ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Incarceration refers to the process of detaining a person or group of persons in jail as punishment for crimes committed. Simply, crimes refer to the breaching and or breaking of the laws (in both state, local, and international level) stipulated within a legal system. People could be suspected for committing crime, or are convicted for the crime because of the jurisdiction from the laws of the land. It serves the purpose of isolating the criminals from other citizens, punishment for crimes committed, rehabilitation of wrong doers, and preventing other people from committing crimes (Hinton, 2009). Race describes and categorizes people into distinct groups in terms of their phenotypical (appearance), geographical (ancestral origin), culture (integration of human beliefs and behavior), ethnicity (having common heritage and identification with each other), and social-economic status. Within the community, groups of people are privileged while the majorities are marginalized on grounds related to race. There have been so much disparities and inequalities that have faced the marginalized groups in the global society when it comes to crime, and the justice system. Some of the individuals, due to their status in society and racial inclinations, have ended up enjoying the favors of the justice system at the expense of other minority groups coexisting in the societies (Fluehr-Lobban, 2006). The criminal justice systems are the government bodies that help to mitigate and check occurrence of crimes, by enforcing laws, performing sanctions to criminals through penalties and various rehabilitation measures. Such systems have flaws in their judgment procedures due to unfair treatment of the marginalized minorities. In America, there have been extensive of racial disparities that define the two groups of the whites and the blacks. Racial discrimination has been experienced in almost all the spheres of life and society. Both social (matters related to the family and society) and economic factors (unemployment, and poverty) influence crimes, arrests, and jurisdiction. The policies and practices of the criminal justice system contribute to racial disparities (Oliver and Yocom, 2002). Race disparities There is inequality in the treatment of different individuals by virtue of race due to the following factors. Poverty – Majority of individuals from the black race are mostly afflicted by poverty due to low income and hence poor living standards. Because of such condition, the justice system has had prejudice over such people and subjected them to unjust treatment from the justice system. Racial discrimination – There has been continued discrimination of the black and the non-white population in terms of housing, education, employment, social services, and representation within the legal system. This discrimination has been deeply infiltrated within the justice systems, whereby, even the panel of the jury consists of a handful from the black community, like in the Unite
The difference in attitudes towards genders played a significant role in history. Men were regarded as having more legal, social, and economic rights and protection. With the emergence of abolitionist activities in the 19th-century, women began to speak more about this form of injustice, demanding changes. The reform impulses altered women’s place in society, making them equal to men in the ability to speak publicly, pursue their liberty, and attain their goals. During the age of reform, women’s situation in society was inferior to men. They were regarded as homemakers whose role was to keep houses in order. They could not obtain a higher education or teach men. Females had limited property ownership and legal rights, and they could not control their “earnings, collection of debts,” and inheritance (Corbett et al. ch. 13.5). In the 19th-century feminist movement, women began to declare their position and opinion. During the antebellum reforms, the role of women and their position in society changed. First, females stated that they should be considered “moral guardians” of the families (Corbett et al. ch. 13.5). In addition, they began to give public lectures introducing their positions. For instance, Grimké sisters’ participation in the abolitionist movement allowed them to speak in public, which attracted social attention and helped to strengthen women’s positions. The next change concerns the declaration of equality of men and women’s rights during the Seneca Falls Convention. Mott and Cady Stanton, the activists of the feminist movement, organized this conference in an attempt to demonstrate that females also had the right to pursue liberty and moral well-being. Consequently, the position of women changed because they gained acceptance and recognition as being equal to men. Thus, the reforms of the 19th century led to the increased role of women in society, making them equal to men in their ability to speak, pursue liberty, and aspire to achieve happiness. Since females had limited legal, educational, and financial rights, they participated in the abolitionist movement. It helped them declare their opinion regarding their place in society and display their intention to become equal to men. Their public speeches, organization of conferences, and introduction of documents allowed them to become more independent and gain more rights. Work Cited Corbett, P. Scott et al. U.S. History . Openstax, 2014.
Introduction In reading about all the various theories of physicalism, also often called materialism, it presents a confusing array of philosophical stances, which all have one thing in common: the separation of the physical from the non-physical, or the division of brain and mind. There are many different types with different definitions and it is difficult to prove or refute any of them. Churchland’s particular version, eliminative materialism, is considered a bit extreme, and so is easier to refute, because it does not allow observation to prove existence. The most commonly discussed problem with eliminative materialism is the problem known as the “Qualia Problem”, which discusses the existence of non-physical things in the mind or brain or both (as is suggested here), such as “redness”. One further discussion to which attention should be given is the circular nature of proof or disproof of any of these ideas. Main body In “Mental Events and the Brain” (1963), Paul Feyerabend posited that common-sense psychology might actually be false. He held that most versions of materialism undermined common-sense psychology. Feyerabend argued that common-sense mental ideas are non-physical, indicating that physicalism would eliminate all mental states understood by common-sense (1963, p. 295). In his 1981 article, “Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes”, Paul Churchland presents several arguments in favor of dropping commonsense psychology that have shaped the modern debate about the status of ordinary notions like belief. (Ramsey 2008) The Churchlands, in fact, decried the state of “folk” or “common sense” psychology, because they said it was both stagnant and inadequate, because it does not allow us to explain many phenomena, such as: dreaming, certain types and attributes of mental illness, consciousness, memory and learning. That a theory is not universal does not discount its value. For example, there is currently no unifying theory for quantum mechanics, but there are many valuable theories. Theories such as these in the past have eventually become accepted as scientific fact, even in the absence of a unification theory. One example is the existence of dark matter and of antimatter. Both of these things have been proven to exist by inference, since the existence of something which eliminates matter, either by cancelling it or absorbing it has been found by using huge particle accelerators to test this. These forces which eliminated particles have been named antimatter and dark matter, because they fit the original definition contained the original theories concerning the nature of matter, dark matter and antimatter. Therefore, they do exist. The “Qualia Problem” as posited by Jackson (1996) names sensory perceptions, such
Manchu conquest of Ming Dynasty China The Manchus refer to a group of influential people originating from the Northern parts of China Known as Manchuria, and they were thought to be barbaric. This group of people had managed to conquer China and established a dynasty known as the Qing dynasty. It seemed strange that such a small population would conquer a large population like the Hans Chinese and as a result this humiliated the Hans Chinese. The Chinese kingdom was surmounted by one hundred and twenty thousand Manchus. Their strong point was the fact that they had a military that was brilliant, disciplined, united as well as a well prepared military. The Manchus took advantage of the fact that the Ming dynasty was collapsing due to the rebellion taking place in the year 1644. They then resorted to collaborating with a Ming loyalist and gained entrance into Beijing in June and completed their conquest in 1673 (SACU 1). The dynasty formed was known as the Qing dynasty and though it was coupled by a myriad of problems initially, it lasted for two and a half centuries. They however got support from the Chinese scholars officials as they approved the Confucian system of government. Their rulership was such that for every two officials, one was Chinese while the other one was Manchu. Under the leadership of Qing Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong’s, China was successful economically and also experienced an increase in its population. Nevertheless, the economy declined in later years leading to a series of rebellions and consequently leading to the end of the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century (SACU 1). Tributary system in China The Tributary System refers to the conventional way that the Chinese managed their foreign relations. In this case they established rules and controlled the manner in which alien countries entered into foreign relations with China. The countries engaging with China in the tributary system were expected to be compliant in issues regarding politics, defence, economy and diplomacy with regards to China. In order for alien countries to be given access of trading in China their rulers had to pay homage to the Chinese Emperor. Once the rulers of these foreign countries paid homage to the Emperor they were given gifts which included local, uncommon and valuable goods. The alien leaders would then gain a status and given a seal and products worth more than they had brought to China. Consequently, the alien leader could trade in China so long as this association was maintained (Fairbank & Ssu- yu 50). The advantage of this system is that the alien leaders’ economies got to improve their economy and that’s why they could agree to such an agreement. To the Chinese it meant re-affirmation to the world that they are the centre of civilization and that their leader is supreme as well as a global ruler and given power by heaven. Largely, this system was a measure of Confucian ideals that consisted of a chain of command, that was traditional, and put an e
Police officers are traditionally discussed as the representatives of the community whose function is to protect the interests of the public. As a result, the selection and recruitment process is a challenge for the agencies to hire qualified human resources who can respond to the requirements of the police services and the provided standards. The selection and recruitment process is extremely important for the agency because the ineffective selection process can result in recruiting persons who have problems with communicating with the public or overcoming problematic social and criminal situations. To hire people effectively, New York City Police Department uses the developed recruiting strategies based on the seven-step recruitment procedure and further training programs. Thus, the thorough and well-designed selection and recruitment process at New York City Police Department along with the advanced training and career development programs can guarantee the high-quality performance of police services provided. The typical recruitment and selection process at agencies includes several stages which are the status, physical, and mental tests and examinations, including the interviews and background examinations. The recruiting strategy developed by New York City Police Department includes seven steps that can be completed during several months. The first stage is the Applicant Processing Division when applicants receive the opportunity to join the recruitment process, and they are selected according to their traits and abilities. During the further interview, applicants focus on their integrity and present the details of their lifestyle. The medical examination and physical tests provide the manager with information on the applicant’s physical appropriateness for the position. Psychological stability is the important factor to choose future police officers, thus, the psychological test is the important stage of the selection process. The psychological, as well as the character investigation, is performed in written and oral forms in order to receive the most complete information on the applicant’s psychological and mental state. Suitability in relation to the position with references to biographical history is examined during the final interviews and assessments ( The NYPD hiring process , 2012). The recruited persons receive the opportunity to improve their knowledge and develop their skills with the help of specific training and career development programs. New York City Police D
Abstract Being diagnosed with breast cancer is one of the most traumatizing experiences any person can undergo in life. The claim follows since such a diagnosis, for most people has a reverberating echo of ‘fatalism’ ringing in the background. The media and the health sector have tried to increase awareness of breast cancer, its symptoms, treatment procedures, and survival coefficient. The result of these campaigns is that more people talk about it nowadays, and more women go for regular testing. However, a large portion of the society still cringes at the mention of this incurable condition, and they do so with good cause, because the time, costs, physical discomfort and psychological distress associated with having cancer are too expensive a price for most to pay. Research has proved that most people are willing to talk openly about getting tests done to allay fears over identified suspicious symptoms, when it is friends or relatives suffering these signs. However, the same people are fast to decline such tests for themselves, preferring not to know about the condition of their health, in case they discover that they have it. The paper gives a general review of the current standing of cancer and its effects on the society. This includes the causes, and possible preventive measures. It then places particular focus on the testing and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and conditions associated with it, from a financial point of view, and the possible improvements worth making in service or treatment provision, to cater for the patients who cannot afford the expensive procedures necessary for managing cancer. It also provides an evaluation scheme that can be instrumental in gauging the effectiveness of such reformed policies. Introduction Breast cancer is just one of the various types of cancer that a person can suffer from. It mostly affects women. However, recent studies have discovered that men too are vulnerable to this type of cancer, and that they are least likely to survive it because chances of early detection or any detection at all prove rare. This stands out as one of the detrimental attitudes to the efforts made by health care professionals to increase the awareness of breast cancer normalizing its discussion in the society (Jemal,Thomas, Murray, & Thum, 2002, p. 37). The other issue that needs management is the costs associated with prevention and treatment of cancer, and in particular, mammography. People have vetted mammography as the most accurate and proximate means of making early detections of cancerous cells, hence enabling one to get sufficient treatment, and increases his/her chances of survival. Despite the margin of error associated with the devices, as in the case of false positives, which occur when the results are abnormal but no cancer present or false negatives, which show that no cancerous cells are present, yet they are present thus giving the person a false sense of security, these tests are very expensive. They
Executive Summary The government of Saudi Arabia has strived to achieve economic success by investing heavily in infrastructural development, leadership, and creation of conducive environment for industries to thrive. Unsurprisingly, Saudi Arabia is one of the fastest rising economies in Middle East due to thriving industries such as tourism and real estate. Indeed, it is the home to two of the world’s most popular shrines, namely Mecca and Medina, which attract a lot of positive attention. In recent years, the real estate and construction industry has become the biggest booster of the economy, thanks to its fast growth. Importantly, the oil business is performing well in international markets, bringing revenues that are used to improve the living conditions of Saudis. As the economy becomes stable and population grows, demand for housing rises thus contributing to the increased investment in real estate and construction industry. This assignment will seek to discuss how real estate and construction industry has risen in Saudi Arabia and the challenges it has faced in achieving this enviable success. The key areas that will be mentioned include the size and rate of growth of real estate and construction industry over the years. The paper will also look at the economic cycle to unravel the economic side of real estate and construction business. Ideally, in every business, there are competitors and this is no different in construction industry. The paper will highlight the main business rivals and compare the industry with construction industries in the world. This would be aided by a SWOT analysis, which will look at the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the industry as well as opportunities and threats available in the wider national and international market. Description of the Real Estate & Construction Industry The construction of real estate in Saudi has grown at a very high rate in recent years mainly due to the increasing number of tourists visiting the country and good returns from the oil sector. The government has introduced numerous economic expansion strategies that wish to divert the economy’s direction from oil to non-oil sectors (Ali, 2013). With rising rate of tourism and population, there is need for construction of more residential houses and hotels. As it stands now, the demand for housing in the upper and middle class category has exceeded supply, leading to increasing construction of the same (Hines, 2001). Riyadh, Al Khobar, Muscat, and Dammam are some of the cities where business is ubiquitous and doing well. The country has attracted a number of investments from other countries and signed contracts that have helped in boosting economic growth over the years, especially in construction of hotels and accommodation facilities. Indeed, it has an estimated growth rate of 35% over the next three years, which will place it among the highest growing sectors. In 2013, a confounding amount of $76 billion was set aside from the national budget to aid in construction projects. Continuous growth estimates the figure to increase to $3 trillion come year 2020. Evidently, the government has allowed the b
Introduction The Industrial Revolution in Britain was a multifaceted process that involved a variety of aspects and driving factors. The causes of the industrial revolution in Great Britain, as well as its effects on the society and economy, are debated by the contemporary historians and analysts. In this paper, a variety of aspects and contributing factors of the evolution will be discussed including putting-out system, the three unique sets of Britain’s advantages that stimulated the process of industrialization, the support of the factory system by the industrialists, and the impacts the revolution produced on the society (middle class and working class, and the children of the latter in particular). Putting-out system Putting-out system (also known as the cottage system) is a form of small-scale manufacturing industry where the production is majorly decentralized and divided between multiple producers who act as subcontractors. This system of manufacturing usually was in place in the fields of production of goods that were based on unqualified manual labor. The system was convenient during the times when the vast majority of households and population were located in rural areas rather than big cities. In that way, a large portion of the population was scattered throughout the rural regions and had no opportunities for mobility in terms of accessing workplaces in the city. Therefore, the putting-out system was organized in a manner where raw materials for the manufacturing were bought from the suppliers and then delivered to the home-based manufacturers. Primarily, the population involved in this form of production was comprised of the farmers and their families because they appreciated the opportunities to gain additional income and also had a lot of time free from work, especially during the winter season when farming was unavailable and the income was scarce. Prior to the onset of industrialization, the cottage system had been in place for a long time (612-616). Three unique sets of Britain’s advantages that stimulated industrialization The first one of the three major drivers of industrialization in Great Britain was the readiness of the labor force to relocate to the urban areas in order to begin working at the factories. The population was willing to obtain income in a new way that was different from the habitual cottage system. In addition, the recent influence of the period of Enlightenment had created a new attitude towards and a new vision of work. In particular, the putting-out system that had been popular prior to the beginning of industrialization served as its initial form, preparing the laborers, as well as the employers, to develop a stronger and more regulated and well-organized manufacturing industry with a greater rate of i