ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Personality Theories of Jung and Kohut The first scene starts with Jung and Kohut’s discussion at a café. They are in a heated debate about their theories but conduct the discussion amicably. Kohut : Don’t you agree that our concepts of the self are analogous? We all claim that the self is not describable and that only its manifestations can give us an insight into the nature of a man (Kohut, 1966). Jung : I agree with you to a certain extent. I believe that the self is the priority structure upon which the psyche emanates. You, on the other hand, believe that the self is a combination of self-object relationships in a person’s life. Therefore, while you look at the past to make your judgment concerning the self, I prefer to start with a nuclear, which is one’s self. Nonetheless, I realize that you have mentioned these aspects in your individuation principle. Kohut : Yes, I have. The self unfolds in different phases of life through the individuation process, which allows one’s personality to become whole (Kohut, 1966). You may, therefore, interpret it as some blueprints that are inherent in that process. Jung : This was why I was open to the argument in the first place. However, I would think of our concepts of the self as complementary issues rather than similar ones. My unconscious archetypal personality components determine one’s perception of the external environment (Jung, 1960). This dimension dwells on the inner aspect of personality. On the other hand, your concept of the self focuses on relationships and how they mirror one’s psychic dynamics. Your focus on the external environment and man’s response to it complements my focus on the essential nature of man. Jung : Our complementarities notwithstanding, what do you make of inter-psychic splitting? I have always taught in my theory of neurosis that the psyche is divisible and the resulting complexes can lead to the formation of splinter psyches. These groups may maintain harmony with one’s overall personality. I see a striking resemblance between my theory and your teachings on inter-psychic barriers. Kohut : Yes, indeed. I do believe that it is possible for two contradictory states to split so that one psyche operates independently of the other. Personality can have different aims, morals, and dreams but still operate cohesively (Kohut, 1966). One may thus find some similarities between this explanation and your perception of the complex. Jung : Tensions are inevitable within human life. Therefore, opposing effects and ideations build the personality and need not be regarded as a negative thing. A cause for alarm would arise when the tensions diverge significantly from the overall personality of the subject. If reconciliation with one’s nature does not occur, then psychopathology may arise. Kohut : It seems that it is another concept that we agree on. No discussion of our theories can ever
It was an essential part of Ibsen’s dramatic talent that he embodied the problems and conflicts of his own personality in the characters of his plays. He did not often attempt a solution of the problems raised. But we can often perceive by the way in which he distributed light and shade in his plays where his sympathies must have lain. His personal indignation at all forms of compromise and hypocrisy breathes through his plays. “An Enemy of the People” was published in Copenhagen in November, 1882 and became Ibsen’s most personal confession. His old aversion for liberal politicians, for the party press, for the plebeian ways of public life combines with his contempt for the “stagnationists.” His own efforts to clean up the evils of society had only earned him a campaign of abuse and nasty insinuations. So he let Stockmann fling out his wild paradoxes, asserting that the minority is always right, not the stagnant minority, but the advance guard, the radical intellectuals, who stand at a point which “the damned, compact, liberal majority” (Ibsen 311) has not yet reached. In this play Ibsen borrowed traits from his birthplace Skien, and his hero was modeled not only on Bjørnson but also on his friend Jonas Lie. But the opinions Stockmann expressed were his own, as he wrote in a letter to his publisher: “Doctor Stockmann and I get along so splendidly; we agree in many respects, though the doctor has a somewhat more muddled head than I.” (Ibsen 68). An Enemy of the People was the last play in which Ibsen spoke in the first person. (Nazar 3) Ibsen’s “An Enemy of the People” reiterated with an abundance of legalistic set-speeches his belief that public antipathy can provide a grueling test for a nonconformist who dares question social standards. The issue is almost allegorical in its polarization of good and evil: Honesty, personified by brave Dr. Stockmann, debates with Evil, personified by smug middle-class materialists—the “people.” During the debate, Stockmann exposes the bourgeois immorality, self-interest, and blindness that had masqueraded as communal justice, enterprise, and wisdom. “The majority,” he declares, “is never right until it does right.” (Ibsen 185). The fact that Stockmann is forced to look beyond juridical criteria for a tenable standard of justice calls into question the social order founded upon those criteria. Where the law is superfluous or malign, the trial process becomes an ironic metaphor for the pursuit of self-respect. (Nazar 3) This play takes literal pollution as symbolic of the “swamp” in which the people’s conscience had sunk. The noted health baths of a south Norway town, Doctor’ Stockmann discovers, are polluted; when he wishes to proclaim this fact, the “responsible” folk of the town denounce Stockmann as an enemy of the people for desiring to destroy their profits. Against the politicians and the press, Stockmann is powerless; he can console himself only with thoughts of the future and with the closing reflection — an individual consolation out of a social defeat -that “the strong
Biological Arguments Research would be successful if its focus is more on behavioral problems. Disorders like depression necessitate the inclusion of an affective model to add to solely behavior. Attention should be more on differences that exist between groups when there is or there is no diagnosis rather than one particular individual focusing on reliability but not validity because validity is achieved when the theoretical model is provided to explain person differences or differences in traits between persons at one given time or the differences that exist within persons across time. Eating disorders have been studied among young women and adolescent girls. Despite reveal by recent research that a large percentage of men have behaviors that are related to eating disorders, their experience individually remains unstudied. Additionally, the reality is that many men conceal and deny that they have the disorder. This was examined through narrative inquiry where two men were diagnosed medically with an eating disorder and treated. Though each one of them was not impervious to pressures from the family or society to look perfect, such pressures were exacerbated by fear and the experience of being stigmatized by professionals who were helping them. (Kunkel, 2003 pp22-24) Implications for a Culture That Believes That the Sexes Are Distinct Opposites Gender differences exist in the sexual behavior of human beings and the differences are physiological functions, social, cognitive, and behavior behavioral elements. The behavior ranges from copulation up to maternal care. Psychological differences that exist between males and females show that, in society, gender differences are learned after infancy due to the intimate relationship that exists between child and mother. During infancy, the mother takes care of the child all the time by providing love, security, and comfort. According to the hypothesis of gender intensification, there is opposite role behavior of different sexes which was tolerated during childhood but not acceptable at the adolescent stage. During adolescence, there should be appropriate behavior that applies to sexu
Introduction Leadership is a relatively recent term in business circles, which has only been used for two centuries now. It has become a common practice among scholars to define this notion according to the spheres it is applied to and researchers’ individual perspectives. There are numerous studies on the concept of leadership, the roles of leaders in a business setting, and specific behaviors that put emphasis on empowering the working staff. In his research, Allio highlights the five major principles placing leaders above the mediocre managers (5). The latter are known to develop strategies but never implement those properly. The present paper will consider these principles to give a strict definition to a leadership process, specify the leader’s roles, and figure out behaviors that best fit to motivate employees. The Interpretation of Leadership in the Context of Allio’s Scholarly Study As derived from the term, the main responsibility of a leader is to lead the company’s staff in matters of the most efficient use of an organization’s resources. Regardless of the sphere of interest, a leader’s activity involves interaction with employees and improving their performance. The way this individual influences the working process often determines how successful the implementation of a business strategy will be. Allio views leadership in the context of the five major constituents: leader’s character, his/her constant self-improvement, collaboration, adaptability, and self-determination (4). According to the researcher, the concept of leadership comprises such traits as competence, professional integrity, and character features combined with the key goal to effectively manage the workforce and improve a company’s performance (Allio 4). The given goal is achieved through changing the existing behavioral patterns within a target community. A notable fact about leadership is that the acquired knowledge and inner qualities may influence a person’s views and attitudes toward the staff management duties. Depending on an individual’s competence and his/her character features, Allio identifies the four types of managers: leaders, scoundrels, impostors, and fools (5). The mix of high competence and a strong character forms a true leader. The lack of character traits, however, turns a person into a scoundrel, who is unable to properly utilize the extensive knowledge he/she possesses. A strong personality combined with low competence generates the
Executive Summary iCare Solutions is a new software development firm that offers customer-focused solutions in the long-term care market. Its strategy is to differentiate itself through low pricing, product quality, and customer focus. This business plan details iCare’s marketing strategy, products/services, and objectives. It also gives a detailed analysis of the projected financial performance of the firm in the industry. General Company Description Vision Our vision is to become a market leader in the development and sale of cost-effective external reporting solutions to long-term care (LTC) providers. Mission iCare Solutions is a start-up company that specialises in the development and sale of superior, easy to use, and inexpensive reporting software to help LTC operators manage every aspect of their business. Objective To provide inexpensive and customer-centric reporting solutions to LTC providers to grow our customer base by 5,000 clients annually. Values  1. Quality – provide high quality and innovative software to clients.  2. Customer-centric – develop customised business solutions.  3. Integrity – cultivate an organisational culture of honesty. Products/Services/Solutions Offering by the Company iCare will offer a range of integrated computing software solutions to small LTC providers. It will provide scalable applications for accounting, secure data storage, reimbursement, quality improvement, prescription and medication records, and client medical data management. The firm will also maintain the program infrastructure and provide technical training to clients. Team The management team will consist of the president who will also be the Chief Operating Officer of the company. It will also include LTC professionals/consultants and software developers. The other members will include the Chief Financial Officer, the R&D director, and the Marketing director. Market/Industry Analysis The elderly population in the developed world is projected to grow, pushing the demand for long-term care upwards 1 . Currently, private and public LTC providers handle large volumes of data to facilitate government reimbursement, medication usage, inventory management, accounting, and care transition. Over 18,000 providers paid through the Medicare and Medicaid programmes are in operation in the US 2 . The LTC software market has three segments, namely, users of high-quality software, users of the software with limited functionality, and nonusers. Many programs are available for collecting, analysing, and reporting the data. However, quality programs are costly in terms of licensing fees and maintenance costs. On average, licenses cost about $15,000 while maintenance costs can reach $1,500 monthly 3 . The demand for cost-effective and scalable software solutions to manage data is high. Marketing Strategy and Implementation iCare solutions will develop software for the three market segments with a key focus on software features of ease of use, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. A content marketing strategy will be used to
The new public relations (PR) department will play a crucial role in the success of the International Humanitarian City (IHC). Just as the organization’s scope of activity is immense, so its popularity and influence should be. As a new institution, the IHC needs to let the public know about itself, and the PR department will be responsible for creating and sustaining a highly positive image for the company. First of all, the PR department’s specialists will delineate the organization’s strategy for achieving the desired public image. The department will create a draft of the most significant steps and milestones for making the IHC known and recognizable. The PR specialists’ primary duties will include searching for opportunities to promote the company and applying these possibilities in practice. The department will keep track of the public’s first impressions of the IHC and evaluate the benefits and shortcomings of its activities to make sure that only the most advantageous strategies remain. As a hub of non-profit organizations with a huge scope of activities and connections, the IHC requires the representation of such PR specialties as international relations, government relations, press affiliations, customer affairs, and most importantly fundraising. The PR department will thus be responsible for accomplishing all of the tasks connected with each of these specialties. To foster important international relations, it will organize conferences and meetings in which current issues will be discussed. To manage relations with the press and the government, the PR team will arrange press conferences and suggest policy proposals. To satisfy customers’ needs, the department will track updates, implement the newest facilities, and make them accessible for IHC members. A significant portion of the PR team’s activity will entail looking for sponsors and new organizations to join the IHC. The PR team will accomplish this task by creating promotional information sheets, advertising online, organizing meetings with the media, and improving the IHC website. The prospects of the IHC are immense, and every effort should be made to make these prospects work for as many people as possible. The new PR team might find its niche in the IHC’s media department. The PR team must cooperate with each of the organization’s departments so that it is always aware of the company’s news, updates, and plans. Close interaction with all the branches of the IHC will give the PR specialists an opportunity to completely fulfill the aims of their work. The newly recruited PR department manager will be in charge of supervising and managing each element of the IHC’s PR projects and promotional operations. The responsibilities of the manager will include designing promotional schemes, delivering public speeches at meetings and
Introduction Having dark skin (more melanin) improves the probability of not suffering from skin cancer ailments such as basal cancer. However, dark skin is very reactive to stimuli and may easily attract pimple, inflammation, and rash among others. The occurence of post inflammatory hyper pigmentation is more common in skin with more melanin than light skin. Light skin improves the chances of not suffering from skins bumps such as the acne keloidalis nuchae condition. However, light skin exposes the body to more ultraviolet rays that is known to cause skin ailments. Exceptions to the predicted skin-color pattern Polygenic inheritance is associated with unpredictable skin color. Thus, modification of the polygenic elements will eventually lead to an unpredictable skin color. Besides, migration from different regions has an impact on the skin color and various skin diseases. Skin color and the migratory patterns of human populations The dark skin color is predominant in the southern hemisphere of the globe while the light skin color is common in the northern hemisphere. The variation in skin color in these regions is related to the position of sunlight in each location. Dark skin is common in the southern hemisphere where the sun is hot and ultra violet radiation very intense. Convincing explanation for the hairlessness of humans The cooling theory is the most convincing explanation as to why human beings are hairless. According to this theory, the loss of hair was necessary to survive the hash and hot savannah climate. The loss of hair protected man from exposure to excess sun rays. Thus, hairlessness feature ensured that mankind was in a position to lose and radiate heat through convective cooling. Reasons for thicker and longer hair in some areas Mankind retained thicker and longer hair on some parts of the body such as the head, armpits, and pubic area to protect sensitive body organs against harsh weather. Besides, retention of thicker and longer hair defined sexuality and its ornamentation. In addition, longer and thicker hair in these parts would hide what mankind considered private, especially the sexual organ. Functions of skin The skin has a composite layer that offers protection against damage and pathogen from the external environment. It has active sensation nerve endings that facilitate involuntary reaction against slightest change in temperature, touch and bruises among others. The skin acts as a heat regulator through conduction, convection and radiation. It protects the body from dehydration through its thick and semi-impermeable barrier besides being a storage organ for water and lipids. In addition, the skin facilitates excretion of urea from the body through the sweat glands under the epidermis. Variety of skin color across the globe Jablonski offers explanation on the differences in skin color across the globe as contributed by location of man
Introduction Over the years, the field of natural sciences has been dominated by the unending debate pitting the intelligent design theory of existence against the evolution theory. The two theories belong to different schools of thought that seek to explain the origin of various elements that make up the environment and the factors that contribute to their existence (Ridley 14). Many scientists have tried to understand different life forms based on the explanations given in the two theories. The evolution theory was the first to present the phenomenon of existence as explained by its creator, Charles Darwin. In theory, Darwin argues that new species of various organisms tend to develop from old ones through a process called natural selection. Since then, the theory has received a lot of criticism from people who believe that the structural composition of living organisms depends on a design inspired by supernatural intelligence (Sewell 9). The vocal criticism of the evolution theory led to the development of the intelligent design theory. Unlike the evolution theory, which is highly substantiated through scientific disciplines such as geology and genetics, the intelligent design theory relies majorly on the religious beliefs that people have with regard to the supernatural abilities of God (Ridley 31). The intelligent design versus evolution theory debate has a long way to go before anyone can give substantial evidence to prove the phenomenon of existence. Discussion Intelligent design refers to a scientific theory explaining the origin of life-based on the religious argument about the existence of God. The theory has been greatly dismissed by the supporters of the evolution theory as just a resemblance of science that is founded on fallacious assumptions (Sewell 12). Its proponents believe that certain elements of the earth and the structure of living things could not have been a result of an aimlessly drifting process such as natural selection, as argued by the evolution theory. Arguably, intelligent design theory cannot be classified as a science because it does not have any form of experiential evidence or justifiable premise to support its concept. The intelligent design theory was developed by the Discovery Institute in the United States, which has demonstrated a high degree of resistance to change with regard to elemental Christian and political ideologies (Sewell 20). The developers came up with two major arguments, namely irreducible complexity and specified complexity, that sought to discredit the evolution theory. The main argument made by the two concepts is that biological and informational features of human beings are hardly a result of natural selection, but that of design owing to their highly complex nature (Ridley 38). The concept of irreducible complexity was developed by a biochemist called Michael Behe. He explained it as a term to describe a system that is made up of several interacting parts that complement each ot