ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Developments in Biotechnology, genetics and molecular biology have resulted in remarkable advancements in industry, agriculture and medicine. Nevertheless as the capacity of manipulating viral and bacterial genomes increases so does the possibility for rogue nations and terrorists to bioengineer biological weapons utilizing the same technology. Following the 2001 terrorist attack and subsequent bioterrorism attack through the spreading of the anthrax via anthrax-laden letters in the same year, the United States government and other governments across the globe have enacted legislations as well as increased funding for the development of comprehensive preventive and responsive counter-terrorism strategies. Despite the current legislations providing better mechanism for dealing bioterrorism it fails to restrict the dissemination of this knowledge hence making it possible for terrorist to access it and use it in the wrong way. In simple terms the greatest obstacle to our fight against bioterrorism is not lack of political and financial resources but lack of a comprehensive legislation to deal with this menace. Since the 2001 terror attack in the United States, the federal government has enacted various legislations providing for enough resources to both public and private agencies as part of its wars on terror. For instance the 2002 enactment of a bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act in led to increased resources for bioterrorism-related fundamental research. According to Knobler et al (2002) the NIH funding aimed at bioterrorism increased by approximately $2billion dollars from fiscal year 2002 to fiscal year. In 2003, the then US president George Bush requested Congress to allow him establish a project name BioShield, at approximately $6billion to accelerate procurement of bioterrorism countermeasures and DHHS review. The BioShield initiative gives incentives in form financial resources for pharmaceutical firms to research and develop antibiotics, vaccines and antiviral agents for eradication of pathogens. The United States government also promised that it would purchase and store any countermeasures that may be developed by these companies for any future bioterrorism attacks. In the fiscal year 2004, the US Congress appropriated about nine hundred million United States dollars in optional funding for bioterrorism research in the country’s homeland security spending bill for that year. In 2003 the DHHS gave approximately $350 million to 8 new study centres specializing in biodefense studies. This information is a clear indication that there is enough funding as well as political support on health sector in dealing with bioterrorism. As ment
Abstract Advocacy for the development of affordable medical cover is fundamental in the advancement of the population’s health. Populations especially those, who hail from underprivileged and middle incomes, choose a medical cover using economic factors like opportunity cost and willingness to purchase. By advocating for the creation of the affordable medical cover, there has been a rise in the number of people from less privileged communities, who have purchased and consumed a wide range of medical services provided by the state. A good and affordable medical cover is fundamental in the overall health of citizens living in a particular country. Advocacy for affordable medical cover is the health care decision that I made. The healthcare decision transpired because several individuals in less privileged regions of the world suffer from expensive medical services (Ballentine, 2011). Over time, I have witnessed individuals, who suffer from ailments but instead of visiting medical centers for treatment, opt for ‘OTCs’ over-the-counter medication from chemists. Getzen (2013) highlights that there are numerous cases of people, who develop complications after consuming OTCs. From the observation, I decided to advocate for the creation of a medical cover that is affordable to the less privileged communities. Opportunity cost and willingness to purchase comprise the two economic factors or economic principles that influenced my decision to advocate for affordable medical cover. In my observation, I realized that several people, who hail from underprivileged communities, could not afford the various medical covers that the health care sector provides. McCaughey and Bruning (2010) explain that while the cover provided by the health sector may look like it is affordable, people from underprivileged communities forego the cover, and purchase services deemed to be more important. As such, they are unwilling to purchase and consume the services envisaged by the medical cover. For instance, in several parts of the United States, underprivileged communities use their little income to purchase food, clothing, and shelter and forego the medical cover provided by the state (Brannon, & Feist, 2010). The situation compounds because a large number of people in less fortunate communities are not in formal employment that provides a medical cover. One way that my health care decision has had an impact on the public health is the increased scale of initiatives that champion for creation of affordable medical cover. The impact on public health is a rise in the number of people, who have purchased and utilized the affordable medical cover provided by the
History In 1884 Michael Marks, a Russian-born Polish refugee opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate market. Since then, Marks and Spencer were born, opening over 300 stores worldwide and also being the UK’s largest clothing retailer. In 1999, online shopping was introduced to their website for customers to enjoy in the comfort of their own homes. The internet had just started to become known and more and more people were starting to use it, so Marks and Spencer took this opportunity and set this up at the correct time. In 2000, M&S brought out their healthy ‘Count on us’ range, for the healthier people on diets or who were just watching what they ate. (Andrew, 167) Their 1st ‘Simply food’ stores opened in Surbiton & Twickenham in 2001, selling nothing but healthy food, no home furnishing or clothes like the normal stores. They also launched ‘Per Una’ a brand of clothing specifically targeting fashion-conscious women. Shortly after in January 2001, ‘Blue Harbour’ was introduced, a casual wear brand for males. ‘View form’ and ‘DB07’ another brand of clothing was introduced in 2002, ‘View form’ for sportswear and ‘DB07’ for children designed in collaboration with David Beckham. In 2004, was M&S’s 120th anniversary, celebrating Michael Marks’s 1st stall opening in 1884. In January 2006, M&S expanded of ‘Simply Food’ format with the acquisition of 28 stores on a leasehold basis from Iceland Foods for consideration of £38 million. M&S sold Kings Super Markets, its only non-M&S branded business to a US investor group consisting of Angelo, Gordon & Co., MTN Capital Partners, and Mr. Bruce Weitz for $61.5 million in cash in March 2006. (Judi, 130) M&S and two of its long-term suppliers, in May 2007, decided to start the development of M&S’ first ‘eco-factories’, pioneering innovative methods of sustainable manufacturing. One factory in Sri Lanka would make lingerie and two factories in North Wales would manufacture furniture upholstery. In June 2007, M&S is launching its brand, LCD widescreen TVs, including a 15in TV/DVD model, which boasts an LCD widescreen, IDTV, and an integrated DVD-a combination unique to the market. This range is in addition to the existing collection of Sony TVs currently available at M&S. (www.euromonitor.com) Mission Statement Marks and Spencer’s mission statement is broken into 3 parts which include:   * Vision – To be the standard against which others are measured   * Mission – To make aspirational quality accessible to
Utilitarianism is a concept of morality that promotes actions that bring pleasure or happiness and opposes deeds that cause harm or unhappiness. Rachels and Rachels (2015) present a detailed discussion of this theory in chapter eight of their book, “The Elements of Moral Philosophy”. The chapter is entitled “The Debate Over Utilitarianism” (Rachels & Rachels, 2015, p. 111). The authors commence their arguments by highlighting three premises that summarize utilitarianism. First, an action’s morality relies solely on its consequences, and nothing else matters. Second, these repercussions only matter when they entail lesser or greater happiness for people. Third, in the evaluation of consequences, each person’s happiness receives “equal consideration” (Rachels & Rachels, 2015, p. 111). While the writers offer objections to utilitarianism, they conclude that the concept has more benefits to society compared to the use of common sense in terms of morality. The authors outline two major objections to the theory of utilitarianism. First, they reject the idea that an action should be solely dependent on whether its consequences bring happiness (Rachels & Rachels, 2015, p. 113). For instance, the writers refer to an example of a peeping Tom spying on a lady through her bedroom window and secretly taking pictures of her undressed (Rachels & Rachels, 2015, p. 113). In such as situation, the only outcome of Tom’s action appears to bring him more happiness. According to Utilitarianism, Tom’s action can be justified because it is pleasurable to him. Second, Rachels and Rachels (2015) oppose the proposition that individuals should be equally concerned for everyone. The authors state that this utilitarian principle places too much demand on people and disrupts their relationships (Rachels & Rachels, 2015, p. 116). Even if the premises provided by Rachels and Rachels (2015) are true, they do not provide enough support for the conclusion because an action’s outcomes are not confined to only bringing happiness or unhappiness. Moreover, morality should be a product of both utilitarianism and the use of common sense. On closer inspection, the claim that people should not be equally concerned for everyone is false because it promotes self-centeredness. In a world where millions of people facing life-threatening problems such as hunger, acts of terrorism, and contagious diseases, it would be misleading to urge individuals to only care for themselves and their significant others. Moreover, cancer patients are at a higher risk of suffering from emotional distress due to the increased procedural requirements and financial drain. Reference Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2015). The elements of moral philosophy (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Introduction Crimes are as old as a human race. To maintain social justice and ensure that the entire population is safe, governments maintain a criminal justice system. One form of crime is personification for personal gain. This is a criminal offense and the court should punish the offender, however, before imposing a sentence a judge must consider some factors to ensure that the sentencing given is just and meets its intended purpose. In criminal justice management, there are times that a person (referred to as a suspect) may be detained under the control of the police/ criminal justice system not because he has been proved to have committed a crime but because of the perceived likelihood that he/she is a menace to the society. The general rule is that there should be nobody who is imprisoned without having been proved to have committed a certain crime or being aware of the reason which has led to his arrest. However, there are times of public interest or for surveillance programs that this rule may be overlooked. When a person is arrested and detained in state custody without having committed an offense but as a deterrent of a perceived likelihood of offense commitment, then this is called Preventive detention (Stephen, 2009). This paper looks into the Preventive detention process; some reasons as to why this is done and the benefits of such a law in a country’s crime management policy. Preventive Detention Procedure Different countries have different criminal justice system and there is one way of crime management in different countries. The same happens to preventive detention. The approach is different in various countries. However, following are the common characteristics of a preventive procedure;   * The suspect is detained without being informed of the reason for his detention   * At the prevention detention period investigations are undertaken by police and the detained cannot be represented by a lawyer   * One has limited prisoner’s rights   * Whatever the suspect says can be used against him in trial case   * Formal crime procedure is limited to police investigations (Fagan & Guggenheim, 1996). The following are the rights that a suspect is denied; Right to Warrant of Arrest and Reason of Arrest The detainee is denied the right to demand an arrest warrant from the arresting party. There are exemptions to this rule in cases of national/ jurisdiction warrant. After the offender is satisfied that the arresting officer is legitimized to undertake the arrest then he has the right to know why he has been arrested. Right to Address One Testimony In hearing (when still under detainee terms) a detainee does not have the right to speak on his behalf proving whether he committed the alleged crime or not. He is allowed to present
Introduction Comprehensive and effective treatment is achieved through a number of factors, including not only medical and nursing interventions but also appropriate diagnostic procedures. The process of collecting specimens is an essential stage of work aimed at determining the specifics of a particular disease, its nature, and exposure methods. However, in a modern healthcare environment, there is a problem associated with specimen collection errors, which, in turn, leads to attendant issues, in particular, insufficiently accurate clinical research. Assessing potentially effective measures to promote a technique that may encourage a reduction in the number of such errors among medical personnel can be a valuable practice for improving the outcomes of interventions and the quality of diagnostic activities. As a primary research tool, a PICOT question will be developed to test a specific hypothesis through an experimental method. An evidence matrix compiled for obtaining credible results will provide an opportunity to review all the necessary resources. The purpose of this work is to determine how to avoid or reduce the number of specimen collection errors in the process of clinical medical research by finding evidence in academic literature and discussing a practice change. Background The problem under consideration has dangerous consequences for patients, which makes its solution an urgent task not only at the local level of individual clinics but also in general medical practice. According to Sandhu et al. (2017), the most serious risk of such errors may be expressed in the increase in the number of deaths. Therefore, both ethical issues and the legal norms of the observance of immediate duties are affected. As a result, the search for measures aimed at improving the situation in this area is a natural step towards the development of the healthcare sector. In addition, the minimization of patient deaths due to the negligence of medical personnel should also be pursued as a valuable objective. The reason for choosing such a problem is that, according to the results of the collected data, the issue affects a large number of stakeholders. For instance, D’Angelo and Mejabi (2016) give an example of a large-scale study on the assessment of specimen collection quality in medical laboratories. Based on the results of the calculations, out of 1 million procedures performed, 6% were carried out with violations (D’Angelo & Mejabi, 2016, p. 8). These statistic
Introduction As an infectious disease, COVID-19 has been considered a major health threat for the whole world since its discovery in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. However, indigenous population groups are affected by this virus way more than the general population. It can be explained by a combination of several factors, including poor access to healthcare, as well as the lack of access to vital services and sanitation. Currently, it is difficult to predict when the coronavirus pandemic will be over, which is why it is essential to take appropriate measures to prevent the vast spread of this infectious disease. In spite of the fact that numerous countries of the world have started the process of vaccination, indigenous individuals constantly experience issues related to receiving vaccinations. Thus, the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has significantly affected the lives of indigenous population groups in different countries of the world, as these individuals are frequently discriminated against in terms of business, society, and economy. General Information At the moment, COVID-19 is widely known as an infectious disease that affects not only health but also worldwide economic activity, education, and society. As of March 2021, approximately 140 million individuals were diagnosed with this disease throughout the entire world (Sudre et al. 2021). Even though the pandemic has been lasting for over a year already, its prevalence is still tremendously high. In fact, over three million people died due to the complications of coronavirus (Sudre et al. 2021). In turn, the complications usually include pneumonia, organ failure, heart problems, kidney injury, and blood clots. Elderly population groups are at high risk of developing severe symptoms of COVID-19, although new types of this disease are likely to affect the health of children and adults as well. Indigenous individuals belong to the social group at higher risk from emerging infectious diseases as well. Aboriginal people have always faced systemic health, racial, and social inequalities. However, these inequalities became more obvious in the past year. Presently, nearly 476 million indigenous and tribal people live on the planet (Goha et al., 2021). Taking into consideration that these individuals have higher rates of diabetes, obesity, and asthma, they are more likely to be injected with COVID-19 than the general population. In fact, it is predicted that populations residing on reservations have four times higher rates of coronavirus cases (Goha et al., 2021). Moreover, the economic and social disruption put considerable pressure on the life of these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impac
The nineteenth century was a deciding point in the history of slavery in the United States. There are many crucial figures who helped immensely with this cause, yet not many have the story so dramatic as Harriet Tubman. With the recent increase in interest in her personality through numerous books and visual media, her character deserves a thorough examination. Harriet Tubman’s life history can serve as an example of a potential of a strong-willed woman in trying times. This paper will provide the analysis of Tubman’s life to examine her impact on the abolition of slavery and her contribution to fighting for equal rights. Like many Black people in that era, Tubman began her life as a slave. Her grandmother was brought to the United States from Africa by Maryland’s plantation owners, and her mother remained enslaved for many years (Dunbar 19). From the early struggles that Tubman experienced to the deception of Tubman’s parents, the young girl’s experience with slavery was bound to set her on the path towards rebellion. Nonetheless, she remained enslaved for many years, suffering many traumas from beatings and accidents in the workplace (Dunbar 30). Eventually, one such trauma – a significant skull fracture from a tossed iron weight – made Tubman see visions that would be her starting point for action (Dunbar 33). Another driver was the lies to her mother by their owner that kept them illegally enslaved, which young Harriet discovered yet was unable to act upon (Dunbar 36). Being treated horribly for her entire life, Tubman eventually escaped and started her life as a fugitive. The strong character of this woman indeed revealed itself during this period. Harriet was willing to risk everything she had not only to survive but to help others take their freedom. Her many trips back to slave plantations and slaver-owned farms helped numerous other Black people to begin new lives (Dunbar 65). Although she succeeded in freeing many slaves, her own two brothers eventually came back to plantations after being rescued (“Facts: Harriet Tubman”). Tubman participated in the creation of an extensive network of safe houses and guides known as the Underground Railroad, which helped many escapees to pass to Canada safely (“Facts: Harriet Tubman”). This exact set of connections made her a perfect candidate for a Union spy (Kettler). Through this job, Tubman was able to speed up the abolition of slavery by providing valuable information to the Union. While on duty, she strived to help in any way she could, becoming a nurse for the Union army, in addition to her scouting activities (Dunbar 98). It would have seemed that her cause was fulfilled with the abolition of slavery at the end of the Civil War. Despite eventually getting less involved in the
Executive Summary Transportation plays an integral role in any given economy. The development of any country’s economy and eventual poverty reduction depends highly on its transportation infrastructure. Technological advance has played a greater role in ensuring that both communication and transportation systems are streamlined in order to cope with the globalization demands. Governments and indeed privately held companies have had strategies focusing on how to reduce transport challenges which include traffic congestion, environmental effects, damage reduction and of course the cost of transportation. Industrialization has also left its impact and challenges on the current global transportation system. In an advanced technological era that we are living in, modes of transportation are also changing and with it the Intermodal transportation. Introduction Intermodal transport is the transportation of cargo or goods in containers using various modes of transportation including railway, road, air and by sea without any physical handling of the cargo itself while changing modes of transportation. This method is recommended for effective transportation since it ensures security, reduces risk in goods damages, and enhances portability. Intermodal transportation also improves the speed of transportation since goods are not repa