ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The nature of race, racism and ethnic relationships in the United States is largely determined by the history of immigration. In the following paper, the reasons why the above-mentioned conclusion can be made will be addressed based on class readings. Overall, racial antagonism in the United States is the result of something even broader than nationalistic hatred; in fact, it is connected with the desire to dominate over the other race both economically and politically. The development of the idea of race and ethnicity along with the idea of racial antagonism has two main stages in the history of the United States. First, this is a stage when the descendants of European settlers were forming their position regarding the descendants of African slaves. Initially, the African population was seen as inferior to the white population because it had been subjected to slavery. Later, the motivation behind racial oppression and discrimination has changed. The new idea, that became the foundation of nationalism, bias, and race discrimination, emerged in the XIX century. During that historical period, there appeared scientists and scholars who believed that black people were an inferior race because of their poor intellectual abilities, mentality peculiarities, and even their looks (“Race and Ethnicity” 5-10). The influence of the ideas of these scholars on society was considerable, which resulted in the development of a new vision of race issues in the United States. After that, due to the transition to industrial forms of economic relations, black citizens, who were mainly occupied in industry, we’re able to increase their economical and political potential, and this was the basis for the formation of a new type of race relations in the United States (“Ethnic Relations” 5-7). The next stage is the period of the new wave of immigration, which began at the end of the 1800s, and actively continued from the 1960s (“History of Immigration” 2-6). During this stage, an abundance of immigrants from the most different countries in the world came to the United States. As a result, today, American society has become a multinational one. The descendants of Asian, Latin, European, and African immigrants have formed second-generation communities. Not all of these new American citizens are well-excepted by the local population. Here, ethnicity plays the main role because of the idea that a real American citizen should have a white color of skin. However, modern legal rights activists have made a great contribution to the understanding of the ethnicity of an American by addressing racial discrimination issues. As a result, the idea of American identity is gradually changing in society during the period of the past few years. Also, the state intervention, designed to promote racial equality, together with the reciprocal relationship between the polity and the economy has become an important point in the development of race relations in the country. In conclusion, it should be stated
Executive Summary Prasad & Prasad (2012) indicate that research and development into new ways of producing and utilizing technology is one of the practices most often seen in technology intensive enterprises. This is due to the fact that technology has, as of late, been under a constantly accelerating level of development and, as a result, has enabled new players to enter into markets whereas in the past distinct barriers to proper entry would have been present (Prasad & Prasad, 2012). As such, failure to sufficiently innovate along with new technological trends and products can be thought of as a failure on the part of the managerial practices at an organization since being able to anticipate trends and use them to either reach greater market penetration or keep the company relevant to consumers is a necessity in today’s technology intensive market economy (Prasad & Prasad, 2012). It is within this context that the outsourcing of the medical transcription department of the hospital is being advocated. Through the use of outsourcing services, the hospital will be able to save hundreds of thousands a year through differences in minimum wage rates since transcriptionists located in India or the Philippines have far lower salaries as compared to their U.S. based counterparts. Introduction: Current Marketing Situation Companies often encounter boundaries when it comes to creating efficient business processes whether in the form of distance or differences in business culture, however, by overcoming such boundaries better business operations can be attained. As indicated by Bikman (2007), in order for any company to continue to be competitive within the present day global market place, it is necessary for it to be highly responsive to changes, receptive to new developments within its market, highly creative as well as espouse actions of innovation and continued increase in efficiency. Corporate executives are under pressure to improve the competitiveness of their companies through cost reduction, increased efficiency as well as the improvement of various services. It is due to this that they have been turning towards outsourcing as of late in order to resolve such issues (Bikman, 2007). What is transcription? Medical transcription is actually a relatively straightforward process wherein transcriptionists write down the voice recorded message of physicians into a text format. This method was done in order to increase the efficiency of hospital services by having another department deal with handling the transcription records and assigning them to the correct patient. Through this process, doctors have more time to devote to other potential concerns (i.e. taking up more patients) which helps to boost the efficiency of the hospital. Can it be outsourced? When examining the processes utilized in transcription, it can be seen that it can definitely be outsourc
Signs and Symptoms Jenna reportedly inflicts pain upon herself by cutting her body. She is upset and angry about her breakup with her boyfriend, Jim. She is extravagant with her expenditures, promiscuous, drinks heavily, and engages in binge eating and drink driving when upset. She is neither upbeat nor happy about herself and vents her anger towards her body. DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis Jenna’s case is an example of a mood disorder. Jenna shows signs of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria, people with this condition often have “unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts” (APA, 2000, p. 710). Jena’s case has the following characteristics that meet the DSM criteria: anger due to the abandonment and unstable relationships with others, which manifests through self-harm acts such as cutting her body, immorality, binge eating, wasteful spending, drink-driving and alcoholism (APA, 2000). Her “recurrent irritability, dysphoria, chronic feelings of emptiness, intense anger and difficulty in controlling her anger” (APA, 2000, p. 710) are symptoms of BPD. Explanation The patterns in Jenna’s behavior led to “clinically significant impairments”, which affected his social life, resulting in self-damaging actions (APA, 2000, p. 99). Jena’s social and psychological health on the “Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale” is about 19 (p. 34) based on her self-harm behaviors, promiscuity, drink-driving, alcoholism and irritability. These symptoms are common among people with BPD. Conclusion Jenna’s symptoms are characteristic of people with BPD as she exhibits dysfunctional behaviors that are characteristic of BPD. She displays “uncontrolled anger, self-mutilation behavior and emotional instability” (APA, 2000, p. 78), which manifest as promiscuity, unhealthy eating habits and drink driving. Reference American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Introduction The English started to win the war after making peace with Indians. The conflicts with them no longer distracted from the military plans. So the English army headed to the north and managed to conquer Quebec in 1759. The war was ended by the Peace of Paris in 1763. Nevertheless, the northern Indian tribes didn’t surrender their lands to England and claimed for liberation. Main body For the prevention of further conflicts with Indians, the government of Great Britain restricted the colonies’ expansion to the west by the Proclamation of 1763. Nevertheless, in 1763, the Pontiac’s War took place. The purpose of the war was the liberation of Indians from dependence on the Anglo-Americans. After an epidemic caused by the distribution of blankets contaminated with smallpox in the settlements of the western nations, the British restored peace and accepted the influence of the French in the region of Great Lakes. During the war with France, The British economic situation worsened. Thus, changes in the policy were required. The Molasses Act was adopted in 1733. This act regulated the trade relationship between France and Britain; it also controlled smuggling by requiring extra paperwork. The Sugar Act induced the adoption of the Currency Act and the Stamp Act. The Currency Act made the paper money a legal tender, and the Stamp Act made the stamp taxes on the documents and publications necessary. All the acts concerned about the legitimacy of trade and tax regulations. The Stamp Act was profitable for the government’s revenue, but it was disastrous for the merchants’ incomes. The Stamp Act wasn’t accepted by the colonists well. The Stamp Act Congress took place in New York in 1765. The delegates from the colonies considered the act unconstitutional and were against it. The street riots occurred. The Sons of Liberty fought for freedom and violently demolished institutional buildings. By the end of 1765, the Stamp Act was nullified mostly because of street violence. The Parliament’s attempts to impose its rule on the colonies usually failed. The acts caused resistance and provoked street protests. In Boston, there were protests with the participation of the military forces. The newspapers reported about fights between civilians and soldiers. The Boston Massacre took place in 1770 Boston when five people were killed by the soldiers who fired into the crowd. Conclusion Since 1760, the Americans started to claim their rights more often. Slavery was condemned by many citizens, and the movements for women’s rights began to gain pace.
Introduction The Tragedy of Macbeth is a play written by the renowned English playwright William Shakespeare about a Scottish general who learns that he could become a king through a prophesy from three witches. The play falls under the tragedy genre as the protagonist Macbeth ends up facing death at the end of the story. The tragedy was written in 1606 during the renaissance literary period, which ran form 1485-1625. The play was written during the reign of James I after the death of Queen Elizabeth 1. The time around which the play was written was also called the Elizabethan era. Macbeth is ambitious for power and his character deteriorates as he acquires and tries to maintain it leading to his downfall. Turning point Macbeth comes across as a man of great character at the opening of the play. The king together with the people respects him because of his nobility and bravery. He is honored for his great contribution in the war by saving the life of the king’s son Malcolm. He tells his father about the courage of Macbeth, “This is the sergeant who like a good and hardy soldier fought ‘against my captivity. Hail brave friend!” (Shakespeare 1. 2. 4-5). Malcolm is loved and his self-esteem is high, as he feels proud of serving his country. He is content with his position during this time until the three witches prophesy to him that he would become king. The prophesy marks the turning point for Macbeth from a noble man to a greedy man consumed by ambition to become king and his character starts changing. He thinks about the prophesy and decides to leave it to chance but the more he thought about he knew he had to take an action. His wife urges him to take King Duncan out and portray his bravery as she accuses him of cowardice. His conscience bothers him and he asks, “Will great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood/clean from my hand?” (Shakespeare 2. 2.58-59). Nonetheless, he goes on to murder the king and his character takes a turn for the worst as he kills the chamberlains who would give witness of the king’s death and he claims he killed them due to fury for their killing of King Duncan. Tyrant emerges Banquo also knew about the witches’ prophesy and he could become a liability to him later. That means he had to deal with Banquo also to remain in power just as he had killed the chamberlains. He hires murderers to kill Banquo a
There are eight stages in the new-product development process. Should companies always use all steps in sequence, or can some be deleted or overlapped to speed the development process? Provide reasons to support your answer. New product generation has eight main stages: idea generation, idea screening, concept development, marketing strategy, business analysis, product development, test marketing and commercialization (Kotler & Armstrong 2010). Ideas are generated either within the company or from competitors and customers. Once an idea has been generated, it has to be screened to ensure it is feasible and workable. The concept can then be developed further by taking it to a test audience and checking how they respond to it. If they are satisfied or excited about how the concept sounds, it can be moved to the marketing stage. The company must establish how the product will be marketed, how the market will be segmented and position strategies. If the marketing strategy is sound, the business should then establish the feasibility of the new product. This involves checking if the product is profitable in the long run. After all these stages are satisfactorily passed, a prototype of the product is then developed and presented to a target audience. Marketing the product to a target audience is the test marketing stage. Test marketing is beneficial because it provides feedback according to which the product may be improved. Finally, it is launched on a national/regional scale, depending on the marketing strategy selected (Subramaniam 2009). It is obvious that all these stages of new product development are dependent on each other, and everything is working to form a strong product. When a company is launching a new product, it would be advisable to follow all the steps sequentially. However, this is not entirely necessary. If, for example, a beer selling company needs to launch a new flavour of its product, it will take a shorter time – or probably skip – the marketing strategy process and jump straight into the business analysis. This is because it has already established a marketing strategy that works for other brands of the company, and only requires changing its strategy slightly to suit the new product. However, for companies that want to build an entirely new product that has never been tested in any market before, it is essential to follow each step and take the required time needed to develop the product fully. How many beer flavours you think a beer manufac
Introduction The state plays a major role in defining the lives of people based on formulated legislature. As such, our general behavior and character is to some extent detected by the state in order to avoid contradiction of the existing law. This is quite important in ensuring that citizens adopt norms that are not only acceptable but also which are enshrined and supported by the state regulations. However, in addressing this issue, the epicenter of the discussion has always tried to understand the boundaries within which state operations ought to operate. The essay begins by defining intimacy and seeks answer as to whether our intimate relationships be controlled by the state? Is private life part of a state affair? Can sanctions be imposed based on one’s intimate associations? These are examples of issues addressed in this paper which analytically expounds on some of the consequences of state sanctioned intimacy. Public Life Intimacy is understood as a flimsy form of communication, it can be defined as the close and the warm relationship and which in most circumstance is private and personal and belongs to an individual’s deepest nature. Intimacy is conventionally applied in romantic coexistence and it is defined in terms of feelings and emotions. Intimacy varies based on the degree of the relationship. Intimacy is expressed in both heterosexual and homosexual relationship. Intimate relationships are viewed by majority of people as private engagements which solely affects the lives of the parties which are directly involved. On the other hand, it has been arguably noted that sometimes whatever is perceived to be private may find its way into the public with considerable impact. An understanding of public affairs and what legally falls outside the jurisdiction of our private lives is essential and consequential. In explaining this concept, Warner argued that public refers to a sense of social totality within the society. It may refer to people organized in states, commonwealth or some form of community with a wide variation of differences (Warner, 2002, p. 49). It therefore includes all individuals within the organized space of discussion. Warner further noted that a group of people may have its own organized structures independent of existing state institution, citizen frameworks and law. Similarly, it may be considered sovereign with regard to the functioning of the state. In his 2002 survey, Warner further echoed that common interests exist in the public domain, an element that is profound significant in formation of associations and relationships. What of intimate interests? Do they form part of the public? Private Life and the State Throughout human history, there have existed laws which criminalize intimate relationships among people of either same or opposite sex orientation. Extreme cases of such ideologies have led to brutal persecution and discrimination. According to Dominic
Introduction The Israeli-Palestinian conflict or Arab-Israeli conflict, or whatsoever name it goes by, is probably one of the more receptive issues that are discussed. From the historic British governance in the Middle East, and the more recent US authority and control over the region, the Anglo-American goal is principally to be able to administer the Middle East due to the vast oil reserves and the West’s financial confidence in it. Before the detection of oil, one of the main motives for participation in the Middle East had been spiritual (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all have roots in the Middle East) and on the natural arable land. During the Cold War, the Soviet excuse may have been used on plentiful occurrences to justify involvement there, but in modern times, it has always been for oil. Therefore, the clutch for the Jewish people and the condition of Israel has been due to the concentrations of oil and to guarantee an ally is there in the area. It is also not surprising that some other states in the Middle East are also between the primary beneficiaries of US military aid, like Turkey and Egypt. What makes this a chiefly discerning issue oftentimes, is due to the agonizing anguish the Jewish people suffered in (Christian) Europe during World War II, to the degree that (in the United States, anyway), any condemn of Israeli policies towards the Palestinian population and other Arabs, lends well to an automatic, unpromising label of anti-Semitic. In the United States as well, the Jewish community is well instituted and has been pressured over many characteristics of US foreign policy in the Middle East. Some observers suggest that US Zionism is more wonderful than that seen in Israel itself. Sure, the Jewish people endured terribly during World War II and there is no one (apart from ultra Right Wing neo-Nazi types) that would deny that. Though, that can also not be a reason not to criticize Israeli actions where warranted. Hence, this part of the globalissues.org website provides a look at the ongoing conflict because conventional media has been fairly one-sided. This is not some sort of anti-Jewish or anti-Israel sentiment, rather, a look at some of the issues from additional wider perspectives. In this section, you will find many links to a variety of resources from those critical of the Israeli leadership and American policy including resources from American Jews, and others, prominent in the political discourse of foreign policies. Origins of the conflict After World War II, the newly formed United Nations recommended the division of Palestine into two states and the internationalization of Jerusalem. The minority Jewish people obtained the majority of the land. The State of Israel was announced on May 14, 1948, but the Arab states declined the division of Palestine and the subsistence of Israel. The armies of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt attacked but were overpowered by the Israeli army. While the Jewish people were winning in creating their motherland, there was no Palestine and no internationalization of Jerusalem, e
Introduction Normally, a pregnancy lasts around 40 weeks and a birth between the 37 th and 41 st weeks is considered a full term pregnancy. During this period, labor is supposed to occur spontaneously, but in some cases this does not happen or the medical practitioners determine that the health of the baby and the mother are in danger in continued pregnancy, in this case induced labor is done. This means the ripening of the cervix and the uterine contractions are put in motion artificially before their natural onset in order to encourage vaginal delivery (Cecatti and Aquino, 2003). Pharmacological characteristics of induced labor Pharmacologically, labor induction can be induced by intravenous infusion of oxytocin. The artificial version of this is pitocin given through IV line to start contractions. The use of prostaglandins (PG) agents in labor induction is another pharmacological characteristic. This comes in various formulations such as misoprostol (PGE 1 analog) dinoprostone (PGE 2 analog) which help to facilitate dilation and effacement of the cervix for onset of labor. Prostaglandin E2 gel is used particularly when Bishop’s index is less then seven but its use is limited by high costs and its thermal instability. Misoprostaol, which is a synthetic E1 methyl anlog prostaglandin, is considered better option for cervical modification and labor induction due to low cost and thermal stability (Filosomi et al, 2010). Risks of induced labor Induced labor carries with various risks. First, it can cause premature birth which may result in difficulties in breathing for the baby, jaundice and yellowing of the skin. Secondly, oxytocin medication may produce too many contractions which reduce oxygen supply for the baby causing low heart rate. Infection to both mother and child is another risk associated with labor induction. Finally, it may lead to the need for the ceserian section when the body is not ready for labor ad therefore poor labor progress (Filosomi et al, 2010). Prenatal care This is the regular health care given by health professionals to women during pregnancy. Organized prenatal care started in the United Kingdom in the 1920s mainly to improve maternal safety but today it is widely accepted and implemented as a necessity for both the baby and the mother. During these prenatal care visits to the provider, a woman is taught about pregnancy, monitored for medical