ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The case study of Monsanto company is an illustration of one’s reputation problems due to controversially ethical activities. A corporate image is the assessment of the company by consumers. It can be classified into internal – the perception of the object by its personnel, and external – the assessment by customers, partners, and competitors. The positive image allows you to consolidate the position of the company in the market. It is necessary not only for large commercial enterprises but also for government structures (hospitals, schools, charitable foundations) to attract resources and support from the population and the media. Organizational culture is an important component of a company’s successful activity, which is the basis of its rapid growth. With the help of corporate culture, the company survives in the fight against competitors, reaches new heights, dynamically develops, and strengthens its position. Main body Modern agricultural biotechnology and its related ethical issues are fundamental problems of Monsanto company, and it is based on advances in cellular and molecular biology. Genetic engineering can be defined as techniques and methods that provide directional modifications in the hereditary properties of an organism through direct gene transfer or exposure to genes that determine a particular genetic trait. In the past decades, biotechnology has rapidly moved from the field of scientific research to practical use. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and microbiological industries, such as Monsanto. One of the areas of biotechnology is the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which include animals, plants, microorganisms, and viruses created using genetic engineering methods (Krimsky, 2015). The transfer of a gene from one organism to another is called a genetic transformation, and a formed body with new properties is transgenic, or genetically modified. For example, for tomatoes or strawberries to become frost-resistant, they are “implanted” by the genes of northern fish; in order to prevent maize from being devoured by pests, a gene derived from snake venom is “grafted” into it. The use of biotechnology implementations is another key problem in Monsanto, which is perceived by the public ambiguously. Therefore, many people express controversial attitudes about applying biotechnological methods in the pharmaceutical and microbiological industries to produce various drugs, enzymes, and vitamins. The alternative solution is to use the same achievements of biotechnology because they can protect the environment from the adverse effects of industrial or agricultural waste (Krimsky, 2015). For example, Monsanto should develop technologies that can generate bio-degradants for cleaning the soil from pollution by oil, oil products, dioxins, and organophosphorus substances. When the question addresses G
Mummification was a sophisticated process of preserving dead bodies of both animals and human beings. This process was ritually done in Egypt. Mummies were preserved corpses and were specifically protected from decomposition. Hence, they retained their natural physical form. The most suitable way of preserving these dead bodies was mainly through mummification. The latter method came into existence during ancient years and was part and parcel of Egyptian socio-cultural civilization. The main rationale behind mummification was to countercheck increased raiding of tombs. Meanwhile, this act was considered to be the most integral ritual of preparing individuals for life after one has died. It is imperative to note that the process of preparing mummies was multifaceted, expensive, and bounded by rituals and ceremonies. Fundamental nature of mummification It is evident that Egyptians believed in life after death. They also understood that the elements of the soul were non- perishable and hence it was not advisable to bury a dead body without carrying out a cl4eansing process that would see the new being transcend into eternity. In addition, Egyptians believed that both animals and the human soul were inseparable from the rest of the body. Moreover, they had a perception that every individual had three souls, namely Ka, Ba, and Akh (Lawrence 364). They believed that if they did not mummify the body, Ba would leave the grave and haunt the family of the departed even while in their mortal world. In this case, they preserved the dead bodies to ensure that they are prepared for eternity. Besides, the bodies were vital for ancient Egypt’s afterlife since they helped to keep the soul alive. Research done indicates that Egyptians believe that if they do not preserve the body, the soul might not get back after the resurrection (Museum of Science par. 3). In line with this, there was an illusion that mummified bodies offered a vacuum for the persona’s spirit to occupy, especially after death. What made mummification a ritual? It is vivid that Egyptians held a strong belief that they were on a journey to another world where they would lead a new life (Perry194). Although they lived ravishingly in Egypt, they felt that they would require basic necessities to use after departing to the new world. In line with preserving the deceased, various substances needed for daily use such as food, clothes and weapons were put in graves alongside the deceased person. Moreover, they believed in several aspects that were indispensable to human life. Such inc
Introduction Managed care can be defined as an organized system of health care that involves a variety of techniques and methods aimed at reducing the costs of health care. In a bid to provide effective health care services, managed care utilizes economic incentives for physicians and low-cost care methods for patients. Generally, managed care services include an integration of cost-sharing, contract with health care providers, and various systems for the management of high-cost health care services (Cooper & Rebitzer, 2004). Managed care organizations include various health care insurance programs that are designed to enhance cost efficiency in medical facilities. Also, they include programs for reviewing medical-specific services, management of inpatient medical admissions, and length of stay in medical facilities to reduce the cost of health care services (Ettinger & Lasser, 2008). Managed Care and Managed Care Organization (MCO) Historically, managed care and managed care organizations (MCOs) were formed as the organs responsible for reducing health care costs. Today, this is not the case as managed care and managed care organizations are currently involved in the various acts related to increased market power and price-fixing. Also, traditional health insurers used to cater to healthcare-related costs in the US. However, this was found to be expensive, thus leading to the initiative of managed care to provide health care services through financing processes, purchasing terms, delivery, and influencing decisions made by physicians in various health care services. As a result, this method led to the structuring and restructuring of the traditional method of health care service delivery, especially to eliminate bureaucratic rules that required physicians to consult for administrative acceptance in the process of carrying some important procedures and programs. Managed care organizations usually consider the effects of costs as well as the critical decisions of physicians in joining the organizations (Cooper & Rebitzer, 2004). Furthermore, physicians usually have a variety of values and practices that make it difficult for the MCOs to attract them while at the same time controlling the costs of health care. It is worth noting that physicians have the responsibility of providing health care services to patients, thus they need to have decent earnings for their livelihood to be effective in their roles. This gives MCOs some challenges on how to reduce costs of health care while at the same time attracting the most competent physicians. Moreover, MCOs have to restrict contracts and write cost containment rules in contracts that involve a large number of physicians. Again, MCOs have to ensure that there is a balance between cost containment, quality of health care service delivery, and satisfaction of the interests of physicians (Ettinger & Lasser, 2008). Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) To achieve effective and efficient health care service delivery, a variety of managed care models such as Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) are always involved. These HMOs provide health c
Technological advancements are invaluable in the delivery of healthcare services. Although people associate technology in a medical sphere with high-precision surgery appliances and computer equipment, in reality, the majority of advances used in healthcare are present in ordinary life as well. One such technology, which is already taken for granted is the Internet. The system of fast data exchange over computer networks is invaluable in hospitals and medical centers. One particular technological innovation, which has the capacity to enhance healthcare practices is the Internet of things. Understanding what constitutes the essence of the Internet of things is essential in ascertaining its potential impact on the sphere of healthcare. The Internet of things (IoT) presupposes a physical environment, where objects are virtually connected. An effective way to conceptualize it is to imagine computer hardware. Each component is connected together by shared software, which controls the functionality of each detail. A classical computer uses physical wires to connect its constituents to each other. However, it is also possible to use wireless technology for the transfer of information. It allows connected objects to be distanced from each other. In essence, any number of objects can be connected at various distances as long as wireless communication is maintained. The IoT technology is a valuable solution for healthcare management. St. Jude Medical became a pioneer in the implementation of IoT technology in healthcare in 2009 when a USB Adaptor was installed into a cardiac implant, which transferred data to physicians (Hudson & Clark, 2018). More than any other institution, hospitals rely on data input from medical devices (Singh et al., 2020). The faster doctors and nurses can be alerted about the changes in patients’ conditions, the sooner they will be able to take the necessary actions. However, they need technology, which would allow them to collect data from numerous sources simultaneously. The Internet of Medical Things is an example of such technology. First, it can be used to monitor the health indicators of patients. The traditional approach to this task is conducting repetitive data collection activities, such as measuring blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen, and others (Chu et al., 2021). IoT allows for a continuous data flow, which is more efficient and less time-consuming. Second, sensors can be installed on patients themselves, who are out of the hospital and are at risk. When a dangerous condition exacerbates, the central processing unit analyzes the data feed and alarms the family or emergency services, when action is necessary (Chu et al., 2021). In all cases, there is the benefit of better control and faster communication. Naturally, the IoT is a complex technology, the implementation of which has obstacles. Firs
Introduction Two world wars have resulted in numerous material and human losses. Therefore, such an organization as the United Nations was established to regulate and protect basic human rights all over the world. It has also provided classification describing which countries are developed and which are referred to as the third world. This breakdown considers major political and social aspects into considerations. In some cases, those states that show stable economic development may suffer from social inequality. Such countries as India, Myanmar, Nepal, and the Maldives are widely recognized primarily owing to famous tourist destinations, but each of them has numerous domestic problems associated with the autocratic military regime and severe violation of basic human rights. Human Rights in Myanmar The movement for human rights in Myanmar has recently emerged because of constant violations. In order to fully understand the essence of this initiative, it is necessary to take an insight into the history of Burma. In particular, the year 1948 marked the Civil War with the confrontation of communist and socialist powers. While the former was widely supported by indigenous Burmese, the latter was associated with ethnic minorities residing in the territory of Burma. This war was long-lasting, but the democratic powers prevailed in the election of 1989 (“Burma 2018”). Despite this, the country was far from complying with the democratic principles because human rights were constantly violated because of women’s abuse and utilization of child labor. Furthermore, many political activists were imprisoned at the turn of the twenty-first century. Basic human freedoms were also undermined because phone conversations were monitored and strict control over media was evident by the implementation of heavy censorship. Even though the overall situation in the country has been gradually improving, the most urgent problem of Myanmar is the conflict with Rohingya people at present. The government is not willing to acknowledge this Muslim ethnic minority because of some former conflicts. Therefore, Rohingya people are constantly persecuted because they do not belong to the so-called taingyintha. According to this concept, people inhabiting Myanmar are considered as national races in case they are not European, Chinese, or Indian. Cheesman adopted a genealogical method to study taingyintha to point ambiguity, contingency, and uncertainty related to the interpretation of various peoples, denoting various linguistic and cultural differences (463). Even though Rohingya people originate in other lands, the military regime of Burma has no legal rights to discriminate against them. Recently, there was another crisis related
At the turn of the twenty-first century, many companies became deeply concerned about their corporate social responsibility and how their operations influenced the environment. Food production enterprises started to implement innovative processing methods and utilize organic components to meet consumer needs. Trader Joe’s has always been known for its advanced approaches, starting to sell canvas bags and providing foods with no preservatives, which was not common in any other supermarket chain in North America. However, this company faces an urgent challenge concerning the overfishing problem in the world, so its authorities need to address it by substituting the endangered species in their grocery stores. The success and popularity of Trader Joe’s supermarket chain can be explained by its management structure. The company had only three CEOs starting from the moment of its establishment. This makes this business unique and marks consistency of leadership through the years and explains how the authorities have led the company through the key phases (Yohn). Recently, Trader Joe’s has implemented the principles of decentralization so that each store is a separate business with the manager responsible for all the operations at the place. Such a business model is similar to franchising, but in this case, each store has less space for developing autonomy because all crucial decisions are made by the upper-level management. This approach has both strengths and weaknesses as not every manager implements the theoretical guidelines into practice at the particular store. Some drawbacks were evident when the red-list species of fish were supposed to be replaced in each supermarket. While in some grocery stores this regulation was successfully adopted, others expressed negligence towards such changes on the way to sustainability. Trader Joe’s is known for its concise assortment and reasonable prices so that people spend less time when choosing the necessary foods. Furthermore, it offers large sampling stations for its visitors which allow tasting preferred products before making a purchase. In the late 2000s, this supermarket chain started to sell natural products that were processed in a sustainable way, so the sampling station became a great opportunity for consumers to try various types of natural and organic foods. However, the company is currently facing a challenge of providing fish that meets major sustainability requirements established by Greenpeace. The key issues are related to the effective management at the place, compliance with the directions initiated by the upper-level management, and adherence to the sustainability guidelines of the present time. Even though Greenpeace confirms that the chain has the lowest number of species from the red list in its inventory, the organization’s main challenge is to enhance transparency because there is not enough infor
I agree that studying music is an exciting and essential process that allows researchers understand people better. In particular, the study of American music is important because it reflects the various historical stages of the country. This includes wars, the development of religion, technological processes, and other events. Therefore, discovering the music of a particular era, students can immerse themselves in it. Thanks to this, the moods, conditions, and aspirations of people become clearer. A particularly useful factor is the texts of musical works. They, directly or metaphorically, contain people’s thoughts and feelings and even descriptions of events (Browner and Riis 56). Thus, it is possible to find reflections of military activities in hymns and marches and religious views of people in spirituals. All this is an integral part of the existence of America; therefore, undoubtedly, it requires consideration. The most significant music pieces can be included in history courses, as they reflect it in many ways. In addition, it will be easier for students to understand and remember facts if they are associated with emotions caused by the music. After a deeper immersion in the topic, as expected, my understanding of American music undoubtedly expanded and changed. I learned more about the history of the development of music and its connection with various social and political processes. This is of considerable interest since everything that happens around a person has a high impact on creativity. In addition, I did not have enough knowledge about the variety of musical genres of the past and the present. Nevertheless, there are indeed many of them, which also requires a separate study (Maultsby and Burnim 101). Thus, now music seems to me like a complex phenomenon, full of discoveries and unusual details. Works Cited Browner, Tara, and Thomas Riis. Rethinking American Music. University of Illinois Press, 2019. Maultsby, Portia K., and Mellonee V. Burnim. Issues in African American Music: Power, Gender, Race, Representation. Taylor & Francis, 2016.
Despite its controversies, labeling still finds its use in the addictions assessment process. Phrases like “I am Peter, and I am an alcoholic” have become iconic for Alcoholic Anonymous. On the one hand, self-labeling as alcoholics and addicts may seem beneficial for admitting that help is needed. On the other hand, accepting oneself as an alcoholic may be destructive and disempowering. Instead of giving people the strength to overcome their condition, labeling is associated with leaving a person paralyzed and waiting for help. The implications of labeling are evident and need to be addressed. According to Szwejka, images of addicts are negative, and being associated with the word may lead to the development of stigma (343-344). These scars are associated with being held responsible for choosing to take drugs and being incapable of avoiding its use. Therefore, people using drugs feel rejected by society as their behavior is labeled as deviant (Szwejka 344). Addiction assessment professionals are to understand the importance of words they use to facilitate their patients’ rehabilitation. The language used to address people’s condition matters since it may damage a person’s mental health. The avoidance of labels may encourage people to seek assistance for their condition. Since addictions assessment process is the first step of patients toward addressing their problem, therapists are to use neutral language and avoid calling people alcoholics or addicts. Such words may discourage people from trying to change and leave them powerless in front of their condition. As coping with addictions requires to improve self-esteem and awareness, such discouragements may lead to difficulties in future treatment. Work Cited Szwejka, Lukasz. “ Drug Addiction in the Labeling Theory. ” Journal of Educational Review, vol. 6, no. 3, 2013, pp. 343-347. Web.
Tissue engineering is an emerging area of tissue-regenerative medicine that can offer an effective treatment for a wide variety of conditions and injuries as well as become a valid substitute to currently available treatment methods (Rana et al. 2015). The potential of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to control cell functions and provide temporary support for the growth of cells during the process of tissue development allows for their use in tissue engineering. The scaffold also is known as a synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) promotes the formation of new cells by stimulating seeded cells to produce their own ECMs (Rana et al. 2015). ECM facilitates the development of tissues by localizing the cells, creating adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation cues as well as assembling “the propagated cells and secreted matrices into functional tissues and organs” (Hoshiba et al. 2012, p. 1718). Even though ECM can be made from numerous materials, such as polymers, bioceramics, and proteins, among others, the ideal scaffold should have a high degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability (Rana et al. 2015). Therefore, ECM derived from the tissues or organs through decellularization are among the best biomaterials for tissue engineering. This paper aims to explore the development of decellularized scaffolds and their potential use in tissue engineering. Literature Analysis Old Applications of Decellularized Scaffolds The article titled “Decellularized matrices for tissue engineering” by Hoshiba et al. (2012) explores advances in the development of decellularized ECM scaffolds as well as the promises of their application in the field of tissue engineering. The authors review the advantages and challenges of decellularized matrices and highlight their promised potential. The ECM is a complex structure of different types of polysaccharides and proteins that allow it to “maintain tissue architecture in vivo ” (Hoshiba et al. 2012, p. 1718). However, it is also capable of controlling cellular functions by either directly or indirectly activating intercellular signaling pathways (Hoshiba et al. 2012). The authors note that decellularized ECM molecules and their networks could potentially create an environment that would be identical or at least very similar to that of ECMs in vivo . Hoshiba et al. (2012) state that ECMs existing in vivo are constructed of proteins that have extremely complex biomechanical properties; therefore, the use of physicochemical methods existing at the time of the writing of the article makes it difficult to mimic the composition of a natural ECM. For this reason, scientists use in vitro ECMs that have undergone decellularized treatment (Hoshiba et al. 2012). The authors state that decellularized matrices formed from stem cells could be potentially applied not only in the field of tissue engineering but also in biological research (Hoshiba et al. 2012). Moreover, the use of “protein knocked-down animals” and “surfaces coated with ECM proteins” (Hoshiba et al. 2012, p. 1724) makes it possible to furth