ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Protest Literature Protest literature refers to a form of literary work that has been written to create some awareness or initiate an awakening within a society or community that is being subjected to some form of injustice. Protest literature highlights the struggle of such communities to overcome various atrocities and abuses directed towards them by other societies by describing how the members of those particular societies overcame the adversities. Native American protest literature was mostly characterised by non-fictional stories written in the form of autobiographies, short stories and novels that were authored in response to the American society’s infringement of the Native American people’s rights where they tried to remove the Indians from their traditional homelands (Porter and Roemer 21). According to Newman et al (1), Native American literature became a prominent part of American public life as well as the protest culture of Native Americans during the period of 1790 and 1860. Despite being denied a platform to air their grievances, native Indian writers produced a wide range of literature that would be used to relay their views, opinions and beliefs in the society that existed during that time. Native American literature written during the 19 th century was mostly characterised as literature that was in transition since it provided a bridge between oral traditions and the emergence of contemporary fictional literature during the 1960s which brought about the Native American Renaissance (Wiget 141). Native American literature was characterised to be text-based and mostly written in the English language which was mainly attributed to the many missionary schools that had been set up to teach native American Indians the English language so that they could easily adapt to the European and American society which was in existence during that time. As a result of this, most of their literary works were infused with Euro-American genres of writing especially in autobiographical works, short stories, novels and narratives. Because of the heavy influence from the Euro-American literary genre, most of the Native American writers struggled to express their views properly within the context of American culture. Their writings clearly demonstrated a struggle when it came to depicting the type of stereotypical environment that existed in the American culture directed towards the native Indian Americans. However, the 19 th century writers were aware of how much power they had when it came to changing the political environment that existed during that period of time (Wiget 141). Protest Literature Writers Many of the Native American protest literature writers focused their literary work on challenging the political climate that existed in the 1830s which mostly sought to isolate and remove the Indians from their ancestral land. One of the first major writers of protest literature was Elias Boudinot who was a Cherokee born in 1804. He gained his literary prowess after he was taken to a mission school which taught him on white societal values, religion, communication and general cultural values practised by the American soc
Introduction British Petroleum (BP plc) was initially called The British Petroleum Company, and after a merger with Amoco became the BP Amoco plc, and currently, BP plc. As the third largest global energy company, the British global energy company is also categorized as world’s 4th largest company. Being a major oil company, the multinational oil company BP is the largest corporation in UK. In addition to the oil exploration, the company also deals in natural gas and marketing of petroleum products (Buono, 2009). BP’s global presence was promoted by the merger with Amoco in 1998 making it BPAmoco, which changed to BP in 2000 to date. However, Condon (2002) believes that in the US the grade BP gasoline is available as Amoco Ultimate. Most of the other gasoline centres in the US were faced with a number of challenges caused BP to exit the Southern market. Instead, BP has targeted its oil exploration activities in the Soviet such as the Russian TNK-BP that provides for BP’s 20 percent of its global reserves (Burgess, 2002). Strategic commercial challenges and possible solutions As a global producer, BP has to contend with the strategic commercial challenges such as fierce competition for markets and talent; investors’ expectations and market demands for sustained competitive performance; and scrutiny and in some cases public doubt. Additionally, changes in the global economy present a cadre of new challenges, which include the absence of a framework of global rules; the organization and management of companies; cultural diversity; and the question of corporate responsibility for the externalities linked with business activity (Cox, Clegg and Grazia, 1993). According to Daft (2009) the global environment is a threat to a company’s survival especially in foreign countries. Therefore, BP just like any other player in the market has to wrestle with its weaknesses and threats while capitalizing on the strengths and opportunities. As such, firstly, the absence of the framework of global rules becomes a disadvantage to businesses that normally operate under regulation and legal clarity. The absence of this legal umbrella is associated with the fact that the international companies are basically established for a different age (DePalma, 2002). In business, trade issues are mostly based on agreements with the exception of investment protection, environmental issues and the aspect of intellectual property, which are yet to be incorporated. In this context, the unforeseeable consequences of climatic changes result in lack of agreements on most aspects of trade. The operation at a level of integration devoid of the law means that a company established in a given country is required to obey the jurisdiction rules while at the same time abiding by the law of every place it is operating in. in the process of staying up to date with the policy
The position of the Vice-presidency in the United States is quite different from that in most other countries in that, In the US, the external pressures from institutions, cultures, and social structures will continue to grow. Throughout the American history, vice-presidency has been a position of very low regard in the governance system because of limited powers allocated to the VP; they had a very minimal attention of both the public and administration which only does as best as ensuring that the VP establishes, strengthens and perpetuates their visions. Based on popular views, Palin is not just the best candidate for the United State’s vice-presidency. I am writing this because her personal profile disqualifies her. Making a history in the United States as one of the vice-presidents that served since she is accused of the abuse of power and her campaign trial has been puckered with intimidation of the democratic policies. At the onset, I agree with Bob Herbert’s facts about Palin. First, it is true that she is a great policy maker; policies made to benefit the civilians. In addition, she is also a very energetic, young and ambitious woman. However, there are some areas in which, as far as vice-presidency is concerned, she fails to score (Op-Ed Columnist). To start with, Palin has been involved in several scandals all of which only tarnish her admirable political image in the general public. The first query I would ask is; what treasure is she leaving to the civilians to copy from? If the claim that Palin abused power when she was the governor by going against the ethics of the Executive Branch Act is true then this gives me a definite chance of not embracing her a the right candidate. With her in office, Mohegan was forced to demote Wooten with this statement; “ …was a proper and undoubtedly used his power of office…where pressure was used to control the subordinates… ’-adapted from the Branch flower report. Moreover, she gave Todd Palin power … to contact subordinate state workers …to get Trooper Wooten
In Equiano Olaudah’s book, the reader is normally given a chance to perceive slavery which dominated during the eighteenth century from a point of view that is not popularly known, that is, a perspective of slaves themselves. Due to the fact that many serfs during that time were not in a position to obtain adequate and suitable education through reading and writing, Olaudah’s perception is both fascinating and implicative for the reader to start understanding the life of a serf. Olaudash provide the reader with the in-depth explanation of his savagery experience. He makes use of the data available, as well as the beliefs and outlooks of blacks and whites he observed during that time (Equiano 11). Equiano needed not only to share his savagery undergoing, but also was interested in readers to come into knowledge of how unjust his life struggles were due to savagery. Equiano also hoped that his content would be of benefit in continuation of abolition undertaking in England. When the first edition of Equiano’s book was edited, there were numerous books, academic journals and essays were being written by different authors in order to help popularize the idea of total abolition of slavery in England(Equiano 12). Equiano’s book is particularly implicative because he knew that “what the antagonistic side to the savagery and the associated trade required in 1789 was not another case of the Central passage by a white viewer, but instead demonstration from an enslaved African sufferer and toughie of it. Equiano was successful in prosperously doing exactly that by accounting own case of being traded into savagery numerous occasions, dealing with unfair and oppressive masters, being exposed to unjust rules against the blacks and ultimately purchasing his own emancipation, just to again run into a sequence of undeserved episodes and circumstances (Equiano 19). Even though Equiano provides a peculiar case and account of his life experiences, beginning as a young child and concluding well into his later adult life, his story is somewhat distorted by the eventual inaccuracy of exact dates and location where events took place. All through his novelty, Equiano posits various sequences of occurrences that he witnessed all through his life. The editor does a fantastic job at identifying the actual dates and locations that these occasions happened in reality. In some other instances, Equiano is out of dates by a few days. A key instance of this is that Equiano claims that he was born an African in 1745. In a different case as pointed later in the manuscript, he claims that he was taken into savagery when he was 11 years of age. If his assertions were to be correct, then at that time he would have been just eight years of age by the time he was being taken to slavery. The author must have either been born 1743 in order to be 11 years in 1754, or he was nine years old at the time he was being enslaved (Walvin 43).
India is the second-most populous nation in the world, but the dynamics of daily life are not understood by many people from the west. Indian life is conditioned by certain rules of kinship, social organization, the position of gender, and the construction of identity. Gender discrimination which is caused by centuries-old traditions is a burning issue of the Indian government. India lags behind other developing countries that have overstepped their ancient traditions and now they are on the way to a modern development while Indian women and men still become unequal. What are the main reasons for this problem? Indian social life is characterized by interdependence. People are born in different groups – families, clans, castes, subcastes, and religious communities and they become an inseparable part of these communities for their whole life. A person’s greatest dread is to be left alone without social support. This interdependence is explained from the theological point of view: the very shape of a person’s life is observed as being greatly influenced by divine beings with whom an ongoing relationship must be maintained (Chakraborty, 2009). Social interdependence belongs to the highest priority for Indian people; social bonds are expected to be long-lasting. Even economic activities that might involve impersonal interactions in Western countries are embedded in a social nexus in India. Western visitors to India are sometimes shocked to find that important business and government officials have left their works for many days to participate in religious activities or attend cousin’s weddings. It is not explained by laziness or hedonistic recreation, the main reason is the maintenance of social ties with relatives, caste fellows, and God (Uberoi, 1993). In every activity, there is the belief that social ties can help the person. Indian children are taught from their childhood that their fates have been written by divine forces and their lives will be shaped according to the plan decided by more powerful beings (Agrawal, 2004). As the result, whatever they do, their actions presuppose the other people’s support. When a child eats, his mother puts food into his mouth, when a boy climbs a tree to pluck mangoes, another stands below with a basket to receive them. When a student applies to a college, he hopes that his relative puts in a good word for him with the director of admissions. At the age of marriage, young people hope that their parents find the appropriate bride or groom and organize the marriage with all necessary formalities. If they die, they are sure that their relatives bury them with all ceremonials. Indian people get accustomed to hopping on the relatives’ support (Agrawal, 2004). These
Abstract Tourism is one of the largest and major industries in the world. The sector has become a major source of income for numerous economies. Its significance is growing by the day. China, as the most populous country in the world, is projected to become a major market for both inbound and outbound tourists. Consequently, Chinese authorities in the various provinces are promoting tourism in their regimes to attract both local and foreign visitors. Recently, the number of European tourists travelling to China has increased. The proposed study is an exploration of Shanghai to create a tourism experience for the European traveller. Various factors leading to this experience are analysed in the study. In addition, the factors that can facilitate more European tourists visiting Shanghai are explored. Introduction Background Information One of the major industries in the world today, and which is exhibiting considerable growth in importance, is that of tourism. The industry is a substantial source of income and employment in numerous economies worldwide. In addition, it is of social importance to many people. China currently boasts of the world’s largest population. It is predicted that the country is going to become a major source of global tourists in the 21 st century. On the other hand, the country is also becoming a major tourist attraction. China’s opening up to the world in the last few decades has greatly enhanced its image as a popular tourist destination. Various Chinese cities are competing to become number one foreign tourist destinations. To this end, these cities are coming up with measures to woo more tourists. Some of these popular destinations include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, and Chengdu. In the recent past, diplomatic relations between the European states (EU) and China have improved. For instance, more than 50 dialogues are currently taking place between the two sides through annual summits (Pantucci 2012). The dialogues focus on three major pillars. The three are economic and sectoral, strategic, and people-to-people relations between the two economies (Pantucci 2012). Tourism between the two regions falls under the people-to-people diplomatic concerns. China is undertaking considerable measures to make its cities major tourist destinations for the Europeans. Shanghai, as one of the large metropolitans in China, is a very popular tourist destination for both locals and foreigners. The various sites of attraction in the city create a unique tourism experience, giving the metropolis a major ranking globally. The authorities are putting in place measures to woo large numbers of tourists from Europe. Problem Statement According to Bayes (2004), Shanghai is a Chinese city with an allure of its own. It is characterised by a combination of western and local cultures. The city is sophisticated and cultured. In addition, it is emerging as a major economic powerhouse in China. Western visitors are usually amazed by its air of mystery. Some recent developments, however, threaten to jeopardise the standing of this region on the global tourist market. For example, in the recent past, Ch
Introduction Several theories have been employed in the study of personality. Notable among them are those entailing the aspects of psychoanalytic, behavioral, biological, and humanistic approaches. It is the biological and the humanistic approaches that this paper briefly aims to analyze. Maslow’s theories have dominated this issue because they explain the relationship between human and biological factors and how they affect personality growth. The Biological Approach The biological approach tends to propose that genetics are to blame for personality. Scientists have found that there is a strong linkage between genetics and personality traits. A common example cited by scientists is the angelman syndrome in which children suffering from this gene disorder tends to be excessively happy and are of good humor (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). Careful observation however reveals that such individuals are also mental retards and have a jerky posture. The Williams syndrome, another gene disorder, also reveals that biological factors are of influence to personality. Persons suffering from the Williams syndrome are of extreme social personality but with limited intellectual ability. Other biological factors which affect personality include disease, drugs, neurochemical alterations, and physiological arousal. The Humanistic Theory This theory is based on the belief that any individual has the capacity of being productive and loved in the society if at all their basic needs are met. The humanistic approach credits the human spirit and stresses the importance of human characters such as creativity, spontaneity, and their active nature. This approach tends to be optimistic as they cleverly employ the ability of the humans to conquer hardships and hopelessness (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). According to this theory, the achievement of happiness is the result of the urge for one to achieve or allowing yourself to pursue your own interests. Thus, it puts emphasis on the concept of self actualization. Self actualization is an important aspect which is needed for an individual growth that affects their behavior. Fear must be overcome before one can meet a set goal and to finally reach ‘self actualization’. Maslow and Carl Rogers made the greatest contribution towards the development of the humanistic theory. Humanistic approaches are concerned about an established formula which all human beings use in order to attain the highest level of productivity. This is exemplified by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs represents how growth needs affect the formation of a personality. Maslow’s Holistic Theory Maslow, unlike other theorists, preferred to study humans as whole rather than study them in portions. According to Maslow, a whole, complete, and healthy individual was always motivated by need. He conceptualized that humans will always have a need that keep motivating them. He went further a
Today’s business environment is such that there is an immense need for agility for all kinds of businesses, be they in the services sector or manufacturing. Businesses need competitive advantages, they need to streamline their process in the best manner possible, they require real-time information for critical decision making and they continually search for new opportunities (Align Journal, 2009). For all these requirements, the alignment of IT and business is crucial. Therefore, I do agree that an IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is the most effective way to support any kind of overall business strategy. Discussion – IT and Business Alignment Agility and innovation are key requirements to maintain a leadership position in today’s dynamic and fast-paced business environment. Agility is the ability of organizations to quickly adapt to change and to respond to changing customer requirements. These organizations are robust and strive for continual competitive advantage. These organizations are also innovative and make innovation a big part of their overall strategy. The business people must know how to leverage technology to gain this edge in business. Aligning technology and business is all about this; knowing how to make technology a part of your overall strategy. Successful and agile organizations such as Procter & Gamble are perfect examples of companies who have appropriately aligned their IT and business (Align Journal, 2009). The alignment of IT and business should be well understood by the respective organization’s CIOs, IT managers, business managers and business executives. This is that group of people who work together to align both, the technology and business. These individuals and/or groups must have a thorough understanding of alignment, the need for it, and its drawbacks. The Need for Alignment According to a survey of CIOs during the past decade, the role of IT is mostly one of their top five concerns (Berkman, 2001). This means that most CIOs, or in other words, most companies, think of IT as an important part of their overall business strategy. This in turn means that they are given more responsibility, greater budgets, and even a chance for greater interaction with all the other departments. How? IT such as ERP aims to integrate all departments of an organization. Therefore, this makes the IT department central. The question is why? Why a chan