ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Legal and illicit drugs use is in many ways misunderstood in society. Most of the research into the potential harm and dangers is subjective. The effect of drugs is largely determined by secondary factors such as the mode of administration and socio-economic characteristics (Goode, 2014). This paper discusses the similarities and differences between legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco and illicit drugs like marijuana and cocaine. There are some similarities between the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. All these drugs are used for recreational purposes and are often associated with joy and satisfaction, which causes psychological addiction. The levels of physical dependence are the highest on tobacco, and it also proved to be the most dangerous to health (Goode, 2014). Marijuana and cocaine also have detrimental effects, but the intake of these drugs is not so widespread, and the danger is not adequately correlated with the levels of condemnation. The same can be said regarding alcohol and tobacco, although in this case, their adverse effects are mostly underestimated. Heavy alcohol abusers, like binge drinkers, have incredibly high risks of liver disease and other health issues since alcohol abuse is dangerous for all the body organs (Goode, 2014). Tobacco has the most damaging impact on the lungs, causing lung cancer. Of course, one cannot say that taking a glass of wine during dinner is being engaged in binge drinking; rather, alcohol abuse means consuming heavier drinks in greater dosages. Luckily, the anti-tobacco campaign brought its results, and tobacco intake decreased significantly during the last decade. The dangers of alcohol intake are usually related to drunk driving, sexual victimization, and violence. The long-standing risks of marijuana and cocaine for health still have not been duly proved. However, there is evidence that marijuana is surprisingly harmless for the lungs. It severely impairs the concentration abilities during the 24 hours after intake, and probably for more extended periods, since it resides in the body for an extremely long time (Goode, 2014). Cocaine also has no proven physiological dangerous effects, but the cessation of use is closely related to increased irritability, anxiety, and abuse may cause hallucination and obsession. Thus, the similarities and differences between the use of legal and illicit drugs were discussed. Both are used for recreational purposes but have different effects on the senses and pose distinct dangers to health. Alcohol and tobacco abuse are no less dangerous than the extended use of marijuana and cocaine. Still, legal drugs are less criminalized by society and therefore may hide more potential dangers. Reference Goode, E. (2014). Drugs in American society . McGraw-Hill.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of anaphylaxis – a life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by several symptoms, such as swelling or nausea, and physical manifestations including bronchospasms, vasodilation, and hypotension. The main chemical mediators of an anaphylactic reaction are IgE, histamine, and tryptase, and the presence of these chemical agents in blood serves as the major indicators of anaphylaxis. It is important to commence treatment of symptoms without delay because severe health problems, i.e. cardiovascular collapse or respiratory failure, may develop within minutes. Anaphylaxis is an acute allergic life-threatening systematic reaction of hypersensitivity. It occurs as a result of immune processes mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) which provokes a release of histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, etc. from activated mast cells and basophils (Mustafa & Kaliner, 2016). Activation of histamine through H1-H4 receptors leads to vasoconstriction and heart failure (H1-receptors), tachycardia (H2-receptors), chemotaxis, and release of multiple inflammatory mediators (H4-receptors) (Galli & Tsai, 2012). Heparin contributes to the activation of bradykinin, fibrinolysis, and complement system processes while platelet-activating factor reduces coronary flow and myocardial contractility, increases activation of neutrophils, and eosinophils cause local and systemic platelet aggregation, as well as peripheral vasodilation and hypotension (Galli & Tsai, 2012). Physiological changes induced by anaphylactic reaction provoke compensatory mechanisms including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increased norepinephrine secretion from the local sympathetic nerve endings, and it can cause heart arrhythmias and other conditions of the cardiovascular system (Galli & Tsai, 2012). The explicit symptoms of acute anaphylaxis are swelling and redness on the part of the body exposed to Hymenoptera venom (due to a bee sting), a sharp decrease in blood pressure, larynx swelling, and bronchial spasms which result in severe respiratory distress (Stritzke & Eng, 2013). The patient with an anaphylactic reaction looks pale and may lose consciousness (Takase & Kosut, 2013). Other symptoms include abdomen pa
Abstract Just like all other aspects of society, businesses involve the interaction of different people and entities for the sake of exchanging goods and services to which monetary value is attached. This day-to-day interaction calls for acceptable standards that would ensure the existence of rules and regulations to govern the conduct of business among entities. This study responds to the evident problem of fostering good faith and good practices. I experienced a first-hand unethical practice in a shop whereby the shopkeeper sold to me bread that had expired two days ago. It was tricky to tell the expiry date until I took it myself to inquire from the shopkeeper after sensing some funny smell and taste in the bread. I realized later that the shopkeeper had some evil hidden practices of removing the stickers on the breads once the date expires so that no buyer can tell the real expiry date. I care about this problem because, based on this experience, I came to imagine how many other innocent clients have consumed expired goods from that shop and any other one that has such an evil-minded shopkeeper. The evil shopkeeper only sought to reduce losses by selling expired products. This problem is very common in many shops. Such unethical practices have led to the conventions touching on the acceptable moral standards for an industry so that all entities participating in business read from the same script on what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. The practical gap that is study needs to fill is that the field of ethics needs to up its customer-care rules to save even the ignorant and illiterate clients who innocently give their legal money to buy goods, only to realize later that such goods are expired or not in good condition. To get the intended, the study digs deep into the existing body of literature in the field of business ethics to have a hint of what scholars have concluded concerning the problem under scrutiny. Therefore, as a lesson, it suffices to declare ethical issues a challenge to the maximization of profits and or reduction of losses by businesses because they act as an impediment to the health of innocent buyers. As a way forward, the business community has to work towards acceptable standards that do not infringe too much on the wellbeing of clients. Why is it a Problem Customer mishandling is a very common unethical practice in the modern businesses. The practice can be a problem depending on what view one wishes to take, the platform where one stands on, and/or what informs a given individual’s beliefs on the same matter. The situation creat
Introduction Death, religion, and family may be three topics that closely link together, forming a bloc that remains interesting to researchers. The purpose of the article by Breault is analyzing the link between deathly tendencies and a person’s societal affiliations based on Emile Durkheim’s theory, which states that a person becomes more suicidal when unintegrated into a community (628). However, before recognizing the article’s scientific and personal influence, it is necessary to acknowledge its used methods and achieved results. Research Questions The article’s results may influence the recognition of the community’s role, propagating the supremacy humankind’s social nature over individualism. Thus, the article formulates a hypothesis that a person’s disassociation with a religious denomination and their divorced marital status are “determinants of suicide rates” (Breault 651). Breault poses multiple research questions to prove this hypothesis, such as questioning the link between a country’s high suicide rates and its agnosticism (630). The study formulates another query regarding the influence of a person’s family on their desire for suicide, with lonely individuals being the most susceptible to death (Breault 633). Thus, the author tests the possibility of a correlation between chosen data and Durkheim’s theory. Answering these questions may be possible using a correlational analysis applied to chosen statistical data. Breault uses these methods to analyze data between 1933 and 1980, taking into consideration religious affiliation, such as Catholic and non-Catholic, divorce rates, demographics, and income information (636). Thus, the inclusion of the latter allows controlling for hypothesis-independent variables and achie
Introduction The budget for the IT initiatives was developed by the parent company. The branch in operation in the US had made a proposal for a total of forty projects which at estimation would require up amount to a tune of $210 million. It was anticipated that the finances could be provided by the mother company in Germany. A mechanism was put in place and before the funds were released they had to be approved first. This approving led some of the projects dropped and probably modification made to some. The process of approving which projects were to be dropped, modified and finally funded was quite detailed and involved a number of offices and several representatives from the various project units (Austin, Ritchie & Garrett, 2007). Control of Budgeting It is worth noting that the Next Round of Growth (NRG) was controlled by executive officers and representatives from the IT departments. The NRG was required to steer the VWoA to the next level of growth hence the need for close cooperation with various departments. The presence of an IT representation in the NRG program was meant to assist in ensuring that the IT initiatives were accorded all the necessary support and that significant initiatives were not dropped unnecessarily. There was also the Program Management Office (PMO) which was meant to harmonize the projects and ensure that the prioritization was done in the correct way. This was very significant as it was a step to ensure that funds were allocated in the right way and to the right projects such that the object of the NRG program could be achieved. Another element that played a significant role on the issue of funding was the Digital Business Council (DBC). The DBC had representation from the various e-business units. In regard to who controlled the financing of the VWoA, it is clear that a number of people played significant roles in controlling process. All the teams that were involved had significant roles that they played in the funding process. Who should control the Budget? I believe that a corporate budget should take into consideration all the units within the corporate body. One way of ensuring that all the units are considered carefully is to carefully make a representation of all the units in the team that will oversee the drawing of the budget. By having all the units represented in the budgetary control committee or team, it is possible to avoid overlooking aspects which may undermine the productivity of the company. It is worth noting that in times of financial constraints it will be very significance to have the representation of the various departments as it will be possible to practically come up with the lowest amount that a business unit can operate with. The department unit representative will give the lowest budget estimation under which the department or unit being represented can operate without necessarily affecting the productivity of the whole firm. I believe that such estimations are very good especially during financial hard times when reductions in budget has to be carried out. By consulting the various heads, it becomes possible for the reduction to be carried out in a manner tha
Introduction Online business demands unique strategies and tactics to compete with other retailers and deliver unique products and services to consumers. Blue Nile is one of the leading Online Diamond retailers selling necklaces, earrings, pendants, wedding bands, and watches to wide target audience. Company’s success depends upon effective use of resources and strategy formulation, market leadership and advertising. Company’s priorities are considered on a range of issues, from the overall goals or strategies to specific programs or line items in the budget to be eliminated, cut back, or funded as originally conceived. Competitive Forces Following M. Porter effective combination of competitive strategies and company’s strengths can be any corporation to obtain a leadership position and create a strong brand image. The case of Blue Nile shows that the company has a strong position on retail market creating unique value for its customers. Five force model enables the competitive environment in which Blue Nile operates. Competition among existing firms is fierce in diamond industry based on improved efficiency and inventory management (Chaffy et al 2000). The main competitors of Blue Nile are Zale Corporation, Zales Outlet, Gordon’s Jewelers, Bailey Banks & Biddle, Mappins Jewelers, Piercing Pagoda and Tiffany & Co. Threat of new entrants is low because entry barriers are high and competition among companies is strong. The problem is that volume size does not significantly change the cost base. Competitors provide commodities’ with little differentiation and customer loyalty is low. In addition, high inventory costs and competence barriers prevent many companies to enter this market. Threat of substitute products is possible thus the majority of buyers will not easily switch purchasing to the substitute without penalty. Diamond cannot be produced through a different technology and enter the market. This is a unique product which can be substitutes only by cheap products or cheap minerals. Bargaining power of suppliers is high because Blue relies heavily on high quality products and on time delivery. Blue Nile’s suppliers have a unique availability product they can exert a strong influence over prices and conditions of supply, therefore potentially putting pressures on the businesses purchasing their product. as the most important, there is a limited number of suppliers in this industry. Bargaining power of buyers has a great impact on Blue Nile because there are a limited number of buyers who can afford its products. These facts show that competitive forces are strong and the rivalry is based on inventory management and ability of companies to deliver their products in the shortest period of time. In diamond online retail industry fixed
Introduction The article presents a depth analysis of a time series estimation alongside prediction methods that are specifically aided with classic and advanced tools. The forecasting methods will be based on a hardly utilized practice approach, that is, spectral analysis, to accurately identify the patterns and predict. Spectral analysis is beneficial in the sense that it entails the estimation of prediction model type of parameters (Grzesica & Więcek, 2016). The assumption as far as the research is concerned is that the model in use has a trigonometric function that is combined with a set of unique frequencies. The model has frequencies expected to have the greatest contribution to the process variation, and the effectiveness of the method under investigation will be examined via a numerical example. Research and Analysis Conducted Time series analysis offers an opportunity to detect the nature that has been exposed by a line of observation as well as the ability to evaluate the future. In case there are changes that have been noted to the time series figures, this can be specifically attributed to exposure to unlimited yet unique factors. In order to deal with uncertainties related to the dealing with quantity, type and effect, it is imperative to utilize strong dependencies that have been recorded (Grzesica & Więcek, 2016). Cyclical variations often describe such variables alongside random fluctuations (Grzesica & Więcek, 2016). Furthermore, it is important to note that for the time series, there is a need to postulate the observed values for the variables in a manner that it is easy to determine the nature of dependencies that takes place between various values. Another important thing to note is that the spectral analysis, as part of demand foresting methods, will be used to transform time series, especially in the frequency domain (Grzesica & Więcek, 2016). As part of the analysis, the mass spectra of the time series can be termed as an infinite sum of time series for varying frequencies, which relate to the oscillations periods. Findings The transformation for the analysis will entail the use of trigonometric functions that is sine and cosine. Additional transformation for the said analysis involves using discrete Fourier transformation specifically for the product demand data for at least two months. Under the unique circumstances when cyclic fluctuation will take place, the Bartlett time window will be utilized. It offers an example of a filter that can be employed to smooth the spectrum collected in the time series transformation process (Grzesica & Więcek, 2016). One should note that this kind of analysis aids the researcher in categorizing frequency components that lead to significant changes in the researched time series. Spectral analysis has been involved in the cyclical process. This entails consideration of the wave structure of specific variables for the stochastic process making it possible to utilize trigonometric functions that
There are five main perspectives on the teaching process and style. They are different approaches, yet they contain some similarities and overlap in some of the tools and actions. Generally, all the five perspectives have the same final goals. The differences are represented by the pedagogical beliefs of the teachers that perform various perspectives. Apprentice and transmission are two of the five approaches, all of which contain such elements as teacher, learners, content and ideas. Transmission perspective makes the teacher believe that the knowledge is a subjective matter and it exists outside of the students. Basically, what the teacher with the transmission perspective needs to do is provide the learners with the valid and reliable sources of knowledge. Such teacher sees their main role in mastering the body of knowledge and giving this knowledge to the learners in the most effective manner. The teacher that works through this perspective is obliged to possess deep knowledge of the subject. This is why the most important connection in this perspective is the relationship between the teacher and the content (Pecope & Shelton 2013). Only a teacher who has mastered his subject can be effective at transmission of the information, this is what stands out about their manner of dealing with the learners. This teacher is effective working through the lecture method, although using only transmission perspective may be limiting for the teacher. This is why applying the techniques from other teaching styles can be helpful. Otherwise work of the teacher may seem too monotonous and one sided. The challenges of the transmission perspective are based on the fact that the teacher has to take everything under control all the time and be in charge of multiple things. This approach can be quite tiring for the teacher and the learners; this is why it is important to vary the applied teaching methods and techniques within this perspective from time to time. Apprenticeship training is based on a lot of planning. In order to become a successful apprentice a teacher has to rely on their knowledge as well as their intuition. Apprenticeship training requires the development of special pedagogical intuition that allows the teacher to sense when it is the best time to release control and provide the learners with more freedom for the development and independent work. The teacher that works though the apprenticeship perspective has to combine the role of an instructor and the part when the teacher gives no directions or guidance at all. This perspective views teaching as a series of se
Introduction Ester Hernandez was born in San Francisco, California and already after she graduated from the University of California, she became known for her paintings which depicted the roles of women in society. One of her first paintings was The Healer painted in 1983 which depicted a woman of Hispanic origin. This work was followed by the Dia de Los Muertos, California Special , and Full Moon . Perhaps, one of Hernandez’s most famous works is Sun Mad which is a parody of the logo of Sun Mad Raisins. This poster portrays a skeleton of a woman “wearing a sunbonnet and holding a basket of grapes.” (Maciel. Ortiz, and Herrera-Sobek 205) The main ideas of this poster are the exploitation of farm laborers, health hazards that threaten farm workers because of the contaminated water and exposure to pesticides, as well as Latina women and their life in America. Body To begin with, Sun Mad was expected to show how difficult it is to work at the farms, especially for the payment the laborers get. Though the drawing portrays the skeleton of a woman, it refers to all the laborers who spend the whole day under the hot sun and cold rain trying to earn at least some money to support their families financially. They work extra hours not because they want to earn extra money, but because they have no other choice. This is one of the conditions of their work at the farm, the work which most of them are forced to do until the end of their lives. Another idea of this poster is to show the real conditions in which farm laborers work and to warn them about health problems they are likely to have because of pesticides and contaminated water. The skeleton of a woman depicted at the poster “is a satiric portrayal of the effect of pesticides on grape workers: instant death or the onslaught of life-threatening diseases.” (Alba 85) Using this work, Hernandez tried to express her anger about the danger of working in the raisin industry; she started drawing this poster after reading how contaminated the water in the barrio where people raise grapes was: “Sun Mad evolved out of my anger and my fear of what would happen to my family, my community, and myself.” (“Biography of Ester Hernandez”) Finally, this poster shows that the life of Latina women in America is far from being easy. All the immigrants face difficulties in foreign countries. Strange as it may seem, but finding a job in America, a country of opportunities, is the most difficult, especially if a person has no special skills. This is why most Hispanic women get jobs in the farm industry where the payment is low, but where they have to work harder than anybody else who has an education and who works in the office. Thus, the Sun Mad Raisins is about the inequality of working opportunities for Latina women in America. Conclusion In sum, Ester Hernandez’s poster Sun Mad Raisins has th