ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is need for the European Union to increase its awareness on the threats to international security. This is because international security is increasingly becoming vulnerable to new threats. One of the emerging threats to international security is climate change. It has varied effects, some of which seem unrelated to international security. Nevertheless, the effects of climate change have led to tension and conflict between countries. At times, these tensions have escalated to full-blown wars. The purpose of this report is to highlight the threats of climate change to international security, and how these threats concern the EU. International security and climate change Climate change is largely perceived as a phenomenon which only affects the natural environment. While there is truth in the statement, climate change has multiple dimensions, most of which are unknown to many. Climate change results in humanitarian crises in many parts of the world. A global warming cause flood, increases desertification especially developing country, and melts the ice caps, among other occurrences, which makes societies vulnerable to humanitarian assistance. Additionally, climate change is evolving into a political issue. Many governments use climate change as a political tool with which to influence international treaties and agreements. This also implies that climate change also affects international relations as well. While all these dimensions are vital, it is the manner in which climate change affects international security that is a matter of urgent concern. Climate change is increasingly becoming a threat to international security. Climate change has been termed as a multiplier to the threats associated with international security (European Commission, 2008). It is imperative to highlight how international security is affected by climate change 1 . However, it is also equally important to highlight how the relationship between international security and climate change is of concern to the European Union. The effects of climate change are already being felt in many parts of the world including the countries within the European Union (European Commission, 2008). One of the major effects of climate change is increased expenditure on issues related to global warming. As a result, countries most affected by climate change are increasingly blaming industrialized nations for causing, and doing nothing to stop unprecedented climate change. It is imperative to state that the European Union is home to a majority of the world heavyweight industries. There may not seem to be a direct link between industrialization, climate change, international security and the achievement of some of the development agenda such as Millennium Development Goals. However, climate change is reversing the gains made towards the achievement of MDGs. Effects of climate change such as global warmi
Brief Examination of the Issue and Concept Conceptually, culture is a wide and multi-faceted term. In some way, it defines the kind of people we are and how we socialize with one another on the regional and national fronts (Tosti, 2002). Best described as a system of values and norms with acquired behaviors which are shared within a certain community, culture indeed offers a sense of belonging to some group. It influences the mannerism of communication styles, values, and history of people or organizations. Due to these, it is sufficient to point out that every organization has an organizational culture that determines its missions and objectives. However, the world has seen operational change to incorporate different cultures within an organization. This offers the challenge in learning how to deal with collective cultures within a company. Organizations need to be savvy in learning how to respond to demands of a multi-cultural environment as discussed. The US Culture To attain business objectives and sustain profitability levels, firms depend on proper business communication protocols (Zhu & Bhat, 2006). The US communication protocol has been very egalitarian for some time. This means that its focus has been on attaining the objectives of the business and nothing more. Communication is strictly structured in a top-bottom communication with too much bureaucracy, hence inhibiting forms of communication within an organization. The tactics for HRM focuses solely on management of the objective model and the end pay for the performance of each individual person. The organizational culture evidenced at firm’s headquarters may seriously have an impact on the absolute organizational culture. Certain unique elements determine the nature of corporate culture. They are the kind of relationship between the workers and the company’s administration, the nature of the hierarchical model of command and the general viewpoint of the workers
Central Theme The problem of civic participation has been already reviewed by researchers in public affairs field though Robert Putnam in the book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000) brings the discussion on another level where he emphasizes the importance of civic participation in the United States of America as one of the main factors that drive the forces of democracy in society. Though the author of Bowling Alone (2000) insists on the decline of the civic participation in public affairs, he provides evidence of other views on this point. “As the 1960s ended, sociologists Daniel Bell and Virginia Held reported that ‘there is more participation than ever before in America …and more opportunity or the active interested person to express his personal and political concerns’” (Putnam, 2000, p. 17). So, the decline was not steady and some portions of activity could be also observed, especially in such processes as voting. The central theme of the book is the engagement of individuals into public administration and other ways of influencing the management of the social processes. The author points out that the decline has reasons and the revival is also possible; “Many of the most important episodes of social capital formation in American history have been rooted in religious revivals, and we may be on the cusp of another such period” (Putnam, 2000, p. 77). At the same time, it is impossible that all people became active participants of social interactions only due to involvement into religious practices. Nevertheless, television and the internet contributed greatly to decline of public meeting attendance and other activities that were evaluated as the reflection of social activity and the revival is possible if people realize that they can and should influence the situation to maintain democracy. Relevanc
It is quite interesting to note that the in the case of the Netherlands the concept of sustainable architecture is being implemented wherein instead of man removing nature in order to create areas for habitation, what is instead occurring is an incorporation of the surrounding environment into the design plans for habitation. Such aspects of this can also be seen in the case of Holland wherein instead of dense urban sprawls (i.e. large concrete apartment buildings) what instead exists is an incorporation of water ways and the surrounding landscape into the design elements of the building in such a way that buildings feel more natural and connected to the local environment as compared to what is normally seen in cities such as those in Germany, the U.S. and China (Velthuis & Spennemann 2007, pp. 43-66). The advantage of this particular method of construction as compared to that normally seen in other major metropolitan areas is that it in effect allows the local landscape to “breathe” (Velthuis & Spennemann 2007, pp. 43-66). This means that with the surrounding greenery and freely flowing water, the area’s natural environmental processes continue to function unheeded resulting in better living conditions for people within the immediate area due to significant reductions in the various pollutants that are normally associated with urban dwellings (Velthuis & Spennemann 2007, pp. 43-66). Another factor that should be taken into consideration is that in the case of adaptive re-use of environments such as in the Borneo and Sporenburg docks, adaptive re-use in effect lowers the cost of land since it reduces properties that are rarely used and in within locations that were originally not thought of as compatible for urban dwellings. Overall, when examining the case of sustainable architecture, it can be stated that it is the “wave of the future” so to speak given the increasing amount of awareness people have placed on living sustainably. Reference Velthuis, K, & Spennemann, D 2007, ‘The Future of Defunct Religious Buildings: Dutch Approaches to Their Adaptive Re-use’, Cultural Trends , vol.16, no.1, pp. 43-66, Business Source Premier, EBSCO host.
Introduction Knowledge in electrical safety is essential since it helps in the handling of devices that utilize electricity. In fact, application of electricity has become increasingly important in homes, industries and schools. Knowledge in electrical safety is therefore significant to minimize dangers posed by electric current. Electric shock is known to cause pain and trauma in people. Additionally, it can cause paralysis of vital body organs or death. Therefore, understanding how to save oneself from electric shock is very important. Interestingly, different ideas and myths have come up on electric circuits. This paper will investigate whether it is safe or dangerous to touch electric circuits (Kuphaldt 1). Effects of Electric circuit To explore the dangers associated with electric circuits, it is necessary that one understands the basics of electric circuit. Electric circuits should be designed in a manner that offers safety to the individual it is intended for use. For instance, it is essential that household appliances utilize safe circuit designs, which minimizes instances of shock. Modern household appliances like toasters and iron boxes are made with a conductive case, which is shelved from the live wire. This helps to protect users from accidental shocks. Additionally, iron box is usually made with considerations on safety for the user. Most electric circuits have live, neutral and earth connections. The wires corresponding to each of the named connections are usually insulated to avoid contact with each other. Additionally, the named wires are usually insulated from touching any conductor such as a metal case, which can be touched by users. In essence, this shows how dangerous it is to touch an electric circuit. The live component of the circuit is quite dangerous to individuals. However, it has been noted severally that birds step on lives wires but nothing happens. Actually, it should be noted that for current to flow, potential difference must be created. For instance, a battery has the positive and negative contacts. When the two points are connected in a circuit, current is forced to flow because of the potential difference created between the positive and negative charges. Components of an electric circuit include the hot and the neutral parts. Usually, the hot part is referred to as the live wire in alternating circuits. When one touches the hot wire, through which current flows at varying potential
Introduction Intellectual disability is featured by an importantly low score on an examination of the mental capability or intelligence indicated by weaknesses in the capability of one to carry out the daily activities in his or her life like school activities, eating, communication, socialization and taking care of oneself among others (2 ). Intellectual disability is also termed as intellectual retardation or cognitive disability. Children suffering from intellectual retardation can and do study new proficiency, though they grow and develop very gradually when compared to other children who are normal or have reasonable brain and adaptive abilities. There are various levels of intellectual retardation that range from mild to severe cases. Intellectual retardation can set on at any time prior to an individual getting to 18 years (1 ). Some of the main causes
Describe a sight and your first general impression of it. There is no use denying the fact that every Church serves as the reflection of the culture of people who created it and who have the same beliefs. That is why there are different confessions in the world that have their own special architectural style for their churches which is dictated by peculiarities of the main principles which are followed by these communities. St. Ignatius Church in San Francisco is a representative of the Roman Catholic Church. At the first gaze, it becomes obvious that it is definitely a Catholic Church. Peculiarities of architecture give a clear understanding of the character of this very building. A magnificent combination of Romanesque and Baroque architectural styles helps to impress a viewer and convey the feeling of admiration and religiosity. The massive building can be seen from afar and it is difficult not to pay attention to them. Moreover, it becomes obvious that the inner part of the church will be not less admirable. Describe what theological principles the sight’s architecture, images, and symbols attempt to convey. You need to relate these principles to the peculiar denominational nature of the sight (in other words, in a Catholic Church you’ll find architecture, images, and symbols that reflect Catholic theological agenda and in a Protestant Church you’ll find architecture, images, and symbols that reflect Protestant theological agenda) It is possible to suggest, that all peculiarities of the style of any church were formed under the influence of certain demands which were dictated by religion. First of all, having entered St. Ignatius Cathedral it is possible to see traditional benches. They are a common feature for all Catholic churches. These benches are placed here for people to be able to think about their life sitting alone, trying to understand the will of Heaven. Moreover, arcs and leaded panes also help to create a strong impression, underlining the grandeur and power of the Catholic church. It is possible to say, that in general, all peculiarities of style and some parts of decor which can be seen in St. Ignatius Church can be taken as traditional elements of Catholic Churches whose main aim is to impress a parishioner and create a feeling of loneliness and calm greatness of the place which can allow people to understand the rightness of their choice. Mention a particular detail (s) that you found to be the most interesting, unusual provocative, inappropriate, etc. It should be said that the interior of the church is the most interesting thing for a simple viewer. It is impossible not to admire its beauty. There is one more reason for such admiration of the interior of this Cathedral. The beauty of this place can appease a person. Being angry or disappointed, he/she can just enter this church and his/her feeling and emotions will be
Language comprehension is an important tool of communication. Through language, human beings are able to exchange information amongst themselves, form relationships, comprehend, and express their feelings. Consequently, language is a vital component of human understanding. The issue of misinterpretation in language use is very important because it has the potential to affect communication in a big way. Misinterpretations can result in severed relationships and in other cases they can offend people. The complexities of the differences between languages are responsible for contradicting statements and unintended interpretations. Most cases of lingual misinterpretations depend on cultural differences and ambiguity. Languages are often interpreted differently by several individuals. Consequently, the issue of ‘meaning to whom’ takes centre stage in language use. In some instances, the usage of some words may differ depending on lingual factions. This paper explores language use with respect to misinterpretation and meanings. The issue of misinterpretation in language use is tricky because it is likely to have several valid interpretations of one utterance. Therefore, several listeners might have different interpretations in a single case of language use. The concept of having a ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ interpretation is complicated by the fact that one utterance can have several valid interpretations. Interpretations depend on their interpreter. For instance, misinterpretations depend on the status of the listener. In America, interpretations are mostly dependent on racial factions such as African American, Asian American, or Native American. Misinterpretations are a product of a speaker’s intention. Nevertheless, in some cases a speaker might have more than one intention. An utterance can bear characteristics of motive, desire, and reason. All these factors are tied to cultural backgrounds and resulting interpretations. The fact that a speaker’s motive might be in conflict with his/her desires makes things complicated for listeners. Racial tensions in America are a common source of misinterpretations. After considering all these facts, it is clear that misinterpretations are part of communication. Consequently, the ‘correct’ interpretation of any language use can vary. A listener’s chances of misinterpretation are dependent on a number of pre-conditions. A listener is only able to interpret an utterance based on his/her “background knowledge, intelligence and imaginative power, degree of attention and interest, social relations to the speaker and actual social interaction with the latter, willingness to think over what has been said and what follows from that” (Odlin, 2008). During language use, it is likely for a listener to draw multiple conclusions from a single utterance. Therefore, the issue of misinterpretation easily applies to listeners during language use. It is also important to note that a listener might have a wide range of valid interpretations when it comes to language
Introduction An innovative strategy in the field of learning that has been long discussed and debated over its effectiveness is the practice of block schedule. The implementation of the strategy has been the concern of several schools, school boards, etc and the practice has been deeply debated in various departments at the district and regional level. There are already various types of responses that are available on the question of the effectiveness of the practice. There have been several schools that have already implemented the type of scheduling and many more are considering the prospects in the implementation of the program. Moreover, the common nature of all these efforts is that there is uncertainty and confusion regarding the practice implementation among, teachers, authorities, parents, and students. In this background, it is of pertinent consideration the relationship between the type of schedule and student achievement. “Broadly defined, block scheduling is a restructuring of the school day whereby students attend half as many classes, for twice as long. In a departure from the traditional 50-minutes per class, 6-8 classes per day ritual, students take four classes, in 90- or 120-minute blocks each day. In one of the two most common variations, the roster of class subjects alternates from day to day (AB format). In the other, it alternates from semester to semester (4X4 format).” (ABCs of Teaching, 1996). There have been large volumes of studies on the effectiveness of block scheduling about aspects such as teacher attitude, student achievement, and trends in grade point average the results of which have supported as well as denounced the implementation of block scheduling. The results of several studies are inconsistent, some of them finding achievement for students, others finding no differences, and yet some others finding losses in student achievement compared to the students of traditional scheduling. Definition of the issue: the Relation between Type of Schedule and Student Achievement An important concern of the paper has been the relationship between the type of schedule and the achievement of the students. In other words, the study attempts to bring about the significant influence of the type of scheduling on student achievement. Block scheduling is thought to be a central contributor to student achievement. “Block scheduling has recently challenged the traditional high school schedule that emerged in the early 20th century. The literature revealed that approximately 50% of high schools in the US use some type of block scheduling. Improved student achievement, daily attendance, school climate, and student discipline were noted as advantages of block scheduling; however, retention of information, the scheduling of Advanced Placement courses, student achievem
Segmentation strategy Market segmentation is the process by which a market is subdivided based on products that particular groups of buyers require (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p. 17). There are several segmentation variables, namely: geographic, psychographic, behavioral, and demographic. Geographic segmentation refers to the collection and examination of information concerning the physical location of a consumer by exploring a region and its population density. Nike athletic shoes, which are used for common sports like soccer and basketball, are manufactured in many regions worldwide to reduce transportation costs hence lowering prices. The shoes for uncommon sports like American football or cricket are manufactured mainly in the areas where the sport is popular. Psychographic segmentation is the study of undertakings, comforts, and attitudes customers display (Michman, 1991, p. 73). This offers an understanding of the demand. Many Nike shoes are used in different lifestyle sections which are running, golfing, basketball, and football. To make their athletic shoes comfortable for the consumers, Nike has affected the use of air technology in their manufacturing. Demographic segmentation refers to the collection of information based on the physical characteristics of a group of consumers (Weinstein, 2004, p.233). Demographic factors that affect Nike’s athletic shoes include gender and social class which determines the prices of a variety of expensive and cheap shoes. Behavioral segmentation is the collection of information based on specific behavioral patterns a group of consumers displays when making decisions on buying a particular product (Weinstein, 2004, p.233). Behaviors displayed when purchasing Nike athletic shoes include usage frequency and brand allegiance. Worldwide known athletes insist on having custom made shoes for their use in their respective sport. Nike Shoes Company sponsors athletes who sign contracts with them. Consequently, they have to wear their products and in return get paid. This ensures that the athletes remain loyal. Nike Shoes Company has a huge role in various cultures, for example, in western culture. Many people often take part in activities associated with Nike. People of various ages take part thereby enhancing bonding and interaction among them. Social factors are influenced by fans who buy certain footwear that their favorite athlete wears, for example, some buy Nike’s Air Jordan shoes since they are affiliated with Michael Jordan. Others go to the extent of buying the shoes their idol wore in a certain game. Personal factors are usually characterized by professional athletes who want high-quality shoes with specific features. For example, Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan have had shoes designed with their specifications. Geographic segmentation strategy seems to be m