ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Corporate responsibility In the business community, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is considered to be a significant theme that underpins various moral, financial, and ethical judgments of corporate activities (Kotler and Lee 2005, 3). Instances of corporate giving and social responsibility can be observed in almost every segment of business. Several different concepts have been put forth attempting to describe the nature and understanding of social responsibility. For example, CSR means that companies are responsible for their impact on society but other similar concepts include corporate social performance (CSP) which has been used to describe the financial returns an organization may see from CSR activities (Ono 2000, 45) and corporate social orientation (CSO) that refers to how people view CSR and CSP cumulatively. A definition that gets to the core of the general construct is “a company’s commitment to minimizing or eliminating any harmful effects and maximizing its long-run beneficial impact on society” (Fitzpatrick 2000, 294). This concept is also regarded as a responsibility of every organization to consider how the effects may impact people who are either directly or indirectly may undergo some changes. As such, researchers are moving beyond just defining and identifying CSR activities, to examine the role of CSR in a broader organizational context (Hawkins 2006, 167). Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsubishi’s origin dates back to 1870 and regarded as the leader in such spheres like marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (Mitsubishi Electric 2008). Originally started as a shipping company, it has evolved to result into a number of independent companies operating across the whole world (Carroll 1999, 270). Its history is generally believed to parallel the story of modern Japan. Its rapid expansion has seen it transform into a number of strong multinational companies. Its breakdown into small multinational companies occurred after the war which left the Allied forces demanding that big industrial groups disband (Mitsubishi Motors Corporation n.d.). Talking about corporate social responsibility of this particular company, it is very important to identify the standards in regard to which the representatives of the company have to work. It seems to be crucial to choose appropriate working conditions, and Mitsubishi managers succeed in developing clear and effective strategies. There are three main principles according to which Mitsubishi Corporation (MIC) operates its business. They are corporate responsibility to the community, integrity and fairness preservation and understanding of international business operations (Mitsubishi International Corporation n.d.). These principles in addition to the corporate conducts code define the level of corporate responsible activities which the society engages in. as a result of the recall problems in 2004, Mitsubishi Corporation put in place a number of strategies based on its investigations and the lessons learned from this experience (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). The adopted policy then was a safety first complian
The leadership skills developed by project managers will dictate their effectiveness. Numerous competencies guide leaders to achieve their objectives. Each of the skills is helpful throughout the project lifecycle (Callahan, 2011). For example, communication skills guide and empower followers to focus on the targeted goals. This discussion gives a detailed summary of the major competencies that define my leadership philosophy. My Leadership Philosophy: Important Aspects The first important skill for a project manager is the ability to promote diversity. This concept brings together followers from different backgrounds in an attempt to produce positive outcomes. People from diverse backgrounds offer appropriate contributions in their respective teams ( Reflections on leadership , 2015). Project managers should empower others to achieve targeted goals. I always use this skill to empower, guide and encourage members of my team. I also encourage them to make mistakes and learn from them. The practice guides them to deliver quality results. Successful project leaders set the right direction for their teams and followers. Project managers should use teams to deliver positive results. The concept of teamwork is critical in every project. Leaders should ensure the groups are characterized by people from different backgrounds. The group members should have diverse skills and competencies. The leaders should build trust and confidence in each team. Cross-functional teams should be embraced in an attempt to achieve sustainable results. The other useful skill is the ability to empower others. The skill guides team members to take up leadership responsibilities (Yang, Huang, and Wu, 2011). This idea guides members of a team to empower one another. Successful project managers use high-performance teams (George, 2009). To develop such teams, project leaders should outline the best goals and expectations. Constant reviews should be used to monitor the performance of the members. Managers should provide the right resources and guidelines on time. By so doing, the teams will be able to deliver quality results. Whenever implementing a project, managers should develop advanced competencies such as ethical leadership ( Building relationship and ethical leadership , 2015). This practice promotes moral behaviors throughout the project lifecycle. The individuals should also be good problem-solvers and decision-makers ( Reflections on leadership , 2015). Critical thinking guides leaders to analyze the major situations affecting their teams. The project manager should also be visionary. This skill is used to set the right direction and mission for the team. Developing My Leadership Skills I strongly believe that the skills possessed by project managers should be applied following the changing needs of the followers. Managers should also acquire new skills to deliver positive results. I will, therefore, embrace the concept of lifelong learning (Landis, Hill, and Harvey, 2014). The practice will equip
The book by Omer Bartov gives a detailed encounter of an army in Germany called Wehrmacht during the reign of Hitler. It depicts aspects some of the reasons why the army engaged in the war between Germany and Russia. The prevailing politics may have motivated the army. It is also believed that professional skills and competences that guided their operations was a major source of motivation. Besides, the following review explores whether the army was a threat to Hitler’s regime or not. It may also be possible that the top officials were merely executing the national socialist ideologies in order to enhance the unity and structure of the army. Some of the aspects of a country’s strategic culture that can be highlighted from this book have been discussed below. War experience During the Second World War, the Wehrmacht’s success was largely based on the ideologies dictated by the Nazi regime despite of advanced technology that was used to fight the experienced Russian army. The German army was extremely inferior in terms of experience and use of technology compared to its opponents. However, through their organization, they were able to counter the attacks made by their mighty opponents. Lack of technologically advanced war mechanisms on the side of German troops led to the acceptance of Hitler’s views. According to Hitler’s views, the battle was a struggle for survival. This ideology demanded total spiritual commitment which was largely a pseudo- religious and mythical ideology that greatly influenced the army against the military, political and traditional values. Bertov (1999) indicates that the commitment by the Wehrmacht army was largely dependent on ideologies, mythology and fanaticism. Social organization After the massive defeat and deaths of the German army in the war that took place in the eastern side, it was evident that the traditional groups (primary groups) of the army were no longer working as a unit to in the army. Therefore, it was necessary to reorganize the social groupings in the army. The Nazi regime had to integrate a new perspective of imaginary groupings so that the troops could look at the war as their duty. Therefore, they could do anything to destroy any real or imaginary enemies (Bartov, 1999). Perversion of discipline Bartov (1999) believed that one of the motivations that made the groups stick together was the harsh discipline which the troops exercised. Unity of the groups depended on the military rule and largely relied on how the army perceived its moral and legal basis. Even when the enemies seemed to be more superior than the German army, the groups never disintegrated completely. This aspect seemed to have been contributed by discipline and the common view which soldiers had about the war. Other than the required discipline as ou
Issue Summary The selfless intention to help others otherwise known as altruism has been a subject of discussion for many social psychologists over the years. In the process, the issue whether true altruism exists or not has attracted both proponents and opponents in the same measure. In the current issue, Daniel C. Batson and his colleagues propose an experiment in which they show evidence to suggest that people can help others for altruistic reasons in some circumstances. Here, the proponents argue that empathic feelings play a role in creating altruistic behaviors towards those suffering. In their experiments, Batson and his colleagues hypothesize that the empathic feelings form part of the core motivators of helping, which may be purely altruistic. The empathy-altruism (model) hypothesis is then tested in an experimental design whereby the researchers propose that a bystander observing a suffering person is bound to react in either of the two ways: by helping or escaping the situation (Batson et al., 1981, pp. 290-302). Accordingly, the experiment entailed subjects observing a person in pain before choosing either the difficult way (helping the victim by enduring the pain on her behalf) or the easy way (escaping the situation without helping) out of the situation. Further, the researchers utilized a factorial design in which two levels of empathy (high or low) were crossed with two levels of escape (easy or difficult). Generally, it was expected that the egoistically-motivated bystanders will choose the easy way out while the altruistically-motivated bystanders will be primarily concerned with the welfare of the victim, and thus, they will choose the difficult way. As a result, the researchers presented evidence to support the empathy-altruistic hypothesis by showing that many subjects showing high empathy participated in helping the victim as opposed to their counterparts with low empathy (Batson et al., 1981). On the other hand, Robert Cialdini and his colleagues decided to critically analyze Batson and his colleagues’ experimental results particularly those showing elevated helping scores for subjects expected to show high empathy according to the experimental design. As a result, the opponents claim that empathy is not the only motivation for helping because people can sometimes help others in order to reduce their own distress as opposed to reducing other people’s distress. Furthermore, Cialdini and his colleagues argue that Batson’s experimental results do not conclusively show that pure altruism exists. Here, Cialdini and his colleagues propose that the empathic orientation shown by the subjects may not necessarily lead to altruistic helping, but it helps to create temporary sadness or sorrow, which will then increase the chances that the subjects will help the victim through the difficult way (Cialdini et al., 1987, pp. 749-758). As a result, the subjects in Batson and his colleagues’ e
Introduction This essay seeks to report on the techniques utilized by scholars in describing the history and people who lived a long time ago and then explain the prehistoric culture of Amazon. Furthermore, it will provide a brief explanation of European dominance in the new world, and provide a comprehensive as to why prehistoric people disappeared. The essay will also provide a brief conclusion. Technique Used by Scholars Scholars employ various methods in the study of life and the past of a person. In the case of prehistoric people, scholars have utilized artifacts that were left behind by ancient people. These artifacts include; structures, burial websites, methods, weapons, cooking tools, ceramics, wall, or cave paintings among others (Wrangham, 2009). This can be viewed through the presence of renowned pyramids such as Mayan and Aztec, which have numerous artifacts as well as hieroglyphs that can be utilized by archeologists. In Peru, archeologists have used Machu Picchu to study the origin and life of ancient people (Silverman & Isbell, 2008). As such, scholars can find information regarding the lives of ancient people with no written records. Prehistoric Amazonian Traditionally, historians regarded the culture of prehistoric Amazonians as simple, but archeologists indicate that their culture was complex. Nonetheless, similar to the native population who live in North America, European conquerors despised the prosperity of prehistoric Amazonians culture because of the idea of civilization, and since the culture was different from their own (Johnson & Earle, 2000). European Domination It is on record that European countries dominated the new world. This is attributed to three things, namely; foreign diseases, weaponry, and the existence of steel. The natives of the new world were susceptible and vulnerable to foreign diseases, such as a small box. This is because their immune system was not well developed to counter the effects of foreign diseases. Also, Europeans had quick and effective access to artillery and firearms that were used to attack native warriors. The weaponry was efficient and safe since they function well in a safe distance as opposed to the traditional weapons used and favored by native forces such as bows, arrows, knives, and spears. The existence of steel in European countries that were used in making armor and weapons also facilitated European domination and colonization of native populations (Sherman & Salisbury, 2011). As such, these three things put the culture of Europeans on a more superior scale; hence they could undertake their mission of eradicating and colonizing native cultures with ease. The disappearance of an Ancient Group of People One significant example of an ancient group that has disappeared is the native population around Amazonians Marajo. The disappearance of the native culture is attributed to famine, foreign diseases that result in high death rate and low immunity, war, and suffering serious attacks. A combination of these things will eventually result in the permanent demise of a cu
Introduction The increased access to information through various modern and traditional media platforms has its upsides, but over the past, there have emerged many downsides to the constant access to media. One of the downsides includes the pressure on women that is applied to them by the image that the media has promoted over the years. Women in different media platforms, including traditional media platforms like televisions, have assumed the culture of promoting the image of the modern woman as a perfect figured woman with a flawless face and has a good sense of fashion. Social media has intensified the pressure as more women are forced to assume specific images in their photos. This trend has led to the development of a society whose members are actively subscribing to the stereotype that women should be slender with light skins, perfect hair, and enhanced body parts to attain a voluptuous figure. This culture has affected the self-esteem of some women, influencing them to opt for cosmetic surgery procedures in an attempt to look like the image of women promoted by the media. A decade ago, the cost of cosmetic surgery was extremely high, and the technology that was available for the same was not as accurate as of the current technology. There have emerged professional cosmetic surgeons with highly equipped facilities for different procedures. As the cost of cosmetic surgery has reduced, more women from the high and middle-income groups of the society can now afford to alter their physical looks. A critical look at the majority of the women that have undertaken cosmetic surgeries reveals that there are particular similarities in the results. Most women undertake cosmetic surgeries to enhance their facial looks and to increase or reduce the size of some body parts. This quest is always inclined toward developing the perfect body shape and facial features as promoted by the media. The media has played a major role in influencing the behavior of different people across the world. People are inclined toward emulating the behaviors depicted by various characters shown by the media. What is more important, media is the main source promoting cosmetic surgery in women. As a rule, women like themselves when they look in the mirror. Often, patients come to the cosmetic surgeon and say that they have seen themselves a hundred times in the mirror and did not notice anything. Then they saw their photograph on Facebook or a photograph of their friend or actor and realized how far they are from perfection. The med
Introduction In order for hotel businesses to compete and maintain their brands in the volatile market, effective and efficient marketing strategies that aim at meeting and exceeding the exact expectations of all customers is a basic necessity. Different customers have different needs, tastes and preferences and this has shaped the way modern hotel businesses package their products and services to meet the customer needs. This paper discusses the concept of market segmentation, targeting and positioning and how the same is applicable in the hotel industry and in particular Intercontinental Hotels Group. Segmentation, targeting and positioning in hotels Market segmentation How a hotel packages itself to meet the needs of its customer base determines its financial success and retention of its position in the competitive market. Market segmentation is an important concept in hotel business whereby the customers are divided into unique small groups each different from the other in terms of how they respond to the product’s marketing, promotion, pricing and other variables depending on their unique needs such as financial abilities, age, tastes, resources, behaviors, location tastes and preferences. This is usually the contrast of mass marketing whereby customers are treated as one homogeneous group with the same needs. Market targeting Market targeting concept works in the principle of identifying the different markets segments in terms of their unique needs and pining out the most viable segments and concentrating their resources on them by considering their relevance to the core business of the organization, size and profitability (Rudra 25). Market positioning Positioning integrates both Market segmentation and targeting to create a clear picture in the mind
Effects of nurse staffing and nurse education on patient deaths in hospitals with different nurse work environments Summary: The researchers aimed to study how the hospital nurse staffing could influence patient mortality. Aiken, Cimiotti, and Sloane concluded that the relationship between staffing and patient outcomes can be different in various hospitals. Research Elements: Aiken et al. (2011) studied the aspects of staffing in 665 hospitals and compared the results with the data on inpatient mortality. Thus, the findings can be discussed as representative. Research Results: The researchers found that appropriate patient-to-nurse ratios can improve patient outcomes, decrease mortality, and add to patient satisfaction. Significance: The findings are important to focus more on hospital nurse staffing in order to reduce hospital mortality. The results are valid to represent the connection between staff shortages and patient outcomes. Patient safety, satisfaction, and quality of hospital care: Cross sectional surveys of nurses and patients in 12 countries in Europe and the United States Summary: The researchers examined how improved nurse staffing could affect the patient care and satisfaction. Research Elements: Aiken and Sermeus chose a cross-sectional study design that is effective to provide credible data on the large population in the European and US countries to discuss the tendency. Research Results: The researchers found that the relationship between safety, quality of care, and satisfaction was great. Significance: The research results are relevant to be applied in the hospital settings in the USA because the researchers proved the fact that full staffing and avoidance of shortages represent the effective low cost strategy to improve patient satisfaction. Waiting management at the emergency department – a grounded theory study Summary: The researchers focused on examining the quality of the care observed in emergency departments and on the factors that could influence the care, such as staff shortages. Research Elements: Concentrating on collecting the data on the patient experience and satisfaction, the researchers conducted the qualitative study based on focus group interviews and supported it with collecting the quantitative data. Research Results: The appropriate research design allowed discovering the factors that influenced patient satisfaction. The participants focused on the long waiting time and the lack of appropriate staff behavior or care. Significance: The study is significant to provide the support for discussing the correlation between the waiting time in ED and patient satisfaction in terms of the staff shortages causing patient frustration and inadequate care. Effect of mandated nurse–patient ratios on patient wait time and care time in the emergency department Summary: Chan, Killeen, and Vilke examined the relationship between mandat