ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Copyright laws are becoming increasingly controversial in the current society. Copyright owners are demanding for more protection of their work for any form of infringement to ensure that they benefit out of their creative minds. 1 On the other hand, users of these copyrighted work are complaining of the overprotection that makes it impossible to use these works. According to Mazzone, it is important to note that intellectual property is protected in order to encourage other creative minds to produce other creative products. 2 However, some of the users of these works still hold that although this protection is good, there is a level within which such protection may hinder the use of these works. Kur says that the basic reason why one would develop a new product is to make others use it. 3 However, when the law is too restrictive to allow for its proper usage, then such a product may be considered of less use. The differing ideas have resulted into massive debate as to whether a new law may be appropriate to define the way copyrighted works should be used. In the United Kingdom, the law on usage of copyright works has been harmonized with that of the European Union. It closely compares to the law used in the United States. There has been cases where courts in this country have ruled that copyright exceptions may not be avoided 4 . It would be important to understand some of these exceptions, and how the interests of the copyright owners and copyright users are protected in the process of defining these exceptions. In this research paper, the focus would be to determine exceptions in the United Kingdom. Copyright Exceptions in the United Kingdom According to Akerlof and Arrow, the law in the United Kingdom has been very strict on issues regardi
A wave of demonstrations and protests, which is known as the Arab Spring affected a great number of countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, or Syria. They led to the downfall of several autocratic regimes. To some degree, this social upheaval affected Morocco. However, the political regime of this state was able to withstand this turmoil. The article written by Thierry Desrues is aimed at examining the peculiarities of the protest movement in Morocco. However, this work can also show why the Arab Spring did not undermine the monarchy in Morocco. In this case, one should focus on the attempts of the government to reach some compromise with protesters and the absence of a single alternative to the authoritarian regime. Additionally, it is important to remember that the oppression of protesters diminished the influence of demonstrations. Finally, this movement was not supported by every member of the community. So, Thierry Desrues’ article can be important for understanding the nature of the political movement in Morocco. This source is also helpful for describing the long-term implications of the Arab Spring for this country. These are main questions that should be discussed more closely. First of all, the author points out that the political system in Morocco can be described as a hybrid regime. On the one hand, in this country King Mohammed VI can be described as the main decision-maker whose authority cannot be limited or questioned. So, one can say that Morocco has an autocratic government. Such a situation could be observed in other African countries. However, at the same time, this system enables some participation of individuals in the public life of the country. For instance, in 2005, the policy of reducing poverty was implemented by associative networks (Desrues 413). These local organizations had the authority to decide in which way the financial resources could be used. To a great extent, this policy was helpful for creating an illusion that people could take part in the political life of a country. So, this is one of the issues that Thierry Desrues wants to explore in this text. It seems that this discussion can throw light on the complexities of the social and political life in this country. This policy helped the government to reduce the tensions within the society. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the protest movement in this country was represented by very different groups. In particular, one can speak about leftist parties such as Unified Socialist Party, the supporters of student unionism, human rights organizations, Islamists, and many others (Desrues 415). In other words, they did not have a common political agenda. Many of them did not try to overthrow the political regime of the country. Some of them only wanted to promote the rights of Amazigh people, while others supported the idea of gender equality (Desrues 418). Yet, they were not necessarily opposed to the form of government which emerged in this country. This is one of the reasons why they did not provide a valid alternative to the mon
The existence of different disputes and misunderstandings in the modern world is impossible to avoid and coming out of the civilized society and ethical rules, which exist, the conflicts should be decided amicably. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Policy is provided in every governmental institution with the aim to improve the technique of the dispute decisions and to make the procedure clear and predictable. There is no universal and ideal system of decision making, and in order to give some evidence of the mentioned fact, the investigation of several Alternative Dispute Resolution Policies should be evaluated and compared in the following paper. The distinctive feature of the Alternative Dispute Resolution is that it is “not a trial”, it may be defined as the “resolution to a dispute” (Atlas, Huber, & Trachte-Huber, 2000, p. 2). The main aim of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Policy is to make the participants of the dispute come to any agreement, and the policy is necessary in the cases of the governmental affair when all solutions should be evaluated and all the decisions weighted. The concrete procedure of dispute resolution is put in strict frames with the aim to give similar opportunities for all members of the conflict and to provide the decision-making according to the fixed structure. Providing the comparison of some USA Government sites, the similarities and differences within these sites are going to be discussed and the analysis of these policies is going to be represented according to the consideration of Goldberg (2007). The Alternative Dispute Resolution Policies cannot be equal and similar in their issues as there are no similar governmental departments where similar opinions are provided (Dauer, 2004). The decision-making is based on the principles and the specifics of the governmental institution which provides the Alternative Dispute Resolution Policy. The official sites of the following government establishments were researched and the analysis of their Alternative Dispute Resolution Policies was provided: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, The Federal Service Impasses Panel, and U.S. Office of Special Counsel. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Policies of these sites are rather different, what is created by the different organization purposes. Starring with U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2007), it should be mentioned that the main form of the Alternative Dispute Resolution, which is used while deciding the contestable questions is the mediation, which means the “facilitative negotiation” (Stitt, 2004, p. 1). The process of dispute solution is provided wi
Introduction In the movie-making industry, there are a number of powerful works which deserve viewers’ attention and recognition. In spite of the fact that the vast majority of modern people are fond of exiting 3D ideas, the importance of documentary movies is regarded to be noticeable as well. With the help of documentaries, people get an opportunity to learn more about the events which happen around, the ways of people communicate, and strategies they prefer to rely on. “Documentary film is a form of reporting about the world” (Rollyson 2004, 1). The list of powerful documentary movies is large indeed, and it is not always easy to pick out the most successful movies for the analysis. In this paper, the attention to two documentary films will be paid: Bigger, Stronger, Faster by Christopher Bell and Touching the Void by Kevin MacDonald. Though these two works touch upon different aspects of life, Bell discusses the idea of using steroids in everyday life as an outcome of imitation of Schwarzenegger or Stallone, and MacDonald addresses the idea of alpinism as a powerful method to check people’s trust to each other. By means of such documentary techniques likes interviews, exposition, voice-over, or reconstructions, the directors evaluate the conditions under which people have to live, the decisions which people have to make, and actions which need to be taken to save lives. In Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void , the main idea of messages is connected to the way of how people prefer to live and make crucial decisions; these movies aim not only at teaching the viewer but also at explaining the reasons of why the discussed themes are worth recognition and attention. Documentaries as an open door to factual effects The peculiar feature of a documentary movie is its purpose. “It is intended to achieve something in addition to entertaining audiences and making money” (Ellis and McLane 2005, 4). The production of a documentary movie requires much time and specific efforts from different people: a director has to underline as many perspectives to discuss an issue as possible: a producer has to develop proper relations with different people to gain better results in the movie; the actors, as a rule, they are real people with real names and histories, should consider their roles as the ones based on real-life events, so that their emotions and feelings have to correspond to the already established tempo of life. The works created by Christopher Bell and Kevin MacDonald are the successful examples of documentaries where people get a chance to see the obsession of a man to gain something that is usually unnecessary or even harmful and to be punished for inability to control personal demands and wishes. Reviews of the movies about human weaknesses “All of you have lied! All of you have said something wrong, all of you have dirt. All of you. When your closet’s clean, then
Effects of the Global Nursing Shortage Educated nurses are required to give good assistance to individuals and the entire population (Drennan & Ross, 2019). As a result, a scarcity of well-trained and qualified nurses is hazardous, particularly if the shortfall is pervasive. Specialization, giving additional certifications, participation in specialized healthcare staff, or learning specific competencies of a physician, ironically, result in greater staff turnover concerns (Marć et al., 2019). As a result, skills are shared among doctors, nurses, and medical technicians. A lack of staff prevents such rotations in the healthcare system. In this situation, healthcare personnel shortages are a worldwide issue. United Nations Millennium Development Goals The UN Global Strategy clearly stated plans for medical personnel. The organization’s objective was to ensure worldwide access to quality care, recognize incentives for development in care provision, advocate for enhancing the medical workforce, and train and monitor performance to improve accountability (Amieva & Ferguson, 2011). However, with nurses being one of the driving forces, the plan’s implementation was disrupted due to a nursing shortage. Impact of Nursing Ideas, Values, and Beliefs Nurses are in high demand in every healthcare facility due to the broad knowledge, values, and ideas they form through their rich experience (Scheffler et al., 2018). Therefore, nursing ideas, values, and beliefs can be an immense impact on the policy agenda. Locally, nurses can be involved by taking on leading roles in the public health system or addressing local authorities regarding industry-related policy. Treatment Options Dictated by Policy Healthcare policy influences, not just the costs of medical care that individuals must pay but also the accessibility to patient safety and the quality of treatment received, which can impact the overall wellbeing of the patient (Marć et al., 2019). Healthcare policy entails the improvement and implementation of various laws to administer the country’s medical system. In turn, the policy can dictate patients’ treatment options if the matters concern the patient’s survival.
My Dear Castelli, It is my hope that you are fairing well and progressing favorably with your works on hydrodynamics. As for me, I feel that I have come to the end of my life’s journey and I reckon that I have at the most a couple of days before my life is over. I therefore wish to share with you, my beloved student and colleague, some thoughts on my discoveries and experiments which I have involved myself in over the years. While I have had many inventions in my time, I concede that my discovery of the use of the pendulum for the measurement of time is the most significant one and while this blindness that afflicted me has prevented me from seeing my work to completion, I believe that my ideas will be utilized by others. As you my friend are aware of, I have dedicated many years of my life in analyzing the motion of the pendulum. I first proposed the use of the pendulum to keep time while I was trying to solve the longitude problem that had been advanced by his excellence King Phillip III. My thesis was that by use of the pendulum regulated clock, the hours, minutes and seconds that have elapsed since noon could be established. Through many experiments, I have come up with a number of claims about pendulum motion which I believe will be consequential for the use of pendulums in time keeping. All of my discoveries have been made not only by observation but also by mathematics since I am firm believer that mathematical reasoning should be used to establish conclusions in physics (Matthews, 2000). My idea for a clock is to attach a stylus to a solid pendulum and each time the pendulum passes the vertical, the stylus should strike an elastic bristle fixed at one end and resting in the tooth of a horizontal crown wheel. This would result in the movement of the crown wheel forward one wheel therefore acting as a counting device. As of the present, I have invented the dead-beat form of the pinwheel escapement and although the importance of this invention is not obvious today, I harbor strong suspicions that it will someday be the basis for an accurate mechanical clock (Matthews, 2000). I am confident that in the near future, the pendulum will be the mechanism used for time machines and I have no doubt that it will replace the water clock and sundials. However, I do concede that the water clock has been one of the greatest aids in my scientific experiments. In my calculations of the speed of falling objects, the water clock provided me with the means through which I could accurately time the fall of objects from different heights (Hopwood, 1947). By use of my water clock, I have conclusively shown that some of Aristotle’s mechanics are greatly flawed. While the great Aristotle proposed that different bodies fell at different rates, it is not obvious that all body fall at the same rate. My experiments have been in a bid to find a law which governs the increase that is exhibited by bodies as they fall. My inclined-plane experiments for relating time of fall to distance travelled have been most success. For the measurement
Education review The article on eager to learn and the concept of offering quality education to pre-scholars is addressed in a very objective manner. Bowman, Donovan and Burns give an in-depth analysis of the significance of early childhood education. The relevance of education in children’s development is emphasized. The peer reviewed article reveals that children’s early childhood experiences are of great significance on people’s overall growth, development and acquisition of knowledge. Moreover, teacher-child relationship is crucial in shaping the learning process of children of between two to five years (Bowman, Donovan & Burns, 2001). The report clearly captures the challenges, intrigues and complexities of early childhood learning. Singer, Nielsen and Schweingruber give a critical review of the issues related to the contributions, status and possible future direction of discipline and science-based education. The issues related to the knowledge of learning, discipline and scientific approaches emerge as crucial aspects of education in the modern world. The need to utilize science based teaching at undergraduate level is emphasized in a practical manner through the use of empirical research. It is evident that science, engineering, technology and mathematics are core areas of undergraduate education that need to be accorded due attention (Singer, Nielsen & Schweingruber, 2003). The article on peer review and the relevance of teachers’ union evokes vital arguments on the significance of education. Lieberman (1998) explains that it is crucial to constantly evaluate teachers and ensure that their knowledge is relevant to modern education trends. In her state assessment research, Beatty makes an assessment of the best academic practices and innovative strategies aimed at enhancing efficiency and effectiveness in education. Her research reveals that policy makers and educators in the U.S heavily rely on tests in their measurement of the level of efficiency of education. The need to adopt common academic standards is discussed while the relevance of constant research is assessed (Beatty, 2010). Effective academic assessment should encompass the use of modern information technologies and academic systems as well as a constant review of academic strategies being employed. The peer reviewed work of Fenichel and Schweingruber offers in-depth revelations on the critical issues of concern on the concept of education and the need to learn science in informal settings. It is clear that informal settings such as botanical gardens, museum
Engineering is a field, which occasionally encounters some ethical issues and contradictions. One of them has happened recently when ACB registered a case of fraud and corruption (Brighter Kashmir News, 2020). It was discovered “during the verification on the allegations of misappropriation of funds received by the R&B Department in Shopian/Handwara Districts” (Brighter Kashmir News, 2020, papa. 2). ACB revealed the fact that a significant sum of funds was saved by the Private cellular companies in the Arhama (Shopian) Branch of Axis Bank. They used the fake name of Assistant Engineer R&B Division Shopian, which is ruled by Hakeem Imtiyaz (Brighter Kashmir News, 2020). The director is known for being part of a criminal conspiracy. Such an occasion contradicts with ASCE Code of Ethics and violates the Cannon 6 on upholding professional honor. It states that “Engineers shall not knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a fraudulent, dishonest or unethical nature” (ASCE, n.d., para. 6). The cases mentioned above raise some ethical issues, for instance, the illegal appropriation of considerable sums of money and using a fake name, which is also inadmissible. Such violations should be considered urgently, as a high crime rate in the engineering field is especially dangerous since it covers society comprehensively and implies a heavy responsibility. In addition, they are highly likely to lead to the authority declining of the job in society. Therefore, the possible and most recommended solution for this situation is to initiate legal proceedings against the criminals described earlier. This process should be widely broadcasted to show its immorality and improve the reliability of engineering. Furthermore, some strict regulations should be implemented to avoid further violations in this sphere. This way, unethical occasions will become rarer, which will improve the outcomes of engineers’ labor and its image in the society, as it will not be associated with different kinds of frauds and corruption.
Background information The documentary “Inside Job” provides an eye-opening perspective on the events leading up to the 2008 financial crisis (Ferguson, Beck and Bolt). Starting with an examination of Iceland’s disastrous outcome from deregulation of both their banking and environmental situation, it follows the cascade of events unfolding in the USA as well. It begins with the Great Depression, and details the evolution and devolution of regulation of the financial industry over the next three quarters of a century. It makes a very strong case that both political parties, several presidential administrations, and regulators (among others) accommodated the major financial firms through several crashes. The documentary asserts that successive crashes were increasingly costly to the American public, and the world (Ferguson, Beck and Bolt). The variety of people interviewed respond in depressingly predictable ways to the questions. There is some very damning editing and cutting of shots and sequences. However, even assuming completely manipulative editing, there is a convincing volume of evidence of, at best, irresponsibility, and selfishness on the part of financial movers. Viewers’ personal experience since 2008 will likely confirm the film’s accusations leveled at the top players in the financial field. The root cause seems to be attributable to Reagan, who appointed Donald Regan, of Merrill Lynch as Treasury Secretary, and later, Alan Greenspan, the defender and advisor of the jailed Charles Keating, as Federal Reserve Chair. These actions seem, in retrospect, like setting the cat to guard the canary or the fox to watch the chicken coop. The film asserts that the 1980s were the start of targeted deregulation that permitted financial firms to engage in both lending and speculative activities. By the middle of the last decade, the entire mortgage business had been transformed. The mortgage process had changed from being a face-to-face relationship with a local institution staffed by people who lived in the same community, to no relationship at all. Mortgages were sold and bundled together in larger and larger groups until the bundle themselves became a financial instrument that could be and was traded. In the process, an individual debt that was expected to be repaid transformed into an instrument made up of many mortgages. There was pressure to issue more and more mortgages, many of them with inadequate income backing. Many of them would never be repaid. This was part of a trend towards creating financial instruments that permitted increasing speculation. The film hints that this was no more than gambling. The financial professionals were supposed to be pursuing the best interests of their clients. Instead, they seemed to be indu