ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Crime structure An individual’s engagement in criminal behaviors can be attributed to both his personal as well as social attributes. Whatever an individual grows to believe or perceive within himself- which is mostly based on what he learns in the society, together with the social influence of the sub-culture group engaged, defines whether this individual will engage in criminal behaviors. These factors can, in another way be described as determinism, entailing internal and external attributes whose combination determines who a person is. This is because whatever a person is, is a combination of how the society has confirmed him and his decisions in selecting what to retain and what to reject as offered by the society. (Edward & Curtis,1987). Societal and personality impact This gives out another aspect that determines whether the person will end up being a criminal or not: choice. Though society provides a variety of characters to the individuals, it is their role to choose what to take in and what to sieve out. The individual has the capability of determining his behaviors regardless of the social influence he is under. This gives the reason why in a society full of anomalies, it is still found with individuals who have upright morals, and in the same way in a society of upright moral related norms, there are sub-cultures of anomalies. Then why do individuals embark on committing crimes? (Siegel, 2008). Rational choice theory The question finds its connection to the theory of rationality or the rational-choice theory. In this argument, it is factual that the offenders base their actions on the gains or the benefits they attain from their activities. If the activity carried out seems to bring more outcomes than what has been instilled in it, the individual goes on to act. If the case is vice versa the offender will likely consider dropping the whole action. Some of the factors that contribute to the decision-making of the offender are based on time constraints, the ability of the information available, agreeing with the offender’s plans as well as the availability of favorable and relevant information. Therefore the whole action of criminality can be perceived to be based on the input-output differences hence making crime a rational phenomenon (Joseph, 2008). Burglary For instance, when we look at the case of theft or burglary, the factors surrounding the activity will determine whether the offender will embark on the activity or not. Such as circumstances, situations, as well as the
Introduction Modern society is a source of numerous stressors impacting individuals at different levels and promoting the emergence of multiple negative alterations in their personalities. The high speed of everyday life, complex interactions, increased responsibility, and the need to achieve and meet peoples expectations can exert pressure on a person and precondition the gradual deterioration of his or her psychical state. The accumulation of these factors might result in the occurrence of stress and its further development. The given problem acquires the top priority nowadays as the level of people experiencing stress increases annually (Couvillon, Kane, Peterson, Ryan, & Shceuermann, 2018). The paper is focused on defining crisis and outlining possible interventions to assist individuals suffering from it and ensure their recovery. Main body There are multiple definitions of crisis in modern psychology as there are numerous sources and causes for its emergence. However, the most generalized one states that it is a specific sort of an individuals experience characterized by extreme exhaustion of coping skills, self-esteem, social support, interactions, and power (Boscarino, 2015). The given approach includes several aspects that are fundamental for every person as they are an integral part of his or her everyday activities and precondition his or her ability to meet various challenges and overcome them. A state of crisis is dangerous as it contributes to the emergence and development of a number of complications characterized by different severity and impact of the health status (Jacobson & Butler, 2013). Under these conditions, interventions to assist people in crisis are critical. The choice of the appropriate method of working with patients depends on the signs and causes of the crisis. A counselor should correctly investigate the case and assess the existing needs, the level of their satisfaction, and problems an individual faces (Jacobson & Butler, 2013). A person can be disoriented, uncertain about his or her future, have the feeling of the blame for particular actions, remain in a low mood (Jacobson & Butler, 2013). As for
Abstract The main thrust of this dissertation is the efficiency properties of markets. Parts of the main focus are public good, economic theory, Pareto optimal allocations, and equilibrium mechanisms. There are many thinkers who have formed and given their theories and ideas on how markets work, but no one can give a perfect idea or answer. Adam Smith had the notion of the Invisible Hand in markets, but again the concept seems to have remained a concept. The ultimate task of the researcher is to gather together these theories, ideas, comments, and analyse them to the best he can. This is one of the most difficult tasks being carried out in this dissertation. This paper defined and analysed various economic factors surrounding public good that include Lindahl equilibrium, Nash equilibrium, economic mechanisms, Pareto optimal allocation, Pareto efficiency, other various mechanisms, and a host of other theories useful for public good. The methodology used qualitative study from vast articles and journals taken from online repositories, EBSCO, ProQuest, and much more. Introduction The subject of public good can be explained by drawing examples. In his doctoral dissertation, Van Essen (2010) provided an example of a public good – an insecticide – made available in a community. Since an insecticide is sprayed throughout the neighbourhood without exemption, everybody benefits from it even if not everyone pays for it. Other public good institutions cannot answer for the benefits enjoyed by those who did not purchase the good. One of the solutions is to impose a tax; it is a Lindahl tax computable according to the citizens’ limited benefit, and this has to be assessed “at the optimal level of the public good” (Van Essen, 2010, p. 17). Drawing further from Van Essen’s (2010) example, the Lindahl taxation may look advantageous for the community and the government but it is also criticised as not too fair. Citizens who are taxed should know their preferences, or what the government is doing to them and their money. In sum, this does not solve the problem of the benefits that should be given fairly and it creates more problems. There should be other incentive schemes to deal with the benefits in the example. One of the remarkable features of Lindahl allocation is the Pareto optimal allocation that results in the consumer receiving fair and equitable benefits (Van Essen, 2010). The Lindahl method of allocation
One of the most serious groups of crisis issues is represented by suicides. Dealing with patients prone to suicide requires much preparation and attention since these individuals suffer from mental problems and need support to cope with their negative thoughts. Such approaches as psychological first aid (PFA), Roberts’ Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model (R-SSCIM), and critical incident stress management (CISM) can be used by professionals to help suicidal clients. The paper will present a brief literature review and a comparison of the mentioned models and make recommendations for further research. There is a variety of crisis intervention approaches helping social workers to promote their clients’ psychological recovery. R-SSCIM was introduced in 2005, and this method involves planning a detailed assessment of danger, arranging social contact, singling out the major problems, stimulating the exploration of the client’s emotions and feelings, scrutinizing the alternatives, preparing the action plan, and arranging follow-up sessions (Slatkin, 2015). A thorough literature search allows concluding that this approach has not gained much popularity with social workers since the only scholarly article containing the detailed analysis of this model was written in 2005 by its author (Roberts, 2005). Still, it seems viable to employ the set of stages outlined in R-SSCIM for suicidal patients. The implementation of the CISM and PFA has received more attention from researchers. The article by McCabe et al. (2014) discusses PFA and provides an overview of this approach. The authors note that PFA is a productive way of mitigating crises that contains the following domains: initial contact with the client, triage and brief assessment, intervention, advocacy, and self-care (McCabe et al., 2014). The difference between PFA and R-SSCIM is that the latter is aimed at a brief period while the former presupposes stable cooperation with the client. Since suicide is a very serious crisis, it seems that PFA is more reasonable to employ than R-SSCIM. Another model used in work with suicidal clients is the CISM. In the study by Finney, Buser, Schwartz, Archibald, and Swanson (2015), the CISM is defined as a brief psychological help promoting clients’ adaptation to the crisis. Finney et al. (2015) remark that based on this model, it is possible to develop a comprehensive program aimed at suicide prevention. The project involves three stages: awareness, prevention, and purpose (Finney et al., 2015). The model has been launched for firefighters’ department with the alarmingly increasing suicide rate. The phase of awareness presupposes collecting input from the individuals involved. The stage of prevention includes educating clients about suicide. The final step, purpose, is aimed at instructing people in differentiating between “problems” and “crises” and teaching them how to manage crisis situations (Finney et al., 2015, p. 3). Th
Introduction Children have varying and unique emotional needs that need to be satisfied. Their emotional wellbeing depends on the care and support given by caregivers. The perceptions of caregivers regarding the emotional needs of children have varying influences on children’s wellbeing. In order to explore this topic, I chose an article authored by Bettmann, Mortensen, and Akuoko (2015) titled “Orphanage Caregiver’s Perceptions of Children’s Emotional Needs.” I found this article to be of interest because it is peer-reviewed, incorporates a research study that addresses children’s emotional development challenges, contains an in-depth exploration of the topic, and offers recommendations to mitigate the problem. The article is relevant to the field of Child and Youth Care because it explores in detail the issue and discusses the challenges that children who live in orphanage care encounter. On the other hand, it explores a topic that is relevant in the field of Youth and Child Care. The emotional wellbeing of children is important because it determines how well they develop and the quality of their transition to adulthood. Therefore, the article is highly relevant to the field. This paper will discuss the research study covered in the aforementioned article, its findings, and the conclusions drawn from it by the authors. In addition, it will provide personal reactions to the findings, lessons learned, and potential directions for future research. The objective of the research study In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of children orphaned by AIDS live in orphan care and as a result encounter numerous problems that affect their emotional wellbeing (Bettmann, Mortensen, & Akuoko, 2015). These children only get care from orphanage caregivers. Therefore, they face high risks of psychological, emotional, and developmental problems. The main aim of the authors was to explore the perceptions of caregivers in Ghanaian institutions regarding the emotional needs of children in order to determine their level of competence with regard to providing quality and effective care to the orphans. The authors wanted to establish a relationship between the perception of caregivers and the quality of care they provide to orphans. Research method and data gathering procedures The authors adopted a qualitative study method and received approval for the study from a university-affiliated Institutional Review Board. Data collection involved a semi-structured interview approach and lasted for eight days. Interviews were either recorded or transcribed verbatim and recorded interviews lasted between 10 and 35 minutes (Bettmann et al., 2015). The researchers used the assistance of translators to improve communication with native participants who were not well versed in English. Th
Maori The Maori people are the indigenous community of New Zealand, they are said to have settled in that country at around 17 century having migrated from Polynesia in canoe voyages. Currently they are said to number around 700,000 make about 14 percent of the entire country’s population. They settled and established a country mostly on the northern part which is warmer and was favorable for growing their type of crops by the end of fourteenth century. Their native language is Te reo Maori .Their garments were made of hides and textiles but their most favorites was woven flax mostly decorated with either dog fur or feathers from wild birds like kiwi and Moa which were common in the area. The first European Maori encounter occurred in 1642, it was a bloody encounter which left four Dutch sailors dead. It was not until 1769 when formal agreements were made with the British. At that time European countries were in annexing spree all over the world hiving off areas and claiming them as protectorates. The Maori all along had resisted any form of European influence and had fought many battles wadding off would be masters. By the start of the 1800s, the Europeans were a common feature in New Zealand and the Maori were in crisis having been reduced to a mere 100,000 people. This was as a result of several wars fought against Europeans and diseases that ravaged their country for a long period of time. A truce was reached in 1840 and a treaty known as Waitangi was signed between Maori and the British. The agreement was to allow the British establish their rule on top of having land rights, in exchange; the Maori got rights to British Citizenship. Before the European encounter, all the Maori literature was passed orally; the Maori had a strong culture which had distinct features like greetings by pressing noses instead of kissing, called Powhiri . They also tattoo their faces in what is known as Moko. This tread is very common even today for those Maoris out to preserve their culture. Tibetans The Tibetan people are indigenous to Chinese ethnic group of the Tibet; they are the tenth largest group in china numbering about 5.4 million. They are said to have originated form India. However there are other Tibets spread in India, Nepal and other countries in the world. Their language is Tibetan which an amalgamation of several other unintelligible dialects like khampas and the khams. They live in a terrain with a very harsh topography and this has got big influence in their culinary and medicine. One unique thing is that they are adopted to live in a very high attitude area which is above 4,400 meters above sea level, in such areas there is a shortage of oxygen, how ever they survive, this i
Introduction The group therapy program included three women, all of whom have been subjected to domestic abuse in the past. The program was structured into three separate sessions for using the benefits of group counseling for improving the self-awareness of women and providing a supportive framework to help women recover from abuse. The three sessions took place on May 2, 3, and 4 and were named as follows: session 1: Learning about being vulnerable and powerful, session 2: What is domestic violence to me, session 3: How to understand domestic violence. Women (aged 22, 27, and 31 years old) who participated in group counseling sessions were encouraged to reflect on their personal experiences of domestic abuse for evaluating their behaviors and making conclusions about group dynamics and process. Summary of Individual Member Behaviors First, it should be mentioned that all three women visited every session. For the purpose of anonymity, initials will be used as pseudonyms: JL, ER, and HC. Because domestic abuse is a traumatizing event in one’s life, making sure that women’s integrity is preserved and informed consent is given to share information about them and their behaviors.   * JL, twenty-one years old, white female. The client was in an extremely toxic relationship with an abusive and demanding individual who liked to show his dominance over others. The first incident that JL experienced with her ex-partner was him raping her without using contraceptives, which was a very traumatic event that the woman tries to forget. It is evident that JL tried to make explanations for her partner’s behaviors as well as was afraid of leaving him due to the possibility of making the situation even worse. During counseling sessions, the woman exhibited shifting perspectives on her experiences as well as extreme fear of being harmed again. It should be mentioned that the patient took some crucial steps for improving her mental condition. She visits a therapist to resolve her inner struggles and work through the heavy feelings of guilt about ever being in the relationship. Such feelings are extremely harmful to one’s mental health as well as may limit the patient’s success at group counseling sessions. The key goal for JL was using group support for improving her outlook on relationships with people and being cautious (but not afraid) when meeting a new partner. It is important for the patient to recognize her strengths and benefits to help her understand what partner will be appropriate for her in the future. When it comes to meeting program goals, JL got a deeper understanding of how to behave when getting into new relationships and for what signs to look for evaluating whether her potential partner can be abusive. JL made a solid decision to continue visiting sessions with her therapist to wor
Introduction This guidance note is aimed at examining the obligations of a legal professional in those cases when he/she detects an error in the statement made by an opponent. The note will be based on the common law, existing Australian legislation, and the current codes of practice adopted by barristers and solicitors. Furthermore, this discussion will involve the application of the four ethical theories describing the duties of a legal professional. The proposed guidelines will partly respond to the case Chamberlain v Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory. In particular, one should focus on the situation when an opponent makes a significant mathematical error in the official document which enables a solicitor to advance a client’s interests. Nevertheless, the proposed recommendations will be relevant to various cases when a lawyer may take advantage of the errors committed by the opponent. These issues can be related to various forms of litigations. The key task is to reconcile the duties to the client and ethical obligations; yet, this task is often quite challenging. Overall, it is possible to argue that legal professionals should not make use of these mistakes since they can undermine public’s trust in the system of justice and the work of legal professionals. Additionally, such behavior contradicts professional regulations. The duties of a lawyer and exiting regulations The ethical obligations of a legal professional are derived from three important sources; in particular, one should speak about legislation, common law, and current codes of practice. At first, legal professionals should refer to the case Chamberlain v Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory since it highlights the importance of ethics and social responsibility of solicitors. To a great extent, it
The first thing that comes to our minds whenever the word anime is mentioned is Japan. The word anime as used outside Japan refers to Japanese animation (Brown, 2006). Unlike manga that represents printed comics usually available in the form of small novels and magazines, anime is animated cartoons that appear in movies, TV programs or video games (Schwartz and Avila, 2006). The characteristic Japanese animation started gaining popularity in Japan in the 1960s, but captured the world’s attention in 1980s. Japanese animations have been gaining popularity at an increasing rate in the world given its unique element of Japanese popular culture. Japanese animations are now making significant contributions to film industry and influencing the western culture. As we all know, any form of entertainment with such high level of popularity is likely to have an effect among its fans and a direct or indirect effect in the economy. This essay, therefore, seeks to examine the cultural influence of Japanese anime in foreign countries as well as its effects on Japan’s economy. Cultural influence of Japanese animations in foreign countries Before the 1980s, Japan’s exports to the West constituted automobiles and electronics such as TV and walkman. Currently, Japan has added another product to its export list; Japanese animation characterized by wide-eyed princesses, giant robot men and epic battles. Can this stuff offer some potential for Japan to become a world economic giant once more? Japanese animations hit the West market in the 1980s and have since gained increasing popularity among fans. According to Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), anime have captured the attention of over seventy countries that air the animatio