ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Federal, state, and local hate crime laws were passed to satisfy political and symbolic needs but not to fill gaps in criminal law, sentencing law, or criminal procedure. Nevertheless, once these laws are on the books, police and prosecutors must decide how to enforce them. Hate crimes are habitually described by the law of a state as ones that are characterized by harassment, intimidations, or physical mischief. They stimulated by chauvinism that is not in favor of an individual’s tribe, color, religious conviction, country of origin, way of life, gender orientation, or physical or psychological disability. Laws differ by countries. If the law provides for hate offenses, the descriptions of hate crime punishments differ. This paper therefore gives a detailed description and analysis of the challenges and enforcement dilemmas of hate crime laws experienced by several bodies of the government. Specifically, the paper singles out biasness, problems that the judges face during prosecutions, and finally selective prosecutions as some of the challenges and enforcement dilemmas of hate crimes. Biasness and Formation of Bias Units in Police Departments The local and the federal states approved the laws on hate crime for the satisfaction of political and symbolic requirements not to seal and fill the spaces in criminal decree, sentencing decree, or any form of criminal modus operandi. On the other hand, once the regulations are on the manuscripts, the prosecutors and the law enforcers should find a way and settle on how to bring them in operation. Back in 1988, the Associates of the Abt and the NOBLE (National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives) made public a joint statement that recommended vast departments of law enforcers to dedicate extra reserves to bias crime survey. The statement sought to set up bias units, allocate liaison officers to the communities that were affected, and generate activities that are meant to encourage sufferers to give testimonies to bias crimes. According to Jacobs and Potter (1998), a number of law enforcing departments are smaller. Thus, they require resources and personnel to set up specialized divisions that will concentrate on the biased crimes. A recommendation was done by the Abt Report to the small departments of law enforcers to form detailed reporting practices for hate crimes. A good number of law enforcing departments were a bit larger, for instance, the ones in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco, which have formed dedicated bias divisions. Even in these larger law-enforcing departments, the units that deal with bias crimes are quite small mainly involving four to eighteen law enforcers. Therefore, such units can make no difference. What specialized tactics shou
Introduction The establishment of relationships between an employer and the staff in a business environment is vital for an enterprise’s success. Such relationships should be based on both ethics and law to deliver the best company’s profit results and ensure a comfortable and trusting atmosphere within the workplace. The opposition of leaders’ requirements combined with employees’ responsibilities and the need to deal with diverse individuals in the workplace impose the development of a complicated system of rules regulating such relationships. Main body To ensure staff’s compliance with the ethical behavior requirements in the workplace, companies utilize compliance-based and integrity-based ethical codes that set specific rules of corporate behavior. Such ethical codes should be based on legal documents and not violate any rights and freedoms of employees (Nickels et al. 95-96). However, a leader needs to establish trusting relationships within the company to ensure responsibility delegation, commitment, and common interest in the ultimate result. To achieve this level of cooperation, a manager should apply basic theories of motivation based on personality types and intrinsic or extrinsic rewards types (Nickels et al. 270-271). For example, a thoroughly utilized goal-setting theory is potent of increasing productivity, providing both employees’ satisfaction and the company’s profit. The results of the work should be evaluated and used as a basis for job rotation that can be carried out by a quality human resource (HR) management (Bailey et al. 294). The actions of HR managers must abide by appropriate laws to ensure equality in employees’ selection, hiring, and training within apprentice programs. Conclusion In the case of coordinated work of all company divisions, it is possible to find a balance between law regulations, employees’ job satisfaction, and companies’ profit. The main issue concerning adequate workplace relationship establishment is the application of ethical principles in the specifically developed codes and trusting and respectful communication between the participants of the working process. Such an approach would be beneficial for all parties involved in business cooperation. Works Cited Bailey, Catherine, et al. Strategic Human Resource Management. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018. Nickels, William, et al. Understanding Business . 11th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
Introduction Believe it or not the plot of the 1967 movie of Bonnie and Clyde has actually had several modern day incarnations starring Jim Carry and Steve Martin yet each of these movies have all been comedies and lacking in the dramatic quality that the original Bonnie and Clyde movie had. While the plot of two desperate people committing crime sprees is evident in all the films the plots leave much to be desired and the actors portraying Bonnie and Clyde type characters fail to bring out the true spirit of the plot. If I were to create a new rendition of Bonnie and Clyde I would choose not to set it as a comedy, rather I would keep the original desperation that was evident in the first film yet set it in modern times (Bonnie & Clyde, 2011). The best setting would have to be slightly after the 2008 financial crisis having nearly the same plot and characters names however there will be slight changes involving how Bonnie and Clyde met and how the crime spree starts. Not only that I want to incorporate certain aspects of dark humor into the storyline where the characters appear to rejoice in their new found freedom from social constraints. Costumes In terms of the various costumes the characters wear I want them all to wear modern day outfits however I want them to look unique, to standout from what everyone else in the movie is wearing. People in the background should be wearing dark and drab colors while the main characters in the story should wear bright colors to help them stand out even more in the film. In fact I want the film itself to have the same film style used in the movie 300 but this time the main characters wear bright colors to further stand out from the background. The reasoning behind this is that I want the characters to seem isolated from the normal flow of society so that their behavior will seem erratic and out of place. In fact in the ending scene of the movie the normally drab colors of the background characters in the movie should slowly shift to bright colors with the scene of an everyday event in most busy streets being the ending scene in the movie. Recasting the Characters In this remake I want to completely change the perceptions of the characters from the 1967 movie, instead of portraying them as lucky idiots I want to be able to show a much greater degree of character development where various instances of dark humor punctuate the storyline. For the character of Clyde Barrow I would cast Christian Bale due to this ability to get into a role and seriously portray the dark aspect of humanity. For Bonnie Parker I would choose Natalie Portman due to her performance in the movie “The Black Swan” this is due to the fact that she was able to portray the slow corruption that can occur to an individual overtime and this is exactly what I want to present. For the character of C.W. Moss I would choose Larry the cable guy, while this choice may seem unusual I want the audience to really think of Larry as a complete idiot that will follow orders easily, this helps to properly set him up for his role later on in the film. For the roles of Buck and Blanche, I would choose Keanu Reaves and Carrie Anne Moss. This
Throughout history, man has been migrating from one region to the other for various reasons. However, this phenomenon has become more prevalent over the course of the last century and it has been characterized by people moving from poorer countries to richer ones. This has resulted in a strain in the resources of the host country which has brought about the imposition of rules and regulations aimed at curbing immigration. The rules have lead to illegal immigration which is the situation whereby immigrants enter and live in a country without the host government’s consent. The United States is one of the countries which have had a very big influx of illegal immigrants. For this reason, the US government has adopted tough measures for dealing with them. While some people state that illegal immigration can be best addressed by developing the economy of the nations of origin of the illegal immigrants so as to encourage them to stay there, others argue that the imposition of restrictions on the immigrants is the best way. This paper shall argue that imposition of strict policies and hunting out and deporting of illegal immigrants from the US is the best way to deal with the issue. To reinforce this assertion, this paper shall showcase the faults of offering economic aid to their countries of origin. The main reason that is advanced for immigrating to the US is so that the immigrants can have a sh
Ms. Jane, TransCom International manager, is considering entering the company into a new contract while still bound by another. In 2005, TransCom Steel International Company entered into a ten years business contract worth $1000000 with Caterpillar T International to supply and repair their machines. The contract agreement was binding on both companies for ten years. However, if any of the parties violated the signed contract agreement, they would be liable to compensate the actual loss suffered plus an additional 10% of the contractual value. TransCom Steel’s market share has increased significantly over the years. The demand for TransCom Steel’s leading products such as nails, iron sheets, bolts, nuts, barbed wires, and assorted car parts is likely to grow further. The company is considering purchasing machines that are more efficient. Deere P & Company, a fierce rival of Caterpillar T in the heavy equipment manufacturers industry, manufactures these machines. Ms. Jane faces the problem of choosing between their current contract, and the offer from Deere P & Company. The contract with Caterpillar, cannot be considered as a case of impossibility of performance since the company is still in a position to deliver the machines assigned in the contract. However, TransCom International Company’s decision to cancel the contract is reasonable; they have a great increase in demand which has led to the need for better machines that Caterpillar does not manufacture. Nonetheless, the law of contracts stipulates that Caterpillar is entailed to compensation in monetary damages suffered. Since damages are not recoverable for losses that TransCom did not have reason to foresee at the time of signing the contract 10 years earlier, Caterpillar will be compensated the value of canceled contracts worth $ 300000. The case of Deere P & Company is still considered an offer. A contract is considered existent when an offer is unequivocally accepted by parties involved and the parties have the requisite capacity to enter into a contract. The parties must have a consideration between them and involve in the legal business. The two companies have expressed interest in entering into a legal agreement. Deere offers the latest machine models that are cost-effective and efficient. However, the machines are more expensive as each sells at $ 10000. If the company goes ahead to cancels the contract with Caterpillar, it may taint its image in many ways. First, it will send an alarm to other suppliers and contracted companies that when the time comes; they will go down the same way. This will only result in poor business relationships. Secondly, the company will have to incur extra operational costs as it will spend over $ 10000 in purchasing only one new machine. Lastly, the company may get involved in a legal tussle over the cancellation of Caterpillar’s contract. On the other hand, entering into a new contract with Deere P & Company will bring many benefits. First, the company will gain a competitive advantage, as its products will be of high quality. Secondly, the company will be
Introduction Psychometric surveys have been used to assess people’s emotional and intellectual capabilities for many decades now (Cripps 2017). These tests are categorised into different types, depending on the kind of choices given to respondents when answering psychology-based questions. Based on their relative success in psychology, companies have used them in employee recruitment processes to understand personality types and explore their alignment to different job categories (Cripps 2017). However, there is doubt regarding how well these tests could measure human creativity using personality traits (Cripps 2017). Based on this challenge, this paper critically assesses the use of psychometric surveys to explain people’s creativity using their personality types. Support for Psychometric Surveys in Linking Creativity and Personality Types Furr and Bacharach (2013) say that psychometric tests can be reliably used to assess creativity; however, they caution users to assess three issues (nature of reliability, the importance of “norming,” and their validity) when using such tests. Support for psychometric tests in measuring creativity possibly draws its roots in the works of J.P. Guilford, who used the survey to show the difference between intelligence quotient (IQ) tests and creativity (Carlson 2015; Cripps 2017). His study was premised on the factor analytic technique as an approach for assessing creative indices underpinning people’s success in life (Carlson 2015; Cripps 2017). The approach helped him to come up with two types of thought processes – convergent and divergent thinking (Carlson 2015). Divergent thinking measures were associated with creativity, while convergent thinking was linked with the production of one-worded answers meant to fit specific standardised criteria of assessment (Carlson 2015). Similar to other methods of psychological assessments, psychometric surveys have specific criteria that researchers should meet before accurately measuring a construct of interest. According to Riding and Rayner (2013), there are four main psychometric requirements for assessing creativity and they include reliability, construct validity, predictive validity and respondents’ honesty. Psychometric surveys are known to use two methods for assessing personality and creativity – personality approach and cognitive approach (Ness, Kaye & Stenner 2016). The personality approach links creativity with personality as an individual difference variable. The California Psychological Inventory and Myers Briggs Types Indicator are some tests that belong to this category of assessments (Ness, Kaye & Stenner 2016). Comparatively, the cognitive approach to creative thinking considers logic and rationality as important tenets of creativity assessments (Ness, Kaye & Stenner 2016). The merits of psychometric tests in linking creativity to personality types are associated with the success of different personality tests such as the HEXACO-PI-R and NEO-PI-R models. The HEXACO-PI-R test measures creativity and personality using six attributes. The first three focus on people’s tendency to be honest, conscious and emotionally stable
According to West, Todd, Mason, and Bruggen (1966), erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC’s) are a-nucleated biconcave disc-like cells ranging in diameter from 6 to 9 µm (average = 7.5 µm). The thickness of the RBCs is ca. 1 µm in the center and ca. 2 to 2.4 µm in the peripheral part. In blood, an average of 1012 RBCs is present. Hemoglobin, a haem-protein is comprised of four globin peptide chains, is intimately held within stroma meshwork in RBCs. Its function is to transport O2 from lungs with high p O2 to all the tissues having low p O2. In the presence of CO2 in the tissues, the acidity increases resulting in the release of O2 and consequently protonated hemoglobin caries bicarbonate ion to be release in lungs. According to Scott (1993), when RBC’s are placed in isotonic solution having the same non-penetrating solute and solvent concentrations to that of cytoplasm, the cell volume does not changed, though water and solute freely move in and out. Upon placing in hypotonic solution (solute concentration is less than inside), water will enter and the cells would swell and hemolyse. In hypertonic solutions (solute concentration more than inside), cells would rapidly shrink and crenate. Osmotic strength of RBC can be judged by either, measuring that concentration of solute which hemolyse and/or recording the hemolysis time. In hypotonic solutions non-electrolytes (sugars) and electrolytes (NaCl, Na+, Cl-) at relatively higher concentrations would hemolyse RBC’s. Animal RBC’s have directly or indirectly been used in medical science. While most mammalian RBC’s are rich in K+, adult dogs exhibit greater Na+ concentrations. This attribute has implications in Na+/K+ antiport (transport) and Na+/K+- ATPase investigations, particularly under varying tonicity (Parker, 1973). Another vital investigation was on RBC agglutination in response to pathogenic viruses like Rubella , for which animal models were used to mimic the human blood (Ponzi, Pugliese and Peutusio, 1978). Recently, animal RBC’s were tested as “artificial” or “universal” blood to be used for human transfusion. In normal course, animal blood would be rejected by human because of incompatibility of ABO- and D type antigen-antibody. It is now possible to immuno-camouflage the unmatched RBC surface antigens by shielding the cells with methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG). Such coating enables masking of surface antigens, without any effect on osmotic and O2 binding capabilities of the RBC’s (Lublin, 2000; Tan et al., 2006). In such transfusions, another problem that may be faced is differential tonicity of the serum. Optimally, those RBC’s which withstand the lowest hypotonic strengths would be the most suitable system for human transfusion. Hemolysis time at 0.3 M glycerol + 0.12% NaCl is the highest (850 seconds) among mammals tested (Scott, 1993), which means that the membrane can withstand higher turgidity than the others. The he
This is a religious belief that the Earth and all the life forms, universe, and humanity were all created by a supernatural and not by a natural process. The 19 th Century British geologists postulated that the Earth was older than the calculations that were adduced by the scriptures. The misunderstanding between the scientists and religious authorities on creation was characterized by cultural warfare in the United States of America. There was a row over who could provide an authentic American creation story to rival the biblical creationism which had become the standard substitute to scientific suppositions. Towards the end of the 19 th century, there was a very sharp contrast between creationism and evolution which borrowed heavily from naturalistic observations, in the American society. Ardent creationist adherents held that evolution did not substantively demystify the earth’s history, diversity and complexity. The Abrahamic faiths like Christianity and Judaism base their beliefs on the biblical pentatauchial reading of Genesis. Evolutionary creationists believe that despite the fact that the nature of the universe is grounded on evolutionary trends, it leads to creator deity. This essay intends to construct a definition of what science is, based on creationism, by providing a summarized overview of creationism, clearly stating whether creationism should or should not be considered as a science. Proponents of creationism have tried supporting creation myths using scientific backings while trying to water down conventional scientific facts and theories advanced about history of the earth and biological evolutionary trends. Proponents of scientific creationism are the United States fundamentalist Christians. These scientists have been preoccupied with trying to prove inerrancy of the bible while disapproving scientific evidence of evolution. Creation scientists believe that the Earth was created in the last ten thousand years- creation ex nihilo and that mankind and earth’s life forms were created as distinct fixed kinds (Numbers, 2006). They also believe that fossils found on the stratum of the earth were deposited when cataclysmic flood covered the earth’s surface. The position of creation scientists has heavily been challenged by the geologic and astrophysical evidence on the origin and age of the earth adduced by the evolutionary scientists. The evolutionary scientists believe that the positions taken by creation scientists on the origin of the earth and life forms are irreconcilable to theirs. Creation scientists normally refer to evolutionary theory as Darwinian evolution. In as much as creation scientist would want to sanctify their position to absolutism, by challenging historical geology and evolutionary theory, scientific creationism is more religious than scientific, as it is deficient in empirical support. Scientific creationism does not have tentative hypotheses. This is evident in the manner in which it describes natural history based on scientifically untesta