ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nursing accountability and responsibility are both essential to their work and should be observed at all times. However, it may be challenging to distinguish the two terms, as at first glance they appear similar. Both govern the actions a nurse should take and both imply negative consequences for failing to adhere to the guidelines and achieving an undesirable outcome as a result. However, responsibility and accountability are fundamentally different due to their scope and origins. This essay aims to define the two terms clearly and to describe the essential differences as well as the importance of keeping both in mind. Responsibility Responsibility involves correctly carrying out the duties expected of a nurse’s position and role. According to Koutoukidis, Stainton, and Hughson (2016), a nurse’s responsibilities include supervision and participation in care as well as the provision of feedback and advice to medical officers and other personnel. Nurses who work in different positions have correspondingly varied duties and are expected to carry them out thoroughly and professionally. Failure to do so will likely lead to penalties that will depend on the severity of the breach and its consequences. As such, it should be noted that responsibility is a local term that is defined by the circumstances of one’s workplace. Accountability Accountability means that nurses must be prepared to answer for every action that they take to a variety of entities, including themselves, their patients, their employers, and the profession as a whole. According to Black (2016), the concept is rooted in ethical principles such as loyalty, respect, and faithfulness. The notion of accountability means that a nurse should look beyond his or her professional duties and report any potential threats that he or she observes. Furthermore, accountability is a global concept that is codified in most professional standards, including that of the American Nursing Association, and remains the same regardless of the nurse’s position. Essential Differences A nurse should consider both responsibility and accountability in every action that he or she takes because the two are ultimately not the same. Responsibility is limited to the duties given to a person directly while accountability allows and requires one to look beyond the constraints of his or her immediate tasks. Responsibility is mutable and changes depending on the nurse’s work, while accountability is unchanging and defined in a variety of documents. Lastly, responsibility is a primarily professional concept that can be applied to most lines of work, but accountability is grounded in ethics and personal qualities and is mostly limited to medical workers. A nurse should plan his or her actions based on the constraints of his or her responsibility and adjust them as he or she carries out the duties based on what accountability dictates. Conclusion Responsibility and accountability are similar terms, but they differ in their origins, scope, and application. The former describes the tasks and boundaries of a nurse’s ro
Introduction A controversy exists in terms of gender stereotyping when it comes to friendship. Women relationships are conceived to be more phony and unreliable compared to men. Women are viewed differently. For instance, they are conceived as being always in competition with one another and disloyal to those whom they view as friends. On the other hand, women friendship is viewed to be more personal, intimate and sincere than those of male. Despite all these contradictions, the existing friendship between women and men has been proved to be extremely distinct. The ultimate goal of any friendship is to attain common goals whether male or female friendship. The distinction between male and female friendship is that these types of friendships are superficial in nature and characterized by style and appearance (Anonymous, 2011). Given the various response to the various posts, the below discussed posts were the most fascinating. The post by Ryan Stirling: Where she agrees that when women get married and become mothers and wives, they are expected by the society to give their family first priority and their female friendship comes last. On the contrary, this might be true or not true depending on an individual perspective. In our current society, this has become a common theme and continues to exist. Traditionally, men are known to be breadwinners while women are supposed to take care of the meals, laundry and children. Social media has greatly played a role in connecting women. With the availability of internet everywhere, from their homes women can still chat with their friends online either through face book, twitter, MySpace among other social networks. Even though being viewed as “false friendship” as this women do not have time to hook up or see each other, at least they are updated about the well being of one another. Despite having internet connection, these women continue being lonely than ever. As a result, they can make an individual to become physically and mentally ill (Marche, 2012). The most interesting about this article is its ending which states that” the core of a friendship has to have more in-person interactions and experience.” This is where an individual has to discuss personal issues and offer comfort to one another. But with online chatting, these cannot have a great impact unlike when you talk face to face. In summary, despite women being married, they still have contact with their friends. The second post that attracted my attention is that of James Taylor. Eng claims that female friendships are highly oversimplified. This statement is biased to some extent. However, in the society, we have people with distinct characters. For instance, we have women who exhibi
Introduction This paper is set to synthesize the evolution sleep in animals, its benefits and the recent knowledge that is linked to this natural phenomenon of near unconsciousness. “A Third of Life” addressed what is sleep and its purpose while “Improving Sleep” discuses the stages of sleep and its patterns in animals and human beings. The final article, America’s sleep addresses awareness of sleep deprivation impact and how to improve lifestyle to ensure better sleep. This analysis combines all these information into describing sleep and its implication on animals. Essentially sleep evolved as a crucial phenomenon for the survival of animals Sleeping Theory A major concern for scholars has been why do animals sleep? “What is it for?” (p. 463) The “A Third of Life” article demonstrates that during sleep, “…it is not just a matter of closing the eyes and being unconscious…” rather the brain remains active as the Electroencephalogram (EEG) would indicate in “improving sleep” article (474). This means that sleep is not just mere absence of wakefulness but has a very important physiological benefit. Besides, when animals are deprived sleep, they show some disruptions of the normal body function in form of a number of symptoms such as synaptic changes (Epstein & Mardon, 56). Sleep is induced by the brain based on the circadian cycle in most animals thought its function has not been so clear but some theories have been postulated to explain its purpose, according to “A Third Of Life” article. Thus, when animals are deprived of it they present symptoms of stress, but those animals that get enough sleep are more alert, active and healthier (Dement & Vaughan 103). Sleep has been described as a way of conserving and restoring energy so that the animal feels fresh and active. However, the major concern here has been why the phenomenon of having to spend a considerable part of the day sleeping evolved (Epstein & Mardon, 56). There are theories that this has improved survival is species hence leading to another major question, ‘How does sleep improve survival?’ The brain could have been designed to sleep for very shorter periods of time instead of a very long time span such as 5 to 9 hours. Some theories purport that the answer lies in the vulnerability of animals to danger when they remain awake all day. “Essentially, most animals and human beings are biologically designed to sleep almost at the same…” (p. 464) time, instead of being awake all day and night. This sleeping cycle helps protect species otherwise, predators would hunt and deplete their prey and then starve to death hence ter
“British Chambers of Commerce Get Gloomier about Growth” by Phillip Inman and Michael Carolan The main focus of this article is the eurozone debt crisis and how it affects Tesco, the UK largest supermarket chain. The problems in Europe connected with the mentioned problem managed to influence the company activities in the following way, the sales of the company are on the low level. Moreover, the same problem has affected the BCC Company, which has to cut forecast from 2.2% to 1.9% in 2011. The British Chambers of Commerce warnings “of fragility in household finances and tepid consumer spending as the coalition’s austerity measures begin to bite” (Inman & Carolan 2010, par. 1). The employment is also predicted to be affected by the eurozone debt crisis, increasing on 8%. Fletcher (2010) writes in his report that “FTSE 100 ended 117.75 points lower at 5550.95, with Wall Street down 135 points by the time London closed” (par. 2). Thus, the UK economy is not subjected to the failures like Portugal and other countries of eurozone, still, the impact is great and Tesco is one of the companies which feet it. The main hazard is that the negative impact is so great, due to the fact that such big company appeared under stress, without mentioning what may happen with smaller companies. Oil and energy companies are affected at great extend. Thus, Cairn Energy and Petrofac appeared under the influence of the eurozone debt crisis (Fletcher 2010). Thus, it may be concluded that having appeared on the threshold of the recovery from crisis, the UK companies may again stuck because of the complicated situation which is happening in the eurozone. The whole situation seems natural as being a part of the Euro Union the UK should be connected with the processes which take place there. The UK will not be able to recover from the crisis absolutely, till there are debt problems in Greece, Spain, Portugal, etc. “UK Uncut Targets Topshop and Vodafone over Tax Arrangements” by Tracy McVeigh Taxes is the most problematic question in any country. Considering the latest situation with taxes and regulations in the UK, it may be concluded that the problem is rather sharp for smaller companies rather than for big corporations. Having the problems, the government makes a decision to cut the budget rather than to tax the big companies. Such situation is rather convenient for the latest, still, it affects other members of the national economy. The article focuses on the following companies, Vodafone, Barclays and Boots. The government plans a number of budget cuts which will influence all companies in the country except for such “tax dodgers” as the companies mentioned above. These companies are going to function within the same conditions. The taxation of those companies could bring at least £25 bn a year. Richard Murphy, director of Tax Research UK said, “Large businesses are paying a smaller proportion of their income in tax than many individuals and small businesses in the UK and that’s unacceptable” (McVeigh 2010, par. 11). This is the problem, rich people and large companies do not pay taxes
Introduction Christopher Columbus is historically revered because of positive contribution brought about by his voyages such as founding of New Lands, introduction of new agricultural methods and fostering interaction among others. However, many historians have viewed Christopher’s Columbus legacy on a different perspective. They claim that his voyages were flawed as illustrated by preparing New Lands for Spanish colonization, slavery, spread of diseases and plundering of wealth in discovered lands. In analyzing Christopher’s Columbus, and comprehending his ambition and ideas of his voyages in the Americas, this paper analyzes various aspects of his voyages and how it impacted on the society. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus lived during a period when Europeans encountered various challenges. According to Butterway (24) these challenges were mainly brought about by religious oppression, famine, and diseases. During his years of exploration, there was an ongoing discussion of Spanish looking for a direct trade route to the West Indies. According to Butterway (38), the fallacy anchored on the aim of Christopher’s voyages was that he was not motivated by the possibility of gaining more wealth for himself and his Spanish government, but to construct the New world for Spanish colonization Christianity that would necessitate future colonization (Gregory, 75). Christopher had a strong catholic faith and a firm believer of the Bible; therefore, it was a role for him to expand his believes of Christianity in the Americas. Christopher sailed across the oceans for almost 1492 days (McNeese, 13). Thus, through his voyages, he opened up New Lands such as the Caribbean islands and countries such as the Tobago and Trinidad for Europeans. Many cities, towns and streets have also been named after Christopher Columbus. In some of his many voyages, Christopher can be described as a role model of perseverance and courage, a prudent navigator, “the icon of America evolution”. This is because; his discovery of new territories provided an opportunity for the growth of trade, science and contemporary edifices of administration. Intends in the Caribbean islands Christopher Columbus description by Native Americans is that he was a fascinating and friendly person the world has ever produced. This fact is asserted by himself in one of his diaries when he affirmed that, no other man had ever encountered people with a good heart like the natives than himself (Butterway, 79). Thus, through this interpretation, we can understand that Christopher’s conveyed a message that, his intents was refined to exploit the New Lands he voyaged. According to Butterway, However, in he challenges himself when he refers to Taino Indians, a generation of Indians descendants of the Caribbean as sub-humans (112). He could not believe that they were fellow human being. New Ways of Agricultural Practices Many people believe that Christopher was one of the ultimate benefactors of all time. McNeese asserts this when he introduced agricultural activities to the lands he visited (76). Thus, this provided contact opportunity for both old and ne
Definition of Justification Justification in criminology refers to the process of trying to prove that someone is right. It entails the act of defense on any criminal offence prosecution. In such a case, an offensive act could be justified but it is not necessarily liable to be a criminal offense. In justification, there is the aspect of setting apart some exceptional prohibition in as far as commission of some offenses is concerned (Siegel, 2008). A good example is a situation in which someone kills another during a fight. The offense committed by this person is murder. However, on the basis of justification it can be termed as man slaughter because the reason behind the killing was not intentional but rather the death occurred as the person was trying to defend himself from the other person’s attacks. The Difference between a Justification and an Excuse Excuse is almost similar to justification in that it is also entails trying to prove that a person was right in committing a certain offense. However, there are a few elements that distinguish the two. In excuse, a person will admit that there was a crime that was committed, but that he should not be punished for the crime due to some surrounding circumstances. The argument used is that the person who committed the crime did so as a result of some shortcoming in his or her personality, for instance, due to mental defects, inability to control themselves or even age-related factors (Newburn, 2007). Some of the differences between justification and excuse include the fact that justification is universal while an excuse is personal in nature and in most cases it applies only to the unique individual who has committed the offence. In addition, a justification does not really admit that a person has committed an offence but an excuse admits that a crime has been committed but then tries to explain the reasons for the occurrence of the crime. For example, if two friends John and Tom were involved in a game and Tom injures John intentionally, then it means that John can make a legal claim on the matter. However, Tom will try to justify himself as to why he committed the act. In the process, he may be justified by the reason that he injured John out of self defense and hence he may not be blamed for the act. On the other hand, if Tom admits to committing the act due to some reasons such as loss of temper then this becomes an excuse for committing the crime and he may be blamed for committing the act. Comparison and Differences between the Criteria of Excuse and Justification There are similarities as well as differences in the criteria involved in justifications and excuses. One of the main differences between the criteria of justification and excuse falls under the issue of moral evaluation of the offense. In justification, there is an aspect of interest balance while in
Global competition and continuous innovation Globalisation leads to immense competition among businesses in the same industry. They now have to reduce business cycles in order to accommodate these changes. Companies that succeed in the global market are innovators. They are able to operate in some of the most dynamic and demanding markets in the world (Nierenberg 1982). Examples of such industries include fashion and electronics. Global competitiveness has caused firms to adopt a long-term approach to innovation. Introduction of new products is no longer enough; great emphasis has to be given to process innovations, as well. Most of these international competitors now reach out to suppliers and other members of the supply chain as sources of innovation. It is not sufficient to rely on customer feedback alone (Shapley & Rustum 1985). GlaxoSmithKline is a Pharmaceutical organisation that embraces the concept of continuous innovation for global competiveness. The firm has a two-stage process in which it first discovers and tests new products, ideas, or processes. Here, most efforts appear theoretical and ideal. In the second phase, the organisation then refines and implements the concept practically. At this stage, only those concepts that have been tested will go through to the next phase. Glaxo follows a rigorous and repeatable process that ensures valuable products are created in the company. The organisation’s policies exist in various parts of the world; therefore, in order to stay competitive, all branches need to follow this rigorous innovative procedure (Van de Ven 1990). The firm had to employ such a mechanism in order to amalgamate all the various ideas that stem from its branches. Glaxo ensures that continuous innovation occurs in an organised and sustainable manner. Relevance of innovation and creativity in business Businesses need to stay creative and innovate in order to curb obsolescence. If an organisation only dwells on old ideas, then present work can easily become redundant. Although old ideas may have yielded satisfactory results in the past, they often get surpassed by time. For instance, Xerox underestimated the usefulness of the fresh idea of a personal copier and banked on its older formats; these types were overtaken by peers (Sternberg 1999). Similarly, Kodak was on the verge of obsolescence by insisting on the old idea of analogue cameras. It was only through continuous innovation that the company stayed relevant; it patented the right to install cameras on mobile phones. This ability to embrace and implement new ideas is what prevents obsolescence in various companies. In situations where a business is not under immediate threat of extinction, it still needs to increase shareholder value by staying profitable. One way of achieving this is increasing worker output. Professionals in most industries rarely tap into their full potential, yet most of them have the same capabilities (Waterman & Peters 1982). Consequently, companies will g
Synopsis of the book Decades have swollen away since Ronald Reagan assumed the white house duty as a republican president. The book gives a detailed analogy of America’s history in the late 19th century and early 21st century making it the only narrative that gives the transition of the American people from the time of Jimmy Carter as the president. The book not only focuses on the ruling of Ronald Reagan and George Bush but goes a mile further to address vario9us policies and discoveries of the 1980s and1990s. Right turn addresses issues as they unfolded from the 1970s and bringing them to an end in the1990s making it the perfect thing about the history of the United States. The book shows how conservative ideas were brought into the limelight and how organizations moved from their intimidation points. The book illustrates conservative ideas implemented by the republicans from national politics, public policies, the climax to the cold war, and ways by which the ordinary Americans were affected by social, legal, economic, and cultural developments. I would like to recommend the book to anyone who wishes to study the politics of America from the World War II and the late 19th century as he/she will find the book of great importance to him. How conservative found its way in the Reagan-Bush era. Conservatism simply means to preserve. In politics, it is used to preserve tradition and traditional values. In the United States, it indicates political ideas such as conservation of the society, environmental conservation, money, economy, and legal conservation. The American conservative was found by classical liberals and the conservers of the society in the 90s and early 21st century. Many organizations in the United States have come out in the past to support the idea of conservatism. As the other developed countries in the world United States does not have many parties hence conservatism can not be linked to one party. According to Schaller, the United States conservatism is linked with the Republican Party. Ronald Reagan was elected the president of the United States in 1980 which saw a republican candidate get to the office after a period close to 30 years; conservative policies were his main goal in economic and foreign policies. Reagan has a conservative transformed the American policies and leading the success of the Republican Party. Reagan attributed conservatism to the less interference and decentralized authority of the government; he looked for heritage and policy guidance, (p. 34). Reagan wanted to be served by officials who did not sympathize with the arguments of the criminals. In his time the media was not supposed to air anything that was not in the support of the government’s activities. He encouraged entrepreneurship as well as limiting social spending and minimizing the loss of currency value. He did not advocate for the Soviet Union hence he referred to it as an evil empire. The first US troops to oversee country after the Vietnam War was ordered by him to Grenada. His rule granted the military authority to overthrow s