ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Criminal investigations are an important facet of police work for it is through these efforts that crimes are solved and suspects apprehended. Two of the most useful tools in criminal investigations are interviewing and interrogation. By use of these two tools, the investigator is able to obtain useful information that can be used to crack a case. However, there exists a popular misconception that in criminal investigations, interviewing and interrogation are synonymous. This paper will set out to demonstrate the difference between Interviewing and Interrogation so as to enhance our knowledge of the two. Differences between Interviews and Interrogations According to Kassin and Fong (1999), the main aim of interrogations is to persuade a suspected culprit under investigation, to confess to his/her crimes. Kassin and Fong (1999) document that law enforcers are trained to use methods including creating feelings of social isolation and sensory deprivation during interrogations to get suspects to recount their guilty actions. The goal of an interview on the other hand is to provide information that may be useful in solving the crime in question. The other distinguishing feature between interviews and interrogations is the use of accusations. In an interview, the investigator refrains from accusing the person being interviewed. Instead, the investigator adopts a neutral attitude throughout the encounter. In contrast, an interrogation is characterized by accusations directed at the suspect. The investigator time and again directly accuses the suspect of being guilty of committing the crime that is being investigated (Inbau et al., 2001). The entire interrogation process will revolve around accusations being thrown at the suspect. The purpose of interviews is to obtain information. As such, an interview may be viewed as an information collection process. The person being interviewed is not suspected of the crime but he/she is deemed to have information that may be of use to the investigation. On the other hand, Inbau et al. (2001) state that the purpose of interrogation with regard to information is to test the validity of the information that has already been obtained through other means. An interrogation, therefore, recreates by use of available information and what is discovered in the process is documented. The relationship between the investigator and the subject also greatly varies based on whether a person is being interviewed or being interrogated. In an interview, there is a spirit of cooperation and the relationship is more collaborative. This is mainly because creating a cooperative mood and environment helps the investigator to reach better conclusions regarding the case and the involvement of the subject in the case being investigated. Interrogation on the other hand is adversarial in nature and the relationship between the interrogator and the suspect is mostly hostile. Creating these environments forces the subject to confess his/her crimes so as to clear his/her conscience or get a lenient punishment for crimes done. From this, it can be said that interrogation is confrontational in nature while interviews a
Summary Key Idea The article under analysis is devoted to the examination of the discretionary accruals from the perspective of their application to the reported earnings handling. Daniel Bergstresser and Thomas Philippon put a particular emphasis on the aspect of the CEO’s financial incentives and their interconnection with the general financial management (513). The authors also try to indicate the impact that shares’ selling has on the level of accruals. Hence, the principle idea of the article resides in the fact that largely incentivized CEOs are more inclined to control reported measures of performance, and tend to cash in the equity in those cases when the reported earnings show to be too high. According to the researchers, the key purpose of their study is to provide empirical proof of the fact that the implementation of discretionary accruals aimed at regulating reported earnings is more frequent with the firms the CEO’s total compensation of which is consistently connected to the stock value and option holdings (Bergstresser and Philippon 515). Research The research studies a series of variables. Thus, in the course of the research, the authors measure share sales, accruals, CEO option exercise, and CEO incentives. The researchers employ the Compustat dataset to measure accruals. The relevant method allows sampling of public corporations and their financial information. Moreover, Bergstresser and Philippon use the so-called “firm-year level” measures to assess the size of earnings and cash flows as well as to identify the age of the firm and its place in the relevant industrial classification (516). The principle variables such as CEO’s incentives and option exercises are evaluated with the help of the so-called “Executive Compensation database”. Lastly, the data concerning purchases and sales performed by executives is retrieved from SEC insider filings that can be accessed through Thomson Financial. The researchers provide a statistical table to show the interconnection between the targeted variables. Findings The findings that the authors provide are divided into two parts. Hence, the first section is aimed at evaluating the interconnection between CEO financial incentives and financial management in the framework of the 1990s. From this perspective, the researchers state that accruals are frequently actively employed at the firms the CEO compensation of which is tightly bound to the stock value. The section of the results provides empirical evidence of the fact that the periods of high accruals coincide with those periods when CEOs and other members tend to sell shares or their exercising options. On the whole, the authors’ findings suggest that the incentivized executives show to be more likely to regulate the measures of performance as well as to cash in their equity while t
Background information Grief is the basic response to any kind of losses including death. The experience of grieve does not necessarily require the validation of the loss by others. Instead, a loss is a psychosocial characteristic associated with person’s psychosocial experiences (Rando, 1988, p. 12). Loss can be described as anything that can damage certain aspect of a person’s life (Weenolsen, 1988). On the other hand Worden (2002) defines grief as an event in an individual who has lost an essential relationship or an intimate connection to someone. These views can be aligned to the loss of either a mother or the father or both, which impact adversely on the individual’s life because this situation translates to loss of support and factors which emphasize the roles and position of parents (Despelder & Strickland, 2005). Grieving can take different course depending on the roles of different individuals. This implies that grown-ups who lose their parents do not take a similar grieving course as a minor. In addition, cultural factors sustain a constant transformation across various societies on the way a person resolves or portrays the loss of someone they hold dear (Riley, n.d). In addition, Riley opines that both the developmental and attachment concepts are central to discussions pertaining to parental loss. Davies (2004) argues that attachment denotes a special association between two individuals. Children attain the ability to mourn and grieve in their six months of age when the attachment course is reinforced (Bowlby, cited in archer, 1999; Worden, 2002). Responses to grief and mourning begins in the initial phase of infancy when the child begins to appreciate their ability to impact on their surrounding, gradually acquiring differentiation and independence (Weenolsen, 1998). Rando (1988) supposes that infants will usually response to withdrawal of nurturance by mourning, and the parent, basically the mother, must actively participate in restoring the nurturing relationship thereby minimizing the disassociation. Thus, in support of the attachment theory it normally the separation which lead to a response (Riley, n.d). Further, he argues that an individual may not comprehend abandonment if they did not appreciate their ability to influence their social incidences to achieve own objectives. Seemingly, response to loss such as death by a child would be dependent on his/her level of the cognitive capacity (Riley, n.d). The reaction to the loss of a parent is also a factor of what Bowlby denoted the loss of a child’s “secure base” to discover the social landscape (Davies, 2004). This interference, Riley argues, will inhibit a child environmental expedition and may adversely impact on the environmental association. As a form of mournin
Introduction Social psychology tries to examine how individuals think, interact or influence each other. In addition, social psychology explores people’s ability to think critically. Social psychology brings about reality. Moreover, it exposes people’s social intuitions as either perilous or safe. It is necessary to note that social influences are very significant in shaping people’s behaviour. Additionally, attitudes are also crucial in shaping people’s behaviour. Social psychology’s principles are usable in numerous disciplines. Moreover, they are applicable in real life situations. This paper utilises social psychological evidences to explore the effectiveness of TAC advertisement “The Party’s Over” in persuading road users to change their attitude towards driving under influence of drugs or alcohol. The advert is aimed at reinforcing campaigns for police presence during peak travel periods on Victoria roads. The advert contains instances where police officers inspect road users using gadgets such as breathalysers and drug testing kits. This proves that the advert is targeting road users to help them from incurring fines by being on the right side of the law. It should be noted that the message in the advert was quite persuasive. For instance, message characteristics were strong. The message used imagery to drive its message; this made it acceptable to a wide audience. The message came from TAC, an organisation that is known for reinforcement campaigns in Australia. That is, source characteristics were also strong as it helped the message to have credibility based on past movement of the source. Finally, the advert was clear on its target audience, interaction effects showed concern for road users as well as a warning on unwelcomed attitudes. In effect, fear of the expected presence of police during peak periods would force road users to control their use of drugs whenever driving to escape fines (Petty & Brinol, 2008). It is necessary to note that the message contain important characteristics that make it induce fear on road users. Obviously, every road user would be worried if fined or if held over avoidable incidences like drinking and driving. The message is endowed with expertise as seen in the gadgets used for detecting drug use and over speeding as well as breathalysers. All the gadgets mentioned above send fear on road users and potential culprits because they are made to believe that the gadgets are the latest in technological advances as well as being specially made for inspection purposes. Police are experts in traffic inspections; moreover, they are endowed with advanced equipment for inspection of road users. However, the message is two sided since road users have a role to play to avoid fines. On the other hand, police are also encouraged to be on the look, especially during peak periods. The advert on TAC website appeals to people of different gender and age groups as eviden
A person’s attitude to Death is one of the most pressing issues not only for philosophers but also for representatives of creative professions. This topic continues to be a source of inspiration and ideas for most writers and poets due to the uncertainty and ambiguity in the definition of such “image.” Thus, the world-famous creators, Dickinson and Donne, tried to portray their ideas and views on the Death and “inevitable end” vision. First of all, Death, in the poems, is a personified, lively and vivid image endowed with special and unique features. There, Dickinson clearly outlines His nature “Because I could not stop for Death. He kindly stopped for me” (Dickinson 1). Death is polite, compliant, and amiable, so this image for Emily is depicted as a positive and kind phenomenon rather than an unfavorable and terrifying one. She is not afraid of Death and accepts Him as something natural and quite real. Additionally, similar views and judgments are shared by Emily’s “colleague.” Yet, Donne addresses Death as if “he” were a real person: “Death, be not proud” (Donne 1). In “Death, Be Not Proud,” the “image” is presented in the role of a “whipping boy,” over which the poet scoffs in every possible way and puts it not in the best light. With courage and masculinity, Donne and Emily Dickinson are ready to accept the embrace of Death with pride and dignity. Moreover, in the view of Dickinson and Donne, Death is not only the “hero” of their works but also the embodiment of a natural phenomenon or occasion. So, for Emily, it is a slow and unhurried process of transition from one stage of human existence to a slightly different state. This is a journey of a lifetime, through a wide range of events passed. On the other hand, in John’s mind, Death operates in several time frames. Dunn suggests that this is a kind of procedure of transition to rest and sleep, rather than a real murder, overthrow, and transition into darkness and emptiness. In conclusion, John Donne and Emily Dickinson’s poems have a common theme and share relatively common views and interests. In fact, Death in the two poems is presented not only as a living image but also as a process of transition from one stage to another. John and Emily are not afraid of Death and accept it as it really is and probably should be. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. “Because I Could Not Stop for Death.” Poetry Foundation, Web. Donne, John. “Holy Sonnets: Death, Be Not Proud.” Poetry Foundation , Web.
Soteriology: Jainism and Theravada Buddhism According to Theravada Buddhist and most Buddhists, the universe and its occupants are constantly suffering or in a state of Dukkha. This state defines humanity’s way of life. As such, it determines who remains in the arduous cycle of life that comprises of birth, suffering through illnesses, poverty, and death, death, and rebirth into the same cycle. Theravadas believe that the cause of all this suffering is the human craving for sensuality. As a result, people are blind to reality. They spend their lives in pursuit of illusive ideas of what comprises true happiness, such as wealth, promiscuity, and power (Cunningham and Kelsey 34). Consequently, they are born and reborn into alternate states of happiness and suffering, more approximately, they exist in these alternating states, where at one instant, one is happy, for instance, one acquires wealth, and then in the next instant, they are suffering, for instance, when thieves steal this wealth. On the other hand, Jain believers feel that the universe is too violent. They aspire to exist in a state of peace and tranquility where nobody hurts any other living thing, including plants. The basis of this belief is the belief that each living organism has a soul, jiva, and that all the other organisms, including human beings, should revere these souls. It comes as no surprise that they are vegetarian because their teachings forbid the killing of any organism that has more than one sense. The cause of this violence, according to Jainism, is greed and so for a person to attain the ultimate goal, which is bliss or liberation from karma. It is fascinating to note that Jainism and Theravada Buddhism are almost similar to the extent that both religions incorporate the notion of karma, different though the definition may be. For Jain believers, they associate karma with the soul. The ultimate goal for both Jainism and Theravada Buddhism is exaltation, and their respective paths to this goal are almost similar, at least in principle. For Buddhists, the Buddha outlined an eightfold path to exaltation after one has succeeded in relinquishing his / her craving. The eightfold path teaches values such as conce
Introduction For decades now, Taiwan’s international status has been in limbo. The Taipei’s government, which in the past represented China in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), currently does not enjoy a lot of support. Only around twenty diplomats continue supporting the government. Consequently, the government finds it hard to gain recognition in the international arena. Today, very few states recognise Taiwan as an autonomous country (Chu 2004). However, Taiwan has been self-governed for a long time and has enjoyed a democratic government for over fifteen years. Relative to China, Taiwan enjoys what it refers to as the status quo, a situation that paves room for flexibility, but curtails the likelihood of Taiwan becoming a sovereign state. Currently, Taiwan’s condition does not appear too complex. The truce it established with china has allowed it to continue with its activities without interferences. Furthermore, Taiwan partakes in numerous international organisations. For instance, the country became a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2002. Besides, in 2009, the countr
Introductory Part The case Telepresence Moves Out of the Boardroom and Into the Field offers meaningful insights that explain how modern technologies continue to transform the way meetings and discussions are done. The concept of telepresence revolves around the combination of Internet and high-speed connections with audio and video procession equipment to create effective environments for decision-making processes and meetings. This new technology is addressing the needs of different companies, film producers, and employees. Experts and analysts acknowledge that this innovative idea will continue to revolutionize a wide range of activities that are pursued outside the boardroom. Even though this developing technology was believed to be a dream that could only be realized after several decades, it is agreeable that many people and organizations have benefited significantly from its use (Laudon & Laudon, 2015). Various organizational functions that require maximum collaboration have been improved using this innovation. The emergence of modern technologies will make it easier for more people to pursue their objectives. This paper uses this case study to describe and analyze the nature of telepresence. The document will go further to offer practical recommendations that should be considered by individuals, movie producers, and entrepreneurs who are planning to introduce this new technology in their business models. Comments and Recommendations Telepresence is a new reality informed by advanced technologies and innovations. The success of this invention can be attributed to the development of broadband Internet services that are available in different parts and regions across the globe. These innovations have resulted in a situation whereby many individuals across the globe communicate and share ideas much faster. The use of superior cameras and monitors is also making this kind of technology a reality (Marlow et al., 2017). Due to the emergence of these inventions, telepresence is currently being applied in different fields. Numerous reasons explain why business firms are investing in this powerful technology. The first one is that it has the potential to minimize transportation costs and expenses. This is the case because employees do not have to commute to different physical locations. This innovation is also capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby tackling the problems arising from global warming. The technological model is capable of maximizing employees’ productivity since most of the time used to commute is put into better use (Laudon & Laudon, 2015). The affordability of telepresence has made it available to different schools, government agencies, and start-up businesses. The film industry is also using innovation to minimize costs and produce superi
The most important factors behind Starbucks decline in 2007 and 2008 In 2007, several factors stood behind Starbucks’ decline, among which one might note a loss of human connection. Schultz observed that the company steadily lost its connection with customers, as fewer and fewer baristas remembered clients’ names, and massive coffee machines hid the very process of coffee making. For Schultz, the mentioned process was of great significance, as it lay at the core of the company’s success. Furthermore, the entrepreneur wanted each store to tell the story of Starbucks, with a wealth of emotional connections. Also, the redesign of outlets led to a dilution that was expressed in the loss of a friendly neighborhood atmosphere. In other words, it decreased the customers’ loyalty and pinpointed Starbucks’s weakness among competitors. Also, the company was insufficiently equipped within the framework of the newly emerged digital world. Stores were deprived of the opportunity to express their passion for high-quality coffee and service all over the world. In particular, the online space was not presented as a part of the company’s arsenal. In this regard, plenty of localized outlets, as well as coffee farmers, could not take part in the online discussion that arose after the memo written by Schultz about the company’s weaknesses was posted on the Internet. The above fact illustrated the need to join the global online community to remain successful. Another factor faced by Starbucks was an overexposure that was s
“Emergency planning and preparedness is concerned with that sequence of events, where the well-established standards, rules, regulations and procedures governing the use of radioactive materials and the normal maintenance of a facility are no longer being satisfied” (Collins and Emmerson, 2005). Different types of nuclear and radiological emergencies have occurred in the past years because of various causes. Experience gained from responding to these emergencies has underlined the need and importance for developing an efficient response system. The proposed response system must take incorporate “infrastructural and functional components, emergency plans, procedures, and internally consistent operational criteria” (IAEA, 1998). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is of the opinion that many countries are not prepared adequately at present to meet such emergencies. The agency is of the opinion that absence of standard procedures may lead to inefficiency in recovery operations, which eventually would result in severe socioeconomic and political consequences. In this context, this chapter presents a review of the available literature to enhance the knowledge on the emergency preparedness to meet nuclear and radioactive accidents. Introduction Two major events led to the reconsideration of emergency preparedness programs in the nuclear installations. The impact of these events compelled policymakers in different nations to reassess their plans intended to protect the public as well as the environment (Dodd, 1994). The first major incident accident is the one that occurred in Three Mile Island in 1979. The conclusions drawn from the first accident analysis report of this accident reveals that the failure of the U.S. safety organizational system is the main cause of the accident in Three Mile Island (Dien et al., 2004). The Chernobyl accident occurred in 1986 highlighted the need to understand organizational issues and stressed the necessity to inculcate safety culture in nuclear installations (Manna, 2007). The importance of organizational safety culture was recognized by the global nuclear power industry after the Chernobyl accident (IAEA