ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Peplau’s theory of interpersonal communication is one of the most influential works in nursing practice and can be traced to many modern theories and healthcare policies. Being initially devised for application in psychiatric nursing practice, it has since found implementation in many fields of healthcare, including nursing practice, education, administration, and research thanks to its scalability, flexibility, and comprehensibility. Despite several limitations, it has a potential for reshaping APRN practice in general and is expected to improve outcomes in specific aspects such as medication prescription, preparation, and administration. Introduction of Theorist and Theory Hildegard Peplau was born in Reading, Pennsylvania in 1909, in the family of German descent (Snowden, Donnell, & Duffy, 2014). By the time she was able to pursue a nursing career, the nursing profession was primarily restricted to simple supportive tasks and did not emphasize communication. In 1931, Peplau graduated in the Pottstown Pennsylvania School of Nursing. From then on, her primary interest was in the psychology of interpersonal communication. In 1943 she earned a bachelor’s degree in interpersonal psychology at Bennington College followed by a master’s and a doctoral degree from Columbia University in New York in 1947 (Snowden et al., 2014). Roughly in this period she first looked to extend the nursing practice to the communication domain. The main idea behind her early work was that nurses could be of greater help to patients if their tasks go beyond simple cleaning and laundry duties. Another notable contribution to the shaping of her theory was her involvement in the transformation of the American mental health system following the introduction of the National Mental Health Act of 1946. Her seminal work, Interpersonal relations in nursing, which laid out the foundations of her theory, was published in 1952. Importantly, despite bearing a resemblance to the conceptual framework, it is referred to as a theory since it is testable (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). It is also important to note that while it has a wide scope of application, it is recognized as a middle-range theory by most scholars and was initially defined as such by Peplau herself, describing it as “a partial theory for the practice of nursing as an interpersonal concept” (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 139). Support Theory Peplau’s theory is based on several psychological and social concepts, most prominently those by Neal Elger Miller and Abraham Maslow. The one which plays a central role and is used as support theory is Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of personality. Its notions form a basis for Peplau’s work since the latter relies heavily on the interaction with peers. Sullivan’s basic premise is that human personality develops based on the interaction with the surrounding individuals. In other words, personality requires a social environment to be shaped. Peplau utilizes this principle to shift the attention of nursing practitioners from mechanistic and utilitarian tasks to commu
In this intellectual disability case study, the author looks at designing an education curriculum for Meagan, a 14-year-old student. Introduction There are numerous interventions that have been designed to enable students with intellectual disability better cope with their condition. Most of these interventions have been hinged on the principle that respective educational programs should be tailored to complement the students’ strengths, and to supplement their weaknesses. This is the same principle underlying the functioning of the K12 educational principle because it is centered on meeting individual student needs (K12 Inc. 2011, p. 1). The K12 educational paradigm mostly works through online communication but it has been seen to offer a lot of advantages to students with unique disabilities. For instance, the educational methodology is known to provide rich, challenging and engaging content; an individualized learning plan; a learning coach; and cutting-edge technology in the provision of the best learning outcomes for intellectually disabled students (K12 Inc. 2011, p. 1). When educating students with intellectual disabilities, it should be understood that, students are bound to have trouble in learning, retaining information and understanding information (Pearson Education Inc. 2011, p. 2). Educators have often experienced such challenges, but comprehensively, there is a consensus among most stakeholders that it is vital to make accommodations for certain groups of students, and it is also crucial to make curriculum modifications for other students. In this regard, there seems to be a lack of consensus in coming up with one formula for handling students with intellectual disability. This is the main framework for the advancement of this paper because this paper focuses on developing curriculum adjustments for a young man, Meagan. Meagan is 14 years old and has had a history of intellectual disability. This paper analyzes various dynamics of Meagan’s life, with the intention of making curriculum adjustments to provide an effective framework for learning. To provide a good backdrop for the development of a good framework for learning, several aspects of Meagan’s life will be analyzed. These aspects include his family background, personal history, personal skills and personal abilities. These factors will be analyzed systematically. Comprehensively, this analysis will be do
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to business activities and practices that organizations participate in for the benefit of the society. These activities do not bring any revenue or profits. CSR in the UAE encompasses a variety of practices ranging from charity work to giving away part of company revenues. CSR has gained increased attention in the last decade primarily due to the influence of globalization. Studies show that CSR in the UAE is shifting from philanthropy-based practices to more expansive strategies that aim to attract customers and improve societies. The three main forms of CSR in the UAE include emiritization, corporate philanthropy, and environment. Activities that promote emiritization include education, hiring, training, and skills development. One of the main challenges in the UAE is unemployment. The World Bank has identified unemployment as the main development barrier in the Gulf Countries. As a result, many countries have created initiatives in the private and public sectors to promote the creation of job opportunities. Several organizations are providing education, training and development, and career counseling to young people. For instance, TANMIA helps young people find employment by reducing the number of foreign workers in the UAE and increasing the number of youths qualified for jobs. Other companies are trying to increase the number of women in the workforce by finding ways around the religious and cultural limitations that prevent them from getting jobs. Corporate philanthropy is a very common form of
The development of any organization largely depends on the employees’ behavior. Managers have to shape employees’ behavior trying to make them behave in a desirable way and stop undesirable behaviors. Managers often use four strategies of reinforcement that include positive and negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive Reinforcement It is necessary to note that positive reinforcement is often regarded as the most effective and the most desirable. Managers are encouraged to use this kind of reinforcement as it improves employees’ motivation (Martin and Pear 33). Some strategies associated with this kind of reinforcement include recognition and approval, praise and encouragement, bonuses and rewards, promotion and benefits, and so on (DuBrin 59). However, to make these methods effective, it is important to provide the positive reinforcement with the appropriate frequency (Gomez-Mejia et al. 44). If the manager praises the employee too often, this individual may stop appreciating this and stop behaving in a desirable way. Nevertheless, if the manager uses the positive reinforcement only occasionally, employees may feel unmotivated, and the turnover can be high (Gomez-Mejia et al. 44). Negative Reinforcement This form of reinforcement is often used to change the undesirable behavior. It is necessary to remember that it is not punishment, but it is possible to see it as a certain kind of punishment withholding (DuBrin 59). For example, if the manager notices some undesirable behavior, he/she can discuss it with the employee and warn him/her about possible demotion or even discharge. If the behavior changes, the employee will not be punished, but if the employee behaves in the same way, it is possible to choose some type of punishment. Punishment Punishment is often regarded as an undesirable reinforcement strategy as it may have a negative effect on employees’ motivation. Managers can use many types of punishment. For example, some types of punishment are severe criticism, suspension, probation, fines, demotion, withdrawal of benefits, undesirable tasks, and so on (DuBrin 59). The type of punishment depends on the employee and the behavior to be changed. Some mild misbehavior does not need severe punishment as it can have an opposite effect, and the undesirable behavior will not disappear but will intensify. If the punishment imposed is not successful and the undesirable behavior is still present, the manager can use the fourth type of reinforcement. Extinction The final type of reinforcement is extinction (Martin and Pear 33). This is the most unpopular type as it is often associated with negative emotions and unhealthy environment in the organization. Extinction is often associated with discharge, and it is mainly used with the most negative and undesirable behaviors. For example, if the manager wants to make the undesirable behavior disappear, it is possible to fire the employee. Clearly, it is mainly used if the negative reinforcement and punishment have not been effective. Conclusion In conclusio
The present paper is a response to the discussion concerning the reasons for the global financial crisis in 2008 – 2009. The central point of the argument is that the real estate market in the US and the policy called “trailer park lending” was the main reason for the worldwide economic crisis (Öniş & Kutlay, 2012). I agree with the statement and understand that one of the major driving forces of the issue was the situation with questionable home lending practices. Recent studies by Hausman and Johnston (2014) and Feldkircher (2014) confirm the matter. However, the lack of economic innovations, pre-crisis credit growth, and the absence of international reserves also contributed to the matter. First, the innovation deficit leads to an inevitable decline in any country’s economics. According to Hausman and Johnston (2014), the US invested less money into innovation, creating an advanced technology trade deficit in the years before the global financial crisis. The matter led to a failure in adapting to a new reality the economic culture had created, worsening the consequences of the issue. Second, the macroeconomic picture must be considered to acquire a wider appreciation of the problem. Feldkircher (2014) documented an increase in the borrowings of the private sector during the pre-crisis period and connected the issue with the financial collapse. Countries with increased credit growth and considerable exposure to external funding were affected more severely. Finally, the studies show that the availability of international reserves can mitigate “the harmful effects of financial stress on the real economy, in particular when domestic funding via credit is abundant” (Feldkircher, 2014, p. 1). In conclusion, the real estate market collapsing in the US is one of the main reasons for the global financial crisis outbreak; however, other causes must be considered to acquire a holistic view of the problem.
Introduction The current prevailing market within publishing industry experiences tremendous revolutions as a result of changing technological trends. Level of production of e-books as well as readers are considered crucial issues causing digital disruption within publishing industry. This is since such issues induce consumers to change their reading as well as purchasing behaviours. Considerably, same consumers within the industry’s market are served by same pricing practices. Introduction of new technologies have the potential of causing radical alterations within crucial societal sectors. This is since it leads to industry crisis hence creation of changes within market structure, global scope as well as vertical integration. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012), potentiality of market can be identified through the kind of people or organizations willing to purchase a given product or service. There are basically four consequent results believed to impact such new introductions, these include; incremental, modular, architectural as well as radical innovations. At the same time, radical innovations within such companies may result into benefits at the expense of non-beneficial externalities (Henderson and Clark, 1990). SWOT analysis for the company Strength The company have strong economic models, however, restructuring model of publishing books within the company, could lead to complex changes within manufacturing process. This is since the process requires examination of alternative economic models for the purposes of transferring and remitting intellectual property through medium of the e-book. At the same time there is presence of strong management team within traditional publishing channel. Weaknesses Introduction of e-book option within company’s production system requires the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM). However, the company’s traditional print publishing model provides linear and direct flow of books from author, publisher, wholesaler, bookstore retailer and finally the reader. This would provide difficulties since in digital publishing model supply chain follows a web model providing different numbers and types of players. Digital Publishing model (DPM) would lead to avoidanc
The ultimate social system for mankind is liberal democracy combined with capitalism It is imperative to mention that I agree with the idea that a combination of capitalism and liberal democracy is the best possible social system, because it has numerous benefits. However, its weaknesses should also be acknowledged. For instance, it is suggested that minorities and majorities have different views on particular topics, and this may lead to tension. Many scholars dislike capitalism, but it has proven to be efficient. The disparity in earnings is significant, and growing inequality may be problematic in the long term. However, the situation may be resolved if an appropriate course of actions is taken. It is suggested that the combination of these ideologies enhances the freedoms of individuals, and allows the economy of the country to develop at a rapid rate (Seip and Harper Jr. 122). The theory of comparative advantage in international trade is not helpful for developing countries trying to advance their levels of development I disagree with the idea that the theory of comparative advantage does not help developing countries to advance, and I think that it is an essential aspect of international trade. Moreover, the utilization of this strategy has led to expansion. However, a country should not specialize only in particular products, and it can be seen that the importation of other types of goods may also lead to significant profits. On the other hand, several limitations of this framework should also be highlighted. For example, customer preferences vary from one region to another, and it is nearly impossible to develop a universal product. However, history has shown that exceptions are possible. Some scholars suggest that aspects of global trade have changed over the years, but this concept still may be applied (Schumacher 46). Comparative advantage should no longer focus on products, and such factors as employee skills, education, and knowledge should also be measured (Hunt 361). Overall, it is possible to state that the theory is quite reasonable, but needs to be combined with other strategies to achieve the best results. Growing inequality is a threat to democracy I have to agree with the statement that an increase in inequality should be regarded as a tremendous threat to democracy, because individuals who have access to enormous resources are becoming much more influential. The level of control that
The first property that determines how materials are universally classified is the atoms that make up the material. These atoms are neutrons, protons, and electrons. Most materials in their elementary form are neutral since the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. At the same time, those that are in a compound form are the ones that have a combination of two or more elements. The second property is how different atoms making up the material are arranged in it; since various materials have a different arrangement of atoms. Thus, some are more compact than others. This is evident in the three states of matter that is: liquid, gas, and solid. The third property is how atoms are bonded within the material itself. There are two types of bonding, in particular, covalent and ionic bonding. The first type involves sharing of the valence electrons in the material, while ionic bonding is the process where acceptance and donation of valence electrons between the atoms are present (Nils 2010). A semiconductor is a material that is able to exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals such that they act as both insulators and, at the same time, have the ability to conduct electrons. The use of silicon based semiconductors revolutionized the field of computing due to their ability to change their level of conductivity by a process known as doping. It refers to the addition of impurities in the silicon semiconductor that alters its conductivity. The application of semiconductors led to the invention of different miniature electrical components such as transistors and the integrated circuits. These devices possessed the ability to amplify signals, for example, the operational amplifier which is an integrated circuit. They also had the ability to switch and convert signals from one form to another. These aforementioned properties of the silicon based semiconductor impacted on the advancement of the computer which became smaller, faster, and more efficient. Hence, the computers we use today are very different and far much better than the initial variants. The earlier computers used to consume a lot of heat. This feature has been rectified with the new generation of computers that consume less power have the ability to cool when heated. All these features are possible thanks to the invention of the silicon based semiconductor. Nowadays, the field of computing is complex and more efficient. For example, cell phones, laptops, tablets, and notebooks were created due to the revolution experienced as a result of the silicon based semiconductor. The robot systems are being used today in almost all industries and have led to reduced workload as well as fast and efficient production of goods. Microchips are mi
Deliberate strategy is structured and properly planned before the implementation process while emergent strategy is characterised by direct activities that are not meant to address any prior plan. Different scholars have engaged in debates to ascertain which of the two strategies is better. Firms that are more stable and willing to dominate the market prefer deliberate strategy while those that are unstable and flexible prefer emergent version. Deliberate strategy emphasises on structural plan that is common to the institutions with hierarchal power distance systems, where all activities carried out by the organisation must be discussed and approved (Glavin, Haidar, Hill and Jones, 2007). Deliberate strategy is an outline of how objectives will be carried out so as to satisfy the overall objective effectively. On the other hand, the emergent strategy is best in unstable environment when the planning process is seen as time consuming and a limit to profitability. The management allows free actions without formalities at different scenarios. Studies, however, postulate that a combination of the two strategies would be more effective. For instance, the organisation would cope better with the fluctuations in the case of emergent strategy. Consequently, the adoption of deliberate approach would ensure that the firm prepares adequately for the implementation plan. Even if emergent strategy emphasis is on the approach to cope with all scenarios, the deliberate strategy equally promotes preparedness of the firm for implementation process (Scheer, 2007). Philip Sim & Associates is a stable firm that adopts both deliberate and emergent strategy. Due to economic situation in Australia, the firm has planned to increase its coverage rate by moving to Asia. This has been based on deliberate strategy as evidenced by the SWOT analysis that is well spelt in the plan strategy. The cultural plan that is meant to attract more Chinese clients is being implemented. Further, the lawyers in the firm are familiarising themselves with Chinese culture as a plan before they can go ahead to establish their firm in Asia. This will help the lawyers to properly understand and appreciate the culture of Chinese thereby increasing their competitive advantage. Studies show that deliberate strategy identifies challenges before actual implementation stage which reduces the chances of failure in realisation of the set goals. Further in case of failure, the organisation will be able to identify the cause as opposed to a situation where there was no plan at all (Jacob, Simms and Welch, 2009). Philip Sim & Associates faces competition from the larger firms and would have to adopt emergent strategy. This is because the strategy is less time consuming as the activities are directed to solve a problem or match the competition without following any form of plan. The corporate emphasises on employing more lawyers who are familiar with the Chinese culture with no formal plan or pre test. The strategy of employing more Chi