ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ireland has always been known for its unique culture and traditions. Throughout all its history, the people inhabiting the Island have tried to protect their customs and not merge with their powerful neighbors, who later transformed into the mighty colonial empire. The area was included in the British Empire and ruled by its kings; however, Ireland remained a unique region with its own language, culture, and a high level of resistance to invaders. Due to these same patterns, the state managed to acquire its independence in the 20th century and continue cultivating its culture. Thus, analyzing all these facts, it should be said that religion became one of the fundamental reasons that impacted the development of nationhood in the area and preconditioned formation of the unique image of the nation that is proud of its achievements (6). Catholicism has always been essential for Ireland, but today a decrease in the popularity of the Church is observed, which can be considered a bad sign. For this reason, the key aim of the paper is to answer the following research question: What role did the Catholic Church play and still plays in Irish society? Background Speaking about the unusual position of the Church in Ireland, it is critical to mention that unlike the population of the British Empire who became protestants, or Anglicans, inhabitants of the Island refused to forget the religion of their ancestors and obey new rules. It resulted in the emergence of recent tensions between the official power and the locals, as religion was one of the powerful levers of influence. At the same time, it also created the basis for the growing importance of the Catholic Church for Irelands. Being one of the symbols of resistance, the Church and its priests supported people in their desire to become independent, preserve their unique culture and traditions (4). For this reason, the roots of the significant role this institution plays nowadays in the state can be found in the past. History The first signs of Christianity in Ireland emerged in the fourth and fifth centuries when settlers or traders from the continent arrived at this land and communicated with residents (11). Additionally, trading relations with neighboring areas, Roman Britain, Gaul, and Wales, facilitated the cultural exchange between these peoples and cultivated the ground for the emergence of the first Christian beliefs (11). Finally, being expansionists, the ancient Irish performed multiple raids and took thousands of captives who had different cultures and religions. It is presupposed that Catholic priests found among them contributed to the growing popularity of Christianity on the Island, and it’s becoming a dominant paradigm (11). For this reason,
Communication is essentially the process by which information is transferred from the source to the desired actual recipient(s) through a medium. The medium is the route by which the message is transmitted. Once the receiver of the information gets the message they are bound to give a feedback or act to the message given. There are various forms of communication within a work place and each organization will use the form of communication that suits them best. Whichever form of communication used is not an issue so long as the information gets to the right recipient and at the correct time. Business communication is therefore an important tool in the workplace. This is because of the fact that organizations are essentially made up of people who have to communicate to each other so as to ensure smooth running of the operations and fulfillment of organizational goals and objectives. Due to this, communication is among the top management principles of any organization (Kondrat, 2009, p.1). Through communication all the other systems of the organization can be well monitored and run. It is true to say that communication is the backbone of any organization since without communication the top management will not be able to delegate duties, the workers will not be in a position to know what they are obliged to do in time, changes in the organization will not be known and also the organization will not be able to know what their competitors are doing. Communication Barriers The workplace environment is made up of a range of factors some of which affect the communication systems in an organization. These factors include personal factors of an individual, those that bring visual problems by hindering the message and last but not least the auditory factors. Visual factors will comprise of distance, lightening, weather conditions, the visibility and the angle of viewing. A clear example is when there is not enough lighting in a room, the people inside will not be able to communicate effectively. Auditory factors will involve factors such as noise, echoing or the distance between the sender and receiver. A good example is people working in factories that produce a lot of noise during their operations. Other barriers of communication in the work place include; Conflict In cases where the superiors are not in good terms with the subordinates then communication becomes a problem. The workers will not be ready to listen to whatever is being said since they have conflicted in other grounds. When this happens it is always advisable that peace is made as early as possible so as not to affect the operations of the organization. Poor Timing Good timing of the message to be communicated is always very important. In cases where the message reaches the recipients earlier or later than desired it may not be well perceived. For example if the top management issues a notice whose deadline is very near, the workers may not welcome it as they may not have adequate time to achieve it because of their duties. Attitude The attitude or behavior of either the giver or receiver of the information may affect communication (Kondrat, 2009, p.1). If the receiver of the massage is
Automated IV pumps make it easier to provide intravenous fluids in a more controlled manner. Using these pumps would assist nurses in reducing the likelihood of making mistakes while administering fluids in terms of amount, period, and rate of dosage. The infusion pumps administer the nutrients or medications to patients with the required amount avoiding overdosage or under dosage. The automated IV pumps are essential at work since they aid to expedite nursing operations and can be critical in situations where fast adjustments are required. Changing medicine using an automated method also eliminates the possibility of human mistakes, which might cause problems for both healthcare providers and patients alike in the future. These infusion pumps help improve patients’ safety when they are well instructed: they administer the required amount of medication and meal to the patient. Human beings are prone to errors, unlike the Pumps, which might cause no failure if well operated. Nurses can devote more time to other aspects of their jobs when using automated IV kits rather than measuring and administering medicine or meals. It was possible to reduce medication delivery mistakes using intravenous (IV) pumps equipped with drug libraries and dosage error reduction systems (DERSs). Most of the nurses could make mistakes while giving out medications, thus negatively affecting the patient. When introducing these pumps, it was easy for each nurse to carry out operations with confidence. Once the nurse or doctor gives instructions to the pump on the amount of medication required to the patient within a certain period, they can carry out different tasks because the pump operates on its own. A patient served by an IV pump is more likely to perform better: the reason behind this is that a machine will offer the correct dosage. To sum up, automated IV pumps have greatly influenced the nursing operations in hospitals. Nurses have had enough time to carry out their functions, and they are not tired at the end of the day. Patients’ safety in the hospitals has improved, enough dosage is given to help them fight the illness. The IV pumps have helped to simplify the work of the nurses saving their time.
Introduction According to The Telegraph , the Elgin Marbles ownership dispute is probably the most famous and the longest running of historical pieces of art, and which is between Britain and Greece (Anast 1). Sometimes called the Parthenon Marbles, Elgin Marbles are a collection of Greek artifacts that were under duress removed from Parthenon in Athens probably in early 1800s. At present, the artifacts are found in the British Museum. They were removed from Parthenon by Thomas Elgin, the Seventh Earl of Elgin and the first British ambassador sent to negotiate for an alliance between England and Turkey during the Ottoman Empire. He sold them to the British Parliament which then authorized their display in the British museum (“Elgin Marbles” 1). They were named Elgin in his honor. Therefore, this paper discusses the issues involving the acquisition of the marbles, the parties involved in the acquisition, the cultural issues behind them and the ownership claims of the British and the Greeks. In as much as the debate continues to intensify, so do moral and legal considerations suggest that the marbles should be returned to Greece. Parthenon Marbles not Elgin Marbles As long as morality and legality prevails, the Parthenon Marbles were not removed from Athens in the proper way, even as per the time of Lord Elgin. The acquisition of the Elgin Marbles by the British is surrounded by astonishing facts which have attracted a global movement calling for their return to Greece (Pierce 1). There are facts that the acquisition involved bribes, threats and stealing which has intensified the debate over the ownership. Indeed, this argument reflects a moral, legal and philosophical issue that requires a solution once and for all. Evidence suggests that many people do not pay respect to Elgin by using the British name of the artifacts because of the moral issues surrounding the ownership and instead insists on referring to the artifacts as the Parthenon Marbles (Pierce 1). The widespread acceptance that the artifacts should be owned by the Greeks is an indication of their importance to the Greek culture and the general respect of cultural satisfaction. As stated before, Elgin Marbles were removed from Parthenon by Thomas Elgin, the first British ambassador sent to negotiate for an alliance between England and Turkey during the Ottoman Empire. This enabled him to influence the Sultan to allow the British to outweigh local restrictions which prohibited access to important sites and buildings. Despite the privilege given to Elgin over the local restrictions failing to give authority over the removal of sculptures from Parthenon, he resourcefully manipulated people to obtain what he wanted. With a determination to get Parthenon Marbles, he threatened local authorities who were against him by cautioning them that he would ask for permission from the Sultan to punish them severely. Again, he openly bribed authorities who supported him with astonishing extravagant gifts. This approach was most unethical, but very effective at that time due to the political fear of uncertainty and atrocious acts which the Athenians had witnessed. Since then, the
Introduction Different animals live in the sea or large waters but whales have been recorded to be the largest in the world. Whales have a very interesting way of living as compared to many other living creatures; they are mammals that have adapted to living in large waters, especially oceans and seas. There are whales in the red sea though most of them are said to be originating from oceans. It is believed that whales once lived in dryland hence they are termed land-living animals because they are believed to originate from land-living animals. (Whale-world.com, n.pag.) Characteristics Red sea whales grow in different sizes; some can grow to be very large 100 feet in length while others can be as small as 5 feet in length. It shows that sea whales are different in their sizes, for instance; blue whales are recorded to be the largest. Other whales their sizes range between 94 feet to 100 feet. On the other hand, dwarf sperm whales are among the smallest whales and they range between 10 feet and 8.5 feet. It shows that different types of whales have different sizes. (Whale-world.com, n.pag.) There are two types of whales i.e. toothed whales and baleen whales. Toothed whales have teeth while baleen whales have no teeth. Some of the whales are dangerous, for instance, there are whales with teeth. Whales with teeth kill others to get food; they prove to be dangerous since they can also kill human beings for food. These whales in most cases move in groups hence being able to attack even large
Introduction Once looking through a popular magazine, I would come across a peculiar quote that said “pop culture is not about depth – it’s about marketing, supply, and demand, consumerism.” The quote made me consider the mass culture from a different perspective. Supposing that it is true, and the modern pop culture has turned in a classic business –it is thence unclear, who runs the process and what purposes are targeted. The fact that pop culture has become an integral part of modern life is undoubted. It is now hardly possible to eliminate its core elements such as music and movies from the everyday routine. In the meantime, it is likewise evident that this culture has a strong national flavor – it promotes the values of American society. Due to the overall globalization process, the spread of this culture is gaining pace rapidly. As a result, the question arises regarding whether pop culture might be used as another tool to impose the imperialistic policy through the so-called “soft power.” Thus, the paper at hand is aimed at examining the phenomenon of the interconnection between pop culture and imperialism. It is assumed that the former is skillfully employed to promote the latter because it helps to impose alien values on different cultures in a soft manner. Background: Different approaches to examine the problem of cultural imperialism The problem of cultural imperialism has been widely studied throughout the past decades. Naturally, this problem concerns society as almost every individual of today’s world is likely to experience the intensive pressure of American pop culture. Basing on the relevant literature analysis, it might be assumed that, at the current point, the existence of such a phenomenon, as well as the fact that pop culture is skillfully employed to exercise imperialistic power, seems to be undoubted. The only point that continues to be discussed is the effectiveness of this method and the moral connotations it implies. Therefore, the problem is mainly considered from two perspectives: the outcomes of cultural imperialism and its ethical nature. From the first standpoint, most of the experts agree upon the point that the effectiveness of pop culture as one of the instruments of the so-called “soft power” is unquestioned. It is hard to argue that cultural imperialism is a highly efficient approach to impose the values of one country over another. Thus, Boyer notes that it is “much more subtle because nobody has a gun to anybody’s head tell
A case study is one of the commonly used techniques for analyzing the surrounding world using real-life examples. It can cover diverse topics like history, medicine, and business and make them more interactive (Hancock et al., 2021). This method of analyzing different phenomena increases the population’s general knowledge as case studies provide people with practical knowledge that can be used in many areas of life. Like many other studying techniques, a case study might have positive and negative sides. Before conducting the research, professionals should understand whether the case study method will benefit the readers (Ridder, 2017). The research is usually done outside the lab environment, and the final result might be more beneficial as important information is gathered through the experience. Also, case studies provide researchers to collect more updates and unique information from primary sources. The major findings help to generate potential future changes and be prepared for quick adjustments. Nevertheless, the case study technique might have several disadvantages, which do not allow experts to conduct successful research. For instance, according to Ridder (2017), some of the points described in many case studies might not be relevant for a greater part of the world’s population as the main strategy is oriented on the description of real-life experience. Moreover, some of the facts found using the case study method might not be scientifically approved as the findings do not usually go through deep lab analyses. To conclude everything that has been stated so far, case study research plays a significant part in research programs conducted by professionals who want to make changes in different spheres of life. Moreover, the diversity of the technique makes this type of research more appealing and versatile, which makes people more interested in this type of analysis.
Introduction The UK Beer market is 15,987 million GBP and is expected to have a negative growth at a CAGR of -0.1%. The beer market is fragmented with many players who fight for their market share using their USPs. This paper provides an analysis of the UK Beer market and analyses the market drivers and market forces that are at work. Demand and Supply analysis According to Mintel (2007), the beer market in the United Kingdom is made of different types of beers such as stouts ales, bitters, specialty beer, low or no alcohol beers, standard lager and premium lager. The government levies an excise tax on all alcoholic beverages including beer. Table 1 shows the market size, growth and forecast for the years from 2004 to 2009. The value of the market for 2009 is expected to be 5433.8 million liters of beer. The report also states that there are 2000 beer brands selling in the UK and while many brands are locally made and sold in a few outlets and beer pubs, the others are global players and operate in different countries. Table 1. UK Beer Market Volume Forecast up to 2009 (Mintel, 2007). According to Datamonitor (UK Beer 2007), the UK beer market generated total sales of 28.3 billion USD in 2006 The figure represents a CARC(compound annual rate of change) of –1.3% for the years from 2002 to 2006. Ger
Compensation practices vs. financial crisis Executive compensation is directly linked to the financial crisis. Some characteristics should have rejected short-term decision making and disproportionate risk-taking (Narayanan, Ferri, & Brem, 2010). Stock and equity options presented to the bankers, for example, guaranteed that if the market value of a company dramatically dropped, an identical outcome would be witnessed in the salary of senior management (Chen, Huang, & Wei, 2014). The crisis affected some organizations more than others because both features of bank remuneration have become the emphasis of improved directives projected to stop senior bank management from taking excessive risks. Executive remuneration schemes improved instant income generation using a judicious continuing evaluation of credit risk (Gregg, Jewell, & Tonks, 2011). The situation also involved mortgage lending, and numerous bonuses brought up the complications that were not expected. The committees in financial institutions involved in the credit crisis should have assessed the perils of excessive risk-taking. By doing this, they would be able to develop and implement directives that can hold back uncontrolled risk-taking without taking away banks’ capability to recompense genuine performance (Gawande, Hoekman, & Cui, 2014). Risk-taking incentives Risk-taking incentives took an important role in the credit crisis. Their role can be explained by the compensations that explicitly generated excessive risk-taking. It is only reasonable that banks want rewards that motivate enduring performance, reject unnecessary risk-taking, and correctly associate risk with reward (Conyon, Fernandes, Ferreira, Pedro, & Murphy, 2013). Nonetheless, a better administrative configuration aimed to connect incentives and stockholder interests would have led to robust risk-taking incentives in the majority of economic institutions. The assessment of incentives throughout the crisis could expose the negative effects of pay packages and adverse insights of vagueness all through the crisis. Bearing this in mind, one should still consider the risk-taking an inherent part of the US economy. The boards should act as supervisors for the management and focus on long-term objectives instead of letting managers take excessive risks (Conyon et al., 2013). In this case, asymmetric option awards can be considered an implicit incentive to take excessive risk. The boards should limit decision-making entrenchment and increase the level of board independence. Risk man
Introduction Whenever it comes to marketing, every single factor must be taken into account, otherwise, the product is most likely to meet a cold reception among most of the clientele, which the case of Procter & Gamble’s recent promotion campaign. Among the most important issues, the buyer behavior and the product positioning seem to be the most influential, as Hooley, Piercy, & Nicoulaud (2008) claim: “Competitive positioning strategies […] form the cornerstones of effective future marketing” (xiv). Hence, it is obvious that Procter & Gamble needs considerable changes in their market positioning strategy based on the current customers’ preferences. Such specifics as the product shelf life and its efficiency are to be considered the ones of top priority. Moreover, since there are some services in demand relevant to the ones provided by Procter & Gamble, it is highly desirable that the plan for strategic alliances with certain companies is to be formed. In addition, the branding strategy could use some improvement: “Our successful brands can lose their popularity if our marketing techniques and product purposes do not fit the customers’ needs” ( Marketing Plan Marketing plan evaluation and recommendation case study , para. 12). Moreover, the reconsideration of the branding strategy is needed. Once the above-mentioned issues are addressed, the company will be able to solve the current problems. The Buyer and the Current Positioning: Something That Leaves Much to be Desired As it has been mentioned, the current means which the company utilizes to position their products is not quite as efficient as it might have been. According to what Cravens, Fitzhugh& Piercy claim, the company has already formed a team which is responsible for the Procter & Gamble branding strategies, known as Customer Business Development (Cravens, Fitzhugh& Piercy, 2011, 33). Moreover, it seems that the given department has already come up with certain innovations: “CBD team members work collaboratively with experts from finance, management systems, customer service, and brand management to develop and implement business strategies that deliver sustainable competitive advantage for P&G brands” (Cravens, Fitzhugh& Piercy, 2011, 33). However, it seems that the company must consider not only the issue of competitiveness, but also the company’s reputation in the eyes of the population. As for the buyer’s behavior, the company must focus on the online relationships with the clientele. According to Hooley, Piercy & Nicoulaud, the company’s attempt “to get ever closer to the public depend heavily on the Internet” (Hooley, Piercy & Nicoulaud, 2008, p. 113) is bound to be rather efficient. Therefore, it is important that the company sh