ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the United Kingdom, the crime prevention texture has changed significantly over time. Beginning from the year 1980, prevention of crime has shifted from “being of trivial intellectual interest to become a major concern of governments” (Bajpai, 2003, p.11). The trend that can be clearly seen is that the U.K government is making efforts to promote the policies that contribute towards the realization of the safety of the community as well as crime reduction and not “essentially launching ‘crackdown on crime’ type approach” (Bajpai, 2003, p.11). Looking at the history of the U.K’s crime prevention, a clear picture is seen of shifting agenda of main concerns on this subject (O’Malley & Hutchinson, 2007). Both the situational and social crime prevention techniques have been applied in the whole range of the crime reduction and prevention initiatives that were carried out by law enforcement agencies. This paper is going to look at how both situational and social crime prevention techniques are used within the U.K and also at how different agencies within the community safety partnerships have helped to facilitate such projects. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) Technique The SCP is typically defined as “involving the management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment” (Hough, et al, 1980, p.1). This results from a thinking pattern and taking action about the crime problem which is different from the traditional responses of criminal justice. It focuses on the offense rather than on the offender. It is based on the notion that the opportunities that promote committing crimes are built in the immediate environment within which crimes take place. The measures or techniques used in situational crime prevention are intended to pass across a message to the potential criminals that the efforts needed to carry out crime and the associated dangers have been magnified, and also that the benefits which can be realized by engaging in crime have diminished to a significant level. Situational crime prevention undertakes the application of greatly specific techniques “in the opportunity reduction for offending behavior” (Bajpai, 2003, p.20). In the U.K. various such managerial, as well as technological measures, have indicated promising results. These measures’ performance was revealed in a number of evaluation researches that were conducted in the United Kingdom. Clarke (1997) has engaged in developing a
The relationship between humanity and the rest of the natural world is a theme often explored in literature. Dillard, in her essay “Living Like Weasels,” and Hogan, in an entire collection of essays titled “Dwellings,” both explore this topic and offer their versions of what humans can learn from nature at large. Dillard believes that a simple weasel can teach people much by its sheer example of living a down-to-earth life free of unproductive doubts. Hogan second this belief and stresses that humanity should treat nature with respect and reverence rather than consumer interest. Yet while both authors agree that humans can learn from nature, they disagree on the means of doing so: Dillard explicitly rejects the scientific approach, but Hogan readily accepts it as long as it is respectful. In her essay, Dillard uses the weasel as a symbol of living a simple, pure, and down-to-earth life governed by necessity rather than constant deliberations and choices – something humanity could benefit from. In her text, the weasel acts as an embodiment of such life: determined free of unnecessary doubt, simple as a wild animal’s needs. It is in this sense that Dillard suggests humanity could learn something from a weasel: not the intricacies of stalking and killing the prey, but the ability to only concentrate on the few essential things. According to her, a person should find something that really matters and, figuratively speaking, latch onto it as hard as the weasel does on its prey, and never let go. The benefits of such life are not as much in its mindless simplicity, although it is also a part of its appeal. Dillard also stresses that living like weasel possesses a dignity of a particular sort, which is the decency of living without bias or premeditated motive. These reflections pave the way for the essay’s central thought: humanity should spare less effort to distinguish itself from the rest of nature and devote more time to learning from it. Hogan shares this conviction and displays it more than once in the course of her essays. She emphasizes the same idea of closeness to nature rather than separation from it through numerous examples, and just like Dillard, uses the imagery of nature to deliver her message. The images used may range from a wolf’s fur and a bird’s feather to something as simple and mundane as corn, but all serve the same idea of union with nature. The notion behind all essays that comprise the book is essentially the same as in Dillard’s text. According to Hogan, humanity’s focus should not be on what separates humans as a unique species from the rest of nature, but on what unites them with the natural world. This call for a respectful union with nature rather than separation from is a simila
Introduction Many states in the U.S. are in the process of implementation of various health insurance policies or they have already implemented the policies following the signing of Obamacare. A good example is California, which has established the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) that specifically caters to children. Each state has established its own Medicaid policies based on federal government requirements. This leads to many similarities and differences when the eligibility requirements and services within different states are analyzed (Sommers, 2010). Comparison with Pennsylvania Medicaid policy The various policies in existence within California and Pennsylvania share a variety of similarities and differences. There are many services applied by each state. For instance, California offers the SCHIP policy to assist children in need of medical cover. The eligibility to be considered for the SCHIP program in California depends on families with children. Therefore, families without children are not eligible for the program’s support. Eligibility is also restricted to families that have sufficient finances but considered too high to be eligible for Medicaid. The SCHIP plan is still based on Medicaid, which caters to individuals with incomes below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). This is determined by the use of modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). Individuals are also ranked according to a percentage of the FPL. Moreover, the monthly dollars earned by a family and the family size are also factors that influence eligibility. The federal government is usually involved in the establishment of Medicaid eligibility requirements. Furthermore, each state is allowed to determine its individual coverage policies as, well as determine the financial criteria used to establish eligibility (Mortensen, 2010). The SCHIP program can be compared to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program used in Pennsylvania. The Medicaid eligibility program within this state varies greatly in comparison to the program within California. This leads to various differences that arise when it comes to the kind of program applied, although the eligibility requirements can have various similarities. The TANF program in Pennsylvania caters to children less than 21 years old. It is similar to the SCHIP program, although it also depends on the finances a family has. The income that a family receives and the household size are analyzed before a family can have access to aid. In both states, the minimum income that determines whether a family is eligible for assistance is $2000 per year. Household composition is also considered. This is used to determine the relationship between different family members to identify the individual needs of each family member (Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2011)
Introduction Texas is characterized by immigration that is pushing the population growth of the state. Texas occupies the second position in terms of population figures in the United States, according to the Census Bureau, and that it has occupied that position since 1994 after overtaking New York. This aspect of immigration to Texas can be attributed to the good hospitality that immigrants receive from the Texans. The natives of Texas State were quite excited with what their area offered to the new settlers but little did they know that as the conditions of their area changed so too were the costs and benefits that were related to the increase in the size of the population. In the last 10 years almost three point nine million (3.9m) absolutely new residents came and settled in Texas State. It is estimated that almost thirty-six percent (36%) of these new residents were actually immigrants. The high population growth rate brought about negative effects like traffic congestion, pollution of the environment, straining of institution facilities because of high enrolment and there were also shortages of housing facilities resulting in a gradual decrease in living standards and further straining of the available natural resources, Timothy (2001). The period between 200 and 2006 saw the population of the foreign-born in the Texas state increase by twenty-four percent and it was during this same period that the state gained over 650,000 immigrants bringing the number of residents of foreign-born origin increase to over 3.4 million people. The foreign-born population in Texas is composed mainly of immigrants from Latin America. As per the statistics taken in 2007 about the foreign-born population, 3.1% were from Africa, 4.3% from Europe, 75.1% from Latin America, 1.1% from North America and 0.3% from Oceania. In the year 2007, the total number of the immigrant population that represented females was slightly over 47% and that of males was slightly over 52% compared to 50% female and 49% male among the indigenous people. In 2007 Texas’s immigrants were composed of more than1% being young children, the percentage size of the youth was 6.5% while the percentage that comprised of working-age adults between the years 18 and 54 was 22%, and the last 14% comprised of immigrants that were 55 years old and above. During the same period, the Hispanic or Latino of foreign-born was 73% compared to 28% of the indigenous born, Timothy (200). Texas State is a land of immigrants for the reason that in the early days before the Europeans settled, through the contemporary period the land of Texas had been traversed by people coming from different parts of the world. Quite a larger number of the native people are said to have migrated to that state over a period of time, believed to have originated from various corners of the continent. In addition, some people from that state voluntarily migrated or were forcibly driven out of the territory. Eventually, the Native Americans, unlike most immigrants were almost holistically driven out of the Texas state, Patrick (1998). The Ame
The articles that have been chosen are related to various aspects of intelligence testing. In particular, they can be used to discuss different theoretical assumptions that underlie the methods of measuring intelligence. It is possible to identify several theories that still remain rather influential. First of all, one can speak about Charles Spearman’s theory of general intelligence. This framework is based on the premise that there is a strong relation between various cognitive skills (Harrison and Brand, 2003, p. 9). Moreover, this model implies that it is possible to assess the general intelligence of an individual by using the methods of statistical analysis (Harrison and Brand, 2003, p. 9). In this case, one should pay attention to the so-called g factor that can throw light on the cognitive skills of a person (Harrison and Brand, 2003, p. 9). It is possible to say that Charles Spearman’s theory contributed to the development of various intelligence tests that are often used by educators (Harrison and Brand, 2003). To a great extent, it still remains influential. Nevertheless, there are some researchers who critique the validity of this concept because modern methods of intelligence testing are limited since they are oriented towards the quantitative aspects of cognitive skills. In other cases, this theory cannot be effectively applied. Yet, it is also possible to speak about the theory of multiple intelligences which was introduced by Howard Gardner. This framework implies that psychologists should not focus only on those aspects of intelligence that can be easily quantified (Eisner, 2004). In this case, one can speak primarily about the tests measure the ability of a person to solve abstract problems. This is one of the limitations that can be considered. In turn, such an approach can give only a very narrow idea of what intelligence is (Eisner, 2004). In contrast, according to the approach developed by Howard Gardner, that intelligence includes various modalities or domains that are relatively independent of one another (Eisner, 2004, p.33). For example, one can speak about the so-called bodily-kinesthetic intelligence which is related to a person’s ability to control the movement of one’s body. This ability is critical if one speaks about athletes. However, it is not identified in any of the existing IQ tests. Overall, the importance of this theory is recognized by psychologists since they understand the limitations of existing intelligence tests. Nevertheless, this approach also has significant limitations. In particular, it is difficult to falsify it or find examples that can prove or disprove this model. This is another detail that should be taken into consideration by psychologists. Nonetheless, Howard Gardner’s model is useful since it helps psychologists to re-evaluate the methods that they use. Moreover, it has changed the way in which educators perceive the very notion of intelligence. To a great extent, these articles can throw light on the efficiency of intelligence testing. In particular, resear
In the analysis of the contemporary Christian church, Migliore views it through the perspective of the tendencies dominant in the modern American society. The author notes that today the American culture identifies as mainly individualistic (Migliore, 1991). That means that every person is viewed as an individual and rarely associates with particular communities or groups of people on a deep level. In most cases, an individual is to accomplish all of their achievements on their own and work to stand out instead of functioning as a part of a group. This tendency is spread widely across the majority of Western countries and has affected the understanding of the church very much. Migliore (1991) points out that the concept of the church in the modern conscience is reduced to a privatized function of serving separate individuals and fulfilling their needs instead of being oriented to the whole community in general. Migliore’s image of individualized modern church is similar to the description provided by Vanstone (1978) that emphasizes that “the Church occupies the enclave of recognition: and this enclave belongs within the area of freedom” (p. 103). This comparison of the church to an enclave individualizes it and positions it as a concept separate from all the other spheres of life which clashes with the environmental and pantheistic idea of ever-present God that used to dominate religion earlier. Vanstone goes on explaining the requirements for the “man in church” viewing this man as a separate individual and his faith as the source h
Now because most international laws as we have seen are actually natural laws that already exist in many of the countries globally, then it is obvious that many states will observe international laws since they are consistent with their national laws anyway as is the case with abolishment of slavery for instance; so this is one reason why states would voluntary observe such laws. The second reason is that many states currently are signatories to VCLT which is the body that has the mandate to create international law, by their virtue of being members this means that member states are obligated to observe international laws failure to which will lead to pre-agreed adverse repercussions. Finally, states are also motivated to observe international laws since it is in their best interest to do so; examples of such instances are bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. But for the same reasons at times, states might actually not observe international laws because of common interest for instance especially where they conclude that observing certain international laws would hurt their interest. A good example is the US refusal to be a signatory to Hague international criminal court which it is afraid that it might be used to try its soldiers who might have committed human rights violation in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. Other reasons that might make state not to observe international law is because they are not member states to such ratification or because such laws that needs to be observed are in contradiction to their national laws as was the case in South Africa before the scrap of the apartheid system.
Introduction Pressure ulcer (also referred to as pressure/bed sore, and decubitus ulcer) is an area of locally damaged tissue formed by unrelieved pressure. It is usually located over a bony prominence. Pressure ulcer brings about ischemia, necrosis, and cell death (McInnes et al., 2015). Risk groups include (McInnes et al., 2015):   * patients suffering from serious diseases;   * patients having spinal cord injuries;   * patients whose mobility is impaired;   * patients who wear prostheses or a plaster cast;   * completely paralyzed patients;   * patients with obesity;   * patients who have nutrition problems;   * elderly patients;   * pregnant women. Pressure ulcers can be caused by inappropriate posture (which aggravates pressure on bones) or some unsuitable equipment. The Problem of Pressure Ulcers There exist a lot of problems connected with pressure ulcers treatment and prevention (Berlowitz et al., 2011):   * About 2.5 million hospital patients in the United States suffer from pressure ulcers of different stages.   * The condition is not only painful but also fraught with serious infections that can bring about more dangerous diseases.   * The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid refused to give more financial support to hospitals for treating pressure ulcers.   * Those treatment methods that have proved to be successful are not applied systematically and are not developed.   * A lot of hospitals do not approach the problem as it requires a lot of modernization, expenses, and labor force. Owing to all the existing challenges, pressure ulcer prevention is a complex problem that requires a comprehensive approach in order to find an effective solution. Some aspects of this process are universal and concern routine nursing, whereas others may be specific for each particular patient and his/her reaction to treatment. Thus, a detailed care plan must be developed for each case of pressure ulcers. This task is manageable only if multiple teams of health care providers a
Introduction According to the medical history, the patient is a male adolescent who lives with his mother and brother. Judging by the information provided, the boy has a substantial interpersonal communication issue caused by the unstable situation in his family. There are no people who the patient can trust among his relatives. His father does not live with them and does not visit the boy, even in stressful situations. The patient does not have a close relationship with his mother either as it was reported that the boy was more open to discussions when his mother left the room. The age difference is significant when compared to his sibling, as he is only ten years old. Therefore, it is unlikely that the patient’s brother can be a source of reliable support and protection. As a result, the adolescent does not have trusting relationships with anyone in his family, which deteriorates communication among relatives. The primary ethical issue in the family, which caused a crisis situation, is the divorce of the patient’s parents. The boy’s mother has openly stated that the divorce impacts the boy’s study performance and psychological well-being. Factors that Should Be Considered in Treating the Patient There are many factors that should be considered in treating patients. In this case, the most significant of them include pain and dental phobia, comorbidities, previous history on dental trauma, allergic reactions, type of insurance, and area of residence. The patient asserted that ibuprofen and oxycodone did not bring relief and he still felt pain. Therefore, it is necessary to eradicate pain to end the suffering of the patient. Before that, it is crucial
This essay will use two works on sentimentalism in American political culture to analyze a recent event. Saidiya Hartman discusses how an approach to law that emphasizes emotions and feelings can lead to oppression by upholding policies that support potentially unethical practices. Lauren Berlant discusses the other aspect of the approach, where people are led to support positions through empty satisfaction, even if those views ultimately harm them when implemented. Neither effect is beneficial to society as a whole, as it harms either marginalized groups or the entire nation. Combined, these two perspectives form the current perspective on the approach, showing that it is dangerous despite its advantages. The essay will use the inaugural speech of President Donald J. Trump, who is known for his populist platform, as an example to accompany the discussion. Hartman uses the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson as an example of how the use of sentimentalism by the state harms people. Homer A. Plessy, an African American, took a seat in a white-only coach and refused to leave once questioned by a conductor and informed that he would be arrested otherwise. In the court, the man argued that the segregation laws, which provided for separate but equal accommodations 1 , were used to oppress other races. However, the court ruled that the train company’s actions were compliant with the law, claiming that whites did not consent to be near a black person and thus had their rights infringed. In modern politics, segregationist policies are thought of as oppressive and harmful, which shows that Plessy was ultimately correct. One may assert that Donald J. Trump’s rhetoric on putting America first and reducing its reliance on other countries has a similar segregationist theme. He describes the movement of jobs and facilities to other countries as ravages 2 and vows to return them home via protectionist policies. However, while his argument may appeal to unemployed Americans, particularly those who blame their status on foreign interference of the type described, it is potentially fallacious. Companies move their business out of the United States to reduce costs and so that they can deliver products to consumers at more competitive prices. Forcing them to stay in the United States could lead to price increases, followed by reduced sales and profits. As such, the use of this sentimentalist rhetoric may lead to the closure of companies and harm both their employees and the general American consumers. Berlant discusses a later time, near the end of the 20th century when sentimentalism was dominant in American political rhetoric. She claims that feelings can move people quickly due to neither producing pain nor requiring courage 3 , which makes them dangerous when weaponized. Through quick and undeserved gratification, it is possible to distract a person from their issues and stop their protesting. For ex