ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The earth is made up of four main layers which include; the outer layer, the inner layer, the mantle, and the crust. Another layer is the lithosphere which comprises the crust and the outer layer of the mantle. The lithosphere does not occur as a concrete piece but is broken into ten pieces that can move independently. The driving force of these movements is known as the convective forces which are created by the mantle (Mathez & Webster, 2004, p.84). During these movements, the plates can diverge with each other; others can converge while others can move past each other. Finally the plates grow and depart forming boundaries which act as the sites of earthquakes and volcanoes. The essay seeks to give an elaborate discussion on plate margins and how they move in addition to exploring the events that cause earthquakes and how they can be measured. Plate Tectonics Movements of the Earth after quaking and shaking Plate tectonics is the phenomenon that explains the structure and the movement of plates (Mathez & Webster, 2004, p.84). Due to plate movements, the Earth is also in a continuous motion. This involves different movements in the earth’s crust whereby, “North America moves stealthily away from Europe at 1 to 3 centimeters per year; huge regions of the Pacific seafloor plummet beneath the surrounding continents; while India pushes northwards into Asia, creating the Himalayas; and Arabia pulls away from Africa, thereby opening the Red Sea” (Mathez & Webster, 2004, p. 84). The edges of tectonic plates are known as boundaries. These boundaries are composed of numerous faults which are rough-edged in shape. During plate movement, the rough edges of the faults can stick together while the other parts of the plate move. After the plate has moved to a considerable distance over time, the edges of one of the faults can unstick thereby resulting in an earthquake. The events that cause the earth to quake and shake An earthquake can be defined as the shuddering and trembling of the ground as a result of release of stored energy from faulting that involves breakage of the rocks along weak joints. This involves plate movements whereby the rough edges of the faults stick together as the other parts of the plate move. This leads to the build-up of energy that would have otherwise been used to slide the plates past each other. Finally, the force of the moving plate trounces the friction forces of the stuck edges forcing them to unstuck and the energy that has accumulated is released. This energy is released from the faults in all directions producing patterns referred to as the seismic waves. These waves cause the earth to shake as they move from the center of the earth to the surface. They also cause the ground to shake as they emerge on the surface of the earth. Scientists have identified “the elastic rebound theory” as the mechanism behind the release of stored energy from the rocks during the course of an earthquake (Monroe & Wicander, 2009, p.190). Earthquakes occur in rocks since they are capable of storing energy and they consist of fractures which are the points where rupture and therefore releas
Introduction This paper provides an analysis of the theory on medical non-adherence by Jonathan. This paper looks at the theory in terms of its scope, the context within which it developed the content of the theory, the significance of the theory, internal consistency within the theory, the testability of the theory and the pragmatic test of the theory. In essence, this paper looks into the key tenets of the theory in terms of relevancy and general applicability. Scope The medical adherence theory was constructed to provide a description of patterns related to treatment adherence in patients. This theory is concerned with the obstacles to medication adherence as well as its scope in terms of the population groups mostly affected by the non-adherence behavior. Besides this, the theory also provides the available solutions to the health workers dealing with patients who fail to adhere to medication instructions. Lack of adherence to medication in patients can at times be intentional – a decision made by the patient not to adhere to medication, or unintentional – interruptions beyond the patient’s control. In summary, therefore, the medication adherence theory , “defines the problem of medication adherence, provides information on the available measuring instruments and predictors of medication adherence, reviews specialized problems with medication adherence in minorities, adolescents and the mentally ill, and provides practical solutions for the health workers dealing with this challenge” (Johnson, 2002). Context The development of the medication adherence theory was steered by the increasing number of non-adherence cases in patients especially those suffering from chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and hypertension. Statistics indicate that half of the patients who have been put on medication have problems adhering to the prescriptions either intentionally or unintentionally. This amounts to millions of dollars being spent annually on complicated cases, which could have been avoided. Besides the financial loss, non-adherence to medication has also resulted to reduced lifespan and poor quality of life. This is what compelled the health analysts to develop this theory, which is aimed at reducing the number of premature deaths caused by ignorance towards medication, and to improve on the quality of life of patients living with chronic diseases (Johnson, 2002). This theory established the main causes of this health threatening behavior, the main one being lack of money to purchase drugs over a long period. This however became controversial when it was discovered that this problem is also common with patients on health plans, which enable then to have acc
Introduction Women have for a long time been underestimated and overlooked in different cultures with men’s prejudice escalating their grievances. Unfortunately, this trend of women suffering cuts across different cultures including China; the setting of the film Raise the Red Lantern. This film revolves around Songlian; a newly wedded fourth wife of a tycoon; Master Chen. Upon arrival, she receives royalty treatment; nevertheless, problems start the first night when Meishan, the third wife feigns sickness and Master Chen has to leave Songlian to be with Meishan. To Songlian, this is a wake up call as she realizes she has to fight for her place in this marriage and win Chen’s heart to lure him into spending more time with her. This realization marks the beginning of Songlian’s struggles; unfortunately, she ends up being psychologically dead, having suffered numerous ‘wounds’ in her struggle to beat women oppression. Psychological death is the only way Songlian would be free from oppression for she tries in numerous occasions to beat this oppression with no success. Nevertheless, even though she psychologically dies, Songlian fights the good battle of resilience and hope; hope that things would be good someday. Determinants of Songlian’s Life Class and gender are the greatest determinants of Songlian’s life for they shape her life and the choices she makes. Songlian comes from a poor background and she suffers her first ‘wound’ when her father dies, plunging her family into bankruptcy, which forces Songlian to drop out of university just after six months of study. The issue of gender comes out clearly at this level for Songlian becomes a sacrificial lamb and ‘sold’ to as a wife or concubine to Chen a polygamous tycoon where she becomes the fourth concubine. Songlian is completely convinced that women have no voice in society as she readily accepts to be married against her will. She says,” Let me be a concubine then. Isn’t this a woman’s fate?” (Yimou). This clearly show
Introduction Navitas Limited is a public limited company that trades its shares on the Australian Stock Exchange. The multinational corporation specializes in providing educational services at various levels, including workforce training, university programs and student recruitment. These services are provided at universities and colleges in various parts of the world, particularly in Singapore, the US, Canada, Australia and the UK. Financial overview and strategies Navitas Limited is currently entering into a partnership with various universities and colleges to ensure its recognition is widely spread, as well as increase its level of revenue. The partner universities welcome the issue of collaboration as it helps them tap more revenues from the partnership. It also helps partner universities to expand their number of foreign students in their certificate, diploma and degree courses. Navitas normally enters into a contract of five years with the partner universities, which enables NVT to establish a strong presence in various localities. Navita Limited will benefit from a moderation of processes in various universities, which will ensure that academic standards are maintained and are similar to those of all universities worldwide (Liu & Wang 2010, p. 84). NVT is currently employing the expansion strategy to expand to other English-speaking countries such as Canada, the US and the UK. These countries are said to have attracted both English and non-English speaking students. An annual report released by the corporation indicated that the firm realized an increase of 20.5% in its Net Profit after Tax at the end of June 30, 2011. Navitas Limited recorded an NPAT of $77.39 million at the end of June 2011, which was a representation of a 20.5% increase relative to last year’s performance. Revenues attributed to ordinary activities increased by 15.6% from the last year’s performance. The revenue for the month ended June 2011 amounted to $643.81 million. The 2010 diluted Earnings per Share were 18.8 cents as compared to 21.7 cents for the year 2011. However, the NOCF (net operating cash flow) decreased by great margin given that the company had NOCF of $69.46 million in 2011 as compared to $77.39 million realized in the year 2010. The company will take advantage of the favourable economic and social factors to expand its presence in various parts of the world (Oster 1994, p. 89). Finan
Madison’s article (2012) ‘As Supreme Court Reconvenes, Civil Rights Issues in the Fore’, discusses legal issues the Supreme Court needs to rule on after reconvening (p. 1). The court is about to reconvene with a lot of civil rights cases awaiting its determination. The civil rights cases which the court will rule on relate to race, election rights and homosexual rights. The first case that the court will hear is the legality of affirmative action in admission of new students in higher learning institutions. The article argues that the way the court determines the case will affect future student admissions in universities and colleges. The affirmative action law compels institutions of higher learning to observe racial diversity when admitting new students. The interpretation to be made by the court will have serious consequences for many higher education institutions. A narrow interpretation of the law would affect many small institutions. A broad interpretation would compel many educational institutions to reform their admission policies. The case about the definition of marriage as upheld by the ‘Defense of Marriage Act’ is very sensitive. DOMA recognizes marriage between heterosexual couples and not same sex couples (Madison, 2012, p.1). The court will decide if this hinders same sex couples from enjoying state benefits and welfare programs. The court will also rule on whether voters in a state can withdraw marriage rights enjoyed by same sex couples if the state constitution allows it. The court also needs to determine the legality of election laws in some states which require each voter to have a photo identity before being allowed to vote. The Supreme Court will have to decide on the legality of these laws and their impact on voting rights. The court’s ruling could have a direct effect on Section 5 of the ‘Voting Rights Act’ in states where these election rules are still practiced. The author simplifies complex legal issues and presents them in a manner that makes it easy for readers to understand (Madison, 2012, p.1). The issues discussed by the author in the article have a direct impact on the lives of all American citizens. Evaluation of the Article The reveals the critical civil rights issues which the court needs to rule on and analyses their significance to the society. The issue of affirmative action in educational institutions is very sensitive to minority populations. Many higher education institutions in the country use race as part of their criteria during admissions. This article shows how affirmative action is used to create racial equality and diversity in higher education institutions. Madison (2012) observes that the Supreme Court’s ruling is likely to have a big impact on how colleges in the country admit new students in future (p. 1). Madison (2012) discusses issues related to same sex union couples and the legal rights accorded to them by the constitution (p.1). She focuses on the argument that the way DOMA defines marriage, denies same sex couples access to benefits and other state programs. This is a sensitive m
This paper will focus on two non-Western countries; Nigeria and India. Moreover, it will analyse how globalization has impacted on the cultural practices and general way of life in these two countries’ societies. Starting with the Nigerian case, globalization has profoundly changed the way people interact on a day to day basis. Initially, most Nigerians strictly followed and applied African traditional cultural practices. Most people in this country used to entertain themselves through the telling of traditional tales that used to highlight various virtues such as courage and determination (Aina, 2004). However, because of the impact of globalization, most people are now aping the Western cultures and doing away with their local cultures. Most people for instance, rely on Hollywood movies for entertainment. Moreover, traditional wedding ceremonies have been replaced with church weddings (Aina, 2004). Globalization has also seen most people using imported products for many of their day to day activities and, therefore, labels such as made in England are a commonplace in many parts of Nigeria. Globalization in Nigeria can be attributed to among other things, the setting up of multinational corporations by Western countries, in order to take advantage of the market offered by Nigeria’ high population. This has had a direct impact on the country’s cultural practices (Aina, 2004). In addition to the setting up of corporations, trends in the country’s ICT sector have resulted in a significant portion of the population using the internet to interact and transact with people from various parts of the world, including Western nations (Featherstone, 1990). Finally, the entertainment content originating from Western Nations have also had a significant indirect impact on the culture of Nigeria (Aina, 2004). There have been both positive and negative cultural impacts that have been brought about as a result of globalization in Nigeria. On the positive side, globalization has resulted in many Nigerians learning and appreciating western cultures, thus enhancing their ability to carry out commercial and other transactions with people from these countries. On the other hand, globalization has resulted to societal degradation because of erosion of good traditional cultural values and adoption of liberal western values that have negatively impacted on Nigerians’ lives (Aina, 2004). Some Nigerians, especially those living in the cities and major towns in the country have embraced the new cultural values that have been brought about by globalization in their da
This paper explores ethical problems with non-human slavery and abuse about power and victimization. The first part of this paper discusses whether Spiegel’s argument about animal rights is convincing. The second part demonstrates that Spiegel’s comparison with human slavery intensifies the horrors inflicted on non-human animals. The third part shows how Spiegel prevents herself from being a racist, considering the use of animal comparisons as racist insults. The fourth part gives my view on legal and policy developments in line with the legal abuse of non-human animals as property. The fifth part shows how Spiegel changes my views about the way people treat non-human animals. The last part of this paper discusses the role of religion and spirituality in changing the situation of non-humans caught in human webs of self-interest. Marjorie Spiegel’s argument is convincing because she cites many illustrations in language and literature which show animal segregation. Spiegel critically compares the suffering of blacks during colonial times with the suffering of non-human animals in contemporary society. Spiegel argues that most members of society consider it ethically wrong to treat black people in the same way “like animals” (19). However, most people still think that it is not bad to treat animals, to some extent or in the same manner as they term it, “like animals” (18). In essence, society regards the certain treatment as totally improper when occasioned to a human being, but as a proper treatment when occasioned to non-human animals. According to Spiegel (28), the move toward animal liberation provides a venue for lessening the oppression of black people and others who are subject to suffering under the power of other races. She warns against the mentality that it is necessary to curtail the rights of certain groups of living beings to live well. She manages to convince the reader that non-human animals are in many ways similar to humans (18), and they both deserve respect and protection against torture. The comparison w
Kiwi Airlines’ Initial Success The initial success of Kiwi Airlines was connected with the fact that the company had no problems with entering the airline industry. Its entry strategy was well-designed and efficient, which saved the organization from competitors’ threats. Not to resist established carriers, the company started to work only with three routes so that it was less costly for the competitors to let Kiwi Airlines operate instead of trying to eliminate it. Moreover, each route affected the businesses so that no particular competitor faced extreme losses. In this way, the business risk for Kiwi Airlines reduced because even if some companies eliminated it, there still would be two routes. One more source of Kiwi’s success was its services. First of all, the organization provided an opportunity to buy the tickets right before the flight with no restrictions. Except for that, the number of seats in the airplanes was reduced so that all clients seemed to be in a business class, where hot meals are offered. One of the company’s drawbacks also turned out to be advantageous. Kiwi had no finances to promote itself, so it entered the industry quietly. As a result, a direct challenge from other organizations was avoided. Moreover, Kiwi turned out to be gladly met by the shareholders, as it did not poach the personnel but encouraged people to get back to work in the airline sphere, promising a profitable future. Kiwi Airlines’ Failure Unfortunately, initially achieved success did not last for a long. The company started to grow rather quickly, and the number of its employees increased five times in only two years. It already had twelve plains instead of two and almost fifty flights per day instead of six. Of course, such changes involved the complication of the route structure, increasing the number of destinations (Greenwald and Kahn 235). These alterations show that the company expanded, which is mainly considered to be a positive tendency but in this case, it contradicted the original strategy. Kiwi Airlines was not already a single hub with limited simple routes and a particular target audience. As a result, the company moved beyond its area of competitive advantage. It experienced losses as had no economies-of-scale and was not able to offer better service to clients. Failure and Respond from Qantas and Air New Zealand Kiwi failed because it seemed to turn into a large airline while remained the same on the organizational and operational levels. It was not able to perform efficiently and meet the standards put by the established carriers, and the competition responded. Qantas limited the ticket price for its regular flights and increased promotion. Air New Zealand formed a new charter airline similar to Kiwi. Still, it was better financed and used both existing infrastructure and tourist one. When Kiwi decided to implement changes that were likely to improve its situation and increase gaining, that airline, F
Primary Diagnosis Riley’s examination shows numerous symptoms associated with respiratory viruses, such as fluid behind TMs, discharge, turbinate edema, pharyngeal erythema, barking cough, a rash, and high temperature within 72 hours after the appearance of symptoms. Based on the findings, the most likely potential diagnosis would be croup (ICD 10 J05.0). Croup is a disease that affects children within Riley’s age group (6 months to three years of age) and is caused by the parainfluenza virus. Symptoms include, but are not limited to:   * Barking cough   * Hoarseness   * Fever   * Stridor and respiratory distress It is possible that Riley’s barking cough is the result of an upper respiratory infection, which then progressed to become a croup, as during a URI a follow-up infection with a rhinovirus is a common occurrence. However, the boy’s analyses show that the airflow is not disrupted and there is no blockage of the larynx, meaning that this version of croup is relatively mild (Johnson, 2016). Other Potential Diagnoses Based on the symptoms, there are other potential diagnoses that need to be ruled out before the primary diagnosis is accepted. These diagnoses are as follow:   * Roseola (ICD 10 B08.2)   * Bronchiolitis (ICD 10 J21.8)   * Influenza (J10.1)   * Pneumonia (J18.9)   * Erythema infectiosum (ICD 10 B08.3) Roseola is a viral infection caused by HHV-6 and HHV-7 viruses. It is dangerous to children aged between 6 months and 3 years as it has no vaccine and can be spread from nasopharyngeal secretions (Stone, Micali, & Schwartz, 2014). Its major symptoms are high fever and high irritability, both of which are present in Riley. After a period of 3-5 days, it is followed by a barely noticeable rash that may develop around the child’s neck. However, the pattern of the patient’s rash and the lack of wheezing suggest that this diagnosis is unlikely. Bronchiolitis is an acute respiratory infection often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. It targets young children due to their high susceptibility to the disease because of their weak immune systems. The majority of the patients are two years of age or younger. The disease causes the inflammation of the airways, necrosis, and edema (AAP, 2014). The majority of the symptoms are related to the state of the respiratory tract. Wheezing and increased respiratory effort are common. However, the absence of the majority of these symptoms in Riley’s case makes this diagnosis unlikely. Influenza is another viral respiratory infection that could be potentially diagnosed in Riley. It is caused by influenza A and B viruses, and its sy