ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Law and Medical Ethics There is a great overlap between law, ethics, and risk management within a legal profession. Ethical considerations within the medical profession must be backed by law to make them enforceable. At the same time, risk management is an important concept that helps medical professionals choose actions that minimize potential risks (Vincler, 2008; Johnson County Community College, 2011). From this, it can also be said that the law as a regulatory concept provides guidelines that define and direct how procedures in medical practices are to be conducted in a manner that is adherent to practitioners’ and patients’ rights and privileges as provided under the constitution. The law also helps to standardize operations globally. Research ethics regarding vulnerable population Patients on end-of-life treatment form a uniquely vulnerable group whose life and the decision is a responsibility of the law and the people who love them. One key informed consent that may be violated relates to withdrawing or withholding of care to this population. The law, ethical consideration, including religious and cultural issues, must be considered in making this choice. IRB ensures patients are treated according to various statutes that provided for by law. If the patients are incapacitated from making critical decisions regarding their medical treatment, it is required that any medical operation that may affect them adversely is only conducted with the express written consent of an immediate family member (McGowan, 2011; Weiser & Cooper, 2011). Organizational ethics in the healthcare workplace I consider organizational ethics quite an important factor that would adversely affect how I would conduct business at my workplace. For instance, I would quit employment in a private facility where money was placed before patients’ health. Suppose a patient comes who desires urgent treatment, yet I am forbidden from attending them till they have paid. I will have no option but to walk away. In this regard, I consider good organizational ethics at the workplace quite instrumental in ensuring that there are proper service provision that is guided by professionalism, good service delivery, respect of the law, and respect for people’s rights and freedoms (Purtilo & Doherty, 2010; Johnson County Community College, 2011). Caring response and ethics: addressing the medical needs of homeless people Taking care of street persons requires a passion for involving health professionals in initiating mobile clinics and the necessary equipment and facilities such as warm clothing and preventive vaccines. Personally, my skills will be used to offer medical, ethical, and spiritual advice. Our profession will benefit by creating a healthy and content society, ensuring that there are better societies with people whose medical issues are better addressed and provided (Wasunna et al., 2003; Purtilo & Doherty, 2010). This group of people who are ignored in society as destitute and vagrants also have rights and privileges, which include the right to access quality healthcare (Derbyshire, 2010).
Introduction Agency refers to the law that concerns itself with quasi-contractual or contractual relationships between not less than two parties. In the relationship, one of the persons usually has legal authority or right to act for another. EEP states that these relationships arise from implication or explicit appointment. He adds that an agency relationship is most of the time created by the existence of a contract. Moreover legally, agency law is mostly applicable within contractual or commercial dealings. An agent is described as that person who has been given the authority to act on behalf of another individual. It is the person he acts on behalf of that is referred to as the principal. In this case, Hassan would have been the agent while Mariska became the principal. It is important to note at this point that we see no explicit appointment of Hassan to conduct transactions on behalf of Mariska and neither do we see any binding contract in place creating the impression that there is no principal-agent relationship existent. Discussion Since the agent usually has authority that has been granted to him by the individual perceived as the principal, then he can unarguably create or develop a legal relationship between a third-party and the principal 2 . Further explained, the agent can for instance order goods or services from a third party on behalf of the principal as long as the purchase is within the agent’s scope or range of authority. In such a case, therefore, the principal automatically must pay for the purchased goods as law, through the agent, binds him to the contract initiated by the third party. The agent is thus given the authority to specifically carry out certain duties in place of the principal. The principal will relay to the agent what he wants to see accomplished and the agent is thus left with the responsibility of bringing about the results he has been tasked to achieve. Irrespective of how competent Hassan was to handle Mariska’s emergency, the law does not qualify him as an agent and thus makes him ineligible to receive compensation or reimbursement for his good deeds or actions on behalf of Mariska. The law fails to grant Hassan the explicit right to have represented the interests of Mariska through dealings with a third party. There was in essence no contract between them that gave Hassan the authority to conduct business for Mariska and thus there is nothing tha
Introduction The topic that is about to be brought up is highly debatable and though the twenty first century has reached its supremacy in technology, this subject still lies uncertain in many scholars and theologists’ minds. So, does God exist? There were many scholars to have tried to prove existence or non-existence of Divine Providence, though actual evidence is what people lack, unfortunately, while the religion claims that the greatest evidence is the faith. Therefore, there is no way out or clear conclusion on whether God really exists. Although such discussions may seem to be some kind of fictitious and unsupportive, it is highly important for the people to know and understand. First of all, the reason people have right to be aware of such discussions because religion is what invaded people’s consciousness greatly – and not always virtuously. Religion is a great power grasped by clergymen, priests, and ministers in order to gain control over huge masses of people. This essay will elaborate on Nagel’s argument against Kant’s argument for the existence of God in Defending Atheism . The main point to discuss is Kant’s belief that God exists through moral values that people adhere to, that God guides them to these moral values, and hence grants utmost happiness. Whereas Nagel claimed that “The existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God is thus postulated as a necessary condition for the possibility of a moral life” (Sober 144) but he immediately contradicts existence of God putting forward atheism and a need for evidences saying that moral is happiness according to Kant and happiness is highest good, however: “And though we may postulate God’s existence as a means to guaranteeing the possibility of realizing happiness together with virtue, the postulation establishes neither the actual realizability of this ideal nor the fact of his existence” (Sober 144). My opinion on this topic is God does exist otherwise people would be a bunch of poorly moralized animals. No emotions, no dignity, no virtues are what makes our lives empty. And, since I believe that we are all here for a reason, God gives us a privilege to experience morals and virtues they result in. We do not have to search for the highest peak of good; it is, in fact, unachievable, because there is no limit to good. God knows exactly what humanity needs, putting us through various moral
Introduction The pope is currently the leader of the Catholic Church throughout the world. Early popes spread Christianity as well as doctrines of the Catholic Church, although using different tactics and means opposed to normal ways. The Roman Church converted the Roman Emperor as well as other European countries into the pope’s secular kingdom. The popes therefore acted as both spiritual leaders and earthly kings. How and why the Papacy in Rome became the center power Emperor Constantintine’s declaration of Christianity as state religion in the former Roman Emperor became the foundation of the Papacy in the Roman Catholic Church. Thus the church that had previously had a humble beginning became the most powerful institution in the Roman Emperor. However, the early church leaders were eventually replaced by ambitious individuals who wanted to exercise their power and control over the church and the people. When Constantine became Roman’s emperor, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople which is today referred to as Istanbul. As a result, the bishop of Rome surfaced into limelight since the emperor no longer operated from Rome. Thus, he became the most important figure in Rome; in other words, he became the center of power in Rome since the city represented the center of the mighty Roman Emperor. Even though the city was not the Roman government’s headquarters, its prestige still continued. During this period, there were five major districts referred to as Patriarchates, with each ruled by a church leader who was known as a patriarch. The districts included Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria. At the start, all the patriarchs were regarded as equally important; however, with time, the patriarchs of Rome and Constantinople turned out to be the most powerful in the emperor. Strong rivalry existed between these two most powerful patriarchs for many years over who was the most eminent. In AD 606, the emperor decided to bring the rivalry to an end, and an imperial edict granted the pre-eminence to Rome. With time, the Roman Bishop acquired so much prestige that he became less satisfied with being appointed by the emperor, which had been the norm since the declaration of Christianity as a state religion. The then Roman bishop then proclaimed that his appointed was directly from God, and therefore he was the vicar of God, meaning that he represented God on earth. Thus, the Roman bishop was no longer appointed by the emperor; instead, he was elected by cardinals. Factors that contributed to the dominance of the Roman Papacy over Western Europe In the 4 th and 5 th centuries, tribes from northern Europe who were regarded as pagans and mostly Germanic consiste
Adult education is an area that most educators and stakeholders in the education sector find interesting. Stakeholders in the education sector need to understand the factors that influence the teaching and learning processes in adult education. Adult education is considered a complex issue and therefore to comprehensively understand factors affecting its nature and process we must involve both empirical research and theoretical studies. Therefore, any study carried on this topic should be critically analyzed to better understand the significance of the research on the processes of adult education. It is important to fully understand the research article and then critique the credibility of the information contained therein. This research paper seeks to analyze two articles. The two articles will be discussed to better understand how prior experience and knowledge, intrinsic motivation and exposure to the carrier subject are related and how these influences a person’s performance in adult education. In her article, The role of prior experience in adult learners’ acquisition of postgraduate literacies in a postapartheid South African University, Cooper Linda (2011) argues that prior knowledge and experience of the subject or carrier discipline is a significant resource for learners’ success in their field of studies (Cooper, 2011). The research is known as Prior Learning Assessment (Cooper, 2011). The research focuses primarily on the influence of the learners’ prior experiential knowledge on the outcome of the academic literacy practices gained in higher learning institutions as well as their contribution to the learning process. The underlying principle of the current research is that learners’ literacy skills outcomes largely depends on an interaction of three main components that includes the disposition and habitus of a learner, how the academic discipline in question has been structured, and the pedagogic agency. The study required that the teachers recognize the learners’ prior knowledge on the academic disciplines chosen while the teachers controlled the challenges in each academic program and the learning processes as well as the accommodation and learning group mix (Cooper, 2011). The article examines the case of a group of disability rights-activists who were given the opportunity to enroll for master’s degree program under the recognition of prior learning (Cooper, 2011). The disability rights activists were asked to choose master’s degree programs of their choices and where they best thought represented their careers and abilities, as well as those that they thought they had adequate prior experience in. However, all the activists were restricted to enroll in the academic programs which were related to their activities. In each academic discipline where the activis
Introduction One aspect stands out to distinguish the two groups, namely, the factor of sex. Identical twins are always of one sex; fraternal twins may or may not be. This in itself suggests a different mode of genesis for the two types of twins. It is well established that in all higher forms of animal life, the sex of a fertilized ovum is determined by the presence or absence of a particular chromosome, called the X chromosome. The fertilized ovum, which has two X factors (XX), develops into a female; that which has a single X factor, or an X factor with a corresponding Y factor develops into a male. Identical twins are generally born with one placenta and enclosed in one chorion. This immediately suggests that they are the result of the germination of one ovum, which by some variation of cell division has become two separate germinal bodies, each perfect in itself and able to achieve perfect embryonic development. This is the generally accepted theory to which most of the evidence seems to point, although some authorities have suggested other possible modes of genesis. If all twins were of fraternal origin, then boy-boy, mixed, and girl-girl pairs should occur approximately in the ratio 1:2:1 by the normal laws of chance. The number of twins of like sex would be approximately equal to the number of mixed pairs. By extensive observations, however, it has been found that about sixty-two or sixty-three percent of all twins are of like sex, a proportion which would be accounted for if about twenty-five percent of all twins, or about forty percent of all like-sex twins are identical twins. Few individuals are in any strict sense bilaterally symmetrical. One side of a profile presents a different outline from the other; one ear may be slightly larger, longer, fuller; one leg heavier; the finger and palm prints on the one hand quite unlike those on the other; and so on for almost every paired structure in the body. The most generally accepted theory to account for the differences between identical twins is based on this normal asymmetrical tendency of the individual. Main Body There is a continuous gradation in the resemblance between twins from almost complete duplication to rather great difference. Two groups of twins have been distinguished: (a) uniovular and (b) binovular, but within each group, gradations of resemblance are noted. Within the uniovular group, this generalization holds less than within the binovular, fo
The problem of ensuring non-discrimination on the basis of physical or mental disability received a lot of attention within the recent decades. However, able-ism as a complex of behaviors, practices and policies which privilege non-disabled bodies and minds remains rooted deep in public consciousness and social models. Living with disability is a challenge, but a lot of additional problems are preconditioned with people’s attitudes, society norms and organization of society in general. Instances of able-ism can be observed in different domains of the community life and some of the dynamics of oppression of the disabled individuals can remain unnoticed. Observations of able-ism at work Normalization of non-disabled bodies has become so accustomed that it is sometimes difficult to notice. For example, the cultural representations which can be found in media and art make disabled people invisible. Thus, watching the Fashion Television network a few days ago, I awed at the beautiful slim bodies of the models on the runway. Only in the middle of the Fall season runway show, it dawned on me that modeling world is a cultural representation of able-ism, making disability invisible and normalizing non-disabled bodies as beautiful and attractive. When I changed the channel, I watched the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights discussing the justice bill and noticed that all of the participants were non-disabled. Therefore, disabled individuals are excluded from public domains and politics because of the social prejudices on what is considered normal, beautiful and desirable. Whereas the absence of disability in the fashion world is based on the dominant view of what is considered beautiful, the absence of disabled in politics ca
Ideation can be defined as the process that involves generating new ideas in relation to the matter at hand. In this essay, we are going to use the ideas for skin care and anti-aging products in a bid to explore further the topic of ideation and to put it into practice. In this scenario, the ideation process will focus on brainstorming as the model and this will take us over the five steps which include:  1. Defining the objectives,  2. Formulating the tasks,  3. Generating ideas,  4. Developing concepts,  5. Evaluating the results (Ideation, 2009). The beauty of the ideation brainstorming process is that it can be applied in any situation that is inventive like the issue at hand. The main objective of employing the use of skin care and anti-aging products is to help the skin keep looking younger and fresh. In recent times, people are exposed to stresses brought about by the lifestyle they lead as well as genetic factors. These stresses thus call for a fast and efficient product that will keep the changes at bay. Using eye creams comes in handy in taking care of the skin since the eyes are always the first to register the most obvious signs that age is catching up. This is often characterized by eye bags, wrinkles as well as fine lines. There are many creams available in the market to take care of these aging signs. Anti-aging makeup is the next beauty idea that helps in keeping aging signs at bay. In this case, there are many foundations available in the market that couple up as both concealer and anti-aging cream. They work in such a way that they conceal the lines and wrinkles and at the same time hydrate the face thus making it look younger. Night creams are an all time favorite for people looking at keeping their skins younger and fresher. Most of these creams have a high moisture content that helps in keeping the skin moist. To make sure that the cream gives great results, it is important to clean the face thoroughly to rid it of debris. There are many anti-aging products in the market that come in the form of cleansers. When used to clean the face, they ensure that radicals known for creating wrinkles and fine lines are kept at bay as they have strong antioxidants. Use of tepid water is strongly advised to ensure that the skin is not over-stressed. All in all, exercise must be included in this process to ensure that the body is fit enough as this also goes a long way in keeping the skin fresh and young. Nutrition is also key since it has been said many a time that we are what we eat. A healthy balanced diet mostly composed of fresh fruits and vegetables is a plus towards fighting signs of aging. Not to be taken for granted is drinking a lot of water as water is a natural cleanser that helps in keeping the skin fresh and young (Wu, 2011). When all these ideas for skin care and anti aging products are followed to the word, people will be able to experience younger and fresher looking skins. This satisfies the final ideation brainstorming which entails the evaluation of results. It is important to note that with these procedures a solution has been reached.
The fact that American history is strongly associated with racial and ethnic issues in undeniable. Over the centuries, the migrated ethnic groups faced rigid discrimination on the part of dominating population. The indigenous population of America also confronted significant social and cultural pressure on the part of white people coming from Europe. The point is that differences in races are not premised on biological characteristics, but on social ones. Indeed, social perceptions are strongly linked to cultural beliefs of various ethnic groups. Diverse ideological systems have become the corner stone for various groups to become a united community with common values and belief systems. There is no unanimous opinion concerning the nature of racial confrontation. Nevertheless, the history testifies to the dominance of white race over the others. Therefore, racism often served as a tool for colonizing, enslaving, and conquering new territories. Similar to racial distinctions, ethnic groups are also divided in accordance to different cultural and racial backgrounds. In case the population of one ethnic group prevails, the other ones are considered as minorities whose beliefs, culture, and traditions are often under the pressure. Prejudice, bias, and stereotypes have been formed as a result of these confrontations. In this respect, the African people migrating to the United States were not accepted by the dominating society and, therefore, they were deprived of the human rights, including freedom and equality. Despite the fact that racial discrimination has been exterminated in the course of time, some st