ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to OECD (2006), the demand for information technology keeps rising every day. Information technology is termed as the driver of business activities in economies. Business information technology tools are needed to enhance business operations in different organizations. The rise in demand for information technology products causes firms to invest hence producing information technology tools to help in meeting the demand in the market. Technology keeps changing at a fast pace. What is considered to be an efficient technology today maybe be seen as an archaic technology within a short span of time. This necessitates a continuous process of inventing information technology products. Several generations of information technology products have been developed since the beginning of the 20th century (Information Resources Management Association & Khosrowpour, 2001). The 21st century has seen another revolution in the information technology infrastructure. New information technology products keep entering the market (Cerasale & Stone, 2004). Yoshida (2010) observed that different types of materials are used in the manufacture of information technology devices. Materials used for manufacturing these products and the manner in which they are used have an enormous impact on the environment (Kuehr & Williams, 2003). Information and communication tools are listed among the notable green gas emitters. This is because of the high number of such products which exist in the global market (Smith, 2009). The impacts of information technology products on the environment have been categorized into three groups. These include the first order impacts, second order and third order effects. The first category is composed of the direct effects of the information technology products on the environment. The effects range from the stage of manufacturing down to the stage of consumption. The second order effects are indirect. They develop from the first order effects. Third effects come as a result of the continued demand for information technology in the global economy (Houghton, 2003). The use of green computers is a trending subject. There is widespread advocacy for the enhancement of the use of green technology. Green computers are effective in maintaining a green environment through the use of environmental friendly materials. Australia falls among the industrialized countries of the world. Therefore, the demand for information and communication technology is accelerating (Houghton,
History Nowadays, schizophrenia is considered to be a spectrum of disorders rather than a single disorder, but it has been publicly misperceived as a type of mental illness that causes the mind to “split,” which is a rough translation of the term from Greek (“Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders”). The term, as well as an early definition of the disorder, was introduced by Eugen Bleuler (Maatz et al. 43). Before him, the illness was distinguished by Kraepelin, who termed it as “dementia praecox.” However, Bleuler highlighted the fact that schizophrenia is hardly related to dementia and used the new word to denote the way in which the illness splits (damages) human functioning (Maatz et al. 44). In other words, the term has never referred to multiple personality disorder. To sum up, the diagnosis first appeared in the 1910s, and the term was first coined in 1908 by Bleuler (Maatz et al. 45). Since then, the disorder has been studied to a greater extent, but throughout its history, schizophrenia has been related to misconceptions and stigma in various settings, including those of mental institutions (“Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders”). Apart from that, there are multiple factors that are still unknown about the disorder, including its mechanisms and causes (“Schizophrenia diagnosis”). As a result, the history of the diagnosis is still to be developed. Diagnosis Currently, schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) cannot be diagnosed with the help of any laboratory tests or scanning, but certain tests, including MRI and urinalysis, can be used to determine certain potential causes or symptoms (“Schizophrenia diagnosis”). The process of diagnosing involves a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s symptoms, in which a specialist searches for the symptoms of schizophrenia and other disorders, which need to be ruled out for the diagnosis to be made (“How is Schizophrenia Diagnosed – Four Patients”). The information on the symptoms is obtained from clinical interviews as well as other people who may be aware of the patient’s behavior, and the guidance is provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is continually updated by the American Psychiatric Association (“How Schizophrenia Is Diagnosed”). Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in patients in their twenties, and it was first diagnosed in the 1910s (Maatz et al. 45; “Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders”). The specific symptoms of SSD include positive and negative ones (“How Schizophrenia Is Diagnosed”). The former refers to the presence of psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviors), and the latter presupposes a lack of normal behaviors and responses (for example, the flat affect). Positive symptoms are particularly important: for schizoph
Introduction The dimensions of democracy are widely viewed in terms of civil liberties and political rights as noted by Tilly in his book (2007). Further, a democratic nation is summed loosely in terms of equality, freedom of individuals and institutions, the principle of majority and the emphasis on personal freedom. In addition, the presence of a public opinion guides against despotic tendencies. In an antagonistic platform autocracy hinders against equality, personal freedom as well as the public opinion. This may be perpetuated by a few or the majority. In this paper, the focus will be to analyze sociological theory concerned with success or failure of democracy through Kant, Tocqueville and Habermas. Democracy failure According to Immanuel Kant, enlightenment revolves around the power in an individual to use his own intelligence in order to guide his path at all times which he equates as freedom. Immaturity is the lack of using intelligence which is explainable through laziness and cowardice. As a result, immature persons become minors who are held hostage by guardians as people who have attained maturity. This is to say that the immature individuals cannot attain this level (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Ptaff, & Virk, 2012a). The public, on the other hand, is most capable of freeing itself from immaturity to attain enlightenment through freedom. There are people who always think for themselves and for those who act as guardians after attaining freedom. However, Kant observes that prejudices arise in the public turned guardians in order to control the same public and this hinders enlightenment. Hence revolution cannot lead to enlightenment since the mind is not fully reformed. Therefore, the only way the
The book ‘Purple Hibiscus’ written by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie can be acclaimed as a strong piece of literature depicting the miseries of a prominent Nigerian man’s family’s life. Within the book, the audience will find a coherent and cohesive representation of all the hardships those people had to deal with along with their efforts to change their situation and their accomplishments in this area. In the following paper, this book will be addressed in terms of its valuable information which can be learnt from the way Eugene Achike, a rich and well-respected in the local community man, treated his family. Generally, the book can be evaluated as a fine piece on family values and despotism providing exotic details, thought-provoking ideas and an interesting layout. First of all, speaking about the message of the book, it should be stated that it is related to the family hardships that the members of despotic man’s family can experience. The book keeps on focusing on the theme of silence prevailing among all Eugene Achike’s family members. It depicts the mother who is so silent that her speech can be compared to ‘the way a bird eats, in small amounts’; Kambili, the main protagonist of the book, and Jaja, her brother (Adichie 20). Kambili, a fifteen-year-old Nigerian girl shares her pain with the audience gradually revealing how terrible it is to be a daughter of a man who is known as an embodiment of all the excellent qualities among the people in the community, but in reality is a monster in his own family. The girl describes her father in the following way: ‘Papa liked order. He draws up meticulous schedules for his children, dictating how long they were able to study, sleep, pray or spend with the family’(Adichie 24). These words are only a modest description of the real despotism prevailing in the family; those who tried to object the father’s will (for example, Jaja) had to suffer physically. What is the most troublesome in the situation that this family is experiencing is their silence. They see no ways to speak about their anguish. Still, people around this family have no idea about all this pain as they know Eugene Achike as a skilled political, social and religious leader with an excellent reputation. All in all, despite the book’s exotic tincture, it speaks about a common problem spread all around the world including the western societies. Thus, it appears very involving for it’s the most diversified audience. With regards to the author’s style, it should be said that it is rather interesting and easy for comprehension and perception. The strength of her style is in her ability to make every reader interested and involved into the process of reading. The book is developed in a way which helps to feel oneself a part of the events related in the book, to “listen” to the dialogues of its characters and to feel the real atmosphere existing during those days. Through the pages of the book, the audience is involved into the atmosphere of despotism existing in the family and is moved
First and foremost it should be stated that the patients with the specific types of the personality disorders are not a new phenomenon in the health care setting; however, it is significant to understand that treating of such individuals may be difficult and requires attention and a high degree of the professionalism. The fact that the patient has personality disorders affect the relationship between the physician and the patient itself and impacts the process of treatment and diagnosis. The appropriate knowledge of the main symptoms allows the physician to provide the high-quality care. The personality disorders are commonly considered to be connected to the psychiatric and affect the social and communicational aspects of the person who suffers from it, that is, the appropriate treatment should be implemented to eliminate severe consequences. It should be pointed out that the psychological intervention for those patients who have different types of personality disorders is still not researched enough and demands modernization of approaches in the field of diagnosis and treatment (Eaton et al., 2010, p. 1041). The complicated interaction with the patient requires the deeper understanding of the main cause of the disorder as usual people with the borderline personality disorder experiences some trauma in the family. It should be highlighted that social work can help to understand the patient’s feelings and thoughts better, which will be beneficial for the process of treatment. The reason for such type of the disorder is usually hidden in the childhood, when an individual experienced a certain type of abuse, namely drug, alcohol, or sexual (Barlow, 2014, p. 395). The health care providers often misdiagnose the borderline personality disorder; however, the experienced social work clinicians can evaluate the diagnosis by medical examination, which involves discussing the symptoms and interviewing of the patient. Social work clinicians usually combine theory and practice to prevent and cure certain diseases connected to the mental health. Their work is centered on the examination of the connection of the disorder with the social, spiritual, and psychological factors that can consequently impact the process of treatment. The deeper interaction with the patient and the respectful attitude towards the rights of an individual are beneficial for the successful outcome of the treatment. It should be stressed that social work clinicians can be seen as the largest segment of the healthcare providers in the field of the mental health issues. They examine the environmental and background peculiarities of the individual to achieve the best results. The treatment of the borderline personality disorder requires a complex combination of different approaches; however, the teamwork should be seen as a significant element that can influence the process of the treatment in a positive way. Individuals who suffer from this type of disorder are usually emotionally unstable, and this can cause conflicts within the group. That is, the leadership is an essential element while working wit
Introduction Doing business is always associated with determining and addressing the occurring needs. According to the definition, the concept of needs is viewed “as the difference or gap between what is and what should be” (“Needs assessment,” 2018, para. 2). With regards to the operation of a particular company, the needs assessment often arrives as a part of a business plan aimed at the improvement of individuals’ performance. The results one receives from this assessment can significantly improve the prioritization of the company’s limited transition resources, which, in its turn, would lead to company’s higher competitiveness and its faster growth on the market. Needs Assessment. Steps and Methods The needs assessment plays a significant part in the operation and development of an enterprise. As stated in the research, it can be a valuable tool for identifying the activities, training, and resources that companies require to exercise their business strategies (“Conducting a needs assessment,” 2014). The appropriateness of the needs assessment is often determined by companies’ intentions to utilize th
Website Comparison The analysis of these two websites starts with a look at the similarities they share. At the base level, both provide comprehensive directories of the various leisure facilities around the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world. They make use of optimized search engines, allowing for access to information about given topics. Nevertheless, there are discernible differences between the two websites. Firstly, themeparkinsider.com is more attractive, as it makes good use of color, and the information bars are placed in strategic places. This points to a high degree of user-friendliness when compared to themeparkcity.com, which appears rather bland. Themeparkcity.com simply presents hyperlinks, without giving an overall description of what the site is about. Moreover, themeparkinsider.com enables easy navigation between pages via the provision of navigation tabs under the site banner. These tabs individually refer the visitor to topics such as park reviews, top tips, hotels, safety data and budget help. A user can directly access the information without having to go through a mountain of data that they consider unnecessary at that moment in time. With themeparkcity.com, the navigation is a tedious task as visitors have to go through the entire page, opening the different hyperlinks in the hope of finding what they may consider relevant (Theme Park City, 2001 – 2008). Another glaring difference is the provision for notifications directly to the visitors’ email addresses. All visitors have to do to activate the service is to provide their address and follow the necessary prompts. The interaction between visitors to themeparkinsider.com and its visitors is further enhanced by blogging. Visitors can freely exchange views, ultimately providing useful feedback to managers of the recreation facilities mentioned (Theme Park Insider, 1999 – 2009). In closing this discussion, the analysis presented indubitably indicates that themeparkinsider.com provides the most comprehensive information to potential theme park enthusiasts. Case Studies Great America, United States The rides here depict the general consensus that the park is the best option for family adventure and fun in Northern California. The thrill rides test visitors’ threshold of fear. These include FireFall, Delirium, Grizzly, and Xtreme Skyflyer. A look at ‘Vortex’ illustrates this. It features a ninety-one-foot hill and a twisting track that loops weave and threads through the loop’s eye. Patrons ride standing or straddling saddle-like seats in train cars traveling up to
Demographics Nowadays, Dubai is commonly referred to as the most rapidly developing city in the Gulf region. The principal reason for this is that for the duration of the last few decades the Emirati capital has been enjoying the reputation of one of the world’s well-established tourist and business destinations. In its turn, this explains the qualitative aspects of the demographic situation in Dubai. The most notable of them are as follows: As of 2015, the city’s population amounted to 2,446,675, with the number of permanent (Emirati) and non-permanent (expatriates/temporary workers) residents having been estimated to account for 222,875 and 2,223,800 respectively (“البابالأول-السكان” 2). The main implication of this statistical insight is that Dubai is extremely diverse, in the cultural sense of this word. The population’s male/female ratio is shifted rather dramatically towards the representatives of “stronger sex”. In the same year, the number of the city’s male residents accounted for 1,703,355 and the number of female residents for 743,320 (“الباب الأول- السكان” 1). In its turn, this can be interpreted as the indication of the Dubaian society being strongly patriarchal – something that correlates well with the Emirati government’s commitment to the protection of Islamic traditional values. As it appears from Population Pyramid by Sex (“الباب الأول- السكان” 5), through the years 2013-2015, the largest portion of Dubai’s population continued to consist of middle-aged males (see Fig. 1), which is consistent with the earlier mentioned fact that Dubai provides many employment opportunities for foreign workers. Fig. 1. Population Pyramid. Nevertheless, even though the percentage of the city’s senior residents appears insignificant, there is a good reason to believe that it will continue to grow as time goes on. The validity of this statement can be illustrated by the steady increase in the number of suburban households that surround Greater Dubai. Whereas in 2013 there were 357,773 of them, by the year 2015 the concerned number went up to 413,310 (“الباب الأول- السكان” 6). Our suggestion is validated even further, concerning the fact that life expectancy among Dubai’s residents is estimated to be as high as 82 years (“الباب الأول- السكان” 19). What this means is that there is indeed much rationale for the government of Dubai to invest in ensuring the city’s infrastructural integrity, especially given the upcoming Expo 2020 event. As of today, there remains much uncertainty about the number of disabled people living in Dubai, as we
Revenue refers to the income that an entity receives. Federal revenues thus refer to the income that is attributed to the federal government’s reserves. The federal government can be said to be majorly dependent on three categories of sources of revenues. The first category of the federal revenue which is also the major one is individual income tax. This is the most significant as it averagely forms about a half of the federal government revenues. A consideration of the data offered by the congressional budget office for example reported the country’s federal revenue to be composed of one thousand one hundred and forty six billion dollars of individual income tax out of the total revenue which was reported at slightly above two thousand five hundred billion dollars in the year 2008. The trend of the federal revenues as projected by the body for the time period ranging from the year 2008 up to the year 2019 also describes the same percentage of individual income tax in projections. Other sources of federal revenue include corporate income tax and social insurance taxes (Congressional, 2009). The individual income tax has its history ranging all the way back to the nineteenth century with controversies that preceded its enactment in the year 1913. For the purpose of the individual income tax, internal revenue service was established to ensure collection of such taxes and ensuring that citizens adhere to paying of taxes as prescribed. The body was thus given the responsibility to “investigate and prosecute thousands of slackers who don’t pay their taxes” (Lcsd, n.d., p. 1) and even to audit those who pay taxes to ensure compliance to the provisions of taxes according to the rates. Though not in totality, the individual income tax is based on the payee as you earn basis. The more an individual earns, the more he or she pays to the federal government in terms of tax. The higher percentage that individual income tax contributes to the total federal revenue as compared to other taxes is attributable to the relatively higher rates that are charged on individual tax as compared to other taxes such as corporate tax. It is for example noted that while individual tax is charged at an average of almost fifty cents for every single dollar that an individual earns, corporate tax is charged at about forty cents lower on every single dollar earned by each corporate society. While individual income tax is charged on individuals, corporate tax is charged on business entities on their income. The other major contributor to the federal revenue, social insurance taxes, on the other hand incorporates both individuals and corporate entities. The tax which is consolidated for social security is charged on both workers and their employers and separately treated from the federal’s general consolidated funds. The three sources of revenue hold mutual importance to one another. One of the most important aspects of the revenue sources is the shared responsibility that ensures that one source is not overwhelmed by the federal need for financing its expenditures. Th