ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The connection between federalism and protection of civil liberties is discussed by many researchers as the controversial point. In their article “State Courts, the U.S. Supreme Court, and the Protection of Civil Liberties”, Howard, Graves, and Flowers focus on the role of federalism for the further protection of the people’s civil liberties with references to the potential division of duties and responsibilities between the regional and central governments in order to contribute to emphasizing civil liberties and rights (Howard, Graves, & Flowers, 2006). It is important to note that the authors discuss this question while concentrating on the role of ideology in the process of state courts and the U.S. Supreme Court’s cooperation. Thus, the intended audience of the article is the representatives of the regional and central governments and the representatives of the U.S. legislative sphere as well as the persons interested in the question. Howard, Graves, and Flowers claim that state courts are too conservative to realize the specific shift to the ideals of new federalism which can be effective to promote the protection of civil liberties in the country. To support this vision, the authors have conducted the event count analysis depending on the study of the specific state search-and-seizure cases. The cases for discussion were chosen from the period of 1981-1993. While examining the cases, Howard, Graves, and Flowers paid much attention to the ideological component with references to the state courts and the U.S. Supreme Court’s relations. The idea of the expanded and accentuated federalism was discussed with references to the examined cases, and three spatial models based on the degree of intrusiveness were developed to investigate the potential for the further division of responsibilities among the courts. These spatial models were stated as regimes according to which the authors formulated their hypotheses (Howard, Graves, & Flowers, 2006). The findings of the case analysis supported the hypotheses that regional courts could contribute to the intensified protection of civil liberties, conservative state courts could be discussed as a kind of prevention for the policies, and the ideological component could influence the idea of newly developed feder
Social Responsibility Just as it is every company’s accountability, adhering to social responsibility is a commitment of every member of society. Being socially obliged is an indication of a person’s consent to self-management and social awareness skills, which includes understanding the effect of one’s decision on others. Whether on a corporate or individual level, it is beneficial to observe aspects of societal ones. The benefits of social responsibility include managing ethical blowback, consent to embracing the future, and lastly ensuring the establishment of humans and the environment. The Benefits of Social Responsibilities Noble individual living and company existence is determined by abilities to manage ethical blowbacks. Ethics means going beyond and above legal needs in meeting societal expectations (Geethamani, 2017). Such aspects as producing valuable products and taking care of employees and the environment are some of the considerations that corporates and individuals invest in to control moral dilemmas. Being socially accountable means managing issues that cause the right concerns beforehand. Additionally, embracing communal sociality supports the contentment of the future because it involves conservation. When industries and individuals protect seas and soils and show acts that preserve lives, they approve of a need for a bright future. Thus, it increases the chances of living in a world that supports harmony between the environment and its inhabitants. Social responsibility also causes human and environmental establishment, considering that, once the exchange between the environment and people is healthy, virtuous living is achieved. How My Organization Implement Social Responsibility Initiatives Apple.Inc is one of the companies that observe and implement social responsibility concerns. For instance, the company follows all the legal aspects and labors beyond the need to honor the operative legal obligation. The 1990s pollution prevention Act has been a guiding tool for the company in terms of maintaining a healthy environment (Geethamani, 2017). Under the guidance of Lisa Jackson, the company has innovated various programs, among them, there is the Global Volunteer Program which encourages the workers to share resources and expertise with the community as needed. By choosing the projects they want, employees achieve the need to be socially responsible in supporting the public. Reference Geethamani, S. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages of corporate social responsibility . International Journal of Applied Research , 3 (3). 372-374.
A national curriculum refers to the blueprint utilized by learning institutions for teaching and learning processes (Kamotsu, 1999, p3). The curriculum outlines the subjects to be taught in different schools or in institutions of higher learning, skills and knowledge needed in each subject and the benchmarks in each subjects. Tutors can use these aspects to assess students’ progress and make plans for subsequent learning. Within the structure of the National Curriculum, learning institutions are allowed to customize their teaching and learning programs in the best way possible so that they can best meet the needs of their students. For example, there are many schools that use the Qualification Curriculum Authority Schemes of Work (QCASW) to organize their curriculum. One of the main benefits of QCASW is that many schools are able to convert objectives of the National Curriculum into teaching and learning processes (Bernhardt, 2004, p. 4). It is well known that there are several countries that use a National Curriculum. These are: Japan, Italy, Netherlands, Korea, England, New Zealand and China, among others. However, majority of the states in the US use general guidelines for their core curriculum. A National Curriculum has several advantages. For instance, it creates an integrated educational front. In other words, all schools in different states stay on the same page. It also establishes common benchmarks that are used to compare curricula of different states. A National Curriculum makes it possible to have a uniform certification for teaching standards across the board. In addition, a National Curriculum can identify strong/weak areas within the education structure. It also benefits students who shift from one state to another. Moreover, a National Curriculum guarantees a post-secondary consistency. It offers a way to evaluate students outside of the SAT, ACT and other standardized tests (Kamotsu, 1999, p.7). A national curriculum also has a number of disadvantages. For instance, it creates a conflict of interest between stakeholders. Usually, it is the lawmakers (and not teachers, parents, etc) who decide what is important to be included in the curriculum. In some cases, a national curriculum is no accessible in rural areas. Besides, some teachers require additional training to cover topics in certain areas. A national curriculum also does not cover other types of schools such as: charter, private and the home schooled. Another major disadvantage of a national curriculum is that it grants the federal government (and not the state governments) powers to appropriate educational funds. Consequently, more power is granted to people who are least involved in the education sector. Finally, a national curriculum may not be appropriate in countries such as the United States where diverse cultures perceive certain aspects of education differently (Kamotsu, 1999, p. 12). Granted, there is no perfect curriculum that can bring about the desired results. Nonetheless, some improvements can be made to the existing plans in order to boost efficiency in the teaching and learning activities. As teachers embark on a journey to mold
The Second World War became the period when Australia got to participate in a massive armed conflict for the first time in its post colonial history. It is also important to mention that at that time Australian troops had to take part in two wars. They fought on the Second World War against Germany and Italy, and they also participated in the battled of the Pacific War fought against Japanese invasion. Around a million of Australian men and women started their military service in order to protect their motherland and its allies. Over twenty thousand of Australian people were killed during these conflicts, and over twenty thousand were wounded and injured. In the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, when Great Britain declared war to Germany the Australian troops headed to Europe to assist their allies, but a new threat occurred in the South Pacific. Since Great Britain joined the war in Europe, Australia immediately became its ally, the political leaders of both countries announced that Australia and Great Britain should be associated as a solid union, so if one of these states is at war, then so is the other one. After 1939 the troops of Australia were mainly based in Europe. The divisions stationed on the Australian territory were quite weak and could not resist the Japanese invasion that happened in the South Pacific in 1941. This was the time when another ally of Australia, the United States, arrived to the rescue. The two massive wars Australia took part in at that time were very different. Both of them were a threat for the people of Australia, its land and independence. Australia entered both wars as an ally of Great Britain, protecting its influence and authority in the world, fighting to save the imperial defense system that was crucial for the Australia as a guarantee of protection during the conflict with Japan in the South Pacific. The main difference between the Second World War and the Pacific War is the fact that the latter became a direct threat for the Australian lands and people. The horrors Australian troops had to go through during the battle for the Kokoda Track in Papua were unavoidable because the Australian troops had to prevent the Japanese invaders from taking over the Port Moresby, which would open them a way towards a great part of North Eastern Australia (Long, 1973). Kokoda campaign was one of the most dangerous operations that Australian protectors had to deal with. First of all, the climate in that area is very harsh and rainy, there is a high danger of catching various diseases and
Introduction Most banks have very explicit credit score policies. Presently, most employees including interns, struggle with high financial debts. This situation affects their likelihood of acquiring employment within most institutions (Mays 11). There is a clear indication that certain category of employees that lacks adequate knowledge about the concept of credit scores. Employees within the human resources department have critical responsibilities. Some of these include creating a comprehensive awareness on issues about credit scores. This business memo targets the student interns within a local bank. The memo contains general information about the credit scores. Apart from this, it also explains the importance of credit scores. Lastly, it outlines the various measures required to increase the points for the credit scores. Credit Scores A special number is normally attached to an individual’s credit score. The number is generated from an algorithm system. The data obtained from a person’s credit report is very critical. It is applicable in the mathematical computation of the credit score. There are several considerations in the development and setting of the credit score. For instance, it has an important ability to predict risks. The risk approximation period usually extends to about two years (Weston 20). The system is designed to help in the prediction of an individual’s likelihood to become severely delinquent. Principally, the system is applied in the scrutiny of a person’s credit obligations within a specified time interval. Several models are applicable in the credit-scoring process. However, competitive models such as the “FICO credit score” model are widely applicable. The system dominates the domestic and global environments. The US is one of the leading nations in which the FICO scoring model is in current use. All employees must be aware of the modes of operation and impacts of the credit score (Fair Isaac Corporation 2012). Most organizations have different policies and operational frameworks regarding the credit score. According to the “FICO scores,” there are various ranges provided in the system. The ranges vary from three-hundred to 850. Therefore, it is upon the individuals to be aware of the most suitable credit score. Nonetheless, most systems indicate that the higher numbers depict very low risks. Most individuals have three of the FICO scores. These scores are provided by three different agencies. These include the “Equifax, Experian and TransUnion” (Mays 36). It is important to note that most individuals may only access the scores generated from “Equifax and TransUnion FICO.” This follows the exclusion of the third firm from the credit-scoring scheme by myFICO.com. The exclusion of Experian occurred in 2009. The creditors apply this concept in the determinati
Mediation is a way of resolving conflicts aimed at helping partners who decided to get divorced go through this process with as little complications as possible. The role of a divorce mediator is not an easy one, particularly when the decision to address his or her services is not voluntary but mandatory. The process of divorce mediation requires thorough preparation and taking into consideration a number of factors. Out of all the available mediation styles, the transformative approach seems to be the most appropriate when dealing with the process of family separation. Mediation is one of three approaches to terminating a marriage, along with litigation and collaboration (Bartelmie, 2011). Litigation presupposes an attorney-client relationship and involves a husband versus wife or a wife versus husband court application during which much of personal information about the partners is made public due to a desire of the two people to gain an advantage over each other. The process of litigation is lengthy and complicated. The major role during the process belongs to the attorneys. It is hardly possible for future ex-partners to sustain good relationships when they choose this type of conflict resolution (Bartelmie, 2011). Collaboration is a more civilized approach. Although it also involves attorneys, in this case, they work as two teams aiming at finding the most beneficial solutions for both parties. These teams may be expanded and may include coaches, child specialists, financial consultants, and appraisers, who all work together to simplify the divorce process as much as possible (Bartelmie, 2011). Compared to litigation and collaboration, mediation is the best option for couples who wish to avoid the involvement of the court and prefer to choose a third, independent party to manage the process of separation. Mediation is the most democratic approach to a divorce process because, at its core, it has integrity rather than hostility (Schwartzberg, 2009). During the process of mediation, the emphasis is put on partners’ willingness to negotiate and cooperate. Unlike litigation and collaboration approaches where a husband and a wife are in opposing teams, mediation presupposes that a family is a “cli
Introduction The fundamental motivation behind the establishment of Rococo Chocolate was the window of opportunity that existed in London. However, the passion of the founder of Rococo was also a key driving force. In addition to passion, profit maximization is also a main reason for the establishment of any business. A marketing plan critically examines the company in a holistic manner. Moreover, it focuses on the marketing strategies, performance, strategic positioning, measures achievement, and evaluation of company objectives. In this case, Rococo Chocolate Company will be evaluated using two main approaches; these are SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis and PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, and Legal Factors) analysis (Ferrell & Hartline 2008, Pp. 104). SWOT analysis Rococo Chocolates Company has various Strengths. When evaluating the strengths, we consider what makes Rococo Chocolate Company stand out from the rest, what it excels in, what unique expertise, and abilities the company posses. Accordingly, Strengths are both internal and external aspects. Rococo Chocolate Company produces a wide-range of chocolates. This is due to prompt responsiveness in customer needs satisfaction. In light of this, the company won an award for changing the attitude of people towards chocolates. This clearly shows that they ahead in the market. In addition, they have a large number of outlets for their products across the country. Secondly, the company has established a school to teach people about chocolates. This is because they are market leaders. They also organize events, which is a great marketing tool. However, it is also a major tactic of strategic positioning in the minds of consumers. Product classification according to accessions, person, and purpose is also a major strength. This includes chocolates for birthdays, weddings, and anniversaries. When evaluating the weaknesses, we consider the competitive advantage of other companies in the same industry. What people think of as the company weakness and what the company can do better (Ferrell & Hartline 2008, Pp. 59). Rococo does not have an aggressive marketing strategy to push products to the market they still can do a lot more in respect to this. However, the company has managed to minimize on the weaknesses. This is a very positive approach in regards to company progress. When evaluating
Things Fall Apart is a real masterpiece by Chinua Achebe about devotion to traditions and culture, about non-avertable changes, about religion, and about people attitude to novelties and their abilities to defend their own interests. Written in 1958, this novel by Nigerian author touches so many readers and makes them look at this world in many different ways. In order to create such a wonderful story about life and death, Chinua Achebe evaluated the work by Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness , analyzed what made African culture so unique, and got the necessary education to present his ideas in a clear and captivating way. Such characters like Okonkwo, Ikemefuna, and Mr. Brown help to comprehend how it is difficult to go with times, be ready to face challenges, and not forget about own interests and values. Things Fall Apart is a literary work that represents the development of several different ideas like the importance of religion, significance of culture, and power that leads to conflicts of different types; Chinua Achebe made a wonderful attempt to introduce a fiction that characterizes real life problems and challenges, and people’s abilities to cope with them or be defeated by them. Achebe introduced Things Fall Apart for the first time in 1959. By then, he was already known as the founder of Nigerian literary movements, which were aimed to raise the significance of African culture and traditions. At college, Achebe was interested in theology and history, this is why his work is full of numerous historical facts and grounds. The point is that when Achebe comprehended how serious the struggle between religions was, he made a choice and stood by his Nigerian roots. Not every reader knows that his real Christian name was Albert, but he rejected this name and chose Chinua, his indigenous name. Taking into consideration all these facts about Achebe’s real life, it is not that difficult to predict what his work can be about. With time, Achebe became a critic of his own works and admitted that Things Fall Apart may be regarded as “an act of atonement with my past, the ritual return and homage of a prodigal son” (Gikandi, 25). Desire to prove that African culture was still of great importance, Achebe’s abilities to introduce captivating stories in clear and simple words, and necessity to encourage people for great actions and ideas – this is what motivated Achebe to start writing Things Fall Apart . One more interesting point about the creation of Things Fall Apart is its polemics to one more work about the Africans and their traditions. Heart of Darkness is a genius work by Joseph Conrad, who made an attempt to represent African people as the nat
“Smoke Signals” movie is based on the short story “This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona” by Sherman Alexie. However, a few differences can be found between them. The paper will present the argument concerning the fact that “Smoke Signals” movie offers more important details revealing the personality of Arnold than the novel thus helping his son to see him as a better man and feel real inner peace after this. Speaking about what is in common between the movie and the novel it should be first of all stated that the movie is based on the novel and thus basically has the same plot. At the same time “Smoke Signals” movie provides more information to understand what sort of a person was the main protagonist’s father Arnold. In general, both of the masterpieces under consideration speak on the same problem of the relationships between fathers and sons. The interesting fact is that Sherman Alexie, the author of “This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona” novel also suffered from this problem: his father was a drunkard. That is why the book has a very special attitude to the problem when compared to the movie (West 29). In addition, the film and the novel both relate the very important topic of true companionship based on Victor Joseph’s and Thomas Builds-the-Fire’s relationships. The main events of the story plot of both works deal with Arnold’s death in Phoenix, Arizona, and Thomas’ and Victor’s trip to collect his ashes and belongings. As the journey begins and continues Victor learns a lot of important information about his father and what sort of a man he was. He also understands how his friend Thomas values him and is willing to help. Considering the differences between the movie and the novel two main points should be discussed: the fire of 1976 Independence Day and the character of Suzy Song. Alexies’ story does not reveal as many details about Victor’s father as the movie does. The main reason for this is the presence of Thomas and Suzy characters in the movie. The other reason why the movie has more details about Victor’s father to offer to the audience is the fire on the 1976 Independence Day. First of all the movie tells about the fire on the Independence Day of 1976 when Thomas’ parents were killed. With the development of a story plot, it becomes evident that Arnold (Victor’s biological father and Thomas’ adoptive one) was the one to originate the fire and thus became guilty in Thomas’ parent’s death. If to compare it with the novel it tells that Thomas’ father, on the contrary, died in Okinawa in World War II and his mother