ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A comparison of my posting with the work of other students shows several similarities as well as differences of thought on the important characteristics of environmental education/education for sustainability (EE/ES). This section uses the critical discourse analysis approach to identify and discuss these similarities and differences. In terms of similarities, it is important to note that all postings show an appreciation of the central role that EE/ES plays in our lives and the urgency of preserving the environment for present and future generations. All the narratives demonstrate a high level of engagement with environmental issues that may lead to sustainability, with a few of the postings going further to provide an evaluation of how some of the ongoing environmental concerns (e.g., recycling, conservation) has continued to pay dividends in enhancing sustainability. Similarly, all the narratives demonstrate a negative affect to some form of attitudes (e.g., not taking care of the environment) and actions (e.g., pollution, population explosion) that continue to affect the environment in adverse ways. Additionally, almost all the postings demonstrate a high level of anger and disdain to these activities, not mentioning that several postings demonstrate a certain level of guilt and nervousness on a wide range of issues dealing with EE/ES. All postings have an emotional component that links environmental sustainability to the survival of mankind in the universe, not only in the present time but also in the future. While nearly all the postings underscore the importance of educational institutions in imparting knowledge about the natural environment and shifting the attitudes of people to better manage the environment, there are noted differences of opinion on how these immense tasks should be undertaken. My posting views EE/ES as a learning process by virtue of its capacity to enhance the knowledge and responsiveness of individuals about the environment and related challenges, and also as an
Abstract Media refers to the use of various apparatus as a means of information delivery from the source to the recipients. It is a broad field categorized into social media, broadcast, electronic and digital media. In the 20th century, politicians used their power and wealth to acquire the government positions. The new mass media techniques such as the internet, mobile phones and other forms came into place in the early 1990’s. Communication in the political aspect concentrates on the media, politicians and the voters. Politics has turned into mass media techniques, whereby huge number of people can access the same information simultaneously. This has been done by the use of social and broadcast media. The internet is a common means of communication among people irrespective of their age. It was recorded that, in the year 2002, magazines played the least role in the transfer of political information to the population, which is still a fact as at now. Television media has proved to be the most reliable form of mass media due to its leading position with an average of 67% for the past ten years. In 2002, internet use, as a means of political communication, recorded 7% and in 2010, it improved to 24%. Mobile phone is commonly utilized in word of mouth communication as well as the use of text messages to deliver the political interests of various campaigners. In the year 2010, more than half of the American citizens were online political users. This comprised of over 50% of the United States adults. 70% of these adult internet users went online to retrieve information on the mid-term elections of 2010. The number of Americans, who used the internet campaign news as their source of information regarding the 2010 elections, is over 24%. The midterm election has also attracted many who use internet. The social networks that are widely involved include twitter and face book. At least a fifth of online adults used these social networks to obtain political information (Davis, 2010). Political communication has been affected heavily by this media technology. This has enabled faster transfer of data worldwide, thus ensuring that citizens both in and out of the nation are adequately accessing political information. In the United States, for example, President Barack Obama effectively used social media for a great victory. The use of new media has enabled the political candidates to have a direct relationship with the potential voters. The voters are able to inform the political aspirants of their interests and the changes most preferable to them. The political candidates thus have clear directions as to which issues are most pressing to the citizens. This has been seen to promote democracy and harmony amongst the citizens of a nation. The candidate manifesto is also changed to suit the majority of the c
Introduction A pandemic is a dangerous and critical situation for all areas of healthcare. It forces doctors to pay much more attention to safety measures than before, so as not to infect patients and not to become ill themselves. However, the personal protective equipment (PPE) they use does not always provide an adequate level of safety. Healthcare workers should take many other measures to protect themselves from infection. Ali, Alradhawi, Shubber, and Abbas (2020) argue that “in response to growing concerns regarding the shortage of PPE, innovations in protective equipment are increasingly important” (p. 71). The purpose of this paper is to study and discuss literature on the use of PPE during pandemics, and to draw conclusions useful for medical practice. Literature Search Methods The search was carried out in the Cochrane system, which contains numerous articles on medical topics. Based on the results of the “PPE” query, the search engine returned three articles, two of which were written recently and are directly related to the COVID-19. Then, the research was also conducted with the use of the system Pubmed. The search query was the same and was limited to the last five years. As a result, 1296 articles were found, many of which, however, do not correspond exactly to the given subject of the work. In addition to the use of protective clothing during the pandemic, they are dedicated to surgery, innovations in the development of PPE, and other topics. However, many of them look at the studied problem from different angles, allowing a comprehensive analysis. Problem Statement One of the crucial issues that are now being raised in the field of healthcare is related to the use of PPE when working with people infected with COVID-19. First of all, the biggest problem is the lack of this equipment. The load on its production and use at the moment is so high that manufacturers often do
The legalization of cannabis is an interesting topic for discussion. The government’s decisions to decriminalize this drug are often extremely controversial. Demonstrations against such laws are organized because there are some dangerous consequences of drug abuse. It should not be forgotten that it is a cause of numerous tragedies. Parents are especially worried about the safety and health of their children because cannabis may be easily accessed when such laws are passed. Also, some studies show that the use of marijuana is especially dangerous for young people (Rettner, para. 10). While it is indeed useful in the treatment of certain medical conditions, the way it affects children is not researched. It is addictive similarly to alcohol and other drugs and this issue is often discussed by politicians and scientists. Marijuana should not be legalized in all states because its use by adolescents may significantly increase. Work Cited Rettner, Rachael. Pediatricians Oppose Medical Marijuana, with Some Exceptions . 2015 Web.
Introduction Between 2009 and 2011, the entire world experienced a global recession that decreased the purchasing power of most people. The trend mostly affected the US; an idea borrowed from the initial crisis experienced in Europe. Notably, the number of people who spent on luxurious goods and services was minimal. Most statisticians establish that the cause of the great recession, which the society felt a little later in 2008 was because many banks issued loans to clients enabling them to flood the real estate business. Mortgages became affordable in East Asia, the US, and the Euro zone. Most investors constructed houses whose occupants they are less likely to establish even today. When the world overcame the global financial crisis (GFC) in 2011, most banks including the European Central Bank (ECB) decided to lower its loan interests in order to accommodate the rising needs of borrowers within the euro zone (Ferrero 2014). In turn, the bank that largely depends on taxation, lending, and borrowing fails to achieve its objective in the society. The paper intends to explain how reduction in the prices of goods and services after the GFC is likely to cause a major deflation, and efforts underway to avoid the trend at the microeconomic and macroeconomic level. Deflation Economists equate deflation to a period in which the demand for goods and services grows because of a decrease in prices. They associate deflation with a falling aggregate demand (AD) and an increase in the aggregate supply (AS) (Gnos and Rochon 2011, p. 103). It results in an increase in the potential GDP over the actual GDP of a country. It means that a market experiencing high rates of deflation have high supply of commodities, which emanates from an increase in the purchasing power because of decreased prices. The following illustrations explain how a decrease in the prices of goods and services influences the purchase decisions, which results in an increase in supply. Causes of deflation are assumptions made by different economists because it occurs differently across diverse regions. Two possible causes are a fall in aggregate demand and an increase in aggregate supply (The autumn statement: ‘Tis not the season 2014). The illustration summarises the fact that when manufacturers increase the production of different products and services, they should match the same with consumer demand. At the microeconomic level, consumers find economic stimulus in price, place, product, and promotion (Jones 2014). The four elements of marketing are very important in determining consumer decision, but the price strategy is an obvious catch when marketers seek to increase the demand levels. After the 2008 to 2011 GFC, manufacturers believed that increasing the supply of products and services would increase the demand. Breaking such economic rules might cause the European Central Bank a great deflation. Most European countries are capable of borrowing from the
The somatosensory system is a complex combination of neurons and pathways that allows humans to respond to changes occurring on the surface of their body. The more specific element of this system examined in this laboratory experiment is cutaneous receptors, responsible for detecting mechanical pressure, potential damage, and temperature change. The physiology behind the experiment is the response of a receptor to stimuli from the external environment. This produces a nerve impulse that conveys information about the place and nature of the stimuli. The purpose of the experiment is to test two-point discrimination, localization of touch, and thermoreceptors and determine their response to various stimuli. The hypothesis is that the human body can perceive two distinct stimuli as separate, localize a specific area of impact on the surface of the body, and distinguish between hot and cold temperatures. It is because of the two-point discrimination and general somatic afferent. Other relevant research on the topic was conducted by Chuquilin, Alghalith, and Fernandez (2016), Jänig (2018), and Shigeo (2015). The aim is to observe the response of mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors to touch and temperature change on a human subject. The hypothesis is that cutaneous receptors help detect different stimuli, localize them, and distinguish between different temperatures. Methods Due to the fact that three types of receptors were tested during this experiment, the methodology for each differs an is detailed below. No deviations from the methods outlined in the manual were necessary. Firstly, to test the hypothesis regarding the two-point discrimination, the individual’s arms were placed on the bench in a relaxed position. Two-point compass was used to stimulate a finger gently, and different separation of the compass helped determine the proximity and response. For the ascending experiment, the detachment of the two-point compass was set at the minimum, while for the descending trial it was set at a maximum. When the participant reported feeling two distinct stimuli in the ascending experiment and one stimulus in the descending test, the distance set on the two-point compass was recorded. In the second experiment, the localization of touch was tested using a felt tip pen and a pencil. The researcher marked the back of the non-preferred hand, and the participant tried to point to the same spot. Two trials were done for each body part, including hand, forefinger, and forearm. The error distance, which is a difference between the point marked by the felt-tip pen and the one which the participant showed was recorded for each trial. In the third experiment, temperature probed filled with ice water, and hot water was used on the 1 cm by 1 cm square on the forearm and forefinger. The participant had to report whether touch, cold, or warm temperature is felt. Results We observed that the minimum separation distance where the participant was able to
There is sufficient evidence that recent climate change is a result of human activities. “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level (L9).” The presence of excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere causes global warming due to the greenhouse effect. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, the key driver. Industrialisation has increased demand for consumer goods. This increased demand fuels the production process which releases these gases. Deforestation is also a contributor to climate change. Few trees mean little carbon dioxide converts to oxygen through the natural process of photosynthesis. “The Greenhouse Effect is a natural and valuable phenomenon, without which, the planet would be uninhabitable (L11).” It follows that an excess of these same gases would result in a rise in temperature and by extension, climate change. The top polluters are transport fuels, coal in power generation and water and space heating. Existing records since the industrial revolution show a matching increase in the level of atmospheric greenhouse gases and global warming with the increase in human development. “Carbon dioxide has increased by 40 % since the beginning of the industrial revolution (L2).” “Global change affects terrestrial organisms and ecosystems (L13).” It is the cause of some extreme weather patterns. The frequency with which heat waves, tropical cyclones, floods and droughts occur
This article focuses on one teacher’s efforts to implement differentiated learning in her second grade class. The authors of the article seek to investigate how the differentiated reading method of teaching can achieve success or failure in a classroom. Differentiated instructions have been part of the teaching process for quite some time now. However, the success of this approach depends on the teacher’s ability to put this method into practice. Unlike other teaching methods, differentiated teaching is not a standard application in education. Therefore, when the learning method is used, various degrees of success are achieved according to the teacher’s level of expertise. Ms. Martin is only able to achieve success in her second grade class because she focuses on the students and not the specifics of the teaching method. The abilities of each student are of importance to all instructors because they determine how decisions about lesson plans are made. These are the most important aspects of differentiated reading: assessment, grouping formats, materials, classroom management, lesson focus, and length of instructions (Ankrum & Bean, 2008). The implementation of these factors depends on the unique needs of students. The ability to help struggling learners depends on various factors including the teacher’s ability to adjudge the text-level of a student. In addition, it is important to assign students groups that adhere to certain logic. In the case of Ms. Martin, small groups are tended to independently whereby some groups are given more reading time and different-level reading ma
Philosophers in the field of ethical science tend to portray deontological ethics as a paradigm of restriction. Deontological ethics in its rights apply rules and regulations to ensure adherence to the desired ethical behaviors in society. Therefore, deontology bases its moral judgments on the rules or regulations. According to deontology, the duties of various people in society transcend the rules. The theory also propounds that right or wrong conduct cannot be judged from the consequences of one’s actions, but the motives of the actions. As such, the motives may go contrary to the requirements of the rules in society. In this philosophical theory, the right and the good must have intrinsic values that are based on a predetermined qualification. Based on its position, deontology has attracted insurmountable criticisms from various sectors. For instance, the theory has been perceived by philosophers as a tool that denies people the opportunity to explore and achieve various moral experiences. In this regard, deontology tends to promote authoritarian principles where individuals and groups in society have to limit themselves to the rules. The other source of criticism is that deontology does not provide for accidents or mistakes. For example, the theory does not tolerate the fact that negative consequences of one’s behavior or actions can emanate from mistakes. Individuals in society should respect moral laws to ensure peaceful coexistence and good life. However, deontology tends to promote fear of morals. According to the theory, the laws should be questioned and/or challenged. Pragmatic ethics is a complete contrast to deontology. According to this theory, the ethics and hypothesis behind them should be challenged to provide opportunities for advancement. Unlike the deontological approach, pragmatism provides freedom to the members of the society to explore different aspects of ethics and apply other relevant ethical theories such as virtue ethics and consequentialism. The theory also draws a clear distinction from other theories by promoting the interest of the society, not the individuals. Moreover, it provides room for revision and improvement. As noted in the second paragraph, the best criticism for deontology as an ethical philosophy should be based on its restrictive approaches towards the issues of morality. The theory does not provide room for advancement and tends to ignore the rules of correction in improving moral behaviors. The philosophy does not provide room for change, which is very important in determining moral behavior in society. There is a need to embrace the fact that different generations in society may apply different elements of ethics in different ways. Environmental changes may force society to transform its ethics. My position on moral ethics tends to concur with the stance taken by moral ecology. The theory accommodates the view that morality
Introduction Daoist ideas expressed by Tao Yunaming have developed overtime and still have strong influence over the communist system in China. Specifically, this system of religious thought originated from Asia continent. Several authors have developed a comprehensive table of events on the development of Daoism philosophy. In analyzing Daoism in China, Tao brings about the question of legitimacy of the different ideologies in the then free Chinese society 1 . Tao asserts that issue legitimacy ensures stability of the society. Therefore, the religious power can only be fully exercised in accordance with the deities and beliefs endorsed in the light of principles and ideals acceptable to common human reason. This deity framework tolerates as well as respects others of different opinions 2 . Hence, this provides a particular explanation for the diversity of traditions in the sundry China society and form the basis of the research. The fundamental ideas from the public Chinese Daoism religious culture can be interpreted into social conception of the ideal sages that differentiate the dualist existence of hell and heaven 3 . It was freestanding since its content was set out independently of the comprehensive doctrines that members of Daoism culture affirmed. This led to overlapping consensus in which each reasonable daoist affirmed the religious law from within own perspective 4 . Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review the development of Daoism philosophy in the present culture of Chinese and the concepts of sages, deities, hell and heaven, and Confucian discourse. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis: Daoism culture has greatly impacted on the current sages, deities and Confucian discourse associated with the modern Chinese culture. Alternative Hypothesis: Daoism culture has not impacted on the
Multiple international conflicts, technological progress, and growth of the middle class that took place in the 20th century provoked a wave of immigration. Individuals from many countries around the globe moved to the USA in pursuit of the “golden opportunity” that was largely promoted through the expansion of the commercial activities and development of a new value of individualism (California Newsreel). Since the postwar period in the USA, property was regarded as the main source of wealth accumulation. With the support of governmental policies and advertising practices, long-term and low-interest mortgages appeared. The intention was for house-ownership to become available to all (Nicolaides and Wiese 258). However, the federal programs and the system of bank lending only increased the social segregation and unequal distribution of wealth. And it is possible to say that the current advantages of the White population and the disadvantaged position of the minor racial groups are the consequences of the social, political, and commercial practices that took place throughout the 1930s to 1970s. In the 1930s, the Federal Housing Administration initiated real estate assessment based on the criteria of race as a potential risk of financial and social instability (California Newsreel). In this way, stability became closely associated with the dominant, White population, who became the only inhabitants of suburbia. At the same time, it was considered that the racial minorities and their presence in the suburbs could “undermine the real estate values in the new suburbs” (California Newsreel). The private loan organizations evaluated the US population and created ratings in which the minorities were described as “hazardous” and were effectively allocated areas remote from the “best” suburban sections (Art History 21 10). With the Fair Housing Act initiated in 1968, a new phase of segregation commenced. The act finally allowed members of racial minorities to purchase houses in the same suburban areas where non-minority individuals lived. However, the Whites perceived neighborhoods which admitted people of other races as a threat to their well-being (Nicolaides and Wiese 336). Some Whites no doubt regarded mixed-neighborhoods as a personal threat due to their stereotypes and cultural biases, while others perceived the settlement of minority individuals in the suburbs as economically disadvantageous. As a result, the majority of the dominant owners moved to other urban and suburban areas because of the depreciation of property values caused by the