ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper is based on the topics of race and culture. It seeks answers to the question of whether people’s identity is defined by race or by culture. It is argued that culture plays a greater role in influencing people’s identity than race. The reason is that people’s identity is a product of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. As a result, race plays a minimal role in defining people’s identity and in most cases; it is used negatively through discrimination. Current Research on Race and Culture Race Race is a culturally constructed concept just like gender and ethnicity. It means that the definition of race may differ from one culture to another. During the 20 th century, race was commonly used to refer the physical characteristics of people from different parts of the world. Such characteristics included skin color, dialect, eye color, and type of hair. However, contemporary sociologists and psychologists have argued that there is no mechanism of associating race with physical characteristics due to emergence of the concept of cultural diversity. As a result, the 20 th century definition of race has been rejected in the 21 st century on the basis that it is not only narrow but also vague and ambiguous. The contemporary sociologists and psychologists have provided a new definition of race based on cultural orientation. Their definition is based on the fact that race is a product of culture as opposed to 20 th century scholars who argued that culture was a product of race. The contemporary sociologists and psychologists have refuted this earlier argument due to absence of proof that race is able to influence a culture of people. Instead of perceiving culture as a product of race, contemporary sociologists and psychologists have argued that all human beings belong to the human race and therefore, there are no classifications of races but only one race. This shift in reasoning is largely based on the fact that people in a given culture are able to give meanings to various concepts and as such, race is an aspect of culture. During the 20 th century, race was used negatively to classify people into various skin categories in the United States. However, in the 21 st century, race has been used as a synonym of ethnicity. For instance, all forms of censuses in the United States rarely ask people their race but their ethnicity because ethnicity is not associated with discrimination and negative stereotypes like race. The cultural construction of race makes the concept of race mean different things to people of different cultures. These meanings may be interpreted from sociological, political, psychological, and economic perspectives. In most cases, race is used negatively in various cultures depending on the socialization, economic, social, and political ideologies in those cultures (Andreatta & Ferraro, 2013). In Africa for example, white people are associated with superiority especially because they coloni
Introduction There are subtle actions and emotions that occur when a man and a woman meet casually and coincidentally. In an encounter, the discussions that ensue display in part the relationship and characters of the two parties engaging in a common interest. This essay is going to compare and contrast the characters of two women, Calixta from Chopin’s “The Storm” and Elisa Allena from Steinbeck’s “Chrysanthemums”, who are in different contexts of the stories. Comparisons Calixta and Elisa are women who are both young and newly married. These women are very industrious, and each one is specializing in her own work at their respective homes, as Calixta is a fervent tailor while Elisa is a passionate flower gardener. When these women encounter men, they are emotionally attracted to men and are tempted to indulge themselves in extramarital sex. Incidentally, Elisa encounters a man who mends broken utensils and other homely pieces of equipment. She was scared of him at first sight, but after a lengthy discussion, she empathizes with the lonely caravan life the man was living and his desire to get attracted to beautiful women. Her feeling for him made her breasts to swell up passionately, and was tempted to touch his greasy trouser. On the other hand, Calixta met his former boyfriend, Alcee, whom she has missed since she got married. The storm provided an opportunity for Alcee to shelter in her house until the storm is over. The opportunity made them remember the sweet moments they had shared before, and they begin to kiss and caress each other. In the end, both women felt lonely and wondered as they stare at the departing men, leaving them lonely. Contrasts Elisa and Calixta differ in the kind of work they do. Calixta is a passionate tailor while Elisa is a gifted flower gardener as she grows chrysanthemums flowers that give an attractive bloom in their season. Physically, Calixta has blue eyes, red lips as pomegranate, and yellow hair that charmed Alcee leading him to inevitably kiss and caress her while Elisa has clear eyes like water, a blocked figure, and pretty dark hair that makes Henry, her husband commend her as nice and strong, and also attracting the caravan man. Another contrast between the two women is the children. Elisa seems to be newly married, as she has no kids to attend to, unlike Calixta, who is busy tailoring, washing, and cooking for her kids. Elisa and Henry are new couples who are still busy enjoying their early marriage life by going to dinner without any worry about the welfare of the kids. Elisa has self-control as she managed to avoid suggestive touch on the
Introduction Ireland was a land whose people were of Gaelic ancestry. For most of its pre-history, the Irish were small bands living off the bounty of the countryside. The Irish were well enough left alone by the Roman Empire. It was only with the coming of Christianity that Ireland received any serious attention from without. This was about to change. Ireland Before the Vikings Irish history really began in the 5 th century AD with the introduction of Christianity, credited to St. Patrick and those who came after him, and the Latin literacy it brought with it. This is because during this era the history of Ireland could be recorded and preserved by the Monks who lived in the relative peace of their abbeys. Although much of the recorded history of this period still remains to be deciphered by scholars, this is the first period where history was recorded first hand. The first recorded even in Irish history is the ordination of Palladius by Pope Celestine the first as the first Bishop of Ireland in 431. While the Christianization of Ireland would still take many years this was the official start of Christianity’s role in Ireland. Pallidius’ ordination is coincidental with St. Partick’s arrival in Ireland which is reportedly around 432 1 . Their efforts bore ample fruit as by the 6 th Century AD the Church in Ireland was large enough to form separate dioceses or bishoprics. In the year 700 Ireland could be considered a Christian country. The Church became a pervasive part of Irish society. So pervasive was the status of the ecclesiastics that secular laws were imposed. Many of the monastics hailed from Irish nobility and this contributed to the fact that Monasteries in the 8 th century were at times at war with one another 2 . Before Christian-era Ireland the political climate was divided into subdivisions called fifths the most well known of these were Ulster, Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Meath 3 . During the Christian Era the fifths Uí Néill and Eóganachta changed the political landscape. The Uí Néill were descended from the Connachta or Connacht through aggressive campaigning they conquered Uliad and established the kingdoms of Airgialla and Ailech. Irish records reveal that there was frequent warfare between the Uí Néill and the Laigin. The Uí Néill later claimed the kingship of Tara which would later be conceived as the High Kingship of Ireland. As a result of Uí Néill’s conquests the country was divided into two halves, Leth Cuinn in the north and Leth Moga in the south. While some Irish oral traditions claim that the two Leth’s or Halves date back to the 2 nd century, historical analysis suggests that they were established in the 8 th century when Uí Néill was dominant 4 . Uí Néill dominance would soon come to an end, not from rivals within Ireland itself but because from beyond the North Seaborne on their mighty Longships the Vikings were coming. The Vikings The Vikings were a famous race of explorers, warriors, merchants and pirates who hailed
Introduction Euthanasia has been contemned by many persons as well as organizations while others feel people must be given the choice for their death. One of the overwhelming questions regarding the practice has been whether euthanasia is good or bad. Same Sex marriage is another concept which has caused serious debate. While people who are orthodox in their thinking denounce this practice, there is a good amount of people, free and liberal in their thinking, who supports the right of people who choose same sex marriage. Similarly, the question of preserving wilderness at the cost of new housing has been a topic for somber dispute. At a time when housing has raised serious issues just as the issue of preserving wilderness, the question often asked is if it is justifiable to preserve wilderness at the expense of new housing. The practice of abortion has caused serious debate as a group of people have demonstrated their protest against it while there have been also people who support the practice. Cloning is an issue which still stirs up important questions concerning the morality of man and the debate relating to the issue will remain for a long time. Euthanasia: Allow them to be free from body Euthanasia, the practice of deliberately bring about an easy, painless, and moderate death to a person who is in the last days of his life and can no more bear the pain of living, has been disagreed by several people and groups who consider the practice as immoral. While some people consider it as a murderous behavior, there have been educated and thinking people who regard it as an act of mercy and generosity. The freedom of every individual to live is well recognized and it is of course an appreciable factor. However, it is a misfortune that human beings are not given the right to die according to their wish, especially at a time when living is no more possible. Life is a invaluable gift, I don’t question it. But, it becomes life only when one is able to ‘live’ it and not when he ‘suffers’ it. The piti
Inflation has affected the total demand for goods and services in the economy, thus exceeding the supply. Since there is less supply, the prices of these goods and services are rising, leading to a situation called inflation. This affects the rich and the poor globally posing a threat to the economy. Looking at the global market history, you would understand that every country has undergone inflation at any one point of time. For instance, after the World War I, the German government lowered the value of their currency by printing massive amount of notes, and there was a rise in food prices. The present downward trends in the world economies have resulted in credit crunch and financial crisis. When inflation affects economy, you would have to pay more to maintain the same level of living standards. This means that you would have to pay more for the same amount of goods and services you had used prior to inflation. With one’s income increasing at a slower rate as inflation, the living standards will decline even if one is making more. Inflation does not affect everything equally. For example, gas prices can double while your home loses value. There is a need for commodities trading to be regulated because “a demand for gas and food is inelastic” (Amadeo, n. p.). This means that people need to buy them, and cannot really cut back on demand when prices shoot up unlike prices on clothing. This makes financial planning more difficult since the value of money is decreasing with inflation. This is affecting the pensioners more than the ones who are currently employed. For instance, in America people are being forced to retrench from their work places and sell their properties at a throw away prices and many go jobless since various companies cannot afford to employee them. Inflation is affecting the economy, thereby retirement planning are not possible because the premium payment have to be high to keep the same quality of life. People tend to save less in the economy affected by inflation, because the price of services and goods are ever time higher, and there is nothing or very less leftover income available to save. Worse still, in different westernized countries, people are starting to panic expecting inflation, therefore spending now rather than later in the future. That is because they believe things will only cost more later on. This consumer spending will heats up the economy even more, leading to further inflation. Such a situation is known as spiraling inflation because it spirals out of control. If inflation spirals faster than the return on these goods, they become less valuable leading to people rushing to sell them, as a result depreciating their value further. As their value becomes lower, the government is forced to offer higher interest rates to sell them all. Dollar plays a major role in the global market against other currencies. Economies are organized based on the value of currency, both within and outside of the country, therefore negotiating all financial interactions based on the worth
Introduction The last few decades have witnessed the evolution of debates linking Human Resource Management (HRM) to organizational strategy. Decisions made by Human Resource Managers have notable influences on the performance of organizations. It is important to define the link between HRM and the wider organizational strategy. This study tries to determine how organizations deal with HRM and relevant issues to the organizations’ approach to HRM. The study also seeks to examine possible links between HRM and wider organizational strategy, their rise and effects to the organization. For the research to meet its goals, the roles of HRM management in organizations and the organizations approaches to HRM issues will be discussed. The study will use St. James hospital a study case. Roles of Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) is an important discipline in all establishments. HRM concerns itself with the control of human resources to support organizational objectives. St. James hospital has a HRM department that is responsible for managing its human resources. The HRM department deals with: Recruitment of new employees The HRM department conducts interviews for prospective candidates and hires them to promote the best interest of the society. This section determines the functioning of the entire organization in terms of human labor and intelligence advice in decision-making. The department also deals with appraising and rewarding employees for their work. Employee Development and Training Matters concerned with employee training and development activities are handled by the HR department. HRM facilitates workshops and seminars that empower employees with more knowledge and skills to move the organization to its full capacity. Employee Relations and Conduct The department has a responsibility of dealing with problems that affect employees and hinder them from performing efficiently. Therefore, this department makes sure employees maintain discipline in their profession. This makes sure that all policies governing the organization are observed and enforced. Creating and Implementing Policies The HR department has a duty to review company policies, amend changes and proposes the adoption of new policies that cater for the demands and growth of an organization. These policies make sure that organizational goals are achieved, and promote the interests of the company and safeguard interests of employees. Organizational Approaches to Human Resource Management All issues discussed above are relevant to the organization as regards to the functions of the HR department. The HR department acts as a strategic partner towards the implementation of the o
Introduction Numerous scholarly materials explain the impacts of international trade on developed and developing countries. The existing literature combines various models with the neoclassical growth theory to determine the effects of trade on closed economies. However, in this essay, the dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model will be considered in determining the consequences of the introduction of international trade in both closed and open economies. Market incompleteness is also addressed in the paper, which makes the approach different from the existing models. The third world countries’ per capita income diverges every time there is some engagement in the international community as far as trade is concerned. The benefits gained for both the trading countries will be analyzed thoroughly to determine the significance of such dealings under uncertainties, as a majority of the existing literatures have overlooked this area. The model under analysis will determine the benefits accrued when two countries do business, especially trade, between the third world countries and developed states. In this paper, a comparison of the data and assumptions used by different models will be considered in a bid to determine the reliability of this model as compared to the other models. The context in the existing literature Most traditional models emphasize closed economies to determine the convergence of income levels. However, the dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model seeks to anal
Introduction Included into Lone Ranger and Tonto: Fistfight in Heaven , the story called This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona is one of those reflecting the life and traditions of Native Americans through children’s eyes. Their different conflicts are unveiled by the author in the story. All of them are true to life. The reader is able to indulge in the story and the protagonists’ relations due to cohesive and captivating narration. This paper will analyze several conflicts addressed by Sherman Alexie. The story is an amazing presentation of the friends’ reunion because of the dramatic events in Victor’s life with the cultural revival in the background of the entire story. The two protagonists Victor and Thomas Builds-the-Fire underwent serious reconsideration of the state of friendship with the help of the culture they belonged to. The Trip Begins One of the main features and conflicts presented in a story is the relationship between Thomas Builds-the-Fire and Victor. Those two made friends after Victor’s father’s death over again. Importantly, when in childhood, the two protagonists used to be good friends and with the span of time something changed and now Victor does not even feel like talking to Thomas Builds-the-Fire in the street until he finds himself in an economically disadvantageous position. His father dies from a heart attack and he has to find money to travel all the way to Phoenix, Arizona. Not only does the trip cost a fortune, finding the right person to travel with is a hard task. Therefore, the author unveils the inconvenience of the situation when the Indian tribe council refuses to sponsor the entire journey and takes his father’s ashes back. So, Victor is forced to address Thomas Builds-the-Fire and the story of old friends restarts. The main conflict described is the difference in life views and behavioral attitudes. It is explained that what Thomas Builds-the-Fire does is tell the stories while people are getting tired to listen to them or not listen at all. He is not the kind of respected person in the tribe and so everyone avoids having any business with him. The social opinion takes over Victor, as well. They used to have friends back in the days, whereas now Victor feels uncomfortable traveling to Phoenix with a person he had a fistfight with. Title’s Double Meaning The title of the story is very sound for revealing the actual theme brought up by the author. While the trip to Phoenix initially implies dramatic circumstances, another meaning brought up by the author is totally opposite – reunion with a friend. Mutual apologies and one road to Phoenix will
Abstract The aim of this paper was to report on the construction of the 30 St. Mary AXE (Gherkin) in London and how a similar skyscraper would be constructed in modern times. The Gherkin was designed by the Foster and Partners and constructed by the Skanska group from 2001-2003. The building occupies the former site of the Baltic exchange that was destroyed in 1992 by a bomb explosion. The Gherkin is one of the environmental friendly skyscrapers of the 21 st century. However, the construction of a similar skyscraper today would entail more modification such as the use of recycled glass. Introduction The built environment has undergone tremendous changes in the twenty first century. A number of appealing contributions have been made to the built environment. For instance, modern cities around the world have constructed modern structures such canals, subway systems, bridges, and skyscrapers by the use of modern technology. The advancement in the built environment is attributed to superior cultures and civilizations, which have emerged over the years. In the twenty first century the Western culture and civilization has greatly influenced the type of buildings constructed in Europe, United States of America and other parts of the world. For instance, the city of London boasts of having one of the magnificent skyscrapers known as the 30 St. Mary AXE or the Gherkin. The 30 St. Mary AXE is “located in London’s financial district and stands on the site formally occupied by the Baltic Exchange, which was destroyed in 1992 by a bomb explosion” (Yudelson 46). The architects of the 30 St. Mary AXE were Norman Foster and Partners while the main constructor of the skyscraper was Skanska. The building was constructed from 2001-2003 after which it was commercialized in 2004. The 30 St. Mary AXE has 40 floors and a height of