ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In social psychology, scholars aim at analysing social situations as per the prevailing socio-cultural environments and influences. Everything which is said and done by people is deemed to have a meaning which may have either a literal or a qualitative interpretation. This means that a single discourse like masculinity or femininity may be surrounded by several socio-cultural explanations or interpretations which may vary from one culture to the other. In social psychology, the concepts of interpretative repertoire, subject position and ideological dilemma are used concurrently in sense making of a particular discourse. The concepts are more or less interrelated in that they may be applicable in a single discourse or account of a person about an event, or a reaction or a person(s) to a certain internal or external stimulus. Discussion The concept of interpretative repertoire is used by social psychologists to refer to the coherent ways of explaining or talking about people, events and or practices in the real world. According to Margret, Stephanie and Simon, in the article titled “discourse analysis”, they describe interpretative repertoire as the “the building blocks of conversation’ (Wetherell, Taylor, & Yates, 2001.p.198). Accordingly, interpretative repertoires may therefore be viewed as linguistic materials or resources which people refer to or utilize in their day to day social exchange and or interactions (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). They also represent communities’ understanding and presentation of common sense which characterize the communities’ social understanding about a particular discourse (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). For example, people of a certain community may use distinctive words, phrases or metaphors while describing a certain discourse like masculinity. The words and phrases may be different, but once analysed; they may give a common understanding, perception or reaction to the discourse of masculinity in that particular social setting (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). The concept of ideological dilemma, also known as lived ideologies is used to refer to values, beliefs and practices of a particular culture in a society of people. According to Wetherell, Taylor, & Yates, the concept may simply be used to refer to the culturally entrenched conceptualizations of common sense and wisdom. Many of the ideological dilemmas are in form of the contradicting views about a particular discourse as may be contextualized in patterns of speech. For example in some cultures, people may say that “out of sight is out of mind” as well as “absence makes the heart become fonder”. These sayings may be found in a single community and may present an ideological dilemma to the members of that community as to which saying should guide them in their social interaction (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.203). In a discourse like masculinity, men in a certain cultural setting may express their wish to be masculine, but also wish t
Culture is a term that refers to the set of social beliefs and customs that govern a particular group of people. In every group of people whether religious, social or racial there exists an underlying culture that defines them. In simple terms, culture refers to a people’s way of life. The cultural heritage of a given community is responsible for the views and attitudes expressed by these people. On the other hand, identity is a term that is used to refer to an individual’s understanding and presentation of one self. This presentation is analyzed in terms of how the individual expresses his or her own ideas and values as a representation of a unique personality. At a communal level, identity is perceived as a collective affiliation in terms of expression of values and conception of daily life situations. The two terms are usually intertwined in a complementary relationship as it is difficult to understand the concept of one without putting it in the context of the other. Culture affects identity and identity shapes and affects culture. It is an arguable fact that identity is not an innate human characteristic but a construction of the cultural environment. The identity assumed by an individual is as a result of the system surrounding him. The system is in turn directed and shaped by culture. By reacting to culture an individual creates an identity peculiar to him or her, the process occurs in both conscious and unconscious manner. An individual may choose to follow the culture of the community or go against it, in both cases, we will have individuals with different identities but both shaped by the same culture. A demonstration of the role of culture in constructing an individual’s identity can be demonstrated using characters in Cisnero’s, “House on Mango Street”. The protagonist of the story, Esperanza, a young girl is in conflict with her identity. Her parents are of different ethnic affiliations, her mother being a Latina and her father a Hispanic. The physical and cultural environment of her new neighborhood is not up to her previous expectations. It is a society characterized by male dominance and the women are expected to take a secondary role. This renders the women vulnerable to cruelty from the male side. Due to the substandard cultural conditions together with other poor economical factors like poverty, she feels s a need to move out and search for her own free space. Esperanza is in dire need to reaffirm her existence and construct her identity. However, she is seen to be in conflict over her past and present as they both are non ignorable factors in the formation of her new identity (Cisneros 25). Esperanza desires be financially stable and more independent than she presently is. Despite the fact that her family is an important part of her background, she is not proud of it due to their poverty. She gets e
To become a successful person or a successful manager, it is crucial to understand the importance of self-awareness. For hundreds of years, the understanding and knowing of the self are considered to be at the core of people’s behavior. If one wants to master themselves, it is important that he or she pays attention to self-awareness as self-management and other skills depend on and are closely linked to it. For people to create direction in their own lives and understand themselves, it is necessary to clarify priorities and goals, develop self-control, and effectively manage time and stress. In this paper, I will reflect on how what I have learned from Chapter One applies to my personal life. The first chapter has provided me with rather interesting information about the importance of self-awareness. Apparently, there are many popular methods and techniques that help to achieve self-knowledge and that people spend lots of money on. Some of them are meditation and yoga techniques, group methods, altered consciousness procedures, assorted massages, aromatherapy, biofeedback, and physical exercise regimens. After learning this, I decided to try yoga, meditation, and aromatherapy practices in order to develop my self-awareness. Also, the information about the concept of the sensitive line seems to me rather interesting. “This concept refers to the point at which individuals become defensive or protective when encountering information about themselves that is inconsistent with their self-concept or when encountering pressure to alter their behavior” (Whetten and Cameron 58). Usually, people get and experience information that doesn’t quite or at all fit the way they think about themselves. The strength of the defensive reaction depends on the discrepancy; if it is relatively minor, it is not likely to hurt and offend a person. However, if the information is very discrepant, and it affects one’s self-concept, it will approach the sensitive line closer, and the person will feel a strong need to defend himself or herself against it. This information caught my attention because, some time ago, I used to feel that my self-esteem was hurt, and I needed to defend myself. Now I understand that it was only the difference between my self-concept and the way someone saw me. As it is important in management to be self-confident and discreet, in situations when something approaches my sensitive line, I will not show a strong reaction. Work Cited Whetten, David A., and Kim. S. Cameron. Developing Management Skills . Prentice Hall, 2011.
Introduction Melbourne is one of the notable regions of Victoria in Australia. The city of Melbourne is located by the banks of river Yarra. With the larger Melbourne extending to the port of Phillip bay. The city has extensive investments in infrastructure. This paper seeks to discuss the city of Melbourne. The paper will look into aspects of the city that relates to its sceneries, future tourism and events as well as its intended readership. Intended Readership Readership refers to the mass that reads about something. The readership of this article is inclusive of all those who have some interest in the city. This is because the individuals with vested interest in the city will be searching for information that pertains to: whether or not their interests will be satisfied and the level to which their needs will be met as compared to other cities and states. The readers will also be comparing the satisfaction that could be derived from various goods and service provided in the city. One of the major readers is the class of investors. Being densely populated, Melbourne is a centre for business investment at all chains of production. As a host to about seventy percent of the country’s population, the city has a ripe market for retail goods to the domestic households in it. Primary agricultural producers will for example be interested in the market trends of agricultural products in the city as an initiative to timely plan their productions so as to minimize losses in the perishable and maximize on prize control mechanisms of the city’s markets. As a centre for major economic activities in the country, Melbourne, though industrially invested, is a major interest to its existing investors as well as its potential investors. The existing investors would want to know the market trends in and around the region, where they can cheaply source their raw materials, the changing legal and commercial policies it the city and accessibility to the domestic and international market among others. Foreign tourists as well as the locals are also potential readers of the article for basic and professional information. The World’s Most Livable City A livable locality is just a place that is worth living in. Melbourne has a variety of reasons that makes it the world’s most livable city. The developments into extensive infrastructure are some of the major reasons that make Melbourne a livable city. These developments include: “Melbourne convention and exhibition centre, AAMI park rectangular stadium, the Melbourne Park” (Melbourne 1). The exhibition’s establishment of a base for financial and investment facilities make it attractive to any kind of person: the job seeker and the investor. The AAMI Park is on the other hand a social place for
Introduction Corporations became a part of the world sometime since the sixteenth century, and were prevalent in areas like England and Holland. They soon started spreading in other countries, and with the passage of time, a whole ‘corporate world’ has been formed. Corporations are bodies which use the private financial resources for public purposes. Corporations are a major influence in our lives, whether we realize it or not. The world is full of large corporates, and amongst the hundred economies around the globe, 51 are corporations. Corporate-led globalization is availing and is being resisted by people all over, not knowing clearly how these corporations became such super powers in the first place. Corporations are becoming larger and are also playing the roles of multinationals. With the progress taking place in such speed, they have started influencing people more, and some of the decisions they take for their benefit may affect the whole world. At times these decisions can prove beneficial to them only, and extremely harmful to the rest of the world (Shah, A., 2007). And at times even if people know of the dangers they are about to face, they still carry out no steps to save their future. For example, even if the United States knows of the natural disasters about to be faced, still no measures are taken to prevent or control the crises that may result from them (Mccollum, T., 2007). Body On trying to find out why some companies remained unconcerned,, it was learnt that most of the large companies quickly recover from the financial loss they face, so it is not a matter of concern for them. Similarly, most of the companies also stated that their profitability was not affected by the crises; so again, they were least concerned with taking up any measures for themselves (Mccollum, T., 2007). The Natural resources company in the oil production & exploration field had huge number of projects to work on including 50% platform projects, 30% medium & 20% small scale projects, 80000 hours are required to cover all the projects. 41 employees are currently overseeing the project management department where, an average of 5 employees contributes in the major project & 8 for minor & medium each. At present, many projects in particular the minors, have crossed their deadlines & budget. The reason; too much labour being utilized in the major projects, creating trouble
Introduction The Battle of Ia Drang was the first large military engagement in the Vietnam War between the forces of the United States Army and the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN). Conducted as part of the Pleiku Campaign, the Battle of Ia Drang occurred in the Ia Drang valley in two stages on November 14-19, 1965 (Galloway, 2010). The battle, known for its first large-scale helicopter assault and consistent air support, established the model of further military engagements by American forces and their tactics in the Vietnam War. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical event of the Battle of Ia Drang from the perspective of the operational art and design concept, Joint Planning, and other appropriate joint doctrinal publications. Historical Data On the morning of November 14, the troops of the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, initiated a heliborne assault into Landing Zone X-Ray with the purpose of preventing an attack on the Plei Me camp discovered by intelligence earlier. Towards the end of the second day, after successfully holding positions, the U.S. ordered the first use of B-52 carpet bombings, striking key positions of PAVN forces. Accurate artillery strikes throughout the battle also served as critical support for the troops, holding back PAVN forces that significantly outnumbered the Americans. On the third day, PAVN continued desperate attacks on the U.S. positions until, eventually, L.Z. X-Ray was secured. The U.S. forces lost 79 soldiers and had 121 wounded, while 634 PAVN soldiers were confirmed dead, with an estimated another 1215 dead from long-distance artillery and airstrikes (Cash, 2001). As L.Z. X-Ray was secured, and units were dispersed to other locations. Under the command of Lt. Col. Robert McDade, the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry began its path towards LZ Albany approximately 2 miles northeast. McDade’s troops encountered the remains of the PAVN 33rd and 66th regiments, resulting in an ambush that spread the U.S. troops into small groups as the initial group marched in a single-file column. The battle lasted for nearly 16 hours near LZ Albany. Eventually, air support was able to bomb areas of potential PAVN encampments at a safe distance from U.S. troops while reinforcements arrived from other L.Z.s. In the clash at LZ Albany, 155 US troops were killed or missing, with 124 wounded, while 403 PAVN soldiers were confirmed dead (Cash, 2001). Operational Art and Design Cognitive Approach Operational art is the cognitive approach used by military leadership utilizing their capabilities and judgment to develop strategies and operations to utilize military forces through the integration of ends, ways, means, and risks based on available information. Operational design is a methodology planner which provides the structure to support the operation and methods to address the problem (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2017). American operations in Vietnam began with Operation Rolling Thunder which consisted mostly of air bombardments and support for South Vietnamese forces. There was no clear consensus on the end to be achieved, the means that ground forces w
Introduction Supply chain management refers to various stages involved between acquisition of raw materials and availing a finished product to a consumer. It involves different players including suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Supply chain management involves administering of resources, data and finances as they progress from a supplier to a consumer. Supply chain management consists of three main sequences including product sequence, information sequence and finances sequence. Product sequence involves passage of materials from a supplier to a consumer as well as any service sought by a consumer after purchasing a product. Information sequence includes sending of orders and granting updates on delivery condition while finances sequence involves deliberations pertaining to credit terms, payment periods, products and ownership title plans. Stakeholders in supply chain management use two main kinds of software: projection softwares and implementation softwares. Projection softwares show the best method in filling an order while execution softwares track physical condition of products, utilization of raw materials and financial data relating to all players in a supply chain. Supply chain strategies Supply chain strategy refers to deliberations and decisions concerning supply chain management that contribute to overall business strategy. Business strategy can either be cost reduction-based or differentiation-based. Wal-mart is good example of a company that has applied various components of supply chain strategies. The company has adopted both lean and agile strategies. Lean strategy is evident when Wa
Cooperation among member states The formation of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) took place way back in 1981 at the Saudi capital of Riyadh. The original member countries that entered into this agreement included United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain. Broad aim of establishing this trade agreement was to forge a close relationship among member states ( GCC, 2014). Other factors that necessitated the formation of this trade agreement were common objectives, joint destiny, common faith system (Islamic belief) and similar political systems. In order to propel the core objectives and growth of the Gulf Cooperation Council, a planning council was set up. The member countries enjoy a regional common market bearing in mind that they have a broad option for free trade. In addition, these countries enjoy geographical proximity. The GCC states have also witnessed major attention in the military field and such, all the member states consider themselves as a unit when it comes to matters related to defense and security. Members consider an attack against one of them to be an offence to all the member states. The GCC member countries are therefore compelled to forge a common security strategy by mobilizing their capabilities and coordinating their policies. Hence, the security challenges faced within the Gulf region are addressed in a collective manner. A common conception is being applied by the GCC member states so that a robust defense force can be built up. As a result, military curricula, training, and operational procedures have been unified. The desire to create compatible military systems is also part and parcel the broad objectives of the GCC member states. As it stands now, both air and sea maneuvers are carried out jointly. For instance, the Peninsula Shield Force has been holding joint military drills with the armed forces drawn from the GCC member states. Cooperation with other free trade agreements The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has also developed a working relationship with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Member states include Switzerland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland. In June 2009, GCC signed a working agreement with EFTA member states ( Gulf Cooperation Council, 2014). EFTA was formed with the aim of enhancing economic integration and free trade among member countries. It is largely an intergovernmental organization established in order to create both internal and external gains to the four member countries. Nonetheless, it is crucial to mention that that the association the EFTA Convention that is charged with the r
Can Popular Music Exist without an Accompanying Visual Representation? Duhamel (1931, p. 124) wrote, “I can no longer think what I want to think. My thoughts have been replaced by moving images.” This quote refers to the issue of visual representation. This essay will address the question of whether or not popular music can exist without an accompanying visual representation. First of all, it is important to discuss popular music itself, its nature, and its role in the modern world. In other words, what is popular music and why is it there? Essentially, popular music is the kind of music that is distributed to wide audiences through the music industry. It is different from classical music, which requires a higher level of formal training and education. Also, classical music can be regarded as more complicated, which is why it can be appreciated by smaller audiences. Popular music is considered simpler, as it is produced to appeal to broader groups of people (Shuker 2016). Therefore, popular music is, in a sense, less sophisticated and does not imply outstanding achievements in terms of musical art or innovative techniques of making and performing music. In most cases, popular songs sound the best when recorded in studios, while classical compositions are always appreciated more when played live (Doğantan-Dack 2012). From this perspective, it is evident that, for popular music, visual representation in the form of video clips is just another channel that helps deliver the product to wider audiences. When a recording artist releases an album, he or she should think about the best way to distribute it, and one of the ways to reach more people is to produce a music video that can be uploaded online and shown on musical television channels. Therefore, from the industry, visual representation is important in popular music because it helps artists promote their work. Second, the role of visual representation in music overall should be discussed. The previously made conclusion that visual representation assists in the promotion of musical industry products do not answer the question of whether or not visual representation is essential to music. To address the question, it is needed to explore the connection between music and visual representation. Music is a sort of a universal language: it is capable of provoking an emotional response in human beings across cultures regardless of their race, gender, and native language (Higgins 2012)