ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nowadays, accounting can be considered as an essential part of the business world, as it standardises financial reporting and proposes universal measures. In this instance, an accounting concept can be described as a basic set of ideas that are used to guide the science of accounting (Knowledge flow 2014). It is highly important since it defines the general framework for financial reporting while depicting the main regulations that have to be followed. It assists in avoiding confusion in accounting while making reporting concise, well-established, internationally understandable, and easy to interpret. Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to explain the key accounting concepts in detail and provide different examples to enhance the understanding of these ideas. In the end, conclusions are drawn to summarise the main findings of the paper. The Historical Cost Concept To establish a foundation for discussion, the historical cost concept implies that the companies have to state in their balance sheets the monetary value of the asset at the moment of purchase or acquisition (Cunningham et al. 2014). It is evident that the economic environment tends to fluctuate. For example, an upward or downward shift is one of the factors that can affect the original price of the asset. Thus, according to the historical cost concept, reporting the changes will create confusion, and it is a primary reason for not displaying these aspects in financial statements. For example, the enterprise purchased 1000 units for the price of $5. However, the price experienced changes, and now, it is $6 per unit. Nonetheless, the inventory will still be reported as $5,000 and not $6,000 since the principle of historical cost applies. The Money Measurement Concept Another essential accounting principle is the money measurement concept, and it is self-explanatory. This idea implies that only values of assets and liabilities that can be recorded in monetary terms are displayed in the financial statements (Knowledge flow 2014). It is highly linked to the reliability of the data, as reporting irrelevant financial values will cause confusion and inadequate reporting that can lead to fraud and violation of accounting standards. For example, it is evident that expenses associated with employees have clear monetary value and are often reported as costs for payroll and salaries. On the contrary, competences and know-how are often referred to as the most important assets of the company, but they cannot be evaluated in the monetary term, so they should not appear in financial statements. The Business Entity Concept The business entity principle is also of paramount importance, as it states that the transactions and operations of one company have to be separately recorded from other enterprises, organisations, and owners (Kolitz 2016). Following the ideas of this concept is crucial since it assists in making tra
Outline Music instruments are categorized according to the sound they produce and research has shown that, there are string instruments which have strings, percussion instruments which have hammers and woodwind instruments made of brass. Most of them are a modification of the instrument used in the ancient times and the sounds produced are generated from various vibrations from different sources. In stringed instruments, strings vibrate through plucking and bowing while in instruments such as piano, the sound is produced through hitting. Variations in sound is made through adjusting the tightening of the strings in the case of the string family or by varying the texture of the material used to make the instrument. Introduction The following is a report on various instruments in different families of instrument such as string instrument, the brass, woodwinds and percussion. Various roles of the instrument such as providing harmony and melody as well as rhythm are learnt from various instruments. The color of the instruments largely depends on the material that has made the instrument which means the material also form the texture of the desired form depending on the desired role. Mastering and learning the sounds are skills that are learnt through the right etiquette. (Colwell, 1969, pp. 56-58) Composers Report The string family comprises of violin, viola and violoncello as well as the double bass instruments. Violin originated from early instruments in Europe and Asia during middle Ages where original instruments included vielle and the rotta as well as fiddle which were used during dancing and singing. Modern violin is made of wood such as spruce and maple. Similar to violin, most stringed instruments have common parts such as fingerboard, bridge, scroll, F-holes and tailpiece. Violin has a melodic character with a soprano voice and can play several notes simultaneously; referred to as double stop technique and can play at higher register than the rest of the family. Viola has a clumsy nature but very valued today and research shows that, it was discovered earlier than violin though it has similar parts to violin and produces alto voice. It provides rhythmical precision among the string family and thus supports violin. Violoncello is a large instrument and produces the most beautiful melody and is made of same parts as viola and violin. It is a solo instrument and therefore very respected in music scenes and produces a tenor voice which is rich and resonant. Double bass is very large but the most recent of the string family and is referred using several names such as contrabass, upright brass as well as the string brass. Its role is t
Communication Skills The training of the customer service representatives (CSRs) in the Student Registration Office must address their communication skills. The CSRs are not able to identify and clarify the problems of students because they lack effective communication skills. The CSRs also use evaluative questioning when attending to customers because of their poor communication skills. Training for communication skills is important for the CSRs because it will allow them to listen effectively to the concerns of customers and to convey their responses in an appropriate manner (Lee, 2012). Through training on communication skills, complaints from students about services in the registration office will reduce. Training the CSRs will allow them to acquire specific communication competencies, such as asking questions in an appropriate manner and appreciating the fact that each customer is different or unique in the manner of expression through communication (Sturdy, 2000). Problem Solving Skills Problem-solving skills are an important requirement for CSRs because they allow them to identify the complex concerns that customers present in order to provide the most effective solutions on the basis of an analysis of all available alternatives (Parasuraman, Berry, & Zeithaml, 1991). The training program must address the problem-solving skills of the CSRs because it is the lack of these skills that make them ineffective in dealing with the different problems that each student faces in regard to the registration process. Training on problem-solving will also enable the CSRs to review and apply related information on the registration process in order to provide solutions that are relevant and appropriate to each problem. Problem-solving skills will also enable the CSRs to manage the conflicts that occur when customers are not satisfied with the registration services. Professionalism A professional attitude is a vital skill for CSRs because it allows them to separate personal feelings from service delivery. The CSRs seem not to appreciate the fact that understanding and recognizing the feelings of customers is part of their roles in service delivery. This makes it necessary to train them for the development of professional attitudes and positive perceptions about their obligation to attend to the needs of all customers, including the difficult ones. Training for positive attitudes is important because it influences the level at which the CSRs are motivated to execute their roles and to serve the interests of customers (Arthur, 1994). The experiential and educational activities of the training program should address the professional attitudes of the CSRs, which influence the quality of professional relationships that they develop with customers (Blodgett, Wakefield, & Barnes, 1995). Service Orientation The training program must also address the service orientation attitudes and skills of the CSRs because they are not able to apply their knowledge on registration steps for effective delivery of se
Greenfield foreign direct investment acts as a venture into markets in other nations, one of the numerous alternatives for businesses in search of chances to expand to emerging marketplaces (Stepanok, 2015). As an alternative, acquisition of a local firm is the process of acquiring a business that offers services or goods to the population in a given region within a particular country in an effort to boost the success of the acquiring company. Some of the benefits of the local firm acquisition are gaining access to an already established market and having skilled employees at hand. On the other hand, some of its drawbacks are that it may result in conflicts and decreased productivity. The benefits of greenfield foreign direct investment encompass enhanced control, the capacity to create marketing affiliations, and the prevention of intermediary outlays. Advantages of Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment The fundamental benefits of greenfield foreign direct investment emanate from the existence of a great extent of direct management of the operations (Stepanok, 2015). Companies that venture into a foreign market via greenfield investment manage all aspects involving the services and goods they trade, for instance, the quality of goods and services, the level of production, and the degree of spreading out their presence. Such companies have the alternative of starting their endeavors on a small scale and progressively boosting their success in the market or getting ready in advance for a large-scale venture. Greenfield investment facilitates an easy and successful adaptation in foreign markets as both pricing and products may be acclimatized to existing demands. Disadvantages Greenfield foreign direct investment has the disadvantage of being extremely expensive or suffering an approach to funding that is exceedingly costly in the short term (Blonigen & Piger, 2014). Similar to the case of a local firm acquisition, harmonizing dissimilar corporate cultures in the process of greenfield investment is, at times, traumatic. The management of a post-establishment practice is frequently typified by downscaling to attain economies of scale and range in overhead tasks. This leads to ineffective influences on the company as people endeavor to retain their positions. Globally, further challenges emanate from governments’ involvement in funding, prices, job assurances, and market operations, as well as of patriotism and prejudice. Unlike the case of a local firm acquisition, the capacity to accomplish greenfield foreign direct investment may be hindered by insufficient knowledge of functions in the host nation. This occurs even when the managerial team has adequate experience in the operation of foreign businesses
Fund Management Before undertaking any type of investment in a portfolio, an investor must formulate a formal document which is used to guide the investment process (Toolsformoney.com, 2010). Therefore, this document must evidently describe the investor constraints and objectives within a clearly defined time frame; in this case for instance Foreign & Colonial has an investment horizon of one year, three years, five years or ten years. The investor’s investment policy assists the investment manager to balance the return seeking against risk taking; this result to increased likelihood of success in attaining the long-range investment objectives during the portfolio design. The portfolio construction is influenced by several factors, some of which are expressed in the investment policy (Toolsformoney.com, 2010). Thus, Foreign & Colonial investment must align with the investors’ individual investments policy in regard to the type of portfolio, the benchmark, duration, asset allocation, the risk appetite and the rate of return (Toolsformoney.com, 2010). The investment constraints and objectives deemed in the investment market anticipation will state the suitable investment strategies that the firm should follow including stock selection, asset allocation, investment style and suitable methods in which the portfolio performance can be monitored and assessed (Toolsformoney.com, 2010). The Foreign & Colonial firm has three main elements in its investment strategy; that is gearing, stock selection and asset allocation (Fundnets.net, 2011). Asset allocation is the main returns driver; in the past ten years, the company has performed well in all the developing nations. The most excellent performance from the emerging nations has been achieved and thus the firm’s placement in these nations will create a less significant affirmative involvement in future. By 2010, the firm had distributed its assets to seven different portfolios in the world which include; “emerging markets, private equity, UK, North America, Japan, developed Asia and Europe excluding UK according to various proportion” (Fundnets.net, 2011) as shown by the pie chart below. When you compare this to Scottish Investment Trust PLC also allocate its portfolio geographically into seven different portfolio that is “UK, Europe excluding UK, Latin America, North America, Japan, Middle East and Africa and Asia Pacific excluding Japan” (Sit.co.uk., 2011). This implies that the trust or funds uses almost the same strategies of asset allocation but which differs due to the the firms type of portfolios and other factors (Sit.co.uk., 2011). For instance, the Scottish Investment Trust does not have an emerging market portfolio, instead it generally groups its investment portfolio into a general class such as Middle East and Africa or Latin America (Sit.co.uk., 2011). It also does not have private equity as a portfolio (Sit.co.
Challenges and conflicts in political interactions between states on a global level have always affected how relationships between the representatives of corresponding cultures develop. Due to the complexity of political relationships between the U.S. and several Muslim countries after the tragedy that took place on September 11, 2001, the attitudes toward Muslim Americans have been based on suspicion and prejudices among the rest of the American community (Foner 1172). Although the source of negative feelings and prejudices toward the German Americans after WWI and Japanese Americans after WWII were quite different compared to the ones shown toward Muslim Americans nowadays, the extent and nature thereof are virtually the same, being based on ethnic and cultural stereotypes and fear. However, due to the increase in the intensity of prejudices and the emergence of the tools that allow for fearmongering among citizens, the extent of negativity that Muslim Americans experience in modern American society is much greater. The experiences of Muslim Americans regarding social tension and even downright discrimination have been quite traumatic. While the general concept of fighting against terrorism was a rather natural and justified response to the tragedy of September 11, its toll on Muslim American citizens has been huge in terms of discrimination that they have witnessed. According to Flanagin’s account of the relationships between Muslim Americans and the rest of the U.S. population, the victimization of Muslim Americans is comparable to that one of German Americans after WWI, although it may not reach the extent of hatred for Japanese Americans after WWII (Foner 1173). As Flanagin explains, “These assessments of hyphenated Americans—German, Irish, Catholic, etc.—were hysterical and maliciously bigoted, inspired by a noxious combination of fear and stupidity” (par. 17). Simultaneously, Flanagin states that the relationship toward Muslim Americans nowadays is similar to that one to German Americans in the 1940ies (par. 1). Therefore, the attitudes toward Muslim Americans are currently very close to those that German Americans had to face after WWI, with the extent of suspicion and the perception of the specified demographic as an inherent threat being extraordinarily high. However, the rate at which Muslim people are marginalized in the American community might be a bit lower than the amount of discrimination and bias that Japanese Americans had to deal with after WWII. The tragedy of 9/11 has left an indelible mark on American society, causing massive social trauma and derailing the relationships between Americans and the Muslim community. As a result, the Muslim American population in the U.S. has been facing significant contempt and has been deemed as a threat to public safety by a range of American citizens (Foner 1170). The extent of mistrust, fear, and hostility toward Muslim Americans among the rest of American citizens nowadays make their experiences quite comparable to those of German Americans after WWI and Japanese Americans after WWII (Foner 1175). The observed tendency takes place due to the effects that social media have produ
The research topic explored relationship between harsh parenting, aggression and regulation of child’s emotions in school. Emotion and aggression are psychological because they are mentally perceived and controlled. Aggression and emotions are mental processes directed towards threatening stimuli. In addition, aggression can be reactive or pro-active. Moreover, harsh parenting is characterized by anger, shouting and cursing a child, which has direct or indirect impact on child (Chang et al, 2003). In most cases, the same psychological problem is transferred to a child. The researcher’s question was: “examining children’s emotion regulation and aggression in mediating the effect of harsh parenting.” The study was experimental because experiments were carried out to explain harsh parenting model. The experimental group consisted of kindergarten children and their parents. Six months earlier, parents had filled a questionnaire about themselves and children. In addition, teachers prepared a checklist on children and their behavior in classes. Before the research was done, parents consent was obtained for all participating children. In addition, the study was qualitative because it targeted a particular group of persons and the topic is specific (Chang et al, 2003). However, the study did not utilize control group. Total number of experimental subjects was 325 children and 45% of them were female. The age range was between 3 to 6 years with 65% falling between 4 to 5 years. The mean age for fathers was 34.6 and 32.0 for mothers. An average of 55.5% of parents had college education while the rest had high school education (Chang et al, 2003). The main conclusion shows existence of a relationship between harsh parenting and aggression in a child. Children transfer acquired negative emotional responses to others in school. In addition, harsh parenting causes negative emotions to children. Anger, hatred and coldness can cause psychological aggression in a child. Consequently, a child relates with others and the immediate environment in the same manner (Chang et al, 2003). The conclusion is significant because it identifies the gaps in parenting and the need to address them. In addition, it educates parents the importance of being mindful in order to have a sound society. The main limitation mentioned by researcher is that, the research was done in single context: education. In future, researchers need to incorporate other contexts: social, political, economic and natural environment (Chang et al, 2003). I found out the study utilized parenting as an outward influence of child’s regulation of emotion thus internal influence of harsh parenting is not explored.
Introduction Budgeting is an important management tool that is applicable in all organisations despite their size, location, type or any other differing factor. The main aim of budgeting is to help in planning and decision making of whatever kind in the organisation. Budgeting generally entails preparation of forecasts on the expenditure and incomes of the business enterprise (Helfert, 2001, p.67). A budget therefore acts as a guiding tool on how the operations of the organisation are to be carried out efficiently. There are different types of budgets with each serving a specific purpose. Some of them include; fixed budget, flexible budget, operating budget, financial budget and cash flow budget among others. This report will therefore look at flexible budgeting as well as areas that raise concern in budget planning. Budgetary areas that raise concern in the budget planning The process of budget planning has proved to be a hectic one for many management accountants. The process involves many tasks to be carried out so as to have a complete and effective budget. In budget planning there are several areas that are of concern in order to achieve the objective of budget planning such that in the end the business enterprise does not spend more or less than what was planned. At the start of the planning process of a budget, the management accountant must be aware of the available income of the organisation and its sources. For most business enterprises including Competition Bikes, their source of income is usually the sales they make. The major sources of income according to their budgets include; interest income and Cash receipts among others. It is important to note that not all budgets are concerned with income, others just look at the way the company manages things like ra