ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different countries in Europe have different systems of education. The systems have different degrees of comprehensiveness. The Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) developed a unified system that is integrated in the elementary and secondary levels. Children go through the same kind of education system regardless of their social backgrounds. Germany and England have managed to have such a system in the elementary level only. These countries have selective systems of education to date. Wiborg proposed four factors that have led to the uneven development of education systems. The first factor is the pattern of state formation in the nineteenth century. Second, the class structure developed in the nineteenth century. Third, the nature of politics of the liberals and the kind of partnerships that developed among the political parties. Fourthly, the nature of social democracy as well as the alliances the social democrats established in the different countries. In Germany and England the social democratic parties failed to form partnership with liberal parties hence they did not develop a comprehensive education system. On the other hand, the Scandinavian countries had strong democratic parties that formed alliances with liberal parties and hence developed comprehensive educational systems (Wiborg 5). This paper will endeavour to analyse a case of secondary education in relation to the perspectives developed by Andreas Walther and Suzanne Wiborg. Sweden secondary education Education in Sweden is compulsory form the age of seven to sixteen. This basic education is provided in Grundskola schools and the programme lasts for nine years. At the end of the academic period, learners get a certificate or diploma called Slutbetyg Fran Grundskola Upper Secondary. After the basic education Grundskola, learners proceed to secondary school. The school that provides secondary education is the Gymnasium and the programme lasts for three years. Learners join at the age of sixteen and leave at nineteen. At the completion of the academic programme, learners get a certificate or diploma known as Slutbetyg Från Gymnasieskola Upper Secondary. In Folkhogskola (Folk High School), learners are awarded a certificate known as Upper Secondary. This certificate gives a learner general eligibility to an institution of higher learning. They also get a certificate called Intyg om särskild behörighet, which gives a learner specific eligibility (Sweden, Structure of Education System, para.1). Historical analysis The education system was not always comprehensive because the Scandinavian countries had a parallel system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There we
Executive Summary This research report is based on the information gathered from consumers in London High Street stores such as H&M, Primark, Gap, Topshop and Zara. The London retail shops that form part of the report include West End, Kensington High Street, Covent Garden, Knightsbridge, Bromley, Croyron, Lakeside, Brent Cross, King’s Road and Kingston. Most of the information was acquired from loyalty or credit card schemes and scan data. The data analysis gives an accurate picture of the spending patterns by consumers and the particular characteristics of consumers who shop in these high streets. It finds that;   * Most of the shoppers in London High Street stores are below the age of 30 years.   * Owning a car has a huge aspect on the consumer’s spending habits   * The income level of the consumer limits where he/she shops and how much   * Most of London’s High Street retail stores shape their marketing approach based on consumer spending patterns. Introduction Consumer behaviour forms a very important subject in marketing [1] . Store and retail shop owners need to know which particular type of consumers shop for a particular type of product and if they do, where they do it and why. In this study, the retail stores in London provided a very good example of the need for information due to the high level of competition between the retail stores in the City. Most of the retail stores went out of their way to attract a particular segment of the population by being unique while others just provided simple products at affordable rates hoping that this was enough to attract customers. However, from the volumes of sales and consumer spending patterns, the unique stores seem to be attracting more customers especially in the High Street areas. Consumers usually spend according to their tastes and preferences [2] . However, there are various factors that seem to influence the consumer more when it comes to choosing a particular retail store. These factors vary but the most significant are; age, owning a car, income level, location of the store, special needs, having a family and the locality where the customer lives. These factors were all considered in this report and they informed most of the consumer spending trends and retail sales. Data Collection As earlier stated, most of the data was acquired from loyalty or credit card schemes while the rest was obtained from scan data. In most retail stores in London, there are various reward programmes that are initiated with the intention of attracting and retaining customers. These programmes usually involve the issuance of credit cards or loyalty cards which usually offer discounts or free services to their loyal customers. The most common kind of these schemes usually involves the awarding of points to customers every time they shop at that particular shop. The more one shops or spends, the more the point
During the whole educational life, students face considerable financial, emotional, and personal challenges. Sometimes tutors are able to comprehend students’ demands and interests and try to support them and give some hints. But sometimes tutors fail to achieve the necessary comprehension, and many unpredictable challenges appear again. The duties of any students vary from time to time: they need to perform written tasks, read a lot of books, visit classes, and learn all the necessary material. Tutors’ expectations are all about to give the necessary material and make sure students learn it on the necessary level. However, is it necessary for tutors to follow the same expectations on students with children? Maybe, it is time to remember about the challenges of being parents and assist students if necessary. In my opinion, nowadays teachers set too high expectations on students with children: child priority cannot be neglected, and tutors need to support these students in some ways and appreciate the attempts to get education and bring up a child at the same time; health, educational, and childcare challenges may deprive a student of time to study, eat, and even sleep properly, and tutors as well as parents should be more indulgent from time to time. There are many ideas of why tutors may set too high expectations on students with children. First, tutors are aware about the existed financial support and believe that such support make up some challenges and obstacles. Second, tutors may think that students, who make a decision to have a baby, need to evaluate the situation and be ready to deal with many assignments and other important work. Finally, tutors believe that if they appreciate and support students with children, other students may realize that having a baby promotes teachers’ support and encouragement. It is known that there are several possible grants for students with children: the Childcare Grant provides students with certain financial support; Lone Parents’ Grant is paid annually; and Parents’ Learning Allowance covers some course costs (Coughlan 72-73). If a student with a child faces some challenges, the existed financial support may be used. Tutors expect that the ability to buy new books and learn the material exists but it is not used by these students completely because some students may spend money not for educational purposes. Tutors tr
Introduction Nature exists on its own and cannot be manipulated by human beings. It has been there since ancient times and it never changes. On the other hand, conventions are laws that have been constructed by man to help people live together in harmony and to respect nature. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of convention and nature and gives some views that have been raised by philosophers on the relationship between nature and convention. Nature According to Plato sophists, all things that come into being as first things and which are responsible for all the things that take place are referred to as nature. Nature can be defined as the power that produces accessible phenomena either in detail or as a total. It can also be described as the agency of the creation process Conventions A convention is an assortment between two or among many alternatives where one rule is agreed upon by the participants. One person develops a theory, presents it to society and the society decides whether to accept it as law or reject it. Conventions are unwritten customs that stipulate how society is expected to behave. They differ from one community to another and have different meanings depending on the community abiding by them. In many communities, it is conventional for strangers to shake hands with the people they are being introduced to. Some conventional have become legislative laws that have to be adhered to. For example, in Germany and America, it is convectional for all motorists to drive on the right side while in other countries they drive on the other side (Ahbel-Rappe and Kamtekar, p. 30). According to Buddha, conventions arise dependently on definite conditions. Conventions which are considered as complete realities often lead to conflict although it does not imply that conventions are not real and they should not be ignored. An intelligent person should not entirely hold conventions as realities but should use his judgment in applying them. They play a great role in defining the way people should live and respect one another. Conventions come in different ways and forms; we have social conventions, generic conventions, and government conventions. A social convention is a customary rule that is adhered to by members of the society. They are not written or formalized in any way but people adhere to them out of their self will. These rules are constructed socially for all the members of the society. Sociologists argue that, social rules are constructed from member’s interaction and they change from time to time in the same society. Some of the social rules that were acceptable in the ancient times may not be acceptable today. Similarly, these rules differ from society to society and are acceptable in certain situations. For example strangers in America or other western countries are expected to shake hands during the introduction, in Japan, they are expected to bow, while as in the Jewish societies they are not expected to bow but may shake hands. Generic conventions are rules that are tied to creative genre. Examples of generic conventions include: mathematical notation and paintings. The government uses unwritten rules
Recently there has been a growth of interest in developing more sophisticated and complex training techniques for crisis management. The aim is to improve the effectiveness of those responsible for crisis management. The objective of this article is to outline and explain one of these new techniques, the interactive simulation, and to discuss some of the problems and possibilities of this approach. Interactive simulation Simulations have been used for a long time and have proved their worth in a variety of situations. In private sector crisis management there has been a strong tendency to use computer-based simulations which emphasize the importance of critical financial and economic indicators. The task of management is to make the appropriate changes to produce more healthy figures. But this shows a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of crisis management. The economic indicators are no more than symptoms and no focus on them alone is to mistake the symptoms for the cause. Simulation techniques have developed based on the belief that:   * People are the most important resource in a crisis   * Individuals can be trained to successfully recognise and cope with crisis.   * The most effective ways of dealing with crises can be refined through simulation (Pijnenburg and Rosenthal, 1991). Two new elements can be introduced into simulation exercises which are used to help train individuals in crisis management. The first is an interactive element, which allows the directing staff to make exercise more realistic. Decisions made by the participants become part of the exercise which all parties have to live with. The second element is the introduction of stress to exercise. This is an essential aspect of interactive simulations, reproducing to a degree something of the pressures and strains felt in real crises. Managers use strategic, tactical and operational goals to direct employees and resources toward achieving specific outcomes that enable the organization to perform efficiently and effectively. They take a number of planning approaches, among the most popular of which are management by objectives, single-use plans, standing plans, and contingency plans. Management’s function in strategic planning Strategic planning is in an inextricable manner linked or locked closely together into the complete system of management. Planning cannot be disentangled from such management functions as organizing, d
Introduction Many writers use various stylistic devices to come up with their work. They use them to ensure that their book remains relevant even decades after the story is written. A plain text is not captivating for a reader; it becomes boring to a big extent. Therefore, writers develop various styles to ensure that their work is interesting and simple to understand. They also use these styles to represent the concepts that they want to get across (Armstrong 19). Most writers use symbolism and character development to frame themes in their scripts. Symbolism is the use of code to represent things rather than using the actual names. Though the novel about Bartleby, the scrivener, seems a rather plain, one-note story at first, a closer look at its elements will reveal that it is packed with symbols, which set the tone for the narration, and introduces the character development that conveys the moral of the story. Character Development The narrator is one of the characters in the story. He is a lawyer by profession and runs a law firm. His work is to help rich men manage their legal documents. He believes that the easiest way is always the best. He has employed two lawyers, who help him in his business. Because of their inconsistent work, he goes on to hire a third employee, who at first seems to be very hardworking. Through this character, the theme of work and business in the world is framed. Although he is old, he owns a law firm and is focused on making it prosper. He says that he is a man, who has always believed that the easiest way in life is always the best (Melville 3). The narrator has also been used to showing the need for accountability and kindness. Bartleby, who is one of his employees, requires help, and the narrator fails to help him. However, Melville makes the narrator go far beyond where many people would go; still, the narrator did not do what most readers would expect him to. He even blames Bartleby for his tribulations and asks him, if he was aware that he was the cause of the narrator’s misfortunes for insisting on occupying the entry even after he had been sacked from his previous job (Melville 195). Turkey, an old man aged 60, is a lawyer at the narrator’s law firm. The narrator describes him as a good scrivener in the morning, but in the afternoon he is prone to mistakes. Through his character and excuses, he depicts the theme of laziness and an unfocused society. Turkey, despite being old and having a great experience in law, is active in the morning, but in the afternoon he becomes prone to mistakes. The narrator says that he would be careless and pours ink and would go to the extremes of making noise (Melville 6). Nippers is a young lawyer at the same firm, and he is very comical character. He has problems working in the morning up to lunch time because he suffers stomach problems, but he works very well in the afternoon. He was an undecided man and kept changin
Similarities in relationships from ancient times to modern days No matter what we eat, where we live, what clothes we wear, love and friendship will always guide our thoughts, actions, and decisions. The artwork of life has bright colors of excitement, blue colors of solitude, dark colors of hatred, and light colors of dreams. Friendship may be spent with excitement, finding purpose, and helping one another. In the story of Gilgamesh, Enkidu helps the wild animals to escape traps set by people. After his friendship with Gilgamesh, they set to make achievements (Epic of Gilgamesh 12). In modern times, friendship is associated with helping one another, setting goals, achievements, celebrations among other things. There is a longing to spend time with a loved one. Enkidu forgets about the wild animals when he meets a harlot (Epic of Gilgamesh 11). Sappho in Ancient Egyptian Love Poetry narrates that “If I hug her, she’ll drive illness from me” (80). The excitement in love is not confined for any period or age. The light colors of dreams may be shared by adults as well. In Catullus , he says “how gladly, with what joy I now cast eyes, on you once more” (946). Material gains find a deeper meaning. In
The Role of the Board In the present case, the board played a negative role in the development of the organisation. While other banks employed the conventional strategies that were less profitable but more secure, Northern Rock Bank’s board made quite risky decisions that had significant positive effects in the short-term period but were disastrous in the long run. The board failed to acknowledge the changes that were taking place in the financial world and continued their risky operations. These practices led to the severe financial issues of the bank that could not pay to the clients. Some of the most apparent reasons for such failures is the lack of experience in the financial sphere of the board (Giles 2012). The Directors’ Principles and Views It is clear that the bank’s directors understood that their business model differed significantly from the conventional one. However, they deliberately took the risks as they focused on maximising profits. It is seen from the director’s past that they tended to make risky decisions. More so, in many cases, those decisions led to quite severe problems for organisations, which could make the directors more responsible. It is difficult to state that the board knew about the exact extent of the risk as the financial market seemed balanced. Nonetheless, there are high chances that the directors knew about upcoming problems although they could have thought that those issues would be short-lived. The directors hoped that they would cope with their issues, and the public would not even learn about the difficulties. The Decision Makers: Roles and Responsibilities It is nec
Main Ideas of the Article The article focuses on outlining the recent events on the automotive market of China. It is stated that the sales of cars by the American automaker, Ford Motor, in China dropped significantly, according to a press release from Ford. The rate of decline slowed down compared to 2018, while China was recognized as the largest automobile market globally. At the same time, Ford and General Motors ‘sales in China are falling for the third year in a row, having more than doubled in 2019 from the peak level recorded in 2016. The article also discusses the subsidies, arguing that the tax incentives of the government allowed maintaining car prices. Furthermore, Chinese customer desires are reviewed in the context of the mentioned decline and future perspectives. It is assumed that General Motors and Ford paid little attention to the fact that they value innovation and some new features. Important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Ideas The recession on the Chinese car market turned out to be especially painful for American automakers: along with local companies, the sales of Ford and General Motors were most seriously affected. At the same time, German and Japanese manufacturers increased their share in the given market. To support the key ideas, the author refers to the numerical data and presents convincing numbers. For example, it is noted that 570,000 vehicles were sold by Ford in 2019, which is a half of the profit that was obtained in 2016 (Xu Elegant, 2020). More to the point, the author cites the credible references, such as the Wall Street Journal, which shows this article is trustworthy. It should also be stressed that the opinion of an equity analyst working for Morningstar agency, Ivan Su, adds more value to the article and makes information more comprehensive. As for the customer preferences, the position of the author is clearly described by means of the comparison with Honda Motor and Toyota Motors, both of which reported a 9% growth in sales in 2019. In spite of the current decline that is experienced by General Motors and Ford, there is a more pleasant future since the Chinese market presents the place for growth. In general, the key underlying reason for such positive predictions is related to the under-penetrated nature of this market. Holes in the Main Ideas and Supporting Arguments The critical review of the given article reveals that the author lacks an objective presentation of the decline in the Chinese automobile market. Namely, one may suggest that the opinion of the only expert cannot provide a full picture. It would be better if the author also mentioned other peoples’ attitudes towards the target event. Another hole is associated with the suppo