ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Network diagram A network diagram is a pictorial presentation of the sequence in which tasks have to be completed in a project (Richman 2012, p. 62). The circular part is the node. It depicts the beginning of a task at the left-hand side of the arrow. The completion state is found at the right-hand side of the arrow (Wysocki 2009, p. 163). The arrow represents the time taken to complete a task. The arrows are not drawn in proportion of the time taken. Inside the node is a number that shows the sequence of a task to the critical path. Numbers 1 to 6 shows the sequence of tasks that are on the critical path. Other numbers in the nodes follow those that are nearly the critical path. The critical path is “the sequence of tasks that require the longest amount of time to complete” (Nicholas & Steyn 2012, p. 202). The critical path is identified after all paths to the completion have been identified. The sequence represents activities that must be completed before others can start. In the diagram above, there are five paths as shown below:   * AQ = 10 +12 = 22 weeks   * ADFK = 10 + 6 + 14 + 4 = 34 weeks   * ABEFK = 10 + 8 + 4 + 14 + 4 = 40 weeks   * ACGHK = 10 +10 + 8 + 12 + 4 = 44 weeks   * ACGJLM = 10 + 10 + 8 + 16 + 6 + 5 = 55 weeks ACGLM is the critical path because it needs the longest time for completion. Any lateness on completing a task on the critical path will cause the completion date to be rescheduled. The critical path analysis indicates tasks that can be used to reduce project completion time (Stelth & Roy 2009, p. 21). Float (slack) Float is the time by which an activity can be delayed without changing the project’s schedule. Wysocki (2009, p. 175) gives two types of slack. Wysocki (2009, p. 175) describes free slack as “the maximum amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without causing delay to the succeeding tasks”. Total slack is the allowance of time that an activity can await completion without affecting the critical path. Sharma (2006, p. 33) identifies a third type of float known as the independent float. Independent float is almost similar to the free float. It refers to the portion of total float that a single task can delay a project without delaying tasks that need its completion. In the diagram above, only activities D, F and Q have a free float. Wysocki (2009, p. 174) describes that float is the difference between the late finish and the earliest finish time. Activity D has a float of 6 weeks. It can be delayed for 6 weeks without affecting the schedule on activity F. Activity F can be delayed for 10 weeks without affecting activity K’s completion time. The float on activity F is obtained by comparing th
An article published in January 2012 by Canadian Business Network, discussed the role innovation, creativity, and invention plays in business growth and development. The article is named “Growth and Innovation”. According to the article, the business environment has changed with globalization and growth in communication and transport network; with the growth, Canadian organizations needs to develop strategic management policies that can enhance their competitiveness in the global markets, the article recommends continuous innovation and inventions for growth. According to the article, business development and growth are elements of successful business, in the event an organization fails to grow with time, the management should count the same as a warning sign of chances of future failure. When working in the international markets, Canadian entrepreneurs and business executives need to be sensitive of what other players in the industry are doing, with the knowledge, they should then embark on coming up with business policies that outsmart what is happening in the markets; this is the art of innovation and invention. The article suggests that growth in when dealing in international markets is fuelled by particular organisation innovative ideas and your attention to cutting-edge technology and resources; this is the catch and the dimension that Canadian businesses should take. They should ensure that they have frameworks of innovation and effective business management practises. Organizations need quality management to optimally utilize their resources; management is the art of organizing and coordinating activities in accordance to certain principles or policies to attain forethought objectives. According to the article, to understand the implications of expanding operations and linkage to activities that can help organisations grow, managers have the role of utilizing physical, human, financial, and environmental resources effectively for the good of their firms; it includes formulation of corporate functions, organizing, planning, controlling, monitoring, and directing activities to achieve corporate goals and objectives. In contemporary organizational management, there is emphasis to leaders-management approach than managers-management approach, thought the difference is minimal the net effect is improved competitiveness and efficiency. In
Introduction With the rapid growth of modern society, the aviation industry is considered the most commonly used means of transportation for travel destinations or business purposes. However, such development of aviation promotes the increased number of challenges for the industry workers and consumers. Aviation security is a significant issue concerning safeguarding fundamental passenger rights. More specifically, flight security encompasses all the possible risks and dangers to the safe air travel that can be of different nature and a root cause. According to Pozzo (2018), airline safety confronts such critical cases, wherein the integrity of a flight can be threatened by the actually performed or merely planned “unlawful acts against civil aviation” (p. 43). With that said, this study examines the leading causes of airline hijacking or unlawful interference, as well as the motives behind such events that jeopardize international air security. Defining the Issue of Unlawful Interference Offence Airline hijacking or unlawful seizure of aircraft is the most crucial area of international civil aviation law, which lays the groundwork for the major safety concern and produces constant research on its potential control. The first recorded occurrence of the airline hijacking took place in Peru in 1930 (Abeyratne, 2018). It is important to note that any ideas of the possible aircraft crimes were solely imaginary. However, since that instance in Peru, the notion of airline offense was defined as seizure by force, control of an aircraft in flight by a person on board, aircraft piracy, or aircraft hijacking. The offense of unlawful interference with international civil air transport is a broader concept that encompasses:   * airline hijacking,   * aviation sabotage that leads to explosions in flight or on the ground,   * missile attacks against airplane,   * armed assaults on airports, passengers, or other aerial property,   * illegal transpor
Introduction The Target Corporation is a retailing company based in the United States of America. However, it is currently facing a financial crisis due to the losses it has been incurring over the last few years. To alleviate the situation, the company recently introduced a new chief executive officer, Brian Cornell, to guide the company towards reinvention. This essay provides a situation analysis for the Target Corporation by examining both the internal and external business environment trends. Situation Analysis The Target Corp operates in the retail discount industry through the provision of superior merchandise at competitive prices. External Situation Economic Situation The US recession significantly affected the retailing company. During this period, customers were not willing to do impulse spending on non-essential goods. The case study reveals that the most indispensable commodities, such as foodstuffs, usually register big sales. Consumer Trends Customers visit the discount retailer store with the aim of purchasing goods according to their budgets. However, motivated customers surpass such budgets to make more purchases due to favorable discounts that are offered on the commodities. Internal Situation Financial situation The corporation has been enjoying financial prowess before the recession. However, it has experienced enormous losses in the past few years. As a result, it altered its cheap chic marketing strategy that defined its uniqueness. However, this decision has resulted in a negative impact on its profitability. Other competitors, such as Wal-Mart, have outshone the company and seized a great proportion of the market. Sometimes, the company runs out of stock. This situation has also affected its profits significantly. Adverse operating economic conditions, together with various management issues in the company, have led to a significant decline in its productivity. Management
Depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders that are known as the leading cause of disability globally. Depression is considered as a recurring disorder. There are various medications that have been established for the treatment and management of depression conditions. Some medicines that are used to treat as well as manage depression are purely palliative. Palliative medication is those medications that are used to suppress the symptoms of depressions as long as they are administered, but do nothing in addressing the underlying problems that trigger the disorder. The other type of medication that is widely used to treat depression condition is the healing process that helps in reverse or eliminates the fundamental process that results to the continuation of depression. Another option that it is used to manage depression disorder is the prophylactic process that offsets the process that trigger future onset of the disorder. The curative and prophylactic processes are both enduring effects with the curative method preventing the relapse of the symptoms while the prophylactic procedures prevent the reoccurrence of the depression condition. Thus, the current depression medications are categorized as either classified as affective in that they palliative in that they suppress the symptoms as long as they are being taken, while a relapse results when they administration is terminated. Those interventions that are cognitive, as well as behavioral, are mainly curative as well as prophylactic. These interventions primarily result in lasting solutions or eliminate future reoccurrences of the depression conditions. The use of antidepressant in the control and management of depression has been noted to be highly effective. Antidepressant is an example of a palliative medication that works by suppressing symptoms as long as it is been administered. Another method that is highly employed in the management of depression is the use of interpersonal psychotherapy as it helps in relieving acute distress as well as enhancing relationships. This is an example of prophylactic process that helps in the lasting producing solutions for the depression condition as well as preventing instances of elapse in the future (Hollon, Stewart and Strunk, 2006). Cognitive therapy is regarded as one of the most effective methods for the treatment and management of depression condition. In this type of medication, people suffering from depression conditions are trained on gathering information is a systematic process in order to offset the influence of maladaptive information-processing methods and to carry out behavioral tests to measure the accuracy of their negative perceptions. In this method of medication, patients use a series of logical tools in order to recognize the relapse nature of depression. In this process, the patients are guided on how to prepare for the termination of the cognitive therapy as early as during the in
Inventory Strategies Inventory Strategies of Global Discount Retailers It is a universal truth that a successful company, in any area of business, demands a clearly defined and properly structured organizational culture. In the latter, every department of the company has to fulfill its direct functions and be focused exclusively on them. In this respect, the inventory strategies seem to be crucial, especially in case if the companies are large scale and need to monitor huge amounts of spare parts of their products, raw materials, costs and incomes, employees’ performance, etc (Christopher, 2000, p. 38). Thus, inventory strategies are means by which companies can record all the data they need, divide them into respective sections and operate them when necessary: “Developing comprehensive inventory strategies involves a number of departments — including fulfillment, marketing, and merchandising — as well as inventory control” (Barry, 2007). Accordingly, global discount retailers and those high-end market-oriented enterprises will have different inventory strategies. First of all, global discount retailers are oriented on getting more income, which makes them speed up their production process and delivery terms. These are namely the factors that allow these companies to become discount retailers, i. e. the reduced lead time and production costs allow them to reduce prices and attract more customers. However, inventory strategies become even more important for such enterprises as the speed of trade needs a precise record of all the company’s assets. Thus, global discount retailers need to facilitate metrics accounting in their inventory including the monitoring of their top-line and bottom-line growth, turnover, and gross margin return on investment (GMROI) (Barry, 2007). High-End Markets The situation with the inventory strategies for the stores targeting the high-end market customers will be somewhat different. First of all, the definition of the high-end market is necessary to understand this. A high-end market is, as contrasted to a low-end market, the phenomenon where the trade-in of high-quality and expensive goods and services are carried out (Sherman, 2001). Examples of the stores dealing with the high-end markets can be Wal-Mart, Sainsbury, etc. Based on their orientation for high-quality goods, these stores demand long-term relationships [s with reliable suppliers, manufacturers, and promoters to ensure that the quality of the goods sold matches the proclaimed standards of the store (Sherman, 2001). This, in its turn, involves additional costs for preserving the suppliers, deliverers, manufacturers, and other partners and being able to conform to their payment requirements (Sari, 2000). Moreover, the reduced production and supply chains are not applicable in these kinds of stores to the extent to which they are in global discount retailers (which can also be referred to as low-end market players) (Richa
The Peculiarities of the Phrase’s Transcription The phrase for transcribing and the further analysis: Don’t you want to whisk her off to Barbados to get married? The transcription for this phrase according to the Standard Southern English/NRP should be presented as the following one: [doʊntʃə wɒnʔ (t)ə wɪsk (h)ə rɔf tə bɑbeɪdəs tə geʔ meri:d] The cases of the phonemic alternations appeared in pronouncing the phrase [doʊntʃə] – Fusion/Reciprocal Assimilation. Assimilation as a phonological process can be observed in a connected speech when one sound is influenced by another sound which can precede it or be located after this sound (Davenport & Hannahs 2010). When there is the mutual influence between these two phonemes it is possible to speak about the fact of reciprocal assimilation (McMahon 2001). It also can be discussed as the double assimilation because the both sounds undergo certain changes (Odden 2005). In this case, sounds [t] and [j] can be considered as the assimilated sounds which influence each other and contribute to the emergence of the definite changes in the pronunciation of these two sounds. Moreover, in this word the plosive sound [d] is aspirated at the begging of the word and can be analyzed as the example of the aspiration of plosives (McMahon 2001). [wɒnʔ], [geʔ] – Glottal Reinforcement. Glottalization is the process which is typical both for vowels and consonants. There are several types of glottalization. According to the degree of glottalization it can be full or partial (Davenport & Hannahs 2010). Glottal reinforcement is characterized by adding the sound [ʔ] to the definite sound (in this case this sound is [t]). This process is generally characteristic for the voiceless plosives which are located at the end of syllables (Odden 2005). In these cases it is the sound [t] which is changed under the influence of the process of glottalization caused by closure of the gottis in the flow of the speech (McMahon 2001). [(t)ə], [(h)ə] – Deletion/Elision. The phonological process of deletion is typical for the speech and should be characterized as the omission of a sound in a speech (Davenport & Hannahs 2010). In these cases the omission of the consonants [t] and [h] are observed. These two consonants are elided in the flow of the speech under the influence of the sounds which are next to them (McMahon 2001). These cases are the examples of the initial consonant deletion which is influenced by the preceded sounds in the speech (Odden 2005). [(h)ə rɔf] – I
Cystic fibrosis also called CF is a hereditary disease caused by gene mutations. The National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) states that the disease affects organs like reproductive organs, liver, lungs, sinuses, pancreas and the intestines (2009). The disease causes the secretory glands to excrete excessive mucus. The mucus lines some tissues in the body. Typically, the mucus is “a slippery, watery substance” that helps to keep the organs moist and prevent them from being infected or drying out (NHLI, 2009, para. 2). However, CF causes the mucus to become sticky and thick and blocks passages in the lungs and the pancreas eventually leading to diseases because the mucus forms a breeding ground for bacteria. The disease has a high prevalence among people of Caucasian descent from Europe, Australasia and North America. Nonetheless, CF is found in other populations for instance in the Middle East and Latin America, blacks have the lowest prevalence rates (Savopoulos & Oversteegen, 2006). People suffering from CF exhibit different types of symptoms. The respiratory system symptoms include very salty sweat, difficulty in breathing due to blocked airways, which also cause frequent coughs that contain thick sputum, and at times, it contains blood, infections that fail to respond to local antibiotics, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, some patients grow nasal growths. Digestive system symptoms include, foul-smelling greasy stools, constipation, diarrhea, excessive gas, poor growth in children and in young children blockage of the intestines may occur. Children also have stunted growth because enzymes that help in nutrient absorption are blocked and thus do not function properly. In severe cases liver disease, diabetes, gallstones and pancreatitis. Reproductive system symptoms are infertility in men as they are born minus the vas deferens. Women conceive with difficulty due to blocked fallopian tubes. Other symptoms are dehydration, tiredness, heart stroke, weakness, clubbing of tips of the fingers and toes due to lack of sufficient oxygen in the bloodstream and osteoporosis (NHLI, 2009). CF is caused by a gene mutation. The gene that mutates is found on chromosome 7 and it is Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regular (CFTR). It produces the “protein that helps to control the movement of chloride and bicarbonate in and out of cells” (Keyes, Lassiter & Roberts, 2006, p. 1). CFTR is responsible for creating a pore in the cell membranes to create room for the passage of elements. The pore can either restrict or allow elements to pass. However, in a person with CF, the cell pores are blocked and thus chloride and other important ions are not released and this leads to salt imbalance. The imbalance leads to the release of thick mucus that accumulates in the lungs. The CFTR gene can discriminate and block the passage of either sodium or chloride. The degree to which the defective CFTR gene blocks the flow of sodium and chloride determines th
Identify confirming, disagreeing, and disconfirming messages and patterns in your own important relationships and describe their consequences In a relationship where both partners value each other or the relationship between them, there will often be an increase in confirming messages that are aimed at indicating a positive feeling towards the relationship (Adler and Proctor 2011). Through research, it has been found that three types of messages are most likely to be confirming i.e., recognition, acknowledgment, and endorsement (Adler and Proctor 2011). An example of these messages in the important relationships of day to day life is depicted among couples upon meeting after a long break. It is common to hear one partner asking “Did you miss me?” and to hear the partner make a response such as, “More than you know”. On the contrary, disconfirming communication is that which indicates a lack of regard. The difference between confirming and disconfirming communication is often the decision of the listener. An example is a joke made by one listener and taken wrongly by another. On the other hand, when partners of a speaker are not in agreement the speakers may use disagreeing messages (Adler and Proctor 2011). These messages as the name imply to suggest that the speaker does not agree in some way (Adler and Proctor 2011). Depending on the communication climate the degree of hostility may vary from a statement such as “Are you sure?” to more intense such as “This is preposterous!”. Describe how the messages you identified in the previous question either threaten or honor the self (face) of the communication involved It has been reported that endorsement is the strongest form of confirming messages (Adler and Proctor 2011). Based on this statement it would appear that a pleasurable communication experience will be characterized by many endorsement statements thus honoring the relationship between the speakers. It has been noted through research that the satisfaction between siblings drops sharply as disconfirming messages increase (Adler and Proctor 2011). This is true as it is widely observed that siblings who do not get along often offer little communication that shows regard for each other. In such conversations, it is common that the tone will reflect a lot more disagreement than agreement. If this is the case then the conversation between such siblings is likely to have a lot of disagreeing messages. Describe your person conflict styles, evaluate their effectiveness, and suggest alternatives as appropriate The personal conflict style that the author is accustomed to using is the compromising approach to conflict resolution. In this form of conflict resolution, the eventual outcome is often a partial lose-lose situation for both parties (Adler and Proctor 2011). This approach is considered favorable as it has been learned over time that most of the more aggressive schemes of conflict resolution such as competing and collaborating require additional skills such as good arguing skills that are not common to all people. By nature, a compromise would require that the negotiator lose some