ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“ Traditional” view of information security and information assurance and its key characteristics The traditional approach distinguishes the concepts of security and safety – whereas both communities focus on preventing losses, the former deal with intentional activity and the latter focuses on the unintentional activities (Young & Leveson, 2007). There are two approaches to the analysis of the security’s operation: a tactic-based and a strategic approach. Traditional vision sticks to the tactic-based approach that implies concentrating on the ways of prevention rather than on the subject of security. Key Functions   * identifying the weaknesses in the existing system that malefactors can take advantage of;   * foreseeing potential motives and targeting of attackers. Core Competencies   * access control;   * risk management;   * physical security. Strategies   * tactic-based strategy;   * strategic approach. Aspects of the INFOSEC environment changing and influencing characteristics of the “traditional” view The INFOSEC environment is constantly changing, which has a critical impact on the system’s efficacy requiring it to adjust to the new challenges. Thus, for example, modern systems are more complex – they consist of numerous elements. Experts also point out the increase in attacks which means that the risk assessment strategies need revising (Charitoudi & Blyth, 2013). In the meantime, from a technical perspective, INFOSEC currently possesses more developed tools and devices. Thus, for example, within a few decades, Japan has managed to improve the level of its INFOSEC significantly due to the rapid development of technologies in this country (Hsu & Marinucci, 2012). Also, there is a growing need for implementing effective historical evaluation (Fitzgerald, 2011). In other words, it is essential to consider the previous experience an organization had in terms of security. Hence, for instance, a company should, first and foremost, identify the flaws of the old security strategy to work out a new efficient approach. The appearance of more complex systems requires the replacement of traditional casualty models implied by the traditional approach with STPA. The increase in risks requires the implementation of socio-technical systems that were not implied by the traditional approach. The implementation of a historical approach might cause a shift from an autocratic style to a collaborative approach. Thepossible impacts of the changes on the characteristics of the “traditional” view The changes in the INFOSEC’s environment are likely to have a positive impact on its functioning. Thus, the implementation of a new analysis technique, STPA, can make the entire structure more flexible and productive as the relevant methods take into account all the key aspects: physical, social, logical
There is evidence that a growing number of companies are exporting both blue- and white-collar jobs overseas, although some contend that it is a new technology that has reduced the demand for more workers by increasing productivity. Workers who have high levels of education and skill may be more able to reap career benefits from global integration than those with only a high school education or less. Influence of globalization Globalization’s effects may be seen in increasingly lateral career paths, work that is escalating portfolio setting other than the occupation, and an increase in contingent and temporary employment. Besides educational attainment and occupational proficiency, employment in a globalized world will need the comprehension and the acknowledgment to a greater means of the cultures. It also covers the means by which the work is able to be done in a more understanding manner within the groups of all the cultures. The job field has been set in a way in which the trade barriers are reduced and there are other markets that have been opened on the international scene. There is also the improvement of the information and communication on the technological side which has affected globalization. There is an increase in the number of companies which are carrying out business in other countries which have a minimal amount of wages being paid to the employees. There is also a need for the employees to interact well with the changes in the jobs and be able to change to the desired level academically and on skills acquisition so that they will be competitive (Adler, 1998). All the workers who are well educated and are of excellent social well-being will be able to benefit to a high level from the global scenes. The demand will be for one to be creative and innovative, so as to acquire necessary expertise in their field and on the technological changes. This is very important to the workers in the changing work environment. Instead of task-specific skills, there is need for an individual to obtain the skills of being decision makers and have the ability to solve issues faced on the daily operations in the company. There is need also for one to be able to work independently. Education and flexibility will be the key. Working in an environment where there are various people from several and different countries will be more beneficial to them than those who are in local countries with embedded offices. Change is very hard to be accepted by many other workers but the few who are in a way to take change appropriately will reap many benefits especially those people who are well learned. It is very important that the education of people will bring them many benefits without any doubt in their work. Being knowledgeable is very necessary even when you are a little bit learned. The less paying jobs are going to locations where there is a high manpower. On the other hand, there is a high change or swift of learned employees and the well experienced ones being involved in the most challenging activities which requires wide knowledge in the specific field. Continuous le
Introduction Delegation is one of the management functions which help managers to improve organizational performance through sharing tasks with other employees. Delegating is defined as the assignment of responsibility or secondary authority to subordinates for the execution of certain functions so as to enhance the utilization of manpower resources (Bradley, 2003). “Effective delegation requires you to empower others with some of the responsibility and authority you have” (Wiggins 1998, p. 29). TJ Maxx is one of the big retailers operating around the world. Similar to other companies, it has mechanisms that allow managers to delegate and that make employees accountable for tasks and activities they perfume. In general, the danger of delegation is that it may turn into abdication, that the person who delegates may lose control rather than get help. To avoid such disasters, delegation to other employees needs to be coupled with some mechanism of accountability, some way in which subordinates can be checked and controlled, and if necessary removed, if their behavior or performance is unsatisfactory. This chain of delegation is mirrored by a corresponding chain of accountability that runs in the reverse direction. Main body The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The planning function determines how to initiate a certain activity (or a project) and execute its objectives. In TJ Maxx, managers delegate some tasks such as data gathering and analysis of previous results. The managers determine themselves the nature of actions and responsibilities needed to achieve the goal. They can delegate such tasks as the development of alternate courses of action. The benefit of delegation is that it helps managers to avoid routine work and improve their performance (Wiggins, 1998). Planning decisions involve numerous personnel within the organization with various types and levels of expertise. Delegation allows joining technical and managerial responsibilities. Delegation might be used more effectively if the manager would provide additional training for employees and assess their performance regularly (Schuler, 1998; TJ Maxx Home, 2007). Organizing involves determining the interfaces needed among personnel in order to assure a dedicated pursuit of the goal. Managers delegate such tasks as the determination of what activities should be performed and functional areas. Staffing is a component of organizing. Staffing is the process of defining the required personnel and the assignment of the personnel to appropriate functions with respect to the project goal. For instance, the delegation may include hiring new people. The benefit of delegation is that it allows managers to save time and effort spent on secondary tasks. Delegation might be used more effectively if the manager stipulates project priorities and goals for subordinates (Schuler, 1998). The le
1. To make a right choice while purchasing a laptop, it is important to determine the priorities and criteria on which the choice will be based. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the purpose of laptop’s using. It is possible to orient to different specifications in relation to using the laptop for having the Internet connection, for working with the office programmes, for using it for entertainment, and for working with the specific programmes. Moreover, it is necessary to focus on the fact the market’s propositions are constantly updated in relation to the new characteristics added or improving the previous parameters. Purchasing a Dell Latitude E6400 Laptop made in 2008, the customer does not get any benefits in relation to the comparably low price because the laptop’s characteristics can be discussed as outdated, and the customer can face the necessity to buy another laptop with the better parameters to satisfy his expectations and needs. Thus, the main characteristic of the Dell Latitude E6400 Laptop is its Intel Core 2 Duo Processor P9500 (2.53GHz). According to characteristics of the Dell Latitude E6430 Laptop, the parameter of the laptop of the new generation is Intel Core i3-3110M Processor (2.4GHz) which can be considered as more powerful (“Dell Latitude E6430 Premier Laptop”). Furthermore, such a parameter as DDR2 SDRAM is irrelevant for the modern laptops, and it is useful to pay attention to DDR3 SDRAM as it is in the Dell Latitude E6430 Laptop. The next problem of the laptop is the limited possibilities to watch video. Today, 160GB Hitachi HDD is not appropriate when 320GB 7200rpm Hard Drive is available. In addition, the opportunities to receive the specialized service for the laptop made in 2008 are questionable because of typical 3 year basic hardware service for Dell laptops (“ Dell Latitude E6430 Premier Laptop ”). The last reason to choose the more expensive but the updated model is the orientation to the laptop’s possibilities to operate new programmes. 2. The information technologies are in a constant progress, and new products which are smaller, faster, and cheaper often emerge in the industry. In spite of the fact the aspect of size is not critical for comparing notebooks, it is important to pay attention to the tendency of weight decreasing. Models of Lenovo notebooks support the idea the computers become faster and more powerful. Lenovo IdeaPad Z580 operates Intel Core i3-311 (2.4 GHz) when Lenovo ThinkPad X131 operates only processor typical for the E-series Intel Core i3 (1.7 GHz). Lenovo IdeaPad Z580 is characterized by 750 GB HDD and Lenovo ThinkPad X131 by 320 GB HDD. The difference in price is correlated with improving technical characteristics and it is approximately $70 (“Lenovo
Introduction Just war from an Islamic perspective is the war aimed at defending the religion of Islam. Jihad (meaning struggling or striving) is generally understood in the West as the holy war. The followers of Islamic teachings believe that it is unholy to start the war, however, in some cases, the war is justifiable. Muslims share the calling to work for peace, as specified in Quran, with Christians and Jews but have different visions of how to achieve global peace. War in Islam, West and from Kant’s Perspective Quran supports non-violent values and stresses the duty to pursue justice. The war in Islam becomes just only when it is caused by the necessity of doing good to others through struggling against violent oppression. The same value is underlining the Western definition of the just war. Islam, similar to Christianity, grants equal rights to all people despite their race or ethnicity. Muslims are urged to exist in peace with all humans, and the war is justifiable only if it inevitable. The main difference is that Quran permits the defense of religion, while Christianity stresses the value of the non-violent spread of religion. The events of September 11 and the reaction of the American government clearly indicate that the factors underlining the attack and the resulting war in Iraq were examples of an unjust war. Romans valued freedom and orderly government and justified the wars if the threat to freedom appeared. Muslims are ready to protect their religion, and the war is just if it is triggered by religious factors. Western world marks the war just if it is aimed at national security protection. Thus, the desire to maintain peace is shared by Muslims and Christians, while the perception of fair war differs. Kant wrote that global peace could be achieved through universal hospitality when the stranger coming to the foreign land is not treated as the enemy. He also offered that no state should be granted the right to interfere with the government of another state, and no state should come under the domination of another state. His advice was not followed either by Muslims or by Westerners. Conclusion Islam, Christianity, and Kant’s philosophy agree on the need to achieve global peace and avoid wars. This value is supported by the global community today as well. The present does not uphold the ideas of Kant about preserving global peace, however. Despite the shared meaning of just war and peace, the attack by Muslims on September 11 and the resulting interference of the United States into Iraq contradict the honored values of both religions.
3D Systems is currently a South Carolina based corporation focused on manufacturing and design of one of the most discussed and popular innovations of the modern world – 3D (three dimensional) printers. In fact, this company is recognized to be the inventor of the concept of 3D printing. The corporation was founded in May of 1993. This is a holding company and it functions with the help of subsidiaries of the USA, Asian-Pacific area, and Europe. The price range for the 3D printers manufactured by 3D Systems varies from less than 1000 USD to almost one million. The company’s main business is focused on solutions concerning design and manufacturing not only of 3D printers, but also print materials, custom parts for professional and nonprofessional consumers; these materials include ceramics, metals, plastics, and edibles (3D Systems Corp (DDD), n. d.). Besides, 3D Systems provides a number of additional devices such as scan-to-CAD (computer aided design), inspection and freedom modeling tools. The engines the company’s printers are based on are various. Among them there are SLS (selective laser sintering), MJP and CJP (multi jet and color jet printing), FTI (film transfer imaging), SLA (stereolithography), and finally plastic jet printing known as PJP. These printers are designed to work with a wide range of materials and their blends. Moreover, 3D Systems provides a number of specially developed software tools such as Cubify and Geomagic that bring more opportunities for design and creativity in application of 3D printing. These software tools allow manipulations with scanners, creation of and work with 3D content and CAD packages. The professionals of 3D Systems have a goal to democratize adoption of products and services provided by the company. The specialists are committed to the increase of simplicity and affordability of the suggested goods to please a wider range of professionals and consumers. Due to the efforts of 3D Systems 3D printing will soon stop being the prerogative of professional producers or designers, but move to homes and educational facilities (3D Systems Corporation: Annual report on form 10-K, 2013). The main acquisition challenge associated with the industry 3D Systems Corporation competes in is integration of cost-effective solutions and introduction of savings in production and services. The two main competitors of 3D Systems are HP and Stratasys. Currently, the exp
Introduction Law enforcement is an underappreciated career and it is no secret that police officers’ compensation reflects that. The New York City police department (NYPD) continues to be the one of the most storied institutions in America. Yet, the officers still have the same issues as other large city agencies. Police officers’ salary is not simply the money they earn, but also a reflection of what the citizens believe those services are worth. In the past, police officers formed labor unions to assist in compensation issues and other personnel matters. Even with the existence of labor unions, police officers have continued to struggle with financial burdens which in some cases led to misconduct and even criminal activity. All these actions and reactions are the cornerstone to a critical issue facing the NYPD today. The issue involves the recruitment and retention of NYPD officers. Main body Most police would, at least, have discussed morale with their mates at some stage during their careers. This morale has been directly linked to compensation. Bowman, Carlson, Colvin, and Green (2006) contend: The implications for state and local law enforcement leaders are clear. In order to retain officers such as these, leaders must ensure equity. Equity must be broad-based in organizations and this is a challenge; it is generally difficult to individualize outcomes and inputs in order to ensure equity. Leaders must ensure that there is enough flexibility built into the personnel system to ensure that officers perceive equity. That will involve careful consideration of comparison to others. Not only must leaders consider the comparison to others within the organization, but they must also consider the comparison to others outside the organization such as in neighboring police agencies. These comparisons take place many times over between agencies and individual officers. More recently, research has found that the way officers look at law enforcement itself is also important. So, by definition, morale has two components: response and focus. Therefore, it is possible to measure morale by measuring a person’s satisfaction with and commitment to their workgroup, organization and job. Haarr (2005) states, “A review of the limited literature on police resignation and turnover reveals four lines of inquiry, including job satisfaction, “burnout” theory, confluency theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. The earliest studies of police resignation theorized that police officer who is dissatisfied with their job voluntarily resign from police work, whereas officers who have high levels of job satisfaction remain.” NYPD officers’
The start of the civil war in Somalia from early 1990 has seen an increase in piracy which is posing a big threat in the international shipping industry. Somali is located in the horn of Africa and is in the neighborhood with Kenya, Djibouti, the Indian Ocean, and the Gulf of Aden. Somali got its independence in 1959. Though they had a hopeful start after independence, the wrangles between the south and north as well as the Ogaden dispute has for many years seen Somalia remain unstable with the unending fight between them. The wrangles between north and south were contributed by the fact that they spoke different languages which were English and Italian. They also had a variation in cultural priorities as well as currencies. This war between north and south was aggravated by secession by the north political party. The attempts to unite these two regions through rallying them against Ethiopia didn’t bore fruits. Somali people are divided into different territories where some individuals view it to have been caused by their colonial powers. Some of the root causes of fighting in Somali can be traced back to the 1960s when the Soviet Union trained Somali forces and provided equipment and in exchange, the Soviet Union used the naval bases in Somali. They also got military aid from the U.S to fight their neighbor Ethiopia. The crumbling politics saw the rejection of the elected leader in 1967 due to a clash in clan loyalties. Somalia has undergone several challenges including the assassination of president supermarket in 1969. This country is geographically well situated and lack of stable government and unending wars has led to most citizens getting access to weapons of destruction like guns, tanks among others. The lack of stable government can be said to have contributed a lot to the currently increasing problems of piracy along the Kenyan Somalia coast. (Gibbons 152) As mentioned earlier, piracy is posing a major threat not only to particular countries but to the world as a whole. First is the increased cost in the shipping industry. This is happening through the delayed time of arrival to the destined country when the ship is held by pirates. Sometimes the time taken by pirates to negotiate about the ransom is too long meaning the ship might miss some trips it could have made were it free. Most of the countries in that region are known to depend on food aid due to the nature of economic situations. Pirates in the recent past have held hostage many ships carried food. 90% of food from world food Programmes are transported via the sea. This delay has coasted the current lives of some hungry people who die due to lack of food when in a real sense it happens to be in the hands of pirates. Statist
Abstract The demand for better software products and secure internet from efficacious internet users has created an environment where vulnerability disclosure is an opportunity to beat the incompetent. This report discusses the causes of security vulnerabilities in the products, risks involved in the disclosure of a vulnerability, and the position of white, grey, and black hat hackers on the discovery and disclosure of the vulnerability. The grey hat hackers who can take risks to go an extra hop to discover and solve vulnerabilities are mostly the source of information for full disclosure of the vulnerability. There must be a safe method to disclose the vulnerability, CERT/CC and bug tracking tools are the solution. There must also be an opportunity to engage grey hat hackers in a controlled environment, open-source projects and beta testing are some of the methods. License and legal laws can be used to mitigate business risks due to hostile disclosure of vulnerability by white or grey hat hackers. The full disclosure of vulnerability without a patch is an opportunity for black hat hackers. Introduction Most computer users, developers, and technology research e