ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction To analyze a piece of art, one needs to have an open mind and an inquisitive nature to do it. This is because whereas some arts are straight forward, others have hidden meanings that need to be critically analyzed so as to understand it. Analyzing a piece of art helps to determine the purpose of the art and help to understand the information it tries to bring across without words. When analyzing any piece of work, the form, technique and material are the central key factors (Mamiya and Kleiner 3). This paper will give an outline on how to analyze a given piece of art named ‘Tarantula Necklace with Red Drops’ by Kiki Smith created in 2008. Elements and Design Principles In any piece of art work, there have to be some elements and principles though the presence of some of this elements or principles will be more noticeable than others when analyzing an art work, one should be able to point out the outstanding elements in the piece of art being analyzed (Peter and Olsen 6). Art element includes the line, value, shapes, form, space, color and texture. The line is the art outline and the basic element in analyzing art work; they lead the eyes to analyze various compositions and they also create more shapes. Value is the tone of the design being analyzed; it determines the degree of darkness or light in the art and how contrast has been created between values. Shapes are formed by the outline of lines taking a particular form such as a rectangle, square or even undefined irregular shapes and geometric shapes. The form defines the dimension of the art describing its width, depth and length. Design can also take the form of cylinders, balls, pyramids or even boxes. Space determines the spacing or the area between the objects. The spacing between the objects can be either too big or too small and this can affect how one views that object. Color defines space, lines, forms and shapes and further differentiates them. Different color shades helps to give a particular effect when analyzing the object. Texture of the art is the feel of the surface of the art; it can be rough or smooth, a drawing can determine the texture of the object. The principles on the other hand integrate the elements of art. The principles include balance, contrast, movement, emphasis, pattern, proportion and unity. Balance is created through the harmonious combination of the texture, shapes, colors and forms. Contrast is playing with some of the elements to hold the analyzer’s eyes and to guide them through the artwork and this helps to achieve movement. Movement leads the eyes to the emphasized areas. It is guided by contrasting shapes, colors or lines in the art. Emphasis is developed by th
Introduction The world has witnessed tremendous growth of various organizations in recent years. These organizations have been vital in championing interests of members in various jurisdictions they are found. We have two types of these organizations; international and regional. There is no big difference between them. In fact, a regional organization is an international organization because it draws global membership and has an element of geopolitical feature that in operation it surpass a single state. Membership in a regional organization is determined by a demarcation or a boundary. In most cases, a regional organization is formed to promote political, cooperation and economic integration among member states within specific geopolitical boundary. On the other hand, an international organization posses elements of global membership and has a wider scope and presence. An international organization is further classified into two categories, that is, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations. In this paper, the writer discusses the international and regional organizations by illustrating their similarities and differences. Further, the writer gives an overview of the post-Cold War and how it contributed to the world economy. And finally, the writer gives a case study of the US as a country practicing open economy and free trade and describes the US international political economy over the years. International and Regional Organizations Buzan and Little (2000) define an international organization as an institution drawing membership from at least three countries, having activities in many countries and whose members are bound together by an official agreement. International organizations are further divided into two groups; nongovernmental, for example Amnesty International, and intergovemental, for instance, the European Union. Moreover, Buzan and Little (2000) explain that the proliferation of international organizations has increased due to the fact that countries are calling for a stronger sense of interdependence and cooperation in solving global challenges. Closely related to international organizations is regional organizations. Regional organizations are independent bodies whose memberships are drawn from states sharing the same values and missions (Oman, 1994). Similarly, they have some aspects of global membership and their operations involves some elements of geopolitical aspects that span beyond a single nation state (Fawcett, 2004). Some of these regional bodies include; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), East African Community (EAC), Association of South Asian Nations Free Trade Area (AFTA) and North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among others (Gaddis, 1990). Similarities and differences of International and Regional Organizations International and regional organization have some common similarities. They are both established to further a common goal. For example, if the goal of formation is to enhance the rule of law, both organizations work towards realizing this goal by developing standards and strengthening the rule of law among member states at both regional and gl
In the words of Herodotus (2014), “Great deeds are usually wrought at great risks” (p. 373). More than two millennia after, the words are still relevant. Herodotus’ saying underscores a critical idea in business: risk, regardless of its gravity, should be predicted, acknowledged, and managed to reach success. Risks, however, have become much more complex since Herodotus’ times. In recent years, external factors have made many establishments interested in risk management. Industry-led and government-run regulatory bodies and sponsors have started to overhaul the establishments’ policies to the extent that the companies’ BODs are demanded to make reports and reviews on the consistency of enterprise risk management (ERM) and enterprise security risk management (ESRM). At the baseline, ERM is the planning, organization, leadership, and control over the actions of an establishment (Purpura, 2013). The function of ERM is to bring the effects of risks on an establishment’s capital and revenue to a minimum. ERM does not only include the risk of an accidental loss. Quite on the contrary: it tackles monetary, strategic, and operational risks, as well as many others (CSO Roundtable, n.d.). ERM is a set of methods to forecast, accept, and handle risks, which provides a methodological basis for risk management as a discipline. This includes the identification of specific events or conditions consistent with the goals of an establishment, timely assessment as to whether these events are likely to happen and (if yes) how soon, development of a strategy to meet the challenge, and progress-tracking. Enterprise security risk management (ESRM) is also a set of managerial procedures that are aimed at effective risk management. ESRM is a continuous assessment of risks that are then managed either by proactive or reactive means. One of the differences between the two is that ESRM, as the name implies, deals specifically with organizational security risks. The process of risk assessment singles out the threats, determines the best practices accepting the risk and creates guidelines for the shareholders in terms of remediating effort development (CSO Roundtable, n.d.). Another difference between ERM and ESRM is how they use risk management principles to function. The principles include assessment, monitoring and evaluation, planning, implementation and safeguarding, and monitoring. ERM uses these principles to cater for the organizational needs – which, more often than not, determines how the establishment will be structured. ESRM, on the other hand, does not define the structure of a business, although the principles are used within the security framework as well (CSO Roundtable, 2010). At that, ESRM is likely to be mis
Unfortunately, even in the world of today, there are many problems associated with the functioning of people with disabilities. They encounter difficulties in schools, universities, at work, and in everyday life. For example, Mutanga (2020) states that “many students with disabilities continue to face challenges in higher education” (p. 2). In this situation, it is necessary to support people and change society as a whole to give everyone a comfortable living environment. Such organizations as The Arc Midsouth do an essential job helping a large number of people to ensure that each member of the society has an opportunity to live a full life. This leads to certain societal transformations – it is becoming more healthy and empathic. Setting, Mission, and Goals The Arc Midsouth is an agency whose primary goal is to help people with disabilities and maintain their daily lives. The agency is located in Memphis, Tennessee, and is a member of United Way, the largest donation organization in the world. The main mission of The Arc Midsouth is to support people with various developmental and intellectual disabilities. Their basic setup is that each of these people has significant potential, and The Arc Midsouth helps them to reveal it. The Arc Midsouth states that each person is unique, thus it is necessary to help them reveal all their abilities and share them with the world. According to Halder (2019), “people with disabilities are equal citizens who are entitled to a normal life” (p. 27). This is why the crucial goal of the agency is to support them and make them feel like a part of society. Structure, culture, and politics The management of The Arc Midsouth consists of a few people including President and Vice President, Executive Director, Treasurer, Secretary, as well as eight Board Members. Besides working at The Arc Midsouth, these people have other jobs: for instance, there is a judge, an HR consultant, and even a musician among them. Moreover, many volunteers work with the agency, who support its missions and like communicating with people. The responsible approach of managers and volunteers united by one mission leads to positive changes in the life of each person coming to the agency. The Arc Midsouth works with different categories of people, for example, those with Down syndrome or autism, as well as muscular dystrophy or other physical disabilities. According to the organizational culture of The Arc Midsouth, age, gender, ethnicity, religion, or level of disability are not important. All people are equal, and the value of each person’s life is equally high, therefore the agency provides everyone with any possible help. The policy of The Arc Midsouth is to offer services that help various categories of people, regardless of their disabilities. Firstly, these are programs created to support families: caring for the elderly, summer camps, personal support for people with disabilities, etc. Secondly, it helps with employment: job search, adaptation in a new place, preparation for tests, educational programs. Third
The concept of e-commerce Electronic commerce, often shortened to e-commerce, simply refers to commerce over electronic systems. However, complex scholarly definitions do exist for e-commerce. Momin, Nirantar, Zagade, & Deshmukh (2012) define e-commerce as “…any form of business in which the parties interact electronically over the internet rather than physical exchange or conduct “(p.65). On the other hand, Totonchi & Kakamanshadi (2011) defines e-commerce as “…use of electronic communication and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals” (p.6). In the past, the term e-commerce and e-business were used interchangeably and were understood to imply the same meaning. However, scholars have in the recent past sought to differentiate the two by offering a more detailed definition for e-business. While e-commerce has been taken to mean the buying and selling over digital media, e business on the other hand has been taken to mean the enhancing of the traditional ‘brick and mortar’ business through electronic means. The common telecom networks via which the e-commerce takes place include emails, electronic data interchange, faxes, radio, Short Message Services (SMSes) etc. The payment methods for e-commerce do vary and include plastic cards, electronic funds transfer, and electronic cash. Plastic cards include both the credit and debit cards though credit cards are widely used. The major advantage of e-commerce over the traditional ‘brick and mortar’ means of commerce is the reduction of the cost of doing business and the significant expansion of business. The e-commerce reduces several business costs. It reduces transportation costs of looking for information on different suppliers of various components of business. This is done through e-procurement sites, brokering sites and infomediary websites. These sites have already compiled vast information available at the click of a mouse. The online stores also reduces the costs associated with putting up or renting physical structures for shops and other costs associated with them such as security, water bills and electricity bills etc. The e-commerce further reduces the costs associated with the middlemen as buyers and sellers can interact directly. This translates into cheaper prices for the goods and services being offered. The e-commerce also harnesses the power of mass market in a way that the traditional commerce wouldn’t be able to achieve. The prices for the commodities are easily available to all making it difficult for the sellers to charge differently to different buyers. The e-markets can also push the prices down by mobilizing a large number of buyers into demanding for a discount. The e-commerce greatly expands the market reach of the online businesses in various ways. For the digital goods such as music, movies and software the goods can easily be delivered to any part of the world to a buyer with a computer and internet connection. The online seller displays his goods in his online kiosk
Any company strives to enjoy the trust of its investors and customers. Companies may face circumstances that will put their reputation in decline due to several factors, called reputational risks. Knowing these, some steps can be taken to prevent potential harm to the company. The purpose of this article is to apply the project risk management theory to a case study using the example of the reputational decline of British Petroleum. The efficiency of a company is determined not only by the set strategic objectives. Business success is impossible without the trust of clients and partners, and it is not so easy to maintain an impeccable reputation. Reputational risks of the organization are potential losses due to the negative attitude of clients, partners, and investors to the company (Franklin, 2019). There are many possible reasons to reduce the reputation of the company, but in general, all potential reputational threats can be divided into three categories: technical, human, and economic risks. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the decisions made directly depends on the developed system of critical success factors. For clarity’s sake, it’s best to start by noting what is being invested in identifying the essential factors of success. These are the strategic objectives and performance results that a company should strive to achieve to increase its competitiveness and achieve success in the marketplace (Netland, 2016). According to the classical approach, CFIs are selected from a company’s strategic objectives as critical factors in its success, and this happens after the company’s mission is defined. CSFs can be about introducing new technologies, strengthening brand and reputation, improving product quality, and so on. When developing critical success factors, it is necessary to observe the rule of necessity and sufficiency, according to which each significant success factor included in the list is necessary to achieve the company’s mission, and altogether the elements should be sufficient to make it. As a result of a careless mistake, the activities of the world’s leading refiner, British Petroleum, resulted in the deaths of 15 employees. This has caused the company substantial reputational damage, and it has lost the trust of investors and customers. The company had to solve a significant problem in regaining the previous reputation of trust among investors (Franklin, 2019). The current issue with the lack of security measures at a potentially hazardous facility should be addressed through the prism of critical success factors. However, it should be noted that the presence of essential elements does not provide a 100% guarantee of project performance. Still, their absence significantly reduces the possibility of obtaining the desired result. The case study mentions several critical success factors at once, and they include improving the safe technologic
Abstract In business, a company’s ability to innovate is recognised as one of the greatest determinants of the future success of a business (Popa, Preda, & Boldea, 2010). The concept of open innovation refers to the strategies applied by various companies for the purpose of improving their operations, processes, services, and products (Raja & Sambandan, 2015). The popularity and use of open innovation have increased due to the intensification of competition in different markets and industries. Attempting to stay at the top of the competition, the companies are forced to adapt to the rapidly changing business environments and generate change and innovation on a regular basis. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two companies that are choosing to employ different approaches to open innovation practised through the companies’ respective innovation strategies. The selected companies, Samsung Electronics and P&G, are large international corporations that have expanded globally and are known for their strong business presence and good brand reputation. Introduction According to Leger and Swaminathan (2006), “innovation can be defined as all the scientific, technological, organisational, financial, and commercial activities necessary to create, implement, and market new or improved products or processes” (p. 1). However, regardless of this clear and recognised definition, the concept has a diverse nature and can be understood in several different ways. In practical terms, the latter tendency serves as one of the major points of difference between the innovation strategies chosen by various businesses based on their vision of and approaches to innovation as a phenomenon. Today, a new form of innovation, known as open innovation, offers an approach that involves new resources as well as new perspectives on this concept and what it entails. Chesbrough’s definition of open innovation is based on the theory that in order to prevent the exhaustion of the internal resources, the leadership of a company is to engage the external opportunities of obtaining creative ideas, new technologies, and innovative projects (as cited in Di Minin et al., 2016). In other words, a combination of the ideas generated both internally and externally is viewed as an optimally efficient approach referred to as open innovation. There exist a variety of ways in which this approach could be employed by contemporary businesses. This paper will review and compare two of such strategies used by two different companies – Samsung Electronics and P&G. First of all, an introduction of the two companies and their businesses will be provided, followed by the respective descriptions of the open innovation strate
People are divorced from meat. They no longer consider it as food in its original form. This is because we pay others to kill for us so that we can retain the comfort of detachment. Pigs, cows, and sheep are seen as pork, beef, and mutton, words that no longer signify the living animal, but familiar, neatly portioned slabs of food in clean plastic-wrapped packages. We often forget that these foods were ever attached to living animals, and we do not think of death at all when we consider steak. This reinforces the perception that many of us do not recognize that our choice of food constitutes moral decision-making. In fact, our civilization has always had a firm belief that the choice of food, being mainly a matter of individual taste and health considerations, is not a choice that is morally relevant. This standpoint works well as long as we look at the whole issue from the eyes of an individual. But when looked at from a broader perspective, various ethical concerns that inform our attitudes and moral obligations towards animals come into play. The most unavoidable ethical consequence of eating meat is that an animal must die to provide the meat. For some people, that consideration is sufficient to dissuade them from eating meat at all. Others believe that the treatment which animals undergo in the production of meat and animal products obliges them never to eat meat or use animal products. Furthermore, some people eat only meat of animals that have been treated in a way meeting their religious approval before slaughter and abstain from the meat of animals reared in factory farms. In essence, the reasons for objecting to the practice of killing animals f