ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Before the discovery of gold in 1848, California had a population of 20,000 Native Americans, 12,000 Mexicans and 2,000 Yankee frontiersmen (Norton 12). Majority of the earlier immigrants were from Mexico. They mostly moved by forming well organized caravans. Mexicans were later on joined by Chileans and Peruvians together with the natives from California. They all had a passion in the search of gold which was more localized in the south. From 1849, there were almost 8,000 Americans; mostly located around the Stanislaus River. Later on the Chinese immigrants (mostly peasants) were to come in. They were running away from their country which had been characterized by a decade of unemployment and crop failures. These Chinese immigrants were lured by shipping agents who made them believe that California was a “Gold mountain”. For them to reach California they only had to part with as little as $40. It is further said that in the first year alone (of the Gold rush), 1000 Chinese immigrants had crossed the Pacific (Norton 17). After four years, this number had increased considerably with over 20,000 immigrants being cleared by the San Francisco customs office. These people who worked in gold fields were organized into companies (by the San Francisco Chinese mercha
Abstract Communication has evolved drastically, especially in the last few decades. Initially, interpersonal communication often involved face-to-face conversations and interactions. However, this trend changed as technology evolved. The introduction of mobile phones has particularly played a huge role in the transformation of communication. Presently, people choose mobile phones as their preferred mode of communication as opposed to meeting and talking with others face to face. What is the extent of mobile phone usage, and why is it that people prefer these devices as opposed to one-on-one interaction? This research paper seeks to answer these questions through the collection of data using surveys as the method of choice. It also looks at this research method’s efficiency in the provision of those answers and as a data collection method in general, which entails looking at what the method incorporates, its advantages and disadvantages, what makes the method suitable for this type of research, what challenges it involves, and possible ways of resolving such challenges. Background Indisputably, the mobile phone is one of the most useful technological devices of our century. It has revolutionised the way people communicate as well as how they conduct business (Hans & Ludovic 2008). Although the device also has its disadvantages and challenges, its uses are diverse and thus outweigh its disadvantages (Lynn 2010). The author of the book, The Cellphone: the history and technology of the device that changed the world, Guy Klemens, an American engineer, holds that mobile telephony merits outweigh its demerits. Klemens is of the view that the mobile phone is an absolute necessity and that even though it has some undesirable qualities like being an annoyance sometimes, it is something that most people ought to have. He illustrates this assertion by using an example at the beginning of the book of a woman selling fish at the Congo River. The woman is uneducated and can thus not read or write, but she communicates with her customers using her phone, which she uses to take orders and make deliveries accordingly. The technological developments made on the mobile phone over the past few years have occurred at blurring speed and have facilitated the fitting of the device with features akin to a computer. The mobile devices now include features such as a camera and in some cases a video recorder for recording short films, a voice recorder for making important memos, the Internet, and email applications. The devices also offer room for the installation of extra applications with smartphones getting features that provide high resolution and clarity o
Philosophers have always tried to bring out the truth about human nature as well as providing details of the psychological evolution of humanity. In their works, they expound on the essence of various aspects of human behavior. Most philosophers employ symbolism to create the general image of the aspect/behavior in question. A renowned Greek philosopher, Plato, did one such works-The Parable of the Cave. The parable elucidates the cause as well as the effect of limited knowledge to a society. The parable is in the form of a conversation between Socrates and Glaucon, Plato’s brother. The conversation begins with Socrates asking Glaucon to imagine an underground cave inhabited by humans. The people, who have spent their life from childhood in the cave, have their necks and legs chained thus unable to move. There is a fire blazing in a distance above and behind the prisoners with a raised wall erected between the prisoners and the fire over which some marionette players show their puppets. The prisoners are only able to see the shadow of the puppets on the wall of the cave-their only way of being acquainted to the outside world. All the prisoners do is to name the objects they see their shadows on the wall. One’s ability to judge the object remains as the only way to measure an individual’s intellect. Consequently, the prisoners’ world revolves around the confines of the cave. As the parable unfolds, one of the prisoners manages to get out of the cave. Since he was only familiar with the little light in the cave, the bright light of the outside world stands as a great challenge. However, he conquers all the challenges he faced in the outside world and manages to interact with the various elements of nature in the ‘real world’. Eventually he gathers the truth and he decides to share it with the prisoners in the cave. However, the prisoners greatly oppose the new truth about the world. The parable obtains its meaning from the symbols that Plato employed. Among the symbols that Plato used are the puppets. A puppeteer manipulates a puppet in a way that it imitates events and activities that occur under different circumstances. The shadows of the puppets that appear on the wall of the cave are similarly imitations of the puppets thus of events that occur in reality. The shadows constitute the main source of ideas, from which the prisoners obtain their intellect. They greatly influence the thinking capabilities of the prisoners. Therefore, their definition of the world depends entirely on their experiences as well as observations within the confines of the cave. Owing to this, we can say that the puppets represent or rather signify the various norms and beliefs that different societies hold. Most people live as prisoners of these belief systems without questioning the integrity as well as the intentions of the people who came up with them. The puppeteer represents the members of a society who knowingly manipulate the beliefs of others. Just like the prisoners in the cave, many people may never g
Family relations are becoming increasingly important in the modern world. This cell of society has the opportunity to form the most favorable conditions for future generations. That is why it is necessary to research and find ways to solve problems, difficulties and disagreements between husbands and wives. This is also critically important due to the fact that even at present, the deterioration of family ties will negatively affect not only society, but also the psychological and physical health of individuals (Salinger and Whisman, 2021). At the moment, the Western model of marital relations is particularly widespread, where the relationship is based on friendliness and taking into account the person’s personality as the most important indicator. It is important to note the fact that the relationship between spouses is a direct reflection of the trends in the development of society. This is due to the fact that social conditions are constantly changing and transforming, presenting new requirements to the institution of the family. Hence, recently, the roles of husband and wife have been changing in values. There are often cases where a woman becomes the breadwinner of the family and assumes all responsibility, becoming a leader. However, an integral part of the union of men and women is following religious concepts. Moreover, faith emphasizes the preservation of traditional ideological values. The way people will relate to faith can be passed on to the next generations, which will have both a positive and non-negative character. That is why it is necessary to grow children taking into account religion based on mutual understanding, love and empathy. Modern society, despite its rapid development, is characterized by a sufficient number of social problems. The need to solve them is to improve people’s relationships for the further well-being of other generations. Hence, one of the important questions is the survey of marital relations and issues that may arise in them. It should be noted that in this aspect, the importance of religion and its postulates plays an important role. Thus, this work examines the problems of matrimony, the ways to solve them and the use of faith for a better understanding of the problem. Therefore, more and more literature and scientific works appear on the topic of the relationship between husband and wife. Moreover, speci
Introduction Many companies today turn to co-branding, pairing their brands with one another in collaborative marketing efforts (“What is the logic behind Co-Branding?” 2010). Although the concept of co-branding is not new, it became specifically evident in the era where the companies’ brands started bearing a value, equal to the company’s tangible assets. There are many reasons to embark on co-branding programs, but the rationale can be seen specifically obvious for the case of mobile phones. With the rapid advancements in mobile technologies, the companies reached a point where the three important components of successful mobile phone models on the market, i.e. technical characteristics, software, and design, are gradually equalized for different manufacturers. The usage of co-branding is one of the effective methods of overcoming such a dilemma, where the cooperation between different brands was used in other industries (McKee, 2009). It should be noted that the wide recognition of the partner in co-branding is seen as one of the aspects, where the importance of other elements such as the attributes of the product and the preferences of the consumers might be questioned. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of the proposed study will be to elaborate on and clarify the link between co-branding and the product attribute preferences for a Motorola mobile phone brand. The study will use data from surveys to answer the following questions: 1) “does co-branding increase consumer perceptions of the price, quality, and image of the product attribute?”; 2) “what attribute(s) preferences are not affected by co-branding?” Partici
The ghost dance is a religious movement that was started by Native Americans in 1890. The circle dance formed the belief systems of the Native Americans and was later given the name the ghost dance (Maclean and Paul 12). This religion spread to western states of the US including California and Oklahoma. This research paper will discus about the ghost dance. Jack Wilson also known as Wovoka by the Paiute people, was the founder of the ghost dance religion. Jack Wilson was born in the Smith valley around Southeast Carson in Nevada in 1856. Wilson worked in the ranch where he leaned English and Christian religion. He was known as Wovoka by his people but used the name Jack Wilson when dealing with the whites. He was a young leader who wanted to become a weather doctor just like his father (Maclean and Paul 17). As a young person, he saw several visions but he had difficulties interpreting them. When his father discovered that his son had problems to interpret visions, he took him to be trained by a holy man. The Christian religion influenced Wilson ideas. The ghost dance religion emerged as a resistance of the efforts by the white Americans to assimilate the Native Americans and abolish their religious beliefs. The movement came forward when Jack Wilson had a vision during a solar eclipse in 1889. In his vision, God showed Wilson a beautiful land that was full of animals. God sent Wilson back to his people to tell them about the beautiful land. In fact, Wilson urged his people to go to the beautiful land. However, it was a requirement that people must love each other, be honest, and abandon the bad culture of body mutilation and mourning the dead. By doing so, God would unite them with their loved ones in paradise (Maclerran and Paul 23). As a spiritual leader, God told Jack Wilson that if people agreed to perform the ghost dance they would be cleansed and be united with the loved ones in paradise. After this vision, Jackson proceeded over circle dances and traveled to different places urging people to love each other.
Current Problem Humans often transport horses from one place to another for various reasons, including sporting, selling, slaughter, and breeding purposes. The available modes of transport are air, water, and road, but the common one is road transport, where horses are put in enclosed carriers or vans. The transportation of horses has not been an issue in the previous decades until recently when animal rights and welfare activism brought to the fore the possible discomforts associated with their transportation. Diverse forms of discomfort exist, which interfere with the well-being and performance of horses. One of the major problems is anxiety, which emanates from transportation stress. Piccione et al. recommend caretakers to assess the welfare of horses constantly during transportation (1). Constant measurement of the nervous system is critical because it regulates cardiovascular function, which effectively reflects sensitivity to stress. As transportation is a stressor, the nature of homeostasis in horses determines their abilities to return to normalcy after transport. During transportation, horses experience the problem of dehydration. The assessment of heart rate is essential, for it is one of the indicators of stress and other physiological activities. Transportation of horses by road is worse than by water or air, for horses endure vibrations and noises of rough roads for a long period. The abnormal posture, coupled with being in an unfamiliar environment, causes stress that interferes with metabolism. According to a study by Niedwiedz et al., total proteins, which most associate with transient dehydration of horses, increase during transportation (195). Hence, there is ample evidence that shows the existence of dehydration and electrolyte disturbance. Possible Solutions As solutions to discomfort, anxiety, and dehydration, a transporter should make sure that the transportation experience of horses is comfortable. The objective of reducing anxiety is to make horses calm down and enhance their ability to adapt to transport disturbances. Caretakers of horses have suggested numerous interventions. To reduce anxiety, the speed of transportation by road should be slow with increased braking distances, but no emergency braking. In addition, transporters should not fasten the horses so that they can always change their positions while on transit. Tying them up also impedes their head movement to avoid toxic fumes such as ammonia and dust. For group transport, partitions are essential as they support and prevent horses from injuring each other. As horses are social animals, they like being in the company of other horses during transport. In some cases, in the absence of an
It is planned to explore the success and performance of Hilton Hotels and Resorts, which is one of the world’s leading brands in the hotel industry. The report will analyse marcom strategies used by Hilton, such as loyalty programs, magazine advertising, and social media presence, to evaluate their ability to promote customer loyalty. Importance of Branding for Organisations/Consumers Branding efforts have become increasingly important for both organisations and customers in the hotel industry since they facilitate the establishment of realistic expectations concerning the offered services. According to the reviews by Khan, Hakeem, and Naumov (2018) and Barreda et al. (2016), in the hotel industry, branding is associated with consumers’ loyalty and opportunities for quality assurance. As the article by Liu et al. (2017) argues, the assumption that building strong brands should be the basic goal is associated with multiple research gaps when it comes to luxury hotels, which creates the need for new research. Today’s studies on luxury branding demonstrate that the luxury marketplace is becoming more complex due to the growing demand for high-end services, which changes the competitive landscape and requires businesses to implement new and more effective branding techniques (Giglio et al., 2019). The branding efforts of Hilton Hotels and Resorts, or, more precisely, the brand’s ability to connect with different types of customers, can be studied with reference to customer reviews by the type of client (Chang, Ku and Chen, 2019). Marcom Tools and Brand Equity Marcom tools enhance brand equity by disseminating positive information about organisations. Popular brands in the hotel industry use the combination of traditional and online advertising channels (TV ads, social media, websites, luxury magazines, and so on) to improve brand awareness (Krizanova et al., 2019). Hilton Hotels and Resorts is not an exception to this rule. Despite being considered a luxury brand, Hilton Hotels and Resorts does not overemphasise elitist perspectives when selecting marcom tools and strategies; for instance, as Lin (2018) demonstrates, reciprocal communication with customers via Facebook allows it to spread information and study the preferences of customers of different income levels. Close attention should also be paid to the brand’s use of sales promotion techniques, such as Hilton Honors Loyalty Program (Hantuli, 2016). The proposed report will explore the extent to which traditional and digital marketing techniques contribute to Hilton’s brand equity today. Justification The hotel sector has been selected for analysis since it is rather interesting to explore the way of how growing competition shapes organisations’ approaches to marketing communications. Additionally, as is clear from the studies cited above, luxury h
When we hear the word “Marijuana”, a very negative feeling about it gets into our nerves. We think about how dangerous and harmful it is and how it should be avoided at all costs. News around us paints a very grim picture of cannabis. Unfortunately, this is not the case. There is more exposed lie than truth surrounding the control and use of marijuana. This paper explores some of the reasons why Marijuana should be made a legal drug. In real sense, the drug should be made available to its users. This drug has more benefits than harm both to individuals who use it and authorities. It is my opinion that its open usage be encouraged due to the following facts: Freedom: Need for free will The most important reason why marijuana needs legality is that it enhances people’s ability to exercise their free will and freedom. It is pointless to lock the potential of people to think and act their own way. The liberty of the mind creates great pleasure and leads to ultimate achievement in life. Some of the greatest inventions and technological advances that have been made in the past and present world are as a result of personal liberty. From a philosophical point of view, people have the right to choose what is right for themselves. Authorities can only regulate such choices when it negatively impacts others. The use of marijuana does not even affect an immediate person because it is all about free will and not a communal undertaking. The government may also decide to watch an individual’s action if the latter may threaten personal safety. However this argument does not apply to marijuana bearing in mind that we have other drugs that are more lethal such as tobacco and alcohol. I strongly assert that governments should allow people to have the freedom of choice as far as the use of marijuana is concerned. Increased crime rate Think of this situation of a young impressible man who is eager to earn some cash and pay for his college tuition fees. He is being underpaid and overworked and therefore he can sufficiently cater living costs. To make matters worse, he cannot even afford decent housing and he is compelled to live in a ghetto. Then an opportunity strikes. He is offered a short errand to transport marijuana from one point to another in return for a good pay. Unfortunately he is busted by authorities, arrested, prosecuted and sentenced in a long term jail. While in prison he is hardened up when he has to defend himself against rude inmates. After serving his sentence, he emerges out there as a hard core criminal now that he is strapped out of cash. Legalizing marijuana would eliminate such temptation of initiating good characters into real crime. Cost: Illegalizing marijuana is expensive The other vital argument why this drug should be legalized is t
Introduction The feud between the United States and Cuba dates back to the beginning of Fidel Castro’s reign in 1959. Over the years, different U.S administrations have dealt harshly with Cuba, which they refer to as “State Sponsor of Terrorism.” Despite the sanctions imposed by the U.S, no administration has succeeded in weakening Castro’s rule. In the beginning of 2008, Fidel Castro resigned from office due to deteriorating health and handed over the reins of power to his brother Raul Castro. Since that time, the U.S has been showing some signs of economic interest in Cuba and the Obama administration is specifically seen to be relaxing its tough stance on Cuba. Analysts are however warning that the U.S gesture does not signify a truce between the two countries. In the beginning of the year, there was increased tension between the two nations after the U.S accused Cuba of planning to bomb a Detroit-bound flight. This was not received well by Cuban authorities who described the action as a sign of hostility. (Hanson, 2010) Improvement of the relations and ineffectiveness of the economic embargo The relations between the U.S and Cuba are practically missing. Although the United States has an embassy in Havana, it has no communication with the Cuban government. In the beginning of 1961, the U.S placed economic embargo and diplomatic isolation against Cuba, a policy that is still in existence. In 2000, President George Bush reviewed the U.S policy making it harder to travel to Cuba. According to the new rules, Americans who had families living in Cuba were allowed only one visit every three years for an utmost of two weeks. During the trip, a traveler was only allowed to carry a maximum of $300 down from $3000 in 2004. One year after coming to power, Obama removed the travel and remittance restrictions signaling a relaxation of the U.S. policy toward Cuba. (Hanson, 2010) At the beginning of 2000, Congress reviewed the trade embargo to permit agricultural exports from America to Cuba. According to estimates released by the U.S.-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, U.S companies exported food stuffs worth $710 million in 2008 alone. This was viewed as a big milestone since there was no existing trade between the two countries in 2001. In recent years, different states in the U.S have been seeking for avenues to broker some form of economic deals with the Cuban government. Despite this improvement in trade between the two countries, there are still many restrictions imposed on Cubans who want to export agricultural products from the U.S. (Arcelaschi, 2005) Experts say that the U.S.-imposed trade embargo should be done away with for the benefit of both n