ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Introducing the title ‘Lies My Teacher Told Me’ Loewen criticizes the distaste for history the American students have. Students with African American, Latino, and Native American backgrounds approach history always with a particular distaste. This dislike has been observed by almost all the history teachers. At the same time, he emphasizes the fact that American history is more important than any other topic since it is their own past. According to Loewen, it is the presentation of the subject that does not illuminate the past with the present, hence the past loses its relevance for the present situation, as far as the students are concerned. The very presentation of the book itself makes the book uninteresting and not memorable. At the same time, the history books have never been revised or corrected as the history profession does not spend time on them. Moreover, the textbooks do not really give a sense of the nature of history. Keeping all this in mind Loewen invites the Americans to do better on this front. The True Importance of Christopher Columbus Christopher could really be looked upon as the beginning point of the modern age of the Americas. Whereas, describes Loewen every school child in America remembers the date 1492, but the historians fail to record “virtually everything that is important to know about Columbus” (Loewen 1995) on the other hand the authors make up beautiful stories to humanize Columbus. The collective account given about Columbus on the history books are unfortunately not verifiable or practically wrong according to Loewen. Due to the diversity of the culture, the historians have struggled to make equilibrium thus not offending anyone. Thus they would not leave out Arawakas, Phoenician precursors, or glorify De Soto. Similarly when Columbus is glamorized the textbook would suggest we identify with the oppressor, but the new times can not judge Columbus from our own time. It is clear that in “1493 world had not decided, for instance, that slavery was wrong. Some Indian nations enslaved other Indians. Africans enslaved other Africans. Europeans enslaved other Europeans. To attack Columbus for doing what everyone else did would be unreasonable” (Loewen 1995). Red Eyes Loewen argues that today’s students study Native American history through white people’s perspectives. He further claims that the overall interpretations of the authors are still shackled by conventional assumptions and semantics. He believes that it is not the authors of history but those archaeologists, ethnobotanists, linguists and physical anthropologists are the ones who could reasonably tell us about what happened in the Americas before the Europeans and Africans arrived. For actually “a significant number of archaeologists believe that people reached most part of the Americas within a thousand years” (Loewen 1995). Loewen observes that “the Indian-White war that dominated our history fr
Introduction The concept of death refers to the time life ends. However, determining when it occurs is difficult because human functions’ cessation happens across organ systems simultaneously (Kalajtzidis, 2018, p.210). Concerning human life, death is an irreparable process linked to the termination of all body operations and personal existence loss. Dying is an investable part of life, but societies are usually uncomfortable with the subject (Kalajtzidis, 2018, p.214). Healthcare assistants perform the burdening and multi-faceted tasks linked to the dying people. They engage in medical activities, communicate with families, decide to start and stop treatment and anticipate sorrow after losing the loved one. Bereaved families go through grief stages, including denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The paper discusses the physical, psychological, and social care of a dying person, healthcare assistants’ roles, and five stages of grief. Care of a Dying Person Psychological Care Psychological therapy entails the discussion of thoughts to understand personal behavior and recognize mental illness symptoms. Loneliness at the time of death is a critical source of fear for a dying person. It is essential to listen to them and accept they are not interested in speaking about dying. Farther, people succumbing to death feel they will hurt and make their caregivers sad when they die (Liu, Forbat, and Anderson, 2019). They struggle to live through pain and suffering until they receive permission to pass away. Caregivers should talk to them and remain the source of hope at all circumstances. The loved ones should make efforts to hold and touch the dying person to give them comfort. Psychological care to dying individuals is speaking engagement, listening, reassurance, and comfort. Physical Care Dying persons usually experience difficulties in breathing, which makes conversation strenuous. Care providers can help them by lifting the headrests and opening windows to ensure fresh air circulation. People approaching the end of life sit or lie in one position, which puts a lot of pressure on their sensitive skin. It is significant to turn dying patients every three hours to avoid painful bed sores on the hips, heels, lower back, or head (Liu, Forbat and Anderson, 2019). Constipation, nausea, and appetite loss are common occurrences at the end of life. Caretakers should serve people near death small amounts of favorite meals at frequent intervals. The primary physical care
Issues related to classroom behavior encourage a kindergarten teacher to explore factors that cause misconduct as well as techniques that can be utilized in handling such behaviors. Furthermore, the teacher seeks to identify some techniques for solving these problems before they escalate to something complex. Educational scholars note that instructors are not well prepared to handle culturally diverse actions. Research shows that teachers can eliminate class disruptions by solving behavioral issues fully. Moreover, analysts posit that teachers need to create an environment that enables students to learn comfortably. This is achieved through reflecting on instructional practices, interacting with students and most importantly, responding to the behavior of students in an appropriate way. It is established through experience and research that youngsters feel involved in class activities when their opinions and suggestions are accepted. Therefore, children are to be encouraged to voice their opinions and thoughts during lessons. This is made possible by modifying their wrong answers from students into something reasonable. A teacher rejects a student’s answer indirectly that is, by claiming that it was not what was required. Through this technique, each student attempts to answer a question thus minimizing disruption in class. As indicated in the comprehensive classroom management manuscript, whatever a teacher selects as a classroom management skill or technique must side with his/her own personality and preference (Jones, & Jones, 2007). This concept is encouraging although it does not apply uniformly to both American and Japanese teaching system. Although the goals are similar, the overall outcomes are different. American system focuses on cognitive and academic performance while the Japanese system centers on encircling competences that create overall personality of students. This could comprise of student’s physical, moral, social and aesthetic development (Jones, & Jones, 2007). Teachers utilize behavioral approach frequently in managing classroom issues. With the help of positive behavior support provided in the manuscript, the teacher attempts to help students monitor their behavior. The teacher further encourages students to develop new behaviors by giving them relevant instructions and equipping them with problem solving skills (Jones, & Jones, 2007). The teacher should engage students in conversations and remind them that they have to make sound choices both at home and school. The teacher specifically reminds students to complete their homework on time, hand in assignments immediately, follow school rules and interact with others peacefully. T
Conflict can arise between an individual and a group if this individual takes a position that differs from that of the group. During the functioning of the group norms, standard rules of behavior are developed, which its participants adhere to. Compliance with group norms ensures the acceptance or non-acceptance of an individual by a group. Ways to solve interpersonal conflicts, conflicts between an individual and a group, and intergroup conflicts might be helpful guides for approaching such situations. Humanities help to resolve conflicts using the legal, moral, social, historical, or psychological approach since such disciplines as history, philology, linguistics, psychology, and the whole complex of the humanities are the self-knowledge of mankind. Pluralism in philosophy is the statement of two or more principles. Pluralistic philosophy combines various concepts of its predecessors, while these combinations can be both eclectic and non-eclectic. Eclectics is the combination of dissimilar ideas and views. The pluralistic approach is organized around the idea that the state is a product of interaction between freely formed interest groups. In the context of civic life, critical thought, and human society, such political and social dangers as wars and conflicts can be minimized by employing a more eclectic and pluralistic approach to human interaction. An eclectic approach allows the use and combination within the framework of one method of the features inherent in different, including opposite, methods. By contrast, there are social norms, generally accepted rules, and patterns of behavior, designed to ensure orderliness. Despite all people being free and equal in their dignity and rights, they should observe the set of norms that constitutes an integral system, the various elements of which are interdependent. Cornel West speaks about the existential experience, which is interpreted in two forms: as a phenomenon of individual formation and a socio-cultural phenomenon associated with the structure of values. Existential experience acts as a personal history of existence, during which a person clarifies the values. According to West, self-esteem is related to substantive self-enhancement while narcissism is related to superficial self-enhancement. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between them. He also says that “looking beyond one’s egocentric predicament” helps to overcome many barriers to understanding, and helps to withstand difficulties and setbacks. He also says that doubts decrease the force of the argument provoking intellectual dizziness. The most meaningful takeaway from watching West’s lecture i
The short story “A Clean, well lighted Place” has been written by the author named Ernest Hemingway in the year of 1962. The story is basically a narration of different stages of life where the interest and thought process of people changes with time. Age is the biggest focus line of this story as people’s thought process changes with the growth in age. The author had illustrated different stages of human life with the help of illustrating characters of old waiter, young waiter and an old man at the café. This paper evaluates the similarities and differences in the traits of all three characters. The author had illustrated the younger age of human’s life to be full of excitement. The author has portrayed the character of the younger aged waiter as a young human who has his short terms goals. The author claims that the young waiter did not really felt considerate of the older persons around him. To the young waiter, older people are filthy and clumsy who have nothing better to do in life (Hemingway). In the story, the author had described the traits of younger waiter’s personality as impulsive, inconsiderate of older people, focused to a conservative vision of sleeping with his wife and one who had no idea how death could come to his life in his later years of older age. “I have a wife waiting in bed for me (Hemingway 28) .” The second stage of human life has been projected with the help of character of an old man who stays in the café till late night to drink. He does not spill a single drop of liquor on the counter and when he leaves the bar, he walks with dignity instead of unsteady walk. The older age of the man had been regarded to a stage where there are no hopes left but the fear of darkness at home (Hemingway). The darkness had been used as a symbol of death. Staying at the café for longer hours helped the older man to escape from the fear of darkness. The café was well-lighted that had been used as an escape from the darkness. The light is very good and also, now, there are shadows of the leaves (Hemingway 62) The third character which is quite similar to the character of old man is the waiter at the café who is also old. The young waiter asked him about the old man who stays for loner hours at the café late night. “I wish he would go home. I never get to bed before three o’clock. What kind of hour is that to go to bed? (Hemingway 8) “ In reply to the question of the young waiter, the older waiter answers from his experience stating that older stage of life is full of fear of darkness (death). The older waiter states that the older man was in a progression towards old weary days that ends wit
Abstract Riordan’s strategic plan targets to enhance the strength of its competitive advantage. The manufacture of plastics is its core business. The firm needs to attract, recruit, and retain the most valuable person in the industry for its critical functional units. Riordan’s strategic plan will be based on three levels of output. Three critical areas have been identified in its strategic plan. They include supervision, R&D, and financial risk management at the sales level. It will attract highly skilled personnel in the three critical areas using wage rates that are above the industry average. It will use a reward system and other non-financial motivation factors to retain targeted employees. The supervisors will be critical in promoting an organizational culture that eliminates goal displacement and sub-optimization. They will also encourage the forwarding of suggestions for improvement. The financial risk management employees at the sales level will assess the potential for loan repayment. The loan has been used by competitors to increase sales. It is a form of benchmarking approach to increase market share in new segments. R&D will be responsible for the technical development of new products. Assessment of the effectiveness of the strategic plan will be conducted on a quarterly basis. The strategic plan has set realistic goals that are most likely to be achieved. Introduction Riordan’s main objective is to enlarge its market share by expanding its customer base in existing market segments and capturing new market areas. Ethical and social responsibility has a strong influence on the firm’s choice of strategic plans. The firm’s main competitive advantage is its production of plastics. The firm’s plastics products are highly demanded. The firm should use the benchmarking approach to adopt the best practices that are used by competitors and industry leaders. The first process in the measurement of strategy effectiveness is to determine the variables that need to be measured. Some of the most important factors to be captured in the assessment process include employee retention in critical areas, the number of suggestions for improvement, and the number of viable su
Introduction International organizations and institutions set and execute rules in societies across the world. These rules are akin to constraints that shape how humans behave. Consequently, they define incentives concerning social, political, as well as human economic exchanges. Since organizations and institutions determine how communities change over time, they are important in comprehending historical contexts (Li and Abiad 1). These bodies impact the performance of state economies. In addition, that the differential outcomes of economies in several periods are influenced by how these bodies evolve is also not debatable. Immediately the World War I ended, policymakers in the West started to establish steps that could guarantee Europe as well as other parts of the global security. The measures they adopted were founded on institutional platforms, which defined and implemented security measures (Li and Abiad 1). However, in doing so, they did not take into account the role of balance-of-power politics in the post-Cold War. When Clinton was campaigning in 1992, he said that it was cynical to champion power politics in a world where people were entitled to freedom (Mearsheimer 12; Wallander 706). Later, his administration criticized the former political regime for looking at the world via a prism that was typified by relatively high levels of the classic balance of power. In this context, it can be stated that this strategy of international politics recognize
Carbon Emissions by the Loch Urr Wind Farm Wind farms are located on the peat lands that usually accommodate huge stocks of improperly protected carbon ( Energy sources 2012). The project, therefore, poses a great threat in the increase of the overall carbon losses. The soil in the Loch Urr has surface organic horizon which is greater than 50 cm in depth (Werner 2010, p. 201). Hence, the project is set to impact carbon emissions to the environment. The carbon is subjected to loss when constructing wind farm, where carbon is lost from the excavated peat (Shogren 2013, p 214). Carbon is also lost from the project area due to drainage ( Built Environment-Scottish Government 2012). Some of the constructions that lead to carbon emissions include track preparation, construction of the turbine foundations, and transportation of the materials to the project area. The legislation and policy covers for carbon emissions In Scotland, there are several policies that have been formulated to govern all projects causing the emission of carbon into the environment. Some of the governing bodies involved in the implementation of the policies include the Scottish Planning Policy (SPP), The National Planning Framework (NPF), and the local policy. NPF is a national policy providing the principal planning approach for Scotland. The regulations set by the national government to control the development of projects in Scotland have been outlined in it (Great 2012). The stipulated laws dictate that require that all the applications of the planning permission must be formulated in consensus with the development arrangement where the exceptions are indicated and directed otherwise (Great 2012). The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) is a vital organ that determines and ascertains whether the project developers have accurately outlined the regulations of the carbon losses and savings to reduce the overall emissions. This policy necessitating the involvement of SEPA is fundamental in ensuring that the project developers do not pollute the environment since they follow procedures directed towards sustainable development ( Energy Sources-Scotland n.d.). The final policy is the European EIA legislation which participates in covering this parameter. The project developers must adhere to the directives set in the various articles within the European EIA legislation (Montini and Bogdanović 2011). The primary need of this legislation is to protect the environment in accordance to the article five that advocates against release of pollutant gases to the environment ( Proposal for a Directive-European Commission- Europa 2012). Discussion and examples of the baseline data Even though global warming emissions are not always associated to the functioning of the wind turbines in the farms, there are some cases where these releases arise from different stages in the development of their life cycle ( Environmental impacts of wind power n.d.). Some of the activities that lead to emission of carbon by the wind farm in Loch Urr include material’s pr
Introduction The field of psychology allows for applying a variety of research designs. Within the realm of quantitative methods, there are those of experimental and non-experimental nature, enabling to obtain various kinds of data. Therefore, the analysis and critique of the current quantitative research studies allow for retrieving valuable knowledge about the practical application of specific designs with proper attention paid to their advantages and disadvantages. The study chosen for this critique is entitled “The effects of the relaxation response on nurses’ level of anxiety, depression, well-being, work-related stress, and confidence to teach patients” conducted by Calder Calisi (2017) and published in the Journal of Holistic Nursing. The purpose of this critique paper is to investigate how effectively the quantitative design is used for testing the hypotheses and answering the research questions. The research by Calder Calisi (2017) aims at studying the effects of relaxation techniques on the reduction of stress and anxiety in nursing staff. More specifically, the research question asks how effective the Relaxation Response (RR) techniques are for nurses’ stress and anxiety reduction and their distribution of the methods among patients. The study is two-fold and aims at testing two hypotheses. Firstly, the author assumes that nurses using RR will improve their well-being by reducing the level of anxiety and work-related stress. Secondly, it is hypothesized that “nurses may have enhanced confidence in teaching this technique to their patients to help them better cope with the stress of their illness” (Calder Calisi, 2017, p. 322). The researcher provides an extensive literature review to draw on the background information that became the basis for the research. This information demonstrates that the leading cause of nursing staff shortage is termination due to stress and anxiety caused by job responsibilities. Therefore, it is important to implement self-nurturing interventions that would help nurses cope with stress and remain in the profession. The Relaxation Response technique is described concerning its developer Dr. Herbert Benson; the rationale for the choice of the technique is presented (Calder Calisi, 2017). The author uses up-to-date, relevant literature to reference the claims and theoretical reasoning without apparent bias. Summary of Methods The quantitative study was experimental since the participants were separated into two groups, including a control group and an intervention group. According to Newman (2016), experimental designs utilize to control and experimental conditions to test the causes of behavior. Therefore, the relaxation interventions, the effect of which was being tested by the researchers, were applied under