ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction At the time of colonisation, the Spanish and the Portuguese were the pioneers of the slave trade and thus slaves laboured in their farms. In the beginning of 17 th century, explorers from the Great Britain entered Africa and gained some form of interest in Blacks. Initially, the Britons shipped people from West Africa to the United States in order to teach them the English language as a way of facilitating communication that would enable effective trading. Consequently, slave trade started with John Hawkins being the pioneer as he was in a position to capture more than 300 African slaves, who he later sold to the Spaniards (Buchanan 2004). After the slave trade became deeply rooted, other players entered the trade leading to colonisation mostly in Africa in order to obtain slaves for trade. This paper shall discuss the resistance of slave culture with regard to North America. A majority of the Africans that were captured as slaves ended up in Brazil or Spain, whereas quite an insignificant number of them ended up in North America. These slaves needed replacement from time to time since most of them died from tropical decrease, hence a decrease in the initial numbers. In addition, slaves lived under deplorable conditions that comprised malnutrition, inadequate clothing, and poor housing and were overworked with poor remuneration (Stuckey 1988). However, this scenario did not reflect in North America as the number of slaves kept on increasing with time as opposed to what was happening in the Caribbean (Stuckey 1988). Although there were Indian slaves in North America, African slaves were preferred when it came to the provision of labour. One reason attributed to this preference was that Indian slaves had lived in North America for quite some time, and thus they could easily escape from the provision of forced labour. In addition, African slaves could hardly survive in the wilderness where Indians went hiding. Resistance to slavery African slaves faced numerous difficulties while living in North America. They lived under deplorable conditions, were overworked, and they lived in houses under very poor conditions. Clothing was not guaranteed as they received clothes from their masters twice a year (Buchanan 2004). The majority of them especially children suffered malnutrition due to poor diet combination and lack of enough food. African slaves provided hard labour accompanied with corporal punishments as well as subjection to poor medical services. However, this suffering did not
HIV/AIDS is a national pandemic that affects all people in the society. The disease has different social effects on population. One of the social effects of HIV/AIDS is that it causes stigmatization from members of the society. Societies perceive people suffering from the disease as immoral because they believe that many people contract the disease through sexual intercourse (Brock, 2008, p. 379). There are both long- and short-term effects that face people ailing from HIV/AIDS. One of the long-term effects of children suffering from the disease include seclusion from the other children, which may affect them psychologically in their entire lives. Short term effects include frequent illnesses and treatments that may cost huge sums of money. Long-term effects on women include society stigmatization, loneliness and psychological effects (David, Lindy & Ingrid, 2010, p. 15). Short term effects include low self-esteem and conflicts that may arise between the families. Long-term effects on women include stigmatization by the society and psychological effects. Short-term effects include reduced productivity at work, sicknesses such as tuberculosis among many others. The effects are likewise similar among the elderly people suffering from the disease. The prognosis Once an individual contracts this disease, the body reacts in different ways. Various factors contribute to how an individual reacts to an infection. These factors include age, gender, mode of transmission and co-infections among many others. For example, when a person with the virus avoids sexual intercourse with people with the disease, he/she may live longer than those who engage in sexual intercourse. The rationale to explain this is that different people have different strains of the virus and when such virus enters the body, they weaken the white blood cells at a faster rate (Blumenreich, & Siegel, 2006, p. 81). Social determinants associated with prognosis of HIV/AID infections The rate of HIV/AIDS infections in most societies is due to a number of factors. They include the lack of viable employment, which makes people engage in bad behaviors, lack of quality education and awareness on the causes of HIV/AIDS, lack of accessibility to medical care, unpleasant neighborhood, and use of drugs, traditional and cultural beliefs among many others (Heymer, & Wilson, 2011, p. 281). The social determinants associated with worse prognosis are cultural beliefs and lack of awareness on the disease. Relationship between Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Relationship of these two diseases is close and is referred to as co-epidemic (Heymer, & Wilson, 2011, p. 280). People suffering from HIV/AIDS are at risk of contracting TB. If TB is treated quickly, a patient can live longer. Rich people have an advantage because they can access to medicine quickly as opposed to poor people. This explains why the death rate is high in rural areas than in areas where people can afford medication.
Introduction Transportation for businesses located within the countryside is very significant. Many resorts especially those located within the rural areas rely on transportation companies offering bus tour services to visit tourist attraction sites. These companies offer transportation services to domestic as well as foreign tourists who wish to explore various attraction sites. This essay highlights various ways through which a resort in Quebec can identify bus tour companies and how it can attract more customers in order to increase its profitability. This paper is largely based on concepts drawn from “The marketing plan workbook” by Westwood 2005 3-21). Identification of Bus Tour Companies There are several ways through which resort managers can get to know bus tour companies plying along with their potential market. For instance, they can check for records with a list of bus tour companies that ply along with the resort. This will enable the management to learn about the most tour companies among the tourists. Checking through various online directories such as busrates.com can prove to be quite helpful. The management can also consult tour and bus charter firms operating within Quebec for assistance. In addition, the ministry of transportation can also be a useful source of information. Target Group Quebec is a province with diverse groups of people, comprising more than twenty ethnic groups. Resorts within this province should target more on foreign students, among other tourists who are first-time-visitors of the province. A survey on the travel and accommodation preferences in these groups of people can provide important insights into how they make their choices. It is also important to note that the market is always dynamic and therefore, a resort company should concentrate more on individuals or groups that prefer bus tours while going for vacations, tours, or sightseeing. These groups mostly comprised of middle-class employees aged over 30 years. International volunteers form a niche target group for bus tours. Though many are dispersed in different parts of the province, it is possible to work with volunteer recruitment firms to mobilize these visitors. School groups and other educational groups are also important target groups, especially during summer holidays when most educational institutions plan educational excursions for their students as well as their staff. Packages As a way of motivation, the resort managers can offer free meals as well as free accommodation to both the driver and the tour escort. This is a perfect way to encourage them to bring more tourists to the resort. The resort can also offer to sell consumable items at discounted prices to those customers who spend a night. Such items would include snacks and takea
It is possible to use the stakeholders theory in analyzing the case study ‘Westpac chief admits banks failed in the bush’ by Sid Harris (Deegan 2009, p.326). According to the stakeholder’s theory, the issue of ethics and morality are important in making sure that the managerial decisions of the organization do not negatively affect the stakeholders. Westpac Bank’s decision to close some of its branches in rural areas is both unethical and illegitimate in nature. However, the illegitimacy of the decision is only emerges when analyzing the case on the perspectives of the community’s. It is clear that the bank presence in the rural areas makes the community a pertinent beneficiary. In addition, the case gives an insight into the interests of other major stakeholders in rural banking. For example, the case refers to an intense competition between banks and government deregulations common the area. This makes the competitors and the government the major stakeholders. It also makes then gain a significant influence on the bank’s decision. Apart from the bank employees, the case also refers to other major stakeholders such as telecommunication companies. The purpose of these stakeholders was to offer technology for in-store operations. The stakeholder’s theory states that if the company does not make certain decisions, then its impact on stakeholders, the company and the community will not take place. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out a major assessment on the binding social contract and evaluation by all stakeholders (Friedman & Miles 2006, p. 54). In one of the health surveys done in Canberra, the stakeholder’s theory supports critical issues affecting the society (Deegan 2009, p. 369). For example, it is evident that people rely heavily on the environment, while its pollution is detrimental to both the business and human health. Another scenario where stakeholders theory applies is in the article ‘Bank to slash extra 1000 jobs’ by Nicola Webber. Webber’s article investigates and analyses how an unethical decision by Commonwealth Bank to retire its staff affects various stakeholders (Deegan 2009, p. 369). This decision is unethical, considering that the bank is still gaining high profits. The need for a social charter provides an evidence for a social contract. This acknowledges that corporations are still liable to communities. On the other hand, the case study also shows how other important stakeholders like the consumer advocates, the government and labor unions are key stakeholders in businesses. Ethical considerations are essential in determining the morality of business decisions. Institutional theory is also applicable in the case study. Institutional theory asserts that certain trends and cultures may have
Executive Summary Exceso has been experiencing a series of marketing challenges in competitive market. One of the main problems that this firm has been facing is that the production team do not have point-of-sale customer communication. This means that the team is unable to get to know what the customers think about their products. For this reason, it becomes a challenge to design products that meet the changing customers’ tastes and preferences. There has also been a problem of making the firm’s products available at various outlet stores. The firm has over-concentrated on creating new overseas branches while ignoring the need to offer enough stock at the local market where its brand is strong. In some stores, customers have complained that there is not enough stock of the firm’s products. The sales team has also proven to be part of Exceso’s recent problems. The team lacks motivation in their work. They prefer giving out excuses to the chief executive instead of coming up with tangible solutions. To solve this problem, this firm needs to have a team of dedicated and competent employees who are able to understand the market forces and design operational strategies that are conscious of these external forces. As presented in the case, the current workforce has been miscalculating its steps in the market, and they lack the drive to make them achieve good results. The firm should therefore, create a better workforce that would understand and be willing to meet the needs of the dynamic environmental factors. Introduction Exceso has been a prosperous firm that was able to meet customers’ needs in the market, making it develop a good image. According to Foss (2001), the current dynamic market forces pose many challenges to firms, and it is always important to understand these forces in order to develop plans that can manage them effectively. The recent operational activities of this firm demonstrates that it has lost its focus. The firm is no longer operating at its optimum, and its products are conspicuously missing in some of the stores that had trusted it for many years. This is a sign that Exceso is disappointing these distributors who will be forced to look for alternatives. It is clear from the case that these distributors are finding alternatives, and some of the shelves that were exclusively meant for Exceso products are currently being taken by products of rival firms. According to
Introduction/Short history The Gallipoli Campaign is one of the greatest failures by the Allied forces during the First World War. Despite the superiority of the Allied forces in the war, a sequence of events occasioned by systemic failures and missed opportunities led to the premature withdrawal of the invading armies on 9 January 1916, thus, granting the Ottoman Empire a surprising victory. The main aim of the Gallipoli invasion by France and Britain was to prevent Turkey, which was a Germany ally, from participating in the First World War. The Allied forces reasoned that if they captured Turkey’s capital, Istanbul, [known as Constantinople at the time], would destabilize the entire country, and cripple its attempts of helping Germany during the war. The campaign started by sending British battleships to invade Istanbul, but this movie failed miserably as the ships could not navigate the Dardanelles straits. On 18 March 1915, Britain lost a third of its battleships to the enemy (Cameron, 2011). After this failure, the British army under the command of Sir Ian Hamilton was instructed to invade the Gallipoli peninsula where it would annihilate the Turkish land and shore war machinery. This annihilation would make Dardanelles accessible for the passage of the British navy. In the new plan of eliminating the Turkish forces, the British troops would invade and capture the peninsula’s tip on April 25, 1915, and head northwards (Cameron, 2011). At the same time, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACS) would launch attacks from the western coast, which is located on the northern sides of Gaba Tepe. Unfortunately, the British and ANZACS troops succeeded marginally in their mission by securing a small and insignificant region on the peninsula. The Turkish troops were apparently strong, strategic, tactical, and prepared as opposed to the Allied forces’ assumptions. This paper explores some of the events and tactical decisions that led to the infamous Gallipoli failure. The main players Lord Fisher became the First Sea Lord in October 1914 after the controversial resignation of Prince Louis of Battenberg (Heathcote, 2002). Prince Louis’ resignation is termed as controversial because he was forced to step aside because he had a German name. Lord Fisher did not support the Gallipoli Campaign fully, which led to unnecessary arguments with Winston Churchill during the Gallipoli campaign. General Sir Ian Hamilton Became the commander of the Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF) in March 1915 (Heathcote, 2002). This force was tasked with the sole duty of conquering the Dardanelles straits to create a way for the capturing of Constantinople. Unfortunately, Hamilton was excluded from the decision-making process concerning the Gallipoli campaign, and thus, he only received instructions from Lord Kitchener. Commodore Sir Roger Keyes Was
Although Pollan’s theory seems simple to follow, it lacks depth regarding the specific ways one can follow the theory’s three points. If, as he notes himself, the industry capitalizes on people’s diets, how do we determine the actual nutritious values of the “unprocessed” food that we buy? Consuming “mostly plants” cannot be bad for one’s health, but it may also suggest neglect of other vital macronutrients such as protein and fats (Pollan 630). The theory’s points being too general suggests reductionism to Pollan’s approach. In this way, his diet plan integrates with the other diets he criticizes himself. Mary Maxfield wisely points out the arising paradox. She calls for a more natural attitude towards eating: “Food is ethically neutral…notions of…healthy and unhealthy are projected onto it by culture” (Maxfield 645). By neutralizing food, Maxfield accentuates the idea that eating should be done by instinct, not books – one should stop counting calories and instead enjoy the process. Other than that, the author suggests no direct correlation between weight and the type of food eaten (“fundamental flaws behind perceptions of fatness, diet, and health,” Maxfield 643), an idea that is also reflected in Freedman’s article. David Freedman, as noted, does not believe processed foods to be worse than healthier options. In the end, these two points of view disprove Pollan’s theory in terms of its usefulness in the real world. In my opinion, we should follow Maxfield’s principle to appreciate food instead of limiting ourselves to Pollan’s “diet.” Even though Michael Pollan’s 3-rule diet may appear very limiting, he makes an interesting point in comparing our modern diets to what our ancestors ate. However, evolution has changed many things, including our preferences and even digestive abilities, so going back would be counter-productive, as Pollan himself suggests: “…without going back to the bush” (Pollan 627). Instead of switching food choices, perhaps we could learn from our ancestors by only eating when we feel hungry, not bored. Food accessibility in most households has led to more instances of binge-eating. It is also nearly impossible to only consume organic products and hope for maximum nutritional values; hence, one might as well shop in a regular store. Work Cited Pollan, Michael. “Escape from the Western Diet.” They Say, I say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing: With Readings , edited by W.W. Norton, 2018, pp. 624-631.
There is a general perception that money as an economic condition has a significant impact on happiness. Economists have echoed that economic development improves the life of human beings (Bruno & Alois, 2002). Based on measures of happiness and household income, these economists have claimed that money, in this case, economic development, has a significant impact on happiness. However, critics have opposed this assumption by pointing out that the variable of money, such as income, seems to have minimal effect on happiness. If people’s economic situation drastically improves, they will familiarize themselves with the condition and raise projections for the future financial situation, and they cannot gain happiness. An example of a lottery winner demonstrates that we are in a hedonic treadmill; it appears economic improvement of life circumstances produces no subjective benefits. Therefore, economic growth is not a relevant indicator of happiness. The use of money as a measure of happiness may be relative rather than absolute. Instead of measuring utility directly, economists recommend an inference from behavior. This includes treating behavior as preferences. The utility is considered as a trade-off between work and pleasure (Daniel, 2005). People are considered to make a distinct trade-off, according to their choice of work and pleasure. Specifically, a person who is happy is considered as an individual with much free time or with a basket full of shopping or nice care. This is not a substantial approach to measuring happiness. However, according to psychology, happiness is connected to wellbeing. Psychologists have recommended a therapeutic model of viewing happiness as life satisfaction (Seligman, 2011). A sense of satisfaction with life consists of five dimensions: accomplishment, meaning, relationship, and engagement. Positive emotions help people’s subjective experience as well as expanding people’s minds and developing their future resources. Engagement is concern about the experience of flow. Flow is the critical state of being where people are wholly involved in the demanded task: a sense of time disappears, self-conscious fades, and the emotions cease to occupy the mind. People with positive relationships live longer with better health, positive emotion, have a greater sense of meaning and satisfaction (Seligman, 2011). Meaning helps individuals understand the sense of living as well as recognize their place on earth. Finally, accomplishment encompasses winning, a sense of mastery, achievement, and success that people pursue. Critics argue that the concept of happiness is connected to traits of personality, jobs, family relationships, health, the quality of the personal relationship, and measures of biological indicators like time of smile and activity of the brain. A comparison of money and wellbeing to happiness may be relative rather than absolute. Specifically, at the society level, it appears that the
Introduction Cyber bullying is the use of the internet and communication devices like cell phones to humiliate, intimidate, harass or hurt a person (Trolley 2009, p56). The various ways of bullying via digital equipment include making and posting a false profile of someone, insulting them, sending them sexual notes or threatening them (Trolley 2009, p 23). Cyber bullying has different levels of severity. It ranges from bullying that is as simple as failing to honor a person’s request of ceasing to communicate with them to sending derogatory remarks and threatening to kill them (Willard 2007, p89 ). Statistics In the United States of America, the approximate number of youngsters who are involved in bullying as a bully, a victim of bullying or as both is about 30% of the total population of young people (Trolley 2009, p21). This translates to about 6 million youth who are involved in bullying actively or passively (Trolley 2009, p43). One out of four youngsters has been a victim of bullying and during playtime, one youngster is bullied every seven minutes (Shariff 2008 p70). The worst part of this statistics is that half of all bullying goes unreported and only 15% of people act on any reported case of bullying – 85% do nothing about it (Rigby 2007, p112). Around thirty people commit suicide every year because of bullying, and the number of those who attempt to commit suicide per year is much more (Trolley 2009, P54). Cyber bullying and conventional bullying Cyber bullying has come recently with the era of computer technology, and it is referred to as the bullying of the 21 st century (Trolley 2009, p66). The difference between the conventional way of bullying and cyber bullying is that in conventional bullying, there is contact between the bully and the victim. This is unlike cyber bullying, where the bully has the advantage of being anonymous to his victim (Rigby 2007, p100). Cyber bullying therefore leaves the victim with more trauma and a higher sense of insecurity (Willard 2007, p46). Bullying is not only restricted to schools, as many people would think. It happens at the workplace (Namie 2009, p24) and even in homes (Shariff 2008, p88). Plethora of studies indicates that significant numbers of the children who bully other children in schools are more likely to bully their younger siblings (Shariff 2008, p89). Domestic violence is also a form of bullying. It is directed to a close person for exam