ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The following is the hypothetical conversation on the subject of one’s moral obligation to a civil law, which could have had taken place between Socrates and Protagoras (sophist philosopher). During the course of this conversation, Socrates was able to prove to Protagoras that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law is indeed fully objective. The conversation was concerned with the discussion of contemporary socio-political issues. Protagoras: Dear Socrates, I am not entirely convinced that people should consider themselves being morally compelled to seek into attuning their act with the conventions of a civil law. The reason for this is simple – as you, I am sure, is being well aware of; morality itself never ceases to remain the subject of a constant transformation. As human societies advance, in social, scientific and cultural senses of this word, the morality of these societies’ members never ceases to attain qualitatively new characteristics (Foucault 101). Therefore, it would only be logical to assume that there are no good reasons to believe that, as time goes on, the concept of one’s moral obligation to a civil law will continue to be perceived as being thoroughly objective. Socrates: I do not deny the fact that, as time goes one, people’s code of behavioral ethics undergoes a qualitative transformation. Nevertheless, you should agree that the earlier mentioned transformation results in people growing ever more open-minded and tolerant. For example; whereas, as recent as hundred years ago, the majority of citizens in Western countries thought of the concept of ‘civil marriage’ as such that implied ‘sinfulness’, it is no longer the case nowadays. After all, it now became a commonplace practice among Western men and women to enter into relationships, without having to get married (Cherlin 848). Do not you agree? Protagoras: Yes, I agree. This, however, only proves the validity of what I was saying earlier – as time goes on; the conventions of traditional morality become increasingly outdated. In its turn, this should lead us to a conclusion that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law can no longer be thought of as representing an undeniable truth-value. After all, it may very well be the case that tomorrow, people’s newly adopted moral predispositions will prompt them to consider one’s willingness to adhere to the conventions of a civil law as being essentially ‘immoral’ – certainly, not an improbable scenario. Socrates: Your argument, in this respect, cannot be considered fully legitimate. The reason for this is simple – while stating that people’s morality undergoes a continuous transformation, you failed at pointing out to what represents such transformation’s qualitative effects. As I mentioned earlier, there is an undeniable tendency for Western societies to grow ever more tolerant. Given the fact that you admitted that my line of argumentation, in th
Introduction The existence of poverty in the United States (U.S.) is considered a paradox. The U.S. is one of the world’s richest countries and is regarded as the only economic superpower. Despite such lofty distinctions, poverty in the U.S. exists. The government has recognized this reality and is doing measures to reduce the figures. In addition, the entities in the country work hand in hand to ensure that poverty is reduced. Programs and projects are created to address the specific needs of poor communities. The fight against poverty is an unending task. It requires policies, cooperation, and sustenance. Poverty in the U.S. is referred to a household that accumulates income below the poverty level (U.S. Census, 2003). In essence, poverty is a condition that deprives individuals of acquiring the necessities required to meet the minimum standard of well-being and life. The government has set a poverty line that measures the capacity of families to satisfy their daily needs. This line is equated with other economic indicators such as price and inflation. The measurement determined by the government is equal to three times the annual cost of a nutritionally sufficient diet. At present, the poverty rate in the U.S. is estimated at approximately 12.3%. This means that 36.5 million Americans are classified as poor. But the parameters used by the United Nations measure poverty in the U.S. at around 17%. The incidence of poverty among individuals below 18 years old is high compared with individuals who are 18 to 64 years old. In 2006, the poverty rates for the respective age groups are 17.4% and 10.8% (CIA Factbook, 2007). Measures of Poverty The government uses three measures to determine the poverty level. The Census Bureau is tasked to provide the poverty threshold. These figures are used for statistical analysis. Usually, the Bureau uses the data to classify the clusters and areas where poverty exists. Moreover, the Department of Health and Human Services handles the poverty figures for administrative purposes (Health and Human Services, 2007). The agency determines the individuals in dire need of assistance from the government. Both offices work to ascertain the accuracy of the information and the exten
Introduction Have you ever tried to rid yourself permanently and painlessly of unwanted body hair or even, I shudder to think about it, facial hair that no amount of concealer can cover-up? Scared of the itch and rashes you get from depilatory creams and lotions? Tired of shaving and constant touch-ups whenever you wanted to dress skimpy? Can’t get up the nerve to endure the pain of waxing? Devastated after realizing hair “grows back” and you have to go through that modern torture again and again? Yes, you’ve heard of laser hair removal. But you were turned away because you’re the typical Caucasian: very pale with blond hair. The first generation of cosmetic lasers also needed more contrast than the red-haired among us could show. At the other end of the complexion spectrum, African-Americans with their uniformly black hair could also not avail of laser hair removal. Let me share some secrets I learned being an aesthetician nurse at Laser Away in Beverly Hills. All your problems are over. The latest generation of lasers no matter your hair or skin color. It can be practically painless, with nothing to fear at all. And best of all, it’s as permanent as science can make it. Body First Supporting Point: All Complexions Welcome Now Laser Away now uses the most advanced laser treatments in the world, the Cynosure Elite that gives every customer flexibility of being treated with Alexandrite, pulse dye, the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser, and diode lasers. Pulses can be delivered in two wavelengths, 755-nm for the pale-complexioned and the higher-powered 1064-nm for the darker-skinned. Even if you have a tan now from having escaped the winter in Florida and Cancun, this longer wavelength will spot the contrast between skin and body hair to zap the latter. What’s more, this new multi-laser device can have an enlarged “hot zone”, which means it can burn off more hair down to the roots with every nearly-painless zap (Cynosure, 2010a; 2010b; Karavolas, 2007). Second Supporting Point: The End of Pain Without special care and precautions, let me caution that all lasers sting a bit, though certainly a far cry from the screaming agony when a whole wax strip is pulled off. And to think that most of the unwanted hair is in really sensitive areas like our underarms or the bikini area! To make it really painless, we apply ice or cold packs. The laser workstation itself directs chilled air on your exposed skin before, during and after the treatment. Result? Numbed skin that does not feel a thing! Third Supporting Point: Gone Forever The beauty of laser treatment is that it zaps every follicle down to the root. Never again will that particular hair grow. The first time you get the advanced treatment, all visible hair will vanish. But to be perfectly honest with you, we need you to return at intervals of between two weeks to two months. You see, nature is forever rejuvenating and re-growing every part of you. After that first treatment, two more generations of body hair are lying in wait. One is dormant and the second is starting to grow back. The follow-up treatments will take care of those. Laser Away gives a one-year warranty meaning
An overview The businesses that offer high-quality and recognizable products often prefer to open their own stores, instead of relying on the services of third-party retailers. To a great extent, Apple has also adopted this strategy because in this way, the company can significantly improve customers’ shopping experiences. To a great extent, this policy proved to be very successful. For instance, in 2008, Apple generated $ 6.3 through these sales outlets (Ramaswamy and Gouillart 48). The management intends to open new stores outside the United States, because in this way, they can establish better relations with their clients (Ramaswamy and Gouillart 48). One should also note that many businesses attempt to enter emerging markets of developing countries that benefited from the participation in the global economy. This argument is relevant if one speaks about China, India, and various Latin American countries. Many people living in these states have been able to achieve prosperity and their purchasing power has increased significantly. Overall, this proposal is aimed at showing how the company can improve its marketing strategy. Much attention will be paid to the opening of Apple stores in such countries, especially in the most developed metropolitan areas. This plan will demonstrate how the management can implement this strategy and why it will be beneficial for the company in the long term. These are the main issues that should be examined in greater detail. A problem analysis It should be noted that the majority of Apple stores are located in the United States, Canada, Australia, European countries, Japan, and China. It seems that the company does not sufficiently explore emerging markets. In developing countries, there are many cities that can be viewed as the potential markets for Apple product. For instance, it is possible to mention that in such a country as Brazil, there is only one Apple Store (Apple, Inc). This sales outlet is located in Rio de Janeiro. However, there are other urban areas in Brazil. For instance, one can mention such a city as São Paulo that has the population of about 11.253,503 people (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.555). Moreover, São Paulo is one of the most developed cities in Brazil, and many of its residents can afford the products offered by Apple. This example is important because it demonstrates that Apple does not sufficiently target this market. Admittedly, Latin America cannot be compared to the United States, Europe or Asia in terms of potential revenue. Furthermore, this region is adversely affected b
Strategic drift refers to the failure of an organization to respond to changes in its external environment, which includes factors such as competition and market needs (Hill & Jones 2012, pp. 77-98). The main causes of strategic drift include the following. First, it occurs due to strategic incrementalism in organizations. When managers are under pressure to change, they normally adopt strategies that are familiar to them. This involves implementing incremental change in a piecemeal manner to adapt to changing trends in the external environment. However, incremental change often leads to strategic drift as businesses slowly lose touch with changes in their environment. Indeed incrementalism can be a conservative influence that hinders change rather than encouraging it. Incremental adaptation can also lead to strategic drift since it might not keep pace with rapid changes in the external environment. Second, strategic drift usually occurs because of the irrelevance of the existing objectives of the organization. Conceptually, strategic objectives are set to enable the organization to respond to the trends in their environment. Thus, if the objectives are no longer aligned to changes in the external environment, strategic drift is likely to occur (Thompson, Gamble & Strickland 2
The analysis of the methods Subaru utilizes to raise the level of customers’ satisfaction shows that the corporation pays maximum focus to understanding the buyers’ preferences. The thorough market investigation that the company conducts helps its managers to figure out the desires of an average consumer and thus, make balanced decisions on the basis of the evidence they have. The present case study pursues two goals: to define the role that the marketing research plays in Subaru’s operation and to identify the management-decision problem the corporation faces when assessing the consumers’ needs. Achieving these purposes carries the meaning for the concern’s future growth. To continue to prosper, the company must consider the given business constituents and resolve the issue once it is identified. The Role of Marketing Research in Investigating Customers’ Devotion With regards to the current case study, the research of customers’ needs can be undertaken to increase Subaru’s share in the automotive market by understanding the backgrounds of buyers’ devotion. In their attempts to outrun competitors, many companies follow two major rules: ranking a customer as a “boss” and prioritizing the need to retain him/her (Intezari and Pauleen 337). In business circles, it is commonly believed that having an old customer is usually less expensive than making a new one. Therefore, the role that the marketing research plays in business is tightly related to helping a firm to live up to the expectations of their loyal customers. The information collected from surveys can help the concern to figure out how its brands are being treated by consumers, what features could be enhanced, and which strategy to implement to improve their sales. One can directly ask what functions/innovations make people choose these brands among others. When discovering customers’ needs, organizations automatically reduce risks related to stranded investments and switch attention to cost-effective projects. The Management-Decision Problem Subaru Encounters The concept of a management-decision problem is usually linked to the confusion caused by the infeasibility of some business alternatives or strategies due to the lack of the required knowledge or resources. In the case of Subaru, the problem is defined as fostering customers’ devotion through meeting the expectations of the latter. The key dilemma that the company managers face is reduced to the following: what steps to take to improve consumers’ loyalty? From the provided report one discovers that the corporation values the feedback of Subaru owners above any other sources of information. The problem elimination, however, involves using specific tools that would make customer-supplier relationships even more trust-based. One of these tools is the marketing research conducted on an ongoing basis. As Intezari and Pauleen point out, a wise decision-making ability is the result of multidimensional and integrated practice, which is acquired with experience (335). With regards to this fact, one may conclude that surveying customers on a regular ba
Human beings experience forces to conform when they migrate into new and culturally foreign atmospheres. Immigrants may adapt to the cultural and social practices of their host communities through assimilation, ethnic pluralism, or transnationalism. These forms of adaptation have a number of similarities and differences that make them appropriate in different conditions. Assimilation involves the incorporation of the minority immigrant groups into the majority group. They adopt the culture of the majority community. Ethnic pluralism, on the other hand, does not involve full integration. The minority communities retain their cultural and social distinctions, as they dwell in foreign countries. Transnationalism is the next mechanism for conformation. It applies to migrants who do not stay in one country but continuously cross-national borders. Assimilation has negative psychological consequences. Leading researches say that migrants who culturally assimilate experience advanced levels of stress and metal problems. In addition, such immigrants live under fear if they conform due to external forces. This is because it is not possible for immigrants, particularly first and second generations, to assimilate completely. Usually, if immigrants do not experience social assimilation, they cannot experience cultural assimilation and identity assimilation. The latter is the perfect form of assimilation, yet is difficult to achieve. Unlike assimilation, the modern society widely accepts transnationalism. This form of adaptation helps individuals to maintain social connection across national borders. In so doing, immigrants increase positive relationships between receiving countries and home countries. This helps immigrants to have an economic impact in two countries simultaneously. Immigrant entrepreneurs bring capital from their home countries and invest in the foreign countries. In return, they repatriate some of their profits back home. Transnational immigrants have the opportunity to influence politics in the host country. They can also influence politics back at home. However, in practice, only a few of them make use of the absentee ballot. Immigrants can develop transnational identities. They may identify with both their home countries and receiving countries. However, it is always not easy for them to identify fully with receiving countries. This is because immigrants, especially high-skilled immigrants, rarely have negative encounters in host countries. Therefore, they maintain national identity with home countries and endeavor to build national identity with host countries. This usually leads to rising of cosmopolitan individuals who have developed transnational identification with many nations. Many people also appreciate ethnic pluralism. It works when the majority communities and minority communities tolerate each other. In this case, each community learns from each other. In addition to transnationalism, assimilation and ethnic pluralism cause identity change. Immigrants experience an increase in levels of loyalty towards their home countries. Immigration, also, d
Introduction Globalization is an international integration of various aspects such as economic, advancement of technology, culture, and political influence of individual countries into a one single society. For a long period, globalization has changed the world outlook into a positive way. It has been a long journey for globalization to be what it is today. The process has taken five centuries, and five major stages for it to develop (Mabogunje, 2002). This research paper will focus on how globalization has affected various sectors like food industry, trading, education, and the information technology in the developing nations. Although globalization has been associated with a positive move internationally like advancement of technology, there are other shortcomings associated with it like poor eating habits. Globalization has made positive moves in most of the sectors, although it also came with some shortcomings that are outweighed by its benefits. Trading and commerce In most of the developing nations, the level of trading has been very disadvantaged due to limitations of some key aspects of commerce like the infrastructure and other trade barriers. Through globalization, an increment of worldwide markets have been noted, where the developing countries can now access the foreign goods and services (Mabogunje, 2002). The major benefit enjoyed by the developing nations is the capability to import the raw materials from the industrially developed countries, to facilitate the production of goods required in the country. Through the eradication of various barriers of trade, the finally processed goods can be exported in other nations to earn the country some income. This expansion of trade in the developing nations has also resulted to creation of more employment opportunities for the youth hence reducing the idleness that brings about crimes. Within the last fifty years, there is a great improvement in the movement of the goods and services both inside and among various nations. The international trade has developed rapidly through the efforts of globalization (Mabogunje, 2002). Another facilitator of trade in the developing countries is the impact of globalization on the financial sectors. These countries can now have access to funds through asking for loans from other countries. This was noted through the improvement of national currencies trade, which was meant to support the growing levels of trade and investment. Eating habits and industries Globalization in the developing nations has come up with bad eating habits due to easy exportation of foods that increases the caloric intake, without much activities of burning those calories (Hastings, Thiel, & Dana, 2003). Through the research done by specialists, it has proved that in some of developing nations, there is a higher rate of people suffering from obesity than in the United States. For instance, there are increased cases of diabetes in china and India every year than any other developing nations. Through globalizat
Introduction SIn 2000, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a document titled To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Leape & Berwick, 2005). This document highlighted an important issue affecting patients, their families, healthcare practitioners and entire healthcare organizations. The issue is that of patient safety. The number of adverse events and deaths experienced by patients had been rising steadily over the decades. Specifically, the report stated that “as many as 98,000 people die each year due to medical errors,” (Leape & Berwick, 2005, p. 2384). Majority of such events and deaths are caused by negligence either on the part of the healthcare practitioners or patients and therefore they could easily be avoided. Since the publication of “To Err is Human” patient safety has become an important element and component of health and medical care. This paper examines one of the areas of medical care in which the number of deaths and adverse events is high. This area is the central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection (central venous CR-BSI). The paper will discuss the prevalence and incidence rate of central venous CR-BSI, their causes, consequences and prevention measures. Most importantly, the paper will focus on the central line bundle as an effective measure of preventing central venous CR-BSI. Prevalence Rates, Causes and Consequences of Central Venous Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections In the United States, between 48,600 and 80,000 cases of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections are reported each year among patients admitted in the intensive care units alone (Berenholtz, Pronovost & Lipsett, 2004). This figure is significantly high when considering the total adult population of patients admitted in hospitals rather than just intensive care units. It is argued that almost 250,000 cases of central venous CR-BSI are reported in the U.S hospitals annually. Central venous CR-BSIs are a major problem facing healthcare systems. They are the third most common infections associated with medical care after ventilator-associated pneumonia and Foley catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The main cause of these infections is the presence of microorganisms that either attack the catheters or infect the fluid pathway when the catheter is being inserted or during the use of the catheter (Maki, Kluger & Crnich, 2006).