ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Foreign policy of a country is the essential component for the sound governance of the country as well as keeping good terms with the nations of the world and let the international transaction with full speed. It is determined by the policymakers of a given country considering the issues of national safety and security. As the countries of the world are getting closer to each other, the matter of developing relations between the states has been a prime consideration for the mutual dealings of the states as well as their respective development. Undeniably, it is an inevitable means for any country to develop its relations with international community. It is an essential component for enhancing international transactions and ensuring country’s efficient, growing and continuous development. By amassing affluence and extending foreign policy overseas, America emerged as Superpower. The Department of State of the Country deals with foreign issues including global security affairs. The purpose of the present study is to explore the defects, deficiencies, merits and significance of American foreign policy that was developed by Roger Hilsman, assistant secretary of Kennedy administration during Vietnam War. By this, the study also intends to concentrate on identifying the effectiveness and viability of the plan of Roger Hilsman regarding American foreign policy that was designed having a special attribute to the Vietnam War. Finally, the study likes to extract the defects and deficiencies of the plan and accordingly recommend some viable prescriptions that may guide as the most effective means and aiding tool for erecting a successful foreign policy to be adopted by America to challenge the critical reality in the changing circumstances of the global political arena. Foreign Policy Foreign policy means a collection of national policy agendas reflecting in international arena. The physique of foreign policy manifests the pragmatic aspirations of the people of a particular country. So, foreign policy differs from country to country. Pertinently, the foreign policy of America is prone to more change depending upon the changing global political context. US Foreign policy puts its special attention mainly “in the Middle East, in the developing world, in Europe, in Asia” (Jentleson, 2006, p.359). The Department of State The Department of State has been established for protecting US citizens and executing American foreign policy. So, it gives protection to the US citizens living or traveling abroad, proper assistance to US business in foreign (Ranney, 1975, p. 67), diplomatic efforts and official visits paid at home and abroad, makes an interaction keeping the public informed about foreign policy; asking feedback over this and dispatching the same to the administration. Trend of American Foreign Policy and State Department Since its independence,America has changed its foreign policy many times. This trend transpires the pragmatism of American policy framers. The foreign policy adopted in different times may be summed up
The book, The Race Beat by Roberts and Klibanoff, is a detailed account of the mass media contribution to the onset of the civil rights movement. The authors describe several well-known events of the century responsible for the emergence of the movement. Despite the evident heroism and dedication of the individuals described by the authors, the events documented in the book may be perceived as impressive but not entirely unexpected by modern readers. The progress made in the civil rights movement in the last few decades has raised the bar of our perception enormously. Because of this, it may be overlooked, especially by a younger reader loosely familiar with the dawn of the era, that the conditions under which the events described in the book occurred were, in fact, challenging enough to create a real, feasible threat to people who serve as a core of the narrative. In reality, in the middle of the twentieth century, the issues connected to race were largely obscured in the society and unanimously ignored in the press. Before the publication of An American Dilemma by Gunnar Myrdal in 1944, few Americans had any idea about the American South beyond that available to them from the obsolete and stereotyped fiction (Roberts and Klibanoff 5). As a result, most media sources were reluctant to even raise the controversial issues, let alone to elaborate on it or investigate. The latter went beyond the intention to stay away from inconvenient truth because it often turned out physically dangerous for the reporter. This is best illustrated by the story of Claude Sitton, a New York Times reporter, who was chosen by Turner Catledge, the newspaper’s managing editor, to go to Atlanta to work in the Southern landscape. Sitton’s story became a story of success and an example of journalistic qualities, such as his tenacity, attention to details, and, most prominently, his determination to uncover the chosen topic. However, at the time he entered the scene, there was much less certainty, and the criteria for his position were described by Catledge as “a reporter who knew the region well, had the right accent, abided by all the rules, wouldn’t get emotionally involved, wouldn’t argue with anyone, wouldn’t become the news, who would just write what he saw, wouldn’t get beat, wouldn’t get snookered, and was willing to give up his family, perhaps his life, for the story” (Roberts and Klibanoff 186). Simply put, at the time when this topic was slowly gaining attention in the press, there was a real possibility for the journalists working in the field to get in trouble themselves. Nevertheless, according to the book, few of the involved individuals ever showed hesitation in working on the topic. Another factor that complicated matters tremendously for pioneering reporters was the presence of several newspapers that supported segregation and opposed the progress made in the field. Thomas R. Waring, Jr., described by authors as “as forceful a spokesman for segregation as there was in the South” is among the brightest examples, but certainly not the only one (Roberts and Klibanoff 37). Harry Ashmore of Courier
Introduction Currently, there are many challenges that the business fraternity around the globe is facing. These challenges are influenced by numerous unpredictable causes and their implications are quite alarming. Some of the world’s greatest economies have undertaken protective measures in attempts to mitigate the effects of such economic challenges. This paper seeks to describe some of the key international economic challenges, their emergence, how they are being addressed, future expectations and the lesson learned. Body Some of the key economic challenges globally include energy and environmental security, conflict and poverty, among other factors. Energy and environmental security The rising demand for energy globally has become one of the greatest challenges in the world today. Energy and access to it is one of the main driving forces in business. The rampant development of new technologies and new mechanical products is gradually causing an imbalance between consumption and production of energy. Creation of energy and its consumption is proving to be an economic challenge not only in the developing countries but also in the developed world. Growth in any economy is greatly dependent on the availbity and accessibility of energy. On the other hand, as energy proves to be an economic challenge, environmental security is also an emerging issue. Environment security campaigns have been rolled out all over the world. The push for harnessing natural energy in environmental friendly approach has been on the rise in the recent past. Conflict and poverty Economic growth is highly dependent on harmonious existence between the world’s nations. In order to create a favorable economic condition globally, conflict must be averted. The current conflicts between nations have played the greatest role in creating more challenges in the economy. Considering the fact that the world has become a globalized village where every region depends on the other for sustainable economic survival, the occurrence of conflicts have been a major challenge. The trade between the westerners and the Middle East for instance is greatly affected by the constant conflicts in the region. Africa on the other side has been grappling with poverty over the years due to tribal and political conflicts despite the rich endowment of natural resources. Poverty presents an array of challenges in the global economic platform. Lack of capital and economic resources hamper the ability for an economy to invest and access factors of production. In a country where the poverty levels are high, economic growth is equally dwindled. The business communities around the globe have come together in an effort to reduce the impacts of these challenges in the economy. There have been numerous conventions and seminars organized to deliberate on the ways forward in the fight against the declining economic performance. Global awareness of environmental security has bee
Introduction Human beings have a need to belong and do whatever they can to fulfill this need (Baumeister and Leary, 1995). Satisfaction of the need for social acceptance is vital for one to function optimally. It is on that note that the researcher wishes to shed some light on in groups and out groups especially in relation to the workplace and to evaluate its effects all round, both to the groups and to the organization. This paper also seeks to establish the various relationships that exist between the phenomenon and task related performance. It will also further give the implications of the theory on leaders and their relationships with their followers. In groups and out groups- the concept defined As McCallion (2007) stated an in-groups is a social group or entity that a person belongs to. Meaning he or she gets to interact with the members of the unit, they share a sense of togetherness in terms of interests or ideas, “we-ness”. An out-group on the other hand refers to a social unit that is alien to an individual. In that an individual does not identify with the group or its members at any level whatsoever, they do not belong there. The phe
An EMI’s has a moral responsibility to ensure that employees create good work Both the employers and their employees have a shared responsibility of ensuring that organizational goals and objectives are met. Similarly, as an industrial or manufacturing engineer (IME), I have a responsibility to produce satisfactory results from my employer’s perspective. This is to mean that it is my responsibility, as an IME, to provide not only timely but also efficient and profitable work for my organization. Inspired by Erich Fromm, Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, argued that craving for self-actualization is deeply rooted in a human’s inner self. Maslow argues that self-actualization is manifested when human needs are met. At this point, when powerful needs for self-esteem, love, security and food are met, the deepest desire for self-actualization and creative expressions are raised to the surface. Konz and Johnson acknowledge Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as the major factors which contribute to good work (Konz and Johnson 54). Alongside IME’s responsibilities to the employer, he also bears a moral responsibility to his workers in the production of good work. In a broad view of an IME’s moral responsibility, leadership and management practices are essentially “ethics-laden” duties since the decisions made in such practices affect employees either directly or indirectly. In addition, most of these factors impact employees in making decisions. In line with good work, “principles of good human practice must be applied to individual jobs if the full benefits of the human factor are to be achieved” (Drury 46). Konz six criteria of job design are essential and enough for the fulfilment of an EMI responsibility Konz six ergonomic criteria of job design confirm that an IME has a moral responsibility in the creation of good work for workers. The advancement in technology has resulted in great differences in the way the workforce is handled. With technological advancements, companies can carry out their tasks by the use of machines. Although employees’ output is significant to their organizations, an IME should be able to understand that human beings are not machines. Employees should be motivated to achieve organizational objectives. When such objectives are not met by employees, an IME must account for the organization’s low performance (Maslow 70). Based on the fact that an IME is answerable to the employer in times of low performance, he or she bears the moral responsibility of ensuring that workers needs are met. Konz six ergonomic criteria of job design are sufficient to fulfil an IME’s moral responsibility. Moral responsibility, as a subject, is mostly acknowledged within the context of the relationship between employees and their employers. (Frankfurt, 39). Since all the components of the agronomic criteria are designed to meet e
Overview Baroque era (1600-1750) refers to time period in European history when musicians composed and performed certain typical style of music (Winterer, 2005). Initially, the term Baroque was largely used in Portugal. In spite of the fact that it later surfaced as an important development in music, original interpretation of the term was rather derogatory. For instance, it was used to imply extravagancy, abnormality or some form of strangely composed art. Later, the term was changed to denote a historical period in music. Unlike other styles of music that were in Europe prior to 1600 C.E., Baroque style was characterized by intense, lavishly texturized and highly ornate music. Besides, melodic lyrics that were played during Baroque era were highly decorated and had rich counterpoints (Vaubel, 2005). Apparently, this attracted huge following due to appealing nature of the music itself. This musical era carried with it beliefs and characteristics such as those of the doctrine of affection that allowed composition of songs which expressed emotions of the composer. Additionally, in this era, unlike the Renaissance era, the music style emphasized elements such as pace, texture and contrast in volume (Winterer, 2005). Research studies indicate that style of music that was played during the early Renaissance and the medieval periods were harsh and lacked decorations such as instruments and vocal colors. Music in Baroque era was characterized by abundant use of instruments, voice colors and liturgical music styles. During this time, secular music had gained fame. It is imperative to note that besides secular music, other styles that were gaining rapid acceptance during that period were homophonic and polyphonic styles (Locke, 2007). The latter was used by instrumentalists and composers to write and play more than one line of music. Homophonic music technique separated accompaniment that was playing from the melody lines. These lines were later on supported by harmony from bass instruments such as a cello or a bassoon and a harpsichord. During this period, it is worth mentioning that there were other forms of music that were developing simultaneously with homophonic music. Additionally, the artistry in counterpoint that was popular during the renaissance period spread into Baroque era (Winterer, 2005). Composers were using art to compose polyphonic music such as the fugues and the cannons which were imitative of counterpoints. In the period around 1600, orchestra and opera music began (Morazzoni, 2005). Opera was important in Baroque era since it played a key role in Greek drama shows. Intellectuals from Italy were interested in ancient Greek drama and therefore, they depended on
History of Macy’s and history of private label It is not a coincidence that Macy’s Inc. boasts of a large and well established portfolio of various brands in its holdings. Since 1929, the retail giant has been keen in selecting and selling moving brands and products in its collection. Collaborations and partnerships have enabled the retail company to diversify its product line in the industry (Pepe, Abratt and Dion 163). It can be recalled that Fred Lazarus was the brainchild of the retail firm. He managed to create initial partnerships with other leading retailers and departmental stores such as Abraham & Straus and Manhattan’s Bloomingdale’s. By 1945, the retail firm was ready to set up its first headquarters in Cincinnati. After a period of three decades, major cities in the United States were already being served by Macy’s departmental stores stocked with various household goods. However, it is crucial to mention that it largely operated as a federated company during its initial years. Strauses bought Macy’s four decades after Rowland passed away. During the 1980s, the retailer went through a difficult economic time since it was unable to clear its debts. Before the close of 1992, the company filed for bankruptcy. Three years later, the store was bought and acquired by the Federated Company and renamed as Macy’s. This led to a massive expansion of the firm. May Department Stores was added to the company in 2005. Hence, it became part of its roster. It was possible to reach the target markets through localized initiatives after the establishment of “My Macy’s”. Besides, most of the Macy’s offices were consolidated to less than 70. As a result, the company managed to save close to $400 million in terms of expenses. Currently, 45 states and 850 stores are controlled by Bloomingdale’s and Macy’s. The main products include home furnishings, cosmetics, children’s apparel, accessories, women’s clothing, and men’s clothing. Annual sale is above $25 billion. Macy’s also enjoys over ten private label brands. In addition, there are a number of exclusive partnerships with other leading retailers within the industry. Since the retail company has a vibrant market, it clearly understands its needs, tastes and preferences. Apart from attracting the attention of a wider market, the retailer is keen in promoting its products to the affluent and young generatio
Organization Climate towards the End of Michael Eisner’s Tenure at Disney The beginning of Eisner’s tenure and management at Disney are marked by successful results, leading to profitability and prosperity of the company. Most of the purchases and mergers also contributed to the growth of Disney’s influence. Apparently, the success of Eisner’s venture and activities was explained by good relationships with other executives leading the company. Fruitful cooperation with supervisors was evident, but the rest of the personnel did not feel sufficient support on the part of the CEO. However, in the second half of their tenure, Michael Eisner experienced a significant decline in relation to his record and profile. Most of his relationships broke up due to his egoism and reluctance to compromise. Failure to communicate and cooperate with other important people in the cinematographic industry, including Jeffrey Katzenberg, Steve Jobs, and Michael Ovitz. Further, excess focus on potential rivals and negligence of organizational culture and climate. In particular, the CEO did not provide space and freedom for developing creativity among the employees, which is especially important in this kind of industry. Although Eisner was willing to be part of the company’s personnel and, therefore, he strived to be active while generating ideas and contributing to the companies’ success. Recommendation to Improve the Organizational Climate Based on Leadership Skills, Principles, and Vision Although at the end of Eisner’s tenure was not quite successful, the overall policy, philosophy, and vision of the company were congruent with its goals. Specifically, the executive encouraged people working in teams and generating ideas; he also believed that the role of a leader should not be confined to controlling processes and leading people only. Rather, Eisner’s leadership strategies should have been more expansive and visionary because some of the activities did not bring in significant shifts in employee culture and organizational climates. Additionally, low morale and inappropriate ethics are also among the reasons for Eisner’s resignation. However, excessive focus on this approach prevented other members of the organization to practice creativity and put forward ideas as too many restrictions were imposed on them. Being a cheerleader at the very beginning, Disney managed to achieve tremendous success in the field. Extreme authority and excess use of power should be eliminated to give more freedom to employees and complement the creative policy. The atmosphere should be much more creative to provide writers, animators, and composers with sufficient space and freedom for work. Strategic Implication of Michael Eisner’s Leadership and His Efficiency at the Strategic Level At the strategic level, Michael Eisner’s leadership was not oriented on employees, but on the way, they perform objectives and tasks. Negligence of organizational culture led to disorganization and press
Executive Summary Self-development as a businessman and a leader is one of the issues on the agenda of the present-day entrepreneurship. The given paper is a continuation of the research in which the personal and professional assets of the research author have been evaluated. Offering a cohesive analysis of the above-mentioned results, the paper provides detailed recommendations as per the further actions and development. The given paper will provide the means to combine personal development with the training of the business qualities and recommends the activities which help the author of the research use efficiently of the qualities at the disposal. Introduction: Personal Development in the Realm of Modern Business Progress is an integral part of the way our reality works, and developing in every possible way is what every person does. However, it is important to take into account that, in its turn, living in the modern world presupposes developing in several directions at the same time; to be more precise, there are two key development directions, which are personal and professional growth. In the given papers, the strategies for the two are going to be introduced. Personal Development Plan: A Moving Staircase to Success According to Clegg & Bradley, the plan of personal development must take into account not only the present-day challenges, but also to set the pace for the future development as well. According to what Clegg & Bradley say, the whole thing is, in fact, a lifelong process: “The development of PDP goes beyond evidence collection; it aspires to form an intermediary stage leading to continuing professional development (CDP) and lifelong learning” (Clegg & Bradley, 2006, pp. 59-60). Therefore, the ideas below are going to concern the issues which might appear in future. Using experience in decision-making Since for a manager, it is important to react adequately towards the emerging issues, one of the most obvious choices for the personal development. The use of the experience in creating a personal working style is quite essential. As McCauley & Brutus (1998) claim, “Because most development occurs as a result of on-the-job experiences, the manner by which these experiences are allocated constitutes a very important aspect of the overall development process” (McCauley & Brutus, 1998, p. 92). Putting the marketing background to work As for the next priority on the planning list, analyzing what kind of experience