ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The report introduced the topic of personal computers. It looked at the history of how personal computers have evolved to become one of the most adopted gargets in businesses and the personal lives of many individuals. The study entailed both primary and secondary research that aimed at enlightening the researcher about the most vital hardware and software of a personal computer. A survey to determine the prices of the various requirements of a PC was conducted. The results were displayed in tabular form before appropriate recommendations were given on the best personal computer to be purchased. Introduction The contemporary world has witnessed a great deal of advancement in technology and particularly in Information Technology. This particular advancement has resulted in the adoption of Information Technology by many organizations to enhance their performance. Information technology has been widely adopted across all fields ranging from schools, hospitals, businesses, government offices, and households. Information technology is associated with the current enhancement in communication within and across borders. On the other hand, the widespread of information technology has led to an increase in the production of computers which include computer hardware and software to address the ever-rising technological requirements. Many firms have ventured into this new business of manufacturing computers and computer accessories. Some of the major companies that are renowned in the manufacture of computers and computer accessories include Dell, HP, Compaq, and IBM. The widespread adoption of computers greatly enhanced in 2001. During 2001 more than 125million personal computers were manufactured in contrast to 48 thousand that were produced in 1977. The widespread intensified further such that bb the end of the year 2002, more than 500 million personal computers manufactured and sold worldwide, it is estimated than 75% those computers that were produced were used for office work, while the rest which comprised of 25 percent were for personal use. Among the computers manufactured, 81.5 % were desktops, 16.4% laptops while the rest comprised 2.1 % being servers. The United States of America received 394 million computers which accounted for 38.8% of those computers shipped. Europe received 25% while 11.7% of the shipped computers were delivered to the Asia-pacific region. In 2008, the number of personal computers that were in use globally had increased up to one billion. It is estimated that by the year 2014 the number of computers that will be in use will have doubled from one billion to two billion. The major consumers of the manufactured computers are Japan, the United States of America, and Western Europe which accounts for 58 percent of all the produced personal computers. Background Informa
As global trade and investments continue to grow, the future of Australia’s economic prosperity is highly pegged on the growth of foreign investments and exports. The Australian government is already aware of the significance of the Chinese market as for its exports. In 2005, the Government initiated what was termed as the China Strategy ; the strategy was aimed at fostering better investment and trade relations with China by strengthening the links between the private sector and Chinese trading activities as in enhanced coordination. China depends on Australia for; copper and iron ore, wool and coal while Australia imports machinery (electrical and non-electrical), clothing, toys, plastic products and footwear. The anticipated outcome of the expected volatility For a business that imports toys and plastic products from China, it is more than obvious that it will be affected by the dynamic of macroeconomics involved in the trade between the Victoria government and China. At the moment, Australia’s current account seems to be getting better; exports are significantly increasing than imports. However, in absolute terms, the percentage increase in imports is higher than the change in exports. The current account is calculated using a baseline and imports have a higher base level. This means that to facilitate trade and foreign capital investments, the Australian dollar will appreciate . The risk created by this volatility for loan and input prices At the moment, the Australian dollar (AUD) is stronger than the Chinese Yuan. This is because the Yuan is undervalued and the Australian economy is doing relatively better as compared to other world economies. This implies that the interest rate is rising; a relatively higher interest rate than other countries (US and Japan) implies that the AUD is even more valuable (since it offers a higher return). The increased demand for AUD is will drive up prices of inputs and make loan purchases and repayments more expensive . As the situation looks it is highly probable that the AUD will remain high relative to the Yuan. But there is speculation that the Chinese government is likely to revalue its Yuan, which is pegged at about 6.8 against the USD and the AUD is trading 92 cents against the USD. If indeed China revalues its currency, the Australian economy will certainly lose since the AUD is highly correlated with the USD. This creates the risk of aversion in the near future. Risk management strategies An importer of toys and plastic products from China with a variable rate loan can make use of derivatives to minimize risks by using hedging, leverage, or speculation strategies. Hedging a position is aimed at protecting a firm against risky assets. Since the market looks somewhat bullish on the AUD, there is a need to hedge against a likely return of the risk of aversion in the near future. One strategy would be to purchase a 1-year AUD/USD call option priced between (0.92- 0.93) as this year’s peak approaches, combined with a knock-in option with a strike price of about ( 0.80-0.83).
Introduction Scholars have not yet arrived at the conclusion as to the exact causes of the economic decline, which started in the United States in1929 and ended in the late 30s. The Great Depression is considered to be the largest economic collapse in modern history. It had disastrous effects in the developed and developing world. In the United States this crisis had almost catastrophic effects: the unemployment rate increased significantly (at least 12 million), more than 5000 banks were closed down, the industrial output decreased, at least 5 million American farmers lost their land because of debts. Main body As far as the causes of the Great Depression are concerned, we may call them a combination of different factors. According to the prominent American economist John Keyne, the main cause of the Great Depression was the shortage of money supply, which was dependant on the gold reserve, in the meantime, the industry output significantly increased and it leads to deflation (landslide of prices), which resulted in financial instability and bankruptcy (Timothy G. O’Driscoll, 73). Another factor, which leads to the Great Depression was the decline in international trade. Some historians believe that it was connected with the U.S. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. According to this act of legislation, the government tried to protect the American manufacturer and imposed high taxes on foreign wares, but these measures significantly hindered international trade (Timothy G. O’Driscoll,75). If it had not been for the new policy, which the Roosevelt government pursued the results of the Great Depression would have been much more severe. The term “The New Deal” can be defined as a set of reforms, which were carried out by the American government between 1933 – 1938 in order to give work to the unemployed and amend business. The so-called “The First New Deal” was a short-term recovery program. The Roosevelt administration launched emergency relief and work relief programs. The “Second New Deal” included labor union support, the Social Security Act, and programs, aimed at helping farmers and migrant workers. First of all, the Roosevelt administration had to close down nearly all the banks in the United States, until the government could adopt new legislation. These actions created a system of new banks under government supervision, which gave loans to the unemployed. The Roosevelt government adopted the following acts of legislation: Emergency Banking Act 1933 – the law, which protected peoples deposits from losses. It enabled the government to gain the publics confidence in the American banking system. Another act of legislation is the National Labour Relations Act, which obliged employers to deal with trade unions and gave the right to the worker to form trade unions. (James L Roark,135) Moreover, the government passed Agricultu
Racebending The current socio-political landscape greatly concerns issues of ethnicity and race. One of the problems that have come to light because of it is a problem of racebending or racial masquerade in the media and entertainment industry. These terms refer to such manifestations of institutional racism as whitewashing, blackwashing, and xenoface (Russel 267). Whitewashing is defined as casting white actors to play roles of black or ethnic people, and blackwashing is defined as the opposite: casting people of color to play traditionally white roles. Xenoface is the practice of casting people of color in parts of alien or robotic life forms which requires concealing their natural features. Given that the entertainment industry significantly influences today’s society and reflects its movement, research in this area is essential. Research Design In order to thoroughly and earnestly investigate this issue, the research would be designed using methods of both quantitative and qualitative nature. Before determining the methods, several steps would have to be taken. First would be defining the aim of the work, which would be to investigate specifics of racebending in the current society. The research design would be descriptive since it will underline characteristics, trends, and averages. The data collection methods would include the employment of secondary data, such as databases of surveys and other studies. I
While is it a well known fact that an inter exchange of crops among continents took place during the transatlantic trade era, the contribution of Africa in this exchange is almost unmentioned. Judith Carney in her article “African Rice in the Columbian Exchange” sets out to fill this informational gap by identifying the role that Africa played in establishing rice and other crops in America. In this paper, I shall give my opinion of Carney’s publication and establish its historical significance. Carney begins by asserting that the African people have domesticated indigenous plants that have sustained the continent’s population for thousands of years. In my opinion, this is an important point since it highlights the fact that despite the famine that often plague the continent, its inhabitants have been able to adopt and domesticate crops that can cope with the harsh Sahara environment. The article also highlights that long before the Columbian Exchange, African cereals were being dispersed to India and China. This demonstrates that the continent had trade ties with continents other than Europe and America. The presence of rice in Africa is credited to the Muslim traders who brought the cereal from Asia and introduced it to Eastern Africa. The article then focuses on the slave trade which saw Africans being taken to the plantation in America as forced laborers. The important point that Carney makes in this section is that Africans are only deemed as recipients of crops from the America while the crops that the slaves took with them are ignored. African crops such as millet, sorghum, rice and yams were used to feed the slaves in the voyage. From the article, it is clear that while the crop dispersion from African to America may not have been the primary objective, it was one of the byproducts of the slave trade. Slave ships bought huge amounts of domesticated African crops and in particular rice to feed their slaves on the long voyage. The surplus of the food carried by the slave ships was then sold off in the American region leading to the domestication of the same in the continent. Despite the fact that this cereals were obtained from African soils, the credit for these cereals is given to the Europeans who carried the product from Asia to Africa. This misconception was only reviewed on discovery that African rice was distinctly different from the Asian species. The article by Carney also brings to light racial prejudices that European scholars had against Africans. These scholars refused to credit Africans with having developed the ability to build irrigations schemes and therefore proposed that rice was only grown in naturally occurring flood plains. This bias is not surprising since the Europeans viewed the Africans as a primitive people and any marked agricultural advancement on their part could only be explained away as a factor of Asian or European influence. Another fact that arises from this article is that while rice w
Introduction The lecture presented by Asma Khadher and Nagla El Saied was focused on the activities of the Consumer Protection Division in Dubai and the evaluation of consumer complaints. The provided example helped to understand the importance of environmental analysis and also how it can be conducted creatively and efficiently. It is possible to identify current customer preferences, interests, and needs and use the accumulated data to improve the quality of service. Therefore, this innovative technique can be implemented in a strategic manner as part of quality, marketing, or overall organizational management. Analysis The lecturers reviewed several data analysis methods including the checklist, Pareto diagram, as well as Fishbone diagram. The three approaches to information assessment largely differ from each other and have a different value for researchers, managers, and other individuals responsible for the analytical process and its outcomes. Each method allows considering distinct factors and evaluating the collected data based on different criteria. For example, checklists can be used in case a manager needs to register the information, categorize it, and estimate the frequency of any phenomenon or event. The fishbone diagram is also called a cause and effect diagram because it helps to investigate the factors and processes that lead to an identified problem. For instance, in the example provided by the lecturers, the technological factors contributing to higher rates in sales of counterfeit products is the lack of testing laboratories, and the environmental factors include the absence of effective regulations and awareness promotion campaigns. Although the given technique does not provide detailed information about the problem, through brainstorming and evaluating the issues from different angles, organizations and individuals form a holistic picture of existing quality issues. Lastly, Pareto diagram is meant to assist managers in determining the major and minor threats associated with service or product quality and, in this way, set the right strategic priorities. Conclusion Overall, it is possible to say that the development of high-quality customer service and culture, as well as the attempts to increase customer satisfaction, are essential elements of organizational quality management, and these goals can be achieved through consideration of customers’ opinions on service and product quality, their interests and needs. Quality also can be regarded as an important success factor for sustainable organizational growth and development. In this way, the analysis of customers’ complaints is necessary. The reviewed analytical tools can be of great use in this. Managers can choose an approach that fits their current needs most. They can also us
Details For the purposes of this paper, a family comprised of a father, a mother, and their female child, was observed. It was concluded that these individuals were a single family due to the fact that the observer heard the child addressed the adults “dad” and “mom.” The participants were of Caucasian ethnic origins, and appeared to belong to the middle or upper-middle class. The father and the mother were of nearly the same age (approximately 30-35 years old), whereas the daughter was nearly 10 years old. The nonverbal communication of the participants that was observed for the purposes of this paper was the vocalics (Guerrero & Hecht, 2008). Vocalics can be defined as “vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech rate, and tone” (McCornack, 2013, p. 223). The observer was sitting close to the table that the participants occupied, which allowed for noting the peculiarities of the vocalics, but rarely – for making out concrete words. The interactions took place in a pizza restaurant located downtown. The place was apparently designed so as to create a comfortable, even cozy atmosphere. It was lit with warm lights; the light from the bulbs was dispersed with lampshades made of matt glass. The tables were wooden. Some of the tables were surrounded by wooden chairs with soft cushions, whereas near other tables, there were couches; the visitors were free to choose whichever they preferred. There was soft ambient music which created a comfortable background but did not draw much attention of the visitors. The restaurant offered its clients mainly a wide array of types of pizza; however, other items, such as salads, non-alcoholic beverages (e.g., juices, milk cocktails), and desserts, were also available. The observations took place on Sunday, November 5, 2017, in the evening. The participants arrived, occupied their seats, asked the waiter for a menu, waited for it, and started choosing what to order. They considered various items; this procedure took much time, nearly 15 minutes, after which they made their order and started waiting for it to be prepared. During this process, the mother and the daughter communicated most, whereas the father rarely made any remarks. On the whole, the mother spoke with the average loudness, using the normal speech rate and the normal
Introduction California is one of the populated USA states inhabited by large number of different minority groups which for centuries have defined and characterized the state’s social, cultural, economic, political, and religious environments. At the same time, the state appears to be increasing in the number of minority groups. By 2010, California had an estimated population of 37,253,956 people (USA Census Bureau, 2011). This constituted a 10% increase, as compared to 2000 population of 33,871,648 people (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Out of this population, Hispanic population (Latinos) make up 37.6% compared to 40.1% of non-Hispanic white population and the rest represent other minority groups in the state (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Hispanic Americans or popularly known as Latino constitute the fastest growing minority group in the state. By 2020, it has been estimated that the ethnic group will be dominant in California (USA Census Bureau, 2011). Although the Latinos form the largest and growing minority group in the state, the ethnic group is composed of various sub-cultures. Some of the notable sub-cultures of the group include Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Central Americans, Puerto Ricans, etc. On a wider scale, the Latinos may exhibit similar socio-cultural and economic aspects. Therefore, it is likely to find some differences among the sub-cultures that may be associated with the diverse geographical and political backgrounds. It is also necessary to undertake more apt studies that identify similarities and differences between the various sub-cultures of Latinos that may be appropriate for action-based cultural programs and understanding. As a result, the study will focus on two sub-cultures – Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans Americans. Specific emphasis will be placed on the analysis of such common themes as holidays and traditions, education and family structure, and religion to define the basic differences and similarities between Mexican Americans and Puerto Rican Americans. Hence, holidays and traditions play an import
Motivation, Emotion, and Behavior Human behavior can be studied only through the lens of the connections between motivation and emotion. All the actions people commit are emotionally colored and are caused by some internal or external motives. Overall, behavior is a direction of human activities as a result of the relationships between motivation and emotion (Miller, 2016). Such a connection is explained by the evolutionary processes which have fostered the formation of reflexes and survival instincts in humans. Initially, the evolutionary approach to the characterization of the relationships between motivation, emotion, and behavior was two-fold embracing food consumption and defensive motives. However, the development has brought more complex patterns of dependence, according to which people’s actions are based on multifaceted emotions and have a variety of socially caused motives (Miller, 2016). Therefore, to understand human behavior, one should analyze the connection between motivation and emotion. It is impossible to discuss motivation, which is the basis for any behavior, without any regard to the emotions that the motives cause or result in. Originally, the words ‘motivation’ and ‘emotion’ are derived from the same Latin word ‘movere’ that means ‘motion’ (Miller, 2016). Therefore, these two notions are inherently connected. However, they are different in character: motivation is “instrumental,” and emotion is “more general” (Miller, 2016, p. 271). This means that if a person has a motive, he or she will find any means to achieve the goal of satisfying a biological or sociological need. On the other hand, the same emotion could be connected with different motives and visa versus. For example, evolutionary hunger was a motive for action in the result of which a person could feel pleasant emotions. On the contrary, negative emotions, such as sadness or anxiety, might precede the motive to eat something sweet to improve the mood. Moreover, as Miller (2016) suggests, negative emotions could cause a lack of motivation thus demonstrating their decisive impact on behavior. Thus, emotion predetermines motivation and plays a significant role in human activity. To illustrate the relationship between motivation, emotion, and behavior, one might introduce the following example. A hard-working student persistently studying a subject might be motivated by ultimate obtaining of a degree which will bring him or her emotional satisfaction, feelings of pride, and high self-esteem. In this case, emotion is a driving force that precedes motivation and makes a human behave in a certain way. Theories of Emotion Throughout the history of psychological research of the nature of emotions, there have been a lot of attempts made to interpret the mechanism of emotion’s forming and the causes of it. Since the times of Darwin, several major theories of emotion were proposed by some prominent psychologists. It is relevant to discuss the most important of them to dis