ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Culture is a state of life exhibited by a certain group of people, which is passed from generation to generation. It is mostly considered as a societal norm which every member of that given society has to adhere to. Two sociologists viewed it from different perspectives. They included Matthew Arnold and Raymond Williams. Matthew Arnold in his famous book “ Culture and Anarchy” argues that culture is an inbuilt thing in an individual. It is through its practice throughout ones life that it comes to exist. Furthermore, he points out that culture contains one great essence, and it s that of sweetness and light (as cited by Super 47). Main body The greatest of it all being that of making it prevail. By practicing it, it’s the only sure way of ensuring the literature of that given individual is plummeting and growing to be famous. He argues out that culture is born within a person. Even if one tries to Impose his culture to others who have theirs it won’t nourish as it erodes slowly by slowly and later on cease to exist. The definition he gives on culture he says is trying to perfect ones self and ones mind as part of oneself to bring us light. That culture is a privileged principle of authority to help one counteract the tendency to anarchy which seems to threaten him or her. Culture in its broad aspect is an enemy of anarchy and if man is to bring to maturity anything precious or lasting for now or for the future, a firm and settled course of public order is requisite (as cited by Storey 205). On the other hand, a Whelish-born sociologist, Raymond Williams, had his own definition of the word Culture. In his book “ Culture is Ordinary” he defines it as the whole way of ones life, in the anthropological sense synonymous with everyday life. Raymond argues that culture is ordinary and it is the first fact, and that every human society has its own shape, meaning and purposes and expresses it in its institutions and arts and learning. According to him, one adopts any culture that comes his way. He compares it to the old days at Cambridge where different social classes were adopted by various scholars at the teashop (Storey 234). Culture is easy to learn and any human being can be able to. He points out that everybody has his own definition of the word and none should be disregarded. Conclusion Like the Marxists, Raymond says said culture must be interpreted in relation to the underlying systems of production. Culture is made and remade in ones life in the course of living and anyone who think
Divorce is a social problem that sociologists and psychologists have dealt with on several occasions. It causes adverse psychological and social effects to divorcing couples and children depending on the society in which the family stays. This occurs because societies accord the institution of marriage different levels of respect. Currently, divorce is increasing at an alarming rate and children are most affected. Sociologists have severally investigated the social effects of divorce on children, and have come up with several findings. This essay discuses how divorce causes social problems to children, social implications of divorce, and social movements that are oriented to issues of divorce (Chase, 2010). Why Divorce is a Social Problem on Children Divorce is the termination of a marriage before the death of one of the spouses. Children get traumatized with this act because it strangely affects their social life. Toddlers or very young children may not comprehend what is happening in the family, but they are able to notice the absence of one of their parents. To some children, the absence of one parent causes them pain and suffering that impairs their proper social growth. Molander (2006) argues that lack of love from the missing parent hampers the child’s social development. Boys may grow having negative attitude towards women while girls may develop having negative attitude towards men (Molander, 2006). The life of children changes completely after the divorce. They feel scared on how they will cope up without their father or mother. Others start wondering how their life would be if the parent they live with abandons them, as well. In fact, so many rhetoric questions crop up in their minds. For instance, they wonder where they will begin schooling, whether they will be able to meet with their friends, whether the other parent will still be visiting them, and whether they will live with their brothers and sisters in the future, or they will be living with the other parent. All this makes them unsecure and negatively affect their social life (Lee, 2002). Divorce separates young children from their primary caretaker who, usually, is their mother. This tampers with children’s social development that usually leads to long-term social distressing problems. Pre-school children may develop anxiety that may force them to become anti-social because of harassment or bullying from other kids. Children who grow in single parent families or who witness their parents divorcing develop low self-esteem. Low self-esteem is a big social problem because it affects the development of the children’s self-confidence. Children often think they caused the divorce. This makes them to live in isolation wondering about what their friends would think about them. They always see themselves as losers especially if aged between seven to seventeen years old (Lee, 2002). Divorce is,
Introduction Nowadays, a lot of people are chasing their dreams. There is nothing wrong with it, except for the fact that they are paying the price with their lives, giving up on their close ones and things that might be the true meaning of their lives. Mitch is a perfect example of an individual who got lost into materialistic stuff and forgot what his true values were. He eventually decides to meet his teacher, Morrie, when he finds out that the latter is going to die soon (Albom 18). All of Morrie’s lessons deliver a superior memo that each person should discard prevalent cultural values, and, as a replacement for them, develop his or her own. For Morrie, popular culture is a tyrant that is the reason for the human community to grieve. Morrie himself has escaped this cultural despotism all for creating his own culture based on love and acceptance. He develops his individual culture as a rebellion against the greediness, ferocity, and triviality popularized by media, which has discolored the values promoted by popular culture. Morrie inspires Mitch to free himself of this immoral, tyrannical culture in support of his own, and when he does that he starts to reconsider his life and re-experience contentment. Analysis One of the most profound messages elaborated by Morrie is that we are all waves in a boundless ocean, but we should not be afraid of crashing into the shore. Instead, we should embrace our inner self and focus on understanding that we are a part of the ocean as a whole and not just a little helpless wave. Another beautiful idea developed by Morrie establishes that people bury themselves in work, money, and ambition, but they never stand back and ask themselves if that was what they wanted. People get lost in routine and have a hard time coming back, that’s why Morrie cries out to Mitch, knowing he is afraid of showing or receiving love and worries about mistaken things that, in fact, are not that important. The most important message delivered by Morrie is a lovely story about an imaginary bird. You put it on your shoulder and ask it every day whether your day has come and you can die peacefully. Every other day you ask yourself if you are the person you want to be. The moral of the story is that if we accept the fact that we can die at any time, we will lead our lives differently. If you have a bird on your shoulder, you will not put off the things closest to your heart. If you have found meaning in your life, you don’t want to go back, because you are eager to go forward. Morrie questions the importance of spirituality and the ability of a person to love and be loved. He, in reality, sees the meaning of life in love: On condition that we can love each other, and reminisce about the feeling of love we had, we can pass away without ever actually passing away. All the love you gave still exists. All the reminiscences are still
Many parents in their bid to show their love to their children end up overdoing it to the extent of missing their real intentions. In their quest to shower their children with their undying love, they tend to overdo it to the point that the children end up being pampered rather than loved. The final result of such actions is a child who behaves like a tyrannical king who has his parents at his beck and call. The resulting child will be a spoiled brat who would end up being a spoiled adult with unsavory behaviors such as selfishness, greed and, in some cases, throwing of tantrums among other despicable behaviors. Thus, it is important for parents to take appropriate measures to avoid such situations that will lead to a spoiled adult who will be an enemy to many people in society. In case appropriate measures are not taken, and the child becomes a brat, there is a need for the parent to handle the spoiled child appropriately. This will necessitate a character change at an early age before adulthood sets in which will spell doom to both parties and the society at large. One of the reasons why many parents end up spoiling their children is the innate urge to always try and please their children by giving gifts almost every day. This behavior is so popular that the children have begun believing that they are entitled to having those gifts. Thus, failure of the parents to present the gifts will lead to the throwing of tantrums, sulking and ‘strike’. The parents in their bid to show how much they love their children have ended up pampering and inculcating a belief that these gifts are their constitutional rights of some sort. However, in order to bring a child who will earn the respect of the society at present and in the future, it is important for the parents to reverse this trend in spoiled brats by making them earn those presents. The gifts should be rewards for completing specified tasks or for good conduct. This will remove the attitude of entitlement prevalent in spoiled children and inculcate in them the spirit and attitude of hard work which will be rewarded thereby bringing a sense of pride not only to the child in question but also to the parent. Moreover, parents who are raising spoiled children should learn to be inconsistent in terms of meting out the appropriate punishment for any wrongdoing. Children who are o
Mixed Measurement Model of Accounting and Reasons to Use It The main reason for the use of the mixed measurement model is flexibility. Under this model, the various bases of measurement are used in different degrees and varying combinations to prepare the financial statements. The use of a mixed model is also important because of the different situations that companies find themselves in. This approach is vital but very subjective. Thus, it requires professional judgment and ethics when using the various bases (Walton and Aerts 79). Under the historical cost basis, assets and liabilities are recorded in the books of account at the price which they were acquired. Therefore, the initial cost is used as the fundamental measurement criterion and only takes into account realized revenues. That is, where cash has been received or a reliable undertaking to pay cash has been obtained. Any gains or losses that are realized under historical cost basis are included in the income statement. An example of an account is property, plant, and equipment. Under current value, assets and liabilities are valued at the price which they can be traded or settled as of the current date. This model is important because the financial statements should give information that resonates with the present business condition. Examples of accounts under this model are future contracts and derivatives. Some other assets and liabilities are valued using the mixed measurement model. Examples are assets that have longer lives such as bank loans when the company intends to hold them for collecting cash flows (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 231). Earnings Management Earnings management is a deliberate action by the executive to manipulate the financial statements. The figures are always manipulated so that they can show predetermined and not the actual results. Some of the methods that are used by the management are legal but not ethical. Accountants manipulate the financial records within the limitations of the accounting standards. Therefore, accountants make use of these standards to influence the results so that the earnings can reach the expected level. One of the main motives of earnings management is its smoothing of the returns. Therefore, it is used by the management to maintain steady earnings growth or to avoid reporting undesired results. This is due to both internal and external pressures. Thus, it is a tool that is used by the management to maximize the value of the firm. Some of the other motives are incentives in the stock market, hinting and hiding private information, personal and internal motives, and regulatory and lending contract motives. The first earnings management technique is the ‘cookie jar reserve’ technique, which deals with estimations of future earnings. The second approach is the ‘Big Bath’ technique and it involves writing down assets, alteration of ope
The waterfall model has fixed sequences for developing software for organizations. The model assumes that the process of developing software should flow steadily through several phases until the last phase. The development of software assumes a sequential manner in this model. One cannot proceed to the next phase until the current phase is complete. It has discrete phases, which do not allow developers to move randomly across different phases. It is important to note that the developer must ensure product security assurance at all phases of the life cycle of the product when using the waterfall model. The waterfall model is useful for developing complex applications for large organizations like banks. The waterfall model saves time in large projects. Engineers spend much time at the early phase of the project to ensure that every requirement and design phases are completely correct. Thus, it saves time later. In large projects, the developer must define both the starting point and the end of the project. Milestone is useful for showing the project progress. Moreover, the need to define requirements and design ensures that the project remains on schedule and meets the customer’s expectations. The linear nature of the model provides simplicity in structure, which is logical, discrete, and simple to comprehend. Thus, customers can understand various stages of the product development. The waterfall model provides stability for large organizations, which require stable, trusted, and secure products because the product’s requirements are not likely to change for a long time. Moreover, the model is suitable for large organizations because the developer and the customer can determine and evaluate any possible risks before the implementation stage. On the other hand, the waterfall model consumes much time in large projects. For instance, the developer must get requirements and the design right before the development starts. The
Introduction In literature, writing back is a style where authors use their experiences and historical time lines to bring into light some of the cross cutting social issues within the context of the society of the time. Usually, the authors have the ability to point out various issues that they believe were not well addressed by the social, political and economic institutions. This is specifically so when the issues relates directly to their lives. Typical of this style of writing is the portrayal of social groups whose voices were not considered in the mainstream society. Queer voices have been oppressed in the past and as such, most writers who have experienced this oppression have found it necessary to write back. The oppression of social groups along the lines of gender, race, class and sexuality has been common. This paper seeks to make a comparison of Sarah Waters’ story, Tipping the Velvet and other British Literature texts used in this course. Comparison of Waters’ works and Other Works The story, Tipping the Velvet centers its themes on the queer voices of lesbians during the Victorian era. This period was typical discrimination of young women based on their sexual orientation. In fact, it was a criminal offense for the lesbians to come out openly due to the fear of victimization and punishment from the authorities (Waters 45). However, this did not imply that the lesbians were non-existent. In fact, they lived within the society and could not raise their voices to appraise the social system. It is apparent therefore that the author writes back to recall the unheard voices of the lesbians in the 19 th century. She appraises the social structures that allowed women to be victimized. Her literary work is similar to many works that authors have written to give a voice to the voiceless in the society. In many ways, Tipping the Velvet can compare with the book, “ A Room of One’s Own ” that was written by Virginia Woolf. The latter book focuses on gender issues where women are oppressed and gives an impression of queer voices that were pertinent during the past of the British society (Wood 9). In her book, Woolf emphasizes on the plight of women who were not allowed to participate in creative literature. Like in Tipping the Velvet , women’s access to education was the main theme around which the story revolves. Wood says that the two authors have also experienced similar woes owing to their respective sources of discrimination (26). While Woolf was never allowed an education opportunity despite her father being well able to provide for her, Waters has an experience of facing discrimination due to her sexual orientation. In medieval British society, Woolf explicates that entry to the field of fiction writing was a challenge for women living in the Britain. The rationale was that the access to the field of writing where women could be able to own property and have sources of income was mainly a men’s specialty (Kendler 36). As an author, Woolf was a critic and she felt that her understanding of literature as a woman was not well a
Introduction Leadership is a process whereby a person influences other persons in order to accomplish given objectives and give directions to an organization in a manner that is appealing and coherent with all. Leadership has a specific driving force that is aimed at achieving a common goal at the end of all undertakings of an organization. In achieving a common goal, leaders make use of process leadership which is applicable to their knowledge and skills, and trait leadership, which influences actions that we take in life. Moreover, leadership has several theories that tend to elaborate much on what leadership entails. The main theories include servant, authentic, ethical and felt leadership theories, among others (Northouse, 2007). Servant leadership and its characteristics Servant leadership is a leadership style that puts emphasis on service provision by a leader. In addition, servant leadership is culminated from the desire to serve rather than to lead. In practicing servant leadership, a leader considers the need to serve in the first place, then the aspiration to lead follows. Servant leadership takes care of making sure that the needs of the people are the first and highest priority to any other priority. Characteristics of servant leadership include listening to others. In order for a servant leader to help his people in identifying and clarifying their will, it is important that he/she listens to them receptively. Another characteristic of a servant leadership is exercising empathy whereby a servant leader strives to get to know people and empathize with them. The next characteristic is awareness, thus, the leader should be aware of his/her general environment with special concern to self-awareness. Servant leadership also takes into account commitment to growth of others. Lastly, servant leadership emphasizes the concern of building a community and stewardship (Greenleaf, 2008). Greenleaf’s perspective on servant leadership According to Greenleaf, practicing servant leadership is applicable to two fronts, one of them is a natural feeling to serve others as a first priority, and then the conscious choice that brings the aspiration to lead. Moreover, he explains that the principal tenet of a leader in the servant leadership is to serve his followers. In all this duty of serving others, the leader’s key role is to develop and support team members in achieving their potential to deliver their best. In addition, he considers servant leaders as humble stewards in developing their organization’s capabilities and resources (Greenleaf, 1977). Authentic, ethical, and felt lead
Introduction The world of ancient Greeks is full of mythological implementation that is described in the cultural peculiarities and beliefs of these people. The meaning of arête (manly virtue) is also significant for ancient Greeks, as warlike people. On the other hand, the works of ancient imaginative literature are full of scenes of manly deeds of brave heroes. Homer, Euripides, Sophocles, and other ancient writers and playwrights tried to manifest the real virtues of a man. It was their destination. Moreover, such philosophers as Plato tried to estimate manly virtue by looking at the ideal society described in his works. Moreover, Plato insisted on the tripartite unity of a man in his courage and brevity. All these points along with some glimpses of other ancient writers are described in this paper. Thus, the manly virtue of ancient Greeks was an attribute of the male and female parts of the society that was implemented since childhood and related to the norms of ethics and aesthetics. The concept of arête (manly virtue) appears in Ancient Greece with the emergence of the aristocracy (800-700 BC) and with Homer’s creation of The Iliad and Odyssey (750-700 BC) (Inyang 51). In this respect, it is vital to admit that the concept of manly virtue was considered not solely with men. It concerned also women. Sophocles and Euripides attempted to illustrate the moderate attitude of women in the ancient society of Greeks. Such general strokes need more evaluation from the artistic, philosophical, and historical viewpoints. Greek Mythology is an Important Part of World Culture First of all, it is vital to mention that Greece is fairly considered to be a cradle of philosophical, ethical, aesthetical, and cultural thought. Ancient Greece is graceful for its moral coloring of the society. It is here that civilization appears and impacts further generations of people living in Europe and across the world. Thus, an observer should pay more attention to the heritage of Ancient Greece. Multiple artifacts and historical data point out the highest role of social and moral virtues according to ancient Greeks. Their role for modern humanity is viable due to so many features and norms that the Western world loaned from the ideals of Ancient Greece. It is no wonder that science, art, and philosophy were interwoven in Greek society serving for making progress in it. That is why the reason was above all for ancient Greeks. Their tries and their efforts were directed to securing their attainments in art, social affairs, philosophy, and warfare. That is why the concept of arête was rather significant, as an innovation of Greeks. Manly virtue (arête) is known to etymologically have grown out of two words Andreia (courage or manliness) and Andres (men) (Kochin 19). This notion identifies the excellence of men in their everyday life. It is not considered to be an automatically acquired virtue. It should have been demonstrated in practice. Manly virtue was rather a gorgeous virtue that was related to what Homer depicted in his brilliant works. Hence, the participation of gods in a man’s life is apparent when a person possesses manl