ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The ability of a country to uphold social control, prevent, and extenuate crime depends on the organization of its criminal justice system. For a criminal justice system to achieve its mandate, it must have specific components, which must coordinate to achieve the overall role of reducing crime. Further, for a criminal justice system to be democratic and fair in achieve justice for all, its members must follow certain processes in executing their duties . The United States criminal justice system primarily applies a “systems” approach in executing its duties, by using constitutional rules, state, federal, and departmental principles of criminal procedure, the Code of ethics, and bill of rights. To ensure that the system performs its functions to desired standards, the government controls the criminal justice through three main structures namely the executive, legislative, and judicial. The primary function of the legislature is to define practices considered as crimes, fix sentences for such crimes, and provide monetary assistance to the system. The Judiciary through judges, attorneys, and juries help to make judgments using specific defined rules and principles. On the other hand, the executive branch is mandated with the role of furnishing the criminal justice system with judges and heads of law-enforcing agencies. Therefore, a criminal justice system is a combination of federal state, and local and public bodies that are interdependent and work together for a common goal (Miller & Gaines, 2008, pp. 3-24). Components of the Criminal Justice System Generally, a crime is any act that violates a set of fundamental laws, which govern public practices within a society; whereas, law is system of principles that helps to govern practices in a society. Therefore, laws are there primarily to prevent crime, through ensuring that individual’s practices and actions are within certain fundamental rules. Violation of any set rules is prosecutable and punishable in a court of law, as this is the only way of protecting people’s fundamental rights. To achieve justice for all; prevent and control the rate of crime, the criminal justice system uses three major components, which the government has mandated with different roles, although they are very interdependent. The first component is police departments. The primary roles of this component include ensuring societies maintain law and order, implementing provisions in criminal law, and providing other security needs to the general public. For police officers to achieve this role, they closely coordinate with community members and security organizations to apprehend criminals. To ensure that suspected criminals and sufferers of crimes get justice, police officers work closely with prosecutors in investigating crimes and gathering enough evidence, for prosecution purposes. Evidence gathered from investigations acts as the primary basis of operation of the second component of the crimi
Introduction Polar ice caps are among the most fascinating biomes existing on Earth. With a combined area of about 26 million square kilometers, the Arctic and Antarctica are the key examples of polar ice caps on Earth. Polar ice biomes have harsh weather conditions, which limits the number of animal and plant species living in these biomes. Still, there are distinctive examples of community-level interactions that occur in the polar ice biomes. This paper aims to outline the key factors affecting the formation and maintenance of polar ice caps, as well as to review and compare the characteristics of Antarctica and the Arctic. Abiotic Factors There is a large number of abiotic factors that influence the formation of polar ice caps. Polar ice caps form in high-latitude regions, as these receive less solar radiation and thus have lower surface temperatures than other areas (Raven, Hassenzahl, Hager, & Gift, 2015). For instance, in the Arctic, the average temperature during winter months is below zero, whereas during the summer it rarely goes higher than 35 degrees (Garrett-Hatfield, 2017). Apart from low temperatures, polar ice caps biomes are also affected by strong winds and poor soil, which prevents the growth of true plants. Moreover, the seasonal changes in sunlight also affect the biome: whereas in the summer, the sun shines for the entire day, during winter months, there is no sunshine at all. Finally, a low annual precipitation rate is another abiotic factor that influences the formation of polar ice caps. Antarctica and the Arctic Antarctica and the Arctic are the two largest polar biomes on earth that have been widely studied by researchers for the past few decades. They are very similar, particularly in terms of the abiotic factors affecting them. For ex
Grief practices differ from culture to culture and although grief is a common emotion experienced by humankind, the way people grieve differs radically cross-culturally. In every culture, grief is shaped by evolutionary development. All cultural societies encompass certain implied rules regarding grieving practices. Emotions relating to grief are then expected to be handled in ways similar to those outlined by the cultural societies. The impact of culture on the way in which a person grieves is immense. Every culture has several customs regarding the appropriate expression of pain. (Rosenblatt, Paul, Rose Walsh, and Douglas Jackson. 1976). For example, a study of grief expression of women from Bali revealed that in Bali, women were not expected to cry in order to express their grief. The Egyptian society, on the other hand, would consider it an abnormality if their women did not express grief by crying (Irish DP, Lundquist KF, Nelson VJ, Eds., 1993). The Muslim culture and community follow the Koran in their expression of grief. The Koran prohibits loud howls and gestures such as slapping cheeks etc when grief-stricken. It has been clearly stated in the Holy book of the Muslims, that it is alright to sob and shed silent tears, but the practice of loud cries is strictly prohibited in Muslim culture (The Holy book of the Muslims, ‘The Koran’). Another sect of the Muslim community, the Shia community, on the other hand, expresses grief in a very loud manner with loud howling and crying. The expression of grief is, therefore, more pronounced and vocal. Annotated Bibliography Ethnic variations in dying, death, and grief: Diversity in universality (1993). This book is written by Irish, Donald P., Kathleen F. Lundquist, and Vivian Jenkins Nelsen, eds. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. The authors attempt a thorough investigation of the grief practices relating to cultural experiences involving death, and grief in a range of several ethnic communities of North American. Death and bereavement across cultures. New York: Routledge, 1997. This book is authored by Parkes, C. M., and ten other writers who investigate the diverse manners in which culturally diverse societies, envision death, grief, and mourning practices, a study that would enable health professionals to understand and handle their patients better. Facing death: Where culture, religion, and medicine meet. Yale University Press, 1996. Web. The authors of the book are Spiro H. M. M.G. McCrea Curnen, and Lee Palmer Wandel, eds. This book has won two awards from the American Medical Writers Association and lists the several experiences of health care professionals in the treatment of their patients, with particular emphasis on the death issues and the diversity in cultural and religious practices relating to the handling of grief. The book provides some very valuable insights from anthropologists, preachers, theologians, and even literar
Introduction The basic reason for learning is to archive an ability to communicate effectively and convey information efficiently. Future endeavours of a learner depends on his/her ability to understand the importance of knowledge acquisition and embrace the fact that learning determines one’s future prospects. Appreciating the need to obtain skills and knowledge is crucial since the procedure of acquisition requires patience from both the learner and trainer. Learning involves the conscious mind that various learning regulations that are simple requirements as opposed to tough form of drilling as most learners think. The learning process is however gradual for instance, when learning a new language, the skills acquisition procedures involves first attaining the listening before the speaking skills. The fluency, mastery or proficiency of skills occurs latter on during the process of learning when one starts to specialize in the field of study. General Definition of Learning According to (2008), learning is ability to understand behavioural changes occurring due to person’s ability to survey some insatiable aspects of life, which often occur due to curiosity. Stipulation that learning is a practice that changes behaviours is a clear indication that the approach Pritchard considers shows that learning is the outcome or product of performing a certain action or undergoing a given process (2008). In this case, learning is recognizable since it is a highlight of various crucial aspects of a lifestyle especially changes of behaviour. A good learner must place huge amount of effort such as keenness and patience within a give attempt. In line with Pritchard, one of the key aspects of learning involves ability to recognize that it is only possible to achieve improvements if the input is comprehensible and does not necessarily force productivity (2008). For that reason, the most effective way of learning is by ensuring adherence to professionalisms and proficiency. Learning skills According to Leonard, various research findings attribute learning as an articulate procedure where one is able to consider both the input and output as essential aspects in accruing knowledge (2002). Effective learning must therefore involve some form of interaction between the learner and tutor since the learner must contribute through participation. The input is consequently the learner’s contribution, while the output from the learning process is the ability to comprehend and use the leant skills productively. Learning new skills or acquiring knowledge depends on personal ability to understand and have a perso
Case study Assessment The following is an essay on a case study assessment. It is about the health needs of Bourke NSW, Australia and looks into the health services available in that community, the cultural groups and communities in the area as well as different health needs. It discusses the Social determinants of health and how it affects the health needs of Bourke NSW, Australia community’s population groups. The second part of this essay looks into the models of service delivery used to address the particular health needs of the community through a biomedical approach. It includes research and description of the medical workforce in Bourke community and discussion of the impact of removal of the general practitioner. There is a discussion on the impact of one GP leaving the practice in a town classified as ASGC-RA 2. The third part of the essay is about how real life practice might look at a particular scenario of health professional and patient, covering cultural safety, inter-professional practice, and use of computer based technology. Range of health services available in Bourke There are services that are available for the Bourke community. Though it is a remote part in Australia the area has a multipurpose service hospital that offers variety of services such as the general medical services, minor surgeries, obstetrics, and care services for the aged (Department of Health and Ageing 2004). The hospital staffs are general practitioners from the local community and other visiting staff. There is the Bourke community primary service, which has the community health service and mental health service (Barnes et al. 2003). This community service has two outposts that offer health services to remote places in Bourke. The health services centres are Wanaaring and Enngonnia (Rose 2006). Cultural groups or special populations and their different health needs New South Wales Bourke is a sparsely populated area with two dominant groups. The aboriginal community comprises of thirty per cent of the population while the other people are immigrants (Department of Health and Ageing 2004). Their health needs are not different from each other and require gener
Introduction First of all, arguing on the matters of the inevitability of World War II it is necessary to point out, that the causes of it take the roots at the end of World War I, the foundation of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations particularly. Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which ended World War I. Therewith, the country had to cede huge parts of its territory, had to give up most of its military forces, and was forced to pay the enormous amount of 132 billion Goldmark as reparations. The so-called war guilt Article 231 stated that: “ Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.” (Eubank, 2004) Germany, as the defeated state was restricted in army forces, lots of territories were separated from Germany, which became the reason for the policy of appeasement in the late 30s. (Lee, 1997) Discussion The organization. Which was claimed to keep the world in peace – the League of Nations – failed to. It was an infant institution, which actually could not prevent the approaching war. Hitler’s ambitions towards Austrian and some Polish territories were so huge, that LN, with the USA at its head, started appeasing Germany, instead of imposing sanctions. At that time everyone realized, that this leads to war, but no one made a single step to prevent it. This can be explained by the two following assumptions: the parties either were afraid of Hitler, or they had their own plans towards his aggression. The first one seems to be incredible, the second – unbelievable. But both made the war inevitable While the parties all believed in the necessity for war, there were no delusions about the charges in blood — at least, not originally. Even Hitler took note of the stillness of the Berlin crowds as their warriors marched to war. In Britain and France, there was definitely no celebrating when war was announced. Participants in World War II did not have any optimistic anticipations about the consequences of this war at its eruption, in stark contrast to the prequel. Nevertheless, this war radically reduced the number of war-related victims within the states engaged. With something like 50 million dead, Europe and Asia in ruins, probably the dramatic decline in the struggle ought not to be astonishing. Human beings have some type of group memory and at the end of the war, the notion of war on this scale turned to be associated with self-obliteration. Peace was attained. And remembering the dead was a praise to the sacrifices made to attain this end. (Divine, 1969) Conclusion Actually, any war is started with the “honored” aims and with the promises of a better life to soldiers and their families. Hitler required the coal mines of Donbas and oil derricks of the Caucasus. Soviet Russia wished to stop the aggressor, and the Allies seemed to be afraid of rapid decisions, as the second front was opened only after Hitler’s defeat became obvious. Such an approach to the war made it inevitable.
Medicare plays an important role in the United States system of health care by providing more than 45 million American citizens with insurance cover. Medicare is a program established to provide health insurance to individuals regardless of the status of health and income level. Although it is mainly established to cater for health needs of the elderly (65 years and above), the program caters for the needs of about 7 million permanently disabled adults. Registered members contribute a certain amount of money throughout their working life so that together with their spouses, their health needs are catered for after they have retired. In order to meet the financial obligations faced by the Medicare system, funds have to be sourced from beneficiaries, revenues from the federal government and tax. At present, nearly all people aged 65 and above are insured by Medicare. Although it is a popular program, Medicare is currently faced with many challenges and issues. Issues Facing Medicare The greatest challenge facing Medicare is lack of sufficient funds to cater for health needs of the future generation. This is because of the high cost of health care and the increased number of baby boomers in the United States. Annual increase in the cost of health care has in turn increas
In order to answer this question, it is necessary to clear up what the main idea of Social Darwinism was and what the peculiarities of the Americans in the 19 th century were. Each century creates more and more challenges for people in order to check who is powerful enough to take leading positions, and who is still weak and has to work more to achieve success. The 19 th century was very hard for the United States of America: many Americans faced considerable losses during the Civil War and the Spanish-American War; the process of industrialization made lots of Americans competed with each other; and even sports industry was changed. This is why it was significant to present a concept in order to encourage people for development, growth, and learning. Social Darwinism appealed to many Americans, especially in the lat 19 th century because this nation lost lots of things and people and had to find more powers to revive and become a leading nation in the world. Social Darwinism is an ideology that underlines the importance of competitions between individuals and nations, which lead to social evolution in society. This concept identifies one nation and humiliates, or at least, decreases the significance of the others; it is a kind of survival policy, in which the participants, all American people, should prove their rights for existence and show their abilities to participate in competitions and promote social development. The concepts of Social Darwinism were used in order to clear up how American economy was developed to such extend that was able to compete with many other industries. People changed their preferences and moral principles in order to be able to evaluate new economical concepts and be ready to fight in order to take the most appropriate positions. Social Darwinism appealed to lots of Americans at the end of the 19 th century due to several quite strong reasons. First of all, the outcomes of the Civil War were rather disappointing: this war became to known as the deadliest war in the United States, which cost much money and many lives. The United States had to demonstrate to the rest of the world, that their nation was still powerful, could easily control any situation, and become a worthy adversary to other nations. Taking into consideration that the ideas of Social Darwinism were all about competitions and demonstration of power and proper competitive abilities, many Americans found out Social Darwinism as a good chance to recover and continue economic growth. The period of industrialization was crucial for the United States. When Americans completely recovered after the Civil War, they chose rather materialist standpoints towards their style of life and their relations with other countries. Social Darwinism was also justified in order to strengthen American political and social assumptions. People, especially American p
What thoughts do you have about best ways of reducing variation in a business process? Variations in a business process can be done away with, factoring in the context, through actions to correct the variations such as re-looking at the procedures and training staff. Business processes are designed with controls that can be used to change the process mean, and hence increase the accuracy of the process. Reducing the amount of process variation is more difficult. Evans stipulates that, a clear understanding of the cause of the variations will enable one determine how to reduce the variation in a business process (23). The main source of the variations is the environment which introduces changing conditions. Where individuals insist on retaining the business processes as they are, one may get poor performance. An example would be a company hedging its fuel prices in times of economic or political change. This will result to reduced variations between the budgeted and actual costs. To achieve this, an entity will have to relook at its procurement process to factor in the changes. Further one can also use the Six Sigma – DMAIC approach which entails a set of processes summarized as follows; definition of the problem, measurement of the outcome, analyzing what is driving or causing the problem, improving the process by acting on the information and confirming the outcome and finally controlling the adjusted process to retain the gain. Think of a team that you are on, or have been on recently. How does it stack up against the criteria for quality teamwork? What specific steps could be used to improve the performance of your team? How could TQ techniques be used to improve team processes? I am currently in a team engaging in small time investments in different projects. Quality team work is gauged on considering various factors amongst these effective communication and common goals. I would gauge my team as doing very well in terms of quality team work due to the levels of communication amongst team members and the common understanding of the group goals. Considering the nature of our group goals, the performance of my team can be improved through activities that will lead to a better understanding of each group member to create a better group cohesion. This will also enable the team members to understand each