ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The Saudi Arabian insurance industry has been on steady growth in the past few years. This work hopes to appraise the effect of corporate finance law in Saudi Arabian insurance institutions through effective machinery to enhance development in the sector. The presence of agencies like the Business-Monitor-International (BMI) as a self-regulating body that monitors the sector is valuable for a forecast of the insurance industry up to the year 2015. This study will stand on available research to examine the fundamental growth drivers and estimate the prospects that Insurance institutions in Saudi Arabia have under the corporate finance law in terms of the situation of macro-economy, growth-potentials, developmental rate poised by the insurance industry. Keywords: Saudi Arabia; Corporate-Finance-Law; Insurance Industry; growth-potentials. Introduction There is very rapid growth in the Saudi Arabian insurance sector. However, to ensure better productivity in the sector, the need for corporate finance law is necessary. Corporate-financial-law monitors marketing as involving a shareholder, business –Director, an employee, or a creditor with another stakeholder such as a consumer, or a community and takes into account the environment where a transaction is conducted in terms of adhering to stipulated rules under which the transaction was conducted. This entails the need for the application of the insurance sector. A number of institutions have presently been on the ground to ensure the effectiveness of the application of corporate finance law to the Saudi Arabian insurance institution. This includes the BMI which has articulated a report on Saudi Arabian insurance institutions including excellent information on the sectors’ competitive intelligence, regulations, professionalism, as well as consultancy. The paper will appraise commercial incentives instituted by major field players with the inclusion of governmental policies, as well as regulatory agencies, And how the corporate finance laws have been helpful to the realization of better insurance industry in Saudi Arabia through a thorough assessment of Saudi Arabian insurance institutions’ premiums, competitive-positioning, ownership-structure, as well as basic products/services. Aims and objectives The aim of the paper is to present an outline for a dissertation that would provide an overview of Corporate Finance Law in Saudi Arabian Insurance Institutions under the following objectives:   * To extrapolate from the findings regarding the development of the current system of financial law the suggestion for financial legal reforms necessary to grow Saudi Arabian Insurance Institutions   * To analyze the influence of various macroeconomic factors influencing Corporate Finance Law in Saudi Arabian Insurance Institutions. Outli
Introduction International trade is the exercise of exchanging products, either tangible or intangible, between different countries across the globe. This involves both import and export trade, both of which have their significant positive and negative impacts in the trading countries. Due to the controversies surrounding international trade, the venture is not fully acceptable in almost every country in the world. A significant factor that hinders international trade leading to its unacceptability is imposition of tariffs. Although there are several other non-tariff factors that cause hindrance to international trade, tariffs have played a significant role in many countries for such a long time, making them the greatest factors hindering free trading activities between countries (Aguiar, 2002, p 1). Tariffs are imposed by governments of respective countries in the form of taxes, quotas and duties. This is done as a way of promoting domestic products since the imported products end up with hiked up prices as a result of the imposed duties and taxes. Such imported products have increased prices throughout the whole chain of consumption and as a result, people are left with no choice but to use the domestic products even if the goods are not their preferred choice. This paper evaluates ways in which tariffs act as barriers to international trade and the impacts of trade liberalization based on empirical studies. Impacts of trade liberalization Trade liberalization has various effects in various aspects in the countries imposing them. For instance, there are impacts on income distribution, environmental stability, economic growth and development, among others. Some of these effects may have positive impacts on such countries, while others affect the countries negatively. Based on a broader development impact, trade liberalization has resulted in increased welfare of local citizens due to the improved allocation of local resources. Restriction of importing products creates an anti-export state which promotes local production and thus the improved allocation of local resources. The removal of this restriction leads to liberalization of export-based products and leads to a shift from the production of products meant to substitute imports to the extensive production of export goods (James, 2012, p 1). This creates both short and long term generation of growth as such countries adjust to new ways of resource allocation to its advantage. However, this process may have limitations due to adjustments of costs, which are more likely to result in potentially unproductive results for the countries as well as to individual entrepreneurs. The most significant effect is the loss of stability of such countries, which result
Introduction The United States is one of the world’s super powers and has great influence over other nations. In most cases, the United States has taken different positions in relation to international conflicts. It has previously used various methods to influence and force other nations to stop conflict. At times, the American government plays a direct role in mediation as in the case of Namibia. On the other hand, it tends to take a passive role such as the case in South Africa (Wines, par.12). The role of the United States in South Africa The role of America in South Africa was dogged by a lot of controversy. Nonetheless, the American authorities had long condemned the advancement of racial policies by the government of South Africa. There was confusion on how to utilize the minimal influence that the United States had without discouraging the pro-west orientation of the South African government and economy. The Reagan administration was in favor of quiet diplomacy with the South African government. In this case, they collaborated with Pretoria to settle regional disputes and agree on aspects of internal restructuring (Wines, par.13). This course of action became very unpopular, and in 1986, the comprehensive anti-apartheid law was passed. This opened the way for the American government to impose strict economic sanctions against Pretoria. These sanctions were only reduced during the 1990s when Pretoria finally succumbed to international pressure and embarked on domestic reforms. Lyman saw the importance of using both policies in South Africa. He argued that both policies worked well for the South African case. There was constructive engagement that offered support to reformers and sanctions that tended to isolate the white minority rulers. Lyman observed that the same policies should be used in other similar situations. These policies can be an effective tool that the United States can employ in different situations. Unfortunately, the credibility of this strategy is not clear. Washington has a habit to engage and disregard other governments by virtue of their excesses (Lyman, p. 274). The American government tried to engage the South African government and the African National Congress as a mediator. However, this request was strongly objected, and the US opted to play the role of a facilitator. This meant that the United States would not be involved in the negotiations. The American government still remained active through offering technical support and expert aid whenever they were requested. The American administration financed the deployment of experts and training of the South African defense forces on crowd control and affirmative action. The government also engaged other stakeholders who were not at the negotiation table. It also assisted in the voter registration process. At times, the American role was figurative such as when the American ambassador attended the funeral of the assassinated ANC leader Chris Hani. Two weeks later, the ambas
There are many powerful attempts to write about dance and its importance in human life. Among the existing variety of authors, it is hard to define which work is the best or the most helpful project. Still, it is always interesting to compare their worth, the authors’ intentions, and their possible impact on readers’ intentions. In this paper, two works from the Age of Romanticism will be discussed: Bournonville’s La Sylphide and Alice’s An Account of the Principles of Our Traditions. On the one hand, it seems that these two writings have nothing in common except the intentions of the authors to make contributions to the field of dance and choose the theme of ballet for discussions. Bournonville’s story is a narrative with several main characters, a setting, and an idea that it is so easy to lose everything in several seconds. On the other hand, a detailed analysis of the articles helps to discover several common and powerful issues about how dance should look like. This paper is developed to describe how the analysis of Bournonville’s and Alice’s articles may improve a personal understanding of the concept of dance and its role in personal experience. I believe that both authors under consideration have the same intentions which are to introduce their visions of ballet, to explain the essence and peculiarities of this form of dance, and to prove that it is wrong to come to a certain conclusion after having one or two definitions only. The peculiar feature of the analysis of these two articles at the same time is the possibility to observe the nature of ballet from different perspectives. Advice explains ballet as a combination of rules which cannot be neglected by those involved in ballet. The goal of Advice is to describe a ballet class that is based on the Blasis’ lesson and explain how to use energy and enthusiasm by every dancer. From the very first lines, several terms and explanations may be observed: petits and grand battements, attitudes, ronds de jambe sur terr and en l’air. The presence of such words and the necessity to comprehend each of them may intimidate the reader and create the image of ballet as something too strict, definite, and full of rules and instructions. Still, this is one of the best approaches for people to understand the basics of ballet. They are crucial in case a person wants to achieve the results, which are perfectly described by Bournonville. In La Sylphide , ballet turns out to be the manner of speaking and acting. Bournonville introduces ballet as a powerful narration with its beginning and ending. There are no complicated terms or rules for people. La Sylphide is the story of life translated with the help of ballet. In those several pages of narration, no character said a word, but the reader is lucky to observe an interesting and educative story. Human actions and movements are what matter, and ballet, like nothing else, discovers the beauty of human decisions and life. In general, Alice’s and Bournonville’s articles influence my understanding of dance and ballet, in particular, considerably. They provide me with a guide on how several rules and too complicated terms turn into a powerful story
Introduction The National Football League (NFL) team owners and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) started negotiation on sharing the revenues. In 2006, both parties agreed upon sharing formula. However, in 2008, the NFL owners decided to opt out of the agreement which expired in March of 2011. The following events showed the NFL owners failing to finalize the deal. Consequently, the NFLPA also failed to ratify the negotiation deal. It has raised a number of issues they consider both parties must finalize before they can reach the actual deal. This paper shall negotiate for the players through their association, NFLPA. There are some outstanding issues which both parties must resolve before they can announce the actual deal and enable the players resume training for the year-long league.  1. The NFLPA wants the association reestablished as a union. In addition, as the only representative of the players in negotiations. Both the board and players have agreed on this issue.  2. The NFLPA seeks an opportunity for its players to opt out the deal after the fifth year.  3. The players want to retain the current compensation rule that allows them to file for claims. On the other hand, the NFL owners want certain restriction with regard to retired players’ claims.  4. The NFLPA wants reimbursement of lost benefits the previous agreement did not require the NFL owners to pay.  5. The NFLPA wants the compensation amounts for injury guarantees increased from what the NFL owners have offered. The owners have agreed to guarantee up to one million dollars for the first season and up to a half a million dollars if the injury persists into the next season. Definition of interests, resistance points, and alternatives The NFLPA has interests in the above issues. The NFLPA target points and positions rotate around what it hopes to achieve from the NFLPA owners. According to NFLPA, that is fair for the players to receive and finalize those issues and reach an agreement. This will help the NFL owners understand what the NFLPA wants. This is a relationship-based interest. It directly relates to both the current and future relationships between NFL players and NFL owners. At the same time, it also takes accounts of intangibles of negotiations both NFL owners and players wish to uphold. These include specific targets of compensations, positive thinking about the objectives, trade-offs and throwaways derived from the negotiation issues. These factors will guide both parties in achieving a settlement which is fair and agreeable to all. When a negotiation reaches a resistance point, both parties decide absolutely not to continue with the negotiation because of what each party offers is minimally acceptable (Lewicki, Barry and Saunders, 2010). NFLPA resistance points occur when NFL owners do not wish to increase the amount of injury guarantees, when players cannot
Discussion and Conclusion The study provides a clear indication that the top management in any organsation plays a critical role in creating and implementing a quality management system. It is evident that the emphasis on the need to involve the top management and commitment from the organisational leaders in improving quality within an organisation is the most obvious program in managing quality for an organisation (Berry 2009). In general, the study provides an indication that time, money and concerns are the vital aspects of creating quality in management (Kanji 2010). Moreover, an important general observation is that the commitment of the top management levels in creating quality for any organisation is the backbone for successful implementation of the TQM (Dale 2009). With this in mind, it is worth analysing the specific responsibility or requirement for the top managers in an organisation when creating and implementing quality management. First, it is the role of the top management to disseminate the idea of total quality within their organisations (Dahlgaard, Kristensen & Kanji 2008). Noteworthy, low-level employees and their managers are not likely to see the need for total quality management throughout all levels of the organisation, even though they are likely to see the need for improving quality at their workplaces (Kanji 2010). The top management has the responsibility of creating the favourable environment for TQM (Kanji 2010). The chief executive officer, for instance, has to be involved in creating the appropriate atmosphere for TQM to thrive. The top leader must also exhibit patience and believe that TQM is a strategic measure for the long-term improvement of the organisational performance. It is also important for the CEO and other top managers to understand and spread the knowledge the TQM does not necessarily provide immediate financial benefits. The top management has the responsibility of providing the necessary materials and directing them towards the creation of the appropriate environment that enhances quality in the managerial processes. Secondly, the study indicates that one of the roles that senior managers must play in creating TQM is to set standards such as zero failure (Kanji 2010). For instance, it is important for the top managers to ensure that teams are created within all the organisational levels. In this context, teamwork is a critical aspect of managing quality. Therefore, top managers must create an environment that
Introduction Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacteria, is a significant cause of nosocomial infections among immuno-compromised patients. Wounds, abdomen, urinary tract, and respiratory tracts are primary sites of P. aeruginosa , leading to bacteraemia, which is a systemic infection of the bloodstream. 1 However, since P. aeruginosa is infectious, it can cause bacteraemia among immuno-competent individuals. Pseudomonal infection is life-threatening because the bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics, causes sepsis, and triggers the occurrence of septic shock in individuals. 2 Consequently, P. aeruginosa has a poor prognosis and exhibit mortality rates of between 26-39%, which is higher than that of related gram-negative pathogens. 1 In this view, medical researchers have focused on understanding the mechanism of pathogenesis to prevent and manage the occurrence of bacteraemia due to P. aeruginosa. Justification The study of the progression of infection caused P. aeruginosa to bacteraemia is essential because it provides additional information that is critical in elucidating the mechanism of pathogenesis. As one of the nosocomial infections in healthcare settings, P. aeruginosa threatens the lives of patients and contribute significantly to their comorbidities. 3 Healthcare providers experience the challenges of treating nosocomial infections associated with P. aeruginosa due to their ability to colonise infection sites, penetrate tissues, and resist most antibiotics. Patients with severe burns are susceptible to bacteraemia because they have low immunity and burn sites that allow pathogens to colonise and penetrate their blood easily. 4 As reliable animal models, mice allow effective monitoring of P. aeruginosa and its progression to bacteraemia in immuno-suppressed mice. Statement of Research Question and Hypotheses The study seeks to establish how health status and immune response varies following infection of healthy and immune-compromised mice by P. aeruginosa. The hypothesis of the study is that P. aeruginosa infection decreases health status as indicated by the loss of body weight and diminishes immune response among immuno-suppressed mice. Methods Data Collection The experiment was set up to examine the influence of bacteraemia on body weight and leukocyte production on normal and immuno-compromised mice. Ten healthy mice (N = 10) were selected a
Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with insulin deficiency in the organism. Depending on the type of condition, it affects individuals from different age groups. A more common type 2 is typically diagnosed in the older population (40-80 years) and is characterized by a slow onset while type 1 is more prevalent in children and has a rapid onset. The condition is characterized by weight loss, hunger, frequent urination, thirst, and tiredness. Associated symptoms include dryness of skin, slow recovery of sores, and more frequent infections. The most prominent aggravating factor for the condition is obesity, and the respective alleviating factor is a healthy weight. The most common concomitant diseases associated with diabetes are cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and vascular diseases. Since their treatment affects blood sugar levels, the treatment of diabetes must be adjusted accordingly. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes can be described as a relative deficiency of insulin in contrast to the absolute deficiency characteristic for type 1 diabetes. In absolute deficiency, beta cells responsible for insulin production are destroyed by the malfunctioning immune system, which leads to the eventual insulin deficiency. The relative deficiency is caused by insulin resistance, where the available insulin is insufficient for normal body functioning. This prompts increased production and eventually wears off beta cells. Since insulin resistance usually increases over time, the condition aggravates unless addressed. The primary differential diagnosis is diabetes mellitus type 2. The most reliable indicators of the diagnosis are the elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and a high amount of plasma glucose. The patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes usually rep
Dr Foster has made outstanding contribution in the field of Psychology through his research in mental retardation and brain aging; together with Drago Valeria they did tremendous research on non-verbal learning and memory. Like his colleague, Drago is a clinical psychologist and an avid researcher. Dr. Drago is an expert on brain processes such as attention biases and neurodevelopment disorders. I obtained information on these Psychologists online. The brain is a complex functional organ that is made up of interrelated structures. No single structure is primarily responsible for an emotion; however some structures contribute greatly to produce that particular emotional state. The neurotransmitters in the brain are interconnected so that when one part of the brain is stimulated it results in activation of other parts of the cortex through the neural network. The longitudinal-transverse and lateral anatomical axes of the brain are associated with emotion and excitement, these axes of the brain are interrelated in functioning, such that the expression and perception of emotion is carried out by the longitudinal transverse axes while the posterior regions are responsible for emotional comprehension. The frontal and posterior lobes of the brain have a reciprocal relationship, the frontal lobe or the prefrontal area is associated with positive emotion, judgment and personality, it is primarily concerned with behaviors that are socially withdrawn in nature, however, the posterior lobe of the brain is associated with expressed behavior (Denny-Brown, 1956 pp. 295-303) The cerebral cortices have different functions which are also balanced, the left hemisphere which is responsible for sequential analysis and is linked to the right hemisphere which is responsible for holistic functioning via the Corpus Callosum. The Corpus Callosum mediates inhibition and ex