ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Non-Incremental Innovations in the Context of Incumbent Companies and Procter& Gamble (P&G) Promoting change in the context of an organisation is a crucial step toward securing its place in the global economy and maintaining quality levels high. The latter, in turn, creates prerequisites for building customer loyalty and encouraging the target population to return to repurchase the company’s services (Gebhardt 2015). Changes are especially important for incumbent firms that have been operating in the target market long enough to become incumbent. Unless a company of the identified caliber fails to develop an innovative approach toward change management, it is doomed to fail in the global economy realm due to the inability to meet the target audience’s demands. Research Problem/Rationale: Change as an Essential Element of the Firm’s Growth Non-incremental changes have been viewed as undesirable for the companies that have already established their presence in a specific market (Verganti & Shani 2016). The reasons for the identified point of view seem quite understandable; without consistency in their application, random alterations may disrupt crucial processes in an organisation. That being said, it is also essential for a company to be ready to adjust to the ever-changing realm of the global market. Therefore, the importance of non-incremental innovations (NIIs) needs to be explored so that a coherent approach toward change management could be determined. Once a basic and flexible framework for implementing NIC in the realm of the global economy is introduced, the opportunities for future growth can be created for incumbent firms (Kaulio, Thoren & Rohrbeck 2016). The identified change is especially important for P&G. Over the past few years, the organisation has witnessed a significant drop in customer loyalty rates, mainly because of the emergence of new and cheaper substitutes in the context of the global market (Kaulio et al.
A Japanese poetry has always been famous for the mystery and depth of imagery, symbols, and themes introduced in their poems. Therefore, yugen is chosen for comparing two genres of Japanese poetic works. The most noticeable poems of the period have introduced a series of anthologies unveiling various techniques, and approaches to rendering their thoughts and ideas. Though waka and renga genres have similar roots, the latter is a much more sophisticated outgrowth of waka poetry in terms of the length and narration techniques. Among the most accomplished waka poets, one can highlight Shunzei and Emperor Go-Toba for whom the concept of yugen was decisive in delivering the natural imagery and symbolism represented in their poems. The poets of renga period, particularly Sogi, also aspired to the vivid expression of depth and imagery through the concept of yugen. While analyzing the role of yugen in presenting waka and renga forms of poetry, specific attention should be given to the analysis of latent devices that poets made use of while presenting the significances and consciousness of a specific poem. In this respect, specific attention is given to the poem 273 where the natural imagery is used to render the depth of grief and sorrow experienced by the residents of Fukakusa Village: “Daylight fades away and the autumn wind on the fields pierces to the soul…” ( Poem 273 150). By using the description of nature, Shunzei manages to render the atmosphere that differs from the configuration of words. In such a manner, his poems create an effect of mystery, depth, and charm. Similar approaches are heavily used by Emperor Go-Toba who manages to presents poems connected by themes, motives and images. To compare the way the poet applies to yugen, a poem about autumn is presented: “Autumn progresses. / So cry out then, you cricket on this f
Most authors define Imperialism in political terms. Few texts however define imperialism beyond politics. In Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Sign of the Four” and Anne McClintock ‘ s “The Lay of the Land: Genealogies of Imperialism” imperialism is defined in terms of femininity. The female is portrayed as imperial and dominating. She wields extreme power over the male. This implies that the female is as dominating as colonial imperialists. “The Sign of the Four” by Arthur Conan Doyle is an unforgettable Classic novel. The story remains etched in the mind of the reader for a long, since Doyle creates an amazing new world different from the real world. This makes the story captivating. Even though “The Sign of the Four” is based on the heroics of Sherlock Holmes, events are seen through the eyes of Dr Watson, Holmes trusted confidant. While Dr Watson is a great friend, he also writes manuscripts of experiences the have together. Initially, Dr Watson presents Holmes as melancholic, dazed and lost in his own world as a result of cocaine addiction, only to be intruded by a beautiful but troubled young lady named Mary (Doyle 11). Mary uninvitedly intrudes Holmes private world but as it later turns out, such intrusion gives the reader the opportunity to peek into Holmes fascinating mind. It is also through her intrusion that Holmes mysterious powers are unraveled. Mary seeks Holmes’ help to unravel the mystery of the mysterious pearls (Doyle 12, 26). Initially, Holmes seems to be the wrong person to seek help from due to his cocaine addiction, but through out the story, he spots things oblivious to the common eye. This makes him not only a fascinating character. His masterfulness, intelligence and confidence become evident. “The Sign of the Four” also implicitly explores gender influence, especially with regards to the overpowering influence of feminine beauty. Similarly, in “The Lay of the Land: Genealogies of Imperialism,” Anne McClintock equates such feminine influence to natural power, as she depicts the earth as genuinely feminine. Additionally, McClintock explicitly depicts the female as an imperialist who defines male anxiety. The imperial female is so dominant in the mind of the male that the male ritualistically feminizes the world. This is depicted through the European male, who erects female symbols as markers of geographical borders and boundaries. In addition to this, male creations such as sailing ship not only have feminine figures bound to their prows but are also christened female names (McClintock 21-61). “The Lay of the Land: Genealogies of Imperialism,” explores historical perspective of deliberate feminization of nature by the male. McClintock posits that other than symboli
Introduction Everyday arguments are emerging on the status of the present activism. Debates on whether activists display of opinions, street rallies, sit-ins and blockades are things of the past have emerged. Thus, we seek to highlight whether new forms of advocacy can still be effective in achieving social developments in modern society. Scholars in the field of social movements have realised that a lot of changes are conspicuous in today’s advocacy causes, strategies and tactics. Social and economic movements have referred to advocacy as an “active support of an idea or cause expressed through strategies and methods that influence the opinion and decision of people and organisations” (Moyer, 1990). The key reason of advocacy is to design or change policies, regulations, and laws that influence people daily activities and ensure fulfilment of people’s decisions. Advocacy targets policymakers who include: public servant, politicians, as well as government officials. Other bodies that impact on people’s lives and whose opinions and actions influence the policymakers are also keys in advocacy. They include the private sector leaders, journalist media, social development agencies, trade unions, faith based and peace groups and enormous nongovernmental organisations such as Jubilee 2000, and Via Campesina. A number of social movement organisations of today such as Via Campesina have their origin from advocacy. They have grown from the desire of wanting to recognise basic rights like the need for education, medical care, food, as well as just treatment among some groups of people like the disabled and the prisoners. However, some phases of advocacies have not undergone transition i.e. advocacy on core values and some principles of independent advocacy. They entail self awareness, respect, equality, openness and stereotyping. On the other hand, other advocacy principles have gone through changes due to progresses in the community. These areas include to equal opportunities, business planning, evaluation procedures, equality and diversity strategies. In the Global South, the rise of social and resistance movements is not a new notion. These movements grow daily in numbers, in Africa, Central and South America, Caribbean, Europe, South East Asia, and South Asia. The movements target activism, advocacy and grassroots, capacity building for advocacy among the locals for the aim of creating critical analysis, and emphasising detailed discussions on national and global policies. Their task targets to lessen effects of globalisation, neoliberalism, and militarisation. Participants of this movement are mainly environmentalist, small-scale farmers and producers, peasants, rural women, youths, and casual labourers in the agricultural sector. Social and resistance moveme
When emphasizing a syllable in a word and giving it a particular metric meaning, the accent makes it possible to understand precisely where it is necessary to make an accent in this word. When choosing one or more words in an utterance, the articulation clarifies what intonation selection needs to be made. As for the Arabic dialects themselves, in this case, the distribution of accents varies. Stresses and accents began to mix because the stimulus of a particular word was used. Nevertheless, the phonetic ratio of stress in Arabic may also be different. The phonology of stress requires more initial effort than the phonetic manifestation of stress. Another reason of non-native-like stress patterns, according to study, is stressing function phrases that would not ordinarily be stressed in English. In the phonetic realization of stress, there is a more substantial transfer of L1 than in the phonological one. (Almbark et al., 2014). There was some evidence of phonological transfer, particularly in the assignment of accents to non-contrastive function words in a non-native-like manner. Due to vowel alterations, learners of a second language are more prone to be affected by accent. L1 learners acquire words and information about the world at the same time, whereas L2 links between words and the world are primarily determined by the learner’s age. Long emphasized words are difficult to pronounce for learners who are impacted by accents (Almbark et al., 2014). They may decide to remove particular vowels from the words. Because they are already familiar with their first language, it is especially common among L2 learners. When the stressed syllable is only communicated through duration, intensity, and f0, with no vowel reduction in the adjacent unstressed syllable, they are unable to recognize the stressed syllable in disyllabic nonsensical word stress minimum pairs. Finally, stressed words have an impact on the majority of L2 learners because it is not their native language. People have trouble pronouncing some words in their L2 due to the influence of their L1 accent. Many students find it challenging to accurately pronounce words in their second language due to the influence of the accent. Stress is a word that English speakers frequently use to express swiftly and precisely, especially in difficult situations. Because stressed words emerge clearly from the speaker’s mouth, listeners can quickly recognize them. Reference Almbark, R., Bouchhioua, N., & Hellmuth, S. (2014). Acquiring the phonetics and phonology of English word stress: Comparing learners from different L1 backgrounds. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech , 5 (1), 19-35. Web.
Meanings of the “Greater Jihad” and the “Lesser Jihad” as Summarized by Kelsey According to Kelsey (1993), the “greater jihad” means personal struggle with the heart to do God’s will while the “lesser jihad” means waging war for religious purposes. The “lesser jihad” fights enemies of Islam and God, while “greater jihad” fights for an individual’s ego through prayers and reading the Quran to know God. Thus, “lesser jihad” is allowable when staged for self-defense and aims at fighting against injustice and evil. 1 Another name for “greater jihad” is a struggle with the tongue and “lesser jihad” is a struggle with the sword (Kelsey, 1993). These definitions originated from interpretations of Prophet Muhammad. After Muhammad and his followers arrived from combat, he told them that they went through with the lesser jihad, but they still had to handle the greater jihad. Jihad may thus also represent efforts by Muslims to form a fair structure of political administration. 2 Initially, Muslims considered acknowledging the oneness of God, judgment and the need to live according to God’s rules as favorable ways to expand Islamic territories (Kelsey, 1993). At that time, Muslims considered forcing people into religion as unethical and sought to spread Islamic values without the sword. However, Sunni t
Introduction The definition of corruption has always remained relative without any distinct boundary on activities that would be described as corrupt. The particular reasons behind this scenario are hard to discern. First, it is not possible to exactly determine the intention of offering gifts and financial incentives towards an individual, and second, the definition of corruption and lobbying override the other and as such, it is virtually impossible to classify actions in terms of either legalized or corrupt action. It, therefore, remains one of the greatest global challenges. According to Transparency International (2010), corruption refers to the “non-transparent or politically connected type of business that is associated with the abuse of power.” Corruption as Cultural Tradition I support the definition of corruption in cultural contexts. This is because the historical definition of corruption has been laced and encompassed within the cultural tradition. The very act of corruption traces its roots from historical activities that were sought to gain favor or an upper hand in business or legal matters. In addition to the above, the cultural tradition of gift offering draws its origin from centuries-long ago and has remained an entrenched practice in many societies globally. According to Delattre (2002), “in socialism corruption was almost legal; it was the period of corruption.” This means that corruption as a wider topic of concern t
Introduction Desertification, usually fuelled by climatic fluctuations, refers to the continuous change from a useful land into a desolate region unfit for habitation. As the issue continues to worsen day-by-day, Africa seems the most hit, with many regions almost vacant as people migrate in search for conducive environments. For instance, Eritrea, an African country, is among the recently founded countries found in the northeastern region of the continent with a land size of roughly 124,430 square kilometers. The country provides the best illustration of countries severely hit by environmental problems ranging from “…desertification and soil erosion through deforestation and overgrazing to significant loss of lands resulting from the many land mines present in the country” (Swift, 1992, p.23). However, the current Eritrea differs significantly from the same Eritrea a century ago when a luxurious flora and fauna dominated the country. The dramatic change, as people claim, arose from the then environmental negligence during the colonial era, which marked the dawn of intermittent famine followed by a momentous slump of the then available natural resources. Although the activities taking place in Eritrea differ from place to place and culture to culture, all seem to contribute positively towards the desertification evident in the country. As the paper unveils, the repercussions brought about by desertification have forced the Eritrean government to intervened thereby implementing strategies that have successfully arrested the situation. The paper singles out the issue of desertification, among the many environmental issues in Eritrea, expounding on the Eritrean flora, the reason behind its desertification and further pointing out the major strategies that the government has put in place to make its fight against desertification a success as it stands. Vegetation in Eritrea In terms of ecological partitions, Eritrea bears six natural zones based on factors like vegetation and altitude among others founded on the works of different researchers and scholars not only from Eritrea but also from other countries in Africa. The central highlands form part of the zones covering a land area of approximately 2.6 million hectares with the northern highlands inclusive. The zone covers the plateau regions together with the slopes in the western and eastern parts of the country. Rainfall in the western escarpment is quite unpredictable with only two months, July and August, registering the highest amounts unlike the eastern slopes, which receive rainfall virtually every month. Therefore, “the highland is composed of mixed natural forest such as Juniperus Procera, Olea Africana and Juniperus Procera ” (Kiflom, 2008, p.4). Dry and hot conditions characterize the western escarpments regions with rainfall levels significantly falling right from the peak of the mountains towards the lowlands in the wes
The article “Successful Applications of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education” purposed to present the outcomes of successful implementation of the balanced scorecard done on two institutions of higher learning, namely the Kenneth W. Monfort College of Business at Northern Colorado and the University of Wisconsin – Stout. The author, Deborah F. Beard, describes the balanced scorecard (BSC) as a strategic planning and management system that enables organizations to assess key performance measures, including financial and nonfinancial measures, current performance and drivers for future performance, with the aim to align the organization’s mission statement, core values, and vision for the future with objectives, tactics, targets, and programs that are precisely intended to not only inform but motivate continuous attempts toward improvement (Beard, 2009). The author takes note that BSC was traditionally used in business organizations, but the concept is been increasingly used in education circles, not only because learning institutions have become more business-oriented but also as a tool to improve the delivery of quality education through strategic planning and continuous improvement of value to students and stakeholders. The article offers useful insights into how BSC was founded by Kaplan and Norton, who thought that an organization’s performance and competitiveness cannot be evaluated using financial results alone as they failed to capture value-creating activities (Beard, 2009). Perhaps one of the salient aspects underlined in the article is that a successful BSC undertaken in a higher education setting should not only be able to deliver ever-improving value to students and stakeholders, hence contributing to education quality and organizational stability, but should also have the capacity to improve the overall organizational effectiveness and capabilities and promote organizational and personal learning. Indeed, these are the basic tenets adopted from BSC that form the basis of the “Education Criteria for Performance Excellence”, awarded to top-performing academic institutions under the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award Program (2003) (Beard, 2009). Although the author makes mention of several core values and categories that could be used for successful implementation of BSC in higher education, she emphasizes the importance of adopting the seven categories that embody the core values and conceptions of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Program (2003), and which could be used by institutions of higher learning to successfully implement BSC, hence be able to undertake continuous improvement of processes. These categories include: “leadership; strategic planning; a student, stakeholder, and market focus; measurement, an
The adjustment process of new children and their parents can be challenging for them and the teacher. An educator can implement many educational and communicational techniques to ease the process and support the children and parents. I believe that maintaining constant communication with parents through conferences or phone calls, with the consideration of their time and privacy, is one of the most important elements. Encouraging home learning activities and welcoming parents into the classroom is also crucial. Most parents would like to be involved in or informed about their children’s adjustment in a new classroom. Gaining parents’ trust by properly communicating with them and engaging them in collaborative problem-solving and planning would ease their and their children’s adjustment process (Kuhn et al., 2017). Being mindful of their time and privacy is crucial in establishing a healthy parent-educator relationship. According to Lin et al. (2019), home learning activities can help children overcome their school involvement issues. Informing parents about the importance of home-based activities would encourage them to participate, resulting in parental support and involvement in the adjustment process of the children. For parents and children with separation anxiety, an educator can invite the parents into the classroom. However, it is vital to communicate the expectations and roles to the parents beforehand to avoid misunderstandings (Zurcher, 2016). Overall, it would calm the children and reassure the parents of their children’s safety during the adjustment process. The adjustment process of children and parents to a new classroom and teacher is challenging; however, there are ways to make it easier for all the parties. I think that being respectful and maintaining educator-parent communication is the most important factor in adapting to a new schooling environment. Inviting the parents to the classroom can help with the separation anxiety in both children and their parents. Additionally, encouraging home learning activities would solve the involvement issue of the children.