ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The US Current Mission in Afghanistan After Barack Obama was appointed president, he declared the continuity of the war in Afghanistan. It was his priority in which he had a mission of defeating al-Qaeda and its troops. It was clear that he would not be able to make Afghanistan a modern state but he knew with the determination he had, he would be able to defeat al-Qaeda. He was supported by Robert Gates (the Defense Secretary) who was eager to see al-Qaeda’s fall. He said there was no point in wasting much time building a Valhalla because it would increase their chance of losing. Richard Holbrook who was appointed as a point man over Afghanistan by Obama has gone to the extent of analyzing the aims of the Administration over Afghanistan. During a conference in Washington, talks were held about the progress in America, and among the things discussed was the creation of more jobs, expansion of agribusiness, promotion of mobile banking, fight against corruption, and amendments to the justice sector. Holbrook read a policy that was to be adopted by the administration. The policy given by Holbrook did not expressly reflect how they were going to defeat al-Qaeda but it was itself a strategy. He realized that the only way to render al-Qaeda powerless was to embark on a mission of nation-building in Afghanistan. It would look ironic how mobile banking was related to the fight, but thinking critically AL-Qaeda relied on smuggling of illegal drugs, and therefore enhancing mobile banking would mean easy access to banking services by farmers. They would decline their reliance on the loans they get from drug dealers which is al-Qaeda’s source of finance (Ghosh 4). This will reduce al-Qaeda’s powers and increase the chances of Americans wining over them. Obama and his troops believe that the agenda on nation-building is the only tactic left for them. Even though it seems indirect, it might be the most effective in the long run. It seems it will be an expensive undertaking and they wonder how they are going to allocate the resources. Role of the Government of the US in the Vietnam War The Vietnam War occurred after the Second World War in Indochina. It was the second war in Indochina. It lasted from 1955 to 1975. It was a war between the communist from North Vietnam and the South Vietnam government. Communist North Vietnam was being supported by the communist allies while the government of South Vietnam was being supported by the government of the United States (Rotter 2). Communist North Vietnam relied on the use of conventional war while the government of South Vietnam in support of the United States government used air superiority and firepower. The main reason for US involvement in the war was to prevent the communist from taking over South Vietnam. Although military power began in 1950, the US got more involved in the war from 1960 with its troops increasing in 1962. It was in 1961 when an economic and military aid treaty was signed between the US and South Vietnam. This saw an increase in the number of US troops and thereafter a Military Assistance Command was formed. In 1965, the US troops raid
Thesis The ideas of nature and the relationships humans share with it are too complex and multi-layered to be summarized in a singular concept or definition. However, the tendency of humankind to separate itself from nature is dysfunctional and can lead to humanity alienating itself. Synopsis Raymond Williams’s essay details the evolution of humanity’s ideas of what constitutes nature and its relationships with this concept. First, he recalls the associations between the word “nature” and the essential qualities that lie in the foundation of all things (Williams 1980, 68). Then, he proceeds to outline the different understandings of nature and its principles in chronological order. The abstracted and personified idea of “Mother Nature” (Williams 1980, 69) has in the nineteenth century began to shift towards the image of a machine with fixed laws of motion. In understanding nature as a construction, man has placed himself in the center of the system, which has fuelled humanity’s willingness and capacity to intervene (Williams 1980, 75). As the man began to transform, exploit, and conquer natural habitats, the new idea of nature emerged, the wilderness, untouched by humans. Recognizing the connections between theories and assumptions about nature helps to understand the thought process behind them and its relationship with human history. However, its main importance lies in an analysis of how the separation between nature and men is ideologically incompatible with developing new, accountable relationships with the natural world (Williams 1980, 85). Comments Williams’s account of the evolution of ideas about nature is especially valuable within the provided social and philosophical context. He puts personification and mechanization of nature in perspective by linking it to the view of God as the ultimate creator, common for the Christian world throughout history. In later segments, Williams mentions the capitalist approach to any available resources as raw materials and how it resulted in men viewing themselves as conquerors of the natural world. This adds a socioeconomic layer of analysis to the contemporary perceptions of nature and is helpful in dissecting the environmentally damaging ramifications of this approach. The article depicts the idea of separating human and natural as inherently alienating for humankind. It highlights the dysfunction of putting these concepts in opposition and competition by focusing
Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable diseases that as of 2018, had affected 338 million people worldwide. Global Asthma Networks (2018) reports that asthma creates a global burden of disease and over recent years, has become one of the top twenty leading causes of death. Each day, this chronic condition takes the lives of approximately 1,000 people. This paper will describe the typical symptoms of asthma, discuss what demographics need more awareness, and study the trends in health literacy. Asthma Asthma affects air passages causing inflammation and difficulties in breathing. With time, the airways become red, swollen, and increasingly sensitive to a variety of triggers which include but are not limited to pet fur, dust, aggressive smells, weather, and stress. A person with asthma suffers from so-called asthma flare-ups, or asthma “attacks.” Once he or she has come into contact with their trigger, their air passages tense up and prevent oxygen from being carried to their lungs. An asthma attack results in coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest area, and shortness of breath (American Lung Association, 2018). When neglected and untreated, asthma can be lethal, and for this reason, it is imperative to improve health literacy. Target Audiences In the United States of America, bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children with the prevalence rate ranging from 6% to 9%. In the adult population, the share of those who are affected by this disease amounts to 7,5% (Global Asthma Networks, 2018). Black persons had higher asthma admissions and hospitalization rates as well as mortality rates compared to white persons. The reasons for racial disparities in asthma are not precisely clear, and so far, researchers have speculated about the association with environmental stressors and limited access to health care (Global Asthma Networks, 2018). Apart from belonging to a racial minority, likely predisposing factors include smoking, allergic rhinitis, obesity, and having a blood relative with asthma (American Lung Association, 2018). Enhancing Health Literacy Since asthma is a chronic condition, persons affected cannot and should not solely depend on their care provider. Yin et al. (2014) have revealed an association between health literacy and improved asthma outcomes. The opposite is also true: Federman et al. (2014) discovered that low health literacy resulted in worse outcomes. Namely, older adults with impaired knowledge about asthma showed poor self-management and could not use an inhaler without someone’s help. Conclusion Asthma is one of the world’s most common non-communicable diseases and prevalent among children, racial minorities, smokers, obese persons, and persons with allergies. As of now, asth
Learning Centers The large variety of training centers is critical for children in the early stages of education. The significant advantage of the diversity of platforms where children can learn is the difference in approach that professional educators take to teaching the learner. While at one center, for instance, a child learns about nature in an interactive and fun way, solving a large number of native tasks, at another one, the child can be in an atmosphere of strict academic discipline that encourages compliance with school rules. In sum, the preschooler receives a new, versatile experience that stimulates the child’s harmonious personal and professional development. Reading Together   * Activities : young preschool children gather in a circle and take turns reading excerpts from a pre-prepared book for this age level.   * Learning objective : CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.K.4 Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding.   * Used materials : Evidence-Based Reading by Carson-Dellosa Publishing (“ Evidence-based reading, grade K,” 2020); chairs.   * Manuals : the teacher offers children to sit in the center of the room, lined up with a circle shape. Then the caregiver tells the preschoolers a short story about what awaits them during the reading: thus, the children will be prepared for the story and more involved in the process. The instructor hands the book to the first child and asks them to read aloud one sentence. As soon as the child did, the book is handed over to the neighbor, who also has to read one sentence. This continues until the book returns to the teacher’s hands. In the end, there is a discussion of the material read, when children share their impressions.   * Evaluation : the caregiver listens attentively to how children read the text fragments and takes notes if necessary. For some children, there may be a delay in reading, long pauses, or emotional unpreparedness. That is why the teacher documents all the features so that an individual plan can be developed later. Important issues  1. What do you feel after reading?  2. Was it difficult for you?  3. How would you change the story? Rhyming With Cards   * Activities : children practice rhyming to a given word coupled with developing teamwork and reading skills aloud.   * Learning objective : CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RF.K.2.A Recognize and produce rhyming words.   * Used materials : cards with prepared words (40 in total), pen, paper.   * Manuals : a group of students is divided into two teams (“A” and “B”), after which each team takes its table in the room. The teacher suggests that the children come up with a name for the team and choose a leader. As soon as the organizing stage is over, the teacher gives the leaders a deck of twenty cards on which the words are written. The first team (“A”) raises the first card and reads the word aloud (for instance, “cat”): the task of the second team (“B”) is to come up with a rhyme for the word (maybe a
Every worker has to abide by the company and or government policies. People look for jobs to meet their personal needs and to fulfill organizational strategies. They have to respect the law. The paper would discuss the incidence of corruption in the workplace. The Ethical Issue Joan is an accountant at Creative Solutions Limited. She has worked for the company for the last ten years. Recently, the new auditors discovered some disparities in her reports (Pollock, 2012). She had made payments for the purchase of a company car twice. She had also failed to bank customers’ cash payments for six consecutive months. When the auditor confronted her with questions, she could not explain the matter. She left the auditors in her office and never showed up for work again for the whole week. The Choices Made and Their Consequences The company secretary sent an email to her personal mail asking her to report to work. She never responded. On the third day, the police found the body of a woman in her early forties in the neighboring town. She had committed suicide by drowning. The auditors finalized their work and discovered so many other challenges in the record keeping. Joan had been colluding with the previous officials to steal from the company millions of dollars. She knew that she would have to face the law (Fan & Lin, 2010). The company sued the auditors for misrepresentation of reports. In her locker, she had left the names of the officials she was working with in her scheme. Joan was a single mother with a ten-year-old boy. She did not communicate with anybody after the office incident. Her elder brother had to take the kid. The Criminal Investigations Department froze all her accounts. The company confiscated her properties. She was also paying for a mortgage. People in her neighborhood described her as a caring woman. She even spent some of her money with the less fortunate and gave to charities. They were surprised to learn that she had been stealing from her employer. Her colleagues at work never wanted to discuss anything concerning her. Some of them had been experiencing financial problems at work and yet she could not listen to their pleas. She had stopped the company twice from increasing the staff’s salaries. The company ordered for a lifestyle audit of all its staffs since they joined the company. Everybody in the company became a suspect. The board thought that she could not have been doing all these alone. She could have been cooperating with some individuals. The board had to fire some four top management staff (Fan & Lin, 2010). There were varied responses to the discovery of the theft. Some people thought that the company should have put in place measures to control its funds. They should also have critically investigated any undesirable records. The neighbors and a few people thought that the company handled the situation unprofessionally. Even after the discovery of the problem, they should not have blamed the entire problem on Joan (Pollock, 2012). The process has made her chi
Scrum Framework The rapid technological advancements during the last decade have led to the urgent need for new flexible project management frameworks. Globally accepted approaches, such as Waterfall, are no longer able to adapt to the swiftness of today’s market. To solve this problem, Agile software frameworks were presented to the broad public at the beginning of the new millennium. The purpose of this essay is to dwell upon the notion of the Scrum framework, its main elements, and objectives as well as to analyze the framework’s effectiveness on the example of a particular company. Scrum framework is one of the most well-known implementations of Agile approaches to project management. According to the Project Management Institute, Scrum’s main objective is flexible ways of product delivery implemented through constant feedback and team collaboration (Sliger, 2011). The four major Agile and Scrum ceremonies include sprint planning, daily scrum, sprint review, and sprint retrospective. While the first three ceremonies are responsible for planning and reassuring the team is on the same page, the latter ceremony requires a critical analysis of the already executed activities and work packages. The key participants of the Scrum framework, Development Team, Product Owner, and Scrum Master, are responsible for the mutual understanding of its artifacts. Product Backlog deals with the requirements set to the final deliverable, Sprint Backlog is a practical set of the team’s tasks, and Product Increment is a phase of shipping an already designed deliverable (Sliger, 2011). These three framework components are crucial in terms of creating a valid product. The most famous and influential companies of today are using the Scrum framework to a great extent. One of the most vivid examples is Google Corporation. One of its most used and known products, Google Chrome Browser, was created with the help of Scrum (“Introducing Agile development at Google,” 2018). To improve the company’s efficiency and reduce the average time of product release, developers decided to split the deliverables into manageable work packages, shipped to the Product Owner every six weeks. In such a way, they achieved a high level of efficiency and shortened drastically the estimated duration of the project. Agile Framework Case Studies With the appearance of various Agile software networks, the biggest companies worldwide tried to adapt these flexible methodologies according to their needs. One of the first adepts of the Agile approach was Microsoft Corporation (“Meeting the challenges of agile development at enterprise scale,” 2017). At first, it proved to be very beneficial in terms of project duration and flexibility – the company managed to reduce its project duration for months. However, such a system could not be relevant for big corporations for a long time as it was primarily created for small team
Marks and Spencer group is classified among other large clothing retailers in the United Kingdom. It’s known globally due to its expansion in retailing clothes. The operations of this business have been managed through the present and the upcoming opportunities. On the other hand, this business has been going through some threats as well. Marks and Spencer has an opportunity of new markets due to offering high quality clothing and of great value globally (Bownley 18). This has placed this group on a very competitive edge among other clothing traders. The clothing offered by this group has a wide range of styles making it to meet the demands of different customers globally. The group has equipped itself with highly qualified personnel and effective machines that have made the work easier, usage of less cost hence maximizing profits. Most of the Marks and Spencer clothing customers who are busy during the day can have the opportunity of shopping their desired products online. The introduction of online shopping has made this group to reach out to many customers, as it is also a way of advertising to different people who are Internet users (Perltsy 50). This group has strong advertising agents who have created awareness of these clothing globally, hence coming up with new customers and on the other hand retaining the old customers. Marks and Spencer clothing retail has been compounded by several opportunities, such as it has a strong capital background making it to expand throughout the United Kingdom and in other countries (Bownley 31). This has made it to reach as many customers as possible hence increasing their sales. Marks and Spencer is advantaged to have a website where different fashions and styles of clothing are displayed. Due to their large-scale production and economies of scale, their clothing is displayed at affordable prices placing it at a very competitive edge among other clothing retailers (Bownley 26). Most of the clothing found in their websites are exclusive and cannot easily be found in other high street stores. Marks and Spencer enjoys opportunities of new customers in different nations due to its famous brands which most of people globally have confidence and special liking in them. Marks and Spencer has a clothing variety fitting differe
World War II is, arguably, the greatest war that the world has ever experienced. It was more costly, affected almost all countries all over the world, caused more people to suffer, and caused more changes worldwide than any other war in the history of the world. The exact number of people who were directly affected by the war, that is those killed, displaced, wounded, etcetera, has never been established but an approximate 55 million people died in the war. Countries that took part in the war were more than 50, with men fighting all over the world. Although the World War II effective date is not known for sure, its causes are known. This paper is an examination of the causes of involvement of America and Germany in the WWII. After the end of WWI, countries were left broke, and without arms. This led to rearmament strategies by countries like Japan, Germany, Italy and Britain. Britain was particularly led by Chamberlain in strategizing after WWI. But most of the armies in these countries had been greatly reduced in numbers after WWI, and Germany had a better position to win any upcoming war. Knowing this, Adolf Hitler did not sleep on the chance. He looked to expand the territory of Germany by conquering neighboring countries. On the other hand, Britain, led by Chamberlain tried to team up with France in giving diplomacy a chance on Adolf Hitler, about his unending quest for conquering countries. This was done in the famous appeasement that a score of critics blame for starting WWII and abating the killing of Jews by Germans in concentration camps during the Holocaust (Levy 67). However, people who blame the start of WWII to appeasement, spearheaded by Chamberlain, miss the point that people who abandon diplomacy are the ones to blame for atrocities like the ones experienced in the WWII. In the case of WWII it was Hitler since he had rejected the appeasement proposed by Britain and France. As evidenced in the above paragraph, the main reason why Germany got involved in WWII was Hitler. He is, in fact, said to be the person responsible for the start of the war. Hitler was acquiring territories with an insatiable greed. Levy makes it clear that, “World War II happened because Hitler was wedded to an irrational course of unlimited expansion” (67). It all started with the reoccupation of the Rhineland by German troops. The Rhineland was used by the French as a buffer zon