ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Why Do States Acquire Nuclear Weapons, and What Are the Implications for Counter-Proliferation Efforts? The issue of nuclear weapons, their development, proliferation, and counter-proliferation have continually been discussed from the first launch of an a-bomb. The topic itself is controversial and sensitive at the same time because it touches upon themes that include national security, wars, foreign and domestic policy, etc. There are various reasons why states acquire nuclear weapons: these weapons are seen as a security tool, they serve national interests of a state and they can symbolize the state and its identity. Although such use of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) seems reasonable to some, it should be noted that deterrence and containment do not always work, and a state’s security can be easily compromised even if it possesses a large nuclear arsenal. One of the most prominent examples is the 9/11 terrorist attack. Since terrorists are not regarded as a military force belonging to any state and are not linked to particular states, nuclear weapons have little chance of providing security to states that are targets for terrorists. The expansion of a nuclear arsenal in any state leads to the same expansion by other states; therefore, the number of nuclear weapons may double or triple, but the state and its international security remain vulnerable. Thus, counter-proliferation strategies and policies need to be developed to avoid a war involving WMD or at least reduce the damage to the lowest level. In this paper, I will address the following questions: why do states create and purchase nuclear weapons, and what implications exist for counter-proliferation efforts? WMD can be a useful tool of deterrence and containment, but their potential is so catastrophic that the only efficient strategy against a possible mass-destructive war would be the implementation of ambitious and well-supported counter-proliferation programs and policies. However, the number of nuclear weapons will grow as states create nuclear weapons not only for their defense but also because the weapons serve the national interests of the country. Why Do States Acquire Nuclear Weapons? As Sagan (1996, p.57) states in his article on nuclear weapons, states decide to acquire nuclear weapons for three main reasons. The first is the security model (Sagan 1996). Since nuclear weapons and WMD potentially have enormously destructive power, each state that wants to ensure its security from the intervention of a rival state also possessing nuclear weapons has to have a nuclear arsenal. As the author explains, two possible policies can emerge from this situation: powerful states can develop their own nuclear weapons, although it is costly; and those states that are not as powerful or simply weak will have to join an alliance with nuclear power. Alth
Introduction Over the past years, tourism has been affected by several unpredictable events such as political unrest, financial crises, natural disasters, health epidemics among other factors with negative impacts on the tourism industry. Over the recent years, terrorism attacks in Europe have become rampant and have gained a lot of media attention which further raises anxiety and fear among travelers. Ajaka (2015, p. 86) affirm that terrorism is now a great threat to the tourism industry in Europe. Although terrorism is not a new threat in Europe, its severity and prevalence have increased over the recent years thus raising concern from businesses such as hotels and restaurants that depend on the tourism (White 2016, p. 203). This section introduces the concept of terrorism and how it impacts the tourism industry with Brussels as the case study. Background and Justification of the Report Idea Reports indicate that the tourism industry is one of the fastest growing and promising sectors globally, but it is also one of the most delicate sectors (Luxton 2016, p. 25). In the contemporary business world, there are emerging uncalculated threats and risks such as terrorism which have raised concern because of their potential of reducing the number of tourist arrivals in a country. For instance, tourism in the Middle East is no longer attracting people into this region because of terrorism and terror groups associated with the Middle East (McGovern 2016, p. 12;). The “Holy War” has gone beyond the Middle East borders. Brussel terrorist attack is one of the deadliest terrorist attacks that occurred in Paris on November 13th, 2015 compared to other terrorist attacks in other parts of Europe (Santana-Gallego, RossellÃ-Nadal, and Fourie 2016, p. 291; Hong (2015, p.307). The 2016 Brussels airport attack turned Brussels into a scene of terror after terrorists killed 31 persons and wounded hundreds of the travelers as well as the staff at the airport and later on, ISIS claimed responsibility for this attack (Hume et al. 2016, p. 39). In this case, it is true that terrorism is no longer a problem of the Middle East, but it has spread out to the European countries (Moklyak 2016, p. 147). The mass media has also played a critical role in the rise and spread of the Islamic State and this is associated with the uncontrolled use of the social media which makes it easier for terrorists to recruit members and have an easier and faster means of spreading propaganda. Media outlets such as online news platforms, social media, and television news may influence a person’s decision-making process (Chowdhury, Raj, Griffin, and Clarke 2017, p. 5). However, to what extent does terrorism affect a person’s travel behavior
Integrated school In the integrated school setting, disabled youths are in contact or interact with other normal students while in the course of their studies. This type of setting has a number of advantages. First of all the disabled students are likely to benefit from others when in times of need. For instance, if a student has a physical disability and cannot handle well-learning resources such as books and pencils, the other students can come to his aid and thus help to reduce the level of the challenge to the student posed by his/her disability. Secondly, students with disabilities tend to have low self-esteem, and this can affect their learning. Being with the other normal students will tend to boost their morale towards learning. They, therefore, will be more motivated to participate in the learning activities. For instance, if the teaching instruction involves the manipulation of things, then the students will come into the aid of those who are disabled, and their positive reinforcement is quite significant in the development of psychomotor skills. ( Allport, 54, 1954). In an integrated school setting, students with disabilities do not feel neglected or separated from the rest because of their condition. This helps them to feel psychologically part of the wider society and hence contributes to their well-being. ( Betts, 123 2006). Integration is also significant in reducing the achievement gap, which tends to be wider in a segregated setting. For children who are disabled, when they are together with the rest, the disparities in terms of performance will not be very pronounced as in the case of a segregated system which brings to the broad light the big difference that can exist between the disabled and the normal students. This is true because let’s take the example of a mean score calculated in an integrated system and compare it with another one calculated in a segregated school system. You will realize that with a segregated setting, the mean score will comprise the disabled only, and this will highlight their weakness as a group, but this is not what we expect to happen because it can affect their morale towards studies. It can also be illustrated that within an integrated system, behavior motivation is very easy because the teacher can easily identify that from the rest of the other normal students. By easy identification of the disabled students, the teacher can plan on how well he/she can help the individual students and help him/her achieve even better results. In an integrated setting, it is also notable that students from poor families will not be exposed to suffering as in the case of a segregated setting. There is the aspect of equality in an integrated system which is very crucial in protecting the interest of the poor in the schools. Therefore their poverty status is not a big issue in the integrated system and hence
Introduction One should focus on several aspects to unveil the issues of ACA health policy, its current challenges, and future use. First, one needs to research the policy background, especially the one of ACA law (2010) and the contribution of partisan aspects to it. Then, one must explore the challenges associated with the policy and the stakeholder situation. Next, the policy options and trade-offs will give a direction for the further development of the policy. It could be formulated into a set of recommendations for the institutions. Thus, the recommended measures will indicate specific implications for population, politics, economics, and health organizations. In the end, the said aspects will allow forming an elaborate analysis of the ACA health policy perspectives. Overview and Significance of the Healthcare Reform Policy (2010) Healthcare reform policy of the Democratic government, later known as “Obamacare”, is a complex phenomenon with advantages and disadvantages. Starting with the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, the reform was positioned as a set of political, economic, and health measures meant to improve the quality of healthcare. The main improvements should have included the expansion of insurance coverage and the Medicaid system, as well as the rise of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). On the one hand, the policy achieved significant results, and, according to Skinner, & Chandra (2016), its prime goal of expanding insurance coverage has been met. On the other hand, the reform possesses some notable limitations. Furthermore, it has remained in the center of political struggle between the Democratic party, the reform initiator, and the Republicans as the opposition. Thus, while the reform has produced positive outcomes, it still has a room for reforming. History of the ACA Policy ACA policy was one of the main points promoted by Barack Obama during his presidential election campaign. As soon as he was elected, the legislative procedure of the act was put into the motion. In 2009-2010, the law was being developed, primarily by the Democratic majority, although, according to Béland, Rocco, and Waddan (2014), their partial help was present in preparing the bill. In the end, the bill successfully passed the procedure of approval by the Senate and House of Representatives and was signed by President Obama on March 23, 2010. However, the implementation phase of the law has faced several obstacles which hindered the ACA’s performance on a state level. The researchers note that “ACA dispersed governing authority to a patchwork of state governors, legislatures, and regulatory agencies” (Béland et al., 2014, p. 52). It opened enough space for the opponents to reject the reforms, especially in the states dominated by Republicans. These states, particularly, the southern ones, openly voiced against the ACA and refused to implement most of its features. The problem of the Medicaid expansion was critical since the states’ government notably rejected the feature. The federal government tried
Stereotypes of gender identity, behavior, and physical appearance negatively influence the perception of woman roles in management, which can result in discrimination. Women are sidelined in the leadership positions because of their gender, which has continuously locked them out from competing with their male counterparts. The stereotype upon women has disadvantaged women from advancing up the social ladder in terms of promotions in taking managerial responsibilities. Corporate organizations have been biasing towards men, and this makes them disadvantaged women in their responsibilities. Stereotypes based on gender have disadvantaged women through misjudgment in regard to their talents. The stereotype against women dictates the kind of responsibilities assigned to them despite their talents and aptitudes. The same applies to women discriminated on certain behaviors they depict. Women who have some responsibilities at home are discriminated from assuming certain roles in the organization. Biasness based on gender stereotypes has continuously led to a misrepresentation of women leadership in the management position (Karsten, 2006). This affects the decision made by women leaders more so those in the management positions. Therefore, it is upon the organizations to take actions, which eradicate this stereotype and bias to bring equality in the organization. This will involve taking instituting more transparent evaluation process as well as educating the executives about stereotypes. A stereotype on physical appearance such as obesity, beauty among other related facts works against women and determines their position in the organization. Women who are heavy bodies in physical appearance are denied leadership positions because of the developed stereotypes. These women are perceived to be unhealthy or suffer from certain conditions hence denied the managerial positions. Men dominate most executive leadership positions who determines who gets a certain position. This leads to more men favoring their fellows at the expense of the women. The stereotype that exists based on gender does not allow women with certain physical appearance to take a leadership position. The act of gender stereotype negatively influences women leadership in the organization as well as their ability to face and tackle challenges emerging in their profession. The stereotype of gender, behavior, and physical appearance has some impacts on organizational performances. The barriers to women advancements in the organization make the shift from one organization to another in search of better working condition. Employee turnover has a negative impact on the company’s performance as well as the cost of operation. Organizations suffer because it takes time to developed and retain the best talents which put them at a competitive advantage (Wanberg, 2012). It takes organization time to fill the gaps with employees
Introduction Text is a complex of written information that can be analyzed and then used by a reader. A visual text is peculiar due to its graphical composition. In this respect, such text except for the written information also has a complex of visual symbols, features, pictures on the whole. The transition of colors can make a discussion about this or that visual text more vivid and patterned. This and other features of the visual text are discussed in the paper on the example of one definite picture being an announcement of the film Belle et la Bete. Jean Cocteau’s depiction of love in the poster of la Belle et la Bete is much more close-minded, in contrast to modern fairy tales. This is due to the time the poster was made. Visual details and subject matter Looking at the poster, one cannot but admit that the informative content of it is rather limited. It is so due to the direct outline of the main details as of the characters and the theme of the action. In fact, here one can imagine some original evaluation of the performance. The assertion on the outstanding authors, such as Jean Marais and Josette Dax, makes this visual text significant for ordinary people of that time. What are more, mere details about the cast are represented to provide the most of information? As far as it may seem, the main idea of such form for information spread is to make more glimpses at the main points of the event along with some fancy about how it would be performed. Wealth and beauty with love manifestation are at a juncture of the standpoints described in the visual element about the event. The patterned “frame” of the poster also describes the level of morale that was apparent for people living merely in 1960s or 1970s. By the word, “frame” one should understand here the versatile nature of additional details and elements inside the visual text. The whole picture of textual and visual parts underlines the particular role that “interpretation can play in understanding advertising images and placing visual consumption within a broader frame of the interpreted life” (Schroeder 117). Elements of visual text Different elements in the picture under analysis seem to be placed with response to the style being predominant in the 1970s, particularly. This feature also makes the whole complex of details similar in
Introduction The Case of Human Cloning In 1998, Kyunghee University Medical Center (KUMC) attempted to clone a human being using an embryo. KUMC attempted to clone human embryos twice within two months. According to the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences, KUMC made the first attempt on 20 th November 1998 after collecting numerous ova from patients who visited the center (1). The patients normally visited the center to receive in vitro fertilization but did not know their ova were being used in research to clone a human being. Fortunately, one patient who went to receive the in vitro fertilization revealed that the medical center had collected 23 ova and used them in experiments. Although the researchers used 20 ova in conducting in vitro fertilization, they utilized the remaining three ova in an attempt to clone a human using embryo. The researchers subjected the three ova to the process of cloning. However, the researchers were unable to clone a human being using the embryo because the nuclear transfer of genetic material failed. This paper explores the ethical issues surrounding human cloning coupled with outlining the major achievements in this field of research. The paper centers mainly on the attempts by Kyunghee University Medical Center to clone a human being in 1998 and the controversies surrounding the case. After conducting more research on embryo cloning, the researchers decided to attempt another cloning the following month. On 7 th December 1998, the researchers collected 16 ova from another patient and subjected them through the same process of in vitro fertilization and cloning. Although the researchers used three ova in the cloning of an embryo, they only managed to clone one successfully. A single ovum went through the cloning process successfully where researchers managed to transfer nuclear material from it into another ovum (Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 1). Incubation of the cloned embryo allowed it to develop into a four-celled embryo after which its growth halted. The researchers discarded the remaining two ova because they were unable to transfer the nuclear material successfully. Eventually, the researchers used one ovum in cloning a human embryo, which successfully developed into the four-celled stage of human embryo development. Having made such achievements in the cloning of human embryos, KUMC released the findings to the public claiming that they had successfully cloned human embryos. On 14 th December 1998, the Korean media reported that KUMC had performed human cloning by transferring the somatic cell nucleus into the ovum. The news triggered much interest from scientific bodies in various parts of the world including Korea. To confirm the credibility of the findings, the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences formed an ad hoc committee to look into the claims of human cloning and the process of cloning employed. The ad hoc committee examined the process of cloning that KUMC utilized and concluded, “…the research team did not disclose acceptable evidence … the committee was una
Company description Easyjet is a public limited company that was founded in 1995 within the aviation industry. Its headquarters are located at Luton, United Kingdom. The firms operation mainly involves provision of short and medium airline services. The firm has a human resource base of 5,674 employees of whom 3,372 are full time employees. The firm serves an approximately 100 countries which are located in 30 different countries. Business strategy According to SWOT analysis of Easyjet (Anon., 2009), the firm has adopted an efficient business model which entails keeping the costs of operation as low as possible. Through this model, the firm has been able to offer low fares to its customers thus remaining competitive within the aviation industry. SWOT analysis of the firm Strengths   * The firm offers a quality services to its customers at a competitive price. The firm has incorporated the current electronic commerce technology to ensure that the customers are satisfied (‘Driving more efficient business’, 2008, p.2). Incorporation of electronic commerce enables the customers to book for their tickets online thus eliminating distribution cost (Ian, 2002, Para. 4).   * Efficiency of operation. EasyJet offers efficient air travel services with turnaround duration of thirty minutes or less. This has made the airline more reliable to its customers.   * In addition, the firm has developed a strong employee culture which enables the firm to assist the customers with various travel services. The employee culture is maintained in its flights and on the ground. This results into increased customer satisfaction.   * The firm has a strong, proactive and innovative management team which is a continuation of the leadership of its ex-CEO and ex-chairman.   * The firm has also developed a strong brand name within UK market. This has been achieved by the management investing heavily in promotion through public relation and advertising. The management of the firm has been advertising the firm in major airline programs in UK. This has enabled the firm to create a superior brand profile. By adopting the term ‘easy’ as its brand name, the firm has been able to effectively position itself as a firm that delivers value for customer’s money (‘ Bird’s eye view ’, 2007, p.4).   * The firm has also incorporated the concept of corporate social responsibility by addressing issues of global warming and greenhouse effect. The management of the firm has kept these issues as top priority in formulating its future strategies. This has been achieved through purchasing of new fleet that emits minimum amount of carbon dioxide (‘Birds eye view’, 2007, P.4).   * The firm serves many cities within Europe. This enables the firm to be considered as an efficient airline travel firm by business people.   * The firm has an EasyJet Academy which ensures that the firm has sufficient and qualified