ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The modern Mesoamerica region is made up a diversified range of linguistic nature. However, Spanish is greatly spoken in this region and about eighty native languages are still in use today. The study of these languages has led to further discoveries of information concerning these people, their cultures, histories and the relationship between the Mesoamerican societies. The sources of genuine anthropological information based on the linguistic development have not yet been identified, with the existence of a problem to determine the difference between a social and linguistic phenomenon. The language used may be used to measure, but cannot represent or unlock the complexity of the society using that language. This brings a reflection for clear understanding of the relationship between language, culture and identity. Nevertheless, the trouble for the Maya had begun way back before the Spanish invasion. The pre-Hispanic Maya world was made up of a long series of succession of impressive artistic and intellectual achievements. For colonialism, the role played by anthropology is relatively unimportant. The theoretical reverse proposition does not actually apply. The colonization affected the local Mesoamericans society in very many ways. A greater concern is directed to the peaceful conquest of the Maya of Yucatan. The initial intention of the missionary as viewed by the field of discourse production-hanks is to bring the subjects to order which would in one way or the other, affect the built space, day-to-day social practices and the language. The conversion of the Indios into Christianity, introduced a change in the native language used by the Indios to a Telos language which the Christians opted as the medium for Christian practice. The conversion is viewed currently as the charismatic change of an individual’s religious beli
Definition of quasi independence In an attempt to understand the process of evolution, Richard Lewontin explained that adaptation is a necessary prerequisite to occurrence of evolution. However, he also believed that it can be workable when the reproductive ability of the organisms and the phenotype of the concerned subject had two particular traits: quasi independence and continuity. Continuity meant that minor changes in traits only affected minor ecological processes; this meant that reproductive fitness could also be marginally affected. Conversely, quasi independence refers to the fact that there a number of pathways that can lead to change in an organism. Some of these pathways can either lead to negative effects or positive effects on other organs and ecological processes of the subject. However, the negative effects of the adaptation are not powerful enough to overcome the fitness increments created by the adaptation (Levins and Lewontin 79). Why Lewontin needed the concept An example of quasi independence is a series of mutations that occur in the body of a zebra so as to change the length of its bones. This change in the physical appearance of the zebra will only lead to adaptation if it has been shown that the zebra’s major threat to survival is the need for speed. If other ecological needs are prevalent, then the change in length of the leg bones will be of no evolutionary relevance. For instance, if a certain predator uses tactical methods to attack the zebra, then the change will not be useful to its survival. Second, it will lead to adaptation if an alteration in speed will not lead to other complications in the organism’s ability to adapt to its environment such as greater metabolism or need for more food. This increased need for food in an environment with limited resources will offset the positive benefits that emanate from the escape of the zebra from its predators. Third, if the lengthening of the zebra’s bones does not create a negative effect on other parts of the body. The organs need to be able to function in the same way that they did prior to occurrence of the mutation. Longer bones would require greater energy during the developmental process. They would also be more prone to breakage, or could lead to other morphological challenges in the rest of the body. As a result, a change in a certain characteristic would only be relevant to evolution if the net effect of the trait on the whole organism was positive. Lewontin needed quasi independence in order to explain why certain adaptations were evolutionarily significant or not. He needed to place mutation in context such that it would be possible to assess its relative usefulness. Quasi independence allows one to understand what leads to net reproductive fitness with regard to the characteristics that arise in organisms. Whether the theory fits in with Lewontin’s overall view of the evolutionary process Lewontin ass
Strong passwords are essential in preventing illegal entry to the electronic accounts and systems, and should contain shorthand, symbols, letters, and numbers. If a person has certain troubles recalling cryptic passwords, he can choose character replacements to create a stronger password from the previous insecure password. Weak password is discouraged since the way it is created can make that password significantly vulnerable to common password risks. For example, they are sustainable to frequent threats from password cracking software. Passwords derived from inadequate length, common words, familiar keyboard or number orders, and use of personal information are effortlessly cracked or compromised. Strong passwords will have some features that are intended to frustrate common password cracking threats (Shinder, 2007, p. 41). Passphrases operate on similar code as cryptic passwords and are applied in precisely similar manner. However, they vary from common cryptic passwords in that passphrases are mainly longer than cryptic passwords. While passwords can commonly be as short as four or five characters, passphrases contain maximum characters. Normal passphrases may contain 15 to 30 characters, where longer features offer stronger security since it is complex to compromise a 20-character passphrase compared to 7-character password (Shinder, 2007, p. 41). There are often various guidelines for establishing valid passphrases. Applications that usually use shorter passwords reject real names and words, which are disreputably unsafe. Rather, a password should often be an unsystematic sequence of characters. It is advisable to have a greater length of passphrase, which is easy to memorize, instead of a cryptic sequence of symbols, numbers, or letters that are short. Therefore, passphrases are more secure than cryptic password since they are longer and secure against password cracking. It is valuable to keep up your passwords especially when managing multiple passwords. Users should create a password that contains secure relations to certain applications or tasks so that it will be easy to remember. Most people make some errors when creating a password in th
In the fourth scene of act one in Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare rejects the traditional ideals of his day, the concepts that erratic passions drive poetic love and the weight of honor and glory in society, through Mercutio’s role. Through his Queen Mab soliloquy, Mercutio’s wild, excessive character and quick wit are apparent and contribute to the social commentary. In this speech alone we see Mercutio in direct opposition to all of the characters in Romeo and Juliet while at the same time we are provided an alternate point of view to the ideals that drive not only the characters of the play but most likely the conventions held by Shakespeare’s audience. At the beginning of the scene, Romeo is nervous about how the three of them, Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio, are to get inside the Capulet’s party so he might be near Rosaline. After several reassuring words from Benvolio, Romeo continues to lament over Rosaline’s rejection of him and makes excuses for not going to the party. Mercutio cleverly transforms Romeo’s laments into sexual innuendoes in an effort to brush off Romeo’s inhibitions regarding the party but still Romeo persists that a dream spoke to him foreshadowing that this party would be the beginning of great tragedy. Here, Mercutio tells the others he dreamt a dream as well and takes off on his soliloquy of “Queen Mab”, which begins as a light-hearted expression of the imagination in the evolution of dreams then morphs into a nightmarish hell that quickly entrances Mercutio into a restless state. Shakespeare’s Queen Mab as described in Mercutio’s speech brings dreams to sleeping people. This mythical character was loosely based on the pagan belief in fairies that dominated the religious spectrum before Christianity’s arrival to England. However, Queen Mab is not her popular name; in the Shakespearian era this character, Titania, was commonly known as the queen of fairies (1). However, in the time Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet, “Mab” was a common name for prostitutes in England. The adoption of her new name of “Mab” proposes a theoretical pun, a skill that Mercutio is not foreign to. His satire of the importance of dreams glorifies the whores of England making them figures of not only sexual desire but personal ambition. At the same time, it mocks the childish belief in fairies by proposing the darker more realistic side of humanity; that which frees itself from the idealistic passions of love and honor. At the beginning of the Queen Mab soliloquy, Mercutio sets things up for a light-hearted children’s fairy tale by characterizing her as the fairy midwife. In her carriage made by all the smallest artifacts of nature she “gallops night by night/ Through lovers’ brains, and then they dream of love;”(1.4.71) and so on until Mercutio’s imagination escapes him and he says, “O’er ladies’ lips, who straight on kisses dream,/Which oft the anger Mab with blisters plagues” (1.4.74). At this point, his description of Mab turns from fanciful to nightmarish. This line bears warning that Queen Mab has the power to bring pleasure to the men in th
The Spatial Data Division of Abu Dhabi: current strategic position The Spatial Data Division is part of a department responsible for Abu Dhabi’s municipal planning. In a nutshell, our office/division knows where the city is going in terms of plans, prospects and strategies for the future. Private individuals and organisations are some of the customers. This planning office has to provide internal innovations in order to effectively serve its customers. This office receives many data requests from customers (ordinary citizens, individual landowners, developers, private contractors, etc.) for certain projects or for businesses pertaining to land use. The division’s database is a depository of spatial maps, charts, statistics and valuable data and information ready for dissemination to citizens upon request. The process is the division’s “building block” and intangible asset which is weakening and needs improvement. Figure 1 Functional chart of Spatial Data Division under the Abu Dhabi Town Planning Sector This office offers several services ranging from issuance of documents containing data and information, maps and satellite pictures to land examination / investigation and surveying. Activities for the staff include planning, investigations of lands for ownership, and other spatial matters. The information and data are voluminous, as they include present information and background, which may be in the form of statistics, charts, maps, and so on. Information and data include land ownership, references, histories / backgrounds of lands in question, and any valuable information that may have been inputted before but which are significant in planning and creating a built environment ( Department of Municipal Affairs: Abu Dhabi city municipality 2014). Important database contents include planning maps, aerial photographs and satellite images with their corresponding data and information, coordinates of lands, landmarks, and built environment, lands under litigations, and much more. Histories of lands are very important in building new structures, or in determining the usability of such lands. The voluminous information is also part of the Geographic Information Systems database that may be formulated for plans and strategies of government agencies concerned. Soft and hard copies of the information, such as maps, charts, and other forms, are available upon request. GIS is still in the process of application and may be fully operational sometime in the near future. There are many inputs coming from studies, researches, field inspections / investigations, representations, essays and narratives of histories or backgrounds of the different areas and sites within the Abu Dhabi municipality. Aspects of Operation Management The 4 Vs analysis Volume The Spatial Data Division has high volume of output. Tasks are repeated and the application of technology (GIS) can make the process fast and answerable to the demand. Researchers and investigators provide researches, papers and documents. Asid
Introduction In the modern globalized world, new types of mass media have revolutionized communication between people and the freedom of speech. Internet users can post any information they want with little exception on their sites, YouTube pages, and social networks. The amount of available information today is larger than any time before. This situation leads to controversial results. People are free to express their opinions and feelings about any current events, but their voices are muted by the abundance of other information. The means of censorship have evolved with the mass media. Sites can ban their users for offensive behavior or edit and delete any inappropriate facts. The purpose of this paper is to analyze five articles about modern means of censorship. Internet Censorship In his article Internet Censorship neither by Government nor by Media , Jossey writes about the importance of online political communication during the elections and the new level of freedom provided by the Internet. The results of the 2016 presidential elections have changed all views on the efficient methods of persuading voters. The traditional advertising of a candidate has become insufficient in the world of social networking sites. People want to communicate directly with their candidates. Such services as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube help politicians to get in touch with their supporters. People are more ready to believe posts in a candidate’s timeline than his expensive advertising campaign. Television and radio can help unknown politicians become famous, especially among the older generation. Nevertheless, social networking sites build the preferences of people more effectively. Traditional means of censorship do not work for the new mass media. People hide their identities under anonymous masks and create numerous copies of their messages on various sites. According to Jossey, “about 87 percent of Americans use the Internet, and 74 percent use social media, the Pew Research Center recently found” (par. 16). This tremendous number of users can overturn the outcomes of any advertising campaign if the candidates address them wisely. Freedom of speech on the Internet has its distinct drawbacks. The number of fake news nearly overflows the credible information on popular topics. The discussions on important questions boil down to personal offenses or non-productive chats. People tend to limit their freedom of speech by themselves without the help of censorship from authorities. The author claims that Internet freedom needs to be codified by Congress (Jossey par. 34). It is crucial to reduce the number of fake news and network abusers who can influence people and limit their freedom of speech. The administrators of social networking sites should be ready to answer for the deletion of any user information. The appearance of the Internet has given unparalleled means for self-expression but undermined
Executive Summary With the current advancement in the information technology, social values have been easily relayed through the media. As a result, various unhealthy practices have been triggered among the current teenagers, resulting into their development of various disorders. Particularly, anorexia has become a very popular disorder among many teenage girls in the society today in their efforts to develop the best body shape associated with thinness. As a result, many young ladies have been revealed to exhibit unsafe eating habits, which endanger their health largely. According to the recent research about 1 out of 100 ladies today in US are anorexic in their pursuit for beauty associated with body slimness. More so, it has been revealed how high school girls perceive eating negatively, with about 40% of such girls over-relying on junk foods. Though family and peer influences have played significant role in the development of anorexia among many teenagers, the social media has largely been attributed to the current situation. As the media concentrates on beauty advertisements, slimness among the advertisements is brought out as the focal measure of beauty, triggering many teenage girls to initiate unhealthy eating habits with an aim attaining the anticipated body shape. This research focuses on the impact of the media as the ultimate key player for the development of the dangerous disorder among the contemporary young girls in the society. This study is very significant in the sense that, it will bring into focus the adverse effects associated with poor eating habits, and subsequently facilitate the change of attitude towards eating among teenage girls. Anorexia in Teens Background Information Anorexia is an eating disorder in which individuals tend to consider junk foods as their major part of their diet in fear of excess weight gain. According to Brooks (38), people with anorexia tend to be much obsessed on being thin, since they seek to acquire the best body shape and appearance. On this basis, anorexia has been a major problem among teenagers, especially girls, who tend to pursue the beauty associated with thinness. It has been revealed that, anorexia is becoming an eminent issue among teenage girls today, since their efforts to attain thin and beautiful body shape triggers them to avoid healthy foods. In America today, about 28% of the young girls are in ceases war against weight gain. On the process of trying to avoid weight gain, many of these teenagers expose themselves to unsafe self-starvation. In this regard, there has been rising need of public persuasions among the teenagers to guide them on how to avoid such dangerous eating habits. In fact, the media can be associated with the massive development of anorexia conditions among young girls. As revealed by Steele (1), anorexia is largely associated with social practices which necessitate thinness, which is mostly associated with beauty. As
Family Policy and Child Tax Credit The social sphere of the state includes many elements with the help of which the well-being of citizens is achieved. Since one of the critical elements of almost any society is the family, many policies aim to support them in various situations. The United States, in this context, is no exception since, in this state, there is a whole section of Family Policy focused on this topic. The laws and regulations, united by this direction, reflect qualities such as individualism and self-sufficiency and indicate the population groups that need support (Trask, n.d.). For example, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families provides additional benefits to single mothers. However, even more critical in this context is Child Tax Credit. This initiative was created as a program designed to ease the tax burden for families with children who incur additional costs due to family size and are forced to pay high taxes. Child Tax Credit (CTC) was created in 1997 and initially included a payment of $400 per child under 17 while being non-refundable (“What is the child tax credit,” 2021). Currently, under this program, up to $ 3,600 is provided for a child under six years old and up to $ 3,000 – up to 17 years old. At the same time, these funds are fully refundable and can be received as a tax refund if the credit exceeds taxes. According to the creators of this bill and the research conducted, the CTC reflects the ideological idea of providing as many citizens of the country as possible with the same living standards (Guo & Gilbert,
Introduction In the rapidly growing corporations, organizations, companies, and businesses there is a concomitant increase in the size of data generated on daily basis. An increase in the size of data generated directly increases the amount of data handled and required in different departments of the institution, company, organization or business for marketing, planning and budgeting, decision making, report writing, or for research work. Although large amounts of data in any organization are of great importance in policymaking, it comes with some accompanying problems. Problems of large data storage, insecurity, and inaccessibility are among other problems that accompany large data creation. These problems call for restructuring and improvement of the IT departments for the effective management of the data. The restructuring involves acquiring new technology and equipment, which may be expensive but on the other hand, creating job opportunities for the IT technicians acquired. Problems of too much data The setting of a large amount of data or information in an organization sets up a storage problem. Such a large amount of data comes from e-mails, invoices, price lists, ordering levels, checklists, and pick lists among many others. According to Conole, White, and Oliver “…no matter how expensively the data was obtained, it is of limited utility if it cannot be retrieved speedily and effectively” (2007, p.122). Data retrieval greatly depends on storage; therefore, poor storage leads to delayed retrieval or total loss of the data. The problem of data storage escalates when the data obtained or coming in is not in a uniform format, which calls for sorting before storage, which may be cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive. Moreover, large amounts of data require electronic data storage devices and improved technology for effective storage and easy retrieval. Data insecurity in case of handling large volumes of data becomes a major problem calling for attention to ensure privacy; otherwise, secret information about the institution, organization, or business can easily leak. With the electronic data storage devices, especially the removable discs, theft of data becomes easy and therefore, security of the data is of paramount importance to protect the data from corruption or destruction by malicious hackers. According to Oliver, “Disk encryption prevents unaut