ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Studying abroad refers to the act of pursuing primary, secondary, or post-secondary education in a foreign country. In the United States, foreign students comprise approximately 1 percent of the student population (Byram 34). Many students study aboard especially for their post-secondary education that includes university and postgraduate studies. In certain cases, students enroll for short study programs. For instance, many institutions conduct academic exchange programs that aim to expose students to new cultures and educational environments (Cressey 52). The issue of studying abroad has been debated among experts in the academic field for a long time. Opponents argue that it is expensive and introduces students to new cultural experiences that alter their perspectives and values in negative ways. On the other hand, proponents argue that studying abroad is good for cultural exposure and new educational experiences. Students should study abroad because it exposes them to new cultural experiences, provides travel opportunities, increases their chances of employment, and expands their perspectives of different cultures and countries (Cressey 22). New cultural experiences One of the advantages of studying abroad is exposure to new cultures and learning environments (Byram 37). Globalization has increased competition for employment opportunities among graduates in international labor markets. As a result, it has initiated changes in learning approaches because of the need to work in different cultures and among people who speak different languages (Cressey 62). It is necessary for students to study abroad in order for them to gain cross-cultural communication skills, learn different languages, and get international exposure. A common challenge among international workers is ineffective communication due to language barriers (Williamson 29). For instance, American graduates who secure employment in countries such as China and Japan find it difficult to communicate with natives because of language barrier. In order to work in such countries, learning native languages is a necessity because few people speak English. Studying in China is an opportunity for American students to learn the language and culture of the Japanese. The global economy has numerous challenges that can be overcome by studying abroad. Statistics show that only 10 percent of American students study abroad at one point in their academic lives (Williamson 30). Ex
Violence in its different forms is prevalent in the present communities. The most common manifestations of such behavior which have been witnessed include sexual assaults, homicides, terrorism, domestic aggression, and bullying in schools and colleges. Different theories have been put forward to explain the phenomenon but the most common explanation used by sociologists is the ‘spillover theory’ of the emergence of violence. This conjecture is important as it explains the link between societal behavior and the factors triggering cruel acts. According to the proponents of spillover theory, the concept behind the supposition is that the more a society approves aggression in such instances as war, capital retribution, or justifiable executions, the more likely cruelty will be demonstrated. To support their claim, the advocates of the theory argue that capital punishment has worked to increase the rates of felonies like murder (Alvarez & Batchman, 2016). Additionally, it is argued that the execution denigrates life, and a lesson that can be learned is that it is morally correct to kill offenders in the community (Alvarez & Batchman, 2016). Besides, the inter-country wars have been cited as one of the causes of brutality within nations’ populace. Moreover, Alvarez and Batchman (2016) argue that physical punishment in children tends to awaken aggression in them as they grow into adulthood. Evidently, this sociological explanation provides clear arguments concerning why publicly approved use of cruelty will automatically spread to other circles of life. In conclusion, sociology provides an elaborate explanation for the occurrence of aggression in society. The proposition that permitted the use of violence will transfer to other societal spheres is evidentially justifiable. In essence, in terms of the sociological explanation of violence is that, if society permits cruel acts like capital and physical punishments, then the most probable end result would be an increase in aggression in the society. Reference Alvarez, A. & Bachman, R. (2016). Violence: The enduring problem . (3 rd ed.) Sage Publications.
Introduction Life on the Earth is nowadays dominated by human beings. It seems that people ignore the fact that they are only one of the animal species inhabiting our planet, and that all the species mentioned should be equal in their rights and freedoms. Those human beings who are concerned with these issues develop various activities to defend the rights of animals in the modern world. One of the means to do it is to study the problems present and suggest proper solutions to them. This is exactly the task of environmental philosophy and ethics. Accordingly, this paper will focus on the aspects of the environmental philosophy and ethics that are integrally connected with animal rights. Background Environmental philosophy is the branch of philosophy dealing with such abstract concepts as ethics, morality, and proper activities about human beings and nature. In a wider context, this branch of science tries to explain how people can cooperate and peacefully live in the natural environment without sticking to the harmful and dangerous concept of anthropocentrism. As far as the latter is a traditional worldview for the numerous generations of people, it is the task of the environmental philosophy and environmental ethics to overcome the stereotype that nature is the raw material from which human beings should make their living. This issue has been a trouble for scholars since ancient times when famous Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato expressed their ideas on it. They stressed the necessity of the cooperative behavior of human beings in the natural environment and emphasized the dangerousness of such processes as forest destru
Among business practices, advertising is unique for the amount and variety of attention it receives. There is increasing interest nowadays not only in the number of advertising messages produced but also in the qualitative differences between advertising messages. The lack of market information and of competition that would prevail in the absence of advertising would be costly to consumers: as some sellers offering bargains failed to attract buyers, others would find it possible to exploit a degree of monopoly power. Hence, the choice again is not whether advertising is perfect but whether the benefits of advertising outweigh the costs so that the social welfare is greater (Schultz and Kitchen 101). Starbucks is one of the leading coffee retailers which spends millions of dollars on advertising and promotion. Its advertising campaigns are marked by uniqueness and emotional appeal, vivid and bright images and persuasive messages. Similar to other companies, Starbucks passes information to markets through promotion and receive information from them through feedback. Through promotion, Starbucks unleashes stimuli and supplies the marketplace or components of the marketing network with informative and persuasive messages in order to stimulate, reinforce, or modify behaviour. For Starbucks, marketing communications serve four basic management purposes. First, the bridge information gaps existing among manufacturers, middlemen
Introduction Orchestration and arrangement require advanced knowledge of the arranging concepts and the role of all instruments in the orchestra. It is important to take even the slightest elements into consideration as far as everything matters when it comes to music. A lot can be said about the significance of the arrangement. The particular music may be brilliant but without proper arrangement, it can become a total failure. The significance of arrangement can be illustrated in a simple example. One has to imagine a beautiful new house. Thus, the house is very music while the arrangement is everything that makes the house unique and lives such as pictures, carpets, design, etc. In the following paper, I am going to provide an arrangement plan for the song Yellow by Coldplay. General Vision of Arrangement The British alternative rock group Coldplay released Yellow in 2000. This song brought the group immediate popularity as far as it became the top song of all British music charts of those times. The single was from the album Parachutes. The vision of arrangement is predetermined by the aim and general tone of the song under evaluation. Thus, Yellow can be described as a nostalgic song about lost love and unrequited feelings. The song was awarded Grammy in the nomination for the Best Alternative Music Album. In the following paper, the arrangement plan will comprise of string quartet and piano. The original version of the song is played with the usage of many more instruments. One can state that string quartet and piano cannot achieve the same effect as instruments used by the group. However, the aim of the current arrangement is to improve personal professionalism and skills via the ability to render the meaning and overall tone of the song with five instruments. Role and Arrangement of Instruments According to Newhouse (n.d.), a good arrangement has to render the totality of ideas and moods of music with the help of musical instruments. Also, it is necessary to utilize various tone colors to reveal particular emotions of the composition. The power of instruments should be harmonized with the idea of the composition as well. I would like to emphasiz
Introduction The research question for this assignment: does frequent repositioning prevent the likelihood of bedridden patients developing pressure ulcers (PUs)? The initial search was done in Google Scholar by the inquiry “pressure ulcers prevention frequent repositioning” published in 2017 and later. It revealed a significant number of recent studies on the topic, among which three articles were chosen. The second search on the U.S. National Library of Medicine with a similar inquiry and limitations revealed two additional papers that answer the research question. In this literature review, the accumulated knowledge related to the identified problem will be discussed. Literature Review The first article is “Review of the current management of pressure ulcers” by Boyko et al. The authors consider repositioning as the primary method of the reduction of PUs and call for the creation of an individual plan for each patient who has a risk of developing it (Boyko et al., 2018). However, they also emphasize the fact that frequent repositioning can increase the rate of PU due to unnecessary stress on the skin (Boyko et al., 2018). The paper describes the growing relevance of the topic, provides an overview of the current methods of treating pressure ulcers and alleviating associated risk factors. The second article by Gaspar et al. called “Effectiveness on hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers prevention: A systematic review.” It reviews recent studies regarding the occurrence of PUs. The authors conclude that reposition frequency of 2-hour periods, which is a standard of practice nowadays, is an optimal method of prevention of PUs (Gaspar et al., 2019). However, it is linked with high nurse workload, and any changes in frequency will lead to unsatisfactory results due to either negligence or physical exhaustion of personnel (Gaspar et al., 2019). Moreover, preventive device usage can lead to patient traumas due to the actions of staff or patients, although it reduces the rates of PUs (Gaspar et al., 2019). The third article by Pechlivanoglou et al. is “TURNing high risk patients: An economic evaluation of repositioning frequency in long‐term care.” The paper provides an appraisal of the cost-effectiveness of 2-, 3-, and 4-hour repositioning frequency. The authors conclude that 3-hour periods with the addition of specialized mattresses are the most cost-effective strategy (Pechlivanoglou et al., 2018). Moreover, the article discusses the impact of each repositioning frequency on the quality of life of a patient. The fourth article, “Pressure ulcers prevention efficacy of an alternating pressure air mattress in elderly patients: E²MAO a randomised study,” by Sauvage et al., focuses on a specific device for repositioning. The study reveals that alternating pressure air mattresses can decrease PU occurrence by up to 50% and reduce nurse workload by allowing an increase in periods of manual repositioning (Sauvage et al., 2017). Frequent repositioning is still a necessity for patients with PU risk factors (Sauvage et al., 2017). The fifth article, “Two-hourly repositioning for prevention of pressure ulcers in the elderly: Patie
One of the most significant professional skills that I learned was the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) in laboratory work. Although we do the most precise tests, they are frequently not sufficient to obtain the best patient outcomes. A case that I remember most vividly is the use of EBP in the hematology section. With the help of this approach, our team managed to establish the most reliable and efficient assays. The use of EBP allowed us to save costs and time. Before using the biomarker assays in clinical practice, we checked them with the aim of eliminating such probable interferences as heterophile antibodies and rheumatoid factors. Obtaining such data allowed us to reduce mistakes and save resources. The value of this experience is the possibility to apply it in any hospital or laboratory setting. I do not know where I will work in the future, but I will keep in mind that EBP is one of the most efficient approaches for specialists working in a laboratory. EPB will help to reduce the expenditures and, what is more significant, will improve patient outcomes. Since making customers healthy and happy is the central aim of medical workers, and EBP helps to reach this aim, I will use it in my future practice. Another important thing that I learned during practice was how to collect specimens. At the beginning of my internship, there was a day when there was comparatively little work in the laboratory, and our senior technologist invited me to watch the whole process of preparation of specimens for analysis. I was excited because I realized what a rare opportunity it was. In the process of our work, I noticed that one of the specimens was not labeled properly. I immediately reported it to the senior technologist. He asked me whether I could not decipher patient information from the data remaining on the label. I said that it was possible, but the policies strongly prohibit working with such analyses. The technologist said I had done a good job. That experience was particularly important for me. I realized that I should never be afraid of telling senior colleagues if their ideas are unacceptable. That case taught me to be confident in my knowledge and never fear challenges or unexpected inspections. One of the experiences that made a great impact on me was concern
Assessment Various measures have been used to assess obesity and its health impact on a community. In the same regard, various measures are used to describe the status and needs of a community in assessing the dangers of obesity. One basic measure of assessment is the prevalence levels across different age groups, to determine which section of the population needs the most attention in the reduction of obesity (WellnessProposals, 2011, p. 1). In this type of measure, the number of people suffering from the condition, across a given population sample is noted. The second measure of assessment is the lifestyle of a majority of the people in the community (which predisposes them to obesity). This measure is used because obesity is often caused by a sedentary lifestyle, and when a community is identified to live such a lifestyle, it is highly likely that, the prevalence of obesity will be high. The incidence of the disease is also another assessment tool used because it establishes the number of obesity cases within a given population group, and at a given time period. This measure is however not the same as the disease prevalence rate within the community, because it is only specific to the number of new cases observed within the community (assuming a specific population group is sampled at a specific period of time). Policy Development Since obesity has quickly become a communal and national problem in America, there are many policies which have been developed (or are being developed) at a communal or national level. So far, the policies developed at the communal level include the banning of the sale of sodas and candy in public schools because it has been established that, schools are ripe grounds for the thriving of obesity, because many cases of obesity are currently being registered in schools as opposed to other social places (Longley, 2011, p. 2). Out of the school context, there is a requirement established for fast food restaurants operating within the community to show the level of fat and calories in the foods they produce. These measures are direc
Introduction History is an endless process that is always evolving by all the events that people initiate or encounter. The direction humanity takes during a certain period in history depends on the leading tendencies and the movements those tendencies bring to life. People are the driving forces of change. If their collective social behavior deviates from the accepted norm, history moves forward providing a change in political and social spheres. The Poor People’s Movement that originated in the 1960s and gathered thousands of people in the streets of Washington demanded economic equity for the poor of the USA. Due to the deviant behavior of the leaders and the participants of the protests and marches against the government’s policy, it issued severe threats to the authorities and destabilized the political situation in Washington. The reemergence of the movement in 2018 applied the legacy of the original Poor People’s Campaign for the change needed at present. Therefore, despite the overall organizational failure of the campaign, the deviant methods of protests utilized by the participants of the Poor People’s Movements demonstrated people’s ability to unite and make political change in the country. The original Poor People’s Movement The Poor People’s Movement of the 1960s was a significant page in the history of Washington D. C. and the history of the USA in general. Its initiator, Martin Luther King, had the intention to gather many disadvantaged people from different parts of the country to aggravate the question of the poor population in the USA. The campaign, first introduced as the Washington Spring Project aimed at attracting the attention of the publicity and the government to the poverty in the country (Pearlman 26). Since the March of Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, King’s efforts have gained some positive results in the form of civil rights and voting rights for the people of color. The success of the previous campaign and the overall favorable position of King among
Introduction The healthcare industry has been confronted with many challenges; among one of the major ones is an increased demand for medical services by the population. Healthcare providers are under an ever-increasing pressure to provide adequate and quality services to a population whose demographics are shifting both in terms of size and conformation; and to concurrently grapple with the challenge of reducing the cost of care. This pressure has brought the need to increase the efficiency of medical personnel individuals and teams; and the drive to reduce errors which commonly result in formation of bottlenecks in the system. The healthcare industry has sought to borrow some of the solutions from another industry, aviation, which when faced with challenges of increasing air travel safety, developed Crew Resource Management as a tool to improve the efficiency of their various crews through the prevention, detection and mitigation of human errors which cause 50% of all aviation accidents. These two industries share unique features which make them ideal to share solutions; such include the fact that both deal directly with the public; and where the safety of the client is of outmost importance and permanently at risk. Additionally, both industries are run by teams made up of specifically trained and specialized teams; and where there is a stiff hierarchy through which decisions are made. This structure has made it necessary to have a system of communication which would be able to work for the benefit of the client without being impeded by bureaucracy and hierarchy. Crew Resource Management The concept of Crew Resource Management was developed by the aviation industry; and with time, has developed into a core concept in both basic and continued education of aviation workers. Originally formed as a response to a NASA led identification of human error in air crashes in 1979, CRM has grown in stature a widely accepted concept to mitigate this factor. As such, CRM places human error at the center of its operation; and aims at reducing errors by
Slavery went against the basis of what the American country was founded on; democracy. There were incidences of conflict between the states regarding the slavery issue, prior the civil war. The southern states were for slavery but the northern states opposed slavery. During this time, Africans were brought from Africa to work in the fields of the white man. While working there, they were subjected to forced labor and denied freedom. The initial Africans who were brought to America were treated as indentured servants, whereby they were set free after a couple of years. This form of treatment was similar to other European immigrants who came to America, and they had to work for their shipping fee. Later, Africans status changed from a servant to a slave. John Casor was the first African American to be officially regarded as a slave; he was made a slave for the rest of his life. By 1789, thousands of African Americans were slaves working in plantations especially in the southern states (Horton and Horton, 105-110). This paper will trace some of the outstanding individuals during the fight for freedom. It will find out what they did and the effect of their action. In the end the paper will prove the thesis that; one person can bring about great change. The laws that were passed regarding the Africans stole their freedom and their spirit to live. Obviously the slaves opposed this system but they were met with cruel punishment from their masters. Breach of any of the slave codes was punishable by death. All of the slaves desired to have freedom, but the means of attaining that was still unknown. Going against the master would spell disaster, so the easiest way of a slave to be free, was to escape. Escaping on the other hand, came with its own challenges. One had to plan in advance on the meals and the escape root. Also, running away meant that one had to leave his family including children. Worst of all, was getting caught. A slave would be thoroughly punished, not forgetting that he had been hunted down like an animal. On the brighter side, America had undeveloped sections where nobody lived. These vast woods and wilderness acted as refuge camps for the escapees. In the wilderness, they used to feed on wild fruits and animals. Some of them encountered the Native American Indians and went to settle with them (Hunter, 111-120). Rebellions led by African Americans against the whites were many. Probably a lot of them never came to be known. Fortunately, some people were able to write down about some of the earliest reb