ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The word research is made up of two syllables; re and search, Re implies doing again while search means carefully. The term research can therefore be used to imply the systematic study of a particular topic with the aim of establishing certain facts or principles (Hunter, Laura & Erin 2008). The practice uses scientific methods to come up new worldviews and opinions that are both applicable and reasonable. It must adhere to certain criteria. Research can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research looks more into the why and how of a certain event and thus requires fewer but detailed samples. Quantitative research on the other hand implies investigating social phenomena through the use of statistical techniques. It also entails employing models and theories related to the particular phenomena and analyzing data through statistics (Giddens 1990: p. 70). The two research methods can be said to be unique and important in that qualitative research focuses more on the facts behind a particular theory while quantitative research analyses data through application of statistical techniques. This paper seeks to evaluate and critique the two research methods by comparing two studies conducted using the two different research methods. The studies are listed below:  1. Article 1: Transferring Human Resource Practices from the United Kingdom to China: The Limits and Potential for Convergence by Gamble 2010 (qualitative)  2. Article 2: A Cross-national Comparison of Cultural Value Orientations of Indian, Polish, Russian and American Employees by Woldu et al. 2007 (quantitative) Both articles are published in The International Journal of Human Resource Management. The two studies focus on the same research topic but employ two different research methods. Through evaluation of the two studies, the author seeks to establish the validity and reliability of the two techniques by focusing on design and epistemology of each study (Ragin 1994: p. 63). Aims and Objectives of Study Article 1 (the qualitative research) seeks to analyze the United Kingdom and the Chinese business systems (Gamble 2010). The author of the study (Jos Gamble) aims at exploring the transfer of British retail firms’ human resource practices from the United Kingdom to the Republic of China. These two nations are separated by a wide cultural gap. More focus is on the transfer process of the firm’s flat structure to a nation that puts more emphasis on hierarchical structure of management (Maanen 1988: p. 24). The study also seeks to establish the limits of the convergence between the two cultures. The second article (the quantitative researc
Introduction Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), also known as Colony Bee Depopulation Syndrome (HBDS), is a situation where worker bees suddenly disappear from beehives. Such disappearances have taken place from historical times. However, in 2006, there were massive disappearances of Western honeybee colonies in parts of North America; a situation that led to coining of the word colony collapse disorder (Penn State/College of Agricultural Sciences, 2007). Similar disappearances were reported across Europe in countries like Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, France and Belgium. Beekeepers reported over 90% of bee loss in their hives. Even though bee loss during winter is common, this margin was beyond the anticipated limits. Researchers have put forward several postulates to explain this phenomenon including biotic factors, environmental related strains, pesticides and malnutrition (Sahba, 2007). Despite the many models put forward to explain these phenomena, this paper analyses the toxicological view of CCD. Background Information There are several chemicals thought to cause CCD. These chemicals have different effects on bees and thus fall in different categories. According to Penn state/College of Agricultural Sciences (2007), contact insecticides kill bees upon contact and this affects mainly the worker bees due to spraying. Systemic chemicals contaminate the nectar and pollen after incorporation into the treated plants. This kills bees even in hives. Finally, the more hazardous pesticides are dust pesticides. Intense bee poisoning occurs during the blooming period as farmers apply insecticides to crops (Mayer, Johansen & Baird, 1999, p. 2). Poisoning also occurs as toxic pesticides drift onto bordering weeds and crops when they are blooming. Another interesting poisoning phenomenon occurs when insecticidal dust clings to scrounging bees becoming packed together pollen. This is very dangerous because the insecticidal dust may kill newly formed workers in subsequent seasons. This paper will deal with the common pesticides that are currently under research. They include antibiotics, miticides and neonicotinoid pesticides. Analysis of Key Potential Causes of CCD According to CCD Steering Committee (2009), fluvalinate and coumaphos, which are both miticides, chlorpyrifos, fungicides and herbicides, are the major toxicological contaminants identified in the undergoing CCD research (p. 8). The Agricultural marketing Service (AMS) carried out a study that indicated that, miticides used commonly by beekeeper, could be a possible cause of HBDS (CCD Steering Committee, 2009, p. 8). Unfortunately, research has not determined precisely any single cause of CCD. However, this continuing research offers some insights into what may be behind this disappearance. Due to established weakness of honeybees regarding detoxification, pesticides become the chief suspect as a causal effect of CCD. Honeybees have low levels of detoxification probably due to their habit of feeding on pollen and nectar that have low poisonous content (Johnson, 2008, p. 6). CCD Steering Committee (2009)
What do you understand by the terms: Toxicity, Preservatives, Carcinogens, Mortality, Morbidity Toxicity-this is the extent to which a toxic substance is capable of causing injury to a vulnerable organism. Preservatives-these are natural or artificial chemicals added to substances like medicines, paints, and foods to avoid decomposition caused by the growth of microorganisms or unwanted chemical changes. Carcinogens-this is described as any material, radionuclide, or radioactivity that can result in cancerous infection. Mortality- this is the word used in describing the number of persons who have died within a given population Morbidity-this is the proportion of individuals in a population getting sick from a certain disease. Name a few toxic chemicals There several chemicals that can be toxic to both humans and other animals. Some of these chemicals are listed below   * Trichloroethylene   * Toluene   * Mercury   * Methyl ethyl ketone   * Naphtha   * Carbon disulfide   * Formaldehyde   * Methyl alcohol   * Carbon tetrachloride   * Benzene   * lead How can toxic chemicals enter your body There are four main routes through which chemicals can get into a person’s body. These include breathing in, getting into contact with the skin, ingesting, and injection by a sharp object. Breathing in polluted air is the most prevalent method through which workstation chemicals get into the body. There are certain chemicals that are capable of penetrating through the skin into the blood system when contacted. Occasionally, workshop chemicals can be absorbed unintentionally if foodstuff or cigarettes are polluted. The injection is prevalent in workstations and can take place whenever a sharp material cuts the skin and introduces a chemical right into the blood system. Possibly, the eyes can as well be an entry path for chemicals, though just trivial amounts of chemicals are able to enter the body thru the eyes or mouth. Chemicals may get into the stomach by swallowing polluted secretion that has been ejected from the lungs, or intake of polluted food. Foodstuff and drinks are most regularly polluted by dirty hands, gloves, or outfit, or by leaving it unprotected in the workplace. Biting of nails and smoking can also lead to chemicals getting into the body. Explain with an example of how toxic chemicals can be harmful to the human Toxic chemicals can cause several effects whenever they get into contact with the body. Being exposed to a toxic substance like gasoline may affect human health. When an individual ingests gasoline, he or she can get diarrhea, vomit, or burns. Nevertheless, the absorption of too much gasoline may lead to drowsiness or even death since it is toxic. Certain chemicals are dangerous owing to their physical features: they may blast, scorch, or react effortlessly with other chemicals. The toxic properties of chemicals may range from slight and revocable to severe and irrevocable. For instance, a headache can result from a single incident of breathing in petroleum naphtha vapor whic
One of the aspects of technical communication is writing a report that requires gathering information from various sources and presenting this information to the audience in a concise way. Suppose that a technical writer is researching the impact of a siesta on the performance of engineers. If this writer works for an organization that requires them to write about a negative effect of a catnap, they will try to find appropriate information in various scholarly sources. However, if an academic article demonstrates a positive impact of a siesta, but the writer distorts this data in favor of their organization, such an action will be unethical but not illegal. On the one hand, the workers of this organization may believe that their employer is right, and they do not need a siesta. On the other hand, if the author knows the truth and does not inform the colleagues about it, they will lie to them, which is unethical. If a technical writer does not want to damage relationships with co-workers and to feel remorse, they should avoid such behavior. In addition, if a technical writer forgets to cite the source or does not cite it intentionally, thus misleading their audience, their action will also be unethical but not illegal. In the United States, plagiarism is not a crime, but it is often considered unethical (Wex Definitions Team, 2021). It may violate other people’s property rights, honor, and code of ethics and result in disciplinary actions. Moreover, plagiarizing another person’s words may ruin a technical writer’s reputation and relationships with their co-workers, friends, and employers. Since both examples of unethical behavior may negatively affect the relationships between the organization and its audience, such behavior should be avoided even though it is not illegal. Reference Wex Definitions Team. (2021). Plagiarism. Legal Information Institute. Web.
A budget enables a company to plan how to use its money in the following year by allocating it to different departments. Each department is then allowed to use its own money according to its plans. Although budgets provide some leeway, companies highly follow them. Budgets are made of hypothetical figures, but managers can use the data they contain to make important decisions. The following are some of the ways managers can use budgets to make decisions. The first decision that managers can make based on data obtained from a budget is concerned with staffing. A manager assesses the staffing requirements in an organisation from time to time. Staffing in every department determines the amount of work that is delegated to employees. The growth of organisations implies that the number of work increases significantly hence there might be a need to recruit new employees. A manager would refer to a departmental budget to determine whether new employees should be hired or continue working with the available ones. The second area where a manager can make decisions based on data obtained from a budget is sales and marketing. Managers are required to exercise their discretion as they think about organisational budgets and the requirements of sales and marketing groups. Sales and marketing budgets are drafted immediately a fiscal year begins after which managers decide on how money should be used. A budget enables managers to balance the allocation of funds to ensure that the sales and marketing groups do not fail because they form a critical part of a business organisation (How Does Budgeting Help Managers in Business Decision Making? 2013). The third way through which a budget is used by managers to make decisions is by motivating emplo
Introduction Family is considered a significant unit of any community. When it is broken, the effects are tough on parents, friends and mostly importantly, the children. As Stewart-Clarke and Cornelia explain, “it is hard to imagine a more difficult transition for a child than to be a party to his or her parent’s divorce” (106). When going through a divorce, most parents are concerned about the children and how it will affect them as they grow up. Worries over whether the children will grow up happy and healthy are common among divorcees. It is not until recently that psychologists and sociologists began to provide reliable information about how children are affected when their parents divorce. The effects spread across their emotional, social and academic lives. Harmful effects Divorce affects children in different ways. The effects are dependent on different factors such as age, gender and support accorded to them. The first negative effect is that parent-child bond is broken. Depending with age, a separation with one of the parents will affect children differently. As Douglas explains, “infants may not understand conflict, but may react to changes in parents’ energy level and mood by losing appetite, having upset stomach and spitting up more” (1). Preschool children may deny that any changes took place, or may suffer depression and become uncooperative. School-aged children may suffer grief when the child-parent bond is broken. Adolescents may suffer anger and loneliness when one parent is no longer there, and may feel pushed to adulthood too early, especially if they have to take up a responsibility to take care of younger siblings. They may also doubt their ability to have a stable family in future. Divorce affects children’s academic lives negatively. Psychologists have argued that the effects are more detrimental for elementary children. While the older children may be old enough to understand the pain they are going through, and ask for help or find positive ways of dealing with it, it is not so with elementary school children. Since they are not old enough to understand their pain, they are not able to control or deal with it. A majority of these children will experience resentment and grief, a reaction which makes it impossible for them to be actively involved in their school work. Depending with the amount of help accorded to them, even older children will have a problem focusing and performing well in class. Divorce further affects children’s social life and the way they handle relationships. According to Douglas, “researchers are now finding that boys raised by fathers and girls raised by mothers may do better than children raised by the parent of opposite sex” (1). The same author explains that children in a family setting seem to be less aggressive and are able to have healthy relationships from an early age. They have fewer emotional problems and tend to be more responsible. They are more open
Why do you think that students experience the ‘fourth grade slump’, where reading and writing become more increasingly difficult? There are a number of factors that trigger the ‘fourth grade slump’ among young learners. Firstly, the extensive focus is usually given to reading lessons when children are still in their early years of learning. A lot of reading is done in the primary years but neglected as children progress into the later years. This is because of the assumption that students don’t need that practice anymore. The ability to read and understand is also given a lot of emphasis during the early years in school (Goodwin, 2011). Although the acquisitions of reading and writing skills are prudent in the intellectual development of elementary learners, that curriculum requirements in the subsequent grades tend to distort the earlier gains made in reading. Fourth graders are supposed to read and understand the assigned texts. Besides, fourth graders learn a completely new perspective towards reading because texts are evaluated after the reading process. For example, learners in the fourth grade should derive meaning from long texts. Besides, creative thinking skills are a strenuous task for most fourth graders. Teachers also share information in various texts with learners in different ways when they are fourth graders. Although learners have ample opportunity to familiarize themselves with the new curriculum in the fourth grade, other forms of literacy activities tend to consume a lot of their regular learning time (Stockard, 2010). For example, co-curricular activities such as games and sporting activities distract learners from regular reading and writing lessons. In addition, reading digital texts that do not meet the threshold for learning outcomes also distract most fourth graders. It is unfortunate to note that children who are used to reading digital texts may find it boring to read the prescribed readings in school. Moreover, digital reading may be more appealing, purposeful, and dynamic for fourth graders. As a result, most of them may eventually perform below average in reading and writing classes. Reading and writing slumps are also evident among learners from low and middle-income households. Learners below fourth grade are less aware or informed of the prevailing family strife. However, increased awareness of the immediate family environment is sometimes a major setback for learners in fourth grade (Hirsch, 2003). Children at this learning stage can be easily be perturbed by family struggles. Finally, such learners can significantly fl
The importance of sports for the promotion of fitness and making one a better, more fulfilled person suggests both an explanation and a justification for the current and growing popularity of sports. In recent years, fitness became an obsession for a lot of young – and not so young – individuals, who seem to be constantly working out in order to build a perfect body. Experts in the areas of health care, television, and the new mass media are continuously looking to produce and distribute brand posts about fitness itself or fitness goods (Pedersen 347). People who love exercising fall for this, because the fitness sector is popular as never before. People go to the gym to keep themselves in shape and maintain the healthy state of both their mind and body. Regardless of all the speculations, the benefit of personal fitness is evident. The advantages of physical exercise are infinite. Fitness helps to develop bodily attributes such as muscle strength and stamina, cardiac durability, elasticity, quickness, and bone thickness. Consistent physical workouts maximize both the dimensions and strength of the heart, enabling it to push more blood with less effort. This will lead to lower heart rate and blood pressure, which can prolong life expectancy. The cardiovascular system is also positively impacted, because of a bigger blood volume transmitting more oxygen to the muscles. These effects will lead to decreased risk for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke. Noteworthy circulatory fitness benefits can be reached with long-term involvement in cardiovascular isometrics. But one should also remember that years of strength exercises or lifetime strength workouts can deteriorate heart muscles – disposing one to a disorder called “ventricular arrhythmia” in which the heartbeat is inconsistent. Fitness also provides an aptitude to help one regulate his or her cholesterol level, raising the levels of healthy cholesterol and dropping the levels of unhealthy cholesterol. Fitness activities increase muscle mass, lessen fat, and therefore control the body mass. It is confirmed that physical exercise can regulate one’s body weight and prevent obesity. By combining proper physical workouts with the right diet, one can anticipate weight or fat loss and a stronger body. Aerobic workouts burn calories while exercising and also in the following twenty-four-hour period. In conclusion, the author of the essay would like to state that practicing sport
Vision and Opportunities Once I leave the university, I would like to find a well-paid job so as to become financially independent. Apart from providing me with money, my job is expected to be interesting and satisfy my need of being helpful to the society and useful to people. What is more, I enjoy communicating. Probably, I will have my own business, for example a bakery. Besides, I have got an educational goal: I would like to learn a foreign language. However, I cannot be more precise now since I have not chosen it yet. As for my purpose, I would like to earn enough to provide both for my future family, as well as to make donations to help poor children in developing countries. My childhood is great. Thus, when I watch programs about kids in Africa, I feel embarrassed to have my lunch at the same time when they starve. That is why I am highly willing to participate in charity events which are aimed to make their life better. I want everyone to be kind to others and to give a hand to each other in difficulties. I love cooking, especially baking. It is so fascinating for me to make bread and cakes with my own hands. That is why I am thinking about my own bakery. However, having a business implies a number of challenges, like an ability to be competitive or to provide quality services which are really required by the society. Besides, before I can set my own business, I need to earn enough money. What is more, I am not really good at audit questions. Nevertheless, at the bakery market, I might have some opportunities since there is demand for home-cooked bread. All I need is to dedicate myself to my business. Given the abovementioned, my choices are generally guided by these questions:   * What do I like doing and what do I want to become good at?   * What challenges am I ready to face and what sacrifices to make for my project?   * What is a social aspect of my future project? Marketing and Implementation Strategy To have a start, I believe I should try to get employed in an existing bakery. It will help me to obtain some experience. Once I have enough background knowledge and funds, I can set up my own bakery. In the course of work for the employer, I will do my best to contribute to its development since the owner pays me. Hence, I should perform my duties well. When it comes to my contribution to the society, people will buy tasty fresh bread which I will make. In UAE today, there are not many people who are willing to create anything with their hands. People tend to use machines for everything. However, they happen to appreciate things which are hand-made with love. In my surroundings, I do not know anyone who would like to have a similar business. Nevertheless, people would like services of this kind to be supplied to them. Risks and Mitigation In my plan, there are five major milestones: to get employed, to get experience, to set up my own business, to get rich, and to help children in Africa. I will consider my career successful and professional life full of sense in case I will be able to support my kids and donate to developing co