ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Loss is a challenging event in one’s life, and it is often followed by a period of grief. However, in most cases, loss happens with a clear understanding of what has happened and a perspective of finality that leads to experiencing grief resolution. In contrast, the ambiguous loss does not provide people with such possibilities. People who do not know what has happened to a loved one or feel disconnected from them cannot grieve properly. They do not have closure and continuously experience stress due to separation. The problem of ambiguous grief exists among immigrants and their families, including those who moved to another country alone and those who were separated from their families after arrival. Background In the United States, ambiguous loss disproportionately affects the Latino community and undocumented immigrants. According to Lovato-Hermann (2017), the political view of immigration has significantly changed in the last 20 years, shifting from a positive focus on talent and labor opportunities to fear-based rhetoric of terrorism and crime. As a result, people find it much harder to enter the country, and many immigrate without a visa. At the same time, children of undocumented immigrants deported from the US experience another version of ambiguous loss through family separation (Lovato, 2019). Consequences In the first type of loss, undocumented immigrants often do not have the means to contact their families or see them again. Thus, both sides worry about one another’s safety and experience. Another problem is that these families do not know whether they will ever reunite (Solheim et al., 2016). As such, feelings of loss are exacerbated by chronic stress. In the case of involuntary separation in the US, children of deported immigrants develop trauma symptoms and future separation anxiety (Lovato, 2019). Moreover, they have behavioral changes and problems in school, which lowers their quality of life and creates additional difficulties in adjusting to the new reality. Advocacy Immigrants should be supported on the governmental, state, and local levels. For social workers, specific education for dealing with ambiguous loss is vital, and bilingual specialists are instrumental in this case. Garcini et al. (2019) suggest meaning-making, stress management, and art therapy for clients who immigrated. Lovato (2019) offers to play, narrative, or art therapy as a way to help a child from a separated family to start opening up about their feelings. Advocacy for immigrants is important– they must be respected and treated with dignity. On the state level, the treatment of immigrants with cruelty has to be challenged by social workers, schools, and child protection organizations. Lovato (2019) suggests declaring specific spaces and activities as safe for immigrants to attend without fear of being apprehended. These “safe havens” extend to hospitals, schools, churches, court offices, and other locations. Immigrants who were separated from their families unwillingly should be provided with ways to reconnect, including telephone
Introduction A country can be regarded as a democratic one when the authoritarian type of government is not used to rule the country and the people are not oppressed by an authoritarian government and their authorities are elected by the people. As long as the authorities in some Asian countries are elected, democracies in these countries still lack the characteristics which can be associated with democracy in other parts of the world. “In other words, if a country is said to be democratic all the people who are involved in politics-citizens, civil societies, politicians- usually accept the rules of the democratic game” (potter 356). “There are two broad types of democratization in Asia countries i.e. the have and the have-not type of democracy and this has been influenced by various things, including “culture and ethnic cleavage that has greatly contribute in democratization not occurring in Asian countries” (potter 354). Social and Economic “The countries in Asia have many things in common, from natural resources to geographical locations, they all have almost similar populations and they have undergone same historical experiences but one thing which is independent of each country is culture” (Potter 240) Values but not institutions have been the determinant factor in democratic transitions from the authoritarian type of government to a democratic type of government. Market-oriented economies and political institutions in these countries have been put in place after they got their independence, but some still fear embracing these values because of the communist ideology which their leaders still have, for example, Japan and China. “They have not embraced open market policies and little has to be put in place in terms of political institutions because their culture cannot accommodate these values” (Huntington 240). Democracy “China and Soviet Union have a culture in their countries, where the powers in the government are centralized placed, Fang Linzhi once said at least due to lack of democracy as a result of a culture which has impacted negatively to the nation, but culture cannot be blamed squarely for those 40 years which have passed” (Cotton 239). Fang Linzhi was saying this because the culture in China cannot accommodate any type of democracy. Historically in Japanese culture, it was made up of a class of different people depending on what you own in the country. These classes in the nation are the ones used to determine the democracy in that nation because each class pursues its own interest in the country. The dominant class has always been anti-democracy in Japanese society and they are the likes of landowners who have been exploiting cheap labor from the lower class i.e. the workers. Due to democracy in parts of Japan social welfare of its workers in rural areas h
Introduction The international political economy is one of the important phenomena in international relations. Issues in international economics have a huge impact on the relations at the international stage. One of the most important issues in international economics is the forces in the international business cycles resulting to economic crises. International financial crises have been prevalent in international economics occurring in different regions at different times. The first major financial crisis in the world occurred during the post WW1 era in what is famously known as the great depression of 1930s. Other crises in international economies have been occurring including the recent financial crisis that directly affected the United States and the European Union. There is also the least known financial crisis that affected East Asia in a span of one year – 1997-1998. This had devastating consequences on the East Asian economy. However, the quick actives responses by the states in the region helped in the quick aversion of the crisis and its impacts on the region’s economy (Heo & Horowitz, 2000). This essay discusses the developments of the financial crisis in East Asia financial crisis. The effects of the crisis on the affected states have been analysed. In addition, the paper discusses measurers applied by states in averting the crisis. This essay centres on two benchmark states: Singapore and Australia. In this article, it has been be demonstrated that the economic crisis has a spill over effect especially when applied to regional economic blocs. Origin and development of the financial crisis in East Asia Most research findings point at a number of aspects as being behind the financial turmoil that was witnessed in East Asian States between the year 1997 and 1998. Weak macroeconomic policies and foundations by East Asian countries have been found to dominate the argument about the causes of the financial crisis. This argument was made by both financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and economists. However, there is another argument holding that the presumed causes of the crisis do not wholesomely apply to all nations in the region. In most cases, the economic analyses of the causes are generalized. This relates to political settings of these countries, economic s
Gender roles change from one generation to another as society gradually realizes the essence of the roles that men and women play in various aspects of life. While men access unlimited privileges in society, women grapple with limited privileges, which have defined their roles in the society. The disparity in the roles of men and women has its basis on norms, traditions, cultures, and social constructs that have continuously shaped human behavior across all ages. Since the media are powerful in communicating norms, traditions, and social constructs, how they depict women play a central role in defining gender roles. Collins (2011) argues that, “while increasing the representation of women in the media may be valuable, the manner in which they are portrayed should be simultaneously considered to avoid increasing negative or stereotypical depictions that may be particularly harmful to viewers” (p. 290). Hence, depiction of women by the media determines how society perceives women and their roles. In this view, the essay critically analyses points of agreement and points of disagreement in the article that assesses gender roles in the media. One of the points of agreement presented by the article is the sexualization of women. Comparatively, the media portray women in a sexualized manner, unlike their male counterparts. Analysis of videos and images shows that women appear sexy in the manner they dress and display their nudity (Collins, 2011). In modern society, sexualization of women has become a tradition, which has shaped social constructs of dressing and beauty among women. Beauty pageants critically depict women as models of beauty by use of dress codes that are sexy, and thus sexualization of women. Another point of agreement is that the media subordinate and relegate women to perform traditional roles of gender. The media portray women as lesser beings than men in terms of roles that they perform. According to Collins (2011), analysis of videos and images in the media show that, “women were overwhelmingly more likely to play the role of housekeeper and men were overwhelmingly portrayed as professionals and even office workers” (p. 295). Hence, the media depict women in relegated and subordinated roles or positions in the society. In the critical analysis of the article, the point of disagreement is that of under-representation of women in the media. Collins (2011) asserts that, “women are under-represented in the media, and that when women are present they are typically scantily dressed and relegated to stereotyped roles” (p. 291). Hence, it is not true that the media under-represent women yet they are dominant in the media. In the modern society, women have dominated the media because of their beauty, appeal, and eloquence. Women are dominant in the media as anchors of news, commentators, advertisers, and actors of major programs. In this view, analysis of the article disagrees with the assertion of under-representation of
Introduction Peanut allergies are common in children who are 14 years and below; one of the peanut allergies that are known to be very severe is anaphylaxis. This case involves an11-year old boy who showed symptoms of anaphylaxis reaction, which is a newly diagnosed peanut allergy. The boy lives with a single parent, the father, who works full time during the day. As a result, the boy is taken care of by the parental grandmother, who helps him with most of his daily needs. A close examination of the 11-year old boy indicated that he had an anaphylaxis reaction. The boy had noisy breathing, which indicated that he had difficulties in breathing, hoarseness, a weak pulse, nausea, and dizziness. In addition, the boy admitted that he felt tightness in the lungs, had a rapid pulse, felt pain in the abdomen, had swellings on his throat and tongue, and felt like vomiting. With these observations, it was evident that the 11-year old boy had an anaphylaxis reaction. This paper outlines issues related to anaphylaxis and designs a teaching plan for children with this kind of allergy. The paper addresses various beliefs and practices including family values, cultural, social-emotional, cognitive, and family health among other beliefs. A teaching plan for the child has also been designed with suitable goal and objectives, which can enhance his ability to learn like the other learners without the allergy. Lastly, the essay includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of the teaching plan that has been developed
Abstract Crohn’s disease is a relapsing idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract, commonly the ileum. A debilitating disease has serious physical and psychological health outcomes. New biologic agents carry the hope of effectively treating the disease; however, their safety profile still needs further research. The aim of this essay is to provide a brief review on Crohn’s disease highlighting perianal manifestations, patient work up before administering immune-suppressant drugs and the new biological agents. Introduction Crohn’s disease is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract characterised by remissions and relapses. Its incidence varies in different parts of the world being more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia. Many factors are blamed for its aetiology, environmental like smoking, diet, oral contraceptive, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Bacteria, immunologic deregulation and genetic factors are also to blame; however, it appears that interaction of all factors combine together is more likely to cause the disease. The disease is 2-4 times more common in Jews, with an increased risk of Ashkenazi Jews among the Jewish population, and the white race preference over Africans has to lead to the conclusion that genetic factors are at least partly responsible for the disease. Despite that, the disease never shows typical Mendelian distribution, the most likely responsible gene (NOD2/CARD 15) located on chromosome 16, which is responsible for the identification of luminal commensal bacteria products and is significant for gastrointestinal mucosa defence mechanisms 1 . Perianal Crohn’s disease Perianal Crohn’s disease lesions occur in an area rich in lymphoid tissue especially around the ducts of anal glands. This is an area of slow transit of faecal material; thus, liquid faeces may pass through anal glands ducts interacting with local lymphoid tissue resulting in perianal lesions. Perianal Crohn’s disease can be classified as primary where the same disease process (idiopathic chronic inflammatory immune-mediated) is responsible for the perianal disease and thus reflect the disease activity. Examples of primary perianal disease are Crohn’s fissures, ulcers and the ulcerated pile complex of Crohn’s disease, Crohn’s ulcers may be aggressive to extend to the vagina (rectovaginal fistulae). Secondary perianal Crohn’s lesion result as a mechanical or infective complication of the primary lesions, examples are perianal abscesses and fistulae secondary to deep ulcers, non-healing ulcers secondary to faecal contamination and anal strictures. The third group is incidental perianal Crohn’s disease, which does not relate to the original disease like piles. Provided the disease is under control, 50% of fissures and intra-sphincteric fistulae heal either spontaneously (hygiene and medical treatment) or by simple surgical procedures like fistulotomy. However, the prognosis of fistulae with deep ulcers is p
The Grand Canyon is one of the most grandiose sightseeing spots in the world. It took quite some time to discover and explore this natural work of art due to the structure’s immense size. Over time, the Grand Canyon became one of the symbols of the United States and the State of Arizona in particular. It is crucial to investigate the past of the Grand Canyon in order to realize its potential and see how this natural wonder could affect human lives beyond traveling and sightseeing. The current paper will conduct a thorough study of three articles on the topic of the Grand Canyon to validate that idea. First, it must be noted that the history and culture of Americans living in the area are directly connected to the Grand Canyon. For example, Sara Maverick suggested that the rich human history could not be left behind since Native American tribes and numerous miners and archaeologists visited and explored the Grand Canyon throughout the years (“The Grand Canyon,” 2022). Maverick talked about how the Anasazi became one of the biggest groups to populate the Grand Canyon in an attempt to protect themselves from nomads. Nevertheless, it is believed that a severe drought has forced the Anasazi to leave their houses carved inside the Grand Canyon (“The Grand Canyon,” 2022). The rich history of mining also haunts this natural wonder to this day, as some of the mines located in the Grand Canyon produced silver, copper, and uranium oxide. Conversely, one should pay attention to the geological history of the Grand Canyon and appreciate its natural features. For instance, Marisol West dwelled on the presence of 2-billion-year-old rocks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon (“The Grand Canyon,” 2022). As a result of a powerful erosion, the Grand Canyon remains a gigantic reminder of the previous eras when natural calamities were much more severe and powerful. The fact that the Grand Canyon is still home to the Navajo Indians shows how the natural state of the structure was preserved. Every geologic event that occurred since the first settlements of the Anasazi shaped the Grand Canyon in a number of unique ways that are visible to today’s tourists (“The Grand Canyon,” 2022). Thus, numerous floods and erosions only made the Grand Canyon even more grandiose than before. The G
The movie “Momento” directed by Nolan depicts a story of a man suffered from amnesia as a result of head injury when a killer confronted his wife. The movie vividly portrays psychological difficulties and problems experienced by the main character, Leonard, and ways he invested to solve his daily problems. In terms of psychological analysis, amnesia can be explained as defective visual memory. The patient is considered to be unable to generate visual images because his visual memory is destroyed. In order to remember things, Leonard develops a system of notes and messages which help him to manage his life and communicate with the environment. Following psychological explanation, the main character reduces all of the material-specific conflicts of memory. In this case, amnesia is seen as a loss of verbal memory-images and a loss of visual memory-images (Myers et al. 2006). Though, if his memory is defined in this way, the issue as to whether or not his cessation of dreaming is a memory disturbance assumes a different meaning. It becomes a n issue of whether or not cessation of dreaming is a conflict of gnosis or imagery (rather than a conflict of memory as such). The relationship between cessation and imager has been discussed already in the movie. For instance, in order to maintain logical structure of events and daily activities, Leonard uses photos and pictures to record information. He looks through these images again and again trying to recollect feelings and emotions (Lethem, 2000). The relevant issue now is whether or not people with amnesia are actually having images of reality but then forgetting them, that is, whether or not cessation of images is illusory. Moreover, in recent years cognitive neuropsychologists have stated that the so-called semantic memory system can be integrated into multiple subsystems which can be impaired selectively. In order to add emotional tension to the plot development, the director uses reverse chronological order of events and memories. Viewers understand that memories are real but suppressed by psychological stress and injury. In this climate, it is not not possible that some contemporary theorists might conceptualize cessation of dreaming as a category-specific amnesic syndrome (Myers et al. 2006). It is important to state that since the relevant issue is whether or not people with amnesia are actually having images of reality but then forgetting them, critics concern with the so-called episodic memory system. This means that people with amnesia, like Leonard, need to establish memory system and recollect information
Globalization is a term that has been defined variously, with most scholars agreeing that it entails a process, a situation, a system, a force, and an era that is characterized by intense technology in communication and transport. Through globalization, Steger is of the view that boundaries are no longer relevant because states are forced to allow goods and services to circulate freely without the restrictions that existed in the previous years (Steger 4). Globalization has ensured that dramatic changes take place in the way goods and services are manufactured, something that signifies a change in global economic production. New technologies facilitate the easy transfer of commodities and services from one region to the other. Additionally, the advent of the internet allows merchants to communicate with ease and enables the advertising of products on social networks, such as Facebook, yahoo, twitter, and Google. In fact, many studies indicate that technologies are transforming the social interactions meaning that interrelations and human communications are based on market-centered. From this perspective, it is noted that the current global economic order is based on three major strands, one of them being the huge transnational corporations (TNCs) while the second is powerful economic and financial institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank. Finally, the expanded regional organizations, such as the European Union (EU), Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the ASEAN serve as the third strand. The new world economic order traces its origin in the Bretton Wood Organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. Globalization dictates that for any sustainable economic order to be achieved, the deregulation of major economic events is critical, such as applying uniform policies and rules in the production and distribution of products and services. Additionally, all barriers to trade have to be done away with, and these obstacles include things such as wars, bad leadership, and human sufferings. It was established that the state had to follow the established standards as far as governance is concerned. This means that egalitarianism is compulsory, as it is believed that democracies do not go into war with each other. Again, global economic development calls for the establishment of the binding rules, which are known to create some fairness in the way goods are produced and consumed globally. Currently, many advocates of globalization are obsessed with the issue of the elimination of barriers in trade (Selden 14). In fact, globalization is based on the concept of deregulation, which is closely related to the views of neo-liberalists. It is concluded that the current global economic order has losers and winners. First, the state is the loser because it does not have the ability to influence global economic matters, but instead, it depends on the market forces. For instance, the government cannot claim to control the prices of products, even though it comes in whenever issues of quality and safety standards are raised. The emergence of complex economic, social, and political systems, which i