ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The research hypothesis presented by Chadwick and Leenhouts (p 8) was chronic exposure to low dose radiation induces cancer through breaking up the double stranded DNA and thus produces cellular mutations. The second research hypothesis was the dose-effect relationship for low dose radiation exposure is linear in pattern. Scientists and their assumptions about cancer Brenner and colleagues (p 13761) pointed two questions as regards radiation induced cancer; first what is the minimum radiation dose required to induce cancer. The second question, what apt methods to use known facts as a starting point to draw inferences about radiation-induced cancers. They assumed that we still need large epidemiological studies. Aurengo and colleagues (p 1-4), at the French National Academy of Medicine stated that epidemiological studies, even those carried on large populations, failed to show statistical significance in the rate of radiation induced cancer for doses lower than 100 mSv. They assumed, therefore, that cancer risks are low and considered that case controlled, and follow up studies might not provide the answer. They suggested that studies comparing geographical regions with high and low radiation exposure level with similar living conditions (as those under course in Kerala-India and in China) could provide the answer. Cohen (p 1137) provided a simple explanation for the linear hypothesis of radiation induced cancer at low doses. The author assumed that if 100 rad of radiation exposure result in cancer risk, hypothetically assumed, R , then exposure to one percent of the dose should produce cancer risk of one per cent R . Thus, cancer risk 0 can never occur whatever small is the exposure dose. This argumentative evidence is questioned by recent radiobiological evidence, the bases of which are: 1- there is a constant probability that cellular mutation might take place whatever the dose or dose rate. 2- The carcinogenic process evolves similarly after initiation irrespective of the number of the number of DNA molecular effects in the nearby cells or tissue (Aurengo and others, p 1-4). The questions now are; do cells recover from radiation effects, does chronic exposure to small doses of radiation carry the risk of carcinogenesis and does the linear theory have enough support. Recent radiobiological studies suggest that cells react to the accumulating effect of radiation by different methods (Aurengo and others, p 1-4):  1. Combating the reactive oxygen species produced by radiation.  2. Getting rid of injured cells by: A) apoptosis: It is one kind of cell death meant to make room for regenerated cells and to get rid of cells with damaged DNA to the point at which
Personal jurisdiction concerns a court’s ability to make a ruling on the individual who is being a defendant in a court’s case, and whether the establishment is equipped to deal with them adequately. The United States Constitution states that a party must have certain minimal connections with the forum in which the court sits before a court can exercise authority over them. If a plaintiff opens a case against a defendant, the defendant might object to the lawsuit by claiming that the court lacks an understanding of his temper and circumstances, and are therefore not qualified for the procedure. Personal jurisdiction is rarely called upon unless prompted, meaning that a defendant should claim personal jurisdiction violation themselves, otherwise ation is unlikely to be delivered. An example of personal jurisdiction would be suing and hearing the case of a certain state’s citizen within the boundaries of this state. Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to the need of the court to have authority over a specific topic or subject matter. Parties to a lawsuit can relinquish personal jurisdiction but not subject-matter jurisdiction. A suggestion to dismiss the suit for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is a preferred defence in federal court under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and it can be presented at any time in the litigation process. Even if the parties have previously contended that the subscription model existed. In reality, the court may reject a case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction on the spot if the contents of the case transpire the limits of the court’s jurisdiction. This may be identified as an indirect reason for the existence of multiple types of courts, depending on the area in which the claimed offense was committed. An example of this would be any of the civil courts not being authorized to hear a military case, that is instead sent to a tribunal hearing. The long-arm statute may be described as a circumstantial exception from the personal jurisdiction example outlined above. It allows the court of the foreign state to obtain personal jurisdiction over a member of another state on the basis of certain facts and claims. Independently of the gravity of the offense claimed, the long-arm statute can only occur if the defendant has a form of connection with the state where the hearing is set to happen. In order for the long-arm statute to be granted, the defendant would have to have participated in a systematic and continuous activity within the state in question. Alternatively, there would have to be the course of action arising from this activity. To give an example, for a citizen of Illinois to be judged in another state, the court of the other state in question must request a long-arm statute. The case of Nestle, Inc and Doa, heard in the Supreme U.S. Court in December 2020 concerns the allegation from the respondents, who claim to have been trafficked as child slaves to produce cocoa. The hearing itself is primarily focused on contesting jurisdi
Company Characteristics and Products Janine Allis founded Boost Juice bars in 2001. The company’s home country is Australia. Janine’s aim was to provide a healthy alternative to fast food, especially for children. She enlisted the help of a nutritionist and came up with several menus. Thereafter, she raised funds from friends and with the help of her husband set up the first Boost Juice Bars Store. The company has grown through franchising and now has 190 stores spread all over the world. Initially, the menu consisted of various types of juice and smoothes. Today, snacks, soups, banana bread and wraps are served alongside the juice and smoothes. These are popular with customers especially during the winter. Boost Juice focuses on providing healthy snacks and fast food that can be eaten quickly or taken to the office. The company avoids using preservatives and other additives to food. Instead, natural cultures are used to preserve the food. This means that the company needs a constant supply of fruit and milk. Theirs is a short supply chain. It consists of the farmers who provide the milk and juice, the Juice Bars and finally the consumer. The farmers deliver the milk and fruits to the bars daily. Each bar has a cold room to preserve the products. The juices and smoothes are all made in the bars. The processes are standardized and this increases the employees’ efficiency in preparing them. A customer will usually wait an average of five to seven minutes for their order (Franchise Expo,3). Customers can now get some of the Boost Juice products from supermarkets as well as the Boost Juice Bars. This is quite convenient as there are more supermarkets than Boost Juice bars. This is a new distribution channel and has opened up new opportunities to the company (Kirby,23). The Supply Chain The aim of Supply Chain Management is to provide value for the customer while minimizing the cost to the members of the supply chain. In the case of Boost Juice, customers would like to get healthy products at an affordable price. The task for the company therefore is to provide this healthy food and drink at that affordable price. This can only be done if all the components of the supply chain work together efficiently and effectively. Boost Juice operates a just in time system of procurement, purchasing only when absolutely necessary. The company has created excellent supplier relationships which are crucial to the success of this strategy. This system supports their low cost strategy as it helps in reducing the holding cost for inventory. The company has also managed to do away with a substantial proportion of the cost of rotten fruits and milk, which is common in the industry especially during summer. The company also operates an Electronic Data Interchange and an Intranet which aids communication with suppliers. Orders are placed automatically when inventory runs low and suppliers confirm whether or not they will be able to deliver (Boost Juice Ba
Introduction Educational institutions are made up of students from diverse cultural backgrounds. These students are especially from the United States of America, which is a large multicultural nation. For any successful learning to take place in these institutions, cohesion between these different cultures is a necessary factor. This cohesion and understanding will create a suitable learning environment not only to the students but also to the teachers. Therefore, new teachers have the task of understanding the different cultural diversities in a classroom before embarking on learning activities. This will give the teacher an idea on how to deal with different students seated in one classroom. It is for this purpose that this research paper was written. It aims at exploring the various perspectives of culture and multicultural education and the role of the latter in bridging the gap between different cultures in educational institutions. Definition And Discussion Of Culture Culture has been succinctly defined as the people’s way of life. However, there is more to culture than there is in this definition. The culture of a person influences the way such an individual acts and responds to diff
Introduction Human resource profession is a very dynamic field and to be a human resource leader one needs to be innovative in his actions and deeds and in generating good ideas. Modern human resource management requires a culturally accustomed leader; it requires a personalised and collaborative kind of leadership and a technologically proficient as seen in the context of Frank Lowy (Dowling, Festing & Angle, 2008, p. 87). Human resource leaders need to be concerned about the present and at the same time keep focus on the future in order to meet the challenges and the demands of the ever changing global markets. He should posses among others qualities like intelligence, determination, integrity and self-confidence (Northouse, 2009, p. 15). A good leadership in human resource profession should embrace changes and demographic shifts like age, race and gender of the employees all over the world. The working place of 2011 cannot be similar to the working place of 2020 due to these demographic shifts. This essay will discuss the role of leadership in human resource that is, what are the qualities of a good leader, what a good leader can bring to an organisation, what an organisation can do to develop its own leaders. A case study of Frank Lowy as a leader is given at the end of the essay to give substance to the essay. It is frank Lowy because of his outstanding leadership in steering forward the Westfield group into a giant retail merchandize. In this first paragraph, I have given insight into what human resource field is all about, what kind of leader an organization requires. It also explains qualities of a good leader and the role of a leader. Leadership and Human Resource Leadership can be understood to mean the ability to inspire other individuals to accomplish things. A good leader teaches by example and should motivate other people to follow their actions. Leadership can be assigned or emergent. Assigned leadership is derived from the title or the official position of an individual in an organization (Northouse, 2009, p. 13). The following two principles guide a modern and 2020 leader in human resource profession: Going Digital: Leadership in human resource should embrace modern technology. For every firm to access global market it should apply social and networking technology like Skype, Facebook and Blogs since this facilitates faster flow of information and enhance efficient decision making. However, Effective leaders are those who perform operational roles besides the supervisory duties and this can only be realized through making use of modern methods of information and communication technology. Leadership should be developed holistically and not in isolation in order to achieve the intended expectations (Wilson, 2010, p. 6). Human resource involves bringing the people together in order to meet the objectives of the organisation. In the contemporary times, there has been a shift in the roles of human resource manager and
Introduction The film How to Survive a Plague by a journalist David France explores the history of the AIDS epidemic in New York City. The movie follows the lives of AIDS activists and HIV positive people. The film also shows how the government treated these people and the epidemic. Act Up activists are the main focus of this movie as it shows their fight for HIV positive people. The epidemic was ignored for many years, and the medicine for infected people was not safe for them. This paper aims to outline how different groups treated the AIDS epidemic and find different strategies that Act Up activists used to reach their goals. The Crisis People viewed the AIDS epidemic differently. Some groups, including many individuals that worked in government, saw infected people as individuals that we’re guilty of a crime. They thought that people with AIDS were the ones that spread the disease and that they did not deserve to get treatment. The government proposed to use a drug, called AZT, which was dangerous for many people due to being toxic and even causing blindness (France). At that time, that drug was the only way of treating HIV infection. Moreover, the police treated activists and their doings as acts of violent behavior. Protests were stopped, and activists were arrested. The media started to give coverage to this problem when the activists decided to demand the government to develop new drugs or to change the process of AIDS drug approval. The journalists focused on filming riots and talking to activists. Several programs talked about the possibility of creating new medicines. As can be seen in the movie, various news stations asked activists to participate in their programs as guests. However, during these shows, the activists were asked about celibacy thinking that gays and lesbians did not need to have sex. In their minds as in the minds of many people, the problem could be solved if gay people just stopped having relationships. Thus, they did not view the epidemic as a real one. After the number of victims grew, the journalists started to talk about the problem of HIV more often. The programs, however, tried to show many sides of the conflict, often using religious claims. For example, they reported that the Catholic chur
Introduction Marketing has been identified to be highly reinforced by advertising. Advertising creates awareness in the market as regards a specific brand. This has been there, ever since the inception of mass media and it has allowed businesses to communicate to a huge share of their target market cheaply. Of the more common methods of advertising is sponsorship, which is the creation or the support of one or more socio-cultural events by a business so as to take advantage of it as a communication platform. Over the years, this has been known to be successful and it has attracted other marketers who have devised ways of cashing in on events that they have nothing to do with. This has come to be recognized as ambush marketing, guerrilla marketing or parasite marketing (Mullin, 2007). Different authors and marketers have struggled with the question of whether ambush marketing is an unethical trick or a justified professional tool. This question has been raised on the backdrop of the consequences of ambush marketing to the business ambushing the others, and the ones being ambushed. This is because there are both advantages and disadvantages to be reaped from ambush marketing by both parties. This essay seeks to argue that ambush marketing is actually a justified professional tool. Ambush marketing Ambush marketing involves the implication by a company that it is an official sponsor of an event by hijacking some aspects of the event that will give the company more audience than the actual official sponsor (Allen, 2010). Ambush marketing has been identified to be fuelled by the high cost of sponsorship especially for huge events that are guaranteed to give the company a huge market audience such as the world cup. While some of the younger companies may be seeking market penetration by strengthening the perception of their brand in the market, they may not actually have access to the resources necessary to achieve this (Burton & Chadwick, 2009). While this may be viewed as wrong there are almost no legal implications in such acts, a fact that has made it so rampant to a point where sponsors to a huge event have had to evaluate their competitors in the market before taking up sponsorship so as to minimize on this. It is actually considered funding or boosting the enemy by providing competitors with a platform to apply their marketing strategies to your actual customers. It gets worse sometimes where the ambush marketing is actually done by more than one firm, which then overshadows the original sponsor completely (Kahle & Riley, 2004). The following are some of the examples of ambush marketing. Examples of ambush marketing One example is where Qantas airlines featured two Australian athletes in their advertisements, who were at the time participati
Introduction Even as early back into the history as fifty years ago it accounted for a common assumption among healthcare professional that the risk of new pandemics (such as Black Plague and Cholera) beginning to represent a clear and present danger to the civilisation’s very existence has been effectively eliminated. The realities of the 21 st century’s living, however, proved this assumption utterly fallacious. The reason for this is that as the outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) has shown, the continuation of the ongoing social and technological progress does not make humanity any less susceptible what can be referred to as the disease of “organisational inefficiency”, which has a strongly negative effect on the society’s functioning, as a whole. In its turn, this results in establishing the objective precondition for the outbreaks of different viral epidemics to continue taking place in the future and for the scope of the associated societal dangers to grow in size. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion regarding the outbreaks of EVD in Uganda (2000-2001) and Sierra Leone (2014-2015), as described in the 2015 case study “Ebola in the context of conflict-affected states and health systems: case studies of Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone” by McPake et al. Summary of the case study In their article, McPake et al. provide many in-depth insights into what predetermined the epidemic occurrences of EVD in both countries while expounding on the main qualitative aspects of the concerning developments in question. According to the authors, there is a positive correlation between the likelihood for a particular country to experience a prolonged period of social instability/civil war and the measure of its population’s susceptibility to Ebola. Such a situation is objectively predetermined, “It is well understood that conflict and population displacement on a large scale poses significant risks for infectious disease, combined with livelihood disruption and food and water shortages” (McPake et al. 2015, p. 9). At the same time, the authors point out the fact that there are many factors at play defining the epidemic’s genesis in each individual case. As it appears for the case study, whether the first Ebola outbreak proved thoroughly manageable, there is still much uncertainty as to what will account for the overall epidemiological effects of the most recent one. McPake et al. explain this by outlining the specifics of how the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the national (Ugandan and Sierra-Leonean) governments have gone about trying to prevent the epidemic from attaining an exponential momentum. According to the authors, the comparative successfulness of the deployed containment-tactics in the case of the Ugandan outbreak of Ebola is best explained with respect to the fact that Uganda’s government never ceased remaining in full control of implementing the basic control measures, such as the “early diagnosis with patient isolation, infection prevention control, contact tracing… (and) disinfection of contaminated objects” (McPake et al. 2015, p. 5). The case study also shows that the government of Sierra
Thesis statement: Most problems associated with the third world are attributed to colonialism. Some however blame the historical events. This paper analyzes developmental aspects of china in pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial and contemporary epoch. Source: Lonely planet Pre-colonial China (1700-1919) The Qing Empire governed China before foreigners interfered with its sovereignty in the 19 th century. The influence of the traditional monarch led by Xian Feng faded so fast after the British started to export opium to the state. Opium was used by Chinese as sedative hence its higher demand. The Qing Empire opposed the move by proscribing the use of opium in the state. The British fought back by forcing Chinese to enter into an accord referred to as Treaty of Nanking. Subsequently, the USA, France, Russia and Japan entered into a number of unbalanced accords with the Qing regime. China therefore became a feudal and majestic state (Murray and Crawfurd 102). During Tong Zhi and Xu Guang regime, China developed a hostile foreign policy since the management of state affairs was under custodianship (Fung 17). The two boys could not rule because they were too young. Their mother was appointed to take care of state affairs on behave of the boys. The mother ruled without consultation making the Chinese foreign policy to be hawkish. It is at this time that foreigne