ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In recent times, the relatively new discipline of data mining has been a subject of widely published debate in mainstream forums and academic discourses, not only due to the fact that it forms a critical constituent in the more general process of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), but also due to the increased realization that this discipline can be applied in a number of areas to enhance decision making processes, efficiency, and competitiveness in contemporary organizations (Kusiak, 2006). The basic concept behind the emergence of data mining, and which has contributed immensely to its admissibility as one of the increasingly used strategies in business establishments as well as scientific and research undertakings, is that by automatically sifting through large volumes of information which may primarily appear irrelevant, it should be possible for interested parties to extract nuggets of useful knowledge which can then be used to drive their agenda forward (Adams, 2010). Goth (2010) observes that the emergence of data mining has been primarily informed by the rapid growth in data warehouses as well as the recognition that this heap of operational data can be potentially exploited as an extension of both business and scientific intelligence. The present paper seeks to critically discuss the discipline of data mining with a view to illuminate knowledge about its origins, concepts, applications, and the legal and ethical issues involved in this particular field. Definition & History of Data Mining Although data mining as a concept has been defined differentially in diverse mediums, this report will adopt the simple definition given by Payne & Trumbach (2009), that “…data mining is the set of activities used to find new, hidden or unexpected patterns in data” (p. 241-242). The purpose of data mining, as observed by these authors, is to extract information that would not be readily established by searching databases of raw data alone. Through data mining, organizations are now able to combine data from incongruent sources, both internal and external, from across a multiplicity of platforms with a view to assist in a variety of business applications. At its most elemental state, data mining utilizes proved procedures, including modeling techniques, statistical investigation, machine learning, and database technology, among others, to seek prototypes of data and fine relationships in the sifted data with the main objective of deducing rules and intricate relationships that will inarguably permit the extrapolation of future outcomes (Pain & Trumbach, 2009; Adams, 2010). Researchers and practitioners are in agreement that the capability of both generating and collecting data from a wide variety of sources has greatly impacted the growth trajectories of data mining as a discipline. This capability, according to Adams (2010) and Chen (2006), was precipitated by a number of variables, which can be categorized into the following:  1. increased computerization of bu
Summary The chapter “Ethics and Moral Reasoning” begins by explaining the foundations and processes of moral reasoning. The systematic approach is critical whenever making a moral decision. The practice relies on persuasion and human logical argument. According to the author, moral judgment should follow sound moral theories. Moral reasoning is successful when it considers these three areas: philosophical foundations of ethical or moral theory, the moral context of the problem, and critical thinking. The individual should understand the background or facts of the dilemma. The next stage is to embrace the idea of morality. Some moral principles include teleological, virtue, and deontological theories (‘Ethics and moral reasoning’ 2006). The author encourages every person to take the three theories seriously. The theories can make the moral reasoning process successful. The author goes further to outline the best strategy to get a moral solution to every problem. Each of the three moral theories is meaningful during the moral reasoning process. The author also supports the use of virtue during moral reasoning and decision-making. The virtue approach is relevant because it seeks a permanent solution whenever dealing with two extremes. The third process is critical thinking. This process is relevant because it promotes the decision-making process. According to the chapter, critical thinking is a critical process that calls for knowledge of the situation and the subject. The involved parties should be ready to make the best decisions (‘Ethics and moral reasoning’ 2006). The author supports the SAD Formula because it is the best model towards a successful moral reasoning. This formula encourages every human being to define and understand the situation. The next stage is to make the best ethical decision. Every person can use this formula to describe the facts and issues inherent in the case. The approach also promotes the use of moral reasoning. The formula also weighs the situation and every competing value. The decision-maker will also consider the implications of every external factor. This process also encourages every individual to use different ethical theories. The final step is to render the targeted decision. The person will use the approach to make his or her judgment and defend it. Personal Reflection The article presents some of the best concepts and ideas about moral reasoning. The author’s systematic approach explores the importance of moral reasoning. The article goes further to identify some of the best theories and ideas to use whenever making a moral decision. I am ready to use these ideas whenever making my moral decisions. I have gained new knowledge about crit
Tragedies do not just disappear in historical upheavals and victories. Large-scale tragedies shape cultures, affecting their psychology, attitudes to religion, art, and economics. The XIV century was marked with an unprecedented tragedy – the pandemic of Black Death. It had a great influence on the cultural and economic life of the medieval Europe, causing people to change their attitudes towards religion, power, and, eventually, hope. When dealing with pandemic and its influence on culture, one approach is not enough. Researchers should consider environmental conditions of the planet, ideological tendencies, the state of medicine, and other factors to use a holistic approach. It is inappropriate to perceive the problem only in the light of sharply declining numbers of population, and changes in the patterns of settlement. According to Lageras (2016), “the crisis had long-lasting consequences for society, for instance by changing the economic and political relationship between social classes, by agricultural change and by stimulating technological development and increased consumption and trade” (p. 6). To understand the crisis properly, one should admit that it led to colossal changes in society, undermining progress in some spheres and enhancing it in others. One of the crucial spheres of life affected by the Black Death was religion. There are different opinions as to why people relied on religion during the Black Death. Some state that they did so to overcome suffering and revive hope. There are also opinions that people, especially women, found consolation in religion to empower themselves. French (2013) assumes that “through active participation in their parish church, women could promote their own interests and responsibilities, giving them social and religious significance” (p.1). Many researchers underline the fact that the post-plague period was marked by the changes in the European women’s attitudes to their traditional roles. Therefore, politicians tended to make behavioral rules stricter. For instance, according to French (2013), “communities and families worried about unsupervised women and purchased and recited didactic literature that emphasized modesty, passivity, and silence as the hallmarks of virtuous female behaviour” (p. 4). The role of women in labor market also increased due to workforce shortage. Therefore, the plague influenced the role of women in different spheres of life, affecting perceptions of gender in culture. As the plague had contributed to the significant loss of population, economic situation changed. Before the plague, the land had been expanding and agriculture had been progressing. Europeans were able to grow more food for the increasing population. The Black Death caused regress in farming. Another implication of the plague was the change in the percentage of the poor. According to Lageras (2016), “two factors – the very high mortality from the plague among poor people and the opportunities for the survivors to improve their status – resulted in a general decrease in the
Creative Brief This creative brief is to be used to give information about the new cereal product, which is about to join the market. The name of the product is Butter Honey Burst Cheerios. The name depicts the nature of the cereal since it will have a combined flavor of butter and honey. The butter flavor will be artificial, but the honey flavor will be natural thus will make the consumer avoid using sugar while consuming it. The target market of this product will be consumers who are conscious of price, quantity health issues, and promotions. This product will have all these qualities since its price will be neither too high nor too low, it will be packed in different sizes thus increasing its market and due to its nature, it will provide a non-dairy alternative for strict vegetarians and lactose intolerant individuals. Since this is a new product, its healthy nature is expected to accelerate its popularity with time because it satisfies the consumer’s needs. The consumers will, therefore, have a positive attitude and perception towards it. The market is already flooded with cereals. However, the new product will have a competitive advantage because it has a new flavor of butter, which is made from non-animal products making it to be unique. The brand personality which should be expressed through its advertisement is its healthy nature, especially for vegetarians. We expect the product to be well established in the market, satisfy consumer needs, and meet the company revenue. We expect the target market to try our products. This will be boosted by the use of coupons and promotions in busy stores to ensure recognition of the product by the consumers. The package of the cereal will have its name, the logo of General Mills, a slogan saying “Dairy-free butter for vegans” with a sunflower, which is the universal symbol for vegans.
Introduction This paper begins by introducing the issues surrounding work design and job satisfaction and goes on to explore the different theories of work design. It then highlights the disparate approaches to work design, employee-centred work designs, before evaluating which aspects lead to job satisfaction. Ultimately, the paper evaluates work design and job satisfaction at the BBC, and ends with a conclusion, of the main points. Employee retention is a major challenge facing organisations in the private and public sector. Employees are increasingly seeking jobs that satisfy their career and personal-development goals. For example, employees prefer to join organisations that have incorporated employee training and development in their HR management practices (Adekola 2011, p.111). In recognition of this, organisations have identified job satisfaction as one of the most effective ways in which they can achieve their employee-retention objectives. Job satisfaction refers to how individuals feel about their work. Additionally, Hernon and Altman (2010, p.92) posit that job satisfaction ‘entails the extent to which individuals like or dislike their work’. An organisation’s performance is improved by a low rate of employee turnover, low rate of absenteeism, and improved employee productivity. This leads to optimal utilisation of human capital; hence enhancing the organisation’s financial performance. A high degree of organisational identification enables employees to identify with the organisation. This minimises the rate of employee turnover. Lumley et al. (2011, p. 101) argue that job satisfaction ‘influences people’s attitude towards their jobs ’. Job satisfaction is influenced by various organisational and personal factors. Therefore, organisations have a role to play in nurturing a high level of job satisfaction. Effective job design is one ways through which organisations promote job satisfaction. French (2011, p. 244) defines job design as ‘the process of planning and specification of job tasks and the work setting designated for their accomplishment’. The British Broadcasting Corporation BBC is one example of public sector organisation, which operates in the mass media industry. The UK government publicly owns the organisation. The firm has a human resource base of over 23,000 employees. This paper is based on the following question: To what extent can managers use work design to improve job satisfaction? Theories of job design Daft (2008, p. 34) argues that views ‘on how to design jobs in organisations have changed remarkably ove
Introduction Politics is one of the most complicated social phenomena that human beings have designed to structure the relations between each other. The values and principles of politics do not always coincide with the values of ordinary people as far as politics has communication and achieving goals as its major focus. Thus, for politicians, it is paramount to settle the controversial questions, even if this settlement demands agreements with their former rivals. Elections, political parties, and interests are the main terms used to characterize politics in a comparative way. This paper focuses on the analysis of elections, political parties, and interests in the United Kingdom and Ukraine through the Rational Choice Theory in order to carry out the comparative analysis of politics techniques and election systems of these two countries. Elections, Parties, and Interests Starting with the basic definitions discussed further in this paper, elections can be defined as the assessment given by the nation in respect of the politicians whose ideas the citizens support and whom they want to decide important issues in the Parliament: “Parliamentary elections…should be seen as a referendum on the performance of sitting MPs, not merely as a snapshot nationwide opinion poll determining party voting weights for the next Parliament” (Keegan, 2005). The peculiarity of modern political development is the party system according to which people vote for parties and their platforms rather than for individual politicians (Ace, 2009). Moreover, one of the most important issues in politics is the fact that every party represents the interests of a certain group of people. Thus, in both UK and Ukraine, politics and elections are based on party principles, which differ in several aspects. Election System in the UK The discussion of the election system of the United Kingdom should be started by the statement that elections in the UK are carried not because it is demanded by law, but because both politicians and the citizens realize the necessity to evaluate the work of Parliament for a certain period of time
Canadians are inclined to discuss the particular features of their health care system as the cause for being proud of the government’s effective policies in controlling the health of citizens. The Canadian health care system is known world widely as Medicare. In spite of the global tendencies to provide the health care based on the privately owned insurance, Canada’s Medicare depends on the public funding, and its services are accessible for each citizen of the state without references to the status and income. The example of the Canadian health care system accentuates the significant role of the government in financing this social sphere. The government should provide health care because only government can regulate and control such aspects of the system as the accessibility and mobility of all the services with references to the citizens’ participating in the process. The universal accessibility to free services is guaranteed by the government because the Canadian health care system is publicly-funded and privately-provided. All Canadians have the equal access to the medical services regardless of their status, income, and state of health. The policy’s advantages are in the fact that health care system is based on the responsibility of the provincial governments which develop specific plans for their administrative territories according to the principles worked out by the federal government. Furthermore, the overall accessibility is supported by the federal government which controls the specific categories of the population (Armstrong, Armstrong, and Fegan 75). Mobility is the next significant aspect which is expected to be provided by the government. According to the Canada Health Act, the Canadian governm
We still have not cut off the head of the king (Antony, 1999, 23); this is a common phrase used in political analysis. It was original brought up by Michael Foucault, a French philosopher. The statement refers to conception of political power among members of the society. In most cases people develop an assumption that political power lies on the head of state and flows down to other structures of government. In other words people have conceived power in a top down manner (Atkinson, 1976, 22). Therefore when it comes to political power and politics, there is a need to cut off the head of the king. The understanding of this statement by Foucault can provide insights into how the modern law operates (Atkinson, 1976, 12). In the modern law, the structure of the system is arranged in a manner that involves representation of power. This means that the law is controlled by specific institutions such as executive bodies. These institutions have an influence in the way the law operates and at the same time they are in full control of other institutions. The law according to Foucault operates in a manner that only prevents people from performing certain actions (Atkinson, 1976, 34). This is where executive bodies that control the law also control such small institutions such as families and individuals (Reza and Max, 2000, 56). The law is supposed to create a balance in all the powers of the society including: political, social, military, legal, economic and cultural. The law is also supposed to bring freedom to members of the society and cause them to enjoy their freedom by being secured (Reza and Max, 2000, 67). Besides these roles, law in the modern society is structured in way that the regulators of the law or the institutions controlling the law cannot be controlled or regulated by the law. This is why Foucault makes the statement that we still have not cut of the head of the king. The society focuses their thoughts on the law rather than legality, the state rather than sovereignty, and freedom rather than will. Power according to Foucault, is established by technique and not by right, by normalization and not by the law, and by control and not through punishment. All of these methods of establishing power do not necessarily have to be employed at the top most level of the state but can also be employed in the diffused levels of the society (Roger, 1995).The point is that power must have a conception in the minds of the people that do not focus on the king. Therefore there is a need to see power in the different aspect of the society. By putting all focus of power on the top most office, makes the society fail to realize a lot of reality that surrounds it (Reza and Max, 2000). In conclusion, the phrase by philosopher Michael Foucault implies a thought or a conception in the minds of people in the society towards political power. The phrase can easily be understood through the understanding of the modern law. The structuring of the legal system is such that the law only prevents people from doing certain things. However it cannot regulate the executive bodies that control the law. The phrase proposes that there is need
Abstract Underwater welding is an area of research where many studies have focused since many challenges are yet to be addressed. This paper seeks to make an overview of underwater welding practices by providing a brief classification, the principals employed, and the merits and demerits of this practice. In the past decades, the safety of the underwater welding practice has been put into question, thus prompting the need to address the issue. This paper will discuss the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for welding and show how it is helping to mitigate safety issues. This paper will also explore the flux arc cored welding to demonstrate how it is applied underwater. More evaluation is done to determine newer processes that are considered as convenient and secure. Further discussion is made to evaluate the standard requirements for underwater welding with respect to the American Welding Society Standards. Regarding welding parameters, water depth will be shown to have a greater impact on bead geometry as compared to other underwater welding parameters. Finally, problems and areas for future research are highlighted. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed report on the current state of the underwater welding practices. In addition, it highlights the viability of the safety measures linked to Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), friction-welding mechanism, and flux-cored arc welding. This paper will fulfill the Engineering course requirements to depict the underwater wet welding technology as a fundamental tool for underwater fabrication activities. Background The escalating reliance on underwater welding, particularly for general underwater repairs where ground welding is undesirable, has prompted the need to research further to increase efficiency in this activity. According to Verma and Garg (2012), a plethora of techniques is available for on-ground welding, but welding in the presence of water is a major challenge even though the practice is becoming inevitable. The majority of underwater welding activities are undertaken at deep ends to eliminate the probability of ship collisions. In this regard, security challenges are exacerbated by the fact that most of the technologically complex activities involve repairs and maintenance. The possibility of underwater welding was identified over 100 years back, and the British Admiralty was the first to undertake u