ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction JC Penney Corporation faced many problems in the late 1990s. The corporation deals with merchandise and services to its consumers through department stores and catalogs and through the Internet. These environmental problems led the company to adopt many changes in the year 2000.JC Penny used to be a leading retailer in the U.S.This company moved from a decentralized merchandising to a centralized merchandising system. Due to the problems this company faced, it led the company to improve on its environmental forces, which affected its growth. The company is planning to improve on its growth, and it’s planning to achieve this by maximizing sales and accruing profits in the existing retailers. It’s also intending to improve international profitability and adding new systems. The company has been in a position to grow, and it achieved this by properly applying the environmental forces to improve its growth. The environmental forces are divided into two, external environmental forces and internal environmental forces. Internal environmental forces are the forces inside the organization which, when properly utilized, leading to the good performance of the company like companies management, technology, social and ethical forces. The external forces include political forces, competition, legal forces, among others. JC Penny Corporation has grown from a decentralized retail system into a centralized retail system by properly employed these forces. (Brooks and Weatherston, 1997). Social and ethical forces These are the forces that define the workers’ relationship and interaction. In any organization, the company has its rules and regulations which define the workers’ behavior. The workers’ code of conduct is properly structured like in the JC penny corporation. This company has grown because the workers relate with each other as per the rules set by the organization. When a company has these rules, then you find that issues like bullying in the workplace do not occur. Eventually, workers work towards achieving the company’s goals and objectives. Proper interaction by the workers means that workers work towards achieving a common goal, and this is improved production in the company. (Brooks and Weatherston, 1997). Technological forces The modern world involves the use of new technology. It is this technology that has led to improved production since most organizations rely on the new te
Americans remember the 1960s for 3 reasons: an international landmark was achieved, an important social change took place and three crucial political events occurred. The U.S made international headlines when its Apollo 11 mission landed on the moon and its astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the moon. In the book, The 60s Experience , Edward P. Morgan explains about the social change in America where civil rights were ultimately granted to African-Americans in the aftermath of massive led black demonstrations that will always be remembered on account of several incidents: the Rosa Parks incident, where 95% of the black population in the city staying “off the buses”, the student sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, the news of which spread quickly “with the aid of national news coverage and the network of SCLC movement centers”, and the James Farmer inspired Freedom Rides. The three political events were the Cuban missile crisis that almost caused nuclear war, the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and American involvement in the Vietnam War. The highlight of the 1960s is the year 1969, and the highlight of that year is the Vietnam Antiwar Protests. American President Lyndon Johnson promised the nation that their country’s involvement in Vietnam “isn’t really war” but that American troops were being sent there merely “to save Vietnam from the Vietnamese”. This statement is undoubtedly the grossest understatement of the century. By the time the U.S policy makers had recognized the inevitable and begun pulling out American troops in the latter part of the year from Vietnam, Americans had already paid a massive price for their country’s misguided adventure. Out of nearly 3.8 million American troops involved in the war, 58,000 lost their lives and over 303,000 were wounded P 127. Many of the survivors became victims of psychological disorders – 700,000 displayed signs of traumatic stress, 38% of married service people got divorced in less than 6 months since their withdrawal from Vietnam, around 25% of heavy combat soldiers was arrested on various criminal charges, while another 25% started taking drugs. American society as a whole was badly dented as the Vietnam War spawned a “deep and wide polarization” in it. Meanwhile, there were massive numbers of Americans who did not take part in the war, some of them despite being eligible for military service. Labeled generally as protestors, they were classified as direc
Knights of the South Bronx directed by Allen Hughes is a film based on a true story which touches the topics of children education, racism, and class difference. The story line starts when Richard Mason (played by Ted Danson) comes to elementary school in Bronx as a substitute teacher. He faces several difficulties in motivating his fourth-grade students to study and making them listen to him since they do not believe that obtaining educational degree can help them in life. The conflict between the teacher and his students is the driver of the plot. This conflict is due to the racial and socioeconomic disparities between them. Mr. Mason is a white intellectual man who does not have any intention of becoming a permanent teacher, especially of children of such a young age. He wants to have some spare time to spend with his son as he could not do it with his previous job. Thus, he does not want to be involved in students’ situations and understand them. All students are black and Puerto Ricans and have problems with their families as they live in a neighborhood with high poverty and crime rate. The conflict between the teacher and the students resolves when Mr. Mason that these children get interested in chess game and he starts to teach them how to play it. The students eventually become better at the other aspects of life and grasp how education and chess game can transform their life. Movie Evaluation Essay Knights of the South Bronx is a movie by Allen Hughes released in 2005. It conveys the story of a real person named David MacEnulty, who was an exeptional chess player and brought children of the South Bronx elementary school to participate and win in chess championships (Bardwick). Ted Danson plays his role of a new substitute teacher as Richard Mason at school located at the south of Bronx. The film reveals the uneasy lives of black community at new York city and how children of this society is affected by this. As the new teacher comes from a different background, he finds it challenging to find a common language with his students. Eventually, he discovers an interest in chess as the solution to the communication problem. This is a light family movie which teaches kindness and importance of education for all children regardless of their race, ethnicity, and family background. The film covers many characters and their situations which displays the racism issue to a full extent. However, Knigths of the South Bronx lacks some elements which distort the overall impression of the work. Despite of the strong dialogues throughout the film, there is a poor character disclosure and the plot feels cramped as Hughes tried to transmit a lot of infromation given the movie is only about 90 minutes. The movie leaves a profound impression on the audience with its deep dialogues between the
Introduction Every country has its own culture and traditions. India is interesting for its unique social structure. It involves the complex system of social classes named the castes. The stratification of Indian society facilitates economic and social inequality. Indian society is often described as “the unity in diversity” due to its numerous cultural and social dimensions. The aim of this essay is to describe the system of castes in India as well as to characterize the diversity of Indian society. The Economic Dimension of the Caste System In general, the caste system in India represents the stratified hierarchy of the differences of the Indian social structure. It has a long and rich history. The first mentions of the caste system in India trace back to 1200 BC. The division on castes was based on the social division of labor. Caste can be described as “a group of people having a specific social rank” (History of the caste system, n.d., part. 1). The Indians still believe that if the person does not violate the rules of their caste, they will transit to the higher caste in the next life. If they do violate the rules of their caste, they will transit to the lower social layer. The castes in India can be described by the term of jati, which unites more than 3 000 social groups in the country (Jati: the caste system, n.d.). Although the system of castes exists all over the country, each region has its specific features of the social structure. People are divided into castes according to their occupation. In turn, the caste determines their “access to wealth, power, and privilege” (Deshpande & Kerbo, 2010, n.pag.). As a result, the caste system facilitates economic inequality in Indian society. The Brahmas represent the highest caste, including clergymen and scholars (Deshpande & Kerbo, 2010). It is believed that they have already achieved a substantial level of spiritual development. The Brahmas are followed by the Kshatriyas. This caste includes politicians and military men. The Vaishyas from the next caste in the hierarchy. This group includes merchants. They are followed by the Shudras who are represented by the workers, peasants, and servants (Deshpande & Kerbo, 2010). And the last social layer in the hierarchy is the untouchables who “perform the occupations, which are considered unclean and polluting” (Deshpande & Kerbo, 2010, n.pag.). Nowadays, they represent approximately 16% of the Indian population. The Untouchables do not form a separate caste, and they are called the outcasts. It can be said that they are out of not only the caste system but the Indian society as a whole. Undoubtedly, such hierarchy divides the society unequally and unfairly, depriving the people of the lower social layers of the opportunity of being the full members of society. The Indian caste system is characterized by “the endogamy and the occupational restriction” (Deshpande & Kerbo, 2010, n.pag.) Taking into account these characteristics, it becomes clear that the transition from
America is a country built by people from different backgrounds. It is a nation comprising of people who migrated from other parts of the world, some willingly and others forcefully through slavery. All these people have their different cultures and the majority of them hold to them making America a land of cultural, racial and religious diversity. The people who founded and built America migrated from various places of the world and they included the Europeans, Jews, Italians, Germans, Filipinos, Indians, Africans and the Irish among others. Even now, America still experiences massive immigrations mostly from Latin America, Asia, and Africa. The increased development of different cultures in America as well as social, political economic, racial and religious diversity affects the American nation in many ways. There are both merits and demerits of the diversity in America. This diversity has enabled the people from different backgrounds to live together and understand the diverse cultures and practices of other people. The diversity is important in the educational processes of the American people as they learn from what is practically present with them. These people also participate in these educational processes, which contribute to their development. Cultural diversity is important in economic development. It gives people involved in business to know the desires and needs of other cultures in the world and thus help them to come up with business strategies. The diversity in language is well exploited in this process. Di
The perception of Joseph Stalin’s figure is a controversial issue and an actual question for researchers in the modern world. On the one hand, there are people who idolize him and who were satisfied with the level of life during his reign. On the other hand, Stalin is famous for Gulag, severe and unfair repressions, violent decisions towards scientists and artistic people. He cultivated the regime where denunciations were often the only way to survive. What is more, it is necessary to point out that it is hard to examine the figure of the dictator outside his own image that he created being in power (Onaciu). Another problem is the question of the objectivity of the archives of this period as Stalin could destroy the files that were not beneficial for his profile. However, nowadays, there are academic works that are based on diverse sources of information, including secret materials and foreign documents. It helps to establish an objective overview of Stalin’s figure and his actions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the correlation between the biographical facts of the dictator and his political regime. Joseph Stalin was born in an ordinary Georgian family; he was a student of Theological Academy. He was one of the most brilliant children and was good at all disciplines presented in this educational institution. Nevertheless, Stalin did not like studying and preferred to spend time with friends interested in revolution. It is possible to assume that the resentment against Theological Academy led to the prohibition of religion in the USSR during his reign. Onaciu maintains that the sociological approach is significantly vital in case of analyzing the individual strategies of the dictator. For this reason, it is crucial to pay attention to the circumstances of life of people, the level of their comfort, and their attitudes in the period of this regime. The geographical position affected the perception of current events by the population. For example, the remoteness from the center of the country, big cities, and railway stations played a notable role in th
What traits does the leader possess? General Norman Schwarzkopf has an uncanny personal magnetism that enables him to work with a diverse group of people. It can be argued that his ability to lead a team to victory is the reason for his magnetic personality. He demonstrated his effective leadership skills through his various tours in Vietnam, and when he worked as the logistics coordinator for the Bush Administration. Schwarzkopf made his mark when former President Bush appointed him the overall commander of a military alliance created to defeat Saddam Hussein in Operation Desert Storm. His leadership skills enabled him to defeat the well-organized and battle-tested the Iraqi army in a military campaign that only lasted for a few months. Schwarzkopf was a remarkable organizer. Military leadership has always been measured in terms of the leader’s ability to manage human resources in order to accomplish a particular mission. In this respect, Schwarzkopf demonstrated his superb management skills, especially when he organized and supervised the campaign against Saddam Hussein’s army. Aside from organizational skills, Schwarzkopf also demonstrated superb people skills. Military leadership requires a certain degree of people skills because the commander is expected to lead a group of soldiers into battle. Without the capability to connect with another human being, it is impossible for the commander to inspire confidence from his troops. Identify Schwarzkopf’s leadership skills? Schwarzkopf’s effective leadership style is characterized by the application of “human skill.” According to the Katz model of leadership, the leader with human skills can leverage the power of the group. Thus, Schwarzkopf does not have to be the most brilliant tactician in the team. He does not have to be the most gifted member of the group. However, his value to the team was found in his ability to bring out the best from every member. Schwarzkopf demonstrated a heightened level of sensitivity with regards to his capability, and the ability of those who served with him. He valued the perception and values of other people. He understood the importance of considering other people’s points of view. Thus, it is easier for him to defer to other people’s ideas if he believed that a compromise would not endanger the mission. He made sure to make small compromises if these compromises were justified by the creation of a high-performance team. Schwarzkopf’s “human skill” capability was manifested through the contributions of motivated team members. According to Katz, leaders with a high level
The process of literacy development in children typically occurs in five phases, the first one being the development of awareness and exploration. As its title suggests, in the specified stage, children tend to explore the language, starting with the perception of the spoken word from their parents and people around them to building their vocabulary by reading books (Lai 110). The question that children tend to ask during the stage of awareness and exploration are the main signifiers of the literacy development process being launched. As a rule, young children tend to ask about the names of objects to build their vocabulary and gain the basic knowledge required for the foundation of literacy development (Lai 110). The second phase, known as experimental reading and writing, can be observed when children reach the preschool age. At the given point of their development, they take particular interest in nursery rhymes and similar sources of learning to gain new vocabulary, as well as observe and understand how language is used. While children may prefer pictures in books to the actual process of reading, the latter should be encouraged by parents (Cooper et al. 184). In addition, children can show enthusiasm for learning by attempting to write letters for the first time or trying to spell their names (Cooper et al. 184). Any writing or reading endeavors should be highly encouraged by adults to prompt early learning. As soon as children learn about letters and their use and become comfortable with the idea of using letters to formulate their ideas, they transition to the third phase of literacy development, which is known as early reading and writing stage. During the third stage, children enter the realm of the academic environment by enrolling in preschool. They learn key aspects of phonics and word building, becoming capable of writing phonetically (Lai 111). Remarkably, children are very likely to make numerous mistakes in spelling since they will rely on the sound of the word rather than its epistemology (Lai 112). However, parents and teachers should be delicate about correcting these mistakes not to avert a child from learning. As a child grows to start their second or third grade, they enter the fourth stage of language development, which is known as the traditional re
The study of the concepts of death in various religions prompts additional exploration in me. Naturally, I cannot fit all of the aspects that I find intriguing, but I will mention several of them and try to connect them in a coherent journal entry. I find it most interesting how human societies tend to come up with the idea of the temporal nature of death due to the cycles of seasons and the day and night that they witnessed continually. In Egypt, for example, the Nile and its flooding that brought fertility to the land of its people was the symbol of resurrection. The life of Egyptians depended on this cycle, and I do not find it surprising that they tended to link the former and the latter and consider them to be similar (Sumegi 1946). Naturally, Egyptians never saw people become revived, but the issue can be easily resolved by assuming that the alive were not admitted into the land of the afterlife. The Egyptian concept of death can be described as the journey, which was performed by the soul (Ka, Akh, and Ba) of the human being as it was transported to the better world that was ruled by Osiris together with venerable ancestors (Agai 2-7). As a result, Egyptians simply needed to come up with the set of laws that could grant them the admission to this land. These rules, while they were concerned with proper behavior, also placed great emphasis on the magical rituals. As a result, improper burial meant that the soul would not be able to rest in Egyptian peace (Agai 3). Similarly, the idea of the immortal soul that cannot perish and needs admission to a better world occurred in Christianity and Islam. In Christianity, for example, the central figure that symbolizes resurrection is Jesus. He died, and he was resurrected; moreover, the sincere belief in him is the path towards the resurrection of other humans (Agai 2). The early Christian Church did believe in the idea that the Second Coming would bring all the dead back to live together with their bodies. In fact, this idea was the reason to noticeably less elaborate burial processes of Christians (Agai 1-2). When compared to the pyramids, Christian funerals are much more modest, but their initial idea of faith being sufficient for the right to live after death caused criticism even among Christians themselves (Agai 2). It is not surprising, therefore, that eventually the faith was complemented by just and fair life. Similarly, such a combination provided good Islamic people with the right to live in the paradise (Moreman 83). Opposed to the paradises of the two religions are their hells meant for those who have only little faith and committed many sins. Thus, the evolution of the concept of death, resurrection, and afterlife provides humans with a “choice” of what they are going to do when they die. Death in the Eyes of a Child Death is probably one of the most difficult concepts that a person, nevertheless, has to realize. What is more, this realization typically occurs in childhood, and by the age of ten or twelve, this process is completed, which means that a child perceives the concept of death the way adults do (Colman e