ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Background Information Following the division in the United States on how to address immigration concerns, one of the observations made is that the Congress has failed to pass any legislation aimed at reforming immigration laws. Several factors are behind this failure. One of them is the lack of empirical evidence to highlight the contributions made by immigrants to the economy. There are varying opinions on the contribution of immigrant population to the economy. Some people believe that this group lowers wages. As a result, the local economy is negatively affected. Others claim that the benefits of these individuals are limited to metropolitan economies. The issue of immigrants in the US is described as a complex demographic phenomenon. One of the main reasons behind the increase in population is the peak in the volume of immigrants moving across the border. Immigrants have also significantly contributed to cultural changes throughout the country. Different people have had different views concerning the issue of immigration. The reason is that the US Congress has not yet formulated legislations to deal with the issue. As such, it seems that the government has no policies to deal with the problem. Problem Statement The country is divided on how to address immigration concerns with the Congress having failed to pass any legislation to reform these laws. Some are of the opinion that the immigrant population has positive results on the economy, while others oppose this view. The failure is attributed to the fact that little empirical data is available to support legislation. The paper will clarify the effects the immigrant population has on the median income of metropolitan areas in the US. Research Question and Hypothesis   * Ho: The median income of households in metropolitans with large numbers of immigrants is high.   * Ha: Metropolitan areas with high concentration of immigrants have high poverty indexes than others. Data To complete this project, the researcher used data from 2000 U.S. census. The data was used to highlight the link between the concentration of immigrants and median household income. The relationship between the 389 metropolitan areas in the US was reviewed. In addition, the number of Latino and Asian immigrants was reviewed independently. The aim was to highlight variations in the background of immigrants in the selected metropolitan economies. Literature Review The effect of the immigrant population on the economy of the US is not well known. Today, it is a matter of speculation among members of the American population who tend to use their own reasoning to interpret the effect of the increasing immigrant population. Some studies show that the immigrant population has positive effects on the median income and the economy as a whole of metropolitan in the US while others has painted a completely different picture.
Introduction While childbirth is one of the fascinating issues for many people, it can become the most horrifying accident. The baby can lose the closest person on the first day of life, while the family will simultaneously deal with the happiness of the baby’s emergence and the loss of the beloved person. A considerable number of ladies die every day because of pregnancy-associated issues. This assignment will analyze one of the most prevalent causes of mortality – blood loss in obstetric hemorrhage, figure out the alarming differences in the death rate among African American women during childbirth, and provide current proposals and directions on prevention issues. The thesis statement of the assignment includes the message for the needed attention towards such terrifying causes and suppose possible variants to overcome these awful current aspects. Pregnancy Associated Mortality and According to Racial Rate The death rate during pregnancy, during childbirth, or one year after birth is about the same. A total of about 200 women die each year in the United States due to pregnancy-related complications. Significantly, 54–93% of maternal deaths due to obstetric hemorrhage may be escapable ( Quantitative Blood Loss in Obstetric Hemorrhage , 2019). This is a relatively high rate for developed countries. There are persistent differences in pregnancy-related death rates among women of different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. According to a recently published study by experts from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Reproductive Health (Petersen et al., 2019), maternal mortality rates are much higher among black and Native American women than white or Asian women. Dominant Causes of Mortality Most countries worldwide have adopted the term “maternal mortality. The term “maternal mortality” refers to all deaths of women due to pregnancy, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. The term refers to all deaths of women due to pregnancy, irrespective of its duration and location, which occur during pregnancy or within 42 days after its termination. Pregnancy-associated conditions or complications arise from pregnancy or management, excluding accidents, miscarriages, or cardiovascular disease (Boyd et al., 2020). The following applies in the case of pregnancy, except for accidents or unexpected circumstances. Some experts believe that 10-15% of maternal deaths are due to medical causes, while 85-90% are due to poor enviro
Regular child’s health check-up is an important procedure which provides the accurate information about the child’s health state and development and allows determining possible diseases on early stages. Child’s health checkup should be performed in a pediatric clinic by a pediatrician and a nurse. Normally, parents should bring their child to a clinic in two, four, six, nine, and twelve months for checkups. During health checking, it is essential to interview parents about a baby’s state and feeding procedure, perform the physical examination, determine developmental characteristics, and provide all required immunizations, according to a schedule. Parents’ Interview and Physical Examination Before the child’s examination, it is important to get the information about one’s health state, feeding procedure, and stool. At the first visit, a nurse should obtain a detailed birth history. At next visits, parents should be asked about all child’s illnesses since the previous visit. To evaluate the baby’s development, several tools might be used. Except for the examination, it is important to ask parents about child’s activities and behavior and compare obtained data with the developmental standards. A nurse should estimate child’s growth, using standard growth charts. Parents should be asked about a child’s diet, type of feeding (breastfeeding or a formula) and its frequency, additional drinks and solid food. Besides, it is important to determine the social circumstances of a child’s life: who lives with a baby and what possible environmental risks he or she faces. After a parents’ interview, a physical examination should be provided. During the examination, weight, length, head circumference, and vital signs should be measured (Bickley and Szilagyi, 2012). Developmental Estimation For the two-month child’s developmental evaluation, movement abilities, cognition and social growth should be estimated (Burns et al., 2012). For evaluation of Asia’s state, the Parents’ Evaluation Developmental Status tool is generally used. It is
Society always needs a leader; there can be no argument about that. Even in the age of the advent of individual psychology doctrine, the need for an average human being to follow the crowd and comply with the opinion of the highest authority remains unchanged. The given phenomenon can hardly be regarded as negative, since the need to follow directions and mix with the crowd remains the basic principle of the way in which a modern civilized society works. However, following the directions of the leader blindly can easily lead to the establishment of the so-called cult indoctrination within the society and, therefore, turning a specific person from a leader into a role model for the entire society. Thus, every single word that comes out of the given person’s mouth becomes accepted immediately without questioning its value, morals or, for that matter, accuracy. Defined as compliance breeding acceptance, the phenomenon that turns the history of the society into a one-man show has taken place more than once; it was used by Hitler, Mussolini, Mao Zedong, just to name a few. Although the aforementioned examples are the historical proof of the danger behind the compliance breeding acceptance, the latter can still be observed in a number of states even nowadays, which begs the question what threats the given phenomenon conceals and whether it can actually be avoided at the early stage of its development. However, to stress the necessity to avoid compliance with breeding acceptance, it is necessary to take a look at the effects of the latter. When it comes to talking about the effects of compliance resulting in acceptance, mostly negative and global issues come to people’s minds, like the notorious German Nazism or Italian Fascism. However, the aforementioned phenomena can be regarded as movements, each of them having their own unique features; the latter being the exact effects of compliance breeding acceptance, they are worth considering closer. To start with, compliance leading to acceptance may finally resolve in discrimination against the people who are for some reasons out of favor of the leader and his/her followers. The reasons for the latter not to accept the outcasts may vary; as a rule, racial or national issues prevail in the context of the world history. For example, compliance led the aforementioned Nazis to accept discrimination of the Jewish nation, as well as the Black people and the Gypsies, since the latter were considered “second-rate” people according to the absurd Nazi doctrine: “Before 1933, eugenics proposals, such as the sterilization of mentally retarded and ill persons, failed to win wide support, but the Nazi “revolution,” beginning that year with Adolf Hitler’s assumption of power, upset the status quo” (Bachrad, 2004, 418). Therefore, it can be assumed that lack of tolerance, discrimination against the people of a different race, nationality, ethnicity, social background or any other aspect of life come as a result of compliance breeding acceptance. After a nation gets used to complying with every single w
Introduction With the emergence of globalization and the subsequent growth of world economies, the upsurge in human population and the need for interpersonal and organizational communication, people seem to interact more and more. Most of these interactions take place at work places. Diversity at the workplace has also been a major cause of conflicts in organizations. In addition, the growing need for interaction to help come up with decisions and policies in organizations has been another cause o conflicts in modern business environments. Therefore, conflicts at work places have become common phenomena (Palmer, p 4). Definition of conflict As observed by (Rahim, p15) the word conflict does not have a very clear way of defining it. The difference in defining it comes as a result of different definitions from different scholars in varying fields of study that have a desire to study conflict. However, all different definitions are accepted so long as one clearly specifies the subject or field of study under which he or she if defining it. The definition according to an organizational context is that conflict is a leakage or a disruption in the standard channels of making decisions in the organization which hinders the choice of alternative options by either individuals or groups. It is however argued that this definition does not suit to be used in research as it narrows down the concept (Rahim, p15). Conflict can also be explained as an activity that happens between two people who have conscious minds and are logical in thinking. A conflict is an event that happens when a number of people wish to pursue something, but they fail to have a common stand on how to do it. The definition of conflict is nonetheless not strictly attached to individuals or groups but it can also be applied to bigger entities like states (Nicholson, p 11). Conflict can also be defined as disagreement that comes from either individuals or groups as a result of varying opinions, differing needs and attitudes, perception and values. Conflict results when these groups or individuals come up with varying and opposing stand on a similar subject (Walker and Miller p 378). Reasons of conflicts Conflicts in organizations or at workplaces arise due to numerous reasons. In organizations or workplaces, relations between individuals or groups matter a lot. It is these relations that stand to determine whether the organization runs smoothly or not. We currently live in an uncertain economy that is characterized by competition for both market and promotion, priorities that are mostly misplaced, blame game and pointing of fingers and stress and depression that result from work pressures. All these stand in interaction to cause conflicts at work places. It is however believed that the heterogeneity of people stands to be a universal genesis of confl
“The Lottery” and “Cleveland and It Hurts” I will make a comparison of the above two stories in the light of suspense, foreshadowing and flashback. I chose to use the above elements of literature because the two stories are heavily dependent on those elements. The Lottery examines the dark side of a human being, the results of one’s ritualized doings, as well as hidden and probable cruel nature of a person. The story by Swanson Cleveland and It Hurts is full of remorse and disappointment which the main characters experience. Swanson effectively used flashback to tell his story and to create suspension. Swanson did not start his story in a conventional manner, “when your wife is killed by hit-and-run you get on an Amtrack and head West” (Swanson 1). From the very first line, the suspense is created. It helps the reader to immediately get interested about the way the incident took place. The author depicts some distant past to show the kind of life that he had with his wife. It is not very hard to realize that the narrator is thoughtful. It is likely that the couple was newly married because the narrator goes in details about their wedding ceremony but he fails to mention anything about their children. Within the same first line of the story, I find more suspense in the reasoning of the narrator – why did he head west after his wife had died? what were the reasons for that? The author uses flashback to reveal more about the life they had with his wife before she passed away. On the other hand, the story Lottery used foreshadowing to reveal the flow of events in the story. This is in contrast to the story by Swanson which used flashback to build the story backwards. For instance, the piling of the stones by the children at the beginning of the story was a foreshadowing of the stoning which was to take place at the end of the story. Though the piling of the stones does not raise any suspicion for the readers, a keen reader can easily point out the purpose of the stones when the crowd at the end of the story gets nervous. I found it quite suspending that the author was not giving enough information about the lottery at the beginning of the narration. The reader is given very scanty information about the lottery. The author only reveals this information at the very end of the story, therefore, effectively keeping a reader guessing what is going to happen (Jackson 1). “Things Fall Apart” and “Death of a Salesman” For the second part of this essay I chose the two stories above so that I could analyze their main characters. Okonkwo is the main character in Things Fall Apart and Willy Loman holds the story together in Death of a Salesman . I found an amazing resemblance between Okonkwo and Wily Loman; actually, the titles of the books can be exchanged –both characters have similar lives and both of them die in the end. Another resemblance that caught my attention is the determination that both character wanted to succeed in life by means of improving their financial position. Willy went to extreme ends in order to make a fortune for Biff – the fortune that would make it possible for Biff to live the American dream. (Miller 1). What
There are enormous advantages of milk consumption but the controversies surrounding the consumption match the benefits. Milk is the white substance synthesized in the mammary glands of all female mammals. It contains many nutritional elements except iron and its products and by-products are of huge benefits to the human body. Milk usage dates back to the beginning of animal domestication at around 6500 BC. People in the Middle East were the first consumers of milk and used it as food. Raw milk consumption was common in those days because technology had not evolved to provide milk-processing tools. Domestic consumption prevailed and industrial production never existed. People kept indigenous cows, goats, camels, donkeys, water buffalos, reindeers, and yaks. With new technology and agrarian revolution, hybrids are now common in milk production where commercial production prevail. These products and byproducts include yogurt, whey, cheese, ice creams, butter roil, and probiotics among others. Colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mother and it contains antibodies from the mother, which confer immunity to the young ones. Components of raw milk include all body requirements in small proportions except iron but calcium, vitamin C, proteins as well as saturated fats are the major components. Lactation is the process by which milk is secreted in mammary glands and passed on to the young ones. The writer chose this topic due to the immense controversies that arise from milk consumption and its dietary role in growth and development. Many people argue that milk is not healthy after infancy, while others emphasize that milk is a strong source of vitamins and minerals in the body. While some scholars feel that raw milk is healthy and safe, others point out it is risky to take it unprocessed. Critics disqualify the theory that the good bacteria in milk overcome the bad bacteria thus preventing milk contamination (Gumpert ¶ 2). Other people claim several health risks are associated with the consumption of milk. Before weaning the young mammals, they depend entirely on milk for nutritional provision. The debate goes on about the safety of raw versus processed milk. Some people think that there are ethical
Supreme Court Cases Roper v. Simmons In 2005, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional for a person aged below 18 years to receive a death sentence. The ruling overturned the 1989 Stanford v. Kentucky judgment that set the minimum age of an offender who can be given a death penalty at sixteen (Stout, 2005). Simmons committed a capital offense at the age of 17. The court sentenced him to death after turning 18. The court rejected Simmons’ attempt to seek post-conviction relief. Later, Simmons filed a petition based on Atkins v. Virginia, 536, U.S. 304 ruling (Stout, 2005). He argued that the Constitution prohibited the execution of an offender who committed a crime as a minor. The Missouri Supreme Court stated that Simmons’ arguments were right and overturned the previous judgment. The court sentenced Simmons to life imprisonment devoid of qualification for release. The Supreme Court held that the public consensus prohibited the execution of offenders who committed crimes at a young age (Stout, 2005). The court also cited the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendments as adequate grounds to overturn the previous ruling. Graham v. Florida In the case of Graham v. Florida, the Supreme Court ruled that it was a contravention of the Eighth Amendment to condemn an infantile to life imprisonment for non-homicidal offenses without the likelihood of parole. The Supreme Court judges argued that the state had an obligation to grant a juvenile a “meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation” (Arya, 2010, p. 121). The court had sentenced Graham to life imprisonment devoid of the likelihood of release for armed robbery. Graham challenged the court’s ruling based on the provisions of the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause. According to the Supreme Court judges, the clause prohibited life imprisonment with no possible parole of minor offenders for crimes not associated with homicide (Arya, 2010). Miller v. Alabama In 2012, the Supreme Court declared it unlawful to condemn a criminal who was below 18 years at the time of the felony to mandatory life imprisonment without parole. The Supreme Court judges claimed that attorneys must consider the age of the delinquent before making their final judgment (Savage, 2012). Some juveniles could commit crime due to their naivety. The judges declared that a court should factor in the mitigating characteristics of a juvenile before making a ruling. Statutory Exclusion Statutory exclusion refers to a situation where the state laws rule out particular violent, serious, or repeat young offenders from juvenile court authority. Arya (2010) holds that offense, age, and prior court his
Discord is a platform that initially gained popularity among the community of video gamers. I was already acknowledged with this server before universities started to use it as a part of education because my friends and I used to talk to each other in voice channels. We often chat there, send pictures and photos while speaking, and share the screens while explaining something (the same is done while using it during distance learning). Thus, it is a handy platform where one can do nearly everything. Concerning the structure, in Discord, notable roles can be established for all members of the created server. For instance, distinct roles can be created for administrators and moderators, active members, and the rest (Hornshaw, 2020). Relationships between members using the same channel can be of two types. Eighter friendly (all are equal), and they joined the same server to chat or play videogames, or official (there is a moderator or a teacher in the head), and they are managing work or studies there. Interestingly, both types of relationships are natural to Discord because it has many functions, and there is possible to create many channels with the same people, so different parts of a project can be separated to preserve the structure. From my perspective, the Discord server is more democratic than not. For instance, there is a “Discord Street,” a website, where open channels are described with the invitation to join. Thus, everyone can find people with the same interests, a democratic feature, just like joining political parties. Moreover, not only the moderator can mute noisy members or even block them, but everyone. However, a member can mute another, so no one will hear him, or minimize the volume of his voice, so only this member (who decided to mute) will not hear another. Therefore, it is not necessary to wait for the decisions of the