ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Marketing is an inevitable process for every business because it enables a firm to communicate to its clients about its products (Gary & Kotler, 2005). There are various marketing concepts that a firm can adapt to market itself and its products. The choice of the concepts is dependent on the product under sale and the organizational objectives. Corporate objectives and how they lead to the marketing objectives Objectives are important because they define the course of action of the firm (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). The automotive industry targets different customers with varying needs. The objectives of the automotive manufacturers are thus customer predetermined (Pride, Ferrell, Lukas, Schembri, & Niininen, 2012). Marketing managers endeavour to create marketing mixes that correspond to customers’ needs (Wells, Burnett, & Moriarty, 2006). Therefore, a marketing manager in this industry has to consider variables such as price, distribution, promotion, and the product (Diamond & Pintel, 1972). The Freelander model from Land Rover, for instance, targets customers in their 30s and 40s (Ghauri & Cateora, 2014). The automobile is a sports utility vehicle with high off-road and on-road capabilities (Quester, Pettigrew, & Kopanidis, 2014). The objective of the carmaker is to sell this vehicle to an age group that is financially stable. However, this objective is not logical, as there is a bigger unexploited market beyond the set age bracket. Organizational adherence to marketing concepts Marketing concepts involve the production of products aimed at creating customer satisfaction (Pickton & Amanda, 2005). Therefore, the Land Rover Company focuses on selling the Freelander model to customers to satisfy their needs. The selling concept, conversely, aims at attracting customers to buy a product (Hoffman & Bateson, 2001). The Freelander automobile boasts of features such as a stylish design, impeccable performance on-road and off-road, premium pricing, and an economical engine (Pride et al., 2012). These advanced features appeal to customers and help market the product (Reed, 2010). Therefore, the company aims at selling more product units by flaunting the product’s superior features (Quester, Pettigrew & Kopanidis, 2014). The company also uses motion pictures during advertisements and television shows to attract potential customers (Barrie & Furnham, 1992). T he adverts highlight the superior features of the vehicle, which inform potential customers on the vehicle’s capabilities. Additionally, these features arouse a desire to own the vehicle in the customers. The company adheres to selling and product marketing concepts of promotion as it focuses on the product’s quality and informs the customers of the product (Kotler, 1999). The company’s core marketing strategy for achieving its objectives Land Rover’s marketing strategies include creating awareness of the vehicle’s sports utility features, coordinated distribution, promotion, pricing,
Organizational development (OD) is an integral part of any enterprises’ work wishing to remain successful and competitively capable. OD is a scientifically based process that focuses on various aspects and work processes to improve the organization’s effectiveness (van Vulpen, 2020). To make the necessary changes, interventions are carried out – several activities to implement the desired changes. Given the importance of such changes and the fact that they should be based on scientific evidence, OD interventions require careful preparation and thought-out planning and implementation. Preparation for OD interventions includes developing a strategy, in particular, such steps as:   * diagnosis,   * determining the structure of interventions,   * choosing and establishing sequencing,   * taking into account the dynamics of intervention,   * considering the expected result. If a problem is identified or the administration wants to make a change, it is necessary to find out whether the desired shift is suitable for the work of the organization. Moreover, it is crucial to determine employees’ readiness and calculate the necessary time, resources, and efforts. When defining the structure of interventions, it is essential to analyze such aspects as stakeholders, clarity of purpose, the realism of expectations, employees’ readiness to study and work together. The sequencing of interventions also depends on several crucial factors. For example, it is affected by potential efficiency – if an organization needs to motivate employees to make changes, this OD intervention should be the first. The manager must also view what sequence will keep the resources, contribute to the rapid speed of changes, be more relevant to the organization and create minimal stress for employees. According to French and Bell (1999), interventions have different dynamics depending on their types, such as the dilemma intervention, respective intervention, and other kinds. It is critical to ensure that the selected type matches the desired change. Finally, intervention depends on the expected result – for example, the goal may be to educate employees or increase motivation and efficiency. Thus, OD interventions are designed to improve and optimize the enterprise’s operation through a number of actions. In order for the intervention to be effective, many critical factors must be taken into account in its planning and implementation. In particular, it is crucial to consider the circumstances, goals, and dynamics. Careful preparation will determine the strategy, structure, time, and resources required, making intervention fast and beneficial.
Article Summary The article “Behavior and Mind: The Roots of Modern Psychology” by Dennis Delprato is a book review that analyses the ideas of Rachlin on contemporary psychology. Delprato states that Rachlin placed the modern psychological sciences into two categories i.e. cognitive or physiological psychology and teleological behaviorism or behavior analysis (Delprato, 1995). The aim of cognitive psychology is to unravel internal mental mechanisms, while teleological behaviorism seeks to explain, predict, and control visible behavior. Delprato states that the main argument made by Rachlin in his book is that these two branches of psychology are compatible, contrary to the popular opinion that these two branches are different (Delprato, 1995). Rachlin argues that teleological behaviorism or behavioral analysis studies mental life, while cognitive psychology and other non-behavioral branches of psychology study mental mechanisms. Hence, behavior analysis that studies mental life is linked to cognitive psychology, a science that studies mental mechanisms. Rachlin’s argument is derived from the way Aristotle differentiated efficient and final causes. He also based his argument on the premise that each category of cause explains different aspects of an organism’s behavior (Delprato, 1995). Rachlin strongly objects the views of B.F Skinner, a proponent of cognitive psychology, and he proceeds to argue that cognitive psychology can only make sense if it is viewed as a science investigating efficient causes. In this statement, Rachlin meant that physiological and cognitive psychology tries to understand why an organism behaves, feels and thinks in certain ways (Delprato, 1995). When Rachlin talks about efficient causes, he is making reference to cause-effect relations among psychological concepts such as cognitive maps, internal impulses and neural activity. Rachlin seems to propose that psychology should be considered a science of final causes. Both behavior analysis and cognitive psychology are needed in explaining behavior (Delprato, 1995). Rachlin uses different explanations to demonstrate that behavioral and cognitive psychology may be reconciled. Rachlin also considers mentality to be just abstractions obtained from temporally overt behavior patterns, and not internal thinking. He disagrees with th
Introduction As the world globalizes so does our cultural and institutional features interact though some refer to globalization as being a “zero sum game”; where some people gain all and others lose all. The exchange of cultural values has been one of the benefits of globalization ( Zhu & Warner, 2004). Cultural and institutional features are shaped but also constrained by national differences. Differences in national management culture impede the transfer of HR across countries as will always happen when operating with multinational companies. In most of the times the distinction between cultural and institutional causation is little because even if institutions are through political and legislative establishments, those that survive do so because of the cultural support (Child & Warner, 2003) The beliefs, value systems, norms, mores, myths, and structural elements of a given organization, tribe, or society make the culture of that group. Cultures will be different according to organizations, tribes and even countries thus the expected difference between China and the UK. Institutions are established rule practices and customers while culture encompasses values, norms and what might broadly be termed as collective cognition. The importance placed on culture and institutions depends with the organization as these two characteristics influence diffusion of foreign management practices. Chinese Culture High in power distance, low in individualism, moderate in uncertainty avoidance and masculinity, and high in long-term orientation. Respect for hierarchy and they are more collective compared to the English. Decisions are rarely debated, and leaders never challenged publicly. Emphasize on relationships importance during decision making process thus avoid conflict and delegates all authority to the appointed leader. Emphasize on being equal and avoids competitions and conflicts among the players. Only in the recent past, Chinese have embarked on a mix of collectivism with individualism and low power distance giving their employees more responsibilities and ri
Nowadays, the helping professions play an essential role in society, for people are often faced with problems they find difficult to overcome and may require external help to do this (Hutchison, 2013). However, companies that provide helping services may sometimes use advertisements that utilize propagandist rather than rhetorical methods to attract clients; this, it is paramount to differentiate rhetoric from propaganda and adequately assess the claims of such organizations, for sometimes they may do more harm than good (Gambrill & Gibbs, 2009). In this paper, two advertisement videos will be analyzed to identify whether they contain more rhetorical or propagandist features. On the whole, the provided videos (Morningside Recovery, 2014; PeopleStar FilmWorks, 2014) appear to use propaganda rather than rhetoric. The shorter video (PeopleStar FilmWorks, 2014) mainly features the executive director of the “Morningside Recovery” company, who might be described as an attractive person, which creates additional appeal in the viewers of the video; the director briefly outlines what the company does, and cites its mission. Background music is present; the viewers have demonstrated a boat going down a river, a sea beach, etc., suggesting that the clients of the enterprise will participate in similar activities. The scenery is beautiful, whereas the demonstrated indoor settings look comfortable, welcoming, and cozy. All of this creates quite an appealing atmosphere for the customer. Thus, there are numerous emotional appeals, such as background music, pleasant people, beautiful scenery, and cozy indoor setting (Gambrill & Gibbs, 2009, p. 69-70); however, no particular rational arguments are provided in the video. The longer video (Morningside Recovery, 2014) also seems to appeal more to emotion, as well as to ideology, than to evidence. Again, much beautiful scenery is shown in the video; the viewers are told that the organization’s customers can have numerous experiences provided in the adventure programs of the company. “It’s not every day that someone stands… on a summit overlooking most of California,” the executive director says (Morningside Recovery, 2014, 5:00). The advertisement also describes the cozy atmosphere that the clients of the company can experience; for instance, it is stated that they can take their pets with them if they desire, and so on (Morningside Recovery, 2014). It is emphasized that the organization helps its clients to become “active members” of the society, to “achieve success,” which is apparently an appeal to certain ideologemes; it is said that “if you can dream it, we’ll help you do it” (Morningside Recovery, 2014, 3:40) – another reassurance for the potential customers. At the beginning of the longer video, a man speaks about what the company offers; it is mentioned that “people [can] choose [the method of treatment] that works best for them” (Morningside Recovery, 2014, 0:20), which can induce doubt is considered critically. It is
Outline Language management is important especially in areas where society has to interact in a multilingual environment and a lot of translation has to be done. This ensures the information reaches everyone in the market especially the final consumer of various products. In effort to achieve this objective, language engineering and use of technology have provided a lot of hope through research on the contribution they are likely to make. This will be through application of scientific principles in designing tools to handle information in its natural language. They will then translate it to various languages almost instantly regardless of the volume being handled. Software that will perform the translations as well as program codes to represent information will be designed using the concept of how human mind functions. Introduction A lot of contribution can be made to language management by language engineering and/or the use of technology. Either of this can provide a solution to reducing the current cost and bureaucratic burden of Europe’s multilingualism. Generally, language engineering refers to application of scientific principles in designing, constructing as well as maintaining tools that help handling of information when it is provided in natural language. Natural language in this sense refers to the common form of communication that is used in communication among people. These scientific principles are covered under linguistic which refers to studying of how language works. Language engineering and technology involves use of various tools such as computer to do the work of translation, teaching of language, extraction of information as well as language indexing. Language engineering also makes use of intangible “tools” like dictionaries, author’s guidelines as well as those methods that are used in teaching of foreign languages. Language engineering therefore comprises of entire factors that deal with application of science of language in finding solutions to practical tasks. Translation using machines as well as translation that is aided by machines is the major application of the discipline. Computer systems are produced to perform translations and also support man in translating by considering the process that he/she use in translating. This provides guidelines as well as methodol
Introduction Roll Rite, LLC is a private company in the US that specializes in the manufacture of tarp equipment. It was the first company to design and manufacture a high-tech electric tarp system. The equipment is mainly used in the trucking industry. Owing to its aggressive growth caused by unrivalled innovations, this would be the right time for the firm to venture into international markets. Based on the high number of prospective countries where the company would export its products, the process of identifying the best foreign markets to venture into could be a rigorous process. Business organizations sell their products and services in foreign markets that could result in improved sales growth and equity (Chan, Covrig and Ng 1501; Lileeva and Trefler 1070; Müller 100). However, many companies do not conduct evidence-based analyses before they venture into foreign markets. As a result, such companies end up making huge losses. This paper discusses the data, market indicators and steps that the leading producer of tarp and allied products would utilize in order to select the best three markets to export its goods. The need to rank markets It is always prudent for business managers to rank potential markets so that they have an outline of the expected business trends. Managers should not rely on business assumptions that are not supported by real market data. This happens when some members of the team could have some hidden agendas, which could imply that foreign markets could be selected based on personal reasons rather than for gaining competitive advantages. In order for the management team of Roll Rite, LLC to identify correct markets that have the potential to help the firm realize improved financial growth and competitive advantage, it should engage in series of informed decisions. The decisions could be made based on the market data obtained from markets with regard to attributes, strengths, and weaknesses of the firm and its manufactured goods. Thus, the ranking could provide an essential starting point that could support collective-based discussion to culminate in the selection of the best foreign markets. However, Roll Rite, LLC will not basically rank potential markets to justify the selection of the viable markets. The involved team may make some other crucial considerations that could guide it to know the order of pursuing the identified foreign markets. For example, budge
Literature is a living being, which constantly evolves and continues to mutate in order to resonate with the issues members of current society have to face. It is evident that any great work of literature is undeniably unique in its attempt to reflect the concerns of the masses. However, in order to do so, an author often relies on generic elements that hold true despite the test of time. In The talented Mr. Ripley , Patricia Highsmith (1999) manages to combine a variety of easily accessible and time-resistant themes and create a story that people can relate you decades, if not centuries, later. This essay is going to explore how The talented Mr. Ripley engages readers in a multi-layered discussion of class, identity, and ethics. While children enjoy reading about princesses and kind wizards, adults tend to relate to well-written villains on a much deeper level. Highsmith (1999) examines amorality in the novel as a way to challenge the readers in their own stances on what is right or wrong. The theme of good and evil is not a novelty attributed exclusively to writers of the 20 th century. It is a universal aspect of human existence to ponder about the meaning of amorality. The character of Tom Ripley is an example of a man, who thinks beyond the duality of the aforementioned argument. Through the portrayal of Tom, the author asks the readers whether evil actions should be condemned even when they are justified as necessary to reach a certain goal. Another important theme of the novel is the gruesome reality of class struggles, which is demonstrated through a juxtaposition of Tom and Dickie. Two similar-looking men could have more different lives because of their upbringing and social status. Tom essentially commits “a forgery against himself” in an effort to attain upper-class privilege Dickie possesses (Highsmith, 1999, p. 197). The protagonist commits to “real annihilation (…) of himself (…) and his rebirth as a completely new person,” thus betraying himself (Highsmith, 1999, p. 125). The novelist tries to demonstrate how much a person is defined by their wealth and social standing, which is a universal issue throughout human history. In conclusion, a writer’s talent is often defined by their ability to examine elements of human existence, which are universal and withstand the test of time. In The talented Mr. Ripley , Patricia Highsmith uses the characterization and storyline as tools to explore generic themes. As the protagonist struggles to re-invent himself in an effort to attain wealth and social acceptance, betraying oneself and becoming someone else entirely seems to be the only way to achieve said goals. Reference Highsmith, P. (1999). The t
Introduction Businesses employ different communication strategies in an attempt to attain increased productivity, sales volumes, profitability, and creation of a reputable brand name. The execution of appropriate communication strategies can propel organisations towards unmatched success. However, failure to exercise caution, particularly in the manner of carrying out the communication strategy, can have undesired consequences on the company’s brand name. This set of circumstances significantly affects the overall success and sustainability of the organisation. Similarly, inappropriate advertisement can have detrimental effects on the society and other stakeholders of the firm. Therefore, all firms undertaking the role ought to adopt ethical advertising practices in a bid to avoid negative impacts on the targeted groups in the society. This paper critically examines two case studies that involve the Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies with a view of gauging their marketing communication strategies, achievements, and critical issues affecting social-economic and cultural ecosystems owing to the use of different advertising methods. Advertising Objectives for Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies and Theoretical Explanations Advertising is a core function of any communication department in businesses (Šerić, Gil-Saura, & Ruiz-Molina, 2014). The central role of advertisement is to communicate, particularly to the target audience, what the organisation has in store and the value of its goods and services to the outside world. It also seeks to create a brand name by maintaining a high sense of reputation. Advertising encompasses both informative and persuasive functions (Belch & Belch, 2011). Informative advertising is theorised to announce the availability of a product thereby saving customers search costs. The negative perception of informative advertising is that it tends to alter consumers’ tastes as it seeks to create product differentiation and inelastic demand. On the other hand, persuasive advertising is theoretically viewed as a means to win consumer taste from a competing brand in favour of the company’s product. In the two case studies, both advertising roles are clearly indicated since each entity exhibits a set of guiding objectives. For instance, the Ye Valley Company wished to change the customers’ perception that organic yoghurt inexpensive. This persuasive function of advertising was effectively executed as it was reflected in the skyrocketing profitability and productivity. On the other hand, the Benetton Group employed infor