ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overpopulation presents a huge threat to the future of the planet, as the resources of the Earth seem to be at the breaking point because of their overexploitation caused by enormous rates of population increase (Chiras 480). The analysis of the phenomenon of overpopulation is of vital importance for understanding the possible solutions to this urgent problem. A thorough understanding of the overpopulation of humans is essential to being a well-educated person in today’s society as this topic influences all spheres of the functioning of the global community. Every well-educated person should be aware of the most urgent issues that affect the future of our planet and humanity and participate in the process of finding solutions to them. Analyzing the causes, consequences, and possible ways of dealing with this problem and occupying a well-grounded social position on this topic should be considered one of the primary duties of every well-educated person of modern times. The overpopulation of humans relates to numerous disciplines outside biology. Ecology is directly related to this topic, as global effects of overpopulation include collapsing ecologies that influence the environment in all parts of the world (Cafaro and Crist 3). Overpopulation is also related to medicine, as modern healthcare systems all over the world face negative consequences on the health of the population and have to search for medical methods of dealing with the problem. Besides, overpopulation is related to social studies, as increased rates of unemployment are caused by the enormous number of people living on the Earth. Social studies aim to find the premises for overpopulation in distinct regions and analyze the results of certain policies on regulating birth rates. The social implications of overpopulation include unemployment, increased urbanization, and spreading poverty (McKinney, Schoch, and Yonavjak 50). Besides, armed conflicts can be considered a social implication of overpopulation, as an enormous population causes competition for resources. The majority of deaths in domestic wars occur in highly populated countries (McKinney, Schoch, and Yonavjak 50). Such social consequences lead to the creation of certain policies regulating birth rates in the countries facing severe overpopulation, e.g. China. Besides, the social implications of overpopulation shape the face of modern community structure and business, as the lack of employment opportunities for the youth caused by extensive birth rates heavily influence the jobs sector and people’s attitudes to employment. Ethical implications of overpopulation include the conflict between the right of every human to procreate and have children with the necessity to decrease birth rates. The ideas of some scientists about sterilization (Jargin 694) and Chinese experience in policies restricting the number of children appear to be effective in terms of decreasing birth rates but can be considered unethical and not humanistic. Therefore, modern society has to deal with the probl
The problem discussed in the research Why Should Anyone Be Led by You? The article under investigation is written by Robert Goffee and Gareth Jones and is called Why Should Anyone Be Led by You?. The paper is devoted to the very topical issue of leadership which is discussed nowadays by various scientists and sociologists. Resting on the great importance of the given issue in terms of human resource management and organization of business, Goffee and Jones suggest their cogitations about some very important aspects of the given sphere and the impact it might have on the company or any other organization. The authors have been investigating the question of leadership for about twenty years and they tend to present their ideas and cogitations connected with it, also suggesting a sort of discussion. They tend to show the fact that a leader should have certain qualities that might help him/her. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the main problem discussed in the given paper is the attitude towards the issue of leadership and its main concepts. To discuss the given problem better, the authors use some additional information and presents various hypotheses connected with for a reader to be able to analyze the given sphere and obtain a clear vision of one of the most important questions of modern society. The hypothesis (es) formulated by the authors in the article The authors of the given article revolve around several important hypotheses suggested by them. First of all, they suggest the idea that there are some other qualities except the traditional ones that a good leader might have. Goffee and Jones introduce four main spheres in which the influence of a leader could become the most significant. Thus. according to the given paper, a leader could show his/her weakness, rely on their intuition, manage employees with the help of empathy and reveal their differences (Goffee & Jones, 2000). Nevertheless, having outlined the above-mentioned four qualities, the authors also formulate another hypothesis. They underline the fact that even if a person realizes the necessity of the development of these qualities and accepts the perspective which states that they are necessary for a good leader, he/she still might fail as there is a great need for action. Goffee and Jones (2000) state the fact that business books do not have the universal recipe which could help to become a good leader in a short period without any action. The given statement is introduced by the authors to underline the necessity of the constant development of a good leader and his/her actions aimed at the improvement of leadership qualities. The need for the study in the article The authors of the given article tend to suggest their cogitations connected with the issue of leadership. That is why, to
Taxonomy The Komodo dragon (common name) is the heaviest carnivorous lizard on the planet listed in the IUCN red list as vulnerable. The species is scientifically known as Varanus komodoensis. It is endangered due to the loss of habitat and prey. Habitat Requirements and Range The species is endemic to Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands that constitute a volcanic arc. Komodo dragons thrive in extreme heat (above 35 degrees Celsius) and 70-percent humidity – terrestrial and marine environments (San Diego Zoo Global). These conditions are characteristic of the five Indonesian islands that have been their habitat for millions of years. The areas are rocky and mountainous (800m above sea level) with vegetation ranging from tropical dry forest to savannah grasslands (Jessop et al. 1). The current geographical range of this species is the Komodo National Park and Flores Island (8°35′22″ S, 119°36′52″ E) (Figure 1). Figure 1: Habitat Range Trophic Relations The species is an apex predator. Komodo dragons are opportunistic carnivores with a broad prey range. The mostly arboreal hatchlings consume insects and birds, while adult animals feed on rodents and ungulates like wild boar, buffalo and deer (San Diego Zoo Global). Komodo dragons use venom in their saliva to kill large prey. Life History Characteristics Komodo dragons have complex reproduction and development. The species attains sexual maturity after 5-7 years and females lay 1-30 fertilized eggs after every two years in an underground nest (San Diego Zoo Global). The incubation period is 3-8 months depending on temperature and longevity is about 30 years (San Diego Zoo Global). Hatchlings are arboreal. The longer generation times, delayed maturity and longer life span make Komodo dragons K-strategists. Land/Ocean Habitat The species occurs mostly in the protected islands that form the Komodo National Park. Based on the capture-recapture method, Purwandana et al. estimated the dragon density across 10 sites to be 4-22 individuals per km 2 (1064). Thus, each animal would require a land habitat of 0.046-0.25km 2 . Minimum Viable Population Size The Komodo National Park was established to preserve the survival of the endangered Komodo dragons. The minimum viable population (MVP) size of this species is 15,283 adult individuals (Purwandana et al. 1062). The slower sexual maturity and low survival rate of hatchlings account for the high MVP estimate. Primary Uses Komodo dragons in protected ecotourism, a source of income for Indonesia. Their blood contains antimicrobial proteins that have potential as a therapeutic agent for humans (San Diego Zoo Global). However, habitat loss is a major threat to the survival of this species. Population Sizes and Endangered Status The number of Komodo dragons has declined in recent years. Currently, only about 5,700 individuals exist in the five islands of Indonesia: 2,450 in the Komodo National Park, 1,185 in Rinca Island, 100 in Flores Island and 2000 dispersed in unprotected areas (Jessop et al. 5). As a result, the IUCN lists Komodo dragons as
Introduction It is a long established fact that the extraction of nonrenewable natural resources is the major source of government revenue in many countries. Based on the relationship between the government and extraction companies, there are various legal and economic approaches that can be used to maintain equity in this relationship. For example, the company may be given ownership of the resource through purchase or lease, or may obtain a license permitting the exploitation of the resource (Lund 2008). Regardless of the approach used the extract should be subjected to some form of taxation in order to generate revenue from exploitation. Within Australia the mining sector has long played a vital role in the development of the nation. Through political stability and regulatory arrangements the nation has managed to capitalize on mineral demand in partnership with experts in mining from other countries (Novak & Moran 2011). Based on this trend it was long believed that benefits accrued from mining activities would flow into the future. However, recent trends prompted by a commonwealth budget deficit driven by a largely unproductive fiscal stimulus have led to the laying aside of such beliefs and the initiation of new taxation arrangements for miners (Novak & Moran 2011). The basis for this new legislation is built upon the idea of extracting a fairer share of revenue from mining in comparison to other sectors of the Australian economy. The government suggests that this policy will play a role in the reduction of divergence in economic growth between resource rich and non resource rich regions of the country (OECD 2008). The introduction of this new tax has generated significant debate about the merits of taxing economic success and policy issues related specifically to the mining industry (Novak & Moran 2011). It is necessary to thus analyze how this tax will affect the industry due to the fact that mining makes a major contribution to the Australian economy. In this report a review of literature on the subject will be used to make the analysis. Literature Review In review of literature it has been observed based on reports that in 2010-11 mining related activity accounted for almost 9 percent of the GDP compared to 5 percent a decade ago (Novak & Moran 2011). This current contribution to the economy is comparable to the resource boom periods of the early 1900’s and 1980’s. The relative importance of the mining industry in relation to national output is also reflected in the significant increase in actual capital investments that have been made in the mining sector (Novak & Moran 2011). In relation to this fact data indicates that in 2010-11 mining investment contributed to 40% of total private investments compared to 12% a decade earlier (Novak & Moran 2011). The increased contribution to the GDP comes at a time when there has been a general decline in productivity despite improved performance. There are a number of arguments that have been made in relation to this reduction in productivity including, long lead time between investment in new
Abstract There is a consensus that the institution of marriage is experiencing a period of turbulence that has caused serious economic and social devastations in its wake. As the paper confirms, the repercussions of broken marriages are costly to the family, the immediate society, and nations. For instance, children who are at the center of the divorce of their parents are highly vulnerable. Further, the likelihood of psychological issues on parties that are involved in struggling marriages is high. This paper will show how this situation presents a burden to the societies and governments since they have to provide supporting structures to help the parties in one way or another. Therefore, this paper will discuss the concept of relationship and marriage coaching, its important aspects, and its prospects as a business. Introduction For a long time, relationship and marriage counseling have been highly regarded as an effective way of helping couples to overcome their challenges and/or achieve greater satisfaction in relationships and marriage. However, relationship and marriage counseling are not as effective as it was previously thought. True to the research, the high number of troubled marriages and divorces is an indication of the need for new and effective approaches to solving the various challenges that are facing the marriage institution. As the paper reveals, a new intervention method referred to as relationship and marriage coaching has been suggested since it is believed to be more effective than marriage counseling. In addition to having better prospects as a marriage intervention technique, relationship and marriage coaching also open a good opportunity for people who have the necessary skills to venture into the area and establish successful businesses. The first section of this paper presents the research that has been done on marriage and relationship coaching. The second section is a reflection on this research in terms of how it can influence my coaching business. Research on Relationship and Marriage Coaching There is a wide range of research that has been conducted on the subject of relationship and marriage coaching. Based on the ever-increasing cases of divorce and even conflicts that have resulted in the demise of many couples, scholars have sought to find out if coaching can help reduce such cases. Since marriage results from one’s interaction with another person of the opposite sex, it is wise to investigate the coaching strategy from the relationship level. According to Mintzer and Mann (2012), coaching is an action-oriented partnership that focuses on the present situation. It provides a pathway for the achievement of one’s goals. Relationship and marriage coaching is an important matrimonial and relationship intervention that helps couples to have fulfilling life outcomes (Ives, 2012). Unlike counseling th
Introduction   * During the past 30 years health care costs in the United States have risen from 4 to 14 percent (Fries, et al., 1993).   * Improvement of health care services while ensuring low costs requires the following measure taken:       + High-cost pharmaceutical management       + Management of chronic care       + Management of drop-in appointments       + Primary prevention       + Health maintenance       + Hospital contracting       + Medical error reduction (Leatherman, et al., 2003)   * The Quality Initiative       + The Quality Initiative was inaugurated by the Medicare and Medicaid health care services in 2001 and launched nationally in 2002 encompassing nursing homes, hospitals, physicians, home health care providers and other health services in an effort to improve health care and lower costs (Sultz & Young, 2008)   * Programs in the Quality Initiative       + Quality Monitoring to collect, analyze and interpret data to improve the quality of health care given to its benefactors       + Pay for Performance a system which rewards doctors, hospitals and health care providers for their efficiency       + The Hospital Compare Website. A website which tracks the performance of hospitals based on 4 common conditions and 20 criteria       + Non payment for Hospital acquired infections and reductions in treatment payment for problematic hospital events (Sultz & Young, 2008) Objective of the Initiative   * To encourage hospitals and health care providers to improve the quality of health care   * To create incentives for the improvement of healthcare and support public accountability   * To work with other health care organizations to set the standards of hospital quality measures and voluntary reporting   * To ensure ongoing regulation by state surveying agencies   * Rewards for performance and continued improvement through communit
Nature determines a living organism’s gender through natural processes, such as trait selection, during fusion of the male and female gametes. Gender can be either female or male, whereas there are abnormal conditions such as hermaphrodites, which combine both traits. Gender enables all kinds of living organisms to build interrelationships, as well as creation of a living environment. Naturally, living organisms express adaptation characteristics according to traits in their DNA and the environment in which they inhibit. Society trains each living thing on how to behave using basic norms. Globally, all females and males are distinct in a variety of features despite their cultural backgrounds or geographical location. In a child’s growth, the necessity of child activity by playing is essential for health and timely development. In humans, these characteristics display themselves through toys that kids enjoy using while playing. For female toys, a doll, beauty pack, a pony, a dollhouse and a set of kitchen appliances exhibited female traits. From observation, there exists uniformity in color selection. These toys exhibit use of soft, bright colors as pink, purple and white. This feature emanates from the fact that females are gentle and fragile in nature. They depend on the males for protection against external forces of destruction. Bright colors also assist females in giving a tender look to their newborn and exhibition of beauty. Females stay in their territory areas and make a habitable environment for their families. They are by nature known to be caring as they bring forth new offspring and nurture them. The female toys bring out this aspect through the creation of kitchen appliances such as cups, plates, cutlery and cooking pots. Girls love animals, which are not hostile such as ponies and horses. The pony is white in color to show how girls adore cleanliness. Females have to attract males with physical features such as dressing, accessories, and beauty. The beauty pack contains a mirror, comb, and some hair clips. These are accessories on the doll, a practice, which every female adores. The female doll displays its feminine form by clothing in a cute dress, having female physical features as long hair, heeled shoes, wearing hair clips and ribbons and artificial lipstick. Boys are by nature hardy. The boy’s toys collected are a racecar, construction lorry, motorbike, water gun and a football. This brings out the nature of boys to fix issues in society, especially on behalf of their family. They are bold and attend to risky endeavors; which require a lot of effort and creativity. They also enjoy discovery and are daring in all that they do. The racecar, water gun, and motorbike bring out this feature. The color used for these boy toys is dull; this portrays how much boys enjoy trying out new things, outdoor activities and naughty behavior. Boys copy many adventurous activities that they derive from the television cartoons. These are activities such as using a gun to defend themselves during fights with their counterparts. This shows their protection instincts to protect their children and par
Introduction The realities of global economics have led to increased levels of migration. People are moving far away from their homes in order to secure a job, obtain better educational opportunities, or escape from poverty and misery of their own countries. In the US, it is common for young people from small and rural communities to migrate into larger cities with a purpose of improving their standards of living. Thus, the issue of acquiring a living space is something that each of us would have to experience at least once in a lifetime. At the same time, many people do not realize the economic, social, and psychological factors behind the decision to rent an apartment versus buying one. This ignorance can lead to poor decisions and a waste of money and time. Although renting an apartment may provide a quick and easy short-term solution to the housing problem, it is not as economically, socially, and psychologically feasible as long-term accommodation. Economic Feasibility of Buying Versus Renting Purchasing an apartment, a house, or a condominium is an expensive venture. The average price for housing varies from one state to another, but the national average price for the US stands at 60,000 dollars. In order to make a purchase, it is often required to pay from 20% to 50% of the total cost of the apartment up front, and many owners would flat out refuse to sell a house without being paid the full sum in cash. Renting an apartment is much cheaper at first, as it does not require the renter to pay more than a monthly sum in advance. The average price of renting an apartment for the US is at 1,000 dollars a month. However, one must always account for long-term costs of the housing venture in the event of having to stay in a particular location for longer than a year. Nowadays, housing loans at an average yearly rate of 3.5%-4.5% are available to the majority of the population. With a loan, it would be possible to purchase a house and pay the loan for the next 5-10 years, while having to pay roughly 70,000 dollars in total as a result. At the same time, living in an apartment with a monthly rate of 1,000 dollars, a person would pay around 36,000 dollars in three years, which is roughly a half to the price of an apartment, had he or she chosen to purchase it. Thus, renting an apartment is not an economically efficient long-term solution. As a short-term solution, however, renting offers significant economic advantages. It takes less time to find and move into a rented apartment, which would save the effort and money that could be spent on studying or finding a job. Finding a good house in the right part of the city takes substantially greater amounts of time. A family coming for a vacation for a month would not need to buy a house, thus making the renting option a preferred one. To summarize, renting is better as a short-term solution for its availability and ease of use, but purchasing a home is better as a long-term solution. Social Feasibility The society has several preconceptions towards rented apartments and owned houses that can affect the us