ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Relationships are the central point that defines the society, and social roles of people. It is obvious that there is always someone who dominates in relationships on different levels and there are always the ones who are subjective to other’s power and intellect. The last ones, are they victims or criminals? This is the central question explored by the main characters John and Martin in the plays by David Mamet Oleanna and Peter Shaffer Equus . Power, manipulation, dissembling and misunderstanding are the main traits that characterize relationships described in the two plays. David Mammet’s, Oleanna depicts the professional relationship between teacher and student that are dominated by unequal social roles and power of influence which skips from one to another. Peter Shaffer’s, Equus dives into the dynamics between psychiatrist and patient (a boy who was accused of a terrible crime committed on psychological grounds). Their relationships are also complex and can be defined through mutual manipulation. As two professionals are individuals that have a responsibility to their professions that they are trained in; however, at times in both plays John and Martin wrestle with were to draw the line between personal feelings about their students, Carol and client Alan, and at the same time, face situations that cause them questioning their choices and overcome weaknesses to hold the leading positions in the complex relationships. Thus, the power and dominance in relationships, as well as professional responsibility of two professionals that deal with patients and students are the central issues explored by two authors in two most controversial plays of the twentieth century. The plays reveal early that both Alan and Carol had problematic childhoods and particular psychological traumas that defined their attitudes towards people and society. The events that harmed their souls, played crucial roles in their relationships in the society and defined their attitudes to life. Both characters are supposed to be amenable as they are in the subjective positions, a female manipulative student who can’t get on well with the teacher’s lections, and a patient with psychological disorders sometimes take the leading positions in relationships and make their dominant professors feel uneasy and weak in front of their patient and student. For example, Alan who is supposed to be treated plays tricks with a psychiatrist and, instead of being asked, begin asking his psychiatrist: “Dysart: Do your dream of
Patriotism is defined by Merriam Webster online as love or devotion to one’s country. It is the special affinity one has towards their homeland. This means being ready and willing to sacrifice for the country due to the loved one’s feels for their country. Patriotic people are seen as more devoted to their countries as opposed to devotion to one’s interests. Patriotism is a complicated phenomenon and scholars have divided it into various categories. Though there exists a disagreement on the labels. The first group is known as devout patriotism that signifies unconditional loyalty to one’s state. Devout patriotism is also referred to as blind patriotism. The second type of patriotism is symbolic patriotism. This kind of patriotism is associated with symbols and rituals which can be informed of loyalty songs and national flags. The other category is constructive or critical patriotism which is the belief that the best way to love one’s country is with constructive criticism of the government (Primoratz and pavkovic 35-76) The constructive or critical patriotism leads me to the question. Is being critical of the government patriotic? Some will argue that a patriotic person is the one who is not scared to ask a question to the government. (Littman, 2005) states that she does not criticize what the government is doing because she hates this country. The reason behind her deeds is her passionate love and pride in her American country. Criticizing the government is very patriotic because we are able to voice our concerns on the issues we feel are not going right. In the case of the Iraq war, how would it be unpatriotic to take to task a government that puts the precious lives of its sons and daughters at risk based on politically influenced intelligence? (Littman, 2005). Being critical of the government is patriotic. Thomas Jefferson observed that the will of struggle to an administration is important on some occasions and should be maintained. Most of the time it is exercised in the wrong manner but is better than not observing it at all. A government that is never criticized would lead us to a scenario like the one in Zimbabwe. Many would urge that criticizing the government has detrimental effects to that the government such as putting off investors and visitors; which would, in turn, affect the economy of the country. We may embarrass our leaders but this is short-term. In the long term, we rectify the mistakes and things go back to normal.. Some use patriotism to advance their political agenda. In this case, patriotism becomes a threat to democracy. The patriotic allegiance should not limit informed dialogue that involves a varied range of opinions Where we have blind patriotism it becomes unpatriotic to criticize one’s own country thus leading to intolerance of criticisms thus lack of informed debate and discussion
In Europe, Germany is the top economic power and top five globally. It is a member of the EU (European Union). The primary reason why the German economy is vital is due to its greatness in innovation and its strong focus on exportation. Ideally, these factors help the nation to compete effectively on global networking. It has high sales in some sectors, including plant and mechanical engineering, car-making, medical technology exports, chemical industries, accounting for half of the total sales. It has a hybrid system of economy that includes various varieties of private freedom, combined with government regulation with centralized economic planning. All these businesses are responsible for the exports, making it a world leader. The Economy of Germany started its expansion in the second quarter of 2021, with significant indicators pointing to the new growth. GDP (gross domestic product) rose by about 1.5% in the second quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter. Germany is an economic powerhouse because most economic prowess is medium and small corporations (Krüger, 2021). The roles of these different industries are essential as they improve the economic status of the nation. The share of industry in Germany in gross added value is about 22.9 %, making it among the G7 countries the highest. Reflecting on the future economy due to the current global crisis is unique. The strongest sectors are the electrical industry, vehicle construction, chemical, and engineering industry. Unfortunately, the nation has two economic problems; production reduction because of the disrupted global supply chains and the shortfall on unprecedented demand resulting from lockdowns. These economic problems have profoundly impacted small-scale businesses and have contributed to slow economic recovery due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Most industries have experienced losses due to low human labor, but these industries are now recovering as time goes and eventually, these industries will catch up. Conclusively, the recovery shape in the EU with its distributive impact will depend on the effectiveness and ambition of the response policy at the EU and national levels. The two main factors that caused an economic miracle in Germany were eliminating price controls and currency reform, which happened in 1948 for weeks. The other factor was reducing rates of marginal taxes in the following year, 1949. A more ambitious policy reaction will help change the centrifugal forces, safeguard the single market integrity and political and economic viability of the European Union project. The enterprises are always the most competitive across all European nations. Reference Krüger, J. J. (2021). A Wavelet Evaluation of Some Leading Business Cycle Indicators for the German Economy. Journal of Business Cycle Research , 1-27.
In his famous work “What is the Origin of Inequality among Men “, John-Jacques Rousseau stated that the foundation of a civil society is based on the principle of property ownership. The simplification of such foundation, saying This is Mine , is nothing more than simplified representation, not only of the way civil society is built, but also of the root of moral inequality in such society (Rousseau). Furthermore, Rousseau emphasizes that such inequality was advanced through the establishment of laws and regulations that protected property laws. Analyzing manifestations of inequality in the way Europeans treatment of Native people, the treatment of women, and slavery, Rousseau’s conclusion cannot be agreed with more. Thus, this paper states that property surpassed any other reason in either creating or prolonging inequality in society. Slavery as an example of inequality caused by property is unique in that not property owning was the main case per se, rather than the fact that the slaves were treated as property. In that regard, inequality in the conditions of antebellum slavery might be traced back to the time black people were enslaved in Africa. Although scientific literature of the time established the inequality in race assumptions, it can be argued that the right for such arguments to be considered valid was given through property ownership differences. In that regard, the need for labor to manage property was contributing factor to sustain slavery (Lowance 2). Accordingly, even within freed slaves, enjoying other rights, e.g. the rights to vote, was preconditioned by owning property, a right which black people were also stripped of (Lowance 4). The argument of property contributing for the advancement of slavery can be agreed with as the dominant one, where as opposed to economic advancement, it served as the cause, rather than the outcome. Thus, those arguing that slavery might have been promoted for the sake of economic advancement of the south, it can be stated that it was the impact on property that initiated the slavery and inequality subsequently, while economic advancement came as a side-effect. With inequality in slavery being promoted through considering the slaves themselves as property, the European treatment of native population was initially driven by land ownership motives (Korzeniewicz and Moran). The process of seizure of Native Americans’ lands was explicitly driven by land owning motives, which outcomes were the resulting inequality in treatment. Treaties and land deeds only gave the appearance of equity, while in rea
Subliminal stimulation is the feature of human psychology, that is currently used not only in medicine or psychoanalysis, but also in advertisement and the marketing spheres. Subliminal stimulation continues to spark interest among marketers, advertisers, psychologists and the general public. Experimental psychologists continue to develop and debate sophisticated methodologies to examine conscious and unconscious perceptual processing and their effects (cf., Merikle and Cheesman 1987; Marcel 1983) (in Hawkins, Del I., 1989). The participants to this research were the ordinary people, who usually experience this subliminal stimulation observing the advertisements slogans and posters, which are aimed to attract the new customer. As for the materials, that were used to arrange and held this research, it should be emphasized, that the ordinary commercial posters, advertising videos and slogans, that surround people in their everyday life is the richest source for researching the matters of subliminal stimulation. The fact is that, the types of stimulation may be different: visual or audio. Depending on the type of stimulation, the stimulation channel differs, consequently, the level of stimulation changes. According to the origins of the perception, visual channel is wider than the audio perception, consequently, the posters and videos are more preferable in advertising, if subliminal stimulation is used. Procedure The procedures, used for the research included the subliminal graphic presentations than from the presentation of words which require decoding. The researchers explained this in terms of right-left brain processing. Thus, “quick looks,” such as in subliminal processing, would probably be more effective for right brain processing of pictures than for left-brain processing of language. (Hawkins, Del I., 1989). Results The results of the research revealed, that the subliminal stimulation affects the subconsciousness, and makes people act in accordance with hidden tips. If these tips relate the commercial message, the experimental audience (consumers) acts as these tips point, and buy the required goods. Saegert (1987) compared alternative theoretical perspectives derived from empirical evidence. He classified the Hawkins’ study and the Cuperfain and Clarke (1985) research as examples of incremental effects theory, in which a weak stimulus accumulates across multiple presentations until some behavioral threshold is reached, whereupon a behavior is evoked. (in Hawkins, Del I., 1989). Discussion It is necessary to mention, that the hypothesis is confirmed, as the subliminal stimulation appears to be rather powerful instrument in advertisement and marketing. The fact is that, these issues may be used not only for the benefit of some commercial groups and for the benefit of companies. Subliminal stimulation may be used in education, and, probably, it will be the most successful application of this hypothesis. In spite of the effectiveness of the offered approach in marketing, there are some limitations, as not everyone may be subjected to such stimulation. It depends only
Introduction The human body is a complex array of body systems designed to harmoniously coexist and perform their designated functions in a synergic manner. The synergic relationships among the body systems lead to adverse effects on the body’s physiological processes in case one of the body systems is afflicted by a disorder of any nature. The affliction can result from a disease or a fatal accident. There are a plethora of diseases with the potential of adversely affecting the normal functioning of body systems. A prime example is a leukemia, which comes in various forms and with varying magnitudes of fatality (Mayo Clinic, 2013). This essay thus sets out to examine leukemia with a focus on its etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, clinical significance, and basic management in a bid to develop a clear concept of all aspects of the disease. Overview of Leukemia Leukemia is a form of blood cancer, which manifests in four distinctive categories viz. “acute lymphoblastic (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid (myelogenous), leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (CML)” (American Cancer Society, 2012, p.4). The disease has been reported to affect cats, guinea pigs, and cattle as well (The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 2012). Studies are ongoing to establish the exact cause of the disease, which is still unknown according to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (2012). Similarly, the disease currently has no known cure, but it has an array of treatment approaches, which focus on remission (American Cancer Society, 2012). Causes of Leukemia Research has increasingly linked the disease to some known substances or occurrences, which are considered as its risk factors. These factors include “smoking, exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene, exposure to high-dose radiation, certain blood disorders such as myeloproliferative disorders, and congenital disorders such as Down syndrome among many others” (American Cancer Society, 2012, p.8). However, researchers have not yet successfully articulated these risk factors to leukemia, but they have established some insightful developments that occur in the bloodstream, which could lead to leukemia. The American Cancer Society (2012) posits that during cell division, the mother cell makes a new copy of DNA in its chromosomes. Such DNA changes are the principal causes of cancers of which leukemia is part. The changes that might occur include “translocations, deletions, inversions, and addition” (American Cancer Society, 2012, p.12). How exactly these changes lead to leukemia is still unknown, but it is generally believed that these changes cou
Introduction One of the most notable aspects of a contemporary living in the West is that, as time goes on, more and more people tend to adopt a highly individualistic (atomistic) approach to addressing life-challenges while assuming that there is only one true purpose to a person’s existence – to indulge in the consumerist behavior 24/7, without giving much thought to what account for such behavior’s overall societal effects. What contributes to the described situation even further is that the promoters of Neoliberalism (good old Capitalism in a new “wrapper”) in high governmental offices continue to apply much effort while striving (explicitly and implicitly) to convince ordinary citizens to make a point in succumbing to their anti-social (egoist/consumerist) anxieties, within the context of how the latter go about trying to achieve self-actualization. In fact, many conservative politicians consider it thoroughly appropriate to go as far as denying the existence of the society (in the traditional sense of this word), whatsoever. For example, according to Britain’s former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher: “There is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women, and there are families” (Brittan, 9). Such a point of view, however, cannot be deemed even superficially legitimate. The reason for this is quite clear for just about anyone familiar with the basic provisions of the Systems Theory. Apparently, the very communal framework of people’s coexistence, as the fully integrated society members, creates the objective preconditions for the human society/community to be discussed as an entity of its own, with the main principles of its functioning being only indirectly concerned with the actual “quality” of each of its integral components. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, with regard to the themes and motifs contained in the novel Tortilla Flat by John Steinbeck and the short story The Semplica Girl Diaries by George Saunders. While on the task, I will also promote the idea that the reading of both literary pieces will inevitably prompt one to doubt the validity of the Capitalist (Neoliberal) take on consumerism as the agent of historical progress. Analysis When it comes to discussing the discursive significance of Tortilla Flat , it can hardly skip one’s attention that there is a strongly defined phenomenological quality to the novel’s plot. The reason for this is apparent – there is a striking dichotomy between what appears to be the featured characters’ psychological predisposition to act anti-socially, on the one hand, and their ability to choose in favor of the most socially responsible approach to tackling a particular challenge while socializing with each other, on the other. After all, neither of the novel’s characters has what it takes to be considered an upstanding citizen. This simply could not be otherwise – the very term paisano refers to an uneducated and socially uprooted person of Hispanic descent, whose only preoccupation in life is drinking cheap vine, in time free from stealing things from others and looking ou
Planning a Day by Amy Schmittauer Amy Schmittauer gives tips concerning planning a day. This design specialist uses Stephen Covey’s method that helps in prioritizing. The method implies the division of all the tasks to do into four groups: urgent and important, urgent and not important, not urgent but important, not urgent and not important. It is necessary to focus on the first group, but it is vital to pay the same attention to the second group as well since these tasks can potentially appear in the first quadrant and cause a lot of stress (Schmittauer). Furthermore, Schmittauer states that it is necessary to consider delegating tasks found in the fourth quadrant. Another interesting tip is to visualize the plan. It is important to develop a week schedule and put tasks from different quadrants into different places to make them stand out. Interestingly, the presenter notes that it is necessary to fill in all blocks of time even if those are routine activities such as having a shower or sitting on a couch. Adam Savage identifies three major issues concerning art and science or rather the way they are seen by people. The first issue is the fact that science and art are regarded as opposites (“Adam Savage’s SXSW 2014 Keynote”). The second issue is the fact that people separate themselves from art and science that are often placed at different sides of people’s culture. The third problem is the fact that people do not try to understand things they think they cannot understand. At the same time, science and art overlap in many aspects. It is even clear that they are two facets of people’s culture. Adam Savage provides several examples that show the similarities between the two areas. For instance, the scientific method is often applied in art, and works by Picasso can be regarded as illustrations of the method. Science needs a great deal of creativity as all inventions and discoveries are results of scientists’ creativity. I have always understood that science and art overlap, but the lecture helped me find some examples and identify the reasons why people divide science and art. Adam Savage shares his ideas on being successful and identifies 10 ground rules to follow to succeed (“Adam Savage: Ground Rules for Success”). First, to succeed, an individual should become good at something. It is essential to do something exceptionally well, which will make the person stand out. Second, it is critical to practice all the time. People should develop skills and try to reach perfection, which is possible through practice. Third, it is necessary to be obsessed with the task. Successful people are obsessed with their disciplines, which makes them practice all the time and invest all their time and creativity in doing what they are doing. Four, it is important to do everything thoroughly. As has been mentioned above, successful people try to (and do) achieve perfection. Five, it is essential to tell everyone about achievements or even projects. People should know about the person’s commitment and goals, as it may facilitate the process of sharin