ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sociology of politics popularly known as political sociology is one of the main branches of political science. Max weber is accredited as one of the great contributors to this field particularly on issues about power, acquisition, and distribution of power, legitimacy of power, bureaucracy, and political participation among other issues. This essay briefly looks at some of his contributions to this interesting field of study. In addition, we shall define terms such as power, domination, legitimate authority types, monocratic bureaucracy, and parliamentary reconstruction. Max Weber’s Contributions to Sociology of Politics To begin with, Russel as cited in Cassano and Buono (2009) identify Weber as one of the “intellectual roads” that have brought the United States and the Western World to identity politics. Identity politics refers to the politics of a society in which political participation is advanced; one in which people consciously participate in the governance of their society with their brains. In such a political culture people have a high level of self-awareness and are aware of their desired destination over a definite period. He further argues that even though Weber was a structuralist like Marx, he differed from him in the sense that he believed that any society that had a history had a different structure and that each of its components could play a defining role. On State and politics, Thakur (2006) explains that Weber understood the state as a “political structure or grouping” that succeeds in claiming the monopoly to the acceptable use force in maintenance and enforcement of law and order. Politics which according to Ritzer (2010) came into being before the state, politics is a process that continuously targets at controlling the human relations of domination. Weber as cited in Ritzer (2010) defines power as the possibility that an actor in a given socio-political relationship will be able to do on his own will despite opposition. The assumption here is that there are more than two actors one being able to make the other do what he would not have otherwise done. For example, take the simple child-parent relationship in a home setup; in such a case the parent can make a teenage child fail to attend an eagerly awaited friend’s birthday bash should the parent feel that attending the same would lead to an undesirable outcome. Weber we are told by Thakur (2006) saw the political party as a kind of social relationship that was associative and committed to securing power within a group for its managers to achieve certain ideal or material benefits for its members. According to Thakur (2006), Weber understood domination as the possibility that a rule with a particular content will be upheld or obeyed by a group of persons. A
The Muslim Brotherhood is a group whose ideologies are deeply rooted in the teachings of Islam. The group was founded in Egypt in the year 1928 shortly after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire (Wickham 54). The founder, Hassan al-Banna, had a different view regarding the organization’s purpose from the one that the group embraces today. The group has been linked with several instances of Islamic terrorism, violence, jihad, and liberation wars in numerous countries. For instance, in 2002, the group was linked with a suicide bombing in Grozny that led to the demise of five people. After its founding, the group’s motto was “Believers are but Brothers” (Wickham 58). However, as the group expanded and spread, the motto morphed into a slogan that encompassed the groups’ objectives and belief system. The group aims to establish a theocracy in Muslim countries by sponsoring terrorism and opposing any efforts to encourage religious tolerance in Muslim states. Ideologies and beliefs The group’s beliefs are based on the founder’s ideologies. He believed that it is the responsibility of Islam to control all states by implementing its laws. The founder wanted the group to take over the
Abstract Science and innovation have a critical role in the life of the current society. Still, people tend to see in different ways, as they pay attention to various aspects. In this way, some of them focus on positive influences of science and technological innovation while others consider the negative ones to be more critical. Scientific development turned out to affect various spheres of life. It allowed industries to have more opportunities and overcome limitations, providing a possibility to automatize operations. Technological innovations extended the range of the products offered by organizations and improved their quality. Science and technology allowed to prevent many illnesses even though they also promoted the creation of new addictive drugs. National security improves greatly, as new weapons are created. However, they also became more available, which increased crime rates. Environmental problems started to attract much attention after the Industrial Revolution. Science and innovation turned out to increase pollution in this way, but they also gave an opportunity to develop new strategies that can save the environment for the future generations. Introduction About two centuries ago the western society started to face streamlined technological changes that occurred due to the various innovations. For instance, previously people received energy with the help of the wind, water, and animals while now they have an opportunity to overcome such limitations and use the steam engine. Its creation quickened the development of the Industrial Revolution, and influenced people’s lives greatly, making more opportunities accessible (Rosen, 2003). Soon, the railroad allowed to transport people and various products to different locations. The sphere of communication improved with the creation of the telegraph and telephone. Finally, electric lighting substituted candles, kerosene, and gas. In the 20th century, progress started to be associated with the technological development and innovations. The automobile and the airplane entered the lives of the general public, affecting the nature of cities. Radio and then television provided an opportunity to get to know more about people and events that happened all over the world without leaving home. Information about the causes of diseases allowed to develop new effective treatments and consider how various illnesses can be prevented. With the course of time, computers appeared. With the help of the transistor, they became smaller but more powerful and less expensive. Of course, nowadays the process of research and development is extremely different from the one that existed two centuries ago. It turned out to be international in character with increased opportunities and the production of new knowledge. The mix of science and technologies altered human life significantly. Technological innovations provided a lot of people with warmth and cleanliness. They improved the quality of nutrition and medical care as well as widened a range of transportation and entertainment opportunities. Thus, science and technology can be effectiv
Exobiology is a multidisciplinary field of study which explores the origin of life on earth and other planets. The human race has been interested in the origin and possibility of life on the other planets and moons. Reflectively, myths and beliefs exist on views of the universe components. The core belief of exobiologists is that all matter in the solar system has a common origin as a component of myriad changes in the form of primordial stellar matter. Thus, this reflective paper attempts to weigh the gains in knowledge about exobiology against the risks of contamination should technological advancement penetrate onto the surface Europa moon on the orbit of Jupiter planet. A continuous excitement has been witnessed in the resent past following a revelation that there might be a large mass of water body on its surface. It is natural to wonder about the kind of life in this water body and possibilities of microbial activities or aquatic fauna. The Europa Ocean has an ecosystem which is not fully self-sustaining like that on planet Earth. Presuming an existence of tons and tons of ocean vents such as those spread across the ocean floors on planet Earth, there is a strong possibility of bacterial activities. These bacteria survive mainly on gases containing sulfur. Besides, there would be alien worm-like tiny creatures alongside clams directly depending on the nutrients made available by bacterial activities just like fungi and mosses plants common beneath the sea bed across the major water bodies on planet Earth’s surface (Greenberg 27). To complete the food chain, unusual fish like creatures might exist to feed on these plants and smaller creature. Being to far away from the life supporting planet Earth, Europa’s ocean might lack planktons. Just like on the oceans across our planet, there is a strong possibility of finding dominant specie of a sea animal on top of the food chain (Greenberg 53). This might be due to variance in size, aggression, and other natural selection orientations same as those practiced by the Orca, commonly referred to as the apex predator. After the successful unmanned NASA voyage to planet Jupiter in 1979, a Galilean moon called Europa was discovered. The visit proposed an existence of a planet-wide water body beneath hundreds of miles sulfur cover. In the images captured, Europa has magnetic and tidal characteristics and an icy surface. Despite being a hostile environment for survival, for instance, there is no visible sunlight penetration, the surviving creatures might have evolved to rely on smell, electric fields and touch to sense variance in surrounding. Photosynthetic plants are incapable of surviving in such conditions. Thus, to cover up, the primary ecosystem producers would be bacterial organisms feeding on chemical emissions from the bottom of the ocean (Greenberg 51). After the publishing of the futurist view of Europa Ocean, it is in order to ascertain existence of life in this water body. Penetrating the surface of Europa int
The introduction: the fundamentals of the stories The basic theme of Dostoevsky’s production The Grand Inquisitor is the Catholic Inquisition over the Protestants. The Brothers Karamazov represents two opposite sides: one of the brothers Ivan is anti-religion, while another one – Alyosha believes in a superhuman controlling power. Geoff Uyleman states: The chapter The Grand Inquisitor in The Brothers Karamazov describes in detail Dostoyevsky’s notion and rejection of demothologized religion. As such, it is embodied by the Grand Inquisitor himself who, having lost his own faith, now exploits faith to cause desired behavior in those whom he governs (24). One of the most important issues, which is to be discussed is the notion of morality. Thus, there are two opinions. Ivan thinks that he is responsible only for his own actions. He is once again “caught in the toils of his moral psychological dilemma – the dilemma of intending to follow the dictates of a conscience whose precepts his reasons cannot justify” (Uyleman 31). Ivan states that if people don’t believe in a superhuman controlling power, they can do what they want in spite of the death of God . The basic idea of Camus’ story The Guest is considered to be the same. Generally, the author refuses God, “in a profound sense, is angry at God – for the transcendent God of the Christians is too far removed from the world to be part of us, and even when the Christian God participates he glories in suffering and colonizes death!” (Meredith 23). The thesis statement The existence of spiritual redemption is one of the key points both stories disclose. The notions of morality and belief are rather ambiguous and complicated. The basic themes of both stories are partially similar; however, certain contradictions and different approaches to God’s existence make the basic ideas of the stories different. The body: The Brothers Karamazov vs. The Guest: the similarities and differences The common feature of The Brothers Karamazov and The Guest is, on the one hand, the absurdity of existence. The most important theme of a short story The Guest is Camus’ concept of absurdism. Symbolism, irony and foreshadowing are the central literary techniques Albert Camus used. The Brothers Karamazov and The Guest disclose the problem of choice, although the context of choice is different. Lawrence Meredith says that for Camus, “if God is alive he lives in the midst of incredible suffering which apparently he can do nothing about. Ivan Karamazov faced with this inexorable logic of belief, simply turned in his ticket to heaven” (24). Thus, the main characters of the both stories recognize the logic of unbelief. In this case, the basic theme of The Guest is that “nothing is gained by bringing to life a powerless god” (24). However, the chapter The Brothers Karamazov is mostly related to the choice of freedom. There is a position that a genuine humility depends upon a person’s attitude towards God. Gilles Mongeau states that: Christ proposes that we begin to desire a genuine spiritual poverty, and even an actual poverty, a material simplicity of life th
The purpose of the movie “Notting Hill ” was to show the life of two people and how it is sometimes limited by the social regulations and norms. It illustrates the relationship of two people from completely different backgrounds but who still manage to develop a rewarding and happy union. It reminds people to feel confidence in not being afraid to go after dreams, no matter what obstacles are on the way. The message is to show and teach that it does not matter where someone comes from, the liking principles are universal. One of the major themes is the development and the growth of each person. The understanding and realizations that both main characters go through, demonstrate how often people are not in touch with their inner self. William is comfortable with his simple life and does not have any major goals. He is somewhat happy in his ignorance, letting the world pass him by. He has been hurt in love and so, he has closed himself off from any relationships. This is a way of protection for him because he does not want to get hurt again. Anna is famous and it is a heavy burden that she must carry. She wants to lead a simple life where people see her as herself and not as an actress. The theme of being trapped for Anna and their relationship is seen throughout the movie. There is a major comparison between the freedoms of William and Anna. He is free to do whatever he wants without others observing him every minute but he is closed off emotionally. Anna is not free physically because she must go to movie premiers, film shootings and other celebrity shows and she is bordered up mentally since she wants to lead a normal life. The target audience is adults who have experienced a relationship or are about to. This is for them to learn from the experience that love can overcome all hardships and social separations. There are many people in the world who need the approval of their actions and this movie gives a chance to compare their own life to the life of characters in the movie. The language is heartfelt at moments when William and Anna are together. When William talks and thinks about himself, in the beginning, it is obvious how he is not pleased with himself and how low he thinks of his character. The way the tone was used transferred a romantic theme but at the same time shoed how hard it is for people to be understood and hardships of expressing oneself. In the introduction lives are shown as separate. The world is chaotic, without balance and love. This is a setting of how lonely and sad some people are. The conclusion is quite the opposite
Hypertension Pathophysiology Hypertension (HTN) can be caused by damage to renal pressure natriuresis, which controls the blood pressure and keeps it low. Manifestations A person with hypertension can experience headaches, apnea, pain in the chest, and a bleeding nose. Yet, it is important to remember that often the condition is unnoticeable and develops gradually. Diagnostics When diagnosing a patient, risk factors for HTN must be assessed these are smoking, advancing age, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and heavy drinking. HTN is more prevalent in women aged 55 and older. Other factors are obesity, family history, a high Na diet, and glucose intolerance. A BP of 140+/90+ is hypertensive. Labs find a higher serum Na is a sign of HTN or a risk of HTN (Wheeler, 2020). Nursing care HTN can be treated with beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Anticoagulants can also be prescribed because HTN increases the risk of blood clots forming due to the high pressure, causing platelets to touch more often and possibly starting a clotting cascade. HTN requires a lifestyle change of a lower sodium diet and exercise to help lower the patient’s BP. Antihypertensives can also be taken long-term to bring the BP to a safer range and lower the risk of developing embolisms. Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology The atria of the heart do not make a full contraction; they beat irregularly, rapidly, and out of synch with ventricular contractions. This leads to turbulent blood flow in the atria and may cause the platelets to begin a clotting cascade. A clot made this way may lead to a stroke, pulmonary embolism, heart attack, and other conditions caused by an embolism occluding a blood vessel. Manifestations A patient with this condition may feel weakness, fatigue, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath. AFIB is often associated with other heart diseases like CAD, HTN, HF, and cardiomyopathy. Diagnostics The condition of atrial fibrillation can be diagnosed using the process of electrocardiography to produce an electrocardiogram (EKG), which will contain records of the electrical activity of the patient’s heart. Yet, to achieve a clear result, the patient has to experience atrial fibrillation while undergoing the procedure. If the person has a condition that is intermittent, then they may have to wear an EKG device which will record their heart activity for several hours. Nursing care Preventing blood clots from forming
Introduction Behavioral disorders occur in diverse settings and among different individuals. They interfere with social relationships and academic growth. Moreover, behavioral disorders among students in a school setting entails a unique learning need that requires strategic interventions just as any other learning need on students. Failure to apply interventional teaching programs may result into a continuous poor performance among students. This condition can further frustrate the students leading to uncontrollable and unpredictable behaviors. To overcome this problem in a learning institution, it is important to incorporate an adaptive or assistive technology into the teaching and learning process (Hughes, 2010, para. 1-3). Adaptive technologies for students with behavioral disorders refer to software packages and equipments that allow students with special needs to meet the expected standards and complete their tasks as requested by their teachers. Adaption refers to the ability of an individual to adjust from one condition to another. Technology on the other hand refers to the use of scientific applications to attain certain goals (Parret, Crowley & Wojcik, 2007, p. 3-10). Therefore, students facing behavioral disorders are eligible to use assistive technologies in order to control their classroom behaviors (Behramn, 1998). This includes students suffering from ADHD, emotional disabilities and autism, which can lead to various behavioral problems. Moreover, studies indicate that students with such disorders lack the ability to manage various tasks in the classroom and therefore there is the need to provide them with devices which enable them to carry out such tasks (Hughes, 2010, para. 1-4). These devices include software packages connected to pagers, which have the ability to vibrate or send text messages as a reminder to students concerning particular tasks that they are supposed to do. In addition, other adaptive technologies such as electronic organizers, headphones, palm pilots, and screens which prevent visual distractions for an integral part in the management of behaviors in the classroom (Keller, 2007, para. 1-2). Moreover, in order to achieve positive results from these technologies, there is the need to thoroughly train both the students and teachers on the effective ways of using them. Development of an effective training program for teachers will give them ample time to learn new techniques about the technologies in order to avoid the frustration involved in introducing new and complicated devices to both teachers and students (Hughes, 2010, para. 1-
Developing a logic model for a Day Support Services for Autistic Adults Program, it is essential to outline the core problem. In particular, it is the fact that adults with autism need more advanced care and proper support in their everyday lives. Among the targeted problems, one may emphasize difficulties with communication, comprehension, and living. For instance, some of them do not notice the emotions of others as it is difficult for them to express their feelings. Such people may not accept the views of society, and while they can be in contact with others, they tend to pay no attention to the environment. The program to be developed can be described as follows: thorough care and education of autistic adults by sharing with skills they are to utilize to make their health outcomes better. It is evident that target audience representatives may live and learn in case they are given relevant tools to manage their interaction with others. In this regard, the paramount goal of the identified program is to enhance the well-being of adults with autism in such spheres as employment, making friends, and being a part of a community. As for the program theory, it seems appropriate to apply the principles of evidence-based practice (EBP) in order to implement reliable interventions proved in the course of scholarly researches (Brun, 2014). For example, the evidence illustrates that some assistance with finding a job or the provision of life-changing services may be rather beneficial. The latter implies some help with outliving parents and providing special needs for families having an adult with autism. The First Home Care located in Portsmouth, Virginia, may significantly contribute to improving the everyday life of the mentioned people by making them closer to their communities in the context of the Day Support Services for Autistic Adults Program. If the First Home Care implemented the specified program, then it would provide people with autism with the required services, who then would benefit from enhanced living conditions. The strategies necessary for the above program application refer to specific outputs and inputs (Brun, 2014). In particular, such inputs as well-educated staff and funding are needed. As outputs, one may consider the staff participation and initiatives aimed at reaching the target population and communicating with them. As emphasized by W.K. Kellogg Foundation, program evaluation contributes to its appropriate implementation (“W.K. Kellogg Foundation evaluation handbook,” 2004). Therefore, it is necessary to determine some expected results. Fo