ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the eighteenth chapter of their book, O’Reilly and Dugard describe the point in time when WWII was nearly over, with the German troops capitulating, yet the long-lasting confrontation between the United States and Japan had not ended yet. The preparation for the launching of the atomic bombs is taking place. O’Reilly and Dugard spend a significant amount of the chapter on the description of the bombs and the mechanics behind the implementation of the plan. For instance, the unceasing supervision of the process with the assistance of Captain Parsons. The latter interacts with the people involved in the process actively, with the preparation for the launch of the bombs being in development. Main body In the meantime, the Japanese government and its emperor Hirohito remain unsuspecting of the events that are about to happen. O’Reilly and Dugard mention that the situation observed in Japan could be summarized using the local term “bukimi,” or the state of uncertainty (p. 272). Due to the presence of the political tension in the relationships between the U.S. and Japan, the feeling of impending doom permeates the atmosphere of the Japanese society, affecting the way in which people interact. However, remarkably enough, Emperor Hirohito remains calm throughout the entire time, managing the issues of home and foreign politics. While Japanese citizens follow their daily routine, the test for the Trinity A-bomb is performed in the New Mexico desert, thus concluding the preparation stage and leading to the next step of the Manhattan Project. In the U.S. setting, the impression that the Manhattan project, which was started by Oppenheimer and was about to be implemented by Colonel Paul Tibbets was not merely an inevitable evil but a crucial step toward world peace. The air of unease between the participants of the mission piques as the aircraft is about to be piloted to Hiroshima: “There is tension between the two men, for Enola Gay was Lewis’s aircraft before Tibbets chose to change the name and fly it on this mission” (287). O’Reilly and Dugard switch between the discussion of the mission in the U.S. and the calm and peaceful daily life of Japanese people to juxtapose the environments and emphasize the scale of the tragedy that is about to take place. For this purpose, the next chapter is dedicated to the description of Japanese citizens’ lives, specifically, the plans and aspirations of sixteen-year-old Akira Onogi, twenty-year-old Akiko Takakura, and other innocent people. As Japanese citizens hear the siren, Enola Gay flies above the state and drops the fi
Introduction Music refers to the arrangement of sounds in an artistic manner within a certain period. The music industry grew from monophonic in the Middle Ages to polyphonic common during the 9 th century. It then developed to homophonic before developing to classical music in 18 th century and eventually to romantic music in 19 th century. The 21 st century music involved random noise and electronic sounds. Consequently, music composers have come up with their various compositions. Lonel power, Walter Frye, Henry Purcell, Mauro Giuliani, and Ludwig van Beethoven are amongst the famous artists of the world. With this highlight of the music industry and various composers, the paper provides a detailed research of Beethoven with the sole goal of showing how he established his career as a musician. However, the paper begins by a brief highlight of his early life Ludwig van Beethoven’s early life Beethoven was born in a family that had music orientations. Beethoven’s grandfather Lodewijk Beethoven was a famous classical music artist. According to Cooper, Lodewijk was a musician who was employed at Elector of Cologne as a singer (407). In fact, Beethoven’s grandfather had grown in music ranks to become a music director. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in a place called Bonn. His father Johann also worked at elector of Cologne court as a musician in the tenor divide. Cooper asserts that Johann was also a music teacher. Johann taught how to operate the piano and violin. Beethoven’s mother was Magdalena Keverich. The actual date of Beethoven’s date of birth is not known. However, there exist records that Beethoven was baptized on December 17, 1770. This information can be used to trace his date of birth to 16 December 1770 since children were baptized at the age of one day in that era. His biological father who was a musician initially taught Beethoven music. However, he was a harsh teacher. In most instances, he forced his son Beethoven to learn music in tears. Other music teachers that made Beethoven a lead musician included Gilles, Tobias, and Rovantini. Beethoven had a music talent that was realized at a very tender age. His father Johann wanted to make Beethoven a leading example of gifted musicians in the country. He even went on to lie about the age of his son when he made his first public appearance. Beethoven made his first music performance at the age of seven. Acco
Introduction: Entering the Realm of the English Language Of all the problems which one can encounter in a foreign country, the language issues are the most complicated ones. Once walking in the shoes of a foreigner myself, I realized that learning the English language is far simpler than it seemed to me from the very beginning, mostly because of the English classes which I undertook. Despite a simple structure and a strict set of rules to comply with, summarizing stories is my favorite assignment because it opens a plethora of opportunities for a student. In the give essay, I am going to tell about:   * The activity which I liked most;   * Why I liked it particularly;   * What the acquired skills will bring me. Driving the Research to the Minimum: Imagination Time What I love most about writing summaries is that they do not demand any research and, therefore, take considerably less time than an ordinary task. For instance, the time I spend on an average essay with all the necessary research is enough for me to write at least three summaries. In addition, the fact that I do not have to quote anyone else’s ideas and that I can out the summary of a certain story in my own words thrill me completely. Guessing Game in the Process: What the Writer Meant What strikes me most about writing a summary of a certain text is figuring out where the key message is and how to convey it best. Since in writing a summary, it is better to explain the writer’s ideas in one’s own words, I feel completely free to interpret the author’s messages, and it really excites me. Learning More: A Whole New World Aside from a thrilling experience of interpreting the writer’s messages and feeling almost like a reviewer, I find it great that writing a summary offers much to learn about the English language. The aspects which I touch upon when dealing with a summary are numerous, ranging from certain vocabulary and grammatical niceties to the stylistic approaches which strike me completely. For example, when summarizing a short story by one of the English writers, I was completely astonished to learn about such literary device as ellipsis, i.e., omitting certain words in a sentence.. Acquiring New Writing Skills: An Example before Your Eyes Moreover, writing summaries helps me to acquire new skills faster. When learning a new grammatical rule, I try to practice it when writing a summary if the format of the latter allows to do so. Understanding the Way an Article Works Among the most important things which I have learned during the course was the structure of a typical text. For instance, summarizing an article once, I figured out that each of the paragraphs must start with a topic sentence which relates to the introductory paragraph. When I was dealing with a summary of a short novel, I found out that the best place for a thesis statement in the text is the final sentence of the first paragraph. Conclusion: Only Halfway Through. There Is so much to Learn! With the help of the
Sylvia Scribner begins the essay “Literacy in Three Metaphors” by giving an overview of the attempts to define literacy. By claiming that if we were able to define it perhaps we would be able to fix it. She goes on to emphasize that it is not merely an academic problem because the issue has significance in the real world and that if the definitions that exist contradict each other then there is no possibility of reaching a solution. Scribner believes since literacy is not a tangible entity it is not possible to divide it into segments and study it extensively. Since it is a social issue it changes according to place and time, it must meet the needs of that society. The fundamental proposal presented by the author revolves around the thought that the main problem of literacy is the conceptualization and formulation of a proper education plan. The problem is placed in the context to identify a single plan for execution (Scribner, 7). The author suggests that the researchers are looking for answers that are fast and effective to make others literate in a better manner. However, she agrees that the concern is far too multifarious for such an easy way out and many important features of literacy are not covered at all. As a solution, the author classifies the questions and fundamental aspects viz. state of grace, power, and literacy as adaptation. She suggests that these elements should be investigated with greater measures to define literacy with adequacy. She pointed out that the amount of success in terms of personal education depends on psychological and social factors that are sustaining and complex. In order to prove her point, the author covers a large area of language and written scripts. Under such parameters of literal thought process, the author puts emphasis on the satisfaction level of individual desire to learn or adopt literacy skills. She mentions that the success rate of education is directly proportional to the environment in which an individual resides. She believes that the learner must be forced by the surrounding, negatively or positively, in the process of education. The author assumes that with more variety, it is possible to improve the architecture of the education system in theory and execution with a logical amount of recognition of these literacy differences. However, she notes that multiple levels of differences in education and implementations of the literacy systems could result in conflicts. However, she fails to deliver any suggestions in this context. Bibliography Scribner, Sylvia; November 1984; Literacy in Three Metaphors ; v 93, n1, p. 6-21; American Journal of Education: University of Chicago.
Knowledge work systems have revolutionized the capabilities of an organization in concern to data management and utilization. Computer-aided-design (CAD), or virtual, augmented (VR, AR) realities, and blockchain helped businesses to reach new heights. The usual applications of these technologies are in the field of data management, product visualization, and training; however, there is infinite potential in their development and integration with one another – and this is why they are important today. Generally, CAD systems are used in visualization, prototyping, and understanding functions of a concept – they in great demand in architecture, product design, and engineering. According to Gao et al., their team used a CAD system to help to design a museum exhibition more efficiently (157). Since this process implies knowledge application from a great number of fields, such as “landscape architecture, audiovisual engineering, and digital media,” mistakes are likely to happen. With CAD, which allows testing the project, these mistakes are easier to spot and get rid of at an early stage. In doing so, VR and AR are extremely helpful and go hand in hand with CAD systems. VR and AR technologies are usually used as a tool for employee training and education – while also being efficient for 3D visualization purposes. This constitutes the main value of these technologies for a business. As Thies et al. write, “virtual training is one of the main VR applications” (181). However, the usage of CAD with its integration with VR is still “at an early stage” in regards to the true collaborative system, such as cloud computing (Lemes & Lemes 25). In this case, blockchain can be extremely helpful with its capabilities to provide security of information. Since its primary characteristic is that information, once published, cannot be altered, every member can verify any action (Lemes & Lemes 25). Thus, in order for CAD systems to move forward, the technology of blockchain could be implemented in a variety of ways. It is important to note that these technologies are of major importance because, at their core, they make use of innovative ideas that are simple but are in contradiction to the “norm” in the industry – like decentralized systems and blockchain. I have only experience
Introduction In “Techniques of the body” M. Mauss claims that there is a necessity of scientific investigation of the ‘Miscellaneous’ aspect of ethnography, as it is the frontier of scientific knowledge in this area. Mauss specifies that one of the ‘miscellaneous’ subjects yet to be studied is the techniques of the body. The author explains that this area of study is abundant in facts and observations, which are not yet analyzed nor categorized. The central claim of his thesis consists in the idea of every person facing physio-psycho-sociological clusters of actions that bear a customary character and are indicative of many social characteristics. Reasoning, Concepts, and Sources The audience Mauss addresses are scholarly, present at the psychological convention. The sources are mostly observations made by the author in various socio-cultural environments. The comparative reasoning is used to distinguish between different ways of customs in representatives of various nationalities. The author uses the concept of habitus , the Latin word for habit, or custom, to describe different ways of human behavior (Mauss 73). Moreover, Mauss employs the notion of the social nature of habitus , with differences depending on such characteristics as social status, education, fashion trends, etc. The author specifies the concept of technique as an action, which is traditional, as it is acquired, and effective, as it serves a certain practical purpose. Argumentation The author employs multiple examples of activities or behavior to indicate significant differences in techniques of the body, drawing eventually to the conclusion that a triple approach is necessary to understand the discussed phenomenon. The specified approach consists of a combination of sociological, psychological, and physiological factors. As a result, Mauss singles out the concept of education and prestige as the essential factors in the formation of various customs and habits. The notion of education is narrowed to imitation, indicating the authority as a driving force of the process (Mauss 73). The author provides many arguments, employing the collected sociological evidence as an illustration of the phenomenon of socially acquired habits and techniques of the body. One of the mentioned examples concerns the various types of walk-in different nationalities. Mauss compares the gait of the British and the French soldiers, which indicate considerable differences in their techniques of the body. The author also observes French girls, who imitate the walk they saw in the American films; the differences in the way people run; the way British and French children are used to sit, and the way Maori women teach their daughters the customary feminine gait, which seems unnatural to the Europeans but is appealing to Maori men. These arguments lead Mauss to extend his thesis to categorizing the differences in behavior depending on the age, gender, the efficiency of the adopted technique, and the way the particular behavior is transmitted to the next generation. As a final step, Mauss lists various customary behavior and techniques, indicating the discovered di
Privacy is the concern of many Americans. In his article “Privacy Is Overrated”, David Plotz presents his vision of the issue of privacy in the American society. The author starts with listing the aspects about his private life which cannot be hidden and can be checked by any company or person. However, Plotz belongs to the minority of people who perceive this fact as normal and do not suffer from the ‘privacy paranoia’ (Plotz). The author is not preoccupied with the aspect of privacy in contrast to many other people who care about the intrusion into privacy. Plotz focuses on several ways in relation to which authorities and companies can realize intrusion into privacy. The author pays attention to the Defense Department’s Office of Total Information Awareness which intends to record the confidential data to prevent terroristic acts. People are against the procedure. However, Plotz states that this concern is based on hypocrisy paranoia when people protect their personal data, but they also want to know personal information about the others. Thus, the author lists several flaws of privacy focusing on benefits of lack of privacy. Companies really do not care about people’s personal life but they are ignorant. Moreover, crimes can be fought. Plotz concludes that lack of privacy leads to openness, but not to intrusion into privacy (Plotz). It is possible to agree with the position of the author on the issue of privacy because the lack of confidentiality and privacy is the characteristic feature of the modern world and it is rather difficult to oppose to the well-developed system of recording the personal data at the governmental level with references to privacy protection movements. The next reason to support the idea presented by Plotz is the fact that a lot of recorded and stored data are used by many companies to make the everyday routine activities of the Americans easier and make the life more convenient. Furthermore, one more point is the fact that the lack of privacy in the form of using street cameras, computer search programs, and available credit histories is significant for the effective work of police or other law enforcement agencies. People’s complaints about the lack of privacy became typical today. However, many persons begin to understand the advantages of the situation. That is why, it is rather irrational to oppose the tendency which became the modern reality, especially when the lack of privacy provides a lot of benefits for the development of the American society. Moreover, referring to Plotz’s idea that many people want to check the personal data and story of their baby-
Introduction Colonialism is something that has left scars and continues to build negative emotions amongst the colonies. Kincaid uses her two novels ‘Lucy’ and ‘On Seeing England for the First Time’ to show the effects of imperialism, which represses the culture of the locals/colonies. Lucy is a powerful novel that captures the transcendent possibility over the heroine’s colonial and post-colonial plight. Lucy is shown not to appreciate the fact that the British have invaded her hometown and imposed their foreign culture on them. Kincaid is also shown to be sceptical about the praises accorded to England. In both novels, the woman is shown as a marginalized identity of her own self, and that of others. Desai’s story is not any different, and inferring to her text, Kincaid, and her character in Lucy are expatriates in a tug of war between love and hate for their lands of adoption. Their unconscious and subconscious soul exudes nausea, nostalgia and longing for the native land. Sissie, in Aidoo’s novel, has also left for England to advance her education, and it is obvious that she is not happy with England, and this is manifested after she visits the Bavarian town and river. This paper aims at discussing the events associated with colonial and post-colonial times with reference to travel, self-hood and encounters wit
There is no use denying the fact the nowadays the heath of the nation is one of the main priorities of every country or government. Having entered the age of humanism, the world realized the importance of human life and its role in the development of society. Being its main contributors, people should be protected from various diseases. Especially it is subjected to children who are taken as the future of our planet and who are helpless. With this in mind, great attention is devoted to the sphere of child health care. Modern medicine could treat a great number of various infantine diseases, thus, there are still some illnesses which make great difficulties. Genetic diseases could be related to this group. Having appeared as the result of some failure of the formation of genes, they are hard to treat and usually could be diagnosed in the childhood. Autism is one of these diseases. The main reason for the appearance of autism is the disturbance of the development of the patients brain which results in the appearance of various symptoms. Patients are characterized by the problems with social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication and the repetitive behavior (“Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Autism” para. 2). It is obvious that the given illness results in the significant deterioration of the quality of life of a patient, that is why, nowadays, a great number of various therapies are suggested to treat it. Besides, it is vital to remember that there is no kind of treatment or therapy which could guarantee the absolute recovery. However, the occupational therapy has the best results among the rest of therapies and this fact determines its choice in the great number of cases. The main sense of the given way of treatment lies in the engagement of a patient in everyday living with the help of various occupations (“Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Autism” para. 4). These occupations may vary, starting with some simple sort of activity when a patient is asked to perform some primitive actions, and ending with some complicated tasks which demand the great level of motor and mental skills. Nevertheless, taking into account the main problems of people who suffer from autism and the nature of the occupational therapy, it is possible to say that it could be taken as the best choice under existing conditions. Nowadays, children with autism are involved in various kinds of activities in terms of the occupational therapy. Occupational therapist observes patients to determine if children can perform actions which they are expected to do and creates the plan according to which all drawbacks in the development of a child could be corrected (“Benefits of Occupational Therapy for Autism” para. 5). With the help of this plan children could achieve significant improvement of some play, communication or other skills. The great advantage of the given therapy is the fact that it is not so stressful for a chil