ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has increased over the recent years. It is one of the most common diseases in children and young adults. The diagnosis of ADHD has drawn a lot of attention from scientific and academic circles as some scholars argue that there are high levels of over diagnosis of the disorder. Gifted children and ADHD children display similar characteristics. It is also quite difficult to diagnose the disorder in adults. The difficulty in diagnosis is also compounded by the fact that some children have ADHD with other disorders. There are also concerns on the high prescription of stimulant drugs given to children who are very young. This is an area where a lot of research has been conducted to find out the causes, prevalence and effective treatment methods. There is however need for further research to address the controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD since it affects children. The long term effects of stimulant medication could have serious repercussions in adult life. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a condition that is common in children and young adults. The symptoms of ADHD include patterns of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. The ADHD prevalence is high between 5 and 15% in children who go to school. The DSM-IV diagnostic tool is used to evaluate whether an individual has ADHD. A person must display at least six of the nine inattentive and hyperactivity behaviours for a period of more than six months. The behaviour must be more severe or common comparable to people of the same stage in development. Behaviours that display inattention include difficulty in organizing tasks, forgetfulness, losing school items, failing to finish given tasks and avoiding mental tasks. The individual may also be easily distracted or has difficulty in sustaining attention. The behaviours that display impulsiveness and hyperactivity include restlessness, impatience in waiting for their turn to speak and fidgeting. The behaviours should be noticed in the child before he is seven years old. It should also be demonstrated that the behaviours are interfering with the social, occupational and academic functioning of the child. It is important that the disorder be diagnosed correctly. Lack of diagnosis presents various problems to the child. In adult life the individual will also have challenges. In academics, the child experiences learning disabilities in reading, spelling and performing math calculations. It has been noted that children with ADHD are more likely to repeat a class, drop out or be suspended or expelled in school. Research studies have also indicated that these children have a high likelihood of being in automobile accidents or getting hurt physically while playing. Analyses of diagnosis both in the USA and UK have shown that the disorder is more prevalent in boys than girls. Once the individual is an adult and the disease has not been treated, the person will have hi
Introduction Use of symbolism in literature works has been utilized more often to represent true meanings of the stories as conveyed by writers. Presenting symbolism in stories has several advantages. These include presenting readers with the opportunity to interpret ideas from such works. In addition, symbolism improves a reader’s critique and presents him/her with valuable poetic analysis skills. Most authors use symbolisms in their works to send clear but silent messages to audience. This helps in giving varied interpretation of literary works. Another significance of symbolism is its silent message, which appeals to readers. These are usually found in most artistry works. They form the foundation of artistry since almost every message in arts focus on interpretation of symbols and images. Symbolisms are utilized to add quality to the works presented. This paper will analyze symbolisms used in three literature works presented below. These are in “The Cherry Orchard”, “The Hairy Ape”, and “Madame Bovary”. It will also endeavor to identify at least one symbolism in each of these works as presented by the author. “The Cherry Orchard” This is a story in a Russian setting with several presentations of symbolisms. Among these, include the Cherry Orchard, and Breaking string. This play emphasizes mainly on the past and memory. For instance, they refer to their room as a nursery even though it is clear that there are no children in it. Symbolism is conveyed in the form of Cherry Orchard, which is heavily presented throughout the play. Almost everything revolves around this symbol. It is quite interesting to note how Ranevsky perceives orchards. The Cherry Orchard is presented as a huge gigantic tree in Russia and is estimated to produce over 4 million pounds of cherries from one crop. It is quite amazing that wit
Introduction The nervous system is the central communication and decision-making center in the body. It relays messages to all body parts; to and from the brain. The whole system uses neurons and other specialized cells called glial cells to pass messages. It is divided into two sections; the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The two systems communicate via neurons through the generation of impulses. The central nervous system primarily comprises the spinal cord and the brain. The PNS is made of somatic and efferent nervous systems. Coordination between these two systems controls all body functions (Farebee, 2007, Para. 1-6). General description The collection of information from the environment is the central role of sensory nerves. This information is relayed to the brain, and feedback is sent via motor neurons on actions to be taken by the body (Serendip, 2005, Para. 1-3). The cerebral cortex has millions of neurons, each with thousands of synaptic connections. Communications by brain neurons are done via protoplasmic fibers called axons. The brain controls behavior through two means; muscle activation or hormonal secretions. Many connective tissue membranes surround the brain hence, separating it from the skull. This helps in cushioning and protecting the brain with help of the cerebrospinal fluid. The separating layers are the arachnoid mater, Pia mater, and Dura mater. Three sections make the human brain namely: the midbrain (tectum and tegmentum), forebrain (hypothalamus, cerebrum, and thalamus), and the hindbrain (the cerebellum, medulla, and pons). The five swellings During the development of a vertebrae embryo, a fluid-filled tube develops into the CNS. The first signs of a developing brain are swellings that develop at the tube end. These swellings later develop into three main sections in an adult’s brain. The swellings (three), as the fetus develops multiply to five due to the division of the hind and forebrain into two. The five swellings that develop are Telencephalon, metencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, and myelencephalon. The telencephalon and the diencephalons form the forebrain, the mesencephalon forms the midbrain and the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon from the hindbrain (Rice University, 2000, Para 2) Myelencephalon (or medulla) forms the posterior section of the human brain stem. It contains neurons that carry signals communicated from the body to the brain and vice versa. In addition, it contains the reticular formations that occupy the middle part of the brain stem, from the back of the myelencephalon to the front section of the midbrain. The Myelencephalon controls main body activities that include: sleep, attention, respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory reflexes in addition to th
Introduction Every teenager wants to be independent in their life. Most of them try to shun any influence from their parents and start to associate with their peers. The overrunning theme in this book is that of total independence. Banks uses the character Chappie (or Bone) as the protagonist in the story. He helps to develop this theme through his interesting adventures. The life of Chappie can be divided into three major phases. The first phase is when Chappie is angry with the treatment he gets from his parents and leaves home. He goes to live with Russ. The second phase is when he meets with I-Man. The last phase is when he is in Jamaica. This paper shall analyze the character of Chappie/Bone and show how he is a dynamic character. Analysis of the Character Chappie/Bone Chappie represents the modern youth. He particularly represents how they are likely to react if faced with the same circumstances that Chappie was facing. The story starts with Chappie’s rebellion against his parents. He starts to steal petty things from the house in order to get money to buy drugs since he has become addicted to them. He says, “I’d about given up on finding something in the house that I could rob…” (Banks 5). He goes to live with Russ, one of his friends. He says concerning Russ that, “I had this very good friend Russ whose mum kicked him out in the spring…” (Banks 7). Chappie joins his friend and they continue living together. The initial reaction by the reader towards Chappie is pity mixed with anger. One cannot help but sympathize with Chappie due to the circumstances he is facing. However, one also gets angry at him because of the decision he takes since it is not likely to be the solution for his misfortunes. As he lives with Russ, Chappie depends entirely on him for advice and guidance on how to live. While the reader is still angry with Chappie because of the decision he has made, Banks creates a twist in the events that follow. The reader starts to see Chapp
Court Case Analysis The offered court case revolves around an ex-married couple Lomanno. Regina Lomanno here and after called petitioner, and Mr. Lomanno, respondent, married in 1982. The man graduated from college in 1980 with an accounting degree. He also passed the Certified Public Accountant examination but failed to receive the license as a C.P.A. because of some sort of personal issues (“Lomanno v. Commissioner”, n.d.). Later, he started to work as an accountant in the firm Miller, Miller, & Haney at Cleveland. As for the petitioner, she is a college graduate who has a bachelor’s degree in the sphere of nutrition. She started to work in 1986 as a dietetic direction at Kaiser Hospitals. (“Lomanno v. Commissioner”, n.d.). Later, her work also presupposed a lot of traveling for multiple business aims. Because of the pregnancy, she stopped working and never returned to it because of the labor and many complications. The total earnings of the petitioner in 1987 comprised $9,807.75. During the first four years of marriage, the returns were prepared by Mr. Lomanno and signed by his wife after the review (“Lomanno v. Commissioner”, n.d.). After 1985, the situation changed as the husband entered into a particular scheme that presupposed frauds and manipulations with taxes. About $60,000 was embezzled in one year from government checks and clients’ monies (“Lomanno v. Commissioner”, n.d.). Additionally, income tax returns were not prepared inappropriate ways. Money was spent on sexual entertainment and other things not known for a petitioner. In such a way, the given context evidences the appearance of a conflict between a petitioner and Mr. Lomanno. The case revolves around the main issues peculiar to the given situation, the court’s resolution, and central aspects that were considered when concluding regarding the whole idea. Summary of the Facts The given case contains numerous facts evidencing that the petitioner did not have an intention to fill inappropriate joint income tax returns in 1987 and 1988. Moreover, the respondent had no reasons for his claims, and his position was weak and unjustified. First of all, all returns that are discussed in the case were prepared not by a petitioner herself; however, it was her husband who engaged in unlawful schemes and wanted to acquire additional income that would be spent on some activities or things not associated with Mrs. Lomanno (“Lomanno v. Commissioner”, n.d.). This factor empowers the position o
Definition Philosophy refers to a quest for a general understanding regarding human exercise. The major objective of this study is the rational justification of human values, knowledge, and certainty, logical inferences, and interpretation of the nature of reality. The insight developed by significant early philosophers as well as the present is therefore a source of stimulation of philosophical thinking in such areas. Philosophy helps students to undertake careers Such as law and theology that require high ability of problem analysis as well as clear thinking and writing (William, 2004). Field of philosophy Philosophy is unique in its methods and nature compared to other fields because of its subject matter being wide in breadth. Questions in all dimensions regarding human life are pursued in philosophy through techniques that apply to any problem regardless of its field of study. Through philosophy, standards of evidence are established that promote rational methods of conflict resolution and techniques to evaluate ideas as well as arguments. A student who has studied philosophy has the required capacity to perceive the world from other peoples’ perspective, regardless of the difference in their culture. He/she is also able to relate different fields of study with a deep sense of meaning, providing a variety of experiences. Concepts and views examined by philosophy are drawn from politics, science, religion as well as arts, and the study of these concepts dwells more on the meaning of ideas and their basis as well as coherence regarding their relationship with other ideas (William, 2004). Examples of question that arise in philosophy are:  1. What is human democracy and how can it be justified as a government’s system. Would it allow people to vote against their rights? What is the relationship between democracy and political liberty?  2. What is the nature of human knowledge and to what extent? Is it a must that one has evidence in order for him/her to know? Is it possible to know the thought and feelings of other people, and if yes, how? There are five traditional subfields of philosophy, the first being logic that deals with sound methods for one to differentiate between good and bad reasoning. Logic assess how well one’s premises support his/her conclusions and avoid the adoption of beliefs that do not have adequate reasons. The second subfield is ethics which is responsible for taking up meaning for people’s moral concepts including right action, justice as well as obligations. Through principles, a person is able to formulate principles for right moral decisions regardless of whether he/she is in private or in publ
Introduction The books which are prescribed for learning in schools face the problem of censorship and the rate is increasing from year to year. The schools are independent bodies and they have the right and power to decide which book is to be discarded and which is to be taught. The board including PTA members, teachers, subject experts etc, discuss the matter and choose the appropriate books that are suited to the mental understanding level of learners. Next to the curriculum committee, the teachers and parents are responsible on the selection and decision of the study material. Parents are more critical towards the selection of study materials and the teachers face the problem of selecting the right book. Moreover, the selected books must satisfy the taste of the students, because there is individual difference among students and they are from different families. Children acquire knowledge from the ideas from the elders, and more than their parents, Students follow the foot steps of their teachers. Some students are not even ready to obey their parents, but are ready to follow the instructions o
Henry David Thoreau’s work, “Resistance to Civil Government,” became an essential input into American history. The author narrates about resistance to the American government and demonstrates the numerous reasons for this action. The essay speaks about the dissonance between the actions of government and established laws; it illustrates how the government acts against its citizens. Thoreau speaks about enslavement, oppression, and imprisonment of citizens, comparing the government to a “machine,” which takes the freedom away from Americans (Thoreau & Rossi, 1992, p. 228). The metaphor with a machine may emphasize that the government has no humanistic qualities and its deprivation of the true soul. In addition, Thoreau is concerned about the reluctance of citizens who are not involved in the desire for revolution. However, this reluctance happens due to a tyrannical government, and people seem to know in advance that nothing can be changed. They are tired of these policies, but they feel powerless in front of invading American armies (Thoreau & Rossi, 1992, p. 228). Thoreau accepts the desperation of the American people, saying that it is also impossible to fight against the majority. Moreover, the unjustified imprisonment of citizens becomes one more concern for Thoreau. He is comparing prisons of Massachusetts to the “only proper place today” for living, as the government creates a country which conditions are similar to the actual jail (Thoreau & Rossi, 1992, p. 230). The idea is expressed in capturing Americans whether they are imprisoned or released; this capturing deprives people of freedom of speech, actions, and changes. Thoreau also points that government seems to be interested in making its peaceful citizens enemies rather than notice foreign foes that might represent a threat to the state. The awareness of citizens in shifting the government might be quickly oppressed, as the power of the “machine” is enormous against the population. In conclusion, Thoreau is ready to accept his position as the American citizen; however, he emphasizes that the government’s actions do not comply with regulations and laws of America. The essay ends with Thoreau’s unwillingness to discuss the power in the government and digressions about the transience of human life. Reference Thoreau, H. D., & Rossi, W. (1992). Walden and Resistance to Civil Government (Norton Critical Editions) (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton.
What types of items were included in Marcellus’ triumphal procession? The triumphal procession of Marcellus included several items, for example, weaponry taken from the enemy, garments, furniture, statues, or ornaments made of bronze of silver and bronze (Livy 21, pg. 314). What was the Sicilian delegation’s complaint against Marcellus? The Sicilian delegation objected toward Marcellus because he allegedly despoiled their temples and robbed them of their possessions during the siege of Syracuse (Livy 30, p. 318). Moreover, in their opinion, he could deprive local people of their land (Livy 30, pg. 318). This is why they did not want him to become the ruler of the region. In his response to the delegation, what reason did Marcellus give for taking Syracuse by storm? In his defense, Marcellus said that he had tried to take Syracuse without using force; however, the offerings of his envoys had been rejected and local nobles did not assist him in any way (Livy 31, pg. 319). Furthermore, he said that he had a right to take the spoils because he had acted according to the laws of war (Livy 31, pg. 319). These are the main arguments that he put forward to the senate. Works Cited Kendall, Jennifer. Periclean Athens, Augustan Rome , New York: Academic Readers, 2012. Print.
Tesla Inc. is a large automotive and energy enterprise launched in 2003 and located in Palo Alto, CA (Tesla, 2019). The company specializes in the production of electric vehicles (EVs) and may be regarded as a pioneer in this niche. Tesla is perceived as an innovator in the industry as it was among the first to utilize cutting-edge technologies, automation, and digitalization for car assembly (Tesla, 2019, para. 2). The firm also innovated in the very choice of its business model. Unlike other automotive companies that distribute their products via dealers, it started to sell vehicles directly to consumers (Righi, 2015). However, the company is currently under the threat of significant financial loss. Collins (2019) indicates that its “profit per car dropped dramatically in the December quarter [2018]” (para. 3). It is valid to say that the main reason for such reduced profitability is the firm’s approach to the management of its operational and strategic risks. This issue will be discussed in the present paper along with Tesla’s organizational structure, adverse selection, principal-agent, and moral hazard problems and their effects on profitability. Risk and Uncertainty Management Tesla’s current operations are more costly than profitable and this puts the sustainability of business at risk. The focus on the production of luxury sports cars seems to contribute to such an outcome. As noted by Elon Musk, Tesla’s CEO, the enterprise’s founders were aware from the very beginning that their first product was going to be expensive in any possible form (Zucchi, 2019). Since the manufacturing of high-quality EVs is a technology-intensive process, the choice of such a pricing strategy may be viewed as logical. At the same time, the company fails to deliver vehicles to customers on time (Collins, 2019). Moreover, the price of the final product that they will need to pay in the end may be higher than it was initially stated by Tesla (Collins, 2019). Such a situation increases customers’ perceived financial and service quality risks associated with Tesla’s brand that, in turn, can negatively affect their loyalty and trust in the company (Marakanon & Panjakajornsak, 2017). It is valid to conclude that with the reduced attractiveness of the brand, the company’s ability to generate profits will drop even more. Nevertheless, it seems that Musk’s strategic decision to invest in SolarCity, an enterprise specializing in large-scale solar panel manufacturing, could be viewed as an attempt to increase the company’s profit margins. As noted by Furr (2019), when taking into account Tesla’s overall mission of accelerating the world’s transition to renewable energy use, by building large battery factories and promoting their output, the company may eventually make solar ene