ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The cosmetic industry represents a large sector subjected to regulations and state control. The importance of corporate ethics and strict legal rules is evident in this industry because cosmetics have a direct and immediate impact on the health of consumers and their well-being. In recent years, critics admit that more and more companies including such leaders as L’Oréal and Estee Lauder exploit and deceive their consumers by selling low-quality products at a high price. The main problem is that many companies follow ‘softer’ ethical issues balanced by rather more formal legal ones. The ‘law’ may seem distant to many smaller businesses and may seem to be comprised of rites of no immediate relevance. Pomp and circumstance have little connection to their business concerns, or with the alleviation of pressing financial or personnel problems (Sims, p. 34). Thesis The main strength of Lewis’s arguments is a rational base and scientific analysis of the facts; Singh uses emotional appeal which has a great impact on readers’ perception and understanding of facts and figures. Strengths of the articles The main strength of the article ‘The great pretenders?’ by S. Singh is its descriptive nature and a lot of examples. The author provides readers with an analysis of facts and figures concerning the cosmetics industry and the health effects of cosmetic products. The author includes an analysis of marketing efforts and strategies used by L’Oreal and Estee Lauder and evaluates their marketing activities in terms of current regulations. The author finds that false advertising and promotion is a natural policy of many cosmetics companies. Advertising and promotion used by cosmetics companies do not honestly represent the product, misleading and confusing consumers. Similar ideas are expressed in the article “Is Hollywood at war with the cosmetic industry?’ which opinions and views of two professionals. S. Singh underlines that control of activities in the field is difficult, and efforts should be made to ensure that false claims and pressure tactics are not used. Products manufactured by cosmetics companies raise important ethical issues concerning environmental protection, their impact on the natural environment, and quality standards. For instance, L’Oreal markets beauty lotions that “help preserve youth and beauty”. Thus, the promotion of this product misleads potential consumers: the creams and lotions do not preserve youth and healthy skin (Singh, p. 5). The author uses a method of observations and personal experience to describe the current state of the corporate regulations within the cosmetics industry. Emphasis on these concerns tends to be greatest in the industrialized world, while many of the lesser-developed countries still focus primarily on promoting economic growth or other objectives. Advertising through radio, television, print media and press meets form part of business promotion activities. The m
Introduction The need for quality management in healthcare facilities is an issue that many stakeholders have been fighting for over the years. According to Arias (2000, p. 87), quality healthcare is one of the major pillars of the economic development within a given country. People should have access to quality and affordable healthcare in order to remain strong and healthy. In the current society, there are numerous diseases that may affect people of different social classes, and this may reduce their productivity. It is because of this that many stakeholders, including the government and nongovernmental agencies, have been able to come up with ways of improving service delivery at various healthcare institutions within the country. In the United States, the federal government, in close connection with private non-profit making organisations such as Mayo Clinics, has improved the healthcare standards within the country. Mayo has been using numerous quality management tools in order to improve its service delivery. Currently, the hospital is using ISO 9001 principles to improve the quality of its services. Background of Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic is one of the largest non-profit making private healthcare institutions in the world that offers a wide range of medical services to various people across the country. In defining Mayo Clinics, Charantimath (2006, p. 78) says, “The Mayo Clinic is the world’s oldest and largest integrated multispecialty group medical practice, combining clinical practice, education, and research at the regional, national, and international levels for the benefit of individuals with routine as well as complex health care needs.” From this definition, it is clear that The Mayo Clinic offers more than just medical services to the American population. It is an integrated team of multispecialty medical practitioners who are focused on offering medical services, educating young people interested in joining the medical practice, and maintaining a high level of research in various areas of health. Founded in 1889 by William Worrall Mayo and his sons, this foundation currently employs over 3,800 physicians, and about 60,000 allied health staffs in various hospitals within the United States and all over the world. It has experienced massive growth over the years to become the largest and one of the most reputable healthcare centres in the world. As stipulated in their mission statement, Mayo is not just focused on offering quality healthcare to the people, but it is also concerned with finding the best ways of managing some of the emerging health complications by engaging its staffs in research. With its headquarters in Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clinic has become one of the most reliable healthcare institutions in North America. Its efforts in research and development has enabled it bec
Nowadays, the efficient delivery of goods is regarded by customers as a significant value. One of the recent studies on “UK consumer attitudes towards order fulfillment in online shopping” with “a sample of 2000 UK consumers” revealed that “87 percent of respondents would switch to another supplier if they experienced delivery problems twice or more” (Galpin para. 2). It means that delivery represents a vital component of the overall purchasing or service reception experience and contributes to the development of customer loyalty (Bobalca 241). The provision of a custom delivery service can help to resolve this problem for consumers and, therefore, the iRunning project may be regarded as promising. Time efficiency is the primary advantage associated with online delivery service (Roberts and Zahay 34). However, the cons of online delivery may include expensive delivery charges, risks of receiving a wrong order, delays, and so on (“Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Food Delivery” para. 3). iRunning will aim to minimize the mentioned risks and provide service at cheaper rates. Effective pricing is one of the ways to approach targeted customer groups more efficiently and draw their attention to the service. Based on this, the project will employ the customer value-based pricing strategy. It can be defined as “the method of setting a price by which a company calculates and tries to earn the differentiated worth of its product for a particular customer segment when compared to its competitor” (Dholakia para. 1). Generally speaking, “effective, customer value-based pricing involves understanding how much value consumers place on the benefits they receive from the product. Then, we have to set a price that captures this value.” (“Customer Value-Based Pricing” para. 1). It means that iRunning will render service at a very competitive price based on the analysis of other companies’ offers in the given area. Since iRunning implies a community-based voluntary and individually performed delivery without the involvement of intermediary agents such as professional couriers, etc., it is characterized by cost-efficiency for the owners, and the service’s price thus can be equal to its actual value. iRunning is intended to be an online network. In general, social networks can be defined as “communities of people who share interests and activities or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others” or “a map of relationships between individuals” (Sharp 3-4). As Arca states, “Social Media Marketing is marketing that focuses on people, not products…The products can be presented by the company with as many qualitative features and promotional tools as possible, but what matters is the comments and appreciations left by the
Laws protecting online purchase Several regulations and laws protect customers who practice online buying. For instance, “under the UAE Federal Law No. 24 of 2006, consumer protection department of the Ministry of Economy and Economic Development Department in the emirates are equipped to deal with unfair trade practices” (May & El-Sadafy 2012, par. 7). The unfair business practices include online purchasing. This regulation gives UAE customers a right to present genuine complaints in order to receive reimbursement in the form of financial damages, personal inconveniency, and replacement of the product. However, the government of UAE has been vocal in urging customers to buy online from credible sites with very clear return or exchange policies (May & El-Sadafy 2012, par. 9). What customers should be aware of? Before engaging in an online purchase in the UAE, it is vital for the customer to access its merits and demerits, security of the transaction, and regulative organs that directly provide protection from unpredictable and unethical practices from online purchases. Since online stores do not give an option for wear, touch, trial of the product before purchasing, the customer should prefer reliable online shopping sites to minimize the risk of fraud (May & El-Sadafy 2012, par. 3). Moreover, invasion of malware and malicious codes in online stores might turn a simple business transaction into ‘Hellgate’ transmitting virus to PC of potential clients within the UAE. Thus, the customer should prefer protected sites before engaging in online buying. The occurrence of some security threats has compromised the principles of authentication, privacy, and non-repudiation which is fundamental in protecting security breaches such as Denial of Service within the UAE. The most common threats include ICM Flood, Teardrop Attack, Plashing, Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks, and Brute Force Attacks. Thus, should the customer detect any of the above threats, it is necessary to report or opt for another site (May & El-Sadafy 2012, par. 5).
Introduction The main idea of Socrates refusing to escape from prison is the belief in justice and knowing to differentiate wrong from right and good from evil, which is also not easy today and wasn’t easy for the last couple of centuries. In the olden days the person didn’t have much of a choice when discerning wrong from right, the opinion of the government was what mattered, but as personal liberties started to expand, people were given freedom of choice and that is when the breaking of the law became the boundary between wrong or right, no one could be punished for immoral acts anymore, only for illegal ones. This boundary however, makes the committer of immoral deeds stay out of jail but it does not make him or her into a complete person with strong moral principles, it just shows that one has to balance the letter of the law with one’s personal beliefs. Therefore, it is important to first respect the rights of others, as according to the letter of the law, and then to promote one’s beliefs in a non violent manner in order to promote democratic social values. This idea is at the base of Socrates, Martin Luther King and many more. This idea of moral philosophy favors tolerance and understandings as the base of social interaction, in a society that functions in a communal system where the goods are shared. An idea that has proven utopian in the social sense, due to the economic system and the greedy human nature, but the moral ideas have survived and have influenced millions that use them as the base o
Introduction The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still one of the most controversial happenings in recent history. Historians have passionately debated whether the bombings were essential, the effect that they had in ending the war in the Pacific Region, and what other alternatives were on hand for the United States. These very same questions were also debatable during that time, as American decision makers deliberated on how to put to use powerful new technology and what the long-term impact of atomic weaponry would be on the Japanese (Hasegawa 96). This essay presents a debate on reasons why the U.S. was not justified in using the atomic bomb on Japan. Most historians who have been taking part in the debate on how World War II ended have based much of their focus on why the U.S. decided to drop the atomic bomb. Despite the much emphasis placed on this matter, there has been little attention directed on the role played by the Japanese in ending the war. Even less information is available on soviet-decision-making and their joining the war against Japan. One of the major obstacles, which were overcome only recently, was the absence of a historian who was fluent in English, Japanese and Russian to enable him to examine the major materials, which included government, military, and intelligence memos and reports in all the three languages. This explains in part why most of the available literature on the subject only touches on the American side of the story. One of the reasons why bombing Japan was not justified is because America had other options, which they could have used to compel Japan to surrender. In his 2005 milestone study titled Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan , historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa critically examines the threefold wartime relationship between America, Japan, and the Soviet Union. What comes out from this careful study is the fact that America had other options that they could have pursued instead of the bombings but which they chose to ignore. According to Hasegawa (100), the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had indicated to America that he would attack Japan on 15 August 1945. This meant that America had up to 15 th August to
Introduction The process of buying and selling goods and services through the internet and other social sites is referred to as e-Commerce. An e-commerce website is a link or a virtual market that creates an avenue for buying and selling. Creating an e-commerce website requires some components in order to work efficiently. These components include security requirements, system confidentiality requirements, audit requirements, and legal requirements to mention a few. When their requirements are assembled together, it would create an online market for the buying and selling of goods and services. Security Requirements The security of a website would determine how safe trading could be on the site. Security of the server is the most important aspect of an e-commerce site. To secure your website, there should be a secured host security, internet connection security, coding and decoding security. The configuration of the web server should be safe, and this is the first place for an attack should there be loophole on the website. When the web configuration is secured, you would have to put in place preventive measures that would sanitize every transaction made on the website. This means that there should have secured policies that would thoroughly check every transaction, this would guard against fraud. Remember to update your security measures regularly because fraudsters would always be at your site looking for a loophole. Note that your files should be encrypted to avoid internet fraud. For example, when you are using master cards for transactions, these numbers have to be encrypted to avoid fraudulent activities. For example, shoppers at the King Jewelry are encouraged to suggest ways to bolster the website’s security. The security requirements must define the roles, procedures, transactions, and information stored in the system. What is more, the internal and remote access to King Jewelry website is well protected. The website also employs other techniques to ensure that the data on King Jewelry website is protected properly (Musa, Norwawi & Selamat, 2012, p. 48). System Confidentiality Requirements In order to gain trust and confidentiality of your customers, the site owner must put some measures in place to boost customer confidentiality. Quality Website design Customers would be free to transact business on sites that are well designed graphically. When the site is poorly created, it would not attract customers and that reduces customer confidentiality. A good online service Customers are satisfied wen there problems are solved immediately. When the contact information is visible and easy to find, it is a step forward in building consumer confidentiality. Additionally, the customer services should be reachable and working on a daily basis, this would give the website a competitive advantage. Accessibility opti
An overview of Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease was first named and described in 1817 by James Parkinson. It is considered to be degenerative and affects the nervous system of the body. It has been found to affect the cognitive functioning of the victim’s contrary to the earlier belief that it was only affecting the nerves. Some specific symptoms/effects are associated with the disease and the major effect is the loss of brain cells from a specific region of the brain that is associated with the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Associated symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are marked tremors (motor symptoms) while both active and resting, rigidity or stiffness in the muscles (especially the neck and legs), facial and throat muscles’ weakness, difficulties in talking and/or speech and swallowing, gait disturbances, bradykinesia (a condition that shows slowness in goal-directed movements), instability in posture and poor balance, problems in digestion and urinating, disturbance while sleeping, and fatigue amongst others (D’haenen, Johan and Paul, 2002, p.301; Ebadi and Ronald, 2005, p. 16; Pahwa and Kelly, 2007, p.53; Hansell and Damour, 2008, p.50). A good number of the victims suffering from Parkinson’s disease develop dementia. Dementia affects memory progressively, attention, language, and the ability to solve problems. However, there are people who despite developing some related symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, do not display all the symptoms discussed above. This is a condition that is referred to as Parkinsonism or pseudo-Parkinsonism which is more related to traumas in the head that have accumulated. Pseudo-Parkinsonism also displays similar symptoms, though not all as Parkinson’s disease. This study seeks to examine the biological, cognitive, emotional and, behavioral components of Parkinson’s disease in relation to a boxing Legend, Mohammad Ali, who was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 1983, which had started as Pseudo-Parkinsonism. The components of Parkinson’s disease   * Biological From the case study of Mohammad Ali, Parkinson’s disease is not genetically associated, but rather it results from prolonged trauma and injuries in the head (brains). The disease affects the normal biological functioning of the body. Some of the affected areas are the digestive systems and the excretion systems, especially the urination system of the victim. The major biological component, however, is the motor symptom. This is the one that is associated with tremors of the body by the patient suffering from this disease. In our case, Mohammad Ali did develop severe tremors after he had retired from boxing. According to Fisher (2007, p.311), the motor handicap grows with the severity of Parkinson’s disease. He noted that this occurs due to the loss of dopamine transporter, as the part of the brain that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine is damaged. With the severity of the disease, the motor handicap (tremors) is more severe.   * Emotional The emotional component of Parkinson’s disease, as noted by Ebadi and Ronald (2005, p.16), the patients who had strong emotional problems tended to develop symptoms of the Parkinson’
Introduction This essay explores dissociative disorders as forms of abnormal psychology and abnormal behavior with specific reference to the case of Anna O. These disorders entail abrupt distraction or changes in generally integrated functions of perception. The conditions are not common, and they are prone to faking in some cases. There are several subcategories of dissociative disorders. These conditions affect memory function, sense of identity, cause conflicting or competing personalities, and distort a sense of reality temporarily. Some of these abnormal psychology disorders and abnormal behaviors are not easy to diagnose because they do not have clear symptoms (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Sleep disorders also involve a changed in a state of consciousness, but not as severe as cases of dissociative disorders. Multiple personality disorder (MPD) or Dissociative Identity Disorder is an intense type of dissociative disorders. Most cases occur among women, there are few documented cases, which occurred after several years. A Brief Overview Of The Case Of Anna O Anna O was a patient of Breuer (Meyer, Chapman & Weaver, 2009). She first visited a doctor because of a persistent cough, but Breuer used hypnosis to elicit memory and reconstruct the past. He focused on the client’s reaction to her childhood experiences and caring for her father to understand her distress. Anna had problems with her vision, hearing, headaches, neck weakness, and anesthesia on her limbs. She was mute and thereafter showed two different personalities, which changed without any warning. Anna was “melancholic, experienced unconsciousness, mood swings, and potential hallucinations” (Meyer, Chapman & Weaver, 2009). Anna’s second personality presented antisocial qualities characterized by abuse and odd, rebellious behaviors. Af