ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background information Children are in their developmental stages, and thus they are prone to influence by the forces in the environment in which they reside. The culture and other environmental factors such as exposure to gender-sensitive TV programs or movies may influence their development significantly. Whitehead asserts that culture determines the educational performance of a child and his or her intelligence levels (103). Overemphasizing the gender differences may illuminate the child’s perceptions regarding gender roles and heighten intergroup bias among children. Disney movies are some of the examples of the films that may influence a child’s perceptions regarding gender stereotypes. This paper seeks to uncover the effects that the environment has in the advancement of gender stereotypes among kids. To achieve the stated objective, the paper shall review two articles based on the topic to highlight the role of the environment in the development of a child. The paper shall also discuss the movie “Mulan” to give insight to the reader about the role of gender-sensitive movies and programs on a child’s development. Differing Levels of Gender Salience in Preschool Classrooms: Effects on the Children’s Gender Attitudes and Intergroup Bias Theoretical background and Findings by other researchers The research presented in this article is founded on the developmental intergroup theory that predicts a strong relationship between the child’s environment and the intensity of gender stereotypes and gender biases. The theory states that in an environment where gender differences are evident, children tend to have elevated biases and stereotypes (Hilliard and Liben 1793). However, in an environment where gender differences are not emphasized, the children tend to exhibit less bias and reduced stereotypes. The study reviews articles with similar findings to support the research hypothesis that the environment in which the child grows in largely influences his/her perception regarding gender stereotypes and gender biases. Some of the articles reviewed by the authors to justify the hypothesis include Aboud, 2003; Cameron, Alvarez, Ruble, & Fuligni, 2001; Killen & McKown, 2005; Nesdale, 2004; Rutland, Cameron, Milne, & McGeorge, 2005. Objectives of the current study This study sought to add to the currently available literature about the role of the child’s environment in the escalation of gender bias and stereotypes. The study was premised on the findings by other scholars in the field that the overemphasis on gender differentials contributes to the advancement of gender bias and stereotypes. How was the study conducted? The researchers employed both the qualitative and the quantitative methods to conduct this study. The qualitative method involved the use of questionnaires to solicit information regarding the topic from the participating children. The quantitative methods, on the other hand, involved observations of the children’s behaviors by the author in
Introduction Both the number and proportion of people aged 65 years and older are increasing; although at different rates in different parts of the world (Waite, 2004). Older adults require doing a geriatric assessment to examine their health. The physician has to ensure that they examine the older adults to ascertain whether they are going through any form of pain. This is because older adults complain much about pain. The main aim of this paper is to assess an older adult’s pain, come up with effective pain management techniques and take a look at comprehensive fall assessment. Information about the Older Adult O.M. is a seventy-year-old white residing in Florida who is generally quiet but full of life. He resides in an assisted living community (ALC). He used to live with his daughter before moving into the ALC. O.M. has four daughters and a wife who is in a senior care facility. He has been previously discharged from a hospital since he has Alzheimer too, and this has led to erratic driving. O.M. loves social activities such as going out to meet friends. He likes going for happy hours. O.M. does not drink. He loves listening to music and, specifically; country music. O.M. takes part in golf tournaments, dominoes, likes going for movie nights, and playing card games. O.M. has a daughter who resides close to the assisted living community. She visits O.M. often and at times is accompanied by O.M.’s grandchild, who is three years old. The grandchild plays with the O.M. ball as they take a stroll within the compound. O.M. resides on the first floor of the apartment so that he can access the ground floor quickly. His daughter requested that since on the same floor, there is a prayer room where O.M. spends quality time communicating with God. The windows are big to let insufficient air and light. The one-bedroomed apartment has an En suite bathroom. It has a fully equipped kitchenette and an elevator. The kitchenette has a microwave so that he can make quick snacks whenever he feels like it. The elevator is essential as O.M. uses it to access the ground floor for his meals and when meeting up with his friends at the ALC. The apartment is equipped with security and alarm systems that are easy to use. The residence allows for O.M. to have his furnishings. The daughter, therefore, took in some of O.M.’s family photos. She brought him his favorite hats, an antique clock, and some cards for him to play with. O.M. has a king-sized bed that has
Introduction and method Graham et al. (2005) surveyed the reported financial statements and their implications for accounting and financial management (Graham et al. 4). The study found out that several reasons and factors are affecting the level of reported accountings and voluntary disclosure. The intermediate relations to the earnings management were also revealed. The reason lies in the fact that in the financial reporting, the earnings management occurs with the application of judgment (Schipper 92). Thus, the study by Graham at al. tried to explore how precisely the variations of financial reporting and the acts of earnings management can be explained by the factors described by different theoretical approaches. On the other hand, it is important to define the possible implications for the different specialists in the financial sphere, including both hazardous consequences and useful information. The main reason for the involvement of the companies in the earnings management activities and manipulations with the reported accounting is their belief that other players in the financial arena consider earnings the main indicator of the company’s performance. Therefore, most of the managers believe that trying to smooth the company’s earnings has more positive than negative consequences and that their actions are justified by the potential benefits of earnings management. Firms that manipulate the reported earnings and use the earnings guidance of different kinds, usually have high debt, sales, profits, and credit rate (Graham et al. 13). Those factors are linked to each other and form the general background of the earnings management practices. The importance of reported earn
Introduction Tom Randell, a college senior, hosted a Halloween party in California, where alcohol was deliberately served to people under 21 and this is a crime as per legal drinking age mentioned by the justice system of the state. However, Kelly Greene, a junior student of 18 consumed high amounts of alcohol at the party and was continuously encouraged to drink more by Tom Randell as per witnesses like William Doyle who actually stated in the witness for prosecution that Tom Randell actually ‘pressured’ Ms. Greene to drink more. On her way back she, in her intoxicated self at 12:15 am, overran two fellow students, Melissa Anderson and Edward Montgomery. The former was killed instantly and the latter suffered severe injury. The case against Kelly Greene is vehicle manslaughter and driving under the influence of intoxication. The case against Tom Randell is more serious, it is involuntary manslaughter. Enthymeme It was found that in some of the early self-report studies, like Noyers and Yun, conduct that is illegal acts were as common in teens as in adults. Under such conditions it is only logical to consider the criminal justice system as a homogeneous authority that would not discriminate between an adult and a teenager as a juvenile and treat them only on the basis of the crime committed. In this case, one of the guilty parties Kelly Greene is minor at 18 years and the other is Tom Randell, 21. Thus, Ms. Greene should be equally convicted along with Tom Randell. However, in the case of Tom Randell it is clear that being an adult it was his duty to stop Ms. Green from consuming alcohol but he not only insister her in taking more intoxication but he actually forced her to a situation of disaster, which, according to prosecution witness Helen Brooks, was waiting to happen. However, in accordance with the Conservative tendency of the criminal justice system it is believed that the criminal activities are acts by the citizens themselves. It assumes that the street crimes, like assault, robbery, rape or murder, that are committed are actually the deed by the members of the society and in order to prevent these criminal activities it is essential for the citizens to understand the goodness of
Introduction This study focuses on investigating the impacts of shootings on fear of crime on campus. It discusses whether awareness has any impact on students’ behavior and decision-making processes. The results indicated that information with regard to shootings increased fear of crime among university students. The role played by both print and non-print media is emphasized in the study. Increased shootings on campuses have become global issues. Fear of crime has been an issue that has drawn attention of many scholars, especially in relation to shootings in colleges and other institutions of learning (Kaminski et al. 89). The way learners perceive fear of shootings has been a focus on the literature. The increase in fear results from an increase in mass shootings in colleges and universities in many nations across the world. For example, the shootings in Virginia Polytechnic and State University, whereby 32 learners died and 17 others were injured, are among a few shootings that have become well known in the media (Kaminski et al. 90). This has been one of the sources of influence on fear among learners. Learners are concerned about whether there is safety on campus. Media play key roles in influencing learners’ decision-making processes regarding crimes (Muschert 67). The knowledge acquired from the media, especially television and newspapers could make learners aware of crimes and their effects on campus, and influence changes in behavior. Campus shootings influence perceived fear and feelings of safety. This is based on how killings have been displayed (Muschert 70). To investigate whether information regarding killings that is passed through the media has any impact on fear on a campus, a study was conducted on university grounds to find out if there is a link between awareness through the media and crime on institutions of higher education (Schafer, Huebner and Bynum 289). The study concentrated on investigating the number of shootings that have taken place and learners’ reactions to them. From the study, it was found that the more the number of shootings that the students had experienced, the much they feared (Schafer et al. 300). It is evident that certain behaviors can lead to an increase in fear of a victimized individual. It is worth to note that victimization of colleagues makes an individual change the attitude toward some behaviors and avoid crime (Woolnough 45). For example, possession of a dangerous weapon, reducing time of moving from one place to another, and movements at night have great impacts. According to crime theories, such as routine activity theory, crime is not a random event (Woolnough 47). The theory posits that a crime originates from lifestyles and continuous activities of an individual (Woolnough 48). In addition, for a crime to take place, there must be an offender, i.e., person who begins committing criminal activity (Woolnough 49). Moreover, there should b
Religion can defined as a set of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified as prayer, ritual, and religious law. Religion also refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction. According to my own opinion if a new potential scripture is discovered and approved to be authentic, such a scripture would not get into the scripture canon of religion. This is because Changing people’s belief and culture is the difficult activity a person can ever do. Christianity is centered on the life and teaching of Jesus of Nazareth. Christianity was developed to counteract the growth and development of Judaism. The followers of Christ are known as Christians. Christians belief in the Ten Commandments, which all the Christians should strive to follow. The greatest commandment as a taught by Jesus Christ was, “to love the Lord your God with all your heart soul, mind and strength.” Therefore by trying to change any of his teachings as laid down would mean blasphemy which is highly condemned. The bible teachings should be followed without any alteration. People’s mind have been set to the existing teaching so withdrawing their minds from their beliefs is very difficult for example Christians fully belief that Jesus is the son of God. The Christians would not accept any new teaching that Jesus is not the Son of God. Teachings of the birth of Jesus are found in the Bible and every Christian belief that the Bible is a holy book. Even many governments usually use the bible for making oaths. Bible is also used in the law courts for a person to testify that he is telling the truth. Children try to follow their parents since its childhood; a child is exposed to a given religious teaching. For instance Christians get engaged in their teaching right on their childhood in Sunday schools. During this tender age the students get teachings which stick to their minds up to their late ages. Christians belief that their teachings which are from the bible where written by God’s inspired men. These men died long time ago. Therefore no one should come over with new teachings. It clearly says that no one should add or deduct anything from the bible. They belief that what was written is enough to guide a person live a happy and prosperous life on earth. The religious teachings have been recorded and changing it would not be possible. Many of the bible teachings are taught in school and colleges. There teachings are examined. This makes the learners fully understand and practice what they learn in class. Tutors should be true follower of the religion they teach. The tutors also should exhibit good example to those they teach. In order to ensure that there is strong mastery of religious teachings, religion should be taught in the public schools. I would propose a one semester course, taught by
Introduction Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the infection of the lungs seen in patients within 2 days after intubation with an endotracheal tube or any other ventilator aid, for instance, the tracheostomy tube that was not there before. It has been regarded as the most common infection in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and also the most fatal (Wagh & Acharya, 2009). Etiology VAP is a nosocomial infection that is very common. Patients especially those in ICU are at high risk of acquiring VAP. The mechanical ventilators are inserted into the respiratory tree and therefore if contaminated, they can inoculate causative agents into the lower respiratory tract. The causative agents are those common in causing hospital acquired infections like pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. The strains of these bacteria are usually drug resistant this being a hospital setting. Infection may also be due to contaminated ventilator equipment and lack of hand washing or using the gloves on multiple patients thus transmitting the disease. Risk factors include those which increase exposure to these agents or those which reduce host defense mechanisms like longer duration in hospital, mechanical ventilation for long hours, old age, low score in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), other forms of pre-existing pulmonary infection or disease, immunosuppression and poor nutrition (Torpy, 2008). The aetiology of ventilator associated pneumonia is affected by many factors including time of hospitalization, flora change due to hospital stress, flora change due to various medications including immunosuppressant drugs or antibiotics, presence and amount of nosocomial pathogens and other interventions of the patient (Wagh & Acharya, 2009). Pathology Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of VAP involves destruction of the respiratory parenchyma by the colonies of bacteria that gain access to it through intubation of the ventilators. Infection by bacteria triggers an inflammatory response with infiltration by neutrophils at first and other inflammatory cells later. The inflammatory process is responsible for the purulent sputum seen in these patients. Early onset VAP is that which occurs within 48 hours of intubation and that which occurs after 48 hours, that is, late onset. They arise from aspiration during the intubation process. Intubation reduces the cough reflex which is a primary defense mechanism; it impairs mucociliary escalator and damages the mucosal lining facilitating colonization by bacteria. Mucous secretion is increased in an attempt to trap the bacteria, further deteriorating the condition. Colonies of bacteria form in the upper respiratory or upper digestive tract, from where they are inoculated into the lower respiratory tract during intubation. Contaminated secretions may also be aspirated. The causative agents can also be the
The story presented in the novel “Briar Rose” by Yolen is unusual enough to be regarded as an ordinary book on the horrors of war. In the context of a general story, this novel can be compared with the film “The Language You Cry In” common features are embedded in both these creative works. In particular, Serrano and Toepke represent those characters who fight for freedom and the right to defend their dignity and independence, resisting the policy of oppression and slavery ( The Language You Cry in ). Despite a fairy tale presentation that can be traced in the plot of the novel, Yolen touches on a very serious topic of the Holocaust as one of the most terrible events that have occurred in the whole history of humanity. In one of the dialogs where the characters talk, the phrase “fairy tales always have a happy ending” sounds (Yolen 106). However, the counterargument concerning which of the two sides the narrator is on confirms that there are always victims and winners, and the more significant and desirable the victory is, the more crushing and large-scale the defeat is. I believe that the fairy tale form of the story is a special technique that allows the author to present the terrible events of the Holocaust in a non-standard light. The importance of being aware of the atrocities that happened during the Great War and their consequences is to be understood by all generations. This manner of narration may be Yolen’s peculiar attempt to draw attention to this tragedy. “My little daughter was buried in the crush” – these words are too horrible to tell them in an ordinary manner, and the form of a fairy tale is probably an attempt to make the story softer despite its horrors (Yolen 210). The author uses this style, inserting excerpts from the tale “Sleeping Beauty” in an effort to draw an analogy with the well-known plot. I consider that it is due to this approach that the novel is valuable for different people. Various humans and, in particular, young readers may find essential information about what is often hidden from them as the facts that could disrupt the child’s psyche. The ending of “Briar Rose” is certainly happy since Becca manages to return home (Yolen 235). Gemma is also able to build a happy life, despite the horrors of the war, and it is also evidence that the story is in many ways reminiscent of a fairy tale (Yolen 238). Nevertheless, the plot itself is frightening, but Joseph, one of the characters of the novel, does not consider himself and other heroes. He argues that a person seeks to survive but not to win respect and glory when he or she falls into terrible living conditions (Yolen 145 ). The very essence of the difference between the concepts of “survivor” and “hero” lies perhaps in the fact that in the first case, a person’s will to live pushes to demonstrate all one’s will. Heroic deeds are committed deliberately, and when the main goal is to preserve life and courage should be regarded as a natural desire for survival. It is probably this important idea that Yo
World War I lasted for four years, from 1914 to 1918, and resulted in the death of millions of people that include troops from the United States of America (Stevenson 206). World history experts argue that there was no specific cause responsible for the eruption of the war, although a number of subsequent events triggered its outbreak. Scholars argue that the battle for supremacy between various European powers created a lot of tension, which resulted in fighting (Clark 161). They have identified certain events that they believe had the most influence with regard to the eruption of the conflict. Some of the events that influenced the eruption of World War I include the Franco-Prussian war, the Moroccan crisis, the Balkan wars, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand from Austria (Stevenson 211). One of the factors that had a great influence on the war was the creation of mutual defense alliances that made countries in one camp view the others as enemies. The main motivation for forming the alliances was to offer support to members in case of an attack. Some of the common alliances include Russia and Serbia, France and Russia, as well as Japan, France, Belgium, and the United Kingdom (Clark 166). Another factor that led to World War I was the growth of imperialism, as the European powers fought for colonies in Africa and Asia. The growth of militarism during the turn of the 20 th Century also played a major role in the eruption of World War I. Germany and Great Britain had the strongest military power, which enabled them to have a greater influence on the development of public policies (Stevenson 227). This did not ogre well with the other countries, thus leading to huge differences that resulted in a war. This element best explains the theory behind World War I. The reason for this the because the inability of the other European powers to have the same level of influence over important issues such as social policy made them realize that the status quo would be lost (Clark 180). It is important to note that even all the events and factors that had an influence on the war were all geared towards maintaining the status quo in Europe. Works Cited Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York: HarperCollins, 2014. Print. Stevenson, David. An Improbable War? : The Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture before 1914 . New York: Berghahn Books, 2007, Print.