ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Corruption is an integral part of any society; although it sometimes seems useful, corrupt practices have incredibly dire consequences in the future. In prospect, the advantage of a bribe here and now is easily transformed into several problems in the future. The authorities, ready to provide specific services for illegal payment, can entangle a company in a network of corrupt machinations, demanding large bribes in the future. Also, corrupt bureaucrats can quickly thwart a business by helping one’s competitors occupy the same niche and taking enormous bribes from them. Consequently, while exploiting corruption for a business may seem like a Machiavellian pragmatic move, it turns out to be a rash move without looking at the consequences. In the example from the case question, everything looks perfect for making a deal at first glance. However, as mentioned earlier, a bribe is a decision with long-lasting consequences. The fact that corruption is an “acceptable” measure in the countries represented, which seems like a plus in this situation, is, in fact, only an indicator of future problems. The more corruption is entrenched in the government, the more difficult it is for businesses to exist in conditions of local competition with other corrupt officials. One also must understand that local oligarchs and entrepreneurs will expel foreign companies using a large pool of corrupt levers. These factors signify significant risks, which means that such a transaction will bring more harm and less than good. Summing up, it should be said that deals with corrupt officials have more problems in the future than advantages presently. However, giving up expansion is also extremely risky. The solution to this dilemma lies in the middle: in smooth expansion. It would be a good move to test the situation by occupying a niche with a small company branch to increase the staff and assets for some time. Then, if no demands for new bribes come from government officials and the accompanying sabotage of the enterprise, it is safe to expand more steadily and confidently. This approach is cautious and may seem too slow, but it is the best option available in this case. Thus, the risks will be minimized because the company’s branch begins to incur losses and experience difficulties. Its closure will not be as expensive and crushing as if, after a bribe, the company began to finance all the allocated resources at once. As a result, the most optimal strategy for solving the bribery dilemma would be the option of consent but with caution at the beginning of the branch’s development. In summary, despite the prevalence of corruption in any social system, it does not mean that it should be encouraged. Even more so, one should not deceive oneself with its false benefits for their business and work. A bribe always carries grave consequences for everyone: the state, enterprises, and even the corrupt officials themselves. The main problem of this entire system is the very fact of the systematic nature of corruption. This means that everyone who resorts
Although African Diaspora had to cover a long way to mold its unique ecclesial pace, it has finally managed to become the major spiritual, social, political, and cultural institution uniting its followers of African descent. The history of Black Church formation accounts for the fact that its spiritual domain is not detached from the empirical one. This religious community was formed not for abstract philosophical speculations but out of a need to create a secure space where believers can find comfort, healing of body and soul, support, and understanding necessary for developing qualities that, according to their beliefs, shape a human being. Therefore, each individual is viewed as grounded in the Black Church community that values equal relationships between its members and between the self and the universe. 1 According to J. A. Joseph, “African-Americans connection to the Black church is directly linked to the overriding belief among African-Americans that service to God is linked to service to humanity.” 2 Thus, the paper at hand is going to prove that African Diaspora fully expresses itself in the Black Church as a people-oriented community taking care of its every single member. Historical Background of the Diaspora Expression in the Black Church When we attempt to analyze the nature of spirituality in the African Diaspora, it is highly important to remember that the Black Church appeared as a response to slavery. The point is that white landlords often used religion to prove that African people were created with the only purpose – to serve their masters, which should be done immaculately to win a place in heaven. African Diaspora embraced this religion but still introduced certain changes to give people a chance of intellectual and spiritual escape from their humiliating position. From the very beginning, the Black Church gave people power, love, and endurance to tolerate those who oppressed them. It became the only place where they could feel free and welcome. 3 It is also worth noticing that the Black Church was not only a place providing comfort and sympathy to its members but also a huge arena where political, social, religious, and other problems were addressed. The idea standing behind its formation was that people do not need pity exclusively – they deserve living a full-fledged life with adequate social participation outside the atrocities of racism. Thus, the religious community served as a solid institution guarding the rights of each. 4 One more important historical expression of the African community in the Black Church is its role in the success of the Civil Rights Movement. The Church managed to survive and save its core principles throughout all hardships it had to face. Thus, it was strong enough to provide support to its members in their strivings to find social and political justice and eliminate racial prejudice in society. It organized volunteers and provided the community with the necessary funding. Moreover, it encouraged leadership in the form of spiritual guidance for people not to be afraid t
Case Study 1 In medical practice, there are a large number of diseases that develop quite quickly. Such diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to ambiguous symptoms reported by patients. The proposed case study describes the case of a racial minority patient (44 years old) who developed a pulmonary embolism after the surgical treatment of his tumor. The things that went wrong in the case include the lack of necessary postoperative care, blood tests, and CTA tests helping to distinguish the condition (Tan & Haramati, 2016). Also, it is possible to suppose that the providers attributed the patients’ symptoms to possible heart problems or the effects of anesthetic medications used to perform surgical procedures. The potential reasons why blood clots continued to be misdiagnosed are related to the providers’ level of professional experience and the similarities between the symptoms indicated and the signs of a heart attack. Furthermore, difficult breathing is listed among the most common effects of anesthesia and it could cause misdiagnosis (Haden, 2017). Another reason is the unique character of reported symptoms (the presence of gas pains, the absence of chest pain, unusual skin color, etc.). There are specific strategies that could be used to prevent the development of blood clot complications and the patient’s death. Obtaining the medical history, it would be necessary to study the presence of common risk factors such as the cases of thromboembolic disease in his family medical history, an increased BMI, the history of inflammatory disease, or a sedentary lifestyle. When it comes to ordering diagnostics, it would be important to conduct blood and urine tests, do an ECG to exclude heart diseases, and a pulmonary angiogram to define the presence of blood clots. Potential treatment options include transporting the patient to an emergency room and the use of thrombolytics to improve the circulation of blood. In case of these measures’ ineffectiveness, blood clots should be removed surgically. Case Study 2 According to the case, a female patient who is twenty-eight years old suffers from asthma but has no specific complaints related to her physical condition. As is clear from the medical history obtained by the specialist, the patient uses necessary drugs to block the symptoms of asthma regularly. The data on this chronic disease is extremely important in the given case. Nowadays, some researchers suppose that abnormal iron levels in adult women are strictly interconnected with asthma and can exacerbate the disease (Brigham, McCormack, Takemoto, & Matsui, 2015). The patient’s social history indicates that she is quite conscious about her health (the use of tobacco and alcohol is minimized). Despite the absence of clear complaints, some negative findings indicate the need for further research. The data presented in the case allows making a differential diagnosis. The lab reports presented in the case show that the patient has an insufficient level of hemoglobin. Her hemoglobin is 10 which is low for adult women who are not pregnant. The patient’s hematocrit level is also low. At the same time, the lab reports
International protocol version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has better characteristics than IPv4. The current type is the most recent and most advanced internet protocol that can determine the location of the computer systems across a given network and routing. Routing is a selection of a path for the computer systems among or across multiple systems. Pathing can also be performed on various types of networks, such as computer networks. It involves various protocols such as routing information protocol. The version makes use of an important feature known as the IPv6 address. This address is based on assigning a unique numeric number used to locate and identify a network interface of a given desktop machine. Devices, in this case, include a laptop or any operator connected to the internet and participating in a given computer network. Internet protocol 6 is likely to have a greater impact soon as it has 340 trillion more unique IP addresses. This is higher than the older version, which had almost 4.4 billion IPv4 addresses, which probably are all assigned globally. It is more likely that the number of internet users will increase daily. This is due to the fact that there is still vast room for accommodating more devices across or between given networks that will be assigned unique IPV6 addresses. The most recent research revealed that Google users doubled each year by 10%. The major factor that triggered the development of IPv6 was a shortage of IPv4 addresses. The previous failed in meeting the current growing demand for internet requirements to accommodate the increasing number of users. The other factors include:   * Security purposes; is an essential aspect of the internet and networking. The current version offers the best security measures compared to its predecessor, as it can run on end-to-end encryption.   * Larger connectivity requirements.   * Scalability.
Aim of the Research The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of the lives of Iraqi and Cuban refugees who have arrived the United States. Specifically, this paper will focus on the statistics of the refugees, their emotional standing, their living styles, problem arising due to language barriers, and the difficulties that they face in finding employment in the US. Introduction Based on Office of the Office of Refugee Resettlement, 2012 saw nearly 1948 Cuban refugees arriving in the US. Most of these individuals had escaped torture and political persecution in their mother nations. On the other hand, 12,122 Iraqi refugees managed to acquire the refugee status in the US with most of them having experienced additional stressors arising from their journey to the US coupled with the procedures involved in immigration (U.S. Department of Health, 2012). This increased their emotional disturbances given that they were still reeling from traumatic exposures such as war and persecution. From the studies that have been conducted, it has been identified that discrimination and intolerance are the leading obstacles that these individuals are facing as they try to adjust to the mainstream culture. Therefore, the most widespread mental symptoms for such refugees include overwhelming fears and worries, restlessness, feeling on the edge, and anger management issues (Bemak et al., 2003). The Iraqi and Cuban refugees face various challenges while in the US. First, they have been forced to adopt a culture that is different as compared to their traditional customs and beliefs. Therefore, they strive to achieve financial success as a means of overcoming this obstacle (Robin, 2003). These refugees also strive to ensure that their children receive the best education they can afford to ensure that they are successful in the long run, a practice that is considered as a norm within the normal American population. This makes them susceptible to depression, nervousness, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (Hardin et al., 2001). Notably, some states do not provide physical or mental health screening for these refugees. Consequently, the government and the non-governmental organizations that deal with refugee affairs do not consider their psychological problems especially in dealing with their employment issues (U.S. Department of Health, 2012). From the studies that have been conducted, the main problem that these refugees are facing is finding work especially under the current economy slowdown although they get help from resettlement centers with the assistance of the International Rescue
Introduction In modern U.S. society, law can be divided into two broad categories: criminal law and civil law. All law other than criminal law is known as civil law; it includes tort law (persona; wrongs and damages), property law (the law governing the transfer and ownership of property), and contract law (the law of personal agreements). Discussion A person or group of persons may be called as advocates when they are engaged in “a communication process that involves strategically planned set of activities aimed at achieving or promoting or reinforcing a change in policy, program, legislation, and approach or resource allocation” (“Advocacy, Information and Research Department”). For Hepworth and Larsen (1986), advocacy can be understood as “the process of working with and/or on behalf of clients  1. to obtain services or resources for clients that would not otherwise be provided,  2. to modify extant policies, procedures, or practice that adversely impact clients, or  3. to promote new legislation or policies that will result in the provision of needed resources or services” (as cited in “What is Advocacy?”). Accordingly, there are at least two (2) types of advocacy: “  1. case advocacy – acting on behalf of a client (individual, family or group) in order to access needed resources, services, or to influence policy change; and  2. class advocacy – involves working on behalf of groups of clients and communities who have similar needs” (as cited in “What is Advocacy”). On the other hand, mediation is defined as “an organised negotiation…a structured process in which the mediator guides the disputants through a discussion of their mutual problems and concerns, organises the parties’ presentations of alternatives for resolving the problem and aids the parties in arriving at a resolution of their dispute” (“Mediation”). It is so far the most commonly used method of resolving conflicts. Mediation programs may include various disputes that involved community, commercial, family, environmental, and public policy (as cited in Schwerin, 1995). Law enforcement supervision is said to deal with the management and supervision of law enforcement agencies and personnel. It is said to touch on the structure of the law enforcement agency, personnel management, fiscal management, and the potential criminal and civil liabilities of members of the force (Tiffin University, n.d.). The principles involved in law enforcement supervision are said to include leadership principles, the psychology of building morale and handling grievances, command level personnel duties and responsibilities, discipline-related supervisory problems and responsibilities, budgeting, and investigations of internal affairs (University of Texas at Brownville, 2005). While there is a dearth in literature on changes in law enforcement supervision through the years, some of the recen
Introduction The Wissenschaft ideology has emerged from a movement called Wissenschaft des Judentums (a “science,” or scientific approach to the study, of Judaism) that arose in Germany in the 1820s. This movement paralleled and took its cue from the rise of historical thinking forwarded by Baron Alexander von Humboldt, Leopold von Ranke, and G.W.F. Hegel in non-Jewish German intellectual and academic circles. Yet at the same time, it exhibited the distinguishing marks of its proponents, who were members of an excluded minority trying to win political emancipation and achieve social integration. Furthermore, the members of the Berlin Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Judentums (Association for the Culture and Study of Judaism), who were in large part the architects of the new “critical” study of Jewry, often associated themselves with the movement for reform in Judaism. Although the Verein and its journal devoted to the Wissenschaft des Judentums were short-lived, modern and contemporary Jewish studies owes its existence to the intellectual innovation of this Berlin association’s founders. While the focus of Wissenschaft ideology varies, all agree that the Wissenschaft des Judentums was a political and social phenomenon as well as an intellectual endeavor. The description of Wissenschaft ideology In the first half of the nineteenth century, Judische Wissenschaft (Jewish Science) emerged with practitioners like Leopold Zunz, Abraham Geiger, and David Frankel in Germany; Samuel Luzzatto in Italy; Nachman Krochmal and S.L. Rapoport in Galicia forwarded this Jewish liberal thinking. Although Judische Wissenschaft was not “a consciously organized movement”, it attracted a “number of traditionally educated Jews who became familiar with the languages of Western European culture resolved independently, though in close communication with one another, to investigate by these new methods the classical sources of Judaism” (Jacobs, 1999). Judische Wissenschaft aimed at demonstrating “how the Jewish religion, literature, and philosophy had developed in response to the different civilizations with which Jews had come into contact through the ages”. Prior to that, the movement wanted “to establish correct texts by comparing current texts with those found in libraries open to Jews for the first time. Instead of the piecemeal treatment typical of the older approach, texts were studied as a whole and set in their proper period” (Jacobs, 1999). Essentially, the Wissenschaft ideology shattered the traditional “dogmatic type of historical thinking” that came from 1592 chronicle from David Gans. Gans created a two-part Hebrew chronicle that sealed off Jewish from Gentile history and this delivered an “ingenious response to the explosion of hi
Leadership Effective leadership in a working environment contributes positively to a successful organization. In this environment, staff members would show extreme satisfaction and exhibit a high morale leading to a high productivity (Feltner, 2008). Just as we speak about a successful organization, the exact opposite situation can prevail if the leadership is ineffective. Diminished morale and productivity are seen if the leadership results in a negative impact. A study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of a desirable leader. Here the term leader was defined as a person who leads and who is involved in change, innovation, growth, and empowerment of staff members (American Nurses Association, 2004). Leadership has also been defined “as an interpersonal process for influencing the actions of an individual or group towards establishing goals in a given situation” (Stichler, 2006 ). Welford has defined leadership “ as setting the pace and the direction for change, facilitating innovative practice and ensuring that policies are up to date; professional standards are set in relation to care and a comprehensive service is developed over time” (2002 ). “Leadership is an interpersonal relationship of influence, the product of personal characteristics rather than mere occupation of managerial positions” (Bowles and Bowles, 2000). Transformation leaders with “interpersonal communication, mutuality, affiliation and empowerment” are the accepted leadership now. The awareness about the strategically transformed workplaces is more flexible than their counterparts. Today’s healthcare settings require leaders in every field: their skills and knowledge, decision-making expertise and bearing accountability for the delivery of competent and safe outcomes for patients (Dickenson-Hazard, 2000). Decentralised and flexible decision-making is necessary at the moment when the organisation pyramid has become flatter (Perra, 2001). The image of the leader is changing due to decentralization. The evolving leadership behaviours must be described. The transformational leader is most suited to nursing environments (Wieck, 2003 cited in Cain, 2005). This type of leader centres on skills in interpersonal relationships. Kouzes and Posner have identified 5 practices in exemplary leadership: modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act and encouraging the heart. The learner’s inventory is a very easy instrument to use for analysis (Posners and Kouzes, 1988). Modelling the way Anyone can be granted good jobs but it is the credib