ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A study published on March 2006 indicates that the way oncologists are paid may influence decisions on drugs they chose to use in chemotherapy. Although payment method does not influence the choice of chemotherapy over other methods of treatment, once doctors decide to use chemotherapy, the payment system used prompts some doctors to either use cheap or expensive drugs. Pollsters from Harvard University and the University of Michigan note that openhandedly refunded suppliers prescribed expensive chemotherapy tablets to lung, metastatic breast, and colorectal cancer patients. Oncologists can benefit from chemotherapy concession as they are compensated for the cost of drugs administered intravenously in their offices. Insurance reimbursements are very high compared to purchase prices of the drugs. The potential conflict of interest influences doctors’ decisions. Instead of basing their choice of drugs on clinical evidence, studies show that treatment decisions are affected by financial factors, payment policies, and gifts from drug manufacturing companies. This study is a clear indication of pharmaceutical malpractices in which doctors are swayed from their primary focus of ensuring patients’ wellbeing to vested interests in financial gains. An analysis of articles written about Avandia, a diabetes drug found that experts who received financial favors from the drug’s manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline were likely to draw favorable conclusions about the safety and efficacy of the drug. Avandia is prescribed to help control the level of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that the drug is associated with increased possibility of a heart attack. A research to explore links between author’s opinions and financial interests reviewed 202 articles. Grading the outcome by independent reviewers without conflict of interest, it was found that 108 (53%) of the articles had conflict of interest phrases and 90 (45%) had financial interests vested in their writing. Authors reporting favorable opinions about the drug had been paid by either GlaxoSmithKline or their competitors. From this, 87% of those who gave favorable opinions had conflicts of interest with the manufacturer. On the other hand, only 20% of those with unfavorable opinions about the drug had been paid by the manufacturer of the drug. According to GlaxoSmithKline’s spokeswoman, out of 202 articles, only 20 were based on scientific research. This study shows the implications of research in the well being of the society. If researchers have vested interests other than reporting the truth, the findings will always be biased. In 1999, GlaxoSmithKline began a study to establish if Avandia posed fewer risks to the heart than Actos, manufactured by Takeda. Research carried out concluded that Actos was still superior over Avandia and more dangerous to the heart. Reports indicate that the company did not publish the results and tried to find ways of covering them up for the next 11 years. The company’s executive wrote in an e-mail message that the study findings should not get
Lesson Plan One: Causes of WWI   * Subject: History   * Grade: 9 th Lesson   * Topic: WWI Causes   * Candidate’s Name: GROUP D   * Site Supervisor:   * Date: Introduction Content Standards are as follows supported by several IEP goals: comprehension (predict possible WWI causes and identify the sequence of WWI events), literature (use primary sources and analyze the information found), and writing (make notes and underline the most crucial points). Learner Outcomes/Objectives Students should analyze, unite, and determine various WWI causes and use their experience and gained abilities to understand the general role of the war in history. Simple quizzes will be used to define students’ abilities. Pre-Assessment Activity   * Students share their ideas about the WWI causes;   * Several questions about the WWI causes are asked;   * Cultural aspects of the war are discussed. Differentiation/Adaptation/Accommodation Strategies Students are divided into groups according to their special needs and achievements after the assessment activities but not according to their preferences. Each group chooses a leader, who divides responsibilities and demonstrates the results of the whole group. Resources Screen and several journals serve as the best primary sources about the WWI causes for students, who can increase their understanding of history and the war in particular. Learning Activities A teacher involves students in discussing and making possible predictions about the WWI causes, explains the correct reasons, asks to make notes, and checks for understanding by posing some general questions at the end of the lesson. Independent Practice Students create brief presentations about the main war causes. It may be some performances with the main political leaders identified or the development of a particular scene that can explain the beginning of the war. Assessment/Evaluation Considering students’ needs and abilities, a teacher focuses on the involvement of each student in the classroom activities and the desire to learn more about the subject. Closure Students share their ideas on how to they can introduce and interpret the WWI causes, and a teacher analyzes their approaches. Lesson Reflection/Assessment All students demonstrate good listening and analyzing skills. They are eager to offer their visions about the WWI causes. They want to know more about the historical significance of the war. Lesson Plan Two: About WWI   * Subject: Social Studies   * Grade: 5 th   * Lesson Topic: WWI   * Candidate’s Name: GROUP D   * Site Supervisor:   * Date: Introduction Students are informed about the place of WWI in history and the participation of their country in the war. Students learn how to distinguish and compare the two sides of the war with its possible negative and positive outcomes using examples from their own lives. Learner Outcomes/Objectives Students learn that a war may lead to something negative and positive as well. It is wrong to determine the war as pure evil. It is a chance to change
It is hard to disagree that major and small companies must apply an extended number of effective tools and techniques to remain successful and competitive. Leading a firm is a challenging process, and one should be aware of the necessary marketing strategies that allow the company to make its products and services demanded by more customers. One such marketing concept is known as positioning, and the proper use of positioning strategies increases the company’s competitiveness and provides it with more loyal clients. Since there are many strategies, it is essential to list them and give examples of firms that use them. To begin with, market positioning should be defined and explained. Overall, it is the process of differentiating a company from its main competitors and impacting consumer perception of the brand in relation to other firms in the same market. In other words, positioning defines where a company’s item, service, or product stands compared with similar goods or services offered by competitors. Therefore, it is a very important strategy that all organizations should use correctly to strengthen their image and ensure that their brand is recognized and preferred among regular and potential clients. Further, as mentioned above, there are several marketing strategies that have the same purpose but use different tools to achieve it. First, there is positioning by the user or use – it is targeted and associates the brand with a specific group of people or highlights the importance for this group to choose this product or service. An example of the former is Adidas because the brand is associated with serious and highly motivated sportspeople, so customers who want to identify themselves with them choose the clothes and accessories offered by this company. An example of the latter is American Express because it is highlighted that this product is necessary every time one leaves their home. Further, some companies use a marketing position strategy that is clearly aimed against competitors. Such brands are Burger King and Pepsi. The former tries to become more preferred than McDonald’s, and it is evident that the company wants to become more competitive. As for Pepsi, they are targeted against their strong competitor Coca-Cola. Another method is to position products by benefit or attribute. It is probably one of the easiest and most commonly used ones. For instance, while Burger King insists on its differences from McDonald’s and takes advantage of the explicit mention of a competitor, KFC lists its own advantages without trying to compare itself with other fast-food restaurants. The company reminds its clients about their food’s unique, enjoyable, and unforgettable taste and even mentions it in its slogan: “Finger-lickin’ good.” A famous tea brand Greenfield uses the foreign consumer culture positioning method. This company is strongly associated with England
Initiation First of all, it is important to review the existing literature on the topic of video-conferencing and collect evidence regarding the efficiency of this method. As a means of healthcare assistance, video-conferencing appeared in the 1960s (Pirkey, Levey, Newberry, Guthman, & Hansen, 2012). The benefits of this approach are constantly discussed on different levels and are considered to improve surgical practice. It is important to investigate the ultimate advantages of video-conferencing and draw conclusions dwelling on the appropriateness of this technology within a healthcare setting (Pirkey et al., 2012). In addition, this project will help the surgeons connect and conduct follow-up sessions to discuss their experience and share critical information regarding the patients and surgical practice. On a bigger scale, the researcher believes that video-conferencing is an effective healthcare asset and expects to test this hypothesis within the framework of the current research project. Planning The project should not take more than 2 hours daily. The researcher expects to involve a sample of 20 individuals (ten surgeons and ten patients). This should be done in order to accurately assess the outcomes of surgery and the overall experience of both medical workers and their patients (Treter, Perrier, Sosa, & Roman, 2013). The researcher is keen on identifying if there is a dependency between the use of video-conferencing and patient satisfaction. The planning phase should involve several training events for the surgeons and discussions with the patients so as to explain the purpose of the study and develop the final project schedule (Treter et al., 2013). During this stage of the project, the researcher will be interested in collecting preliminary feedback from the partakers. It may include their opinions concerning the video-conferencing technology and their expectations. Execution The researcher will execute the project during the workday so as to involve as many personnel as to possible. The surgeons will spend 80 to 120 minutes of their time sharing the information regarding their surgical practice and receive critical data connected to their practice (Kemppainen, Kim-Godwin, Mechling, Kanematsu, & Kikuchi, 2012). The project will be executed in a facility with a low level of noise and no visitors. The experiment can be labeled time- and resource-consuming. Therefore, the available resources should be managed efficiently, and all the video-conference sessions should be executed in a calm but speedy manner (Kemppainen et al., 2012). Control The researcher is interested in controlling a number of critical variables. The first variable is the number of surgeons located in the facility at the moment of the experiment (Hofflander, Nilsson, Eriksén, & Borg, 2013). The surgeons will be divided into groups of three and four and asked to collaborate when discussing the presented information
Contraception is methods and devices and to control pregnancy. They also might include medicines and methods which can prevent the fertilization process. Historically they have been used in every culture and civilization. Herbs were used, which were believed to prevent pregnancy in many ancient civilizations. Contraception has been a controversial issue that has been studied on the basis of religion and ethical context (Speroff, p. 202). The most common method of contraception is to use condoms. It acts as a barrier preventing the sperm from moving into the vagina. Besides condoms, latex and sheaths are also used over the penis. Condoms can also be worn by females. Such kind of condom has rings on both ends. One end holds the outside, and the other stays inside the vagina. Other devices are placed in the vagina’s cervix region. They include sponges, caps, and shields (Speroff, p. 302). Several medications are available for contraceptives to use. They include estrogens, progestin, the oral contraceptive pill, and contraceptive vaginal ring. Progestin is used in many methods. They can be pills and injections. Selective estrogen receptor modulator is another method for birth control. It prevents the formation of a zygote. Intrauterine devices are used inside the uterus. Some of these devices contain copper. Other devices release progestogen. Emergency contraception is procedure that is used in case of birth control failure. Intrauterine devices that contain copper are used in emergency contraception. Abortion is performed by surgical methods and drugs to end pregnancies. Some herbs are considered to induce abortion. However, their efficacy has not been proven, and doctors do not recommend them for use. Sterilization is a permanent birth control method. It is known as vasectomy in men and tubal ligation in women. Fallopian tubes can be cut or blocked that prevent the sperm from joining the egg. Fertility awareness is a method that observes women’s fertility signs. These methods include devices, calendar-based methods, and charts used to monitor the menstrual cycle. Another method is the removal of the penis before ejaculation. Other methods of birth control are avoiding intercourse in the vagina and sexual abstinence (Hatcher, p. 103). The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization, intrauterine devices, and implants. Other methods have varying degrees of success. They are dependant on their proper and correct usage. Condoms have a higher rate of success. They also prevent the spread of diseases like AIDS. Some methods of birth control protect people from sexually transmitted diseases. A condom is also helpful in preventing the transmission of diseases. Sexual abstinence protects a person from all types of sexually transmitted diseases (Hatcher, p. 104). Most people in the West approve of co
At the beginning of the 20 th century, the United States saw significant changes in its population rates and characteristics. Specifically, the increase in immigrants could be observed in American society, which occurred due to several important socioeconomic factors, among which Foner distinguishes push and pull ones (Hatch 2). The author specifies that, with the U.S. quickly becoming a crucial political power in the global arena, people from the countries that were either colonized by the U.S. or suffered economic issues because of the economic expansion flocked to the U.S. driven by poverty and in search for a better future. The reasons for immigrants to view the U.S. as their target destination could be explained by the vast economic opportunities that it offered compared to the countries whose economies were damaged by the inexplicably fast economic development of the U.S. Therefore, the “push” forces, which embodied the hostility that people felt in the economic context of their own country, affected their choices to a significant extent. One might argue that the fates of the states that were captured by the U.S. at some point were not similar enough to derive the specified conclusion (Foner 604). Indeed, according to Foner, “In the twentieth century, the territories acquired in 1898 would follow different paths” (686). However, the author also explains that the problem of immigration which the U.S. witnessed during the progressive era, was fueled by the willingness of immigrants to escape the crippling poverty that affected their families and communities. For instance, Hawaii was engulfed by poverty due to the actions of the U.S. (Foner 686). Therefore, the “push” force mostly involved the need to avoid poverty. Consequently, the “pull” force for immigrants that sought refuge in the U.S. mostly concerned vast economic opportunities. The increasingly high rates of economic progress and the rapidly developing industry made the U.S. economic environment rather attractive to immigrants (Foner 687). Moreover, the trading regulations that were established in the context of the American market comparatively early made the American economic setting quite attractive to migrant workers (Foner 688). Herein lies the external factor contributing to the increased migration rates during the Progressive era. However, it would be wrong to state that the decision to immigrate to another country was made very lightly by immigrants during the Industrial era. After moving to another country, one typically has to experience a very challenging process of acculturati
For several years, many countries and especially developed ones have been heavily relying on agricultural subsidies and tariffs in order to boost the agricultural production and stability to their domestic farmers. The outcome has been obvious, depressing world commodity prices and making it difficult for farmers from third world countries to produce. Agricultural subsidies lead to lower production costs to the targeted farmers through guaranteeing minimum prices to farmers’ produce. For these minimum prices to be useful, they should be far above the cost of production. In the event that the world prices is lower than the guaranteed price the government of the nation in question will make up the difference through its subsidy kit set aside for this purpose. This mechanism has protected farmers from adverse effects resulting from falling global prices. Among the countries actively involved in this practice are nations from European Union (EU), United States, and Switzerland. For instance, in European Union the governments have agreed on a given prices to dairy farmers to enhance their profitability in milk and butter revenues. This too has been adopted by the US. The US is one of the world’s biggest producers of cotton. In order to protect its cotton producers, it has offered subsidy equivalent to three times as much as foreign aid it gives to all African nations. This has helped the US to maintain the status quo in the cotton production thereby keeping all the other competitors aside. As a result, there has been surplus production, which is dumped to the global markets depressing the cotton prices. The administration of subsidies in US has produced so many economic impacts both nationally and internationally. The economic harm created by this cannot be neglected. However, the cotton farmers from US can boast of the effects brought by the introduction of this subsidy, their counterparts in cotton producing nations have got nothing to show off. The most affected is the US neighboring country Brazil. Brazil claims that the overproduction in US has largely led to the falling world cotton prices as it dumps (US) the excess produce to the world markets. The reason attributed to the dumping of a commodity in the market is that once the country in question has sold enough of the commodity in question and realized the desired or anticipated revenues it sees no reason to hoard the excess and therefore it opts to sell at even lower price than that of unit production cost. This helps to save a country from incurring the storage costs and this is what the US is doing in cotton production. The low cotton price caused by the US has cost Brazil millions of shillings. The Brazil is not only aff
Application Overview Project Color™ The application helps the user to complete the paint job without any additional efforts. According to the description, it “allows you to see, match, or find the perfect color for your interior or exterior paint or stain project” (“Project Color™” par. 1). Key features of the app and overall impression Project Color™ is created for digitally adding colors to the painted object before even picking up the brush; as a result, the user already knows which colors will best suit his project. The target audience of the application is people who are dealing with the renovation of their flats of houses; students who are doing designer projects and possibly artists in order to make their job easier. In my opinion, the application was created out of good intentions, as it is free. Moreover, the Project Color™ is used primarily by amateurs; skilled designers hardly would use an application for an iPhone to fulfill their work. Positive characteristics The application has a list of practical features that make the using of it more efficient and pleasant. The major positive attribute is usability: the consumer only needs to take a photo of the room to be painted, or it could be uploaded from the iPhone library. Moreover, there even is a ‘live view’ of the room. Another feature that makes the application enjoyable is the variety of dye and stain shades; every person is guaranteed to find a color to his taste. Negative characteristics I experienced only one unfavorable feature. While t