ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Public finance deals with the role a government plays in the economy of the country. It is a section of economics that evaluates public revenue and expenditure, particularly taxes. This paper discusses different concepts regarding public finance and their application in the budget-making process. Principles of Public Finance Public finance assesses the effect of the government on equitable distribution of resources, income, and macroeconomic stability. The primary objectives of public finance are to control essential sectors of the economy, for example, agriculture, foreign trade, and industries, and to provide basic services to citizens of a nation. These services include security, protection of life, and maintenance of law and order. Other roles of public finance include providing social services such as medical care and education, and ensuring sustainable economic development. The Equi-Marginal Principle The equi-marginal principle is an economic concept that is widely used in the budgeting process. According to this principle, when consumers divide their income among various products and services, they are likely to choose combinations of products that maximize their satisfaction. Therefore, it is also known as the principle of maximum satisfaction. This principle provides for the maximum utilization of inputs to increase profitability. The equi-marginal principle can be applied in budget discussions by guiding the allocation of resources to sectors that yield maximum returns. Consequently, the government can accept investments with high return rates to ensure optimum utilization of capital resources. Pareto Criterion Pareto criterion is an economic state whereby in the distribution of resources, one entity improves its position while the other entities’ positions worsen. It is impossible to improve one party’s situation without making affecting the other party’s situation. This criterion does not entail equal distribution of resources. A Pareto improvement is a change that enables at least one unit to improve its position without interfering with the position of another entity (Caamaño-Alegre, 2016). In the economic state of potential Pareto criterion, the winning entity makes enough benefits to be able to compensate the other unit. However, the application of this rule may lead to certain issues. Public Choice Public choice is a segment of economics that is derived from the study of public spending and taxation. Public choice applies the same principles used by economists to evaluate consumers’ behavior in the marketplace and uses these ideologies to assess people’s behavior in the decision-making process. The public choice theory is sometimes applied when describing how government decision-making often results in consequences that are opposed to the interests of the public. Consequently, proponents of the public choice theory claim that politics is full of irrationality (Hindmoor & Taylor, 2015). The Budget Process The budgeting process is the hallmark of an excellent public expenditure management
Introduction Identity theft refers to stealing of other individuals’ personal and financial information and consequently using it for monetary gains Federal Trade Commission. Criminals stealing such information intend to impersonate their victims, so they can access databases containing financial information and private data. Fact that regaining access to the information that was stolen is very difficult has resulted to identity theft victims loosing their identity completely (Garfinkel 256). The lucky few have been able to salvage their identities form their attackers. The aftermath of this crime should convince potential victims that only by aggressively protecting their identities that could lead that they can be assured of private information’s safety. Advancement of information technologies have heightened the crime in United States and globally. This is because criminals can now access personal and financial information of their victims with more ease than before. Despite the increase of information regarding self protection, criminals have been getting smarter and have thus embarked on attacking victims’ identities from various corners as indicated in Figure 1, below: Avoid Unsolicited Emails The above scenario means that it is up to individuals themselves and merchants holding client information to ensure that criminal do not gain access at all. Reinforcing ways to efficiently protect consumers from this crime, which could completely tarnish their credit histories for many years, is a matter of great importance? The next will extrapolate on several measures that should be undertaken at both individuals and institutional level to ensure that personal information is always safe and out of reach from criminals. Several key measures (Stancil and Parkes) are detailed below; a conclusion entailing on vital points made in the paper shall follow. The use of unsolicited emails in collecting victim’ information, also called ‘phishing’, is rapidly becoming a technique of choice for many criminals (OnGuardOnline). This is because many people easily fall victim to email ploys: information requests and URLs are designed to resemble those of credible financial institutions. Victims should understand that financial institutions would hardly ask for their personal information through emails. If anything, institutions already have all the necessary need in their databases. In addition, some of the information requested in the emails is too sensitive; thus more appropriate to be asked during one-on-one meetings in institutions’ branch offices. Individuals should at all costs avoid clicking on hyperlinks integrated unsolicited emails. Indeed, links included therein lead to websites that depi
Anca positive vasculitis refers to the group of vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Common features like focal necrotizing or pauci-immune glomerulonephritis are found in renal histology leading to similar outcomes for the group; some differences exist (1). The illnesses included under ANCA positive vasculitis are Wegener’s granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Immunosuppressive therapy induces remission first and then maintains the immunosuppression for a longer period to prevent a relapse. The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score is used to define the symptoms including arthralgia, arthritis and fever and any involvement of eight organs (1). Persistent symptoms are given one point while worse symptoms are marked with two points. The worse manifestations which threaten the life of the patient include gangrene, alveolar hemorrhage, respiratory failure, sensory deafness, retinal exudates and hemorrhage and an increase of serum creatinine. With the possibility of multiple organ involvement and renal involvement in particular, the therapy is difficult and absolute remission is the aim of therapy which is the stage of no acti
The religion views of the Koyukon people are reflected in The Watchful World by Richard Nelson and the five-part documentary Make Prayers to the Raven , based on Nelson’s book of the same title. Exploring the details of the cultural beliefs of this tribe, Nelson illuminates respectful attitude of the Indians to the environment. The religious beliefs of Koyukon people depicted in Nelson’s works correspond to Krech’s definition of the ecological Indian on the condition that the practical implementation of these principles is not taken into consideration. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History by Shepard Krech aims to demythologize the image of the indigenous ethnicities of Americas as the peoples living in harmony with nature and environment. This work is rather controversial and provoked numerous debates, in which some of the researchers appreciated Krech’s work, others disapproved it. Anthropologist Shepard Krech denies the generally accepted idea of Indians’ unique ability to live harmoniously with nature. One of Krech’s contributions was considering the Indians as usual human beings, with their strong and weak points, not idealizing them and not iminishing their level of development. In one of the final chapters of the works he used an extract from the interview with one of the Indians. “Just because I don’t want to be a white man doesn’t mean I want to be some kind of mystical Indian either. Just a real human being” (Krech 312). Researching ecological views of American Indians within several centuries and on the material of the numerous cultures, the scientist provides examples of their ecological incorrectness. “Shepard Krech is now one of the leaders in the move to debunk the myth of the Ecological Indian. He defines the truly ecological Indian clearly as one who did not change, damage or irrevocably alter his ecosystem” (Selin 340). Investigating several case studies, Krech acted as a judge and managed to provide evidence supporting his thesis that the indigenous Indians damaged the environment immensely and consequently they do not correspond to his definition of the ecological people. “What is clear in all his careful scholarship is that Native Americans used, altered and in some cases damaged nature” (Selin 342). Krech researchesthe culture of mid-western Cahokia and proves that they damaged the forests so that needed to import wood. He finds evidence that southwestern civilization of Anasazi overused the natural resources. The question is whether this evidence was enough to affirm that the image of the ecological Indians is false. Attempting to explain the pre-conditions for distorted image of the indigenous Indians as environmentalists, Krech manifests the fact that the image of environmentally friendly Indians was created by the contemporary ecologists. “Too often, Krech contended, presentists have used American Indians to push their own political agenda. Interpretations of Indian culture were, therefore, oversimplified, false and even dehumanizing to Native Americans” (Oakley 100). The researc
Incentivizing is a method of rewarding employees for their work, based on a comparison of work efficiency and remuneration. An essential issue in this area is the significant excess of wage growth over labor productivity that leads to a decrease in the incentive function of the salary. The system should give people a sense of confidence and security, include effective incentives and motivations, and ensure the process of reproduction. Incentives for business can solve employees’ problems, satisfy their values, and be instruments of administrative influence. Apart from the prevalent material methods, there are a significant number of non-material approaches of rewarding motivated employees. These include various types of benefits, non-financial incentives, and activities (Prince et al., 2020). Employees who are well motivated achieve better results and trust their employer. Before introducing any motivational programs for employees in an organization, the manager or HR must clearly define their goals and objectives. As a rule, the goal is to increase employees’ loyalty to the company and improve their performance. However, the list of tasks is more significant: first of all, it is the employees’ professional development. Some programs improve staff skills, address weaknesses, and enhance performance. (Prince et al., 2020). Achieving new skills should be encouraged: if an older employee did not know how to use a computer and learned to use it after a few months, this achievement should be noted. Secondly, incentive programs help ensure the stability of employees. Staff turnover can be very damaging to business: beginners can work less efficiently than already experienced employees. Furthermore, vacancies that are always open create a bad reputation for the firm – people wonder why everyone leaves. A loyalty program should create a desire among employees to work in the firm as long as possible (Prince et al., 2020). Finally, stimulation allows employees to achieve the highest possible performance. An employee with a higher level of motivation produces better results. In the face of rapidly changing business processes, motivation and incentive programs can and should be continually adjusted. An approach that has worked for some time may well stop working if some key parameters have changed. Therefore, to maintain the corporate spirit at a high level, managers and HR departments need to monitor market and labor trends, as well as innovations in the field of staff motivation. Reference Prince, N.R., Prince, J.B. & Kabst, R. (2020). National culture and incentives: Are incentive practices always good? Journal of World Business , 55 (3), 1-13. Web.
The emerging technologies have redefined the manner in which inventories are managed by business entities. Firms have realized that the best way of managing inventories and assets is to use automated systems instead of using manual labor. The clothing store for my sister is growing fast, and that is why she gets frustrated with the issue of managing her inventory. The only solution to her current frustration will be to automate her inventory management system to allow her to monitor her assets without necessarily leaving her office. Her limited budget will make it necessary to go for less-sophisticated equipment that may be costly. In this plan, the researcher will identify the equipment needed, associated costs, and how the system can be managed and maintained once it is installed. Necessary Equipment for the Inventory Management System The budget that has been set aside by this clothing store for the inventory management system is relatively small. It is so because the firm is also
Roger & Me has performed well at the box office (grossing over seven million dollars to date), but controversy continues to surround the film and its director. Michael Moore had been the target οf a series οf ad hominem articles (in publications as diverse as The Village Voice, The New York Press, Newsday, The Washington Times, and Premiere) which seek to expose the real’ Michael Moore hiding behind his folksy image on the screen and, in some instances, thereby also to prove the film a fraud. A certain amount οf this animus seems to be an adverse reaction to the radical journalist-turned-filmmaker’s tireless if canny milking οf his working class hero’ image in his promotional efforts for the film. Whatever one thinks οf Michael Moore or his film, there is no question that Roger & Me is an important–maybe even a landmark–documentary in terms οf its enormous popular appeal. The following two takes on Roger & Me deal not only with the film and the surrounding controversy, but also with some οf the esthetic and political issues it raises, from the perspective οf two ex-Detroiters who grew up in the heart οf the auto industry. For his review, Carley Cohan interviewed Ben Hamper, one οf the auto workers interviewed in the film, who is presently on disability leave from GM, and whose account οf his experiences, entitled Rivethead, will be published next year by Warner Books. Gary Crowdus concedes that kits mixed reaction to the film derives from his family background, including a father who worked nearly thirty years on the, assembly line (at Ford and Motor Products) and a sister who has sold Amway products. The sudden success οf Roger & Me, up out οf the festival circuit to nationwide commercial release, has incited a fury οf critical second-guessing. Last October, after the first blush οf Telluride and Toronto, Moore was called a “satirist equal to Mencken and Lewis,” ripe for his “lightning ascent to prodigy status.” Yet by December he was, according to The New Yorker’s Pauline Kael, “a gonzo demagogue [who] made me feel cheap for laughing.” Film Comment’s Harlan Jacobson busted Moore for advantageous misrepresentation οf fact, and The New York Times published an article calling Roger & Me “narrow, simplistic, wrong.” These reviews faulted Moore for miscalculating layoffs, flubbing chronologies. Misrepresenting GM’s role in Flint. They suggested that somehow Moore had broken an ethical promise implicit in the documentary form itself. Far from such formalistic quibbling, GM was working at real-life damage control. Its president, Robert Stempel, admitted the film was “a hurt” and had stymied their publicity department. Roger Smith, GM Chairman and the Roger οf the title, called Moore’s work, without having seen it, “a great disservice to the community οf Flint.” The UAW, the strange and, οf l
Introduction Fuller was a legal philosopher and a Harvard professor who is famous for his contributions on morality law. He developed morality law by trying to integrate law and morality using eight principles. He argued that obedience of the law is highly connected with morality because, “Even if a man is answerable only to his conscience, he will answer more responsibly if he is compelled to articulate principles on which he acts” (Fuller, 1975). However Fuller says that for to be it has to be functioning well and also it must command obedience from the people. Morality of law For the legal to be respected then the legal officials and the private citizens must understand each other and agree that the law is “essential, right, and good”. In implementing the law the officials also ought to understand the moral responsibility of those within their jurisdiction. To engage in the activity of subjecting individual behavior to the control of rules entails use of obligation and understanding that man is, and can be, accountable for his actions and also capable of accepting and obeying law. He says that, “Every departure from the principles of the law’s inner morality is an insult to man’s dignity as a responsible agent” (Fuller, 1975). Fuller therefore explains that morality is the ability of man to engage in sensible deeds, rationality in making choices and accepting responsibility for their actions. Fuller says that for law to be applicable as morality it has to be “;(1) sufficiently general; (2) publicly pr
Introduction The importance of good corporate governance has been gaining global recognition for decades 1 . In the United Kingdom, the Stewardship Code 2012 2 attempts to influence the role of institutional investors and the levels of communication or stewardship of monies they have invested on behalf of their clients. These institutional investors operate on a global level 3 . In this critical discussion essay, it is assessed whether global corporate governance should be regulated formally by international treaties and the like, or should be left to evolve organically. Corporate Governance Corporate governance is presently widely instilled as a benchmark of how well organizations are managed. 4 It is an indicator of future developments for potential investors and speculators to assess the quality of organizational management and the adequacy of its board. Accordingly, governments contending to pull in foreign capital for economic advancement have heightened their emphasis on corporate governance to ensure more secure and more appealing capital markets. 5 Nonetheless, the absence of cohesive rules and regulations among nations results in an intricate oversight labyrinth of benchmarks for corporate boards. 6 If the corporate boards fail, they place their organizations at danger of governmental action or shareholder intercession. Thus, it is imperative to understand the present aspects of global corporate governance. It is widely recognized that corporate governance is changing, especially for multinational firms. The basic explanation behind a renewed, and now almost worldwide, concentration on corporate governance is the requirement for general economic growth, stability and more secure capital markets. In the United States, for instance, expanded government control was prodded mainly by threatening huge corporate scandals involving major corporations like Enron, WorldCom, and others, the 2002 recession, and the tech bubble burst where many tech firms failed. Additionally, one should assess the main, self-inflicted scandals at major corporations, such as the Volkswagen emission scandal involving falsified data, Wells Fargo that got involved in illegal opening of customers’ accounts, or at the News Corp in which editors unlawfully hacked a phone to obtain private data for public consumption. 7 After all these experiences, the US government swung vigorously into action by enacting Sarbanes-Oxley Act to shield investors from distorted, creative accounting practices. Government regulations are the major ways through which corporate governance practices are created, and from a global perspective, these norms differ substantially, according to Mark Roe’s ‘politics school’. It is observed that the US corporate governance model focuses on managers using a board of directors that represents other outside shareholders and stakeholders whose rights are safeguarded by a wide range of institutional principles. 8 These institutional rules, for instance, include
Why did the courts come to two different conclusions in the two Jeff Koons cases? Does it make sense to you? Despite the seeming similarity between the two cases, each of them considers a different issue regarding the use of the intellectual property. It is important to realize that, owing to the doctrine of Fair Use, people are allowed to make use of a certain piece of the intellectual property provided by the beholder of the rights for the property in question, for such purposes as defense or parody. While one of the cases is the clear-cut example of using a work of art for parody, the second case looks considerably less innocent. To be more exact, in the case of Rogers vs. Koons, it was obvious that Koons used the postcard as the means to satirize the culture of the era, and the postcard was only an example to drive inspiration from. Since the proportions of the original picture were deformed, the colors are chosen intentionally wrong, and the entire picture blown to epic proportions, it was clear that the object in question was parodied. In the case of Blanch vs. Koons, however, the issue was quite different. In the given case, Koons used the photography, which Blanche had taken previously, in one of his paintings to capture the specifics of the epoch. It is worth stressing that, in contrast to the other case, in the given one, Koons did not exaggerate the elements that he “borrowed” from Blanche’s photograph, therefore, making it obvious that his painting was not a work of satire or parody, but merely an act of copying the artwork created by another person. Therefore, while the first case can be regarded as a parody and be dismissed, the second one is a graphic example of plagiarism and the breach of the Free Use law. Fair Use is a bit complicated, so I would like you to explain in your own words what Fair Use is and how it works and/or ask any questions that confuse you? Fair Use should be an affirmative right, not an affirmative defense. The significance of this legally is that when something is an affirmative defense, the burden is on the defendant to prove that his use was a Fair Use. If it were an affirmative right, the burden of proof would shift to the plaintiff to prove that the use was not Fair Use. Traditionally defined as a set of regulations that are aimed at protecting the rights of the media owner, at the same time allowing for limited use of the given media, Fair Use restricts the unw