ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Internet, particularly social media, has been an effective way of spreading deception about vital problems such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the vaccine. For instance, Facebook is committed to moderating some people’s actions to recognize the creation of a new and increased opportunity for abuse. Facebook must regulate individuals’ activities to reduce misinformation, conspiracy, and hate speech spreading to enforce standards. Twitter and Facebook legislate principles requiring Internet stages to aid law implementers in identifying those who support inappropriate information. Additionally, the involvement of other government agencies is highly recommended by these companies to regulate activities within a country. Monitoring and taking against those involved in hate speech is, therefore, quickly done. Generally, Twitter and Facebook restrictions on the type of content to be shared with the public help in moderating hate speech. Twitter and Facebook set a barrier between acceptable and unacceptable speech in violent terms, sensual material, secrecy, provocation, pretense, and harming oneself, among other issues. The majority of the engagements listed are carried out automatically by artificial intelligence determinants. Facebook and Google collaborate with third parties to fact-check posts and news stories that may contain false information. Twitter categorizes postings that include inaccurate information or claims that have been interrupted (Frier et al., 2021). Google also prohibits ads that defy science. For example, Facebook and Twitter froze the former US president’s accounts after the riot by his supporters. Twitter went ahead and barred him permanently, while Facebook will reinstate him in 2023 if the risks he presents to the public subside. All measures taken ensure the safety of all social media users and information delivery in the right way to the right people. Generally, all those who breach these rules are liable to receive punishment by law enforcement and likely to be denied access to social media use. Reference Frier, S., Nix, N., & Kopit, S. (2021). How and why Internet companies moderate speech online. Bloomberg . Web.
In the British Caribbean, medicine was introduced to not only improve the health of indigenous people but also protect the well-being of the British administrators and military people. Researchers still develop debates on the question of the benefits of promoting tropical medicine in this region for colonialists and locals. As a result, it is possible to state that medicine in the British Caribbean became a “tool of empire” to protect the army and support the colonial expansion while minimising the risks of developing epidemics among indigenous people that could affect the British in this region. To state to what extent medicine was used as a “tool of empire” in the Caribbean region, it is necessary to analyse what practices and strategies were applied by the British. Firstly, the development of tropical medicine as the field of knowledge and the appearance of the first healthcare facilities in the British Caribbean was a response to threats for the British military. It was important to guarantee that soldiers and administrators received adequate medical help and could be treated while having malaria or dysentery. These initiatives could guarantee the protection of the political and social order in colonies. Secondly, indigenous people who rejected vaccination or had no access to medical services remained to be threatening to the military. For instance, social and economic conditions in Trinidad did not allow people to follow sanitary rules, treat infants appropriately, and combat the spread of epidemics of yellow fever and malaria. Therefore, to control the situation in the British Caribbean and address problematic social and economic conditions, much attention was paid to standardising medical assistance, building healthcare facilities, and developing sanitary norms. The British officials discussed these actions as necessary because of the risk that the ignorance of indigenous people could negatively influence life in colonies with the focus on the British people’s health. Medicine became a “tool of empire” to spread ideas and knowledge among locals who were viewed as intellectually and socially inferior. While comparing the situation in the British Caribbean to Africa and India, it is possible to state that the key principles of introducing medicine in colonies were the same: to protect the military personnel, to control the health of locals, to control morbidity and mortality rates, and to cope with epidemics. In these regions, the focus was on developing the principles of tropical medicine and sending healthcare p
In the literary works A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, and Diary of a Madman by Lu Xun, each protagonist struggles to achieve personal freedom from a confining and oppressive situation. Two of the protagonists represent females who attempt to realize their dreams, ambitions, and sense of self direction during the heavily sexist social mores and parochial way of life that dominated much of the late 19 th and early 20 th century. The third protagonist is a revolutionary minded male, living in China during the revolutionary period of the early 20 th century. All three works exude the pristine quality of a historical document in which no detail has been expunged, manipulated, or updated. All three are very much documents of their time, and as such, give readers magnificent insight into long dead social and political eras, and how they affected the human beings on the ground that lived through them. In Chapter Three of Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own , the protagonist attempts to make sense of the nonsensical elements of female history, namely, how it could be that “in Athena’s city, where women were kept in almost Oriental suppression as odalisques or drudges, the stage should yet have produced figures like Clytemnestra and Cassandra Atossa and Antigone, Phedre and Medea, and all the other heroines who dominate play after play of the “misogynist” Euripides…where in real life a respectable woman could hardly show her face alone in the street, and yet on the stage woman equals or surpasses man” (Woolf 20). Woolf’s protagonist is a wildly intelligent and scholarly woman cursed with indefatigable powers of logic. The absence of women from the history books
Stephen R Covey’s book “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People®, which remains an international bestseller, has been in bookshelves for well over 15 years now and its relevance and practicability in today’s society cannot be watered down by the element of time. Reading through the book, the reader is swept in different emotions upon the realization of the myriad of truths contained therein. Stephen reaches out to the reader by drawing comparisons between his view of life and real-life situations. Indeed, the book is embedded by various anecdotes that drive the point home while grasping the reader’s attention. The book begins with a brief preface by the author on the dynamics of character ethics over personality ethics. According to him, the personality ethic has been too overemphasized and attempts to offer what he terms as “Aspirin-like” solutions, or quick fix solutions (Covey 8). He draws parallels with the principle that for one to harvest then he must so and consequently, effectiveness and success in life can only be inculcated into an individual through the steady development of a strong character ethic (Covey 10). The tone in the book is positive while cautious that being positive is not enough for one to achieve effectiveness. He thus calls for a paradigm shift (Adapted from Thomas Kuhn’s book) from focus on a circle of concern to a circle of influence. Covey as cited in (Covey 21) defines a circle of influence as a positive view of the world that has developed from a good character ethic that involves an individual looking for solutions from within and taking responsibility rather than apportioning blame to factors which one cannot change (circle of concern). He calls this the inside-out approach. One is indeed drawn into Covey’s description of an effective life through development of good habits brought by leading a goal oriented and disciplined life. He states the production (P) and productive capability (PC) theory where he suggests that for success to be achieved, we should focus on production and not the production capability (Covey 26). The book is a must read for all for its lessons are truly informative and life-changing. Overview The book has four parts; the Preface, Private Victory, Public Victory and Renewal. The preface introduces Covey’s focus on character ethics Vis a Vis personality ethics. He explains the demerits of the latter while praising the former as good grounds for the development of a successful of e
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of memory loss or dementia. Currently, its diagnosis uses clinical criteria and the ruling out of other causes. The clinical characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease include progressive loss of memory and impaired cognition. The impact of AD on public health includes increased rates of informal care and the direct charges of communal care (Wimo et al., 2010). Biomarkers in AD research are useful in the prompt diagnosis of AD. It has been reported that the neurodegenerative effects of AD are irreversible. However, the associated symptoms can be addressed before they worsen. Therefore, biomarkers help in the prediction of AD. Plasma Ab would be considered a good candidate biomarker because obtaining blood samples for the test is less invasive and more cost-effective than getting CSF samples (Gouras, Olsson, & Hansson, 2015). The main difference between plasma and CSF Abeta is that CSF Abeta is obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid while the plasma variant is the plasma amyloid that has crossed the blood-brain barrier to the blood through special receptors such as low-density lipoprotein (Butterfield, Swomley, & Sultana, 2013). There are no other valid measures of amyloid plaque burden because amyloid plaques arise from the deposition of Abeta 40 and 42 in the brain. These proteins can only be found in the brain, blood, and CSF. Previous studies have shown that the concentration of Ab42 in (CSF) is diminished in patients with slight reasoning deficiency and AD. Therefore, tests that quantify CSF Ab42 as well as phospho-tau are useful in the prompt diagnosis of AD (Toledo, Shaw, & Trojanowski, 2013). The aim of this study is to find the precise relationship between plasma amyloid beta and Alzheimer’s disease. Methods The nested case-control study was appropriate for the study. This approach entails the identification of a specified number of the disease under investigation. For each case, a corresponding control (without the disease at the time of the study) is selected from the same cohort. This method is reported to be effective in investigations involving biologic precursors of disease, which is the focus of this study (Keogh & Cox, 2014). Additionally, it is cheaper than full cohort studies. The subjects were classified into dementia and dementia-free based on cognitive function tests. The subjects included males and females aged 50 and above. The study reports three measures: plasma Abeta 40, Abeta42 levels and the ratio of Abeta 42:40 in AD cases and dementia-free cases. Means were used to depict the concentrations of plasma Abeta levels. T-tests were used to determine the differences in plasma Abeta levels between the Ad cases and dementia-free groups. Results The plasma Abeta 42 levels were lower in AD cases than in the controls. Similarly, plasma Abeta 40 levels were lower in AD cases than in the dementia-free group. However, the differences in the plasma Abeta levels between the AD cases and controls were not statistically significant because the P-values we
Introduction Recrystallization is a process that is used to purify a solid mixture. The preferred product is secluded from its contaminations by the solubility variances. Insoluble impurities and colored impurities are removed from the hot solvent using activated carbon and filtering. The soluble impurities will remain in the cold solvent after recrystallization (Pavia et al., 2005). The required product should be perfectly soluble in the hot solvent and very insoluble in low-temperature solvents. This purification process requires solubility of the impure solid in a heated solution and crystallization upon cooling. There was an experiment with synthesizing acetanilide through the reaction of aniline and acetic acid. The other objectives were to purify the acetanilide by recrystallization from water and the purity check using the obtained melting point range. The apparatus and chemicals used were; hot plate, beakers, ice, stirring rod, spatula, Buchner funnel, Aniline, Acetic anhydride, filter paper, digital scales, Mel-temp apparatus, large test tube, 10- mL graduated cylinder and a medicine dropper. Procedure In a large test tube, using a medicine dropper, ten drops of aniline were placed and the weight determined to the nearest milligram. 5 ml of distilled water was added to the test tube, then 20 drops of acetic anhydride were added (Pavia et al., 2005). Then, the mixture is stirred using a stirring rod for about five minutes until solid formation. After the solution has crystallized, 5 ml of water was added then the test tube was heated in a hot water bath while stirring until the whole solid dissolved. The solution was then left to cool for about 5 minutes and then placed in an ice bath to chill. After crystallization, the product was collected by vacuum filtration method using a Buchner funnel and a suction flask. The sample is given time to dry completely. The product is weighed, and the percentage yield calculated, and the melting point determined. The percentage yield of acetanilide is the mass of acetanilide recovered, divided by the theoretical mass of acetanilide multiplied by 100. Data Observations The solution was stirred, and a precipitate was formed. Water was added to the crystalized product, and after heating the mixture in a hot water bath with occasional stirring, the solid dissolved (P
Introduction Revolution is the overthrow or repudiation of a regime or political system by the governed. It is characterized by a radical and invasive change. It is usually suddenly and violence is experienced. The existing government is replaced by another political system from those who are governed. Haiti is one developing country that has had numerous cases of revolution. Since the year 1800 to date Haiti has recorded nine instances of coup d’état (Heinl, 1996). Revolution in Haiti In 1991, there was an issue with the president of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide who had been democratically elected as the head of the country the previous year. In a coup d’état led by Raoul Cedras the government of Jean-Bertrand was overthrown. This was criticized by the United States government, United Nations and Organization of American States. This continued till 1994 when Aristide came back to power as the head of state. During this period, all sectors and key institutions in Haiti were affected negatively. In terms of political arena, the government failed completely. Cedras encouraged economic dependency in which apart from humanitarian aid he allowed other external aid hence hindering economic independence of Haiti. The government also failed because there were no laws followed. The constitution did not allow any political system to overthrow the government. Cedras was therefore an illegal president of Haiti. It therefore goes without saying that the due to lack of laws there was poor governance. The political system was not for the people; instead the government protected corrupt government officials and illegal businesses such as drug trafficking. Economic sector was negatively affected. For example the money invested in other countries was frozen during this period. The sanctions put in place to stabilize the situation also interfered with trading activities. Restrictions on trade led to loss of 60% of private jobs. This translated to approximately one million people losing their jobs. Due to unfavorable environment, many industries including export were shut down. Cedras and his government remained to benefit from the unstable economy in Haiti. He ensured that he controlled the business environment; supply and distribution of goods and services and thus monitoring the income and profits realized. The poor suffered. The people of Haiti were denied democracy and economic development. In addition, when Aristede came back to power the people continued to suffer. The external aid that people depended on was dis
One of the deepest social issues that I am feeling for my whole life is immigration as an emerging process. Moreover, nowadays, this problem only devastates me, which literally increases my wish to help others due to the risk of being the victim of such a phenomenon. Many people face the obstacle connected with continuing living in a country that does not meet their expectations and cannot provide the needed conditions of residing and working throughout their whole life. As a result, the world population experience a significant decrease in overall quality of life. From the global perspective, the most influencing countries in the world use visa and other conditions of entering the country as a migration regulating tool. However, when it comes to the emergency outflow of the country’s citizens, these tools should be banned owing to the high amount of pressure made on migrants who are trying to escape their home country to avoid more significant problems. Turning to the solution contribution, I would force private entities, which succeed to become international “players” to help those people who cannot properly become political migrants due to the severe regime which does not admit such status officially. This solution would increase private companies’ reputation in the world society. Moreover, due to the great social responsibility reliance, local and global authorities might decrease the international companies’ tax pressure, which will relatively compensate the company’s losses on the social responsibility programs. From the other perspective, the tax exemption and companies’ contribution to the migration process easing are mutually eliminating operations, which might stop inflation from increasing when it comes to countries with unstable domestic currency.
The philosophy of cosmic love story in this novel written by Laura Esquivel is articulated by unique cultural themes inspired by a love of Mexican foods and the spirit of sacrifice. The love story of Tita and Pedro is elucidated in a passionate manner which reflects the tragic situation when their love claims to be forbidden in the eyes of their other family members. This can be illustrated when Tita wants to present her opinion to Mama Elena when Pedro asks for her hand, but she is replied in the following words of Mama Elena, “You don’t have an opinion, and that’s all I want to hear about it” (Esquivel, 1995: 8). The love story interweaves many issues in the curtains of multiple restrictions for women. However, the philosophy of love involves the Mexican social class into the realms of the institution of marriage, which in this story is nothing more than a form of indentured slavery for life. Therefore we can analyze how a Mexican woman fulfills her immoral love for her family till her last breath. The character ‘Tita’ is the central character that embeds her love in the form of mouth watering recipes while she knows how to transcend the requirements of existence and express oneself in love and creativity. When Pedro expresses his love for Tita and Tita also confesses her love, Esquivel mentions in the story how Tita feels it would be to desire her future husband, this way she considers and give priority to her moral values, Esquivel writes “It wasn’t decent to desire your sister’s future husband, she had to try to put him out of her mind” (Esquivel, 1995: 13). This indicates her inner positive strength of love and sacrifice is superior to anything else in the world. Tita’s philosophy is not limited to Pedro, in fact she loves what comes to her and even loves foremost what she considers significant to Pedro. For example she loves his nephew Roberto. Tita believes in the fact that sacrifice is the key to love and throughout her life span she sacrifices at various stages to meet Pedro. Another interesting character is that of Tita’s elder sister Rosaura, who is wedded to Tita’s love Pedro. This is another example of Mexican love and sacrifice where Rosaura marries Pedro just for the sake of Tita, because Rosaura knows that only in this manner Tita would be able to meet Pedro. Esquivel throughout the novel has praised many signs of feminine love, but in a cultural context, like cooking, sewing, embroidery, and decoration which is embedded in Mexican woman’s blood in every walk of life (De Valdes, 1995). On the other hand, Esquivel has also portrayed the Mexican symbol of an independent woman which is no more than a social prison of marriage. For Tita, love and sacrifice are interrelated. Tita’s love survives in sacrifices which she believes is the human exposure to contingency, Tita believes that it is the passion for her love that opens to her every door of possibility to meet Pedro. T
Introduction Assessment plays an important role in education as it helps both teachers and learners evaluate and assess their level of knowledge and skills. Assessment should be used for grading and reporting purposes only. Once a student knows what he needs, the next stage is to quantify what he already has and to measure any performance gaps a teacher discovers. This can be done on a predictive basis by having students perform competency and activity assessments. Some assessments have competency modules that allow these issues to make faster with the resulting data gathered and analyzed automatically (Walvoord, 2004). Performance gaps can also be observed operationally by teachers in teams whose students are failing to achieve the required results. In other learning environments, if the knowledge required to meet learning objectives resides within the enterprise, the next stage is to capture it from subject matter experts. When that knowledge is not available internally, consult external subject matter experts or by the knowledge from third parties (Marzano, 2006). Discussion section Assessment enhances learning only partially. Rich learning costs time and money to develop and as a result some students believe it does not support fresh learning and just-in-time learning. This tension between rich and fast is one that generates a lot of discussion among practitioners of traditional learning. At one extreme, some students hold the view that speed is everything and if that means traditional learning content is a collection of presentations, so be it. In such situations, the assessment will not motivate or inspire learners to improve their skills and master new knowledge (Walvoord, 2004). One of the shortcomings of the old training initiatives is the practice of delivering assessments just in case. The trouble with just-in-case assessment —no matter how important the content—is that its relevance is unlikely to be recognized. In other words, it’s way too soon to learn. Adult learners do not engage with content that has no obvious application. To some extent, assessment allows learners to access learning not only according to a centrally determined schedule but at the very moment the learner needs it most (Walvoord, 2004). That is when it is most relevant and most likely to be assimilated. Even though the publication of a full set of internationally agreed standards is still a while off, the future evolution of draft standards is well signposted and that is already protecting investments in learning. So far, development work has been on standards for asynchronous self-paced courses built from learning objects; ah