ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The presence of healthcare fraud, waste, and abuse is one of the topical and complex problems of the modern healthcare system. It includes illegal healthcare benefits, overutilization of services, and engagement in activities that are “inconsistent with professional standards of care, medical necessity, or sound fiscal, business or medical practices.” 1 In the context of this paper, fraud and abuse represent pervasive cases of unnecessary medical care and insurance services or fraud in the purchase of an insurance product recommended by different organizations. Even though the majority of medical professionals and consumers are honest, there are people cheating on the healthcare system to gain benefits. As a result, many countries take measures to detect and prevent such practices to keep healthcare costs within reasonable limits. This report is aimed at an overview of the rules and regulations of health care fraud and abuse in Saudi Arabia. The Fraud Management Strategy Anti-fraud and abuse regulation are the common principles and standards that should be followed by healthcare organizations and insurance-related service providers to prevent and minimize the occurrence of this problem. Insurance fraud and abuse manifest in misappropriating assets, deliberately misrepresenting and concealing financial facts, perception of the insurer’s status, and overuse of authority. Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency distinguishes three overarching categories of fraud and abuse in the healthcare area: internal (perpetrated by employees), intermediary (by insurance service providers), and policyholder fraud (in the purchase of an insurance product). 2 In Saudi Arabia, a set of rules has been developed according to the types of these violations to regulate and resolve the issue. To combat fraud and abuse, consumers need to know how to protect a health insurance card, report lost or stolen cards, refuse to sign suspicious documents, and find out more information before performing questionable actions. Every organization providing medical and insurance services should establish appropriate monitoring and enforcement of all rules, standards, and laws to detect and eradicate fraud and abuse. In obedience to the fraud management strategy of Saudi Arabia, the organizational structure must facilitate communication between staff, department heads, and senior management and also provide a suitable environment for the execution of the strategy. 3 Healthcare organizations may conduct complex anti-fraud and abuse training, in which scope and content vary depending on the role and responsibilities of staff. The Rules and Regulation in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian organizations define clear and well-documented policies and procedures to measure internal fraud and abuse committed by the board members, management, and staff in any of the healthcare activities. Regulation can be observed in setting up security measures over the availability and use of cash and information systems and restrictin
Originally, the most interesting fact about the hospitality sphere in general is that all the companies and hotel networks resort to various means and measures for performing the same task of attracting visitors. Thus, some hotels make the great emphasis on the commodity of visitor’s residence; others aim to reduce the price per a room maximally. The “Green” Hotel Association aims to make their visitors approach the nature as close as possible for preserving the environment and natural resources, such as water, timber and clean air. The most surprising thing in this fact is that every approach finds its own follower and, consequently, customer. As for the organization, there is strong necessity to mention that it would be a great mistake to incorporate all the approaches into a single one. Thus, maximum commodity and maximum reduction of the prices are incompatible, and compromise will be required. Compromises, in their turn, are not suitable for successful business performance. Nevertheless, some parallel approaches, such as entering the “green” association, or The American Hotel & Lodging Association, as well as Hospitality Financial & Technology Professionals will help to overcome some difficulties with market positioning, and promote the efforts, aimed at attracting visitors. (Fleisher and Bensoussan, 2003) The book by Peter Jones and Andrew Lockwood “The Management of Hotel Operations” will be useful for the analysis of hotel business and hospitality approaches. Originally, the matters of hotel management are regarded to be the most crucial in the allover sphere, independently on the selected approach of business development. In the light of the fact that business management in the hotel sphere is regarded to be the matter of hospitality, Jones and Lockwood give the universal approach based on the notion that people are far from their homes. Thus, while some wish to feel the home atmosphere, the other wish quite the opposite, thus, the manager should be able to define these types of people. (Fleisher and Bensoussan, 2003) As for the resource that should not be used for the research, it should be stated that there are whales of useless materials available. Sampson (2006), and his research named “Fighting Hotel Competition, Hotel Condo Sales and Indoor Water Parks” is an example of such resource. Originally, the article is aimed at representing the unique materials and facts, nevertheless, all the facts are deeply particular, and can not be used for the research of the enlisted hotels and hotel groups. Considering the fact, that the analyzed hotel groups represent various approaches towards the development of business performance and marketing activity, it should be stated that the most preferable meeting would be the “Business Seminar” in Moscow Renaissance hotel. Originally, this conference is aimed at discussing the issues and problems,
Introduction The incident which led to this case occurred at around 11:30 p.m. at 17 Hill Lane. It involves the deceased Ron Haynes and his stepchildren Sue Crowe, Pam Crowe, Pam Crowe and Mike Crowe. It is alleged that Mike Golding set Ron’s house on fire as a way of revenging the disappointment he got from Sue. Before the incident, Golding aged 31 had been in an intimate relationship with Sue Crow aged 16. However, the relationship was not working and eventually turned sour compelling Sue to pull out. This paper will design a report that will critically evaluate the evidence given in support of this case, concerning procedures and evidence employed in England and Wales’ criminal justice system. It will also attempt to predict the elements of forensic evidence and procedures in decided cases, which normally lead to unsafe convictions. Lastly, the paper will design a suitable strategy for an arson case. Evaluation of the Evidence given in support of the Arson Case Several witnesses gave their evidence in support of this fire case. However, not all the evidence given would be considered reliable, relevant, and admissible, also to have weight as far as this case is concerned. The first key witness, Lucy Golding, mother to the suspect Golding, provides tangible evidence. She says that Mike had been out of the house for a couple of hours when the incident occurred. She proceeds to say that her son had some injuries on one of his eyes, injuries that he did not have before. She also recognizes the clothes retrieved from the bin as Mike’s. Lastly, she admits that his son had an affair with Sue Crowe and that the relationship had some serious itches. The evidence given by Lucy Golding has a lot of weight in this case. Given that this kind of testimony comes from the mother of the suspect Mike Golding, it is likely to consist of tangible evidence. The mother cannot give such a kind of evidence just to implicate her son. Moreover, her statement shows she had a good relationship with her son and so, the evidence is purely from an honest perspective (Towl, & Crighton, 2010, p. 47). The second witness, Maxine Crowe, Ron’s partner and mother to the deceased children, narrated how she had terminated her first marriage with her former husband Crowe and how she and her three children ended up in Ron’s house. She also gives details of Sue’s relationship with Golding and how the two of them, Ron and she had struggled to keep Golding away from their daughter. She also describes her work and the night shift issue in the work. Maxine’s evidence is not admissible since none of it can be proved in court. She says that Ron and she had tried to separate Golding from their daughter, this cannot be established. However, some of her statements are relevant to this case. For instance, she admits that her daughter and Golding were in a relationship (Ingram 2012, p. 238). The next witness, Jane Lewis who happened to be a probati
This research conducted by Abdul Malik and Khalilur Rehman is of much significance because it relates to those bacteria present in food items, that are resistant to antibiotics. Such pathogenic bacteria are transferred into the human body through milk intake, and at times antibiotics that are administered for the treatment of infection do not succeed in destroying the pathogens, causing a threat to the life of the infected person. The most frequently prescribed drugs for infection are b-lactam based. This is because b-lactamases are the enzymes produced by the pathogens in the body, which are targeted to be destroyed by antibiotics. In this study, bacterial isolates from foods have been examined, showing resistance to antibiotics. The research initiated with the collection of food samples; 36 food samples, comprising raw and pasteurized milk, fruit juices, and vegetables were collected from a local market. They were sent to the laboratory for initial processing speedily, within three hours of collection. These samples were first homogenized and emulsified by suspending 10ml or 10g, in 90ml normal saline solution. The samples were diluted, and also plated on different selective media for enculturation, followed by colony growths. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated in accordance with the standard methods prescribed by the American Public Health Association. Samples were placed on Staphylococcus aga, and incubated at 37degrees centigrade for 24 hours. The colonies formed were counted with the colony counter. Some of the suspected colonies were identified for Staphylococci. An amount of 10ml of samples was added to MacConkey’s broth at 37 degrees centigrade for a span of 48 hours. Those which exhibited acid and gas production were further placed on Escherichia Coli broth and incubated at 44.5±0.2 degrees centigrade for 24 hours, in a shaking water bath. The suspected colonies were identified for Escherichia Coli, and Escherichia Coli B was used as a control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the E.Coli and Staphylococcus spp. isolates were taken by the plate dilution method. Cultures of each isolate were made, and control experiments with E.Coli B were also being undertaken alongside. The antibiotic solutions were put into sterilized nutrient agar plates. The inoculated plates were kept for incubation at 37 degrees centigrade for 24 hours. The b-lactamase
Introduction When examining whether the blood test should be offered to people it must first be questioned whether it has any beneficial societal effect. While it may be true that knowing when you are going to die enables a person to put their affairs in order that much sooner thus alleviating problems associated with a sudden or even a prolonged death the fact remains that knowing when you’re going to die happens to place an undue psychological burden on certain individuals resulting in not only foolhardy behavior but to an extent results in various case of reckless endangerment. Apparently knowledge of one’s impending demise causes two distinct reactions in people, either a calm acceptance of the inevitable or a sudden form of social rebellion wherein knowing that you will not live longer makes a person lose their ability to actually care for proper societal rules and conventions. In fact it has been noted, in various cases of people who have been informed that they have HIV, that their propensity for societal misconduct increases taking the form of either public displays of destructive behavior which at times culminates in various forms of criminal behavior. It is based on this that it can be stated that, knowledge of one’s ascertained impending demise has the possibility of affecting a person’s psychological stability to such an extent that it results in socially destructive behavior due to the apparent “release” from the need to follow societal conventions and norms that the knowledge of death brings. Origin of Socially Destructive Behavior In one particular case of socially destructive behavior that quickly became an internet viral article was the case of a woman in India who upon learning that she contracted HIV from one of her sexual partners reacted by trying to infect as many men as she could by having unprotected sex with various sexual partners over the course of several years before she was caught. It is estimated that as many as 150 men wound up as victims of this apparent destructive behavior which brings up the question of why would she do such a heinous act. Various answers have been given but the most widely accepted is the fact that knowledge of her impeding demise removed the apparent societal constraints that govern her behavior. What must be understood is that everyone, in one form or another, conforms to certain societal behaviors and forms of constraint due to the need to get along with other people in a social setting and the fact th
Introduction Life sustenance and the survival of living organisms primarily depend on the prevailing environmental conditions. On the other hand, it is important to note that, these prevailing environmental factors have varying impacts on global economic, social, and political systems. This is because; the backbone of most global economies is agriculture and industrialization, factors that depend on the stability of the existing environmental conditions. The current economic crisis is a clear indication that something went wrong somewhere, and because all economic activities thrive from favorable environmental conditions, then for sure it is not wrong for one to argue that, the well-being of the environment is at stake. Changing life patterns socially, economically, and politically are main contributors to the increasing environmental degradation, a factor that has greatly contributed to the escalating global temperatures; hence global warming (Weart pp. 1-4). Global Warming The impacts of human practices are many on the environment, although in most times individuals have failed to acknowledge the role they play as concerns global warming. Currently, the living
Amer’s definition of a manager, business owner, and entrepreneur The terms manager and entrepreneur have always been used interchangeably though in some business quarters they have different business ideologies. Amer, a manager, points out that a manager is responsible for controlling all or part of a company. Amer goes further to clarify this by giving an example of a sales manager as the person selected by the auction company and to take charge of organizing the details of an auction. Amer is of the view that a business owner is an Individual who retains a business entity with an aim of making a profit from the fruitful exploits of the venture (United States 67). Generally, he has decision-making abilities and the first right to profit (Census 101). Amer describes an entrepreneur as a great motivator who launches a new business and manages it in succession. Yousef’s perspective of a manager, entrepreneur, and business owner Yousef, an entrepreneur, conclusively concurs with Amer’s views on the manager, entrepreneur, and business owner, who he adds has no long vision. He reveals that an entrepreneur is motivated to come up with new ideas because of a variety of factors. The main drive is to make more money. Yousef also cites being one’s own boss as a major contributing factor. The thrill that comes with trying out a brilliant idea, which eventually attracts countless buyers, is a crucial part of being an entrepreneur according to Yousef. The humanity aspect also weighs in on the entrepreneur during the development of ideas. Yousef says that he is driven to make a difference that makes a positive impact on the lives of countless people. Lastly, he enjoys the comfort of greater flexibility of work schedule and quality time with the family. Amer’s perspective on a manager, new ideas, and relevant skills Amer, the manager, shows a stark contrast in the manager’s involvement in generating new ideas for the business. Amer’s key focus is on the core product. The manager says that keeping the field and work area simple coupled with knowing what he wants gets him excited. He, further, elaborates that mapping his capabilities with target clients’ needs is an excellent way to determine service strategy. He explains that he has to utilize marketing tools that work best for his ideas, Implement a plan of action, and eventually execute the plan. However, Amer says that in order for a manager to be involved in the generation of new ideas for the business, one needs to possess certain relevant characteristics and skills(Daft and Marcic 39). He cites great communication skills as essential since the manager needs to communic
The development of modern mechanics and supporting technologies can amaze even the most casual person in the field. Having a relatively short history of formation and development, armored vehicles nowadays are one of the most reliable, inviolable and unbreakable mechanism one can imagine. Due to the offensive and defensive functions they perform, armored vehicles need highly efficient and fuel-saving engines. Jackson notes that “today’s armored vehicles are a mix of technology, metal, and speed” with powerful engines than allow them “to move over uneven land and city streets” (8). Armored vehicle’s main purposes are to carry and defend the personnel inside, to withstand attacks and to conduct attacks in case an armed car is equipped with a weapon (Marshall Cavendish Corporation Staff 164). Armored vehicles can be either wheeled such as, for instance, armored cars and armored personnel carriers or tracked represented by tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (Mastinu and Ploechl 401). As armored vehicles have a high power-to-weight ratio, they need less gear ratio, which in its turn increases tractive effort over the speed range and diminishes the effect of mass factor (Mastinu and Ploechl 435). Most of the armored vehicles have diesel engines. Before the World War II, petrol fuel was more widely used. The main problem of petrol fuel in tanks and other armored vehicles was its high flammability rate (Dougherty 310). Comparing diesel engines with gasoline, one can state that the first are less fuel consuming, more thermally efficient and can operate for increased amounts of time. Such peculiarities are especially important in tanks that have to cope with long distances with uneven surfaces and can be fueled not very often. Modern tanks usually carry about 1200 liters of fuel, which can be consumed to cover around 550 kilometers of the ordinary road; uneven off-roads require mode power from the engine, so more fuel is needed (Marshall Cavendish Corporation Staff 167). Diesel engines are widely used for both wheeled and tracked vehicles. However, in the case of tracked vehicles diesel engines have to take less space. To achieve this aim, engines with air-cooling, steering and transmission systems are built into a power pack (Mastinu and Ploechl 436). For heavier offensive tracked vehicles developed in the modern decades gas turbine engines are used. In this type of engine, fuel is not burned but the gas is compressed and heated. Afterward, the energy of th
Introduction The short story “A Pair of Silk Stockings” is a story about a woman, Mrs. Sommers, who was very devoted to her family and for whom her children were of prior concern. Being very smart when spending money, for her life style did not let her be wasteful, one day she makes up her mind to spend money for herself alone and having done this she does not even regret it. This is a typical woman’s story which discloses each woman’s inner desire to at least once escape the reality and start doing what her heart tells her without being aware of the consequences. Main body One of the main problems raised in this story is the changes in people’s character under the negative influence of money. In “A Pair of Silk Stockings” Mrs. Sommers is first represented as a woman who is very attentive in spending her money. Even when she “found herself the unexpected possessor of fifteen dollars” (Kate Chopin, Sandra M. Gilbert, p. 262) she didn’t want to spend the money for nothing and started carefully making plans trying to figure out what the best way to spend it would be: “For a day or two she walked about apparently in a dreamy state, but really absorbed in speculation and calculation” (Kate Chopin, Sandra M. Gilbert, p. 262). Nevertheless, when she started shopping she didn’t manage to control her inner desire to spend those fifteen dollars for her own needs. She forgot about her children and at that moment she was driven by the only desire to possess silky stockings, the desire which she afterwards fulfilled. Having been caught in the net of dissipation she couldn’t resist the temptation of pleasing herself further as long as she had “money in her purse”. Under the influence of money Mrs. Sommers, like most of people, became self-centered and egoistic. Another point is the loss of sense of proportion against the background of a deep feeling of dissatisfaction with her life. Being forced to think only about her children and nothing else, with “the needs of the present” which “absorbed her every faculty” (Kate Chopin, Sandra M. Gilbert, p. 263). Mrs. Sommers probably didn’t even remember when she last paid any attention to herself as a woman. It is evident that she didn’t even think of how unhappy as a woman she was. Her unhappiness and inner dissatisfaction with her life develop into greediness and desire