ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The argument for or against immigration in the United States has persisted for several decades. A significant amount of the debate on immigration revolves around environmental and social aspects. Consequently, various scholars have added their voices to the argument for or against open immigration in the country. Among these scholars are Chandran Kukathas and Mathias Risse. According to Kukathas, free migration is not an easy fete but it is achievable. Kukathas has authored a paper titled “The Case for Open Immigration”. In this paper, Kukathas articulates that the benefits of open migration as compared to other approaches to the question of immigration. On the other hand, Risse addresses the issue of open immigration through an essay titled “On the Morality of Immigration”. In this essay, Risse makes the argument that “the natural resources of the planet are the common heritage of mankind” (Risse, 2008, p. 28). Therefore, it is unnatural to institute immigration measures that deny humanity access to natural resources. The immigration issue dates back to the early history of the United States and it has had a significant effect on the country’s population. The way the country deals with immigration issues is also relevant through the greater environmental developments. The moral obligation that applies to immigration issues is addressed by both authors. This paper compares and contrasts the arguments on open immigration by both Mathias Risse and Chandran Kukathas. Kukathas’ essay begins by outlining various complexities that are associated with immigration issues in the country. Some of the problems that apply to modern immigration issues include associated security threats, economic factors, cultural proliferation, and morality issues. In the next section of his essay, Kukathas dwells on the misconceptions that apply to immigration in the current global context. For various individuals and entities, movement of people occurs in different forms. After outlining the challenges that apply to modern immigration goals, Kukathas offers his personal opinions on immigration. The author defends the concept of free immigration on two main principles; humanity and freedom. The author also favors free immigration owing to the fact that open borders preserve freedom as opposed to undermining it. Furthermore, open borders have been found to promote the equality of all people. Kukathas’ essay also makes an argument that open immigration can be a source of economic prosperity. The author notes that the individuals who argue against open immigration use economic factors to argue against this policy. However, the author points out that the bot
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an organochlorine insecticide whose introduction led to the control of malaria in many endemic regions in the world. For instance, malaria was eliminated through the use of DDT in Europe and the US. However, DDT has a slow breakdown, thus it persists in the environment for long. It has been classified under persistent organic pollutants. Its use is outlawed in almost all countries due to its toxicity (Kacew & Lee, 2013). The article titled, “In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children” by Eskenazi et al. (2006) reports about a study that was conducted in California to explore how prenatal exposure to DDT and its metabolite (DDE) is related to neurodevelopment. This article sought to gather evidence to substantiate the claim that DDT is a neurodevelopmental toxicant in animals. This study used a cohort. The participants were recruited from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) between October 1999 and October 2000. A total of 601 women aged between 18 and 20 years were enrolled. The women were subjected to interviews during pregnancy and shortly after giving birth. They were also assessed when the infants were 6, 12, and 24 months old. The developmental features of the infants were assessed and exposure to DDT/DDE measured. Results indicated that almost all DDT/DDE levels rose beyond the LOD. Most women had a lower total PCB level and higher DAP, HCB, and beta-HCCH levels. The outcome of DDT/DDE measurement indicated that a 10-fold increase in DDT/DDE serum levels caused a significant decrease in Psychomotor Developmental Index scores at 6 and 12 months. A significant decrease in the Mental Developmental Index score was noted for both DDT and DDE at 12 and 24 months. Based on these findings, the study came to a conclusion that exposure to DDT and DDE during the prenatal period can to lead to delays in the development of infants. However, the findings of this study were not conclusive and should not be generalized. The study further determined that breastfeeding was associated with low chances of poor psychomotor and mental development, even among women who were exposed to high DDT levels. The authors, therefore, recommended breastfeeding. The findings
Research plays a central role in the advancement of the nursing practice, especially at a time when evidence-based practice centered on the patient is gaining popularity in the profession. Research keeps nurses updated on the best practices that could be applied in various scenarios through retrieving, reading, critiquing, and applying emerging evidence because new information is always coming up. As such, research helps nurses to respond to the ever-changing patient needs, populations, government regulations, and healthcare environment. This paper discusses two types of research – quantitative and systematic review to understand how these studies are conducted by analyzing two articles. Describing Quantitative Research Quantitative research is a method of scientific study whereby data is collected and analyzed statistically using a measuring instrument (Sheard, 2018). In other words, empirical data is collected in quantitative research based on a scenario that can be measured accurately and precisely. The major characteristics of quantitative study include objectivity, the aspect of testing theories using numbers and statistics, the application of deductive reasoning, concise and narrow data, and it narrows down to a singular reality that could be measured and generalized. Statistical methods are used to measure and analyze quantitative data. The phenomena selected for this evidence-based practice (EBP) is guided by the PICO question: – In a population (P) of adolescents aged between 10 and 19 presenting to emergency departments or their NPs, what is the impact of implying routine depression and suicidal evaluations (I), in comparison to not implementing intervention and preserving the standard procedures, on improving the mental health of adolescents (C) with depression and suicidal thoughts and ideations (O). In this case, the type of quantitative data that could be could be collected include the available suicidal evaluations for adolescents, their accessibility, various barriers and facilitators of professional help, and therapeutic relationships with professionals among adolescents. This data would be collected through questionnaires and interviews with the participants. Article Discussion Haand, R., & Shuwang, Z. (2020). The relationship between social media addiction and depression: A quantitative study among university students in Khost, Afghanistan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth , 25 (1), 780-786. The research of this study was clearly stated – “to investigate the correlation between social media addiction and depression among university students in the Khost province of Afghanistan” (Haand & Shuwang, 2020, p. 781). A descriptive study design was used to examine the relationship between depression and social media. In the sampling procedure, probability sampling was applied and Yamane’s formula was used in calculating the sample size. 384 undergraduate students from one public and two private universities were initially chosen for the study, but 55 were excluded leaving a final sample of 329 participants. D
The need to address Mao’s interests in the rivalry with his opponents was disguised in the fight for the preservation of socialism in China through the Cultural Revolution. Mao saw this as an opportunity to make a comeback into power after the immense loss he suffered in the Great Leap Forward (Lu, 2004). He had considerably lost in terms of his influence within the Chinese Communist Party leadership. He exploited the fact that his shortcomings exhibited through this event remained unpublicized to launch the Cultural Revolution. They used the notion of capitalism eroding the socialism upon which China thrived to mollify the people to support their cause. The misdirection of the youth by the Mao faction adversely affected their psychological well being as well as the genuine prospects of socialism. The youths were considerably disillusioned because of the negative experiences they encountered during the revolution. This underlines the fundamental objective of the revolution as depicted by Mao. The education sector in China suffered considerably during the era of the revolution. Mao factionists paraded and humiliated academic administrators in the streets labeling them as rightists (Lu, 2004). Mao’s perception that academicians supported his opponents solely fueled the harassment that he bestowed upon them. This in itself illustrates the personal insecurities that drove Mao in his advocacy for the revolution. He did not want his authority questioned, and thus any elements that might have had the audacity to question his policies had to be suppressed. The use of the public humiliation in this regard, amounted to the suppression of free political discussion. Most of the followers of Mao’s cause in the Revolution never realized that he shared in the undertakings of the Communist Party. At one point, when the students that Mao had mobilized unleash terror on his rivals turned uncontrollable, he compromised with his opponents an illustration that his motives were personally driven. He further demonstrated his opportunism by entering into a deal with the US imperialism, which he claimed to oppose. Mao used his political resources to secure the dismissal of selected officials within the armed forces, the cultural establishment, Peking municipal government, and the Politburo itself (Lu, 2004). The revolution, which Mao hoped to be his most significant contribution to China to Marxism-Leninism, instead became the monumental error of his later years. Because of his influence, his tragedy became the tragedy of the whole nation. The costs of this revolution were largely the consequences of Mao’s perception that China was on the brink of the restoration of capitalism, and his prescription that the youth mobilization was the best option to prevent it (Jiang, 2007). The crisis is comparable to a crisis of political modernization in a developing country in the 20 th century where there are high levels of protest due to widespread dissatisfaction with a variety of social, economic, and organizational policies. The Chinese Communist pa
Introduction The World Health Organization has campaigned for the improvement of patient safety practices in hospitals and healthcare systems because medical errors impact 1 in every 10 patients around the world (World Health Organization, 2012). Medical errors are hostile effects of care that bring harm to patients. These errors can be prevented with the proper execution of patients’ healthcare needs by doctors and nurses. This paper aims to analyze an event that occurred in the past while addressing the National Patient Safety Goals. In order to improve patient safety, the goals focus on healthcare safety problems and how to solve them. The case of Christine Lofthouse, a 67-year-old woman in the United Kingdom who died from 140 medical errors, will be the focus of this paper. Case Analysis On New Year’s Eve in 2010, 67-year-old Christine Lofthouse was brought to St. James Hospital in Leeds, West York because of a urinary infection. Mrs. Lofthouse was on a long-term medication regimen where she was taking antibiotics for her gall stones and steroids for her breathing difficulties. Prior to her death, she suffered a stroke in 2009. When Mrs. Lofthouse was admitted to St. James, she was given antibiotics for her condition but she had been left alone for 4 hours in the corridor of the hospital before she was given a bed space. The patient was not given proper care and attention. According to her son, “she was left for nearly 24 hours without the appropriate people seeing her and giving her medication” (Hough, 2012). More problems occurred when the patient was transferred to another ward. The medical notes of the patient lacked information and her medications were delayed. The medical team’s failure to check and monitor Mrs. Lofthouse’s condition, together with the provision of incorrect medicine to
Introduction This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the elements of customer segmentation and execution of the strategic 4Ps of marketing for the 2012 London Olympic Games. Demographic variables Potential target markets for the 2012 London Olympic Games come from all parts of the UK. Based on the information provided in the case study, it is essential to review the unique traits of potential customers. The market indicators suggest that the middle-aged group forms the majority of games’ fanatics since they are easily swayed by advertisements and have a passion for sports. Moreover, this group forms the highest percentage of the general population who will strive to be part of the Olympic Games as fans. Since the 2012 London Olympic Games match well with this group, the probability of an instant boom in ticket sales is eminent. Geographical variables The 2012 London Olympic Games target clients from across the globe. Specifically, an estimated 7.9 million tickets are to be sold. Specifically, 25% of the tickets are reserved for UK residents with the other parts of Europe and the world purchasing the remaining percentage of the tickets. It is necessary to review the geographic variables in the London resident customers segment. The English culture is the main customs in London and across the UK. Nearly 40% of the total population resides in rural areas. The climate of London is generally cold across the year. The city of London has excellent infrastructure in terms of transport, electricity, clean water, and communication. Psychological variables Specifically, the main features that have been identified to attract customers to sports activities include age, economic position, race, and attitude. Reflectively, young adults and middle-aged consumers are likely to form the pinnacle of the ticket purchasing market. This is informed by the fact that these groups are more conversant with the different sports activities and would go the extra mile to buy the tickets. Besides, the two groups have relatively stable disposable income and are willing to attend the events even if they have to travel from the rural parts of the UK. The city of London has a high number of literate youths, who are the main clients for the Olympic Games services. The London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG) may take this as a business opportunity. The fact that the participants of the 2012 London Olympic Games share a common language will facilitate an easier market penetration when selling different services and products. Since English is the second most spoken language in the world, the city of London is well positioned to host the Olympics as the residents speak this language. The
The USA population tends to have a lot of common characteristics, which allows thinking of it as a single unit with similar demands. However, in order to make Company W able to obtain the most profit from its sales and gain a competitive advantage, it is critical to pay attention to individual differences that define its targeted population located in Chicago, IL. The company offers snack foods, so its Marketing, Sales, and Production Departments are likely to be interested in various dimensions, including employment, income, family type, and preferred means of transport. Considering changes between the US and Chicago populations, Company W can have an opportunity to adapt its strategies so that clients become more loyal, and the company obtains more significant benefits. For instance, it is critical to pay attention to the fact that almost everyday employees spend more than 10 minutes driving to their workplaces and have an opportunity to eat some snacks (“Reports for the USA,” n.d.; “Reports for zip code 60614”, n.d.). A lot of individuals work at home, but the majority is occupied in offices so that they do not have enough time for lunch. However, regardless of the US tendencies, the number of families with children in Chicago reduces so that it may be more advantageous to think of males as one of the main groups of the targeted market. Thinking about Chicago, it is also important to remember that many people have high earnings, which is not peculiar for the USA. Unfortunately, they tend to be not very interested in the products offered by Company W. Thus, it is significant to reconsider the ways the targeted market is approached.
The conception of leadership in Islam after the death of the prophet Muhammad is connected to a row of the very problematic issues; and a heated debate exists in this religion concerning those candidates who would occupy Muhammad’s position on a temporary basis. The first one among the Prophet’s successors is the Caliph. The caliph can be elected by consensus of a row of noble personalities or this position may be inherited which became common during the vast period of time. Still, the issue of the prophet’s successors is still a very difficult problem in the Muslim religion which is even causing the breakdown in its rows being a reason of appearing of numerous denominations and even sects. As a result of such difficulties connected to the issue of succession there exists a hot debate among the religious leaders of Islam including theologians and imams. Speaking about the issue of succession and its interpretation in Shi’i Islam, it should be stated that Imam is the most important person in the Muslim community who represents the role of the Prophet for the Shi’ite Muslims. In particular, according to Momen (147), To the Shi’ites, however, the succession of the Prophet is a matter of the designation by the Prophet of an individual (‘Ali) as Imam. Each Imam designates his successor during the lifetime. The authority of the Imam derives from his designation by his predecessor to a spiritual station and is independent of his temporal standing, i.e. it makes no difference to the Imam’s station whether he is acknowledged by the generality of Muslims or not, whereas this quite clearly does not apply to a Sunni Caliph whose station is totally dependent on such acknowledgments. With regards to the above-mentioned paragraph, it becomes evident that Shi’ites see the role of Imam as the most important one in their community which makes them different form the rest of Muslim denominations and sects. Reflecting on the information from this passage which seems to be the central message of the chapter under consideration, it should be stated that the issue of succession has always been one of the most important, and the most heated ones in Islam. During the centuries to pass the most heated debates and even conflicts originated on the reason of unclear statements about the succession made in the Holy books of Islam including Alcoran and the books written later by the holy men of Islam. The problem originates on the basis of ambitious statements concer
Fighting crime has been geared in the area of its prevention along with addressing current cases (Morizot & Kazeiman, 2013). The approach in point can be deemed as rather reasonable as it isolates the factors that cause the problem of crime; with the addition of developmental theories, the strategy in question can be interpreted as the most efficient tool in reducing crime rates to date. The use of developmental theories in the design of crime prevention programs can be viewed as a significant breakthrough and an essential step forward as it permits the design of a set of correct behavioral patterns that are promoted to the target audience at the earliest stages of their development. The main reason for using developmental programs as the tools for recidivism reduction is related primarily to the fact that the specified programs define the attitude of the target audience to crime as an inappropriate mode of behavior: “these programs tend to concentrate on three areas parent training, improving the cognitive development of children, and reversing early manifestations of conduct problems” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2013, p. 457–458). It is also essential that the innovative programs under analysis allow focusing on the significance of parenting and the need to train the children’s parents so that they could encourage positive behavior in the target population from an early stage of their development. The incorporation of family values can be deemed as an essential element of the programs under analysis since it reinforces the significance of family values and offers children family members’ support. The latter, in its turn, is likely to have a positive effect on the evolution of the young people’s values and ethic, therefore, preventing them from engaging in criminal activities (Morizot & Kazeiman, 2013). It could be argued, however, that the analyzed approach has a few dents in its design, which is partially true. For instance, the incorporation of the developmental approaches mentioned above implies that the process of shaping the target audience’s attitude is going to be not only very timely but also barely possible to carry out with older audiences, i.e., adult offenders. Seeing that the latter already have an established mode of behavior and are likely to be unwilling to change it even once the component such as family support is introduced into the intervention, the developmental theories are expected to work only as the means of shaping young people’s attitude and will not be suitable for rehabilitation programs. In other words, the developmental theories must be the best way of explaining criminality as an issue stemming from improper behavioral patterns and ethical values. Nevertheless, the use of the developmental approaches as the basis for crime prevention programs can be viewed as a major breakthrough in the overall process of addressing delinquenc