ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Care at a distance (Telemedicine) is rapidly receiving acceptance across the globe courtesy of the new development in information and communication technology (ICT). This concept eliminates the traditional ways of seeking healthcare services where clinicians and patients had to establish physical contact for treatment. Canada was among the first world nations to adopt the concept. As a result, the country has witnessed a myriad of benefits accompanied with some challenges. The discussion in this paper focuses on the state of care at a distance in Canada by considering its benefits, challenges, advances made in comparison to other countries, as well as its future in the country. Introduction The demography of Canadians is characterized by dispersed settlements with a great portion of the population residing in urban areas. This dispersed nature of the population complicates the process of delivering health services. Nonetheless, the goal of the health sector is to provide high-quality services as stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO). The traditional ways of accessing health whereby the patient and the physician have to meet physically has been the main hindrance for equitable provision of health services. However, the modern progress in ICT has provided the green light for medical practitioners to exploit several opportunities to ensure equitable provision of health services. One such vibrant opportunity is telemedicine, which intertwines medicine and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare delivery process. This paper analyzes the contemporary state of telemedicine (care at a distance) in Canada, how other countries are implementing the concept and possible solutions to the challenges that concept is currently facing. Telemedicine Defined Telemedicine is a contemporary version of care at a distance, which entails doctors attending to patients i
The issue of felony disenfranchisement is widely discussed today. Not so long ago voting rights of ex-felons were restored in Kentucky. The movement against the laws, which may be considered an inhuman and political anachronism, has spread throughout the entire nation. While the progress on the societal issue is evident as more states break the barriers to ballot boxes, there are about 6 million Americans are deprived of the right to vote. There is no other democratic country denying so large a number of citizens – both in absolute and proportional measures – in this right. The issue originates in ancient Rome and Greece while medieval Europe carried on the tradition of “civil death” that criminals had suffered. Offenders were cut off from the community; they were unable to bequeath or inherit any property and perform any legal functions. English colonists have brought these laws to North America, and, while many legislative shortcomings were cut with the attainment of independence, the felony disenfranchisement has remained. Back then, the convicted were among many social groups denied voting right. These included women, Afro-Americans, illiterates, and those who have no property (Manza, 2006). Nowadays it seems barbaric, so why felons should still be denied their right? Furthermore, inmate voting was restored in Israel, Canada, and South Africa by the decision of their respecti
Abstract The purpose of this project was to compare the dental practices that are carried out in Taiwan, Cambodia, and Australia. My major focus as I carried out this project was based on; the level of infection, the type of control and treatment provided, and the quantity of workload per dentist. To be able to collect all the data required, I had to travel to Cambodia, Taiwan and Australia. This was necessary in order to collect primary data from my target population. Most developing countries’ governments have challenges meeting the health needs of the common citizens, especially the majority of the common population which makes up most of the population. In this research work, we examine the state of dental health in Taiwan, Cambodia, and Australia and compare the state of dental health in these countries. I used several methods of collecting data. They included; note-taking, observing their dental clinics, interviewing local dental officers, video recording, inspecting their medical records and using questionnaire forms
Introduction Stereotypes are considered as the pictures formed in the mind of individuals looking into their social worlds. Individuals hold different views as concerning other people’s way of life and what the society expects of them. They also exist from the point of view of the person who is being stereotyped. The society is made up of different social groups living in diverse geographical area. Each group perceives itself as being superior and all other groups are regarded to be inferior to it. For example the America perceive the black America to be lazy and ignorant thereby denying them employment. The effects of stereotypes are much more than the simple perceptions in people’s minds. Certainly, the discriminating individuals have negative beliefs about the targets of their discrimination. The stereotyped individual’s self esteem and worth are lowered as they struggle to fit in the society (Macrae 3). When stereotypes are consensually shared within a society, their consequences become much more destructive, because they affect entire groups of people in a common way. The individual approach to stereotyping has primarily been associated with the prevailing social cognitive tradition. The basic assumption of this approach is that, over time, people develop beliefs about the characteristics of the important social groups in their environment, and this knowledge influences their responses toward subsequently encountered individual members of those groups. We can therefore say the stereotypes develop as the individual perceives his or her environment. The perceived information about social groups is interpreted, programmed in memory, and then retrieved for use in directing responses (Macrae, p. 369). African American Stereotypes Over time I have always held the view that white Americans are superior to the blacks in terms of intelligence and strength. Black Americans are perceived to be weaker beings that have to depend on the whites for their survival. The whites have taken advantage of this perspective and have continually denied the African their rights and freedoms. Few of the black Americans are able to secure jobs in the western countries and if they do, they are poorly paid. The educational attainment and school retention rates of African American children have lagged behind those of whites for as long as records have subsisted. At the college level, only about 40 percent of black Americans graduate after studying for six years as compared to 60% of white Americans who actually graduate. Among the African that grad
Enterprise Resource Planning and Supply Chain Management Enterprise resource planning (ERP) can be used to enhance the performance of supply chain management (SCM) by ensuring that businesses are able to understand customer requirements, provide up-to-date information about inventory location and status to assist in better production and shipment planning, and improve techniques of performance monitoring (Christopher, 2011). As such, the relationship is unidirectional based on the fact that ERP has the capacity to make SCM more effective and responsive to customer and market needs, though SCM has no effect on ERP. Additionally, it is evident that ERP has the capacity to assist organizations in managing the tasks and responsibilities of different suppliers, administer data for multiple business activities (e.g., product planning, cost analysis, manufacturing, service delivery, marketing, and sales), support growth of the supply value chain, as well as ensure better space utilization (Maras, 2016). Based on these observations, it can be argued that ERP serves as an engine that feeds the growth and development of SCM. Role and Benefits of Operations Management In the context of a large supermarket, the role of operations management would be to assist in managing the products and the personnel, particularly in terms of oversight of inventory, purchasing, and supplies, hiring employees, overseeing the assignment of employees, as well as planning staff development. Large supermarkets must source supplies, plan inventories, finance operations, and distribute supplies from warehouses to the shelves. All these functions are at the core of operations management since the domain revolves around overseeing the timely acquisition of supplies, designing efficient processes to produce the product and/or service, controlling business processes, ensuring adequate numbers of properly trained employees, as well as redesigning business operations with the view to achieving efficiency and effectiveness in the sale of goods and/or services (Joglekar & Levesque, 2013). Lastly, the domain of operations management is likely to benefit a large supermarket in terms of improving its operational efficiency, ensuring that customer loyalty and sales are propped up through efficient management of inventory and human resources, enhancing the supermarket’s competitive standing by helping it to understand its internal and external conditions, as well as facilitating the way it replenishes its inventory, manages its supply chain for goods and services, and controls human capital (Venkat, Kekre, Hegde, Shang, & Campbell, 2015). Process Layout and Cell Layout Available literature demonstrates that the process layout or framework is found primarily in job shops or in organizations that produce customized, low-volume products that often need diverse processing requirements and successions of operations, while the cellular layout is to a large extent associated with organizations that group production machinery acco
What value does philosophy bring to the society? Just as philosophy does not give one absolute answer to the questions it asks, giving a definitive, all-encompassing answer to the question of philosophy’s value to the society seems impossible. The existence of philosophy is the result of the humanity’s search for knowledge about the fundamental problems of human existence. The debates philosophers had over the centuries could not be won by either side since many of the fundamental problems of philosophy can be interpreted in many different ways. As such, for an outsider, it might be difficult to understand the value of philosophic research. As with many other advanced sciences, the output of philosophic research is not immediately apparent and seems esoteric in nature. As such, in order to understand the value of philosophy to the society, it is important to consider what the focus of philosophy as a study is. The subject of philosophy as a study is all-encompassing: it includes all general and fundamental issues concerning our universe. Philosophers sought to understand the meaning of life and the point of human existence. Philosophers raised troublesome questions about knowledge, consciousness and reason, and many questions which cannot be definitely answered. However, although the subject of philosophy is too broad and complex to define, it can be argued that the value of philosophy is not in some sort of tangible output, but in the process of study itself. People tend to have a very limited view of the world. The broad subject of philosophic research means that people come to realize how vast and complex our world actually is. The study of philosophy broadens people’s view on the world and introduces them to many different perspectives on fundamental issues. The numerous perspectives enlarge people’s thoughts and allow them to roam free. People’s curiosity is limited by the view of the world available to them. Philosophy discusses such issues that make us better understand ourselves and the reality around us. As it was mentioned before, philosophy occurred as a response to people’s curiosity. Our ancestors wanted to understand themselves as rational beings and the reality about them. The fact that philosophy is still relevant means that we want to understand the same things. Philosophy allows us to examine the world from many different viewpoints, and learn some of the answers for difficult questions we ask ourselves. Philosophy broadens our knowledge about the world and the fundamental problems present. While some of the questions discussed by philosophers are obscured, it does not mean they are not important or relevant. The answers to such questions, as what is right or wrong, have direct implications for our life. If, for example, we consider something bad, we will avoid doing that. Philosophy raises important questions about what is moral and what is not, and philosophic discussions led to the creation of a separate discipline, called ethics, the study of fundamental values which help an indi
Article Summary The article, titled Why did the Communist Party Reform in China, but not in the Soviet Union? The Political Economy of Agricultural Transition , purposes to present a diverse set of arguments to demonstrate why China and the Soviet Union, along with other countries in Europe and Asia, chose different reform policies in their dramatic transition from communism to market economies. Specifically, the article looks into the agricultural reform and how various dynamics, including price policy, property rights, decentralization, and market liberalization, influenced economic reform in China and the Soviet Union 1 . The article proceeds by showing how China embarked on its economic reform path by going away from collective land ownership and leaning towards household responsibility system (HRS) in agriculture, before showing how the country relied on grassroots support, local leadership, and the central leadership to drive its agricultural reform agenda 2 . Equally, the Soviet’s Union’s journey to economic reform has been highlighted, with authors suggesting that the Soviet Union failed to achieve agricultural transition because of failure by grassroots farmers to adopt and implement strategies and initiatives from the country’s top leadership. In summary, the article shows that both grassroots support and supportive top leadership were important vectors in the push for an aggressive economic reform agenda 3 . Other important highlights of the article include the motivations behind the actor’s push for economic reform in China and the Soviet Union. In particular, the authors provide an explicit explanation of how various variables, including historical legacy, wealth considerations, and technology, pushed farmers at the grassroots levels in China to embrace agricultural reform, and how the same variables pushed farmers in the Soviet Union to reject the reforms 4 . The motivations for embracing or rejecting these reforms have also been provided for local officials at the grassroots and also for the central leadership. Why did property rights reform bore fruit in China and not in the Soviet Union? There was strong grassroots support from farmers in China, while farmers from the Soviet Union refused to support the reform initiatives. Similarly, there was strong support from the local leadership. Although there was initial resistance against HRS from the top leadership in China, heavy grassroots pressures swayed the regime to change its perspective on the reform and indeed took part in drawing policy guidelines on how the reform was to be implemented. Additionally, China utilized labor-intensive costs of production, thus farmers had a higher chance of benefiting from the reforms. In the Soviet Union, farmers relied on heavy subsidies from the government, thus felt they would have lost if they adopted the reforms 5 . What motivated farmers at the grassroots levels to adopt economic and agricultural reforms in China? The three main motivators include historical legacy,
Explanation of the Conflict’s Causes The conflict arose when a group of employees working on a project were selecting a person that would become their leader and, therefore, decide which direction the project will take. A Japanese member of this group offered his candidature. Some of his colleagues, however, found this offer to be unacceptable due to his ethnical background. They believed that, as a Japanese person, he would be too conservative regarding the direction and presentation of the project which would significantly limit possible approaches. It is possible that this conflict arose because the company decided to create an ethnically diverse group to work on this project. As stated by Chua (2013), it has been concluded a long time ago that “exposure to an out-group predicates the activation of negative stereotypes and biases against out-group members” (p. 1545). Therefore, the conflicts were bound to happen due to the background diversity prevailing in the group. Role of Mass Media The role of mass media in this conflict is limited by its ability to shape people’s images of people of various descents. In this scenario, the image of the Japanese member was formed by the representation of people of eastern descent in popular media (movies, shows, books, etc.). As characters, people of eastern descent are believed to follow more traditional and conservative approaches while having a strict moral code that may prevent them from taking more innovative approaches. This image was the reason why the employee was voted against when choosing the project’s leader. Since image formation was the primary cause for this conflict to unfold, connections between the communication behaviors of each person in this conflict scenario and their differing worldviews must not be considered to have the utmost importance. Consultation According to Yang, Ryan, and Zhang (2013), “conflict is often accompanied by cooperation, unity, and the formation of alliances” (p. 83). Therefore, one of the ways to resolve the conflict would be to demonstrate to the group’s members how their performance will increase despite this conflict. Moreover, they may achieve greater results due to this conflict as they must overcome it in order to complete the project successfully. However, it must be noted that ethics-wise it is not entirely correct to allow the conflict to unfold, especially if this would push the group’s members to make their group separated into smaller ones. This would result in most of these groups creating their own ethical biases towards members of other groups. Providing coverage of intergroup contact as a means of reducing and preventing intergroup conflicts, Ramiah and Hewstone (2013) state that “contact does not generally worsen intergroup relations, and its overall effect, across hundreds of studies, is to improve them” (p. 538). Aside from the fact that it stimulates cooperation and allows a group to share opinions, suggestions, and approaches, intergroup contact allows a group’s members to eliminate any possible prejudice
Synopsis In every field of study or business, there exist the external and internal factors that you can either have control over them or not. In this case, one can have a problem-oriented approach to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats in the life of David Christopher according to the book OM, third edition by David Alan Collier and James R. Evans. David Christopher ventured in the business of Orthopaedic Surgery Clinic. By taking the problem-oriented approach, this paper analyses the case study to identify the main problems. The writer then suggests solutions to the existing problems. In this case, the weaknesses and the threats are discussed as the major problems. However, there are solutions to the problems as in the case of David Christopher. Recommendations have also been made and the best solutions chosen from the proposals. The theory used in this case study analyses the business using the approach of SWOT analysis. Discussions of the findings are incorporated together in the SWOT analysis and at the end of the case study; there are details of the solution and implementation. Strengths These are the capabilities or the successes in a business that are helpful in accomplishing the mission. In Christopher’s business, the owner ventured in a business that is in line with his profession. He uses the knowledge he has to ensure best service delivery. Christopher obtained medical degrees from Universities of Kentucky and Virginia. He has experience in orthopaedic surgery obtained from Duke University Medical Centre. Christopher has employed 12 support personnel including X-Ray technicians, nurses, accounting and office support. Evidence shows that the employees are committed because the orthopaedic surgeons are working long hours a day. The clinic’s typical workweek shows that employees work for 10 hours excluding lunch hour. David Christopher’s clinic has many customers because of the overload of the surgeons. The clinic has good reputation among the customers because there are so many patients requiring the orthopaedic surgery and therefore David Christopher has thought of employing more orthopaedic surgeons. The clinic offers the best quality services to the customers free of medical and surgical errors. David Christopher’s workweek shows the set up and changeover times for the orthopaedic surgeons. This ensures that the surgeons get enough time to rest after attending to a patient and before the next patient. In the clinic, treatments of fractures have always been successful. Osteoporosis is a condition that leads to the fractures. Through Orthopaedic surgery clinic, the fractures of the hips, wrists, and the spine are treated successfully. Their services are perfect. This is strength in David Christopher’s clinic. Weaknesses Weaknesses are those qualities that hinder the accomplishment of the mission and the achievement of the full potential. These are the controllable internal factors. In David Christopher’s clinic, there are o