ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the book under analysis, the author introduces cross-cultural evaluation of consumerist trends, particularly expansion of the famous fast food chain McDonald’s in East Asia. In particular, the researcher puts forward the statement that Golden Arches stand for something more important than food consumption. Rather, McDonald’s has become a cultural and global symbol correlating with contradictory meanings and associations that the world’s known company develops across various economies. The fast food chain is more than food; it also a means of connecting to various societies. More importantly, it has shaped a new vision of pop culture in Asian cultures. In particular, the expansion of the Golden Arches networks has contributed greatly to development and advancement of the popular culture to the next level. The restaurant network has envisioned a new attitude to life and communication, as well as has introduced tangible changes to East Asian dietary habits. While discussing cross-cultural influence of McDonald’s expansion, the authors highlight the evident difference between such concepts as transnationalism and globalism due to their contrastive purposes. In particular, McDonald’s is confined to global trends because it pursues to create a new global culture under which all societies and nations would be united by communication and media. Due to the spread of fast food chains all over the world, the global culture becomes a reality in which people envision Golden Arches East as a part of Asian culture. The globalization process, however, disto
Introduction: The Sarbanes- Oxley Act 2002 The Sarbanes- Oxley Act 2002 is one of the federal laws in the United States of America that were established with a major objective of protecting investors by improving accuracy and dependability of the so-disclosed corporate information. All boards of directors in public companies, public management, and accounting companies have to comply with the Act with regard to laws of security. The Act was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley who were representatives in the lower house in the United States. Also referred to as Sarbox, the Act was passed on 30 July 2002. With its enactment, all managers of public corporations were charged with the responsibility of personally certifying the validity of any financial information to be reported (Surowiecki, 2005, p.46). The act also set very severe penalties for organization management that contravened it. In addition, the Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 2002 made it a requirement for all public corporations to ensure that independent external auditors audit their financial accounts. These auditors enable firms to have a clearer picture about the correctness of their statement of accounts (Baker & Taylor, 2000 p.1). The report also recommended that managers and board of directors in public corporate organizations had to play an oversight role. Key Components of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The key components of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2012 include several titles with the first being the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which is regarded as title 1 with the key responsibility of acting as a watchdog to all the accounting firms set up for the public. The title performs auditing duties. Title 1 is also the branch of Sarbanes-Oxley act that registers auditors before they can perform public and private auditing duties in the country. It is bestowed the authority of identifying special procedures that audits must conform to when examining auditing works. It is also supposed to perform quality assurance and policy control functions (Surowiecki, 2007, p.29) of auditing in the federation. With the implementation of title1, the United States is assured of uniformity in business standards. With such similarities, the member states can therefore trade at equal levels and be able to use similar and related business documents with ease hence promoting the level of interactivity in the auditing fraternity. Finally, the title also ensures that all public auditing firms in the federation are compliant to the directives of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. It is charged with the authority to guarantee the federation that the recommendations of SOX are implemented with by every auditing firm. The next component of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is auditor independence. This component is commonly referred to as title II. The title contains details of how auditors are supposed to work independe
Introduction Software development entails the use of programming paradigms to develop codes to meet a given programming problem. Over the years, several paradigms have arisen with the main being machine code, procedural programming, object-oriented programming, and event-driven programming. Machine codes are the most basic programming paradigms and involve the representation of instructions in term of numbers. For a general programmer, utilizing machine codes is cumbersome and almost impossible when developing large software. Procedural programming involves following a predetermined path that describes the task that a program should accomplish and the procedures to complete this task. This paradigm operates by instructing the computer what to do as well as how to go about accomplishing the specific task (Nørmark, 2011). The need of large and complex software led to the development of object-oriented programming as well as event-driven programming. Object-oriented programming is a paradigm that utilizes data structures referred as objects that interact with each other to accomplish a given task. EDP on the other hand is a paradigm in which the program flow is partially dependent on user interaction. Features and Examples of OOP and EDP All programming languages used in OOP share several features. The first feature is that they utilize objects and classes in code development. An object is a unit of information that contains procedures referred to as methods, as well as data fields referred as attributes (Schach, 2006). Classes define the methods and properties of an object. The data fields (attributes) hold the properties of an object, while the methods of an object are the procedures that force the object to carry out a specific function. The second feature common in OOP languages is encapsulation. Encapsulation involves packing together the data that describes the object together with the instructions that outline data manipulation (methods) (Farell, 2011). The third feature inherent in OOP is inheritance. Inherita
Every day new issues come up regarding the already researched fields, and this leads scientists to go back and carry new research or develop the previous research findings. Some scientists come together and form a research team or group through which they plan and conduct various tasks on projects while others prefer to carry out personal research. In the following paper, the possibility of having an objective research conducted by an individual scientist is explored. Generally, evaluating the evidences it appears that an individual scientist can be hardly successful in obtaining objective results of one’s research; whereas when the research is conducted by a group of scientists it is very easy to combine all the views and settle on the most generally acceptable way of conducting the research leading to attainment of objectivity of the research. Speaking about objectivity of research conducted individually, the first important thing to be done is giving definition to such important notions as objectivity, subjectivity, democratism and criticism. First, objectivity can be defined as an important characteristic of any research which insures that the results of any particular research are true to reality and external (Longino 2002). Secondly, subjectivity can be defined as someone’s tendency to express one’s own opinion which is affected by certain developments form outside (Longino 2000). Thirdly, democratism can be explained as the efforts to express and defend the ideals which are important for any particular democratic community which participates in the research or is somehow connected with it (Kitcher 2002). And finally, criticism may be ascertained as a healthy doubting of anything along with sober analyzing, evaluating, interpreting and classifying any particular object or phenomenon (Longino 2002). Next, in connection to the issue of whether objectivity can be achieved by an individual scientist the four articles by Longino and Kitcher are to be analyzed. Generally, Longino’s approach suggests that individual can be effective in finding objective results in one’s researches, while Kitcher argues about the opposite idea. According to Kitcher, research is defined as any systematic method that is aimed at unraveling the mysteries behind the occurrence of certain phenomena on earth. It can also be referred to as any activity that is aimed at finding the truths, facts causes, effects and relationships among various issues. Science is defined as the art or technique used to do something. Scientific research refers to the use of specific techniques towards attaining the set objectives that may include verification of a hypothesis, answering a que
Introduction The dramatic theory emerged in the communication field in the 1950s by rhetorician Kenneth Burke. This theory seeks to understand the social uses of language. The theory tries to understand human motives and what makes them act in a certain way. Burke views language as a strategy to respond to a specific situation. To him language is symbolic. Kenneth liked describing dramatism as what he saw when people open their mouths needs (Miller 56). The theory has 3 lenses by which one can view life. These are the guilt-redemption cycle, dramatistic pentad, and identification. 5 tenets Burke’s theory is also called the pentad because of its 5 tenets. Dramatist pentad this tool analyses the method by which a speaker persuades the audience to believe them. This pentad has five elements of drama act, scene, agent, purpose, and agency. An act means a past action or an action that will be later carried out by the communicator. The scene refers to the place where the action takes place or when the action takes place or simply the context. The agent is the act itself. Agency is the means used to perform the act. The purpose is the reason behind the act. Burke’s works are cited by many scholars and highly praised. These five tenets can be used to analyze any action that takes place in the world. The theory is very flexible addresses many issues. 3 claims The dramatism theory makes 3 claims first is language use and symbols. Language creates the experience of group life. A member of a community shares its history, name, and consciousness. The second claim is epistemology this is the drama that comes about by the combination of actors, motives, and scenes. Through this dramatization we organize reality. The third aspect is the changing nature of dramatics. Social life is composed of many changes. This means that the social reality that is created has to be malleable. This theory uses the drama concept to get insight into human activities such as the purpose behind their actions, conflict, and change (Gusfield 9). The nature of dramatism This malleable nature of dramatism means that teaching undergoes many changes that the teacher needs to undergo. Education is being changed by technology; there are more computer users to aid in teaching. Assignments are given out online. And technology is being used to make learning more entertaining and encouraging more participation by the student. Earlier the teacher merely stood before the class and taught. With technology, the teacher acts as a facilitator only overseeing the process of learning. Burke’s theory has been compared to Shakespeare because of the aspect of drama. To Shakespeare, the entire world is a stage. Burked work has influence the communication field which is also related to teaching. A teacher has to be a good communicator to teach e
Abstract Literacy acquisition and learning among young children is an important part of child development milestones. However, the rates at which children acquire literacy vary significantly depending on whether such learning is offered at home or at school for the first time. Although environmental factors can influence learning, parents and close family members play the greatest role in a child’s literacy acquisition. Various researches have established that parent-child interactions encourage children to master language cues early in life, thus contributing significantly to subsequent learning ability during formal education. This paper will discuss how the interaction between children and parents influences literacy acquisition during pre-school years and later in life. Moreover, the paper will highlight some alternative factors that contribute to literacy acquisition, including environment and community in which a child grows. Finally, the paper will highlight some contrary arguments that tend to downplay the role of parents in children’s learning at home and at school. How do parent-child interactions support children’s acquisition before formal school? Literacy acquisition starts early in life and it is highly influenced by the interaction between children and immediate family, especially parents. The extent of exposure to language and literacy is usually a significant contributor to achievements at school. When an ideal learning environment is created, it is likely to enhance learning and reading ability. Factors that may predict success in reading and accomplishment in school include verbal language, coding of alphabets and mastery of print. This success also requires setting clear standards to mon
Introduction Fairy tales constitute a specific part of the literary legacy that the mankind has created through its history. The ways in which fairy tales were compiled and presented have changed with the course of time, so have the topics and morals of the tales, but the essence of these literary pieces ha remained the same – they teach people the basics of life. Drawing from this, the definition of a fairy tale is important as usually there are no fairies involved in the tales. As Marcia Lane argues, “a fairy tale is a story-literary or folk-that has a sense of the numinous, the feeling or sensation of the supernatural or the mysterious. But, and this is crucial, it is a story that happens in the past tense, and a story that is not tied to any specifics” 1 . Based on this definition, this paper will examine and critically compare The Bluebeard by Perrault and The Bloody Chamber by Carter in order to see how morals and topics of fairy tales have changed over time. Main body To begin with, it is necessary to state that The Bluebeard is a masterpiece of the world literature created by the famous French author Charles Perrault. As the genre of literature with a long history (the first fairy tales date back to 100 – 200 AD), fairy tales examine the eternal issues of human lives, and the piece of work by Perrault is not an exception. The major plot line of the tale is the story about a man, who “had a blue beard, and this made him so ugly and frightful that there was not a woman or girl who did not run away at sight of him” 2 . When finally a girl dared to marry him, she barely escaped the faith of several other former wives of the Bluebeard. Going away on business, the Bluebeard instructed his wife: “I forbid you so seriously that if you were indeed to open the door, I should be so angry that I might do anything.” 3 Nevertheless, she could not hold her curiosity and opened the room mentioned to see the bodies of the Bluebeard’s wives hanging on the walls with their throats cut. After his return, the Bluebeard cam to know of his wife’s deed and was about to kill her for disobedience, and only her brothers managed to save her and kill the Bluebeard. Drawing from this story, its major ideas can be limited to the depiction of the human curiosity and the negative outcomes it might bring. Moreover, the stereotyped attitude towards women and their rights as wives can also be observed as one of the main ideas of this tale, which nevertheless, connects the story with the present day reality. In more detail, the topic of curiosity and the punishment for it is reflected in the fairy tale by Perrault through the character of the wife of the Bluebeard. Living in a splendid house with lots of gold and other fascinating things, this woman did not cope with her wish to look inside the forbidden room and was almost dead for this weakness of hers: “So overcome with curiosity was she that, without reflecting upon the discourtesy of leaving her guests, she ran down a private staircase,
The American Psychological Association (APA) has many different divisions in order to increase the available research on human behavior. Division 19 of the APA is the Society for Military Psychology. This division encourages both the research and application of psychological research to problems experienced specifically by military personal. The membership consists of military psychologists who serve the military in various functions including research activities, providing mental health services, advising senior military commands and working with various Congressional committees. Because of the diverse requirements of the military the psychologists who are members of Division 19 represent a diverse population as well. Positions include research psychologists, experimental psychologists and social psychologists. These three diverse fields are a small sample of the psychologists who are assisting the military in maintaining the health and welfare of the military forces. While the military is engaged in combat operations the psychologists are able to increase their understanding of the psychological consequences of combat operations. In order to assist their research neuropsychologists are using the latest technology in their field to examine the consequences of combat situations on neural tissue and its ability to function. This information is then used by researches in other fields to create various hypotheses and enhance their findings. While these psychologists are focused on providing the best mental health care for individuals employed by the military it will be possible for their research to be applied to the civilian world. Situations in which this crossover of research will be a benefit are natural disasters such as a hurricane or flood or a terrorist attack such as the World Trade Center.
The United States has several historical issues: migration, free carrying of arms, or racial questions, for example. However, there has always been a special place for healthcare problems in American leaders’ political rhetoric. Today, the system is trying to manage various issues such as malnutrition among older adults that is increasing, the role of nurses and the importance of their diversity, and the growing costs of the services. To begin with, healthy food availability is essential for elderly people and terminally ill patients. As the Healthy People (2020) program points out, this group is “at greater risk for hospitalizations and death from intestinal pathogens commonly transmitted through foods” (p. 5). Moreover, obesity and anorexia could have a more significant effect on a vulnerable individual’s organism than on young people (Bulut et al., 2019). Thus, the authorities have to guarantee that elderly people and terminally ill individuals can access healthy food despite their financial opportunities. Another point to be made is related to nurse practitioners’ and home nurses’ roles and the importance of their diversity. Nurse practitioners’ place appears to be as important as physicians’, especially in rural areas, where they serve as advocates to eliminate health disparities (Kaplan, 2020, p. 9). As for the cultural diversity in this sphere, inclusivity guarantees different groups’ presence in the profession. Moreover, it enables the healthcare system to understand each patient despite their cultural or ethnic roots, for instance. Finally, a fundamental question posed by many Americans seeks the cause of the healthcare cost of continuous growth. According to the research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, there are five key factors: “a growing population, aging seniors, disease prevalence or incidence, medical service utilization, and service price and intensity” (AMA, 2019, p.1). Hence, the government has to deal with the upcoming issues appropriately, as none of these trends shows signs of stopping. To conclude, the modern healthcare system faces multiple challenges of different kinds. It is vital to remember the importance of healthy food accessibility for specific groups and to realize the place of every player in the team. However, there is also another critical problem of healthcare increasing costs due to objective reasons. The government should seek new effective ways to manage the most crucial sphere of its actions.
Nursing organizations require funding to support important roles relating to the dissemination of information on appropriate healthcare practices and safeguarding the welfare of nursing professionals by promoting policies to support education and training. The essay analyzes the economic structure of the International Council of Nurses (ICN), the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (NAPNAP), and the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN). The International Council of Nurses (ICN) supports its operations using funding from member associations, foundations, and project grants from partners and supporting bodies. The International Council of Nurses Foundation (ICNF) supports charitable purposes, which encourage individuals and organizations to donate to the sustenance of ICN’s operations. External funding and support are crucial to the implementation of the diverse projects by ICN. The funding helps to minimize challenges relating to the management of the organization’s core budget considering that ICN operates as a non-profit making entity (Blais & Hayes, 2010). ICN does not offer individual membership, which means that the organization cannot increase its funding through membership subscriptions. The diversity of projects under the ICN umbrella demands the input of relevant organizations and sectors to help extend the ICN’s capacity to implement and accomplish various initiatives in alignment with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Although ICN does not describe its status and framework as a profit-generating organization in its mission statement, company overview, or description, the organization operates as an NGO, which means that the objective for ICN’s formation and operation is not conventional profit generation (Drucker, 2012). The nature of membership of some of ICN’s member organizations highlights the balance of representation of practicing nurses and managerial entities. An analysis of ICN’s membership highlights the organization’s accommodation of financially challenged members, which would likely not be the case for a profit-making entity because the underfunded members would introduce financial constraints on the organization’s ability to manage its operations. Response 1 NAPNAP gets funding by forming partnerships with entities such as the State Division of Healthcare Financing and the Bureau of Milwaukee Child Welfare, which facilitate the pooling of funds to provide a flexible and sufficient source of funding. The organization indirectly sources funds by influencing legislation relating to maternal and child health care programs, which are core elements in its scope of operations. For example, NAPNAP lobbied for an eight percent increase in the national budgetary allocations on