ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Italy is the 8th largest economy in the world. It is also the 4th largest in Europe in terms of nominal GDP (refer to appendix 1). It has a diverse and industrialized financial system. In addition, the GDP per capita is high. Within a short period of time, Italy has changed from an economy dependent on agriculture to one of the world’s most industrialized nations. It is also one of the most prominent nations in the world market. The country also enjoys high standards of living and is ranked 8th in the world with regard to this (McDonald, 2005). Most of Italy’s success is attributed to a stable political system and other pillars that support its GDP. GDP is one of the factors used to determine the status of an economy. Italy has had an almost perfectly stable GDP for a number of years (refer to appendix 2). In this paper, the author will analyze a number of issues related to the country’s economy. The Main Pillars of Italy’s GDP One of the factors contributing positively to the GDP of Italy is the availability of a large and highly paid labor force. High wages and increased output are necessary for economic growth (Holm, 2006). Increased salaries show that employers are making enough profits to pay their employees for their hard labor. The money enters the economy as individuals purchase products. The development increases demand and, ultimately, supply. Italy’s labor force is estimated to be 24.49 million individuals. It is another factor that contributes to a strong GDP in Italy (Holm, 2006). Laws are put in place to protect the workforce and maintain productivity. The law provides the employees with the right to join and form unions. With regard to this, between 35 and 40 percent of Italian employees are unionized. The law also sets the legal time for workers at 40 hours per week. Overtime is not supposed to exceed two hours per day. The high wages of Italian employees affect productivity positively as companies seek for other inexpensive ways to increase output (McDonald, 2005). The result is affordable goods produced in large quantities, leading to a strong and stable GDP. The availability of economic resources is another pillar that has led to the high GDP in Italy. They include physical resources to produce goods and services efficiently. In Italy, raw materials, capital, and other items required for production are widely available (McDonald, 2005). For instance, many industries in the country source their raw materials from northern Italy. Some of these materials are exported in their raw state. Another economic resource that is readily available is electricity. Italy imports most of the energy required to power its businesses and industries due to a lack of substantial deposits of natural
Weight-class athletes cut their body weight for numerous reasons including participating in sports of lower weight, to enhance their appearance, or to improve their physical appearance. Such sports include weight-lifting, boxing, wrestling, lightweight rowing, judo, and other combat sports. Athletes who take part in weight-class sports use rapid bodyweight reduction techniques such as dehydration in one to two days, which involves fluid restraint and enhanced workouts. According to Bernadot (2006, p. 267), rapid weight cutting reduces the athletes’ aerobic endurance capacity, though moderate weight cutting may cause it to increase. Rapid weight cutting also reduces anaerobic performance and muscle strength (Barr, 1999). Bernadot (2006) suggests that bodyweight loss has a varied effect on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Weight cutting causes VO2max that is measured in L/min to reduce, but causes VO2 max measured in ml/kg/min to increase (Barr, 1999). This paper looks at the dangers of rapid weight cutting in sports, as well as, appropriate techniques for reducing weight in sports. Some athletes go through weight fluctuation patterns whereby they cut weight as the events approach, and regain it after the competitions are over. These athletes result in rapid weight loss techniques as the competitive season approaches. Rapid weight-cutting techniques include starvation or rigorous dieting, fluid restriction, and dehydration. Passive dehydration involves the athlete sitting in a sauna while active dehydration involves exercising in sweat suits. Some athletes result to other methods like self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives and diuretics (Medicine, Association, & Canada, 2001). Rapid weight-cutting methods can lead to serious health risks that involve malnutrition and dehydration. Dehydration is caused by fluid restriction techniques that lead to excessive loss of water from the body, and no fat loss while malnutrition results from inadequate consumption of nutrients (Barr, 1999). “Dehydration involves the extreme loss of water and lean body mass, which hinders performance and appropriate body operations” (Fogelholm, 1994). Rapid weight reduction methods lead to reduced muscle carbohydrate storage and muscle water, which affects proper temperature regulation and cardiovascular function (Fogelholm, 1994). This, in turn, impacts strength and endurance capacity, which causes physiological changes that affect athlete performance negatively. Bernadot (2006, p. 91) suggests that reduced fluid intake decreases blood volume and sweat rates, which causes body heat to rise to a dangerous point. Body heat stress due to low levels of water, in turn, reduces athletic performance. Consequently, athletes should replenish the water that their body loses, during training, at a suitable rate (Bernadot, 2006, p. 92). The performance of athletes depends on their body composition, which is determined by the amount of fat and muscle in their bodies. Coaches advice athletes to monitor their body composition on a regular basis in order to identify any physical harm caused by training techniques. Weight cu
Introduction The intended product has the potential to increase sales and profits at Mobile Manufacturing, Inc. (MM). However, a powerful marketing plan that is informed by the trends and variables recorded in the external environment will be necessary. The proposal outlined below can make it possible for this organization to achieve its goals within a short time. Issues to Include in the Marketing Plan The new mobile phone is capable of performing effectively in the United States and Europe. However, specific factors are essential for MM’s board to take seriously to present timely results. First, the technological forces recorded in the local and foreign regions are worth considering since the product needs to resonate with the expectations of people. This industry is also revolutionizing fast, thereby forcing companies to embrace the power of modern innovations and meet the changing needs of customers (Janković et al., 2016). Second, the economic aspects of the targeted markets are essential since they influence the purchasing power and the availability of disposable income. Finally, cultural attributes dictate the manner and willingness of individuals to use different media platforms and promote certain social practices, hobbies, and norms. When the team takes these three issues seriously, MM’s chances of achieving positive results will increase significantly. Someone with an opposing suggestion might argue that political factors are the most crucial. They might go further to indicate that such forces determine the available business opportunities and economic stabilities. However, the strength of this attribute is quite low since the US and Europe have been associated with stable political conditions (Seo & Lee, 2019). Chances of deterioration in democracy or leadership also remain low. The consideration of this option will eventually deliver positive results for MM. Evidence-based solutions are needed to ensure that this company emerges more competitive and profitable. The first one is for the managers and members of the board to develop a powerful plan that focuses on the local and foreign markets. This strategy will attract more customers who might need superior or high-quality mobile phones. The second one is to stretch the limits of innovation and research and development (R&D) to produce a superior mobile device that can compete successfully in the selected markets (Janković et al., 2016). For instance, this corporation can learn new ideas from Apple Inc. to produce high-tech devices and eventually achieve similar goals. The third strategy or solution is getting the right people with appropriate skills to support the marketing model. All the above three solutions are recommendable to th
Dorothy Smith is one of the first Canadian feminists who significantly contributed to the development of feminist research and made the successful effort to change academic practices which used to be man-stream only. The Everyday World as Problematic by Dorothy Smith reveals how the experience and knowledge of women were systematically ignored in the system of socially legitimated knowledge, especially in the higher education institutions. The major thesis of the author is to challenge male intellectual hegemony and to empower the positions of women. Smith claims that sociology used to be written “from the standpoint of men located in the relations of ruling of our societies” (Smith, Dorothy E. 1). As some researchers state, “the cornerstone of feminist standpoint theory is a recognition that the rationalization of gender norms as natural reifies social relations” (Wylie, Alison, and Sismondo, Sergio 2). Smith is rather convincing in supporting her thesis. She provides many practical examples to illustrate and explain her approach and thesis. The major theoretical perspectives of the author are different from the other sociologies as she considers the everyday world as a site of a problematic which is open to sociological inquiry. Smith points out that she does not support the usual meaning of the notion “problematic” which is understood by other researchers as a row of theoretical questions and concepts related to them. It is possible that some people, especially males, might think that many statements of the author have apparent biases as Smith claims that the opinion of women is less authoritative in the institutions. Smith explains that actual reality and local practices are accounted for by such institutional ideologies that make some things invisible. To break these barriers, she suggests that feminists should consider the actual practices as a kind of entry into the knowledge of how everyday life is constituted. One of the major strengths of Smith’s work is that she describes the practical examples of how the concept of “everyday world as problematic” is used in the research practice making visible everyday work that women make and the way this work is organized. Still, it is not easy to understand Smith’s approach or use her method of institutional ethnography to the specific area of research without problems. Lack of distinct terms and definitions can be considered as the major weakness of the book. For example, the author’s method of inquiry might be helpful in a political economy to solve problems with addressing gender issues, but she admits that it is difficult to claim how class and gender intersect in the practice of ruling authorities. The perspective of Smith has influenced the feminist community for a long period of time. It is an overall opinion that this work by Dorothy Smith made a major contribution to the field of sociology and to the debates within feminism challenging it by the author’s attempts to understand and
Introduction The development of the biofuel industry is becoming more urgent. The depletion of traditional energy sources and the growing demand and prices of hydrocarbon types of fuel are of concern to the entire world community. In order to ensure global energy and environmental security, some petroleum companies are actively trying to reduce the dependence of energy on fossil fuels. One of the directions of modern engineering is the use of biofuel. Biomass can be used for a variety of purposes – from heating homes to generating electricity and motor petrol. The use of such a resource is a modern trend in the industry under consideration, and its application in practice can be valuable from the point of view of the economy. Modern bioenergy is based on highly efficient technologies for converting biomass beyond bioethanol into convenient energy sources (electricity, liquid, and gaseous petrol, and prepared solid fuel). The Trend’s Genesis Currently, modern and efficient conversion technologies allow producing biofuel in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms from such materials as wood, crops, and waste, that is, without bioethanol. According to Cheon et al., this type of resource is an energy carrier that stores power derived from biomass (10). For the production of bioenergy in a variety of forms, a wide range of biomass sources can be used. For example, to produce electricity, heat, and other forms of power, it is possible to use food, fiber, and woodworking waste that the industrial sector provides. Also, as Hu et al. note, energy crops, and agricultural waste that this sector supplies can be applied (58). Biofuel can be called a renewable source because it is the form of converted solar energy. The basic distinction is made between the primary (untreated) and secondary (processed) biofuel. According to Cheon et al., the first type is the fuel, where organic material is used mainly in its natural form (11). It is burned directly to meet the needs of fuel for cooking, heating, or power generation in small and large industrial facilities. Secondary biofuel in solid, liquid, or gaseous form can be used for a wide range of applications, including transport and high-temperature industrial processes. There are many sources of biomass for power purposes, which are dispersed across vast and diverse geographic regions. Even today, most of the energy derived from biomass, which is used as fuel, is produced from by-products or wastes from food, feed, and fiber. The primary by-products of the forest industry are used for the production of fuelwood and charcoal. For instance, black lye that is the by-product of cellulose plants, is the basic fuel for bioelectricity generation in Brazil (Papoutsakis 10170). Therefore, the variety of ways to extract and process this type of energy makes it a trend in the modern petrol industry and motivates many industrial companies to use such a technology in their practice. Consequences, Longevity, and Specific Long-Term Effects of the Trend If the trend
Description of the characteristics of the most important monastic orders of this time Monastic orders allowed the monks to devote themselves to their mission: praying for the grace to the living and to the dead. Monastic orders have become a peaceful refuge for people who suffered feudal brutality. Peasants found safety in monasteries, while for children of noble families monasteries became schools. The secular clergy lived in a world in which the Christian population was mixed with brutal society. Appointed bishops lived like lords, while the parish priests lived very modestly. Cluny was the brotherhoods of monastic houses that depended upon a single authority and observed the same rule. Citeaux monks were organized around the celebration of a lavish liturgy. They owned and managed big estates and were very rich. The members of Mendicant orders sought complete separation from the world and rejected the importance of financial wealth. A middle class was developing in this period as trade and industry were reawakened from the “dark ages” following the fall of Rome. Discuss its growth The development of the middle-class society originated in the surplus of agricultural production. The abundance of consumer goods revived the trade among the regions: seaports were opened and new trading routes were found. Merchants who sold goods united to form the so-called guilds. To ensure optimal choice and security, merchants gathered at fixed times at fixed places. These meetings were fairs and lasted for several weeks. The fairs contributed to the growth of towns and revival of the urban life. Towns were neighbored by suburbs populated by artisans and merchants. Society was dependent upon rural agriculture and feudal relations, while the evolvement of the middle-class centers representing a new foreign element. Merchants contributed to the creation of tribunal and uniform judicial code for foreigners and initiated the formation of the defensive militia. The Roman Catholic Church was responsible for much of the growth of civilization during this period. Describe its beneficial effects Every Frenchmen, despite his social position and wealth, considered himself as a Christian, as a member of the church community. Church provided instruction and assistance to people. Church covered society at every level and united representatives of the moral and intellectual elite. Being a cleric was a synonym of an educated man. Each cathedral was responsible for the organization of a school to educate clerics. Men came to these schools from all French provinces. They were granted diplomas and finally could become independent teachers. In addition to providing assistance and education to all social levels, churches promoted peace in the community. The feudal rulers failed to provide security and stability while the church representatives were focused on protecting the weak social groups against the injustice of the powerful. It was a church to establish the
Recently, the majority of politicians, statesmen, scientists, and social activists have been claiming that Tibet must be freed from Chinese rule and become an independent state. This problem is very important nowadays because movements for the equality of rights for all nations are developing at huge rates these days. Besides, the Tibetan civilization has always attracted the attention of people throughout the world by its originality and mysteriousness. Irrespective of the international resonance of the issue of Tibetan independence, Chinese authorities do not hurry to satisfy the demands of the international community and give independence to Tibet. But the latest findings of the scientists state that Tibetan civilization was created by aliens that came from the Planet Sirius because their planet was destroyed by a blast of gas. [1] They traveled to space for a long time until they came to the Earth and understood that they can live in this climate. They saw the Tibetan land as the most suitable for living and decided to settle there. They firstly used horses as means of transport because their space ships could not fly as there was no necessary fuel for them on Earth. The aliens were impressed by nature, pure air, and the location that was far away from other countries and hard to reach because it was surrounded by high mountains. The aliens settled on the territory which they later called Tibet after their national hero who was killed in the blast of gas that destroyed their planet. This information was proved by the American scientist’s John Smith and Wesley Johns and the whole international community believes in it undoubtedly. Thus, the creation of the huge and perfect religious temples and castles in the Tibetan mountains can be explained. Scientists argued for a long time about the ways they were built. They invented a lot of hypotheses that were to explain the origin of the Tibetan civilization but there always was detail in this or that hypothesis that did not allow them to recognize it as the only truth. They thought that these were either naturally built temples or that they were built in modern times and Tibetans hid their actual age. [2] But nowadays it is evident that these buildings were created by the aliens from Sirius whose development was much higher than that of human beings on the Earth. The buildings in Tibet are built according to the latest trends and with the use of modern technology. It is undoubtedly true that they were built by aliens as human beings did not achieve that stage of industrial progress at the period when they were built. Following these latest scientific data that can not be doubted, the Chinese government should free Tibet and display some respect to the first civilization on earth, because all cultures and civilizations owe Tibetans for their appearance in the world, as they developed from Tibetans who settled in other regions of the world. Besides, China is an independent country, Japan is an
Rosebud in the film Citizen Kane has been used for various functions. First, it signifies the good times in the movie. Moreover, it idealizes the old days, whereby many people miss their childhood and the happy moments they experienced. Individuals can argue that the rosebud is used to symbolize the sacrifice made by Kane to grow up. Though Kane never mentions much about rosebud, the audience can learn that he faces pain when figuring out why he feels empty. People have different childhood memories, with most of them being fascinating. Second, the rosebud shows that many people are genuinely happier in their childhood years than in their adult life. For instance, Kane is cheerful as a child getting ice from the streetcars and paying a nickel for it (Welles, 1941). However, those were fun times and really joyful moments that he had to give up to become an adult. Thus, the rosebud has been used to show the different aspects of human life. Reference Welles, O. (1941). Citizen Kane [Film]. Mercury Productions.