ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
CH is an elderly man who suffers from emphysema that was caused by the patient’s prolonged history of smoking. It is important to note that smoking is usually discussed as the main cause of such chronic pulmonary disease as emphysema that is characterized by damaging alveoli in lungs. The walls of alveoli can lose their elasticity, and they become destroyed. As a result, the volume of air in lungs increases, causing the shortness of breath because of the presence of a lot of old air (Grassino, Fracchia, Rampulla, & Zocchi, 2013). Therefore, it is possible to speak about the further development of the “barrel” chest configuration as a consequence of emphysema. The pathological process behind the “barrel” chest configuration is the increase in the lungs’ volume because of their constant hyperinflation as a result of emphysema. The chest becomes rounded due to the augmented lungs in which the volume of air increases significantly. Thus, it is also possible to notice the larger capacity of lungs (Grassino et al., 2013). The “barrel” chest configuration caused by the increased residual volume of lungs is observed because the diaphragm stays in the inspiratory position all the time, and this process can develop gradually (Linton, 2015; Shan et al., 2014). Patients with emphysema are expected to have rather normal arterial gases analysis if emphysema is only developing. The reason is that the abnormal level of oxygen in the blood is compensated with other processes such as the secondary polycythemia because the body reacts to hypoxemia and tries to address it while producing more red cells to increase the level of oxygen. Nevertheless, it is possible to notice hypoxemia that is a result of the inadequate functioning of lungs and the low level of received oxygen. Hypoxemia can be identified with the help of arterial gases analysis when emphysema only develops (Shan et al., 2014). The pathology associated with this process is the chronic inadequate respiration because of the damaged alveoli that leads to decreasing oxygen levels in the individual’s blood. However, CH suffers from emphysema for many years, and it is possible to expect such abnormal changes in arterial blood gases as both hypoxemia and hypercapnia. It is important to note that the inadequate functioning of lungs in CH can lead to increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the patient’s blood (Grassino et al., 2013). The relationship between the development of emphysema and the level of arterial gases in the blood is often discussed as significant to assess the patient’s state effectively only when emphysema is advanced or progressive. The further development of emphysema in CH can lead to such complications caused by described pathological processes as pneumothorax that is associated with the air surrounding the lungs. The air becomes concentrated between the person’s lungs, and this process can cause the further collapse of the lung (Linton, 2015). Another complication is the development of heart problems. It is possible to observe the failure of the heart’s right side associated with the advanced emphysema when arteries serving
The Most Significant Objectives in New Year This year is going to be very important, and the key goal is to make it better than the previous one. In order to do so, I will concentrate on the three main objectives – I will try to do my best to stay healthy, achieve my goals, and spend more time with my friends and family. To my mind, these three points are the most significant in the life of any individual and everyone should pay special attention to their personal goals and surroundings. First, I would like to accentuate the importance of being healthy. Modern people are so caught up in the routine of everyday life that they usually tend to forget that their physical health impacts their mental health as well. Being healthy is beneficial as it helps me to keep motivated and dedicated. To my mind, exercising every day is crucial if you want to grow yourself into a responsible human being. Our health is one of the assets that cannot be bought, traded, or exchanged. Therefore, we should proceed with caution when living our lives recklessly. By being healthy, I also mean maintaining healthy relations with the people who surround you. As Grillo mentioned in his book (2013), one of the most famous Benjamin Franklin’s quotes says that “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise” (p. 89). I think that taking care of our health makes us more disciplined and helps us to find out what we are ultimately capable of. Human health is an unconventional treasure, and we have to do everything we can to guard it. Second, I would stress the importance of achieving our goals. According to Qaiser (2013), Thomas Jefferson once said that “Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude” (p. 105).
Introduction Trygve Magnus Haavelmo was a Norwegian scholar who majored in Economics and Econometrics. He was born on 13th December 1911, in Skedsmo, Norway. He is one of the most influential economists of the 19th century. This paper will take a detailed look at Trygve Haavelmo’s life; his movement through life, his works, his accomplishments, and other aspects of his life. Early life Trygve Haavelmo studied at the University of Oslo where he was a student of Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, another Norwegian economist. Ragnar is credited for having coined many economic terms such as macroeconomics, flow-input, econometrics, point-output, and many more. Ragnar Frisch was a joint winner of the Nobel Prize winner in Economics with Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen, In 1969 (University of Oslo par. 1). Frisch was a major influence on Haavelmo. In 1939, Haavelmo fled the Nazi invasion of Norway and moved to the United States. Here, he joined Harvard University as a Fulbright student. The Fulbright program is a scheme that offers educational grants to exchanges, students, scholars, educators, graduate students, and professionals to study in the United States (newschool.edu par. 2). The Econometrics field One of the fields that Haavelmo focused on and made major contributions to, is Econometrics. Econometrics, according to econometrics.org, combines a number of subjects including mathematics, economics, economic theory, and statistics. The website nobel-winners.com defines econometrics as the application of mathematical models in association with statistical techniques to economic data. “The goal of econometrics is twofold: to give economic theory empirical data and to empirically verify it. It is a study that produces measurements, where qualitative data is turned into quantitative mathematical forms. Once this is performed, these statements can then be empirically proven, unproven, measured, and compared.” (Econometrics.org par.1). Haavelmo’s first major work It was between 1940 and 1946 as a Fulbright scholar at Harvard, that Trygve Haavelmo made his major contribution to Economics and Econometrics. During this period, he produced a work that presented a new tool for economists and formed the basis of modern Econometrics. In 1943, while he was at Harvard University, Haavelmo wrote an article that was published on Econometrica, a Journal of the Econometric Society. In 1944 he produced a second work as part of his dissertation for his doctorate. This paper was supplementary to the paper he had written the previous year. In this work, he introduced the “probability approach” to Econometrics. The work attempted to provide a theory for the analysis of economic variables’ interaction. This work-based econometrics is more firmly on the probability theory. This work provided the answer to questions about the applicability of probability models to economic data. In this work, he argued that quantitative economic models must necessarily be probability models. The previously relied on deterministic models are inconsistent with observed econ
Growing inequality, when a small group of people concentrates most of the world’s capital in their hands and the majority of the population is on the threshold of poverty, catalyzes controversial debate. However, the situation in the United States, in which over the past 40 years, incomes of 50% of the low-income population have increased by only 1%, while 1% of the US elite has achieved 205% growth – does not contradict the logic of classical libertarianism. The representative of the latter is Robert Nozick. Following the release of A Theory of Justice by John Rawls in 1971, which marked a milestone in the development of the enlightenment project, Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia , published in 1974, represented the application of the methods of analytical philosophy to the construction of an argumentative political concept. The minimal state is a night watchman, whose functions are limited to protecting all citizens from violence, theft and fraud, as well as enforcing contracts, etc., gave a new impetus to libertarian discussions, the quintessence of which was the question of taxes. The fundamental difference between Nozick’s minimal state and the conventional understanding of this concept is that his state does not collect taxes to finance its functions (Moore, 2020). Taxing the wealthy to help the poor is nothing more than violence against the wealthy. Moreover, containing a portion of my profits is tantamount to forced labor. For example, if the state considers it normal to collect 30% of my arguments, then it can equally force me to work 30% of my working time for the state. Sharpening the thesis, isn’t forced labor called slavery? Libertarianism, moving into the mainstream of classical liberalism, exists in the conditions of diverse discourses, between which there is no conversion. Considering himself a true deontologist, Nozick proclaims the independence of the distribution of goods from subjective ideas about the good for the simple reason that we will never reach an agreement on these very concepts of the good. Thus, as the true master of myself, I must inevitably be recognized as the sole owner of the results of my labor. Stealing from the rich and giving to the poor is all the same stealing, no matter whether it was committed by Robin Hood or by the state. In other words, according to Nozick, at the center of the question of taxation is not money but human freedom. Reference Moore, A. D. (2020). Taxation, forced labor, and theft: Why taxation is “on a par” with forced labor . The Southern Journal of Philosophy . Web.
Introduction In our research, we have interviewed a Turkish woman from Istanbul. The aim of the interview was to get a better understanding of the peculiarities of the Turkish culture, to get to know some interesting facts about national customs and traditions. Main Body Good morning Zehra. Thank you for coming and for your attention paid. We would like to ask you several questions concerning the cultural peculiarities of your country, if you dont mind, of course. Can you please describe the traditional Turkish dishes and maybe their cooking methods? Traditional Turkish cuisine has many dishes that are typical of our culture. Among a great variety of them, it should be mentioned such dish as pilaf, which is one of the main foods in our cuisine. There are also such dishes as borek, kebap, kofte, and many more. In order to know better the Turkish culture, you should taste at least some of them. We should do it by all means. And speaking about Turkish architecture, what architectural monuments in Istanbul should be visited first of all? The Turkish architecture is multifarious. It was influenced by a mixture of different styles. The most celebrated building in Istanbul is Hagia Sophia, which may be considered a symbol of the city. There are also a lot of beautiful ancient mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Sakirin Mosque, and many others. The Turkish traditional architectural style is famous for its ornaments and carvings. At the same time, there are many buildings of contemporary architecture. What are the main holidays and traditions in Turkey? How do you celebrate a wedding, or for instance a birth of a child? Turkey is a country with very rich traditions. Family relations are of great importance to our nation. There exists a strict hierarchy in the family. Children and mothers implicitly obey to father who is the head of a family. Younger brothers obey the elder brothers, as well as sisters, obey all brothers. But the head of a family is always a man. At the same time, the youngest brother has a right to give direction to an elder sister. However, it must be admitted that the mother of a large family is honored by all members of a family. A wedding rite in Turkey always begins with a marriage proposal and a betrothal. As a rule, a celebration begins on Thursday and lasts several days. There are several wedding traditions in Turkey. For instance, the hands of a bride are covered with refined traceries and her father ties a crimson ribbon on her snow-white dress. Close family members present a newly wedded couple with jewelry. At the same time in rural districts of Turkey, people do not pay much attention to civil marriage. Here the Islamic weddi
Introduction The media has great power in society since it informs people, provides the basis upon which people make sense of new information presented to them, and focuses attention on particular issues. For this reason, traditional media such as TV, radio, and newspaper have influenced the society greatly over the past century. However, with the huge evolution of technology and new media over the past two decades, people no longer depend entirely on traditional media. People are more skeptical about news and advertisements reported in traditional media. Unlike traditional media in which people are only allowed to read and listen , new media offer a variety of communication channels in which new media users are allowed to interact with events and news instantly. In this essay, I will discuss the effectiveness of traditional media and social media, and how social media has a better participation in changing the world in terms of politics and human rights. Social Media and Politics Social media acts as a powerful agent for change when it is used to encourage people to fight against social injustices. Historically, the traditional mass media has been used as an agent of change with professional journalists acting as the society’s watchdog. These professions have brought to the public’s attention issues that need to be dealt with and called for action. However, this great power of the traditional media suffers from too much government scrutiny and media houses that are anti-government can be penalized in authoritarian states. Social media provides a more potent tool for encouraging people to fight against injustices. Social media can be used to encourage popular uprisings, as was the case in the Arab Spring. In Tunisia, the civil unrest was organized through social networking sites that encouraged people to protest against government oppression (Alqudsi-ghabra 154). Political change was achieved by using social media to mobilize people to fight against government injustices. Social Media promotes political activism in people who would otherwise be apolitical. Many social media forums encourage individuals to be politically active with people being persuaded to take part in activities such as online protests or join certain online causes in order to make their voices heard. People who visit social media sp
Making smartphones brilliant: Ten trends Given the high level of advancement in the field of information and technology, Atluri et al (2012) asserted that the tastes and preferences of consumers are likely to change as a result of their increased needs. To keep up with the pace of this change, the manufacturers of smartphones have come up with innovative and creative ideas to keep up with the current needs of customers. It is as a result of this realization that companies like Apple, Samsung, and Nokia have come up with innovative and creative techniques that have improved the interface and experience of using smart phones (Atluri et al, 2012). However, given the ever-changing needs of customers, these companies need to improve the quality of their products to stand at a competitive edge. To achieve this, the companies need to take advantage of the advancement in technology to improve on displays, sensors, batteries and power storage, web centricity, manufacturing materials, phone interfaces, OS convergence, cloud services, UIX models, and contextual services. All this will not only increase the quality of the smartphones available in the future but they will ensure that users get maximum satisfaction from the use of the services. This paper thus focuses on the benefits that smartphone manufacturing services will gain while utilizing the advancement in technology. Mobile social networking in theory and practice Lugano (2008) has noted the importance of social networking in the lives of people during the 21 st century. According to him, cell phones and tablets have increased the use of social networks. Therefore, in his study, Lugano has focused on the use of social network sites by young adults in Finland. Of key importance, his
Surveys have shown that most acquisitions in business do not succeed. One reason for the failure of acquisitions is inconsistent business logic (Pearson Education 2012). Acquisitions fail because most companies fail to establish an acquisition strategy from solid foundations and as a result, the purchase puts a considerable strain on the acquirer’s assets (Connell 2008). Acquisitions fail due to wrong strategies; most acquiring companies lack a clear strategy on which value the acquisition will add to the business. Most acquisitions fail because of opportunism. Most acquirers buy other businesses merely because they are on offer (Cleverley, Song, & Cleverley 2011). In view of this, most acquirers rush to acquire other businesses and fail to consider the alternatives. For instance, the carmaker Toyota got into the luxury auto market profitably through Lexus (Stadler 2011). On the other hand, Ford Company paid a percentage for Jaguar, but afterwards faced excessive assimilation expenses and found that its price per vehicle was much higher than that of Lexus (Kapferer & Bastien 2009). Inconsistent perceptive of the new business is the other reason acquisitions fail. Most companies misjudge the market by failure to devote the needed time and capital to make sure that the preferred target for the acquisition will produce the most wanted returns. Most businesses often misjudge the influence of new knowledge and additional market changes in the interim but undervalue it in the long-term (Ireland, Hoskisson, & Hitt 2008). Failure to appreciate the business model leads to acquisitions failures. In view of this, the acquirer should make an all-inclusive evaluation of how the target will be incorporated into the new business, and where the process and business improvement returns are to be realized (Kaplan 2000). Other problematic areas that lead to failure of acquisitions include overvalued achievable synergies and problematic areas unidentified in due attentiveness (DePamphilis 2011). Inconsistent deal managing constitutes the other cause of failure of acquisitions. When acquiring other business, a company should not pay too much for the offer. Many economic experts ascertain that a business is worth what the acquirer is willing to pay. A poor negotiation strategy leads to failure of the acquisition. Many acquiring companies lack a comprehensible negotiation plan that echoes the status of the deal. A poor negotiation plan can amount to provisos that one side of the acquisition considers unreasonable (Thompson & Martin 2010). Lack of an advance integration strategy leads to acquisition failure. Before an acquisition takes place, the acquiring company must have a strategy in place as part of the valuation process, to facilitate in taking rapid action. For instance, BMW purchased Rover in a rush, stealing the business deal at the final minute from a contender. BMW had no comprehensible assimilation strategy at the time, thus; it was unable to
Introduction To succeed or fail in school is a student’s choice. Whichever happens, is not an accident but a reflection of the kind of academic environment created by the student while in school. It is this atmosphere that molds the nature of the student; good or bad. A good or bad student does not necessarily imply that he/she tops or tails. He/she is good based on his/her behavior in class. For instance, a good student is well distinguished by his/her thoughtful questions he/she raises in class following his teacher’s lectures. These questions show how enthusiastic the student is to learn. This particular student researches keenly other sources of relevant knowledge. He/she frequents the library to enrich what has been presented to him/her by the teacher. Above all, a good student is always conscientious in class. Discussion Dante Alighieri, the hero and the writer of Dante’s Inferno pictures two characters, Dante, who plays the role of a student, and Virgil-his guide and teacher. Just as a good student ranks him/herself below the teacher, Dante refers to Virgil as his “master and author” (Canto I), an indication of Virgil’s influence on Dante’s life, not only as a student but also as a poet. It is worth noting that though Dante is not literally in school, he is referred to as a student through the way he presents himself before Virgil. Throughout the story, Dante presents himself as a good student through the way he posits questions to Virgil, listens to him as he narrates the sinner’s stories and the way he feels under him although there is an exceptional instance when he behaves like a bad one. As aforementioned, Dante’s inquisitiveness qualifies him as a good student. For instance, he posits several questions to Virgil. When he realizes that he is lost in wood after noticing the beasts ahead of him, he is lucky to notice Virgil, who in turn offers to guide him through the eternal world. Their conversation on their way is dominated by Dante’s questions. For instance, he asks, “Master, who is those folk whom the black air so castigates?” (Canto V). This is no more than a journey between a teacher and a student, as characterized by Dante’s (student) questions to Virgil (teacher). His being lost in the wood and his desire for a guider Virgil are symbolic. It shows how a beginner student feels ‘lost’ in the world when he/she initially knows nothing about it. His/ her going to school is likened to Dante’s desire for a teacher. On their way, Dante asks, “Art thou then that Virgil and that fount which pours forth so large a stream of speech?” (Alighieri Canto I). Dante realizes that Virgil his time with Virgil is a valuable opportunity that once tapped will leave him knowledgeable of the strange world. He opts to ask Virgil any burning question, so that he can understand because according to him, Virgil knows better than him. He posits, “Thou art wise, thou understand