ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by shaking, difficulty walking, stiffness, and poor coordination. In this case, a 67-year-old man complains of tremors in his arms and legs and mentions stiffness as a barrier to performing simple tasks. The analysis of neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes and racial/ethnic variables helps understand the condition and improve the quality of care that can be offered to patients. Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiologic Processes The pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease covers host susceptibility, the environment, and genetics. Neurological changes are observed as a result of certain neurotransmitters being lost. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter located in the substantia nigra and aims to coordinate brain activities like movement and motivation (Emamzadeh & Surguchov, 2018). As soon as the degeneration process begins and reaches the basal ganglia, more cells become affected, leading to problematic motor control. Tremors in the patient’s extremities become the main symptom of this condition. A forward flexion trunk is a postural deformity related to frontal lobe dysfunction (Mikami et al., 2017). The client demonstrates uneven gait and shuffling, with his knees being flexed forward. Neuronal changes also provoke the formation of Lewy bodies (α-synucleinopathies with protein inclusions) in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and spread over the basal forebrain and the medial temporal lobe (Magrinelli et al., 2016). Extreme sweating, pill-ro
Introduction Gambling refers to a pre offer, of money or any other material that has substantial value, to the occurrence or failure of an event. The subject of gambling is that the gambler losses the money offered if the outcome of the event is against him or her or gains the money offered if the event outcome favors the gambler. The outcome of the specific event is normally determinable in a short period of time. The gambler, therefore, takes the risk of either gaining or losing the offered money or material and any other valuable subjected to gambling. This paper seeks to discuss the issue of gambling. The paper will examine the benefits as well as any negative effects of gambling with an aim of arguing for the legalization of gambling in Texas. Origin of Gambling The nature of gambling is closely related to ancient religious beliefs that were practiced in the pre historic times. Gambling is for this reason believed to have its origin from religious beliefs. It has been generally pointed out that gambling was developed from a religious practice in which particular religious leaders who were believed to be in communication with gods predicted what would happen to people. It was believed that these leaders were able to learn from gods or spirits what would happen in future. The religious leaders who had the ability to predict the future used objects which would be thrown from a person’s hand. The objects were believed to predict the future with respect to either a positive or a negative result depending on what the visitor came to seek. Anciently, an even number of the thrown objects would mean a positive outcome while an odd number of the thrown objects would mean a negative prediction. The outcomes of these religious practices were based on chance even though they were believed to be responses from either gods or some spirits. The initial observation of the number of thrown objects was later improved to include a study of the pattern formed by the objects. Further developments of the practice led to the issuance of gifts by the person seeking counsel from the religious or spiritual leader. The gifts were meant to appease the gods or the spirits to enhance their yielding of good outcomes through the predictions. This concept of the ancient religious leaders foretelling the future is what was modified into a game like activity in which people try to predict the outcome of an event with a monetary value attached to their prediction. A positive prediction leads to a person getting the amount put in the game. An outcome contrary to that predicted by a gambler leads to the gambler losing his or her money or commodity subjected to the gambling (Crapsdicecontrol1). Texas Laws on Gambling Under the Texas statutes, gambling is defined
In 2016, the Supreme Court of the UK reaffirmed the vicarious liability principle. According to this ruling, customers could take legal action against the employer if harassed by the employee in Mohamud v Morrison Supermarket PLC (Dickinson 2016). This revived the debate about the rationale behind vicarious liability of the employer. The idea of holding the employer accountable for the actions of the employee, during their employment, is a part of the legal system, which is called the vicarious liability according to the English common law (Giliker 2011). It has been especially controversial in England and Wales due to its conflict with the “general preference in tort law for fault-based, rather than strict, liability” (Giliker 2011, p. 306). The 2001 landmark judgement by the House of Lords in Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd annulled earlier rulings, wherein the state declared that meditative acts of sexual violence could be subject to vicarious liability if the crime is found connected closely to the job of the employee in question (Giliker 2011). Though the judges were not like-minded about the ruling and there arose a debate regarding the feasibility of the law in all cases. This paper discusses the various arguments presented as the rationale behind the vicarious liability of employers for the actions of the employee. Vicarious liability is the legal system that holds one entity liable for the torts of another, even when the former is directly not at fault (Morgan 2012). The rationale behind vicarious liability has been manifold. The English Supreme Court pointed out that there are five rationales for imposing vicarious liability. First, employers are in a better position to pay the claimant’s compensation than the employees (Bell 2013). This is the “deep pocket” argument presented by others as well (Bowal 2014; Neild 2013; Giliker 2013). The basis of this argument lies in the employer’s financial status that puts him in a better situation to compensate the claimant’s demands. Second, the employee while doing a job for the employer committed the offence. This argument is based on the “delegation of task” argument (Bell 2013, p. 18). The third argument presented by the court is that the activities of the employee must be a part of the business activities of the employer, which makes the former’s actions an “enterprise liability” (Bell 2013, p. 18). Fourthly, the employer employed the employee and had to gain from his/her activities. However, the employer also had to take the liability for any negative activity of the employee during his/her work hours, therefore taking the risk of hiring him/her. Fifthly, the employee is under the control of the employer while working for him, and therefore his actions would be held as a direct or indirect command from the employer (Bell 2013). The main argument presented by the English Common law to support the vicarious liability is the idea that with benefi
A Christmas Carol by Dickens was first published on December 19, 1843. Since its publication, this book, arguably one of his most famous works, has made its mark on American culture and literature. It is difficult to underestimate the significance of A Christmas Carol , which was made into numerous TV and stage versions. Some would even argue that this Dickens’s work invented or rather reinvented Christmas, while others underline the importance of his work for the development of the new forms of literature. This essay aims to discuss the theme and the characters of the book. It starts with a summary of the plot, then examines the main characters and the themes and concludes with the personal opinion on the novella. Dickens offers a story of Ebenezer Scrooge, a greedy and selfish older man living alone in his London house, whose only concern is money. Scrooge hates Christmas and is indifferent to other people’s suffering, including his workers. However, on Christmas Eve, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner and by the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Future. The first ghost takes him on a journey through his past Christmases: one of a miserable and lonely little boy and others of a young man, more interested in gold than in his fiancé. The Ghost of Christmas Present shows Scrooge his clerk’s family Christmas, a Christmas evening of a poor, but loving family, and his nephew’s celebrations, where guests mock him for his unfriendliness and greediness. Finally, the Ghost of Christmas Future shows him his own death, which would bring more joy to people who knew him than grief. The terror of this night magically transforms Ebenezer Scrooge into a generous and good-hearted man, kind to his neighbors and eager to help those in need. The main hero of the book, Ebenezer Scrooge, is characterized mainly by his greediness and by the fear that he creates among people who know him. Charles Dickens describes (1843, 4) him as such: “No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked him what it was o’clock, no man […] inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge”. Even his clerk is terrified of him and barely dares to speak in his presence. According to Thompson (2017, 269), the descriptions of Scrooge’s personality allude to the Old Testament figure of King Belshazzar, the ruler who loves wealth and who is punished by God for his greed and pride. However, unlike Belshazzar, Scrooge takes advantage of the warning delivered by the Christmas ghosts and changes, fearing the dreadful end that is awaiting him. He accepts to change and declares: “I will not shut out the lessons that they [the Spirits of the Past, the Present and the Future] teach” (Dickens 1843, 57). Thus, he is a sinner, but the night that he
Introduction Social norms are conventions that direct human behavior. Anthropologists described how social norms functioned in different cultures. Sociologists, for instance, Durkheim and Parsons focused on norms in social functions and how they motivated people to act. Norms primarily constrained behavior. They were chief to the production of social order and social coordination (Bicchieri et al., 2011). Anything that seemed to derail order hence was breaking a norm. To prove that point, I did an experiment in a dining area. Observing norms I did my observation in a Multi-National Base, the Tarin Kowt dining facility. As a group of people ate, I observed their behavior for over 25 minutes. It was a mixed group of people of different nationalities. Some of them were Americans. Most of the people appeared relaxed as they had their meal. This was probably after a hard day’s work. However, there was one table with very jovial people laughing out loud and making jokes. This caused a stir as people from th
Introduction The race is a complex notion that allows individuals to categorize the world’s population based on their physical qualities. This paper discusses the reasons “race” was created and developed in colonial America. The report addresses the moral contradiction associated with the system of human bondage and the idea of equality among all individuals. The paper also refers to the role of the westward expansion in the development of “race”. How “Race” Resolved the Moral Contradiction The clear difference between free people and slaves, along with the notion that “all men are created equal” established a moral contradiction in colonial America due to several reasons ( Race – The Power of an Illusion ). First, regardless of the idea presented above, it was evident that not all people were equal at that time. Racial minorities were treated differently compared to whites and were proclaimed slaves. In his Notes on the State of Virginia , Thomas Jefferson wrote that black people were inferior to whites from the perspectives of both bodies and minds ( Race – The Power of an Illusion ). Jefferson’s words contradict the idea that all people are equal because he states that there are significant differences among the population. The second reason for the moral contradiction is that in the nineteenth century, various public lectures addressed the issue of race, implying differences between black and white communities. For instance, at that time, many scientists tried to prove that people of different races are “different and separate creations” ( Race – The Power of an Illusion ). It is evident that such beliefs contradicted with the idea that “all men are created equal” and resulted in a moral contradiction in America. The race helped to resolve the moral contradiction between the equality of all individuals and the system of human bondage in the following way. The notion of race can be perceived as an idea that develops and evolves with time based on the population’s needs. Although freedom was one of America’s most significant values, there was a need for labor forces in American colonies. The race was utilized as a tool that helped authorities to support human bondage ( Race – The Power of an Illusion ). On the one hand, all individuals should be treated equally, meaning that it was impossible to proclaim some of them as slaves without facing the moral contradiction. On the other hand, there was a significant need for labor power, and this problem could not be solved if all people were perceived as equal and had the same rights. Thus, there was a need for proclaiming some groups of the population less human and different from others. This way, society agreed to the idea of quality among all individuals but stated that minority groups are “not quite men” ( Race – The Power of an Illusion ). It is vital to note that some people tried to oppose slavery at that time and question the idea of race. For example,
Introduction Alice Hon and Steven Lui attempted to develop a new framework that was designed to help managers in the need to ramp up the worker or the group’s creativity in developing innovative solutions to problems encountered in the workplace. The authors also made the assertion that the framework they developed was geared towards different kinds of business settings, with a special preference for the hospitality industry. The authors also pointed out a dearth in research findings with regard to the multi-level nature of the development of innovative solutions (Hon & Lui 862). In order to resolve this issue, they proposed a multi-level model of creativity based on the strategic contingency power theory (Hon & Lui 862). In the end, however, they were unable to uncover anything or contribute anything significant for the purpose of understanding the said subject matter. The authors merely espoused opinions and ideas, based on how they interpret other people’s work in the field of creativity and innovation. An Echo of Past Accomplishments The authors did not discover anything new and offered nothing significant in terms of the development of an effective framework for managing workers in order to stimulate creativity and innovative thinking (Carvalho et al. 6). It has to be made clear that in the short methodology section, the authors acknowledged the true nature of the study that they tried to undertake. They revealed that the team is going to undertake a review of research literature dealing with innovation and creativity. Nevertheless, if one will remove the two short statements under the methodology section, it creates the impression that Hon and Lui are on a quest to discover new knowledge. An overview of the first few pages reveals the reason why it was easy to misinterpret Hon and Lui’s intended message. The statements they made under different headings, such as findings, research implications, and organizations, seemed to suggest that they already developed a new way to guarantee innovative and creative thinking. For example, the authors made the declaration, “The proposed theoretical model integrates individual- and group-level uncertainty determinants of creativity and yields a multilevel approach to creativity” (Hon and Lui 862). The authors also described the significance of the model in a manner that seemed to suggest that prior testing was completed. In the section that was supposed to discuss the limitations of the study, not a single relevant statement was made regarding the constraints or inadequacies. The authors should have at least reiterated that this study was nothing more than a well-made research proposal. On the contrary, the authors highlighted the positive benefits of using the proposed approach. Thus, they made another sta
Benefit of Entrepreneurship When opening one’s own business and organizing all the management processes, it is important to focus not only on the final results of work but also on current tasks that allow achieving the desired result. As a rule, a host of factors should be taken into account, including market needs, start-up capital, supply chain management, and other aspects of business activities. Nevertheless, most novice entrepreneurs, including me, want to see the main benefit – a livable income. According to Green and Katz (2017), this criterion of the work conducted is one of the rewards that a successful business offers. Therefore, even in the case of opening a small start-up project, my goal and aspiration are to receive a stable profit. For me as an entrepreneur, it is essential to realize that my project works and brings dividends, thereby paying for the costs. If a person spends money on preparing an individual business, he or she counts on a refund. Making a profit at the expense of activities and the promotion of certain ideas looks much nicer than standard payments for routine work at state enterprises. Therefore, a livable income for me is a significant benefit, which indicates the success of my business. Challenge in Starting a Business In terms of work in a start-up project, I see myself as organic, but there are some difficulties that can affect the outcomes of activities negatively and, as a result, profitability. In particular, market competition, the complexity of financial transactions and reporting, and other inalienable conditions for entrepreneurship may cause difficulties. However, for me, the most significant challenge is an opportunity to spend a part of the funds correctly, that is, to distribute capital in accordance with the most urgent needs. As Burns (2016) notes, a crucial task is “to launch your business and test your idea within your “affordable loss” (p. 146). It is this fear of incorrectly calculating the amount of investment that is the most significant. According to Green and Katz (2017), planning should precede any operations if the expenditure of financial assets is implied. However, a start-up project may be unpredictable, and depending on this or that decision, consequences can vary greatly. Therefore, the desire to avoid wasting money is one of the key tasks for me. Faith in an Entrepreneurial Start-Up It is essential to not only plan but also to believe in success since it is precisely the devotion to the idea that can motivate a person to act and achieve success. In a religious context, entrepreneurship is not considered reprehensible or shameful. On the contrary, God blesses people and gives hope that all undertakings will be realized. Higginson and Robertshaw (2017) cite Jeremiah (29:11)
Research Question and the Four Steps of the DIKW Continuum The research question that will be reviewed within the framework of the future study revolves around the efficiency of health information technology in terms of improving patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and the overall quality of health care. This particular research question is rather relevant because it reflects the dynamic nature of both healthcare environment and technology innovations. Even though there are no particular relations between its elements, the four steps of the DIKW Continuum are also in line with the research question because the researcher is going to implement a specific theory in order to generate meaningful knowledge (Rutherford, 2008). Only a combination of the DIKW framework and another theory is required if one expects to reach positive outcomes. In order to support this statement, we can address the issue outlined in the research question by a practical approach to the problems inherent in the implementation of health information technology in practice and its implications for both health care providers and patients. The outcomes here will have to be identified by means of patient feedback regarding possible adverse consequences of the use of technology. Within the framework of this paper, the Transitions theory can be applied so as to highlight the ultimate transition from outdated healthcare environments to the ones that function on the basis of numerous health information technologies and spark patients’ interest. The utilization of this theory can also be supported by the dynamics of nursing occupation and numerous transitions that are experienced by health care providers throughout their careers. The concepts of the DIKW continuum are fully supported by the Transitions theory and can help the researcher analyze the impact of information technology on the process of providing care and patient outcomes. Databases, Search Queries, and the Process of Turning Information into Knowledge The researcher was interested in identifying the most comprehensive databases that would contain the information regarding the topic of health information technology. In terms of search criteria and the number of articles, Google Scholar proved to be the most efficient instrument featuring an all-inclusive array of journal articles. The researcher used search words such as “health information technology,” “health information technology efficiency,” “the use of health information technology,” “patient-centered care and health information technology,” an