ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Rethinking Women’s Substantive Representation” by Sarah Childs and her allies expounds on the roles of women in representation. According to this article, substantive women representation lays more concerns on issues connected with the welfare of women. In the article, Sarah Childs expounds on various theories that explain what political representation entails. The theories include formalistic representation, descriptive representation, symbolic representation, and substantive representation. According to this article, formalistic representation describes the deeds of a representative in airing out the interests of the person or people he or she is representing. On the other hand, the descriptive representation aims at giving an account of what is done by the representatives at the cost of knowing the representatives and their behaviors. Childs further describes symbolic representation as a method that advocates for observance of attitudes and beliefs of the represented, ignoring the real meanings of the representation. She expresses her agreement on substantive representation as to the best method of representing citizens of a state. She argues that substantive representation advocates for observance of the relationship between represented and representatives and their roles in society. In addition, Pitkin further dwells on the way a substantive representation achieves its goal by positively taking part in not only criticizing the government but also leading to observance of natural interests by the representatives. According to this article, there are three diverse ways used in representing substantive representation. These methods include gyroscopic, surrogate, and anticipatory representation. Gyroscopic representation advocates for drawing principles for representation from the representative background; surrogate representation is all about representing people, using principles beyond one’s territory or principles that are uncommon. In addition, according to this article, some representatives manage to conquer the minds of the represented by using anticipatory representation methods. This article also highlights the possibility of passive representation. Passive representation involves looking down upon the interests of the represented. Some of the representatives pursue their interests at the cost of meeting the interests of the represented. According to Anne Philips, the gender of the representatives plays a crucial role in determining the decision-making in parliament and legislatures because of variation in interests across the sex traits of individuals. She argues that women better present other women in parliament than their counterparts males. In addition, while in parliament, women extensively air out issues concerning women’s interests; they also take part in passing women’s bills easily due to understanding the interests of all women in general. Although women play a significant role
Malcolm Gladwell in his work Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted? Casts light upon the role of modern technologies in the people’s life particularly in the activists’ attempts to organize a demonstration. The author expresses his point of view about the relationship between social media and social changes. He points out that the internet connects people on the one hand, but the bonds between them become weaker. Internet makes it easier to organize different groups, to attract the people’s attention to the people who need help and find all information which people need. In fact, it seems that the Internet and social nets make people closer and sympathetic, but these bonds are supported by participation not motivation. Taking into account on-line charitable organizations, the author says: “Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice” (Gladwell 321). As for social and activist organizations who want to attract the people’s attention to the social problems, the internet seems to be very helpful. The communication flaw is very fast and millions of people may read the idea you want to pass to them but it does not make them involved. This information just crosses their minds without any results. Comparing to the activists of previous centuries and demonstrations that overturned the whole political and economic systems, modern network organizations have a lot of drawbacks. The civil right movement organized by Martin Luther King was a strategic activism with discipline and precision. Martin Luther King was an unquestioned authority and the black church was in the center of movement (Gladwell 322). Networks are not controlled by the authority. Everyone has the same rights in the network. Decisions are made with the help of agreements and the ties between people are loose (Gladwell 323). People can never se
Case Studies While traditional automotive factories are loud and dark places, the Lexus plant in Cambridge adopted a different mindset and created an environment similar to a pharmaceutical laboratory, where every worker had his or her place. With the mindset that quality has to be integrated into each stage of a production process, each worker played a role of a quality control inspector to ensure that everything that was done in the factory was of the highest quality possible. Improvements were completed on the spot: computer monitors allowed workers to see the status of the production and stop the line if necessary. The mindset about integrating quality into every aspect of an organization is a practice that can be used by any company, even outside the automotive industry. Such a mindset encourages workers to focus on the provision of quality services to customers while their work environment is of high quality as well. The Six Sigma improvement program was used to enhance a hospital’s strategic management associated with the lower revenues from drug sales. It was identified that only 31% of patients bought prescribed medication from the hospital’s pharmacy. As one of the inhibiting factors for the hospital’s pharmacy, a long time to fill in the prescription and waiting in lines as indicated by patients who preferred to buy drugs
Introduction The knowledge of demographic dynamics is an important field that assist countries to plan for provision of services for its population now and in the future. Throughout Canadian history, demographic patterns have had several consequences for its society as a whole, especially political influence, social programs, and infrastructural needs of some regions within the country (Demographic Division, 2016). Demographic patterns in Canada arouses interest to study because of the following reasons: based on human population, Canada ranks among the top 20% worldwide alongside being one of the wealthiest countries in terms of per capita indicator of economic development, provision of healthcare services, and so on (Freedman, 2018). By planning with demographic patterns, Canada offers better healthcare services to its population. Population Forecasting Canada’s population has been positively growing exponentially and will continue to grow, although not as rapid as it was between 1990-2017. In 1990, the overall population was 27.2 million, which rose to 36.0 million in 2017 (IHME, 2017). Therefore, the increase in population between 1990 and 2017 is 8.8 million, representing a 32.4% growth. By 2100 the population is expected to increase to 44.1 million (IHME, 2017). The antedated increase will be 8.1 million, a 22.5% growth. Beyond 2100, there will be no significant increase in Canada’s population. The Older Versus Younger People The age of the Canadian population has been changing significantly since 1990 and is expected to change in 2100. The ageing population is part of the significant changes linked to Canada’s age-sex structure and is caused by the increasing ages of baby boomers (Statistics Canada, 2018). Of the G7 countries, Canada has the lowest population aged 65 and above, and it comes second in the rank after the US (Statistics Canada, 2018). It also has the largest proportion of the working-age population (age 15-64) (Statistics Canada, 2018). The number of people aged 55-64 exceeds those aged 15-24 years. Moreover, the median age is between 34-47 years. Canadian women outnumber men slightly. Nunavut has the youngest population compared to all other provinces of Canada. Fertility Trend The total fertility rate indicates the number of children a woman delivers over her lifetime. The fertility rate determines the population of a given country. From 1990 to 2017, the Canadian fertility rate was 1.700 birth per woman, indicating no change in fertility (IHME, 2017)
A free media is considered as the backbone of any true democracy. It is the most important source of information for the masses that on the other hand are charged with the responsibility of voting. Since the voters base decisions on how to vote based on the information received, the media then becomes a very powerful tool in politics. These institutions identify problems in society. The journalists are always on the lookout for areas of socio political and economic importance with the aim of reporting to the people in order to attract the required responses which may alter the sociopolitical setting of a society. More importantly, the media is the most vocal watchdog charged with the responsibility of unearthing the evils committed by those who wield power. However it is clear that this power is prone to abuse hence requiring that the media be reasonable so as to maintain democracy. In fact the any democratic society will assume that the media is responsible. A checklist of the most critical democratic functions of the media reveals a wide range of activities. First is the continuous check of the developments in the sociopolitical arena. Secondly, the media offers an unrivalled public platform for the people to debate issues and express themselves especially with the aim of getting the attention of those in power. It also offers a chance for the citizens to learn, make choices and participate more in the political process. In doing this they have to persistently resist any interference from outside aimed at invading their independence hence advance own interests. It is however emerging that these functions are not being fully met. There are concerns that the most powerful media are controlled by a few multinational with both political as well as economic agenda. News has been slowly transformed from being informative to pure entertainment. More emphasis is now on sex, violence, scandals and celebrity gossip. According to critics, these have little or no value in informing and educating the viewers. This subverts the democratic ideology advanced through such means. Even when issues of politics are covered, it is clear that focus is more on personalities instead of ideology. In absence of issue based news, the electorate is exposed to skewed political propaganda which not only misinforms them but also makes them cynical and disinterested in politics. In other areas it has been observed that the watchdogs bark at the wrong things. The news coverage of scandals in private lives of celebrities, politicians and other such issues is done in full ignorance of the consequences (Curran, 2005, p99). The news is now more often than not heightening fear for the wrong things. Minor hazards are often blown out of proportion leading to extra ordinary resources being allocated towards eliminating such hazards. This is done at the expense of more deserving dangers in society which go unnoticed but continue to pose danger to the society. Again, there has been failure in the news to adequately cover wrongs in certain industries. The tobacco industry is one such industry. Advertisers appear
In the sphere of health care, value-based purchasing (VBP) is associated with connecting provider payments to the performance they exhibit when caring for patients. While there may be different approaches to defining VBP, its overall aim is to facilitate quality improvement outcomes, reach the satisfaction of their patients, as well as achieve more reasonable and affordable costs that patients spend on their health care. Without the three components of VBP, it is impossible to provide a value proposition that would be attractive to clients. Within such a model of payment, healthcare providers are held accountable for both the quality of services that they provide as well as their costs. Primarily, the method is targeted at the reduction of inappropriate care as well as identify those providers who show the highest quality of services to reward them in the process. Thus, in a highly complex healthcare environment in which patients require the increased attention from their providers, VBP comes to play an important role, especially in terms of the expenses targeted at alleviating the burden of diseases. The article “Payor-provider contracting in an era of value-based purchasing payment reform models” sheds light on the role of performance and quality exhibited by health care providers when it comes to their compensation and income. In the current environment of extreme expenditures on health care, there is a high need to find methods that would facilitate the moderation of costs to ensure that patients that pay for services themselves receive better care. The problem of quality improvement has not been resolved yet, and VBP can become a useful tool for defining the key objectives and direct healthcare providers toward significant quality enhancements associated with better compensation. The principal limitation of ensuring VBP application in a broad context is associated with the maintenance of the status quo of paying more money to care for fewer people. This means that healthcare institutions are more concerned with the financial aspect of their operations instead of quality improvement and efficiency enhancement grounded on evidence-based practice. Such a state of affairs must change in the future in order to allevi
The problem of intimate partner violence is addressed in this study. About one million women are physically abused every year by their intimate partners. The physical injury occurs to about 50% of them. Purpose of the study: The safety promoting behavior of the abused women is to be increased using a telephone intervention. Theoretical orientation used to approach the study: Walker’s cycle of violence was used as the conceptual model. Three phases of abuse are seen in the cycle. In the initial tension-building phase, the hostility of the moody abuser and his criticism of the woman are evident. The physical and psychological assault of the woman occurs in the next acute violent incident phase. Extreme fear is exhibited by the victim. The abuser becomes repentant during the third honeymoon phase after the assault. He is sorry, charming, and loving. The woman deceives herself that he is ready to change. The woman is even ready to deny the abuse by the partner. It is during the transition from the second stage to the third stage that there is a chance for the woman to understand her situation realistically and understand that she cannot deny the IPV or expect the abuser to change or stop his behavior. This is called Curnow’s open window phase in which the victim seeks help. The women who are counseled over the phone reach this window phase between 12 and 18 months, then the women who get the usual care. Therapy must be offered during this stage. The Subjects Included in the study (Who were they? How were they selected?): 75 women each were recruited for the intervention group and control group. All were English or Spanish speaking women. They were allocated to either of the groups by virtue of the week of enrolment in the study. The Design of the Study: A two-group repeated-measures design was adopted. This study was based on a previous study which investigated the effectiveness of a safety-promoting intervention on a group of pregnant women who were abused. 75 women were selected to produce a similar effect size in the present study. Descriptive statistics were calculated. The Instrumentation Used in the Study: The demographic data form documented the age, education status, race and ethnicity, and relationship to the abuser. The Safety Promoting Behavior Checklist, a 15-question questionnaire, was used for obtaining details in each of the 6 telephone interventions. The Method of Data Analysis used in the Study: Differences in the intervention and control groups were calculated with the independent t tests and chi square tests. A repeated-measures analysis of covariances was the method. A between- groups factor where the subject influenced the control or intervention group was used. Normality of data and homogeneity of variance were tested. Bonferroni’s adjustment was used to reduce the inflated type 1 error. A significance level of 0.01 was reached with five tests. Findings f
Brand situation/ history/ strength/ strength or weakness Cartier brand has a history of the perfect diamond cut. Louis-Francois Cartier established the Cartier brand in 1847. His mission was to “live through and for luxury” (Nadelhoffer 50). The Louis Cartier Diamond is one of the famous diamonds associated with the brand. The Louis Cartier Diamond was discovered in 1974, and was cut to perfect shape by Cartier. It is among the few pieces of diamond that weigh more than 100 carats, and have no defect (Famous Diamonds par. 2). Cartier brand also has a history with the Williamson Diamond which was worn by Queen Elizabeth. The Cartier Bridal brand is associated with great stories such as that of Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III. There is a story about the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. It is about Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson love, and marriage (The Duke and Duchess of Windsor par. 1). Geographical segmentation is a strength that favors marketing because Cartier can use different images for different segments. The brand uses a different webpage for major language groups making it easier to match the page content to the society’s cultural values. Cartier’s displays 39 wedding bands selected pieces with a wide range of prices from $650 to over $2,000 (Cartier Bridal: wedding bands collections). The Cartier engagement rings prices range from $4,000 to over $50,000. The price of an average diamond ring from most dealers is estimated at $3,500 (Urken par. 2). The price of a cut diamond from the Diamond Shop.co.uk ranges between £640 and £902 for the Emerald cut shape (Pricelist: Emerald cut, par.1). The financial results indicate that Maisons Jewellery had increased sales in 2011 from 2010. Maison Jewellery consists of two brands. These are Cartier, and Van Cleef & Arpels. In 2011, the sales of jewelry were 3,479 million Euro compared to 2,688 million Euros in 2010 (Richemont 4). Sales of jewelry formed 50% of the Richemont group sales. Opinion situation/ mood/ trends Cartier Bridal developed a software application that is used on iPad, and iPhone by potential customers. The users must download the software application on their devices. They are able to navigate from page to page, find boutiques, and make pictures of rings that fit their fingers (Lamb, par. 6). Competitors, such as Tiffany and De Beers, also have similar marketing software applications. The brand has adopted open innovation and co-creation through its iPad and iPhone software applications. Market information/evolutions The diamond sales trend in 1919 was followed by a drop in sales. In the period between 1938 and 1941, the diamond sales rose by about 55%. After the De Beers campaign of 1947, the diamond sales continued to increase. In the period after 1965, 80% of women in the American society were considered to wear diamond engagement rings (O’Rourke par 4). The diamond engagement ring was a symbol of commitment. Virginity was a popular prerequisite for marriage that made diamond r
It is difficult to understand the complexities that lead people to addiction to drugs and alcohol. Many people assume that individuals who are addicted lack moral principles or the intention to leave drugs. Ideally, a person who is addicted has a complex disease and a lot of effort has to be made to change that person. Due to the fact that drugs make the brain adapt to it’s routinely use, it makes it difficult for the user to quit drugs. Despite the difficulty in leaving drugs, some scientific advances have been made to make it possible for drug users to quit drug abuse. Abuse of drugs and addiction pose as a big danger to the stability of individuals in the society. In fact, in the United States alone, the cumulative substance abuse and related damages to the economy is approximately six hundred billion yearly. As much as this statistics show the extend of the damages caused by drug addiction, they do not represent the actual damages caused to the family such as separation in the family, school dropping, family conflicts and child mistreatment. Addiction is a persistent urge which makes a person’s brain to always want to use and look for specific compulsive drug without any consideration to the consequences to the individual or people around them. The first intention of using psychoactive drugs is voluntary and as time goes by, the brain gets used to it and an individual lacks self control and the will to resist its usage. Modern scientific approaches have been made available to enable drugs users leave this trend. The proponents of this medication propose that routine medications that go along with behavior changes need to be administered to ensure successful recovery of the people affected. Just like other chronic diseases for example diabetes and asthma, addiction can be treated successfully. Drugs have chemical components that disrupt the communication channels of the brain to an extent that it affects the way the brain processes and disseminates information. The chemicals present in the drugs disrupt the functioning of the brain in two ways mainly through imitating the natural functioning of the brain and overworking the circuit of the brain. Drugs like bhang and heroin have chemical components similar to those produced by the brain. This resemblance enables the components of the drugs to deceive the receptors of the brain by sending wrong messages. Drugs like cocaine release these chemicals in large amounts disrupting the normal circulation of the brain chemicals needed for normal functioning. The effect of this on the system by the drugs is adaptations to the drugs which make people repeat the behaviors induced by the drugs. Prolonged use of the drugs cause harmful effects to other parts of the brain functioning. Some people become addicted while others do not. The explanations given by researchers for this difference are varied. They argue that it depends on the individual’s biological functioning, environment they socialize in and th