ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Beloved is the novel by Toni Morrison that is discussed as representing the genres of gothic fiction and magical realism, and the purpose of this novel is to demonstrate how slavery can be viewed as a process of dehumanization, whose lasting effects in the form of psychological traumas are observed during a long period of time, as it is in the case of Sethe. In spite of the fact that the events depicted in Beloved take place after the end of the American Civil War, Sethe, as the main character of the novel and a former slave, continues to survive the outcomes of slavery every day of her life. Sethe was dehumanized while being a slave, and she experienced the most critical effect of slavery when she had to choose the death of her children as an act of love and humanity instead of letting them become slaves. Main body In Beloved , slavery is depicted as the route for dehumanization because of such aspects as ownership, control over slaves, physical imprisonment, humiliation, tortures, and whipping. In the novel, Sethe and other slaves living at Sweet Home plantation become dehumanized because of the actions of the Schoolteacher, who is presented by Morrison (1987) as a cruel slaver and as the embodiment of white supremacy. Thus, the Schoolteacher complained that slaves “ate too much, rested too much, talked too much, which was certainly true compared to him, because schoolteacher ate little, spoke less and rested not at all” (Morrison, 1987, p. 220). This person’s violence made Sethe runoff, but moreover, Schoolteacher’s actions made the woman lose her sense of humanity when she became the victim of mammary rape. While talking with Paul D about that dramatic event, Sethe could only focus on the fact that Schoolteacher’s boys took her milk that belonged to her children: “They used cowhide on you?” “And they took my milk.” “They beat you and you was pregnant?” “And they took my milk!” (Morrison, 1987, p. 17). This situation was the moment when Sethe was most significantly affected by her status as a slave. However, Sethe’s sense of dehumanization is influenced not only by her experiences while being a slave but also by her fear of losing the freedom for her children after she escaped Sweet Home plantation and thought she was safe in Cincinnati. When Sethe faced the threat for her children to be taken by Schoolteacher, she decided to kill them in a shed. Her two-year-old daughter died, and two boys survived. Explaining her act and referring to Beloved in her house as the ghost of her daughter, Sethe says, “How if I hadn’t killed her she would have died and that is something I could not bear to happen to her. When I explain it she’ll understand, because she understands everything already” (Morrison, 1987, p. 200). Thus, despite the fact that it is possible to discuss Sethe’s act as the representation of her dehumanization, it is important to note that the woman, on the one hand, sees this situation like the loss of her humanity, but on the other hand, she discusses it as the act of freeing her child because
Ethical issues require additional attention in the sphere of medicine. The presented case touches upon a variety of ethical issues and requires everyone involved to consider some hard choices. This paper will present the argument from the view of a case manager who is representing the patient, utilizing the ethical decision-making model. Issues and Solutions The first step in implementing the ethical decision-making model, in this case, is to gather all available information. Grace, the patient, was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease shortly after she retired to the Happy Valley Nursing Home. Despite her condition, she remained sociable and healthy. However, recently she became withdrawn, pale, and uninterested in eating. When the hospital found her platelet count to be abnormally low, they had to move her to City Hospital. The patient is not legally competent due to her Alzheimer’s disease, so her brother is the only one who can give consent for her treatment. Although he initially agreed to move her to City Hospital, it seems that he was not contacted when an experimental treatment was selected for her. After six days of being in the hospital, she has gone through a variety of examinations, which have established her spleen as the root of the problem. It is unknown whether the experimental treatment is working, but in her advance directive, she has stipulated that no extraordinary measures should be taken if she is dying. The professionals at City Hospital did not consider her advance directive, nor her Do Not Resuscitate request. However, her condition should not lead to immediate death and can be treated. Additionally, her arm has become affected with unknown complications due to an indwelling IV, which was used for supplemental nutrition. The ethical issue lies in whether it is best for the patient to keep the current treatment or consider alternatives. The use of an experimental treatment without contacting her brother, and without considering the wishes expressed in her advance directive, is a very questionable tactic and borders on unethical behavior. A similar article on the topic of consent and patients with Alzheimer’s emphasizes the importance of gaining proper consent for any experimental treatment (Howe, 2012). The case study does not mention that any consent was given, however. As a case manager, I would argue for a new course of action that would be more in line with the wishes of the patient. To this end, three possible solutions present themselves. The first solution is to stop the treatment outright because the consent of her brother was not given before it was implemented. I do not believe that this would be the best ethical decision because both the condition and the IV-related complications can be treated with the possibility of recovery. The wishes of the patient outlined in the advance directive only ap
A prejudice is a personal bias against an individual. While everybody has a freedom of expression, when a prejudice leads to a criminal activity, it becomes a legally defined as a hate crime. It is of significance to differentiate a hate crime from other criminal activities due to the fact a hate crime has a life of its own as it intends to create fear among those facing prejudice. Hate crime is a criminal activity, with a prejudice motivation. Prejudice exists between race, class, disability and sex orientation among other forms. Hate crime operates along these conflict lines. Hate crimes are criminal offence inspired by existing (In the Shadows of The War on Terror: Persistent Police Brutality And Abuse Of People of Colour In The United States 2007). Police brutality in the USA is historical from brutality against Native Americans slaves, black racism and recently, Muslim profiling. The racial profiling and abuse at the police force has been at the heart of killings of minorities in America. With the police force behind its officers in face of police brutality, police involved in hate crime cases face reduced sentences and mostly get their jobs back after cases brought against them (Community Relations Service U.S. Department of Justice 1999). Hate crimes must meet some prerequisites in order to be classified as such. The first prerequisite is that the hate crime is a criminal activity, which has a legal recognition as a criminal activity. Secondly, it should have a prejudice motivation. The murder of Jonny Gammage, a Black-American, at the hands of police did satisfy these prerequisites (Levinand and McDevit 2008). Jonny Gammage, on October 12, 1995, was driving irresponsibly leading to police pulling him over. What had been a normal arrest for driving haphazardly took a turn for the worse when he died for resisting arrest. The events on that given day, took place as follows. After Jonny came to a halt, the arresting police gave an instruction to alight the car he was driving, a Jaguar Sedan. Although resisting, he did as asked and alighted with a phone in hand. The police had a mistaken assumption that the phone was a gun and with aggression, they pounced on him. It is at this moment that he turned violent; therefore, to arrest him, police retaliated with excessive force among them, John Voltas who was the first to hit him. After they were unable to restrain him on the pavement, Voltas along with fellow police officers continued attacking him. This was the view of the police of the occurrence of events on the fateful day, but it is far from the truth. Jonny drove a Jaguar Sedan, by any means a reasonably expensive car. What was unexpected, was a driver of such a car slowing as they approached a police car on standby at the roadside and accelerating thereafter. It was suspicious, which prompted the police officer to follow the car. Lieutenant Milton Mullholland requested back up of John V
Introduction This paper aims to discuss the controversy that occurred in Taiwanese Company Young Fast Optoelectronics (YFO). This enterprise is a supplier of such leading international corporations as Samsung, HTC, Google, and LG. In March 2010, the management of YFO dismissed more than ten union members, who protested against poor working conditions in the factory and illegal practices, pursued by the management of the company. Afterwards, it was also discovered that the YFO employees had to work overtime without any compensation and that the company hired students who did not reach the age of sixteen (Good Electronics, 2010, unpaged). This scandal attracted the attention of the government and international trade union organizations. Several stakeholders are involved in this argument: 1) the workers of this manufacturing facility and trade unions; 2) the management of YFO; 3) the government of the country, and 4) international companies, supplied by YFO. Overall, it is possible to argue that this one of those case when ethical principles and legislation contradict each other. Domestic laws do not explicitly forbid sweatshop practices and, the government has very few legal means of influencing the decisions of the management; more likely the governmental officials are unwilling to intervene into the affairs of YFO. However, such companies as Google or HTC try to be or at least appear responsible corporate citizens and they certainly do not want to be associated with the supplier that abuses the rights of its employees. In this essay we need to discuss the arguments, made by each party involved in this controversy and evaluate them from different moral perspectives, like Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. These ethical theories can be used as effective tools to assess the behavior of private and public organizations. The argument, made by various stakeholders The government In order to discuss this conflict of interest, one should first understand the controversial nature of sweatshops. This is one of those social phenomena that existed virtually in every country, even in advanced economies at a certain point of time. Certainly in such countries as the United States, the United Kingdom, or Germany they disappeared in the first half of the twentieth century, as the quality of living improved and private businesses could no longer dictate their terms to the workers (Balonze, 2004). However, in developing countries such practice is still very widespread because the bargaining power of workers is not strong enough and they cannot choose from a great variety of employers. One should also bear in mind that Asian economies are growing at such a
Introduction Today’s environment is characterized by increasing levels of competition. Enterprises wanting to increase their market share or obtain profits adapt to changes in the environment. Consequently, many changes in business methods are beginning to appear. Among such changes is the practice of restructuring the business. This involves the basic planning and thorough analysis of business procedures for maximum performance and hence productivity. Among the potential enablers of this is an information technology (IT). Although it is expensive especially the initial installations, IT is a prominent methodology that can be deployed to make tasks easier, redesign organizations, change their way of work, and achieve spectacular improvement. This writer is a radio controller/dispatcher at Neel Taxis Ltd. The company I work for has 117 cabs that are on call 24 hours every day. As the shift manager, I decide on which car should go for service, logistics of picking up clients, where and how much they should pay, taking bookings over the phone, helping my drivers with directions within the city, and keeping records of observations for the shift. In between, I take strong Brazilian coffee. There are several ways that information technology can improve our operations some of which I have discussed below. Wireless Communication A system that is structured on the basis of J2EE enterprise design is likely to support the relaying of information connecting wireless terminals in the cabs and a backend structure through a GPRS-GSM system (Storey 2009). It would smartly match taxi accessibility with the customers’ demands, and consequently boost optimization of the fleet. The arrangement is based on a variety of inventive and contemporary expertise which includes GPS, intelligent algorithms, GPRS and voice streaming. Through the in-vehicle Mobile Data Terminals, the taxi bookings, together with the transmission system connects the cabs using the General Packet Radio Service equipment wirelessly. This has successfully been implemented by other taxi firms such as Escalades in Singapore. The in-vehicle appliances act as tools that boost the output and efficiency of the driver’s functions as well as the services rendered to the customers. The InfoWave Company, which is connected to the STEE InfoComm Company, manufactures these appliances and exceptionally designs them. They are structured with brighter and larger seven-inch thin film transistor and glare-resistant touch-screen displays which enhance drivers’ viewing. The system facilitates easy spotting of passengers by the drivers through the use of digitized charts and synchronized information. The security offered within the send-off points enhances the supply of taxis. The available jobs are usually open to the unoccupied taxis, but in case all the cabs are occupied, the chances are offered to drivers who are just about to drop off customers or to taxis going towards the customer’s destination. Currently, we (my assistant and I) have to keep track of all the taxis locations and dispatch them over a VHF system attached to the cars based on our conclusion of the best option. If the drivers get out
Abstract This study analyzes heliox therapy as a medical intervention that is done using oxygen and helium to aid in the process of alleviating various respiratory distresses. Heliox therapy has been in use in the medical field since 1935 when it was first used in the treatment of asthma (Brandao & Britto et al., 2011, p.948). It is also used as a medical intervention of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) (Allan & Thomas et al., 2009, p.1175) and bronchiolitis. Before the use of helium as a carrier gas, nitrogen was used as the carrier gas for oxygen. This makes helium easy to inhale, hence facilitating rapid oxygen absorption in the blood stream. The study also presents a description of a psychological problem and in particular the problems experienced by acute asthmatic people in terms of carbon dioxide exchange. As a therapy option, a gas mixture of nitrogen and oxygen can be administered into the blood stream of a patient to supply the necessary oxygen deficit in the effort to minimize the work required to absorb adequate air to meet the oxygen needs of patients. Another alternative is to use helium-oxygen gas mixture in a therapeutic intervention referred as heliox therapy. Further, the study provides an overview of the associated diseases including clinical and physiologic effects. The study also provides the technical considerations when giving the heliox therapy. Besides, it offers the positive effects that the therapy has on acute asthmatic patients. Finally, the study provides the role played by a therapist when giving any therapeutic intervention. Description of the Physiologic Problem Acute asthmatic people have problems in carbon dioxide exchange. Before medicinal interventions are done, it is necessary for short-term interventions in the preparation of medicinal interventions to be conducted to ensure that patients awaiting treatment have sufficient carbon dioxide exchange. Among the alternatives available for physiologic experts are mechanical ventilations, bronchodilators, and ticosteroids among others. While attempting to address this problem, consideration of scholarly evidence on the effectiveness of heliox therapy in the treatment of respiratory infection is important. Yilmaz, Daglioglu, and Yildizdas et al. (2013) did a research on the effectiveness of heliox in acute respiratory distress syndrome where they found out that heliox is associated with positive responses of ARDS inflation apart from having positive
Introduction Motivational interviewing (MI) upholds four principles in its attempt to give people with mental health issues a better health outcome (Miller & Rollnick 2009). The principles are the expression of empathy without arguing, developing discrepancy, going with resistance, and self-efficacy support so that a client understands the personal ability to change (Treasure 2004). This paper will look at depression as a mental issue for solving using MI approaches. The paper chooses depression because of its high prevalence in populations around the world. Depression is an important mental health issue that affects about 20 per cent of the global population at a given time (Riper et al. 2014). As a very common mental health problem, depression should offer sufficient evidence for looking at the role of brief approaches to counselling and helping patients with this mental issue when using motivational interviewing. Depression is a mental condition that requires a combination of medication and counselling, and it only works when the right approaches are used for the two interventions (Flynn 2011). Therefore, it would be beneficial for practitioners to understand how a given approach to helping or counselling is improving their practice, and whether there are alarming components of treatment that need changes (Mason et al. 2011). Despite the effectiveness of MI, the intervention by health care providers when initiating and implementing MI succumbs to limitations in counselling as its results are not always effective. Comparing MI to standard practices would reveal other points to consider for future applications that can help to improve outcomes and reach the goal (Mason et al. 2011). The paper presents these arguments by using results from peer-reviewed journal articles. Evidence showing MI works Motivational interviewing works as a counselling intervention. To prove the argument, the meta-analysis study of empirical research reports on motivational interviewing done in the last 25 years was conducted by Lundahl et al. (2010), with the main criteria for inclusion of articles being that they were covering the main principles of motivational enhancement therapy. The researchers were also careful to include studies that only had a treatment group and a comparison group to improve the validity of the findings of their meta-analysis. Lastly, their criteria for selection of articles also ensured that humans delivered interventions in the studies in all articles considered. In the analysis, the dependent variable was the outcome assessed. The outcomes were observable behaviours like alcohol use, reduction in risk-taking behaviour, and psychological well-being, as with the case of stress and depres
Introduction The following is a discussion on the best recruitment strategies that a coffee shop business will use to bring the best employees into the enterprise. The first part looks into the strategy of recruiting the employees and discusses why the method was chosen. It then looks into the best communication method to reach the best applicants and attract them to apply for selection. The third part looks into the selection process where it describes the best criterion for selecting coffee shop employees. In the other part, there are proposals on methods of assessment for selecting candidates to hold various positions in accordance with strategies used in staffing. Recruitment strategies There are two types of recruitment strategies namely external recruitment strategy and internal recruitment. The external recruitment strategy is the process in which an organization prefers to pick employees from outside the organization. The internal recruitment on the other hand is a process that focuses on getting employees who are within the organization. It is less costly as the organization does not need to spend on advertising. On the other hand, external recruitment strategy involves advertising the vacancies to people who are outside the organization and inviting them to join the organization. For the coffee shop, the best recruitment strategy will be external strategy for a number of reasons. The first reason is that the external recruitment will give the business an opportunity to choose the best from a pool of potential employees. It will also be advantageous because it will discover new
Map comparison Agricultural production and mineral extraction are among Australia’s economic backbone. With regards to agriculture, no other state within the pacific realm enjoys the benefits stemming from this sector other than Australia. To them this is a pipe dream. Australian farmers are a ‘jack of all trades’ (MacLeod and Jones 677). They rear domestic animals and practice farming. To this end they have a favorable climate to boast about. However, as depicted in figure 11-5, this climate is biased towards the territory of New South Wales, extending along the borders anticlockwise towards Western Australia forming an inverted ‘U.’ The same pattern recurs for minerals though with disjointed areas at some parts of Northern and Western Australia. Among the minerals mined include gold, Iron ore, silver, coal, and copper. On comparing this map with the spatial distribution of population map (G-9) one thing emerges: the population density follows the same path (Kimble 510). On analyzing the spatial population distributions of both New Zealand and Australia with respect to climatic patterns, several common findings can be drawn. Basically, a population will always be drawn where the climatic conditions are favorable for agricultural production. For instance, in Australia, the population density within the central part is less. On correlating this with the region’s climate it is evident that the area is located on a dry climate. On the other hand, at New South Wales where the population density is high it enjoys temperate climate. With regards to New Zealand the area receives adequate rain throughout the year (humid equatorial climate with no dry season). However, the physical geography of the region is what now dictates the spatial population distribution. Both these countries follow the same pattern of population distribution; most settlements are skewed along the coastal lines (Schaefer 230). Map 1: Physical geography of Southwest Asia. Map 2: Political cultural information. Map 3: Economic Urban Information. Key: A -Broken Hill B -Kambalda C -Mt Isa D -Conation Hill E -Canterbury Plain Works Cited Kimble, Hebert. “The Inadequacy of the Regional Concept” London Essays in Geography 2.17 (1951): 492-411. Print. MacLeod, George, and Jones Mother. “Renewing The Geography of Regions.” Environment and Planning 16.9 (2001): 669-800. Print. Schaefer, Frankline. “Exceptionalism in Geography: A Methodological Examination.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 43.3 (1953): 226-245. Print.