ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction By definition, Euthanasia refers to the intentional ending by act or omission of a dependent person for their own benefit [1] . In other words, it refers to that process where a terminally ill individual is assisted to die painlessly. Euthanasia can be categorized in a number of ways for instance Non-voluntary euthanasia where a person whose life is ended made no such request or gave no such consent for the process to be carried out [2] . Voluntary euthanasia is the opposite of non-voluntary as in this particular case, the individual specifically requests for his/her life to be ended. Another form of euthanasia is that of Assisted Suicide where the person intending to end his/her life is provided with the necessary guidance, means as well as information as to how to go about the process with the main intention that they will be used for this particular purpose [3] . Assisted suicide can be carried out by family members, relatives, friends or physicians where the individual is admitted. Euthanasia by omission is yet another form where death to a person is intentionally carried out by not providing usual and necessary care or basic needs to him/her [4] . On the other hand, euthanasia by action is where a person’s death is intentionally caused through performance of an action such as giving lethal injections [5] . Some forms of Euthanasia such as euthanasia by omission can be considered quite inhumane regardless of the reasons provided for it to be carried out. Religion itself considers Euthanasia as going against nature and God’s intention for human beings to live their lives fully despite the challenges or illnesses they may face in their lifetime [6] . Euthanasia and Religion Euthanasia is observed to date back as far as 400 BC where Romans as well as ancient Greeks believed that it was not necessary to preserve or prolong someone’s life if he/she was no longer interested in living [7] . They also believed that passage from life to death should be as dignified and serene as possible as compared to experiencing agony. However, certain specific circumstances were an exception for instance in cases where an individual had been fatally wounded and the only way of relieving his/her suffering was to hasten the end of his/her life [8] . This led voluntary euthanasia to be practiced during these particular eras. During the Middle Ages euthanasia was greatly criticized as well as greatly defended across Europe. Christianity teaches people that life comes from God and should therefore be considered sacred [9] . Its onset also taught people to respect each other and to consider life as a special gift from God that requires care. In other words, Christianity teaches that each person has the right to live and it is only God who being the Creator of man has a right to life [10] . With this in mind, philosophers during the Middle Ages emphasized that God gives pain in order to pay back people’s sins and therefore the more a person experiences a great deal of pain, the more his/her sins are forgiven [11] . This reason was considered as enough to create fear inside individuals as they believed they were not to interfere w
This paper will attempt to present a description of the differences between Our Man in Havana by Graham Greene and The Great Gatsby by American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald). Both publications relate a series of events in varying circles of society and present intricate and interesting plots. The paper will aim to identify specific attributes of each of the two novel publications and will attempt to reflect on how both are not only different from each other but highlight the very same areas of life from different perspectives. Our Man in Havana by Graham Greene is the story of a vacuum cleaner salesman who concocts a plot-driven by his imagination and desire to bring a difference in his life. On the other hand, The Great Gatsby is mainly a story of Nick Carraway who witnesses the central character of Jay Gatsby in a third-person perspective. Both James Wormold and Nick Carraway are surprised at what they witness when they come into contact with the world around them and both characters struggle to make sense out of their respective scenarios as the plots twist and turn through insecurities and fears (Fitzgerald). It is imperative to realize that the purpose of the paper is not to carry out a critical analysis of the plays but
The United Mexican States is selected for the current review. The choice is motivated by the fact, that it is one of the closest neighboring countries with the USA. Peso – the national currency of UMS. It has almost the same symbol as the US dollar has ($). It is divided into 100 centavos. The exchange rate for the peso is 0.096893 U.S. dollars (June 2008) Exchange rate changes (July 2007 – November 2007) July       11,0827 August     10,9036 September  10,7245 October    10,5454 November   10,3662  Examinations for the essential form of trend-following performance do not find that past replacement rate movements expect how entrepreneurs change their net locations, with the exemptions of the US dollar and the Mexican Peso. Nevertheless, a closer assessment of these two currencies proposes that the statistical power of the relations is not evocative. Regressions of modifications in net locations on lagged exchange rate modifications and net position changes yield very small for the dollar and for the Mexican Peso, meaning that very little about modifications in net position can be featured to past exchange rate changes. There are only a few matters that cause more inquisitiveness and provide more inquiries than the behavior over time of a major exchange rate such as that between the peso and the dollar. As lots of business executives have maintained over the years, the peso apparently confronts quantitative finances, financial market, political stadium, and literary examination. While that declaration, born out of years of peso-examination and occasional currency market defeats, maybe partially precise much of the time, it does not permit business experts or economists the luxury of walking away from this market matter and viewer activity. The performance of the peso/dollar exchange rate has been mainly interesting to observe in 2006 and 2007. For that period, the monthly regular nominal exchange rate has vacillated in a comparatively tight band amid P/$ 10.48 and P/$ 11.39. In fact, the monthly average supposed exchange rate has not broken either P/$ 10 or the P/$ 12 from September 2007 onward. Given everything that has occurred during that period, plus an inflationary gap between the two financial systems that still perseveres, such constancy is somewhat astonishing. Offered the financial market instability and financial indecision that has been scrutinized during the required period, it is no revelation that the peso has withdrawn somewhat in supposed terms. Basic oil changes seem to have leveled off at less than $75 per barrel and emerge subject to more problems than advantage risks. Prospects for the different stock market indices are not much variety, with commercial productivity in the United States restrained by a reasonably weak commerce cycle viewpoint. One component that might originate further peso gains against the dollar is possible for descending changes in north-of-the-border interest acquiesces if their complements in Mexico hold stable. Another is ongoing straight foreign investment investments. Aside from those opportunities, some supposed depreciation for t
Introduction The legal side of project procurement incorporates a wide variety of issues among which there are contracts and agreements, rules, and policies the parties of a project are to follow. This paper outlines the definitions and explanations for such concepts as contract law, agency law, the Uniform Commercial Code or the UCC, and the Federal Acquisition Regulations or the FAR. In addition, the paper provides the examples for all of the concepts mentioned above within real life business situations and scenarios. Contract and Contract Law Definition Commonly, a contract is defined by the scholars as “an enforceable promise of agreement” (Chen-Wishart, 2015). A contract can be studied based on the three different notions. First one is the promise that is referred to as an action with one-sided focus; in other words, when a promise is made, just the side that is giving the promise is under attention. The level of seriousness of this side’s attitude towards the promise determines whether or not it will be fulfilled and to which extent the promised conditions will be followed (Chen-Wishart, 2015). The second important concept is the agreement that is, unlike promise, has two or more focus sides. A contract based on an agreement includes the obligations, duties, liabilities, and rights of all the participants (Chen-Wishart, 2015). Third, the contracts are enforced by the state and the legal apparatus it creates. Differently put, the state is the side that ensures the trust between the participants of the contract since its legal apparatus is designed to protect the sides from the wrongdoings of their partners. The law that enforces the rules of behavior within a contract is referred to as contract law. It is applied in the cases when the parties have a disagreement and start clashing with each other regarding their interests and intentions. Contract law provides solutions in cases of contract breach, the uncertainties concerning the duties of the agreeing sides, silence or an attempt to escape a contract (Chen-Wishart, 2015). In other words, contract law is the force that binds the parties to their promises. Agency Law Definition The law of agency is based on two main concepts – an agent and principal. Even though the term “agent” is rather flexible and almost impossible to define clearly, legally, the notion of agency includes the representation of a principal by an agent and facilitation the contractual relations between the principal and a third party (Munday, 2010). One of the most common issues within the agency law is differentiating between the cases of agency and the legal problems of other types; often, it is hard to tell whether or not one should be regarded as an agent under particular circumstances and whether this person is to follow legal obligations of an agent (Munday, 2010). The term “agent” is frequently used i
Phrenology is a pseudoscience that evaluates one’s character by locating the bumps on the surface of the head. The inventors of this method found it efficient because there is no way a person can have bumps on the same spot. This idea was generated by a famous German physician called Franz Joseph Gall. He carried out studies on people in different locations and found out that when the bump was located in a specific position the individuals who had them had common personality traits. In phrenology the physicians locate a bump hence evaluate the distance between bumps in order to dictate the kind of behavior that is likely to be displayed by the person in question. Today most people don’t appreciate phrenology like before because they associate it with other arts such as palm reading. They don’t understand how people can gauge their behavior by observing their bumps (Bain, 2004). The studies done by Franz Joseph Gall suggest that the outside form of the skull reflect the actual form of the brain. He further found out that the other external parts of the body are interlinked with the brain. Phrenology was later integrated into other fields such as criminology because this concept could explain the character exhibited by a criminal. Wyhe (2004) explains that the physician would run his/her hand on the surface of the patient’s head to feel the bump(s). The bumps here don’t include scars that are found on the head because bumps are protrusions that are on the skull and can be used to define the form of the head. Franz stated that the brain was comprised of 27 seven organs and each of them represented different characters in human beings. However, 19 of these organs were shared by man and animals hence man was distinct due to the remaining eight organs. During the bump evaluation the actual dimension of the head was gauged. Due to the efficiency of this theory ancient employer begun to use it while selecting the best employees. Additionally, the technique was applied in relationships
Introduction Bahrain, just like any other financial center, provides an environment where domestic and international trade is conducted on large scale. The Bankers’ Society of Bahrain (BSB) (n.d.) states that Bahrain has been known to be a strategic trading point between the East and the West. Additionally, Bahrain trading history dates back to the Dilmun Civilization (BSB, n.d.). This is more than 4,000 years ago. Moreover, Bahrain is one of the most recognized financial centers in the Middle East. Bahrain is ranked 38 th by the World Bank on the ease of doing business (World Bank, 2012). As a financial center, some of its major strengths include use of English, sound economic and financial policies and strategic location (United States Department of Commerce (USDC), 2012). On the other hand, some of Bahrain major weaknesses include confusing labour laws, bureaucracy and some incidents of corruption within the government (USDC, 2012). This paper provides an insight into Bahrain as developing financial centre. Meaning of a Financial Center According to the businessdictionary.com (n.d.), a financial center is a city or a place within a city that has a lot of financial institutions. In addition, a financial center can be defined as a place with a world class commercial and communication infrastructure (businessdictionary.com, n.d.). Furthermore, a financial center can be a place where domestic and international trade is conducted on large scale (businessdictionary.com, n.d.). Financial centers also tend to have favourable time zones , are situated on traditional trade routes and have the highest concentration of a region’s or a country’s wealth (Security Industries Association (SIA), n.d.).The need to cater for an increasing global market and the availability of mobile pool of capital are some of the reason as to why financial centers are in existence (SIA, n.d.). However, financial centers face the same level of competition as corporations and investors they attract. For that reason, investors tend to run their businesses in areas where costs are low, procedures are streamlined and the law protects investments (SIA, n.d.). Therefore, for a financial center to be successful, it must fulfill above requirements. World-class financial centers provide an investor with necessary business environments (SIA, n.d.). SIA (n.d.) also adds that these environments provide conditions under which financial skills and innovation thriv
Introduction The world has not reached a level where we can say that there is a global water shortage. However, there is an escalating shortage of fresh water compared to society’s demand and use. Irrigation refers to the artificial use of water to assist in agriculture and is important in the suppression of weeds especially in grain fields and in the deterrence of soil hardening. This paper looks at the effective application of on-farm irrigation in the face of water scarcity and proposes an action plan of a policy approach that can be used to improve efficiency of irrigation systems. The Problem of Irrigation and Water Scarcity The ever-increasing pressure put on the available water resources by domestic use, industrial production and agricultural production is a major concern for policy makers. There is a gradual degradation of watersheds that support water reserves. Soil washed by erosion from uncovered hillsides clogs irrigation reservoirs and dams (Fereres and Soriano 148). All these are made worse by inappropriate irrigation methods that trigger salinity, soil erosion, waterlogging, and pollution of the scarce water reservoirs. Salinity results from a mixture of bad drainage and elevated vaporization rates, which lead to an increased concentration of salts on agricultural land (Hillel 7). Irrigation water has an amount of dissolved salt, which is deposited in the soil during irrigation. Though there are other causes of salinity such as soil drainage, the major cause is poor irrigation technique. Waterlogging happens when excess water is applied in irrigation systems that have limited natural drainage. To say that the world is dependent on agriculture is an understatement. With the extreme climate change and unpredictable rainfall, it seems irrigation is our only hope for sustainable agricultural production. However, the sustainability of any irrigation system must consider water conservation and efficiency of the method. Existing Policies on Efficient Water Use at the Farm Level Irrigated farming is a major contributor towards food production. It is also an important source of employment not only in the farm, but also in industries that manufacture irrigation equipment. Most policies, such as the one adopted in Samoa assert that the roles of rain-dependent agriculture should be determined and quantified. The agricultural policy in Samoa emphasizes the need to increase rain-fed agricultural land in improving food production. Although this is a very valuable insight, it is not easily achievable in this century since most policies prevent agricultural practices in major towns irrespective of the rainfall reliability in these towns. Instead of focusing on rainfall, the author of this paper believes that the policy should emphasize the application of sustainable irrigation systems in agriculture. The existing systems can be improved to prevent land degradation and depletion of
Introduction Health and illness are complex issues that different forms of the health care systems across the world are grappling to comprehend with a view of improving public health. Since humans interact constantly, sociological factors that are present in their environment have a significant impact on their conditions of health and illness. Specifically, food and nutrition that people eat in a given community or social environment is subject to cultural beliefs and practices. While some beliefs and practices have health benefits, others are harmful. In this view, Nayak, Sharada, and Geroge (2012) recommend healthcare providers to consider the influence of beliefs and practices on healthy lifestyles that people adopt in various social settings. Epidemiologists have expanded the approach of studying the occurrence of diseases in the society to include social forces such as beliefs and practices. According to Thompson and Gifford (2000), ethno-epidemiological approach is effective in understanding sociological determinants of health that are present in family, community, and society. Therefore, this essay analyses the article, Trying to Keep a Balance: The Meaning of Health and Diabetes in Urban Aboriginal Community, with a view of describing the relationship between sociology and nutrition in causing diabetes among Aborigines in Australia. Perspectives of Sugar and Causes of Diabetes The perspective of sugar as the cause of diabetes originate from the influence of the Whites on food and nutritional habits of the Aborigines. Among Australian Aborigines, the perspective of diabetes is quite different from the conventional perceptive. Thompson and Gifford (2000) hold that “the sugar’ that causes diabetes is seen as coming into the community, introduced from the outside, typically by the white man’, in ways that, in the past, were seen as intentionally used to upset the balance of these connections” (p. 1462). The first aspect of this perspective is that the Aborigines identify sugar as the cause of diabetes. The second aspect is that their experience at the hands of the colonialists disturbed the balance of sugar in their families, communities, and society, and thus, leading to unfavourable imbalance. Essentially, the belief of diabetes as a racial disease is not unique to the Aborigines. In the early part of the 19 th century, the dominant belief was that diabetes was the disease of the coloured race, particularly the Jews (Tuchman 2010). As the Whites colonised the Aborigines, they brought diabetes into Australia and spread among the community members. Hence, such assertion, which is a lay perspective, explains the origin and cause of diabetes among the Aborigines in Australia. The aborigines also hold the perceptive that sweet and bitter sugars exist depending on their origin. In essence, sweet sugar originates from the Aboriginal world, while bitter su
Vitamin D plays a significant role in regulating phosphorus and calcium absorption in our bones. Far from this regulation, the nutrient is also essential in facilitating communication among cells within our bodies. The other significance of vitamin D in the body is that it can be manufactured when exposed to sunlight. These characteristics distinguish the vitamin from other nutrients since it can be obtained from sun exposure apart from food and dietary supplements. Compared to other nutrients, what characterizes vitamin D makes it a super nutrient. What sets vitamin D apart from the other nutrients and arguably makes it a super nutrient is that, unlike other nutrients, it can be obtained by exposure to the sun. Exposure to the sun is the most effective way the vitamin can be obtained (Klioze, 2017). The potential magic associated with the nutrient is that it acts as a potential hormone in over a dozen of cells and tissues throughout the body. In so doing, the vitamin helps the body regulate essential gene expression and rapidly activates the already-expressed proteins and enzymes (Klioze, 2017). For example, in the heart, vitamin D binds to a certain receptor of the same vitamin, generating a calming protective effect. With a considerable amount of research on the nutrient focusing on the significance of the vitamin on overall health, some epidemiological studies have uncovered a deficiency torrent of vitamin