ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The articles of Thomas Friedman, Jayan Nayar, and Stephen Watt exemplify the arguments attributed to International Relations. They argue from a liberal, critical and realist perception. The three authors understand International Relation differently; however, there are distinct similarities in their views on this theme. In comparison, the writings by the three authors point out that, the academicians, the reformers, and the learners agree on a liberalized approach to international relations. This enhances equality and justice for all as opposed to the realist way of using force, violence, military war, and death to the minority weak of the world, as a way of improving international relations. They agree that international relations will be enhanced by globalization through the domestic and international interests of various countries. The strategies to be undertaken include reconstructing the international state system, class structures, social and cultural conditions and eliminating trade barriers, currency controls and the way of doing business. This will in turn improve the economic welfare of the states involved. Thomas Friedman argues that international relations can be best achieved through globalization (Friedman 8). The attacks that are imposed to various countries will not bring to an end the process of globalization. It will bring a new way to which countries take globalization and at the same time inform the anti-globalization that globalization is here to stay. He points out that terrorism is a threat to globalization and it originates from countries that are least developed. Such countries do not open to the wider world, and are countries that are not globalized or that least participates in international trade. Despite the threat to globalization, Friedman proposes that countries need to continue with globalization through opening up their economies to international trade in goods and services. As such, globalization will minimize the level and adversity of poverty amongst individuals and raise their standards of living. In some countries, globalization is faster while in other countries it is gradual through elimination of trade barriers, currency controls and tariffs and subsidies. He argues that countries of the world should not be suspicious about the international trade and that they should participate in a way that reduces their risks such as participating a little slower in order to manage growth and stability. Jayan Nayar, on the other hand, argues that we live in two different worlds, one in which is managed through legal processes and the other of minority groupings. The academicians and reformers lead the legal processes. They promise equality and justice for all, while the minority groupings inflict violence, humiliation, and death upon the majority weak. Ideally, these two differing states of the world should take side in order to transform the world into a better place of legal text. In addition, he acknowledges the fact that
The problem of cultural diversity and norms is one that a social worker often faces during their practice. There were several prominent issues related to cultural norms and behaviors during my work in foster care. An issue I would like to discuss concerns foster care of children with a non-American and non-European background, who often display behaviors profoundly different from those we expect to see in American children. As Reamer (2006) correctly points out in his review of ethical standards for social workers, cultural awareness is fundamental if one aims to remain competitive in service delivery and understand social diversity. In this case, the difference between cultural norms resulted in a misunderstanding that could later result in indirect damage to the child. One of the foster care workers was actively communicating with a child temporarily placed under foster care due to her biological mother’s inability to care for the child (severe illness). The social worker emphasized the child’s shyness and modesty, as well as little involvement in conversations and active communication both with foster parents and other children. The social worker’s assumed that the child needed to visit a psychologist due to potential social anxiety. Although the psychologist’s tests indicated no presence of social anxiety, the social worker continued to use strategies targeting social anxiety in children, thus significantly changing their previous approach to the child. The ethical dilemma here was detected later when the social worker was able to contact the child’s mother, who insisted that such behavior was not a sign of anxiety but rather of respect and proper upbringing. Reserved and quiet children were not perceived negatively in her culture due to different religious and societal values that formed t
Introduction Investors should develop patterns of executing their strategies and this may include establishing departments or introducing systems that will help employees to perform their functions properly (David 2012). There is the need for investors and managers to evaluate the effects of various strategies used to improve the performance of their organizations. This discussion analyzes a case study that presents the challenges facing strategic plans used by investors and managers to improve the performance of their companies. Central Theme and the Importance of Todd Zenger’s Article Todd Zenger claims that there are two strategies that organizations can use to improve and evaluate their performance. He claims that most investors diversify their investments to reduce risks and offer a one-stop-shop for their clients, but this has never been taken positively by financial analysts and this affects the prices of their shares in the stock market (Zenger 2013). He argues that simple strategies are easy to understand and copy; therefore, they fetch premium prices in the financial markets because analysts understand them without the need of consulting their managers. However, these strategies are not sustainable and do not have value because they are easy to copy and thus have a very short lifespan. For instance, the Coca-Cola Company uses a simple strategy that ensures financial analysts understand its operations and give it a share value that shows its performance in the stock market. Secondly, he argues that some companies have unique and complex strategies and this makes financial markets to undervalue them because they take longer to evaluate (Zenger 2013). In addition, their complexities discourage analysts to cover them and this contributes to the scarcity of information about them in financial markets. He recommends that companies that use unique and complex strategies should try to improve the market’s access to information about their structures. Moreover, they may hire independent equity researchers to enable the public to understand them. In addition, they may go private where there are patient investors who are interested in understanding the operations of companies from their point of view and not believing issues presented by financial analysts (Zenger 2013). The author argues that the Lemon Market Strategy can be used to improve the performance of an organization, even though this has a short-term effect on businesses. However, companies that disguise their low quality products with cheap prices risk going out of market when investors realize their plans. He concludes that CEOs have a major role to play in shaping the performance of their companies by either maintaining the course they have set or adhering to the one demanded by determinant markets (Zenger 2013). Application in the Hospitality Industry Zenger argues that it is not easy to observe or measure the value of goods or services in the market. This occurs when buyers fail to estimate the value of products offered to them. The hospitality industry faces this challenge and thus most investors offer high prices for their low valued product
Introduction This paper describes the life of a retired engineer, Keens Brown. He is 64 years old and lives in Hawaii. This essay describes his personal development story, with the goal of comprehending his different life stages and the influences that define his social and psychological reality. Using a systems perspective, this paper concentrates on highlighting Brown’s biological nature, psychological profile, and social and cultural upbringing. These assessments are integral to the development of specific recommendations to improve his welfare. Proposals to enhance his life are based on different psychological and social theories that appear in the last section of this paper. The first area of analysis is the subject’s biological nature, described below. Biological Nature Mr. Brown’s parents lived in America but were originally from East Africa. They immigrated to the US in 1950. In 1953 Mr. Brown was born. He grew up in a nuclear family and was the last-born in a family of seven children. The retired engineer had two elder brothers and three sisters. Three of his siblings passed on. Two of them were his brothers, while one was a sister. Today, he is the only surviving male in his family. His dad died of a heart attack at 70 years old, and his mother passed on from cancer complications when she was 83 years old. Mr. Brown does not suffer any known illnesses and has never been diagnosed with any life-threatening condition. However, in 2016, his doctor diagnosed him with arthritis. At 64 years old, Mr. Brown weighs 200lbs and is 5 feet 9 inches in height. As a young man, he often participated in different kinds of sports, but football was his main passion. He maintained his athleticism even in old age because
The role of gender differences, and gender, in general, have always been a broad topic of discussion. As time passed, the theme of gender equality has become more and more popular and widespread among the masses. The female desire to be equal to men in a majority of life aspects gave birth to the phenomenon that is called “feminism.” It is not an offensive term in any sense, as it does not impose any harm on the male identity or value, but the word has been extensively abused by the people who would not commonly support the idea that women and men could have equal rights, job opportunities, and freedoms. Such an ambiguity gave birth to expansive discussions and research papers on whether women should or should not be equal to men, and what the outcome of such a decision might be. In this paper, two such articles will be thoroughly studied, analyzed, and reviewed. The articles were written by Mary Terrall and Joan Scott, respectively. The author is going to explore whether Terrall’s and Scott’s points of view coincide or disagree. The paper also answers the question of gender equality, in terms of the standing of women in scientific society, and explains why the arguments of both authors are valid and provide a useful insight into the issue. The issues of feminism and gender equality shine bright among the numerous issues that modern society deals with, and it is without a doubt important to pay attention to what goes on in the world, and behave without bias where it is possible. The article by Terrall tells t
Introduction Entrepreneurship refers to the act of identifying a business opportunity and successfully starting and running the venture while considering the financial perils. Israel Kirzner is an American economist famous for his contributions to the field of entrepreneurship. According to his model, capitalists balance supply and demand by spotting market limitations and exploiting them (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). He maintains that market flaws are caused by bounded rationality and information asymmetry (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Kirzner believes that the proceeds investors get from entrepreneurship are the reward for their tolerance of uncertainty as they reject arbitrage chances established by incumbent companies’ unawareness or inability (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). He recommends that entrepreneurs be vigilant to recognize economic opportunities that other capitalists cannot see, such as the necessity for new products and services (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Therefore, future managers should be watchful and keen enough to recognize, opportunities, which can lead to a successful business venture. Opportunities are often available only because of incumbents’ unawareness; otherwise, other individuals have already exploited them. Chances for the establishment of a successful venture are attributed to officeholders’ lack of knowledge (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Ignorance causes errors that can be corrected by the capitalists (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). They act under improbability and cannot know if their actions will contribute to profitability until they take the initiative to go for the price. For a successful business venture, an entrepreneur must acknowledge that losing money is part of the process (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). This paper explores the fundamentals of Kirzner’s model of opportunity and its application in analyzing Elon Musk and his opportunity management abilities. Literature Review Kirzner established his concept of opportunity upon the basis of Ludwig von Mises’ human action model. According to Mises, the economic problem is an action towards a given course (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Human actions are based on the concept of dismissing feelings of nervousness, but can only succeed in continuing if they understand the relationship between the ends and the means(Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Therefore, the fundamental aspect of Kirzner’s model is alertness. It contributes to discoveries that are significant in the satisfaction of human wants. It is also significant for entrepreneurs because it helps them find opportunities for selling products at a profit (Ramoglou and Tsang, 2016). Mises’ ideology was therefore proven to bear a relationship with Kirzner’s view on alertness. Kirzner’s framework has indicated that lucrative opportunities originate from market gaps. Some individuals are often alert to the
Discussion Most parasites become less toxic to their hosts over evolutionary time. According to the scientific research conducted on parasites today, an evolutionary examination concludes that the parasites would virtually be harmless to the principal host organism. This research has been backed up by the scientific notion that it is because the host serves as the environment where the parasite generally survives and sexually copulates (Price, 1980). Consequently, when the parasite causes any toxic harm to its host organism, it would be counterproductive to its survival as well. As a result, the characteristics of the parasite that is relatively harmless to the prime host, for example as found in cats, would be anticipated to evolve. This is because the parasites that behave in that manner would have a better rate of reproduction. On the other hand, the parasite would equally be anticipated to be rather harmful to the secondary host organism. This is explained by the fact that the parasite will never get to the main host unless the secondary host is consumed by the main host. Subsequently, within the secondary host, the behavior of the parasite that makes the secondary host more at vulnerable risk to being consumed by the primary host would be anticipated to evolve. The parasites that act as a result of that would therefore have a better opportunity of getting to the main host and hence reproducing into it. Therefore, within the secondary hosts, which more often than not comprises rodents such as mice and rats, it is evident that the parasite attacks the host’s nervous system and creates odd modifications in the behavioral characteristics of the host. An example of such an odd modification is illustrated in the infected mice and rats’ behavior of becoming attracted to the smell of cats instead of being repelled away. This lethal attraction in rats is caused by the infection of Toxoplasma Gondii parasites. Currently, human beings are equally victims of the evolutionary strategy that is conducted by the parasite on the host. Similar to rats and mice, human beings act as secondary hosts to the parasites. Most infected people fruitfully battle out the parasite, but in others, the nervous system is invaded, thus creating odd behavior in them as well (Roger, Pedro & Gonzalez, 2006). Hosts’ Reactions to Parasites Hosts react to parasites in various ways varying from their behavioral and morphologic characteristics. For instance, plants create certain substances to prevent them from harmful parasites. Vert
Security is a form of protection against danger, damage, loss and crime, rendering one to be at peace all the time. Security is a basic want. International security on the other hand refers to the measures that are under taken by international bodies or organizations like United Nation to enhance and ensure safety of people. The measures that are taken to ensure safety and security are: military actions and also the signing of treaties after an agreement. The aim of international security is to carry out an extensive search into a situation, identify the problem, carry an analysis to the cause of the problem and eventually, provide a solution that works right for the problem (Miller 1). International Security entirely comprises of human security and safety. Human security is the most important or the fundamental component of international security. Human survival, human dignity and safety are entirely dependent on the right to feel secure. Human security is viewed as the preservation of human rights, that is, not violating human rights and prevention of violence to the people. International security should rightly concentrate on human development and not the buying of arms in anticipation of security threats (Art &Waltz 34). In an instance like the Iraq violence, the Iraq government carried out all diplomatic ways in the effort to reach a peaceful solution of the crisis and all their efforts were unsuccessful. This lead to the authorization of United Nation members to undertake all the necessary steps in order to restore and uphold peace and also restore international security and peace in that area. All these efforts by the Security Council, to allow U.N undertake peace resolution was in order to effectively enhance human security (Clemens 15). Another fundamental component of International Security is economic security and political security. When a country, state or region in the world is faced with conflict or crisis the International security seeks to restore the security of the economy. This is because in an instance crisis, a country is likely to face unemployment, level of poverty rise, there is lack of income due to hunger of its citizens and lack of basic health. Crisis cause disease invasion and unhealthy lifestyles of the people. Politically, it is evident that crisis lead to political repression, torture of the citizens, detentions, imprisonments and violation of human rights. International security seeks to determine the root causes of wars and prevent the wars in order to enhance political security (Cohen 3). International security identifies ethnic conflict and peacekeeping, post cold war security problems, regional security, nuclear forces and strategies, arms control and weapons proliferation diplomatic and military history. It should guarantee countries that they are living in a society that honors basic human rights and personal peace that ranges from peace from state torture, war from other states, crime from individuals and gangs and also workplace or traffic accidents. International Security is not only focused on studing threats, but also a study of which
Article Question, the trip:  1. The question related to Huawei and government funding reverberate many essential occidental beliefs about Chinese people, whom we associate with communism and protectionist autocratic government. Nevertheless, this question opens up scope for discussion, especially in light of the bailouts that the US government has given to American companies. The tourist first learns of the view that the west holds of his country and wonders at the western argument against the Chinese government helping Chinese companies. Does not the western country believe in supporting its own? Discuss.  2. Why does the passage state that the Chinese tourists will be able to purchase prime European and American property? Why is Chinese economic prowess a surprise or issue of concern for westerners? What can be associated with the sudden rise of the dragon?  3. Tourists have often been considered as a different species. They tend to lose their identity to merge with the wrong sides. The herd mentality of the Chinese that has been demonstrated in the writing of Evan Osnos is typically poignant when one watches Chinese tourists. How correct is this observation and why?  4. The cultural difference demonstrated in the article shows the differences that Europeans and Chinese have ingrained in their cultural constructs. Discuss the cultural differences that have been wittily presented by Osnos in the article. Have we noticed such a difference in the book that we have read and that depicts cultural differences? Why do Chinese tourists, unlike European and American tourists, prefer visiting safer destinations? Why do some tourists prefer visiting safer destinations while others throng to perilous destinations, which are prone to political and violent unrest?  5. China has undergone various and juxtaposing socio-political changes that have left a large of the population confused. For instance, the article shows that the younger generation does not relate to the communist philosophers, such as Marx, nor are they aware of the way China was in the eighties. This detachment from the past demonstrates a sense of rootlessness in the country. How can we understand the Chinese values in face of the change in the socio-political scenario of the country?  6. Unlike tourists in other countries, the Chinese tourists to Europe were more interested in understanding the greatness of their country vis-à-vis with the other, and therefore, were concerned more with comparing than accepting the vastness of the other culture. Why do Chinese tourists choose to visit Europe and why do they feel as if they are relentlessly engaged in a duel with the hosting culture?
Introduction Governments can create policies that strongly affect the state of the market, and their decisions can both increase and stifle competition. The discussed article by Brian Murray titled “Reforming the Carolinas’ Power Markets: Producing a Panacea or a Pandora’s Box?” looks at the situation which arose in North and South Carolina in 2019. In the last quarter of the year, the state senator of South Carolina, Tom Davis, urged the state to create a regional transmission organization (RTO) instead of the currently regulated monopoly on energy production. The article discusses the two models which are usually adopted in the United States, presenting the potential risks and benefits of each one, and one can see the use of such economic concepts as a monopoly, competitive pricing, and market monitoring. Summary and Analysis According to the author, both South and North Carolina have a traditional model of power market governance – a regulated monopoly. This means that one vertically integrated utility line is granted the ability to be the sole provider for the region. In exchange, the state utility