ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Any research has a particular aim in terms of testing a hypothesis or assessing specific factors. Additionally, it affects people by giving evidence and suggestions regarding issues or a foundation for other researches and examinations. It is essential to understand the implications of each work because researches require resources, both financial and human for accomplishing results. This paper aims to examine the importance of research impact, its effects, types and pathways to achieving it. The Concept of Research Impact Firstly, it is necessary to define the impact and its implications for the various field of research. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the notion signifies “a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person” ( Impact n.d., para. 2). The meaning of impact can be assessed by reviewing the factors that contribute to accomplishing an examination. It can be argued that research impact is any influence that the findings of a study have on the community ( What is research impact? n.d.). Therefore, any scholar aiming to carry out research should consider the effect that his work will have on discipline and society. It is essential to understand that the primary implication of impact is the ability to apply the gained knowledge or new approach in practice. Therefore, one can assess the importance of a particular work by examining stakeholder’s perception of it. For instance, Moed and Halevi (2015) state that citations in peer-reviewed journals prove that a specific article affected a particular field of science. The nature of impact is another critical component, and it varies depending on the discipline and stakeholders that would benefit from it. For instance, some works can affect the public’s perception of a theory or concept, while others would focus on developing specific strategies for resolving issues. This information implies that there is a variety of ways in which a particular study can affect the community. The UK Research and Innovation identifies two types of impact – academic and environmental, which includes the influence on society in general ( Excellence with impact n.d.). The first category consists of the influence that a particular work has on the scientific community, for instance, a new methodology or a theory that enhances an understanding of phenomena. The second component can be measured by reviewing the work from a perspective of the benefits that it brings to people. For instance, a novel approach to manufacturing goods or a different economic model can enhance the operations of organisations, thus presenting a significant impact. However, other categories can be distinguished as well, such as political, scientific, training and health ( Types of impact n.d.). This provides an understanding of the importance of impact because all researches require funding and efforts for completion. Therefore, assessing the effect of scientific works can help improve the quality of research. The primary approach that should guide researchers is a consideration
Auntie Zhu was older than their mother by two years, but she looked a lot older. Mother guessed she did not eat right. She was a bit taller but very thin and gaunt. Her eyes seemed to sink in unless they fixed you and pinned you to the wall like a moth. She and mother had not seen each other for years, since we were south and she was north. Mother tried not to cry, but that lasted about five minutes when Auntie arrived. She was finally allowed to visit. We could not go when the family was allowed to visit in the north after forty years, but Auntie was a talented singer, so she had some privileges. The visit was too short. She was with us for only one week, but we crammed something into every minute we could. Evenings we ate well. Mother was putting on her best. The adults told stories while we kids just listened. This was the famous aunt who played for the ruler of North Korea. She was popular in Pyongyang. She laughed a lot, but her eyes were full of tears. Sometimes she and mother sang very old songs while Aunty played our old upright which mother had paid to have tuned before Auntie’s visit. Some of those songs I learned in school, but some I never heard. I watched them sometimes from my window when they sat on the porch talking so earnestly. They loved each other and they both loved me and my sister. My father asked Auntie to become his second wife. That drew a cuff from mother, but you could see she was pleased that he made Auntie laugh. I always loved to hear a mother sing, but I soon found out why it was Auntie who was famous. Her voice was like the song of the phoenix rising from the ashes. It brought golden warmth into the room. The last night came suddenly after the missing six-day vanished. Auntie had brought small gifts for us. She went home with new clothes, make-up, hair ornaments, and anything else my mother could press on her. She accepted gifts for her children, who had been forced to stay behind as insurance. North Korea wanted Auntie to return voluntarily. She was dressed the same as when she arrived, saying she should not look any better than when she left. She kissed and hugged us all and started to walk away. Then she ran back for one more embrace with mother, and a quick hug for me and my sister. Then she was gone. We had more letters after that than before, until one day they stopped. No letters came for a month, two, then six months, a year. We all believed Auntie was dead. There was a knock and the door revealed Auntie with two girls, one older than me and one just a little younger. Mother could not stop laughing. “I thought you were dead.” Mother brought them all in and took their few meager things in sacks. She made tea and then asked what had happened. Auntie replied, “I was. I was in prison with no books and not good food so they could interrogate me daily about my ideology. Finally, I confessed and they sentenced me to a year. I had been there three years by then. Finally, they wanted my music back and I was let go o
Historical Development This is an underwater tunnel that links South Gloucestershire to Monmouthshire in the UK (Fahey, 2010). South Gloucestershire is located on the west part of England while Monmouthshire is located on the southern part of wales. The tunnel construction began in March 1873. However, the actual tunneling of this project had to wait for commencement in the year 1874. It has a length of 4 miles that have facilitated attainment of global recognition. This recognition arises because it is the longest subaquatic railway line constructed so far. The project was managed by Thomas Walker who was a contractor of the massive project. On the other hand, Sir John Hawkshow was the engineer responsible for the development of the tunnel (Negro, 1998). The route stretching from London to Wales was pretty valuable to the Victorians. In fact, they disregarded an alternative route and used this tunnel to enhance their trade linkages between the two places (Mitchell & Smith, 2004). There were high tides and adverse weather that affected the ferry. These challenges made travelling tedious and risky for the travelers. The challenges became more prevalent between the two land masses that had challenging tides and weather than other sections. Consequently, the Victorians decided to build a tunnel for efficient travelling. The Victorians were renowned engineers because they had some of the most respected engineers at the time. This implies that the Victorians were willing to undertake the ambitious process of constructing a tunnel inconsiderate of the risk involved. However, the Victorians were not aware about the existing underground geological process. Therefore, this magnified their risks because no one else had performed a similar massive project initially. It is, therefore, apparent that the project was a trial and error option in realizing their goals. Since the tunnel construction was commenced, workers were worried about the safety of the process due to the danger of flooding. In fact, the construction encountered a number of springs along the tunneling process that the workers had predicted. These springs were encountered in the sandstone series believed to be Pennant series and New Red series. Thomas Walker described the incidences of this construction. In his description, Thomas anticipated that drilling through the deep-water channel would be the vital part of the project. However, this anticipation did not arise in accordance to Thomas’ predictions. In October 1879, the actual problem began when the drilling process was 130 yards away from completion. This implies that the English shore and the Wales shore were separated by this distance. The problem appeared when the workers tampered with the underground water system termed as hitting the Severn spring by the engineer. The hitting of the Severn Spring arose due to tamperin
Introduction Seeing and looking are two different activities needed to achieve results for a person to try to do something. As such, the difference between these two activities lies in the amount of interest and type of expectation. The degree of looking as opposed to seeing and vice versa can be interrogated in light of the ability to perceive original thought as opposed to a rehearsal or a checklist approach to the development of the mental image in the form of an experience. By quantifying the level of satisfaction by certain amounts of a similar level, it becomes apparent that the value one attaches to a sight they look at is not equal to that of the next or another individual. In fact, the value attached to sight by the first encounter is different from the next and consequent sights of the same. The subsequent viewers are different in attitude, expectation, and impression. Impression Discoverer’s impression of an event or activity depreciates as the event or activity is duplicated, formalized, and revised. Garcia Lopez de Cardena’s impression of the Grand Canyon is full of original first impression experience of the terrain, the air, the atmosphere, and most of all of the beauty of the environment. His value of sight lies in the nakedness of the wild and the native newness founded in the discovery. This can be conceived as what the Grand Canyon truly is and what an exotic experience is attached to it. It is the true value of taking part in the discovery. This value is, however, depreciated and at times devalued by an act, such as government nationalization of the Canyon as a National park with prescribed features rules of discovery and predefined definitions of the experience. “Seeing the Canyon is made even more difficult by what the sightseer does when the moment arrives when the knower confronts the thing to be known. Instead of looking at it, he photographs it” (Percy 5). This deprives them of the actual interaction with the elements in the sight, and they are, therefore, left to create a different experience with the registered list of items in the photograph. It is, therefore, “nearly impossible to see the Grand Canyon apart from the way it has been appropriated by a symbolic complex which has already been formed in the sightseer’s mind” (Neumann p334) The collection of these impressions made while residing in a Lodge comprises of extremely different perceptions of the Canyon and falls short of what it truly is. This includes the artist’s impression of the park as opposed to experience (Kelner 113). This can be cured in three main ways. The first way involves divergence from the beaten path of expectation inexperience. A good example “involves a lifetime of avoiding the beaten track and guided tours” (Percy 9). The second approach is by revisiting the familiar. The approach and method rely heavily on the approach and strategy adopted in registering the experience. Theref
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway condition that is manageable but has the potential to cause severe medical and financial challenges. Its effective management is, therefore, paramount. This is done through adherence to the proven guidelines of management, such as the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria that classify and recommend an effective treatment for each patient group (Fuchs et al., 2018). Additionally, it is essential to consider treatment situations in various special groups such as pediatrics, geriatrics, pregnant and lactating women. COPD is a chronic lung disease that affects the pulmonary. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and limitation in the flow of air through the respiratory system due to abnormalities in both the alveoli and the airway itself (Kim, 2017). The chronic limitation of airflow results from disease of the small airways referred to as obstructive bronchiolitis and parenchymal destruction, known as emphysema (Kim, 2017). The condition is characterized by a stable stage and exacerbations. The management of patients with COPD is based on patient grading that is done using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria that classifies patients into four groups, A to D. This classification is based on spirometry results of tests carried out on patients. The recommendations of the criteria are aimed at reducing symptoms and reducing risks in COPD patients. Treatment mainly focuses on the management of stable COPD and the management of exacerbations in a two-pronged approach. The key medications used in the management of COPD are bronchodilators. These are the short-acting beta-adrenergic such as albuterol (Proair HFA), short-acting antimuscarinics such as ipratropium (Atrovent HFA), and long-acting beta-adrenergic such as formoterol (Foradil). The other group of medications used in COPD is inhaled corticosteroids such as budesonide (Pulmicort flexhaler). The patients are maintained on either one of or a combination of these drugs based on their classification into the GOLD grade criteria algorithm. Exacerbations are classified as either mild, moderate, or severe. Mild exacerbations are managed using short-acting beta-agonists only; moderate exacerbations are handled using a combination of short-acting beta-agonists, antibiotics, and/or oral corticosteroids, while acute exacerbations are managed using the same methods as moderate exacerbations in addition to hospitalization. Patients that are on medications for the management of COPD require regular monitoring of the adverse effects of the medications. Patients prescribed beta-adrenergic drugs are monitored by checking for the development of tremors, nervousness, and palpitation
Introduction One of the worst hotel fires in the history of US happened on 21 st November 1980, when the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, in Las Vegas, Nevada, caught fire. The worst being the fire at Winecoff Hotel, in Atlanta, in 1946 which took 119 lives. The MGM Grand Hotel fire remains as one of the worst disasters in Nevada. As many as 85 people, including guests and hotel employees, were killed and 600 were injured in the fire. The MGM Grand had a big Casino, bars, showrooms and hotels in its huge ground level complex. The hotel was a ‘T’ shaped high-rise building with more than 2,000 guestrooms, built in the 1970’s. The hotel was reported to have about 3,400 guests at the time of the accident. The fire is assumed to have started from a restaurant in the ground complex called the Deli. The reason was a faulty ground in the electrical system which caused a short circuit inside the walls in the Deli. The building lacked an automatic fire alarm and hence there was a delay in discovering the fire. The fire spread rapidly through the Casino. The alarm system to evacuate guests from the top floors did not sound. Although the Clark County Fire department was notified immediately, it took almost four hours to evacuate the guests from the high-rise building. Casualties According to the investigation report prepared by the National Fire Protection Association, USA, 85 lives were lost in the incident. Out of this, 61 bodies were found in the guest rooms and lobbies of the high-rise hotel building and 18 were found in the ground complex in and around the casino. At the time of the fire, approximately 5,000 people were in the hotel and casino. Fire and toxic smoke spread rapidly through the casino and the building. Carbon monoxide was the main cause as smoke rose up easily to the top floors. Many died due to asphyxiation and from major burns on the body surface and carbon monoxide inhalation. Some fire doors were locked trapping people inside the stairways. The victims included both guests as well as hotel employees. More than 600 people were injured and treated for toxic inhalation and extensive burns on the skin (Nevada). Damages to property Though the casualties were found mainly in the top floors of the high rise building, damages due to fire were more in the ground level and the Casino. The hotel lobbies and the casino had materials like PVC wire enclosures, wallpapers, plastic mirrors, light fixtures, plastic parts in elevators etc. which helped the fire to spread and produce toxic gases and debris. These caused major smoke damages to the upper floors of the hotel. The casino, the hall of fame, restaurants and escalators were the worst damaged parts in the building. The Factors Some major factors which caused the fire are lack of proper fire extinguishing units in the building; the vertical openings and enclosures were not of high standard and were unprotected. Smoke
Introduction The objective of this study is to explore the concept of media and its application in child development. The study will therefore highlight some of the effects that accompany the use of televisions and other forms of media in homes and other areas of resident. For better understanding of how televisions and other forms of media such as radios, news papers, letters, posters, emails and public meetings contribute to child development, the study will examine the positive and negative effects or impacts of media in child development. However, people have different understanding of what media is, for instance, many people argue that media use radios and televisions only. Ignoring other forms of media that influence children during their early ages and as they advance in ages is not good especially when a child is about to be negatively influenced (CardWell, 2000). Media is a means of communication used daily by people to pass and receive information. Moreover, media in computerized world refers to the different forms of data storage options include the removable drives such as DVDs, USB drives, CD-R discs, Flash Memory, CD-ROM and Floppy disks among others (CardWell, 2000). In addition to this, a computer takes the form of media since it serves as a Multimedia integration of other types of media for instance, graphics, sounds (Audios) and texts. All these forms of media have different impacts on child development (CardWell, 2000). Discussion Traditional society differs greatly from the modern society based on the types of media used. For instance, in traditional society letters and newspapers were a popular means through which people communicated with each other. The flow of information was therefore slow as compared in modern society. However, technology advancement resulted to the introduction of new means of communications that are faster (of high speed). Therefore, information in modern society spreads from one place to another within a short duration of time because of increased use of high-speed media (Singer, 2001). This explains the reason why the use of media leads to different levels of impact on child development in both traditional and modern society. The absence of various media in traditional society affected child development severely compared to modern society whereby a child exposes to different ways of communication. The study will examine the effects posed by media on child development by analyzing both the positive and
The modern healthcare system’s increased ability to offer quality services has increased the importance of some previously overlooked issues such as organ donation. In today’s scenarios, there exist a wide variety of methods through which people can procure replacement organs. Health institutions are, therefore, hard pressed to ensure that they adhere to the best practices in ensuring that their clients have fair access to legally-procured organs. They must also ensure that these patients are prioritized in a transparent and ethical manner, without affording preferential treatment to any of their cases. Therefore, the bioethics of organ procurement are vital for helping health professionals to meet their mandate to their clients. Donor organs are living tissue and as such, must be handled in ways that preserve their integrity. From the onset, Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) must obtain the donor’s consent before collecting any of their tissue either after death or through surgery in the case of kidney or skin transplants (Howard, Cornell, & Cochran, 2012, p. 14). To achieve this, OPOs coordinate their operations with health institutions to ensure their efficiency. Those OPOs that cannot afford to have in-house specialists to perform organ procurements resort to hiring them through other service providers (Howard et al., 2012, p. 15). Access to these professionals ensures that OPOs can educate the public on organ donation, receive donor information, evaluate individual cases, manage post-mortem scenarios, seek the consent of the donor’s next-of-kin, and contact other health providers to find suitable recipients (Howard et al., 2012, p. 15). Even as OPOs strive to connect willing donors with recipients in need of their tissue, there are some complexities around the receipt of donor tissue. For instance, recipients have to take a long course of immunosuppressant medication to reduce their bodies’ chances of rejecting the donor organs (Ridjic, et al., 2011, p. 108). Resultantly, recipients must be beneficiaries of insurance schemes that will help them shoulder the economic cost of being an organ recipient. Medicare, Medicaid, and the Social Security Retirement system are some government initiatives that assist low-income and elderly patients in accessing post-op immunosuppressant medication (Ridjic, et al., 2011, p. 109). Even so, Medicare’s coverage is limited, and some gaps still exist, which is a disadvantage for many individuals from the recipient pool (Ridjic, et al., 2011, p. 112). Organ disbursement is a complicated process due to the availability of a small number of donor organs compared to th