ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The topic of the age of the Earth is a matter of debate between theologists and scientists. For the former, the answer is linked to God creating the Earth, while the latter try to discover methods that would provide hints and evidence of the actual date on which the Earth emerged. This paper will summarize the views of different authors on the issue of Earth’s age and discuss the connection of their views to modern problems and theological perspectives. Sources’ Summary Creationism is one of the central belief systems that the majority of religious people adhere to. According to de Pomerai and Harris, creationists believe that the Earth is only approximately 6,000 years old (2). The fact that from a scientific perspective, it appears older is merely the divine will of God. Christian young-earth creationism (YEC), in particular, rejects the biological evolution theory (de Pomerai and Harris 2). The conflict between creationism and evolutionism is evident because if the former is false, the sacred texts such as the Bible and their context can be questioned ( Age of Earth and Universe). Hence, from a theological perspective, the question of the Earth’s age implies several other issues that would be used to disprove a religion’s worthiness. King states that there are other inconsistencies in the Bible’s portrayal of Earth, such as the idea that it was created before the solar system (1). However, this points to the fact that during Biblical times, the understanding of chronology and celestial bodies differed from the contemporary one. Evidently, scientists and theologists have a different outlook on how the age of Earth can be determined and the meaning of it for humanity. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s article suggest that science has substituted religion in many areas of social life ( The Intersections of Science and Religion ). However, modern science does not provide answers to all questions, even those regarding biological evolution, which is where religion can help people find insight. However, Musharraf et al. acknowledge that there is a lack of agreement on defining how life on Earth began and the creation of Earth itself because the opposing sides offer different outlooks (1). Thus, although religion and science can coexist, the fundamental question of Earth’s age creates disagreement between the two viewpoints. Although there are several theoretical and theological concepts related to the age of Earth, scientists
The film by Abderrahmane Sissako , Bamako , is an illustration of the themes revealed in The Eumenides by Aeschylus. The ancient Greek tragedy depicts the human society as it was in those distant times, though it is clear that little has changed since then. Aeschylus reveals the vices of people and brings to the fore the idea of an innocent victim who becomes a prey for sins he has not committed. In Bamako , the trial is also an illustration of the same pattern. Innocent people of Africa suffer because some vicious people commit crimes. Likewise, Orestes who commits matricide because he is told so and is being judged can stand for the entire African society which endures lots of misfortunes because of such global organizations as World Bank and IMF. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the Greek tragedy evokes quite different emotions and thoughts. Admittedly, Orestes commits a horrible crime as he kills his own mother. However, Orestes does not seem guilty as a deity persuaded him to do that, “Apollo. He is my witness.” (Aeschylus, 2000, p. 177). More so, Orestes is convinced that the woman ceased to be his mother when she committed two crimes, “She killed her husband. And she killed my father.” (Aeschylus, 2000, p. 177). Therefore, he was forced to revenge for his father; he was forced to commit such a crime. Nonetheless, furies pursue him and make his life a living hell. Likewise, people of Africa are not guilty in any crimes. Even though some Africans commit crimes, they are forced to do so. For instance, the man who steals the gun has no other choice (Sissako, 2006). What is more, just like Orestes, the thief is punished. However, unlike Orestes, who is punished temporary and is then set free, the thief is punished by himself. The poor man kills himself (Sissako, 2006). This suicide stresses the idea of injustice and the feeling of doom. The scene emphasizes the idea of despair. Another important issue to be discussed is the very trial depicted in the two works of art. While reading the Greek tragedy, I thought that it was an example of the first trial ever, which is rather just. However, after watching the film, I realized that the film was an illustration of the present-day courts. Admittedly, contemporary courts are far from being just, especially when it comes to multinationals and global structures. In the tragedy, the trial is ‘institutionalized’ by Athena (Carter, 2011, p. 159). The decision made is protected by the power of the deity and the innocent person is saved from its sufferings. In reality, no one can protect the people of Africa as huge enterprises have taken over all major insti
When it was announced that the Marvel Studios was going to adapt one of the audience’s most beloved stories into a major feature length movie, the audience was hyped. Everyone wanted to see Iron Man on the big screen, and, one must admit, Jon Favreau did not upset people’s expectations. Iron Man was huge not only because of the special effects, but also because of its likeable characters, the story arc of the lead hero, Tony Stark, and the complex ethical issues that the movie handled. While the key theme of the movie clearly revolves around Tony Stark, the millionaire, Favreau also renders a range of ethical and philosophical issues. Among the key ones, a man’s role in society should be named. Although Tony Stark seems to have all the power and money that a man may dream of, his story arc is clearly geared towards recognizing his place under the sun and changing from an arrogant snob into a hero in every meaning of the word. Personal evolution, however, is not the only issue that the movie touches upon; Favreau offers his own take on political problems, including civil–military cooperation, terrorism in the Middle East, weapon trade, etc. Though widely considered misleading, the given interpretation of the current political issues is rather engaging and thought provoking. Adapting a comic book into a movie is not an easy task for two reasons, the first one being the necessity to keep the original content intact, at the same time fitting several volumes into ninety minutes of running time, and the second one being the need to translate a comic book story, that is, a primarily visual narration, into a complex virtual world, in which visual and acoustic elements are combined. Therefore, unlike in a comic book, in a movie, soundtracks play a huge role, which can be illustrated by taking the Iron Man soundtracks as an example. There is no secret that taking the original story of the Iron Man without changing a few elements to add more credibility to it would have meant to shrink the range of the movie audience to the amount of the Iron Man diehard fans. The movie clearly needed a more mature character and a more serious atmosphere to it to look less goofy and at the same time retain its unique style. Seeing how very little could be added to the story to make the idea of a man building a suit for flying more realistic, it was decided to use music to make people believe that the characters are real and, more importantly, want them to be real. The results were stunning, with literally every single lighthearted moment balanced out with a heavy soundtrack. While the movie admittedly is too smart to take itself too seriously, the music adds the weight that the original story lacks to appeal to an average viewer, seeing how the number of soundtracks amounts to nineteen in the original release, and to twenty-seven in a DVD with extra scenes and director cuts. The soundtracks are remarkably versatile; instead of recycling one and the same concept by putting the emphasis on action scenes, the movie allows for a number of quiet and, honestly, very sincere moments. For i
In ancient times the importance of a supreme ruler need no explanation. During the time when tribes and small city-states regularly went to war there was a clamor for a warrior-king. Ancient civilizations find stability in a tribal lord or in a monarchy. In order to perpetuate power and ensure stability a kingdom was established to guide and to protect the people. This was achieved through the creation of laws. Later on it was discovered that these laws were unreliable because there are numerous ways of interpretation and application. Manent described it succinctly when he referred to these laws as the “tangled web of feudal, ecclesiastical, familial laws” that he said carried weight only because they were passed down from past generations (Manent, p.172). There should only be one source of law and when that system was established it was institutionalized and known in modern times as the state. Manent was able to show the link between the law of the land and the state. This is why he objects to globalization because he sees it as the emergence of something unnatural. Bhagwati on the other hand reminded the critiques of globalization to examine the big picture and not to see it as a “homogeneous and undifferentiated phenomenon” (Bhagwati, p.7). He argued that there is a way to see globalization from a different perspective, from a vantage point that helps them appreciate its power to increase efficiency among nations. Canada-U.S. Border Facilities A few months ago the U.S. President Barack Obama met with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The purpose of the meeting was to seek a “sweeping deal to establish a North American Security and trade perimeter … that could lead to jointly operated Canda-U.S. border facilities” (Alberts, p.1). The purpose of the said facility was clear to both national leaders it would be an “integrated entry-exit system to track travelers and the deployment of ‘cross-designated’ law enforcement officers to intercept terrorists and criminals” (Alberts, p.1). However, not everyone was thrilled with this idea. It is easy to understand why the U.S. and Canada find it mutually beneficial to develop this border security and tracking system. This is because of the huge land mass of two countries and thus one can just imagine the length of their borders. It will be very expensive to maintain an effective system of deterrence for smugglers, drug traffickers, and terrorists. But if they will combine their resources then the byproduct is a cost-efficient apparatus. It is also an added incentive that the volume of trade between two countries is so significant that from a import-export point of view the said joint project makes a lot of sense. However, there is one crucial issue that has to be dealt with before both governments can begin construction and the development of the manpower needed to maintain the said facility. Their number one problem pertains to the issue of sovereignty. Manent’s View Pierre Manet’s ideas regarding the sovereignty of the state is a useful tool in the
Introduction Throughout the history of architecture, there are several fascinating projects, structures, and buildings that have remained quite significant. One of these structures is the Ronchamp Chapel in France, designed by Le Corbusier. The building has a long history in terms of events before its construction, architectural design, function, and uniqueness among other related aspects ( Virtual Ronchamp 2012). Constructed in the 1950s, the building has continued to attract the attention of people from all walks of life. Why does this happen? This essay seeks to uncover detailed information about Ronchamp Chapel about its history, function, and architectural design. Additionally, the essay will focus on the building’s influence in the surrounding area as it serves an important function in the lives of many people who dwell in its neighborhood. In understanding its unique design, several aspects will be covered including but not limited to the construction method, materials, and the construction process as perfected by Le Corbusier. Besides describing the physical design of the chapel, the essay will equally find why the architect chose its particular design despite the fact there were other design options to be considered. In this category, the essay will also cover the most unique facts about Ronchamp Chapel, which are believed to have contributed to the building’s worldwide fame. Lastly, this analysis will explore why the chapel follows the principles of formalism and the reasons that led to the choice of such principles. To achieve this task, the essay is designed and structured in detailed segments, giving concise facts and information about the historic building found in France. This information will be obtained from reputable sources of literature. Historical Background Although there are several historical buildings in France, the Ronchamp Chapel is believed to be the latest outside the town of Ronchamp. According to traditional findings, the site was historically known to be the home of a temple for the pagans in the 3 rd century B.C. In addition, the hill site, where the chapel stands today was known by Christians as a pilgrimage center during the 4 th century A.D ( Virtual Ronchamp 2012). During this time, Christians decided to construct a sanctuary, which was widely known for miracles that took place. Importantly, the sanctity and purpose of the hill have been passed on to various generations, remaining a major pilgrimage destination. The site is also remembered for hosting approximately thirty thousand Germans and Frenchmen as they converged to acknowledge the end of the Franco-Prussian War in September 1873 ( Virtual Ronchamp 2012). Due to its historical recognition, several Christians pay its visits throughout the year for pilgrimages. Based on church records, the 13 th century saw the completion of the first chapel on the site. A similar church was constructed in one of the villages of Ronchamp in the 18 th century. Many Christians foresaw the possibility of emerging confusion especially in differentiating the two churches. It was therefore decide
Introduction The term Hollywood Ten was used in America to refer to a group of movie producers, screenwriters and directors who allegedly objected to cooperate with the House of Un-American Activities Committee in the year 1947 in relation to communist affiliation. The group comprised of: –  1. Alvah Bessie  2. Herbert Biberman  3. Lester Cole  4. Edward Dmytryk  5. Ring Lardner Jr.  6. John Howard Lawson  7. Albert Malz  8. Samuel Ornits  9. Adrian Scott 10. Dalton Trumbo The crew was tried and convicted for over six months. Additionally, the members of the team were barred from participating in the creation of any Hollywood movie as a way of shunning their bad influence in the industry. The group of ten was denied any possible opportunities of working in the industry as a result of their political affiliations and beliefs. This was inconsiderate of whether the accusations made against them bore any facts in them or not. This was, therefore, a move to reduce the influence communism had on the people of America by then. It was believed that movies, especially the Hollywood movies, played an imperative role in swaying the beliefs of the natives. This statement, to some extent, bore some truth in it because a substantial population of the Americans had direct access to these movies and this would undoubtedly influence their thinking. Body The historical background of the Hollywood ten The blacklisting of the ten professionals in the movie industry had its roots back in the years between 1930 and 1940. This was the period that marked great depression brought about by the World War II in the United States of America. It was during this time that the communist party had an overwhelming number of followers, most of whom were idealists especially from the famous platform of arts and entertainment. The party was not ideally a political party in the United States of America but it fought for the rights of the marginalized people. It played an imperative role in the campaigns for the betterment of people’s welfare and social security. Despite its influence, the party lost sizeable backing immediately after the famous Moscow Show trials which were done between 1936 and 1938. The administration of the United States, therefore, turned its undivided attention to identifying the links, be they real or imaginary, between the party and Hollywood during that period. This then brought about the rounding up and jailing without trial of the ten Hollywood youn
The period of transition from school to the adult life can be considered as rather challenging for every student. Moreover, those students with learning disabilities can experience much more difficulties while transitioning in comparison with the other students. Suzie is an eighteen-year old high-school student who is currently in the tenth grade. She has a mild learning disability known as dyscalculia which means that she has some difficulties in acquiring mathematical skills. In spite of her disability Suzie should have a chance to get a good education, to be successfully employed, and develop her career according to her interests and skills. Thus, at this stage the main task of the administration and teachers is to prepare Suzie for the vocational school and support or even guarantee her further successful employment. Suzie is interested in a range of possible activities which can help her to find her place in society. Suzie is ready to spend a lot of time grooming dogs or working as a waitress. However, her real passion is cosmetology and barbering. The girl hopes that she could achieve high results in this field. The determination of the student’s long-term goals is the most important task of the educators according to which it is possible to work out the other aspects of the transition plan (Oswalt, n.d.). Thus, the educators should provide the specialized vocational evaluation to determine the professional areas which are the best variants for Suzie. Special educational staff can realize the investigation of the student’s interests, abilities, and goals in several steps. At first, it is necessary to conduct an informal interview with Suzie. Her teacher who has worked with her for a long time should ask her questions about her interests, preferences, and goals with concentrating on possible difficulties or successes in providing this or that activity (Stanberry, 2010). The teacher should also ask Suzie why she likes some activities and dislikes
Introduction In today’s fast paced environment, Internet service has become an integral part of an organization. Access to internet is given to all the employees, some use it properly but some try to take advantage of this facility, leading to improper use of internet. Use of Internet by employees is allowed and encouraged where in it supports the goals and objectives of the company. However, every company has written or unwritten policy for the use of internet and the employees must ensure that they (Sample Internet Policies and Notices, Para 3):   * Comply with the policy   * Use internet in an acceptable way   * Do not create unnecessary risk to the company by the improper internet use. Improper internet use comprises the following (Sample Internet Policies and Notices, Para 4):   * Visiting sites that contain pornographic, obscene or illegal materials.   * Sending offensive or harassing material to other internet users.   * Hacking into restricted areas   * Unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material or software.   * Uploading any kind of viruses or malicious software into the network.   * Publishing false or defamatory material.   * Borrowing other people’s words and ideas through internet (Plagiarsm and the Internet, n.d., Para 2). Use of Internet The internet is an electronic communication which is helpful in connecting computer networks and organizational computer facilities all over the world. The internet has brought important changes in the society. The development of technology has made easy access to unlimited information. The personal information can be tracked and recorded through internet. (Rich & Smith, n.d., Para 1).Since the beginning of the internet era, there have been concerns that improper internet use would decrease productivity. Internet can be utilised to improve productivity. Some of the benefits are like no time or space limitations, easy and efficient way of finding information, data transfer, etc. Improper use of Internet Implementation of internet includes the organisations’ tactics of integrating the internet into its activities. Many companies are concentrating on the technical challenges and sometimes fail to notice the impact of internet on their business processes (Internet Implementation Tips, n.d., Para 1). On the flip side, the productivity would decrease as the employee may spend a lot of time on surfing non work related sites. Now-a-days companies are dealing with an important issue that is the issue of privacy and one’s right to privacy at work or on internet. Companies are spending time and money to write policies for solving such issues for their own protection as well as their employees’ welfare. The companies require observing their employees to assure productivity and to check if they are not doing any illegal work, which could be harmful for company’s reputation and progress (Rich & Smith, n.d.,Para 2). The extent the company’s can go to protect themselves makes it a debatable issue. Companies have started monitoring the employees not only in office but a
Introduction The “Book White Men on Race” by Feagin and O’Brien illuminates the manners in which the privileged white men in the American Society think about the others (blacks). The source particularly underscores the bigotist attitudes with which especially the affluent white men regard their black counterparts. The resource has earned popularity through its significant thrust in delineating and enunciating the dynamism and conceptions of the racially privileged while it also captures the denial of the racial privileges in a society. The work by the renowned social scientists has earned respect and awards owing to its empirical thrust in outlining and substantiating the authors’ perspectives with regards to the dynamics relating to how Whites view others, particularity the blacks. Main body The authors have made extensive use of research data obtained and entailed in related studies to underscore their perceptions and perspectives. Whilst authors like Hernan Vera have dwelt on how Hollywood fictions of Whiteness based on revealing and provocative testification to opinions of whites on blacks, the accounts of about a hundred powerful higher income white men in the source White Men On Race by the two scholars illustrates the racial lenses through which white men perceive and regard ‘others’. “The scholars go beyond the exploration of the White Men’s perspectives on others and highlights how whites also perceive white America as well as what they make of the racial conflicts in relations of the future expectations for America” (Farley, Robert, 2006). The book is particularity resourceful for its anecdotal thrust which constitutes copious encounters by around a hundred White men. The accounts are about various race related matters ranging from how the whites first encountered black Americans to perceptions on black individuals and families, cross-racial dating and marrying, the dynamics of affirmative action, etc. The topics of the white men’s accounts also go as far as entailing issues and accounts that entail the White men’s perspectives of issu