ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to Foner, the initial motivation that drove Europeans to embark upon the conquest of Americas was their desire to find a safe passage-route to India, which at the time was considered the source of a variety of much sought-after trade goods, “The European conquest of America began as an offshoot of the quest for a sea route to India, China, and the islands of the East Indies, the source of the silk, tea, spices, porcelain, and other luxury goods on which international trade in the early modern era centered” (20). In its turn, this explains why, after having discovered America in 1492, Columbus remained thoroughly unaware of this fact up until he died – in Columbus’s mind, his discovery of new unexplored lands across the Pacific Ocean accounted for the discovery of previously uncharted part of Asia. Thus, it will be thoroughly appropriate to suggest that it was primarily due to Europeans’ endowment with the spirit of commercial industriousness that the discovery and the consequential conquest of Americas became possible, in the first place. At the same time, however, there were a number of other contributing factors that prompted Europeans (initially – Spanish, and later English) to remain strongly committed to the idea of conquering the New World. One of these factors was the fact that, following the successful completion of the Reconquista campaign in Spain
Frank Sinatra was an American pop music artist, producer, and film actor. He was born on December 12, 1925, and died on May 14, 1998. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, Sinatra started singing at a young age. His parents were Italian immigrants who raised him as a staunch Roman Catholic. He attended primary school in his New Jersey hometown. However, he did not complete primary school education because he was expelled for unruly behavior. He attended school for only 47 days. His main occupation after the expulsion was the delivery of newspapers. Also, he worked as a riveter at a local shipyard to support himself. A photo of Frank Sinatra (Frank Sinatra-IMDb) Despite doing several jobs that had no connection to music, Sinatra’s main interest, and passion was music. He began singing at a young age. Early exposure to music was one of the factors that contributed to his success. His interest and prowess in music were developed naturally because he never attended music school or any music class. His professional music career began in the 1930s as a teenage boy. His genre of music was classified under several categories that included traditional pop, big band, jazz, vocal, and swing. Sinatra got an early breakthrough when he became a member of a band known as The Three Flashes. After Sinatra became a member, the band changed its name to The Hoboken Four. The band won a contract to perform around America displaying its talent on both radio and stage. After a few years, Sinatra quit the band and returned home. He attained mainstream success in 1943 when he joined Columbia Records. He worked with the company between 1943 and 1952. By the 1950s, his career had deteriorated. His main fans were teenagers and young people. However, as he attained the age of 30, his appeal among teenagers waned and his music career faded. He later joined Capitol records where he reinvented himself and recorded 22 songs. His tenure at Capitol was considered the most productive years of his career. Unfortunately, he parted ways with the company in 1959. He later signed to Reprise Studios, which he co-founded. In 1971, he won the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, while in 1954 he won an Oscar award for his role in the movie “From here to eternity.” He received the Ella Award in 1990 from the Society of Singers. In 1994, he was awarded The Legend Award at the Grammy Awards ceremony. Other awards included Laurel
As for many organizations, the challenge of coming up with a new product lies with the product development department. In this case the name of the new product shall be Collabo. Collabo is a unique laptop with phone features that allow the user to make and receive calls, write short messages and besides, perform all other functions of a normal computer. In case of a phone call, the user receives it via its earphones. The gadget has an alternative source of power so that even those from rural areas without electricity can be able to operate it easily. This implies that the Collabo product meets the United Nations conventions on environment in line with the making use of the natural sources of energy such as the sun that does not involve so much processing that emits gases that are harmful. It is intended to cut the costs of buying two separate gadgets which might be too expensive for most of the consumers. This is made possible through a combination of both the phone and laptop features in one gadget and then priced as a unit. As for this product, the market segmentation variable that will be used is the geographic variable. Geographic segmentation entails classifying the market based on age, occupation, income and religion (Burrell, 2004). However, in this case, we shall classify the market while laying emphasis on age and income of the consumers. This method of segmentation is the best for Collabo because it involves a lot of technological applications that require young and ambitious people. In addition, any company that is searching for a large market, then the young population shall be the option to go for. This is because in many countries, the population of the youths is more than that of the old people. Consequently, there are more youths in the labor market than their old counterparts. Besides, these young people have little disposable income and most of them hence cannot afford to buy a phone and a laptop separately and thus the need for this new product. Specifically, the target market for Collabo shall be the young people of the age bracket 20 to 28 years old. Most of the people in this bracket are college and young employees who are aggressive and fast in embracing a new technology. In addition, they get a yearly income of $ 10,000 to $ 40,000 on average depending on whether they are students or newly employed. This means they can only buy a product that does not stretch their disposable income to a larger extent. With the emergency of the current trends in business where people make transaction over the web, it is prudent for people to make use of efficient gadgets that facilitate business activities. It is worth noting that the youths are so much into social networks such as Facebook and Twitter than any other sites. According to psychologists, people in this age bracket are into intimacy versus isolation and consequently, most of their social needs are met through chatting and befrie
According to Karpov, one shortcoming of this approach is that Vygotsky did not explain how new motives in adolescence develop. In Vygotsky’s view, the change in the motives of adolescence come about due to the growth of sexual desires and needs which are as a result of their ability to think logically. The mistake here is that, he did not elaborate on how that growth occurs and more over, this view on motive development does not concur with some of the previous views that Vygotsky had stated earlier (206). For instance, he did not agree with some researcher’s failure to differentiate between growth of ‘motive thinking processes’ and ‘thinking processes’. In the same case, he himself made a similar mistake by not making a clear distinction oh how the ‘motive’ and ‘ability’ for self-reflection in adolescents grow, rather, he explains argues that both of these are as a result of logical thought. Vygotsky also disapproved of those researchers who said that when a new behavior is formed, a new driving force is formed at the same time. His view was that, when a need is formed, the logical thinking that helps to satisfy the need are not yet formed, thus his conclusion was that a motive has to develop first before the skill to do it does (Karpov 206). In his theory however, Vygotsky said that formal-logical thinking in adolescents leads to formation of motive and ability to self-reflect. This could mean that both motive and ability here develop at the same time and hence, he should not have faulted the above theory. Another shortcoming of Vygotsky’s approach is that “adolescents’ transition to formal-logical thought by itself is not sufficient to explain such an achievement of this period as self-consciousness” (Karpov 207). Earlier in his book, Vygotsky had noted that adolescents develop self-consciousness as they interact with other people in the society, but he failed to distinguish between the two, since his arguments were basically centered on how school contributes to growth of formal-logical thinking. During adolescence, adolescents learn to interact with their peers and according to Vygostky, this is the leading activity at this period. When such leading activities are formed, adolescents use the society’s behavioral norms and observations from the adults as the basis of their behavior. This leads to self-awareness, a major accomplishment that prepares them for adulthood. When involved in these leading activities, the adolescents develop new abilities and motives that are of a higher level than the current leading activity. This helps them to move to the next leading activity which is associated with development in that specific period. At this stage, the adolescents are able to think logically and they feel like the world has opened a whole new life to them. They start to anal
Inventory management is one of the most critical components of supply chain and logistics management because it implements policies and procedures that promote efficient supply chain operations. Inventory management entails prudent planning that ensures adequate amount of stock of the right quality is available whenever needed. Inventory includes raw materials and components used in production, work in progress or partly finished merchandise, finished goods and other materials used in the business. Inventory management helps to enhance operational efficiency, customer service, and minimizes inventory and distribution cost (Emmett, 2005, p. 3). The main aim of this study is to explore the significance of inventory management in supply chain and logistic management. The study will also examine a number of methods used in inventory valuation. Inventory carries with it a number of costs and these include its money value, the space it consumes, labors used in receiving and dispatching stocks, damage/ deterioration/ obsolescence and theft (Emmett, 2005, p. 4). These costs can be classified as handling cost and holding costs, ordering or acquisition costs, cost of expediting the purchased stocks, and so on. Holding costs includes costs tied up in inventory, storage costs, and handling costs (Muller, 2002, p. 3). Inventory management helps to control the amount of stocks needed at a given time and therefore is very significant in capacity planning and production scheduling. Proper inventory management also cushions an organization against externalities such as fluctuation in demand, unreliability of supply, fluctuation in prices, order costs, and discounts. When setting up inventory control and management system, a company must consider the ideal inventory level. Inventory should be maintained at an ideal level and availed in a timely manner or else it will have adverse effects on efficiency of production. However, the ideal inventory level is influenced by a number of factors such as the amount of capital or finance available, customer demand and projected sales, patterns of historical sales, industry average, supply level, storage space, and the quantity discount (Emmett, 2005, p. 4; Waters, 2003, p. 5). In determining the ideal level of inventory, amount of capital available should be considered as well as the financial charges on the cash flow. Obviously, the amount of capital a business has determines the amount of inventory to be purchased. However, acce
Introduction Dynamic strategic capabilities are actions which are undertaken by a firm to improve the overall performance of its key functions. Business firms need to understand critical issues that they are likely to face in industries they are operating in to understand how they are likely to impact on their performance. A firm needs to be aware about market dynamics, government regulations and the level of competition it is likely to face from other firms that operate in the same industry. More importantly, business firms need to make appropriate plans to come up with effective strategies that help them to make their operations more innovative. This paper will discuss the dynamic strategic capabilities framework and how it impacts on the operations of business firms in different industries. Discussion Dynamic strategic capabilities framework allows a business firm to make its operations more valuable by ensuring that its business practices conform to situations it faces in the industry. Therefore, a firm that takes this concept seriously is likely to be well prepared to deal with different challenges and opportunities it is likely to encounter. Ambrosini and Bowman (2009) argue that the resource based view is an important concept that enables a firm to implement effective policies that increase the value of its products and business processes in the market. This also allows an organisation to adopt effective change management practices in its operations to boost its long term performance. Therefore, every business firm needs to find out how it can strengthen the value of its brand in different markets by implementing appropriate changes in its operations. Modern business firms understand how to set and change their strategic objectives to make them more responsive to changing consumer needs and expectations in the market. In addition, they need to adopt appropriate learning and knowledge transfer methods to make their internal and external operations more competitive in their respective industries. This will help them to increase their general appeal in the industry thereby strengthening their competitive edge in the long run. The dynamic strategic capabilities concept enables a firm to know when it needs to adjust existing objectives to conform to its marketing, human resource and technology needs. Therefore, this allows a firm to use information acquired from its business processes to develop high quality relationships with its customers in different markets. Business firms need to streamline their internal operations by setting high quality standards to ensure their products are appropriate for customers’ needs (Houston, Ratneshwar, Ricci & Malter 2010, p. 29). As a result, this approach enables them to improve the quality of their business processes to help them attract
Introduction People live in the confinement of their religions without taking a closer look at the overview of humanity especially on the issues regarding the past, present and future. Arguably, there is need for people to go beyond the religious setting of beliefs, arguments and, claims that seem to cause problems. Today people are questioning whether being a member to a particular religion enables one to live in a peaceful, productive and sustainable society. Poor interpretation or understanding makes people to base believes and practices into small confinements know as social groups, who main function is to condemn the evil spirits. Arguably, this is the source of misunderstanding and conflicts. There is existence of innumerable gods that human beings continue to prise in maintenance of a strong group unity and induction of euphoric feelings. The religious groups differ in the styles they use to deliver the group activities because each has a unique version of the rituals. Religion has a number of identifiable basic themes but a wide range of imaginative variations. Every religious circle believes they have a special relationship with God or Spirits that the other groups seem to lack. This is an implication that the study of religion always lacks a proper basis until one first understands the importance of group identity. The physical appearance of human beings indicates individuality but in real sense, everyone belongs to a local group that determines knowledge, communication and treatment to other human beings. We can define religion as a compilation of people with special common believes rituals, rules and stories. They are easily identifiable through the religious slogans or practices. This is the reason why religion often claims special privileges or use the term ‘religious’ to protect the followers or claim advantage and superior moral authority over others. The religious aspect remains deeply embedded into the human mind and therefore makes them selective. Religion is identifiable through the costumes, the language difference, beliefs, and universal ritualistic behaviours or practices. This paper is a fundamental analysis that seeks to understand human nature in the domain of care, thoughts and understanding. The study assists in assimilation of knowledge about culture particularly the Christian culture in relation to religious society. The study of religious expressions requires one to understand that different religions have different claims that in most cases tend to reject others. Christianity and culture Religious society is a culture made by the people and their achievements through thoughts or physical existence. It includes both the mental and physical resources thus forming an integrated system of beliefs, customs and, values that binds people to give them a sense of identity, security, continuity and dignity (Eli
Introduction Leaders are responsible for establishing the substantive and purposeful focus of the organization, that is, for establishing continuous creation of customer value as the strategic thrust. They are responsible for determining value elements, tracking discovered elements, and anticipating customer value changes. They must also provide the means of creating that value, that is, creating, providing, and continuously improving strategic organizational systems ( Armandi et al 2003). Leadership consists of managers leading purposeful, value contributing organizations and providing the means of achieving the purpose by improving strategic systems. The word “leadership” is appended to the word “management” to emphasize that leaders must lead the organization to the appropriate strategic focus of customer value. This organizational leadership differs from the classical interpersonal processes emphasized in traditional leadership models (Bolman and Deal 2003). As an employee, I am looking for new challenges which can shape my professional and help me to become a good leader able to motive and inspire followers. In this assignment, I will analyze and evaluate three personalities of well-known leaders who possess unique leadership skills and values. For this assignment, I select three characteristics of leadership characteristic common for three leaders: Mr. Carlos Ghosn, Sir Alex Ferguson, and Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum. I will use critical and theoretical literature In order to analyze their leadership skills and abilities, motivation techniques, and behavior patterns. Three personalities selected for this study are:  1. Sir Alex Ferguson, the coach of called Manchester united (see appendix “A”). I watched three interviews on channel SBS, and I also used the internet database, Youtube to collect more information about these leaders.  2. Mr. Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of the Renault-Nissan Corporation (see appendix “B”). I read an interview with Carlos Ghosn in Business Week, and also watched an interview with Carlos Ghosn on YouTube.  3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, the prime minister of Dubai (see appendix “C”). I watched his interview on the National Geographic channel and I watched several interviews on YouTube. These three leaders have much in common which helps them to achieve global recognition and personal success. This assignment will help me to analyze and critically evaluate their skills and strategies used to lead their follower and motivate them. The assignment consists of three main parts describing and analyzing three common characteristics of these leaders: motivating and inspiring techniques, development of employees, and risk-taking. Eac
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was written by Benjamin Franklin himself, though not finished. The book itself is very interesting to read and bears huge importance as being a rich heritage of the American nation. Of course, being a famous inventor, philosopher, scientist, and businessman, it is completely understandable why he is being somewhat biased and self-praising. Therefore, let me be completely objective and present one of Benjamin Franklin’s life events from the perspective of his brother. The following narration will be written as if James Franklin told it from his own point of view. From the very childhood, Ben was a kid who was keen on reading. Every cent that has appeared in the pocket would be spent on books. He was a child of a brilliant intellect though taken from school at the age of ten and brought to work as an apprentice as all children in our family were. Having a restless way of life, Ben eventually has grown reasonable and decided to become a printer since I returned from England to set up a business in Boston. Despite his utmost hankering for the sea, our father insisted upon Ben’s becoming my apprentice. It is not that I was jealous of my younger brother’s writing skills, but evidently, I spent much time collecting press and letters in order to get my business going well; while Ben was so finely accomplishing his work obligations as if he was doing it for his entire life though he was only fifteen. Hence, as soon as I noticed a wonderful product of Ben’s visiting Mr. Mathew Adams’ library, it would be silly and unprofitable not to encourage him to compose occasional ballads. In 1720 or 1721 I successfully started to print a newspaper called The New England Courant though my friends tried hard to discourage me from doing that. There already was a newspaper in America that had already gained popularity. My brother Ben, devotedly accompanying me in all the undertakings, was assigned to carry the printed sheets through the customers in the street. I thought since he was so responsible and much involved in our new occupation the obligation, I imposed on him was just the one to fit in order to make show how important his place in the newspaper is. Speaking of the work that had to be done to increase The New England Courant ’s popularity, my friends used to amuse themselves with writing for the paper. As I found out later on, Benjamin was looking forward to doing so either. However, he was just a boy and most likely did not have the relevant writing experience to undertake such a responsibility that helped the newspaper gain credit among readers. So, the deceitful little brother began writing the pieces under another name Mrs. Silence Dogood. I wonder if there was at least any hesitation in his brilliant head before he decided to do so against my decline. As a result of one of those articles, I have been taken to prison