ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 1888, the reader saw Looking Backward: 2000-1887 by Edward Bellamy for the first time. This utopia novel was considered as one of the most remarkable pieces of writing created by American writers. It was a real world sensation, where the author made a wonderful attempt to represent his personal standpoints concerning economic and even social reforms. The major point about this novel is that Looking Backward: 2000-1887 may be considered as both a fictional utopia and a historical document that helps the reader to pay attention to past events and their impact on future development of society. Edward Bellamy tried to reflect the ideas that could be inherent to the 19 th century, and focused on such issues like inequality and the difficulties lots of industrial workers may face with. To my mind, one of the major goals, which Bellamy wanted to achieve is to provide the reader with an opportunity to see one of the possible variants of our future and underline the fact that our present even not significant steps could considerably influence certain future events. When we talk about the work by Edward Bellamy, we cannot but mention such notions like utopia. Thomas More was the first philosopher, who presented the utopian society to his readers; there were so many followers, who also wanted to present their own ideas how social conflict may be overcome in future and what economic reforms may safe our world from total destruction. The attempt of Bellamy is really worthy of attention. Julian West is the major character of this story, who falls into a hypnotic dream and finds himself in future, in the year 2000. Now, the country West lived in turns out to be a socialist utopia with its advantages and disadvantages. Bellamy’s description of the socialistic utopia is one of the most expressive ones, which describe how social progress influences the lives of many people. Now, it is not some kind of isolated republic; it is a great industrialized world that is created on social cooperation. As any work of fiction, Looking Backward: 2000-1887 presents one concrete world with its own rules and peculiarities. The conditions of people of future utopia are higher than of the people from the 19 th century. “The author has sought to alleviate the instructive quality of the book by casting it in the form of romantic narrative, which he would be glad to fancy not wholly devoid of interest on its own account.” (Bellamy, 2003) This is why the image of a young rich man, who has personal troubles and doubts attract the readers and provide them with an opportunity to enjoy the events, inherent to any person in this real life. Looking Backward: 2000-1887 may be also regarded as a captivating historical document that introduces captivating facts about future. It is a kind of forecast, those creator tries to take into account certain evolution principles and possible industry development. In order to create more or less proper historical document, the author does not want to give concrete numbers and details from t
Summary In this article, Carthwaite tries to bring out the economic value of drugs in the enhancement of the quality of life. He argues that people may not realize the importance of something until they are deprived of it. He bases his argument on Vioxx, a drug that was withdrawn from the market in 2004. According to him, its withdrawal had many consequences to the people among them, reducing the number of old people from the workforce. Impacts of a drug on the economic are usually not evaluated by the FDA in the US, an issue that Carthwaite sees as a big oversight that can affect the way drugs are perceived and the way health plans are structured. Vioxx is a Cox-2 inhibitor, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs that provide pain relief to those suffering from diseases of chronic inflammation. These are very powerful to the extent that many people had grown used to them with many claiming that they will continue using it if it is returned despite its side effects. This was confirmed by statitistics that showed many of those who were using Vioxx refusing to switch to other drugs (Vioxx 1). Apart from relieving painful inflammations, Cox-2 inhibitors are also suitable especially in patients with Gastro-intestinal (GI) bleeding because they do not increase the risk of GI. This is a very big problem in the US where more 16, 500 persons die annually from GI because of taking traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Its withdrawal left many without any other option because there are no perfect substitutes for it. Using data from MEPS, Carthwaite showed that Vioxx greatly changed the number of people in the workforce especially men because of their physically demanding jobs. Studies on other drugs showed not correlation with employment. He argues that people should be made aware of the risks of Vioxx and left to decide on whether to take it or not instead of withdrawing the drug all together. He however, does not mean that his views are final because he has only highlighted the positive side of the drug. Pharmacology issues Anti-depressants- these are medicines specifically made to treat depression. They improve an individual’s appetite, mood and even concentration. Anti-inflammatory drugs- these are drug made to ease pain in many medical conditions. There many anti-inflammatory drugs. Those discussed here are Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Celebrex and Vioxx. Most of these drugs need prescriptions before one can get them. Cox-2 inhibitor- is a kind of anti-inflammatory drug that attacks the Cox-2 enzyme that causes inflammation and pain. This drug does no have side effects as the other drugs in this group (Vioxx 1). Gastro-intestinal bleeding- this refers to any kind of bleeding that happens in the gastrointestinal tract. Patients suffering from diseases of chronic inflammation take medication that sometimes cause GI-bleeding. Such patients are usually called upon to know the signs of GI bleeding because it can happen unannounced. Anti-cholesterol drugs- these are drugs prescribed for people with high cholesterol amounts in their bodies. They inhibit cholesterol synthesizing enzyme thereby preventing deposits of cholesterol in the bod
This virtual environment was based on the idea of Philip Rosedale which he unveiled to the world in 2003 through his company called Linden Lab (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). Despite numerous improvements in navigation, display, and popularity the program is still very much in its developmental phase. It has been argued that it is likely that the opportunity presented through this concept is likely to grow just as the internet and outgrow initial misconceptions. In this concept, the use of a 3D simulator allows subscribers a platform that enables real-time interaction within the virtual environment. The virtual environment can be used to market real-world products, market virtual products, and participate as a developer or owner (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). The user can make use of the search tool incorporated in the software to locate various locations, institutions, cities, churches, etc. After identifying an appropriate location the user can enjoy the facilities just as if they were actually at the physical location (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). From the onset, it is clear to see that this virtual environment allows the owners to provide a much greater variety than a ‘real world’ physical experience. To create a second life one is required to register with Linden Lab and provide their real name, create a log-in name and a password to access their account, and accept the company terms of service (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). Registration is free but billing information is required to allow for payment for any purchases made within the virtual environment (Hodge, Collins & Giordano, 2011). If the user is interested in the virtual environment for business purposes the orientation island is the destination of choice. Here they receive various tips and information on how to go about their business. Additional help is available via chat from experienced users and new users should consider building such contacts. Though most newcomers join the second life via Linden Lab’s orientation island several other portals have been developed by collaborators such as NMC Virtual worlds, Big Pond, the NBA, the L Word, and CBS’s CSI: NY among others (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). There are other examples of virtual environments existing such as project wonderland, active worlds (Hodge, Collins & Giordano, 2011). These entry points are the most popular means of doing business in the second life environment. It allows the business to set up shop and allow the customer much more in service than is normally available (Mahar & Mahar, 2009). For example, a motorcycle dealer can allow customers to build their virtual motorbike fr
Introduction To begin with, there is a strong necessity to mention that the cut of the taxes was mainly aimed at regulating the investment policy and principles. The Business taxes required changes. Moreover, the majority of business players and investors regarded this tax cut package, moving through Congress, as the factor that will be able to reduce the cost of new equipment and capital improvements. The presidential administration undertook a firm step towards the elimination of dividends and for the expansion of some previously enacted business provisions. The fact is that most of the pro-growth decisions and actions performed by the President and his Administration passed entered into action under the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Underlying Concepts The main concept, which may be used for explaining the rationale of tax reduction package is covered in the notion that the simultaneous boost, and the reduction of taxes has both political and economic consequences: on the one hand tax reduction has political benefits, as voters stay happy with tax reduction, and this decision keeps the politicians in elected office. As for the economic and financial reasons, it should be stated that reducing taxes stimulates the economy by improving the indicators within macroeconomic business cycles. As Pollack (2005) stated in his research: “ The net result of these actions is an increase in the federal deficit, or in the highly unlikely event that one exists, the federal surplus decreases. While the tax on dividends was not eliminated, it was greatly reduced, as was the tax on capital gains. Advocates of this tax policy argued at the time that passing the President’s bill would significantly boost business investment and raise the economy’s overall growth rate.” Graph 1 clearly explains the notion that tax reduction boosts business investments, and the supply-demand curves appear to be changed, in accordance with the tax requirements and price-quantity levels. The effective tax rate increases only in two situations: when taxes are increased, and when production rates are increased. Thus, when taxes are lowered, this stimulates producers to lower the prices and increase the manufacturing rates as well as the quality of the production or services. As it is stated in Sidhu, Whittred (2003): “ supporters of reductions in the tax rate on dividend income believed that the resulting boost to equity prices would be enough on its own to substantially increase business activity. ” How would the tax cuts be represented by the aggregate expenditure model and the IS curve. Analysis As for the matters of IS
Terrorism is a term that strikes fear into the nerves of most people. Humankind has practiced terrorist acts since the beginning of recorded history. The acts have made kingdoms rise, fall, and enabled individuals to gain authority. Terrorist acts are increasingly becoming a major difficulty in the current unsteady world. The al Qaeda training manual, found in May 2000 by British investigators in Manchester, England, provides guidelines for training operations of potential terrorists (Thetulsan.com, n.d.). At the beginning of the manual, I am shocked to find out that even women are potential al Qaeda recruits. Moslem women are most of the time regarded as inferior to men; hence, it shocks me to find out that they can take part in responsibilities endowed to men. I feel that Moslems should not look at other religions as sabotaging their existence. This is because, in reference to Adam, Moslems are able to trace their ancestry to a similar sources as the Christians and Jews. The manual indicates that the overall purpose of al Qaeda is to get rid of ‘godless regimes.’ The strategy is to employ covert agents to commit terrorist acts. Sanctioned activities of the terrorist organization vary from small, destructive acts to causing death, to reckless use of weapons (Gaines, 1987; Townshend, 2002). In this, I get the hint that the manual was made to be used mostly in developing countries. This is because the performance of acts is motivated to look at tourists and some uncomplicated pieces of infrastructure as worthwhile targets. The goal of the jihadis not just to form a united country of Moslems, but a global community of adherents declaring loyalty to one individual. The terrorist group intends to have a leader whose decrees will be absolute and reckoned as though from God himself (Marc, 2004). I think that by referring to the ‘Afghan armies,’ dates the manual to the early ’90s. The noticeable absence of any reference to digital information is also proof that the manual was written then. This is the period when the Taliban overthrew the Russian puppet government in Kabul. The manual has made me realize that the recruitment process for terrorists follows strict rules since certain qualifications are closely looked at. The terrorist organization has a separate Finance Committee. This committee is responsible for collecting, dispersing, and recovery of the funds of the organization. I think that this committee might have contributed to the writing of the section of the manual about finances. In communicating, the organization adheres to strict tenets of secrecy. In conclusion, this manual gives the inner workings of al Qaed
COVID-19 pandemic has numerous social and economic consequences for people. In addition to the apparent effect of illness or death of many people, quarantine measures have affected all global processes in the world. Many people struggle through social and economic hardships, as well as the inability to receive proper treatment for other diseases. Thus, a significant part of the population is experiencing the negative effects of COVID-19 in daily life. First of all, the pandemic affected the world from a healthcare system perspective. The disease may not show symptoms for a long time, which complicates quarantine measures. Treatment of already ill patients is a burden on hospitals, resulting in many patients with other diseases being neglected. Moreover, doctors are forced to work many hours with COVID patients, which is exhausting and dangerous for their own health. The response to such difficulties are presented in additional funding, the creation of new hospital units, and doctors’ selfless work. From an economic point of view, the consequences seem to be the most significant. First of all, because of the quarantine, entrepreneurship in many countries is suffering greatly. Salaried workers are often in quarantine, which worsened the financial situation of their employers. In everyday life, many people lose their jobs, and their income decreases significantly, which increases the number of poor households. People respond to economic problems by optimizing their operations, looking for more relevant goods to manufacture, or new jobs. The service sector suffers to a greater extent since quarantine measures limit people’s ability to visit various institutions or travel. The lack of such entertainment as movies or bars puts significant stress on the population. Moreover, many people are forced to be isolated without family and friends, which negatively affects their well-being. The response to the social challenges caused by the pandemic is not always a deliberate violation of quarantine measures, as people often cannot cope with a sudden distancing from society. The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to be an unexpected challenge for the whole world and the global economy as well. The healthcare system is under significant pressure to control the disease’s spread, which deteriorates the quality of health services. The economic situation of entrepreneurs, industries, and ordinary people also suffers, which jeopardizes many households’ well-being. Moreover, social isolation can be stressful for many people and their families.
What we know about the ancient Greek history today “survived either by pure chance or for literally reasons unconnected with their historical significance” (Crawford and Whitehead ix). Among the interesting activities in the contemporary society that interest me is claim that Olympic Games have its origins in Greek ancient history. But does it really? Well, olympiakoi agones is the exact world that supposedly translate to ‘Olympic Games’ (Young 4). However, on more investigation, I am led to believe that while Olympic is actually an exact translation from olympiakoi , the term ‘games’ is not an exact translation from the Greek word agones. In fact, (Young 4) observes that agones is better translated as “struggles”, “pains” or “contests”. Following the revelations about the not-so-accurate translation of the term olympiakoi agones, it could then be that the claim that Olympic Games has its genesis in Southwest Greece more than 2,700 years ago, is more of an association of activities rather than a reality. I say this because olympiakoi agon was a religious festival, which was to say the least, not associated with sports, or games for that matter. If anything, it appears that the festival was a struggle, or a contest that would involve play at some point in honor of Zeus (Young 4). Olympic Games as we know them today, involves struggles, contents and even some pains, which are often seen as means to the Olympic medals. Digressing to the definition of the word ‘games’, it appears that activities that qualify as games are not strictly meant to be competitive, and neither are they even meant to be painful or involving struggle (Wittgenstein 33e). At the very basics, games are a way of passing time and enjoying one self, but them again, there is no an accepted definition of the world games and so I could be wrong. Consider the philosophical thoughts of (Wittgenstein 33e) who argues that explaining what a game is to someone who has no idea is a hard task because “we do not know the boundaries because none has been drawn”. In other words, no boundaries of description has been drawn to the definition of the word games; as such, activities as diverse as playing cards, playing with words, or playing with balls can be described as card games, word games or ball games respectively. Following this line of thinking, I therefore suppose that the fact that Olympic festivals involved different forms of play is what led historians to relate it with the games as we know them today, and even associate the games’ history t
Findings Inasmuch as Sana did not know the instances of culture shock, she accepts that the adjustment to the working environment had to take time. For instance, she acknowledges learning and getting along with new lifestyles from people of different background when working in a multicultural environment. Sana’s response on people she is comfortable working together with implies her willingness to adjust to a universal culture. That is, people have to adjust to the environment by coming out of their comfort zones and work in groups. Sana believes in learning as a continuous process, and people come to know more about their horizons, such as different languages. Naziha, on the other hand, agreed to have faced numerous culture shocks the time she started working at the Emirates Airline. Specifically, the management style and the corporate environment at the company were quite different. As a result, she had to adjust to the environment, and now in the ninth year she has adapted into the system. One of the cultural shocks that Naziha experienced was that people might not be implementers of what they stand for. She had held the belief that in the corporate world, people should speak out their mind in black and white, and nobody should later discuss the issue. She considered this quite unethical with the corporate world – one should not go at the back of the other to criticise the opinions. Naziha highlighted that nationality was the main cause of this unethical conduct; people of same nationality could later engage in discussions about issues raised at a meeting. On the management aspect, the interviewee reported that the person she reported to could not even comprehend what research was, implying that the leaders were natives with low level of education than them. The next instance occurred at the facilitation of a workshop; the leader pushed Naziha in front to facilitate the workshop program. The open leadership style, according to Naziha, was an embarrassment since she had even informed the leader earlier of her problem of lost voice. In all these shocks, Naziha believed that there is still a continuous shock, that is, the world is quite chaotic in terms of the management’s hiring criteria. In almost all her duties, she met leaders who had less experience and low educational levels. Taking the case of the workshop leader who in her view embarrassed her, the process through which she got her way into the management was not ethical. However, Naziha seems more of a stereotype in her responses. Hosfede defines culture as the software of the mind that differentiates individuals of one group from another (Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, and Umpleby n.d.). The success of international business assignments depends on how a person and his/her family restructure, change, and adapt to the demands of the