ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction On January 1, 1804, Haiti declared independence, becoming the second independent nation in the West and the first free black republic in the world. This triumph followed the long and violent Haitian slave revolution in which Haiti, specifically the island of Saint Dominique, suffered from. After the enlightenment, the Rights of Man act provided equality among all Frenchmen, including blacks and mulattos. In reply, the Haitian slaves originally from Africa revolted. During the rebellion, “the Haitian slaves burned every plantation throughout the fertile regions of Haiti and executed all Frenchmen they could find” (Hooker, par 2). A vast amount of people living in Saint Dominique fled the island in fear of their lives. On the other hand, this revolution freed the African people of Saint Dominique from the inexcusable harsh treatments that they had to tolerate. This revolt has been considered both the best thing that Haiti had ever experienced and also the most disastrous. The Haitian slave revolution was justified because of the harsh working conditions within the plantations, the callous living conditions, and the unbelievable successes. The working conditions on the plantations within Saint Dominique provided reasoning for the slaves to revolt. During the rebellion, the plantations were the main workplace for the slaves. The sugar and coffee plantations provided France with their most rich overseas possession. The development of plantation agriculture profoundly affected the island’s ecology. African slaves toiled ceaselessly to clear forests for sugar fields, and massive erosion ensued, particularly on the steep marginal slopes that had been allocated to slaves for their subsistence crops. (Thomas, pp. 144-46) Slavery is a social institution based upon dominance and submission. Slavery involves a person owning another person and using the latter for labor. Persons who are the property of others are also slaves. Slavery is a cruel and oppressive system in which people are held against their will either by warfare, purchase, or birth (Aufhauser 811). Slavery has been outlawed in almost every country. But it is still practiced today. Capitalism which is a system based upon exploitation has been the primary cause of slavery. It is an inhuman system organized around profit. It is a system of inequality, forced labor, slavery, and servitude. The genesis of capitalism was based upon the increased influence of the ruling classes, the amassing of wealth, the development of the European states, and the underdevelopment of their colonies. This naturally led to a profit-seeking system that would lead to exploitation, slavery, and servitude. African slaves were first shipped to Portugal by Henry the navigator (Aufhauser, p. 811). Overview The start of the European colonial age also marked the destruction of the Native American cultures. European states began sei
Introduction Sepsis is one of the main healthcare problems at a global level (Aitken et al. 2011; Angus & van der Poll 2013). Though the level of mortality has considerably decreased during the last decade, this problem still bothers many people (Maloney 2013; Stevenson et al. 2014). Septic shock is an outcome of organ dysfunction that is usually caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection (Singer et al. 2016). The case of an 18-year-old student admitted to the ICU in shock after a five-day illness will be used to discuss organ dysfunction that leads to septic shock. Sepsis Definition Many people cannot notice when an infection reaches their body (Kopterides, Mayr & Yende 2016). Though the human immune system aims at protecting against illnesses and infections, it is not always possible for the body to develop a necessary response (Hutchins et al. 2014). When the body omits the infection, the immune system releases chemicals into the bloodstream to protect the body. However, inflammation is caused, and sepsis occurs. According to Dellinger et al. (2012), sepsis is defined as a systematic host response to the infection that may lead to severe sepsis that is characterized by sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or shock that is explained as sepsis-induced hypotension that exists even if adequate fluid resuscitation is observed. Sepsis may be an infection that is characterized by fever (when the temperature is higher than 38.3 0 C), hypothermia (when the temperature is lower than 36 0 C), tachypnea (when abnormal rapid breathing is observed), and altered mental state. Certain attention should be paid to the arterial blood gas results and the chemical picture of the patient’s blood. In this case, the patient has a low pH level (7.23 compared to the norm of 7.35-7.45) and low HCO3 (17mmHg compared to the norm between 24-32 mmHg) (Mohammed & Abdelatief 2016). These results prove metabolic acidosis in the patient. It is the condition when kidneys are not able to remove the necessary amount of acid from the body, and the concentration of serum hydrogen ion increases extensively. A suspected infection should be checked in terms of the following aspects: the heart rate is more than 90 bpm, the respiratory rate is more than 20 bpm, and the number of white blood cells is more than 12,000 per mm 3 . In this case, the patient meets all these criteria for sepsis during the first
The penetration and impact of digital media on society are hard to overestimate nowadays. Digital technology dominates over the traditional one because of being more convenient in use and because of offering a multitude of opportunities to the consumers. Due to this fact, the process of globalization accelerates, making the data more and more universal. Therefore, it can be stated that we are becoming equal in front of digital media: consuming, equally dependant and equally manipulated. This connection is especially topical in the United States, where digital technology is accessible practically for anyone. Digital media have become an egalitarian force in American society. Every day millions of people in America face problems, needs, and questions of various natures; and all of them have a single answer. If a student needs some information for studying, they may use sources of the Internet. If a mother finds her baby covered with a rash or has a high temperature, she will be more likely to consult Google than a doctor. If a businessman needs some data to be copied and transmitted immediately, he will use digital cameras and other gadgets. If some pensioner wants to entertain themselves in their free time, they are going to turn on the TV set and endlessly switch the thousands of channels performed by a digital satellite. And finally, if this essay was to be presented to a great audience, it would be more convenient to broadcast it with the help of digital technologies than to print it thousands of times. Let us face it: digital media has usurped our life; in fact, it became a part of it, the bigger part. It has so far replaced all the means of interaction, communication, education, or entertainment known ever before. And the process of digital media spread is still in progress, as humanity itself stimulates this to happen. First of all, it is worth stressing the fact that the issue concerns only American society. For if to analyze the world in general, the thesis will lose its viability. For instance, countries of the Third World are too contrastive to the United States in the respect of technological potential. In addition, there still are countries, which prefer traditional radio, television, and newspapers to digital media. American society, a society of cons
Interview Summary The leadership interview was conducted on Thyressa Williams. Miss Williams is a labor organization leader whom I have had the privilege of interacting with in the past. I met Thyressa Williams when we were working together on a special project a few years ago. In addition, Miss Williams has mentored me in the past. The interviewee has several admirable qualities, including her passion for labor organizations. My interview with Miss Williams focused on several aspects of leadership. The interviewee answered all the questions that I presented to her with utmost sincerity. Through the interviewee’s answers, I was able to gather useful insight into leadership and correlate the information I got with course materials. Williams’ interview consisted of a wide range of questions, most of which were personal in nature. According to Williams, leaders should have the capacity to appreciate and respect all people. This respect should not be relative to a person’s economic position, social standing, or gender. The interviewee admits that she took up her current leadership position because it provided her with a platform for improving the stature of the labor movement. The interview revealed that the genesis of her leadership was because her colleagues started treating her as a natural leader. Eventually, the interviewee applied for her current leadership position following the insistence of her colleagues. According to Miss Williams, most leaders fail because they do not understand the scope of leadership. The interviewee suggests that the scope of leadership spans further than the leader and involves team members. Therefore, consultation is the key to successful leadership, according to the interviewee. The interviewee recognizes that as a leader, she should be more confident so as to improve the perceptions of both her juniors and her superiors. When the interviewee was asked about the early life experiences that might have influenced her leadership, she said that her position as a firstborn child in a family of five was quite helpful. One of the most important aspects of leadership, according to the interviewee, is the ability to recognize and acknowledge talent amongst the people a leader is working with. The interviewee claims that she is now able to delegate several duties to other people, something that was a problem in the past. According to Miss Williams, her mentor usually challenged her to face her fears while she mostly provided her mentee with technical know-how. The interviewee usually keeps track of her trade by familiarizing herself with new trends through personal contacts and current literature. The interviewee also recognizes that the work that she does has a positive impact on society. Miss Williams’ def
The foundation of intelligence testing The definition of intelligence is elusive. However, scholars relate intelligence to logical reasoning and adaptation to prevailing situations. Still, there is a challenge over objective testing of intelligence. In order to understand intelligence testing and its basis, we have to look at its origin and theories. Binet and Simon developed the Binet-Simon test to aid in assigning French students to appropriate classes. Educators had not developed any method to identify learners’ difficulties, such as retardation, behavioral problems, or lack of prior education. These researchers identified that learners did not have the same course of intellectual growth, and learners’ mental capabilities developed at varied rates. Binet and Simon referred it to mental age (an average level of age when learners can perform intelligence test) but not the chronological age of an individual. They used mental age to assign appropriate tests to learners based on individual’s capabilities. This was the first approach to psychometric testing. Binet cautioned on over reliance on the test and the dynamic nature of intelligence and errors associated with tests. Lewis Terman developed Stanford-Binet test from Binet test. Terman coined “the term Intelligence Quotient (IQ)” (Baltes and Staudinger, 2000). This test related to American children and culture. IQ relied on dividing the “mental age by chronological age and multiplying the quotient by 100 to give the IQ of an individual” (Baltes and Staudinger, 2000). Terman adapted IQ tests to reflect individuals’ test scores with the average scores of learners’ peers. David Wechsler developed Wechsler-Bellevue test and scale of intelligence as a reaction to Stanford-Binet test. He introduced several specialized IQ tests for different groups. He developed scales for both verbal and non-verbal tests consisting 14 tests. He tested “verbal, performance and combined IQ scores of the tests” (Baltes and Staudinger, 2000). This approach had advantages based on its performance scale and various tests for different age groups. The performance scale was independent of skills like reading, language and writing. Thus, it could test illiteracy, verbally challenged learners and non-communicative aspects. Theories of Intelligence Testing Charles Spearman developed “the general intelligence known as g” (Sternberg, R. J. and Hedlund, J., 2002). He believed that there was “a single and dominant factor of intelligence” (Sternberg, R. J. and Hedlund, J., 2002). He derived this conclusion from observing positive correlations or associations among grades of various learners in unrelated subjects. Spearman believed that there was “an interaction between g and a specific factor of mental task, S (a person’s ability that was responsible for an individual’s skills in certain mental tasks)
The basic understanding of logic and design is that processes should be presented in a way that demonstrates certain algorithms, i.e. the description of a process should be precise and should contain detailed instructions on what to do in each of possible causes. This is needed to ensure that machines can read these instructions; however, logical instructions are important in processes conducted by humans, too, because they provide comprehensive and structured descriptions of workflow. Two types of logic and design tools are flowcharts and pseudocode; also, the way they work together can be discussed. Flowcharts are diagrams that present processes and workflow in detailed, step-by-step way. In these diagrams, several types of elements of a process are recognized; the main ones are activity and decision. To distinguish the former from the latter, activities are presented in rectangular boxes, while decisions are presented in diamond-shaped boxes. Each decision element has a certain number of options (usually “yes” and “no”), and activities are indicated for each of the options by connecting the decision box to an activity box with an error. Also, decisions and activities can be accompanied by comments or annotations. According to Xinogalos (2013), flowcharts have been heavily used in introductory computer science courses to explain to learners what algorithms are because flowcharts are examples of programming thinking in which processes are described with precision and without ambiguity. Pseudocode is a method of presenting the way a computer program or a different algorithm works; however, instead of being strictly structured according to the rules of a certain programming language, pseudocode is informal. Informal structuring is needed to avoid technical aspects of building algorithms and simplify the representation of a problem-solving process. When teaching about pseudocode, educators stress the logic behind breaking a process into a series of steps instead of stressing syntax standards. Pseudocode resembles codes in actual programming languages; therefore, different types of pseudocode exist that are similar to different programming languages. Pseudocode is more intelligible than machine code and intended to be read by humans rather than machines. Flowcharts and pseudocode can work together. Both are forms of presenting the task-solving process in a structured manner. However, Andrzejewska et al. (2016) found that the use of flowcharts and pseudocode can be challenging because a lot of time
The video Battle of the Brains: The Case for Multiple Intelligences is a wonderful opportunity for everyone to see how the world is changing and how scientists are finally finding other methods to measure people’s intelligence. First produced by BBC in 2007 it evoked many controversial opinions and made the audience cheer on their favorites among the show participants. The film is a real overturn in the world of IQ testing since people got to know how narrow the field of the test was though still composed of many aspects checking a person’s ability to think. The main task of this paper is to analyze the methods of testing provided by the Battle of the Brains: The Case for Multiple Intelligences and decide which participant can be considered as the smartest one. The main aspect enlarged upon in the film is the necessity to check a person’s ability to adjust to life circumstances in general. A viewer finds out that an intelligence quotient is not only how fast and effective your ideas are. The movie is more about how adapted to the life you are. I think this is a marvelous outcome of the scientists’ work because contemporary reality forces us to face the fact that math is important though not as much as knowing how to use an object in many ways. A good example of science being a little less important is the characters of Seth and Stella. It is important to define what intelligence is from the point of view of psychology. Intelligence is a general capability to solve cognitive problems. However, according to the video watched this definition is likely to be inaccurate and even inexact. Another definition that would sound more appropriate within the scope of this paper is intelligence – an individual’s capacity to draw conclusions and learn from a certain experience or activity to adjust to the environment. The video Battle of the Brains: The Case for Multiple Intelligences regards creativity as one of the most important intelligence, so creativity is an individual’s ability to generate alternative concepts that may be useful for fulfilling certain tasks. Creativity is considered to be an important part of a human’s intelligence because it influences the sphere of communication with the environment. To my mind intelligence is not only an ability of your mind to solve math or physics problems. Also, you would have to know how to cope with abstract problems, how to provide reasoning and know-how to learn efficiently. Besides, Battle of the Brain really gave a very precise notion of what we omit when thinking of the intelligence’s definition. I think that being intelligent entails many features aside from mind abilities. According to the video, which I agree with, a pers
Introduction A historical review of IBM exposes the company’s strategic approach to its target market. This section of the report presents IBM’s historical functional activities, such as market distribution, pricing, performance, degree of automation, degree of integration, plant characterization, inventory, and quality. The historical review in this chapter intends to expose IBM’s position as a leader in the international IT market. IBM integrates full range products and services and targets multiple consumer segments, both locally and internationally. This keeps IBM at the peak of the IT segment since it always has products delivered to its consumers. This chapter presents an overview of IBM’s historical strategies and the effects of these strategies on IBM’s positioning in the global IT market. Analysis Historical functional strategic analysis will be incomplete if the focus is not placed on the nature of the target market. IBM’s historical target market comprises of a combination of different market segments. IBM offers products for the government, business organizations, individual consumers, and industries. The company offers these products accords internationally, placing focus on developed regions around the globe. This establishes IBM’s presence in America, Europe, Asia and Internationally, IBM supplies consumers in the Middle East, South Africa, Taiwan, Norway, Japan, China, Belgium, Australia, India, UK, Canada, and Korea. IBM focuses on the North American market nationally and the New York and Massachusetts at the national level. The company employs the services of sales teams through satellite offices to facilitate its regional sales. IBM’s offers a full range of products ranging from storage products (which include disks, network-based storage, storage software, and storage area networks), networking devices (which include networking software, switches, and cables), general software, IT services (such as application management, cloud consultancy, and integrated communications), outsourcing services, and other products/services (Garr, 1999). IBM’s ability to offer such a full range of services to its local, national, and international markets has strategically positioned amongst the major competitors in the international IT industry. A company’s ability to customize its products differentiates it from other companies functioning in the international IT market. Companies’ may utilize standard, custom, or modifications approaches to ensure effective customization. IBM’s diverse and full-ranged services afford it the ability to
Apple’s Financial Overview The Apple Company has enjoyed stable growth over the last five years with the highest growth rate recorded in the year 2011. Reflectively, the company’s revenues have steadily increased from 48,678 million dollars in 2009 to 170,910 million dollars by the year 2013. Fortunately, the company has not experienced any loss over the five year period. The profit for the company has increased steadily over the half decade period with the highest profit recorded in 2012 at 68,662 million dollars. The stock prices have also been on an upward trend with the highest price recorded in 2012 at 644 per share. From the above overview, it is apparent that the Apple Company has experienced steady growth over the years, despite the serious economic meltdown of 2009 (Google Finance, 2013). This is summarized in appendix 1. Current Marketing Situation Consumer segment The Apple retail model targets user consumers who form the majority of its market catchment. Since this target group frequents Apple distribution store, Apple will be in a position to conveniently direct the customers to their designated delivery points and stores without having to directly deliver the products. The company should merge the strategy with advertisements since this group of consumers has access to social media. Due to exposure to information sources such as new papers, television, radio, and magazines, product announcement through these avenues will come in handy. Decision on the best product relies on information feedback after multiple exposures to different competing products. As forecasted in the market research, this strategy will be successful towards dominance as it offers a variety of options to consumers, while at the same time, maximizing benefits of economies of scale to the company (Jobber, 2012). Business segment The Apple Company may partner which medium businesses retailing products similar to those of its competitors. This strategy will expand its market and make it easy for customers to access the products. In order to attract this segment, the company may offer free delivery, delivery products on credit, and series of discount on the basis of the sales volumes achieved by these retailers. When properly implemented, the company is likely to counter the Samsung strategy of reaching the customers through proxy retailers (Jobber, 2012). Targeting Apple Company is currently the leading Personal Computer (PC) retailer in the global computer arena and offers some of the latest and most advanced personal computers and smart phones. Every household consists of potential customers of Apple Company since computers and phones have become a daily necessity. Recent studies indicate that the majority of this population recognizes the need for affordable, efficient and reliable PC. Thus, the most attractive segment to enter for the company would be a business segment to make the product easily ava