ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The essence of Instructional Design It is hard to imagine this life without an educational process. People have to study and learn new information to know how to behave, interact, make decisions, and take any other activities that may predetermine the quality of their lives. As a rule, it is expected that any educational process should have a list of instructions to be followed. People should be provided in the right way, an appropriate destination in case they do not know where they should go or why they should do something (Piskurich, 2015). Instructional design is one of the practices that may be offered to learners to understand their needs and choose the methods of a learning process. Instructional design is used to develop and introduce various tasks and training materials, create helpful manuals and assessment tools that can be used by learners and educators. However, Rothwell and Kazanas (2011) underline the possibility to interpret instructional design not only as a field of practice but also as a thoughtful method of creating training that is called the instructional systems design process. Anyway, it is possible to say that an instructional designer takes responsibility for the enhancement of the instructions with the help of multimedia and the current technological progress and the translation of pedagogical research in the curriculums that are understandable for ordinary learners and can be used and shared under different conditions. Instructional Design since World War II World War II was a significant period in the development of the sphere of instructional design. It was necessary to introduce as many military manuals as possible in a short period and describe the peculiarities of human behavior alongside the main learning principles. Military training was a core of instructional design during World War II. After World War II was over, the idea of instructional design left, and several psychologists wanted to view the idea of training as a possibility to create a system and encourage analysis as one of the main educational processes (Information Resources Management Association, 2011). Social, political, economic, and cultural environments underwent considerable shifts since World War II and led to the changes and challenges connected with the field of instructional design. It was necessary to take significant steps and promote modifications. In the middle of the 1950s, Skinner introduced teaching machines and set the instructional frames with the help of which it was possible to grasp a lot of new material in a short period (Richey, Klein, & Tracey, 2010). During the next several decades, many differe
The Three Works Admittedly, Greek and Roman art traditions have affected the development of the contemporary arts. At present, it is possible to find Greek and Roman traits in many works of modern artists. Our campus is also decorated with works which are influenced by Greek and Roman arts. It is possible to consider such works as Night Without Dawn, Mona, Irish Mother and Child by Glenna Goodacre. These bronze works bear characteristics which are associated with Roman and Greek arts. Greek Roots in Irish Mother and Child Irish Mother and Child can be regarded as a work inspired by the Bronze Age in Greek art. The figures are quite idealistic, which was a characteristic feature of Greek art at that period. The faces have perfect proportions, especially when it comes to the girl. The faces are quite distant and no meaningful emotions can be traced. The absence of emotions is obvious and it is even stressed as the figures are depicted in motion. The child is holding her mother tightly. Therefore, it is possible to state that this work is more Greek in nature as it is characterized by major peculiarities of the Bronze Age in the Greek ancient art, i.e. people are idealized, people’s emotions are not depicted. Roman roots in Mona On the contrary, Mona is characterized by great tension and particular realism. In the first place, this is a bust depicting an ordinary person. It is not a deity or some famous personality. Depiction of ordinary people is a characteristic feature of Roman, not Greek arts. Apart from this, the face is depicted with a specific precision. There is no trace of an idealistic depiction of youth and beauty, which was typical for Greek arts. Mona is an old person who had a really hard life. Every hard year is revealed in numerous wrinkles. The expression of the figure’s face shows present suffering of the person. Thus, it is possible to note that the present artwork is inspired by Roman arts as Roman bronze works are associated with realistic depiction of ordinary people. More so, emotions and aging were quite central to Roman works. Roman Roots in Night Without Dawn As far as the third work is concerned, it also bears Roman traits. In the first place, the sleeping figure is very realistic. Again, there is no idealistic depiction of perfect forms and perfect faces. The face of the figure bears traits of aging and suffering. One more characteristic feature of this work is that it does not depict a famous personality or deity. This is an ordinary person who is overwhelmed by hardships of his ordinary life. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that the three works are quite similar as they bear traits of Roman and Greek arts which shared common values, i.e. exquisite depiction of people. However, the work Irish Mother and Child differs from the two other works as it bears Greek traits. The figures are depicted in quite an idealistic way and no emotions are revealed. In contrast to this work, the other two works follow Roman tradition. Ordinary people are depic
The double jeopardy clause of the constitution aims at protecting an individual from the subjection of hazardous trials. It prevents a person from the possible retribution for alleged offenses for more than once. Ideally, it prompts the state and all its jurisprudence not to repeat a mistake by convicting an individual out of groundless allegations (Chacon 13). The States should, therefore, dedicate resource and manpower to ensuring aversion of such embarrassment and expenditure. It safeguards the public from the notion that they may be guilty of an offense even as they pursue their rightful course of life. Back in the day, double jeopardy development was very uneven with variable meanings. It did not build up well with the early American communities. However, during the development of England, it became known that a defendant in a case could state former acquittal or conviction and avoid the prosecution (Doyle 5). The universal law upon which the jurisdiction acted was a subject of this rule. Following the revolution in the law society, the rule was given different meanings depending on the preferred mode of use in the prevalent conditions. Over the years, the law was elevated to become fundamental in the trials and the handling of cases in the courts. It found its way into the bill of rights and soon became known as the double jeopardy clause of the 5th amendments (Kumar 21). During its inaugural representation to the representative house, Madison read that it was illegal for one person t
Abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement which began between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War was a great mobilization of efforts of black people to abolish the slavery both in the United States and in other countries that had it as a law. This movement was actively supported by black preachers and churches. The slavery was a practice in relation to black people beginning from 1619 and was practices in every state of the United States. The results of abolitionist movement became evident when in 1808 legal slavery was abolished by amendments to American Constitution but until the end of Civil War the slavery still persisted as the major servitude practice in the United States. The process of slavery abolition was significantly fostered by various Northern Abolitionist Societies such as American Antislavery Society found in 1833. Various black religious leaders such as James Pennington, Sojourner Truth and others actively engaged in the abolitionist movement (McMickle 2002). Such publications as The North Star and Freedom’s Journal effectively promoted the cause of slavery abolition. In 1859 John Brown of Kansas tried with a group of 21 people to ca
Introduction For a significant time in the 20th century, the cinematography of continental China was associated with communist propaganda. However, as the cultural revolution came to an end, the new generation of filmmakers appeared. 1982 became a watershed year in the Chinese cinema industry. That was a year when the young and ambitious graduates of Beijing Film Academy declared that they wanted to create new films that would be free of ideologies. Critics entitled this group of cinema rebels ‘the Fifth Generation,’ and it was this generation that began to make the films that attracted both the domestic and the international audiences. The most famous representatives of the Chinese Fifth Generation are Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, Tian Zhuangzhuang, and Zhang Junzhao. Although it may seem that their works differ from each other, they all have similar features, i.e., they are all inspired not just by the Chinese traditions but by the western filmmaking values as well. These filmmakers were the first ones who enriched the Chinese cinema with the new visual images and united the elements of the traditional art with the western classical manner of film narration. The works of the Fifth G directors are commonly associated with the New Wave. Chinese New Wave is frequently defined as ‘a political effort to disengage the orthodox social discourse embodied by the state, in general, and the status quo of filmmaking, in particular’ (Zhu 2003, p.47). The Fifth G films depart from the Chinese visual arts and the fashion of film narration that prevailed in the domestic market before, yet it is possible to say that the movie discourse of that period is restricted merely to some stylistic features of New Wave cinema in its original sense because the degree to which the Fifth G directors implement the principles of art movie filmmaking, which normally present in the American and the European New Wave and modernist cinema, significantly vary. To understand the extent to which the terms ‘New Wave’ and ‘art cinema’ are compatible in the Chinese Fifth G movies, we will evaluate these concepts separately and analyze the most prominent works of that period. Western and Chinese New Wave Initially, the term ‘New Wave’ was applied to the French cinema that appeared in the 1950s-1960s and ‘showed a marked difference in style and content to the mainstream’ (Wham 2014, p. 1). New Wave movies always addressed contemporary issues and demonstrated the absurd in the life of the young generations. It is possible to say that New Wave cinema was inspired by the social shifts and changes – the movement in filmmaking developed as a response to social changes and particular circumstances which stimulated creativity and innovation. The Chinese New Wave also designates the difference between generations. The emergence of the Fifth G movie directors became possible only after the end of the cultural revolution and, consequently, the cessation of the communist propaganda. With the opening of China to the world in the 1980s, the Maoist utopia receded into the background and freed the space for new ideas inspired by Western knowled
Introduction “The high street” is an expression commonly used by UK locals, and they apply it as a name for a street where most of the main stores are located (Arfin, 2017). For those of you who wonder how this phrase is related to fashion, the answer is very simple − high street fashion is the clothing one can find in large chain stores, which are frequently launched in main shopping hubs: malls, department stores, and so on. High street fashion mainly refers to a mass-market retail style (Arfin, 2017). Each of the listeners in the audience can compose a long list of high street fashion brands. Those, which are most likely to pop in your mind, include Zara, Topshop, H&M, and so on. What is especially fascinating about these brands is the speed and scope of their growth. As you may notice, many high street fashion retailers are international enterprises. One of the best examples of rapid global expansion in the given sector is Inditex Group (Bershka, Oysho, Stradivarius, Zara, etc.). Since 2004, the Spanish enterprise managed to increase its sales rates from 5.569 million euros to 23.311 million euros in 2016 (“Inditex Group’s sales worldwide,” 2017). By 2012, Inditex owned over 5.700 shops in 84 countries and employed more than 110.000 people (Wit, 2012). The statistics show that in its growth rate, Inditex outruns the main rivals in the global fashion industry (Caro & Martinez-de-Albeniz, 2014). In my opinion, smart product development, marketing, and logistics strategies used by the company largely defined the fast pace of its international expansion. Essay Body First of all, when speaking of Zara, it utilizes a unique fast-fashion business model. As stated by Caro and Martinez-de-Albeniz (2014), the main aim of fast-fashion retailers is to respond as quickly as possible to ever-changing needs and preferences of target customers, identify trends promptly, and meet all market requirements rapidly. To achieve this, Zara and other Inditex held brands vertically integrate just-in-time production, distribution, and retail sales to accelerate communication between customers and the design team. Consistently with the fast-fashion model, Zara employs a production cycle (10-15 days) that is significantly shorter compared to traditional fashion retail models implementing a several-months product lifecycle (“Fast fashion goes global,” 2015). Moreover, the enterprise employs an automated inventory system that captures real-time customer and sales information (i.e., most demanded items, less purchased pieces, etc.) and supports the design and fast production processes (O’Marah, 2016). Secondly, as part of its international marketing and branding strategy, Zara adapts pricing, and positioning according to different market characteristics but utilizes a standardized approach to product designs and promotion (Mo, 2015). Since every country is characterized by distinct customers’ purchasing power, the given me
Introduction Multicultural movement refers to a coalition of university students formed 1980s that included students from diverse groups. These groups were against oppressive trends of governance and running of affairs by the university administration (Pedersen 45). This was mainly to address the need for fairness and justice to all regardless of their gender, color or race. The urge to form these groups came because; the white discriminated against other colors and females. For example, teaching in universities was for the white while administration dues were given to females. Body In 1960sthere were a series of cases of discrimination where people from different cultural backgrounds were treated in an inhumane manner. This led to increased number of protests from the youth and other positive minded in the society. In 1980s, university students staged several protests aimed at holding accountable their institutions for past incidences of discrimination and racism. The multicultural movement involved diverse group of students, some university faculties and communities within their locality. They formed a coalition that understood the need to have academic resources and programs to study racial and social histories from particular societies. Their objectives were achieved because they saw the creation of black American, Asian and women studies programs and centers in their campuses. These centers had an aim of ensuring the fundamental aspects of cultural diversity are addressed in the world (Pedersen 45). This means that people from anywhere in the world will be valued and respected hence eliminating chances of discrimination. Despite students having formed several other organizations and movements, the mu
Number of Campaigns, Campaign Types Used and the Focus for Each Campaign This campaign is meant to distribute gas cylinders to willing buyers around the country. We will only have one campaign running for a whole year, with the possibility of organizing another campaign depending on the performance of this one. We will only use the search network only campaign. This will solely focus on high potential clients. A Sampling of Keywords, Negative Keywords, and Other Targeting Methods The keywords we will use will include: “mobile gas,” “gas deliverer,” and “doorstep gas.” These words will stand out because few providers of gas take their cylinders to the doorsteps of their customers. Good keywords should always be unique (Szetela and Kerschbaum, 23). Negative keywords are words that businesspersons do not want to include in their ads (Holdren 75). In our case, we will cite words such as “suppliers,” “refilling,” “sellers,” “dealers,” and “providers” as negative keywords. Many people also include them in their texts, and using them may not be very helpful to our business. We have to be different. Unlike our competitors, we take the cylinders to where our customers stay. We came to this conclusion after realizing that effective Adwords must bring out what competitors do not have (Luther 83). Texts We Will Use in Our Ads Gas deliverer in the US Prime Gas Company is the best gas deliverer in the US. We bring gas cylinders to your homestead. Mobile gas to American citizens Prime Gas Company is a mobile gas company that will deliver its products to your doorstep whenever you need it. Our mobile gas is not limited to any part of the country. Doorstep Gas to Client
Description of Specific Program The selected program specializes in providing career counseling to students from high school (9-12 grades). This program aims to help students understand their needs, wants, and demands and select a career path that complies with their preferences, skills, and cultural background. This information is delivered during group and individual meetings. The management of the program highly prioritizes diversity principles, and it is a critical rationale for applying an individualized approach to achieve the desired results and avoid misunderstandings. Planning To ensure the successful implementation of the program, it is essential to convince students from different cultural groups to participate in the process by clearly stating that an individual approach will be applied. In turn, it is vital to indicate that the program will also discuss the role of diversity and globalization in different industries and help select the most suitable career path, as these aspects may define one’s future. Describing these benefits will assist in avoiding confrontation and will encourage students to participate in this program. As for the process, a career counselor will conduct an evaluation of skills, career assessment results, and preferences of students. These procedures will help define potential career paths while considering diverse cultural backgrounds, as there is a clear connection between family values, culture, and one’s behavior. This matter complies with the principles of social learning and psychodynamic models. A child learns from the actions of his/her parents and reflects these behavioral patterns in his/her life in subsequent years and adulthood. This procedure helps avoid intercultural conflicts that may incur due to the lack of knowledge about the cultural specifics while using stereotypes may also be offensive. In turn, psychologists (two specialists) will conduct various assessments to evaluate individual traits of students and resolve different interpersonal and ethnic conflicts associated with cultural differences such as opinions about the role of a woman in society and the appropriateness of a particular gesture in a conversation. Alternatively, to expand the students’ horizons about the working environment and underline the importance of diversity, guest speakers such as managers of different companies will be invited. As for physical facilities, available school properties and student counselor’s office will be used. Organization Apart from hiring professionals and purchasing software, it is necessary to develop a sufficient action plan. During the first meeting, establishing a trusting relationship with a student while revealing his/her culture’s specifics is a priority. The subsequent stage implies conducting various assessments with the assistance of psychologists (five hours). Two or three meetings will be organized to discuss the evaluations’ results and reveal individual conce
When a crime has been committed, samples are obtained from the crime scene and sent to the forensic laboratory. In a typical case, a known sample is obtained from a person, mostly in form of a buccal swab, and the results of the DNA analysis compared to the Questioned sample from the crime scene (Thompson 540). Later, a report is made based on the relationship between the donor of known sample and Questioned sample. The paper seek to examine different DNA assessment tools and their uses. During the DNA investigation in the laboratory, an analysis is performed in nuclear DNA. This 3.3 billion base pairs long chromosomal DNS resides in the nucleus and is available in two copies per cell (Butler 32). It recombines during meiosis before it is passed down from parents to their children. In the early stages of human identification, Bernatzky discovered long repeating sequence in the nuclear DNA and investigated these by performing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism studies (4). This technique employs enzymes that cut the DNA at designated sites, which shows a particular pattern of size separation by gel electrophoresis (Bernatzky 5). Currently, the forensic DNA investigation depends on the assessment of short tandem repeats (STRs) from nuclear DNA (Wambaugh 55). These short DNA sequence repeats occur in abundance throughout the non-coding regions of the nuclear genome. In the laboratory, the STRs are amplified with primers that are appended with fluorescent dyes, and the resulting amplicons are separated by size with capillary electrophoresis to determine the variation in repeats between individuals (Butler 32). Since nuclear DNA recombines in a loci-independent manner, it is very suitable for human identification because this lays a basis for combining the results for all STR loci. By doing so, it is possible to establish identity from a DNA sample. In some case, STRs may be unfit for investigation because of the low quantity of present DNA to obtain an STR profile (Butler 32). This is mostly the case with hairs and aged teeth and bone samples. In such situations, mitochondrial DNA is the best alternative strategy for DNA investigation (Budowle, Joseph, and Mark 6). Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, which limits its resolution to a maternal lineage. However, this characteristics makes is specifically useful in kinship testing and the identification of human remains. The mitochondrial genome resides in the mitochondria of a cell. It is circular, approxi