ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historically, the first form of social control over the perpetrators was the infliction of special mutilation on them. Branding, pulling out nostrils, cutting off ears and fingers left indelible marks indicating a past criminal. In relation to the branded offenders, a social control was established, which was, as a rule, mandatory and universal. Anyone was obliged to report a person with such brands or even to detain them. However, as this form of marking was abolished, social control did not lose its significance, but has evolved from universal to federal. The need to watch over those who have served a criminal sentence, specifically due to sex crimes, has grown from a complex of reasons. The main ones are the high rate of recidivism among released sex offenders, and the general ineffectiveness of criminal sanctions. The case of Megan Kanka is a direct evidence of both reasons. Obligatory registration of all offenders has both supporters and opponents. As far as I can see, there are two points of view on the matter. On one hand, the person is convicted of publicly dangerous acts, thus, respectively, society has the right to know who was convicted and for what. In addition, the people, knowing about the criminal the past of a person included in the registers, will be able to independently assess the degree of danger they might present. On the other hand, full access to information of this kind also has a negative side. Community notification will undoubtedly complicate the social adaptation of former convicts, in particular those unwilling to continue the illegal activity, and add to the deterioration of their psychological condition. Lastly, the psychological stress of living beside an offender, specifically the one who committed sex or children molestation crimes, could be quite a heavy burden on the common people. Gesser’s (2021) study results indicated that “people who came into the meeting with empowerment expectations ended up being concerned, regardless of meeting content and organization and amount of information they received” (p. 1). I do not think the community notification is very efficient in preventing further crimes – it might be useful, yes, but in my opinion, it brings more bad outcomes than good. Moreover, negative consequences of notification may manifest not only in excessive stigmatization, but also in possible revenge on the part of the victims and other persons, which would contribute to the crime rates. Reference Gesser, N. (2021). What you expect is not what you get: The antitherapeutic impact of sex offender community notification meetings on community members. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law . Web.
Introduction The OHS regulation in Australia has undergone transformations owing to elevated levels of industrialization and material processing. The “National Occupational Health and Safety Strategy 2002-2012” is operational in Australia since its adoption in 2002 by the Ministry of Workplace relations (CCH Australia Limited, OHS Industry and Legal Authorities & Freehills 2007, p. 200). This central body derives its foundation as a legal conglomerate and different states, commerce chambers, and trade unions choose its members. The body directs and coordinates state endeavors to avert occupational demise, grievance, and illness in the country. Some roles include conducting research, gathering data, modeling state targets, standards, and capacity development (Kramar, et al. 2011, p 3). OHSW regulations for 2010 include the advancement of the earlier OHS codes for 1995 and these came fully into force on September 1, 2010. Among some of the components of the 2010, regulations absent in the former codes include fresh guideline for high danger occupation licenses, fitness necessities, and listing of assessors “Part Seven, Division Four” to permit acceptance of the novel state criterion on Licensing (Johnstone 2003, p.1). Alteration in the numbering is evident, seemingly, there is a sequential method of listing of each regulation though the parts, and division indications are present. Lastly, various references are altered to mirror the present approved citation. The Case of Miner’s Death Considering the first case of the miner’s death and BHP Billiton as outlined by Alisha, it is evident that the OHS policies have impact on the WA’s job system. The increased occupational related fatality cases forces the company to defend its safety track to retain employees, while at the same time meet the compliance standards for the OHS regulations. The incidences portray the relevance of OHS regulations in various work settings and outlines likely mishaps that might cause injuries and death (Alisha, 2010). The involvement of the media and legal authority in termination of work processes in the mine indicate commitment of the government and civil society in ensuring safety and wellbeing of workers in their areas of duty. It is upon the employers to offer all the obligatory OHS requirements to all their workers, subject to periodical inspections from qualified and authorized officers. Frequent OHS audits are necessary to tame organizations that value profit maximization to the expense of stakeholder safety and health. Firms have to continue improving their public image and compliance to the existing OHS rules to enjoy undisturbed eternity. This goes with Alicia’ s sentiments that the WA’s mines management resolve to undertake necessary improvements on their occupational health status before the company suffers greater losses (Alisha 2010). The civil societies and unions also stand out as pressure groups and lobbyists for safer work conditions in WA as evident in this case. The Trapped Miner As acknowledged by the WA Mines management, higher turnovers or financial gains in individual companies do not necessarily replicate into adeq
Introduction The king in ancient Egypt was at the top of the social pyramid and acted as a link between humans and the gods. Moreover, the king was considered the incarnation of the god Horus and “the central figure in the world view of the ancient Egyptians” (Ikmar 168). First of all, the king in Egyptian society performed a religious role, supporting the ma’at or the divine order (Ikmar 173; Silverman 108). In particular, being the personification of Horus on earth, the king was responsible for conducting rituals and acting as “the theological leader of the country” (Silverman 108). This religious position of the king is also in line with his secular role as ruler of the state. Thus, kingship was associated with both religious and government responsibilities. On the one hand, the king was a spiritual leader transmitting the will of the gods; on the other hand, a ruler managed the economic, social, and political processes of the state. Examples of the Role As the religious leader and personification of Horus on earth, the king had to participate in rituals and prayers. Thus, the main function of the king in spiritual terms was acting as a high priest (Ikmar 172). However, Silverman notes that most of the daily rituals and prayers were performed by temple priests (Silverman 108). One of the most important functions of the king as a secular ruler was to participate in battles. The king in ancient Egypt acted as the supreme commander-in-chief, leading the troops “inspired and emboldened by the gods” (Ikmar 173). Moreover, the king managed diplomacy, and foreign policy matters, as well as oversaw bureaucratic processes (Ikmar 173; Silverman 108). Finally, the king acted as an ultimatum judge when the courts could not decide on a legal issue, and all laws were issued in his name (Ikmar 173). Thus, the king acted as responsible for the administration of all spheres of the state’s functioning. Changes from Pharaonic to the Greco-Roman Period In the later periods of the existence of ancient Egypt, power over the state passed first to the Greeks and later to the Romans. After the capture of Egypt in 332 BC, Alexander the Great realized the traditional significance of the unity of state and church that existed in Egypt during the Pharaonic period (Bianchi 13). Thus, he performed the coronation according to the Pharaonic rites and had a religious experience with the god Ammon. This fact emphasizes that during the reign of Alexander and the Ptolemaic dynasty, the role of the king remained unchanged. Despite the change of rulers, the native Egyptians, including the descendants of the last Pharaoh of Egypt, Nectanebo II, continued to occupy offices, which became hereditary during the Ptolemies (Bianchi 13). This structure persisted until the arrival of Octavian in Egypt, who brought with him radical changes in the domestic policy of ancient Egypt. Conclusion With the seizure of control of Rome, the control of ancient Egypt drastically changed, along with the role of the kingship. In particular,
To begin with, our team is full of enthusiasm when it comes to art events, and spending the weekend in the theatre will be worth more than any other type of relaxation during the work-free days. However, it is important to determine the concrete event, day, and different types of specifications so that the whole team will be informed about the plan. Finally, it is crucial to specify the budget because many summer activities are unfairly priced. In addition, the company might lose a significant amount of money while the team will have a common weekend activity that is not worth such expenses. The Place of Event First and foremost, the chosen event occurs in Newport, USA. The vast majority of people in our team voted for the festival that takes place there so that the type of art event was more important for team decision than where it occurs. The event is named “Newport Jazz 2021,” and the team decided to attend a special jazz festival’s program –– he jazz gallery all-stars, which is expected to be played on Sunday, the first of August (Newport Jazz Festival, n.d.). The festival is played in many places, but we have chosen the open-air variant due to COVID-19’s possible restrictions. Artists and Their Accomplishments Second, there are many interesting musicians that are important to be listened to during a life-music concert. For instance, Jaleel Shaw, who is one of the best alto saxophonists not only today but also in the whole jazz history. Being born in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 1978, he started his activity at 2002 by receiving the Master’s degree at the Manhattan School of Music. In 2005, he released hid first album, and from that time, it was impossible to catch him on a concert in the USA that occurred on the “big scene.” Shaw was one of the most interesting young musicians who knew not only how to play a qualitative music but also how to compose it properly. However, his last solo album was released in 2013, and after that time, he is a constant member of the Mingus Big Band and the Roy Haynes Quartet, which only enforces the wish to listen to him at the real-time festival. The other interesting example of our team’s favorite musician is Joel Ross, who is one of the most unusual famous artist these days. Many people adore listening to his music at the lunch time owing to the relaxation and energy fulfilling effect of such compositions (Ross, n.d.). He is one of the youngest representatives of this festival, and that is why he is an interesting musician for us. Ross has already “grown up” on popular and qualitative jazz compositions so that the whole team could find something interesting that was already played by somebody, but with
Introduction Communication is one of the important factors that define the organizational environment in various ways. Scholars have conducted studies to help enhance understanding of the concept of communication in an organizational setting. Turner and West (2006, p. 88) define communication as “the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.” It is a process that facilitates sharing of information and ideas between two or more people. In an organizational setting, communication is very critical. People need to share information and ideas and to give or receive instructions on how to address specific tasks to achieve a common goal. Every organization has its vision or a strategic goal that it seeks to achieve in its operations. All the activities of such an organization are often designed in a way that meets the set vision or strategic goal. It means that all the stakeholders, from the shareholders and top managers to the mid-managers and junior employees must work towards achieving the set goal. They must work in a coordinated manner as members of one team who play different roles to achieve a common goal. This can only happen when there is an effective communication system. According to West and Turner (2011), communication goes beyond passing of a piece of information or idea from one level of authority to the other in an organizational setting. It entails having the right impact on the targeted people every time a message is passed from one person to the other. It is possible for a message to be relayed from one party to the other without having the intended impact on the target population. Cabral and Crisfield (2003) refer to such situation as communication breakdown. When designing information, one must first understand the relevance of such information and the manner in which the targeted audience will receive it. The message must be designed in a manner that will captivate the attention of the audience to achieve the desired impact. It requires a detailed understanding of the entire communication system between two or more parties. The sender, who has the primary role of encoding a given message, initiates the process of communication. Turner and West (2006) state that when encoding a message, the sender must understand the target audience in terms of their demographic factors to come up with an effective way of coining the message. People of different age, gender, religion and sometimes social background may receive information in different manner. It is in the interest of the sender to ensure that the message is designed in a way that takes into consideration all the demographic factors of the audience. The recipient of the message may sometimes be required to give a feedback. The figure below is a diagrammatic representation of a complete communication between t
Introduction Motivation and human behavior are concepts that intersect and depend on each other. Motives that influence certain actions serve as a factor that shapes habits, and the initiative that proceeds is a direct reflection of the characteristics of a person’s character. It is also essential to note the sources of motivation since concrete decisions arise under the influence of particular factors. The relationship between motivation and behavior can be proved due to using approaches that are explained in psychology. Therefore, the connection between these two concepts is a logical and justified aspect of the human life, and some sources serve as the basis for making appropriate decisions in specific situations. Relationship Prerequisites Motivation can be formed not only due to basic human life needs but also a purposeful enthusiasm for certain ideas. According to Papies, Pronk, Keesman, and Barsalou (2015), careful consideration of specific thoughts leads to the fact that a person consciously strives to perform actions, and this motivation is not spontaneous or unexpected. It means that people are able to independently make a decision in favor of certain situations not based on external factors and circumstances. Such conscious behavior makes it possible to control all the decisions, and actions taken after careful deliberation tend not to be foolish, which suggests a balanced behavior. Sources of Motivation In addition to those concepts of motivation that are described in psychology, it is possible to identify also some sources that influence the occurrence of this phenomenon. Touré-Tillery and Fishbach (2018) distinguish three main accents – an outcome focus, a process focus, and self-signaling. The first of them is based on the fact that a person strives to achieve a specific external goal and expects a certain result. In this case, conscious motives play the primary role as the main instrument. Also, the authors mention motivation aimed at achieving an internal goal (Touré-Tillery & Fishbach, 2018). The example of such a definition may be a desire for self-development or an opportunity to find answers to particular questions. This type differs from the first one in that it does not receive an external expression and occurs in the person’s mind without any visible changes. The third source of motivation is its use as one of the several tools for achieving a specific goal, for example, when not only desire but also actions are required. All these factors serve as an explanation for human motives and specific forms of behavior. Accordingly, the theory of motivation in psychology implies not only personal experience but also other external factors that can be the conditions for the formation of behavioral habits. As Baumei
Introduction One of the key careers to consider in connection to 09-11-01 terrorist attack is that of emergency managers. What are the roles of the managers and were they effective then? Are there changes on these roles today since the attack? The common definition of emergency management has a link to an organization of resources that assist in responding to related tragic occurrences such as natural disasters that may affect the public. 9/11 Attack Analysis The 2001 9/11 terrorist hit at the world trade center in New York sent a message that, there is a need to create aware and strategies of dealing with possible terrorist activities in United States and its concerns. Since 9/11 attacks the responses over preparations expands to cater for potential Nuclear, Chemical, Incendiary and Biological attacks. The last couple of years also expound the need for management programs to take into account critical analysis of approaches of dealing with explosives, chemicals and the ways of handling volatile sites. The operational security issues are equally questionable since the 9/11 incident. The attack placed a real experience over possibility of other devastating attacks and a better focus for analysis of when such an attack is likely to occur, besides planning for what ought to be done in cases of such attacks. Traditional Vs Modernized roles of emergency managers Historically, the role of managing emergencies was silent since relegation of the officials was in terms of casual collateral personnel. The attacks changed the style of appointment and training, and today they is excellent support of local emergency teams on roles that expounds on emergency management locally and at state levels. Current management planning requires intensive, strategic, and analytical skills, which involve community views, in the aim of finding threat assessments and strategic plans for possible wave of events in future. Analysis of Current Changes on Management What is different in current management styles from September 10 before the 9/11 attack? The current state of affairs heightens intensively on alerts. This is not enough strategy over such devastating events. There is need for programs that support continual governance through better and varied styles of emergency operation procedures. The emergency managers have major key roles to play alongside resources organization such as participating in most government security-related operations. Initially, the managerial roles were concern with coordination of resources and local governance strategies during disasters or emergencies. Today, roles of emergency managers garner innovative responsibilities such as coordinators in homeland security. They i
The Victims of Crime Act of 1984 is an act of the authorities of the USA, which is addressed to support the victims of offenses against the law by methods that does not include the penalty for the lawbreaker. Thus, a Crime Victims Fund had been instituted as a system to refund the victims of offenses against the law. The Crime Victims Fund is sponsored by amends and penalties that are taken from convicts and lawbreakers, not from taxes. According to the researches, by the autumn of 2013 the Crime Victims Fund had little less than 9 billion dollars on its account. Various gifts, contributions, donations and endowments are registered as the federal incomes that had been invested in the Fund, as it was allowed by an amendment to the Victims of Crime Act in 2001 through the USA Patriot Act. As a result, more than three hundred thousand dollars have been invested in the Fund through this amendment from the moment of its effect in 2002 to 2013 ( Victims of Crime Act , 2005). Moreover, after establishing the Fund in 1984, the cap regarding an overall sum of deposits had been placed for the first eight years. In this time period, the maximum level of deposits for one year diverged from a hundred million dollars to a hundred and a half million dollars. Nevertheless, the cap was lifted in 1993; thus allowing the money from every criminal amends, assignment of fee and renounced bail bond to finance the actions of the crime victim affairs. In 2000, the Congress was forced to place another cap on stock accessible due to abundant variations in deposits. The new yearly caps were established with an intention to declare the Crime Victims Fund as a lasting and solid source of subsidy for potential victim services. Due to new amendments, the maximum annual deposit diverged from five hundred million dollars to seven hundred million dollars from 2000 to 2012. After the amendment of 2013, the cap was raised to seven hundred thirty million dollars. The intention of compensating the victims of offenses against the law firstly came to the Margery Fry at the beginning of the 1950s who was a penal reformer at a time. The idea initially was fulfilled in New Zealand in 1963. By 1979, the United States had nearly twenty-eight compensation bills. There are several sources of the fund that sponsor the crime victims: Victim Assistance Grant Formula, Reserve Fund, Grant Period, Grant Deobligations. The Victims of Crime Act of 1984 was voted more than once; moreo
Introduction The role of ensuring that an organization abides to ethical principles is, perhaps, the most important role of any human resource department in an organization. A human resource department has to ensure that staff members work in conformance with universal ethical principles. It also has to ensure that there are clear rules governing the conduct of the employees of the organization. Such rules should be part of the policies of the organization that the human resource department develops in consultation with other departments (Härtel and Fujimoto, 2010). It is also the role of the human resource department of an organization to ensure that the ethical guidelines of the organization are, as much as possible, in conformance with the law of the land. This paper looks into the approaches that human resource departments in organizations can use to ensure that staff members in the organization are ethical. Structures for implementation of ethics in an organization A number of structures, both legal and social, are prerequisite if an organization has to have ethical members of staff. Firstly, people should know what is required of them in advance. To achieve this, the organization should develop ethical principles that employees should follow and circulate them to the members of staff. The organization should also accompany this with the corresponding punishment that the employees will receive for violating these principles. This kind of a structure encourages some potential violators of ethical principles live by heteronomous morality (Fombrun et al., 1984). It can also attract some level of conventional morality where employees will obey with the rules to avoid a situation in which their lack of ethics would affect their relationships with fellow employees or even their careers. Secondly, before employees join an organizatio