ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The drama “Oedipus the King” by Sophocles is considered to be one of the most prominent dramatic works in the history of world drama. It vividly discloses and illustrates the talent of the ancient Greek dramatist as the master of disclosure of the themes that have been topical in the course of development of human society and literature. Human knowledge is very limited, it is simply tiny in comparison with all information existing. However, humanity has been always characterized by the thirst of knowledge. The question of the benefit or danger that may be caused by knowledge is a philosophical question. The lack of knowledge and quest for it, as well as the possible consequences form the main theme of the drama under consideration. The general theme of “Oedipus the King” may be formulated in the following way: life may be imagined as the undiscovered road that is full of unexpected corners, new knowledge may crown you, and it may ruin your life as well, not everyone is strong enough to bear the burden of knowledge. The statement that Sophocles puts into the mouth of the tragic hero of the drama: “Oblivion – what a blessing … for the mind to dwell a world away from pain” is one of the key ideas of the whole work (Sophocles 243). The statement may be treated as unexpected and striking because the reader knows that the King of Thebes, Oedipus, used to have a reputation of wise and intelligent ruler. It is his intelligence that predetermined the future development of action, because once it gave him the opportunity to solve “the riddle of Sphinx” and ascend “the throne of Thebes” (Sophocles 159). Knowledge gave the tragic hero the opportunity to save the people of Thebes from outrages of the terrible creature. And Oedipus was considered the savior, the person who had full right to become the king of the saved people. By a strange quirk of fate or by the will of gods the new king was the murderer of the previous king, what is more, the most awful tragedy happened, the father was killed by the son. It is evident, that the tragedies in the drama happened because of knowledge, the lack of knowledge or, on the contrary, the availability of the information that should have been hidden. Though the action in “Oedipus the King” starts with the plague, “the fiery god of fever hurls down the city, his lightning thrashing through us” torturing Thebes, the development of action suggests information about the secret of Oedipus’ birth (Sophocles 160). The prophecy told the deceased king Laius that he would be killed by his own son, and this fact played the decisive role in the development of action, eventually showing the reader that even awareness cannot save a person from his fate. It is known that ancient Greeks ascribed absolute power to fate; they thought that everything was predetermined in our life, however, no one knew if fate would build up the same flow of action if Laius chose not to play tricks with fate. Thus, it might well be that knowledge ruined Laius’ life. At the same time, the absence of knowle
The issues of environmental protection and reduction of human impacts on natural assets constitute a particularly important topic nowadays. Numerous initiatives aim at reducing the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants, ensure wildlife diversity, and stop the degradation of agricultural resources. It is necessary to admit that technological advancements required to mitigate the problem already exist, and the issue “is not about new gadgets but about new policies” (Parenti, 2013, para. 29). This implies that the costs of environmentally friendly processes and equipment turn the economic factors into the leading ones. Therefore, an identification of the direct ties between poverty and ecological problems and a review of some possible solutions are crucial for future sustainable development. One of the most indicative areas where the environment is affected by substandard economic development is land degradation. According to recent research, the situation in this regard is worsening in many regions due to “food insecurity, vulnerability to climate change, and poverty” (Barbier & Hochard, 2018, p. 623). Low-income rural families usually have limited access to modern equipment and apply traditional technologies regardless of their environmental impacts. Moreover, they have very few land improvement and conservation options as they need to earn their living on a daily basis. Finally, such degradation can lead to a “potential downward spiral,” further aggravating the financial stance of poor households and intensifying their usage of the surrounding natural resources (Barbier & Hochard, 2018, p. 626). Therefore, the most efficient way to increase the efficiency of agriculture and reduce its environmental impacts is ensuring the overall economic growth in the relevant region. It should be combined with specific development strategies, which imply state funding for conservation technologies and modern equipment purchases. Directed at fighting poverty among rural households, such approach will undoubtedly increase land usage sustainability and lower its degradation rates. Considering the factors connecting environmental problems to economic issues, it is also worth mentioning the effect of inequality. Initial research indicated that air pollution peaks with the average household income of about $8,000 and then gradually decreases (Boyce, 2018). However, the monetary aspects are not sufficient to explain all the issues. It has also been found that higher rates of inequality and corruption often lead to increased carbon emissions, elevated deforestation rates, and degraded protection of endangered species (Boyce, 2018). The most obvious explanation for this is that people feel unable to stand against the rich and protect their surroundings. Besides, they often underestimate the severity of environmental problems due to daily life demands. Based on these findings, an attractive solution was suggested concerning the application of fossil fuels (Boyce, 2019). It provides for the introduction of carbon dividends, which should be inclu
China is emerging as a very attractive international business destination. This situation arises from the growing middle class in the country. In the last two decades, economic growth in the country has spurred it into the limelight as a serious investment destination. Many companies manufacture their products in China because of the competitive labor costs in the country. The manufacturing boom has contributed to the emergence of an economically empowered middle class. In the recent years, the portfolio of businesses setting up their operations in the country has expanded. The portfolio now includes businesses seeking to take advantage of the Chinese market in addition to its competitively priced labor. This explains the interest of LVMH in the Chinese market. LVMH is the holding company of several French luxury brands. The company is interested in establishing businesses in China to take advantage of its emerging luxury market. Any company that tries to enter into the Chinese market must take time to understand the operating environment in the country. The business culture in China is different from the business culture in the West. The Chinese people are historically frugal. Therefore, it is important to take time to understand their needs and expectations. However, the country’s emerging middle class has a lot in common with any middle class in the world. Therefore, the main issue that a company needs to explore before getting into China is the correct market entry strategy. This report examines the business environment for luxury products in China. It also looks at the internal characteristics of LVMH in order to prepare a strong market entry strategy for the company. Methodology The method used to meet the two broad objectives of the project was a literature review. Literature review is an acceptable form of research that makes it possible for researchers to evaluate a broad range of issues. The range of issues that required consideration in this case exceeded the number of issues that could be covered using empirical research. This reasoning informed the choice of the research method. In addition, the resources needed for an empirical research were not available. The second reason for choosing a literature review as the main research method was that a lot of research already existed in relation to the main issues defined in the research objectives. It was unnecessary to carry out research into these issues from the scratch. The primary tools employed in the analysis of the data were the analytical instruments available to strategic planners. These tools include PESTLE Analysis, SWOT Analysis, and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. PESTLE Analysis of Competitive Landscape Strategic thinkers use a PESTLE Analysis to conduct environmental analysis as the basis for determining whether an organization has the capacity to interact favorably with its operating environment. A PESTLE Ana
Thanks to internet, anything you wish for can be delivered to your home in a matter of hours or days (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). Indeed, technology has been one of the biggest changes the society has experienced. With technology, virtually anything is achievable; a consumer in Africa can purchase his products from an outlet store in New York right from his house. Because of the advanced technology, business has also improved. Today people are conducting business online; this is what has popularly been referred as e-business. According to Schneider (2010), e-business is the “application of information and communication technologies in support of all activities of business”. Electronic-business is the new face and form of business in the world today (Schneider, 2010). In this paper, we will assess how the real estate business has benefited from internet and mobile technologies. Key areas and technologies in which E-business has changed the way real estate companies operate Thanks to information communication and technology (ICT), Real Estate business has improved and taken a new form (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). Such new changes have enabled tremendous growth in the Real Estate industry. According to research findings, Real Estate industry is one sector that relies on technology most to conduct its activities across the globe (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). In an effort to improve service delivery to its customers, the Real Estate industry has fully relied on ICT to meet the needs of the customers. With the use of technology, Real Estate professionals have organized their business attracting more customers (both sellers and buyers) and investors too. The three keys areas that have changed in Real Estate industry due to technology are marketing and advertisement, sales (selling and buying of products and services) and issues of investment management. ICT has enabled business transactions in the Real Estate industry to become friendlier and therefore benefiting Real Estate brokers, realtors, Real Estate professionals and all customers at large (Otto, 2012). Marketing and advertising have improved vastly with the use of modern technology. Generally, a number of technologies have enabled such changes to occur boosting business in this industry. A few years ago, the most reliable form of technology in the Real Estate sector was the MLS book (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). The MLS book was not easy to access and interested buyers were forced to visit an agent to have an access to information. Today however, this form of technology has revolutionized and now agents and buyers can be able to access MSL data right from their home via internet (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). This saves time and reduces costs. In addition to these improvements, different companies’ websites are able to provide clients with adequate information regarding different properties. This
Abstract Experiments in research are important to test a particular assumption. Apart from clinical trials and laboratory experiments, Surveys, observational research, literature review, or case studies are recognized methods for experimentation in research. The aim of this work is to, briefly, show how four research papers followed four different experiments to prove or deny a particular hypothesis. Introduction Methods of research in management are variable. Survey research needs the preparation of questions, proper choice of representative samples, collection of data, and statistical analysis. Other methods include observational, literature analysis (archive research), case study, and combined research. Methods of experimentation Observational research is experimental research designed to systematically follow an event or events during the occurrence and coming up with results that support or deny a certain theory. Reiley, 1999 discussed the four auction methods proposed by Vickrey in 1961. The results of Vickrey suggested that all four methods result in the same expected revenue for the auctioneer (revenue equivalence theory). To test this theory, Reiley, 1999 designed an experiment of buying Magic cards of 2000 $ value. He sold those cards through auctions in the internet marketplace. He auctioned two copies of each card using two different auction methods to test how valid the revenue equivalence theory of Vickrey is. His experimental design was different from previous auction experiments. Later; he took part in running his personal auctions. This gave him the chance to test the revenue equivalence theory personally and deeply. So, Reiley, 1999, conducted an unconditional and real-world experiment to rank the different auction methods. This work is an example of an observational category of experimental research. Another method is to review available data and analyze these data to be a baseline or for comparison. Pinsonneault and others, 1999, tested the theory of Dennis and Valacich (1999) about how group size affects electronic brainstorming (EBS) as an idea-creating tool. Dennis and Valacich (1999), assumed that; for small groups (less than nine), EBS is not likely to show a significant difference from nominal brainstorming. For large groups (more than nine), Dennis and Valacich suggested that a signific
Abstract Computer crime which is referred as an illegal access to a computer system is on the rise in the recently. Computer crimes ranges from; hacking, phishing, cyber stalking, computer viruses and identity theft. Due to advancement in technology, data in various institutions is no longer kept in file papers but in computers. Human beings have found a way of reaching this information without permission with an aim of using it for personal gain. To counter all these evils, the US congress had to introduce some ethical values in form of laws which act to protect all important forms of data and to ensure privacy security of personal information. Such laws include; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbox), Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). California Database Security Breach Act of 2003, Computer Security Act, Privacy Act of 1974, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act. All these were introduced with an aim of protecting information in various departments from being accessed. Computer crimes have various negative results such as alteration, modification and loss of important information through computer crash. Therefore there is an agent need for measures to protect such forms of impacts and to promote privacy of personal information. Introduction The rate of computer crime committed at the present is alarming, especially with the advent of the internet. Computer crime can be defined as a criminal act whereby information technology is used to reach admission into a computer system with the sole intention of damaging, erasing or modifying data in an illegal manner. Electronic plagiarism, data theft and copy right manipulations are also activities considered to be crime. Apart from the physical destruction, alteration of private data and important information, software theft whereby privacy settings are interfered with, is also considered to be crime. Due to these crimes, measures have been put in place to ensure security. These crimes that are committed can be categorized into different types as described below; Hacking; this is a case whereby one breaks into a computer system and illegally accesses the information saved in there. It is the most common crime and it involves an authorized disclosure of passwords and IP addresses with the aim of carrying out business transactions with a vague identity. Phishing; this is where sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card particulars are obtained through the use of popular websites; usually, the user is requested to give such details. Because the trust entrusted to such websites, one ends up being lured to give such useful information. Cyber stalking; cyber stalkers usually gather information about the user through social sites such as face book, chat rooms and websites and use this infor
Introduction Hispanic migrant workers’ community refers to persons who have their original ethnic roots or have a historic relationship with Spain and or Portugal. Other members of this group as per the US definition include Jamaicans, Haitians, Cubans and workers from central South America (Mauer, 2010). Primary language and educational background The primary language spoken by Hispanics in the United States is Spanish as in the case of the farm workers of Mexican origin or Latin American nationalities. This has proven to be a huge communication barrier since the number of these people who can speak English is below 5%. The level of education is also as wanting as that of acquiring English knowledge. Research shows that an astonishing 85% of these people have difficulty in extracting information from written materials irrespective of which language it is written in. The average highest level of education attainable by an ordinary Hispanic is only six years of education. About 24% of the total population are illiterate while a further 43% having functional illiteracy. Most Latinos who finish school come from able families and finish college due to pressure from their families who wants them to inherit the management of their wealth. Most students aged 18 and above do not see beyond high school education due to poverty. Hispanics learn through difficulties since only a handful can access sophisticated learning methods such as the use of smart libraries and computer access. Some students are incapable of attending schools that are equipped with such learning facilities. Despite the fact that there exists financial assistance from the government and other non-governmental agencies, it has not been of much help since the high level of illiteracy forms a barrier to accessing these services. As far as special education is concerned, the students are grouped into five categories; auditory handicap, intellectual handicap, motor skills handicap, visual handicap and others. Holistic approach is then used to deliver education to each group. Boundaries and the people Hispanic migrants dominate places such as the southern parts of California, particularly Los Angeles and San Joaquin valleys. Other places where Hispanic migrants live include northern long beach, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel, and Pomona valleys, Fresno, El Monte, La Puente, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Jose, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria and, Stockton. Geopolitical features The United States population is a result of the influx of immigrants from different nationalities, Hispanics being one of them. When the south west got conquered by the United States, the Mexican community was absorbed into the United States. The Mexicans identity became complicated and they dominated United States politics. There were mixed opinions among Mexicans but some of them have come to accept their US nationality but maintained their cultural, social and economic values (Your Disease Risk, 2013). Social Interaction There are great limitations as far as access to social factors is concerned. Up to about 70% of the migrant farmers live bel
Introduction The doctrine of justification was the starting point for the expression of the radical theological position of Martin Luther and his formation as a reformer. The doctrine of justification is a central theological doctrine for all Protestant denominations. At the heart of the Christian faith is the idea that a sinful man can receive eternal life, which becomes available to them through the death and resurrection of Christ. This idea is expressed by a number of concepts such as “atonement” and “salvation” was originally in the New Testament, and then in the writings of the Fathers of the Church and theologians until the late Middle Ages. By that time one of the images was seen as particularly important – the way of justification. So, the aim of this work is a comprehensive review of the doctrine of Martin Luther – the justification by faith alone. The fundamental idea, which was the basis for the theology of the period of Reformation, was the idea of Christianity Revival. Building a Christian life should be according to the New Testament and the first its interpretations. Martin Luther as the founder of the new ideas claimed that the sinner’s justification is based on God’s grace and received through faith . The basis of the doctrine The basis of the doctrine of justification by faith is the doctrine of grace as undeserved favor of God to fallen humanity. This idea has been strongly influenced by the writings of St. Augustine, and the theology of Luther is based on them. In the Middle Ages, grace is not understood as the ratio of God to mankind, but as a kind of supernatural substance injected into the human soul and promoting redemption. In support of this idea there was used an argument of different nature of God and man and about the insurmountable gap between them. In order to save man and to fill the existing gap, people need the grace of God. This view on the concept of grace was subjected to severe criticism even before the Reformation and disappeared even before this period. In addition, it is impossible to consider the doctrine of justification by faith without an understanding of another main theme of Christian thought – “redemption through Christ.” This redemption can not be achieved otherwise. To indicate the doctrine of salvation in theology the term “soteriology” is used (from gr. Soteria-salvation), which determines the number of images associated with this doctrine.  1. The Images of victory. By the Resurrection, Christ triumphed over death and those people who accept Christ can hope that this victory will be their victory.  2. The image of a change in legal status. Christ died on the cross, his resignation has earned forgiveness for sinners and reconciling for God and humanity.  3. The image of a change in personal relationships. People in their sinfulness