s behavior” (as cited in Marston & Hall, 2015, p. 80). The use of games is specifically aimed at enhancing the employees’ motivation and engagement as well as improving their performance. Thottathil (2013) states that Emirati organizations have already acknowledged the benefits of the use of games as applied to teamwork, motivation, internal communication, training and performance management. However, many organizations in the private sector still try to resort to more formal types of training. Key Concepts Before addressing the problem statement, it is important to identify several key concepts that will be employed in this study. Internal communication implies the exchange of ideas and information within an organization (Linke & Zerfass, 2011). This study will concentrate on the exchange between Emirati
Church Effectiveness and the Church Mission Statement According to the readings on people’s integrity and reason in the context of their religious views, it is also necessary to focus on their affections. Following I Peter 2:12-17, humans are expected to live as free people and act as God’s slaves. Furthermore, people should “show proper respect to everyone, love the family of believers, fear God, honor the emperor” (Valliant & Fahy, 2016, p. 112). According to I Corinthians 14:20, individuals should also think and act like adults, thus, referring to their reason, as it is accentuated by John Wesley (Clapper, 2011). All these details allow for concluding about the role of the church in forming persons’ visions concerning both the reason and feelings or affections, as well as about church effectiveness. From this perspective, the church can be effective to improve an individual’s reason with the help of religion, and the mission statement for the church can be formulated concerning the Biblical words, as well as Wesley’s and Clapper’s ideas. The reviewed readings can be integrated into the mission statement for the church that will be based on the accentuation of the role of the heart and mind. The following mission statement can be proposed: The church proclaims the principles of the Christian faith to help people understand God’s words and will and improve their reason to act as adults against the evil, renew their heart, and demonstrate the worship of God and love for people and the world around. This mission statement directly depends on interpreting I Peter 2:12-17 and I Corinthians 14:20. Besides, the statement reflects Wesley’s ideas and conceptions regarding religious affections and reasoning (Clapper, 2011). Thus, this mission statement can be discussed as addressing the duties and responsibilities of the church and its specific role in the 21st century. Walter Brueggemann and Postmodernism Nowadays, the Christian church develops in the context of Postmodernism that influences its progress and adaptation to modern reality. Walter Brueggeman noted that a specific new context for the church should be found in “the midst of radical otherness” (Beach, 2015, p. 13). According to Kelly and Dew (2017), postmodernity is associated with the focus on a human being and his or her reasoning, the relativity of truth, and questioning morality and faith, and the researchers discuss these aspects in detail in their work. They make conclusions on how people
Dr. Williams is culturally biased. He handles his patients differently depending on their cultures and their socio-economic status. He is insensitive to other cultures and this aspect greatly influences the decisions of the families he works with adversely affecting the health outcomes of their patients. In addition, Dr. Williams is inconsiderate and his approach to patients from “other” cultures is prejudicial. He hardly understands how people from different cultures behave and doesn’t know how to handle children. He is not inquisitive. He merely makes assumptions concerning his patients’ cultures and backgrounds. By making assumptions about his the families he works with, he overlooks the socio-economic factors affecting them. By using technical medical terms without worrying about the families’ health literacy, Dr. Williams jeopardizes the ultimate health outcomes of the children. It is also important to note that Dr. William is culturally incompetent. His values, attitudes, and practices do not allow him to work effectively with multiple cultures (Core concepts in cultural competence 2009). He doesn’t “honor and respect the beliefs, languages, interpersonal styles, and behaviors of families and children receiving his medical services.” Dr Williams does not respect his patients’ health beliefs. He disregards families’ beliefs about what causes illnesses and their preferred treatment plans. This shortfall inevitably disappoints the families he deals with thereby causing discontentment and dissatisfaction with his clientele. Ultimately, the families Dr William works with ends up getting inadequate, poor, and unsatisfactory treatment thereby endangering the lives of children he handles. Culture, ethnicity, race, and socio-economic status play significant roles in shaping families’ experiences in the healthcare system. In their study, Smedley, Stith, and Nelson (2002) argue that “the cultures of racial and ethnic minorities greatly influence the choice of their health care delivery system including how families from a given cultural group communicates and their family support structures including their coping strategies, and even their readiness to seek medical treatment. According to Van Ryn and Burke (2000), most families attribute certain diseases to socio-cultural and ethnic factors. Racial and ethnic minorities in the US live in socio-economic environments of inequality, which inevitably predisposes them violence, poverty, and racial discrimin
Product Utility The utility is the measure of the satisfaction that a customer derives from consuming a good or service. Though it is hard to measure, it is generally agreed that customers are always seeking to maximize the utility of the goods and services they have an interest in. Different goods and services offer different levels of utility to consumers. Caesars Palace, for instance, is a luxury hotel and Casino based in Las Vegas US and attracts high-end clientele keen on luxury, entertainment, and gambling. Like other goods and services purchased by consumers, their clientele seeks satisfaction when they visit the place. Caesars Palace offers suites that come with better facilities than the common “standard rooms”. Though they pay premium rates, clients get the comfort that satisfies the desire to live an above-average life. Additionally, corporations may seek other services such as conferencing facilities for purposes of convenience and exclusivity. The satisfaction derived by the two sets of clients therefore is the utility they are looking for from Caesars Palace. Elasticity of Demand According to Tucker (2010, p. 137), prices for services such as hotel rooms and airline tickets change all the time depending on the forces of supply and demand. Price elasticity, therefore, is dependent on economic conditions and numerous other external factors. The responsiveness in changes to price or income denotes elasticity of prices. In relatively elastic demand situations, the elasticity is normally greater than one unit and the quantity demanded changes by a larger margin or percentage than the price. In relatively inelastic demand situations, the elasticity of demand is less than one unit and the quantity demanded changes by a smaller percentage than price. The hotel sector in which Caesar Palace falls mostly displays the former. Many people would prefer luxury hotel services. However, a high price is likely to discourage them from buying the services or seeking alternatives from substitutes. However, because the services are not a basic need, these consumers are only willing to pay if the price of luxury hotel services decreases even by a small margin. Impact of a price change on a firm’s revenue According to Sexton (2010, p. 158), the elasticity of demand has a significant effect on a firm’s revenue. A firm’s revenue can increase through decreasing the price of a good with elastic demand. In this case, a small decrease in prices leads to a relatively high demand for the services resulting in increased revenue. Revenue can also increase through increasing the price of a good with inelastic demand. In this case, an increase in the price leads to a relatively small decrease in the quantity of product demanded resulting in a very small dent in the revenue of the firm. On the other hand, firms can experience decreased revenue through increasing the price of goods or services with elastic demand. Price increase leads to relatively larger decrease in quantity of the services on demand hence decreased revenue. Also, revenue can decrease th
The case study highlights employee retention as a problem to an organization and the primary causes of the problem as well as its effects on the organization. As a consultant, I can identify several issues in this case that are related to organization retention. First, the major issue is employee recruitment and retention. Secondly, there is mass job dissatisfaction from the dealers and sweepers, and lastly, there is an element of negative change in employee behavior due to job dissatisfaction. There are many instances in the case study that show the problems that define employee retention in this organization. From the case, it is evident that despite the casino owner paying his dealers more pay than other casinos give, many of the dealers have left to join the other casinos. Most of the housekeepers are said to be absent creating a crisis in the organization: Accounting, payroll and other departments have enlisted assistance of permanent employees in periodical clean up of rooms. The director of housekeeping, Andrew Keehn also admits that there is a problem with employee retention by admitting that it is so difficult to find good employees. Further, the case reveals that the owner of the casino himself knows that there is a problem with retention of dealers. The solution I would give to the owner of the casino would be based on two theories of employee motivation. These are the Maslow theory of needs and Herzberg theory. According to Maslow theory, employee motivation comes only if the employers meet the needs of their employees according to their relative importance. The primary needs that call for attention are physiological needs, which include hunger and thirst. Following the physiological needs are the safety needs that are concerned with the security and protection of the employee when at his working place (Smith, 1999, p. 120). After the safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, are the social needs that evoke a sense of belonging to a certain group or being loved. Above the social needs are the self-esteem and self-actualization needs respectively. Self-esteem and self-actualization needs are concerned with individual recognition of his/her status and pride in their achievements. Considering the case in JC’s casino, the organization has only satisfied the employee’s physiological needs but neglected their safety needs. Their opinion about their pit boss, Joe, reveals this. The employers describe the character of Joe as being toxic, overbearing, evil and uncompetitive. Moreover, Joe is the casino owner’s stepson, and as a result, he has great influence in the casino, and it would be so difficult reporting him to the owner because he would perhaps take insignificant action if any. This situation makes the workers feel very unsafe. It is evident that regardless of better pay than their colleagues in other casinos, the dealers prefer going to those casinos at lower pay. The reason behind this rare behavior rests on the fact that, although good pay is also a need, “it is high up the hierarchy of needs and satisfying it without
Introduction The use of Decision-Tree in classifying or predicting the outcome of statistical data and debasing of databases has had very appreciable acceptance lately as a tool. This is probably based on the excellence that the tree is capable of offering, as against other neural networks- since the decision tree is a representation of rules (which are usually more readily expressible for human comprehension). Certain applications completely rest on classification/prediction; wherefore, the individual may not certainly need to evaluate the working pattern of the model (Kass, 1980, p.120). Few cases consider the need for explanation of the decision’s reason as quite vital (such as in marketing where an individual has to present a clear description of the customer-segment for more efficiently lunched marketing campaigns). By definition, the Decision Tree (DT) may be said to be a tool for classification which relates data in a tree’s structure such that there are components like nodal leaves, and decision nodes. This piece of work is intended to reflect the identification and application of a decision tree to a factual situation. The task involves development of an original work and a reflection on a project/issue for which the decision tree is effective for analysis. It is also required that 2 sensitivity analysis be conducted whereby their probability values are to vary significantly. Task Considered: Customer Relativity The most significantly considered attributes for the decision tree include:   * Value description: This requires that the issue considered is expressible by collection of properties/attributes;   * Predefined Classes: In this case, there has to be a forehand establishment of analyzed data;   * Class discretion: The considered case is assumed to be a member of a recognized class, and that the classes are less than the cases;   * Sufficiency of Data: The case is considered to have adequate availability of data (Rokach & Maimon, 2005, p. 479). Generation of the Decision Tree The Figure on Page 2 shows the developed Decision Tree containing 9 Nodes (which are a reflection of the 9 applying rules). A binary target has been considered such that: 1 implies the certainty of the customer having an increased spending; and 0 implies that the customer’s spending is absolutely restricted. Splitting