ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are a great number of ethical challenges that can impact decision-making processes in healthcare. Taking into account that various social groups are not equally protected and have different health needs, making healthcare for older adults more ethical remains a high-priority task. In this connection, an important question refers to the economic consequences of the inability to adapt healthcare policy to older patients’ changing needs. As Hayutin, Dietz, and Mitchell (2010) note, life expectancy in the United States continues to rise, whereas older citizens still spend large sums of money on healthcare services. The extensive (and sometimes unnecessary) use of healthcare services is related to the lack of self-care. If the trend indicated by the authors continues to grow, today’s taxpayers will have to pay even more. Main body In this situation, dispersing limited funds to provide citizens of advanced age with high-quality services involves making numerous ethical decisions to align with the principle of fairness. Ethical decisions include the necessity to determine the most vulnerable groups of patients of advanced age, paying attention to their current health status, family composition, and other factors. Another important ethical problem relates to the necessity to reduce the share of unnecessary medical visits. It is common knowledge that older adults become more sensitive to loneliness. To some extent, the ability to communicate with healthcare providers is seen as a salvatory measure. Thus, encouraging older patients to come only with urgent health issues can somehow pose a threat to their psychological health. To prevent the deterioration of healthcare services, it is pivotal to define the key ethical standards to be used in making decisions on the allocation of healthcare resources for older patients and end-of-life care. Personally, I believe that the principles to guide decision-making in healthcare for the aging population should include fairness, necessity, patient well-being, and urgency. Focusing on these standards, it will be necessary to make changes to the currently used social criteria that define the categories of people who need help first (Craig, 2010). Significant ethical dilemmas also arise when it is necessary to determine the number of resources to be used to provide end-of-life healthcare. Even though the available resources are becoming more limited, EOL expenditures need to be increased since racial (and sometimes religious) inequality still impacts the distribution of services in this sphere. For instance, it is known that racial minorities in the United States underutilize end-of-life services, partially due to the lack of trust in healthcare providers (Elk, 2017). The lack of equality can be considered as an important ethical problem to be solved; for instance, changing the situation may require more resources to provide education on cultural differences to healthcare providers. The principle of equality should also be considered when assessing the ethicality of new policie
Introduction Klemperer Victor drafted his diary “I Will Bear Witness”, to show the way in which Nazi regime condemned Jewish and other groups. It was unusual experience to the Jewish community during the twelve years rule by Hitler Adolf. The diary of Victor Klemperer showed holocaust experience when the Jews community were condemned and dehumanized in Germany. Actually, the diary explained the horrible situation which Klemperer Victor had undergone during condemnation of his Jews community. In 1933, Klemperer Victor began to write his diary and proceeded to draft it till the end of Second World War in 1945 [1] . Indeed, Klemperer managed to survive simply because he was a husband to a baptized Aryan. Nevertheless, Klemperer was compelled to put on the star and was horribly mistreated by Germans. Though, Eva (Klemperer‘s wife) never put on the star, she suffered a lot of difficulties just like her husband. In addition, each day Klemperer and his family struggled to look for daily meal in order to survive. Surely, Klemperer’s family lived under great fear since they would t be captured and persecuted by the Nazi regime. Indeed, Klemperer kept his document under severe risk since if the diary were to be discovered by the Nazi party, and then definitely Klemperer would be deported and murdered. Moreover, Klemperer aimed at two priorities. First, he intended to record all injustices he and his family had undergone. Secondly, he wanted to deviate from monotony of normal life in his society. The diary explained that Klemperer manage to survive through determination to life, to act within his capability, in fact not to withdraw or to give up from what he wanted 1 Klemperer, who was a professor, felt the importance of involvement in many occupations as a way to remain sane. In fact, he engaged in many activities such as involving in studies and providing for his family. However, Klemperer’s commitment was interfered with when he was compelled to shovel snow together with other Jews people. Indeed, the task was really horrible for him because of his advanced age. Klemperer performed the task for some time after which was freed, and thus led his usual life. Furthermore, Klemperer’s family encountered health complications, and the matter was made worst when they could not seek medical attention since people’s movement was restricted in Germany. Indeed, the Nazi regime suppressed their movement and freedom. For example, when moving from one house to another, the Jews people were only allowed to take things that could be accommodated in a suitcase and anything that could be carried on their back1. In 1943, Klemperer was compelled to do labor task that discouraged him greatly. However, the task was not cumbersome, but was boring and monotonous. Indeed, he suffered the punishment that he was given in a factory firm. Actually, Kl
Islam has a set of interconnected realities and ideals that cover the deeds, words, thoughts, practices, beliefs, actions, and notions that relate to human beings. In fact, the concepts and values embraced by Muslims cannot be treasured except when they are understood and examined within the Islamic perspective. Muslims acknowledge Jihad and it is appreciated as a Holy Struggle in the religion. However, Jihad has always been misrepresented as a Holy war, although Muslims refute these claims as a lacking basis. In the Islamic struggle, Jihad is a symbol that denotes the efforts geared towards the support of the Muslims God called Allah. Therefore, Muslims relate Jihad to the entire Islamic religion, and its significance is deeply rooted in the Arabic phrase dubbed as Salama (Juergensmyer 220). To Muslims, Jihad denotes peaceful coexistence and submission to Allah’s will. While Muslims try to submit and be committed to Allah, they base Jihad actions on the Tawhid doctrine and they act in unity to accomplish the command as well as the will of Allah. Jihad is never cherished when conducted in isolation and Muslims are required to act in unison. Jihad and Shahada are allied concepts, but non-Muslim intellectuals have classified Jihad either deliberately or unknowingly as a Holy war, thus, failing to understand the concept (Freamon 1). Muslims have always observed the initial Islamic martyrs from the historic perspective and have related their philosophical deaths or self-martyrdom to total submission to Allah. Self-martyrs that have acknowledged the concept of jihad admit that they will continue to struggle in order to realize and keep both the command and will of Allah. Freamon claims that this will be realized either peacefully or through struggles, and Mujahid acknowledges dying for Allah (1). Muslims believe that those who suffer and become guilty in the course of submitting themselves to Allah will have the opportunity to meditate and negotiate for sinners when Judgment Day comes. Mediations and intercessions as applied by Muslims in Jihad are treasured within the causality principle framework. Muslims acknowledge spiritual mediation only when an individual or group becomes responsible for their actions by accepting salvation. Muslims believe that the Holy struggle to accomplish the will and command of Allah form the basis of Jihad and actions allied to submission originate from the Holy Quran. Jihad necessitates that those who submit and act for the sake of Allah must be prepared to testify, witness, observe and become paradigms as well as models. Muslims through Jihad actions assert that believers must be willing to observe the spiritual truth physically and steadfastly stand by it (Cicek 105). As a
Introduction The task of maintaining the levels of brand loyalty in customers and ensuring their engagement with brand products is one of the most challenging due to the multiple factors involved in shaping buyers’ attitudes toward a company and its product. As most organizations have shifted their activities to the realm of the digital space, the process of keeping customer relationship management (CRM) has become the focus of numerous studies (Rad, Ghorabi, Rafiee, & Rad, 2015). At present, balancing the strategies for customer care with the enhancement of customer equity has become one of the primary aspects of research in the designated area (Ayodele, Babajide, & Oluwatofunmi, 2015). For a company to obtain a competitive advantage in the digital market, the focus should be shifted to combining customer equity strategies viewing buyers as a lifetime value with website support and application-based channels for communication. Literature Review The notion of CRM as the vehicle for increasing customer brand loyalty and establishing a well-built strategy for customer acquisition is comparatively new. However, impressive progress has been observed in exploring the identified aspect of managing communication with buyers and improving the rapport between companies and their target audiences. The concept of CRM is traditionally defined as a range of strategies aimed at improving customer retention and acquisition by analyzing their buying choices (Tangaza, Abadullahi, & Bala, 2015). Therefore, it incorporates the notions of customer acquisition, customer retention, and customer loyalty. Research shows that, in order to s
Introduction: The Man, Who Won at Losing Being a leader is often viewed as the ultimate goal by a number of people; however, taking leadership means accepting a lot of responsibilities. Leaders are not resistant to making mistakes, and the case of General McClellan is a graphic example of that. The very persona of General McClellan is often viewed as controversial due to his infamous retreat in the course of the Peninsula Campaign and his role in the Civil War; however, he still should be considered a nominee for the title of the greatest generals of the United States, since, being a scapegoat for the most part, he managed to take victory at the Battle of South Mountain and literally destroy General Lee’s troops during the Battle of Antietam, which makes him one of the most underrated historic personalities of the century and one of the leaders to look up to. The Napoleon of Ohio First and most obvious, George McClellan doubtlessly was a professional strategist. Despite the few misfortunes, which he had on several occasions, a number of his endeavors to design a perfect winning approach were crowned with success. The Ohio Campaign and the so-called Anaconda Plan happened to be a major success, which gave McClellan the title of the “Napoleon of the present war” (Arnold and Wiener 131). The Crash and the Following Demise: The Peninsula Campaign It would be pointless to turn a blind eye to the fact that the Peninsula Campaign led to a series of retreats and the following defeat of the army. Indeed, in a retrospect, the implications of the actions taken by General McClellan left much to be desired – the campaign was clearly lost; however, to his credit, the effects were not as devastating to the U.S. Army as they could have. Whether it was by a mere stroke of luck or due to McClellan’s tactic skills, the army left the field with little to no battle scars (Rafuse 474). Transformative Leadership at Its Best In fact, some good did come out of the general’s strategic mistakes – as the existing records show, the rumors about his misfortunes were spread especially widely among the enemies in order to have them unprepared to face McClellan’s tactical genius. More to the pint, McClellan may not have been the best strategist ever, yet he was, probably, the first general to consider enhancement of trustworthy relationships with soldiers. To be more exact, McClellan can be viewed as the first leader to consider the principle of the transformative leadership approach, i.e., influencing the soldiers’ battle enthusiasm by setting an example of his own. McClellan put incredible trust into each and every of his soldiers, and they responded with devotion: “The moment for action has arrived, and I know that I can trust in you to save our country” (Regan, Newton and Pluskat 41). Guided by Devotion In a way, the fact that McClellan still con
Science is a multifaceted phenomenon that occupies a leading place in the public consciousness. Science, by its nature, is a body of knowledge about the surrounding world, with the help of a particular type of human activity, which is just the same aimed at obtaining this kind of knowledge. NOS (nature of science) is one of the essential aspects of scientific literacy; it improves students’ understanding of the material based on scientific principles, generates objective judgments, and supports in the promotion of informed decisions. The paper includes the concept of NOS in the understanding of RNAi and its application in medicine and research. NOS criteria realize the understanding of the RNAi and its application in practice. Primarily, any scientifically based statement about the world has been proven, tested by experience, and subjected to critical reflection. Having learned about RNA interference using research methods, I checked and rechecked the results of experiments, and the validity of theoretical constructions. Secondly, any activity presupposes the presence of a goal and crystallizes in a particular result. The most critical direct goals of science are the description, explanation, and prediction of phenomena and processes of reality, the discovery of functioning, and the development of the world’s objects. The result of scientific activity is knowledge, which acts as a reflection of the essential properties and qualities, connections, and relationships of processes of reality. With the help of knowledge about NOS, I found out that the RNAi process regulates the activity of genes by various organisms. This invaluable research tool allows a scientist to characterize the functions of genes more rapidly and effectively, bolsters functional genomics in practice. In conclusion, I formed a particular picture of the world based on generalization, systematization, and coordination of knowledge supplied by NOS. Besides, I collected information through direct and indirect observations, and checked the data obtained by various research methods. In addition, understanding this component of scientific literacy, I learned more about RNA interference, its key points, and its competent application in medicine and research. For me, this has become an essential element in the educational process and the result.
The paper under consideration dwells upon the role telecommunications has played in the development of the Arab world. It is argued that telecommunications has played significant role in the development of many Arab countries. These changes can be found in different planes: economic, social, political, educational, etc. Thus, it is mentioned that telecommunication services in the Arab world are put into the private sector, which has made these services more accessible. This has led to certain changes in private life of people. Now increasing number of people prefer using telecommunications to do the shopping (e.g. use their phones to order goods) instead of going to malls or markets. Apart from shopping habits, telecommunications also have influenced people’s attitude towards other cultures. Thus, now more and more people learn foreign languages (English and Chinese) to be a part of global communication. However, the change is not one-sided. Now Arabic is the seventh top language used in the Internet. More so, it is noted that the development of telecommunications has led to the spread of Shi’i Islam faith to other countries (predominantly Central Asia). As far as social changes are concerned, telecommunications have influenced the way various issues have been discussed. Thus, such important issues as violence, democracy, civil rights and inequity have gained quite considerable attention. Notably, telecommunications played really important role during the Arab Spring. Revolutions, rebellions, upheavals and protests in such countries as Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Bahrain, Yemen, Algeria, Oman, Jordan, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Sudan and some others were ‘nourished’ by telecommunications as people were able to discuss various issues and share ideas. Admittedly, telecommunications enabled many people to enter the discourse. Eventually, this led to rise of awareness, and, as a result, to various protests and even revolutions. Therefore, the impact of telecommunications has been significant. At that, it is also pointed out that access to telecommunication services is still low in Arab countries. It is important to note that the present research is very important as it provides insights into the correlation between technology (telecommunications, to be more precise) and the development of the society. The Arab world has been experiencing a lot of changes throughout decades. Many of these changes are due to the development of telecommunications in the region. The changes are manifested on different levels: political, social, economic, etc. The paper reveals the correlation between the spread of telecommunication services and changes which are taking place in the region. Nonetheless, it is possible to note that further research will provide more insights into the development of Arab societies. For instance, the paper does not highlight changes in such important sphere as the sphere of e
Introduction The State of Georgia (GA) is the ninth most populous American state and the third most populous southern state in the US. However, the health coverage in Georgia remains rather weak, particularly due to the state’s government refusing to proceed with the 2014 Medicaid expansion act, as well as due to the exit of several big insurance competitors from the market. Current Health Care Delivery Structure Georgia uses a federally-run health insurance exchange (Norris, 2017, para. 1). There are currently five carriers on the Georgian healthcare marketplace offering plans: Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia, Human, Kaiser Permanente, Ambetter from Peach State Health Plan, and Alliant. The only carrier that has a full coverage of the state, however, is the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia, whereas the only area where all five choices are present in the Atlanta metro area (Norris, 2017, para. 15). During 2016, the number of people enrolled in private plans through the Georgia exchange was 587,845, which made Georgia fourth in the ranking of states with the highest enrollment among the Healthcare.gov users (Norris, 2017). The majority of registered people (almost 90%) in 2016 received premium subsidies – on average, about $290 per month, out of the effectuated enrollment cost of $478 (Norris, 2017). However, given that there were nine carriers on the market in 2016, in 2017, there will be a noticeable reduction in health plans available, and their cost since less competition will allow the companies to raise their pricing. This might further affect the overall availability of health insurance to the population of Georgia, making health plans less affordable to the majority of people. The state’s health care accessibility rankings are already quite low: “The state ranked in the bottom 20 percent on 12 of 44 measures, faring worst in terms of uninsured adults (46th) and adults who went without care in the past year because of cost (50th)” (Dorsey, 2016, para. 5); however, given the state’s refusal to proceed with the expansion of Medicaid, which would make more people eligible to get free care, the decrease in the number of insurance providers could reduce the overall healthcare availability in the region even further. Determinants of Market Power The determinants of market power are different for insurance firms and healthcare providers. For instance, in the case with insurance providers, most employers embrace health insurance products with broad provider networks (Ginsburg, 2011, p. 1), so having a broad range of providers available in the insurance plan is one of the primary sources of market power for insurance firms. On the contrary, the main determinants of market power among healthcare providers in the plan generosity (Baker, Bundorf, & Kessler, 2015a) and the range of services provided – for instance, hospital ownership of physicians’ practices (Baker, Bundorf, & Kessler, 2015b). This can be justified by the fact that the two types of structures target different types of customers: for example, insurance firms mainly provide plans for corporate buyers who often value the acces
Introduction Wet Seal is undergoing a leadership transition that should also lead to better revenue fortunes of the company. Under the new leadership of Edmond Thomas, the company expected to ride on his experience in the company and outside it to move it to a better market performing position. The holiday season is also just beginning and Wet Seal has to capitalize on increased buyer sensitivity to fashion and improved demand due to the season. The company is also capitalizing on the chairperson’s position. The new chairperson, Adam Rothstein, has enough experience in retailing as the chair of Big Idea Brands. He is supposed to bring his knowledge of fast fashion and market dynamics into the Wet Seal’s business fraternity. This should assist Wet Seal in handling operations and inventory management tasks to ensure that its storefront success strategy garners enough support from relevant back office strategies (Asch par. 7-9). Wet Seal operates its own branded stores, which number more than 473. It also operates the Arden B stores, which are about 83 in number. The Arden B stores are for contemporary young women who are beyond the target market for Wet Seal branded stores. The company relies on its distribution center in Foothill Ranch, California to ensure that merchandise from suppliers reaches stores and customers in time for various seasons. Consistent innovation at the distribution center contributes to the responsiveness of the retailer to changes in its market. The company can now rely on its distribution center to make up to 800 sorting tasks for stores in an automated process that previously only achieved half of the new target. As a result, it now takes only 24 hours to process merchandise. Previously, it took days to achieve the same task. Target market Young women are the main target customers for Wet Seal. The strategic targeting of this age group worked well for the firm and should continue to do so in the future. Changing the target is not a robust move for the firm, given that the market has already associated the brand with young women and teen girls clothing. What Wet Seal needs to work on is the upgrade of its target market definition to include present day characteristics of the 13 to 23 year olds. They are quite different from what they would be described as a decade ago. In fact, many point out that the failure of Wet Seal to perform well as a business relates to the slackening of its catch up process to the changing demand features of the store’s target market. Most teenage girls and their parents have heard of Wet Seal and a majority of them