ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Are you aware of your sexual orientation? Human sexual orientation is a complex concept. It can be defined as a pattern of emotional or sexual affiliations to the same sex (homosexual), the opposite sex (heterosexual) , both sexes (bisexual / pansexual) and neither (asexual). There are various factors that can be attributed to the various sexual orientation patterns, some of them being out of personal decisions while others are deemed to be completely out of one’s control as they are brought about by some inner drive or force. There has been a lot of controversy and various perspectives linked with human sexual orientation particularly due to the fact that individuals tend to express varying sexual orientation than it was the case years back (Savin-Williams and Ream 387). This piece of work gives a critical analysis of the concept of human sexual orientation and all the aspects that surrounds it. This will be made possible through looking at what has been discovered by different authors in the field of biology and psychology and making a critical comparison. Reasons for development of diverse sexual orientations in humans will be discussed. Much emphasis will be given to the development of diverse sexual orientations in humans, the factors that seem most significant in the development of sexual orientations and the differences in the development of sexual orientation for males and females. A discussion of how an evolutio
The world we live in today has continuously evolved from ancient times to the current 21 st century. Due to technological advancements, work equipment has advanced with better shapes and utility. Some activities carried out by human beings today require specialized tools for efficiency. In the old stone age, ethnocentric communities made tools from stones, which they used in activities such as mining and farming. Since different tasks require specific resources, multiple techniques were improvised to output desired results, while some tools were only made from specific stones. According to Hussein and Will (2020), ethnographic studies have not yet incorporated the fact that object-oriented approaches have influenced the growth and development of archaeological theory. This paper is a review of the “Materiality, Agency and Evolution of Lithic Technology: An Integrated Perspective for Palaeolithic Archaeology” article, exploring materiality and the evolution of ethnocentrism technologies in tool making. The authors’ hypothesis is to conduct a re-assessment of materiality theory and to broadly re-articulate the debate about the evolution of the human species. The main topics of the study include its agency and the study of the evolution of lithic technology. Lithic technologies refer to methods used to make tools from different stones. Some tools are viewed valuable than others, which is the rationale behind the materiality theory. The article writers tested their theories by incorporating ecological, technical, and evolutionary human relations. The methodologies used include literature case studies which helped to collect data about material things and how we can use them to connect to the past. The article’s conclusion indicates that the authors differ from archaeologists’ beliefs by proving that object-oriented research creates new perspectives and promotes awareness about the prehistory evolution of species. The extraction of raw materials from the landscape resulted in the wide spread of stone resources and other lithic objects (Hussain & Will, 2020). In response to paleolithic records, the authors criticize the fact that they have collapsed many years of human activities by providing survivorship-biased information. Researchers are assumed to cope with available history despite its uncertainties and gaps in past events. The implication of inferior attributes about the records has influenced the prevalence of the perspective that there is a reduced utility of material-hierarchic approaches in paleolithic history. The authors’ orientation about the deficiency of paleolithic records seems a little confusing to me. I think that the availability of ancient information would be more effective in creating awareness and educating people about lithic technology’s evolution. The authors’ suggestion about the scarcity of information seems biased because only the research-interested people will be enlightened about their past, while the rest of the world remains ignorant about paleolithic archaeology.
Introduction Time management is a common problem that befalls many people both at the workplace and in learning institutions. We normally find ourselves unable to meet deadlines in our day-to-day activities more often than we expect. Those mostly caught in the practical time management ethics are students and employees. Students; for instance, are caught in the situation because of busy academic schedules coupled with a number of extra-curricular activities. It is at this stage that most people discover their unique identities besides influence and peer pressure. Employed people on the other hand are faced with the hurdle of meeting targets set by managers in organizations they work for. As a result, there is a need of mastering time management techniques as a lasting solution to time wastage. Workers and business owners are also caught in the time management quagmire; therefore, this essay develops three strategies of time management that can help in curbing time wastage. Taking Control of One’s Space Managing time is one of the basic skills needed; though, it is always hard to implement strategies geared at managing time. The first
In the domain of clinical psychology, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is recognized as one of the most challenging psychological conditions to treat, particularly due to its incapacitating effect on the patient, their family and quality of life (Fairfax, Easey, Fletcher, & Barfield, 2014). This paper employs a case study approach to demonstrate how the mindfulness-based therapy can be effective in treating Hector’s OCD as described in the case scenario. Rationale Mindfulness has been described in the literature as a form of insight mediation which relies on paying attention to current psychosocial and mental challenges in a focused and non-judgmental way with the view to nurturing superior awareness, clarity, and acceptance of present-moment reality (Fairfax et al., 2014). The rationale for selecting mindfulness is based on the fact that it can assist the patient in the case study to not only control his obsessions and ‘hot thoughts’ by bringing his attention under control, but also to severe the link associated with conditioned behavior and automatic thoughts (Wilkinson-Tough, Bocci, Thorne, & Herlihy, 2010). The rationale is also nested on the belief that the intervention will help the patient to learn a different way to relate to thoughts, not mentioning that it will facilitate discussion of the meta-cognitive process through experiential intervention (Fairfax, 2008). Procedure The intervention, which is based on the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), should run for at least 14 weeks as stakeholders engage Hector in the hope of assisting him to develop the capacity to tolerate the anxiety and resist the associated compulsive behaviors. The first three weeks should be devoted to assisting Hector to understand and challenge the various intrusive thoughts demonstrated in the case study, while the following two weeks should be dedicated to helping him manage mood. It is important to introduce the patient to the mindfulness intervention as early as possible by inviting him to take part in a 5-minute mindfulness-of-breath exercise in order to note particular reflections about the nature of his thoughts, control of attention and awareness of state in general (Fairfax, 2008). The patient should be encouraged to nurture superior awareness, clarity, and a
The hard decision to attend or not attend college has always been of significance in the lives of several students in the world. What triggers someone to either opt for or against college education is often sparked by various factors. To begin with, one of the primary reasons for opting for college education is to gain experience and certificates so as to have stable careers in future. Thus, college is usually used as a means of preparation as it equips one with skills, spirit, and confidence necessary for working in an organization as a trained personnel who is able to handle tasks smoothly and methodically (“Importance of college,” para.3). In addition, gaining college education assists one to get a good job that pays well (Margolin, 10). In fact, evidence has it that on average, college graduates earn about sixty-two percent more money over their lifetime than those who have not gone through the program. Another reason for pursuing college education is that it assists in building mutual relationships with other individuals, which enables one to improve himself or herself. While studying in college, one gets to know how to relate well with other people, work in groups, and develop essential skills in mutual understanding. These skills are not only useful in ones future work but are also beneficial in other aspects of life. Further, the collegiate environment assists in creating a more rounded person in general who is able to address the troubles of everyday life amicably. Besides providing the experience related directly to a major area of study, college life enables one to develop a better outlook of life (Garfield, 5). Attaining college education is also beneficial in other aspects of life, for instance, individuals with basic knowledge in psychology, history, mathematics, geography and other areas of study might live more productive lives than those with typical high-school certificates. On the other hand, some people opt not to pursue college education because it is expensive (Hacker, 2; Muscatine, 2). For example, pursuing a four-year degree program at a renowned institution of higher education such as Princeton or Harvard could require about one hundred and sixty thousand dollars, an amount that is beyond the reach of many (Slate, para.1). Thus, instead of pursuing college education, some people opt to direct their energies elsewhere, such as starting businesses. In addition, some people opt not to complete their college education because they want to pursue their business interests. For example, the Mi
Introduction   * Attention Getter: We all think of Halloween as an innocent children’s holiday, but what if I told you it originates from a highly violent pagan festival   * Audience Analysis: Halloween is a long-established American tradition where families and communities celebrate by decorating their homes, dressing up in costumes, trick-or-treating, and of course watching scary movies for all ages. Most people have only a superficial understanding about the origins of this popular holiday and its secular traditions.   * Speaker Credibility: Practically everyone has experience with Halloween traditions at some point in their lives. However, I took the time research many aspects of the holiday to understand its comprehensive meaning and evolution through history.   * Preview: After conducting in-depth research, in the next few minutes, I will inform you about the history of Halloween, how the modern trick-or-treat tradition came to be, and the practice of wearing costumes.   * Transition: We’ll start with learning about the holiday’s history. Halloween’s most ancient origins can be traced to the Gaelic festival of Samhain, celebrated from October 31st to November 1st, marking the end of the harvest season. Having Celtic pagan origins, it is associated with important events in Irish mythology. It is thought that during the festival, the world of pagan gods was visible to humankind, resulting in supernatural activities along with ghosts and spirits returning to earth. While little is known, it is believed that cattle were brought, and animal sacrifice occurred to appease deities. Massive bonfires were lit, and people presumably dressed in costumes and left offerings to protect against the evil spirits (Lang, 2018). With the spread of the Catholic church as Rome conquered the Celtics in 43 A.D., Celtic traditions were appropriated and reframed. In 609, Pope Boniface IV declared a celebration named All Saints’ Day or All-hallows in Middle English, which was then moved to November 1. Homage paid to martyrs and saints during the celebration closely represented the appeasement of ghosts during Samhain. Eventually All-hallow’s Eve became the secular holiday of Halloween, with its religious roots largely ignored (History.com Editors, 2020a).   * Transition: As mentioned earlier, during the early festivals of Samhain, the Celtics would dress up in primitive costumes as a manner of disguise against spirits and ghosts. It can be assumed that these costumes were scary in nature to ‘fit in’ with the spirits of the otherworld. During the Christian adoption of the tradition, dressing up was much less common (Cerini, 2020). The modern secular custom did not emerge until the early 20th century when the first community Halloween event was held in Anoka, Minnesota in 1920. To prevent social unrest and hooliganism that usually occurred on the night of October 31st, a major event was held with scary decorations, costume contests, and parades (Frazer, 2019). Eventuall
The 2005 film ‘Crash’ directed by Paul Haggis is a shrewd and accurate reflection of life in the United States as we know it today. The movie is woven in and around the lives of a diverse group of people in Los Angeles (in a broader sense representing the disparate groups of people in the United States as a whole) connected together by a car crash. The main theme of the movie, urban alienation of the American people, is well expressed by detective Graham Waters (played by Don Cheadle) expostulating after his car has been rear-ended that in Los Angeles “nobody touches you,” and as a result of a yearning for contact with others, people “crash so [they] can feel something.” Haggis’ portrayal that someone can purposely court possible injury just to experience a sense of touch with others may seem extreme to some, but as the movie unfolds it becomes apparent that the director’s undoubted penchant for unsubtle melodrama is heavily steeped in intellectualism. The secondary theme of the movie, a direct consequence of the first, is racism. Racism is exposed as the culprit that causes the alienation of people in the United States. The citizens of the country, whether they are the haves or the have-nots, whether they are powerful or the powerless, may pull up side by side in traffic, but in reality, they are still as far apart as ever. Despite the Civil Rights Movement led by black stalwarts like Martin Luther King who fought to eradicate it, and the subsequent rectifying legislations culminating with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that eradicated it at least on paper, racism unfortunately still continues to haunt the country. The lives of the characters in the movie are in some way individually affected, altered, harmed, or victimized by racism. The characters themselves are in some way guilty of racism; although some of them eventually rise above their primary anxieties and intolerances, none emerges with a totally clean chit. The primary and secondary themes are well represented by Haggis as he weaves the lives of his characters from widely disparate walks of life that are not closely connected yet interlocked, to present a realistic multi-sided perspective of the multi-ethnic melting pot that is life in LA (representing life in the United States as a whole). The characters do not so much tell a tale as put forward their opinions as they articulate exactly what they think and feel without the filter of political correctness as their lives crash against each other. There are several scenes steeped in racism that are wearily reminiscent of others in the nation today. Black detective Graham Waters is having an affair with his Hispanic partner Ria (Jennifer Esposito) without knowing much about her exact background. District Attorney Rick Cabot (Brendan Fraser) is on the campaign trail, playing the race card to garner black votes. Flanagan (William Fichtner) explains Rick’s strategy to Graham Waters: “The D.A’s squad loses its lead investigator next month. Rick is quite adamant that
Introduction The United States of America is ranked top globally in almost all sectors of the economy. It is also believed to be the pace setter in matters pertaining to law. Most of the other countries have been emulating the judiciary and legislative functions of the United States of America. This is because of the belief that they possess a constitution that is effective and accommodative for each and every person .Despite this constitution being among the oldest constitutions to be written that is in the year 1787, it is applicable to any country in the world. This is because most nations of the world especially those that do not have their own constitutions use the American constitution. It is for this reason that the constitution of the United States of America is termed as its supreme law. That is, it controls the relationship between the leaders of state and the citizens of the country (Smith, 2010, p.1). There are three branches of government which make up the constitution. We have the executive, the legislature and finally the judiciary that is manned by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is designated to be the head and governor of the judiciary which is part of the law making committee. All constitutions in the world will usually elaborate on the functions and duties of each branch and the American constitution is no exception. Provisions of the First Amendment The Supreme Court is thus responsible for making any amendments on the constitution when it is necessary. The first amendments made on the constitution of the United States of America in the year 1789 concerned the bill of rights. This entailed the right to peaceful demonstrations, freedom of speech, the press freedom, freedom of expression, the right to dissent and freedom of religion just to mention but a few. Since the original constitution did not have provisions for these bills of rights, amendment was thus necessary to allow these provisions. These provisions had to be made so as to accommodate all the citizens into one peaceful nation. This was done because of the mere reason that as human beings the American citizens needed to have the freedom and rights they required. Examples of the Supreme Court cases The Supreme Court handled so many cases during the first amendment. The cases that the Supreme Court heard and interpreted were categorized into various groups according to the clauses of the bill of
Recruitment is one of the critical functions of human resources specialists. While it is vital to attract applicants for a position, it is nonetheless essential to use a proper selection strategy to choose the most suitable person for a job. Multimedia artists and animators need to possess a variety of skills and abilities to be able to work in a high-paced environment and produce great results. Applying a multi-stage selection process can help a human resources specialist to filter applicants who are not a good fit and choose the most promising applicant. Designing a Selection Strategy One of the most prominent approaches in recruitment and selection today is the psychometric approach. Newell (2005) explains that this view of recruitment and selection involves specifying the requirements first before evaluating whether or not applicants fit the desired employee portrait. In the case study, these steps have already been completed, and several candidates have been shortlisted based on the requirements. Therefore, the primary goal of the selection process at this point is to evaluate applicants in a way that allows comparing them to the job profile. There is a wide range of selection tools that may help the company in doing that, including interviews, portfolio reviews, and testing. However, given the complexity of the position and the role of the prospective employee in the film’s success, it would be best to use several strategies to ensure a balanced assessment. The proposed selection strategy is a multi-stage process consisting of five stages: CV evaluation, portfolio review, interview, test tasks, and psychometric tests. The results of applicants at each of these stages should be marked from 0 to 20 points, thus allowing comparing their total scores (out of 100) after completion. Stage 1: CV Evaluation First of all, it is necessary to evaluate the candidates’ CVs with respect to their knowledge, skills, and abilities. These specifications are an essential part of performance reviews, and thus using them to evaluate applicants can help to ensure that they can do the job well (Beardwell & Claydon 2010). The assessment of candidates’ knowledge, skills, and abilities fits into the competency-based selection, and thus focuses more on what a person can do rather than on their qualifications. This approach is suitable for selecting multimedia artists and animators since they do not need a university degree to perform their duties. Many artists are self-taught and build their skills through practice, and the competency-based approach helps to appreciate that. To perform adequate CV evaluations, it is necessary to create a list of knowledge, skills, and abilities based on the job profile. In the present case, candidates should have excellent knowled