ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human security is a broad paradigm that helps to understand global vulnerabilities as opposed to national security. Human security comprises a wide variety of topics, including violent conflicts, natural disasters, persistent poverty, epidemics, and economic downturns. When crises overlap, they can grow exponentially, spilling into all aspects of people’s lives, destroying entire communities, and crossing national borders. The topic of interest is the collapse of the Soviet Union since it marked the end of the Cold War and the polarization of the world. Even though the event seems to be beneficial for humanity in the long run, the effects of the matter are numerous and complex. On the one hand, the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the rapid acceleration of regional security cooperation in the region, which crucial for human security (Petrovsky 18). Indeed, since the boundaries have dissolved, it seems natural that countries should be more open to cooperation. On the other hand, Simão claims that broader analysis leads to the understanding that post-Soviet societies suffer from instability and increasingly complex forms of insecurity (133). For instance, Leinsalu et al. report the increased number of conflicts based on ethnic differences and nationalistic moods. Such observations lead to the understanding that the short- and long-term implications of the collapse of the Soviet Union in relation to human security are controversial. The proposed topic The effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union in regards to human security. What are the short- and long-term implications of the dissolution of the Soviet Union? Thesis Statement This paper argues that despite the apparent positive impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union for human security, the event is associated with increased instability in the region. Works Cited Leinsalu, Mall, Denny Vågerö, and Anton E. Kunst. “Increasing Ethnic Differences in Mortality in Estonia after the Collapse of the Soviet Union.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol. 58, no. 7, 2004, 583-589. Petrovsky, Vladimir. “Human development and human security in Eurasia.” International Journal on World Peace , vol. 22, no. 4, 2005, p. 17-75. Simão, Licínia. “(In)Security in Post-Soviet Eurasia: Contributions from Critical Security Studies”. E-Cadernos CES , no. 19, 2013, 132-152.
Introduction The authors wrote this article to report the findings of a study they conducted at the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc. In this study, the authors aimed at determining the type of patient characteristics used to decide whether a patient would be admitted to a mental hospital or not. In addition, they aimed at finding out what normally happens to those patients who are admitted to these hospitals. Secondly, the researchers hoped to find out whether high levels of risk of admission in psychiatric hospitals are some of the factors that predict the length of stay, seclusion, or readmission of a patient within four weeks. Analysis The authors’ perception of the problem can be analyzed based on a critique of the introduction and background sections. Here, it is evident that the researchers hypothesized that such factors as conditions of a patient during admission are likely to determine the possibility of admission in a psychiatric section. In addition, the authors suspected that the length of stay in a mental hospital and the probability of readmission within one month are determined by the patient conditions during admission and the dangers they pose to the public. Moreover, they suspected that several factors determine the probability of admission in a psychiatric hospital as opposed to a normal hospital. To develop a concise background, the researchers conducted an in-depth review of the literature to determine some of the reasons why people are admitted to mental hospitals. Among the major findings were the dangers a patient poses to the public, deficits in self-care, and respite for caretakers. Opinion Supportive evidence : Arguments developed in this article support some theoretical findings in other studies. I agree with the authors because, in most hospitals, admission into mental health hospitals is a way of reducing patients’ contact with the public. This is especially common in cases where a patient displays some antisocial behaviors that could be a threat to the public. In addition, the researcher’s argument that there is a high rate of seclusion and readmission to a mental hospital is genuine and concise with the actual phenomenon in Australian societies. Perhaps, the reasons behind this could be due to a decrease in the number of mental hospitals and an increase in social and economic stress among Australian communities. Although the researchers did not attempt to find the reasons behind the increased rates of readmission and seclusion, one would agree that social problems could be some important factors. Conclusion The researchers’ way of developing the article is quite commendable because it has been developed according to the conventional scientific format. First, a brief but informative abstract provides the readers with an overview of the entire research and contents of the article. Sec
Although the United States is nowadays known as the stronghold of democratic beliefs, their history is rather controversial. Moreover, the very fact that a democratic thought emerged in the environment that contributed to the further promotion of inequality can be considered a miracle. However, it can be argued that the harsh environment, which the British North American humanists were exposed to, was the reason for the democratic movement to be born in British North America. Its location was one of the key reasons for British North America to become the focus of freedom development. The area was far enough from the barbaric conquerors promoting slavery to develop humanistic ideas. At the same time, the location of British North America was close enough to the settings of the Spanish conquerors to observe the dreadful effects of their rule. As a result, the residents of British North America could make reasonable conclusions about the significance of equality and humanist in the relationships between the local residents and the settlers. For example, Mittleberg provides a very graphic description of the misery that he faced in Philadelphia: “When the ships have landed at Philadelphia after their long voyage, no one is permitted to leave them except those who pay for their passage or can give good security” (Mittleberg 2). Learning about this experience, not to mention witnessing it, must have been enough for making a decision in favor of democracy and humanism as opposed to slavery and brutality. It is quite peculiar that even Pennsylvania, which would, later on, become the beacon of hope for numerous slaves, remained a rather gloomy prospect for the African American people at the time: “The sale of human beings in the market on board the ship is carried on thus” (Mittleberg 3). As Mittleberg explains, there was no place in North America, where immigrants, native population or slaves could feel secure. Apart from British North America, the entire continent was literally infected with slavery. As a result, there was no possi
It is a plain fact that all of us are going to die somewhen. And unlike the past, people nowadays have the opposing tunity to take part in an organization of their funeral. A cremation ceremony can be as important as a wedding because of its ultimate meaning it. Can you imagine planning marriage in a few days? The same applies to the entombment process and cannot be neglected in any way. Hence, if you are considering the plans for your funeral, you are making a smart choice. Pre-need helps your beloved people to cope with the situation, reduce your worries about the process, and take advantage of planning even in the question of burial. First, it significantly eases the pressure on friends and relatives. After the death of a close-knit person, people tend to have depression and unable are to think or care about anything. Pre-need helps to understand clearly what the deceased person expected from them. Moreover, it guarantees a smooth farewell ceremony that would not be a burden to the family as the financial part of the burial is solved in pre-need. In addition to that, the individual can secure a place for a lower price, which is undoubtedly a benefit. To conclude, pre-need is the other way to ease life, including the one after death. Second, being aware of the fate of your body ahead can help you to get rid of the nightmares concerning death. According to Tassell-Matamua and Lindsay (p. 76), two-thirds of people who expected to die and prepared ground for it were less subject to worries about their body fate. Furthermore, people can donate their body organs to scientists for research, and indirectly to become a part of great discovery. It is self-assuring to know that also after death, you can help the world to become a better place, isn’t it? As a result, deciding on the body’s fate upon being sane and alive can make life free of worries and yet hopeful. Third, the pre-need procedure can give a sense of immortality, as your wishes will be appealed to even after passing away. Although preparing the end-of-life services can feel stra
Portfolio Assignment People use nonverbal and verbal means in order to reach an enormous number of personal objectives and deliver meaningful messages. Communication can take different forms depending on whether it occurs in everyday or organizational contexts and the presence of technology applications and tools. This paper’s purpose is to summarize and discuss my skills in interpersonal, group/organizational, and technology-mediated communication with reference to models of communication. Interpersonal Communication Just like other individuals, I have to apply interpersonal communication skills linked to speaking, listening, and building relationships to deal with everyday tasks and be able to transform my efforts and ideas into tangible and substantial results. Speaking about the general trends related to my performance, despite occasional difficulties and the cases of misunderstanding due to value differences, I usually succeed at performing tasks that require well-developed interpersonal communication skills. As an example, I am capable of getting across to people of different generations, including children, adapting to various speech patterns when listening to my partners in conversation, and managing conflicts to maintain productive relationships. The application of interpersonal communication skills is always aimed at receiving the expected reaction, and it is reasonable to use the concept of the looking-glass self to conduct self-evaluation. As Cooley suggested in 1902, individuals’ self-concept is a combination of their self-image and others’ reactions to their behaviors (Jones, 2015). Basically, with reference to the reactions component, I am quite successful at exchanging messages with other people. Since I live in a multinational country, I have to verbally communicate with individuals from different linguistic backgrounds, which requires the presence of well-developed spoken language skills. When engaging in communication with non-native speakers of English, I rarely observe confusion and puzzlement as a reaction to my words since I strive to formulate verbal messages with attention to my interlocutors’ characteristics, including age, a field of expertise,
Introduction Price discrimination denotes the process of charging unlike prices for a comparable item to different customers, which is not because of variations in the cost of supply. It occurs in three different forms, which include the first, second, or third degree. Main body Price discrimination is undertaken mainly to boost the revenue of the discriminating companies (Mahoney & Weyl, 2017). It happens when different customers are willing to buy an item at the set price irrespective of there being a comparable but cheaper one. Additionally, firms may decide to offer the same item or service at varying prices in different markets. A good example of third-degree price discrimination is a situation where airlines set different airfares for the same journey reliant on seasons, day, or time of the flight. During weekdays and peak holiday seasons, airfares are high due to the increased demand that is more inelastic. Price discrimination may occur in any market be it offline or online, and amid companies that do not have market dominance. It typically reveals the competitive approach that competition strategy endeavors to endorse (whether through incentivizing companies to serve a high number of customers or boosting the motivation to compete) (Kutlu, 2017). Nonetheless, price discrimination may at times be a cause for concern, for instance, when it results in manipulative, straining, or exclusionary impact (Chen, 2017). For effective price discrimination, some consumers have to be unable to buy goods or services at a high price as others prefer costly items. Conclusion The regulation of price di
Education is very important sphere in modern society. People try to get the best education in order to get a good job in future and to receive their place in present society. Students go to school, attend classes, and very often even do not think about of the purpose of school, what aim it pursues, what useful it makes to the society and at last, how schools are organized, what is the history of developing schools and whom they are organized for. The purpose of our study is to provide a critical writing, to compare and contrast two written works of D. Carlson “Beyond the Cave Myth: Re-Mythologizing Democratic Literacy” and R. Manzer “Public Schools, Democracy and Historical Trends” in the light of named problems. Our task is to state common assumptions about the role of education in society and to give the critical premises upon which those arguments are based. Ronald Manzer in his article gives us the information not only about the position of schools in the democratic society, but also provides us with the information how and when public institutions and policies were put into practice in his article. Manzel provides us with five historical periods of foundation and formation of school institutions. He gives us the understanding of the changing attitude to the democracy in the society. The first period of educational statement deals with the founding ideas of community. The colonies before, the provinces of Canada were divided by denomination, race, language, and ethnicity. The education was understood as closely related to the authority of the church. The measure of equality was provided with the help of using French language of instructions and studying. The schools did not get the equal financings; Roman Catholic schools got more financial support as other ones, especially suffered province with French language education. (Manzer 2004) The second period is the so called “pursuit of industrial efficiency”. The public education was organized by the idea of “democratic community and equality” (Manzer 2004). The main idea is that there were multilateral secondary schools with different courses and grades. The secondary schools were equal for everybody, without taking into consideration religion, language and races. The curriculum was the same for one grade of one course, and was different if the grades or courses varied. But still there was one exception when the educational programs were different, that is when the problem touched the hierarchy of occupational classes. (Manzer 2004) The third period of changes dealt with the welfare of state. The period of changes starts with the end of the Second World War. The notion of equality is understood in the other way, relating to a new idea of democratic community
Introduction Most multinational corporations analyse the political risks associated with investing in a particular country in order to avoid the risk of financial losses. However, it should be noted that, effectively managing political risk can also be beneficial to companies in that it can help them take advantage of opportunities that they may not have identified if they had not carried out the risk analysis. This political risk assessment of the US business environment by Honda Corporation will therefore be carried for two purposes; to identify the risks facing the company and to identify the benefits that the company might realise in the event that they invest there (Jakobsen, 2010). Political environment It is very clear that country politics and the politicians do not operate separately from other affairs of a country and therefore most of the political changes that are experienced in a country are as a result of the various changes in the economic, social and cultural aspects of the country. This shows that even though most regulatory measures such as tax rates are decided upon by politicians, these regulations and considerations will generally be based on the economic conditions such as the economic status of the country and the effect these new regulations will have on the economy as a whole. This shows the importance of analysing the political environment of a country in relation to its effect on the operations of a multinational company planning to invest there. Rules and regulations established by politicians in the course of normal legislative duties impact on the activities of a business in terms of influencing the operational costs. These regulations also influence the marketing and distribution strategies adopted by a company in that particular country (Jensen, 2006). In the US, one of the major features of the economy is the way the private sector is allowed a lot of freedom to the extent that most of the economic decisions that determine the direction and the extent of production of the economy are made by members of the private sector. This is made possible due to the relatively low levels of regulations on business activities and the low levels of government intervention on the activities of the private business sector. The court system is also a major contributor to this freedom as it is charged with the responsibility of enforcing contracts and protecting the intellectual property of business entities. This freedom has contributed to the growth of businesses in the US and to the rapid growth of the economy of the country (Jensen, 2008). One of the major influences of political regulations in the US is the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley – 2002 which brought about stringent regulations on the financial reporting of companies operating in the country (Jain & Rezaee, 2006). This has the implication that if the management of Honda decides to invest in the US, then they have to comply with the requirements of this act. Analysing the business environment of the US today reveals that the government has always tried to develop the country’s economy based on free competition and capitalism. This has been done through establishin
Introduction Heineken Advertisement Visual media is the use of advertisement means such as radios, televisions, newspapers and the websites in order to target mass populations (Robin and Brad 106). Advertisement is a marketing tool which involves the display of products and services to consumers or potential consumers. It involves the use of audio means like radio and television. The other one is through print media like posters, newspapers and bill boards. The other key mode of advertising is the internet or online advertising. All these means are directed towards getting the attention of the target market which is an audience of the mass population. Competition between companies and their brands has driven many companies to be motivated to create advertisements. Globalization has enabled the promotion of products in any country (Robin and Brad 94). To do this, companies have to make their products known so that they can use it as an entry point to sell their products. The mode of advertising used in this case was the internet marketing: YouTube. YouTube is a means that is involves the use of sound and vision. Its target population cuts across the board to encompass both the young and the old. This site shows movies, advertisements, latest news and opinion polls. The Heineken advertisement in YouTube is about a bartender who is carrying cases of Beer. As he walks to go serve his clients, the beer bottles fall and break spilling the golden clear liquid. The sound produced sends shock waves everywhere and disrupts everyone. The boxer in the ring gets distracted and is knocked down, loosing the battle. The next group has a room full of people; one of them was mesmerized by the sound and stopped singing. In an operating th
Introduction The most important health issue in today’s society is that of food-borne illness. However, with an annual increase of these pathogenic bacteria popularly known as food-borne illness which results to death, researchers have traced the cause to the intake of contaminated foods. What is food borne illness? Food borne illness is the consumption of unhealthy of contaminated food. According to research many foods being consumed contains micro organisms such as bacteria’s, fungi’s, viruses and parasites (Bjorklund, 2006, p.10). In today’s society, the foundation of a healthy lifestyle is the sort of food consumed, the nutritional content and the physical fitness that food does to the human system. In essence, food is needed in the human system for growth and development, for the sustenance of life, and nourishment of the body ( Duyff, 2006, p .x). With all these essential facts on food, we can now conclude that good nutrition is needed for good functioning of the human organism and cells (system). However, nutrition can then be said to be life support, in that it provides the nutrients necessary for proper functioning of the organism and cells of the body system in the form of food. In respect to this, with a healthy diet we are certain of being protected from the most common health problems related to food intake or consumption. Although, the usual food and drink consumed by an organism is determined by the acceptability in the system, hence the research on certain food and health patterns which has been considered or described as similar, equal, or analogous with well-being and the complexity of the wise choice of foods. Simultaneously, new information is exploding on the quantity and quality of foods and nutrients needed for optimal health. Common safety issues related to food purchase, storage, and preparation The issue of food safety varies from the purchase, storage and preparation perspective. In the purchasing of food, the issue of the date of expiration of the food (canned food) and the damage in the packaging as well as freshness and handling of the food must be considered and viewed properly. The storage involves the temperature at which the food is preserved and consumed, while the preparation involves the cleanliness of the utensils in addition to the process of cooking the meal (hygiene). The optional method for certifying the safety of food includes a clean preparation environment and the separating of unlike foods. Moreover, the foods must be cooked with sufficient cooking temperature and also refrigerated and at the appointed time either before or after cooking. Dairy foods, meats and seafood’s must be promptly and properly refrigerated at normal temperature. In line with this, the foods that require cold temperature like the dairy products, sea food and meats must be properly refrigerated. Illnesses or problems caused With the consumption of contaminated food or unhygienic food there are high tendency of risk to the health, however, this is associated with nausea, vomiting, gastroenteritis, fever, abdominal pain,