ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The distinction between art and craft is unclear. Is carving sculpture art or a craft? How can we make a clear distinction between art and craft? These are some of the questions that the philosopher R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943) sought to answer. The philosopher was an aesthetician and has enjoyed great influence in this field since the end of the Second World War. Aestheticism is a procedure whereby the artist and his audience come to the realization and knowledge of certain psychological states. Collingwood is thought to be the main advocate of the expressive theory of art (Kemp, 2007). Collingwood sought to make a clear distinction between what he called ‘Art proper’ from what we all mistakenly term art. In his work, The Principles of Art, he seeks to uncover the truth about what we mistakenly think of as art and craft. Collingwood’s description of the craft was work that required planning and execution of the plan. The craftsman already has a clear picture of what he wants to create in his mind. This, according to Collingwood, is a skill the craftsman cannot do without. Dutton uses this as a background for his definition of craft. He defines craft as skilled work that involves the application of technical skills. According to Collingwood, crafts require the use of actions to achieve a well-defined end while in the arts there is no clearly defined end. The artist does not know the end result of his actions. The craftsman plans his work and his actions are executed in accordance with his plan. The artist does not have a specific plan. His actions are randomly executed. Collingwood further noted that because the craftsman has a specific end in mind, the means of his achieving his goal is determined by the end he has in mind. This differentiates craft from art because the artist does not have a specific end in mind. His means (e.g. tools) will determine the end result of his work (Kemp, 2007). Craft can also be differentiated from art by its dependability. According to Collingwood, the craft is a means of making a functional end product from raw material. The end product can be distinguished clearly from its raw materials. The end product of an artist is not always functional. Art is not dependable. One cannot predict the end result of art (Dutton, 1990). Finally, Collingwood distinguished art from the craft by stating that a work of art should be an expression of emotion. But in his definition of art as a form of expression, Collingwood made it possible for crafts to be termed at certain times as art. In his example of an actress, he points out that acting requires planning and the use of technical skills. This makes it a craft. But in the actress’ ability to use her skills to conjure up emotions in her audience, she makes acting an art. Although the actress knew beforehand what emotions she wished to conjure in her audience, she explores the unknown and in the process, she and the audience learn and become aware of certain psychological states (Dutton, 1990).
The efficacy, nature and debates surrounding the modern international law have been incisively explored in this chapter. The reason why institutions are usually constructed by the international societies have been addressed and argued out in this chapter. It is also evident that different historical contexts are responsible for the emergence of these institutions (Baylis, Smith and Owens 283). The origin, nature and development of contemporary institutions that address international law have been equally discussed. These modern institutions seem to be borrowing a lot from the new global legal order that has been marred by cosmopolitanization. As a matter of fact, international law is no longer an independent entity that weaker nations across the world can rely upon bearing in mind that the various laws of war adopted by powerful nations have swayed the ideals of international law. In any case, various approaches on international law vividly reveal that a significant paradox exists on the rules of law that circumnavigate the international law ethics. Hence, the chapter supports the thesis that the concept of international law is multifaceted with diverse interpretations. While we may argue that international law is especially instrumental to nations that have signed binding agreements, the crux of the matter is matter is that there is little regard to international law when individual national interests are brought on board (Wolfrum and Röben 65). Nonetheless, international law has proved to be an inevitable tool of managing the expectations of the world in various spheres of development. This is the same evidence that the author uses to support his arguments throughout the chapter. Perhaps, the grand question that demands a straightforward response is yet to be asked. For instance, any student of international relationship should be quick to inquire the effectiveness of international law after conducting a deductive study of this chapter. It is so clear that most of the provisions of the modern international law are closely intertwined with political foundations of the partner countries. Additional evidence provided by the author in respect to the functionality and efficacy of international institutions is the concept of realism. It is not understood why the author has related realists with power struggle (Wolfrum and Röben 79). Nevertheless, it is indeed true that the power to wage successful wars against states perceived to be enemies remains as one of the mo
Introduction The reproductive organs of females and males have separate processes that may be affected by environmental and personal factors. One of the issues that have many underlying aspects is infertility. Different types of infertility have an impact on approximately 10-15% of all couples, which struggle with male infertility, female infertility, or both (Huether & McCance, 2017). Moreover, the age of a person who experiences difficulties with conception also affects women and men differently. Infertility is a disorder that limits people’s ability to reproduce; its causes vary due to the construction of the reproductive systems, age often is a determining factor in female but not in male health. Disorders: Similarities and Differences It is clear that women and men experience the lack of fertility differently since their reproductive systems have unique functions. In females, the main issues leading to infertility may be linked to ovulatory conditions such as diminished ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome, or hypothalamic amenorrhea (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Other concerns include pelvic and tubal causes – endometriosis, inflammation, and infections. Infertility can be an outcome of hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disease, damage to any part of the reproductive system, as well as pelvic adhesions (Hammer & McPhee, 2014; Huether & McCance, 2017). Some of the cases of lowered fecundity cannot be traced to a particular issue, receiving the diagnosis of unexplained infertility. Similarly, male infertility is mostly related to the problems of the reproductive system. For instance, testicular causes are related to the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, hemochromatosis, and other abnormalities of genetic development (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Furthermore, a variety of testicular problems lower fecundity as well, including the formation of varicoceles which are linked to impaired spermatogenesis. Here, such factors as trauma, smoking, infections,
Obsessive compulsiveness is neurotic disorders that tend to affect high-class social economics status and higher intelligentsia compared to other neurotics. (Zohar, Insel, and Rasmussen, 1991) The problem is associated with senseless and distressing repetitive thoughts or behaviours in a person. The situation is difficult to overcome. For instance, a person may become troubled over the cleanliness of their hands, thus a feeling of toughed dirt and they keep washing them every now and then. The strange acts torment the mind and the distractions affect the social wellbeing of the patient. The mental health professions took the condition as rare considering the number of patients affected. The condition faces various challenges because the affected or their guardians tend to avoid treatment due to the thought of it as a strange untreatable clause. Resent surveys by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2009), indicate great improvements over the response. People have understood that the condition faces more prevalence over other common mental illness such as the schizophrenia. According to Zohar, Insel, and Rasmussen, (1991), the ODC patients faces among others, compulsions, insight, resistance, shame, secrecy, interference and other long lasting symptoms. The disease finally effects the external achievements of a person and societal productivity because of the effect on the meticulousness and persistence. Biological perspective of OCD Patients Studies and medical indications such as the “PET brain scans”, indicate that the brain of people suffering from OCD, have interlocked structures whereby the parts functions hyperactively in unison. The brain has the “orbital frontal cortex” that is responsible of reporting and soliciting the rest of the brain for error correction. For a person suffering from the OCD disorder, the cortex is hyperactive thus the reaction of constantly correcting what seem to appear wrong. (Meyer, 2005) In line with Meyers writing (2005) this part of the brain, that conveys sensory information and the thalamus act in unison and therefore presence of any metabolically reaction quadruples a reaction that is dissimilar to the healthy persons. This condition is observable when Bess adopts the mother’s instructions later in her life yet she appeared to resist them during her earlier life. The parental teaching evolves into a cleaning ritual where she suffers from a condition she feels contaminated and thus the urgent need for constant cleanliness. Secondly, it is biologically proven that these patients suffer from a connection between the “caudate nucleus and the cingulated gyrus”, which are structures found deep into the core of the brain. (Meyer, 2005) They make the patient perceive their focused issue such as the need for cleanliness. This seems very urgent due to the superficial impact over incorrectness. The perception makes them to suffer from anxiety to address the need, due to the adjusted pulse rates. Evidently, Bess felt the need to address cleanliness urgently regardless of the fatigue. The treatment inv
Introduction Man of the People was published in 1966 by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe at the height of the struggle for black rights in America. This novel explores the problems of young people’s rejection of established patterns of discrimination. The story raises many issues, including the political characteristics of the development of the state, and draws attention to how upheavals occur. Man of the People is a collective term that describes an individual capable of protecting his people. However, it is a story of how colonial regimes can ruin people. The colonizers, Americans and Europeans, are enemies to the African people because they hide behind people who have been subjected to propaganda. Overview Man of the People is the story of how one man, recognized by no one, turned out to do more for his country than the one in whose hands power was concentrated. The story begins with the excitement surrounding Nanga, a leader, and teacher who has become a man of the people and achieved unprecedented heights. He encounters his student Odili, who is suspicious of his political activities. As events unfold, Odili becomes increasingly convinced that his former teacher uses unholy methods to gain recognition. In chapter seven Nanga bribes the editor of the Daily Matchet (Achebe). This angers Odili, and he decides to go against Nanga and oppose his authority. His friend Max Kuramo supports him, and together they devise a strategy to overthrow Nanga. Although these attempts are unsuccessful and bloody, eventually Odili is followed by people, and they stage a military coup. The coup brings freedom to the country, and Chief Nanga is left with nothing, enslaved by his desire for power. Behind Whose Backs the Colonizers Are Hiding Nigeria was able to resist the invaders and obtain justice for its people. Its connection to the events of the story is unconfirmed, so one can analyze and relate it to the influence of Americans and Europeans on the development of African countries. Selfish and traitorous sentiments are conveyed through the personality of Chief Nanga: he is a strong man who succumbed to the “Western temptation” of corruption and wealth (Achebe). Nanga betrayed his people, forgetting his original goal of preserving cultural heritage. Such actions are often associated with the America of the 1960s, when internationalism was increasingly influential: for example, the rights of blacks and Hispanics were repeatedly infringed upon. Nanga’s betrayal also reflects how white people resisted the civil rights movement in America: he preferred to put his interests above those of people, just as he was pitting himself against the conflict. The conflict in the story is similar to how America resisted the liberalization of human relations–thereby expressing a dislike for all things alien. The European colonizers are represented through an unusual device: the female will. The women’s struggle is expressed through the wife of Chief Nanga, who honored tradition and wanted her children to do the same. She regularly took them to the homeland to remember their
Introduction The basis of this report is to analyze the general marketing strategy of the business organization. The report also outlines the fundamental steps for the application of strategic marketing. The external and internal threats are also analysed. A comprehensive analysis of the basic market factors is important. This report acknowledges this significance and analyses various market factors that have influence on market performance. An examination of the historical background and the general corporate strategy for the corporation is important. It is eminent that the various strategic marketing principles are appropriate. Particularly, this is applicable in the design and implementation of strategic marketing plans. The potential challenges require an adequate analysis (Fernando 2010, P. 14). Ideally, it is part of the needs assessment. Needs assessment is pertinent in the development of a successful marketing approach. The development of a possible marketing mix is important. The report includes the analysis and proposal for the most applicable “4 P’s” of marketing. Other limiting and promoting factors require a proper analysis. These might include the consideration of legal and ethical issues that have the capacity to manipulate the general business performance. Any comprehensive strategic marketing plan must present the basic expected benefits. The analysis of these expected benefits must be eminent, considering the disparities between different strategies applicable in marketing. Perhaps, it is vital to note the historical background of this business organization. The company achieved a state of incorporation by 1994. The corporation has a remarkable and explicit record of accomplishment of performance (Foley 2007, P. 29). Principally, this is notable from 1995 during the launch of their internationally acclaimed iceberg vodka. The initiative seems sustainable relative to other potential competitors. This is evident within the international and domestic contexts. Generally, the utilization of the domestically grown corn in Ontario increases the easy availability of crucial raw materials. The business organization has steadily risen in the competitive bracket within the global market. The company continues to excel amidst the increased competition (Joseph 2010). There are other several and diverse limiting factors that face the company. The increased level of technology, transformations in the media industry and globalization impacts are eminent. Individuals and other relevant consumers of th
The success story of the iPod has a few lessons for us to learn. The first relates to entrepreneurship. The basis of entrepreneurship is risk taking and creativity, traits that Tony Fadell, the individual behind this innovation, had. When he had come up with the concept of the iPod, he left his work place at Philips to become an independent contractor (Kahney). This may have been in a bid to get better bargaining power for his innovation. He was turned down by several companies before being accepted by Apple (Kahney). This shows that without risk, there can be no reward. For an entrepreneur to be successful, he or she needs to step out and persist, even when you are rejected as Fadell was. Had he given up when he was first rejected he would have not been successful. He believed in his concept, correctly estimated its potential and stuck to it despite the initial rejections. Additionally, intrapreneurship plays a big role in this success story. When Fadell approached Apple, they recognized his potential, took him on and gave him a team that would allow him to develop his idea (Kahney). One of the lessons I see here is that the employee may not necessarily come from within the organization originally. Fadell was a freelance contractor who was taken in by Apple and allowed to be creative within the company. Sourcing for talented individuals who can intrapreneur should be a constant process and not just vacancy related. Another lesson for intrapreneurship regards resource allocation. The question of the amount of resources that should be allocated is dependent on the amount of potential seen. In the initial set up, he was given 30 people to work with (Kahney, 2004). As the project continued and the potential began to unfold, more and more resources were allocated to this project by Apple. Knowing when and how to allocate resources is a skill necessary for good productivity. On the one hand, you need to allocate enough resources to allow for creativity, on the other hand, you need to allocate only to where returns are most highly probable. Therefore, good intrapreneurship management requires that you evaluate the projects and ideas put forward by your employees and allocate enough resources based on potential. The case also allows us to draw lessons on corporate venture. The biggest lesson drawn from this case is that corporate venture allows the creation of synergy and creativity. Smaller firms tend to have a multitude of talent and creative ideas while larger firms have the much needed finance to make this a reality. This synergy is mutually beneficial to both firms. Apple, lead by Fadell, had a good idea. However, the specialist knowledge of how to develop the idea lay with a much smaller company, PortalPlayer (Kahney). They had been in the business of making portable players much longer, and therefore had more experience and talent in this area. Therefore, after the venture happened, future partnerships with this company would result in better quality of the product. We notice, however, that the buying into the firm did not happen until later when the iPod was just about to be launche
Abstract The contemporary society is sensitive to the forms of dressing depicted by various communities. Wearing of the veil by the Muslim women has been viewed differently by some groups especially those affiliated with the Western culture. Some values within the Islamic culture require women to observe such dress code, and thus the public’s criticisms surrounding wearing the veil tend to collide with these values. Consequently, the media, feminist movements, human rights agencies, and the public have their understanding of veiling the Muslim women. This paper seeks to analyze the different viewpoints and reactions surrounding the hijab issue. Introduction The Islamic culture values the veil as an important garment that complements the expected dressing code. Muslims refer the veil or headscarf as hijab, which means “cover” in the Arabic language (Bullock, 2002). The shift towards the postmodern culture has brought about secularization, which has had an impact on the perception of wearing the veil among the Muslim women. For this reason, the wearing of the veil among the Muslim women has been a topic of heated debate in the 21 st Century. Some parties have questioned whether it is an obligation of faith or symbol of the Muslim women’s oppression. This paper will seek to analyze the different aspects that influence the Western world’s perspective on wearing of the veil by the Muslim women The West’s View on the Islamic Vail The West perceives the hijab as a symbol of oppression of Muslim women. Feminists and the media have propagated this claim since they regard Islamic women who wear the veil as an oppressed group that is suffering in enslavement. Human rights advocates have refuted this claim by arguing that socio-economic factors attribute to the oppression of women even in non-Islamic states. The rationale behind this argument is that the exposure of almost naked women in billboards, commercials, and the entertainment industry in the Western societies is an explicit depiction of oppression (Goodwin, 2002). The Western world tends to be characterized by secular social and economic structures and they arguably intend to spread the culture to other societies including the Arabic region. For this reason, the capitalistic society has created economic disparities, and thus women are ready to expose their bodies in commercials and the entertainment sector in a bid to elevate their economic and social status. The Western media has played a significant part in influencing the people’s perspectives on the hijab issue. The media has advocated for a “fashion revolution” in countries such as Iran where women have responded by organizing fashion shows that indicate new adjustment to the way the hijab is worn (Waterlow, 2015). The justification of “fas