ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introductory Background Topic of Choice and Rationale In this paper, the research topic focuses on the causes and solutions of radicalization among the youths. This topic has been picked because of the rising cases of terrorism and violence. It has been noted that radicalization is the core driver of terrorism around the world (Alimi, Demetriou & Bosi, 2015). Essentially, youths are ideologically driven against people of opposite beliefs, religions and cultures. As such, they are brainwashed to pursue a violent course without the fear of death. This implies that radicalization is one of the most dangerous weapons as far as terrorism is concerned. As a result, it is very important to understand its causes and develop possible solutions. Choice of Research Design In order to conduct effective research, a survey design can help to provide the necessary data. As a result, it has been chosen to make the determinations in regard to the question of what causes radicalization an how it can be combated. Whereas the researchers, administrators and psychologists have continued to understand the vice, it has remained a great challenge. As a result, it becomes important to proceed with collecting new data that can be used to develop better understanding. This implies that research cannot rely on previous research studied only. New data should be collected in order to provide a deeper understanding on radicalization. This paper will therefore describe the survey research design in relations to the topic in question. Survey Design Sketch of the Research Design When conducting a research survey, the researcher must identify a relevant population which has the required information (Ngungu, 2013). In this case, the research focuses on the religious leaders, violence-based counselors and counterterrorism officials. The sample will be selected using the random sampling method to eliminate biasness and increase credibility. The sample is set to involve a total of 134 respondents selected from the three different population segments. In essence, there are some hypothetical findings proposed in relation to the research question. Hypothetical Findings Hypothetically, there might be various reasons that cause radicalization around the world. In this regard, the poverty and lack of employment might be to
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (hereafter SOX) is basically an act passed in 2002 by the United States Congress to safeguard local and international investors from the likelihood of fraudulent activities perpetuated by persons either working for corporations or contracted to undertake specific accounting duties for these entities. SOX, along with subsequent regulations designed and implemented in 2003 and 2004, authorized stringent reforms aimed at not only improving financial disclosures from corporations but also preventing the loss of investor confidence through financial fraud. The Act was enacted to respond to heightened accounting scandals that shook investor confidence in early 2000s and led to the collapse of high-ranking corporations, including Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom. It has been demonstrated in the literature that SOX is a fundamental component in the accounting profession as it directly influences the responsibilities of accountants and auditors not only in regards to financial reporting, but also in reference to external auditing and corporate governance issues. Provisions contained in section 404, in particular, are relevant to the accounting profession as they require auditors to develop principles of control over financial reporting, and also to continually verify that the controls that have been put in place are working. COSO’s Internal Control Framework The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) identifies five main components, which include “control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.” While the control environment sets the tone of an organization to influence the control consciousness of its people, risk assessment deals with the identification and coherent analysis of relevant risks to the accomplishment of the set objectives, hence developing a foundation for determining how risks should be administered. The control activities component denotes the policies, processes and procedures that guarantee management directives and instructions are implemented, whereas the information and communication component identifies, captures, and communicates in a particular form and time schedule to facilitate people in undertaking their daily activities. Lastly, the monitoring component implies a process that evaluates the quality and performance of the internal control system overtime to ensure that it is able to assess risks as well as the effectiveness of the continuing monitoring procedure. Relationship between SOX and COSO It can be argued that both SOX and COSO are informed by the need to prevent unethical financial reporting, which often leads to financial scandals. COSO provides the internal control framework, which to a large extent assists SOX to achieve its principal objective of improving investor confidence of financial statements availed by corporations by virtue of the fact that internal controls reduce the probability for organizations to undertake biased or unethical financial reporting. Consequently, it can be deduced t
Introduction Growth and expansion is a key ingredient for the success of a company. Management of companies often considers expanding their scale of operation within the domestic markets and in foreign markets as a significant measure of success. However, such growth and expansion often come with a number of challenges. One such key challenge is the availability of finances that can cover all the cost of expansion. Internal finances available are never adequate for such massive investments required. Therefore, in most cases, companies often prefer to seek for external sources of funds. Before financial institutions and other capital providers can release their finances for funding in the company, they have to carry out a thorough financial analysis of a company. Such analysis is often carried out over a give time period. This gives them an overview of the financial strengths and weaknesses of the company. Aim of the paper The paper presents an evaluation of the financial aspect of Custom Snowboard Inc. The paper is dividends into two parts. The first part of the paper seeks to present a report to the Chief Financial Offer. This report gives detailed analysis of the financial performance of the company. It focuses on ratio analysis and financial risk analysis. The second part of the paper seeks to prepare a comprehensive report that gives recommendations on expansion into the European market. Specifically, the section focuses on historical analysis of the financial data of the company, evaluation of future performance, risk analysis, and evaluation of the possible options for expansion. Overview of the financial position of the company A summary of key points of the company’s financial position Banks are often concerned about their exposure to the risk of default when they loan money to customers. Therefore, they often carry out an all round analysis of a company before lending money. Analysis of the financial position of the company will focus on profitability, solvency and liquidity. Credit history First, the bank looks at the current liabilities of the company. This helps them to know the current debt level of the company and the whole amount they other creditors. When they assess the current liability of the customer, the bank ensures that they do not over-extend their exposure to credit risk of default to one customer. Further, when analyzing the credit history of the company, the bank will also check the period when a company makes late loan repayment. The bank will also be interested in the period when the organization defaults payment (McLaney & Atrill, 2008). The current liabilities declined by 3.7 percent in year 13. However, in year 14, the value increased by 0.7%. Further, the accounts payable and notes payable decreased by 6.4% in year 13. The value later increased by 1.3% in year 14. The increase is equivalent to the value by which sales decline in the same year. It can be an indication that the company makes late payment. Further, the long term liabilities declined from $860,000 in year 12 to $750,000 in year 14. The
The main change in the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred in the 21st century, which was caused by the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Previously, the focus of this organization was directed to researching, monitoring, and making recommendations on global diseases. The increasingly complex health problems led to the fact that international healthcare is at a remarkable point in history now (Jacobsen, 2019). The improving technology and the opportunities for diagnosing and treating diseases should be seen as the relevant tools to help people all over the world (“The Global Health 2035 report”, n.d.). Regardless of the place of their birth and life, every person should have proper access to health services, which would prevent epidemics. Today’s goal of the WHO is to integrate all countries in an attempt to achieve grand convergence that refers to helping low-income countries and using high-income ones as donors. Dr. Gavin Yamey states that there is a need to establish a collective approach to funding technology and health interventions (TEDx Talks, 2015). The key goal of the mentioned initiative is to reduce child and maternal deaths, thus saving about ten million lives annually. Infectious diseases related to children and mothers are expected to be converged in both low- and high-income states by 2035 (“The Global Health 2035 report”, n.d.). Among the factors that largely contributed to the identified change, it is possible to note the growing population and spread of disease, as well as financial needs to handle them. The existing budgets and funding should be adjusted to accomplish this goal. It is also expected that grand convergence would provide immense payoff by reducing healthcare costs. The countries need to collaborate to ensure that all the people are able to receive the necessary care services. For example, poorer states need assistance and guidance from richer countries that have experience in treating infections. At the same time, funding offered by high- and middle-income countries is critical for the entire world since those diseases that can potentially lead to epidemics may also affect them (TEDx Talks, 2015). While working together towards grand convergence, the countries would be able to address those illnesses that can be handled via vaccination, such as measles, chickenpox, and so on. This is an easy and effective way to prevent further deterioration and deaths in children. Considering the growing resistance to vaccination, which is based on the perceived negative impacts of this intervention, the education of people cannot be overestimated (Jacobsen, 2019). Namely, the results achieved by developed countries in avoiding many diseases by means of vaccination should be clarified. The adoption of cost-effective and progressive public health policies as well as finial aid to the WHO and poorer countries are two more activities that should be prioritized in terms of grand convergence. These activities imply that the investments in health research and practice would provide high re
Abstract Not only the needs and demand of the meat industry sponsor research on quality factors of beef products, but also investigation tasks that determine, above all, the possibility of scientific knowledge of the cow’s body. Beef is the most valuable meat products consumed by humans. Due to the complexity of the composite structure of the cow, it is difficult to argue that only one of the traits can affect the quality of products, but the role of fatty tissue in this context is irreplaceable. Fatty or adipose tissue is traditionally defined as the structure of the organism, consisting of small cells, lipocytes, with fatty inclusions. The chemical composition of these lipocytes varies not only between different animals but also between different organ systems of the same mammal. It is important to note that a thicker animal has not more lipocytes but their larger volume. Fat tissue performs a variety of functions, supporting homeostasis of the animal body. It was shown that the quality of beef in the context of the formation of adipose tissue is determined both genetically and by environmental factors. In this work, some breeds of cows were considered, and it was shown what their differen
Introduction The term “BDSM” is the acronym for three pairs of words: Bondage & Discipline, Dominance & Submission and Sadism & Masochism. They cover a range of activities and relationships enjoyed by friends and lovers, sometimes just in the bedroom, and sometimes flowing into the day-to-day lives of the people involved. One of the very, very important aspects of BDSM is that it is consensual. This means that what happens has been agreed on beforehand by both partners. If it hasn’t been agreed on then it simply assaults and it’s time for the one being assaulted to pack their bags and leave. Bondage & Discipline refers to two activities: Bondage being tying, chaining, hand-cuffing, gagging or any other way of restraining your partner. Discipline refers to some form of chastisement or punishment; often spanking, caning, paddling or similar. Dominance & Submission refers to a relationship where one partner is dominant, or control, and the other partner is submissive, or controlled in some way. Often this plays itself out as the submissive partner serving, or catering for, the needs and desires of the dominant partner. Sadism & Masochism refers to activities that often explore the erotic aspects of pain; even such simple things as nipple tweaking or pinching. A dominatrix meaning a female ruler or mistress. mistress is a woman who takes the dominant role in bondage and discipline, dominance and submission or sadomasochistic sexual practices, which are commonly abbreviated as BDSM. The male equivalent is Master. A common form of address for a submissive to a dominatrix is “Mistress”, “Ma’am” Note that a dominatrix does not necessarily dominate a male partner; a dominatrix may well have a female submissive. bondage involves people being tied up or otherwise restrained for pleasure. Bondage is usually, but not always, a sexual practice. The paraphilia of being sexually aroused by bondage is sometimes known as vincilagnia. It defines a spectrum of behaviors, including dominance, submission, punishment, masochism, bondage, role play, and a large variety of other activities, frequently sexual in nature. BDSM can also be referred to as “ kinky sex “, “ power exchange ” or “ the lifestyle “, but each of these risks being confused with other alternative relationships or sexual behavior. Functionally, it is a form of ‘power play’, where power dynamics are used as part of the erotic experience. As such, BDSM mainly involves at least two participants, these being the “Top” who is the dominant partner in the relationship and the “Bottom” who is the submissive. BDSM tends to involves “scenes” where the party enjoys a scenario which normally tends to involve one of the party voluntarily giving up control or authority. BDSM practitioners make a clear distinction between consensual BDSM and sexual abuse; it is important that the process is voluntary and that whoever is giving up control is willing to perform what tasks are asked of them. This is illustrated in the expression “Safe, sane and consensual”, which means that the participants are aware of the dangerous nature of what they are
The US administration uses the term ‘rogue states’ to determine those states in which regimes can be discussed as threatening to global peace. The political regimes in such countries as Libya, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea are based on the principles of terrorism and violation of human rights. Starting to discuss certain states as ‘rogue’ during the period of the Cold War, the USA developed definite foreign policies concerning these states oriented toward changing the threatening regime and providing the peace in the region. The characteristic feature of the US policy regarding rogue states is the active position and the focus on realizing the active actions which can contribute to changing the regime and preventing the expansion of terrorism and violation of human rights globally. The evolution of the US policy toward rogue states can be analyzed with references to the US-Libya relations. During the 20 th century, the United States followed the strict policy of non-ignorance regarding the potential risks of developing terrorism and authoritarian regimes in the world. That is why the foreign policy of the country concerning Libya, Iraq, Iran, and North Korea was oriented to directing the regime change and to maintaining stability in the region. Despite the fact, the position of the USA was active during the three decades of developing the policy, the level of the state’s participation in resolving the question of the rogue states’ global isolation was always different. The period of George W. Bush’s administration is characterized by developing the Global War on Terror. As a result, the level of the US involvement in assistance activities to rogue states increased. Moreover, the waves of the US administration’s involvement in the global war on terrorism depended on changes in the politics of rogue states. According to Litwak, “depending on the target country, the objective is to precipitate a change either in the regime or in behavior” (Litwak, 2004, p. 5). From this point, the changes in the US policy and methods depended on changes in the threat level for global peace. This tendency can be examined with references to the case of Libya. During the 1980s-1990s, Libya ruled according to the authoritarian regime of Muammar Gaddafi could not revitalize its politics. In this situation, the role of the USA was to prevent the negative impact of the state’s development on global peace concerning the fact of Gaddafi’s support of terrorism. The situation changed in the 2000s when Gaddafi revised his approach to terrorism (Sikkema, 2011). The improvement of the states’ relations was observed. Nevertheless, the beginning of the Civil War in 2011 led to changing the approaches to relations with the state’s leaders and to providing certain operations to guarantee to preserve stability in the world. Thus, the US administration reacted to
Introduction Japan is a civilization with many unique cultural and religious aspects which has dictated its people’s behavior for many centuries. Unlike in different European and American nations, the citizens of this country uphold unique ideas informed by the concepts of Buddhism and Shintoism. Analyzing the nature of these attributes and insights can make it easier for many scholars and historians to learn more about this region’s belief system. The purpose of this research paper is to give a detailed description of these three major Japanese religions: Buddhism, Shintoism, and Daoism. Background Information For hundreds of years, the selected society has followed a unique belief system characterized by different ideologies and faiths. The most unusual observation is that followers of such religions do not contradict or challenge each other. Instead, they coexist and focus on concepts that can support their goals and expectations in life. Before the end of the Second World War, the leading religions in Japan supported the notion of powerful emperors (Hardcare 22). These leaders were seen as gods, respected, and even followed. The end of this global upheaval triggered a new model whereby many citizens began to separate issues of faith from those of existence. However, they continued to follow or support various rituals, practices, and ideas that had defined their culture for several centuries. Today, the idea of religion in Japanese society exists as a mish-mash of ideologies and teachings from Buddhism and Shintoism. Another pertinent observation in this country is that worship is not organized as is the case in the West. This means that people treat religion as a source of inspiration and guidance that dictate the way they should pursue their goals in life (Hardcare 29). It is a moral code that forms the
Introduction Food is the basic necessity of life. Every individual earns to fulfill the need of his or her stomach. Some people live to eat while others eat to live. In both situations, food plays the lead role in one’s life. However, it’s basically the feeding style which defines man. Every culture has its own diversified types, tastes and style of food encompassing the different methods of preparation, presentation and eating habits and ways. The taste of food is enhanced by the location chosen to present it and made available for the people from every part of the globe, to enjoy the scrumptious meal. Main body Various spices, ways of preparation, time spent in cooking and the ingredients used define the shape, taste and manner of cooking. Of course, the styles of eating also differ from country to country. Moreover, it is not only the ingredients of the recipe, but the quality of the products used, methods of preparation, presentation, location of that particular restaurant, its serene environment, in short everything. One such cuisine which has captured the hearts of many across the globe because of its taste and ways of preparation, and which is found to exist and develop in France, is known as the French cuisine. It has its own uniqueness with a distinctive, elegant and sophisticated concept of food embellished along with other various distinguishing characteristics. This paper focuses on the art of French cuisine, the aspect o