ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In today’s business environment, organizations adopt various forms of compensation structures. A good and effective compensation model plays an important role in the success of organization because it increases employee morale, performance, and productivity (Shimko 30). Two of the most common compensation models include the performance-based model and the base pay model. The main objective of a compensation model is to attract, motivate, and retain employees who are effective in the achievement of organisational goals (Deb 33). There is no single most effective structure that fits all organisations. Firms choose compensation models based on their needs, objectives and resources. Many firms use the performance-based model because it is effective and flexible. In addition, it allows the remuneration of employees based on the outcomes they achieve in their work and promotes fairness because employees are paid based on their performance (Deb 35). The base pay model promotes fairness but has certain counterproductive results that could affect the output and success of a business. The performance-based model has many benefits that enhance the attraction and retention of competent employees. The benefits of a performance-based compensation structure A performance-based compensation system has numerous benefits that will benefits the organisation upon adoption and implementation. First, the structure encourages the adoption of a broader perspective with regard to executing the duties and responsibilities of various job descriptions (Shimko 33). This is possible if the system is used in conjunction with a participatory management style that involves employees in the decision making processes of the organization. In that regard, it promotes cross-training, continuous learning, and the assignment of duties based on the skills of individual employees (Deb 38). Moreover, it discourages the assignment of duties based on the position an employee holds. This approach leads to fuller understanding of the requirements of various job descriptions and the improvements and changes needed for increased output and performance. In addition, it encourages employees to be more creative and innovative. Second, the structure encourages the development and adoption of a culture of constant improvement (Shimko 33). The model rewards employees for improving, growing, and attaining new knowledge and skills that improve their output. Third, the system promotes self-management and
Introduction Curriculum theorizing is a deductive approach that explains the various perceptions of education. It communicates the different thoughts and diversities of the curriculum through an array of theories (Huenecke, 1982). The various professionals such as the curriculum consultants, teachers, researchers, educationalists, modernized students, and the supervisors have different perceptions of the curriculum. Curriculum developers receive vast suggestions from their advisors who invent new ways to upgrade the curriculum. The developers are in dilemma, wondering which curriculum to adapt because each proposed curriculum is supported with research that shows its workability. The gender, race, moral, modernization, postmodernization, and the aesthetic factors are just but a few of the overtly politicized aspects of curriculum theorizing. There is vast diversification in curriculum theorizing that goes to the extent of discarding early theories. The allegations that curriculum theorizing is a cohesive field are perceived as fictitious (Pinar & Bowers, 1992). The educators who believed that curriculum theorizing is unified, or that it has boundaries are considered outdated because their ideas conflict with the current perceptions. In the globalized and modernized world, curriculum theorizing is unlimited, appropriate and adequate for all scholars around the globe. The new status quo in curriculum theorizing denotes that curriculum theorizing is an ongoing project that will never end as long as humankind exists. Curriculum theorizing is a set of interdependent theoretical approaches that are upgraded to have the capacity to accommodate flexibility and tolerance to meet the demands of the modernized and globalized world. This paper will address the overtly politicized aspects of curriculum theorizing. Curriculum theorizing and institutionalization The institution and the instructor are the two significant aspects that determine what the students will learn. Different learning institutions have instructors who approach curriculum theorizing in different ways, where some instructors act as intellectuals while others will act as researchers. The intellectuals will insist on adhering to the theorists’ perspective of curriculum theorizing while the researchers will adhere to the practitioners’ perspective, but in the real sense, one can derive theory from practice. The practitioners directly affect the students’ ability to contribute their ideas concerning the current theories, where students will have a tendency to stick to the critical traditions. Connelly, for example, was a stringent theorist who overlooked all his roles to engage in curriculum theorizing. Connelly overlooked his administrative duties at the university, his ongoing work with principals and teachers and even his pedagogy to involve himself actively in theorizing. The theorizing works of Connelly are widely acknowledged, but they caused him a lot of sacrifice. This shows that theorists have a natural and active engagement in curriculum theorizing regardless of what it would cost them. As stated, different institutions have different approaches
Introduction This essay is a description of a specific book. I am going to represent a description and a brief analysis of the book “Riot and Remembrance: America’s Worst Riot and Its Legacy” written by James S. Hirsch. This book can be considered a masterpiece of the literary sphere. It is of great significance, interest, and importance for both professional historians and for curious common readers who want to spend some time reading a good piece of literature instead of wasting it on the reading of some pulp fiction. “Riot and Remembrance: America’s Worst Riot and Its Legacy,” tells the readers about the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921; it gives a description and analysis of the segregation and the riots which were the result of racial segregation. Contents of the book The list of contents of the book makes it clear from the very beginning that the structure of the book depends is based on the chronological description of the events that were the preconditions and the results of the cruelest and bloody riot in history of the United States of America. Thus the book begins with an introduction; then there come the beginnings in other words the events which caused the disorders and because of which so many people died during the riots. The preconditions include “The self-Made Oil Capital”; “The Promised Land”; “Race, Rape, and the Rope”; and “Mob Justice” (Hirsch VII). Structure of the book The book “Riot and Remembrance: America’s Worst Riot and Its Legacy” begins with the description of the city of Tulsa and the origin of the state of Oklahoma, and the way it became the “Oil Capital of the World” (Hirsch 11): “The field transformed the land of wheat, cotton, and cattle into a vital industrial resource and turned tired villages into vibrant cities” (Hirsch 11). The description embraces the period from the first settlers who named the town and until the moment of the riot. The next part of the book tells the readers about the riot itself. The riot can be determined as a disturbance made by an unruly mob or (in-law) three or more persons. Thus people did not want to live in the conditions presupposed by the authorities, they did not want to “supply oilmen with the equipment, financing, and amenities that made their work possible and their lives pleasant” (Hirsch 11). The book is the result of t
Ethics plays a fundamental role in business. In light of the recent ethical scandals, consumers are starting to pay attention to the ways, in which companies are behaving. Businesses and organizations that do not pursue ethical principles in their relations with markets and customers will have fewer chances to outperform their competitors than the companies, which are ethically compliant. Yet, with the growing intensity of market competition, it is becoming much more difficult for businesses to retain and expand their market presence. Building non-price barriers to market entry has proved to be an effective mechanism of attracting and keeping consumers. Unfortunately, not all companies can successfully balance their profitability objectives with the calls for ethics: unethical advertising remains a serious ethical problem, as companies are willing to sacrifice their values and principles for the sake of profits. Profits do not come without advertising. According to McConnell, Brue and Flynn (2009), “the expense and effort involved in product differentiation would be wasted if consumers were not made aware of product differences.” Unfortunately, many firms forget that advertising does have its limits. A recent article in the New York Times raises the issue of advertising and its impacts on children. According to Klass (2013), the era of television and the Internet makes children and adolescents particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of advertising. The most problematic is the process of advertising cigarettes and alcohol. Klass (2013) refers to several empirical studies and asserts that aggressive advertising pushes children and adolescents towards unhealthy behaviors. Underage drinking and smoking becomes a norm, as businesses use advertising to expand their market presence. No less serious is the problem of food advertising: the food industry is extremely competitive, and aggressive advertising often becomes the only way for businesses to expand their customer base. However, even a 30-second exposure to a harmful food product, such as hamburgers and Coke, makes children and adolescents change their brand preferences (Klass, 2013). What is good for business is not always good for consumers. While advertising raises non-price barriers to market entry, children and adolescents learn unhealthy behaviors and develop health problems. This is one of the most serious ethical challenges related to the use of non-price barriers in competition. Businesses seek greater profits, and they do not always care about the consequences of their decisions. However, in the long-run, such non-price business activities lead to serious public health and social complexities, including childhood obesity and underage drinking. The main question is what can be done to improve the situation and whether at all businesses can maintain their market power while being aligned with ethical standards, legal requirements, and current values. Apparently, organi
Racial inequality is being ignored in the US because the civil rights movement (CRM) ended nearly 50 years ago. Despite the recent Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement flaring up with renewed vigor, the conservative society is trying to prove it is irrelevant. The fight for social justice is under-provided in schools because of the distortion of facts. Malformations of the role of Rosa Parks, emphasis on King’s actions, and paradoxical use of CRM as an excuse for racism in modern times are negative aspects of the perception of the movement in society. Changing the school curriculum is necessary so that students have the opportunity to think critically when analyzing information, and not mindlessly obtain distorted historical facts. The study of the role and image of historical characters in CRM is incorrect and distorted. Rosa Parks is considered the person who informally initiated the movement due to the refusal to give up a seat to the white person on the bus. The woman was a seamstress, and it is believed that the transport incident was due to exhaustion. The school curriculum does not emphasize enough Parks’ personality, providing only superficial data. Historical retrospective shows that the seamstress was an activist of a group of Black Montgomery women who already had plans for peaceful strikes (Bickford, 2015). Another element of misrepresentation is the bus incident perception as the first visible manifestation of social injustice that eventually led to CRM. It is only a partial truth since the event can be described as a spark to initiate action. The school curriculum is silent about the story of 15-year-old Claudette Colvin, who did an identical act on the bus. The girl refused to vacate her seat to the white person and was also arrested nine months earlier than Parks (Fox, 2019). It does not diminish the seamstress’ merits to the discriminated community, but it also misinforms and suppresses a significant CRM background. This episode also spreads a misrepresentation of the black population in general. Parks was not a vulnerable and haggard seamstress who could only contradict a white person because of tiredness. The school curriculum is silent about the women’s social activities and the bus incident as one of the transitional moments. Thus, the change in the provided retrospective history is necessary to actualize the movement in modern times. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered to be one of the key personalities in CRM history. The man coordinated the protests and inspired thousands of black Americans who were discriminated against every day. The CRM remained a non-violent and peaceful movement primarily because of King
Introduction Multiculturalism is the practice of recognizing the existence of diverse ethnic and cultural groups in the society. This means that the various ethnic differences between various kinds of people and also religious differences do not determine how people are treated in a specific place. Therefore, it means that, multiculturalists promote equality among all people regardless of their culture or religion. Multiculturalism enables people of different cultures to live peacefully and hence they are able to express their potential to the society. Therefore multiculturalism contributes to the development of the society or nation because when all people are treated equally their self esteem is boosted and hence they become more motivated 1 . Multiculturalism was practiced in many western countries. Historically, multiculturalism came to circulation in Canada and Australia in the 1970s. It was a government policy which was to assist in the management of many ethnic groups in these countries. This issue of multiculturalism has been supported and embraced by other governments in the world as a progressive political imperative. This ensures that the ethnic and cultural identity of individuals is safeguarded thereby instilling a sense of belonging in these individuals. For example, in 1980s came to public use in America after the school curriculum was criticized for being Eurocentric. Benefits of multiculturalism in the society One of the major benefits of multiculturalism in the society is that it promotes democracy. According to Volkmann, multiculturalism promotes good leadership in the society. This is because democracy is used in the process of electing leaders. Therefore, the elected leaders are chosen by all the groups because every individual in the society as the right and the responsibility to vote. The leaders then feel obligated to be responsible for political and moral leadership. In addition, multiculturalism in the society ensures that all the citizens have the right to use the public goods such as education, health centers and security. The leaders also have the responsibility of providing and serving the society with their requirements. Therefore, multiculturalism ensures that power is balanced among the different cultures because all cultures participate in national decision making and also in politics 2 . In addition, multicul
Introduction King Solomon is one of the most reputable kings in the Jewish mythological setting. The artistic depiction of King Solomon is essentially crucial in Jewish literature owing to the fundamentally vital aspects of his leadership. This paper will, therefore, focus on how King Solomon is depicted in art, what artists include and exclude in his depiction, the nature of his portrayal across different contexts, and how those artistic illustrations reveal the way people view him in the society. King Solomon’s Depiction King Solomon is depicted as a person who had rare, valuable, and strong attributes that commanded respect among the Jews. First, the artistic work depicts him as king with a lot of wisdom. He is regarded as a decisive person who solved conflicts among his subject, upheld moral values, and united the Jewish community. This was evident when he was solving a dispute between two women who claimed ownership for a child. Obviously, he knew that one of the women was the legitimate mother of that child. While seeking to determine the biological mother, he suggested that the child should be cut into two halves so that each of them could go with a half. One of the women agreed to that decision while the other one refuted. As a result, King Solomon concluded that the one who refuted was the biological mother since she portrayed empathy toward her child. This was a clear manifestation of his decisiveness. Second, her sexuality forms a crucial basis of his portrayal in literature. In this regard, he is depicted as polygamous since he had married 700 women. This aspect also suggests that he was extremely romantic because he had afforded such a number of wives. However, this aspect of polygamy evokes controversies in the modern world when people are evaluating the legality of polygamy. Inclusions and Exclusions In essence, there are various characteristics that are included in depiction of King Solomon while others are excluded. In most cases, artistic depicters include the positive attributes and leave the negative ones. For example, most artists do not reveal that King Solomon had married some women from foreign countries against the will of God. Depictions across Context Like other characters, depiction of King Solomon changes in accordance to culture and time. In this regard, King Solomon is associated with different attributes that correspond to the ideologies of diverse cultures. The depictions about his morality change since the right morals of one culture might become ill in another culture. For example, some cultures condemn King Solomon’s polygamous behavior since they view polygamy as an immoral attribute. On the other hand, other cultures consider polygamy as a legitimate factor of sexuality. In addition, his depictions change with time due to the changing nature of the world. For instance, the traditional s
Introduction Ben and Jerry’s is an ice cream company based in the United States of America. It was founded by two old friends namely Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield after successfully graduating from the University of Pennsylvania State University’s Creamery. The two friends started the company in 1978 with $12000 as capital. In 1979 the organization held its first anniversary by offering cone for free. This anniversary is still observed to date. Its products consist of frozen yogurt, ice cream, and sorbet among many others. Since the year 2000, the company has advanced its brands by introducing new brands like the chunky monkey, phish food and cherry Garcia (Ben & Jerry). Methodology According to observations made in 2007, the company was rated among the most environmental mindful manufacturers. The SWOT analysis was carried through examining the documentation, including internet search, of the company and analyzing the marketing strategies used by the marketing team. Unstructured interviews were carried out in the various areas, especially through the social networks sites to gain general customer awareness about Ben and Jerry’s ice-cream. The following paragraphs analyze the findings. Strengths According to Paynter, the Company was able to build its credibility by listening to suggestions and complains from its customers (1). This has led to the creation of brands that are tailored to meet consumer needs. Their initiative in social obligation in protecting the environment has contributed to building trust and recognition of the organization’s name. A good example of the organization’s efforts in conserving the environment is the introduction of unbleached packaging containers. These environment conservation initiatives have been employed in their corporate affairs which in return gives the company an upper hand. Even after the company was absorbed by Unilever the company is still active in its obligation towards social accountability. The company has also managed to secure a commendable market share in a market that is dominated by two companies. Weaknesses By the year 2000, the market share of the comp
The extent of a truth in logic is elucidated by the ‘truth’ value of a logical statement. In most instances, either “false” or “true” is used to expose the truth value. In the case of “In a groove”, “Tajomaru raped Masago” is true since Tajomaru actually raped Masago and thus would be considered a falsehood if he did not rape her. However, the truth value may be supplementary values also, especially in multi-valued logics. This mostly occurs in cases where a numerical value is used to state how true the issue may be. In these particular instances, where the value is between zero (0) and one (1), one would be used to state that it is utterly correct and zero would indicate that it is completely false. In certain situations where the circumstances are such that they may require further scrutiny for verification, the statement may be considered half way false and at the same time half way true, thereby placing the truth value at 0.5. To establish a logic truth as being valuation worthy, one does not require truth values in an exceptional sense. The correlation between creative writing and truth has for a long time been quite impulsive. If the raconteur cheats about the fable being true, which of course would only be meaningful in the event of the literary globe maintaining its own values of truth, then fiction would be considered as being real in the world that it formulates. In any case, creative writing is taken as being neither a falsehood nor being true. Rather, it is somewhere in the midst of the two states. In this particular narrative, the rudiments that we would consider as being the truth statements include;  1. Tajamoru and Masago left at different times.  2. Even though the aspects would differ, Masago seemed inclined to the fact that she wished Takehiko would die according to all the separate accounts.  3. Masago’s horse as well as Takehito’s quiver and his bow were stolen by the same person
Introduction Nation states play an integral role in modern society and almost everyone in the world identifies with at least one country. Most people establish permanent residence in their country of origin and play an active role in the social and political activities of the country. Members of a nation develop a common identity by adopting common cultural norms, values, and languages. However, people sometimes choose to relocate to different nations for various reasons. In most cases, the migration happens voluntarily and it is driven by economic factors. In some instances, people move out of their homeland to avoid being killed or because they are forcefully evicted. This was the case among the Armenians who were forced to flee from their homeland by the genocide of 1915. During this fateful year, the Ottoman Turks instigated genocide against the Armenian population and relocated huge segments of the Armenian population to Syria and Palestine. To escape the widespread killings taking place in the Ottoman Empire, many Armenians fled from their original homeland. France is one of the European countries where large numbers of Armenian refugees chose to settle. France expressed a great willingness to receive the Armenians who were see