ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People with impairments face challenges, not because of their condition, but because of how the society is structured. The society creates barriers that make it difficult for them to navigate the world as those without impairments do. Barriers to accessibility can be physical, organizational, technological, or attitudinal. Physical barriers exist when places are constructed in a way that does not accommodate people with impairments. For instance, when a building does not have ramps, it contributes to oppression. Organizational obstacles are policies and procedures, such as mandatory in-person learning, established by organizations that prevent all members from fully participating. Technological inaccessibility occurs when technology is not designed to cater to all people. For instance, materials with small font or without alternative text make it impossible for certain groups of people to read. Attitudinal barriers are negative beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes that people hold about those with impairments. An example of such a belief is when the former think that the latter are inferior and that they are doing them a favor by assisting them. Such an oppressive attitude by causes people with impairments to experience disability. From the examples given, it is evident that disability exists because people with impairments are forced to live in a world that is not accessible to them. The first step in eliminating disability is acknowledging that the society creates barriers for people with impairments. The next step is to remove these structures and barriers. This will create a more equitable system that enables people with impairments to take a more active role in their lives. Disability is a social construct that can be eliminated by recognizing it as one and taking the remedial measures to ensure increased accessibility.
A frame of reference is a set of assumptions that underlies the thoughts people form about the world around them. Whenever an event occurs, they try to rationalize and explain it using these ideas to obtain an understanding of what has taken place. When two people share the same frame of reference, they can communicate effectively, as each can interpret the other’s meaning correctly. On the other hand, with different reference frames, possibilities for misunderstandings arise that may not necessarily be apparent to either party. Typically, a person will be using a reference frame that arises from their life experiences. Their culture and upbringing will define the knowledge they have and the behaviors they view as acceptable or otherwise. As such, a person with a more diverse set of experiences will typically have a broader reference frame than one that has lived their life within a single location or culture. This broadness is beneficial from a conversational viewpoint, as it lets one understand different people better. As such, people are often encouraged to actively enhance their knowledge and seek new experiences to improve their understanding of the world. Fiction is one example of a context where one has to adopt a different frame of reference. This consideration particularly applies to unrealistic settings such as fantasy or science fiction. In them, society and culture have been changed dramatically by the different circumstances in which society developed, and actions have to be reinterpreted in that context. Another field where a different frame of reference is necessary is history, as the culture and beliefs of humanity as a whole evolve constantly. It is unproductive to judge past figures by modern standards, particularly with regard to ethics, if such concepts had not existed yet at the time or were viewed as unviable.
Introduction The problem of genocide is often considered as one of the most controversial issues in the world history because this question involves the discussion of a lot of cruel massacres, and the main reason for them is the destruction of the certain ethnical group which can occupy the definite territories. It is also important to pay attention to the necessity to distinguish between such notions as ‘genocide’ and ‘democide’ because of the similar nature of the concepts, but these notions are different in such an aspect as the role of the ethnicity and nationality in this process 1 . According to the investigations of many researchers, the situation in East Timor during the period of 1975-1999 is traditionally related to the problem of genocide because the actions of the authorities are discussed as the intents to destroy the population in East Timor as the definite ethnic group, using violence and discrimination as the main methods 2 3 . To understand the peculiarities of genocide against the native people at the territories of East Timor, it is necessary to focus on examining such aspects as the causes for the genocide, the techniques used by the perpetrators for its realisation, the consequences of the process, and the position of the international authorities in relation to solving the problem in East Timor. The Problem of Genocide in East Timor The events and processes which are traditionally discussed by historians, sociologists, and politicians as the features of the genocide in East Timor were observed at the territories during the period of 1975-1999, unless East Timor began its way to the independence which was proclaimed in 2002. Nevertheless, the negative consequences of the decades of suffering from the genocide provided by the Indonesian forces remain the influential factor for the development of this new state. The Indonesian President Suharto and the military authorities controlling the forces of the state are discussed as the violent perpetrators in the situation of discriminating the population of East Timor with following the goal to kill the representatives of this ethnic group 4 . Being opposite to the local Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (Fretilin), the Indonesian forces realised the democide of the population
It is a well-known fact that Aubrey Beardsley was drawing illustrations for different books and magazines by English writers. However, one of his most interesting collaborations was with a famous writer, Alexander Pope. Beardsley was requested to draw an illustration to the Pope’s book under the title of The Rape of the Lock . The expectations that are created when a person reads some of the Pope’s mock-heroic writings are very individual. Nevertheless, the writer was always expected to mock particular stereotypes of various heroes and literature in general. Almost all his creations in this style were identifying a particular hero as an object of derision, either exaggerating one’s heroic behavior and qualities. The aforementioned expectations can be compared to some of the Aubrey Beardsley’s illustrations due to the artist’s caricature style. Both Pope and Beardsley were satirizing some characters that they depicted or described. This style is especially evident in the illustration Belinda confronts the Baron, where each character is mocked due to his or her natural behavior. Such details as characters’ positions, interior, and atmosphere identify the author’s attitude towards the depicted episode. Moreover, the situation in the text that corresponds to this illustration is absurd. Beardsley was not accidentally chosen to draw illustrations for the Pope’s book. Their mutual works were overwhelmed with similarities between their creators, such as an informal style of writing/painting, which also implied a significant meaning. Nevertheless, there were minor differences between Pope’s and Beardsley’s works. For instance, Pope’s characters did not exist in real life, whereas Beardsley always wanted to satirize people who he knew or was acquainted with. The aforementioned similarities and differences are essential to recognize and to obtain the full image of both Pope’s and Beardsley’s works because their creations supplemented and supported each other’s meaning and significance.
Introduction Al Zadjali Grade School is a large and old district school that provides primary education throughout 1-10 grades, all united in a single establishment. The school has an educational capacity of 2000 students, equally distributed across all grades. The school did not adapt to the modern requirements of information technology, which is becoming prevalent in the economy and everyday life (Passey & Samways, 1997). Al Zadjali Grade School SWOC analysis is as follows:   * Strengths: Well-equipped for traditional education; possesses a large body of capable and dedicated teachers; long-standing traditions of educational quality; high levels of popularity among children and parents alike.   * Weaknesses: The school is underequipped to transition from traditional to information technology-based education; teachers are undertrained in the use of modern media and technology; effectiveness of education is being affected.   * Opportunities: Adopting new technology in education would be beneficial to all stakeholders involved; teachers and learners will be able to apply technology to learn, gain knowledge, and develop new skills;   * Challenges: Obtaining new equipment required to upgrade the large school to the modern standards of technology will require time, money, and resources; most teachers would need to be trained to use the newly acquired technology; the school will require the infrastructure to support new technology. Purposes of the Evaluation Al Zadjali Grade School is planning a gradual renovation of its electronic facilities. The school is expecting to receive support from the Ministry of Education to improve the situation and is supposed to provide accurate and reliable information in order to do so. The purposes of the evaluation include the following (Taylor-Powell, Steele, & Douglah, 1996):   * Evaluate the technology currently available in the school;   * Evaluate the issues encountered due to a lack of technology;   * Evaluate the objective needs for technology (what classes should have access to computers and the internet during lessons);   * Evaluate the resources required to transform the conventional library into an electronic library;   * Evaluate the available infrastructure and the additions required to support the technological school transformation;   * Identify the type of equipment required by the Al Zadjali Grade School;   * Identify the training needs of the teachers and support personnel.   * Determine the potential impact of the proposed changes on all stakeholders. Stakeholders Involved The identified stakeholders
Introduction The contemporary global economy relies heavily on the need to have a stable healthcare system that caters for every citizen. This need is creating several structural realignments in the healthcare sector with a view to making it affordable and accessible to all (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). This work is an explication of healthcare system in Denmark, Netherlands in relation to the US Denmark and Netherlands Denmark experiences inequality in the provision of healthcare services. The vulnerable population of Denmark continues to be “alienated” from quality health care accessed by other high-class citizens (European Commission, 2006). These obvious disparities are, however, being eliminated gradually through several programs. The focus on the primary care and the quality agenda on health issues based on restructuring the hospital sector with a view to yielding a quality dividend in healthcare, have seen the sector improve. Coupled with the rationalization of hospital governance structures, the dream of a quality healthcare is yonder in Denmark (Younis, 2013). The two-tier health sector-financing dichotomy in the Netherlands before 2006 had all along been considered an act of discrimination. This two-tier framework deeply exacerbated the inequality in the country. However, the current policy reforms require that all citizens acquire the basic insurance package (Smedley, Stith, & Nelson, 2003). The current restructuring process in Netherlands is slowly eliminating the two- tier system Healthcare Performance in reference to population of Denmark Denmark has a near optimal performance of the health sector as compared to other European neighbors (Eurohealthnet, 2013). With a population of 5.6 M and a growth rate of 0.2%, the healthcare budget for Denmark is considered very adequate. The 2008 Euro barometer survey on healthcare reveals that 90% of the Danes are satisfied with the healthcare performance. The public expenditure in the sector has been steadily rising by a margin of 8% annually (Eurohealthnet, 2013). Netherlands The healthcare spending in Netherlands has been on a plateau since 2005. The funding is an insurance issue and is highly regulated by the government. With a population growth rate of 0.5% per annum, analysts are warning that the recurrent budget on expenditure will considerably increase by a margin not less than 12%. So far, the performance of the sector has been very solid despite the cases of healthcare inequality witnessed (Equity Channel, 2013; Daley & Gubb, 2011). US vs. Netherlands and Denmark Denmark and Netherlands have an elaborate healthcare rubric that has reduced the inequality rate considerably (Gele & Harsløf, 201
Since the opening of Aldi in Australia in 2001, it has been expanding rapidly. Aldi operates its activities in divisions known as Aldi South and Aldi North. Aldi North includes management of operations in Denmark, Belgium, North Germany, Spain, Netherlands, and Luxemburg. All activities of Aldi North are managed by Essen. Aldi South includes management of operations in Australia, Austria, Britain, Switzerland, United States, South Germany, and Ireland. Aldi, a Germany Owned company, has over 5000 stores across Australia and European countries (George & Wilson, 2004, p.80). Aldi has large resources. The capital base for Aldi is large. Many institutions are willing to lend credit to Aldi for the proven successes of their strategies and their large-scale size. The core values of Aldi are ability to offer quality excellent products with value that is outstanding. Value is created by offering quality products at low prices. The Mangers, customers, and employees of Aldi are well aware of the company’s missions and visions. The success of Aldi can be attributed to its strategy of cost management ( Hamson, 2003, p. 29) . Its cost management strategy involves selling the most used products and products that are necessities in nature for less. Aldi offers a smaller range of items of about 700 products compared to other supermarkets with a range of 15000-30000 products. Despite the sale of smaller range of products, Aldi is still a leading supermarket in the world (George & Wilson, 2004, p.80).The smaller range of products enables Aldi to buy many goods in large quantities which is cost-effective. The limited range of products enables Aldi to have control over their customers’ needs. Aldi cuts down its cost by ensuring that there are no extra activities. Aldi has ensured that there is no checking of cash, fancy displays, and customer saving cards, bagging clerks. Aldi has a small number of employees who are paid nineteen dollars hourly compared to supermarkets that pay fifteen dollars per hour. Aldi does not employ professionals as professionals come at a price. Employees are trained to be flexible such that they can work in all departments in the store. This reduces its operating costs therefore reducing prices of its products. Aldi has a low stock maintenance to reduce storage costs. Another strategy for Aldi is adding value to supply chain. Whenever a supplier has lowered prices on their supplies, the same is reflected in prices of the products presented to the customer. Aldi reduces the rent costs by occupying small stores compared to the modern supermarkets with escalators. Aldi has introduced its own range of products that they sell at a reasonably low cost. The reduction in prices has seen Aldi commanding a customer base of more than five million custo
Modern Asian adaptations of Shakespeare’s classic plays are characterized by a unique visual and production style. It is rooted in the region’s past and present and uses traditional aesthetics, language, and means of expression to adapt Western plots to the Asian scene. Oh Tae-suk’s Romeo and Juliet, which premiered in the time of the inter-Korean tension, adopts this unique style to speak about the country’s present through the tales of the past. The play uses a combination of Western, traditional Korean, and modern elements to recreate Shakespeare’s masterpiece in the image of pre-modern Korea. Korean theatrical tradition Korean theater was originally based more on performance than drama. Traditional plays had no well-defined plot and involved dances, elements of shaman rituals, and circus. Actors usually wore masks, performing a loosely fixed text through dialogues, dance, and song. In the 19 th century, when Korea opened its doors to foreign countries, Western plays, including Shakespeare’s, started to be produced. Initially, there was a clear distinction between the traditional Korean theater and the new wave. Over the years, contemporary Korean theater has been formed that includes a number of forms and genres. In Shakespeare productions, the Western-style realism started to be mixed with traditional dramatic forms in the middle of the 20 th century. Shakespeare is now the most performed Western playwright on the Korean stage, and, moreover, his plays have become a conduit through which Korean theatre can be acknowledged by the international audience (Seong-kwan 2). Modern adaptations of Shakespeare are characterized by a distinctive style that mixes Western and traditional Korean methods and techniques. Oh Tae-suk’s Romeo and Juliet Oh Tae-suk is a South-Korean playwright and director, well-known for his masterful portrayal of modern Korean life and the use of the elements of the traditional Korean theater in his plays. On stage, his characters do not carry on static, realistic conversations but rather engage in vibrant song and dance, wearing masks and exaggerated make-up. He directed two adaptations of Shakespeare’s plays: The Tempest and Romeo and Juliet, in which both the setting and the theatrical means are adapted to the Asian audience. Oh Tae-suk’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet is set in a Korean town during the rule of the Joseon dynasty, long before the 1948 division of Korea. The plot of Shakespeare’s play — two lovers struggling to be together amidst a family conflict — is seen as an analog of the Korean situation. According to critics, Oh’s adaptation was designed as an apology to Korea’s youth from the older generations for their failure to resolve their country’s troubles (Joublin). Throughout the play, the director uses a number of techniques to recreate the Western plot within Korea’s theatrical traditions and the modern agenda. Visual style From the visual perspective, the play is a collision of styles and modes. The set pr
Headache Headache refers to pain that is felt on the head or the upper part of the neck. It is one of the most common pains and has varied causes. Owing to multiple causes of headache, The International Headache Society came up with a system of classification so as to simplify diagnosis and ensure effective diagnosis. Thus, headache is classified into three broad categories, namely; primary headaches, secondary headaches, cranial neuralgias, facial pain, and other headaches (Sheth, 2010). Tension-type is by far the most common accounting for approximately 90% of headaches in adults and is more prevalent in females (Sheth, 2010). Migraine is the second most common and also is more common in adult females. Generally, primary headaches have no underlying cause. Secondary headaches are caused by an underlying defect either on the neck or head. Trauma to these areas is the leading cause of secondary headaches. Other causes include disorders of cerebral vasculature (Sheth, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Headache has varied symptoms depending on the type. Tension headache may present as pain beginning at the back of the neck, pressure that encircles the head especially above the eyebrows, mild pain that is bilateral and sporadic. Migraine may present with pulsating pain felt on one side of the head, and may be accompanied by nausea. The pain may be severe and lasts for between a few hours to three days. Secondary headaches are brought about by defects to other body parts. Diagnosis is based on careful history taking and imaging. Most headaches respond to painkillers for example paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Acupuncture can be used in management of chronic headache.
Nowadays, people face serious problems in trying to find jobs. Many organizations look for people with higher education and experience. However, not all candidates can meet such requirements, and one of the reasons for this problem is the inability to get a college education for free. Despite their intentions to work and develop their skills, many people cannot pay for their education because of low-income levels, poor living conditions, and problematic families. Therefore, to support the idea of equal employment and payment, I believe that state college should be free for people and covered by the US government. There are many positive aspects supporting the idea that a college education has to be free for Americans. Emotional support is important for people. In case students may contribute to their personal interests and skills and are not challenged by financial issues, they can become true experts in the chosen spheres and demonstrate high productivity and successful results. It is sad to look at a student who has to choose an economic college instead of developing their architectural skills at a specialized college just because of the