ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Social problems are issues that affect multiple individuals in society and often cause discomfort. Shyness is one of the points of concern because it severely limits interactions and experiences for some people. Saunders and Chester (2008) state that “it is often taken for granted that new communication technologies facilitate disinhibition and increase social confidence” (p. 2649-2650). In other words, social media and the Internet have been extremely helpful for many individuals that suffer from this feeling of awkwardness. However, they do not help most people to feel more comfortable during conversations in real life, and they prefer to use technologies for communication. Aggression and crime are also crucial social problems that are not mentioned most of the time. The sociological perspective is an outlook on human interactions from the point of view of science. It is used to study connections between behaviors of people and the society. There are three core sociological perspectives according to many scientists. Social interactions often cause conflicts that are sometimes hard to resolve (Wagner-Pacifici & Hall, 2008). It is necessary for every individual to understand this concept. It is necessary to know the stages of a problem to find a solution. This technique is often used in sociology to determine what has caused the issue. Sequencing is crucial in this case. One of the approaches to problem-solving consists of such stages as an entry, diagnosis, implementation, and disengagement (Dougherty, 2013). It is necessary to pay attention to all phases of the process to avoid any complications. Critical thinking consists of numerous steps and requires a broad range of skills from an individual. It allows one to understand the information, and to make conclusions about how objects are related to each other. Weissberg (2013) claims that critical thinking requires one to “move beyond the acquisition of facts to uncover deep meaning” (p. 318). Differently put, an individual needs to examine his or her inner thoughts to analyze a subject at a critical level. Overall, critical thinking is a type of thinking about an object, subject or a problem with a use of intellectual standards to increase the overall quality of thoughts. It is a powerful approach that is used to determine solutions to numerous problems. Inequality is a difference in how society treats individuals based on or many characteristics. It is necessary to study the core of the problem to understand why it happens. For example, women are often discriminated. However, numerous movements such as feminism fight for the justice. It focuses on such problems as sexual harassment and unequal pay (Ritzer, 2014). The goal of this ideology is to provide women with a full range of civil rights. Nevertheless, inequality is still accepted in some countries
The impact of COVID-19 on people’s health is frequently discussed on social media, provoking such adverse outcomes as infodemia and misinformation. Today, people get an opportunity to state connected more than ever and quickly share information from different parts of the world (O’Brien et al., 2020). Despite the intention to benefit from technological progress and the Internet, millions of people cannot control the amount and quality of information online. As a result, they make themselves dependent on everything cyberspace offers. One of the main disadvantages of social media use during the pandemic is infodemia. People are challenged to find, use, and choose between trustworthy sources (O’Brien et al., 2020). In addition, the coronavirus infodemic increases public confusion, which causes panic and fear (Ali & Kurasawa, 2020). People are not able to cope with such information, exposing themselves to additional risks and emotional traumas. Another disadvantage is the spread of misinformation via social media. Due to their poor awareness, millions of people want to find information about the coronavirus and recommendations to manage it properly. O’Brien et al. (2020) admit that Facebook is full of misinformation about medications without medical approval. Ali and Kurasawa (2020) mention that some people still believe that COVID-19 is a part of a biological war against China. At this moment, it is impossible to give clear and definite explanations of the virus expansion. Therefore, society must be careful with the risks of misinformation and infodemia connected to the pandemic on social media. Opinion At the same time, it is wrong to believe that social media is associated with negative experiences only, and such benefits as real-life examples and safe statistics cannot be ignored. In their study, Ali and Kurasawa (2020) point out that pandemics need coordinated and thoughtful response strategies. Therefore, as soon as people start sharing their experiences and observations, it will be easier for organizations to gather information and develop new solutions. Social media services are usually free, and it does not require much time to log in and create an informative post with photos. Another advantage of using social media during a pandemic is access to statistical data under safe conditions. There is no need to go outside and be exposed to another virus. It is enough to use a personal device (a smartphone or a computer) and see the current changes in society. The World Health Organization recommends minimizing the exposure to COVID-19 information once or twice per day (O’Brien et al., 2020). People always want to know as much as possible to protect their families, friends, and themselves. Social media services connect millions of individuals worldwide, and such statistics show that the coronavirus is a global problem that cannot be solved yet.
Introduction A good business strategy begins with a capital base whose source must be clearly defined so as not to cause financial problems to the future of the business. There are many ways through which capital is sourced. Notable among them is getting money from relatives and getting bank loans. It is important for a small business operator to recognize the pros and cons of getting money from each of the viable sources. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of getting money from an uncle to start a business, versus getting bank loans. Money from an uncle versus bank loan Money from close relatives can be charming and tricky at the same time. In this case, the uncle is willing to give me a capital of $25,000, with a lower interest rate, while the bank is offering me a loan twice the amount, but with a higher interest rate. The obvious advantage that the money from my uncle has is the low interest rate. The interest of this money is not compounded, which also contributes to the lower interest rate (Balle 2011). The other advantage this money has over a bank loan is that it does not require a complex transaction. Thus, there are no worries on long term loan application and approval. In addition, money from a relative does not come with strict repayment deadlines. Therefore, if my uncle gave me the money, he may be more lenient in dealing with my repayment record, even when the deal goes sour (Alterowitz & Zonderman, 2007). There are also no limitations on the use of the money borrowed from the uncle. On the other hand, capital sourced from an uncle does not offer credit reporting services like other major sources of finance such as bank loans. The uncle will not report my payment history to any financial institution such as a credit bureau. This means that I cannot boost my credit score through timely repayment since there are simply no records. Another disadvantage is related with my reputation and that of my business. A situation may arise where I may not be able to repay the loan to my uncle. This will lead to mistrust and conflict can also arise between my family and my uncle’s family (Balle 2011). Similarly, sourcing capital from bank loans also comes with its pros and cons. The first obvious advantage is the bigger amount of money that the bank has to offer. This can give me an opportunity to expand the business beyond my expectations. Through the bank loan, I can boost my credit reporting since the process of repayment is recorded. The bank can also monitor the operations of the business and offer other services such as management services to ensure the proper behavior of the business (Stern & Chew 2003). Also, although the interest rates are much higher than that of the capital sourced from my uncle, they are still much less relative to long term interest rates (Brigham & Daves 2010). Bank loans also have their disadvantages in that, they have high repayment penalties. Bank loans have stipulations on ho
Introduction Supporting children through all stages of development is a vital role of childhood professionals working with them. Children’s reaction to a family loss may seem different from an adult’s; however, children of various ages also express grief. The present action plan will include information about grief in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers and offer ways of helping children of these ages through a family loss. Supporting an Infant People often believe that infants do not experience grief due to their inability to verbalize or express it. Nevertheless, infants can feel the loss of someone’s voice and touch while also sensing the response of their caregivers to loss (TLC). In response to a death in the family, infants may develop a decrease in the activity level or appetite, increased irritability, and sleep disturbances. According to the TLC, these changes are often due to disruptions in the care routine. The process of helping an infant through a family loss should be focused on restoring and maintaining a routine, as well as ensuring proper nutrition and sleep. For instance, TLC recommends responding to decreased activity levels by continuing regular play routines. Caregivers should also be encouraged to monitor infants’ nutrition and visit a pediatrician in case of weight loss. Supporting a Toddler A toddler does not understand that a person is gone forever, and thus his or her reactions will be caused by missing the person in a particular moment. For example, according to The Dougy Center, “The child will miss the specific elements of the person: the sound of the voice, expression, smell, activities experienced together.” Emotions experienced by children as a result of grief, such as anger or fear, can be expressed in their play, which is why it is essential to monitor changes in activities. Also, toddlers often react to a loss physically, showing a decreased appetite, sleep disturbances, and personality changes. Supporting a toddler through a family loss includes three main considerations. First of all, it is critical to explain the concept of death to a toddler. The Dougy Center recommends that adults explain death in concrete terms. Secondly, caregivers and childhood professionals should watch out for any changes in activities or personality. It is essential to support the toddler in expressing emotions physically or through play while also promoting verbal connectedness (The Dougy Center). Finally, caregivers should be advised about possible changes to sleep and nutrition patterns so that they could ensure that a toddler maintains a regular rest and nutrition routine. Supporting a Preschooler Preschoolers have an increased capacity for verbal communication and thus can express their grief and emotions verbally. However, the concept of death may still be unfamiliar to them. As noted by The Dougy Center, children of this age can also experience and express vario
Goemans, Hein E. War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. This is a research on the study of the reason that led to the termination of the First World War. Goemans’s theory is based on four of the main combatants of the war: France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia. The study placed extensive stress on the role of domestic politics and tenure of the leader in escalation of the world war. The study states that domestic politics had played a major role in the termination of the war so abruptly. It ultimately supports the convergence theory of war termination, with inclusion of domestic political condition as a moderating factor. The regime types and the situation of the domestic politics have a role to play in the termination of the war. Goemans believes that regimes are of three categories – dictatorship, mixed regimes, and democracies (39). The regime types influence the decision to end and the time to end the war (39). Goemans described domestic cost as the punishment the leader faces if they lose a war and they devise strategies that may minimize the punishment. He postulates that the leaders in the moderately repressive regimes who face the maximum punishment as opposed to leaders from a nonrepressive and highly repressive regime (39-40). This book directly addresses the research question for the present study as it demonstrates the need the study the reason for termination of First World War from the international relations perspective as well as a plausible argument for the termination of the war. Lieber, Keir A. “The New History of World War I and What It Means for International Relations Theory.” International Security Vol. 32, No. 2 (2007): 155–191. The article by Lieber shows that the traditionalist theory based on the defensive realism i.e. the concept based on security dilemma, spiral model, and offensive defensive balance (156) is not enough to answer the reason for the origin of the First World War in the face of new evidence. Lieber’s research points out that the Germans went to war with proper plan and strategy in place. Escalation for the German leaders was not a defensive strategy but a strategy that aimed at attainment of their futuristic aim of becoming the European hegemons. This idea is a departure from the traditional belief of the origin of the conflict that dominated the international relations literature and therefore is important for this present research as it is necessary to understand the origin of the war to understand why it terminates. Therefore any research on First World War, be it on the origin of the war or termination of the war, need to undertake the study conducted by Lieber. Reiter, Dan. How Wars End. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. The book by Reiter is a study of causes of termination of wars short of total victory. Reiter argues that two factors shape the war termination decisions – informatio
Portsmouth, Virginia, is a city located on the East Coast of the United States. It is a port town with an unusual racial makeup, as roughly half of the population is African American, with a further approximately 40% white and the rest composed of various other minorities. The author has found Hispanics to have a particularly high incidence of tuberculosis. This result is consistent with statistics in broader Virginia, where they are ten times as likely to contract it as while people, second only to Asians and Pacific Islanders ( OTIS TB data, 2020). The community is small and generally impoverished, which is why it was chosen as the primary target for the author’s praxis. As a BSN-prepared community health nurse, Debbie needs to implement measures that reduce the danger of a tuberculosis outbreak in the community. The primary prevention measure that the author would recommend would be to promote BCG vaccination in children across the area. Infants are particularly at risk from tuberculosis, and vaccination can help reduce the danger that they face. The secondary prevention would involve testing the farmworkers using the tuberculin skin test to determine whether there is a present danger of the infection spreading and treat those already affected. Finally, for tertiary prevention, Hasnain et al. (2019) recommend promoting lower tobacco consumption among the affected communities. All of these methods are relatively inexpensive and can help control the spread of tuberculosis, assuming that active infections emerge. In the case of the author’s community, the interventions should remain mostly the same, but there is a notable concern that needs to be addressed. Per Zuniga et al. (2014), there is a tendency among Mexican Americans to stigmatize community members who are known to be ill with tuberculosis even as they need family support. As such, it will be necessary to provide a higher degree of privacy and confidentiality to the patients to ensure that they are comfortable disclosing their symptoms. This measure will reduce their tendency to conceal their condition and help with the early prevention of the illness before it can develop. Combined with the other steps, this approach can improve the monitoring of tuberculosis and prevent outbreaks.
Introduction Marked with D is an adaptation of the nursery rhyme, “Pat-a-Cake, Baker Man” which deals with life since it has to do with baking a cake for a baby. Marked with D , on the other hand, is a parody of the nursery rhyme in which D stands for Death and not for the baby’s initial. Baking and cremation In the poem, the poet Harrison deals with harsh reality since it touches on the process of cremation. The first two lines of the poem reveal the picture of an actual corpse being burned in the process and providing the readers with ideas regarding the subject of the poem; namely, Harrison’s father – the Baker. Taken in the abstract sense, the lines suggest the negative traits of the baker. The poet, however, leaves us to make our interpretation and gives us just enough information to understand what the poem is all about. Baking and cremation (the latter only alluded to in the poem) as registered in the lexicon would be synonymous, considering that both processes are concerned with the sourcing and application of heat. In the case of the oven, baking essentially deals with life since it is centered on cooking food for sustaining the body. Cremation, however, has to do with death because it is centered on burning – the reduction of a dead body to ashes or dust. As regards collocation, the oven is located in the home – an environment associated with activity and family life, the crematorium is generally situated in a place near a funeral parlor or cemetery – a place of peace. This fact would strengthen the difference between baking and cremation; between oven (life) and crematorium (death). The third and fourth lines give evidence of the lov
Introduction The following paper is going to discuss the prototypes of different drugs belonging to different pharmacological and chemical classes. The prototypes of the chemical classes of Cinnarizine C 26 H 28 N 2 , Diltiazem C 22 H 26 N 2 O 4 S, Nitroglycerin C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 , Hydralazine Hydrochloride C 8 H 8 N 4 , Losartan C 22 H 23 ClN 6 O, and Tacrine C 13 H 14 N 2 , are going to be evaluated from different aspects like structural analysis, acid-base characteristics, ionization processes, polarity, solubility, partition and possible theoretical metabolic pathways. The following pages are going to elaborate on the biopharmaceutical features of these drugs at molecular level. Drug Classification Cinnarizine . Originally it is classified as an anti-histaminic which is used for controlling vomiting caused by motion sickness. He principle of its action is closely associated with the signal transmission between vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and the vomiting centre of the hypothalamus. Diltiazem . As O’Connor (2004, p. 349) emphasizes, “it is a non-DHP member of the benzothiazepines group. These are the calcium channel blockers, which are generally used for treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia”. It is also regarded as a preventive medication for migraine. Nitroglycerin is used to treat heart deceases such as angina and chronic heart failure. Hydralazine Hydrochloride . In accordance with Reines (200, p. 712): relaxes vascular smooth muscles of arteries and arterioles, causing peripheral vasodilation and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. These actions decrease blood pressure and increase heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Losartan . This is used for treating the problems of high blood pressure Tacrine is a parasympathomimetic and a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor (anticholinesterase). It was the first centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. (Reines, 2000) Metabolism and Absorption Drug                       Metabolism                   Excretion                       Cinnarizine                Hepatic CYP2D6               Urine and feces                                                                         Renal                           Diltiazem                  Hepatic                      Biliary                                                                                 Lactic (in lactiferous females) Nitroglycerin              Hepatic                      Renal                           Hydralazine Hydrochloride  Gut; hepatic                 Renal                           Losartan                   Hepatic (CYP2C9, CYP3A4)     Renal 13–25%, biliary 50–60%    Tacrine                    Hepatic (CYP1A2) (CYP P450)  Renal                            Molecular Properties Drug                       Acid-base characteristics Cinnarizine                7
Cohn, Samuel. “The Black Death: End of a Paradigm.” The American Historical Review, vol. 107, no. 3, 2002, pp. 703-738. Samuel Cohn, Jr. opens the article by noting that the ravages of HIV/AIDS and the threat posed by biological weapons have rekindled the interests in the Black Death. However, he argues against most of the literate claims that the Black Death was caused by Bubonic Plague. He notes that the reason behind this claim is that humans do not have natural immunity against bubonic plague yet people developed immunity to the Black Death. This article offers rich information concerning Black Death especially its causal effect being Bubonic Plague. Bridbury, Anthony. “Before The Black Death.” The Economic History Review , vol. 30, no. 3, 1977, pp. 393-410. Bridbury argues, in this article, that due to the notion that simple causal factors cannot entirely explain the economic state of Europe, many have coined their arguments to explain what actually happened. The article focuses on the different economic situations that were witnessed before the Black Death and seeks to explain why they existed. He does this by considering several authors’ perspectives and giving his own take on their position. The article offers compelling information on the economic matters surrounding the Black Death hence, its relevance to this paper. Haddock, David, and Lynne Kiesling. “The Black Death and Property Rights.” The Journal of Legal Studies , vol. 31, no. 2, 2002, pp. 545-587. This article explores the property rights of the Europeans in the aftermath of the Black Death. The authors note that this plague led to a considerable change in the costs and benefits that surrounded property ownership. There was a decline in the value of nonhuman assets, which was countered by a rise in human capital and labor. The Black Death thus led to the population change that triggered institutional changes. The article underscores property ownership dynamics during the Black Death hence its applicability to this paper. Munro, John. Before and After the Black Death: Money, Prices, and Wages in Fourteenth-Century England . PDF File. 2004. economics.utoronto.ca/public/workingPapers/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-04-04.pdf. The article opens by refuting the myth that the Black Death caused a rise in wages and prices. The author of the article does not seem to believe that the Black Death was Bubonic plague. He explains the dynamics of the pre-plague period and seeks to explain the causal factors, which is again done for the post Black Death period. Munro offers a different view from other scholars in this field and thus the article is rich in balancing the opinions of conventional scholars on this matter. Zapotoczny, Walter. The Political and Social Consequences of the Black Death, 1348 – 1351 . PDF file. 2006. wzaponline.com/BlackDeath.pdf. In this article, Zapotoczny focuses on the eff