ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People should coexist peacefully and practice their traditions without interference from other cultures despite the differences that exist between them. However, sometimes, they fail to do that as they are forced to react furiously when their culture is affected. This paper describes how James Rachel approaches the theory of Cultural Relativism and the flaws that make it an inappropriate way of viewing cultural practices. Definition Culture refers to all practices, traditions, artifacts, language, customs and taboos that guide the behavior of people from a common ancestral origin. Relativism is the balance between good and bad or appropriate and inappropriate based on the perceptions of people involved in a situation (Rachels 14). The Application of Cultural Relativism in the Society It is necessary to note that this theory is not related to some particular scientist even though most researchers claim that Franz Boas played a significant role in shaping its origin. This theory explains that people respect their cultures since they perceive them to be good. In addition, communities cannot pour ridicule on different cultural practices or compare their traditions with those of other people since every culture is important to its members. In addition, it explains that nobody should discriminate against people from various backgrounds and origins or judge them because of their beliefs and practices since they have no cultural or social justifications to do so (Rachels 18). James Rachels argues that this theory considers all the cultural practices to be good and valued according to the view of their adepts. Therefore, the author proposes that all the cultures are equal regardless of how members of other cultures view them. Rachels proposes that this theory applies to many occasions in our daily lives since we interact with people from different cultural backgrounds. In addition, people have different views regarding political, economic and social issues, which cannot be changed no matter how we try to convince them. It is necessary to explain that people understand that some aspects of their culture cannot be compromised because of westernization; therefore, they cling to their customs despite their levels of education or exposure to other cultural practices. This theory resembles my beliefs that we are equal and should respect one another regardless our beliefs in various issues. In addition, the world is becoming a small village due to the recent inventions in technology, and people should learn and know the cultures of other people to ensure they respect them in order to avoid conflicts. The author confirms that this would be a good way of promoting healthy interactions among people from different communities (Rachels 17). In addition, he admits that this theory has some flaws that make it an inappropriate way of viewing the society as a compact substance. Some cultures promote discrimination, abuse and ignore the need to embrace change that promotes progress and people’s wellbeing. For instance, some African communities practice female circumcision and wife inheritance; such practices s
Beginning of the play At the beginning of the play we see a very depressing room, and the disarray of the kitchen is one of the classic signs of depression. Dishes are not done and food is out, and the place is generally in a mess. Considering the time and place described at the beginning of the scene, it would have been unusual for the kitchen to be in such a state, because women generally did not work, and identified themselves as homemakers. We get further clues as to the period from the fact that there is a fire going in the stove and most of the fruit jars have burst from being frozen when the place was left without a fire. From these clues and the identities of the men plus the apparent hesitation of the women on entering, we know that something is wrong. Mrs. Wright’s role Mrs. Wright is the tragic protagonist in this play, but she never comes on stage. She is almost what we know as grotesque, having been nearly destroyed by her environment. We hear about her first from the statements of the witness who discovered Mr. Wright’s body. He describes her as sitting in her rocking chair and pleating her apron. The actor probably makes hand movements in imitation to illustrate his point. The women give more information about Mrs. Wright as they discuss what to take to her in jail. As they are looking around, they discover a quilt in progress and one of them wonders if Mrs. Wright had been going to quilt it or knot it. The men overhear and make light fun of such a trivial “woman’s” conversation. As the ladies are chatting about Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Hale, wife of the witness who discovered the body, laments that she did not visit often, because the house was sad. She feels that she might have been some help to Mrs. Wright, who was probably abused. They talk about how she used to sing, but was quiet and shy in high school, though quite pretty. When they discover the broken fruit jars they are discussing all the wasted work in the heat of the summer and what a shame it is. The men make off-handed fun of the woman worrying about her canned fruit when the woman is in jail for murder. “Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.” When the county attorney comments on Mrs. Wright’s poor housekeeping, Mrs. Hale mentions that there is a lot of work to be done on a farm. Finally, when they wonder if Mrs. Wright was going to quilt or knot her work, the men laugh. Each time the men laugh, the women move closer together for mutual support. Erratic sewing As the women examine the sewing, they note that the sewing on the last block was quite erratic, as if the woman had been quite upset, while the rest of the blocks are quite neatly stitched. Then they find the birdcage and notice the bent door and wonder about this. When they find the little bird in a fancy box with its neck wrung, they understand what happened. They talk about silence and lonelin
Components of Motorola’s international strategy A strategy signifies the continuing programs of an organization with the aim of having an anticipated outlook of potential plans. The success of a strategy lies in its application to the fullest aptitude. The fundamental components of the global strategy of Motorola include the extent of functions, deployment of resources, unique proficiency, and synergy. The extent of functions for Motorola or its area of carrying out business can be described geographically as an international operation. With respect to the way it distributes resources, Motorola changed strategy, which meant leaving given areas of operation and focus on other unexplored areas like making microchips among other products. The company has as well dedicated substantial resources to research and development (R&D) and innovative product advancement. The unique proficiency of Motorola revolves about its dedication to quality. Motorola has a practice of standing as a first mover in the expertise arena. The company does not just manufacture WiMax chip, but also manufactures phones and other merchandise that apply the WiMax technology. The novelty of Motorola permitted the company to achieve a competitive advantage on the cellular phones and pagers by advancing in R&D to assist the technology. Lastly, Motorola is capable of realizing synergy in its functions as the diverse components of its actions benefit others. The drawback that Motorola encounters is being satisfied with its achievement, and this permits other aggressive expertise Japanese companies to achieve a competitive advantage. The expected strategy for Motorola is to generate a chance to take back the company to its previous profitability rank. Its intention is to make tactical attempts to comprehend the requirements of clients in a better way as it embarks on improving the quality of products and slicing cycle times. Motorola’s arrival at its present strategy because of a SWOT analysis Before getting to the idea of strategies, a firm ought to carry out a SWOT analysis, just as Motorola did. An excellent SWOT analysis provides the foundation for policy development, which permits a company to take advantage of its strengths and opportunities, reduce the effect of weaknesses, and curtail threats. Obviously, Motorola recognized the Japanese companies as a threat in the early 1980s. However, Motorola managed to curtail this threat and made good use of its opportunities in the international market. Motorola at that moment was weak in the regions of product quality and costs, but outstanding elements of management, research, and development were capable of reducing the effect of the weakne
Introduction Social classes can be defined as the categorization of the individuals in a society according to their financial viability or intellectual capability thus forming a hierarchical arrangement of the society which can also be termed as social stratification. The most basic form of social classification is between the powerful and the powerless, the wealthy and the poor. On the other hand, culture is defined as the cumulative collection of information, knowledge, beliefs, values, property, religion and attitudes possessed and shared by a group of people which are passed down through generations and are obtained individually and group in social learning. This makes the definition of culture broad in the sense that it is the mutual structures of information that are possessed by a reasonably large group of people. Therefore, culture in a collective aspect is the way of life of a group of people which represents generally accepted explicit and implicit codes of conduct and behaviors which are formed as a result of former deeds or habitual demands. With the above definitions, it is apparent to note that undeniably class can be seen as a cultural phenomenon. Social classes Historically, social classes have been inherent to human beings in all forms of civilizations. Documented literature of the early Roman Empire reveals that societies were classified according to intellectual achievements and also according to material possessions (Day, 2001). There are principally two theories that study and explicate the different impressions of social class and they are the Weberian and Marxian theories. According to Maximilian Carl Emil Max Weber a German sociologist who introduced the seminal sociological elucidation of class and initiator of the Weberian theory; society is basically divided into the upper class, the middle class and the lower class (Goldthorpe & Erikson, 1992). The three-component theory of stratification of class was based on status and politics as the fundamental determinants of class with Weber noting a divergence in the interaction of these two values according to different societies (Day, 2001). Karl Heinrich Marx another German sociologist derived that social classes were determined by the ownership of the means of production such as the machines, property and materials used in the production of goods and services (Elster, 1986). In addition, the capacity to procure and own Labor power through wages or salary by essentially owning the physical and mental capability of the workers also constituted class (Barbrook, 2006). According to Marx, there existed only three major classes which are the petite bourgeoisie or the self employed owners of the means of production, the proletariat or working class and the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and also pay for labor power (Elster, 1986). Analysis of the Marxian and Weberian models In order to identify with the asserti
The character education program in preliminary school greatly contributes to the improvement of the learning process and enhancing the student learning skills. It is also aimed at enhancing the relationships within the educational communities, between the teaching staff and student for further cooperation and improvement of the learning environment (Ryan and Lickona, 1992 p. 335). Due to the fact that character education programs should be reported to various stakeholders, there is a strong necessity to work out effective strategies depending on various aspects. Hence, the target stakeholders of the report presentation will be the teaching staff, students, and program advisors. Character education program delivery for the teaching staff is predetermined by the following requirement. Usually, teachers demand a full presentation of the report and examples. Each issue of the report should be explained and supported by evidence-based theories and reliable researchers. Additionally, they are more focused on the depiction of such aspects as the connection of student skill and their engagement into the learning process. Based on the above, the following strategies have been developed:   * The program should be presented in the form of an algorithm, which means that each step should be followed by a supportive one.   * The report should comprise a minimum of theory and a maximum of practice, as teachers and instructors should be know how to apply for character education programs in practice.   * The enclosure of report presentation copies is important to provide teachers with visual examples.   * The speech should be oriented on evidence-based researches that provide similar program results. Needless to say that students should be more concerned with such aspects as communication and leadership within the student communities, the evaluation of skills in correlation with students’ capabilities. Additionally, they are not interested in introducing parts of the report but in the conclusions made. Therefore, this stakeholder group will be more convinced if the narrator chooses the following strategies:   * To begin with, the introduction part of the report should be interesting and attention-grabbing. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the evaluation of the results of the program in order to persuade the audience of the importance and usefulness of the program   * The main task of the narrator is to establish cross-communication and make students ask and answer the questions.   * It is better for the report delivery to make a powerpoint presentation, where the main issues will be highlighted.   * Finally, as students are more focused on the conclusions, the evaluation report should have a strong final thesis. The program report for advisors and investors presupposes a thorough preparation so that the stakeholder can understand why they should care for this program development. Therefore, the core issue of report presentation is a successful identification of the aim of the program and its importance for the education process (Manchester Open Learn
Observation and perception are the key elements that greatly influence the field of science. The elements not only shape the view of the general public towards science and scientists, but also enable the scientist to draw appropriate inferences related to different situations. Scientists rely on observation to get reliable evidence on different experiments and studies. On the other hand, the general public relies on observation and perception to develop a view that influences the position of science and scientist in the society (Pion & Lipsey, 1981). This study establishes the impacts of perception and observation in science and scientists. The view of the public on science and the scientists is influenced by observation and perception. In this case, members of the public from children to adults have developed a stereotypical assumption about science and scientists. Scientists have been perceived as individuals who are heavily engaged with their jobs (Pion & Lipsey, 1981). The individuals tend to give more attention to their jobs compared to the social aspects of life. Through observation and perception of the general public, scientists have been portrayed as antisocial individuals who do not care about issues such as pu
Effectiveness of Gang Injunctions Street gang injunctions are useful laws or orders aimed at prohibiting members of gangs from participating in every social activity. Street gang injunctions do not work in the OC because of certain malpractices. These street gang injunctions are critical towards discouraging criminal activities. There are many gang injunctions in this country. These gang injunctions have not worked properly because they are either poorly implemented or monitored. The relevant agencies have not managed these street gang injunctions properly. Some malpractices such as racial-profiling and stereotyping affect the effectiveness of these gang injunctions. The government should implement the best plans and strategies for effective gang injunctions. A proper monitoring and framework system will be essential towards having successful gang injunctions. How Mass Incarceration Affects Children and Families Mass incarceration of criminals and suspects remains a common practice in many societies. This practice has numerous consequences on many children and their families. Most of the incarcerated parents leave their children behind. Most of the incarcerated persons are usually from the minority racial groups. Mass incarceration is one of the leading causes of inequality in the United States. The affected families fail
Adolescents and drug abuse There are two prime challenges that counselors come across while dealing with adolescent clients. First, adolescent drug abusers show similar signs to other persons in such a group. Signs such as hyperactivity may illustrate drug abuse while hormonal change also causes similar signs among adolescents. It is also difficult to establish the nature of drugs abused by adolescents. Due to nervousness, adolescents respond to drugs significantly, in comparison to other drug abusers. Additionally, psychologists are limited in determining a clear line of action thus resulting in negative results (Fields 67). Drug abuse and women While dealing with women who abuse drugs, the major problem is that most of them feel ashamed and thus may not reveal their conditions easily (Fields 70). Even though, they may reveal their situation they hold back some information, which they perceive as upsetting. Women are vulnerable and some of them may suffer the consequences of relapse. They are likely to fall back to drugs especially when they are destabilized emotionally. Consequently, it is hard to help these clients because acquiring information is difficult. After establishing and dealing with a problem, an additional challenge is ensuring that the clients do not undergo relapse thus utilizing drugs. Drug abuse by gay and lesbians Most “gays and lesbians” utilize drugs to attract people of the same sex. Others take drugs as a way of eliminating guilt when they feel that their actions are not morally right (Sussman & Ames 13). Therefore it is tricky dealing with such clients since one has to tackle issues surpassing drug abuse. These challenges are true while dealing with transgender or bisexual clients. Most of them abuse drugs as a way of making them feel like they belong to their preferred gender and to suppress the idea that they belong to a different gender. Therefore dealing with these clients is difficult because the drugs make them assume an imaginary stature. Drug abuse and the elderly people One of the challenges in dealing with elderly drug abusers is that due to historical experiences they become reluctant to change. The elderly may have abused drugs for a long time thus having difficulty changing their habits. This differs from the disabled who abuse drugs as a way of uplifting their self-esteem. Disabled people also abuse drugs as a way of making them forget their challenges. Therefore psychologists have to help them change their perceptions prior to convincing them to stop abusing drugs. Anxiety disorder A common anxiety disorder is a social phobia, which affects a person especially when he has to face a crowd. Social phobia affects about 13 percent of human beings; furthermore, women constitute about 71% of this proportion (Fields 93). In rare cases, drug abuse helps one to deal with phobia; however, this lasts for a short time. Social phobia can be controlled by familiarization with environments that cause
Introduction Reconstruction refers to the period 1863-1877 after the civil War when US focused on abolishing slavery, forming a new Constitution and destroying all confederacy state. The civil wars resulted in the defeat of the southern states. As a result of the war, southern states were totally destroyed and the Federal army deployed in all those areas. Cities were destroyed, plantations uprooted, destruction of transportation system and subsequently life became miserable to the southerners and this is what necessitated the reconstruction. The reconstruction began in the era of Abraham Lincoln when the Federal troops were deployed to controlled most of the states. Reconstruction aimed at addressing issues such as legal status of the freed slave, constitution, and how southern states were to regain their self governance. History The Reconstruction occurred in three phases. The first phase was the Presidential reconstruction (1863-1865) under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. This phase was aimed at reuniting the country and restoring peace and harmony hence it began with emancipation proclamation. Second phase operated from 1866 and was referred to as Radical reconstruction or Black Reconstruction due to the influence of radicals at that time and also black dominated voters in the South. The third phase was Redemption which saw the collapse of three southern states after President Rutheford Hayes withdrew troops from all southern states. This was as a result of the defeat of Republican that saw southern conservatives regain power in the southern states hence marking the end of reconstruction. However, the major constraint to reconstruction began in early 1870’s as a result of eruption in panics whole over America. The Northern states halted there move to help the slaves in the southern region and instead concentrated in building their economy and financial well being. This was a big blow to Reconstruction since democrats took advantage of it to control the House of Representatives thereby halt the whole process. The reconstruction was seen as a success in the sense that, once more after many years United States of America was reborn. All the southern states that were under confederacy drafted a new constitution and pledged loyalty to the Union. Federalism debate and states debate were also settled. It is worthy noting that these debates existed since the Kentucky and Virginia resolution of the 1790’s and the Nullification crisis of the 1830’s. The constitution that was adopted laid down basic right of all Americans irrespective of color or state. This constitution saw the participation of Africa America in the US politics. Therefore, as a result of Reconstruction, democratic space was created in the southern states that provided black people with same civil and political rights as their counter part whites. It also saw the provision of education to all whites and blacks in the southern region hence creating enlightenment among the population. Finally, Reconstruction provided support to rebuild southern state. That is, building of factories, railroad and the vanquished cities (Barney, p. 54). H