ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Central Theme In his article, Zenger suggests a new approach to designing business strategies. The need for a new approach is justified by the fact that the traditional understanding of strategic planning, and the practices associated with it, led to a situation in which strategy and growth came into conflict. So-called “sustained success” companies are those dedicated to their strategies, thus ensuring stability but not growing, which in turn reduces the interest of investors. In other words, many businesses fail to move forward despite having a strategic plan. Zenger argues that the primary reason for this situation lies in the concept of strategy as positioning. This concept implies that the main goal of the strategic approach is to target certain markets or certain parts of certain markets and position products and services in a way that provides the business with a competitive advantage. Also, the value/cost trade-off (i.e. whether a business should strive for higher quality at a similar price or for reasonable quality at a lower price) is considered a necessary strategic choice. The article’s author challenges these common understandings. Zenger’s recommendations are based on the assumption that the capacity of strategic planning is somewhat exaggerated. It is argued that, from inside their operations, companies hardly ever have a comprehensive view of what is going on in the market, especially its latent and hidden developments. Thus, strategic planning is often forced to rely on assumptions to an unacceptable extent. That is why the author suggests that businesses should instead focus on creating a corporate theory. This theoretical approach entails closely examining both the internal capabilities and external opportunities of a business. The goal is to match the business’s available resources and specific characteristics with the needs of the identified market in a more educated manner by taking a theoretical approach to value creation. The importance of having a corporate theory may be overlooked by businesses for several reasons. For example, the very word “theory” suggests something detached from actual circumstances and operating within the framework of ideal or unrealistic conditions. In a sense, “theoretical” is an antonym for “practical,” which can make businesses approach theories with suspicion. However, Zenger explains that a corporate theory is not something abstract—on the contrary, it should be specific to every business. A good theory identifies what a company has or what it can do that is distinctive, thus ensuring effective value creation. The theoretical approach allows management to refocus away from internal operations and production and toward an exploration of the market in search of hidden demand. A corporate theory thus functions as a “treasure map” for businesses. The central idea throughout the article is that the potential for success is not found within the companies themselves but in the market. Zenger argues that the most successful businesses are not necessarily those that inve
Introduction As air transport becomes more popular, tremendous numbers of people use the services of the aviation industry when travelling each year. However, aircraft are advanced and highly complex pieces of technology which are rather expensive and require constant and thorough maintenance. In addition, accidents in the aviation industry often tend to be lethal. This combination of factors makes the issue of aviation security paramount. In this paper, a literature review will be conducted to identify potential issues in aviation security. After that, these problems will be further discussed and recommendations will be provided so as to address these issues and further increase the effectiveness of aviation security measures. Literature Review Nowadays, the aviation industry has become a target for a variety of terrorist attacks due to the fact that it plays a critical role in the economies of countries around the world (Cole & Kuhlmann 2012). In addition, although civil aviation is estimated to be the safest type of transport available today, it is often feared by passengers because of its height above the ground; people tend to be afraid that the plane will malfunction and fall out of the sky, even though the highest levels of danger are usually present during take-off or landing (Price & Forrest 2016). Indeed, the fear of being a passenger on an airplane involved in an accident (see Figure 1 below) can considerably reduce the number of airline customers. Also, building aircraft requires an extremely large amount of resources and effort; therefore, planes are exceptionally expensive, which makes them a more attractive target for terrorist attacks. Figure 1. Images of crashed aircraft can make passengers worry about their safety when travelling by plane. Source: Hill (2013). Given the interest that malicious actors have taken in aircraft, maintaining an appropriate level of security when it comes to air transport is paramount (Schouten 2014)—not only because of the extreme costs associated with the destruction of an airplane but also due to the highly adverse impact of such events on the economies of countries and, of course, the safety of the passengers on board (Baker & Benny 2012). Thus, aviation security remains an important international issue. Numerous international and regional organisations—such as the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
The world has started to undergo all kinds of influences connected to the process of globalisation many decades ago. The boundaries between counties get vague, communication and interactions become more active, travelling is a usual part of modern humans’ lives. The tragic events, which happened on the eleventh of September in 2001, have made a huge impact on the whole world, touched many people and affected the economical, social, political and cultural environment. Arabic culture has experienced many changes connected to those tragic events. The world dominated by the English language and American business has made the Arabic traditions and language adjust and adapt to the newly occurring relationships. The scientists have explored various processes that started in the field of Arabic education and especially language studies. The goals of the research were to reveal the changes that happened in the educational system of Arabic countries after the events of 9/11 (Dahbi, 2004). Main question explored during the researches was about the relationship between the new western model of education and the traditional Islamic model (Rabasa, Vaxman, Larson and Macum, 2004). Another aim of these researches was to find out the popularity and frequency of use of English language among Arabic population compared to the use of native languages. Based on the research papers I have reviewed for my work, I have decided to propose a research of the popularity of English language as a subject in Arabic schools nowadays. I would like to explore how the events of 9/11 impacted the number of schools studying English as a necessary discipline, how the number of students learning English changed, what it used to be before 2001 and what it is now. Some Arabic countries are very ambitious and prosperous; they have started to experience the process and consequences of globalisation long ago. From the research work by Elyas it is known that the educational system in Arabic countries was modernised in order to provide the countries’ interaction with the rest of the world (2002). The goals of my research are to find out how the changes in educational system in Arabic countries influenced the methodology of teaching English and the popularity of English language as a subject. Subsidiary questions might include:   * How did the number of students willing to study English as a foreign language change
Introduction Wall Street managers are some of the most highly regarded individuals in the securities industry. Their grasp of the financial market is established and well-known. In a more technical aspect, Wall Street managers are called investment or money managers. In terms of education, Wall Street managers are highly regarded learners. There is a special learning process that is only exclusive to Wall Street managers. Wall Street managers have a reputation as experts in numbers and economic fundamentals. But success in the industry requires a deeper understanding of financial markets. The success of Wall Street managers is dependent on several aspects. Most Wall Street managers depend on their philosophy. Rigorous training is one of the foundations of investment philosophy. Wall Managers can base their investments on what is available plus all aspects that can affect the gains from the investment. There are also processes that these managers implement. Some Wall Street managers provide systematic methods while others prefer circumstantial approaches. Money management is a primary task that most Wall Street managers perform. There several ways in which this is manifested. Conventional forms have been developed as well as other rational schemes. In the end, the goal of Wall Street managers is to ensure optimal returns in all of their investments. This is usually done in an environment where there is limited information and constant change. Moreover, the industries where Wall Street managers operate are embedded with rules that are strictly implemented. Objectives of the Study The primary purpose of this paper is to assess the different methods by which Wall Street managers handle money. In this study, money is referred to as the investments decided by the managers. The process of the study involves revisiting literature related to investment management. These articles will be evaluated about the Wall Street managers. Studies that tackle financial methodologies and non-financial aspects will be discussed. Moreover, the study will also provide some suggestions for future studies. These proposals will center on methods used by Wall Street managers to realize huge investment gains. Study Background The role of Wall Street managers differs accordingly. The evolution of Wall Street managers is etched in the history of financial markets. But their decisions have a similar impact on firms. The moves made by Wall Street managers either spell success or failure. In addition, several investors rely on these managerial decisions. Wall Street managers are hired because of their ability to make more money. Their knowledge of the market and vast experience are valuable to investors. Money-making on Wall Street means creating a sound investment p
Introduction In comparison with the straight diesel drives, the systems, based on diesel-electric propulsion, are more advanced and superior from the perspective of numerous factors. Originally, this superiority has become a direct reason for the constantly increasing demand for diesel-electric drives and systems in marine engineering. The main features of the studied system 6.6 kV MSWB are the improved economic operation, the high availability of this system, and the flexibility of control, as well as the simplicity of technical maintenance. The voltage levels will be calculated on the basis of the observation data, and the power rates will be provided for these voltage levels. In accordance with the questions of the task, the protection issues should be discussed. On the one hand, these issues provide the required safety level; on the other hand, protection is required for the control of the voltage level through the entire system. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation and calculation will be argued. The necessity and relevance of this issue are closely associated with the further destiny of the analyzed MSWB, and the necessity to consider all the possible situations and define the range of the voltage levels. Nominal Operating Voltage and Power Factor The nominal voltage for a High Voltage switchboard will depend on the regime of the work. In accordance with the observations, the nominal voltage for the A point of the basic circuit is close to 6600 volts. The power factor will be calculated in accordance with the following formula:   * Power Factor = true power / apparent power Thus, the calculations will be the following:                 Maneuvering  Cruising    Crusing    A               6633,4       6637,6      6600,5   V B               0            13,82       528,9    A True Power      0            91731,632   3491004  W Apparent Power  7200         100000      3500000  W Power Factor    0            0,91731632  0,99743     Originally, these characteristics of the switchboard are explained by its features. The HV switchboard design offers the following main features, in accordance with Kongsberg Maritime (2008):   * Well-proven and well-known technology   * Arc fault tested according to IEC 298-1990   * Circuit-breaker mounted on a withdrawable modular carrier   * All switching operations with HV door closed   * Interlocking mechanisms of the HV door, withdrawable section and make proof earthing switch   * Protection against electric shock and ingress of foreign bodies   * Arc-tested sheet-steel enclosure or compartmentalization   * Use of service proven vacuum circuit breaker and vacuum contactor with maintenance-free interrupters   * Minimises the use of insulation materials and parts and low fire contribution (Kongsberg Maritime, 2008) Load Regulation at the Propulsion Transformer Considering the fact that load regulation is the capability to maintain
‘Qui tam’ is a common law term that refers to a lawsuit filed by a private citizen or a whistleblower against the government for alleged involvement in violation of performance contracts. Qui tam is also applicable in case when the government is involved in a general misconduct against what is stipulated in the statutes. A person revealing misconduct in the operations of government contractors should have a legitimate case cushioned with concrete evidence. Having failed to provide substantiation, the whistleblower will compensate the government for damage (Doyle & Library of Congress, 2009, p 23). If the court dismisses a case as a false accusation against the government, the plaintiff or the person who files the case may end up being dismissed from the corporation if he or she is a civil servant. A plaintiff in a qui tam suit is entitled to compensation in a form of reward for exposing a breach of conduct by fraudulent government contractors. Whistleblowers are face a lot of challenges because of lengthy court proceedings and intimidation from unscrupulous corporations involved in ripping state and federal governments (Roberson & Birzer, 2001, p 63). Sometimes, the state or federal government may come to help the plaintiff and take part in the negotiations against the defendant. Joseph Wellington did not answer the question correctly. He somehow gives a clue on what is expected of any law abiding citizen who tries to indulge in filing a lawsuit against government contractors. Qui tam helps the public recover forfeitures and civil penalties from government contractors (Kohn, 2000, p 6). In the United States, liability may arise from presentation of fraudulent or false claims, use of false records to make a claim, short changing the government while making property transfer, using false government receipts, unlawful selling or purchase of government property, retaliatory actions, false patent marking and false reverse claims against the government. The legal procedure of filing a claim against fraudulent federal contractors under the false claims act is called a whistle blowing. A False Claims Act was enacted in the statutes to protect the federal government from losing their revenue to billings falsified by contractors. From experience, such claims are filed by people who have a good knowledge of insider dealings undertaken by an organization e.g. military, Medicare or government spending programs (Page, 2001, p 11). In order to make a claim, a private person known as a relator files a lawsuit against a defendant on behalf of the state. The relator must have first hand information and should be harmed personally by the dealings of the respondents. For instance, during the civil war in America between 1861 and 1865, the United States lost a lot of revenue to fraudulent dealings. The contractors who had been issued the right to supply the union army with defense weapons and armory supplied them with ill health mules and horses. Furthermore, they supplied them with faulty rif
One of the most dangerous illicit drugs now used by US residents is LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide. Its major distinctive feature is having quite specific hallucinations after the drug use. Although there are many varieties of hallucinogens, “acid” is still considered the most popular among the country’s population. Nowadays, the frequency of LSD consumption is relatively lower than in the middle of the 20th century, when there were even festivals dedicated to LSD and aesthetic outcomes of its use (Levinthal, 2014). On the one hand, such drugs as LSD are extremely dangerous due to people’s reaction to the drug. Sometimes people suffer from paranoia and panic attacks to such an extent that they commit suicide or do harm to themselves. Moreover, such hallucinations are difficult to control as the abuser’s mood can change in a split second. On the other hand, however, hallucinogens have been regarded as a major source of creativity and inspiration for over a century. Without LSD, humanity would not have known Steve Jobs’ iPhone interface or the greatest hits of the Beatles. These celebrities, along with many artists and actors, acknowledged that their most prominent works would not be possible without using hallucinogens. Moreover, many experiments show how the human brain can be modified in the process of LSD consumption as people see regular things from an entirely new perspective. However, such a side effect does not justify drug consumption as people may lose their lives for a simple act of creation. Thus, the question here would be whether there are legal ways to achieve such levels of creativity without LSD, or people will continue putting their lives at risk in order to achieve the desired effect. Reference Levinthal, C. F. (2014). Drugs, behavior, and modern society . London, UK: Pearson Education.
Introduction Our world is changing rapidly, and we are implementing new things that make out life easier every day. It is impossible to surprise people with a new smartphone already. They need something brand new, something that will be appropriate in any situation and will be rather comfortable to use. That is why we want to introduce our bracelet.3d, which will not only solve the problem of small screens and fast discharging batteries but also provide the users with the opportunity to see the images and movies in 3D or just project them on any surface. The bracelet.3d is sure to become popular among people who face difficulties while using smartphones due to their small size. It can streamline teaching and learning processes at schools and universities. This device can help business people to be always in touch and forget about massive laptops and pads. Except for that, it is beneficial for sportsmen and those who have health problems, as allow monitoring vital signs. This innovation has a big potential, as it has a range of advantages. It has a long-lasting battery, so the bracelet will not turn off unexpectedly when one needs it. In this way, people will waste less electricity and save money. Even though the device can replace a phone, iPad, and TV, it is easy to use and carry. Innovative Design Development Technologies are developing extremely quickly, and it took us only several years to change the wire telephone for modern smartphones. Still, today they appeal not to all users, and some would like to replace them. It would not be a secret that many adults feel uncomfortable while using such handsets due to their size and the fact that they affect vision [1]. Some find it rather hard to press the right button when it is extremely small. Moreover, they often touch other parts of the screen and open unneeded programs by mistake. Such troubles will not be faced while utilizing the bracelet.3d, as it has a holographic display that is bigger than a screen of a smartphone and is easier to use [2]. Very often people complain that their smartphones discharge fast so that they cannot get in touch during the whole day [3]. The bracelet has a good-quality battery, which is not heavy and keeps the device working for several days, so it will not quit on the owner suddenly. Thus, it does not require frequent charging that wastes electricity. If one wants to have an opportunity to call friends or colleagues, watch movies and entertain, there is no necessity to buy a smartphone, iPad, and TV. All their functions can be managed by the bracelet.3d. Moreover, the device is rather small, and it can be easily taken to any place, which cannot be said about other items. People who are looking for privacy can project the display
Behaviourists state that the observable student’s behaviour can be not only effectively measured but also modified to achieve the desired result. Changes in the environments and tasks, as well as the focus on reinforcers, can guarantee the student’s expected response in a form of the changed behaviour (Ertmer & Newby, 2013, p. 44). This paper aims to demonstrate how this approach can be integrated into the educational setting to change the student’s behaviour. Set Behavioral Goals Rad is inclined to make inappropriate comments when other students participate in the discussion, and he does not demonstrate a willingness to answer the teacher’s questions. Rad tries to avoid being asked by a teacher, and he chooses to provide irrelevant comments to interrupt the studying process to make the teacher focus on his behaviour rather than answers. In this context, the observed behaviour seems to be the skill deficit because Rad often does not know how to answer the teacher’s questions and chooses to hide the lack of competence. The desired behaviour for Rad is associated with ceasing the disruptive behaviours and increasing participation in-class activities. Rad is expected to demonstrate the interest in the lesson and provide answers to the teacher’s questions without making irrelevant comments. The student is also expected to cooperate with students effectively. The behavioural goals determined for Rad are the following ones:  1. By the end of three months, Rad will listen attentively to the other students’ answers, being able to react to four out of five answers.  2. By the end of four months, Rad will participate in class discussions and answer the teacher’s questions while respectfully stating his opinion in three out of five cases.  3. By the end of three months, Rad will increase his cooperation with students while interacting in groups by 30%. Determined Appropriate Reinforcers Reinforcers are events or objects that are used by teachers to strengthen the desired behaviour. In this context, positive reinforcement is associated with using phrases, objects, or situations that are pleasant for students, and negative reinforcement is associated with removing unpleasant objects or consequences for students (Athens & Vollmer, 2010, p. 570). In the case of Rad, it is necessary to select reinforcers depending on the expected behaviours and set behavioural goals. To help Rad to become an attentive listener who reacts to the students’ words without interrupting them, it is necessary to refer to adding points to Rad’s answer for mentioning specific details from the other students’ answers. As a result, Rad will have the opportunity to receive additional points while listening attentively to their classmates. This reinforcer is effective because it is associated with the second reinforcer that influences Rad’s participation in discussions. Rad is expected to answer the teacher’s questions regularly, accurately, and respectfully, and a positive