ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Contract Administration involves those activities undertaken by government officials after a contract has been awarded to do evaluation on how well the government and the contractor performed in order to meet the goals of the contract. Introduction Contract administration encompasses negotiating the terms and conditions in contracts as well us ensuring these terms have been met. Changes that might arise during execution of the contract are as well documented and mode of handling them agreed on in the contract management (Kubasek, 2012). Contract administration has three major components that if put in practice, makes it a very effective tool in management. They include:-   * Contract Administration and Oversight.   * Change Management Processes and   * Dispute Resolution. Main body Contract administration and oversight involves planning, monitoring, contract performance and payment approval. Planning involves understanding all the components of the contract including all the expected outcomes of the contract, contract cost, performance, any acceptance or rejection terms, date of the contract and important contact information to ease communication between the contractor and the government (Kubasek, 2012). Monitoring contract performance entails understanding the factor that will be monitored and the procedures that will be applied in evaluation of performance. Monitoring should also determine the factor to be monitored and establishment of possible results for individuals involved with contract monitoring. Risk assessment is also included in monitoring of performance to help them in reviewing contactors and the core factor to be included in the review. Valuable results obtained from such reviews can be used by the government officials to train the contractors. Payment approval as an important tool in contract administration deals with authorization of payments in accordance to the contract terms and ensuring appropriate documentation of such procedures. Change Management involves administrative changes, constructive changes and substantive changes. To begin with, administrative changes are those that arise within the scope of the contract such as changes in contact information. Constructive changes on the other hand occur when the contractor comprehends that the work he is required to perform is beyond the scope of the contract, for example, included suggestions, different work procedures, changes in work sequencing, delay in reviewing of invoices and approval of necessary payments as well as interference with the performance (Kubasek, 2012). Substantive changes are those that affect both the contractor and the organization giving them the contact, for example, the government. These changes include those t
Psychographics heath conscience, fitness, gluten free, active, athletes Protein bars are popular among the youths and the young adults (Adele and Jalali, 32). The target population is the middle and upper class individuals aged between 15 and 55 years. This is critical in understanding the psychographics of the target market. It can be noted that protein bars are attractive to the growing population, as well as those who have enough income to spend on the supplements. It can be observed that protein bars are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins among other nutrients. Essentially, the protein bars are meant for individuals who require protein source that does not require preparation (Adele and Jalali, 33). Most Americans are health conscious. They are also known to engage in fitness programs including going to the gym. In addition, most of the target market is active. Furthermore, the youthful individuals engage in athletic activities. This will serve better for the new product that has been suggested as most of the individuals being targeted require replenishing of their bodies with protein supplements. It can be asserted that the market for the protein bar is readily available. As noted, protein bars are mostly used by individuals who are health conscious, athletes, and those who do not have time to eat a proper diet (Adele and Jalali, 33). In the US, people are usually very busy and can only afford short breaks for meals. Most of them opt for a protein bar as the only healthy option available. Just like other individuals, the Americans are also known to look for a variety. Therefore, this gives room for the protein bars to diversify and include other aspects such as gluten free bars. Notably, a significant section of the American population is affected by the celiac disease. In addition, there are those who choose a gluten-free lifestyle. This offers a ready market for the protein bar business. Purchasing habits health conscience shoppers, two different types: everyday gym goers (routine), once in a while, BEFORE or AFTER? In every market, the purchasing habit of the consumers is very critical. This is what determines the success of a given product in the market. It can be established that a significant percentage of the Americans are health conscious shoppers. In this regard, they only go for what can promote their health. Therefore, instead of them going for fast foods, they are likely to opt for protein bars. Furthermore, it can be noted that the middle and upper classes are our main target market. These are individuals who have considerable education and know what is good for their diet. In addition, most of these people have jobs and hardly get enough time to prepare their meals especially during working hours. Therefore, the protein bars will come in handy as the best healthy choice. Furthermore, the targeted population is health conscious and may find time to go to the gym. However, there are those who are regular visitors to the g
Introduction In the first half of the XX century, John Ridley Stroop paid his attention to the study, which explained that it takes people more time to process and name the pictures of colors or objects than to read their written forms out loud (Weiner & Craighead, 2010, p. 1712). The result of this experiment is currently known as the Stroop effect. Anyone can try to conduct it through measuring whether there is a difference in time required to name the colors of words that match them or not. The general idea behind this theory is that human brain works differently when processing various kinds of information. There have been many theories trying to explain the Stroop effect (Jarvis & Russell, 2002, p. 152). The most substantial theory seems to be provided by the automaticity concept, which implies, for instance, that reading is a more automated and, subsequently, a faster process than naming colors (Dulaney & Ellis, 1997, p. 185). It must be stated that, according to this model, it is not a necessary condition that the automated process requires less time than the one which calls for paying some attention. Aim The aim of this paper is to find out whether the time required for identifying and processing both congruent and incongruent data is different. This paper is based on the variation of the Stroop experiment. Several geometric shapes were put on the two lists and supported with either congruent or incongruent data. The result would be the difference in time taken to process each type of the list. This measurement would work as the primary source of supporting or objecting the hypothesis that has been chosen to be a directional one for this study. Experimental Hypothesis It takes a longer time to process information supported with incongruent data when naming fourteen shapes than it is for the same set having the congruent words. Null Hypothesis There is no difference in time required for each person to name the shapes with both congruent and incongruent description. Any difference shown as a result is purely accidental and is caused by various factors such as environment, the physical and emotional state of a respondent, language skills, etc. Method Design The participants were required to go through each set of questions one test after another. Both tests were designed similarly to eliminate any possibilities of inaccurate results due to the inability to read the information equally well. The experiment did not focus on color but rather used the pair of words and shapes instead.
The involvement of the central banks of is an attempt to demonstrate that all the central bankers are collaborating. Their aim is to relieve the Euro crisis. Numerous Lots of banks in Europe, issue out dollar denominated loans. This is because the interest rates offered in US are very low. Financing of loans is through short term borrowing sourced from other institutions. When banks in Europe buy assets that are dollar denominated, it is usually done in the wholesale deposit market. The European banks have access to funds in their native currency and can be utilized to hedge risks associated in the currency markets. The Euro crisis has exarcebated the currency swap process as it is now more expensive to borrow from the Federal reserve. Thus, the Fed’s position has created stability as it is an effort to assist the euro financial crisis. The current deterioration of Europe’s debt crisis is fast proving to be a source of increasing fear and dissatisfaction for U.S. government officials. It is also becoming the sole major threat to efforts in trying to improving the American economy. This month, policymakers found an opportunity to act. The Coordination between the Federal Reserve, and European countries allows European lenders access to cheaper dollars. This attempt, is intended to subdue uncertainties of a credit squeeze. This move was viewed by most analysts as the most encouraging development and the financial markets reacted positively to the news. Although these efforts were modest, they were not expected to act as the silver bullet to the crisis. The focus on White house administration’s strategy has been to push for a strong bail out fund that will be able to mitigate future debt crisis in the Euro region, such as that witnessed in Greece and Italy. The fund would act as a firewall that will allow members of the Euro zone to borrow at reasonable rates. The officials want to make sure that the firewall is strong enough that the core Euro zone countries can borrow at affordable rates. Although it doesn’t restore the health of the Euro fully, the Fed’s action will surely encourage confidence that has been lacking in the markets. It further encourages leaders and finance ministers to deal with the crisis fast and with force. Banks in Europe at the time, started finding it costly to borrow dollars and this inhibited their capability to lend out dollars, leading to a depreciated Euro. Thus, the move by the ECB, to borrow dollars was the right move. The second article discusses on the credit swap facility between the ECB and the Federal reserve and its mode of operation. During the crisis, the European Central Bank, has had to seek for cheaper source of dollars in order to lend out to banks within the Euro zone. The swap entails the exchange of between the Euro and dollars, whereby the ECB borrows
Introduction Wallace Stevens has his position as a notable poet in the 20 th century. The road wasn’t easy for Wallace Stevens. He is an author with many skills. His unique style grabbed the critics’ attention. Some of them liked his style and some others didn’t. Wallace Stevens nearly never changes the themes of his poems. He was a “philosopher of aesthetics” (Poetry Foundation). Throughout his life Wallace Stevens earned many awards for his works. A Brief Biographical Sketch of Wallace Stevens Wallace Stevens was born in “Reading, Pennsylvania on October 2, 1879”. He went to Harvard University in 1897 and studied for 3 years but didn’t finish studying. After that, he went to “New York school of law” and studied there until 1903. In 1904, he started to work in local law firms. He stayed working in law firms for three years after that (“Biography”). Wallace’s beginnings in literature were in the 1910’s. Wallace Stevens needed to wait for eight years to see his first book published. His first book was called “Harmonium”, and it was published in 1923. This book didn’t receive positive reviews from the critiques back then. Stevens stopped writing for several years because of that. He returned to writing with “Ideas of Order” in 1935. His final work was called “The Necessary Angel” in 1951 (“Biography”). Wallace Stevens died “in Hartford, Connecticut on August 2, 1955″ (Biography”). Which Literature Genres is Wallace Stevens Famous for? The main literature genre that Wallace Stevens is famous for is poetry. Nearly all of his works were in the genre of poetry except his last book under the title “The Necessary Angel” in 1951; it was in the genre of prose (Poetry Foundation). His poems are divided into many subgenres; here are some examples:  1. Narrative Poetry: From his first book “Harmonium”, the poems “Peter Quince at the Clavier” and “Le Monocle de Mon Oncle” (Poetry Foundation).  2. Lyric Poetry: From “Harmonium”, the poems “Sunday Morning” and “The Emperor of Ice Cream” (Poetry Foundation).  3. Epic Poetry: From “Harmonium”, the poem “The Comedian as the Letter C” (Poetry Foundation). Wallace Stevens’s Style in Writing Many experts tried to describe Wallace Stevens’s style. Wallace Stevens’s style is a combination of unique elements. Reuben says that Wallace Stevens’s style is considered “obscure”. The ideas in his poems are not clear. Understanding the poem is the reader’s job. His poems contain a lot of “contradictions”. His style is influenced by his own character which is “like his poetry, enigmatic”. Stevens used literature as a way to express his own thoughts about life. But he showed just a small part of them (Reuben). Lee M. Jenkins says that Stevens’s “oeuvre is a quasi-spiritual quest for the supreme fiction, for a poetry that “must take the place / Of empty heaven and its hymns” and thus help modern man find meaning in a godless world”. The Common Themes Often Presented by Wallace Stevens In his first book, “Harmonium” (1932), Wallace Stevens expresses his atheistic ideas and prefers the ideas of “natu
Fiction, written by Lu Hsun, the father of modern Chinese literature, is a critically realistic work that mirrors the societal veracity of his time. Lu Hsun was a brilliant writer who had a clear insight into the social history of the country and understood the Chinese culture and society impeccably. His writings are found to be embedded with elements of imagism, surrealism, and symbolism; however, the realism of the time that is presented in his stories bear secular importance as they paint a historical picture of the social era of China. He has used various postmodernist forms to enhance his representation of a culture that is vast and ancient. Though a modernist/postmodernist in style, Hsun presented an apt realism in his work that enhances our understanding of the history of China in the 1920s. Jaroslav Průšek points out that Lu Hsun gathered a lot of the material for his plot and stories from historical sources and traditional documents (Průšek 171). Consequently, historical facts and social cohesion of the Chinese society is abundantly present in the stories written by Hsun. In this essay, I will argue that the eighteen short stories in the Selected Works of Lu Hsun presents a picture of the social realities of china and present the emergence of the new Chinese nationalism in the post-May Fourth revolution era. In this essay, I will discuss the short stories written by Hsun. The short stories by Hsun are enriched with tropes of satire, realism, symbolism, and psychoanalytic. Thus, a single trend is insufficient to grasp the complete theme of the short stories; rather, they represent a series of trends that are collected together in the stories. Social history and symbolism are the two basic elements that may be found to run consistently in the stories written by Lu Hsun. This paper will undertake an analysis of the selected short stories to demonstrate the presence of realism in Hsun’s stories that present a clear picture of the Chinese national character and social history. Drawing from the inferences made by Fredric Jameson on Chinese literature, one can assume that Chinese literature written in the 20s and 30s were predominantly memoirs of social history. Jameson points out that third world literature is predominantly “national allegories”: “All third-world texts are necessary, I want to argue, allegorical” (Jameson 69). Jameson went on to emphasize the Chinese literature’s overemphasis on the allegorical social structures in literature arose from the struggle with western imperialism and hence, affected their skillfully hidden depiction of the historical facts of the time under tropes of allegory. The Chinese stories written in the 20s and 30s represent the social histories of the era, especially the social and political contexts of the time. Detailed analysis of the stories of Hsun particularly presents a picture of the Chine
The role which philanthropic foundations can play in the sphere of international relations has gained major attention recently, accompanied by large donations given to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (especially the $31- billion donation from Warren Buffet). Thus, there are some speculations on the possible changes in the sphere of private foundations that can be compared with the official flows of governmental capital targeted towards development. Within the landscape of changes philanthropic foundations like the Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller foundations now play a significantly larger role than they used to, working on major issues of international development through an array of different mechanisms ranging from governmental partnerships to direct operations. It is anticipated that this trend will continue to develop, with non-governmental organizations as well as the civil society organizations cooperating with private philanthropic foundations. The foundations investigated on this topic include the Gates Foundations and the Rockefeller Foundation. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Cons and Contributions Global Health Program Bill and Melinda Gates have become major players in the sphere of philanthropic donations all over the world. Since the very beginning of the foundation’s development, it continues to make donations over three billion every year, putting a focus on the gap between the health services that exists between rich and poor countries. Among the many goals of the organization are the battle against polio, malaria, as well as taking control over the spreading of HIV and diseases like tuberculosis (Mathiesen, 2015, para. 3). From the beginning of the twenty-first century, partly with the help of the foundation, four countries managed to battle malaria. Mortality rates from the illness have dropped by forty-two percent, presenting a possibility to eradicate malaria in the course of a generation. Foundation’s next major contribution is connected with eliminating polio in India – in the year 2014, the Gates Foundation officially announced that India was free of polio (Mathiesen, 2015, para. 8). With the help of an extensive program that included two million vaccinators, that worked in cooperation across India. Such success is crucial since even in 2009 India witnessed more that a half of the cases of polio from the entire world. Thus, this can be viewed as one of the most significant health achievement which provides a prospect of eliminating polio all over the world. The foundation has developed the Memorandum of Understanding for Strategic Cooperation between the European Commission and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aimed at research, innovation, and science. The Memorandum outline main objectives of strategic cooperation between the EU and the Foundation in which the two parties should work “in concert as partners” (Bill and Melinda Gates
The works Purgatorio and Inferno are considered to be the real masterpieces by Dante Alighieri. The principle aspects described in the works are devoted to religious and holy reflection of human existence. The themes of sin and sinners representation highlighted in the works are shown from various sides of major virtues such as love, truth, belief, etc. The work Inferno is based on the sin presentation as the punishment for people’s ignorance; the author investigates the nature of the sins introducing the necessary judgments for them. Dante illustrated the impulses motivating sinners being in the Hell and explaining that such characteristics are usually presented inside the person. So, the book is considered to be the “journey to self-realization” as the sinners managed to find potential other selves. So may God grant you, Reader, benefit From reading of my poem, just ask yourself How I could keep my eyes dry when, close by, I saw the image of human form… (Dante, XX, 19) The author managed to establish contact with the reader through deepening into the sense of sins for human morality; he showed the punishment as the condemned souls of the sinners rather than physical body distortion. The author used the principles of baptismal practices in the punishment description; this fact is connected with religious virtues and symbols Dante strived to illustrate; the depiction of the Satan appeared to be centralized in sinners’ soul destructions and sufferings being the form of punishment in the Hell. The Purgatory is described as the place for sins expiation; nevertheless Dante managed to step aside from theologians’ teachings as to this aspect and depicted sins being venial. He focused on the description of the capital sins which have been punished in the Hell in the same way. The basic concept characterizing sinners at this stage of their journey is Christianity as all souls had deep beliefs in God and in the power of religion. Dante gave some hopes to the sinners having an opportunity to be completely reformed and free their souls through constant remorse. One should note that sinners in Purgatory got less gravy sins through their penance and repentance. The Purgatory has the view of limited punishment duration suffered in the Hell. Seven P’s, the seven scars of sin, His sword point cut into my brow. He said: “Scrub off these wounds when you have passed within” (Dante, 9. 112-14) Dante provides hopes for the sinners; an angel wipes away the sins or wounds in the Purgatory. The souls sinned in Purgatory came through the way of evolution and gradation reaching opportunities to join holiest souls in the Paradise. (Ciardi & Dante, 1951) Comparative analysis of Inferno and Purgatorio showed the difference in sin and sinners’ pre