ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Chronic diseases are considered those diseases that are incurable for a long period of time mainly from three months onwards. They are referred to as chronic since they develop over a long period of time and in most cases they are incurable and therefore the individuals have to live with the consequence of the diseases. Some of the diseases that are considered chronic include arthritis, diabetes, asthma, hepatitis, cardiovascular complications and high blood pressure among others. Most of these diseases are prevalent in old age with 90% of the senior citizens having one or two chronic diseases (Bardana, 2007, p. 12).This paper will look at the main effects of chronic diseases in the lifestyle of the individuals and analyze the causes and the preventive measures of diabetes as a chronic disease. The paper also analyses asthma and its relations to air pollution Consequences Chronic diseases are a big challenge to the individuals suffering from them since they affect the normal living of the persons. The first major consequence is the cost of treatment which requires a lot of resources. The chronic illness patients need a lot of care and counseling which requires financial resources. Chronic illness also means that such individuals will have to bear the chronic pain that comes with the chronic illness. The individuals are also on medication through out their lives in order to prevent the occurrence of other complications or reduce pain. This may become very frustrated especially if the individuals do not have enough resources to cater for their medication. Fear of death is a major effect that affects the individuals psychologically (Bardana, 2007, p. 18). They are sure of no cure and some may give up and just wait for death. Most of these patients actually will suffer from depression if they lack proper care and counseling. Another effect of the chronic diseases is that in most case it leads to disability especially on reaching its advanced stages. This may cause stress to a lot of individuals who may not be able to do their normal duties as they used to do them. They result in relying and depending on other people for simple tasks. They may find this difficult to cope with as they view themselves as a burden to other individuals. Causes of Diabetes According to the medical fraternity the main causes of diabetes are still unknown. However there are those factors that are considered to cause the condition. One of the risk factors is the inheritance factor. If a family has a history of diabetes running in the family for many years then hereditary factors will play a big role in it developing within the individuals from that family. Another major cause is poor diet. Taking foods that contain too much carbohydrates, proteins and fats can lead to diabetes in the long run. Too much of these foods impair the pancreas from producing insulin and thus leading to diabetes. A close condition related to diet is obesity which is considered another
Introduction The Mongol realm was famously called the Mongolian empire. The domain existed during the period of 14 th to the 15 th century. The territory is believed to be the largest and strongest joining empire that existed in history. The kingdom began in the central Asian steppes extending to the Middle East that was a wide area. Figuratively, it spanned averagely 9,700 km that is averagely 24,000,000km 2 , with a population of 100 million. In its last years, the Mongol empire was wiped by a plague that was famously named the Black Death. The paper discusses the age of the plague in relation to the Mongol empire and how it represented the birth of the modern world. Discussion The plague and birth of the new world The assumption that the plague represented the birth of the new world is quite accurate. It is written that the black plague brought the end of the Mongol empire starting from the east, and heading to the west. The plague came into play during the era of learning and discovery in Europe. The Mongolians had ignored to conquer Eastern Europe since they felt that they did not have anything that they thought would be of any value to them. In addition, the land of the Hungarians was unsuitable for their lifestyle that was nomadic. From that relation, Eastern Europe was not affected by the euphoria of the Mongols, and thus the spread of the Black Death led to the rise of the empire in the real sense since it did not affect Eastern Europe adversely. Consequently, this led to the great power shift since the Mongolian empire was unfavorably weakened by the plague (Sue 3). In reality, the Mongolians may have been part of the spread of the plague since they had been quite hygienic. Prior to the spread of the disease, as aforementioned, the Mongolian empire was the strongest in the world. The Black Death, therefore, led to the rise of Western Europe since if the Mongols had not spared the lands, they all would be wiped out, and the Mongols, although weak, would still have some control of the world and would not fall. Sparing Eurasia was a bad idea due to the facts that have been aforementioned. The end of the Mongolian empire led to the rise of the new power that is Western Europe. Therefore, in line with the thesis statement, it is evident that Western Europe that later became very strong in the subsequent years would not have been possible if there was no way that they were spared. The plague wiped out the Middle East that included Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Primarily the Mongols occupied these areas. The death rates that occurred in the area wiped out almost 70% of the population (Chua 4). The death in Paris, which was a city that had almost 200,000, was reduced by a half. The Mongols also occupied this city. In addition, Italy was another city that the Mongols occupied, and the population like in Paris was almost halved. These and many more issues led to the fall of the Mongolian empire and the rise of the Western power that they had ignored to wipe out. The plague did not affect the lands of the Western Europeans due to
Introduction For the last one decade, Senseo has been an important contributor to the coffee appliances business. The company breakthrough in coffee pod machine has enabled consumers to make quality coffee faster than before (Hollensen, 2010, p.140). Small size and ease of use from Senseo system helps in making the necessary coffee cup. Many households today rely on Senseo automated coffee pod machine. The company highlights the coffee pod machine and coffee pods as the ensuing unique value adds in the current global market. These are products that can rapidly obtain, analyze and take action on real-time data inputs. For the products such as coffee pods, Senseo is a market leader in many European countries while it also serves other foreign markets in America continent. The uncertainties associated with each market are different and part of the Senseo story. The constant adaptation of products and business strategies are defining features of Senseo as a business. This is an important accomplishment of the firm especially when it comes to international expansion. The stiff competition in the global coffee market suggests the need for strategic entry into foreign markets in order to increase the market share (Hollensen, 2010, p.142). Beginning with the development of the patented coffee machine and brewing process in 2001 and extending to Senseo one-of-a-kind coffee ponds, international marketing initiatives have been considered by Senseo as the key to business success. The international alliance between Philips and Douwe Egberts is not just incremental gain but performance gain of an order of magnitude. Concurrently, Senseo has long invested in international market expansion which is another imperative part of this case. Senseo is the result of the partnership between electronics expert Philips and coffee roaster Douwe Egberts both of which have a degree of autonomy (Hollensen, 2010, p.139). Royal Philips Electronics is based in Netherlands while Douwe Egberts is based in Denmark. Both of these firms have expanded internationally with substantial brand recognition across the world. This case study is focused on the competitive advantage created through this
Abstract Schizophrenia is a mental disorder currently affecting several individuals due to stresses and strains for life. Despite there not being a cure for the disorder as yet, there are current treatments available and meant to eliminate the majority of symptoms associated with the disorder thus enabling such individuals to live healthy lives in society. Personal Interest in this topic Personal interest was developed in the topic concerning Schizophrenia because it developed a curiosity in wanting to observe other people’s perceptions of the movies and their thoughts on the disorder. I also wanted to learn more about Schizophrenia and how I can best identify its symptoms. In this way, I would be in a better position to handle and deal with individuals suffering from the disorder if I am ever placed or if I ever find myself in such a situation. Introduction Psychology can be defined as the study of the mind and/or soul of an individual in addition to his/her mental behaviors and functions (Bermudez, 2001). It is a diverse and wide field consisting of major areas of application within itself, for instance, abnormal and biological psychology. Biological psychology or biopsychology is that part charged with studying how biological processes affect the behavior and mind of an individual (Frith & Gallagher, 2002). On the other hand, abnormal psychology studies psychopathology and abnormal human behavior (Zahavi, 2001). In this case, professional psychiatrists dealing with mental health usually make use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as the DSM-IV in diagnosing various mental disorders which include Schizophrenia (Hirsch & Weinberger, 2003). Term Paper A Brief Synopsis of Revolution #9 There have been recent films depicting the mental disorder, Schizophrenia which includes A Beautiful Mind and Conspiracy Theory. In these films, the challenges faced by individuals suffering from this mental disorder are portrayed as well as the toll it has on friends and families associated with such individuals (Frith & Gallagher, 2002). Revolution #9 is a film by Tim McCann depicting some form of slipping down the life of the protagonist. Jackson, played by Michael Risley appears to be a normal average man who all of a sudden develops this belief that he is being surrounded by secret messages (Bermudez, 2001). Being an expressive writer for a certain online magazine dealing with arts, he believes that these messages are sent through e-mail spam and television perfume advertisement. He also suspects the nephew of his fiancée, Kim Kelly, played by Adrienne Shelly as being part of the conspiracy (Frith & Gallagher, 2002). Jackson and Kelly who work as a restaurant bartender have been together for the last year and a half when he announces their upcoming wedding to his fiancée’s relatives. Kelly’s nephew (Jase Blankfort) is an 11-year-old computer whiz whom Jackson suspects of sending those se
The modern mass media influence the audience’s social and cultural perceptions to a large extent. Nowadays, the television and other informational resources often become the broadcasters of narrow, unrealistic, and negative images of particular social, and ethnic minor groups in the USA. In this way, mass media may be regarded as the main source of gender and racial prejudices’ creation. Moreover, it contributes to the development of the hostile attitudes towards minorities, and it may be regarded as one of the basic reasons for the lack of open-mindedness in the modern US society. According to Azocar, the current elementary education system and television often depict the American Indians in a stereotypical way (122). In the mass media, the image of the Native Americans is primarily defined from the Western point of view and according to their ideologies and perspectives on the historical events and culture. In this way, the mass media take part in the formation of public perceptions, and, at the same time, in shaping the cultural identity of the minor groups. The stereotypes promoted by television induce the social division and comparison which may affect the minor group members’ self-esteem and social identity (Trebbe and Schoenhagen 411). In the highly diverse US community, it is important to pay attention to the voice of each social group. The development of the Native American mass media will contribute to the expansion of the current one-sided and narrow worldview. As a result, the US mass media will assist the creation of the sound and holistic picture of the world. Stages of Minority Representation by the Media In 1969, the scholar Cedric Clark introduced a model of the chronological stages according to which mass media depicts the minor groups (Fitzgerald 367). These stages are nonrecognition, ridicule, regulation, and respect. At the first stage of nonrecognition, the group is excluded from the broadcasting, and the information about it is not spread at all. It may be regarded as a form of the social exclusion. At the second stage, the dominant group exalts its own image at the expense of the minor group. The level of ridicule is characterized by the stereotyping and humiliation. At the third stage of regulation, the members of the minor groups commence acquiring the positive features; the representatives of the minor groups start to fulfill the role of the social “regulators: police officers, soldiers, public-school teachers, administrators, and government functionaries” (Fitzgerald 371). As a result, the overall image of the minority starts improving. Finally, the last stage is characterized by the equality – the minorities are assigned with all the spectrum of social roles, both positive and negative,
Introduction- thesis statement In most of the conversations that individuals have, one often does not listen fully to what the speaker addresses. In several instances, the listener often provides partial attention and usually focuses on other issues that may or may not be related t the subject. The listener often assumes to be familiar with the subject being addressed and pounds on the response he would give to the speaker. Much information is often lost in this ‘partial’ listening process due to a misunderstanding. The speaker is also not motivated by the listener and is often reluctant to provide reliable information. A therapist who provides less attention to a patient describing his or her condition is likely to make therapeutic measures. Thus, active listening is an important tool that helps therapists to provide the best therapy to their clients. Active listening Active listening is a situation in which the listener pays attention and responds to the speaker’s words so that both of them obtain a common understanding of the concept being addressed (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998, para.1). It involves listening to the speaker and then provides a response on how the listener has perceived the speaker’s statements. The listener paraphrases the statements from the speaker to confirm if they were understood correctly. The listener shares the information with the speaker and should not make a prejudgment (Hoppe, 2007, p.6) Active listening in a therapeutic setting In the therapeutic setting, the therapist is required to listen to the victim as the victim narrates or expresses his feelings about a given concept. This will enable the therapist to understand more about a given victim. It has been noted that active listening has several advantages that the listener will enjoy and that makes the conversation fruitful. Active listening is interactive and the attention of the listener is fully restricted to the speaker. The concepts that are unclear to the listener can be identified and the required clarifications given (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998, para.4). Besides, active listening encourages the speaker to reveal more information. The attention that the listener also motivates the speaker who will then open up and reveal more information regarding a given subject (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998, para.4). A therapist will thus learn more from a victim if he gives full attention to the victim. Active listening in work situations Active listening is applicable in a work situation. The tasks that are to be performed in a given job require certain procedures to be followed. When an individual is being introduced to these procedures, it is necessary that he actively listens to the instructor in order to get the procedures right. Failure to pay good attention will result into poor work and loss of employment. Active listening is also appropriate in solving disputes that may occur among the workers. Paying attention to the conflicting parties can enable one to resolve the dispute. The same applies to making a
DES Data Encryption Standard is basically a symmetric-key algorithm used in the encryption of data of electronic nature. The algorithm was developed in the 1970s by IBM as an improvement of the earlier version by Horst Fesitel. The modified version was approved by the National Bureau of Standards in consultation with the National Security Agency (Kumar and Srivastava 38). The original DES was improved through strengthening against differential cryptanalysis. DES is a block cipher that transforms a fixed-length plaintext into a cipher text bit string using a key to customize the process to enable protected decryption by individuals with knowledge on the key used in encryption. Usage of DES can only be done safely in the mode of operation. The algorithm is exposed to a brute-force approach attach. However, the level of exposure is minimal since the intruder must know a series of specified chosen plaintexts (Kumar and Srivastava 39). DES has certification weaknesses and exposed to other attacks such as linear cryptanalysis, differential cryptanalysis, and Davies’ attack. DES is relatively insecure due to its 56-bit size, which is small. In fact, the Electronic Frontier Foundation in collaboration with the distributed.net managed to break the DES key in less than 24 hours in 1999 (Kumar and Srivastava 40). Moreover, a series of analytical results have demonstrated theoretical weaknesses in DES cipher. DES was used as a federal standard for unclassified data (Kumar and Srivastava 39). It usage has spanned more than 30 years with the latest version called the Triple DES being approved for sensitive information by the government up to the year 2030 (Kumar and Srivastava 40). Triple DES Triple DES was first published in 1998 as an improvement of DES. The cipher components include block sizes of 64 bits and key sizes of 112, 168 or 56 bits (Barker 9). The structure of Triple DES is Fesitel network and has 48 DES-equivalent rounds. This algorithm provides three keying options with a key length of 160 bits (Barker 15). The three layers make Triple DES secure and more stable. However, it can only provide an effective security of 112 bits. Triple DES is generally exposed to known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks. Triple DES is used in the electronic payment sector to promulgate and develop standards such as EMV. For instance, Microsoft Outlook 2007, Microsoft Configuration Manager 2012, and Microsoft OneNote use this algorithm to password guard system data and user content (Barker 12). RIJNDAEL/AES AES is a specification used in the encryption of electronic data. The algorithm was adopted in the US in 2001 by
Introduction All organizations, no matter the industry, must have a succession plan in place to ensure a smooth transition takes place from one CEO to another to avoid potential problems related to operational effectiveness. In the case of Nature Conservancy, it must first be stated that the rather abrupt resignation of Mr. McCormick is both highly unusual and incredibly inconvenient for the company. The article CEO Succession Plan (2012) explains that while a CEO has every right to resign given a variety of potential reasons (health concerns, family, etc.) they still need to take into consideration the fact that as the head of the company their departure would cause a considerable level of operational decline given that they are responsible for “steering the company” so to speak in the right direction. The article also points to examples such as Microsoft’s Bill Gates, GE’s Jeffrey Immelt and Berkshire Hathaway’s Warren Buffet who indicated their desire to distance themselves from their respective company’s main operations and instead trained successors and delegated sufficient responsibility to them before implementing a succession plan that would culminate in their resignation. Putting a Succession Plan in Place The following are the steps that agencies should implement to have a succession plan in place:  1. Discuss with the CEO any plans of him retiring in the future. In essence, this is an important aspect of the succession procedure since it enables the HR department to know of a specific time by which a successor needs to be trained or brought in to succeed the CEO.  2. Early Role Delegation – This involves the CEO in delegating tasks to potential successors early on to determine who would be a proper fit for the role of CEO in the company. This ensures that should help the CEO leave or resign due to an assortment of potential reasons. There would at least be a minimum level of operational disruption since there would be other people within the company who would already know what to do.  3. Successor Planning – This involves the HR department and CEO discussing who would be his ideal successor based on performance evaluation and the CEO’s recommendation. Advisory Role When it comes to any period of transition, it is necessary for the new CEO to “learn the ropes” so to speak from the old one. It is based on this that the former president should be called upon as a paid advisor to help Nature Conservancy through its period of transition. An advisory role in this regard can involve a variety of different factors such as helping the HR department select a proper successor, guidi
Karl Marx and Marxism Marxism can be defined as a method social inquiry which looks at economic, socio- economic and socio-political aspects of a society. In its attempt to explain social change, the method relies on the concept of historical materialism, the rise and development of capitalism as a mode of production and the study of opposites (dialectical view). Marxism was founded by two Germany scholars namely Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels from the start of the 19 th century to mid-19 th century. They rejected the ideas of realism, liberalism but focused on class struggle as the basis of international relations. However, Karl Marx is seen as the most influential in the foundation and development of Marxism, thus the name of Marxism which was derived from his name. Marx was mostly interested in the study of society in terms of what he referred to as class struggle, which he argued was responsible for social change. On his part, Friedrich Engels based his argument on the study of opposites, arguing that social change was as a result of conflicting ideas, which influence the actions of people in the society, the argument being that the idea which is more dominant over the others shapes social change within a given society (Marx 87). Karl Marx sees people as both producers and products of the society in