ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The whole healthcare industry suffers from hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs), which highlights the need to discover how one can improve the given situation. This state of affairs leads to the case that various scholarly and peer-reviewed articles investigate the issue and offer possible solutions. Multiple studies utilize different approaches to assess HAPUs, which is beneficial since it allows analyzing the topic from different perspectives. That is why the given paper will comment on one quantitative, one qualitative, and one mixed-method articles that consider how 2-hourly turning can reduce the HAPU incidence. External and Internal Validity Issues In the beginning, it is necessary to explain the difference between external and internal validity. On the one hand, internal validity refers to how trustworthy a cause-and-effect relationship is between variables. In other words, this fact shows that the intervention tested is responsible for causing the identified results (Spieth, 2016). On the other hand, external validity demonstrates whether the obtained findings can be applied to different settings. It relates to the generalizability of the data to the general population (Spieth, 2016). These phenomena are interconnected, meaning that increased internal validity typically leads to a decreased external one, and vice versa. Thus, it is reasonable to comment on the internal and external validity of a quantitative article. It refers to a single-site, open-label, two-arm, randomized controlled trial of 1,812 individuals by Pickham et al. (2016). The presence of randomization and a sufficient number of participants denote that the study has high internal validity (Spieth, 2016). It is so because these phenomena ensure that scientists do their best to minimize the effect of external factors on the study’s variables. However, it is impossible to mention that the quantitative article has high external validity. It is so because the research piece only focuses on intensive care units’ patients. It denotes that it is challenging to generalize the study’s findings for the whole population. When it comes to qualitative research, it addresses the issues of external and internal validity differently. The given methodology is represented by a scoping review by Jocelyn Chew et al. (2017). Firstly, it is possible to mention that the study has decent external validity. It refers to the fact that the researchers present a detailed inclusion and exclusion process of selecting the articles. For example, it becomes evident that the study by Jocelyn Chew et al. (2017) only focuses on studies that dealt with the effect of turning on HAPU incidence among hospitalized patients. This fact denotes that the findings can be generalized to the entire population since the works do not focus on a specific setting. The desire to achieve high external validity has resulted in issues for an internal one. It relates to the fact that the work by Jocelyn Chew et al. (2017) relies on a small selection of articles; the scoping review analyzes ten studies. This fact denotes that it is impossible to mention that the given research piece can impress with de
Introduction In life, people face many challenges some of which they are supposed to make crucial decisions especially on moral issues. Unfortunately, one may make a decision that would haunt him/her for the rest of his/her life. The issue of distinguishing ‘good’ from bad in moral circles has been a controversial area probably due to lack of standards of defining ‘good’ or bad. What may seem as good to one party may be bad to the other. Does this mean ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’ is relative? Well, to answer this, we might consider analyzing a moral dilemma that a very close friend of mine underwent during the post election violence that rocked Kenya after the 2007 general elections. This paper uses Kant and Mill’s moral principles to give insight to this moral dilemma that George, my friend from Kenya had to go through, the decisions he made and eventualities thereafter. The Moral Dilemma I met George in January 2007 in England where he had come to study and we became very good friends. One thing I remember George could not avoid talking about was the coming general elections back in Kenya later in the year. He kept on saying that half of the then current members of parliament would not get re-election. As we broke for Christmas holidays, George left for Kenya at least to be part of this phenomenal exercise that comes once in five years. In the early morning of 28 th December, news started trickling in that not all went well with the Kenyan general elections. To my chagrin, news had it that violence has broken out throughout the nation. I could not stop thinking of George, as my efforts to
There is no use denying the fact that the functioning and prosperity of any society depend on a great number of different factors. To be able to survive and, moreover, guarantee their personal development, people have to interact which each other in order to obtain the needed sources, information, or something else. However, one of the primary needs of human being is its desire to have all which is needed to make his/her life more comfortable. Thus, very often people do not have a thing which is needed, and the only way to obtain it is to take this very thing from the other person. Due to this desire, such a phenomenon as sales appeared. People tried to deliver goods to various countries, aiming to satisfy the need of people who lived in these areas and obtain profit at the same time. Being a very ancient kind of activity, the issue of sales obviously obtained a great number of different peculiarities which influence the whole process of buying or selling goods. Moreover, as any business which is based on the process of human interaction, sales have their own ethics. It is obvious that the grounds of the first manifestations of sales appeared at the same time when people made the first exchange. Being at the primitive level, it still existed as people had to have certain rules according to which this very exchange should be organized. Thus, further sophistication of relations between people and the development of society combined with the appearance of philosophical thought led to the increase of complexity of the issue of ethics in sales. People understood that the image of a seller influenced the whole process greatly. The creation of the image became an important part of the issue of sales. Nevertheless, there is also no use denying the fact that sellers or people who want to promote the purchase of some goods will not act in the way which could be a money-losing. That is why it is possible to say that the development of ethics of sales has always been based on the idea of obtaining some profit while customers satisfaction and trust have been in second place. Resting on these facts, it is possible to assume that starting with ancient Egyptian sellers, to Roman merchants and ending with modern managers, who work in the issue of sales, all these agents contributed a lot to the development of the issue of ethics of sales (“Summary Version of the DSA Code of Ethics” para. 6). There also have been many various approaches to sales. In the first stages of their development, sellers saw no necessity in the creation of good relations between a customer and seller and tried only to sell some good. However, in the course of the development of society, people understood that it was n
For this assignment, I am assuming the role of an organizational design consultant in a global consulting firm. Based on the list of the suggested organizations, I decided to focus on the development of an organizational design proposal for a non-profit government organization (NGO) that fights against HIV and AIDS. This topic is chosen due to the immense magnitude of the problem of the given disease spreading. Accordingly, to combat HIV and AIDS effectively, the NGO under discussion should implement an appropriate organizational design that would benefit the organization to the maximum extent. To develop a meaningful recommendation about the choice of a particular organizational design, it is essential to provide the background of the topic, referencing scholarly literature on the topic. Background of the Problem Before dwelling on the discussion of a specific organizational structure, it is essential to elaborate on the principal concepts that are included in this paper. Particularly, three areas of concern are of the primary interest: the design and functional characteristics of NGOs, the problem of HIV in the context of NGOs, and differences between organic and mechanistic organizational structures. By providing background information for each of the mentioned topics, the author will be able to develop a comprehensive and evidence-based recommendation. First of all, it is critical to understand and describe the principal characteristics of an NGO. In general, NGOs became crucially important for society as they fulfill various humanistic objectives by promoting social, political, and economic projects for the improvement of currently existing problems. As it is described by Srinivas (2010, p. 116), NGOs “have gained prominence, nationally, globally, as staff-driven, professional actors in civil society”. “Relying on professional staff, involving volunteers, being formally registered, having taxfree status, and claiming applied expertise in social policy in terms of delivering social services or advocating solutions” are considered to be the main features of NGOs (Metin 2017, p. 194). Additionally, Metin (2017) mentions that several distinctive characteristics make NGOs different from governmental organizations
Introduction The process of a person’s spiritual formation consists of several stages that are not always direct. Spiritual theology emphasizes that God created all the people unique, which determines the need for conforming to His image for the sake of others. In today’s world, much preference is given to individual relationships with the Lord, while both Old and New testaments pinpoint the importance of communion in the course of the Christian journey. Paradigm of Stages Even though a person was not born a Christian, there is a way to come to God. When Nicodemus asked Jesus about his good actions and the ability to join him, God’s son answered: “You must be born again” (John 3:7, NIV). The regeneration of faith is proposed in this case to be achieved through birthing the second time. However, not only one’s desire to do it, but also the outside initiation and salvation by God matter (Ephesians 2:1-10, NIV). Once the rebirth occurred, the next stage implies learning and following Him. The increase in knowing God is especially evident in New Testament narratives: “For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish, in order that I may gain Christ and be found in him” (Philippians 3:8-10, ESV). At this phase of the spiritual formation, God may seem to people as the only meaning of their existence. The assimilation with God becomes the third stage in one’s journey,
At present, some people tend to see Muslims as religious fanatics and terrorists. This concept has arisen due to activities of certain groups. Politicization of Islam in some regions has also led to such miscomprehension of the Muslim world. Ironically, politicization of Islam is also based on miscomprehension. Of course, people should understand the difference between religious tradition and political Islam to have the correct idea about the Muslim world. The major difference between the two notions is that Islam as a religious tradition is based on the sacred writings whereas political Islam is based on a very specific interpretation of the sacred texts. In the first place, it is necessary to note that Islam has evolved throughout centuries like any other religious tradition. El Fadl notes that Islam as a religious tradition has been “a dynamic and active faith” (109). The author also notes that Islamic religious tradition is not based on ideas of confrontation as Islam accepts that there can be other religions and beliefs. Islam is based on principles of rightfulness. The religious tradition is based on principles revealed in the sacred book for any Muslim, Qur’an. This book contains guidance for Muslims. This guidance can be helpful in any situation as this book includes wisdom of centuries. However, the book is often interpreted differently. Some groups (e.g. Wahhabi) have often misinterpreted the sacred texts which led to creation of a variety of movements. The so-called puritan movements are based on the principles of “purity of faith”. Certain groups reconsidered the holy texts to purify them from any influences from outside (society, other nations, etc.). Ironically, these groups reshaped Islam to fit certain societal changes. Thus, El Fadl notes that Abd al-Wahhab wanted Muslims “to return to a presumed pristine, simple, and straightforward Islam” (47). He created a ‘new’ Muslim tradition which was to help Muslims return to the pure faith. Nonetheless, Wahhab (like many others) created practices based on misinterpreted principles of Islam. It is possible to state that instead of turning back to the roots, Wahhab reshaped the religious tradition to fit certain ideas that had ruled at that time. Wahhabi tradition promotes complete isolation of Muslims. It also promotes ideas of struggle against infidel. Noteworthy, such ideas have often become popular in many societies. There can be no surprise that governments in Muslim countries have supported puritan movements (El Fadl 87). Ideas promoted by such movements fitted societal changes which took place due to a number of economic and political factors. It is necessary to add that political Islam can be regarded as a certain system that helps a certain group control the society. Propagating such ideas as confrontation, segregation, hatred, etc., certain groups can easily control the society. On balance, it is possible to note that the major difference between Islam as a religious tradition and political Islam is that the former is based on the sacred w
A case study is an in-depth analysis of a phenomenon, a person, a group of people, or an event. Parts of a journal article may vary depending on the journal. Generally, parts that should be included are title, author, abstract, introduction, review of literature, methodology/materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, conflict of interests, references, abbreviations, tables, figures, and appendix. Some journals may not require an appendix section. This article has a title, authors, background, methods, results discussion, strengths and limitations, future research, and references. The title is clear and gives sufficient information concerning the study. Below the title, all the authors/researchers are listed. Their affiliations are also indicated there. However, the authors’ affiliations are right intended. The abstract is a comprehensive summary of all the components of an article. In the current article, this section is well-structured. It consists of such brief sections as background, objective, study design, methods, results, limitations and conclusions. It does not contain a discussion section. This may be attributed to the fact that journal articles have a strict word limit for abstracts. Normally, an abstract does not contain more than three hundred words. A section called background follows the abstract. In this section, the authors have combined both introduction and review of literature sections. The introduction section is short. The focus is centered on the review of literature in this section. The authors did an extensive literature review on the topic under the study. However, previous research focused mainly on the effect of exercise and weight loss in people who had osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The methods section describes the methods used to obtain information. The research was a prospective cohort study for which adults above 25 years had been recruited (Paans et al., 2013). It was carried out in Groningen (the Netherlands). The target population was adults who suffered from osteoarthritis and were either overweight or obese. The selected subjects were to follow a diet and do exercises to lose weight. Both the individual and the group sessions were carried out. Individual sessions had lasted for three months followed by group sessions that took 5 months. Data was collected using questionnaires. Adults who had BMI greater than 40 were excluded. Analyzed results are found in the results section of the article. They indicate that exercise and weight loss programs can benefit overweight and obese adults suffering from osteoarthritis. The participants reported an improvement, which amounts to 32.6% on their physical functions. They also reported a significant decline in perceived pain. The results show that weight loss and exercise can yield positive results over a long period of time. The authors discussed the results in a precise manner. They compared their findings with those contained in the previous studies. They reported that pain relief attributed to the two programs was significant. Immediately after this section, strengths and limitations of the study were given. Majo
Introduction Tesla Motors is a unique company, which focuses on electric car manufacturing (“Tesla’s Mission” par. 1). The main goal of the company is to provide evidence to the world that electric cars can be more efficient than normal gasoline vehicles (“Tesla’s Mission” par. 1). An interesting fact is that the company is named after a famous inventor, Nikola Tesla (“Tesla’s Mission” par. 2). Nikola Tesla was a well-known scientist, who could be called a father of the “electrical age” (Syon 347). He is not only famous for his contribution to the applied sciences but also by his charismatic personality and ‘magic powers.’ This person is truly inspiring, and it is not surprising that a company has chosen his name to represent an electric company. This essay provides a SWOT analysis of Tesla Motors. It will encourage seeing its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Moreover, the analysis of its external and internal factors allows seeing the company’s position in the current market. Furthermore, the results will provide the company with recommendations for its future development. SWOT Analysis In order to determine a position and the company’s competitiveness on the market, a SWOT analysis is used. This analyzing tool is rather simple. However, it allows seeing a product from different perspectives and evaluating possible future steps (Hall 92). Both internal and external environments are discovered with the help of a SWOT analysis (Hall 92). The strengths and weaknesses provide the internal exploration of the company’s assets and features, which differentiate the company from its competitors. In turn, the opportunities and threats focus on the external analysis (Hall 92). It could be said that a SWOT analysis is the most suitable tool to determine future steps of Tesla Motors. It evaluates important aspects of the internal and external environment. Strengths As it was mentioned previously, strengths are referred to as the internal factors of the company. Firstly, one of the most important resources of any company is its employees. Like other companies, Tesla Motors tries to recruit only the best specialists, which are available on the labor market. It increases the company’s efficiency and competitiveness on the market. Consequently, one of the strengths of the company is know-how (Tilley par.1). Another important strength is the fact that the company pays a significant amount of attention to the design of its cars. It could be said that Tesla Motors’ cars stand out from its competitors. It seems that cars can be possible future jets. Tesla Motors has a reputation for a highly advanced technological company, as it won several awards and prizes for design and innovation (McKenzie par. 1). As for the cars, the vehicles are comfortable to use, as it is not necessary to go to a gas station in order to recharge them (“Tesla’s Mission” par. 6). Moreover, Tesl
Corruption is the abuse or misuse of power and authority for personal gain. Corruption comes in forms of nepotism, bribes, favoritism, and unequal claim on regulations. Although corruption is done in secrecy, its influence on economic decisions and the general running of public office is great. All this is discussed in this paper together with measures to counter the vice. Since corruption encompasses extortion, bribery, fraud, nepotism, and embezzlement, it affects the whole continuum of an organization, starting from the manager to the clerk. This makes staff unable or unwilling to maximize general welfare, work as a team and come to work on time. Corruption affects management by redirecting communal funds into private increasing budgetary while reducing excellence of services and infrastructure. Corruption also threatens sustainable development, good management and fair practices (Spears, 1997, p. 34). Corruption can be curbed by putting in place criticizing systems allowing staff to vent their views. Another way is through putting in place better employment vetting for the acquisition of staff with integrity. The involvement of more people in management decisions and the application of legal systems also curb the practice. Therefore, if strictly adhered to, these measures can help curb corruption. Power is the authority and ability to control. It can be mishandled for personal interest leading to corruption. This happens when an entity acquires personal gains like bribes and favors because of its ability to control and manipulate. Legal systems have been affected by power mishandling when entities with power over these systems practice corruption. They do this without the worry of being prosecuted (Spears, 1997, p. 34). Emotional intelligence (E.I) Emotional intelligence is the capacity and ability to integrate, assess and manage feelings (emotions) of self or of others (Kotter, 1996). How it is related to leadership Leaders relate E.I when they are involved in participatory management. This associate with E.I when leaders listens and cooperate with others before decision-making. Straightforwardness and composure are related to E.I which requires leaders to remain calm in a crisis or when recovering from difficult times (Goleman, Mckee, & Boyatzis, 2002, p. 54). Leadership traits are related to E.I when leaders demonstrate self-management and abilities to relate to others. They do this by being in control of themselves (self-awareness and self-motivation) before leading others, building rapport, and sometimes even having empathy. Integr