ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world is undergoing various transformations in order for all species to adapt to the inevitable changes on the environment. This has led to cases of inventions and innovations as human beings strive to find better ways of fitting in the society. On the other hand all other living things are undergoing evolution albeit at a very minimal level in order to enable them fit in the environment (Katz 2009). In the ecosystem various food chains and webs continue to change as competition between preys continue to rise. This essay evaluates the evolution of predator and prey pairings and how it leads to the evolution of prey species. In ecology a predator is defined as an animal or organism that feeds on other organisms while the prey is the victim (Scott 2010). The relationship between predator and prey is important in order to ensure there is a balance between the prey and predator populations. Predators play an important role of ensuring that the prey population is regulated to avoid overpopulation. However, recent studies have revealed a strange pairing of predators and preys due to continuous adaptations that threaten the existence of prey in any ecosystem. This is due to the fact that the predators are evolving at a faster rate than their preys. It should be understood that all organisms need to evolve at the same rate given the fact that they reside in the same ecosystem. This is revealed in the relationship between the lion and the Thompson gazelles in a case study done in one of Africa’s game parks known as the Serengeti located at the Kenya Tanzania border. The study revealed that lions have become faster and developed high sensitivity in order to hunt gazelles with ease. As the park continues to undergo changes due to global warming gazelles are adapting slower than lions and this enables the later to stand higher chances of survival compared to the former. The study revealed that the association between the lions and the gazelles ought to be balanced and efforts are being made to ensure the gazelle population is kept constant to avoid their extinction. Given the fact that prey and predator pairings threatens the survival of the prey there are other external factors that contribute to the elimination of the prey species (Bothman 2010). All these organisms live in the same ecosystem and are thus subjected to the same environmental conditions. Whenever these conditions threaten the existence of species they do not do so in isolation of the prey or predator alone. These conditions threaten the lives of both groups of organisms and coupled with the feeding behavior of the predators the preys are therefore subjected to a higher risk of getting extinct compared to the predators. However, the populations of predators face great risks from other factors that may help in reducing chances of prey extinction due to the fact that as more predators continue to be killed by diseases, poaching and forest fires their population reduces. Therefore, there will be fewer predators feeding on the prey and this gives the population of the later higher chances of increasing. It is estimated that within the next twent
Frederic Jackson Turner is an outstanding historian in the United States of America. His works are devoted to the history of his country, which he tried to evaluate from different sides and to find reasons why these and those events took place in America at that very time. The number of Turner’s works is not so numerous, but “The Frontier in American History” is his most famous writing, which is devoted to the understanding of the American culture through the division of the American frontier line. Considering the first chapter of the book “The Frontier in American History”, which is called “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”, it is possible to conclude that the thesis statement of the essay may be delivered by such words, “The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development” (Turner para. 1). This only phrase may explain the whole idea of the chapter, the direction of thoughts of the Author. Turner is sure that the division of the frontier, the colonization, and the existence of free lands were the main reasons for the cultural and political development of the country, that only these divisions are responsible for the position of affairs in modern America, that this was the reason of why the country developed only in this direction and not in the other. To give his thesis substantiates, Turner begins the explanation of the history from the very beginning of the American frontier, when it was Atlantic, and then comes step by step to the other changes which took place and provided its changes to the American life. The Atlantic frontier was in reality even European, and the author is sure that the great role was devoted to moving westward, where “the frontier became more and more American” (Turner para. 5). The frontier, moving westward, made the political, cultural, and economical life of the American land more American, as the European influence became limited and then absolutely eliminated. This part in the history of the country was significant, and it was the frontier that made the culture move this way. Turner’s thesis is rather strong, and reading his work, it becomes more and more understandable that the author is right. The facts which are offered in the chapter are very informative and significant. Studying the information considering Turner’s Thesis, the attention was attracted by facts that there were some historians, who not only evaluated and criticized this work but also denied it, what impossible to avoid as every point of view should be criticized. My strong opinion is that Turner managed to prove his point of view by giving reasonable and strong facts and evidence, his ideas are clear and deserve attention in the histo
Introduction The poet Gwendolyn Brooks won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950 and is best known for her poem We Real Cool, written in 1966. Born in Chicago, Gwendolyn Brooks received numerous other honors over the course of her career, including being named the Poet Laureate for the state of Illinois. We Real Cool coincided with a shift in Gwendolyn Brooks’s style of writing from her earlier work. She began her career writing complex verse in a highly intellectual and scholarly style that was suited more to the academic milieu. However when We Real Cool was written Gwendolyn Brooks had made the shift to a more direct writing style that allowed her themes to come to the forefront rather than stay buried under academic language. Critics attribute the change in style to the politically charged times that We Real Cool was written in, and the poem also includes a more generous sprinkling of the vernacular that made her work more accessible to lay audiences. Main Body Over the years the poem We Real Cool has come to signify a particularly poignant vision of disaffected young urban males – men that age extremely rapidly and seem largely inured to the brief violent tenor of their lives. This essay interprets the poem We Real Cool and devotes special attention to the meter that Gwendolyn Brooks used to set the poem. The essay will argue that this meter effectively creates a paradoxical psychological movement within the poem which explains why it remains popular and often quoted nearly 50 years after its appearance in print. The basic narrative of the poem We Real Cool centers on a group of seven young men playing pool rather than attending classes. Gwendolyn Brooks described these seven young men as having “no pretensions to any glamor” (Stavros 72). The poet explains that they are “supposedly dropouts, or at least they’re in the poolroom when they should possibly be in school since they’re probably young enough, or at least those I saw were when I looked in a poolroom” (Stavros 72). The young men feel a certain pride in their act of defiance, and consider it bucking the system, as evidenced by the lines “We real cool. We Left school” (Brooks 1). The word “Left” is capitalized to illustrate the young men’s satisfaction in getting away with skipping school (Brooks 1). The poem goes on to give simple yet penetrating glimpses into the rest of these young men’s lives: “We Lurk late. We Strike straight. We Sing sin. We Thin gin. We Jazz June” (Brooks 1). In these lines the reader learns a good deal about the young men and their attitudes toward their future; they stay up late, they cut classes, they drink underage and they listen to jazz. Notable is the word “Lurk,” also capitalized, which suggests vaguely nefarious late-night excursions into possible criminal behavior. Though the narrative is disarmingly simple and direct it is nonetheless expansive and offers a full picture of the lives of its subjects. The emotional tone of the poem rests in melancholy. This sadness occurs because of the disaffected and resigned nature of the final line: “We die soon” (Brooks 1). In the final li
Abstract The inability of the manufacturing division at the Going, Inc. to meet the deadline is likely attributed to the inefficiency of the chosen mode of operations. The current paper argues in favor of lean process adoption. Combined with repetitive focus process type, the change is expected to eliminate unnecessary complexity, minimize delays in production, and eliminate overages and shortages of components. In addition, its compatibility with JIT inventory management approach has the potential to optimize storage and manufacturing capacity. Introduction Since its market entry, the Going, Inc. has experienced an unexpected surge in demand. As a result, the manufacturing division was unable to meet the deadlines, followed by the creation of overage of some parts and shortage of others. The following paper outlines the changes in mode of operations and inventory management that are expected to alleviate the encountered difficulties. Suggested Changes The first aspect of Going’s production that needs to be addressed is the company’s mode of operation. The data on production numbers and sales orders suggest a significant gap between supply and demand, and, more importantly, the possibility that this gap will widen in the future. Specifically, it is evident that while by 2004 the company is close to reaching its estimated maximum capacity production of 15 planes, this figure is insufficient for addressing the current average demand of 18 planes per month. In addition, it is possible to expect further increase in demand due to a clear growth trend observed throughout the three-year period (Belobaba, Odoni, & Barnhart, 2016). Therefore, it would be reasonable to suggest lean as a preferred mode of operations. The most apparent advantage offered by the proposed mode would be the reduction of excess inventory and, by extension, relocation of resources resulting in the elimination of inventory shortage (Slack, Brandon-Jones, & Johnston, 2013). In addition, lean mode of operation is expected to increase value of the offer for the customers. As can be derived from the available information, the main advantage of the company stems from the high quality of its product and the appeal of flying an airplane with a distinct brand name. In addition, it is possible to assume that timeliness of delivery is also an important aspect. From this perspective, lean approach would allow for greater focus on value created in the process. For instance, it would be necessary to review the location strategy, which currently presents a major bottleneck in terms of alignment between planning and manufacturing since the assembly hanger and the corporate headquarters are located in different states (Dennis, 2015). Addressing this issue would allow for more efficient planning and increase overall efficiency of the production process. Next, considering the high variety and complexity of the current inventory combined with a low number of basic final product models, it would be reasonable to suggest repetitive focus as a new process type. Plane production reli
Introduction Culture in an organization refers to the values, beliefs, history and attitudes of a particular organization. Culture also refers to the ideals of an organization that dictate the way members of the organization relate to each other and to the outside environment. An organization’s culture defines its values; the values of an organization refer to the ideology that the members of an organization have as pertains their goals and the mechanisms to be used to achieve these goals. The organization’s values map out the way employees are required to behave and relate to each other in the workplace (Allan, 2004). There is a very important need to develop healthy cultures in all organizations whether they are religious, commercial or institutional. The culture of an organization determines how it is perceived both by its own employees and its stakeholders. The managers of an organization are said to be able to influence the culture of the organization. This can be done by the implementation of various policies that lead to a culture change. Many organizations have two types of cultures, the culture that management wants to enforce and a culture that dictates the relationships of the employees among each other. Many institutions have been found to have a persistent and hidden culture among the employees. This is the biggest task to organizational management; how to replace the employee culture with the desired culture (Young, 2007). There are two types of culture; namely strong culture and weak culture. Strong culture is whereby the actions and beliefs of the employees are guided by the values of the company. Such a culture ensures smooth and efficient flow of an organization’s activities. Strong cultures result in successful and united organizations. Weak culture on the other hand refers to instances where the activities of the employees are not guided by the values of the company. A weak culture results in the need for a strict administration that is bureaucratic so as to ensure that the company’s activities flow well. Weak cultures result in increased overheads and under motivated employees. Fig. 1: Organization culture (Burke, 1999). There are five dimensions of an organization’s culture namely power distance, risk taking tendencies, gender issues and employee psychology. The power distance aspect refers to the mentality among the employees on who wields more power and how much power they wield. This will vary among organizations as some have more powerful
Introduction Analyzing historical facts and events, it can be said that the timing of taking such an analysis might play a role in the way a particular historical event can be presented. If the event is a war, then the depiction of the war in the media can be influenced by the fact on which side the film writer or direction is. This fact is especially true for films, where a personal factor should be always present, either from the script or the director, unless it is a documentary. In that regard, a different portrayal of war events does not necessarily mean intentional demonstration of different sides of the same story, but rather a change in the context, which forces a specific focus in the film. In the light of the aforementioned, this paper presents an analysis of two different motion pictures, in the context of the pacific war, the first is a Japanese drama film produced in 1944, titled “The Most Beautiful” by Akira Kurosawa, and the second is Japanese animated film produced in 1988, titled “Grave of the Fireflies” by Isao Takahata. The paper’s emphasis is specifically addressed the 44 years difference between them, and the differences in the portrayal of the Pacific war. Historical Accuracy Analyzing the historical accuracy in both films is a difficult matter, as the films were shot with two opposite intentions, propagating war and anti-war, for “The Most Beautiful” and “Grave of the Fireflies” respectively. In that regard, each film could be seen partially containing the truth. Nevertheless, it can be stated that “The Most Beautiful” is more different than the actual history portraying and emphasizing the sense of patriotism, while the war was a
Pricing Strategy The Fitbit corporation, which specializes in wearable fitness production, follows the model of market-oriented pricing strategy. According to this standard, the management targets the requirement of the primary customers of the company (Frenz par. 1). Thus, before fixing the prices for the Fitbit products, the firm sustains a complex estimation of the financial opportunities of the business and verifies them against the prices, which can potentially be allocated by a target market. In this way, Fitbit balances the population segments and profit-oriented characteristics of the corporation. If one compares the clients of Fitbit to the customers of its major competitors such as Nike and Jawbone, it is easy to deduce that the former focuses on the relatively low-income society. The reason for that is stimulated by the idea that wearable technology from Fitbit has much lower quality than the production of the rival corporations. Specifically, the users of Fitbit claim that devices are guided by distraction characteristics such as background music for physical training. However, the innovation-oriented goals of Fitbit ignore the quality of the production. Therefore, the pricing strategy might be reformed and transformed in a successful one if the management of Fitbit changes customer orientation (Seitz par. 5). New Product Pricing Recently, Fitbit company embraced a new product line of fitness clothes. Fitbit corporation took up the strategy of product development as the tool for frawing the attention of uninterested population groups. Concerning the cost estimation of the clothes, the company aligned the quality products to the basic pricing strategy of Fitbit. Specifically, it was decided to follow market-oriented scheme so that to retain the major customer group. However, the company had to take in consideration the fact that the target client group of Fitbit clothes was shifted and embraced
The Most Appealing Ideas Dual language immersion is significant for the academic and cultural development of children. Therefore, many schools are starting to integrate this concept into their curriculums. The idea is that the most common subjects, such as science and math, are taught in a second language so that children both develop their language skills and acquire knowledge. This way, children become more sensitive to other cultures and minorities. Also, gaining expertise in one field in a foreign language often encourages further research in related fields. This theory is foundational in Carrera-Carrillo’s and Smith’s seven steps. Their idea to base their methods on sound theoretical principles is attractive. The authors acknowledge that dual language immersion and cultural learning are related concepts, and therefore, base their techniques not only on the theory behind language acquisition but also on the sociocultural approach (Carrera-Carrillo & Smith, 2006). Notably, the authors emphasize the importance of equality between minority groups and the encouragement of inter-student communication. The other idea that is appealing is related to classroom methods. The authors suggest that learning by interaction is the most effective way of acquiring knowledge, and thus propose process-based centers (Carrera-Carrillo & Smith, 2006). The primary objective of such centers is the development of higher-level thinking in students. As part of their assignment, students will be required to research a topic and engage in constructive debates defending their opinions. Because research will be conducted in a second language, students will be exposed to a much broader world of that language. In contrast, when students do not engage in exploratory activities, they are limited to materials that are provided by teachers in classrooms. This limitation will pose a hindrance to successful second language development and cultural progress. Implications for Educators The most significant difference between traditional second-language programs and dual language immersion paradigm is the instruction of some of the subjects in a target foreign language. Therefore, educators should have the necessary tools and lesson plans to deliver the material in a second language while acknowledging the fact that the listeners are not native speakers. The quality of the provided content should also be consistently high. In other words, when learning a foreign language, children’s science education should not struggle. That is why dual langu
Introduction Punishment for crimes which are deemed cruel and unusual is forbidden by most governments. The legal interpretation of ‘cruel and unusual’ is somewhat open to debate but in general, the term ‘cruel’ refers to brutal punishments that cause excessive pain. Most legal experts agree that punishments including bodily dismemberment or torture are undoubtedly classified as cruel. Again, terminologies are open to interpretation as evidenced by the current debate at the highest level of government involving the definition of torture. The term ‘unusual’ is commonly understood to define the equitable application of punishment for a particular offense. For example, if ten people were cited for speeding and nine of them were fined £100 but one was fined £1000, this penalty would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together, both ‘cruel’ and ‘unusual’ indicate that the punishment should be exacted in proportion to the offense committed. A life term in prison is an acceptable form of punishment but if it were imposed for jaywalking, this would be an unacceptable method of punishment because it would be considered excessive given the severity of the offense. Excessive is also open to wide interpretation in both the public and legal realm. Some would argue, for example, that imprisonment of any amount of time for ‘crimes’ such as gambling, prostitution and the possession of drugs should be interpreted as excessive therefore ‘unusual.’ The use of the death penalty is considered by some to be the most obvious and heinous example of cruel and unusual punishment. Those opposed to capital