ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Quasi market procurement is a system in which governments buy public services from non-public establishments, such as not-for-profit and voluntary organisations, on behalf of users. Governments use this approach to introduce free market principles of price and quality in the provision of public services. In the United Kingdom, the system has yielded mixed results from various industries, of which the education and health sectors have been the most prominent. One of the key theorists within this field, LeGrand (2001: 4), states that quasi market procurement is expected to lead to greater efficiency. However, Fisher (1998: 11) adds that too much emphasis on the motives of the supplier and the buyer undermine user interests, and hence efficiency. Cooper (2009: 339) explains that the method of procurement enhances responsiveness. However, this may not always happen when large suppliers monopolise the demand and procurement of purchasers (LeGrand, 2011: A3). Quality can improve through innovation, but this may also be undermined by opportunistic behaviour (Propper et. al., 2008: 59). Moral hazards and adverse selection can both lead to unwanted outcomes (LeGrand & Bartlett, 1993: 6). Moreover, quasi markets boost choice by driving down costs and increasing competiveness on the basis of price (LeGrand, 2001: 22). Maintenance of close relationships between suppliers and buyers can neutralise this effect (Grout, 2009: 5). This may enhance equity by availing alternatives to users, however creaming and parking could counteract those gains (Brighouse, 2000: 103). The above theory will be applied to a case study of the Department of Work and Pensions’ Work Programme, which started in 2011 (Newton et. al., 2012: 33). This paper will start with a definition of key terms, an outline of key theories in the school of thought. Thereafter, some prerequisites to effective quasi market procurement will be examined, and these findings will be applied on the case study. Finally, a conclusion on whether evidence supports quasi market procurement will be given. Theory Definition of quasi market procurement Government procurement is the process by which public sector organisations purchase public services from providers. These providers may include non-profit institutions, voluntary organisations, self employed business persons and the private sector. When markets operate within the public sector, they are a means to an end, not a replacement of the public sector. This means that the government will finance services and it can still maintain its role as provider (LeGrand, 2001: 15). In the United Kingdo
Introduction The mean and standard deviation of the data is: Mean= 68.6316 SDV= 3.6547 The most often used metric of central tendency is the mean. The height of all the students I measure ranges within the mean (Tapli Et al., 2017). The mean is the average of the number of people’s height divided by the number. With the height of 67, my height is slightly below the average. Background Information on the Group of People Sampling method The process utilized to pick participants is referred to as random selection. (Etikan, 2017). For instance, one might use randomization to acquire 10 individuals by picking names randomly from the group obtained. Location of the Study Up country-Texas This place has childhood peers and their friends who were willing to take part in the assessment. Age Ranges of the Participants The age range of these participants was between 20-30 years. Each Gender This study had an equal number of boys and girls. The girls were shorter than the boy basing on the data that was obtained. It helped in having a gender-sensitive research which was done with the right approach to find the result. Lastly, this has helped in improving the accuracy of the analysis as it is based on actual data obtained (Grogan, 2018). Interesting Factors Short boys were laughed at by their peers who felt they might not find life partners for not being tall. The boys were generally stubborn to get their height as they felt they might look small before the girl. This group is united despite the diversity within its members as many are from different ethnicity but we still correlate. Furthermore, conflict of ideas will always develop as people have different kind of thinking. It is hard to break up this bond between these groups as many as supportive of each other. The 68%, 95%, And 99.7% Values Of the Empirical Rule In Terms Of the 20 Heights in the Height Study What Do These Values Tell You? It indicates 95% of my observations will fall under 2 standard deviations from the average μ. And 90% of observations are said to be 7 percent (Schanzenbach & Sitkoff, 2017). Overview of the Lab Report In this lab assessment, data from a certain group of people in town x was used. This information was collected through measurement of height to find accurate heights of the participants. In the group there were six girls and four boys. Lastly, the teacher’s data of 62, 65, 65, 65, 66, 67, 67, 68, 72, and 75 will be used to complete the assignment Assessment 1: Finding Mean and Standard Division Of The Group. Data                                                           68      Mean                           68.6842                 69      Median                         69.0000                 69      Mode                           69.0000  69  69  69  69 69      Sample Variance                12.3392                 70      Sample Standard Deviation      3.5127                  69      Population Variance            11.6898                 70      Population Standard Deviation  3.4190
Introduction Overview Interpersonal communication is a common aspect of our life, occurring during all the stages of development. Communication as of the aspects involved in the continuum of personal relationships plays an important role. We all are involved in personal relationships in some way, being in the middle, starting one, or ending it. We have personal relationships which differ in their type, nature, and longevity. All personal relationships share a common aspect, which is its reliance on communication. The places in which such communication occurs play a role in determining their nature and the way they further unfold. In that regard, it can be stated that some of the places might be perceived incompatible for some types of relationships. Taking romantic relationships in focus, such locations as fast-food restaurants, it can be stated that such places do not provide a favorable environment for the development of such relationships, specifically in terms of such processes as listening and responding. Purpose In the present essay, the chain of fast-food restaurants McDonald’s was selected as an example for analyzing communication in romantic relationships, through the lens of such processes as listening and responding. The essay states that the environment in McDonald’s produces many factors that hinder listening and responding, which creates an atmosphere that is not favorable for the development of romantic relations during their various stages. Analysis Romantic Relations Romantic relationships are many other types of personal relationships, and accordingly, they share the main characteristics, i.e. uniqueness, commitment, and being guided by rules that govern the way the partners in a relationship communicate and interpret each other’s communications (Wood, 2007, p. 210). Romantic relationships follow a certain evolutionary path which is divided into many phases, each of which in turn, can have more specific stages of evolution. In each of the stages, different types of communication occur. The basis for the thesis of this essay is that communication, in general, is systemic, i.e. the context affects what happens when people transact (Wood, 2007, p. 218). Thus, McDonald’s is taken more of a context, rather than a location, in which certain patterns of communication might occur. The stages that can be outlined are related to those in which the relationship begins to form and develop. Although communication is important at all the stages and phases of a relationship, the focus on the escalating phase is considered in this paper. The formation of the communication processes is based on the way listening and responding occurs during communication. Listening and Responding The importance of listening and responding in romantic relationships cannot be overmatched. Self-disclosure, the sharing of thoughts, emotions, and experiences with each other are important communicative demands entailed by close friendships (Wadman, Durkin, & Conti-Ramsden, 2011, p. 42). Exploring commun
Introduction The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a major source of income for a majority of economies across the world. Developed nations like the United States of America have an astounding percentage of their staggering economic totals annually coming from foreign investments whether from those that are based in the United States or the returns and royalties of their multiple firms abroad. FDI inflows and outflows can largely determine who dictates the terms of in the international economic arena based on one’s financial muscles. For this reason, governments of countries with rich histories of contention or conflicts have set their differences aside and entered into agreements that would foster trade between them and thus enhance their FDI inflow. This move should explain regional treaties on the limitation of barriers on tariffs that are commonly referred to as Free Trade Agreements. The effect of this multinational cooperation lies in the very competitive status of the international market and a country that can successfully make itself attractive enough for investors to consider it as an investment destination, which goes a long way in securing its own economic growth and development. This paper focuses on the impact of FDI on India since 1990. Nevertheless, it begins by issuing a brief overview of FDI history in India since it attained independence in 1947. This segment is helpful in explaining the sudden unparalleled growth of its FDI
Baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and lawn tennis are some of the major sports in the United States. But these activities are not considered as mere games by many Americans. The purpose of sports in their lives is more than its capability to entertain. It is more than an excuse to spend the weekends and holidays. For many Americans, sports is like religion. It is a path to happiness and fulfillment, something that truly captivated their imagination. A sport is also the best way to distract people from the cares of the world. Thus, it must not come as a surprise that professional sports generate billions of dollars in revenue. Athletes are not only celebrities; they are also multi-millionaires. It is no wonder, then, that the search for athletes begins at the High School and collegiate level. But, it has become clear that students must only focus on the enhancement of their skills, they must also focus on their studies. Athletes must learn to value education. This assertion holds true, especially for black students who come from poor families. There is the tendency to focus on sports as means to an end. The mindset must be changed and instead, education must be the means to an end. Sports must be used to enable them to secure a scholarship and once they have that scholarship the goal is to study hard and graduate. However, it has become clear that athletes focus on their chance to earn a spot in a professional sports club. Their major goal is not to receive a diploma but to be drafted in sports clubs that belong to sports organizations like the National Basketball Association. National Hockey League, National Football League and others. Student athletes require assistance and inspiration for them to change their priorities and value education more than their chance to play professional sports. Importance of Education The physical body requires training in order to be physically fit. The philosophy behind athletics training is to obtain good body structure that fit into the demands of a specific sport. It is about rigorous training that forces the body to accomplish extraordinary physical feats like soaring through the air for a dunk and rushing a hundred yards against tremendous opposition for a touchdown. However, just as the body plays an important part in sports, the psychological aspect of life is also very important. The importance of having a superb mental conditioning among athletes cannot be underestimated. It is also very important for fill the mind with appropriate knowledge in order to develop a skill that can help students land a job outside the sports industry. This issue is important in light of recent findings that the population of student athletes in U.S colleges and universities is increasing on a yearly basis (Simiyu 16). There is major concern over allegations that student athletes receive pref
The purpose of the advertisement and the target market The purpose of the advertisement is to increase sales and form a positive attitude towards the product. The target market lies at the intersection of sparkling water, beverages, and alcoholic drinks. The primary target audience is millennials and people pursuing a healthy lifestyle or aiming at losing weight. Meeting ethical standards in the advertisement Because of the brand’s slogan “made pure,” one gets the impression that the drink is made from “pure” alcohol, which means it is not as harmful as compared to beer or wine. In the analyzed advertising image, the slogan “Good. Clean. Fun” also strives to create in customers the feeling that this is not a harmful alcoholic drink, that is, a product that is harmful to health, but a safe drink that accompanies the life of progressive people (Picture 1). The manufacturer exploits the trend of a healthy lifestyle while hiding the potential and actual disadvantage of the drink – its harm to health. Thus, this advertisement does not meet ethical standards in advertising. Even if freedom of speech can serve as a counterpoint, freedom of choice does not work here as an argument since the buyer is deprived of an accessible and unambiguous message about all the properties of the product. Accordingly, the buyer himself is deprived of the possibility of free choice. Legal issues considering the advertisement In fact, this advertisement does not have any legal issues since the product is promoted utilizing abstract words with semantic validation (Andjelic, 2020). A legal issue would arise if their slogan were “Good. Healthy. Fun”. However, although legally they meet all the Federal Trade Commission expectations, the semantic structure of the slogan still misleads the consumers. Senior business manager’s view on the advertisement My actions would involve a utilitarian viewpoint on ethics: I would assess how much damage my decisions would create. For example, if I decide not to pull an advertisement since it crossed an ethical line, and this decision results in my business’s losses in such a way that I would need to close the company, a lot of employees might suffer from unemployment afterward. Picture 1 Reference Andjelic, A. (2020). The Business of aspiration: How social, cultural, and environmental capital changes brands . Routledge.
In the fourth chapter of their book, Newnan, Eschenbach, and Lavelle build on the ideas presented in chapter three – the basic principles of economic engineering analysis. The chapter introduces the reader to complex problems in economic analysis and presents formulas to work with uniform series cash flows and arithmetic/geometric gradient cash flows. The first portion of the chapter is the “Student solar power” case devoted to engineering students in Indiana who analyze the feasibility of their emergency lighting system using sunlight energy (Newnan et al., 2018, p. 110). After getting acquainted with the case, the readers are supposed to reflect on five questions concerning calculations, the nature of costs, and other practical problems. The next portions of the text are devoted to practical solutions helping to evaluate decisions and the long-term financial outcomes of their implementation. Thus, in the section titled “Uniform series compound interest formulas,” the researchers provide formulas to estimate the expected benefits and costs if there is a uniform series of payments (Newnan et al., 2018, p. 112). Different ways to represent data graphically, including tables for assumptions, are specified and discussed. Step by step, the researchers explain the notion of the uniform series compound amount factor, which allows calculating a future single sum. They also provide practical tips for those using Microsoft Excel for calculations. Thus, the basic Excel functions helping to calculate annuities are listed in a well-organized way. To continue, the section “Cash flows that do not match basic patterns” explains mismatches between different diagrams and ways to avoid this problem (Newnan et al., 2018, p. 120). In particular, some approaches to presenting cash flow diagrams in a standard form are presented and explained with examples. Then, in the section “Economic equivalence viewed as a moment diagram,” the authors use similarities between cash flow diagrams and force diagrams to further illustrate the concept of economic equivalence (Newnan et al., 2018, p. 125). On such diagrams, positive and negative cash flows represent positive and negative forces. This approach to teaching the topic of economic equivalence was developed by Matson and Elizandro more than ten years ago. In the next subsection, “Relationships between compound interest factors,” the authors summarize relationships between compound amount/present worth factors in individual payments (Newnan et al., 2018, p. 127). For the uniform series of payments, relationships between capital recovery and present worth factors and between compound amount and sinking fund factors are established. The following parts of the chapter present new aspects of economic analysis by introducing the notions of arithmetic and geometric gradients. The author
Problems of Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia These days, sleep problems have become a common sight, as people regularly encounter difficulties in this respect. Furthermore, in the context of present-day developments, people tend to sacrifice their rest time in order to perform multiple tasks, and the negative consequences of this behavioral pattern are obvious. For this reason, BBC has introduced a podcast Mysteries of Sleep. Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia. The topic of this audio record is a variety of problems with sleep and their impact on an organism. It is mentioned that they increase the risks of heart failure, stroke, and cancer (Abrahams, 2017). In addition, difficulties with sleep affect cognitive skills, memory, mood, resiliency to stresses, and others (Abrahams, 2017). Therefore, sleep deprivation has a significant influence on both the physical and mental state. Recent explorations and articles in this field may prove this thesis. Tobaldini et al., who are a group of scientists, have published their collective research in 2017. Their work may be considered accurate and relevant to the current innovations, as it covers multiple details in this regard and implies a comprehensive literature review. They highlight, “Short sleep duration is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, arrhythmias, diabetes and obesity” (Tobaldini et al., 2017, para. 1). Other modern scientists Hanson and Huecker introduced their exploration in 2020 and conducted a proper analysis of this topic. They proved the aforementioned conclusion and also paid attention to the impact of sleep deprivation on the mental state. They state that it may lead to anxiety, depression, and psychosis (Hanson & Huecker, 2020). Thus, the importance of sleep problem should not be underestimated. Although sleep is not explored entirely, and there are numerous mysteries in this field, appropriate medications and treatment plans exist. It is crucial to control the sleeping schedule, and in case of serious difficulties, it is advisable to appoint a specialist. These problems are worth being paid attention to, as they affect both the physical and mental states. In addition, they determine the quality of everyday life and health condition. Sources Evaluation Hanson, J.A., & Huecker, M.R. (2020). Sleep deprivation. In StatPearls [eBook edition]. StatPearls Publishing.   * Source Type. This source is the chapter of the book created by the StatPearls group.   * Currency. The last time the book’s content was updated in 2020, which indicates the relevance of the materials. In studying topics, especially in the health sector, it is crucial to choose recent sources published over the past five years.   * Relevancy. The chapter provides a knowledge base that is useful when studying the topic of sleep deprivation. Subsequent sources help to increase the knowledge gained from these materials.   * Authority. StatPearls gr
Background A recent article by Dewaele and Wei (231) regarding the relationship between multilingualism and personality has attracted my attention. In the article, the researchers state that tolerance of ambiguity is the tendency of an individual to see ambiguous situations as desirable or positive. They used a survey of more than 2,000 individuals in examining the relationship between the two phenomena. In their findings, the researchers argue that monolinguals have a significantly low tolerance of ambiguity compared to the bilingual and multilingual people. The authors admit that understanding more than three languages does not necessarily mean that an individual has a high tolerance of ambiguity. However, high scores of tolerance for ambiguity are associated with high proficiency. In their conclusion, Dawaele and Wei state that there are several psychological benefits for the people who speak more than one language, especially in language learning, especially in a person’s later life. I think the article can change our ideas about the acquisition of foreign languages because most of us think that learning a foreign language is a waste of time and resources. Personal conversation stream I think the argument here is somewhat logical. Let us consider two main situations: understanding a foreign language due to social and cultural circumstance and understanding a new language due to personal efforts. Here in Canada, we learn both French and English because of the prevailing social, cultural and geographical circumstances. Our children must learn the two languages because they live in a society where both French and English are national languages. On the other hand, learning a foreign language such as Spanish, Chinese or Arabic is rare in our country. People with some knowledge of a foreign language are considered to be elites. I think this is true because these elites are able to integrate with foreign communities and adapt more quickly than us, because we only understand one or two languages. In my opinion, multilingual individuals are able to live within foreign communities or in foreign countries without struggling to communicate. I think they can tolerate the social and cultural aspects of a foreign group of people because they understand what most of the foreign cultural aspects mean. How does the understanding of a foreign language help one fit in a new environment? We should understand that language is the main social aspect that fosters understanding and the people’s ability to live with each