ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Design of goods and services is an important aspect of an organization as it determines productivity and organizational competitiveness. This is the reason why product launches are important part of an organization’s objective to progressively innovate within itself. Design of goods and services usually takes careful planning because each new product introduced by the company reflects a substantial quantity in capital development. Product design is just one of the significant basics in new product development in an organization. Apart from product design, a new product has to progress through several stages in its development which include decision making processes, market research and internal communications processes. This paper is going to focus on how product design is applied in decision making in McDonald’s corporation and a description of product life cycle in the same corporation. Preceding an internal organizational decision making process, a broad market research is conducted by the organization in order to make sure that the ideas introduced in the new product actually concur with clients needs, preferences and desires (Cross, 2011). McDonald’s corporation owns chains of fast foods restaurants around the world. This business requires frequent changes in product design since customer’s preference and desires change on a day to day basis. McDonald’s restaurants usually conduct both quantitative and qualitative studies that are aimed at testing new product ideas with its customers. The food industry has many competitors and therefore evaluation of products from different companies is also important. In most large companies as McDonald’s, senior management is normally tasked with establishing whether the company’s resources are to be committed in development of new products. For this reason, product development teams have to convince the senior management by selling the new products concepts to them (Cross, 2011). The senior management evaluates the product concepts and tries to take into account if the existing operational resources are adequate to cater for the product’s production and manufacturing necessities. The product ideas should also adhere to the organizational goals and objectives and hence the concepts should be assessed to show consistency with this factor. A company such as McDonald’s has several departments inside and therefore interdepartmental communication is important to ensure products development and marketing is successful. Internal communications should be started at the opening stages of product design and testing so as to gain insights from different organizational departments and this further ensures high levels of commitment to the development of the new product (Cross, 2011). The sales and marketing department gets involved in decision making at the final stages of new product development. Development of marketing and sales strategies targeting the market is done. Product life cycle generally referrers to the period that begins with initial
Current Problem Chronobiology shows that the intensity, duration, and direction of light influence the behavioral and physiological processes of horses. The circadian system enables horses to synchronize their internal environment with the external environment, and thus, making them adapt to their environment. However, unfavorable changes in the intensity, duration, and direction of light affect the physiological and behavioral functions of horses. Essentially, these changes stress horses, for they disturb the circadian rhythm and compel horses to alter their physiological and behavioral activities. According to Murphy, circadian rhythm influences behaviors and physiological functions of horses because it controls gene expression and immune responses (2). The circadian rhythm controls how horses behave in a given environment and determine the nature of physiological functions that take place in their bodies. For horses to remain healthy, their circadian rhythm should be in an innate state or without much deviation from the native circadian rhythm. Murphy notes that diurnal variation in the secretion of hormones such as melatonin and cortisol is due to the circadian rhythm (4). The decrease in the level of cortisol hormone predisposes horses to arthritis and asthma, which are immuno-inflammatory diseases. In this view, it is evident that light has a major role in the growth and development of horses because it influences physiological and behavioral activities. Horses are susceptible to the circadian rhythm because it influences their behaviors and physiological activities. Melatonin is an important hormone among horses because it mediates circadian rhythm, influences physiological functions, and causes behavioral changes. The level of melatonin is subject to the circadian rhythm, which regulates diverse physiological functions, as well as behaviors of horses. Normally, horses start to secrete melatonin when darkness commences, and the level peaks as darkness progress. In this case, it implies that the light/dark cycle, which is an integral aspect of chronobiology, influences the secretion of melatonin among horses. Murphy et al. state that melatonin regulates reproduction among horses because it
Introduction Background The ecological footprint of a city refers to the impact of human activities on natural resources to generate income, which is the amount of money a person receives to buy goods and services (Ota 1). Cities have an ecological footprint based on their biocapacity to use ecological assets, such as farmland and fishing grounds, to sustain income-generating activities (Muthu 79). The concepts of biocapacity and ecological footprint are in tandem with one another in the sense that a city’s ecological footprint should not surpass its biocapacity. If this happens, there will be a “natural deficit,” meaning that its demand for goods and services exceeds the capacity that natural ecosystems can provide (Muthu 79-80). In such cases, there is need for remedial action to correct the imbalance. Each nation has its share of responsibility in adding to the global ecological footprint and India’s is among the highest in Asia. This paper seeks to find out the extent that income levels play in determining the ecological footprint of Hyderabad, a city in Southern India (WPR). The current investigation will be conducted in recognition of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on income levels and consumer purchasing behaviors in the city. It will be important in informing future policy reforms aimed at improving the efficacy of environmental management programs in Hyderabad and cities that share its demographic characteristics. Aim This study aims to investigate the extent that income levels determine the ecological footprint of Hyderabad. Research Question To what extent do income levels determine the ecological footprint of Hyderabad during the COVID-19 period? Research Plan As highlighted in Table 1 below, the main variables relevant to the study include, independent, dependent, uncontrolled, and controlled. The two main independent variables are income and age – income will be divided into three categories and age into five, as shown below. Variables Table 1. Classification of Variables Type of variables                Variable
At the present moment, every party in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) succeeds in utilizing the designed corporate governance model. In some of these countries, organizations do not respect legal regulations regularly and are thus liable to the officials (Al-Shammari et al., 2008). To control the level of compliance with the management standards, some GCC states arranged task groups aimed to analyze the practice of good governance and the realization of ethical and professional codes (Al-Hadi et al., 2016). For example, Al-Shammari et al. (2008) state that financial organizations included in the GCC follow the International Financial Reporting Standards and the International Accounting Standards as required by the corporate governance framework. Moreover, Eulaiwi et al. (2016) observe that the officials emphasize the importance of a more transparent and ethical selection of candidates for the boards of directors. Additionally, the GCC central banks adhere to the Basel II Capital Accord effectively. It is considered that in contrast to financial markets in newly industrialized countries, financial markets operating in the GCC are unrefined and ineffective (Al‐Kuwari, 2013). At the same time, equity capital markets are of insufficient size, and the process of fundraising in the region is complicated (Al‐Kuwari, 2013). The volume of liquid assets is limited in the local stock markets, while equity trading is meager and speculative in nature. Moreover, there is a high level of volatility in the GCC stock market, which results in substantial informational dissymmetry. There is a significant, negative correlation between the interest on borrowing and the finance council. Therefore, the given research concludes that the outcomes are different in companies owned by the government and non-governmental companies. Additionally, we found significant, negative links between the number of experts included in the council and the cost of debt. Moreover, the analysis revealed a positive correlation between such variables as state ownership and the interest on borrowing. According to Baydoun and Willett (2006), the majority of the GCC organizations are owned by the state. The Saudi officials possess a substantial volume of the country’s public firms. It can be explained by the inclination of the local government for privatization. One more cause is a high level of investment in public companies by the Saudi treasury funds. As a result, it elevates the rate of government ownership in public enterprises (Al-Janadi et al., 2016). It is also worth noticing that a high degree of government ownership is a characteristic of inefficient markets. Compared to national companies, private firms have more massive revenues and are more productive (Megginson & Netter, 2001). It is also observed that state-owned organizations often fail to monitor emplo
Difference between job evaluation and market pricing approaches in setting pay ranges and the strengths and drawbacks of each approach One of the most common approaches used in determining employee payment within the private sector entails establishing pay ranges (Cushway, 2011, p. 78). According to Mathis and Jackson (2011, p.383), human resource managers should set pay ranges in accordance with the established pay grades. There are various approaches that human resource managers can incorporate in setting pay ranges. Some of the approaches used in setting pay ranges include job evaluation and market pricing. The two approaches differ with regard to the method used in determining the worth of a job. Job evaluation approach involves determining the value of job depending on the job content. This means that job evaluation approach entails using internal data. In this approach, an organization’s human resource manager designs an internal hierarchy of all jobs and sets the pay ranges. According to Jensen, McMullen and Stark ( 2007, p.90), job evaluation takes into consideration a number of factors which include the responsibility, working conditions, effort and skills required to perform a job There are various job evaluation pay systems that a firm can use in setting pay ranges. These include job ranking, job grading, point method and factor comparison. These methods have their benefits and drawbacks. For example, through job grading, a firm is able to deal with internal equity issues. However, this job evaluation approach is limited in that classification of jobs using different grades is subjective. Additionally, the method mainly relies on job titles when setting the pay (Erasmus, Swanepoel, Westhuizen, Schenk & Wessels, 2005, p. 358). On the other hand, market pricing approach or market-based pay entails using labor market data to determine the worth of a particular job. Therefore, this approach involves using external data. In order to use this approach, a firm must identify the relevant labor market which can either be local, regional, national or international. The next step entails obtaining the relevant market pay. Market pricing approach is considered to be an effective and competitive approach of determining pay levels. The benefit of market pricing approach arises from the fact that it emphasizes on a firm’s external competitiveness. Another benefit of the market pricing approach is that it is not too complicated. However, the approach suffers from a num
Introduction Substance abuse among teenagers is increasingly becoming a common phenomenon in the community. Substance abuse involves the use of drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Research on the use of drugs among teenagers indicates that majority begin using the drugs as early as the age of 9 years (Fisher and Harrison 43). The use of drugs among teenagers is responsible for the poor academic performance among those who use them. Besides, substance abuse has led to an increase in diseases such as lung cancer among teenagers (Fisher and Harrison 56). The efforts made by the government and the parents to address this problem have yielded little results. It is against this backdrop that I intend to organize a social event that aims at sensitizing teenagers on the effects of substance abuse. The Event The Participants The event will be held on 25 th of January 2011 at the community’s social hall. The preparations will begin a day earlier. The preparations will involve advertising the event through posters and decorating the venue (Kilkenny 78). The event will start at 9: 30 am and end at 5:30 pm. The speakers will include parents, teenagers and community health officers. The speakers will be asked to volunteer and offer their advice for free. All participants will be asked to carry packed foodstuffs and drinks. However, the guest speakers will be given free food and drinks. Apart from the education, there will be entertainment activities such as singing competitions. The entertainers will be the participating teenagers who have a talent in singing and can volunteer to perform within a short notice. The Agenda of the Event The theme of the event will be “promoting behavior change through social networks”. The event aims at persuading teenagers to stop substance abuse in the neighborhood. The first step will involve sensitizing the teenagers on the negative effects of substance abuse. This will be followed by an explanation on how to cope with the problem of
Executive Summary The purpose of the report is to look at the measures and step that have been taken by the government of NSW in improving the oral health services of the people in that area. The report covers the objectives of the oral health plan as well as the strategies that have been developed by the Department of Health (2008) for NSW and the Centre for Oral Health Strategy to meet the objectives. The report also highlights the performance indicators that will be used to measure the strategies in terms of whether they have been fully implemented or not. It also covers gaps in the plan, who has been excluded from the plan and also the commitment of the NSW government to the plan. The report looks at the NSW oral health plan which highlights the various oral health needs in the area and the strategies that are needed to ensure that the quality of healthcare is improved. The report highlights various groups that are in need of specialised and improved oral health care. These groups are the elderly, the Aborigine community, and people in need of specialized care, people in low income or disadvantaged groups and people who live in the rural and remote areas. The strength of the plan is that it is mainly focused on the Aborigine community who are known to suffer from poor health and they also have access to poor health services. It also covers fluoridation of water to reduce the cases of oral diseases of people living in areas that have high fluoride levels in their water. The weakness of the plan is that it fails to provide extensive oral health coverage to people from high risk areas or refugees. Introduction The need to develop a new plan arose because of the high number of oral diseases in NSW. While the New South Wales area has high quality dental treatment services, the area still experiences a high number of oral health cases because of the high number of low income and disadvantaged people that are unable to access proper dental services. The dental system in the area is unable to deal with the high demands for good oral services because of the lack of proper dental infrastructures, poor investment and funding as well as shortages in dental staff (OHA, 2010) Groups identified to have bad health practices in Australia are the Aborigines, low income people, the elderly, and refugees, people in the rural and remote areas and people who need specialized healthcare (ABS, 2007). These groups experience poor oral health care because of the systematic barriers that do not allow them to access proper dental healthcare services. Most of the dental services offered in NSW are offered by private dentists who charge a high fee for their services, locking the above groups from accessing good oral health care (OHA, 2010). Evaluation of the Implementation Plan Strategy The objectives of the oral health plan will be to improve on the accessibility of health care programs for people in the rural and remote areas, low income groups, the elderly and those in specialized residential care, reduce the amount of Fluoride in the public water supply, improve the quality of preventive and health care
Question 1 : Intolerance in the documentary film “Shadow of Hate” has been expressed through the portrayal of discrimination of various ethnic, racial, class, and religious groups in America, from the early days of settler activities to present times. Many religious denominations developed in the colonies, and this resulted in the discrimination of some of them by established Protestant followers who were overtly supported by state governments (Esbeck, 2004, p.1390). For instance, the authorities viciously discriminated against the Quakers with members of this denomination being subjected to violence including having their ears cut, imprisonment, and being banished from the colonies, all in a concerted effort to stop the spread of the Quakers’ teachings. Members of the Baptist Church of Virginia were also subjected to whippings and had their tongues branded with a hot iron in vain efforts of stopping the spread of the Baptist Church teachings. Irish Catholics were also the subject of hate propaganda and were viewed as agents of the Vatican and the Pope; hysterical American Protestants used all means to stop the spread of Catholicism in America, and most Irish Catholics were relegated to the lower social classes in America due to their professed faith. Racial discrimination is another form of intolerance depicted in the film. The early settlers drove the Native American tribes out of their homelands to dry and infertile zones. Additionally, the onset of the slave trade and the arrival of African American slaves from Africa marked the beginning of centuries of exploitation and subjugation of African Americans in America (Wolfe, 2001, p.870). Later, Chinese immigrants to America were forced to work under harsh summer and winter weather conditions with little pay as they slaved for the Central Pacific Railroad Company. Question 2 : The desire to maintain the status quo comes out as the primary cause of intolerance in the film. Many leaders in the settler communities were fearful of what the different religions would po
It has been established that effective nursing leadership is capable of positively affecting patient outcomes (Wong, Cummings, & Ducharme, 2013). At the same time, being authentic (that is, true to oneself) is regarded as a very important part of leadership practice (Murphy, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to relate my personality assessment with an interview of a leader who appears to possess similar personal qualities in an attempt of defining my specific characteristics that can help me to develop my authentic and effective leadership style. Assessment Inventory For inventory assessment, I chose the Myers-Briggs test, which is based on Jung’s theory (Plonien, 2015), at the 16 Personalities website. I was classified as an INFP: a person who is introverted (67%) rather than extroverted (33%), intuitive (58%) rather than observant (42%), feeling (58%) rather than thinking (42%), and perceptive (73%) rather than judgmental (27%). The percentages in the brackets are a feature of the 16 Personalities website that describes the dyads of qualities in the form of a spectrum: for example, according to this test, I am 42% thinking and 58% feeling. In my view, such an approach improves one’s understanding of the results. I find that I largely agree with the scores, and the spectra help in this respect because while I do not consider myself to be completely introverted or opposed to making judgments, I agree that I am probably more likely to be reserved and delay decisions. Regarding my leadership practice, it is noteworthy that Myers-Briggs test is widely used in leadership assessment and training (Plonien, 2015). In particular, Plonien (2015) demonstrates that my type of personality is considered to possess the strengths of attention to detail and ability to view new possibilities as well as being considerate and flexible. Leadership Analysis The person that I have selected for my interview is more extroverted than I am, but I think that we are similar in our attention to others and visionary thinking. She is particularly effective in communication, and our interview demonstrated that we are especially supportive of the following competencies of leadership that the American Nurses Association [ANA] (2010) highlights in its twelfth standard: we are focused on continuous improvement (in the field of education as well as the quality of healthcare), and we consider it most important to treat our colleagues (and consumers) with respect and dignity. Apart from that, my interviewee is a very s