ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Religious systems are inseparable from society for the most part. As a rule, these systems are created and supported to function for the same cause of making the society more integrated. The Vodun religious practice is driven by the principles of “fluctuation, transformation and open-mindedness” (Rush 60), as reputable sources explain. Thus, the concept of the unity of all elements of the universe, including those that are seemingly incompatible, such as human society and nature, is introduced in the Vodun religion. Speaking of the practical application of the Vodun postulates, the aforementioned transformation principle must be considered as the key to understanding this religious practice. With the help of the Vodun practice, one can be reunited with nature and reconcile with one’s being a part of the grand universe. The Minkisi practice, on the contrary, disregards the idea of unity through transformation, its adepts preferring to focus on the natural variety. In addition, it is quite peculiar that the Vodun practice does not presuppose splitting the universe into black and white, for the lack of a better expression – quite on the opposite, the Vodun practice transcends the principles of good and evil, leaving the dilemma of the duality of human nature to be solved instead. The Minkisi practice, in its turn, is obviously aimed at introducing the community to a range of moral values, shoveling the problems of the search for one’s self, as well as the reconciliation of people and nature, aside. As Volavkova explains, the polytheistic nature of the Minkisi practice mixed with the concept of duality, i.e., the existence of the good and the evil deities, shines through in the artworks devoted to the Minkisi culture and different attributes of the Minkisi practice, especially in the fetish figures: “Fetish figures are generally divided according to the character of their effect into two principal groups: the malevolent and the benevolent” (Volavkova 52). The given peculiarity, which pertains to the Minkisi religious practice yet is weirdly absent from one of the Vodun religious traditions, can be considered the key to understanding the differences between the two. Indeed, while the Vodun practice is pretty much what one would expect a pagan religion to be, with the reconciliation between a man and nature, as well as the redefinition of a man’s place in the “circle of life,” the Minkisi practice comes miraculously close to the concept of the Christian faith, with its unceasing battle between the good and the evil. Considering the two fully relate to each other, however, would be quote a stretch. There are countless numbers religions that d
Life in the solitude of Walden Lake presented Henry David Thoreau the opportunity to introspect and enjoy the multitude of nature’s beauty. In the chapter on “Solitude” in his book Walden , Thoreau presents a life away from the human civilization, but in company of nature. He describes the perfect blissfulness in his solitary life at Walden Lake. This chapter is reflection of William Bertram’s philosophy that souls unite all nature’s creations. Like Bertram, Thoreau found a connection with Nature in his solitary life in the country, away from the hustle and bustle of city life. This essay explores how Thoreau found the life of solitude endearing, as he was not plagued with loneliness; rather found a multitude of company in nature. William Bertram believed that all natural beings are unified at the very inception of the creation story. He believed that this connection is between souls and thus established the unity between humans and nature. Thoreau’s’ “Solitude” is a continuation of this belief that Bertram professed. In “Solitude”, he described his life at Walden lake and the way, one “delicious evening”, he felt the connection with nature and became “a part of herself” (Thoreau 202). In the cool breeze of the lake, as he returned from his evening walk, he felt as if he found companions in his environment. As he returns to his cottage, he finds notes from his friends, indicating that he was probably not very far from humanity, but still his seclusion from them helped him to connect with the natural world. Thus, Thoreau writes: My nearest neighbor is a mile distant, and no house is visible from any place but the hill-tops within half a mile of my own. I have my horizon bounded by woods all to myself; a distant view of the railroad where it touches the pond on the one hand, and of the fence which skirts the woodland road on the other. But for the most part it is as solitary where I live as on the prairies. It is as much Asia or Africa as New England. (Thoreau 204) Alth
Introduction Six nations and sixty million people were put at risk by the death of once the fourth largest lake on earth. Today the Aral Sea is the epitome of human-environmental malpractice and one of the earth’s worst environmental catastrophes. Soviet-era mismanagement, transboundary water conflict issues, and rapidly worsening climate change have made the Aral Sea a thing of the past. Even UNESCO added the lake’s documents in the “Memory of the World Register.” The Aral Sea is one of the most ideal models of the connection between the wellbeing of an ecosystem and that of communities and economies dependent on it. Humans do not always manage to preserve the beauty of nature, and some of its phenomena deteriorate or become destroyed altogether. To prevent this, citizens of all countries must make every effort to save the wonders of the Earth and take responsibility for the destruction of forests, deserts, water, and other resources. The Aral Sea has many severe problems, and people have to try to solve them soon to save at least a part of its region. The primary cause of the Aral Sea’s decline is human activities, most importantly the careless handling of the irrigation project that drained it, and it can only be preserved and restored through the funneling of water back into it. A ship graveyard in the Aral Sea. Web. Objectives   * To identify and analyze the problems of the lake, its basin, and the entire region   * To discuss the causes and consequences of the lake’s destruction   * To evaluate the solutions proposed for ameliorating the consequences Study Area The Aral Sea was a sinking lake between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Due to an irrigation program that drained water from it, it started drying up in the 1960s. Before the 1960s, the lake used to be the fourth-largest in the world and had an area of 26,300 sq ml. By 1997, it has split into four distinct lakes: the South Aral Sea, split into two parts, a small lake in the middle, and the North Aral Sea. In 2014, the eastern basin of the lake desiccated completely, and now it is called the Aralkum Desert. Literature Survey A lot of literature exists covering the damage of the lake, the consequences, and possible solutions to the problem. Dilbar et al. (2019) examine the issue of the Aral Sea and the possibilities of eliminating it. Micklin (2016) tries to predict the likelihood of saving the Aral Sea region through restoration. Many scholars have studied issues surrounding the Aral Sea including Aladin et al. (2019), Guo et al. (2016), Izhitskiy et al. (2016), and Kalimbetova et al. (2020). People living in the lake basin struggle with a variety of problems, such as
In the academic world, tests are used to gauge the level of understanding that has been achieved by the student. As such, failing a test demonstrates a lack of understanding by the students and may lead to many negative repercussions. For this reason, students at all levels strive to ensure that they pass in their tests therefore reaping the benefits of good academic performances. While some students rely on legitimate means such as intensive reading and carrying out exercises prior to the test so as to increase their likelihood of passing, others resort to the illegal means of cheating. This paper shall discuss the best examples of cheating on test and compare their relative costs and benefits. In addition to this, the paper shall try to shed light as to why some students engage in this practice while others do not. Of the various forms of cheating in existence, arguably the most prevalent one is the use of cheat notes. In this case, students enter into examination areas with written material that may contain answers to the questions that they anticipate. By carefully concealing this material, the student’s can avoid the detection by supervisors and utilize this material to cheat in exams with favorable results. The major benefit of this method is the accuracy level since the cheating material is obtained from text books, lectures or other decisive authorities on the subject. Students write down material that they find hard to understand and use it in exams setting. This method of cheating is favored by most students since an individual can carry it out on their own without relying on outside help. The major disadvantage of this cheating technique is that there exists physical evidence of the cheating act which may incriminate the student. Another form of cheating involves soliciting answers from a fellow student who is better in the subject at hand. By pooling their knowledge, students utilizing this method can obtain higher results than they would have if they relied on their own individual efforts. This method is especially invaluable in instances where written evidence of cheating would be undesirable. In cases whereby an exam invigilator is suspicious of cheating, he/she would have a hard time proving it since there is no evidence. Another benefit of this method is that as opposed to the writing of cheat notes method where a student cannot anticipate all questions, in this method, the cheaters can answer a wide array of questions so long as one of them knows the answer. A disadvantage with this method is the lack of clarity since the supposed “authority on the subject” may not know the right answer. Some exam environments also demand great physical distances bet
Introduction Cultural beliefs of a certain group of people greatly influence their reception to many different things including medical care. In achieving success in medical care delivery, one of the most important steps is tailoring that care to suit the cultural beliefs of the target population. Hawaii is no different from other cultural heritages in this aspect. Their acceptance of the conventional medical services is heavily dependent on their cultural beliefs. This therefore means that the approach by American nurses, in providing the most needed services, has to take a new direction, if at all the target of those services shall benefit from them. This paper focuses on the cultural influence on the medical service delivery in Hawaii with the aim of equipping medical staff in the area with the relevant information concerning the locality and thus enabling them to offer culturally sensitive medical services. Principles of culturally sensitive care Elements of Culturally sensitive care (Campinha-Bacote) There are several elements in providing culturally sensitive care. The first element is self-reflection, which Campinha-Bacote refers to as cultural awareness (2002, p. 181). The nurse has to understand his or her cultural values and those of the nursing profession. This is important because it helps the professional to identify the beliefs and values which may underscore their interventions or approach and their effect on the client (Andrews & Boyle, 1995; Andrews, 1992). It is also important for the nurse to understand the values of the nursing profession like for instance, autonomy of the client, which may affect the interactions between them and the client. The cultural values of the client may also influence how they interpret the caregiver’s behavior and therefore it is important for the caregiver to understand these values. The other element is cultural knowledge. Though it is impossible for nurses to have a deep understanding of all cultures, it is possible to obtain a broad understanding of how a culture can affect beliefs and behaviors. This involves the client’s worldview, which ultimately determines how they interpret their illness (Campinha-Bacote, 2002, p.182).The other element is cultural skill. This concept includes learning how to conduct cultural assessments and cultural physical assessments. The caregiver needs to understand the relationship between the client’s physical, biological, and physiological variations and their ability to conduct an accurate and appropriate physical evaluation. Another element is cultural interactions. This will help the caregiver to refine or modify their existing beliefs about a cultural group and will prevent possible stereotyping that may have occurred from prior interactions with people from a particular cultural belief. The last element is cultural desire (Campinha-Bacote, 2002, p.182). Cultural desire en
Abstract The study of the issue of Internet addiction occupies a rather significant place in many psychologists and sociologists’ works in recent years. This issue has become of great importance, and the search for effective ways to eliminate this social problem is topical as people of all ages can face such an addiction. This qualitative research with survey design to determine the number of people deeply involved in the web is aimed at searching for actual methods of combating the described problem. It is performed in the form of the literature review and a detailed description of the methodology that can be used for possible intervention. The main question is whether there is a positive correlation between the problem of Internet addiction and other factors (age, gender, the level of education, etc.). The rationale is based on ten peer-reviewed articles with unique research. The practical importance of the paper lies in the possibility of applying the results in the process of eliminating the problem of Internet addiction. Introduction The excessive use of the Internet and the infatuation with social networks has led to the fact that a special term used in psychology is applied. It is about such a concept as Internet addiction, the essence of which lies in an irresistible desire to immerse oneself in the world of virtual communication and other social media as soon as possible. Because this problem is a common practice on the whole territory of the Earth where there is the Internet, a rather big need arises to find an effective and affordable means of combating this type of addiction. It is possible to review some scientific studies of other authors to realize the scale of the problem. Also, it is essential to develop separate research based on the information obtained in the process of reviewing the sources to find useful data. A carefully thoughtful and competent study with survey design to determine the percentage of addicted people will certainly help to at least find an effective way to reduce addiction to social networks and other media. Literature Review As a rationale, scientific peer-reviewed articles of respected authors can be used as a means of analyzing the current problem of Internet addiction and finding the right information and possible ways of intervention. For this study, ten papers were taken as the basis for the review. All the articles are relevant to the problem of Internet addiction and the consequences of excessiv
Introduction   * Emerging Field in the Area of Nursing Competencies;   * Digitalization of Nursing Protocols;   * Information Sharing;   * Many Instruments and Machines are Computerized;   * Present a New Set of Requirements and Challenges. Modern healthcare is one of the most organized and regulated fields of industry. With peoples’ lives on the line, healthcare workers require every bit of information they could get in order to establish a proper diagnosis and facilitate treatment. Healthcare has seen immense progress in the past several decades, making a leap from paper documentation to computerized databases. MRI, PET and CT scanners, x-ray machines, and many other instruments now operate using specialized software. With the integration of computer systems into healthcare, nursing informatics became even more relevant than before. This presentation will provide an overview of nursing informatics, its history, organization, theoretical background, and systems life cycles. What is Nursing Informatics?   * Integrates computers into hospital routines;   * Caring: Operation of computers and data analysis;   * Sharing: Transfers of patient data and formulating a coherent health picture;   * Comparing: Tracking progress and conducting research (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Nursing informatics is an emerging area of healthcare competencies that dedicates itself to integrating computerized and information-sharing systems into hospital routines, enabling nurses and patients to benefit from quick and secure transfer, analysis, and use of personal data, medical data, and any other information required to achieve a higher quality of care. The basis of nursing informatics is formed around the concepts of Caring, Sharing, and Comparing information (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). The caring aspect involves operating all kinds of computerized instruments and machinery as well as software used in analyzing patient data. Sharing stands for transferring patient data to healthcare professionals in different hospitals. Comparing stands for research as well as analysis of the patient’s progressive healthcare records. Nursing informatics is a relatively new field of expertise, with its own set of laws, regulations, and demands towards patient and data security. History of Nursing Informatics   * Finds its routes in the standardized record and documentation system (Collen & Ball, 2015).   * Concepts were established in 1970s.   * First put into practice in the 1980s. Although the term “informatics” is relatively new, the basics of the modern discipline were established by Florence Nightingale, who outlined the use of technology in medicine as a systematic treatment and as a scientific method of approaching clinical situations. Doctors around the world have understood the usefulness of a functional bureaucracy and the standardization of patient fil
Introduction The fact that the realities of today’s living in America the least relate to the societal notion of ‘equality’ is quite self-evident. It simply could not be otherwise in the country, where there are citizens who live in the cardboard boxes, on one hand, and citizens who fly private jets, on the other. However, the absence of even the smallest traces of ‘equality’ in America can be confirmed not only within the context of what accounts for the living standards, on the part of the country’s rich and poor. Apparently, the same can also be done, in regards to the fact that the American version of ‘democracy’, which supposedly empowers U.S. citizens politically (regardless of what happened to be their social status), is nothing but a euphemism to the notion of the ‘dictatorship of bankers’ – something that cannot have anything in common with the notion of ‘equality’, by definition. In this paper, I will explore the validity of the above-stated at length. Body of the paper One of the most fundamental equality-inducing principles of a political governing, which supposedly ensures the proper functioning of democratic institutions in the U.S., is concerned with the assumption that, while casting ballots during the time of elections, citizens are able to affect the course of the country’s continual development. The inducing factor of equality, in this respect, is concerned with yet another assumption that, regardless of what happened to be the extent of a social prominence, on the part of every particular citizen, she or he is believed to exercise the equal amount of a personal influence on the process of a
Diverse Socio-Economic Environments in Schools   * Political independence brought young countries harsh difficulties including the problems with education;   * Children in such countries do not have access to high-quality education due to the poor technological, social, and economic development. After gaining political independence, young countries faced severe financial difficulties caused by long colonial robbery and continued economic dependence on the imperialist powers. Nowadays, the problem of socio-cultural transformations, including a fundamental restructuring of the education system and adapting it to the needs of socio-economic recovery is of paramount importance (Burnett, 2014). The improvement of the educational system should be conducted per the requirements of modern science and technology. Challenges   * To provide children and young generation with adequate education;   * The education should meet the demands of the national development;   * To make education accessible to all representatives of society regardless of the social status. Why do these challenges matter?   * Governments are responsible for the reformation of education to provide their nations with learning opportunities;   * The economic independence cannot be achieved in the country where people are illiterate;   * The development of education is directly connected to the socio-economic improvement of the country. In is necessary to give the young generation education that meets the needs of national development and involves in the educational process a significant amount of population. The prominent role in the solution of these challenges belongs to the governments. The improvement of education in countries is based on the state plan of socio-economic development of the country. The reformation of education and training is one of the important tasks of the struggle for economic independence, a constituent part of a complex of measures aimed at overcoming underdevelopment (Guthrie, 2011). Without solving this task, the consolidation of political independence and gaining economic independence is impossible. Current difficulties Almost two hundred million people who are no more than thirty years old have never visited a primary school (Marshall, Kinuthia, & Taylor, 2009); One of eight young people is unemployed and over a quarter is busy at work The colonial education system has left one more heritage: higher education is disproportionately developed in comparison with primary and secondary school. As a result, there is
Introduction Economics as a discipline focuses on laws that determine how economies work. Usually, this entails looking at a balance between human wants and the scarcity of resources as reflected through goods and services. Economics essentially dwells on tackling these two issues in order to derive maximum satisfaction. Sometimes markets can solve their own problems or government interventions can be made. Economic interventions may appear essential to society’s functioning but their unforeseen consequences make them unreliable The issues Government interventions have not always led to desirable results especially in monetary intercessions. Issues of hyperinflation (a state of exponential decrease in the value of a currency) have affected a number of societies very negatively. One such example was the South African country of Zimbabwe. At its worst economic times, that nation got to a point where citizens could not estimate how much they were going to purchase a kilogram of sugar in one evening even after buying it a certain price that morning. This changed such a society from being a net exporter to net importer and eventual dependant. The country could not feed its people and started relying on humanitarian aid for survival. Continuous government involvement in Zimbabwe’s monetary policies is what led to the problem and contributed to its propagation (Bean, 58). Government solutions may not always work because governments tend to depend on economists to base their decisions. However, economists tend to disagree on even some of the basic economic issues affecting nations. For example, in 1930, the United Kingdom was going through a very tumultuous time. Unemployment was rife and the economy was doing very poorly. Experts and analysts in the Treasury advised the then Prime Minister McDonald to increase taxes and reduce social benefits especially for the un