ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Organized crime affects law enforcement efforts in many countries. As a result, governments need to come up with effective enforcement strategies that are responsive to evolving crime trends. Organized crime is a form of crime that is committed by sophisticated criminal networks which engage in different forms of illegal conspiracies. Organized crime creates an environment of lawlessness in a particular location and thrives due to social and economic inequalities. There are many factors that make it easy for criminal networks to carry out their activities without being deterred by law enforcement agencies. Inadequate resources, lack of tactical awareness, corruption and ineffective laws allow criminals to commit serious offences. This paper will discuss various issues that impact on organized crime and how they affect law enforcement in different areas where they are practiced. Organized crime syndicates in various countries have been accused of using their transnational networks to engage in different types of illegal activities. Unethical behavior, rampant corruption and collusion by law enforcement officers make it possible for criminal syndicates to carry out their illegal activities with little or no interference from the state. In many instances, illegal schemes perpetuated by criminals make it difficult for law enforcement agencies to distinguish between legal and illegal business enterprises (Mallory, 2007, p. 56). In the last three decades, there has been an increase in criminal enterprises that seek to gain high returns from illegal activities. However, in many instances, these enterprises are able to acquire a significant amount of power that allows them to influence the legislative agenda of different territories they operate in. Criminal organizations are increasingly relying on different technological platforms to communicate and share ideas on how to evade arrests by law enforcement agencies. In addition, they are using proxy companies to cover up their activities to enable them to save large amounts of money which they obtain from criminal activities. Despite these changes, crime intelligence and analysis strategies have not evolved to deal effectively with these new threats on law and order. Law enforcement officers lack the necessary resources required to deal effectively with complex criminal schemes that are planned and executed by large criminal organizations (Mallory, 2007, p. 59). It has become critical for law enforcement agencies to rely on different forms of tactical analysis to monitor new organized criminal trends and the impacts they have on different societies. More importantly, ineffective laws do not place more emphasis on information sharing and this loophole makes it difficult for law enforcement offic
Discuss three historic sources of struggle on the Island of Montreal that had profound effects on the shaping of the city as we know it today. Introduction The island of Montreal has been shaped into the city that we know today because of various historic struggles. These struggles include: The struggle with racism, struggle with poverty and struggle with religious differences. This essay shall discuss the three struggles outlined before under the guidance of material collected from different sources. Three struggles Racism was one of the struggles that affected most if not all of the areas around the island of Montreal. This was one of the challenges that the region took a long time to get out of and probably ended up slowing down progress in the region. The struggle with racism was heavily as a result of the different groups of individuals that settled on the island in its colonial days. the Dutch, the British and the French all wanted to claim a piece of the island and those who managed to settle on it brought with them slaves from Africa. Over time the slaves began to realize the oppression they were being subjected to especially in regards to the unfair treatment from their masters. The struggle with poverty arose amidst America’s effort to break away from imperial ties (Marsan 129). In this regard, there was a concealment of social segregation amongst the residents stemming from the fact that some of the natives of the land collaborated with the colonialists and were in effect rewarded for their efforts (Levine 199). Once the colonizers left, the individuals who had benefited from handouts from the colonial masters mismanaged the resources on the land leaving the other poor residents struggling to come out of abject poverty. The struggle with religion could also be partly attributed to the entry of different colonial masters as well as to international trade. In essence, the major challenge was between the practitioners of the Catholic faith and Protestants. Both sides wanted to preserve the uniqueness of their faith (Marsan 133). They were, however, in agreement on the fact that they had to protect Christianity from being infiltrated with the doctrines of other religions. This is basically the reason why Christianity is the dominant religion in the island. Religion has also contributed to the architecture of the city. The Catholics were very well known for the distinctive way in which their churches were designed, and in the preservation of these designs they ensured that various land-marks were established. The Pr
Human sexuality Rathus et al (2005) defines human sexuality in terms of experiences and expressions that people demonstrate as sexual beings. Rathus et al (2005) agrees with Udry et al (1986) on human sexuality as capability to develop awareness of sexual identity namely to demonstrate masculine or feminine character consciously or unconsciously. Human sexuality involves capability of a human being to respond appropriately to sexual experiences and responses. Other authors for instance Zucker (1999) claim human sexuality as a process through which a human being develops attraction to a member of opposite sex hence capacity to demonstrate heterosexuality behavior or member of same sex through demonstration of homosexuality behavior or capability to develop attraction to feminine or masculine members hence ability to exhibit bisexuality. Rathus et al (2005) further claims human sexuality includes capacity of a human to demonstrate no attraction to any members hence exhibition of asexuality. Human sexuality plays a leading role is shaping human biological and socio-cultural anthropology. Rathus et al (2005) advanced an argument that human sexuality is constructed around sexual pleasure. Similar arguments have been advanced by other authors for instance Taifel and Turner (1986) that sexual pleasure forms basis for human sexuality hence reproduction functionality of human sexuality is a one of outcomes of sexual pleasure. Human sexuality is a function of biological foundation, social processes and cultural influencing factors. Thus, sexual nature depends on human sexual culture and social context that influences on human beliefs, values and attitudes towards sex. Udry et al (1986) claims that human sexuality has diversity of dimensions that includes biological and bio-cultural elements that provide different orientation of human social and cultural with regard to sexuality. Kinsey et al (1948) argues that biological foundation plays a leading role in shaping human sexuality subject to influence of feedback effect that impacts on human sex criteria for selection of partners based on human bio-social characteristics. Taifel and Turner (1986) determined that social pressures influe
Introduction In the recent past, the global economy was led by English-speaking countries: the USA, and England. But currently, the shift in the economic balance takes place. According to estimations, China will be able to take leadership in the market by 2040. From the 18th to the midst of the 20th century, America experienced growth in per capita income. Meanwhile, during this period in China, there was an economic decline. The difference in the ways of development took place mainly because of the inequalities in attitude towards technology, culture, topography, etc. Main body In the period from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, there was a golden age of Eastern investments. The gold standard was adopted, and the relative stability in the market encouraged many people. The possibility of high income of the overseas investments attracted many British businessmen. Along with China, investments also went to Argentina, Brazil, and other colonized countries. Investments in the countries with British rule made business much easier. With globalization, Eastern economic and technological development gained pace. During the 20th century, the Western entrepreneurs invested in the business in the East, because the Eastern manufacture was much more profitable due to cheap labor and equipment. But the First World War interfered with international economic growth. The economic situation began to lose sustainability with Balkan Crisis. Many intellectuals saw that possible war can cause many losses in the economy, in particular for the developed countries, but this evidence couldn’t stop the emergence of war. With the crisis, the exchange rates went higher, many companies’ stocks lost value. The Western business was under pressure. To refine the disastrous economic conditions the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were established. The new policy of the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates, the gold was replaced by dollars as an international reserve currency, the funds became able to cross borders. The system made the European economy flourish, but it didn’t help to avoid crises and debts in the Third World countries. Thus, the IMF and the World Bank are considered to be imperialistic institutions that were profitable only for Westerners but caused many troubles for leaders of undeveloped countries. The IMF influenced the global market’s instability. Joseph Stiglitz, a former chief economist at the World Bank, claims that the IMF also had a severe impact on the
Introduction The dangers and risks involved in handling flammable and combustible liquids and gases call for extra vigilance in the processes of packaging and transporting these liquids and gases. The fact that the harmful effects that can result from careless handling of these liquids are irreversible and long-term in nature, safety precautions are important when handling these liquids. Firms that deal with these liquids have to apply some precautionary measures to ensure that the handling and use of these liquids is safe. This attention is not only important in the way people use these gases but also most important from the production to packaging and transporting. Governments in response to these risks have put standards and measures to ensure safety in the whole process. Firms on the other hand have put in place procedures that regulate and direct people who handle these gases. This paper focuses on the process of storage, the facilities requires, the risks involved and some security measures that have been in place to reduce the occurrences of the disasters. The paper also will look at some of the standards regulatory bodies have put in place. Definitions First, it is important to define some terms as used in this paper. Different classes easily identify flammable and combustible liquids, with each class posing different hazards, and therefore, there are different rules and regulatory requirements exist for each class. One basis for classification is the flash point. This is the temperature at which, the amount of vapor generated, is enough to support combustion. Another basis for classification is the boiling point, which is the point where the saturated vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. Having defined the above terms, the definition of flammable liquids is more understandable. Flammable liquids are liquids containing more than one percent of a liquid whose flash point is below 100 o F. On the other hand, combustible liquids are liquids that have a flash point at or above 100 o F (NFPA 2). Based on the above discussion, several classes of combustible and flammable liquids exist. The following table offers a criterion for determining the class of a particular liquid given their flash point and boiling point. Classes 1a, 1b and 1c represent the flammable liquids while classes two and IIIa represent combustible liquids while those in IIIb are out of the scope meaning that they are neither combustible nor flammable. It is important to note that each of these class attract different precaution measures. Besides these terms, other terms generally occur when dealing with combustible and inflammable liquids. For the purpose of this study, these definitions are critical. The term liquid in this paper refers to any material that has fluidity greater than that of 300-penetration asphalt when tested which includes both flammable and combustible liquids. An unstable liquid is one which in a pure state or when transported vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or wi
Introduction The aim of this paper is to discuss the Miranda rights and how they are applied incase an individual is arrested. This paper will define these rights and explain under which circumstances they are used. This paper will discuss how people who do not understand English are read their Miranda rights. A boy who does not understand English will be the example that will be used to discuss this issue. Discussion Miranda rights are the rights that an arrested person is read before the police officers conduct any form of interrogation in order for him to understand his constitutional rights. These rights are important since they act as a guard against a suspect incriminating himself. These rights are optional and the suspect can choose to forfeit them. These rights include having a right to be represented by a lawyer and also they right not to incriminate yourself. Police officers can choose to decline to read a suspect his Miranda rights but this has consequences. “If they choose to do so then the law allows them to continue to interrogate the person and use the knowledge acquired in their investigation” (Peak, 2009). However the law enforcement officers are not allowed to use the personal statements of the arrested person to incriminate him in court. According to the Fifth Amendment suspects who have been arrested have been accorded the right to be silent while the sixth amendment allows a suspect to have legal representation. Incase a suspect decides to waiver these rights and then the interrogation begins, the suspect can call for a halt of the interrogation process through the invoking of sixth and or the fifth amendment rights. In circumstances where the suspect speaks about the incident and yet his Miranda right regarding to remain silent is not read to him, or later when he is being interrogated or when he is detained, the words that the suspect speaks may be used in a court against them. This happens if the suspect has not clearly stated that he does not wish to talk to the law enforcers. According to Coldrey, (1991) the law enforcers are supposed to tell the suspect that you have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you. Do you understand these rights as they have been read to you? In many court proceedings, the judges require that “warnings should be meaningful and therefore it is crucial that a suspect be asked if he is able to understand usually after each sentence” (Peak, 2009). It is important to note that there are times that evidence has been deemed by a court inadmissible due to the reason that the suspect does not have a better understanding of English and also the police officers who arrested him did not bother to read the Miranda rights to the suspect in the language he understands. “It is necessary to translate what a policeman is saying so that the suspect can understand” (Coldrey, 1991). This is acceptable in court provided that the translation and the original message
There are many study methods that are used by students while revising for examinations. Some methods are effective while others are ineffective. Effective methods are helpful since they help students to understand and retain a lot of information. Ineffective methods are not only tiresome but also lead to burn out. Therefore, it becomes increasingly hard for students using such methods to retain reliable and important information. With that background in mind, this paper shall describe cramming and skimming which are ineffective study methods. Cramming can be described as a study technique which involves trying to absorb a lot of information within a short time. It is mostly used by students who prefer to study when the examination is almost or during the last few days. Due to the pressure involved, it results in poor retention of information for a long duration of time. It then serves the purpose of the examination after which the student forgets a lot of information. In many cases, a teacher gives a long deadline before the date of the test. Due to procrastination, the deadline almost comes to end without the notice of the student. A student may remember about the test may be a day or two before the due date. As a matter of fact, one day cannot be enough to go through all the work the student may have covered. At that particular time, the student tries to go through all the work and to retain a lot of information as much as possible (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo pp. 216). The brain can be likened to a sponge such that there is need for it to absorb the information slowly. It can also be likened to a water way where water passes through while getting into a dam. A steady flow of water usually has no problem but when a lot of water tries to get through the same entry, damages usually occur due to over flooding and some water also gets lost. The same case happens to brain during cramming. Some information is usually lost and the habit can also be detrimental to one’s health. Skimming is
With the development of technology emerged new teaching and learning techniques based on the use of a computer, television channels, and different electronic media. Thus, blended learning is a very powerful instrument in language learning, but it introduces some difficulties for teachers and students. First of all, it is necessary to point out that the use of electronic media is an inevitable process that must be taken into control rather than ignored, especially within language learning. As Chapelle (2001, 1)suggests language is “so tied to technology” that using technology during learning “has become a fact of life”. Thus, technology is to serve in language learning, and one of its effective use is “a lesson plan”, which is “essentially a matrix mapping of activities along a timeline” (Falconer & Littlejohn 2007, 44). These lesson plans can be very useful for sharing experiences among teachers. A successful lesson, where every goal was reached and students learned the necessary material, is to be memorized, in order to be repeated by the same teacher, and to be shared so that other teachers could use some of the methods used during the lesson. But these lesson plans have their drawbacks, for it is almost impossible to enlighten all the means of introducing material and construct the most explicit plan since it has a quite linear structure, and, moreover, not every teacher will pay attention to the most important parts of the lesson, thus, the integrity of the whole scope of methods used during the lesson can collapse and become less explicit. Another obstacle in blended learning can be provoked by the technical problems, which students have to face very often, and sometimes “resolving technical issues” rather than studying (Murday, Ushida and, Chenoweth 2008, 130). And apart from getting worse results from students, teachers can also meet the negative attitude from the student’s side, since the latter regard the teachers as being responsible for these technical troubles (Chambers & Stephen 2006, 476.). Students can also be reluctant to study through the internet or using a computer due to simply eyestrain or because they prefer studying with books and making notes, thus, involving their tactile experiences. It is also necessary to point out that some students were l
Introduction Selecting the right career way is one of the most important decisions people can make in life. Unluckily most people go to work daily and put in a middling performance, day after day as their heart is just not in their work. They are not interested in studying more on the field that they work in, they do not get animated about new expansions, and they just do what is completely necessary to make their job. Life is just short and fleeting to be spending so many expensive hours each day doing something that makes us miserable. It is unfeasible to do a job that people do not like and to feel accomplished as a person, as our jobs take up such a huge amount of our time. The job is a large part of people’s essence. (Jackson, 2002) People have to get obvious on what it is that offers us completion in life, what charms them, or what they are fervent about. Once the interests are described, people have to think about what career ways are obtainable in that area. Sometimes there will be distinct paths to take, like when our obsession is designing websites, the job alternatives could be to turn to be a web designer or similar position. But other attentions may need more imaginative ways of thinking, like if one is passionate about collecting rare coins, the path may not be so clear. One may have to look into several sources of income; Owning a coin dealership, writing a guide to collecting rare coins, having a website built, and/or selling coins online. Biomedical engineering Biomedical engineering (BME) is the submission of engineering standards and techniques to the medical sphere. It joins the design and problem resolving skills of engineering with medical and biological spheres to help recover patient health care and the excellence of life of persons. (Miah, 2004) As a moderately new restraint, much of the work in biomedical engineering entails research and expansion, covering an array of spheres: bioinformatics, medical picturing, image dispensation, physiological signal processing, biomechanics, biomaterials and bioengineering, systems research, 3-D modeling, etc. Instances of concrete applications of biomedical engineering are the expansion and manufacture of biocompatible prostheses, medical tools, diagnostic tools, and imaging utensils such as MRIs and EEGs, and pharmaceutical medications. Biomedical engineers join their knowledge of biology and medicine with engineering standards and practices to expand devices and practices that solve medical and health-associated troubles. That is, biomedical wangles try to reply to medical challenges by helping to plan and expand new equipment or techniques. Education and training Biomedical engineers join sound skills of engineering and biological science, and so tend to have a bachelor of science and superior degrees from major universities, who are now recovering their biomedical engineering program as interest in the field is augmenting. Lots of colleges of engineering now have a biomedical engineering curriculum or department from the scholar to the doctoral level. Conventionally, biomed