ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a Staphylococcal bacterium that is impervious to a collection of antibiotics referred to as beta-lactams. Beta-lactams include antibiotics such as methicillin, amoxillin, penicillin, and oxacillin (“CDC – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections”). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are also unaffected by cephalosporins (Chang 4). Several factors contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. These factors include mutations, overuse, and misuse of antibiotics (Chang 9). A good number of MRSA diseases are skin illnesses. Relentless or potentially grave MRSA illnesses happen more often to immunocompromised patients in healthcare surroundings. However, recent occurrences indicate more people who live away from hospitals get MRSA. This strain is the “community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) or superbug strain” (Todar 2). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cite that of the 25% to 30% of people colonized by staphylococcus bacteria, only 2% has MRSA. Colonization occurs when an individual has the bacteria, but reveals no indicators of the disease. Chang attributes colonization to the existing equilibrium between the presence of bacteria and the body’s capability to battle the infection (2). Besides, Staphylococcus coexists with other types of bacteria on the skin, which do not allow it to dominate fully. An individual’s strong immunity also forestalls Staph infections in colonized people. Staphylococci are sphere-shaped bacteria that come about in tiny groups similar to grapes. They are Gram-positive bacteria commonly found on noses of healthy humans (as normal flora). Other body areas such as the mouth, skin, and the digestive system also harbor Staphylococcus aureus (Todar 1). Picture1: An electron micrograph showing Staphylococcus aureus (Todar 1). The genus Staphylococcus belongs to family Staphylococcaceae. Staphylococcus aureus grows into a big yellow colony on enriched culture medium and is hemolytic on blood agar (1). According to Todar, the Staph bacteria display optimum growth in a variety of conditions such as sodium chloride strengths of 15% and warmth of 15 o C to 45 o C (1). Staphylococci form flawlessly round cells with a thickness of one micrometer. They grow in bunches because the cells split in succession, in three perpendicular levels with the progeny staying connected to each other after every division (Todar 1). This forms an overall appearance of an uneven assembly of cells. Staphylococcus aureus are non motile and do not develop spores (1). These bacteria produce numerous potentially hostile factors that help them during colonization of the host. Examples of these factors are surface proteins, invasions, surface factors, and exotoxins. In addition, MRSA have biochemical qualities such as immunological covers that help them continue to exist in phagocytes. Early detection of symptoms is essential for cure and proper management of any infection. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the symptoms associated with Staphylococcal infections. Common MRSA illnesses in the community are skin diseases whose main sy
The chapter 3 of Murrin’s Liberty, Equality, Power dwells on the extension of British colonies, which occurred in 1700. Specifically, the Atlantic demographic discrepancies are recounted in the work. The author links the diversity of Indians in America to the migration processes that occurred at this time. He states that New England, which was the healthiest part of the world, took control over the margin societies. The beginning of the British Empire is connected with the rise of mercantilism, which pointed out that the status of a country should be fully dependant on its wealth. Therefore, England launched an extensive trade politics by initiating the First Navigating Act so that to gain an opportunity to receive the stay in close contact with world markets. In the subsequent part of the chapter, the author illustrates the events of Indians’ settlement. It is emphasized that, in the second part of the 17th century, the citizens of Indian colonies were depopulated, which provoked Virginia’s Indian War. The rebellion led to the upheaval of colonists and brought Nathaniel Bacon, the initiator of the major Indian resistance, on the scene. The movement stipulated crisis in England, which damaged its imperial politics and trade plot. The events of Glorious Revolution, which are regarded in the book, reveal the Protestant movement that became a starting point of Catholic overthrowing. Moreover, the establishment of governmental regulation of the royal colonies became the consequence of the revolution. The transformation gave rise to the political system of British Empire and stimulated the introduction of “mixed and balanced” legislation. Finally, the author recounts the opposition between North America colonies, France, and Spain, which were interested in converting Indians to Catholicism. Mainly, the outcomes of Pueblo Revolt and the Iroquious Five Nation struggle, which included France in the slave trade, are reflected. As a conclusion, the regulation of human commerce and the fundament of colonial household in the New England are discussed. The author claims that mercantilism ideals became the prevention of ethnic diversity support. Works Cited Murrin, John, Paul Johnson, James McPherson, Alice Fahs, Garry Gerstle, Emily Rosenberg and Norman Rosenberg. Liberty, equality, power: a history of the American people , Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.
Introduction To enhance capitalist exploitation and national oppression, the workers of North America responded with a fierce class struggle. The 80s of the 19th century were a turning point in the history of the labor movement on this continent: workers first came forward as a class that realized its special interests. During these years, employees were united mainly around the so-called Knights of Labor who proclaimed their goal to liberate workers from the tyranny of corporations and destroy the slavery of wage labor. Key Figures The key figures in the conflict were capitalized tycoons and the owners of large enterprises on one side and the working class along with the Knights of Labor on the other. On behalf of working people, railwaymen acted as opponents of trade unions formation. On behalf of the bosses, local authorities led by the Mayor of Toronto, Mr. Howland, protested against the activities of the opposition. The Role of the Public and the Government The role of the public in this whole story is quite significant because the Knights managed to cause such mass excitement and resonance in society due to the interest of ordinary people. In connection with the fact that the authorities tried to block the actions of activists, the situation became even worse. Such measures led to an open confrontation between the local government and the members of the opposition, and the conflict into a large-scale one from a local one. Main Points of Conflict among Unionists Perhaps, the main reason for the conflict between the unionists was the working conditions that were imposed on employees of different enterprises. The case concerned wages, the length of the working day, etc. As an argument, the supporters of the Knights gave the opinion that corporations conducted the policy of tyranny. All this led to the fact that confrontations and strikes became a very frequent phenomenon among the masses. Cause of the Strike’s Defeat The Knights abandoned the idea of the struggle when it became clear that their forces were too small to fight the state apparatus. In the local district assembly, fifty-five people asked to cancel the strike. Undoubtedly, ordinary people chose in favor of the power of the Knights. Nevertheless, the strikers complained about the low pay for their activity, and over time, the enthusiasm subsided, and subsequently completely came to naught. Moreover, the rumors were heard that strikers were just puppets in the hands of real liberators. Therefore, one of the central problems related to the strike was quite typical; and it was the lack of money. The soundness of Knights Leaders’ Decisions Initially, the actions of those who struggled for freedom were justified by the time and poor living conditions. However, in their behavior, there was not much excitement, and they even condemned some of their followers for too hard work. It is not excluded that the consequences of the activity of strike leaders were highly controversial and, perhaps, even condemned by the direct leadership. Possible Alternative Measures Undoubtedly, the most important thing, witho
The Origin of Law Law and legal justice is as old as civilization. In earlier societies, the system was run in a very simple and uncomplicated manner without the frameworks of written constitution and the complicated judicial system. Even during those days, where issues were sorted out from the experiences of daily life and collective wisdom of the society or group of people – often disposed off by a council of elders or by a single authority, who by his order was superior enough to provide justice or by his ranking, knowledge and wisdom was chosen to decide on matters where a moral or ethical question called. The superiority of such systems is that it was always the human side of the argument that mattered and not much emphasis was laid on the technical aspects of the question in concern. Such systems were adequate and served well for small populations of people who were employed by nature as its servants and had no understanding of a complicated profession or by the nature of their life and learning had the requirement to do so. The broken fragments of such early systems are still found in the ruined gatherings in the settlements of rudimentary people in the depths of continents untouched by modern life. No court of law existed in those days, but all members of the society were afraid of or rather respected the code of decency and the unwritten law. In most cases, justice was believed to be disposed off by the lord divine and thus had much more implications than that of something that was merely legal. Whether or not God acted as a judge, is a question better left to be answered by philosophers and religious thinkers; but social discipline was a factor that has helped mankind survive thus far. All during the course of history, it can be observed that law, the people who handle them, their nature and the nature of authority has changed with the evolution of political and trading institutions. From being simple hunter gatherers to being the most successful species on the face of this planet, law and legal institutions have played a vital role in the evolution of modern society and in many ways influence our progress as well. One of the most complicated legal systems of the ancient world known to man was the Pax Romana or the law of ancient Rome. The system co-existed with the rudimental democratic institution and played a vital role in the management of the state. Though equal rights for all was not guaranteed by the system, it brought about law and order in a nation that was constantly gathering military triumphs and was conquering new lands thereby expanding the reach of the empire. History shows that anarchy played an important part in the destruction of the vast empire. In fact the anarchy that prevailed was a product of the failure of the legal system to address the increasing requirements of a growing state. This led to the failure of the democratic environment and people – especially those of the higher ranks were taking law in to their o
Criminology is a certain study of crime based on the social-scientific approach and is both regarded as an individual and wide social phenomenon. Criminological research fields include such issues as: the incidence of crime, its forms, causes and consequences of crime. Governmental and social regulations, certain reactions to crime are also included here. Criminology is actually an interdisciplinary sphere in the sciences that regard behavior. It is usually drawing up by the research of such scientists as: sociologists and psychologists; it is also drawing up by writings in law. Quantitative methods in the criminology play a great role in data analysis. Deflem wrote in his book: “In 1885, Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term “criminology” (in Italian, criminologia). The French anthropologist Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French (criminologie) around the same time”(Deflem, p. 279, 2006). Following these I suggest reviewing Positivist school of “Schools of thought”, which is listed in the Larry J. Siegel’s “Criminology – The Core”, and is development. The Positivist School argues that the criminal behavior itself is always caused by some factors: internal and external which are mainly outside of the control of the certain individual. The scientific method was represented and applied in order to study behavior of the human being. According to Larry J. Siegel Positivism can be divided into three main segments which are named: biological positivism, psychological positivism and social positivism. Siegel states that: “Cesare Lombroso, an Italian prison doctor working in the late 19th century and sometimes regarded as the “father” of criminology, was one of the largest contributors to biological positivism and founder of the Italian school of criminology” (Siegel, p. 7, 2003). I accordance with McLennan: “Lombroso took a scientific approach, insisting on empirical evidence, for studying crime” (McLennan, p. 311, 1980). He actually suggested that certain physiological traits such as the measurements of somebody’s cheek bones or even hairline, or maybe a cleft palate, used to be considered as throwbacks to man of the Neanderthal period, were pointing out of well known “atavistic” tendencies in the criminal sphere. This approach was actually influenced by the earlier represented theory of the phrenology and also by Charles Darwin’s evolution theory. However, this approach has been replaced. A well known student of Cesare Lombroso – Enrico Ferri argued that both factors: social and biological ones played a role. Ferri stated that criminals should not be regarded as responsible ones for those factors which were causing their criminality but were actually beyond their own control. Larry J. Siegel states that: “Criminologists have since rejected Lombroso’s biological theories, with control groups not used in his studies” (Siegel, p. 13
Introduction Patients’ history and presenting symptoms are important in proper diagnoses and management of gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, nurse practitioners (NP) must obtain a comprehensive history from all patients, which aids in making the correct diagnoses when combined with physical examination results. Rationale and Explanation for Diagnosis In the case study, the patient does not show signs that match inflammatory disorders. The side effects of prednisone that relate to the gut trigger nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Synthroid 100mcg is a synthetic compound that mimics the action of thyroxin hormone. Levothyroxine is effective in improving thyroid hormone release by the thyroid glands thereby alleviating hypothyroidism (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2011). Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is effective in the management of hypertension and angina. Continuous use of nifedipine causes unwanted effects like nausea, sweating, heartburn and a general feeling of illness. The absence of inflammation signs rules out inflammatory conditions of the digestive system particularly inflammatory gastroenteritis subtype. Therefore, the patient’s diagnosis is likely to be non-inflammatory gastroenteritis because of the symptoms present. Non-inflammatory gastroenteritis often presents with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. This condition has many causes ranging from adverse drug effects and food poisoning to bacteria and viruses (Porter & Kaplan, 2011). Drug Therapy Plan for the Patient The patient’s drug abuse history predisposes him to hepatitis due to the likelihood of sharing injection with other drug users (Starr & Raines, 2011). Therefore, it is
Introduction Religion is a significant part of life, protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Under the Amendment, the government can neither establish a religion nor abridge the freedoms of free exercise of religion or free speech. These clauses can constitute a contradiction when persons bring religious symbols or discussions to the public space. This is particularly legally challenging in a public-school setting, where displaying religious symbols can be seen as being endorsed by the school, which contradicts the Establishment Clause. In the provided example, a student’s essay and artwork depicting Jesus raise two legal issues. Issue 1: Displaying the Artwork The First Amendment prevents the government from prohibiting the free exercise of religion. However, permanent displays of religious symbols are not permissible under the Establishment Clause (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Existing guidelines state that such displays may be permissible if they are temporary and integrated into a secular curriculum (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Furthermore, such a display can fall under the distribution of student materials, which the school can restrict based on their content, viewpoint, or the validity of its educational message (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). The artwork needs to be reviewed and these questions answered to determine whether it can be displayed in the classroom. If displaying the artwork is agreed to be permissible, an additional disclaimer should be added to it, explaining that the school does not endorse its message. Generally, the U.S. Supreme Court views public displays of religious symbols on school property as unconstitutional. Specifically, in Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000), the Court ruled that delivering a prayer over the school’s public announcement (PA) system was unconstitutional since its use of the school’s equipment led to the audience assuming that the school endorsed the message. Furthermore, the same case used Lee. v. Weisman as precedent to establish that such messages are delivered to a captive audience (1992). Finally, in Engel v.Vitale (1962), the Court established that school-led religious activity is unconstitutional regardless of its content or ties to a particular religion. These rulings illustrate the unconstitutionality of using school resources for religious messaging by its students. Issue 2: Grading the Essay Grading the essay submitted by the student raises similar issues related to the perceived endorsement of its content. Any grade, positive or negative, can be viewed as either promoting or denigrating the religion, which contradicts the Establishment Clause (Haynes & Thomas, 2007. While teaching rel
Introduction Every organization faces challenges from structural contingency and complexity science. The role of the employees and the duty of the managers are subjected to constant changes. This paper presents what is a structural contingency and complexity science, what are the differences between these two concepts, and what is my opinion on these concepts after reading the article. Structural contingency and complexity science Structural contingency theory explains that the structure of the organization is subject to constant change. The duty of the managers and employees and their relationship take a new form by the changing external and internal factors. “Organizational contingencies are factors that moderate the effect of organizational characteristics on organizational performance.” (Currie & Suhomlinova, n.d., p.3299). “Structural contingency theory was formed in the early 1960s with Chandler (1960) F.E. Kast and J.E. Rosenzweig (1970) and others as the main representative figures.” (Xiao, 2004, p.60). This theory postulates that no organization can follow a single management system for the better performance of the organization. The management should change according to the changes occurring in various fields. “The theory that there is no single management accounting system acceptable to all organizations or any system that is satisfactory in all circumstances in a single organization.” (Hussey, 2009, Contingency theory of management accounting, para.1). “Complexity science may be described as the science of learning systems, where learning is understood in terms of the adaptive behaviors of phenomena that arise in the interactions of multiple agents.” (Davis, & Simmt, 2003, Abstract, para.1). Complexity science is one of the tools that are used for the study of complex socio-technical systems for the advantage of decision making and forecasting. “Complexity science is part of a fairly loosely connected field of developing sciences that includes chaos, emergence, self-organization, and network theory.” (Gsiemens,2009, para.1). There are a lot of challenges posed by the complexity of science. It makes a huge impact on our day-to-day life. “Complexity science is the study of systems composed of many and varied parts that interact in complex and non-linear ways.” (Complexity science vs. reductionism, 2002, para.2). What is the difference between structural contingency and complexity science? Structural contingency and complexity science are two concepts that emphasize the better performance of an organization. The difference between these concepts is that structural contingency is of the view that since everything changes, the role and duty of everyone in the organization are also subject to change. Taking accurate steps in constant change will lead an organization to desired performance. But, complexity science has come into being with the emergence of advanced tools and concepts in every field of life. Today, machines and co
Systemic risk and stability Systemic risk refers to a situation whereby the entire financial system or market in a country collapses. It is also referred to as financial system instability. This type of instability results from the instabilities that result from the financial intermediaries. It is a situation whereby the collapse of a single entity leads to the failure of an entire system. Systemic stability, therefore, refers to the measures that the government of a country implements in order to ensure that there is financial stability in the region (IMF, 2010). The government of Australia ensures that there is stability in the financial sector through the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). For example, a bank may get into financial trouble while owing other banks money. Therefore, when the main bank collapses, a cascading failure in the banking sector is observed. In addition, when banks get in trouble, depositors sense trouble, and they, therefore, spread panic in the entire market. This scenario is observed in markets where many buyers and sellers of illiquid assets are present. Many policymakers, therefore, pay attention to the issue of systemic risk in order to ensure that the country’s growth remains stable (RBA, 2012). Governments and institutions which are supposed to monitor the performance of the market enforce rules in order to ensure that the entire market remains stable. Governments pay significant attention to this issue because they fear that financial markets are intertwined in a network of dependencies. This means that in case a major financial institution collapses, the entire market goes down as well. The collapse of the financial system and market It is, therefore, the duty of policymakers who work in the RBA to ensure that they protect the stability of the financial system. The responsibility of enhancing stability in a financial system should not be left to a single person, but it should be the responsibility of all policymakers in order to ensure that incidences of systemic instability are minimized significantly. Policymakers are regarded as more efficient and effective in terms of formulating policies that streamline the financial market. Most of the policymakers in Australia, therefore, operate in the RBA because it is the central authority that is endowed with the responsibility of monitoring all the financial operations of the country (RBA, 2012). Financial i