ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Federalism and policy development The federal government has some powers over the States in the United States (Dye, 2010). In this regard, it makes choices on a range of aspects. The idea that the federal government has far-reaching powers over a number of issues raises questions regarding the extent to which the government should interfere with some aspects. Once the federal government decides on issues, in a way, it influences the behavior or the rights of individual citizens. Based on this, it is noticeable that federalism heavily influences policy making in the United States. Using the same line of thinking, the federal government sets the underlying regulations regarding public policy making. It is evident that the federal government decides the procedures or the rules that State governments have to observe regarding some activities. As an illustration, the federal government sets the percentage of revenue that the State governments retain as well as that that they remit. It is clear that the amount of revenue that States collect influence the level of development that States are able to carry out. As such, when the federal government policy puts demands that certain percentages be remitted to the national budget, it influences the developmental agenda of the States. If this holds, then it should also be noted that the State governments are in charge of certain functions at State level. These developmental activities affect the lives of the citizens at the State level. Since the federal government influences the activities, the States engage in, it also affects the lives of citizens. It is thus reasonable to conclude that federal policy activities affect the rights of citizens. Public Policy and Opinion Polls Political processes influence public policy in different ways (Dye, 2010). Political processes may include elections, campaigns for elections, opinion polls, constitution making, etc. These political processes have varied effects on the policy making process although in unexpected ways (Gray, 2004). Regarding elections, it is noticeable that political parties give clearance to individuals who seek political office (Brown, 2009). As a rule, each political party has its policy agenda. By way of illustration, the conservative party leans towards American conservatism as reflected by its pragmatic approach to several issues. Concisely, each party has a policy line it seeks to implement upon assuming office. Additionally, upon winning elections, political parties appoint senior office holders in the country. Although, the leaders or office bearers run offices using set procedures, political affiliation may influence the decisions they make. Based on this illustration, it is discernable that the election process may influence policymaking. As presented in the case regarding political processes, public opinion is unstable. Public opinion changes within short spells and may have various degrees of influence on policymaking. As an ill
Can Social Behaviour Be Studied as a Science? Social psychology focuses on connecting thoughts and behavior to social influences. This field of psychology has been applied to various social phenomena, as it provides valuable insight into how the presence of others impacts people’s behavior. The present essay will focus on how social psychology was successfully used to explain the social phenomenon of drug abuse in youths. Youth drug abuse is a persistent issue in many countries. As reported by Noori (2015), the rates of drug use among Afghan youths are growing, mainly due to social challenges such as unemployment, poverty, and low levels of education. In studying drug abuse, social psychology focuses on how social interactions and experiences influence the development, sustainment, prevention, and treatment of drug addiction. As a result of social psychology research in the area, two essential predictors of drug abuse in youths have been found. First of all, peer pressure has a crucial influence on drug abuse in youths (Russell, Trudeau, & Leland, 2015). According to Russell et al. (2015), “Youth who begin their substance use as young as age 8 are often pressured by peer culture to do so” (p. 1325). Another critical factor impacting drug abuse is drug addiction in the family. Children who come from substance-using families are more likely to develop an addiction (Russell et al., 2015). Thus, the application of social psychology to the phenomenon of youth drug abuse helps to explain how social factors impact the prevalence of and risk for drug abuse. An emergent notion in social psychology is that individual and family educational attainment influences a person’s attitude towards drugs, and thus affects the probability of drug abuse. According to Olasupo and Idemudia (2017), there is a negative correlation between the levels of educational attainment and hazardous drug abuse. The relationship between family educational attainment and drug abuse is more complex. According to research by Kendler, Maes, Sundquist, Ohlsson, and Sundquist (2014), family socioeconomic status influences the probability of drug addiction. Families with high educational attainment also have a higher socioeconomic status, and thus family education has an indirect effect on drug addiction and abuse in youths. Nevertheless, there are also some situations where social psychology may not be so successful at explaining a particular phenomenon. For example
Executive Summary W.E.B. DuBious once said: “The Problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line.” To what extent have the lives of the African-American and other racial minorities reflected this statement in the years since Reconstruction? How did leaders and communities challenge racial discrimination and, in the process, profoundly transform American society? To what extent were their efforts resisted, and the color line maintained? Introduction The American Constitution at the moment of its signing and after hundred years was a document which consolidated slavery officially. Black men were officially declared to be owned by whites. In 1857 one of Supreme Court Decision stated that even black men who had freedom had no right that white might respect. History Only after the destroying Civil War, in 1865 the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution was approved and it abolished slavery. In 1868 the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution was approved and stated that nobody can rob somebody of his rights, end every man deserves to be protected by the authority of any state. In 1870 an attempt of giving right to participate in election to black people was undertaken. Though the legal abolition of slavery did not mean that it was the end of it. (Peter B. Levy) Slavery abolishment. By the 1830 slavery was abolished at the greatest part of Northern states, but in the Southern parts of the country nothing changed, because the economy of those areas depended on cotton plantations. All this caused the protest of Blacks against their oppressors. For the centuries of slavery a collective memory of oppressed people began to appear. That was the thing with which many generations of Americans with black color of skin lived. The collective memory became one of the factors which influenced the active struggle for civil rights in the second half of XIX century. Segregation system. In 1868 the Congress of the USA approved the law which allowed black people to take part in elections and to be elected. Though there was a system of everyday segregation in the South. In 1887 Florida became the first state where the conditions for both Whites and Blacks were equal. Later the first blackmen’s organizations appeared, they tried to struggle for the rights of colored people. One of such organizations was the National association colored people’s progress. This organization called people to discuss the blackmen’s problem throughout the country. Among the goals the organization wanted to achieve were – speech and critics freedom, universal suffrage, segregation abolishment based on race and color of skin and others. (Peter B. Levy) While the National association of colored people’s progress and some other like this one considered that Blacks and Whites should cooperate to get improvement for the colored people, Marcus Harvey suggested anoth
What were the political and economic issues in the 3 South Caucasus republics that led to their secession from the Soviet Union? Over the course of its political, economic, and social evolution, the USSR has developed several major conflicts, which were destined to change the landscape of the relationships between the republics for good in the future. To be more specific, the region known as South Ossetia seceded from Russia in 1991–1992, which triggered a major political and military conflict in the region. It would be wrong to claim that the secession of North Ossetia was entirely unexpected; quite on the contrary, the phenomenon was comparatively easy to track at the very first stages of the development of separatist moods in the specified area. Likewise, the key to understanding the nature of the conflict was comparatively easy to identify in the two remaining republics, i.e., in Abkhazia and Transnistria. The same concerns the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which also stemmed from the clash between the needs of the local people and the course which the Soviet government was taking at the time. As far as the political reasons are concerned, the lack of emphasis on the nationalities policy, the lack of support in the military conflicts against the states’ opponents, and few possibilities for further development in the successor states must be named as the key reasons for the specified states to secede from the former USSR and to develop their own governmental system (Smith 17). However, apart from the obvious political issues, which the local people had with the USSR leadership system, there were a number of economic problems, which led to the secession. Specifically, the economic failure of Gorbachev’s policy should be mentioned (Smith 16). The Perestroika strategy was obviously a failure in the specified regions; more to the point, with the key economic and financial resources spent on the above-mentioned Perestroika, people faced the threat of poverty and economic desolation. Consequently, the necessity to secede emerged (Smith, 16). Indeed, a more detailed look at the policies, which were u
Executive summary Operating a tourism business has been considered as one of the most lucrative business ventures due to the massive profits made from sale of products and services to tourists. Studies point out that establishing a tourist business might be costly, a consideration that calls for proper planning, astute management proficiency, dexterity, resilience and well devised strategies. An individual intending to establish a small tourism business in Melbourne, Australia needs to consider variety of factors that include strategic location, facilities, production and service processes as well as human resource planning. Australia has a strong reliance on tourism industry for its economy. Tourism has become a major economic drive and has promoted employment of vast numbers of people in tourism businesses and companies such as tour drivers, accommodation staff, entertainers and wildlife service guides. Besides, it has contributed to the development of auxiliary businesses and diversification of services in tourist regions. Tourism in Australia has been known to thrive in coastal cities like Melbourne and Sydney as well as in regions like Great Barrier Reef and The Gold Coast in Queensland. Tourists visit the Great Barrier Reef to see the view the largest Reef in the world. Analysts attribute its growth to myriad of factors like the numerous international visitors and the presence of a stable Australian dollar. Australia’s tourist sector is feasible for a small business which seeks to offer tourist services and products. The business to be started in Australia will be at Port Melbourne. It is one of the bay beaches in Melbourne. The area has special features and landscape defined by its geography. It is accessible by land, air and water. The premises of the business will be rented until the business is well established. The choice to rent is due to the fact that there is a housing problem in the city, a factor that has been attributed to minimal and sometimes lack of
The authors begin by identifying the enormous social problem posed by poverty in the United States and its implications on public health. According to studies conducted in the period between 2001 and 2006, there was a significant increase in the rate of national poverty, particularly in the rural areas, where it was found to be more than 14% compared to a national rate of 9%. The high levels of poverty found in rural areas were associated with poor physical and mental health, inequalities in health care, and food insecurity. The number of US households found to be lacking adequate food to satisfy the needs of family members, due to a shortage of resources, increased from 9.8% in 2001 to 11% in 2006. Food insecurity was observed to be a bigger concern among certain households, including the minorities, single-mother families, and those whose earnings were below the national poverty line, compared to the rest of the nation. The situation was particularly worse for rural residents because of their limited access to affordable food, compared to urban consumers. Another study conducted on poor women in Philadelphia revealed a correlation between food insecurity and depression when the researchers found that food-insecure women also felt a mental deprivation, which could be translated to a sense of hopelessness an
On September 22, 2010, Rutgers University freshman Tyler Clementi jumped to his death off the George Washington bridge into the Hudson River. For two days preceding the suicide, Clementi had unmistakably sexual trysts with another man in his university dormitory room. Somehow, Clementi learned that his roommate Dharun Ravi had captured the events via the Webcam of a computer in the room and broadcast it on the Internet (Friedman, 2010). Ravi had monitored the streaming video in another computer in the room of friend Molly Wei, just down the corridor from his room and Clementi’s. Evidence that Clementi knew what had happened surfaced in the form of posts in the homosexual pornography site www.justusboys.com describing just such events on the given dates. A user using the anonymized handle “cit2mo” revealed how he noticed the Webcam was pointed at his bed and, on checking the roommate’s Twitter account, learned that Ravi had invited followers to watch. “Cit2mo” admitted that he had “made out” with the same man on both days. Subsequently, the Middlesex County prosecutor’s office took the view that both Ravi and Wei were liable on four counts of invasion of privacy. The lobby group Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network rushed to charge bullying and harassment. Another explanation for the despair and hopelessness that leads to suicide, however, may lie with cases such as that of Ohio high school senior Jessica Logan. In 2008, Logan sent explicit photos of herself over mobile phone networks to her boyfriend. After they broke up, the latter forwarded the photos to friends who shared those with their own social networks. Eventually, the photos reached students at seven high schools in the area. After being called a “whore” and “porn queen” by fellow students, Logan hanged herself. The damage to her reputation, at least in her view, was too vast to live with. The risks of impulsively using that “Send” button on a mobile phone to transmit racy photos to boyfriends is demonstrated even more vividly by the examples of such celebrities as Cheetah Girls actress Adrienne Bailon, High School Musical headliner Vanessa Hudgens, and Hannah Montana star Miley Cyrus. The invasion of their privacy and damage to reputation did not precipitate suicide. Public exposure was nevertheless scandalous. The same month, three teenage boys in Houston, Minnesota and Indiana also committed suicide after sustained periods of insults and harassment for being homosexual. The focus of this paper is the society’s aversion to homosexuals as a supposed cause of male homosexual teen suicide cases. We will observe the sources devoted to the situation with teenage male homosexuality and the society’s perception and attitude towards male homosexuals and project
Just like capital or any other form of investment, a good website is a significant asset in any organization. The website is a representation of the business on the internet and how it is brought out really matters in terms of benefiting the organization. Therefore keeping and considering this, it is important that some fundamental factors be addressed by the website so as to achieve the desired results. The main purpose of the website has to be brought out clearly so as to avoid ambiguity and unnecessary suspense in the minds of the visitors. This paper gives a critical insight into this website while examining the main purpose of the website and a thorough investigation into how the website brings out the desired objectives. To begin with, the main purpose of this website is to advertise and inform people about the existence of the largest and most popular museum in the world. It relays information concerning the existence of this world’s largest museum and how it is uniqueness and why visitors should be attracted to the powerhouse museum website. It is also designed to reveal the kind of resources that can be found in the museum and the opportunities which include employment and volunteer activities. There also exists in terms of opportunities chances for sponsorship and cooperate membership. The website also focuses on demystifying its origin plus how it is managed. This is brought out in “our development section”. A detailed history of the museum has been provided on the website plus a section indicating the most frequently asked questions about the website. The museum is located in Australia and it is unique in its own identity. The website does not mean everything or anything but it brings out its purpose clearly and specifically. Planning for the audience is fundamental to good business and technical communication. In my view, this principle has been adequately observed on the website. The aim of this website was to reach the majority ranging from children to adults. The target audience of this website was critically analyzed and that’s why they have achieved a lot in terms of reaching out to a variety of audiences. It is important to point out that there is a difference between knowing about the audience and knowing the audience. ( Floreak, Michael J. 1989) The audience of the website has been clearly defined and I think the design was focused on meeting the needs of the visitors. Whoever designed this website gave critical thought to whoever is going to be interested in visiting the site. It therefore fully caters for the needs of the visitors. This has been achieved after an intensive evaluation of user needs and patterns of the targeted consumers of the powerhouse museum website. It reveals to the visitor clearly what
Introduction Time machine is an old narrative that was both written and filmed. Of great concern is the fact that over the years, the movie has become increasingly distant from the Novel, in the process, affecting its focus on the theme of the story. For instance, communism and capitalism conflict, the present age presents exploitation of workers, while the future presents a world in which one group preys on the other. This paper will try to investigate the key differences between the two and explore their effect on theme. Key differences in the movie and the novel The time Machine, film by George Well, is a factious fascinating futurist movie and novel. The setting is based on a small area near London suburb, although this is unusual as time moves from one setting to another. They narrate about the fourth dimension in human life, which is separate from length, height and width. The protagonist in both the novel and movie narrates about their invention of a time machine that would take them to the future or past at will. The movie and novel have several major conflicts that remain a huge contrast. Firstly, the novel’s protagonist has no name, while the movie’s protagonist has, in the name of George, yet they are supposedly performing same tasks. The protagonist becomes the narrator in the novel and takes over narration for one week during which his time machine moves him through the future to year 80270. The number of visitors in the new eve meeting in the novel differs from the one in movie; the movie adds a new person context. Further differences are observed when the movie presents Eloi group as normal human beings even though in the novel, they are described as having undergone several transformations that makes them significantly distinguishable from a normal human. The movie presents Weena, the Eloi girl George helps from drowning, to understand English, while in the novel it is well documented that communication was quite difficult as the Eloi are uncultured and uncivilized, looking like adults and children at the same time. Furthermore, we see Eloi killing a Morlock, and a Morlock carrying a whip, something missing in the novel. We also see the talking rings in the movie, which narrates the past of both Eloi and Morlock. This is not the case in the novel as there are no rings to narrate anything; in fact, the protagonist tries to explore the origin of these to groups. How these differences are faithful or unfaithful to the theme Themes that is clearly portrayed in both the Novel and Movie and are critique of capitalism and pessimistic of technological advances. One of the few positive themes is on relationship, as well as sympathy, which seems to survive all these