ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Handout The research conducted by Adamson and Regan (1991) aimed at investigating the acquisition pattern of sociolinguistic norms by individuals using English as their second language (L2). The investigators have carried out their study among non-heterogeneous English speakers. In particular, the research targeted at determining “the variation of (ing) in the native and nonnative speech samples” (Adamson & Regan, 1991, p. 9). The research details are as follows:   * The Vietnamese and Cambodian native and non-native speakers have been researched.   * All of the participants lived either in Philadelphia or in Washington, DC.   * The G variant (/ng/) in the language phonology has been considered as prestige and the N option (/n/) as non-prestige.   * It was stated that the adoption of the second variant by the speakers should be considered a form of their junction in the speech community.   * The variation of G form has been analysed using the VARBRUL computer program to provide a statistic association.   * Due to the fact that the study was preliminary in character, it was assumed that the adoption of the particular phonological norm was complicated by the difficulty in separation of horizontal variation from the vertical one.   * It was also suggested that the non-native speakers would adopt the prestige version in cases when their native language utilised the same version as well. The research findings have determined that from the sociolinguistic point of view, women are more inclined to using prestige variants compared to men. Therefore, it became possible to state that the use of L2 standards is targeted by gender (Adamson & Regan, 1991). It was justified by the fact that women from the sample size belonging to the group with English as a second language would use the G variant while men would resort to N form. Summary Adamson and Regan (1991) researched the individuals learning English and the patterns that they employed. To be more precise, it was researched the way people adopt either the pronunciation of /ng/ or /n/ form and why a particular variant was more preferable. The individuals of Cambodian and Vietnamese origin have been studied, and the sample consisted of both native and non-native English speakers. As it was stated by the theorists, in general, native speakers would opt for a particular pronunciation in accordance with their gender identification. That is to say, women tend to employ the /ng/ pronunciation, which is considered a more privileged form while men mostly adopt the /n/ form. It has been linked to the desire of women to display their status consciousness while, in the majority of cases, men are somewhat indifferent to this distinction (Adamson & Regan,
Introduction The management in health care organizations faces many challenges in their operations. The goals that they set affect their organizations in a great way. In order to meet their goals, the management must prepare an array of action plans that they will use to meet these goals. In addition to setting goals, the management must determine those external factors that affect its operations and take some action to fit the demands of the environment because it is very hard to change the external environment. This paper will seek to analyze the goals of a healthcare organizations and the action plan that the management has used to accomplish the goals. Operative Goals The management in the healthcare organization has a set of goals that it uses to meet its target. The mission statement helps the management to perform all its acts to keep the organization focused. The organization has some societal goals that help it meet the cultural, legal, and ethical requirements (Comerford & Callaghan, 2003, prg.7). The society affects the organization in a great way since it is this society that the organization relies on for customers. It is therefore important that the goals that the demands of the society be met. The management brings all the departments together and acts as examples to the subordinate staff. The business level goals help the management in the organization meet its anticipated performance and define the roles of the managers in each department (Linda, 2006, p.284). Functional level goals help the organization define the goals of each and every department such that the goals of each department will help in meeting the overall goal of the organization. The Goals and the Organization’s External Environment The organization has some external factors that affect its operations and profitability. Economic variables help the organization to plan its business goals. The laws by the government and other bodies affect the organization in all its operations (Joseph, 2003, p.29). The societal goals that the organization has laid down helps it meet these requirements and manage to operate in the environment. The general society makes the greatest of the entire external environment. This is because the society makes the largest percentage of the consume
One of the major claims Ahmadu makes in her work is that female sexuality should be gradually left to women and their families without biased judgments and radicalism of any kind. Ahmadu stresses that sexuality is an integral part of the cultural scope of any cultural group, so African females address this issue in terms of the accepted norms. They can hardly be denied the right to follow the established practices as these cultural acts enable them to be integrated into their society (Ahmadu 300). Older women exercise their power by controlling the sexuality of their daughters and granddaughters, while daughters have to follow to be accepted in their community and enjoy the associated rights and access to resources. The issue of female sexuality is also discussed by Jeffrey Lidke, who explores Hindu practices. The author notes that female sexuality is regarded as strong power females may exercise, like goddesses, but this power is still controlled by men (Lidke 113). Women are supposed to submit their sexuality and their potential power and almost disintegrate like the goddess is burnt to ashes in flames. In the Hindu context, females also have a certain degree of power. Similar to African women, who encourage (or force) their daughters and granddaughters to follow some traditions, Hindu females choose to follow the old tradition. They voluntarily give away their power (their sexuality), becoming submissive and quite inferior to men. In conclusion, it is possible to note that Ahmadu’s argument is reasonable and makes sense as no one has the right to say to other groups what is right and what is wrong. At the same time, people can help by educating each other. Ahmadu is right when stressing that young females should know about the nature of the tradition, potential outcomes, as well as numerous other aspects of the world around them. Works Cited Ahmadu, Fuambai. “Rites and Wrongs: An Insider/Outsider Reflects on Power and Excision.” Female “Circumcision” in Africa: Culture, Controversy and Change , edited by Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001, pp. 283-312. Lidke, Jeffrey S. “A Union of Fire and Water: Sexuality and Spirituality in Hinduism.” Sexuality and the World’s Religions , edited by David W. Machacek and Melissa M. Wilcox, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 101-132.
Ultimate Reality in Buddhism Ultimate reality is a kind of knowledge that everyone has and it’s very passionate unchanging and very immanent. Those individuals who possess it become mysterious and transcendent in their talking and behaviors. Ultimate reality talks about the act of loving God, person, and impersonal Being. As many religions around the world commit to ultimate reality so do Buddhism, it sees ultimate reality as a unity tool even though it has so many revelations in various religions. Buddhism contains very many revelations of ultimate reality. Even though all the major religions have different ways to portrays their understanding of ultimate reality, this contrast should not be taken as though every religion has got a different meaning, even though it is very important to consider all those aspects of absolutism for a clear separation and distinction to be made between Hinduism and other religion (Little, 1999). First of all, in Buddhism, one main picture that comes out when one is talking about ultimate reality is the talk of personal God. The image of God or living Being is also common to other religions of the world and various sects or polytheisms in Buddhism. Secondly, there is the issue of impersonal transcendent Being who is the source of everything on the world including the earth’s surface. Among the Hindus, the impersonal Being is called Braham while the Chinese call Him Tao. The Mahayana Buddhist calls Him the Sikh who is someone without good attributes. Thirdly ultimate reality is said to be realized when amenity with one another. The Hindu calls this Atman which means from within a person while Mahayana Buddhists call it Enlighten mind which stays in liberation and has no substance. Fourth there is the belief of solidarity of many religious beliefs and they say that the common solitary works with a single and the same purpose for instance the Shinto kami and the Taoist deities and the spirits of the Native Americans. The six images establish the ultimate reality as a revelation of the founder. In Buddhism it is passive as Buddha in the eternal home; this is also called Dharmakaya in Hindu. Last but not least, the Buddhists sees ultimate reality as an eternal law or they call Hindu Dharma or Rita, these are laws that human beings are supposed to be following for peaceful coexistence. Therefore Hinduism treats ultimate reality as a mystery, this means that it cannot be defined in any form or by any means. Therefore it put forward the concept of ultimate reality being beyond human understanding, concept and it is hidden. No words or intellect can be able to convey the nature of ultimate reality; it is, therefore, clear of any duality. As Narayanan (1999) put it, the nature of ultimate reality is emptiness which is a ladder that reaches into the infinite. It helps in enabling an individual to do away with the aspects of the world which make an individual get attached to it. The state of ultimate reality is pervasive and it builds the foundation of being and the source of energy in every atom and the life of every creature. There are primary attrib
Like other health problems, behavioral health disorder can affect any people from poor to rich and famous citizens. Such health disorders have ruined the life of even some famous political leaders, musicians, politicians, scientists, artists, actors, actresses, authors, writers, novelists, businessmen, etc. This essay is regarding the serious behavioral health disorder suffered by the famous politician Sir Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill, leader during World War II and former prime minister of Great Britain, was one of the greatest heroes of Britain in the 20th-century. He was dynamic, energetic, tireless, and required very little sleep during his periods of elevated vigor. He motivated a whole nation with his iron will, stubbornness, and braveness. During those times, he succeeded as a writer, soldier, politician, and prime minister. Churchill suffered from Bipolar Mood Disorder or Manic-Depressive Disorder. Bipolar Mood Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by moods that swing between two contradictory poles. This disorder entered Churchill during his youth days and remained throughout his long and notable life. This untreated Bipolar Mood Disorder made him experience serious and prolonged depressions, and the disorder became worse in his later years. Churchill suffered periodic mood swings and not depression alone. Though chemical imbalances in the brain serves as a prime component of Bipolar Mood Disorder or Manic-Depressive Disorder, other factors such as genetic factors, environmental factors and distressing external events may also contribute to Bipolar Mood Disorder. Churchill’s extensive participation in the World War and his dismissal from the Admiralty after the Dardanelles disaster in the First World War may be the cause for his mental disorder. No other such outside causes can be related to his disorder. The major symptoms of Bipolar Mood Disorder includes fatigue, abnormal energy, sad mood, sleeping problems, appetite changes, lack of concentration, inactive behaviour, loss of interest in life, suicidal thoughts, lavishness, distractibility, thoughtlessness, and feelings of pessimism, guiltiness, helplessness, or high/low self-esteem. Other symptoms include change of ideas and activities related to social behaviour, sexual activity, learning and work. Churchill faced most of the several symptoms related to his disorder. Churchill’s violent, ironic and dominant behaviour, argumentative nature in his personal relationships, and elated interests about war are some evidences for his disorder. He suffered from lack of shyness and lack of self-consciousness which are clear symptoms for his disorder. This is quite clear as he often used to walk around his house and upset his staffs by meeting them without any dress. His abnormal energy levels, inexhaustible writing attitude, and melodramatic actions and speeches are also some evidences. He often faced money troubles due to his lavishness, gambling attitude, and improper finance planning. Churchill’s close friend Lord Beaverbrook said, “Churchill was always either at the top of the wheel of confidence or at
Introduction This discussion precisely focuses on early colonists in the American history. The Europeans founded and dominated most of the American current states; some through trade treaties and others through force. During this time they established their religion, education and business systems. The 13 American colonies New England colonies comprised of Maine State, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Vermont which were named by Captain John Smith in 1614 (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey). The regions were solemnly meant for defense against the Indians especially after Pequot War and for preventing the Dutch forces from extending their territories beyond Hudson River Valley (Kennedy et al). The Middle American colonies ruled by Europeans included the New Jersey, New York, Delaware and Pennsylvania which were found in the year 1660, 1626, 1638 and 1682 respectively (Kennedy et al). They had variety of dominions within the tiny states and produced great men including William Penn, Peter Stuyvesant and Benjamin Franklin (Kennedy et al). Maryland, one of the southern colonies was named after Sir George Calvert who convinced King Charles to allow him to build a colony that he would later call Maryland in America but he unfortunately died before building it and after converting from protestant to catholic (Kennedy et al). Carolina, also a southern colony was named after the famous king Charles I after it was established in 1670 (Kennedy et al); however, as tobacco in Chesapeake begun to run out famers started migrating to Carolina giving birth to North Carolina. Years later, the North and South Carolina were officially separated in 1712 (Kennedy et al). Virginia was conquered by King James I of England who took it over from Virginia Company and saved it from bankruptcy in the year 1624. (Kennedy et al); thereafter King James appointed top elite persons to be governors of the town. The buffer colony which was Georgia was born and established in 1732 by James Oglethorpe, a famous respected soldier who was a trusted energetic reformer and who was named after King George II (Kennedy et al). The state was found to act as a buffer between the British colonies along the Atlantic and the Spanish Florida; considerably, Georgia was also the place where debtors would run to and have a second chance to prosper. Economic activities and Religion Agriculture was the most dominant economic activity in the 17 th century among most colonial states (Kennedy et al).This was evident by the fact that tobacco in Chesapeake and Virginia was the staple product while in the middle colonies wheat was the staple product especially in New York which exported about 80,000 barrels of flowers per year (Kennedy et al). On the other hand, fishing and whaling was booming especially in New England colonies where it was most prosperous; the triangular trade also flourished with European ships trade routes were connected to New England and West Indies via West coast of African where slaves were exchanged with molasses. Finally, slave trade also boomed as settlers periodically sold slaves for profits; during this time the leading enterprise was the lum
One of the most critical ingredients in a recipe for recovery success is family support. At the same time, family members may be unaware of their part in a loved one’s recovery. It can also be problematic if a loved one’s substance abuse has harmed those around them. It is up to each family member to figure out how to define and fulfill a supporting function. To encourage and support rehabilitation, family members can adopt appropriate roles and behaviors. A parent, for example, could play the part of a loving but strong parent who encourages their child to make intelligent and productive decisions. Holding their loved ones accountable for their actions and rewarding positive choices are examples of healthy family roles and practices. Providing family psychoeducation is the most effective strategy to assist people in their recovery. Family psychoeducation is an evidence-based therapy that has been found to minimize recurrence rates and help people with mental illnesses recover. (Murray-Swank & Dixon, 2005) Providing emotional support, education, resources during times of crisis, and problem-solving skills are among the fundamental aspects of effective family psychoeducation programs that have been developed. (Murray-Swank & Dixon, 2005) The essential components of all evidence-based family psychoeducational models are joining, education, problem-solving, structural changes in treatment, and multifamily contact. (Murray-Swank & Dixon, 2005) A practitioner is aware of the potential for cultural differences in socializing and tailors the socializing portion of the joining sessions to the participants’ cultural settings. The practitioner assists family members in better understanding their loved one and what they can do throughout their education. The practitioner uses appropriate behavioral, cognitive, and communication skills to address challenges created by the condition while working with the family to identify strategies for dealing with challenging situations. The practitioner collaborates with the family and the consumer to make a strengths-based environment in which all members are respectful of one another, resulting in the best environment for recovery. Participation in local family support groups is recommended in multifamily and single-family settings to reduce social isolation and stigma. (Murray-Swank & Dixon, 2005) Overall, one of the most significant rehabilitation resources for a person with a severe disease is the love and support of family. In many high-income countries, family-centered rehabilitation treatment is a top emphasis. To assist service planners, practitioners, family members, and persons with mental health issues, a family-focused recovery framework is required and guarantees that such care is entrenched within practice guidelines.
Introduction Marcel Duchamp is the father of conceptual art and had a great influence on contemporary art and design practice. Being one of the icons of the 20 th Century art world, Duchamp’s ideas about art makes him an enigmatic figure. According to Allan (2007), from the urinal signing to his ideas on chess as an art, Duchamp completely overhauled the practice of art-making even Picasso’s name to fade in most art discourses. As such, the legacy of Marcel Duchamp promulgated design practice to its present status. Through the baffling ideals presented by Duchamp as a result of the different aspects of the environment he was operating in, art and design were upgraded from the physical (retinal) to the intellectual (conceptual) realm. The Context of Marcel Duchamp’s Works Born in 1887, Duchamp was one of the many artists who were deeply devastated by the carnage of World War 1. As a mixed media artist, he sought to express his displeasure about the political, economic, and social aspects of his surroundings through his works. Though he was keen to avoid any alliances, many associated him to Surrealism, Dadaism, and also Cubism (Moffit, 2003). Dadaism used anti-art and anti-war ideals to address war situations. As such, they constantly confron
Rome is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. More than 70 million people lived there in ancient times, and today’s city is also overpopulated, which creates challenges to city tours. The Colosseum and Arch of Constantine is an attractive site for kids, who can participate in the Joy of Rome tour. The guide being ready to answer any questions of visitors is the key advantage of this tour. The prices are affordable and depend on the number of family members, but the tickets do not include a scenery entrance. The Rome Segway Tour is another way to enjoy Rome and visit Trajan’s Forum, the Orange Garden, and the grandeur, which costs about $85 a person. This tour is for travelers aged 16-70, who are at least 4 feet 9 inches tall and weigh 90 to 265 pounds. The Eyes of Rome tour includes Colosseum and Roman Forum to discover the ancient city routes. This tour contains skip-the-line decor tickets, a customizable start time, and an adjustable program. The main benefits of the tours are affordability, wireless audio connection with guidance, and skip-the-line admission to the Colosseum.