ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In their article, Conroy, Sutherland, Algina, Werch, and Ladwig (2018) demonstrate the importance of social-emotional learning (SEL), which involves emotional regulation, social skills, and behavioral control. As stated by the authors, SEL issues are associated with multiple negative effects, including the development of various disorders, especially emotional and behavioral ones (EBDs). Certain risk and resilience factors can mediate the relationship between SEL and EBDs, and the authors state that SEL issues should be addressed in early childhood through prevention measures that take such factors into account. Purpose of the article According to the authors, preventative EBD measures are not very common, especially when early childhood education is concerned. As a result, they present a study of a preventative program “BEST in CLASS.” The term is an abbreviation and stands for “Behavioral, Emotional, Social Training: Competent Learners Achieving School Success” (Conroy et al., 2018, p. 3). It is an early childhood program that targets the children who demonstrate problematic behaviors and is administered by teachers during usual classroom activities. BEST consists of coaching and instruction and employs positive teacher-student interactions to decrease and prevent problematic behaviors. Conroy et al. (2018) examine the program for its clinical efficacy in reducing problem behaviors and improving social skills, which they describe as the desired SEL outcomes. Thus, the purpose of the studied article is to report the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) which te
Executive Summary The following paper is an integrative assessment of procurement and supply. The assessment is divided into five key areas of procurement. The first section entailed the analysis of the practical roles of stakeholders in the process of procurement. This was about procurement and supply in the management of expenditures. The second section entailed exploring the techniques that can be applied to the area of expenditure to enhance the creation of value. The PESTLE model was used to aid the analysis. The third section explored the factors that make a contract to be legally binding and inclusions that can be made with a key focus on the technological and environmental requirements in the seismic acquisition survey. In section four, Kraljic’s Supplier model was used as the basis for selecting the best supplier. The final section entailed the application of the 5-R model to examine the aspects of the purchase that call for negotiation. This is about the negotiation between the purchaser and the suppliers. The main findings from the sections were that effective supply management creates value for organizations by ensuring that there is a beneficial business relationship between an organization and the external suppliers. ADCO should apply Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to streamline the supply and procurement process by putting in place measures to ensure that suppliers are evaluated regularly to ensure that services and products are delivered to the company as required. Role of Procurement and Supply in Managing Expenditures Introduction Procurement and supply play a strategic role in helping businesses accomplish their operations and gain a competitive edge. Effective procurement is integral in lowering the expenditures of a business. Effective procurement ensures that there is timely delivery of materials to ensure the continuity of a project. In modern times, procurement is considered as a factor in the creation of value in an organization. Erridge and McIlroy noted that the function of procurement has become a department of managing external resources (54). This section covers the role of procurement and supply in managing expenditures about expenditures in the seismic acquisition survey; the section underlines the inputs that should be made by the key stakeholders in the onshore seismic drilling survey. Seismic Acquisition Survey Seismic surveying is a process of exploring gas and oil by the production of detailed images of the rocks and their location on the earth’s surface to establish the reservoirs for oil and gas. The onshore exploration entails the use of specialized equipment and trucks that are vibrated to produce a seismic signal. The Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations Ltd. (ADCO) caries out onshore seism
One of the most controversial disputes still present among economists is the importance and extent of governmental intervention in the economy. Pro-capitalism scientists state that such interventions should be eliminated and believe that the forces of the free market can provide natural and timely economic regulations. They criticize top-down interventions mainly for disorganized allocation of resources, for the lack of “harmony” and thus negative long-term consequences. Nevertheless, some admirers of centrally planned economies argue that government intervention is critical, at least in such fields as public goods, monopoly power, and externalities. Despite some short-term benefits, governmental interventions usually provide negative impacts on the economy. John Keynes believed that the economic policy could be implemented only in a situation of disequilibrium, and when the aggregate demand is low (Sowell 2008). It means that the best “natural” condition of the economy is when it self-regulates, but the government should apply new policies to intervene at the moments when market forces are not able to stabilize the economy. Von Mises (2006), states that the public and politics usually see government economic interventions as a “solution” to the issue, but in reality, it brings about chaotic and insufficient conditions. The main requirement for successful intervention is economically devised actions that should be finished in time. According to Gwartney, Stroup R. L., and Stroup R. (1993), the central planning approach should be avoided because it always spoiled by political considerations of legislators. It leads to insufficient direct investments and subsidies, which hamper economic progress. Government intervention is currently welcomed only in cases of recessions when the government uses expansionary policy to reduce taxes and increase the money supply in order to enhance economic growth. Another issues authorities can target with particular policies are negative externalities, monopoly regulation, and public goods. For instance, governmental coordination of the production of public goods is spotted to be often better than market one (Gwartney, Stroup R. L., and Stroup R. 1993). Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable, so they usually are underproduced, as the producer does not have enough motivation to bear all the costs (Sowell 2008). Hence, some economists believe that the government has to tax inhabitants in order to utilize revenues in public goods production. Nevertheless, private actors are found to supply society with public goods often, but if they perceive the project to be a failure, they will be reluctant to commit money. That is why the optimal approach should require a public provision (Sowell 2008). It is difficult for governments to define how many public goods should be produced because of the absence of a mechanism to prevent overprovision. Nevertheless, the number should be determined by demand. For instance, when statistics tell that fires occur more often than before, the city should get more fire tracks. According to Lee
There is no doubt that the world around us is composed entirely of molecules and atoms and that their interaction leads to the formation of new compounds. Recognition of this phenomenon forms the basis for chemical experiments, including those involving the human body. The study of the effects of chemical compounds on the body and in-depth studies of natural internal molecular transformations is a subject of study in biochemistry. For example, one of the known negative effects on a patient’s blood is the forced change in the blood level, which can be initiated by the consumption of strongly acidic or strongly alkaline products. This essay explores this clinical condition in conjunction with a discussion of acid-base interactions. An uncountable number of existing molecules can be classified into groups to facilitate their identification. For example, according to official definitions, acids are those substances that form hydrogen cations upon dissociation (“ Acids and bases ,” n.d.). In other words, any acid that exists, whether inorganic or organic, must contain hydrogen. On the other hand, bases are commonly referred to as molecules that usually contain a negatively charged hydroxyl group OH. Examples of some acids (1-3) and bases (4-6) are given below. Thus, it is clearly seen that both acids and bases are complex substances, which means that their interaction most likely proceeds on the principle of the double-substitution reaction. By exchanging cations, acid and bases turn into salt and water, as shown below. Consequently, the salt’s nature depends directly on the metal in the base and the acidic residue characteristic of the acid. In addition, this interaction most often leads to the formation of a water molecule, which is why this reaction is commonly referred to as neutralization. In general, the study of acids and bases is not limited to the neutralization reaction, so it is essential to say what role they play in the surrounding life. For example, the human ventricle naturally secretes hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid to maintain functionality. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, and sulfuric acid is used in industry, including for designing car batteries (“ Acids and bases, ” 2018). On the other hand, bases can be used as strong bleaches, soaps, the base of potassium-lithium batteries, or to prepare calcium-containing building solutions. Both types of molecules are also permanent tools in the chemical industry for acids or in fine synthesis. The human body is also capable of secreting acids and alkalis to main
Introduction The Magnet Recognition Program (MRP) was introduced by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) to promote the use of best practices to provide healthcare in the US. The program provides elaborate criteria for benchmarking healthcare delivery to improve quality, clinical outcomes, and satisfaction among nurses. This paper sheds light on the significance of achieving Magnet designation. Specifically, the paper will discuss the process of achieving the Magnet designation. The benefits that are enjoyed by the healthcare facilities that have achieved Magnet designation will also be discussed. Meaning of Magnet Designation Magnet designation is a credential that is awarded to healthcare facilities such as hospitals that have been able to achieve high-quality standards. Thus, a Magnet designated healthcare organization is one that has met all the ANCC’s standards of excellence in healthcare provision. The standards focus on three areas namely, “quality of patient care, nursing excellence, and innovation in professional nursing practice” (ANCC, 2014). Meeting the standards in these three areas enables healthcare organizations to utilize high-quality nursing practices to deliver healthcare. As a result, the Magnet Recognition Program is considered one of the most reliable sources of best practices in nursing globally. Consumers of healthcare services use Magnet designation as a criterion for evaluating the quality standards of healthcare providers (ANCC, 2014). Generally, consumers tend to choose hospitals and clinics that have achieved Magnet designation as their healthcare providers. This choice is based on the fact that Magnet-designated organizations have the best talent, equipment, and treatment methods to deliver healthcare. The Process of Achieving Magnet Designation Healthcare institutions that intend to become Magnet-designated are required to make a formal application to the ANCC. Upon receiving the application, the ANCC begins the appraisal process to ensure that the applicant is able to meet its quality standards. During the appraisal, the applicant is expected to demonstrate an ability to achieve all the ANCC Forces of Magnetism (ANCC, 2014). The Forces of Magnetism refer to the characteristics that define nursing excellence in healthcare institutions. There are 14 Forces of Magnetism that focus on various aspects of healthcare provision. The forces that focus on enhancing nurses’ skills and satisfaction include professional development, the image of nursing, using nurses as teachers, and personnel policies. Using nurses as teachers “promotes the involvement of professional nurses in educational activities in the healthcare organization to improve their skills and knowledge” (ANCC, 2014). Moreover, the organization is required to establish effective programs to ensure professional development (Russell, 2010). The program should promote formal education, career development, and certification. The organization must improve the image of nursing by recognizing that the services delivered by nurses have an important and direct influence on its ability to d
Introduction The Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party were the two major opposing American political forces that were in confrontation from the late 18 th up to the early 19 th century. Alexander Hamilton, who created the American financial system, was severely criticized by Thomas Jefferson, one of the American Founding Fathers, when he proposed a new financial plan. This conflict led to the emergence of the two parties: the one led by Hamilton (Federalists or Hamiltonians) and the other headed by Jefferson (Democratic-Republicans or Jeffersonians). 1 The paper at hand is aimed to examine the ideological differences between the two approaches to which the parties adhered. It will attempt to prove that despite the general success of the Republican-Democratic course of development the nation chose, there were still certain failures in Jefferson’s presidency that featured self-contradicting policies. 2 Definition of the Parties The Federalist Party was the first official American party and had two stages of development:  1. At the first stage (which lasted throughout the 1780s), Federalists were not a political party. However, they supported the idea of a strong central government and claimed that the Constitution had to be ratified. The major figures were John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, who wrote The Federalist Papers by joint efforts. 3  2. In the second stage (which emerged in the 1790s), Federalists became a party and were headed by Alexander Hamilton. 4 Democratic-Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson. The party came to power only in 1800 and openly opposed Federalists stating that to win the approval of the majority, Hamilton’s party sacrificed its principles. Jeffersonians dominated the national policy until 1820s. 5 The Major Ideological Differences between the Parties The basic points of disagreement between the parties can be summarized as follows:   * The Federalist Party believed that any act that is not prohibited by the Constitution could be performed. On the contrary, Democratic-Republicans had a strict interpretation of the Constitution stating that things not mentioned in it were outlawed. Thus, according to them, the Congress had no right to go beyond the scope of the Constitution. 6   * Federalists were supported by the upper-class representatives. Unlike them, Democratic-Republicans were most popular among the middle class. 7   * Federalists promoted relationships with the British Empire. They believed that cooperation with such a powerful country could be advantageous for the United States. Democratic-Republicans did not trust Britain and supported the French government. 8   * Federalists planned to build a trade-oriented economy, whereas Democratic-Republicans considered agriculture to be the driving economic force.   * Federalists supported the first American Bank believing that credit building would benefit the economy. In contrast to them, Democratic-Republicans thought that the Bank was not allow
Summary A person with a disability is an individual who has certain limitations of his abilities, who cannot actively participate in all spheres of social activity. He or she should have equal rights and opportunities with other members of society. Throughout the world, the social movement of people with disabilities to protect their rights to freedom of choice, self-determination, and open access to participation in all areas of society is growing. The state bill of interest is AB-196 Paid family leave, which wishes to amend Section 3301 of the Unemployment Insurance Code. The latter is related to the issue of paid family leave, where one gets paid for taking care of a person with a disability, for example, a family member. The current law obliges a disability insurance program to pay a person, who is taking care of a person with a disability, a certain percentage of the wage. The calculation process involves determining the quarter with the highest wages and paying an employee a portion of the given sum. The bill wishes to amend the existing law to pay 100% divided by 13 as a wage to employees on temporary family paid leave, who are taking care of people with disabilities. The main change in section 3301 of the Unemployment Insurance Code is 3301b2, which mandates to pay 100% of the highest base wage during the paid leave divided by 13 and not the portion of the sum, as it is now. The weekly benefit is provided for no more than six weeks, which can be paid for 12 months (“AB-196 Paid family leave,” 2019). It is important to note that the amount cannot exceed the weekly benefit on maximum workers’ compensation temporary disability indemnity established by the Department of Industrial Relations. If the bill passes, people with disabilities will get paid more than usual, because the amendment removes loopholes for reducing the total weekly benefit amount. The family, the immediate environment of a person with disabilities, is the main link in the system of his or her care, socialization, the satisfaction of needs, support, and career guidance. The problems of families with the advent of a person with disabilities are increasing. In the first place, these are material, domestic, financial, and housing problems. In such families, sometim
According to Sheth, Mittal, and Newman (1999), consumer behaviour can be defined as the mental and physical activities performed by households and business consumers that end up in decisions and actions to pay for, purchase, and use products and services. Before purchasing, a consumer must go through a purchase decision process. This process involves stages passed through when making choices of which services or products to buy. The stages are explained in details each at a time throughout this essay. The first stage in consumer purchase process is need/problem recognition. Grønhaug & Venkatesh, (1991) explained that problems are triggered by internal and external stimuli which result to mental and physical reaction. Some mental activities such as being hungry, thirsty, cold, etc. leave a consumer with a problem that requires a solution. Likewise, physical activities such as advertisement, radio slogan, store atmosphere, friends’ appearance, etc. can trigger a need to a consumer of wanting to have a product or service such as the one being advertised, the one possessed by friends or the one seen during visits to store. Business consumers also have mental activities that trigger problem such as the desire to be famous and to attract most customers. Physical activities that may lead to need recognition involve advertisement, development of new product and need for expansion. Innovators problem is brought about by the desire to buy a new product. Adopters’ problem is triggered by the need to change their lifestyle through trying something new. Early majority possesses a need only after other people have acquired a product. Late majority’s need arises when all other consumers have rushed to a new product while excessive traditionalists realize a problem for a product once it has become an absolute need to all consumers and the prices have gone down. Both household and business consumers are ready to exercise their role as buyers, payers and users of product in order to satisfy or solve their problems by recognising the need for a product. Marketers do their best to improve their strategies, which involve advertising, sales persons and displays in order to trigger need recognition among consumers. The second stage involves information search. This follows after a need is recognised where Belch, Belch and Belch (2007), argues that consumers engage in both mental and physical search. Household search information mentally in processes such as memories of past experience, perception, and informati
The opening of restrictions against interest rates A major event in the history of money was the removal of interest caps such that people could lend each other money at different margins. Freedom on interest rates meant that the difficulties of borrowing and lending were reduced significantly and therefore many people owning a business and in their personal capacity would be able to get rich by getting the necessary capital for their business. Interests act as incentives for lending money and without them, many people would prefer to stay with their money instead of giving it out. By giving it out, they are exposing themselves to the risk of default and they would not recover their money should anything go bad. On the other hand, the interest rates, when left unhindered allow a lender to gauge the ability of a borrower to pay back and then use that as a basis for accessing the risk of lending. The release of restrictions on interest rates increased the role that bankers and other financial intermediaries made in supporting the economy and the circulation of money. Initially, the gap between the rich and poor was low but after allowing lenders a free reign on interest rates, their speed at getting rich increased while many people also fell into the burden of paying loans serially. Interest rates made debt lucrative for businesses and lenders and they were necessary instruments for affording a lifestyle that a consumer needed. The release of interest caps would be the initial move that eventually changed the financial markets to make them what they are today. According to Locke, money is raised through borrowing and lending. The release of interest rate caps exposed money to the laws of demand and supply. Lenders could increase interest rates if they withheld the supply of money and borrowers could get low-interest rates if they reduced the demand for money. Speculation and inability to control all lenders or borrowers in the market meant that there would be competition among lenders to have the highest number of borrowers and therefore the highest returns from lending out money. Borrowers at the time were mainly businesses that sought to finance their operations and trade. Debt became a symbol of power and a measure of value and an extension of money. With free-flowing interest rates, debt became an asset that could be passed on. The asset could be banked. The meaning of banking here is to place it in a status where one expects future payment to enrich by a particular margin. Thus, interest increases the propensity to the consumer because it led to the easement of lending by those who had money. As a result, it prevented the hoarding of money that would jeopardize the growth of societies and economies. It made way for expenditure to increase above savings, thus causing more people in society to become indebted. According to early takes on savings and expenditure, such as the thoughts on classical economics, savings enrich communities while spending improvis