ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The authors of the book “the handbook of conflict: theory and practice” tailored the text to suit both the student and the professionals who have the desire of deepening their knowledge and understanding on issues of conflict and constructive conflict management. In this paper, chapters 31, 32, and 34 which focus on Teaching Conflict Resolution Skills in a Workshop, Mediation Revisited, and Conflict in Organizations respectively, will be analyzed. The chapter 32 of the book is a collection of ideas by Ellen Raider, Janet Gerson, and Susan Coleman on how to teach conflict resolving skills in a workshop. Using the Coleman Raider model, the authors of this chapter teach the reader both mediation and negotiation skills to resolve conflicts. The authors use “their teaching philosophy, course objectives, and methods” in simulating research as well as discussion on how to go about resolution of conflicts (Deutsch, 2006). The use of the six pedagogies gives the reader an insight derived from the authors practice on how training should be designed. The first pedagogy displays the learner as implicit and unique in the way they resolve conflicts. The second explains that, all learners should be given enough support and also challenged in the effort of determining the kind of conflict resolution theory which they have put in place. The third insight “signifies the use of experiential exercises to connect the learner and the trainer, by shifting their responsibilities” (Deutsch, 2006). The fourth insight is about self reflection in behavior modification; the fifth insight shows the importance of using user-friendly models during the workshop while the sixth insight explains the important of follow ups after the workshop. The Coleman Raider model gives a three to six days format on how to go about the workshop. All the workshop participants must be issued with manuals illustrating the guidelines that are related with the course’s modules. The information provided in these models serves as a foundation for holding a successful workshop (Deutsch, 2006). Chapter 32 of the book is written by Kenneth Kressel who emphasizes on mediation as an important element in the effort of managing interpersonal and social conflicts. Mediation is important for it helps reduce tension, clarify the burning issue, and adversary humanization. The mediation process consists of stages that require the right skills, behaviors, and attitudes so as to be successful. A mediator in conflict should have attributes and skills such as: an ability of establishing rapport between the conflicting parties, an ability to gather information, listening careful, suspending judgment, and fostering of normal collaboration (Deutsch, 2006). The reader has the chance of learning the intriguing ironies that a mediator experiences. The text also explains the different seminal roles played by supporters and friend
Samuel Beckett wrote the play by the name Endgame in the year 1958. The play centers on the effects of apocalyptic disaster on Hamm’s family (Beckett 713). In the play, Hamm, Clov, Nagg, and Nell are trapped in single room. Having been trapped, the four characters are forced to carry on with their everyday chores. Notably, the survival of the four individuals depends on their ability to work together. Based on the events that unfold in the play, Endgame can be interpreted pessimistically and optimistically. In this regard, this article seeks to analyze the probable reasons for such opposing reactions. The play begins with a pessimistic tone (Beckett 713). Despite being daytime, the room is lit with minimal light. The windows are depicted as being small and elevated. Equally, the picture hanged on the wall is not visible. The author points out that the sheets covering the ashbins are old. The phrase emphasizing on the age of the sheets is repeated to reinforce a negative attitude about the room
The most famous food that has ever come out of Philadelphia is the Philly cheesesteak. It first appeared in 1930, invented by Pat Olivieri. The main ingredients are a crusty roll and delicately cut up beef (Alicia 22). Another meal important for Philadelphia is the roast pork sandwich. This is an Italian-American food that became a signature meal of the region, with tender pork shoulders layered with broccoli rabe and provolone cheese on an Italian roll. The last instance of exclusively Philadelphia-bred food is hoagie. It is stuffed with a variety of ingredients, including cheeses, fresh meats, or any other products. The most famous attraction in Philadelphia is the Liberty Bell. It appeared in 1753 as an attempt to embellish the State of the House. After all, the Liberty Bell became one of the most persistent symbols of freedom. Another crucial attraction from the region is the Independence Hall. It is the building where the Founding Fathers signed the Declaration of Independence (Hunter 333). The last important attraction of Philadelphia is Elfreth’s alley. This is a residential street with quaint row houses and paving stone roads. One may find flower boxes and Flemish bond brickwork there. The biggest challenge related to bringing in more tourists consists in the fact that Philadelphia is not as sunny as a lot of its neighbors. It also does not feature a lot of attractions that have nothing to do with the history of the United States. This ultimately means that tourists visiting Philadelphia would be most exposed to the history of the place and not some entertaining places intended to attract more visitors from all over the world.
Introduction Podcasting is a modern and rapidly growing media segment that includes a wide space for creativity and business. It covers a variety of topics and usually targets a mass audience. The podcast is undoubtedly a fresh and multifaceted project in which it is interesting to participate and reflect on its future. It has a high potential to develop in the media market and compete with traditional television, radio, and YouTube channels. My Personal Opinion about Podcasts Podcasts are my favorite way to get up-to-date and fascinating information. I am sure there will be even more of them in the future. The podcasting trend can be envisioned as bright and full of opportunities for realization. Perhaps it will be closely related or integrated into all media formats with the emergence of new roles and positions (Sullivan, 2019). I mainly listen to history, literature, fashion, and travel episodes. One of the advantages of podcasts is the constant interaction of the presenter with interesting topics, the exchange of personal experience, and answering to driving questions. At the moment, I see it as a hobby, but I would like to try it on a professional level. I could try to be the host and work with the public. Communication with people and learning new information always give me great joy from the exchange of emotions and energy. Even in everyday life, I always try to involve people in interesting conversations, share news and am not afraid to speak on sensitive topics. Conclusion Podcasting is a promising and growing segment of the media space. It may cover even more topics, audiences, and information channels in the future. I would like to see myself hosting one of the histories and travel podcasts because my strongest inspiration is engaging stories and connecting with people. I always try to unleash their potential and share only the best experiences. Reference Sullivan, J. L. (2019). The platforms of podcasting: Past and present. SAGE Journals, 5 (4). Web.
Introduction K-pop music has enjoyed phenomenal international success over the past decade and has become an ambassador of modern Korean culture. Korean pop music has become not only a source of multimillion-dollar income but also set trends in related fields, including fashion, cosmetics, advertising, and plastic surgery. Despite the fact that Korean idols of modern k-pop music have many fans, they also receive criticism. However, they are more susceptible to gender inequality and stereotypes, which are part of the industry. The biggest problem the k-pop industry has with the general is the slow progress of social gender roles. While male idols enjoy the freedom to choose their image and refute stereotypes of masculinity through a more androgynous style, women are limited in terms of self-expression. In the industry, they are forced to illustrate femininity and fragility in order to meet the prevailing notions of gender roles in society. This circumstance gives rise to gender biases that are broadcast to the audience and root outdated images. Gender Bias in Korean Society Fig. 1. Glass-ceiling index, 29 OECD countries Gender discrimination is an integral part of patriarchal culture, which is also true in South Korea. However, modern society pays more and more attention to the problem of inequality, which allows women to declare the existing situation. The so-called glass ceiling is a common problem in Korea, as the country was ranked 30 of the 36 among the OECD nations for female employment in 2018 (“Attempting To Break Through,” 2019). The country was ranked 115 out of 149 in the World Economic Forum’s global study on gender wage inequality (“Attempting To Break Through,” 2019). However, Jung & Cho (2019) report that Korean women are significantly affected by the glass ceiling in relation to job security. Moreover, in South Korea, according to researchers, there is a dual labor market in which women are at a disadvantage (Jung and Cho, 2019). It is also noteworthy that South Korea has the highest level of education among women aged 25 to 34 among the OECD nations (“Attempting To Break Through,” 2019). These data show that there is a long tradition of gender bias that currently affects the economic life of women in South Korea. Despite recent efforts to eliminate discrimination in both economic and political spheres, Korean society remains deeply patriarchal. Men and women are expected to fulfill certain gender roles, which are actively promoted by the state. The main problem in South Korea’s labor law in this regard is the low penalties for gender discrimination in employment. In particular, women in South Korea “regularly face questions about their marriage status and plans for having children when applying for a job” (Stangarone, 2019). Such questions when applying for a job are illegal under Korean labor law. However, when KB Kookmin Bank discriminated against 112 women candidates, the company paid only $ 4,500 in fines (Stangarone, 2019). This example illustrates how g
Introduction Over the past years, the issue of poverty has been one of the major targets of many policy makers. Many efforts have been directed towards poverty elimination. However, the issue of poverty remains a big threat to the society. The increasing rates of poverty have significantly affected the community (Garcia, 2011). For a long time, poverty has been perceived to constitute lack or inadequacy of basic needs, including food, clothing, and shelter. The levels by which different societies achieve these three basic essentials vary, and this explains the differences in poverty levels among different societies. Poverty can be viewed as a violation to the human dignity. It implies that people does not have an access to enough and equality in food, health care services, and other basic goods and services. Poverty also denies people access to education hence perpetuating their poverty cycle. Today, America is seen to have the highest level of poverty rate compared to other industrialized countries (Garcia, 2011). To justify this, the recent and most current statistics from the Census Bureau shows that the level and rate of poverty in USA is increasing, with minority ethnic groups being the most disadvantaged (Dye, 2010). In the past decade, numerous poverty reduction policies have been formulated and implemented, but their overall impact remains below expectations, as the main beneficiaries are the middle class in expense of the poor (Dye, 2010). The policies that are in place therefore contribute very little in helping those who don’t have. Therefore, the situation calls for paradigm shift in policy formulation and implementation. It is only through policy reformulation that the current trends in poverty will change. Otherwise, the level of poverty will remain high. Poverty prevalence in the United States Over the recent past, the level of poverty in USA has increased significantly. Past studies have revealed that the level of poverty in the USA is increasing at a very high rate. For instance, the level of poverty increased by approximately 1% between the year 2009 and 2010 when it increased from 15.1percent to 14.3 percent (USA Census Bureau, 2011). It is estimated that the rate of poverty has been increasing at an average rate of 2.6 percent. This implies the living standards may be worsening at the same rate. According to the USA Census Bureau (2011), about 46.2 million Americans are poor and it affects all the ethnic groups that live in America. The statistics presents the highest level of poverty that has ever been recorded since 1993. In othe
Dubai has experienced a rapid population increase that has increased traffic congestion. This is also coupled with the increase in the number of private vehicle owners. According to Jurgen (2008), about 700 new vehicles are registered daily and in every ten people, two persons own a vehicle. The main activity centres in Dubai such as Bur Dubai and Deira are highly decentralised. The travel pattern has changed due to the high demand for land use space, which has forced commercial activities to be located outside existing commercial and residential areas. The metro is fully automated and consists of the red and green lines that run underground in the city centre and others found on elevated overpasses elsewhere. All trains and rail stations are air-conditioned. The park and ride system is operational as there is the use of feeder buses to connect passengers to the metro. The Nol or ticket buying system is automated and the bus system that is run by RTA has 193 routes. During rush hours, commuters have to wait for more than one hour for the buses. This is due to a large number of people in need of transportation (over 30 million people). The road network such as the Dubai-Sharjah road has several bottlenecks (Bagaeen, 2007, p. 15). The marine transport in Dubai includes Abras, the waterbus, the water taxi and Dubai Ferry. Abras are one of the oldest water transport means while the waterbus is commonly used for luxury and comfort. Whereas the water taxi is recommended for its comfort and privacy, the Dubai Ferry was specifically launched to uplift the level of marine transit services and it is an important link in the transport system. The marine transport routes and stations are illustrated in fig. 1 below. One of the cheapest ways to travel is by the use of roads. In Dubai, road transport for tourists is by coaches, car hire, and taxis. Dubai has route coaches that operate in different destinations it has the largest road transport for its tourists. The Dubai buses provide the urban network and are a convenient way to get around offering sightseeing opportunities on the way. Visit Dubai is accountable for promoting tourism partners for entire Britain and the world. Both international and domestic visitors use air and road transport to improve tourism in Britain (RTA, n.d., p. 22). Transport and road transport services depend on the demand generated by other economic activities. Transportation cost is a component of a t
The Coca-Cola Company is a public limited company in the Fortune 500 companies where it currently ranks at position 57 ( CNN Money, 2014). It is an international nonalcoholic beverage company, as well as a manufacturer and a marketer with its headquarters at Atlanta, Georgia. The company makes and sells syrups to various “affiliate bottlers across the world as they hold its license…the bottlers then produce the finished products and pack them in different containers before distributing them to the retail stores, restaurants, as well as beverage service distributors” (Hays, 2005, p.64). The Coca Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company, which owns and markets five of its dazzling soft drinks, which include Coca-cola, Fanta, Diet Coke, and Sprite (Hays, 2005). It takes a leading position in distribution of beverages across the world and in the previous year, the company reported a growth rate of about 3 percent due to high consumption of its drinks ( Coca Cola , 2014). The company is now looking forward to joining forces with global organizations as it works to bring back the impulse to the business. The persistent macroeconomic challenges in 2013 posed challenges to the company, but this occurrence could not prevent it from realizing sound financial results. In its operations, the company emits harmful gases and thus the need to protect the environment (Pendergrast, 2000). However, the company is working to reduce the emissions in the manufacturing process. Recently, they have been working hard to improve packaging materials to recover the loss of bottles and cans; that is, ensuring that more than 55 percent of cans and bottles introduced in the market are collected for reuse ( Coca Cola , 2014). The company mission statement is “To refresh the world…To inspire moments of optimism and happiness…To create value and make a difference” ( Coca Cola, 2014, para. 5). However, the Coca Cola’s mission statement is quite poor since it only includes two components, and it does not mention any other value. It appears that the slogan is a mixture of the vision and the mission statement. Unfortunately, the company does not follow its mission statement and it only accomplishes less than half of its mission when ranked. Therefore, the Coca Cola’s mission statement needs to be replaced. Apparently, some competitor companies even outsell the Coca Cola’s products in some areas, for example PepsiCo and Dr Pepper Snapple Group. However, the Coca Cola Company is in a position to outdo its competitors by advertising heavily. It also gains a competitive edge through involving itself in sports sponsorship, for instance in the Olympics and the FIFA world cup games (Raman, 2007). The following is a SWOT analysis of the company Strengths                                                           Weaknesses
Exposure to foreign exchange involves the situation where the cash flow activities of a firm become sensitive to exchange rate changes. The exposure to foreign exchange is carried out in three different forms namely translation, economic as well as transaction exposures. This exposure has been experiencing continuous challenges within global markets caused by high levels of instability in the rates of foreign exchange. The increasing intensity of competition in financial markets also contributes to the uncertainty of these rates. This has called for the implementation of efficient management skills to maintain profitable exposure to foreign exchange. Soenen (2008 p.27) Forms of Exposure There are three different types through which exposure to foreign exchange takes place among them being translation exposure. This involves changes that occur to an accounting of financial statements resulting from changes in exchange rates. This takes place to match the figures presented in financial statements with the existing exchange rates. Another type of exposure is transaction exposure which involves changes in exchange rates taking place during the transaction period. This is particularly from the initial time that a transaction agreement is made to the time when transaction processes are completed and payments made. Transaction exposure has a considerable effect on how cash flows due to the differences in exchange rates existing at the start and end of transactions. The third type of exposure is economic exposure which involves a reflection of changes that are expected to occur to cash flows of a firm in the future when compared to the existing value. Expected changes in the value of cash flow are normally caused by unexpected changes occurring in rates of exchange. Foreign exchange in the different types of exposure has registered a high level of instability globally, which calls for a frequent adjustment in the strategies through which these exposures take place within various firms. This adjustment is part of the management process that is undertaken to cope with exchange rate changes. Soenen (2008 p.28) Management Process Firms are normally exposed to risky situations due to movements that take place in the thr
Client Demographics Jane Smith is a 35-year-old white woman living in Providence, Rhode Island. She was born in a middle-class family and received a university degree in law. Currently, Mrs. Smith is a lawyer working for an advertising company. She is married to Paul Smith, a financial analyst. The couple lives in a suburb with their six-year-old daughter Michelle. Their total annual household income exceeds 100,000 USD, which makes the Smiths an upper-middle-class family. Mrs. Smith is a supporter of the Democratic Party like most people in her family and among her friends and colleagues. She is interested in the life of her community. For example, she participates in events organized by local schools and community centers. Occasionally, Mrs. Smith volunteers for local community programs. Her parents live in the next neighborhood. She visits them with her husband and daughter regularly. Mrs. Smith’s two siblings often join the meetings. Spending time with her family is very important to Mrs. Smith. About twice a month, she also dedicates a night out to her college friends, with whom she is still close. Mrs. Smith identifies herself as Christian, although she does not go to church regularly. Neither do the members of her family. Presenting Problem Mrs. Smith decided to see a psychologist because she became worried that she was developing an alcohol addiction. During her first visit, Mrs. Smith explained why she thought so. Since college, she had been a social drinker, but drinking had never been an issue. Within six months before the visit, however, she noticed that it had been hard for her to unwind after a hard day at work without a few glasses of wine or a few whiskeys. Mrs. Smith started drinking almost every day. Other “bad signs” that Mrs. Smith recognized was that she had started drinking strong drinks like vodka and tequila more often than previously, was getting grave hangovers, which had not happened before, had skipped several business meetings because she was drinking at the time they were scheduled, and had trouble controlling her behavior and emotions during intoxication. Mrs. Smith also confessed to having felt “something like withdrawal” on those days when she did not drink. The particular incident that made Mrs. Smith seek psychological help occurred a few days before her visit. She came home from a drinking party. Her daughter was not asleep yet. Without talking to her mother, Michelle came up to Mr. Smith and asked, “Daddy, is mommy drunk again?” Mrs. Smith said that it had been very hurtful and humiliating to hear such words from her six-year-old child. Goals After describing her concerns, Mrs. Smith was asked what goals she wanted to achieve in the course of her treatment. From the very beginning, the client pronounced that she did not want to quit drinking altogether because that would be, according to her, “a little bit too extreme.” She said she wanted to be “a normal person” who can drink occasionally without feeling addicted. Thus, she defined her primary goals