ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The field of medicine has experienced notable development in medicine and technology integration. Medical scientists seek new methods for offering better services to patients. Bone reconstruction is an area of medicine that has shown remarkable technological growth. This literature review discusses the use of nanomaterials for bone repair and regeneration. The structural composition of bones is necessary for successful bone repair. Even though the functional needs for skeletal bones differ by position, each bone offers mechanical rigidity and support. Bone rebuilding usually necessitates large amounts of donor tissue and complicated multistep surgical processes for the achievement of the necessary aesthetic and functional outcomes, for example in the maxillofacial region, where reconstructions are complex yet necessary to increase quality of life in post injury. Medical options for rebuilding an absent bone part are bone from autologous vascularized bone segment transfers, cadaver bones, utilization of soft tissue for the reconstruction of bony deficiency, grafts, application of bio-materials, for example titanium, ceramics, and hydroxyapatite (Laurencin, Khan & El-Amin 2006). Allografts, for example cadaver bones, are susceptible to risk infection and have low union rates with the neighbouring tissue. Bone mixing is higher in integration despite the disadvantage of donor site injury and incomplete tissue availability. When autologous soft tissues are used, reconstruction has low support and strength, frequently resulting in low functionally outcomes when linked to bony regeneration (Cheng et al. 2005; Miller 2000). Currently utilized synthetic implants have limitations, including fracture, fatigue, low- integration levels to the host tissues, infection, and extrusion. Therefore, it is necessary for additional bio materials with recovery ability to complement bone generation in an organized manner and also support assimilation into the original tissue at the injured segment. During bone graft implants, there are various important concerns for successful bone reconstruction, which include “form, function, fixation and formation” (Anderson et al. 1998, p. 164). Form describes the aptitude to follow the 3D (three-dimensional) pattern of the injury. The tissue should substitute the role of the bone by complementing the automated characteristics of the material to the functions of the original bone and including the ability to transfer mechanical signals, which can control cell and matrix biology and enhance regeneration and remodelling. Formation is the ability to stimulate osteo-conductivity and is influenced by porosity, diffusivity, permeabil
Introduction One of the most challenging managerial decisions I have been involved in was the need to reallocate employees within the company due to the beginning of the pandemic. As a worker, I was concerned about the outcomes of this measure; however, the actions of the business leader proved effective. The transitions were performed in such a manner that no one was adversely affected, and following the six-step model helped guarantee the appropriateness of solutions. Context and Participants The decision of the manager at the time was to select people working for the company to transfer to another office due to changes in demand for services because of COVID-19. In this context, his actions were guided by careful consideration of everyone’s life situations to determine who could be safely reallocated. This experience was similar for all businesses as the beginning of the pandemic marked the start of rapid shifts in terms of the workforce for all countries (The National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020). In this case, the manager under consideration was the only person involved in the decision-making process since he was responsible for all the stages. In the end, the persons affected by it were employees who were transferred to another location and those left in head office. Six Steps of the Decision-Making Model: Application The proposed decision was aligned with the six steps of the decision-making model and allowed to perform the change with minimal risks. Thus, the manager conducted a survey among the employees to determine their family situations and other possible complications and used its results to make a list of people who would be affected the most (Salvia, 2018). These two tasks were followed by comparing their expertise and deciding who could work autonomously with limited supervision (Salvia, 2018). Subsequently, the decision was made while the rationale was explained to the workers (Salvia, 2018). However, the sixth step was missed since the effects of the shifts were not monitored, while other needs, as follows from the framework, were fully addressed. Possible Bias In this case, the decisions appeared to be biased since no one controlled the manager’s actions, and personal preferences were involved. Even though the developed measures were required due to the market conditions at the time, this approach caused dissatisfaction among employees (Buba et al., 2021). The procedure of selecting individuals for transferring to another office was not transparent enough, and the conclusions made on the basis of a single opinion were not favorable for the outcomes. Outcomes and Suggestions The consequences of the decision were the intention of people to leave their jobs regardless of the emerging hardships caused by the pandemic. In order to prevent their reckless actions, the company had to pay bonuses to those moving to another location. Ultimately, the conflict was resolved, but a more optimal solution would have been discussing the plans with workers at all stages of the decision-making process. As a manager, I would have negotiated the terms to ensure people’s satisfaction and
Introduction Starry Night created by Vincent van Gogh is considered to be one of the most outstanding works of the world art. It was painted in 1889 during the author’s visit of Asylum. Modern culture centralizes this painting as the real masterpiece of the art history. The image under consideration can be analyzed from different angles of social spheres; it can be explained by the fact that the picture relates to the cultural change of its time period. Many different aspects of the time and culture contributed to the creation of Starry Night as well as to various interpretations of its meaning and its identity as one of the greatest works of the world art. The culture of the XIX century differed by its global changes in the development of world art. The famous artists tried to evaluate the significance of the social spheres which influenced the nature of the art works. The cultural influence on the theme and manner of the work The Starry Night presented by the author can be evaluated through the complicated world look of its nature. It should be stressed that the features of the painting are a bit exaggerated. This fact is connected with the state of the spheres of social, political and cultural life and its impact on the nature of the work. Thus, cultural aspect influence and reflection in the character of the painting relates to the techniques used by its author. The analysis of the work shows the peaceful manner of its presentation. All the lines used in the painting are considered to be individual though not so realistic as they could be. Van Gogh considered this picture of his to be not so close to the real life. The exaggeration of the drawing lines is connected with the exaggeration of the cultural values of the author’s epoch. The time impact on the picture manner can be observed in the small details of the work. For example, it reflects the deep intercultural
It is widely known that Apple Inc. is still one of the leaders of the technological market while being famous for its signature products such as the iPhone, iPad, and iMac. In the stock market, this publicly-traded company operates under AAPL (Yahoo Finance, 2017). It could be said that one of the most interesting facts about the enterprise is its ability to save its integrity and motivation even after the death of Steve Jobs. It continued the advancement of its products and recently introduced new versions of iPhone and iWatch. Apple Inc. focuses on satisfying the constantly rising needs of its target audience by emphasizing the importance of its design and technological development while supporting these initiatives in other companies and individuals such as app developers (Apple, Inc., 2017a). The primary goal of this paper is to discover the company’s financial viability and evaluate the efficiency of its management team, including CFO and CEO. In the end, conclusions are drawn to summarize the main findings of the paper. As it was mentioned earlier, Apple, Inc. is a publically traded company that is listed on NASDAQ stock exchange while its value is presented in USD (Apple, Inc., 2017c; Yahoo Finance, 2017). Generally speaking, it could be said that the enterprise continues to be attractive for investors due to its continuous growth in its stock value. Thus, this positive tendency is also reflected in the company’s revenues that continue being stable since 2013, with a gross profit of $84 billion in 2016 (Yahoo Finance, 2017). Returning to stock value, it was $150.05 recently with +$1.32 change, and this fact implies good news for shareholders (Apple, Inc., 2017c). As for Holding Period Return (HPR), its value is approximately 60%, which implies that Apple’s shares are growing quickly. Overall, it could be said that Apple Inc. is financially stable, and this matter supports the fact that it will be viable in the recent future. Another essential matter to consider is the management of the company, as it defines whether the enterprise will be successful when operating in different segments. Tim Cook replaced Steve Jobs, became CEO, and gave priority to the sufficient development of the company in terms of its innovation and design (Apple, Inc., 2017b). At the same time, one cannot underestimate the role of CFO, Luca Maestri, and his contribution to the financial viability and prosperity (Apple, Inc., 2017b). Only working together as a team assists these individuals in building a strong and recognized brand while equally cherishing relationships with the customers, employees, and suppliers. A combination of
Introduction The real meaning of terrorism is to terrify. It originates from the Latin word ‘. terrere’. In other words, terrorism refers to the people who are terrified and not connotes to the perpetrators. Usually, it is the news media and public agents who emboss the tag on operations of violence that declares it as terrorism. Thus, terrorism can be explained as public acts of annihilation, unleashed without a concise military aim that provokes sense of fear. (Juergensmeyer, 2003, p.5) Thus, plans of Stalin, the Russian government-encouraged death squads in El Salvador, the racial extermination of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, ethnic purifying in Kosovo and Bosnia, the government supported stimulated violence of Hutus and Tutsis in Central Africa and these were unleashed in the religious disguise had created a culture of fear and is called as state sponsored terrorism. (Juergensmeyer, 2003, p. 5). Further, state sponsored terrorism may be more harmful as there is no guarantee that when the terrorist they train and develop turn the tables against them at a future date. Further, a state may not have full control over these terrorists which they supply and train. Without this control mechanism, states may not be in a position to vouch WMD deployed to a terrorist group that it would not be employed against them at a future date. One of the main reasons for religious fantasist resort to terrorism is the fear of social marginality in the ensuing future. (Juergensmeyer, 2003, p.195).There are four kinds of terrorism: They are  1. mass-casualty terrorism  2. state –sponsored biological or chemical weapons terrorism  3. small scale biological or chemical terrorists attacks and  4. super terrorism. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) And Its Impact Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) connote some small numbers of weapons that can destroy major life or inanimate objects on a large scale in a lightening speed. WMD is of three kinds namely nuclear, biological and chemical. Among these, chemical are easily accessible to terrorists since the techniques of manufacturing chemical-war elements are narrated in the open literature and easily accessible to any one through internet or books. Chemical-war elements consists of five major categories namely nerve agents, blood, blister, choking and incapacitating. Nerve agents are widely used by the terrorists as G-agents which are non-persistent and cause death just after inhalation and V-agents which are persistent in nature can be sucked up through skin. Nerve gas is very dangerous as a small drop of a nerve gas can cause immediate death of large numbers of people. It is estimated that at least 17 countries have the personnel with skills required
Communication is an integral part of management that determines the degree to which employees follow orders and complete tasks by their superiors’ views (Binder, 2016). Poor and unclear communication may lead to errors, deviations, and misinterpretations of orders (Frese & Keith, 2015). International Gadgets has been suffering the consequences of inefficient communication, which resulted in confusing orders, misinterpreting the assignment, and wasting the time of managers and employees alike. The purpose of this memo is to remind everyone in the management team about the main rules of clear communication. Rules of Clear Communication A communication message in International Gadgets must adhere to the following principles (Hedman & Valo, 2015):   * The recipient of the message is clearly defined;   * The purpose of communication is outlined;   * The necessary context is provided;   * The object of intervention is clearly stated;   * The required action is identified;   * The time frame in which the requested action has to take place is set. In addition, the message itself should be kept as short as possible as to not clutter the reader with unnecessary information. Examples of Unclear Communication in the Company Featured examples of unclear communication are as follows:  1. The recipient within the R&D team was required to “create a presentation discussing the new product and send it to interested departments.” The error in this communication lied in the lack of clarity in recipients (Hedman & Valo, 2015). The R&D team member could only assume what departments are “interested” in the new product, thus risking a potential mistake, or ask for clarifications, thus prolonging communication and taking up the manager’s time.  2. A communication from a sales manager to technical support requested “a list of the biggest problems with our hot products.” This communication featured a lack of clarity in the object of intervention (Hedman & Valo, 2015). Tech support does not know what are the company’s “hot products,” as these could be determined in a myriad of ways. They could be the ones that sell the most, or the newest ones, or a mixture of both. Once more, the tech support is forced between clarifying the message or delivering an incomplete list that does not feature the products the sales manager intended to see.
Introduction It can be argued that most of the significant gains in the struggle for civil rights movements are won by people rather than processes (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.24). Alongside inconceivable odds and often at great deal risk, activists in the freedom struggle have won victories that have positively impacted their own lives as well as those of their neighbors and future generations (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.24). Main text There are various strategies (tactics) used by women in the struggle for civil rights including peaceful protest demonstrations, legal action against the authorities, work boycotts, bus boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides to social movements among others (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.24). Women in the struggle for civil rights normally mobilize thousands of people whereby they utilize this large group of individuals so as to carry out peaceful demonstrations (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.47). In order to mobilize many demonstrators, these women usually raise fund enough from individual donors, charity organizations, non-governmental organizations, companies as well as the government. The fund so raised through the above means is used to prepare these demonstrations. During the preparation process the women usually print t-shirts or other outfits which are written some of the things they feel are not okay with authorities. They also hold meetings with key stakeholders so as to arrange how these demonstrations shall be carried out. In some situations these women normally employ mean such as the media and other publicity protocols to announce to the general public when and where such demonstration shall take place. They also distribute t-shirts and other outfits to the demonstrators. After everything is set these women lead demonstrators whereby they march as big group through the common streets to the offices of the authorities so as to hand in their grievances, in most cases in a written document. Women in the struggle for civil rights can also seek a legal resolve for a matter they feel is against the rights of civil society (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.49). Since all of them can not go to court of law to sue the authorities violating civil rights in question they choose a representative. In most cases one of them who is by profession a lawyer is chosen as a representative and in case where no member is competent enough to present them, these women look for legal services from a law firm whereby they assign an advocate a duty of representing them in a court of law. In this case, they file a case against the authorities who are violating civil rights. In their plaint the women give reasons as to why a certain policy in place is violating the civil rights. And in this perspective they demand the authorities to reverse some policies the authority has implemented or bar some policies from being passed which they feel are in violation of civil rights (Collier-Thomas & Franklin, 2001 p.49). In other instants, women in the struggle for civil rights can also file a case in a court of law demanding the lawmakers to enact some policies of which
The psychological reality of interconnection referred to the society and the structural states of human beings are rather significant for the evaluation of the directions in which science will move in the future. According to the historical cut, the development of philosophy gave birth since ancient times to many related sciences, unless saying the whole amount of sciences. The flow of the thought shaped and realized by a man was a stimulus for the creation of psychology with special prospects on the social formation and the peculiarities of peoples’ elaboration on different stages of their lives. In accordance with the changes maintained in science and social relations in the eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries psychological science was traditionally divided into three branches: experimental psychology, test-and-measurement psychology, and therapeutic psychology (Vitz, 2005, p. 17). Then, at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century due to the works of Freud and Jung, these three parts were comprised of cognitive and physiological psychology (Vitz, 2005). Popular psychology was quite convenient in the depiction and explanation of different behaviors and other realities concerned with the discipline until the great advance of scientific and technical progress changed the situation for new areas of psychology implementation. The thing is that as time went by people began to feel the respective role of psychology in making out the intentions of behaviors or deeds which people urge to do, or the types of their characters in terms of the conduct of psychologic data. Psychology also strived to explain and as a part of medical studies to treat psychological disturbances within patients. “Pop” psychology tried to ignore the thematic implementation of many factors dealing with sexual breakdown and reasons concerned with this “amoral” idea. It bothered the genuine truth of the psyche’s shapes in terms of getting more information on how to explain and treat such phenomena effectively. Contemporary psychology due to the works of Freud and other eminent scientists of this field of activities emphasized the role of sexuality in reasoning over many pathological states of human beings hidden in the depth of the human soul. This theme discovered a new way of thinking over vital life processes in a man’s life incorporated with his/her temperament and behavior on the whole. Not only this approach influenced contemporary psychology, but also the idea of different philosophical thoughts and streams along with technological devices used to estimate human beings for medical purposes played a great role. The psychological scientific thought was impacted by two opposite types of science: positi
Introduction Electronic retailing or e-retailing entails businesses transacted through the internet. It includes business-to-business (B2B) transactions and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales of products and services conducted via websites and smartphone applications. E-retailing categories include pure and hybrid internet retailing, with the first approach relying solely on the internet as its means of distribution. Pure retailers do not own products but rather depend on others in the supply chain actors. A good example is Buy.com, which relies on Ingram for warehousing and product distribution. Hybrid retailers are physical stores that have found ways to integrate internet channels into their business. The convenience of accessible information from websites and physical goods access makes these retailers very competitive. This paper analyzes the internet retailing economy today and future trends in this sector. The State of Internet Retailing Economy The primary function of the internet is to share information. In e-commerce, the internet facilitates while also reducing the cost of information flow; hence, there is a change from traditional retail practices. Currently, the industry has adopted procedures that utilize new technology tools (Caro & Sadr, 2019). One significant effect of this trend is the low cost of searching for buyers or sellers. The ripple effect is lower cost due to price comparisons, intense competitive pressure, and reduced operational costs. Today, most companies look for leverage toward success, and the internet is one of the factors that affect marketing activities. Digital information, search costs, and other emerging issues shape the current internet retail economy. Digital Information The web is abundant with information but buyers and sellers are not always adequately informed. There is a lot of amateurish website and personal web pages. Frequently, it is tough to ascertain the value of the material available. Digital information production is usually high, with little marginal cost, resulting in an average price decline with rising input. Therefore, digital information economies of scale are a critical consideration for retailers. According to Santalova et al. (2019), the material can also be repurposed to bring about economies of scope. Improvement in technology also lowers the fixed cost of providing information. Human capital is another factor in these fixed costs. It explains why although technology is continuously improving, fixed costs are not declining as fast. The penetration of the internet to many parts of the world has not bolstered competition due to these factors. Search Costs The significant advantage of retailing online is geographical freedom, as geography does not restrain bus