ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Our world is growing rapidly. Growth which is evident on every country’s way of living. Most countries around the globe has developed and improved from the day they were discovered. But this development does not come easily; it has to be worked hard on. At the same time, this does not come in unison – meaning there are countries that have achieved development ahead of the others. That is why concepts like the “Third World Countries”, the “Second World Countries”, the “First World Countries” and now the “Developing Countries” has been coined. The Third World is the underdeveloped world – agrarian, rural and poor. Countries belonging to the third world are marked by a number of common traits – quite distorted and have highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and to provide markets for their finished goods. The Second World was the Communist world led by the USSR. With the demise of the USSR and the communist block, Second World does no longer exist. The First World, on the other hand, is the developed world. Countries like US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand has long been a part of this world. However, because most countries felt and realized that they need to grow and move forward, a new term has been made up – the “Developing country”. The term developing country refers to the non-industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop its resources through industrialization. The idea of a developing country is something new causing for certain queries to arise. Questions like “how do you describe a developing country?” or “can you classify a country if it is a developing one or not?”, “what are other things and concepts we need to know in order to familiarize ourselves with this developing country?” and even “are developing countries really in a state of poverty or is it just imagined?”. This research study is made in the hope that it will find pertinent answers to questions stated above, as this is timely and can be very useful in helping our and the other nations grow for the betterment of its people and its country as a whole. Social and Governmental Aspects of the Developing Countries Comparing, contrasting and reviewing all the factors contributing to the growth and advancement of a certain country will lead us to objectively analyze significant data and information on how can one country be successful enough in its struggle to be one among the highly developed countries. Various factors such as the intervening agencies of the government will be regarded as one essential tool on this part of the study. Economy A developing country’s economic situation can be described as an economy that is lacking in strong amounts of industrialization, infrastructure, and sophisticated technology, but are beginning to build these capabilities. Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in product
Though each of the watersheds in the estuaries and coastal areas is distinctive, they are all under threat from the effects of global warming (Gönenç 178). As such, several forces have contributed to the degradation of these watersheds. A number of these result from human activities that speed up global warming. Environment and land alterations, sedimentation, effluence, and climate change are the products of human activities (Gönenç 178). The above activities have severely altered the quality and quantity water in the estuaries and coastal areas that receive their discharge. In the article, the societal implications of changing water resource use and availability in terms of environmental issues caused by global warming are analyzed. As people upstream modify the landscape through actions like settling along the rivers, building of dams, construction of flood control erections, and diverting water flow, they alter the quantity and the speed of the water that runs downstream to the coastal areas (Gönenç 179). When humans settled along the rivers, they clear the vegetation around these water bodies resulting in increased runoff. Owing to this, soil erosion occurs. The soils deposited in the rivers are swept downstream leading to increased sedimentation in the estuaries and coastal areas. Because of this, freshwater inflows to coastal areas and estuaries are altered leading to negative impacts on fish reproduction (Gönenç 179). Considered that fish is the major supply of protein to residents living around the estuaries, a disruption in their reproduction will affect their food supply. Similarly, if fish reproduction in these water bodies is altered the aquatic ecosystem will significantly be affected because the food chain would be disrupted. In addition, increased stresses on estuarine systems have resultant effects of aquatic animals and plants. With a depletion of their habitats, the resources they rely on diminish as water quality decreases. Humans can also alter the quality and quantity of water flowing downstream by introducing aquatic nuisance species. For instance, if eucalyptus trees are planted along the rivers they will consume much of the water that should have flowed downstream (Valiela 296). Similarly, introduction of foreign fishes in local rivers has had an effect on the population of native fishes. The above human activities have had unanticipated ecosystem, economic, and societal effects. Aquatic nuisance species disadvantage the indigenous fishes and plants in a number of ways. They dominate the indigenous species’ habitat and prey upon them. Because of this, the aquatic food webs are disrupted. The fitness of aquatic and estuarine systems and the people that rely on them, depend on watersheds that offer vital food, hidings, migratory routes, and reproduction areas for coastal and aquatic flora and fauna (Valiela 296). For people, fit coastal and estuarine habitats enhance the growth of tourism and seafood industries, which are very important to numerous economies. Based on the above illustrations it is apparent that
Significance of growth in the USA After the World War II ended, there was a subsequent drop in military spending and many Americans feared that it would bring back the hard times and great depression that they had endured through the war (National Intelligence Council, 2008, 81). Vice versa, the “demand for manufactured products fueled an exceptionally strong economic growth” after the war ended. The countries gross domestic product grew from 200,000 dollars to a hefty 500,000 dollars within five years. As a result, the US increased defense mechanisms to a high level and tightened both internal and external security. Indeed, the treasury has pumped more money into the military and internal security organs to safeguard the country’s boarders. Significance of the economic interchange and dependency The United States created a system of economic trade interchange and depen
Abstract Manufacturing operations require the consumption of large energy volumes which is associated with significant financial burdens and adverse impacts on the environmental state. Hence, the application of methods aimed to increase the efficiency of electricity use in manufacturing settings has many positive implications. The paper is devoted to the evaluation of recent research studies on the issues of excess energy consumption in manufacturing systems as well as the strategies for minimization of electricity waste. The conducted literature review revealed that there is a direct link between the implementation of different energy efficiency principles and favorable outcomes in organizational cost efficiency. Moreover, it is argued that the integration of energy efficiency principles into manufacturing performance is related to the creation of multiple intangible and long-term benefits such as improvement of environmental state and organizational sustainability. Introduction Dynamic changes in the economic environment require modern business organizations to adjust to unfavorable circumstances through the reduction of operation costs. Manufacturers attempt to find new ways to decrease in operational expenditures to survive in a highly competitive market. Since electric energy is one of the major cost items in production systems, methods, and strategies for minimization of energy waste is of increasing interest among both scholars and practitioners. Efficient electricity consumption is an important aspect of modern social performance, and it relates similarly to individuals and organizations because the irrational use of this natural resource can negatively influence human, social, and organizational well-being. Nowadays, many methods for energy waste reduction exist, and the purpose of this paper is the investigation of activities aimed to optimize cost efficiency and operational effectiveness in diverse manufacturing settings. The objective of the following literature review is the identification of theoretical and practical implications of efficient energy use methods discussed in recent research studies. It is argued that operational procedures targeting the achievement of efficient energy consumption may have beneficial impacts on companies’ economies as well as other aspects of organizational performance. Literature Review Electric energy is a critical component of any manufacturing system. However, it is associated with the deterioration of environmental state and financial burdens (Mousavi et al., 2014). Multiple operations in production systems are run by machines which are usually characterized by low energy efficiency (Prabhu
The Children’s March is a movie on an event that occurred way back in 1963 in Alabama, United States of America. Although the movie is not a real recording of the actual events that happened during that time, the core movie line presents a case scenario of real events that actually happened by use of real people. The latter witnessed events in the movie. Directed and produced by Bobby Houston and Robert Hudson, this movie was released before the close of 2004. It experienced a positive reception both in the box office and the general public. A year later after its release, it was nominated for an Academy Award and won on the documentary category with massive support. This indicated that the movie received less negative criticism from the public. Indeed, this was a vivid indication of its suitability to the entire target audience. On the morning of 2 nd May 1963, the streets of Birmingham in Alabama witnessed a youthful revolutionary uprising of l children against local civil authorities. The children, fueled by rage and anger, stormed into town streets. The uprising was against conspicuous segregation that had been prevalent for years in the state. The civil authorities had been accused of open segregation leading to social inequity. These children were filled with a lot of courage and could not be intimidated by the reaction of the authorities. Armed with fire horses and packs of dogs, the police made serious anti-riot attempts in trying to stop the children from taking part in the demonstration. But in inexplicable ways, the children prevailed and proved to be anti-police racial-intimidation that had laid deep roots in the state against the community of the black people. This stunned even their parents in view of the fact that past attempts to make such demonstrations by adults had seriously failed. The children marched on and on and caused a stir to the authorities and the nation at large in the realization of the racial- plague that had rocked Alabama State for years. Local and national authorities had to make immediate reaction to the situation which led to the end of racial segregation against the blacks in the state. Forty years later, this brave story is told in form of a movie by Teaching Tolerance in collaboration with Tell the Truth Pictures, and the public reaction towards it proves extremely positive, judging from the award it won. This movie is uniquely a short documentary that runs for approximately forty minutes and is available in CD and DVD versions. It features various actors and other casts who facilitate the story. Screen casts include Dominique Alexis who stars as the major interviewed protestor, Rico Anderson plays the role of D.J Shelly, the ‘playboy’ of the movie. As evident in the movie, there is a police interrogator and this role is played by Josh Evans, Tony Otto plays the role of Birmingham chief police officer at that time. The role of the jail interrogat
Introduction The Internet has often been branded a democratic technology based on the view that it allows freedom in several aspects. Deborah G. Johnson in her book Computer Ethics presents her view on the Internet is a democratic technology by dividing his argument into three parts. By simple definition, “a democratic technology” is whereby the people of a country are accorded the liberty and freedom in the matters that relate to the use of technology, as opposed to the government or other organs dictating what they access. For the Internet to be fully accepted as democratic, it would mean reviewing of the regulations governing the use of Internet to allow freedom of access and ethics related to democracy. Unmediated, many-to-many interaction The first argument by the author seeks to bring out the prevailing difference between Internet and other communication means in that it is not filtered and allows many-to-many communications. This refers to a situation where a person with access to the Internet is in a position to relay information to very many people, who also have access to Internet. As opposed to what in the media channels of communication where the information let out to the public is filtered and influenced by what the government want the people to know, the Internet is free of any form of restriction in terms of the information shared by the many-to-many. According to Johnson (2001), d emocracy here is evident in the fact that through the Internet the user is accorded the freedom to share any information they wish with other users as well have access to a lot of information without having to depend on specific sources like the media. Information is power In the second argument, the author states that information is power. This argument links its support to the first argument where it affirms that the idea of allowing many-to-many flow of information presumably is a form of power to the user to share with a lot of people. There is however a need to differentiate between information that is useful, relevant and accurate which is when power is earned, with misinformation which is in no way a source of power. “Information is power only if it is accurate information and relevant information” ( Johnson 2001). The user of the Internet is also said to possess power in form of ability to shape attitudes of those reading the information who can in turn relay the information they acquired to other people too and the hence a large group of people are enticed to follow what the original sender stood for. This argument qualifies to be democratic in the sense that, information, which is power, can be passed and accessed by many people which implies that power is therefore given to the many people using the Internet. This is democracy in the view that Internet can accord power to large numbers of people. More power to less powerful The third and last argument is titled more power to less powerful. The argument simply i
Becoming and being a manager is a difficult process that requires much effort, knowledge, and skills. Manager bears large amounts of responsibility; therefore, such a person has to be in control of their emotions, be able to perform many tasks simultaneously, and give instructions to other people, as well as encourage employees to follow the given tasks and increase productivity. Hence, several tips could help an employee become a top-notch manager or supervisor. An effective supervisor can lead their team towards the set goals and increase productivity by motivating employees and raising their interest in the job. Therefore, the first tip for employees who want to be successful managers is to pay attention to improving their communication and leadership skills, as well as charisma, character, and declamation (Park & Faerman, 2018). One more tip suggests that future managers should learn to show empathy because leaders cannot be indifferent to their subordinates and keep a distance from them. According to Park and Faerman (2018), making a successful transition from an employee to a manager requires new supervisors to understand the importance of interdependence and interpersonal connections. Hence, not only professional education and qualification but personal characteristics and abilities define a successful manager as well. The next piece of advice suggests that managers should be good at defining tasks and delegating them to their subordinates. Planning and time management are significant parts of achieving organizational goals in time and showing perfect working results. Hence, the tip underlines that an effective manager should know the employees’ weak and strong sides and split tasks according to the shown abilities. Therefore, to become a manager, one should be acquainted with the theory of time and project management and be able to implement the knowledge in practice. Professional experience is as important to a manager as social contacts, and personal characteristics are. In addition, such tips as supporting stable and friendly relationships with top management, supervisors, and co-workers, showing initiative, and gaining more professional experience can be considered practical. I chose the mentioned above tips as the most useful because they focus on the criteria, personal characteristics, and
The article by Chen, Ouyang, and Pan (2013) offers a case analysis of Haier, a Chinese manufacturing company. The authors outline the change background in the introductory section of the report, explaining the challenges faced by the company. Whereas many other businesses were pursuing e-commerce efforts, Haier did not begin to implement an e-commerce strategy until 2010. A significant part of the company’s e-commerce efforts required changing its organisational routines, which proved to be a significant challenge to the organisation. The report addresses the change of order distribution routine using feedback and portrays the role of feedback in the routine change process, focusing on the case of Haier. The changing scenario reviewed in the study is rather new and has limited coverage in research. Thus, the theoretical foundation for the change was limited and largely based on assumptions. The authors describe some theories surrounding the change of organisational routines. For instance, they explain the importance of changing routines and show that the vast share of past researches considers routines as dynamic concepts that are subject to change (Chen et al., 2013). Based on this perspective on organisational routines, the authors theorise that continuous feedback on organisational routines can help companies to shape them in a way that will benefit performance. On the whole, the theoretical background of change provided by the authors is rather limited. The authors provide insufficient information on the concept of feedback and fail to explain the theoretical framework of their research. The report would benefit from a detailed exploration of the concept of feedback and its application to organisational change. The authors review the use of feedback on the change of routines in Haier, thus explaining how the change was managed. Chen et al. (2013) explained that changing the order distribution routine was imperative to the success of the company, as the old scheme of order distribution was unsuitable for e-commerce. An initial routine refinement was used to enable online delivery and then evaluated to generate feedback. The feedback revealed that the existing routine was still insufficient for the organisation’s goals, and thus the company launched a series of IT changes and upgrades to further improve the routine (Chen et al., 2013). The second feedback on the refined routine included suggestions from users, which were used by the management to improve the order distribution routine even further. The management also focused on developing the capacity for 24-hour shipping in order to remain competitive in the e-commerce market. This process followed a similar set of steps and was altered based on the feedback received. Overall, the change at Haier was successful, and it enabled the company to ensure a stable presence in the e-commerce market. Besides, the change demonstrated the impact of feedback on the routine change process, thus informing future routine change efforts and research on the topic. Nevertheless, the change did have some challenges. It w
Introduction Today academic excellence finds a different definition from the changing nature of technology, increase of competition and scenery of employment environment in the global market. Educators ought to set goals and priorities since the main reason for schooling is not to achieve better scores in an exam but for the student to be in a position of applying the knowledge to ever-changing real-life situations in the global economy. Application is therefore the true test for quality and academic excellence. Emergence of Rigor and Relevance in Education Some of the common and recent strategies concerning need to achieve quality education have a connection to the various government initiatives such as the “No Child Left Behind (NCLB)” legislation (Wankel and Defillippi, p.151). States have put in place serious policies and assessment programs to govern compliance with rules and regulations that enables every student to achieve minimum academic proficiency. There is need to have strategies that diversify the procedures of attaining proficiency other than the state regulations that cause every educator to work hard for a sole purpose of attaining these requirements. The assessments done by state officials are not the standard unit to measure achievements. The ability to acquire knowledge ought to have a basis on application of high rigour in relevant areas of study with the aim of making the knowledge relevant throughout lifetime applications. Meaning of Rigor and Relevance in Education to the Teacher The basis of education is the ability to achieve academic goals, mainly results. Teachers utilize various techniques such as planned instructions, curriculum and strategic assessments procedures to ensure proficiency. Most educators plan the procedures systematically with the examination being the final strategy. Besides adhering to these techniques, the teacher stays in line with government policies to ensure pupils gain knowledge. Rigorous and relevant learning occurs effectively when all the techniques integrate and interrelate in a way that each aspect reinforces the other (Simpkins and Simpkins, p.157). The teacher ought to understand that state assessment is important but not the only key factor to academic affluence. The assessment is today a barrier to higher achievement levels because most educators consider it as the end goal of knowledge acquisition. The tests are a bonus to education achievement if the educators focus on curriculums and relevant learning instructions (Simpkins and Simpkins, p.157). Other current influences to education also include the fast technological advancements due to changes on the communication systems, personal involvements and business transactions systems. This means that the teachers have to ensure chosen education systems enhance proper understanding of knowledge that relates to the global transformation and technological advancement. Various schools offer knowledge that relate to specific content without any integration between learnt subjects or between subjects and grades. Students move from one grade to another without the abi