ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the most peculiar aspects of the ongoing technological progress, which ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution continues to affect the surrounding social reality to an ever-higher degree, is that this progress appears to have a number of the clearly phenomenological subtleties to it. In its turn, this has to do with the fact that, even though that are many reasons to refer to the process of humanity remaining on the path of a technological advancement, as being thoroughly objective, the scenario’s qualitative characteristics suggest that it cannot be discussed outside of what account for the dialectically predetermined qualities of the affiliated ‘human substratum’. That is, the very notion of ‘technological progress’ is discursively ambivalent, in the sense of being simultaneously both: reflective of the actual mechanics of how the laws of evolution define the ways of humanity, and indicative of the fact that, in order to be able to act as the agent of socio-cultural/technological development, one must be capable of elevating itself above these laws. This, of course, implies that when it comes to trying to discover the actual ‘fuel’ of progress, researchers would be better off combining the ‘culturally determinist’ and ‘technologically determinist’ discursive paradigms – despite the fact that, methodologically speaking, they are quite inconsistent with each other. In this paper, I will explore the validity of the above-stated at length, in regards to the (1991) documentary Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio. Fuel of Progress: Technological’ and Cultural Determinism Before I proceed with the intended undertaking, it will be in order to provide definitions to what the notions of the ‘technological’ and ‘cultural’ determinism (regarding the concept of technological progress) stand for. According to the proponents of the former, the process of new technologies being discovered is fully objective. This, in turn, suggests that it is the mentioned process, which defines the manner in which people perceive the surrounding reality, and not the other way around. As Williams pointed out: “New technologies are discovered by an essentially internal process of research and development, which then sets the conditions of social change and progress” (13). Thus, in order for us to be able to understand the essence of socio-cultural dynamics within a particular society, we will need to define the overall measure of its ‘technological friendliness’. ‘Cultural determinists’, however, could not disagree more. According to them, there is a link between what happened to be the particulars of one’s socio-cultural affiliation, on one hand, and the concerned
Introduction Children Beauty Pageant is the outdoor entertainment of children in elaborate and colorful attires that focuses on the ranking of the contestants based on their physical appearance and their genuine ability to respond to the judges’ questions. Children under sixteen years participate in these talent interviews, casual wear, and sportswear competitions (Whitney 455). However, parents may encourage their children to participate in the beauty pageant competition, but it has adverse side effects on their bodies and emotional behaviors. The beauty pageant has both long-term and short-term health effects that result in children’s eating behaviors. Parents have little expectations of their children’s disorder because they assume that their children will grow up to be models and future entertainers. Therefore, the beauty pageants industry has flourished, luring many children to the industry because of their impressionable minds. Moreover, more than five million participants take part in the beauty pageants competition, including children. Most children enter the beauty pageant industry because of their parents’ choices and blessings to push them to join the industry (Lenert). This is why parents have inadequate expectations of the severe effects of beauty pageants on their children. Hence, there should be immense enforcement of the illegalizing policy of beauty pageants among children. This should be done to save our children from the effects of general body disorders, emotional problems, and image distortions. Most parents push their children in the pageant beauty industry to get money upon their children’s participation without assessing the harmful effects of the actions. Parents should take good care of their children by protecting them from indulging in beauty pageants competitions. This will only be achieved by making it illegal for the children to participate in the contests. Children are subjected to immense effects from pageant competitions. Therefore, children’s policy participation in the beauty pageants should be enacted and reinforced; thus, warning children from participating in the competitions. The effects are discussed below; Effects of Beauty Pageants on Children Participation of children in the beauty pageants competition leads to their body image distortions. It is because young children’s involvement in the pageants focuses on attractiveness, cuteness, and perceived attire. Most of the children participants grow thinner due to losing weight to suit in the beauty industry (Farrales 50). Moreover, the current report shows that more than half the participants have maintained their smaller weight to fit in the thin costumes and win crowns and prizes. The instances of parents subjecting their young children to the use of makeup and spray tans increase the sociologi
The journal by Helen Shipton called “Towards a typology for organizational learning research ,” compares and contrasts approaches to organizational management as there exists a close linkage between individual training and entire workplace training (Shipton, 2006). This paper discuses the main issues and contributions brought about in the article. The article gives reference to scholars who seems to have been the originators and first advocators for organizational learning, Cyert and March (1963) according to these early scholars, organizations respond to changes in the external environments and it is through the external environments that they align their organizations learning needs. To some extent, the above observation of early scholars still holds however in modern times, strategic management approaches to business management puts less emphasis on need for organizational learning to have been initiated by an external influence (Kleiman, 2000). They are of the opinion that the best approach to organizational learning is to have an ongoing program of learning, training, developing, mentoring, coaching and counseling to ensure that operations within an organization are well up-to-date. In modern organizational learning theories, there exists a close relationship between organizational learning and performance in an organization; as brought about in prescriptive/normative theory literature, organization
Introduction Langston Hughes is an African- American writer who lived in the early years of the twentieth century. He had a difficult childhood that was marked by a divorce between his parents. Langston stayed with his mother who was very poor after the divorce with her husband. This has greatly influenced Langston’s further life. He began writing while he was a teenager. His work was inspired by the surrounding world (Kennedy and Gioia 372); so, he wrote about things he saw. As a child born from a black family, he witnessed prejudice and racism practiced against the blacks. This contributed to Hughes dark times; therefore, most of the poems he wrote carry a theme anchored on those experiences. The poems demonstrate and describe the dark times the blacks faced. Hughes even mentioned that he mostly wrote his poems when he felt the worst. These included moments when he could not stand the social injustices any longer. An aspect that is so common with writers. Most authors write best at their dark moments in life. This essay discusses how many writers write best during the low points of their lives, and analyses this aspect in Langston Hughes poem (Kennedy and Gioia 372). Why authors write their best works during darkest moments: Langston Hughes In my opinion, when one is going through the dark times in life, they feel determined to let out what he or she holds back in the heart. This is why when one speaks during such moments, they are likely to speak directly what is in their minds. For instance, Hughes was dissatisfied with ill treatment that his fellow black men experienced. He desired to live in a world that observed justice in spite of the skin color. This made him write his poems with titles implying democracy and freedom from racial discrimination. He told of the black men, and what they felt. He wrote about the desperation that the black people went through and that he also experienced in his life. For instance, in his poem; The Weary Blues, Hughes speaks of a sad moan who finds consolation in playing his music. He wishes he was dead and says, “…I ain’t happy no mo’, and I wish that I had died…” (Hughes 369). His speech suggested hard times, yet showed anticipated hope, “… I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ And put ma troubles on the shelf…” (Hughes 369). During the time when one is going through the dark phase in life, they have to look on the bright side to move on. This is why Langston was hopeful and felt encouraged. An example is his poem titled Mother to Son. This poem involves a piece of advice given to a son by his mother. The poem tells of the writer’s rough life, which has not been easy. He says, “… well, son, I’ll tell you: life for me ain’t been no crystal stair, it has tacks in it, and splinters and boards…” (Hughes 370). In this poem, the mother proceeds to tell the son how she maneuvered and climbed regardless of the prevailing tough circumstances. Thi
The legal function often finds it difficult to prove its value to the business. Legal supremacy has created a connection between lawyers that have kept others sidelined for the past several years. Lawyers tend to offer their services to fellow lawyers who share a similar mindset and skillset. As a result, lawyers may fail to realize the value of their services to other consumers. Selling to people with similar perspectives makes it hard to understand the needs of different consumers. Since lawyers only focus on their fellows, their prices are beyond the means of buyers. Additionally, other individuals perceive that the legal services are for the well-off and fail to seek them. The legal services also tend to stick to precedency and avoid changes. Most lawyers base their work on those in the past instead of finding ways to improve and provide modifications. Lawyers also adhere to the language used in legal services, thus creating a barrier to other customers in different fields. As a result, the business sector seeks to reconstitute the law function. Through this step, the traditional sectors of the law function will get changed by business to more integrated operations that are proactive, data-driven, and suitable to serve the customers. Despite the changes made, confidentiality, privileges, and other essential principles of legal practice will get retained by lawyers. The burden of legal function in proving its value is met when the customers’ needs are met. Some of the ways law aligns its role with customers are understanding their language, providing insights to the corporate world, help in mitigating corporate risks, function as an enterprise, and acquiring businesses. When the law function realizes the transformations in the digital space, they increase and prove their worth in business.
Introduction Highly effective people are known to focus on discovering opportunities around them. They then utilize these opportunities to their advantage keenly taking into consideration their principles and values. They do this in order to achieve personal or organizational goals (Hergenhahn, 2005). The decisions they make are centered and focused on already defined mission statements. For one to benefit fully from concepts of Habit 2 Put First Things First , one needs to have thoroughly understood and internalized Habit 1 and Habit 2. Habit 1 focuses on the individual’s character development (pro-activity). It is through the character that one develops in this stage that he or she is able to refrain from activities that do not contribute towards the achievement of the defined goals. Habit 2 begins with “an end” in mind. Stephen Covey (2004) emphasizes on creating a clear vision of one’s objective. This has to start with analyzing one’s current situation in order to know one’s position. It is by so doing that one is able to come up with a personal or organizational constitution. The latter draws clear guidelines and regulations towards achieving the short
Introduction There is a myriad of criminology theories whose cardinal goal is the attempted explanation of crime, perpetrators, and victims. Social deviance is not a new concept to man and criminology has its roots in the original civilizations in the world that first established laws to govern the societies that they inhabited. As such, truly it is no wonder that elements such as the social contract are a common denominator between law and criminology. This paper shall comprehensively discuss some key elements of criminology, viz. theories of crime, victims of crime, recidivism or desistance, and the measurement of crime. Towards this end, the data presented is an amalgamation of numerous articles and other literature hubs consulted for research purposes and adequately cited within the text. Explanation of the theories of crime Crime is an interesting element in society. Dating back to Adam and Eve, the two broke a law that had been set for compliance and as a result, they suffered the promised consequences. This trend followed through with Cain who murdered his brother Abel, and then the Jews with their Torah all the way down to contemporary legal systems and institutions that form the pinnacle of order in today’s society. The allusion to Christianity is a calculated move for crime has an element of morality in it and it is just as effective would have been an allusion to Islam or Atheism. Theories of crime are based on various possible perspectives on crime that have been investigated and empirical data drawn to support their accuracy or validity. They are theories as opposed to facts for they could yet be disproved. However, in the meantime, they have been used to explain criminology for close to two centuries now and continue to do so. Additionally, some of them are actually theories used to explain other phenomena, but borrowed into criminology for the sole purpose of shedding further light on a general aspect of crime that is shared by another phenomenon. An illustration of this aspect would be the learning theory, which is a psychological theory that is originally, and still in most forums, used to explain behavioral development in general, but criminology enlists it as a learning theory for how crime is learnt by delinquents. Theories that explain crime Crime theories are numerous and diversified and they include psychological theories such as learning theories, intelligence theories, personality trait theories, psychopathic theories, cognitive and social development theories, positivist, classical, anomie – institutional anomie and feminism. Others include critical, social disorganization, differential association, control, general strain and deterrence among others. I
Admittedly, children go through several developmental stages, and at every stage they obtain new skills. There are several theories concerning the development of children. Theorists and researchers identify stages which can slightly differ. Though, it is necessary to note that all of these theories provide a quite similar evaluation of behavioral development of children at different stages of life. It is also acknowledged that children need specific support of their close ones and they expect a parent (or any of their relatives) to devote him/herself to their needs (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2013). It is possible to consider the behavior of the four children to define major peculiarities of behavioral development at different stages. In early childhood, children only start learning about the world and acquiring the necessary skills to live in society. At this stage, children are very attached to their families and spend a lot of time together, engaging themselves in a variety of activities (Families – early childhood, 2014). The boy, as well as his relatives, do not think much a lot about his future, but they help the child with his school tasks. Notably, the child does not think about the way he fits into society, and his close ones do not teach him what it is like to be a good person. At this stage, the child and his relatives are more concerned with development more specific skills (reading, doing sums, doing sports and so on). In middle childhood, children are more integrated into society, though they are still attached to their close ones. They spend quite a lot of time with their family. However, relatives tend to invest less time as their older siblings often take up this role. Notably, this is the period when children are taught “good things” and the ways to behave in society (Families – middle childhood, 2014). Parents tend to help the child with studies, but they focus on teaching strategies rather than simply doing tasks. The child learns how to be more independent. In early adolescence, parents invest the same time. For instance, they help their adolescents to study. However, at this stage, parents do not simply help to study but also teach adolescents to be more responsible (Families – early adolescence, 2014). Adolescents understand the role of their parents and teachers. They see that adults help them develop. At this stage, adolescents start thinking about their future, and even though they may not have precise plans, they may understand that they need to study to be able to make that plan. Clearly, at this stage, parents often tell them about being a good person, and adolescents try to fit into society and become good people. In late adolescence, adolescents become integrated into the society (school, extracurricular activities, friends, and so on), but they still need care, support, and protection of their close ones. For instance, the girl, whose father does not live with them, has an elder brother who fulf
The success of an international business lies in the domestic culture and its operation in terms of human resource management, governance, publicity, and strategic design. Employers’ best global practices should be applied as a way of enhancing international business. The main aspects of international business have a strong influence on strategic human resource management goals and organizational strategy. Apetrei, Kureshi, and Horodnic (2015) discuss the results of a study carried out to investigate how a national culture can influence global industrialists. The study was necessitated by the fact that research in the global business has recently focused on how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can become international. The research is an indicator of intensified efforts to do more studies into how varied cultures affect international entrepreneurs in the wake of many firms making their operations global and others opting for worldwide management as their day-after-day exercise. It has pointed out that the cultural inclination of a given citizenry is vital in directing business policies and control for foreign investment. SMEs have a difficult time operating internationally and are at a high risk of failing due to competition (Apetrei et al., 2015). They are faced with the challenge of applying novel practices in the new environment as their operations may be affected by unfamiliar cultural, economic, and social occurrences. The approaches that the authors highlight with respect to SMEs adapting to new environments are excellently portrayed. They include adaptation by allowing the people based in the new environment to take up positions of authority and learning the culture in which the business is to operate. I agree with the claims of the authors because it is difficult to identify the influence of cultural alignments in the SMEs as is the case with corporations that have been in international operation for a long time. In his article, Cuervo-Cazurra (2016) proposes an extension of a study done on bribery and, more particularly, an analysis carried out into the differences between accepting and giving bribes for purposes of doing business. Regular assessments should be done on state officials and administrators who serve their respective governments. The article also underscores the need for scrutiny into the best means of further developing theories that have been found useful in understanding the linkage of international businesses with a country’s enterprises and regimes. It shows that the topic has drawn interest in the recent past in the determination of its impact on global enterprising. Cuervo-Cazurra (2016) highlights how corruption can be analyzed with interest in international business by finding out its basis, results at the industry and country