ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is book written by Lewis Carroll that provokes numerous discussions among literary critics and scholars. Many researchers see this literary work as a philosophical narration with sophisticated concepts and ideas. In his book, the author makes use of symbolism and allusions to bring out the expression of fantastic world where everything is subjected to the nonsensical perception having no logical explanation. However, a deeper consideration reveals the Carroll resorts to nonsensical reasoning, or symbolic logic, in order to explain and to detect nonsensical acts. In particular, nonsense here is unveiled through the inversed logic being a kind of parody engendering mathematical spaces. In this regard, Carroll’s work is a sophisticated interaction between nonsense and logic. The book is written in a literary nonsense style defying logical reasoning at that. At this point, excess of meaning, but not its lack, is the sign of nonsensical perception of the plot. Therefore, all the scenes and descriptions can seem meaningless at a glance, but a in-depth consideration unveils sophisticated logical chains. In fact, scholars and intellectuals apply to this specific style to distort the existed principles and laws. Endowing the work with the elements of absurdity, Carroll intends to discover the fourth dimension of mathematical space. The concept of nonsense here is a kind of a loophole that distracts people from the established truth. Apart from philosophical quests, the authors use literary nonsense to provide a humorous effect, and to mock at the established principles of logic reasoning. This is especially viewed on the example of Alice’s conversation with fictional creature of Wonderland. The fact that Alice can talk to animals and other weird inhabitants is not perceived as nonsense or as a shocking fact. On the contrary, Alice takes all those conversations seriously and tries to find the logics in the mos
Abstract The development of cognitive capacity in a child is often influenced by maternal depression. The early environment, a child is exposed to, especially the maternal care environment influences the brain and affects the cognitive functioning of the child. Depriving a child of maternal care at an early stage limits improvement even at a later stage, thus highlighting how sensitive an offspring can be when it comes to exposure during a particular stage in development. This paper is a summary of the study on this subject and its findings. The Enumeration of the Article The study sets out to establish and identify the linkage between the environment and brain development. The article borrows from early studies that the related rodents and their brain development are connected to the postnatal environment they live in (Evans et al., 2012). Although the findings from the study of rodents indicate a positive outcome, this particular study determines whether the same can be said of human beings. It is not advisable to generalize the findings of this study to human beings. Instead, a complete study should be performed to be sure that the human brain, just like that of rodents, is susceptible to the external surroundings as it grows. Before drawing a general conclusion, the researchers notice that brain development in primates begins even before the birth, unlike in rodents. Additionally, ethical and practical restraints limit the early manipulation of the environment in humans. A study closely relates to the manipulation of the environment in the case of rodents, but this time relating to humans is picked to determine the extent of the implications (Evans et al., 2012). The article referes to the study conducted in the Romanian orphanages where comparisons are made between the children looked after in the local families and those fostered in the institutional care. The findings of the Romanian study identify the fact that children brought up in the foster care at an early age of four-and-a-half years already show significantly higher IQ scores. This is in contrast to their counterparts who grow up in the poor environment often provided by the institutional care (Evans et al., 2012). There is a positive indication that fostering between 0 and 2 years of age is critical in as far as the IQ score is involved. However, the initial 2 years are not considered as part of the study’s truly sensitive period with regard to the cognitive development because the age of fostering remaines confounded by the duration spent during the institutional care (Evans et al., 2012). The article outlines that depression in women occurs commonly during the period when they bear children (Evans et al., 2012). According to
Introduction Sociologists have always been interested in exploring different aspects of people’s lives and various trends in human society. Some areas, however, remain difficult to analyze or even access. Gangs are an example of ones of these hard-to-study groups. This is due to many reasons. The criminal activity of gangs makes gang members cautious about accepting new people, as well as revealing any information and details associated with their lives. Sociologists have to rely mainly on surveys, criminal justice statistics, and interviews. Observations have been rarely employed due to the reasons mentioned above, as well as the considerable risk to the researcher’s health, or even life, that field work would entail. Sudhir Venkatesh is one sociologist who did manage to gain certain insights into the life of a Chicago gang. This paper is the review of his book, Gang leader for a day: A rogue sociologist takes to the streets (2008). This review includes a brief analysis of the contents of the book and its value, as well as a brief comparison with another sociological study on gangs. Contents The book under analysis provides Venkatesh’s description of the research he carried over a decade. The purpose of his study was the exploration of a gang’s life and activities and its members’ interactions with various stakeholders. The author tried to look into the way the gang and the community interacted. Venkatesh investigated the life inside the Black Kings, a Chicago gang that was involved in a myriad of illegal activities including, but not confined to, drug distribution, squatting, prostitution, and robbery. The primary business of the gang was drug dealing, and the leader was a young man named J.T. The author explained the details of his future research and asked the permission of the gang leader to observe their lives. The permission was granted, and the young sociologist began his journey through observing different criminal activities, as well as talking with the members of the gang, their parents, officials, prostitutes, drug dealers, and other stakeholders. The researcher also attended various events including parties, family dinners, and business meetings. Venkatesh claimed that he tried to provide as many details and as accurate dialogues as possible. Value The main reason behind conducting the study was the desire to address the gap in the knowledge base related to gangs and their peculiarities. The author’s major finding is that the gang he observed was not acting outside and against the community, as some people believed. Instead, gang members often helped the community in many ways, which made the peopl
Introduction The banking industry is one of the most vital sectors of an economy. In the United States (US), it is even more important due to the fact that the US is the world’s richest country. In 2004, the United States recorded a Gross Domestic product of about $11 trillion, which is equal to about $38000 per capita (Aaron & John, 2005). Two main types of banks feature in the United States: regional or thrift banks and the Major or Mega banks. Regional banks refer to the relatively smaller financial institutions whose primary focus is on a single geographical region. In addition, their primary occupation is provision of lending and depository services. Elsewhere, mega banks are focused in financial centers and involve themselves in international dealings as well as underwriting; these banks may also run branches at the local level. It is unimaginable to think of an economy without banks. In the first place, banks are the “cornerstones of our economy” (Investopedia, 2009). Therefore, the banking industry is responsible for risk transfer, liquidity provision, facilitation of both minor and major financial transactions, and provision of financial information to businesses and individuals. Although the primary role of banks is to take deposits and offer loans, the conventional distinctions between security firms, insurance firms, and banks have in recent times shrunk. In summary, banks safeguard valuables and money as well as provide credit, loans, and payment services; in addition, they also offer insurance and investment products. Shifts and price elasticity of supply and demand Both shifts and price elasticity in supply and demand curve affect the banking industry. The change in price and quantity equilibrium is affected by the shift of the supply and curves. Fig. 1: a diagram illustrating shifts in demand and supply In the above diagram, a decline in preference for the banking services would cause the demand curve to shift from D1 to D2. However, the provision of services remains unchanged in the short run until, for instance, export of the banking services is altered causing the service providers to focus on local markets and subsequently, resulting in the supply curve shift from S1 to S2. Consequently, the equilibrium would change from e1 to e2. Depending on how the demand and supply curves shifts, there is a likelihood of quantity and price fall within the banking industry. Price elasticity is “a measure of responsiveness” (Karl & Ray, 1999) in quantity either supplied or demanded of a commodity due to alteration in its price. Price inelasticity of demand means that the percentage adjustment in demanded quantity is
Goodman (2008) has written how the economic growth of China has sharpened the divide between the rich and the poor and there are only extremes with the absence of any sizeable middle calls population. The author argues that during the cultural revolution and the reign of Mao, the wealthy landowners and the bourgeois were turned out and their wealth reverted to the state. Managers who formed the middle class managed the industries and the wealth. The author reports that teachers, lawyers, economists and other intellectual people were purged and either abused or sent to the farms for reduction. After the economic reforms of the 1980’s, this middle class managers, lawyers, teachers and other professionals turned entrepreneurs and decided to set up their own units for manufacturing. By dint of their labour and hard work, these people moved up the hierarchy to become successful and rich and represent the rich and the bourgeois. The author gives examples to state this argument and mentions: “ In the Hangzhou area, one village transformed its machinery workshop, which had access to wire products, into a production line for using wire to produce elaborate gift cards for the Japanese market. It was soon so successful that the production line became a large-scale factory and the village ceased agricultural production. In Yuci (in Shanxi Province) another village agricultural machinery workshop turned to aluminium radiator production; in Ymgchuan (also in Shanxi) surrounded by coal-mining, coal by-products, particularly plastics, were produced. These enterprises and their development were led by local individuals, often the former workshop manager or some other level of local leaders who was able to mobilise their fellow villagers. Though technically managers and not owners of the TVEs, many behaved economically, socially and politically as if they. were .” (Goodman, 2008). Goodman tends to define middle class as staid people who are content to work at their jobs and lead a comfortable life with their wages. Sang (2006) has provided cross-cultural representations of China where she mentions interview with people from different walks of life. The author says that it is the “cult of the individual,” the individuated subject and consumer-actor, that has been the most egregious feat of social engineering in reformist China”. Many of the interviewees talk about the corrosive changes that have been wrought on the professional ethics and attitudes of men and women long nurtured by the socialist state and the public purse. These people lie between the bourgeois and the working class and while they are technically the middle class, some tend to be different. One of the interviwed persons Diannao chong belong to a brasher and more self-assured generation. This young man, working in Beijing’s equivalent of Silicon Valley, is proud of both his c
Understanding recurring themes that have emerged in the history of nursing is essential in the practice of these healthcare professionals. They are helpful in understanding problems that appear in the current times. These themes include low payment or the hard work of nurses, regulation and shortage, lack of necessary education, autonomy, and unity. They also have implications for current workforce issues and healthcare policies as they directly affect them. Thus, insufficient remuneration causes dissatisfaction on the part of nurses and can lead to turnover and layoffs. Establishing the right policy in relation to these medical professionals can significantly change the situation, and improve satisfaction and the quality of services. For me, the concept of professionalism implies reliability and the availability of qualifications in the provision of health services. Moreover, this concept should include a demonstration that a professional takes care of every aspect of the work performed (Lee & Park, 2017). It can also be expressed in organizational aspects and the ability to work in a team. Observing the work of an expert nurse helped me realize the importance of professionalism, as I observed how to behave in a critical situation. Moreover, I believe that a nurse should have practical communication skills. This skill is essential when interacting with patients, family members, nursing students, and colleagues (Expósito et al., 2018; Hwang & Shin, 2017). In my opinion, the key factor that affects the professional image of a nurse is the formation of the right work values. Hence, this specialist should understand how to prioritize in the workplace and abstract from their problems to be the most effective. The concepts of autonomy, responsibility, and accountability play a valuable role in the practice of a medical professional. Thus, autonomy implies the preservation of individuality and adherence to principles and motivation. In practice, this can be expressed as the ability to make informed decisions based on your own judgments and not others’. The concepts of responsibility and accountability both assume responsibility for decisions and actions taken. In the work of a nurse, an example of these concepts can be the answer for the results of prescribed treatment for the patient.
Executive Summary This field study took place at the Imperial Diabetes Center in Abu Dhabi. This facility is part of London’s Imperial College Hospital, and it specializes in diagnosing and treating endocrinological conditions [1]. The focus of the medical professionals is also on the research of diabetes and the promotion of public health initiatives. The purpose is to examine the leadership’s practices used to maintain and improve the quality and safety standards of the facility and, using the observations and scholarly research, offer recommendations for improvement. Under the model developed by Kouzes and Posner [2], there are five practices that CEOs can use to improve the processes and outcomes of their organizations, which are used to formulate the recommendations. The findings of this field study show that the center’s leadership uses tools such as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PSDA), benchmarking, and personnel training to monitor and enhance standards. The recommendations include involving stakeholders in the PDSA process, reviewing benchmarks twice a year, establishing clearer policy communication practices, having regular personnel training, and inspiring a shared vision for the personnel. This report will present the findings of the field study and offer recommendations. Results During this field study, the Imperial Diabetes Center in Abu Dhabi was observed, including the personnel and the leadership of this organization. The CEO and the executives of the facility were observed closely to determine what practices they use, both through direct observations and by examining the website and performance reports of this organization. The purpose was to evaluate the efficiency of quality and safety practices and develop recommendations based on evidence. Kouzes and Posner’s [2] model is based on five characteristics of a leader, which suggest that the latter should be the role models and visionaries of the organization. Hence, by observing the executives, one can determine whether the organization approaches the issues of safety and quality with precision or not. Leaders regularly evaluate the culture of safety and quality using valid and reliable tools The primary tool used by the Imperial Diabetes Center in Abu Dhabi’s leadership is the PDSA model. Under this approach, each change initiative is planned by preparing an outline consisting of evidence and policies, followed by an implementation. After this, the management monitors the new practice for several weeks or months and gathers data to determine whether any changes are necessary. If there is a need for changes, the PDSA cycle is repeated until the objective of quality and safety is met [3]. PDSA is a simple but comprehensive tool that allows the management to not only implement changes but also ensure that their adjustments allow reaching the goals of this medical center. Leaders prioritize and implement changes identified by the evaluation The management of this medical center uses benchmarks and dashboards to set standards and prioritize specific areas of quality and safety. For example, the management communicated
Introduction Personality refers to the characteristics of an individual that sets him/her apart from other individuals when subjected to varying circumstances. The development of personality is as a result of the interaction between an individual’s genetic composition and the surrounding. Personality development begins even before birth and is influenced by many external factors. Many theories have been invented to explain the concept of personality development. This discussion explores the stages of personality development developed by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and dealt with the emotional development from a sexual perspective. This theory was later modified by Erik Erikson who focused on the role of social interactions in personality development. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, a developing child has a particular “erogenous zones” like the anus, mouth and genitals that are sensitive at each stage. Therefore, a child focuses on what stimulates his “erogenous zones” at each stage. The needs of a child at each stage need to be met, otherwise he/she will end up getting stuck in that stage and this will affect him in adulthood. Freud came up with five stages of development which include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages (Engler, 2008). The oral stage commences when a child is born. This stage lasts for about one and half years. At this stage, the mouth is the main point of focus for the child and the child spends most of the time sucking and trying to put everything in the mouth. At this stage, the ego and superego are not yet fully developed and, therefore, the child uses the id. With time, the baby realizes that satisfaction of its needs might not occur immediately and, therefore, he/she must behave in a certain way in order to speed it up. For instance, a baby cries when he/she wants the needs to be satisfied. When a baby is weaned, he/she experiences a sense of loss and the baby realizes that he/she must not always get what he/she wants. A child whose demands are not met at this stage develops a personality of sarcasm, envy, pessimism, and suspicion. Too much or too little oral satisfaction has a negative impact. A person who gets stuck in this stage may develop habits like biting nails and chewing things like pens as an adult. Someone who does not get enough oral satisfaction at this stage may also develop habits of eating and drinking excessively. However, a child whose needs are met at this stage ends up being optimistic and admires the surrounding environment (Engler, 2008). The anal stage begins when the child is about one and half years; when
Introduction In a retrospect, Apple, Inc. is one of those companies that were destined to become the world leaders. Launched into the global market with its innovative concept of Apple III, a personal computer that turned out to be quite competitive in the environment dominated by IBM and Microsoft, the organisation has been increasingly successful ever since (Hagedoorn, Carayannis & Alexander 2001). However, with the creation of the global market, the company has faced a range of challenges, particularly, the need to promote its products with an account of the cultural specifics of the target population (Schiavenza 2013). Despite impressive differences between the Americana and the Chinese cultures, Apple managed to adjust its marketing campaign to the cultural specifics of the above-mentioned market by putting a very strong emphasis on the significance of the technological advance (Minakhmetova & Savchenko 2015). As a result, Apple may have spurred the creation of a new type of consumer behaviour in China and even launched an irreversible process of change in the Chinese society ( Apple’s foray into China — and the mind of the new Chinese consumer 2013). Literature Review and Research Background Apple, Inc. has been known as the key innovator in the It market for a while (Chapman, Hoskinson & Christian 2013) due to the integration of the so-called Quantum strategy into its design; specifically, the mixture of technological advances and efficacy in the company’s overall performance (Heracleous 2013) deserves to be mentioned. Entering into the global market, the company, however, had to bend its strategy so that Apple’s products could appeal to the target demographics; notably, the cultural specifics of the states, which Apple has chosen to expand in, have been identified carefully by the organisation. As a result, the entrance into the Chinese market planned previously by Apple was carried out rather smoothly with the introduction of the new consumer philosophy to the Chinese customers ( Better days ahead; Apple in China 2013). The specified tendency can be explained by the fact that, as a worldwide brand, Apple, Inc. already has a very active community of customers and followers (Montgomerie & Roscoe 2013), who, in their turn, have created a range of traditions and values related to the company and its vision ( Apple plans Apple University in China, bringing Jobs’ vision to Asia 2013). Therefore, when rethinking the possible effects, which Apple, Inc. is going to have on the