ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The sale and use of guns (guns control) has become an immensely popular issue of debate among political critics on either end of the political divide. This has always been based on the argument of balancing the security as illustrated by an individual and the state. This is with respect to the privileges of an individual. Various groups have come up with different constitutional interpretations as regards to gun ownership and just where the thin line should be drawn. The bill of human rights in the constitution has not helped make matters any better as it is immensely vague on the matter. Justice has to prevail in whatever the interpretations from the dissimilar schools of thought. Body The argument that possession of the guns by the civilians protects them against the tyranny of the state is frequently advanced. The state is armed through the police and the service men who risk the livelihood of the civilian in the eventuality that a state-civilian conflict arises. The law enforcement has become markedly brutal and extra judicial killings are significantly on increase. When a police kills an inhabitant, it is claimed the civilian ran into a wander away bullet and the punishment is only a few months in the penitentiary. On the dissimilar, if a civilian kills a policeman it is regarded as man slaughter or even murder with increased penitentiary time. The police are not held answerable in such cases. Just how safe are civilians when not armed against an armed state? Social justice is indeed compromised in such cases. The effective gun control is, however, a plus to citizens that are law compliant. Such citizens are rarely on the mistaken side of the law. The case of gun ownership is not as significant an issue as compared to the person engaging in the act. The threat of potential crime and crime related activities has been addressed by regulating individuals who own guns. Clearly set guidelines on preventing people of questionable status and minors as a gun control measure creates a situation of state and individual balance. The bottom line lies entails citizens being law abiding, as opposed to seeking to contest the government’s efforts. The continued procurement of guns illegally by criminals necessitates questions pertaining to fairness and equality. The government’s inability to ward off such a concept makes it essential for citizens to take up the initiative of self defense. Armed law abiding citizens are, in a formidable position, to handle criminals. This significantly contributes to the reduction of crime rate as statistics have continually pointed to that direction. It is noteworthy that the government makes it continually difficult for an individual to purchase and own a firearm. It is so ironical that states that have banned the guns post the uppermost numbers of misdemeanor related murders as seen in Washington. The government has undertaken to set clearly
Scientific research indicates that social change is inevitable as human beings continue to move from industrial to post industrial age. Social change entails changes in social and institutional patterns. Duffy and Artwater (8) point out that various challenges face societies due to the rapid changes in technology, and particularly in this age of communications technology, which has made the world a global village. Challenges abound, people are growing up in a world of greater independence and freedom. Research indicates that people, especially women and individuals with the lowest education levels, suffer from technophobia, a problem directly related to technology (Christine 2). In addition, government controls and increased centralization, worker alienation, inequalities in the social and economic dimension, high inflation, unemployment, poverty and racism seem to be inherent in the system. Other challenges paused are rapid population growth, environmental pollution, and scarcity of resources. Duffy and Artwater (8) suggest that to overcome all these challenges, American society must accommodate cultural diversity and embrace the need to learn more about ourselves. In the American society, people are vulnerable to insecurity, individualism that entails individual success, loneliness, and confusion. (Duffy and Artwater 8). Decidophobia, on individual level, makes one unable to make life’s most important and critical decisions, a problem rampant in the modern society (Christine 6). In addition, the challenges of drifting along without choosing on how to live seem guided by no ties. Duffy and Artwater have shown that establishing strong codes in society can help overcome these problems, while enhancing and perpetuating tradition. Decision making at family level on a shared platform with clearly understood agreements contributes to the alleviation of these problems. Further still, authority should identify the kind of strategy and personality to use, which may be government, expert, religious body, or an institution. Duffy and Artwater (8), report that, most people in today’s society pursue more freedom, but see their parents in the industrial age constrained all round ranging from education to economic assertion, which they have escaped. However, new postindustrial generation enjoy more and flexible options in family matters, family and friends, wealth acquisition, freedom on where to live, sex and marriages, and travel. These, compared to the industrial age indicate a gap in positive freedom, more asserted in the postindustrial generation (Duffy and Artwater 9). Further still, it is quite challenging to reconcile new and old rules, as they at certain points seem to be divergent. The rapid accumulation of social changes has given rise to new rules, which focus more on individualism, a shift to self-indulgence. This provides a critical point of shift from the old to the new. This entrenches the facts of giving and getting (Christine 45). This pact identif
Introduction When an organization continues to manage and organize its work force, there are chances that conflict will arise either between the work teams and the management or among employees. In most cases, conflict arises as a result of differences especially when people come together in teams to work for a common goal, but then differences in values, power or religion may cause conflict. In order to make sure that conflict does not have a devastating effect on the organization, it is important to devise some ways to resolve conflict. In that regard, it is beneficial to deal with any disputes that may arise in an open manner and as fast as possible. If conflict is handled in a proper way in a team, it may result in positive outcomes because it promotes emergence of creative ideas. In a team building, exercises that are done, help boost understanding, confidence and respect among the participants. Therefore, it leads to a proper way of dealing with conflict in an organizational set up. I am going to suggest some activities to be involved in a team building which can help promote understanding and respect among members of a team (Fisher, 1995). Hidden communication agenda exercise An activity that would be involved in this exercise would enhance communication skills among members of the team. Each member of the team would be given a small indexed card with a label written on it such as organizer, worker, victim, mason, and invader. Team members would then read their roles silently and throw away the cards. This would then be followed by drawing a scene in the office and each member of the team participating in the role that they had read in the card. This exercise would be summed by a discussion of the roles they play in real life. Human knot exercise This activity enables people to acquire problem solving skills which enables them work for a common goal. All the members of the team will stand in a circle. According to Fisher (1995), “Individuals would hold each others’ right hand, and then followed by using their left hand to grasp the left hand of the person on the other side.” The task before them is to untangle and resume the full circle. This exercise enables the members of the groups to look for a common solution thereby, enabling collaboration. Disclosure activity This type of activity would motivate members in a team building activity to tell their personal information which enhances bonding and promotes trust. Bowditch (1997) described that, “members would be given pieces of paper and told to write five things about themselves.” They would then give other members of the group to view their traits. Tag team game This type of activity would enable the individual members of the team to share their strengths and traits which would lead to the success of the group. Persons are randomly divided into small groups of four to six people. Allow the team to select a leader, and on a large piece of paper, let them draw that person and label different attributes that they can imagine. The team is then to write a short story about their leader with all those traits they had labeled. At the end of this activi
A documentary, Merchants of Doubt , was filmed in 2014 based on the ideas conveyed by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway in their book of the same name. With the help of many invited climate scientists and other experts, as well as their opponents, the movie tells how large corporations and influential political and business actors manipulate research data and facts to instill doubt regarding the existence of global warming. When discussing this matter, the narrators refer viewers to the fact that many American tobacco companies in the past utilized the same methods to make the public more accepting of smoking by stating that there was no clear evidence verifying that tobacco causes multiple diseases and death. The film also makes it clear that the same figures who were involved in the encouragement of cigarette use before are now engaged in the debunking of the “global warming myth.” When doing so, those who believe that climate change is not real primarily pursue their financial or political interests. It will be argued in the present paper that such activities inspired by self-interest contradict the notions of justice and fairness. Nowadays, a plethora of models of justice exist, and the theory developed by John Rawls is one of the most famous. While Rawls suggests that different individuals cannot be equal in their capacities and positions, the very concept of justice still implies that all goods and resources must be distributed fairly or, in other words, equally across all members of the community. It means that society can maximize justice merely by striving to create the maximum good for everyone. Thus, in case one person undertakes efforts to gain personal benefits at the expense of others, he or she behaves unjustly and immorally. When applying some of Rawls’ concepts of justice to the situation described in Merchants of Doubt , it becomes clear that the actions of tobacco companies and such public figures and scientists as Frederick Singer who claim that climate change is a hoax reduce fairness in the distribution of social values. When trying to persuade the global community that there is no global warming, that it is not caused by human actions, or even that it may be beneficial for people, most of them aim to prevent the spread of the green movement that they consider socialist and communist. Besides, many of those speakers against climate change receive high fees from large corporations whose survival is under a threat due to an increasing environmental protection sentiment. It seems that the opponents of the global warming idea as part of a socialist political agenda believe that the spread of the environmental ideology is harmful to capitalist values. However, it is questionable whether capi
Introduction It is doubtless that the construction industry plays a major in not only developed countries but in every part of the world. In other words, construction is a major economic pillar regardless of the development standards of a given country. It is estimated that the sector accounts for approximately eight trillion US Dollars annually, which is more than fifteen percent of the global output. While this is the case, it is equally important to note that China and the United States are major players in the industry, as they are the leading markets (Boser and Merrill 3). China’s market share is estimated to be 15% ahead of the United States, which has 14%. In understanding construction sector, it is worth noting the growth of the sector in every country varies widely. This is based on certain factors, which may hinder or promote the entire sector. The construction practices in these countries also differ and have a significant impact on the growth of the industry. This paper compares construction in three countries, China, America and India. In order to achieve this goal, the paper will focus on certain aspect of the industry, like the background, economics, technology, laws and a general summary. Background China’s exponential economic growth has turned most of its urban centers into construction sites, attracting developers from all walks of life. This growth has also had impact on the global scale as most of the climbing cranes used in most parts of the world are believed to have worked in Shanghai in mid 1990s. While this is the case, it is worth noting that China’s construction sector has a long history, spanning centuries ago. Advancement in technology has also transformed China’s construction industry, with modern approaches being adopted to meet the needs of the sector (Boser and Merrill 1). For instance, most high rising structures in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai are constructed using modern technology while mud bricks are widely used in rural areas in the country. It is believed that China’s construction industry started to experience tremendous changes in 1980s after the government adopted economic reforms. Based on this, regulations were introduced to create a balanced environment for investors and other stakeholders in the market. The World Bank equally played a major role in introducing international contractors in China. As a result, the quality and standards of most buildings was guaranteed (Boser and Merrill 1). Additionally, this strengthened competition within the industry as contractors focused on meeting the needs of the country, through cost effective and good technology. Some of these reforms, which were adopted in 1980s, are commonly applied across the country, es
Introduction For the recognition of whether or why cigarettes should be banned, this essay should start with a bit of history. Cigarettes are made from tobacco leaves. Their use started in Central America around 6,000 B.C. After 5,000 BC, the Mayan community started chewing and smoking tobacco leaves and used them for medicinal purposes like healing wounds. Later on, people invented pipe smoking, which was followed by the manufacturing of cigarettes in the mid-1800s (Smoking, 2010). On this page, the author won’t explore why smoking should be banned. The essay will evaluate arguments for and against cigarettes in particular. Many people smoke them to lighten up and enhance their concentration at places of work. Meanwhile, some claim that this relaxation method is too harmful to enjoy. So, should cigarettes be banned? This essay attempts to find out. Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned: Arguments against Smoking cigarettes helps people to relax and get better concentration. Mental illness symptoms such as anxiety and Schizophrenia are alleviated by smoking (Russo, 2011); this has been medically proven. Smoking cigarettes helps in socialization as it sets the mood of a smoker into being jovial. Governments obtain huge amount of money from cigarette manufacturing industries in form of taxes. These industries also create employment opportunities for many people. Banning of cigarette smoking would mean loss of thousands of jobs as well as revenue for the government (Fix, n.d.). Smoking cigarettes helps in weight management due to the reduced appetite induced in the body by cigarettes. Therefore, smoking is a good and effective weight loss aid (Auctions, 2010). Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned: Arguments for Smoking cigarettes is one of the major causes of deaths. About 443, 000 people die out of cigarette smoking related illnesses in the U.S. every year (CDC, 2011 ). Cigarettes contain many harmful chemicals; it was found that cigarettes have more than 4,000 chemicals. Most of these components are known to cause cancer. Smoking is known to cause lung cancer, bladder cancer, stomach Cancer, kidney cancer, cancer of oral cavity and cancer of the cervix. Ammonia, Tar and Carbon Monoxide are found in cigarettes and are very harmful to human body (Society, 2010). Cigarette smokin
Introduction The world has been experiencing food shortage challenge since time immemorial and a lot of efforts have been put forward to ensure more food yields which can meet the need of the ever expanding population. One of the measures considered to solve this perennial food problem was Green Revolution technology; this is a technological breakthrough mechanism that is aimed at increasing crop yields by expanding the land under cultivation due to the fact that fertile land is diminishing hence decreased food production. Green Revolution technology was initially meant to increase rice and wheat yields, but it has now expanded to include other food crops (International Food Policy Research Institute, n.d.). Green Revolution was driven by technology; it encompasses several packages of modern inputs in agriculture like irrigation, improved seed varieties, pesticides and fertilizers. The packages have the effect of increasing crop production. Green Revolution had a lot of positive impacts which included: food production, increased food yields, eradication of poverty, increased income and employment. It also had negative impacts like micronutrient deficiencies and exhaustion of natural fertility in the soil (Otsuka, 2003). Green Revolution was a technological response to combat food shortage that threatened the world after World War II. It helped transform agriculture in various parts of the world and was only centered on three principal food crops: rice, wheat and maize (Moore & Parai, n.d.). Background Information The fundamental significance of the Green Revolution was to enhance agricultural productivity; this was to be achieved through employing modern agricultural skills like use of high yielding hybrid seed variety, increased use of fertilizers, pesticides and water. Though Green Revolution was credited for making Asian countries self sufficient in terms of food, after twenty years, its negative effects have began to manifest (Anon., n.d.). This persistent and widespread change in the global agriculture through Green Revolution brought massive impact on human health, livelihood and environment. The increased consumption of cereals especially rice and wheat, as a result of Green Revolution led to increase in the consumption of milk and
Nslookup Nslookup is network administration tool that uses command lines to query the Domain Name Server for Internet Protocol (IP) or internet address. Nslookup uses two modes when querying the Domain Name Server, that is, the interactive mode and the non-interactive mode. The interactive mode is open and enables one to query the name servers for details concerning the various domains and hosts, or print an inventory hosts that are contained in a domain. While the non-interactive mode prints the information requested and the name of the specified domain or host (Mattord, 2009). The command (nslookup) enters works through the interactive mode when no arguments are stated, or when the in itial argument is a – (negative sign) and the following argument is the server’s internet address name or the host name. In the event that there are no arguments indicated, the tool queries the default name server. The – (negative sign) brings into play a subcommand that is considered optional (Option… variable). In exception of some commands e.g. the set command, the subcommands are indicated on the command line should come after the nslookup command arguments. Alternatively, the option of the set subcommand may be indicated in the.nslookuprc file home directory of the user’s (Mattord, 2009). Non-interactive mode is executed when the initial argument is the internet address or the name of the host that is being searched. The internet address or the name of the server in this case is optional. The name server parameter looks up information of the indicated host name server or the default name server, this is so in the non-interactive mode by using its commands. NB: if indicated in
Introduction In the recent past, there have been numerous movies shot as well as books written highlighting the way violence and discrimination affect Africans and people of different from white skin color. People may assume that apartheid or discrimination due to the color of skin no longer exists, but research proves otherwise (Matsinhe 58). Apartheid and its legacies were covered in movies in the 21 st century in a bid to create awareness in the minds of individuals regarding the issue. Two such films that have created awareness about issues of violence and discrimination against Africans are, “A Walk in the Night”, and “A Dry White Season”. A Walk in the Night is a film based on Alex La Guma’s book and is set in the early 1960’s in Cape Town (Matsinhe 61). At that time, the city was experiencing destructive racism as well as hatred in the society (Matsinhe 77). The film revolves around a young steelworker by the name Mikey, who is fired from his work place by a white supervisor, who happens to be a racist (Matsinhe 86). In his desperation to find work, he opts to start selling drugs and with time ends up breaking up with his girlfriend Zelda. Mikey’s anger finally gets the best of him, and results in a series of incidents that have tragic results (Matsinhe 90). A Dry White Season is a film by Andre P. Brink, which is also set in South Africa at the time when the nation was experiencing apartheid. Discussion Brink’s film is about a school teacher, Ben du Toit, who has endured insults all his life due to his support of justice for minorities. An incident takes place involving the son of his black gardener who does not show up back in the neighborhood, later realizing that the boy has been murdered (Matsinhe 94). The film is all about the experience Ben undergoes because of the violent nature of the justice system. It is quite obvious from these two films, that the daily experiences of violence as well as discrimination affect the protagonists, including their sense of right and wrong (Matsinhe 98). In A Walk in the Night, racism, segregation as well as labor exploitation can be traced by a reader. White employers tend to fire their employees due to their skin color, for instance, in Mikey’s case being of a mixed race (Matsinhe 100). Apparently, it is the Whites who also control the country’s economy during that time. As a result of having to endure such violence and discrimination, the characters in this film end up developing hatred (Matsinhe 113). In A Dry White Season , the characters also endure violence and discrimination due to their skin color. Taking place in Soweto, a white school teacher witnesses the arrest and beating of a black school boy, who ends up disappearing (Matsinhe 120). Upon realizing that the school boy has been murdered, Ben du Toit dec