ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Democracy failed because its organization proved unequal to the task of engaging in frequent elections. Beneath the three men who led the party from 1919 to 1933, a coterie of lesser party officials, who had remarkable staying power, were unable either to recruit new members or to energize the old ones. Above all, they failed to raise the necessary money to maintain the organization and its press. Thesis The collapse of the Weimar Republic was caused by political crisis and economic instability in Germany affected the state and the society after the WWI. The election of president von Hindenburg was the attempt to reconstruct power and strong political image of the Republic. Hindenburg represented virtues and sentimental associations for which most Democrats had profound respect. Only the tiny pacifist group and those who agreed with the values of the major newspapers supporting the Party not share these feelings (Bessel, 2002). Following the election, which Hindenburg won narrowly–if the voters had supported Marx rather than their own candidate, Marx would have won–there were bitter recriminations between the parties and within the Party Democratic over the outcome. Stresemann came under attack because he had opposed Gessler; the choice of a Catholic as the Weimar Coalition candidate was seen as a horrible mistake; the Center party saw itself the victim of religious bigotry. Within the Party Democratic, placating Hellpach’s wounded ego proved impossible since he never forgot the Party Democratic’s inadequate work on his behalf. The basic mistake, however, was that the Weimar Coalition parties failed to agree on a candidate in the first election; that was what opened the door for Hindenburg (Berger, 2004). The election results seemed to prove to contemporaries how little Germany had changed and that it still longed for a kaiser. It seems apparent that Democrats voted for Hindenburg because he was a Protestant and a national hero, not because he was a monarchist. Within the Party Democratic, the drawn out campaign and the bickering and recriminations seemed to have widened the gap between the left and right wings of the party, separating the emotional anti-Catholics and strong nationalists from those who still believed in the Republic and the spirit of the Weim
The book ‘Origin of Mankind’ by Richard Leakey is an exciting book to read. On analyzing the contents of the book, one realizes that Leakey was not only interested in the historical occurrences and sequences but on the reasons of the events at every stage of his discoveries. He gave good analysis of every stage of human prehistoric species and gave solutions to some unanswered questions like the shape of human tree, gradual increase in the size of the human brain and the start of complex languages. On every issue raised above, he backs up with reasonable answers such as the first man in the planet seven million years ago and how modern man evolved from Homo erectus. The first chapter of the book contains an analysis of how Darwin manipulated anthropologists and the manner in which recent research studies have changed the perception of human origin having a great inclination to the African apes. There is a critical analysis of the work of Charles Darwin letter concerning the ‘Origin of the Human Species’. Unlike the creation stories from religious books, Darwin stated that human beings evolved from apes to what they are today. Just like Darwin, Richard Leakey has the same viewpoint that man evolved from apes and takes a contrary view to the creationist’s theories. Darwin’s theory has received a lot of criticism from different religions who believe that a supernatural being placed two people on earth who continued the lifeline of human beings. In trying to prove his ideologies, Leakey tries to prove his arguments from a biological approach rather than a cultural
Psychology is a social science that involves the study of human or animal behaviors and mental functions. A researcher in the field of psychology is referred to as a psychologist. We have two types of psychologists: behavioral scientists and social scientists. Topics covered in the study of psychology including but are not limited to personality, perception, motivation, brain functioning, and behavioral changes. Psychology knowledge can be applied in many aspects of human activity such as education, family, employment, and in solving mental problems (Eysenck, 1994). Sigmund Freud is one of the ancient psychologists. He was born in 1856 in Moravian town Freiberg. His family was full of confusion and complexity which inspired him to study the individual mind. His mother was the third wife to his father and was twenty years younger. In 1900, his father died. This was the time he had involved himself in intense work and was inspired to publish the books called The Interpretation of Dream and Psychopathology of Everyday life (Eysenck, 1994). Freud is often referred to as the father of psychology because of his research in the area of psychology. Freud carried out researches to study people’s thoughts concerning the world and themselves. The aim of his research was to “agitate the sleep of mankind”. He was successful in his research and founded a new field of psychology and managed to create a new individual’s scientific conception. Freud developed a theory describing the organization and internal operations of human minds. He established clinical procedures that would be used to treat mentally ill persons. According to him, individual personality is developed from childhood experiences. He introduced a clinical treatment procedure referred to as psychoanalysis. The aim of this therapy was to convey reserved thoughts and mindset into consciousness in order to free the patient from suffering recurring fuzzy emotions. These reserved thoughts and feelings are brought to consciousness by encouraging a conversation between the doctor and the patient. Patients are encouraged to talk freely and express their dreams and experiences. According to Freud, psychoanalysis is a procedure used to treat medically ill individuals. “The doctor’s ‘treatment’ involves eliciting repressed memories from the patient by interpreting the responses to his questions” (Asiado, 2007). He noted that a sick individual would be persuaded to re-live the earlier experience, a thing that would always be employed in treating individuals. Psychoanalysis is a direct involvement between the analyst and the patient. This procedure assists victims in establishing as well as determining solutions for any form of conflict that they may find themselves in. In the psyche, the interpretation of Dreams, Freud proposed that dreams can be used to demonstrate the judgment of the unconscious mind. He described dreams as the noble road to the unconscious. In the unconscious
Introduction Identification of risks is a fundamental starting point for disaster management. Upon recognition of any potential risk, strategies can be developed to curb or prevent them from occurring. This paper discusses disaster management by focusing on four fundamental theoretical concepts, namely preparedness, recuperation, reprieve, and prevention of natural disasters as developed by Coppola in his text ‘Introduction to International Disaster Management’. Disasters and Emergencies throughout History Since time immemorial, the world has always experienced disasters. Bumgarner defines four types of historical disasters, namely natural disasters, environmental catastrophes, pandemic emergencies, and complex adversities (25). Examples of natural disasters include volcano eruptions, floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes among others. Several disasters shape the Canadian historical experience. They include Halifax explosion (1917), Hurricane Hazel (1954), Hope Slide (1965), Great Ice Storm (1998), SARS (2003), BC Forest Fires (2003), and H1N1 (2009) among others. The above disastrous tragedies gave rise to challenges that are formidable to the Canadian government emergency and tragedy management apparatus. In their nature, disasters offset the ability of nations through their governments to respond within their jurisdictions (McEntire 74) Therefore, the affected governments have to source aid from other nations. In the absence of a misfortune, a government cannot place diplomatic call for help if an emergency occurs in the future (McEntire 107). This claim implies that the internal emergency and disaster management apparatus only has resources that are adequate for the development of emergency and disaster preparedness strategies, but not for relief, rescue, and recovery. The History of Disasters and Emergency Management Studying the history of disaster is important in helping develop effective strategies for disaster mitigation. Amid learning from the exposure to disasters, uncertainty and unexpectedness make disaster management techniques an incredibly difficult subject because such adversities strike mostly when they are least expected (Coppola 7). Canada has leant to develop disaster risk mitigation strategies depending on the nature and type of the anticipated risk. In this extent, the history of disasters and emergency management provides Canada with ways of preparing for tomorrow. Such history is not only drawn from Canadian disastrous experiences, but also from historical disasters in the global context. From the historical context, nations have experienced different types of risks that lead to different disasters such as environmental catastrophes. Environmental disasters encompass industrial and technological accidents, which are usually experienced due to hazardous materials that are used in the production process (Bumgarner 62). Such disasters take place where the hazardous materials are used and/or transported. Forest infernos are also included in this class of disasters. Pandemic emergencies entail sudden eruption of conta
The study of personality has a very old tradition; the first attempts to describe and analyze it was made during the period of antiquity by Aristotle and other philosophers. Since that time psychological and sociological sciences have achieved considerable progress but even at the beginning of the twentieth century scientists have to agree as to the definition of personality, its elements, and formation. This paper aims to discuss different explanations of this notion, approaches in the study, and the factors which may affect the development of personality. On the whole, we can say that this phenomenon is multidimensional and none of the scientific theories must be dismissed. Overall, the definition strongly depends on the perspective which scholars take while studying this concept. For instance, the supporters of behavioral psychology argue that it is the characteristic conduct of an individual that can be observed over a certain period (Hunt, 2007, p 4). This explanation may be acceptable but it focuses only on the actions of the person, but it does not take into account his or feelings or emotions because they are not always noticeable. In turn, the advocates of integrative theory state that this notion can be interpreted as a set of character, emotional, behavioral, and temperamental traits of an individual (Block, 2002). Freudian psychologists would say that personality is the result of interaction between primitive instincts and moral judgment or consciousness and sub-consciousness (Engler, 2008, p 31). None of these definitions should be disregarded because all of them contribute to a better understanding of personality and its components. At this point, it is vital to examine theoretical approaches in the study. They are very diverse; each of them focuses on one particular aspect of this concept. For example, we can single out trait and type theories, psychoanalysis, behavioral and biopsychological approaches, cognitivism , observational learning and many others (Engler, 2008). The most ancient approach to the description and analysis of individuality is the trait theory. It has undergone many changes with time passing but in its core this method is based on the assumption that the characteristic features of a human being are relatively stable and observable for a long period of time (Boyle et al, 2008, p 7). The assessment of personal traits is usually done according to the model called Big Five , proposed by Lewis Goldberg (Boyle et al, 2008 p 200). He proposed such criteria for evaluation: as openness or resistance to new experience, tendency to agree or disagree with other people, extraversion and introversion etc. As a research technique, trait theories are rather helpful because they help to classify the types of personality, yet they fail to explain its formation and they do not examine the major drivers of individuals conduct. Another technique of studying the personality is behaviorism. The most famous representative of this psychological school is Burrhus F
A chamber music coaching session lasts 50 minutes. It is expected that the session begins when all students are in their seat and tuned. They also need to be ready to mark scores with a pencil. The teacher started the session with commenting on the music piece to play and asking questions on the composition. The music composition for the observed coaching session was “Verbunkos”, the first movement of “Contrasts” (1938) for violin, clarinet, and piano composed by Bela Bartok. The teacher asked about students’ knowledge regarding the history of the piece, the context, and the purpose of writing the composition. The teacher noted that knowing the history of creating “Contrasts”, students can understand the mood of the piece better. This approach is effective to prepare students for playing the concrete piece. The next step was the review of scores. Students were expected to learn the scores before the session. The teacher commented on the unusual tonal range in the piece marked by students, on highlighting key phrases, and on focusing on unusual colors of tones (Booth 22; Cotter-Lockard 19). Before starting to play musical instruments for the first time, the teacher asked students to focus on such elements as the tone, rhythm, phrasing, and sound production. When students were playing, the teacher effectively coordinated them with the help of verbal and non-verbal cues (Burnard and Murphy 42). It is important to state that the teacher commented on the work using positive words (Kaplan 54). Additional notes were made on the aspects to improve. The teacher focused on the role of hand movements while playing the violin in following the rhythm of a pizzicato. Having analyzed the tonal features of the piece, students were guided by the teacher to mark musical scores. Before starting playing for the second time, the teacher asked students to remain focused on the tone, rhythm, and phrasing, but try to look at other students once per bar and listen to other students’ parts to play in tune, feel the rhythm, and develop skills in musical collaboration. When students stopped playing, they were asked to share opinions on successes in listening to and following each other (Seddon and Biasutti 396). The teacher asked to improve the technique playing the piece one more time. The used technique is effective because much attention was paid to abilities of a violinist to lead the rhythm and the pianist’s abilities to collaborate with the violinist (Barrett 200). The teacher commented on the achievements, and students were asked to play the piece several times to master their technique of collaborating and improve expression. Then, the teacher gave the positive feedback on the work and asked students to play the musical piece in a different register while focusing on the rhythm. The students were coordinated with the help of verbal and non-verbal cues again. In spite of the fact that students claimed they lacked confidence playing in a different register, the teacher encouraged them to try again because the technique
I am pleased to refer to you as employees distinguished by a high level of professionalism and have valuable knowledge and skills to apply in the workplace. However, while analyzing communication in the office recently, I would like to note that the interaction in our team has become less effective and more stressful due to such unpleasant factors as gossip and false information. I do not have the slightest desire to get personal and point out the mistakes of specific colleagues. Nevertheless, in general, many might have noticed that the negativity and resentment that began to appear in the team affects the culture of our office negatively and creates a tense atmosphere. Therefore, I propose to pay attention to this problem and use possible resources to maintain a positive relationship in the team by avoiding interpersonal conflicts caused by gossip and false information. Based on the assessment of academic findings on this issue, I have highlighted the most dangerous consequences of the above issues. As Pheko (2018) remarks, false information is a phenomenon that aims to socially undermine the authority of colleagues in a team and denigrate them both from a professional perspective and based on personal qualities. I want to note that every employee of the office, regardless of age, gender, and other demographic characteristics, has sufficient qualifications to perform the assigned tasks skillfully. Any other discussion concerning the personal aspects of colleagues’ lives seems inappropriate and cannot be considered objective. People who distort information about one another begin to work in an aggressive environment where effective interaction is unlikely due to constant suspicion and resentment. Therefore, I ask you to take this problem into account as an acute one. Another accompanying problem is gossip, which we also have not managed to avoid. I do not intend to mention specific cases and facts related to this phenomenon in our office. I want to remark that, according to Pheko (2018), gossip in the work team, sooner or later, leads to bullying, mobbing behavior, and some colleagues’ desire to dominate over others. I doubt any of us would like to be the subject of intense discussions and gossip. The problem is aggravated by the fact that, in most cases, gossip is aggressive, which disrupts normal communication in the office and generates resentment among colleagues. To avoid disunity and help our team overcome the aforementioned challenges, I suggest paying attention to the ways of sharing information effectively. I strongly recommend that you avoid discussing your colleagues’ personal lives because everyone has a right to privacy. In addition, I propose t
It is crystal clear that improvement in spelling can be attained when children are taught more about how they learn different words and to find the way to check the spelling of the words they have endeavored. Correct spelling is essential for English language learning. It is very important to learn the exact pronunciation of words in English. The process of language learning includes systematic development of four skills LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing). Poor and monotonous teaching methods make obstructions for students. Present language classrooms practice various strategies and techniques for teaching spelling. With the help of a blackboard or a monitor, the teacher can produce the word and slowly pronounce it and explain it syllable by syllable. Ask the students to find similar words and encourage them to write. Making personal spelling dictionary is an important step in teaching spelling in classrooms. Personal spelling dictionaries are brief lists of difficult words which include words that will be used in different writing tasks. One of the
Introduction The association between the terms health care and crisis is becoming more and more usual, a fact that is directly connected to the overwhelming belief that health care needs to be fixed. Looking at the numbers and the facts, the aforementioned statement is specifically a growing concern for California. Just looking at the numbers of uninsured, as of 2005, with 6.6 million Californians, a number that is expected to grow by 2010 (“California’s Growing Healthcare Crisis”), it is becoming clear that the health care crisis in California is not merely an apprehension, but an existing reality that should be among the government’s top priorities. Being ranked as the 44th in the number of insured (“Lack of Health Insurance “), from the 46th in 2005, such numbers indicate that a slight decrease, that does not change the position of the state among the top-bottom in terms of uninsured. In that regard, this paper analyzes the issue of health care in California, providing an overview of the possible reasons behind such situation, possible solutions, and potential hindrances to such solutions. Background The problems with health care cannot be said to be limited to the state of California. However, the situation in California can be said to be among the worst, and there are several reasons for such phenomenon. The first reason can be considered the deficit in the budget. As of 2003, the budget deficit was $35 billion – “more than all other states combined, except New York” (Higgins). The expected budget deficit over 18 months in 2009-2010 is more than $41 billion (Kloberdanz). Such a factor cannot be ignored, especially considering the current state of the economy, wherein in light of such deficit, “health-care services for the elderly, infirm and poor will most likely deteriorate” (Kloberdanz). Another important factor is the continuous premium increase, a factor that for most of the employees is the greatest cost concern (Covington). Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the state’s illegal immigrants. Although immigration as