ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aim of this unit is to give an insight on the motor and cognitive development changes that human beings experience from early stages through childhood (from day 1 to eight years). NSW Quality Teaching Model, which is an efficient model that bases on research, guides the creation of the teaching plan. The design of the curriculum follows the ‘Backward’ by McTighe & Wiggins (2004) along with all other practical aspects of Quality Teaching Model. The structure of the curriculum is for diploma students taking units in early childhood. The selected unit ‘Child Development: Cognition and Development’ became structured from a new course at the university since the material of the unit is not in any other syllabus. This curriculum structure became organized as a bit of a task for the unit EDUC 6202 (Productive Curriculum), although, it will be the first time that early childhood teachers in my country will get an introduction to the unit. The key goals of the unit are to enlighten the learner about different approaches that relate to the study of cognition and development, as well as, make them conversant with the thinking processes of children, from the time they get born to the adolescent stage, through play. Assessment of students will occur through a case study. This case study will go through a review as it will form a key part of the unit. Learning Outcomes from Students   * Study how young children explore materials, space, surroundings as well as their bodies’ potential through physical actions (motor growth).   * Explain how active play, critical problem solving, adept movement and a positive reflection of self occur.   * Describe the traits that distinguish them from others as well as traits that make them comparable to others.   * Describe how interactions with different people promote wellbeing.   * Explain various physical encounters of children from birth to eight years that get associated with their thought processes and sequential development of movements.   * Show attainments of children self-esteem as well as their feelings about physical activity.   * Carry out a case study on an entity child together with teachers, professionals and parents. Enduring Understanding Students will appreciate that:   * Infants and young children discover materials, space and surroundings through physical activity and regular practice.   * Physical experiences of young children from birth to 8 years depend on their thinking, sequential movement and contextual issues.   * Children become more experienced in motor and gross skills attained in toddler and infant years.   * These transformations occur due to neural and physical advances as well as the chance to practice novel skills, which is a critical environmental determinant of motor growth.   * Children get cognitive skills as well as advances in physical abilities from practice.   * Children show cognitive development through reactions and actions that are crucial in understanding thought processes that embody early childhood.   * There exist severe restrictions to cognition in young children since their mental representations are inadequate with older peopl
Roger Chickering examines the comprehensive effects of the World War I on imperial Germany. The author is of the view that the war affected every person in society, irrespective of gender, age, educational background, race and religious affiliation. The book evaluates the role of the military in perpetuating the conflicts, the diplomatic aspects, governmental role, the politics, and the industrial sector. In particular, the author is more concerned with giving the effects of the war on the German people, unlike other authors who generalize the effects of the war. In this regard, the author reports that the persistent effect of the total war on the underprivileged and the rich was massive. It affected both male and female members of society, the elderly and the youth, farmers and the city-dwellers, Catholics, Protestants, and the Jews. The book analyzes the role of the military in any war. It states that the war affected the socio-economic and political structures of Germany more than it did in other countries. The first chapter talks about the period in which the war started (The war begins). In the first chapter, the author gives the immediate cause of the war whereby he compares the war with the modern day terrorism that is sponsored by the state. It started with the shooting of Francis Ferdinand when he had visited Serbia. The incident surprised many in Europe since the Serbia government had been accused of being involved in the death of the heir to throne. In subsequent subsection, he talks about the spirit of 1914 whereby he notes that the drama and the extravagant expectations of war lent almost mystical status to the spirit of 1914 (Chickering 15). Under the plan section, the author notes that the war was well planned, with many soldiers believing that Germany was superior to other nations, having crashed the French troops in the 1870-71 war. The second chapter (The war continues) talks about the dynamics of the war as it progressed to the dangerous zones. The author looks at the role of bureaucratic institutions and the industrial sector in propagating the war. From this chapter, it is established that the war could not have achieved its objectives at the start without the support the bureaucrats and the wealthy businesspersons. The business community provided adequate funds for feeding and paying soldiers while the bureaucrats offered technical support, as well as morale. In the third chapter (The war grows total), the author reports that the war was no longer under the control of the Germany government since it had attracted the attention of other players in the international system. In 1916, the land campaigns were instituted whereby other races were expected to surrender land to the Germans. This was made possible through Hindenburg policies. At the sam
A Western scholarship has distorted the long history of African culture for centuries, and many of its basic principles have been viewed through the lens of colonization. As a result, the ideas and tenets of African philosophy have been appropriated and changed in value from the inherent parts of people’s nature into commodities. In their works, p’Bitek and Marimba discuss such concepts as culture, spirituality, and philosophy of African nations and how Western ideology has reshaped their presentation without fully understanding their meaning. The commodification of African culture and the imposition of European views on the distinction between culture and philosophy, religion and spirituality have disrupted African people’s ability to self-identify. The ideas by scholars show that African culture does not distinguish itself from philosophy or drive a line between reality and the spiritual nature of one’s being. European culture is presented as pragmatical and commodifying – it turns pieces of life that are meant to be used into objects for observation. p’Bitek writes that culture turns from “the way of life of a people” into “something that is bought and sold” (“What is Culture?” 14). As a result, younger generations of Africans, especially those living in Western countries, see their culture as a collection of souvenirs, not parts of everyday life. At the same time, they are subjected to the Western religions praising poverty and individualism (p’Bitek, “Man Born Unfree” 21). Ani notes that African-Americans suffer as they do not feel connected enough to traditional African society but feel a divide between themselves and European identity (49). Such disconnect leads to people losing their communal and generational identification. The readings discussed above show that African and European ideologies clash in many ways, and the latter assumes control over the presentation of the former. As a result, generations of people are removed from their culture, losing it or seeing through the distorted lens of commodification. African culture is inherently linked to philosophy, spirituality, living in the moment, and seeing the richness of life. However, it is turned into a tourist attraction, and its people are forced to perceive it through the eyes of foreigners, losing their inherent link to history and nature. Works Cited Ani, Marimba. “Denial of African-Diasporic Humanism.” Let the Circle Be Unbroken: The Implications of African Spirituality in the Diaspora . Nkonimfo Publications, 1997, pp. 47–49. p’Bitek, Okot. “Man Born Unfree.” Artist the Ruler: Essays on Art, Culture, and Values , East African Educational Publisher Ltd., 1994, pp. 19–24. “What is Culture?” Artist the Ruler: Essays on Art, Culture, and Values , East African Educational Publisher Ltd., 1994, pp. 13–18.
Introduction Peter Brook’s Mahabharata is a film version of the Hindu text by the same name. The story involves epic incidents of the Pandavas and the Kauravas as they represent good and evil as waring families. Brook’s decision to use an international cast unraveled a heated intercultural debate. Brook intention was to showcase the universality of the Indian belief systems, values, and norms, which worked to deny the natives the social voice in an international scene. Therefore, Brook’s Mahabharata portrays elements of cultural appropriation, and essentialism, which negatively affects the perception on the culture source and shapes reception in a biased manner. Cultural appropriation vs. cultural essentialism Cultural appropriation Brook’s Mahabharata creates sufficient discourse on cultural appropriation and essentialism from the author’s multicultural intent. Brook produced the Indian way of life to alienate the Indian culture from Mahabharata ’s anthropological and integrative purpose (Pavis 200). Brook’s Mahabharata presents a social conflict by focusing on the play’s reception rather than on the epic text’s cultural context. Brook aims to create a cultural nationalism and hegemony to explore common mythic cores to illuminate the human mind. By not intending to do so, Brook’s Mahabharata perpetuates epistemic injustice by marginalizing the Indian minority culture to assume that the play would have better reception if the non-Indian actors embodied Indian cultural products and cultures. As part of cultural appropriation, Brook’s Mahabharata uses artistic styles distinctive to the Indian cultural group by actors who are non-members. For example, in the film, Drona is portrayed by a Japanese actor, Bhishma and Bheema are African actors, and Arjuna, Yudishtra, and Krishna are Caucasian actors (Brook 3:17:40). In choosing these actors to play Indian characters, Brook believes that using African, Indian, Asian, and European bodies mutually interplays the continents’ multiculturalism. Mahabharata integrates cultural elements of the Indian society while also taking a decisive ahistorical approach which alienates the text from the Indian people. Through Brook’s approach, it becomes impossible to reinterpret and re-conceptualize the dominant culture of non-Indian actors, producers, and directors. As indicated in the Mahabharata , the narrator describes the relationship between men and the gods as coming out of nobility while presenting Bhishma as a black actor (Brook 7:29). However, the film refrains from acknowledging the caste and rebirth dharma experienced in the Indian culture. Brook further uses the European performance space to estrange the audience from a cultural surface (Carlson 84). Therefore, the use of international characters, Indian sounds, motifs, and songs in the play constitute context appropriation which present harms of assimilation, misrepresentation, and loss of economic opportunity. As part of cultural appropriation, Brook’s universal representation fails to capture the original Mahabharata ‘s cultural cont
Tradeable emissions and pollution rights are increasingly finding use as an environmental policy tool to facilitate in the control of environmental pollutants. Consequently, a number of firms are now in a position to acquire the rights to emit specific pollutants. This trend started with firms in the United States and the original aim was to enable them reduce their operational costs, in addition to enhancing economic growth, and more so for those companies that were located in highly polluted areas. However, this trend appears to have changed lately, with more countries utilizing them for water and air pollution as well (O’Brien 2000). Proposals have even been presented that that pollution rights should be adopted in order to enable various countries meet the established greenhouse gas emissions targets by the Kyoto Protocol. Already, such firms as Shell and BP have created internal systems to enable carbon trading (O’Brien 2000). On the other hand, Canada has already approved the establishment of an internet-based and privately run reduction exchange for greenhouse emission (KEFI-Exchange 2000). Nonetheless, it is important to note that the aim of pollution rights trading is to reduce costs to organizations, as opposed to increasing environmental gains. In addition, past experiences reveal that environmental gains emanating from emissions trading are often not guaranteed. At the moment, emissions trading remain one of the most fundamental and controversial issues that faces the field of environmental science. Perhaps what we need to ask ourselves is whether emissions trading are the answer to the various environmental problems that we are faced with. The underlying principle of the emissions rights trading is that pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide that are treated as air pollutants could in fact be also treated as tradeable commodities. What this appears to suggest is that when firms emit less pollutions than the maximum allowable limits, they are at liberty to sell the excess pollution in the open market. On the other hand, firms characterized by high levels of pollution are then in a position to purchase these allowances. As a result, they can either opt to invest in advanced technological systems with the intention of helping clean up such pollutants, or they may decide to continue emitting similar levels of pollutants. The choice is often determined by the most cost-effective alternative. Regardless of the choice made, neither firm is at liberty to emit pollutant levels that are above the limits mandated by law. In this regard, the onus is on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish the desired pollutant targets and the
The sense of life has always been a disputable question because of its complexity and relativity. Every person has a unique definition and the idea of what makes him/her happy and what is the central goal of his/her existence. As for me, I believe that the feeling of being alive is one of the basic ideas linked to the sense of our lives. For this reason, it is critical to collect these moments of happiness and try to increase your presence in your life. Having a purpose is one of the factors that make me feel better. It is a powerful stimulus to move forward, engage in activities that help you evolve, and do your best to achieve existing goals. The second you realize you managed to attain success is priceless and fills your life with meaning. Moreover, I think that the chance to be healthy and supported by family is also fundamental for every person. We are social creatures, meaning that in most cases, we cannot be alone as we will feel unhappy. Our close people, parents, children, sisters and brothers, and friends are those who always support us, help to overcome challenges and create new moments of feeling most alive. For this reason, their health, comfort, and presence are other things vital for me and affecting my life positively. Altogether, I think that from a particular perspective, life is not that difficult as many believe. Its primary sense is collecting the moments of being alive as they make you happy and help to realize your place in this world. For me, it means having a purpose that can be achieved, being healthy, and supported by close people who love me and who can always give me a hand to survive during dark times.
When one thinks about the various social stigmas attached to the acceptance of same sex marriages, one would discover that the prevalent notions are based on stereotypes. It is quite common for people to say that gay individuals are frivolous and lack the dependability required in a marriage. This is partly true and so is the fact that a majority of the “straight” crowd also suffers from the maladies. However, it could be stated that the stereotype of marriage is largely formed by the biblical approach towards marriage. Marriage is a socially accepted institution and the Bible approves it. That is a widely accepted notion. However, what is surprising is that people tend to believe that marriage between two individuals always implies marriage between two individuals of the opposite sex. This is a social norm and not one, which can be definitely affirmed to be borne out of a rational mind. The reason being, marriage implies the social announcement of two individuals regarding their love for each other and willingness to stay together for the rest of their lives. If that can be held to be true, it automatically implies that it can be any two individuals irrespective of their sexes. It can be stated the this mode of heterosexual marriage is linked to the bible and its teachings. Genesis 2:21-24 talks about God’s original plan for marriage: “ And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought, and brought her unto the man. ” (Genesis 2:21-24) The first few chapters of Genesis show that God filled the earth with many different kinds of life. “ He did not just put a few fish into the ocean; it abounds with them. But he created just one male and one female, and they were to become “one flesh”. Does this mean one woman for one man for an entire lifetime? When the Jewish leaders brought up the topic of divorce Jesus said, …Therefore what God has joined together, let not man separate ” (Mark 10:6-9). Some of God’s purposes of marriage as stated in the Bible are: companionship (Genesis 2:18), representing the spiritual relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:22-33) and the raising of godly descendants (Malachi 2:13-16). When respected the bonds of marriage leads to the good not only of the couple and their children, but also to the good of society as a whole. In our society, marriage is the central institution of the family and plays a key role in developing the social, economic and emotional bonds between a husband and wife, parents and children, and the family and larger community. Thus, marriage in bible is “ Marriage is the union of a man and a woman, creating a new entity… a new “whole” (one flesh). The union is brought about by a mutual commi
Thesis statement: Women do not suffer from additional health problems when it comes to serving as submarine sailors, and, because their service is likely to bring benefit to the society, obstacles to such service need to be addressed. Introduction Because both scholarly studies and practical experience show that women are as capable as men when it comes to serving in the military organizations, in particular, when working as sailors on submarines, and that such service brings many benefits to the society, it is important to increase the women’s opportunities to work as submariners. A literature review will be conducted to show that females working on submarines (and in other military branches) do not suffer more than men in terms of health and that they’re being employed in the industry increases the woman’s position in the society. Some potential obstacles to such employment of women will be analyzed. Risks and Benefits of Women Serving as Submarine Sailors There exists both direct and indirect evidence that the employment of women in the professions such as submariners does not pose a significantly higher risk to their health than it does for men. For instance, a study examined the effects of the military environment on the female physiology; the health problems to which women are known to be susceptible were taken into account, as well as the specifically female factors such as hormonal changes occurring during menstrual cycles (Friedl, 2005). It was discovered that most assumptions about the women’s susceptibility to numerous health risks associated with the military service were wrong; e.g., intensive physical exercise did not raise the likelihood of amenorrhea, women’s safety in cockpits was equivalent to that of men, etc. This research allowed to dispel a number of stereotypes about male physiology and improve the working conditions for military men as well (Friedl, 2005). It was also shown that higher levels of CO 2 on submarines do not pose additional risk to female health (“Royal Navy Gets First Female Submariners,” 2014, para. 5). Therefore, it is apparent that women in the military service (on submarines in particular) do not face significantly higher risks than their male colleagues. It is also noteworthy that the research on women’s health in the military also benefited men by providing additional insights into medical issues in the military environment (Friedl, 2005). Practice also shows that women can feel as psychologically comfortable as men on submarines. In the United Kingdom, the three first women to be accepted in the Royal Navy submarine crews began their first underwater journeys in 2014 (“Royal Navy Gets First Female Submariners,” 2014). The female sailors afterward stated that they became accustomed to the submarine and that their gender did not matter to the male crew members; one female submariner added that she felt “like a little sister to 165 brothers” on her first submarine voyage (“Royal Navy Gets First Female Submariners,” 2014, para. 7). Thus, as long as the male crew does not show a biased attitude towards female sailors, they can feel psychologically normal on submarines.