ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Women from all walks of life have contributed a lot in making a difference to the present and past life through their struggles for equality. Women in Canada have faced a lot of discrimination not only in terms of gender but also in terms of race, age ethnicity, disability and sexual orientation. Men have always dominated the high managerial positions and also they have high numbers in terms of holding power. They have better job security, more benefits and also very respectable titles compared to women. The working conditions in most places are not conducive for the promotion of women to the top management positions. There is an extreme importance of involving women in the issues related to all policies and programs to ensure that the decision making process is representative of both women and men. Main body In the history of Canadian women in the 19 th and 20 th century were subject to various forms of discrimination compared to men. Women had no right to vote and there they spent a lot of considerable time participating in organizations that were devoted in developing education, fighting for the rights and supporting churches. They were not allowed to own property. They also had no right to their own money which was controlled by their husbands. Women were not in a position to attain high levels of education as men and they were faced with a lot of ridicule when seeking education for example Clara Brett martin face a lot of challenges when she became the first woman to enroll into a law school. She faced challenges from her schoolmates, the professors and also the media. Women were also subject to abduction as long as hey had attained the age of 16. This only changed in 1910 when the criminal code made it illegal to abduct women. The women also worked for long hours yet their pay did not rise beyond that of men. The women came a long way in obtaining their rights to vote, the maternity leaves and also reduced working hours. Giving them the right to vote made women become more vigorous in the affairs of the state. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. It recognizes the queen as the head of state. Women also fought for the rights to divorce men on equal grounds as men would divorce women. The national council of women in Canada has come a long way in assisting women attain their rights. In the 18 th century they fought for the female prisoners, the female factory workers and also the female immigrants. The council has also helped the women get better health facilities such as safe water, pasteurized milk and also medical clinics. In the 19 th century the council helped the women form a lot Canadian institutions that were to help women achieve their goals. The council has supported women to be appointed to the senator positions in the government and also in the jud
Chapter 3, “Interest and Equivalence,” focuses on explaining the role of accuracy in the engineering economy, including disbursement and the time value of money. It begins with the case of a pharmaceutical company that spent $90,000 for equipment adjustment that allowed increasing profits significantly. Several interest formulas and concepts compose the foundation of the engineering economy and help understand potential batches and savings. The importance of computing cash flows lies in resolving engineering economy problems by considering paying credit for machinery or any other consequences, where every alternative can be regarded as a disbursement or cash receipt. A set of cash flows is a way to resolve each of the alternatives, be it the initial cost or the ultimate spending period. Money presents a valuable asset, the consequences of which often become evident in a long-time period. In this chapter, the time value of money is explained by the example of banks’ offerings to pay interest for the provisional use of others’ money. Simple interest is computed on the original sum without paying attention to accrued interest, which is stated to be a good starting point for comprehending the concept and usefulness of compound interest. The latter is used in practice more often than the simple interest because unpaid interest is added to the unpaid balance and thought of as interest on top of interest. Repaying a debt implies the selection of one of the four plans: constant principal (1), interest-only (2), constant payment (3), and all at maturity (4), meaning that no payment is made during the identified period. As for equivalence, it depends on the interest rate acceptable for a person in comparison to the sum of money they currently possess. In the engineering economy, the understanding of alternatives allows calculating a more favorable option for receiving benefits in either long- or short-term periods. More precisely, in case the sum of $109 within a year is applicable for a person compared to today’s $100, then these two amounts can be considered equivalent. The technique of equivalence should be applied to compare the cash flows of different plans. It is clarified that the equivalent value can be determined for plans at some point in time, depending on a chosen interest rate. Accordingly, it is possible to evaluate the relative attractiveness of the given alternatives, which is the correct way to judge their relevance for a company’s goals. The third chapter provides various examples that demonstrate the difference in repayment plans that result in different outcomes, even though they are equivalent in nature. In structure, plans 2 and 4 are characterized by remaining and increasing debt, respectively. In their turn, plans 1 and 3 show that money owed reduces with time, which is caused by different quantities of dollar-years. It is also emp
Organizational Structure The financial systems of Singapore and Brazil present several differences related to various aspects of the economic background of the country, region, banking area, regulatory structure, etc. First of all, it is essential to pinpoint that Singapore is one of the world’s leading financial centers, taking the fourth place after London, New York, and Tokyo in terms of foreign exchange transactions, while the financial sector of Brazil refers to the local and developing ones (Chuen & Gregoriou, 2014). In particular, Singapore is the most important financial center of Asia and the market of the so-called “Asian dollars”. Created as a partner of the Eurodollar market, it was transformed into a regional center of operations with convertible currencies, a credit center, securities issuance, and management of financial funds. By the end of the 1990s, as argued by Chuen and Gregoriou (2014), despite the exchange rate policy and financial crisis in Pacific Asia, the volume of transactions was almost three times higher than that of the national banking sector. In monetary terms, Singapore presents the most important source of intern
Abortion could be spontaneous thus known as a miscarriage or it could be induced. In most of the cases, the term abortion is used when referring to the purposely-induced pregnancy termination. As such, abortion has attracted much controversy among different people all over the world (Friedman 1). There are nations that have legalized abortion while others still hold that abortions are illegal and those found guilty of the offence ought to be punished. However, one of the main problems in the legalization of abortion is age. Those against the legalization of abortion claim that the process is normally not appropriate for girls under the age of eighteen years. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of reasons for illegalizing abortion for girls under the age of eighteen years. Pregnancy in underage girls could come about because of cases of rape or unsafe sexual behavior. Most often than not, underage girls who fall victim are normally not prepared for the pregnancy. Thus, the first thing that comes into their mind upon realization of the pregnancy is how to terminate it. The idea is not only theirs but also their partners, siblings, and parents think the same. This cannot be blamed on the people but the society, which dictates what people do and how they do it (Friedman 1). For instance, a teenage girl would rather undergo an abortion and risk her life just to avoid being looked down upon by her colleagues because of carrying the pregnancy to term. It is important to note that life is God-given and despite the circumstances that led to the pregnancy, the victim should realize that it was intended to happen by God (Friedman 1). In all religions, life is known to be sacred and only God has the authority to terminate it. Therefore, all nations that believe
The too big to fail is a concept that certain banks or financial institutions cannot be let to fail, since their failure would have too much effect on the general economy thus causing financial disability on the national and even international financial systems (A dictionary of Business and Management 2). The reasoning behind the “too big to fail” concept is that if a bank or financial institution that does business with a lot other businesses in the economy was to fail, then the rebound effect would be too much for the economy to handle. As such, the central bank is obligated to bail such financial institutions out, not so much for the sake of the individual institution, but to shield the economy from the consequences of the closure. According to the (A Dictionary of Business and Management 45), the too big to fail concept contends that once the central bank bails the bank, the bank willingly takes on more risks to make business more viable. The too big to fail theory is only applicable to large financial institutions connected to other financial institutions (Wessel 5). Investors who do business with the too big to fail institutions are a less worried lot than their counterpart who trade with ordinary financial institutions because they have a “taxpayer subsidy”, which cushions them against losses (Wessel 12). However, not all financial institutions get the bail out as indicated in the theory. In 1995, Baring Brothers, a London based Merchant Bank was not bailed out as would have been anticipated because the Bank of England did not see any risk to the financial systems in the country that could be caused by its failure. Further, it was established that the Baring Brothers had failed due to irregular trading the bank had in Singapore’s derivates market (A Dictionary of Business Management 16). The too big to fail concept is a reaction to the continued mergers and acquisitions in the financial sectors, which leads to a complexity of financial institutions. According to (Folkerts-Landau et al 13), consolidation is mainly motivated by cost saving measures, or revenue enhancement motives. In the wake of globalization, such financial conglomerates are no longer content with working inside territorial boundaries (A Dictionary of Business Management 25). This means that they are more willing to explore the international markets. Consequently, this exposes them to more risks. In a free market economy, it is only plausible that market forces would close banks that do not meet their credit obligations (Hetzel 7). However, this does not happen with too big to fail financial institutions. Traditionally, the regu
There are two forces that shape development of a child; their genes and their environment otherwise referred to as nature vs. nurture. Even at the very beginning when the egg combines with the sperm the organism is more then merely the genetic information contained in those parts, the egg contains important nutrients that will interact with the genetic material as it develops (Goldstein). Almost every cell in the body is made up of long chains of genetic material known as chromosomes. Each chain of material contains DNA that makes up a double helix structure which includes the bases thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine. How those pairs are combined comprises the genetic code of the individual (Goldstein). A gene is a very short length of DNA, it is made up of only a few hundred bases and it is the very basic unit of heredity. Each gene is coded to do something different; one might be for specific proteins that the body needs to develop while others might be used as instruction manuals for other genes. Genes do not code continuously for proteins they function off and on and some might remain dormant for years(Goldstein). Genes cannot directly affect behavior because they are individually restricted to specific functions, however, genes can affect behavior indirectly. An example of this would be somebody who had a gene that was very efficient at breaking down alcohol and that person goes on to drink two alcohol beverages for several years. That person would probably never get drunk off of those two drinks, while an individual who was unable to process that much alcohol on a regular basis could feel intoxicated for several hours every night. This person because of their genes be more predisposed to becoming an alcoholic then the other should the environmental factors such as stress and social interactions then the other individual(Goldstein). The role of genes is very complex because they interact with each other as they affect many different biological functions. There are many misconceptions about the role that genes play in an individual’s behavior. One of those myths is that since genes can predetermine a particular behavior rather then predispose that behavior. Because of this an individual with an alcoholic parent might believe that will also be an alcoholic rather then treat it as something that could be a possibility since they could be more vulnerable (Goldstein). Another myth is that if something is genetic then it must be universal, this is not correct because if a particular characteristic is in the genetic make up it will be expressed differently in different p
Introduction Most of the people watching various forms of entertainment, seldom try to recognize the different directions to which these forms have shifted. This statement would be true even in the case when the viewers chronologically follow the development of a particular form, e.g. cinema. Nevertheless, the shift of ideology can be evident after thorough examination even in works that are far from discussing contemporary art movements. An example of such work is the movie “X-files”. “The X Files: Fight the Future”, is a film which has been produced based on the well-known television serial “X-files” – a cult American fantastic series which has been shown by Fox television channel 1993 and demonstrated for 9 years. The film follows the plot of the series, which is investigating paranormal phenomena by the main characters of the series –agent Fox Mulder and Agent Dana Scully. This paper analyzes the aforementioned film in the context that it represents the merging of modernism with postmodernism. The paper argues that the film’s characters represent two ideological perspectives that eventually were transitioned into one postmodern perspective. Modernism and Post modernism Cinematography as an invention and a form of art is an obvious product of modernism. At the same time, a modernist perspective is a culture with a uniformed semantic field built around the idea of rationality, and its goal was overcoming the chaos of the world and an aspiration to place chaos to standards, laws, and style, thereby giving it a certain shape. The modernist perspective even when dominant, had postmodernist features in it. However, “modernism had not only lost its ability to shock and disturb; it had become centered and canonized as the high culture of the modern capitalist world.” (John Storey, p. 64). Postmodernism reflects the change of a scientific paradigm in the postindustrial society, connected with a ripening of a new order from chaos. The modernist style tears external and internal communications with nature, society, and people, while postmodernism recreates them, being engaged in a persevering search of laws in a variety. Postmodernism is a mode with an aggravation of the open and nonlinear system, where the information exchange with the environment is carried out not only through borders, without a sense of history, but at the same time feeds “vampirically” on the past. As Jameson defined it, Postmodernism in the film is “a culture of images and surfaces, without latent possibilities, it derives its hermeneutic force from other images, other surfaces, the interplay of intersexuality…-the complacent play of historical allusion” (John Storey, p. 66). X-Files Analysis Providing the relation of modernism and postmodernism in “The X-file”, an analysis of the characters and
The company ARABTEC is one of the leading construction companies in the Middle East and North Africa. The company was founded in 1975, and it focused on constructing various modern buildings (“About Us” n.p.). The company has expanded significantly since then. In 2013, the company started a new wave of change aimed at expansion and diversification. The company is undergoing certain changes which prove to be effective as the company’s revenue is growing steadily, and its shares’ value is increasing (“Arabtec Holding Co” n.p.). The steps undertaken are creating joint ventures, exploring new sectors and markets, assigning high-profile top management. First of all, entering new markets is a conventional strategy in the modern business world. It is a successful strategy due to several factors. Competitiveness of the market is increasing, and companies have to secure their operations by providing new products or services. ARABTEC has successfully utilised this approach diversifying its operations. More so, the markets chosen by ARABTEC are emerging in the area, and it is possible to occupy a significant place in this niche. This can prevent other smaller companies from entering this sector in the middle and long run. Finally, these sectors are highly promising as they help societies ensure their energetic safety. Admittedly, it is crucial to take into account these factors during the change process. Furthermore, the structural policy of the company can be regarded as one of the change variables. The company has started a number of joint ventures with companies operating in new markets (for examples, oil and gas production, airport construction). ARABTEC did not have the necessary experience in this sphere, and it could face numerous issues and make losses. Development of joint ventures with more experienced companies can ensure the proper functioning of the company and the successful implementation of the change. Importantly, this strategy does not lead to significant changes within the company and departments, which is beneficial since lots of people often oppose such changes. Joint ventures can be constituted by people who are ready for the change and understand their roles in it. It is also noteworthy that the company reduce the number of its potential competitors in each sector, making them its partners. Finally, proper human resources management strategy is another important change variable. The company has chosen to recruit high-profile top managers who can ensure proper implementation of the change (Kane n.p.). There are numerous factors affecting this variable. For instance, the company will employ international professionals as well as top domestic managers (Kane n.p.). This can lead to certain cultural issues as top international managers can fail to understand the peculiarities of the region. Employees can be reluctant to work effectively with these professionals, and this can also have certain negative effects. Nonetheless, these issues can be overcome or even avoided if the HR strategies are
Executive summary In this report, Saudi Aramco is introduced and its marketing strategies are revealed and discussed. The report also includes a market segmentation of Saudi Aramco followed by a discussion of how the company caters for the different segments. This is followed with a discussion of how the company designs and manages its products. The report additionally includes discussions on what Saudi Aramco does to manage customer loyalty and how it promotes its products and its public image. This report main conclusion is that in order for Saudi Aramco to solidify its current position it should adopt the recommendations made herein. Introduction Saudi Aramco (also known officially as Saudi Arabian Oil Company) is a leading Saudi Arabian oil company that is state-owned and a global petroleum-energy based enterprise. The company’s supply chain spans from exploration through refining and marketing to distribution. In 2000 and for the 11 th consecutive year, Saudi Aramco was ranked the first in crude oil reserves and petroleum production by Petroleum intelligence (AOC UK Ltd, 2012, 2). Saudi Aramco’s vision is mainly upholding its commitment of remaining a world leader in its industry, which according to Saudi Arabian Oil Co. is the “production of petroleum-based energy” industry (Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2012, 1). To ensure that this vision is within reach, the company ensures that it also remains committed to solving pressing issues arising in its indu
Types Speaking Skills Assessment and the Ways of Assessing Them As a rule, several types of speaking are identified. These include Imitative, Intensive, Responsive, Interactive, and Extensive Speaking categories (Isaacs, 2016). Each of the specified aspects of an ability to communicate needs to be evaluated with the help of a respective tool. Therefore, a comprehensive approach toward speaking skills evaluation is required to determine the degree of a student’ proficiency in the English language. It is critical for an interlocutor to provide the consistent support for a test-taker throughout the assessment process. Thus, a learner will be capable of demonstrating the full extent of their abilities. Assessment-Related Assignments (Intensive Speaking): Details One should distinguish between the micro-and macroskills of speaking. According to Luoma (2004), microskills include the ability to produce minor speech elements, such as morphemes, lexemes, and phrasal units. Macroskills, in turn, imply the ability to create a dialogue and select the appropriate morphemes, lexemes, and phrases according to a particular situation (Hughes, 2003). Therefore, to create an assignment involving the evaluation of a learner’s kills, one should design the scenario that implies imitating speaking. Assessment-Related Assignments (Intensive Speaking): Strategies Read-aloud tasks, the tasks that encourage students to complete specific conversations, and the picture-cued assignments can be seen as some of the most common types of evaluating learners’ ability to speak the English language fluently and use appropriate words and phrases in a context. Therefore, the proposed techniques should be incorporated into the process of evaluating their abilities and their general understanding of the English language. Providing read-aloud stimuli is the key to encouraging a student to accept the assignment and deploy their creative and linguistic skills in order to start discourse (Brown & Abeywickrama, 2010). Elements of the Speaking Assessment Process It is also essential to use visual elements to incorporate prompts for students into assignments. For example, by selecting the images that share a particular characteristic, one will be able to assist a learner in characterizing the specified items based on their grammatical categories. As a result, a student develops an intuitive understanding of the language. Furthermore, map-cued elicitations can be used during the assessment process as an important visual prompt (Brown & Abeywickrama, 2010). As a result, a learner develops the ability to integrate the information from the instructions into the answer. Assessment-Related Assignments (Responsive Speaking): Question and Answer Responsive speaking (RS) is one of the most common techniques employed for testing. The specified approach invites the opportunity for a test-taker (TT) to converse with an interlocutor directly (Brown & Abeywickrama, 2010). As a rule, the questions-and-answers (Q&A) technique is used in the specified scenario. There are two primary strategies for creatin