ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The American higher educational system has transformed for the last two and half centuries. During the infancy stage of the American higher education system, private individuals and religious institutions owned the institutions. The education facilities brought mass education and knowledge to the country before the current education systems were established. In the subsequent years, the campaign for mass education had produced mixed results. Historical influences on higher education institutions are felt to date. Pursuing education in college was an uncommon during the colonial times. Nowadays, a number of American students have access to higher education. Nevertheless, it should be noted that some American students do not afford access to higher education. The above have resulted in an abyss of learning prospects that are simply too wide for some parents to cross. The article below compares the characteristics of students in colonial times with today’s students. Background Historical analysis of the characteristics of students in the colonial times with today’s students has been undertaken for decades. Higher education like public education came into existence later when the country experienced a mass arrival of migrants who had diverse religions and values (Nidiffer, 2010). The main goal of public education was to institute public order and introduce settlers’ children into a conventional school environment. During such times, mistrust by the children’s parents about the goals of mass education was very prevalent. The parents’ mistrusts persisted for several years. During the period, students were forced to attend schools because most guardians were uncooperative. The analysis illustrates the transformations that have been undertaken in the American educational system. As such, the topic is very important in the history of higher education. Through it, it can be demonstrated how the American higher education has transformed across all hurdles with respect to time, race and wealth, age and gender. By analyzing the topic, higher education students will be able to gain an outlook regarding the history of education in the USA, develop a comprehensive perspective of American education, and appreciate how American education has progressed. Students in colonial times Higher education was an uncommon during the colonial times. As such, the primary education comprised of reading, writing, simple arithmetic, poetries, and prayers. Unlike it is today, paper and texts were rare. Therefore, students spent most of the time reciting their modules for ease of memorization. At the time, the Bible was the most common text. At most instances, higher education was designed to prepare students for their ultimate roles in plantation life. Notably, education was only availab
Introduction Michael Moore’s documentary Bowling for Columbine and Elephant is a quasi-satirical revolving around gun crime culture in America and aggression. The documentary is entirely on the infamous killings that took place at Columbine High School. These killings revealed extreme forms of aggression prevalent in an industrialized society. The killings were among several gun sprees occurring in the United States between 1997 and 1999. Although Moore’s documentary is didactic and full of anger, it is a powerful and profound meditation on violence and aggression among young people. The media was the main source of motivation for the perpetrators of violence in the documentary. The role of the media in entrenching aggression is apparent in Bowling for Columbine and Elephant . Moreover, it provides a reality on the causes of such tragedies. The tendency to use extreme forms of aggression is explained in various journals. In Bowling for Columbine and Elephant , aggression by teen characters reveals that aggression is rife at adolescence. This paper provides a video reflection on aggression. Behaviour of Characters Aggression that culminates in violence is reflected in the characters of Bowling for Columbine and Elephant . In the elephant, two students camouflage in an attempt to conceal their identity while walking around campus. This camouflaging reveals that most of aggressors are not comfortable with the lives they lead. Such characteristics are indicated by Daffern, Howells, & Ogloff (2007, 104). Most of perpetrators of extreme forms of aggression are targets of ridicule or loners who use violence as the last resort. Similar to the elephant, the 1999 Columbine massacre was plotted and perpetrated out by two students with characteristics of aggressors revealed by Richardson & Green, (2003, 15). Alex Frost and Eric Deulen are labelled as misfits. According to Anderson & Bushman (2002, 28-30), potential aggressors are motivated by looking at the perception of the society about them. Alex and Eric are oftentimes teased and bullied popular kids. This does not go down well with them. They find solace in guns and video games with extreme violence. Moreover, their ill motives borrow a script from Hitler movies. In the Columbine incident, the character of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris compels them to become extremely aggressive. They possess characteristics inclining a person to commit serious offences. As revealed by Daffern, Howells, & Ogloff (2007, 107) and Rappaport & Thomas (2004, 268), there are numerous ways to classify aggressors. These ways include the mode of aggression, the target of aggression, and the causes of aggression. The aforementioned categories determine the character of the aggressor and the target of aggression. In the Columbine massacre, the perpetrators are motivated by a desire for revenge as victims of bullying. A psychological analysis similar to the one conducted by Richardson & Green, (2003, 15) helps reveal the motivations behind the Columbine massacre. Reports from the media claimed that Harris was a psychopath with a superiority complex. Unlike Harris,
Introduction Globalization is taking place at a steady pace and with the rise of large entrepreneurship major outsourcing deals are being made around the world. The rising inflation and vulnerable economy have made it essential for corporate to make widespread interactions, save wages, and make their businesses flow along cost-effectively (“The Future of Outsourcing”, 2006). Entrepreneurs now seek ways to bring up their dying businesses, by off-shoring their deals, going widespread to other countries with innovations. More can be gained this way, and profits are earned, no matter how difficult the situation may seem, with a network of people to handle. Main body All companies in the US are virtually outsourcing their businesses. They speak of the benefits attained by spreading to other parts of the globe and boast of having to spend little amounts for the good relationships they develop with other nations (“The Future of Outsourcing”, 2006). Despite the current economic downfall, people are still willing to remain determined about the revenues being gained from global outsourcing (Business Outsourcing Firms See Growth, 2008). Businesses require a large number of interactions and activities to flourish. The major corporate of the world is trying to attain the best from their clients abroad. Certain activities can be exercised from within the headquarters of the enterprise, especially those which do not require innovations. Those actions that require a new and variety of ideas can be given to other nations to do, to get innovative ideas and more productive results on consumer attraction. Large organizations like Amazon and eBay are carrying out online deals, providing services worldwide. All dealings which can be made online for marketing goods to other nations should be done so, as many consumers opt for online shopping and other such interactions. The actions that require immediate personal attention and correspondence can be taken up by the company, and those that can be carried out based on other people’s resources can be given out to an outsourcing unit. As the figure shows the company must opt to find a good local hosting company like Godaddy, Hostmonster, Hostgator, etc. Asian and other developing countries have less energy and electric supply to provide round-the-clock hosting services. Hosting service must be remarkable as the company’s website must not be down. However, the company must opt for outsourcing web development services abroad. The reason is that India, Pakistan, and China have giant and excellent web development services at a minimal cost. As compared to the USA where programmers and web developers usually charge 1500 USD to 7000 USD per E-commerce website depending upon the features and requirements. While outsourcing the same project to India or Pakistan we can bring down the cost to ½ or even 1/3rd of the original cost. The implementation of an e-commerce web store would prove extremely beneficial, as even in times of
Dog Parks are places where people take their dogs for exercise and socialization. The people who engage in such kinds of activities are those who reside in apartments or in big cities. Therefore, these kind people do not have enough spaces where they can take their dogs for exercise. There are other people who engage in such activities to enable them interact with other people who have similar interests. This provides people with an opportunity to share their experiences on dog rearing issues. In many parks located in Los Angeles, it has often been reported that dogs face various dangers while in the parks. Overly aggressive dogs can often run loose while in the parks thereby causing severe harm to people and other inferior dogs (Hess & Orthmann, 2007). There are other dogs which react by defending themselves when they are attacked by other dogs. In such cases, most of the dog owners are left wondering whether they should let the dogs deal with these issues by themselves or whether they should intervene. There are other people who come to the parks with small dogs which cannot be able to defend themselves from the aggressive and antisocial dogs. They therefore expose the small dogs to the risk of being attacked by the big dogs. In addition, there are people who come with small children to the parks. Such children may play with different dogs without knowing the harm that the dogs can cause to them. There are also people who are irresponsible to the extent that do not watch the activities that their dogs engage in while in the park. The establishment of dog parks assumes that dogs are well mannered and well-trained. However, this is not often the case because there are dogs which are very dangerous and cannot coexist with other dogs in a peaceful manner (American Planning Association, 2006). In order to minimize the risks that are associated with dog parks, it is important for dog parks in Los Angeles to come up with a security policy which would be helpful in minimizing the risks that are observed in the different dog parks in the area. Insecurity from dogs is a very critical issue that every person who visits a dog park should be well aware of. This is because it is very difficult to predict the dangers that people would face in a dog park where dogs of all characters are present. To ensure that the security policy in the parks in Los Angeles is successful, there are various programs that need to be implemented (Hess & Orthmann, 2007). This analysis will therefore discuss the various strategies that parks in Los Angeles should implement in order to make the security policy successful. Security Policy at Dog Parks To ensure that parks are secure, there are certain measures that both the dog owners and the park owners should implement. The dog owners
Introduction Studying organizational behavior opens wide horizons in front of those who are planning to manage people taking into consideration the ways they act in the organization. Organizational behavior operates a range of concepts; emotions, moods, team learning, and group dynamics are the basic ones. They help to understand how much organizational behavior entails. Applying my results from the Self-Assessment to the concepts of emotions, moods, team learning, and group dynamics in organizational behavior favored my understanding of these concepts and helped to discover my strengths and weaknesses as a person and a leader. Emotions in Organizational Behavior Emotions guide people’s behaviors, reflect how they feel about certain things (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.5), account for the decisions which people make, and have a direct influence on their social, physiological, and cognitive processes. This is why changing organizational behaviors may often require changing definite emotional patterns. Employers should pay special attention to emotions and recognize their importance for the proper performance of the company. Those employers who understand this “and attend to keeping their environments emotionally healthy will create less emotional pain and reap more productive work behavior.” (Hartel, Zerbe, & Ashkanasy, 2005, p.1) Understanding the emotions of the employees, the employers will be able to create special organizational behavior patterns which meet the needs of the employees and which contribute to their emotional health. The ability to control emotions and choose a profession in correspondence with one’s emotional state is crucial for any person. People who tend to experience mostly positive emotions are often regarded as suitable for any jobs; however, one can gain benefits from negative emotions as well, especially when it comes to the choice of profession: It may be that employees who tend to experience positive emotions will be better suited for work rules that require the expression of positive emotion (e.g., sales clerks, flight attendants). In contrast, employees who tend to experience negative emotions may be better suited for work rules that require the expression of negative emotion (e.g., bill collectors, bouncers). (Morris & Feldman, 1997, p.257) Owing to the Self-Assessment which I took, I was able to define my level of emotional stability and my tolerance of ambiguity which helped me to better understand the concept of emotions in organizational behavior and organizational behavior theory in action. Thus, the results of the assessment have shown that I have positive emotional stability (I scored 11, which is quite a high score). This means that I am a secure, calm, and enthusiastic person who is emotionally stable and endurable. Such results show that I can easily handle jobs that require emotional stability. According to the assessment, I am also tolerant in handling ambiguity which means that I perceive situations as promising, rather than as threatening, which adds to my emotional stability and balance. Moods in Organizati
Perfumes are basically made from a mixture of fixative solvent, aromatic compounds and ethanol. The fixative and aromatic compounds are obtained from natural plant oils. Ethanol is used due to its universal solubility and low boiling point. A fixative substance on the other hand is used to make the perfume last longer, it has the ability to form chemical bonds with other chemicals within the mixture used in the manufacture of the perfume. Perfumes are used as aesthetic to add a pleasant smell to one’s body. They also give the fragrance and it is for this reason that they are used to mask various unwanted odors in industrial processes. For instance, they are used in pharmaceutical industries and in corpse preservation to prevent decay and bad odor. Perfumes are applied at pulse points like behind the ears, nape of neck, elbow , and knees. This is to ensure that as the pulse points move, they warm up the perfume hence releasing it. Ethanol is widely used because it is able to heat up easily. Common aroma compounds include vinallin and courmarin are also used. How perfumes are made The real chemical composition and precise formula for commercial perfumes is not readily available since each perfume as to be unique and a mystery to the competitors. Traditionally, perfumes were manufactured by extracting oil from plant parts like seeds, barks and leaves by pressing and steaming. The oil was burned so as to produce a good scent to the sorrounding. Due to modern technology, today perfumes are made from a detailed composition of various plant oils and other chemical components. The type of perfume depends on the concentration of the aromatic substance in the universal solvent. The intensity of the fragrance is dependant on concentration of aromatic materials used in its manufacture. As mentioned earlier, perfumes are majorly manufactured from aromatic natural plant oils known as plant metabolites. One plant can give more than one aromatic compound; an example is the sea of coriander which gives different odors from its leaves. Consequently, synthetic aromatic chemicals, prepared in the lab are also used especially in cases where the required essential plant oil is expensive to obtain. Synthetic chemicals may also be used where some oils are impossible to obtain or do not occur in natural form. Depending on the method used in preparation, perfumes can be termed as single floral, floral bouquet and woody perfumes. Single floral contain one flower’s scent while floral bouquet contain several flowers’ scent. Woody perfumes on the other hand, are made from woody plants.. Vanillin and coumarine are two plant compounds most widely used in the manufacture of perfumes. Vanillin is an organic compound extracted from the back of vanilla bean. It is colorless and crystalline chemical compound found in many plants but higher
Being a lead coffee retailer with over a billion customers and an annual growth rate of six percent, Starbucks coffee company had to exploit lots of opportunities, hence, enabling it to witness that kind of growth over the past years. Expanding its horizons into more and more countries outside the United States, the company has been able to broaden its customer base plunging into countries like India and Japan which have witnessed a substantial growth in the rate of coffee consumption (Pride and Ferrell 2010). The realization of this level of success did not come easy since it required a very accurate autopsy of the prevailing conditions and consequences. This fact, hence, brought procedure to ensure that human errors of judgment would be limited as much as possible to light. Evaluation, hence, came in quite handy so as to enhance the accuracy with which inferences on the subject matter were made. Starbucks acquisition and even collaboration with other companies like the Maxim’s Caterer by majorly depended on the inferences arrived at as a result of serious evaluation . Infrastructural developments including marketing chains, supplier chains and the physical operation of stores necessitated the carrying out of a lot of research. When the firm opened its retail branch at the China world trade centre in Beijing witch adopted a strict resemblance to the Chinese culture, for instance, the store was still able to attract many customers despite the fact that it was decorated in an American way and offered internationally acclaimed trademark coffee brands (Wheelen and Hunger 2010). After identifying appropriate strategies which would enhance the company’s success, its main battle would be how to implement them. The company’s improvement of its stake to fifty percent in a joint venture in Shanghai, for instance, opened an opportunity for it to fully own and operate a store outside the United States for the first time in two years (464). Despite the opposition which was received from the Chinese residents who were opposed to the introduction of western coffee chains, continued persistence and implementation of various techniques saw the company turn tables to become the most preferred coffee retailer in China de
Indian ancient literature The Bhagavad-Gita is one of the Indian ancient literature’s world-famous masterpieces, which is assumed to have been written by an anonymous author through the 7th-5th centuries B.C. There are 700 verses in the Bhagavad-Gita , which reflect the philosophical aspects of the dialogue between Prince Arjuna and God Krishna (embodied as the Prince’s charioteer) before the battle Kurukshetra. Among the central ideas promoted throughout the book’s entirety, we can well mention the following:  1. One’s foremost virtue is wisdom – only wise people can adopt a proper stance while facing life’s challenges.  2. When addressing life-challenges, an individual should solely focus on acting in a thoroughly dutiful/responsible manner as its main priority.  3. While interacting with its friends and enemies, an individual must remain emotionally calm – regardless of what happened to be the affiliated circumstances.  4. One’s soul never dies but continues to be embodied over and over again, within the cycle of the concerned person’s consequential rebirths (Samsara).  5. The surrounding physical reality consists of the elementary particles and merely reflects some higher (metaphysical) workings.  6. Those who understand the counterproductive essence of their egocentric (animalistic) instincts can attain happiness in their service to Krishna. Thus, the Bhagavad-Gita can be well discussed, which represents a high philosophical value – while exposed to it; readers can gain several in-depth insights into what accounts for the reality’s actual essence and purpose one’s life. What is more, this book also helps people adopt a proper stance when dealing with the most pressing existential anxieties on their part. Regards to the book in question I cannot help experiencing the strongly defined sense of awe in regards to the book in question. Partially, this can be explained by the fact that many ideas contained in it correlate p