ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” is a movie by Miloš Forman, filmed in 1975 and based on a book by Ken Kesey. It depicts a period of time in a mental health facility where a group of patients is receiving their treatment under the supervision of a head Administrative Nurse Ratched when a criminal recidivist Randle McMurphy is transferred from prison to the hospital for evaluation. Prominent personalities of the book characters were adopted by the screenplay and emphasized by the brilliant performance of the actors, which allowed this movie to receive five Academy Awards in major nominations and to join the list of 100 best American movies according to the American Film Institute ( AFI’S 100 YEARS…100 MOVIES , 2007, par. 3). The themes and issues of the film and the depth of its characters allow conducting a detailed analysis of this story and posing important questions from the psychological point of view. Main body  1. If it was necessary to pick a character from the movie “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” to illustrate the definition of cognition and cognitive processes, then the story’s protagonist Randle “Mac” McMurphy can serve as an excellent example. Cognition, as it is defined in a dictionary is “the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment” (“Cognition”, 2011). McMurphy illustrates all of these aspects, as the audience gains an insight into the life of this character. Although he does not show any signs of mental illness, Mac is brought to a hospital, where he tries to avoid imprisonment by faking a mental disorder. His perception of the people and the environment that surround him is exceptional, and his reasoning may at first seem awkward, but later the plot reveals that it was an intentional way of interaction with other patients and the staff of the facility. However, some of McMurphy’s thoughts and decisions remain a mystery, according to the director’s idea, which is highlighted by a scene where he falls asleep on the floor instead of near an open window, forsaking his attempts to escape. Whether he had chosen his fate consciously or it was a mere accident is unknown to the audience.  2. While Ran
Computing Cash Flows Installing new machinery is useful and can bring about favorable circumstances as long as it performs its function. In these conditions, such alternatives are perceived as cash receipts or disbursements at different periods in time. Earlier cash flows are more valuable than the late ones, so we cannot add them together. Thus, each option results in a set of cash flows . Therefore, the technics that are applicable to comparing the value of money are the basis of engineering economic analysis. Time Value of Money Monetary consequences of any option occur within a substantial period, whether it takes a year or more. Money is a valuable asset, so people are ready to pay to have money available for usage, and the charge is called interest . The time value of money is conditioned by the willingness of different banks, organizations, or people to pay interest for various amounts of money. Simple interest Simple interest is computed only on the original sum, not on charged interest. Normally, within the simple interest, the amount earned or due in one period does not influence the principal for interest calculations. Compound interest The distinction between the compound and simple interest is that the former collects previous interest on top of current interest. Compound interest is more applicable in comparison to the simple one. Equivalence Whether a person has money now or has the assurance of getting some other amount of money later, meaning that the present amount is equivalent to a future sum at a specified interest rate. Equivalence is directly dependent on the interest rate because changing the interest rate ruins the equivalence between payments. There are different formulas for calculating the nominal or effective interest rate and single payment interest.
Introduction Emaar Company is a fast-growing global property developer, credited for executive lifestyle in its property development services. The public joint venture based in Dubai is listed in the Dubai Stock exchange market, occupying its premier position in the Dow Jones Arabia Titans Index. After its establishment in 1997, Emaar has experienced a mercurial growth in the last ten years, where it has been credited with shaping landscapes as well as people’s lives in the Emirates region. This rapid growth is attributed to the fast growth of Dubai. Other construction of the home, the company has also been credited for the construction of value-added as well as master-planned establishments to fit the demands of various home buyers, considering their varied lifestyles. As the first-ever company to conceive the idea of the community-living concept, Emaar Properties leads the pack in the property development business sector in the United Arabs Emirates (Emaar 2). Their success in the Emirates region has seen them extend their desire to reach the international market with their integrated approach to business. This approach is based on the model of business segmentation, with various ventures in hospitality and leisure construction, education sector development, healthcare and financial sectors, mainly focusing their business on customer-oriented approaches. This is why they have segmented their business into six sectors, merged into over 60 active companies (Emaar 3). The company has a huge and integrated presence in global markets, represented by the Middle East, America, Asia, Europe and Africa. Despite its large scale activities and heav
Introduction The company was incorporated on 3 rd January in the year 1977. They are involved in designing, manufacturing and marketing of media devices, desktop computers, and mobile digital music players (Reuters). Over and above, they sell accompanying softwares, peripherals, networking solutions and other applications. Some of the products produced by Apple include iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, Mac Application Store, iCloud as well as application software among others. This essay seeks to explain the products in detail (Reuters). iPhone An iPhone refers to a smartphone which is basically a combination of an iPod, a tablet PC, a digital camera and a cellular phone in one handheld device (Reuters). It is a very thin product at only 11.6 millimeters in thickness but is wider and longer in comparison to related devices. It has a 3.5 inch display touch screen with relatively high resolution of around 160 pixels per inch (Rouse, 2007). The device has in-built desktop-class email, Internet surfing and maps and is fully compatible with both Mac and Windows-based computers (Rouse, 2007). iPad This is another product from Apple which is primarily a 9.7 inch touch screen tablet personal computer. It is basically a note pad with a virtual keyboard (Rouse, 2007). Among other things, it has a multi-touch LED-backlit 9.7 by 7.5 inch front screen and has a weight of 1.5 pounds. Its battery lasts up to ten hours. This device is available with 16, 32, and 64 GB flash drive options. Every other variety is Wi-Fi enabled (Rouse, 2007). iPod This device is a combination of portable digital media player and hard drive (Rouse, 2007). Current iPods can have up to 60 GB of hard drive space and a resolution capable of accommodating television programs, videos or movies transferred from a personal computer. An iPod is easily connected to a c
Introduction The colonization of American was one of the key events that took place in America during the 1600. During this time, Britain was much preoccupied with advancing its economic imperialism. The process of colonization of America began with the exploration activities conducted by the European explorers. The Red Indians were among the Native Americans. The arrival of the British colonists in America led to the oppression and exploitation of the native Indian communities. The British interfered with the indigenous American civilization, subjected them to forced labor and stringent economic policies. Apart from Britain, other European powers such as Sweden and France also attempted to obtain colonies in America. This paper argues that the colonial elite gained control over natives, indentures, African Americans, and poor free whites through a combination of decrees and force. Colonization of America During the British rule in the American colonies, many changes occurred, and they were not in favor of the Americans’ interests. The American society became increasingly stratified under the British rule. This led to the development of inequalities, which really affected many inhabitants of the American colony. Slavery, which had begun during the ancient period, became worse. Slavery was instituted in the Trans Atlantic region earlier than in England. The British Empire adopted slavery in the 17 th century, when it occupied America. The ancient slavery was different from the one that was later adopted after European occupation of America. The latter version of slavery was based on racism than the former. For instance, black slaves were introduced in America due to insufficient laborers in the plantations. In the second phase of the 17 th century, Britain used its territories as potential markets. The English also derived some raw materials from the territories that were under their control. The British slave trade was intensified in the 18th century and it coincided with mercantilism, which was prevalent in many parts of Europe. Vast commercial interests motivated European powers to extend their territories through colonization. Mercantilism policies became significant in most of the territories that were occupied by Britain. It was conducted through a partnership between merchants that operated in England and the government. British mercantilism was driven by the need to gain big trade surpluses, in order to accumulate gold and silver. Consequently, mercantilism greatly influenced the Americans commercial activities in the sense that they lost their economic independence considerably due to slavery. This later sparked off the rebellion of these territories. Many merchants engaged in selling slaves because it had lucrative returns. Slave Labor In America, plantation farming was particularly boosted by slaves. For example, In Virginia and Carolina, sl
Introduction History of great depression began in 1929 and lasted up to 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression experience in the industrialized western country. It originated from U.S and had grave impacts on the level of output, led to unemployment, and acute inflation spreading across countries on the globe (Christina, 2003). However, in Canada, its impacts were severe as it indented and affected almost all aspects of life. The depression had both social and cultural costs. This paper therefore, discusses some of the causes of the great depression in Canada and highlights some of the recovery mechanism. Literatures on this topic will be used in developing the arguments and explaining the cause of depression in Canada. Literature review Economic history The severity and timing of great depression varied across countries. However, the depression was relatively severe and longer in United States and Europe. The cause of the depression stemmed from a variety of factors. For instance, decline in consumer demand, financial panics, and inappropriate government policies led to the fall of economic output in the U.S (Christina, 2003). The gold standard that linked almost all countries across the globe to a network of fixed exchange rate also contributed in the escalation of the downtown to other countries. However, as mechanism to recover from the downtown intensified, gold standard was abandoned to ensure expansion of monetary policies. Even though its effects were devastating, it led to introduction of changes in the operations of economies. Some of the fundamental changes included changes in economic institutions, policies in macroeconomic and economic theory. Causes of great depression The fundamental causes of great depression in Canada were the decline in the spending (aggregate demand). The level of production and manufacturing of new products reduced with inventories increasing as a result. This reduced spending, which varied in duration later culminating to the whole state. Furthermore, the gold standard principle facilitated the spread of the effect to other countries leading to the great depression. However, apart from this, other causes contributed to the great depression as discussed below. Crash in the stock market in the United State and Canada contributed to the great depression. This resulted from the tricks in monetary policy aimed at limiting the stock market speculation. Prior to this, the state had performed well realizing booms as stock markets rose to their peak. This led to the raising of interest rates by the Federal Reserve with the aim of slowing this rapid rise in the stock price that depressed spending in areas of construction and automobiles leading to reduced production. Therefore, in 1929, the stock price reached unjustifiable levels due to anticipations of future earnings (Christina, 2003). However, due to minor event, price reduced gradually leading investors to lose confidence. The fall of stock prices ushered panic among investors leading some to liquidate their holding, an action that worsened the situation furt
Introduction It can be argued that Information Technology (“ IT ”) became a part of popular culture only after the emergence of two technological breakthroughs. The first one was the invention of the personal computer. The second technological breakthrough was the Internet. These two inventions combined, led the way to the radical change in the way human beings communicate over long distances. It also enhanced their capability to store, access, share, and transmit information. The modern world was dominated and transformed by the technologies that came before like the telegraph, radio, and television. But it was a surprise when the IT revolution initiated a radical transformation of human society. After the World-Wide-Web and sophisticated websites are added as innovations to two core technologies of IT, these transformed the social and business realms. In the business world, entrepreneurs and business leaders found a more efficient way to do buy and sell. In the social realm human beings created a virtual identities and communities in a cyberspace. The Computer and Internet It all began with the creation of computers. These are machines that have the capability to process data at speeds that exceeded human power. However, the first generation computers were bulky, expensive and difficult to use. The first generation machines were used primarily by the government for they are the only institution that can afford this novel invention. In the beginning a typical computer can easily occupy the size of an average room. In order for the IT revolution to begin, there was a need for the creation of personal computers. These are scaled down for personal use, hence the name of the equipment. As a consequence of this technological breakthrough the average person can now afford to procure and use his or her own computer. Although, the invention of the personal computer was an important foundation stone for the impending IT revolution, there was still a missing piece. After World War II scientists and engineers began to tinker with the idea of interconnected computers (Gelb, 2007). Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf found a way to connect multiple computers and this innovation is known as the TCP/IP Protocol (Gelb, 2007). Their invention paved the way for globalization to occur at an accelerated pace. It led to the creation of the Internet that enabled computer users in India to communicate to computer users in the United Kingdom, the United States and even as far as New Zealand. Business Realm At first glance IT is all about communication and the efficient manag
Introduction China’s one-tyke family strategy has affected the lives of almost a fourth of the world’s populace. The Chinese government guaranteed that it was a transient measure to move toward a little intentional family culture. Thus, we will analyze the influence of China’s one-tyke policy, its accomplishment, and recommendations. This paper will discuss why the approach was presented and how it is actualized. We will analyze the results of the arrangement about populace development, the proportion amongst men and women, and the proportion between grown-up kids and elderly guardians. Finally, we will examine the significance of the strategy in contemporary China. As China rose out of the social interruptions and monetary stagnation of the Cultural Revolution, its government dispatched market changes to revive the economy. In 1979, perceiving that populace control was vital to raise expectations for everyday comforts, the one-tyke family approach was presented (Kang and Wang 91). The one-child policy has exposed the challenges of human freedom. It is morally unsuitable to take a human life, be it by homicide, capital punishment, or premature birth. Numerous social orders acknowledged premature birth to safeguard the mental and social prosperity of the mother. This strategy restricts family estimate, empowers a late marriage, childbearing, and the dividing of kids when second kids are allowed. Family spacing panel at neighborhood levels created immediate techniques to support the policy. However, the one-tyke principle applies to urban inhabitants and government workers (Hao 171). In rustic zones, a second child is permitted following five years, if the first is a woman. A third kid is authorized in some ethnic minorities and in remote, under-populated regions. Financial motivations for consistence, significant fines, seizure of property and loss of employment, were utilized to authorize the approach. The strategy depends on general access to contraception and premature birth. By implication, Eighty-seven for each penny of wedded women used contraception. Most women acknowledged the technique suggested by the family physician, which supported one-child policy (Hao 172). Dependence on long haul contraception kept the premature birth rate low (25 for every penny of Chinese ladies of regenerative age have had no less than one fetus removal, as contrasted 43 for each penny in the United States). Premature births are authorized when contraceptives are ineffective or when the pregnancy is not affirmed. However, Unattended and unsanctioned conveyances do happen. Background and Concept Of One-Child Policy In 1979, the Chinese government left with an aspiring system of business change taking after the financial stagnation of the Cultural Revolution. Sixty-six percent of the populace was under th
Introduction The world economy in most points depends on the transition of oil within the countries. In fact, it is one of the most strategic energy inputs for provision of dominance and credibility within countries. Thus, the probable deposits of oil characterize a definite country in terms of its profitability. The possession of oil determines possession of money and power. It is known that the Gulf region in the Middle East is rich in deposits of oil. Moreover, this region is asserted to be with the hugest amounts of Black Gold on earth, especially in Saudi Arabia. Political relations in the world arena in many points relate to the oil affairs and agreements within particular partners in some respects. The international hegemony of the United States of America also spread its activity on the governmental level toward the merger with Saudi Arabia in oil issue. Thus, ARAMCO appeared, as the result of uneasy agreement between two countries: the US and Saudi Arabia. Discussion Reasons for merger First of all, it is vital to point out the main reasons for the merger of the US with Saudi Arabia. In this respect one should bear in mind that big corporations lean to the union with big opportunities. In other words, two major giants in the market of oil products, Chevron and Texaco, on behalf of the governmental trend in the external relationships in the Middle East made a great attempt in merging with Saudi oil domain before other two even bigger companies, Exxon and Mobil bought forty percent share after the World War II (Vitalis 9). In this respect with huge financial approaches Saudi side of the agreement tried to make such union according to the financial procedures described above, called ARAMCO. Sounding somehow in Arabic manner it inscribed the meaning of the Arabian American Oil Company. With such abbreviation and partnership this company became the largest oil corporation in the world. Thus, the main reason for control and supervision of oil torrents in terms of the international agreements was achieved in American favor. However, since the foundation of the company the relations between two countries began deepened toward conflict situations. One of the reasons for that was the unfair and somehow outrageous for Saudi royalty division of incomes. F
Introduction Nowadays, the problem of smoking is one of the bad habits, which has adverse consequences on the health and mental condition of an individual while being widespread in the modern world (Proschanka 2011). Despite the pernicious effects on the health and sufficient functioning of the organism, smoking does not lose its position as being popular among women (Perkins 2006; Bordel et al. 2006). In this instance, nicotine is viewed as an active component, which causes changes in the body and functioning of the organs of an individual (Perkins 2006; Bordel et al. 2006). Consequently, critical attention has to be paid to the development of this aspect during pregnancy, as it alters the flow of the advancement of a future child while being a reason for the psychological and physical illnesses in the future (Knopik et al. 2012). Meanwhile, the impact of smoking on fertility cannot be underestimated, and the absence of profound research related to this topic underlines its necessity and originality in the context of this case. Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to offer insights into the correlation between pregnancy and smoking while depicting it from scientific and practitioner perspectives. In this case, the literature review is used to portray a gap in knowledge in the existing literature. Meanwhile, based on the acquired knowledge the research question was formulated and tends to discuss the potential effect of smoking on fertility. In turn, the methodology and sampling of the future study were determined to conduct a sufficient analysis in the future. In the end, the conclusions were drawn to summarize the critical findings of the paper while depicting the implications of the outcomes and originality of the study. Literature Review In the context of this section, it is vital to assess the readings, which tend to cover this topic while depicting their drawbacks and advantages, which will have a beneficial impact on the proposed research topic. In this instance, the selected articles tend to cover the aspects related to pregnancy, smoking, and the correlation of these components to fertility. Nonetheless, it is vital to highlight the gaps in knowledge related to the selected topic of the research while depicting the essentiality of the understanding of the negative consequences to women’s health and fertility. In this case, the various databases and academic journals were used to cover the chosen topic from the selected perspectives, as this approach will reveal the concepts of pregnancy, smoking, nicotine, and fertility. The article The Effects of Nicotine of Fetal Human Development by Holbrook addresses the issues associated with maternal smoking and fetus development while referring to the disruptive nature of the nicotine (Holbrook 2016). Meanwhile, Holbrook highlights that smoking cig