ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mozambique is a poor country even though its economy develops during the last several decades, which influences the poverty rates and gender equality. Recently females became widely occupied in politics, education and health. Still, the discrepancy between different parts of the country shows that their position regarding employment, agriculture and income varies. Emphasizing macroeconomic stability and growth, the government claimed that by enhancing the state of physical infrastructure and social sectors a step forward can be made. Many households continue to be involved in agriculture, and informal economy helps them to gain enough income. Generally, Mozambique has gone through “changing paradigms of socialism, neo-liberalism and current liberal economic policies with an emphasis on social development” (Tvedten 2011, p. 24). It has positively influenced human development: the index is 0.393, which is still extremely low, but the progress cannot be denied, as it was only 0.246 in 1980 ( Human development report 2014). The achievements of Mozambique are tightly connected with agriculture, as about 80% of its population are engaged in this field and belong to rural households. Smallholder farmers produce many cash crops such as potatoes, tobacco, tea and paprika, which allows them to increase their income and pay their laborers. It provides 80% of the population with relatively cheap products and contributes to export. The sector is grooving for about 6% per year and reduces poverty in rural areas providing people with food, work and money (Mucavele, n.d.). To make the improvement stable, agricultural technologies are used, including fertilizer and small-scale irrigation, etc. Unfortunately, only 3% more farmers referred to them during this time, so the government implemented technical support services and training under the New Green Revolution Strategy. They are low-cost but effective, which allows people to gain profit ( Investing in rural people in Mozambique 2014). The access to wage labor, which enhances the state of agriculture and the whole country, depends on the people’s education. Utilizing it, they can manage the household efficiently and increase their earnings. That is why this sphere gains investments that allow new schools to be built in villages (Tschirley & Benfica 2000). Coping with rural poverty, Mozambique enhances the access not only to education but also to health care. People can effort better services, know more about the diseases and the ways of their prevention and treatment, they get better food and clean water, which drops maternal mortality from 1000 death to 500 and children mortality from 245 to 138 (Tvedten 2011). The rapid development of the agriculture is connected with foreign investments and earnings, as they contribute to macroeconomic stability. In this way, agriculture and fisheries got 31% of all investments by 2011, which is the highest rate. Community Investor Partnership Project was implemented to promote the development in rural areas ( Investing in rural people
The real estate market in India is experiencing rapid growth. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the real estate industry in India through the example of the Urban Plus Company using Porter’s Five Forces and the PESTEL framework. In addition, it seems essential to analyze the case and provide alternatives and recommendations. First and foremost, it should be stated that Porter’s Five Forces include five fundamental aspects, namely:  1. Threat of new entrants;  2. Bargaining power of buyers;  3. Bargaining power of suppliers;  4. Intensity of Rivalry; and  5. Threat of substitution. The real estate industry has experienced impressive growth during the last few years. Huge investments into the real estate market stimulated high competition and rapid development of a sector. That is why there is a great threat of multiple new entrants: among these, companies such as AllCheckDeals, Homeseek Realtors, or Agni Property might provide their services, increasing the level of rivalry. This threat is also influenced by the significant buying power of people residing in India as the state experiences rapid growth. At the same time, the bargaining power of sellers is increasing due to great demand for new dwellings. The combination of these aspects may create a threat of substitution, as any of the above-mentioned companies could replace Urban Plus. As for the PESTEL framework, the company and industry could be characterized by considering the following aspects:  1. Political . The current situation could be considered beneficial for the development of Urban Plus.  2. Economic . Urban Plus has stable incomes that have been achieved due to its focus on the great opportunities in the residential sector.  3. Social . A wide target market and experienced employees led to the firms efficiency and success.  4. Technological . The company uses traditional approaches to find new customers. This could be regarded as its weak point.  5. Environmental . There is a tendency towards further development of the real estate market, which provides good opportunities for Urban Plus.  6. Legal . The company obviously functions within all relevant laws. With the c
The constitution of each state enshrined provision for the protection of individual rights of citizens, which also applies to New Jersey. In particular, the state constitution contains 21 provisions in Article I, which describe the rights and freedoms of individuals ( 1947 State Constitution , n.d). In particular, people are defined as free and independent by nature, and the freedom and security of the individual are paramount values. Additionally, every person has the right to participate in political life and has innate political power. At the same time, it is clarified that state institutions can restrict freedoms if the public good requires it. An important point in the protection of individual rights is freedom of speech and expression. However, it is also emphasized that a citizen “may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right” ( 1947 State Constitution , n.d, para. 8). Thus, a citizen can be held liable for defamation if it is proven, which identifies a restriction in favor of the freedoms of another individual. The remaining paragraphs of Article I provide individuals with the protection of rights in the context of criminal prosecution legal proceedings, as well as in relation to fines and bills. Additionally, the constitution provides protection for public gatherings and deliberations if they are for the common good. Thus, the New Jersey Constitution provides for the protection of the basic individual rights of citizens. At the same time, in many aspects, it is specified that these rights are a priority if they are consistent with the goals of the good for society. In this case, every citizen needs to keep in mind the restrictions that the freedoms of other members of society impose on their actions.
Introduction The targeted public health problem is smoking. Statistics show clearly that smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco kills over 6 million people annually ( CEASE: Mission & Goals , 2015). Many passive smokers are also affected by cigarette-related complications. Majority of the affected individuals live in underprivileged environments or countries. The targeted study focuses on smoking cessation. Statistics show clearly that smoking is a major challenge in different parts of the world. The study will therefore examine the efforts undertaken by CEASE to deal with smoking in South West Baltimore. Background Baltimore has many smokers compared to different regions in the United States. Statistics indicate that around “69 percent of males and 50 percent of women engage in smoking” ( CEASE: Mission & Goals , 2015, para. 3). As well, the number of passive smokers has been increasing steadily in the region (Rigotti, 2012). Different government agencies and organizations are currently embracing the best measures in order to deal with this problem. One of these organizations is the Communities Engaged in Advocating for a Smoke-free Environment (CEASE). The agency uses powerful programs in order to address this problem. The agency uses strategic plans in order to achieve the best goals (Kumar & Vijayan, 2012). Training programs are used to educate more people about the dangers of smoking. The organization also uses powerful initiatives in order to empower more youths in the region (Rigotti, 2012). The agency has implemented a powerful study approach known as Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR). This program is used to define, evaluate, design and implement the best practices. Proposed Internship Activity The potential organization for my internship is the Communities Engaged in Advocating for a Smoke-Free Environment (CEASE) in Baltimore City. I will also complete a wide range of activities in an attempt to support the agency’s goals. The first activity will be to design various smoking cessation programs. I will also be involved in every implementation process. I will also be part of every evaluation process. I will also undertake numerous studies in order to present evidence-based concepts. Such concepts will eventually deliver positive results. Such studies will outline the major challenges associated with smoking (Rigotti, 2012). These activities will ensure more people achieve their goals. The implementation process will ensure more people benefit from the process. As well, new studies will be conducted in order to support the proposed programs (Liu & Tan, 2009). These approaches will make it easier for more people to stop smoking. The activities will ensure the imple
Introduction Over the past years, there has been a high prevalence of hypertension among adults. Hypertension can be simply defined as the blood pressure pushing against the artery walls and therefore causing chronic health condition. According to Carroll, Dillon, Hughes, Ostchega and Yoon (2007) a survey carried out in 1999-2004 showed that about 67% of all adults in the US suffered from hypertension. However, the prevalence has increased over time and a survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2008 indicated that the prevalence among adults of over 65 years is about 69.7% (Blair, Briss, Gillespie, Hong & Kuklina, 2011). It is more common in adults as compared to the younger ages because the blood vessels of the older people usually become less elastic as aging continues. This condition significantly increases vulnerability to end-stage renal disease as well as coronary heart disease. It also causes severe risks to congestion heart failure. Hypertension usually has no symptoms and therefore most people who suffer from it are not aware and they only realize after it has caused damages to the heart or brain. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute estimate that out of four adults, one has a continuously elevated high blood pressure. The situation is even worse for adults above 70 years whose prevalence rate is estimated as two out of three as being affected by the condition. Etiology Hypertension is always used to refer to a chronic medical condition of the cardiovascular system which raises the systemic arterial blood pressure. Hypertension is usually classified into two; primary and secondary hypertension with the most prevalent being primary hypertension. It causes 90-95% of hypertensive patients. Although the direct causes of this primary hypertension has not been identified, there are several factors which include stress, obesity, sodium sensitivity, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol intake, potassium deficiency, , visceral obesity as well as vitamin D deficiency (Chrousos, Kyrou, & Tsigos, 2006). In some cases, hypertension results from inherited genetic mutation. It may also be as a result of a family background that has a history of hypertension. The risk increases with increase in adult aging. On the other hand, the causes of secondary hypertension can be identified. It accounts for about 5-10% of all cases associated with high blood pressure (Babatsikou & Zavitsanou, 2010). Its treatment is therefore different from that of primary hypertension. This type occurs when there no balance in the pathophysiological mechanisms which regulate heart function as well as blood plasma volume. Some common caus
Introduction Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company (ADSSC) was founded in 2005. Its core business activities include collection, treatment as well as disposal of waste water from both domestic and commercial clients within the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The company reports to the Abu Dhabi Executive Council. The objectives of the firm include provision of reliable services, development of new infrastructure and utilization of existing ones in an effective and efficient manner. It also aims at promoting health and safety standards as well as protecting the environment in Abu Dhabi. In order to achieve these objectives, it focuses on offering sustainable sewerage services. It also focuses on achieving the growth plans of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Finally, it focuses on enhancing value addition by providing services that exceed the expectation of all its stakeholders. The company had a total of 505 employees in the third quarter of 2010. Leadership Mission, Vision, Values, Ethics and Role Modeling The leaders of ADSSC are using a collaborative method in regard to the development of the vision, mission and values of the organization. The mission, vision and values were first formulated in 2007 and are usually reviewed on an annual basis. The management also introduced the balanced scorecard in 2009 to improve performance. Besides, the management acts as a role model to the rest of the employees. Management and Performance Improvement ADSSC uses an integrative management method in order to facilitate effectiveness and efficiency in regard to service delivery, compliance and stakeholder satisfaction. This has been achieved by implementing various management and compliance standards such as ISO 9001. Automation and reporting project (ARP) was implemented to promote transparency in internal reviews and reports. Performance contracting was also introduced to enhance high performance. Engagement with External Stakeholders In 2008, the managing dir
Active Feet and Market Segmentation The rapid evolution of the sphere of business and the appearance of new ways to attract customers resulted in an increased level of rivalry we could observe nowadays. Numerous companies that function in the same spheres try to acquire a significant competitive advantage and create the basis for their further evolution. For this reason, we see the reconsideration of approaches used in marketing and strategies that are suggested to organizations. Furthermore, the increased sophistication of the modern market preconditions the fundamental need for its comprehensive investigation to understand the main forces that impact it at the moment and perform the appropriate actions to increase the level of sales (Moriarty 2014). Under these conditions, the enhanced understanding of the target market acquires the top priority for companies that introduce original goods or try to expand into a new country. To accomplish this task and collect needed data, segmentation is used as one of the essential approaches. It analyses the target market and suggests specific population groups that should be given high attention and suggested particular goods first of all (Hopkins 2014). Furthermore, the segmentation includes five broad categories based on consumer characteristics. These are demographics, geography, psychographics, behavior, and benefits (Moriarty 2014). Regarding the given aspects, any market should be segmented to ensure the improved results and companies further rise. As for the Active Feet and its market promotion in Australia, there are several factors related to the target audience, its peculiarities, and analysis that should be mentioned. First of all, segmenting the Australian market, demographics, and geography approaches becomes significant. Due to its unique geographic location, the state has many magnificent landscapes and places a person could admire. Additionally, the nature and climate of the country are favorable for the active lifestyle and physical exercises. For this reason, the percentage of people going in for sports is exceptionally high in Australia if to compare with other states ( About values segments n.d.). Furthermore, not only young people prefer to do physical exercise or lead a healthy lifestyle. For this reason, there are numerous opportunities for Active Feet to promote its goods. The target audience will be comprised of active people who are engaged in different sports activities or who prefer to remain dynamic. In such a way, considering the Australian market as a homogeneous one and using the marketing segmentation strategy, the company shou
Abstract Food consumption is an important issue in South Africa, given its relation to poverty and deprivation. With the pressing need to increase food security, understanding the determinants of the demand for food and having some estimates of the likely impact of price and income changes has become a vital task. There is, however, surprisingly little economic research on this topic and almost none in recent times. This paper provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the demand for food in South Africa for the years 1970 to 2002. It moves beyond the usual static modelling approach in using a general dynamic log-linear demand equation and a dynamic version of the almost ideal demand system, to provide estimates of the short- and long-run price and expenditure demand elasticities. Introduction Studies of food consumption and expenditure have often been the subject of research in the developed and developing world. They provide important inputs into food and related nutritional policy initiatives, by providing estimates of how food consumption is likely to change with variations in prices, incomes and taxation. In the context of South Africa food policy is inextricably linked to food security. Despite its status as a lower-middle-income-country (World Bank, 2004), South Africa has considerable inequality and deprivation. It is estimated that about 35 per cent of the population in South Africa is vulnerable to food insecurity and approximately a quarter of the children under the age of 6 years are estimated to have had their growth stunted by malnutrition (Human Sciences Research Council, 2004, 3). Consequently, the Department of Agriculture devised ‘An Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa’ (IFSS) in July 2002. Food also has special significance, in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Nutrition is known to be important in determining the body’s ability to cope and ensuring those living with the disease lead extended, productive lives. Food also represents just under one third of consumer expenditure in South Africa, according to Reserve Bank estimates, declining from 35.6% in 1970 to 34.5% in 1990 and then to 28.4% in 2002. Thus there appears to be a relatively slow growth in real food expenditure, resulting in a consistent declining share of food spending. The question is whether the decline is a simple response to growing income, or is it being affecte
This report details the observations made on the structural dimension of gender within a set of social interaction. A busy café located in South East London was the setting for the observation, and here, every aspect of the selected object of study was well captured using the participant observation technique. There were various key aspects which needed to be observed from this specific form of social structure in the identified setting. These aspects included things such as the way people of different genders interacted, identified social roles, and the way the participants applied non-verbal signs of communication, among other strategic aspects as they are shown from this observation. The observation was conducted on the weekend, on a Saturday afternoon, to be specific. It should be observed here that every day is a busy day for Café owners in London, and therefore, there were no any special considerations that would be applied in choosing the date and time for this particular activity. The findings of this report under the given setting were observed and recorded in at least half an hour. This time frame may not have been enough to enable us to capture every detail displayed by the object of study, but all the same, it was sufficient to meet the needs of the intended objective. Goffman’s dramaturgical concept or approach has come in handy in the collection and analysis of data in this activity. Goffman offers a systematic way of conducting participant observation in all kinds of field work (Tseelon 1992). In his concept, Goffman discusses two phases which are crucial for effective participant observation. This particular approach which serves as a key guideline to a successful observation exercise usually revolves around two main phases, which include ‘getting into place’ and ‘exploitation of the place’ (Goffman 2009). The first phase involves all the necessary plans and approaches that one must employ to penetrate the place of observation and be in a suitable position from where they can easily observe and record information or data (Goffman 2002). Then, there is the other phase which entails full exploitation of the place once one is inside (Miller 2004). This phase comprises of the most important aspects of the activity such as observation, note taking, and recording where applicable (Murphy & Dingwall 2001). According to Huffman (1989), each of these phases is crucial for effective participant observation and should be taken seriously when moving into the field. These, however, are just some of the many hints of carrying out successful fieldwork using the approach of participant observation as provided by Ervin Goffman in his widely acclaimed point of view on sociology. To engage in successful participant observation in this particular case, we applied Goffman’s idea of getting into place first,