ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Martin Luther King Jr. is seen today as an example of an exceptional, “born” leader who understood his vision and mission perfectly, and who was able to reach out to others to work on a common goal or mission. One of the King’s important traits was his ability to listen to and understand different points of view. Furthermore, he did not only understand those but was also able to motivate people with different agendas to work on the same goal (Ling 148). Today, he is perceived as one of the greatest leaders in American history who genuinely cared about his followers and their future. Leadership Style Martin Luther King was an emergent leader; he was not successful at first and experienced different failures during his way to becoming a great leader. He was criticized by activists of different races, and during the 1960s, when the action was supported eagerly by students, King was perceived as too hesitant by some (Ling 67). However, his experience in historical events, including boycotts, and active involvement in the Civil Rights Movement allowed him to polish his leadership skills and strengthen followers’ support and his position in it. King was a trait leader, as he was able to translate his vision or his dream to others and make them enthusiastic about it. For example, during his preparation of the Poor People’s Campaign, King directly addressed all dangers that his group would face (including incarceration or scorn) but insisted that they would accept it because “that is what America’s poor now receive” (Jones 340). Although the fear was tremendous during the campaign, King’s followers not only supported him but actively followed his instructions and did not abandon the goal despite possible consequences. King had expert and referent power; he was admired and appreciated by activists, but his understanding of the situation rooted in his university study of theology, his personal experience, and his relationships with authorities (i.e., he was arrested many times and spied on by the FBI). Although he is often praised for his nonviolent approach toward activism (and rightly so), it is important to remember that he was a fierce and powerful activist. Some researchers assume that Martin Luther King Jr. was a transformational leader: a leader who can share their vision of the future and motivate followers to strive for it, inspiring them to contribute to the process of goal achievement (Carton et al. 1546). As we know, King was an expert in picturing goals (for example, via his speeches, especially “I Have a Dream”). Thus, King used approaches of a leadership style that was not defined in detail during the 1960s but actively used in the Civil Rights Movement. In a way, it is possible to say that King was a pioneer in transformational leadership, as he used it actively before managers understood how effective it could be. Conclusion Martin Luther King was a trait leader with expert and referent power, whose ability to inspire people and share a common goal among thousands of followers helped him significantly influence the USA and the rest of the world. His decision to build his leadership on nonviolence and Christian
Introduction Reflecting on a learning process is not always an easy task as it requires staying objective to the case and never forgetting about personal preferences. My practice at the private clinic promoted an understanding of mental risks and needs of younger patients and their families. It is not enough to gather clinical findings and examine vital signs. It is important to be ready for multiple emotions, fears, and uncertainties and collaborate with other professionals. One of the last cases where a 5-year-old boy has needle phobia, and injection anxiety shows that the development of certain practical skills like compassion, communication, confidence, and attention is required to achieve positive outcomes and reduce the level of anxiety. The decision to use cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is based on several factors, including parental support, nurse assessment like chief complaints, pain scale, or a review of systems, theoretical and practical knowledge, and even personal feelings. Therefore, this reflection is not just the evaluation of my nursing skills and practical achievements, it is a story of my personal growth as a medical worker and the peculiarities of recovery process among young patients with mental health issues. Learning Process I think that a learning process about any health concern should begin with giving clear statistical data to realise the scope of the chosen topic. According to O’Brien, Harvey, Howse, Reardon, and Creswell (2016), the majority of mental health problems usually begin at early ages and affect more than 13% of children. It means that more than 10 million paediatric patients need to treat such diseases as anxiety, depression, anger, bipolar disorder, or paranoia. Unfortunately, the list of mental health problems is long and complex, and a learning process should be effective enough to cover all these issues. One of the most important lessons was the recognition of the role of primary care practitioners and nurses in managing patients’ diseases. Having an opportunity to see a patient at different periods, medical workers may recognise the presence of a mental health problem and help parents choose the right direction and advance a child’s well-being (O’Brien et al., 2016). Such a level of responsibility and expectations made me I feel very proud and confident in the decision to connect my life with mental health nursing field. I thought that it was my prior responsibility not only to follow the prescriptions of doctors but try to develop my observations and give recommendations. I had to be ready to communicate with patients, listen to them, distinguish their needs, and create an environment to promote recovery. In the case with the allergic boy, immunotherapy was an essential part of treatment that lasted about five years. Injections had to be given every 6-8 weeks to achieve the desired effect. Boy’s phobia of needles turned out to be a serious obstacle for the medical staff. As a nurse who had to give him injections regularly, it was my high priority to find a solution, make a fast decision, and understa
Equality of sexes is a topic that has been under discussion in different parts of the world. Some societies believe that equality cannot be achieved since there are obligations that can only be performed well by men. As a result, such societies look down upon women as people who are weak and people who cannot offer the contribution that is offered by men in society. The truth is that women have the ability of doing what men can do or even doing it better. Denial of voting rights and a chance to run for political positions in Saudi Arabia for women have been oppressive ways of denying women a chance to contribute positively towards development of the country. The announcement by king Abdullah that women will be allowed to vote and given political rights is a positive move. This is because marginalizing women in Saudi Arabia makes them feel as if they are not citizens of the country. It is important for a leader to have advisors but it is more important for the leader t
Although everyone going to a movie to watch a good film, is seldom prepare him for anything more than entertainment, the appreciation of a film might increase, when it has a particular social message. In that regard, “School Daze”, a 1988 film directed by Spike Lee, can be considered as such a film, or at least shot with such intentions. Telling the story of a fraternity in an all-black college, the film mixes musical performances with satirical social messages, which look on the ideas of race, class, language in the black community from a new perspective. This paper analyzes how such categories as race, class, and language affect the perception of the film’s main characters of themselves. In terms of race, it can be seen that even in an all black characters, this category has a huge affect on the perception of the characters of themselves. In that regard, the race issue is defined by several attributes such as skin tone and hair type. In that regard, the usage of such distinctions set degrees for the level of blackness in the film and how the characters viewed it honestly. Such a distinction, especially in the hair type issue, can be evident in the scene at the Salon, where women rated each other based on their hair type. Accordingly, in terms of skin tone, the film criticizes the perception of the character, where they believed that the lighter the skin color the more you belonged to a somewhat higher caste, for which there were more opportunities. Accordingly, the division in the film between the “wannabees’ and the ”Jigaboos” might resemble the two polar direction of being truly black and being closer to the white, where wannabe might represent want to be white. In terms of the class, the division might be based on educational level, where the person who went to college was considered as forgetting the idea of fighting the discrimination. This can be apparent through the scene where Vaughn “Dap” Dunlap and his friends have an encounter with the locals. Although Dap can be considered as the sense of conscious in the movie, where leading anti-apartheid demonstrations and protesting the divestment from Africa, in the eyes of the local blacks he faced in the fast-food restaurant, he and his friends are privileged boys who forgot the idea of fighting the apartheid. The same perception of being closer to white to more black can be paralleled to the use of language, where the common language used and often misunderstood by white people is used by the more black people which perceive themselves as staying loyal to the ideas of the brotherhood and anti-apartheid, unlike those who speak in good English imitating white. Additionally, the force of language can be seen through the emphasis on militarism as the only way to solve problems, and the reinforcement of African practices. It can be concluded that “School Daze” is an example of demonstrating how perceptions and stereotyping are used not only in different groups, but also within a single group. In that regard, the film is a call for th
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals discusses and analyses moral rules and principles of ethics and moral judgment. Ideas and concepts discussed in this work became a ground of deontological ethics and philosophy. Professional duties are owed to and by all members of the professional community. As Kant states, each rational person should be treated as an end and not as a means to an end. By virtue of their admission to the professionals have the right to expect treatment as unique talents and have assumed the duty to treat other professionals in a like manner. Kant believes that in itself there is nothing good except goodwill, and only when a person acts from duty do the person’s actions have moral worth. Kant gives special attention to the autonomy of reason and the moral law. He also believes that every rational creature has inherent worth; therefore, a rational person will always act to treat himself and other individuals as ends in himself. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals underlines that autonomy acts as the link between the analysis of morality and the moral will and free will. Autonomy is that property whereby the will is a law to itself. Kant writes that all other things in nature are subject to laws of the kind which are usually called causal. To say that anything in nature is subject to law is a way of saying that the behavior of that thing can be described in scientific laws or generalizations which are based on observation. The will is not haphazard or capricious and for that reason cannot be described using scientific laws. When the will is subject to moral law and acts out of respect for that law, then a different kind of principle is at work. Kant states that the motive of the truly moral will is not open to observation. Kant shows that our idea of morality implies the existence or possibility of such a rational motive. When Kant introduces the idea of freedom, he describes it negatively as property such that it can be efficient independent of causes determining it. Freedom as property then will belong only to something which can be a law to itself. Kant states that the moral demands of a situation may coincide with what a person should like to do, but frequently they do not. Personal desires are part of the situation and may have to be taken into account in determining what
Part 1 The question of legal insanity judging is complicated as it requires a precise definition of the mental incompetence’s degree. Suspects can be accounted guilty on condition that their mental illness is not determined as a legal insanity. Therefore, the M’Naghten Rule, according to which the crime is to be punished only in case it was performed with sense and reason, seems to be a useful standard for fair judging (Schmalleger, 2014). Although some current researchers claim that psychopaths are able to differentiate between the right and the wrong actions, there are several psychological and psychiatric theories that offer another vision of the problem. The moral development theory, for instance, suggests that mental disorders can gravely weaken a person’s ability to make moral judgments. This means the doer of a criminal act can fail to realize its illegal character. According to cognitive information-processing theory, mentally ill people can misinterpret the information they get from the external world. As a result, the distorted reality perception provokes various acts of cruelty. Both these theories suppose that one’s crime commitment can be caused by the disability to give an appropriate assessment to the actions. The M’Naghten Rule is intended to defend people in case they were unaware of the fact they were doing a wrong action. It should be noted that the Rule serves as a protection only in the cases where the doer could not realize neither the immoral side of the action performed nor the illegal character it had. This is an important remark as far as it excludes the possibility of using the Rule for the defense of intended crimes, where the doers were conscious of breaking the law, but they did not consider their actions morally wrong. Part 2 Answer (question 1): all psychological and psychiatric theories are guided by the principle that criminal actions are provoked by a dysfunction of one’s mental processes. These mental disorders lead to a certain kind of reality’s misinterpretation, which prevents the doer of a crime action from acting within the norms set by the society. Answer (question 2): the examples of the early psychological and psychiatric theories trying to explain criminality are the trait theory, the moral development theory and the cognitive information-processing theory. The theories are primarily concentrated on the two key points: personality and behaviorism. Answer (question 5): the psychoanalytic perspective suggests that criminal behavior is a result of disability to control one’s impulses, and the doer is driven by pleasure-seeking motives. According to this perspective, crime actions can be provoked by the doers’ repressed needs or their inner wish to be punished. Answer (question 7): criminality can be seen as an alloplastic or an autoplastic form of adaptive behavior. The first form implies a crime as a means of stress reducti
Prostitution is the practice of providing sexual acts to another person to make money in terms of payment, while the service being provided is sex. The practice may be practiced by either a man or a woman and the person carrying out the practice is called a prostitute. It is a practice that has been there for so many years and is sometimes known as the oldest profession. The decision to legalize or not to legalize the practice of prostitution is a subjective topic, and as such will always depend on the person to whom the subject matter concerns. However, if the subject is addressed from an open-minded point of view the practice may be legalized or not, depending on the environment in question. Various factors may be looked upon when looking at the practice in terms of the disadvantages and advantages. Some of the advantages of legalizing prostitution include, a reduction in the crime rate, improved public health as the people involved will be freer, and thus more careful, the government will be able to collect more revenue while others may be able to leap out of poverty by making more income. However, if the practice is legalized, there may be various disadvantages including; it may lead to increased global human trafficking, rape cases, homicide, and sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, the practice is a dissolute act it empowers the unlawful world. It is economically manipulative and advocates for the dominance of male chauvinism.
Activity #1: Attentive Listening Instructions: Find a partner and perform the following exercise:  1. Show as little interest as possible (avoiding eye contact, yawning, interrupting, folding arms), as your partner answers these questions:      1. What has recently caused a conflict at work for your or someone you know?      2. What was the conflict about?      3. Who was involved?      4. What was the outcome?  2. Repeat the interview, this time practicing attentive listening (focused, caring, eye contact, forward lean, paraphrasing, etc.)  3. Switch roles and repeat the two parts of the interview process.  4. Respond to the following questions including your partner’s responses:      1. What was it like to be listened to half-heartedly? On my part, being listened to half-heartedly was not only disappointing but it also made me question my ability to express myself. I got the impression that I was not interesting and that the information that I was presenting was of no value to the listener. I was therefore in a rush to get the interview over with since I did not wish to prolong the agony that I felt as a result of the apparent disinterest from my partner. During this experience, my self esteem was greatly lowered and my anxiety increased (Weiten et. al 136). On his part, my partner also expressed his lack of motivation to talk as a result of my half-hearted listening and the lack of positive feedback from me as he played the part of the speaker. He pointed out that my lack of enthusiasm led to him hastening his speech since he lacked the motivation to carry on. What were the signs of inattentive listening? The signs of inattentive listening included a lack of eye contact from my partner while I answered the questions. His constant drumming of his fingers on the sides of the chair was also a strong indication of inattentiveness. By keeping his arms closed, my partner exuded a lack of openness which made me feel that he was biased and judging my message. In addition to this, my partner kept stealing glances at his watch and yawned regularly which indicated boredom and impatience. Speaking out of turn and interrupting the speaker was also a sure sign of lack of attentive listening by both my partner and me. In addition to this, I did not offer ask any follow-up questions regarding the issues that my partner raised. What difference did attentive listening make in how you felt and what you said? By engaging in active listening, I was able to prevent myself from drifting therefore gaining a better understanding of what my partner was saying. This better understanding translated to my being interested in the message therefore encouraging him to elaborate even further on the questions. Attentive listening also resulted in my offering of verbal
In recent years, the computer technology field has evolved and developed gradually and has contributed to the success of many individuals and organizations. Technology has faced numerous challenges as it continues to grow tremendously. The main challenge is cyber-attack, where criminals have been targeting companies and individuals, creating great harm to the vulnerable users of technology. Some of the incidences that support this claim are information theft, malware, ransomware attack, and hacking of servers which has become a significant challenge to technology users in all parts of the world. Cyber security experts have rescued technology users by detecting and protecting computer systems from these attacks. In 2017 shock befell the globe after learning how helpless the world was after the famous wanna-cry ransomware cyber-attack targeted the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting the data of its users. The encrypted ransomware demanded some payments in the form of Bitcoins to decrypt the data, an incident that prompted my venture into a career in technology to help in countering these vices affecting technology. Since all technology forms and systems are vulnerable to cyber-attack and it is not always easy to identify the weak link where the cyber attackers would penetrate, relevant studies such as cyber security would solve this problem. Computer programming sessions were among the best topics back in my school, which drove my desire for this technology path. Being a recent graduate of Electronic Engineering Technology and Computer Engineering Technology from Norfolk State University, getting a chance to pursue a master’s degree in cyber security at Norfolk State University to develop more skills would be highly appreciated. Cyber security is vital to the current growing digital world because it offers confidentiality and security of personal information and financial credentials. Crucial topics include big data analytics, cloud computing, digital forensics, cyber-psychology, wireless security, and socio-cyber-security. Cyber security knowledge enables an individual to engage in actual-world practice using recent digital security technologies. Top organizations are willing to spend a lot on cyber security experts who can protect their data from being vulnerable, taking a course in cyber security very relevant and marketable with good job security. The masters in cyber security will enhance the best ways to secure networks and information systems by intrusion detection and detection of ordinary events. One will also learn the defensive cyber security technologies and techniques used in modern organizations to protect systems data and achieve Knowl