ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The authors, Grigoriev and Grigorieva (2009) in this journal paper, attempts to address a fundamental design problem of long-distance oil pipelines which is that of optimal valve location. In this paper, the author discusses in detail the variables and considerations involved in calculations of the optimum valve distances and locations for purposes of mitigating environmental impacts emanating from accidental oil spillages. One design feature that is well elaborated in this paper is that of automatic valve shatter which works by blocking both air entry and by extension potential leakage sites in case of any accidental depressurization on the pipeline, thus preventing oil spill. So by using valves at optimal distances, the volume of possible oil spills along any area of the pipeline is greatly controlled since the amount of spillage is dependent on the distance between any two valves. Secondly, the authors advance a model that can be used to determine potential environmental impact caused by oil spillages in a given area by using two variables of; the volume of oil spilt and ecological characteristics of the area. So by combining both sets of data, i.e. pipeline distance, number of valves and ecological characteristics of the area, then the optimal valve location along the pipeline that has the least environmental damage can be calculated. To demonstrate this, the paper discusses the Russian oil pipeline Construction as a case study which was developed by the State Scientific Research Institute of Oil Transport (1972) (Grigoriev and Grigorieva, 2009). In this particular case study, the authors discuss the justification of putting more valves in a particular stretch of 35 km that had more streams running along with it compared to the last 20 km which had less of these streams and consequently fewer valves. This way, potential environmental damage is greatly mitigated, along with areas that are highly susceptible to oil spillages. Indeed, this model demonstrates the efficacy of this approach in mitigating the impact resulting from accidental oil spillages given that optimal location of the valve along the pipeline is directly correlated with the expected ecological damage for specific areas. Indeed statistical analysis of the outputs generated by this model indicates that this approach can reduce potential environmental damage at any given location by as much as 37%, and by much more percentage overall as claimed by the authors (Grigoriev and Grigorieva, 2009). Evaluation of source The date of publication of this journal paper indicates that it is recent and was written in 2009; this implies that the paper discusses recent technological advances that are being applied in the management of oil spillages such as this of automatic valve shutter as we have seen. Secondly, reviews of the paper authors indicate that they are well versed on the subjects themselves given their education backgrounds and possibly experience working in this field. Thirdly, the topic of this paper is a subject that relates directly with my study interests and which happens to be pu
Phase 1: Commissioning The initial step of any project, from the project management perspective, is a request for quotation. At this point, the client’s requests, especially in terms of time and deliverables, are assessed and evaluated to determine a rate per word. In this case, the project was a 20,000-word technical document that needed to be translated into Arabic. The client also requested a glossary of key terms to be provided along with the finished text. After evaluating the volume of the translation, the agreed-upon timeframe for delivery, and the technical nature of the order, the manager set the rate per word to 0.68 SAR for a total of 13,600 SAR. Phase 2: Planning During the project’s second phase, the manager evaluated the previously agreed-upon terms again. This allowed me to prepare a schedule and a work subdivision plan to ensure that the client’s requests were met. Since a glossary was not provided, assigning a translator to prepare it was necessary before the translation of the text itself could begin. Furthermore, a quality assurance plan was drafted, specifying, in particular, that the established glossary should be followed exactly. Phase 3: Groundwork The groundwork phase primarily consisted of overseeing the creation of the project’s glossary and preparing a translation memory. The latter would be important as the work on the text had to be split between two translators. Moreover, the original text had to be prepared for translation by isolating the translatable text from formatting information. Phase 4: Translation During the fourth phase of the project, work proceeded as planned, with daily updates on the translation being sent to the client. This communication allowed the client to detect an issue with the translation of one of the technical terms, whose meaning was ambiguous in the context of the full text. With guidance from the client, the issue was quickly corrected, preventing additional work as the term was repeated multiple times. Phase 5: Wind-up The wind-up phase was mostly dedicated to quality assurance and review of the finished work. As this was a technical text, ensuring the translation’s compliance with local standards and the translation glossary was a particularly complicated step. After samples were provided to the client, he requested minor style-related revisions that were completed without further issues.
Introduction The history of Germany has been a subject of interest to many people throughout the world. Much of this interest is usually concentrated on the period spanning from 1933-1945. During this period, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers’ Party led the country through what later came to be known as the Nazi Regime. From the time he was appointed as the Chancellor of Germany at the beginning of 1933, Adolf Hitler had only one goal of amassing massive power to himself. He embarked on this objective by first eliminating his political partners and later began extending the country’s borders. In order to carry out his objective without hindrance, Hitler established the “Gleichschaltung”, which was a forum to ensure that he took control of all the major institutions in the country. However, religious leaders claimed that the church needed to be independent from the state and objected strongly to the plan. One religious organization that strongly opposed the extension of the Gleichschaltung into the realm of religion was the Roman Catholic Church. (Behrens) The gleichschaltung, which literally translated means to make equal was a Nazi term that sought to establish a totalitarian system over every sector of the Germany society. According to historians, this coordination was done in a forceful manner. This system had the sole objective of ensuring that the whole of Germany lived under one doctrine that was dictated by the Nazi government. Beginning from 1933, the government did everything within its power to silence any organization that would influence the masses. This influence also extended to the churches that for long had been viewed as the voice of the society. This was done through establishing systems like the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs t
The audit opinion given by the auditors does not meet all the audit requirements in accordance to ASA 700 and ASA 701. The primary objective of ASA 700 is to ensure that the mandatory requirements when giving an unqualified audit opinion are met. These mandatory requirements are in relation to the audit format, it content in connection to the purpose of which the audit is being carried out, this is general purpose financial report (GPFR). Therefore the report should be reported in harmony with the laid out financial reporting guideline or frame work. When an audit follows this frame work, it should achieve fair presentation, auditors’ opinion, performance when carrying out the audit and his responsibilities in the audit. The main objectives of the ASA 701 Modifications to the Auditors report was to provide a frame work through which auditor would rely on in providing for opinions in relation to the financial opinion. These modifications were in relation to issuance of “other than unqualified” auditor’s report The audit carried out has met some of the provisions of the ASA 700. Firstly, the audit began by identifying the financial entity on which the audit was carried out, this is, Highboury limited. In addition, the audit report has given its mandate whereby its states that the audit was carried out audit opinion whereby its states that the audit was carried out to provide reasonable assurance whether the audit was free from any material misstatements. In further states the procedures that were used in the preparation of the audit which includes, examination, on test basis of the financial records available and the evidence of all the transactions in the company. In addition the report stated the financial policies, accounting standards and other important estimates that were used in the process. At the end of the audit report the opinion of the auditors is given whereby they state that the audit was carried out with a view to give a fair presentation in accordance to the accounting standards and the statutory requirements in order to give an unqualified opinion which represents the financial records and position of the company’s operations and its cashflows ((CPA Australia, 2006). Though the audit report identifies the company which it conducted the audit for in acco
Earth is the only place that is known to have water on it. Water occurs on our planet in all three forms naturally. Because water exists on Earth in great amounts, the substance plays a central role in many biological and chemical processes. All life of all species that are known to science requires water to exist. The goal of this paper is to discuss the chemical properties of water that are most important for life on Earth. The fact that water particles create bonds is critical, and it determines many of the substance properties. Molecules of water are polar and attracted to one another, which allows them to form bonds (Green 00:01:38-00:02:40). Other substances that consist of polar molecules are dissolved into the water if they can break the cohesive forces between water molecules. This property makes water a universal solvent, which is crucial for all living organisms. This process plays a role in digestion, circulation, and excretion of waste. High heat capacity of water is also critical for life to exist on the planet. Water takes time to heat and to cool down because it accumulates heating energy. Massive amounts of water in the oceans help regulate temperature and make consequences of weather change less drastic for living organisms. In humans and other mammals, this process is important for control of body temperature via perspiration. Thus, the existence of water is critical for life on a planet. The substance plays a very important role in the processes that have been going on Earth for millions of years, creating the right environment for the existence and development of living organisms. Studying the mechanisms behind th
This article initiates a paradigm shift in police management by discussing some of the tenets that, if well implemented, may guide the police not only in controlling and influencing behavior to prevent crime in a transparent and inclusive way but also in prosecuting offenders (Bratton & Killing para. 2). These tenets include ensuring police operations are driven by strategy rather than tactics, ensuring police play a central role in crime control, and facilitating the partnership between the police and community members. In discussing the strategy tenet, the authors are categorical that reactive responses used by police in the past cannot be effective today, hence the need to pursue proactive prevention strategies that are adequately debated and acknowledged to maintain direction. The authors underline the fact that police must be actively aware of the strategy they use in combating modern-day crime as this awareness substantially informs the tactics to be employed (Bratton & Killing para. 7-10). In ensuring the police play an active role in crime control, the authors take note of the flawed argument suggesting that acts of crime are caused by poverty, the economy, demographics, racism and social injustice, and hence police can do little to prevent crime except to respond when it occurs. To correct this flawed assertion, the authors put forward a proposition of involving police in crime control through employing strategies such as community policing, problem-solving and broken windows policing. These authors argue that police should employ assertive and targeted policing if they are to achieve the goal of minimizing crime (Bratton & Killing para. 11-17). This view is reinforced by other scholars, who argue that police should employ assertive and targeted approaches such as problem-oriented policing and directed policing to control crime (Telep & Weisburd 331). In discussing the partnership tenet, the authors underline the need for the police to continuously partner with citizens are rely on citizen cooperation through initiatives such as neighborhood watches as well as individual vigilance (Bratton & Killing para. 18-20). The authors note that owing to the successful implementation of these tenets in the US, the police have become more innovative, are successfully dealing with the race issue, are increasingly using research to guide operations, and are now more highly educated and professional than at any time in history. However, challenges in financial constraints, rigorous use of on-the-ground activities to understand aggregate data and gun control issues, among others, need to be addressed to ensure gains so far achieved in reducing crime in major US cities are not reversed (Bratton & Killing para. 21-34). Works Cited Bratton, William and George L. Kelling. “Cops Count, Police Matter: Of Tactics and Strategy.” The Police Chief . 79.12 (2012): 54-59. Web. Telep, Cody and David Weisburd. “What is known about the Effectiveness of Police Practices in Reducing Crime and Disorder?” Police Quarterly . 15.4 (2012): 331-357. Academic Search Premier . Web.
Introduction The resource based theory has been an important step in strategic management, as it has provided a new point of view to explain firm’s success. According to the focus on resources, a firm’s success is due to joint resources and capabilities which an enterprise owns and which makes it different from its competitors. Resource based theory is approach applied in business management to choose the appropriate company’s resources. It argues that for a company to be successful in any competitive market it has to utilize all its available resources. This theory emphasizes the selecting company’s main resources. These resources should be rare, valuable, non substitutable and inimitable. For company’s performance to grow, it is important to protect its crucial resource (Conner & Prahalad 1996, p. 485). Resource based theory is different from market focused approach in that, for it to fully benefit from growth opportunities it has to venture in new markets. For a company to prosper, it has to frequently evaluate its weakness and strength. To enhance company‘s capabilities, it is essential to strategize on future market opportunities and improve firm’s processes and structure. Resources contribute to organizational success and competitive advantage. Firm’s success is dependent on industry’s location attractiveness and competitive advantage over rivals. Industry attractiveness is the key basis for success. Firms should look for environment that is favorable, and then locate attractive strategic groups and segments in the firms. Firms should moderate pressure from opponents by adjusting their firm structure and influencing competitors’ behavior (Grant 1991, p. 126). Tangible and intangible resources and their contributions to sustainable competitive advantage Firms have their resource based approach encroached in the organization economies literature, where theories of profit and competition focus on the firm’s internal resources as key determinant of success in a competition. Central understanding of research based view of a firm is the definition of resources, competitive advantage, and sustained competitive advantages (Andrews1971). Anything considered of weakens or strength in a firm is a resource. Tangible resources are tied semi permanently to a firm. It also includes all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, and information. Additionally, tangible resource entails knowledge controlled by a firm. This kn
The United States of America has three key levels of government. This paper discusses the land use planning process as a good illustration of Intergovernmental Relations and how they work. IGR defines or frames the relations between different departments or functional units in a government. Intergovernmental relation is one of the major aspects of American federalism. America like any other country has strong and autonomous arms of government. Each arm of government or section of government has its own jurisdiction. The jurisdictions are well defined so that pertinent public issues are not misaddressed due to crossing of jurisdictional lines. The relations between the local governments and the state illustrate precisely the extension of intergovernmental relations. To foster cohesive and mutually benefiting relationship between the federal and the local government, each of them has its own clearly delineated sphere of influence. However, although the spheres of influence are well outlined, they are paradoxically intertwined and connected in many ways. Intergovernmental relations between the federal and the local government in the United States of America, focus on building mutual working relations. Mutual working relations are critical for the purpose of service delivery and fostering understanding between different levels of government structures. Fostering of mutual relations is done through negotiations, forums of information exchange that enable building of consensus around issues. Not all levels of intergovernmental structures have been anchored in the constitution. However, the IGR mechanisms tend to evolve in response to the ever dynamic changes in the political atmosphere. Intergovernmental Relations have facilitated an array of services. The facilitation is enabled by communication channels betwee
The social structure: The French society was divided into three Estates. The First Estate included the clergy who enjoyed lavish lifestyles. The Second Estate consisted of the nobility, another privileged group which held the highest positions in the government, the Church and the army. The Third Estate consisting of peasants and the bourgeoisie felt aggrieved and resented the aristocracy which members were hell-bent on making sure everyone maintained their social statuses. Finances: Due to the major losses incurred during the wars which France had been involved in prior to the French Revolution, the country experienced a financial crisis. Despite going through such a situation, the peasants still continued to be heavily taxed while the earnings of the aristocracy did not change. This made the majority of peasants add more to their resentment of members of the higher social class. The trajectory of the French Revolution By 1614, the majority of non-aristocrats limited voting power since voting rights favored those of the higher class. The members of the Third Estate thus raise a revolution in Versailles. In April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on neighboring Austria and Russia. One of the extremists, the Jacobins, went ahead and ordered the execution of King Louise XVI (Chapman 2). On November 9, 1979, Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d’état against the current regime. This marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era. Napoleon played a vital role in quelling the French Revolution. He was responsible for ending the Jacobins regime of terror. However, his era was marked by increased warfare across Europe as he attempted to dominate much of the continent. The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was formed as a military coalition of the countries which were against Napoleon’s rule (Chapman 1). These were Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia (Merriman 569). Their main objective was to oust Napoleon from power and restore peace in Europe. After these nations had succeeded in ousting Napoleon as the ruler of France, the country joined the Congress, and the four nations later formed the Concert of Europe. The Concert was mostly successful in promoting an ideology of conservatism in Europe. However, the group faced challenges in its quest to promote conservatism. Such revolts as the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 posed a major threat. However, the Concert did not succeed in performing its mission when the revolt led by more than 3,000 of Russian soldiers was suppressed by the Russian ruler Nicholas I. The French Revolution of 1830 In some cases, however, the Congress seemed to fail in its mandate of maintaining the ideology of conservatism in Europe. By signing the Congress of Vienna’s “Final Act”, the four countries had agreed to end warfare in the continent. However, the French Revolution of
Introduction Human resources have a great influence on an organization’s development (Christensen, 2005, p. 17-18). One of the important tools that might be employed by HR-managers to improve their subordinates’ effectiveness is a feedback in the form of a performance appraisal. It can be used to tell the employees what exactly they need to do, and how to do it ( A handbook for measuring employee performance , n.d., p. 7). Our paper is a summary of an interview with Ms. Deborah Hebert, the Administrative Assistant to the Hospital Director at a city hospital, who has recently received a performance appraisal from her director. The Summary of the Interview During the interview, Ms. Hebert, who recently had received a quarterly performance appraisal from her director, expressed her satisfaction with the feedback provided by her reviewer. According to Ms. Hebert, the assessment highlighted both her strengths and weaknesses, and stressed the areas she had improved on. The performance appraisal was, in general, positive; among other issues, it evaluated Ms. Hebert’s strengths, mentioning her skill in dealing with documents (medical ones in particular) efficiently and without mistakes; highly assessing her successes achieved while communicating with insurance companies; and noting her exceptional performance related to logistics and supplying the hospital with medication and medical equipment. The Administrative Assistant was deemed to be very reliable when it comes to paperwork and written communication. On the other hand, Ms. Hebert also received some critical remarks on her ability to deal with the hospital’s personnel. The Administrative Assistant was reported to experience problems while working in a team; according to the performance appraisal, she had tended to do a large part of work herself instead of evenly distributing the tasks among other members of her team. Given her meticulous approach to any work she does, the Administrative Assistant had spent too much time on work that should have been done by others, and thus had lagged behind on her other responsibilities a number of times. The Administrative Assistant was also deemed not to be flexible enough while dealing with the hospital’s stakeholders. Ms. Hebert had failed to persuade two of the stakeholders to provide the hospital with necessary equipment. Even though she had soon been able to compensate for this setback on her own by enlisting the help of some other hospital’s partners, the performance appraisal stressed that this issue required some special at