ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Heuristics for Developing Instruction Stay focused when solving the performance issues. Define objectives that support the resolution of the instructional design. Conduct learner analysis and background reviews to assist in determining the appropriate reading level and the learners’ familiarity with the content and technical terms. In heuristic approach, learners discover something new, learn what works and modify existing heuristic. Heuristics   * Make it concrete – concrete words create mental images for learners i.e., avoid abstract words.   * Make text concrete through illustrations, use of concrete words, shorter words and active sentences and use ample examples to illustrate the ideas.   * Control the step size by using consistent terminology and explicit references.   * Use Appropriate Pacing by varying the number of examples and/or problems in the instruction.   * Maintain consistency throughout a unit to aid learner understanding.   * Use essential cues to make the process easier.   * Develop pre-instructional strategy such as overview, pretest, objectives or advance organizer.   * The initial presentation should offer information needed to achieve the objective.   * Use generative strategy to create an active learning opportunity for the learner.   * Apply transitions to reduce the step size, or jump from one idea to the next.   * Consider cognitive load to enhance the learning process.   * Intrinsic load relates to the interactivity of the elements of the content while extraneous cognitive load are introduced to the design or layout of the instructional materials.   * Apply Goal-Free Effect to identify the known and solve problems.   * Worked-Example Effect to enhance learning.   * Use Split-Attention Effect by integrating the text and graphics to prevent extraneous cognitive load.   * Avoid repeating the same information in both the illustration and text to eliminate redundancy.   * Learn to take a load off the learner’s mind by reducing the abundance of irrelevant information.   * Help the learner to comprehend by ensuring that the learner is can attend to critical elements of the presented material, mentally arrange it into a coherent cognitive schema and integrate it with relevant existing knowledge.   * Organize learning tasks in a simple-to-complex sequence to task classes.   * Adopt a timing strategy for supportive and prerequisite information.   * Use part-task practice to automate consistent skills.   * Provide learner support. Group Presentations (Lectures)   * The instructor will tell, demonstrates, dr
With the number of Muslim people increasing worldwide, the demand for Islamic buildings, particularly, mosques has also increased. However, unlike other forms of art or architecture, the mosque’s design is challenging to develop due to its sacred and spiritual nature. Hence, contemporary mosques architects strive to create a mosque design that delivers symbolism and spirituality while not imitating the traditional forms. Like old, traditional monuments, contemporary mosques still retain some symbolism and meet basic functional and ritual requirements such as Minaret, and Minbar. However, they significantly depart from traditionalism, with extensive symbolism favoring more technology-oriented and abstract forms of architecture. The paper compares the differences in the depiction of power and symbolism between conventional, classic Islamic architecture and contemporary mosques. It uses the case of Arabic mosques in the Middle East. Before analyzing the similarities and differences between these two forms of art, it is crucial to define them. Classic, traditional Islamic mosques include Ottoman mosque design, Egyptian, Shami, Moroccan, and Iranian styles (Mirlohi, 2020). These forms of architecture vary based on the historical and social context of the region; however, they retain the essential elements of the first Islamic mosque – minaret, facade, and dome, among others (Mirlohi, 2020; Tantawy & Khamis, 2021). Meanwhile, the most common approaches to contemporary mosques include historicism, modern expression, and regionalism (Alkhaled, 2019). Although the classification of traditional and non-traditional is contested among scholars, it is generally accepted that the definitions mentioned above are appropriate. The spatial structure of the Arab type of mosque was finally formed during the Umayyad Caliphate. In addition to a rectangular courtyard with galleries around the perimeter and a prayer hall with a flat roof adjoining one of the sides of this courtyard, such a mosque necessarily had a prayer niche – a mihrab – and a pulpit – a minbar in the prayer hall (Sujak et al., 2021). The prayer hall was separated into the main transverse and longitudinal naves (Sujak et al., 2021). The central nave was wider than the longitudinal ones and led to the mihrab. A dome marked the position of the mihrab. A small decorative pool with water for ritual ablutions was installed in the mosque’s courtyard, which accentuated the center of the entire composition. The spatial axes that passed through this point were fixed by two or four aivans (Asfour, 2016). An important place was given to the minaret – a tower from which believers were called to prayer. The entrance to the mosque was located at the end of the building, which received a transverse plane. In the cathedral mosques, a maksura was also built – a place of prayer for the ruler protected by bars from possible attacks. An additional mihrab was installed opposite the maksura (Asfour, 2016). Under the influence of R
Executive summary An Afro-centric school is a black-based school whereby the school curriculum is more centered on the issues that affect the black students. The school curriculum is set to include African culture and history. The opening of this school is aimed at improving the academic performance of colored students. According to Toronto’s board of trustees, the colored students are not performing well and as such the need to have a black-focused school. There are several factors that will hinder the development of an Afrocentric school in Canada; some of these factors include academic performance, segregation, and funding. Academic performance is not based on the color of the student, but rather other factors that contribute to the academic performance of a student. These other factors include the emotional health of the student and self-esteem. The segregation will also be seen as an issue that might influence the Afrocentric School. The school might be seen as racist and therefore create a bad atmosphere for learning. The colored students might also question why they have been singled out. Funding is another issue that will interfere with the proper development of an Afrocentric school in Toronto. The Canadian government through the minister of education said that no extra funding will be given to the alternative schools in Canada. Purpose Toronto is set to open its first Afrocentric School in September, the fall of 2009. This research is set to figure out whether the availability of colored schools will help to improve the academic performance of colored students and reduce the dropout rate. Other researches have shown that colored students do not perform well and their dropout rate is quite high, about 40 percent by the time they reach the tenth grade. Will these colored schools help to integrate the black community into academic life and help improve their performance? Introduction The issue of the introduction of Afrocentric schools has been going on for the past years. The debate about whether these schools will be helpful is still going on in Toronto. Some parents believe that these schools will not be helpful. Rather they want African culture and values to be integrated into the school curriculum. Others want the establishment of these schools, whereby anyone will be free to attend but this will not be the case. However, this move is seen as segregationist by some parents. The supporters of these schools believe that this kind of move will help the black students, that is, they will
Introduction The short story by Ernest Hemingway “Hills Like White Elephants” can be regarded as one of the best examples of the use of the iceberg principle and the role of landscape symbolism. The author manages to reveal the development of the woman’s character without revealing her ideas and thoughts. All the reader has is the landscape and the dialogue. The author depicts a short episode from a couple’s life. The man (the American) is trying to persuade the woman named Jig to undergo an operation. The woman hesitates as she wants to start a new life which is meaningful and complete. The woman soon becomes reluctant to continue the conversation. She focuses on the landscape to avoid talking about the matter. The author does not reveal the decision made by the two. The conversation stops abruptly. However, it is rather clear that the woman makes up her mind. The author makes it clear that the woman undergoes some important changes during this short conversation. The Iceberg Principle and the Landscape Symbolism The iceberg principle makes the story really expressive. The author manages to say about the two people’s conflict without mentioning the exact reason of the argument. Likewise, the author never explicitly depicts the woman’s thoughts. He does not even describe her actions. There is a kind of motion picture which enables the reader to see the facts. Ironically, this specific incompleteness makes the reader clearly see the change that takes place in the woman’s head. First, the woman tries to discuss the situation and she keeps asking: “Then what will we do afterwards?” (Hemingway, 1927, p. 230). However, soon the woman stops arguing: “Can’t we maybe stop talking?” (Hemingway, 1927, p. 231) These words signal that the girl needs to think. She is focused on her own thoughts and she does not want to let the man in her world. She simply gazes at the hills thinking over the issue. The author does not depict her face. He does not reveal her thoughts. However, it is clear that the woman manages to make up her mind. Her nervousness is gone as she knows the right answer to her questions. Her smiling at the end of the story suggests that she has made the decision, which has nothing to do with the man’s arguments or his desires. She is calm and content. Apart from intensity achieved with the help of the famous principle, the author makes use of landscape symbolism to reveal the change in the woman. Thus, she looks at the “line of the hills”, and the hills are “white in the sun” (Hemingway, 1927, p. 229). The hills perform several roles. However, in the first place, the hills can be seen as the symbol of pregnancy. Thus, the pregnant woman who is trying to make up her mind looks at the hills and sees white elephants as her mind returns to the issue over and over again: “They look like white elephants” (Hemingway, 1927, p. 229). On the other hand, the white elephants can be regarded as the woman’s own
The biggest problem facing developing countries across the globe IS unquestionably, disease. By 2006, there were as many as 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Interestingly, majority of these infected persons—up to 40 percent of the adult populations—are living in sub-Saharan. Undoubtedly, the disease has become a formidable force and the biggest challenge to human life and dignity. Its effects are vast and stretch from social to economic to political. Majority of those affected hail from sub-Saharan Africa, and the disease has done more harm such as taking away the lives of people in addition to their hard-earned economy. In particular, HIV/AIDS does more economic damages by plummeting productivity and further reducing the labor supply, which in turn affect the rate of imports and exports. In Africa, just like many development countries, the main source of capital is through hard labor and international borrowing. Other sources of income come from business enterprises, government taxation, and internal and external investments. Undeniably, the revenue realized from these economic activities does not meet the expenditure of the people due to various reasons, AIDS being one of them. Furthermore, infected persons see their zeal and energy to work or do business diminish slowly and finally they become unproductive. Besides, affected persons have to meet new human costs to buy antiretroviral drugs and other food additives. The economic effects of HIV/AIDS are profound especially in Africa—a continent that lacks the capacity and ability to deal with the pandemic due to economic constraints. Even though experts have managed to document the impacts of HIV/ AIDS in Africa, to some extent, they have failed to quantify the effects of the disease on Africa’s economy in entirety. Such documentations have also failed to assess how the effect of HIV/AIDS will impair Africa’s future development. However, it is paramount to understand the expansive economic effects in order to create an effective policy that thwarts the economic effect of HIV/AIDS. Some of the economic effects of HIV/AIDS include reduced labor supply, reduced productivity, and reduced exports and increased imports. The paper will examine two effects of HIV/AIDS on the economy of developing countries such as Botswana (Bollinger & Stover, 1999, pp.3-9). Among the very many effects of HIV/AIDS is reduced labor supply. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has caused more harm on labor supply, which in turn has affected the economies of developing countries through augmented mortality, illness and morbidity. The disease, which weakens the body’s defense mechanism, has enabled the thriving of other diseases that eventually take a person’s life. The disease has relegated skilled persons into hospital beds thus, depriving the labor market the necessary skills to inspire economic growth. According to the recently released report, South Africa and Botswana are the most affected countries. In Botswana for example, the report says that about 60 percent of the population working in the mining industry is aged between 30 and 44 years. Clearly, these persons have the skills required
Introduction Inasmuch as people wish to perfect virtually all the areas of their concern, virtually all fail when it comes to perfecting the area of time management. Almost everyone seems familiar with the adage ‘time is money”. However, time means different things to different people with some valuing it more than others do thereby utilizing the precious asset keenly by following suit to certain guides and requirements. Time management is an art or rather a process or a behavior that a person inculcates and disciplines himself to abide by. At times, I have failed to keep time and ended up paying dearly for that. Am I alone? Many other people are notoriously poor time managers like me. As a result, they have succumbed to the various consequences associated with this uncouth behavior. However, one might ask, ‘Why the poor stewardship of time?’ Main idea Therefore, the main issue in this essay is finding out why people I included cannot keep time as required. Time management has been termed as the most detrimental of people achieving their goals and has been attributed as a sign of poor planning of goals and lacking objectives in life or in our daily per takings. Hence, this essay is meant to some extent change the perception and attitude of people towards the issue o f managing their time well. Time is an asset that every person who has a vision and a goal needs to consider it as a precious commodity. It is therefore important to all aspects of our lives and equally everybody raging from student fraternity and everyone who wants to achieve certain objectives in his life should value it. Surprisingly, people want to achieve things after a given period. However, they seem to disregard the input therein in ensuring that the time provided for the accomplishment does not go in to waste. I am not an exception. While in my elementary school, our class teacher required every student should to be sited at his desk at seven o’clock studying and preparing for a class. I was the last person to enter the class and this occurred on a daily basis despite the many strokes I could receive as a result. When asked by my teacher why I was a notorious timekeeper I used to answerer, “my home is the furthest and I could not make it early as my colleagues”. This answer made my colleagues laugh and ridicule me as a lazy student. Furthermore, I earned myself funny names of characters with which no one wished to be associated. I really felt bad and angry to my fellow students especially who called me these names. My class teacher then introduced a mechanism that could deal with students who did not pay attention to their time. Can you guess who the first person to test the mechanism was? Definitely, no one else could do it but me. These are the repercussions faced by poor t
RADAR could be used as a business planning tool and help implementers achieve the best for their businesses. For instance, one example of RADAR is the upgrading of leadership competencies, which improve enterprise management for customer satisfaction. The RADAR model requires that planners drive results through setting of goals. For this case, the objective of the RADAR is to improve the competencies of company staff in the handling of customers. The campaign will also target to make the company the best in terms of customer experience in comparison to the standards set by other firms and the record that the business holds in the same line. The plan will use many strategies that will make it drive the desired results to the company. For instance, one of the approaches is that of training the staff on matters concerning customer relations. The method is one of the most effective because it delivers a permanent result on the staff and help in transforming the perception of staff for a long time (Kang 2008, p. 100). The approach will also involve reviewing the performance process so that the organization can identify the existing problems that require fixing. The method will also drive the company to the attainment of its vision, which is always to make it the most preferred by customers. The plan will ensure the company sticks to its desired corporate values, which is a customer-oriented approach that targets to improve the welfare of the community. The Human Resource personnel, the Public Relations officer, and their departments will handle the implementation of the plan. The unit will entail conferencing and briefing of the entire workforce on the need for the transformation. The process will also involve collection of information from the public concerning their levels of satisfaction with the company’s services. The project will entail deployment of financial resources, company vehicles, the employees, and other relevant aspects that will ensure there is a coordinated effort to succeed. The resources deployed will help the firm to conduct the surveys on customer satisfaction and the briefing of the stakeholders of the importance of the plan (Kang 2008, p. 127). There is also the need for expertise in the field of customer relations, which means that the department will have to hire experts. The human Resource Personnel and the Personal Relations officer of the company will use frequent surveys to measure the levels of success of the plan. The studies will involve asking the targeted customers about the quality of change in the way that the company handles them. The company will also use suggestion boxes placed in the public areas that will help in the determination of the levels of success of implemented plans. However, there is a risk that the business faces concerning methods of data collection (Dumbill, Steele & Loukides 2012, p. 90). There are those people that have the likelihood of giving biased responses concerning their levels of satisfaction with the company’s services. Therefore, the company should sample the results and determine their average, which forms a basis for evaluating the integr
Pleasures of Eating by Wendell Berry illustrates the role of human beings in care and control of the nature. Berry creates an insight in this topic by asserting that there exists a casual correlation between eating and agriculture. According to Berry “…eating is an agricultural act.” While consumers view food as mere product of agriculture, Berry illustration reveals that acts of farming are strongly dependent on the eating habits and largely determines the natural beauty. In this work, eating represents the human activities within the environment while pleasure illustrates the human responsibility in care of nature and the natural order of the environment. Vividly, Berry uses ‘eating’ to demonstrate the best human practices for a healthy environment particularly to city dwellers. To develop the essence of environmental care, Berry illustrates that city consumers should have knowledge of the source of industrial foods they consume. Urban shoppers should understand the skills involved in food farming in order to develop close feel of the effects of eating to the nature. This would enhance people’s involvement in food production at all levels of their thriving; urban dwellers should use little spaces at their residential to grow possible plants and practice animal husbandry such as poultry and pig rearing. In a broader perspective, Berry’s illustration succeeds in advocating for environmental conservation and growth. The illustration is indeed ‘a passive environmental activist’, which is likely to influence billions of future generations to care for the environment. Through his work, Berry illustrates the relationship between eating and the health of the environment – the health of the eater is part of the environment. Responsibility in eating involves control of what constitutes the food; “prepare your own food” (Berry). Berry demonstrates that people would have a direct control of their health if they prepared what they eat in several ways. First, it provides people with the freedom to control the chemical contents of the food they eat and hence their health status. Secondly, farming enhances ecosystem’s resilience and reduces chances of extinction of some species within the environment. It is therefore justifiable that Berry successfully illustrates the process of achieving environmental stability in the urban societies, which is actually a challenge to most policy makers. Berry illustrates the relationship between the human activities and health of the society- Eating habits by the city dwellers lead to degradation of the environment since the acts are displeasure to the environment. Berry illustrates the significance of some plants and animals in the lives of the people; there are many pleasures that human beings derive from these creatures. Unless the city dwellers comprehend these benefits, the cities will not embrace the full mitigation measures of the environmental displeasure. If people understand the source of their foods, as Berry illustrates, they will have the ‘heart’