ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Diaspora can be discussed as one of the most typical characterizations used in the modern world and society which develop according to the contemporary principles of globalization and multiculturalism. In spite of the fact the notion of diaspora is connected with the definite public’s associations and examined by many researchers, historians and sociologists are inclined to define diaspora in different ways, determining it as a process, a phenomenon, or a condition. Clarke and Thomas propose their variant of defining the concept of diaspora, basing on the idea of referring to both the process and condition. From this point, diaspora is “a process that generates subjects through negotiations arising from particular structural and historical conditions that change over time” (Clarke and Thomas 12). Thus, specific historical and social conditions are essential for forming diaspora, and this statement is also relevant for discussing the problem of the African Diasporic cultures which were formed under the influence of the Western imperialism, colonialism, and capitalism. Racial capitalism and colonialism affected not only the development of the African diaspora but also the transformation of the Western culture in which the social life and capitalistic relations began to depend on the racial discrimination and slavery when the African Diasporic identity formed, and Africanisms spread. The Western world changed with developing the principles of racial capitalism and colonialism because cultures can vary significantly under the impact of intensive intercultural relations. The concepts of colonialism and imperialism as the base of the progress of the racial capitalism traditionally depend on the racial discrimination toward the Africans moved to America as slaves and toward the developed Africans’ diaspora in the other countries as the discriminated minority. Thus, Clarke and Thomas concentrate on determining the problems of such diasporas as African Americans, Black Canadians, and Afro-Germans (Clarke and Thomas). The principles and ideas of colonialism and imperialism made Africans as the representatives of different diasporas consider themselves as racially unequal to ‘white’ people. From this point, the development of slavery in America, the accentuation of the Africans’ primitiveness and backwardness in comparison with the civilized Westerners in combination with the status of discriminated minority resulted in discussing the question of the African Diasporic cultures as the controversial issue. For instance, it is impossible to speak about colonialism and imperialism without referring to the problem of slavery as the fundamental aspect of the African American diaspora. Moreover, racial capitalism is also a negative factor for the development of the diaspora. Basing on racial identity, racial capitalism became the mai
Media space is extremely popular and influential in the minds and worldviews of citizens. Despite the fact that its main purpose is to inform, journalists and experts often resort to various tricks in order to attract attention or to present a fact in a convenient light for the source. In the example of The Intercept website, several key areas of the media should be considered. First, experts influence public opinion through wordplay and screaming headlines. For example, the situation with challenging and proposing adjustments to tax laws by journalists is marked by a screaming and ambiguous headline. According to the nature of the wording, citizens are initially inclined to be ungentlemanly toward the hero of Joe Crowley’s article (Sirota, 2021). It is noteworthy that such methods can reflect negatively on Wall Street. It can be explained by the fact that the hero who exhibits himself as an opponent of the president’s innovations is a famous face of Wall Street, and an article criticizing him would strike a blow to the corporation’s reputation at the same time. Secondly, the design of the images should be considered, for example, the above mentioned article uses a photo in which Joe Crowley has a rather aggressive expression on his face. Psychologically, this also alienates the reader from the character and together, the above methods create a corresponding worldview in a particular area of society. By analyzing another article, it can be seen that journalists use emotional coloring to form a certain attitude towards the situation. For example, the arrests are initially described as “violent” in the headline, which already allows the readers to consider them negative (Pinto, 2021). In the end, many articles move from the usual news coverage to indirect propaganda, as if deciding for the reader how to feel about the situation. Works Cited Pinto, Nick. (2021). NYPD lawyer who oversaw violent arrests of legal observers should be disciplined, watchdog says . The Intercept. Sirota, Sara. (2021). Joe Crowley is lobbying against Biden’s tax hikes on the rich . The Intercept.
Executive Summary Business organizations regardless of the industry are subjected to micro and macro-environmental factors. These factors play key roles in the determination of various operational aspects of any firm. In this case, Qatar Airways is dedicated to develop a social media, which allows the company to improve its airlines services and general customer communications. The achievement of appropriate social media must involve wide consideration of both internal and external factors of the environment. Introduction Social media is the most common technological trend of today. Almost everyone have attachment to a social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Flickr. Organizations are not an exemption from the strategy, as they too have adopted the trend to perform some of the basic operations aimed at achieving their goals, which primarily revolve around profit maximization. The marketing department is in the forefront in utilizing the social media in attracting customers and retaining the ones it has already acquired. Undoubtedly, the use of social media in marketing has been on the rise. Company/Brand Information Qatar Airways is a competitive company and one of the leading airlines in the world. Qatar Airways first began as a private business for the royal family members in Qatar on 20 January 1994. According to Akbar Al Baker, the CEO of Qatar Airways, since the inception of the airline company, Qatar Airways have expanded to offer both local and international flights to its passengers in over 120 destinations across the world ( Qatar Airways , n.d.). The firm has deeply set its root in the aviation industry and currently boasts of a large market share. Qatar Airways is dedicated to the highest quality of service delivery to their customer with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and company spirit. Marketing Mix Marketing mix is an important marketing tool in any industry; it plays an important role in allowing businesses to achieve the much-needed success. These four aspects include product, price, place, and promotion. Product Qatar Airways’ main product is air transportation for both passengers and goods; it has a set of product portfolio, which includes a 5-star online travel experience in its website. This has given the company an added advantage in terms of product
The lives of people with their natural rights cannot be governed entirely by the legislative power As people lived in a natural way before joining the social contract, they should have the same freedoms and rights as before so that the legislative power does not limit in any way their natural rights and intentions. At the same time, the legislative power should be designed to restrict human beings from negative impact from other people because the intentions of some people may be negative towards others leading to destruction and lack of negotiations. As suggested by John Locke in The Second Treatise , the legislative power cannot be “absolutely arbitrary” (par. 135: 61). However, not following the regulations of legislative power can be destructive for society itself. As people lived in conditions that were far from the social contract, the legislative power cannot restrict their rights to the extent of the society only The nature of human society can be explained by the rights and freedoms and certain limitations imposed by the legislative power, which is aimed at regulating and controlling the way the power is exercised in society by this or that citizen. In other words, an individual’s power may be excessive, while the legislative power is called to remain in balance with the powers of individuals in a society. The legislative power should not be aimed at destructive activities directed against the members of a society Destruction of society can be performed by destroying every member of this society by enslavement, impoverishment, or any other harm brought to an individual and his/her family. In other words, the legislative power should be designed according to the natural laws and God’s laws that can properly govern society. As Locke claimed, “the law of nature stands as an eternal rule to all men” (62) being the basis for legislative power. Legislative power and access to regulation In the state of nature, no man had arbitrary power over himself and could not exercise any kind of power over others; so, the legislative power turned out to give no more access to regulation to a man than he had in the state of nature. The state of nature was the period when no formal society existed, and every man could govern and regulate his life as he wanted. However, he had no arbitrary power to regulate his own life and the lives of other people because the natural laws prevailed. As such, the legislative power brought no more limitations to the governance of people’s lives than they used to have in the state of nature. Legislative power and limit of human power No arbitrary power was available for a man in the state of nature in terms of life, possession, and freedom; so, the legislative power was aimed at not limiting the power of man over possession, liberty, and life more than it was in the state of nature. The legislative power did not
Introduction General Notions Business is often considered as a separate sphere of human activity that lives and develops according to its laws and restrictions. However, such an approach presents an incomplete vision of the business, as far as the ideas of accountancy, internal audit, and corporate governance connect business to the social and legislative structures of the society and determine the rates to which business entities are responsible for their activities. Background Thus, the ideas of internal audit and corporate governance should be viewed as a single phenomenon. The recent developments in the business environments of Australia, Greece, and some other countries prove this point through specific examples and references to legislative acts supporting the idea. Thus, internal audits should be perceived as a part of successful corporate governance for Saudi companies as well. Literature Review The review of the relevant literature on the topic of internal audit’s role in the proper corporate governance proves the above points of view and supports the position that the internal audit is one of th
Introduction The various teeth in the oral cavity have vastly different root canal systems. Extensive knowledge of the morphology of these canals structuring by practitioners is very important if successful edodontic therapy is to be achieved. This essay seeks to analyze the root canal system and to this end, the anatomy of the root canal of the mandibular first molar has been detailed in the first part of the paper. The second part of the report analyzes the various anatomical considerations that have to be taken during preparation and the final part studies the various problems that arise during molar teeth instrumentation and how they can be handled. Root canal anatomy of the mandibular first molar In order to understand the morphology of the root canal of the mandibular first molar, we must first have knowledge of the basic components of a typical root canal1. The pulp cavity which houses the dentine cavity normally assumes the external shape of the tooth. Physiological and pathological factors however contribute to the modification of its shape and size through production of secondary and sometimes tertiary dentine and cementum material2. This pulp cavity comprises two parts; the pulp chamber which is found within the crown of the tooth and the root canal(s) which are located within the root of the tooth. Other features that contribute to the formation of the root canal include lateral, furcation and accessory canals which are related to the canal orifices alongside intercanal connections and apical foramina. The actual root canal originates as funnel shaped orifices normally found either at the cervical line or slightly distal to it. It then runs through the horns to end at the apical foramina which open at the surface of the root. These apical foramina are located at about 0 and 3mm from the center of the root apices3. A vast majority of root canals have curvatures towards the facial-lingual direction. These curvatures may occur gradually along the length of the root canal. The canal may also be straight for most of the length and then acquire a sharp curvature when approaching the apex4. In a few cases, the canals may acquire double‘s’ curvatures. Branches of the main chamber that houses the pulp communicate with the outer part of the roots. These are called accessory canals. Accessory canals present in a number of ways but the most important and most common are the lateral canals which extend horizontally towards the external surface of the root from the middle of the primary canal and the furcation canals which occur in the bifurcation or trifurcation of teeth with more than one foot. The lateral canals serve as passages for irritants away from the pulp and towards the periodontium. Landmarks both histological and anatomical distinguish the apical root canal; these are: the cemento-dential junction, the apical constriction and the apical foramen. The root canal tapers from the orifices of the canal to the apical constriction commonly located about 0.5 to 1.5 mm within the apical foramen. The apical constriction is the region where the root canal acquires the smallest diameter. The cemento-dential junction is the re
Leadership is a role which many associate with one person being the leader. It involves an individual taking up the responsibility of being the head of certain activities in various areas. For example, in an organization, a leader is perceived as one who is in charge of setting directions and ensuring the directions are followed in an effort of influencing majority of the people in accomplishing some common objective. A leaders traits are the distinctive quality a person posses that constitute effective leadership. The description given to a personality trait according to a research conducted by Stogil (1948) and Mann (1959) states that an individual personal characteristic can be used to distinguish a leader from any particular context and the people considered as his/her followers as there are evidences that one is able to point out in leaders. Many organizations have a problem when it comes to implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) and leaders should ensure that the implementation of CSR is among their set objective to sort the problem. One way to ensure its implementation is successful is being able to understand the major responsibilities that affect both the organization and the surrounding society. The advantage of this trait is as a leader, one will be able to engage all the employees in the organization in order to be aware and understand what impact corporate social responsibility has on the business and the community. An ethical leader is also regarded as an effective leader. The benefits of having ethics is that, the corporate priorities in the work concept are realized and they extend to just aiming at the traditional business goals of acquiring profits and improving the leaders business positions as they all aim at going up the business ladder in terms of going up the corporate ladder. A leadership role entails having to make ethical decisions especially during a compromising situation. An ethical leader when faced with big ethical decisions to make, considers wisdom and objectivity as characteristic that would be used as the mechanism to use for the right decision making. An advantage of possessing leadership ethics is that there is an increase in market in terms of service and product demand offered by organizations that uphold ethical practices thereby creating room for competition among the organization in the ‘field’. Staff members who work for high integrity, socially responsible and ethical employers are seen as more productive hence reciprocating to a successful organization. A person in the leadership position should have a vision for the future. With this trait, a leader can use their vision to their advantage since people need to know that their leader has a strong vision for the future because these leaders are seen as people who have clear vision of how things can be done better. It is important for organizations to have visionary objectives since an organizational vision or goal would be an influential
Abstract The concept of leadership feedback attribution is complex in its applicability in defining the organizational behavior. The concept of leadership can be broadly defined as the intrinsic ability to internalize a setting with the intention of empowering a group or team to proactively and creatively contribute towards problem solving (Martinko & Gardner, 1987). Leadership feedback attribution is a process which is inclusive of setting, strategic planning, managing resources, and deploying the needed resources to realize specific objectives (Knowlton, 1980). At the same time, it defines the desired performance level, sustainable organizational behavior, and the level of job satisfaction (Weiner, 1985). This paper reviews the influence of leaders’ feedback attributions on subordinates behavior, performance, and job satisfaction within the US Hospitality Industry. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of leadership feedback attribution in relation to causal attribution theory, goal setting theory, and abusive supervision theory. Specifically, leaders’ feedback attributions are reviewed in terms of its influences on subordinate performance, behavior, emotions, job satisfaction, and achievement among others. The dependent variable is the feedback attribution while the independent variables are personal ability, social ability, and structural motivation. Introduction Research background There are several types of leaders’ feedback attributions in organizations. For instance, addressing feedback with anger may result in abusive supervision. On the other hand, addressing feedback as evaluation that is based on the results of poor performance may not give the ideal picture for proactive organizational behavior module. As a result, the subordinates may feel disengaged and might not display optimal performance. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and involvement are critical elements within an effective organizational culture. As a manager within an organization, job satisfaction should be the top priority towards the subordinates. Reflectively, job satisfaction translates into effective workforce since satisfied employees will meet their needs while fulfilling the organization’s work values. Besides, strategies promoting job satisfaction accommodate equity among the employees, in terms of rewards and treatment. The generic components of satisfaction among the employee not only promote a healthy work culture, but also a proactive and flexible labor force (Arvey and Dewhirst, 1976). It is therefore important to review the impact of different leaders’ feedback attributions within the Hospitality Industry in the US and their influence on the quality of organizational behavior. The analysis will be based on the causal attribution theory, goal setting theory, and abusive supervision theory. The causal attribution theory denotes leadership feedback attribution to a system which reviews the party who is influenced by an impression to carry out a unique action (Brown, 1984). This system is designed to continuously monitor the frequency of the recommended actions. In relation
Toyota Motor Corporation, the world leading car maker, has not been performing well over the recent past as it has been recalling some of its cars because of technical problems. This has been the company’s first car recall in 59 years and it led to an annual net loss (Takahashi, 2010). However, the car maker was reported to be on the verge of making a 48% profit growth estimated at 310 billion yen (the equivalent of $3.32 billion) by March 2011 (Takahashi, 2010). This is a major breakthrough despite the fact that company had made losses in 2009 fiscal year. The implication is that even after recalling 8.5 million cars, this would not deter it recovery process. The paper explores the Toyota’s SWOT analysis basically on it weaknesses and strengths and expounding how it has been able to capitalize them in meeting the threats and taking in the opportunities for competitive advantages. It also analyses whether the weaknesses identified will impede its recovery process. Based on the 2009 annual report following strengths and weaknesses have been identified. The company has a well established marketing mix that incorporates the different marketing concepts like segmentation, targeting and positioning. This has made it reach the different customers from different segmented markets (Ichimaru, 2009). For instance, the automotive operations are the major business segment which makes it a global competitor. Also, it has segmented and positioned itself in different geographical markets over some of its competitors giving it a competitive advantage. Some of the differentiated markers are the emerging market like Asia, South and Central America, and China. The company has diversified its products range which is aimed at targeting different customers depending on social class, geographical location, income and status quo among other factors. The product-oriented management of Toyota has made it possible to make cars that meet the different customers’ needs in the different regions, at a customer satisfying price (Ichimaru, 2009). For instance, the company introduced Toyota Prius a hybrid that meets the current expectations of its customers. On the other hand, there are weaknesses that have may be an impediment to the recovery growth of the company. Toyota main markets have been the U.S and Japan. Dependence on the single markets has seen the company face the financial markets crisis and fluctuating prices that resulted to loss in 2009 fiscal year (Ichimaru, 2009). This coupled by the highly fluctuating interest rates and currency, have left adverse effects on the Toyota daily operations. For Toyota to retain its operational efficiency, it has to rely on mass production (Marketing Teacher Ltd, 2011). When a down turn is experienced in the world market, the company may be exposed to over capacity. Contrary, when an upturn i