ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, taxi plays an integral part in any society as a convenient and rapid way to move from one place to another. Frequently, taxi drivers and passengers talk to each other to pass the time or just to discuss some issues. Taxi is a novel written by Khaled Alkhamissi. It consists of 58 stories collected by the author during his journeys by taxi in Cairo, Egypt. This paper is a report aimed at the analysis of characters and themes reflected in the book to understand the issues and tendencies contemporary Egyptians have to face. Through the voices of taxi drivers, Alkhamissi shows the life of the urban lower class citizens. The book enlightens the life of poor people through their words. These conversations are full of dialect words and colloquial expressions that make it easy to comprehend and treat stories accurately. The very form of narration captures the readers’ attention, who remain engaged until the end of the novel. Each of the stories takes at least two pages. The way the author shapes the text also contributes to the possibility for the readers to come up with their own conclusions. This, in turn, creates interest and the sense of active movement. It might be noted that the taxi drivers discuss similar issues yet from different perspectives. A range of essential socio-political issues is reflected in the novel, including censorship and repression, wars, and poverty. Bootleg video games, malnourished policemen, the impact of Kurosawa on Egyptian cinema, and Nile fishing – all of these topics are revealed clearly and sharply. Also, the double lives of veiled women and all those wars: six days, the Gulf, and Iraq take place in the taxi drivers’ monologs. Sounding in unison, the mentioned themes uncover the most substantial and controversial issues related to Egyptian culture, social life, and influence of politics on the poor population. First, the theme of taxi driving itself rises in the book. Cabbies note that in the middle of 90s, when the government permitted any car driver to work as a taxi driver, the country encountered oversupply. Namely, the number of 80, 000 is repetitively mentioned. “Taxi driving became the trade of those with no trade,” states the taxi driver described in the thirty-eighth chapter (Alkhamissi 140). Thousands of unemployed people joined to this sector. The situation occurred was a real disaster as it significantly decreased the level of cabbies’ income. At that, Alkhamissi emphasizes that he encountered young and old drivers, those with education and without it, as well as cabbies, who were completely unfamiliar with Cairo streets. In general, cabbies were cynic and humorous, talking
Introduction The United States Confederacy refers to the American government that was formed between the year 1861 and 1865, and comprised of the southern eleven states. The states declared their independence from the Union (United States of America). The formation of the confederacy was as a result of seven states declaration of their independence after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the president of the United States, while the other four states joined the confederacy after the American civil war which commenced at the battle of Fort Sumter. The confederacy was never recognized by the United States, and was instead considered illegal 1 . However, the confederacy bought warships and materials from the British and French, even though the European nations failed to recognize it as an independent country. The confederacy collapsed in April 1865 after the surrendering of Robert E. Lee and Joseph Johnson Armies. The United States of America also referred to as ‘Union’ captured the confederacy president, Jefferson Davis in Georgia, May 10, 1865. The confederacy completely collapsed by the end of June, when all the confederate forces had surrendered to the Union forces. The southern states were then re-admitted back to the Congress representation. There are various events that led to the formation of the United States confederacy. In this paper, these events will be discussed. Discussion The secession of the southern eleven states from the United States of America was first fuelled by the 1860 sectional disagreements that were experienced between the Southern and the Northern states. The American Revolution had earlier resulted to industrialization and the use of slaves as a source of labor in the industries and in the agricultural farms. For instance, slaves were used as a source of cheap labor in the cotton growing farms. While the southern states advocated for slavery, the northern states campaigned for the abolishment of the slave trade and slavery. The southerners wanted to maintain and expand slavery. Due to this disagreement, the southern states sought to become independent in order to practice slavery without the interference of the northern states. The leaders of the secession movement supported slavery which acted as a great motivation to the southern states independence.
It is well known that research is one of the primary tools that is used for improving people’s knowledge in various areas of expertise. Different types of research designs can be utilized, such as descriptive, experimental, analytical, correlational, and so on. Choosing an appropriate method depends on the type of investigated objects. In this essay, an effective research design that should be used in revealing the relationship between the date of political elections and the number of voters will be included. In addition, the research design that aims to assess the impact of the crackdown on the spread of prostitution in California will be chosen. The first study contains a hypothesis that “holding national elections on the first Sunday in November rather than the first Tuesday in November increase voter turnout.” To test if this statement is right, it is necessary to choose an appropriate research method. In the case of the number of voters in elections, the most effective research design is a case-control study, which is with the help of correlation methods. A case-control study implies observation of two or several groups of people or subjects that are different in terms of outcomes. These groups are examined and compared based on a causal attribute. This type of study is usually utilized for identifying certain factors that affect the outcomes of several groups of subjects. In the situation described in the hypothesis, this study can be used to count the number of people who can attend the elections on Sunday. Then, it is necessary to count the number of individuals who can participate in the elections on Tuesday. Calculations can be performed through the conduction of surveys and online interviews before the elections. Thus, there will be two groups of citizens whose answers will be examined and counted to reveal whether the date of elections is a defining factor of attendance. Therefore, the most effective research design for the hypothesis mentioned above is the case-study control. Other methods, such as interviews, questionnaires, and surveys, can also be utilized as additional research tools. The second study implies the conduction of a program evaluation that aims to assess the impact of the crackdown of prostitution in one of the districts of California. In this case, I would choose an observational study as a research design that would help to reveal the effectiveness of the suggested program in improving the situation with prostitution. The observational study is a method utilized in various fields, such as statistics, political sciences, or psychology. This method implies monitoring a variable that is independent and is not under the control of researchers. The observation aims to reveal the effect of measures that are introduced into a controlled group. Therefore, the main research design that would allow evaluating the effect of the suggested anti-prostitution program is observation. The number of arrests for prostitution is a variabl
In this Essay, I would like to discuss how literature reflects people and the society they live in. It is interesting to observe that authors’ use of language, use of various symbols, ideology etc brings into light various aspects of the society at that point of time. Let us start with John Updike – “The A&P.” Through this story, the author reflects on the structure of society, i.e. the morals, ideologies etc that existed. Through “Sammy,” the central character, the author is trying to show the kind of radical change that was happening in the society in the 60s. Sammy’s reaction to the store manager is not a hormonal reaction of a 19yr old boy; it is not an act of chivalry. It is Sammy’s way of showing that he is not like the rest of the “sheep” that come to A&P. The author cleverly uses the term “sheep” for the people coming to the store. The Sheep is used as a symbol to show the submissive nature of the people, they were the kind who followed the structures that existed in the society; who never questioned the ideals and traditions that were handed over to them. Sammy, unlike them, represented the simmering outburst that was waiting to take place in the society at that time. Updike uses the character of the manager to reflect the narrow-minded attitude of this small New England town. Let us take another book, which is William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily.” In this book the author uses various symbols to show the larger issues facing the south in the 20 th century. For example, the house that Emily Rose lived in is described as “grand house set on what had been our most select street.” However, with the end of this character the house is also shown to have deteriorated with time. This gives us an insight into what was happening of the “Old South” during that period of time. Emily’s madness is, in a way, the representation of the death and decay of the Old South. Emily’s stubbornness in accepting her father and her beau death is in way to show the resistance the south was putting against the cultural invasion from the north. Like Emily who lost, South America also lost everything after the civil war. The most shocking part is when the people in the town realize that Emily has killed her lover and has been sleeping with the dead body all these years. This, in a way, shows in a subtle manner, the limit that the southerners go to resist any kind of change. In the book “The Lesson,” by Toni Cade Bambara, the author uses language to portray the kind of people and economic situation that existed during the contemporary time. Bambra makes use of African American Vernacular La
Diabetes is a complicated and challenging disease. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes need to test how much glucose is in their blood regularly in order to know when they need to take insulin and assess the effectiveness of the insulin dose that they may be taking. The standards of care for diabetic people have changed rapidly due to improved technology for measuring blood glucose. Some of the methods currently in use include;   * Chemical Strips.   * Blood Glucose Meter.   * Continuous Blood Glucose Monitors.   * New technologies (Non-Invasive Technology and Glucose Bio Implant). Chemical Test Strips This is a less costly method for blood glucose monitoring. A drop of blood drawn from the fingertip is placed on a chemical strip known as Glucose Testing Strip. The strip changes color depending on the concentration of glucose in the blood. A color chart is used to compare the color with the corresponding glucose level which can either be normal, low, or high. This method is recommended only to people who are not using insulin but who are monitoring their blood glucose levels intermittently. Blood Glucose Meter This is an electronic device used for measuring a blood glucose level. In this case, the test strip, where a relatively small drop of blood is placed is linked with a digital meter. Once the drop of blood is placed on the strip, the meter digitally displays the level of blood glucose. This method is relatively expensive compared to the chemical strip test but it’s the most effective for diabetic people self-care. Again, less blood is required for the digital test strip compared with the chemical strip. A recent breakthrough has made it possible for the patient to use blood from another part of the body which is less painful compared to a finger. Continuous Blood glucose monitor This monitor is for continuous blood glucose level testing, giving results every few minutes. This system consists of a disposable glucose sensor usually placed under the skin and usually replaced every few days; the sensor is linked to a transmitter that communicates with a radio receiver, this is linked to the insulin pump and an electronic receiver for displaying the blood glucose levels on a continuous basis. Continuous monitoring helps in the assessment of how the blood glucose level responds to insulin, food, exercise, and other factors. The data corrected is used to correct insulin dosage ratio and in hyperglycemia correction. The future of blood glucose testing looks bright with the ongoing development of Glucose Sensing Bio Implants and Non-Invasive Technology. In Glucose Sensing Bio Implants, diabetic patients will undergo minor surgery for sensor implants. This sensor can last up to five years in the Diabetic patient system. Non-Invasive Technology is already being tested where blood glucose tests will not involve access to blood. Infrared detection and ultrasound will be employed to monitor the blood glucose level. This breakthrough will provide continuous blood glucose monitoring for a
Introduction AstraZeneca Plc is a world leading multinational pharmaceutical company based in the UK and Sweden. It is an international, innovation-driven biopharmaceutical business. The company is science-led biopharmaceutical organization employing about 61,500 employees worldwide. Millions of patients around the globe use its innovative medicines. AstraZeneca activities span the whole life cycle of a drug, from development and research to supply and manufacturing to international sales and marketing of specialty care medications that transform lives and offering primary care. AstraZeneca’s focus is the discovery, development, and monetization of prescription drugs for six vital areas of healthcare are respiratory and inflammation, neuroscience, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, oncology, and infection. The company has a presence in more than 100 countries and millions of patients use its innovative medications globally. The huge size of big pharmaceutical companies (like AstraZeneca) and the increasing complexities of the technologies and processes involved in their daily operations present numerous organizational and managerial challenges. For AstraZeneca, its global business strategy is efficient and sustainable, mainly because the existing distribution system is highly costly and complex due to the scale of their operations and modus operandi. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of AstraZeneca’s global business strategy vis-à-vis the company’s sustainability, in order to identify existing management challenges and possible solutions. The company’s existing business model and supply chains are two important business functions that will be used to analyze the sustainability of AstraZeneca’s global business strategy. Brief History of Astrazeneca AstraZeneca’s origin can be traced back to the years 1913 when Astra was an independent and relatively localized company based within Sodertalje, Sweden. During its initial years, the company focused mainly on retail and distribution of drugs. It was not until the late 1930s that AstraZeneca begun its first small-scale research initiatives. In 1939 and 1942, AstraZeneca acquired a number of factories, gradually making it the largest pharmaceutical company in Germany. Since the 1990s, Astr
Introduction When creating interview questions, it is important to be aware of certain important facts. Some people have argued that the best interview questions are those that seek to establish how a candidate has behaved in the past. The candidate’s past performance is then used to predict his or her future actions. This paper discusses the characteristics and experiences that are desirable for the job of the services division manager based on the information provided by the vice president of the services division. Later, a list of probable interview questions is presented. Desired Job Characteristics For the candidate to succeed on this job, he or she has to be self motivated and must be able to work without any form of supervision. A self motivated person will take time to understand the business goals and develop strategies to that will lead to the achievement of the goals (Vercillo, 2011). It is also very important for the candidate to possess good leadership skills. Bearing in mind that customer service is very significant to the growth of any business the candidate must be very skilled at dealing with customers. Although customers will mostly interact with the rest of the employees, any difficult problems encountered in the process of dealing with customers, will usually be directed to the manager who is expec
The successful functioning of Melbourne and Sydney ports is important Australia’s trade with other countries and timely distribution of goods to the customers. There are two challenges that each of these ports faces currently, namely the necessity to increase capacity and improve accessibility. This paper will provide recommendations for addressing these problems. In 2009, the Port of Melbourne handled more than two million twenty-foot equivalents units or containers, and in the future this number is most likely to increase (Port of Melbourne Corporation 2009, p. 2). Moreover, this port harbors thousands of cargo and passenger ships throughout the world. There is an urgent need for the government to increase the capacity and accessibility of the port. One of the steps is to establish a set of regional terminals that would provide some supply chain services such as warehousing, packing or unpacking (Port of Melbourne Corporation 2009, p. 27). This strategy will facilitate the handling of cargo. Moreover, the management of these terminals will have to develop schedule for pick-ups and drop-offs of the containers (Chen & Yang 2010, p 112). These schedules will help them avoid traffic congestions near these terminals. Secondly, the capacity can be improved through the high productivity freight vehicles and rail (Port of Melbourne Corporation 2009, p. 28). Scholars believe that effective utilization of road and rail infrastructure can be a powerful determinant of the port capacity (Maloni, & Jackson 2005, p. 1). The use of rail will be important for the Port of Melbourne. In part, the goal of this strategy is to reduce the number of small trucks that cannot carry large quantities of goods or containers. Moreover, the increasing number of such trucks results into air pollution, traffic congestion, and accidents (Roso 2008, p. 790). This is why their number should be minimized. The use of trains and high capacity vehicles will facilitate the transportation of goods to their customers. They will accelerate the distribution of goods and subsequently increase the capacity of the port. This approach will ensure that the movement of cargo is not impeded. It should be noted that the accessibility of the port depends on its land use. The accessibility of the Melbourne Port can be improved by acquiring or renting some nearby lands. This approach will enable the government to establish new terminals for cargo ships. Nevertheless, effective use of transportation resources will play a more important role because land acquisition can provide only a short-term solution since the port will not be allowed to acquire new lands on a regular basis. In its turn, the Port of Sydney faces similar challenges. Currently, it handles 1.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units, and this number is projected to increase by four percent each year (Sydney Ports Corporation 2012, p. 17). As in the previous case, the government should intensify the use of rails and roads. The government needs to expand the existing rail infrastructure so that cargo could be quickly distributed to the distribution terminals in the metropolitan area of Syndey (Sydney Ports Corp
Modern nurses have to work with people who may represent various cultures. These professionals have to accept the idea that the values or principles of patients or colleagues can be different from their own. Therefore, one can say that nurses will be more knowledgeable about other people and more tolerant of their opinions or ideas. Researchers identify several components of culturally competent nursing care. One of them is the ability to avoid prejudice or stereotypes about a different culture (Finkelman & Kenner, 2010, p. 309). Nurses should understand that a great number of popular beliefs about other countries or cultures are not really based on any facts. Additionally, medical workers should gain knowledge about the values, traditions, or family systems of people who can represent diverse cultures (Ulrich, 2009, p. 367). Apart from that, nurses should remember that some patients may not be proficient in the English language. Thus, it is important to make sure that they can communicate with medical workers. On the whole, nurses play an instrumental role in helping patients or their families. These people should be able to choose the most effective communication strategies. Additionally, Beth Ulrich emphasizes the idea that nurses should attempt to reduce possible ethnic or racial inequalities (2009, p. 367). These professionals should remember about people representing ethnic minorities since these individuals may be discriminant again stated. The task of nurses is to eliminate even the possibility of such discrimination. Thus, to some degree, cultural competence involves social justice. Thus, one can argue that culturally competent nursing includes such elements as effective communication strategies, sensitivity to the needs and values of other people, and willingness to ensure social justice. These are some of the goals that nurses should achieve.
Making Budgetary Control Effective A robust organizational structure is required for budgetary effectiveness. Permanent specific concerns, such as a finance committee and a budget director, should be established. To avoid bottlenecks, budget planning must be well integrated. Budgets for individuals should be harmonized with each other. Budgets must be reviewed on a regular basis to avoid them from devolving into a license to spend the entire authorized amount even when it is not necessary. According to Dauda (2019), “business organizations of all types must engage in financial planning at whatever level to ensure judicious deployment of resources for achieving organisational goals.” Workers should be appropriately compensated for performance in accordance with the budget. Sloppy staff, on the other hand, should not go condemned. Behavioral Aspects of Budgetary Control Budgetary control is a crucial instrument for performance evaluation. Nevertheless, findings take time to appear. Those in charge of fiscal control should have extensive knowledge and expertise in the subject. Workers are modifying their working practices, routines, and even their inter-relationships based on finances. As a result, workers may exhibit reluctance to change. It leads to the creation of each budget with the backing of top leadership. Each employee’s requirements are fully described and distributed in a formal structure. If this is the case, they will be aware of their power and responsibilities, which will be valuable for budgetary management. A financial management program’s effectiveness depends on the organization’s defined objectives. As a result, when establishing targets, management should exercise caution. Furthermore, the aims are explicit. Reference Dauda, H. (2019). Examining the Role of Budgeting and Budgetary Control in Achieving Objectives of Business Organizations.