ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Speaking Strategies for ESP The significance of acquiring English speaking skills can hardly be overrated. Speaking is the basic way of getting a message across, and one must master the skill in question in order to have a good command of a language, English being no exception. However, in the rise of the globalization process, a rapid increase in diversity rates and, therefore, a significant amount of ESL and ESP students in American schools can be observed. As a result, teachers often need to resort to different strategies for teaching students speaking skills. Christine B. Feak renders the subject matter in her article “ESP and Speaking,” suggesting new tools for addressing the problem. Body: Article and Its Significance Article Summary: Shared Communicational Needs In her article “ESP and Speaking,” Feak addresses one of the key issues in the contemporary pedagogy, i.e., the methods of teaching English to a diverse team of students incorporating not only the ones, to whom English is a native language, but also ESL and ESP students. According to Feak, teachers must facilitate a faster acquisition of speaking skills by ESP and ESL students by creating the environment, in which the learners will be capable of understanding the instructions and general rules better. Feak claims that, by reducing the complexity of the tasks and simplifying the instructions, teachers will be capable of catering to the needs of ESP students; as a result, the process of language acquisition will be enhanced greatly, and ESP students will be able to speak English according to designated standards. Moreover, Feak suggests that a range of aids should be used in the course of introducing ESP students to new concepts and suggesting them to handle specific tasks; by integrating novel forms of posters, teachers will achieve impressive results in teaching ESP students basic speaking skills, Feak argues. Critique: Locating the Advantages and the Inconsistencies The article written by Feak is a very impressive study, which incorporates a streak of important ideas and a range of clever solutions to the problem that many teachers have to deal with on a regular basis. According to Feak, teachers, which work in diverse settings, must incorporate the approaches that will allow ESP students to und
It is factual that China is one of the world’s emerging economies. It is categorized as one of the Asian tigers. This implies that its influence in the international system is felt even by developed states. Chinese economy is growing at a fastest rate, which has made other players in the international financial system to review their economic policies. This paper analyzes the causes and effects of this new trend. Financial Times Report It is evident that Chinese economic and political policies are rapidly shaping the current world financial market. The recent significant step made by Chinese financial system is posing a threat to the World Bank and other global financial systems. According to the Financial Times, the Chinese Development Bank single handedly gave out $65 billion to governments and companies of the developing countries in the year 2009 and 2010. In the same period, the Chinese Export-Import Bank managed to lend out similar amount to African states and other developing countries in the Caribbean. Between mid 2008 and 2010, World Bank was able to assign a loan of $ 100.3 billion to borrowers from developing countries. This was aimed at responding to the financial crisis that occurred between mid 2008 and 2010. However, in the same period China managed to offer loans to Chinese and overseas energy producing companies at affordable interest rates, which ensured consistent production of energy even at times of financial hardships. For instance, it is notable that China issued huge loans to oil producing countries such as Russia, Brazil and Venezuela. It furthermore lent out considerable amount to the Indian company for the purchase of power equipments. Countries approached Chinese government and companies for loans to finance important projects such as railway construction in Argentina. This move threatened the position of developed states in the international system, which forced the world financial regimes to engage China in discussions. China was further requested to take an action in order to end the financial crisis witnessed in the years. This proves that China is a force to reckon with in the international financial market (Cheng & Zhou 2007, p. 21). The issue of financing oil-producing companies in particular threatened the U.S. economy. The US government on the other hand interpreted China’s move to finance oil-processing countries as an attempt to cut it from the world oil market. Although, in the real sense states and individuals from developing countries preferred Chinese financial assistance because of its terms. The interest charged is affordable to many and some are given preferential treatment. The Chinese le
Dante Alighieri made a great contribution to the world of literature through such magnificent works as Inferno and Purgatorio. The themes of light and darkness, religion role in human life and sins perception are considered to be centralized and contrasted in Dante’s masterpieces. The illustration of sins and sinners in both stories as well as ways of punishment are considerably contradictable and presented differently taking into account the messages which the author strived to reflect. Inferno discloses the aspects of divine and religion retribution; the part is devoted to the depiction of the descent through the levels of the Hell. Dante managed to describe the punishments of the sinners depending upon the degree of sin. As a matter of example, the punishment for the sin of fortune tellers was described through such sufferings as, “…for the face was reversed on the neck, and they came on backwards, staring backwards at their loins for to look before them was forbidden.” (Ciardi, 175) It should be noted that the sinners in Inferno are punished in accordance with baptismal practices; this aspect is shown through such details as “oil burning foot”, “holy water” etc. Analyzing Inferno, it is necessary to underline the fact that Dante tries to despise and rebuke the sins; he shows his pity for the sinners’ actions performed at the beginning of the journey, thus, proving his readiness for Purgatorio and Paradise trip. Purgatorio reflected the themes of sin and sinners through religion influence and remorse following all souls of the Christians. It should be noted that souls in Purgatory are not deprived of hope for better life striving to be among the holiest in the Heaven. Besides, all souls shown in Purgatory appeared to be highly religious believing in God and the power of religion. Dante shows at this stage all souls are on their way to reformation and change in holy things perception; they suffer remorse leading to the rebirth of religion perception and emergence of hopes. Comparing Inferno and Purgatorio one should stress that souls are illustrated in their different and even contrasted forms; thus, the evolution of the sinners in Purgatory is compared to angelic butterflies, while soul representation in the Hell can be characterized as stagnant. Dante shows the degree of the sins through such aspects as Wisdom, Love and Divine Omnipotence; he uses the contrast of the greatest human virtues contradicting them to Ignorance, Hatred and Impotence. It is necessary to underline the fact that the basic contradiction in sinners’ souls illustration described by Dante in Inferno and Purgatorio lies deeply in the souls’ forms presentation and their perception of the sins committed. (Heaney, 2001) Dante tried to illustrate the themes of religion interference with souls’ reformation coming through the
Australia is highly developed. It is ranked fifth among countries with the highest per capita income in the world. It is also the 13th-largest country with the largest economy and military expenditure. Australia is also ranked highly when it comes to national performance in terms of health, quality of life, political rights, education and economic freedom (John & Kenneth 120). The economic market in Australia is characterized by high GDP per capital. The poverty rate is also low in the economic market. There are numerous resources in Australia, and that is why they prefer to export goods instead of manufacturing them. Australia is a growing nation; over the last 15 years, the nation has recorded an annual growth rate of 3.6 %. Australia has recorded a significant increase in its terms of trade as a result of the rise in prices of the commodity. Australia has a negative payment balance. However, despite this, Australia currently has huge account errors. Australia Dollar (AUD) is the currency used in the nation. The currency unit/symbol used internationally is “A$”. Just like the United States dollar, the Australian dollar is also divided into cents comprising of 100 smaller units. Today, the Australian dollar is ranked third in the world among most traded currencies with United States dollar taking the lead. By January 2012, the exchange rate between Australia and the United States was: U.S. $1.037 = A$1. Being a modern and industrialized nation, there are both professional jobs and ordinary jobs in Australia. Most people in Australia are farmers. They grow cereal crops which are then exported to different parts of the world (Macintyre 102). There are also many mining industries in Australia which offer jobs to the citizens. There are also scientific and medical researchers in Australia and this means that the country has a huge number of educated persons. Australian’s major exports are Iron ore, gold, oil, coil, wheat, gas, travel services and education services. Goods worth $276.6 billion were exported in 2010-2011. On the other hand, Australia’s major imports are petroleum, medicaments, motor vehicles, freight transport services, telecom equipment and refined petroleum (Robinson &Tranter). Goods worth $276.6 billion were imported in Australia in 2011-2012. Major markets or trade partners of Australia are China, United States, India, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Korea. Australia’s major suppliers are
My topic is the idea of White Man’s Burden in the 19 th and early 20 th -century literary works. The issues of colonialism have been skirted in the current literary curriculum. At the same time, the ideas of “White Man’s Burden,” which was first described by Rudyard Kipling, have been prevalent in many works of the time period, especially those considering native America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (Murphy, 2019). The general public needs to understand the extent of such ideas in past societies to understand how colonialism was idealized and supported, as well as know the names of those who preached for or against it at the time. My working thesis is that literature of the 19 th -20 th century in Europe and the US portrayed non-European nations purposefully as primitive, uncultured, and antiquated. At the same time, there was opposition to such imperialist views, prompting authors to engage in criticism and satire. The general public must be aware of both sides of the coin and understand how misconceptions of the past are shaping the future. The current curriculum needs to change to include both the political right and wrong works of literature so that these mistakes are highlighted, argued about, analyzed, and rebuked. The information I will need to conduct this research will include literary works from the 19 th and 20 th centuries, with the two main ones being “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling and “To the Person Sitting in the Dark” by Mark Twain. Additional information required would be the examples of “White Man’s Burden” as implemented by various western states, showing the effects and inhumanities brought upon the colonized peoples by their efforts. The four main ideas of the argument essays will be as follows:   * “White Man’s Burden” was used as a moral justification for western Imperialism;   * Some, like Mark Twain, opposed the notions and offered ample criticism;   * Western Imperialism caused great grief to all countries that were affected by it;   * The negative effects of imperialism are largely absent from western literature. I could use some help with the annotated bibliography and the essay. Namely, I would need instructions on how to ensure my sources are valid and unbiased. I will also need a proper analytical framework to compare and contrast the findings in various sources. Reference Murphy, G. (2019). Shadowing the White Man’s Burden: US imperialism and the problem of the color line . NYU Press.
Introduction The open and fearless criticism of the political affairs of the particular state is always a risk for the author. No political authorities prefer being dishonored by any kind of article, news, or other types of critical expression. The modern world is a world of democratic countries that proclaim the freedom of thought and press. However, the practice shows that such notions as freedom and the right to express one’s thoughts are often no more than illusions. Whenever a particular person crosses the line of allowed criticism, some measures may be taken. Many countries of the Middle East have become independent and announced the establishment of democracy in the previous century. Palestine is one of such countries. However, the democracy is this state is more about a mere concept than a reality. This idea was central to the art of the renowned Palestinian cartoonist Naji Al-Ali. In the following paper, the importance and influence of Naji Al-Ali’s personality and art will be examined and analyzed. Biography Early Life Naji Al-Ali was a prominent Palestinian cartoonist famous for his criticism of the political situation in the country. Naji Al-Ali was born in 1936 or 1937 in Al-Shajara village in the Galilee. His native village was located near Nazareth. The childhood of Al-Ali was not happy because of the tragic historical events of those times. In 1948, Ali’s family was expelled from the new State of Israel that was created during the Arab-Israeli conflict. After leaving his native village, the boy grew up in the refugee camp of Ayn Al-Hilwa 1 . The historical situation in the region influenced the development of Ali’s talent and character significantly. Thus, it is necessary to have an insight into the historical context. The events of 1948 are referred to as the Palestinian catastrophe or the Nakba. Before the war, almost one million Palestinian Arabs lived on the newly established territory of the State of Israel. The mass expulsion of Arab people was the largest adverse impact. When the war was close to its end, in 1949, more than seven hundred thousand people left the country and became refugees. Only one hundred and fifty thousand people stayed in Israel. It is relevant to mention predominant reasons for becoming refugees. Thus, most people were afraid of the Israeli attacks and preferred leaving their homes to find a safer place for living. When the Israeli forces became dominant in the region, they started practicing forced expulsion of people from their settlements 2 . The importance of Nakba for Palestinians cannot be overestimated. Michael Balfour dwells on the role and influence of
Introduction Engineered by Wes Andreson, the film Rushmore is amongst the most comical movies ever produced. It was published in 1998. Its setting is the Rushmore elite preparatory school. The movie is a clear picture of the kind of life that the director of the movie, Anderson, and his friends went through in their primary school levels. It provides an insight of the various challenges that pupils encounter in their schooling periods, not sparing the impacts of these challenges on their studies. Anderson was good at virtually everything but he was academically challenged. Another great friend of him was expelled on the basis of misbehaviors associated people of a certain age bracket, like adolescence. Employing the elements of literature, the director uses characters like Max Fischer, a seriously abnormal and comical teenager and a pupil, Herman Blume, a rich man and Max’s friend, Rosemary Cross, a new teacher in Max’s school, among others. Max is a 15-year old boy who faces a number of challenges while performing the role of a student in a particular school and being a representative of his own kind, not a future master but a future slave. He is hit by many obstructions that make him not realize how crucial it is to utilize his schooling opportunity properly. Rushmore is a brilliant example of a boy’s life where it is necessary to perform a number of particular roles without considering personal ambitions and interests; the boy finds it interesting to use his funny immoral behavior to satisfy at least some part of his needs and understand how it is possible to meet his coming sexual desires and other aspects of adolescence life as well as to become an integral part of a company chosen; to succeed in the chosen activities, Max decides to rely on help promote by people around. Max and the Role to Be Performed Max is the movie star who captures the minds of the viewers. Though he is very young, he is still depicted as the most outstanding character. He is a student in his o-levels in a private school that has offered him a scholarship on the one hand. However, on the other hand, this condition depicts the amount of value attached by students’ parents. In this expensive and well performing school, Max shows how many functions he has to perform. It is a kind of sacrifice that all parents make, denying a number of valuable things just to make sure their kids attend appropriate schools where skilled teachers work and may boost the performance of their students. Max and his family are considered to be powerful characters who develop an idea of parental sacrifice. Max stands out as the most excellent example in the field of extra-curricular activities and ir
Introduction The use of Grice’s cooperative principle and the turn-taking mechanisms are two of the most used and discussed principles of communication. Generally speaking, the cooperative principle refers to a communication code used mostly in linguistics and social studies to refer to a certain set of principles (maxims) set by Paul Grice to help govern people such that they can communicate effectively(Grice, 1975). According to Grice, communicators should strive to ensure that they contribute relevantly as is required of them during communication while intermittently making certain that during the exchanges in a given discourse or dialogue, the necessary purpose of communication is objectively achieved (Isenberg, 2008). Even though Grice’s cooperative principle is usually viewed more as a prescriptive command, the main purpose of this principle is usually to describe the real nature of normal conversations and how people should behave when communicating with one another (Bach, 2005). On the other hand, turn-taking simply refers to the instance in conversation whereby the communicators take turns when communicating. According to Isenberg (2008), turn-taking is a key aspect of any given social interaction as it creates a forum on which people get to express their opinions or ideas as is required during conversation. However, in order for the turn-taking mechanism to take place in an objective manner, it is important that some principles are keyed in (Ladner, 2009). It is at this point that Grice’s cooperative principle, and other related principles, come in. A discussion of these two principles is done below with relevant explications being given from our sample dialogue. In discussing Grice’s cooperative principle as well as the turn-taking mechanism, with special regards to the sample transcript conversation given; these two facets of language and communication will be looked at differently, at first. Then once their intricacies have been individually outlined, a rejoinder will be given analyzing both of them and how they relevantly contribute to proper communication—with regards to our sample case. Grice’s Cooperative Principle Preliminarily, it is elemental to state that Grice’s Cooperative Principle is usually divided into four maxims namely: the Maxim of Quality, the Maxim of Quantity, the Maxim of Relevance and the Maxim of Manner (Grice, 1975). In essence, all these maxims are typified variedly in conversations depending on the communicators and the nature of their communication. However, as a standard rule, all these maxims primarily function to explain the important link between utterances in conversations and what people get to understand from them. In the sample transcript conversation, all these maxims play out variably—as is detailed below. To begin with, the maxim of quality stresses on the value of truthfulness in any given communication (Grice, 1975). According to Grice, communicators should strive to be as truthful as possible and not just saying something for the sake of con
Introduction English is being acknowledged as a global language nowadays. This means it has become a language of international business communication; this is one of the three main languages of such organizations as European Union. The English language is one of the most wanted languages to learn and speak to. Many people tend to learn it and even become bilingual, even though they live far away from either of the countries, which are considered to be the countries of the EL as native. The flow of immigrating people is rising day in day out. However, it is a hard job to learn the language and use it in a proper way i.e. to achieve the objectives sought at the beginning of the learning as the language is not a good major, but rather a great complement to the major of a person. From this point a question arises – whether English as a second language with all the obstacles to learn it really worth learning. It is evident that learning English as a Second Language (ESL) has its challenges but considering all the facts does not outweigh its benefits. Discussion Firstly, it is vital to understand that English is a living, constantly changing language, however, that changes in the language should stand the test of history. As every language, which is spoken by a great number of people, English is living and constantly developing, gradually transforming some lexical units, and adding them. That makes it so vital to have good communication skills to be able through communication keep up-to-date information about all the changes, taking place within the language transformations. These skills also weight to the level of one’s own English and help to feel quite satisfied with all the inclusiveness. History test is one of the strictest ones in terms of language survival. Any language lives while it is a spoken language, while there are descendants, who are going to inherit the language and willingly speak it. As for the English language, it either should not be afraid of the history test or at least not in the foreseeable future as too many people depend on it now. Secondly, the ways of teaching English are being constantly developed, as some of are not successful, some seem to be perfect, but still need some improvements. Teaching English, the methodologists should consider various factors, which might prevent those people from succeeding in their learning. One of the most common factors is a belonging to another language family, which brings up the issues of the sentence structure, word order within the sentence, the usage of cases and many more. The objective of those teachers is to make people understand some existing in the language truths, which are not common for their mother language. These truths stand for language axioms, which go without saying. However, alongside such methods, there are the other ones how to learn English as a second language fast. One of the most expanded ones is to go to a country, where English is a state language. This method might be quite a shock for people. Moreover they shou