ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The late fifteenth century English morality play, Everyman, by use of allegorical characters, presents ideas of religion and hypocrisy. The play talks about the religion of Christianity and how its adherents ought to live so as to save their souls. The ideas about religion are evident all through the play and its patently religious lesson is straightforward: worldly comforts are short-lived. Allegorically, through the interactions of the characters, the play points out that only good deeds and God’s grace are able to provide salvation to people. To present ideas of religion, the play’s allegorical characters stand for different abstract concepts. Some of these are good habits, material possessions, and knowledge. In this regard, the messenger says as the play begins, “Listen to this moral play about the summoning of Everyman. It shows how, at the end of our lives, we are shown to be transitory. You will see how Friendship, Kin, Worldly Goods and Possessions, Strength and Beauty will fade from you like a flower fades in May” (“Everyman,” para. 1). Describing the life of Everyman, who stands for every human being on the planet, the play narrates how Everyman is taught a life-lesson in piety by a character named Death sent by God. In presentation of hypocrisy in people, the play points out that that most individuals are living in sin without caring that Christ died for their sins. The life of Everyman has been hypocritical. He has been living for his own pleasure without considering the significance of charity and the potential threat of the deadly hellfire; thus, when Death summons him to take a pilgrimage to God, he attempts to bribe Death to “defer this matter till another day” (“Everyman,” para. 11). Nonetheless, the bargaining that Everyman make does not yield any fruits because he has to face the consequences of his hypocrisy and go before the Almighty, never to come back to the world again. In addition, after Death left Everyman to get ready for his day of reckoning, he hypocritically sought the assistance of various characters, such as Fellowship and Kindred and Cousin, to help him to get out of the problem he was facing. Works Cited “Everyman.” Comcast.net . Comcast Interactive Media, n.d. Web.
Solid waste collection worldwide catch The word waste has a number of definitions depending on the context in which it is used and has been defined differently by different organizations and institutions. For purposes of this paper, waste is defined as an unwanted material or that material which one cannot use and considers unprofitable to him or her. The United Nations Environmental Program (UNDP) offers a number of definitions to the term waste as they are provided by its different departments and from its conventions. Some of these definitions are given below. According to the Basel convention, “wastes are substances or objects which are disposed or are intended to be disposed or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national laws” (UNEP/GRID, 2010, para. 2). The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) also gives the definition of wastes as “materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose” (Para. 3). Wastes are generated in the process of acquiring raw materials, processing them and even in the process of consumption. Waste is also known as trash, rubbish, refuse, garbage or junk. People consider materials as waste when those materials are no longer rendering any value to them. They then throw away these materials or gather them together for disposal (waste collection). This is part of waste management, which includes identification, gathering, sorting, storage, processing at the source, transportation, recycling and/or disposal. Solid wastes are that type of wastes that are not fluid and include solid materials, semi solid materials and even gaseous and liquid materials in containers. The sources and concentration of solid waste differ in urban and rural settings. The major sources of solid wastes in these areas are from agriculture, mining, industry and municipal (Ophardt, 2003). Therefore, the sources and types of solid waste include industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, process and agricultural wastes (Daniel and Thomas, 1999). Broadly, these solid wastes are classified as municipal solid wastes and non-municipal solid wastes. Wastes from residential areas, businesses, and buildings debris in the cities produce municipal solid wastes, while non-municipal solid wastes are mainly agricultural, industrial and mining wastes. The wastes from all the above-mentioned sources can be hazardous when they contain toxic substances. Collection of solid wastes involves gathering of the waste, sorting it out (sometimes) and transporting it to the required location. This location can be in a processing plant for recycling the material, landfill sites or other disposal sites. Municipal councils and City councils of various towns and cities in the world are responsible for the collection of waste materials. However, there are private organizations that are also involved in
Organizational culture refers to rules, standards, principles, and perceptions that an institution upholds. It entails the way staff relates to one another, how they address challenges, and the manner in which they justify their actions. Globalization has made it possible for people to seek employment overseas, resulting in the emergence of a diverse workforce (Friedrich, Griffith, & Mumford, 2016). Today, companies require hiring leaders who understand how to deal with workers from different cultural backgrounds. Research highlights six essential leadership qualities that are critical to addressing disputes which might arise due to cultural differences. They are charismatic, participative, autonomous, human-oriented, team-oriented, and self/group protective. These management features are prevalent in many organizations across the globe. Leadership Behaviors One popular leadership behavior is charismatic or value-based management. It entails instilling certain qualities in employees through influence and articulate communication. Northouse (2018) argues that the success of this leadership behavior is premised on the traits and actions of a manager. A charismatic leader endeavors to motivate and inspire employees, thereby rallying them behind shared goals. Team-oriented management is another kind of leadership behavior that emphasizes the significance of employees coming together. As per Mikkelson, York, and Arritola (2015), a leader who values team-behavior has the capacity to unite workers, thereby mitigating challenges that arise due to communication breakdown. Such a manager encourages staff to work towards common goals, hence guaranteeing organizational success. Friedrich et al. (2016) identify participative leadership behavior as one of the forms of management that gives employees the power to make decisions on matters that affect their areas of specialization. Managers furnish workers with essential information regarding challenges that their organization faces and involve them in formulating requisite solutions. One of the weaknesses of this leadership behavior is that it can be slow in decision-making. The call for addressing employee needs has resulted in the rise of a management style dubbed human-oriented leadership behavior. Ismail, Ishak, and Yusuf (2016) posit that support and teamwork characterize this form of administration. Human-oriented leaders are keen to deal with employee concerns. Additionally, they value the input of their subordinates, thereby encouraging them to partake in decision-making. According to Ismail et al. (2016), this kind of leadership style considers the feelings and expectations of individual workers, thus guaranteeing their hap
Leaders are usually held to an ethical obligation of following the standard of doing what is morally good and will benefit the society in the long run. When speaking of Halloran’s and Smith’s case, it is important first to differentiate between power and leadership. While power implies one’s ability to take a specific course of action through any means available and necessary, leadership rather paints an image of the future through encouraging followers to pursue this image. The first ethical obligation that was violated in the case of Senator Malcolm Smith and Councilman Dan Halloran being arrested in an alleged plot to rig the race for the position of the New York City mayor is to hold the balance of power and not abusing it for personal gains. The second ethical obligation that the politicians violated was to serve the public interest regardless whether it aligns with the personal interests of a politician. As Smith was accused of trying to bribe his way to the top through Halloran’s assistance, it is evident that both of them wanted to serve their personal interests by facilitating an imbalance in power to get the support from the Republican party, despite the fact that Smith was registered as Democrat (Associated Press, 2013). This shows that the politician acted against the principle of serving the interests of the public to push his candidacy, not caring about what political view he had to follow in order to rise to the top. Violations of Ethical Obligations When discussing the violations of ethical principles in the case of Smith and Halloran, it is essential to mention that the established rules of ethics in political leadership are put in place to prevent classic, run-of-the-mill issues that are easy to regulate. Such laws can range from limitations on political contributions to bans on accepting gifts (Noland, 2015). However, the examined situation is much more complex because it involves several other players interested in hiding the occurrence of bribery. The lack of attention from relevant actors could have exasperated the situation and eventually led to Smith being elected as the New York City major, thus complicating the situation even further. Corruption in politics can take different forms and is often more complicated than cash-for-support swaps. Effective rules of ethics that impose restrictions on contributions and gifts are ineffective to cover all situations that can occur within the political system (Noland, 2015). This means that when cases such as the bribery to win an election occur, common sense rules have to be applied to ensure that justice is served in accordance with the key principles of democracy. In the case of using power to push political interests, there should have been an immediate and firm response of involved politicians to explain the situation and suggest possible solutions to the problem. An active and independent judiciary should have been asked to review the situation and keep the public informed about the unethi
The theme of securing transactions is directly related to the topic of lien. The focus of this study is whether a lien can be invalidated for being filed too soon. Besides, this paper elaborates on the legal issue of the lien invalidation due to its late submission. It is shown how these issues are addressed under the law. The possible implications of the relevant legal regulation for business are discussed. It is necessary to start the research by disclosing the meaning of the terms used. A lien is a legal hold that a creditor has over the property of another to secure payment or discharge an obligation. Perfection is the secured party’s way of declaring the security interest to the rest of the world. A security agreement is an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest. Having dealt with the terminology used, we will proceed to the analysis of the case. According to the case, Lattanzio neglected to document the lien statement with the province assistant’s office within six months after the date he stopped working or furnishing materials for the crop. Thus, the lien was dissolved and is unenforceable against Brunacini (Lattanzio v Brunacini, 2018). Violation of the deadline for filing the lien, as follows from the court decision, leads to the annulment of the lien right. To avoid such situations, one should learn about the deadlines for applying; such preliminary awareness will allow business organizations to avoid material risks. Applying to the completion of the contract also threatens the company with the annulment of the application. As happened in the second analyzed case Kaweah’s lien was eventually declared void due to its failure to meet the legislative requirements (Kaweah Construction Company v. Fox Hills. Landowners Association, et al., 2017). Companies need to make sure that all necessary legal requirements are met before applying; otherwise, there is a risk that the court will dismiss the claim.
Introduction Ever since the invention of motion pictures, the movie industry has been organized as a business. As such, the history of motion pictures represents an economic institution structured to maximize profits (Austin 3). Notably, the impression created by viewers when watching motion pictures is such that movies are acted in a single day or several days. In reality, the shooting of movies can take up to one year or more. The movie industry has come a long way. Before it was possible to let pictures move, people had been trying to come up with movement illusions. This was possible with the use of slide shows, which were made up of lanterns. These lanterns used to function as early slide projectors. In the 19th century, the magic lantern showed entertained huge gatherings that comprised of the elites, business individuals, and entrepreneurs. During this time, the shows were considered marvels. It should be noted that the first-ever cinema in the USA was in 1905. This cinema had a seating capacity of 96 people. Since then, the movie industry has evolved and improved with the invention of new technologies. Ever since their inventions, movies have always been used for educational, learning, and political purposes. This paper seeks to trace the inception of movies and highlight its development in history. History of Motion Pictures As earlier stated, modern technologies in the movie industry are attributed to past inventions, which began with the invention of moving pictures. The history of motion pictures is divided into two distinct periods. The first period is known as the silent period, which ran from the year 1895 to the year 1919. Notably, several developments took place during the silent period. The issue of silence was not intended. The silent period happened due to technical hindrances in synchronizing pictures with sound. As such, earlier movie directors only produced motion pictures without sound. However, musical artists usually accompanied the silent films on-site with the sole intention of improving the experience of the viewers. In addition, the showman would give a live commentary as the movies progressed. Later on, interfiles were put in place to afford dialogue and explanation of the film. Through this advancement, movie narrators were abandoned. However, it should be noted that the practice of narration continued unabated in the Japanese cinema until the end of the silent period. The aforementioned technical hindrances were successfully rectified by 1923. Among the great silent movies were Gold Rush by Charles Chaplin, The General by Buster Keaton, The Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein, Metropolis by Fritz Lang, City Lights by Charlie Chaplin, The Passion of Joan of Arc by Carl Dreyer, and The Phantom of the Opera by Rupert Julian (Gomery & David 65). The common thing about all these silent movies was that they were all in black and white. On the other hand, the second period is known as the sound period. This period runs from 1920 to the present. During the silent period, many experiments with sound film took place with the intention of producing movies as well a
Behavioral Economics Biases/heuristics in Apple Products Framing is the process of encouraging customers to compare features of a new product with a reference of a frame that they may be familiar with. Apple makes their customers’ feel that upgrading their iPhones provides a new experience and identity. Social proof occurs when one feels pressured to purchase a product because everyone in their circle has bought it (Sutardi, 2020). Apple customers have a habit of buying a new iPhone upon its release hence influencing each other. Anchoring refers relying on pre-existing information to form a judgement (Amron, 2018). Apple customers anchor their buying decision on their previous experiences. Partial ownership makes the customer feel committed to a brand or product. Apple makes their customers feel as part of a club hence maintain their loyalty. Relation of Apple Biases/heuristics to BE With the release of a new product, Apple provides their customers with new exciting features in terms of product design, memory, and technology (Sutardi, 2020). Customers are caught by these upgrades and want to experience. more from the products. Apple has managed to make their customers feel as if they belong to a particular social circle where they influence their buying behavior (Coget, 2011). Buying a new iPhone makes one be perceived as b2eing in a higher class than others. Apple stores also contributes significantly towards th2eir success as they provide customers with experience they do not wish to withdraw from.
History of the facts pertaining to the case In the case of Erlich v. Menezes, Barry and Sandra Erlich sued John Menezes, a general contractor for poor construction of their house. The two had entered into a contract with Menezes to have him build their dream home which later turned out to have major defects. Since the general contractor was licensed, they dealt with him in the belief that his work would be good. Two months after moving into the new house, rains started and water would leak from the walls and windows. The plasters on the ceiling were saturated and when they could not hold more water, chunks of sand started falling off. The floor of the living room had several inches of standing water. There were attempts to place caulking around the windows to minimize the leakage but this only worsened the situation as they melted and went on to stain the windows. The house was later inspected by a different contractor whom confirmed that there were major construction defects. This proved that Menezes had been negligent in the course of his duty and had breached his contact with the home owners (Meiners, Ringleb, and Edwards 275). Judicial ruling The plaintiffs suffered both financial loss and emotional distress. Consequently, they sort compensation on the basis of negligent misrepresentation, negligent performance of duty, fraud and breach of contract. Due to the financial loss they suffered, the jury ruled that the plaintiffs be awarded $ 406,700 to cater for the repairs. Barry Erlich had resigned from his place of employment since he was no longer in a position to effectively perform his duties and was awarded $ 15,000 for the earnings lost. He also received an additional $50,000 for suffering physical pain because of a heart condition that was aggravated by excessive stress. Each of the affected parties had suffered some kind of emotional distress because of the condition of the house. Sandra feared that the house would collapse in case there was an earthquake. For this reason, each of them received $50,000. The dissent was however opposed to the idea of awarding compensation with regard to emotional distress because the contractor’s negligence only caused direct damage to property and financial loss. The Supreme Court however reversed and remanded claiming that emotional distress damages could not be compensated (Meiners, Ringleb, and Edwards 275). Economic value The case of Erlich v Menezes had major economic implications to the plaintiffs which should have economically affected its outcome. Barry Erlich developed a heart condition which meant that some o
Stigmatization is having a fixed mind or idea about a particular group of people. Society classifies people into different groups regarding their health status, career, physical appearance, race, and other factors. Although people might not realize that they are having a biased opinion about others, their actions can be detrimental. It can subsequently cause more harm than good, especially to the victims. The ideas of stigmatized people are often dismissed, which can make them commit suicide; however, society can embrace them to make them feel that they are also important. In most cases, opinions of those experiencing stigmatization are dismissed. As the speaker describes, their ideas are not taken into consideration because they are believed to be insane (Gregory, 2016). People often approach the victims with a fixed mind, which usually misguides their judgment towards the sufferers. However, a simple act of care and showing that they are also valuable for society can enhance their lives. Moreover, conversing or hearing their grievances with an open mind may make one discover that the initial thoughts about the person are wrong since they are humans, who are similar any other individual. Therefore, everybody’s opinion should be taken into consideration without prejudice. The negative environment affects the stigmatized people, especially the mentally ill, and at times may lead to their ultimate death. When people realize that their presence in society is not recognized, and they are repeatedly disregarded, suicidal thoughts can develop, which might often force them take away their own life. This is always instigated when the individual internalizes the hostile environment to which they are exposed. They may feel that they are not useful for society, thus not being worth living. For instance, individuals who are battling alcoholism may kill themselves if they are dispelled from their jobs or families, totally loosing hope. Hence, victims are frequently vulnerable, and they can go to the extent of causing harm to their own selves. However, mentally ill individuals can be embraced and incorporated into society. These are people