ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The history of the United States and such Eastern countries as Iraq and Afghanistan are indissoluble parts of the contemporary world in the aspect of politics, economics, and culture. Still, the conflict with Iraq and Afghanistan has a historical background. After the Gulf War, the question of nuclear weapon and their liquidation and termination of the programs on chemical and bacteriological weapons became highly important in the aspect of world peace. The special commission of the UNO was created to supervise the process of liquidation (Davis 62). Still, in 1998 Iraq refused to follow the policy of collaboration in the question of the destructive weapon. The political situation caused the introduction of Iraqi no-fly zones. As a result, since the 1990s there were constant conflicts between the UNO commission and Iraq. After the resolution of the United Nations Security Council in 2002, Saddam Hussein agreed to the commission return. Compared with the mission in Afghanistan, which was the war against terrorism, the mission in Iraq was meant to control and provide citizens of Iraq with safety. Moreover, the threat of nuclear, chemical, and bacteriological weapons impended not only the American community, but over the rest representatives of the world community (Weiss, Crahan, and Goering 3). Although there is an idea that the main participants of the second war in Iraq were the United States and Iraq itself, many other countries were involved in it. Of course, it is nonsense to admit that Moldavia was a highly important member of the coalition in the war. Still, its membership was a step that demonstrated the wish to provide world peace. Even though such countries as Russia, France, Germany, China, and India refused to become members of the coalition against Iraq, more than thirty other countries became supported the USA during the mission. The most influential members of the coalition were the USA itself, and Great Britain. Both countries spent huge amounts of money not only on military activities but also on help for citizens during the war (Pelletiere 24). Speaking about Iraq’s nuclear programs one should take into account a report for the CIA chief written on 30.9.2004. It says, that Iraq had completely hidden its program of nuclear weapon development from the U.N.O., though, according to the cease-fire conditions the country had not only destroyed all existing reserves of WMD and programs of its production and development but also gave proves of the fulfillment of claimed clauses. Still, Iraq rejected these demands, and four years after 1991 the country continued to develop WMD, and this fact is provable. (Nuclear) During the period of war in Iraq and after it mass media reported, that there were several reasons for the necessity of USA intervention. Firstly, America put forth an accusation of keeping weapons of mass destruction against Iraq. The fact contradicted U.N.O. resolutions. At the same time, there were some rumors, that President Bush was inclined to attack Iraq by American oil industry workers. Still, it does
Marijuana (cannabis) is a drug widely used for medical purposes in America. Sill, marijuana is prohibited on the state level which creates problems for medical staff and patients. Since 1937 marijuana has been listed separately under the federal narcotic control laws, and its illegal possession or distribution is subject to the same severe penalties as are now prescribed for violations of the narcotic laws (Belio 32). It must be admitted that at the time of the passage of these laws, histories from some, but not all, heroin users indicated that the use of marijuana had preceded the use of heroin. In spite of the once-heated interchanges among members of the medical profession and between the medical profession and law enforcement officers, there seems to be a growing agreement within the medical community. Marijuana should be legalized because it allows to relief some types of pain including sclerosis, cancer and AIDS. Also, Marijuana is used, not only for a variety of purely physical ailments, but as a treatment for psychological problems as well. In the 1950s recommended uses for marijuana included the treatment of gout, rheumatism, tetanus, opiate withdrawal symptoms, alcohol withdrawal, loss of appetite, convulsions, depression, delirium tremens, insanity, and asthma (Medical Marijuana, 2007). In fact, marijuana is officially recognized as a medicine in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and could be prescribed by doctors for a variety of ailments until 1937 when Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act. Legal status of marijuana will help patients to avoid other narcotics and relief pain. Its history suggests that it was used on a limited basis during the Civil War for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery among. When the drug is taken by inhalation of its smoke, effects occur within a few minutes and the duration of effect is relatively short; after ingestion, usually of the more purified resin, ½ to 1 hour may elapse before onset of effect, and the influence may persist for 3 to 5 hours (Belio 31). “Medical marijuana” should be subjected to the same scientific scrutiny as any drug proposed for use in medical therapy, rather than made legal for medical use by popular will” (Cohen 19). There are no lasting ill effects from the acute use of marijuana and no fatalities have ever been reported. On smoking the drug, there is usually an increase in pulse rate, a slight rise in blood pressure, and conjunctival vascular congestion (Nadelmann, 1990). A marked increase in appetite (especially for sweets) and hunger are said to be characteristic. “There are really no other medications that have the same mechanisms of action as marijuana. Dronabinol (Marinol) is available by prescription in capsules, but has the distinct disadvantage of containing only synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is only one of many therapeutically beneficial cannabinoids in the natural plant” (Medical Marijuana 2007 ). Legal status of marijuana will help doctors to avoid criminal respo
Introduction Canada is one of the richest countries in the world. It has abundant reserves of natural resources and well-developed trade networks. Currently, it is the world’s 11 th largest economy. It is also the second-largest country in the world. Together with the U.S, the country has the longest undefended boundary in the world. The country’s electricity sector is seen as one of the greatest contributors to its continued economic growth (Pineau & Froschauer 2004). The sector has also contributed significantly to the country’s political growth. Today, Canada is a member of some of the most prestigious organizations in the world. They include the G20 and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The country’s electricity industry is based on territorial and provincial arrangements. In most regions, the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity have been taken over by integrated public utilities that are government-owned (Pineau 2008). Some provinces, such as Ontario and Alberta, have resorted to creating electricity markets in the region. Electricity demand has also gone up over the years. Currently, the country has one of the world’s largest per capita electric power consumption. At the present, it is estimated to be at an average of 16,995 kWh annually. Currently, the country is the second-largest producer of hydroelectricity. Close to 58 percent of its electric power is from hydro stations. The country is home to some of the world’s largest hydroelectricity projects. Some of them include Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, Manitoba, and British Columbia (Pineau & Froschauer 2004). Besides hydro, Canada has also heavily invested in nuclear power. Currently, it is the sixth-largest nuclear power producer in the world. The figure stands at approximately 100 billion kilowatts annually. Approximately 50 percent of the power consumed in some provinces is generated from nuclear stations. Such regions include Ontario. Canadian-designed (CANDU) reactors are used to generate this power. In this paper, the author analyses how Nova Scotia Power Inc. operates in the generation and distribution of electricity in Canada. Various aspects of this company in the energy sector will be discussed. Structural Analysis of the Canadian Electric Energy Industry Each Canadian territory and province has jurisdiction over the natural resources at its disposal. Consequently, the electricity sector is organized along with territorial and provincial rights (Espey & Espey 2004). Some of the regions have specialized in the generation of power from hydro stations. They include Québec and Manitoba. Others are Labrador and Newfoundland. Others, such as Alberta and Ontario, have mainly invested in nuclear reactors. The country’s political structure cr
In his book, Yao provides a detailed analysis of Confucianism. The author claims that it is hardly possible to give an account of all schools within this philosophical, religious, political and social phenomenon. The author focuses on Confucianism considering it as a religious and philosophical tradition. 1 Yao does not take into account the political perspective. He stresses that it is quite inappropriate to consider political perspective as it changed in accordance with development of the societies and it tended to become quite different from the original tradition. 2 Thus, the author focuses on major principles of Confucianism. Notably, one of the classical texts, The Analects , can be regarded as evidence for what Yao revealed in his book as the text also provides major values and virtues. 3 The readings helped me to obtain certain understanding of what Confucianism is and what the major principles of the tradition are. In this paper, I will focus on Yao’s view on Confucianism and its representation in the human society and I will also consider the role of Confucian in the creation of Yi Jing . As has been mentioned above, Yao focuses on religious and literary perspectives when considering Confucianism. The author notes that these perspectives are the closest to the original texts as they have not been influenced by trends that existed at different periods. 4 The author is against political perspective as he stresses that people often interpreted the text to fit their political goals. Yao notes that there were two major periods in the history of Confucianism, i.e. creative and interpretative periods. The latter has been associated with lots of changes which were often due to political changes in the society. The author also notes that interpretation of ancient texts was free from bias when it came to religion and literature. People tried to remain as close to the texts as possible. They needed to make people aware of Confucian principles to make people virtuous, not to make them loyal to certain political agendas. Therefore, the author focuses on religious tradition and its major principles. The author considers the three core principles of Confucianism, i.e. heaven, earth and humans. It is necessary to note that Confucianism is based on principles of harmony and respect. According to this tradition, young people should respect older people and obey them 5 . People should obey laws not to escape from punishment but to seek for harmony with the universe. Yi Jing, also referred to as The Book of Changes, can be regarded as an example of the history of Confucianism. The book includes two parts. The first part is regarded as a primary source which was written by several sages. 6 Confucius played a very special role in the creation of this book as he is thought to write the other part of the book. This book is also a representation of the history of Confucianism and Yao’s idea of the two periods. To sum up, it is possible to note that Yao considers Confucianism from religious and literary perspectives as he claims they are free from bias. The author is against political perspective as it led to interpretations which were aimed to
Within the frame of the project, our group has interviewed an entrepreneur in order to learn more about the principles of entrepreneurialism in education. The given paper analyzes the interview with the head of the Wesgreen International School situated in Sharjah. Importantly, it argues that the interviewee could become a successful principal of the school that has been planned within the frame of the project. The school that has been planned within the frame of the project is expected to become one of the key educational institutions in terms of the use of the innovative approach to education. Also, when it comes to the key features of the educational institution discussed in the project, it is pivotal to note that special attention is to be paid to the needs of students and the extent to which the use of teaching strategies, communication strategies, and learning materials allows children to achieve positive results. Apart from that, the key values that are to be emphasized by education professionals working in the planned school include accessibility in education and the use of individual approach to education if necessary. The head of the school is expected to do his or her best to ensure that current teaching practices help to develop creativity, communication skills, ICT literacy, global awareness, health, and leadership skills in students. The key concepts that are closely interconnected with the behavior of successful entrepreneurs include “innovation, opportunism, risk-taking, and resource management” (Leonard, 2013, p, 152). The concepts are presented in the seventh chapter of the book. Taking into account the key long-term goals of the planned educational institution and the opinion expressed by the interviewee, the latter would become a good leader of the school. As is clear from the concepts highlighted by Leonard (2013), innovative behavior is among the factors that define good leaders. Modern education, the interviewee states, is to provide children with an opportunity to explore outside the box. In particular, the interviewee highlights that innovation is inextricably connected with learning from one’s own mistakes, and she believes that providing children with an opportunity to gain experience is paramount to success. In terms of opportunism (in its positive meaning), the interviewee would become a successful leader of the school because she lists flexibility among the most important qualities for teachers. Also, the interviewee is ready to reconsider school management strategies to derive the maximum benefit from the changing environment. The readiness to provide progress to the school and encourage education professionals to be flexible would make the interviewee a good leader of the school discussed in the project. The third important component of entrepreneurial leadership in education is p
General Introduction Pressure ulcers or sores are also referred to as decubitus. Critical care patients have a high risk of developing these pressure sores. Unpreventable terminal pressure sores, however, are almost exclusively observed in patients for whom death is imminent. Prevalence among intensive care patients is at 10% to 41% (Lyon, 2010). Prevalence rates are higher among hip fracture patients at 55% and are even higher in nursing homes at 83% (Shahin, Dassen & Halfens, 2008). Not only are these patients vulnerable, but the care of pressure ulcers can also be prohibitively expensive, reaching up to US$50, 000 (Lyon, 2010). The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel defines the term “pressure ulcer” as “a localized injury to the skin or the underlying tissue commonly over a boney prominence as a result of pressure or in combination with shear” (EPUAP, 2009) and lists certain factors that predispose to their formation. Shear is defined as the force applied laterally to the skin surface (EPUAP, 2009). Pressure intensity and duration variably affect the pressure ulcer development process. Standard anatomical sites for pressure sores are those around the heels, trochanters, ears, and the occipital, sacral, and coccygeal regions. Additional predisposing factors are moisture, friction, poor nutritional status, old age, and critical care. On the other hand, bariatric patients have higher risks due to poor spontaneous mobility, presence of moisture on skin folds, impaired peripheral vascularization, and higher BMI scores. Critical care refers to patients that cannot readily ambulate. These patients have co-morbidities that decrease their hemodynamic status and are unable to perform regular, un-assisted position changes. They also suffer from anorexia and decreased sensory perception. Therapy and quality of life interventions include medication, use of medical devices, and prolonged bed stays for monitoring. Ca. 10% of pressure sores are medical device-related (Shahin, Dassen & Halfens, 2008). The pathological physiology of pressure sores is as follows: unrelieved pressure over body surfaces leads to gradual tissue ischemia and compression of the circulatory bed. The latter prevents oxygenation and evacuation of cellular waste: these occasion biochemical waste accumulation, and trigger local vasodilation and eventual edema and ischemia. The resultant cellular death manifests as a pressure ulcer. Reduced mobility leads to unrelieved pressure on the affected body parts, while moisture predisposes epidermal degeneration via maceration. Shear erodes these epidermal layers, predisposing to further physical damage. Poor nutrition lowers the oncotic pressure, just as hypotensive medication leads to reduced distal perfusion. The Problem Area Prevention of pressure ulcers is an integral part o
The Ideology of Tribalism The chapter explores the historical background of the term “tribe” and tribalism as a whole in the context of Africa. Since it is a term imposed by the White historians, the attempt to generalize and identify the prevailing social structure of the African population has proven to be highly subjective (Mafeje, 2020). Nowadays, the African elite often utilize the concept of tribalism to maintain their superiority and exploit their tribesmen; thus, the history of tribes has to be thoroughly researched to avoid the exploitation of power. The Ignominious Origins of Ethnic Pluralism in America The reading describes the origins of American pluralism and how it contributed to the current issue of ethnic discrimination. Steinberg (1981) defines four stages of colonization of America: the settlement, the expansion, agricultural development, and industrial development. Starting from the settlement, predominantly British newcomers sought foreign labor to cultivate the country’s economic growth. Given that America has indeed been founded on the exploitation and differentiation between the immigrants and the alleged “owner” population, it is no surprise that these beliefs are still present in American society. Decolonizing Sociology: Since Its Inception, Sociologists Have Unconsciously Practiced A White Sociology The article argues that the sociology of the 20 th century was blind to racism and failed to predict Blacks’ civil rights movements. As a product of the colonial and imperialistic society of the time, it ignored racial issues and focused on White dominance (Steinberg, 2016). However, the Black Lives Matter movement has shown that the sociological theory for contact, competition, accommodation, and assimilation has little relation to current racial relations. This discrepancy between the theory and practice shows that sociology is a White-dominant field that fails to address the racial issues adequately. Groundings with My Brothers In both chapters, the author explores how the Whites repress the Black identity of African Americans and proposes solutions to these structural limitations. Rodney (2019) cites the Cuban revolution and the change it brought to the perception of race. The more culture and accurate historical facts people know about their race, the more they flourish as a nation as opposed to attempting to portray them as inferior by the White dominance.
Introduction The oil and gas industry is a very broad industry where many different sectors and engineers complement one another in order to deliver the most efficient performance. By referring to the performance, it means the operation system tracked by the production capacity of the company. Indeed, during performance safety remains as the leading priority. Several techniques and methodologies are used to increase the operation capability. In the production stage, a good number of such techniques are related to certain mechanical systems known as the artificial lift. However, the artificial lift appears in several types and play different roles in regard to the type and conditions of the well. Actually, these may include the pump jack and the plunger lift. Purpose This report aims to illustrate how to optimize the wells that involve a plunger lift through converting its measurement system from analog to digital. In order to do that one ought to justify whether installing the electronic measurement system is profitable or not for the future of the company. This is palpable by running an economic case and meets the regulations in all cases. Subsequently, this would make it easy to demonstrate to the Company’s upper management whether the conversion is feasible for the rest of the 28 wells. It also becomes possible to advice the company to remain with the current analog system in anticipation of extra studies and proper optimization is accomplished. Methodology The justification of this conversion will be determined via choosing three wells for testing purposes. These wells must be initially visited in order to install the new measurement system to enable optimization upon them. At that point access to the production data and figures of such wells as well as the other software tends to assist in employing the changes. Access may be done through the main office other than visiting the field for each stage of the project. In case of any immediate needed changes, the proactive interaction with the field technicians will take place. Background Company TAQA is the sixth global energy company that has operations in nearly eleven countries around the world. Every branch of TAQA has a specific sector of energy investment depending on the country of investment, distinctions, and needs. TAQA NORTH is subsidiary company that caters for the operations in North America. The subsidiary company covers the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia in Canada. The Company adapts to oil and gas exploration in Canada. The project is done by joining the development department in the area of Eastern Alberta particularly Central Mature team. Each team involves at least a geologist, geophysicist, a production engineer, an exploitation engineer, as w