ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
At present, the causes of autism have not been accurately determined. This question still remains a subject of many studies. However, there are many stereotypes and misconceptions about this issue. In particular, one should discuss the belief that vaccination leads to this neural disorder. On the whole, it is possible to argue that this concern is not justified because there is no verified evidence which can demonstrate the connection between these phenomena. Moreover, current studies indicate that this disease might be triggered by genetic causes or infections. These are the issues that should be discussed more closely. To a great extent, this false belief can be traced back to the notorious MMR vaccine controversy in 1998. In particular, there were several studies which indicated that the vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella could cause various types of autism (Mesmere, 2007, p. 95). Since that time, many parents became very suspicious of vaccines. Nevertheless, later research showed that these findings were inaccurate or even fraudulent (Mesmere, 2007, p. 95). These findings could be attributed to the misinterpretation of statistical data or the flaws of research methodology (Mesmere, 2007, p. 95). Researchers also note that parents often detect the signs of autism when their child reaches the age of 18 months. In turn, the vaccination is performed at the age of approximately 15 months (Mesmere, 2007, p. 95). This temporal association between the two events is probably the main reason why parents are so concerned about the risks of vaccination. However, the main problem is that this association or correlation does not imply that autism is triggered by a vaccine. This is the main issue that should not be overlooked. At present, scientists and medical workers hypothesize that there can be multiple causes of autism. It is believed that this disorder can sometimes be explained by a combination of different factors (Ratajczak, 2011, p. 68). As a rule, they mention viral infections, genetic mutations, and encephalitis (Ratajczak, 2011, p. 68). Moreover, it is possible to speak about a mother’s immune response during pregnancy (Ratajczak, 2011, p. 68). One of the arguments made by researchers is that post-natal cause of autism is unlikely (Taylor, 2006, p. 511). Currently, medical workers cannot find any biological markers t
Negotiation according to McCuddy (2003, p.1), is a course of action where different parties with originally different views on a specific issue move towards a common agreement on the same. The process involves some vital approaches namely talking, dialogue, giving, and taking, conferring and positioning. A negotiation needs people to relent on their initial position on the idea so that a smooth working relation can be maintained in places like workplaces so that. Negotiation undergoes different phases and at each phase, different actions are called for to facilitate a successful negotiation. These negotiation phases include; preparation and planning phase, opening phase, testing and comprehending other party’s weaknesses phase, moving to make compromise phase, compromising phase and conclusion/union phase. Before beginning to negotiate, first an individual must prepare and plan by setting goals, doing consultation, analyze the outcome of comprising on initial group position and ensure that the group agrees. At this phase, it is wise to mull over your group weakness and strengths, and that of the opponent. Do not leave anything to chances or underestimate the other group. By preparing and being ready, to comprise as a group will facilitate a victorious negotiation. Secondly, when a real negotiation begins, be polite and own up liability is necessary, try to understand their position and be in command of of a discussion. At this phase, as you ask probing questions, you will understand other party’s concerning and compare with yours before thinking about comprising your position based on laid down facts. Comprising facilitates successful negotiation, as both parties will satisfied as long as each understands to what extent has the other party shifted in their initial d
The research and analysis of numerous data carried out by medical laboratory workers contribute to improved prevention, diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. The history of the profession of medical laboratory technologists is going along with the development of practical medicine. In various state standards, this profession has different content and requirements for entry. Medical organizations often conduct internships in research labs, where students can experience being a laboratory technologist. This paper focuses on a description of the laboratory work activities at the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (TaARI) aimed at detecting the presence of coagulation factor 9 in mice with hemophilia B. It discusses the history and future of the profession of medical laboratory technologists, determines the core activities of the placement and considers the entry into the profession and relevant regulations of the governing body. History of the Profession Laboratory research, having appeared, did not immediately begin to influence the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Even nowadays, there are disputes about the extent of the actual impact of laboratory tests and experiments on practical medicine (Lippi, 2019). However, history has demonstrated many laboratory discoveries that have changed the approach to treatment. The first severe stage towards this integration took place in the 19th century. According to Ackerknecht and Haushofer (2016), they are associated with “Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs, who primarily studied liver disease, and Ludwig Traube, who experimentally investigated pneumonia and kidney and heart diseases” (p. 136). They have incorporated the results of their research into their medical practice. It should be noted that early laboratory tests were characterized by technological and methodological simplicity in comparison with modern research. In the 20th century, laboratory researchers began to use more advanced equipment aimed at investigating the indicators of various organic substances and their relationship to disease diagnoses. Lippi (2019) lists five most significant laboratory discoveries of the previous century. Among them, he refers to the discovery of cardiac troponins measurement for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis and procalcitonin measurement for the sepsis diagnosis (Lippi, 2019). In addition, researchers note that microbiology was born as a result of medical tests in laboratories (Ackerknecht & Haushofer, 2016). At present, medical laboratory technologists tend to work in groups at certain healthcare facilities and are engaged in exploratory studies and hypothesis testing. Their responsibilities include, but are not limited to investigating the contribution of various organic compounds to the genesis and development
Introduction Individuals prefer different approaches to the economy depending on available resources and personnel. Every type of approach has its requisites that must be met first which depend on political and social environment. The existing socio-political forces are taken into consideration before choosing the theory to be applied in development. The politics of the day and available resources shapes the kind of policies in any economic organization. The three perspectives have both strengths and weaknesses but for effective approach to the economy, a combination of two is recommended. The policy makers and leaders in general ought to be extra careful when coming up with an approach for handling the economic activities of a state. Liberal Economic Approach (Representing the Market) The major proponent of the theory was Adams Smith who postulated that an economy expands rapidly when it is left to operate on its own. He termed it as free market economy meaning the market logics are to be left to operate on their own. The approach encourages private accumulation of property; the state on its part should be viewed as a utility that facilitates opportunities for individual fulfillment of potentials. The state therefore, as a custodian of public good should provide services such as security, facilitation of infrastructure such as harbors and ports to facilitate exports/imports, construction of hydroelectric power complexes to produce energy to industries and good road network to expose the interior of the state to the outside world (Wendy pp 39). The approach argues that at no one time should the state interfere with the market logics. At other times, the economy experiences some turmoil. The state should intervene only to restore normalcy. The state withdraws immediately the situation is restored, without the state intervention; many people will default in payment of mortgages and loans. Non-payment of taxes that results from bad economic situation makes it difficult for government to operate. The government relies heavily on taxes for conducting its business and paying workers hence a bad economy paralyzes its activities. The theorists, from Adams Smith to Ricardo do agree that a free market economy encourages innovativeness, which further ensures happiness to the population. The market favors the most inventive and innovative manufacturer, consumers are interested in new products. It therefore follows that producers will be keen to produce products and services that consumers
Introduction The time value of money refers to the idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future, due to its potential earning capacity. According to this core principle of finance, money can earn interest. This means that a given sum of money (say a cash flow of $5,500) should be valued differently, depending on when the cash flow is to occur. If the interest rate is 10% per annum, the present value of $5,500 received at the end of the first year is $5,000. This is because $5,000 today can be invested at 10% to earn $500 interest at the end of the year. If the $5,500 is received at the end of two years from today, its present value is smaller than $5,000; it is approximately $4,546 (Dayananda et al, 2002). Thus, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received. This is also referred to as “present discounted value”. The main concept of TVM is that a single sum of money or a series of equal, evenly-spaced payments or receipts promised in the future can be converted to an equivalent value today. Conversely, it is possible to determine the value to which a single sum or a series of future payments will grow at some future date. One can calculate the fifth value if given any four of Interest Rate, Number of Periods, Payments, Present Value, and Future Value (Gallagher and Andrew, 1996). These are the components of the time value of money. If a person had money in hand he can invest it and have more of it in the future. However, when he invests in the future, it is possible that inflation will decrease its value in the future. The further into the future one receives the money, the less valuable it becomes. Commercial banks The time value of money is used in many aspects of banking. One such application is in the realm of mortgage financing. If a person borrowed $100,000 to purchase a house and paid the loan back over 30 years at 10% interest, one would end up spending almost $320,000 on the loan. What makes the mortgage loan appear expensive is ignoring the time value of money. Although the mortgage load would require almost $32000 in future payments, a lender would only pay $100,000 for the loan to get a 10% return. The loan’s present value is $100,000(Kieso and Weygandt, 1993). Considering another application in commercial banks, the effect of compound interest increases the return from investment because of time value. Credit card financial service companies: Credit card interest is the principal way in which card issuers generate revenue. A card issuer is a bank that gives a consumer a card or account number that can be used with various payees to make payments and borrow money from the bank simultaneously. The bank pays the payee and then charges the cardholder interest over the time the money remains borrowed. This is greater than the money borrowed because of the time value of money. Banks suffer losses when cardholders do not pay back the borrowed money as agreed. Insurance companies An insurance settlement is an amount given by the insurance company to the defendant of some kind of insurance claim. The insurance company that covered the defendan
Introduction O. R. Chaparro, C. J. Segura, J. M. Navaro, and R. J. Thompson research on the feeding strategies of female gastropods (snails/slugs), scientifically classified as Credipula fecunda. The study focuses on the effect of food supply on the feeding strategy of C. fecunda . It is interesting to note that most gastropods can change sexes at some point in life (protandric hermaphrodites). Young and mature males can move from one place to another, but mature females lack locomotory senses (Chaparro et al. 79). Changing sexes from male to female takes away the mobility, and shifts feeding patterns from a combination of using the radula (tongue) and gills (suspension-feeding), to exclusively using gills to feed (Chaparro et al. 80). Hypothesis The hypothesis is that snails and other mollusks alter the feeding mechanisms based on the amount of food available in the water habitat. The hypothesis is the basis of establishing mechanical, physical, and biochemical responses of the limpets (snails) to food concentration and quality. The research focuses on the control of feeding through the food canal and food pouch and the excretion of pseudofaeces from the digestive tracts when food supply levels are high (Chaparro et al. 80). Discussion Sampling and Variables The study samples were immobile female gastropods of the C. fecunda classification with shell length of 35-45 mm. The samples were collected from the intertidal ecosystem (an area of varying tides) of Yaldad Bay, located on Chiloe Island, southern Chile (43 ˚08́ S, 73 ˚44́ W). The variables used were shell length (35-45 mm), sea water temperature (16.5-17.5˚) and algae volume (15000-200,000 cells ml -1 ) (Chaparro et al. 80). Experimental Procedures The gastropods were sampled from the pebble substrate and reattached to a clear glass plate. All the reattached limpet (snail) samples were placed at in 20-1 tanks containing filtered (0.45µm) sea water for 48 hours at 16.5-17.5˚ C and 30 psu. The C. fecunda were fed on algae that had been cultured (reproduced) in the lab at concentration levels of 15000-200,000 cells ml -1 . The maximum concentration levels depicted a chlorophyll- a value of 100 µg 1 -1 . The maximum levels of concentration at the natural habitat in Yaldad bay were 40 µg 1 -1 (80). Each sample was acclimated in a separate 1.3-1 container with a continuous flow of filtered sea water at the optimum concentration levels. The C. fecunda were observed at intervals for two hours each (Chaparro et al. 80). The observation involved inverting the limpet on a supporting frame to study the abdomen through the transparent glass plate, mounted on a dissecting microscope lens. A Pulnix TMC7 video camera fitted to the microscope eased recording of the movement of food through the food canal and food pouch, and the excretion of pseudofaeces from the digestive tract. The two hours of observation per limpet enabled observation of normal feeding strategies. The C. fecunda fed, deposited eggs and cleaned the egg mass normally (Chaparro et al. 80). The feeding activity was captured as follows: Mucous Ball The volume of the mucous ball was calculated as 4/3
Introduction Cloud computing has emerged as a technology that can increase organizational performance by offering numerous competitive advantages to the company. This technology offers distributive IT hardware and software capabilities to a company therefore saving costs that would have been incurred on IT infrastructure. The efficiency of business operations is increased as the organization is able to become more agile and effective by scaling its IT infrastructure. However, companies are wary of some threats attributed to cloud computing services. This fear has made some companies hesitant to transfer their data to cloud computing services. This paper will highlight some of these fears and proceed to illustrate how the threats can be mitigated using solutions that are available in the market today. Overview of Cloud Computing Services While the concepts behind cloud computing have been in use for decades, the cloud computing phenomenon has become more prevalent over the last 6 years. Rajnish et al. (2011) define cloud computing as a “pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service” (p. 1227). It gives organizations access to numerous resources at a reduced cost. Cloud computing provides different services to the end users. The first is software as a service and cloud service providers run this. The services offered by cloud computing include application services which are also known as services on demand. The end user of the cloud computing services uses applications. In most cases, this end user is abstracted from the details of how the application runs behind the scenes. The customers do not own or manage the infrastructure or software (Qaisar & Khawaja, 2012). Cloud computing also offers platform as a service. This is essentially a tool used by developers to develop websites without having specialized software installed on the system. Qaisar and Khawaja (2012) state that the application tools make it possible for users to execute programs without any administrative expertise. The final service offered though cloud computing is an infrastructure which is the physical assets. The infrastructure as a service is owned, operated, maintained, and controlled by the cloud service providers. According to Mendhe and Kamble
In “Great Gullet Creek ”, Laure-Anne Bosselaar employs images to vividly picture the physical realm of the Belgian countryside and her emotions. By “polders,” the author refers to low-lying pieces of land designed to prevent the flooding around potato plants. “Brood” refers to the act of being angry or unhappy. In the poem, the author personifies “old congruent clouds” by saying they return over polders and brood, while “congruent” relates to the harmonious and in-agreement. “Froth” are the bubbles formed in a liquid caused by some disturbance. “Forlorn” is the state of being abandoned and lonely, while “muskrats” is medium-large-sized rats and mice (Bosselaar). In the first five stanzas, the author paints the picture of the weather and generally sets the tone of the following lines. The poem occurs during the Christmas period, in 1949, and in January since the author writes, “January chews my cheeks” (Bosselaar). The place is most likely Belgian countryside as the author refers to “Flemish winds” (Bosselaar), and specifically the “village of Kieldrecht”. The poem’s speaker is a six-year-old child from the city visiting a farmer in the countryside. The “oldest farmer” is most likely a religious person since he kisses a “small cross from his vest” (Bosselaar). The oldest farmer also takes care of and protects the speaker of the poem. My favorite sensory detail is in the line “open the door to a wind sharp as nettles” (Bosselaar). The author refers to nettles to show the stinging nature of the wind. The poem’s subject is the narrative of a little girl experiencing the “anger of Flemish winds” in the countryside (Bosselaar). The poem’s tone is partly gloomy and partly warm. Gloom is due to poor weather and the absence of the speaker’s parents on Christmas, and warmth is due to the farmer’s care and friendly cafe, sweet fruits, and stove. I enjoyed the poem since, through vivid imagery, the author enables the reader to experience a part of Belgium. The author also presents images of the physical world to convey the speaker’s emotions and moods (Meyer and Miller 420). Thus, while using simple words, the poem made me feel that I have skated with the characters over the “Great Gullet Creek ” . Works Cited Bosselaar, Laure-Anne. “Great Gullet Creek.” Web del Sol , 2001. Meyer, Michael, and D. Quentin Miller. Literature to Go . 4th ed., Bedford/St. Martins, 2020.
Hawthorne Study It is important to understand how the components of the Hawthorne study are incorporated into current human resource functions. According to Nord (2012), the Hawthorne study determined that people tended to improve their performance when they realize that they are under research. They also responded positively to change when they realized that the top management is caring about them, and the changes are meant to make the work environment to be more accommodating for them. This can be incorporated into the current human resource functions by constantly making junior employees appreciate that changes are being affected for their benefit and to improve their performance. For instance, the marin
The Australian economy in the 1990s and 2000s There was high growth in investment and employment in the 2000s. Before the global financial crisis, the Australian economy had experienced “17 consecutive years of economic growth” (OECD, 2010, p. 2). Brown & Davis (2009) discuss that the Australian economy did not experience the severity of the 2008 financial crisis because it had operated under an economic surplus for several years. It had also maintained a positive balance of payment for several years. Eslake (2006) explains that Australia’s unemployment rate went above 11% in 1992. The unemployment rate had been above 3% once since the the1940s went above 4% in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s recessions. During the 2008 financial crisis, unemployment increased (see table 1). According to graph 1, it has not gone back to the level it was before the financial crisis. Graph 1. Graph 2. Source: plotted from the ABS data (Labor Force Australia, 6202.0, 2013). Australia’s GDP per capita had fallen by about 8% in the 1900s following the impact of the three recessions. The inflation rate was above 10% in the early 1990s (Eslake, 2006). The economy performed well after recovering from the early 1990s recession. The inflation rate and the unemployment rate had been maintained at lower levels. Graph 3 shows a major fall in net national disposable income during the financial crisis (from table 2). The economy is currently operating under a deficit. A deficit comes from measures taken by the government to prevent a recession. Graph 3. Graph 4. Source: plotted from the ABS data (Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure, and Product, Cat. 5206.0, 2013). The Reserve Bank has struggled to maintain the inflation rate below 3%. Eslake (2006, p. 26) discusses that “in 1993, the Reserve Bank adopted an inflation rate target of 2%-3% per annum.” In 1996, the target was made to become an agreement between the government and the governor of the Reserve Bank. Graph 5. Graph 6. Source: ABS database (Measures of consumer price inflation, 2013, see table 3). Eslake (2006) explains that the Reserve Bank uses the cash rate targets similar to those used in the U.S. The cash rate has been lower since the early 1990s recession. Eslake (2006) explains that Australian inflation rates were high and unstable before the 1990s because the monetary policy was used to target multiple objectives. Its ineffectiveness is also blamed on political influence. In 1996, the impact was removed when the Reserve Bank was allowed to carry out its policies without consulting with the government so long as they meet the set target. The Australian Government implemented trade policies that allowed the country to compete freely with the world. The opening up of the commodities market started in the 1980s