ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Akhenaton is considered to be one of Egypt’s kings in ancient times. Originally he was crowned Amenhotep IV. He changed his name in order to show the new meaning not only of his name but of a new epoch in which he would have been a key figure. Akhenaton means a person who is useful for Aten, this person was really Amenhotep. (Winton, 2001) Being a part of the Egyptian Dynasty of the 18 th century he established his own religious rules and standards. Traditional principles and religious rules of the Egyptian society of that time did not undergo changes on the part of Akhenaton. He was a strong personality and wanted to show his power of influence on the majority of society. He built a new city having his name and demonstrating individual independent views of its king. The whole family of Akhenaton lived in his city and led the Aten worship. (Reichley, 1995) Akhenaton is also known as a creator of new art. This kind of art made human beings more stylized. His image of a person had slender limbs, a long head, and a body in the shape of a pear. The depictions of the scenes had intimate character. For example, Royal representatives were illustrated under Aten’s rays and playing with the daughters. In art, the role of women was more prominent and paid special attention to the royal female. His personality influenced the style of the language in that period which was closer to Egyptian. Among the great number of Gods Egyptians believed in, Akhenaton recognized only his own Sun God. This God was a new kind of solar deity. Society perceived him differently; he was especially popular among the nobility. Akhenaton was the representative of a monotheistic religion and later this type was viewed as present Judaism. He was promoting the ideas of monotheism. In his view, it was something that could be reached by biblical Moses. His views were researched by present scholars and compared in many aspects with Judaism. (Fermi, 2001) Akhenaton’s impact on the art, religion, and rules of life was evident. He influenced every sphere of social life and even after his death it was difficult to renew the former traditions and views on life that were established by previous pharaohs. He rearranged the state and contributed a lot to the religion and art spheres. His art revolution and religious reforms brought rapid changes to the society of Egypt. He died when his reign was about 17 th year and left a significant print on the development of the religion. Ancient priests strived to return their ideas to society after Akhenaton’s death but met social contradictions. Only Akhenaton’s religion had a natural character underlining the significance of all the natural phenomena and the Sun. Such a fixed position existed very long in Egyptian society. (Rasheed, 1993) His monotheistic religion refused traditional Gods in Egypt; some features of his religious methods can be seen nowadays which proves his major power in that time. Some historians name Akhenaton as “the first historical individual”. His solar system covered all fields of science and art. Akhenaton’s reign is known as a rebellion against all other
Introduction Social structure refers to the systematic social characteristics of individuals and society. These characteristics often emerge from both the individual members of society and society itself. These patterned characteristics also shape the character of society members. Social set-ups include values governing the activities of their members. Violation of accepted behavior is often a product of criminal intent and ignorance. Measures to deal with the offenders are often referred to as degradation ceremonies. Analysis The object of degradation ceremonies is to bring the character of a person to question. Degradation ceremonies change the moral standing of a person in society. However, offenders have devised methods to defeat this ceremony (Benson, 1985). These techniques include denial of criminal responsibility or injury, victim-blaming, and condemnation of adjudicators (Benson, 1985). All these factors can influence offenders to commit more offenses. This paper will analyze the situations that encourage the violation of social norms. It will also analyze the factors that discourage the violation of social norms. There are settings that tend to affect people making them violate social norms. For instance, parties in colleges have been found to encourage sexual assaults because such events involve drinking alcohol which to some extent affects sound judgment and adequate behavior. Women who take excessive amounts of alcohol in the midst of strangers are likely to be assaulted. However, in some cases, the perpetrators are known to the women. Traditionally, college parties happen in gendered set-ups. Women are expected to be nice guests while men play the role of hosts (Armstrong, Hamilton & Sweeney, 2006). This puts the women in a disadvantageous position because the men control what goes on at a party. When cases of assault are reported, the victims are often blamed. In such cases, community and society encourage the violation of social norms. Society tolerates some forms of social violations. Presence of opportunity to commit an offense has also been mentioned as an encouraging factor. Fraudsters find and use the opportunity to cheat the others. This is enabled by ignorance on the part of the victim. Embezzlers, on the other hand, often lay the blame on extraordinary situations for their violations. They often state that they were pushed to commit an offense by difficult conditions. This is known as a denial of responsibility as the person tries to shift it to someone else. Ignorance is another factor that encourages people to violate social norms. For instance, the tax violators often say that they have been unawa
Kelowna is the biggest city as far as the tourist orientation is concerned in Okanagan valley. It’s a famous city in the province of BC in Canada. During the summer seasons some activities are very common like boating, biking and hiking. During the winter alpine skiing and Nordic skiing are the commonly practiced activities. The climate in Kelowna is dry with mild temperatures (Bigg, 320). During the summer the atmosphere is always hot and sunny with temperatures of above 35 degrees during the day. The city has several parks and green spaces which are created by the solar powered area lighting. There are different parks in Kelowna for instance there are marine parks, regional parks, national and provincial parks, and ecological reserves. Parks and green spaces are the key to successful restoration and the people responsible in Kelowna take any available opportunity to ensure the maintenance of the standards of the open spaces (Bigg, 325). Kelowna has a rich diversity and legacy of parks and green spaces throughout the city. It’s the responsibility of the city council to guard the welfare of the parks and the green spaces. Green spaces refer to all landscape features such as the trees along the streets, car parks, paths, and even the deserted cemeteries. Parks and green spaces are all meant to improve the quality of the city life. Green spaces are a very important aspect to the city’s residents. Majority of people in Kelowna have confirmed satisfaction with the green spaces where they go for leisure and other social issues (Burgess, 210).The number of its users is still increasing which has led to an increased gap between need and provision. This gap can only be bridged by ensuring there is public involvement, investment chances, planning controls, and all the staff are offered the required support and coordinated to maintain a positive development of these valued resources. Kelowna Park for kids, festivals and entertainments, and even park meant for games. There are wilderness parks where hiking and biking as well as bird watching are done. Through these different parks people of all ages have gotten great outdoor experiences during any time of the year. In the water parks along the lake of Okanogan most people go there to enjoy the sun, water and the sand. The major city parks are mainly heritage sites (Burgess, 230). They are major parks for fun to all types of people. Most people use these city parks as an outdoor relaxation as families or group outings. The main festivals which are held at specific periods of the year are held there. City parks have been a facilitator of the culture through creating a site for different cultural events. These uses of the parkas and green spaces should be developed and manage
Introduction ‘Everyday Use’ is set in the American rural down South; superficially, it is a story of Mama Johnson and her conflicting psychological reception and relationship with her two daughters, Dee and Maggie (Xroads). Dee has taken an impressive formal education and now works in an urban environment; she is light skinned and sophisticated (Xroads). Maggie has never left, she is the typical country girl, even in appearance and there are still traces of scars that she obtained from a house fire. Mama Johnson, who was born and grew in the early days of the past century, is struggling to understand the implications of her own background (represented by Maggie) in comparison to the life that Dee now leads. She keeps comparing Dee and Maggie. In the end she favors the practical life and values of the less fortunate Maggie instead of the superficial values of Dee. Discussion Deep down, the story is exploring the question of African-American heritage; the story, probably set in the ebbing days of the 1960s or at the dawn of 1970s, coincides with the attempt of African-Americans to define their identity in terms of culture (Xroads). The term ‘Negro’ was gradually replaced with ‘Black’ but the pains and injustices of the past had been so cruel that the black people are willing to deny and reject their American heritage (Xroads). This story is an exploration of both African and American heritages of the black people; the three characters represent the three faces of this theme. Mama represents the uncertain link between the African and American heritages. From mama’s description of herself, the way she takes pride in her expertise at killing and cleaning a hog, makes one see that she appreciates the practical aspects of her life and nature, it is easy to assume that she cannot ponder such an abstract concept as heritage. Yet, even with her lack of formal education and refinement, her respect and love for those who preceded her reflects her inherent comprehension of heritage through the way that she is able to associate pieces of clothes in two quilts with those who’s clothes the pieces had been cut from (Xroads). The quilts “are special to Mama when she touches the quilts, it is her way of touching the people that the quilts represent” (Xroads). These quilts are a symbol and represent gone times to which one still has a shaky and ambivalent relationship; the same symbolism is portrayed through the dasher handle. When mama touches the ridges left by fingers of those who are gone, she connects with them (Xroads). Dee’s superficial nature: her personality, her dressing and speech, represents the superficial perspective of heritage that the Black Power movement preached. There are inconsistencies in her style and her manner and she does not u
This paper aims to discuss the enduring contributions of the Greek and the Roman civilizations to the contemporary world and the paper will start by giving some background information about the two civilizations. The paper will then address the major influences of the ancient Greek civilization on the modern world before looking at the major influences of the ancient Roman civilization on the contemporary world. The paper will finally make a summary while including some miscellaneous influences of both civilizations which have not been covered among the major influences. The Greek and the Roman civilizations are two of the most influential civilizations that have ever graced the face of this world and two civilizations started in the cities of Athens and Rome. The two civilizations are similar in many ways though there are some striking differences between the ancient Greek civilization and its Roman counterpart. For example, the political systems of the two civilizations were very different because the Greeks had an oligarch political system though it became democratic as time went by. Roman Empire on the other hand did not allow the common citizens to participate in state affairs and it formed different organs of government to represent different components of the society (Duicker, 2000). Roman civilization was also more advanced than Greek civilization especially in the areas of art and architecture because while Greeks focused on balanced symmetry, Romans place emphasis on arches and the goal of their architecture was to create an impression of a vast amount of space. Ancient Roman engineering processes were also more advanced than that of the Greeks because though both civilizations had elements of civil and hydraulic engineering, Roman engineering was higher in quality because it had a network of durable variables that towered above the Greek engineering process. Despite the glaring differences between the two civilizations of the ancient world, it is evident that these civilisations had an immense impact on the modern world. The Western civilisation heavily borrows from the Greek and the Roman civilisations and it is imperative to note that modern civilisation is an im
The author has averred on the idea that education and economy linkage structures do produce variation patterns in the modern or industrial societies. The author conceptualized two education-economy linkages to theoretically examine how the inter-schools, labor division and firms for personal human capital development as well as the recruitment mechanisms structuring people’s movement out of schools and into employment together with those structuring changes across jobs. Economic sociologists have anchored much of their aversion significantly to the originality on the careful examination of how the organization or rather the institutional arrangement creates the context within which personal economic demeanors do happen. With these strengths, the extrapolation of economic, sociological investigation into the research of comparative inequality regimes or periods based on different education-economy linkage would be potentially promising. The bulk of the theoretical and empirical studies to the present date on the link between institutional arrangement and inequality patterns across the industrial societies have been conducted out of the side of sociology. The disciplines of political science and labor economics have centered on a significant attention on cross-national variation in wage compression across the skill boundaries. In my opinion, economic sociologists can profitably derive from the detailed practical work conducted by labor economists and the theoretical exploration of the wage-setting arrangements by both the labor economists and the supporters of the varieties of the capital approach. Building upon the theoretical formulations of educational and stratification researchers, economic-sociologists can design a comparative study agenda fashioned to specify further how skill and gender wage gaps are impacted by the different institutional arrangements of capitalism. The majority of these institutional arrangements precisely stand’s at the point of intersection of the economy and the education. The three outstanding perspectives of economic sociology stress on networks, rational choice and social norms or rather cultural norms that are some of the times entrenched in organizations or institutions. Each of the perspectives above is critical in comprehending gender. Every ten empirical patterns are consistent with at least two of the perspectives. For instance, returns to experience that work against women due to the time they spend on child rearing may be institutionalized by the employers. This is out of the fact that workers wi
In the academic environment of chemical processes, named reactions are of particular importance because they are of applied value or solve problems of intergroup transition between compounds. Among the named processes, the Diels-Alder reaction, or diene synthesis, traditionally used to produce stereospecific six-membered carbon cycles with multiple bonds, is of excellent research popularity. Two types of reagents are used for this reaction, one being a conjugated diene and the other a dienophile. As a dienophile can be used, any substances with π-bond, including alkenes or acetylenes with activating electron acceptor groups, and diene must meet the requirements of chemical stability, conjugation of bonds, and the ability to take s-cis configuration. When they interact, the electron density is redistributed with the formation of single multiple bonds with a six-membered cycle. The double name of this reaction is due to the history of its creation. In 1927, the process was patented by German organic chemists Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (Diels & Alder, 1927). Since the synthesis of six-membered homocyclic has applications in organic chemistry, including the possibility of using them to produce aromatic rings, Diels and Alder were awarded the Nobel Prize for their development in 1950. Since then, the possibilities of diene synthesis have expanded significantly; this includes the possibility of obtaining bicyclic compounds if cyclic dienes were used as raw materials. However, the basis has remained unchanged; namely, the addition of a dienophile to a diene by 2,4-conjugation allows the preparation of non-aromatic homocyclic with one multiple bonds in them. Initially, an intermediate compound with unstably separated multiple bonds is formed, which stabilizes over time into a stable homocycle. The exothermic reaction is carried out without additional reagents in an inert solvent at low temperatures, which is an additional advantage in terms of its practical implementation in the laboratory. Procedure For the present diene synthesis reaction, butadiene sulfone was used to produce a conjugated diene system when heated. The use of butadiene-1,3 instead of butadiene sulfone was complicated by the gaseous state of the diene, which made the process technically challenging to implement. Thermal decomposition of solid butadiene sulfone was carried out to produce toxic sulfur dioxide and butadiene-1,3. The sulfur dioxide was captured with water since using only a fume hood would result in air contamination. Thus, 2.29 g of butadiene sulfone was added to 1.22 g of finely dispersed maleic anhydride in a heat-resistant 50-milliliter flask. Both substances were dissolved in inert xylene (3.0 mL), and a boiling stone was used to stabilize the boiling process. A reflux condenser was hermetically attached to the opening of the flask, and all potential gaps were sealed with a rub
Treatment Process In General, people who are sick need medical care. Doctors know how to cure diseases and are always doing their best to practice better medical care. How fast a patient recovers from illness is a function of the treatment given by a doctor and the attitude of the patient towards the treatment. There are circumstances where doctors have supposedly engaged in a wrong administration of treatment consequently compromising the treatment process. Wrong administration of treatment is wrong and may spread the disease. This is well illustrated through William Carlos Williams’s “The Use of Force.” Manhandling of Patients Administration of treatment should be carried out in a friendly manner otherwise it will lose its meaning. In the illustration mentioned above, the doctor is angered by the lack of cooperation from a little girl. It turns out that the little girl has some sores in her mouth which makes it hard for the drugs to be taken orally. Because the little girl does not cooperate to take in the treatment, the doctor is forced to manhandle her. Manhandling a patient because of the need for the patient to be given treatment is outrightly wrong. It is advisable that patients are made aware of the need for treatment and why they should not skip any of the dosages. As seen from the illustration manhandling can lead to some physical injuries “the child’s mouth is already bleeding. Her tongue is cut and she is screaming in wild hysterical shrieks” (Williams and McKibbin 82). Administration of treatment in such a manner makes the whole treatment process such a painful moment while it is not supposed to be. Because the patient is a child, the whole treatment process becomes an ordeal. Such kind of treatment creates a very negative picture of a given treatment in the eyes of the children. Doctors ought to be Professionals As much as a patient may display some levels of ignorance that may affect the effectiveness of the treatment, it solely remains the duty of the doctor to ensure that the patient understands that her/his way of behavior is affecting the treatment. Back to our illustration, we see the doctor behaving in a very unprofessional manner “The damned little brat must be protected against her idiocy, one says to one’s self at such times” (Williams and McKibbin 82). The demand behaves in a very unconventional manner in the field of medicine “I have to smile to myself; I have already fallen in love with the savage brat” (Williams and McKibbin 82). What the doctor displays are a lot of irrationalities and funny enough he seems to be more interested to bring the girl under control than treating her. This is quite unfortunate because the doctor is focusing the attention somewhere else and not on treating the patient. The doctor is also seen engaging in very unethical thoughts to the extent of contemplating killing the father of the patient. This is very unconventional because the doctor seems to momentarily forget about his duties as a doctor. It is quite unfair that some of the speeches that the doctor engages in are sharp that most likely those words are likely to affect the future life of the patient.