ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Roots of the global financial crisis The current global financial crisis traces its roots to the United States of America. It partly started with the collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage market (Williams 2010, p. 5). The Federal Reserve sought to cut lending rates leading to inflation in the housing bubble. The sub-prime mortgage crisis emanated from financial instruments like securitization. This is where banks pooled different loans into sellable assets. In the process, there was a tendency of offloading risky loans. Because banks could easily earn millions from these loans, they turned them into securities. In the process, banks borrowed more to lend out to the market. Some banks could not rely on savers. A bad loan was considered a problem to the borrower. This made other banks to get into loans with an aim of selling them. After running out on people to lend, banks turned to sub primes (Tett 2009, p. 13). As a matter of fact, self-certified loans became very popular making banks to buy securities from others. Because of this, Collateralized Debt Obligations were very complicated. As a result of this, they often hid bad loans. On the other hand, investment banks ended up in the business of mortgages and loans without the right controls and frameworks. This exposed banks to huge risks. As problems were manifested, lending slowed down. This was as a result of low confidence in loans. Owing to loss in value of assets, lenders were already demanding for a refund of the money they had invested (Tett 2009, p. 18). On the other hand, the market experienced a lot of credit defaults. Credit default swaps were meant to tell if one could pay a loan or not but the market was over speculative. Banks had little deposits and hence could not meet lenders demand for money. In the process, some of them collapsed drastically. Most banks did not have capital reserves (Atwood 2008, p. 9). The end result was that businesses and individuals that relied on credit could not get cash which led to massive financial problems. Why it evolved into a world crisis After affecting the banking and credit sectors in the US, the global crisis slowly crept to other countries and in the process became a world crisis. It became a world crisis by verging on a systematic crisis approach. This was because of the domino effect and other psychological contagions (Williams 2010, p. 13). As a result of this, it was able to spread to other economic and financial areas worldwide. This can be traced from financial markets because it eventually degenerated to become a market crash. On the other hand, equity funds fell short of cash which made them to get rid of their assets. In addition, there was a large impact on public finance because most financial institutions had to be bailed out to continue with their operations (Atwood 2008, p. 16). Insurance firms and pensions firms could not meet their financial commitments because they did not have enough cash to cater for th
Introduction The world is constantly changing in the socioeconomic, technological and cultural fronts. Major and minor effects of these rapid changes are frequently revealed through the various World businesses. Therefore all organizations should constantly develop effective marketing strategies for the purpose of enabling them adapt to the various changes capable of sustainable deliver y of goods and services of value to their customers. Slow economic growth and international crises (as witnessed in the years 2000-2009) are some of the factors that force organizations to change. Adverting, which is one of the marketing tools has contributed tremendously towards company changes. Internet services does not only involve just selling products alone but also selling information about products. On the same note, The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices . Mobile phones, data cards , handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network supporting that device’s technology. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and wireless data transmission charges may be significantly higher than other access methods (Kotler, 2007). Advancements in Information Communications Technology (ICT) has brought forth internet advertising. Most companies now advertise online using, for example: Google.com, Yahoo.com, Amazon.com, Alibaba.com, You tube.com and affiliate marketing,
Hagakure or Hagakure Kikigaki (Jap. Hidden in Leaves ) is an 18th-century Japanese text representing the principles of Bushido, the code of behavior for Samurais. Hagakure presents a guide containing spiritual instructions collected by the Samurai Yamamoto Tsunetomo. The author claims that Bushido is a “way of dying,” so a Samurai must always be ready to die according to the principles of honor. The identity of a Samurai is a complex phenomenon based on the Japanese military ethics of medieval and early modern times. The meaning of the term “Samurai” could differ in various epochs but was always connected with warfare. In Hagakure , among other things, a Samurai’s identity is defined by the explanation of what a Samurai is and what he is not. According to the book, a Samurai has to struggle for his identity but it is an interesting question, with what he struggles. As Hagakure tells at the beginning of the first chapter, “The Way of the Samurai is found in death” (Tsunetomo 17). So, a Samurai must be prepared in advance to make a choice between life and death, and this is the primary feature of his identity, prior to the service to a master, politeness, and other duties. But an obstacle to the achievement of the required characteristics is such an immanent specificity of a human being as the fear of death: “We all want to live. And in large part we make our logic according to what we like” (Tsunetomo 17). Apparently, the first thing that a Samurai has to struggle with to achieve his true identity is himself and his willingness to live. In that way, the second paragraph of the first chapter represents a Samurai’s struggle for his identity. Apart from that, he also has to fight his other negative traits, such as selfishness, which is mentioned in the same chapter a few passages later: “exclude self-interest, and make an effort, you will not go far from your mark” (Tsunetomo 19). However, his own traits are not the only thing a Samurai has to fight for the identity. The other problem is his own lord, to whom Bushido requires him to be entirely obedient and loyal. A master can present danger to Samurai’s identity by demanding slave-like obedience, thus humiliating him. The two passages in the first chapter about the relations between a master and his Samurai (Tsunetomo 48) state that, first, if a master’s demand contradicts with a Samurai’s conviction (read: with his identity), a Samurai has a right to deny the command. Moreover, a Samurai is allowed to de
Executive Summary The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the factors affecting student’s decision of join international universities in Dubai. To concentrate on this objective, this paper has designed four research questions those address the theoretical framework of higher education, essential factors in students’ perspective, influential factors those induce students to study in Dubai International Universities, and the national education policy influence. Rodrigues & Jayashree (2009) reported that Dubai populations mostly consist of foreigners and 90% of the workers in the private sector come from international market, and 24,333 foreigners come into the city every month either seeking opportunities in employment and/or education. However, the first chapter of this paper concentrates on background of problem, rational of the research, scope and limitation of this project. The literature review provides a theoretical framework of higher education, current educational system in Dubai, student’s trend towards higher education, basic factors that influence the international students, and key issues to choose Dubai International Universities. In addition, this chapter also focuses on Student’s new motivation model, or re-definition of higher study, hypothetical structure of higher education system of Dubai, and master plan for Dubai higher education. On the other hand, methodology discusses research approach, data collection process, interview method, data analysis process, number of respondents, and constraint of data collection process. Moreover, the findings and results have generated from the survey data and based on findings, this paper has ultimately drawn the recommendation and conclusion. Introduction Background of Study This dissertation has organised with the background of present of changing the dynamics of the higher education market arguing with the factors effecting the student’s motivation to joining in the international Universities in context of Dubai. In Dubai, the Universities operating internationally are in greater than ever pressure to expand their value chain while the students at higher education have already gaining accelerated motivation to take into a number of considerations, which offers the higher educational visions of the students comparing with the offerings of international Universities in context of their competitors. Dubai the one of the seven states of UAE has started its journey to modern education just in 1962 with twenty schools and at present, it has around sixty- seven national and international Universities Pathak and Pathak (2010) addressed that the higher educational institutions as a service industry has been passing through momentous changes globally while the traditional character of public funded Universities as ”education
Introduction Promotion and visual representation play an essential role in the modern film industry. Indeed, in the age of YouTube, the most effective advertisement of a movie is a trailer because people have become accustomed to watching short videos on this platform (Grainge & Johnson, 2015). One of the films with an exciting and memorable title and trailer is Transformers: The Premake by Kevin B. Lee . Notably, the entire documentary occurs on the creator’s laptop screen. The opening title primarily targets the audience that planned to watch Transformers 4 . The main text, in this case, is surrounded by the paratext, providing additional explanation and giving some clues about the documentary (Gray, 2010). The design of the text does not seem to create any associations with the movie because it resembles a text message but not a classic Hollywood title. Moreover, it gives the spectators the idea that it is a plain desktop documentary devoid of any features of action films. The trailer and title sequence promote Transformers: The Premake to suggest to the audience that this documentary will show how the famous franchise was made. Main body Both the opening title sequence and trailer serve to advertise the film and promise that it is worth watching. The trailer serves the role of a short advertisement to convince the viewers that some exclusive information will be released. For instance, Kevin B. Lee presents his MacBook desktop with many files, including Transformers , on the poster’s background stating “Report Alien Activity” (International Film Festival Rotterdam 2015). The title is a simple technique of printed text with symbols frequently used in messaging. In fact, the word “ [email protected] $f0rm3r$” uses the dollar symbol to depict the central purpose of the entire moviemaking industry. At the same time, the subtext “premake” was typed without numbers or symbols, indicating the author’s lack of financial interest. Both the opening title and trailer are dynamic, but the latter gives more information to the spectators than the former. In my opinion, the promises of these two promotional tools met my expectations because this documentary fulfilled its role of revealing how movies are made in the modern world. The movie creator used this supporting technique since texts cannot exist without paratexts in advertisements and titles. According to Gray (2010), “the study of paratexts is the study of how meaning is created, and how texts begin” (26). In Transformers: The Premake , paratext is “the premake,” suggesting that the viewer is offered a documentary. The creator did not follow the marketing approach of erasing important information from the text (Gray, 2010). Instead, the opening title and its design seem to summarize the entire movie. Hollywood requires including credits and using specific text designs stated in contracts (Stanitzek, 2009). However, Kevin B. Lee did not include his name in the opening title but saved it until the end credits. The font of the text and paratext is large and bold to e
Introduction and the identification of the problem The interaction of countries in the international system is often determined by several factors. As opined in theories of international relations like realism, nations often seek to secure their interests when interacting or advancing a number of courses in the international system. The question that is asked and which forms the basis of argument by most commentators of the international political economy is the reason why countries uses different approaches when formulating and pursuing foreign policy goals in different regions. This is one of the most debated issues in the assessment of the foreign policy goals and approaches in relation to the developments in Libya and the contemporary political developments in Syria. A difference has been noted in the United States policy approaches to Libya and the kind of approach that the United Sta
Children’s Internet Protection Act, 2000 Almost every home, library and school in the US has computers as well as access to the internet. These have become very important to children’s success in their academic work. However, the internet can expose them to online predators as well as inappropriate material. The increase in use of the internet by children especially teenagers brought in concerns about the need to prevent illegal activities over the internet. The US Congress enacted the Children’s Internet Protection Act, 2000 to address access to offensive content through the internet. The Act requires schools as well as libraries to put content filters on their information systems to prevent minors from accessing inappropriate sites and contents (Reynolds, 2006). Content devices are placed to block obscene and child pornography pictures, as well as, any other material deemed to cause harm to minors. The passing of this Act was prompted by the increase of global network which enabled minors to chart or communicate through email and chart rooms. This was deemed to pose risks to minors who can still be easily deceived by those who pretend to have good intent. Besides, software for hacking and spyware had become very common, meaning that anybody could easily illegally gain access to minors’ information if they wanted to for any reason. Hacking allows unauthorized access, disclosure as well as dissemination of personal identification information about children and teenagers. This posed great risks to minors who access the internet. There were concerns that some of these software companies develop software which enable them track minors’ web-surfing activities, and as a result sell the information to market research companies (Reynolds, 2006). This is illegitimate and against the Privacy Act. Marketing companies and other firms use such information to send email advertisements by use of ardware through minors’ email addresses, regardless of their ages and the risks associated with the products or activities. Again, the internet allows those who develop pornography movies and pictures to distribute them online. Some of these contents are freely available online and always attract minors’ attention. Such inappropriate contents contribute to minors being involved in immoral activities which include sex when they are not yet mature. The internet also allows drug gangs to make attractive advertisements which allow them to easily recruit teenagers into their drug and gang activities. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 1986 The Act was passed to help reduce cracking of information systems as well as to deal with federal computer-related offenses. It governs cases where information systems are used to carry out crimes involving interstate as well as foreign commerce. It also covers the use of computers to commit crimes related to illegal access or use of computers of financial institutions or the federal government. The act was passed as a result of the development of
Introduction In the United States, it is common to find households with both parents working. Hilbrecht, Shaw, Johnson, and Andrey (2008) allege that almost 50% of the United States’ mothers work full time. Hilbrecht et al. (2008) claim, “At least 70% of lactating mothers are in the labor force” (p. 459). A third of Americans maintain that they favor mothers who stay at home looking after their children. However, they do not give the reasons why mothers are not supposed to work. Hock, Christman, and Hock (2010) state, “American attitudes toward working mothers have been relatively consistent over a long period, the idea being that working mothers are mostly bad for children” (p. 539). Americans stick to moralistic beliefs in spite of lack of facts. The truth is, working mothers do not interfere with the development of their children. In fact, working mothers help to sustain the family. They assist their spouses in paying rent, feed the family, and provide other essential needs. An increase in the number of working mothers in the United States has triggered an intense debate. People opposed to working mothers argue that they are supposed to stay at home and watch their children grow. They claim that children settle for bad behaviors due to mothers abandoning them at an early age. Moreover, they hold that mothers hurt children by going to work. On the other hand, those who support working mothers claim that they are helpful in catering for family needs. The proponents allege that children’s behaviors do not depend on the duration that they spend with the mothers. The reason I became interested in this subject is to attempt and demystify these beliefs about working mothers. Besides, I wanted to identify the factors that lead to mothers going back to work and how they manage to balance between work and caring for children. Working mothers do not affect their children’s development process. One wonders why Americans perpetuate this stereotype. This research paper intends to answer a number of questions. The questions include:  1. Do mothers hurt their children by going to work?  2. What motivates mothers to go back to work?  3. How do mothers balance work and taking care of children? Do Mothers Hurt Children? Studies have consistently found that there is no correlation between children’s growth and work. According to a study by Gregg, Washbrook, Propper, and Burgess (2005), there are no significant disparities in psychosomatic signs, class performance, or attachment to mothers among children whose mothers work and those that their mothers stay at home. Moreover, the study found that there are no noteworthy distinctions in language, intellect, affection, and social skills among children brought up in daycare centers and those raised by their mothers. According to Gregg et al. (2005), children whose mothers go to work before they are four years old do not perform poorly in class. Moreover, they do not
Democracy is a result of democratic ideology and theory as well as political practice. Accordingly, the politics of democracy is defined by theories of democracy as well as the changes in the manners and practice of democracy which also alter the ideology and the theory. This paper tries to describe the basic differences between the pluralistic and elitist forms of community power. (Ellis 100) Pluralism refers to the confirmation and greater recognition of diversity. Pluralism is used in several ways in different circumstances. For instant in politics, it may refer to the recognition of diversity in the needs or the interest of the people of a country which to an extent is a major pillar of today’s democratic ideals. In the field of science, it is used to show that different theories or methods are acceptable. The concept is also used in different ways in both religion and philosophy. (Ellis 102) Politics is always about the interests of the citizens who severally exhibit diversity in their values attitudes and opinions and to some extent, these differences must live together. To extent, democracy is a very hard way or form of political leadership since it must give justifiable results out of the plurality of interests. This is also a fundamental significance of pluralism because pluralism “signals a theorized preference for multiplicity over unicity and for diversity over uniformity”. (McLennan 25). This theory has been advocated in several ways but one of the central issues has been the relationship between the interest of the people and those of the larger community in democracy and how such relationship affects the functioning of the political system. This difficulty is also evident today in the debate about libertarianism against communitarianism and it is also an important part of the discussions about multiculturism. (Ellis 105) According to McLennan, tolerance is one of the chief bases of pluralism. He indeed identified pluralism as dispersed power, as group power as well as dispersed preferences. The initial two forms often coincide with one another whereas the third one is partially independent. Thus pluralism as dispersed power is the study of political power and the acceptance of various, but unequal, elites. On the other hand pluralism as a group, power refers to the pragmatic study of political groups whereas dispersed preferences deal with the relevance of the diverse political attitudes to the stability of the democratic government. (McLennan 33) Elitist on the other hand is the assumption that the people who are seen to be elite, that is, “a chosen group of individuals with outstanding personal capabilities, wealth, specialized training or other unique attributes”, are the ones whose ideas or views on any subject are taken the most seriously. In other words, their views are felt to have the most weight and thus they are the most qualified to lead since their views are the most constructive. Moreover, the term can also be used to “illustrate circumstances where power is concentrated in the hands of the elite, whether rightly or not”. (Schumpeter 45) Work cited Ellis, Ellen. “The Pluralis
Margarita Cabrera designed the black and grey toaster back in 2011 with unique materials, making it one of the Smithsonian American art collections. This piece is quite unique as it is classified as a sculpture yet made with simple materials (vinyl, copper wire, and thread). Notably, the art was designed with these materials as it ought to be a decorative material. The national museum acquired the art through endorsements made by Frank K. Ribelin in 2012. The toaster was designed and assembled in Mexican factories but sold to United Stated consumers. This art was unique as it was hand-designed; every idea was carefully sawn to develop the final product. However, some of the strings used to design the toaster were left hanging to signify the workers’ amount of labor to craft the toaster. Whenever one would purchase the toaster, they would ensure that they appreciate the effort to design it.