ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Europe and North America’s Modern Cities and Industrialization Industrialization as a phenomenon is associated with the active development of production, which entails an increase in the proportion of the population living nearby in the city limits. It corresponds to the principles of urbanization and affects the appearance of cities. First of all, more factories and related buildings appear in cities: workshops and warehouses. In addition, simple housing for workers is actively built, leading to the formation of slums. At the same time, the city center is actively developing, which becomes a concentration of business, reflecting the wealth of the upper class of society. In addition, many recreational sites such as New York City’s Central Park have emerged as legacies from the industrialization era (Fainstein, 2021). Thus, industrialization and urbanization led to the formation of either large factory districts or key architectural objects, which became possible with the development of the economy. International Fairs The purpose of such fairs, both earlier, national and later, was to demonstrate new achievements in various fields – including technology. Since the beginning of the 19th century coincided with industrialization in France, it was in this country that exhibitions of industrial goods began (Findling, 2018). The purpose of these events was to help French entrepreneurs compete with British ones on the international market. Thus, the first fairs were organized to compare products from different countries and promote favorites. The same policy was used in Britain’s Great Exhibition, in which goods from Britain were advertised to the international public. Later, this concept was developed, and the fairs became the center of scientific and technological discoveries from representatives of various countries. Investing in such events allowed states to show their achievements, attract new investors, create effective collaborations, and lay the foundation for future cooperation. Simmel’s Money Economy According to Simmel, the monetary economy is based on creating a single metric of the value of various goods, which allows them to be compared and evaluated, in contrast to the era when the primary medium of exchange was barter. However, with the emergence of such a unified system, attention to the uniqueness and value of some objects and concepts is somewhat lost. To devise ways to protect against this, Simmel turns to history, in particular, to the society of Athens. First of all, it is necessary to pay enough attention to the emotional, high-quality communication component. In addition, the individual must protect his inner circle from the dominance of the monetary economy, which can force a person to evaluate meetings only from an objective point of view. Finally, it is necessary to use such an economy’s freedom to realize the set goals. Postwar Suburbani
Introduction It is normally a daunting task for people to choose a career. Particularly, this emerges when choosing careers that match with their interests, capacities, and skills. The challenge remains eminent due to many factors. For instance, the available career options appear lucrative and highly competitive in the job market. Indicatively, comparing and contrasting between logistics and supply chain management reveals some minor differences. Thesis Statement The debates about logistics and supply chain management (SCM) differ in the two careers. However, this paper agrees that there is no clear distinction between logistics and SCM because many of their aspects such as specialization, job related functions, and training needs show some similarities. Job Opportunities There are many job opportunities for people undertaking SCM than for logisticians. The coordination of logistical activities is a component of SCM. Therefore, people who study SCM normally get a considerable amount of training in logistics within the coursework. Logistics also has a supply sub system. People might misconstrue this to connote SCM (CSCMP). The focus of supply within logistics is apparently concerned with moving merchandises. However, logisticians essentially supply products already scheduled by supply chain managers. Clearly, the scope of SCM is greater than that of logistics. This indicates that job opportunities for logisticians are fewer as opposed to the ones for supply chain managers. Career growth The study of logistics course at college level focuses on a narrow scope. Comparatively, the training for SCM includes many broad topics. Some of these might include logistics. Therefore, people with SCM qualifications have more opportunities for career growth. Logisticians lack this potential for a wider career development. Larger companies have divided their SCM responsibilities into diverse categories. The aim is to create more positions including logistical roles. This presents greater chances for career growth (The Editor). Furthermore, there are notable distinctions in the future training for both areas. Logisticians may find it hard to venture into SCM. The initiative is unlikely to promote specialization. Conversely, persons trained on SCM have more opportunities to specialize in diverse fields. Salary Scales Many factors determine the salaries for professionals within the fields of logistics and SCM. Observably, both fields attract incentive payments in addition to the original salaries. However, logistician’s salaries are greater. Many companies provide a huge percentage of incentives to their logistical staff (Hodgson 327). This makes the salary scale for logisticians better than the pay. This observation is contrary to the case of the SCM staff. For example, mid level management salary range for logisticians may be average between $69,200 and $ 100,000. The same position in SCM may attract a salary range of $56,000 – $ 85,000. Additionally, a company can offer their vice president of logistics an average salary of $288,500. Meanwhile, a vice president for SCM may get $224,000 (National Guidance Research Forum). Statistics of the
Both Marvel and DC are no strangers to the creation of characters that readers and viewers find interesting, engaging, and likable. However, several factors suggest that DC leads in this area by modern trends in the comic industry and the general values found in excellent storytelling. Three areas support the argument that DC possesses superior characters to Marvel. These include the depth and thoroughness with which DC characters are written, the ability to create successful legacy characters, and DC’s skills in handling strong villains that raise the character development of the heroes. While Marvel has advantages with large character casts, relatability, and popularity, they are overshadowed assets of DC heroes. Both Marvel and DC host ensembles of characters that are diverse, well-written, and engaging. DC characters are still generally more interesting and have greater depth, possibly due to DC having characters that were regular humans but still superheroes before Marvel, with Batman rising in popularity sooner than Ironman. Because Batman, or Bruce Wayne, is a regular person trained to be strong, many find him relatable. However, the more engaging aspect of characters is often their presentation as vigil
While it is often thought that all white people in the South discriminated against blacks and fully supported the segregation laws now commonly known as the Jim Crow laws, this is not necessarily the case. Social pressures that motivate the political process are very different from today’s more familiar motivations that drive the economic process. The Jim Crow laws of the South disenfranchised black voters through a variety of means and therefore ensured that only white opinions were voiced in the political process. Just like today, though, an overwhelming majority of the white votes was not necessarily required in order to legally mandate racial segregation. If a minority of powerful white voters wanted to enforce segregation while other white people were kept from voting for a variety of reasons – no opinion, no awareness of the vote, or inability to get the time off work for their powerful landlord – the vote was easily swayed the way the minority voters wanted. This stranglehold on the rule of law was maintained throughout the South largely due to the determined oversight or even willing participation in practices designed to subdue the black population by the law enforcement officials appointed to protect their newly won rights of citizenship. It wasn’t until the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. that the problems of law enforcement in the South was truly recognized and reforms started designed to reduce the influence of political agendas on the practice of law. The roots of the problem began with Reconstruction. To Lincoln, the first priority following war’s end was re-establishing the rule of law followed by rebuilding the infrastructure and economy and introduce measures designed to prevent the drafting of laws that would introduce racial discrimination into the legal code (Wills, 1992). However, Lincoln’s vision was subverted following his assassination by his successor Vice President Andrew Johnson. Just three years before taking oath as the new President of the United States, Johnson had told the citizens of Tennessee “I believe slaves should be in subordination and I will live and die so believing” (“Andrew Johnson”, 2007). Despite Johnson’s efforts to prevent it, Congress passed several Reconstruction Acts such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment says “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside” and no state can “deprive any person of life,
Introduction Many people across the globe make charitable contributions. For instance, in 2000, nearly 90 percent of the Americans contributed to charitable organizations. In 2009, nearly $330 was donated to charitable organizations by individuals in the United States of America (U.S.A). This constitutes 75 percent of the total donations made to charitable organizations in the US. Also, the amount makes up to 2 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and is the main source of revenue for charitable organizations (Vesterlund, 2006, p. 1). The biggest question that lingers in the mind of many researchers is the reason why millions of individuals are simply giving away their hard-earned cash. What inspires them to act in such selfless or selfless manner? Vestlund tried to answer these questions from an economic point of view. Nonetheless, these questions are yet to be comprehensively answered (Steinberg, 1998, p. 1187; Vesterlund, 2006, p. 1). The essay will explore the impact of social factors, particularly personal values on individual contributions to charitable organizations. The essay will also provide insight into the forms of interventions that are likely to be adopted by charitable organizations to attract new donors, as well as increasing the contributions of the existing donors. Last but not least, a case study analysis of a charitable organization will be conducted. The case study will explore the techniques used to attract and increase donations from individuals. The essay will also look at how successful the techniques are. Impact of personal values on charitable donations Many studies have been carried out to establish factors that influence individual contribution to charitable organizations. These studies have significantly contributed to an empirical model of donor perceptions and their impact on contributions (Steinberg, 1998; Andreoni, 1989; Sergeant, Ford & West). According to Bekkers and Wiepking (2006, p. 534), there are six factors that influence charitable donations by individuals. These factors include awareness of the need to contribute, solicitation, selflessness, cost of the benefit, status in the society, and personal values. These factors suggest specific measures that can be taken by charitable organizations to enhance individual donations and increase revenue. Nonetheless, the essay will mainly focus on personal values. Strong personal and ethical values have, for a long time been linked to the distribution, size, and frequency of charitable donations. However, individual and ethical values have been specifically complex to study empirically since they are intrinsically not capable of being controlled. As a result, studies on personal values have been limited to donations among groups with different values (Kvaran, 2012, p. 21). Bekkers and Wiepking (2006) produced significant research in this particular factor. They showed that people who are selfless or supported social values and those who
The practice of yoga dates back to ancient Indian philosophy. It uses a system of mind and body control to achieve liberation from the vices associated with the weakness of the human body and mind. Traditionally, yoga practices were meant to unite the human body with the divine. The postures involved in yoga (asana) were a means to achieving this higher spirituality. In the late 19 th century, yoga was introduced to the western world where it quickly took the form of physical exercises. Modern yoga emphasized the use of yoga postures to achieve better health as opposed to traditional practice that emphasized achievement of a higher spirituality using the body and mind. The purpose of this thesis is to point out the disconnect that exists between traditional yoga and contemporary practice. While traditional yoga is aimed at achieving spirituality, contemporary practice emphasizes yoga as a means of physical fitness. In traditional meaning, yoga was seen as a disciplined way to achieve a goal. In simpler terms, it is spiritual training. To maintain the discipline, the body and mind had to be coordinated and geared towards achieving the kind of higher spirituality that would ultimately transform the human being from a normal chaotic state into a perfect ordered state. In any religion, the sole purpose of spirituality is to be at peace with the inner self. Traditional yoga is the epitome of spirituality for it seeks to cease the agitation of the consciousness. To make that possible, one goes through a rigorous regimen of physical and mental endurance whose ultimate goal is to free the mind from the vices of humanity. In this sense yoga becomes theistic. The spirituality of yoga is concerned with the human condition and how to manage the flaws of humanity. One trains to be in full awareness of these flaws and learns how to sustain their spiritual reality throughout any situation. By going through the regimen of yoga, one learns how to discipline their inner awareness until such a point that they attain liberation to that place of perfection within the self. Contemporary yoga came into existence during the late 19 th century, with greater emphasis on the physical postures of yoga. Consequently, modern yoga has come to be associated with physical fitness. Modernists perpetrate yoga as a physical system with a spiritual component. It therefore means that the contemporary school of thought holds in high esteem, the physical aspect of yoga as a means to achieving satisfaction that is deemed spiritual. In order to understand how the traditional practice of yoga is linked to spirituality whilst the contemporary practice is a mere physical act, a look into some academic sources will help shed the light by outlining the meaning and purpose of yoga from a traditional point of view and from a contemporary point of view. Anderson, Sandra, and S.Rolf. Yoga:Mastering the basics , Washington: Himalayan Institute Press, 2000. Print. Modern yoga is centere
One of the main recent issues of current importance in the United States is the “Act on Democracy and Human Rights in Belarus – 2011” approved by the U.S. House of Representatives. The initiator of the foundation of the document became Chris Smith, a Republican congressman. The Act calls for the immediate and unconditioned release of all imprisoned politicians including those who were detained in the repression after the elections and rejected the results of the fraudulent elections. “Act on Democracy and Human Rights in Belarus – 2011” is one of the most important issues over the recent times of the United States (Belarus Digest, 2011). The new document caused vivid discussions and debates in the political society. As it was said at the corresponding conference, a new act was created to give a new breathe to the Act of 2004 (Belarus Digest, 2011). It asserts strong policy support by the government of the United States of the Belarusian nation in the struggle against the dictatorship of Lukashenko. People seek to live in a free and independent country with their human rights respected and the government forces elected. People want to live in the place where the officials apply laws equal for all citizens, where the fighters for life are inspired for decency against overwhelming pressure from anti-democratic regime. Government in particular is necessary to protect people, manage conflicts, and provide essential services (Wilson, 2011, p.1). The general idea of the document is support of human rights in Belarus provided by the Congress of the United States. According to the adopted act, the U.S. administration is obliged to report to Congress about a sale of weapons abroad by the Government of Belarus, about personal assets and the state of Lukashenko and other senior Belarusian political leaders. The Congress of the United States claims that the U.S. administration must deny the entry to the c
Background Advertising as is gambling calls for precision and sound judgment in order to pick the intended stake without fear or hesitation. Today unlike any other day in modern history, business rivalries have dominated the centre stage influencing even our tastes, styles, and trends in our individual walks of life. Competition to acquire the basic brand markets to mortgages, advertising has vehemently revolutionized the real concept of business in general and in particular the cosmetic industry. Thus, looking at how various products are being advertised, one cannot fail to note the seriousness of the product owners in as far as convincing the consumers to fall for the given product. Thus, advertisements can be said to be a hook that is typically employed to fish the client from the larger pool of similar products. Basically, most advertisers tend to employ the use of sex as a tool for marketing diverse products. This is clearly evidenced in the way women’s products are market through massive advertisements. For two decades now, I have realized women’s beauty products have undergone a significant metamorphosis due to the rapidly changing marketing landscape and consumer awareness’. Therefore, the advents of radio and TV advertisement have also equally played a significant role in the way women’s beauty is being handled. More so, the emergence of newspapers, gender magazines, and other types of literature have played an instrumental role in defining how diverse beauty products are being advertised and promoted across the female Diasporas. All in all, it should be noted that due to the way females define beauty so have firms dealing with beauty products have developed strategic marketing plans of creating sensational beauty products. Research aims Comparing diverse companies, one is in a position to be challenged by a number of similar products claiming to deliver the rare quality which cannot be offered by the competitors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide an informed insight into how the advertisement is employed by some of the leading firms in hewing market using sophisticated ethical or unethical procedures. Literature review Bobby Brown is one of the leading firms that have exceptionally managed to cut a substantial niche in the cosmetic industry. Considering the fact that, most of the firms merchandising beauty products through various media are strategically targeting women across all female spheres. But what is cosmetic advertising? Typically, cosmetic advertising is regarded as the promotion of beauty products by cosmetic firms such as Bobby Brown among others. I have noted that these advertisements are employed to target the female populace that is intending to change its facial appearance from now and then. Commonly this habit by women to use cosmetics is curtailed to boost physical beauty as well as reduce aging. As I have noted, many cosmetic firms employ the use of dirty tactics in order to impact potential clients. Hence, such scenarios have seen some of the major cosmetic firms on the
Background Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a United State Agency that was designed to protect public health and safety by providing information with an aim of enhancing health decisions. The World War II contributed to the foundation of the Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) in 1942. The program promotes health through partnering with other departments of health in US, other African both public and private organizations, businesses, education programs and individuals (Martin, 2009). It is concerned with designing and applying disease prevention measures and control programs to various regions. CDC does not have a specific target but for this case, Tanzanian can be considered as their targeted country. It fast dealt with infectious diseases and it later expanded to environmental health, occupational safety. It also deals with the promotion of health and education activities designed to improve health in Tanzania (Mubyazi et al., 2010). Objectives Public health professionals strive to improve health through the program and this has been its main objective. The public health individuals have devoted their will and action to evaluate its performance. All principles have been integrated into the CDC program framework and this has stimulated innovation (Mubyazi et al., 2010) towards improving outcome. “An efficient and timely detection improves the capacity of CDC to translate findings into practice,” (Martin, 2009, p. 04). The program has guiding standards and steps that do resolve the CDC basic approach to program. “The program also emphasizes on continuity and commitment for the improvement of overall community health” (Martin, 2009) and this has been the marking point. Data Collection Method(s) and inputs Program evaluation can be defined as the systematic application of scientific methods in assessing the performance of a program. Program on the other hand can be defined as a plan or series of steps that are carried out or objectives to be achieved. It is imperative to evaluate any given program to determine its efficiency (Martin, 2009). The paper evaluates Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC). The evaluation involved numerous steps. Both secondary and primary data collection and analysis methods were employed. The primary entailed interview and questionnaires while the secondary entailed the analysis of the past records. In evaluati