ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Stereotypes are generalizations that people have formed about other people who belong to other groups or classes (Grobman, 1990). Stereotyping takes place in people’s lives at one point of their lives concerning people who they view as outsiders. These generalizations may be reinforced by the society or environment. People stereotype others for example on the basis or region, race, gender, religion and so forth. However, four groups of people standout concerning stereotypes these are feminists, tattooed persons, politicians and senior citizens. Feminists are women who fight for the emancipation of women. Consequently, this course has put them on a clash with society as they are often considered men haters. This is because they advocate for women’s independence. They want women to be empowered to stop depending on men for their survival. Feminists are called bra burners, radicals who do not shave and are often said to be trying to imitate men or take over the man’s world (Smith, 2009). There is a stereotype that feminists are hardcore and angry and want to be treated special in the eyes of the law. This stereotypical thinking against feminists has led to the focus of the movement shifting from is core purpose of advocating for fair treatment of women to other issues such as competing with men. Some people have a negative image about feminists and see their course as baseless because they seem to disrupt the social order in which women are submissive and come second to men. On the other hand, some who understand the discriminations that women have faced in history are sympathetic of the group and have appositive image of feminists. The other stereotyped group are Tattooed persons. They face stereotyping in society because the patterns they make on their bodies are visible and thus it becomes so easy to stereotype them. Tattoos are associated with criminals or gangs. Thus, a person bearing a tattoo will often be labeled as deviant or a criminal. Others call tattooed persons foolish, as they seem to have no respect for their bodies by allowing to be marked with ink. They are also called as drug addicts because some assume they get the tattoos due to the effect of drugs. Women with tattoos are usually labeled as loose. The tattoos on women’s bodies are called ‘tramp stamps’ because people read them as a sign of loose morals (Ford, 2010). Tattoos also evoke images of rebelliousness and many people have a negative attitude towards tattoos. This may lead to prejudice and the tattooed persons may be forced to cover their tattoos especially at their work place. To other people tattoos evoke images of independence and acquiring a tattoo becomes a symbol of freedom. Politicians are usually stereotyped as liars that are self-serving (Smith, 2009). They are often economical with the truth to win the support of the people during elections. Later, after winning elections they fail to deliver the prom
Introduction Internet piracy refers to the process of sharing copyrighted works through P2P (peer-to-peer) networks. This material may include video games, movies, music, software and digital books, and many others. This habit began in the 1990s when MP3s came into the scene. Individuals realised that they could compress materials and retain the original quality in these file formats. They started sharing their material using Napster, which was a peer-to-peer application. Once people invented the CD burner, more of them continued to download free material from the internet (Mittal, 2004, pp. 440-443). Hacking has increased as seen through the several high-profile cases concerning the internet. Internet piracy is a big blow to many. Lamar Smith brought about the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) with an aim of enhancing the capability of the United States’ law enforcement in getting rid of bartering online in patented intelligence possessions and forged goods. Stipulations comprise of appealing court orders to obstruct payment amenities promoting networks from carrying out their trade with violating websites, as well as search engines, from connecting to these websites and court rulings obliging suppliers of Internet service to obstruct admittance to these websites. This act would enlarge present criminal decrees to embrace unlawful flowing of patented substance, commanding an utmost punishment of imprisonment for up to five years. In general, “Any person who wilfully infringes a copyright shall be punished as provided under section 2319 of title 18, if the infringement was committed” (Choi, & Perez, 2007, pp. 168-169). There is a comparable bill to SOPA in the United States’ Senate called Protect Internet Piracy Act (PIPA). Some people participate in internet piracy for commercial purposes, and these are the main targets of antipiracy regulations. They cause massive losses to the companies responsible for making original material. Other parties may engage in internet piracy for their personal reasons. Such parties may not benefit economically from their file sharing or downloading, but they still cause enormous economic damages to copyright owners. Eventually, whole industries may end up lacking the financial backing required to make future products (Humphrey, 2003, pp. 1-7). The motivations behind internet piracy do not count as long as an act can take a toll upon legitimate businesses. Small companies are the worst hit because even the slightest alterations in returns will affect their bottom line. These organisations go through so much pressures that they eventually have to close. Therefore, internet piracy kills creativity and prevents the entran
Taiwan and China, though in reality preserving a brittle status quo affiliation, occasionally grow intolerant to the political rig that keeps the island divide from the communist mainland ever since 1949. Following defeat in the civil war by the Communist Chinese and escaping to Taiwan, the autonomist Kuomintang (KMT) heads of the Republic of China views the Communist Chinese regime as unlawful, alleging the mainland to be legally theirs (Columbus 13). Beijing also considers Taiwan as a rebel region, and attempts to convince the island to bargain a revisit to the fold constantly. Following an eight years phase of opposition, the Kuomintang attained control in 2008. Throughout this era, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) led by President Chen had betrothed in rules that broadly deviated from the Kuomintang, reviving endeavors to search for Taiwan’s independence. The existing President Ma Ying-jeou employs a distinct peace-making method. For instance, soon after assuming office he signed a peace treaty with China. From that time, Taiwan’s associations with the mainland have become better. The Principle of One China The two nations harshly conflict on the political position of Taiwan. According to Beijing, the agreement accomplished in 1992 amid the councils of both administrations in Hong Kong joins China and Taiwan. The 1992 accord, affirms that there is merely a single China. However, Taiwan and China mostly construe that standard the way they want (Columbus 14). The previous president of Taiwan, Chen Shui-bian, discarded the survival of the accord. However, the Kuomintang (KMT) recognizes the consensus as an opening point for discussions. The United States re-launched associations with Beijing and marked a mutual communiqué that reaffirmed the one China rule in 1979. This rule also stated that the administration of the United States recognizes the Chinese point that Taiwan is a division of China since there is only one China. During that time, President Jimmy Carter ended political associations with the ROC regime in Taiwan. The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 avowed U.S. backing for the island democratic structure, a few months shortly. That crucial divergence is typically the source of irregular hostility. Any time Beijing thinks that these values are desecrated or even extended somewhat, it makes its discontentment openly. Since then, U.S. artillery trades to Taiwan have often resulted to U.S.-China hostility and an increase in combative expression across the strait. Military Circumstances China deploys ballistic martial along the Taiwan Strait and persists to renew b
Everything is interconnected and interrelated in this world. On the one hand, nature demonstrates the harmony of living organisms in their variety. It is constant and exciting owing to the invariance of its constituent parts. The phenomenon of nature depicts the united entity in interaction showing perfect organization and instruments that create such a perfect concept as “nature”. Mankind, on the other hand, attempts to change something for the better involving new methods, technologies, strategies in the work process. With a flow of scientific inventions and progress, the growth of industrial production increased much. People tend to work hard to earn more money. The only thing is who works harder and how to lift the level of an ability to work? As far as I know, this problem touches upon the physical, social and mental aspects. You may guess which of them should be strengthened in industrial development, but you are sure that there were people who discovered the affirmative replies on this issue. One of them is Elton Mayo, a man who was properly self-taught and deeply interested in the development of modern society. His industriousness and devotion to studying the social characteristics within a staff motivated him to search for the ideal model for workers’ cooperation. In one of his books “The human problems of an industrial civilization” he gives a clear appraisal of what the employee is. Contradicting with the opinions of his contemporaries he ventures to call a man “a social animal” seeking the defense of society. Mayo’s thoughts gave birth to the role of small groups within the organization. It was assumed when he was able to get acquainted with the Western Electric research. It was a great practice for him called Hawthorn Experience. Here he worked out many principles that can influence people on working more effectively. Brian R. Fry notes in his book: Mayo asserts that if the routines of society are disrupted, society will disintegrate into a “horde of individuals” seeking only self-preservation. Mayo maintains that in a traditional society with established social routines, everyone understands economic activities and the social functions performed. The individual recognizes his or her social function and achieves adaptation when identified with that function. (Brian R. Fry 126) This treatment of individual functions personifies the idea of obtaining by the workers clearly defined tasks to be done in collaboration. This aspect is also emphasized by the nature and structure of the organization. Mayo intends self-creativity and self-motivation to be within a staff. He recognizes the idea when people worked hand-in-hand producing different kinds of goods. The missing goods they could simply exchange. That is the fact of cooperation in groups of workers. Though, the behavioral aspect of management is rather significant. “The texture of the small group experience, according to Mayo, will largely determine individual behavior in the organization.” (Brian R. Fry 122) Conversation in a community of workers and their motivation to work under trust relationships
The latest innovations have greatly enhanced people’s way of life. The enlargement of cities to rural areas, also known has urban sprawl, has enable people to improve their daily activities (Frumkin 3). This type of industrialization has resulted in many problems. Urban sprawl relies on the improvement of technology and the design of automobiles. There are many technological developments that aim at reducing the social and ecological issues raised by urban sprawl, but such strategies only reduce the emissions of gases which affect the environment. This paper analyses the extent to which technological solutions can help resolve the effect of motorized urban sprawl. The increase in automobile production enables people to extend their operations to rural areas. Most people are now using their personal cars to travel to work, and this in return speeds urban sprawl. As more people use cars, there is rise of congestion in urban places since going to work is more difficult when using bicycle or walking. This is considered to be ‘motorized urban sprawl’ which is the cause of social and ecological problems (Martin 68). Motorized urban sprawl has many problems associated with it. These problems are mainly social and ecological. To begin with, environmental problems caused by this aspect include global warming and change in climate. This is because of the use of cars that emit dangerous gases to the environment. In addition, ecological issues raised by emission of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide include loss of cultivation land and forest, loss of recreational space, and increase in public (Frumkin 3). Lack of farms for cultivation may lead to reduced food supply thus resulting to increased food prices and social imbalance due to the fact that many people would consider migrating to urban areas. Second, the differences between the rich and the poor are among the main requirements of society. Martin argues that the cost of buying a vehicle may be a barrier for the poor people, and it can differentiate the rich from the poor (69). This implies that poor people will be disadvantaged because of the motorized urban sprawl. Poor families will need to live within the congested cities which are considered to be unhealthy. Besides, the reduced mass transportation or rather public means of transport can lead to unequal transportation. Furthermore, people with physical and mental disabilities may not be able to drive cars; hence they are disc
Nanotechnology- it is the technique of engineering matter at an atomic level. This technology is quite different from any other ever witnessed before. To justify how difference this technique is, the way to attaining different compound that human beings have practiced for centuries involves mixing quantities of different compounds to produce one compound containing elements of all the mixed compounds, but exhibiting different features. This is what formidable scientists call innovation. Nevertheless, not anymore, this kind of innovation is intriguing because from one atom, creating several other atoms with unique structures is possible (Freitas 1-3). In agriculture, the use of nanotechnology in genetic engineering to attain maximum food production has surpassed the local agricultural methods. In addition, it is considered as its exact opposite. People consume the GMOs without any knowledge of their negative effects like severe death of human cell, brain cells and cancerous effects. Locally produced food result in none of the mentioned effects, in fact, they are safe for consumption. This justifies that nanotechnology is different (Freitas 1-3). The structure of nanorobots and body cell – the body cell has a nucleus that is considered as the largest organelle. Due to its size, it is able to accommodate a medical nanorobot. Its structure is made of nucleolus that is encompassed by a nuclear membrane and its location is in the cytoplasm. The main function of a nuclear is the storage of genetic data of a person. Nanorobots are assumed to have the take the rectangular or circular shapes for the purpose of studies. Its volume is 69.250 micron 3 , surface area of 102.778 micron 2 , a mass of 80.239pg when dry, width measuring 4.18 microns, a height of 3.28 microns and a length of 5.05 microns. Bloodstream nanorobots are designed to be capable of floating and have a limited trans-device diameter to allow free passage through even the smallest capillary vessels in human beings (Freitas 15-25). Using nanorobots to repair cells- The nanorobots are designed both internally and externally to suit their purpose. It has a section called proboscis manipulator, sensors, vaults and receivers with different functions. The proboscis is a large manipulator with an axial position designed to extract exis
The two weeks United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992 (dubbed The Earth Summit) was a landmark summit that heralded global consensus on attaining ecological and sustainable development appreciative of the deepening crisis arising from global ecological degradation. The need to adopt eco-efficiency during the conference was achieved subsequent to impassioned negotiations between various nations and organizations that were initiated by assorted UN members from December 1989 after intense preparation, training and discussions amongst the 178 countries and about 20,000 delegates represented plus over 1,400 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The conference was held twenty years after the preliminary United Nations Conference on Human Environment (UNCHE) in Stockholm. Greater awareness and the end of the cold war generated enhanced cohesion, wanting during the Stockholm conference (Cleveland et al.). Global environmental conferences are always manifest by conflicting rival groups of the pro-liberal eco-efficiency category and those advocating for a gradual enforcement of the convention. According to Alfredson and Cungu (7), agenda setting prior to negotiations aid in forestalling and easing potential bottlenecks while confining the delegates to the preparation, formulation, execution, and appraisal stages. The Rio Summit was memorable for enacting the comprehensive Agenda 21 proposals (27 edicts). The Brundtland Commission or the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) set the stage for the Agenda 21 adoption of sustainable development programs (EPA). The organizational theory affirms that institutions with well-defined structures, clear vision and objectives are likely to demand similar arrangement during negotiations while the contrary is true for those with amorphous frameworks. Neverthel
Introduction Iraq war 2003 is considered as the 2 nd Gulf war. In 2001, when George Bush became the president, chances of war in Iraq grew rapidly as Bush administration accused Iraq of producing weapons of mass destruction. Iraq countered this allegation, but could not stop the US from pushing the issue further. Afterwards, the war started on March 20, 2003 in which US was supported by around 40 countries. The power was taken from Saddam in just few days but the effects of the war can still be seen after 9 years (Fitzgerald, 2011). Coverage by Gulf News Most of the articles in Gulf News cover the destruction that the world has seen as a result of this war that was never desired by people of Iraq. The poverty level has gone up sharply as benefits provided by Saddam’s government certainly stopped after his demise. According to an article published in Gulf news on February 4, 2012, there were around 100,000 Iraqis killed as a result of bombing and numerous others have died in other violence and sectarian attacks (Gulf News, 2012). The Humanitarian Group Relief International estimates that 10% of the women are widower and are leading households in Iraq. Another article in the Gulf News also covers the stories regarding the torture faced by the prisoners in the occupied country from the attacking alliance, which is a clear violation of human rights and the UN constitution (Gulf News, 2010). Coverage by Washington Post Washington Post started to give coverage to the Iraq war since the inception of the debate on Iraq in the US Congress. Later the resolution was passed to attack Iraq by the US government. The article titled ‘Hussain’s Baghdad Falls’, designates Saddam a ruthless leader. It holds Saddam responsible for spreading poverty and fear in the country for decades. The article clearly justifies actions of the US government. Another articles placed in the Washington Post on December 10, 2011 states consequences of US war against Iraq. It mentions that the people perceive the US army as the killer, not the defender, and they are certainly against the long term presence of the US army in their Iraq. The article further mentions that around 92,614 people were killed by the US army from March 2003 to March 2008, but exactly how many Iraqis were killed may never be known (Sly, 2005). Coverage by Azzaman Newspaper The views covered by the Iraqi newspapers is quite different from that published in Washington Post however, there are similarities with those of Gulf News. The news paper covered the loss as a resultant of the war including the loss of killing the innocent citizen, destruction to infrastructure and the economy as
Introduction The concept of freedom has always been one of the central issues for human society (Forner 5). Throughout centuries people have been trying to provide a clear definition and explanation of the essential peculiarities of the concept and state their vision of it. Besides, the understanding of the main idea of liberty has also been altering. It depended on peoples mentality and values appreciated by society. For instance, in Colonial America society had another perspective on the understanding of freedom that could be demonstrated by John Winthrops Speech to the Massachusetts General Court in which he cogitated about the nature of the given phenomenon and stated that liberty was closely related to moral and a persons choice. Two kinds of liberty Besides, Winthrop differentiates two kinds of freedom which are natural and civil, or federal ones (Forner 30). The first kind comes from human nature. Being part of the world, people remain animals that preserve liberty to act as they want. An individual might commit either good or evil acts as it is an essential part of natural freedom. However, Winthrop is sure that it could not serve as the basis for the evolution of our society and only civil freedom should be cultivated. It comes from a persons understanding of his/her place in this world and the values appreciated by him/her. This liberty is compatible with the authority and creates the basis for the improvement of relations within any community. Role of a citizen Furthermore, civil liberty is related to God and the covenant that exists between him and a man. For this reason, its exploration comes along with peoples beliefs. Winthrop is sure that any citizen could make his/her contribution to the evolution of freedom. Accepting the fact that federal liberty is the subjection to authority, an individual who respects accepted rules and preserves moral norms is an important part of the functioning of any community. However, the desire to cultivate these values should be voluntary. Winthrop draws a parallel between the abidance by civil liberty and service of God, emphasizing the fact that it is an individuals choice that makes a difference (“John Winthrop, Speech to the G