ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Calculating Real GDP of an economy entails a general summation of the total output produced in an economy. The two main approaches for calculating this output are the Expenditure Approach and the Income approach. The Income approach focuses on the incomes which accrue from the totality of economic activities carried out within the economy. The expenditure approach on the other hand focuses on the values of total expenditure in the economy as per the different economic units in the country. This paper gives a mathematical representation of the expenditure approach to calculate the level of GDP and also assesses the effect of changes in some of the variables on the GDP. Generally, GDP=Consumption + Investment + Government Expenditure + Net Exports This can be summarized as Y= C + I + G + NX However C=C0 + c1Yd Where Co is the autonomous level of consumption and C1 is the marginal propensity to consume. Yd is defined as (Y-T) and is called disposable income I=Io+I1Y Where Io is the autonomous level of investment and I1 the marginal propensity to invest. G=Go Where Go is the level of government expenditure determined outside the model. NX = X-M Where X is the level of exports and M the level of imports M=Mo+m1Y where Mo is autonomous level of exports and m1 the marginal propensity to import T=Tp where Tp are taxes as determined by government. Combining the equation gives Y=co+c1(Y-Tp) +Io+i1Y+Go+ (Xo-(mo+m1Y)) Hence Y= co+Io+Go+Xo-mo – c1Tp/ 1-c1-i1=m1 1-c1-i1=m1 Given that Autonomous consumption (Co) = 200 autonomous investment (I0) = 200 government spending = 100 export spending (X0) = 100 autonomous import spending (M0) = 100 taxes (Tp) = 0 marginal propensity to consume (c1) = 0.8 marginal propensity to invest (i1) = 0.1 marginal propensity to import (m1) = 0.15 Then Y= (200+200+100+100-100)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 500/0.25=1,600 Exchange rates have significant effects on international trade. This is because they determine how much the local currency is valued in the international markets. Consequently, they affect the levels of imports and exports from the economy. Appreciation of the exchange rate has the effect of making imports cheaper in the domestic market while exports get expensive in the international markets. Depreciation of exchange rates on the other hand makes imports expensive in the local market while exports get cheaper in the international markets. In a case where the exchange rates cause autonomous imports to rise from 100 to 200 the GDP changes as shown below. The new level of Y is Y= (200+200+100+100-200)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 400/0.25=1600 In the initial state the GDP level is 2000 a figure which is 400 higher than after the change in exchange rate. As mentioned above, the exchange rate is a conversion factor or a price relating local currency to international currency. This being the case, a rise in the autonomous imports would only result from an appreciation of the exchange rate. This is due to the fact that an ap
Introduction Human sexuality is an important element of society. Even though human feelings of sexuality appear more artificial, sexual emotions and activities are naturally classified alongside other significant ways of expression in the social units such as family. Christian values relate sexuality to wrongdoing; hence it can only be accepted if the act is for procreation. This notion renders obsolete all aspects of sexual feelings and activities between members of the same sex. Further, the majority of religious people have a soft spot for heterosexual relationships regardless of the purpose, which may not necessarily mean procreation. Symbolically, sexuality among heterosexuals results in the formation of a strong bond between the two parties. The paper explores the negative content of the social construction of sexuality. This sociological notion about sexuality is itself a major inconsistency, especially in terms of what children should know about sexual activity and the making of babies (Edwards, 2003). Children are often taught to become responsible as they grow up in order to become people of high integrity in society. They are warned not to engage in any kind of sexual activity until they are mature enough to take care of a baby. But when they reach the pubertal stage, and the social aspects around them prompt sexual encounters with the opposite sex, they are enlightened on how to practice it safely, their readiness for the act or consequences notwithstanding. Negative effects of sexuality Despite the enlightenment that adolescents receive from instructors, they are prone to misbehavior and lack of discipline. This condition triggers unwanted pregnancies and arbitrary termination of pregnancies. Teenage fathers also fail to own up to the impacts of their sexual actions or take responsibility for their babies, despite an incessant cry for support from their young partners (Zhang, 2011). Eventually, society forgets about the misleading information that is passed to teenagers. In most societies, sexuality and making babies are two distinct issues (Walther, 2008). Nonetheless, teenagers are expected to remain sexually active during their lifetime but to shun procreation until they are economically self-reliant and able to take care of the babies, probably when they are married. Although functionalism theory connotes an effective family that is lean enough to live decently and peacefully, procreation expediency results in large families that cannot hold due to scarce resources. Such social units disintegrate due to conflict between family members (Reichert, & Lambiase, 2005). Generally, societies have based the theory of Freud, that a minor is sexual from childhood and that people incorporate the unique sexuality of children into traditional ways. Still, children are expected to exercise their asexuality. Children of both genders are today brought up in a more uniform manner, yet the society morals hold that it is unethical of them to tr
Alaska Coffee Co., Inc. is a 9 year old company based in Anchorage, Alaska. The company, which began as an espresso shop, has grown to become a recognized brand in roasting exceptional coffee in terms of taste. It has diversified into the sale as well as provision of services for espresso. With several awards such as the Fair Trade and the Certified Organic awards in 2006, Alaska Coffee Co., Inc. has become a recognizable brand in Alaska and is having a say in the coffee roasting industry. The coffee roasting industry is quite lucrative, bearing in mind that coffee is among the leading beverages in terms of consumption. Considering that the coffee roasting process determines the taste of the coffee greatly, experience in coffee roasting determines the attractiveness of the coffee. Using the five Porter’s forces model to analyze the coffee roasting industry, it is possible to formulate three strategies which Alaska Coffee Company can incorporate to ensure market leadership, profitability and survival. The coffee roasting industry is fairly competitive given the fact that coffee is a worldwide beverage. However, the roasting process which depends on the skills of the taster helps in differentiating the tastes. For instance, while there are many coffee roasters, not many are able to produce excellent espresso. The ability to make the right espresso therefore acts as a competitive advantage that lowers rivalry. Coffee has substitutes (usually available at lower prices) such as tea and cocoa and therefore this may act as a threat to the industry. However, not many buyers would choose to substitute coffee given the addictive nature of coffee. On the same note, sensitivity of price of coffee influences buyers to either go for substitutes like tea or other coffee brands due to minimal differentiation. While entering into the coffee roasting industry may appear easy, it may not be so since it requires good experience in taste of coffee and the right roasting and brewing equipment. For Alaska Coffee Company to remain competitive in the industry, it must focus on various strategies that would strengthen its position against its rivals. For instance, a cost leadership strategy would help Alaska Coffee Company remain a favorable source of supply of coffee in most coffee outlets. Currently, the company supplies its coffee to both retailers and wholesalers and this makes it appealing to almost all types of customers. Taking a differentiation strategy would be very effective in this industry given that there is minimal differentiation in coffee, which may weaken a firm’s competitiveness. The Alaska Coffee Company has so far pursued this strategy as provided by its 10 different brands of coffee offered at different prices. Some of these brands
Introduction Government funding in education was primarily supposed to help all the children in acquisition of basic education. New York City has a high population; the funding is higher to cater for all the students. Needs of the students from New York City are higher than those in other states. The government supplied the highest amount of funds in New York City Schools, but the inadequacy made them to achieve the poorest results. Impact of Funding to quality of education Fiscal Equity campaigns filed a court case to challenge the constitution on the government’s role in funding these schools. The government had promised to finance public schools so as to enable them acquire basic education; but it failed because it did not provide adequate funds for the students. This was clearly shown by the outcome of their performance. Public schools were performing poorly compared to private schools. Funding had led to poor performance but could be improved if the state government provided adequate funds for the students in terms of needs, inputs and outputs (Campaign, 2003). Effect of racial and economic integration on the quality of education The quality of education in government funded institutions was lower than that of non funded institutions. This was because of the teachers in these funded institutions perhaps were not well motivated or qualified in their duties. The facilities such as libraries and books were also below the standards of the private schools. In The city of Rochester, there were 15 African American students who had poor performance in school. Majority of the students in their district were poor and racially isolated. This was a clear indication that majority of African Americans were living in poverty. Their education quality was thus affected since they could only rely on the funded education that was not doing well at that time. Education quality was subject to economic status of the people. White people mostly got quality education because they could readily afford to pay fees for their children where schools are fully equipped. The state failed to incorporate all schools to one category and this was the major cause of separation of the rich and the poor student’s background (Paynter, 2003). Basic Education and Segregation The New York state constitution promised to be responsible for provision of maintenance and support of the public schools; so as to ensure that all children got the basic education. The initial idea was to desegregate children by taking all children to school to acquire common education. However, failure of the legislature to fulfill its mandate brought segregation. The rights of the children were violated. Children who were supposed to acquire quality skills to promote their productivity did not acquire quality education. Basic literacy of mathematics and communication was highly affected by inadequate funds in their schools. Public schools failed to change with time by failing to care for their present needs. The modern society was changing as well as th
There has been a raging debate whether oil has been a blessing or curse to the Gulf States. This stems from the comparison between the mineral wealth endowed in this region and the level of poverty experienced in the same region. It has been sad noting that although these regions are endowed with a lot of wealth and have higher GDP than most of the countries, their population is still poor. The price of oil has continued to rise in the world market which could have translated to improved lifestyle of the Gulf people. But the deteriorating levels of poverty in these regions leaves many wondering the value of oil compared to the life of the people in the gulf region. But to argue logically, oil is not a curse or a blessing, it is merely a natural resource.­­­­­ A resources that is supposed to be exploited and used wisely to improve the life of its citizens. Oil is a precious natural resource that is highly priced by many people. With plenty of oil in the gulf it puts them in a position to earn more and improve the life of their citizens. But why is it that the lives of people in the gulf region continue to be poor amid plenty of oil and other natural resources? According to Neuwirth (2004), countries in the gulf region depends on oil to drive their economy. In a way they control the world economy since a large portion of the world’s economy depends on crude oil products as a source of energy to drive the economy. This clearly shows that the gulf region is a major determinant on the growth of the world economy. Although there are other parts of the world producing oil, the gulf region remains the largest producer of crude oil. It is recorded that a country like Iraq depends on oil for 95% of its foreign exchange earning. With a reserve of about 12.5 billion barrels and with a potential of more
Introduction The conjunction fallacies may often happen in our everyday life because of the people’s striving to generalize the incoming information, and thus people often mistake in their conclusions. Thus, the example of the probable conjunction fallacies in hiring people for the work in a fast food restaurant (so for any restaurant, or the place, where team work is needed): He/ She was fired from the previous place of work because of conflict with some other team member, so he/ she is conflict person. But it may be that the conflict person is the other team member – the opposite party to the conflict. Another example is when one had been fired from several places because of the reasons close to irresponsibility. HR managers prefer not to hire such people, but person might have a wish to get another chance. Such people just need to be interested in their work and stimulated for good job. If the company is not able to stimulate the staff, it may face huge turnover. The last, but not the least is the external unattractiveness. May be the most common case is when the future workers are suited by the HR manager by appearance. This is the most non-professional approach, but unfortunately is widely applied. Hypothesis on the behavior For the smokers: if a person does not go for a smoking break with the other team members – he/ she is non-communicative. Such mistaking generalization may occur in the smoking teams, but on the other hand one just may not complete the work in time, and thus, when everyone smokes, stay to continue working. Another example on the appearance – if one is unattractive, and moreover with tough voice, one is considered cruel and unsociable. The fact is, such approach and conclusions by the other people may make one unsociable, and offended for the whole world, but understanding makes everyone kind-hearted. The most fallacies take place during the first moments of acquaintance with people. It is said, that the first impression is always wrong, but not everyone follows this rule. Correction of the conjunction fallacies on behavior The judgments and such conjunction fallacies may be corrected either by offering a person another chance to correct or prove everybody’s mistake, or changing one’s own approach to people, and communicating to them. Most may reveal the unexpected features. The perpetuation of the fallacies happen, as it had been mentioned above, because of the people’s ability to generalize the information, and in some measure because of comprehending the facts by emotions but not reason, and it is known, that emotions are always mistaken in judgments. Conclusion As it may be seen of the hypothesis, the conjunction fallacies in human behavior appear because of people’s prejudices, and non-wishing to use reason. This may be corrected only by the use of good logic in the everyday life, and people also need to be tolerant to each other.
Introduction Leadership is viewed as the way in which a person is able to guide others in accomplishing a designated task. Davis (2003) points out that leadership is ultimately concerned about making an avenue for the other people to participate in ensuring a certain task is completed in the required way and in the right time. In addition he asserts that good leadership should be effective in that is able to make use of the available resources from within as well as those outside the area of operation so that the set goals are achieved. Types of leadership In the contemporary world, we have a number of leadership styles that have been identified based on their distinct characteristics. The first one is the democratic way of leadership. Under this style of leadership the leader gives an opportunity to the people he or she is leading to air their opinions before a conclusion is arrived at. Jeremy (2009) points out that a democratic leadership allows for cooperation in all aspects of decision making and that the leader’s decision is not unilateral as he or she has to depend on the input of the other members. Laissez faire is the second form of leadership. In this type, the leader allows the members to control their own affairs. That is to say, the leader allows the other members to decide on their own policies as well as methods of handling issues. Miller argues that this type of leadership is important because in cases of emergency the other members are able to convene and hold a meeting without necessary waiting for their leader to come and chair such a meeting. Thirdly is autocratic type of leadership. Davis (2003) notes that in this type of leadership all matters pertaining (2008) to decision making are vested in the leader. According to him this kind of leadership is best illustrated as dictatorial. This is because members are supposed to take the decision of their leader as their stand or else they risk loosing the membership of whatever committee they are in. He adds that this kind of leadership is well known for making hasty decisions because the leader is solely responsible for making such decisions. The role of democratic style of leadership in allowing the team to provide input before making a decision. As earlier stated a democratic style of leadership allows for members to air their views before a concrete conclusion can be arrived at. Therefore, in a democratic civic group the leader allows for participative decision making process to take place. Miller (2008) argues that the leader of such a civic group makes the members feel to own the whole process and therefore they can contribute immensely and thus help the civic group move forward. In addition to that he claims that the democratic civic groups allow the members freedom to share anything that they think is relevant to the group. He notes that freedom is paramount to any member of the society as it avoids limiting what such people has to offer. There is also the freedom to question the way in which the group is being run. This is essential as it allows the leaders to know what the members like and do not like so that they can change or improve on its operations. Jeremy (2
Introduction The Second World War marked the starting of the Korea predicament. According to SparkNotes, the 1950-1953 war started when the South Koreans, who were non communists, were attacked by the communist army of North Korea. This is when the Allies were assigned to take over the Korean cape that was previously engaged by Japan. It is during the 38 th parallel that the Korean responsibility was divided between the Soviet Union and the United States. According to the Australian War Memorial, the years that followed saw the Soviet Union promote a tough collective administration in the north, while in the south, the government received support from the US. Anxiety rose by the mid 1950 amid the two regions, with each one of them being governed by a different government, up to the position where each one of the aggressive armies was reinforcing along the boundary. On 25 of June 1950, the army of the North Korea lastly made its way into the southern region, and proceeded towards Seoul, the capital (Turner Publishing Company 15). In a period that was less than seven days, the city fell. This saw the North Korean military precede their way to the south, towards the significant Pusan port, deliberately. In two days time, South Korea received support from the US which included both sea and air. According to SparkNotes, the Security Council of the United Nations requested for all its members to help in repelling molest by the North Koreans. This received a good response as troops, medical squads, aircraft, and ships, were offered by twenty one countries. According to Australian War Memorial, Australia offered the Australian Royal Regiment, 77 RAAF Squadron, and the 3 rd Battalion. During this point in time, both of them were located in Japan where they formed a component of the Occupation Force of the British Commonwealth. Discussion SparkNotes records that, United States did not consider Korea as of strategic importance, but at this period, the Cold War political environment was one that would define that policy makers were tough on communism. Technically, the intervention by the US was in form of police action that was managed by a peace keeping force of the United Nations. In reality, the US and the anti communists of NATO were maneuvering the UN to suit their own interests (Poulantzas 332). The Inchon attack In September 1950, while the US, the South Korean, and the UN armies stuck beside the sea at Pusan, Spaknotes records that, a bold amphibious attack was coordinated by Douglas C. McArthur on Inchon. This is a port located on Koreas Western coast. MacArthur, who used to be the Southwest Pacific commander during the Second World War, oversaw Japan’s occupation period after war. He also was in charge of the UN army in the early stages of the war in Korea. With this accomplishment, McArthur evoked the South Korea capital, Seoul, through a pincer progress thereby overwhelming the North Korea army which by then was attacking Pusan (Poulantzas 331). He did not get contented with this fast mission he made on South Korea, but with the help of the US, he traversed the 38 th parallel. He