ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Anderson (2010, p. 7), Plato defines a moral expert as a person who has the knowledge to state and identify what is already known. In this case, a moral expert can take the position of educating, resolving debates, and most importantly improving people’s morality. It should be known that there a lot of definitions that have been augmented towards moral experts whereby they are also referred to as people who have acquired the knowledge that is necessary to understand major ethical values, concepts, and theories (Hoffmaster et al, 1989, p. 13). This means that they are capable of relating these values, concepts and theories to certain situations thereby having the knowledge to usefully apply them in resolving any ethical dilemma. As far as all these definitions are concerned, the purpose of this paper is to take a position on whether moral experts exist? In addition, it will also support defense by using credible evidence. Finally, the paper will also anticipate for possible proponents and respond to them. Initial Position I believe that there is no such a thing as a moral expert based on two assumptions. First, many of us have controversial moral believes based on cultural and religious backgrounds. The second assumption is based on the idea that we cannot deliberately identify a moral expert because of confusion in the literature that regards to the definition of moral experts. There is no specific check or an independent measurement tool that can possibly be used to identify moral experts. Using Credible Evidence to Support Initial Position McGrath (2007, p. 45) argues that there is no obvious way that one can find him/herself in the space of a moral expert at the expense of others. This is because there is lack of an independent check that is crucial in ascertaining if one is a moral expert or not. In this case, there is no existing measurement for moral expertise. This is not as simple as an eye exam whereby which we might determine whose moral vision is wrong or right. Therefore, the truth about a given individuals level of moral expertise is mysterious and inexplicable. There are a lot of controversial believes and after considering these ideas, it is difficult to prove that although we all have controversial moral beliefs, they are uncontroversial among moral experts (McGrath, 2007, p. 29). It should be known that getting answers to questions regarding the existence of moral experts depends on answering the questions of how to justify moral judgments (Gesang, 2008, p. 34). This speaks of the idea that moral believes are controversial and these controversial believes will not only direct the moral decision but also the justification of choosing it over another. Along the same line, Driver (2006, p. 28) argu
Introduction Education is one of the most important economic aspects that should be taken into account in order to improve the living standards of a particular economy. To achieve this, it is paramount for educational institutions to be very effective. Most educational institutions are aimed at instilling sufficient knowledge to students so that they can succeed in life. To attain this, there are a number of aspects which learning institutions should take into account. One of these entails setting and following a curriculum. The curriculum enables the learning institutions to evaluate the progress of the students. Additionally, every learning institution should have sufficient resources such as books and other learning materials so as to enhance improve the students’ performance. However, one of the factors limiting my schools ability to attain its objective is related with the fact that it does not have a curriculum. This makes it difficult to assess the actual progress of the students. Additionally, the school does not have adequate resources such as proper classroom materials, workbooks and materials for other activities to support the students in their learning process. This paper details the action plan that will be undertaken to deal with the identified needs. Implementation of the action plan Developing the school curriculum It is relatively difficult to improve the performance of the students without following a set curriculum. Curriculums are very important in the operation of learning institutions. This arises from the fact that their operation should contribute towards improvement of different stakeholders who include the students, environment and the community. Therefore, schools have a responsibility of improving the students’ value systems, attitudes and their thinking capacity. Currently, the school does not have a curriculum. This limits its ability in inculcating knowledge to the students. In order to deal with this challenge, a school-based curriculum will be designed. The curriculum will clearly outline the selected content that will be considered in the learning process. It will also outline the expected learning experiences aimed at changing the students’ behavior. A team composed of six individuals will be developed to develop the curriculum that the school will use. To ensure that the school curriculum is effective, the team will take into account a number of components. Some of these are outlined below. National goals- In designing the curriculum, the school will liaise with curriculum developers within the Ministry of Education. This will aid in ensuring that national goals of education are taken into consideration. Officials from the Mi
To begin with, text messaging distracts students from class discussion and hinders the education process. Text messaging is extremely popular among the student population with the penetration of text messaging being around 95 percent. (“Text Messaging is Transforming Education”) The instructors often complain that the students use their cell phones and palmtops during the classes for communication with their friends. Some of the teachers state in their syllabuses that “use of sell phones, laptops, Ipods, or any other electronic gadgets is simply not allowed in class,” (“Does Text Messaging Hinder Student Learning?”) but the students still manage to use them communicating with their peers in the course of a lecture. They get distracted during the class, which results in the failure to absorb the study material properly and, consequently, in failing the exam. What’s more, text messaging increases the number of grammatical mistakes which the students make. The matter is that “when students write e-mails they are much more likely to confuse homophones … A lot of them confuse ‘there’ with ‘their’ and ‘they’re’, and ‘your’ with ‘you’re’.” (“Text Messaging is transforming Education”) I myself have noticed that I started using more contractions and confusing different forms of the words when writing text messages; this often results in making these mistakes, together with typos, even informal correspondence or written papers. These mistakes occur due to the lack of time or being inattentive; sometimes they are just taken for granted even when proofreading the paper because I got used to making them while using text messaging. Moreover, I can sometimes use my cell phone at the classes where their usage is allowed, which often distracts me from the lecture. Facebook is another thing which distracts students from classes. When getting a profile at the Facebook, students start spending so much time there that they forget about their classes and homework; some of them even manage to access their profiles through their cell phones during the class, which not only distracts them but is of certain disrespect for the instructor. This means that text messaging indeed hinders education and results in much worse academic achievements. Furthermore, text messaging negatively affects friends and family relationships reducing the communication to e-mails and text messages. These days it is easy to notice that “technology takes people away from each other and creates barriers to friendships.” (King) In the modern world the Web became a primary communication tool and “roughly 57 percent of time spent online is devoted to e-mail, instant messaging, or chat rooms.” (McGann) Technologies have deprived people of real-life communication and relationships making text messages the main means of interaction. Most of people get satisfied with the fact that they have at least some kind of
“Man’s Search for Meaning” is a book written by Viktor Frankl, a holocaust survivor, and a doctor. The man’s work has left an immense impact on the literary scene and has been highly regarded by critics and the general audience alike. Detailing the author’s personal philosophy and way of life, it has offered readers a fresh and hopeful perspective on human existence. The purpose of this paper is to review the book’s contents, discuss some of its major themes and points, as well as to provide a personal perspective on its messaging and presentation. Starting with the general summary, this essay hopes to relay an honest opinion on Frankl’s work. Summary Being a physiological non-fiction story, the book describes the author’s pers journey to survival and self-discovery. The man tells his audience about the experiences of people living through German concentration camps, allowing strangers a glimpse into the horrors of that time. The man does not linger on the minute details too much, however, as his real-life experiences are mostly a tool to justify and contextualize his beliefs in a broader framework. The main purpose of the book is in outlining Frankl’s philosophy of Logotherapy, a process of finding meaning in human life. He contends that a singular individual is incapable of grasping the true meaning of their existence, a grand plan written for them by the universe. Instead, Frankl beliefs that people ought to find their own meaning in life, creating it as a result of their views on the world and experiences within it. By actively participating in life, acting in one’s interests, and building relationships with others, a person can find meaning in their existence. In his eyes, human purpose is self-made, regardless of an individual’s life circumstances or events they had to overcome. Frankl believes that by understanding the meaning behind their lif
Look at the person on your right. Now, look at the person on your left. Was that person a White man? More likely than not, your answer would be, no. But, and I have to stress that you think about this question very well, is that person an American? We live in a country where one is not allowed to examine whether (s)he is an American or not by mere skin color. Instead, we are asked to dwell on the history of that person’s American heritage when considering what truly makes him/her an American. We have had to tackle the issue of racism in this class in every lesson that we have had so far. We have been asked to maintain a non-judgmental stance when coming across readings that tend to raise an issue about skin color and cultural identity. Now, by reading the article “The Cult of Ethnicity, Good and Bad” we are asked to maintain the same open-mindedness as the article begins to highlight the struggles of ethnic groups within our borders and country history. America is admittedly a melting pot of the best (and the worst) cultures in the world. When one is asked to give an account of what truly makes this nation great, the article readers can truly believe that our culture can be a living, breathing, and continuously evolving land of ethnic colors, traditions, and beliefs. It is this very ability that allows us to enhance the good portions of ethnicity while discarding the bad. We have been a nation of immigrants since before the time of the Mayflower. Thus, giving our cultural heritage a rainbow of ethnic influences. All of these immigrant characteristics, which they were all allowed to express and share freely with the country allowed each ethnic group to embody the greatness that is a true – blue, unquestioningly, a citizen of America. To quote the author’s words The US escaped the divisiveness of a multiethnic society by a brilliant solution: The creation of a brand new cultural identity. The point of America was not to preserve old cultures but to forge a new, American culture. While the Eastern and Western European blocks of the world constantly struggle to maintain peace in their ethnically divided regions, This article proves that we have successfully managed to rely on tolerance, acceptance, and understanding when it came to ethnic diversity and its accompanying practices. Even when the great racial and ethnic divide tends to rear its ugly head, our logical leaders have always managed to appeal to our sense of decency, thus quashing any ideas that a white person man have to prote
Studies indicate that the engaged workforce is one of the sources that generate competitive advantage to the firm (Markos & Sridevi, 2010). As such, it is imperative for the firms’ managers to recognize the degree in which employees are engaged within the organization and execute behavioral strategies that permit succinct engagement (Sinclair, Tucker, Cullen & Wright, 2005). In other words, the employees should understand the level in which they are engaged by the organization and how such engagement can be attained. The reason why organizations should emphasize on the employee engagement is that involved workforce are directly associated with increased output (Sinclair et al., 2005). Employee engagement is the process through which the workforce is made to feel part and parcel of the assigned tasks (Macey & Schneider, 2008). Engaged employees are involved entirely on the work processes and have increased interest in the assigned tasks. In fact, an engaged employee is committed fully to its duties and aims at attaining the desired outcome of the organization through dedication and increased efforts (Lifer, 2004). Generally, committed worker insert an extra effort that is geared towards achieving the desired goal. Studies indicate that an engaged employee is one who is passionately linked and intellectually attentive to the needs of the organization (Ellis & Sorensen, 2007). Such kind of employees will always outperform others when it comes to output. The reasons explain why an engaged employee is closely related to the improved outcome. The motivation, commitment and passion are critical variables that determine the desired outcome (Coffman & Gonzalez-Molina, 2002). The Relationship between Employee Engagement and Performance Studies indicate that organizations with high scores in the employees’ engagement have increased performance. Besides, most researches that have been conducted on employees’ performance indicate a positive correlation between increased performance and engaged employees (Czarnowsky, 2008). The general conclusion from these studies is that the employees’ engagement leads to increased satisfaction and commitment, which in turn have a positive effect on performance. Several case studies also highlight this relationship. As such, in order to improve performance, organizations should show behaviors and strategies aimed at enhancing the employees’ engagement (Ketter, 2008). Evidence also indicates that engagement does not simply show some positive relationship with performance, it determines results. In addition, both commitment and motivation are related to engagement (Sinclair et al., 2005). A committed employee will be engaged in the work processes. Similarly, a motivated employee will be committed and be engaged fully in the assigned tasks. As such, there is a correlation between the variables that form the foundation of increased performance (
1981 was the turning point in the economic, social, cultural, and health evolution of humanity. A new virus, later called “AIDS”, forever changed public attitudes to health, life, and wellbeing. A virus killing millions of people every year, AIDS has already become a distinctive feature of the global reality. So routine and usual, AIDS no longer surprises anyone. HIV is not unusual. AIDS is not uncommon. We have grown to accept HIV and AIDS as something unquestionable but not necessarily inevitable. AIDS is around us; it is everywhere, but it is no longer as threatening as it used to be a decade ago. Whether this is due to the recent advances in retroviral medicine or our passivity in the face of a serious health threat does not really matter. AIDS continues its killing mission on the planet, and only knowledge of the disease’s early history can create an adequate picture of the problem. It is extremely important to learn about the early history of HIV/AIDS, since this knowledge can offer a clue to the problem of curing the disease or at least stop the rapid expansion of the AIDS epidemic in all parts of the world. No one is secured from the risks of HIV/ AIDS. Through blood transfusions, injection drugs, and unprotected sex the virus attacks millions of people, giving them few chances to live a long and happy life. Despite revolutionary advances in retroviral therapy, thousands of people all over the world lack access to even the basic medical care. Others are simply unaware of their health problems. HIV is invisible like air, and it is not before it begins eating people from within that they understand something is wrong with their health. The early history of HIV/AIDS teaches a tragic lesson of unawareness: gay men did not know they were infected and could be responsible for hundreds of innocent deaths; medical professionals were also unaware of the nature, causes, and mechanisms of HIV transmission. As a result, a routine procedure of blood transfusion killed hundreds, if not thousands, of people of all ages, races, and professions. Injection drugs rapidly spread the message of HIV all over the world. Learning the early history of HIV/AIDS is crucial to understanding everyone’s role in stopping the epidemic. Learning the early history of HIV/ AIDS can  1. provide a clue to curing the disease,  2. explain the tragedy of discrimination and stigma against those infected with HIV/ AIDS. People with HIV or AIDS carry a disproportionate burden of isolation and public rejection because of their health state. They lose their families and friends. Many of them end their lives in hospital settings, hopeless, lost in their emotions, and unprepared for the end of life. The story of political battles and debates adds weight to the current understanding of AIDS. Political controversies surrounding the issue of AIDS ask two important questions. First, given the scope of the AIDS epidemic, can it be treated as a political issue? Second, who is to finance the battle against HIV/ AIDS? Sections Political Indifference and Financing the Battle provide their own answers
Connie contacts Craft has applied for a resident artist position even though he has failed to reveal his real qualifications. He has indicated on his CV that he is a PhD holder yet he has not been awarded the qualification. Connie, the head of the foundation feels this is wrong but she has not decided on what to do to solve the issue. Craft does not seem perturbed by the anomaly on his CV, after Connie contacts him to find out the truth. He does not regret what he has done. He is not willing to take responsibility for his failures and this puts Connie in a difficult position. If Connie votes in favor of Craft’s application, it will compromise the foundation’s integrity and cast aspersions on her suitability as a leader (Bentham, 2009, p. 73). Craft has threatened to sue Connie’s foundation if he is not hired which shows that he uses threats to make people yield to his wishes. Even though he is popular, he lacks the moral character needed to impact positively on middle school students. As the head of the foundation, Connie needs to lead by example by voting against Craft’s application. This will ensure he does not get hired as a resident artist by the foundation. He has shown that he is not willing to tell the truth and this will affect the way he performs his duties if he gets hired as a resident artist by the foundation. Therefore, Craft is not the ideal candidate required to perform duties of resident artist in the foundation (Bentham, 2009, p. 78). A rule utilitarian A rule utilitarian would have advised Connie to follow rules put in place by the foundation without making any compromises. He would have advised other committee members not to disregard integrity policies in the firm. Rule utilitarianism is a principle which states that an action can only be considered right if it follows a set of rules that maximize utility. It requires people to observe rules without compromise to ensure crucial systems are not manipulated to favor a few influential people (Singer, 2011, p. 45). This will ensure the process of selecting suitable resident artists is transparent and meets high standards put in place by the foundation. It gives the foundation an opportunity to select candidates that have good values who are able to influence young learners positively. This advice will help the foundation avoid compromising its ideals to benefit one person. Connie and her team will be encouraged to scrutinize all applicants’ credentials to determine if they are suitable to perform various tasks. This will enable the foundation to hire artists who are honest and transparent. However, this advice may demoralize some learners who were looking forward to interact with Craft. This will also deny the
This article discusses how the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic affected global tax collections when technology firms make significant gains due to the work-from-home environment. The emergence of the digital economy has caused confusion concerning how tech companies should pay their corporate taxes. This issue has been compounded by the current pandemic with countries becoming reluctant to trade away tax revenue generated from tech companies. According to the article, profits earned by “U.S. tech giants such as Alphabet Inc.’s Google and Facebook Inc. are becoming even more tempting to European nations that are looking for money and ways to respond to their citizens’ criticism that multinationals aren’t paying their fair share.” As such, different countries are seeking to pursue unilateral taxes on digital companies. The thriving digital economy presents a major problem in terms of structuring corporate tax. Under the conventional business environment as highlighted in the chapter studied in class, corporate taxes are structured based on the existing laws in different countries. For instance, in the US, corporate taxes are not strictly increasing as instituted by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and expanded in the 1993 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. As such, the US has six corporate tax rates – 15%, 25%, 34 %, 35%, 38%, and 39%, even though the last two arise from surcharges applied on top of 34% and 35% rates. These laws make it easy to structure corporate tax laws. However, with the digital economy, there lack clear laws on how and where tech companies should book taxable income. In most cases, these companies profit from citizens in one country and book taxable income elsewhere. According to the article, this scenario happens “because profits are taxed where value is created, not where customers are located.” With the digital economy, location does not matter, and thus tech corporations could easily manipulate rules to pay minimal taxes. The Global Tax Project of 2013 seeks to address these issues to avoid a patchwork of national taxes by creating stability in the location and type of taxes that tech companies should pay. Reference Rubin, R., & Hannon, P. (2020). Global tax talks waver as pandemic hits government coffers. The Wall Street Journal. Web.