ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Information plays a crucial role in the development of human beings, especially in education. It is shared through books and articles in print and non-print materials. Articles are important for academic purposes; however, only scholarly articles contribute effectively to education. This paper critically evaluates articles to determine whether they are scholarly or no-scholarly. The article on “Business Ethics: A helpful Hybrid in Search of Integrity” authored by Edmund Byre is scholarly. The authority of the author is demonstrated by his credentials: professor in philosophy. The author is an editor of business ethics journals; therefore, the topic of the article is within the area of expertise. The author is affiliated with Indiana University. Therefore he is a scholar (Byre, 2002). The author has consulted other recent sources indicated by the use of endnotes and footnotes. Therefore, the information presented is authenticated and is published by an academic body. Edmund Byre owns other business-related publications. The complexity of the topic of the article qualifies it to be scholarly. He maintains the originality, organization, and objectivity of his work. The article on “Business The view from the top and bottom; Corporate culture” published by The Economist Magazine is non-scholarly. The author of the article is anonymous as indicated in the article (Anonymous, 2011). Information on the author’s credentials and authority is missing. The absence of footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography makes it non-scholarly. Despite the Proquest review, the information presented is not theoretical. The objectivity of the article is not well articulated, and the arguments are easy to understand. Also, the article is easily edited and aimed at a general audience. Thus it is non-scholarly. The article was written by Jonathan Dee on “A Toy Maker’s Conscience” is non-scholarly. It has no specific format: without article link, abstract, full text, and conclusion. The article lacks a sober and serious look due to bright and decorated first pages. Also, these pages are designed to attract a broad segment of the population, which can be equated to advertising. Further, the article lacks en
Information Technology (IT) Architecture refers to the “high-level” plan of an information system asset or software within an organization. The term also defines the specifications, guidelines, attributes, and models of an IT system or software. Developers and IT engineers construct these systems through a process known as “systems engineering.” Such systems have both non-functional and functional requirements. The functional attributes define the functions, structures, and behaviors of the IT systems (Wiegers, 2010). The non-functional requirements mainly examine the applicability or “operational” ability of the IT systems or software. Such requirements are critical because they determine the attributes, constraints, and qualities of each IT system. Some examples of non-functional requirements include “extensibility,” maintainability, and portability. Extensibility is a critical concept because it plays a significant role in IT architecture. According to Wiegers (2010), “extensibility” refers to the ability to add or make new “changes” without necessarily altering the original program or system. This non-functional requirement is essential for any solid architecture so that it can successfully support different information systems. A solid IT architecture might not accommodate certain functions or changes if such “requirements” are unavailable. For instance, an organization might be required to widen its services without necessarily affecting its current performance. The attribute makes it easier to widen the services while using the same IT structure. As well, the end-users of the IT system might be required to create their own “scripts” or come up with “user-defined” fields. Extensibility is an important concept because it can make an IT system useful. This quality of any IT architecture or system is critical because it can help an organization make new changes to its systems. As well, all IT architectures should have an “adjustable” database schema in order to accommodate any new changes. As well, the IT system should allow the user to do something known as “Inversion of Control” (IoC). The system should also allow third-party users and developers to “leverage” the system and use it in accordance with their needs and expectations (Withall, 2007). Each non-functional attribute or requirement of an information system (IS) makes it easier for employees to use the software in an effective manner. For example, a good IT system should accommodate these “non-functional requirements such as maintainability, security, scalability, extensibility, portability, and portability” (Withall, 2007, p. 58). Software developers and companies can use their existing IT systems to make various changes. This is necessary for producing new software systems that can help companies realize their goals. This non-functional attribute helps companies use their IT systems effectively. According to Wiegers (2010), different companies in the communication industry can use their current IT systems to introduce new software for “monitoring” purposes. This will help the users locate callers and int
Introduction Nuclear program involves the development and assembling of weapons of mass killing generally from elements of high nuclear power potential such as uranium and platinum. Development of these weapons by a country poses a serious security threat to the other local and international countries, as it is the case with the quest by the Iranian republic to develop nuclear weapons. The Iranian nuclear program poses a serious security threats to the United States and the United Nations Security Council. In the past, different approaches have been applied such as sanctions on various aspects of economy, leadership, and information to persuade Iran to drop its quest for nuclear weapon development but such techniques have utterly failed. Therefore, more comprehensive and well-integrated approach will definitely now persuade the Iranian leadership to end its nuclear weapon development program and this paper explores the available options that the US has in its bid to stop the seemingly ill-motivated Iranian uranium enrichment program. Available Tools and Options for the United States The Iranian nuclear program started back in the 1950’s but Iran leaders continue to disagree with the allegations of its nuclear program implementation. The US policy towards the Iranian nuclear development says, “Iran has consistently denied allegations it seeks to develop a bomb. Yet many in the international community remain skeptical” (Rubin, 2008, p.26). The failure by the Iranian republic to declare publically its interest in nuclear development forces the United States to develop reproachable strategies to persuade Iran to abandon its nuclear weapons development program. A major strategy available is to impose stricter economic sanctions on the Iranian oil and gas industries, banking sector, insurance and shipping industries including the aircraft. Arbatov observes that, “…more rounds of sanctions by the U.S. and other entities were motivated by Iran’s alleged nuclear development program” (2007, p.64). The U.S. government should seriously bar importation of oil from Iran and impose heavy penalties to any company, which infringes the order. Importation and exportation of expatriates for the nuclear development program should remain unauthorized leading to lack of appropriate technology for the implementation of the program. Regrettably, the U.S government should aim at crippling the economic status of the Iranian republic for its citizenry to suffer economic downfall and therefore pressure the leadership to give in to the demands to abandon the controversial nuclear weapons development program implementation. Moreover, to diminish the nuclear materials with which Iran uses to develop the nuclear weapons, the US can c
The conflict in Sudan has been influenced by various factors including religious differences, collision of ethnicities, and “negative” ethnicity, among others. Civil wars have ranged in Sudan, the largest country in Africa, by area, for the last fifty years. For reasons that are still a matter of debate amongst stakeholders, post-independence Sudan has only remained peaceful for a total of eleven years. The populist theoreticians point to the conflict between Arabs and blacks on one side, and Christians and Muslims, on the other, as the main sources of friction that have sustained the conflict. However, even after the country was divided into North and South Sudan civil conflict has persisted. Poverty has been identified as the main contributing factor to the war in Sudan and indeed other parts of Africa. The connection between poverty and conflict has been analyzed in the West African region where “11 of the world’s 25 poorest countries are contained and is currently one of the most unstable regions of the world” (Kaufmann 2006, p. 76). Several forums and task forces have determined that conflict is caused by a lack of economic opportunity and/or poverty. The war in Sudan has had numerous negative effects on the region including lowering life expectancy and reducing the region’s rate of development. This essay postulates the conclusion that poverty in Sudan has been the main cause of civil war. Although the issue of the connection between poverty and war has been disputed in the past, currently there is reliable research to support this proposition. A recent academic study provided an important breakdown of how poverty rates relate to conflict. In the study, it was found that “countries with low income per capita are at increased risk of civil conflict” (Pantuliano 2006, p. 710). Also, currently available statistics reveal that countries that are in the bottom percentiles for income per capita have high short term risks of war. Put another way, the lower the income levels of the citizens are, the higher the chances of civil conflict. The main source of income for Sudanese citizens is farming and the majority of the population depends on agro-pastoral activities. Since the late 1970s, the government has attempted to augment farming incomes by targeting high-value export crops. Unfortunately, this tactic has not had any significant impact on ordinary people. For example, the Khartoum government sought to increase the country’s foreign exchange by encouraging large-scale farming. However, the project resulted in raising revenue for large companies and the government, instead of the farmers themselves. The low rates of per capita income of the Sudanese population provide the basis for other contributory factors in the on-going civil war. In Sudan, high levels of poverty contribute to civil conflict and the conflict itself then impacts negatively on income setting up a vicious cycle. When war broke out in Sudan, it led to the destruction
Gladwell explores the encounters of Cesar Millan, the dog whisperer who non-verbally communicated with the dogs and mastered his expertise to tame the dogs. Cesar is described as a young short man who plays soccer. He is Mexican and loves working with dogs. Although not formally trained, Cesar Millan has the potential of taming even the stubborn canines through mutual understanding. He achieved this through observing and studying dogs’ behaviors as gladwell compares his physical tactics to political and dancing, teaching where students behaved even with no strict rules through making a presence. Cesar aids the Forman residence to tame their canine, sugar to become a lovable dog. The dog is violent and tears carpets and clothes, biting, and scratching even its owner. Cesar hilariously enquires of the behavior of the dog, its tracking and discipline. On seeing Cesar, Sugar sniffed his shoes and in turn he presented him with newspaper, plastic as well as television remote, which the dog was used to destroying. The dog is tamed through inflicting discipline and rules, exercise as well as affection. Cesar Milan owns a Dog Psychology Centre filled with dogs being integrated in the pack. He trains them to walk as an exercise and later rewarded with food. Out of forty seven canines he owns, many had been wild having showed aggression towards people and chaotic but are all contained in a sought of prison yard, remaining calm and submissive, which is a relaxing state of mind just like what humans required. He played with the dogs through careful rules for 10-15 minutes. He is able to tame JonBee claiming that he likes dealing with aggressive dogs through fighting but eventually are able to learn human movements. Although primates detects cues especially from man, a fellow primate, dogs are more attentive interested, with people’s reaction and movements. Therefore, one has to be organized where posture, gesture and communicative intentions should harmonize as Cesar did. Phrasing requires versatility such as that of bill Clinton but unlike and this is essential to impose authenticity. Cesar remains symmetrical and lowers the center of gravity to stabilize and convey calm where proper timing and language of movement is important, as JonBee responds by being relieved. JonBee was tensed and aggressive, which complicated things through reacting by throwing tantrums. Gladwell describes Cesar as an egocentric, who compromise his family for the sake of dogs. However, Cesar had to cultivate love, discipline and affection just as dogs demanded. He required a people’s whisperer for him to understand women psychology, to cooperate and maintain good family relationship (Gladwell, 2006). Cesar Millan helps to portray the human thoughts and feelings, with self-esteem as well as potential to popularize ideas. Through dogs, he indicates the possibility of self-invention. The author has a clear prose, arguments and researched claims, which awards the reader with quite a new perspective of thinking. He provokes conventional wisdom while offering a challenge to the predetermined perceptions. He has a fascinating and intriguing viewpoint and a story telling pot
Abstract There is a sudden embracing of change in every sector in our life. Global warming, corporate change in the advent of technology and change in the cultural setup of people. All these have begged many questions regarding dynamism. This paper tries to analyze the diverse perspectives regarding the change. Whether it brings about adaptation is one of them. It also looks at principles of effective change brought forth by different people and makes comparisons. Introduction Change has become the norm everywhere; people, organizations, governments, activists and even individuals are adapting to the dynamism that is everywhere. Glover, et al.(2002) in their contribution to the Organization Development Journal give principles of being adaptive and argue that change is not enough. This paper tries to analyze their arguments on this topic with comparison to others. Change is Insufficient Changing is one thing, adapting to it is another thing and coping with the overall transition presents an even bigger challenge. This seems to be the bottom line of part one of the Organization Development Journal by Glover, et al. (2002). They believe that some change initiatives are maladaptive than adaptive. A U.S Navy officer who underwent training of different kinds but saw no change is one perfect exam
In the landmark book “Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies,” the author has identified the primary actors influencing policy-making and the setting of agenda, such as the President Administration, Congress, civil servants, interest groups, scholars and foundations, media, and public opinion. However, the author has not considered an essential non-governmental player who has a serious impact on policy-making and often defines the political agenda or influence the agenda-setting indirectly. The impact of Christianity on US politics is hard to overestimate. I would like to drive the author’s attention to two key observations as to how Christians influence the political agenda in the US. First, Christians influence the agenda directly trough lobby groups in Congress. It is known that Christianity is the dominant religion in the United States, and many US politicians call themselves Christians. The policy-makers of the United States have been supporting the church-state collaboration for a long time. Christian lobbyists use the traditional understanding of US history that presents the United States as a country founded by Christian white males to implement their ideas and beliefs as a strong ideological basis for their lobbyist activity. In this instance, they usually mention the Pilgrims as the Christian people who founded the first colony to create a Christian society free from the vices of the Old World and the Founding Fathers, the majority of whom were Christians. In such a way, Christians speculate on the traditional values of the United States to influence the modern life of the country. Currently, a significant number of Christian lobbyist groups, such as the American Christian Lobbyists Association, operate in the country and have an impact on Congress. These groups influence the opinion of the legislators regarding such issues as abortion rights and family planning, healthcare legislation, same-sex marriage, and LGBT rights, women’s rights, the promotion of religion in the sphere of education (for instance, they stand for praying and studying Ten Commandments at school), the promotion of traditional moral norms, genetic research (stem-cell research, using an embryo for research, cloning, cryonics, etc.), and religious displays on public property. The fact that makes Christian lobbying even more powerful is that such lobbying does not have to be disclosed. According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, the church does not have to disclose its lobbying operations which are considered its religious duty and for which no taxes are paid unless it has spent a “large” amount of money on these operations. Which sum of money to regard as large is up to the church. Such a requirement gives Christians an unlimited opportunity to influence the political agenda. Christian lobbyists are also strong in the states’ governments (Davis, 2010). Second, Christians put much effort into shaping public opinion in the United States. As it was already mentioned,
Abstract The test is aimed at testing the coordination skills of two probationers. Both revealed good results in coordination, while one of them showed a methodical approach towards passing the test, and the other showed perfect learning skills. The Importance of two-arm coordination can not be overestimated, and the key value is the opportunity to assess the patterns of coordination learning. Introduction Two arm coordination test involves the study of brain adaptability towards the changes in casual operations. This test requires the coordinated work of both arms to complete the assignment. The subject is to move the stylus along a pattern without leaving the borders of the pattern. The test is performed both clockwise and counterclockwise to avoid preferred side violations. The test aims to study the coordinated sensorimotor skills of a person. (Bard and Fleury, 2004) The key difficulty for a person is to adapt to the control process, as hands should be moved apart for moving the stylus upwards, moving hands together moves the stylus down, and side to side movements move it left and right correspondingly. Method Subjects are taken randomly (two volunteers), the apparatus is the standard two-arm-coordination test pad with a star pattern. The research was performed with an arm coordination test and a star pattern which defines the tracing route of the stylus. Two probationers perform the test by leading the stylus clockwise and counterclockwise while the time of test is registered and the amount of mistakes is calculated. The analysis is based on the test reports, where the name, age, time, and amount of mistakes are pointed. Results The results will be presented in tables, as they provide an evident opportunity of comparing the test data of two probationers:          Randy (age 29 ‑ 38)  Eric (age 29 ‑ 38) Time     Errors               Time                Errors Trial 1  0:55                 141                 1:23    0 Trial 2  0:48                 3                   1:20    0 Trial 3  0:48                 0                   1:17    0  Discussion The results of the test may be analyzed from several perspectives. The key angle is the coordination skills, and the ability of the probationers to control their movements for performing the non-standard actions. Hence, probationer Randy revealed the worst result, as the amount of mistakes during the first attempt is enormous. Further attempts are much better, as probationers needed lesser time, and the number of mistakes was essentially lower. Another aspect is the learning skill: Randy is in a better position in comparison with Eric, as Eric had not improved his results significantly, while Randy managed not only to minimize the amount of the mistakes but also improved the test time slightly. The test presupposes provi
Introduction Conflict is present everywhere beginning from companies, which are divided due to the responsibilities and strategies to the local societies, which are separated by politics, race, religion or economics. Conflict is also found in homes that are divided by constant struggles or fights between children and parents, in-laws or siblings; and in nations, which are divided by civil struggle. Therefore, conflict is one of the components in people’s lives. Although cold and hot conflicts are as dissimilar as winter and summer, they all lead to destructive effects if handled unsuccessfully. They generate constant incompetence in most of the companies as well as trouble in the societies and chaos or confusion in people’s lives (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus 2006, p. 173). Human conflict is ever-present and universal. The prospective of conflict or disagreement arise when people or teams are engaged in activities or objectives, which they view to be inappropriate. Thus, disagreement is an unavoidable aspect of people’s social lives, an action whose consequences are frequently advantageous either because they assist to explain the dissimilar, produce the required alteration, or let off steam. However, destructive disagreement or argument (disagreement that damage or destroys organizations, properties or possessions, valued lives and psyches) is not appropriate. Comprehending and recognizing the main sources of the destructive disagreement is a primary way of minimizing its intensity and frequency. In addition, it would assist in making enormous violence an exceptional situation or event in people’s lives (Gerzon 2006, p.2). If organizations and societies were standardized and constant, if technology alteration were moderate, if conclusions were simplified and narrowed and if disagreements which pass over the borders were unusual, then leadership behind or within someone’s borders, whatsoever the quantity or nature of the team involved in the conflict, could be adequate (Miall, Ramsbothem & Woodhouse 2006, p.97). However, none of these situations exists today. Diversity and alteration are becoming worldwide, the globe is moving drastically, decisions are becoming more multifaceted, and knowledge is continuously changing. In addition, cross-border disagreements such as racial, cultural, ideological, religious and economic are tremendously common. Thus, guiding through disagreement involves encountering differences sincerely and imaginatively, comprehending their entire complication and extent, and allowing those participating in the conflict to go toward the unique resolutions (Cheldelin, Druckman & Fast 2007. p.35) Though conflict seems to be a part of people’s lives, the knowledge and competence of handling it are infrequently considered. The choice or option to surface disagreement and try to change it t