ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different paradigms draw different examples or patterns by which an occurrence takes place. Different paradigms can be used to describe the Canonization of St. Mary. This paper will look at the canonization process as it critically analyses paradigms that give an account of the processes. This will take into account performance studies analysis of the whole process and the theoretical tools applicable to help come with a clear understanding of the whole process of Canonization. This event was a major turn in Mary’s life and hence different rituals show how the paradigms would apply. This paper puts the paradigm of Anthropology as the main reference and it will be complemented by the paradigm of Historiography. Hansford (1998) illustrates that Anthropology is linked to myths, rites, and foreign practices. Flanagan (2007) describes Anthropology as a notation that is directly dictated by nature and our perception ends in objects. Within a society, organization members of the society similarly engage in rituals, pass along corporate myths and stories. This paper puts St. Mary’s canonization as a practice that is tied to rituals done by the corporate which is the Catholic priest as they call for miracles that are pointed in the canonization process. In this paradigm, anthropology is seen as the study of mankind especially its societies and customs. The secondary paradigm that supports this practice is the paradigm of Historiography. Historiography is simply the writing of history: the continuous record of events relating to human affairs or a particular society, person, or thing. The eventful past is used majorly during this process since it is seen that each canonization process follows the history of the past canonization processes. It is systematic while the record is similar and is not changed so that the meaning of canonization remains the same or different priests serve at different times. Hence it points social or symbolic side of corporate life that St. Mary had passed through and the fact that the activity was done in the public. Paradigms The canonization will be viewed by most as a standard or measuring rod or aspect which for this case would be a very important step that leads to the selection of a canon. During this occasion, in catholic belief, it would be the standard of measuring how holy one is to be considered sacred and thus called a saint who can be worshiped after his death. The paradigm of historiography is evident here in that despite the practice carried during the early church, the same practice is still held with no changes to it so that its meaning is not lost. History comes to give a record to the now present priests so that they do not alter the meaning of the practice. It is therefore seen as a social act as illustrated by Flanagan (2007). Canonization is also viewed as a custom that is sacred and must be
The Islamic life during the medieval period was characterized by historical and cultural events explaining the role of various individuals in the families. Islam refers to giving up and surrendering to God, it is a religion based on individual relationship with God (Allah) and is guarded by Sharia Law which is a comprehensive system covering relationship between human being and their creator or with other people in a society and a nation at large (Lindsay, 2005). It is divided into two categories namely: Devotional Law dealing with issues that bring individuals close to God (Allah) while Transactional Law regulates human activities in world in regard to the relationships between individual in the society (Lindsay, 2005). Thesis statement, “life in the Medieval Islamic world is characterized by several traditions that determine the role of an individual in the Islamic society”. Medieval period is the time when the world noted heightened interest in arts and history which were passed through to the middle age (Cook, 2003). The period noted the emergence of the Sufi tradition during the 4 th century AD, which reflects the inner mystical practice emphasizes on specific spiritual guidelines to ensure closer relations between men and God and recognizes Mohammad as the chief prophet (Lindsay, 2005). Sufis believe in God responsible for all creation in the world with most important rituals being zikr in which members appreciate God through mediation, chants and movement as a way of communicating their problems (Cook, 2003). Similarities between Sharia Law and Sufism Both Sharia and Sufism recognize Mohammad as a prophet of God through whom all forms of communication to Allah are channeled according to the teachings derived from Holly Quran (Lindsay, 2005). Secondly, both traditions belief in one God the creator of man and the universe hence paying allegiance through fasting, praying and assisting the needy (Cook, 2003). Similarly, in both cases, the wrath of God is felt for failure to abide by the rules in the Holly Quran which are the fabric holding the community together, failure to participate in activities directed by the traditions leads to punishment from God (Cook, 2003). However, the two traditions conflicts on areas such as: the Sharia Law relies on two categories that deals with different situations in life as it involves, Transactional Law or Devotional Law regulating the relationship between man and God and with fellow humans in the society while Sufi relies on a single law that regulates the relationship between man and God(Lindsay, 2005). In addition ,Sharia law is expressed through five necessities regulating, reason, property ownership and honor each of which is protected by legislative reference while Sufi relies majorly on strong self conviction with God(Cook, 2003). Sunni and
History of Fake News vs. Editorials Fake news is a challenge, which has found a global resonance. It emerged because of the oversaturation with news and information on the Web and potential access to a wide audience. In this way, the history of fake news epidemic began with the introduction of the Internet in everyday life around ten years ago, and every country has its own story that brought discredit to media (Connolly et al.). It is especially critical in the case of newspapers and national television. From this perspective, in journalism, this problem emerged at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the publishing of a fake article on political developments in one of the American newspapers (Uberti). Nowadays, it is as well most commonly associated with politics and economy with the same purpose as before – propaganda. Fake news was and is published to gain the desired audience and distribute information via media because of the expensiveness of advertising (Carson). Standards and Barriers of Fake News and Editorials Due to the criticality of the challenge of fake news, editorials developed standards and barriers to guarantee the relevance and accuracy of presented information. For example, most of them carry out pre-release reviews and assessing alternative facts. More than that, providing arguments and evidence is another common standard among editorials (Khawaja). These standards are as well as barriers to publishing fake news. Some editorials implement automated verification procedures, which serve as additional barriers for publishing fake news. However, in case of inadequate verification, personal checking of information by professionals is recommended to guarantee the relevance and accuracy of news. Still, not all social media develop standards for verifying information. For instance, Facebook executives opposed the necessity in such standards, as the social network is a platform for sharing information users find relevant. Nevertheless, they recognized they were wrong and began working on introducing them (Prokop). Finally, it is essential to accept the fact that no standards assure the correctness of data. In this way, critical thinking and common sense are imperative. Anytime-Anyplace Access to Information Dynamic implementation of the newest technologies in everyday life has changed the way people perceive and absorb information. It was not long ago that fixed-line access to the Internet was a norm. However, nowadays, wireless connection gains popularity faster compared to the fixed-line when it was first introduced (Walsh). Laptops, tablets, and smartphones are growing more popular, thus replacing desktops computers. In this way, this trend towards the growing popularity of Wi-Fi created the challenge known as anytime-anyplace access to information. It is widespread in different spheres of human life and activities, including education, work, health care, research and technologies, and scholarly activities as well as management and economics due to faster and more effective distribution of inform
The term gambling finds usage in many situations, which have an element of uncertainty. These vary from placing bets, participating in the lottery, stock market speculation, and even insurance and other forms of risk taking such as sky diving. In a strict sense for an event to qualify as gambling, the participants must have no further interest beyond the immediate financial reward based on the outcome of the event. The reasons why people gamble vary from simple recreation to using it as a get rich quick strategy. In some cases such as in lotteries, the financial reward is incidental and secondary because the participants drive is to help raise funds for the course the lottery promotes. In some contexts, there is interchangeable use of the term gaming and gambling. Gambling may be either legal or illegal. Legal gambling takes place under the watchful eyes of the authorities in places such as casinos. Other forms of legal gambling include lotteries and sports based bets where a bet is placed on such elements as which team stands the chance to win a particular match. In these situations, the government defines the rules within which gambling is legal and collects revenue from the activities. It is normal to have a body charged with overseeing the operation of gambling activities. On the other hand illegal gambling takes place in secret. In actual practice, some illegal betting rings facilitate betting on a game or situation over which there is a legal gambling option. Illegal gambling stakes a lot more and promises better rewards for those involved- should they win. Illegal gambling operations are the target of law enforcement agencies since they tend to promote other unacceptable situations such as match fixing, and whenever a participant does not meet their obligation due to the gamble, then they risk subjection to extralegal means such as extortion and gambling to compel them to pay up. This happens because it is impossible to seek legal redress for a default arising out of an illegal activity. It is because of the negative possibilities that Grinols advices, “gambling must be closely watched and regulated by government if it is allowed” (19). Gambling has both positive and negative consequences. In many countries, gambling provide valuable income for charities through lotteries. Some of the money collected pays off lucky bets but the bulk goes to predetermined charities, which would have no income otherwise. In most cases, the motive for the participants in such lotteries is not financial reward on offer. They have a desire to participate in raising funds for the charities, with th
Toddlers are children between the age of one year and two and half years. At this stage, kids are growing and also spending their time playing. Kids at this age are very active especially in the playground. I observed the children in the playground. The playground was quite small, just an acre. It was green, with the grass neatly planted and evenly cut. The field was well organized with various games’ equipment. At one end of the field were swings that the kids used for swinging. On the other end, there were bouncing castles that kids seemed to enjoy. In addition to this, there was a small room that contained children’s toys. This was the room in which indoor games’ were played. In this room, I observed that most children played indoor games. The number of kids in the playground was approximately fifty, who were between one and two years old. The children in the room were busy painting various objects while others were playing with toys. Some of the children were off by themselves. The kids who could walk were having their fun in the bouncing castles
Introduction The organization structure of the business company is entirely based on the hierarchical principle. As the structure is one of the most important factors of the successful activity, it is necessary to mention that it is thoroughly created vertical and horizontal structure which is flexible and may be subjected to rapid changes without impacting the allover productivity and performance Main Structure Figure 1. Chief manager Reserve Structure Figure 2. Reserve Structure It is necessary to mention, that the reserve structure is not always in function, and it is performed by the same workers. Thus, if there are troubles in any block, the corresponding link from the reserve structure is launched. The total amount of the personnel is no more than 40 employees in the main office and no more than five in every regional department. There is no necessity in extended personnel, as most of the operations are performed automatically. The revenue is nearly $300 000 a week, as the information changes quickly, and the number of subscribers grow. Moreover, the growth of the company’s popularity increase the number of advertising agencies who wish to cooperate, thus they are the additional revenue point. Location is undefined, as it is the company which performs totally on-line. The business functions, which are represented by the organization, entail the providing of qualitative services for the customers (offering reliable and verified reference data). Originally, the performance on the market of services is closely linked with essential difficulties, which arise because of impossibility to satisfy all the customers. This happens either due to improper quality control or incorrect customer relations management. Thus, the function of the business is to avoid these difficulties by adjusting proper strategies and applying the principle of the reserve structure launch, if the main fails. The mission and the objectives of the functioning are linked with qualitative services provision, while the functions are directed for the adjustment of the proper work of four components:   * Services   * Organization   * Financial system   * Structure components Data Model The data model represents the structure of providing the services into practice and explains how the information flows through the structure. Baseline Figure 3. Data base Relationship, entities, and attributes This model is essentially simplified for the explanation of the data flows; however, it is much more complex. The Core of this business sphere is based on the steadily growing data base. This base entails information of different kinds: Tourism, services, entertainments, weather forecast, news, timetables etc. Quality management teams are responsible for verifying the information and refreshing the outdated info. Thus, these teams refill the base and search f
Introduction In the past, the economy of Cuba was regarded by analysts to be vibrant but irregular. The reason is that it was centrally controlled. It was dominated by public enterprises. The government controlled most of the means of production and employed a large percentage of the workforce (Campbell, 2013). However, in the recent past, the Communist Party has changed things. It has supported cooperatives and private agencies. The aim is to reduce dependency on the government. The move has led to significant growth in foreign and personal investments in Cuba. Leaders have pushed for reforms that have allowed Cubans to start building the economy without major regulations from the stage (Campbell, 2013). In the current paper, the author takes an in-depth look into the current status of the Cuban economy. A number of issues, including GDP, inflation, and interest rates will be explored in the paper. Analyzing the Current Economic Situation in Cuba Gross Domestic Product In 2012, Cuba’s GDP stood at 121 billion US dollars. According to the World Bank, the figure represents 0.11 percent of the world economy. The GDP has grown steadily since 1990. In 2013, it increased by 2.7% from the previous year (Campbell, 2013). The country’s National Office of Statistics reported that the annual growth of GDP averaged 2.13% from 1990 to 2013. A record high of 12.9% was reported in 2006. In 1993, the growth was at its lowest at -14.90% [see appendix 1] (Campbell, 2013). The growth in GDP is mainly being attributed to the implementation of favorable policies by the new leaders. However, the policies have come under criticism from the ‘old guard’, who prefer a centralized control of the economy. Inflation Rates in Cuba According to the latest data from Rabobank, in 2012, the inflation rate in Cuba stood at 5.50% (Campbell, 2013). The average rate between 2005 and 2013 was 3.56%. In 2006, the country recorded the highest ever inflation rate at 5.70 percent. The lowest was reported in 2008 at 0.80 percent [see appendix 2] (Harnecker, 2014). The fluctuations have significant effects on the Cuban economy. For instance, in 2006, trade unions had anticipated the high inflation rates. They used the information to bargain for an increase in wages to protect the welfare of employees. Other people lost their incomes as a result of the
Introduction The West is an ambiguous word as it is normally used in different context by different people and depending on the setting. In Canada, it is inherently difficult to give identity to the immigrants, mostly from North America as they got absorbed in the culture of the aboriginal people. That means that they occupy a central place in the mythical history of the people of Canada. According to Podruchny (1), the people from the West, popularly known as Voyageurs has had significant place among the Aboriginal people by learning how they survived in the wilderness after making friendship. In many aspects, the Voyageurs are depicted in the light as being tough people who due to their racial background associated with certain race, could transport goods quickly and efficiently. This aspect is depicted by a Canadian popular writer Peter Newman, who describes the people from the West as “a remarkable gagbag of magnificent river rats”, who used their muscle strength to successfully execute fur trade (Podruchny 2). On the other hand, Vanderhaeghe see Canada as a country made of mixture of people who do not have a specific identity. He writes, “Canada isn’t a country at all, it’s simply geography.….. Half the English Canadian wish they were really English, and the other half wish they were Americans” (Vanderhaeghe 98). The author depicts a common belief that it is not easy to identify who is from the West and who the Aboriginal is in Canada, hence bringing out the confusion in defining the boundary between the two groups. This paper illustrates the difficulty in defining what people from the West really mean, as depicted by Carolyn Podruchny’s Making the Voyageur World and GuyVanderhaeghe’s The Englishman’s Boy . Race and the West Definition In the Canadian mythical history, it is indeed obvious how people view the people from the West, mostly the Voyageurs in relation to race. Carolyn Podruchny describes how Voyageurs are idolized and at the same time simplified in terms of race and ability to execute fur trade. Other than being portrayed as a tough race, who would be used to transport goods across the continents and seas, their physical traits are credited with helping Canada stand as a nation. However, the racial stereotypes believed the Voyageurs were untrustworthy people who worked hard and under difficult conditions but with a lot of dishonesty in carrying out their fur trade a cross the oceans. Their place of settlement is branded ‘Indian Country’ or the country beyond St. Lawrence valley. Even in the literary world, it is evident how limited information about the Voyageurs indicates little attention they receive from the society despite their immense contribution to the shaping of the country’s destiny. This lack of interest is associated with the racial classification of these people as inferior and lacking the skills to define themselves as the Aboriginal people would do. Similarly, considered non-literate, the Voyageurs were considered by t
Mechanical Engineering is among the numerous sub disciplines of the wider Engineering discipline. Mechanical Engineering entails numerous core concepts such as mechanics, thermodynamics, among others. This however, does not imply that Mechanical Engineering only involves the acquisition technical skills in engineering. The wider engineering industry also requires professionals with other non engineering skills such as management, research, designing as well as teaching. Therefore, a successful Mechanical Engineering academic program enables graduates to acquire both engineering and non engineering skills. This, however, is not to mean that the acquisition of multiple skills is enough to make qualified graduates. A good Mechanical Engineering academic program ought to equip students with practical real life experiences. Additionally, it must also enable for the acquisition of tacit knowledge through increased student faculty fellowship. While there are many universities that offer Mechanical Engineering as a course, University of Tulsa minimizes the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge through real life practical experience. As a profession, the development of Mechanical Engineering is associated with heightened engineering activities during the industrial revolution in Europe. Nevertheless, before then, Societies around the world are known to have had unique methods of creating mechanical components. As such, mechanical engineering can be said to have evolved with human civilization (Burstall 34). Comparing then and now, it is evident that Mechanical Engineering has grown in leaps and bounds and has led to the creation of some of the world’s best technologies, especially in mechanics (Burstall 45). This implies that Mechanical Engineering is a cutting edge discipline in evolution of among other technologies, machines and energy consumption gadgets. As a mechanical engineering student, it is therefore important to enroll in an institution where excellence, tutorial assistance and practical experience are offered. All these are to be found at the University of Tulsa (“Mechanical Engineering at The University of Tulsat”, 1). Many institutions of higher learning largely depend on higher level enrollment for economic and scholarly reasons. It is assumed that the more the number of student in a class, the higher the level of scholarly interaction. Institutions also benefit financially since a higher number of student translate to higher income, for institutional economic self-sustenance.