ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Form ever follows structure” is a famous phrase that became the leading concept and “an aesthetic credo” of a Modernist architecture movement. A famous American architecture Louis Sullivan coined this statement in his article “The tall office building artistically considered”. At that time, when it was necessary to abandon the traditions and style of the past, this concept was a perfect decision of a problem. It gave to architects more freedom, as it permitted more functional approach to design. According to this approach, functional requirements and practical use of constructions should certainly be above the aesthetics. However, this approach produces much debate and nowadays we can say that it is not a universal one. “Form” and “structure” are two distinct notions that are nor so closely related, moreover, they may suggest different approaches to design and function can follow form sometimes. Louis Sullivan is one of the most influential American architects that put into words the main principle of modern architecture “form follows function”. He is known as a “father of the skyscraper” and the “prophet of modern architecture”. His main intention was to break up with old traditions and introduce new principles of architecture that would allow architects more freedom and serve to society. Michael. J. Lewis (2001, p.1) writes in his article: “The goal, of course, was reform. A building should not derive meaning and character from the historical motifs that cluttered its skin, but from the direct, logical expression of its purpose and materials. This was the edicts of functionalism, that – as Louis Sullivan put it – “form follows function”. Surely, it was the main principle of the modern art, especially, in times after the World War II when people were not interested in beautiful forms but simplified forms. Modern building had to serve the needs of society. The style was generally adopted for institutional and corporate buildings. “Form follows function” statement defined the main traditions of the style. First of all, the result was determined by used materials and function of the building. Secondly, horizontal and vertical strict lines prevailed. Thirdly, the ornaments were rejected and “unnecessary details” were not used. The best example of the early buildings that “were not copies of Old World design” (Boudreaux 1993, 1) was Auditorium built by Sullivan. It had all the features of the “modern building”. It was the tallest building in Chicago, it was very massive, without much ornaments and very practical. Sullivan said that “gradual growth on native ground would lead to next generation of design”. (Boudreaux 1993, 2). In general, new perception of “form” and “function” reflected the needs of modern society of that time, it defined the main directions in architecture design for many years becoming a basic concept of it. However, times change and today there should be (and there are) new approaches to design. These days, the phrase “form follows function” should not be taken at face value. Function is not the only determinative for the building construction. There are also other factors that shou
Post-independent Africa We watched videos in class that were very enlightening and interesting. They addressed economic stability in Africa generally immediately after independence in the early 80s. Interestingly, in each decade, many issues remained constant even though time was changing. For instance, poverty and diversity in tribes coupled with copious cash crop production stood unchanged during that period. It was evident from the videos that raw material production was common amongst different countries. For instance, Tanzania is famous for rope and twine making from sisal and this came out clearly in the videos. Africa is hardy as evidenced in the film. The cause of hunger in Zimbabwe results from over 2 million landless people who need land honestly. These people cannot cultivate nor do any other meaningful agricultural practice due to lack of land. Giving new land to these people is tantamount to giving them a new lease of life. However, Zimbabweans and Nigerians are giving back to society by putting up new schools and aiding the hapless. African leaders around this time African leaders during 1950s and 1980s played a key role in fostering economic growth and bracing political power at the same time. For instance, McNamara gave a sensational speech in 1971 by calling for agricultural reforms that would alleviate poverty among Africans (Madavo para, 10). Julius Nyerere also did an outstanding job in 1967 by making the Arusha Declaration that declared equality for all (Madyibi para, 12). These leaders, among others, worked tirelessly to alleviate living conditions in this region and bring about political stability. Many African countries gained independence around this period. This independence did not come on a silver platter. African leaders championed freedom and led troops into war in a bid to gain independence. Leaders like Mzee Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya fought tirelessly for freedom under the Mau Mau movement. African leaders did spectacular jobs for Africans around this time. Ghana The second episode of the film tackles Ghana. Scenes of a ceremony conducted 400 years ago were very fascinating. It highlighted traditional relationships between the citizenry and the political elite. Queen-mother, a brave woman born as Yaa Asantewaa in 1863, led people to revolt against British authorities (The Ashanti Kingdom para 2-3). In the film, she influences the selection of successors in the Ashanti Kingdom. The selected successor is supposed to lead the community by making sound decisions. It goes on to reflect on the events of post-colonialism and the uncertainties that plunged Africa thereafter. The postcolonial period decades were characterized by trial and error. However, the big
Just In Time (JIT) Just in time is a strategy that is usually used by companies with the aim of increasing efficiency. Under this strategy, the company only receives goods when they are needed. The strategy has a number of benefits to the company. The major objective of the ‘just in time’ strategy is to reduce costs that are related to holding inventory. These are costs such as holding cost, opportunity cost for the inventory held and carrying cost. The company does not have to keep a lot of stock in its premises. As a result, the company is not required to incur costs related to acquiring a store for goods. The carrying cost is also reduced since the company does not have to transport goods in bulk. In addition, stock out cost is also avoided when a company adopts the JIT strategy. These are costs of lost sales as a result of stock out and loss of goodwill when customers do not get what they want and when they want, among other costs (Lu& Nihon, 2009). The just in time strategy is highly effective in a production firm. Its functionality depends on signals from different points. A production unit is signaled by another unit on when to manufacture a certain part and how many units to manufacture. The signal is sent when the signaling party realizes that the part required at that production point is not present in the shelves or is reducing. This ensures that the production process runs smoothly and efficiently. For JIT to be effective, it has to be dependent on lean manufacturing. Lean manufacturing is the kind of manufacturing that seeks to consider usage of resources and ensure that value is preserved with less work. One of the companies that are known to use these methods of inventory management and production is Toyota in its ‘Toyota Production System’ (Neelankavil & Rai, 2009). The term just in time was first introduced and described in the year 1923 by Henry Ford in his book known as ‘My Life and Work’. Ford wrote that their production unit at Ford Motor Company had found out that there was no need for buying materials and storing them when they are not needed. He wrote that they were planning to be buying only enough materials that were to fit their production needs. Ford realized that this was going to save the company a lot of money and reduce the amount of money that is tied up in materials at any one time. It would, thereby, increase the company’s productivity (Lu & Nihon, 1989). Fundamental techniques used in JIT JIT is a strategy whereby materials in a production company are delivered when required. Therefore, the technique used in JIT is that the company will make an order for raw materials just before the level of raw materials in stock depletes. Therefore, the company sets a certain level at which it will be ordering more raw materials. The level that t
Free Enterprise Systems Introduction Free enterprise systems have been adopted by many countries as the main form of business model. This model allows people to transact businesses without excessive government control and external influences from third parties (Hayek and Hamowy, 2011). The free ownership of property, rule of law, competition and free pricing are encouraged in this system (Bastiat, 2007). The free enterprise system poses different advantages and disadvantages to the society. One of the influences of this economic model is on the moral and economic development of the society. These aspects of the society are important pillars of human existence. Therefore, it is important to understand how the moral and economic fabric of our society can be affected by the free enterprise system. More importantly, this analysis would improve the understanding of our social, economic and political environments today (as a product of free enterprise systems). From the above understanding, this paper seeks to investigate the influence of free enterprise systems on the moral and economic development of the society. Influence of Free Enterprise Systems on Moral development The most notable characteristic of free enterprise systems in today’s society is the fact that the model gives all people an opportunity to be successful. Unlike other economic and social models, free enterprise systems do not offer limits to success. In fact, if one fails, the system always offers another opportunity to try once again. Subsequently, if someone fails for a second time, he or she can try a third time (and again). It is very easy for people to succeed in such a system but most importantly, the system does not discriminate who is eligible for success (Bastiat, 2007). From free enterprise system, we have therefore seen many people rise from poverty to become some of the richest people in the world. Certain socio-economic systems such as the caste system in India offers limits to success and almost entirely, the social class where someone is born dictates the socio-economic destination of the individual. Free enterprise systems are therefore fair to every individual. The biggest drawback associated with free enterprise systems is the inequality created within such a system. The gap between the rich and the poor can be dramatically wide such that it may be very difficult for poor people to earn a decent living in this system. This situation may be realized through the understanding that free enterprise systems produce gullible individuals who may cannibalize everyone else for their benefit. Rogge (1979) explains that in such a system, there is little concern for the welfare of the majority. For instance, free enterprise systems have been known to give rise to a wealthy minority who control most of the resources in the society. This inequality puts the poor majority at the mercy of the wealthy minority. Therefore, exploitation, unfair work policies, poor wages and similar practices are likely to be witnessed in such a system. These are only some of the unfair societal practices we witness today from the establishment of free enterprise systems. Many peopl
The subject of the essay is the achievements of graduates and their analysis on the day of graduation. The thesis of the essay consists of the enumeration of failures by students and indulgence given them by professors and statement about the real-life hardships. The argument of the essay is about the effectiveness of education, attitude of students, and differences between the things taught at university and the ones that will be encountered in the real-life after graduation. The audience of the essay is written for includes graduates on the day of their graduation and all people that are supposed to be in the hall that day. The writer was addressing students to make them aware of the insignificance of their achievements at university and their failures while completing assignments or responding to questions because he wants them to be ready for the hardships of life as it will not be as easy as learning and no additional extensions on deadlines will be given. The author uses rhetorical appeals in the following way. The ethos is used using the author’s credibility as he is a professor who knows about students’ achievements and failures and addresses them from the name of the faculty: “We the faculty take no pride in our educational achievements with you” (Neusner 208). The logos are used using the use of reasoning with the help of explanation of why the faculty takes no pride in their achievements: “Worse still, when you were boring, we acted as if you were saying something important” (Neusner 208). The pathos is used in the whole essay as the storytelling approach and at the end of the essay with the help of words “So go, unlearn the lies we taught you. To Life!” (Neusner 208). All these appeals make the argument more effective. The text has a logical fallacy that is presented with the help of enumeration of students’ failures and indulgences given by professors combined with an emphasis on the ‘not caring’ attitude of professors. If they did not care about the future life of students, they would not tell them about the ways to act and would not give hints on how not to act. I believe that this is one of the most emotional and sincere appeals that can be presented on graduation day so that all students could evaluate the attitude of professors and their efforts in making them more caring and attentive than they were. The author emphasizes the reasons for professors not to take care of students’ attitudes though he makes it carefully so that students could understand that they were valued and their efforts were marked correspondingly. Besides, I think that the writer was inspired by the speech by the professor that he cites in his speech to sound more credible though, at the same time, he highlights the lack of knowledge of students. I think that the argument presented in the essay is effective because the author uses it to maximize the significance of students’ knowledge and efforts using minimizing it. All contrasts are used in the essay to convey the only idea of the value of education and efforts that could have been made to make the best of those yea
Introduction The Pre-K-2 class consisted of five students. The students were given the task of assembling groups of buttons higher, lower, or equal to ten in various configurations. Critical mathematics is used in an activity designed to show the importance of sharing available resources to achieve common goals (Ernest, Sriraman, & Ernest, 2016; Gutiérrez, 2013). The class consisted of three girls and two boys. They have been studying early number and operations topics for the past week with 45-minute lessons. The previous results were positive, and all of the students have shown an interest in the subject. The pseudonyms for students described in this reflection are James, Donna, and Lilly. Dialogue of the Students James was the first student to note that the number ten can be assembled in different combinations of buttons. “It can be two and eight or five and five!” he said during the exercise. Other students quickly realized that this is a possibility and assembled these two different groups of buttons. It was very satisfying to see the students grasp the material so quickly and find different ways of combining buttons. Donna then proceeded to assemble three and then four stacks of buttons. She said “You can do make them like this too!” and looked proud of the fact that she was the first to provide this answer. When the critical mathematics section began, I took all the buttons away from the students and gave out an unequal amount of buttons to the students totaling ten buttons. Then, the students were provided with a task “assemble ten buttons.” They had to realize that the task is impossible to accomplish on their own and cooperation is required. However, this option was not mentioned to them. It seems that Lilly was the first to realize that they would need to combine their button stacks. She exclaimed “but they are my buttons!” and covered them with her hands. At the moment, she had the biggest stack and perhaps did not want to share it with the class. Other students placed their buttons together in a row, with only Lilly’s buttons being absent. James said “please share the buttons,” he was not upset by her actions but wanted to complete the task. After a few minutes, she calmed down and calmly added her buttons to the combined row. When asked about the lesson, Donna said that she learned how to “do things with others.” Reflection As previously not
In recent times Design schools have developed in all major parts of the world. Indeed, design schools have moved from their original homes in the cities of Milan and Paris where fashion design started, to other major cities of the world including New York, Tokyo, Beijing, and others. Designing has developed to be a multi-billion industry and this growth has attracted a lot of students in the industry. The growth of the fashion industry has necessitated the production of professional fashion designers and design schools have come in hand to provide these professionals for this industry. One of the most important in fashion design school is its store. The design school store is the central point where materials and finished products are held prior to their dispatch. As such the store forms an important link between the students, their practical work, and their customers. Design school classes are more practical oriented and hence serves as an important link between the class’s work and practice. The design store ensures that the students get all the supplies needed and hence prepares the students for practical lessons. Design school stores also serve as the display point for all the design work done by the students. Hence the store can be said to serve as an advertising point for the school. Many design schools have made big sales turnover through their design store. Indeed, these stores have served as the advertising point for the schools and also as business centers where the school is heavily contributing to the design world. It is good to understand that the store is frequently visited by the consumers who could be students from other classes, teachers or outsides and hence the design of the store should be attractive. This comes in hand with the purpose of the store as a display center for design work. If the work is to be considered design work, it must be displayed in a designed store. In design the store, the architectural work should be carefully considered and details paid to the design work. The arrangement of the store should be such that there is flow with less obstruction. Garrett, (2004, 55), argues that the store should put into consideration some important aspects of the display. One of the most important things to remember is that the store should create an experience not an artifact for any visitor who comes to the store. The display should take in design works that ensure that it is captivating to the visitor to see more of the display. It is this fact that makes the store an advertising tool for the school. The visitor will feel more captivated to view more of the display if one is attracted right from the start. The store should honor context in that all displays should be in the order of how things are used. This emphasizes the need to create flow in the store in the way the displays are kept. In the display, make sure that messages are prioritized. Messages in the store should se
A convenience store chain attempts to be responsive and provide customers what they need, when they need it, where they need it. What are some different ways that a convenience store supply chain can be responsive? What are some risks in each case? In order to become responsive, a supply chain for convenience stores can be organized using three main models: the dependence on distribution centers, the direct provision of goods, and the local production of fresh foods. A supply chain that includes distribution centers is effective when it is necessary to provide many stores with a certain amount of products regularly. As a result, a convenience store is responsive because it guarantees the provision of many facilities with the necessary amount of goods in the most efficient manner. Seven-Eleven Japan uses this system (Chopra 7). Still, risks are in changes in demand. If demand decreases unexpectedly, there are many products in a distribution center that should be sold. Direct store delivery is another approach that is used in small local convenience stores that do not belong to chains, and risks are in delays and inabilities to address demand. The third approach to developing a responsive system is the local production of goods. However, this system is not appropriate for stores where the flow of consumers is extremely high because of the limited capacity related to producing fresh and cooked foods. What has Seven-Eleven done in its choice of facility location, inventory management, transportation, and information infrastructure to develop capabilities that support its supply chain strategy in Japan? Facility locations of Seven-Eleven Japan are selected with reference to the principle of market dominance. More new stores appear in those areas where there is a cluster of Seven-Eleven Japan stores to guarantee the effective distribution and rapid provision of products. Inventory management and transportation are based on the work of distribution centers and the provision of many goods. In this context, regional merchandizing guarantees a focus on customers’ needs. The company works to decrease the number of used vehicles, but the increase in productivity is observed (Chopra 7). Organization of the work of stores, suppliers, manufacturers, and distribution centers, and transportation are based on the implemented Total Information System. This network allows for ordering and communicating between store managers and distribution centers. Seven-Eleven does not allow direct store delivery in Japan with all products flowing through its distribution center. What benefit does Seven-Eleven derive from this policy? When is direct store delivery more appropriate? While using distribution centers in order to control the delivery of products, Seven-Eleven Japan guarantees that all stores will be provided with goods on time, the delivery will be properly scheduled, and customers’ needs will be addressed. It is important to use distribution centers for chains that include many convenience stores because of the necessity to organize deliveries several times a day (Chopra 6-7). Direct store delivery can be selected when a store needs