ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Role and Contribution Human resource management (HRM) practitioners had been seen for a long time as performers of administrative support roles, but the vision of the profession has changed within recent decades. There is currently a shift in progress toward HRM as a sphere that should be more strategic and more proactive, and the professionals working in this sphere can be seen as business partners to those organizations in which they work (Johns & Perkins 2016). However, to be seen as such, HRM professionals should adopt certain roles that will bring them to a new level of contributing to the success of their organizations and the profession in general. Three types of professional roles should be discussed: administrative, advisory, and executive; also, the ‘thinking performer’ model paradigm should be explored. The first role is administrative, and this role has been incorporated in the work of personnel department employees for a longer time than other roles. According to Ulrich’s human resources business partner model, the administrative role occupies an area of HRM practices in which the processes component of the profession meets the operational focus (Bratton & Gold 2012); in other words, the administrative role is associated with the procedures that a practitioner should perform to ensure the proper functioning of the department and other departments in terms of those parts of their activities that are
Introduction The world today is heavily dependant on oil for the running of most economies. This means that most economies around the globe are normally affected by oil prices because it influences their bottom-line operations. Oil prices have been on an upward trend because of increased demand especially brought about by the economic development of new world powers such as China and India (Harding 2011, p. 1). However, since the world’s oil production is not growing at the same pace, the existing production capacity has been overstretched, leading to increased oil prices. Nonetheless, it is important to note that oil prices are normally very sensitive to world events, which either cause an increase or decrease in pump prices. Such is the case evidenced by the recent Libyan conflict which has consequently led to an increase in international oil prices. The diagram below represents the volatility and increase in oil prices over recent decades However, the production of oil is also heavily reliant on how it is produced. Exactly, this refers to technological investments and the geographical location of production. Technology is quite essential in the production of oil because of several reasons. For starters, technology has been advanced as one of the methods through which oil drilling companies can use to reduce the environmental impact of oil production (Schlumberger Limited 2010. p. 9). Companies such as Shell have been at the forefront of adopting new technology for this purpose. Technology has also been extensively used to improve oil drilling because access to oil reservoirs depends on the level of technological input. The above factors withstanding, this study will dig deeper into the impact new technology and geographical frontiers have on oil production. This will be analyzed by overseeing how production, supply, and demand is linked with new technologies and how the new technologies would affect oil production in the coming decades. This study will also analyze the impact of new technology on oil drilling, well injection and gas transportation as a new subsection of the study. Later, the impact of geographical location on oil production will be done and this is to be summarized with a conclusion of the main points of the study. Impact of New Technology on Oil Production New technologies have a significant impact on the supply of oil around the globe. As mentioned earlier in this study, new technologies affect the production capacity of various companies engaged in oil production (Klachkov 2009, p. 2). Companies that employ new technology are bound to increase their production capacity while those that do not have enough technological investments have a lower production capacity. A higher production capacity translates to increased oil supply and an increased oi
The various elements in the curriculum, such as context, resources, learner, etc. have a powerful impact on the approaches of lesson planning (John, 2006). What factors should the teacher consider in order to prepare an effective lesson plan? According to John (2006), the dominant model of lesson planning implies a linear way of thinking that starts from formulating the objectives and ends with lesson evaluation. However, such an approach seems impractical because different aspects and factors of learning are interrelated and, thus, it is better to plan lessons by using a more dynamic, non-linear approach. At first, it is possible to outline the basics: aims, inputs, activities, feedback, and evaluation. Then, it is important to consider the elements of a broader context such as professional values, students’ backgrounds, classroom environment and cohesion, degree of task difficulty, et cetera. Only when both contextual and practical aspects match each other well, the planned lesson can become effective. Learnings aims, outcomes, and objectives are sometimes used interchangeably (Wittmann-Price & Fasolka, 2010) but what do you understand as the difference between them, or different interpretations simply semantics? Wittmann-Price and Fasolka (2010) state that objectives present a method to organize the teaching and learning process, while outcomes “reflect the students’ performance in relation to objectives” (p. 234). Additionally, McIntyre and Mirriahi (2018) and Harden (2002) note that objectives are more teacher-centered compared to outcomes, which are student-centered. It means that a teacher formulates objectives to clarify what will be covered during the course. In turn, outcomes are meant to help learners understand what they have accomplished by the end of the course. Thus, it is not correct to use the terms interchangeably as they are qualitatively different. John discusses four different models of lesson planning: dominant (linear), naturalistic, interactional, and dialogical model (John, 2006). Which model(s) of lesson planning do you think are most relevant to your teaching practice (or your future teaching practice) and why? The naturalistic model seems to be more relevant to my teaching practice. Such an approach suggests that a teacher should understand the complexity of the planning process to design excellent curricula (Brady & Kennedy, 2013). In the given model, the planning process occurs in three steps: platform, deliberation, and design. As Lunenburg (2011) states, the platform implies “the beliefs or principles that guide the curriculum developers” (p. 2). It means that professional values and attitudes will inform the decision-making (deliberation), which consequently will lead to the curriculum design. Thus, this model can help educators integrate ethical and professional standards with technological and practical lesson elements. Differences in Position Statemen
On July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its Crown. It happened on the 442 nd day after the economic controversy between the metropolis and the colonies, which escalated into an armed conflict in Kensington that marked the beginning of the American Revolution. While the armed conflict between the British Empire and the United States colonies had numerous significant events and historical episodes, the most important changes were made at the end of War. In January 1776, the editor of the Pennsylvania Journal, Thomas Payne, published a political pamphlet, Common Sense , in which he strongly opposed the authority of the “crowned robber” George III and argued for the inevitability of the colonies’ war against Britain, which “kept the colonies in power” (Jefferson, 2019). In three months, the pamphlet sold 130,000 copies and spread the idea of separation from Britain. Under the role of the provisional government, on May 15, 1776, and the initiative of Massachusetts Representative John Adams, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution (Nester, 2018). It recommended that colonies that share the intention to declare independence, publicly deny their oath of allegiance to the British, and recognize that the Congress has the power to make financial, military, and international decisions. On June 7, 1776, Congress condemned the resolution, initiated by Virginia Representative Richard Lee, to declare the colonies’ complete independence from Britain and the formation of a new Confederate state. A committee of five delegates was formed three days later to prepare the relevant document, which included John Adams of Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, and Robert Livingston (Abrams, 2019). The Declaration of Independence, which they prepared, was unanimously approved by 56 delegates from 12 colonies to the Second Continental Congress on July 2 (Barnett, 2019). After receiving the relevant powers, on July 19, New York’s representatives also voted in favor of the Declaration. On July 4, 1776, The “Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America” – Virginia, Delaware, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina – was signed by President of the Second Continental Congress John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson. On August 2, 1776, a solemn signing of her calligraphic copy was held by representatives of all thirteen former British colonies.
The incidence of September 11 2001 has remarkably transformed the police force in the U.S. The federal administration has instituted diverse national security measures (Weisburd, 2009). An analysis of the police force indicates notable disparities. These are evident between the past and the present police force. Various specialized police units already exist. Terrorism and related attacks have attracted increased attention from various stakeholders. Notably, most police officers and security personnel lacked the specialized training previously. For instance, they lacked adequate knowledge on how to counter-terrorism. There is an imminent increase in the budgetary allocation for the police department. The incidence has initiated the development of more sophisticated security gadgets (Weisburd, 2009). There is an increase in the level of monitoring of international travels and boundaries by the police force. The police force presently applies contemporary gadgets and technology to maintain security. There is a high level of awareness of the major global threat landscape by the present police force (Dempsey & Forst, 2012). Generally, they are more aware of issues regarding cyber security and technological breach. There is an advanced level in the monitoring of information security and communications networks by the police. Consequently, there is an establishment of intelligence units within the police force. These units focus on the investigation of terrorist attacks and related crimes. The police officers are more concerned in providing security to the citizens (Weisburd, 2009). The police officers have advanced their abilities to share intelligent information. Consequently, they can analyze any information on how to prevent terrorism. There is an evident increase in the recruitment of law enforcers. Their managers undergo potential challenges and have to exercise rational decision-making. Moreover, the communication between the local agencies and the state law enforcers has improved. Through awareness, police officers are able to detect criminal behaviors (Weisburd, 2009). Evidently, the law keepers have developed powerful collaboration with the entire U.S community. Community policing is more eminent. There is an urgent need for everyone to engage in the protection of the US. The partnership between the police and the community prevents further attacks by the terrorists. Disagreements in the Process of Preventing Terrorism Notably, there exist potential disagreements in the prevention of terrorism. The issues of racism and individual privacy are important. There are particular races that feel discriminated by some of the antiterrorism initiatives (Weisburd, 2009). The capacity of the police forces to access private information pertinenting to individuals or organizations remains debatable.
Introduction Internationalization has become the main avenue organizations can expand and spread their activities with intention of growth, sustainability and increased profits (Tjosvold and Leung 2003). Elecdyne Company has specialized in electronic manufacture and supply, where the company has largely concentrated on Japan’s market (Anonymous N.d). However, for sometime now, the company has stagnated in terms of growth. Therefore, to deal with the issue and realize faster growth, the company has to internationalize where it will access new markets, technology, and benefits from low labor costs. However, before it undertakes the process, the company needs to carry out thorough global business environment. This will enable the company to know its environment better. Analysis of general global environment facing business Stonehouse and Campbell (2004) observe that organizations like Elecdyne Company that has intentions of internationalizing need to conduct external business analysis to conceptualize and acquaint with factors likely to influence the business. External business environment has been found to comprise economic forces, politico-legal forces, cultural-social, and technological forces (Murphy 2005). At the same time, the ecological environment has become key component of external business. Analysis of these factors enables any firm with intentions of expanding internationally to acquaint itself with the external or country conditions in which it operates. Moreover, global business environment can be conceptualized and understood by using the Porter’s Model of Competitive Advantage of Nations developed in 1990 (Kazmi, 2008). According to Porter, competitive advantage of nations can be found in four major and critical national characteristics that in most cases create an environment that is conducive to creating globally competitive advantage (Kazmi, 2008). The four national characteristics (diamond determinants) are also seen to be interrelated hence are likely to influence each other. The four diamond determinants are: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (Kazmi, 2008). Factor conditions constitute special factors that also include inputs needed for production. Some of these special factors constitute aspects like natural resources a country has, presence of raw materials, infrastructure, technology, research and development opportunities, and labor which a particular country has and support business activities. As a result, internationalization process is likely to take place in a country that exhibit more factor conditions. Demand conditions on the other hand have to do with characteristics, size and nature of consumer needs in the domestic market. It is always perceived that when domestic consumer market is demanding, firms are forced to produce more and also adhere to quality standards, and this may be the conditions for domestic firms to exert their presence in international market (Kazmi, 2008). The related and supporting industries are an
The world is recovering from global financial crisis that started in 2007. The crisis is believed to have originated from collapse of mortgage firms in the United States of America. Since the Great depression of 1930s, the crisis is considered as one of the worst financial crisis to have hit the world. The crisis had an effect on Saudi Arabian economy as well as world economic situation. Saudi Arabia is Middle East country that is undergoing rapid economic development; it has the world largest population of Muslims (Saudi Arabia Economic Statistics and Indicators). This paper discusses the effect of global financial crisis on Saudi Arabian economy. Global financial crisis The global financial crisis started at the end of 2007, it is believed that the collapse of Fannie Mac and Freddie Mac. The two companies were mortgage companies based in United States; they are the major companies that are believed to have lead to the crisis. By the end of 2007, the two mortgage companies owned over 50% of the mortgage market in the country. American living standards and financial welfare was deteriorated by the high charges of mortgages to a point that the default rate increased drastically. Low earning people, who were a majority of home loan borrowers, were unable to finance their mortgages. They claimed that the mortgages were expensive to service alongside other necessities; many decided forfeit the contract. The country was left in a state of financial depression. One may ask how the crisis then spread to the rest of the world; the world is becoming a global village with international trade and globalisation. The United States of America has the world largest economy; it is also a major player in international trade as a consumer, collection destination, and exporter (Shiller 12-23) The situation that the country experienced at the end of 2007, reduce the countries disposable income thus saving for investment was reduced. This reduced production in the economy. With limited disposable income, consumption in the country was reduced. Saudi Arabia has over a fifth of the world’s oil reserves; they export most of these. When other world economies are not operating well, then the country will lack market for its products. In 2
Various studies have found that air pollution causes serious health complications for adults and children, not mentioning that air pollution also affects animal and plant life. The primary air pollutants found in most urban settings include carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides generated mostly by vehicles and other machinery, hydrocarbons, and both solid and liquid particulate material (Socha, 2007). Air pollution is found in both indoor and outdoor settings. In the indoor setting, the Environmental Protection Agency has reported that some air pollutants found in most American homes, generated by such things as telephone cables, cleaning fluids, linoleum tile, and other building materials, are three times more likely to cause some types of cancer than outdoor air pollutants (EPA, 2002). Indoor and outdoor air pollutants cause a wide range of respiratory problems, which includes asthma, coughs, obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, heart failure, heart rhythm problems, and cystic fibrosis (Lipfert, 1994). It is a well-known fact that individuals suffering from chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes stand an elevated risk of developing complications and, even worse, dying when they are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants. Lastly, both indoor and outdoor air pollution can enhance allergy symptoms, especially in children and the elderly. Children are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution due to their weak immune systems and also since their vital organs are still in the developmental phase (Lipfert, 1994). On a more serious note, Ritz & Wilhelm (2010) observes that “…evidence is accumulating that environmental exposures can cause infants to be born premature (before 37 weeks of gestation) or low weight (less than 2500 grams, or 5.5 pounds), or to be born with certain birth defects” (para. 3). These babies, according to the authors, stand a higher risk of dying during infancy, and those who survive stands an elevated risk of the developing brain, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive conditions in early life. According to EPA (2002), “…asthma rates have increased 160 percent in the past 15 years in children under 5 years of age” (p. 1-1). Studies have demonstrated that high exposure to air pollutants in early life increases the risks of children to develop diabetic and heart conditions later in life. As already mentioned, early childhood is a significant phase for the sustained development and maturation of cri
Online college studies have become the latest trend with many students preferring to enroll for courses in these colleges as opposed to attending the conventional classes. Most people benefiting from these colleges are home staying mums, distant learners who live far from colleges either in the country or abroad and people who are just too busy to find time for class. There are many strengths and benefits of an online college. One of the main benefits is convenience (Dunham par. 1). One can take an online course for any place provided there is internet connection. With the availability of Wireless connection almost everywhere accessibility is easy and most people find it comfortable. Downloading reading materials can be done anytime and accessing research documents is also simple since one only needs to have the course outline and very little assistance from the tutors. There are no set time limits on which to complete the course and so it is liberating, in addition there is no fixed time for enrolment so one can start college anytime they want. In case a person cannot continue with a course to completion there is always the possibility of terminating the course and continuing with it later without the fear of being discontinued from studies and so one is able to learn at their own pace. Most online colleges do not have a formal online exam that all the students have to sit, since the grading is done using the marks gained in the course assignments and incase there are supervised exams there are always taken at the students convenience. The other main strength of on-line exams is that there are no age limits and older or more mature students can comfortably participate without feeling out of place or having to sit around classmates who are half their age. Some colleges have student chatting facilities and so they can socialize and exchange ideas on the courses they are taking (Dunham par.5). One of the main areas that should be improved is the assessment of online courses, their quality and evidence of desired and excellent outcomes. The colleges need to assure students and other stakeholders that they provide and maintain high academic standards to equip their students effectively for the responsibilities they undertake afterwards. According to (Carmel par 1), quality assurance, systematic and procedure assessments which ensure that quality products and improvement are achieved should be implemented. This can be done by evaluating institutions of higher learning to make sure that they have the capacity to maintain quality education especially in online learning. Online colleges have an opportunity for growth in this day and age of wireless connection and centralized global communication. There is an opportunity for students from even other countries who cannot afford travel and living expenses in foreign countries to enroll for their desirable courses and benefit from the reduced costs as the online courses are competitively affordable. The greatest challenge that online colleges will face in future is student follow up and assessment of education quality. As the students in