ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Regardless of the changing societal systems, norms, values, ethics, behavioral patterns, since time memorial the institution of marriage has been one of the most valued institutions in all societies, because of its role in continuation of the human species. Yes, I cannot deny that not all individuals marry with an aim of raising children, but could we be alive today to cherish the kind of choices we make in our daily lives had our ancestors not given birth to our parents. Therefore, because marriage is a consecrated unification of a male and a female, ready to sacrifice all that is at their disposal for the continuation of the human species and societal values, I believe all individuals should respect it hence, the need to illegalize gay marriage. It is important to note that, regardless of nature of value systems adopted by a society, we can never detach the union of a male and a female from its cultural, holy, and natural foundations, without interfering with societal systems, norms, and values (Messerli 1). With the increasing number of same sex marriages, I believe unless the government takes serious legal steps, soon such marriages will entirely erode the significance of marriage in societies. The gay alliance should be illegal, because the union between a male and a female in matrimony is of great significance not only to an individual, but also to societies. Yes, I cannot deny that, as normal couples, gay couples can also handle all financial needs of their family however, what kind of values will such couples instill in their children or children in their neighborhoods? As research studies show, such unions have many negative influences on growing children hence, the likelihoods of such children developing desired societal norms and values are minimal. In addition, although gay parents have the potential of bringing children, such children lack the parental love that mothers and fathers can provide, because you can imagine the many questions that children brought up in such families always ask themselves. It is important to note that, all societal and religious values form the primary pillars of any society’s well-being. Therefore, because the society frowns at the mentioning of gay marriage, most children brought up in gay marriages suffer from stress and psychological torture, as most of them are never comfortable in associating with their peers. Because of psychological suffering that these children have to endure, most of them will engage themselves in deviant behavior, for example, substance abuse and criminal activity (Patterson and Redding 31-39). Considering this, it therefore means
Abstract The concept of interstellar trip is not easy, but attainable through adoption of appropriate technologies. This paper gives an overview of this possibility by discussing the main difficulties involved in such missions and a series of proposed and theoretical solutions that can be used to speed up the spaceship. It further discusses a number of future problems and the key contributions to human life that could arise once interstellar travel is accomplished. The adoption of advanced technologies will make interstellar travel a reality within the foreseeable future and will bring major benefits to the lives of humans living on earth. Introduction The concept of Interstellar spaceflight refers to the unmanned or manned trip that takes place between stars. Nowadays, a journey into space is limited to just some spaceships visiting our neighbouring planets. However, is it possible to travel up to the nearest stars? Interstellar trip offers more challenges than interplanetary trip, but intergalactic trip, which is the voyage between various galaxies, is even more challenging. For the short term, particularly for manned travels, it may seem like a pipe dream due to the limitations on practical technology and sources. Nevertheless, in the long term, this dream may be achieved, possibly commencing with unmanned missions. In addition, once this goal is achieved, it will contribute to the discovery of the universe and human life. The main difficulties of achieving the interstellar trip One of the main difficulties of accomplishing an interstellar trip is the enormous distance that exists between the earth and the nearest star. This implies that an interstellar ship that travels at a fast speed and that can take a long time to travel is necessary for its achievement. The period taken by the majority of propulsion methods would last for decades to millennia; therefore, a spaceship would be much more extremely exposed to the dangers present in interstellar travel such as hard vacuum, radiation, weightlessness, and micrometeoroids. The vast distance complicates the possibility of designing manned travels, and further makes the economic justification of such a trip almost not possible. This is because the adv
Introduction: Cyberbullying as a Disease of the 21st Century An advance of technology leads to a widespread of cybercrimes throughout the network. Thus, personal abuses, frauds, and discriminations are often revealed through social media and blogging. The problem takes its roots to form the speedy development of telecommunication services, which provides a variety of opportunities for swindlers. A wide range of Internet services allows people to commit crimes without being recognized. Thus, cybercrime can be called a disease of the century, since it infects people with a desire to make a profit on the online deceits. Definition of Cybercrime Several modern scientists have been trying to outline the most consistent definitions of cybercrime. According to Majid Yar (2013), cybercrime presents “computer-mediated activities which are either illegal or considered illicit by certain parties and which can be conducted through global electronic networks” (p. 9). Therefore, cybercrime encompasses a variety of acts that bring some damage and offense to society. Cybercrime and Society The Dual Nature of Cybercrime Computer-mediated crimes are often treated in two different ways. Thus, the illegal activities that are conducted through networking can be viewed either as actual crimes or as deviances. While the former present acts that are prohibited by legal laws, the latter ones are usually perceived as undesirable actions that violate the rules of social behavior (Yar, 2013). Virtual Losses: Quantification The global society faces great losses in connection with the development of cybercrime. The biggest problem of this issue is that it is practically impossible to estimate the size of the virtual crime. Due to the huge scope of networking space, it is quite challenging to detect the sources of cybercrimes. Thus, virtual losses defy quantification, which is gradually turning into a global social problem of the digital age. Typology of Cybercrimes The computer-based crimes can be subdivided into a huge number of categories, while the nature of illegal activities that are accomplished through networking is extremely diverse. Due to Sarah Gordon and Richard Ford (2006), who researched cyberbullying, one can differentiate two distinct categories of virtual crimes. The scientists named these categories Type I Cybercrime and Type II Cybercrime. While the first type is a purely mechanistic character, the second one has a humanistic nature. In other words, Type I illustrates the examples of illegal acts that are not directed upon any specific person and have technological features. In contrast to it, the second type presents a set of crimes that are created by humans to abuse or defraud someone. Each category of cybercrime types can embrace a variety of specific acts. In their book, Grabovski and Smith (2009) provide an elaborate classification of virtual crimes. According to it, there are 9 types of cybercrime: communications that s
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the article by Campbell and Fiske (1959) entitled, “Convergent and discriminate validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix”. The paper will attempt to describe why Campbell and Fiske maintain why it is important to assess multiple traits in test construction, as well as to assess traits with multiple methods. It will also provide reasoning behind what two methods would be chosen to assess student’s construct, and which two aspects of the student’s concept would be more valid to be measured. Campbell and Fiske Campbell and Fiske (1959) gave clear guidelines on how one should proceed in establishing convergent and discriminate validation for the construct personality. This ensured that their multi trait multi-method matrix (MTMM Matrix) was important in providing an understanding to the “validation process” (Strauss & Smith, 2009). However, this method has some problems associated with it such as the use of the traditional bivariate analysis method of the MTMM matrix. Understanding and applying construct validity are an essential component when testing a new assessment exam. Validity addresses the idea of “What does the test measure exactly?” There are several notions about what tests measure, but for the psychology profession, these notions alone are not enough. Creating Psychological Testing and Assessment Psychological tests and assessments are designed for the sole purpose of assessing and evaluating information. This information is given either as answers to interview questions or as responses on paper, oral interview or on a computer to very specific questions that remain constant to have uniformity. Construct Validity and Reliability Construct refers to the way of analyzing the validity of a measure such as the personality of an individual. The validity of a measure must talk in depth about the “content validity” that refers to the way the given measure samples the variety of the behavioral characteristics that are needed in the personality traits. This paper uses convergent validity and divergent validity constructs in assessing the emotions and behavioral traits of validity. Validity and reliability are the very foundation of all psychological testing, for without them there is little evidence to
In his book An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, Brian Davies offers an introductory glance into the philosophy of religion with the purpose of defending the main foundations of the Christian faith. Majorly, he gives a consideration to such an important question as to whether God really exists because according to his own confessions in the introduction of this book, people forgot about God, and even worse than this, they are confident in his being a vapor. Besides, Davies provides a substantial argument regarding the other basics of the Christian faith such as Good and Evil, miracles, morality and religion, and life after death.[1]In the following paper, Davies’ book will be addressed in terms of the contribution it makes into defending the Christian faith. Davies’ book offers the audience an opportunity to evaluate a number of proves of the fact that God, the Creator, really exists and moreover, he cares about his creation. To support his argument regarding this matter, the author does not fail to provide a number of effective scientific and philosophic evidence. Besides, he addresses opinions by numerous outstanding thinkers of all times. As a result, the book effectively achieves its most important goal of presenting a strong ground to believe in God’s existence. Thus, the author justifies the discussion and defense of the other important points of the Christian faith. The main conclusions made by the author in the book appear to be well-grounded and weighted out. Some of the most remarkable conclusions are the conclusion that the world is created by the One who possesses Eternal wisdom and is worthy of human worship for this reason; the conclusion that wisdom from people is a trap leading to all the miseries humanity is faced with nowadays; and that the only sure way to happiness and success is in adhering to God’s standards shown in the Holy Scriptures. Speaking about the strong features of An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, its format and style peculiarities should be addressed. In particular, the sections in each chapter are rather short, there are numerous informative notes, and discussion questions are found at th
There are usually distinct drawbacks which businesses face by purchasing already existing business establishments. For instance, most of the businesses have deep rooted shortcomings which sellers do not expose to the buyer. In this case, such problems become non-collectable later after one has already purchased the business. However, there are possible solutions to such predicaments at any given time. For instance, Mark Zimmerman purchased the Spare Time Equipment, an old business which gives him much worries. The fact remains that the owner of the business had made unrewarding returns and that was the main reason why he sold it to Mark. Though the business made huge sales, it kept on making losses. Therefore, it is always vital to conduct adequate research about a particular business before you buy to avoid such hurdles. This will eventually reduce fears and loss of motivation due to risky undertaking. Though the business was selling just two brands of small pleasure boats, snow mobile jet-skis, line of trailer and pick up-track trailer, Mark decided to add the inventory by borrowing money from friends and from his personal savings. At this point, he did not consider how the current sale would impact on his business. Evaluating the current performance of a business can turn out to be daunting. However, Mark Zimmerman could have been diligent enough to first analyze the demand of the existing inventory before topping it up. In this case, it is advisable to explore the financial performance of an existing business before stocking it. Additionally, it is imperative to evaluate and understand the base of current customers. In most cases, one might buy a business and inherit customers who are dissatisfied with the services or products offered by the business person. For instance, Mark gets annoyed by the fact that his competitors are able to sell similar products at the cost less that the manufactures suggested price. In this case, he should investigate whether his customers might be dissatisfied by his products’ cost. This can be analyzed by the fact that he fears that competitions might get tough in terms of prices whenever online boat shows commence. The fact that he has tried to build a good image for his business through online advertisements, does not make his business viable. In this case, there is need to understand that whenever you buy a business, you need to decide whether to retain the brand name or to change it. Hence, it is advisable that Mark should construct a new brand name, remodel the costs and the quality of services you give to customers. By so doing, he will be able to demonstrate originality especially when advertising for products and this might attract more customers as opposed to the case of retaining an old brand name. Besides, i
Introduction Anewalt (2009) defines compassion fatigue as the physical, spiritual, and emotional depletion experienced by health care providers, first respondents, and emergency room personnel while giving care to patients in significant physical and emotional distress. The term appeared for the first time in literature over two decades ago when Joinson coined it in reference to the ‘loss of the ability to nurture’ (1992) among nurses working in emergency care settings. By then, Joinson was conducting her seminal work on the effects of burnout on nurses in the emergency care department. Joinson noted that compassion fatigue was closely related to burnout and that it mainly affected people in care-giving roles. According to Anewalt (2009), the main indicators of compassion fatigue include: detachment, reduced self-worth, hyper-arousal, avoidance of activities, and hopelessness, among others. Figley (2003) further notes that the symptoms of compassion fatigue may last for more than a month and that they are likely to permeate the mental, behavioral, physical, and spiritual facets of the care-giver’s life. The five concepts of compassion fatigue The five concepts of compassion fatigue as outlined by Figley (2003) are cognitive, spiritual, emotional, somatic, and behavioral. Cognitive Caregivers experience reduced self-esteem, concentration, and perfectionism. They are also likely to demonstrate signs of apathy. Since caregivers are so preoccupied with the trauma faced by patients, thoughts of self-harm or indeed harming others are not uncommon (Figley, 2003). Spiritual The horrific trauma associated with compassion fatigue can shake the care-giver’s faith to the point that him/her questions the meaning of life or whether God exists and why he lets good people to suffer. As a result, caregivers can experience loss of self-satisfaction and purpose. In addition, they are also likely to lose their faith in God. Emotional Compassion fatigue is often accompanied by the following symptoms: emotional lows and highs, hypersensitivity, and feelings of helplessness and powerlessness (Figley, 2003). Caregivers suffering from compassion fatigue are also likely to feel depressed and guilty. Somatic Compassion fatigue is directly related to somatic symptoms such as dizziness, profuse sweating, a compromised immune system, shock, tachycardia, and difficulty in breathing (Figley, 2003). Behavioral Examples of behavioral symptoms that are likely to accompany compassion fatigue include: irritability, anger outburst, hyper-vigilance, moodiness, impatience, poor self-care, sleep disturbances, losing items, loss of appetite, and withdrawal from clients, family and friends (Figley, 2003). Nature of the problems and their causes According to Collins and Long (2003), the onset of compassion fatigue can be very sudden. The exposure to patients facing traumatic experiences can tri
Identity is a set of qualities and attitudes that can be attributed to any organism or thing. The concept of identity has come from ancient times and has been developed and supplemented by modern philosophers. Over time, some aspects of this phenomenon have changed. For example, the identity was compared with the term of relation. Nevertheless, the two types of this philosophical definition that have survived and which have several different interpretations concerning the approaches are a numerical and qualitative identity. Their interaction is simple at a glance, but they differ significantly, which will be presented further. The definition of a numerical identity can be as follows: regardless of the change in the properties of any object, its number remains unchanged. Accordingly, when it comes to a qualitative identity, here different variations and varieties of the same object are meant. It is rather difficult to say which of these two types has become more widespread and popular, and a large number of approaches to study and concepts have caused the division of identity into such categories. Thus, the difference between the phenomena is evident, and the conclusion about their similarity is not justified. It is possible to determine the relationship between numerical and qualitative identities by the example of an animal, for instance, a dog. Comparing th
Economic Athenahealth Inc. was formed in the year 1997 (Hill 90). Its headquarters is situated in Watertown, Massachusetts. The United States’ GDP trends have improved steadily over the past few years (Evans 24). As of Q2 2014, its GDP was at estimated at $17.3 trillion. Based on this, it is apparent that the company has an opportunity to increase its business to meet the needs of the expanding economy. A healthy GDP growth that has been experienced over the last one year presents an opportunity for the company to increase its stock prices. In the US, the interest rates are estimated at 0.250 % (Evans 29). The rates illustrated above are lower compared to the rates offered in other countries. Therefore, for the last few years the US citizens’ purchasing power has increased with improved accessibility of loans. With increased spending power, Athenahealth Inc. has an opportunity to increase its clients. The US witnessed an increase in its money supply in the past one year (Evans 54). As of August 2014, the country’s M0 had reached $3989063 Million. From the year 1959 to the year 2014, America’s M0 is estimated at 518924.83 USD Million. An increase in a country’s money supply can have disastrous effects to an economy. Therefore, the above situation poses a threat to Athenahealth Inc. As such, an increase in money supply lowers the value of the US dollar. With a decreased dollar value, the company’s returns will decrease. For the last five years, the US inflation rates have dropped from 2.7% to 1.7% (Evans 67). The statistics indicate that over the last few years the price of goods and services in America has been reduced. Owing to this, the purchasing power of the US citizens has increased. Therefore, the company should exploit the increasing purchasing power of Americans to increase their services and expand their branches. Given that the US citizens have an increased disposable and discretionary income compared to other countries, Athenahealth should exploit the opportunity. America’s energy availability and cost is another opportunity that the company should exploit as it acts as an economic development incentive. The current US unemployment rate stands at 6.1% (Evans 123). During the year 2013, the country’s unemployment rate was estimated at 7.3%. The statistics indicate that the number of unemployed Americans has decreased steadily. Athenahealth Inc. should exploit the situation to increase its returns. With more employed citizens, access to improved health care services will be possible because more individuals will afford access quality services. Wage price control is a financial strategy that governments use to curb inflation. When imposed, the government places a ceiling on wages. If imposed, Athenahealth Inc. will be required to pay wages to its employees in accordance with the policy. Such circumstances will act as a threat to the company because most of the money that could have been used in development projects would be used in cushioning employees. Under a static conversation rate structure, deval