ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are countries in the world which are economically developed and can afford a lot of things as compared to others. The disparity in development has led to the grouping of the world states in to two broad groups i.e. developed countries and developing countries. Developing countries are faced by many challenges both economically and socially which makes most of the citizens to live below the poverty line. Due interrelations between states, some measures are being taken to ensure that the developing nations are also boosted in their economic endeavors. Though international development has no unanimously accepted definition, attempts have been made to explain what it is. International development refers to steps being taken to ensure that developing countries raise the living standards of their citizens and to some extent alleviate the suffering that this people have to go through (Murray 2012). It therefore holistically refers to the activities by the developed countries to developing countries that aim at enabling them to have long term self sustainability as far as economic development is concerned. It includes projects which are aimed at improving health, alleviating poverty, advancing education, infrastructure development, advocating for gender equality, disaster preparedness and human rights among others. International development is different from humanitarian aid in that, while the later focuses on temporary solutions and alleviation of human suffering, international development looks at long-term solutions to these problems. In coherent with that, international development puts weight on capacity building, sustainability economic development, promotion of safety and rights based approach to economic problems (The economist 2012). Basically the objective of international aid in international development is to place the recipient country in a position where it can be able to be self dependent in the end. On top of that, international development involves the funding of specific projects or a group of projects with a definite desired outcome and the monitoring of the said projects. According to the World Bank (2010), “The funds given for a particular project are supposed to be specifically for the designed purpose and can therefore not be reallocated”. Several economic indicators can be used to measure international development, since the term is synonymous to human development but it is worth noting that the social aspect of development is a bit ambiguous to measure. The millennium development goals which were brought forward by the United Nations in the year 2000 may serve as yard sticks to checking t
Introduction Many successful organisations implement powerful strategies that ensure that their customers get the intended services or goods in a timely manner. The presence of effective leadership creates the best opportunity for pursuing goals, acquiring raw materials and adding value to all stakeholders. Operations strategy (OS) is a critical concept that can take a company from point A to B and maximise profitability. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed analysis and description of the content and process of every OS. It will go further to present a detailed plan for developing and implementing OS in an organisation. Operation Strategy: Content and Process Aspects The concept of OS has become crucial for corporations that what to remain relevant in their respective industries and overcome competition. Waters (2008) defines it as any detailed plan specifying the procedures and utilisation of various resources that can support the implemented or targeted business strategy. Some of the outstanding aspects of OS include location of the organisation, size and the most appropriate facilities (Angus 2019). Managers will go further to consider this attribute to recruit skilled workers, present the desired technology and create processes that can maximise performance. Control methods are also critical since they guide the entire process and ensure that emerging problems are identified in a timely manner (Stahl et al. 2016). This concept echoes the attributes of operations management (OM). This is the case since OM is aimed at planning, coordinating and organising activities that can create value and support the delivery of high-quality services and goods. OS is subdivided into these two aspects or parts if it is to deliver the intended results: content and process. Bell and David (2015) indicate that content will focus on the unique decisions that organisational leaders consider to pursue the most appropriate strategy and promote performance. For instance, leaders will follow this aspect to decide who completes what roles, how procedures will be undertaken and what human resources and raw materials will be required to support the intended OS. More often than not, companies will have specific committees or boards that make actual decisions to influence operations and performance. With such inputs, it can be impossible for organisations to pursue their goals diligently and eventually emerge successful. Process is the second aspect that determines the effectiveness, sustainability and success of every implemented OS. Hill and Hill (2017) define process as any procedure a given corporation adopts to formulate or pursue the intended strategy. This kind of framework tends to describe the stages or models
A fixed, firm and false belief that people, in particular the close relatives or the spouse of a person, have been replaced by doubles or imposters is termed as a Capgras delusion (Capgras, 19232 cited in Edelstyn,1999 ). This term was first coined in the early 19 th century when Capgras and Reboul reported the case of a patient named Mme M. who presented with psychotic symptoms and a unique kind of delusion of substitution that imposters had replaced her family members (Capgras, 19232 cited in Sinkman, 2008). Ever since then, several cases presenting with similar features have been reported and extensive research in this arena has been conducted, in order to explore the underlying mechanisms and pathology of this rare and interesting presentation. Lately, Capgras delusion has been grouped under the umbrella term of Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (DMS) along with 11 other similar disorders (Joseph, 1986 cited in Edelstyn, 1999). Although Capgras delusions are considered to be a rare disorder, studies have shown that they are observed in up to 4% of patients with psychosis (Frazer and Roberts, 1994 & Kirov et al., 1994 cited in Edelstyn, 1999) and approximately 30% of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s diseases have also been shown to demonstrate this symptom (Ballard et al., 1995 cited in Edelstyn, 1999). Symptoms associated with Capgras Delusions Studies have shown that Capgras delusions do not occur in isolation. Rather, they are accompanied by a variety of other features which constitute the Capgras syndrome. A review of the case reports of patients with this disorder has shown that the most consistent presenting feature this disorder is the monothematic delusion of substitution of ones close relatives by a look alike or an imposter. Other abnormalities of thou
Project Management can be defined as the discipline of planning, organizing, and managing resources for the successful achievement of specified project goals and objectives. A project is a set endeavor with specified commencement and completion dates carried out to generate a distinctive product or service which brings about added value or beneficial change. This finite feature of projects contrasts sharply to operations or processes, which are permanent or temporary functional work to continually produce similar products or services. Practically, the management of both systems is frequently found to be quite distinct, and therefore requires the development of different technical skills and the espousal of separate management philosophy. Every successful Project Manager must control the four essential elements of a project in a concurrent manner i.e. scope, time, resources as well as money. All four elements are interconnected and each should be effectively managed. All must be jointly managed for the success of the project. Various literature on the project management approach centers on the importance of managing and balancing three elements i.e. money time and people. Nevertheless, scope emerges to be the most important element and it becomes the first as well as the last task for a successful project. First and foremost the approach assists in managing the scope of the project. The project scope is termed as the designation of what is to be achieved by the project and the budget (of money and time) set aside for the achievement of the laid down goals and objectives. It is very essential that every change in the project’s scope carries an equivalent change in the budget, either resources or time. If the scope of the project is to construct a structure to house four widgets with a $200,000 budget the project manager is expected to do that. On the other hand, if the scope is altered to a five widgets building, the project manager should attain a suitable change in the budgeted resources. The project manager will evade the change in scope if at all the budget is not altered. It becomes practically hard to manage resources time, money as well as resources effectively unless the project scope is well managed. With a clearly defined project scope that is linked with the budget and timeline, one can start to manage the project resources. These comprise the people, material, and equipment necessary to finish the project. (Burke, 2003) The project management approach adopted for the planning and controlling of a hotel refurbishment project carries several advantages which are listed under. The project management approach helps the top management personnel in deciding whether to go ahead with a certain given project or to cut it short. Through proper evaluation and assessment, man
This poem explores the other side of the father-daughter relationship. It is one of Plath’s emotionally charged poetic excursions that embody bitter memories of one’s father. It is expressed through the eyes of a young girl, the persona, who tries to grapple with the disturbing memories of her late father. From the onset, it is clear that there is no love lost between the father and the daughter. The persona launches a scathing post-humus tirade at the haunting memory of her late father. This is attributed to the fact that the father had subjected his daughter to an oppressive environment in which the latter was rendered hapless and hopeless. According to the poem, the persona suffered “for thirty years, poor and white” (Plath, stanza 1. 4) and “hardly daring to breathe” (Plath, stanza 1.5). This is an illustration of an unbearably harsh and subjugative condition that the daughter endured in the hands of her father. The increasingly disturbing and mind-boggling memory makes the daughter’s intense feelings spiral out of control. Hence, the demonized father is handed the second death : “Daddy, I have had to kill you” (Plath, stanza 2.1). The daughter makes a desperate attempt to purge herself of the spirit of her father. This also underscores the crippling disappointment and frustration that she encounters at the death of her father. The disillusionment on the part of the persona is begotten by the fact that she had initially iconized her father. She had held him in very high esteem and had put him in a position of reverence: “… a bag full of God” (Plath , stanza 2.3). It was, therefore, painfully discomfiting that the person she worshipped turned against her, and to make matters worse, died. The hither-to angelic father suddenly transformed into a “ghastly statue” in stanza 2, line 4, a personification of evil. It appears that the daughter has faint recollection of her late father. This then translates to the feeling that the persona actually had limited contact with her father. The explanation is offered by the assertion that the male parent was always out fighting in the Nazi war in Germany. Due to this, he became an absentee father. He was virtually kept away from his distressed daughter by a series of wars. The memory of a painfully inaccessible father torments the persona. It is clear that she was trapped in an unfulfilling relationship with her father : “I never could talk to you” (Plath, stanza 5.4). Even in the presence of her father, the persona experiences untold inhibitions from her father. She cannot communicate freely with her father because “the tongue stuck in my jaw” (Plath, stanza 5.5). This clearly illustrates the alienation between father and daughter. The daughter longs to be with her father, but gory visions stand between them. The estrangement between father and daughter is personified by the reference to the German – Jew relationship during the Nazi dom
Introduction The Internet of Things (Internet of Things) will grow over the next years in application and adoption. As it grows, its associated technologies will also have to undergo major advancements to accommodate customization and scaling needs of the Internet of Things. For example, privacy, security and semantic interoperability are all features that need further attention. In addition, other IT advancements like cloud technologies and big data, as well as future networks like in the case of proposed 5G will also have to be considered when contemplating the adoption of the Internet of Things now and in the medium-term. For Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the IT solutions combined with the Internet of Things, promise to enhance competitiveness and to make the daily running of businesses easy. Enhancement will come through better customer relationships, better supply chain management and relationships, as well as the provision of an affordable innovative avenue that translates to better services and products. However, the uptake of cloud computing, big data analytics, the Internet of Things, among other features faces the hurdle of overcoming sceptical thoughts about the advancements and their actual need for SMEs (Ruggieri & Nikookar 2013). This paper will review academic literature whose focus is on factors that drive emerging information technology uptake among SMEs. In evaluating literature for inclusion in the various discussions that follow, the author will be keen on evaluating factors that affect uptake, characteristics of the uptake, and emerging trends about uptake in both SMEs and bigger organizations. However, a review of bigger organizations is only done to form a comparison basis, without steering away from the topic of the paper. The first part of the paper explains the methods used to gather information that forms a part of the discussion. The methodology section also explains the reasons for picking the given method over other research methods that are available. The next part covers theoretical literature that explains why SMEs would adopt the various technologies and expected consequences by SMEs that would influence the uptake. Here, the paper concentrates on the categorization of technology needs, the theory of planned behaviour and the task-technol
Introduction Public administration is the aggregate of organizations, people, formal and informal roles, capacities, roles and practices with the statutory mission to convert policies into laws and budget into useful services to citizens (Lora 5). The rules and routine that are found in the entire public administration such as those concerned with the budget as well as financial management, civil service, procurement, organizational development and control normally generate certain incentives that guide, constrict, and motivate the action of the organizations as well as those of the public officials involved (Lora 6). So it is possible to summarize that public administration reforms entail a set of coherent interventions that attempt to redirect these institutional incentives to enables stakeholders to increase efficiency and effectiveness of organizations and the officials together with their responsibilities for the generation of useful services to the citizens. Basically, there are some critical aspects of administrative reforms. The first is the degree to which the reform process has been attempted to affect or have achieved certain impacts on the various cross-sectional components of the public administration e.g. budget, control, civil service, procurement, organizational development, and many more (Davis & North 17). The other aspect basically involves the depth attempted or achieved in modifying these cross-sectional components (Davis & North 18). In both aspects, there is the degree of achievement measurements in relation to streamlining the processes in terms of transparency building in order to increase the efficiency of the processes. In Latin America, there have been some major reform processes in relation to comprehensiveness and depth that were proposed and to some extent achieved. The first high profile reform agenda was that of public apparatus in Brazil which took place between 1995 and 1998 in the first Cradoso administration (Tulchin & Espach 37). This particular reform gave rise to a constitutional amendment supported by a majority of congress. In Contrast to Brazil is Chile, which has been implementing an ongoing reform that gained impetus and scope overtime from 1990 all the way to 2003 (Lora 44). The other is the reform initiative in Peru that took place between 1995 and 1997 (Lora 48). This reform took a different course as compared to that of Brazil and Chile in that it started from the concerns about the fiscal weight of the public sector payroll during the first Fujimori administration (1990-1995) (Lora 48). The government agenda incorporated research agenda in 1995 with the shared but conflicting leadership between the presidency of the council of ministers with whom the emphasis was placed on the o
Due process is the application of laws in an equal and fair manner to every citizen, particularly those accused of crime. It is characterized by the thinking that, the rights of the accused need to be deliberately protected in whatever investigation of the criminal justice. Basically, the due process requires that the accused be served in accordance with the law without violating the basic principles of individual rights. Therefore, the accused ought to be given a notice and a chance to be heard as well as defend their rights before a court of law (Roach, 1999). The Due Process can be traced back to the Magna Carta doctrines in 1215. This doctrine consisted of the rights of a person to be protected against deprivation of their belongings or rights, unless it is by the rightful judgment of their matches or the law of the land. The Due Process was then further advanced and elaborated in the English Common Law after which it came to be included in the United States’ earlier constitutions that antedated the present day United States constitution (Tribe, 1975). The laws of the United States are found on the basis that, the suspect is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. In protecting the rights of the accused, a criminal investigation is carried out in a procedural code. The constitution’s bill of rights protects the rights of the accused. When a person is suspected of crime, they are accorded some rights known as the Miranda rights. If these rights are not adhered to throughout the investigation and trial processes, the suspect will be granted freedom on the basis of those trivialities and not because they are innocent (Hornberger, 2005). Moreover, the legal system of the United States is that of an Adversarial System which exercises the idea that the accused ought to be considered innocent till proven guilty. According to this system, a judge and jury will seek to find out the truth by attentively hearing opponent attorneys who with vigor, advocate in place of their respective parties through Adversarial Procedure. Prior to the act of arrest, a lawful investigation may be carried out as the law prohibits unwarranted searches to homes and properties. This provision is catered for under the Fourth Amendment (Hornberger, 2005). In addition, once the suspect has been taken to custody, their rights are guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment of the constitution. This amendment provides fair ways of trying the accused especially the right to remain silent. It typically disallows the government to; compel an individual to incriminate themselves, deny an individual Due Process of law, subject an individual to multiple prosecutions or punishments for a single crime, and prosecute in federal court before a grand jury indication. Any v
General Summary of Entire Us Demography as Compared With That of Zip Code 60614 The literacy profile of the entire nation differs from that one of zip in that many people in zip have reached bachelor’s degree and graduate level, while the majority of the entire nation is high school graduates and many have gone to some college but have no degree. The marital status of the population in both populations varied. In USA entirely, majority had ‘now married’ status (51.13%) while in Zip, the majority had ‘never married’ status (54.20%) (Nemiroff, 1995). Census and ethnic diversity Races and ethnic communities in the entire nation have been continuously increasing including Americans, Indians, Eskimos, Asians, Blacks, Whites, Hispanic and others. In contrast, in zip, the population of Hispanic and ethnicities in the category of others has been decreasing since 1980 to the year 2000, while the American, Indian, Eskimos and Asian populations, though reduced between 1980 and 1990, have been on the increase between 1990 to 2000 (Sandefur,1996). Residential houses occupied Rental houses were decreasingly being occupied as the majority of the population increasingly owned their own houses in zip territory. This contrasts the entire US population trend that has been observed going for both rental and fully owned houses at an increasing rate (ESRI Press, 2004). Population in the labor force The population rate of those not in the labor force in zip is less compared to the rate of the entire country (The University of Michigan, 1994 ). Majority of the population in the entire nation is employed in manufacturing, health and retail trade industries while that of zip is employed in professional scientific and technical service and financial and insurance industry (Nemiro