ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The act of being alone or single is referred to as monasticism. This kind of life is mainly associated with monks and nuns who dedicate their lives to serve in the monasteries and churches respectively. Studies have shown that monks and nuns originated in India. During that time, monks and nuns wandered from one place to another praying and meditating (Harnack 87). They were mainly offered accommodation in parks by wealthy people in the community. However, this lifestyle changed after some time. Wealthy people donated land where permanent buildings were set up for the monks and nuns. Body As stated earlier, the lives of monks and nuns revolved around monasteries where they prayed and meditated all day long. They dedicated their lives to carrying out activities such as writing, sewing, praying, meditating and teaching. Their daily activities were well organized in a timetable that they followed strictly. For instance, their first prayer took place very early in the morning and the last one late at night. The monks had admirable writing and drawing skills that they used to write their books. For instance, the first letter in every paragraph that they wrote was well decorated so as to attract the attention of the readers. They even went as far as using gold to decorate their writings. Their books looked neat and extremely intriguing to read. This is why their books were widely read all over the world. In case one wished to convert into Buddhism, they had to take certain vows. The first vow required a person to leave all their worldly possessions and was known as the vow of poverty. The second vow required one to remain single and was known as the vow of chastity. The third and last vow required one to be obedient to the church and monastery. This was the vow of obedience. Some monks and nuns defied some of the vows and acquired a lot of wealth. This led to the introduction of a certain order known as Cistercian. Cistercian monasteries were mainly situated outside towns. The monks and nuns who chose not to respect the vow of poverty became very wealthy people in the society. It was later discovered that some had joined the monasteries to get preferable treatment. In fact, some of these nuns and monks owned extensive pieces of land. The monasteries were at one time turned into schools and travelling shelters. The poor and the sick also sought solace in the monasteries (Harnack 87). This changed when Carolingian E
Introduction Organizational management plays a pivotal role in ensuring the success of any organization. Marshall (1992, p.36) defines organizational management as “An effective process of unique planning, organizing, controlling, and leading the main efforts of members as well as resources of an organization to achieve its main goals”. Business environment keeps on changing. Thus, it requires a substantial organizational management. In this regard, organizations’ managers must be aggressive and capable of solving diverse problems that can occur in an organization. As Marshall (1992, p.25) posits, “planning is paramount for organizations to achieve their desired objectives…they should start by planning on a wide scale and then drilling down to work and employees in the organization”. If they do this thoroughly, each worker in an organization will have a commotion list, which expounds on the workers’ needed contributions in achieving the objectives of the organization. However, different organizations have different approaches to organizational management. This is mainly because all approaches are dependent on experience and skill level of organizations’ members, nature of work within the organization, and organizational environment. This paper will discuss the General Motors Company analyzing the chief changes that the company has implemented together with the corresponding problems addressed by the changes. In addition, it will also discuss the effectiveness of the changes made also going a step further to point out the possible new changes that the company needs to implement to remain competitive within the automotive industry and the potential benefits the company will accrue, as a result. Changes implemented by General Motors The General Motors Company is a multinational automotive company with its headquarters located in Detroit, Michigan. It is the second largest automaker in the world (Bertel, 2011, p.6). This company employs more than two hundred thousand people. It has business operations in approximately 157 countries all over the globe (Bertel, 2011, p.7). For any organization to improve its efficiency, it has to make decisions on a daily basis using the most effective approach. The organization structure in this company is complex after having undergone many changes in a bid to improve the performance of this company. The changes implemented aim at increasing the company’s share in the automotive industry all over the globe. One of the remarkable changes implemented by this company is the change in its management structure. The General Motors has recently embarked on measures to improve its efficiency by changing its leadership structure. A complete overhaul of the bureaucratic and severely bloated organizational culture of the company, more so on its executive positions, has occurred in recent years. For instance, in 2009, the company shook up human resource leadership by appointing a new chief to manage the department (Bertel, 2011, p.9). The goa
Introduction Because of forces that are beyond human control, the earth’s atmosphere has been undergoing gradual changes, a process called evolution. It is evident based on historical facts as laid by archeologists and geologists that all the constituents of the earth have changed with time. This change can be realised upon considering the various geological ages that include the Cenozoic period, the Mesozoic period, the Paleozoic period, and the Precambrian period (Gradstein, Ogg & Smith 2004, p. 589), which are addressed later in the paper. A primitive person would wonder how the change is possible until an expert presents a detailed analysis of the situation of the earth’s atmosphere as recorded within a span of 2 million years, for instance. Since this is a mystery for many, the paper presents this analysis by giving a clear picture of how the earth’s atmosphere has evolved over time besides showing how the atmosphere has led to the origin, development, and survival of different living things. How the earth’s atmosphere has evolved over time The earth’s atmosphere has evolved over a long period. This evolution has brought about many changes in the shape and composition of the earth in terms of both living and non-living matter. It is believed that the different geological evolutions of the earth and the atmosphere have come up with very new species of animals following a transformation of the then existing animals, as well as extinction of some species of the living and non-living organisms. This is all attributed to the changes in the habitation that the organisms had been adapted to by making the habitation friendly or making it harsh for the survival of the different species. At the same time, it is also believed to have forced some species to change some of their physiological features for better survival (Grotzinger, Bowing, Saylor & Kaufman 1995, p. 599). Scientists believe that the earth came into existence some 4.5 billion years ago. Then, it was formed from gases emanating from volcanic emissions, which were the dominant activities then. It is believed that the atmosphere then was mostly made up o
Introduction Modern method of construction is a technology involving various forms supply chains, specification, prefabrication and off-site assembly. MMC includes;   * Make use of more effective material   * Speed up hiring delivery   * Enable high standards of design quality   * Can help to reduce resource consumption It has often been regarded as a mean of improving quality, reducing time spend on site, improving on site safety and over coming sill shortages in the construction oh hose holds. History of Construction in the United Kingdom In total about one million houses were built during the 20 th C many of which were designed to be temporary. However problem arose over the quality of building materials and poor workmanship leading to negative attitude towards prefabrication. This has however continued to be used in the U.K especially in hospitals, hotels and schools as well as housing in other countries. Emergency of modern methods of construction This primarily involves the manufacturing of homes in factories with potent benefits such as faster construction, fewer housing defects and reduction in energy use and waste. MMC is a new term intended to reflect technical improvement in fabricated, encompassing of on and off site construction methods. What are the modern forms of construction? It involves the manufacturing of house parts off site in a specially designed factory. The main two products of MMC are;   * Panels; this include ready made walls, floors and floors. This are transported to the site and are assembled quickly often within 34 hours. Some panels have writing and plumbing already inside them making construction faster.   * Modules; this include ready made rooms which can be pieced together to make s whole house of flat but are frequently used for bathrooms and kitchens where all the fittings are added in the factory and it is also known as ‘pods’. MMC can also include innovative site methods an example being use of concrete moulds, a range of material is used for MMC and the most common one being wood, steel and concrete. Although most houses in the U.K. have adopted the MMC the have brick outer layer and it is not easy to notice them. The main advantage of using MMC is that;   * MMC houses have typically fewer defects and are built more quickly and are quite reliable.   * MMC houses can be more efficient, may involve less transportation of materials and produce less waste.   * Their may be fewer accidents and less impact on local resident during const
Nowadays, it became a commonplace assumption that the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 represented one the 20th century’s greatest accomplishments. Therefore, it does make a perfectly good sense for those countries that actively participated in WW2 on the side of the Allies, to take a great pride in having contributed towards the victory. What is utterly peculiar, in this respect, is that the strong anti-Nazi sentiment is now also being shared by the countries, which during the course of WW2 (or for the most part of it) remained neutral, such as Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Argentina. After all, this particular stance, on the part of the mentioned countries, appears rather illogical. The reason for this is quite apparent. Despite the formally neutral status of these countries, they nevertheless used to contribute rather substantially to the Germany’s war-effort – especially through the war’s initial phases. In this paper, I will explore the validity of the above-stated at length, while promoting the idea that there is indeed a good reason to think that in WW2, the mentioned countries acted as nothing short of culprits, which should be held partially responsible for the affiliated atrocities. When it comes to discussing the subject matter in question, it is important to understand that, contrary to what it is being commonly assumed, the neutral position of a number of countries in WW2, had very little to do with these countries’ intention to remain de facto neutral. Rather, it came because of their realization that it is namely by maintaining neutrality in the war, that they will be able to take practical advantage of the concerned hostilities. In other words, the declaration of neutrality, on the part of these countries, was driven by essentially utilitarian considerations. After all, as history indicates, this has always been the case, during the course of just about any war in the 20 th century, that the antagonized parties used to experience a need in having a ‘neutral ground’, for ensuring the possibility of diplomatic transactions with the enemy, in case the circumstances call for it. This also explains why, as it was mentioned earlier, the majority
Executive Summary Zaeem Jamal is a London based fashion designer who was recently named “best new designer of the year” at the Dubai fashion week. With shops located in the U.S., U.S. and Dubai, the Zaeem Jamal can be considered one of the latest up and coming high end fashion brands. The company specializes in utilizing high end materials composed of silk and similar expensive fabrics to create ethereal dresses which Mr. Jamal states is akin to “designing alchemy in motion.” The dresses themselves are quite distinguishable from other brands located within London as evidenced by their extensive utilization of symbolism and “magic” as defined by their designer. In essence, the dresses incorporate elements from multiple cultures such as Egypt, the Middle East and various aspects of Western design elements in order to combine luxurious materials with present day aesthetic appeal while still retaining their old world details and symbols. Current Market Position While during the interview Mr. Jamal stated that: “Our clients come form a wide range of backgrounds, with wide ranging spheres of influence globally. Discretion is a key element of the Zaeem Jamal bespoke service, but of course some of our clients in the public spotlight are naturally seen in the brand!”. The fact is that in terms of popularity, the brand has a rather limited following that is based on word of mouth and lacks the extensive appeal that is associated with some of the more better known brands out there. Aside from this, the use of delicate materials and fabrics makes the outfits and accessories rather situational which limits their overall usability. Situation Analysis The main weakness of the Zaeem Jamal fashion brand is the fact that it is entering rather late “into the game” so speak when taking into consideration the presence of numerous international fashion brands from Europe and even the U.S. When taking into consideration the amount of time these brands have had in establishing their respective markets it can be seen that Zaeem Jamal has a long way to go into terms of establishing a proper niche in an already overly saturated fashion market. Another of the inherent problems with the brand is that it lacks a Fall/Winter collection. Considering the fact that the U.K. is not a temperate country and often has extended periods of cold weather, this lack of a line of clothing that specifically caters to the local climate of the U.K. hampers the capacity of the brand to really take off locally since customers can only wear the outfits on a limited basis. Competitive Advantage Based on the interview conducted with the proprietor of the Zaeem Jamal brand, it can be seen that the focus of the brand is oriented more towards wealthy high end consumers as evidenced by not only the price range of the gowns (1200 – 2400 pounds) but also its bespoke couture items which range from 3000 – 7000 pounds and beyond. The stylistic elements of the design itself are also oriented more towards women aged 30 and above due to the
This article is an assessment of the path ahead of the road towards the implementation of the new national educational standards. It is a comprehensive analysis of reactions of various relevant educational stakeholders including teachers, educational experts, senior educational officials, students, and parents from a number of states and counties like Montgomery County. The central theme of this article is the review of various educational stakeholders’ take on the proposed education national standards of education, in relation to the form of reforms needed in the United States’ educational system. The author has pointed out the example of Maryland’s school system which has been releasing a restructured curriculum that join with new standards what students are supposed to study (Chandler, 2011, Para. 2). Some of the sweeping changes expected to follow the full implementation of the new educational principles have been identified by commentators consulted by the writer. For example, William Schmidt observes that these standards are essentially a call for a different approach to teaching. The author comes out as one who is in support of the new educational standards. This line of argument is premised on his choice of seeking more views of stakeholders supporting the new standards contrary to those opposing the new curriculum. He has put more emphasis on the perceived benefits of the standards. He for instance points out that the curriculum puts more emphasis on creative and thinking skills needed in the increasingly globalised and competitive job markets (Chandler, 2011, Para. 24). Key ideas focused up on in the paper include curriculum, national educational standards and approach to teaching. The article briefly looks at the substance of the old curriculum in relation to the new curriculum. The author points out the point of departure between the former standards and the new standards. He observes that while the new principles focus on central math concepts, writing and nonfiction the former standards differed from one state to another (Chandler, 2011, Para. 9). The author has used a comparative approach to his topic, as well as, use of a resource person in order to put across his main points clearly. The opinion of the commentator becomes the backdrop against which he raises his argument. By so doing, he more or less guides the reader to see and understand the topic of his article on the basis of an authority in the field. He also uses a comparative approach to the topic in order to bring out strengths of the new standards vividly. The author has cited approaches to teaching under the old curriculum and the shift of approach brought about by the new standards. The author has also presented strengths and weaknesses of the old and the new curriculum. The author, for instance, positively contends that the new curriculum puts more emphasis on thinking and creative skills needed by employers (Chandler, 2011, Para. 2
The main protagonist of Oryx and Crake, Snowman, is neither purely a good nor evil character, which makes him relatable. Therefore, I also feel sympathy for him since we have all done some form of despicable acts in the past, from which we learn and grow. The given imperfection of Jimmy is a primary reason why many readers can relate to the character. I think Jimmy is a person who wants to do the right things but is also easily influenced by his human nature. He is an ordinary example of a person whose life is a series of continuous mistakes and poor life choices, which compounded to create what he is at the end of the story. The plot does not always provide black and white situations where the choice is clear. Therefore, Jimmy acts and behaves in such a dualistic manner. For example, he is ready to kill his friend cheat with Crake’s sex partner, but he is also willing to adhere to his promises of taking care of Crakers (Atwood, 2004). In other words, he is neither evil nor good, which is reflective of most human beings. When it comes to Jimmy’s obsession with Oryx, the source of such emotional attachment is a despicable one since he saw her in child pornography. However, when they meet later in real life, the past obsession turns into some form of love and bonding. Although there are certain basic and instinctual motives behind their relationship, the story also hints that they are in love with each other. Jimmy’s friendship with Oryx is a typical example of a one-sided relationship, where Crake regularly takes the lead and Snowman follows. Crakers are living manifestations of the promise he made to his dear friend, whom Jimmy had to kill, and lover, who was killed by his friend (Atwood, 2004). Therefore, he acts as their leader and protector, and Jimmy never had such a position of responsibility before the apocalypse. Thus, I think he partly enjoys being the shaman or prophet to the Crakers, and loneliness is not a major issue for him because he has been used to it since his separation from his parents. The author’s statement about Jimmy’s and Crake’s division showcases how education is not equally valued. For example, Crake went to a bioengineering and genetics school, which allowed him to become a successful geneticist, whereas Jimmy went to Martha Graham Acade
“Utilitarianism can face very severe intuitive problems. However, the central utilitarian idea also has considerable intuitive appeal” (Mulgan 2014). Ethical and moral conduct is a requirement in various aspects of life, especially in the workplace. Ethics entail the culturally acceptable behaviors that are aimed at ensuring that the best outcomes are attained in all situations and activities. Morals, on the other hand, are the set of norms that are desirable to society. There are many theories that provide guidelines for ethics and morals, and different entities embrace the concepts supplied by other ideas. For instance, utilitarianism is an ethical theory that compels entities to uphold conduct that fosters the attainment of the best outcomes for the entire society. Utilitarianism is applied in many fields of business through the development of social responsibility programs aimed at enhancing the well-being of the greater community. Kantianism is another ethical theory that claims that the morality of an action is not measured by its consequences. According to the idea, a story is always right if it fulfills the intended duty. Egoism is a theory that claims that the efforts assumed by individuals should be geared toward attaining their personal goals. The idea of virtues claims that morality is influenced by the character of an individual rather than the rules that govern morals and their consequences. The highlighted theories are used by different entities to determine the conduct of individuals and the orientations of their actions in other settings. This paper reflects on ethics and their application on different platforms. I strongly believe in the values proposed by the utilitarian theory. It is apparent that society should be compelled to think about the consequences of their actions concerning the global population. Utilitarianism stresses the need for individuals to follow the rules developed to ensure their efforts yield the greatest good for the majority of the people in the society (Hayry 2013). I believe in these values because I subscribe to the sentiment that if everyone embraced ethical conduct in a utilitarian platform, the world would be a better place. Not only is utilitarianism deeply enshrined in promoting democracy, but it also ensures that the wellness of the entire society is enhanced. Utilitarianism views decisions as morally upright if they yield the best results for the majority of the community. For instance, going to war to defend a country is a utilitarian decision. While most critics would claim that war is not an honest approach to solving conflicts, it is a practical action because the nation sacrifices its troops to safeguard the entire society. Over the years, I have encountered different situations where I was forced to make a utilitarian decision. For instance, I was once given the leadership position in a team project that was to be presented in an inter-school competi