ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Modern-day capitalism is taking a turn towards philanthropy. As the new generation of Millenials is coming of age, the issues of ethics, environmentalism, and humane treatment of both the customers and the employees start prevailing over the notions of earning cold, hard profit through any means. In addition, the legalization process of the globalized market is placing numerous restrictions regarding the production and use of various products. Companies that want to succeed must learn to strike a balance between profit, the law, and professional ethics that are applied to the industry. Although the majority of multinational giants have affirmed their conviction in upholding the letter of the law and professional ethics, in practice, a good portion of them has issues with either the ethical or the legislative side of matters. This paper will discuss the ethical and legal side of the argument in Monsanto’s Roundup crisis. Main body Monsanto is a large American agrochemical and agricultural company that produces a variety of agricultural wares ranging from seeds and plants and ending with herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, and other products used to grow and protect crops. The company is one of the top 10 US-based agricultural holdings. In 2016, Bayer, a multinational agricultural corporation, purchased the company and made it a subsidiary. One of Monsanto’s primary products is Roundup, which is a very efficient herbicide, which is based on the glyphosate component, which is said to be very harmful to plants, harmless to other lifeforms, and quickly decomposing when in contact with air (Levin and Greenfield). However, this statement has been under question numerous times. There are reports of glyphosate being a potential cancerogenic product. In addition, there have been reports in the media regarding Monsanto either buying off or silencing independent researchers investigating the safety of their product. In August 2018, the court of San Francisco ordered Monsanto is to pay 289 million dollars in damages to Mr. Johnson for failure to inform him, as well as the general public, that their products are likely to cause cancer (Levin and Greenfield). The lawsuit has been in place since 2016 and was fast-tracked because of the development of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma disease in the plaintiff, which severely reduced his lifespan. The doctors say that Mr. Johnson is unlikely to live for more than 2 years. The accusations were made against Roundup and Ranger Pro, which share a similar glyphosate-based formula (Levin and Greenfield). This ruling poses a series of significant ethical and legal questions towards Monsanto. Roundup has been one of the most popular herbicides in agriculture for the last 30 years. If their products are indeed capable of causing cancer, then the implications for the compan
John Doe appears to be a hardworking individual who has been distracted by the joy that comes with becoming a new father. This is because his records of success have been consistent until he became a father. He has been commended severally for his exceptional skills in marketing. However, he has recently underperformed in the workplace and this has captured the attention of his boss and the company’s CEO. The CEO seems to be furious and has decided to meet John for a discussion before he can decide what disciplinary action to take. As the Human Resource Manager of the company, I intend to come up with a suitable solution to the problem. This is because the human resource manager is responsible for the facilitation of performance reviews and ensuring that the employees’ performance meets a certain standard in the job description. It is evident that the CEO has displayed a lot of emotion towards the issue. Therefore, a third party is required to intervene. I believe that an individual in the human resource department would handle the situation better. This is because John’s situation requires disciplinary counselling rather than discipline (punishment) itself. The specific aspects of John’s performance and conduct that have been identified should be addressed in such a way as to establish a win-win situation (Dannells & Consolvo, 2000). These include increasing John’s performance and avoiding the costs that come with firing and hiring. As the Human Resource Manager, I recommend that disciplinary counsell
The clothing industry is amongst the many monopolistically competitive industries. There are many clothing firms in the industry competing against each other while producing similar products. However, the firms in the industry earn competitive advantages by distinguishing their products through branding and advertisements (Davis and Özgür, 4). Product differentiation is one of the strategies commonly used by monopolistic competitive firms. Product differentiation in a clothing firm can involve designs, the quality of materials used, and the prices charged for the clothes. In advertisements, differentiation is put in physical aspects such as color, designs, elastic, and different sizes (Davis and Özgür, 7). Intangible aspects included in the clothing advertisement can be guaranteed money back, high quality, free delivery, and long-lasting usage. Steel manufacturing is an example of an oligopolistic competitive industry. In such a market, a few steel manufacturing companies rule over other firms. The few firms are the price and trendsetters for other small companies and often form a partnership to operate successfully (Ritz 185). To distinguish themselves from their competitors, they improve their product quality, hike or lower prices, and advertise the special features of their products. In an oligopolistic market, if a leading company lowers prices, the others do not follow but rather improve their products to remain in the higher cuts of prices (Ritz 187). The few leading companies also stay competitive in the industry by setting their standards high to prevent easy entry into the industry. The firms set high standards by producing the highest quality products, selling them at a higher price, and producing them in high quantities (Ritz 189). That way, they ensure that the small or new companies fear the competition at the top thus ensuring reduced entry to the industry. Works Cited Davis, Leila, and Özgür Orhangazi. “Competition and Monopoly in the US Economy: What Do the Industrial Concentration Data Show?” Competition & Change, vol. 25, no.1, 2021, pp.3-30. Web. Ritz, Robert A. “Oligopolistic Competition and Welfare.” Handbook of Game Theory and Industrial Organization, Volume I . Edited by Luis Corchón and Marco Marini, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, pp.181–200.
Introduction Organizational development is the act of changing people and organizations for growth. It can take a number of forms of activities ranging from team building, organizational assessment, career development, training, electronic learning, coaching, innovation, leadership development and talent management. In organizational management, the study of career development can be analyzed in two broad perspectives. The first perspective is a career development that looks into career development within and between organizations. The second aspect is leadership development that bridges the routine, policy and science of leadership development by highlighting the importance of enhancing both physical and social capital in organizations (Anderson, 2001, p. 34). Discussion Career planning and development dimensions ensure availability of resources, tools and processes need by organizations to help them plan and achieve their career objectives. Career planning involves choosing jobs, occupations and organizations at every stage of their career. Research shows that employees grows through four major, career stages as they develop and gain experience (Golding, 2006, p. 45). Each stage has a different concerns, requirements and challenges. The first stage is the foundation stage, which comes at the onset of a career. Here, employees are uncertain. They may find hard times in fulfilling their job competencies and capacity. They rely on their bosses and more experienced employees for support and guidance. The second stage is advancement period, where employees graduate from dependence to an independent state. Here, employees focus on achieving and advancing their careers. It is also characterized by the need to clarify the scope of long-term career objectives. The third stage is the maintenance level. This stage involves leveling off and focusing on the career success with serious concerns in recruiting inexperienced staffs. This stage can be complicated and depressing for those dissatisfied with their career advancement. The fourth stage is the withdrawal stage, which involve withdrawal from a career. It involves taking a retirement from an organization. Here, the employee’s significant contributions are sharing the experienced knowledge with others in the organization (Golding, 2006, p. 45). Leadership development programs help in the development of talent and enhancement of employee’s retention. It focuses on strengthening employee’s skills, socializes leaders and equips leaders with strategic leadership roles. Examples of these leadership development programs include; federal express, protector and Gamble, PepsiCo, IBM, Cisco Systems and Microsoft certification. Leadership development majors in molding the organization’s management and executive talent. Leadership Development Interventions and Career Development Interventions Career development intervention and leadership development interventions are both human resource interventions performed by
Introduction Multinational organisations (MNCs) are big global companies that have a market presence in many parts of the world. The two main factors that distinguish these companies from other companies are their centrally controlled operations and their huge global presence (Jenkins 1987). Globalisation has recently brought a lot of attention to the role of multinational companies in the world economy. This attention emerged in the 1960s when different economies around the world started to experience increased foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from MNCs. Critics and proponents of globalisation have argued for (and against) the impact of these MNCs in the world economy (Drew 1995). Critics say these companies have had a negative impact on their host economies, while proponents of globalisation say they have had a positive impact on the same (Held et al. 1999). After evaluating the merits of both arguments, this paper argues that MNCs have a more positive (than negative) impact on global economies. Evidence of this claim comes from the impact of these MNCs on wages, market structures, and foreign trade balances of national economies. This paper explains these indicators by analysing the effects of the companies on three economic indicators – FDI inflows, wage rates, and technological development. FDI Inflows Latorre (2008) says MNCs have a positive impact on the global economy because they contribute to global capital movements. Similarly, Helleiner (1989) says the MNCs help to move the global capital from abundant capital countries (wealthy countries) to countries that have scarce capital (poor countries). Many scholars affirm this view. However, Mundell and MacDougall (early theorists who investigated the role of MNCs in this regard) have a different opinion (Latorre 2008). Mundell (cited in Latorre 2008) says host countries need to meet special conditions to benefit from capital influxes. Indeed, he used the Heckscher-Ohlin model to explain MNC influences in the global economy and found out that unless two countries have different factor endowments, multinational companies may have an insignificant effect on their host economies (Latorre 2008). Unlike Mundell, MacDougall (cited in Latorre 2008) affirmed that MNC influences promote economic growth. He used a simple approach
The desire for power is one of the main drivers for politicians in their elective campaigns. The desire to be the first makes the candidates create more and more inventive reforms which may be offered by people and which may be rather profitable to them. Every new election campaign abounds in different stump speeches of different candidates, which give them information about politicians’ programs. Different candidates have a different vision of this or that reform, but in some cases, these visions coincide. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden had a different opinions about the social life of the society, some opinions coincided, and following their elective campaigns it is easy to construct the personal opinion about their methods of country ruling. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the opponents, who tried to be elected with different programs. Being the President, Theodore Roosevelt provided such domestic reforms in the American society as anti-monopoly enforcement, regulated the railroads by increasing the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the conservation the natural resources by limitation of some federal lands sale. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) was the law that forbade using harmful food additives and the creation of the National Monetary Commission were the measures that were provided with the aim to make people’s life better (Klose and Lader 122-126). Woodrow Wilson’s domestic reforms, during his ruling the country were of the same importance and profitability, which was labeled as “New Freedom”. This program of reforms supposed the lowering of tariff duties, provided some other economical changes, labor legislations, the permission to vote for a woman, and the prohibition to “manufacture, sale, or transport of intoxicating liquors” (Klose and Lader 153). During different years o
Policy Effects with Floating Exchange Rates This chapter continues chapter nine’s discussion on the AA-DD model. It looks into the effects of the AA-DD model on an economy with a Floating Exchange Rate System. It also describes the government’s use of the model to formulate policies. It is evident that the AA-DD model affects a number of economic variables in the macro economy. These variables include the GNP and the value of currency. Economists developed the above model to understand the connection between the various economic variables. The government affects some of these variables through expansionary policies and contractionary policies, among others. Therefore, this chapter looks at an Open Exchange Rate System and the effect of government policies on the AA-DD model. The government uses two policies to control money supply in a country. That is, expansionary and contractionary policy with the effect of increasing and reducing money supply respectively. The effect of expansionary policy on the AA-DD model is a shift to the right. This increases the exchange rate of a country’s money with respect to another country. However, this does not happen fast. It takes on a transitional mode with many factors at play. For example, the real money supply exceeds the real money demand. This, in the short run, means that inflation levels increase quickly. However, the trend lags as more people convert their money assets into non-money assets to beat or take advantage of the inflation levels. In the long term, the natural effect is that the exchange rate will increase with the amount of cash in the economy. Governments employ the contractionary monetary policy when the money supply in an economy reduces. This reduction has the effect of shifting the AA-DD model downwards. When this happens, there is an immediate reduction in Gross National Product of a country. It also leads to a relatively stronger local currency. Fiscal policy refers to government spending. The government is the biggest consumer and its consumption has many policy effects on the economy. The government uses this power to effect policies in a country through either reduction in spending (contractionary fiscal policy) or increase in spending (expansionary fiscal policy). An increase in government spending causes AA-DD model to shift to the right. This causes a decrease in the exchange rate. For example, the Canadian dollar would do better than the American dollar in this situation. However, this leads to an increase in the GNP for the
The Canadian Community Health Nursing defines environmental health as such features that influence people’s health for instance the choice of life that significantly depends on factors ranging from physical through chemical to biological, all of which surround them (10). Water being one of the key components of our environment has a significant effect on human health especially as human life cannot be supported without water and neither can health be sustained in the presence of contaminated water. More recently, a report by the UN water development report revealed the case it stands on the ground where water-caused diseases are posing a threat to the lives of people with the majority losing their lives as a result. Water is crucial for many bodily functions our bodies consist of around 70 percent water nearly all bodily functions such as blood pressure, liver, kidneys, limbs and digestive system need water to function in the best possible way. Taking into consideration the importance of water and its effect it is relatively easy to contaminate clean water or even consume contaminated water without knowing. Water, as an environmental health issue, affects human health, as it can be a carrier of a variety of diseases. The fact that water is interrelated with other environmental aspects such as soil and air qualifies as a transmitter of diseases and viruses that would move from one environmental factor to another in essence the web of Causation (Baibi and Chen 654). The recognition of the effect of the epidemiological triangle is quite crucial, as people ought to realize the interrelationship of the host, environment and agent in the process of spreading diseases and the effect that a change in any of the elements can have in the enhancement of the disease. People in places where there is poor sanitation or the possibility of water contamination either through chemicals, mining or industrial waste are exposed to water-borne diseases suffer from diseases like diarrhoeal with at least 6,000 deaths cases registered, children taking the highest share of the issue (Nagata 12). However, there exist several recommendations I wish to put in place. Firstly, one should educate himself as well as others. One can access great resource pages to read, print them out and give out different issues relating to water. People should be water conscious. Everything relates to water, as it makes up many of the foodstuffs that they use on a daily basis. In addition, they should make environmentally smart choices in their daily lives in terms of products by eating products that come from agriculture that respects the environment and uses little pesticides, chemicals and less water than intensive agriculture. One should think of mapping his/her local water resources by creating a map with scientific, cultural, historical, wildlife, observations of where there are problems or local stories relating to a river or lake. This is a good tool to not only keep a record of what this water means to h
Executive Summary This paper presents a case analysis report on Coach Inc. The case analysis is comprehensive and focuses on the nature of operations in the company. The first part focuses on the operations of the company and the issues that face the sustainable operation and positioning of Coach Inc. in the competitive industry. The second part of the paper presents an analysis of the issues of competitiveness of the company based on the SWOT analysis framework. The third part of the paper explores the strategic choices as far as the future competitiveness of the company is concerned. This is followed by the development of a number of recommendations and how they can be implemented by the company to ensure sustained performance. Coach Inc.: Is its Advantage in Luxury Handbags Sustainable? Background & statement of the problems/issues Coach Inc. has molded its operations around the production of simple handbags since it began its operations in 1941. The company was acquired by a new investor, Sara Lee, after more than forty years of operation. Coach Inc. continued to embrace the strategy that had been adopted by the founder company. A marketing research that was conducted by Frankfort resulted in a shift in the nature of products and product delivery by Coach Inc. The company shifted from the delivery of simple bags to classy and sophisticated bags. At the same time, Coach Inc. ensured that the prices of these products were relatively lower than the prices set on such products by its competitors. Attractive pricing has made the company remain appealing to a lot of customers considering that pricing is a critical factor in determining the behavior of consumers in the market. In addition, the company has progressively adopted aggressive expansion strategies that are aimed at seeing it attain a large market share in both the mother country of operation and the foreign market. According to the case, these strategies saw the annual sales of the company swell to $2.1 billion in 2006 from $500 million in 1999. The trends in the global industry depict a lot of opportunities in the industry. However, the industry has attracted a relatively large number of players. Therefore, there is bound to be a lot of pressure on Coach Inc. as one of the leading players in the industry to overcome the competitive pressure that emanates from the industry and the market. It is important for the company to maintain a high level of vigilance in the changes in demand and patterns of consumption in the industry, as well as monitor the other sources of competition. This is vital in the choice of strategies that will see the company maintain a sustainable level of competitiveness in the market. Situation Analysis Competitive strengths According to the case, one of the main strengths of the company lies in the choice of its target market. The company targets middle income consumers. The middle income earners form the largest part of the market in which the company operates. Moreover, the strategy that the company uses is quite appealing. The company embraces quality and styling. It also offers the luxury handbags at prices that are f