ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Until his death, Edward Said was a professor of comparative literature at Columbia University. He was also a Middle East activist, a scholar, and an eminent person in postcolonial studies. Born in 1935, his mother was Lebanese and his Father Palestine. He started his education in Egypt and later moved to the United States where his father had acquired citizenship. He gained reputation as an intellectual. As a fellow at Stanford University, he published his most acclaimed piece of writing, Orientalism, a book that has provided fodder for debate in many disciplines. This essay will expound on Said’s Orientalism and the relation between the orient and occident. According to Said, Orientalism is a collection of suppositions and dogmas defining Western (American and Europe) perception and attitudes towards the Middle East (117). The west has been consistent in its prejudice against the Islamic people. The Middle East culture was glamorized in the western culture to the extent that European and American imperialists found it justifiable to pursue their colonial interests there. What makes Said angry is the realization that some Arabs elite have been brainwashed to accept this misconceptions about Arab culture (97) Western scholars who study Asian affairs have formed a body of knowledge that is based on generalization rather than objective facts. An irrational behavior by one person in the East is used as a basis for defining the entire society. In their hasty generalization, the scholars document these archetypes and sell them as literary texts. These texts form the foundation of historical records. The West therefore defines itself in its definition of the East. If the East is lazy and crude, then the West is hard working and civilized. It is the West’s duty to civilize the East. The notion of “us” and “them” is entrenched and the two are viewed as being antithetical. In the contemporary world, the West views the East in terms of oil and Islam. The later is sometimes equated to terrorism. A further illustration of how the East is defined is the coinage of the world Mohammedianism, obviously borrowed from its Christian equivalent, Christianity (Varisco, 305). Occident refers to the countries of Europe and North America. Varisco argues that occident and orient have been constructed as opposite terms (306). While the West stands for everything good, virtues and respect, the East is the direct opposite. Occident reporters and scholars misrepresent the East and, therefore, propagate the notion that it is the moral duty of the West to control or regulate the people of Middle East (Malcolm, 545). Chapter 1 of Orientalism traces the development of Orientalism as dating back to the early interactions between the West and the East. The Orientalist (Western scholar) was fast to form an impression that Arabs were uncivilized. The scholars sent by their respective countries of the West to stay with the Arabs in the Middle East generalized the cultures of the natives
Telecommuting Telecommuting or remote work station or working from home is growing in acceptance in the last several years in the United States. Commuting shares half of our working life (Johnson para1). There are many issues like energy conservation, environmental impact, refocusing on family values, and other issues that have changed the total working life style (Johnson para1). Some benefits that the companies attribute to the telecommuting are as under (Johnson para1): Energy Conservation With the extensive use of telecommuting, there will be less use of vehicles like automobiles, buses, trains, and aircraft as a result, less energy will be required to produce, maintain or repair this equipment. This will also decrease the need for expanding and maintaining highways and creating new office spaces. Environmental impact Our environment will be preserved with a less number of automobiles on the roads. More land will be available in the green zone as there will be less need for highways and offices, giving us a clean and fresh environment. Family Values Working from home will offer people to bond with their family more strongly as they will have more time in their hands as a result, we will get a stronger society. But the most important benefit of telecommuting will be. Improvement in productivity In the traditional method, much time gets wasted in unproductive activities by people who commute from work. With extra time in hand, people will be less stressed and will be more focused on the assignment. Purpose of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 The Foreign Corrupt Practices act came into existence in 1977 and was revised in 1988. Its purpose was to make illegal the bribery of foreign government officers by US persons and put into practice the accounting and record-keeping. It focuses upon the fact of bribes to get hold of a business. Gatti et al. (Para 1) mention that it does not include easy payments or grease payments from the FCPA. Grease payments are done to speed up the acts of the government (Gatti et al., Para 1). Gatti et al. (Para 1) state that these acts of the government are getting permits or licenses, processing official papers, loading and unloading cargo, clearing goods through Customs, and giving police security (Gatti et al., Para 1). There are many events where Foreign Corrupt Act has been violated. Seitzinger (p 3, Para 15) that Mercator Corporation was guilty of the charges of making an illegal payment to a senior government officer in Kazakhistan. It happened on 6 August 2010 when the corporation accepted its fault. It was stated, that the Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission are checking if Merck Corporation has violated the act in many foreign countries (Seitzinger, p 3, Para 15). Steps of Job Analysis The six steps in doing job analysis are as under:-   * Step 1 – Firstly, the company has to decide how they will use the data information, as this will determine the kind and means of collecting data. (Anonymous, Steps in Job analysis, 201, Para 1). Some methods of collection are like interviewing the
Introduction The overall tourism industry entails various sectors and sub-sectors, all of which contribute towards adding value to the entire industry. Up to eight major sectors have been formulated within the larger tourism industry based on their closely related features and functionalities. They include transportation, accommodation, meetings events & conferences, food & beverage, attractions, tourism services, travel trade, as well as adventure tourism, recreation & ecotourism (Tourism Industry Association of Canada, 2012). This paper seeks to discuss the tourism services, including illustrating existing subsections within the industry, defining revenue sources, and explaining some of the costs that relate to the operations. The sector entails providing support tourism-related activities, promoting other sectors in the tourism services, and serving the traveling public with information centers and reservations. Tourism Services: Sub Sectors Government Direct participation by the federal government, through established organizations, helps in the growth of the sector in various ways. As a critical player, the government assists through enhancing services, offering knowledge and information, as well as providing funds. An illustration of the government’s participation in the sector includes collecting valuable market research, as well as promoting the numerous destinations The government also issues policies that have a direct impact on the operations in the sector. Such policies determine the establishment of the infrastructure system that is directly associated with tourism. Some of the infrastructures include roads and parks. The authorities in Canada directly market the country on the international market scene. On the local scene, the provinces and territories have established their marketing systems that seek to create awareness amongst all the prospective tourists. To enhance their performance, the local marketing activity incorporates contributions and associations from other established systems at the municipality level. They also foster marketing, promotional, and research activities (Tourism Industry Association of Canada, 2012). Industry Associations The associations exist for purposes of serving specific sub-sectors or the entire industry. Industry associations such as the ‘Convention Bureau’ established in the Prince Edward Island region, have their main role concerned with marketing and advertising the island’s tourism sector. The tourism education council exists in every Canadian territory and province with their main roles involving training and professionally developing the individuals employed within the tourism industry. Other associations in this sub-sector focus their at
Introduction Adapt of Texas organization assist mentally disabled in the community. It consists of the ACT team which is further divided into one supervisor and one case manager with ten managers under him. Case managers are expected to handle ten clients for at least eight hours a month. Clients should be served with notes of the previous day by the case managers. Their other duty is to ensure the completion of clients’ treatment plans every ninety days. Because the plans were done by the supervisors, this has created an extra workload to the case managers who also complain of high gas price, traffic, and unsafe neighborhoods. As a case manager, I feel that the managers are more concerned with billing hours instead of our particular concerns. Problem statement Even with these added responsibilities, overtime is not allowed. It is believed that motivation in organizations is rooted in the propellers or on the managers. Managers at Adapt of Texas have added workload to the team members causing low morale. This is consistent with the reality of organizational behavior; hence there is a need to motivate the case managers. Research without objectives has no worth, and part of the solution to the problem at Adapt of Texas is to induce a leadership approach to motivation. Literature review There are five levels of needs according to Mowen. These are physiological, income, temporary accommodation, and transportation (Mowen, 2000). Managers can respond to these needs. This needs can, however, be fulfilled at a higher level by considering other needs. Security needs, for instance, is important because employees should be motivated by the safety existing around them. Job security, fringe benefits, affiliation needs and a sense of belonging makes an employee feel secure as they perform their duties. Some people just need to feel accepted and trusted. As a result of this, managers always try to incorporate them in decision making and allowing them to express their view. Teamwork also controls schedule, therefore, improving morale. Value and appreciation also motivate people (Gardner, 2010). Most employees can do more work even when they are paid less as long as the work is appreciated. Self-actualization needs to allow one to realize its potential as another self-esteem need. Employers must, therefore, ensure the training of employees is done at all levels to increase competency as well as moral (Weiner, 2005). Conclusion and recommendation According to Sorrentino, the advancement of employees is a motivation factor. Increase in responsibility creates advancement. However, case managers should be motivated to undertake such duties (Serrentino and Higgins, 2001). They need a salary increase as compensation for the hard work they are doing. Frequent feedback as a way of allowing communication between top managers and case managers should be enhanced at all levels of management. This will allow case managers to raise their concerns so that they can feel a sense of value in their respective managerial positions. The
“Contemporary art is any kind of art which has been produced from the early sixties to the present” (Coleman, 1998)., the word contemporary has been used to define the art of today and this was as a result of lack of a well known art school that can be found in the world and which can be recognized by artists and art lovers. “Contemporary art includes all the pieces of arts which have been produced between the sixties and the start of twentieth century” (Frost, 2008). “Contemporary art encompasses different types of styles, these styles will depend on the artist, each style is interdependent from each other and they are; digital art, photographs, music, painting sculptures and video” ( Klotz, 1997). Contemporary art is not the same as modern art, modern art involves mainly base painting such as color and the use of brush to paint on a canvas. Contemporary art is a social kind of art as you compare it to modern art and in many years since early sixties, contemporary art has been connected with many issues such as; famine, “feminism, multiculturalism and disease awareness (AIDS). All will come readily to mind as subject will matter a lot in this form of art” (London, 2006). “In the seventies, when you compare the number of entries for the modern art to that of contemporary art, you will notice there are more entries for contemporary art than modern art. This is because contemporary enjoy more working artists” (Perry, 2004). Figure 1. Kids infected by HIV. In picture one, both of this kids have been infected by HIV. The younger brother cannot walk because he is weak as results of AIDs which have affected both of this kids, his elder brother carries the smaller brother because the smaller brother has a full blown type of AIDs. These kids have contracted AIDs from their mother when they were born. Their father passed away two years ago from AIDs related complications and their mother is at end stage as a result of AIDs complications and she is receiving palliative care. “Their family is poor and cannot be able to afford the cost of treatment of AIDs, instead they relying on non profit making organizations which deals with the treatment of AIDs” (Stiles, 1996). This pictures main intention is to capture the attention of people throughout the world on the effect of HIV/AIDs in most African countries. It is known that the effect of AIDS on the family can be very severe. Although the people who are mostly affected by AIDs are often the poorest people in the society and are at risk to the diseases brought about as a results of AIDs. “The effect of AIDs causes the family to disintegrate, because the affected parent will die as results of AIDs complications and the children in that family will be sent to their relatives to be looked after” (Taylor, 2005). Figure 2. A pub toilet. In Picture Two, the picture was taken in a pub toilet. A pub is one of the fertile ground place for contemporary art, because many good ideas have been initiated among friends, typically after taking at least five quick pints, laced with beer. People who
Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are those diseases that can potentially be transmitted from one living organism to another. These generally are contagious diseases and may be transmitted through consumption of food, drink, inhaling of air, contact with contaminated substance etc. (WHO, 2009). Some of the most common communicable diseases include HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, Measles, Respiratory Infections, Flu and Diarrhea. (Department of Health NY) The reason why I’m interested in this issue is because of the widespread implications of these diseases. The most challenging thing about these diseases is how these diseases can unknowing infect a person. For an example, consider a person who has a Flu drinks in the same glass as all other people at work. This is how simply an infectious disease can inhibit others around you. For this reason I want to research further in this topic to gain an insight about the development of vaccines and quicker cures to prevent communicable diseases. Organ Transplants Organ transplants refer to moving a working organ from one body to another body whose organ has become damaged. This is one of the most complex medical procedures where the donor’s organ and the recipient’s body must be in sync to work correctly or else the organ might be rejected by the immune system of the body. The donor of the organ can be living (usually in case of kidneys, liver, lungs transplants) or deceased (usually in case of heart, pancreas and eye transplants). Two of the factors that are essential for a successful transplant are the matching of blood type and the time taken to replace an organ. My interest in this research theme is due to the exceptionally large amounts of transplants being conducted worldwide. Of all the transplants, kidney is the most common organ to be transplanted due to the lower risk attached to the donor (How Stuff Works (a)). Another reason for the interest is due to the illegal organ transplants done for earning money. While there are stories of a parent selling his/her organ to feed his/her family, there are also reports that many gangs abduct people to remove their organs to be sold in the ‘black market’. (How Stuff Works (b)) Mental Health Mental health is one of the most researched areas in science due to its complexity and charms undiscovered by science. The brain helps us act and think the way we do, sometimes its decisions cannot be understood by the doctors. Most common mental illnesses like depressions, phobias, anger, Dementia, Alzheimer’s and addictions are ranked second in causing disability to a person while the victim refuses to see the truth. (Long, 2008) My interest in the mental health field of research is caused by the many unopened doors of the brain. We may not be able to truly understand the brain functionality in this decade, but what we may discover may well be worth the effort. (Mental Help) Strong and Weak Research Science had come a long way into discovering diagnosis, cures, and vaccines for many diseases that have plagued us since our inception. This has be
Diseases of the Past During the course of human development, the disease has always been something civilizations had to worry about. Be it a genetic predisposition, an animal-transmitted illness, or a malady connected with unsatisfactory sanitary measures; people have had to deal with outbreaks and localized cases of diseases spreading. However, the problem takes on a completely different scale when a particular disease reaches epidemic levels. In such cases, large portions of the population are subjected to disease, with no appropriate means of containing the illness from spreading further and affecting more individuals. While the black plague of the 14th century is probably one of the most widely known cases of a widespread epidemic, many more cases have occurred in the decades since, with a large portion of them also being larger in the scale of influence. For the purposes of the current discussion, I will be covering primarily the epidemics occurring during the period between the 16 and early 20th centuries. According to Wikipedia, the most notable epidemics from that period of time are: Mexico’s smallpox epidemic Cocoliztli epidemics of 1545–1548 and 1576, the Italian Plague, Naples Plague, Persian Plague, the 1846-1860 Cholera Pandemic, The Third Plague Pandemic, 1889–1890 Flu Pandemic, the Spanish Flu and 1918–1922 Russia Typhus Epidemic ( List of epidemics 2021). Many of the diseases mentioned no longer present a large problem or a threat to humanity, primarily due to the development of more robust hygiene measures and vaccination. To discuss in detail, Smallpox has been eradicated completely, with the last high-profile case being registered in the mid-20th century. The disease no longer presents a big threat to the livelihood and wellbeing of individuals, and any possible cases are minimized through the use of vaccination and immunization. The most famous of the concerned diseases, the Bubonic Plague, is considered
In any population survey or epidemiological study, the complex nature of drinking behavior also gives rise to problems of measurement. Respondents differ in the types of beverage they drink, the amounts of each beverage they drink on occasions of drinking, and their frequency of drinking. Within individual considerations raise further complications. The same person drinking the same beverage on different occasions may drink different amounts, while in consecutive weeks an individual may undertake different numbers of drinking occasions which may involve the use of different beverages. When assessing the various methods in use to measure alcohol consumption, it is important to bear in mind that in epidemiological research the most important aspect is the classification of respondents by individual levels of consumption (Wilke, 1994). This is necessary to examine the relationship between individual experience of disease and consumption, and, in the population, is essential to the calculation of attributable risk. About 85% of all US residents have had an alcohol-containing drink at least once in their lives and about 51% of US adults are current users of alcohol (Death Statistics for Types of Alcohol Abuse 2005). A subcategory of cardiovascular mortality which has been linked with alcohol consumption is a hypertensive disease. A recent review of population studies ( MacMahon, 1987) considered 30 cross-sectional studies and noted that the majority of these reported small but significant elevation of blood pressure in consumers of around 35 units per week or more. In 40% of studies, non-drinkers had higher blood pressures than moderate consumers ( Death Statistics for Types of Alcohol Abuse 2005). The author concluded that the long-term effects of restriction of alcohol intake as a public health measure to reduce levels of hypertension required further investigation using long-term controlled trials, particularly among moderate consumers. It is clear from experimental work that there is a causal effect of alcohol on blood pressure among subjects with normal blood pressure and that on the restriction of alcohol intake blood pressure rapidly returns to normal (Ammerman, 1999).