ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article under analysis is called Questionable Requirement for Consent in Observational Research in Psychiatry and is dedicated to the evaluation of informed consent both as an ethically acceptable condition for research and as a cornerstone for reaching the accuracy and validity of the studies. Therefore, the scholars argue that the ethical dilemma can be solved through a combination of prior knowledge and observational methodology that can elucidate the researcher’s fallibility. Due to the fact that an observational study is premised on the analysis of the results and findings obtained from the natural setting, the necessity to receive informed consent from the patients can lessen the reliability of the obtained data. Therefore, the scholars introduce an alternative solution to the case to avoid the problem. In particular, the research offers a more flexible outlook on the scientific exploration that should be engaged in the non-compliance stage. The main strength of the study lies in the development of a unique, efficient theoretical framework that will allow the scientists both to eliminate the informed consent stage and to ensure a respectful attitude to the patients. The main factors of privacy protection could be provided in an alternative way. In particular, the assessed committees propose to present new methods of information processing and exchange during the research that is based on the researchers’ duty to observe confidentiality. Despite the strengths of introducing a new observation approach to the three case studies, there are a number of weaknesses. In particular, due to the fact that there are a limited number of cases that point to the unreliability of informed consent, observational research could not be criticized heavily in this matter. In addition, the alternative methods presuppose ignoring the main principles of informed consent and introducing a more flexible option that broadens the sense of agreement between the scholar and the participant. However, such an approach does not satisfy entirely ethical concerns of the research. While investigating the issue, the researchers have been concerned with the objectivity and validity of the responses they receive from the patients. However, informed consent already constitutes an obstacle to the identified purpose. Because avoidance of the established relationship between informed consent and research practices is imposs
Introduction The Homeland Security Act of 2002 was passed to protect Americans after September 11, 2001, through information sharing between various security agencies, better vigilance in the form of laws, and better enforcement of these laws. The Homeland Presidential Directive-3 (HSPD-3) signed by President Bush in March of 2002 says that the nation needs a Homeland Security Advisory System to provide an effective means “to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and the American people”. Thus, the focus of the Homeland Security Act was the dissemination of information among the Federal, State, and Local authorities and the public. With the passage of the Homeland Security Act, twenty-two current agencies have been brought together under one new department, the Department of Homeland Security. The Homeland Security Act 2002 is charged with a threefold mission of protecting the United States from further terrorist attacks, reducing the nation’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage from potential terror attacks and natural disasters (Haddow et al, 2007). Identification of major problems or weaknesses One of the major flaws in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 is the heavy reliance upon information technology to carry out mission-critical tasks and provide other citizen services (Thaler and Bea, 2005). Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV) has raised concerns regarding the structure of the new huge organization formed by the DHS Act 2002. Under the DHS Act, almost 200,000 government employees working in two dozen federal agencies for decades, now find themselves in a new organization called the Department of Homeland Security with a new culture and consequently face role conflicts (Thaler and Bea, 2005). Due to such communication and role conflicts, information sharing between agencies within the DHS has not been easy. The DHS has no direct access to information neither does the FBI or CIA comes within its organization. Hence, DHS has to rely on outside agencies such as the FBI and CIA for intelligence gathering and analyzing information. Moreover, intelligence cannot be shared between federal agencies in and outside of the DHS because their computer systems are not compatible with each other. The DHS also faces the problem of sharing information in checking the passengers and foreigners entering the United States as nine different federal agencies inside and outside the DHS collect and create separate terrorist watch-lists: TSA, CIA, FBI, State Department, Customs, and Border Patrol Protection’s Interagency Border Inspection System. Laura W. Murphy, director of the ACLU’s Washington office has criticized the bill for permitting DHS to withhold “critical infrastructure” information from public scrutiny (Harper, 2003). Murphy says that this might make criminals out of officials who blow the whistle on threats to public health or private sector incompetence. The Center for Democracy and Technology finds that the legislation greatly “undermines p
Introduction Economic growth is defined variously. It is viewed as the increase in the value of products associated with a given economy within a specific period of time. It is measured using an annual percentage of the rate at which actual gross domestic product (GDP) is changing. A growth which emanates from proper utilization of inputs is referred to as intensive augmentation (Naroff and Scherer 85). On its part, a change brought about by a rise in inputs is referred to as extensive development. Generally, there are four key elements that determine the growth of a country’s GDP. They include natural resources, entrepreneurship, as well as human and goods capital (Gordon 63). In economics, escalation is considered as an increase in potential output. Any form of growth within a period of time has great impact on a state. In this paper, the author will discuss the role played by economic and political institutions in the growth of the economy of the United States. It is noted that the U.S prospered, while so many other former colonies continue to struggle today. According to Sokoloff and Engerman, one reason behind this discrepancy in the growth of the former colonies is the strength of their institutions (220). There is a close link between institutions and economic growth. In this paper, the author will discuss the growth of the U.S economy in the context of this link. The institution of slavery and its relationship to economic growth in America will also be reviewed. Analyzing the Growth of
Stress is often understood in the current context as the most frequent and, at the same, time, dangerous psychophysiological state of a modern person. This state of severe psychological stress, as a rule, is associated with an excessive number of necessary tasks and a heightened sense of high responsibility. The problem of stress is especially widespread in modern countries of the first and second worlds, where the very specifics of lifestyle can exert tremendous pressure. It is required to discover and describe those causal relationships that determine the presence of stress in a person. An attempt was made to identify the combination of stress factors that make the normal life of an ordinary person not only difficult but even unbearable. It is demonstrated that there is a close connection between modern work requirements and conditions, the stress experienced in family life and immediate harm to the psychological health of a person. Primarily, this essay focuses on the factors that cause stress and at the same time represent a kind of combination between a person’s work and family activities. The so-called conflict between work and family is the overlap of one layer of activity on another. Taking care of one’s relatives implies financial assistance and interaction, the presence of a family budget, that is, work is a guarantee of the family’s security. However, today it happens to be extremely difficult to combine active labor activity with real care for the family. It is required to describe those factors of family life inherent exclusively in the modern situation in the world and society, which conflict with an adequately built regular activity. One of the most problematic issues for a modern person at the moment is perhaps time management, the ability to organize a schedule in such a way as to conveniently distribute all his activities. Increasing productivity, performance of work, in this aspect, seems to be one of the main goals, since it is a condition for a reliable social position with a stable financial income (Rabenu et al. 1143). Consequently, a clear distribution of time, despite the possible difficult implications that it may have for a person, has become something like a condition of modern existence. At the same time, it is difficult to say that such a life on a constant clear schedule contributes to the psychological health of a person. The need to fit into the formal framework, to subject one’s household chores and leisure to a clear time limit, seems to further complicate a person’s life. Moreover, one could say that the need to organize your free time, the search for a blank space in the schedule for rest, can negatively affect the very principle of getting pleasure from leisure. Thus, in contemporary socio-economic conditions, it becomes increasingly difficult for a person who cares about those they love to find time exclusively fo
Social integration plays a primary role in shaping and influencing people’s behaviors. It is defined as the degree to which individuals feel connected to different groups or persons in the community (Appau et al., 2019). Emile Durkheim, one of the most significant sociology founders, believed that society is essential because it exerts a force on people. The beliefs, values, and norms referred to as a shared manner of behaving and understanding or collective consciousness connect people and establish social integration (Uchino et al., 2018). Additionally, they explain society’s existence and help individuals understand each other’s social beings and behavior. People in the community have different identities, personalities, and morals. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the impact of social interaction on an individual’s morals. Social integration might affect people’s morals positively or adversely. The reason is that people’s behaviors are influenced by the groups they relate to (Uchino et al., 2018). This transforms the whole crowd’s morals and thinking eventually. For example, I was brought up in the Caribbean, where most individuals live through tourism. Some of my friends were adversely affected by sea life activities and engaged in drug and substance abuse behaviors. However, we established a group of young people between 12 and 30 years who collect shells from the sea, make beautiful necklaces, and sell them to the tourists. We use these funds to visit different orphanages once a month to take necessities such as foodstuffs and clothes to the children. Additionally, I decided to join one of the churches and become an active member. I have been in different groups, and I am currently in the youth service devoted to helping the elderly and people living with disabilities in the community. This group consists of various professionals such as healthcare providers and lawyers who visit the less fortunate thrice a month to enhance their well-being. Moreover, we have set aside one day a week to clean various areas in our society. These groups have helped me maintain good morals because I am surrounded by people who focus on improving the community’s status. I have determined the essentiality of teamwork and having goals and objectives in life. This is because these interactions have increased the ties of people in the community. Having a productive society requires people to invest their capabilities and effor
Project overview The problem under consideration deals with the human brain and changes which occur after concussions as the result of the head injury while football playing. The research is important as being a very popular game in the country, football may result in heavy injuries of children’s brain which may lead to irreversible results. The research is based on the observation of human behavior in adulthood after the cases of head injury during football playing in childhood. The research is conducted in a high school among 1359 students who regularly play football and have ever had concussions as a result of a head injury while playing. Students have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in childhood and in adulthood, computer tests are conducted as well for understanding whether there is a difference in development or not. Introduction The main reason for conducting this research is to understand the dependency of the head injuries got in childhood after the development and changes in the human brain in adulthood. The results of this research may affect football game rules and change the means of head protection. Parents should take care of their children and they are to know how playing football may affect children in the future. Similar research was conducted among professional players, however, the main idea of the research, in that case, was the consideration of the effect of the brain injury on the organism functioning. Amen, Wu, Taylor, and Willeumier (2011) conducted SPBCT imaging as one of the means for results consideration. Our study is constructed out of this research. Having an intention to analyze the seriousness of head injury in childhood, the research is going to result in reconsideration of the prediction methods. There are some effective prediction methods, however, they are based on the research of short-term head injury (Post & Hoshizaki). The significance of this research is in football game playing and concussions in childhood and consideration of how these head traumas affect adults if measures are not taken. Sports concussions differ from simple cases of head injury as while playing football, children appear at constant risk. Moreover, the cases of concussions during football playing and in other cases differ by the frequency and by the possible power of the hit. Epstein (2010) tried to contradict this statement saying that “all of the players were able to complete the test with relative accuracy, but the brain activity of the four players who took a lot of middling hits-but suffered no concussions-changed dramatically” (p. 42). Conducting research we are going to answer the question of whether football is too dangerous, which raises much debate (Is Football Too Dangerous, 2012). Even though much research has been conducted, the problem remains urgent and unconsidered from different angles. Therefore, the main idea of this study is to conduct the research of human brain activity in childhood and in adulthood of those who were subjected to head injury while football-playing which resulted in concussions h
Introduction Recent years have attracted attention to the deaf community. Awareness had been increasing in the last three decades. Consequently, different authors have emerged with different perspectives. Among these authors is Thomas Holcomb. The current research paper explores the American Deaf Culture in view of dynamics that exist. These include education Main Body Holcomb explores the different elements regarding the perceptions of pioneering scholars in identifying and defining Deaf culture. The author allows the reader to track the shifts in perspectives on deaf people. The major perspectives presented by Holcomb are those introduced with compulsive judgments to the enlightened perspectives of Deaf people as a cultural identity. Deaf culture denotes a pessimistic word, revealing a public identity and self-importance. However, terms such as deafness or impaired hearing do not indicate a precise sense of belonging or pride to the community. Certain oralists contradict that the deaf culture does not exist. They fancy seeing it as awkward and false dogmatic concept. Some argue that it was articulated in ancient periods, and it poses defiance instead of reality. Therefore, this outlook contradicts the significance of ASL to the deaf community (Holcomb 96). Deafness as a disability Deafness as a disability is often viewed as the fundamental premise of the education and reintegration of deaf people. Some pioneers of the definition view deafness as an impairment. Deaf persons who claim a socially Deaf characteristic liken themselves to the affiliates of different cultural societies (Holcomb 98). They claim to possess a culture, as well as language. The critics of deaf culture do not perceive deaf persons as associates of a marginalized culture. However, they assert that deaf people are audio coherent individuals, earshot disabled and handicapped. While exploring the definition, they place deafness as having an incapacitating impact to respond to ecological signals or relish features of conventional culture such as music. America Deaf Culture has a very huge disparity with the other deaf cultures. Holcomb largely targets scholars who interpret and training on sign dialect. He emphasizes on the diverse issues of culture rather than an expression of the language. Deaf culture and education Higgins (1982) defines the reading on deaf culture and mentions that culture is a compound whole that comprises of learned habits, abilities, customs, decrees, art ethics, and knowledge of the human as an affiliate of the community. The author regards inter-cultural communiqué such as time point of reference, minimum and maximum framework, as well as individualism and collectivism. Typically, he communicates issues of the American deaf culture that identifies the preferential segment in the deaf community context (Higgins 10). There are dissimilar discernments of expatriates who simply study the deaf arts. Additionally, they study populace residing within the deaf community. Holcomb confers the growth of deafened culture that the tone-deaf youngsters who attended the learning institutes found it difficult in communicating w
Topic In the article “Counseling children at a helpline: chatting or calling?” Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) presents readers with an innovative way in which the Dutch have innovated the traditional method of counseling by providing sessions that can be given to children via an online chat portal or through the phone. As Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) explain, it has always been the case that counseling has been a face to face/ voice to voice interaction between the counselor and the patient however as seen in numerous cases around the world people/children are sometimes afraid to go in for counseling due to the supposed sociological implications this may have on their reputations or by the sheer fact that they are just merely afraid of going. Hypothesis Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) hypothesized that among the two methods used for counseling sessions it was the use of the chat conversations that would derive a far better form of counseling as compared to phone conversations due to the more impersonal nature of the conversation which allowed children to express themselves more without actually exposing themselves. Methods Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) examined the responses derived from a selection of telephone and chat conversations in order to see which method produced a greater “connection” between the counselor and patient and which resulted in positive results. Results In their study Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) showed that children who used the chat portal as a means of talking to a counselor were actually able to develop a more meaningful dialogue and this was evidenced by the quality of the conversations that were examined. Conclusion One way in which Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) explain how this occurred is by implying that it is the impersonal nature of chat conversations and how children feel less pressured to answer on the spot that the quality of conversations thus improved. Critique of the Article First and foremost it must be noted that numerous individuals who need counseling sessions go without one and this at times has lead to further erosion of their mental health. For example, children who have recently become part of a divorced family, have a father/mother in jail, those who are being bullied, children who have been the victims of sexual and physical abuse as well as children that are labeled as “different”; these and an assortment of similar cases all warrant some form of counseling in order to help ease children into the situation they are facing and to prevent any permanent mental problems from occurring. Unfortunately, as mentioned earlier, in most of these cases appropriate help isn’t given. When taking into consideration the results of the Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) article it can be seen that social and non-governmental agencies around the world that strive to counsel children have a possible alternative they can pursue in terms of getting help to children that need it the most. While it may be true that the Fukkink and Hermanns (2009) was somewhat lacking in the verac
Introduction Hill and Morris (2008) conducted a five-study meta-analysis of welfare program interventions on maternal employment and child development. Specifically, the aim was to find out whether maternal participation in welfare-based employment and supplemental-income intervention had favorable effects on the development of very young children who were from 6 months to three years of age when the programs started. All this is a contribution to the Next Generation Project, a well-intentioned effort to investigate the effect of welfare on the children of beneficiaries. The period under investigation is the middle the to late 1990s, at a time when pilot programs were underway to afford parents on welfare employment opportunities and therefore reduce dependence on dole-outs. Research Design Hill and Morris justify the “experiment” label in their report title since the five studies comprising the meta-analysis — Bloom et al . (a benchmark measure in 2000 and post-assessment of cognitive and behavioral outcomes two years later); Bos et al. , a one-time “dipstick” measure in 1999; Gennetian and Miller (also a once-off assessment in 2000; Huston et al. , (2003 only); Michalopoulos et al. (2002 only); Morris & Michalopoulos (also a one-time measure in 2000) – were about trials (“field experiments”) in varying locations around the U.S. and Canada of an intervention consisting of jobs, income disregards or supplements. This then is the independent variable in all five studies that Hill and Morris assembled for the meta-analysis. For clarity, an “income disregard” is the term used in the U.K. and Canada for, respectively, total tax credits and the increase in annual income that does not count for tax purposes. This does not quite have the same potent effect on family wellbeing as the tax rebates that the U.S. Congress passed earlier this year. A tax rebate check amounts to “windfall” income (not non-taxed income) that, the administration hopes, tax-filing Americans will cheerfully spend and thus help resuscitate an economy moribund since the second half of 2007. The dependent variables consisted of standardized scores which the authors calculated from data produced by follow-up measures of the cooperating researchers. Standardization of achievement/cognitive and behavioral outcomes could have gone a long way towards the reliability of the meta-analysis were it not for the fact that the five programs employed a varying range of survey instruments: the Academic subscale of the Social Skills Rating System; single-item parent ratings of how well a child was perceived to do in school; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and a math skills test for measurement of cognitive achievement; the Behavior Pro