ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People in the world today engage in all kinds of anti-social behaviors. There is violence in almost every aspect of life. The abuse of drugs in the streets has become rampant because governments are not applying enough efforts to regulate such behavior. Gangs have increased significantly thereby declaring certain areas in big towns as hotspots. Prostitution among the youth has increased significantly thereby encouraging young girls to engage in such activities in order to support themselves financially. Mobs in the streets have also become uncontrollable to an extent that they are making people in towns to live in a state of uncertainty (Taylor et al. 358 ). With the recent advancements in media technology, anti-social behaviors have become more pronounced. The various types of media that are associated with anti-social behavior include the internet, TVs, New Papers, and radios. It is easy for a person to gain access to violent activities today than he could centuries ago. The media has therefore played a significant role in stimulating anti-social behavior among the youth in the modern society. This is because almost every person in the world today has access to at least one type of media device. This state of affairs has therefore made it easy for people to gain access to the various types of anti-social behaviors that exist in the world today. When the different types of media convey incidences of anti-social behaviors, people understand them in different ways. There are those people who understand the incidences positively while there are those people who understand them negatively. Therefore, the media can impact positively on a society by conveying positive information to the society. It is also true that just as the media is capable of bringing order in any society it can also influence people to engage in violent activities. Therefore, people have opposing views on whether the media brings stability or instability to those societies which are dominated by anti-social behavior. People react in different ways depending on the kind of information that they receive from the media. Today, the content people get from the media defines how they behave in the societies that they live in. For example, there are those people who are fond of watching cool content whereas there are other people who love watching violent content. Therefore, these two classes of people behave differently because of the influence that they get from the different content that they obtain from the media. There are those people who develop positive behavior whereas there are those who develop negative behavior. This is an indication that the media has a significant influence on the way people behave. For example, the social learning theory helps people to understand the manner in which the media influences their behavior. This theory implies that if young people are exposed to violent content, t
One of the reasons why prison gang members need to communicate on a regular basis is to facilitate smooth flow of criminal operations. Communicating with gang members who are not within the confines of prisons is a major setback in the fight against minimizing criminal activities. It is crucial to mention that the activities of most criminal gangs go beyond the state level. In other words, they usually spread out in various locations across the nation. Some of these gangs even penetrate national borders in order to facilitate their criminal activities. This explains why external communication among criminal gangs is the main source of vital information required to further execute acts of crime. Besides, external communication with other criminal gangs often facilitates rapid legal redress especially when hearings are still on-going. Prison gang members whose judgments have not been passed may have the opportunity to communicate with their colleagues outside prison when they require legal assistance. Second, there are several instances when myriads of criminal offenses have been committed by external gang members largely due to thorough coordination between with imprisoned gang members. For example, money and other valuables can be transferred into prisons by gang members so that additional criminal activities can be undertaken. There are also cases when the same criminal gangs may opt to settle differences when some are already imprisoned. War can also be declared between the convicted and free criminal gangs. The presence of various bridges of communication between gangs in and outside prison expounds why there is an escalating rate of crime even at the international level. Extortion mafias, fully-fledged drug gangs and money spinning syndicates are mainly prevalent in cases whereby prison gangs frequently communicate with their external counterparts. On the other hand, internal communication among prison gangs may prove to be valuable since it is the only source of inspiration for both convicted gangs and those who are still awaiting their trials to be concluded. Internal communication among gangs has led to the worsening state of security both at the local and national levels. When internal gang members communicate, they can swiftly organize criminal activities outside prison bearing in mind that they coordinate quite well with the rest of street gangs. Communication among criminals behind bars is also a major factor in the growth and development of sophisticated criminal activities inside jails. In spite of the lack of freedom, the jailed prisoners can still harmonize their knowledge and skills and eventually devise better techniques for executing various acts
Various situations and scenarios can be discussed in the context of unintentional torts. To state whether the plaintiff is right while trying to impose liability on the defendant, it is necessary to discuss the cases in detail. Much attention should be paid to the fact whether all the elements pointing at torts are presented in cases. In the first case, the widow of David Harris sued the railroad, while focusing on the idea of negligence. Harris was killed by the train because he had ignored signaling bells and red lights at the train station which warned about the train’s approach. Furthermore, Harris ignored a yellow line on the platform and warnings of the other men at the station. In this situation, the widow’s argument against the railroad cannot be discussed as relevant because David Harris ignored all the warnings prescribed according to the federal railroad laws and programs. It is possible to speak about the case of trespassing which led to the death of Harris (Beatty and Samuelson 153). In this case, the railroad has no duty of due care in relation to Harris because of the man’s ignorance of warnings, assumption of risks, and negligence. The second case is more controversial. Powers sustained injuries because of replacing the frayed door strap with a nylon rope in the leased truck; the rope broke and caused Powers to fall out. On the one hand, Ryder who leased the truck is not liable for Powers’ injuries because of the superseding cause which interrupted the chain of causes (Rea 36). On the other hand, Powers asked Ryder to fix the door strap several times, and Ryder ignored requests despite duties in relation to Florida Food Service. In this case, it is possible to appeal for discussing Ryder’s guilt in the context of breaching the duty of due care because he failed to fix the door strap and to behave as a ‘reasonable’ person. Discussing the situation when Davis died because of driving straight into the stalled truck manufactured by General Motors Corp., (GMC), it is possible to note that GMC cannot rely on the summary judgment because a defective alternator manufactured by the company became the factual cause of Davis’s death (Redish 86). In this case, any person could be affected by the failure of the alternator because such a defect could cause accidents on the road and deaths of many people. From this point, it is also possible to speak about the foreseeable harm because such a defect is a regular cause of automobile accidents. Focusing on the fourth situation, it is possible to state that six-year-old Ann Marie Tamplin was seriously injured while being at Star Lumber because of the roll of vinyl falling. According to the principles of the landowner’s duty and liability, the Tamplin family had the status of ‘invitees’, and Star Lumber should provide the compensatory damages (Beatty and Samuelson
Meaning and Nature of Impact Research has significant effects on the environment, society, culture and economy of a nation. Greenhalgh et al. (2016) describe research impact as “… when the knowledge generated by our study contributes to, benefits and influences society, culture, our environment and the economy” (p. 3). In other words, research impact refers to the outcomes that a given study yields, which surpass academia. The nature of research impact depends on the subject of study. One can interpret the valuable impacts of research in two perspectives: societal and academic. According to Greenhalgh et al. (2016), academic outcomes include collaborations, the discovery of novel ways of comprehending the universe, publications and involvement in peer reviews. Societal results encompass the advantages that community derives from research, which include better services, improved welfare, quality products and healthy life. Types of Impact The impact can be classified into numerous groups and may comprise of both societal and economic effects. Milat, Bauman and Redman (2015) allege that the various kinds of research impact include cultural, economic, environmental, health, political, scientific, technological, social and training. The cultural impact facilitates comprehension of ideas, values and beliefs that a society or nation upholds. The economic impact refers to fiscal benefits that a study may have on a country or a particular organisation. For instance, research may facilitate economic development or productivity growth. Environmental impact is the outcome that research may have on ecological management, pollution control and meteorology. Health impact refers to the contribution of research on life expectancy, public health and quality of life (Watermeyer 2014). Political impact depicts the role that research plays in policy formulation and implementation and national stability. Scientific impact is the contribution of research to the accumulation of technical knowledge and capacity building. Research has a noteworthy impact on society because it influences societal behaviours, community welfare and shapes social practices. Technological impact refers to the role of research in the development of novel products and services. On the other hand, training impact is the effect of research on pedagogical instruments and curricula development. Importance of Impact As aforementioned, impact refers to the benefits that society or nation accrues from a study. Dinsmore, Allen and Doldy (2014) maintain that investors consider the effects of a study before deciding to devote their resources. One of the reasons why the impact is important is because it influences the allocation of funds. Researchers must compile an impact summary when seeking resources. This summary should identify the parties that are likely to benefit from the intended study. Dinsmore, Allen and Doldy (2014) claim that impact promotes accountability in the utilisation of research funds. State officials use impact da
Introduction: Only when the other side does it In his book “Lessons of terror” Caleb Carr describes terrorism and notes that terrorism has been a constant in all martial history contrary to how people perceive it as being a contemporary event. In the introduction, he scrutinizes terrorism in the past and the present which has incorporated a wider assortment of weapons. Carr notes that when one state or country targets its enemy state, this mission always fails in restoration of peace as it creates a recurrence of revenge. Terrorism is normally one-sided, as it is always initiated by one party. His main emphasis is that terrorism, in the long run, fails as political and martial diplomacy. A catastrophe, not a cure The first chapter titled “A Catastrophe, Not a Cure” is the groundwork for Carr’s case. He claims that terrorism has existed over a long period of time though it had different names. As early as in the eighteenth century, the Romans referred terrorism to as destructive war. Caleb Carr introduces the concept of warfare directed at civilians. Roman soldiers were allowed to rape and take plunder as a reward for their dedication to the battle. In this chapter Carr also explains how when the civilians were attacked without any provocation, they ended up retaliating and thus a vicious revenge cycle followed. To prevent this revenge cycle the author suggests that the society should feel included in any expeditions. Dulce Bellum inexpertis In his second chapter “Dulce Bellum Inexpertis” Carr uses the Latin phrase by Pindar as his title which means that “war is sweet to those who have never experienced it” in this chapter he expresses the realism of war and refutes the myths of warfare. War results in physical destruction. There is so much torment that is caused by war as illustrated by Carr in his examples. This chapter leads to the conclusion that war is never beneficial, in fact it leads to long-term misery and tribulations. Industry and cunning Carr argues that the main aim for warfare should be to promote peace, in this chapter however it is seen that one attack leads to another counterattack. Terrorism is used by some nations to gain power over others as brought out in this chapter. Most of the terrorists use cunning methods to deliberately fight their enemy. It is for this reason that many countries are always investigating the next possible terrorist attacks to plot on their counterattacks. Some industries therefore continue to grow as a result of these terrorist attacks. Covenants without the sword This chapter reflects on the middle age when evangelical Christian and Muslim supporters, spread their gospel with the sword. Carr also observes that the Quran, Holy book of Muslims is against such behavior and pointless hostility. T
Introduction For many years, people have argued on the best system of teaching their children. The decision on whether to home school or take a child to a public school is vital to the future of the child. Public schooling is most common in United States, but this does not disregard homeschooling. Homeschooling is considered best elsewhere hence the need to scrutinize its strengths. In that case, this paper compares homeschooling to public schooling with an emphasis on the positive development of the child. In as much as the parent is determined to prepare the child for future challenges, home schooling exposes the child to greater social situations, appropriate behavior, positive religious decision, and curriculum flexibility. Home school versus public school Constantly, homeschooling has been differed with public schooling through a number of viewpoints or evidences. Poor social development is a stereotype that the public school system has attached to home schooling (Olsen, 2008). It suggests that the child under home school system is socially confined, or lacks the amenities that enable his/ her social development. However, the home schooled child is exposed to an assorted array of social circumstances within the learning environment. People who go for public schooling simply do not understand the home schooling plan hence do not understand that the child is exposed to greater social environment as compared to a student in a classroom. The home schooled child has greater flexibility when accessing social issues than the public schooled child
Introduction Marketing is a social and managerial process where by individuals and groups obtain what they need and what they want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. (Kotler, et la, 1996). There are two major functions of marketing. One is to attract new customers and other is to retain the old ones. For this a company needs to have a marketing plan. In order to have a good marketing plan the four P’s of the plan should reflect the needs, wants of the target market. The four P’s are product, pricing, promotion and placement. These are referred as the marketing mix. These general sets of activities are developed in a way that they meet the customer needs. (The Concept of the Marketing Mix” from the Journal of Advertising Research, June 1964). History During 1910 and 1920, there was no actual production going on. It was the simple trade era. People usually exchanged things which were in excess; hence there was no need of marketing. After 1920 and 1930, few specialized products were made. What little amount of products were made, were sold immediately. As the companies saw the increase in demand, they started to try new methods to improve their production. Most of the products were sold immediately; hence there was no need of marketing, but as production increased, companies saw that they had products left unsold. This was the time when manufacturers started practicing different techniques of marketing in order to sell their products. This could be said as the first stage of marketing. The basic aim was not to satisfy customers but to sell more and more products. It was after 1940 when the companies realized that it was all about customer satisfaction. They found out that a satisfied customer would come again and again. After 1950, companies starting taking marketing seriously. It was then, made as a separate department. Later on, all the companies’ processes were focused around this department. Companies started building up relationships with their customers. This relationship made the customers come back, and hence reduced the cost of attracting new customers. This was the relationship era which continues still (Robert, 1976). Stages of Evolution Before the industrial revolution, people usually consumed what they made. There was very little need of marketing. If they fell short of anything they could always get it by swapping, more commonly known as the barter system. As time passed, societies grew, this exchange system became difficult and what we call as “The Evolution of Corporate Marketing” began. This evolution is broken down in to six eras or stages, which are discussed below. Simple trade era This was the era of subsistence economy. In this people consumed almost all they made, what little was left was brought to the market in order to exchange for other goods. Usually a middle man was present; who would either sell it in the market himself or any other middleman. This was the first stage of marketing evolution
Research, as a concept, is multi-faceted and difficult to find a universal definition for. In any particular field, a person’s understanding of research can be different, making the notion harder to translate between occupations. In particular, the terms academic and business research differ in a number of key areas, making them essentially completely different practices. Academic research, as a practice, is aimed at furthering human knowledge and finding information and data on the problems brought upon by study. The information obtained through this type of study can either have a specific application or have nothing at all, it is not what determined the value and direction of research. The logic and hypothesis are applied in complex manners, in an effort to get to the root cause of any particular phenomena. Business research, on the other hand, works to reach specific and particular goals, one that is aimed at specifically finding solutions and realizing things applicable in the business sphere. The practice is much more focused and organized in its purpose. In my own academic research, I would have to gather a lot of data and opinions from others, as well as related research documents to the topic I am working on. I think that qualitative research would aid in my practice more, as it is focused on getting and analyzing the types of data that cannot be easily organized. People’s opinions, long-winded answers, information that requires further context or analysis, all these kinds of information are best processed by qualitative research. I think that I will have the ability to perform my research a bit better thanks to this approach.
Mary Jo White and the Securities and Exchange Commission Who is Mary Jo White? Born on December 27, 1947, Mary Jo White is “a former prosecutor and defense lawyer” (Tran 3). He has a long record of civil service in the country. She is married to John W. White. She worked as a U.S Attorney for Southern New York District for nine years. Such a record is an indication of her experience as a civil servant. The nine years she worked in the country’s judicial system saw her tackle some of the highest-profile cases in history. For instance, the lady oversaw the prosecution of terrorists suspected of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Also, she prosecuted John Gotti in a case that attracted a lot of attention. Gotti was one of the well-known mafia bosses in the region. The above are just some examples of the cases she handled in the nine years (Warner 18). Other responsibilities that White assumed in her career included serving as an independent director for Nasdaq Stock Exchange. She served in this position between 2002 and 2006. She also served as the chair of Debevoise & Plimpton’s litigation department. As such, her immense experience in this field is apparent. What Job does she do for the Federal Government? Currently, Mary Jo White serves in the federal government as the Chairwoman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (Tran 3). Her appointment to this powerful and very influential position made her the 31 st chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission. She is the second woman to lead the agency and the first prosecutor leading the regulatory agency in its history (Warner 18). What is the Job of SEC? The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is one of the several agencies formed by the United States federal government. By this law, the SEC is tasked with the responsibility of enforcing the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. It is also tasked with the responsibility of implementing the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. Also, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 are under the auspices of this commission (“Securities Exchange Act of 1934” par. 23). The major role of the SEC is regulatory. Therefore, the primary responsibilities of the SEC include enforcement of federal securities laws and regulation of the securities industry. The commission also regulates the national stocks and options exchange market. Electronic securities, an emerging market in the securities industry, are also under the regulation of the commission (“Securities Exchange Act of 1934” par. 57). Due to the wide scope of its responsibilities, the law allows the Securities and Exchange Commission to delegate some of its duties. Through a published order or rule, SEC can delegate its functions to individual commissioners, employees, and employee boards. The commission can also delegate its duties to administrative law judges and commissions, especially when there are cases