ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Governments bear the responsibility of governing societies that rely on them to ensure the maintenance and promotion of happiness for the general population. As such, it is imperative for governments and their agencies to ensure the procurement of measures that result in the growth and overall development of society through legal channels available to them. One of the main avenues for the promotion of development, especially in developing countries, is government collaboration with development agencies, both local and international. Although such liaison may seem straightforward to most people most of the time, it sometimes creates situations that raise controversy. For instance, people hold varied opinions regarding the issue of whether development agencies should knowingly involve themselves in interactions with corrupt governments. This paper aims at a concise explanation underscoring why development agencies should participate in interactions with governments that most people think of as corrupt with ‘corrupt governments’ in this context used to mean governments that do not prioritize the interest of the citizens. It consists of arguments for and against the notation and reasons for the conclusion. Moral aspect Although some people view it as immoral to interact with a corrupt government, it is worth noting that the morality of the development agencies does not depend on the morality of the government. Judgment for every entity should be in terms of own actions and thus judging the morality of development agencies based on the morality of the governments they associate with amounts to a faulty criterion. Governments have a duty of ensuring that the population they rule over is satisfied through the appropriate and adequate provision of necessities such as security, justice, accountability, and transparency. A well-functioning government also provides social amenities for its people and opportunities that allow for access to such amenities. In accomplishing these duties, most countries around the world, especially in developing countries, employ the use of local and international government agencies (Allen & Thomas 2000). The basic roles for the agencies include but are not limited to the provision of financial aid, research activities, the establishment of developmental projects for governments and individual citizens, and the creation of links for further aid from other organizations. Theoretically, government-development agency relationships appear straightforward. However, in practice, certain aspects create complexitie
Abstract The attitude of an individual towards a given issue would always define the behavior of that individual. The behavior of children would be dictated by their attitude towards life. Children are always good learners. They would learn from their immediate environment how to behave. This makes such items as television and other media very important in defining the attitude and behavior of a child. Children who watch violent games would tend to be violent when they get to play with their friends. This is a strong indication that behavior and attitude can change based on the environment of an individual. Manners and Behavior Change Children are very important part of the family. They create happiness and every couple would be looking forward to having a number. However, this happiness that children bring to the family can be hampered with if these children fail to have the manners that are expected of them (Ajzen, 2007). It can be challenging to have children who are not able to behave as would be expected. Many parents and guardians would always want children who are well behaved, respects people at home, in school and many other places that they go. It is a respectful child that would be a source of happiness to any family. There are many places where a child would be expected to uphold manners. This paper seeks to give an augmentative discussion why children need manners. Manners come in various forms. The child should first be taught home manners. In respect to this, there are a series of etiquettes that a child should be taught. For instance, there are telephone manners that a child should be taught. A child should know when to take the phone and how to respond to it. Although some people strongly believe that a child below ten years should not be exposed to phones, there are occasion when it may be critical that a child knows how to respond to a phone. Another very important home etiquette for a child is table manners. When on the table, the child should be made to appreciate the need to ask for the items it needs other than going for them directly. It is also important that a child becomes respectful enough not to grab or cry over others food. Some people argue that a child should be made used to eating in a separate table from other elder members of the family. However, this is not appropriate. The child should be taught tab
When a person writes, they intend to inform, entertain, admonish or give direction to the reader. Since writers create the message, it is assumed that they have an advantage over the audience. However, the authority of writers is often infringed from the time they have an idea to when they unleash it into a literary work. During her presentation, Morrison comments that people are not always open to allowing a writer to “publish their judgments or follow their creative instincts” (00:01:13). This indicates some form of an impediment to the author’s authority. Moreover, even after printing, many factors gradually transfer power to the reader and society in general. Using Calvin’s novel If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler , and with support from other sources, this paper explains the interchange of influence in textual interpretation. Although the author is the original creator, they do not have the autonomy of enforcing meaning; hence the readers always use their subjective power of exposition and recreation to disposition the writer. The authority of the writer is only eminent when they know more than the audience because the message is yet to be consumed. In the opening chapter, Calvano states, “You are about to begin reading Italos’ Calvino’s new novel…relax, concentrate, dispel every other thought” (Calvino 1). The invitation gives Calvino some level of command since he is directing the reader on what to do. Notably, the reader is likely to submit to Calvino’s urges to seek a serene environment where they can skim through the text. In the first and second chapters, the reader is addressed using the pronoun “you,” but in the third chapter, these changes to “I.” The author expects the reader to surrender their identity and assume a relationship with another fictional audience. The novel unfolds as a mindboggling trickster, but as the reader continues to understand the intention of Calvino, they gain more power. They can interpret the content subjectively and have the ability to give their meaning. Additionally, the author is not always confident of which content to jot down, which makes their authority doubtable. The narrator in Calvino’s novel informs the reader that “perhaps the author still has not made up his mind, just as you…” (Calvino 12). It is interesting that initially, the author is seducing the audience to take a good posture to concentrate on the novel. However, after winning over the reader, the writer is lost as to whether they will be able to satisfy their expectations. The narrator provides an objective assessment showing that whereas the person studying is not convinced whether they should continue being informed from the book, the author has the task of c
Introduction Historians have argued over the short-term and long-term impacts of the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition of the early 19 th century, especially in economic, social, and political aspects. While it is clear that the political and economic achievements were made both on long-term and short-term basis, the social impact of the European American entry into the native west is largely arguable, especially due to the reduction of the native population after the introduction of new diseases and the disruption of their social and cultural systems. From a historical perspective, this analysis will show that the expedition did make positive political and economic impacts on the side of the US, but the social and cultural impacts on the natives were largely negative. The Expedition started shortly after the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803 (Bassman 12). After the successful purchase, the huge country to the west of Louisiana was largely unknown to the Americans and Europeans as well. To consolidate the American presence in the new world, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned Mariwether Lewis, the presidential private secretary, on a fact-finding mission. In his own words, Jefferson told Lewis to map out the land “for commercial purposes”, indicating that the intention was to ensure that the US wanted to gain a trade route to the western coast and exploit the minerals that would be found on the vast land west of Louisiana (Bassman 17). For his part, Lewis, a career military man, invited William Clark, a former colleague and one of Lewis’ most trusted and dedicated individuals in the army. Although the American interest in preparing for the expedition was to map out the land for commercial and scientific purposes, it is clear that international politics were the central focus of the US government. In particular, the United States wanted to claim the huge piece of the continent and its resources before any European power could do so. Consequences of the expedition It is true that Lewis and Clark established a trade route between the United States and the western coast through the newly purchased Louisiana. However, the commercial significance of this trade route was not achieved until several years later. Therefore, one cannot argue that the commercial purposes proposed by Jefferson were the only short-term results, although significant commercial achievements were made. However, other short-term consequences of the expedition emerged (Bassman 34). First, the United States government and several other interested American companies and individuals considered entering the new land for commercial and agricultural purposes. The number of Americans entering the western region increased significantly, with traders in wool and fur, a popular trade that was popular between 1805 and 1812 (Bassman 38). Manuel Lisa and John Colter established shor
“ The starting point of these reflections was usually a feeling of impatience at the sight of the ‘naturalness’ with which newspapers, art and common sense constantly dress up a reality which, even though it is the one we live in, is undoubtedly determined by history… I resented seeing Nature and History confused at every turn, and I wanted to track down, in the decorative display of what-goes-without-saying, the ideological abuse which, in my view, is hidden there.”- Roland Barthes (Barthes 1972, 10) A propos or a Preface intends to explicate in clear terms the argument that the author proposes to state in the subsequent chapters. Barthes’s propos remarkably serves it purpose in informing the reader that he intends to demystify the process leading to renovation of “History into Nature” (Barthes 1972, 140) done through some sinister abuse of ideologies. A discussion on works of Barthes, particularly his work on Mythologies , thus, invariably promises to return me (and my patient readers) to the same themes that he so profoundly resented . Therefore, I propose to discuss and analyze in this paper, in light of Barthes’s book Mythologies , his approach to bourgeois discourse and his understanding of myth as a language-object or meta-language. “Myth is a type of speech.” (Barthes 1972, 107) Barthes calls myth a speech because it amounts to be a communication system, comprising a message. Defining a myth Barthes contends that anything and everything can be a myth as long as “it is conveyed by a discourse” (Barthes 1972, 107). The bourgeois burgeons myths through discourses that they meticulously propel. Barthes contends bourgeois discourse as a potential force creating an “amorphous universe” (Barthes 1972, 140) where social classes are obli
Introduction The process of rule making is critical in the creation and promulgation of regulations. In the process, independent agencies and the executive play influential roles (Copeland, 2010: 2-6). Generally, legislatures take the initial steps of setting broad policy mandates through passing statutes. Subsequently, other agencies formulate detailed regulations using the rule-making process. This aspect implies that different groups are accorded the opportunity to influence the rulemaking process. Clientele groups and rulemaking Various clientele groups have different agendas that they seek to promote (Denhardt, 2010:117). Some groups such as those based on scientific practice play a significant role in the rule-making process. As an illustration, in the 20 th century, scientific-oriented agencies have borne unrivaled influence in the process of rule making. This became necessary since such aspects as environmental protection, workplace safety, food security, etc gained prominence during this period. Although it is evident that various clientele groups play crucial roles, allegations that such agencies have compromised transparency and accountability persist. It is indisputable that executive rule making is on the decline. This is based on the realization that the executive has been relegated to rule execution (Copeland, 2010: 2-6). Since the current scope of modern regulations is diverse, legislatures often find several obstacles when developing and enacting laws. They thus require expert opinion from specialized agencies. Concisely, such demands necessitate the involvement of agencies in the rule-making process. For keen observers, it is easy to note that the rule-making process is designed towards ensuring that certain aspects are met. Such include informing the public regarding the proposed rule/s, allowing the public to comment on the rule/s, and offering the public an opportunity to access previous rulemaking records in order analyze the rule/s that are proposed (Copeland, 2004: 2-10). In addition, the process is intended to offer an agency the time that is required to respond to the comments raised by the public. After carrying out the above tasks, agencies maintain the records of the rulemaking process. Although the agencies draw the final rule document, the rules made are subject to review by courts to ensure that the correct procedural guidelines were followed. Reviewing the various rulemaking stages In order to get a clearer picture regarding the influence of clientele groups in the rulemaking process, it is imperative to consider the whole process. Under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C.§551, et seq the following steps are involved, legislation, advance notice of the proposed rulemaking, proposed rule, public
Introduction The theories and approaches to treatment in mental health nursing are continuously evolving. One of the latest ideologies that are promoted in medical literature includes a recovery-oriented approach. This philosophy is based on the belief that people have a full capacity to engage in their planning of medical treatment, and their opinions should not be discarded but informed by healthcare providers (McKenna et al. 2014). This approach competes with the previously accepted biomedical one (Andresen, Caputi and Oades 2006; Lebowitz, Ahn and Oltman 2015). It is vital for a mental health nurse to recognize the different benefits and disadvantages of both philosophies and consider various aspects of recovery and patients’ decision-making process. Personal Recovery Philosophy In order to discuss the elements of the recovery-oriented approach, one has to describe its predecessor and competitor first. The biomedical philosophy was popular before the introduction of the new psychosocial model that will be analyzed below. It is characterized by the idea that one’s mental illness is an abnormal experience that disrupts one’s life and requires treatment with the following rehabilitation (Trenoweth 2016). Furthermore, it states that all mental disorders are ‘brain diseases’, underlying their resemblance with some conditions affecting one’s physical health (Lebowitz, Ahn and Oltman 2015, p. 668). People, therefore, may be predisposed or susceptible to such illnesses (Trenoweth 2016). It is possible to support this view as one may see that mental health issues can interfere with their everyday activities. For instance, if a person with ‘auditory hallucinations’ feels as though this condition is harmful. On the other hand, the focus on a biomedical model may undermine individuals’ experiences and limit their opportunities for recovery. According to Trenoweth (2016), some people may not feel as though their symptoms are not abnormal but a part of their identity. Here, the need for treatment to eliminate ‘a problem’ may not be in line with a person’s view of their own life. In this case, a recovery philosophy offers an answer that acknowledges personal experiences and shifts the focus from eliminating common problems to managing personal concerns. According to this ideology, personal experiences form one’s wellbeing and play a substantial role in mental health as well as recovery (Townsend and Morgan 2017). As a result, one’s individual story informs treatment instead of being regarded as non-influential. The recognition of lived experiences opens up new possibilities for health care providers under the philosophy of recovery. People who receive care engage in co-production – the processes of planning and delivery of mental health services. They share their story and decide what aspects of healthcare providers are necessary for them to stay on the path of recovery (Slade et al. 2012). This structure of treatment leads to the differences between previous and new ways of patients interacting with
Adolf Hitler was Germany head of state for a period of eleven years from 1934 to 1945. Today, the dictator is associated with his quest to install the Nazi as the preferred political hegemony in Germany as well as other European countries that he ware allied to him. During his reign, his army together with that of his allies in the unique defense alliance system occupied most of Europe as well as the northern part of the African continent. Also, Germany accumulated hefty military hardwares as well as the expansion of its military for defense purposes. Adolf Hitler’s treatment of the non-Germans has been criticized by many observers. It was during his reign that many non-Germans were killed either by state machinery or by other forms of organized non-governmental efforts with little measures from the government to stop the killings. During Hitler’s reign, there was genocide against the Jews where approximately six million Jews as well as approximately one million Roma were killed. This is an indication that Hitler could not tolerate people who were not of German decent in the country. For this reason, Hitler the founder of the Nazi party had declared it as early as 1924 that no person who was not a “member of the nation” could become a party member. This meant that only Germans by blood could be members of the Nazi party. Hitler’s prior treatment of the non-German was motivated by his ethnocentric belief that European were of a superior race and thus, the non-Germans were out to destroy the “purity” of the Germans. His writings also indicate that his hate for non-Germans was due to the entrepreneurial nature of some of these non-Germans such as the Jews who were seen by Adolf Hitler as exploiters of the Germans. In some of his writings, he referred to the Jews as crooks who enrich themselves through the labor of the Germans who, according to Hitler, were the real owners of the nation. This belief led to his party expelling and killing millions of Jews.
Introduction Recent achievements in health care have to be frequently identified and analyzed to promote health equity. At this moment, there are many serious problems, and the task of healthcare providers is to predict them and avoid complications. Among the list of public health concerns, maternal (or postpartum) hemorrhage is defined as a leading cause of deaths among women in low-income countries and ¼ of all maternal death globally (World Health Organization, 2017). The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (NYC HHC) is characterized by a solid system of services offered to insured and uninsured citizens. In this paper, the analysis of the current problems of this organization in terms of predicting maternal hemorrhage will be presented. A future DNP project will identify the connection between financial and organizational aspects and prove the possibility to help mothers avoid lethal outcomes. The purpose of the proposed DNP project is to investigate the worth of oxytocin management in controlling maternal hemorrhage among the patients of the NYC HHC. In this paper, the problem statement, its significance, change implementation, and an evaluation plan will be developed to reduce the number of mothers’ deaths. Problem Statement and Significance of the Practice Problem Many health problems occur because of the lack of effective treatment methods and preventive measures in time. Patients suffer from pain and complications, and the medical staff cannot find appropriate solutions. In the NYC HHC, these problems are explained by the impossibility to distribute government funds equally and the rise of financial concerns during the analysis of available resources (Katz, 2018). Therefore, to develop a successful intervention for patients to improve their health, financial problems have to be solved first. A projected deficit is a real challenge for the NYC HHC, and the government has to understand the threats of maternal hemorrhage as a critical problem among patients of different ages, and this project aims at proving the urgency of interventions to predict maternal hemorrhage. When it is time for a woman to deliver a baby, medical workers have to be ready for a number of complications, and maternal hemorrhage is one of them. Wormer et al. (2019) define this condition as a blood loss of about 500 mL in a vaginal delivery or about 1000 mL during a cesarean delivery or within the next 24 hours of delivery. The investigation of the etiology of this condition shows that there are primary and secondary causes. On the one hand, such problems as retained placenta, abnormal placentation, or uterine atony provoke loss of blood during delivery (Wormer et al., 2019). On the other hand, women may be at risk of infection or inherited coagulation deficit that provokes maternal hemorrhage after a delivery process (Wormer et al., 2019). If blood loss is impossible to predict, such complications as prolonged hospital length of stay or mortality have to be identified. Patients must deal with additional psychological, physiological, and economic changes (Marshall et al., 2017). As a result, one health problem (maternal hemorrha