ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many people associate economic globalization with the controversial issue of free trade. In some cases, economic globalization is associated with free trade and liberalization, improvements in economic conditions of less developed countries and enormous opportunities for multinational (MNEs) and transnational corporations (TNCs). Thus, there are many critics and economists who oppose economic globalization citing alleged benefits of globalization. Benefits of globalization Wade criticizes economic benefits of globalization and states that rich and powerful states exploit less developed countries. One of the ways by which the rich get richer (and the poor are made poorer) is through increased economic globalization. Globalization has been defined as the collapse of time and space, but more detailed explanations distinguish between “interdependence of markets and production in different countries;” “(perception of) living and working in a world-wide context;” and a “process that affects every aspect in the life of a person, community or nation” (Brown & Lauder 2001, p. 43). In return for supplying much-needed loans to developing countries, the IMF and the World Bank demand from their creditor nations the implementation of so-called ‘structural adjustment programs’. Unleashed on developing countries in the 1990s, this set of neo-liberal policies is often referred to as the ‘Washington Consensus’. The various sections of the program were mainly directed at countries with large foreign debts remaining from the 1970s and 1980s. The official purpose of the document was to reform the internal economic mechanisms of debtor countries in the developing world so that they would be in a better position to repay the debts they had incurred. In practice, however, the terms of the program spelled out a new form of colonialism (Wade et al 2006). The ten points of the Washington Consensus, as defined by Williamson, required governments to implement the following structural adjustments in order to qualify for loans: It is no coincidence that this program is called the ‘Washington Consensus’ (Hirst & Thompson 1999), for, from the outset, the United States has been the dominant power in the IMF and the World Bank. Unfortunately, however, large portions of the ‘development loans’ granted by these institutions have either been pocketed by authoritarian political leaders or have enriched local businesses and the Northern corporations they usually serve. Sometimes, exorbitant sums are spent on ill-considered construction projects (Hirst & Thompson 1999). Most importantly, however, structural adjustment programs rarely produce the desired result of ‘developing’ debtor societies, because mandated cuts in public spending translate into fewer social programs, redu
With the ongoing economic crisis, systems of health care are facing the challenge of sustainability. Unemployment is rising and the people who have lost their jobs are no longer able to provide their own and their family’s health care. On the other hand, the state, which has accumulated a lot of debt over the last decades cannot allocate the financial means to provide health care to the people who need it. Overall, if the financial situation does not improve dramatically, health care systems will be hit by serious crisis which threatens to destroy them. The only viable solution in the long run is to try to establish the practices which would ensure maximum prevention of major illnesses which would then reduce the costs of health care. It is clear how the costs of preventive activities are covered by the money which is saved because the illness does not need to be treated. First in the line of activities aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases is health education. Many studies have shown that people who are more educated about health issues are also more likely to maintain regular preventive examinations and take measures such as changes in lifestyle to avoid illnesses (Tracy et al., 2002). Second measure is focusing the health care on children. This can be the most effective of all the measures. It is known that children are more likely to recover from any disease if it is discovered in time and the amount of money spent in treating children has a lot more chance of being paid off. In addition, the children can benefit most from promotion of healthy lifestyle, because it is easiest to develop healthy habits during the childhood years (Slilagyi, 1998). Thirdly, it is crucial to promote healthy workplace because it can have significant impact on the expenditure of health care. In today’s world many illnesses are caused by stress related to work, particularly overtime work, malnutrition, lack of sleep, stressful situations etc. Eliminating or reducing such effects of work on the people’s physical condition would certainly be beneficial to future managed health care (Chu, 2000) Forth strategy in this domain could be food pricing. For over a decade, there has been a debate over to what extent pricing of food can influence food choices and whether overpricing of unhealthy types of food would have beneficial effects. It has been proven that lower prices on healthy food increase their consumption (French, 1997). The final measure is solving the problem of high invalidity rate and frequent health problems in the elderly populations. Periodical examinations of the elderly people which would focus on preventing the most frequent diseases and those particular diseases for which the older person has risk factors could dramatically reduce the percentage of old people who are not functionally autonomous and are dependent on medical care (Fried & Bush, 1988). Annotated Bibliography Chu, C. (2000). Health-promoting workplaces—international settings development. Health Promotion International , 15 , 155-167. In the article the author discusses the current trends in the promotion of healthy workplaces. They examine the
Introduction Turner syndrome is an infrequent genetic disorder that affects females, and that is characterized by a short stature, heart defects, and ovarian developmental problems. It was first described in1938 by Henry Turner as a rare chromosomal abnormality. Research has shown that the condition develops from the absolute or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes that constitutes the female genetic makeup. The disorder is usually diagnosed before the birth of a child, during infancy, or during childhood before the age of 5. In rare cases, symptoms are not seen until puberty or young adulthood. Several treatment strategies are used to manage the condition as it can cause symptoms throughout life. Statistics have shown that approximately 70,000 women in the United States suffer from the disorder. Pathophysiology As mentioned earlier, Turner syndrome is caused by the absolute or partial absence of certain genes from one of the X chromosomes. A normal human being has 46 chromosomes, which include two sex chromosomes that differentiate males and females. Females possess the XX chromosomes while males possess the XY chromosomes. That Research has shown that girls and women with the disorder possess an X chromosome that lacks one set of genes. In patients with 45, X karyotype, approximately 65% lack the X chromosome that is transferred from the father (Ramirez, Edith, & Torre, 2018). A similar situation is observed in individuals with mosaic karyotypes and a 46, XX karyotype. In certain patients, Turner syndrome results from the deletion of the SHOX gene (Ramirez, et al., 2018). This condition causes a skeletal phenotype called Lerri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) that results in a short stature. Signs and Symptoms The signs of the disorder vary among girls and women, as it manifests in varied ways. In the majority of girls, signs include a short height, stunted growth, and developmental problems (Shankar & Backeljauw, 2018). In other girls, the disease is difficult to diagnose because its signs are not readily apparent. In women, the symptoms of the disorder include heart defects and poor development of the ovary. Before birth, signs include heart abnormalities, abnormal kidneys, and edema (Ramirez et al., 2018). The most common symptoms during infancy include cardiac defects, slowed growth, low-set eras, webbed neck, short fingers and toes, nails that are turned upward, arms that turn outward, and a receding lower jaw. In childhood and
Introduction   * There are numerous risks associated with obesity.   * Obesity can be managed with the help of specific interventions. Importance of Obesity: Healthcare Costs   * Treatment process is rather complex and requires additional expenditures.   * Direct medical costs cannot be evaded.   * Effective treatment methods maximize care costs significantly. Importance of Obesity: Exposure to Cancer   * There is a higher risk for obese individuals to experience cancer.   * A total of 1/5 of all cancer deaths are linked to obesity.   * Higher BMI is directly associated with the risk for cancer development. Importance of Obesity: Reproductive Issues   * Owing to obesity, males experience erectile dysfunction and testosterone decline.   * Obesity generates the metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemia. Importance of Obesity: Pulmonary Disease   * Excessive weight affects the respiratory demand.   * Everyday functions are harder to maintain when overweight.   * Obesity increases the occurrence of sleep apnea and the hypoventilation syndrome. Obesity in the Uae: Expatriates   * Sulaiman et al. (2017) proposed to investigate the trends in expatriates’ obesity and the link to high blood pressure and high lipids.   * Further policies are required to develop inclusive treatment strategies for expatriates. Obesity in the Uae: Children   * AlBlooshi et al. (2016) claimed that contemporary children are much more exposed to hypertension and diabetes.   * Future treatment plans should include measurable health outcomes for all the local schoolchildren of all ages. Obesity in the Uae: Risk Factors and Prevention   * Razzak et al. (2017) highlighted the lack of prevention measures across the UAE.   * There is a need to raise awareness in regard to healthier lifestyles and public health programs. Obesity in the Uae: The Role of Mass Media   * Awofeso et al. (2019) stated that local newspapers represent the essential source of influence for the UAE.   * Social media platforms could be a strong ally in the process of deploying anti-obesity governmental problems. Obesity in the Uae: An Overview   * Rajan (2018) found that a sedentary lifestyle and severe climatic conditions becam
Hines, A. L., & Peri, G. (2019). Immigrants’ deportations, local crime, and police effectiveness . Institute of Labor Economics. The authors of this article try to find connections between the deportation of illegal immigrants, police effectiveness, and local crime rates. In this paper, there is an analysis of “the impact of immigrant deportations on local crime and police efficiency” (Hines & Peri, 2019, para. 1). The results demonstrate that the increases in deportation rates cannot influence the reduction in crime rates for property or violent offenses. Light, M. T., & Anadon, I. (2019). Immigration and violent crime: Triangulating findings across diverse studies . University of Wisconsin-Madison. In recent decades, there was a dramatic increase in both unauthorized and lawful immigration to the U.S., and this fact raises several questions. The authors try to find out whether immigration increases violent crimes (Light & Anadon, 2019). Little evidence proves this idea, and that is why policy responses aimed at enhancing public safety and are connected with the reduction of immigration are unlikely to make any difference. Miller, D. S., & Chtouris, S. (2017). Borderland security and migration: Balancing humanitarian response with crisis preparedness & emergency management – The social and cultural challenges to homeland security. Journal of applied security research, 12 (1), 1-6. In this article, irregular border crossings and mass migration flows are viewed through the perspective of homeland security. Illegal immigration can cause problems related to violent crimes. According to the authors, the inability to address and eliminate these challenges can lead to regional and national security concerns (Miller & Chtouris, 2017). In an age of terror, these concerns compromise the security, health, and safety of U.S. citizens. Orrenius, P. M., & Coronado, R. (2017). The effect of illegal immigration and border enforcement on crime rates along the US-Mexico border . The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. The authors of this article discuss how illegal immigration and border enforcement influence the level of crime along the U.S.-Mexico border. According to Orrenius and Coronado (2017), “the border led the nation in the decline of property-related crimes, while violent crime rates fell twice as fast in the U.S. than in the median border county” (para. 1). It also appears that more enforcement results in increased use of professional smugglers, which leads to more violence on the border. Payan, T. (2016). The three U.S.-Mexico border wars: Drugs, immigration, and homeland security . ABC-CLIO. This book provides the readers with essential information about the current situation at the U.S.-Mexico border. The author argues that the evolution of the border conditions exists because of steady growth in the U.S. homeland security concerns (Payan, 2016). The ways that homeland security may de-escalate or address the geopolitics of illegal immigration are also discuss
Introduction Countries, like businesses, control their economic positions to maintain a healthy economic stance regarding their financial resources. Often, the nations establish their respective central banks that act as the finance department in the country to regulate both the money, as well as the credit system. The central banks use varied policy tools, including bank reserves, federal funds market, open market operations, discount rates, and foreign currency operations, to achieve their objectives of maximum employment and stable price levels, among other goals (Rose & Marquis, 2003, p. 64). This paper seeks to discuss how such available policy tools are used by these institutions to determine the nation’s policies regarding money and credit. The paper further highlights some of the weaknesses, as well as strengths of these monetary policy tools. It also gives an insight on how a country’s economic goals are affected by the policy actions implemented by their central banks. Monetary Tools Bank Reserves Banks often maintain a specific amount of funds as reserves for purposes of meeting their unexpected outflows (Gamber & Colande, 2006, p. 78). These reserves are maintained as cash or as deposits mainly with the central bank. Typically, the banks hold a larger amount in their reserves than is required for purposes of clearing overnight checks, restocking their automated cash machines (ATMs), and making different payments. The reserve held by a given bank determines the amount of money that the same bank can lend. The central bank’s Board of Governors sets the reserve requirement in any country and it forms a critical aspect of the national monetary base (Gamber & Colande, 2006, p. 78). This monetary tool influences policies in the sense that the treasury, which is the most important supplier of high-powered money, writes cheques on its account at the central bank to increase the reserve balance. On the other hand, the treasury’s act of collecting taxes diminishes the reserve levels in the bank (Arestis & Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). This is critical because it highlights the fact that a country’s fiscal policy is by all means tied to the reserve balances. The central bank uses the bank reserve tool to defend the nature and position of the economy because of the discretionary nature of the treasury operations (Arestis & Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). The Federal Funds Market The federal funds market relates to the bank reserves as a policy tool used by central banks to regulate a country’s economy. Banks use this market to borrow and lend their reserve levels. It often occurs that some banks may have more deposits in their reserves than it is required by the central bank (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). On the other hand, banks may find themselves in need of money to maintain their reserves at the right level as expected by the central bank. Banks are incentivised to lend out the reserves because reserve accounts do not a
The problem of employee engagement has been studied actively throughout the past decades. The expert community is mainly focused on determining the key triggers of employee engagement such as managerial attitudes. A particular emphasis is likewise put on the potential outcomes that a consistent engagement implies. Also, it should be pointed out that there is currently no consensus regarding the proper interpretation of the term itself. In other words, different researchers offer individual variants of “employee engagement’s definition. The paper at hand is aimed at summarizing the scope of the relevant literature and providing a brief review of the problem from four perspectives: the term’s interpretation, the main engagement-related outcomes, key triggers, and potential challenges. First and foremost, it is essential to review the way that the term engagement is defined in different scientific sources. As has been already noted above, the notion is interpreted differently within the expert community. The lack of consensus might seem surprising, taking into account
Charles Portis’s True Grit is a transcendent and versatile story that earned its first critical acclaims as a novel before going on to become the source of two of the greatest western films of all time, with 42 years between them. The overriding theme in all the three portrayals is retribution for Mattie Ross, a 14-year-old girl whose father was killed by the cowardly Tom Chaney. She follows him to Texas, where she hired Rooster Cogburn, described as the meanest ranger, but who Mattie believes is the true grit who will help her get payback. The book was published in 1968, and a year later the first film was released starring John Wayne, in 2010, the Coen brothers then did a film remake of the book starring Jeff Bridges. A notable distinction this particular rendition of the book to film/s is that, for the most part, the films stick closely to the book. This is probably because the books are very rich with material making it unnecessary for the scriptwriters to warder too far afield. Structurally, both the 1969 and 2010 films tried to be as faithful to the book as possible, but there is a limit to how far a film can rely on narration. Consequently, many of the lines and emotions described from the vivid, emotive first person are lost. Nevertheless, in the novel, this first-person narrative curtails Mattie’s growth as a character in that the 14-year and the 80-year-old narrator sounds a lot alike. Both are arrogant and even pushy, which makes her a static character who does not appear to have been improved by her experiences. In the 2010 film, she comes off as a more endearing character, and there are romantic undercurrents between Mattie and LaBoenf, which are, however, not dwelt on and barely implied in the book. On the other hand, several contrasts can be drawn between the book and film, most notable being the absence of a retrospective narration from the older Mattie reflecting on her adventures. In addition, given the first-person viewpoint, she remains the main character, and the book is largely more about her than anyone else is. However, in the 1969 and 2010 films, the spotlight appears evenly split between her role and the rest of her co-stars. This is especially so for the lead roles done by John Wayne and Jeff Bridges, whose dominance results in Mattie’s relegation to a supporting role. The change in character roles may be explained by the fact that, when making a western, the emphasis is on the action, violence, and “grit.” Consequently, Mattie finds herself the victim of the Hollywood’s stereotypical depiction of women as damsels in distress taking the secondary place behind male leads. Granted the book was written right into this stereotype depicting a young vulnerable girl being helped and protected by tough cowboy types, the male dominance is hardly surprising. The 1969 and 2010 films, while adhering to the general plot implications in the book however downplay the biblical tone. In the 2010 film, this is particularly evident and can be attri
Lack of drinking water and water sanitation issues plague most third world countries. Sanitation related diseases and deaths is the number one threat to survival. The current conditions provide little or no regard to the long-term use of the land and the direct effects of dumping human waste in to the water table. Water for People uses current land surveying technology to map the lands available, viable water sources and create routing systems for drinking and sanitation to create long-term solutions for the residents. Water for People employs digital land surveying technology in addition to modern plumbing techniques to find viable sources of water and create irrigation for drinking and sanitation systems. Using a system called FLOW and android cell phone, Google earth mapping is used to monitor the systems. They are able to gather data to see what is working, what is in disrepair, and what needs to be changed for optimal efficiency. Water for people uses community members, entrepreneurs, industry professionals, partners, staff, and World Water Corp volunteers to implement these systems in to the areas of need. Earlier on, Water for People tried to take on all the areas of need on a global basis, they quickly found themselves overwhelmed and the quality of the solution was not up to par. Water for People has now committed to taking on smaller areas of need in specific regions with a 10-year follow up plan. By concentrating their efforts in selected areas at one time, they are able to implement a long-term solution that is truly effective. The target market for this project of Water for People Involves people in regions where water is scarce and where the water used for drinking is not safe or even clean. This involves some regions of Asia like India, some regions of Africa such as Uganda and Rwanda, Central American countries such as Guatemala and Honduras, and some regions of South America such as Peru and Ecuador. In all these regions, there is no access to clean water and without the necessary help through such schemes, people would suffer from various infections and diseases. The FLOW is used as an efficient and effective tool for examining the status of the projects on water. This is however done in a technological manner using the Android technology via a cell phone, Global Positioning System and through the Software called Google Earth. Through the FLOW, the parties to the project, which include partners and workers, are able to collect information on the various water points. Then through such information, a project’s progress, that is whether it has failed or succeeded, or is ongoing, wrecked or even requires repair, can be monitored through a worldwide map. FLOW has had several advantages as a technological tool in monitoring of water and sanitation projects. The information received through the FLOW can be used to come up with decisions on programming. Through FLOW, it is easier to supervise and check on the progress of the various water projects. FLOW