ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Baseball is a game that involves the use of balls and bats and it is played by two teams with each team comprising of nine players. Steroids on the other hand are drugs that are taken by the players in order to enhance their performance in the field. The issues related to the use of steroids can be traced back to the year 2002 when major league baseball carried tests on the use of steroids during the performance. The use of steroids to provide a competitive edge for the players is a subject that has been discussed for a long and has always formed part of the sports news. The steroids that are used by baseball players are normally referred to as anabolic steroids. They resemble the normal testosterone hormone structure. Anabolic steroids work to increase the level of testosterone in the body which then stimulates the body to build stronger and larger body muscles. The use of steroids is not only in the baseball game but it has also been found in other sports especially the athletes. The use of steroids may be used to improve the performance of the baseball teams but this comes at a great cost to the individual’s health and the integrity of the game (Rao, 2004). The use of steroids in baseball was triggered by the fact that any player who managed twenty runs in a season was considered a star in the game. This was during the early 1990s. The players, therefore, sort for a way that could help them hit this target, and most of them found the solution in the use of steroids. During this period, the demand for very competitive teams was very high and the team managers opted to purchase the players rather than raise their own. The managers, therefore, kept raising the prices of the best players and this created a very high demand for them (Yesalis, 2000). With the increasing demand, the players had to ensure that they were perfect for the laid down requirements. The owners and the sponsors also placed big rewards for the stars and this also increased the use of the drug by the players. Many turned to the power of steroids to satisfy the market demand. As the performance of the players gained public attention due to their high performance, many more individuals started to use them to rise with the exhilarating statistics of good performance. Baseball now became a game of playing just to rise up and break records in the public eye. The use of steroids by baseball players was not really a big issue in the past. However, as the effect of the use of steroids started to manifest themselves in the players it raised a lot of concern and this has lead to declaring the use of the drugs as illegal (Liaboe, 2007). The issues about the use of steroids in a baseball game were heightened in the year 2005 when the top players such a
Introduction-Advertising and Promotions Advertising and promotions are vital to any running business especially for those surrounded by competitors. Corporations and brands around the world are increasingly spending on advertising through different means. Even more vital in this respect is addressing the right target market. Lately, the field of marketing and advertising is facing tough challenges and issues. Most of them are related to a high number of competitors and frequent price promotions. Price Promotions cutting Brand Equity? A recent article published in Science Daily discusses the issue of frequent price cuts and promotions. According to the report, “Frequent price cuts can have major adverse effects on brand equity, even for well-respected brands”. This adversity has been in debate as most of the established brands do not usually enter the race of price promotions. The article makes subject the recent study conducted by Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS®). Arranged by Tülin Erdem of NYU; Michael P. Keane of the University of Technology Sidney, Australia and Arizona State University; and Baohong Sun of Carnegie Mellon University the report addresses the general psychological impact of price-promotions on the brand quality. Simply put, too much price promotion indirectly promotes a perception that the brand is facing difficulty in surviving and hence can compromise on quality. According to the report: “Approximately one-quarter of the increase in sales generated by a temporary price cut represents cannibalization of future sales due to the brand-equity-diluting effect of the promotion.” The study was done on selected well-known ketchup brands including Heinz, Hunt’s and Del Monte. The report also discusses the importance of different information sources in influencing the perception of quality. The findings of the study predict that a 10% price cut for an established brand would increase sales by 26%, but this increase is dwarfed by the perceived lower quality. If this perception did not exist, the increase in sales would be about 32%. The report’s conclusion is simply put as: “High-end brands will be better off if they target price promotions at micro-levels rather than through generic price reductions; integrate sales promotions in a consistent manner with the rest of their communications; and refrain from using price promotions frequently”. In this conclusion, the researchers also present the solution to the problem. Price promotions are inevitable for any competitive industry, but more important is that how this is communicated to the customers. A simple announcement of price-cut is less effective in raising sales than an integrated communication of sales
Area of Philosophy Social justice is a part of the area of philosophy called “political philosophy.” This branch of philosophy explores themes related to rights, justice, laws, liberties, and, of course, politics. Another science that touches social justice as a subject is ethics, which deals with the questions of morality, vices, and virtues, justice, and crime. Argument Analysis To my mind, the two most important principles of justice that should be used to govern within a just society are the selection of highly virtuous state leaders and government representatives to put in charge of the society and the principle of mutual social agreement between people and the state leaders. Confucius was the supporter of the idea that the leaders of the society must be full of virtue and merit. According to Confucius, this was the main rule to follow in order to provide happiness and wellbeing to society. Moreover, the Chinese philosopher stated that poverty is the result of unreasonably high taxation and poor distribution of state land. Confucian government’s main roles were to provide welfare and economic security to the people. Of course, the idea that this task would be fulfilled assumed that the country leaders were very honest and generous people who cared cordially about the nation’s well being. Thomas Hobbes was one of the founders of the theory of social agreement, which was the necessary measure to save people from anarchy, antisocial behavior, and decay. The agreement is based on the voluntary refusal of certain rights by the members of a society and freewill surrendering to the power of the leaders. Such organization, according to Hobbes, promotes order and peace. At the same time, society agrees
Modern healthcare systems have evolved with progressive attributes evidenced among patients. Both developing and developed nations allocate substantial resources for improving the quality of medical services in time, effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Specifically, this discussion presents the integration of emerging technology innovation in managing data and decisions on the diagnosis and treatment of public members. Adopting Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) has been helpful to healthcare institutions in improving patient care (Al-Turjman et al., 2020). For instance, the invention enables the early detection of chronic illnesses for prompt treatment among victims. This approach has helped enhance the life expectancy of public members, as evidenced across advanced economies. Quality medical services are evaluated using specific metrics attributed to collective growth and development. For instance, the accessibility and availability of vital medication describe a responsive healthcare institution (Al-Turjman et al., 2020). The integration of digital technology in this sector has resulted in better management of essential stakeholder data in the public. Systems that operate using the innovation ensure accurate and timely information concerning doctors, nurses, physicians, and other medical practitioners (Al-Turjman et al., 2020). Most importantly, the applications safeguard the protection o
Executive Summary The report presents expansion opportunities for Nando’s in Tenerife, Spain. Nando’s is known for its flame-grilled chicken. The casual dining restaurant now offers its services in more than 30 countries served with over 1,000 retail outlets. Over the year, Nando’s has relied on its peri-peri chicken to expand internationally by focusing on western, Asian, Oceania, Middle East, and Africa countries. Tourists from the EU member states drive Tenerife’s economy. Besides, crises in other countries have made Spain a better alternative. While the economy has performed dismally since the recession, 2014 marked a significant shift towards recovery. As such, Nando’s can expand into Tenerife and claim some share of the emerging market. Both PESTEL and SWOT analyses show that Nando’s enjoy some specific advantages, and it can still exploit available opportunities while improving on weaknesses and mitigating threats in the new market. Most factors favor the company. Nevertheless, Nando must understand Tenerife’s unique culture, food preferences, eating habits, and the best practices in advertisement and promotions. Overall, it is recommended that Nando’s should expand to Tenerife, but it must focus on mitigating fierce competition from other global brands, such as McDonald’s, Burger King, KFC, and other local casual dining outlets. Introduction This report presents Tenerife, Spain as a possible location for Nando’s expansion in the global market. It is generally observed that influences of Spanish on cultures of the Canary Islands are widespread and notable on traditions, customs, and other common cultures found the Islands, including Tenerife (Tenerife 2016). Tenerife has rich and exciting cultures typically reflecting the Spanish way of life. Spanish cooking significantly influences gastronomy, fiestas, and some holidays, including the Semana Santa or Holy Week (Tenerife 2016). One must observe that Tenerife is a relatively small island located in the Atlantic Ocean, and it is therefore prone to foreign influences as many cultures visit the Island in a year. While Tenerife has experienced different cultures, the natives have always maintained their traditional practices. Tenerife’s economy is developed on fanciful attributes. That is, its sunny beaches, excellent hotels, and exciting attraction sites among other places of interest have attracted millions of tourists annually. In fact, Tenerife is among the top tourist attraction places for holidaymakers. As such, tourism is the leading sector in Tenerife. It is responsible for a significant share of the Euros going into the country’s economy. The canaries are also recognized for agricultural activities, but these activities have declined to owe to crop diseases and climate change. Besides, the cochineal industry deteriorated because of fierce competition from synthetic products. Today, Tenerife is known for its fruits and vegetable farming. Bananas and tomatoes are now common on the Island. Tenerife boasts of a wide variety of foods. Its gastronomy consists of Spanish dishes that have been influenced by Latin American and Afric
“A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable by law or by a binding arbitration” (American Law and legal Information Organization 2). Contracts involve exchange of promises which if broken will attract monetary or other forms of compensation. Compensation can be in monetary or any other form depending with the contract’s terms and conditions. Usually, it is a payment of what would have otherwise been paid if the defaulter had honored the agreement. For a contract to be legally abiding, both parties must have an agreement concerning the terms and conditions. The most important aspect of a contract is the offer and acceptance where one party offers an agreement and the other accepts (American Law and legal Information Organization 2). For a contract to hold any legal grounds, it must be a possible agreement, the parties must be of sound mind and must be above the required legal age for such kind of an agreement. Other than these conditions, consideration is a big part of the law of contracts. Consideration calls for a critical examination of how much a promise is going to cost. It must be sufficient, it must not be from the past and it must move from the promisee (American Law and legal Information Organization 2). Case study Case no. CA06-1281 was heard in Arkansas Court by Judge Karen R, Baker on 13 June, 2007. This was a breach of contract case. The plaintiff Steve Goldman claimed that the defendant had breached a contract. Steve Goldman entered into a contract with Hunter’s Green Development Co., LLC. Steve agreed to buy land from Hunter’s Green Development which would build a house on the land. David Carl was the developer. The construction began in January 2000 and was complete by August 2002. Hunter’s Green Development stopped construction after Steve refused to make further draws on the construction loan in May the same year. Steve based his refusal on Hunter’s Green
Perception is how humans take in their encounters and experiences from their interaction with the environment and synthesise these experiences to deduce their meanings and forms. In perceptions, the senses perform a very fundamental and significant role in linking the internal environment to the external experiences. The senses pick up these experiences and directly transmit them to the brain which in turn interprets these experiences to establish meaningful output. Perception The thinking process is incomplete without the senses. the five senses in human beings are:   * sight;   * taste;   * smell;   * hearing;   * touch. These senses record the human experiences and transmits them to the brain for interpretation. No thinking process can effectively be complete without the five senses being used (Brynie, 2001). Perception wholesomely rely on the five senses, i.e., touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. The five senses act as an input that directs the outward experiences into the brain which interprets these experiences and an output is relayed back to the senses. Our perception thus defines how we think. How we perceive is defined as a result of what we have learnt from the environment around us. Humans know how to distinguish perceptions based on what they have learnt about such phenomena. Through the senses, we are able to deduce qualities of substances as the brain synthesizes them. One is capable to respond to various stimuli that are detected by these sense organs through a complex brain stimuli-response mechanism. Taste   * Uses the taste buds to identify how various chemicals in the food materials taste like.   * Taste buds are located in the tongue at the tip of the tongue   * There exists several tastes that can be identified by the tongue, they include:-       + Sweet;       + Bitter;       + Sour;       + Salty;       + Umami. In order to distinguish the chemical composition of any substance, the sense of taste is applied. The tongue has the capability of contrasting the tastes of the chemicals in substances by using taste buds present in the tip of the tongue. The tongue is able to identify the following tastes.  1. Sweet.  2. Bitter.  3. Sour.  4. Salty.  5. Umami. Taste buds are located at various positions in the tongue. The tongue is symmetrically divided into different regions that detect the various tastes listed above. Through the sense of taste, we are capable to categorize various substance according to their tastes. The role of the brain is to interpret the kind of taste that has been detected by the tongue, as discussed earlier, our perception is a completely learnt process and whol
Introduction The “Intervention” is a reality show program that airs on A&E network. In any given episode of the reality show, the program features two unsuspecting people who suffer drug addiction. Usually, this happens with the explicit permission of the family of the person being featured. The television cameras document whatever the family member see as problematic behaviour done by the person as a result of the drug addiction. This television show has been analysed by different academicians. Van Over is one such few researchers who analysed data as evident over a series of 15 Intervention episodes. His aim was to look at the “self as a culturally constituted linguistic resource in interventions” (1). This was analysed on the cultural practice of the intervention , whose aim was to tell the person features that “his or her current status (under drug influence) was inappropriate, inadequate, harmful or/and illegitimate to self and others” (Van Over 8). The assumption of the Intervention is that hearing such words from the interveners would motivate him or her to take the requisite corrective actions, which would include accepting to take up treatment as the first step. Likely Outcomes At any one episode, the Intervention has four likely outcomes: first, the drug addict would question the legitimacy of the intervention and refuse to participate; secondly, the addict could accept the assertions made by the group and take up the recommended course of action; third, the addict may disagree with the assertion made by the group, but decide to take up remedial proposals; and finally, there is a possibility that an addict could accept the groups assertion but refuse to accept treatment. While acknowledging all these four possibilities, Van Over claims that in all the 15 episodes he collected data from, the fourth scenario never occurred. His hypothesis regarding this outcome is that the Intervention deliberately avoided airing shows where the intervention failed or the Intervention is such a convincing persuasion strategy that none of the people who go through cannot help but resonate with the assertions of the interveners and other participants (9). Van Over’s review concludes that the intervention brings out the elements of identity, the self and the personhood whereby the “true” and “real” self seems lost when an addiction takes over. Tough love Scheck argues that the Intervention show shows how “tough love” can work wonders in enabling people suffering from drug addiction to take up treatment (37). The author compares the television show to an era when young people would be taken to emergency rooms in hospitals where they would see some of the injuries that resulted from drug use. In a s
Essays by Keegan and Williams offer retrospectives regarding the natural environments and their respective inhabitants as well as human perceptions of them. Although both are subjective personal essays, the authors take significantly different approaches and have different purposes of presenting their arguments. This paper seeks to contrast the content and forms of essays. Personally, I find Williams is a provocateur who uses extremes as the only explanation for her position. She says that people use the natural world “as a backdrop for our own human dramas and catastrophes” (Williams). Williams demonstrates strong opposition to almost all the activities of humans. She describes such behavior as “we are stopped cold, our spirits suspended, controlled, controlled sensation” (Williams). Instead of paying attention to emotions, compassion, and respect for the world around them, people want to focus on power, control, and using every resource for gaining personal benefit and success. However, there are many nature preserves that are legally protected, as well as official documents with Red Lists where threatened species are identified and protected. Society takes care of nature and promotes certain values to recognize its beauty and importance. In Keegan’s essay “Why We Care about Whales,” she depicts a world that is eager to view wilderness as an inheritance of essences, which contrasts with the point illustrated by Williams that people view it as nothing more than entertainment, model, and background to human dramas. Keegan describes the unfortunate instance when she witnessed whales being thrown out and stuck on beaches as perhaps a consequence of human-caused environmental change. As communal creatures, whales come to each other’s aid, leading to several of them being in the inescapable position of a slow death due to dehydration. However, these events uncharacteristically inspire response from the human community, which throws its resources, ranging from volunteers to professional rescuers such as the Coast Guard, to attempt to save the whales. She notes how residents formed queues to keep the whales hydrated by pouring buckets of water and placing wet towels on them. She describes “the energy was nervous, confused and palpably urgent” (Keegan). It demonstrates deep care, sympathy, and a general concern for the natural world, particularly from regul
Various female individuals have defied traditional femininity and its main characteristics. The character of Katherine Hepburn in the movie “Adam’s Rib” is an exceptional example of such disobedience, as she ignores the expectations towards women (Cukor, 1949). Di Battista’s (2003) statement regarding dames and traditional notions of femininity perfectly explains the behavior of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, as she disregards such notions. The author represents the battle between female desires to behave in a certain way and social attitudes towards such actions. DiBattista (2003) argues that fast-talking dames often mock communities’ stereotypes towards respectable femininity. However, they can also ignore such attitudes when confronted with them. Altogether, fast-talking dames defy traditional norms regarding women’s actions and appearance. Amanda is a remarkable character who ignores the social expectations on several occasions during the movie “Adam’s Rib”. In the court scene, when the woman interrogates one of the men on the subject of women’s rights, she disregards the objections towards her behavior and continues with her endeavor (Cukor, 1949). It is important to note that in her dialogue with the judge, she speaks in a highly educated manner while maintaining a very high speed of speech (Appendix B). Altogether, the woman is exceptionally intelligent and is pursuing a professional career, thus defying society’s expectations. Another instance of Amanda’s defiance of traditional femininity can be seen in the conversation with her husband. The man says that he has to stay at work to make a quick conviction against a woman (Cukor, 1949). Amanda is especially infuriated by this event as she swiftly remarks on her husband’s boss’s wrongful behavior and her hatred towards immoral actions perpetrated by men (Appendix A). In this scene, she comes up with brilliant and intelligent answers, which would be considered inappropriate according to the morals of the 1930s. Overall, the heroine of Katherine Hepburn appears to be a fast-talking dame who often mocks and ignores the social attitudes towards feminine actions and appearance.