ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
HIV is a generally sexually transmitted disease that attacks the body’s immune system. A relatively new disease, HIV, was first detected in the United States in the 1980s and has since spread worldwide. In the United States, over a million individuals are thought to have HIV, and roughly, 14% are not aware of their condition (“U.S. statistics,” 2020). HIV currently affects the African continent the most but is discovered worldwide. In 2019, the WHO estimated there were approximately 38 million cases of HIV (“HIV/AIDS”, n.d.). Therefore, it is essential to learn more about the disease, including contributing factors, preventive measures, signs, diagnostics, management strategies, and follow-up care. HIV is difficult to detect as its symptoms only manifest later in the disease’s lifespan. This makes yearly infection rates challenging to track, as individuals who test positive for HIV may have contracted it years before the test (“U.S. statistics,” 2020). As HIV is often sexually transmitted, infected individuals may continue to pass the disease to new partners without knowing. Additionally, HIV can be passed through needles, specifically causing outbreaks among drug-using individuals if they share syringes. Due to the difficulty in tracing HIV-positive individuals, frequent testing is necessary to allow early treatment. The United States Department of Health suggests that those in the risk group of HIV, primarily sexually active men, should test every three to six months (“U.S. statistics,” 2020). Rapid detection and treatment are crucial to limit the spread of HIV and limit the patient’s effects. As HIV attacks the immune system, symptoms only appear later after infection and may differ among individuals. This is why the United States Department of Health recommends testing as the only way of determining if a person is HIV-positive (“U.S. statistics,” 2020). If a person is in the risk group for HIV and experiences fever, chills, and other symptoms similar to a virus or flu, they should also be tested for HIV. HIV is almost exclusively detected through diagnostic tests. As the frequency and intensity of symptoms vary from person to person, testing is the only clear way to detect HIV. Examinations are the primary prevention strategy to limit HIV spread as they allow infected individuals to begin containing and treating the virus. Testing and treatment are both commonly available in the United States. Advanced practice nurses play an important role in HIV treatment and care. One of the primary functions includes information sharing and preparing to inform people living with HIV (PLWH) about the disease and treatment (Rouleau et al., 2019). Moreover, antiretroviral therapy (ART) management is a center qualification for advanced nursing practice with HIV patients, based on the most reliable care guidelines (Rouleau et al., 2019). ART adherence is regarded to be a problematic health practice for many patients. Nurses tend to rely on various information sources to maintain their work with PLWH, including biomedical and pharmacological management practices. Such training enables nurses to prepare
Introduction The given communication campaign will primarily focus on the issues of reticence among Asian international students through the socio-centric and non-argumentative approaches. The behavior style will be manifested in the fact that a horizontal collectivistic approach will be utilized in order to specifically target the chosen group. The main problem is the reticence among international Asian students, who experience difficulty engaging in intercultural communication. Although the communication campaign focuses on international students, it is applicable in the organizational environment and promotion of corporate multiculturalism, where one can find it challenging to establish a correct strategy for communication. In addition, by adopting the same paradigm, the concepts will be helpful for anyone seeking to build a communication bridge between two highly divergent ethnic or cultural groups. The roadmap:  1. Background – intercultural communication  2. Target Audience – ethnic minorities, specifically international Asian students  3. Attitudes – non-argumentation and sociocentrism  4. Behavior – horizontal collectivism  5. Setting – mass channels, such as social media, and interviews  6. Design Features – openness, inclusiveness, reciprocation, validation, and likability  7. Next steps – cohesiveness, plan, and recommendations  8. Conclusion – summary Background The desire to understand other cultures and their carriers, to know cultural similarities and differences, has always worried about the inquiring minds of humanity. And in the era of economic globalization, the issue of intercultural communication has become more than relevant. However, despite the comprehensive desire of the communicants to reach an agreement and mutual understanding, difficulties arise that can inhibit this communication. It is necessary to try to explain and describe the barriers that arise in the way of intercultural communication to identify ways to overcome them. In the definition of intercultural communication, the key is communication between people of different nations. However, communication partners are not always satisfied with communication with a representative of another culture (Piller, 2017). There are many reasons for this, such as the attitude to another culture, such as a stranger, stereotypes rooted in our minds, and the destructive effect of ethnocentrism. All this together creates difficulties in being understood and heard in the act of verbal communication. In the process of intercultural communication, the phenomenon of “alien” culture becomes significant. It is human nature to perceive the culture of a communication partner through the prism of his or her culture (Hua, 2019). Consequently, the distinction between opposing words by the meaning of “own” and “alien” has a fundamental role in the process of communication between representatives of different cultures. In general, to overcome barriers in intercultural communication, the formation of tolerance will be required, which will be based on the recognition of the rights of another pers
The Sepang, Malaysia F6 circuit gave Asia a taste of the raw racing power throbbing within the blood of Kevin Chen. Ending with a 4th podium finish due to mechanical difficulties, Kevin and Team Champ Motorsport immediately set their sights on the next big race, the Sentul Circuit in Indonesia from July 19-20. The weekend event drew racing fans from all over the world and saw some new names added to the race driver roster as well. One of the names that called out for attention was Chen’s. His name was on everyone’s lips, anxious to see how the American-Chinese driver would fair against the seasoned likes of Grunwell, Bruins, and Ebrahim, men he faced off recently in Malaysia. Chen had faced a medical scare that almost prevented him from joining the Sentul event. Inexplicably hit with right eye twitching and irregular heartbeats, his medical advisers looked towards pulling him out of the race in lieu of a full physical exam. But Kevin knew he had a point to prove and with a strong sense of self-determination, he hit the Sentul circuit with a new stride. Kevin looked forward to working his way to pole position in order to prove to his fans and detractors that he has what it takes to stay the course and finish the Asian Festival Of Speed with a series of impressive podium finishes. Trusting in his team and his car to get him through the race when his concentration and focus were hampered by illness, Kevin got behind the wheel and took to the track in 7th position, his grid-based position based upon the previous race results. Working his way up after 28 laps, the crowd went wild upon realizing that he had stealthily worked his way up to 3rd place, threatening to take the 2nd place slot from veteran Grumwell as Kevin finished the race with an impressive 40:47: 737-time record. The official race finish tally showed Earl Bamber in pole position with James Grunwell in 2nd place. During an interview in his hotel room after the race, Kevin was visibly excited by his accomplishments but was also fighting back symptoms of the illness that had been dogging him for the past few days. When asked how he managed to concentrate on the race feeling the way he did, today, his reply showed that racing was something that was in this guy’s DNA. “There is something about the roar of an engine and the speed of the car that makes the driver forget everything else. When I get into the driver’s cockpit, thoughts of other things simply fade away for me. My mind and body become one in concentrating on that one single goal, pushing myself to my optimum driving ability in order to finish the race in decent rank. The minute I flicked the starter switch on my car, I no longer felt sick. Adrenalin automatically kicks in and sometimes, as I felt during the race that day, I seem to be driving only on basic instinct. Nothing else distracts me from my end goal.” Nothing may distract Kevin from his goals, but his handlers are still sending him in for a full physical check-up at the end of this circuit. Asked abo
In the modern world, there are social and economic differences between people, and many countries establish programs to help those who have financial difficulties. However, for many various reasons, those programs may start to receive less funding, resulting in difficulties for the public. When a socially valuable project gets cut in the budget, there is a need to determine possible consequences and identify a course of action that would help people who need support. Government plays a pivotal role in various situations in which people need help, positively or negatively impacting those situations. In 2018, the authorities put forward the next year’s budget that was meant to cut funding for several programs affecting millions of families. As the news explained (Parrot et al., 2018), the budget included cuts in the food stamp program, grants and loans for college students, compensation for people with disabilities, and a number of projects supporting families. While all listed should be equally significant for the public, I do not especially agree with cutting funding for people with disabilities. Government should contribute more to the lives of those who are not able to support themselves if they have severe physical or mental conditions. The public has to promote programs for people with disabilities to address the challenges that they and their families may encounter, and everyone should strive to overcome those challenges as a part of the community. Such programs do not just provide financial help but can also offer emotional comfort, promoting every person’s inherent dignity and worth of the person regardless of any impairments that they may have. Above all, I do not agree with cutting funding for programs that support people who have disabilities because it is socially unjust. Cutting budgets meant to help people with disabilities can directly affect these people and their families. Disability programs protect people whose careers can be in danger due to mental or physical conditions and provide benefits for people who have disabilities. For example, Supplemental Security Income supports more than 1 million children across the nation who have intellectual disabilities, autism, Down syndrome, and blindness. The programs are necessary because, for about 70% of low-income families with more than one child with a health condition, it is difficult to afford basic needs such as food, rent, and heat (Parrot et al., 2018). Cutting funding for programs that help people who have disabilities means taking away the opportunities for their families to live with fewer hardships. Social justice concentrates on the aspects of life usually affiliated with disabilities. In order to lessen injustice, people have to challenge inequality by focusing on discrimination, poverty, and unemployment, which can all be related to the struggles of families that have members with health conditions. Social justice should be based on the principles of fairness, equality, rights, and participation. However, without support from programs for people who have disabilities, many families wou
Perception can be described as the world’s sensory experience, which incorporates recognizing different stimuli in the environment and their response. Individuals gain information about the elements and properties in the surrounding that are crucial for survival (Grill-Spector et al.). The five senses, sound, taste, touch, smell, and sight, are included in perception. Cognitive processes play a crucial role in discernment because they help people identify situations or people, for example, a person’s face. Cognizance occurs consistently, but individuals do not spend much time thinking about the exact process that happens when they perceive the environment’s stimuli (Grill-Spector et al.). For example, the transformation of light that falls on people’s retina into a visual image occurs automatically and unconsciously. Therefore, perception is a filter that allows people to survive and interpret the surroundings without allowing the abundant stimuli to overwhelm them. The brain’s development is a primary part of cognitive growth, which explains how an individual’s
Introduction Theories of management can be tracked back to 1800s when there was industrial revolution and growth in the factory. The Hawthorne studies contributed a lot to understanding and interpretation of the human behavioral norms in a workplace. The studies also determined what relation was there between environment of work and the production capacity. Summary of the Hawthorne Studies Researchers from Western Electric and Harvard University led the Hawthorne studies. The first study they carried out was the illumination study. The main objective of these studies was to determine the effects of environmental elements on a group of production workers. There were two categories of the group of worker. The first group was a test group, which went through environmental changes. The second group was the control group whose members would operate under normal, constant environments. The researchers started by studying the test
Thesis statement: Divorced people should be remarried despite social, economic, and psychological challenges because they are likely to obtain marital satisfaction, functional relationships, and happiness. Asghari, Bibiaghdas, and Maryam Eskafi. “The Narrative Analysis of Decision-Making Process to Remarriage.” Journal of Research and Health , vol. 8, no. 3, 2018, pp. 234-245. This research article presents a set of multifaceted evidence on the narrative particularities in women who make a decision to remarry. The source is credible due to the academic expertise of the authors, the strong methodological basis, and the validity of findings on the research topic. Overall, the research provides a substantial analysis of women’s decision-making process to remarry, given the complexity of circumstances. In particular, the study finds that despite psychological and social barriers, people benefit from remarrying economically and in terms of social status, self-esteem, and confident living. The study’s limitations include the concentration on the experiences of female participants, which might be considered as a bias for claiming benefits for all individuals regardless of gender. In addition, the study’s scope included only the narrative, which represents the contemplation during the decision-making, which represents the motivation rather than outcomes of remarriage. Nonetheless, despite the limitation of presenting evidence on female participants and the narrative analysis only, the source provides a valuable evidential basis for supporting the argument of the proposed research paper. Crowley, Jocelyn Elise. “Once Bitten, Twice Shy? Gender Differences in the Remarriage Decision after a Gray Divorce.” Sociological Inquiry , vol. 89, no.1, 2019, pp. 150-176. This source is a study conducted using mixed methods and large volumes of data retrieved from participants in semi-structured interviews to identify gender differences between individuals in their fifties and older in their decision to remarry. The quality and volume of data collected by the authors of this research study, as well as the reliability of the chosen methodology, contribute to the credibility of the source. It will be a useful piece of scholarly literature for the proposed research paper since it concentrates on the phenomenon of gray divorce, which is divorce at the age of 50 and older. In particular, this source will help establish the relevance of the argument for all categories of people. The article suggests that elderly men are more inclined toward remarriage than women, which aligns the research toward investigating gender differences in more detail. Hu, Yang, and Sandy To. “Family Relations and Remarriage Postdivorce and Postwidowhood in China.
Nowadays, it became another kind of a widely committed ‘victimless crime’, on the part of Bible-thumpers and moralistically minded left-wingers, to take advantage of Westerners’ gullibility, by exposing these people to the images of ‘hungry children from Somalia’ and consequently milking them for monetary donations, as the instrument of combating ‘world’s hunger’. For example, according to probably the most prominent advocate of ‘world’s welfare’ Peter Singer (1999): “A $1,000 suit could save five children’s lives”. And, as we are being well aware of, it is now quite impossible for sober-minded citizens to effectively oppose these types of claims. After all, due to institutionalization of political correctness in Western countries, anyone who disagrees that pouring money into the bottomless pit of a Third World make any sense, whatsoever, is being automatically branded as ‘fascist’, ‘euro-centrist’ and even ‘male chauvinist’. How did it come to being that utterly nonsensical suggestions, such as that of Singer’s, had now attained a full legitimacy in the eyes of great many otherwise normal people? For this, we have to thank the hordes of Socialist-minded neo-Marxian whackos, which during the course of sixties and seventies have succeeded in nothing less than taking over governmental offices in just about every Western country. This is exactly the reason why, as of today, it is not only mentally inadequate individuals who may seriously believe in the sheer beneficence of Third World-bound charities, but very often the high-ranking representatives of governmentally sponsored (read sponsored by taxpayers’ money) international organizations, such as World Food Programme (WEF), who often go as far go as far as implying that donating money to people from Third World countries represents nothing less of a moral obligation, on the part of ‘inheritably wicked’ Whites: “We firmly believe that it is fundamentally wrong to consider assistance to the poor and hungry an act of charity. Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger is a moral imperative (?)” (2002, 6). Apparently, WTF’s bureaucrats who like to blabber about ‘combating world’s hunger and thirst’, while participating in countless conferences and symposiums, where they get to eat black caviar and to drink $2000-per-bottle champagne, cannot comprehend a simple fact that ‘developing’ countries’ underdevelopment has been dialectically predetermined by the very laws of evolution, to which the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie are being subjected as much as plants and animals are. This is the reason why claims that Third World countries’ poverty results from the ‘legacy of colonial oppression’ are best referred to as conceptually fallacious. The actual reason why, after having freed themselves of ‘White oppression’, most ‘developing’ countries began to rapidly descent back into primeval savagery is simple – the most people who populate these countries cannot even
Introduction The students of the University of the District of Columbia are offered a new program with the help of which they can develop their leadership skills in the sphere of nursing. Masters of Science in Nursing: Clinical Nurse Leader is the program under consideration. It lasts for two years with five semesters, including one summer semester during the first year of education. It is a full-time program of study, where first five semesters take place on campus; 540 clinical hours (the second parts of Fall and Spring of the second year) are devoted to a clinical nurse leader practicum. The environment of health care is complicated indeed, and it is very important to underline the importance of nursing care. The role of a nurse as a Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) is new, and students have to be ready to develop the required skills and get the necessary portion of knowledge in a short period. Still, it is necessary not to neglect the necessity of practice and exchange of experience. This program prepares CNLs as the leaders in all settings where health care can be delivered, who are able to improve the outcomes for patients. The peculiar feature of this profession is the necessity to cooperate with doctors, social workers, and clinical specialists and know how to use the latest technologies and provide patients with the best care. The chosen University of the District of Columbia prepares professionals in the sphere of nursing, business, agriculture, environmental sciences, etc. Not much attention is paid to such profession as CNL. It is suggested to offer this program to the students of the University as a chance to provide the population of Washington, D.C. (that is more than 650,000 people) with nursing experts. The ethnic variety of population (White Hispanics, Black, Asian, Native Americans, etc.) is impressive indeed, and CNLs should know how to provide he