ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How the past shaped the present about educational technology? Although technologies do bring many advantages for an educational process, after several decades of using computers, gadgets, and the World Wide Web, we have learned something. First of all, as Roblyer and Doering (2013, p. 10) claim, ‘no technology is a panacea for education’. Even the best and the latest innovations are only machines – they are not able to define and meet all the specific needs of students. So, teachers are still much more valuable. Secondly, the opportunities brought by technologies are not always the best solution. As proof of it, Skype is widely used for communicating; however, live chat is always preferable. And finally, it is impossible to keep pace with all the latest technologies, since, as history shows, they change too fast. Therefore, teachers can not be guided by technologies only. Have educational standards and assessments changed due to technology? When the first technologies appeared, many educational establishments wanted to implement them in their learning process. Huge parts of the budgets were spent to buy new computers, get Internet access, and so on (Halverson & Smith 2009, p. 50). However, the implementation was not very easy. Many years passed before technologies changed the educational process and teaching practice. Firstly, they contributed to information and communication systems, changing the way how students learning data was collected, stored, and analyzed. Finally, education was rethought fundamentally: eBooks and tablets replaced textbooks, chalkboard began to disappear, libraries gave place to web-based research, etc. Students do not even pass notes to each other now – they just text. Explain and understand the difference between educational and instructional technology In some cases, educational and instructional technologies do overlap but although a lot of people think those are synonyms, that is not right. Instructional technology is only a part of an educational one. So, educational technology is a broader term. The subtle difference between them follows from the very concepts of education and instruction. Instruction is written by someone (in detail) and is aimed to achieve particular outcomes. Education, according to AETC, refers to various ‘activities… that support learning’, including unplanned ones (Hodges 2006, para. 5). So, instructional technology is only a tool, which educational one implements to achieve the primary goals of education. Explain why 21st Century Skills are important for learners and teachers With the term 21st Century Skills, we usually associate critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, ability to communicate and collaborate with others, computer literacy, leadership skills, etc. (Pacific Policy Research Center 2010). Those are necessary for both teachers and learners since the world of education is constantly changing, and if you want to meet its demands, adapt to its changes, and finally succeed, you simply do not have any other option. Without an ability of critical thinking, a person would not be able to solve problems, both professiona
Abstract There are many difficulties and challenges faced by human services in the process of trying to meet the needs of different people, both able and disabled. When you join the field, there are many pressures that will befall you, and therefore it is important to identify a way forward to be able to deal with all the challenges in the field. Some of the challenges human service workers face is working with people who totally have different values, culture, and lifestyles. These people are probably difficult to handle, but as a human service worker, you are not to judge or discriminate against others, all you have to do is learn how to help others with all their shortcomings. Most human service workers deal with people who need special services due to disability and improper behaviors (Hanft 86). However, it is important to note that both individuals, whether disabled or normal, are to be handled with proper care without discrimination. It is difficult to overcome such things because they usually take a long time before any positive change is realized on the patient. This is why human service workers need to be people with patience and humility. Human service is a large system that includes the workfare and the entire state. Managing all these systems is frustrating and takes a long time. However, when people involved are focused on their goals, it is possible to manage the systems. This paper majorly explores the challenges, issues, and problems facing the human services field. It describes the technologies that are used to solve these issues which include use of natural environments for learning, personal planning and personal practice. These are the methods used to deal with the challenges and difficulties. Introduction The human service field is paraprofessional which means that it is not medical or clinical. Most common positions include childcare, in-home staff and activities coordination. However, the duties done vary greatly such as supervising clients, treating coordinators and dealing with social changes in families and upbringing of children. However, these kinds of jobs do not require extensive education and that is why there are many people in this field. Nevertheless, like any other jobs, there are many challenges and difficulties faced by the workers and human service field is not exempted. Regardless of the position, human service workers are engaged in field related to social injustice and oppression (Hodgins 12). There are some societies where immigrants have been eliminated and their rights denied such as rights to public education an
Abstract The aim of this case study was to explore behavioral tendencies associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in adolescents. The subject’s parent and instructor participated in the interview, whereas the researcher observed the subject as he interacted with others. It was concluded that Chuck’s behaviors reflected characteristics associated with ODD. Other challenges, such as depression, were not assessed in the subject. It is believed that therapy could improve Chuck’s behavior. Introduction The aim of this case study was to assess the characteristics of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in adolescents at the onset of puberty. Chuck is a thirteen-year-old boy who was diagnosed with ODD at the age of six years after a number of inaccurate diagnoses with poor response to instructions and medications. The case study will explore theoretical aspects and the current progress of ODD in children during the early adolescence stage. It also captures the school context in which Chuck goes. The case study shall explore these characteristics by interviewing Chuck’s parent and an instructor to get a mix of dimensional and classification approaches for greater identification of ODD symptoms in the subject (Maser et al., 2009), whereas Chuck will be observed while he interacts with his fellow students and instructors. The Context of the Case Chuck was a full-term baby at birth. He was, however, delivered through a cesarean section because one week to the due date, he changed his position and exerted much pressure on the membrane. There was also a complication with the umbilical cord tangled around his neck at the time. Unlike his other siblings, Chuck did not sleep much and always wanted to be held and cuddled. Chuck did not show any difficulties in his developmental milestones. However, at the age of four years old, Chuck started to exhibit some elements of difficult behaviors toward his parents and other children. Chuck could not simply follow the rules because of his strong will to oppose any suggestions. Chuck’s parents are well educated, and they have, therefore, strived to accommodate his demands without any obvious display of favoritism. However, they have few instances of domestic violence, long-distance traveling, and ineffective parenting skills. Chuck refused to be potty trained and avoided sleeping alone. At the age of five, his parents noted that Chuck was hyperactive, had above-average intelligence, and acted strongly and purposefully. The most outstanding behaviors noted in Chuck were oppositional tendencies. Chuck would not listen to his parents, and he would not return any toys or books to their places. Chuck only acted whenever he felt like it. ODD could be a normal part of development in children. Chuck was, however, aggressive, uncooperative, and defiant in most circumstances. Over the years, Chuck developed strong resentment for authority, instructions, and any form of rules. Conseq
Today our society develops according to the principles of global integration with paying much attention to the cultural and ethnic peculiarities of definite national groups. However, this process is complicated by the progress of definite prejudices and misunderstandings connected with such national groups as the Muslim cultural group. It is possible to speak about the issues of discrimination that are directed toward Muslims in American society. These issues are closely connected with the problem of terrorism and 9/11. Now many Americans are inclined to consider Muslims as violent radicals whose violence is based on the religious aspects and express the open antipathy toward Muslims in everyday life. That is why the reason for immersion to the Muslim cultural group is to examine the peculiarities of their outlook with references to their culture and religion and to reduce prejudices with the help of their understanding. Basing on the norms of Islam, Muslims are strict in finding the balance between mind and emotion, worshiping Allah, and valuing family. Thus, conscience, worship, and family become the most important concepts of Muslims’ culture, which influence their behavior (Nelson, 2009). Nevertheless, misperceptions and biases develop in society. For instance, Jihad is considered as the complex of violent actions directed against all non-Muslims and associated with terrorism (Rehfuss, Parks-Savage, & Malone, 2011). According to the field of mental health, many Muslims connect mental illnesses with their spiritual life. Thus, bad jinni can cause mental diseases. In spite of the fact, such considerations are rare today; there is the tradition to focus on spiritual and mental health and use predominantly natural remedies for treatment (Dwairy, 2006). To be immersed in the Muslim cultural group, it was necessary to attend the Masjid. It was a surprising experience because I had the opportunity to observe a lot of details of Muslims’ behavior when they are involved in their natural circumstances and not oppressed by American society’s demands. It is another culture with its peculiarities, and which requires special respect as any other culture (Arthur & Achenbach, 2002). The Muslim culture is based on the principles of Islam, and Muslims should pray five times a day, facing in the direction of Mecca, the holiest place for them. The Masjid is a place where Muslims can worship, and they are all equal in status there. There are no images of Allah in the Masjid because it is impossible to see the Holy Spirit (Collins & Pieterse, 2007). Therefore, the Masjid is of great importance for Muslims. It is also significant that women attend the Masjid rarely, and in these c
Introduction Most companies today are faced with the problem of multigenerational workforces and ageing population. In general, the values and attitudes held by individuals towards work and relationships are largely determined by how they were raised and where they grew up (Werner et al. 2011). Since the problem of multigenerational and ageing workforces is here to stay, it is becoming increasingly important for human resource professionals in modern day organizations to understand the various challenges encountered in dealing with the different groups so as to formulate appropriate policies and procedures that can enable them to satisfactorily address emerging concerns. This is further complicated by the fact that not everyone shares the same values and attitudes within each generation. By nature, people are able to quickly fit into varying organizational structures guided by different human resource policies and procedure. According to Hickman (2009, p. 15), the difference in values and attitudes towards work are as a result of the time in which they grew up. To effectively deal with the multigenerational workforces it is necessary for human resource professionals to assume that there are similarities that tend to bring the generations together while on the other hand, differences set them apart. Human resource professionals should seek to understand the similarities and differences and consequently come up with strategies to deal with emerging issues. It is advisable for human resource professionals to devise policies and procedures that can cater for a wide variety of individuals. Multigenerational Workforces Much has been written about the expectations of individuals in different age groups and generations. For employers, these varied expectations present challenges, especially given economic, global, technological, and other changes in the workplace (Weiss 2008, p. 54). In the United States, the commonly identified generational groups include traditionalists, baby boomers, generation X, and generation Y. As the economy and industries have changed drastically, the ageing of the US workforce has equally become a significant concern for many. Workers over 55 years are now using different strategise to survive. They are notorious for delaying retirement age, and opting to work part time or retire in a phased manner. Economic conditions are the predominant reasons why these workers are bypassing the normal retirement age of 65. Certainly, employers will continue to face challenges of getting the right workforce as the older generation of more experienced employees go into retirement. Finding the right replacement for the retired staff will be a daunting task for employers. According to Mathis and Jackson (2010, p. 113), young and old generation workforces tend to have a totally different approach to work, and this creates more challenges that must delicately be addressed by human resource experts. For example, many baby boomers and traditionalists
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disorder that belongs to the category of respiratory, airway obstructions being its primary characteristic. COPD progresses slowly and manifests itself in a variety of ways including dyspnea and panting, inability to exercise, coughing and/or producing sputum, etc. (Qaseem et al., 2011). The prevalence of the disease is increasing despite the drop in smoking and other risk factor exposure in recent years on the global scale. As yet, clinicians rely on preventative measures, management, and rehabilitation practices to improve the COPD clients’ well-being. Most commonly, COPD is treated with pharmacological means such as bronchodilators and steroids. In recent years, however, deeper research has been made into the genomic issues related to COPD. While current guidelines suggest spirometry assessment and unified pharmacological interventions in treatment, the body of evidence justifying phenotype-driven therapy is expanding. The purpose of the present paper, therefore, is to review the existing literature (including the recent clinical guidelines) and estimate whether there is a tendency to deploy personalized approaches based on phenotyping in COPD management. The paper provides a background of what is known about the disease, the review of peer-reviewed studies and a guideline, and a discussion part. The articles were retrieved from medical journal databases; the search was conducted using keywords such as “COPD management / guideline / phenotyping / genomics” and no publications before 2010 were taken into account. Background Manifestation Most cases of COPD are characterized by chronic cough with or without sputum – the substance coughed up from trachea and bronchi. Another common symptom of COPD is shortness of breath or uneven breath (e.g., an exhale is longer than an inhale). COPD patients can experience exacerbation – acute worsening of the condition where the breathing is harder and more sputum is produced. The color of sputum may alternate from translucent to yellowish or green (Qaseem et al., 2011). Risk factors The risk groups are typically constituted by persons who smoke and/or are exposed to air pollution in their place of residence or at work (e.g., dust and chemicals). Genetics have their part in the development of the disease, as described below. Those aged over 35-40 are at higher risk of developing the disease if they have been exposed to the said factors over some period in life. Genetics The term “phenotype” has been more actively used in relation to COPD clients in recent years. This can be explained by the number of studies suggesting that the ways the disease manifests itself can be caused by genetic factors. Some phenotypes singled out are:  1. the exacerbator;  2. ACOS (asthma-C
The film The Hurt Locker is an action thriller produced and directed by American director, Catherine Bingelow. The film presents a realistic performance of the events soldiers go through while in the line of duty (Barker 23). The film is extremely arousing, heartbreaking and suspenseful. For that reason, the film not only entertains the viewers, but it also gives them a reason to hate the war. Additionally, with its strong music and sound effect, the film manage to be more appealing, tense and full of suspense, probably than most of many action thrillers set in Hollywood. This film, therefore, present a narrative technique that intelligently breaks with long-established Hollywood narrative techniques. This paper focuses on how music enhances the theme and specific performance of various characters in the film, the Hurt Locker . Analysis of the films content and theme Though set in Iraq, the Hurt Locker is quite different from most of the films shot in Iraq largely because it concentrates much on the lives off the bomb experts. The Hurt Locker does not explore political background of Iraq. The main theme of this action thriller is the narcotic addiction of the war. While focusing on this theme Kathryn Bigelow manages to build tension between the three main characters in the film. Bigelow also manages to create tension and suspense in the scenes where the three characters engage in a fight with terrorists in Iraq. Bigelow, through her masterful direction, portrays the war as extremely dangerous. For instance, in the first scene, the viewers get to see how deadly it is to go to war. In this scene, the viewers see a team of bomb experts sent to disarm an IED that is buried in one of the roads in Iran. Sergeant Thomas, the team leader of the three experts sent to disarm the bomb, wears a heavy protection suit and rushes down the road to disarm the bomb. However, as he approaches the IED, one of his team members, Sergeant J. T. Sanborn, spots an Iranian man carrying a mobile phone. He tries to inform Sergeant Thomas, but it is too late, the man dials the phone and a massive explosion follows. Sergeant Thomas is killed in the explosion. Throughout the film, the viewers witness the struggles soldiers go through while in the line of duty. Therefore, in the film, Bigelow explores how war can be d
Objectives   * Understand what trade is;   * Understand what development is, and its;   * Understand what aid for trade is and how it impacts on the global economy;   * Understand how trade and development impact upon each other. Below are the specific items that should have been covered by the end of this presentation:   * Trade;   * Development;   * Theories of trade;   * Aid for trade;   * The interrelation of trade and development. Trade   * Definition: The exchange of capital, goods and services across borders.   * Affects the economic, social and cultural aspects of society.   * Trade helps achieve a higher standard of living.   * Without trade, countries can only use what they produce. Trade is the exchange capital, goods and services across borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product(GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries (Abe and John, 2008). Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. Simple economic analysis informs us that international trade is not an end unto itself, but a means to an end, a vehicle for achieving a higher standard of living through the more effective use of national resources. How Trade Works   * Developed countries sell equipment to developing countries.   * Developing countries sell raw materials to industrialized countries.   * Development in transportation and communication helps trade grow.   * Buyers and sellers are now more knowledgeably about markets and products. Business firms in industrial countries sell machinery and equipment to developing countries, which, in turn, sell raw materials to firms in industrial countries (Kosack, 2008). The growth of international trade has been greatly helped by modern techniques of transportation and communications. These relatively new developments have brought countries closer together than they have ever been in the past and have made conduct of trade much easier. More up-to-date and complete international economic information has made the buyer and seller more knowledgeable regarding available products and markets. For the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) the advancements