ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In this paper, we generalize the usual notions of waves, fronts and propagation speeds in a very general setting. These new notions, which cover all classical situations, involve uniform limits, with respect to the geodesic distance, to a family of hypersurfaces which are parametrized by time. We prove the existence of new such waves for some time-dependent reaction-diffusion equations, as well as general intrinsic properties, some monotonicity properties and uniqueness results for almost planar fronts. The classification results, which are obtained under appropriate assumptions, show the robustness of our general definition
At the center of the Milky Way lurks a unique compact nonthermal radio source, Sgr A*. It is thought to be powered by a 2.6 million solar mass black hole that is accreting the stellar winds from the numerous early-type stars that exist in the central parsec. However, until recent high resolution Chandra observations, Sgr A* had never been unequivocably detected at wavelengths shorter than the sub-millimeter. We present a spherical accretion model which is consistent with both the flux and steep spectral shape of the X-ray emission from Sgr A*.
Let $\zeta(s,C)$ be the partial zeta function attached to a ray class C of a real quadratic field. We study this zeta function at s=1 and s=0, combining some ideas and methods due to Zagier and Shintani. The main results are (1) a generalization of Zagier's formula for the constant term of the Laurent expansion at s=1, (2) some expressions for the value and the first derivative at s=0, related to the theory of continued fractions, and (3) a simple description of the behavior of Shintani's invariant X(C), which is related to $\zeta'(0,C)$, when we change the signature of C.
Markushevich and Tikhomirov provided a construction of an irreducible symplectic V-manifold of dimension 4, the relative compactified Prym variety of a family of curves with involution, which is a Lagrangian fibration with polarization of type (1,2). We give a characterization of the dual Lagrangian fibration. We also identify the moduli space of Lagrangian fibrations of this type and show that the duality defines a rational involution on it.
In this article, we prove global existence of classical solutions to the incompressible isotropic Hookean elastodynamics in three-dimensional thin domain $\Omega_\delta=\mathbb{R}^2\times [0,\delta]$ with periodic boundary condition.
The stable geodesics in Schwarzschild geometry can not approach the center closer than the radius of the photon sphere, 3/2 times the Schwarzschild radius. In other words, massive particles moving along geodesics that cross the photon sphere do not escape, they fall into the black hole.
Investigating in more detail the previously suggested massive disk scenario for the High-Mass Protostellar Object IRAS18089-1732, we observed the source in the 860mum band with the Submillimeter Array in various spectral lines and the submm continuum emission at (sub-)arcsecond spatial resolution. Fifty spectral lines from eighteen different species spanning upper level energy states between 17 and 747K were detected. One of the assumed best tracers for massive disks, CH3CN, is optically thick and does not allow a further disk investigation. However, the complex molecule HCOOCH3 appears optically thin and exhibits a velocity shift across the central core perpendicular to the emanating outflow. Assuming equilibrium between centrifugal and gravitational force, the estimated mass for this rotating structure is 16/(sin2(i))Msun (with i the unknown inclination angle), of the same order as the gas mass derived from the continuum emission. A temperature estimate based on the CH3CN(19--18) K-ladder results in ~350K, thus a hot core has already formed in this region. An analysis of the submm continuum emission reveals even at this high spatial resolution only one isolated massive dust core without any detectable companions down to mass limits between 0.2 and 3Msun (depending on the assumed temperature). Potential implications for the massive cluster formation are discussed.
The canonical commutation relations of quantum field theory require all pairs of observables located in spacelike-separated regions to commute. In the theory as it is currently constituted, this implies that the information-carrying capacity of a finite volume of space is infinite. Yet Bekenstein's bound gives us strong reason to believe that it is finite. A class of quantum field theories is presented in which observables localised in spacelike-separated regions do not necessarily commute, but which nevertheless has no physical pathologies.
Precise time-series photometry with the MOST satellite has led to identification of 10 pulsation frequencies in the rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star HD 134214. We have fitted the observed frequencies with theoretical frequencies of axisymmetric modes in a grid of stellar models with dipole magnetic fields. We find that, among models with a standard composition of $(X,Z) = (0.70,0.02)$ and with suppressed convection, eigenfrequencies of a $1.65\,{\rm M}_\odot$ model with $\log T_{\rm eff} = 3.858$ and a polar magnetic field strength of 4.1kG agree best with the observed frequencies. We identify the observed pulsation frequency with the largest amplitude as a deformed dipole ($\ell = 1$) mode, and the four next-largest-amplitude frequencies as deformed $\ell = 2$ modes. These modes have a radial quasi-node in the outermost atmospheric layers ($\tau \sim 10^{-3}$). Although the model frequencies agree roughly with observed ones, they are all above the acoustic cut-off frequency for the model atmosphere and hence are predicted to be damped. The excitation mechanism for the pulsations of HD 134214 is not clear, but further investigation of these modes may be a probe of the atmospheric structure in this magnetic chemically peculiar star.
For systems of one-component interacting oscillators on the d-dimensional lattice, d>1, whose potential energy besides a large nearest-neighbour (n-n) ferromagnetic translation-invariant quadratic term contains small non-nearest-neighbour translation invariant term, an existence of a ferromagnetic long-range order for two valued lattice spins, equal to a sign of oscillator variables, is established for sufficiently large magnitude g of the n-n interaction with the help of the Peierls type contour bound. The Ruelle superstability bound is used for a derivation of the contour bound.
Domain wall displacement in Co/Pt thin films induced by not only fs- but also ps-laser pulses is demonstrated using time-resolved magneto-optical Faraday imaging. We evidence multi-pulse helicity-dependent laser-induced domain wall motion in all-optical switchable Co/Pt multilayers with a laser energy below the switching threshold. Domain wall displacement of about 2 nm per 2- ps pulse is achieved. By investigating separately the effect of linear and circular polarization, we reveal that laser-induced domain wall motion results from a complex interplay between pinning, temperature gradient and helicity effect. Then, we explore the microscopic origin of the helicity effect acting on the domain wall. These experimental results enhance the understanding of the mechanism of all-optical switching in ultra-thin ferromagnetic films.
Using the NH\3 (6,6) transition, which samples dense ($\sim 10^{5}$) molecular gas with an energy above ground of 412 K, we find hot gas at high velocities (--142 to --210 km s$^{-1}$) associated with the central 2 pc of the Galactic center. This material may be either infalling gas due to shocks or tidal stripping, or possibly gas swept from the nuclear region. We identify two high-velocity features, which we call the Southern Runner and the Cap, and correlate these features with others detected in various molecular observations of the Galactic center. The characteristic linewidths of the Southern Runner and Cap, 10 -- 15 \kms, are similar to those of other hot Galactic center clouds. The estimated H$_{2}$ masses of these clouds are 4$\times 10^{3}$ M$\sol$ and 2$\times 10^{3}$ M$\sol$, consistent with the masses of the western streamer and northern ridge, NH\3 (6,6) emission features detected within the central 10 pc at lower velocities. Three possible explanations for this emission are discussed assuming that they lie at the Galactic center, including sweeping by the supernova remnant Sgr A East, infall and/or shock from the circumnuclear disk (CND), and stripping from the central rotating low-velocity NH\3 (6,6) cloud.
This paper is concerned with the relationship between the discrete and the continuous decreasing minimization problem on base-polyhedra. The continuous version (under the name of lexicographically optimal base of a polymatroid) was solved by Fujishige in 1980, with subsequent elaborations described in his book (1991). The discrete counterpart of the dec-min problem (concerning M-convex sets) was settled only recently by the present authors, with a strongly polynomial algorithm to compute not only a single decreasing minimal element but also the matroidal structure of all decreasing minimal elements and the dual object called the canonical partition. The objective of this paper is to offer a complete picture on the relationship between the continuous and discrete dec-min problems on base-polyhedra by establishing novel technical results and integrating known results. In particular, we derive proximity results, asserting the geometric closeness of the decreasingly minimal elements in the continuous and discrete cases, by revealing the relation between the principal partition and the canonical partition. We also describe decomposition-type algorithms for the discrete case following the approach of Fujishige and Groenevelt.
We investigated the long-term spin properties of the anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 1E 1841-045 by performing a temporal analysis of archival RXTE observations spanning about 5.2 yr from 2006 September to 2011 December. We identified two peculiar timing anomalies within ~1 yr of each other: a glitch with Delta(nu)/nu ~ 4.8 x 10^{-6} near MJD 54303; and an anti-glitch with Delta(nu)/nu ~ -5.8 x 10^{-7} near MJD 54656. The glitch that we identified, which is the fourth glitch seen in this source in the 13 yr of RXTE monitoring, is similar to the last two detected glitches. The anti-glitch from 1E 1841-045, however, is the first to be identified. The amplitude of the anti-glitch was comparable with that recently observed in AXP 1E 2259+586. We found no significant variations in the pulsed X-ray output of the source during either the glitch or the anti-glitch. We discuss our results in relation to the standard pulsar glitch mechanisms for the glitch, and to plausible magnetospheric scenarios for the anti-glitch.
Internal Diffusion Limited Aggregation (IDLA) is a model that describes the growth of a random aggregate of particles from the inside out. Shellef proved that IDLA processes on supercritical percolation clusters of integer-lattices fill Euclidean balls, with high probability. In this article, we complete the picture and prove a limit-shape theorem for IDLA on such percolation clusters, by providing the corresponding upper bound.   The technique to prove upper bounds is new and robust: it only requires the existence of a "good" lower bound. Specifically, this way of proving upper bounds on IDLA clusters is more suitable for random environments than previous ways, since it does not harness harmonic measure estimates.
We present our recent results on the fragmentation by varying the mass asymmetry of the reaction between 0.2 and 0.7 at an incident energy of 250 MeV/nucleon. For the present study, the total mass of the system is kept constant (ATOT = 152) and mass asymmetry of the reaction is defined by the asymmetry parameter (? = | (AT - AP)/(AT + AP) |). The measured distributions are shown as a function of the total charge of all projectile fragments, Zbound. We see an interesting outcome for rise and fall in the production of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) for large asymmetric colliding nuclei. This trend, however, is completely missing for large asymmetric nuclei. Therefore, experiments are needed to verify this prediction.
The Einstein Telescope (ET) has been proposed as one of the third-generation gravitational wave (GW) detectors. The sensitivity of ET would be a factor of 10 better than the second-generation GW detector, Advanced LIGO (aLIGO); thus, the GW source parameters could be measured with much better accuracy. In this work, we show how the precision in parameter estimation can be improved between aLIGO and ET by comparing the measurement errors. We apply the TaylorF2 waveform model defined in the frequency domain to the Fisher matrix method which is a semi-analytic approach for estimating GW parameter measurement errors. We adopt as our sources low-mass binary black holes with the total masses of $M\leq 16 M_{\odot} $ and the effective spins of $-0.9 \leq \chi_{\rm eff} \leq 0.9$ and calculate the measurement errors of the mass and the spin parameters using $10^4$ Monte-Carlo samples randomly distributed in our mass and spin parameter space. We find that for the same sources ET can achieve $\sim 14$ times better signal-to-noise ratio than aLIGO and the error ratios ($\sigma_{\lambda, \rm ET}/\sigma_{\lambda, \rm aLIGO}$) for the chirp-mass, symmetric mass ratio, and effective spin parameters can be lower than $7\%$ for all binaries. We also consider the equal-mass binary neutron stars with the component masses of 1, 1.4, and 2 $M_{\odot}$ and find that the error ratios for the mass and the spin parameters can be lower than $1.5 \%$. In particular, the measurement error of the tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda}$ can also be significantly reduced by ET, with the error ratio of $3.6 - 6.1 \%$.
The supersymmetric SU(5) grand unified theory with the gauge symmetry broken by the Hosotani mechanism naturally solves the mass hierarchy problem between the colored Higgs triplet and the electroweak Higgs doublet, and predicts the existence of adjoint chiral superfields with masses of the order of the supersymmetry breaking scale as a byproduct. In addition to the two SU(2)_L Higgs doublets of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, the Higgs sector is extended by an SU(2)_L triplet chiral supermultiplet with hypercharge zero and a neutral singlet one. Such new triplet and singlet chiral supermultiplets deviate the standard model-like Higgs boson couplings and the additional Higgs boson masses from their Standard Model predictions. We show that this model can be distinguished from other new physics models using by precisely measuring such Higgs couplings and masses, and that our model is a good example of grand unification testable at the luminosity up-graded Large Hadron Collider and future electron-positron colliders.
Many-body correlations play an essential role in the ab initio description of nuclei with nuclear bare interactions. We propose a new framework to describe light nuclei by the hybridization of the tensor-optimized antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (TOAMD) and the high-momentum AMD (HM-AMD), which we call "HM-TOAMD". In this framework, we describe the many-body correlations in terms of not only the correlation functions in TOAMD, but also the high-momentum pairs in the AMD wave function. With the bare nucleon-nucleon interaction AV8', we sufficiently reproduce the energy and radius of the 3H nucleus in HM-TOAMD. The effects of tensor force and short-range repulsion in the bare interaction are nicely described in this new framework. We also discuss the convergence in calculation and flexibility of the model space for this new method.
We review the long history of nonlocality in physics with special emphasis on the conceptual breakthroughs over the last few years. For the first time it is possible to study "nonlocality without signaling" {\it from the outside}, that is without all the quantum physics Hilbert space artillery. We emphasize that physics has always given a nonlocal description of Nature, except during a short 10 years gap. We note that the very concept of "nonlocality without signaling" is totally foreign to the spirit of relativity, the only strictly local theory.
We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As which explains the remarkably large changes observed on low temperature annealing. Careful control of the annealing conditions allows us to obtain samples with ferromagnetic transition temperatures up to 159 K. Ab initio calculations, and resistivity measurements during annealing, show that the observed changes are due to out-diffusion of Mn interstitials towards the surface, governed by an energy barrier of about 0.7-0.8 eV. The Mn interstitial is a double donor resulting in compensation of charge carriers and suppression of ferromagnetism. Electric fields induced by high concentrations of substitutional Mn acceptors have a significant effect on the diffusion.
We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory. Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 10^18 eV. We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array. The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular, the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape. The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E^-gamma with index gamma=3.3 below the ankle which is measured at log10(E/eV) = 18.6. Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2.6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log10(E/eV) = 19.5, detected with high statistical significance.
We study heat transport in transistor-like devices composed of two reservoirs and a gate electrode, with a ballistic electronic one-dimensional system connected between the two reservoirs and interacting with a laser field. We derive in a simple way an equation for the heat flux in terms of the Floquet-Green operator of the system. As a case example, we investigate a two-level transistor and find that the laser field can produce a net heat flow out of either one of the reservoirs. The direction of this flow is determined by the gate voltage. We study numerically the dependence of this heat-pump on the relevant parameters of the system and show that there is a minimum temperature below which it does not operate.
It is generally known that the holomorphic anomaly equations in topological string theory reflect the quantum mechanical nature of the topological string partition function. We present two new results which make this assertion more precise: (i) we give a new, purely holomorphic version of the holomorphic anomaly equations, clarifying their relation to the heat equation satisfied by the Jacobi theta series; (ii) in cases where the moduli space is a Hermitian symmetric tube domain $G/K$, we show that the general solution of the anomaly equations is a matrix element $\IP{\Psi | g | \Omega}$ of the Schr\"odinger-Weil representation of a Heisenberg extension of $G$, between an arbitrary state $\bra{\Psi}$ and a particular vacuum state $\ket{\Omega}$. Based on these results, we speculate on the existence of a one-parameter generalization of the usual topological amplitude, which in symmetric cases transforms in the smallest unitary representation of the duality group $G'$ in three dimensions, and on its relations to hypermultiplet couplings, nonabelian Donaldson-Thomas theory and black hole degeneracies.
We derive explicit formulas for probabilities of Brownian motion with jumps crossing linear or piecewise linear boundaries in any finite interval. We then use these formulas to approximate the boundary crossing probabilities for general nonlinear boundaries. The jump process can be any integer-valued process and jump sizes can have general distributions. Moreover, the jump sizes can be even correlated and/or non-identically distributed. The numerical algorithm is straightforward and easy to implement. Some numerical examples are presented.
We have investigated the conditions necessary to achieve stronger Cherenkov-like instability of plasma waves leading to emission in the terahertz (THz) regime for semiconductor quantum wells (QWs). The surface response function is calculated for a bilayer two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) system in the presence of a periodic spatial modulation of the equilibrium electron density. The 2DEG layers are coupled to surface plasmons arising from excitations of free carriers in the bulk region between the layers. A current is passed through one of the layers and is characterized by a drift velocity for the driven electric charge. By means of a surface response function formalism, the plasmon dispersion equation is obtained as a function of angular frequency, the in-plane wave vector and reciprocal lattice vector of the density modulation. The dispersion equation,is solved numerically in the complex frequency plane for real wave vector. It is ascertained that the imaginary part of the angular frequency is enhanced with decreasing period of modulation, and with increasing the doping density of the free carriers in the bulk medium for fixed period of the spatial modulation.
We obtain non asymptotic bounds for the Monte Carlo algorithm associated to the Euler discretization of some diffusion processes. The key tool is the Gaussian concentration satisfied by the density of the discretization scheme. This Gaussian concentration is derived from a Gaussian upper bound of the density of the scheme and a modification of the so-called "Herbst argument" used to prove Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. We eventually establish a Gaussian lower bound for the density of the scheme that emphasizes the concentration is sharp.
For the present analysis, simulations are carried out for thousand of events for the reaction of 79Au197 + 79Au197 at semi-central geometry using a hard equation of state. The whole of the analysis is performed for light charged particles (LCP's). The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included in the rapidity bin otherwise no transition is observed. The transition energy is found to be strongly dependent on the size of the rapidity bin. The transition energy is parameterized with a straight line interpolation.