ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While war between the English and Indigenous Peoples occurred often during the colonial era, the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 succeeded in preventing conflict between the Iroquois and the English. The Iroquois faced some of the same problems that other Native groups did but such problems did not result in conflict. The main grievance of the Iroquois was that white settlers were crossing beyond the Blue Ridge into the Shenandoah Valley and the treaty was to prevent them from moving east towards them. The English were however never prevented from advancing west of them (Merrell 5). This study identifies that the Lancaster treaty of 1744 provided the framework to which amicable solutions were developed and eventual prevention of conflict achieved. Iroquois and English Conflict A year before the signing of the Lancaster treaty, the Iroquois caused a lot of skirmishes to settlers in the Shenandoah Valley. They also almost declared total war on the Virginia territory until its governor paid them a sum of 100 sterling pounds for any claims they had on the valley. This action was to be later followed by a sellout of all their stakes in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds. However, this agreement was followed by numerous misunderstandings between the two parties because the Virginians understood that the Iroquois had relinquished all their claim for the land that was demarcated as Virginia territory in 1609 but the Iroquois understood the treaty as a relinquish of claim only to the land in the Shenandoah valley; which was to the west of the Ohio watershed (Merrell 7). This disagreement was partially resolved by subsequent agreements in 1752 through the treaty of Logs town which forced the Iroquois to recognize English rights to the South East of Ohio. However, subsequent treaties saw the Iroquois relinquish all their claims of Ohio and Tennessee rivers. Negative Consequences of Colonization for the Iroquois The interaction of the Iroquois with the Europeans had a profound impact on the economy of the indigenous people because the expansion of European settlements in Iroquois land destabilized the economic equilibrium that previously existed. By the onset of 1800, much of the Iroquois population had been pushed to reserved lands. This caused them to lose most of their land through the intrusion of European settlements into traditional highlands. There was also a negative impact of European trade with the natives because the Europeans took advantage of the virtue of gift-giving by showering the locals with many manufactured goods from Europe that created dependency on certain goods like rifles and metal axes which were not in any way beneficial to the Iroquois. The consequences to the imposition of the Europeans on the natives were discussed in treaties and deeds like those that settled grievances on land. However, before such forms of agreements were made, the natives often engaged the foreigners in fights to claim control of their property and rights which the Europeans were slowly depriving them of. Such warf
Cinematography: Introduction to lighting effects Modification of an image in current times is a matter of technological choice and one can consider his work done. What was known to be art is now known as science. Many variables have to be considered by the cinematographer such as lighting controls and the management of the image after production (Brown, 2002). The Godfather is a good combination of technical and associated elements which are equally clear, a few of which earn extraordinary credits. The photography, which sheds the initial parts of the film in subtle sepia tones and covers most of the scenes in a profound veil of silhouette, is brilliantly controlled. Mastering the art of face lighting is simply about discovering how to command every facet of the visual feeling and strong sentiments of a scene (Brown, 2002). In the past lighting began with meager reflectors readdressing the sun. It developed into basic infantry searchlights. Later we saw the advent of vapor lights, which light operators controlled with vessel sticks. Today gaffers have a broad variety of complicated lights to assist command, form and stylize precisely how cinematographers select lighting to drop on faces (Brown, 2002). With the enhancement of both digital sensors and movie compassion, photographers are now adept to work at smaller grades. This has opened the doorway for use of suppler lighting effects, which are in detail far more pardoning in illumination features than harsh lighting resources. Because precedent photographers of the past sharpened their equipment in the period of hard source lights, they routinely gleaned larger information in comprehending the form of a face, cheekbone formation, jawline power, eye depth, hair extent and so forth (Brown, 2002). The Movie: Godfather Mario Puzo’s “The Godfather” is an unforgettable movie on the subject of gangsters and was the starting point for movies of this genre (Raeisi, 2010 ). Frances Ford Copolla directed the movie and made numerous diversified resourceful ways to depict this mobster standard. The movie was very dissident, but it the one of its kind. The movie’s cinematography can b interpreted through the use of lights in The Godfather since this has numerous dissimilar lighting effects. Figure 1. Mario Puzo’s “The Godfather”. Source: (Brown, 2002) Figure 2. Mario Puzo’s “The Godfather”. Source: (Brown, 2002) One of the unusual features of The Godfather is the photography or cinematography. The motion picture looks grainy and repeatedly obscure, proposing logic of practicalit
The issue of masculinity discussed from the perspective of sexual abstinence before marriage is a controversial topic, especially in the US. However, by examining the viewpoints and reasoning of these men, one can understand gender more comprehensively and develop a framework that describes different types of masculinity. This paper aims to examine the implications of the article After the Wedding Night: Sexual Abstinence and Masculinities over the Life Course and discuss its findings as well as their application for the future and present. Sexual purity prior to marriage is generally considered to be an issue that concerns females. In the article After the Wedding Night: Sexual Abstinence and Masculinities over the Life Course the author Diefendorf (2015) argues that in the US, men who adhere to abstinence challenge the conventional views of masculinity. The change in the perception of masculinity displayed by these men is discussed by the author, which is an essential implication for understanding the views of these individuals and its transformation. Religion has a significant impact on the opinions of these men and their perception of marriage and sex. However, cultural implications and the pressure for reinforcing one’s masculinity has a significant impact on a person’s behavior. Therefore, it is critical to have a better understanding of the limitations that specific gender standards have to be able to change the societal perception of them. The presented material affects both future and present situations because it provides an assessment of issues that contemporary men encounter due to their beliefs that do not correspond with the accepted social views of masculine behavior. Diefendorf (2015) states that “a shifting balance of both sacred and beastly discourses” is the primary viewpoint of the sex and gender displayed by the men in question (p. 648). All in all, an essential implication of this article is the need to view masculinity from a different perspective and account for life changes, for instance, marriage. Thus, the concept of hybrid masculinities is a more suitable framework, which can help one understand the gender in question. The article examined in this paper provides an understanding of the complexity that the concept of masculinity has. In accordance with Diefendorf’s (2015) findings, hegemonic masculinity, which is usually reviewed in social studies, is only one element of this matter. However, this type of masculinity has many limitations, and it can be argued that no man can display its features thoroughly. Additionally, the findings suggest that masculinity perception is connected to one’s sexuality, which in the case of hegemonic masculinity correlates with heterosexuality. In the context of marriage, it can be argued that men who adhere to sexual abstinence may struggle with defining their desires and developing an appropriate relationship due to a lack of support, especially from specialized institutions. Moreover, the understanding of the change in men’s perception of masculinity prior to and after the marriage has an important implication for t
Philosophy Definition The examined curriculum is the New School (NS) Curriculum designed as a part of the Abu Dhabi Education system reform. The NS Curriculum was implemented in all Abu Dhabi kindergartens and first-grade classes in 2011. Further on, it was likewise implemented in Grades 4 and 5 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The curriculum is defined as “An Outcome-Based Curriculum” since a particular emphasis is put on the establishment of a new paradigm of learning objectives that are supposed to be accomplished with the implementation of this curriculum (Abu Dhabi Education Council, 2016). Vision, Mission, and Values The mission of the NS Curriculum is to ensure that Abu Dhabi learners exhibit the essential skills as well as the relevant level of understanding of each subject that complies with the standards set within the NS Education Model. The vision of the NS Curriculum is to establish a consistent student-centered education system that would allow for continual improvement of the learning outcomes. The NS Curriculum prioritizes such values as individual approaches supported by the integration of the new technologies. Likewise, it puts a particular emphasis on the enhancement of students’ literacy and consistent development of teachers’ professionalism (Abu Dhabi Education Council, 2016). Philosophical Basis Analyzing the key characteristics of the NS Curriculum, it can be suggested that its design relies on Dewey’s philosophy, according to which, “education perpetuates and improves society by properly organizing learners’ experience” (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2009, p. 150). Thus, this thesis was reproduced by Dr. Pierson, the ADEC’s Director, during her speech at Bedaya Forum. Hence, the speaker noted that the implementation of the new education model and the upgrade of the curriculum was mainly aimed at letting the local learners acquire a “meaningful learning experience, indoor and outdoor spaces to support physical and social learning” (Khamis, 2010, para. 8). Curriculum Learning Theory The analysis of the NS Curriculum shows that the major learning theory underpinning its content is constructivism. This theory puts a particular focuses on learner’s individuality, free exploration, and autonomy. The new curriculum appears to envision similar prospects. Hence, it is aimed at providing students with a wide range of learning tools and resources, letting them develop their individual approaches to studies (Abu Dhabi Education Council, 2016). Farah and Ridge (2009) believe that the shift to a more liberal learning theory is the result of the intensive intrusion of the Western ideology in Abu Dhabi’s institutions. Standards Description According to the official data, the NS Curriculum relies on a set of standards that define th
Effective communication is essential for every type of organization. With the technological advancements of the last few decades, companywide communication has improved dramatically. More employees can gain more information than they could ever gain before. There are multiple ways of facilitating effective communication. This paper will cover three of these ways, and it will discuss the role of technology in the workplace. Discussion One of the most important practices in the communication of new ideas to the organization is practicing those ideas. Often, managers and leaders state a new vision but either forget to act on it or deliberately avoid acting on it. In my experience, I have seen managers both act and not act according to their new vision. When a new etiquette for phone greetings was introduced in one of my former workplaces, the manager quickly adopted it. After seeing how serious she was about this practice, the team put aside their complaints about the inconvenience of the new etiquette and started following it. In contrast, at a different organization, new rules were implemented regarding lunch breaks. After stating the new timeframes for lunch breaks, the manager did not follow them and was absent when he was supposed to be present in his office. This not only caused numerous problems but also created a negative atmosphere in the office (Keyton et al., 2013). Another common communication practice is the use of stories, images, analogies and other mediums to convey a new vision or communicate with the team. Personally, I found this to be an effective tactic of communicating information. In my organization, it is much easier to show an example of an action than to describe it verbally. Real life stories let people move the abstract concepts into the practical world. When my organization changed its security procedures, it was much easier to understand the reasons why it was important to change them, when the team was presented with a real life scenario of information theft (Keyton et al., 2013). Keeping the message fresh is also important. People tend to become cynical when the same ideas are repeated to them over and over again. To avoid this, new forums should be used whenever the message is repeated. To remind people about the new security procedures, my organization chose to create a short educational video. Then a week later the team was presented with a brief questionnaire. The week after that, a contest was organized where members of the team could win prizes for coming up with scenarios where new security protocols would be useful (Keyton et al., 2013). Technology is invaluable in for communication systems within organizations. E-Mails and databases have long been the standard inside most organizations. They bring efficiency, availability, and cost savings on complicated mailing systems. However, with technology always come a few negative aspects. The first is the issue of training. Whenever a new technology is introduced into the communication system, every member of the team has to be familiarized with it. The second issue is that technology can be exploited, so more stringent security pra
The actions of men often take a particular course that results in decisive speculations. Unfortunately, man does not initiate the cause and hence the result is often quite contrary or it does suffer at the hands of fate. Certainly, not all actions require providential justification. In the story, The Drawbridge, the death of the baroness could be related to her own deeds, neither fate nor the course of events bearing testimony to her death. From the story, it is quite obvious that the baron is responsible for the death of his wife. To prove so, there are several instances and actions that go unsaid. To substantiate my point, I would like to begin from the first paragraph where we have the baron, expressing his jealousy and not paying any heed to his wife. The baroness is forced to stay back while her husband is away. It is assumed that he knows that his wife has a lover and he wants to unearth the truth. In order that this unfair relationship be brought to light, he purposely leaves the countryside. The baroness falls into his trap and decides to go to meet her lover. Perhaps the baron could have sent the mad man so that his wife would not be able to escape. True to this, out of fear of reaching her home on time, she approaches the ferryman who refuses to help her out for want of money. This could also be the plot of the baron to ruin his wife. Her only hope to escape from the clutches of her evil husband was to get help from her friend, who ditches her for she has disobeyed her husband. It can be presumed that th
The development of financial statements has for a long time concentrated on the aspect of money. They describe where the money comes from and where the money goes. The effort of the people who make sure that this money circulates in the system is not part of the statement. It is critical that the human contribution towards the growth of the organization becomes part of the positive inflow in the financial statements. Human Capital Definition Human capital is the input of the workers in an organization. For many years, the accountants have categorized employees as a liability because of the salaries and pensions (Sollosy, M, McInerney, M & Braun, C. 2016). From the time people started keeping financial records to date, many changes have been implemented. They have led to many improvements. Human capital includes skills, knowledge, and expert opinion. Today business has changed. A majority of the companies are offering services and not just products. Human Capital Inclusion in Financial Statements It is essential for businesses to start including the human capital in the financial statements. Some organizations are including the environmental concerns in their Profit and Loss statements. Human capital is essential and deserving recognition as well. When businesses think about assigning a value to nature, there is the need to assign a better value to the people who build these organizations (Atrill, P & McLaney, E. 2013). Measuring Human Capital In fact, human capital should appear on the left side of the balance sheet. Workers are knowledgeable; they have skills and provide labor to these organizations. Hence, they represent a valuable resource to the firms they work for as employees. The accounting practices of the 1960’s need to be updated as modern society is more enlightened. Revolution in the industry must involve the people who bring about these successes (Atrill, P & McLaney, E. 2013). For instance, today’s assets comprise of intangible objects such as the brand and even intellectual property. An additional one should be human capital. All the great inventions that propel companies to success come from the people who work for them. As value is attached to the brand, it should also become critical to the inventors. There is a need for an overhaul of the accounting standards. Over the years, there have been discussions about their improvement (Ifrs.org 2016). International bodies such as the International Accounting Standards Boards, International Financial Reporting Standards, and Financial Accounting Standards Boards have weighed in on new matters ( Ifrs.org 2016). The US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles has also come on board with new measures for accounting. As they merge their theories and come up with world governing rules, they need to develop a package for human capital. Challenges and Solution The reason for not having the human capital in financial statements may not have been essential. Human capital is not one of the requirements in the current regulations. The former analysts thought that including human capital in the financial statements would be a great risk to the organizations due t
A business-oriented information system can be characterized as a set of interconnected system elements that function in combination to input, process, store, control, and analyze the data obtained by the company (Rao & Klein 2013). The organization can use this data to take proactive measures and make the best use of decision-making activities. Five essential elements make up a business-oriented information system – human resources, software, hardware, data, and communications (Qiu 2013). Human resources contain the system developers, technical support, and the final users of the product. Computers and other peripheral devices represent the majority of the hardware resources. The software is commonly perceived as the employees’ program to accomplish the organizational objectives (Plattfaut 2014). The data resources are represented by the company’s electronic database and all other files stored by the company. Communications resources are merely network resources (including intranet) used to connect the employees and maintain that connection (Linger, Fisher & Barnden 2016). Business-oriented information systems are essential because they provide their users with numerous advantages such as accuracy and agility. What is even more important, these systems are relatively flexible and can be programmed to perform an extensive array of complex tasks (Korunka 2014). To analyze a business, several different models can be used. For instance, Porter’s 5 Forces Model, Porter’s Diamond Model, and McKinsey’s 7S Model (Isaias 2016). This report will analyze one of the work systems of Etihad Airways. Business Overview Etihad Airways is one of the most respectable UAE companies. They are aimed at providing high-quality services at competitive prices (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2013). Etihad Airways represents Abu Dhabi, and their approach to business is based on Arabian hospitality and generous services. The company’s key focus is the collaborative growth and implementation of the latest technologies in their work systems. The company’s pricing policy complies with the middle-class requirements and can be described as reasonable (Rocha et al. 2014). Business Strategy The substitute competitors                  Etihad’s substitutes are almost neutralized. Other companies do not offer lower rates, and Etihad keeps on raising profits.                          The risk of the emergence of new opponents  There are many new challenges. Nonetheless, all these competitors fail to succeed and overcome Etihad.                                               The intensity of competitive rivalry        There is a slight threat due to the increasing number of Etihad’s competitors. Accurate decision-making and surveying helped the company to succeed. The b
Project objectives JLM is out to develop a social network that is aimed at addressing the rampant cases of unemployment not only in the United States of America but globally. The site using the internet as a major tool will of course be developed after a lengthy consultation and consensus of all the organization’s stakeholders (Doran, G. T., 1981). In doing this, the project will be aiming at accomplishing the following objectives:  1. Strengthening a new way of job hunting to the modern standards. This will be done by giving the job seekers a chance to produce their occupational directory in which they will be outlining their education, training, and experience as they look for the jobs of their interest.  2. Enhancing global connections and matching the job hunting youth with the various employers from any part of the world. For instance, an employer in the USA can easily access applicants from other continents like Europe, Africa, or Australia.  3. Decreasing and bridging the gap between the employees and the potential job seekers thus, giving room for the talented to get access to the available job opportunities that suit them.  4. Increasing the pace at which the available job vacancies can be filled within the shortest period possible. According to research, there are over 3 million vacant jobs that need to be urgently filled.  5. It will strive to be completed within one year and the only cost at most US 4. 2,000 to be ready for usage.  6. It will be measurable qualitatively and quantitatively. This data will come from the clients’ feedbac