ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the 2010 midterm elections, the federal government’s size and function have been the common topic of debate among politicians in their election campaigns. Liberals see the federal government as essential to America’s growth and well being. It should be large enough to protect its people from foreign threats, regulate businesses to avoid unfair competition and help the less fortunate citizens. Conservatives on the other hand argue that the federal government has already grown too big that it has become costly, consuming most of the US budget. They believe that the institution should limit their involvement and leave tasks to private entities and non-profit organizations. This paper aims to evaluate the arguments of liberals and conservatives in determining if the US needs a bigger federal government. According to liberals, the federal government is vital in the growth of the United States because they provide infrastructures, education and healthcare mostly to support the poor and the society as a whole. Such investments could not have been adequately undertaken by private institutions because their scope is usually limited to that within their interests. Government support is primarily required in building roads and facilitating educational and healthcare systems and structures (McKenna and Feingold 238). The federal government serves as a coordinator in harmonizing systems such as railroad, water and highway structures. The government standardized the railroad systems when different sizes of tracks were used. They also created economies of scale when they organized communities to use a single public water system. Among others, the government was also involved in managing synchronized systems for highways and international trade and currency valuation (McKenna and Feingold 238). Lastly, the federal government imposes regulations which often make economies work better. The federal government was able to make product and service information more open, reduce corruption, monopolistic pricing and anticompetitive policies through regulations. They were also able to temper financial regulations (McKenna and Feingold 238). The controversial key benefit of the Post World War II government is it makes the economy more stable by creating jobs and supporting incomes. In this scenario, unemployment insurances, Social Security and government employments are stabilizing factors (McKenna and Feingold 239). On the other hand, conservatives give emphasis on the protection of freedom which should be guarded by both public and private institutions against the concentration of power. Freedom is destroyed because other institutions are weakened by the presence of the federal government for power is concentrated on the latter. The federal government dominates and diminishes the role of othe
Executive Summary The housing crisis of 2007 was the main cause of the 2007/2008 economic recession. It resulted from rise in subprime lending, ineffective government policies, and high-risk mortgages. Effects of the crisis included decline of the economy of the United States, Europe, and the world, and negative influence on financial markets. It affected every sector of the economy including labor markets, stock market, and financial institutions. The government moved fast to alleviate effects of the crisis. Mitigation measures included creation of an economic stimulus program, introduction of Federal Reserve funds, and enactment of new legislation and programs. In other countries of the world, governments executed cuts on budget and government spending. However, despite stringent mitigation strategies, economies of many countries declined by large margins. Economies of developing and underdeveloped countries were the worst affected. Introduction In 2007, the United States of America experienced a severe downturn in the housing sector, an occurrence that caused panic and financial uncertainty around the world. The crisis was the main cause of the recession that began in 2008 and continued for several years. Several factors contributed to the housing crisis whose effects are still felt today. The subprime mortgage crisis was characterized by a drastic rise in subprime mortgages among borrowers, decline of mortgage-backed assets, and increase in mortgage foreclosures (Chukwuogor, 2012). Results of the crisis were severe. Many financial institutions collapsed and led to reduction of amount of credit available to customers, thus kick starting the 2008 global recession. Several factors were attributed to the crisis. They included rise in subprime lending, government policies, speculations by homeowners, role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac enterprises, and high-risk mortgage loans (Moseley, 2011). Causes of the crisis Rise in subprime lending The housing crisis began in the year 2006 owing to decline of the housing sector. In 2006, the housing bubble busted resulting to decline in securities associated with the housing sector. The government enacted policies that led to low mortgage rates, which increased the number of people that could access mortgages (Chukwuogor, 2012). Rates of mortgages were very low in comparison to the risks they attracted. In addition, an increase in number of traditional mortgage incentives to investors resulted in high lending. Demand for mortgage loans started to rise from as early as the year 2006. By the year 2007, demand was so high that standards of mortgage underwriting became compromised. As a result, many mortgage products were issued without legal documents to prove that borrowers were creditworthy (Chukwuogor, 2012). For example, the Adjustable Rate
Introduction Behavioral modification in human beings and so in children largely depends on one basic premise which is that most of the observable events are consequences of learning which can easily be predicted because naturally there is nothing that just happens. This implies that the behavior of a child is determined by conditioning and can therefore be modified in any way depending on the modifiers choice but how successful the modification will be largely depends on whether the modifiers has the proper skills to bring about the desired outcome. This paper will explain the design for the behavioral program to help the parent of Jane in addressing Jane’s behavior by demonstrating an understanding of operant learning principles and their application to the behavior problem. (Jackson, 2003 pp 24-31). According to the scenario, Jane is a six year old girl who has just started Year One. She will not complete her homework tasks. Jane’s mother (Sarah) tries to keep an eye on Jane to ensure that she completes her homework. Sarah has Jane sit in the lounge room with her, while she watches her afternoon television programs. Jane is frequently walking away from her homework to watch the television. When Sarah tells Jane to return to her homework, she ignores her and continues to watch the television program. So she can watch the television programs, Jane’s mother completes her homework for her later in the evening. The behavioral program will comprise of three stages each of which will have various events as well as procedures. These stages will be; specification, making observation and immediate reinforcement which can be positive or negative depending on what is being rewarded. (Margolin, 2005 pp 35-39). Specification The parents need to specify the target behaviors, reinforcements and applicable contingencies starting with the target behaviors that need to be changed and this is to influence Jane not to be spending most of her time in the lounge room with her mother but rather engage more of her time in the study room until she completes her homework. Sarah should stop just focusing on the physical behavior of her daughter failing to complete the homework but also try to change Jane’s attitude which in this case is an internal change because even if the attitude cannot be directly observed if once Jane adopts a reading culture it will be possible for her mother to observe measurable changes in her. Sarah has already accomplished this stage because she has already defined the dependent variable which is the target behavior and once she starts the program for her daughter, she will be able to follow the specific set of steps and be able to identify when the behavior occurs. This marks the starting of the behavioral objectives which is to make Jane stop watching television with her mother but concentrate on the homework. (Stratton, 2006 14-19). Sarah should adopt a gradual criterion known as ‘’think small’’ rule within her daughter’s capabilities to avoid frustrations on her part and also her daughter by setting small objectives like first accompanying her daughter to the study room and once this objective is achieved she can set up a mor
Company overview Archstone Company is a self-governed Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT). The company ranks among the major developers, operators, and investors of real estates in the US. As of 30 June in the year 2011, the portfolio of the company contained 434 real estates situated in Europe and the US, which denoted 77,084 entities, taking into consideration units going through construction. Almost the entire portfolio of Archstone is centralized in big cities at the coastal regions of Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and Seattle. Archstone was made private following a 22 billion US dollars purchase by the non-public real estate companies Lehman Brothers Holdings and Tishman Speyer in conjunction with numerous major investment banks in the US in October in the year 2007 (Murray 5-8). Economic data of the US   * GDP- over 1.7 per cent   * Rate of unemployment- 8 per cent   * Inflation- 2 per cent Population inclinations and demographics: California The state of California is situated at the West Coastal region of the US. In North America, California stands as the most densely inhabited sub-national unit. If California existed as an independent nation, it would be the 34 th most populated nation worldwide. In comparison with the next largest state in the US, Texas, the population of California is a third larger. California overcame New York State by population size and took the first position by population size in the year 1962, a position it has held to date (Joppke 23-27). The state of California is home to some of the largest inhabited areas in the US (San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles Area), in addition to eight among the top fifty greatly inhabited cities (for instance, San Francisco, San Diego, and Los Angeles). In the year 2011, the population of California was approximately 37,691,912. This population size represents a 1.2 per cent augment when compared with the population indicated by the census of the year 2010. By the close of the first decade of the 21 st century, California’s population escalated by 3,090,016 naturally. The population data of California illustrates a population of approximately 38,292,687 people as at the beginning of the year 2009. In the year 2010, unlawful aliens comprised an approximated seven percent of the entire inhabitants in California. The seven percent population represented the third greatest proportion by State in the US, representing approximately 2.6 million people. Of the unlawful alien population, over half came from Mexico. From the year 2010, inhabitants born in California formed the preponderance of the population and thus denoted the foremost instance ever since the California Gold Rush (Harris 2-5). In terms of the highest growth by states in the US, California ranks number thirteen and its fertility rate stood at 2.2 in the year 2008. There is not a single race or ethic community making preponderance in terms of population in California, wh
Job Rotation Activities These help the employee to become exposed to new activities that can help improve their growth in an organization. Being in one position can create a monotonous routine for the employee and this will likely result in stifled employee growth as they are not faced with any new challenges. This career development strategy is effective when an organization is trying to break monotony. The organization can break monotony by assigning the employee various job functions (Patton & McMahon, 2001). Mentoring Activities Employees need inspiration from time to time and providing them support in form of mentoring activities can help them acquire some form of mentorship. A career development mentor should be assigned to the employees to provide this kind of mentorship for the employees. The mentors could be from another country where they share work experiences with the employees of the organization regarding different work cultures. This could go a long way in helping the employee gain knowledge in how to adjust to different work environments. Furthermore, the mentor can give the employees insight as to how to write cover letters and resumes (Patton & McMahon, 2001). Internship Activities Internships are a great way to help employees build their careers. Internship activities can help employees develop leadership skills. They acquire new experiences and interpersonal skills that help them to become more assertive especially when handling issues to do with conflict resolution. Employee expectation Employees have certain expectations when they are employed into a new company. As the employee settles into the company, their expectations change with time. This can better be understood by looking at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. What once attracted the employee into the company suddenly becomes insufficient. For instance the employee may feel that what they thought was a comfortable working environment is now crowded or what they thought was good pay is no longer enough. The company therefore needs to be prepared for other stages such
Hindi FM With the population of Indians in Oman growing steadily over the past decades, it is clear that there is an urgent need for an FM radio station playing exclusively Hindi songs to satisfy their desires. When asked for their opinions about the need for a Hindi FM channel, several respondents gave their opinions as described in this paper. One of the respondents who gave out his opinion concerning the issue is Faiq Raz Ansari. Faiq believes that the need for a Hindi FM station Is overdue considering that many of the people are forced to listen to Hindi songs from a radio stations based in one of the neighboring countries. The need for a Hindi Fm station in Oman is not only confined to the need to listen to the music but is important also for listening to news updates, as well as traffic jams and sports in the Hindi tongue. According to Faiq, a Hindi Fm will also enable the listeners be updated business wise according to the story he gives of a friend who is kept updated by a station based in one of the countries neighboring Oman. Anu Shaikh of wadi Kabir also gives praises to the elegance and beauty of the Indian music. In his opinion, Indian music’s appeal has crossed borders, and in fact, the music is being listened to by people from a variety of ethnicities. To sheikh, a Hindi radio station in Oman or Muscat is long overdue considering that even the local population is in favor of the Indian music. Both recent and old Indian music has a good appeal among the people and, therefore, it is only when there is a FM station playing the music that listeners can be satisfied. To Shaikh, the Hindi language is gaining international stature and the opening up of a Hindi FM station in Oman will satisfy many anxious people. Rannesh Rahman who is an administrator of projects in Oman claims that the many Indians living in Oman will be delighted to have a Hindi Fm station at their disposal. Hindi music is enjoyed by all in Oman according to Rahman as it is played in the local restaurants, taxis and even on national television. A Hindi Fm station in Oman can also serve as a good medium of diplomatic communication for the dignitaries from India, Pakistani and even Bangladesh considering that they make the majority of the expatriates in Oman. Ramachandran Nair is excited about the possibility of having a Hindi Fm station in Oman. He believes that the move is set to expand the popularity of the Indian entertainment that had lagged until the introduction of satellite channels. Many expatriates living in Oman and especially from the south of Asia favor the Indian entertainment and mostly the Hindi songs. The move to open an FM station playing Hindi music is welcome considering that Hindi music and entertainment in general brings forth a good sense of entertainment to all regardless of age and ethnicity. There is a large number of Indians in the Sultanate. Nair believes that they will find great comfort in listening to the station if it uses several regional Indian languages. According to Sanjana who is a coordinator in charge of co-curricular activities in an In
Minstrel show Minstrel shows represented one of the shameful chapters in the American musical history in the mid and early nineteenth century. During the performances, both black and white performers wore blackface with a consequence of portraying racial discrimination and hatred. White’s: who imitated the black’s pigmentation by blackening their faces with grease paint or cork, threw sentiments of slavery and its rightful status quo to the African-Americans who were thought of being contented with slavery and apparently enjoyed subjectivity to white masters. The minstrel shows gained large popularity well into 1950s, since the northerners, mainly whites were cynical about the blacks. They embraced songs that draw large audience interest and colorful comics associated with dark people. Though the show’s popularity dwindled from 1950s, as black men campaigned for political powers, its traces in modern day are still evident. Think of white rock musicians, white rappers. By taking after black musicians, do they express admiration to them or are they attempting to steal some African-American musical artistry? Some whites like African-American music in spite of disliking blacks reminiscent to minstrel shows audience. Phonograph Technology Since initial recording of Mary had Little Lamb using the first viable phonograph, its impacts to the revolution of the music industry are deeply felt even today. The phonograph technology invention and patenting was done by Thomas Edison, which on commercialization enabled people to buy and replay music, which was then played at radio stations free of charge as repeatedly as they would wish. Even though the technology may seem old, it has reappeared and enormously affected the modern music industry. The turntable technology is a replication of the phonograph Technology. With redesign and modifications such as replacement of wave forms tracing pins with optical readers, a twenty first century phonograph has been produced which is widely used by DJs. Vinyl recording systems and turntables are principally used for mixing different forms of electronically recorded music. The instruments permit enormous latitude of various levels of physical manipulation of music in dance floors by DJs. In the case of hip-hops, as opposed to ordinary playbacks, the instruments allow records manipulation as part of the music. Furthermore, current USB turntables have been designed to provide compatibility with computers to permit direct transfer of sound to remotely connected computer. Consequently, the music industry is flexible than ever it has been. Popular music Studying popular music has many difficulties. In the first place, there exists non-uniformity in the definitions of popular music by many musicology scholars. Secondly, the music is produced for audience with deferring social and cultural inclinations hence lacking specific reflection cultural identities. It is only possible to produce it in economic industries, which look at the popular music in terms of monet
Anaphylactic shock is considered a severe clinical issue that has vital complications to a human being. According to Pflipsen & Vega Colon (2020), anaphylaxis “is a life-threatening systemic reaction, normally occurring within one to two hours of exposure to an allergen” (p. 355). Being a relatively common complication among patients, anaphylactic shock has symptomology similar to a regular allergic reaction. Thus, common symptoms of an allergic reaction and anaphylaxis include swelling, nausea, vomiting, rash, and abdominal and back pain (Randall, 2018). Still, there is a fundamental difference between a common allergic reaction and its extreme counterpart. Anaphylactic shock latter explicitly tackles the respiratory and cardiac systems of a patient. Hence, it causes the reaction to extrapolate to other vital organs and block their function (Poziomkowska-Gęsicka & Kurek, 2020). The symptoms of cardiac dysfunction are manifested through pale skin, listlessness, and dizziness. Respiratory issues, for their part, could be identified through swelling of the throat, breathing complications, chest pain, and persistent severe cough (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021). Hence, in order to define anaphylactic shock, nurses are to pay close attention to these clinical manifestations. The first important step in terms of managing anaphylactic shock is to stop the administration of any present drugs and inform the physician on the matter. After this, the nurse should follow a protocol of behaving in the event of anaphylactic shock (Randall, 2018). The most widespread procedure of the protocols is the administration of oxygen and resuscitative medications that secure the restoration of vital body functions. One of the most common resuscitative medications is epinephrine, also known under the title EpiPen, as this medication tends to stimulate both cardiac activity and respiratory function.