ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses a person to action toward a desired goal. It can also be referred to as the reason for the action or that which gives purpose and direction to an individual’s behavior. The direction of behavior is determined by one’s desires and needs. Human dynamics of behavior include among others our desires, needs and life-long ambitions. The ultimate desire of achieving personal aspirations in life is the results of motivation on behavior known as achievement motivation. Therefore the way an employee performs certain tasks is likely to be affected by achievement goals. Others behave this way because of their unquenchable desire to show competence, (Harackiewicz, Barron, Carter, Lento, & Elliot, 1997). Main body According to the Kerr (1995) motivation the paramount reason that catapults one to engage in a particular behavior. His analysis further elaborates that motivation as three-fold. Firstly is the incentive concept of motivation which concerns a reward; whereby a reward, whether tangible or intangible is awarded after the occurrence of a certain action/behavior with the anticipation of causing the recurrence a similar desirable behavior. His second concept of motivation is two-directional composing of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The former occurs when an employee engages in an activity involuntarily such as a hobby where no external incentives are used. In such a case people are motivated by providing work that interests them, increasing their responsibility and assigning challenging tasks. These intrinsic factors bring out their deep-seated desires for growth and achievement. Extrinsically, an external force is in play as it originates from outside of the performer, whereby money is the most obvious example. Others include threat of punishment and coercion. Finally, self motivation as the third motivational concept has continuously been understood by great motivational researchers as the unit of emotional intelligence, (Bandura, 1997). Accel, (2008) views motivation as the key to performance. This is because human nature causes employees to do what they want involuntarily or whatever they are motivated to do. Humans can either be born with or without the self-motivation drive; when born without the drive, employees can be motivated because motivation is a skill which can and ought to be learned considering the future survival of the business is paramount. Mathematically, the relationship between performance, motivation and ability can be represented as Job Performance = f (ability) (motivation) However, ability to perform is pinned on experience, education and training. Interestingly, motivation can be improved quickly through such strategies as; effective discipline and punishment, positive reinforcement or increased expectations, fair treatment of individuals, restructuring jobs, rewarding according to performance, setting work-related goals/targets and satisfying employees’ ind
Introduction The Britain Empire established its rule in India from 1858 until it gained its independence in 1947 the regions ruled included British India and the princely states which signed treaties with the Britons to enjoy their protection and some local autonomy in exchange for their acceptance for Britain representation in all affairs. Though the Indians resisted Britain’s rule they were unable to overcome the British soldiers’ tactics and weapons hence the British East India Company took the region as its colony for trading and governance purposes. The Indian rebellion originated from three groups of people who felt discontented with British rule. This included feudal aristocrats who had lost their titles and domains under the new rule. Britain never recognized the adoption of the princes as the inheritors of the rule hence they felt short-changed. Secondly, the landlords had lost their land and large estates to peasant farmers hence they were annoyed with the Britons and were ready to fight. The peasant farmers were too annoyed due to imposed large taxes meant to collect revenue for the Britain Empire, many local inhabitants such as money lenders suffered large losses hence, they felt unhappy with the British rule hence the rebellion. However, despite their efforts to force the Britons out of their land, they could not march their weapons and the army tactics. This marked the complete establishment of British rule in India. Analysis Before the British invasion and rule, India practiced barter where goods were exchanged for goods. Many of the locals were agricultural farmers growing both crops and rearing animals. The craftsmen used to carve and make the goods for the synagogues to be used as instruments of worship. In addition, only the local religion was recognized in the region i.e. Buddhism, other religions were rarely unheard of. The Indians organized themselves in villages where they practiced their economic activities. However, there were ruled by princes who lived in town. Most of the economic activities were labor-intensive or done by hand, where lands were hand-tilled, weaving and spinning were also done by hands. The benefits of the trade were utilize
Introduction Marriage and Family is an interesting topic to be discussed within the context of this study. In order for the study to be helpful or resourceful to the reader, the researcher will embark on analysis of marriage and family as discussed in the three movies that include David Morrell’s First Blood, Pale Rider (1985) and Saturn-day Night fever. Marriage is considered as an institution just like the family. Based on the themes under discussion, marriage and family differ based on the type of the society in which they are applied. However, marriage is considered as the union between two parties for instance a man and woman. Some people define marriage as a relationship between a man and woman with an aim of forming a family by fulfilling the role of procreation. In contrast, people can live together but in real sense, they are not married to each other meaning that marriage is not the act of a man living with a woman but the agreement between the two parties. In tradition society, marriage is practiced differently compared to the modern society. For instance, in traditional society, many people practice polygamous more often than monogamous, which is practiced in modern society. The reason behind polygamous marriage was that in ancient time’s people consider children as source of security meaning that for a certain family to have potential security, a person should marry many wives. In contrast to modern society whereby children are considered as a blessing in the extended context, many people in the modern society treasure monogamous types of marriages. In addition to this, the manner in which marriage is conducted matters a lot when it comes to differentiating of marriage in traditional and modern society. For instance, in traditional society marriage was not conducted in church as opposed to modern society where wedding ceremonies are presided over by pastors and priests whose purpose is to bless the marriage. Moreover, in the traditional society, people used to elope other people daughters at night hence forming a ritual among other western countries and the U.S. Parents were entirely involved in the marriage of their sons and daughter because they were said to play important role in marriage arrangements. Many US scholars as arranged marriages that are rarely practiced consider this form of marriages in the modern society. Traditionally, marriages were considered as being more expensive compared to the modern society because in traditional society, large herds of cattle were to be handed over to the bridegroom parents as appreciation. This is very different to what is practiced in the modern society. However, marriage can be considered as the engine of a family meaning that it is impossible for a family to exist without marriage. Family is considered as an entity that acts as the product of marriage and it forms the basis of the society. The implication here is that society is a complex entity that comprises of sub-entities known as families. Just like marriage, families differ based on the type of the society in which it is applied. For instance, in traditional society, extended
Introduction Generally, sociological theories argue that human behaviour and actions are influenced by the environment within which they occur, but this influence is not simplistic. It involves how an individual sub-consciously or consciously perceives that environment; that is, what the individual feels the environment requires of them and whether one should act in accordance with or defiance to those requirements, and if so how. This environment can be macro or micro, the former may, for instance, involve a whole culture. The latter may be contextual (such as a drinking den, a classroom or a church). I visited a local pub in order to consciously witness this environmental influence on human behaviour and action. This paper is an interpretation of what I witnessed from a perspective of sociological theories and concepts. Discussion Without going into a step-by-step recounting of what happened, as expected, there were those who drank quietly (most of them ladies) and those who got noisy after a few bottles. Some threw obscene words and obscenely touched the bartenders, others were sober, and there were other small categories of characters. I made a few assumptions about the crowd: of the ‘noisy drunk’, some must have been faking. Of the ‘quiet’, there must have been those who were more drank than the ‘noisy drunk’ and controlling themselves; I also noticed that the barmaids in my observation were not embarrassed or offended. It occurred to me, albeit with no concrete proof as this was not a controlled setting that I was observing a network of role-playing. ‘Role theory’ argues that how one acts is influenced by the expectations held by oneself or by other people. From this point, perhaps it can be guessed that those who drank quietly did so because they expected of themselves and others to expect from them some semblance of ‘genteel’ (as a gentleman or lady). It is universally expected that women are refined in manners, and so in spite of drinking or even drinking, the ladies may have been controlling their behaviour to abide by such societal expectations. Those who were noisy and promiscuous in their behaviour probably did it because they would ‘not’ be cursed for it since it is perhaps expected of one who is drunk. The maids reflected this behaviour in their response to them; they simply jumped out of their reach and laughed off the obscenities, such things are expected if not acceptable and tolerable in a pub anyway. Related to this is the ‘subcultural theory’. By being a member of a sub-culture within a bigger culture (e.g. a gang), one is expected to subscribe to certain norms. Within a certain subculture, what is otherwise disagreeable outside becomes agreeable when in it. The members of that sub-culture are therefore expected to role-play in accordance with the rules; a pub is a setting of sub-culture. Conclusion That said, I got wondering who was acting right and/or wrong in the pub, in other words, how should drunken people act? I guess there can’t be a conclus
Introduction Gentrification can be defined as the process of demolition of the traditional, economically dysfunctional and disadvantaged working areas and their consequent restructuring according to the mode of the middle class and the urban elites’ habitat. Gentrification is usually accompanied by the evictions of native residents and a sharp rise in rent and housing prices (Wu 2). This important process occurs in almost all major global cities and continues to gather momentum in the countries of Eastern Asia, including China. The modern research studies in the field of urbanization and urban environment usually focus attention on the social implications of the phenomena – social mix or violation of original residents’ rights provoked by the removal of urban villages initiated by the state-led process of gentrification. It is possible to say that gentrification is associated with both positive and negative impacts on the city population. On one hand, commonly perceived in the Western tradition and the human capital theory as a process stimulated by artists’ assembling in particular urban districts and the consequent attraction of public interest, it entails economic growth, refinement of living and public spaces, and the boost of the overall quality of life (Florida 7). According to the recent research findings, the development of creative “bohemian” local culture entailed by the establishment of performing arts institutions and museums’ opening in such urban areas as Boulder and Fort Collins, Colorado, or Sarasota, Florida, predicted the positive changes including the attraction of property development, as well as employment and population growth (Florida 13). At the same time, gentrification evokes the issues of social suppression and class division, provision of insufficient political and social support of the disadvantaged population in favor of business services development and estate options sup
Introduction The establishment of a supermarket layout requires creativity. Larson, Bradlow, and Fader (2005) argue that a supermarket layout influences customers’ opinions about the store. A good layout makes customers have positive opinions about a supermarket and increases their likelihood of buying goods. A Supermarket layout should be simple. It should enable customers to access products without difficulties. Besides, display shelves should be arranged in such a way that they allow customers to walk around a supermarket freely. Supermarkets should avoid cross-merchandising as it confuses customers. This paper will discuss the importance of supermarket layout and relate it to the Altamimi Supermarket. Importance of Supermarket Layout Supermarket layout is essential to both employees and management. A well-designed supermarket layout enables employees to locate products without difficulties. Hence, they can monitor products and replenish them in time. A cluttered layout affects employee morale. Consequently, the supermarket experiences numerous cases of employee absenteeism due to fatigue. Larson et al. (2005) posit that a good supermarket layout creates a favorable working environment, which boosts employee morale. Besides, it enables employees to discharge their duties efficiently. Some customers visit supermarkets with the aim of stealing. Thus, poor supermarket layout encourages shoplifting. On the contrary, good layout saves supermarkets from unnecessary costs associated with shoplifting. Employees can monitor customers, therefore disco
Introduction Higher education is an important achievement to an individual. Higher education not only benefits the individual in person, but it also extends the profit to the society. Higher education transforms the scope of an individual’s outlook on life. It imparts skills and knowledge that can be used to change life for the better. Higher education also bestows people with the ability to relate with others positively and to interact with all aspects of the human life for purposes of improving quality (Lunsford and Ruszkiewicz 53). This paper highlights the importance of higher education, particularly in enhancing the chances of success for an individual. The essay emphasizes on how higher education can potentially open up one’s chances of ending up being successful in life. Education branches are interconnected together to the very core of providing knowledge and awareness. To this end, attaining higher level of education, irrespective of the main area of specialization or study, leads to a common base. Higher education completes, corrects, as well as balances individuals. An individual who studies up to the university level may only study a single course or area of specialization but the fact that he interacts with colleague students who study other subjects compliments him. In other words, students at the university level are gainers of the full circle society that a university offers. This is an experience that can hardly be attained elsewhere other than in institutions of higher learning. The assemblage that includes learned men from different fields that are in part rivals of each other expands one’s outlook of life in its entirety. It enables one to appreciate the fact that life exists in different perspectives and, therefore, varying ideologies of it also exist. We do not have to think in the same way or look at things with the same eye in order to have our objectives achieved. Higher education expands the avenue through which problems can be solved in life until the most practical solution is attained. The composition of human society entails many factors that are complex, but which need to be incorporated together in order to achieve success. As Roisin (84) points out, higher education is a perfect tool that enhances regional development. Universities have played a significant role in such countries as Greece, Norway, and Belgium in formulating regional development policy. These policies rely on accurate research conducted by experts, who determine how factors can be manipulated to achieve desirable objectives. The continuous research and studies enable the institution to include appropriate changes to the policies, particularly where the s
Introduction Psychology is a branch of science that deals with the study of mental and behavioral occurrences. Psychologists are concerned about the well being of a society and they do this by establishing general principles which help them to analyze the society. With regard to the objective of helping the society, psychologists have always conducted research on behavior in societies. Such research activities have resulted in significant contributions in the science of psychology. This paper seeks to discuss major contributors to the field of psychology with respect to the branch of clinical counseling. The paper will look into some of the personalities whose contributions to the field of psychology have been significantly recognized. The paper will also analyze significance of the contributions to the modern clinical counseling. Clinical counseling Clinical counseling involves the application of “clinical mental health counseling values, principles and methods”(Aegis, n.d., p. 1) in order to help people develop insights into factors that can promote developments in a society (Aegis, n.d.). Such factors include aspects like “self growth, personal effectiveness, interpersonal relations, life adjustments, spiritual growth and mental health” among others(Aegis, n.d., p.1). The core objective of clinical counseling, following its evolution, lies in the control of traits and symptoms that are socially identified to be negative and promoting healthy attitudes that enhances intra and interpersonal relationships. In its establishment, clinical counseling thus creates an environment in which services that pertains to general education as well as the well being of mental health are fostered (Aegis, n.d.). Historical figures in psychology- Alfred Alder Following the development of the study of psychology, a lot of contributions have been made on the subject from a number of researchers and scholars. One of the figures that have been recognized in the field of psychology for contributions made to the subject is Alfred Adler. Alfred was born in the year 1870 to Jewish parents who lived in Vienna. Following physical complications in his early life, Alfred made up his mind to be a physician. He grew up in an academic atmosphere and studiedmedicine graduating in the year 1895 from the University of Vienna. He later shifted to psychiatry in the early twentieth century. One of the major contributions of Alfred is the concept of motivation. He established the idea that all forms of behavior as witnessed in human beings together with what a person undergoes in life are driven by some sort of force. Alfred later attributed this force to be existing in individual persons and he identified the force as the “striving for perfection” (Boerre, 2006, p.1). The concept of striving for perfection was explained a
Challenges in Human resource management department include designing relevant performance systems and discipline in labor management. The articles, the practice of discipline: evaluating the roles and relationship between managers and HR professionals by Saundry & Jones and Talent management in academia: performance systems and HRM policies by Brink, Fruytier, & Thunnissen dwell on the above issues. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review challenges in human resource management as opined by the authors of these articles. In the conclusive part, the paper makes recommendations for handling these challenges. Across the globe, HRM departments endeavor to have a pipeline of talent to work towards achieving long-term objectives. In support of the goals, the department has organized several tailored training and development schemes designed to help its people fulfill their potential. The training and development programs are both on-the-job and off-the job. For instance, the Succeed program has gone a long way to support these policies. It is build around the core business values and is firmly aligned with the business strategy – developing skills that will support future growth of the business. Unfortunately, implementation of this program has been faced with series of challenges ranging from lack of planning, redundancy, and personal interest. As a result, supportive programs such as support for the homeless, disabled, lone parents and unemployed don’t accomplish the intended corporate social responsibility. Due to self interest and gender based discrimination, training programs for women employees to build confidence and prepare them for full responsibility has yield little or negligible impact. Training and development forms part of organizational strategy mostly because human resource department is characterized by constant dynamics in management since labor market is constantly affected by market swings. Consequently, there is a need to merge organizational skills, knowledge and culture with the new challenges and demands. Therefore, there is constant need to use training and development largely because the department operates in a highly stratified environment. Thus, “three key dilemmas in talent and performance management are (a) transparency versus autonomy, (b) power of HR versus power of academics, (c) equality versus homogeneity” (Brink, Fruytier, & Thunnissen, 2012). HRM departments should realize that there is no better way to achieve this rather than through the use of training and development. Further, HRM should evaluate effectiveness of training and development in realizing the goals and objectives of the