ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical Background of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was a Northern Sri Lanka terrorist group that carried out militant operations not only in its own country but also in other states worldwide. The group was established in1976 by Tamil students. Velupillai Prabhakaran was the first commander of LTTE. The establishment of the militant group began as a student movement that fought for the rights of Tamil students to join Sri Lankan Universities. Gradually, the students’ movement became violent. The group organized militant operations that led to fatalities and damage to property. Later, the students’ movement was divided into two terrorist groups, the Tamil New Tigers (TNT) and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). In 1976, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed to succeed the Tamil New Tigers. However, in 1983, LTTE began to conduct militant operations. The terrorist group headed violent campaigns against the government of Sri Lanka. This situation led to nationwide clashes between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. The Sinhalese comprise the majority of the Sri Lankan population. The militant wanted to gain control over Sri Lanka to manage various political decisions that were made by the majority group. This essay provides an insight into the historical background of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, its ideologies, and sources of funding to its terrorist operations in Sri Lanka and various parts of the globe. Ideology and Philosophy of LTTE Pattanaik advances that LTTE ideologies and philosophies were based on Tamil’s nationalism (634). The Tamils formed the minority group, whereas the Sinhalese formed the majority group. The development of interethnic clashes due to varying political pressures amongst the two groups led to the formation of the militant group. The nature of politics of the majority group and the superiority of the Tamils raised the need for independence. The Tamils felt persecuted by the Sinhalese population. This situation necessitated the need to possess their homeland. Primarily, the Tamils are Buddhists. As a result, their religion does not have much impact on state affairs as far as their philosophies and ideologies are concerned (Guribye 234). According to Chalk, the LTTE group was structure consisted of two major divisions that included the military wing and the subordinate political wing (14). Other smaller units that operated under this body included groups that were responsible for sea attacks, air attacks, suicide bombings, and intelligence gathering. In addition, the organization of LTTE also composed of an external secretariat to manage the group’s external and worldwide networks. Willford and Nagarajan reveal that the LTTE was organized into several cadres that were highly disciplined, loyal to their leaders, and much dedicated to their work (77). Noneth
Introduction Guidance and counseling are important processes and practices in today’s world because of the several problems affecting humanity. Guidance and counseling entail assisting individuals in discovering and developing their vocational, educational, and psychological abilities (Hughes et al., 2017). The practice helps victims achieve their happiness and social usefulness (Hughes & Meijers, 2017). The idea of counseling in both England and Nigeria is an essential practice allowing children to exercise their rights to shape their destinies. The area of professional interest revolves around guidance and counseling in basic education for children. The practice is important in nurturing and helping children achieve their future dreams (Zafar, 2019). Counseling in the early years is a vital educational instrument in shaping and developing a positive life orientation among young people (Anyi, 2017). Ideas and positive life instructions need to be planted in children as early as possible since they can have a positive impact on their future (Canzittu, 2020; Karacan-Ozdemir, 2019). Offering the services to young people is challenging since the professionals have to develop a good rapport with them. Counselors have to listen to the complaints of children in a friendly manner and offer sound advice. The paper covers the analysis integrating a comparison of counseling theories and models in England and Nigeria. Comparing the practice in early childhood in two countries is significant in identifying the approaches used and their impacts on young learners in both countries. The frameworks used to draw comparisons are cognitive and humanistic models. In England, the cognitive theory focuses on helping children change their thinking and behavior (Noble & Marshman, 2018). Guidance and counseling based on a cognitive approach are brief in structure and nature and center on solving the root problems of the young people (Phiri et al., 2017). The counseling institutions have trained experts who deploy cognitive theory to understand children’s mental states and desires. The cognitive model is a fundamental counseling theory in England with a variety of impacts on the victims. Children find some problems challenging, and they become easily frustrated when proper guidance is not rendered. In England, even though childhood and adolescence are taken as periods of greater changes in people, 20% of the latter group encounter one or many psychological disorders requiring diagnosis and counseling (Mladenovic, 2018). Cognitive therapists revolve around the current situation of a child without reminding them about their distorted past. In the United Kingdom, cognitive and behavioral theories are integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Fogarty
Introduction Regular activity is the only approach to maintaining a proper physical health state for an individual. Apart from that, exercises have a positive effect on the mental well-being of people. It is essential to understand the components that contribute to proper training to ensure that the chosen program presents benefits. This paper aims to describe cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Main body Firstly, cardiorespiratory endurance is connected to long training sessions that engage large muscles. Such exercises can be performed at moderate or high intensity, depending on a specific goal. The factor impacts both the heart functioning and the metabolism of an individual. Secondly, muscular strength can be described as the force that a particular group of muscles can execute. The program that enables improvement of the component should include at least two sessions per week and be nonconsecutive. Next, muscular endurance is an essential factor because it enables an individual to overcome fatigue during exercising. Furthermore, this helps avoid injuries and maintain correct posture outside training. The fourth component is flexibility, and it describes joints and their motions during various physical activities. Exercises that target this factor should be performed at least two or three times a week and be either static or dynamic. Conclusion Finally, body composition describes the amount of fat that a person has in his or her body in proportion to other components, for instance, muscles or bones. The factor is important because people who have excessive levels of fat in their bodies are subjected to various health problems. Therefore, the element predetermines the need to exercise to improve the overall health state and mitigate the risks of diseases. Ideally, an individual should have a low amount of fat with a significant fat-free mass. Overall, the described psychical fitness factors should be considered when preparing a training plan.
Introduction Interaction design may be regarded as one of the key elements of customer-care policy. It is created with the only aim – make a customer enjoy the interaction process, especially if it is performed in electronic or any other independent way. The aim of this paper is to analyze the usability of the service patterns used by two companies: Chinese Traditional Tea House Lock Cha, and Mido Café. The analysis will be mainly performed based on emotional response, associated with these two companies and the experience of interaction with web-site design and posters, offered by these two companies. The data for the analysis is derived from the personal experience of using these cafes, and comparison in accordance to particular parameters. Interaction and Usability Design Previously, to analyze the emotional response associated with the design interaction and usability patterns, the technical aspects of interaction usability and effectiveness needs to be studied. First, it should be stated that the interaction principles are not linked with design in general, while the relevant factors of this usability and emotional response of users are as follows:   * Human factor and ergonomics   * Cognitive psychology of every individual   * Human-computer interaction   * Design structure (Gorsuch, 2004) These are the key factors that create the basis of usability; hence, in order to create a suitable design, a company needs to perform a reliable analysis of the target audience, and define which design patterns will be suitable and effective, and which should be avoided. Considering the instance of Lock Cha, and Mido Café, the target audience of these companies are various, however, while Lock Cha is mainly intended for older audiences, Mido Café attracts youth. However, these tendencies are not defined in their positioning, the division of the target audience is evident die to the interior design of the restaurants. The key differences of design are as follows: Lock Cha emphasizes the values of traditional Chinese interior, while Mido Café is created with European design patterns, while the cooking is mainly intended for youth and tourists. Hence, the diversification of the target audience plays an important role for the web site creation and usability principles used for it. Considering the theoretic approaches of usability creation, the statement given in Schraagen, Chipman and Shalin (2007, p. 165) should be emphasized: Products often have unexpected effects on users, changing their routines, needs and attitudes. This is an important reason for usability problems and unintended social consequences. Integration of knowledge about how products guide and change user behavior can help to better anticipate product use and to design for desired behavior. In addition, the necessity to consider the aims of the design usability patterns needs to be analyzed from various positions. In the light of this statement, it should be stated that the knowledge base of the designers is unknown, and the motives may be only guessed, however, the reasons of a usable design
Abstract The supermarket industries are among the largest economic upholds in the U.S. The expansion of the customer base is a noticeable consistent growth of the supermarket industry that deals with diverse products. The global expansions plans require enhancement of more effective promotional strategies in order to overcome the economic challenges. Comprehensive financial predicaments affect the consumer behaviours and, therefore these end-users tend to change their purchasing styles due to a lack of trust and confidence. Financial strains also causes the consumers to demand for lowering of prices and at times the situation causes shift of the consumption patterns, for instance the expenditure tends to incline more on the food products over the non-edibles. This is mainly attributable to the reduction of disposable income, and eventually such kind of trend affects the industry’s financial performance. This report focuses on the performance of food industries with a special attention to Wal-Mart as a global retailer. Overview of Wal-Mart Recent financial recessions affected the economic routine of Wal-Mart, but the firm came through and managed to improve the economic global presentation. The reduction on the number of clients visiting the stores globally during the financial crisis of 2007 did not pull back the overall performance. According to Hoovers AD &B Company (2010), Wal-Mart stores were still able to pull out a marginal sales growth of 0.7%. This resulted to only a minimal reduction in the firm’s financial performance. It equally came about due to the consumer trust, but one of the major concerns that various global stores must deal with connects to the safety, quality and value of the edible products. Different states’ administrations as well as the nongovernmental organizations have had to heighten the food regulation policies within the industries. A good example is directive that governs refrigeration, which ensures that firms in the food retailing industries observe various environmental concerns. Extra tax policies are also set to ensure compliance with new guiding principles. Six Components of Wal-Mart’s Supply Chains Information The effectiveness of a supply chain depends highly on the accuracy and speedy flow of information from the consumer to the production line. The competitiveness in the food industry has seen Wal-Mart incorporate technology into its operations as a measure of enhancing operational efficiency. Innovation demands for a streamlined information flow through computer networks as a measure of enhancing proper movement of inventory as per the demands. Information also entails implementation of the accounting systems, inventory management systems, systems for planning resources and global communication networks. Wal-Mart growth also has a connection to its ability of soliciting and facilitating online transfer of goods and services. This enables the firm to provide
Abstract E.Z.N.A commercial kit is one of the greatest innovations in molecular biology. It helps in the extraction and purification of nucleic, deoxyribonucleic, and ribonucleic acids. The extraction is of great importance to researchers who aim at utilising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a variety of sources. The kit can be used in extracting the two molecules from their origins. The sources include plant materials, animal tissue, and soil. In this paper, the researcher sought to investigate the effectiveness of using the kit for the purposes of optimising the extraction of DNA from marine soils. To this end, two variables were analysed. The first was the quality of the acid yielded, while the second was the quantity that was extracted. Disruption of the cells was needed to obtain the acid. Bead beating was the process used to achieve this. Gel electrophoresis was also used to check for DNA fragmentation following this disturbance process. The research proved that the kit improved the quality of the DNA produced. The quantity of the material within a given volume of soil sample also increased. The kit was found to effectively extract DNA from an 8 gram sample of soil. The effectiveness was not achieved when a sample of 4 grams was used. Introduction DNA Extraction The process is also commonly referred to as DNA isolation. It is the combination of both physical and chemical processes to extract the material from its various sources (Artyukhin & Woo 2012). The processes are aimed at purifying DNA generated from a sample. Today, the extraction is a common procedure in forensic and molecular biology. The procedure is of great importance since the isolated genetic material can be used to conduct further investigations in these fields. DNA extraction protocols can be divided into two major steps. The first step involves the gentle lysing of the cell to make the DNA soluble (Eldor 2007). The second stage includes a series of chemical and enzymatic reactions aimed at removing contaminants that may be present in the sample. E.Z.N.A Commercial Kit As already indicated, E.Z.N.A range of products is used for the purposes of extracting nucleic acid. The products were generated as a result of continuous innovation aimed at simplifying the process of removing and purifying nucleic acids from samples (Artyukhin & Woo 2012). A classic example of the products is the E.Z.N.A commercial kit. There are two types of nucleic acids. They are DNA and RNA. The former is the most important of these materials. The successful isolation of DNA is of great importance to researchers around the globe. There are various advantages associated with the use of E.Z.N.A commercial kits to extract DNA. One of them is the fact that the machine involves the use of optimised buffers. The buffers help in the extraction o
An effective professional development programme in a school should be in a position to move ideas from knowledge to action. If carried out in the proper way, it leads to school improvement and that helps in achieving the main objective of the learning institution. It is very important for teachers to learn from the duties that they undertake in the school community. Teachers should be given the chance to share their experiences with one another in study groups and other group settings (Zepeda, 2008). Teacher’s evaluation is very important because it shows whether progress is being made or not. If there is no progress, then the necessary measures are taken to ensure that the best service is delivered to the recipients. In the company of others, they will be in a better position to reflect on what they have learnt out of what they have done. All this will enable teachers and principals to be equipped with strategies to improve teaching and leadership in the given school. This will work to the overall benefit of the learners as they will receive the best kind of services from their instructors (Zepeda, 2008). The principal is the major driving force behind the performance of the teachers he or she leads. It is the principle’s role to assist the teachers to find their learning voices (Zepeda, 2008). This is very important because it is the ability of the teachers that determines how students perform. In order to form the best professional development goals various forms of data should be used. The principle should collect, analyze and interpret student work samples, results of different kinds of tests and gather information from administrators and coaches who have observed the teachers teach (Zepeda, 2008). He or she should also follow up and ensure that all what students learn in class is also done practically. Practical lessons assist the students in capturing the concept being passed across. Observers should pay keen interest to note whether the teacher teaches them from what they known to what they do not known and report to the principle. Students will best understand a concept if it is taught from what they already know. Motivation of employees is one sure way of increasing their productivity. To ensure that the teachers deliver the best to the students, their general well being should be taken care of (Zepeda, 2008). To start with, the principal should see to it that the employer gives them the best pay package. This should come with allowances and benefits in addition to job security. Little pay will make them unsettled as they will be looking for greener pastures. They can not also work well knowing that they can loose their job any time. They should also be given some time off to relax and this should be during the school holidays. Some principals make holiday tuition mandatory without caring that the teachers need some time to refresh. There should also be opportunities for job promotions which should come with a better pay. The principal must create a working environment that is conducive by first creating good interpersonal relationship within the st
Introduction Infant mortality remains a problem of major concern. Deaths resulting from sudden infant syndrome remain a disturbing problem. Infant’s deaths resulting from sudden infant death syndrome are controversial since the causes of the death cannot be explained (Timby & Smith, 2004). Since the causes of the sudden infant death syndrome are unexplainable, eliminating the problem becomes impossible. Making the babies to sleep in supine position is a known strategy that reduces the risk of SIDS. Educating the parents and the community on preventive measures to reduce cases of SIDS is the responsibility of the nurse (Orshan, 2007). Problem statement The existence of a direct relationship between nonsupine sleeping and sudden infant death syndrome was the hypothesis in the study. Babies born prematurely are at a greater risk of the problem than those who are born normally. Promoting safe sleeping habits for babies is an effective strategy that can reduce the problem by a significant margin. Research Method and Design To establish the relationship between nonsupine sleeping and SIDS, a study was conducted using questioners. Nurses working in NICUs were used in data collection. The study method used was quantitative since it involved numbers and the data obtained from the study was measurable. Sudden infant death syndrome is a problem that has been observed for a long time. It is also important to note that the relationship between nonsupine sleeping and this problem is also easily notable. Prospective survey therefore becomes the best design in such studies. In any study, it is difficult or impossible to use the whole population and therefore the use of a sample becomes appropriate. It is assumed that the results obtained from the sample studied apply to the whole population. In the study “a total of 1080 surveys were distributed and 430 NICU nurses completed the survey (Grazel, Phalen & Polomano, 2010). This number consisted of about 40% of the NICUs nurses and this percentage is appropriate for such study since it had a good representation. In this kind of study, the most important thing is to identify the study sample, which is followed by implementation of the study. After identification of the study samples, the researchers distributed the designed questionnaires in the selected units. Results Although there is a high success rate in the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome, the condition remains a major problem. There are various reasons why it has been difficult to eliminate this problem. Failure of nurses in the implementation of their role or neglecting their duties and failure of parents to implement advices given to them by the nurses are some of the factors that makes elimination of this problem difficult. These facts are obvious from the survey that was conducted. The ages of the nurses and the parents are also another determining factor that can be closely linked to experience factor. In conclusion (Grazel, Phalen & Polomano, 2010