ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Identity is an important issue in society because it enables members to know each other. Also, it becomes easy to differentiate individuals and objects and that is why they have different names. Some communities use names to identify the lineage of a family and thus can easily draw its ancestral line using the surnames of its members. However, some people use names without knowing their meanings because they are used to them. This means that they know their surface meaning which may not be a good reason to use these words. However, it is important that they understand what words mean so that they can communicate effectively. Communication cannot be complete if participants assign different meanings to similar words. This has created confusion in communication and researchers are yet to find solutions to these challenges. Gottlob Frege was a language and communication expert and he proposed various ways of solving the puzzle about identity and word usage. Frege’s Identity Puzzle Gottlob Frege presented the following argument to explain his puzzle of identity. He used the example of the meaning of Hesperus which means Hesperus and can also be used to refer to Phosphorus. This illustration shows that Hesperus, Hesperus, and Phosphorus have the same meaning. The meanings of these words are the same based on how they are used in different contexts. In the second case, he used the example of the three words and explained that they have the same cognitive value. This means that a person can recognize one even if it is being described by another word. People recognize words that have the same meanings and thus they can substitute each other and make communication complete. In the last illustration, Frege argues that these three words do not have the same cognitive value because they do not mean the same thing when it comes to their inner definitions. Therefore, Frege concluded that words may have similar meanings, but this does not mean that they should have the same cognitive values. Therefore, communication is enhanced by proper identification of words and their usage. This means that the meaning of a word is derived from its reference and this attribute is also applicable in sentence cases even though a lot of emphases is placed on its parts. Therefore, the similarity in meaning implies sameness of cognitive values of the terms used and thus people should choose words wisely to ensure their messages are not taken out of context. This means that the terms that Frege used have the same meanings if they are used in isolation, but their cognitive value changes when they are used together in a sentence. Frege argues that people can misinterpret the meanings of words because they do not identify their cognitive values. Solutions to Frege’s Puzzle Philosophy is a practice of developing arguments and influencing people to believe in concepts by offering reasonable proof to defend their points of view. Frege offered solutions to his puzzle to ensure people identify and use words properly to help them enhance their communication and understanding of me
Over the past years, researchers have documented a decline in confidence and gratification with the performance of ruling governments in both developed and developing states, predicting the adverse outcome for the future of democracy. Until recently, governments and other parastatals used resource availability and output as indicators of performance. However, increase in attention to responsible accountability and the relationship between input and output by citizens characterize today’s situation. Information on the performance of different departments and programs of the government no longer gratifies philosophers and citizens but instead ask for knowledge about governance as a whole. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the cause of a decline in trust in the government by a citizen. The paper will also explain the importance of trust and give recommendations on the possible ways of regaining trust. Trust in an important aspect in the successful running of any government. Lack of confidence, therefore, affects the voluntary ability of countrymen and the business community to respond to government policies that enable rational economic recovery. Researchers explain the importance of trust by citizens to be important in many development aspects of the economy. Trust in different arms of the government affects individual behavior in aspects that lead to desired policy outcome, (Hetherington 2). The desired outcome may range from minor government programs such as involvement in immunization campaigns to major policies of tax payment. Through trust, citizens can forego some immediate benefits if they have a positive expectation in the long-term effect of the public program either for their individual benefit or the common good of the country. With trust, investors and consumers are confident. A proper functioning government matters to the business community. Many investors participate where there is a value attached to citizens hence decisions that harness economic growth. Scholars have also linked trust to increased compliance with the general rules and regulation. This aspect is important because it reduces the cost of enforcement. Rules and regulations do not eliminate abuse. However, the degree to which people see them as fair may improve compliance without enforcement. Confidence in policies and performance of the government has declined. Nye, Zelikow, and King (1), explain that in 1964, three-quarters of the general Ame
Because of the fact that the laws restricting the use of the copyrighted material has become an issue of an utter importance in the modern world, it is rather peculiar to trace the law of copyright starting from the day it emerged as a notion of the modern times in Canada, when it has become one of the most important institution that can exist in the book of law. The roots of the copyright law can be traced in the city of Venice, where it was introduced first. Although the idea has been established long before, the modern copyright laws of Canada have a lot to do with the original set of rules. Opening the new era of human rights to the mankind, the printing monopoly that Johannes of Speyer received in 1469 was supposed to make people respect the property of the others and understand that each man has the right to claim for the authorship to the piece of his or her intellectual work. It must be noted though that the monopoly of Speyer was not the subject completely new to people: Ever since the thirteen century, the Venetians led Europe in their efforts to attract foreign expertise by granting monopoly rights to immigrants who brought with them new skills and techniques to the city. (Deazley 23) The rights that the document allowed Johann Speyer to exercise and the restrictions that were cast on the use of the intellectual property of his were exclusive, since there was not a single precedent like this in the history of the mankind before. According to the document that Speyer received for the outstanding work of his, He was given the monopoly over the art of printing as it was for five years all over Venice. The case was extraordinary for entire Europe, and this copyright law, though basing mostly on economical reasons, was a major breakthrough in the hist
Unequal wealth distribution is a concept that is evident in many countries. People either have too much or too little resources that are required to fulfill their human needs. In most cases, people are regarded as being in the middle class. The poor have limited access to goods and services due to inadequate funds, while the rich have a greater reach to these scarce resources. The rich sometimes take for granted what they have. They abuse their wealth and power to oppress the poor. Then again, some have been brought up in families that were not so well off. Hence they have learned to appreciate what they have. The book, ‘Mountains beyond mountains’ shows the unending quest by a doctor called Farmer to save people challenged with poverty. He is indeed a doctor to be emulated as he is devoted in his work to save lives. He works unceasingly even in cases that seem hopeless. He was brought up in a family that belonged to the middle class. In this book, there is an illustration of the benefits the poor get from the rich. The farmer was a doctor who dedicated his time, service and income to the community he lived in. He lived among the Haitians, who were not well off. He had a vocation to serve these people and even in situations that seemed desperate, he did not give up. In one case for instance, when a patient did not come for a refill for his tuberculosis treatment, Farmer went out to look for that patient. This shows is an outstanding example of dedication. Not many doctors go out of their way to ensure that a patient follows up on medication; most of the time they are too busy. In this instance, the doctor, who was himself moderately rich made an impact on the lives of the people in Haiti. He made things that seemed impossible, possible. In one case, there was a boy who had a rare cancer of the respiratory system; nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The farmer did his utmost best to secure an oncologist who diagnosed the boy. His trouble did not end there because the boy could not be treated in Haiti. This is due to poor health facilities and there was the risk of certain death if he did not receive specialized treatment. Farmer secured transport for the boy and a facility in Boston that agreed to treat the boy for free (Kidder 37). This shows that the doctor extends personalized care to his patients. ‘Farmer curls right on the bed to the point that Kidder thinks he’s going to climb in with the man. He is very close and personal with the guy to show how much he cares’ (Kidder 86). This is a rare incidence where a doctor does not give up in the face of challenges. Most doctors would just give the patient time to bid their loved ones goodbye and give them palliative care. Farmer is not a typical doctor. This is a classic case of the rich helping the poor. This shows that the underprivileged have poor
The Proposal Specific area This research work will focus on the effect of war on soldiers, as presented in Tim O’Brien’s book, ”The Things They Carried’. The book talks about what it takes to be a soldier and how the soldiers are affected when they go to war (O’Brien 56). In some of the cases, they may face their death trying to fight for the society. In this research, the focus will be to determine how being a soldier shapes one’s sense of self. According to Heberle (71), it takes a lot to be a successful soldier with the right mental strength when going to war. In order to be able to address this topic properly, the researcher will use a number of questions that would lead to the desired results. Questions you will want to pursue It is important to work with some specific questions that would help in the generation of the desired results. These questions would help in the process of gathering relevant data that will be used in collecting the relevant information. In this research, the following questions will be used. What is the effect of war on the soldier? How does being a soldier shape one’s sense of self? Responding to the above two questions would help in finding answers to the research topic. They would help the researcher to determine the effect of war on soldiers as presented in the works of Tim O’Brien and other related literal works. Challenges When addressing this research paper, a number of challenges are expected that may affect the overall quality of the paper. It is important to understand these challenges in order to find a way of addressing then. A common challenge expected is the conflicting information presented by some of the scholars. It is common to find a situation where the information in one source contradicts information in another source. Knowing the truth in such circumstance may be a challenge. Sometimes finding all the relevant sources may also be a challenge. To address these problems, the researcher intends to make an effort to collect as much information from various sources as possible. The Final Paper Introduction The book ”The Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien is a memory of a soldier who participated in the Vietnam War. It is a reflection of what transpires in the life of a soldier as he or she engages the enemies in combat for the sake of his or her country. O’Brien recounts the events that took place while they were in the battlefields. He also recalls the feelings of the soldiers while they are in the field fighting for their nation. The book gives a true reflection of the effect of war on soldiers from the perspective of a soldier who directly participated in a war to defend his country. How being a sol
Description Pain management is one of the most important health services settings within the domain of primary care as it ensures the appropriate quality of the patient’s life. Pain management aims at delivering “effective pain relief for all patients” (Macintyre & Schug, 2014, p. 2). To achieve this goal, various strategies and tools are utilized since such aspects as physical, psychological, and emotional are taken into account. Thus, the pharmacological treatment is often accompanied by the provision of mental health services, as well as less conventional types of therapy such as massages and yoga (Gatchel, McGeary, McGeary, & Lippe, 2014). It has been acknowledged that the use of interprofessional teams is instrumental in inefficient pain management as the integrative approach is consistent with the peculiarities and needs of modern people. It is necessary to note that pain management perfectly fits into the continuum of health services as pain is usually a part of people’s lives, especially if a person has some health issues. Pain also accompanies patients throughout their transition from one continuum to another. For instance, the person appears in the emergency care unit or inpatient care facility as one of the symptoms this individual has is pain. The majority of people tend to keep numerous symptoms unnoticed, but the pain is mainly the symptom that is rarely ignored (Gatchel et al., 2014). Clearly, healthcare professionals should treat the patient’s pain within a short period, which is often achieved through pharmacological treatment. This continuum is also characterized by the use of some types of psychological treatment. One of the simplest and the most effective strategies is empathy and the development of proper relationships between the nurse and the patient. These practitioners provide psychological support to patients in pain. A funny story or an interesting conversation can help relieve the patient’s pain, at least, for some time. The transition to another continuum of care is associated with the use of more varied strategies and tools. Thus, the patient in the long term care setting often receives diverse health services, including pain management. The use of interprofessional teams is becoming quite common for this health services continuum (Weeks, 2016). Different healthca
Science and scientific research represent a unique field of knowledge. Philosophers and researchers express different ideas about the role and ideology of science and scientific work. Still, no consensus is reached. In the work The Scientific Life, Shapin (2008) writes: “The scientist was properly to be understood not on the model of the philosopher but on the model of the engineer and technician”. Generally, it is not wrong for a scientist to regard as one of the objects of his research the discovery of knowledge which will be practically useful and beneficial to mankind. The scientist can be understood as a technician as the desire to serve one’s fellow-men and to increase their control of the forces of nature or of the causes of disease is a very proper inspiration for a scientist. This second object of science -to discover knowledge not only for its own sake but because it can be employed for the benefit and increased happiness of mankind is, like the first object, in complete harmony with research principles. Personal motives for scientific research are just as proper and respectable as purely intellectual ones. Applied science should not therefore be regarded merely as a degraded form of pure science. Looking at the 17th century, it is interesting to note that both these objects of science — the investigation of nature in order to satisfy reverent curiosity concerning natural phenomena, and the desire to obtain knowledge concerning nature which may be of practical benefit to our fellow men. The most serious misuse of science today arises from the application for purposes of war and destruc
Introduction Recently, a strategic approach to communication has become more significant than ever before (Walker, 2015). The reasons for this fact imply “trends in the workplace,” “the evolution of our understanding of the communication process,” and “the greater appreciation for the centrality of communication” (Walker, 2015, p. 5). A proper communication strategy is important for many circumstances. However, it becomes crucial in case of a crisis. Communicating information to interested audiences in a crisis is important. According to Putnam (as cited in Hagar, 2012, p. 1), “management of information before, during, and after a disaster can have a direct influence on how well the crisis is managed.” In the case study under consideration, communication with the airbus of World Wide Airlines was lost. It was a critical situation because the plane was carrying 598 passengers from a minimum of thirteen countries. Thus, the primary task of the Vice President of Communication was to develop a communication strategy to deal with all interested parties including passengers’ family members, business associates, shareholders, INTERPOL, etc. The creation of such a strategy implies defining responsibilities, singling out main audiences to contact, outlining purposes and focuses, creating and maintaining credibility, and deciding on channels to contact people. Discussing the Biggest Responsibility According to Ulmer, Sellnow, and Seeger, responsibility “is a broad, ethical concept that refers to the fact that individuals and groups have morally based obligations and duties to others” (2013, p. 217). Responsibility also implies a person or a factor that conditioned the outcome of the situation. In the case of analysis, the company bears the biggest responsibility before its customers. When they choose the company, they demand safe travel. Thus, the communication strategy should include the acknowledgment of the company’s responsibility before the people and affirmation of a successful crisis solution. The success of the selected communication strategy will determine the status of the company and the loyalty of its customers. Moreover, it will influence the reputation of the company in general and predetermine the attraction of new customers. Audiences to Contact The choice of audiences to contact is an integral part of a communication strategy. It is important to define audiences and their demographics, attitudes, and concerns to provide audience-centered communication (Walker, 2015). It should be mentioned that crisis communication is more complicated due to the involvement of diverse audiences with different cultures, experiences, and backgrounds (Sellnow & Seeger, 2013). Thus, all the mentioned factors should be considered in the development of a communication strategy. The major audience
Paper Outline  1. Question 1  2. Question 2  3. Question 3  4. Question 4  5. Question 5 Reviving a Company, Transforming a Market Question 1 The success of the Wii was as a result of the strategies established by Nintendo. Therefore, the company was not lucky to win the market. The company conducted a lot of research before introducing the product. For instance, the company consulted the potential customers about their needs. This information helped the company with developed consumer oriented products. The company has developed strategies to manufacture the Wii product at a reduced cost. This strategy has improved the pricing strategy of the company. The Wii has a price of $250 while the PS3 has a price of $599. Nintendo has managed to offer low prices because it has established efficient production strategies. The consumers are ready to buy the Wii at a lower price because it has unique features and has high quality. Question 2 The fad question has been answered because the Wii product is there to stay. The company has adopted the strategy of improving the Wii to capture the demand of many customers. Nintendo has operated in the market for a longer time than any other company in the industry. Therefore, the company has adequate experience to maintain the demand of the product for a long time. Nintendo produces the Wii product in large volumes, and this strategy has improved the efficiency of the company. Therefore, the company can sell the product at a low price. In addition, the company has started to differentiate the Wii product. For example, the Wii Fit was introduced to serve he needs of women. Question 3 The Wii product is at the maturity stage of the product life cycle. This is because he costs of producing the product have declined as a result of mass production. The sales of the company have increased tremendously. The customers are aware about the product in the market. New players have entered the market, and competition is stiff. Price decline has been experienced because competition has increased. Nintendo has differentiated its products to attract many customers. For instance, the company has introduced the Wii Fit, to capture the demand of women. Nintendo is employing a good marketing mix strategy because the products of the company have superior quality and are offered at a fair price. In addition, the products are located in strategic marketplaces because the company has developed online stores to sell the products. The company also conducts intensive promotion approach to ensure that the consumers get information about the products of the company. Question 4 Nintendo should develop a cost-based pricing strategy because the next stage of the Wii is decline phase. It is expected that the sales of the Wii will decline, and the cost of production will increase. The distribution efficiency will also decline, and the company will experience losses if the same price