ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Any working person seeks some fulfillment in their labor: either internal (fulfillment) or external (notoriety). For every individual, types of motivation differ depending on what kind of satisfaction one wants to achieve. In the present capitalistic culture where economic values prevail, it may be difficult to pursue the cultural norms of individualism. However, more and more employees feel the need to gain satisfaction as a more significant driver than obtaining a financial reward. Thus, it is relevant to assume that although capitalistic values play a crucial role in laborers’ lives, individualistic aspirations are more critical for the majority of people. Main body There is a great disparity between each individual’s approaches to defining success and happiness. However, a large number of people would agree that the possibility to satisfy one’s basic needs is one of the constituents of contentment. There are two opposing views in modern society regarding what kind of motivation makes people more fulfilled: internal or external. Scholars tend to believe that gradually, internal motivation is growing in importance. 1 Employers developed a system of rewards and punishments, and employees’ actions and decisions are largely governed by these notions. However, such an organization of work inspiration is focused on increasing one’s extrinsic motivation. 2 While this approach is contingent on a capitalistic worldview, Pink argues that it does not bring the expected job satisfaction. 3 As a result, many of them try themselves in new projects that are not necessarily profitable. The paradox is evident: it seems surprising that one should choose to do something creative for little or no reward. However, such a choice has become the main principle of the modern labor market. 4 At the same time, Pink remarks, it is not correct to assume that those who do something for free have “taken vows of poverty.” 5 Participation in a diversity of projects is viewed by these individuals as an opportunity to increase their prospects for financial gains in the future. Findings of Lakhani and Wolf’s research indicate that the most pervasive driver of the majority of program developers’ work is the “enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation” and the feeling of freedom of creativity. 6 These scholars based their study on European and North American programmers. A similar analysis performed in Germany demonstrates that the interviewed employees see the opportunity to discover something new and help others with their discovery as the main motive. 7 These findings serve as proof of Pink’s idea that individualism is a more crucial driver than capitalism in people’s choice of work encouragement. It would not be right to say that financial gain does not matter for the majority of people at all. Everyone has needs that cannot be fulfilled merely by
Levels of culture can be displayed in different planes and depths. According to Edgar Shein, who developed the concept ‘levels of organizational culture,’ and Edward Granter who later expanded on this concept, the culture of the entity can be seen in four levels: super-structural, symbolic, discursive, and cognitive (Granter, 2019). In other words, the levels of culture in enterprises are developed due to external economic and social influences, artifacts such as logos, story rituals and events, values explicitly expressed by the organization, and underlying assumptions. This paper aims to assess the levels of organizational culture for Macomb Community College. Artifacts in Macomb Community College show that it promotes concentration, attentiveness, and responsibility, which is reflected in the logo. Looking at the architecture of the buildings, some of which use chrome-plated modern high-tech structures, one can assume that technology and science are the main focus of educational programs. Nonetheless, the central older building and a park with large trees create an atmosphere of solitude and introspection, which is more in line with the study of fine arts and social sciences. Equally important, the college has a high culture of mutual help and respect and cherishes community relations, which is reflected in the developed bus route system available to students. On the value level, many signs within the college, including parking signs, library signs, and other clues, point to a love of order and organization. Probably in this college, teachers appreciate the composure and commitment shown by students. On the level of assumptions, the college probably seeks to avoid accepting students who are overly self-expressive or whose identity is tied to superficial popular culture. The college website lacks flashy headlines or programs offering to participate in the community in a frivolous way, such as selling cookies for fundraising or taking part in field trips. Thus, the levels of organizational culture at the Macomb Community College were assessed. The college has a clear identity at the level of artifacts and values. At the same time, the analysis of underlying assumptions suggests several recommendations. Perhaps, the college underestimates the importance of openness in relationships and is too harsh on manifestations of superficial identity or judgment. Given the high commitment to social and community values, Macomb Community College members should consider that openness is an important value for building good social connections. Reference Granter, E. (2019). Managing culture at work . Manuscript submitted for publication.
In the article A Few Canonic Variations , Joseph Kerman discusses the problem of music canon and factors which influence its formation. In the article, the author underlines that the key to music’s nature and value is its relation to other human mental activity. Kerman claims that canon is flexible, relativistic, and capable of providing illuminating insights into multiple and diverse music. The first section “Thema” discusses the problem of music canon and difficulties to determine it. The main problem is the product of music itself and its objectification. It is difficult to define music canon because “the tradition is passed on orally from musician to musician and from musician to listener” (108). Formalism is music tends to be less doctrinaire reserving a more central place for music’s own voice than certain other philosophical programs, may also be a defensible claim. Formal perception requires mindful effort and time. The best music is music whose implications become fully evident only with many repeated hearings. The personal and the particular intrude upon and divert attention from the universal and the objective. The documents give little information about such important musical elements as time and tempo, nuance and sonority, so it is difficult to create a certain canon. This presupposition concerns Japanese music and Gregorian chants, etc. The author concludes that lack of certain musical determinants and elements in documents makes it difficult to create a music canon. The second section Canon perpetuus describes historical roots of music canon and its transformations. Joseph Kerman begins with medieval music and impact of church on music traditions and canons. The problem is that: “final form may not reflect the composer’s final authoritative determination, but only that he was never occasioned by performance opportunities to rethink it” (110). The author addresses the Western art-music and underlines an important role of “secular repertories”. This account clearly favors certain musical traditions over others. For some musics — those, for instance, that are composed rather than improvised, hierarchically structured and intended for perception by a fundamentally reflective act rather than created on the spot — this approach may work relatively well. In this section, the author supports his ideas using theoretical explanations of Richard L. Crocker. Joseph Kerman underlines that during the Middle Ages and the renaissance music canons and repertories depended upon theatrical performance and traditions. For instance, “the canonization of the Greek tragedians and Shakespeare depended on written texts” (112). Kerman unveils that many music critics including E. T.A. Hoffmann manipulated literary models of canon. Thus, Kerman concludes that “the canon is at the core of repertory” (114). For others, such assumptions distort and trivialize attributes that are constitutive: personality of expression, joy in the moment, the richness of the sensuous surface itself, the exquisite sense of prese
Ecolab is a major corporation with its headquarters in the US. It manufactures cleaning, food, sanitizing and other products that enhance human safety and hygiene. Ecolab’s mission statement seeks to make the firm a center of global innovation through provision of high quality cleaning and sanitation products. The firm seeks to make its operations in the industry competitive to enable it to achieve positive returns for its investors. Ecolab’s management has a vision of surpassing expectations of the firm’s clients in the market. The firm focuses on providing technologies that operate efficiently to reduce environmental degradation. The firm was on the Fortune 500 list of the most valuable global corporations in 2009. The firm has also been recognized as one of the most ethical firms in the world (Hill 89). The company’s organization structure enables it to meet clients’ expectations effectively. The structure is efficient and multi-divisional, which makes it possible for different segments in the firm to offer high value to the market. The multi-divisional organization structure makes it easy for the firm to collaborate with other firms and penetrate viable foreign markets. This has enabled Ecolab to raise the profile of its brand in the industry. The company focuses on creating beneficial synergies with other firms to strengthen the value it offers its customers. Senior leaders in the firm are able to assess risks associated with various decisions they make to determine how they affect the firm’s performance. The firm has various divisions headed by managers, who make crucial decisions on the way their divisions function independently. Some of the firm’s divisions are based in different regions, which allow the firm to exploit opportunities that exist in specific regions for improving its performance (Hill 79). Ecolab needs to take into account differences in customer preferences and expectations in different markets. The firm operates in many regions in the world and this gives it a strategic advantage over its competitors. Ecolab needs to implement management strategies aimed at appropriate customer relationship for being able to deal effectively with issues affecting its customers, who are spread out in different locations across the globe. The firm needs to ensure that all activities it is engaged in satisfy specific market conditions and legal standards in locations it operates. This will enable the firm to make a positive mark in the industry, which will improve its appeal as a global brand. The firm needs to profile different customer segments in markets it serves to enable it to sustain its competitive edge in the market (Vogelsang et al. 94). Ecolab
Jeffrey Pfeffer on Power in Organizations Jeffrey Pfeffer is an outstanding speaker. With a rich experience of educating people, Dr. Preffer is interesting to listen to, and his lectures are valuable for the understanding of major business concepts because they are detailed and well-organized. The most peculiar aspect of Pfeffer’s speaking and presentation style is the fact that he includes numerous jokes and attention grabbers so that one is not distracted during his lecture. Watching a video, it is essential to state that only one video is not enough for understanding organizational power. So, additional research or watching more videos is critical. In this video, Dr. Pfeffer projects the concept of expert power (dependence of recipients of power on power holder) because he stresses the existence of hierarchy that is as well a type of dependence of low-rank people on those with higher ranks (Pfeffer, 2014; Porter, Angle, & Allen, 2015). At the same time, I believe that he practices what he says because of the constant references to his experience – the power for sharing knowledge with others. Pfeffer or Cialdini? Cialdini believes that persuasion is based on six shortcuts – reciprocity, authority, scarcity, consensus, liking, and consistency (Cialdini & Martin, 2012). Based on this belief, the stance of Cialdini is more complex compared to that of Pfeffer. It can be explained by the fact that Cialdini focuses on different aspects and persuasion principles of personality instead of paying attention to authority (expertise) only like in the case of Pfeffer. In this way, all of the concepts presented by Cialdini can be applied in the workplace. Still, one of the ideas that caught my attention is the concept of reciprocity (what one gives is inseparable from what one receives) due to its significance for developing healthy relations with colleagues. Moreover, the principle of scarcity is as well valuable because it helps to point to the uniqueness of an individual (skills or knowledge) that may help find a well-paid and challenging position. Vroom-Yetton Decision-Making Style Model Sources on particular models should not necessarily introduce their theoretical aspects. Instead, they may serve as a background for understanding models’ practical implications. Before analyzing the sources, it is essential to keep in mind that the essence of Vroom-Yetton’s theory comes down to making decisions based on the situation and perception of the situation as well as one’s attributes (Vroom, 1976). This statement is represented in the selected articles on the Koch family. They match the postulates of the theory because brothers’ decisions were affected by relations between family members. So, when it came to court hearings, the brothers behaved just the way they did at home – they were rivals (Schulman, 2014; Tomsho, 1986). One article was published in an online magazine, while the other was taken from the newspaper. Because both periodicals are perceived as influential and reputable, the source
Substance-induced depressive disorder (SIDD) is a mental illness that may occur in people who consume too much alcohol or drugs and, as a result, develop a severe dependence on one or some of these substances. The major problem at the initial stage of diagnosing is that depression might have appeared before alcohol or drugs were consumed, so the therapist needs to investigate all symptoms carefully to confirm SIDD (Hartney, 2017). The most common treatment option for SIDD is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This option is regarded as the most viable for two reasons. Firstly, psychotherapy is the most common approach to managing mental health issues in patients who do not need hospitalization. Secondly, since the major problem of SIDD patients is the use of medication, it is better not to include any in the treatment plan. CBT is based on the concept that people’s thoughts and feelings affect their behavior. Therefore, to help SIDD patients, a therapist should start with identifying destructive thoughts and evaluating how well they reflect reality (“Cognitive behavioral therapy,” n.d.). In case the patient’s thoughts do not present a correct depiction of reality, a mental health specialist should come up with strategies of altering the person’s attitude. Evidence-based research indicates the benefits of applying CBT to SIDD treatment. Tolliver and Anton (2015) note that patients receiving combined therapy with the inclusion of CBT demonstrate a “significantly higher rate of abstinence” (p. 186). Linke and Ussher (2014) report that CBT is “effective for overcoming barriers” (p. 11). While CBT is regarded as the most successful approach for SIDD patients, there are some alternative therapies recommended by specialists. Linke and Ussher (2014) argue that exercise-based treatments are highly effective in managing substance-induced disorders. Chandragiri (2016) remarks that pharmacological treatment may be considered in case the patient truly has a psychiatric or medical need for medication. Thus, a therapist should base treatment on the results of the patient’s examination.
The Renaissance Period has gifted the world with many beautiful and monumental works of art and has pioneered many techniques in painting, architecture, and sculpture. Renaissance art presents itself as superior and surprising as well as amazing the viewer with nearly photographic accuracy and ambiance of the drawings, which were preserved throughout the ages. One of the techniques developed during the early Renaissance period that continued well into the High Renaissance and beyond was the technique of the Illusion of Space. It is a drawing technique, which makes the viewer think that the two-dimensional drawing is three-dimensional and that there is space behind and around the people and objects depicted in the foreground (Raynaud 2016). One of the most famous pictures to use this effect to create volume and depth is the Last Supper , created by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1495 – 1498, which marked the beginning of the High Renaissance in art. Leonardo Da Vinci did not invent the technique, however, and relied on the work of Massacio, also known as Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, and his famous fresco, The Holy Trinity . Massacio’s Holy Trinity was painted in 1424, in the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. The fresco depicts Jesus Christ on a Cross, the Father, and the Holy Spirit standing behind him (Raynaud 2016). In this fresco, the artist used the one-point linear perspective to convey to the viewers that there is actual space behind in the background behind the objects (Raynaud 2016). In doing so, he made the coffers form orthogonal lines with the vanishing point directly at the eye level of the viewer, which makes the audience believe that the space depicted on the fresco continues into the chapel (Raynaud 2016). Massacio focused greatly on the dimensions of each object, further magnifying the illusion by enabling the viewers to determine the dimensions of the room. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper depicts the last supper of Jesus Christ, surrounded by his apostles (King 2012). The viewer is given the narrative perspective to the scene, as the painting illustrates Christ’s revelation that one of the apostles is going to betray him. The hall, where the dinner is taking place, seems to be going further behind the figures, and towards the windows. At first glance, Leonardo’s painting is different from the work of Massacio in that it is drawn on a much wider area. In order to convene the illusion of space, Da Vinci uses the same one-point linear perspective technique that was invented in the Quattrocento, during which Massacio painted his frescos. In both works, Jesus is the center of the composition. However, if in Massacio’s case, the vanishing point was at the base of the cross, in Da Vinci’s work, it is behind his head. The orthogonal lines are also present and could
This is a critical review of the book ‘Standing Alone in Mecca’ by Asra Nomani. The author is a professional journalist and a self professed “modern Muslim woman”. The book, ‘Standing Alone in Mecca’ is a record of her personal experience in the course of a journey whereby she explores her religion and its tenets. The book focuses on the role of the Muslim woman, the rights that are accorded to her by the Muslim religion as well as the place of the Muslim woman in this century as she travels to make Hajj 1 . The author has starred in a movie which shares the same sentiment with the book which is being discussed in this study, ‘The Mosque in Morgantown’. The book is centred on themes such as redemption, courage, self determination and intolerance through the various Muslim women that she meets along the way who are in some of form of predicament with their faith due to their actions. The book also focuses on various rights and freedoms that Islam women were able to enjoy in the past but which are no longer available today which is the reason the religion is perceived to be conservative today. In the course of the book, politics, culture and spirituality are also explored. The book ends with an ‘Islamic Bill Of Rights for Women in the Bedroom’ and an ‘Islamic Bill Of Rights for Women in Mosques’. To begin with, the book seems to lack in depth research concerning the issues which the author confronts in the course of the book. This is in spite of the fact that the author wants to be a credible source or part of a revolution for more rights for Muslim women in this century. The book lacks relevant citations where the author has heavily borrowed ideas from sources such as the Quran or the numerous hadith. Lack of these dissuades readers from referring to these sources and making judgement on their own which would enable them to agree or disagree with the ideas and theories which the author is proposing. Her ignorance in basic facts of the matter that she writes about is visible when she refers to Allahabad as the city of Allah. The second shortcoming of the book is that it is written from the viewpoint of one who has been socialized as an American. This may be authors attempt to identify with her target audience who are the American people but this alienates the people that would have benefit most from the book; Muslims in other countries especially in the Middle East countries where Muslim women are seen to be oppressed. This fact is especially apparent in the section that is sub titled ‘An American Woman’s Struggle for the Soul of Islam’ and it only makes her target audience to be alienated from her ideas. Her attempt to alienate herself from the Muslim world and identify with the United States of America is further displayed by her ignorance of where Saudi Arabia is located. This is in spite of the fact that she also wants to convince the reader that she has been brought up a Muslim and is knowledgeable of all the aspects of her religion having been taught how to say her prayers by her mother and spending a lot of her childhood in mosques 2 . The ‘Islamic Bill Of Rights for Women in the Bedroom’ and the ‘Islamic Bill Of Rights fo