ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Experiment 1 After rubbing the fingers over the coarse sandpaper a few times, its coarseness can be identified as 6 according to the 1-7 scale. When 1-2 minutes have passed, one can repeat the actions rubbing the same fingers over the sandpaper. This time the perception of the coarseness is changed and is evaluated in 5 according to the scale. The results of the experiment can be easily explained. When a person rubs one’s fingers over coarse sandpaper for the first type, he experiences new physical sensations. With every further rubbing, a human sensory system becomes more adapted to coarseness of the sandpaper and that is why it is perceived at a lower level. Experiment 2 There are two cups, one of which contains sugar water, and the other has fresh water. Taking a sugar water sip and swishing it in one’s mouth for several seconds, one can feel some changes in water taste, which becomes less sweet. After that, it is necessary to take a sip of freshwater. What are the feelings? They are really surprising, because freshwater tastes as sweet. This can be explained by the following factors: 1) our sensory system adapted to sweet taste of the water; 2) there are some molecules of sugar left in the mouth, where sweet water was kept for several seconds. Experiment 3 There are three bowls with water; one contains hot water, one has cold water, and the third has the mixture of hot and cold water. Arranging the bowls in a proper order, the right hand is submerged into cold water and the left one is submerged into hot water for several minutes. When the time is over, both hands should be transferred into the bowl with warm water. What are the results? When the hands are transferred to the warm water, they feel no contrast in temperature change for some seconds. It should be noted that the period of adaptation takes some time for our sensory system to switch to another sensory environment. Discussion Adaptation is the process of sensual adjustment to any physical environmental changes. All the three experiments discussed above, illustrate the processes of neural, or sensory adaptation of human sensory system to environment changes. Taking into account evolutionary perspective, adaptation is considered to be an important process; it impacts human sensory adjustment to any environmental changes adapting sensory receptors to external interference. It is necessary to underline the fact that the human sensory system contains the following sub-systems: auditory system, gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory systems. Every system is connected with definite sensory receptors, which can be the following: photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemosensors and mechanoreceptors. The analysis of the experiments described above underlined the involvement of two sensory systems: somatosensory system and gustatory system. The experiments 1 and 3 were based on somatosensory system, which experiences such sensations as touch (experiment with coarseness) and temperature (the experiment with hot and cold water). The experiment 2 was based on th
Companies that operate at an international level often face considerable challenges arising due to political crises or significant changes in the legislation. In some cases, these organizations have to confront a fundamental ethical dilemma that does not have a winning solution. Overall, Yahoo had to cope with such difficulties when it began to operate in China since this organization was forced to deviate from the ethical principles that it proclaimed. These are the main issues that should be examined in greater detail. It should be noted that Chinese government practices Internet censorship. For instance, the state can deny access to the content of various websites (Human Rights Watch, 2006, p. 3). Similarly, the confidential information of users can be disclosed to the law enforcement agencies (Human Rights Watch, 2006, p. 3). In turn, companies that wanted to operate the Chinese market had to comply with the requirements set by the government. Therefore, Yahoo had to resolve a dilemma when the ultimatum of the Chinese government was presented to them. For instance, this company could lose the growing market of China, and it could be important for the financial performance of this organization. Yahoo intended to operate with thousands of Chinese advertisers that could bring extra revenues to this corporation. Nevertheless, the company could also compromise its ethical integrity. The cooperation with the government that violates the freedom of speech could tarnish the reputation of the company for a long time. These are the main aspects of this dilemma. This organization chose to yield to the demands of the Chinese government. In particular, the organization agreed to block the access to the website prohibited by the
Introduction The territories of Southeast Asia were under the rule of colonists during a long period of time. This fact influenced the art, culture, and architecture of this region greatly. The architecture of Southeast Asia is characterised by the remarkable diversity because it can be discussed as the combination of different architectural styles and various approaches to building. That is why, the architecture of Southeast Asia is traditionally analysed as the hybrid colonial one. To understand the modern tendencies in planning towns and constructing buildings in the region, it is necessary to examine the particular features of the hybrid colonial architecture’s development. It is important to note that the architecture of Southeastern countries is influenced not only by European culture but also by other Asian cultures, contributing to the mixture of Western and Eastern approaches to architecture, design, and decoration. From this point, it is significant to discuss Dutch East Indies style as the reflection of European trends in constructing and building in its relation to the other cultural impacts. Although the architecture of Southeast Asia could be considered as rather authentic and vernacular during the pre-colonisation period, the colonialists made it significantly diverse because of the influence of the European views on architecture. The Development of Hybrid Colonial Architecture in Southeast Asia The diversity of Southeast architecture depends on definite historical and social processes such as invasions, colonisation, and migrations of different cultu
Choosing a career to pursue may not be as easy as one may wish to think. A number of persons have taken long to realize their ultimate careers yet some realize their potential early in life and make their career choices right away. As for me I have chosen to pursue a career in dental hygiene due to a number of convincing reasons. When I was about 10 years of age, I used to take a lot of sugary food without knowing the risk that I was putting my teeth into. It was not long and one of my first premolar teeth started aching. The pain and agony which I had to undergo before it was removed was unbearable. This experience was to be an inspiration and a source of motivation for helping other people enhance their dental hygiene. I have always desired to pursue a career in dental hygiene so as to enable me offer professional preventive care to the people. Having known the trouble through which the caregivers and the dental patients go through, I have braced myself for this challenging task that will see become an advocate fir dental preventive care across the states. Being a dental hygienist can be quite demanding and I am convinced that I have the necessary qualities that keep me through the profession. I am a determined, open-minded, keen on details, considerate, and a prompt readiness to act under difficult situations. My desire has and will always remain be to do nothing less than perfect in all my endeavors. This quality will be quite instrumental when it comes to sensitizing the people about the dangers of poor dental hygiene. Moreover, dealing with the patients requires a lot of precision since the oral cavity is one of the highly sensitive areas. The past few years have seen an increase in the need for the promotion of dental care particularly the prevention of the various dental infections. This has put a lot of pressure on the dentists who must attend to the ever increasing number of clients. While dentists are always concerned with technical procedures, the services of a dental hygienist are sought so as to offer preventive care among other responsibilities that help in the treatment of patients suffering from dental problems. Among the key stipulated responsibilities of dental hygienists which I think I can comfortably execute can be identified. The cleaning and polishing of clients’ teeth, as well as flossing the teeth of the patients are some of the crucial responsibilities. Sealing of patients’ teeth in order to prevent cavities is also a related duty. They are also expected to offer educative services to clients in order to keep them informed about the ways of enhancing dental hygiene and dealing with any emerging problems. As a dental hygienist, one is also expected to take and develop X-rays before a dentist analyzes the structure of tee
Key Concept Exercise: Financing Configurations UK Oil & Gas (UKOG) is a small publicly traded firm that operates in the United Kingdom (Moylan, 2015). In 2015, it invested in the Horse Hill Project to explore the onshore oil site located near Gatwick Airport (Moylan, 2015). Despite the forecasted opportunities associated with the exploration of the oil site, UKOG had no resources to fund the project (Moylan, 2015). From this point, it is important to discuss the financing configuration that would become the most appropriate one for the Horse Hill Project. It is possible to determine several financing configurations that can be used by companies to sponsor their oil exploration and production activities. First, companies can borrow money from banks and other financial institutions ( Key concept overview , 2015). Executives can also focus on the possibilities of public or private equity to receive enough resources and sponsor their operations and activities ( Key concept overview , 2015). In addition, the investors’ interest in a company or project depends on the credit rating (Weijermars, 2011). From this point, project funding is another option that can be selected by companies and investors with reference to the results of evaluating the project and predicted perspectives (Dunkerley, 1995; Key concept overview , 2015). Thus, for the case of the Horse Hill Project, the most suitable financing configuration is project funding. The reason is that UKOG is a publicly-traded company that depends on public equity, but more investment is necessary (Moylan, 2015). In 2015, the Horse Hill Project was only at the initial stage of its development, and positive predictions regarding drilling about 100 billion barrels of oil in the site required further investigation and exploration operations (Moylan, 2015). As a result, there were no guarantees of the project’s success, and risks were high. Still, the exploration results along with predictions regarding the increased role of oil in the market could contribute to improving the company’s status and reputation (Holditch and Chianelli, 2008). Therefore, project funding could be viewed as the most advantageous option for the case that was associated with high risks for investors. Researchers state that when risks are high, and investors do not choose private equity options, they often refer to project investment, and only then, they can choose to take the company private (Dunkerley, 1995; Key concept overview , 2015). It was possible to speak about focusing on public or private equity after supporting the idea that the onshore oil site was as significant as it had been predicted. However, at the initial stage, it was important to attract domestic investors who were interested in sponsoring the project to gain more from private equity in the future (Dunkerley, 1995). In the case of the Horse Hill Project, the domestic private investment could be more beneficial for all parties than the foreign private investment because of the pr
Since September 11, 2000 there are only a few people in the civilized world who are ignorant of the power of religion to destroy and divide (Jelen & Wilcox, 2002). Even before 9/11 many are aware of the Holocaust, the destruction of six million Jews based on the idea that they are different. After World War II news headlines were on fire once again because of the intense hatred of the Palestinian Arabs against the Jews. If one will take a closer look at all these issues it is undeniable that religion plays a key role in these conflicts. Thus, there is a clamor for unity and tolerance. Many are saying that if Jews, Muslims, and Christians can look beyond their minor differences then they will discover that they share so much in common and can use it as a starting point to talk peace rather than war. Unfortunately adherents of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam will tend to disagree. Nevertheless, there is a way for them to appreciate their shared heritage. This discussion must begin with a little historical background. It has to be made clear that Judaism came first, followed by Christianity, and then Islam. Judaism was officially established when Moses rescued Israelites from Egypt, and brought them to the wilderness to introduce them to God and his laws. This happened hundreds of years before the coming of Jesus Christ. Islam on the other hand was established
Introduction About the Author Maxine Hong Kingston is born in the 1940s and is the daughter of Chinese migrants who then operated a gambling house. They later went on to operating a laundry as a consequence of which Katherine and her sisters labored for long hours. In the year 1962 Katherine finished her graduation from the University of California at Berkeley and in the same year tied the nuptial knot with actor earl Kingston, whom she had encountered during an English course. In the year 1963 Katherine gave birth to a son, Joseph. The couple was enthusiastically involved in antiwar activities in Berkeley but in 1967 had to escape to Japan to evade the escalating brutality and drug misuse of the antiwar movement. After seventeen years they returned to California where Kingston resumed to teaching writing at the University of California Berkeley. Author’s intent in writing the book and the meaning it carries “It had to be fiction, because Peace has to be supposed, imagined, divined, dreamed. Peace’s language, its sounds and rhythms, when read aloud, when read silently, should pacify breath and tongue, make ears and brains be tranquil.” For many years Kingston searched for the Three Lost Books of Peace, heard to be ruined in deliberate fires a long time ago. In her travels she asked about the Chinese Peace Books and asked others to make inquiries about the lost Peace Books as well. The second section of “The Fifth Book of Peace” explains this analytical endeavor and ends by sharing what “The Fourth Book of Peace” looked like. Kingston admits that she couldn’t “re-enter fiction” to finish the Book of Peace, explaining that a community was needed in order to reconstruct the work. Concluding the second section with this autobiographical note, Kingston makes it clear that, although she has reconstructed the contents of “The Fourth Book of Peace,” which is the “fictional” story of Wittman Ah Sing, his wife Tana, and their son Mario, “The Fifth Book of Peace” cannot end on a fictional note. In an Interview with Maxine Hong Kingston By Li Wang Katherine Kingston states “ The title The Fifth Book of Peace comes from a Chinese myth that says once there existed three books of peace that taught us how to end war, how to make a peaceful world. And those books are lost in Chinese history. When there is a new ruler they burn the books of the previous kingdom and then they start all over again. They start civilization all over again. And I think that’s where those books got lost. Then I started to write a new one, thinking that I was going to write a book of peace for our ti
Introduction The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, shortened to Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and A Raisin’ in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry is widely famous and influential artistic works with various common attributes. The two plays project themes of family struggles, which eventually lead to unfortunate events. For instance, Hamlet cannot execute his intention of killing Claudius to avenge his father as he grapples with the moral burden of vengeance and logistical difficulties. Similarly, in A Raisin in the Sun, the Youngers’ family’s socioeconomic situation impedes the attainment of conflicting and intertwined ambitions. Additionally, the two artistic works project how society and families elevate the aspirations and desires of men at the expense of women’s dreams. However, Hansberry’s work illustrates the issues of race and discrimination, while Shakespeare’s Hamlet amplifies such aspects as religion, corruption, and death. Although Hamlet and A Raisin in the Sun focus on a wide range of social issues, the themes of gender, dreams, honor, and dignity transcend the two comedies. Character Comparison In Hamlet, Claudius is the play’s major antagonist, the King of Denmark, and Hamlet’s uncle. As the play’s villain, he is portrayed as a manipulative, scheming, unscrupulous, and conniving character. His most prominent weapon is his ability to exploit and manipulate others through the skillful use of deceptive language and other underhand tactics. For instance, the Ghost discloses to Hamlet that his father did not die from a snakebite but from a vial of henbane poured into his ear by Claudius, which cracked his skin and curdled his blood (Wilson 282). He confesses to having gained the power and authority as the King of Denmark by saying that “I am still possessed of those effects for which I did the murder” (Shakespeare 56). This manipulative character is similar to Karl Lindner’s shrewdness through which she attempts to block and convince the Youngers not to buy a house in the predominantly white neighborhood. Additionally, this character is exhibited by Walter Lee in A Raisin in the Sun, especially in his desperation to invest a portion of the family’s fortune in a liquor store. For instance, Lena is compelled to give part of the money to Walter, ostensibly to save him from impending psychological problems but ends up being defrauded. Similarly, Claudius outdoes himself in his craftiness when he insists that Laertes considers a third option of killing Hamlet, the poisoned goblet. Gertrude, who is recently married to Claudius, inadvertently consumes the poison and dies, ultimately exposing Claudius to Hamlet. In this regard, the conspiracist tendencies and schemes of Claudius and Lee to advance their selfish ambitions ultimately exp
Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) examination The skill of maintaining patient examination with the help of a 12 item AIMS is needed to determine if one suffers from tardive dyskinesia. It can be used for the first time to define the problem and then to check its severity. As a rule, the examination is included indirect observation. An unobtrusive client observation should be maintained beforehand when one is at rest (Patel & Jakopac, 2011). Patient/Client Situation A patient who takes antipsychotic medication came for examination because he was likely to suffer from movement disorders, including tardive dyskinesia, because of it. He needed to be monitored and assessed to indicate a problem before it became critical and could be prevented or at least minimalized. Specific Description of Skill Used/Observed I have taken notes seeing a nurse performing an AIMS examination. She met a patient in a waiting room and observed him for a while before the examination, noticing the way he moves and speaks. Then she started to ask questions regarding the motion of the patient’s face, upper and lower extremities, and trunk. They were taken from the guideline, which allowed us to avoid biases. Still, additional responses were added to clarify information or provide feedback and support. Evaluation I found the nurse’s skills to be effective, as she maintained the conversation clearly and did not emphasize the fact that it was an experiment, which allowed the client to remain calm. She asked 12 questions that are offered by a guideline and referred to the presupposed observation. She also had a printed scale with her, which reduced inaccuracy and provided an opportunity to enhance the quality of notes. She even counted the speed of tremor movements to differentiate similar conditions that require various types of treatment. What is more, the nurse later underlined that it is significant to define if the movements are involuntary because it can affect one’s conclusions. Assessing for suicide risk Mental health professionals must be able to determine those individuals who are at risk for suicide because they can save one’s life in this way. Thus, they need to understand this phenomenon, manage personal reactions and beliefs, develop a collaborative, therapeutic relationship with a client, maintain the appropriate environment, deepen into legal and ethical issues related to this theme, and be able to document the risk so that the information can be shared with other professionals. Patient/Client Situation The skill of assessing for suicide risk is mainly needed when working with depressed and unstable patients. A client with abnormal sleep and mood changes visited a healthcare facility because was not able to cope with his condition without external help. Specific Description of Skill Used/Observed A nurse observed his behavior for a while before starting the assessment and noticed that a patient is not willing to interact with others. Then she started a conversation, trying to ensure her involvement and willingness to help. She asked the patient about his condition and then also discussed with him a range of warning signs. Wha
Introduction In the past, people viewed sports as sources of fun and pleasure. However, in the 21 st century, sports have acquired new roles in the advertisement world. Consequently, sport marketing has become a big business as most companies spend millions of dollars in advertising and promotional campaigns that have endorsements from famous world athletes. Sport marketing Sports have developed to become a multibillion-dollar global industry that has huge potential to grow throughout the coming decades. Sport marketing focuses on “television, endorsements, sponsorship, and products promotion” (Gilbert, 2007). PricewaterhouseCoopers noted that the “sports industry accounted for around $50 billion in revenues in the United States in 2007, which was up from just under $35 billion in 2001” (Gilbert, 2007). Today, many fans have various sports to watch and enjoy. The traditional sports must compete with emerging sports for fans, and fans have proved difficult to attract, engage, and retain just like customers. These changes have affected advertisement and sport marketing campaigns. Therefore, the traditional approaches to marketing campaigns h