ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The fast development of the world in this 21st Century depends on application of the principles of economics. Its effects are widespread and far-reaching: from the ardent financier in Texas, now rendered jobless due to downsizing, to the one in the isolated parts of Africa, who makes every effort to avoid the intruding urbanization. The perception of macroeconomics is in terms of a worldly view of resources while microeconomics entails a more individual feature of the economy. Main Body Microeconomics is a branch of economics that investigates how households and firms formulate decisions to apportion inadequate resources, especially in a market scenario where the buying and selling of goods as well as services takes place (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 2005, p.3). This branch of economics finds out how decisions made affect the supply and demand of goods and services. This makes the difference from macroeconomics, which appertains to the sum total of the activities of the economy. The following matters are addressed: economic growth, inflation, joblessness, and with policies of national concern that relate to these matters. Macroeconomics also entails study of repercussions of actions taken by the government (Hoover, 2001; Blinder & Baumol, 2009). Microeconomics investigates market systems that give yield to relative values between goods and services and allotment of inadequate resources between the numerous different users. Microeconomics studies market failure, where markets do not yield competent outcomes, in addition to elaborating on the theoretical circumstances necessary to achieve perfect competition. The common thread between the two economic fields is that they seek to discover how both individuals and nations act in response to diverse financial constraints. In as much as these two categories of economics may seem to be different, they are in fact interdependent to each other since they have numerous related matters amongst them. An example is instances of rising inflation (macroeconomics) which results in the increase of the cost of raw materials for manufacturing industries, and hence influence the price of the finished product charged to the individual consumers. In spite of all the above, the fields of microeconomics and macroeconomics both are vital important tools in the finance profession and are better studied mutually to grasp the mechanism of operations of different companies in getting returns and eventually, how the whole economy is handled and sustained by the various key players. In analyzing economic situations, microeconomics employs the bottom-up approach while macroeconomics employs the top-down approach (Science Daily, 2009, para. 4) The depiction of microeconomics phenomena are in our daily lives. For example, a single mother decides to cut on her expenses by downsizing from an expensive house to a less expensive one based on the current escalating price of gas or a firm’s decision to increase the price of a farm equipment to enable it to compensate for its wholesale price increase that has been incurred from the suppliers. Macroeconomics phenomena deal
Born in 1972 in Australia, Shaun Gladwell has emerged as an influential contemporary artist because of his ability to use a number of techniques and materials in developing paintings, video, photography, drawing and printing 1 . Gladwell appears to be one of the modern artists whose skills have broken from the past in terms of specialization and application of both materials and skills, especially due to the digitalization of his methods of production 2 . He derives ideas by combining arts and sports, making it possible to include the theme of aesthetics. He combines a number of digital techniques such as slow-motion and long pans in most of his work. Gladwell’s work also shows evidence of aestheticism of poetry that is built from a number of techniques such as distortion of speed, displacement of time and space as well as reversion of gravity 3 . Since 2000, the artist has produced a number of works that have become popular in Australia, the US, and Europe. For instance, in 2009, some of his works were exhibited that the Venice Biennale. By looking closely at his productions, it is possible to understand how he constructs them and how his constructions contribute to the concepts therein. The purpose of this paper is to analyze three of his recent works in order to examine how he uses techniques and materials to communicate his ideas about life, nature, and society. Perhaps some of the major themes that emerge from analyzing Gladwell’s latest works are the ideas of interaction and collisions of people, vehicles and animals in different landscapes, especially in Australia 4 . The artist draws from the history of both art and film to investigate the relationships between humans, the human body, images, and landscapes drawn in the contemporary world. Speed, time, and space are evidently some of the most common aspects of Gladwell’s works. The use of techniques in developing these themes is an important aspect of Gladwell’s work. In his work, “Blue and White Linework Composition” developed in 2008, Gladwell provides the viewers with documentation of various aspects of the contemporary urban environment 5 . In this work, he uses several “Line works” to describe the different lines in the Australian urban landscape. He traces various roads within a contemporary urban road. This w
Social psychology is a relatively new interdisciplinary science which came into existence at the end of the nineteenth century. It is often associated with the names of such scholars as Emile Durkheim, Kurt Lewin, Leon Festinger, Joseph Berger and many others. Even now sociologists and psychologists have not come to the agreement on its definition, key objectives, principles and research methods. In this paper we intend to discuss opposing approaches to this problem. Moreover, it is necessary to identify the distinguishing features of social psychology especially in comparison with related disciplines like sociology, general or clinical psychology. Most importantly, we need to examine strategies of collecting and analyzing data and how they contribute to our understanding of society and individuality. Yet, prior to doing it, it is essential for us to define this field of study and compare different interpretations of this question. On the one hand, social psychology can be regarded as the discipline, which examines the impact of external environment (family, friends, peers, relatives, institutions, community and society in general) on attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes and respective behavior of a person (Brehm et al, 2002). According to psychologists, the focus of the research should be on the formation of an individuals identity and his or her relations with others. Provided that someone plans to carry out a study in this area the dependent variable will be personality, whereas the independent one will be social factors (Myers, 2008). In addition to that, the techniques, employed by the scholars may be of several types: 1) empirical methods which are based on observation and experiment, 2) longitudinal or chronological studies, 3) questionnaires. In sharp contrast, sociologists claim that this discipline should investigate the behavior of a human being within the bounds of a group or class. At first glance, one may say that these opposing ideas are very similar to one another. However, in this case social scientists try to understand and describe the functioning of a larger community by analyzing the conduct of a separate person (Myers, 2008; Murchison, 2007). Hence, social psychology is the discipline that studies the impact of the society on an individual, and shows how his or her actions and attitudes represent the society, itself. This science is closely related to such disciplines as general and clinical psychology, sociology, criminology, etc. The similarities and distinctions among them can be identified according to such parameters like the object and purpose of study, and research techniques. For example, if we compare SP with general or clinical psychology we can say that there are immense differences in the scope of the investigation, the variety of applicable techniques, the validity of collected d
Background to the Problem Systematic subjugation of the rights and privileges of lesbian groups in North America is most illustrative in the field of healthcare. These groups have found difficulties in obtaining necessary medical care because of structures that do not accept them into the general fold of the population (Wilton, 1995). The dominant social structures that accept heterosexual relationships as the only ideal forms of sexual order have withheld safeguards that are otherwise necessary for the creation of parity in medical care. It is estimated that thousands of lesbian groups continue to suffer in silence partly because of active discrimination and partly because of the social stigma (Wolfreys, 2006). The discrimination aspect sets in situations where express legislation commits or omits certain legal structural procedures that lock them out of the circumference of need. This structural denial of rights in the end creates some form of a hierarchy that places the lesbian group at a cadre lower than the heterosexual groups in the society (Wolfreys, 2006). The implication of this is that lesbian couples are caught up in double jeopardy in that they are discriminated against on the account first of their feminine gender, and second, on the account of their sexual orientation. Alternative systems of ascertaining the magnitude of challenges as faced by the lesbian communities can be found in the material deprivations that have grown increasingly into a defining characteristic. This study shall invest efforts into determining the various forms through which this deprivation represents itself on the medical score. It, therefore, becomes necessary that studies be conducted to determine the real extent of the situation as it affects the women on the medical score. Statement of the Problem The lesbian community in North America is caught up in the struggle to survive against the odds of discrimination (Wilton,1995). Their plight began as a social factor but has since undergone mutations to find new representation in all aspects. Despite the belief that the expansion of individual and group expression in the United States of America has yielded some freedom to this group, lesbians continue to face discrimination of all forms. Piecemeal concessions have generally not provided for health benefits which should be accorded to all American citizens according to the American constitution. The situations have stifled the livelihoods of the lesbian community with many of them failing to start families. The most affected aspect of health care among this community is reproductive health. This is because lack of official recognition of this community means that little in form of government funding or donor subsidies are forthcoming. Their normal health lives are not adequately catered for despite the fact that the group is as much exposed to social hazards as the heterosexual community. Smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse, and other forms of lifestyle-related attributes have continued to destroy this silent society wi
Abstract This paper attempts to discuss the challenges related to the collection and use of evidence with class and individual characteristics. Under the Fourth Amendment to the American Constitution, officers on crime scene searches must be able to not only show the probable cause of the decision to conduct the search or seizure but also have a search warrant provided under oath or affirmation for the collected evidence to be admissible in a court of law. Additionally, it is important to collect and examine multiple sources of evidence with the view to not only increase the odds that a certain match will be realized when two or more specimens of evidence are compared but also ensure that the forensic scientist is able to prove beyond any reasonable doubt that the similarities of the specimens outweigh the dissimilarities. From the discussion, it is evident that the most significant challenge linked to the collection and use of evidence with class characteristics in court emanates from the inability of forensic scientists to assign exact or even approximate probability values when conducting a comparison of most class-related physical evidence. Similarly, the most significant challenge connected to the collection and use of evidence with individual characteristics concerns the inability of the forensic scientist to state with mathematical exactness the probability that the analyzed specimens are of common origin. Introduction The collection of physical evidence through a comprehensive assessment of the crime scene and analysis of forensic evidence is of immense importance by virtue of being the initial step towards the preservation of the forensic value of the evidence for use in attempting to apprehend the perpetrators and ensuring that they face justice in a competent court of law (Lee & Pagliaro, 2013). Research is also consistent that the collection and documentation of physical evidence help the investigators to not only recreate the events leading up to the commission of a crime but also to have an adequate understanding of the events occurring during the commission of a crime and those occurring after the crime has been committed (Fisher & Fisher, 2012). According to Saferstein (2012), physical evidence is normally assessed by forensic scientists for identification (determining the physical or chemical identity of a substance with the most certainty or assurance that accessible diagnostic techniques will allow) and comparison (the process of determining whether two or more specimens have a common origin). As such, there is a need for investigators to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of how to collect and examine physical evidence in crime settings, including having the capacity to collect and use evidence with class and individual characteristics in a court of law. In this light, the present paper attempts to illuminate the challenges connected to the collection and use of evidence with class and individual characteristics. Fourth Amendment and Crime Scene Searches The Fourth
Introduction Family systems theory is a set of principles that outlines that a family is a group of interdependent members. The focus is therefore on family members and not the individuals in a given family. The concept has three key terms, ‘family’, ‘theory’ and ‘systems’. A family is a complex structure in which people are seen to share family tree and are bonded together both physically and emotionally. Also, a family has a common cultural definition. A theory is a set of principles or ideas that try to explain a given phenomenon. Systems, on the other hand, can be defined as basics between themselves and the environment in which they operate. In this case, therefore, the theory is used to study a particular system which is the family (Barnes, 2004). Family Systems Theory, Concepts and Their Application This theory argues that family life consists of human systems that exist mutually. They are organized hierarchically. According to family systems theorists, the hierarchy begins with the self and ends with the community. All the
Introduction Social media are a crucial part of many modern individuals’ lives. Many people in the world use social media to share their images and experiences. Most importantly, however, they utilize such platforms to present their opinions on services or products they have purchased. As a result, today, consumer behavior is closely linked to social media and the way individuals use them, which means that studying the effects of online sources on purchase intentions and decisions is vital. This paper discusses how the rise of social media is affecting current consumer behavior. The paper features sections about the aspects of consumer behavior, the relationships between customers’ trust and the growth of social media, the effects of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), and the significance of brand awareness. Moreover, the work addresses the data about blogging as the aspect of the rise of social media and its link to consumer behavior. The paper is based on thirteen sources on the topic; they include scholarly articles and a book on marketing. Consumer Behaviour Consumer behavior can be analyzed from various perspectives; however, in this study, it will be perceived as the actions that precede and follow purchases. Tanwar (2017) and Voramontri and Klieb (2018) reveal that purchase models customers utilize unconsciously consist of several stages. They include needing recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. It is possible to say that social media can affect customer behavior at each of the presented stages. For instance, social media platforms are significant for information search, as they allow customers to read other individuals’ reviews on products, view pictures of them, and communicate with others to learn about their experiences. Studies by Kotler and Armstrong (2014) and Tanwar (2017) correspond to this perspective. The authors note that individuals tend to perform searches through not only personal sources, such as their families, but also through commercial and public media ones, including the Internet. Notably, individuals tend to perceive online reviews as reliable and complete means of product assessment (Kotler & Armstrong 2014; Tanwar 2017). An additional benefit of social media platforms is that they allow consumers to evaluate the existing alternatives because the information about them is easily accessible. It is vital to mention that, throughout the past centuries, different types of media have affected consumer behavior (Kotler & Armstrong 2014; Tanwar 2017). For instance, before the rise of social media, individuals could obtain information about goods and services through newspapers or radio. However, it is possible to say that the impact of these media was different from the effect of today’s social media platforms. The reason for it is that modern social media have sev
Introduction There are errors and hazards in care that may remain undetected for years until extraordinary events converge and expose the various weakness in the system (Rubenfeld et al., 2010, p.115). The severity of the failures has led to the death of a patient. It is therefore high time for the hospital to implement change in order to improve their system of care. In this regard, the principles of change theory will be used to help design new methods of dealing with patients from the triage phase to the discharge of the patient. The new system and new procedures will be evaluated using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (MindTools, 2011, p.1). But all of these cannot be initiated without first going through a Root Cause Analysis. The following is an overview of what can be done to a rural hospital badly needing organizational improvement. Errors and Hazards in Care Mr. B’s death was indirectly caused by an error. The hospital where he was originally treated failed to implement a moderate sedation policy to the letter. Supposedly, the system requires conscious sedation. This means that the patient is not allowed to sleep or render unconscious after sedatives are administered. Aside from that, the policy also provides a specific directive that Mr. B should be in continuous B/P, ECG, and pulse oximeter throughout the sedation process, and that this monitoring scheme should only be discontinued after the patient is fully awake and meeting specific discharge criteria. In the case of Mr. B, the ECG monitor was never switched on. Needless to say, the ECG monitor will provide a fair warning for the nursing staff that there is something seriously wrong with the patient. It is clear that the hospital staff requires further training and that the overall system used requires improvement. Nevertheless, it has to be pointed out that blame must not be centered on the LPN even if she did nothing when the 02 saturation alarm indicated that Mr. B is not getting enough oxygen. The immediate action should have been to give supplemental oxygen to the patient. The sentinel event is the ventricular fibrillation suffered by Mr. B. This resulted in brain death seven days later. In order to apply root cause analysis there is a need to answer the question why? Root Cause Analysis The first level of inquiry will lead to the fact that no supplemental oxygen was given when the O2 saturation alarm indicated that the oxygen saturation was low. The reason why no supplemental oxygen was given can be understood if one will take a look at the sedation policy. It says that the patient must remain conscious all throughout the process and that there should be continuous ECG, blood pressure monitor as well as pulse oximeter but there was no mention of supplemental oxygen. Thus, the LPN was not compelled to give him supplemental oxygen and did what was expected which is to reset the alarm and monitor the blood pressure. The second level of inquiry will reveal that the reason for the complication such as losing consciousness is the result of a signi
Introduction Tracheostomy is a surgically created operation involving the opening in the trachea. A Tracheostomy tube is placed in the incision so as to secure an airway at the same time preventing it from closing (Carpen 1). Any hospital should first lay down a hypothetical-general structure on how to deal with patients requiring Tracheostomy medical attention, both in terms of operation and care. Therefore, hospitals should ensure that new nurses have an understanding (either basic or professional expertise) on Tracheostomy management. But if the nurse(s) do not have any background on the same, then the hospital should take the responsibility of creating awareness and educating the nurse(s) on management and handling of Tracheostomy. Hospital Policy and Procedures on Tracheostomy Management: Their Benefits & Help to New Nurses A program for Tracheostomy is very essential in any hospital setting. This is so because over the years there has been an increase in the number of patients requiring Tracheostomy care. A proliferation of patients in the ear, nose and throat (ENT) wards has seen their admission to general wards (Russell 1). This calls for any nurse providing services to the hospital to have a clear, definite understanding and at least a basic knowledge and expertise on Tracheostomy management. The hospital should therefore create a policy that ensures all nurses, both new and current, are trained on the basic Tracheostomy management which should enable them to understand the definition as well as the purpose of Tracheostomy care; which is to maintain the patency of the airway thereby preventing the skin surrounding the incision. (RN.com 1) The policy should also ensure that the nurses understand the procedure of Tracheostomy care which starts by suctioning the patient’s airway through a Tracheostomy (RN.com 1). This is followed by removal of the gauze dressing from the site where the amount of color and drainage is noted (Lippincott & Wilkens 453). A sterile technique is used after cleansing the external portion of the tube and the skin using hydrogen peroxide. Then cotton-tipped applicators are used to clean around the stoma (RN.com 1). Then immediately after, the area is wiped by use of gauze which is dipped in sodium chloride there after a new Tracheostom