ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the world today, most organizations are faced with a variety of issues related to creation and retention of information, primarily brewed by the greatly growing electronic information volumes, complex regulatory and rigid constraints, and storage issues. Extant literature demonstrates that as contemporary organizations continue to rely more and more on electronic technology to generate, process, store, communicate, and use information in their everyday engagements, the volume of the records being created in electronic format continues to increase exponentially (Lin et al., 2003), as is the need to urgently address the issue of how these large volumes of electronic data could be electronically archived for future use (Abbot, 2002). Yet, a strand of existing literature (e.g., Abbot, 2002; Philips, 2001) demonstrates that most organizations continue to be held back by an intricate web of challenges in their attempt to implement an effective electronic archival infrastructure, with most of the challenges resonating along the continuum of technological limitations, monetary constraints, and skills shortages. The present paper seeks to il
Abstract Not only money supply has an impact on an economy’s short run operations, but also in the long-term. Also, money supply in an economy, such as the United States of America, affects a number of macroeconomic factors, such as the exchange rates, as well as the inflation rate among many other variables. Apparently, changes in the exchange rates have substantial influence on the long-term growth, as well as stability of the economy. This essay provides the analysis of the effects of changes in exchange rates. Money supply, inflation and exchange rates In brief, an up shift in the volume of money supply causes the cost of borrowing, which is also the interest rate to move downwards. Basically, this is because there will be excess money in circulation in the economy. Subsequently, households, will save surplus money in the financial institutions to take advantage of the high interest rate securities. Following this increment in money supply, there will be pressure on the cost of borrowing, which will then move down, up to a different equilibrium state. In essence, this new state of equilibrium will indicate a lower interest rate as compared to the earlier one. It is of a great significance to note that, since the cost of borrowing has moved downwards, it will be favorable for borrowers. In this case, both individual consumers together with corporate ones will find it friendly to borrow, and accordingly mark a step-up in the funds borrowed (Hornle, 2008). Under these situations, expansionary measures relating to the money supply lead to better progress in the economy’s total income. On the other hand, the economy’s capability is on the investments’ reaction towards the adjustment in the cost of borrowing. For example, if investments do not increase sufficiently even with low-interest rates, the effect of expansionary money supply then is minimal (Mankiw, 2011). In contrast, most firms invest more when the cost of borrowing is low. Generally, increased investments in factors of production demand that hiring of more workers be done, to boost the production levels. However, if there are strong trade unions in an economy, there is a probability that they will demand higher wages, which will in turn increase the total cost of production, even as the level of production remains constant. Eventually, manufacturers and other business organizations will have to increase the prices of their products and services to meet the high cost of production (Mankiw, 2012). According to Mankiw (2011), if the value of products records is an upward trend, the demand for money rises since the same amount of money has less valu
Introduction Interpersonal disconnection is a social self-motivated phenomenon involving the reciprocated creation of a distance between people living in the same society. This adversely affects not only the social life of people but also their relationship with one another. Interpersonal disconnections cause a lot of pain and tension as people try to protect their feelings. It is important to note that, an interpersonal disconnection does not happen overnight but goes through three main stages. The first stage is called the reconnection stage in which a mutual bridging is created; the second stage is referred to as stasis where an individual starts to adopt the rational distance created between them. Finally we have distance creation in which the rational distance widens. This process does not just happen but it is triggered by people. When this happens other processes are triggered which results in alterations in social organization. This paper will focus on the perspectives of Pappano and Putnam as they try to explain the concept of interpersonal disconnections. Technology Innovation Pappano holds that technological innovation is one of the factors that can trigger interpersonal disconnections. According to her, as technology advances, new communities are created from the existing ones; people tend to distance themselves from one another as they seek for a common ground. They group themselves into different social classes with common interest and aspirations. Pappano argues that, technology is playing a big role in the growing phenomenon of loneliness based on its aptitude to unite people in new and different ways. As this is happening, people are feeling more isolated and estranged from each other. She wonders why this happens and how it is associated with the cultural factors and insinuation that correspond with it (Pappano, L. (2001). I agree with Pappano’s perspective because, I think technology is the main contributing factor to this phenomenon. People who have advanced technologically tend to distance themselves from others or look for people who hold a common ground with them. Not all people are successful in this and most of themselves becomes lonely and involves themselves in other activities such as reading or watching movies. Culture of Shopping Pappano observes that the culture of shopping has changed drastically and most people prefer
Case Study Presentation   * A 33-year-old woman comes to the clinic.   * Her chief complaint includes irregular periods, severe acne, and frequent hair loss.   * Health problems began about one year ago.   * She denies voice changes.   * Blood tests prove a high hormone level. A 33-year-old African-American woman visits the clinic because of her acne and hair loss have worsened during the last several months. She reports on her irregular periods during the last year. From time to time, she cleans her face to remove several acnes. Today, she has more than 20 dark spots on her skin. She is also concerned about her inability to stop hair loss. She was adopted, and she does not know her genetic history except the fact that her birth-mother had type 2 diabetes. She does not observe voice changes. She does not have children, and she is not married (no serious relationships). The results of the blood test show a high level of androgens. A pelvic examination proves increased ovaries. Polycystic ovary syndrome is the diagnosis. Medical Management   * Anti-androgens – Aldactone – to control the level of androgens.   * Anti-estrogen – Clomid – to increase the ovulation rate.   * Anti-diabetic – Metformin – to prevent hyperglycemia. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal type of disorder that is observed among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular periods, the excess of male hormones, and polycystic ovaries (Sirmans & Pate, 2014). Every medication has to be prescribed by a professional only after all necessary tests are made, and the diagnosis is proved (Dreischulte & Guthrie, 2012). In addition to lifestyle changes, medications have to be prescribed. They help to control the level of androgens (anti-androgens), promote anti-estrogen therapy (clomiphene citrate), and slow down the progression of diabetes (anti-diabetic agent). No side effects are observed as a result of the interactions between the drugs in the chosen medication approach. Drug One: Aldactone (Spironolactone)   * Dosage: 50 mg daily.   * Mechanism of Action: receptor binding.   * Adverse Effects: nausea, breast tenderness, hyperkalemia .   * Contraindications: anuria, renal function impairment.   * Interactions: ACE inhibitors, digoxin, corticosteroids. Aldactone is known by its generic name Spironolactone. It is prescribed to patients with PCOS to stabilize the level of androgens. This tablet is usually prescribed in dosage between 25 and 200 mg per day (Williams, Mortada, & Porter, 2016). It may be taken with food. As one of the main antagonists of aldosterone, this drug aims at receptors’ binding. It increases the amount of water and sodium and acts as a diuretic by its mechanism. The most serious adverse effects include nausea, breast tenderness, and hyperkalemia. It is not recommended for patients who have anuria or renal function impairment. The interactions with various ACE inhibitors, digoxin, and corticosteroids may lead to severe com
Case Study The stories of the companies and the people who managed to find their own formulas for rapid success belong to the number of the most popular topics for discussion among people connected to media. Anyway, opposite situations when companies lose money and power in a short period of time should also be discussed. Their negative experience is as important because it may help to make necessary conclusions. Furthermore, analyzing this experience will allow developing recommendations for the companies that attempt at reclaiming their authority. Sony belongs to the number of companies facing a series of issues that have had quite a negative influence on its business and the popularity of its products among the consumers. According to the case that we were supposed to study, Sony’s popularity has significantly decreased during the last decade. There are a few factors that contributed to the present situation and affected Sony’s performance in that period. At first, there was a high level of competition in the market, and a lot of newer brands appeared. It was extremely important for the brands to prioritize the activities that would help them to attract and keep the attention of their prospective buyers. Other companies were developing devices that could become popular among young people presenting the most important group of customers for such brands. At the same time, Sony was wasting money on the development of products that had already been launched in the market by other brands. Macroeconomic factors that have influenced this situation also include growing economic competition between Japan and other Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Furthermore, there was a series of accidents that seriously disrupted the company’s activities and caused a substantial financial loss. For instance, the hacking attack in 2011 and fire in London that destroyed the company’s warehouse added to the situation that was constantly deteriorating. If I had to make recommendations for the managers of the discussed company, I would attract their attention to the importance of the customer-centric strategy discussed by many researchers such as Ritter and Henrik, who summarized its main points. The importance and positive outcomes of the use of such an approach are stated by many researchers, including Senn, Thoma, and Yip. Within the frame of this approach, it is important to pay more attention to developing the content that would present an interest for prospective buyers and encourage them to try new products. As has been stated, many specialists working for the brand tend to underestimate the importa
The crime of extortion requires a criminal act element and a criminal intent element. The criminal act element characteristically implies obtaining property of another by using a threat to cause harm to the victim (Nikolić et al., 2017). The threat may be related to the victim’s health (to cause bodily injury), to property (to cause some damage on the victim’s property), to the victim’s reputation (to reveal some personal information). An example is a criminal demanding a victim to pay them twenty thousand dollars, or they will spread the victim’s private photos. However, some acts including threat, may not be considered the crime of extortion if they are not accompanied with the intent to thieve. Usually, the criminal intent element required for extortion is the purpose of obtaining money or property that one is not legally owning. Such specific intent should exist at the time of the threat to establish extortion. Conscious aim to commit the criminal act and making the threat is sufficient. It implies that the actual stealing of money or property is not required to commit the offense of extortion. Considering the previous example, if a person asks another to loan twenty thousand dollars and after getting refusal threats to spread photos – the criminal intent element required for extortion is lacking. A possible defense to extortion could be evidence that the money or property belonging to another person and taken with the use of threat are taken fairly, for example, as compensation. Thus, if an employee does not get the money earned and threatens the employer to cause harm in order to receive a salary, technically, it is not considered an offense of extortion. To protect oneself from being a victim of such crimes, “educational programs that address related aspects, such as cyberviolence risks, personal data protection, preservation of digital evidence, appropriate reactions to cyber threats, and incident reporting” may be helpful (Vasiu & Vasiu, 2020, p. 24). Such strategies are highlighted since, nowadays, extortion has become a widespread crime in cyberspace due to the availability of mass digital technologies.
Meaning of Otherness Why does it happen that a person in our modern open society still feels alone and alien? The first reason is that you feel that people who surround you cannot understand you. Thus, you retreat in yourself. It is a very dangerous condition because the others do not know that you need help. However, you are afraid to reveal your emotions to the society because you think that people will treat you as a social outcast. You understand your otherness and try to hide it under a mask of normality. However, pretending to be someone will not help you to live a normal life. Many people feel the same in some extend. The second reason is when society makes a person to be an alien and exclude him/her. People do not even want to help in this case because they are not eager to understand someone who is different. People are proud to announce that everyone is unique, that’s why the society should appreciate each one’s individuality and personal opinion. However, these are empty words when it goes about otherness. But there is still a way out of this situation. People should learn empathy. Gines (2003) emphasizes that “Empathy dissolves alienation. The person feels that he is no longer an isolate because someone is able to understand him.” (p. 372). Thus, empathy is a real art that people should master to help to bring piece to this world. Analysis of Sherman Alexie’s This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona Readers meet a problem of misunderstanding of an Indian boy, Thomas Builds-the-Fire, on the pages of This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona . No one in the reservation speaks and listens to him because people consider him to be weird. Thomas is always telling different strange stories that frighten people because they are mysterious and often come true. Everything that Thoma
In the recent past, the number of prisoners has generally decreased in California, while the numbers of the ones with mental illness has continued to rise drastically. The external review shows that the inmate population has drastically reduced by 25%; however, the total count of inmates with Psychiatric Disorders in Prisoners has risen by 25% (Romano, 2017). The increase of prisoners who suffer from mental issues has raised questions. Thus, it is relevant to study whether the prisoners have the mentioned mental issue or the prison system is the cause of a drastic rise in these numbers (Romano, 2017). In this vein, it would be reasonable to focus on specific constitutional considerations and the related reforms. One of the issues that those mentally challenged are facing is the poor community health treatment services they are receiving. There are not enough hospital beds for ill people, despite the argument that they should be treated as ordinary citizens (Romano, 2017). The complainants with psychological issues in state medical clinics are denied of the advantages of ongoing condemning changes. The majority of the peaceful prisoners have been deprived of privileges that have been put clear in the recent reforms of an early release for a particular crime (Romano, 2017). Several reforms were developed but have been said to leave behind prisoners with mental illness. Coleman and Plata litigation (1991): In this reform, Plaintiffs filed suit in 1991 on behalf of a class that included all prisoners with major mental issues who are currently or possibly in the future imprisoned under the California Department of Corrections. “Redresses” recorded a claim against then-Governor Pete Wilson and others. The state was requested to lessen its jail populace to 137.5 percent of by a
Ethics is considered to be one of the most important issues in the profession of accountants. Researchers note that all certified public accountants (CPAs) in the USA must prove their qualifications in this field and follow the requirements of Continuing Professional Education (CPE) (Barry 5). The purpose of this paper is to give a summary of Ethics, Interrupted , an article in the CPA Journal, written by Joanne Barry, which discusses changes in the training on ethics that CPAs should take. In the year 2017, an audit by the State Board of Public Accountancy of New York was conducted. It showed that half of certified public accountants failed to comply with the CPE demands in the sphere of ethics (Barry 2017). Some certified public accountants took wrong courses on ethics; others completed them in concordance with the year of registration, not calendar year. The reasons for this inconformity with the rules are numerous but as the major ground confusion in respect of the text of the requirement is regarded. Indeed, the language used in the text of the regulation might cause wrong readings of the standard even by the professionals whose success in work is determined by their ability to understand and follow demands. In order to solve the problem of misunderstanding of the rules by registered licensees and streamline the requirement, the Education Subcommittee was charged by the board to make amendments in the standard. The workers of the Subcommittee were to develop a recommendation and send it to the Board of Regents of the State for approval. According to the recommendation, certified public accountants of New York would have to get two credits in professional ethics each year. Thus, the total amount of courses per period of three years would be doubled. However, the new rules would be going to promote more flexibility by allowing CPAs to take only two courses in ethics and decide what they should take the remaining four courses in on their own. The specialists would be able to choose between behavioral, professional or NY-specific ethics. Despite CPAs getting more freedom in choosing a kind of courses, the quantity of CPE credits would not change being forty credit hours for general studies or twenty-four hours in a specific subject. The principle that would not change for sure is that it is crucial for certified public accountants to follow the rules set and act in accordance with the standards. Some professionals in the subject area of accounting are quite skeptical about the use of taking courses in ethics. They strongly believe that earning points by covering the time of training can’t lead to a person’s being more sophisticated about ethics because one can be either ethical or not. However, the existing demands are to be met; moreover, some customers see the situation in a different way. Clients are inclined to work with those accountants who have completed all the courses because they trust such professionals more. To sum
Executive summary Nokia Company is a mobile and telecommunication company based in Finland. This is a company whose main focus is in the manufacture of mobile phone equipment and accessories for sale. This equipment includes; mobile phones, telecommunication equipment and other mobile content services. There is no doubt, that at the mention of the word Nokia in any part of the world, people will applaud because Nokia products have penetrated almost all regions of the world. Nokia’s success has been driven by its key theme which is ‘accelerate and innovate’. This has been the driving force behind the success of the Nokia Company for years. Through this theme, Nokia has for a long time partnered with many other mobile services providing company to carry out innovations with the aim of improving technology. Nokia Company is one of the largest companies in the world providing employment to very many people. The company has very big market and operations in Europe and Asia. Other continents have also provided a sizeable market for the Nokia products, for instance Africa and America. Currently, Nokia Company has provided employment opportunities to about 123,600 people all around the world (Wearden, 2009). Nokia Company has been one of the companies with very high gross revenue recorded yearly. For instance, the financial year that ended December 2009, the company recorded overall revenue of about $57, 157.5 million. In fact, it is recorded that this was not its best because it represented a 19.2% decrease in its revenue as compared to the previous financial year. In the same year of 2009, Nokia recorded a $1, 669.4 million operating profit which was also a drop as compared to the previous year. Lastly, a net profit worth approximately $1, 242.6 million was recorded in the year 2009 which showed some trend that the company was having a drop (figure 4 in the appendix). From this, it is evident that Nokia Company has been a company that has been experiencing very good business for a very long time. Despite this good performance history of Nokia, the company has also been facing challenges that have been affecting in profitability. One of the major challenges that Nokia is facing of late is that its market share has greatly slipped and other competitors are coming in strongly against the Nokia products. For instance, Samsung, Motorola and Sony Erickson have taken up most of the market that was initially being enjoyed by Nokia products. Since the invention of the mobile phone in the year 1973, there has been a great increase of the number of users in the world, for instance, it is estimated that there was a total of 1.52 billion mobile phone