ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History It is wrong to neglect the fact that many different organizations around the whole world want to earn easy money. People want to perform their work and get benefits in a short period of time. In such a country as the United States, much attention is paid to control such situations. However, there are cases when it is not expected from a company to break the law or the norms when it is involved in such fields as medicine, healthcare, and pharmacology. Employees have to comprehend that millions of lives may depend on the quality of the work they perform. It is impossible and unethical to steal or cheat on people’s lives just to earn some money. Still, the outbreak of meningitis in 2012 proves that, unfortunately, there are companies that can take such dangerous steps. The activities of the New England Compounding Center (NECC) led to the outbreak of 753 cases of meningitis with 64 of them being fatal. People from more than 20 states underwent significant threats because of fungal meningitis. 1 The case ended with a serious trial of the owner and the main pharmacist of the company, Barry J. Cadden, and the up-to-life in a prison sentence. The investigation of a chronicle of the events that led to such an outcome should help to clarify the main reasons and comprehend the peculiarities of the case to avoid similar situations in the future. September 18, 2012 – The Tennessee Department of Health received the report where a 56-year-old patient with no evident risk factors was diagnosed with meningitis. 2 The only precedent that could be was his 46-day-earlier address to the center with lower back pain and the received epidural glucocorticoid injection. September 25, 2012 – seven more patients with meningitis from the same ambulatory surgical center were reported after the same type of injection. The investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that all vials of methylprednisolone acetate that were used for injections came from the same compounding pharmacy, the NECC. The company was informed about the investigation. September 27, 2012 – a North Caroline patient was diagnosed with subacute meningitis after the same injection. 2 In several days, all patients, who could have a connection with similar injections, were informed. October 4, 2012 – the microscopic evaluation of all NECC vials with methylprednisolone acetate occurred. October 18, 2012 – the representatives of the CDC and the FDA proved the presence of Exserohilum rostratum, the fungi Rhodotorula laryngitis, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and other types of fungi in all vials. 3 October 19, 2012 – all state health departments admitted that they contacted all patients at risk of having meningitis because of the injections. July 1, 2013 – 749 cases o
Summary: The Victims of the Queensland Robbery The carjacking and the assault of its owner that occurred in Sunnybank, Brisbane, four days ago, has shocked the local community (Jackson, 2017). On Wednesday, at approximately 3.45 a.m., five men appeared near the Mains Road shopping center. They targeted two cars with passengers inside. Before the criminals approached the cars, their owners (a man and a woman) gathered in one of the vehicles (Mitsubishi Magna). The criminals approached the vehicle, dragged the woman out of it, and assaulted her, whereas the man was punched in the head several times. After one of the group members took the keys to the other vehicle, they hijacked both cars leaving the victims outside (Jackson, 2017). Given the current condition of the victims, the criminals must be charged with not only hijacking the cars but also with the infliction of grievous bodily harm to the man and the woman to whom the cars belonged. Theories: Explanation and Commentary The analysis of a crime can be carried out from the perspective of numerous theories, and the Social Structure Theory (SST) is one of them. Generalizing the existing description, one may state that SST defines the disadvantaged position of certain parts of society as the primary cause of crime (Siegel, 2016). The specified social groups are t
Identifying a Broad Area of Inquiry In order to develop a research area of interest, it is necessary to build a set of research questions. Once the above-mentioned operations have been completed, a researcher may proceed with identifying a broad area of inquiry allowing to answer the research questions and to develop the research objectives (Grix, 2004, p. 19). Hence introducing the chief research paradigms, concepts and definitions, it is possible to define which subject fields are more relevant for the research (Nunamaker, 1990, p. 90). Conducting a Review of Research Literature While conducting a research on a particular topic, it is necessary to choose particular methods for reviewing literature sources. There are different methods and standards of review and each of them depend on a number of factors. Hence, it is necessary to define an area of inquiry as well as problems to be investigated. In addition, one should clearly distinguish between scholarly sources and the one that are invalid and unreliable (Kennedy, 2007, p. 140). Systematic views on literature analysis are widely spread among the scholars and, therefore, they are frequently used as the primary approach for conducting a research. Identifying a Researchable Problem from Reviewed Literature The problem identification statement involves measuring and assessing its major components, including variables and invariables (Richey and Klein, 2007, p. 31). In this respect, the analysis of literature review casts the light on certain aspects of the research problem and discloses the major constraints and limitations to the topic (Richey and Klein, 2007, p. 74). Describing a Study Purpose While defining and describing the purpose of development study, a researcher should single out the main theoretical and empirical foundations of the research as well as identify the main tools for achieving this purpose (Richey and Klein, 2007, p. 78). More importantly, a study purpose statement should directly correlate with the research questions and research problem. Choosing a Method and Design for an Identified Problem A good research design provides a solid foundation for answering the research questions identified earlier (Richey and Klein, 2007, p. 34). In order to select an app
The use of advanced directives in health care has posed a significant challenge in striking a balance between honoring the patient’s wishes and following principles governing health professionals’ practice. Patient Self-Determination Act, which was passed in 1990, calls for health care providers receiving Medicaid and Medicare funding to inform patients regarding the need to participate in decisions that affect their treatment. This includes exercising their right to refuse or accept certain treatment options through writing a living will. In some instances, this autonomy has contributed to poor patient health outcomes. The article, “Factors Influencing Individuals’ Capacity Decisions for Patients Requesting Medical Aid in Dying” by Bussell (2020) points out that religion and traditions have significantly influenced patients’ wishes concerning the care they want to receive when they are on the verge of death. For this legal document to have a positive impact on the health care delivery systems, patients should be sensitized to the need to make well-versed decisions, which work for the best interest of their health. Moreover, the patients should be informed about the importance of separating traditions and religion from healthcare decisions. According to a recent CDC report, 97% of Americans cited the need for educating the citizens on the importance of making appropriate decisions for effective management of their health conditions (Nedjat-Haiem et al., 2019). The article “Knowledge Regarding Advance Care Planning: A Systematic Review” by Kermel-Schiffman and Werner (2017) also supports the view that patients should be educated on the significance of giving care instructions that do not compromise their health. Although advance care planning is slowly gaining popularity among Americans, it remains under-utilized, more so in surgical and other advanced care settings. Based on the report mentioned above, doctors in the country have difficulty respecting the patient’s will, especially if it contravenes the health professional’s principles on quality health care delivery. As has been evidenced in some of these legal documents, a number of patients may be forbidden from the use of various medications based on their perceptions (Nedjat-Haiem et al., 2019). The living will, therefore, limits the doctor’s ability to exercise autonomy in the choice of drugs or care to administer to the patient. Adhering to the patient’s wish, which contravenes the principles of healthcare delivery practices, means playing an active role in the deterioration of the sick person’s health. In the U.S., advanced directives have been used to give instructions prohibiting the use of painkillers to relieve patients from excruciating pain experienced during the last stages of chronic ailments. In his article, Bussell (2020) argues that this standpoint can be the result of cultural and religious beliefs concerning the use of certain drugs. Indeed, some cultures and religious groups do not believe in the use of medicine to manage o
What is Radon? It is a radioactive gas that has no color or smell and is formed from the decay of radioactive elements. It is usually found in soil and rocks and can move into the air and ground or surface water (“Radon” par. 1). Susceptible Populations   * Underground miners. People working underground are exposed to high levels of radon and are highly susceptible to lung cancer risk;   * People working in uranium processing factories;   * People coming in contact with phosphate fertilizers (Kadi and Al-Eryani 225);   * Employees of water treatment plants (Juste et al. 497);   * People living or working in buildings built from radioactive materials;   * People living in buildings built on radioactive soil. How People may Be Exposed Houses built on the soil containing radon. After being released from soil and rocks, radon can enter houses through cracks in the floor, wires, pumps, etc. (“Radon” par. 5). The most significant way of the accumulation of radon in buildings is related to isolation of the gas from soil that serves as the basement of our houses. Radon is a
The Book of Job is part of the Old Testament portion of the Christian Bible and an integral part of the Hebrew Bible – the sacred set of books used by Jews. It is one of the very few books in the Bible where little is known of the author or the main character. In this case there is very little information regarding Job except for the fact that he is married, had children, and appeared to be wealthy. But the story of Job is very popular because it provides insight into human suffering. Moreover, his story is made more intriguing by the fact that God had an indirect role in making him suffer yet at the end restored him to his former stature. His life is a good illustration of an element of justice called conflicting claims and how it was resolved through a disposition by a supernatural entity. Background From the limited information that can be gleaned from the book, it can be ascertained that Job is married and had seven sons and three daughters. He was a man of great stature according to Scriptures and a well-known figure in that part of the world. But this is not the most important aspect of Job’s life. The most crucial aspect of Job’s life concerns his righteousness before the eyes of God. Even the Almighty praised him and exclaimed that there is no one on earth like Job, his upright and blameless servant (Job 1:8). His righteousness is in fact the reason why he lived a blessed life. It is not hard to understand why Job had received all the good things that a man will long for in this world. He was careful in obeying God and not only that he interceded in behalf of his family. He offered prayers and sacrifices for them so that the Lord will continually find favor in them. But what is difficult to understand is how everything was taken away from him in a blink of an eye. There was no logical explanation why he was visited with calamity upon calamity that destroyed his family, killing all his sons and daughters while reducing him to penury. The following will illustrate the phenomenon of conflicting claims as seen in the life of Job. Conflicting Claims Job experienced the severity of conflicting claims through the handiwork of Satan, a wicked angel who seem to have limited power to cause destruction and human suffering. After God made known his pleasure regarding the remarkable behavior of one man Satan made a counter-argument that the only reason why Job was upright is that God is blessing him causing him to amass great fortune and raise up a large and healthy family. Satan then challenged God that he can prove his claim if he be given a free hand to destroy his livelihood and wreck havoc in the areas of Job’s life that meant so much to him. Upon receiving the go signal from God Satan visited Job and his family (Job 1:13-19).The first thing that Satan did was to make Job’s enemies grow bold and murdered his servants while at the same tim
Phishing is a type of cyber crime that uses emails to obtain information such as username, passwords, credit card details and other vital information from an unsuspecting person. This crime is likely to affect online banking institutions such as the First Internet bank of Indiana as hackers try to lure customers into giving vital information which can be used to access to their accounts, transfer money or commit other heinous crimes such as identity theft. Phishing threats There are a number of threats that the first IB bank is exposed to. These threats are potentially dangerous as they result to huge financial loses for both the bank and the customers. In addition, the bank may lose its reputation, customer base and its overall profitability may be affected in the long run. These threats include; Phishing This is a fraudulent attempt to obtain customer’s personal information through emails. In this case, the attacker sends emails to the bank customers promoting them to change their account information such as the password and username. These emails contain a link which directs the customers to a fake website resembling the bank’s website. When the unsuspecting customer enters his information, the perpetrators gain this information and use it to access their online bank accounts, transfer money, purchase items online or gain personal information. Through phishing, the bank and its customers may suffer huge financial loses. Spear phishing In this case, the phishing email are designed and directed to attack a given person. The emails are well crafted and contain the target institution jargons and acronyms so convince the victim to open the email and also click on the link. For example, the hacker may carefully design emails to lure the banks management team or a specific person into giving vital information which can result to drastic financial loses. Identity theft Identity theft is carried out in conjunction with phishing. In this crime, the hacker gains the victim personal information and uses it to run up charges on the accounts and then disappears. The main information targeted include social security number, drivers license, credit card, passwords, ATM numbers, birth date, telephone number, mortgage information among others. Both th
Introduction The global financial predicament affected several governments to search for new approaches of getting revenues. A prosperous nation such as Australia established a Resource Rent Tax in order to replace the Royalty Based Program. It was perceived as a prefect strategy which would enhance effectiveness of Resource Taxation. The Mineral Resource Rent Tax was an important policy that would enable a fair redistribution of prosperity acquired from mining industry to all Australian citizens. Nevertheless, political revolution happened due to the fact that the Australian government proclaimed the tax policy as an absolute system rather than negotiating and engaging with investors in order to build a convincing coalition to enable reformation through the resource taxation process. This caused a media protest against the tax initiative by mining firms that triggered political strife, including the dismissal of former Australian Prime Minister Kelvin Rudd, who was democratically elected. After removal of the former prime minster, important compromise was conferred between the newly appointed Prime Minister Gillard Julia, and the big mining firms that introduced Mineral Resources Rent Tax (MRRT) as a policy that replaced Resource Supper Profit Tax (RSPT). It was perceived that the Resource Supper Profit Tax (RSPT) was oppressing both local and foreign investors because of high taxation rate imposed on them. The challenges encountered by Australian government in implementing vital taxation policy emphasize the significant roles which stakeholders could perform for policy making in a democratic society. This paper would analyze impacts of MRRT policy on operation of mining firms; it also evaluate effects prior to and after establishment of the MRRT plan on Austrian economy. Mineral Resource Rent Tax Policy (MRRT) “On 2011 10 th June, the Australian government established the Mineral Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) policy into the parliament” (Daniel, Keen & Mcpherson, 2010, p.33). The MRRT policy would be applicable to both existing and upcoming coal and Ore firms in Australia; it would be charged at thirty percent rate of taxable gain acquired by mining firms starting from July 1 st 2012. The policy was proposed following a conference with the resource sectors; the government selected Policy Transition Group (PTG) headed by the Minister of Resource Management to confer with the stakeholders of the mining industry. Fardin claimed that this convention was meant to generate appropriate recommendations to the federal government concerning advancement of technical system of the newly proposed MRRT (2011, p.67).The Australian government would focus on how to generate $ 10.6 billion from the
Flannery O’Connor is an important voice in American literature, not only for her two outstanding novels and thirty-one short stories she managed to produce in her short life but also because of the novelty of the religious aesthetics she brought about. When researching her biography, it is easy to understand such a strong reliance on Catholic Christianity, as faith was her only saving grace in the struggle against the terminal disease, which she overcame and whose development was deferred by more than fifteen years. She was extremely self-critical and carefully perfected and polished each detail of her literary works; moreover, she was demanding, selective, and sometimes even ironical to all writings she encountered: “It all reminds me of the Tates getting upset because Cardinal Spellman writes bad novels. I think it’s charming that Cardinal Spellman writes bad novels. If he wrote good novels, I’d be worried about the Church” (Habit of Being, 1979, p.583). She considered literature a source of self-awareness and divine grace and thus sought to bring to this world only insightful works with edifying nature. The present paper explores O’Connor’s Christian aesthetic of grace, composed, however, not merely of the classical divine light but also of the shade of death. Instead of taking the traditional (for the beginning of the 20th century, at the conception of the Modern Christian Movement) path of apologetic writing, O’Connor decided to invent her own style, often classified as “religious shock” (rather than “plotting of divine grace”) (Farmer, 1996, p.92). With respect to the transformation her contemporary social ambiance (in the broader context) was undergoing, including the decline of piety and spirituality, industrialization, and fixation on the material good and consumption, O’Connor saw no other way of paying reader’s attention to the urgent need for returning to Catholic Christianity from Protestantism and Methodism except the incorporation of appealing and striking passages into her works – in “Wise Blood,” for instance, the protagonist blinds himself with lime acid when searching for a sense of life and trying to renovate spirituality (O’Connor, 1952, p. 316); another novel, “The Violent Bear It Away,” narrates about a young man, granted with “grace” and self-awareness after he is sexually abused (O’Connor, 1960, p.342). As Farmer writes, “She wrote ironic, subtly al
There is rising anxiety regarding the increasing level of mental illness in minors in the US and across the globe. Assisting such children who are experiencing psychiatric problems is vital to their present and future welfare. Unluckily, services in psychiatric facilities are facing serious threats from inadequate resources. The government should invest in minor’s mental well-being for the sake of the country’s continued development. First Article An effective connection of outpatient to inpatient care may extensively decrease the degree of hospital readmission. The application of bridging policies acts as a constant positive analyst of patients effectively switching from inpatient to outpatient settings (Akerele et al., 2017). The objective of this research was to enhance change from inpatient to outpatient care hence decreasing the level of readmission. One thousand seven hundred seven patients in the psychiatry unit took part in the intervention over a duration of one year, which decreased readmission by 27%. An individualized case management approach should begin during inpatient hospitalization and proceed after discharge. It leads to a decrease in the degree of readmission within thirty days after being discharged. This signifies that even if post-discharge observance is not considerably facilitated by interventions, the level of readmission after discharge is notably reduced, perhaps because of enhanced support. Therefore, the application of evidence-based techniques such as Re-Engineered Discharge (RED) as a typical practice has a strong influence on the quality of care, as well as the cost-efficiency of psychiatric treatment. Second Article It has been constantly established that the time after being discharged is critical for psychiatric patients attributable to the high risk of self-harm and suicidal ideations (Hengartner et al., 2017). The most imperative concern after being discharged that results in increased levels of readmission are non-adherence to appointments in outpatient care. Anchored in the premises of aggressive society treatment and comprehensive case management, the researchers planned an approach conveyed by social workers to assess shift to community management and social support. The methodology consisted of narrative examination and qualitative assessment of three patients who took part in the program. Case reports disclosed that the social set-ups of patients are minute, with their relationships being normally unsteady and conflictual. Accessibility to patients’ social systems is an intricate task. With respect to the preliminary familiarity with the program, more efforts ought to be employed to facilitate the interpersonal and social capabilities of patients. Third Article Repeated hospitalization for psychiatric care within a short period is perceived as preventable, harmful to the welfare of the patient, and a financial burden to the health sector. The aim of the research was to establish predictors of rehospitalization in a psychiatric facility. Under the methodology, the Minimum Data Set-Mental Health (MDS-MH), a consistent assessment tool emplo