ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Language is an essential part of every person’s life because with the help of language people express their emotions, communicate with each other, and, what is the most important, learn. However, nobody is born talking and all the babies have to learn a definite language starting from their birth: “They need sounds and words, meanings and constructions. They need to know what to use where and when, how to integrate language with other modes of communication, how to make themselves understood and how to understand others” (Clark 1). In the course of the acquisition of the first language, children go through several stages at which they learn to distinguish sounds, to shape them into words, to search for the objects that match these words, etc. However, it is not always that going through all these stages is successful. Quite often children need help with moving from stage to stage or with acquiring skills necessary at each of the stages. This especially concerns bilingual and trilingual families where the parents often have to resort to additional methods of teaching to help their child learn the language (or languages) (Cenoz, Genessee, and International Association for the Study of Child Language 228). These methods often require certain analysis before their implementation. In general, trilingual families are the most contributive into research when it comes to studying language phenomena because “the overlapping nature of the languages combined with the changing order of first through to third language gives an insight into how acquisition works and how children evolve linguistically” (Barron-Hauwaert 155). The family under consideration is trilingual and it is expected that the research carried out within it will greatly contribute into the study of language phenomena. The participant of the research is M who comes from Chicago, Illinois. The boy is 3.5 years old and he experiences certain problems with the first language acquisition. The child is growing in a multilingual family and is currently exposed to three major languages in his household. All the adults in his family speak these three languages; however, M speaks only English, though he understands two other languages as well. In addition, M has been noticed to overextend the words in spontaneous speech. Apart from this, the child is unable to produce the names of certain animals. The research presented in this paper is going to explore these problems in more detail and provide explanations to why these problems may be taking place. Purpose of th
1. Why do you think it is more popular for cultures in Southeast Asia to consume insects? The countries of Southeast Asia have a warm and wet climate suitable for the quick multiplication of insects. The climate, plants, and ecosystems there create good conditions for a variety of insects to occur. Besides, Southeast Asia is a highly populated region; people there have to look for alternative sources of nutrition to survive. This is why insects are viewed as a source of food. 2. What are some benefits of eating insects? How are they viewed as an efficient source of nutrition? As a source of food, insects are rich in protein and very nutritious. Besides, cultivation of insects is cheaper and friendlier for the environment than breeding other animals for food. Finally, for the poorer areas of the planet, insects represent a very accessible and affordable meal with high nutritional value, which is a win-win case as the two most important characteristics of food are nutritional value and price (Cassimally par. 13). 3. How would you feel if you were a child responsible for collecting food to contribute to your elementary school cafeteria each day? Would you like that responsibility? I do not view insects as scary or unpleasant creatures. I do not mind touching them, and I do not have any unreasonable phobias of insects. Of course, if the insects that need to be collected are poisonous, such gathering is not a suitable occupation for a child. In other cases, I would not mind collecting insects for a cafeteria. 4. What role do experiences as children play with how we view insects as adults? Children pick up the habits of their parents. Growing up in an environment where the fear of insects is cultivated, a child is likely never to learn to view them with any other feeling. 5. Have you had a good/bad experience with insects in the past that determined how you feel about them as an adult? In my family, no one is scared of insects. As a child, I used to be terrified of spiders without any particular reason; they just looked scary to me. Once, a friend dared me to hold a rather big spider to show me that they are harmless. This worked as a positive experience and removed my childhood phobia. 6. What information about insects would you promote to make them appeal to the average American? One needs to emphasize the positive qualities of insects to attract American consumers. It is very important to mention that insects do not taste as bad as many
When speaking about the history of aviation in the USA, one is to keep in mind that aviation plays an important role in the development of the country, as it is considered to be a critical element of the US national economy. Moreover, it is also necessary to point out that “in the last 35 years, there has been a six-fold increase in the mobility provided by the U.S. air transportation system” (Waitz et al. 3). Taking into account various technological improvements aviation industry is based on, one can make a conclusion that airline services seem to represent the future of American economy. Of course, nobody will deny the fact that the social, economic and environmental impact of flying is extremely important. Social and economic aspects are mostly associated with positive benefits of aviation; while environmental impact seems to be rather ambiguous issue. Generally, it should be pointed out that both positive and negative aspects of aviation are poorly developed, unfortunately. When discussing environmental impact of aviation, it is necessary to focus on the so-called health concern. Thus, there is a need to highlight some points, which are related to noise pollution, effects of noise on humans, and ground level air emissions. So, the most common consequences of noise pollution are sleep disturbance, certain difficulties with communication, lack of physical comfort, etc. The most widespread effects of noise on humans also include hearing impairment, pain, stress, psychoendocrine effects, annoyance, cardiovascular effects, startle reflex, headache, loss of appetite, mental disorders, effects on social behaviour, etc. When speaking about ground level air emissions, it is necessary to state that “air pollution from cars and industry has declined with time while aircraft continue to emit more ground level ozone precursors (Volatile Organic Compounds or VO Cs and nitrogen oxides or NOx) with each passing year” (Whitelegg 8). The pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and sulphur dioxide. Taking into account the above-mentioned side effects, it becomes obvious that environmental impact plays really enormous role. The authors of the Report to the United States Congress about Aviation and Environment state that “immediate action is required to address the interdependent challenges of aviation noise, local air quality and climate impacts. Environmental impacts may be the fundamental constraint on air transportation growth in the 21 st century” (Waitz et al. 3). The economic aspect should also be highlighted, as some positive outcomes can be depicted. Generally, aviation industry influences economic growth and productivity of other industries. On the other hand, restricting air travel is considered to be a negative effect of the economic aspect. Generally, beneficial economic effects include efficient allocation of resources, reduced congestion, etc. When speaking about human factors in relation t
Introduction The US educational system has been largely criticized recently. Scholars, officials as well as students note that the quality of services provided is steadily deteriorating. Moreover, the recent recession of economy has forced many higher educational establishments to cut budgets, which has a variety of negative effects. Thus, lots of permanent and temporary residents of California are unable to obtain higher education due to the lack of space at higher educational establishments (Johnson, 2013). Online education is a good opportunity for those who cannot afford attending classes (predominantly due to the lack of time). Nonetheless, some claim that online education is less effective and still needs considerable funding. Admittedly, online education has its supporters and opponents as any other educational option. Nonetheless, the advantages of online education are evident and further development of technology suggests that this educational option will be improved and will soon become a solution to many problems the US educational system is facing. The Increase in Demand It is necessary to note that online education has become a topic of a lasting debate largely due to the increase in demand. Remarkably, the importance of higher education has been acknowledged and loads of young people are eager to obtain it to get better job opportunities. At present, employers’ requirements are quite high and labor market is really competitive (Sherk, 2013). Admittedly, being competitive is vital at the period of economy’s recession. The demand is growing and lots of students remain shut out. A Democrat from Sacramento, Senator Steinberg, states that “the state’s 112 community colleges each had an average of 7,000 enrolled students who were on waiting lists” (Lewin, 2013, p. A15). The Senator stresses that this is inappropriate as too many eager students have no access to higher education, and they are deprived of a variety of job opportunities. Furthermore, 16% of Californian students graduate from higher educational establishments within a four-year period (Lewin, 2013). This trend occurs (in part) due to certain difficulty in getting the course students need. It is a common practice for students to remain at college for a larger period to get all the courses students deem necessary for their future jobs. It is also important to add that lots of adults (employed, unemployed, housewives, etc.) seek for college courses to become more competitive. Belmond (2013) notes that many people benefit from obtaining higher education and regard it as a very important milestone in their lives. Angela Rockwood, a mother of seven children, who completed most of her degree more than fifteen years ago says, “It’s a wonderful opportunity for me as my children are growing older and I contemplate what else I would like to do with my life” (Belmond, 2013). Working people also consider possibility to access college courses. Advantages of Online Education Online education addresses the issues associated with the lack of accessibility of higher education. N
Abstract The basic notion of Adler’s personality studies collectively named the individual psychology is the human beings struggle to achieve superiority. The theory resulted in significant changes in psychotherapy mainly introducing the view of prevention. This essay aims to present, in brief, the basic ideas of Adler’s individual psychology theory, and how it applies to mental health. Introduction Alfred Adler born 1870 in Vienna, died in Aberdeen Scotland, 1937 was the first president of Freud’s analytic society in 1910. Adler worked with Freud and Jung on personality until Adler denied Freud’s highlighting on sex and adopted the view describing the root of personality problems in an inferiority feeling developed from constraints on the needs for self-beliefs. After few changes in theory, Adler eventually underlined that individuals’ center of attention is to continue control over their lives. Adler also believed in a single force behind individuals’ behavior that is the urge to fulfill individual’s prospective. Adler called this theory the individual psychology (Hoffman, 1996). The aim of this essay is to present, in brief, the basic ideas of Adler’s individual psychology theory, and how it applies to mental health. Pillars of Adler’s individual psychology There are five main pillars for Adler’s individual psychology, first is all individuals are social beings, their main aim is to belong that is to find one’s place in the group. This Alder called social embedding, second is since life are progressively advancing incidents (movements), therefore we act and react to produce change, this Adler called self-determining. Third is since individuals cannot change causes, causes do not push the human dynamic struggle in life, rather aims pull it, as aims once identified one has the choice to change. This Adler called individuals are goal-directed. Fourth is subjectivity, which is humans recognize reality the way they feel it not the way it happens, thus, there is no utter truth. The fifth principle is individuals are holistic that is analyzing the scheme of beliefs as a whole rather than separate units (Dewey, 1978). Besides these five principles, the term inferiority complex emerged from Adler’s personality studies, which Adler explained as feeling of defective merit (Hoffman, 1996). Attractions of Adler individual psychology The attractions of Adler’s theory are 1- the stress on humans’ struggle for superiority. 2- The notion of compensation, as every individual feels inferior at times; the reaction to compensate that feeling is what shapes the individual’s personality. 3- Contrary to Freud’s ideas, Adler believed that both conscious and unconscious worked jointly to produce the perfect-self image specific for each individual (fictional finalism). Adler did not study big groups of individuals and suggested there are four personalities, three are negative and the fourt
Athens was one of the first known democracies even after other Greek had cities set up their own democracies. They set up their own democracies while imitating the Athenian model. Pericles was the longest-serving leader in Athens. His death resulted in the Athenian democracy being interrupted twice by oligarchic revolution. This happened towards the end of the Peloponnesian war. Pericles was an influential leader in Athens during the cities golden age. He led his army during the first two Peloponnesian wars and turned the Delian league into an Athenian empire. He loved the arts and literature and thus promoted them. The main reason Athens in the ancient Greek world is known as a prestigious educational and cultural Centre is because of Pericles constant promotion of the arts and literature. One of his best known projects that are still surviving is the Acropolis. Not only did it beautify the city but it also gave the people a source of income. Some scholars refer to Pericles as a populist in his democratic style of ruling. Others admire his style of ruling. He was submissive to his people; ready to yield to their every wish. His political opponent, Archimadas, admitted that Pericles was a better fighter than he was because even when he lost in battle, he would still manage to persuade the crowd that he had won fair and square. Ancient historians viewed him as a man who was not easily swayed by the greed for money, although he was altogether indifferent to money-making. He is known to have bribed his way through certain incidents. For instance, in order to diffuse an imminent threat in Attica, he bribed and negotiated till eventually the Sparta army was free to return home. Pericles is admired for being able to expel the barbarians from the Thracian Peninsula in 447 BC. His main aim was to establish Athenian colonists in the area. Pericles had conservative opponents who rebelled against the democratic factions. Critics however emphasize that Pericles was not an authoritative leader. He depended largely on popular support to govern and this was obvious during the Peloponnesian war. He was simply a charismatic face that acted as if to take advice from his advisors or his people. Before Julius Caesar came to power, an emperor ruled Rome and its empire. Before then, it was not ruled by an emperor but by consuls. The Roman citizens elected the consuls
Introduction History of Japan is distinguished among other histories; it is marked by the absence of welfare, as it was in Tokugava period, the time when the country witnessed the imposition of strict social order and laws. However, Tokugava epoch was also the time of the prosperity of agricultural and commercial fields. In the thirties of the twentieth century, Japan saw the reevaluation of material and moral values as the country was under the influence of modernity. The advent of modernist movements and spirits were ill bred by the country that advocated traditions and rituals. In this regard, the film Osaka Elegy (Mizoguchi 1936) shows the outcomes of this modern intervention. In the film, there is a description of the late thirties of the past century. The main heroin Ayako, the telephone operator, is forced to become the mistress of Mr. Assai to pay the debts of his father and to pay for her brother’s education. Later, she arrested by the police for soliciting thus being rejected by her family. Ayako is left in the lurch. Main text As it can be seen from a brief overview, the film describes the time of domestic repression when women were forced to stay at home and to subject to the rules that had been established in the nineteenth century’s Japan. This is how Japanese were trying to be separated from the foreign expansion succeeded by the advent of the Second World War. At this period, the priority is given to the rise of political control and manipulation that influenced the life Japanese society and forced it to abandon its habits and traditions. The domestic problems are brightly revealed in the film. It can be viewed from the first scenes that describe habitual domestic relations between the master and his household servants. The relations between Ayako and Mr. Asai also reveal these subordinate unjustified relations between a man and a woman. Despite the estrangements from the modern tendencies coming from abroad, they still has penetrated even to the higher hierarchical levels. Hence, Mr. Asai neglected mere ethical and moral norms and forced Ayako to lead a dissipated life, which was the only way to become materially independent. Modernism penetrated to Japan in all spheres of life, including religion and culture, and even fashion. It has created the new religion with it own icon and ideology. Women that used to be limited in the rights tried to gain recognition by other indecent methods. The so-called fashion girls were a calling to the old traditions perpetuated in Japan. The same can be observed in the film, the main heroine is trying to reach her goals by forbidden means, as it is impossible to do that in this male world. Conclusion The film is also about the interaction of mere workers with their managers that, with the advent of capitalist system, were rather unfavorable for lower social classes. It also reveals the male-fame relations at work and in the family where each strives for harmony in the time of frequently emerging conflicts between those classes (Gordon xii). In conclusion, it should be singled out that the film displays multilayer relations that show the real changes occurred
Introduction The Coca Cola Company is a leading multinational company in manufacture, distribution, and marketing of non-alcoholic beverages. The compay owns over 400 brands, including waters, juice drinks, diet, teas, energy and coffees. The Cmpany has recorded tremendous progress in respect of sales units, buyer loyalty, growth in product portfolio, and profitability. This paper seeks to examine its strategic process and growth stategy that could account for this trendy growth. Strategic Management Process This is a process of defining an organization’s strategy. It also refers to a process by which the management selects a set of viable strategies that will facilitate its performance (De Wit & Meyer, 2010). This is a continuous process that analyzes and appraises both the business and the industry in which an organization operates, and puts up goals to meet current and future competition (Singh, 2008). To enable its future business success, Coca Cola has adopted a strategic management process that follows a four-step process; environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. Figure: Diagrammatic logical flow of strategic process   * Environmental scanning-Coca-Cola Company undertakes a focused diagnosis of its current and potential business environment before launching its business. All external and internal influences relevant to its operations are analyzed on a continuous basis. Since the company operates globally, global environmental factors likely to impact on its business gain great emphasis to enable it succeed in its expansion process (Singh, 2008). Environmental scrutiny involves facets such as tax policies, employment laws, environmental regulations, and political stability.   * Strategy formulation- it is a process of selecting the best course of action to accomplish organizational objectives and purpose (Hill & Jones, 2009). In Coca Cola, the process of strategic formulation begins with creation of a mission and vision statements. This mission statement clarifies the purpose of the organization, its values, and often serves to communicate with internal and external parties and stakeholders about its strategic direction (De Wit & Meyer, 2010). The vision of the company has been beneficial in supporting strategy formulation in which it says it focuses to remain a low-cost leader with an aim to gain customer loyalty and increase sales.   * Strategy implementation – it is the process of making the chosen strategy functional or operational as originally planned. It entails modeling the structure of organization, resource distribution, designing decision making process, and management of human resources. To achieve its strategy implementation process, Coca C