ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many organizations suffer from the problem of poor data quality and the result of this is huge overheads and expenses, which can lead to losses in an organization. This problem can result when poor quality data is used to make strategic decisions or present the financial reports to the management in organizations (Becker, 2001). If these occur, it can have a negative impact on an organization bearing in mind the financial impact it can have on the organization. Discussion The quality of data in any organization normally produces a good outcome in any organization. This may be in terms of profits, accurate data, and other positive issues that may portray the organization in a positive light. The following problems are a result of poor quality data in an organization:   * Delay in deploying a new data system.   * Loss of credibility in a system   * The following standards accurately define what data quality is:   * Completeness is where the person with the responsibility of inputting the data should comprehend the scope of the data he or she is dealing with and guarantee that all the data elements in the database make sense (Fuente & Domeneche, 2006).   * Accuracy: This is where the values that are filled in the databases must be entirely correct. For instance, names should be correctly spelled and figures inputted correctly (Brackett, 2000).   * Uniqueness: In this case, an entity should correctly respond with some information in the database (Yair & Wang, 2007).   * Consistency: In this case, all the summarized information should be in agreement with any underlying atomic-level minute detail (Herrera & Kupar, 2007).
Atlanta City recently approved a budget of $648.6 million for the fiscal year 2018 in which it is indicated that the minimum wage is increased to $13 per hour. In contrast, Georgia has a much-extensive budget of $26 billion for the current fiscal year (Atlanta City Council, 2018). Moreover, $15.5 per hour is set as the minimum wage for employees in Georgia. Georgia has a larger share of the federal budget each year. Nevertheless, it has also been observed that apart from the changes in the total value of the budget, the governments of Atlanta and Georgia allocate the budget in the field of education, healthcare, utilities, supplies, pensions, infrastructure, and tourism development, etc. (Butler, 2018). The fiscal budgets of Atlanta and Georgia are consistent with the federal budget as the federal government also allocates a budget for education, utilities, supplies, and healthcare. However, the major difference between the federal budget and state budget is that the federal budget applies to the entire country, whereas Atlanta/Georgia budget applies to a single state. Unlike the budget system of Atlanta/Georgia, the federal government’s budget is required to follow certain rules to propose or implement the budget, for example, the resident initially submits the budget request to the Congress, and the House and Senate creates subcommittees, which make use of the stated tools to allocate the budget to US states. On the other hand, it is also evident that there are certain tools and techniques which are used by the government to formulate the budget. These tools include the revenue and spending projection tool, consensus-revenue forecast tool, pear budget tool, and GNU Cash tool to propose and allocate the budget. The main purpose of the selected budget tools and techniques is to find out the funding required by each state and city in the fiscal year. Weimer and Vining (2017) while explaining the budget allocation system indicated that market inefficiencies play a significant role in the budget system in Atlanta and Georgia. Market inefficiency occurs when the current prices fail to comply with the demand and supply of goods and services in society. Therefore, if the market is in a poor condition, then the government is required to develop a feasible budget which tends to increase the efficiency of the market. However, it is also notable that in the case of market inefficiencies, reserve funds can be used by the governments of Georgia and Atlanta when the regular income decreases or disrupts due to market inefficiency and failure (Weimer & Vining, 2017). It has been discussed that market inefficiencies can hurt the government’s spending and overall budget system. As a result, the government is required to make use of Rainy Day Funds to ensure that the fluctuations in the market do not affect the operations of governmental offices and other public institutions. In my opini
Introduction Striving for success is impossible without a well-structured strategy, and in the field of education, a corresponding curriculum plays an essential role. Despite different approaches to the organisation of the educational process, all existing methodologies, as a rule, have an identical goal – to convey this or that material as accurately and clearly as possible. In the field of medicine, teaching strategies may vary depending on topics and student profiles. Nevertheless, the principles underlying work programs provide for the learning of specific materials with their subsequent practising, and this mechanism is universal. To establish the effective process of interaction with students and organise a good study course, it is necessary to consider such aspects as a personal teaching philosophy, a curriculum development course, an activity assessment strategy, and the analysis of the work performed. These criteria are important for the design of a curriculum and influence students’ performance outcomes. Teaching Philosophy The individual perception of the learning process features is an integral part of work in the field of education. Based on constantly replenished experience and increasing knowledge, new approaches are honed, innovative techniques are developed, and fundamentally distinctive techniques are introduced. According to Vizeshfar and Torabizadeh (2018), “currently, the old routine approaches have been replaced with a wide range of new activities and methods to improve students’ learning” (p. 106). Moreover, for each of the existing models, there is a rationale for use in specific areas, which simplifies working with such systems and allows applying appropriate concepts in particular fields. It gives an opportunity to form individual ideas regarding the principles of education and develop a personal teaching philosophy. My personal teaching philosophy implies variability in the presentation models with an emphasis on active learning. Traditional lectures and routine practical exercises cannot interest students to a proper degree, which forces teaching staff to resort to new forms of work. Today when computer technologies develop rapidly, and wide opportunities are open for digital learning, fundamentally new approaches may be introduced. As Lavoie et al. (2018) argue, “active learning involves engaging students in meaningful learning activities and in reflection about what they are doing” (p. 244). This concept coincides with my ideas about the quality of the educational process when students not only study certain materials but also learn to think, thereby developing cognitive functions. An educational need for this method is that the target audience gains new knowledge through the continuous work process that is crucial for the medical field. The constructiveness of this approach is due to a large number of materials, and if students learn and train valuable skills quickly and effectively, the outcomes of studying will be p
Introduction Production of goods and services involves the use of costs which are directly incurred in the production process and production overhead. Direct production costs comprise of labor, hours used in the production process, machining hours, and cost of raw material among others. Production overheads are the indirect costs incurred during a production process. The production overheads arise from support services offered in the main department. Examples are canteen cost, service bay costs, administration expenses, sales and marketing, and rent among others. The units of output produced should be charged with the total cost of production incurred. There are various approaches that can be used to charge the production costs to units of output produced. The most common approaches are arbitrage costing, absorption costing and marginal costing (Vanderbeck 2008). This treatise carries out a comprehensive review of absorption costing. It explains the approach, its strengths and weaknesses and finally gives recommendations to the Welsh Government on continuation of the use of the method in the public sector. Absorption costing and key assumptions Generally, absorption costing traces both the fixed and variable costs of production of the product. In using this approach, a share of the fixed cost of production is allocated to each product. This share is added together with the direct cost of production for each individual product to obtain the total or the full cost of producing a unit of output. The fixed costs are assigned using the overhead absorption rates. Absorption costing goes through three key distinct stages these are allocation, apportionment and absorption. There are various types of absorption costing. These are job order costing, process costing and ABC costing. Under job order costing, the cost of production is assigned to products in lots or batches. It is suitable for production processes where goods are produced in lots such as printing and manufacturing of furniture among others. Under process costing, the cost of production is methodically allocated to the product. Example is the production of soft drinks or oil. Finally, ABC costing is suitable for a firm which produces a number of products with varying volumes. The ultimate aim of absorption costing is to include in the total cost of a product an appropriate share of the company’s total overhead (Tulsian 2007). An appropriate share denotes the average of the amount of time and effort used in producing a unit of output. One key assumption of the absorption costing approach is that it suppose that consumers and producers are insensitive to price of the product thus pricing of the firm does not affect the decision to purchase. Consumers will purchase the commodities produced at the quoted price. This violates the law of demand
The Constitution of the state of Florida is similar to the bill of rights, yet distinct in a variety of freedoms and protections it offers. There is a number of articles in the Florida’s constitution that hold a similar meaning to the first 10 amendments. For example, the 9 th section of the first article of the state’s constitution is similar to the 4 th and 5 th amendments. The US constitution protects the citizens against both unwarranted searches and the possibility of testifying against oneself separately. However, for the constitution of Florida the two are generally similar. Instead of singling out undue searches and arrests, the constitution makes it clear that any case of unlawful prosecution is prohibited, while also protecting a person from worsening their own legal standing. A difference exists in the precise wording and meaning of the two legislations. While the amendments of the US constitution are aimed at protecting people from actions of the law enforcement that are considered unnecessary, the state’s legislation instead guarantees people the due procedures and protections if they are definitely suspected to be criminal. Therefore, the main difference lies in the inclusion of “due process” as the main consideration for Florida’s legislation, which refers to the predetermined proceedings of law enforcement and other structures of power in regards to a person’s deeds. The 9 th amendment to the constitution, similarly, holds meaning that is closely associated with but different from, section 2 of the first article. The ninth amendment states that persons within the United States are entitled to a number of inalienable rights that should not be denied by the constitution. In particular, the amendment notes that the inclusion of specific rights into the constitution should not be used as a way to deny other rights to people. The particular legislation can be used as a way to protect people from discrimination in an emerging and changing political climate. The 2 nd section, then, is similar to this amendment. It states that both men and women living in the state of Florida are equal before the law and have rights inseparable from their persons. The rights are listed as the ability to enjoy life, pursue happiness, acquire compensation for their work and others. The two legislations take opposite routes towards protecting and ensuring the freedoms of people. While the constitution of the United States uses a more vague description to secure the rights of individuals, Florida’s constitution chooses instead to outline its message clearly. The difference between the two serves to display that the protections of f
The global economy directly depends on prices of the commodities. Businesses can both be ruined and become very successful because of the rise and recession of the commodity prices. That is why the question of changing prices is very important in business and economics. Prices of commodities can be classified as both long-term and short term. The prices of long term commodities such as crude oil, gold, silver, petroleum, energy, grains, and metals have increased a lot recently. For example the price of crude is above $80, wheat – $9, gold – $750. The result of it is definitely the slowing of the global economy because the commodities are considered to be the raw materials for manufacturing products. According to Kowalski (2011), when the prices of commodities increase, manufacturers also increase the price of the products and services in order to cushion the rise of the raw materials prices. While the prices of these commodities continue to rise, countries like China and India demand vast supplies as their economics continue to industrialize. When a trader decides to venture into the market, the understanding of the market price trend is very important. According to Valdez (2010), trading review is vital to all traders since it helps them to
Legitimacy refers to the acceptance of an authority, which may be a regime or a governing law. While authority signifies an exact position in an already established government, legitimacy represents a system of government. Legitimacy-based view (LBV) is an analytical tool that explains a government’s motivation to either engage or not in international business (Netelenbos, 2016). Legitimate authority is usually given the right and is justified to exercise power. The extent to which a government intervenes in an international business is normally influenced by the political risk of a multinational at home, societal context, and the risk encountered by the advancing technology and service firms. If the actions of a particular firm are beneficial and legitimate, the government will not be inspired to participate (Daniels John, 2007). Conversely, it would be motivated to get involved in a firm’s actions that are said to be less legitimate. Two types of legitimacy that can be used to explain the U.S. government’s recent ban on Chinese firm TikTok are discussed below. Overview of TikTok TikTok is a video-sharing social networking service owned by ByteDance Ltd which is a Chinese company. It is used to create lip-sync, talent videos, short music, looping videos, and dance which last for about 3 to 15 seconds (Dale, 2020). It is a platform that is common among teens, though other older generations also use it. The innovation was released in China in 2016 as an international form of Douyin, which is a multimedia platform owned by a young tech giant in China. It gives its users a chance of creating, editing, and sharing short videos. Later, the networking service (TikTok) was launched in other markets outside China in 2017 and was availed worldwide, including in the U.S. in 2018 (Herrman, 2019). It is a platform that
Introduction In this section, the issue of maternal and infant health care adoption as an integral part of current Florida statutes is reviewed. The matter is of great interest for contemporary medical stratum since it reveals the fundamental principles of parenting tendencies in the state as well as dwells on the issue of the specialized administration program. Specifically, the corresponding Florida Statute page that may be found in the Title XXIX highlights the dedication of prenatal care. The program regards multiple aspects of maternity such as risk factors identification, medical services accessibility, statewide maternal support, etc. (“The 2015 Florida Statutes” par. 1). The section is of interest for me since I agree with the statement, due to which personal care begins before conception (“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” par. 1). In other words, the maternal support services create a platform for the favorable birth-giving, which, subsequently, accounts for the level of public health in a particular state. The web-reading of this particular Statutes part helped me to make some valuable insights into the Floridian treatment of future mothers. Specifically, I learned about the breastfeeding regulation for “baby-friendly” facilities, due to which, every future mother has to be provided with some standard priorities and services, which were initially developed by the Department of Health. The Approaches to Public Health Improvement in Florida: Seeking for Perfection The Floridian Statute predetermines the employment of multiple methods that can contribute to the advance of public health care in the state. In this work, the medical relations methods, as well as the service delivery model, are evaluated. First, it must be acknowledged that there is a strong emphasis on the support of government-civil society interrelations in Florida, which encompasses the idea of public health care improvement. Therefore, the citizens are not merely entitled to issue a complaint to Florida authority if he/she faces some health care pressures, but the government is obliged to establish a firm control over all cases of medical treatment (Gostin 6). This policy applies to the maternal care regulation as well and provides the Floridian mothers with an opportunity to be well-protected by the state. An example that illustrates the usage of this approach is a comprehensive practice that is included in the Floridian Statute. The program predetermines the mentoring type of relations between the highest medical institutions and sepa
There is no standard answer to the dilemma of compromised principles. Moralists would argue that it is better to choose a noble death than living with compromised principles and awareness that these principles make other people suffer. Others would claim that it is better to live, even though someone suffered from your actions, than and dying. I relate myself to people who defend the second point of view and prefer life to death. Death is a way to escape suffering and people who compromised principles and caused harm to others do not deserve an easy release from the pangs of conscience. Some philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes, admit that people are flawed. Hence, mistakes and wrongdoings are a part of human nature. At the same time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau believes that people are perfectible, meaning that the flaws could be eradicated. Therefore, in the context of compromised principles that harm others, it should be noted that it would be fair for a person to keep on living if he or she dedicates the rest of his life to atonement. It would be easier for a person who betrayed others to choose death because it will save him or her from the pang of conscience. However, living with a comprehension of what evil a person had done to others seems a fairer choice because it will make a person regret his or her actions. In Millers (1953) play “The Crucible,” Abigale Williams accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft because Elizabeth was the wife of John Proctor, whom Abigale loved. Ultimately, John was blamed for witchcraft and was hanged. In addition to that, Abigale stole Reverend Parriss money and ran away from the town. Probably, at the point of leaving Salem, she does not regret her actions. Nevertheless, later she will curse the day when she was dancing in the forest because that day destroyed the lives of numerous people. Still, these people passed away and were freed from suffering, whereas the memories of her guilt will torment Abigale all her life. Reference Miller, A. (1953). The crucible . Martin Beck Theatre.
Covid-19 has become a critical issue for discussion worldwide. It touched all spheres of life, including medicine, education, business, and tourism among others. All people were directly or implicitly impacted by the consequences of the lockdown and pandemic in general. Life has changed, and society has to adapt to new circumstances. On the one hand, these harsh conditions granted many opportunities for development and growth for some, however, many hospitals realized that there are not enough resources to treat people under such pressure. This article aims at answering the question of how the globe responds to Covid-19. Although the pandemic has spread worldwide, the measures taken by different countries have similar components. The governments try to implement various policies, some of which were successful, and other states adopted the ideas in their prevention programs. World Health Organization (WHO) has created a plan with the objectives which help reduce the risks and control the current situation (United Nations, 2020). These goals involve collecting more information and data on the status of Covid-19 worldwide. Moreover, the organization urges to provide them access to medical services, which must be “affordable, safe, effective, and easily administered” (United Nations, 2020, p. 7). The governments should deliver humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable households and address the needs of various communities (United Nations, 2020, p. 8). Finally, it is crucial to create a recovery plan for the future sustainable development of the countries and the planet in general. Thus, the report addresses the essential topics and points to different spheres of life. The examples of how countries began to fight the virus vary from one state to another; however, there are some similarities. First, many countries started to conduct research studies to develop the vaccine. Moreover, some people such as medical workers have already been vaccinated. Nonetheless, it takes much time for the data analyses and clinical placebo-control trials. Thus, governments focus on prevention measures and providing the access to medical treatment. Second, the lockdown was the initial practical attempt to control the virus. The implementation of lockdowns at an early stage by Australia, New Zealand, and China, among others, helped prevent the spread of Covid-19 and give time for the development of vaccines (Osier et al., 2020). Another measure of prevention taken was to educate the population about risks and consequences as well as protection means. For instance, the WHO created an Information Network for Epidemics to provide regular resources and updates on the current situation (United Nations, 2020). Furthermore, there were a few collaborations between countries to deliver necessary biomedical equipment, masks, and gloves. The United Nations and its partners organized the shipment of essential supplies to more