ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Comical expressions are often used in speech to make communication more diverse, emotional, and engaging. The humor helps people to understand each other better and build strong communication based on sharing positive emotions. From ancient Greek times, outstanding philosophers like Plato considered humor an essential tool that people can use to understand each others’ complicated cultural, ethnic, and emotional nature (Attardo, 2017). Even though the humor is supposed to be funny, its nature is not as innocuous as people think. Usually, humor always includes two subjects, the superior and the offended. In order to achieve the comical effect, there should always be an object or subject. Moreover, there are many offensive types of humor: irony, sarcasm, mockery, and others. The cognitive and linguistic peculiarities determine the usage of a particular kind of humor in a given situation. The current paper will compare two types of humor: irony and sarcasm, identifying differences and similarities. Irony Peculiarities Verbal irony is often considered an expression of contrast in a particular situation. From the linguistic point of view, irony is a figure of speech that communicates the opposite of what is said (Filik et al., 2019). Understanding irony involves the cognitive, cultural, situational, and emotional components (Filik et al., 2019). The irony comprehension requires deduction skills, which will help understand the situation’s implicit context considering the emotional and cultural aspects involved in the communication. The irony can be treated from different perspectives: philosophical, linguistic, communicational, and cognitive (Attardo, 2017). The philosophical view implies that irony can characterize a particular persons’ worldview. The linguistic theory considers this expressive tool a literature author’s instrument to implement the hidden mockery and achieve the communicational intention transfer to the reader (Attardo, 2017). Communicational perspectives treat irony as a tool to influence and sometimes even control the flow of a particular conversation. The last cognitive perspective considers the mental brain mechanisms and human psychology as the driving power of ironic expressions. Exploring the cognitive aspect of irony, it is necessary to point out that it reflects the psychology of reacting to particular conditions. Some psychologists consider irony as aggression to the special unpleasant for the human situations (Wang & Zhu, 2020). Using irony, people can change the negative connotations that they are scared of into positive ones, mocking the conversation’s participant or the proble
Introduction The article discussed in this paper presents a logical balance between youth and driving. The article under review in this section is titled “ The illogic of youth driving culture ” by K. Tilleczek published in the Journal of Youth Studies in 2004. The objective of the paper was to build and analyze a probable model of driving-related accidents in youths. A wide amount of research approach was used in this article to carry out the research, which was well coded and analyzed statistically to arrive at conclusions. Thus the paper looks into the possibilities and logical transition of youth and driving and indicates the possibilities of fatal results. The research problem The study identifies the research problem and it develops around the illogic of youth driving culture through various research facilities rather than a single unit mode. Then the research develops in logical consistency following the steps of the research process in a logical manner. These steps are backed by a Literature review is the review and it is logically organized and offers a balanced critical analysis of the literature. However, all of the literature included is of recent origin and revolves within the time frame of 10 years (the oldest being from 1993) and it presents a thorough outline of the problem and the possible solution. The literature is mainly primary sources but there are few secondary sources too. However, the secondary sources are well-reviewed and empirical. It should be noted that most of the 70 references used are scholarly journal articles. However, few books and a website are also used. However, the authors never included literature focused on administration costs and there was no indication where the costs could be found. It should be note
Identification of risks Though the Ethiopian people experienced a lot of conflicts and famine, another problem is apparent as they also die of AIDS (Coppola, 2011). The number of women who are infected with HIV/AIDS is high even for those who are in marriage relations (Assefa, Taye, & Yamāh̲barāwi ṭenāt madrak (Ethiopia), 2008, p. 107). The risk is high to get infected for people of different social groups, in different areas, for different genders and age groups. This means that the risk of becoming infected is high and every person should know about the risk and ways the disease is transmitted to prevent it. As claimed by Massow (2001), the number of officially reported cases of HIV and AIDS in Ethiopia does not really coincide with the actual situation because there are much more people with this diagnosis who do not even know about their problem, symptoms, the ways of transmission. This disease can be really harmful in terms of people’s health and the economic factors related to it because if people are infected, they may die and the workforce becomes unavailable for this country while people from other countries would not like to work their due to the high mortality rate. “AIDS-affected households will experience a loss o labour and skills, a reduction in their asset base and changes in household priorities to meet short-term food needs rather than engage in potentially risky medium-term investments” (International Livestock Research Institute, 2008, p. 3). Besides, the patients in hospitals may come from different areas. As some patients come from far away, from other settlements, and have to wait for hours for the examination rooms to open and the laboratory staff and volunteers as well as health care workers to start examining patients, the examination rooms start their work earlier (Ethiopian Medical Association, 1978, p. 52). So, it is necessary to inform people about the disease and ways it is transmitted to prevent it and help those who are already infected to live with this disease and not infect their family members. However, there are different risks occurring for the volunteers and people who would like to help. As such, it is necessary to divide the risks and outline the way they should be dealt with. One of the risks to be dealt with is the workload the health care workers already have outside the project which means that they may be unwilling to take part in the project. The second risk is the cultural and social factors because it is considered inappropriate to tell teenagers about such things as HIV whereas they are at risk as well. The third risk includes challenging, disrupting relations between men and women. The fourth risk includes religious barriers that can be regarded as cultural though the power of religion if often underestimated, especially for rural areas. Companies participating in the project may refuse to provide condoms at a discount, if any; this means that some charity funds should be considered as a backup pl
Introduction Staying at home with one’s family is an easier and more preferable choice to make than going anywhere, but people may not realise that living without family support may help them develop a stronger character. It is evident that the last option is tougher but better for one’s personal growth. Life at home and life away Living far from home may be inconvenient and troubling owing to the numerous adjustments one should make. If a person lives in a facility, such as a hostel, that hosts a range of residents, he or she may have to share the kitchen or pool with several other people. Sometimes, it may not be possible to do exactly what a person wants because one must accommodate to the needs of many other individuals (Flynn 56). On the other hand, if an individual lives at home, one may not have to make many adjustments because there are few individuals to consider. Furthermore, as people live with the same family members throughout their life, they adjust to their habits and particular way of life When one lives away from home, one must become highly organised. This is necessary in order to manage one’s obligations. Relocating away from home requires one to create a new routine that will facilitate one’s transition. A person may have to sort out his or her things a day before a big event in order to avoid confusion at some particular moment. Conversely, an individual may not be highly organised at home and still get away with it. The person has the advantage of having family around; consequently, a mother or sister may help in organising something (Klinenberg 15). Living away from home requires one to become diligent. A person living alone will need to perform all the house duties alone, cleaning, cooking, and shopping. As a result, there is no room for lazine
In the modern business context, investment and long-term planning are rightfully perceived as key to the company’s success. Indeed, a profitable allocation of the enterprise’s finance may either double or negatively affect its assets. The process of meticulous planning of the investment allocation and potential outcomes is known as a capital investment decision. If previously, this process could be focused solely on the concept of profitability and the benefit a company can receive from capital asset procurement, today’s capital investment decisions are rather focused on the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and such social phenomena as sustainability and environmental safety. Thus, in a recent article by The Wall Street Journal (2021), the concept of investing based on environmental, social, and governance factors (ESG) is addressed as one of the most relevant spheres of capital investment decisions in the market. Thus, according to the article, over the past years, there has been a shift from conventional investment to an ESG model of sustainable and responsible capital allocation and procurement. However, after discussing this trend with the experts, it has become evident that currently, the tendency of sustainability is widely used as a strategy to seem more appealing to investors. As a result, a company that prides itself in sustainable practices is more likely to receive capital from the investors, so many companies create faux sustainability initiatives and “greenwash” the investors’ money. In order to avoid these traps, the company’s capital investment decisions should be made based on real data and socially responsible initiatives. In such a way, these investments are likely to initiate sustainable changes in the environment, leading to beneficial long-term outcomes for businesses. Reference The Wall Street Journal. (2021). Where will ESG investing be in five years? Web.
Introduction My generation can well be defined as the generation of monoculture or mono-generation. This is the best possible name because this name specifies the overall approach of this generation with its multicultural influence of the perfect meting pot scenario. There is a certain amount of merit in this definition and it would be expressed accordingly. Today, globalization signifies escalating global connectivity, incorporation and interdependence in the economic, cultural, technological, social, ecological, and political orbs. Globalization has an assortment of characteristics, which influence the world in numerous dissimilar ways. The various forms of Globalization are as such, Industrial Globalization, pseudonym Trans-nationalization is surfacing of worldwide manufacture markets and wider access to an assortment of merchandise for consumers and companies. However, what it appeared that the result of this process would be a world with one culture and elements like cultural pride, sovereignty, individuality would fail to exist in the end. The derivation of this conclusion was deciphered
Introduction Principal global criminal issues and crimes refer to crimes that are carried out internationally and affect many nations. Sometimes, these crimes take place in one country but have an impact on other nations internationally. As far as global criminal processes and crime are concerned, there are actions such as securing evidence, witnesses, and suspects from different nations to prosecute a crime. Handling and solving global crime is extremely difficult since the field is exceptionally complex. Moreover, crimes develop each day, and their trend differs depending on the country. The term global crime refers to a wide array of criminal activities. These include, but are not limited to organized crime, terrorism, drugs and arms trafficking, internet crime, tax crimes, money laundering, apprehending fugitives, crime against humanity, human trafficking, intellectual property piracy, endangered species trade, and artefacts and antiquities theft or trade. Law enforcement is recognized as an exceptionally powerful weapon for combating global crimes. Money laundering This refers to an action or anticipated action to disguise or hide the source of proceeds obtained illegally. On the contrary, the proceeds are made to appear as if their identity is a legitimate source. For time immemorial, illegally acquired money has been laundered and circulated internationally. This is accomplished through the abuse and use of money transmitters, intermediaries, as well as shell companies (Walker & Katz, 2008). International law bodies collaborate in a bid to curb money laundering. To achieve this, there is intensive global data exchange, supporting field operations, and coordinating experts from various sectors. Moreover, these bodies cooperate with international organizations in fostering global awareness. Human trafficking Human trafficking refers to the act of acquiring people through the use of improper means. Most of the time, human traffickers use deception, fraud, and force to acquire their culprits, with the main aim of sexual harassment and exploitation. Basically, every nation is impacted by human trafficking. However, every nation globally faces the challenge of targeting and executing human trafficking criminals, who take advantage of desperate individuals. As far as human trafficking is concerned, there is a need for nations to unite and help and guard human trafficking victims, as well as the smuggled migrants. The majority of human trafficking victims undergo unimaginable hardships (Waller, 2009). Terrorism The Cold War brought an end to how foreign threats were executed. The worry in many nations is insidious assaults, which threaten property
Theory Various theories have been developed, and they attempt to describe causes for mental illness as well as recommend intervention measures. Critical Social Theory has to do with the liberation of people from known and unknown constraints that have a great impact on social interactions. It can be used to explain how economic, social, and political situations find their way into the field of health (Green 2012). A person’s environment has a role to play in his mental health. These sentiments are further advanced by another theory, the Ecological Systems Theory. The general idea is that there exist very strong links between environmental systems and an individual’s behavior throughout their lifespan. The effects are not peculiar to a certain stage of development, for example, adulthood, but cuts across all the levels. It lies heavily on culture and cultural values, and hence people doing rehabilitation could use the theory to remind the victims of what is expected of them, the stereotypes and biases even those that they conform to (Green 2012). Lifespan issues During the entire period of mental illness, this group of people goes through a lot of issues. The issues differ between individuals though there are those common to all. The habits change, and one is not even able to handle hygiene properly. They feel rejected and view any attempts to correct them as hatred. Their bodies change, and this increases their level s of depression, and at times suicide may become an option. Crisis Crisis sets in when those affected by mental ill-health fail to cope with the situation. The level of coping varies from one individual to another. According to Hendricks, Cindy, and Jerome (2010), this may lead to abnormal reactions that trigger personality imbalances and, ultimately, crisis. This is a critical level where the affected become uncontrollable and violent. This has prompted programs to be formulated like the one dealing with the reduction of violent scenes between police and the mentally ill. Trauma There is a high correlation between trauma and mental illness. In fact, the highest percentage of mental illness cases emanate from trauma. Trauma could result from life’s bad experiences like an accident, loss of a close person, or employment (O’Hare 2009). Lifetime traumatic experience has been known to cause schizophrenic spectrum and major mood disorders. Pathology More often than not, diagnosis of mental illness is not done at the right time. Mental care experts recommend early detection so as to curb the illness in its early stages. This may not necessarily come from the victim as majority of them would not admit having a problem. It can be effectively handled by family members or close relatives who notices slight mental
Introduction Violation of the rules and regulations set to govern a certain region is called crime. Every crime is against the set laws but not every violation is a crime. Every crime calls for trial and conviction to ensure that people comply with the set rules and regulations. Crimes are of different types but many of them are observed to occur in adolescence and subside in early adulthood (Hayes & Tim, 2008). This theory though it’s old, it’s widely applied in criminology. There are several reasons which try to explain as to why most offenses are experienced in adolescence and early adulthood. This essay is based on social learning theory as the cause of crime in the adolescence stage. This theory is based on the fact that young people are exposed to crimes by models, through reinforcement, and through beliefs that favor crimes. Physical abilities which influence youths to crimes Most crimes committed require physical abilities like body strength, energy, skills, and prowess for them to come out successfully. For criminals to protect themselves, be in apposition to follow up their contracts, choose and manage their counterparts, they also require physical abilities and skills. Some crimes are defined to call for more physical strengths than others thus, continuous engagement in crime leads to a way of life that is physically demanding and very risky. The crime becomes less successful when people with less physical abilities and energy get involved, especially in the cases where the competitors are young energetic people who are courageous. That is the reason why it’s argued that most offenses are done by adolescence and young adults. The greatest percentage of adolescents lack interaction with adult institutions such as workgroups and family members (Hayes & Tim, 2008). These are the institutions from where they can receive the early correction of their developing bad behaviors. In any community, young people tend to learn from the previous or the events on progress. If offenders go unpunished from their offenses, the young people who are depending heavily on these examples will not fear doing the same offenses. Relationship among teenagers is very influential where the few who are already involved in crimes spoil the rest group. Teenagers also believe that getting involved in physically demanding activities like crime and the use of much energy will make their peers respect them. Peer pressure Moreover, the state of dependency among the youths protects them from the social and legal costs of the illegalities they engage themselves in (Akers, 2009). The cautiousness on the outcome of their behavior is limited by their stage of cognitive development. In addition, these youth have the physical power required to commit a crime. Some people assume that misbehaviors seen with teenagers are part of their development. Most young people at this stage get involved in drugs due to peer pressure, which in turn influen
Abstract It is not logical and practical to blame fast-food restaurants in being the main causative factor explaining the rise of obesity cases in the nation. The mere presence of fast-food restaurants does not automatically guarantee the rise in the number of obese patients, in the same way, that proximity to a high-calorie food item makes a person fat. It is imperative to look into the impact of human behavior in conjunction with poverty as critical factors in the fight to reduce the number of obese people in the country. Educating people on the dangers of consuming large quantities of fast-food products is not going to have a positive impact, because people have access to high-calorie food items through the convenience stores and the supermarkets. It is better to answer the poverty problem first, and then educate them on other aspects of the obesity issue. Since it is poverty that compels people to consume cheap but fattening products from fast-food restaurants. Introduction The moment the medical community issued bulletins, produced journals and made announcements mentioning the words surgery and obesity in the same breath, became the critical period in human history when human beings are supposed to take into serious consideration the health implications of weight and food intake. Without a doubt, obesity is a disease, but there a lot of diseases that do not require surgery. A surgical procedure is a life and death situation. Therefore, when obese people are considering surgery they are doing so for the sake of survival. It is important to prevent the onset of obesity. However, it is not prudent to blame everything on fast-food restaurants. Stop blaming fast-food restaurants as the causative factor for obesity, because eating fast-food meals is not the only explanation why one-third of Americans are obese. Acknowledging the Impact of Fast-food Restaurants It does not require a neurosurgeon or a rocket scientist to understand that surgery is the last resort in any type of medical situation. Surgery is disruptive, risky, and, at times, unpredictable. Many people did not survive the post-operative stage of the healing process (Finkelstein et al., 2012). Thus, people that decided to go under the knife are desperate. They are left without options. One can argue that obese patient