ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There were specific periods of time in the historic period of France when religion was a real problem for its citizens. France was occupied by the war on religion during almost four decades since 1562 up to 1598. There were three great periods of the war which were held during 1562 – 1576 (the first part of the war), 1572 – 1588 (wars of religion and the Saint Bartholomew massacre), and 1588 – 1598 (wars of religion and the Edict of Nantes). The main powers in this war of religions were the Protestants, the Huguenots, the Catholics, who combated for domination in France. Religion had never been an essential political instrument until 1562? However, during the further 40 years religion became important factor for political issues. Fighting for domination, kings did used religion as the instrument but not as the final purpose of the wars, the main reasons of which were the financial, structural and personality weaknesses of the monarchy, factional rivalry between the major families of France who supported different religious confessions, and economic depression. Guise family, the Bourbons and the Montmorency-Chatillons were three families which fought for the domination in the country. According to the heredity, Catherine de Medici took the throne and her Catholic views were supported by the Guise family who were nor satisfied with the increase of the Protestants influence and led an army against a protestant church in Champagne. Catherine de Medici was interested in maintaining balance between these two religions, however, it was not in the interest of Guise family who wanted to gain the power in the country. However, Catherine de Medici managed to find the balance between Catholics and Protestants in 1570, however, the war was resumed in 1572 by executing several thousand Huguenots in Paris. Therefore, the third religion was involved in the war. The wars between such powers as Protestants, Catholics and Huguenots ended in 158 when “the Edict of Nantes granted freedom of worship to the whole of France” (Wars of Religion in France). The signature of the Treaty of Vervins between France and Spain completely finished the wars of religion in the country. Trying to analyze the real reasons for the wars, it is obvious that e first wa
Defining religion is difficult since it not only encompasses on the belief in an infinite supernatural entity but also includes those with no belief systems such as theists. The ideology came with civilization when human felt a need to worship thus establishing various religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhist, Judaism and Chinese traditionalism. However, Religion can be explained as an institution that comprises obedient humans with a high regard to a supernatural being who has divine powers and is believed to dictate the human destiny. The supernatural powerful being is regarded as the reason behind occurrences of certain phenomenon in the universe and therefore has to be worshipped and appeased to award favors. It defines the reason behind human existence, his origin, his value and his fate which portrays man as dependent and unable to defend himself thus, a slave of the Supreme Being. Its essence revolves around an individual’s sense of divinity and such individuals come together to practice their beliefs in the society and contributes to their culture. Religion touches on various aspects of human experiences with God’s divinity through faith, sacrifices and worship (Haught 24). In religion, human beings are considered inferior under the Supreme Being and are guided by certain laws which help to recognize what is sacred and what is profane. Feelings are hard to separate from religion since human adores the sacred entity and failure to abide to the laws is followed by a sense of guilt. The significance of religion is controversial although many agree that it is essential in offering moral guidance to humans to positively live. For instance, it warns of taking another person’s life or stealing other’s properties. These are some of the aspects that the legal systems duplicate and implement them in the society to guide man to live harmoniously with one another. In addition, during sorrow e.g. death, religion comforts its followers with some like Christians believing of the promise of resurrection. However, religion is implicated with various historical wars and deaths. It is important in basing legal systems in the society. It forcefully tangles itself with the political and economic systems in shaping the society (Haught 187). Some take advantage of it to enrich them financially and dictate other’s life to serve their personal interests. For instance, some of the churches established are meant to extract money from people’s pockets even to the extent of advertising themselves and enticing people to join them. This portrays greed and corruption instead of upholding moral values to alleviate humanity. Religion affects people of all race and age globally and acts as a universal language for those with common believes. The social relevance of religion depends on the number of people that embrace it. If it is supported by the majority, its significance is reflected in the political systems and in the cultural values of the society. Critically, societies that strongly uphold religion are submerged in poverty which re
Introduction Violent resistance has become rampant in the world today. The following study is an attempt to establish the root causes of violent resistance, the challenges facing the world due to violent resistance, and possible remedies to the problem citing specific cases that are helpful in this study. Thesis Statement: The misuse of power and authority by the Western countries has led to violent resistance and terrorism. Body The urge to gain more political power for some governments and different individuals has led to the increase in terrorism globally. Terrorism is a security threat to everybody all over the world. In almost all occasions, terrorist groups have tried to justify their actions. Criminal gangs use terrorism as a means of enforcing criminal activities. USA bombing: After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States of America, a survey was carried out to find out if the attacks were justified. About 7% of the Muslims questioned during the survey felt that the actions of terrorism against the USA were justified. Immediately after the attacks, nobody claimed responsibility though the al-Qaeda group led by Osama bin Laden was suspected to be responsible for the attacks. After the 2004 presidential elections in the USA, al-Qaeda declared its involvement in the attacks. Osama bin Laden was quoted as saying, “We are free… and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours”. Osama bin Laden was opposed to the presence of the Israeli and the United States of America troops in his native land, Saudi Arabia. The imposition of sanctions against Iraq by the United States of America led to terrorist activities. The bombing of African embassies belonging to the USA both in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 was an act by the al-Qaeda group meant to tell the US government to leave Islamic territories. The occupation of Palestinian territory by the Israeli troops also triggered the al-Qaeda b
It goes without saying that in the sphere of criminal justice, informed decision-making and ethics are highly essential. Thus, criminal justice equality is based on the ethical assumption that people have a right for equal legal protection and should be sentenced to fair punishment regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, and education. In turn, criminal justice inequity may be regarded as the violation of these ethical norms and biased attitude to suspected offenders on the basis of stereotypes or prejudice related to his personal peculiarities. At the same time, conflict theory states that any society may be divided into powerful and powerless groups that are in the state of permanent conflict between each other for limited resources. According to this theory, crime is the result of this social conflict as wealthy individuals try to take and keep more resources traditionally by suppressing poor people, and all groups generally aim to maximize their power and wealth. Within conflict theory, criminal justice equality is impossible as the law and its enforcement are used as a tool of dominance by groups with political, social, and economic power to maintain privileged positions over seemingly dangerous subordinate groups. In this case, the deviant behavior of subordinates is criminalized while the same behavior of powerful individuals remains unpunished. Throughout history, in the United States, society was divided into White, politically connected, and wealthy individuals included in a dominant group and racial minorities and politically neglected or poor community members in a subordinate group. Thus, criminal justice inequality may be exemplified by racial disparities when African Americans are treated unfairly and with less respect throughout the whole system “from routine police stops to long-term imprisonment” (Hetey & Eberhardt, 2018, p. 183). Other examples of inequality in terms of criminal justice are international corporations’ frauds and embezzlements on a grand scale by politicians that remain even unnoticeable while ordinary people are sentenced to imprisonment for less serious malefactions. Reference Hetey, R. C., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2018). The numbers don’t speak for themselves: Racial disparities and the persistence of inequality in the criminal justice system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27 (3), 183-187. Web.
Introduction The advent of a modern era of digital media manifested the emergence of new dimensions in each field of life, including political, economic, and socio-cultural realms. Considering it, the question of content creation and its impact on personal and public life becomes an issue of utmost importance. The purpose of this study is to examine different aspects of the influence of content creation, as a contribution to various kinds of digital media, on several aspects of social life. First, the disposition of social media and education will be examined; second, the intercultural functioning of digital content in the context of globalization will be considered. Third, a socio-cultural overview will be complemented by philosophical insight, concerning the place of the individual in the new digital era, and the disposition of the self and the world. The Role of Digital Content in Education The question of the use of digital media in the educational process is widely discussed. Apart from new possibilities, opened by modern technology and evaluated as an undoubtedly positive gain, the problem of the content of the media, and its proper selection, arises. When the student is surrounded by diverse information of any possible kind, source, and level of reliability, the role of the teacher changes. As Gomersall argues, the teacher is no more an information supplier for the student, but a “navigator,” adviser “in a vast sea of knowledge” (2012, p. 92). The impact of the diverse digital content is claimed to be unpredictable: “it is difficult to theorize the possible variants in the interplay of learner, task, and media… the impact on the actors, outcomes, or processes” (McFarlane, 2012, p.150). In this concern, an interesting example of the use of media production in the school environment is presented by Herr-Stephenson (2010). She examines the case study where t
Analysis of the Rationale and Purpose of the Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule is not in the Constitution because it was made by the court due to the need that presented itself. The intension was to make sure that the 4 th Amendment was kept and not violated. Most people are aware of their right to privacy, and how it protects them from unwarranted searches. Nevertheless, most of them do not comprehend how the Exclusionary Rule ensures this right is guarded. The Exclusionary Rule is intended to refrain the police from actions that will violate the right to privacy. The 4 th Amendment protects every citizen from illegal searches and arrests. When the police violate this amendment, the evidence they have collected will be not accepted in the federal court. There are three fundamentals of the exclusionary rule. Foremost, it includes an illegal action by an officer of police or an agent of the police. Subsequently, evidence of this action by the police and agents of police must be obtained. The last element stipulates that a link between the evidence acquired and the unauthorized action done must exist. In case a link cannot be established between the evidence and the illegal action committed in the acquisition of the evidence, then by the doctrine of attenuation, the evidence falls outside the exclusionary rule. If the defense is convinced that such violation of the 4 th amendment has been done, a motion may be filed by the defense lawyer, to suppress the acquired evidence. The prosecutor will then try to prove otherwise by re-examining the availed evidence. Failure to which, the case will go ahead without the inclusion of the disputed evidence. In other cases, to decide the worthiness of the witness, the evidence may be used in court. Besides this, the evidence may be used in the civil court a
Freedom forms the solitary foundation for the existence of the American society as it is known today. With no freedom, perhaps the great nation of America could not be present. In the 1850s, the word “freedom” was increasingly gaining new meaning to different people as the American society felt the need to avoid oppressing some of its members. During the period, more factories were being established in the Northern part of the United States. Consequently, in order to provide cheap labor, most of the workers in the factories were enslaved. Therefore, for a once enslaved Northern worker, he or she would take the word freedom to mean the ability to have all the comforts and necessities of life without constraint from anyone. A freed worker had the ability to enjoy the benefits of freedom because he or she was no longer oppressed neither by care nor by hard labor, as the despotism of his or her master was no longer significant. Once being free, a Northern worker was able to balance his or her time so that he or she could have adequate time for repose. On the other hand, for industrialists (factory owners), the word freedom would connote a different meaning. As their workers became free from forced labor, they were obliged to improve the working conditions of their workers, or to allow the ones who no longer wanted to work to go and search for other means of earning income. Consequently, the freedom of their slaves could make them to want to “die of ennui.” Freedom to the industrialists would mean that they would avoid their oppressive practices. However, they w
Economy is rather difficult and complicated study. The economy processes in different countries are very difficult to forecast. The development of economy depends on many aspects: historical background, geographical location, presence of different resources and many others. Every region has its pros and cons when it is a talk about economical potential of the region. We are going to summarize the economical development of the Maritime region, and to give our critical opinion on the situation. The economical analysis is going represent the book of Donald J. Savoie “Visiting Grandchildren: Economic Development in the Maritimes”. The book gives us the description of historical backgrounds and economical development of the region since 1800 till our days. The Maritime region in this book unites three provinces as they all are interconnected in the development of their economy. (Savoie 2006) Since early times the main direction of the in the region was trade, mostly staples of fish and timber, the region prospered. The Maritime region “experienced substantial growth from 1800 to Confederation, based on a trading system that linked the region with West Indies, New England, and Britain” (Savoie 2006). And it is not a surprise, as the region is located on the sea shoe and it gives great opportunities for developing trade through sea shipping which may lead through all over the world, especially to the countries which have outlets to the sea. The sea trade ways are considered to be very important in every country in every time. During many years the economy of the Maritime region was supported by the country’s government; a great support and financial funds were given by Canadian government (Maritimes was the colony of Great Britain for some time), but the fundament was given by Britain. The trade was not the only sphere of economy in Maritimes. The shipping industry of the world grew rapidly; the highest point was achieved in the 1860s when “it ranked fourth among merchant marines of the world” (Savoie 2006). The situation had changed in 1970s when Canadian government decided to support other regions of the country and funded other regions’ economies. The other economical branch of the region, which received development during the 1860s, was the financial one. The colonial, on that time, system counted nine dozen banks, “among which were the two most stable financial institutions in British North America and numerous marine and other insurance companies which played leading roles in the economy of the region” (Slavoie 2006). Later, these financial institutions would become very important in the Canadian financial system. The 1850s are considered to be “the wealthiest, most advanced in the British North American Provinces” (Slavoie 2006). A good financial structure is the best fundamental bases for any economy. Comparing the Maritimes economy of 1960s and 2001, everybody would make a conclusion that it made a significant step forward in the development of its economy. The changes touched the sphere of public service, especially health care, social services, education. The increasing in the spheres of employment, lo
Asthma is a common chronic condition. The cause of this condition is thought to be the narrowing of the person’s airways. This, as the experts explain, is a result of the inflammation of the airways in the lungs. The swelling will eventually lead to coughing, wheezing and difficulties in breathing. The symptoms and signs of this disease vary substantially: it can either be serious, mild, moderate or even very serious. This will depend on the state of health of the individual. The condition affects people of all walks of life. However, recent research has shown that it is rampant among the African Americans (Hampton, Gullotta and Crowel 2010). As stated, the condition affects more black Americans than white Americans. The reason behind this is that genes variation between different people. However, there are other reasons, including cultural, social, political and environmental factors. Most black people live in poor neighbourhoods. These neighbourhoods are not able to provide the dwellers with quality healthcare facilities and health personnel. Some of this black Americans in minor cases have no access to health care facilities at all. Another social reason is low literacy levels. This affects the communication between the health providers and patients. Most patients find it hard to follow the doctor’s instructions. This has dire consequences (Hampton et.al 2010). Economic factors such as low income and recession are also believed to make the infection rate of African Americans higher than that of white Americans. This makes it even harder to access quality healthcare and drugs. Environmental factors are also to blame for these disturbing statistics. The neighbourhoods the African Americans live in are prone to pollution. These places also have poorly built structures. The low quality housing exposes them to allergens which cause asthma. Rampant pollution increases exposure to the allergens causing asthma. Traffic and industrial pollution are known to increase the swelling of the airways. The main cause of asthma remains a puzzle up to today. Researchers have been working round the clock to establish the cause. Asthma can be transmitted through genes (Lupton, 2012). If one or both parents of a child are suffering from asthma, then the child is at a higher risk of being diagnosed with this condition. Asthma is not treatable, but fortunately, asthma can be controlled. His can be done by avoiding both indoors and outdoors triggers of asthma. Triggers have been attributed to causing asthma attacks. (Hampton et al., 2010). The indoor triggers that asthmatic people should avoid are smoke, mould, pets that have fur or feathers, sprays an
Introduction The renaissance era refers to the period between the fourteenth century and the seventeenth century when a transformational wave moved across Europe. This paper seeks to discuss the history of the renaissance period. The paper will look at the history of some people and events that took place during the period. King Arthur’s Biography King Arthur was born in Britain in the region of Tintagel. Information about his time of birth is not clearly defined. It is however agreed that Arthur was the only son to Uther Pendrago and Igraine. With his birth coming at a time when magic was a much developed practice, Arthur’s birth is believed to have been prophesied and a product of magic which was enlisted by his father. Arthur was upon his birth taken away from his parents, subject to the agreement that his father, Uther, made with Merlin the magician, that Arthur would grow as Merlin wanted. Arthur was therefore taken care of Sir Ector who nourished the boy (Cutler, 2009). Even though Arthur was raised away from his farther, nature also later dictated this as his farther died, in a battle when Arthur was still a child. Arthur received the help of Merlin to reclaim the kinship of his father. Using his magic, marline had “set a sword in a stone” and made a contest out of it from the contenders of the kinship (Caerleon, n.d.). The person who withdrew the sword would become the king. It was Arthur who managed to by chance withdraw the sword thus becoming king after his father. On taking the throne, King Arthur organized his group and fought Saxons who had been advancing to take over the country. King Arthur then built a strong emperor at Camelot where with his knights (Caerleon, n.d.). Arthur also led the search for the Holy Grail, which they believed would help cure all diseases. A civil war, however, broke in the territory and Arthur was critically wounded. He was sneaked away from the battle and treated though his body is then believed to have mysteriously disappeared (Caerleon, n.d.). Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)’s Biography Queen Mary, also known as Mary Tudor was born in the year 1516 to king Henry the eighth and Catherine Aragon. She was the only child who managed to survive past child hood. Mary was accorded a superior education under which she learnt many languages among them: Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian among others. She was also talented in arts and had passion in music apart from embroidery. Mary was forced to live separately from her parents who were to be divorced due to domestic wrangles. Her mother had not been able to give birth to a boy, an issue that did not please the king. The life of Mary changed for worse as the differences between her parents spilled over to her. She became a victim of her father’s harsh treatments. She was for example forbidden from communicating with her mother. The turn of events saw Mary loose her status as a princes and value and respect that was accorded to her reduced. She was later ordered out of her special residence and taken into her step moth