ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The beliefs and values shared within a group of individuals in the society developing over long periods across generations are referred to as culture. Civilization, on the other hand, refers to the transition of these cultural ways over generations to complexity and modernization. Culture make brought many influences to early civilization that is still felt in the current generations. This change of culture brings out the need to understate revisionist history. Forces that contributed to early civilization cultural makeup Early civilization arose from the natural way of life since the earliest human creatures had their own cultures such as lighting fires for cooking. They were also able to make tools, carry out burials for their dead people, and even covered themselves with skins (Levack, 2007). Farming is considered one of the major forces that led to early civilization. This is observed from the fact that human beings who used to hunt gather for food started transforming to farming in search of food. Because of the increased population, people developed the art of agriculture to avoid long distances in search of food. This was a major development in cultures such as Mesopotamia where a decrease in mortality of young children was noticed. The introduction of seasonal foods was fully exploited to replace hunting (Cunningham, 2006). The population growth was another force on early civilization because it brought the need for people to build permanent shelters. This resulted from the difficulty in moving large populations from one place to another. People started restructuring their temporary huts to form a new culture of permanent settings. Social issues due to the cultural makeup Cultural makeup was associated with social aspects due to the intricacy of newer cultures. All over the world, different societies became more complex due to the introduction of agricultural practices. This was observed in African, American, and Asian societies because the social order started producing architectural monuments which were later on used by future generations for spiritual purposes. As the culture went on getting modernized, societies came up with rules and laws that were used to govern the social behaviors in different societies. These laws were passed on to other generations that came afte
Suffering is described in a wider perspective to encompass very many issues other than biological infliction of pain. The level of relationships amongst people within societies may at times result in hurting of each other or at times the result is always of help to one another. Interdependence forms one of the basic structure of personal existence which is also dependent upon supernatural being represented as the Holy Trinity. Interdependence is all about unity of purpose and solidarity that reflects God’s life. Irrespective of the number of people within a society, individual efforts and contribution should be geared towards mutual edification of man. The nature of care and responsibility is further described by St Paul as follows; “…just as in a single human body there are many limbs and organs, all of different functions, so all of us, united with Christ, form one body, serving individually as limbs and organs to one another” (Moberly 1978, 4). This is a good description of Christ’s love that should punctuate existence in any society. The unity of God within the society determines the level of complexity available. However, man should still show unity of purpose in the midst of such kind of complexity. The good or bad actions are considered the fruits of interdependence which results in the use of terms such as sin and suffering (Moberly 1978, 5). However, morality is everybody’s responsibility and should not be one-sided or rather biased (Moberly 1978, 7). The issue of interdependence should be restored within community settings, this should encompass restoration of self-giving which leads to control of suffering. God is a just father who administers justice to all; therefore the causes of injustice acts within societies can be attributed to man’s fallen nature in action. It is a choice for man to either ignore God while in midst of suffering or complain about God, either way suffering or pain is still inevitable (Moberly 1978, 10). The existence of God as moral all-powerful being should not be ignored at any cost. God created human being in His own image to reflect His goodness and avoid all kinds of evil (Moberly 1978, 11-15). Thesis statement: The issue of suffering is inevitable despite different perspectives from religious groups Outline  1. Innocent and guilty suffering are considered to be results of some actions considered to be either good or bad  2. There is big contradiction in the understanding of what suffering entails especially from religious point of view The issue of innocent suffering can well be understood after the inclusion of atonement sacrifice. Suffering is considered to be as a result of sin or actions done contrary to the rules of nature. Innocent suffering is considered separately from guilty suffering since their existence is widel
Communication in a group or in mass of people depends on the means of communication or in short model of communication used. Group is smaller than mass of people and communicating will be easier than in mass. Hence there will be a great need of networking to relay the information faster and more effectively. Mostly interpersonal communication is most reliable for quality communication. Interpersonal communication is generally between two people achieved by creating a relationship that could either be long-term or short-term. At times it’s also referred to as dyad communication. This type of communication can be explained using schramm’s model of communication whereby communication is a two way process. There is an encoder through an interpreter to a decoder who relay message to a decoder through an interpreter’s help to an encoder. Both the sender and the receiver play the role of communicator and receiver. Encoding is the process by which the sender puts an idea that is relevant and understandable, which is sent through a medium for instance a telephone. Interpreting involves understanding the message being conveyed and also being able to reply the relevant answer to the communicator. For easier interpretation the sende
As the organization extends, it faces a range of issues that have to be solved immediately in order to maintain decent performance. It is of advantage that Tenore Presentium Solutions is already familiar with the global business operations, but it should be considered that each case of expatriation is unique and cannot be treated in the same manner. The experience that is already obtained by the organization allows evaluating the current situation and defining the gaps and possible problems that might be faced when the head-office manager will be sent to France. To be sure that the individual and the company are prepared for this assignment, and the ways to maintain proper performance management are defined, the peculiarities of executive, line and HR management will be discussed. As the manager is to get a senior operational role, one is to reach the pre-set goals. TPS is to design a plan, according to which he will be able to conduct the actions needed to accomplish the tasks within the framework of three years period successfully. The company is to assess the work from the local area. The manager has to know all his duties and understand what is to be done every day not to be confused and fail. The task of the CEO is to provide him with precise tasks and evaluate the performance (Sharpley, 2012). The executives are to realize that the assignments needed to reach one and the same target in France and America may differ due to the mentality. That is why it is crucial that they deepen into it, as the manager will have personnel management responsibilities. To direct the operation, the CEO needs to implement sufficient policy and strategy (Berghe, 2012). So the decision of which strategy of international performance management to utilize depends on this person. There are three basic strategies:   * Adaptive strategy – develop unique PM and practices in each foreign unit;   * “Exportative strategy – develop the PM system in the home country and transfer it to foreign units;   * Integrative strategy – combine local PM practices with those within the region and around the world” (Briscoe, Schuler, & Tarique, 2012, p. 348). As the manager is going to France, where the population is rather diverse, it will be more useful to utilize the integrative strategy, which combines the elements from all over the world. In this way, the implementation will be easier to manage. The employee who will be expatriated is likely to feel fewer difficulties while managing his activities, as he is already familiar with the local practices and the rest of his co-workers with region ones. To oversee the foreign operation, the CEO is to gain the reports that reflect the work of the manager and the whole department. It is vital to receive the information rather often. The reports are to be presented each month. In this way, the CEO will be sure that the time is not wasted, the manager copes with his duties, and the company works effectively. In a case of some issues noted by the CEO or reported by the employee, the executive management team will implement changes so that no or minor losses will be experienced. If the problem occurs because of the HRM
Literature Review The present-day reality in the American society make many people recall the time when African-American people were discriminated and oppressed. But these recollections are determined by positive events – for the first time in the US history an African-American person can become President of the country. In this situation, I consider it necessary to revisit the Clark & Clark experiment and apply its methods to the modern Americans. Special importance in my study will be given to the attitudes of children of 4 – 6 years towards their skin color and identity. This topic has been widely studied by scientists and researchers who developed its most important aspects. Thus, according to Meyers (2002), the attitudes and racial preferences of children studying in a European-American environment and in an African-American environment are rather similar in terms of African-American children’s not being ashamed of their identity and race. Moreover, their parents and kindergarten teachers were the supporters of inclusion of race study in their curricula. This topic finds its reflection in the study of two groups of children, white and black, regarding their identity and group preferences. Using the Clark & Clark Doll Experiment modified to some extent, Gregor and James (1966) managed to demonstrate the high rate of self-identification and group preferences displayed by African-American children (over 95 %). At the same time, the examples of low self-esteem and changed identity can be found in the recently published research. Thus, according to Powell-Hompson (1992), who implemented the Clark & Clark Doll Experiment technique, b
Neoclassical economics is a theory that explores the production, pricing and consumption of goods from the perspectives of supply and demand (Ayres, 2020). It emerged in the 1900s to compete with what was prevalent at the close of the 19th century. An important assumption of neoclassical economics in the theories of classical economics is that the most important factor in determining the value of a product or service is its utility to consumers (Ayres, 2020). This is based on the assumption that a consumer’s major concern when purchasing a good or service is the maximization of personal satisfaction. In that regard, all purchasing decisions are based on the product’s utility value. The theory also suggests that the value of any product or good surpasses its cost of production. Neoclassical economists promote inequality and ignore exploitation by promoting the principle that under capitalism, an upper limit to the number of profits that an enterprise can make is nonexistent (Ayres, 2020). This is based on the assumption that the price of a product is determined by consumer perception. In order to maximize profits, capitalists have to exploit human labor more, as it is the only means of production. This leads to massive exploitation and inequality because few people in society possess the resources to maximize labor exploitation. Neoclassical economists also argue that labor rights and living conditions are directly related to the rate of economic growth (Ayres, 2020). Therefore, the improvement of people’s living standards is predicated on economic growth, which is based on capital expansion and labor exploitation. Karl Marx developed the concept of vulgar economics to describe a system of anti-scientific theories that were aimed at describing economic processes in a superficial manner in order to promote capitalism. The system was developed to justify the wealth of capitalists and constrain the concept of labor within the wages system. Trade unions were described as unnecessary market monopolies. However, it ignored the fact that capitalists had a monopoly on the means of production and distribution (Ayres, 2020). Marx was against these superficial theories that did not represent the reality of capitalism. Vulgar economists justify the inequality and ignore exploitation under capitalists by defending the interests of capitalists and advocating for the morality of the profit system. Moreover, it paints an illusory appearance of capitalism as a near-perfect economic system by describing it as the best of all possible options (Ayres, 2020). The main weakness of vulgar economics is its focus on the outward appearance of things and not the underlying principles that give it meaning. Class, class domination, and class power are examples of the deeper characteristics of capitalism that vulgar and neoclassical economists try to conceal beneath superficial theories that lack scientific foundations (Ayres, 2020). Vulgar economics ignores the immense influence of factors like social systems, modes of production, social relationshi
How the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index can be used to measure the level of competition between the three ports? The Victorian state government will find the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI) to be very instrumental in measuring the level of competition among the three ports. This index is used to measure the level of competition by determining the size of the firm. According to Murthy, this concept is used to compare the market share of a firm against that of the industry (2009). The main assumption is that large firms are always more competitive than their smaller counterparts. By determining their market share, the government can determine whether or not the market leader is close to being a monopoly or not. In this case, the Victorian state government will use this index to determine the competitiveness of the three firms in the market. When using the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index to calculate the competitiveness of top firms within a given industry, it becomes necessary to determine the percentage of their market share. The Victorian state government will need the market share of these three ports to use this index. For instance, we may assume that Port of Melbourne has a market of 40%, Geelong Port of 30%, and Port of Hasting of 30%. The HHI index of the three ports will be calculated as follows. (40^2+30^2+30^2)= 3400. The HHI value may also be calculated as a fraction instead of using percentages but the concept remains the same. The Victorian state government has a responsibility to ensure that there is healthy market competition in this industry. The research by Panneerselvam warns against the promotion of monopoly in any given industry (2012). That is why this government has developed antitrust bodies and competition laws to guide every industry in the country. In case the market share values presented above reflects the true status of affair in the industry, then one can argue that the market is competitive. However, when the market leader has a very large percentage of market share, then the industry may be considered monopolistic. When a monopoly is allowed in the industry, innovativeness and industry growth are put in jeopardy. A competitive market environment promotes creativity among the firms as they struggle to remain relevant in the market. Discuss the implications for the State Government The implication of the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index will depend on the values obtained. According to Mahadevan, in many cases, the government will always try to promote competition in the market by allowing small players in the industry to grow to gain competitiveness in the market (2009). This may be done by using financial incentives such as tax holidays or any other measure that may enable the players to experience growth. However, some industries may not support small players. The industry that the Victorian state government is handling in the case study is a good example. It may not be possible to have micro and small ports within the country. The existing players must just meet international standards because of issues of safety for the people
Introduction The great recession that hit the US started in October 1929. It was the beginning of a ten year under employment and the recovery of the depression came into be with the start of World War II. However, other European nations recovered from the recession earlier than the US did. The recovery in US was made possible when president Roosevelt was elected during which he brought policies that led to the implementation of a New Deal which was the basis for the recovery. The recession was mainly characterized by high rates of unemployment and a drastic decrease in GDP. The scarcity of money and shortage of credit policy that was implemented by the central bank of the United States to control the condition cane out to be an incorrect move as it worsened the economy (Morana, 2010, p. 1). However, a new economic response came in too late because the tight monetary policy by the central bank had started long before the recession all the way towards the end of the crisis. Similarly, the new policy was not effective since it was about devaluating the dollar which would lower the monetary standard of the US currency. This policy would have resulted to promotion of the country’s economy at the expense of their neighboring countries. The policies by President Roosevelt were, on the other hand, aimed at managing a balanced budget of the nation as well as reducing its deficits. This clearly showed that the monetary policy was more efficient in responding to the recession than the fiscal policy was. Although some efforts saw a spectacular growth in the nation’s GNP, the rate of employment that existed before the recession could not be restored as it recorded 25 percent lower (Macklem, 2010, p. 1). Monetary and fiscal policies during the Great recession The implementation of the monetary policy was arguably the one which brought to an end the great recession rather than the fiscal policy. For instance, some of the fiscal policies by President Roosevelt seemed to hinder all the efforts of ending the recession especially the quest for high wages for all employees. This move would definitely slow down the growth of the economy rather than help in building it. The monetary policy also resulted to cutting down the expenditure by the US government on various key areas of the country’s budget. This was opposed to the fiscal policies implemented in Germany which saw Germany recover from the economic crisis. However, the fiscal actions taken in the US were not sufficient enough to bring much improvement to the economy. The second world war however, boosted the government’s expenditure and consequently, led to higher growth rates compared to those during the fiscal policy implementation (Blinder And Zandi, 2010, p. 1). However, there was an extraordinary growth in the economy somewhere between 1933 and 1937. This
Abstract The key aim of this research paper is to provide a summary of how sustainable approaches are used in logistics operations. The following actions were undertaken in order to achieve this goal: The assessment of relevant works on logistics processes and sustainability of logistics operations. A compilation of sustainability reports was also released by identified logistics firms worldwide, a quality overview of the information collected, a description of the observations, cross-checked with the research, and interpretation of assumptions. There were 22 sustainable activities identified, which were then divided into five macro-regions. However, the information provided here will assist experts and academics in implementing sustainable logistics activities. Introduction Sustainability has been an essential part of corporate governance since the United Nations (UN) initiated 17 sustainability targets (Tsalis et al., 2020, p. 23, Bao, Dogterom and Ettema, 2020, p. 69; Han, and Trimi, 2018, p. 56). The World Co
Abstract Every airline company has its own unique operation and long term strategies. Just like in other industries such as the agricultural, banking and manufacturing sectors, airline industries across the globe have different goals. They get cargo ships, tourists’ small jets, military air crafts and private chattered crafts. Although all of them fall in the same industry, one of the airplanes facing stiff competition is the passengers’ plane. These airlines need a lot financial capital to successfully run while at the same time, the industry is flooded by many players. Additionally, these commercial jets work with multicultural customers, who have different beliefs and understanding. As a result, the industry is faced with a big challenge of ensuring that all their customers’ needs are met. If a company fails to achieve this, it might risk its survival in the market. In this paper, a sample study is taken from Air Care and their ability to create satisfaction to their customers. The study is, however, focused on the customer’s perspective and satisfaction levels over services being achieved by the industry (Fattah 2011). Introduction With ever increasing day to day competition among industries, there has been a big realization for managers to closely monitor their operating environment through monetary, technical and customer levels of efficiency. Quality provision is vital for any industry to grow. This paper has an objective of investigating the extent of customers’ satisfaction among Air Care. To carry out the research, 10 customers were randomly sampled among those who normally use the services of Air Care. The customers were taken through survey questioners based on SERVQUAL model. The questionnaires consisted of 22 questions, which measured all levels of experience and expectations in the industry (Shaw 2004). Literature Review Due to intangible nature of service, defining service quality and satisfaction has become very hard to achieve. Service quality researches are taken by the most accepted SERVQUAL model (Fattah 2011). Since the development of this tool, researchers from all over the world have applied the twenty two item scale in studying service quality across various sectors of industries. This paper is based on the relationship between the service providers and their customers in wide scope over creation of satisfaction in the sector. To develop this system, quality measurement indicators need to be identified after which a system can be developed to enable the functionality of the indicators. Among those indicators are the feedbacks from the customers over empathy, assurance, reliability, responsiveness, and tangibles. Airline industries as service providers with one to one interaction with the customers need to develop tight strategic measures that will enab