ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Practical wisdom is an essential component of Aristotle’s virtue ethics. The principal idea of this notion is that a person makes decisions based on reasoning, not emotions. In the words of Block (2019), practical wisdom is “the anti-dote to innovation” (p. 9). Therefore, practical wisdom is a way to balance internal and external motives and conflicting interests and, hence, act virtuously. The essence of Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean is that virtue lies in between two extremes, none of which is virtuous on its own. Applying the doctrine of the mean could help improve character because extremes erode it (Curzer, 2018). For example, the extremes of courage are cowardice and foolhardiness. Thus, a person who wants to act courageously should find a balance between these two extremes. It is courageous to take a child out of a burning house, but it is thoughtless if there are firefighters in protective clothing near the house who can do this. The central idea of the theory of virtue ethics is that to become a virtuous person, one could constantly practice generosity, courage, honesty, and other good habits. This theory emphasizes the role of morality rather than the need to obey rules or consider the consensuses of an action. One of the strongest criticisms of the theory is that it is unclear what the virtues are. Hence, there is no answer on how to deal with moral dilemmas. For example, there is such a notion as a white lie, and it is not clear whether it violates the virtue of being honest. This criticism is strong because the real world is not black-and-white, and there are a lot of shadows and moral dilemmas in it. Therefore, it seems that this theory could hardly be applied to reality. Nonetheless, these cases of dilemmas are an exception to the general rule. From this, it could be inferred that this theory is useful in explaining what people should do to be virtuous.  1. Moral virtue locates between the two extremes that are vicious.  2. People learn moral virtue through practice.  3. All virtues coexist together and reveal themselves in various aspects of life.
The position present requires a person who is hard working and who knows the ways of work of Trianon. Moreover, since the joint venture involves the Hungarian government, somebody with knowledge of the Hungary government will be vital. Consequently, Alistair should choose Janos Gabor for the position in case he is forced to do that. Firstly, Gabor was born, brought up and educated in Hungary. As a result, he has good knowledge of how business is done in Hungary. He will therefore advice the company in case there are legal issues that need to be addressed. He is also well placed to easily adapt the culture of Hungary. Moreover, Gabor has the technical knowledge about cathode ray tube which is critical for the assignment. On the same note, he has additional knowledge on systems technology which is an additional advantage. In addition, he has worked with the company for some time and his performance is good depicted by the recent promotion that he was given. Furthermore, Gabor is single and can therefore be willing to travel without any hindrance. It should be noted that one of the requirements of the position is extensive travelling especially for the first year. Though not very vital, the connection of Gabor’s family with the government can be very crucial in ensuring that the venture goes on smoothly. For recruitment to this position, highest degree of integrity is required. Therefore, Trianon will have to come up with the job description first. The job description needs to be detailed outlining what is expected of the person who will fill the position. It should be noted, that the position is not only technical but also administrative. As a result, somebody with knowledge of managing people will be the best option. After having the job description Trianon will then have to advertise the position and give both internal and external people opportunities. Selection will have to be done strictly following the job description. There should be interviews both oral and over the phone to ensure that the selected candidate has the required qualities. Questions of the interview should be based not only on the duties that the person is going to execute, but also on the general knowledge that the candidate will require during his or her duty. It is important to have the oral interview conducted by a panel of people so as to eliminate subjectivity in candidate recruitment. This procedure will ensure that the best talent is tapped into the company. It is needless to say that Trianon will need to advertise itself as the employer of choice to attract many qualified a
Subliminal perception and persuasion are associated with the notion of mind control. Mind control entails controlling individuals without their knowledge. They involve making a person or a group of people do stuff that they would not have done. If a stimulus presents itself below the level that can make an individual aware of it, but is able to influence his judgment and action, then subliminal perception has taken place. ‘Subliminal perception’ was initially used to depict circumstances that weak stimuli were experienced without knowledge. In the recent past, the term subliminal perception has been used to signify circumstances involving the perception of unnoticed stimuli. Subliminal persuasion on the other hand involves making people change their thoughts and principles with an aim of spreading it to others. It entails making people accept and acknowledge fresh information as the correct one. Lakhani (2008) noted that, “In the 1950s, James Vicary, an advertising expert, had secretly flashed. at a third of a millisecond, the words “Eat Popcorn” and “Drink Coke” onto the movie screen. His studies, lasting six weeks, involved thousands of movie-going subjects who received a subliminal message every five seconds during the film. Vicary claimed an increase in Coke sales of l8 percent and a rise in popcorn sales of almost 58 percent.” (p. 56). This is subliminal persuasion. Even though his conclusions were not documented as true, this gave rise to a lot of speculation on how the mind can be controlled by media. People became scared by the thought that politicians may use this new discovery for their own political reasons. The Federal communications commission at that time investigated the same and issued a warning to broadcasting stations not to use this method of advertising. Subliminal persuasion is more psychological and is focused on reasons why the use of subliminal messages work, unlike subliminal perception that is physical. Subliminal perception focus on how, in a physical sense, subliminal messages work. It entails how the body physically senses sound, smell, touch, vision and taste. It is real and evidence can be collected for or against it. Subliminal persuasion is about the mind. It is about things that are difficult to prove physically, but can be speculated on psychologically (Long, 2000). Subliminal persuasion is an important study in the world today. People who have mastered the art of persuasion can use it in a
Introduction Paternalism refers to the age-old replica of making decisions for other individuals without their consent purportedly in their own best interest known as paternalism. The Latin word “patter” refers to the father and it connotes to the patriarchal family model where the head of the family namely ‘father’ takes all important decisions, particularly when it comes to matters of their children. Paternalism can be defined as an approach of a government or an individual that how the subordinates should be contained in a fatherly manner for their good. Thus, paternalism demands some kind of interference with or refusal to adhere to another individual’s wishes as regards his good. Analysis In health care industries, the principle of beneficence implies a moral duty to act for the advantage of others. In health care, the benefit of good in question is the restitution of the health of the patient. In accomplishing this duty of beneficence, the physician occasionally supersedes the patient’s desires or initiating action for the advantage of the patient. This is recognized as paternalism. It is an infringement of the principle of autonomy and hence there arises a conflict or tension between beneficence and autonomy. The word ‘paternalism’ appears to include the manner a father would react towards his child, but the ethically appealing cases are those of actions aimed toward self-directed or formerly autonomous individuals against their spirit, but for their good. Dworkin emphasized in his article “The theory and Practice of Autonomy”, there can be an infringement of autonomy for one to give treatment to another paternalistically. Dworkin reasserted the need to involve in the project of determining the justification for paternalism if any. Concisely it can be said that paternalism is bedeviled with flooding of moral issues begging for resolutions. It may typically engross coercion or force on the one side, or lying, manipulation, deception of information, or nondisclosure of information on the other side. All paternalistic acts are designed to restrict one’s autonomy. Kinds of paternalism   * An individual paternalism refers to the intention of the paternalist is to benefit an individual.   * A social paternalism refers to the benefit focused on either a class of individuals or a group.   * An active paternalism refers to one when a paternalist performs to usher benefit despite the preference of non-intervention.   * Passive paternalism implies when paternalists refrain from executing an individual’s preference.   * A soft paternalism refers to benevolent control over the affairs of the people. Some examples of soft paternalism are warning labels, truthfulness, and enhancement in the social security system, etc.   * A hard paternalism infringes an individual’s self-determination.   * A weak paternalism is one where a physician takes no notice of the patient’s desires when the patients are senile, depressed, confused, or incapacitated in their capacities to make independent decisions. “Pure paternalism” which means the person whose good is being safeguarded is the same as the individual whose freedom is being controlled. This is t
What is the nature of fast food advertising in North American, and in what ways does it reflect and influence the continent’s general populace? Advertising is the process of informing the public regarding certain products through the use of various media instruments. It is one of the oldest practices so far in the world of commerce. Since time immemorial, advertising has been used to attract people to certain products that have been in circulation. Whatever the nature of the product, there is always is the need for advertising so that the product in question may sell. Without advertising, people will never get to know about the products. The nature of fast food advertising in North America is such that most fast food restaurants depict the advantages of eating fast food in a bid to entice the clients. Using the various media available such as the newspapers and the televisions as well as magazines and tabloids, fast food restaurants take advantage of the urge to indulge in junk food (Mooij, 2009). It is important to note that fast food is one of the most convenient methods of getting a meal since it offers people the convenience of saving their time and thus they do not feel the pinch. Fast food advertising is based on the cultural aspects that the people living within the region rely on. The people of North America live in one of the most highly developed regions in the world. Most of cities are metropolitan with most of the populace working and living in the fast lane. This mainly calls for them to be able to cope with the pace at which their lives are revolving. The use of advertising in the region reflects the pace and speed with which the people live and thus is interpreted into the way that they live their lives. This means that most of the advertising is done to reflect the pace at which life in cities is thus the need to save time on everything. Most of the advertising that is done is for the people who need to keep up with the pace and culture that has been embedded in them (Santink, 1990). People in the region recognize the need to keep up with the pace that their lives dictate. This mainly means that in order to remain competitive, the fast food restaurants need to appeal to the instincts of the people who they are trying to attract. Most people in the region are greatly influenced by the advertising that many fast food restaurants use since they are widely acquainted with,
Introduction The film Le Fabuleux Destin d’Amélie Poulain, which will be referred to as Amelie in this essay, is a French romantic comedy that was released in 2001. The film, which was directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet, received a good response due to both its plot and cinematography. The story revolves around Amelie, a mischievous but happy waitress who spends much of her time doing good deeds (Cloete, 2017). After the death of Princess Diana, Amelie decides to help everyone around her in any way she can. For instance, she helps two strangers become friends and fall in love. Additionally, she gives the man who used to live in her apartments his childhood toys that she discovers and this makes him extremely happy (Miller et al., 2010). In her quest to positively change the lives of the people around her, she also finds love. This essay is a critique of the film and will mainly focus on the cinematography elements that are highlighted in the film. Through the critique, it will be proven that the film Le Fabuleux Destin d’Amélie Poulain enhanced French film production through the use of modern cinematography. Indeed, the chosen cinematography of the film was as important in production as the plot itself as it enhanced the plot and also helps in character development. Main text Amelie’s bubbly personality One element that is highlighted in the film is Amelie’s bubbly personality. The production team worked hard to ensure that viewers could relate to Amelie at every stage of her life and also as she worked to help those around her. One interesting way the film achieved this connection between the character and the audience is through the manipulation of motion. This is common in Jean’s films as he is renowned for combining elements of the film to bring out his stories (Vanderschelden, 2007). For example, the production team ensured that when the lead character was enthusiastic and happy the motion used was also fast. On the other hand, when she was sad, anxious, or eager, the motion was slow. This manipulation of the motions of the film ensures the viewers fully grasp the mental state the character is in at the specific moment. This element proves that indeed
Introduction Letters of the Earth by Samuel Clemens narrates about Satan’s visit to earth after banishment from heaven for one heavenly day. One heavenly day is equals one thousand earth years. He is punished by God for talking sarcastically about his creations in the universe. Having being deported to space, he decided to visit the earth to determine the progress of God’s experiment. He wrote private letters from earth to his fellow archangels, St. Gabriel and St. Michael to informing them the development of God’s creation. Analysis In his first letter, Satan found the man as a curious being who believed he was a masterpiece crafted by God. Satan found this to be sarcastic since he viewed man as a low graded angel yet God viewed him as his masterpiece. Clemens elaborates how Satan criticizes the way human beings pray crudely to God. He believes God does not enjoy the praises and worship by men nor does he answer their prayers. Clemens believes humans are taught by “salaried teacher” about hell and everlasting fires which will be used to punish sinners. In his second letter, Clemens critics’ man’s ideology of heaven as a place filled with activities that he hates while on earth. According to man, heaven has people singing, playing musical instruments and praying yet only a handful of men on earth can sing, play instruments or pray. In heaven, people from all nations and races live peacefully with each other, yet these people dislike, oppress and hate each other while on earth. Clemens sees it ironical for men to enjoy a variety of life while on earth, yet they all aspire for life in heaven which is full of monotony. Ironically, man forgot to include sexual intercourse as an activity in heaven, an act people enjoy while on earth. According to Clemens, man will risk everything he values on earth only by the thought of sexual intercourse yet he does not believe it will be in heaven. In the third letter, Clemens criticizes the current Bible as lacking the originality of the earlier Bibles. He believes the earlier Bible contained imposing events unlike the current one which contains only hell and heaven. According to Clemens, Adam and Eve never understood what God meant when he told them not to eat the forbidden fruit. He believed it would have been fair for God to show Adam and Eve of what would have happened if they ate the fruit. The forbidden fruit contained knowledge on how to identify ethical and evil ways to engage in evil acts. Clemens believed God has different a moral code for himself and another for the people. He punished Adam and Eve for eating the forbidden fruit yet the snake which was responsible for their actions escaped unpunished. He believes that God should have given them another chance since the Bible requires people to
Molefi Asante is one of the authors, who demonstrated a unique approach to understanding history and underlining the importance of knowledge. His book It’s Bigger than Hip Hop is the collection of thoughts about different historical events that should never be forgotten, and the history of a ghetto is one of the concerns that bother the author. The chapter “What’s Really Hood? A Conversation with the African-American Ghetto” helps to realize the importance of knowledge of a longer history of the Jewish ghettos and their possible connection to and impact on the African-American ghettos, US segregation policies, and the relations developed between different groups of people. The article introduces a ghetto as the place where people are forced to live. It has a long history that began in 1611. It was introduced as “a walled-off and gated section in cities where Jews were confined” (Asante 34). In Italy, such areas were offered to a working group of Jews and characterized by a number of strict regulations. Jews did not have a choice but had to follow the orders of native citizens. In fact, the history of a ghetto is full of complications and concerns on the basis of which the segregation policies occurred. The war periods made ghettos rather dangerous areas because people, who lived there, underwent numerous humiliations, discriminations, and repressions. More than 300 ghettos were found in the Soviet Union, the Baltic States, and several European countries that were the Soviet Union’s neighbors between 1939 and 1945 (Asante 36). The penalty for people, who wanted to leave those areas, was certainly death. The knowledge of the situation during that period can make the reader realize how cruel and terrible a human nature could be. Though people, who had to live in the ghetto territories in the USA, had different conditions and outcomes, the essence of a ghetto remained to be the same – the absence of choices, freedoms, and opportunities. The segregation policies of the United States could not be avoided. Black people had to survive using their skills and abilities even if they did not have the same opportunities as other people had. Unfortunately, the roots of ghettos could not be neglected. The color of skin was the reason for why some people could be successful, and some people could not achieve the same opportunities. The information of the article helps to understand that one of the main mistakes made by the majority of Americans is the idea that “the poor are poor because of their own faults … that the poor should get out of it on their own … the poor are undeserving” (Asante 51). In general, I think that the form of the article and the way all information is given are powerful indeed. The reader should not deal with dry facts presented in an essay form. It is an interview, with a ghetto as an interviewee. Asante makes the reader accept the ghetto as something alive that could understand its nature, the reasons for existence, and it possible effects on people
Introduction The history of Christianity reflects the development of the Church and the changes in the people’s attitude towards religious tenets. It also closely connected with historical events. The time in the history of Christianity between the late Roman Empire and the Renaissance represents the difficult period of the formation of the Christian Church. The aim of this essay is to characterize the history of Christianity between IV to VII centuries. Main Body The period of the late Roman Empire was the time of the Oecumenical Councils, which gathered the representatives of all local churches. It was also a period of the governance of Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion. “Constantine can rightfully claim the title of Great, for he turned the history of the world into a new course and made Christianity, which until then had suffered bloody persecution, the religion of the State” (“Constantine the Great” n.pag.). The change of the official religion shook the social order and contributed to the formation of the heretical movements. To survive under these conditions, the early Christians concealed themselves in the arid regions. All that, ultimately, contributed to the rapid formation of the first cloisters. The Oecumenical Councils were aimed at overcoming the social disorder and the unity of the Church. The First Council of Constantinople took place in 381 (“Constantinople, First Council of” n.pag.). It represented the crucial event in the history of Christianity as it approved the dogma about the Blessed Trinity and the unity of the God-Father and the God-Son, in particular. During the VII century, Christianity was influenced by the rapid expansion of the Muslims. At the beginning of the VII century, the Islamic Caliphate invaded Spain and France. It was the period of the religious wars. “The small Christian stronghold in the northern mountains eventually grew into the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon, and Castile, and Pelayo is credited with laying the seed of the Christian Reconquest of Spain” (“Moorish Conquest” n.pag.). In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox (“1054 the East-West Schism” n.pag.). The period of the Medieval Ages was characterized by the strengthening of the Christian Church, and it was the tim