ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Walter Darwin, Desk Lamp The desk lamp was designed by an American designer Walter Dorwin Teague. It was designed in 1939 in America and manufactured by Cambridge Massachusetts Company. The desk lamp is a reading lamp normally placed on top of reading tables. The first desk lamp was made of aluminum and plastic, but it has been modified into various styles to fit the reader’s comfort and also for bedside lamps although the initial design still remains. This innovation remains influential in the lighting industry as it spearheaded the design of custom-made lamps whereby today we have lamps that are specifically designed for specific purposes and occasions. Henry Dreyfuss, 500 Model Telephone The electric telephone model 500 was designed by Henry Dreyfuss. It was designed in 1949. The 500 model telephone was designed in America. It improved the previous 302 models by introducing a plastic coating with printed dial numbers on the plate and moving them on the outside to enable the user to see the dialed number spinning back thus avoiding miss-dialed calls. It was cheap to produce. Its durability has enabled this design to be in use up-to-date. It introduced the G-type handset which has been retained by most telephone manufacturing companies up to now. Henry Dreyfuss, Mercury Train Henry Dreyfuss also designed the mercury train in 1936 for the New York Central railroad. Mercury train was a daytime passenger train that operated between the Midwestern cities of Chicago and New York. It was made of brushed aluminum and silver. Its design has continued to undergo improvement to the current types of passenger trains. However, it remains one of the pioneering innovations in inland transportation systems. Henry Dreyfuss, Thermos and a trey Henry Dreyfuss designed a thermos and tray in 1935. The thermos was made of aluminum, steel, and glass while the tray was made of plastic. These were also made in America for the American thermos bottle company. The thermos was an improvement of the previous designs, but it was also improved by other designers contracted by the company. The thermos was designed to keep liquids hot or cold while the tray was used for placing the thermos on a table. Philippe Starck, Ara lamp Ara lamp was designed by Philippe Starck in 1988. It was designed in France where Philippe worked for Flo’s manufacturing company in Italy. It is a desk lamp used for reading. It is made of metal, steel, and chrome. Like Walter Dorwin’s desk lamp, Ara lamp is used a lot by interior designers for the decoration of rooms. The difference between the two lamps is the design, but they serve a similar purpose. Philippe Starck, Juicy Salif Juicy Salif was also designed by Philippe Starck. It was designed in 1990 in France for Alessi an Italian company for manufacturing kitchenware. The initial design was aimed at squeezing lemons over a squid. According to the designer, Philippe, the aim of designing juicy Salif was to start conservations rather than squeeze lemons. It is still in use even today for squeezing fruit juice from citrus
Introduction The industry of sandwich shops is a broad field of business in the United States. It is essential to analyze the trends in the industry and the overall direction of its development in the economy of a country to provide a relevant marketing plan for a particular shop. In this paper, a general overview of sandwich chop industry and a specific analysis of Subway will be provided. Current Industry Overview Sandwich store industry occupies a significant share in the American economy. The shops produce food for immediate consumption and non-alcoholic drinks without table service. The shops working in this sphere are growing each year, and their profits grow in correspondence with the popularity among customers. According to the IBIS report, the “industry revenue grew 4.3% and 6.0% in 2015 and 2017, respectively” (“Sandwich & Sub Store Franchises Industry in the US” par. 1). Such a success in performance was achieved due to some positive changes and adjustments of menu options to more healthy food items and concerns about meals containing a high level of fat. The flexibility in meeting customer requirements and preferences contributes to the overall efficiency of the industry participants. Beside revenue growth, other parameters of economic advancement showed positive changes. Indeed, the number of businesses grew by 0.9%, as well as the number of employees working in the industry increased by 2.3% (“Sandwich & Sub Store Franchises Industry in the US”). Also, there are some threats that might undermine the success of the industry’s performance, such as consumer confidence affecting household expenditures and customer spending rates (“Sandwich & Sub Store Franchises Industry in the US”). If they decrease, sandwich shops might face economic difficulties and a decline in revenues. However, as IBIS predicts, sandwich shop industry is likely to proceed in competing with other food-related fields of business (“Sandwich & Sub Store Franchises Industry in the US”). Company Analysis The leading company in the US Sandwich and sub store industry is Subway. The widespread net of shops located in every corner of the country ensures its high level of presence in the economy and its popularity among customers. Indeed, the brand obtains significant recognition and occupies a stable position in the market. Having more than 50-year history, the company still fosters its initial principles of high-quality menu items at a low price and the constant work for improvement (“Subway History”). The shop concentrates on making submarine sandwiches using quality ingredients to provide healthy and affordable food for everyone. The strengths of the company are its recognizable brand name, quality of services, and endeavors for technology implementation in the working and custome
Introduction A theory is a way of accounting for, predicting and explaining relationships. They help us to predict behaviour changes. There are three categories of gender development theories. These include; biological, interpersonal and cultural theories. This paper will examine the interpersonal theory of gender development which is the most valid in life development. It will also illustrate its real life application by reviewing some of my early personal experiences. Interpersonal Theory The Interpersonal theory of gender development comprises of the psychological theory (social learning theory, imitation, experimentation and observation, and role modelling of caregivers and other individuals) and cognitive development theory. It assumes that associations are key or core to human development. The initial interaction which is important is the relationship between the infant and caregiver. This type of interaction determines how an infant will define identity in future. Psychological theory explains why people behave the way they do. According to behavioural theories, all characters are achieved or acquired via conditioning. On the other hand, cognitive theories revolve around the functioning of the brain. This can be explained through activities such as decision-making, attention, motivation, problem solving and thinking (Wood, 2010, p. 160). For instance, the interpersonal theory (psychological theory) is useful in explaining how young children develop different character traits as they grow. It also explains how individuals acquire different gender roles at an early age. During the early stages of development, internalizing other people’s views form the primary structure of psyche. In cases where the caregivers or mothers do not show affection towards their children during their early stages of growth, the children may feel unloved and unworthy. Consequently, such children are likely to develop unpleasant characters such as pessimism, irritability and lack of self confidence later in life. At the very early stages of growth and development, mothers are known to spend more time with their children as compared to the fathers. For that reason, they end up having more influence on the development of their children in most cases. However, in most cases they tend to behave differently when it comes to the boy and girl child producing different results. When a mother relates more closely with her daughter, providing more care and showing tenderness, the daughter is likely to identify with her and can easily open up to her when in a crisis. On the other hand, mothers tend to encourage more independ
Introduction First language acquisition refers to the way in which the native language (mother tongue) is acquired, internalized, used and propagated. Second language acquisition on the other hand refers to the manner in which any other language is acquired, internalized, used and propagated. This paper explores the similarities and difference exhibited by first and second language acquisition theories such as; the innateness, cognitive, interaction and behaviourist theories of language acquisition. It centres on the proficiency and effectiveness of each theory with respect to the mode of language acquisition, reliability and retention of such acquired language. A Critical Exposition Comparing First and Second Language Acquisition First language acquisition is multifaceted; occurring naturally at birth – for even the cry of a baby can to some extend be considered a mode of verbal communication, a skill which is governed by an inherent program and calling for little or no intervention from external agents. The child is basically autonomous in the invention of language; they are born with the Universal Grammar programmed into their cognitive domain and thus are capable of acquiring and inventing their native language with ease. For instance, when a child listen to mature people, he unconsciously recognizes the kind of language at hand and in the same note he would set parameters by setting his grammar to the most appealing one. It is as though a certain approach to language were given him at birth, which he relates to what is transpiring in his vicinity. He can intuitively note those words which depict nouns, verbs and the grammatical order of the phrase or sentence. This information is merely given – not formally taught. It is as though the child was initially equipped with the necessary language acquisition tools. Thus, the native language can only be acquired but not learnt, as it is the case with second language acquisition. This assertion does not discredit the language acquisition support system, which holds that external agents such as the family members and group mates are of paramount importance in the language acquisition of a child. At best the learning of language by a child during the ego development stage of early childhood can be described as the child’s play, for even the discovery and the enrichment of the language is such a wonder to children. This has been proven to be an emblem for the necessary approaches for first language acquisition (Brown, 2000, p. 23). The child does not just receive the native language, but rather synthesizes it afresh. While the acquisition of first language is naturally spontaneous, a reduced number of second language learners find it almost virtually impossible to internalize the second language. First language acquisition is therefore marked with a greater
Introduction The recession that occurred between 2007 and 2009 had significant negative effects on businesses in various parts of the world. Some companies had to collapse, whereas others suffered huge losses because of the recession. This paper will discuss the effect of the recession on the magnitude of the stress that people experienced. It will also identify and discuss the strategies that can be used to manage stress effectively. The thesis of the paper is that stress is both a cause and a consequence of poor performance at the workplace. Effect of the Recession on the Magnitude of Stress The recent recession directly increased the level of stress that people experienced in the US and other countries in the following ways. To begin with, the recession had a negative impact on demand in various industries in the country. As demand reduced, businesses had no option but to reduce prices in order to sell their products. This exposed business owners to the risk of making losses, which in turn stressed them as they looked for alternative ways of saving their companies. The stressed business owners passed the tension to their managers who in turn passed it to employees (Debra and Campbell 271). This involved putting managers under pressure to improve the performance of their companies to prevent losses. Employees also experienced increased stress levels due to unmanageable workload. The recession also increased the level of stress by reducing the value of properties such as homes (Debra and Campbell 271). A reduction in the value of homes causes a lot of stress since purchasing a house is one of the most expensive investments that an average person makes in his lifetime. In this case, the stress results from the losses associated with the reduction in the prices of houses. The recession also increased stress through its negative impact on the cost of living. The people whose incomes reduced during the recession became stressed because they were worried of being unable to pay for expenses such as college fees. Effect of the Responses of Businesses The responses of businesses to the recession affected employees’ stress levels in the following ways. First, downsizing was one of the main responses to the recession (Debra and Campbell 271). The employees who lost their jobs experienced high levels of stress because they had no alternative sources of income. Undoubtedly, loss of income is a major source of stress since it directly threatens the survival of an individual by denying him/ her access to basic needs such as food (Olpin and Hesson 59-96). The employees who retained their jobs also experienced high stress due to lack of job security. In this case, the uncertainty associated with lack of job security caused anxiety and fear, which led to a significant increase in stress and poor performance among employees. Second, some businesses responded to the recession by reducing salaries and benefits. This strategy is considered a win-win solution since it enables employers to reduce losses, whereas employees retain their jobs (Rayner and Rumbles 47-83). In this respect, employees who were concerned about job security rather than
Strategic planning and management is a concept used in management concerned with organizational decision making in relation to growth, development and transformation of the company. Besides coming up with these decisions, strategic management and planning is also concerned with implementing and enforcing them. This is usually conducted in two phases, that is the planning phase and the implementation phase. Strategic planning according to Thompson, Gamble and Strickland (2006) involves “determining the organization’s mission, formulating policies to guide the organization in establishing objectives, establishing long term and short term objectives and determining the strategies that are used in achieving the organization’s mission” (p. 86). Strategic implementation on the other hand involves coming up with guideline to implement the strategy, identifying the resources required to achieve these objectives, organizing the activities in their respective order and monitoring the strategy’s performance in relation to the laid down objectives. Event management is a kind of business that requires effective strategic management and planning. Events in this case include entertainment sprees, weddings, conferences and many other such like events. Strategic management plays a major role in the success of this business for a number of reasons. First, it considers the future of the business and assists in laying down long term strategies. Strategic management ensures that future uncertainties in the industry have been taken care of and this includes changes in technology and the need to expand the market share. The second importance of strategic management is that it results in a greater efficiency owing to the planning involved and this guarantees the success of the business. Third, it reduces instances of confusion since the procedures to be followed are clearly set. Besides this, strategic management catapults growth by discovering greater opportunities in the industry. When conducting strategic planning, the management has to do a thorough research in the industry, and in the process ends up discovering more opportunities. Strategic management in the event organizing business also plays an important role in ensuring business continuity. The planning is done based on future parameters and this means that the company is protected from threatening competition. When conducting strategic planning, one of the most essential areas is the performance of competitors and the loopholes that they can take advantage of. These are sealed and so the management is assured that they will remain on top of the market for as long as the strategies are still being implemented and improved. When running a business, there are many external threats that cannot be discovered without involving strategic management. This therefore forms the other advantage of conducting strategic management (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). One of the parameters under scrutiny in this case is the external threats. When discovered, there are two options of dealing with them to
The Rwandan Genocide and the African great lakes Refugee crisis Historical background of the Hutu-Tutsi dichotomy Bloodshed conflicts and refugee crises have been predominant in the great lakes region particularly in Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and some parts of Uganda. Culmination of the conflicts and the crises were witnessed in Rwanda in April to mid July 1994, when genocide occurred following the assassination of the then Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana. Just like many other African countries, the 1994 Rwandan genocide derives its originality from the typical ethnic clashes and violence usually experienced in many parts and countries in Africa. Reports suggests that most of Africa’s worst blood shed violent clashes are generated basically though ethnicity. The Rwandan civil war stands out as Africa’s worst crisis ever; where close to 800,000 people were butchered in a range of a hundred days. Two tribes predominantly occupy the Rwandan Nation, namely the Hutu and the Tutsi. In early 1950’s the Tutsi represented the minority group, comprising 15 percent of the country’s population, while the Hutu comprised majority of the nation’s population, representing 85 percent. However, migration waves in central African countries in early 1990’s saw the declination of the Tutsi population in Rwanda, to account for about 12 percent. The background of the divisions between the two Rwandese tribes traces it roots to the socio-political and economic factors. Studies partly associate ethnicity with the Tutsi-Hutu dichotomy experienced in Rwanda. Ethnic phenomenon is by far the most significant social cleavage, in any given society, forming the lines along which a country is divided politically, as demonstrated in Rwanda. Historically, Rwanda has been partitioned in to two nationalisms as demonstrated by Barrington (2006, p.75), the greater Rwandan Hutu nationalism and the minority Rwandan Tutsi nationalism. Rivalry between, the two nationalisms has been experienced prior to the country’s independence, when the first political crisis was experienced. Since then, Hutu and Tutsi identities have been designated frequently as ethnic, caste and more problematically as class identities, historically the pillars of the Hutu-Tutsi dichotomy (Barrington, 2006, p.75). The legacy of the Belgian colonial rule in Rwanda Belgian colonialism in Africa is heavily criticized for sparkling chaos in its colonies. The Belgians skillfully played ethnically motivated politics for their selfish advantages. In Rwanda they ignited ethnic rivalry, among the Hutu and the Tutsi. They used the Tutsi’s against Hutus and then vise versa. This hat
As a Chinese proverb goes, there is no easy luggage in a long way. Life is considered to be away, and the luggage in this way is or knowledge and experience. But to gain it, people need to improve steadily. Asian philosophy suggests that only by following one’s own way can a man improve. It happened so that accounting has always played a crucial role in my life. I have liked to count since my childhood and had been winning all the games which required mathematical skills and rapid oral counting. That is why, as soon as circumstances allowed, I started working as a Restaurant Manager in Arang-Korean restaurant. My task was to investigate and create a statistic program that has information on daily income, distribution of tips, attendance of employees, the flexibility of customer numbers based on hours and days to optimize the business management system. I collected income and disbursal data and compared them to maximizing profit. After I had gained some working experience, I started participating in training employees in customer service and explaining procedures, and further mediate problems between customers and staff. It became one of the steps of my spiritual improvement, as, except accounting, I learned how to communicate with people and settle conflicts. Most probably, I would never cope with it if I had not been working in Hui Lin Dysgnosia Service Center, where I had to Guide an autism patient, and Beijing North Catholic Church, where I collected and donated clothing and daily supplies for Joseph’s Handicapped Children Hospital. Luckily, these places were a kind of preparatory school of communication where I realized that the world consists not only of pragmatic calculation. These jobs taught me to support people who really need it. Such life affairs only help but never harm. I attained some leadership skills, which I successfully used in the Institute of Industrial Engineering. As a group leader, I had to Record financial flows and journals and also provide and analyze financial statements. As for my education, I have been studying at Mesa Community College and now applying to the Accounting professional program at Arizona State University for Spring 08. If everything I great, I’ll graduate in 2009 with a Bachelor’s major in Accounting. I presume that my life (my way) taught me to be not simply a calculating machine (in spite I am still a passionate fan of accounting) but also have a heart. And I do my best to improve my skills. While studying at Mesa Community College, I participated in the College’s annual math contest. Unfortunately, I got only second place. It shames me to confess, but it happened because of my excessive self-assurance. The GPA level which I have earned (GPA (4.0), Cumulative GPA (3.97), and Transfer GPA (3.97)) while studying in High school, as for me, fully reflects my abilities and diligence in my studies. I always get the highest grades on the subjects which I like most. I try to do my best on all the subjects, but it often happens so that I devo