ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many cities around the world compete among each other to host large-scale sporting events. Consequently, they spend many resources in not only bidding but also hosting them (Tasci, Hahm & Breiter-Terry 2018). Some researchers have attributed the desire to host large-scale sporting events to place marketing, urban regeneration and the widespread media attention that organisers get by being event planners (Müller & Gaffney 2018; Müller & Pickles 2015; Theodoraki 2007; Giulianotti et al. 2015). Other researchers have noted that the potential for creating employment opportunities, developing sports infrastructure and strengthening global cooperation explain why event planners deem it worthwhile to spend millions of dollars planning major tournaments (Brown 2015; Tasci, Hahm & Breiter-Terry 2018; Allen 2002). Hosting mega events is subject to lobbying (Hartman & Zandberg 2015). Powerful international sports organisations, such as the Federation of International Football Association (FIFA) and the National Football League (NFL), often determine the winners of such competitive processes and the organisational quality of events management that should be followed (Hartman & Zandberg 2015). The success of large-scale sports events depends on several factors that influence event planning (Allen et al. 2010; Zhu & Wang 2019). Consequently, it is vital to analyse the impact of these events and evaluate their contributions towards the advancement of their social, political and economic goals (Yeoman et al. 2004). This report synthesises existing theoretical underpinnings of event management to inform procedures for planning large-scale sporting events. Linked to this analysis will be a review of the potential impact of events management from economic, social, political and environmental perspectives. The need for risk and contract management will also be mentioned in this analysis from sponsorship agreement and program planning perspectives and the findings used to identify evaluation procedures for event management. However, before delving into these areas of analyses, it is vital to understand the key features of major sporting events. Key Features of Large-scale Sporting Events The prominence of major sporting events has improved because of the increased profile of international sporting agencies, such as the NFL (Harris 2014). The rising entertainment value of sports and the interest of media partners in such events affirm this trend because millions of people around the world tune in to watch such games. Consequently, the large-scale sports events sector has become lucrative, as seen from the multimillion dollar investments made to organise sports events, such as the Dakar rally, Olympic Games and Formula One (just to mention a few) (Giulianotti et al. 2015). The immense commercial potential of the sector reflects the love people have for social games. Indeed, large-scale sporting events att
Background The film Berlin, Symphony of a Great City is divided into five parts which show the events of a single day in Berlin. The film starts with a train travelling. A sign with the name Berlin appears showing that the train is headed to Berlin (Berlin 03:27–03:31). The film then shows the early hours of the city when it is quiet and the streets are empty with only a few people. As the film progresses, more people are seen and the town becomes busy. The second part of the film shows people opening windows, gates, doors, shops, fruit carts, people cleaning, and children going to school. People are boarding buses, streetcars, and private cars. Various activities such as people removing cases from typewriters, telephone operators, people putting out their pens, machines spinning, and monkeys biting each other are also shown. The third part shows people doing different kinds of activities such as construction and shopping. The fourth part starts with a clock on the wall showing that it is noon. The machines stop and people leave their work places to eat and drink while others rest (Berlin 36:01–36:19). Animals are also fed and some, including an elephant, are seen resting. After some minutes, the break is over and people return to work. When the day ends, recreation activities begin. The fifth part shows entertainment at night where people are in the theatre and various performances such as jugglers, singers and dancers are depicted. Other activities such as boxing, hockey, ice shows, dance contests, and races are also shown. Additionally, people drink, flirt, and dance in hotels and lounges while others play cards. Depiction of Berlin The director of the movie depicts Berlin and the places in the film as realistic. Just like a typical countryside, the areas shown in the film before the train arrives in Berlin have fewer settlements, rarely containing any buildings. As the train moves, vast but undeveloped fields are revealed. Once the train arrives in the city, the director portrays it as highly populated with a lot of buildings just as one would expect of an urban area. The director also reveals a typical day in a city with empty streets in the early morning (Berlin 06:15–08:25). As time goes by, people start appearing on the roads and soon the city becomes busy with individuals rushing to work. At around eight o’clock in the morning, businesses are opened and machines in the industry start running just like what practically happens in cities. Similarly, people take lunch at around noon and the work day ends in the evening as entertainment and recreation begin. How Characters get around the City Characters use a variety of means to move around the city including trains, horses, bicycles, buses, taxis, private cars, and planes. Other characters move around the city on foot (Berlin 30:01
Evaluation is a systematic process of establishing the value or importance of something or someone and obtaining information to give the results of that subject. It is used to determine individual performance in different areas. Evaluation involves the use of different methods, approaches, techniques, and types such as summative, formative, needs evaluation, cost-benefit analysis efficiency, accreditation, and effectiveness. In its methods, it explores both qualitative and quantitative methods like a case study, statistical analysis, and survey research. Several assumptions have been placed on the evaluation models, for example, when evaluating systems analysis quantitative output measures like the test scores may be ignored. This happens because people think that some aspects are not important when carrying out the evaluation. Every aspect should however be analyzed when carrying out the evaluation. For instance, relating the differences in programs to the deviations in student scores is not really evaluating the students or the effectiveness of the program. Some strategies in evaluation look at evaluation as a critical theory or naturalistic. The anthropological model of evaluation emphasizes the individual understanding, the significance of observation, and the quality of the evaluation context in the process of evaluation. For effective evaluation, four levels of evaluation information should be gathered. The four levels of evaluation include; effectiveness due to enhanced behavior, learning as a result of a change in attitudes, knowledge and perception, reactions and feelings, and changes in skills (House 10). From the American evaluation association, several principles have been established on several claims on the evaluation activity. They claim that an evaluator is honest, respects the people whom they are evaluating, is responsible, and should take the interest and the values of the public seriously, and that they should provide competent performance. Program evaluation, which involves evaluation methods in profit and non-profit organizations, has been highly analyzed. Under this context, evaluation is claimed to provide either non-practical or irrelevant information in case the information is not well understood. In the past evaluation, methods were mainly used in sciences. Scientific methods were evaluated with an aim of ensuring their validity, accuracy, and reliability. Most people did not see the importance of evaluation during this time and therefore considered evaluation as a useless practice that only resulted in boring data with useless conclusions. Their claim was because the evaluation approach used led to the production of much data and evaluators had to carefully choose conclusions from the data. Evaluation administrators were not happy about the value of evaluation since all the evaluation report seemed to restate the same results (Stufflebeam & Webster 13). Some people have taken evaluation as a tool used for confirming whether the process has failed or succeeded. They believe that once an ideal program is put into use, the success of that particular organization becomes automatic without having to contact t
Introduction The erection of the famous ancient Aqueducts by the Romans, some of which operate today, ranks the country high in terms of its engineering capabilities. In its simplest definition, an aqueduct refers to a sophisticated water system invented by Romans. The work has remained one of the supreme achievements in the ancient Roman. The aqueducts so constructed provided secure ways for running water. They also assisted in carrying both solid and liquid sewages. They also provided some indoor plumbing that served the population abundantly. This therefore, assisted much in shunning diseases especially the waterborne ones, like typhoid among many others. However, the evident increase in population and the collapse of the aqueducts, as explained later in the paper has surpassed the capacity of the water systems. Although some of the ancient aqueducts have collapsed, some operate even today providing a testimony of the engineering levels of the Romans of then. The science applied then still finds its use today though with more contemporary materials. The “aqueducts were constructed to serve the cities, both small and big, and industrial sites” (Clopedia 2004, Para. 4). Rome had the highest number of aqueducts in the ancient times, which served the cities with supplies of water and collection of sewage into the sewe
Effective project management is one of the popular processes used by modern companies to introduce new strategies and policies into practice. The idea of effective project management is that the company selects the best methods and tools available today, and applies them to its unique environment. Strategic vision and planning are important elements of effective project implementation that determine the project outcomes (Blanchard and Johnson 2002). The development of effective project management becomes important in the maintenance of human relationships and ensuring the physical well-being of employees so that they give the maximum contri­bution to efficient working. Thesis For successful performance, organizations need an effective project management system that consists of control activities and effective resource allocation to achieve the overall objectives of the company. Historically, project success has been defined as bringing a project to the final on time, within budget, and according to certain standards. This framework is so commonly heard on projects that these success criteria have been given a name: the triple constraints . Traditionally, project failure has been viewed as the inability to achieve one or more of the three constraints. Project management aims to achieve specified performance within an agreed time scale and budget. The work of the project manager starts at the procurement and specification stage where details of performance, time, and cost are needed to describe ways of meeting the specifications (Frame 2002). Every aspect of the project is defined, e.g. quality and reliability, weight, power, etc. Other points to consider design, tendering, manufacture, construction, etc., right up to post-sales services. In general, project management is defined as “the process of managing, allocating, and timing resources to achieve a given goal in an efficient and expedient manner” (Badiru 1991, p. 1). The goals of the project give a sense of direction for the activities of an organization. They give broad guidelines towards which more detailed and specific plans are directed. The important point of the project management is that “the elements are expected to work synergistically together to generate a unified output that is greater than the sum of the individual outputs of the components” (Badiru, 1993, p.1). The main elements of the effective project management are resource scheduling, budgeting and cost control, teamwork and leadership.. The book A Guide to the Project Management underlines that the main characteristics of projects are: “performed by people, constrained by limited resources and planned, executed and controlled” (2000, p. 4). All of them underline importance of successf
The typical training for doctors at the beginning of the civil war According to (civilwarhome.com, Medical care, battle wounds, and disease), medical training in the United States before the Civil War usually lasted for two years or less. During the training, the doctors-to–be would receive no practical clinical experience and no laboratory instructions. Disease as the greatest killer during the war According to (civilwarhome.com, Medical care, battle wounds, and disease), disease, not bullets or other weaponry, killed the highest number of people during the war. The reason why the disease was prevalent among the army was partly because of the lax recruitment processes that admitted underage and overage men into the army. Consequently, a good percentage of those who succumbed to diseases on the battlefield was physically and medically unfit to have joined the army in the first place. The hygienic conditions and the living conditions in the camps did not help matters either; the consumption of food and drinking of water contaminated with the Salmonella bacteria led to diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, and diarrhea. Exposure to communicable diseases led to the fast spread of diseases such as whooping cough, chickenpox, mumps, and measles among the men. The Minnie ball as the weapon that most produced the most difficult injuries of the war The Minnie ball, which is categorized as a small arms ammunition, produced the most difficult injuries during the civil war (Goellnitz). Specifically, the Minnie ball tore on the victims’ flesh on impact, thus creating enormous wounds. In most cases, injuries from the Minnie ball were fatal, and even when it did not kill on impact, it would shatter bones, and this led to the infamous amputations during the war. Wounds resulting from Minnie ball strikes would also become infected thus leading to death in some of the victims. Amputation as the most common treatment during the war The most common treatment during the Civil War was the amputations of limbs. Amputations were necessitated by the fact that Minnie Ball (which was the most common weapon), left gaping wounds, destroyed muscles, tissues, and arteries, and splintered bones beyond reasonable repair (Goellnitz). Even where resection of the limbs was an option, doctors did not have much time to perform such procedures due to the high number of people in the queue waiting to be amputated. Amputations were also necessitated by the high prevalence of gangrene. According to (Paciorek 6), civil war doctors lacked an understanding of a gangrene infection and they usually used amputation as the best way of stemming the infection from spreading further. Pain during amputations was nabbed using chloroform, ether, or a combination of both. More than 11,000 doctors attended to an estimated 10 million people during the war At the start of the Civil War, the US Army medical staff was made up of a surgeon general, 30 surgeons, and 83 assistant su
Bookselling is an activity that has been in existence since time immemorial. It can be described as the business of selling books either by the authors, or other selling agents. Long before globalization, the methods of selling books were inconvenient and unreliable as compared to today. Major developments such as the internet have influenced the activity of selling books worldwide. The internet can be defined as means through which information is passed through an online system within a set of interconnected computers and other communication devices such as mobile phones. This mode of communication provides a faster operation of selling books. However, the internet based book sellers require a lot of techniques to enable them to perform well in the market and to move with the growing levels of competition (Hennessy, 2000). Customer management systems are key factors in the business of selling of books. An online book selling business is a great source of income and that is also easy to manage. A stable online bookstore is needed in order to establish this business. One advantage of an online book store is that through it, one is able to reach more clients as compared to when doing it manually. Hennessy (2000) explained the various factors to consider while setting up an online bookstore. One such factor is the need to decide on a suitable name for the book store. The name should create a good impression to the buyers. Secondly, it is important that the business provides efficient communication with the buyers, and invests on the best methods of posting. The selected posting methods should be economically beneficial. Online book stores offer great services to clients and cannot be compared to the old book store selling. The main benefits of using this method of bookselling are that it saves time and cost, and through it, clients are able to easily access required books and services without having to visit the stores. Customer satisfaction is a major factor in each business; hence, every business requires proper management systems to ensure good customer relationship (Daniel, 2011). For a large internet based bookseller, proper measures must be put in place to ensure effective customer relationship management (CRM). There are various planning methods that should be applied. Having studied business, I would develop a better plan for business conducted through an electronic system, and which is also known as e-commerce. This involves various modes and processes that include; mobile commerce, internet marketing, online transaction processes, electronic data interchange, data collection and inventory management systems. Google analytics feature in each of these processes. Google analytics is a service that is offered by Google team to generate accurate statistics about a website’s traffic and their sources. Mainly meant for marketers, the service is a commonly used website for statistical services (Mould, 2006). As another way of promoting effective CRM, I would consider planning on asp
Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics (DS) help researchers to comprehend research data in details. By using DS, it is possible to learn about the data value, the character of variables, distribution range, etc. (McHugh, 2003a, p. 35). DS helps researchers to arrange data and summarize it. It may be used as a main instrument in the descriptive studies, or it may also be implemented as a complementary part of the research. There are many types of DS (measures of shapes, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, percentile and quartile measures), and the selection of the right one is essential to the obtaining of accurate information (McHugh, 2003b, p. 111). For the increase in the reliability of statistics, it is important to ensure that the measurement criteria and the estimation of variables are matched. It is also necessary to make certain that the statistics provide the information that is needed for particular research. In case a researcher knows how to choose the right levels of measurement, DS may help to reveal a significant amount of information about any kind of variable (Ho & Yu, 2015, p. 365). For example, for the typical cases, the mode, the median, and the mean measures are recommended; for exploring the nature of the distribution of the variable, the test of Skewness or Kurtosis is applied; and the measures of dispersion (range, variance, and deviation) are used to discover the mean variability (McHugh, 2003b, p. 115) The practice of statistics includes the evaluation of the collected data; nevertheless, the DS measurements sometimes maybe “incomplete” (Conor, 1998, p. 268). For example, on the lower scales of measurement (nominal or ordinal scale), a researcher has less ability to rank and label the analyzed data; some measurements involve broader interpretation while others provide a higher level of precision. However, the profound understanding of how the DS measures work is necessary, otherwise, the validity of the results may be significantly reduced. Statistics Anxiety Statistics anxiety may be defined as a complex of the negative emotions encountered during learning or practicing statistical analysis (Baloglu, Deniz, & Kesici, 2011, p. 387). The feelings of anxiety or the adverse attitudes towards statistics interfere with the students’ efficacy and negatively affect their academic or professional performance. It is observed that anxiety may arise from the previous experience, negative perception of the mathematics, and the broader factors of personal characteristics such as self-perception or perfectionism (Perepiczka,
Regarding the current technological progress and the recognition of new approaches and methods in the food industry, many people and companies from different countries are bothered with an idea of how to achieve a competitive advantage, make a right choice, and understand what type of improvement in production technology can be more appropriate for their products. In this paper, the issue of recent advances in production technology will be discussed in order to investigate the worth of visual systems in the food industry. Today, it is not a complicated task to develop new products and follow the norms and requirements that are established by special organizations. However, many company or certain individuals find some new ways to break the system and overcome important rules that may influence the quality of services and products that can be offered to ordinary people. The implementation of vision systems is an area of technology that promotes advances, enhances the production of high-quality products, and improves productivity at different levels. Plan of Work A firm aims at producing fast food for the US population. This field is rather competitive in the world, and it is necessary to introduce some advancement in production technology and prove the importance of the chosen approach. The description of the peculiar features of visual inspection in a particular industry, fast food, is a step to be taken. Then, the evaluation of the current studies and the explanations of how this technology becomes a used-production method in the food industry are required. Finally, a comparison of advantages and disadvantages of vision systems and inspection should help to clarify the benefits and the possible impact of this technology being implemented by one of the American firms on people, communities, organizations, and the food industry. Vision Systems and a Competitive Advantage Nowadays, people try to control each other’s activities and make sure that no rules are broken, and all instructions are followed. However, in many cases, inspections organized by humans remain to be exhausting and intense causing certain errors or omissions. Heizer, Render, and Munson (2017) suggest using vision systems as one of the possible types of advancement in production in terms of which video cameras and computer technologies perform inspection roles. Modern people want to know as much as possible about everything. They find it necessary to surf the web and learn their diagnoses before they actually visit a doctor or investigate the history of a restaurant before place an order. Almost the same things happen in the food industry. People want to know how and under which conditions their food is prep