ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
European as well as North American design from 1875 to 1900 has such characteristics 1) functionalism and utility; 2) minimalism; 3) the growing influence of modernist aesthetic views. These are the major trends that one can single out. It should be noted that these tendencies could be observed not only in architecture but also in interior design. Several factors contributed to the trend, in particular, the growing population, the rise of middle classes, and changing artistic trends. It should be mentioned that understanding this period is essential for modern designers because the tendencies and methods which emerged between 1875 and 1900 have not disappeared nowadays; more likely, they evolved and elaborated. At this point, we need to show how these trends manifested themselves in different areas of design. When speaking about functionalism, one should primarily refer to more effective space management. This period was marked by the increase of those buildings created for the needs of the community, for instance, libraries or schools. These buildings were designed for the needs of a very wide population. They had to host hundreds if not thousands of people. For instance, when speaking about the libraries, we need to mention that they had to be suitable for the storage and quick delivery of books. These necessities were reflected in their design. The designers of that period had to make sure that these buildings could accommodate hundreds of people. For instance, we can look at such an example as the Boston Public Library that was constructed in 1895 (Figure 1). The space in this building was organized in such a way that it could serve many readers within a short period. A similar approach to the design of public libraries is adopted nowadays. Certainly, the design of public buildings has evolved in the twentieth century but it is still based on the principles of functionalism and utility, which were laid down during the period between 1875 and 1900. The same argument can be applied to schools, which had to provide adequate resources for thousands of students; we can mention the Glasgow School of Art, which was constructed in 1895 (Figure 2). The designers of these buildings had to make sure that space is utilized effectively, and this factor greatly influenced their work. Thus, it is possible to maintain that functionalism was stipulated by the changes in the demographic structure of the society, especially the increasing number of middle-income people, who wanted to satisfy their educational needs. In the late nineteenth century, designers began to adjust their works for the mass audience rather than a certain individual and in later years such a view of design became even more dominant. Emphasis on utility and functionality intensified in later years when the global population began to grow at a quicker rate. These fe
The media and companies use different techniques to advertise different products. The method used to advertise a productthe or service depends on target customers and response expected from customers. Channeal of advertisement includes television, radio, cinema, the internet, billboards, and posters (Allen and Semenik 45). These channels are readily available to many people around the world. Methods of advertising include repetition, use of celebrities, association, and emotional appeal (Allen and Semenik 46). These mea thods have different effects on people. Repetition involves reiteration of certain messages for prolonged periods in order to create brand familiarity. This method aims to keep the image of a certain product in the minds of customers (Allen and Semenik 49). In addition, it builds familiarity and liking for a product. However, too much repetition may be ineffective and discourage customers from embracing a product. The technique makes customers accept a brand even though its quality may be poor. Companies use famous people such as celebrities and athletes to advertise their products. This method is effective because people assume that if celebrities use those products, then they are appropriate for everyone (Hansen and Sverre 72). However, that is not the case. They are paid to improve the image and acceptance of a product. This method creates delusions in people’s mind and makes them believe that any product endorsed by a famous person is good for them. Another technique of advertising is an association. This technique involves associating a product with a certain state of being or emotion in order to create psychological connections in customers (Hansen and Sverre 74). This technique affects customers emotionally by manipulating them to believe that a certain product has a direct association with certain states of health or certain condition. Bandwagon technique advertises products by convincing customers that other people are using those products (Allen and Semenik 52). Advertisers create the assumption that if customers fail to buy a certain product, then they will be left out and miss the benefits of the product. These techniques evoke approval from customers by creating feelings of patriotism in customers. People are deceived into buying a product from a conviction that others are using them. Another technique used by advertisers is promotion. They use promotional rewards such as coupons, sweepstakes, and shopping vouchers to attract customers to purchase their products (Allen and Semenik 55). The technique is very effective because it creates a false sense of receiving free rewards or prizes from advertisers. In addition, advertisers offer limited-time offers in order to add urgency in the minds of customers (Hansen and Sverre 75). This technique deceives people into believi
Introduction Religion is a very controversial subject in the contemporary world. However, although the issue is prevalent in America, it carried more weight in the 20th century than it does today. People always judged others, depending on their religious affiliation and church membership. Nonetheless, secularism was common in the mid-twentieth century. People had turned out to live in the framework of reality, and they had forgotten about religion. The historians, educators, and journalists had all overlooked religion, and secularism had prevailed in American society. However, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the distribution of scriptures increased significantly. People began buying and distributing bibles that revealed the word of God. Those who never believed in the bible perceived it as a piece of literature. Interestingly, even the Christians who attended church sermons rarely read the bible. The entire scenario was a paradox as religious believers were practicing secularism. Although Christians were involved in major religious activities, their honesty, moral principles, and integrity were questionable (Cohen and Hill 738). Herberg analyzes the contradictions and controversies of the American religion and American society concerning three religious groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish. He wrote a book to interpret the paradox of religion, and address the issue of the immigrants who had to change their cultures to become Americans. Since every American had to belong to one of the aforementioned religious groups, the immigrants had to transform into Catholics, Jewish, or Protestants. This paper will give a stringent analysis of Herberg’s book, Protestant, Catholic, Jew. It will describe the initial and subsequent reception on the book to determine whether the Herberg’s work is a classic or a periodic piece. About the author Will Herberg was an intellectual scholar and social philosopher who wrote
Politics of Truth In “Becoming Post Culturally Reflective about Truth” by MacNaughton, the phrase “politics of truth” emerges as a new terminology relating to the formal education system and the development of a child. This term focuses on truth in the education of children. The truth in question is the persistent and repetitive discrimination of certain children by the education system. The system refuses to acknowledge that children are different and require different pedagogical approaches for proper and equitable development (MacNaughton, 2005). Contentious Issues After analysing the readings carefully, there are several issues that arise without showing a clear connection to the theme of pedagogy. While this field can be related to social equity and justice that is discussed by Farquhar in her work, the reference to the agency is not clearly outlined by the author. The need to have a society and a social system where children are given equal opportunity is important as the particular author points out (Styles & Hedges, 2007). The issue of equity alone justifies the need to examine the existing forms of educations system, their relation to the societies in which they are set, and the possible future changes that can instigate reforms (Hauser & Jipson, 1998). However, the articles fail to clearly bring out the real cause of the variance in outcomes in the education of children. While the education system takes all the blame for failing to address the needs of different children in the society, no comparison is made between the education system and the society to identify which of the institutions easily adapts to change. Pedagogical Approach in Africa and Australia In Australia and Africa, where the British held dominion over many territories over a significantly long period, most of the education systems conform to the European model of education. Formal discipline is high in the schools, and secular values dominate the education systems. In cases where there is some religious influence in the education system, it takes the form of Christianity in many territories formerly colonised by Great Britain. While these systems treat children who go through it equally in regard to the subjective processes of education, they fail to address the multicultural background of the children in schools. If the authorities responsible for the education of children decided to establish different and separate education systems to fit different social settings in a complex society, the efficiency of the system might be compromised. However, it is important that society and education systems be harmonised. Lack of this harmony is observed by Cannella in her book, “Deconstructing Early Childhood.” This is because the degrees of performance of individuals in school become different because of the varying levels of success that the education system has with each of the distinct sections of the society (Cannella, 1997). It could be a plausible idea that diff
Abstract This report proposes the various issues that Mt. Helen MedTech should consider in its pursuit for a high competitive advantage by integrating e-commerce in its operation. The report focuses on the critical issues that the firm’s management team should consider in the process of implementing e-commerce. First, the most effective e-commerce model that the firm should take into account is identified and evaluated. The report proposes that the revenue model, applications security, and e-marketing requirements should be integrated. The sales revenue model is identified as one of the most effective models that should be adopted. Moreover, the report proposes the various measures that should be implemented in order to enhance the security of the implemented e-commerce technologies. Other issues that are evaluated relate to the payment method, privacy issues, customer service issues, legal issues, and how the firm can utilise web analytics in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of its e-business activities. Introduction Mt. Helen MedTech is a small and medium sized retail enterprise that is based in Mt. Helen, Victoria. The firm retails a range of surgical and medical assistive technologies. In addition to retailing, the firm also operates a wholesale export business. However, its core business entails selling surgical and medical assistive technologies to domestic healthcare providers in Australia. The firm has undergone significant growth since its inception. The firm’s capitalisation is estimated to be $A 10 million, while its annual sales volume is estimated to be $A 6 million. The firm’s annual sales revenue is growing at an annual rate of 10%, while the net profit is estimated to be 10% of the total sales. Despite the firm’s growth, Mt. Helen MedTech is experiencing a number of challenges emanating from the external business environment. Some of these challenges relate to increment in the intensity of competition, changing economic environment, and change in consumer behaviour, which pose a major threat to the firm’s survival. Mt. Helen MedTech management team has an obligation to enhance the firm’s competitive edge. One of the avenues through which the firm can develop its competitiveness is by integrating electronic commerce. Gangopadhyay (2002) defines e-commerce as “the trade of goods and services by electronic means” (p. 200). The emergence of e-commerce has enhanced businesses’ competitiveness by enabling them to venture into the international market. Furthermore, businesses have improved their capability to attract and retain customers by addressing their service and product needs more efficiently and effectively. Aim This report proposes how Mt. Hellen MedTech can improve its competitive advantage by integrating e-commerce. The report evaluates the issues that the firm has to take into account in order to ensure that e-commerce is incorporated successfully in the firm’s op
Introduction This paper aims to analyze the Japanese advertisement found on the website Ads of the World . This ad promotes a product called “Toilet Quickle Deodorant Coat Sheet,” which is intended to help housewives get rid of unpleasant odor in the toilet. An analysis of this ad shows that it cannot be standardized for the US audience; instead, it should be adapted because of the language and cultural differences, such as variations in the use of appeal and comparisons and the importance of diversity. Main body Perhaps, the most apparent reason why this ad needs to be adapted to the US audience rather than standardized is the use of the Japanese language. In this ad, the Japanese language is used in the speech of the actors delivering the information to the customers and the signs on the screen. While the actor’s speech can simply be translated into English, the signs on the screen have to be adapted. This is because the Japanese language uses characters that appear much more compact than English words. Therefore, simply writing the Japanese words in English would change the layout of the images that support the information delivered by the speakers. The next rationale for adaptation is that this ad is filmed in the format of a weather report familiar to Japanese housewives. In the US, the format for such programs is different to a certain extent, which means that this ad may appear less familiar to American housewives. The ad also shows such a common feature of Japanese etiquette as bowing, which is not used in the US and, therefore, should be removed when adapting the ad to the American audience. The way the message is delivered in the Japanese and American cultures is also different, which further supports the need for adaptation rather than standardization. In particular, in Japan, advertisements use indirect communication to convey their messages and let the audience decide for themselves what they should think about the brand. This is because Japanese people, in contrast to Americans, have negative attitudes to hard-sell practices, so ads using direct communication would be ineffective in this country. In addition, Japanese ads do not tend to use comparisons. In contrast, US advertisements use direct communication to convey the brand value to the audience and often compare different brands in their campaigns, for example, in the advertising campaigns of McDonald’s and Burger King. The ad under review does not say explicitly that the advertised brand is the best in the market and does not make any comparisons; it only offers a brief explanation of what the product is used for. In order to adapt the ad to the US audience, advertisers should explicitly state their message about the value of the brand. Furthermore, the advertisement needs adaptation rather than standardization because of the differences in the use of appeals in the US and Japan. Japanese advertisements appeal to the audience’s sentiment, while American advertisements appeal to logical reasoning. Thus, Japanese ads primarily contain images that invoke viewers’ emotions, whereas American ads u
Lincoln Douglas debates are those debates between Stephen Douglas, who held the position of a Senator as a Democratic Party candidate, and Abraham Lincoln, who was the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois. These two leaders were contesting for election into the U.S. Senate in 1858. Lincoln was opposing Douglas who wanted to be reelected. The two leaders were competing for control over Illinois legislature. The main topic that was argued in these debates was slavery. Douglas was not popular on one hand while on the other hand Lincoln was popular since he had held campaigns earlier. They held seven main debates in their campaigns. One of the debates was held at Washington Square, Ottawa. They also held another debate in Freeport where more than 15,000 people attended (Lincoln-Douglas Debates 2). Other debates were held at Coles County Fairgrounds, Union County Fairgrounds, Broadway and Market Street, Old Main, and Washington Park. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas believed in opposing ideas. According to Lincoln, freedom and slavery can never be compatible (Murrin et al 549). In other words, Lincoln believed that there is no way we could have freedom and at the same time we have slavery. Each can only prevail at a time. This was the main theme for debates between Douglas and Lincoln in 1858. In his campaigns, Lincoln used a common slogan that “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” (Murrin et al 54
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 This regulation was enacted in February 1993 by the USA government. All employees have the privilege to be away from the workplace for a period of up to 12 months so as to attend to family issues that are pressing. Both men and women could be given this unpaid leave due to acute health conditions of a family member so that they can take care of them. This bill was an idea brought by Chris Dodd and covered the care for sons, wives and husbands, and foster children. Americans so much value their social lives. This bill was introduced to this effect. One could be given leave in case he or she was not in a position to do their jobs and also if they were headed to caring for a sick spouse, parent, or child. The employees are allowed by the law to stay at home during this time and then come back to their jobs after they are done with the assignment. A maximum of 12 months was given to this effect. The basic importance of this rule was to give a guarantee to the employees that they will retain their jobs on come back. In case their previous posts were no longer available; the employees were to be given jobs of similar rank and pay as their previous positions (Beatty, 2005). Application to Case One The employee in question, having worked for two years, was entitled to this act. The spouse of this man is covered among those unto whom the policy covers. The man came back to his job after 11 months. The fact that the new manager reinstated the man back to the job is a good sign that the company has adhered to the policy. The policy however does have a provision for payments to be made. The company is judged rightly by refusing to give the money as demanded by the man in question. Another important step carried out b the new manager was that of retaining employee A back to his position and rank. Employee A must have asked for compensation for the with-held salary out of ignorance. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 The law was introduced on December 15, 1967, to prohibit age discrimination in employment. It was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. This law protects the old from being oppressed in the workplaces so as to favor the young. This law was formulated because, in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs. This law has the purpose of promoting employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; and also prohibits arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act does not forbid favoring the young over the old, but it does prohibit having a discriminatory preference for the young over the o
Family A family is the group of people who are associated together; it can mean a man and a woman who share a common household or people who share the same blood relations include parents, children and relatives. In the given case, the family consisted of the Mother and her daughter. Since she was raised by a single parent her mother. This can thereof be termed as a single parent family. A very vital function of a family is to reproduce persons (children) both biologically and socially. It plays a key role in the social upbringing of children to acknowledge the gradual acceptance by a person or group of the standards and practices of another person or culture, thus it can be termed as an orientation unit. On the other hand, it is not only meant to produce children but to be a unit where it is economically viable. This family answered to only one function, which is to reproduce children but has failed in the other functions. The child has neither been brought up by the mother nor the father thus she has not been socialized (Adorno 2002). Values A family has basic norms or values that it is expected to observe. The values include a family as a basic economic unit of the society, as a source of perpetuation of society through children and a provision of a framework for companionship. In this case, the family lacked some family values as the family was split when the child was very young. The parents broke their marriage thus there was no companionship between them. In