ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Despite the overall positive impact of the American intervention in the post-war reconstruction of Japan, the means by which they have achieved all of these improvements cause ambiguous evaluation many years later. Historians of the United States are now far more likely than in the past to treat the Occupation as a questionable imperialist venture. 1 The international policy of the USA demands the rigorous analysis not only in the context of the occupation of Japan but also concerning other countries of Asia involved in the conflicts during the post-war period. Japanese Occupation and Recovery Japan’s position at the end of the Second World War was catastrophic. Massive bombardments at the end of the collision brought terrible destruction. The main concern of the United States was how to prevent Japan from becoming an enemy again. It was necessary to promote the creation of an economic system that would allow Japan to develop without using external aggression. This system could only be a market economy. Given the fact that the Japanese did not have any democratic traditions in the Western sense of the word, it was not easy to build its basics for them. In 1946, the Constitution of Japan was adopted, legally enshrining some important democratic achievements of the Japanese people. 2 Under the command of General MacArthur, the U.S. mission pursued a comprehensive policy of rebuilding the country. By the end of the twentieth century, Japan had finally transformed from a militaristic state into a peaceful, stable developing country. Sino-American Relations The internal political situation in China was characterized by the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The US supported the Kuomintang by helping to transport Kuomintang troops to Northern China after the allied victory over Japan. Taiwan became the largest US military base in the Pacific region. Due to the complications caused by the Caribbean crisis and its consequences, relations between China and the United States were deteriorating. By the early 70-es, bilateral relations began to improve. On February 1972, President Nixon and Premier Zhou Enlai of the People’s Republic of China held peace talks that put an end to conflicts over some international interests of both countries. 3 The two sides agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct
Introduction In the construction industry, a comparative analysis is important because it allows constrictors and construction companies to analyze and evaluate methods and techniques used in other countries and apply them in a new setting. Maintaining a balance among philosophical, methodological, theoretical and information gathering orientations is necessary for problem-oriented research. The researcher’s foundation, in theory, provides the orientation for defining a problem that is researchable within the discipline or disciplines involved in the research and with the resources available. International comparative analysis also provides the basis for the formulation of hypotheses and in the selection of the analytical techniques to be used. And it should be obvious that the interpretation of the results depends heavily on the theoretical orientation of the researcher. These statements are true even in integrated, multidisciplinary research as in construction systems research. Comparative analysis International comparative analysis plays a significant role in research by providing structure and form to “known” relationships as a basis for developing additivity and efficiency in the management of the knowledge quest. The international comparative analysis provides a sustainable basis that nurtures the progressive and necessary accumulation of knowledge to solve problems and create opportunities (Wu et al 2004). That is, with theoretical grounding we need not begin completely anew with each new problem. Yet often of necessity, conceptual adaptations are drawn from, but complementary with, various theories. These adaptations serve as evolving guides to applied research and may in time contribute to refinements in the theory (Best and Langston 2006). Benefits of international comparative analysis Comparative research helps to identify the need for constructing more highways, bridges and streets in addition to the maintenance required for the existing road facilities will result in the increase of employment in the heavy and civil engineering construction sector. The case of UK and German construction shows that increase in employment is expected across the industry. The processes of evolution, development and use of theory are normal and necessary within human reason (Clarke and Herrmann 2004). A theory provides the “language” and “filing system” for conceptualizing relationships (systematic behaviour) and classifying information (facts and conditions). Facts, without classification, can not be understood and managed. Experience, transmitted through conceptualizations of need, order and causality, guides us in selecting from alternative classifications of fact. These conceptualizations have the
Coop Programme Overview The College of Applied Engineering offers an opportunity for its students to undergo practical training under the cooperation programme. A coop programme provides an opportunity for students to apply theoretical knowledge gained in class in a real industrial setting. This programme allows students to have a chance of practical application and work experience in the engineering field of study. Students learn critical areas in which practical and theoretical concepts relate. The coop programme ensures that students think critically during the attachments in order to enhance their skills, language use, and problem solving abilities. The programme also benefits students as they learn to work with a team in a busy industrial environment. To this end, students on coop programmes learn critical elements of the engineering profession in a real industrial situation. Fuel Tanks PP10 gets its crude oil from Saudi ARAMCO by pipelines. It also receives diesel supply through trucks. The company has eight trucks in which two trucks are allocated for unrated crude oil while the other six are for rated crude oil. In addition, there are also additional two storage tanks for diesel. Departments of power plant PP10 power plant has three distinct divisions (see figure 1.2) as follow:   * Maintenance department (MND)   * Operating department (OPD)   * Technical service department (TSD) MMG (Mechanical Maintenance for GE) GE machines require maintenance based on the average hours of operations. As a result, GE machines have three forms of maintenance, which include:   * Combustion Inspection (CI) required after every 8000 hours   * Hot Gas Path Inspection (HGPI) required after every 16000 hours   * Major Inspection required after every 32000 hours MIC (Maintenance Instrument Control) MIC division ensures that the gas turbine is safe by monitoring pressure switches, temperature switches, and other components of the turbine. It also replaces some of the electronic components of the system. In addition, the division makes decisions on the type of maintenance required for gas turbines. MEL (Maintenance Electric) MEL division monitors and maintains all motor units alongside generators, lamps, and electric devices within the station. The division also makes critical decisions on fixing, replacing, or calling for professional helps for their generators. Gas Turbine A gas turbine is also known as the combustion turbine or the turbine element. It is a rotating system, which extracts energy from the flowing combustion gas. A gas turbine consists of an upstream compressor, which is connected to a dow
On 25 October 1415, the feast day οf Roman martyr Saint Crispian, an English force οf 1,000 men-at-arms and 5,000 archers waited in the morning mist for action to begin. They were tired and wet from a fitful night’s sleep on the cold, damp ground. The temperature was probably between 40 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit. They were exhausted from their forced march, and many suffered from diarrhea. Across the freshly plowed field, five times their number οf French knights, including 1,000 on horseback, waited to crush them. What could Henry, still a young man by current military standards, have said or done to motivate these exhausted soldiers to attack the French and, in fact, eventually route them? One possible answer is the King’s use οf the “imperatives οf leadership.” John Keegan outlines these imperatives in his book The Mask οf Command. Keegan also provides the best analysis οf this medieval battle in his earlier book The Face οf Battle. There is no record οf exactly what Henry said to motivate his troops. We do not know his thinking, his strategy, or his discussion with the other leaders who accompanied him, although a fairly detailed outline οf how the battle took place is available from a number οf sources. French troops, provoked by flights οf English arrows, moved forward toward the enemy line and apparently became so tightly packed they could not effectively wield their arms. The battle soon became a slaughter. French soldiers, in heavy armor, slipped on the bodies and entrails οf their countrymen and fell in heaps. The archers joined the slaughter on the French flanks, and the press οf additional French troops in the rear prevented their successful retreat. The next morning, local officials buried 6,000 French soldiers. When Henry and his troops moved north toward Calais, they were accompanied by several hundred wounded and more than 2,000 French prisoners. William Shakespeare wrote the drama Henry V centuries after the battle. He likely had sources for information about the battle that we do not. Still, it is probable that most οf the dialogue are fictional. The passage describing Henry’s speech before the battle remains one οf Shakespeare’s most famous, and in Shakespeare’s version, the elements οf the “imperatives οf leadership” are revealed: “We few, we happy few, we band οf brothers. For he today who sheds his blood with me shall be my brother, be he never so vile this day shall gentle his countenance and gentlemen in England now abed shall think themselves accursed they were not here and hold their manhoods cheap while any speaks who fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.” Kinship is the first οf the imperatives essential to effective leadership–“We band οf brothers.” In some way, a leader can communicate with his troops that he is “one οf them.” For the company or battalion commander, the unit size is such that there is an opportunity to move about, getting to know many οf the soldiers and allowing them to get to know him. In larger units, this identification is more difficult. In brigades, divisions, and larger commands, one way a leader can identify with those he commands is through his staff and subordinate commanders
The United States has a strong history of immigration and it is a melting pot of cultures. As a result it has become a nation composed of different races and different peoples coming from different ethnic backgrounds. This has impacted American society in terms of the economy, the peace and order situation, employment, and the education system. These things are constantly interacting to create opportunities and problems for all US citizens. However, there are those who were able to assimilate and there are others who failed. In recent decades – in spite of the rhetoric on equal opportunity for all Americans – numerous studies show that minorities are in a disadvantage. [1] Two major ethnic groups, the African Americans and Hispanics are finding it hard to succeed in a highly competitive world and the root cause why many of them are poor, unemployed and involved in a life of crime is not just the lack of resources and the lack of opportunity but the absence of the desire to succeed. Thus, the story of real-life models like Lt. Col. Consuelo Castillo Kickbusch must be told as frequently as possible so that children from underprivileged homes must not give up in their struggle to find their place in the land of the brave and free. Poverty is Not an Excuse Kickbusch was not born with the proverbial silver spoon in her mouth. In fact, she was born and raised in an unknown barrio along the border of Laredo, Texas. She was surrounded with the usual problems that has brought down many people to the point of desperation and compelled many to give up their dreams. She has an intimate knowledge of poverty. Her family struggled to provide and feed for all the Castillo children. It was therefore a constant grind and daily struggle just to get through the day. Other children from affluent families worry about the things that they might get on Christmas and worry about their video games. But the Castillo children including Consuelo have to worry about more serious issues in life. Aside from poverty, the young Consuelo Castillo had to deal with the consequences of discrimination. She also had to deal with the impact of illiteracy around her. A child growing up in a poor neighborhood and growing up surrounded by children who find no reason to strive hard in their studies is prone to simply go with the flow. But the young Consuelo Castillo went against the grain so-to-speak and decided to study well. Although the Castillo family was a poor immigrant family, Consuelo Castillo’s parents showered her with non-material gifts and it was knowledge about their Mexican heritage, and the values, traditions, and faith that would have helped guider her throughout
Introduction Volunteer tourism is undertaken by the tourists in the local communities where they volunteer to help the by helping eliminating material poverty. It is an alternative form of tourism because the tourists opt to make their travel locally. Motivations for participants in volunteer tourism The main motivation of this kind of tourism is to volunteer in working for the host community as the tourists learn more about their culture and other things. They satisfy the desire to work but not to be just tourists. They work for no pay in the communities that they travel to and this benefits in providing free labor, though short term to the host country or community. There are other tourists that are motivated by the desire to give (Sin, 2009, 487-491). When they visit these communities they try to alleviate poverty materials by giving items to the people. The needy people benefits from these items and the tourists are satisfied. They argue that they feel good when they give. There are other tourists that participate in volunteer tourism in order to contribute to the host community in any way possible. This is done through community service activities that these participants undertake. They do volunteer work that help the community and they themselves feel that they have contributed to the community. Others argue that they learn a lot through community service because they get a chance to interact with the people in the community and learn a lot from them. They learn cultural differences between different communities and how they differ from each other. They also learn how the reception is done by different communities and how they differ from each other. According to (Sin, 2009, 487-491), volunteers in this kind of tourism are also motivated by the desire to try themselves out in doing something. There are people who engage in it in order to try whether they can do volunteering. This is mostly for people who are doing it for the first time and who are curious to know whether they are capable of doing it. This motivation has increased volunteer tourism in most countries. People also do it in order to try their ability in doing some activities. They test their capability in doing that particular activity. Benefits of volunteer experience Volunteer experience causes intrinsic motivation which is a result of mutually beneficial interaction. The intrinsic motivations tries to satisfy intrinsic needs like self actualization and therefore the tourists will feel satisfied
A major contribution to the understanding of adjudication as a process of the adversary system is made by Lon Fuller. One of the subjects of Fuller’s analysis of Adjudication is the limits of applicability. Adjudication can be defined in the broadest sense as taking the role of the judge in a dispute between two parties as a form of social ordering (Allison, 1994, 369; Fuller, 1978, 353). A more formal definition states that adjudication is “a device which gives formal and institutional expression to the influence of reasoned argument in human affairs (Fuller, 1978, 366). Fuller provided an analysis of adjudication in terms of forms and limits, according to which adjudication can be characterized in various ways. The characterization might include such aspects as the mode of participation of the affected parties and the types of disputes. Other aspects that might provide distinct qualities for adjudication include the urgent demand for rationality and the fact that their party has no right to a particular outcome (Fuller, 1978, 370). To describe disputes which are cannot be solved by adjudication, Fuller introduced the concept of polycentric disputes. Polycentric disputes are defined as “situations of interacting points of influence”, which “involve many affected parties and a somewhat fluid state of affairs” (Allison, 1994, 369). The fluidity of the affairs can be seen in that a change in a single factor leads to a series of factors in other factors. General examples of such disputes might include a situation such as the equal allocation of different objects between two parties, drawing boundaries in complicated terrain, allocating radio and television programs to the population, and others (Allison, 1994, 370). The inapplicability of adjudication to polycentric disputes can be explained through various aspects. First of all, the repercussions of judicial interventions influence the main principle of adjudication, i.e. participation through the presentation of proofs and reasoned arguments. The latter leads to that inadequate participation lead to inadequate acknowledgment by the adjudicator, which in turn might lead to the failure to determine suitable repercussions of a decision. Secondly, in polycentric disputes, the information provided to the adjudicator only by the affected parties might not be sufficient to determine the repercussions of a particular decision. Finally, the application of adjudication might involve the decision being modified, withdrawn, or ignored, which subsequently might lead to legal uncertainties, in which legal repercussions will be restricted only in subsequent decisions g
Knowledge management is an array of procedures that control the formation, distribution, and use of information. Knowledge management value chain comprise of four stages these are, knowledge acquisition, storage, dissemination, and application. Knowledge is an intangible firm’s asset. Therefore, its use requires adequate control (Wake, 2010). This paper discusses knowledge management at Etisalat Corporation. Knowledge creation Reflectively, “knowledge acquisition or creation is the first step of knowledge management. Knowledge acquisition comes about after interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge in individual human minds” (Wallace, 2007). Knowledge moves from human mind to the organization. Team work is essential in creating knowledge. Since in these forums, companies acquire knowledge from employees. At Etisalat Corporation relies on data mining for creation of knowledge. It uses data mining techniques and software to obtain customers information. Also, the company also uses neural networks in speech recognition and image analysis. The company makes use of experts in knowledge management to help in knowledge discovery. In addition, the company creates knowledge using knowledge work systems such as CAD and VRML. These systems aid employees in creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization. Finally, the company owns Etisalat Corporate Social Responsibility Centre. The objective of this center is “knowledge creation in areas of areas of corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, business ethics, and work life balance through research” (Etisalat CSR Centre, 2012). Knowledge storage Knowledge storage takes place in different ways. It can either be in soft or hard copies. Storage can be as simple as keeping information in books. Etisalat Corporation stores information in databases. At the company, storage keeps knowledge created visible. Besides, it enhances resource base of the organization. This improves competitive advantage of Etisalat. In addition, storage supports the company with up to date and accurate market intelligence for other departments. This ensures that they have the best sources for investment decisions. Finally, storage helps the company in handling vast information they receive on a daily basis. This ensures smooth running of the business. Knowledge dissemination Companies use various ways to distribution information across the organization such as search engines, collaboration tools, e-mails, and portals. Dissemination of information need should be properly managed so that correct information is directed to the intended staff members (Wallace, 2007). Etisalat Corporation uses intranet and groupware tools to disseminate information. In addition, the company makes use of seminars and workshops. Knowledge from management is received in a number of ways such as intranet, staff meeting forums, employees meetings. Often, “some of the information management disseminate