ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of the research described in the article “Sexual health knowledge and risk behavior in young people with first-episode psychosis” is to provide an analysis of sexual health knowledge, risk behavior, and STI screening history among young people who experienced the first episode of psychosis. The results of the study indicated that there is a need for sexual health screening education to address sexual health and harm minimization issues. The purpose of the study is clearly set in the abstract, however, the authors have failed to provide a valid basis for their research. In particular, the opening section titled “Background” contains the statement that it is subjectively known that STI and unwanted pregnancies add anxiety to the lives of young people and it is increasingly accepted that psychiatric illness among the young is associated with a range of adverse life consequences. Thus, the whole research is based on subjective assumptions rather than proved information. The research was limited to the area of south-eastern Sydney and the results of the survey are valid only for this area. The “Method” section described in detail the participants, questionnaire, and data analysis. The authors specifically stated that the purpose of the questionnaire was to assess safe sex-related knowledge and risk perception among young people who had experienced the first episode of psychosis. The limitations of the study were also addressed: individuals without a mental health diagnosis and those who were currently experiencing psychosis were excluded from the survey. Nevertheless, the choice of a questionnaire as a method to collect primary information was not justified. The “Results” section is well-planned and logically presented. The authors have provided statistical information on respondent characteristics, history of sexual activity, sexual health knowledge, attitudes concerning safer sex, and sexually transmitted infection screening history. These five results correspond to the five questions from the questionnaire. It is important to note that the validity of the research is questionable because of the small sample (results are based only on 62 questionnaires) and the insufficient response rate (56%). Referring to the results, the research hypothesis is not justified because 82% of all respondents reported self-perceived knowledge of safer sex as “good” and “60% of the respondents reported having STI screen. The “discussion” section is detailed and informative. The authors referred to recent studies in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden to support the results of their research. This section is the longest part of the report and is the most useful in terms of research application. Nevertheless, the authors failed to provide the recommendation for further research, study limitations, and conclusion. It is noted in the concluding part that there is a need to improve the knowledge among young mentally ill people, to provide access to support groups, and to require healthcare workers to further educate about
Introduction Active euthanasia has remained a controversial issue in different parts of the world. This happens to be the case since the topic revolves around the termination of a person’s life to end pain or suffering. Within the past five decades, different groups have presented diverse opinions that continue to reshape the future of this debate. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the arguments and counterarguments associated with this issue. Thesis Statement While many people present the notions of medical ethics, the right to life, and the availability of palliative care to oppose active euthanasia, there are those who support it since it is evidence-based in nature and tackles the problem of intense pain in chronic conditions. Arguments for Legalizing Active Euthanasia The questions of active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide have become sources of moral and ethical concerns since they give other people the power to end life. Due to the nature of this controversy, some experts have focused on the terminal and chronic conditions that are associated with different complications, including severe pain. Monteverde uses these attributes to define “active euthanasia” as the deliberate act of terminating the life of a patient experiencing pain (5). There are specific arguments that many experts have presented to support this evidence-based medical practice. The first one is that it revolves around the issue of compassion. According to Stokes, many supporters of this practice acknowledge that there is a need for societies to allow individuals who might be experiencing suffering to die peacefully (151). This means that medical professionals can select the process of euthanasia as a powerful approach for dealing w
There is a need to adopt a multifaceted approach when pondering how work fits into biblical categories. Keller (2014) addresses the notion of using a single verse of principle to view work. He states that the meaning of vocation is that being as generous as possible after making money at work is a way of serving God. However, Smith (2003) elaborates on yet another perspective of evaluating Keller’s (2014) sentiment regarding service to God. The debate between the shareholder and stakeholder theories is divergent on making as much money as possible to share it with other people. Our work is shaped by Christian witness, ethics, worldview, identity, and motives. This statement implies that there is no specific principle or verse that offers a well-rounded understanding of work. Smith (2003) illustrates the dilemma in which companies are regarding serving the stakeholders’ interests and maximizing their shareholders’ value. According to the stakeholder theory, the local community, customers, suppliers, shareholders, and employees are all important entities of the company – stakeholders (Smith, 2003). Thus, as shareholders, managers are charged with the responsibility of ensuring a balance when making decisions concerning stakeholders and protecting their ethical rights from possible violations by shareholders. On the other hand, the shareholder theory argues that, since shareholders are the ones generating the capital needed by the organization, managers need to spend this money in accordance with the particular ways as dictated by shareholders. This conflict of interest results in a dispute between these two sides of the organization, creating a dilemma. The stakeholders’ viewpoint is that the profitability of the business is not as significant as their interests. This stance is somewhat related to Keller’s (2014) sentiment regarding making as much money as possible to share it with other people generously as a way of serving God at work. Similarly, Bhattacharya (2017) adds that serving humanity is equal to serving God. One way of helping people is by being generous and sharing with them the payment received from work. This statement is closely linked to the argument by Keller (2014) that God created people to work, earn, help each other, and make the world a better place. Indeed, maximizing the shareholder value is not a good approach, although it may boost a company’s profitability. In the light of stakeholder theory claims, Keller (2014) argues that we should not work and earn money to glorify ourselves because that would be idolizing it. Instead, people need to take the right attitude by positively impacting society through generosity. Serving others, especially the less privileged, makes one feel fulfilled, and this is the basis of the stakeholder theory. Companies need to shift from holding their shareholders highly because of their profitability to the business and focus more on maximizing stakeholders’ v
Introduction Leadership is an important aspect in modern day organizational environment. However, many issues have come up regarding the concept of leadership and how it can be realized. There is a raging debate on leadership with some people believing that leaders are born, whereas other arguing that leaders are made. Those who believe that leaders are born hold the view that leaders possess some innate qualities that contribute to their success as leaders. On the other hand, for those who believe that leaders are made, the view is that leadership can be learned and developed just like any other behavior or characteristic (Robbins, 2005). These assertions bring about the concept of nature versus nurture in respect to leadership (Johnson, Vernon, McCarthy, Molson, Harris, & Jang, 1998). This essay shall elaborate on the debate as to whether leadership is a product of the environment through learning, or it is an inborn character that individuals are born with. Leadership Leadership can be defined as the ability and desire for inspiring and influencing others. Leaders are very important in organizations as they provide guidance to the organization in realizing its intended goals. Leaders guide the organizational performances to ensure that the organization is on the right track to effectively realize its set objectives. Good leadership is usually associated with success of the organization (Robbins, 2005). An example of good leadership has been seen at Apple Incorporation, in which the former chief executive director, the late Steve Jobs, provided good leadership that saw the company become a leader in the provision of electronics gadgets. Good leadership is characterized by integrity, honesty and good interpersonal skills among others. On the other hand, bad leadership is characterized by corruption, dishonesty, and lack of good interpersonal relationship among others. Bad leadership often leads to failure of the organization to realize its set goals (Kotter, 1990). Leaders are born There is an argument that leaders are born, and not made. In
The sphere of genetics has evolved into a series of questions that capture the interest not only of scientists and scholars but also of average people. The idea that an individual’s genetic code bears all the information about his or her life presents a scope of theories and discussions. Lone Frank uncovered her vision of the epigenetics as a powerful tool for the future social change in the ways people will behave. If the genetically encoded information about health or individual dispositions of a child was available from the moment of birth, it would provoke a shift in people’s self-perception and the relationships with others and the world. There might be several positive outcomes from sequencing newly born babies. To name one, the availability of information about a child’s health issues might provide a variety of opportunities to recognize the threats and prevent the development of a disease (Frank 280-281). It could be made by the elimination of the key factors triggering the danger. Such awareness provided by epigenetics could have long-term positive outcomes ensuring the overall improvement of human well-being and health. As for the adverse consequences that the sequencing of newborns might result in, the genetic information about health and intellectual perspectives might cause harm to the individuals labeled as genetically disadvantaged. If technologies develop quickly, it is undoubted that the gene-related advancement will not remain a private matter for a long time. It is highly possible that the sequenced data would be publically available and become a reason for manipulation and forcing people to act according to their genetic predisposition rather than their free will. Such unforeseen consequences might result in unfavorable life conditions for those whose genome code signifies their weaknesses. If humans obtained the information about themselves from their genes since the day of their birth, it would change their mindset and the way they perceive themselves as individuals. Depending on the quality of the genome, a person might underestimate or overestimate his or her abilities and predispositions, thus engaging in corresponding kinds of activities. Being aware of the possible health issues that can evolve during a person’s lifetime, he or she will be able to carry out necessary procedures to eliminate the harms and prevent a problem. However, from a psychological point of view, a person who is aware of such issues might obtain a pessimistic attitude to life and lose an ability to change the course of life. However, presuming that parents could receive the information about their children from the moment of the babies’ births, it would have a significant impact on relationships between them. According to the study analyzed by Frank, the interventions with teenager
The whole book of Sigelman and Rider is dedicated to various development processes that take part in the human body and mind, and Chapter 10 concerns particularly the mechanisms of language perception and development in the early age of the child. There are many processes that the authors deal with while describing the language acquisition procedure and some of them raise particular interest because of their significance in the child development process and the overall scale of human development. For example, two approaches to the formation of the ability to understand and to imitate language with the upcoming ability to learn a particular language is a very significant issue that is still the subject of agile debates between proponents of different hypotheses. The matter is that nowadays there are three main approaches to identifying the way by which language is learned by children: it is the naturalistic approach arguing that all people have the in-born Language Acquisition Device (LED) that enables all of them to learn the language spoken around them, i.e. the language of their parents (Sigelman and Rider, 2008). This approach is the subject of the nativist perspective of studying language learning and development. The second approach has acquired the name of a learning perspective; it argues that children learn a language through imitation of their parents and people surrounding them due to their extensive susceptibility to outer actions and expressions and the intense interest in the world that surrounds them. So, proponents of this perspective think that the social environment is the decisive factor that shapes the child’s command of the language, while the role of people surrounding him or her, mainly parents, as correctors and instructors, is the toolbox for learning the language (Sigelman and Rider, 2008). The third perspective is the interactionist one, stating that both learning and nature have a great influence on the child in the process of language acquisition, and the main task of the science is to understand how they are combined to let the child learn a language effectively. Thus, the defenders of this perspective reject the unique possibilities of LAD and insist that the ability to acquire language is a natural ability that is still interconnected with other biological an
Introduction This essay compares and contrasts two art works from a collection of ancient arts. The comparison and contrasting is done in view of art aspects such as style, symbolism, materials used, as well as aesthetic issues. The comparison was done on the, ‘Head and Bust (fragment) of a man’ which is believed to have originated between the period of 1980-1630 B.C. from the Smithsonian’s Museums of Asian Art and Casket with Warriors and Mythological figures, from the Heilbrunn timeline of art history (Freer, 2011). Before drawing the contrast that exists between the two art works, it is imperative that their historical backgrounds are surfaced. The casket with warrior and mythological figures is thought to have been probably made in the formally powerful city, in the Constantinople. The art work bore ornamental strips stuck on wood fastened with a lock plate made in silver. The art work was given to J. Pierpont Morgan as a gift in the year 1917. ‘Head and Bust (fragment) of a man’ was a gift given to Charles Lang freer. The two art works vary in different aspects, first and foremost the pieces of work vary based on the materials that are used in their preparation, the head and bust of a man is made of lime stone while the Casket is made of strips of wood with silver lock (Freer, 2011). Another notable difference in the two sculptures is their origin and the theme that is being passed across in both cases. The Casket was made in the Constantinople according to the historical information. The head and bust, however traces its root to the Egypt in origin. Both works however are both three dimensional. The styles in both works show d
Introduction In the recent past, scholars and historians have focused commendable attention on the activities of Afro-Americans in the United States that led to their liberation. Historians have thus produced numerous analyses of civil rights organizations, history of the intellectual aspects of the liberation thoughts of the black Americans, biographies of people who played key roles in fighting for civil rights, like Malcolm X, Dr. King, etcetera, and even various studies of parties like the Black Panther Party, that key roles in the fight for black freedom. However, one key aspect of the black freedom movement lacks in these studies. This aspect is the great role that was played by women in the black freedom movement. This paper is an in-depth exploration of the oft-neglected role of women in the fight for black freedom in the post-war period. Evidence of women’s involvement in struggle for black freedom Although most of them have been left out of historical books, and thus their names are not popular among the masses, there is overwhelming evidence of the involvement of black women in the fight for black freedom. One such evidence is the historical images captured during the worst protests that took place during the civil rights activism that
Introduction It is important to point out first that living out a Christian lifestyle is not what so many people perceive it to be. Many people through ignorance think it is a lifestyle chosen by those who are desperate, bored, and having nothing else to do with their lives. Indeed to live out a lifestyle of following Christ is not for the feeble, cowards, and for the people pleasers. The lifestyle is a life characterized by self-denial, discipline, and commitment. But who is a Christian? The word Christian first appears in the Bible in Acts 11:26 which reads “ And the disciples were first called Christians in Antioch ” (Acts 11:26b). The word Christian, therefore, was a word first used in Antioch to describe the disciples of Jesus who were living there. The word Christian is derived from the name “Christ” and is used for someone who is Christ-like. The disciples in Antioch had certain characteristics that made them stand out as the followers of Jesus. In essence, what this means is that even today there are certain characteristics that need to stand out in every Christian that are easily identifiable even without saying word, it is a lifestyle that can be deduced by just observing the kind of lifestyle that a person leads. In contemporary society, the word Christian has been watered down so much to an extent that one only qualifies to be a Christian only by virtue that they go to church occasionally, have a baptismal name, and have Christian parents. This is not what is reflected in the Bible wherein many instances we see Jesus telling his listeners that to follow him should not be taken lightly and it should be a life that sometimes will attract persecution, hardship, and a lot of counting the cost. For me there are certain salient features that a life of a Christian should have which I am going to discuss using the Holy Scriptures as the basis. Faith Before making the decision to follow Christ the first and the most important step is to have faith that God exists, to have faith that Jesus is His son who came and lived on earth, was crucified died, and shed His blood on the cross for the forgiveness of sin and on the third day, he resurrected and ascended to heaven and will come back one day to pick those who are his. With this faith, a Christian can live a life that is pleasing to God because he/she is very much aware of His presence and is in the knowledge that ” without faith, it is hard to please God in any way” Hebrews10:23. Obedience to the word of God The Bible is the inherent word of God and forms the bedrock of the Christian faith. Without the Bible, it would be extremely difficult to know how to live as a Christian. The Bible is the manual for any person who wants to live a successful Christian life. Reading the Bible alone does not necessarily mean that one now is leaving the Christian life out rather, one needs to read and put what he/she reads into practice, the book of James explicitly states this where it says: “ But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves. For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man observing hi
Biological agents differ from nuclear, radiological, and chemical ones by the methods of influence on the human body and by the size of the expansion. Biological warfare, also called germ warfare, is one of the most known weapons of mass destruction. Germ warfare involves various toxins, bacteria, insects, or viruses and is used in order to kill humans or start a war. There are various ways of a biological attack, such as infecting people by the alimentary route or implementing infectious aerosols. In my opinion, biological warfare is one of the most severe methods of starting a war or torturing enemies. Biological warfare is considered as one of the most demolishing weapons as it does not require any special skills to be used, is cost-effective, and difficult to disclose, but can target the entire population (Flora, 2019). From my point of view, the future perspectives or threats of using such an agent remain unpredictable. Military and scientific forces of no countries currently possess the needed knowledge, equipment, technologies to cultivate biological weapons that could harm the entire humanity or nation in short terms or produce the wanted impact. However, in the future, in the case of the development of such a weapon, the owner would be in a privileged position, and international conflicts would seem to become more brutal. Those weapons’ impact would still be unpredictable and could even lead to the extinction of humanity. Nowadays, it is the era of microbiology, and countries possess huge amounts of scientific labs. Therefore, humans have the possibility to examine viruses, learn their impact on the body, and develop ways of protection. To my mind, none of us are ready to fight such biological agents, as seen in the current COVID-19 example. Therefore, new methods such as immunity-raising drugs, more qualified virologists, or high-reactionary systems require to be developed. However, people’s knowledge on that issue can be adapted to new situations as well.