ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Christianity as a religion has its roots in Judaism. Many early Christians had been converted from Judaism. The first-century Christians still practiced Jewish customs apart from their faith n Jesus Christ. There was almost no difference between Christians and Jews by that time. When support for the conversion of Jews into Christianity diminished, Christians began preaching to the gentiles. However, Christianity did not expand greatly with the gentile infusion. The growth and success of Christianity came from the conversion and patronage of Constantine. The early Christians were perceived with suspicion. Due to this perception, Christians began seeking converts secretly as well as hiding their practices. In Rome, Christianity was treated with much suspicion and hostility. Roman had several unfulfilled dreams and had been neutralized in the first century. This hostility culminated in the persecution campaign led by Nero and the emperors that followed after that. Similarities and Differences of First Century Christianity and Judaism Christianity is essentially an offshoot of Judaism. By all means, Christianity derived its concept of faith from the practices and beliefs of Judaism. Early Christianity and Judaism, therefore, shared many similarities. Both religions were monotheistic and believed in the existence of one sovereign God. However, the two were greatly different in many ways. Christians believed in God and His son with whom they are one. They also believed that Christ died for humankind and that faith in Christ leads to salvation and eternal [peace. Jews, on the other hand, believed in the Torah and the laws of Moses. They scorned the idea of a savior. They also believed that they were the chosen ones and the rest were inferior to them. Why Romans Looked at Early Christianity with Derision The Christian religion came with a new set of beliefs and practices that were strange to the Romans. The beliefs like no offering of sacrifices since Christ had offered did not make sense to the Romans. The Christians did not take part in Roman events and practices due to their faith. This made the Romans perceive them with derision. They were considered with great suspicion since theirs was a strange religion that made no sense to the Romans. Christianity was therefore seen as a cult whose beliefs clashed with those of the Romans (Reinhold & Lewis 203). The practices and beliefs of Christians brought anger and suspicion since they isolated them from the Romans. They acted contrary to the beliefs and practices of the Romans. The Romans, therefore, felt that the Christians did not fit or appreciate their values. The Causes of Hostility The Romans were hostile to early Christianity due to the way the Christians perceived them. They were considered removed and potentially subversive. This made the Romans treat Christianity with contempt (Tanzer 63). The Jews of Rome had gone through many events that neutralized them. Christians were still noble, and this perception led to the suspicious treatment they experienced. It can therefore be said that the early Christians, to an extent, were responsible for the hostility towards them. The way they
Introduction Franz Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis is a classic in the genre of fiction that arose in the early 20 th century. Following hard upon Karl Marx’s theories of worker alienation, the protagonist of the story, Gregor Samsa, is the personification of the deadening of the soul amidst the rise of the industrial revolution. Gregor is the epitome of management’s conception of the perfect laborer: hardworking and respectful and unyielding in his acceptance of his role in the larger machinery of society. The Metamorphosis is an illustration of how modern society works to alienate people from society by stripping away even the little power they have over their own lives. Main Character Unquestionably Gregor Samsa is meant to portray the more dehumanizing aspects of the contemporary struggle against the suppression of human ideals. The mechanism of oppression in Gregor’s case is the bureaucracy in which he is forced to work a meaningless life that contributes nothing to his dreams or aspirations, but instead merely makes of him a human insect playing his role in the greater cycle of nature. The alienation from his work also threatens Gregor’s family life, and the implicit assumption is that all of modern life is constructed to alienate people not only from their work but even from each other. Just as real insects go about their business with no worries about familial ties or love relationships, so is Gregor even before his transformation little more than a bug to begin with. Gregor’s family is dysfunctional yet he manages to find it necessary to work hard and without complaint in order to help them survive. Despite this, it is important to remember that inside Gregor is not the contented worker he appears to be. He holds a deep and abiding hatred for his boss. Clearly, on the inside Gregor Samsa wishes to rebel; his alienation has not reached through to his soul. However, he feels trapped and incapable of breaking free from the constricting rules of society. Interestingly, Gregor clings stubbornly and one might say almost unthinkingly to those very same constricting rules even after his metamorphosis has taken aw
Introduction Rhetoricians lived in different eras in human history. One of these eras is ancient times. People in this era used rhetoric for various purposes. The applications included making important decisions and resolving disputes. Rhetoric helped people to choose the best course of action through discussions touching on political, religious, and social issues. If I were a time-traveling rhetorician, I would prefer to live and work in the ancient era. A number of reasons inform this preference. Rhetoricians of the time focused on moral and political issues affecting society. Why I would like to Work as a Rhetorician in Ancient Era Ancient rhetoricians argued that there would be differences between them and their modern contemporaries. The people who practiced rhetoric in Athens and Rome during ancient times were able to persuade others to embrace their point of view without resorting to violence. The modern era is characterized by conflicts between philosophy and rhetoric. The rivalry makes it hard to operate in modern times, which makes me prefer the largely peaceful ancient era. Another reason I would like to be an ancient rhetorician is that the practitioners of this era were morally neutral with regard to what constituted responsibility in civil life. They regarded the moral character as a key element of reasoned arguments. They held opinions in high regard. Perspectives were viewed as a source of wisdom. In modern times, thoughts and outlooks are often dismissed as unimportant. Ancient rhetoricians also respected communities. They believed all rhetoric was based on these social entities. As such, opinions were regarded as constructs of the community in which individuals lived. Modern rhetoric concerns itself with political settings. As a result, it is more complicated compared to the ancient era. Ancient rhetoricians hold that language can be used for various purposes. A successful rhetorician could speak convincingly on any topic. However, the language in other eras is not rigid. It changes depending on the situation. Consequently, ancient rhetoric is regarded as a form of communication skill. At the time, rhetoric and public speaking were essential aspects of a successful political life. Students paid rhetoricians in exchange for an education. As a result, the scholars made a living out of their intellectual capabilities. Challenges Faced by an Ancient Era Rhetorician Ancient rhetoricians faced a number of difficulties, which I must be prepared to deal with. Their major goal was to equip people with the skills needed to operate in a free society. However, not all ancient societies were free.
Introduction For many organizations, human resource management plays a very important role. In essence, human resource management (commonly denoted as HR management) comes in a myriad of ways which, in one way or another, implicatively have an effect on workers, their bosses and the customers. In this paper, central focus will be on assessing the influence of HR management in the superiority of outcomes in an organization. In doing so, HR management issues related to selection and recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal and employee, among many other issues, will be duly analysed using Riyad bank as our case study. Main Discussion Job Analysis and Description Essentially, different jobs entail different responsibilities from workers and the management as well. According to Boxall and Purcell (2003), companies that do not have good job descriptions and well-defined responsibilities tend to have problems. Riyad bank is an equal employer that focuses on getting the best performance from their employees. The bank has perfected in its services as it deals with fragile services that could fluctuate in demand if they are not treated carefully. In essence, it has to focus on the services that are offered to their customers in the satisfactory standards to make the customers keep coming back for more of the services. By clearly defining its jobs, Riyad bank has been greatly able to progress and produce viable outcomes. Recruitment, Selection, Orientation, Enculturation and Work Diversity Hiring the right employees bears a lasting impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its goals, the working environment in the institution, and the financial costs incurred in hiring and training staff with the appropriate skills. On the other hand, recruiting the wrong staff can lead to the permanent loss of time, money and other important resources (Bratton & Gold, 2007). Riyad bank strategizes on the selection of top employees who have experience in the banking sector. Employees who are known to have experience in the banking sector are well versatile with the performance of the banks and will give better services (Budhwa & Yaw, 2001). Similarly, experienced employees in the banking sector could have loyal customers who could move in with him to the bank. This could be an advantage to the bank as it will increase its customer and client level. Also, the selection board is an experienced inclusion of people who have studied and mastered the art of human resource management thus greatly helping the company progress. Good recruitment and selection practices set a good precedence for availability of good workers thus encouraging good performance in the organization (Kidd et al., 2001). Based on the above reports, it can thus be said that the recruitment and selection exercise at Riyad bank is indeed a rigorous one no wander it has been able to accrue great success in its endeavors. Performance Appraisal In general, yet representative terms, performance appr
Boyatzis, R. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. The book speaks of the competent manager who is able to use all the resources available in the organisation to move the organisation forward. In the aspect of human resources, the author speaks of socialised power that the managers can rein and use if they are social with people. Daft, R., Murphy, J., & Willmott, H. (2010). Organization theory and design. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. The author discusses the causes of intergroup conflict, power and political uses of power. Examples are given of how managers may use political power in the organization. The author goes into detail about the different sources of power. Galinsky, A. (2002). Creating and reducing intergroup conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting out-group evaluations. Volume of Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 4 , 85–113. This article was used as it discusses the definition of a group and the psychological factors that aggravate intergroup conflicts. It highlights the impact of cultural and personality differences on intergroup relations. It unveils the causes of prejudice, attitudes, biases or stereotypes between one group and another and the different methods of conflict resolution that an organization can use. van Gelder, C. (2007). Defining the issues related to power and authority in religious leadership . Journal of Religious Leadership, 6 (2). Web. This article explores the theories of power as outlined by Max Weber and Fredrick Taylor in the context of an organization. This knowledge is then applied to religious organizations. The author differentiates between authority and power. Makin, P., Cooper, C., & Cox, C. (1996). Organizations and the psychological contract: Managing people at work . Westpost, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. The author highlights the causes of intergroup conflict. The book was used in the research to show the appropriate times that competition is a good idea and where it is not. The authors use the concepts of the game theory to drive their point home. If the competition leads to a lose-lose situation then it should be dealt with. The author finishes on examining the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of conflict resolution used by managers. Morgan, G. (1998). Images of organization . San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. The author highlights the different ways that a manager can influence the decision making process and information. This is a source of power. The examples given in the book such as the behaviour used by managers to influence decision making are very clear. Nelson, D., & Campbell, J. (2004). Quick understanding organizational behavior . Mason, OH: South Western College Publishers The book was used to research on empowerment, its definition and role in managing political power in the organisation. The authors give the advantages of using empowerment. They also give a guideline for the top management to follow when empowering the staff. They show that it is a great process as the employees feel
True to Dickinson’s obsession with the self, “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain” is the exploration of a personal experience of a haunting and profound nature: the descent into a complete loss of rational consciousness. In this paper, I will show that in light of the deliberate choice of diction, the metaphorical significance of the funeral, the interaction of the content with structure and form, the utilization of personal voice and the successful appropriation of the narrative poem sub-genre, the persona’s eventual madness offers the most plausible interpretation of the poem. By subjecting the poem to a line by line analysis, it will also seek to establish the vulnerability of each and every line towards the successful unlocking of the poem’s meaning. In order to make the painful process of loss of consciousness a systematic affair, Dickinson has segmented the experience into three main levels of consciousness: the physical, the intellectual and the metaphysical. The most immediate, the physical, is presented in the first stanza. By using the word ‘brain,’ in “I felt a funeral, in my Brain” (Line 1) a physical part of the human anatomy, she foregrounds the almost physical reality of what is taking place in her brain. She also reinforces this by the repetition of ‘treading’ in “Kept treading treading-treading-till it seemed” (Dickinson). The repeated word brings about the almost physical sensation of her brain being under someone’s feet, showing the physical discomfort that the persona was going through (Line 2). “And mourners to and fro,” shows that the treading was sustained and was not to any particular end (Dickinson). This serves to emphasize the disturbingly painful nature of the back and forth, back and forth movement of these feet on the persona’s brain. This then leads the reader to the second stanza and the second level of consciousness, the intellectual. The funeral service has now already begun but it is experienced as a thumping drum by the persona. What was referred to as ‘brain’ in the first stanza is now the ‘mind:’ “My mind was going numb-” (8) (Dickinson). Funerals are formal events. They are informed by tradition, procedure and formality. The same can be said of intellectualism. It is
The social policy of Australia considers the protection of children and the quality of their lives a central concern. In accordance with the existing legislation, all individuals belonging to this category have the right to receive loving care, support, and services they need to succeed in their lives (“Protecting children is everyone’s business,” 2009). Overall, the proposed policy is associated with improving existing monitoring, discovery, investigation, and management practices pertaining to child abuse and mistreatment within the Australian context. The initiative of the policy is to change the way Australian child protection agencies approach the issue of abuse. The aim of the policy is the introduction of a public health model and specific secondary interventions. The target audience is expected to include children-victims of abuse, their parents, alleged perpetrators of abuse, legislators, health care providers, and government stakeholders. At the moment, the policy is still on the stage of implementation since it continues encountering issues such as the ineffective monitoring of abuse cases, the lack of attention to Indigenous communities, the inadequate program management, and insufficient funding. The need for a policy is evidenced by the fact that about 55,120 reports of child abuse and neglect are acquired annually (AIFS, 2018). Additionally, 168,352 Australian children were provided with child protection services in 2016-2017 (AIHW, n.d.). Numerous government and non-government organizations are responsible for the protection of children and young people. They investigate specific cases regarding the existing social policy and provide support to individuals who needed it. In 2016-2017 the overall expenditure on child protection comprised about $4,3 billion (AIHW, 2018). However, there are
This paper aims to review extant literature on the inclusion debate, with particular reference to children with special educational needs. In their seminal article, De Vore & Russell (2007) perform a case study using a cooperative inquiry process “…to facilitate the expansion of inclusive early childhood education and care practices in a rural community in the Midwest. They researchers not only use credible primary sources in their literature review, but collect field data for two years using the case study approach and cooperative inquiry to demonstrate that inclusion results in more coordinated preschool options for young children with and without disabilities. Through representative synthesis of information and comprehensive analysis, the authors contribute immensely to the study of inclusion by concluding that: 1) Effective team building and problem solving are cornerstones of successful inclusion, 2) developing child-focused instructional strategies embedded in daily schedules can effectively teach children functional skills that they practice and reinforce daily, and 3) teaching explicit social and organizational skills avail children with more competence to enter new and challenging learning environments. In another article that supports inclusive education, Obiakor et al (2012) use qualitative research method (studying phenomena in their natural settings) to evaluate a teacher’s effort in attempting to realize the curriculum’s vision of inclusive education. Although this particular study employs credible and reliable primary sources to synthesize literature on the topic, the authors fail to make a clear distinction between fact and opinion because they study the teacher in her natural environment, leading to subjective reporting of experiences on inclusion. Overall, however, the authors interpret the themes from the study to demonstrate that not only is inclusion regarded as an overarching principle in contemporary schools, but teachers must take into consideration the individual children, the context, and the relation between the children and the learning environment (Obiakor et al., 2012). A number of articles talk about the drawbacks of inclusive education, particularly in terms of poor implementation. For instance, Graham & Slee (2008) conduct secondary research on inclusion using authoritative and reliable sources, and employ strong analytical skills to demonstrate the factors that influence schools from implementing authentic inclusive practices. The authors have successfully differentiated facts from opinion by employing adequate citations where necessary, but the language used is not conducive to the average learner. Overall, however, they contribute new knowledge into the debate by demonstrating that practitioners must not engage in implementing some cosmetic forms of inclusion that only serve to widen the learning gaps of children with di
The development of imaginative literature may be characterized by the sequence of successive changes of the literary trends driven by the changes of social conditions and the change of topicality of the themes expressed in the literary works. Naturalism is one of the most controversial literary trends as it “emerged as a major new form of expression at the turn of the century, was often ignored, or, when not ignored, condemned out of hand” (Applegate xix). However, naturalism presents special interest due to the originality of the way the themes are expressed in naturalistic works, due to the application of scientific principles of determinism to fiction (Applegate xxi), “principles of objectivity and detachment [in the ] study of human beings” (Campbell par. 1). Jack London may be considered one of the most outstanding and prominent representatives of the literary trend of naturalism. As for Stephen Crane, naturalistic tendencies may be observed in his poetic works and works of fiction. Thus, the present work is aimed at the study of the literary legacy of the two authors from the literary perspective of naturalism. As for the characteristic features of naturalism in the works of the writers, the characters and the place of action, setting should be analyzed first of all. Campbell states that urban setting is frequently used by the authors (par. 7); however, it is not reduced to urban setting only. If the action of “Martin Eden” really takes place in the city, the majority of the stories may be characterized by wild nature as the place of action, what is more, nature may not be treated as mere place of action, it is a powerful character of the works as well, for instance, the Canadian tundra in the “Love of Life”. As for the setting in Crane’s poetry, it is frequently described as “desert” (par. 1), however, the metaphorical image of desert should be interpreted figuratively because “desert” stands here for society on the whole and hostile nature. As for the choice of characters, Campbell states that naturalists usually find their characters among the representatives of the lower class. In fact, London’s Martin Eden really has a very poor descent, in the beginning of the novel we observe his being thrilled when he is called “Mr. Eden” as this type of address is absolutely strange for him (London unpaged). Another typical feature of naturalistic characters is their namelessness. In fact, the plot and the events that happen to the characters bear primary significance for the authors, not the personalities of the characters themselves. This may be observed in “The Open Boat” by Crane, where he identifies his characters without names giving their occupations only: the captain, the correspondent (who is an autobiographical character, by the way), the