ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern political system of the European nations is a by-product of the enlightenment and political revolution that took place in the late eighteenth century in Europe. The mastermind philosophers of this enlightenment resided in France. The world before the enlightened political system seemed full of superstitions, irrationality, and naivety. The church and kingship kingdoms had denied the right to contribute in the political decision-making systems, thus leaving the citizens under the authority of a few individuals. The French enlightenment was more radical in religious thoughts than its politics due to various reasons, but the major one was the fear of retaliation from the rulers for the rebellious subjects. Hence, the enlightenment in France brought about a political revolution from the old regime to the modern political system. 1 Interestingly, the French enlightenment and revolution were more radical religious thoughts than politics because religion was the most suitable avenue to promote the agenda. Who Was Responsible For Causing The Revolution? There seems to be a great controversy amongst many historians as to who was responsible for the French revolution. Many argue that philosophers were responsible, others believe that political publishers aggravated the public anger that led to the overthrowing of the monarchy, and others believe that it was an appreciation of philosophers’ ideologies by the wider social mentality. However, the philosophers were the main sources of ideas some of which motivated political news writers to take great risks of revealing the monarchy’s bad images to the French public. According to Marisa in her article ‘ The Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution ’, there exists no centralised concept as to the origin of revolution greater than the public opinion. 2 In addition, she argues that that concept was the creation of Habermas, a German Philosopher. Habermas argues that the eighteenth century gave rise to a new public revolution through enlightenment, and resulted to the development of the public sphere through the formation of today’s form of journalism and media freedom. Public sphere indicates the intellectual vacuum that existed between state and the civil society, which had been denied the opportunity to participate in the political and government affairs by the monarchical regimes. 3 Furthermore, Habermas referred to that kind of public sphere as ‘bourgeois’. The bourgeois class contributed significantly to the enlargement of the gap in the social class and gave room for the rising prominence of intellectuality in the public sphere. The public did not have initial political motivation at the beginning, but rather the feeling of being an emancipated social class in their own country. Interestingly, people did not use media to communicate their common ideas; on the contrary, they did it orally for fear of aggravating anger in the monarchy, which could hav
Art in general and literature in particular can be powerful tools to discuss social issues, including pointing out a given society’s flaws and shortcomings. A well-written literary piece can shed much-needed light on various problems. Yet choosing the issues to focus the work on is just half of the problem – the author also has to find a proper literary device to weave a narrative that will draw the readers in. In a best-case scenario, the synergy between the problems at the heart of the text and the device that showcases it allows addressing a wide range of serious problems. This is precisely the case with Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper,” as the author focuses on mental illness as the vehicle for the plot, showcasing the acute shortcomings of Victorian society. As the story’s main character gradually withers away, the reader faces the question of why those around her do not recognize the illness in the first place. Gilman’s use of mental illness demonstrates the shortcomings of the materialist patriarchal society that is more likely to duck under rationalizations rather than accept any alterations to the neatly organized worldview. Before delving into the analysis, a short summary is in order. The text, represented as diary entries, reiterates the story of an unnamed woman who lives in a rented cottage with her husband John. The reader soon learns that the couple moved to the cottage on the woman’s account – John believes that she had overstrained her nervous system and the place would do her good (Gilman 648). As a means of treatment, John, who is a physician himself, forbids his wife to engage in any activity that stimulates the nervous system, such as writing or painting. The narrator admits that she does not feel well, tires easily, and is more emotional than usual. Yet she laments that those around her interpret her condition as a nervous overstrain rather than a genuine sickness that affects the mind instead of the body (Gilman 647). Confined to the nursery with nothing to do, the main character focuses her mind on the peculiar designs of the yellow wallpaper on the walls. As those around her continue ignoring the mental rather than physical nature of her problems, the poor woman slowly descends into madness. The source of the conflict and the main cause of the woman’s unfortunate fate is not so much the mental illness itself but, rather, the refusal to recognize it as such. The main character is not alone – there are her husband and the housekeeper, and other characters mentioned in the course of the story. Yet none of them consider even the slightest possibility that the narrator’s condition may be something more than a purely physical strain on her body’s nervous system. Even the husband, who takes great care of his wife in his own way, does not recognize that this might be the case. The text introduces the reader to this central problem in the very first diary entry when the narrator exasperatedly remarks: “You see he does not believe I am sick!” (Gilman 647). Having mental health patie
Introduction The American economic model is one of the unique things that make America different from the other countries. It offers equal access to opportunity and ascension in economic circles while at the same time ensuring that competition and capitalism thrive. This essay will look into whether the American model is as success, criticisms and the remedy to the problems with the American meritocracy as argued by the author. American economic model as a success The model is a success which many countries are trying to emulate due to the high growth rate which ensures unemployment is kept at low levels. The fast growth, technological advancements and globalization has ensured high profits for American companies. The model has also united Americans and made them appreciate their country despite the challenges that came with the liberalization of the markets. Criticisms about the American model About three quarters of the Americans are skeptical about their economy owing to the discrepancies between profits and wages. America has been criticized for not taking care of its poor citizens as witnessed in Katrina where families were uprooted from shanty homes. Non Americans treat globalization with suspicion due to its defectiveness. Their argument is reinforced by some factors evident in America. Inequality, immigration and meritocracy have taken centre stage during debate in the American economic model. Inequality has seen the rich become richer while the poor continue being poorer. The America’s rich have started reaping fruits of global markets investments but fail to observe the trickle down effect thus resulting in low pays for employees and huge profits for the billionaires. The low income Americans fear that immigration will lead to plummeting of wages and salaries. According to the writer, the criticisms against the model are unjustified. The writer argues that inequality is not bad if there is an overall benefit to the society, mechanisms of uplifting the poor and opportunity for everyone to empower themselves economically regardless of demographic factors. This dynamism is what makes the American model tickle when compared to other countries. The writer also notes that immigration has not been linked with any economic loss to the poor Americans. However, the criticism may be warranted, to some extent, considering the lopsided education system that favors the rich children. The poor Americans, who form a quarter of the population, contribute only 3% of students in the top brass colleges. This is directly opposite to what happens in European countries where every child has an almost equal chance to make it in life. Remedies to the American meritocracy problems The government should improve the lives of the poor by ensuring the access to
The problem in the article appears to be employee dissatisfaction, leading to the character Bill Flynn to engage in improper behavior in order to meet his work needs. Bill appears to be very ambitious, which causes him to quit a job that does not satisfy his desires. He left a sales position even before he had been accepted for the training position in the technical field of computers. This is an indication that Bill is a person who knows what he wants and is not tied to job security, or afraid of not getting a job. He is rather confident for someone with less than one year work experience. The problem identified in the article involves the behavior of a person who is ambitious and willing to go to great heights to achieve his targets. Bill is provided with the opportunity to train for a whole year in the technical field, after which he can obtain employment at the firm. The problem is that there are ten other people, who threaten his chances of success, whereby success is finishing the one year training program and being offered permanent employment. There are a maximum of four vacancies, which means that at least seven people will be eliminated. This leads Bill to come up with strategies that will ensure that he makes it to the last day of the competition. Due to the intensity of the training, some trainees result to dysfunctional behavior, which is expected when the competition gets stiff. The trainees had been advice to work
Introduction This reflective treatise attempts to review the thoughts of Karl Marx, David Ricardo, J.S. Mill and Bentham on the issue of economic development, labor theory of value and role of government in an economy. Malthus and Ricardo Ricardo and Malthus share similar views on the development of a country’s population. Malthus nicknamed economic crisis as gluts. The two theorists covered the causes of poverty and wealth. Unlike Ricardo, Malthus suggested that the economic crisis is created by the reduction in profits due to the inability of an economy to create efficient demand. Further, Malthus believed that disproportions in income distribution were responsible for the insufficient demand. Thus, Malthus concluded that uncontrolled savings as practiced by the capitalists, eventually reduces demand while active consumption on the part of the landlords will increase the demand. From this argument, Malthus opined that the gluts could be salvaged through income redistribution from the hands of the landlords to the hands of the capitalists (Malthus 310). Although Malthus and Ricardo suggest that income distribution is instrumental in capital accumulation, Ricardo presents a more intellectual and interesting construction on rent as a component of real production excesses. Ricardo opines that the excesses in production in the form of rent have nothing to do with free trade but through direct ownership. In the view of Ricardo, rent was thus a representation of a form of negative money within the reach of the landlords from the benefits of excesses of land production (Ricardo 286). Basically, the negative money was subject to its scarcity. In contrast, Malthus considered rent as an element of economic surplus from the factors of production. Unlike Ricardo, Malthus concentrated on economic development and general persistence of the gluts as part of a wider political economy. On the other hand, Ricardo adopted a less restrictive approach in explaini
Many families with children who have disabilities are often faced with the problem of dealing with sibling issues pertaining to the same. In the past few decades, most of the treatment philosophies employed in handling disability have shifted from the traditional medical approach to a more comprehensive therapeutic approach (Dyke, Mulroy, and Leonard, 2009). Therapeutic treatment involves the treatment of disability and its antecedents through the inclusion of the family. This is the basis through which this study will analyze sibling relationships between siblings who are disabled and non-disabled. Sibling relationships are very critical in the functioning of most families because they are often very essential to the cohesiveness of any family unit. Sage and Brinda (2010) declare that the relationship between siblings is of core importance since it is a lifelong relationship. Sibling relationships are also very essential in the developmental stages of children who are disabled because they make up the first attempt in the development of social relationship networks (Powell & Ogle, 1985). Roeyers and Buysse (2003) reiterate that “Siblings make it possible to share, to express feelings and to experience friendship, loyalty, rivalry and support” (p. 193). Indeed, many siblings are often playmates in the developmental stages of their childhood, but as they grow up, they take up new roles in the family, and even in the way they relate to each other. Disability is one of the issues that normally affect this kind of relationship. In other words, many children find the task of adjusting to siblings with disability quite challenging, but many still rise up to the challenge and adapt well. With regards to this concern, Crnic, and Leconte (1986) note that: “Siblings may, over the years, be many things to each other — teacher, friend, companion, follower, protector, enemy, competitor, confidant, role model. When this relationship is affected by a sibling’s disability or chronic illness, the long-term benefits of the relationship may be altered. Fo
In 1984, Apple Computers, Inc. shocked the world with its Super Bowl Commercial, ending with the words: “On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you’ll see why 1984 won’t be like ‘1984’” (Mac History, 2012). Later, the company shocked the world again by fulfilling that promise and introducing Macintosh. Although most people at that time did not even know how a computer looked or how it could be used, due to a simple design and relatively uncomplicated mechanisms, people accepted the innovation. Moreover, it turned the world. Apple’s evolution started in 1976 with Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve Wozniak, hanging out in Jobs’ parents’ garage. Instead of creating a rock band (which other trios would possibly do in that circumstances), they made their Apple I. Later, Ronald Wayne sold his part of “newly created Apple” for 800$, and Steve Wozniak left Apple as well, which made Steve Jobs the only leader ( The Apple Revolution , 2015, para. 1). Now, Apple is one of the richest and most valuable organizations in the world. Steve Jobs’ Illness: The Background of the Change Steve Jobs remained successful in leading the company until 2003 when he found out about his health problems. A year later, he disclosed to his employees that he had pancreatic cancer ( Steve Jobs’ health problems , 2011, para. 1). He also claimed that he was diagnosed with a rare disease with hopeful survival rates and had surgery, which fully removed the tumor. However, five years passed, an
It is well known that films represent an essential form of art, which has several crucial functions. Thus, movies discuss topical issues of society, encourage individuals to take certain actions, and even establish connections between people by letting them share their experiences with others. Some various themes and ideas can be expressed through films, and sexual representation is one of them. In this essay, an analysis of sexual representation in the film Kids directed by Larry Clarke will be provided. The study will be focused on fetishism as one of the storylines presented in the movie. The film Kids is a coming-of-age story, which is directed by Larry Clark and written by Harmony Korine. The story narrates about a group of teenagers from New York City who sticks to a morally disordered lifestyle, which is characterized by sexual promiscuity and substance abuse. The protagonist of the story, Telly, has an obsession with the idea of having unprotected sex with virgins. His friends Casper and Ruby have similar views of life. Together with Telly, they lead careless lives, do drugs, have unprotected sex, and expose their aggression to people around them. In general, there is no culmination and denouement in the film. Instead, it is just a smooth narrative that demonstrates the immorality and swagger of young people. The movie is ending with the question of Telly’s friend, Casper, who wakes up one day and, looking right into the camera, asks what happened. The central theme of the movie is the sexual relationships between children with the involvement of dangerous consequences represented through HIV-AIDS diseases. After its initial production, the movie received a controversial reaction from the public. On the one hand, it was criticized for its unpleasant and dirty scenario, which shows the youth of the 1990s negatively. On the other hand, society understood that it was difficult to find a movie that would represent sexual relationships between teenagers more honestly and candidly. Indeed, the film director managed to raise the theme of sexual intercourse among children, which is considered uncomfortable for discussion in public, in a truly unique way. Even though at first sight, it might seem that the plot does not have any educational notes, it transfers several essential messages to spectators. First of all, the demonstration of children’s lifestyles shows that it is not possible to further ignore the moral corruption of youth as it affects the well-being of future generations. To transfer the idea of the importance of safe sex, Clarke introduces the scenes where the girls take HIV-AIDS tests and find out that one of them is infected. The test of Jennie was positive, even though she had only a single sexual act with one partner. However, the test of Ruby, who has had multiple sexual encounters, turned out to be negative. It is not just a random choice of circumstances that aim to entertain the audience. Instead, this scene seeks to emphasize the importance of safe sex because the
Transportation is presented as one of the most important tools for the effective work of all spheres of society. However, it becomes especially important in cases of endangered moments that endanger the lives of people and the well-being of the country. With the help of transport, not only the necessary products are transported, but people are also evacuated. Thus, special attention should be paid to how transportation relates to security aspects in such cases, including the general procedure and certain documents necessary for crossing the borders of different countries. 7/7 London Bombings For this purpose, the analysis of the role of public transport in the events taking place in London in 2005 was chosen. On July 7, 2005, explosive devices went off in the cars of three trains on the Lonon Metro between Aldgate, King’s Cross and Russell Square stations and the Tavistock Square (“7/7 London bombings”, n.d.). More that fifty people were killed, including four terrorists, and more than seven hundred people were injured (Haji et al., 2021). Manelici (2017) pointed out that “these attacks brought major transit stations into the spotlight as high-risk locations” (p. 52). As a result of this terrorist act, the work of public transport was suspended for almost a whole day. The Role of Transportation Transport, as a generally accepted and widespread indicator of globalization and technological progress, is presented to terrorist groups as an instrument of liberation. Due to the ease and accessibility of information technologies, people with extremist views have an opportunity to acquire and produce any type of weapons, as well as use the latest scientific achievements to fulfill their plans. Nasution (2017) states that “terrorism has a direct impact on human rights, with devastating consequences for the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims” (p. 350). The emergence of terrorist acts that use public transport as a central place of action leads to a large number of victims among the defenseless population (Shvetsov et al., 2017; Shvetsov & Shvetsova, 2017). Moreover, it creates violation in the generally accepted and stable order of public life. Furthermore, it also generates a sense of uncertainty among citizens that the state can provide them with security, which is exactly the main goal of terrorists. Security of Passengers and Cargo Ensuring the safety of both passengers and cargo involves the introduction of additional effective measures against such emergencies as terrorist attacks. Hedel et al. (2018) underline that “effective and sufficient measures to protect transport infrastructures are essential” (p. 311). That is why intercity transport has such a growing popularity among the population. Measures to optimize security will help reduce the likelihood of harmful consequences (Sultonovich, 2021). This also will ensure the preservation of the health of citizens and reduce t