ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leadership is a contemporary issue that has been viewed differently among many people. This is because leadership has different aspects, styles and models and there are also different contexts of leadership. Generally leadership can be defined to be the process of mobilizing a group of people with common interests to achieve a common goal. In a more complex view, leadership is the process where on person influences another person or a group of people by seeking their support and helping them accomplish a common task. Good leaders are said to be born and not made. This view can be justified because anyone with a will and desire to lead can become a leader. Inborn leaders improve their leadership qualities by a process of training and study of leadership. Influential Leaders practice their career by applying their dexterities. The act of practicing dexterities is known as procedural leadership. Some leaders allow their traits to influence how they lead and this is referred to as trait leadership. While leadership is learnt, the person’s traits and values largely for example their beliefs influence and how they lead. Thesis This paper is generally about leadership and the various concepts and aspects of leadership. It provides detailed information about the different models of leadership and their various differences and similarities. It however majors on the complexity model of leadership and how it is similar and different from the other models of leadership. Models of leadership are generally the different ways of executing leadership and are clearly stated in this paper. The models of leadership are different in nature and their styles because leaders employ different ways and methods in leading other people. Overview of leadership A leader as earlier defined is the process of influencing a group of people or certain people to achieve a common goal. Leaders are different in their leadership styles and methods. Some leaders use excessive power and control on their followers while others only take responsibility of the task and the act of accomplishing it but are not so controlling. Some leaders involve their followers in decision making while others make decisions on their own and their followers only compliment them. Leadership has various factors that make it. The first factor of leadership is a leader. Finchman and Rhodes state that a leadership must have an effective leader who is honest and believes in his or her abilities and in him or herself. A leader should also be able to have a full understanding of him so that other people can understand him too (Finchman & Rhodes, 2003 p. 230). Another factor of leadership is the followers. These are the people who are under the influence of the leader. The followers have different needs because of their different natures and therefore the leaders should use different leadership styles when leading them. A leader should therefore understand h
How the Healthcare Qui Tam affects health care organizations In 2009, President Obama signed the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 (FERA) into law (Dowell, 2009). FERA now covers a wide range of areas that focus on false claims, and now the government has improved investigative authority to pursue such false claims. Thus, it also affects people who “intentionally keep Medicaid or Medicare overpayment and make fraudulent claims for compensation, payment, or approval” (Dowell, 2009). These efforts have introduced significant changes, which will have adverse effects in “all health care organizations that receive federal funds directly or indirectly” (Dowell, 2009). False claims have long history in the US. Thus, the federal government has embarked on the Act as a way of reducing cases of fraud in the health care sector. Any individual who provides false claims to the federal government is liable for prosecution under the False Claims Act. Moreover, any persons who submit such false claims knowingly for payment are also liable for prosecution. The False Claims Act has introduced private parties, commonly known as “qui tam or relators” to facilitate prevention of frauds on behalf of the federal government (Gumbert, 2003). Such people share a given percentage of proceeds recovered from the settlement or fines. Offenders can incur penalties ranging between “$5,000 and $10,000 for each false claim filed and three times the severity of damages the government sustains because of the act” (Dowell, 2009). In addition, the health care institution may face a possible and forceful exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This is under the False Claims Act, which remains the main tool for DOJ to prosecute suspects (Ruhnka, Gac and Boerstler, 2000). Qui tam lawsuits provide an effective method in which members of the public or whistleblowers can provide information against false claims and testify against perpetrators of such fraudulent activities in the health care sector. Most of these fraudulent activities have direct consequences on the government, Medicare, and Medicaid programs. For instance, every year, the federal government loses more than $30 billion to false claims. Initially, health care fraud definition only covered deceptive techniques that organizations or individuals used to defraud the federal government. Today, the definition also includes unreasonable lack of knowledge about the law. Data from the Department of Justice (DOJ) indicate that the government has recovered more than $3 billion from lawsuits related to qui tam since 1986. Most these claims originated from the health care sector (Weinman and Ryan, n.d). Four examples of Qui Tam cases that exist in a variety of health care organizations Quorum Health Group, Inc. settled claims against two qui tam lawsuits, which involved “Medicare fraud and the allocation of funds from a hospital to its home health agency” (Quorum Health Group, Inc., n.d). The company had to pay nearly “$77.5 million and $95.5 million together with 7.25 percent interest” (Quorum Health Group, Inc., n.d) until the last installment. An employee engaged in improper activities at th
The achievement of effective communication and collaboration has been a challenge in learning and personal spectrum. However, an application of learning styles such as bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal and naturalistic remain effective in the realization of this objective. Bodily-kinesthetic involves the capacity to skilfully handle objects and remain in touch with the body. To achieve effective communication and collaboration through bodily-kinesthetic style, getting hands on real objects, role playing, and building things. These are geared towards ensuring that learners not only learn but also have the capacity to remember. The link between emotional response and kinesthetic awareness is the focal point of learning through this style. According to Carter, Bishop and Kravits (1999), “we know our emotions through intelligence of the body; any writer who wants to affect the way readers feel must find a way to touch the kinesthetic intelligence with words.” Getting hands on real objects enable learners to connect the words and the real objects. This reinforces a learner’s ability to remember the objects. Intrapersonal communication refers to personal communication within an individual and the societal impacts and relies on personal perceptions. Whereas it remains a challenge because of variations arising from a moment, it remains the foundation of all communication. Differences that arise in the manner in which we perceive situations are influenced by the law of closed forms, law of common movement and law of experience. Strategies for effective intrapersonal communication include the application of learning softwares, and application of intrinsically creative abilities. Naturalistic learning style refers to the ability to understand features of environment and surrounding. These are learners who feel motivated and engrossed in their learning when connected to nature. Approaches to effective naturalistic learning include exploring specific areas in nature that arouses the highest levels of interest, making connection between abstract information to something concrete in nature and tak
Introduction Buddhism emanated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who is the founding father of Buddhism practices. Buddhism is based on the assumption that reality is a constant instability together with the principle of interdependence, the dominance of mind and consecrated admiration of health and the world. Buddhists use these founding principles as a standard by which all other scientific ideas must come to scrutiny. Their concept of interrelations stresses the sequential efficacy between cause and its effect. This brings to light their belief in retribution and reward and gives an account of origins, doggedness, disintegration and disappearance of all what existed. Their principle of interdependence further stress on the aspects of form and spatial mutuality of all what exists. People who believe in Buddhism are known to embrace academic discoveries. They have incorporated some of these discoveries in their doctrine. Thus they take without slightest resistance Darwin’s theories of origin of species and evolution which otherwise met great resistance in the larger Christian West. Transience is an irrefutable opinion for Buddhists. They put to scrutiny in great deal change, its stages, duration and its tangible effect. Introduction of Buddhism in the west met with interest in science that emerged from the need to ground religious belief in new understanding of scientific reality (Jayawardena 1) Development of Buddhism in Canada Similar to many western countries, Canada has embraced Buddhism as a religion. Although it was considered as an alien religion in Canada in the early years of its introduction, Buddhism is now becoming a mainstream religion in not only Canada but also in the United States. Being
The organization used for this discussion is Dignity Health, a non-profit healthcare provider that works with a number of hospitals in multiple US states. For example, one of the clinics in partnership with Dignity Health is Arroyo Grande Community Hospital, located in the state of California. According to the official website, the mission of Dignity Health is to “[further] the healing ministry of Jesus,” making this chain of hospitals a faith-based organization (“Mission, vision & values,” 2018, para. 1). The complete mission statement, however, is action-driven and specific. It adds that “delivering compassionate, high-quality, affordable health services” and “serving and advocating” for populations that are underserved is an essential part of the work (“Mission, vision & values,” 2018, para. 2). Furthermore, partnering with other members of the community is also an important goal that the organization tries to pursue. The vision of Dignity Health is based on the concept of a vibrant system of healthcare devoted to excellence and collaboration with patients and employees as a way to improve the community’s health. This statement implies that the hospitals are working with this organization value the input of clients and nurses, choosing person-centered approaches. Finally, the values of Dignity Health are “collaboration, dignity, justice, excellence, and stewardship” (“Mission, vision & values,” 2018, para. 3). The focus on affordable care is also mentioned here, highlighting the essential role of compassion for all “powerless” people in the community (“Mission, vision & values,” 2018, para. 4). The non-profit base of hospitals and their reliance on patient support adhere to the mission of including community members in the decision-making process and future planning. For example, as the organization uses fundraising for improvements, it has to listen to the community to receive the necessary help. In 2017, the Arroyo Grande Community Hospital was able to start a rather significant project of expanding its cancer treatment services and the emergency department (Leslie, 2017). This decision was a result of the fundraising efforts of the community. It means that the hospital realized people’s needs and chose to focus on areas of healthcare that were requested by its clients. These actions adhere to the organization’s mission and values. The improvement of other facilities, including the acute rehabilitation center and imaging services, is another action taken by the organization to fulfill the needs of patients and provide them with access to new technology. The organization’s culture seems to be focused on underrepresented communities and people who may not have the same level of access to health care. The foundation for workers’ motivation is rooted in helping those people who do not have many alternatives or cannot use more expensive treatment options. The organizational climate differs from its climate as it
Introduction The Iraqi Christians are settlers in a land far away from home. However, they are strangers in either world, Christians in Iraq and Iraqis in the United States. They are faced with the threat of deportation whenever they are involved in any crime. It does not matter whether they have served their time or not, the pettiness of the offense does not matter either. There are over a thousand Iraqi Christians facing deportation to Iraq. This is legal, as the United States allows the deportation of foreign nationals if they are found culpable of certain crimes. They should be allowed to stay in the United States. They will most likely be unsafe in Iraq as they are a minority. Iraq is also currently still reeling from the effects of wars. The social support systems of these individuals are in the United States. Discussion Iraq is still in recovery from the war following the ousting of Saddam Hussein where the United States Army was a major player. Moreover, the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS) also affected a significant proportion of the country. This shows that the country is yet to achieve sustainability. It is on a process of recovery, the establishment of infrastructure, and ensuring the rule of law. It would be thus inhuman of a government to deport individuals that it considers its citizens. This can be perceived as an abdication of its duty. With the limited public resources, the additional prisoners would be a burden on an already overstretched Iraqi government. The United States government committed when they accepted the Iraqi Christians and their families as they fled the country. This commitment is best exemplified through their induction as citizens. They are legal immigrants who play their part in the titan that is the United States economy. A majority of these crimes committed are most likely committed due to the prevailing circumstances. It is difficult for anyone to gain footing in a new environment. This implies that these crimes were mistakes made in moments of weakness. With rehabilitation, they can be reintegrated back into society. However, it is a holistic process that should encompass social support structures, especially the family. If they are deported, they lose these supports, further worsening their situations. Some of the deportees will be transferred to these jails where their safety can hardly be assured. Iraqi prisons are filled with ISIS prisoners. Their reintegration into Iraqi society is impaired by the fact that they fled to the United States and are Christians. They will be outsiders and will have it tough trying to make a living. Furthermore, their families are left in the United States. Children are being condemned to live without their parents. In a country that preaches equal opportunity, this is a rejection of its beliefs. Opposing voices may argue that the country has no business taking care of criminals. However, it should be considered that crime in the United States has a strong correlation to socioeconomic status, prevalent among the low-income class. The convicted Iraqis are not any different from the Americans who commit crimes as they are
Factors that Precipitated the Movement The #MeToo movement started as a response to the pervasiveness of sexual abuse and sexual harassment against women. Started by an African-American woman and an activist Tarana Burke, the hashtag became popular after the actress Alyssa Milano requested her followers to reply with #MeToo if they had ever been sexually abused or harassed. Soon, the campaign took Twitter by storm and exposed the magnitude of the existing problem. A survey by the USA today showed that 94% of women working in the entertainment industry, including writers, editors, and directors, suffered at least some form of sexual abuse (Puente & Kelly, 2018). Eighty-seven percent reported unwanted sexual comments, 69% were touched inappropriately without their consent, and 21% participated in sexual acts against their will. Though the #MeToo movement became known mainly due to the high-profile celebrity cases, it was highly relevant to women outside Hollywood as well. Every sixth American woman has been sexually assaulted or abused during her lifetime (RAINN, 2020). Beginnings of the #MeToo Movement The founder of the #MeToo Movement launched the hashtag #MeToo ten years before women made the first public allegations against some of the most powerful male figures in Hollywood. Back in 2006, Burke was working at Just Be Inc. which she co-founded helping young survivors find their voice and heal. In the founder’s words, the original purpose of the #MeToo campaign was to spread the message to survivors: “you’re heard, you’re understood (Ohlheiser, 2017).” This is something that she failed to do when she was a counselor at a summer camp organized by Just Be Inc. Burke reminisces that there was a girl who clung to her and at some point, felt trustful enough to tell the counselor the story of her abuse. A survivor herself, Burke rejected the girl and lost an opportunity to use their shared experience to work past trauma. Today, the #MeToo campaign not only takes down men of power who crossed the line but also helps survivors feel connected and not alone. Evolution and Intersectionality However, the name Tarana Burke rarely comes up in discussions about women’s rights to safety and freedom from sexual harassment. Some activists and researchers argue that the movement originally started by a woman of color from the Bronx was hijacked by white rich elites (Gill & Rahman-Jones, 2020). The opinion is supported by the fact that it is white actresses and singers who have gained the most attention and caused a stir in the US entertainment industry. Burke herself says that while she was afraid that media attention would lead to a disconnect between her activism and the #MeToo campaign, she grew to appreciate the communication channel. Achievements The #MeToo campaign triggered a series of positive changes at many levels. The Harvey Weinstein case has exposed how problematic non-disclosure agreements can be, which is why several states banned clauses regarding sexual harassment and sex discrimination (North, 2019). New York and California expanded the set of business relation
Introduction To plan community services, nurses need to reveal specific problems, assess the current situation, and identify resources available in a certain area. A windshield survey is an informal tool for observing a community and evacuating it from the points of housing, organization, transportation, ethnicity, and so on (Nies & McEwen, 2019). This paper aims to report the results of the windshield survey that is conducted for Whittier, CA. It is a city that was founded in 1989, while the recent estimates show that 88,078 people live there. The community is situated in the southeast of Los Angeles and designated as service planning area 7 (SPA 7). Boundaries and Geographic Environment Hacienda Heights, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra Heights, Pico Rivera, La Mirada, and Norwalk are the cities that border Whittier. Highway 5, Highway 605, Highway 10, and Highway 5 identify the boundaries as well. Whittier Boulevard divides the city into high-income (north) and low-income (south) communities. The high daily temperatures result from the fact that Whittier is located 15 mi inland of the Pacific Ocean. The thermal inversion leads to warm night-time lows, and Mediterranean patterns of rainfalls are prevalent during winter. The city area is regarded as 14.7 square miles, of which virtually all the territory is represented by land (Picture 1). Public transportation is well-developed in Whittier since there is a range of municipal buses, metro, student shuttles, and taxis. Picture 1. Whittier boundaries (Los Angeles County of Public Health, 2018). Resources, Services, and Organizations The city has significant health resources in various fields, including lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular issues, diabetes, mental care, substance abuse, et cetera. While the Presbyt
Organization Introduction Unilever is a giant multi-national company operating in several countries globally. Unilever Gulf FZE is the UAE Unilever chapter that is located in Dubai. The company produces over 400 brands in its personal care, food and household care categories. LUX (soaps and body creams) is one of the popular brands manufactured by the Unilever Company. It has over 180,000 employees working in the company’s 500 branches spread in several countries globally generating over €2.4 billion annually (Ayas, Philip, and George 81). Unilever’s brand, Lux, is a household brand in many countries. Unilever was launched in 1930 following a successful merger involving two firms, Lever Brothers, a British soap manufacturer, and Margarine Unie, a Dutch food producer. It has its headquarters in Rotterdam (UN NV) and London (UN PLC) each running a different product line. The Level Brothers founded Lux soap, a popular toilet soap, which first came into the market in 1916. The soap product was initially called “Sunlight Flakes” but was changed to Lux in 1925, which is short for ‘Luxury’. In the early 1980s, the sales from soaps and margarines contributed 40% of Unilever’s profits (Unilever Para. 4). Over the years, Unilever has merged with companies operating in the skin care industry including Cutex and Aqua-Net. In 1989, the company strengthened its position in this market by acquiring Faberge and Calvin Klein Cosmetics (Ayas, Philip, and George 87). The purchase of Helene Curtis and America’s Best Foods in the 2000s gave Unilever a strong presence in the U.S. Unilever has a strong presence in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market. In the Middle East, it has five offices and many manufacturing sites, 11 of these sites are in the UAE employing over 2000 workers. Unilever UAE sales from food products amount to about £900 million annually (Ayas, Philip, and George 82). The company has over 30 brands in the UAE market. Its Lux brand comes in different fragrances, packaging and colors that meet diverse customer preferences and tastes. Marketing Environment Micro-environment Factors A company’s micro-environmental factors include the company/organization, the customers, distributors/intermediaries, suppliers and competitors. The Organization Unilever UAE has over 2000 workers working on its 11 sites (Unilever Para. 5). Unilever is a multi-national firm that has many offices and manufacturing sites in many countries. The organizational strategy is to enhance customer satisfaction by providing diverse, customer-oriented products. Lux’s management communicates the company’s short-term and long-term goals while the marketing teams formulate strategies for implementing these goals.