ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Globally, the demand for human and civil rights by all people has intensified with time. Most social groups in society have moved to emphasize on the need to ensure that their demands are neither undermined nor overlooked as a major icon in enhancing acceptability and cohesion in the society. Sexual harassment in prisons today has been a major distressing issue that has caused massive suffering to victims and also great social disharmony. Olsen posits that sexual harassment is a problem that affects individuals in a community as well as in prisons (199). However, deliberate indifference plays a critical role in disregarding the safety and health of inmates in prison. The latter goes against the provisions of the Eighth Amendment. This paper takes a critical look at the issue of deliberate indifference as ruled by the Supreme Court in the Farmer v. Brennan case of 1994. Gardner posits that deliberate indifference constitutes a conscious and reckless disregard of the possible effects of an individual’s omissions or actions which can cause harm to another person (429). This lack of disregard goes beyond mere negligence. Over the years, deliberate indifference standards have been applied by law court to determine the knowledge of professionals concerning risks and their negligence of actions performed by others which may cause safety or health issues to inmates. Gardner continues to argue that it is difficult to determine what constitutes deliberate indifference, but quickly adds that courts have identified ways like factual scenarios which they use to establish deliberate indifference (430). Some of those ways include lack of effective response to an inmate’s complaints and delaying or deliberately not supplying medical care to an injured inmate. A brief overview of the Farmer v. Brennan case (1994) The above case concerned a male-to-female transsexual by the name Dee Farmer who having been charged with credit card fraud, was incarcerated in a prison with a general male population. This led to Farmer going through repeated rapes and serious beatings from inmates. The consequences of the events were not only bodily harm, but also health problems as she eventually acquired HIV. In the court, Farmer made it clear that the prison administration neglected the fact that they were exposing her to the danger of sexual violence having put her among men. The Supreme Court actually agreed by majority that the responsibility was on the prison administration terming the
Early Life Arthur Cayley was born on 16 August 1821 in Richmond, England (Crilly). His parents, Henry Cayley and Maria Antonia Doughty, were business people in St. Petersburg, Russia and Arthur Cayley was born in England as his parents visited England briefly (Crilly). Arthur Cayley lived in Russia for eight years in his childhood. He joined a private academy in London and at the age of fourteen joined King’s college in London (Crilly). Arthur Cayley joined Trinity College in Cambridge at the age of seventeen and graduated in 1842 and in October of the same year, he became the youngest fellow in that college (Weintraub). He taught in Trinity College, Cambridge for three years during which time he engaged in research. Arthur Cayley joined law school before his tenure as a fellow expired and joined the bar in 1849 (Crilly). His Career Arthur Cayley practiced law for fourteen years between 1849 and 1863. As an advocate, Arthur Cayley majored in conveyance. Conveyance refers to drafting of documents used for changing ownership of a property. He wrote over 300 mathematical papers during his leisure time, which led him to securing a position in the Royal society in 1854 (Weintraub). Arthur Cayley received a Royal medal from the Royal Society after serving the society for seven years. In 1863, he quit his legal career and took up teaching mathematics at Cambridge as a professor (Weintraub). This granted him a chance to undertake full time research in mathematics. He married Susan Moline in the same year he took up teaching mathematics at Cambridge (Weintraub). Arthur Cayley was a decisive administrator at Cambridge who encouraged women to pursue higher education. His administrative capabilities manifested in his contributions in drafting of college rules and regulations (Crilly). He contributed greatly in various fields within mathematics. In Algebra, Arthur Cayley contributed to algebraic theory, which involves application of arithmetical workings and formal controls to conceptual images instead of particular digits. He contributed to group theory, which delves into algebraic structures or groups (Crilly). In addition, Arthur Cayley contributed greatly to linear algebra, a discipline that involves the study of vector spaces and matrices and is usually easy to understand (Crilly). Linear algebra utility manifests in mathematical physics and coding hypothesis. Arthur Cayley was instrumental in developing graph theory that involves networking of convergence points arising from lines. Graph theory is crucial in fields like computer science and chemistry among others (Crilly). Combinatorics owes its origins to Arthur Cayley (Famous Mathematicians). It is an area of mathematics dwelling on identification, setting, and execution within a discrete system. He also contributed in develo
The rise of violence among young people is observed within the modern society. Many factors can affect the development of the youth’s negative behaviours and attitudes. The extreme rise of violence among young people today is the controversial point. That is why, in their studies, researchers provide different reasons as the factors provoking the young people’s violent behaviour. Thus, there is no single idea about the role of the media in increasing violence among young people. Psychologists are inclined to support rather opposite visions on the problem. Researchers state that there is no direct connection between the young people’s violent behavior and the violent media because of the significant role of such factors as mental and social issues. Their opponents claim that the media is the main cause for increasing violence among young people. Although the question is controversial, it is possible to state that the media promoting violent films, video games, and music is the cause for increasing violent behaviours because the media provokes the young people’s reflection of the perceived images of violence in reality. Violent films provoke aggressive behaviours among young people. The social cognitive theory supports the idea that children learn behavioral patterns with the help of the media. According to Wilson, children often imitate the violent patterns seen in films (Wilson, 2008, p. 64). The study supports the idea referred to the social cognitive theory. Short-term effects of violent films on the behaviour of children from the primary school were observed. Those children who watched the episode from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers which included the scenes of choking, kicking, and hinting were inclined to reflect them (Wilson, 2008, p. 66). Aggressive behaviours and attitudes are preserved in the mind, and these patterns and attitudes can be used by children to resolve conflicts (Josephson, 1987, p. 882). Thus, violent films influence young people’s behaviours negatively because of the demonstrated violent images. Violent video games are the next influential factor causing the development of young people’s violent attitudes. According to the study by Kirsh, a lot of video games presented within the market include to 80% of violent scenes (Kirsh, 2002, p. 380). The period of 1970-1980 is characterised by developing more violent and realistic video games. From the perspective of social learning theory, those children who prefer violent video games can demonstrate aggressive behaviours in their adulthood (Kirsh, 2002, p. 379). To support the idea and compare behaviours of people from two different groups, the experiment for 9-12 years old children playing video games was conducted by researchers. Two groups of children played violent and non-violent video games. It was found that those children who played violent video games expressed aggressive behaviours more often the children from the other group. Furthermore, the dependence on gender was also observed (Wilson, 2008, p. 68-69). From this point, the direct connection between playing violent video games and children
Discuss the difference between a single subject evaluation (SSD) and program evaluation. The difference between a single subject design evaluation (SSD) and a program evaluation lies in the sound ethos of the very purpose of their analysis. In particular, SSD implies paying precise attention to one person who is subjected to the given social problem, while a program assessment requires taking into account a wide variety of factors, both internal and external ones (Brun, 2014). In the case with Phoebe Lewis, the interviewer asks specific questions to understand how the girl was subjected to human trafficking and then rescued by the Stop Trafficking Oppression and Prostitution of children and women organization (STOP). On the contrary, a program evaluation would focus on the group of subjects and their collective peculiarities. It should be emphasized that SSD research is more sensitive to personal data, and it is widely utilized in order to reveal and interpret individual reactions to interventions. The flexibility of the research is another beneficial aspect of SSD, which makes it possible to preplan limitations and enhance the subsequent program evaluation. Create a research design for single subject research and explain the design. What is the target behaviour? What is the independent variable? In creating a research design for SSD, it is essential to outline the key elements that are to be included in the plan, such as baseline, intervention, and reversal. The qualitative data collection and analysis
Introduction Teachers’ perspectives on learners’ acquisition of knowledge play key roles in learning processes and, therefore, inform pedagogical practices. As such, different teachers (based on diverse teaching philosophies, values, and theories) adopt different approaches to content delivery and, therefore, there are diverse pedagogical practices. It is imperative to note that Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory emphasizes interaction with the physical environment for proper learning and development in a child. Therefore, teachers should adopt philosophies that allow learners to interact with their environment. This paper discusses a teaching philosophy that embraces play-based curricula and supports the idea that children learn through play. Playing is a crucial tool that teachers can use to develop all domains of learning, including cognitive, physical, and emotional aspects (Ginsburg, 2007 ). Children learn through play Play-based programs are vital in content delivery when teaching children. A play-based teaching philosophy allows children to interact with their physical environment and, therefore, augment learning and development in all aspects (Bodrova, Germeroth, & Leong, 2013). Play-based curricular programs challenge learners to find out about their environment while meeting set learning objectives. The play-based teaching philosophy is based on Vygotsky’s views, which emphasize that children’s learning processes are entrenched in social contexts and procedures (Bodrova et al., 2013). According to Vygotsky, play-based curricula should allow learners to create imaginary situations, role-play, and follow specific sets of rules. This philosophy is based on the belief that active participatory learning, which is facilitated by play, is key to the full development of learners’ potential. Learners in active learning environments experience enjoyment, control, interest, and feelings of confidence. Additionally, children experiment, solve problems and make decisions when playing. As such, firsthand experiences in child-initiated play facilitate self-awareness in learners while allowing them to comprehend their world (Thornton, 2015). Learning activities in child-initiated play Although learning through play philosophy is child-centered, teachers have vital roles. Teachers play key roles in planning learning activities and aligning them with child-initiated plays. It is a prerequisite that teachers plan specific activities that will exploit all domains of learning, including arithmetic, literacy, and language (Hoisington, 2008). Vygotsky’s theory of scaffolding is vital in the preparation of learning activities in play-based curricula (Farr, 2014). First, teachers need to organize the physical environment in which learners will play (Farr, 2014). Playing the environment should be full of open-ended resources that will allow learners to explore and investigate their surroundings imaginatively. Playing the environment should also develop atmospheres where learners are free to experiment and share thoughts. Learners should be allowed to be themselves when learning through play. Second, teachers should enhance safety by training
Introduction Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a “progressive and debilitating disease” that is characterized by the congestion of body tissues (Nair & Peate, 2013, p. 237). Five percent of all medical admissions in hospitals are due to CHF. When an individual has this disease, his or her heart is not able to pump adequate blood for circulation throughout the body; hence, the heart is not able to meet the body’s needs. Congestive heart failure can either affect the right or the left part of the heart. Pathophysiology Various precedent factors lead to congestive heart failure. The factors include: Hypertension, acute myocardial infarction due to loss of myocardial muscle, leading to poor contraction, anemia, incomplete emptying from the left ventricle due to poor contraction of the myocardium, and valvular heart disease (Medifocus, 2011, p. 21). Precedent heart problems such as heart attack/myocardial infarction, infection, arrhythmias, and congenital heart disease cause heart failure (2014). Diseases such as iron toxicity, diabetes, hypertension, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hypothyroidism, iron deficiency, and emphysema predispose an individual to CHF, as well. There are two classes of congestive heart failure that are differentiated by the causative factor. CHF can either be attributed to the weak heart muscle (systolic dysfunction) or increased stiffness of the heart muscle (diastolic dysfunction). As earlier mentioned, CHF can either affect the left or right side of the heart. The left side of the heart is the most common. The characteristic of left-sided failure is high-pressure levels that affect the pulmonary veins in the lungs, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the surrounding alveoli (Rubin & Reisner, 2014). The aftermath is dysfunction of the alveoli; thereby, limiting oxygen availability in the body. In right-sided failure, the combined effect of increased pressure in the veins that pump blood from all the other parts of the body to the heart and the compensatory retention of water and sodium results in edema of the abdomen, liver, and legs (Acton, 2013). Nonetheless, both sides are affected because when one fails, it places a strain on the other one. Even though the heart heals after myocardial infarction/heart attack, the resulting scar does not contract as a normal heart tissue would. Thereby, the heart becomes progressively weaker, and there could be the formation of an aneurysm. Epidemiology CHF is most prevalent among individuals over the age of 60. According to Rubin and Reisner (2014), 15% of the 2 to 3 million diagnosed with CHF die every year. Diastolic heart failure accounts for 30% to 70% of patients who get heart failure. Men have a higher prevalence of CHF in comparison to women, but according to Medifocus (2011), this gap narrows with age. The disease has a maximum survival rate of five years. The estimated cost of the disease is $ 32.9 billion in the U.S., and this figure will increase over the years due to projections of elevated prevalence of CHF. Symptoms There are several symptoms of this disease. Individu
Introduction Companies incorporated in Australian are taxed on any income they get from any business operation. Foreign companies situated in Australia are only taxed on the income they derive from Australia. The rate on the income for the tax period 2009/2010 is 30%. The Australia tax period is from 1 st July to 30 th July the following year. According to the Australian tax law, the companies are supposed to assess their tax liability (CCH Editors 2009, p.1065). Each company is supposed to fill a tax return individually. The taxable income is from the sources like the rental income, business income, capital gains on some assets like motor vehicle and dividend interests. Companies are supposed to pay their corporate tax on a quarterly manner for each year. But if a company has an income of less than AUD $ 8000 or the company is not to be filling a report of its tax on a monthly basis, the company is allowed by the Australian taxation commission to pay the tax annually on every 21 st October. Quarterly tax payments are made before the end of the twenty first day after the end of every year quarter. Two methods are use to pay the quarterly tax. One is the instalment income option and the second is the GDP adjustment notional tax option. Both the foreign and resident Australian companies have the same tax rate (CCH Editors 2009, p.1067).. Capital gain is taxed according to the marginal rate of the item in question. Before capital gains are taxed, the business is allowed some of the items that are deducted from the taxable amount. The items deducted are referred as the allowable expenses. The allowable deductions include those business expenses that are incurred in the course of obtaining business income. Capital and personal expenses are not allowed since they are not regularly occurring expenses or they are not incurred in the income generation for the company (Woellner, Barkoczy & Murphy 2009, p 83). Taxable profit Eastside printing Pty ltd. Trading profit and loss account. As at the year ended 30 th June 2011.                                 $       $        $         Cash Sales                              1860000            Add Credit Sales                                           Closing Debtors                 55000                      Less Sales Returns              -1300                                                              53700              Total Sales. 1                                   1913700                                                              Cost Of Sales                                              Opening Stock                           50000              Purchases                       415000                     Add Closing Creditors           24800                      Total purchases 2                       439800
Review of the UK regulatory context before 2007 Transparency Directive in 2004 The primary trend in the policymaking of the EU in the decade before 2007 was to encourage transparency of companies’ performance for investors. The central idea of such a discourse was that “efficient, transparent and integrated securities markets contribute to a genuine single market” (European Parliament and Council 2004, para. 1). However, many member states, including the UK, opposed the push for more frequent financial disclosures (Pozen et al. 2017). As a compromise, in 2004 the European Commission issued a directive requiring companies to start publishing quarterly interim reports by 2007 without disclosing their financial position. Before 2007, companies needed to publish income statements and balance sheets on semi-annual basis. Quarterly reports needed to include neither income statements nor balance sheets; instead the reports were to include descriptions of major events and transactions by the company, their impact on the financial position, and a general description of the issuer’s financial position (European Parliament and Council 2004). In 2004, private firms in the UK started moving towards interim reporting practices to comply with the new directive. Prior to this date, the majority private firms in the UK were required to publish only annual and semi-annual financial reports (Pozen et al. 2017). The half-year statements only had to include earnings data: balance sheets and income statements had to be included (Pozen et al. 2017). In addition, the firms were required to disclose information on material developments regularly; however, delays were allowed in a number of exclusive cases (Financial Conduct Authority, 2021). Companies were also encouraged to publish trade reports frequently to disclose information about trends and projections about sales (Pozen et al. 2017). Additionally, some companies voluntarily published quarterly financial statements, even though they were not required to do so by regulators (Pozen et al. 2017). The Transparency Directive of 2004 made it obligatory to publish interim reports after the first and the third fiscal quarters, in addition to annual and semi-annual reports starting from 2007. Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 In 2006, the UK government also increased the liability for publishing misleading financial statements. In particular, under Section 90A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, issuers were required to repay any losses to relevant stakeholders suffered due to untrue information in annual, semi-annual or quarterl