ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The policy makers who are faced with the dilemma of increasing output but maintain interest rates at the current state need to take into account both the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. The fiscal policy uses the government resources to influence demand thus, leading to effects in output of the economy (Arnold 2010). To increase output, the government will need to implement expansionary fiscal policy. This means that the government can either choose to increase it purchases, increase its level of transfers or reduces the amount of tax for the citizens. Effects of increase in purchases and increase in transfers are more direct since they affect demand more directly. When the government increases its level of purchases then, the level of planned expenditure in the whole country increases thus, demand for goods and services increases. Due to increase in demand there will be a deficit of goods and services in the economy and therefore firms will employ more inputs to increase supply. On the other hand, if the government chooses to reduce the amount of taxes that are levied on the citizens then people will have more disposable income and they are likely to increase their spending. When people increase their spending demand will increase therefore increasing supply, which will in turn increase the average levels of income. As supply increases, income levels of people also increases thus pushing demand even higher. It should therefore be noted that the increase in output is always more than the increase in government spending due to government multiplier. Due to expansionary fiscal policy the IS curve will shift to the right because of increase in aggregate demand thus increasing output (Mankiw 2011). However, as the IS curve shifts to the right it is not the output only that increases but also interest rates and if the policymakers do not want any effect in the interest rates then LM curve should be induced to shift to the right. Expansionary monetary policy can make the LM curve to increase to the right. The policy makers will therefore have to increase the amount of money in the economy (Froyen 2008). When the amount of money in circulation increases, the supply of money exceeds its demand and to boost the demand for money, banks have to reduce the interest rates thus making it cheaper to borrow. The graph above shows the effects of expansionary monetary and fiscal policy on the IS LM curve. Assuming the economy is in equilibrium at point A with interest rates i1 and output y1. An expansionary fiscal policy will cause a shift of the IS curve from I1S1 to I2S2 therefore, changing the equilibrium to point B where interest rate is i2 and the level of output is y2. Though the level of output has increased, the interest rates have also increased. An expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve rightwards from L1M1 to L2M2 increasing output to y3 but reducing interest rates back to i1 and setting the new equilibrium at point C. with this set of policy mix, the policy makers will have achieved increased output with no change in int
Introduction College education in the United States is undoubtedly very expensive. As of today, majority of the Americans find college education out of reach considering the cost of living and the general economic status. There are concerns that tuition fee for one year at college is making it difficult for parents and college students to save enough money. Lamar Alexander argues the United States risks its competitive advantage over other countries in terms of research and wealth creation (27). In the recent times, United States universities have been ranked among the top most competitive universities in the world (Alexander 28). Another situation facing college education in the United States universities is lack of continuous innovation. Pundits like Bollinger, Crow, Hansen and Zemsky argue that universities in the United States are no longer improving in terms of flexible learning processes (30). The purpose of education in promoting entrepreneurship in a country with great opportunities is slowly diminishing. Currently, the entrepreneurship phenomenon that is an integral element in wealth creation is being replaced by college education. In this regard, the duration required to complete education is not consistent with the expectations of a college graduate. Another problem associated with college education in the United States is that a majority of students do not graduate with a diploma after undergoing four years of education. From this perspective, the purpose of college education has been questioned. A need to reduce the cost of college education in the country is necessary. Reduction of college education cost can be achieved by reducing college years from 4 to 3 years. Introducing flexible learning processes in college as a form of continuous improvement and innovations is now inevitable. The introduction of online education can also be integral in reducing the cost of college education. In addition, other alternatives apart from college education can be promoted in the form of vocational training and entrepreneurship. Cost of college education According to Lamar Alexander, “the current cost of college education in the United States costs more than $43,000 in four years compared to three year” (29). From this perspective, this amount could be saved if the duration is reduced by 1 year. Alexander likens the cost of college education to the current cost of fuel. Alexander compares college education with three automobile companies like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. In his comparison, Alexander reckons how the companies lost their competitive advantage to Japanese automobile companies who were more efficient and reliable in terms of cost. In this context, in order to accrue cost efficiency and reliability, college years have to be reduced. James Altucher is not amused by the high cost of college education. The author remarks how one can transform the college tuition fees into something worthwhile. Altucher argues from experience by advocating for better use of money than for college education (Altucher 1A).
Executive Summary This paper outlines a business proposal for a fitness center in Saudi Arabia for kids aged between 8 and 16 years. It analyzes the external and internal environments, the risks, the team, and prospective growth. The business proposal is quite viable owing to a number of factors. For example, the economy of Saudi Arabia and its population present a healthy growth potential for business. The aim of this business is to curb the burgeoning problem of a sedentary lifestyle in Saudi Arabia. By targeting young people, the business is likely to grow a generation of health sensitive individuals especially considering the expansion objectives of the business to all major Saudi cities. Business Idea Children have grossly limited necessary outdoor activities. Hence, they have become more and more and more unfit and overweight. The youth centre and gym will have a specified range of cardiovascular and interactive fitness equipment specifically designed for ages 8 -16 years. The fitness centre even offers the latest and most sophisticated interactive games to help children engage in physical activity for longer periods. The focus is that youngsters can meet friends and socialize. The centre will also have a dedicated nutrition section where nutrition plans will be tailor made for the customers. Moreover, the nutrition section also aims to educate the children regarding the subject so they can make smart and informed decisions when they are outside the youth centre in regards to nutrition. Micro-Level Market Assessment Target Market The youth fitness centre will target kids of 8-16 years old. The kids will participate in activities that are different to those found in conventional gyms. Children with weight and obesity problems will also be a target for the facility. The fitness centre will give them a substitute to diet centres. The youngsters will exercise in a fun-filled and interactive environment. Additionally, the centre will impart valuable insights and knowledge regarding healthy nutrition. Target Market: Size and Growth Studies in Saudi Arabia show that there is close to 20% overweight prevalence rate. Close to 24% of the children, the fitness centre targets are obese (Obesity Research Center 2013). The rates are expected to keep rising owing to the sedentary lifestyles of most Saudis. This is naturally transferred onto their children. This is compounded by the fact that there are no specifically designed gyms or fitness centres for young people. The centres would incorporate special needs for the young people. Hence, the business idea is likely to cure this problem by providing parents with opportunities to take their children for training (Obesity Research Center 2013). Macro-Level Market Assessment PESTEL Analysis Political Saudi Arabia entered WTO in 2005. The business environment in the country became more transparent and predictable. The taxation regime and rules in the country are clear and concise. For instance those that are subject to tax are:   * A resident capital company which
Any information about Hitler generates a lot of interest. Money is also made in keeping afloat conspiracy theories related to him. An especially common discussion is that Hitler did not kill himself during Soviet’s final offensive on Berlin. According to an article by Justice for Germans (2013), pessimists believe that he escaped either to Argentina or a safer hideout in the South Pole. Nonetheless, many people see this propaganda as a plot to depict Hitler as a coward and a traitor. From the onset of the war, Hitler proved to be a trustworthy leader. Consequently, he was loved, respected and obeyed by the people he led. His charisma and ability to lead from the front were some of the factors that sustained the Second World War. Therefore, the outcome of this war was expected to determine Hitler’s fate. Those who believe that Hitler outsmarted the allies are set to be disappointed. There is compelling evidence that he died in 1945. This essay uses evidence from forensic anthropology to describe Hitler’s death. Hitler chose to kill himself rather than fall from an enemy’s bullet. This happened when it dawned on him that he had lost the war to the Allies. In fact, it is believed that the Soviet army was just five hundred meters from his hideout when he committed suicide (Justice for Germans, 2013). Sadly, his wife, Eva Braun, died in the same incident. Their remains we later found on ruins in Berlin by the Soviet troops (Jamieson, 2009). Debate on Hitler’s death was stirred by contradicting information given by the Soviet leadership. In some instances, Soviet leaders seemed to indicate that Hitler did not survive their raid. However, later utterance would prove otherwise. For instance, an announcement made by the Soviet army’s spokesman in June 1945 confirmed that Hitler had killed himself. Later pronouncements, nonetheless, contradicted this announcement. Stalin’s statement at the Potsdam conference was a typical example of these inconsistent statements. In this conference, he told the Western leaders that Hitler had fled to South America or Spain (Justice for Germans, 2013). Other interesting stories about the Nazi leader’s death have emerged after this utterance. There is a common agreement among historians that Hitler died. Ample forensic evidence and anthropology analysis support this claim. For instance, experts used dental evidence to identify Hitler after a postmortem was conducted on his body. In this postmortem, his dentist identified positively a cut on the bridge that separ
Today, many people are doing almost all their researches through the internet. Whether it is school work, business research, strategic organization information search, education or social enlightenment, people are virtually searching for all kinds of information through the web (Lippincott 206). Therefore, this means that one can search for virtually any kind of information using internet search tools such as Google and Yahoo search. There are many great research and reference sites available online today. However, it is vital to exercise reservations on adopting most of these services. In most instances, people use these research and reference services when searching for academic data or business related information (Baker 12; Lippincott 206). The reports that they create after doing their research require proper citation and references to acknowledge the sources of the information. As such, it is important to make sure that every research service you use also doubles up as a reference service. There are plenty of research services that can be used, especially when searching for information on the internet. They include: Unisoft Datatech This service is recommended for people who are in need of business data for purposes of coming up with a proper competitive strategy, product catalogues, pricing, and marketing lists. The services offered by Unisoft Datatech are not only deep, but broad and thus cover various business aspects (Poynter 45). For many people using the internet today, this service has become like the preeminent supplier of all back office services such as internet research, data research, and web research. Unisoft Datatech’s services are also relatively affordable. Therefore, for researchers who need data processing, data entry and data conversion service, this is best bet. The University Of Illinois Online Library This is another great resource to adopt, especially when one is looking for scholarly research services. Since this is a university portal, it is best suited for student research purposes. Therefore, it is best suited for university students and anybody who want to do in-depth research in different subjects or contents (Dochartaigh 56). Information Research Management Network (IRMN) Information Research Management Network is among the top rated business related research and reference services that you would ever come across on the internet. It is basically a private intranet that was originally created for the customers related to system material handling company (Dochartaigh 56). The main aim of this service is to aid the process of ordering and provision of machine and automobile parts. IRMN covers information related to over 100 makes and 20000 models of industrial equipment. It also comes with an online total source catalog featuring monthly specials. Specifications of different types of car parts are also encompassed in this database. Mindspot Inc This one is more than just
Introduction Human beings are social beings; hence the reason they find themselves involved in social institutions in the society. Civil society arises from this set up of social institutions. By definition, civil society is a social realm that consists of actual institutions with moral substance and functions. Above all, civil society denotes that sector of the society that nonpolitical institutions operate. These social institutions include family, churches, schools, community groups, neighborhoods, and any other form of voluntary association imaginable. The civil society arose due to the spontaneous aspiration and desires of the free people. They take part as people desire to join voluntarily, to serve larger social purposes. Social institutions promote the social society through performing various functions (Eberly, 2000). How social institutions help to promote civil society To start with, social institutions form part of the civil society and through this, the essential habits of collaboration of ways define trust. Further, the freedom held by these institutions gives each and every one of them a right and a chance to define the habits that they would like be incorporated in, in the civil society. In addition, the desire to achieve a common purpose and meet the needs of individuals helps to have an association needed in the civil association. Social institutions such as churches teach good morals. Having these social bonds does not only generate virtues like trust, self-sacrifice and submission to the authority, but also helps to shape communities have a capacity to share virtuous characters. The above-mentioned virtues are developed through having these institutions by having citizens who develop moral obligations to each other (Eberly, 2000). Social institutions build the morals of individuals who later take in the civil society. They do this by binding people; not to law but to other people. Social organizations help people avoid having private interest, but also develop interest of the other people around them, which shapes the life of civil society. By building social ties and a sense of mutual obligation of weaving together isolated individuals into the fabric of a larger group, socials institutions ensure that there is the development of a body that has an interest of the community at heart (Foley, 2003). Individualism is fought against in the social institutions, and association for serving the larger society is encouraged. The principle of democracy is formed from these bases, as each person is treated as equal to the other. Civil societies usually have a public philosophy that emphasizes on the need to elevate the common good ov
John Stuart Mill claimed that “ the only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it ” (Mill & Gray, 17). True to his belief this statement holds truth, particularly in the context of the criminal justice system. The following paragraphs would explain this nature of liberty or freedom expressed by the great thinker of his day in today’s perspective. John Stuart Mill’s freedom represents all ethical theories where the goal is maximization of some measure of goodness. These are outcome-oriented ethics where goodness is measured by its results. In other words, freedom is a doctrine that confirms whether or not actions have been useful or beneficial to a large group, once applied. It is important to understand that the concept related to the aspects of zero tolerance developed from the viewpoint that has its base in the parameters that actually rose as a classical freedom reaction. From the parameters of freedom, it should be remembered that Mill placed his argument that there is much pain in the penal system and it tends to affect an individual by a large margin and the aspects of penal consequences should be taken into consequences while evaluating the entire process of proposed crime. It should be noted that during the time it was a normal practice to issue capital punishment. (Gerson, 305-321) The basic concept behind this rose because it was frustrating in many cases in the context of the penal system and legislation and it was viewed that anything less than a capital punishment would not be able to serve the purpose of the judicial system. This was because such situations required capital punishments as anything less than that was unable to check the flow of crime and tendency to break the law. Circumstances at times became so severe that the jurisdiction implied capital punishments to minors. However Mill also stated that better equipped police force and improved resourcefulness would reduce penalties in the long run. It should also be taken into consideration that Right Realism and the school of Neo-Classical perceptions propose a wide range of reduction in terms of punishment. In some cases one finds police being deployed in known hot spots such as areas with prostitution and drug dealing problems. These did not work in some cases. According to Mill, examples include neighborhood watch organized with police, arrests of juveniles of minor offences, arrests of unemployed suspects for domestic assault. Some plans did not work, and examples include proactive drunk-driving arrests with breath testing which may reduce accident deaths and community policing. (Kaplan, 124) It can be stated that identification of criminal before the crime is committed is a part of freedom in the sense that the assumption of a c
The researchers studying the prevalence of deciduous teeth dental caries in the UAE generally use the method of cluster sampling together with a questionnaire. Al‐Hosani and Rugg‐Gunn (2007) intended to determine how parental income relates to caries experience in children, so they classified their sampling population by age and social status. Al Mashhadani et al. (2017) aimed to estimate the oral health of schoolchildren, so they divided their sampling population consisting of children under 17 years old by age. Elamin, Garemo, and Gardner (2018) performed their research to investigate the correlation between dental caries and social status, oral hygiene, and eating habits. For this purpose, children were classified by age and examined, while their parents were invited to fill a questionnaire. Hashim, Thomson, Ayers, Lewsey, and Awad (2006) intended to assess the gravity of dental caries in preschoolers and define its relation to visiting dental professionals. Therefore, they selected a random sample of 5 and 6-year-old children, examined them, and asked their parents to answer a questionnaire. Apart from cluster sampling of the population in question, the researchers of each of the studies performed oral screening to estimate the dental health of children. The results of screening were analyzed by means of the “decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT),” the criteria established by the World Health Organization (Elamin et al., 2018, p.1). The questionnaires for parents included questions regarding demographics, socioeconomic background, food consumption, and oral hygiene. The methods used for the described studies are suitable for researching the prevalence of dental caries of primary teeth. Oral screening is essential for any study of dental health since, without examination, no substantial results can be obtained. The use of the DMFT index for analyzing the result of the examination is justified since it is a common way of estimating dental caries prevalence. The utilization of cluster sampling for selecting the population of interest is also appropriate for research into this topic. Since it is difficult to study the whole community in question, researchers may distinguish several groups having explicit distinctions among them. After examining each of the clusters, scholars can analyze the state of the entire population in question. Frequently, researchers use two-stage cluster sampling in their studies, which implies obtaining a simple random sample from each of the clusters. This method is especially suitable for studying the correlation between dental caries prevalence and other factors, such as socioeconomic status or eating patterns. As for the use of questionnaires, they are the proper tool for obtaining information that cannot be received during a direct examination in medical settings. Naturally, questionnaires should be anonymous for respondents to be as honest as possible to ensure th