ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Rwanda genocide that occurred in 1994 led to the loss of about 800,000 lives of the Tutsi community. The assassination of the president Juvenal Habyarimana triggered the genocide where the Hutu militia together with the Rwandan military organized systematic attacks on the Tutsi who were the minority ethnic group in Rwanda. The Rwandan genocide was quite strange because it was a speedy mass killing, which led to the loss of about 800,000 lives in just 100 days. The United States of America president at that time Bill Clinton during his visit to Rwanda apologized and told the Tutsi that he felt like other people “…who did not fully appreciate the depth and the speed with which you were being engulfed by this unimaginable terror” (Power Para. 7). The Rwanda genocide becomes the extreme genocide that occurred in the 20 th century. This essay explores the history of the genocide, the reasoning of the Hutu government and establishes why the international community did not intervene. History of the Genocide Hutu and Tutsi are the two tribes of Rwanda who have always been political enemies, fighting for power since independence in 1952. Belgians who colonized Rwanda favored Tutsi while they neglected the Hutu, but after independence, Hutu begun to enjoy the privileges of the government. “…independence ushered in three decades of Hutu rule, under which Tutsi were systematically discriminated against and periodically subjected to waves of killing and ethnic cleansing” (Power Para. 17). Many Tutsi went to exile in the neighboring countries and formed rebels who constantly attacked the Hutu government. In 1990, Tutsi formed the Rwanda Patriotic Front, which attacked the Hutu government leading to the Rwandan civil war. The Rwandan civil war led to the signing of the Arusha Accord that compelled the Rwandan government, which Hutu dominated, to form a government of national unity by incorporating marginalized Tutsi and the Hutu who were in opposition. For the realization of peace, the deployment United Nation peacekeepers helped in demilitarization of the civilians for Tutsi and Hutu to live in harmony. Hutu thought that the Tutsi and the Belgians wanted to enslave them again as during colonization and they vowed never to agree with the terms of the Arusha Accord. By 1993, “Hutu extremists rejected these terms and set out to terrorize Tutsi and those Hutu politicians supportive of the peace process …thousands Rwandans were killed, and some 9,000 were detained while guns, grenades, and machetes began arriving by the planeload” (Power Para. 18). Subsequent periodic attacks on Tutsi set the stage for the genocide in 1994. Then, there was evident militarization of Hutu in readiness to exterminate the Tutsi and Belgian peacekeepers, who the Hutu perceived as their enemies. The assassination of
Nursing is the largest profession within the healthcare industry. However, the growing number of chronic illnesses and improved affordability leads to the demand for high-skilled nurses (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). Therefore, the Institute of Medicine helped to develop the national plan for effective nursing education, which includes various leadership recommendations. I believe that this scenario is an essential step in the development of skilled and inspiring nurse leaders. The article written by Cynthia Clark in 2010 explains the importance of civility in higher education. Thus, I think it is not enough to learn health-related concepts because advanced nurses should aspire to be leaders within the field. Furthermore, cooperation and the ability to motivate are crucial for contemporary nurses. The scenario aspires nurses to get a baccalaureate degree, prepares them to lead changes in the field, and suggests developing infrastructure for an examination of interpersonal workforce data (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). I support these recommendations, as they inspire professional development and excellent cooperation between healthcare professionals. The concept of civility taught me the importance of respecting individuals that study or work with me. The article states that the lack of leadership standards can cause unprofessional behavior, which subsequently brings stagnation to the healthcare system as a whole (Clark, 2010). Therefore, specific guidelines can successfully improve nurses’ leadership abilities. Lastly, cooperation is crucial for the healthcare field. The AARP helped to establish action coalitions that allow nurses, businesses, and non-profit organizations to meet and discuss the challenges and accomplishments of their work (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). In my opinion, this is an excellent idea, as conferences help to build a bridge between various members of the healthcare system. The leadership criteria should address unethical conduct that involves withholding information from colleagues, uncooperative behavior, and verbal abuse (Clark, 2010). Overall, the leadership blueprint and conferences for nurses and other members of the industry are vital for positive change in the lives of American citizens.
The introduction of shareholder value is known to have changed global business practices greatly. Maximizing shareholder value, which was initiated a few decades ago, led to the increase in profits and the enhanced development of organizations. International enterprises benefit from such an approach because it enables them to grow earnings and sales. The paper focuses on the analysis of the establishment and progress of the shareholder value concept and its impact on global business. The concept of shareholder value originated in the 1970s, and it became the prevailing business model in the second half of the 1980s (Heilbron, Verheul & Quak 2014). The reason why this issue has become so significant in the sphere of business was that Western economies had been governed by large corporations for a long time. As a result, chief executives started arranging the cooperation with specialists who were proficient in the dominant business conception (Heilbron, Verheul & Quak 2014). The major group was formed by organization and production professionals who were followed by marketing and financial specialists. In the last twenty years of the previous century, there occurred a huge transformation in the sphere of business. Organizations were governed by relative outsiders who had no direct relation to company affairs, did not have any accountability for the organization’s activity, and had limited knowledge of business prospects and market conditions. Henderson et al. (2002) consider value as one of the main constituents of the global production network (GPN). By value, scholars understand “Marxian notions of surplus value” and “more orthodox” concepts related to economic rent (Henderson et al. 2002, p. 448). Henderson et al. (2002) define the following issues as crucial for understanding value: creation, possibilities for value to be captured, circumstances for it to be enhanced, power, and embeddedness. Out of all these issues, shareholder value is most closely associated with the enhancement (Henderson et al. 2002). The conditions under which value can be promoted incorporate the extent of technology transfers, the degree to which organizations connect with subcontractors and suppliers, the possibility of local companies to increase skills, and the ability to develop relational and brand rents. In their analysis of maximizing shareholder value, Lazonick and O’Sullivan (2000) remark that
In life, there are different causes of tragedies. Bad things occur to people because of a number of reasons. These causes range from natural occurrences and vulnerability to weaknesses and circumstances beyond human control. This paper seeks to investigate whether the tragedy that befell Othello was because of his weaknesses or due to the circumstances that were beyond his control. The paper aims at achieving this through providing the reader with information about Othello and the manner in which Shakespeare has used him in the tragedy to communicate his message. In the tragedy, it is clear to note that Othello’s downfall is because of his own mistakes. To understand Othello’s downfall, it is important to have a little background information on what his role was in the play. Othello is one of the characters who have features in William Shakespeare’s tragedy titled The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. The tragedy is believed to have been created by Shakespeare between 1600 and 1604. The story has it focus set in current day Italy. It looks at downfall of Othello through involving three other major characters. These characters are Moorish, Desdemona, and Cassio. Cassio is one of the confidants of Othello. Moorish was a general in the army of Vietnam. Desdemona was Moorish’s wife and a lieutenant in the army as well. Apart from tragedy, there are other themes attached to the play that have made it popular to this date. The play is performed throughout the world as it relevant in relation to other themes as well. Some of the themes that are portrayed in the course of the play include love, betrayal, racism, and jealousy. One of the characters –Iago, has been used by Shakespeare to enhance the theme of tragedy. Shakespeare has used Iago as a villain and throughout the course of the play, it is clear to note that he posses the largest share of the dialogue. These are important in supporting the tragedy and adding to the fact that Othello’s downfall was because of his own personal mistakes as opposed to factors beyond his control. In the play, Othello’s tragedy can be attributed to his own failure because he trusted Iago so much. He used to refer to Iago as being honest while all Iago was doing was meant for ill. At the beginning of the play, Othello is portrayed as being a wise general. Through his actions, he achieves good and bad results. As an administrator Othello was a good leade
The concept of ‘Identity’ is a common theme in both Audrey Yue and Sharon Zukin’s respective articles Shopping in Livable Cities and Whose Culture? Whose City? Both authors attempt to define the various external factors that can shape identity, which range from shopping to cultural inclinations as discussed in depth in both articles. Other supervening factors such as the variance of economic capacity, as portrayed by privatization of public spaces and choice of where one does his/her shopping: malls, supermarkets, department stores, or product markets also come to play in the definition of identity. Lack of comprehensive and holistic measures, which have been put in place with the specific intention of protecting societal identity – those unique or distinctive characteristics that set us apart as individuals in a society, which also direct how we behave or handle different circumstances could result in mayhem. They can further lead towards generations of social discontent arising from marginalization of minorities who are a direct product leaving out some parties in the process of defining such identity. According to Zukin, city governments may not have sufficient funding to manage available public spaces. Consequently, these places turn into crime hubs for drug users, rapists and other criminals, and soon lose their recreational appeal to the public for which they were originally intended. So far, the effective applicable solution to this crisis has been to form a partnership with private institutions, which contribute much of the necessary funds for reclamation and maintenance of the public places. She gives an example of Bryant Park, which was restored to its former glory by the Bryant Park Restoration Corporation. The folly in this ‘solution’ to the problem of funding manifests itself in the quality attached to the restored parks. Mostly, ethnic minority groups are not to found socializing with the dominantly Caucasian population that frequents the park over lunch hour. Moreover, there is a new development in the restored park: surveillance. Private guards and public police officials remain posted on watch throughout the day, and over nightfall. Now, Zukin’s description of the installation of surveillance on a privatized public property is similar to Yue’s comment on the inclusion of surveillance technologies in postmodern shopping malls and supermarkets. She touches on kleptomania and shoplifting as the causes of the inclusion pointing out how women seem connected to the crimes. According to Zukin, the new or restored public spots have an implication on gender as well; women who previously shirked these public parks due to insecurity now join their male counterparts for lunch, and prepare some of the buffeted meals and cappuccino that is served in the park. Yue touches on the public-private nature of shopping showing how managers use the ‘displacement technique’ to ensure sales. Yue’s articl
Introduction It is imperative for an individual to recognize that his or her existence has a meaning, which must achieve fulfillment before he or she dies. This philosophical piece begins by highlighting the value achieved when individuals thinks rationally as they engage in a reflection of the meaning of their life. Secondly, the piece offers an explication of conceptual foundations of human actions and believes. It further explores the nature of human responsibility towards the realization of one’s full potential. In addition, in this piece, I present my philosophical understanding of the “problem of evil, the existence of God, free will, the mind and body relation, human knowledge and the question of being” (Descartes, Roger &Donald 2). Finally, I will evaluate philosophical themes, which I depict from writings of major historical and contemporary philosophers. Value of thinking philosophically by reflecting on the meaning of one’s own life There is a distinct difference between critical thinkers and non-critical thinkers. I believe in the above statement because critical thinkers pose many questions to have sufficient and clear understanding of issues around them. When people think philosophically, they can replicate their livelihood and make superior decisions with constructive influence. That is, they have ample duration to consider effectively different consequences that could arise from their decisions (Descartes, Roger &Donald 41). I suggest that individuals should adopt philosophical way of thinking to advance their life setting. Conceptual foundations of human actions and beliefs When human beings undertake any actions or choose to believe in certain systems, they usually follow traditions already practiced by previous generations. The foundation of their actions is through experiences and continuous civilizations. Consequently, different societies have crafted procedures through which members of those societies are required to behave. These procedures are set regulations aimed at fostering sanity and development of mutual relationship among various individuals. Affiliates of this societies result to following the recommended practices, which is critically how foundat
Introduction Radiation comes from natural sources and man-made sources. Included in the natural sources are those that come from outer space (especially the sun), the rocks and soil, and the human body (Natural Radiation, par. 2). Man-made sources include medical equipment, consumer products, nuclear weapons and industrial infrastructures (pars. 7 -10). Radiation has a harmful effect upon the human body. However, since it is useful in medicine and industry, its use must be controlled so that human exposure will be minimized. New modalities and uses are being introduced using radiation. Radiations are classified as alpha, beta and gamma radiations. An alpha radiation emanates from “heavier elements” (with atomic number higher than 52) and becomes ionized easily that prevents penetrating a material (Types of Radiation, par. 4). It cannot penetrate and cannot harm the skin (4). This emission can only travel for a short distance in the air (What Types, par. 2). The particle is a helium nucleus (2) with a positive charge (Types of Radiation, par. 4). The Beta radiation can have a positive charge (positron) or negative charge (negatron), lighter, moves fast, and has a higher penetrating capacity (5). Although it can penetrate water, inner layer of the skin, and other materials, an aluminum metal can stop it (5). A gamma radiation is electromagnetic in nature just like the ultraviolet rays (6). It has a short wavelength, high penetration capacity (even into the tissue) and a danger to people (6). The X-ray is grouped together with gamma radiation (Radiation Protection, 6). Figure I Frequency and Wavelength Spectrum (Source: Ra
The Story of Paul Bunyan and Explanation American folklore would have been incomplete without Paul Bunyan. According to many narrators in the country, Paul Bunyan was an enormous lumberjack. He was renowned for his superhuman powers and labors. The story of Bunyan indicates that he was “always accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox” (Luckhurst 19). According to the legendary tale, Paul Bunyan was a gigantic infant after his birth. It took several storks to carry the young Bunyan to his parents who lived in Bangor. After growing up, Bunyan’s single drag was believed to have led to the creation of the Grand Canyon. Some storytellers go further to indicate that Bunyan’s footprints led to depressions that later became the 10,000 lakes of Minnesota (Marshall et al. 48). These frontier tales have encouraged many people to believe that Bunyan is a legend in America’s folklore. The history of Paul Bunyan is therefore attributable to the oral traditions of many loggers in Pennsylvania (Marshall et al. 94). The character of Bunyan was eventually popularized by William Laughead towards the end of the 19 th century. Background of Paul Bunyan’s Story Paul Bunyan’s folklore has been analyzed and examined by many historians and literary scholars for very many years. According to these experts, the story of Paul Bunyan is largely based on a lumberjack named Fabian Fournier (McDonnell 21). The logger was a French-Canadian who lived in Michigan after the infamous Civil War. Historians indicate that the lumberjack was gigantic. With a staggering height of over six feet, Fournier was observed to have enormous hands (Marshall et al. 67). These attributes explain why his fellow loggers in the region gave him the nickname Saginaw Joe (Holbrook 76). According to the folklore, Fournier had two sets of teeth. He could use the teeth to bite off wooden rails and hunks (Scott 65). The hero, according to the story, was killed in November 1875 in a place called Bay City. The unexpected death of Fournier gained much attention because his killer was eventually acquitted. The stories of Fournier’s prowess as a lumberjack have therefore been narrated in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan for many decades. The story would later be merged with that of Bon Jean. It is argued that Bon Jean’s participation in the Papineau Rebellion in the year 1837 is something that empowered many loggers in St. Eustache (Luckhurst 29). Canadians were unable to pronounce the name “Bon Jean” correctly. This kind of mispronunciation is what evolved into the name “Bunyan”. Paul Bunyan’s Story and America’s Society and Culture Today, it is agreeable that Paul Bunyan remains a larger-than-life folk superman who inspires the American spirit (McDonnell 22). The folklore champion symbolizes the vitality and desire that characterized the actions of many people throughout the 18 th and 19 th centuries. Paul Bunyan has become a symbol of might among Americans. The folklore encou
Vision and Opportunity Having graduated from the university, I would like to achieve a lot of goals that I have defined. To begin with, I want to elicit my potential and start my own business in UAE or another country if I will decide to shift my place of residence and gain new experience. More than that, I suppose that it would be extremely important for me to continue education in the sphere of business and economics in order to be able to meet competition that is constantly increasing. Finally, I would like to invent something unique related to my future business (for instance, service that would be provided only in my company). My purpose is to become successful in the future without using some inappropriate practices such as having an unfair competition. Aside from that, I have a range of values that I am going to implement in my future work. These values include business transparency, workforce diversity (it can be important to ensure that different ethnicities are presented), and customer satisfaction. As for the latter, I would call it the primary business-related value as positive customer feedback remains the key to success. When it comes to my mission, I see it in helping other people to estrange problems that may decrease their quality of live. Questions guiding my choices in life would look like that:  1. What can I do to be helpful?  2. How can this opportunity be used?  3. Which problem is the most urgent now? Three opportunities related to the current situation in the market are the following:  1. There is a demand for tourist services in UAE  2. Purchasing power of people in UAE is quite high  3. Specialists speaking other languages besides Arabic are in-demand in UAE Marketing and Implementation Strategy If I decided to establish my own travel agency, I would see my mission in providing customers with high-quality services that would not be too expensive. Therefore, the compelling value that I would offer to my prospective customers and the society in general is availability of services that would help me to support th
The issue of racism is prevailing in Gaines’s novel A Lesson Before Dying , wherein the author casts a shadow on the generalized attitudes toward black people in the American South of the post-WWII period. Wrongly accused of the crime by the all-white jury, the protagonist of the story is sentenced to death, facing racial discrimination and belittlement from the community members. An analysis of the novel’s plot, characters, and theme provides a sustainable basis to argue that even brutal racial discrimination cannot eradicate the individual’s right for humanity. Summary of the Plot In his novel A Lesson Before Dying , Gaines narrates an emotional-evoking story of Jefferson, an uneducated black man, erroneously accused of the robbery and murder of a white male. Notwithstanding the attempts of the defense attorney to persuade the court that Jefferson is not intelligent enough to conduct such a crime, the jury declares the man guilty. “Justice, gentlemen? Why, I would just as soon put a hog in the electric chair” (Gaines 1993, 8). As followed by Blanco and Vidal (2014), the black man’s effort to deliver testimony during the trial is not taken into account, as he is convicted of the misdemeanor solely based on his racial features (85). Although slavery was condemned approximately 60 years ago, racial tensions continue to arise in the segregated Louisiana of the 1940s, where the story takes place (Blanco and Vidal 2014, 83). Following the court’s decision, Jefferson stays in the prison cell, waiting for capital punishment. Lonely and humiliated by the insensitive comment made by his defense attorney during the trial, the black man internalizes his remark, losing a sense of self-dignity. To help Jefferson revitalize his belief in himself, his godmother, Miss Emma, persuades Grant Wiggins, a black teacher at a local school, to educate him. As highlighted by Blanco and Vidal (2014), during the several months of imprisonment, Jefferson establishes a tight personal bond with his mentor, undergoing a real spiritual transformation (83). Together with Grant, the man explores the significance of personal choice, self-respect, and the ability to oppose racial inequality in society. “As long as none