ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nowadays, married women are not relegated to the role of housewives; many pursue a career. “In 2008, 64% of women with children aged three to 17 years were in the labor force, and 39.6% were employed; In 2009, 70.3% of women with children aged three to 17 years worked, 43.1% of them were employed, most of them full time; In 2010, Among mothers with children aged three to 17 years, 77.1% were employed, two-thirds of them full time.” (Doak, par.1) The break-down of rigid gender roles and the increased participation of women in the workplace have given women more choices in how to improve their own lives and that of their families. Nevertheless, working mothers are often subject to negative feedback, such as the claim that working mothers are being selfish or even harming their families! There are divergent viewpoints of working mothers, which leads to the question: “Do working mothers benefit families?” The reason why I am interested this issue is because I am a new mother with plans to pursue a career after I complete my studies. Even though I am struggling on the decision of whether go to work or be a full-time mother, I know clearly that I have to face the reality of losing out on income if I choose to stay at home to take of my daughter. I believe this kind of reality is very common for majority families. Through many articles and media resources which I collected for this research question, I arrived at a conclusion that is working mothers and happy families are not contradictory but coexist. Working mothers should not be criticized for deciding to pursue a career, especially, as long as they are able to balance between it and their responsibility towards their families and children. The reality is that working mothers are now a mainstay for their families, or say working mothers are benefit families. Working Mothers Benefit Families First of all, mothers are employed because their families depend on them financially. “Numerous studies have demonstrated that simply doing two full-time jobs (parenting and waged work) is extraordinarily difficult for any individual and results in considerable stress and can result in degraded parenting and degraded relationships,”(par. 2) explains Professor de Vaus of La Trobe University, Australia. This quote demonstrates that the traditional family model of the stay-at-home wife is not tenable anymore. Increased cost of living necessitates two-income earners. Author Stevenson states, “Most fathers felt that the mother’s work was beneficial and facilitated family life. They talked about it enhancing the quality of their relationship together, and recognized the way in which work enabled their partner to develop and express different aspects of her identity. They also appreciated having help in supplementing the financial costs of raising a family.” (par. 8) This statement shows that the fathers fe
Research Question The research question is, What are the differences between the ISIS approaches to men and women on the Internet? The question will be addressed through reviewing the literature on and topic and conducting research of the ISIS gender-specific propaganda strategies. Research Hypothesis The primary hypothesis of the research is that the approaches employed by the ISIS for online communication activities such as propaganda and recruiting are gender-specific, i.e. different for male and female targets. The hypothesis will be considered confirmed if particular online communication strategies are found that are targeted at women specifically. The second hypothesis is that ISIS’s online communication techniques aimed at women feature the themes of romanticizing, emancipation, and participating in a ‘holy war’ on the side of good. The third hypothesis is that the ISIS extensively uses misrepresentation as a tool of online communication, i.e. the way the role and position of women in the ISIS presented in the terrorists’ online communication are significantly different from the real situation. Proving or disproving the hypotheses will help understand how the ISIS gains supporters among women as well as radicalizes and recruits them. Literature Review Several studies over the last five years focused on the strategies that terrorist recruiters adopt to attract supporters, radicalize them, and persuade them to join terrorist groups. The ISIS and other militant extremist organizations recognize the Internet as a valuable platform for various types of activities, including not only recruiting but also training, sharing coded plans of actions and attacks, and engaging “lone wolves” into organized networks of cooperation (Theohary 2011). However, the primary function of the cyberspace for terrorists is to be a propaganda machine, i.e. to be used to disseminate information, which is often false or distorted, and persuade targets to support or join. For example, Taliban and Al Qaeda used Facebook pages and YouTube channels to “radicalize Western-based sympathizers” (Theohary 2011, 2). The ISIS has employed similar strategies. Researchers have concluded that the work of the ISIS on the web has been successful, as a recent report by a United States anti-terrorist organization stated that the ISIS was winning the war in social networking services (Ali 2015). There are many ways to analyze the propagandistic content generated by terrorist groups. One of them is to consider the gender specificity. ISIS Approach to Men: How the ISIS Appeals to Men According to Arendt (2012), a world-renowned international relations theorist, totalitarianism is dependent on the effective spread of propaganda (Arendt 2012). She uses the example of Adolf Hitler and the rise of the Nazis. Hitler managed to radicalize the youth and normalize violent behaviors to the point that anti-Semitism became a norm, rather than an exception. The ISIS employs the same tactics on the Internet for gender-appealing purposes
The United States of America has a set of conception legends and one of them is that they are a ‘melting pot’. This has resulted from the fact that migrants come to the United States and merge their distinct cultures and health perceptions into the existing ones, resulting in an ever evolving American society. The United States is not a ‘melting pot’ health practices but rather a nation of concomitant cultures, each with their own set of cultural beliefs and practices related to health. Culture has an impact on every aspect of human existence and plays a crucial role in defining healthiness and sickness. With augmented migration, different multicultural practices surface, as immigrants bring their respective perceptions and views relating to health practices and it is therefore essential be sensitive to the function of culture in health practice. Cultural sensitivity in health care is allied to numerous affirmative health results, together with enhanced patient contentment. Cultural sensitivity in health practices implies the knowledge of cultural diversity among varied cultural, racial, and minority factions of society, regarding those variations, and taking steps to apply that knowledge to professional practice is absolutely essential as America is an ever increasing culturally varied nation. According to the ‘National Center for Cultural Competence’ the discernment of health and disease varies by culture because diverse cultures have dissimilar belief systems concerning health, curing and wellness. Culture has a great impact on help-seeking manners and approach toward healthcare professionals. Enhanced communiqué wi
Introduction The field of education is the subject of continuous improvement and advancement in any country of the world; every state realizes that education of the growing generation at all levels assists in building the competitive advantage of the future labor force of the state. Therefore, there has always been agile interest and attention in the ways that can help the state education system develop and improve, providing both teachers and students with increased opportunities and resources for studying. There are multiple approaches to advancement in education, but the need for it is always evident at any stage of its progress. Educational research offers numerous ways of improvement and introduction of change and reformation into the very educational process. Various researchers have varying approaches to the roles given to teachers and students in this process, as well as much controversy exists about the roles of policy-makers and administrators of educational establishments in the provision of reforms. However, the role of data and research evidence seeks unified agreement on its exceptional importance; there is no ability to generate a change in any field in case no benchmark data are available, and the directions, objectives, and priorities of the change are not stipulated. Therefore, the evidence-based research and improvement introduced by Day, Sachs, Earl, and Timperly (2008) may serve as a wonderful contribution to the educational process’ improvement in the Chinese settings. The need for a change is dictated by the low achievement levels, low competitiveness of students, and the prevailing conservative culture of learning characterized by conformity and collectivism typical for the Chinese settings. Therefore, the change should be comprehensive and over-grasping, provided the deep nature of the Chinese culture of learning that will be very hard to change in case some stakeholders do not get involved. The professional evidence-based conversations are likely to introduce the improvement of perception by teachers and administrators; however, they have a much wider potential for application. As one can see, the professional conversations may lead teachers to realizing the ways for their self-improvement, and may show how they can interact with students in a much better and more efficient way. Thus, teachers will first address their internal imperfections, dealing with the change in the classroom afterwards. The present approach is quite revolutionary since it makes the teachers have a deeper, critical look at what they do and how they do it, understanding whether they do everything right. The peer support and collective analysis of tasks as well as its result seen in the finished works of students are likely to provide the comprehensi
The United Arab Emirates, (UAE) faces numerous challenges and opportunities in their quest for customer care satisfaction for the younger and older generation, immigrants and citizens alike. How to adequately, effectively and satisfactorily handle and manage the groups is indeed a great concern. A need arises for knowledgeable and well trained service providers in government and private sectors thus catering for the increasing growth in number of people. The rate of immigration in the UAE is rapidly increasing and it is estimated that there are approximately 5 million refugees in the region consequently increasing the need for customer care. The country has the world’s highest net migration rate and a very diverse and multicultural society. The region
Despite having one of the leading positions in the financial market, the dollar is affected by the externalities due to the correlation to the other currencies (Madura 306). Firstly, the position of the dollar has to be discussed in relation to the exchange rate while determining the potential fluctuations of the selected currency. It could be said that the current stability of the US dollar is questionable, as it is dependent on the crude oil prices, and China is the vehement player in the market currently (Elliot par. 1). In turn, it also reduces the value of Yuan to increase its market share. Additionally, the described competition in the oil market causes sufficient fluctuation of the dollar while comparing it to the value of the other currencies (Lizardo and Mollick 399). Furthermore, the U.S. dollar uses the floating exchange rate, and it makes it dependent on the other currencies (Bigman and Taya 37). In the end, the presence of these matters is the primary threat to the favorable development of crude oil prices in the United States and the sustainability of the currency. It could be said that the vehement dollar’s dependency on a plethora of external factors makes it highly vulnerable and risky for business operations at the international level. In turn, the functioning of the banking system of the United States of America has to be assessed in terms of safety and the presence of the banking crisis. The banking system is a vital element to maintain the functioning of businesses and organizations, and it has to be described to determine its current state. Firstly, it has to be mentioned that the severe banking crisis was present in 2010-2011 in the United States of America (Welfens 459). Despite the presence of the long-lasting consequences, the country was able to stabilize its condition by introducing various reforms and maintaining the budget. It could be said that based on the information provided above about the American banking system could be considered safe at the moment. However, the understanding of the potential alterations in the economic functioning due to the high dependency on the international relations and increase of the financial debt due to the rising states of expenditure will have a beneficial influence on the portrayal of the overall monetary image of the country. Furthermore, the awareness will assist in the prediction of the potential development of the economy towards the financia
Genetic screening can significantly benefit society if used in an ethical manner. It can eliminate some unforeseen distress and suffering. However, issues such as privacy, discrimination, social engineering, and consent are potential barriers. A scientific study carried out in the US has shown that sexual orientation in men is influenced by genes. The study tested the DNA of 400 gays and established a section of the X chromosome called Xq28. The scientist speculated that this region of the X genome impacted men’s sexual behavior. Another similar study established a DNA strand on chromosome 8 that can potentially influence sexual orientation in men. However, the procedure used to conduct the two biological studies raised a lot of questions. Therefore, it is important to withhold these findings from the public domain. Every effort to publish this research is met with a lot of challenges. For instance, the scientist Dean Hamer raised controversies when he tried to publish the findings of his research. The study received a lot of criticism from geneticists. Genetic testing is a very expensive process; the rich can only afford to pay for it. The lower class feels alienated and human right activist warn that if the gene patenting proceeds, the costs can shoot up. Experts argue that wealthy families can afford genetic testing and the problem remains with the poor (Dahir 65). The public can interpret the results of such discoveries differently. Hamer opted to detract from his findings after he learned that the general public had a different perception. For instance, people started to prospect for a possible prenatal test for the Xq28 gene. The Daily Mail headline read Abortion Hope after Gay Gene finding. Hamer, in response, downplayed any attempt to publish homosexuality tests saying that it is outright “wrong”, unethical, and “terrible” research abuse. The procedure for prenatal testing is very cumbersome, it requires a sample of amniotic fluid. The mother can have a miscarriage in the process (Intz). Any genetic research on sexual orientation, in most cases, appears to have followed a flawed procedure. A genetics study conducted on identical twins of a gay contradicted the earlier findings when tested for Xq28 genome. If the discovery established from the latter research is anything to go by, then the twins are more likely to be “straight” rather than gays. The researchers also failed to account for lesbianism. The Xq28 factor is present in both genders. However, relying on the flawed research, the scientists established that this gene played a significant role in determining
Introduction Passed by the House of Representatives on June 30, 2010, Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform is a landmark legislative alteration to financial supervision. The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on the 21 st of July, 2011 (Paletta 29). It is expected to address various system loopholes and weaknesses which contributed to the recent economic downturn in the U.S and the world at large. Its effect has only been compared to the changes made years back in 1930 after the great financial depression. Its impact is expected in financial institutions as well as other institutions involved in commercial activities. Although the regulations will affect financial institutions within the United States, its effect will be felt by many other financial institutions operating out of the United States but engaged in financial activities within the United States. Its full implementation will mark a remarkable shift in various financial activities in the United States including banking securities, compensation of executives, protection of consumers, as well as corporate governance structures. All these areas will either be directly or indirectly affected by the Acts general framework. While the heavy impact will be on big, complex financial entities, smaller corporations will also be subject to complex and expensive regulatory procedures. The Act is intended to effected in phases. Implementation phases began with its enactment on June 30, 2010. Participants as well as regulators were and are still expected to continue to respond to the legislation after its enactment. Its enactment paved way for an intense duration of making rules expected to last for up to 18 months. Its implementation has seen market participants engage in critical decision making more so considering the prevailing uncertainties with regard to financial regulation (Carney 11). Various players have expressed concern that the regulation is complex and has a number of ambiguities, many of which will only be resolved upon adoption of the accompanying regulations. Even then, some stakeholders still emphasize the need for continuous consultations with the staff from the various agencies charged with financial issues review. The rule making agencies are expected to come up with rules which form the framework of the Acts implementation. However, the new legislation is premised on the structure of the preceding US financial framework and hence it is important that one understands the old regulation as a foundation to understanding the new regulations (Paletta and Lucchetti 17). The implementation process of the new law is dynamic. Various market participants will b
Medicare Payment Methods for Outpatient and Physician Services: Differences Two basic differences that Medicare can be distinguished by among the previous insurance programs, the payment methods for outpatient and physician services deserve being considered closer. According to the definitions provided, the key methods used in Medicare for outpatient services used to be on hospital’s costs, as Outpatient hospital services payment system (2007) explains. However, with Medicare, the outpatient services payment strategy was shifted towards setting payment for individual services (Guterman, Davis, Stremikis & Drake, 2010), which presupposes that hospitals receive outlier adjustments for extraordinary cases as additional payments. Physician services, on the other hand, were intended to be based on the principle of reimbursement, according to the Medicare system (Scarrow, 2002). The given payment principle is much more flexible than the previous one, seeing how it splits the finances for the healthcare services into two basic categories (Lesser, Fineberg & Cassel, 2010), i.e., the hospital insurance and the medical insurance ( Hospital outpatient prospective payment system , 2012). While the former is financed by payroll taxes, the funds for the latter are supplied from the monthly premiums for the most (25%) part. Defining the key difference between the two aforementioned principles of payment, one must specify the fact that the source of the payment is different in each case. While the outpatie
Law enforcement may be defined as the structure in which the community members act in a well thought-out behavior to endorse observance to the law by investigating and grueling persons who infringe the regulations and norms of that society. Though concerned with handling crimes and punishment, there are attempts to dispirit people from committing non-criminal actions of lesser consequences. Law enforcement agencies like the police are responsible for the conduct for the general welfare of the public. Community investment in terms of human resources is of paramount importance. The different law enforcing agencies at the local, state, federal, tribal, military and the FBI levels have their own sets of protocols to follow while discharging their duties, functions and responsibilities. These police agencies operate within their specified boundaries. In certain cases, there could be an overlap like the FBI may operate throughout the USA to complete its assignments. The differences between these agencies lie in human resources, budgets, and jurisdiction. The USA is committed to make its territory safe from any type of aggression. Department of Justice is accountable for the law enforcement and supervision of justice in the country (Department of Justice, 2012). Also, Department of Homeland Security was established to control outside threats to the nation, and in preparedness to September 11, 2001 type attacks and bioterrorism, etc (Homeland Security, 2012). The aim of this essay is to outline the historical development of law enforcing agencies and their jurisdiction with respect to municipal, state, and federal levels. Local Law Enforcement These are more prevalent and are committed to have a safe society. They are responsible for patrolling the areas, emergency community services, traffic records, maintenance of criminal and no-criminal records, providing public information, alcohol and drug abuse control, and in total, maintaining the internal affairs at the local municipal level. The rural areas, county and the city policing have their own parameters, and obviously they differ in pay, benefits and materials or equipments to tackle social emergencies and crimes. The larger departments may have smaller specialized units where population is larger, and the social complexity is increased. As far as the patrolling forces are concerned, this job may give a break to the local youths to understand their society better and to mov