ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Radicalization Terrorism is a severe threat in the modern world and understanding the specifics of what impacts it can provide a better understanding of how to overcome this issue. Terrorism is typically planned out and carried out in groups due to the nature of the process and the anticipated impact that should affect a large number of people. Therefore, a need for further research into communities that are at risk of being recruited and ideology implications that determine terrorist actions is necessary. Terrorist target selection links to the group’s underlying ideological perspective and their goals because it affects the motives and therefore the decision-making process. Ahmed (2018) states that ideology is the primary factor that determines the target chosen by terrorists, however, over time all groups decide to attack civilians or security establishments. The study conducted by this author concludes that groups with religious ideology are more likely to attack civilians, while other groups can only be interested in impacting businesses. This is connected to the motivation and justification that the specific beliefs of these groups imply. The 8 phases of terrorism are a specific model that describes the actions that these individuals do to carry out an attack. Those are surveillance, inquiries, security test, fundraising, gathering of supplies, suspicious behavior, testing, and acting (“8 signs of terrorism,” n.d.). These steps help terrorist groups achieve their goals and objectives because it allows them to plan the specific impact they want to accomplish to engage recruits or other individuals in the process and carry out the plan. The radicalization model describes events in which people become motivated to use violence against a group of individuals. This process consists of three phases – sensitivity, group membership, and action (Doosje et al., 2016). Firstly, an individual may feel a connection with a specific ideology, then, he or she joins a group, and finally, this person is ready to commit actions on behalf of the group. In regards to targeting and indoctrination, ter
Introduction Preventive measures applied by concerned agencies and healthcare communities to protect public health are significant tools of socially-oriented policies. Drug and substance abuse is one of the problems that is often viewed as an acute social gap. The city of Melbourne, an important Australian centre, addresses this issue by mobilising appropriate resources, including healthcare professionals and public health oversight through specific legislation initiatives. The efforts made by stakeholders are not limited to local interventions, and relevant national regulations are also taken into account. As a result, different forces are involved in addressing this problem, and the status of the community raises the importance of working towards strengthening the quality of targeted activities. The work to ensure a high standard of public health in the City of Melbourne is essential due to the governmental status of this county in Victoria. In recent years, much attention has been paid to community engagement activities to maintain the safety of citizens and improve overall health indicators. This report aims to describe the City of Melbourne
Since historically men’s position used to be superior to the one of women, feminist ideas have been brewing in the society for quite long. It is possible to claim that in Canada the feminist movement began since the famous statement of Angela Davis reported in 1989 1 . In spite of the fact that the feminism movement has been hindered and oppressed, one can say with certainty that women have achieved certain progress fighting for their rights. Thus, the government has provided special programs for the women suffering from abuse at home. 2 Historically, Canada was designed to be the country where the first feminist revolution was bound to happen. Since the country has witnessed certain feminist movements and feminist ideas emerging often, the idea of feminism has been formed here since the times immemorial, though it was connected then with the issues of liberalism. 3 Considering the feminist theories which have been suggested since then, one can see clear distinction between its aspects. Tracing the latter, it is possible to understand the essence of women’s struggle. The famous Quebec movement 4 will remain the clear-cut example of women’s feminism movement. Thus, liberal theory which the feminist ideology roots from comprises the liberal and the feminist ideas; social feminism aims at offering women the social roles which were initially designed only for men; and, finally, radical feminism suggests for women to play greater role in organizations. However, at present the social and the radical theories have fused into a single entity. 5 It is quite peculiar that the ideas of feminism can be intertwined with the concepts of liberal democracy rather easily. Thus, it can be considered that the liberal democracy and feminism have much in common, namely, they are both aimed at providing people with their indefeasible rights. With help of liberal democracy, feminism ideas can be accepted in the society. 6 Due to the active support and their own determination, a number of Canadian Women have achieved great success not only in the politics of Canada, but also all over the world. Two most splendid examples, Dr. Norma E. Walmsley and Suzanne Johnson, have participated in the Women’s Tribune in Mexico. 7 However, a life of a Canadian woman involved in politics is a train of challenges to face. They are supposed to meet the requirements, nearing the same political responsibilities as men do, which creates certain problems. Despite the endless attempts to establish equality in politics, women are still nominated times more seldom than men are. 8 In addition, the Canadian culture is not ready yet to witness women as politicians. Mass media is another problem – women are still “regarded as novelty” 9 by most Canadian journalists. Often women are reluctant to continue the struggle, kno
Foodpairing Foodpairing is a technique used to identify matching pairs of foods based on their molecular composition so that they would enhance each other in stimulating a person’s taste and smell receptors (SciShow, 2016). Methylcellulose Methylcellulose is a chemical compound that tends to form a gel when at higher temperatures but gets liquid as it gets colder, and using it in cooking allows creating foods with similar properties (SciShow, 2016). Flash freezing Due to its incredibly low temperature, liquid nitrogen is used in cooking for flash freezing – that is, freezing foods instantly (SciShow, 2016). Apart from that, it can be used for long-term food storage as well. Sous vide Sous vide is the French cooking technique of heating foods up evenly in vacuum bags put into hot water. Usual methods of heating foods up affect their structure, but sous vide ensures that the temperature does not affect the foods’ molecular structure (SciShow, 2016). Sphefirication Sphefirication is a technique of using a chemical called sodium alginate and a salt bath to make gelatinous spheres from a flavored liquid so that it would be easier to handle and use (SciShow, 2016). Transglutaminase Transglutaminase, also called “the meat glue,” is a natural enzyme that helps proteins bind together (SciShow, 2016). In cooking, it gives the opportunity to combine together all sorts of different meats. Cotton candy Cotton candy is made by using a centrifugal force on malted sugar syrup to create thin sugar strings (SciShow, 2016). Sugar keeps its chemical composition but loses its crystalline structure and changes its texture. Maltodextrin Maltodextrin is a carbohydrate, the inside of which binds to hydrophobic molecules (SciShow, 2016). In cooking, it allows using it to turn oils into powders so that they would be easier to handle. Flavored foams Flavored foams are made with the use of soy lecithin that allows keeping hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients together (SciShow, 2016). Reference SciShow (2016). 9 scientific cooking techniques [Video]. YouTube.
The poster of Henryk Tomaszewski can be seen as a new form of seeing the world and reality. The poster, “Beauty and comfort for every day,” can be seen as a unique symbol of happiness and good mood, positive emotions, and feelings. The poster depicts a smile and contours of a face. Thus, it is not a simple smile: it is bear teeth and a grin. The contours are not clear, and viewers can only guess that it’s a face and a chin (depicted as a dot). Tomaszewski does not use bright colors for this poster but uses only red, white, and black. These colors are symbolic and underline the similarity and triviality of an image. In this poster, the perception depends on relativism, by which the artist views the truth itself and creates intellectual frameworks of the judging subject. To attempt to define the smile is to defy the perception of joy and happiness of its main principles – which is to deny that final or true definitions are possible because even the most plausible candidates will always invite a further defining move, or ‘play,’ with language (Henryk Tomaszewski 2008). The graphic shapes are simple and only resemble a human face. It is difficult to say the gender, race, age, or background of a person depicted on the poster. It can be a mean or a woman, a tall young man or a tiny lady. Thus, it is not a smile of a child as it reflects some aggressiveness and craftiness. There are no small details except an explanation at the right-hand comer of the poster. “Wystawa” means theatrical performance. Tomaszewski writes all messages and the name of a poster in black letters to underline the trivial nature of the poster (Henryk Tomaszewski: Biography 2008). This poster is framed with black contour, so it makes an impression of a picture or photograph of a smile. The message is clearly transferred to a viewer who interprets it on the basis of the image and the title. Most importantly, the viewer involved in the articulation or interpretation of this
Data measurement describes the nature of values allocated to different variables in a given statistical set. There are several data measurement scales which include the nominal, and their main purpose is labeling different variables with the absence of quantitative importance. These labels are jointly exclusive, and none of these has numerical importance (Novikov, 2020). For instance, nominal sounds are an object’s name, while nominal scales mean labels. (M) representing male, and (F) standing for female. It can also be numbers representing different variables, like (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) representing different colors (1 to represent yellow, 2 for blue, 3 for pink). Ordinal scales are simply the non-numeric models; examples are discomfort and contentment. The systematic order of values is critical, but there exists a difference between them. For instance, one cannot quantify the level of happiness. They offer important information about a different order of choices. The data can be put into categories and also ranked. Some different variables which use these scales include military ranks and movie grading. Interval scales represent the numerical data where we relate the difference between available orders and the values. For instance, Fahrenheit temperature, pH scale, and the difference between the intervals are the same. The scales like the mean and mode of different statistical samples. The absolute zero provides a wide range of graphic and inferential data statistics (Lin & Chen, 2020). For instance, objects’ height, weight, and time are taken in a given task. These statistical variables can be successfully added, multiplied by other factors, and subtracted from other components. The measures of dispersion which include the coefficient of variation and the standard deviation, can be obtained from ratios.
Introduction Subsequent to reading Zinsser‘s book “On Writing Well” I have learned that there are common difficulties in writing. Basing on the ideologies of Chapter 14, it is apparent that “bits and pieces” contribute to the success of writing. According to Zinclar, writing is no mean feat since it involves research especially when one presents information concerning places; thus, the need for proper referencing. I have learned that whenever one reads something, and he is unable to comprehend the thoughts of the writer, it does not mean that the person reading is incompetent. Rather, the difficulties in reading may arise from the writer’s carelessness. To correct so, a writer has to harmonize his thoughts to be able to provide a good piece of writing. Thinking clearly I have also learned that many writers have ideas but writing them can be difficult. Therefore, is advisable for them to read the work and ask themselves if the work can make sense to an individual reading it. If the answer is no, then the writing has to be re-written in a clearer way. This is often the case when presenting memoirs as evident in Chapter 14. From Zinsser’s advice, I have also learned that everyone can write well, but some people do not do attain such a feat because they fail to think clearly (Zinsser 12). Clear thinking enables a writer to produce an excellent piece of writing. If a writer is unable to think clearly while writing, he or she can produce writings that confuse readers (Zinsser 12). Moreover, writers who understand themselves have the capability of producing goods work of literature. Zinsser further asserts that writers should use active verbs with eloquence to avid confusing their target audiences. As such, a written piece of works should express passion. I have also learned that in order to write perfectly, a writer has to create words daily. One can never be the best writer within a day. However, writing for some time enables one to identify the common mistakes. Through this, a person can gain confidence and his writing skills will improve. Additionally, when writing, it is vital to maintain unity throughout the work. For instance, if one chooses a tense, the tense has to be used from the beginning to the end of the writing. It will be for wrong to start writing with the present sense and then change in the middle to the past tense (Zinsser 50). Furthermore, a writer has to impress his readers. This can achievable by making the initial sentences striking. This is because such first parts of the writing lead the readers. If the first part is boring or nonsensical, the readers will stop reading immediately (Zinsser 56). Moreover, the correct use of verbs, adverbs, punctuations, and adjectives is very vital in writing because they make sentences to flow (Zinsser 69). I have equally denoted that whenever people write about themselves, it is vital to avoid talking about other individuals in their work. Furthermore, one should be very confident when writing about themselves. It is also important to ensure that thoughts and emotions make the writing interestin
Description of the case Mordecai is a male who is 30 years old. He suffers from a persistent depressive disorder, which is a common type of depression. Persons with this condition report low self-esteem, failure to enjoy things they once found pleasurable, and fatigue (Lam, Michalak, & Swinson, 2006). Mordecai has been suffering from the condition for the past year. The condition and its contextual factors have affected his level of functioning. It has impaired his daily activities and social life. Patients with this disorder have impaired social cognition, perspective-taking, and social sensitivity (Wilkinson, 2013). They lack concentration and have a negative attitude towards life. According to family and friends, over the past year, Mordecai has complained of persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness. When carrying out his activities, the patient shows little or no interest (Lam et al., 2006). Mordecai’s disorder has had a significant impact on his life. He cannot maintain a stable relationship with his relatives or friends. The reason for this is his negative attitude and consistent changes in moods. In addition, he cannot maintain a job ( National mental health report, 2013). Description and Justification of an Intervention As a medical practitioner with extensive experience in dealing with depression, my primary duty will be to help Mordecai manage his problem (Mpofu & Oakland, 2010). A number of interventions relevant to the problem will be adopted. I will adopt these measures using the ICF framework. To this end, I will start by analysing Mordecai’s mental functions, his major life skills, and significant interactions. In addition, I will assess the structures of
The 1960s are often considered to be the golden era of American history. Mostly, this opinion is supported by an array of major events that took place throughout that period. Nonetheless, there are several things that capture the attention the most. One of those events, undeniably, is the presidency of John F. Kennedy. The renowned Democrat became the President of the United States in 1961. Taking into consideration the outcomes of his short but sparkly presidency, this event can be undoubtedly considered to be the turning point for the country and the American nation as a whole. It is safe to say that Kennedy was an extraordinary character and his rule generated a series of events that have left a trace in the memories of people all around the world. Kennedy was keen on forming a democratic society and eradicate prejudice and segregation. Therefore, he was known as a fighter for freedom, equality, and peace. This can be seen in his efforts to improve the lives of the American people. The first event connected to Kennedy’s presidency is, in fact, a sequence of events that led to positive changes. Those events include the formation of the Peace Corps, federal support for Freedom Riders, and big tax cuts (Burgan, 2013). Kennedy was aimed at creating a democratic government that valued the contribution of its citizens to the country’s economy and overall stability. Eventually, the 35 th President of the United States triggered numerous persistent transformations in the country and the society despite the controversy around his personality. Another claim made by Kennedy became an implicit premise to the subsequent event. The Moon Program was one of the most ambitious propositions made by JFK. He stated that the country would land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. Ultimately, this became true in 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first man to step on the surface of the Moon (Sabato, 2013). Even though Kennedy’s contribution is practically minimal, his influence is perceptible and should be highly appreciated. To put it mildly, the ingenuity of such ideas (e.g., the Moon Program initiative) became one of the most evident of Kennedy’s characteristics. On a bigger scale, this major event became the hallmark of American history and changed people’s minds forever. Even though this event generated serious controversy, the fact of landing a man on the Moon still remains one of the events that can be connected to JFK’s rule. Nonetheless, the key event that happened during Kennedy’s presidency was, in fact, his assassination. The year of 1963 will always be remembered by the Americans as the year when one of their all-time favorite presidents had passed away. To this day, it is not clear why Kennedy was assassinated, but his contribution to the cultural and financial development of the United States will always be regarded as one of the biggest
Introduction Over the previous century Haram, known as a small Commune in the More and Romsdal county in Norway and a part of the Sunnmore region, has undergone certain changes and problems. Deepening into the nature of change problems faced by Haram it should be stated that they are connected with the development of the following factors such as political, economical, legal, social, environmental, and technological ones. What is Haram? It is a picturesque city with mountain hamlets in the east the islands in the west. The view of the world of Romsdal and Sunnmøre from the peak of Skjerdingen is considered to be the highest mountain in the area including the coastal area as well. Haram municipality covers 260.5 km2 and contains around 8.620 inhabitants. Though the municipality is also growing fast to become one of the largest industrial townships in Møre and Romsdal, it is facing many economic crises and other disadvantages as many youngsters are leaving the place for better education or living. The principle industrial activities are on the maritime-related ones though the varying of industries. As Haram is a city in an underdeveloped country, the problems that the Commune faces are similar to those of the other cities in the other underdeveloped or developing countries. Its major problem is that it is still an underdeveloped region. The place faces various recent setbacks like educational problems, emigration, demographic challenges to the financial challenge, and the mindset of the people. The paper is to disclose the problems that the Commune faces, the steps taken to solve the problems, the after-effects of the steps, and the solutions that can be provided and put to effect in the future. Case Study Change Problems: Financial Aspect Haram is considered one of the lesser developed places on the Norway Coastline and is one of the 36 communes in the county of More and Romsdal. The Commune was started with a meager budget of some 500m Norwegian krone and staff of a little over 550 members were employed which consisted of a majority of part-time workers. It started with the most basic and mandatory functions of delivering services to the people which included a primary school, health care, care for the elderly, and other social functions. None of the parties had a sufficient majority to exercise complete decision-making power and the largest of the parties that existed favored agricultural interests. As a result, the Commune was faced with many challenges to tackle with. Finding solutions that were appropriate for the budget provided proved to be a stupendous task. It was faced with the following challenges. The main challenge in entire Norway is to manage the fiscal and monetary policies, fiscal sustainability, etc.; these problems should also be considered as haram is in Norway. (OECD, 1993, p.49) The current international system is quite vulnerable to the new financial and economic environment due to which the developing cities are affected. The world economy is getting exposed to dangerous and disruptive economic instability and the most