ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the following case, a jury convicted Mr. Murphy of the murder of his estranged wife. When Murphy found out his wife was killed, he came in voluntarily so that he could speak with the police. Police detained Murphy for questioning, but did not place him under arrest. The police noticed a spot on Murphy’s hand that looked like blood. The police requested that Mr. Murphy let them take scrapings from under his fingernails. Murphy denied the request. The police then forcibly took the scrapings from under his fingernails. The evidence collected from the scrapings was a key component in the conviction of Mr. Murphy for the murder of his wife. The issue in Cupp v. Murphy is whether the search of Mr. Murphy was constitutional under the 4 th and 14 th Amendments of the United States. If Murphy proves that the search violated his Constitutional rights, the jury verdict could be overturned on appeal, and Murphy could be granted a new trial. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution states that all people have the right to be safe from illegal search and seizure of their home and person. This Amendment provides that unless there is an exceptionally compelling reason, or probable cause, an individual has the right to be free from the police searching their home and person (Legal Information Institute, 2011, pg. 1). Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1(1968) surrounded the search and seizure of three individuals who were acting suspiciously. When the police officer stopped to question them, he frisked one individual and found a hidden pistol. Ultimately a jury convicted the individual for carrying a concealed weapon, but argued that the search and seizure was illegal under the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court affirmed the state court’s decision, stating that there is a difference between frisking and searching. The police officer had probable cause to frisk the individual because of the conspicuous nature of the individual’s behavior (FindLaw, 2011, pg. 1). Furthermore, Murphy argued a violation of his Constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment protects individuals’ rights to due process, which means that all individuals have a right to a specific legal process. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) was instrumental in protecting the legal rights of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment by protecting an individual’s right to counsel, even if he is unable to afford an attorney (Arnovitz, 2003). Although in Terry the Supreme Court affirmed the state court’s conviction, this occurred because it is not considered searching to frisk an individual who is exhibiting suspicious behavior. A search is considered to invade an individual’s home or person, and it is not invasive to “pat-down” an individual. Terry v. Ohio, supra. However, in the Murphy case, the invasion was invasive. It was not merely an exterior physical exam
Description of the Banking Market at the UAE at the Time of Al Hilal’s Launch At the time when Al Hilal was launched, the situation in the world financial system was not favorable. The global financial crisis impacted the functioning of many banks that had a good reputation, causing them to close down. Instead of being afraid of such circumstances, Al Hilal made a step forward and compensated for the banks that had retreated by providing its services to customers. The bank did everything possible to keep funding beneficial projects. When other banks were shutting down the doors and abandoning their clients, Al Hilal expanded by opening up new departments. Moreover, there was also an apparent contrast between Al Hilal and other banks. While the latter were saving their capital and did not want to invest into any new national or international projects, Al Hilal did not step back. Thus, the bank’s CEO decided to open a branch in Kazakhstan. This country is known for having rich oil reserves. It can be concluded that the banking market at the UAE was not favorable at the time of Al Hilal’s launch. Nevertheless, the bank did not retreat and did its best to win customers’ trust. The Key Issues that the Government Faced at the Time of Al Hilal’s Launch The biggest problems that UAE government faced were the ones concerned with economic collapse. The financial crisis caused many banks to close down. Meanwhile, the government was forced
Definition of stroke Stroke is a condition that is associated with the malfunctioning of the human brain-a sudden death of cells within the brain (Mohr, 2011, p. 18). The major cause of stroke is failure of sufficient blood supply to the brain. Since blood supplies the brain with oxygen, it follows that the brain fails to get sufficient oxygen supply. This leads to the immediate death of all the brain cells that lack oxygen supply. Ultimately, this might end up causing paralysis, impairment of the speech and loss of the reasonability memory. In the extreme cases, it can lead to death. Pathophysiology of stroke There are two causative mechanisms of brain damage, which include hemorrhage and ischemia. Ischemia stroke is the most popular one involved in more than 80% of the stroke cases (Natan, 2009, p.298). In this case, lack of blood supply to the brain leads to the lack or rather absence of neuron substrates, which are very essential. Ischemia stroke is very severe and graduates very quickly since the brain lacks glucose, which supplies it with energy to carry out anaerobic metabolism. Hemorrhage stroke represents 15% of the brain stroke cases. The basic cause of this type of stroke is the pressure injury that results from the deep penetrating blood vessels. It causes damage to the brain tissues by distracting the linking ways. Causes of stroke One can derive the causes of stroke from the knowledge of the various types of stroke, which include cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, intra-cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The impairment in supply of blood to the blood can happen under two conditions: clotting of blood within the brain or in some cases in the neck region. This leads to the development of two conditions-cerebral thrombosis and cerebral embolism. The intra-cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid strokes result from bursting of blood vessels in the region of the brain. Cerebral thrombosis occurs when blood clots inside the brain an aspect that blocks the vessel involved thus blocking blood flow to the brain. Such clots are due to the hardened blood vessels and this occurs mostly in the morning hours or in the night. When blood clots within other parts of the circulatory system, the clot causes cerebral embolism (Warlow et al, 2008, p.269). This clot finally comes into an artery supplying the brain closing it, thus cutting down the blood supply into the brain. Hemorrhage also refers to bleeding. This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain raptures due to pressure or trauma. Vessels with weak walls are the most vulnerable to such a phenomenon. The difference between intra-cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage is that the first affects vessels inside the brain, while the latter affects arteries at the brain’s surface. Complications of stroke Depending on whic
Mediation is the process whereby a third party helps the parties involved to come up with a solution of their own. In this regard, mediators gather the disputing parties together and assist them to define the challenge in terms of debatable interests and needs (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). Then, the mediators assist the parties to develop several ideas to meet the interests of the parties involved at the same time. Subsequent to this, the mediator assists the parties to gauge the relative benefits accruing from various options and come up with a pact that works for the parties involved. The parties are left to either accept or reject the final agreement (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). Unlike mediation, arbitration is the process where a third party makes legally binding decisions after going through all the evidence adduced by two or more warring parties (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). Arbitration is adversarial. Mediation has failed in international conflicts. For instance, out of 78 international conflicts happening between 1945 and 1986, mediation was used in 56 but most of the mediations were unsuccessful(Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). However, mediation is quite effective on issues like divorce, interpersonal conflicts, cases involving custody issues, and environmental disputes (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). Arbitration is quite effective in labor-management, business, and consumer conflicts. For instance, in 1985, 95 percent of every collective bargaining agreement needed that arbitration is used to solve conflicts (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998). Mediation and arbitration can be utilized in all types of disputes. The methods have been used with marked success in torts, business disputes, building and construction issues, labor disputes, environmental disputes, professional disputes, maritime issues, insurance coverage disputes, dissolution of partnerships as well as domestic issues. The American Arbitration Association The American Arbitration Association (AAA) is a non-profit making organization found and based in the United States of America. AAA is quite experienced in the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) field and provides services to both individuals and organizations (American Arbitration Association, 2013). The role of AAA concerning dispute resolution process is to manage cases from the beginning to the end (American Arbitration Association, 2013). They provide the services both in the US and abroad by selecting of mediators and arbitrators, fixing hearings and providing clients with in
In his article “Globalization and American Power”, Kenneth Waltz strives to establish the connection between such phenomenon in the world as globalization, and the United States domination in the world. Kenneth Waltz is a former Professor of Political Science at the University of California, and a research associate of war and peace studies at Columbia University. Within the article, the audience will find a strong and convincing argument on the results of interdependence and borderless world phenomenon on establishing the United Sates as a world power with the ever-strong positions on the reason of subjecting the other countries to its ideals and preventing moods through the effects of global cultural, political and economic assimilation. Discussing the findings of the article, it should be stated that one of the most important of them in explaining the mechanism of forming global tendencies in the world. This mechanism is mostly based on economic principles rather than on political one. Waltz finds this fact to be a happy thought as this helps to make a conclusion that the main dynamic power behind the developments in the world is not in weapons but in money. Making money requires peace in the world, and this is a good news. As a result, globalization along with its economical objective laws is a reason to believe that war in not likely to happen until global economic values are celebrated as the main values for humanity. As an economic monarch in the world, the United States continue to occupy their primary political position in the world due to globalization process. The author sees a strong connection between the success recipe of United States and a wise economic strategy. He describes the economic strategy of the country as a pursuit for the post-industrial values. According to the article’s central idea, the message of the globalizers is in imposing technological, financial and economical values rather that political form of functioning in the world. As a result, the country which is the most powerful economically will automatically become dominating, and nowadays the United States is such country. Therefore, globalization is one of the main reasons behind the prevailing position of United States in the world. Evaluating the main points of the article, it appears that they are in establishing a strong connection between the values determined by the globalization process and occupying the position of a world power. The author strives to explain that nowadays global values are shifted to finance and technology rather than politics. As the United States have chosen the road of post-industrial development after the World War II, they managed to occupy the position of the world power. One more important point in the article is in explaining that any other strategies like military actions and the NATO expansion to the east is a mistake for the United States which will certainly lead to a problem for the country. He argues that a better way is in continuing to control the economic situation which will gu
The impact of pesticide utilization can be devastating for nature and the environment because they influence health, animals, plants, and living conditions. Their hazard on bees’ behavior reveals that bioaccumulation is severe for pollination, critical for plants and seeds growth, and food production. Recent studies and organizations such as The Environmental Protection Agency encourage the government and manufacturers to act against pesticides to avoid disappearing entire incepts’ populations (Lawler, 2017). The artificial changes in the ecosystem can lead to catastrophic consequences, natural disasters, poor harvests, and water pollution (Matyjaszczyk, 2018). Consequently, actionable steps must be made to address the problem, and vectors control or integrative pest management (IPM) are the profound approaches to start from. Pesticides utilization is becoming a global problem, therefore United Nations, World Health Organization, and World Wide Fund for Nature need to address the situation. For instance, encouraging businesses and households to exercise IPM for sustainable improvement in decreasing the use of pests. The idea of evaluating if certain biological products are necessary for agriculture is profound for the optimization and selection of ecology-friendly alternatives (Matyjaszczyk, 2018). Vectors’ control influences the environmental situation, and encouragement to implement proper practices can be reached through research and social programs devoted to the importance of particular incept species. Lawler (2017) states that “Health agencies, the public, and environmental groups have especially debated the use of methoprene because some studies have shown toxic effects on non-target organisms” (p. 337). The hazardous side effects need to be revealed to the public to force industries to decrease the pesticide use in vectors control.
Introduction Al Pacino is widely known for his villainous roles in The Devil’s Advocate, Scarface, The God father and several others. His depiction of these roles resonated with audiences owing to its unconventionality and charisma. Reception of Al Pacino by fans and reviewers Reviewers thought that Al Pacino’s depiction of gangsters was quite unusual but refreshing. Not only did the actor portray those roles with great depth, but he also handled the various complexities of their characters flawlessly. The genre had been marred by depictions of gangsters as distasteful individuals whose interactions with their families largely centred on disagreements with them. However, Al Pacino, in The Godfather, sought to depict another side of the mafia life. The film supported the notion that these were organisations in which their leaders’ families were royalty. The head would protect his family and work alongside them to get compensation for his work. 1 The author Barbas Samantha explains why certain fan bases existed for an actor, such as Al Pacino. The proliferation of the mass media as well as modernisation in the early 1900s meant that the relevance of religion had diminished. Furthermore, crowded cities had no room for the sincerity and morality preached in the nineteenth century. At the time, individuals needed to look for a way of redefining themselves and standing out from the crowd. Therefore, society created the notions of charisma, style and personality. 2 While this phenomenon of the personality cult was relatively new in the 1930s, it persisted in film depictions until the 1970s. Definitions and portrayals of personality also altered significantly in these four decades. Al Pacino attracted a lot of attention because his type of charm and personality was new in the industry. He was an underdog in the criminal world whose magnetism was unmistakable. His fan base consisted of similar underdogs who could resonate with his obsession to achieve the American Dream by all means necessary. Al Pacino’s films invite spectatorship by a certain group of people. Male underdogs can relate to these films because many of the motion pictures portray countercultures. Gangsters in the films stereotype masculinity through their tough persona and choice of words; this explains why men are likely to embrace it. Underdogs are likely to embrace the films, as well, because most stories are responses to the rot or corruption that exists in society. These villains choose criminal lifestyles because the straight and narrow path is dysfunctional. Members of a counterculture are invited into Al Pacino movies because they resonate with his motivations. The criminal world is simply a way out of poverty or a mechanism for
Executive Summary The product being developed is software that will serve as an add-on. The add-on will be incorporated in any type of search engine that can turn text into video or audio and vice versa. The product will be referred to as the Search Engine Content Converter. Currently, content that is available on the internet is either in the form of texts, videos, or audio. The suggested add-on will be able to change any form of content into a preferred delivery style. Thus, people who do not have time to read can choose to either watch or hear the content. Having said so it is important to note that the product is good. One can argue that the product has several unique selling points (USPs). The first is the fact that it is convenient for all types of people. Castles, Rastle, and Nation (2018) confirm that reading culture is slowly deteriorating all over the world. More people prefer to either watch or listen to content as opposed to reading it. One of the reasons for choosing to set up and run the business is the passion I have for technology. This will be a sole proprietorship, as I will fully own the company. Ideally, it is unchallenging for me to register a sole proprietorship. Indeed, it is also easier for me to make decisions on the software, and the business in general, as a sole proprietor. I agree that there is a need for partnerships and the company can be changed to a partnership after the initial product has been developed and successfully launched into the market. There is sufficient information available that can help support my business. For example, there is ample information on the legalities of registering a company. There are also several options in regards to financing the business. Mullen and Berrill (2017) explain that one of the most common ways of financing business in the US is through attracting an investor. Indeed, there are various types of investments that one can attract. First, approaching any of the search engines and pitching the idea to them is achievable. Secondly, there are angel investors, who often support a product or service that has just started (Collewaert & Manigart 2016). Additionally, there are investors that bring in different elements that can help the business such as advice and other forms of partnerships. Apart from these, I will also acquire money from family and friends for the initial creation of the software. The business will require significant capital to start. The business will need a startup capital of approximately $4,500. Out of this, $1,000 is to be used for the business registration and acquisition of all relevant documents and permits. It is expected that the business will need approximately six months to break even. Additionally, it is expected that the business wi
There are a number of ways that may be used to improve the conditions under which society lives nowadays, and one of these ways is a proper development of intelligence-led policing. Among the variety of peculiarities of this business model, it is necessary to underline the idea that it deals with crime intelligence and all those data analyses that aim at facilitating and reduction of crimes. The concept of this intelligence-led policing concept is closely connected to crimes and other types of offences that bother the vast majority of population: fighting crime plays an important role and requires a considerable amount of time and efforts. Due to such serious and significant intentions of this paradigm, it has already been developed in many countries like the United States of America, New Zealand, and Australia (Wakefield, 2009). Many sophisticated writers, scientists, and thinkers define intelligence-led policing as a philosophical issue or as a complex mechanism that has to be properly organized (Wakefield, 2009; Kemshall, 2003). To realize the utility of intelligence-led policing in such countries like Australia, it is very important to define its meaning clearly, functions accordingly, and effects observed. The evaluation of Australian state of affairs and its comparison to the event in other countries like September 11, 2001 in US helps to clear up whether the offered model of intelligence-led policing is really effective and working in regard to the challenges people have to face day by day. In this paper, the utility of intelligence-led policing will be criticised to define its distinctive features in comparison to other business models, its roots and possible ways of development, the level of crime reduction, and some other effects on the Australian style of life and improvements of living conditions. The achievements demonstrated by Jerry Ratcliffe help to comprehend the essence of intelligence-led policing and to clear up how the chosen model may be implemented to Australia and help its citizen fight against crimes. He admits that this term has been used as an integral part of Australian modern policing in the 1990s and is known now as an intelligence-driven policing concept (Ratcliffe, 2003). In fact, there are several perspectives to rely on while defining the essence of intelligence-led policing, and each of these ideas has its powerful sides and slight shortages. It is defined as a model for risk management. Such definition exposes the idea of its correctness in comparison to the other existed models. However, Australia is known by the ability to develop exiting models such as Military Bu