ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Most of the world’s largest religious groups- Christianity, Islam and Hinduism have undergone major reforms for a long period of time. Islam religion has had a system that is not a centralized hierarchy whereby it depends on the community participation of all believes (Riley 2005 pp 52). The religion depends on the most learned pious to lead in the religious activities. The absence of a hierarchical clergy who was capable of acting as a fount of religious authority and interpretation is one reason that led to the decentralization of the religious authority of Islam. Main text The rise of a political society in the middle age that was united by the social structures of Islam had an adverse consequence on the development of the world of Islam. There was a centralized form of culture provided by the Abbasid era, which gave way to a rich pluralism of languages, aesthetics and ethnic groups, which in the end helped to diversify the Islam religion and thus its rapid expansion (McKay 2003 pp 71). The expansion of Islam by the conversion to the southern & eastern India, Sub-Saharan Africa, Indonesia and Central Asia also added a large ethnic diversity to the Muslim community. Arab was promoted as the only language of literacy and bureaucracy during the time of Caliphate, but after its demise there was a renewed patronage and literary revival (Riley 2005 pp 65). Once the religion had distanced itself from the centralized authority, some forms of local traditional artifacts started to be incorporated into the religious architecture. There was also the elaboration of law in terms of religious matters. This was especially in the areas that had new converts so that it could allow the new converts to have greater social mobility and independence without having to necessarily threaten the continuity of the local customs and practices in the area. After the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate, there was no any other political regime that was capable to unite all the Muslim faithful and more so, on a single religious authority. The de-politicized societ
Introduction Ancient Greece produced art pieces and the principles of artistic expression that became the staple of taste and remained the example worth following for a substantial time. The statute represented on the relief of the Temple of Artemis is one of the typical examples of Ancient Greek sculpture. Incorporating a clear depth perspective and an attempt at experimentation, the relief sculpture in question incorporates the elements of a mythological narrative, reflecting the political motivations of the period. Main body The relief sculpture represented in the Temple of Artemis embodies the key principles of the politics encouraged in Ancient Greece at the time. Specifically, the focus on the pan-Hellenic ideas in their evolution and the enhancement of the marriage principles that Greek youth had to follow can be tracked down in the sculpture in question (Kleiner 59). For instance, the portrayal of the scenes that evoke the myths of Titanomachy and Gigantomachy need to be mentioned. The narrative of the failed rebellion of giants and the following enforcement of Zeus’s power is especially emblematic of the idea that order will eventually triumph over chaos (Kleiner 59). Thus, the art piece in question allowed inspiring young people and promoting the importance of worshipping Ancient Greek gods. Conclusion Thus, the reliefs show that the focus on the power of Zeus and pan-Hellenic traditions was very strong on the specified time slot. The society of Ancient Greece was clearly encouraging the role of the mythological narrative in shaping young people’s values, ethics, and worldview. The images of “Zeus brandishing a firebolt” represent the process of order taking over chaos (Kleiner 59). Being a powerful representation of philosophical ideas by means of ancient myths, the relief sculpture is worth being considered a fine specimen of Ancient Greek art. Work Cited Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book A: Antiquity . 15th ed., Cengage Learning, 2015.
Who should rule? According to Plato, philosophers should rule because they have what it takes to be leaders. In his work, Plato explains that leaders should possess certain “forms”. These forms are relevant because they are unchanging and present the best knowledge. Plato believes that philosophers are the only people who can grasp such aspects (Jowett 19). They are also capable of understanding everything appropriately. The leading “form”, according to Plato, is that of “Good”. All other “forms” arise from the “Form of Good”. According to Plato, philosophers grasp ideas by undergoing through certain stages of understanding. This is what makes them the best leaders in a society. Plato claims that philosophers are a class of men that possess unique ideas, knowledge, and understanding (Adam 72). They are “just” and capable of leading others. The souls of these philosophers are conditioned thus making it easier for them to fulfill the needs and expectations of their people. Rationality, according to Plato, is what guides a philosopher. Rationality is one of the attributes that make a philosopher an effective leader. Philosophers will promote justice because it is worthwhile. Justice is relevant because it embraces people’s psyche and health. Such leaders will ensure the souls of their people are healthy, contented, untroubled, and happy. Such kings are able to make appropriate judgment in order to address the needs of the people. The other argument presented by Plato is that of pleasure. Philosophers are “truth-loving”, something that makes i
ADA and Its Questionable Items Despite the fact that the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA, has provided a range of opportunities for the disabled residents of the United States, it has posed a variety of challenges to the latter as well. Even though the act in question has finally addressed the unemployment issue among the disabled, some of its elements still rub people the wrong way. Among the key controversies surrounding ADA, the gender issue must be mentioned first. With all due respect to the efforts of the U.S. government to come up with a framework, which would allow for a faster and a more efficient integration of the disabled into the society, the fact that gender profiling is a major issue in the employment of the disabled seems to have been overlooked. While it could be argued that the Act explains the lack of emphasis on the gender issue at some point, the reason for dismissing the problem seems rather strange: “Under this chapter, the term “disability” shall not include (1) transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments, or other sexual behavior disorders” (Department of Justice, 2014, Sec. 12211.). Even if considering the unwillingness of the authors to focus on the specified issue for the sake of equality and integrity, the fact that a major social problem has been left in the shadow still remains a big concern. Concepts Selection. Knowledge, People, Community When picking the concepts that seem of the greatest essence to a psychologist, one must consider the phenomenon of knowledge first. The impact that choices have on the decision is quite obvious in the specified case; for example, the fact that knowledge lands at the top of the priority list shows that the decisions, which I am going to make as a psychologist, will be based primarily on the theoretical background, which I will have acquired by the time. The significance of attitudes and beliefs on the choice of one’s vocation also shines through as one considers the top three qualities chosen by me and listed above. Being an active member of my community and believing that people’s wellbeing hinges on their ability to communicate their ideas and emotions properly, I have picked the career of a psychologist in order to help people find the points of contact with the rest of the community and establish a dialogue with the society. The choice of the items listed in the exercise also helps identify the key specifics of establishing an emotional contact with the patient, as well as the possible problems that a therapist may have in the process. In the case in point, the choice of knowledge as one of the major notions to be taken into account shows that the therapist may consider the idea of introducing the patient to the phenomenon of emotional intelligence. More to the point, the therapist is most likely to develop the skills of emotional intelligence themselves apart from fostering these skills in the patient. The inclusio
Introduction The following report is concerned with the extent upon which an organization adopts a structured training process approach to the analysis, design, delivery and evaluation of its learning and development provision. The report starts with an understanding of the Bp Oil. co. Ltd. located in Hull. It also defines the learning and development theories, their applications and also includes the conclusions as well as the key recommendations. An overview of BP Company The BP Company has its locations in the United Kingdom and it is one of the leading gas and Oil Company the entire Europe continent. Its headquarters are based at London. However, this report focuses on the BP Company that is located at Saltend which nears the Hull city. The BP Company plays a key role as far as the world’s chemical industry is concerned. The company also exist as a centre for Technology as well as Research in the entire world. BP is a multinational company and operates in more than 80 countries across the globe. The initials”BP” was as a result of the organization’s founders, British Petroleum. Apart from being much involved into oil as well as gas manufacturing, the company is also concerned with the social corporate responsibilities. The company is also listed in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) as well as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). An understanding o
Introduction The socio-economic and political success of the United States is directly attributed to effective leadership that has been experienced in the country since independence in 1776. The forefathers of this country had a great vision for this country, and they did everything within their powers to ensure that it was realized. They were never concerned with self-gains, and neither were they after fame. They served Americans diligently, always trying to unite the country for a common course. They ignored their personal needs in order to realize the societal success. They embraced servant leadership as a way of delivering the best service to the people of this nation. George Washington was one such servant leader who was committed to free Americans from colonial rule, and to unite all Americans in order to achieve a common course. In this research, the focus will be to analyze the servant leadership strategies that were employed by George Washington as one of the greatest American heroes of a lifetime. Discussion George Washington was the first president of an independent United States of America. Born in April, 1789, Washington joined the military at a tender age to help liberate the United States from the British rule. His military skills and leadership qualities saw him rise to become the Continental Army’s commander-in-chief in 1775. This meant that he had to lead the American Revolution that was gaining momentum against the oppressive rule from the colonial masters. This was one of the most dangerous tasks because the colonial army was ruthless and well equipped. However, Washington was willing to face death for the sake of his country. He led the Continental Army against the British in Boston, and successfully liberated it from the British government. In New York, he was almost killed when his camp was attacked by the British forces as they were advancing to liberate it. This did not deter him from advancing to other states. He
Communication in organizations, just like in all spheres of life, is fundamental. In the present case, in which an employee has violated company policy by using a company computer for personal activities, a supervisor or manager must find effective ways of ensuring employees adhere to rules, policies, and regulations by communicating these to employees. In addition to this, the supervisor in question aims at making the employees aware that the company is aware of the undertaking such activities. The policy states that employees should refrain from using company computers for personal activities. The communicator will need to remind the employees of this policy and urge them to adhere to all policies (Guffey and Dana 154). He/She will also need to define and offer examples of the activities that the company considers personal. Though identified with the policy statement, employees may claim to be unaware of the categories of activities in this clause. This is a formal type of communication because it aims at emphasizing company policies to employees. However, the nature of the issue is not quite formal because the use of social networking sites is informal. In this case, the communicator should integrate certain informal aspects when communicating with the employees. This will be more important when illustrating the types of messages displayed on the site. When communicating company procedures, goals, and policies, it is effective for fro managers to use a formal communication channel. However, in this situation, a formal channel will be ineffective because the supervisor will not need to recognize hierarchies while disseminating the bad news. Therefore, the supervisor will use an informal channel outside the strict hierarchical context. The supervisor arranges for a formal discussion with the concerned employees in a discussion board, where he/she directly communicates the message and obtains feedback from employees. To make the employees understand that this is a serious violation, the supervisor will utilize direct communication content. Direct communication content uses meaningful words to express opinions. For clarity and display of authority in the message, the supervisor will need to use direct content. Indirect content may relay ambiguous messages to employees. In addition to this, indirect content may not emphasize the importance of this message as needed. The communication will also be verbal and face to face. Because the supervisor obtained this complaint from the manager, it would be effective to employ the use of testimonial evidence because this type of evidence is supportive and moderately strong (Burgoon, Laura and Kory 46). In addition to this, testimonial evidence uses credible or well-established s
The difference between the Instructional Design Document for an Instructor-led Design Document and a Stand-alone Design Document is basic. While the former is guided by a physically present instructor, (sometimes an instructor may be available via video conferencing), the latter has the instructions and/or lessons undertaken by the student or trainee without the aid of a secondary human instructor (Wehr, 1988, p.18). Therefore, the process of designing the instructions for the Design Documents for the different settings will involve a different approach as discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. In Designing instructions for an instructor-led Document Design, the designer will have to factor in the software that accommodates the function of video conferencing and other requirements such as communication channels like VoIP to enable the interaction between the student and the instructor especially when the instructor cannot be physically present. For the Stand-alone, the designer does not need to include the channels available for communication between the student and the instructor. Secondly, the instructions’ designer for the instructor-led Document Design has to structure the course content to include ‘Question and Answer Sessions’ that will occur between the instructor and the student. One important feature and advantage of the Instructor-Led design is that, the student is able to ask questions in real time concerning the areas s/he has not understood (Clark & Lyons, 2004, p.12). The Instructional Designer of the Stand-alone on the other hand will have to design a sort of Knowledge Base, or provide a link through which the student will either access further information or ask questions that can be replied via a computer-based Knowledge Base. The Instruction Designer of the Stand-alone has to ensure that the course contents/instructions prepared are as easily understandable as possible, thus reducing
Introduction A general health survey was carried out by investigators with the main objective of determining why so many people in Trinidad’s major towns were infected with respiratory and skin disorders. The studies showed that a majority of those who were infected were living or working in landfills within the cities in question. The investigators decided to give statistics on the number of infected people in these regions after which a study of possible pollutants in these landfills was done. The following is a report that has been compiled after an environmental research team did an extensive case study on the effects on the health of living in close proximity to a landfill. The case study in several towns in Trinidad including Forres Park and Guanapo gave enlightening evidence of health hazards caused by the pollutants in the respective landfills. The researchers have deduced that even the smallest exposure (in contact, through the air or in form of water) over a period of time has a debilitating effect on human health. In the investigations, the presence of pollutants in industrial waste for example affects the entire environment by introducing extra chemical content to surroundings that were once alienated from the colossal amounts of chemicals. In this particular report, a study was done on the chemical content contained in most of the industrial wastes present in the landfills. Chemicals such as Vinyl Chloride that cause human liver cancer and damage the immune system may be present in landfills. Benzene is another chemical found in the environment. It also causes cancer, leukemia and anemia. It is well-known for causing drowsiness and excessive bleeding. At higher concentrations, dichloromethane damages the liver and also affects the lungs. Another chemical present in the landfill might be Methylene chloride, which is a primary cause of convulsion and a change in the rate of the heartbeat. Tetrachloroethene causes diseases and conditions to the kidney, excessive headaches and eventual unconsciousness. Finally, mercury-related diseases include tremors and eye irritation. It also damages the central nervous system and increases the person’s blood pressure (The Alliance for a Clean Environment, n.d. para.3). The significance of analyzing these findings is to bring awareness on the dangers of exposing oneself to these kinds of chemicals without adequate protection. Many people who live in the environment close to the dumping sites are exposed to the daily combustion of the refuse, coupled with the inhalation of the emissions from the combusted material. These pose enormous health hazards to the people living in these places. Underlying waters in these sites are also sources of disease and ailments, especially when the water is ingested either through drinking or cooking. The report therefore gives an in-depth analysis on the findings of various research works done in these towns. It gives reasons why certain diseases such as skin irritation and ailments are so evident in the regions that harbor landfills. It also handles the impact of air pollution on the respir
In his book called “Postal Age,” David M. Henkin follows the development of the postal system in the United States of America from the beginning of the 1800s, through its revolutionary period in 1840-1850s. The author views the changes in the role of postal network on the territory of the country and on the international level, the habits that the American society has developed under the influence of the progress in the mail system and the metamorphoses that happened to people of the United States based on the growing fondness of letter writing and communication. The United States has always been one of the most multinational countries, filled with very different people. The citizens of this country have been moving around a lot, many historical events happened to the American families, and sometimes under the influence of these events, people ended up torn apart, thrown to the different States, away from their close ones. The problems of staying close, connected, the issues of communication with relatives and friends, beloved ones, business partners has always been of high importance. The author shows in his book how the American society dealt with these issues on different stages of history, how the connections were maintained through the immigration waves and Civil War. The book follows the interesting adjustments the American society had made to work out ways to communicate when it was almost impossible and how the revolution in the postal system started various social processes. “Postal Age” by David M. Henkin shows the role the revolution in the American mail system played in the cultural, political and economical development of the whole country and its society. The author explores several interesting ideas in his book. First of all, David M. Henkin studies the social situation in the country before and after the revolution in the postal system. In the book, it is noticed that the population’s attitude towards communication and connection has changed a lot. Initially, people would only share occasional newspapers or rarely write messages to one another on holidays or special events. The development of the mail network led to the beginning of multiple processes, the level of sharing, intimacy, and personal presence in the letters and parcels sent through the mail changed rapidly. The mass obsession with communication and sharing has, probably, laid the basis for the society as we know it now. American people of all ages, backgrounds, professions, and ethnicities have become regular mail writers until today communication remains a very important part of people’s lives and the foundation of multiple processes happening in the world such as trading, political interactions, diplomacy, and personal relationships. The author’s idea to follow the history of the development of the postal system is a great way to show the development of ways of personal communication. People found out that
Throughout the history of time, people have been complaining about how justice is unequally delivered with the poor being the oppressed. The rich get away with everything and the law does not apply to them. People have come to adapt to the situation of inequality in the application of justice and thus public policy has been constantly under fire (Alesina et al. “ Fighting Poverty ” 6). In this paper we look at how justice is delivered and how simple cases may impact on the overall justice system. Consider this case; a wealthy man is charged $290000 for a speeding fine. Should the rich be fined according to their wealth or should the overall system be equal to each and everyone. Hacker notes that the justice system has been questioned about being lenient to the rich but in subjecting the rich to more severe punishment does not really help the situation(“ The Great Risk Shift ” 41). Justice is blind and as such it should not recognize the wealth of a particular person. A murder should be a murderer irrespective of his status in society or his wealth and as such each and every person should serve the same sentence according to the law. The sections that follow shows how counterproductive a ruling as the one mentioned above could prove to be. Inequality exists in every society but what affects people is the feeling that disparities in social status contribute to people being tramp