ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is Contemporary Art The exchange of ideas presents one of the brightest features of the humanity that make us different from animals living on our planet. The urgent need of self-expression appeared when human brain was developed enough to create something that he had never seen, and it became an essential condition for future development of different forms of art. Speaking about art, we usually mean a wide range of activities that are aimed at creating new objects. 1 Unlike scientific inventions, the objects of art are not created to extend the knowledge about the world and the laws of nature; instead, they usually help the artist to convey certain message and express his attitude towards many things happening in the world. It is against this background that art is impossible to replace as it presents a way of communication that allows people living in different countries and having different cultural background speak the same language, the one that does not require using words to be understood. It is interesting that people’s opinion about art tends to be different when it comes to its historical periods. Looking at the paintings, sculptures, and mosaic inlays created many centuries ago, many people seem to be really impressed although these pieces of art are usually connected to the themes that are not currently central in the modern human society. In the past, much attention of an artist was paid to the technique and working out the tiniest details of an object of art. In the last centuries, the people of art were working hard to set the standards that would determine people’s taste. 2 Having taken a look at contemporary art and its peculiarities, one can find out that, to some extent, it presents the very reverse of the classical period in the field of art. 3 Those artists who were working that period were setting standards whereas contemporary art seems to be aimed at abandoning any standards. Contemporary art is proclaiming the idea that real works of art cannot be created if there are certain rules that have to be followed, and the artist has no chance to develop his talent if he does not feel free from conventionality. Speaking about contemporary art, people usually mean the objects of art and artistic techniques that began to be used in the middle of the twentieth century. Contemporary art may be classified as the field that has no strong connect
One should note that Chapter 9 explains some concepts and ideas about the future and progress of society and the state as a whole. Garth Morgan Massey in his book claim, that most modern people are confident in their abilities to control situations and change events and phenomena for the better (p.321). However, only the power of reason harnessed to the inquiry can change persons’ “disadvantage” in the best light (p. 321). Thus, the writer calls this aspect a kind of progress and lists several essential concepts regarding this phenomenon. First of all, he states that different people, groups, and societies may have other thoughts, ideas, and beliefs about progress. Some see such improvements in more global events, and some do not expect drastic changes at all but want to live “well.” Further, as evidence to these words, Massey attaches the thoughts and ideas of some famous personalities. Hence, according to David Harvey, people strive to accumulate and increase material goods and abundance to improve life (p.321-322). Supporters of postmodernism reflect on these issues and assure that the contemporary world is the self-referential world, and modern times is a “tangle of myths.” Especially in the age of consumerism, people tend to accumulate in a flow of multiple events, but they are not as happy as they would like. Lester B. Brown claims that a modern world is a mess; previous experience dictates further human actions, such as future changes in climate, population, amount of water, product prices, and states (p. 322-323). Additionally, technologies “absorb” a person’s soul, depriving it of authentic, natural human qualities. Tim Jackson believes that one can achieve benefits without economic and financial growth because many other elements are necessary for humankind (p. 323). Moreover, some famous writers see dystopia only at the point of returning to the remnants and legacy of the past and in unity with nature (p. 323). Secondly, the author expresses the following concepts regarding the future of humanity. By their character and essence, people strive to learn as much as possible about themselves and others, about the environment and the future (p. 324). As a rule, the probability of assessing the future is high if we evaluate the actual, objective factors and prerequisites. For example, George Orwell could “look into” the world of the future in the book “1984” or Herman Kahn in the book “The Year 2000” (p. 325). They were right because they predicted the moments such as high technology, control, instant data transfer, and more. Massey also agrees with the statements of these creative personalities and is sure that a modern man has so overloaded with information that only a tiny proportion of them are beneficial and essential (p. 325). Even in the files of the government of some countries and some large companies, such a vast amount of data is stored that it seems very real to construct a picture of future events
Executive Summary The BlackBerry is Smartphone manufactured by RIM. It has been having a large market share, especially in the North American market. However, it is currently facing stiff competition from other products such as the Apple iPhone and Nokia Smartphone among others. The main target for the BlackBerry has been the business users and it has not been able to effectively attract the mainstream consumers. Such Company as Apple has been able to produce products that have been attractive to the majority consumers. However, RIM can still take appropriate measures to avoid losing its market share by coming up with a new series BlackBerry Smartphone to add it to its product line with an intention of increasing its market share in North America as well as in the foreign markets such as China, parts of Africa and Europe. The company will have to capitalize on the available opportunities and its strengths and to make the necessary efforts to overcome its weaknesses and threats in order to win the competition. In this marketing plan, the situation of the BlackBerry product has been assessed and analyzed; the available literature concerning the problem of stiff competition and losing the market share by BlackBerry has also been looked at. In addition, a marketing strategy to be employed in introducing the new BlackBerry product to the market has been given and the financial projections and implementation plan has also been given in this marketing plan. Situation Assessment and Analysis According to Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk & Salt (2009), “Research In Motion – RIM, pioneered the development of the Smartphone market in 1998 with the BlackBerry, positioned in government and enterprise target markets” (Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk & Salt, 2009, p.3). The BlackBerry has gained a competitive edge following its recognition as being an “all-in-one portable wireless communication device” (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.3). It has a broad portfolio of Smartphone products which include; BlackBerry Tour, Bold, Pearl and Curve series (Gowda, et al, 2009). On the was of this product getting more popularity, it goes without saying that it would be meaningless if the RIM Company depends on the sales of the present existing enterprise in order of ensuring the retaining of the products in the market. Following this realization, a move to introduce the BlackBerry Storm series was taken in 2008 and the main aim for this was to accommodate the majority consumer segments. However, this new series brought about “low customer satisfaction rates”. Another move was taken in 2009 to bring improvement to this series in which there was launching of the Storm2 series. However, the consumer expectations are ever changing and the competitors are always on the lookout to satisfy the
Introduction Business ethics sometimes called business etiquette refers to the ethical principles or morals in which businesses are supposed to observe as they carry along their activities. More often than not, these values are non-economical but aimed at promoting the social cause. Though they might some voluntary, some of these business ethics are engraved by the law and non-adherence is prosecutable in a court of law. Traditional business etiquette/ethics issues are proving to be somehow obsolete when some new business developments facilitated by technologic change are put into focus. As a result, there have been new business ethics put in place so as to guide the new crop of businesses. In this paper we look at business ethics applicable to technology companies. In this context, technology companies refer to businesses and companies operating in the information technology field and its affiliates. Business ethics for technology companies The major and most applicable business ethics in this field are:   * Corporate social responsibility   * Fiduciary responsibility   * Privacy   * Cyberslacking Corporate social responsibility Experts and writers do not seem to agree as whether to label social responsibility as an issue under business ethics or an entity by itself. All the same, social responsibility is regarded as an umbrella issue under which there is minor ethics to be considered. Generally it entails a business involving itself in a worthy cause beneficial to all the stakeholders apart from the principal cause of making profits in a capitalistic market. With the high rates of technologic growth businesses in the IT industry such as Google Inc should be at the fore front in such endeavors. For a company such as this, it should for example be donating learning materials and more so computers to underdeveloped states. In doing so they are generating a wider market for their products in future and at the same time promoting education. Privacy Though often ignored, privacy is one of the most relevant ethical issues for technology companies. It entails the guarding of certain information of oneself from access by other persons. Technology companies faced with the idea of sharing of information through a complex channel such as the internet have the capacity to access information that is not meant to be accessed by them. By observing the privacy ethics persons are not supposed to access such information. However, the ability to make information private and inaccessible to many is threatened by more advanced surveillance techniques plus increased value of information in business. Cyberslacking This is a habit common among employees in the technology business. It involves employees alluding to the lure of playing online games or misuse of computer resources in uneconomically viable actions that are detrimental to an organization. Ethics dilemma Many businesses in IT are going beyond their business ethics and getting th
Identify and describe the four types of suicide that Emile Durkheim delineated. Include in your description the particular way in which people who commit each type of suicide are connected to their society. There is a need to consider death by suicide as stigmatizing due to the conceptions of suicide, especially as social phenomena. Durkheim describes four different kinds of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. Egoistic suicide and altruistic suicide are dependent on social integration. According to Durkheim, egoistic occurs because society allows the individual to escape it, being insufficiently aggregated in some parts or even on the whole. Altruistic occurs because society holds the person in too strict instruction (212). In the case of egoistic suicide, the individual experiences a lack of social integration, preventing them from being connected to the resources that would presumably prevent suicide. Altruistic suicide stems from what Durkheim describes as over-integration into society. Altruistic suicide can be in one of many different forms, such as the suicide of those who are close to dying or have reached a certain age. For example, ladies who kill themselves when they lose their spouse and suicides of supporters or workers following the death of their pioneer. However, anomic suicide and the less discussed fatalistic suicide emphasize the influence of social regulation on suicide. Anomic suicide occurs when people have a lack of commitment to group norms in such a way that they are unsatisfied with life. Society, in this case, is under-regulated, and this affects the connection and commitment individuals have with the society. Commitment to group norms that are excessively active such as over-commitment, may demonstrate fatalistic suicide. Durkheim delineates that it is a side deriving from extreme regulation, that of individuals with prospects barbarously blocked and interests violently stifled by oppressive discipline. Durkheim’s suicidal behavior can be categorized into social integration and social regulation. Social integration refers to people voluntarily attaching themselves to a group or society of which they are members. Social regulation refers to a group or society coercively regulating the behavior of its members by means of constraints or control measures. Therefore, socially integrated individuals rare those who have been socialized to the norms and values of their particular society. These individuals enjoy being part of that particular society so much that they will follow all the regulations, and that is set out by the society they bel
Biography of Justice Kennedy Justice Anthony Kennedy was born in the year 1936, in California. He attended a variety of learning institutions such as Stanford and London School of Economics (LSE) thus receiving his B.A. He then joined Harvard Law School (HLS) and studied for an LL.B. He ran a private practice in San Francisco from 1961 to 1963, subsequently moving to Sacramento. He conducted legal business in Sacramento from 1963 to 1975. Kennedy also taught law at the University of the Pacific for a period of 23 years, from 1965. He was nominated by Reagan as a Justice and took office in 1988. It is noteworthy that he is married to Mary Davis with three children. Justice Kennedy conforms to Republican ideals although he votes with the liberal wing of the Supreme Court at times. In recent times, he has been crucial in determining the outcome of some cases by the provision of the deciding vote. Case with Justice Kennedy writing the majority opinion In 2003, a petition was filed in the Supreme Court by the government against a decision by the Supreme Court located in Missouri. A bench consisting of nine men led by Justice Rehnquist listened to the concepts of the case. Much as it was a close call, it ended in a 5-4 during voting. The court accordingly upheld the decision of the Court in Missouri with Kennedy writing for the majority opinion. Other Judges who held similar views thus voting with him were Stevens, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Souter. The other side, led by Rehnquist had judges Scalia, Thomas, and O’Connor, with Scalia and O’Connor providing dissents. The case titled State v. Simmons, involves Christopher Simmons, a minor who was sentenced to death after examination and conviction for murder in the first-degree (Gross, Roth, Stewart & Young). The Supreme Court located in Missouri has sole influence over death related cases consequently upholding the conviction and verdict. He filed several appeals, but all were dropped for one reason or the other. In 1989, the Court resolved that putting to death of juveniles was not a breach of the 8th amendment. This was due to the lack of national harmony on the matter thus depriving his grounds for appeal. Consequently, the death penalty was neither pitiless nor unusual (Gross, Roth, Stewart & Young). This changed in 2002 after the Supreme Court analyzed concepts presented in the case titled Atkins v. Virginia. It was decided that applying the death sentence to a mental retard was brutal, especially upon citing changes in public opinion, in reference to a similar ruling (Gross et al.). The consensus had been achieved against executing mental retards hence it became a contravention of the 8th amendment. Simmons then appealed to the Missouri Supreme court in 2003. The court acknowledged this, given that like in the Atkins case, it was possible to e
Introduction From 525 BC, Egypt was no longer ruled by the Saite dynasty. This was after the Persians managed to conquer Babylonia around the year 540 BC. This marked the beginning of foreign control in the region. The Persians were the ones who introduced the famous title of Pharaoh. These leaders are observed to rule Egypt as foreigners. The Pharaoh would use local chiefs and resident governors given the name “satrap.” Darius, I ruled this country from 521 to 486 BC. He managed to built temples, strengthened the economy, and reformed Egypt’s legal system. Throughout this period, the roles and statuses of women changed significantly. This was also the same case for the Egyptian family structure. This research paper digs deeper in an attempt to understand the issues from 500 to 400 BC. Family Structure After the Persians settled in Egypt, a new political force emerged that transformed the region’s legal systems. The family structure was also changed in an attempt to match with the wishes of the pharaohs (Azad & Barua, 2017). In many cases, extended families appeared to dominate from 500 BC. This was the case because fathers and mothers would live in the same home with their children. Boys who came of age were allowed to marry while in their fathers’ houses. This practice explains why the number of extended families remained high during the period. After both parents died, children were allowed to inherit property based on gender. For instance, daughters (both married and unmarried) were able to get household materials and items, including furniture (“Ancient Egyptian marriages,” 2014). Sons were allowed to inherit their fathers’ land and other assets. Maids and servants would continue to work for the sons after the death of their bosses. However, this was a common occurrence in wealthy families during the period. Azad and Barua (2017) argue that nuclear families were also common from 500 to 400 BC. Due to the improved infrastructure, business practices, and legal systems, many people found it easier to migrate to different places whereby they could purchase land and engage in agricultural or economic activities. This process encouraged young men to marry and settle independently away from their parents. Many archeologists and historians have acknowledged that the increasing population in the country must have also led to the emergence of new nuclear families during the studied period (“Ancient Egyptian marriages,” 2014). This development was also observed to result in an increased population in Egypt. Household Structures and Settings One of the facts about Egypt is that it lacked forests during the time of the pharaohs. Consequently, the structures considered by the people were largely influenced by the natural environment and their economic positions. Although ancient Egyptians constructed their structures from papyrus reeds, the pharaohs brought new ideas that led to the construction of brick houses. Such building materia
Wole Soyinka’s play Death and the King’s Horseman relies on the real incident about the man who prepares to commit ritual suicide and accompany the deceased king to the afterlife. This is the tradition of his people, and the violation of it seems more terrible than death: a curse, shame, and dishonor (Soyinka, 2002). Soyinka shows that these traditions are not so archaic since the time of action is the 40 th of the twentieth century. The world is shaken by wars that do not seem more civilized or correct than ritual death. The connection between the world of the living and the world of the dead is real to the local people. The atmosphere of the ongoing transition, its inevitability and necessity is perfectly conveyed in the play. As Olunde says, Elesin has the deepest protection from the king and the dead ancestors. If he does not commit ritual suicide, the king’s wrath can turn into irreparable trouble for the whole tribe forever. He must complete his life path and convey the message to the king so that his spirit does not languish without a companion (Soyinka, 2002). His death is unavoidable so all rituals must be observed in the right way. Therefore, his son Olunde thinks only about the ceremony that his duty commands him to perform over the body of the departed (Soyinka, 2002). After all, if he makes any mistake, the prosperity of the tribe will be threatened. Saying that community veneration is at stake Olunde means that their world has been pushed out of its normal course, and its inhabitants have fallen into a bottomless trap. Simon Pilkings did not succeed in preventing the trouble, no matter how he played the role of a person doing good to people who do not understand him (Soyinka, 2002). The deaths of Elesin and Olunde became a tragic outcome as a result of the interference of the British colonists in the traditional Nigerian rite. However, the act of Olunde saved the local people from dishonor. He took on the burden of Elesin and sacrificed his life to save their world. As the tribe believed, the timely completion of the ritual by Elesin would give people peace. The horseman’s mind would also be in peace if he follows the ritual. However, when the right moment approached, the white people did not allow him to commit a ritual and leave this world (Soyinka, 2002). Only the gods know what will happen with the whole tribe after that, but they understand that the course of life is reversed. White people have violated the law of the tribe which is followed by punishment. They have doomed the king to wander in the bottomless abyss of evil. Simon Pilkings has severed the cord that links the Nigerians to the great origin. It means that he has broken the tradition that connected those people with their ancestors. The point is that each person is born within a certain point of geography and is the bearer of one or another nationality. It is extremely important to honor traditions sinc