ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital collection of information relevant to individuals’ medical care whose focus is to facilitate treatment for both, the doctor and the patient. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act intended to modernize the care process through government subsidies and financing aimed to influence EHR’s frequency of use in various medical organizations. Recognizing the government’s role and interest in propagating EHR technology, therefore, becomes a prerequisite for evaluating the effects of digitalization and appraising the benefits that patients have received against the resources invested in the venture. The HITECH Act of 2009: Objectives While stressing the importance of digitalization, the HITECH Act was not enacted solely to deal with the issue of modernizing health records for ease of information transmission. Initially, the act aimed to improve the quality of care by paving the road for Medicare and outlining the types of institutions qualified to receive this kind of government financial support (United States Government Accountability Office, 2012). Therefore, it is possible to draft the intentions of the HITECH Act as the creation of prerequisites for innovating health care protocol techniques through the establishment of stable government financing. Anticipated Benefits of EHRs As outlined by the HITECH Act, the use of EHRs is a crucial step in improving the capacity of healthcare institutions. If benefiting from the effects of EHR may be outlined as one of the program’s core goals, then it could be an attempt to instill a new conception of the process of healthcare. Standardizing patient data within a consistent platform enables transferring information among institutions and other healthcare professionals, an action that leads to reducing the number of medical errors through effective coordination (Snyder & Oliver, 2014). The creation of a point of contact between patients and professionals through an increase in public confidence, thus, may result in a procedural and qualitative change. Evaluation of Incentive Programs Following the installation of a funding procedure through the involvement of numerous institutions in HITECH-incentivized programs, the activities planned to modernize healthcare information storage and transmission. Despite the recognition that the HITECH Act may have gathered during its first year of implementation, when numerous hospitals and professionals became involved in its program, persevering drawbacks prevent the plan’s fruition. However, efforts to support advancements inpatient record computerization continue through the attraction of more clinicians to participate in Medicare plans, which permits increasing the number of EHR-using professionals (“Meaningful use and MACRA,” 2018). Therefore, the continued efforts to expand the user base of digitalized records coincidentally augment their importance, utility, and practica
Introduction In “The Ways We Lie,” by Stephanie Ericsson, the author describes the many methods people lie and justifies the motives for lying. There is the white lie, which is originally telling an undamaging lying in preference to an injurious reality. Frontages are originally altering one’s individuality while ignoring the simple facts, as the title entails, is a false exploit done with the intention to swindle. Redirecting is not replying to the matter at all; it is being up-front about easy matters and not disclosing the pair of very significant matters that transforms everything. The omission is just when one does not say anything in preference to lying; this modifies history as it did in the omission of Lilith from the book of Genesis. Stereotypes create lies because a group of people’s actions, just like groupthink, outlined bad calamities such as Pearl Harbor. Complete lies are uncomplicated, and discharge is basically avoiding the lie all jointly. It appears that Ericsson regards lying as an important communication factor in order to not hurt people’s feelings and to be victorious and content. The origins of lying Lying is an ordinary element of our life, as everyone retorts to lying more or less. People do that to conceal something or to give an artificial notion. Everybody lies while knowing that morally and ethically it’s a wrong thing to do. People frequently lie considering that the one ungenerous little lie is not aiming to harm someone instead it will be something positive. Stephanie Ericsson gives an instance while explaining a white lie. It is considered, that it is like when “a sergeant in Vietnam who found out that one of his subordinates was murdered in action, but registered him as omitted. A white lie is regarded to be useful, as it is generally used by doctors to support patients, as truth, sometimes may just hurt them more. Façade can not be retorted too frequently, but if the consequences of the action that is concealed may be quickly eliminated, this type of lying is quite acceptable. Ignoring plain facts is not an ordinary lie. It is more unwillingness of a person to recognize obvious things, and one just lies to himself. Deflecting is subjective regard of any matter, and to avoid it, it is necessary to regard the problem (matter, issue) from various angles. The omission is a more harmful type of façade. It should be avoided in any way, as it is not morally permitted for any reason. Stereotypes and clichés can not be regarded as lying
Saadawi accurately illustrates the ability of literature to discuss social and psychological issues prevalent in society. In this novel, the author delves into the injustices of patriarchal society through her main character Firdaus. She commences by describing the barbaric act of clitoridectomy that Firdaus went through and the persistent abuse of her mother by her father (Saadawi, p. 23). Later on, in life she was betrayed by her uncle and eventually other male figures that entered her life; especially the male pimps that continually exploited her (Saadawi, p. 35). All the hurt and pain that she went through in the latter situations were either perpetrated by men or occurred solely because Firdaus was female (Saadawi, p. 56). In other words, the book is filled with instances of objectification, abuse, neglect, and exploitation of women by men who are often backed by Islamic fundamentalist principles. These are all depictions of male patriarchy. Social stratification and marginalization of oppressed groups is a common theme in the book and the author communicates this through the main character’s life. Firdaus remained in the lower classes even after earning a lot of money. To the rest of society, she remained nothing more than a dreg. Furthermore, she was driven into prostitution itself out of desperation. Her upbringing had ill-prepared her for the challenges of adulthood and this caused her to use a morally incorrect pathway to earn a living. Her lack of access to education and economic opportunities, therefore, put her in the lower social classes (Saadawi, p. 100). Another important psychological issue that was addressed in the book was self-identity. Most of Firdaus’ life was marked by a struggle for knowledge of self. She could not identify with a dysfunctional and abusive family in childhood and neither could she relate to her oppressive Muslim upbringing. This is probably the reason why she did not feel inclined to act morally when she killed her pimp. However, after her arrest, readers are introduced to a strong and intelligent woman who appears quite resilient despite her adversities and who has found dignity irrespective of her trials (Saadawi, p. 90). How victimage runs through different works In “Woman at point zero”, victimage is seen as a justification for the crimes committed by the protagonist Firdaus. It provides a context against which one can fully understand the thought patterns and the driving force being such a serious crime. After completion of the novel, readers can soon realize that Firdaus was not a hardcore criminal or an evil person; she was a casualty of her experiences. Firdaus was victimized by almost every man she met including her kinsmen (Saadawi, p. 67). However, Saadawi also illustrates that victimage could also be analyzed throu
Living in the era of globalization, the concept of cultural diversity gains popularity and, as a result, gender and race discrimination are heavily criticized all over the world. At the same time, cultural diversity issue implies respecting and adhering to cultural, social, and religious standards of a specific country. Therefore, admitting a female to the position of a team leader can become a serious challenge for both the team, specifically when it comes to cooperation with the people originating from low-context and high-context countries. Despite all the challenges, delegating a female leader to Saudi Arabia is much more reasonable in case the executive is a promising and skilled negotiator, as well as a talented person who knows how to behave in a culturally diverse setting. There are several advantages of selecting a businesswoman for this position. Selecting a female executive leading the team is a resolute step, but it has multiple advantages, particularly for international organizations. To begin with, such a choice will indicate cultural tolerance of an organization to gender discrimination practices. Besides, it is a key step to increasing cultural diversity awareness across the cultures. Besides, because Saudi Arabia is involved in many international partnerships, the business managers will also be able to meet halfway the leader. They recognize the expansion of internalization and the possibility of a woman to equally act in a global environment. Just like Western countries accept Islamic traditions, it will also be able to express their tolerance to loose culture of the Western society. What is more important is that cultural diversity have become a major task of all countries because it the basic conditions for advancing and strengthening relations within international organizations. There is no guarantee that a male executive is capable of understanding the needs of Arabic clients, as well as find effective communicative approach to reach success. The fact of female executive’s greater experience and command of cross-cultural communication should be an unquestionable advantage in the given situation. Besides, a decision of a company to send a female leader to a male-dominating society is a call for addressing discriminatory practices in the world. Hence, ignoring gender differences is a part of management strategies that presupposes the basic for building a multicultural organization. The focus on interpersonal skills, leadership gift, and in-depth experience in negotiation is much more typical to feminine identity rather than
As explained in “A World Full of Women,” how do anthropologists categorize human cultures now and in the past? Ward (118) contends that anthropologists categorize human culture based on the sexual division of labor whereby survival tasks within the society are assigned based on one’s gender. However, this “natural” arrangement could be altered by such factors as the environment, historical forces, or changes in the world economy. This changes the division of labor, sometimes irrevocably. As discussed in “A World Full of Women,” why is the hunting-gathering or foraging way of life extremely significant for anthropologists? Ward (120) argues that the foraging way of life is extremely significant for anthropologists because it helps us to relate how Homo sapiens lived before the start of agriculture and the domestication of both plants and animals nearly 10,000 years ago. Besides, this way of life is significant for anthropologists since what foragers collect or catch for consumption differs from their environment (Ward 120). Anthropologists find the topic of the foraging way of life interesting because it also tells us more about how the group structures of the hunter-gatherers were organized, and how the division of labor occurred along the gender divide. The activities of gathering and carrying food, as well as the spirit of sharing that food as practiced by the foraging societies are some of the key complexes that shape modern human life (Ward 121). Two aspects of women’s contributions to work that have previously overlooked and unrecognized Ward (121) has endeavored to illuminate women’s work in ways we may not have seen before. Apart from their immense toil in producing children and clothing, women were also involved in the invention of tools, just like their male counterparts. Ordinarily, we would have expected men to be at the forefront in the invention of tools but there is evidence that women were behind inventions like slings to carry babies, skin bags, and woven baskets. Besides, women of 24,000 years ago were also skillful skirt makers. Similarity and differences among Gender vs. Sex Gender refers to the projected or perceived element of human sexuality (Kottack 210). It is the inner feeling that enables an individual to claim that he/she is female or male. As a social presentation process, the description of gender roles is based on behavioral norms and expectations. On the other hand, sex refers to the genetic or biological component. Most species are normally grouped into classes called sexes. These are complementary groups that when combined, yield male and female sexes. As such, the sexual categories are indicative of the reproductive roles that an individual can accomplish during his/her lifetime. Division of labor vs. Gender stratification Division of labor is the specialization of the labor force into explicit and restricted roles or tasks (Kottack 233). The division of labor can also occur along the gender divide. Fo
Abstract This paper investigates the need in existence of labor laws. A literature review was conducted to find out the results of labor market deregulation, as well as the potential benefits of implementing labor laws. It was found that, although it is believed that deregulation may bring potential benefits, labor laws are paramount when it comes to protecting the basic rights of workers and averting potentially disastrous social consequences. After this investigation, three examples of the use of labor laws (U.S. court cases) are provided at the end of the paper. Introduction The current paper considers the problem of labor laws. It is explained that, while deregulation of labor market is believed to lead to “economic efficiency,” it results in poor working conditions and potentially disastrous social consequences. Also, three examples of use of labor law in companies (taken from legal cases) are provided to further demonstrate that such laws can help protect workers in unfair situations (Katz, 2013). The Need in Labor Laws Proponents of the free market often state that labor laws are harmful, because they supposedly limit the economic freedom of companies, slow the economic growth, etc.; see, for example, Wilson (2012). On the other hand, the absence of labor laws is supposed to hasten the economic growth and bring numerous benefits to both workers and employers (Wilson, 2012). However, practice shows that this is simply not true – at least not the part where workers enjoy multiple benefits from the deregulated market and economically upgraded organizations (Barrientos, Gereffi, & Rossi, 2011). In the labor market, it is the employer who makes the decision about hiring or firing a worker. Simply because of this, the employer has more power than the worker. Next, because the employer usually aims to increase the effectiveness of their business to maximize the profitd, they will make attempts to lower the salary of their staff, cut the expenses on improving working conditions, etc. Companies can also collaborate with one another to drive down the wages of their workers, lower the spending on working conditions, etc. Surely, some workers may drive a bargain if they have rare and wanted skills to sell; however, this can rarely be said of e.g. blue-collar workers, who still need work, and whose work, although unqualified, is still vital. There are multiple examples of what the absence of proper worker protection can lead to. Many notorious cases from less developed countries have been heard of. For instance, Rowlatt and Deith (2015) exposed the situation behind several Western drink companies (such as Unilever, owning PG Tips and Lipton brands) who grow tea in India. The labor laws in India were weak and poorly enforced; the miscond
Introduction The small and medium-sized enterprises [SMEs] form a critical element of the Dubai’s economic growth. The sector accounts for 95% of all businesses in Dubai, and it employs over 42% of its workforce ( Dubai SME 2015). Thus, the SMEs must be managed effectively to ensure sustainability. One of the enabling aspects that SMEs should take into account entails corporate governance. Corporate governance allows SMEs to adopt the best practices such as control systems hence alleviating the occurrence of risks that might affect their performance. Therefore, the attractiveness of the SME to different stakeholder categories such as investors and credit financiers is improved. Despite corporate governance being a focal point in businesses success in the 21 st Century, the SMEs’ approach to corporate governance has been tepid (Tricker 2012). Dubai SME has formulated nine (9) pillars that existing and aspiring entrepreneurs should consider in establishing a strong foundation to change this approach. This paper is a critical assessment of the nine pillars and an evaluation of their relevance in corporate governance amongst SMEs. Analysis of the nine (9) pillars of corporate governance Pillar 1: Adopt a formal corporate governance framework outlining the roles of the key bodies such as partners, shareholders, board of directors, and management. This pillar emphasizes the importance of implementing a prescribed governance framework. The framework should outline the roles of the different stakeholder categories such as Board of Directors, the management, shareholders, and partners. The rationale of this pillar is based on the view that corporate governance is an interdependent issue amongst the different stakeholders. This pillar aligns with the resource dependency and the resource-based theories. The resource dependency theory underscores the importance of establishing dependencies. C
Introduction A major component of the job of a military officer is to communicate effectively with his or her colleagues. Communication is an important aspect in the daily lives of every human being. Although almost every person is endowed with the natural communication skills, some individuals are better communicators than others are. Interpersonal communication takes place when there is transmission of information and thoughts from one individual to the other wherein a sender passes on an idea to the receiver. Effective interpersonal communication transpires only when there is understanding between the parties involved (Clark, 2008, para.1). Effective communication in the military service is vital. Interpersonal communication There are a number of principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications. Misunderstanding between individuals is a fact of everyday life. Effective interpersonal relationship is essential in avoiding conflicts between people in the military. Communication skills are paramount in the military since it is usually made up of people from different races, ethnic backgrounds, gender, and religious affiliation. These usually pervade contemporary conversations. That is why in the military, effective communication centers on the core principles of competency and civility (West and Tumer, 2006, p.38). Communication competency entails the capability of communicating with thoughtfulness, knowledge, and skills. Competency means that interpersonal communication becomes both appropriate and effective. In the military, communication is used appropriately in realizing the cultural expectations for communicating. This involves the use of rules, understanding the roles of everyone, and being “others-centered.” Interpersonal communication derives meaning and every communication achieves the intended goal in a conversation or a relationship when the interaction is competent. Having a large repertoire of skills and correctly applying them to avoid conflicts is a characteristic of a competent interpersonal communicator (Pearson, 1983). The second principle in effective interpersonal communication in the military is civility. This involves accepting the other person as an equal partner in achieving meaning in the course of communication. Civil communication needs sensitivity to the experiences of the partner in communication. A civil communicator accepts that not all communication encounters will go his or her way, recognizes multiple viewpoints, and refrains from harming others by use of hate speech. A civil communicator only speaks for him or herself (speak in the ‘I’ or ‘I’ statements). One does not assume that he or she holds the same views with his or her counterparts and therefore do not converse to mean that his or her statements are in agreement with the rest. Sometimes it happens