ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Health services delivery has faced various challenges ranging from financial constraints to dissatisfaction of the patients as regards the services they receive. It thus calls for a favorable decision-making process that would be essential in the management of healthcare services despite these inherent challenges. Currently, there is a popular belief that most of the problems can partially be ameliorated by improving the quality of the medical decision-making process. How can the provision of medical services be accomplished without much negative impact on the patients, despite the budget cut? Which departments will be affected most, and why? These are the inherent questions we as managers need to ask ourselves, before indulging in the process of decision making (Kuder, 2005). It is critical to note that deciding to cut the budget of some specific departments will require a wide approach and knowledge. Organizations are known to have cultures and beliefs that guide operations. This is because these cultural values are considered paramount by the organizational members in their daily operations (Rundall, 2007). Within these cultures are subcultures that are found in various units of the organization, making the process of decision making quite tricky for one manager. However, with wide consultation, the ideas of how the idea budget cut will affect different departments differently would be established, considering the past operations. In this dimension, Informed Decision Tool (IDT) will prove very critical in unlocking the desired information that would guide decision making criteria, hence goal achievement (Rundall et al., 2007). Again, by including opinions of those who the decision was going to impact more, it would help me make them understand the nature and potential impact of the budget cut. In this way, the post-budget cut period must run without any adverse hitch to the benefits of the patients as well as ensure sustainable operations in terms of daily activities. Through IDT, accountability, knowledge transfer, questioning opportunities are offered to the respective stakeholders. Effect of the IDT in decision making process Accountability The use of informed decision toolbox allows for the establishment of accountability in various ways. According to Pfeffer & Sutton (2006), healthcare regulatory bodies have for a long time held healthcare organizations responsible for several erroneous mistakes as pertains to service provisions. However, healthcare stakeholders (e.g. patients and communities) have in the recent past been involved in the full accountability demand chorus (Pfeffer & Sutton, 2006). Such critical decisions like introduction of new technology, recruiting and ma
Introduction Endosymbiotic theory is an emerging theory explaining how eukaryotic cells originated. Lynn Margulis, an unconventional and undiscouraged scientist, is the founder of this theory. Initially, many scientists did not accept this theory into mainstream biology. Many people dismissed her as a radical, and her work never entered mainstream biology until recently. Margulis indicated that million years ago, chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes. These prokaryotes became engulfed by larger free-living cells that did not digest them. These two organisms are associated symbiotically, each benefiting from the other. The word ‘endo’ refers to Marguli’s proposition that the smaller cells (bacteria) got into, the larger cells by means of endocytosis. She postulates that both the large and the small cells had a single membrane. However, as the engulfment occurred, the formation of a second membrane took place. The smaller cell (bacteria) formed the inner membrane while the larger cell formed the outer membrane. These two cells lived in a symbiotic relationship, with the large cell providing ‘housing’ for the small cells as they offered chemical nourishment in return. Margulis argued that these small cells later evolved into mitochondria and chloroplast, each with a special function. Unfortunately, Margulis could not get other scientists into believing her observations. However, recent studies have supported Marguli’s studies by confirming that there is evidence linking mitochondria and chloroplast to bacteria. For instance, it is now clear that both chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA that is circular, just like bacteria DNA. Moreover, these organelles have ribosomes almost similar to that of bacteria that enable them to synthesize their own proteins. There is evidence that these two organelles divide by simple binary fission, just like bacteria. Hypothesis My measurements of the sizes of some present-day eukaryotic cells and bacteria will indicate that a bacterium can easily “fit” inside the larger cell and, therefore, will provide support for the endosymbiotic theory. Materials Materials needed to carry out this experiment include a computer with access to the internet and a paper edge. Method Go to and open CELLS alive! Homepage. Click on the subject heading “cell Models.” Click on the topic entitled “take me to the animation.” Choose an animal cell diagram first, use the listing of cell constituents to quiz yourself if you can name the organelles, and remember their function. Then click on the plant cell and repeat the self-test. To confirm the answers for the self-test, click on the organelles to see the name of the organelle and its function. Next, click on the bacterial cell diagram and repeat the self-test here. Give particular emphasis on the location, structure, a
Introduction The Ottoman Empire was among the most influential geopolitical entities in the history of the Arab World. Despite its power and influence, it showed a trend of decline followed by the fall in the early twentieth century. One of the popular views attributes the fall of the empire to the severe military underperformance in its latter years. The following paper presents evidence of the involvement of the numerous economic, political, and ideological factors that contributed to the event and played at least an equally significant role. Also, an overview of the impacts on the Arab World is provided to enhance the understanding of the issue and its significance for the region. Military Events One of the prevailing views on the matter suggests that the fall of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed either solely or mostly to the increased rate of internal and external military activity. This point is convincing for several reasons. First, the military performance of the empire was in a noticeable decline by the end of the nineteenth century. Historically, the state was known for its exceptional characteristics as a military power and maintained high-profile warfare. Nevertheless, with the Age of Exploration and the emergence of the New World, the European countries obtained an outstanding resource base and began to accumulate wealth. This change is inevitably reflected in the state of the military complex, with the key players in the European theater demonstrating an outstanding rate of development of warfare-related technologies. As a result, starting from the seventeenth century, the balance of power shifted away from the Ottomans. The situation was further aggravated by the emergence of leaders whose governing capacity was insufficient for enabling the region’s potential. 1 Second, as a direct consequence of the described setting, the military operations from as early as the seventeenth century often ended in defeat. These events correlate with the most widely accepted dates of the fall of the empire. Several conflicts are cited as the most influential in the described pattern. The first is a series of conflicts with Habsburg forces. These include the battle of Mohacs and the battle of Zenta, during both of which the empire lost to far better trained and equipped forces. 2 These events also have a direct impact on the Ottoman Empire’s decrease of influence in the Eastern European region. The second event was the success of the Egyptian campaign of Napoleon. Napoleon’s victory had a major impact on the perception of the power associated with the empire for Europeans and compromised their authority in the region. The subsequent reform by Mohammad Ali further strengthened the country’s position and undermined the Ottomans’ influence. The third event was a series of conflicts between the empire and Russia from 1768 to 1774. The eventual victory of Russians prompted the signing of the Kukuk Kaynarca treaty, which had several important effects. Most notably, it resulted in the loss of Crimean military forces and the disruption of monopoly over the Black Sea.
Postpartum depressive disorder (PPD) is one of the common mental disorders; it is a disabling and treatable disorder. Although it is treatable, the whole process is not only a costly venture but also mostly goes unnoticed hence not treated. Its impacts affect the entire family, newborn development, and even marital relationships. The psychiatrists should identify the risk groups and use screening tools to detect the symptoms at an early stage. For example, at a public hospital in Sydney, Australia, the psychiatrists used a Routine Comprehensive Psychosocial Assessment (RCPA) tool to study the chances of ‘low risk’ women developing the postpartum symptoms. They used the tool on pregnant women. Preliminary results showed how ‘low risk’ women can later develop depressive symptoms postpartum. Many researchers have suggested that psychiatrists should give the perinatal screening protocols, used in detecting depressive symptoms during the postpartum period, an extension to a period over 13 weeks after delivery. This is necessary because of the persistence of the symptoms. A recent study on postpartum mental health has also reported on how to identify comorbid psychiatric disorders in women with PPD. A group of specialists conducted a research in justifying the above relationship and possibilities. The group did the research in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, where they randomly selected 20 percent of the women who gave birth from August 2005 to December 2006. They had 245 women between the ages 16 and 50 years. They obtained a mean of 30,7 and standard deviation of 5,8; all the values had a positive-negative error. All the subjects completed the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and a structured psychiatric interview (MINI PLUS 5.0) that was based on DSM-IV criteria. The group did the assessment at around 8 weeks after delivery. They considered the diagnosis of PPD when all the conditions were present. The scores were as follows: greater than or equal to 13 on the EPDS and a positive MINI PLUS 5.0 diagnosis. Forty-five women out of the 245 women fulfilled the above criteria thus qualified for the diagnosis of PPD. Of the 45 women, 42 women had at least one additional psychiatric disorder and 34 of them had at least two other psychiatric disorders. There was a significant increase in comorbidities in the PPD group, to women without PPD. Some of the comorbidities include Agoraphobia, General Anxiety Disorder, and Social Phobia. This data suggests that, for correct treatment of PPD, one has to consider both the duration and magnitude of depressive symptoms. In addition, one has to consider the presence of other associated psychopathologies, in order to choose the best therapy. PPD and comorbid disorders have severe effects on the affected people; for instance, dysregulated infant behavior. Therefore, psychotherapists should confer
Needs Analysis The population of Australia is aging, and the forecast data by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009) show that the proportion of people aged 65+ will increase from 13% of the total population observed in 2007 to the expected 23 – 24% in 2056. In Ballarat, Victoria, the picture is quite similar with 7.1% of the city’s population being the people of 65+ years as estimated for 2006 and reported by the ABS (2009). Such large numbers of elderly people naturally mean the growing needs of health care in Ballarat (Home Delivery, 2009). Currently, the central health care needs of elderly people in this city include the need for palliative care, dementia care, advising in Alzheimer’s disease issues, cancer and trauma consulting services. The above listed needs are viewed as central ones for elderly people in the city of Ballarat, Victoria on the basis of two main reasons. First of all, elderly people, according to Home Delivery (2009) are more inclined to suffer from such illnesses as Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, dementia, etc. Obviously, their health care needs at the age of 65+ are focused on care and assistance with handling these health issues (Home Delivery, 2009). The second reason proving the major importance of these health care needs is the fact that the local social organizations concentrate their activities on presenting the services to satisfy these needs of elderly people in Ballarat (Home Delivery , 2009; VGHI, 2009). In accordance with the above stipulated health care needs, the service mapping should be carried out to identify the major health care services accessible to elderly people in Ballarat. Service Mapping The city of Ballarat provides the wide range of health services to its elderly citizens. According to Home Delivery (2009), these services range from simple food delivery to specific health care consulting and emergency services. The examples of the former category of services include Meals on Wheels Association
Communication practices The communication practices in the IBM Corporation include all the necessary rules of business communication and interaction. James B. O’Connell, director of corporative inner interactions and communications at IBM, replied on the issue of internal communications that the corporative communication philosophy is based on the simple managerial principle of respect of any employee. These are the key issues of the company’s communication is to provide everybody with the latest information, necessary for the successful work, to let any worker express his/ her opinion, suggestion or complaint Mission statement’s roe in supporting the culture To begin with, it is necessary to admit, that any huge company with rich historical experience pays much attention to the preserving of the culture, which have been formed for the decades. Mission statement is aimed to preserve the culture, and the roe of it is the uniform wearing, the solving of conflicts through the implementation of the Jam technology , and the promotion of the corporative logo, which is usually called “The Big Blue” Ethical standards and behavior The ethical standard of the IBM Company are usually regarded as very stable and strong, as they have been forming for the times. The force of the corporation’s ethic traditions can be judged by the fact, that IBM Corporation is included into the Ethical Corporation Press Releases, and the IBM representative how to develop comprehensive climate change strategies that can be effectively applied in emerging markets, which is on of the most burning issues of the acting on the emerging markets. Organizational diversity The issues of the organizational diversity relate mainly the diversity management. It is necessary to highlight, that inspite IBM Corporation is the company with strong traditions, the recruiting management of the company tends to change in accordance with the contemporary times and tendencies. The company implements the new principles of Human Resource Management, and thus holds the policy of managing diversity. Organizational customs The customs and the traditions of the IBM Corporation relate lots of issues. Some of them have been already regarded, such as wearing uniform,
Introduction Numerous financial constraints force banks to broaden the range of services provided and promotional programs to attract new customers and, more importantly, increase loyalty of existing clients. Development of proper bank-client relationship is the key strategy all banks are trying to employ (Swenson, Palmer & Silver, 2011). Contacting clients is becoming one of the most important and effective ways to increase their satisfaction and loyalty (Fragata & Moustakas, 2013; Mandal & Bhattacharya, 2013). Clearly, technological advances provide a variety of options to achieve this goal. Some of the most widespread ways to reach customers are still emails and calls. Statement of the Problem and Research Questions It has been acknowledged that these are efficient ways to reach clients, but it is still rather unclear whether these types of contacts affect customer’s satisfaction. Therefore, it is important to understand whether contacting clients leads to their satisfaction or may deteriorate customers’ loyalty. It is necessary to pay attention to such issues as security, efficiency, frequency. Literature Review Researchers stress that customers find m-banking convenient and satisfactory (Awadhi, 2013). However, clients’ satisfaction is a complex concept and the issue needs further research. Thus, Coetzee, van Zyl and Tait (2013) found that clients and contact-personnel have different perceptions of service quality. Popescu and Rizescu (2008) note that contacting clients may positively affect development of the banking services as the personnel may better understand clients’ needs. At the same time, Ledgerwood, Earne and Nelson (2013) note that when contacting clients, banking personnel can and sometimes should educate and train them on certain issues. It is necessary to note that a significant bulk of literature is devoted to security issues. For instance, Callaway and Becker (2011) stress that banking personnel should be more attentive and responsible with elderly clients as this is the most vulnerable group and banking staff should assist these people to manage their accounts (especially when it comes to online and m-banking). Atansuyi, Olorisade and Ogunrinde (2014) argue that a 7-digit code given to customers can increase their privacy and security during calls. Priess (2014) provides certain options to prevent fraud in m-banking. Research questions The research questions of this research can be formulated as follows:  1. Which type of contacts do customers prefer (e-mail, mobile calls, te
Clinical Manifestation Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor skills of a person including their speech. There are only a few known causes of Parkinson’s disease which has led to PD being classified as idiopathic, which means “of unknown cause”. There are a number of key clinical manifestations of PD which include the following. There are increased tremors which worsen with stress, rigidity of muscles which makes it increasingly difficult to move, a stooped posture and a distinctive walking style characterized with short fast steps to keep the patient from falling, and slowness in executing voluntary movements by the patient. Signs and Symptoms Jankovic (2008) notes that there is no definitive test for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and as a result of this, diagnosis can only be done on the basis of clinical criteria. Parkinson’s Disease is primarily characterized by rhythmic tremor of the limbs and hence the first terming of the disease as the “shaking palsy”. Communication is also greatly impaired by the masklike facial expression that arises as a result of PD. The motor-related symptoms of PD have been discovered to be as a result of the degeneration of nerve cells in a part of the mid brain. Ronken and Scharrenburg (2002) illustrate that apart from this key motor-related symptoms, the disease also has depression as a major secondary symptom. A study by the author indicates that 50% of the population that suffers from PD is also exposed to depression therefore leading to an even more reduction in the quality of life that they experience. Diagnosis PD shows prevalence for the 50 to 60 age group; a patient’s age and clinical history is therefore used in the diagnosis process. Diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of its core symptoms of motor skills inhabitation. Even so, the presence of these symptoms is not always an indication of PD. Neuroimaging is also used to look for markers of disease progression in PD. Nursing Management of Parkinson’s disease A major goal of nursing care is to control the tremors and rigidity that characterize PD. As of today, there is no known cure for PD and all the current therapy aims to reduce the symptoms of the disease therefore improving the quality of life for the patient. One of the most widely used treatments is dopa treatment which aims at activating dopamine in the brain of the patient. A common side effect of PD treatment is Dyskinesias which is the medical term for “excessive movements” (Ronken & Scharrenburg, 2002). This makes it necessary for a patient to be under the close supervision of medical care personnel while they are on medication. Promoting the independence of the patient is also part of the nursing care plan. A patient should be encouraged to participate optimally in self-care activities at all times. Adaptive devices can be used if the patient is unable to support himself/herself. Physical and occupational therapy are crucial in the program since they help to reduce flexion contractures and assist
The cultural component of society is in a peculiar situation. Since 1924, dozens of generations of people are influenced by the work of Walt Disney since early childhood. The philosophical messages of the animator are firmly fixed in the mind of the child, which leads to the fact that he or she grows up with specific attitudes. This work aims to discuss the manifestation of sexism towards women, which should be changed in the work of Disney. Most of the works show the oppression of women’s rights and women in general, which is confirmed by the absence of a mother’s archetype. In the stories of Disney’s most popular characters, such as Ariel from Little Mermaid, Belle from Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella, and others, the characters have no mother. However, even if the mother as a character is present, her role is invisible and unimportant compared to her father, which is especially noticeable in “Sleeping Beauty” or “The Lion King.” Disney Company positions itself as a source of preservation of family traditions transmitted from parents to children through watching a movie. However, deprived of courage and determination, the woman in the universe of cartoonists is subordinate to male chauvinism. Studies show that most children under the age of eleven have a robust idealistic attitude in their minds that only men should possess the qualities of a hero (Gutierrez et al. 5). This situation raises concerns about the role of women in society and should be reviewed. While emphasizing the above, it should be noted that most of Walt Disney’s classic works were created in the middle of the last century. When thinking about the changes that could be brought to life in animated films, one should bear in mind the cultural code that was laid down at the time of the creation of such movies. Today’s Disney employees understand this and focus their new work not only on men but on women as well. Furthermore, it is recommended to edit and add scenes describing the characters of women as strong and independent. At an early age, the process of socialization and acceptance of society’s moral attitudes is most active. For this reason, most children, having watched Disney’s classic films, believe that only a man should be a hero and show courage, but not a woman. If we had the opportunity to change the American animator’s films, they would have added scenes with the discovery of female characters. Work Cited Gutierrez, Brenda C., et al. “The Heroes and the Helpless: The Development of Benevolent Sexism in Children.” Sex Roles , vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 1-12.