ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The work of Morris Louis (1912-1962) characterizes the difficulty: a definite impression of showing indifference appears to surround it these days. Louis was not famous when he was still living. But nowadays his paintings are accepted as masterpieces and hang in numerous museums around the world. Louis gives rise to nonobjective artwork. There are no particular things in his pictures…no features or plants or mountains. The drawing is complete of wholesome colors and forms. Morris Louis completed up a entire original class of work of art. He is not using a paintbrush at every one; he just poured paint down the canvas. He normally applies especially liquid acrylic paint, blend with care so it would run and stretch out in the manner he desired. He described his stripes of paint “veils,” similar to a thin cloth you can see all the way through. Louis cautiously turned the canvas one way and the other so the flowing paint would generate the outline he wish for…and this was not a simple piece of work, as he produced truly large paintings. Discussion The artistic creation of Louis’s that is highly regarded by the art world was created in a time of to some extent under 10 years. Throughout the last decade of his life, Louis was extraordinarily creative; turning out in 1960 and 1961, for instance, more than 100 works of the remarkably scaled “Unfurled” sequences. Louis’s work is symbolic and indicative: what might appear to several to be an expressive as well as a natural fineness appears to some to be a picture of the freshness and spontaneous of conclusion. He knew what he desired and he meticulously improved methods that allowed him to get there as precisely as possible. This no-nonsense method (common with the Minimalists) made for stylishness, a wealth of means capable of producing multifaceted result. Common sense and the course of testing when used to art are likely to generate results that are expressively cool. But Louis’s paintings is also, in their modest empirical practice, in their level; forward, presentational excellence, conceive themselves as a review of that art. Saf is an amazing Veil painting by Morris Louis, the chief practitioner of the society that has come to be recognized as Color Field painting. Supported by the famous art reviewer Clement Greenberg, Color Field climb to reputation in the late fifties and it’s most significant distinctiveness were color, normally in effect of unchanged or unadjusted grounds and most notably, a sense for uniformity and conservation of the portrait flat surface as a two-dimensional facade. Saf is from the previous collection of Veil paintings completed by the artist. One gets the logic of an artist at the height of his supremacy and completely in control of the means, widening his previous originality to the maximum. In its place of the gigantic wall of color of the previous veils, Saf is made up of
Introduction Despite the numerous issues related to its existence, plea bargaining (PB) is being actively used by the modern justice system of the US. For example, it accounted for 95% of state-level cases in 2008 (Burrow & Lowery, 2014, p. 212). PB is associated with challenges and dangers, and its relationship with the law is admittedly controversial. However, it is also a most efficient and useful tool, and the incentives for its use are numerous for all the parties involved, including society. As a result, it can be argued that PB is necessary for the modern justice system, which apparently lacks a less controversial and more lawful alternative. Plea Bargaining: Definition PB is a specific legal practice in which the defendant “agrees to plead guilty in exchange for concessions on punishment offered by the prosecutor” (Fisher, 2008, p. 943). Depending on the definition, it may have appeared back in 1804 (Burrow & Lowery, 2014). There exists a variety of ways in which a defendant can bargain. For instance, they may provide information about other criminals or give up their right to appeal and in exchange be granted various concessions from the prosecution, including shorter jail time (Fisher, 2008). In general, Bowers (2007) insists that we can only hope to define all PB types as they are custom for every case. Nowadays, PB is one of the “integral components of the criminal justice system” that is common and universally accepted (Burrow & Lowery, 2014). Associated Issues The apparent issue that is related to PB is the fact that it is “outside the shadow of valid law” (Bowers, 2007, p. 86). In other words, its controversial nature remains an issue. Apart from that, there is a chance of abusing PB, especially on the prosecutor’s part, who may be interested in their career rather than justice. For example, Burrow and Lowery (2014) consider the cases of juvenile PB and point out that youngsters are generally less capable of defending themselves and can be “tricked” into PB that is harmful to them. Similarly, Mackenzie, Vincent, and Zeleznikow (2014) mention that it is not unlikely for PB success to depend on the defendant’s qualities (including wealth and race). Burrow and Lowery (2014) also mention the “trial penalty,” a case that is hard to prove but the existence of which is accepted among justice system researchers (p. 212). In this situation, a defendant who refuses to bargain is threatened with or does receive a harsher sentence during the trial. At the same time, it is apparent that innocent people may be convicted through PB since the justice system is not perfect yet (Fisher, 2008). To sum up, issues related to PB are numerous and truly critical; modern researchers work to improve PB, for example, with the help of information technologies and support for more vulnerable defendant groups (Mackenzie et al., 2014). Incentives behind Plea Bargaining Various groups of people are interested i
Stereotypes are knowledge structures incorporating assumptions regarding specific qualities and features linked to particular social groups. They usually have negative connotations and fail to reflect the truth about individuals from diverse, multicultural backgrounds. Since stereotyping means implicit biasing against people based on their gender, race, and other characteristics, it adversely affects one’s attitudes toward others and interferes with the establishment of trustful and constructive relationships. The problem of stereotyping is particularly significant in multicultural societies and in those professions that imply interactions with multiple individuals on a daily basis. Therefore, biases held by police officers in the United States decrease the effectiveness of law enforcement, one of the critical components in the criminal justice system, and minimize the opportunity for building efficient police-community partnerships. Due to this, there is a need to find and implement effective ways to decrease the degree of police stereotyping. Overall, the rate of open discrimination by police officers has significantly declined over time, and there is no doubt that a vast majority of them strive to be fair when treating citizens. Nevertheless, Coon (2016) notes that the role of hidden multicultural bias in influencing decisions is frequently overlooked in police departments. One of the main reasons for this is staff members’ limited personal experiences of interacting with ethnically and racially diverse individuals (Cole, Smith, & DeJong, 2016). The unfamiliarity with distinct cultures automatically contributes to stereotyping because, with its help, the human brain aims to reduce cognitive gaps. However, police stereotyping produces such issues as racial disparities in various law enforcement activities. For instance, evidence provided by Weir (2016) and Cole et al. (2016) reveals that African Americans and Hispanics are stopped by police officers more frequently than White individuals. Moreover, statistical data demonstrate that the level of Black civilian’s involvement in police shootings across the country is much higher, whereas the likelihood of being shot by an officer for an unarmed Black person is greater by 3.5 times (Weir, 2016). Such an adverse situation creates mutual tensions among civilians and police personnel and makes it difficult for racial minorities to trust the police. In its turn, the lack of trust decreases the chance that an individual will refer to police officers when witnessing a crime or after becoming a victim of a crime. In response to the abovementioned problems, many police departments launched diversity programs. In general, diversity training aims to foster more productive, respectful, and
Introduction Bauhaus was a school in Germany founded in the year 1919 (Droste, 2002). Its curriculum comprised crafts like metal and woodwork, as well as fine arts. The institution was famous for a unique style of art referred to as the Bauhaus style or the international style. In addition, the school advocated for embracement of the style by artists and designers in Germany. Bauhaus operated for 14 years (Droste, 2002). An architect known as Walter Gropius established the school in the Weimar Republic. After establishment, Bauhaus operated without a department for architecture even though its founder was an architect. In today’s world, the international influences art and architecture in many parts of the world. Founding of the Bauhaus After practicing architecture for many years, Gropius decided to establish a school. The main intention of starting Bauhaus was to create a school that would incorporate all genres of art into its curriculum (James, 2006). Gropius was successful because Bauhaus style formed the foundation for the establishment of modern design and modernist architecture. The style influenced many genres of art during the 20 th century. Genres like art, graphic design, interior design, typography, architecture, and industrial design had many concepts of the international style (Droste, 2002). Bauhaus was founded in Weimar but later relocated to Dessau and Berlin due to political instability and financial problems. In Dessau, the school existed operated for seven years while in Berlin, it operated for one year (James, 2006). Its directors had varied influences on the curriculum. Gropius directed the school from the year of establishment until 1928. Hannes Meyer who headed the school for two years succeeded Gropius. On the other hand, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe succeeded Meyer and directed the school for three years (Droste, 2002). Each of the directors altered the curriculum based on taste and preference in art. The Russian Revolution, the De Stijl, and Weimar Republic The Russian Revolution elicited immense cultural experimentation in Germany after commencement of the communist rule (Maciuika, 2005). Three events heralded the emergence of German modernism. These include German
Introduction In the context of an organization, performance is a very broadconcept and is synonymous with productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness. A high performance workplace aims at increasing the influence of the workers on the business and their impact on processes, methods, the surrounding, and also the technology and the tools that improves their work. Organizations apply several holistic approaches that feature a flat hierarchical structure, rotations of duty, responsibility, multi-tasking, and the involvement of the lower-level employees in the process of decision making (Calzi 2010). This paper attempts to propose a substantial investment to improve the performance within BNY Mellon Bank through the creation of virtual teams. It looks at the possibility of investing in virtual teams with the aim of enhancing service delivery and eliminating informational imperfections. The paper will also look at how this investment will contribute to the mission of the bank- to create an environment where the clients expectations and where our values drive the decisions of the bank. Teamwork In the modern world, the biggest challenge for organizations is to deliver quickly and effectively better quality products and services to be able to respond to the ever changing demands of clients. A feature of traditional work organization is standardization and specialization where work is allocated into different segments from initial stages to the support level (Berry 2011). Increasing demands do not seem to go well with this method, and may at times lead to coordination problems and rigidities. Teamwork is considered one of the core elements in the new form of work organization replacing the traditional work organization. Teams and teamwork are a very necessary part of making work done in most organizations. A team is made up of a group of individuals who interact interdependently and come together voluntarily to achieve a common goal. Enhancing teamwork increases capability, responsiveness, and flexibility within organizations. This is partly due to the synergies that are created among participants in the team who bring different types of their knowledge and expertise. Teamwork in organizations can be increased by use of computer mediated communication technologies. This move will profoundly change how team members collect and distribute information and will also change dynamics and relationships between members of the organization (Berry 2011). This move will enable team members to make use of networks. Virtual Teams Virtual teams within Mellon Bank will use computer assisted communication technologies to work interdependently in both space and time and outside the boundaries of the bank. The members will be able to communicate within the office and anywhere across the globe. Although the bank already applies technology to some degree, virtuality will gain acceptance as the degree of reliance on electronic communication rises. Enhancing virtuality within the organization will make our teams dispe
“Causes and Consequences of Sports Concussion” by Edwards and Bodle This article is a scholarly one. There are several reasons for making this statement. First of all, the authors are experts in the area of the given research, as there are author affiliations found on the first page of the paper. They include short biographies of authors, their credentials, and affiliations with influential research institutions, thus pointing to their expertise. That said, both authors are MDs. While Edwards is a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina, Bodle is a neurohospitalist at Carolinas Medical Center. Even though there is no abstract included, the format of the paper meets the requirements of scholarly articles because the paper is well organized, the language is clear and short, and no pictures, bright photos, or advertisements are included. When reading the article, it is evident that the authors have a professional background in the area of investigation as they include specific vocabulary and point to the practical applicability of the represented materials. Some examples of specialized terms are abrupt neuronal depolarization, ionic shifts, post-concussive syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, gross anatomic changes, etc. In addition, all citations are accurately mentioned, and a reference list is included so that a reader might verify them or consult other sources of information for more details if necessary. The purpose of this article is to discuss the causes and consequences of concussions and to inform other scholars of the severity of the problem. Even though no original research was conducted, this paper is still a scholarly one because of the focused specialization of the authors and clinical applicability of the findings. Finally, it is published in a peer-reviewed journal (Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics), and that is one more argument for believing that it is a scholarly article. “‘It Didn’t Cross My Mind That I Wouldn’t See Him Come Off That Field’ (Cover Story)” by Gregory This article is a non-scholarly one. This statement can be justified by some evident arguments. First of all, there are no author’s credentials mentioned. A reader can find only a few details about the author: his name mentioned on the first page and his affiliation with Time magazine found from the context. Furthermore, the article includes numerous photos, such as the pictures of a football field, Chad’s jacket, his room, and a family portrait. Even though there are some pictur
Countee Cullen’s (n.d.) poem “From the Dark Tower” reveals the author’s thoughts and feelings concerning slavery in the United States. The main idea that the poet seeks to convey is the notion that white and black people are equal and that they should complement each other rather than fight. For instance, Cullen (n.d.) postulates: “The night whose sable breast relieves the stark”, meaning that people can enjoy the uniqueness of certain races only because there are other ethnicities with their specific cultures (line 9). Therefore, the poet calls for harmony and mutual understanding. The poem evoked mixed feelings in me and induced some thoughts concerning racism. I felt empathy with all the people who had and have suffered discrimination in the past or now. However, at the same time, I was inspired by the author’s calls to increase the efforts to fight any form of racial inequality. In my opinion, thanks to such people as Cullen, we could achieve significant progress in addressing racism in the United States and other countries. Reference Cullen, C. (n.d.). From the Dark Tower . Poetry Foundation. Web.
The recent events in the Middle East and the war on terror forced the spotlight on Islam. The whole world had a sudden interest over this religion. In the process, it was discovered that therewere Islamic societies that considered women as inferior to men. Their beliefs led them to develop rigid rules that were oppressive to women. The leaders in these societies justified their actions on the basis of religious laws. However, a closer examination of Islam would lead many followers to believe that it should not be used to oppress women but to liberate them. One way to understand the plight of women is to view it from the framework of feminism. In order to be specific, this framework can be traced back to the feminist movement of the modern era. It must be pointed out that in the history of mankind, Muslim women are not the only group that suffered from inequality and harsh treatment from a male dominated society. As a consequence of such a movement, they were able to develop standards and ideas that helped to determine if women were treated with dignity and respect. When the same standards were used to analyse the plight of women in Islamic societies, even non-sympathetic members concluded that religion could not be used to oppress women. Even followers of Islam expressed their misgivings with regards to the religious justification of such actions. There were those who asserted that the unfair treatment of women could be considered as an affront against Islam. There can be different views but the truth remains, in many Islamic societies, Muslim women suffer as a result of oppressive rules. The Religion Aside from socio-cultural factors that govern certain rules of etiquette regarding the behaviour of women, there is no other force as significant as religion. This particular assertion is especially true when it comes to Islamic societies in the Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It is, therefore, important to take a closer look at Islam. Islam was established a few centuries after Christianity, and more than a thousand years after Judaism. The founder of Islam was called Mohammed and he used an interesting label to describe his religious purpose and he said that he was the last prophet. It is important to examine Mohammed’s claim because he made a reference to the other prophets that came before him. His spiritual lineage can be traced back to the Christian Bible. In other words, Mohammed made the claim that he was connected to Abraham, Moses and Jesus Christ. For the purpose of this study, it is critically important to link Islam to Christianity. There is no need to elaborate on Christianity in order to determine that it is a religion that espouses the importance of charity. In that line of reasoning, Islam must be viewed in a similar light. Although Islamic doctrines highlighted the importance of respect and the need to show kindness to a fellow human being, their strict adherence to other tenets of religion forced them to focus on their devotion to God and not to a man. The followers of Islam asserted that to be a Muslim means to submit to God. It is through this submission that t
By definition, the term ‘modes of transportation’ refers to the means by which people, goods and services achieve mobility. In logistics and geography, the wide diversity of transportation modes falls under one of the three major categories- land, water and air. In addition, each mode is adapted to serve certain requirements of mobility for freight and people. The result is a marked difference in the use and deployment of the various modes of transportation. In the recent times, technology and costs have made authorities and institutions attempt to integrate various modes through linking them closely. The aim is to enhance production and distribution of resources (Winston, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to develop an understanding of how the different modes of transportation compare with each other in terms of costs, capital requirements, government actions and cash requirements. Surface (land) Transport Land transportation includes three systems- roads, railways and pipelines. The three systems are some of the most advanced and useful forms of transport because they provide connection between communities, societies and institutions (Washington, Karlaftis & Mannering, 2011). In addition, they provide a cheap way of connection over short and long distances and a convenient way of providing mobility of passenger, energy and freight of varying weight, size and nature. Road transport According to Anderson and McCullough (2011), road cost allocation is the analysis model that shows the roadway costs to different road users within the context of the share of cost imposed on each group. With this model, it is possible to determine the cost of using roads in the United States. It provides analysts with an easy way of estimationg the cost of road transportation. This depends on the vehicles used and the level of government involved in imposing costs (Washington, Karlaftis & Mannering, 2011). For instance, the 2010 estimates indicate that automobile users meet a federal cost of about $0.011 per mile and state costs of about $0.018 per mile (National Research Council, 2011). In addition, they must meet user payme