ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction States tend to adapt to governance structures that suffice their national needs and interests. The Middle East sub-system has drawn plenty of global attention in the recent past. Countries constituting this sub-system include Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Tunisia, and Libya among others. Most nations in the region enjoy large crude oil deposits. In 2010 and 2011, the region enjoyed a growth rate of 4.15 and 5.1% respectively (Jorg, 2010). Interestingly, no single country has influence over the others in the region. This phenomenon coupled with the region’s volatility makes the region an important area of study. It is interesting to explore the system structure and how it relates to the gap of interests among the region’s states. While the paper will briefly present information on events that have shaped the region’s structure since the end of the cold war, its main focus will be on the events that have occurred between 2008 and 2010. Study Methodology To adequately discuss the Middle East sub-system, previously collected and documented literature on the region will be used as the primary source of information. However, websites and other media bearing recent structural transformations will also be studied. The research method will therefore be exclusively qualitative. Research Question In its quest to understand the processes and systems within the Middle East, the paper will focus on answering the following question: What is the connection between the system structures in the Middle East to the gaps of interests among the region’s nations? Theoretical Background In essence, there exists no single political realism culture, but rather a wholesome knowledge of tensions constituted over history, opinion contradictions, and evasions. Kaplan describes realism proponents as guided by pessimistic human nature view and hence believing that humans are preoccupied with their individual well-being as they compete to relate with each other (Kaplan, 2005). This perspective defines the structures which govern the relations of various nations both at regional and global levels. Waltz noted that if there is any distinct political theory globally, then it has to be the balance of power theory, an assertion, which has received its own share of criticism from constructivists and political economists (Waltz, 2005). An interesting phenomenon of Waltz’s political systems is his discussion of the anarchists system (Waltz, 2005). This is a system that most people from the Middle East are well familiar with. Perhaps it won’t be outrageous to associate this system with the Middle East more than any other region in the world. International relations systems Waltz’s definition of international politics takes the form of a firm’s definition within a larger industrial scene. He views states as units within a larger system. He acknowledges that states variations are normal and form the basis upon which they shap
Perception can be defined as how the brain interprets the immediate environment. This is through the sensory impulse that is delivered to the brain by the sense organs. The sense organs have to receive a certain stimulus, which is then transferred to the brain and the brain interprets the message. This is what helps people to make sense of our environment. For example this is why people are able to differentiate certain stimulus in the environment for instance, heat, cold or certain chemicals. There are certain factors that influence perception, but the major one which influences perception is the conditions of the individual, that is, the brain can interpret a certain condition based on his/her personality, self-image, attitude and learning experience. (Coon, 2006). Intelligent quotient is the mental ability of a person which is normally derived from certain standardized test. The term intelligent quotient is derived from German language, intelligenz-Quotient , and was coined by a psychologist, William Stern. Some of these tests include Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale. IQ scores to some degree are affected by certain factors which include:   * parental IQ   * social status   * mortality   * morbidity IQ scores are important as they help to determine the academic achievement of children. For instance children who require special needs are easily identified using the IQ scores. Intergroup testing on the other hand relates to how the society affects the relationships that are built by people, for example,
Figure 1. The Yanomami The Yanomami are jungle Indians living in the Amazon; these people are referred to as the most primitive communities ever existed. It is necessary to underline the idea that the Yanomami tribes have always been centralized in anthropological researches and studies, through their cultural environment, norms, and traditions. These Indians managed to live in complete harmony with nature and reach superior balance and welfare, but for internal interactions on the part of civilized nationalities. The Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela can be considered the arena of aggression and conflict in Amazon; this interaction resulted in the global tragedy taking the lives of the whole communities. Yanomami’s culture is focused on the development of agriculture and hunting; the era of globalization and technological dominance never touched this population, who live by the rules of nature. Metal and wheel are considered to be referred to as the innovations for this Amazon population. It should be noted that the Yanomami live in separate local groups concentrated in collective villages; communities’ relationships are based on mutual political, economical and ceremonial exchange. (Ushinahua, n.d.) In 1987 the Yanomami suffered an invasion by illegal gold miners which brought destruction to their cultural unity and several deaths among the population. Even though the Yanomami are considered to be the largest isolated tribe, their territory and people’s lives were under the threat. About 40000 invaders attacked the territory of Indian tribes with the purpose of gold mining. Davi Yanomami states, ‘The biggest problem for the Yanomami now is the garimpeiro (gold miners) who are in our land, and the illness they bring with them. Among them, some have illnesses like flu, tuberculosis, and venereal diseases, and contaminate my people’. (Chatterjee, 1997) And it was the greatest problem leading to genocide and numerous deaths; it is necessary to underline the fact that the health problem was beyond the control of the Brazilian government and resulted in a real tragedy. The epidemics of malaria, as well as other diseases, appeared to be the start of a rapid decrease of the Yanomami population. The gold miners managed to create the crisis in 1992, though soon the territory was protected by the federal indigenous reserve provided by the Brazilian government. The start of the ‘Haximu Massacre’ in 1993 was caused by golminers’ dissatisfaction with reserve creation and their desire to exterminate the tribe village. The murder of sixteen Yanomami by the miners appeared to be called genocide. It should be noted that in 2006 the gold miners were sentenced to 19 years of imprisonment by the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil. Des
The research I performed as part of the assignment used a quantitative methodology with a survey as the primary data collection instrument. I think that using this methodology helped me to achieve reliable results and allowed me to present data in a coherent manner using charts. Therefore, I believe that I would be comfortable using this research method in the future. However, it might also be a good idea to use mixed-method research, because it combines the benefits of qualitative and quantitative approaches. On the one hand, a quantitative methodology allows observing significant trends, which is crucial for market research (Barnham, 2015). On the other hand, a qualitative approach helps to understand the participants’ viewpoints and attitudes in-depth, thus contributing to the results (Choy, 2014). I believe that a mixed methodology would be particularly beneficial for future research in tourism since travelers’ experiences are critical in this industry. While quantitative research could be used to understand travelers’ demographics and general behaviors, qualitative approaches can be used to find out more about their likes and dislikes, service preferences, and opinions on various travel formats. Discussions were an integral part of this course that helped to understand the key concepts and their application to practice. It was particularly useful that each discussion focused on a particular topic that was studied during the week. I believe that this feature assisted me in processing and memorizing the material. I also felt that sharing my comments and views on the topic with classmates was useful because such discussions provided intellectual stimulation. For instance, in order to write a comment, I usually needed to perform more in-depth research on a particular topic, which enhanced my knowledge and comprehension. Having to participate in discussions also meant that I had to review and research topics independently, and I found that this process assisted me in understanding especially challenging issues. Apart from that, it was really interesting and fun for me to read other people’s contributions. I noticed that, despite reading the same material, people were often capable of forming their own opinion on a topic. Reading discussion posts thus allowed me to explore multiple viewpoints and obtain a multi-dimensional view of each concept or problem. Finally, I can say that this course has contributed to my understanding of the data presented in research studies. First of all, I became more familiar with different research approaches, and it is now possible for me to understand the purpose of the study and how it influences its design. This aids me in understanding data because, depending on the research design, its outcomes have different levels of importance, generalization, and implications for practice. Secondly, I learned to distinguish between various data collection and analysis tools that can be used in multiple types of research studies. This means that I am now capable of understanding the data presented
Introduction For a long time, sociologists have had different opinions about what dimensions of social experience most shape our collective reality. This paper seeks to compare how Karl Marx, Max Weber and Judith Butler provide different ways of understanding the relation between ideas, language and materiality. The paper will also identify the theorist that gives the best account of the agency of social actors. Karl Marx Karl Marx can be described as the first scholar to employ the use of critical methods in social sciences. Through his works, Marx shows that “the human experience involves the transformation of human nature, and this includes both human beings and material objects” (Marx, 1845). According to him, an individual goes through self-development as a result of internal alienation that stems from this realization. This is followed by the realization that the actual self is a subjective agent that has the ability to apprehend its potential counterpart. In his further arguments, Marx indicates that the subject takes the object as its own after shaping it in the various desired ways. Marx elaborates that it’s the practical encounter of humans with sensuous objects that forms reality (Marx & Engels, 1998). According to Marx, practical life is essential for reality thinking. Max Weber Max Weber as a sociologist was a key proponent of methodological ant positivism (Weber, 2003). Weber employed the use of interpretive thinking to understand social actions and, therefore, develop a causal explanation of course and effects (Weber, 2003). According to Weber, social actions possess a subjective meaning that needs to be understood within a particular context (Weber, 2003). Contextual or environmental differences are responsible for the variations observed between different cultures. Weber shows that each society has its own viewpoints that have been emphasized to form some sought of pseudo –reality. These ideal types are not reality and they are only useful in understanding a society within its own context. In his works, Weber explains religion and capitalism as ideal types that don’t actually apply in reality (Weber, 2003). Judith Butler Butler is a philosopher and a feminist theorist who has championed the concept of performativity. Performativity can be defined as an interdisciplinary term that is used “to describe the capacity of speech and language, and other forms of non-verbal expressive action to undertake some kinds of constructed identity” (Butler, 2004). According to Butler, identity is created as a result of active expression. A subject is formed due to the interaction with others in society, and this is beyond the subject’s control (Butler, 2004). Her works have shown how performativity plays a major role in the formation of norm which in turn imparts the different forms of social identity such as gender and politics (Weber, 2003). Conclusion This paper sought to compare how Karl Marx, Max Weber and Judith Butler offer different ways of understanding the relation between ideas, language and materiality. The paper furt
First Case: State vs. John Arthur Senn Jr Introduction John Arthur Senn, Jr. was captured in 2014 for driving while drunk. He was required to take a drug test to determine the level of alcohol he had consumed. He appealed to the supreme court of Iowa, claiming that his Sixth Amendment right to an attorney was overlooked after an officer declined his proposal to have a secret receiver call for a consultation (Rappaport, 2017). The court denied his request because the right to a lawyer does not apply before legal prosecution. Rule of Law A legal foundation and relevant Iowa case law, article I, part 10 is labeled “Rights of persons prosecuted.” It entails two articles that are not indicated in the Sixth Amendment, as discussed in the following sentences. In every illegal prosecution and case regarding the time or rights, the arrested have liberty for a rapid prosecution by an unbiased legal jurisdiction (Rappaport, 2017). He also holds the right to information about the allegation against him. The respondent has a right to get a copy of the charges when demanded. Furthermore, Joseph has the privilege to be investigated by bystanders against him, holds a right to have his bystanders, and the right to hire a lawyer. Iowa Law part 804.20 (2013) grants a limited legal right to counsel that permits the captured to make telephone calls to attorneys or relatives and meet alone and in secret with their counselor at the station (Rappaport, 2017). While the law encourages private in-person meetings, it sanctions the police administrator or keeper to staying near during the call. Issue Senn was sinful for driving under the influence of alcohol. A breath test carried at the station indicated that John had a blood alcohol content of 0.165, which is higher than double the allowed limit in Iowa laws (Rappaport, 2017). He was further detained for neglecting to follow a traffic indication and deported to the Des Moines police headquarters for liquor tests Analysis Applying the conventional definition of the Sixth Amendment writing that requires the involved to have counsel services, John was yet to face judgment. Therefore, no prosecution was to happen because there was no filed report in the jury (Rappaport, 2017). Hence, Senn did not have the freedom of an attorney at the point of his alcohol test. The administration further remarked on sound strategy ideas for not detailing a privilege to a secret prison phone communication (Rappaport, 2017). The officers would have no way to affirm that the individual on the other edge of the receiver was admittedly a lawyer. Necessitating privacy in those cases would make it straightforward to visualize the detainee usin
Introduction Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia was incorporated in the year 1997. The organization is involved in a variety of activities that aim at improving the lives of women and their families in the United States and the rest of the world. The company offers publishing, broadcasting and merchandising services to its customers. The products and services that are offered by the company reflect the styles and interest of Martha Stewart (Anon, 2004). Due to the high quality of goods and services offered by the company, it realised an early success. The company developed a relatively equal reputation as Calvin Klein. This success could be attributed to the good leadership qualities that were being exhibited. However, the success did not last for long as the performance of the company in the market world started to decline after its CEO, Martha Stewart was accused and convicted of inside trading and conspiracy. Due to this fact, the leadership of the company had to be adjusted to adapt to the change that the company was facing. This report will therefore explore on the forms of leadership that were being practiced in the company before and after the crisis and the impacts, they had on the success of the company. Leadership Practices and Solutions MSO had a concrete leadership during its inception and the years that followed. The company had a team of consultants and advisors all of who were lawyers. These included individuals such as Allen Grubman, Sharon Patrick and Charlotte Beer
Abstract The judicial system is expected to be able to deliver the correct verdict in every case, as accurate judgments are its primary responsibility. However, the recent increase in exonerations of wrongfully convicted people, some of whom were on death row, has brought public attention to the issues of current investigative and court procedures. As such, quality improvement ini
Introduction Organisational understanding constitutes a critical aspect of every organisational manager’s work. It involves the scrutiny of an organisation to establish why people behave in the manner they do and/or why some individuals and processes are effective than others. The goal is to envisage organisational success and the expected behaviour of people. It also entails strategising on how to improve the performance of individual employees, work teams, and the entire organisation (Freshwater, Sherwood & Drury, 2006). Understanding an organisation involves an examination of work structures or work designs, performance management systems, and working conditions. This paper discusses organisational understanding from the context of working condition in three different industries. It compares working conditions at McDonald’s that operates in the fast food industry, Qatar Airways, which operates in the airline industry, and Nike, Inc., which operates in the footwear, apparels, and sporting paraphernalia industry. However, a discussion of the background of the three organisations is considered first. Background to McDonald’s, Qatar Airways, and Nike, Inc. McDonald’s McDonald’s stands out as one of the biggest global fast food retailers offering fast foods in more than 119 countries across the globe. McDonald’s restaurants and franchises, which now stand at about 33, 500, continue to grow as the organisation penetrates new markets in Asia. This immense success is attributed to a number of factors among them being the incredible emphasis on consumer engagement, appro
Introduction A large number of taxpayers, not only in South Carolina but also in other parts of the world have the right to be made aware of the benefits they would obtain through entrusting their governments with huge amounts of money paid as tax. The government of South Carolina has been carrying out awareness campaigns to let people know that millions of dollars collected as tax go into proper use. Evidently, every sector concerned with the welfare of the people gets a significant proportion of money for developmental purposes. The education sector is one of the sectors that have greatly benefited from government funding. The residents of South Carolina are not confident that their taxes go into good use. This is despite the government clarifying that it is fully accountable for every single cent collected as tax goes put into proper use. Strategic Planning for Community Building Numerous studies have been carried out to determine whether tax collected from the people is used for national development or not. A study carried out by Barron et al (2005), entitled “The economic impact of public libraries on South Carolina” for instance, was aimed at determining whether public libraries present any tangible benefits to South Carolinians. This study was also aimed at determining the extent to which these people feel that public libraries contribute to their general economic wellbeing. Whereas some people argue that establishment of public libraries is an inappropriate use of public funds, it is important to note that a large number of people have greatly benefited from these national facilities. The study by Barron et al (2005) utilized data obtained from different people with reference to the general use of public libraries, the use of libraries for business purposes, the use of public libraries for personal investments, in addition to their use for job seeking in order to come up with an unbiased conclusion. It was argued that a large number of those who made use of public libraries had positive perceptions towards these facilities. Many people agree that the benefits public libraries present to members of their families cannot be compared to any other social service. This study was necessitated by claims by the American Library Association that those working in public libraries were not providing users with quality services. The principal aim of this study was bringing to light the importance of all relevant parties demonstrating continued interest and also commitment to the public libraries. This issue is of national interest since it offers students and the public at large an opportunity to take part in meaningful scholarship that besides being of personal interest enables students to participate in public services (Hopper, 2012). Despite the positive perceptions of many towards libraries, some people still argue that these fac