ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thanks to the increased urbanization brought on by a growing industrial revolution and the subsequent bringing together of many of the country’s African American citizens, primarily within the region of New York City known as Harlem, a great artistic movement began to take root. The Harlem Renaissance, a period spanning roughly the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, is frequently referred to as a literary movement, but the movement also encompassed a great explosion of African-American expression in many venues that celebrated the unique heritage, art forms, sights, and sounds that were the African-American experience. One of the literary artists that gained the most recognition during this period was Langston Hughes. Hughes came into his professional years just as the Harlem Renaissance was becoming recognized on a more national scale and had the courage to both take inspiration from and yet disagree with his mentors such as W.E.B. DuBois by writing about the positive and negative aspects of black life. Some of the major themes of his life can be seen in his poetry including “Mother to Son” depicting through the character of the mother some of the challenges black people have faced. Rather than attempting to ‘make friends’ with the white man in hopes of gaining sympathy, the struggles of overcoming slavery and battling blatant oppression are not allowed to go unnoticed within Hughes’ poetry, as is illustrated in “Mother to Son.” In this poem, Hughes employs a metaphor to depict a mother as she explains to her son that her own path through life “ain’t been no crystal stair” (2). As she tells her son about the path she’s walked, the mother illustrates how it has been scattered with numerous hazards that one would immediately recognize as dangerous within the context of a never-ending stairway up. This imagery includes “splinters, / And boards torn up, / And places with no carpet on the floor” (4-6). The character’s language paints a very real picture of an old and dangerous stairway that provides little in the way of support and is constantly threatening harm. The details such as splinters force one to think of sudden sharp pains in unexpected places while the torn-up boards introduce ideas of sudden instability and lean times. The road of life has not been full of comfort either, as the carpet is thin or even missing from entire segments, but still, the older woman continued to climb, “And reachin’ landin’s, / And turnin’ corners, / And sometimes goin’ in the dark” (10-12). The life depicted thus provides few safe havens in the form of ‘landin’s’, if all the boards are in place, but more frequently prove difficult in their own way as they introduce corners and sections that must be navigated completely in ignorance. Picturing trying to climb this twisting stairway, it is easy to see how this life has been littered with all kinds of difficult trials and tribulations but also sprinkled with comfort in the idea that the fl
While Islam is sometimes stereotyped as a rigid religion with teaching that resist adaptation to the ever-changing social circumstances, the reality of the Muslim faith defies this portrayal. Contrary to some perceptions of Islam in the public consciousness, it has embedded mechanisms specifically designed to make the believers’ lives in adverse conditions easier. Examples of such practices include Taqiya or the concealment of one’s faith to avoid persecution, and Mut’ah , also known as temporary or contract marriage. Taqiya is a theological doctrine intended to protect Muslims from harm if they end up in a hostile social and political environment. According to this doctrine, a Muslim facing the threat of persecution for his or her religious beliefs can pretend to deny them while still adhering to Islam in the heart. Quran explicitly points out that, while genuine apostasy is unforgivable, pretending to change faith when forcefully coerced into it is not a sin (Holter 15). It does not change the fact that Islam respects religious martyrdom greatly and celebrates those who prefer to die rather than surrender their faith (Holter 16). However, Taqiya offers an alternative option that is permissible within Islamic tradition in the Middle East and beyond. Mut’ah is also an Islamic doctrine that aims to provide believers with a way to live their lives more comfortably without compromising their faith. It is essentially a temporary contract marriage, in which a man and a woman agree to assume the roles of husband and wife for a limited period (Mintarsih and Mahdami 398). Upon the completion of the term stated in the contract, Mut’ah may either be transformed into a full-fledged marriage or end, thus terminating the couple’s mutual obligations. As such, it allows Muslims to explore romantic relationships without sinning against the letter of their faith. Unlike Taqiya , which is universally acceptable, Mut’ah is predominantly a Shia phenomenon, and most Sunni thinkers criticize and refuse to acknowledge it (Mintarsih and Mahdami 398). Still, the very existence of Mut’ah , even if it is not universally accepted, shows that Islam can be flexible when it comes to gender relations. This is likely the main lesson to be learned from analyzing both doctrines: Islamic teachings are not rigid and uncaring and can give the followers a reasonable amount of leeway in pursuing comfortable lives. If anything, the existence of Taqiya as a doctrine paints Islam in a more tolerant way than Christianity. The latter, heavily influenced by the death of Jesus Christ, proclaims faith to be more important than any sort of social stature and mater
Apart from healing time, younger people are not overwhelmed by emotional fatigue which can be another name of ego depletion. Admittedly, the concept of ego depletion can confirm that younger people can better cope with such ordeal as the loss of a close one. However, it is necessary to take a closer look at the notion of ego depletion to understand its effects on people’s behavior. Notably, Freud mentioned concepts similar to the concept of ego depletion (Baumeister et al., 1998). He claimed that ego was like a rider who was trying to control his horse (i.e. id), which is sometimes impossible. He also believed that there were certain limits to people’s capacity to control their nature (Baumeister et al., 1998). Now researchers have more specific ideas on the matter. For instance, Baumeister and Vohs (2007, p. 117) define ego depletion as “a state in which the self does not have all the resources it has normally”. Vohs et al. (2011, p. 166) provide a more precise definition stating that “[e]arlier engagements in self-regulation lead to later self-regulation failures, a hangover effect”. It is important to note that researchers quite agree upon the definitions, but they have different views on one important point. Thus, some researchers suggest that self-regulation is unlimited and motivation can diminish ego depletion (Job et al., 2010; Vohs et al., 2012). However, it is necessary to add that Vohs et al. (2012) admit that this is true when it comes to some everyday self-control scenarios, whereas ego depletion increases in such cases as death of a close one, severe health problems experiences, etc. Schmeichel et al. (2003) provide valuable data which verify these assumptions. Though the researchers focuse on cognitive operations, it is obvious that more complex psychological processes lead to higher levels of ego depletion (be it reasoning or experienc
Introduction I chose the company called Musanada which operates in Al Ain, in the western area of Abu Dhabi. Musanada is a construction company which began its operations in the year 2007. The company’s goal is to deliver on Abu Dhabi’s economic and urban planning vision. Musanada’s customers include government entities based in Abu Dhabi. Musanada’s customers are the Abu Dhabi Education Council, the Abu Dhabi Sports Council as well as the Abu Dhabi Health Authority. Musanada’s vision is to provide shared services to the Abu Dhabi Government. Recruitment Practices I researched how the recruitment process is carried out at Musanada. I interviewed Hamda Al Hemeli, who is the senior specialist in charge of recruitment. She informed me that Musanada collects CVs in several ways such as Tawteen, which is the government’s authority for employing local people. Hamda also informed me that they also receive CVs through the company’s website and email. Previously they used to participate in career events but they have since stopped. Hamda says they discovered that career events led to the collection of CVs for unqualified applicants. The recruitment process at Musanada’s is different for both employees and the outsourced staff. I will first describe the process of hiring employees followed by that of hiring outsourced staff. When hiring employees at Musanada the recruitment department works with the related department to narrow down the number of applicants. The identified candidates receive an invitation to attend an interv
“Awaara” strikes with its unique visual structure and the hidden layers of meaning that become apparent once delving into its characters and plot lines. Although the main elements seem to lie on the surface and offer a rather basic story with a revenge subplot, the concept of everlasting love, and the presence of a redeemable character, “Awaara” also offers several subtler messages. For example, some of the more obvious denotative elements of the movie,, such as the choice of the soundtrack that matches the characters’ emotions, do not interfere with the ones that are concealed, such as the lighting that often conceals a part of a character’s face during a dramatic scene. In addition, one should mention the effect that the masterful use of camera produces on the movie. In fact, the overall camerawork seems stunning to me since it allows holding the viewers’ attention on each character without making any of the shots still or lifeless. In turn, the narrative structure of “Awaara,” which is mostly represented by a linear model frequently interrupted by songs, allows for a strong emotional impact. The lighting mentioned above is quite impressive; however, what strikes most about the structure of “Awaara” is its use of the mise-en-scène. In the scene where Rita dances, the focus is kept exactly on her, which is quite natural for the described scenario; however, in the dimly lit corners, people, primarily men, look at Rita with suspicion and reproach, with their faces concealed in the shadow, which adds a unique flair of threat to the film. Thus, despite its age, the movie utilized the available tools for highlighting key messages in the narrative in the most efficient way possible.
Introduction Throughout the course of last few months, the attention of world’s Medias has been focused on political events that have not only rocked the Arabic world, but also affected Western perspective onto the essence of Mideastern geopolitics. These events are now being commonly referred to as ‘Arab revolutions of 2011’. In this paper, we will aim to explore Arab revolutions’ developmental subtleties and to provide readers with our own interpretation of what had happened. Analytical part Even the brief analysis of how seemingly stable political regimes in Tunis, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and Syria had been shaken by the mass-rallies of protesters on the street, invokes the so-called ‘domino effect’, as the making of Arab revolutions proceeded in clearly defined consequential manner. It all started in Tunis. Despite the fact that former Tunisian President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali has been maintaining a firm grip on Presidential office since 1987, and despite the fact that, during the course of country’s latest Presidential elections in 2009, he became reelected for the new term, after public protests against his continuous rule started to take place, it did not take him too long to realize that he would be so much better off escaping the country, along with millions of dollars in cash and jewelry. And, what appears to be particularly odd about Ben Ali’s dictatorship collapsing like a stack of cards, is that it happened in utterly spontaneous and unexpected manner – all of the sudden, Ali realized that country’s riot police was simply in no position to effectively deal with millions and millions of protesters, out on the street. Moreover, as it has been revealed later, the bulk of these protesters consisted of previously politically unengaged country’s youth. In her article, Eltahawy (2011) states: “It was neither Islamists nor invasion-in-the-name-of-democracy that sent the waters rushing onto Ben Ali’s ship but, rather, the youth of his country” (The Washington Post). There can be little doubt as to the fact that the consequential ‘Egyptian revolution’ has been triggered by Tunisian events. Just as it used to be the case in Tunis, on January 25, 2001, at least one hundred thousand protestors took to the streets in Cairo, while demanding the resignation of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, who has been remaining in country’s Presidential office since 1981. Initially, Mubarak tried to crush down peaceful demonstrators, while subjecting them to the brutality of a riot police. According to Abed (2011): “Egyptian police used water cannons… [then] riot police used tear gas and rubber bullets on protesters” (Newsweek). This, however, only added oil to the flame of people’s uprising. After having realized that, due to his unwillingness to resign, Egyptian society was rapidly descending into the sta
A city’s General Plan serves as a comprehensive document, assessing short and long-term goals, vision, and mission of the authorities regarding the future development of the town. Its significance lays in the specific policy statements adopted in accordance with the general guidelines necessary to achieve the city’s developmental objectives. The General Plan not only provides a foundation for the planning of the required activities but also allows to evaluate the success of the projects using standardized external metrics. By creating a proposition on the basis of the seven required plan elements, including land use, housing, open space, noise, safety, and circulation, authorities may assess the needs of the residents from various perspectives. Main body However, in my opinion, contemporary environmental issues call for an urgent reformation of the General Plan in terms of its relevance to the ecological state of the city. Therefore, an additional element, such as “green environment,” should be included in the general guidelines for the city’s development. This factor could expand the town’s green territories (parks, forests, natural reservoirs, and others), increase its recycling capacity, and encourage fuel-saving initiatives, in particular, renewable energy projects at households, schools, and other governmental institutions. Another change to the current status of the General Plan that would lead to the more effective development of the city refers to the procedures on the provision’s updating and approving. In particular, there are no regulations regarding the time period, when city authorities have to renew the old plans. While it usually takes from 12 to 18 months, some documents remain outdated for up to 5 years. With the rapid development of science, technology, and infrastructure, such retardation may result in the city’s failure to meet the needs and wants of a modern resident.
Summary The human brain is the most complex organ and system in existence, which has a highly limited regenerative characteristic making aging a major factor in its deterioration. The proposed research aims to assess how neural stem cells replace and differentiate into neurons and other cells of the brain to use them for therapeutic purposes. Working thesis: neural stem cells must be used as a therapeutic measure to slow or halt the aging process due to their rejuvenation and differentiation capabilities. Galiakberova, A. A., & Dashinimaev, E. B. (2020). Neural stem cells and methods for their generation from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro . Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8 , 1-20. The study explores how neural stem cells differentiate into different forms of mature neural cells, including neurons themselves. Pluripotent stem cells, or PSCs, are the best candidates for in vitro generation and cultivation of neural stem cells. There is a wide range of phenotypes when it comes to the differentiation process, which is why a strict condition setting is critical. The source will be useful for exploring and discussing how neural stem cells can be used in practice since the study focuses on in vitro mechanisms. Lazutkin, A., Podgorny, O., & Enikolopov, G. (2019). Modes of division and differentiation of neural stem cells. Behavioral Brain Research, 374 , 1-9. The research analyzes the process of hippocampal neurogenesis, where the emphasis is put on the neural stem cell lifecycle. The proposed neural stem cell maintenance, division, and differentiation models can occur in symmetric and asymmetric ways. Astrocytes play a central role in maintaining neural stem cells, such as quiescent ones. The source will be highly useful in providing information on the intricate process of stem cell pool preservation. Navarro Negredo, P., Yeo, R. W., & Brunet, A. (2020). Aging and rejuvenation of neural stem cells and their niches. Cell Stem Cell, 27 (2), 202-223. The study focuses on two key neural stem cell pools in the mammalian brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG). The location of SVZ is lateral ventricles, whereas DG is located in the hippocampus. The assessment of the literature reveals that neural stem cells are critical for brain rejuvenation, and health-promoting interventions slow brain aging. The source provides a mass of valuable knowledge and literature analysis; thus, it will be used as comprehensive evidence. Obernier, K., & Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2019). Neural stem cells: Origin, heterogeneity and regulation in the adult mammalian brain. Development, 146 (4), 1-15. The study focuses on the process of cell specialization and differentiation in the rodent brain. The key elements include molecular control, heterogene
Dog Pound movie shows the anguish of a juvenile reformatory centre where some severe events happen. The film illustrates how criminality, cops, courts and correction centers are co-related. Dog Pound depicts three teenagers in a correctional center; the teenagers are serving sentences after their heinous acts are proved guilty by a juvenile court of law. The juvenile center in Montana shows a brutal and cruel life in the prison. The situation in the reformatory centre is no different from adult prisons (Booker, 2010). Davis, 16 years old, is found guilty of drug possession. He even had the intention to sell the drugs. Angel, 15 years old, is convicted of car theft and assault.Butch, 17 years old has been sentenced to Enola Vale correctional center after he misbehaved in a different one. He had been beaten up by an officer at his previous juvenile facility. Goodyear, an office at the facility, pleads with the young to behave well in the correction facility so that they can earn an early release (Booker, 2010). The film shows that Goodyear is not able to govern well in the prison. His supervision is not able to make viable differences for the lives of the inmates. The issue depicts poor governance that happens in the juvenile center and is not in line with the primary objectives of making sure that the lives of the minors are drastically changed. Goodyear has no significant role in the lives of the juveniles. He does not make a positive contribution towards the juvenile reformation (Booker, 2010). The director of the film shows that life in correctional centers is poor, and the correctional officers do nothing about it. In the Enola Vale correctional facility, drug abuse is rampant with psychological violence and terror all over. Life at this correctional centre is unbearable for the inmates. There is no much difference between the correctional facility and the adult prisons (Booker, 2010). Butch tries to protect his new comrades, but he is beaten up by the other inmates. Davis falls victim of rape and later commits suicide.Butch incites other prisoners, and they riot against Davis death. During the commotion, Butch tries to escape from the facility but the prison wardens notice him. He is mercilessly beaten up. The officers in the center use tear gases and rubber bullets to control the situation (Booker, 2010). The movie shows the dreadful life that is experienced by the juveniles in their correctional facility. The film is less concerned with the inmates who can sustain oppressions in the facility. Dog Pound is both disturbing and not comfortable. Teenagers of that age should be confined in such detention facilities (Booker, 2010). The juvenile facility centre should be a place of reforms for the teenagers. In the case Graham vs. Florida (2009) sentencing Angel and Davis is unconstitutional because none of them had committed homicide. Juveniles should not be slapped with life imprisonment. In the cases between Jackson vs. Hobbs (2012) and Miller vs. Alabama (2012), the court held that compulsory imposing life sentences was unconstitutional; t
The issue at hand raises a lot of ethical concerns. Before making a decision to share this information or not, there are factors that must be critically looked at in order to come up with a final solution. It is true that McCardell Enterprises is planning to acquire Johnston International in ethical business dealings. However, a gentleman called Mr. Jones has just informed me that he has the capacity to make this deal simple, especially given the fact that there is another company interested in purchasing the same company. There are a number of questions that should be addressed in this context, the top of which is the need to know who Mr. Jones is and how he knew that we are interested in this company. It may be necessary to conduct a simple investigation to have some background check about him. Unfortunately, this may not be possible because there are no leads that can enable us to do the investigation. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the options that are available and the impact they may have from an ethical point of view. As a manager, I may decide not to share this intelligence with the chief executive officer. Mr. John McCardell is known as a man who is disciplined and does not tolerate unethical business practices. If I share this information with him, it will be necessary for me to explain the source. I will have to explain why this Mr. Jones decided to contact me and not the chief executive officer (Steinberg and Austern 112). In his mind, he might think that I have some underhand dealings with this man and that we know each other well. He may start doubting me as one of his top managers. It will not be easy to convince the chief executive manager that it was the first time we were meeting with this man and that I have no contacts that can help us trace him. There is a risk of permanently losing my trust with him. He may forever consider me as a man who will always look for short-cuts when faced with future challenges. As Shaw (57) notes, a firm that often looks for short-cuts when addressing issues that face it may have sustainability issues. The manager is aware of this, and he may fear involving me in his future business deals. When I keep quiet about the issue, for now, it is possible that I may not jeopardize our good relationship as long as the intelligence does not reach him. This decision comes with some risks that are also worth noting (Pollock 86). The biggest question that brings about this dilemma is the identity of Mr. Jones. It is also not very clear how he knew about the decision of our firm to purchase Johnston International. There is a possibility that Mr. Jones was actually sent to me as a set-up. Mr. McCardell might be aware of the deal and only wants to determine if I am loyal to him and ethical in my practices. He might be interested in knowing whether I can involve him in cases of dilemma at work. Failing to share with him this intelligence might be a sign that I do not trust hi