ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Scientists around the globe are debating on the better ways in which they can research and advance gene-editing technology. Genetic engineering is the precise form of gene-editing, whereby professionals use bacteria enzymes to locate genes in the DNA, subsequently replacing or deleting them. According to Gyngell et al., scientists use genetic modification as the primary option for modifying the human embryos to fit into the specific outlines and anticipated qualities which the parents expect their infant to obtain (499). Globally, the practice is seen as a critical strategy towards eradicating the devastating genes in different families and commencing to emulate excellent and discernible traits. Genes affiliated with specific hereditary and chronic ailments are mutated by this technology. Although some individuals oppose the genetic engineering approach, the technology is important because it leads to curing genetic diseases, delays aging, enhances genetic lottery, makes disease treatment less costly, and reduces infertility rates among people. Main text As mentioned above, genetic engineering enhances the ease of curing genetic diseases. Gyngell et al. opine that genetic editing aids in disease treatment, including thalassemia and cystic fibrosis (501). There is no medicine or other treatment option for individuals who are suffering from these conditions. The selection of healthy fetuses or embryos through genetic testing is a critical way of reducing these diseases from affecting the subsequent generation. Families lineages with such conditions have high chances of lowering genetic disorders, in general, by embracing the genetic modification practice. The gene alteration strategy enables replacing the specific unwanted genes with the new ones, which are more resistant and freer of the particular ailment, hence an essential assurance of a healthy generation in the future. Moreover, Gyngell et al. add that the genetic engineering approach guarantees children born in the subsequent cohorts are healthy and do not have the illnesses evident in the current family members (507). For instance, if infants are subjected to genetic interchange, there are high chances that their children might naturally not have the conditions. Therefore, genetic engineering augments the ease of treating genetic diseases in different families. Additionally, genetic engineering is vital because it reduces the rate of aging. De Miguel Beriain alludes that hereditary modification slows the actual frequency at which people get old. The practice makes individuals resistant to diseases, which have high chances to develop among elderly adults in society. De Miguel Beriain further mentions th
Introduction Does it leave one wondering whether Emily Grierson, in ‘A Rose for Emily,’ should be blamed for her solitude and isolation from the rest of the society much as the woman narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’? Emily Grierson, in ‘A Rose for Emily,’ treats her solitude and isolation from the rest of society as a norm. When she dies, everyone goes for her funeral not because they liked her, but because she was a monument for the community. Some were curious to peep inside her house known only to a gardener and a cook for almost ten years. The woman narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper,’ on the other hand, sees her isolation from the community like a plague that will eat on her very soul. She yearns for her husband John, to be by her side but quickly points out that he is out attending to more severe cases. It is from the narrator that we learn that he is a physician. Emily & the Narrator: Characters Comparison Emily’s isolation and solitude are enhanced by her father’s influence on her ideas and actions. She is brought up in the era of civil war. His father turned away a lot of suitors to the effect that she was still single at the age of thirty. Miss Emily is brought up with the notion that she is from an influential and proud Southern family: The Griersons. This is supported by the part in which she starts hanging out with the Northerner Homer Barron. It is regarded as a bad act; the laborer from the North was not her type or class. When her father dies, she in denial agrees to release his body for burial after a lot of pressure. She turns the community women come to pay homage to her away from her doorstep. This enhances her stubborn nature and highlights her isolation and solitude. In the text, there is every indication that Emily represented the last of the pre-civil war era. She lives in a pre-civil war house. Factories and cotton ginneries have replaced all the other houses close to her. She chooses to hang to her past more than the present, making her an isolated case in the ever-changing society. A lot of symbolism shows her isolation. She lived in an isolated beat-down house that was dark and dusty, a clear indication of her isolation, character, and solitude from the other society. Emily’s contempt for the new laws and rules show how torn apart from the society she is. An indication of this is when she goes to the druggist to buy poison even when the law requires to abound up a reason to buy the poison; she stares at the druggist once, and she gets the poison she uses for murdering Homer Barron. Another instance is when the aldermen representatives from the council come to visit her over the remittance of taxes. She tells them off, indicating that her father had loaned the town with special reference to Colonel Sartoris, the former mayor who had passed on for more than ten years. We can assume that she never knew whether the Colonel had passed on, thus highlighting her level of isolation and solitude. When the Federal State departments issue an order on postal addresses, she refuses to comply, indicating her disregard for the
The analysis of ethics integration with organizational customs and structures is important. In chapter seven of the book Responsible Administrator , Cooper (161), begins this critical examination. Evidently, his investigations portray critical highlights to this topic. For instance, he indicates that the philosophical course that mould and maintain resonate ethical behavior cannot be kept in isolation. In the chapter, the author discusses four basic elements. These elements are applicable in the development of an appropriate environment for ethical conduct. Basically, these include individual attributes, organizational culture, structure as well as societal expectations. A critical analysis of our daily lives reveals fascinating scenarios about this issue. For example, leaders may feel mystified about people’s capacity to attain specific objectives. Generally, most personalities within organizations often fail to behave or perform compliantly to the collective objectives. Instead reluctance to innovation and deviance is usually noted (Cooper, 161). Apparently, managers also fail to precisely note the exact kinds of irresponsible behaviors. Therefore, leaders might depict irresponsibility since their definite obligations and position focus is poorly linked. The outlined elements for responsible conduct remain crucial in solving this menace. Foremost, individual attributes is an element that embodies a variety of ethical constructs. It dictates ethical decision resolution skills, and an individuals’ psychological attitude. Moreover, this element remains indicative of the necessary virtues as well as professional values required of a personality. As indicated in this chapter, Stephen Bailey denotes the basic mental attitudes. The discovery of the discordance in morality within individuals and public policies is a vital mental attitude. Additionally, the identification of the factors that shift moral priorities within the civic service is also critical (Cooper, 168). Optimism, bravery as well as fairness embodied with charity include some of the required moral qualities. Organizational structure is another critical component of an ethically appropriate environment. It reflects the degree of transparent accountability, collaborative operations as well as dissent channels. A proper organizational structure supports clear participation procedures. The competencies of individual administrators come into foreplay and dictate the level of efficiency due to properly established organizational structures. Critically, this also resonates to concise application of the strategic management processes. Several investigators have postulated different but related
Introduction The establishment of an organization presents one of the most difficult tasks as there are numerous problems connected with the choice of employees and organizational structure. A successful organization should present a well-developed system that can operate effectively even if there are problems associated with the work of one of its parts. Thus, there is no doubt that the knowledge of coordination mechanisms and structural dimensions of famous organizations is extremely important for anyone interested in business and management. The given paper focuses on such an organization as Siemens and analyzes its internal bureaucratic structure. The organization was chosen because it has a great number of employees and its well-developed structure provides an opportunity to apply a range of theoretical concepts related to management and organizational structures. In particular, there are a few important questions discussed in the paper. First, it describes the activities performed by the chosen organization and its key tasks. Also, the topics discussed within the frame of the assignment include the structure of the organization and signs indicating that it is a bureaucracy. Finally, it analyzes the use of coordination mechanisms in the work of the organization to study the way of how they are used in the working practice of large companies. Bureaucratic Organization Purpose The organization studied within the frame of the given assignment is Siemens which is known as one of the largest and the most successful companies in Germany. The organization has a long history as it was established in the middle of the nineteenth century by two German engineers. Since the very beginning of its operation, the organization was related to the production of various products and services; for instance, in the nineteenth century, the creation of telegraph lines and the production of telegraph cable were its primary tasks. Nowadays, there is a wide range of tasks fulfilled by the employees working for the discussed organization. For example, the organization provides services in six different fields. The tasks related to the first sector (energy engineering) include the production of gas and steam turbines of different types, turbine-driven compressors, power facilities, electrical generating sets, and other equipment ( Annual report 2016 2016). Apart from that, IT specialists from the organization provide energy companies with assistance as they design and improve solutions for their businesses. Also, the organization offers numerous products and services helping to enhance process control in production companies. Thus, Siemens designs and produces the equipment for the automation of production such as PLC systems and provides human-machine interface solutions. Moreover, specialists working in this sector are responsible for the production of sensors used in modern automation systems all over the world and the motor vehicle parts for electro c
Introduction Michael Mann defines genocide as the “the deliberate, systematic attempt to wipe out a particular population” (Mann, p. 22). Mann points out that most of the genocides that have occurred in the history of genocidal history were perpetrated by the political government in power and the ethnic cleansing that they intended to do in order to attain a homogeneous state. In the same line, Rothschild showed that security in modern day is actually a relation between individuals and the state (p.54). So we can interrelate both Mann’s and Rothschild’s thoughts and deduce that genocide and security are concepts which are dependent on two factors i.e. the individuals and the state. Main body Mann describes the different forms of ethnic cleansing process such as coerced, biological, etc. all these are milder forms of genocide. As he describes in the case of Nazi Germany, the forerunner of the genocide was biological cleansing, where thousands of handicapped people were sterilized to bring about ethnic cleansing. Similarly, Rothschild described security to be transferred from nations to individuals or groups. In all the examples of genocide provided by Mann are ones perpetrated by states. He believes that the higher the degree of autocracy. More will be the tendency to commit genocide. Rothschild’s theory of security in the modern world posits that even though the individuals or groups who are victims of violence, are unaware as to whom they should turn for support. Even though there exists international institutions and NGOs, the victims violence “The individual who is “troubled by violence” does not know who to ask for protection (which agency of the United Nations, which nongovernmental organization, and in what language?), and she has no political recourse if the protection is not provided.” (Rothschild, p.57). Mann believes that the modern democracies are highly stratified on the basis of class and this leads to tremendous conflict (p. 25). This class conflict is also noted among colonial settlers and the original inhabitants. But the modern democratic states are not all birth-child of genocides (p. 27). Organic concept of democracy as described by Mann was dependent on the people of the state where it is the people who made the stare (pp. 29-30). He wanted to impose that this kind of democracy would reduce genocide of any kind. But this failed in the light of international pressure. In similar lines Rothschild brings about the concept of “civil-society strategy” which wherein the society actually participates in ensuring security. But in-depth analysis showed that “It has been suggested that the “civil-society strategy” is an insufficient source of individual security because it is insufficiently political. As civil society is (by self-definition) nongovernmental; individual security is (by the definition of liberal political theory) both the objective of and the justification for government.” (pp. 81-82). Conclusion Hence we may conclude that Mann’s theory of genocide and Rothschild’s explanation of security has connections in their being a relation between state and individuals, the
Introduction The partnership between Tata Motors (TM) and Fiat Auto drastically changed the passenger car market in India. The alliance took place at a time when both firms were beginning to revive their sales in the international market. For instance, due to internationalization, Fiat Auto made a quarterly trading profit for the first time in almost four years from its sales in Europe (Shalley & Satish, 2009). On the other hand, TM was implementing its expansion strategies and aggressively made forays in the international market. For instance, the firm signed a joint venture with the Brazilian firm Marco Polo with an aim of enhancing its distribution channels within the Brazilian market. Business Opportunities in India Generally, the automobile industry in India is one of the most growing in the developing economies and is projected to go up by over 1.9 trillion US dollars in the year 2015. The automobile industry is expected to continue growing because of increased number of middle-class, which provides sufficient market for the products. Further, the country’s huge population provides a large pool of skilled and cheap labor, which propels the industry to success (Shalley & Satish, 2009). The automobile industry in India is estimated to be worth over 120 billion US dollars with the small car market contributing around sixty percent of the country’s total car sales. Moreover, the industry is currently growing at an estimated annual rate of about nine percent. However, the industry is highly competitive. Fiat’s Benefits from the Venture Fiat Autos’ partnership with TM is critical in developing dealership network and increased customer base. The reason is that Fiat Auto has been experiencing decreased demand and market share. As such, the joint venture is expected to change the trend. In addition, the firm‘s image was dented due to poor customer services and failure to deliver sufficient spare parts to its clienteles. Intrinsically, the firm found difficulties in competing within the Indian automobile market. Therefore, the joint venture would redeem the firms lost image. Besides, the goodwill enjoyed by TM would be helpful in redeeming Fiat’s dented image without incurring additional costs (Netherland, 2008). In addition, the partnership would assist Fiat Auto to cut on both manufacturing and production costs. Cost reductions would be facilitated by the presence of TM subsidiaries that supply auto components to Fiat Auto at fair prices. Moreover, the alliance would assist Fiat Auto to save costs of production through inclusion of spare parts from TM. Besides, the partnership would significantly cut manufacturing costs and improve efficiency. The agreement allowed Fiat to use cost-efficient production procedures applied by TM at its facil
Medicine has always been one of the most progressive areas of science. In this regard, each new invention somehow improved and modernized the process of treating patients and the various technologies associated with it. One such project is The Health Information Technology Project, which would not have moved forward without stakeholders and developers who joined forces and were able to introduce the IT technology into the workflow. The medical center staff has a huge responsibility as they carry out all the necessary work with the data. This fact is noted by Ball, “in order for the nursing profession and for other healthcare provider groups to embrace and meaningfully use the informatics and emerging technologies at the core of health reform, change in the culture of health care is critical.” (Ball et al., 2011, p. 9) In the future, as Weaver and Zeilsdorf explain, “nurses will need the knowledge and experience to use health technologies, health information sites, email and document sharing, social media and wireless monitoring,” not only in healthcare settings but everywhere in society. (American Nurses Association, 2008, p. 66) When making a decision, the initiative came from the IT department, doctors, managers, and nurses. That is, the entire staff of the medical center tried to improve the quality of service by introducing a special data system. What is more, the data storage alone is far from the limit of IT in helping medicine; there are still many significant implementations that can be used in the development of personalized medicines, diagnosing diseases, and predicting more effective treatment. Data science is an a
The critical period hypothesis stipulates that the capability of an individual to master a language is confined in the years before puberty. According to critical period hypothesis, the ability to master a language normally disappears after puberty due to maturation of the brain. Critical period hypothesis was proposed by Penfield, Roberts and Lenneberg in the 1950s and 60s (Han, 2004). These scholars developed their hypothesis based on various types of evidence. One of the evidence used by these scholars was that of abused and feral children, who developed to maturity without learning human languages during their childhood. The second evidence used was that of deaf children who stopped acquiring spoken language after adolescence. The fact that children suffering from aphasia showed better recovery than adults was also used as evidence by these scholars (Han, 2004). Critical period hypothesis has continued to be one of the fiercely contested issues in cognitive science, and more specifically psycholinguistics. The available literature on CPH provides different views on the characteristics of this phenomenon. One of the divergent views on CPH questions the existence of the most favorable, sensitive, or a critical period of language acquisition. The origin of CPH has also attracted different views, and the debate has been on whether CPH is brought by cognitive or maturational factors (Gass &, Selinker, 2001). However, modern literature has acknowledged that CPH plays an important role in the acquisition of first language. There is sufficient evidence that if humans do not acquire a language in early stages of development, they normally lose the capability of mastering languages. This particularly affects the grammatical aspects (Gass &, Selinker, 2001). The evidence that supports CPH is scarce, but its proponents normally use analogies and theoretical reasoning like development of vision to support their claims. The time limit of CPH has also generated different views among scholars (Fuchs, 2007). Linguists who refute the idea of CPH argue that the concept of CPH can be easily falsified. Opponents of CPH maintain that there are individuals who have been exposed to a first or second language after puberty (critical period), and have developed native-like competency. Many researches, for example, those conducted by White and Genesee (1996), Bialystok (1997), and Birdsong and Molis (2001), have refuted the idea of CPH (Birdsong, 2009). The study by White and Genesee examined eighty nine individuals who spoke English as their second language. These subjects were evaluated based on vocabulary choice, morphosyntax, fluency and the extent to which their language skills resembled those of native speakers. The data collected were then used to determine whether a relationship existed between the ag