ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Plato’s criticism of democracy Plato criticises the free choices or freedoms in democracy and the free choice of occupation. An important theory that comes from Socrates states that control of policy in government should be given in the hands of the ‘guardians’. The guardians are those who have reason or a dominating faculty which allows them to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. Morality can be guarded and ensured if those given the chance to have power over it are those whose actions are ruled by reason. The others who are not dominated by reason should not be allowed to take control of policy. (Sofroniou 2007, p. 75) People in government should have moral knowledge and not just moral opinion. According to Plato, this is a requirement in order for a government to be moral. An ordinary citizen can have opinion about good things in life but may not have good moral judgement. He does not know if such things are good if he does not know how to distinguish the ‘essence of goodness’ and its corresponding attributes or manifestations. If a citizen does not possess this power or quality, he will not be able to know the goodness of a thing. To speak of it in our present time, there are only a few people who are given the power of ‘sound judgement about what is right and what is wrong’ and should have the power to make policy. Plato opposed the doctrine that everyone should be allowed to express his or her own opinion, to state his beliefs or to influence policies because those who are not trained to function in government do not have enough reason and do not exactly know what is right and what is wrong. A moral government should be controlled by those with moral knowledge and not with mere moral opinion. In order to expound on this clearly, Plato makes another distinction, that between Forms and their apparent manifestations. Plato would like to distinguish the ‘essence’ of beauty and the manifestations of beauty. For Plato these are two different things – essence and manifestations of beauty. (Sofroniou 2007, p. 75) Modern philosophers have interpreted this distinction with their examples of ‘particular’s and ‘universals’. For example, an orange has its individual qualities, the particulars, but oranges have general qualities of colour, taste, smell, and so on. An orange may have a particular sweet taste – it may be sweeter than another orange but the universal quality is that all oranges have sweet taste. Plato suggests that a thing is beautiful if it has the Form of beauty. We will know that a thing is beautiful if we know the Form of beauty, or the thing has the presence of that Form , and not on our mere belief that the thing is beautiful. Knowledge depends upon what we know of the universals. Having knowledge of the Form is important before one can have the wisdom to act and according to Plato this is a prerequisite before he can act on his own life or anything about the state. This is true with goodness and the Form of goodness. The Form of goodness enables us to understand the goodness of a thing. This is compared to the sun which makes our eyes see and makes things visible to
Introduction From the moment a precious baby is born, parents focus on how they can make him or her happy, successful, smart and healthy. Everyone has his own views and understanding of happiness and success. However, society plays a big role in shaping standards of ideal living. The essay will focus on analyzing different perceptions presented by scholars concerning ideal parenting. Success and happiness of a child are important to parents. A valid conclusion, on how parenting should ensure true happiness and success for their children will be drawn. Children should have dreams and high goals, but should be guided to connect them with real life. According to Chua, happiness can only be achieved through hard work and success. On the other hand, Twenge claims that hard work and success should be stimulated by happiness. Kolbert describes issue of parenting as being sensitive. She targets all young parents in America and highlights outcomes of parenting. According to Kolbert, parents give their children unanimous authority that will only lead to a less powerful generation. She highlights that children are now more powerful than their parents, since they are worshipped and pampered. Different authors give their ideas about today’s western real world standards and how to teach children to survive. Despite the style of parenting adopted, the aim is to ensure that children are happy and successful in their entire life. The importance of having dreams and achieving them is positively correlated to success. Inspiring children to have goals and to work on attaining them is the hardest task in parenting. Chua makes it a little bit easier for herself, since she decides on what is good for her daughters to do. Her children play violin and piano very successfully. She makes them practice three, four or five hours a day to ensure that they play to the best of their abilities and beyond. In this process, her daughters learn to love their instruments and music. She is a competitive woman and encourages her daughters to participate in all competitions and win every title. When they want to have a break, she reminds them that their competitors will get ahead of them while they are on holiday. Her daughter Lulu, who is a very talented violinist, acknowledges that she loves violin but it is not the only thing that she wants to do in her life. Chua is dedicated and knows how to make children work hard and succeed in achieving dreams. However, dreams achieved by children are those of Chua. On the other hand, Twenge states that American children today have so much choice and freedom, that they end up having very high and unrealistic expectations. Children are told that they can achieve everything, without being taught how to work hard and realize their dreams. For example, a person wants to become a movie director, even before knowing how to act (Twenge 83). When young people realize that some of their goals are unrealistic, they become unhappy and depressed. Big dreamers want everything now and end up preparing themselves for failure and un
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which is the result of a violation of insulin secretion, the effects of insulin, or both of these factors. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is accompanied by damage, dysfunction, and insufficiency of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. LADA is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, the symptoms and initial course of which are consistent with the clinical picture of diabetes 2, but the etiology is closer to diabetes 1. However, a LADA analysis shows that this is a soft edge of the spectrum of manifestations of diabetes 1, because it is autoimmune, high GAD titer, and small doses of insulin can be prescribed. Characteristics The patients in adulthood and with long-term diabetes diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, in which the onset of symptoms was not accompanied by ketosis and did not require the use of insulin therapy. During the examination, it was found that patients had a low level of C-peptide in response to stimulation by glucagon, which indicated that they had an absolute deficit in insulin secretion (Buzzetti, Pozzilli, Frederich, Iqbal, & Hirshberg, 2016). Of no small importance was the fact that in the majority of patients with diabetes mellitus with insulin deficiency GAD was detected, which are a marker of autoimmune insulin, and among patients with diabetes without insulin deficiency, these antibodies were found only in rare cases. Categories The term latent autoimmune adult diabetes (LADA) was proposed to describe a group of patients who had clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes, positive antibodies top-cell components, and when the disease manifested, there was no ketoacidosis and weight loss. With LADA, GAD, and antibodies to the β cells of the pancreas are detected. It is estimated that in different populations, from the minimum to half of the patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, LADA is actually affected. LADA can be classified into type 1 and type 2, depending on the GAD titer (Castelblanco et al., 2018). Patients with a high GAD titer having phenotypic similarities to type 1 diabetes, such as ketoacidosis, lower levels of C-peptide, BMI, and insulin resistance, are type 1 LADA. Patients with a lower GAD titer having phenotypic similarities as type 2 diabetes, such as higher levels of C-peptide, BMI, and insulin resistance, are classified as patients with LADA type 2. Treatment Currently, one of the main directions of modern research on LADA is the problem of preventing the development of insulin deficiency. Based on the results of many years of research, it was concluded that it is advisable to prescribe insulin injections in small doses to patients with LADA in order to prevent the development of insulin deficiency in them (Wod et al., 2018). Thus, the appointment of an intensified insulin therapy regimen protects ß cells from de
In sociology, achieved social status can be termed as the position an individual chooses to take or earn. The status indicates an individual ability, efforts, and personal life choices (Samiksha). Achieved status can reflect both the good and bad side of an individual because it depends on the effort made by the person. Generally, achieved social status would make an individual happy for attaining it for example becoming a teacher, a footballer, an engineer, becoming a husband or wife. Consequentially, bad achieved social status can make a person feel sad for instance if a person makes a choice of becoming a criminal, rapist, or drug addict. The outcome of the achieved social rank is influenced by the effort and choice an individual take (Samiksha). It is possible for a person to have as much achieved social identity in society as possible. People’s lives are influenced by the level or state of the achieved social rank in the society. Absolute poverty is a situation where the household income is far below a certain level hence making it hard or impossible for an individual or person to meet basic needs such as shelter, food, drinking water, healthcare, and education. Achieved status is a concept developed by Ralph Linton, an anthropologist, for a social position that an individual can acquire based on merit and is earned or chosen (Djurdjevic et al. 1124). It is a position that is earned or, in some other cases, achieved. Ascribed status is a sociological term that refers to an individual’s social status assigned at birth or assumed later in life involuntarily (Djurdjevic et al. 1124). It is based on age, sex, relationship, family, or even the family. Capitalism is an economic system that creates or plays a crucial role in aiding or encouraging private individuals or business entities to practice owning capital goods. Corporate welfare is a term used to describe how the government bestows tax breaks, money grants, or other special favorable treatment for corporations. The digital divide refers to the existing gap between the demographics and regions accessing modern information communications technology and those lacking access to these technologies. False consciousness indicates the inability of certain people to recognize oppression, existing inequality, and exploitation in a capitalist society. Horizontal mobility is an idiom that describes switching from one position or angle to another without changing your social status. Intergenerational mobility is the extent to which vital features and the outcomes of an individual tend to differ from the characteristics of their parents (Cutillo et al. 20). It entails the changes of the social class of the various generations of the family members. Life chances are regarded as a social science theory explaining each individual’s existing opportunities to improve their quality of life. Most critics vitally use precarious work to describe or demonstrate the work perceived as non-standard or the temporary employment whereby the employees are paid poorly (Cutillo et al. 20). Social Mobility refers to the movem
The official date of Israel’s independence is considered to be May 14, 1948. This day was the beginning of the new epoch in the development of the nation because the independence of the Jewish state was proclaimed. The proclamation of the declaration resulted in the rapid invasion on the part of Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. These war events turned into the War of Independence. The invaders were completely equipped with all necessary weapons. Israel had to cope with great difficulties in order to resist invading forces. The roots of the war covered the civil conflict between Arabs and Jews which appeared after the UN decision proclamation. This decision was aimed at the country partitioning consisting of an Arab state, Jewish state, and international enclave. The plan of the UN was completely approved by the Jews but it caused massive objections among the population of Arabs and surrounding countries. Such an atmosphere led to the majority of demonstrations and violations. It caused a row of conflicts in society. (Rogan, 2001) T
Objectives The main reason behind the international expansion is the desire to offset the risks presented by domestic competitors such as Wal-Mart, Kroger Company, Sprouts Farmers Marker, Trader Joe’s, and Costco among others. According to Basu (2015), both the company’s revenues and comps have been severely affected by the competitors trying to gain a foothold in the organic food segment. International expansion can become an effective solution for decreasing the risks associated with competition as well as provide the company with a good growth opportunity. WFMI has been operating in Canada since 2002; therefore, it is already familiar with the environment of the foreign market (Basu, 2015). Another factor that drives the company to increase its overseas exposure has to do with the fact that “international revenues for the 2010-2014 period have increased at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.74 percent” (Basu, 2015, para. 2) which is significantly higher in comparison with local CAGR sales that amounted to 11.96 percent. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to miss the opportunity to increase the store count in Canada. Furthermore, the expansion to Canada will help the company to add at least 30 new outlets, thereby reaching the objective of crossing the 500-facilities mark by 2017 formulated by its co-CEO, John Makey (Basu, 2015). Company Background Whole Foods Market, Inc. (WFMI) is the U.S corporation headquartered in Texas. It owns the largest supermarket chain of natural foods without artificial coloring and preservatives. As of 2015, WFMI had 433 facilities across the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom and hired more than 90, 000 employees (Market Realist, 2015). Moreover, since 2012, the company “held the top retailer position in the organic food space until Costco took the top spot in 2015” (Market Realist, 2015, para 1). WFMI is not just another chain of grocery stores; its vision goes deeper than being a provider of organic foods: the company is interested in the creation of sustainable agriculture, reducing waste, and promoting “environmentally sound cleaning and store maintenance programs” (Whole Foods, 2017, para. 11). WFMI’s slogan—Whole Foods, Whole People, Whole Planet—shows that the company is interested in the promotion of sustainable solutions (Whole Foods, 2017, para. 2). Moreover, according to the statement of the organization’s core values, it measures its success in terms of “customer, satisfaction, team member happiness and excellence, return on capital investment, improvement in the state of the environment and local and larger community support” (Whole Foods, 2017, para. 2). Marketing Objectives Marketing objectives of WFMI are associated with establishing needs and requirements of Canadian consumers in order to align them with the com
Insidious injuries are of great concern to many medical workers, business administrators, and legal professionals. This paper is aimed at discussing this type of injuries and its major attributes. On the whole, much attention should be paid to risk of monitoring. Moreover, one should focus on safety measures that can shield a person against various threats. Furthermore, it is possible to say the understanding of this question can benefit both individuals and organizations that can encounter such problems. On the whole, such healthcare problems are particularly dangerous because they do not manifest themselves at early stages; moreover, such problems cannot be treated easily at the moment when their symptoms become noticeable. This is the main argument that should be elaborated more closely. Overall, the term insidious injury can be defined as a trauma or a health problem that develops in a very subtle and gradual way; nevertheless, their impacts can be very significant. In many cases, the effects of such injuries can be catastrophic. Moreover, it is important to remember that the connection between the causes and symptoms of insidious injuries are not immediately recognizable (Calhoun & Hiller, 1988, p. 162). Furthermore, the onset of such health problems cannot be immediately identified (Charney & Fragala, 1998, p. 139). This is one of the main issues that should be considered since it is important for understanding the dangers of these injuries and reducing their risks. Researchers single out a set of attributes that are typical of insidious injuries. In particular, they affect a segment of the population that can be more exposed to a certain risk (Charney & Fragala, 1998, p. 163). For example, one can speak about people who are exposed to various toxins. Additionally, insidious injuries can be attributed to a variety of causes. For instance, people may develop various forms of cancer due to various occupational hazards such as the use of different chemicals; however, this outcome can also be explained by many other factors as well. These are some of the main details that should be taken into account. Overall, these examples throw light on the complexities of insidious injuries as well as their effects on the health of a person. This issue is important to business administrators who want to avoid litigation. Moreover, the failure to do it can be viewed as a crime (Benson & Simpson, 2009). This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about work-related diseases (Calhoun & Hiller, 1988). One should keep in mind that employers can be accused of crimes against workers, provided that they fail to minimize occupational hazards (Bens
Summary Ebola, in recent months, has emerged as a major health hazard to the world populace. African countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone are affected by this contagion. This epidemic is likely to become a momentous global event. Critical global response is needed to deal with this tribulation. According to the WHO, Liberia and Sierra Leone reported growing Ebola incidence of 0.49 percent. Hordes of Ebola cases are not reported. This implies underreporting with reference to this ailment. At present, this disease has infected 14,000 people. This ailment is likely to infect 1.4 million people in Liberia and Sierra Leone by January 2015. In Liberia, approximately 263 people die every week due to this ailment. Compared to this, malaria contributes to the death of 140 persons. It is apparent that Ebola has the potency to affect large numbers of people (Michaud & Kates, 2014). Relevance to global health policy Paucity of data has affected the capability of global health policy makers to prepare for the Ebola contagion. In all probability, medical experts have miscalculated the impact of Ebola on the world population. Global health professionals need to obtain precise data concerning the potency of Ebola. It is imperative that the WHO gives guidance to the government and non-governmental organizations to deal with this predicament. Dearth of a pertinent policy is expected to affect large numbers of people in the world (Michaud & Kates, 2014). Ebola virus has affected the African countries. In the near future, it is likely to extend to other parts of the world. It is vital to create a suitable global health strategy to deal with Ebola. The U.S. government & global emerging infectious disease preparedness and response Summary Emerging infectious disease (EID) has appeared as a major health-related tribulation for the US and the world community. In the 1980s, EID such as HIV/AIDS contributed to the death of 39 million people. This disease affected 79 million people in varied parts of the world. The American and world population have discerned EIDs such as mad cow disease, bird flu, SARS, and MERS. Swine flu led to the bereavement of more than 200,000 people, and it distressed the world community. Global health leaders have comprehended the need to report and prevent EIDs. To achieve this object, International Health Regulations (IHRs) have been executed. These rules oblige governments to report EIDs to the international community. Governments are also compelled to implement measures to restrain their expansion to other regions of the world. Simultaneously, factors such as poverty and lack of healthcare technology have affected the wherewithal of underdeveloped countries