ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Women have always been fighting to achieve gender equality both at home and at their places of work (Tweed, p. 1). As a result, the number of females in most professions has risen significantly. However, female professionals still rank lower in top management compared to men in the same positions. Additionally, they are fewer compared to their male counterparts across all places of work despite being nearly the same in numbers during graduation. For example, the law enforcement profession was traditionally perceived as a man’s only job by society. Today, more men have infiltrated careers that were traditionally viewed as “feminine careers” compared to women in male dominated jobs. This essay analyzes the experience of females in careers perceived to be manly, in particular, law enforcement. Importantly, women officers in leadership roles are forced to be tougher than men as they will be viewed as “weak” otherwise. Additionally, when the same officer acts more assertively, she is considered to be too domineering (Tweed, p. 4). Socially, female workers are expected to behave in a submissive way when being around their male counterparts. Therefore, women leaders in the police forces are not as respected as their male colleagues. Earning such respect for a woman leader would require more work which is not fair at all. Secondly, the performance reviews for female leaders in the police force mostly get negative ratings even though they use the same styles as men (Tweed, p. 4). The negative sentiments come from the males competing for that particular position. As a consequence, women are disadvantaged in the race for any top leadership positions. Therefore, female leaders have to outperform their male colleagues to get positive credit or even keep their jobs. Thirdly, because of their small sizes, women were seen as unable to work in the force as they were prone to assault (Tweed, p. 7). Consequently, when they w
Jewett’s “A White Heron,” collected in a volume of stories of that title in 1886, is a masterpiece of the genre, a powerful fable playing off the attraction felt by a young girl for a handsome young hunter against the larger love she feels for the natural world. By contrast, Faulkner dramatizes the problem of having a hero too young to grasp a larger moral order by deliberately shifting the narrative perspective outside Sarty’s consciousness at a number of important junctures. Once, when Abner realizes Sarty would have told the truth if given a chance, an authorial voice intrudes with an insight well beyond the boy’s capabilities: “Later, twenty years later, he was to tell himself, ‘If I had said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have hit me again.”’ This foreshadowing of a calmly retrospective view registers Sarty’s own gradual recognition of his developing independence, his growing need to stand up for something larger than sheer family solidarity. The difficulty of this evolution is conveyed in the fabric of the narrative, in an ambiguous dependence on the pronoun “he” that occasionally confuses Sarty with his father, mirroring the process by which people are entangled in the history of their families and dramatizing the inherent difficulties in any attempt to escape paternal authority. A White Heron Jewett’s Irish stories, in short, do not appear to fix on any discernible portent, like an epiphanic white heron, that might consecrate or confer the status of enduring myth on the communal or regional place. With possibly one exception, neither do the stories project any community of women without men, such as the matrifocal society, Dunnet Landing, in The Country of the Pointed Firs. Although nineteenth-century female naturalists did not seem to grasp the ways that their culture “mocked” their separate sphere, at least one novelist did. Sarah Orne Jewett’s late nineteenth-century stories crossed the boundary between the literary domestic novel and the nature essay, posing a more problematic relationship between the female naturalist and the public round than the naturalists were able to do themselves. 36 Jewett voiced her analysis from within the constraints of nineteenth-century sensibility. An early British traveler meeting any of Jewett’s heros in The Country of the Pointed Firs or her other short stories would have celebrated the discovery of another American Eve. Jewett’s stories are set in a dying New England whaling village. Secluded from the materialistic lures and threats of the city, her heros model a genteel but humble country life driven by virtue, modesty, and selfless devotion to the domestic round. They are appreciative of and knowledgeable about their native terrain. Jewett supported late nineteenth-century women’s efforts to protect nature. Her interest in the Audubon women’s attempts to end the slaughter of birds is evidenced in “A White Heron,” in which a young girl, Sylvie, refuses to reveal the location of a heron’s nest to a visiting ornithologist who is hunting for just such a specimen. None of Jewett’s prot
Executive Summary The study explores international business although it specifically deals with expansion. In fact, the research report focuses on the entry strategies and the success of franchising in spite of the stiff global competition particularly in the fast-food industry. The report examines McDonald’s international expansion and the concept of franchising. However, the mode of entry into the international market and growth by the company examined in this study disagree with the idea that the company’s expansion was due to saturation in the existing markets. The study reveals that the expansion of the company was largely due to the desire to increase profitability as well as the emergence of opportunities to expand its market. The study examines the hurdles faced by the company when trying to internationalize its operations and the strategies used to overcome such hurdles. The study concludes with recommendations for the company to increase its market presence and profitability internationally. Introduction Different bodies of literature explore the international businesses in the context of company expansion beyond the domestic borders. The subject of timing and style of entry have also been at the center of these discussions. Theories suggest that companies ought to follow constructive and worthy projects wherever and whenever they arise (Lafontaine & Leibsohn 2004, p.1). For most organizations, this involves the development and adoption of new technologies or diversification of the product collections. With reference to diversification, geography presents companies with one of the most essential basis for expansion and diversification. Economic theory asserts that by assuming that risk is impartial, a company with foreign opportunities ought to follow all of them assertively and quickly (Geringer & Hebert 1989, p.237). In case the company faces limitations such as capital inaccessibility to warrant the management ability, economic theory suggests that such a company will capitalize on profits by initially following the first and the highest prospective profit opportunity. International theory proposes that companies diminish the uncertainty related to going global by going slowly into such markets. At first, a company begins with entry styles that involve minimal commitment and increase the dedication in markets where success has been achieved (Johanson & Vahlne 1990, p.12). This theory perfectly suits organizations such as the manufacturing companies. For retail companies, the theory does not explicitly hold. For instance, in companies such as McDonald’s, there is no option but to go foreign at once to reach the consumer if the corporation has to make any sales. The companies ought to increase the foreign units to attain a substantial customer base. McDonald’s was founded in 1954 in California. Over the years, it has become one of the most renowned and esteemed brands globally. The initial international business undertaking by the company was when it opened a franchise in Canada. Now, the company has opened more than 34,000 outlets globally. It employs more than 1.8 mi
Motivation is described as the forces that account for the stimulation, assortment, course and continuance of behavior [1] . This then means that quite a number of things can motivate people as motivation is goal oriented behavior. People tend to do things for the rewards they will receive at the end of the task or at the end of a period of time. Money, at the work place is one of the things that get people to work harder. This then shows that money can and is used as a motivational factor in the work place so that employees can strive to give their best and their all at the end of the day. Nowadays, people tend to look at how much they are going to get paid rather than job satisfaction, hence in this light money becomes a motivational force for the workplace and for the employees. In short, money makes people wake up in the morning to go to work, sit behind a desk for eight or more hours and go back home tired at the end of the day ready to repeat the whole process again the following day. When workers are money motivated, they will carry out their duties effectively, efficiently and thoroughly so that they can make as much money as
Introduction There are different definitions of leisure, which depends on the culture, age, career, and gender among other factors. In Western cultures, people regard leisure as an activity, time, or state of mind. Stebbins defines leisure as unrestricted time (17). It is a period when one is free and at liberty to engage in any activity that pleases them. Associated with free time, is the general opinion that leisure is beneficial or invaluable to society or an individual. Stebbins posits that this belief originated from ancient Greece, where people viewed leisure as “both sovereignty from the necessity of ponos (work or sorrow) and freedom for engagement with paideia (culture)” (21). As aforementioned, there are different definitions of leisure, hence to understand its meaning, it is imperative to consider this term from different contexts. This paper will discuss the different definitions of leisure. Leisure as a Distraction Results from both quick and extensive interviews show that many people, especially the adults, view leisure as a distraction from daily routines. The majority of the employed persons spend a lot of time at work. They do not have adequate time to engage in activities that touch on their social life. In African community, family is essential and has a significant impact on individuals’ free time. Stodolska et al. argue that in this community, leisure activities are centered on friends and families (43). Africans consider leisure as a diversion that gives them an opportunity to have time with family members and interact with friends. It is imperative to note that most African households comprise of extended families. This society values families and works hard to maintain the principles and norms that bring them together. Consequently, they view leisure as a great occasion to spend time together and strengthen their bond. Leisure as an Experience The different age-groups have divergent views about gender. Thus, it would be imperative to define leisure as an experience to put into consideration factors such as individual’s motivation, choice, and perception. According to Lepp et al., it is vital to consider the benefits that individuals aspire to get from their free time (213). Lepp et al. state, leisure gives people a chance not only to express themselves but also use their abilities and skills to achieve and preserve certain values (215). It is an opportunity to be oneself and engage in what one likes most, be it watching movies or listening to music. For youths, they may view leisure as an occasion to express themselves and build social relationships. It underscores the reason the teenager interviewed in this paper claims that he opts to spend his free time meeting new friends and sharing his feelings. On the other hand, adults may regard leisure as a chance t
Sharks are disappearing from the ocean because there is the lack of effective regulations and laws to control the overly fishing and aspects of the international trade which can often be based on some illegal points. The problems in ecosystems and the popularity of sharks’ meat among consumers also affect the issue. This problem can be discussed as global, and it can result in the environmental collapse. That is why, it is necessary to improve the points and conditions presented in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in order to state the regulations for the shark fishing and prevent any cases of the illegal trade. Furthermore, it is necessary to support the idea of banning the trade of shark fin products, proposing the actual projects for regulations. In addition, it is necessary to increase penalties for illegal fishing and trade. The current approaches to managing the Gray Wolf of Michigan are not enough. The failures in the programs can lead to the problems in the ecosystem’s balance. The focus on the associated hunting cannot be discussed as economically reasonable because the fact of killing the Gray Wolf of Michigan can lead to the destruction of the ecosystem, and its restoration needs significant financial resources. That is why, it is necessary to develop the programs and regulations according to which hunting in relation to the Gray Wolf of Michigan should be prohibited; killing animals in the situations of the conflicts should be prohibited; and the additional resources to control the
Abstract The process of becoming a health counselor is a complex task that requires compliance with the Florida Statutes and consistent training. In order to become a professional, one must be supervised, undergo internship, obtain a degree and continue education. Thus, one will be able to provide patients with the services of the best quality possible. Introduction According to the state laws adopted in Florida, the difference between a licensure, a certification and a credential is rather basic. In order to identify the concepts in question, the 2014 Florida Statutes were considered. According to the latter, licensure can be defined as the strongest form of regulation, which allows for protecting people against unfair and unwarranted practices ( The 2014 Florida statutes , 2014). Certification, in its turn, is interpreted by the Florida Certification Board as the means of marking one’s level of proficiency (Certified Addiction Counselor, 2012). This stands in a rather sharp contrast to the definition of licensure provided above. Unlike licensure, certification in Florida does not presuppose granting the person receiving it with the permission to carry out the corresponding practices; instead, it only shows that the person in question is capable to provide the services of admissible quality. Last, but definitely not least, a credential is referred to according to the Florida law as an earned certificate displaying one’s proficiency in counseling and the related services (Certified Addiction Counselor, 2012). The key difference between a credential and the two aforementioned concepts is that
Introduction Economics is defined as a social science that deals with how people utilize the limited resources, to satisfy the unlimited needs and wants (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Economics is applicable in our day to day lives, thus it is important to have some rudimentary understanding of economics. Many of the concepts learnt in economics are helpful to any person living in this ever changing world, as will be discussed below. Importance of Economic Concepts Scarcity is the most fundamental term in economics. It implies that there are hardly enough resources in this world such as money and time, to fulfill our unlimited wants and needs. It is therefore important that individuals learn how to distribute these scarcities to fulfill their needs (Baumol and Blinder, 2007). Everyday we must make choices and decisions that will assist us in allocating these scarce resources. For example, when you go out shopping in a supermarket, you might notice a trendy top or an expensive perfume that you have always fancied. However, due to scarcity of money you will not buy these items
Introduction Migration and development is an issue that has triggered emotive debate since the 1950s. Though migration, in a strict sense, refers to the movement of people from one place to the other, anthropology has over-time studied migration concerning development. This is perhaps because most contemporary immigrants are usually composed of workers who move from their places of birth to other areas perceived to provide a higher return, in terms of their labour input (Castles &Miller 2009). It is against this background that most studies on migration are linked with the issues of development and those of underdevelopment. Todaro (1981) says, “The causes and consequences of continued internal as well as international migration lie at the heart of the contemporary development problem”. Several issues related to migration have cropped up. These are related to the advantages and disadvantages of migration. This paper is going to critically address the dichotomy between the “optimistic” and “pessimistic” approaches in the scholarship on migration, remittances and development. The review done will equally look at the various resultant theoretical advances that go with the study. Migration and Development For many years the debate on the impact of migration on development has occupied many scholars. The discussion has been so heated that many have taken distinctively opposing positions. The two opposing groups can be classified into “migration optimists” and “migration pessimists”. It should be noted that initially, the migration has been dominated by pessimism (Taylor 1999). Further, the debate
Introduction In the last few years, a clique of Russian businessmen who are generally referred to as oligarchs collectively control the Russian economic streamlines of mineral deposits. Oligarchic capitalism is an economic system that is nominally capitalistic with special protectionist laws and government policy designed to protect the interests of the minority affluent owners in a political entity. Oligarchs mainly constitute political cronies, family members and friends and generally receive protection and favouritism from the government in return for their political and economic loyalty (Baumol, Litan & Schramm, 2007, p.71). According to Baumol et al. (2007), oligarchy is mostly practised in the developing economies, particularly in Latin America, Asia, Africa, states in the former Soviet Union. This essay will argue that the rise of oligarchy in Russia will not lead to its resurgence in the global market. The governments in many oligarchic societies are mainly focused on protecting and perpetuating the interests of the oligarchs while neglecting the economic growth and development that is vital in the prosperity of the country masses. According to Menshikov (2005), Russia embraced oligarchic capitalism that resulted in a new era in the economic circles where monopoly and concentration occurred in the basic Russian industries. This monopolistic nature led to underdevelopment in the banking industry and inadequate government involvement in the economic system. This led to skyrocketing inequalities in incomes, with the companies recording massive profit margins. Poverty and instability in the domestic markets due to erratic cash flows brought by a lack of reinvestments in other sectors of the economy were also witnessed. The minority affluent enjoyed not only monetary but also non-monetary privileges that were out of reach for the common citizens (Bouma et al., 2007, p. 170). Russia economy came under heavy pressure in the 1990s due to structural weaknesses brought by the central economic planning and the massive expenditures during the cold war. The resultant disintegration of the Soviet Union was a necessity for the survival of Russia economy. The adoption of oligarchic capitalism to spur growth proved
Smith (5) defines theism as the belief in one or more gods. Atheism, is therefore the absence of belief in the existence of god and one who posses such a belief is termed as an atheist. This belief was rampantly witnessed in Europe especially in the last quarter of the 19 th century and the first two decades of the 20 th century. This essay argues for Nietzsche as an accurate reflection of the forces of science and atheism in Europe. Arguments for Nietzsche reflection of forces of science and atheism in Europe Nietzsche views modernity not just as advancement but also as detrimental and precarious break with tradition. His new belief is associated with its ability of using and governing science, politics and religion for the sake of high culture. It is however important to note that, statements opposing religion usually outdo the statements in support of religion and therefore it is easy to lay stress on his anti-religious view. As much as he is regarded as an atheist who celebrates in the death of god, he calls it the greatest manifestation in a hundred acts reserved for the next two centuries in Europe, that is, the most horrifying, uncertain, and possibly the most hopeful of all spectacles. In fact, he calls for an abolition of Christianity, a sort of cycling out. He further calls for an antichrist movement to save the world from Christians’ dilapidation. Nietzsche also asserts the limitation that Christianity promotes buy calling it “religion of pity.” He writes, “What is to be feared, what has a more tragic outcome than any other disaster, is that man should inspire not profound fear but intense sickness; also not great fear but great pity” (Nietzsche, 122-3). He believes that this pity, endorsed by Christianity, only initiate further weakness in the weak and that it only comforts the weak in their miserable situations and persuade them to remain there, not aspiring to greater feats. From his feelings that Christianity has become a mere tradition for his generation, but has lost its religious meaning and the reasons behind it, one would easily conclude that Nietzsche is truly advocating for atheism in the Europe. For him, Christianity simply postulates a denial of man’s instincts, which are directed towards strength. While other philosophers value Christianity and even attempts to tear away the peculiarity of “Christendom” and return to more genuine Christianity, Nietzsche sees it as irredeemable. In fact, May (14) presented Nietzsche’s argument against Christianity in Nietzsche’s ‘Ethics and his War on Morality.’ Writing that, “Christianity brings about weakness, dilapidation, and misery and that its claim to promote love, light and life is simply false.” (39). He further argues that Christianity’s basic principle, the “ascetic ideal” denies one’s natural ability to be stronger, enhanced, and more powerful. Nietzsche