ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Observation, description, and location Zhao Zhao’s Constellations are a series of art pieces made from glass (exhibit 3). Marks are created through gunshots. They are part of a series of art pieces with a similar form and content providing a trend in Zhao’s art (Zhao Zhao: Constellations 2013). Constellation II is an art piece from the series of marks created on glass, and placed on a steel background. It measures 59 x 47 ¼ inches or 150 x 120 cm. Zhao Zhao’s sculpture of a police officer has been broken into multiple pieces. It was first displayed in Beijing. Later, it was confiscated by authorities. It was considered a mockery to the arrest of Weiwei. It is made of limestone. It has a smooth finishing. It is bigger than the size of a real human being. It measures 860x180x180 cm. It is considered to portray the repression of the artist and Ai Weiwei by the authorities in China (Wade 2012). The accuracy of the depiction is admirable. A viewer can see clearly that the officer is Caucasian (exhibit 4). The sleekness of his suit represented by the smooth finishing is also admirable. Zhao’s other painting is known as Devotion . It measures 300×250 cm. It is painted on canvas with oil paints. It is exhibited at the Chambers Fine Arts in New York. It shows two fish lifting up a bowl. They are standing on the water surface with their tails submerged. The background has been painted with warm colors. It gives a feeling of excitement. There is a depiction of either the rising or setting sun. The reflection of sunlight and the fish’s shadow are creatively depicted on the water surface (exhibit 5). The artist uses smooth lines to portray the movement of water. The title is effective in directing the viewer into excitement. Analysis The first impression that I get from Sky No.3 (exhibit 1) is that of heavy nimbus clouds that appear during storms. The artist gives a stronger impression by the use of dark blue and black color instead of gray. The viewer is amazed by the brush strokes. Such heavy clouds are rarely seen in reality. The viewer is filled with a feeling of wonder on the kind of storm that could follow such dark clouds. Even though the painter’s intention is to portray pollution, the viewer is more likely to perceive the picture as a storm about to occur. The painter has softened the texture in Sky No.31 (exhibit 2) to expose less of the brush strokes. The marks of the brush in Sky No.3 show the presence of the painter more clearly than in Sky.31 . The hollows that allow light to pass in Sky No.3 have been reduced to tiny spots in Sky No.31 . Zhao Zhao tends to use variations in the sky-view to make the viewer think about the changes that have occurred. Zhao’s painted skies are a depiction of the pollution in Beijing (Zhao Zhao: Constellations 2013). The Constellations represent a series of art with the same content and form. Guns are not allowed in China. Zhao had to borrow a gun from an American friend when he received the inspiration. He shot through glass and created the beautiful patterns. The constellations were not his original intention. The idea
Basically, political economy and in particular Marxian economics, the concept of exchange value is traditionally employed to define one of the core aspects of a commodity. Some of the correlated concepts are price, use value and value. This shows that a product has; a value, an exchange value, use value and a price. These attributes have an extensive history ranging from the era of Aristotle all the way to the period of David Ricardo. However, the entry of Marx concepts tilted the earlier concepts of exchange value. From an economic perspective value is presented as the worth of either goods or services as set or determined by the existing markets. However, this observation does not hold the real formulation of what is in essence defined as value. For years economists as well as other social scientists have attempted to link and estimate the significance of value in relation to individual. Similarly, this approach has over the years been extended to both goods and services being exchanged. Hence, such approach saw the development of such dynamic concepts as value in exchange as well as value in use. Thus, examining the argument presented by Kalman Applbaum in the article “Pharmaceutical Marketing” the concept of value is correlated to marketing and branding. As the article asserts individuals are willing to pay higher prices for a brand than for a helpful product (Applbaum 0446). This concept is thus widely employed by pharmaceutical companies. The core objective of such approach is to create more earnings from a brand value than from the products. What this means is that brand value dictates what the greater society consumes. Equally, this same approach is well illustrated by the manner coca cola brand is marketed. Basically, the brand value seems to be more profound than the product itself. This indicates that value can be measured as the set price of the given products. However, in regard to the argument presented by neoclassical economists, the value of any product is correlated to its price in relation to the free and competitive market. And the value is thus determined by the demand of the product relative to the market supply. Examining the approach etched in the pharmaceutical industry it can be argued that the market demand surpass the supply and this has played a critical role in establishing what is in essence value. In relation to value in use as well as brand value, these firms have opted to embrace the concepts developed by neoclassical economists. Thus, the elements of value are not linked to improving the innate consumption of humans but rather to attain the greatest profitable margin. The principal features which drive such an approach can be explained by the fact that brand value has over the years been used as the vehicle by corporations tied their hope (Applbaum 0447). Hence, this has resulted in a situation whereby brand value supersede the need for satisfying the innate needs of humans through provision of what anthropologists defines as human value. The scope of bra
Introduction Enterobacteriaceae is one of the largest families belonging to the gram negative rod shaped bacteria. They exist as normal flora of the human and other animal’s intestines. They also live in natural habitats such plants and water. Members of this family are infectious causing mainly intestinal disturbances. Some of the most common infections are typhoid and pneumonia as well as food poisoning. There are two groups of enterobacteriaceae based on their abilities to ferment lactose. The first group is the lactose fermenting bacteria under which Escherichia , enterobacter and klebsiella bacteria are classified. The other group, the non fermenting bacteria consist of some genera such as Serratia and Haffina . Members of this family are characterized by presence of flagella for motility. Others have both aerobic and facultative aerobic characteristics while others are non sporing members. They are diagnosed using chemical methods such as the oxidase test, indole test and the urease test. They can be identified through culturing using the MacConkey agar plates as selective media (FIG.3). The aim of this experiment is to study Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniaea both of which are lactose fermenting bacteria. (3). Figure. 1: Gram negative bacilli. FIG.2: Oxidase test. FIG.3: MacConkey agar. Materials and methods Refer to scientific skills and tools manual BIOL2310, p 58 – 60. Results Table (1). Discussion The two organisms appear to be similar in some ways. For instance, they are both giving negative results to oxidase test, they are both rod shaped as shown on the agar plate and they both produce gas in Kligler iron agar. However, their motility rates differed a bit as well as different reactions to various chemical tests such as urease and citrate utilization. Their rates of acetoin production and reaction to methyl red are also different. The difference in motility, however, could have resulted to inadequacy during the experiment. Table (1): Results of some Different diagnostic methods are used to differentiate between E. coli and K. pneumoniae.                             E. coli                                  K. pneumoniae                                        Colony characteristics                                                                                                                                Circular , creamy , entire edge, convex  Yellow , large , convex , circular                   NA                                                                                                                                                    Circular , grey , entire edge , smooth   Small , circular , convex , grey                     HBA                                                                                                                                                   Circular , pink , entire edge            Circular , light pink , convex , bigger than E. coli MCA
Despite multiple intentions to reduce the impact of racial biases and discrimination in law enforcement agencies, some races still experience unfair treatments and prejudiced behaviors. After reading the letter to the US Department of Justice and Civil Rights Division, in particular, the findings from the investigation of the Maricopa County (AZ) Sheriff’s Office are defined as compelling and credible sources of information. There are several reasons to approve the chosen positions. Firstly, the author used statistical data to demonstrate how biased traffic stop activities are. For example, Latino drivers are usually four to nine times more likely to be stopped compared to the drivers with other colors of their skin (“United States’ investigation of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office,” 2011). Secondly, documentary evidence was used to prove that Latino inmates are not always able to understand their rights and duties because all the documents are written in English only. No translations and interpreters are offered to Latino citizens during their communication with the police. Communication with direct participants who witnessed unfair treatments served as another portion of evidence to prove how compelling the allegations of misconduct were. Disproportionate use of force in regards to black people and Latinos was thoroughly discussed by Novich and Hunt (2017) and proved to be the main source of such negative results as fear and police distrust. In the letter, factual findings included not only discriminatory police practices and limited language access but also the comparison and analysis of the correctional standards and procedures and retaliatory actions. Therefore, the problem of discrimination in police remains an open topic for discussion. The following question may be used to continue this dispute: “Why do modern police departments fail to create multilingual policies for inmates regarding the already developed globalization and migration outcomes?”
Industrial processes have varied impacts on the environment. Depending on the intensity of these environmental impacts, these processes can be streamlined to ensure sustainability of resources within the industrial set up. (Ayres & Ayres, 2002) Industrial ecology is an environmental agenda where industrial systems are modified to enhance sustainability of resources and limiting environmental degradation. (Young & Murray, 2005) It involves identifying energy flow and resources with a view to transforming the system from one with an open linear flow to one with a closed loop thus reducing wastes produced. Contact process In highlighting industrial ecology, this work focuses on the industrial manufacture of Sulphuric acid. It explores the material flows of the system and highlights the system design employed to ensure an effective industrial environment. Contact process is an industrial procedure in the manufacture of Sulphuric acid. The stages involved are:  1. Combustion of Sulphur: this involves the combination of Sulphur with Oxygen to release Sulphur dioxide. This gas is then purified in the purification chamber to eliminate dust and other particles.  2. Re-oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide: the pure Sulphur dioxide obtained from the oxidation of Sulphur is further oxidised to produce Sulphur trioxide. The Sulphur trioxide is an acidic gas responsible for “acid rain.” To prevent this phenomenon, the industrial ecologists have deduced a framework based on several engineering principles.  3. Formation of oleum: the Sulphur trioxide obtained is further purified and mixed into a chamber containing concentrated Sulphuric acid. The compound formed, oleum, is then dissolved in water to form Sulphuric acid. Industrial ecology principles in the contact process The contact process poses immense challenges that have to be corrected. Energy flows Energy conservation and preservation is an aspect of environment the globe is currently grappling with. The contact process, in the interest of conserving energy, recycles heat energy obtained from the catalytic chamber. The heat is reused in the combustion of Sulphur. This essentially means that no heat energy is lost. It is thus important to design the system in such a way that the hot catalytic fumes are conducted back to the oxidation chamber for reuse. Basing facts on the principle of Le Chatelier, the system has been designed in such a manner that the hot fumes obtained are also reused to support the whole system which requires humongous heat energy to yield high volumes of the acid – the process is endothermic. (Salzano, 2003) Emissions gases The process emits SO 2 and SO 3 which are considered acidic gases. Industrial ecology principles dictates the elimination of these stack gases forthwith, this is done through “scrubbing of the gases” hence reducing their effects on the environment. They are run through a stream of water dissolving them thus preventing their escape into the environment. The gases can also be neutralized with lime slurries before emission into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the gases are treated with concentrated sal
Introduction Over the years, building designs have been changing in an effort to address diverse social, economic, and environmental needs. For instance, the 20 th century was characterized by the advent of the skyscraper, in which the steel framing technology was exploited in a bid to surmount the shortage of real estate in different cities in the United States (U.S. Department of energy 2008). All of a sudden, the booming real estate market gave rise to other problems such as congestion and pollution that we now have to contend with. As a result, the modern day building industry seems to have ushered in a new era of change whereby the main goal is to ensure that we reduce as much as possible the various forms of footprint including carbon, energy, as well as environmental footprint of both residential and commercial buildings (U.S Department of energy 2008). At the same time, there is a dire need to conserve and optimize scarce resources such as energy, water, land, and clean air. In an attempt to surmount these challenges, players in the building industry are now banking on transformative technologies. For this reason, developers, designers and owners are on the lookout for new ways to reduce the environmental consequences and operating costs of buildings and at the same time, ensure that such buildings appeal to the occupants. This is what has given rise to the concept of sustainable buildings. A sustainable building refers to a structure that has been constructed in a resource-efficient and environmentally responsible manner. Such practices should be implemented in the entire lifecycle of the building beginning with siting, designing, and the actual construction. The same practices should also be utilized when maintaining, renovating, or demolishing such a building (EPA, n.d.). For proper coordination of all these activities, there is need for the various professionals involved to cooperate at the various stages of the project. These professionals include the design team, engineers, architects, and the client (EPA, n. d.). The practice of sustainable/green building is an expansion of and a complement to the conventional design of buildings that appears to emphasize more on utility, economy, comfort, and durability (Mumovic & Santamouris, 2009). Even with the constant development in new technologies aimed at complementing the existing practices, sustainable buildings are designed in such a manner as to reduce the possible overall impact that such buildings could have on the built environment, the natural environment, as well as on human health. This can be achieved by ensuring that such resources as water and energy have been utilized efficiently. Another way of achieving sustainability is by improving employee productivity and ensuring that the health of the occupant of such buildings is protected. Also, there is need to reduce pollution, waste, and environmental degradation (Mumovic & Santamouris, 2009). Sustainability involves the ability to fulfill the needs of the current generation while still ensuring that the needs of fu
Introduction Over the years, a number of ethical theories have been utilized to analyze human behavior. These include consequentialism, Aristotelian and deontological approaches as well as Utilitarianism, Kantianism and Virtue theory. Ethical issues, such as abortion, capital punishment and animal rights, among others, have raised debates on how to address and approach them. While some people have gone for Utilitarianism, others have gone for moral theory in dealing with these issues. On the other hand, others have chosen to stick to Kantianism. According to Mill’s Utilitarianism, an action is considered right if it brings about happiness or results in the consequences that are considered best. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of Kantianism, an action can only be considered right in cases where it agrees with the moral principles. Moreover, the moral theory can only be considered right in cases where a virtuous agent also takes a similar action. This paper will consider the case of abortion and relate it to two ethical theories namely, Utilitarianism and Virtue theory (Arthur and Scalet 112). Abortion Abortion is a medical procedure that is done on pregnant women with a purpose its (the pregnancy) safe ending. According to statistics, over 40% of women are believed to abort once or more in their lives. This is quite surprising given the huge ethical debate that surrounds this procedure. Moreover, it has been found that abortion is done by women irrespective of their races or social classes. However, it is also important to note that the women who are most likely to undertake an abortion are over the age of 40, the young, the poor, and the unmarried. In the United States alone, an annual record of abortion cases comes nearly to 1.2 million. It was legalized in the country after the famous ruling Roe vs. Wade by the Supreme Court in 1973. However, in other parts of the world, this case has been received with skepticism. This is especially true in Africa and the Middle East, where religious influence is still considered strong. However, most Western and Asian countries have embraced it. In fact, it is believed that between 20 and 30 million legal abortions are performed annually ( Abortion par. 1). Moreover, the statistics also shows that there are between 10 and 20 million illegal abortions per year ( Abortion par. 1). This reflects how crucial this topic is in ethical perspective. The medical standpoint attracts the public attention to the complications caused by illegal abortions. This is mainly because of the rising number of deaths due to unlawful procedures. It has also been noted with great concern that a lot of women die due to the poor quality and performance of illegal abortions. This is quite crucial as compared to few cases in Western countries where legal abortion are a
“The Theory of Complex Phenomena: A Precocious Play on the Epistemology of Complexity” by Friedrich A. von Hayek delves into the unique features of cognition processes peculiar to all human beings and their connection with society. The author assumes that questions regarding the nature of particular objects arise when our senses recognize some stimulus and start to transmit signals to the brain. However, several other factors are impacting our ability to perceive some patterns and associate them with previous experiences. One of the main aspects affecting this ability is complexity. The author states that it is a central question that gives rise to multiple philosophical difficulties if our mind, society, and life are more complex than it seems. For this reason, this question remains topical today. Another topic discussed in the article is the cogitation about how we predict some qualities of objects if there is no complete information about them. The work can be analyzed from the perspective of the philosophy of social research. The fact is that the author is concerned with the search of specific relations between natural sciences and society, the social law in accordance to which it functions, and the nature of particular processes. For instance, speaking about the way we perceive objects with the help of our senses, he also admits the fact that to a greater degree the complexity of these very objects depends on how society recognizes them. At the same time, regarding the fact that the central research question introduced by the author is how our cognition works in terms of complexity and generalization to predict some qualities, the inductive method of research is used. It presupposes broad generalizations that come from specific observations. In other words, cogitating about social structures, determinism, and relativism, the author makes assumptions that rest on his notes about the organization of the society and the way we speak about particular objects or phenomena. It means that the inductive way to investigate the issue becomes the primary tool of the researcher who delves into the philosophical aspects of complexity and cognition. The article also utilizes the ontological research paradigm that is focused on the nature of reality and tries to outline its structure and form. Asking questions about peculiarities of our perception, complexity, and prediction, the author wants to understand to what extent the world and society are interconnected and how they impact each other. This paradigm is supported by the hypothetic research method that helps the investigator to make assumptions and reflect on how reality is perceived by individuals and how existing laws and regulations impact this very perception. Adhering to this approach, the author manages to conduct an in-depth study of the proposed topic and provide critical information about the nature of various phenomena. Altogether, the article is based on interpretivism as the author suggests his ideas regarding social laws and the way they precondition our interaction with other objects. The work delves into the issue of complexity and how