ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most recognized medical conditions in the world. World Health Organization (2021) defines it as “a major global public health issue, having claimed 36.3 million [27.2–47.8 million] lives so far”. The most disconcerting aspect of this disease is that currently there is no cure. Medical help can alleviate the symptoms and extend the life period of patients, but the virus itself cannot be treated. The number of annual cases and death rate worldwide make this disease have global significance. Understanding what constitutes the risk factors and challenges for the disease is essential in ascertaining the Australian response to the spread of HIV. Risk Factors Being a sexually transmitted infection, HIV has similar risk factors. First, unprotected sex may lead to the contraction of the disease. Second, if another sexually transmitted infection is present in the organism, the chances of contracting HIV are higher. Third, using needles, which have already been used on someone, pathogens travel from one bloodstream to another, thus causing the infection. Needles do not have to contain drugs in order for the infection to be transmitted. Medical mistakes and accidental needle sticks can also result in contraction. All of these factors are modifiable, meaning that prevention is the responsibility of each individual. There are also some non-modifiable factors, which limit the ability of a patient to recuperate, which include risk, age, and gender (Mgori et al., 2020). Altogether, prevention measures depend on the people in most cases. Impact on the Individual Depending on the stage, HIV symptoms vary from their entire absence to the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Physical discomfort is varied depending on the type of disease the patient contracts because of their reduced immune system. Most commonly, those who have AIDS experience fever, weakness, weight loss, sweetness, and rashes (Image 1). It is possible that the different types of cancer development due to the inability of the immune system to handle them. Overall, earlier symptoms can be unnoticeable, while the later ones are especially discomforting. Image 1 (CDC, 2021) Putting complications aside, the emotional impact on the individual is considerable. First, the realization that HIV may result in AIDS and other diseases is disconcerting (Brown et al., 2016). Second, a person may start fearing social interactions, even if they do not include unprotected sex or needle sharing. Finally, the incurable status of the disease may stress the patient further. Combined together with social factors, HIV negatively influences the emotional well-being of people. Social implications also play a significant role in the well-being of people with HIV. There is a certain stigma surrounding people who have managed to contract a sexually transmitted disease especially HIV (Brent, 2016). Starting with friends and family, many close people may distance themselves from the HIV-positive individual, further solidifying their social isolatio
Symptoms Manifestation A young male student showed symptoms similar to a stroke. First complaints included being unable to move one side of the face. Further examination demonstrated that the patient was unable to wrinkle one side of his forehead, show his teeth and pucker his lips on the same side. The patient also complained about the changes in the taste sensation and “dry mouth” sensation. Left eye tear secretion proved to be below normal. A week before the sudden incident, the patient suffered from influenza-like symptoms. While studying this case, a physician would firstly have to pay attention to the previous symptoms. Since the patient reported manifestation of influenza-like symptoms, the recommended course of action would be to draw connections between these symptoms and possible complications of influenza. Such complications may include – among others – congestive heart failure and heart attacks (DerSarkissian). However, these complications do not directly result from influenza; they are mostly complicated by prolonged influenza. Therefore, there is a possibility that the patient has been suffering from heart diseases for some time. Still, the only apparent stroke symptom that the patient experienced is face drooping. Other symptoms that are present are gait disturbances, coordination or balance loss, troubled vision, dizziness, severe headache, confusion, troubled speech, memory loss, troubled swallowing, involuntary eyes movement (Stöppler). Therefore, it is possible that other diagnoses could fit the description. It may also be some disease that did not manifest itself earlier. Thus, it would be advisable to examine the present symptoms further to grasp the full understanding of what may cause them. However, all of the symptoms combined may as well be a result of a stroke. Dry mouth sensation (or xerostomia) may be caused by stroke or Alzheimer’s disease (Nordqvist). Facial weakness is also included in the list of the most possible symptoms of strokes. Diagnosis Taking every symptom into account, the therapist may be able to reach certain diagnoses. It is possible that the patient is suffering from cerebral infarction (ICD-10 – I63.9) or Bell’s palsy (ICD -10 351.0). However, Bell’s palsy may only refer to some of the symptoms from which the patient is suffering. Ce
Summary The article “How to Fight a Price War” by Rao et al (2000), provides business leaders with well-thought out and explicitly discussed strategies on how to deal with the price war without necessarily reducing the prices of products and/or services. The authors illuminate the fact that the price war is increasingly becoming widespread in organizational settings because leaders tend to view a price shift as an effortless, swift, and reversible endeavor. However, leaders need to know that they are endowed with an arsenal of options other than price cuts that they may want to consider so as to remain productive and relevant in today’s competitive business environment. The bulk of the article details these options and strategies. Main Points In their critical discussion, Rao et al (2000) outline the strategies that managers may want to use to fight the price war as follows:  1. taking inventory by understanding the causes and characteristics of the price war through undertaking a critical diagnosis of the market scene,  2. stopping the war before it starts by making sure that competitors not only understand the justification behind your pricing policies, but also the potential consequences of lowering prices,  3. responding with non-price actions such as customer price sensitivities, quality interventions, highlighting of negative consequences related to price reductions, and help-seeking behaviors,  4. using selective pricing actions such as multiple-part pricing, quantity discounts, loyalty programs, time-of-use pricing and bundling,  5. fighting it out with competitors through direct, retaliatory price cuts,  6. retreating by ceding some market share to competitors. Critique The article is a must read for price leaders and other organizational managers engaged in ensuring that their respective organizations remain competitive in the face of extensive and sometimes back-biting price wars. The authors not only undertake a critical analysis of the various strategies that could be used to quell price disruptions from competitors, but they also provide industry specific, practical case examples of organizations that have used thes
Introduction The origin of Aboriginal land rights is grounded on the refutation of Aboriginal ownership, the methodical taking of land, and burdening Aborigines with the freedom to work and occupy the land according to their customs. There are presently no suggestions for Aboriginal land rights. As an option, the State Government’s policy offers three types of tenure: a system of 99-year rents over existing Aboriginal Reserve territories; excisions of small plots of land on countrified leases; and 50 or 25 year particular aimed leases. Aboriginal tenure Aboriginal issues are generally dealt with under the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972, which also entails the Aboriginal Lands Trust; the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972; and the Aboriginal Communities Act 1979. There is no stipulation for unchallengeable freehold title of Aboriginal land. The best agreements accessible are the 99-year leases over Aboriginal preserve land which give restricted control to domestic people. These agreements do not take the full explanation of Aboriginal land requirements or traditional possession. In lots of cases, the terms and circumstances of these 99-year leases are not discussed by the local customary owners and guardians. The Ngaanyatjarra people seem to be the only group to have productively discussed appropriate regulations and conditions. This contrasts poorly, for eg., with the Northern Territory where the regulation of the terms and conditions is performed by Aboriginal controlled institutions. Currently, the Department objects, per se, to the yielding of Aboriginal reserve rank. The opposition is not only in contact with living spheres on pastoral leases but also with other stipulated living spheres. The future probabilities of land regulations in the State bases on Aboriginal people stating property rights following the principles of the general law and laws of title inside the lawmaking system. There lingers for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people the predicament of the competing maintains of prior possession and land estranged by or under the control of the government. The matter of its declaration was taken up, in part, by the Aboriginal Land Inquiry Report. The Report offered standards that were regarded to be preserved in legislation to deal with this, and other kinds of competing attentions, as well as instruments, to decide matters. Political complexities hindering declaration of this matter stay the same but are now outshined by financial matters. The initial invasion of Aboriginal territories – in what turned to be regarded as Western Australia – originated in 1829 when Captain Stirling landed on Nyungar Land. Conclusion Despite the fact, that the laws and regulations are intended to be equal for everyone, the only fact, that aborigines either do not know about the existence of these laws, or they simply do not speak English. The programs, created to intake equality for aborigines, surely, reach their aim, but as a consequence
The two articles covered in this essay focus on the conservation of the wild. They are well-written to passage the message to readers, and it appears like the two authors are well versed with conservation matters. Although they have preservation of the wild at the core, the writers have divergent conclusions concerning how the world can approach the preservation of what is natural. This essay offers summaries, differences, as well as similarities between the two publications. Keegan’s article talks about how whales are killed by centrifugal forces that are initiated by the moon. At nighttime, while the moon causes water to oscillate back and forth, it watches its work. Although the mammals try to fight through the rotations, a significant portion of them lose their footing. The majority of whales cannot match the strength of the world’s rotation as well as the bathymetry of large water masses. As a result of beaching effects, roughly two-thousand cetaceans succumb every year. Even though whales may sometimes trap themselves in loneliness, they often beach in teams that are huddled together in rows. The author describes how whales struggle to survive after they are covered under the sand, but most of them die from dehydration because the air is so salty that it shrinks their skin pores and captures moisture from internal organs. On average, a whale can live for twenty-four hours on dry land (Keegan par. 5). That notwithstanding, Keegan says that she worries that human beings shy away from offering assistance to their fellow humans, yet are so fast at helping wild animals. It is shocking that when a whale is found to be in danger, an entire town flocks to save it, but when a woman in the neighborhood is diagnosed with cancer, only a few friends visit her. Keegan’s article represents a human population that does not care about the welfare of its members. For example, a non-government organization spent $10,000 to transport a whale in Florida, and, unfortunately, it succumbed to unfavorable weather conditions only three days after its rescue (Keegan par. 7). The same amount of money could have bought food rations for the homeless and less fortunate in society. Both articles discuss the magnificence of nature, where humans are paying attention to preserving wild animals at a time when the natural world is continually turning out to be invisible. The authors depict a world that is eager to view wilderness as an inheritance of essences that can be interpreted to result in controversies as well as conversations. In addition, both articles mention that it is worrying that humans are
From the reign of Jack Welch to Jeff Immelt as CEOs at GE, the firm has been in pursuit of being a truly global company (Murray, 2016). GE has over 420 manufacturing plants spread all over the planet resulting in immense firm flexibility (Murray, 2016). The firm’s policies are what has received a tremendous impact from the globalization trends at GE. Specifically, GE has had to outsource its manufacturing plants to developing nations, establish research and development centers outside US borders, shifting company divisions and head offices to foreign lands, as well as focusing more on exports (Mullock, 2016). It is also inarguable then that most of these developments and turns at the firm have come by as a result of the significant impact and inducement provided by technology changes. In order to take advantage of the human resource and other resources in the developing world, GE has outsourced manufacturing plants as well as Research and Development (R&D) to these countries. The recent developments and policy changes in China and India have encouraged great foreign direct investments by giant multinationals of GE’s threshold, and GE has moved into these markets to capitalize on that (Mullock, 2016). The reasoning behind these moves has been to remain cost-effective in pursuit of global expansion. The offshoring of GE’s plants, however, has not been easy for GE. Other multinationals in these countries have grown in the capital muscle to pose a considerable threat and competition to GE (Ruinan, 2018). For instance, GE produces Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners in London and sells them at $1.5 million while the same scanners produced by a GE-affiliated R&D center in China, the China Technology Center in Shanghai, is tagged at $0.5 million (Mullock, 2016; Ruinan, 2018). Such price disparities manifest the paradox that is orchestrated by macroeconomic factors in developing nations. Offshoring and outsourcing have a significant impact on GE’s quality and supply chain. GE has seemingly performed well with the diversification strategy especially in the 2008/2009 global economic crises and despite the pile-up of inventory of small and replacement power generating machines, GE’s equipment is known to be responsible for over 30% of all power generated worldwide (Pino, 2014). This focused diversification together with the desire to get leaner in terms of the por
Both readings address the social transformation brought about by technological innovation. Cascio and Montealegre (2016) considers major evolutionary milestones in technology development and changes in the workflow and organizations and meticulously considers the phenomenon of ubiquitous computing and disruptive technology. The authors consistently and exhaustively study the scientific problem of the impact of technology on the organizational infrastructure and features of the workspace. Miller’s article (2011) focuses more on the issue of communication and societies in the contemporary digital environment, touching upon the relationship between technology and work only indirectly. Analyzing the characteristics of virtual communities and networked individualism, the author comes to several considerable insights. This paper identifies crucial themes and concepts from each reading, discusses how they relate to workplaces and organizations, and poses two questions to the class. Technology Influence on Jobs and Organizations One of the most significant themes in this regard is the transformation of the workplaces system due to technological progress. Cascio and Montealegre (2016) state thatthe digital revolution has led to the disappearance of numerous medium-skilled jobs. This applies mainly to the positions held by the working class in the 20th century. At the same time, the demand for web designers and programmers has increased significantly. Despite the high productivity and innovative workflow, technology has not increased average wages. The explanation may be that, in developed countries, digital technologies are destroying jobs faster than resulting in benefits. It should be noted that the modification of workflow design in organizations is also an extremely urgent topic. According to Miller (2011), numerous human interactions, including business processes, take place within “abstract systems,” thereby resulting in “the separation of time and space” (p. 188). The emergence of a digital environment, where abstract systems exist, reduces the value of moving in space and allows companies to perform a vast
Publishing the results of evidence-based practice or research activities is a necessary part of a scholar’s endeavors, which ensures the dissemination of attained knowledge to other field professionals. Although various sources of information publication exist in the current age, it is essential to select a credible and relevant resource for the material in question. Such organizations as professional academic journals and clinical conferences often become the origins of data distribution for scientific experts and contributors worldwide. Considering the scope of my project, I have chosen two publications that would perfectly suit my needs, namely The Nurse Practitioner peer-reviewed journal and the 5th Edition of the Nursing World Conference (NWC 2021). The Nurse Practitioner is an excellent publishing source, which provides various types of experimental data to practicing nurses and medical workers. The journal is primarily focused on empirical research publication and is the best option for my project publication, as it directly addresses academic issues related to nursing (Wolters Kluwer, n.d.). Furthermore, its practical orientation ideally suits the nature of my new knowledge. In addition, as The Nurse Practitioner is the leading journal for the nursing sphere, the data will be distributed efficiently among the audience. A prominent conference for the presentation of my project is the NWC 2021, a source of sharing the most recent advancements in the field of nursing and patient care. This event will be held on October 18-20, connecting professionals, contributors, and students worldwide ( Nursing World Conference 2021 , n.d.). Considering that the topics discussed during the conference include both obstacles and developments in the nursing occupation, it is an excellent option for disseminating my findings on nurse burnout. Moreover, this event offers a remarkable possibility to extend my network and demonstrate my accomplishments to professional nursing workers.
Introduction Cigarette smoking: An Overview is an article written by Ellen Bailey and Nancy Sprague and it highlights the debates surrounding cigarette smoking and production in the United States. Most nations that produce tobacco face serious health and political challenges due to the influence of its products on consumers. There are various measures put in place to ensure the public is protected from harmful tobacco smoke even though this does not seem to produce the expected results. In addition, debate continues to surround the issue of banning the production of cigarettes and the effects of passive and active tobacco smoking in human beings. The authors of the article mentioned above have presented a fair argument about the effects of cigarette smoking and debate on banning the production and use of tobacco in America. Article Summary This article bases its argument on the United States Surgeon General Luther Terry’s 1964 claim that lung cancer was linked to tobacco smoking. This statement elicited controversial discussions regarding how tobacco manufacturing companies used illegal means of enhancing the quality of their products (Bailey and Sprague 2013). In addition, it aroused the need to evaluate cigarette advertisements and how this affected youths in the 20 th century and today. Bailey and Sprague present opinions that show the long battles cigarette manufacturing companies, states, and individuals have experienced regarding the effects and appropriateness of tobacco smoking (Bailey and Sprague 2013). The article explains that politics play a significant role in determining the future of tobacco production and presents how various famous people in the United States had interests in this lucrative business. Facts The authors of this article present a factual discussion on the influence of tobacco on human health. It is important to explain that tobacco smoking is an old age practice, even though its effects started being felt in the 1960s when lung cancer became a serious issue (Bailey and Sprague 2013). The Surgeon General of the United States at that time, Luther Terry expressed his dissatisfaction with how Americans had taken to cigarette smoking as a hobby. In addition, they verify the authenticity of this information by presenting views from various health departments like the Food and Drug Administration and the American Cancer Society (Bailey and Sprague 2013). They present accurate claims that smoking bans violate civil rights that allow people to invest in legal businesses to develop their nations and families. These claims are valid because it is ironic to give tobacco companies licenses to operate and then ban their products from markets (Bailey and Sprague 2013). The authors argue that the presence of nicotine in tobacco is a serious health issue and cigarette companies should address it if they want to make their products safe for human use. In addition, it is correct to argue that smoking bans have not affected the activities of tobacco companies because they do not stop them from doing their businesses. The argum