ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The exposure of our brain plays a significant role in shaping the mental setup at any one time and is fundamental in influencing new learning and acquiring of knowledge. The human mind makes sense from the moment of birth and through it, we make decisions in different situations (Slavain, 1991). Current brain-based research indicates that learning is attained best when connected with the learner’s previous exposures, facts, principles, or clarity of details (Perry, 2000). Discussion The bond between past and new learning is established under the concept that knowledge in the brain is stored in an arrangement of connections; and learning shapes from experiences by strengthening certain connections (Slavain, 1991). Passage of electrical current along the nerve cells stimulates these neural connections, enhanced by the discharge of chemicals into the synapse between neighboring cells. The more frequent the stimulation takes place, the more habitual a remembrance or a particular idea becomes. Meaningful learning, knowledge background, processing, neural connections, relevance, and prior knowledge activation are key principles of brain-based learning. Teachers should present information in clear, organized ways and ensure that concepts are understood; to deliver meaningful learning (Slavain, 1991). Connecting new knowledge to background knowledge builds a firm foundation by opening the best chances for co
In his columnist essay, David Brooks writes on the moral bucket list. As implied in this title, the essay is about a list of qualities that people should endeavor to achieve before their death. In his introductory paragraph, the author mentions that he sometimes meets people who are selfless, inspiring, deeply good, and can work in any facet of life. The columnist recognizes that despite the fact that he has some level of career success, but he is deficient in some of the characters. The author notes that such individuals have more of the “eulogy virtues,” which are stated during one’s burial, than “resume virtues,” which are skills and knowledge that are relevant for marketplace. Brooks then urges the readers to pursue and learn some of the practices that make a person gain the inner light. Although Brooks’ essay contains some fallacious reasoning, he effectively uses rhetorical appeals to convince his audience on the need for them to develop intrinsic morals. To start with, the author appeals to ethics which means convincing audience of his credibility and character. This is evident when he admits that he too has not achieved the character that he admires and aspires to have. Notably, David Brooks is a renowned op-ed columnist who writes for the New York Times on culture and political affairs. He is a well respectable man who influences the public with his essays. Therefore, for him to consider himself a person who still needs to learn some of the virtues that make a person radiate light, he is humble (Brooks). The impression that his confession brings to the readers is that a person can never stop growing. In turn, the reader is challenged also to desire to develop the good practices which they feel are deficient in their character. Furthermore, the use of ethos by Brooks to persuade readers is evident in the reputation of the characters mentioned in the essay. The author provides a description of the kind of some people who can be “in any walk of life” (Brooks). His strategy of not mentioning the name of a specific person and explaining that such individuals can be found in any facet of life is prudent. It provokes the reader to think and identify a person they have met who has similar virtues. No one can miss finding a person who, at one point in their life, demonstrated selflessness and made them happy. Thus, Brooks is successful in making readers identify their heroes in the society and persuade them that they too can be morally admirable. The essayist uses language that appeals to the emotions which convince the audience through shared experiences, memory, nostalgia and senses. An example in the essay is when Brooks states, “all the people I’ve ever deeply admired are profoundly honest about their own weaknesses”. The ethos is evident in this statement as it describes the character of the people who have achieved “generosity spirit”. This encourages the reader to do a quick self-evaluation to establish if they are capable of admitting their own wrongs. Few people have intense self-awaren
The Ways of Entering the Market When expanding to the global market, there are different strategies that a firm can use. The strategy chosen will depend on the preference of the firm, its size, financial capacity, type of products, and other environmental factors. Direct export is one of the oldest ways of entering a new market. When using this strategy, an exporting firm will identify firms that can distribute its products in the foreign market. Joint ventures or mergers have also been used as a strategy when entering foreign markets. This is where two firms in two different countries enter into an agreement to operate as a single entity. Instead of becoming competitors in the target market, the two firms will operate as a single firm. They will open new branches because of the increased production capacity. Direct market entry is popular among large firms dealing in specialized products. These firms find it more appropriate to open their own branches in the target markets where they can control all the activities going on because of the sensitivity of their products. Franchising is gaining popularity as another simple strategy of going global. In this strategy, the parent firm also known as the franchiser allows a firm in a foreign market to use its brand name and logo to operate in the foreign market. The franchisee will be paying the franchiser royalties and other benefits as agreed in the contract signed between them. Examples fitting these methods  1. General Motors is directly exporting its manufactured cars to foreign markets in Europe, Asia-Pacific, South American, Africa, and other foreign markets.  2. Chase bank has been using mergers and joint ventures as a strategy of expanding to foreign markets.  3. PepsiCo Company is currently using direct market entry to expand its operations to parts of Africa and Asia.  4. Berger King has decided to use franchising strategy to enter some Asian markets that it considers volatile. Importance of Making Adjustments in Market Potential and Market Share Figures A firm may find it necessary to make adjustments in market potential and market share strategies due to a number of reasons. The first reason that makes many firms to make adjustments in market potential is the need to determine changes needed in the production capacity. In the current competitive business environment, firms find it very important to be precise. Producing goods which exceeds market demand may lead to serious losses, especially when dealing in products which are perishable. Excess products may be disposed cheaply, a move that will hurt profitability of a firm. Similarly, when a firm produces goods which do not meet the demand in the market, it will give room for competitors to penetrate the market to capture the segment that is not taken care of by the firm. For this reason, adjustments in market potential and market share figures are of critical importance. Another reason why making adjustments in market potential and market share figures is important is to determine the
Juvenile delinquency is a broad notion including a wide set of illegal actions by minor individuals. Admittedly, a violation of the law by an underage individual should be addressed promptly and adequately. In this regard, throughout the last century, the criminal justice system in Europe and North America has undergone significant changes. This essay will discuss how a case of a young person attempting to steal a bicycle would be handled at the beginning of the 20th century and now. In the United Kingdom and the United States of America, before the early 1910s, young offenders were handled by the court with no regard to their age. However, at the turn of the centuries, the creation of the juvenile justice system started to pay regard to their level of maturity and mental capacity. The new system prioritized reformation over punishment; thus, given it was his or her first offense, the young person in question would receive a warning (Sobie, 2018). In the worst-case scenario, he or she would have to spend time in a juvenile rehabilitation institution. Today, in the Northern hemisphere, the situation would unfold in a similar way. The young person would be taken to a police ward where he or she would be informed about the consequences in case they repeat an offense. The police would contact his or her parents so that the family could intervene. The family could be advised to visit a counselor so that the underlying causes of delinquent behavior could be established and tackled. Thus, in both cases, the young offender would be given a chance to reconsider his or her life choices. Adopting the restorative approach to youth justice appears to be more reasonable than taking merely punitive measures. Punishing an underage person may treat the “symptoms,” whereas the motivation behind delinquent action remains unaddressed. Moreover, a punishment may give rise to the urge to protest against the system in a teenager, which may lead to repeated offenses. Reference Sobie, M. (2018). The state of American juvenile justice. Criminal Justice, 33 (1), 26-29.
Michel Foucault’s idea of power Michel Foucault does not simply investigate the occurrence of power nor does he elaborate on its foundation. He says that power relations are very complex as there are almost no tools to study it. Foucault says that we need power relations in our modern economy. He believes that power is completely rational and it has an empirical form since it has a direct relation to our present states and situations. Some people even show a resistance towards the various forms and faces of power. They mainly do this to understand the power relations, determine its exact point of application and the various types of methods used. However, Foucault says that we should analyze power as an object of its internal rationality, instead of its “ antagonism of strategies” (Foucault, 220). In order to understand what power is Foucault also asks us to understand the various forms of resistances and dissociations to power relations. He says that power is a “ transversal struggle ” (Foucault, 220) and thus, is not limited to a certain area. Power can be easily developed but we cannot confine it to a particular group or form of administrative government. If we exercise “ uncontrolled power over people’s bodies, their health and their life and death ” (Foucault, 220) then it leads to these “transversal struggles”. This makes people criticize the various “ instances of power ” (Foucault, 221) rather than them trying to locate a proper resolution for their problems. The effects of power are many and can be duly linked to qualifications, aptitude and most importantly knowledge. They oppose the “ secrecy, deformation, and mystifying representations’ ‘ (pg 221) that are forced on individuals. He says that power when applied to the everyday life of the
During his lifetime, Martin Luther King Junior had the privilege of giving several speeches whose main theme in almost all was on the freedom of the black Americans. ‘I have a dream’ was among the many speeches that emphasized the freedom of the black Americans. Martin Luther King Junior gave this speech during the leadership of the then president of America, Jeff Kennedy in 1963. Surprisingly, this speech has gained the most fame all over the world because of its content. In the ‘I have a dream’ speech, Martin Luther incorporates different styles of literature among them rhetoric, figurative speech, pathos, ethos and similes just to mention a few. These are used to emphasize the message that he wishes to express to the world. In this paper, only one literature style (use of pathos) used in the speech will be discussed. Pathos is a style of literature in which the author of a certain piece of work incorporates his or her life experiences in a bid to evoke emotion from the audience. The emotion evoked could be that of compassion, sorry or pity. Martin Luther King Junior has effectively used this literature style in the ‘I have a dream’ speech leading to the achievement of its objectives. There are several instances in the speech that reveal the use of pathos, some of which include the following. At one point during the speech, Martin Luther King Junior confesses of his “dream that [his] four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character” (Hansen 176). In this, Martin Luther King Junior uses pathos by divulging the speech to his own life in order for the audience to understand what he talks about. It is clear that in this statement Martin Luther King Junior does not only refer to his own children but to the entire children of the Americans. The audience is not only compassionate on this statement but they gain more respect for Martin Luther King Junior who takes the position of a father. Martin Luther King Junior goes further to indicate that he has faith that his children will not be worried when they find signs written “No Whites Allowed” (Hansen 180). He notes that he has the hope that his children will have the strength to bear this discrimination and still hopes that at one point in time the children of the black Americans will be able to walk hand in hand with those of the whites just as sisters and brothers do. In another instance during his speech, Martin Luther King Junior says, “some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality” (Hansen 178). In this statement, Martin Luther King Junior appeals for emotion from the people by revealing to them the brutality of the police to the black Americans and especially those who have fallen victim of this kind of brutality. The audience feels sad and sorry for themselves when Martin Luther King Junior tells of this brutality. As such, he effectively achieves pathos in this statement. It can thus be concluded that Martin Luther King Jun
The sand man is a short story that was written by a German author called E.T.A Hoffman during the 19 th century. The short story was published in an anthology called Die Nachtstücke, which in English translates to The Night pieces. The sand man is a fiction story in which the Narrator who is called Nathaniel appears to be suffering from posttraumatic stress. This occurs as a result of the mysterious death of his father which occurred in a manner that is consistent with the story of the Sandman, a bedtime story that he used to be told when he was a kid. According to the bedtime story, the Sandman takes away the eyes of people leaving them dead and gives it to his children in the moon. Also in the story, after taking the eyes, the Sandman mysteriously disappears without a trace. Due to the stress that he is suffering from, Nathaniel tends to believe that his friend, Coppelius whom he believes that he is the Sandman, caused the death of his father. He therefore writes a letter to his friend brother to his fiancée stating that he suspects that Coppelius has returned to town under a new identity and he is seeking vengeance. The entire story then revolves on how Nathaniel tries to prove the identity of Coppelius and the impacts of his posttraumatic stress from his childhood on his judgement. An analysis of the Story I tend to agree with the thesis and the theme that the author has presented in this story. Many individuals in the society tend to suffer from posttraumatic stress that in most occasions originates from their childhood. This stress tends to affect the manner in which they relate with other individuals in the society, their thought process and the manner in which they judge and perceive things. If the condition is not properly addressed, there are high chances that it may have adverse effects on the lives of these individuals. I feel that Nathaniel developed fear of the Sandman as a result of the bedtime story that he was told when he was young. Due to his young age, his mind at that particular time could not process the story as a fiction but as reality. It is due to this fact that he developed fear of the Sandman and the manner in which he took eyes from his victims. From an analysis of the story, I think that an eye symbolises life. It is due to this fact that Nathaniel accuses Coppelius for the death of his father who mysteriously disappeared after the incident (Kremer 143). However, his fiancée, Clara, tries to make him believe that this was just fiction and not reality, a notion that Nathaniel tends to believe in. However, things take a new turn when Coppelius reappears again. This time, he is called Coppola, a long time friend of Nathaniel`s professor, Spalanzani. With time, Coppola takes away the eyes of Olimpia, a beautiful girl who was the daughter of Spalanzani and was secretly admired by Nathaniel. After the incidence, Coppola mysteriously disappears again with the eyes of Olimpia whose body lie
Introduction Emma by Jane Austen is a masterpiece exploring dangers of misconceived romance. The main character is Emma Woodhouse, a beautiful, ingenious, moneyed young woman (Aiken para. 2). The story opens with Emma attending a wedding of Miss Taylor after which she introduces Mr. Weston; her suitor to Miss Taylor. At this point, the issue of Emma’s overestimation regarding her matchmaking skills comes out clearly. Even though, Mr. Knightley advises her strongly, she statically sticks to her ego and moves on with her new pursuit; she matches Harriet Smith, her new friend, to Mr. Elton. Disregarding the dangers of meddling with other people’s affairs, Emma thinks that Mr. Elton is interested in Harriet and she has to do everything to make sure that Harriet rejects a marriage proposal from Mr. Martin (Austen-Leigh 69). To Emma’s triumph, Harriet rejects Mr. Martin’s proposal. There is no point Emma is letting go of her beliefs, and what is right to her; it is right to others. Emma’s Character Static and somewhat uncreative; Emma is not prepared to adapt to change or compromise her principles for the sake of others (Millar and Machichan 56). For instance, even though her neighbour Mr. Knightly warns her of her ‘meddling’ behavior, she doe not take heed. She blandishes herself that she is the person behind the matching of Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston. She goes to meddle with Harriet’s affairs who gives in to her advances. She says to Harriet, “I lay it down as a general rule, Harriet, that if a woman doubts as to whether she should accept a man or not, she certainly ought to refuse him. If she can hesitate as to “Yes,” she ought to say “No” directly’” (Austen 47). This is a true depiction of her static nature. She lays down rules and everyone has to follow them. Her static nature comes out clearly through the description that the author gives her, “She did not always feel so absolutely satisfied with herself, so entirely convinced that her opinions were right and her adversary’s wrong, as Mr. Knightley” (Austen 23). If Emma were creative and dynamic, she would at least understand other people and let them do things their way. The static nature blinds Emma from appreciating that everyone is entitled to his or her opinion and it does not have to be right always. Her static nature is fostered further by her insensitivity, which comes out clearly in the character of this young woman. Apart from meddling with other people’s affairs, she asserts, “’I have no faith in Mrs. Elton’s acknowledging herself the inferior in thought, word, or deed; or in her being under any restraint beyond her own scanty rule of good breeding. I cannot imagine th
What is the value of going to a theatre? How does this vary by the type of movie? The theatres meet a lot of competition in the modern entertainment industry. The most significant impact on the costs and value of going to the theatre was caused by the development and advancement of the home entertainment. Today a person can enjoy watching movies in his or her personal space, in a comfortable entertainment without any hindrances and restrictions. At the same time, movie-goers can face some disturbing factors that may affect the whole impression from the visiting the theatre: loud talking, phones ringing, commercial advertising, etc. In combination with the poor movie selection these factors reduce the theatres value dramatically. In opposition to the home entertainment, cinemas represent the value of the social activities for the audience. The quality of movies and their correspondence with the needs of the targeted audience that primarily consists of the young adults and teenagers matters. Thus, the types of the movies are interdependent with the theatres’ value. What factors determined the rise and fall of theatres? The authors suggest demand is falling down. Why do you think this is the case? How would this vary by demographics? In the first half of the 20 th century, the cinema business thrived in the USA. For years the theatres provided the unique and innovative kind of entertainment. Nevertheless, the emergence of television and radio induced the decrease in the cinema’s popularity. Since 50s, the entertainment market became more competitive, and the competition is gaining momentum. Nowadays, the movies are widely available outside the theatres, and the theatrical releases constitute only a small part of the movie production revenue. The high level of the diversity in the entertainment industry and the emergence of the product substitutes put a lot of pressure on the theatres. A lesser demand for the cinema can be explained by the availability and proliferation of the new technologies that are considered to be more convenient for the people in the provision of services, and particularly entertainment. While the new technologies offer the home leisure, the theatres became more demanded by those who need socialization. Thus, the cinemas’ targeted audience consists primarily of teenagers. What determines the movie release strategy? Do you expect the release window to change? Do you expect more movies to have narrow/wide releases? The movie release strategy is dependent on the movie type to a great extent. Release involves advertisement and several stages of runs that are called windows. Usually, the first-run is a show in a grand theatre with the participation of the movie stars. It is meant to promote the mass production picture. The spread of the movie continues with the next runs in other theatres and the release in the home video and television markets. The strategy is mainly influenced by the movie’s budgets. So, the high-budget movies will more likely include all the release windows while the low-budget movies will probably skip fe