ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For over a long period Bisphenol A (BPA), which is a chemical product, has been used in the industrial manufacture of plastics. The plastics include polycarbonates and epoxy resins. This compound is usually produced in large amounts. Polycarbonates are used in very many ways. The uses include making the bottles that are used in the packaging of water and food. They include medical devices, compact discs, infant bottles, and safety equipment. Manufacturers use epoxy resin in coating metal products. The products are food cans, water pipes, and bottle tops. Composites of dental sealants also have elements of BPA. Toxicology Bisphenol A mainly gets into the human body through the diet. Other possible ways include water, air, and through exposure to dust. Food and beverages account for the highest percentage of BPA consumed daily by people. Bisphenol A leaches into the food through the internal coated layer of epoxy resin in products. The products include food storage containers, baby bottles, polycarbonates tableware, and water bottles (Cooper, 2011). The temperature at which the product is stored determines the degree of the leakage of BPA into the food. The exposure of BPA to people has spread so widely that the issue has become a concern to governments, health institutions and the manufacturing industries. The impact of BPA affects even the unborn and this is likely to lead to the birth of deformed children. BPA has very toxic effects to people if they are exposed to it at very high levels. Researches carried out on animals revealed lose of weight along with the consequences that come with weight loss. Government institutions, production industries, and academic research groups have carried out the research surrounding the toxicological effects of BPA (Deligio, 2010). The different groups came to an agreement that there are no adverse effects if people are exposed to BPA in some circumstances. Exposure resulting from normal industrial production, safe environmental use, and levels below any expected effect are some of the circumstances. In the reproductive health, children are not affected unless the level of exposure is very high to be considered systematically toxic. The BPA components used in the treatment of parents do not affect negatively on off springs. The mammary glands including other reproductive organs of parents are also not affected when exposed to BPA during treatment (Soto, 2010). Experiments performed in various laboratories in an attempt to ascertain the use of BPA as a replacement for estrogen have shown that the two have similar estrogenic activities. The researchers have however failed to confirm its use due to the unknown extreme effects on human beings. Research emanating the above fear reveals that when BPA is used in amounts that induce maternal toxicity then pups from the animals exposed to BPA will have reduced weight in addition to producing less number of live litters. The number of live litter and postpartum dam weights also reduced.
Introduction Prevention of terrorism is one of the primary tasks for the state security forces. For this purpose, identification and rapid management of terrorism-related situations are essential. Therefore, as a Terrorism Liaison Officer (TLO), it is one’s duty to report about the current situation in target areas to ensure that the lives of citizens are safeguarded. In the selected setting of Philadelphia, the general environment appears to be in control, yet further measures may need to be undertaken to prevent the instances of protests from reaching a state of havoc. City Description and Key Problems Overall, Philadelphia has been quite safe for its citizens due to the generally liberal political strategy of the local officials and well-developed state regulations, as well as a high level of compliance with laws. However, despite having been comparatively detached from massive political movements up until recently, Philadelphia currently contains a significant range of threats to the well-being and even lives of its citizens. Although the protests against police brutality that started as a way of honoring the tragic death of George Floyd and condemning police violence were rather peaceful at first, they quickly span out of control (“Philadelphia protesters sue city over tear gas, use of force,” 2020). Since the protests started in June, their scale and extent have been reduced significantly since then, with now only a minor range of activists demanding to address the issue of police violence publicly. Nevertheless, the current political situation in Philadelphia appears to be quite tense. In addition, despite having had the reputation of a rather politically ambivalent environment, Philadelphia has been known for rather high rates of crime, involving mass shootings and terrorist attacks. Overall, the present capabilities of the intelligence community within the target environment can be described as medium-range (U.S. Immigration and Customers Enforcement, 2020). Although Philadelphia has a fairly impressive intelligence system, its efforts have recently been dispersed significantly to observe and manage the situation regarding protests against police brutality. Therefore, there is a significant potential for threats to the safety of citizens. Three Major Problems Currently, there are three main issues with the presence of terrorism-related situations in Philadelphia that will require further support from the IC. The continuous protests represent the most tangible and probable one. Indeed, social tensions have risen exponentially since the beginning of protests. Even though the initial wave of emotions seems to have died down, many people still show signs of aggress
Abstract This study focuses on determining whether reward influences a learner’s performance and the impact of the kind of reward on the gender and age of the learner. The study uses an experimental approach to test 90 categorized into nine sub-groups based on their gender and ages. Each group of students was subjected to different rewards and bore different results, although the test was similar, consisting of six mathematics questions testing addition and subtraction. The tips were choc, carrots, and a control group without rewards. The results indicated that those rewarded with choc had the best performance than those rewarded with carrots and those who were not awarded. Therefore, choc is a healthy reward compared to carrot, and the type of reward enhances children’s performance. Introduction and Literature Review Educators in formal settings employ various teaching skills and techniques to deliver content effective
Introduction For a long time, the norms of masculinity in many cultures had been restrictive, forcing men to adhere to a specific set of stereotypes for fear of social ostracism or punishment by the state. However, the advancements that occurred with the rise of the LGBT movement and the empowerment of women now challenge established ideas. It is now permissible for men to not adhere to the expectations society would have had for them half a century ago. However, movements that push for the expansion of the definition of masculinity are too aggressive sometimes, leading some people to question whether traditional values are becoming unattractive. As such, the evolution of masculinity is causing division in society as a major social issue. Traditional Masculinity The definition of ‘man’ that was used in most societies throughout history is founded in the patriarchal role of the male as the provider and laborer. As such, men were expected to be strong and dependable, people who could supply food and goods to their family. This dependability meant that they had to be stoic and prevent emotions from interfering with their work. A man that allowed his feelings to show was seen as weak and unable to match the standards of masculinity. Bravery was another requirement, as males were supposed to protect more vulnerable members of their families and communities, and cowardice before the danger was forbidden. One aspect of classic masculinity that attracts considerable amounts of criticism is its competitive nature. It may be argued that many men are driven to compete by their nature, similarly to how pack animals fight for the leadership of the group. Competition among men sometimes leads to violence, which is seen as barbaric. The refusal to compete tends to be seen as an admission of weakness and cowardice, damaging the person’s reputation. This tendency leads to the masculine ideal being seen as someone who is not only superior to others in most aspects but is also prone to violent action whenever provoked. Another controversial part of the paradigm, the denial of homosexuality, has not always been the case. Ancient Western cultures, such as those of the Greeks, accepted alternate sexual orientations, and embraced them. However, when the LGBT movement arose in the 20th century, it was met with strong opposition in the United States. The influence of Christianity is likely the most prominent reason, as Abrahamic religions tended to oppose homosexuality throughout their history strongly. Other countrie
Introduction The relationship between man and the environment is something that has been in existence from the onset. It can be noted that human beings have always had a relationship with the environment in their quest to survive. In this respect, the relationship has either been constructive or destructive to the environment (Redman 1999: 13). Notably, human societies have depended on animals for food and other uses. Apart from the relationship between human societies and animals, other aspects of the environment have also been affected. These relationships have resulted in massive destruction of the environment. The ancient societies entirely depended on the environment for their survival. To some extent, this led to the destruction of the environment (Redman 1999: 16). This has brought about a great interest among archaeologists who are interested in uncovering how the ancient societies related to the environment. In this respect, there are two articles that looked at how ancient societies related with their environment. This includes the article by Kitty Emery entitled “Assessing the impact of ancient Maya animal use” and that by Alan P. Garfinkel, David A. Young and Robert M. Yohe II entitled “Bighorn hunting, resource depression, and rock art in the Coso Range, eastern California: a computer simulation model”. This paper compares the two articles which centres on the extinction of animals due to the activities of the human societies. Assessing the impact of ancient Maya animal use In this article, the author aspired to establish the impacts of ancient hunting on animal populations among the Mayan society between the years 2000 BC and AD 1697. This is a period associated with the Pre-classic and Colonial periods respectively. The ancient Maya society lived within the southern lowland regions located in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and Mexico. Zoo-archaeological information from 35 faunal sub-samples retrieved from 25 sites was us
Introduction Science and technology play a critical role in transforming society, particularly in the transport and communications sectors. Approximately two-hundred years ago, the rate at which changes in technology and science were experienced in the western societies was alarming because it was so intense. The development of the wind power, the emergence of water, and animal power were some of the scientific and technological developments that shocked the humanity. The steam engine quickly supplemented and replaced wind, water and animal power, which actually redefined human history. The invention of steam engine contributed to other developments, among them being the establishment of factories, which contributed to industrial revolution (Stockbridge, 1912). Technologies related to the rail made it easier to transport goods and services from one place to the other quickly over long distances. Later on, the invention of the telegraph and the telephone enable people to communicate over long distances, particularly across continents. Electrical science and technologies surrounding it superseded the diffuse blaze of candles, which reinstated the application of kerosene and gaslights without human intervention. In the 20 th century, there were major developments in science and technology that reshaped human relations and interactions in society. In the 21 st century, science and technology are depended upon meaning that they define the success of an individual in society. This article reviews the works of Nikola Tesla on the turbine, which were combined in a book titled Tesla’s engine: A New dimension for power. The article looks at the synopsis of the book before proceeding to offer a critical analysis. The works of Nikola Tesla on the turbine engine redefined human history in many ways, as would be seen later in the review section. His writings influenced many scientists to come up with various forms of technologies that redefined humanity. In fact, current technologies on the turbine depend mostly on the views of Tesla. Synopsis In 1913, Nikola Tesla presented a bladeless centripetal flow, which was later patented meaning that no one could employ the technology without the consent of the inventor. Tesla’s engine is always termed bladeless because it utilizes the periphery layer upshot as compared to other turbines that make use of fluid. The fluid is applied on the blades to propel the machine. Tesla described the Tesla turbine engine in a number of ways. One of the depictions is that the Tesla turbine device contains pieces of pliable disks, with nozzles that supply gas to the brim of the disk. Through glueyness and adhesion, the gases find their way into the disk. The gases twirl to the centre exhaust as the gas dawdles and inserts more power to the disks. The rotor is expected to be powerful since it does not have protrusions (Hayes, 1994). In the introduction, the author observes that Tesla will always be remembered for his contributions in t
The World War I is one of the most significant event in history both on the basis of the detrimental effects that it had brought to the society and the essential events that happened in relation to the events that transpired during that period. One of the noteworthy effects of the said war is the establishment of the anti-war movement DADA. Although, it can be considered that the WWI caused negative reinforcement to the said organization, the style that originated from the said organization can be considered notable. The anti-war movement DADA and its objectives against the propaganda posters of the WWI is the main issue targeted by the research conducted. It can be viewed that DADA and the beliefs of the said organization is at one side while the participants of the WWI occupy the opposing side. The Issues Related to WWI Due to the accepted notion that the WWI is an influential and significant event marking the history of human civilization, there are different issues that can be considered pertinent to the study. These issues include the causes of the war and the kind of society during and after the war. In relation to the causes of the WWI, these can considered as pertinent specifically on the basis that the reasons can be related to the type of society that is present during the said era. The events that transpired during the war was caused by different reasons such as arms race, distrust and mobilization, militarism and autocracy, balance of power, economic imperialism, trade barriers and ethnic and political rivalries (Bloch and Soames, 1935). The said reasons can be considered as the overview of the events in the WWI. Primarily included in the initial event are the Austro-Serbian antagonism prior to 1914 and the Sarajevo outrage. Basically, the other events that occurred are related to the participating countries such as Germany, specifically when recommendation for immediate war was given. In addition, when Germany decided for immediate war as well as Austria, other adjacent nation took sides. The war then can be attributed to the fact that the nations that are involved wanted changes with the society. Changes are perceived important and different from the world after the Napoleon reign (Bloch and Soames, 1935). When it comes to the generalization and view of the WWI, it can be perceived and attributed that the said war is an integration of different complicated factors emanating from the various aspects of the society including the political, social and economic facets. This can be considered as the main reasons for the changes in the outlook of the population. These changes can both be considered as both advantageous and disadvantageous. The advantages can be attributed to the fact that new outlook and views were established. On the other hand, the disadvantages can be related to the obvious aftermath of wars which are the disruption of the normal society, the traumatic effects and the casualties. In the determination of the state of the society prior to World War I, there are different notions that surfaced relating to the causes of the said war. Basically one of
A project cannot be successful without coordination and cooperation among team members. In terms of relating with team members, I learned that people vary in attitude and character and should be handled differently. For instance, a technique that was successfully used to motivate one team member may not work for others, which will necessitate flexibility and adaptation. Also, cooperation is not possible when there is an adverse atmosphere in the team. Communication is one of the most significant elements of any project. The reason is that the requirements should be communicated clearly, and the group leader should explain what is needed from each of the team members concisely. Inadequate communication may impede efficacy and even lead to a different end result. Therefore, it was suggested that the team communicates with an established set of vocabulary in order to avoid vagueness and potential equivocality. Time is the most valuable resource which is scarce at the same time. I learned that without adequate time management, it is impossible to complete anything. I have many responsibilities to care for, which made me learn how to allocate time to different tasks so that requirements are met. Effective time management means that there is no time for procrastination and idle time during project work. When you work alone, you are the creator and the sole author of the idea. You can make changes at any time and implement your project the way you vision. However, a group project does not afford room for personal creativity unless ideas are met by other group members with enthusiasm. In order to implement your plan, you first need to convince other team members that the idea is worth implementing.
In the early times, a few women leaders stand out by their exemplary leadership skills shown through how they ruled, the most prominent being Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt, and Queen Elizabeth I of England. Queen Elizabeth is considered one of the greatest leaders the world has ever seen. She led her country with a lot of zeal and determination to give the best and rectify the shortcomings of her predecessors. Under her leadership, England unified and set it out of the poverty that had taken over the country before she came to power (Tyldesley 78). On the other hand, Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, used her intelligence and sexuality to lure strong men into her bosom to save her country Egypt from foreigners. With her strong sense of determination and focus, Cleopatra could not allow her to stop at anything even if it meant getting rid of her half brother to be the sole leader and not share leadership because she never believed in dual leadership. In as much as both employed different means to liberate their countries from the problems of the time, both were clever enough and strong against any intimidation. Using the skill that she possessed, Cleopatra stood up to the task and, as a woman, in a generation where patriarchy was the in thing. Both men and women alike bowed to her and respected her. She got respect and attention more than any woman did at the time. She was able to look for the best games to employ, especially in her seductive spree, to enslave the hearts of the men who stood in her way. Her determination to get rid of those who stood in her way, including her half brothers, makes her develop tactics that enabled her to maneuver her personality (Tyldesley 63). This was her weapon with which she won her opponents. On her part, Queen Elizabeth I had to keep the sanctity and power of the throne by all means. She came in as a leader when England was faced with religious separation from the Roman Catholic. Also facing rebellions such as that with Mary Queen of Scots, but she arguably used technique, her capacity, and her own right to do all she could to protect her country. Both of these women leaders worked towards maintaining inner peace within their countries. The poin
Introduction Rococo is a style in art and architecture that is characterized by the reign of ornaments and décor. After the grandness of the baroque style, people were looking for intimacy, which resulted in the rise of Parisian salons. French elite gathered in private homes, usually hosted by females who competed with each other (Kleiner 314). Hostesses tried to make their salons as exquisite as possible, so they ensured that their homes had a proper interior. Apart from heavy ornamental traits, pebble-like ornaments can be seen as one of the hallmarks of the style that are apparent in Salon de la Princesse by Germain Boffrand. Another feature of rococo is fête Galante , a genre in painting that displayed the life of the high society of France (Kleiner 315). Pilgrimage to Cythera by Antoine Watteau is one of the iconic works of this style. Main body Neoclassicism can be regarded as a sign of people’s fatigue with the pretentious rococo, a manifestation of the views of Enlightenment, and admiration of the Greek and Roman classical art. The 18 th century was the period of major industry shifts, as well as scientific discoveries, that facilitated the development of various sciences and art. Grand Tour led to the rediscovery of classical art since people inspired by artworks of ancient artists tried to d