ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of nearly every business is to achieve organizational goals, objectives and most importantly make money for its shareholders. This is inconsiderate of whether the business is a sole proprietorship, a franchise, or a limited company. Realizing organizational goals and satisfying the shareholders of a business comes with quite a several challenges. These include acceptance of the business by the markets, surviving competition, and the effective management of finances. However, business corporate laws are normally given limited attention as far as the success of a business is concerned. A competitive businesses manager has to take into account the fact that legal issues about his or her business play an imperative role in shaping the image of the business. Similarly, legal issues may taint the image of an enterprise thus lowering its productivity and profit margins if not observed with a lot of precision. In the hospitality industry, for instance, legal issues concerning the welfare of both guests and employees may derail organizational growth if not observed keenly (Barth, and David, 34). For business and corporate law, this paper will focus on employee and guest safety and security in the hospitality industry as well as the legal consequences that may arise from their negligence. It is important to note that hospitality is an image industry and therefore the industry must endeavor to evade any slight thing that would contribute to tainting its image (Boella, and Alan, 21). Employee and guest security in the hospitality industry Guest security, as a way of providing explicit services in a hotel setting, is mandatory. However, the question of whether employee security within such a setting should be given as much weight is still subject to a lot of discussions. This is because the focus is mostly on guests who contribute largely to taking the organization to the next level as far as financial success is concerned. However, employee security is also vital in avoiding accidents caused by negligence that would otherwise prompt court battles. Employees too are entitled to security once on duty and this has to be upheld. Guest security and legal actions of their breach There are quite a several areas within a hospitality outlet that must be observed keenly to ensure guest safety and security. The moment a guest has checked into a room or ordered food or drink in a hospitality outlet, he or she is entitled to self and luggage security by law and has the right to take legal actions if this is not met. As already mentione
Teaching is a significant element of any academic process, since it plays a vital role of passing information from one individual to another. However, in order to ensure that the learning process is effective, it is essential for teachers to understand various teaching methodologies and their perfect application. Some of the teaching methodologies that should be embraced by teachers include grammar translation, communicative approach, audio lingual, natural approach (Coleman & Klapper, 2005). A detailed understanding of these methodologies ensures a quality outcome within the educational system. Excellent execution of these various learning methodologies also makes it easier for students to acquire the knowledge needed for productive purposes. In order for teachers to, adequately, understand these various teaching methodologies, they should critically compare and contrast these learning m
The values play an important role in our world perception and outlook. A person can be characterized by the values to which they adhere. In addition, the value systems are also used as the means of persuasion influencing the decision making and attitude. The aim of this essay is to explain the values on which the essay A Discourse on the Love of our Country is focused. The understanding of the values of an individual can provide an insight into their way of thinking and behavior, thus allowing determination of the motives and goals of the individual. The motives and goals are the fundamental factors influencing the decision making. The ways by which value systems as well as decision making systems vary is rather similar. Both of them vary according to the degree of their sensitivity to the motives of the subject, its knowledge about its environment, and the intrinsic timescales (Dayan, n.d., p.68). The essay A Discourse on the Love of our Country touches upon such values as patriotism, love of the own country, national pride and identity. If the value system formed in the society consists of such values, it can be said that the people are strongly dedicated to their native land. If these values are considered to be the highest in the society, then the people will sacrifice other values in case of the threat to their motherland and nation. It goes without saying that the essay A Discourse on the Love of our Country is aimed at the persuasion of people in the supremacy of values of virtue, truth, and liberty (Price, 1790). The author tries to dispose the readers to patriotic mood. However, the author explains that the love of the own country may also be different. He stresses that the care should be taken for encouraging people to have the virtue, truth, and liberty as the highest values while cultivating the love of their native land. Only if people value these ethical norms the most, their love of their own country will not lead to the disrespect to other nations which, as history proves, sometimes can be disastrous for mankind. In order to persuade the readers in his point of view, the author uses certain principles of persuasion which are based on the psychology of people. In particular, it is said by the specialists that the relevance of the issue to the personal needs of the audience plays a crucial role in the success of persuasion. “When relevance was high, increasing the number of strong arguments led to more persuasion, but increasing the number of weak arguments led to less persuasion…Under low relevance, all that mattered was the number of reasons given” (Shavitt & Brock, 1994, p.136). We can notice in the essay that the author uses a substantial number of arguments supporting his ideas. This is due to the relative irrelevance of the issue discussed to the personal needs of the majority of people. Although most of us take
Adidas is one of the leading manufacturers of sportswear, footwear, toiletries and sports equipment. It sponsors many sports teams including basketball, tennis, rugby, and gymnastics football. It is based in Germany where its founders originated. It trades with many countries across the globe as it can be ranked among the largest manufactures of sportswear. They include Portland, the United States of America, Spain, Australia, South Africa, Japan, UK and Taiwan. These may be distributors, subsidiaries, branches or licensees. Knowledge on the particular law that applies in the contracts undertaken is important as Adidas deals with many countries. It happens because any disputes that may arise from payments or other terms of contracts need to be solved legally. There are various legal systems that are used internationally. There is the common law and code law. Common law is based on case law. It works in cases when issues have to be taken to court and each party is given a chance to defend themselves even though it may seem clear who the guilty party is. On the other hand, code law is based on codification and it is related mostly to civil law. Most countries use both legal systems as civil law may be applied in some cases and common law is applies in others. Common law is practiced in the US, UK, India, Pakistan, Hong Kong, and Australia. Code law is practiced in Brazil, China (with some exceptions), Japan, Mexico, and Russia. There is Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) that guides companies in accounting matters. On international contracting the law that applies in a contract is determined by the contract terms as agreed. An aggrieve party can sue the company in the home county where the particular law is applied (Hood & Young 1979). Culture and Adidas Company Diversity in international accounting is depicted in the following areas; legal systems, taxation, inflation, political and economic systems and culture. A company’s culture will influence the way international ground rules are drafted and administered. “Organization culture is the set of important values, beliefs, and understandings that members share in common. Culture provides patterned ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting that guide decision making and other activities of organizational participants” (Kast & Rosenzweig1958) Culture will affect the way the financial rules are drafted and implemented in Adidas. There may be the GAAP but Adidas may have drafted their own guiding standards that will be applicable. This may cause differences especially in reporting and handling assets, disposal, warranty, revenue recognition and bad debt management. This may impact their overall financial statements. In revenue comparisons with other competitors like Nike, they may be in the same level but have a big margin due to the reporting structure by Adidas. The analysis and interpretation of financial statement may differ,
Abstract This study investigates poverty in urban Brunei, specifically the famous cultural heritage site within the city center, Kampong Ayer. While Kampong Ayer was an impressive city and center of trade in the 15 th century, it had deteriorated into a fishing village in the 20th century. Today, due to developments and resettlements aided by the discovery of oil and gas, only 5% of the country’s population live in Kampong Ayer, with the majority coming from lower-income families (Noor Hasharina Hassan & Yong, 2019). For this study, a qualitative approach was employed with four families interviewed using semi-structured interviews with observations on the condition of their livelihoods and houses. Findings show that many of the families do not earn enough to meet their basic needs, even with welfare provisions from the government. Nevertheless, they prioritize their children’s education first by consuming and spending on things required for their schooling. Despite such effort, these families, including the children, still struggle to attain success. Part of the reason is likely malnutrition that results from the eating or consumption patterns of the families and also dependency on the children to help out with the family or house chores. Poor academic achievements may result in a lack of capability and level of competitiveness for employment to remove themselves from the vicious cycle of poverty (Gweshengwe & Noor Hasharina Hassan, 2019). Thus addressing this issue will facilitate the government’s drive to achieve zero poverty. Background on Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam, usually shortened to Brunei, is a wealthy nation due to its abundant natural resources, particularly oil and gas, with a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of US$ 31,628.30 in 2018 according to the World Bank (n.d.). Despite Brunei’s high GDP per capita, income is unevenly distributed among its people, as its Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports, Brunei Darussalam reported in the 14th Legislative Council Meeting, with 5,472 families consisting of 27,360 people reported to be poor (Ministry of Culture, Youth & Sports, Brunei Darussalam, 2011) which is about 6.9% (based on 2011 population figure) despite not having a poverty line in the country. Marginalized urban communities are in danger of slipping through the cracks of governmental policy. The sultanate has instituted various policies to support its citizens through various ministries such as the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA). However, so far, they have been less effective or sustainable than desired. The government has set the goal of reaching a zero poverty rate by 2035 and continues to introduce initiatives that are more aggressive to help the population improve their income and the quality of their lifestyle. With its wealth and relatively small population, Brunei should have enough resources to succeed in this initiative. However,
Introduction The first article talks about the temporary worker issues in Canada (Burgmann, 2014). The country has the federal government governing national policy and the provincial governments exercising jurisdiction over the provinces. Each province can have its laws, but many are subject to the existing laws of the federal government. The temporary labor laws are provided by the government to limit the number of foreign workers hired by companies in Canada. At the same time, the same laws also govern the allocation of permits to work for foreign nationals living in Canada. The policy is aimed at ensuring that foreign workers have a chance to contribute to building the national economy. However, as it does so, it also has checks and balances that seek to limit the participation of the foreign workers. Too many foreign workers in the Canadian job market would displace the number of Canadians able to get jobs and create an unnecessary competitive market. Meanwhile, provinces have economic development needs that are specific and may deviate from national averages. For example, a province can have a shortage of labor supply in a particular sector, while nationally there are enough citizens to fill the gap. Therefore, as the article mentions, provinces are supposed to get additional workers from other provinces. They are not expected to rely on temporary workers or immigrant workers for their long-term needs. Instead, the federal government is looking for ways of encouraging the overall development of the Canadian labor pool. It had to come up with a radical proposition to make changes. It has made additional restrictions to immigrant labor use in a move that should tell companies that it is better to invest in locals from the onset of their operations. Challenges of federal and provincial coordination of labor as an economic activity Unfortunately, the federal policy goes against some provincial government policies. According to the article, Chastity Clerk, the Premier of British Columbia is quoted in the article warning the federal politicians against turning the labor issues into a campaign issue for their re-election. She sees the move by the federal government as a ploy to appeal to the interests of labor unions and other sympathetic groups that would be seeking to appear as defenders of the rights of Canadians to gain employment. On the other hand, the claims are also rationally based on economic fundamentals. They highlight the existence of market imbalances in the supply of labor. The central government is making decisions informed by the need to affect the long-term characteristics of the labor market, while the premier is complaining because the policy will hurt the progress made to ensure that labo
The work of Smith (2012) attempts to correlate the incarceration of mothers with the concept of structural inequality in present day society in order to show how society itself is to blame for the problems that come about when a mother is incarcerated, released and put back in charge of taking care of her child (Smith, 2012). Structural inequality in essence is an inherent bias within social structures which can provide some advantages to a select group of people within society while at the same time marginalizing others (Smith, 2012). This can be seen in instances related to racism, education and discrimination wherein certain segments of the population are categorized and marginalized depending on the color of their skin and their particular race. For example the recent law involving illegal immigration passed by Arizona has in effect created a form of discrimination against many Mexicans living within the country who are in fact here legally (Smith, 2012). The fact is structural inequality is one of the main reasons behind the continued limitation behind the school system and various careers wherein minorities are in fact being discriminated against due to connotations involving their propensity towards illegal or criminal behavior (Smith, 2012). While it may be true that some minorities do have difficulties in learning due to their origins the fact remains that such a system actually perpetuates the concept of societal inequality where it has come to be believed that white Americans are more predilected towards success while minorities are leaning towards marginal careers at best. In fact, Smith (2012) shows that the incarceration of mothers was more prevalent in the case of minorities (60 to 70 percent depending on certain states) to that of the white majority within the country (30 to 40 percent depending on the state). Smith (2012) attempts to explain such a situation by showing that it is due to the societal predilection to offer different levels of opportunity to different races and classes of people that people tend to turn to crime since all other options are out of reach for them (Smith, 2012). In some cases this impacts mothers which often results in their incarceration in instances where they are caught performing some form of illegal action. However, Massoglia, Firebaugh & Warner (2013) explains that this is only one part of the problem, when a mother is caught, sentenced to jail and then released once her prison term is over she finds herself not only with a prison record that would deter her from obtaining gainful employment, but such individuals often find that their race contributes to the problem (as seen in the information where it was shown that minorities constitute a majority of incarcerated mothers) (Massoglia, Firebaugh & Wa
Valley Forge is one of the most tragic parts of the Revolutionary War, characterized by many non-combat deaths. The Army lacked essential resources such as clothes and food due to the failed supply chain; soldiers had to live in tents rather than solid houses, and the so-called camp fever was rampant. Most of those issues could have been resolved by arranging non-combatant parties and reconciling the difference in interests in the face of the enemy as other options implied defeat and meaningless sacrifices. Valley Forge was a winter encampment established by the Continental Army upon losing Philadelphia during an unsuccessful fall campaign. The involved troops were led by George Washington, who settled them in a hilly area within the proximity of the road connecting York and Philadelphia (Stewart, 2005). While the original evaluation of the plan was positive, the realization that the soldiers were not in a proper form due to malnutrition and previous defeats came too late (Herrera, 2020). Although the land was supposed to be agriculturally rich, it had been appropriated by the belligerent sides throughout 1777 (Stewart, 2005). Moreover, the supply chain was mismanaged due to the absence of the Quartermaster General and the dissatisfaction with Washington, resulting in some officials’ unwillingness to assist him (Stewart, 2005). As the area was underdeveloped, the tents eventually became tattered, and the huts were half-built, aggravating the situation (Drury & Clavin, 2018). The blankets left by those who had died from an illness had to be reused by the remaining troops, spreading the disease (Drury & Clavin, 2018). Ultimately, the situation was grave enough to cause deaths and lead to the Army’s weakened state. The situation could have been avoided by either retreating or immediately assaulting Philadelphia, but these alternatives are inherently flawed. First of all, Washington’s decision to continue with the operation was not solely his; he was supported and urged by other generals, Congress, and two governors (Herrera, 2020). Moreover, it was important to maintain a presence in the region and eventually retake the city; the environmental situation was also considered (Herrera, 2020). On the other hand, the troops were not prepared to attack the British Army after several unsuccessful attempts; the soldiers’ condition and morale were also significantly reduced (Herrera, 2020; Drury & Clavin, 2018). Additional training to equal the enemy was necessary, and it would come only in February (Stewart, 2005). Thus, while the discussed options were tempting, they were impossible due to the circumstances and executing either would have devastating effects on the American side. A sensible solution would be to arrange a foraging party and a medical one. The first one would include physically fit soldiers to seek food resources from the surrounding areas and replace the existing supply chain by visiting the cities under the Colonial rule. The second party’s composition is a nurse, some able soldiers, and the ailing in need of i
Peter Singer, a professor of philosophy and director of the Centre of Human Bioethics at Monash University argues that “the effects of environmental actions on non-humans should figure directly in our deliberations about what we ought to do” Singer (p161). He further states that “Because animals can feel pleasure and pain and have the capacity for subjective experience, they can therefore be said to have interests that we must not ignore” Singer (p161). However, it is rather clear that non-humans bear the most direct burden of environmental interference by humans thus strengthening the author’s argument, as most non-human entities depend on humans. All human actions to the environment have consequences for non-humans. The view that human actions have only minimal effects on non-human has no intrinsic moral significance and can only be revealed as being arbitrary and morally indefensible. What is really morally significant is the existence of suffering, rather than the race of the sufferer. Singer also asserts that “as for plants, though there have been sensational claims that plants are not only conscious, but even psychic, there is no hard evidence that supports even the more modest claims” Singer (p164). The ranges of assumptions are vast such that the interests shift from being strong to being virtually certain to be so feeble as to be highly improbable. The principle of equal consideration of interests must be applied with this in mind so that where there is a clash between a virtually certain interest and a highly doubtful one, it is the virtually certain interests that ought to prevail. However, we may recognize that the interests of one being, are greater than those of another and equal considerations will then lead us to sacrifice the being with lesser interests if one must be sacrificed. Given a choice to decide between saving the life of a normal human being and that of a dog or a similar non-human, we might well decide to save the human because he, with his greater awareness and understanding of what is go