ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Chicago metropolitan area has been mentioned quite a number of times in American Lung Association’s State of the Air 2008, an annual report that grades the quality of the air across the different cities of the United States of America. However, regrettably, Chicago was caught on the wrong side of the findings of the report. As suggested as substantiated by various research organizations, both these forms of air pollution are also evenly pervasive across the country. (Murray, 17-24) Background Particle pollution, on the other hand, is a combination of soot and ash or other minuscule solids and liquid droplets floating in the atmospheric air near the earth’s surface. This form of pollution also referred to as particulate matter (PM), is comprised of several components, together with acids like nitrates and sulfates, organic compounds, metals, soil or even dust specks, and allergens like bits of pollen or agametes. The dimensional features of such particulate matter are the main cause for their hazardous potential for the causation of health-related problems. Minute particles of below 10 micrometers in thickness cause major difficulties, for the reason that they go deep into a person’s lungs, and some particles can even enter the bloodstream. Coming in contact with such particles can have an adverse effect on both the lungs as well as the heart. Larger-sized particles cause lesser problems, although they are potent enough to cause irritation in the eyes, nose, as well as throat. Hazardous minuscule particles are the “fine particles” like those present in smoke and haze that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter; and “coarse particles” like those originating from wind-dispersed dust that has diameters ranging from 2.5 to 10 micrometers. (Laser, 124-141) Individuals with heart or lung ailments, older grown-ups, and young children are considered to be most vulnerable to such pollution, particularly when they are physically on the go. Chronic exposures, like those experienced by populations residing for several years in regions which has high particle concentrations, have been linked with difficulties like abridged lung functioning and the contraction of persistent bronchitis and in some cases even untimely death. Short-range exposures to such particles, usually for some hours or days, can exacerbate lung ailments, leading to asthma attacks and severe bronchitis, and may also increase vulnerability to respiratory diseases. (Hall, 225) Public policy However, it is a common question that is often asked that are these simply the unavoidable dangers that go together with residing in a major metropolitan region. While probing into this question, the issue of transportation of pollution has to be considered. High concentrations of ozone particles found in the thinly-inhabited regions like the peak of the Great Smoky Mountains can be cited as an example. A number of the regions that were identified
During puberty, hormonal production and subsequent activation occurs within the bodies of both males and females. These hormones lead to a sudden spurt in the growth scale (Kaplowitz, p. 38). They also do trigger the expression of aggression, mood swings in both sexes. Both females and males develop and recognize their sexuality. Although their respective body size tends to be bigger, males tend to be bigger than females but this is mostly influenced by their preferred physical activity and diet. Also race, genetic factors and culture can manipulate the size of their bodies (Werner et al, p. 19). At puberty these hormones trigger the creation of secondary sexual uniqueness. Males, grow body hair (on the chest, legs, hands), facial hair (beards, moustache), they develop a deeper voice and their shoulders become broader while females grow breasts and their hips broaden. Both sexes grow pubic hair. Both sexes develop sexually but in their own distinctive ways. In females this is marked physically by the onset of menses (menstrual cycle). Internally, the ovaries, uterus develops fully and they produce ova. The uterus can be used for gestation purposes. However, the case is very different in the other sex. Males produce hormones that lead to full development of their sexual organs. Their testicles develop fully they can be able to produce sperms, and their penis grows to a full size and they can get erections. At this stage a male can make a girl pregnant because both of them are fertile (Kaplowitz, p. 137). Production of the estrogen hormone is responsible for giving girls feminine traits while testerone hormone is responsible for giving males masculine sexual traits. Psychologically, both sexes develop ideas as to what defines male or female beauty. There is attraction for the opposite sex. They have a greater appreciation of sex and often have many ideas concerning exploration fuelled by the power to learn and know more. This leads to both sexes having “wet dreams” due to sexual fantasies and imagination (Werner et al, p.129). They are also concerned on how they look and how they present themselves to others. They tend to appreciate their peers more than anything since they want to have a sense of belonging. In spite of these similarities, their psychological differences depict a stark uniqueness of both sexes. In the post menarche period, females tend to develop a symptom which is characterized by increased depression. They externalize their problems and tend to behave like mature women. They also have a negative body image especially if it has a lot of fat. They also do not have a strong ability to cope with greater challenges than expected while in males things are very different. Males have a more positive image concerning their body. They also do appreciate their deep voices as this gives them identity in society and recognition. Deep voices sometimes show authority and maturity in some communities perhaps the appreciation of the development by the males. They are also rarely depressed and can rise to meet greater challenges and solve them better than girls of their age (Kaplowitz, p. 97). They can adjust better towa
Introduction In essence, Sun-Tzu’s tactics in “the Art of War” are nothing more than a compilation of logical assertions and as such are not only applicable to war time stratagems but can actually be utilized in various situations in a person’s life, such as purchasing a vehicle. What must be understood is that the tactics created by Sun – Tzu are based off logical assertions related to practicality, cost effectiveness, forethought and wise decision making, all of which are actually equally applicable to the mindset needed when making a decision in purchasing the right kind of motor vehicle. For example, Sun – Tzu states that “to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable”. This particular statement, in essence, relates to the logical assertion of being prepared for the possibility of certain outcomes occurring. When applied to vehicle purchasing behavior it means to be prepared for numerous possibilities that might occur such as your car breaking down, accidents occurring or any manner of possible problems that would result in a person needing a new car. It must be noted that the worst time to purchase a vehicle is when one is needed urgently. Hurried decision making will result in not only the possibility of purchasing the wrong kind of vehicle for a person’s needs but could actually result in a situation called “buyer’s regret” wherein a customer is discouraged at making the purchase in the first place. As such, by applying the earlier given statement into purchasing behavior and buying strategies this would enable a person to be prepared for the likelihood of when their car will break down, put into effect a buying strategy for the kind of car they want and put such a strategy into effect before it becomes too late. What must be understood is that based on statistical data nearly 60% of all urgent vehicle purchases result in “buyer’s regret” purchases wherein buyers were not able to buy their ideal vehicles. Furthermore, it has been noted that more than 50% of urgent vehicle buyers did not spend enough time in negotiating an appropriate final price resulting in them paying more than they should have on the purchase of the vehicle. If buyers were to take their time in making their purchase they would realize that there is actually a plethora of vehicles available to them if they take their time to actually look for an ideal one. Based on the facts presented it can be stated that since Sun-Tzu’s tactics are not only suitable for military stratagem but can also apply to vehicle purchasing as well they should be applied in vehicle purchasing strategies in order for people to get the ideal type of car for the best price. Applying Sun-Tzu when M
Though psychologists view forgiveness and reconciliation as being different entities, religious theologians particularly Christians view them as being synonymous. As a result, this research paper is a critique of the article ‘ Forgiveness and Reconciliation: the Differing Perspectives of Psychologists and Christian Theologians ’ by Nathan R. Frise, Mark R. McMinn, in the journal ‘ Psychology and Theology’ . The aim of this article is to bring out different views expressed by Christian theologians and psychologists concerning the issue of forgiveness and reconciliation. However, the article’s intention is not suggesting which discipline is right, or the one that is wrong. Its intention is just identifying existing differences between the two schools of thoughts, with the aim of promoting scholarly dialogue that is very integrative concerning the issues of forgiveness and reconciliation (Frise & McMinn 2010). According to Zeno Jonahs, a catholic priest, forgiveness is considered as restoring love bondage as well as communion in case of a conflict or rapture. As a result, reconciliation is a factor purposing forgiveness. In case of forgiveness, then individuals should be ready for reconciliation. He defines reconciliation as being an action of forgiveness. When combined, reconciliation and forgiveness, the result is a very strong relationship, which at the end results to better understanding of one another, hence leading to an intimacy bond that can be considered as being genuine (Zeno, 2011). Those individuals, who fail to put reconciliation into practice, are pretenders, because, they fail putting forgiveness into practice. Meek and McMinn (1997) insists that, in case someone wrongs you and is still alive or dead, it means nothing. You should just forgive him/her and even pray for those who have wronged you. Individuals should look at what makes them not to forgive and reconcile, it is just fear towards the other. However, it is good to fulfill the promise of forgiveness by reconciling. However, Govier (2002) argued that, though forgiveness and reconciliation are linked, but they are different. He defines reconciliation as a way of restoring trust in a relation that had ruptured. In this act, Govier insists that the two people have to be involved apart from contributing to a particular solution. On the other hand, forgiveness is only given by the party which was wronged. He insists th
Selection Employee selection process constitutes a major aspect of organization’s resourcing strategies because it defines and protects people being crucial for the organization. Due to the fact that the selection process consists in soliciting all possible information about the candidates to assess their suitability for a particular organization, it is very sophisticated, creating a solid platform for matching the recruits with the organizational staff. Therefore, the strictness of approaches to selecting people is vital because negligence of specific criteria can lead to negative consequences. In addition, managers should be aware of the fact that selection process should effectively supported by the technological innovation because inaccuracy of the information delivered can lead to failure of choosing the appropriate candidate, as it happened to Liverpool Direct, a leading service company located in London (Bocij, Greasely and Hickie, p. 128). The chief executive David McElinney realized the major problem and managed to eliminate the problem, but the losses were still inevitable. Managing Diversity Cultural diversity is identified a concept demanding serious change to all spheres of organizational activities in order to ensure that various strategies and characteristics of human resources are highly appreciated. The effectiveness of successful diversity management is evident, specifically when it comes to enhanced creativity and innovation, better comprehension of customers’ needs, and improved recruitment opportunities. More positive moral and greater employee retention are also the outcomes of fruitful introduction of consistent diversity management. One of brightest examples of appropriate diversity management is Pacific Dunlop, a large Australian company that acknowledges the explicit connection between poor moral and negligence of social and cultural backgrounds (Steger and Erwee, n. d., p. 78). The company strictly embraces diversity management strategies and successfully contributes to employee retention. In addition, the company’s person-oriented strategy positively influences the organizational performance as well because workers are more likely to favor the business activities in healthier environments. Human Resource Development On the one hand, straight course on identifying the goals and achieving the results is one of the conditions for successful business management. On the other hand, excessive focus on achievements can lead to a stressful and unhealthy situation within an employed environment. Consequently, a good manager should be able to strike the balance between those orientations and create a harmonious, two-polar approach in the sphere of human resource management and development. Case study of Wall-Mart proves that inappropriate human resource management can lead to serious consequences for organizational
Executive Summary Daimler Benz AG and Chrysler are companies that manufacture and sell automobiles. While Chrysler is in the United States, Daimler is a German based company. In 1998, the two companies merged with the assumption that their union would reduce the level of competition, increase customer base, and boost sales volumes. However, due to difference in management and leadership styles, the merger was unsuccessful. Some of the strengths associated with Daimler and Chrysler include their dominance in their respective markets and regions that they enjoy extensive range of product popularity and huge market share. Moreover, the opportunities that exist for the companies include the chance to increase production and market share. The major threats associated with Daimler and Chrysler is the increased supply of automobiles from other parts of the world such as Asia. Among the major weaknesses of the companies are high costs of human resources and the declining demand for the products from potential clients. Ethnocentric and geocentric approaches are the main international management approaches that Daimler and Chrysler could employ to solve the challenges associated with unsuccessful mergers. The theory of mergers explains the opportunities and challenges that emanate from merging of firms and helps leaders and managers avoid recurrences of the same mistakes in the future. In addition, some of the solutions to the problems that Daimler and Chrysler faced in the merger include a good choice of international management approach and an extensive market research. It is imperative to understand that besides mergers, joint ventures and franchises are alternatives that managers and leaders in the field of business can employ to minimise the challenges of mergers. The main objective of selecting joint ventures and franchises is that they do not require total commitment and ownership, as is the case with mergers. In contrast, joint ventures and franchises give freedom to the parties involved in that they can terminate their relationship without incurring a great deal of expenses. Introduction Daimler is a German based company that manufactures and sells automobiles. Some of the vehicles sold by the company include Mercedes Benz. The main causes of the problems include different management styles, and cultural clashes. Therefore, the paper analyses the merger between Daimler AG and Chrysler and its challenges using SWOT analysis, present approaches, and the theory of mergers, case evidence, solutions, plans, as well as evaluation on the feasibility of alternatives. Mission Objectives The mission objective of Daimler is provision of vehicles that satisfy consumers and increase the de
Introduction Aging is an inevitable natural process, which, however, passes differently in every person. An individual is influenced by diverse systems in the environment, such as changes in history, policy, and social institutions, as well as by their community, organizations, race, or social class. This paper investigates the aging of an older adult and the impact of systems on this process. Information for the analysis was obtained through the interview conducted in San Diego, CA. The format of the interview is a written transcript. The person involved in this interview is my coworker’s father. The interviewee is a 71-year-old male White Caucasian. He is single, owns a home, and lives by himself. The paper is guided by the empowerment theory, which is expected to be useful for understanding the behavior and experiences of the interviewee. Empowerment theory is applicable in social work as a process that comprises the initiative and action of individuals aimed at taking over control in lives, gaining power, and broader access to social resources. Empowerment is crucial for elderly people who frequently experience inequality due to their physical or mental ailments. Developmental Experiences The interviewee is 71, which means he is in the period of late adulthood that is generally considered to begin after the age of 60 or 65 (Ashford, LeCroy, & Wiliams, 2017). The developmental task typical of this age is “integrity versus despair” (Ashford et al., 2017, p. 453). In this context, integrity means the ability of an individual to combine one’s experience and history with evaluation and acceptance of life. The process of aging presupposes becoming more reflective and introspective. Current satisfaction and the feeling of integrity in older adults depend on the extent to which their life has been rewarding and meaningful (Ashford et al., 2017). Old age and aging are of interest to scholars and philosophers because the share of people older than 65 in American society is growing and is expected to be 88.5 million by 2050 (Ashford et al., 2017). Still, older adulthood is not a homogenous period and can be divided into three sub-periods such as young-old (aged 65-74), middle-old (75-84), and old-old (85+). Each of these sub-periods has its developmental peculiarities that predetermine people’s behavior and life on the whole. BB, the interviewee, is 71 and thus belongs to the young-old sub period. People of this age are usually still active in the community and preserve relationships with family and friends. Some get involved in volunteer activities or dedicate time to adult education. Moreover, some young-old adults are still employed part- or full-time both due to a strong personal desire to work and financial need. Individuals in this sub-period can be very sensitive about retirement. While some consider it as a way to new opportunities and freedom, others can lose meaning
Mission statements have become a defining force in discussions of an organizational strategy. In fact, some strategists claim that a mission statement can provide an alternative to tedious work of corporate planning. This is because people define organizations by their mission statements. In fact, it is the mission statement that defines the long-term purpose of an organization in terms of its existence. An organization’s strategies and objectives must support its mission statement. A standard mission statement should reflect the purpose of an organization, the main business agenda, principal values and beliefs, identify main stakeholders, and guiding principles on the code of conduct to direct staff how to behave. This paper takes the approach of internal transformation in defining a mission statement for Art Museum. This is because the museum is an old organization faced with the need to change itself radically since it has no mission statement (Paul, Kenneth & John, 2004, p. 10). This mission state shall take into account the conflicting views of organizational culture at play in this scenario. This is the Art Museum mission statement. Art Museum is a worldwide leader in integrating the community, academic affairs, and students into art. We are a leading educational resource center for all students from undergraduates to Ph.D. by combining various disciplines from engineering, mathematics, architecture to liberal arts. There is no other museum in the world that brings art to its stakeholders the way we do by integrating scholarly works and research. The Art Museum mission statement strives to change the organization and radically provides a sense of purpose for its future directors. At the same time, it incorporates the opposing views of various stakeholders. Accommodating conflicting expectations Art Museum is an old organization which has come a long way with no mission statement to guide its previous directors and staff. Consequently, there are conflicting expectations among the stakeholders on what the museum should do or be. In this regard, challenges arise on how to incorporate all these varied views and suggestions in a mission statement. It should serve as a unifying factor and at the same time avoid the risks associating it with empty statements. The organization has to get all stakeholders, especially upper level management to live up to its principles. Art Museum has witnessed the departure of some directors under unclear circumstance. These directors adopt their own purposes to drive their visions. However, these attempts did not go down well with the senate faculty. Art Museum exhibits conflicting expectations from various quarters. A senate member from art history faculty sees no sense in making the Art Museum a community resource center. Instead, he wants the Art Museum to appeal to the world academic community through arts. The populist economist supports the late director in his attempts to turn the Art Museum into a community resource center. At the same time, the senate from the mathematics department wants the museum to concentrate on training art historians, on its schol