ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Division of labor is an activity of separating a work process into many manageable small tasks. The idea aims at easing the management of these tasks. This is possible since a different person or a group of people performs each task. The simple tasks provide the best solution to some of the complex work processes. It also ensures that the right man gets the right work. Division of labor has its roots from the pioneers of philosophy and the world of civilization. Therefore, it is worthy to have a clear knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of this human discovered means. The human labor in a company that uses division of labor attains different specializations. This ensures that only the right people do their right jobs. The long-term result of this is an appealing output. Moreover, the company becomes more efficient on top of being effective in its processes. In this case, the company expands financially due to its ability to satisfy its customers. In a divided labor, the specialized units are always at the same place doing their jobs. There is minimal or no movement at all. This is very important to the company since employees spend all their tim
There can be little doubt to the fact that there are a number of formally romantic overtones to John Updike’s short story Wife Wooing . Nevertheless, despite the fact that, while reflecting upon the particulars of his marital relationship with his wife, narrator did prove himself being a rather courteous husband, he nevertheless never ceased sounding as nothing short of a male chauvinist. This allows us to refer to the overall massage, conveyed by Wife Wooing, as being rather pragmatic/realist than romantic. In this paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length. Even though that, is it was implied earlier, Updike positions himself as being utterly appreciative of his wife, such his appreciation appears being concerned with wife’s reproductive ‘functionality’, rather than with her basic humanity: “What soul took thought and knew that adding ‘wo’ to man would make a woman? The difference exactly. The wide w, the receptive o. Womb” (653). As it appears from this Updike’s suggestion, it is specifically his wife’s ability to give birth to children and provide its husband with a ‘sexual relief’, which he thinks to be the measure of her actual worth. However, as an old saying goes – the favor that has already been provided, loses in its value. This is exactly the reason why the contextual manner of how narrator refers to his children, betrays his tendency to think of them as merely a distraction: “His (son’s) egotist’s mouth opens; the delicate membrane of his satisfaction tears. You pick him up and stand. You love the baby more than me” (655). Apparently, Updike simply could not help ‘objectualizing’ his wife, which explains clearly fetishist undertones to how he refers to the essentials of her ‘sexual magic’: “You allow your skirt, the same black skirt in which this morning you with woman’s soft bravery mounted a bicycle… to slide off your raised knees down your thighs” (654). Obviously enough, it was namely narrator’s exposure to the sight of wife’s hitched skirt, which was filling him with a desire to make love to her – not the Updike’s sensation of being emotionally connected with her. Therefore, the fact that, while sitting by the fireplace with his wife, Updike felt suddenly amorous, cannot be thought of as a proof of him being a romantic individual, but rather an indication of the sheer strength of narrator’s male sexual anxieties, whi
Sealed biddings and competitive proposals are both appropriate procedures in when soliciting contractors. Sealed bids are also referred to as the highest and best bidder procedure and it involved the scenario where the highest bidder in an auction gets to go with the item. Murphy (2009) indicates that “sealed bidding can be time consuming but they also help build confidence and distinguish a property in a market that has a growing supply of inventory competing for the attention of a small pool of qualified buyers” (p. 55). Competitive proposals on the other hand involve requesting for a tender in written form. The bidders are required to write proposals in a specified format and the contractor is able to select the successful bidder based on the information provided in the proposals. An interview follows to ascertain the credibility of the information presented. From the above definitions the first difference between sealed bidding and competitive proposals is the medium used. In sealed bidding, the bidding is done by word of mouth while competitive proposals involve written requests for contracts. When conducting sealed biddings, all the qualified participants are present and they present their prices for the contract. The contractors then compare the qualifications and the price offers before deciding the successful bidder (Weigelt, 2010 Aug 10, para. 3). The competitive proposals methods on the other hand are conducted by sending a request for proposals to either some specific potential contractors or to the entire public through the media. Interested parties are then required to send their proposals in the format provided in the request for proposal. They are then evaluated and the successful candidates are selected based on their qualifications, experience and offer prices. The second difference between sealed bidding and competitive proposals are the conditions under which they are sought. The contractors purport to sealed bidding under the following conditions. First is when there is insufficient time to send request for proposals, have the proposals submitted and evaluation conducted. The second condition is when the successful candidate is to be selected based on the price and other such factors. Third is when the whole process does not at any point require direct discussions with the candidates concerning the bids. Finally is in instances where there are expectations of getting more than one bid. Competitive proposals on the other hand are sought as an alternative to sealed biddings. Where sealed biddings are not eligible as per the qualifications above, competitive proposals come in as the next best alternative. This is also important in large contracts involving a lot of legal procedures (Weigelt, 2010, July 8, para. 2). This is because of the fact that it involves a discussion between the offeror
Sustainability has been a topic of heated debate for decades. People, officials, policy makers, educators all strive for sustainable future, though there are a few people who can really follow sustainable principles. Notably, there are numerous sustainability principles and approaches which have been developed by different people. Though, none of the approaches has been chosen as the one to follow. It is necessary to note that there are several sustainability metrics which can help chose the most appropriate approach. This, in its turn, can help people adopt the most efficient sustainability approach. It is possible to illustrate evaluation of sustainability metrics by comparing and contrasting two widespread approaches. The Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustainable development will be compared. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the two approaches have a lot in common. For instance, the Thring sufficiency concept provides a particular scale of sustainable consumption (Tester et al., 2012). Hence, sustainable consumption presupposes sufficient amount of product (food, energy, services, etc.) that ensures high quality of life without unnecessary excess which often leads to numerous issues. Likewise, the Bellagio principles of sustainable development presuppose evaluation of possible negative as well as positive consequences of people’s activities (Tester et al., 2012). These principles are close to the Thring sufficiency concept. More so, it is possible to state that the Bellagio principles can be implemented with the help of the concept developed by Thring. Furthermore, according to both approaches responsibility should be shared among individuals and governments. Each individual as well as the government should follow the principles of sustainability, which is the key to success. Apart from similarities, the two approaches also differ in many ways. One of the most significant differences is that the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed. Thus, these principles can be seen as a plan to follow to achieve sustainability in all aspects of people’s lives (Tester et al., 2012). In contrast to the Bellagio principles, the Thring concept can be regarded as a specific way to identify sustainable practices in this or that sphere. There is no description of possible ways to achieve sustainability in the sphere. To illustrate possible use of both approaches and their difference, it is possible to consider such issue as urban transportation. According to the Thring concept, it is clear that urban transportation should suffice for all inhabitants of the area to access urban facilities. When there is insufficient transportation, public transport will be overcrowded and lots of people will be unable to a
Introduction City of sadness is a film that was released in 1989 and was directed by Hou Hsiao Hsien. The film represents historical and political situation that Taiwanese faced after end of the Second World War. The film is accredited for its unique approach of engaging public in comprehension of 228 Incident, which impacted negatively on Taiwanese. After Japan relinquished its control over China, Kuomintang government was left in charge of administration and authority. People living in Taiwan were treated brutally by Kuomintang, a situation that the film sought to represent. The essay will focus on analyzing city of sadness film and interpreting ways in which Taiwanese identity is represented. Further, themes of memory, violence, witnessing and silence will be highlighted. Discussion Hou Hsiao Hsien successfully connects history of Taiwanese with modernity, thereby enhancing identity. Witnessing is one of the rich aspects that are incorporated in the film. Characters in the film assume different emotions after witnessing occurrences, hence communicating different themes. In this regard, the audience is able to identify with history of Taiwanese in a modern way. Style of witnessing is effective and the film is likely to enjoy wide audience. Furthermore, audience witnesses real occurrences of historical period that are associated with violence in Taiwan Island. Emotion has been used effectively in highlighting attitude of different situations witnessed in the film. In this regard, Hou gets audience to witness real events in aftermath of Second World War, thereby contributing significantly to history of Taiwanese. Instances of memory are brought forth especially after immediate cases of violence. The three themes are interlocked in approach of silence that Hou chooses to use. Despite the fact that the film has been accredited for optimal representation of Taiwanese people, there are those who critique the film for underrepresentation of 228 Incident. Just like Kuomintang engaged in deceit, Hou Hsiao Hsien chose to use aspect of irony in the film. Irony intensifies on theme of witnessing. For instance, the film highlights consecutive radio announcements claiming that Chen Yi is acting in favor of civilians and that the government will compensate those who are injured. The ironic aspect highlights decadence of political sector that caused a lot of harm to Taiwanese. It should be noted that, the ironic radio announcements were followed by highlights of real violence that led to massive deaths of Taiwanese in Taipei. Witnessing of real situation seems to stimulate emotion of sadness among viewers. The film uses varied styles, including short shots that are meant to invoke more sensation. Prisoners who are being taken to trial are shot mercilessly by soldiers, an act that is meant to manifest intensity of Kuomintang’s brutality and violence. Despite the fact that there are scholars who attempt to critique ironic approach, director achieves goal of manipulating emotions of audience as it witnesses events (Brown 14). There are two different degrees of witnessing that Hou Hsiao Hsien applies in the film. General witnes
In the article titled “Reconceptualizing ‘Time’ and ‘Space’ in the Era of Electronic Media and Communications,” Tsatsou (2009) discusses the influence that electronic media and communications exert over the notions of time and space. Basing upon the existing research and theories, the author attempts to trace how the historical impact of communication technologies affected the perception of time and physical spaces while also creating non-physical or virtual spaces. By doing so, Tsatsou (2009) puts her article into the context of a broader discussion regarding virtual geographies, space, and culture and critically examines the dominant perspectives on the interrelation between media, space, and time. According to her, the notions of space-time distanciation and compression are not mutually exclusive, as stipulated before, but each addresses a distinct aspect of media affecting time and space. The author’s main argument is that electronic media do not make either time or physical space less important but create a more sophisticated experience of both. This review aims to demonstrate both the stronger and weaker points of the author’s argument, as presented in the article. Summary The author divides the article into three sections, each serving to expand her argument. The first section, “Reviewing ‘time-space distanciation’ and ‘compression’: Mediated time and space,” is essentially the literature review that highlights the place of the author’s arguments in the context of the existing studies of conceptualizing online spaces. It also introduces the main discussion of the article: whether the titular notions of distanciation and compression are mutually exclusive or present simultaneously, thus making time and space “ both essentially compressed and significantly distanciated” (Tsatsou, 2009, p. 15). In the second section, “Reconceptualising time and space,” the author examines how the notions of space and time changed throughout history, thus putting the topic in historical context as well as the scholarly one. Finally, in the third section dubbed “From ‘placelessness’ to ‘mediated place,’” Tsatsou (2009) proclaims that electronic media and electronic spaces they create do not necessarily negate physical spaces or places but “mediate the sense of place” instead (p. 27). By doing so, she follows her intent to demonstrate that electronic communications change the perception of physical spaces but do not necessarily make the latter less relevant. Evaluation/Critique Perhaps the strongest part of the article is the author’s notion that electronic media complement physical spaces or places with the newly created electronic spaces, but the latter does not make the former less relevant. Tsatsou (2009) objects to the idea that the sense of physical place as perceived by a person all but perishes due to the advances of electronic media. On the contrary, the author demonstrates that the prevalence of electronic media and the electronic spaces they create prompts people to be continuously aware of their physical space. For instance, a person using a smartphone has to consider “network coverage, signal strength,” and other aspects of place relevant t
The issue of representing women in media has always been complicated, due to the changes in women’s role in the society and perception of women from weak and dependable to strong and self-reliant over the past few decades. Despite the obvious tendencies to portray women from a chauvinistic perspective in most media for an impressively long period (Williamson, 1987b), in the twentieth and twenty-first century, feminist tendencies have been introduced into new and popular media. However, because of the specifics of the current popular culture, the effects of feminist ideas in media can be driven to nil, which the recent controversial advertisement of Killer Queen perfume shows in a very graphic manner. It is quite peculiar that the given advertisement can be used as the ultimate proof for Karl Marx’s statement concerning commodities representing “social relations among things and material relations among persons” (Marx). Indeed, considering the advertisement closer, one will be able to spot numerous implications concerning the social links between people and objects (Goldman, 2013a). To start with, the crown on Katy Perry’s head can be interpreted as an indicator of social status, with the scepter enhancing the given impression and, thus, sending the audience the message concerning the nobility of the product. The skimpy dress, in its turn, creates a contrast with the previously mentioned item. Another important detail of the given advertisement, the red color is used as a symbol. Even though the idea of using red color as a metaphor of passion seems to have worn out its welcome quite a while ago, in the given picture, the red color does create an atmosphere of passion. The most interesting part of the analysis, however, concerns the ideological aspect of the product (Williamson, 1987c). On the one hand, the given product seems to spur female empowerment in the postmodern pop-cultural, consumerist world. Indeed, some of the elements can be interpreted as a graphic manifestation of feminist ideas, e.g., the scepter as the symbol of power and the portrayal of a woman as the beholder of this power. However, after considering the rest of the details, such as the overly sexualized image embodied by Katy Perry, the semantics of the color (Williamson, 1987a) and the pose that the model strikes, one will see inevitably that the given advertisement was created to satisfy the tastes of the chauvinist audience. The commercial featuring the Killer Queen perfume makes one ponder over how inanimate products embody social relations and human values. Casting a glance at the advertisement under discussion is enough to realize that the concept embodied in it could emerge only in the society that lacks equality in gender relationships (Goldman, 2013). The given advertisement is a peculiar commentary on modern society, with its idea of creating an overly sexualized image of a woman as a role model to promote to young women and teenage girls with the help of mass media. The given advertisement, therefore
Introduction Education alone is not sufficient in creating healthy population wide changes. Individualist theory suggests that public health changes require communal approach, while education is aimed at specific people or groups. Economics and the political environment also influence wide public health change through resource allocations. Consequently, cultural and historical backgrounds are vital in shaping behaviour changes. Finally, individual choices determine the success of public health interventions. Main Discussion Achieving public health requires multidimensional approaches. Education alone is insufficient in providing society with an efficient and effective health behaviour change. Healthy behaviour changes involve cultural, social, economic, biological and environmental determinants. Consequently, political climate and national development status immensely contribute to human wellbeing. As a result, education as a sole approach has very little influenced people’s health. Governments have applied education strategies in developing better health care reforms. However, education is just one of several other pillars that prompt wide health behaviour change. Green and Labonte identified the importance of communal interventions in individualist theory to social dimensions. They say, “Establishing an arts festival (the cultural dimension) and a job creation programme (the economic dimension) are both interventions to improve social capital” (Green & Labonte, 2010). Cultural pillars and economic resources distributions strongly influence behaviour changes. Culture affects eating habit, mode of dressing and ability to seek medical attention. Cultural backgrounds of African-American have more contributed to the poor health among the group in comparison to those of the whites. As a result, their burden of diseases is higher than that of the whites (ABS, 2008). Community cultural backgrounds influence healthy decisions more than education approach does. Evidently, people are very resistant to change; thus education cannot successfully make behaviour changes in regard to public health. Australian natives and aborigines have their own ways of understanding and interpreting diseases. In many ways, education systems have failed to incorporate the modern treatments with the tradition approaches to create acceptability among these groups. Bodenheimer & Grumbach (2005) have identified gender as another factor that influences public health. Moreover, they have shown how ethnicity, social class and gender interact in shaping people’s health. Decisions made by men vary a lot from those by women in healthcare. Men’s role in the society as family breadwinners exposes them to more risks as compared to women. Consequently, women less often seek for medical advices as compared to men. As a result, women in the developed countries tend to have higher life span as compared to men. In contrast, women