ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Addressing the modern concerns voiced by economists and environmentalists with regard to the fuel resources on the planet, it is especially remarkable that more and more hopes are reposed in the so-called alternative sources of energy. The requirements to the fuel of the present day mostly concern its sustainability and environmental friendliness in terms of low greenhouse gas emission. Among the most attractive options to consider when choosing an alternative source of energy is geothermal energy. This type of energy is produced by using the natural heat of the Earth interior that is released at certain surface areas at the temperature of more than 100°C (German Advisory Council on Global Change 71–72). In contrast to other types of sustainable energy like solar and wind power, the source of geothermal energy is constant and continuously available, which makes it an especially attractive alternative. Against the general trend in the global community towards producing sustainable energy from ecologically friendly sources, the situation in the Middle East can be described as rather conservative. According to the latest estimates, the main sources of energy and, respectively, electricity in the Middle East states still remain traditional and include gas, oil, hydropower, and coal (see table 1). However, the demand for energy is steadily increasing: only within the two decennia from 1980 to 2000 the annual energy consumption for Iran skyrocketed from 1.6 quadrillion Btu to 4.7 quadrillion Btu per year (Mostafaeipour & Mostafaeipour 1643). This necessity stimulates the interest in alternative sources of energy that can assist if not substitute for the traditional ones. Among those alternative sources is geothermal energy since the peculiarities of terrain in the Middle East are favorable for developing this type of energy sources. Table 1: Electricity Production in the Middle East. Source: Mostafaeipour, Ali, and Neda Mostafaeipour, “Renewable Energy Issues and Electricity Production in Middle East Compared with Iran,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009): 1641–45, Print, table 5. Not much is known to the general public regarding the development of the geothermal energy in the countries of the Middle East. The results of a survey conducted among students of Customer Inserts His/Her School Name demonstrate that although the majority of people agree the Middle East should be seeking for energy sources other than the traditional oil, geothermal energy is hardly viewed as an alternative for this region as an alternative for this region (see Appendix for details). In spite of the apparent traditionalism in meeting the energy need issues in the countries of the Middle East, there exists a definite trend towards sustainability and search for alternative sources of energy. The purpose of this report is to trace the recent developments in geothermal
Introduction Racial discrimination was very common in the ancient days since the whites segregated African Americans in every aspect of life. The blacks were not comfortable with the segregation that denied them their civil rights. Therefore, several African-American activists formed the civil rights movement to terminate the discrimination. In the book, The Deacons for Defense: Armed resistance and civil rights movement, published by the University of North Carolina Press (Hill 2004, 23), it is mentioned that the civil rights activists protested without using violence by disobeying the government authority. However, the nonviolent protests had limited success, and the African Americans decided to go for armed self-defense. The book describes the tension and struggles that existed between the African Americans and the members of the white citizens’ council, Ku Klux Klan. This paper will give a stringent analysis of the book to assess the author’s success in giving a convincing interpretation of the contribution of the armed defense team in obtaining civil rights for African Americans. Discussion of the major topics in Lance Hill’s book In the “Introduction,” Hill gives a controversial scenario that prepares the readers that indeed, there was a problem between the whites and the African Americans. The racism issue did not only lie in the adults but also did implant in the children’s minds. The Bogalusa Junior High school had integrated the white and black students. However, the white students felt more powerful than the blacks did, and they harassed them from time to time. The whites could hit, spit on the blacks and even step on them intentionally, and the blacks could remain silent. However, as the situation continued, Royan Burris, a black civil rights leader, felt intimidated, and he ordered all the black students to seek revenge for every ill action. He ordered the black students to hit back if a white student dared to hit them. Similarly, if a white student spat on a black student, the black would be obliged to spit back (Hill 2004, 1). After heeding to Burris advice, the school turned into a war zone as frequent fights erupted between the white and the black students. Paul Farmer, the president of the white citizens’ council, could not take it anymore. Together with the local Ku Klux Klan, Farmer stood in the middle of the street waiting for the school’s door to open. With a corked gun, Farmer wanted to destroy the black students of Bogalusa Junior High school. However, African Americans could not allow the ill incident to happen. Led by Royan Burris, the unyielding team of black men was on the other side of the street to protect the black children just in case a riot erupted. Essentially, the unyielding black men comprised of the members of the Deacons for Defense and Justice Movement. Earlier on, the Klansmen and the Deacons had engaged in shooting skirmishes, and the Deacons had emerged as the winners. Luckily enough, the police arrived in time to defuse the tensed moment. The police ordered the Deaco
Introduction The need to offer birth control to teenagers is a topic that has been actively discussed over the years, and the interest in it has been increasing. It is important to say that teen childbearing is an issue that has always been regarded as incredibly problematic, and there have been numerous attempts to address it. Discussion It is believed that a provision of free birth control would help to solve this issue. It is paramount to say that it is a significant problem that needs to be addressed because the number of cases of teenage childbearing is one of the highest in the United States compared to other countries that are industrialized (Manlove et al. 89). Also, it is necessary to mention that the scope of this problem has reduced in recent years, but it is not possible to determine what has led to such changes. Another issue that needs to be discussed is that a significant percentage of individuals participate in unsafe sex even when they understand that it may be incredibly risky. The problem is that they may think that birth control is too expensive. It is important to mention that most teenagers are not ready to have children, and it frequently results in poor parenting and other complications. Young parents have to deal with several tough choices, and it is not an easy task to accept such options as abortion because there is still no consensus on this topic. Teenagers must have an understanding of what course of action is reasonable in such cases. Another issue that should not be overlooked is that an enormous percentage of parents are afraid to talk about sex with their children because of numerous factors. It is also imperative to note that many factors increase the risk of unsafe sex among teenagers, such as poverty, being drunk, or under the influence of others. Also, it is necessary to mention that the number of teenage childbearing is different for races and ethnicities because of such aspects as traditions and others. One of the biggest issues that should be taken into account is the dissimilarity between the levels of education. An enormous percentage of teenagers do not have access to necessary information at home or educational facilities, and it leads to risky behavior in some cases. It is fascinating that one of the studies suggests that access to free birth control does not reduce teenage pregnancy rates (Girma and Paton 1021). Such results are shocking, and it is entirely possible that there is a need for future research in this area. It is necessary to mention that it has most likely been caused by the fact that many individuals do not have an understanding of issues and complications are related to teen childbearing. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that the need to provide birth control to teenagers should not be overlooked. An enormous percentage of incidents and complications could have been avoided if the government took necessary measures. It is believed that teenagers have started to be much less sexually actives because of various factors, and a significant percentage of them begun to use birth control. However, it is still a critical issue that needs
Introduction The report covers element of quality management in products. It uses Apple’s iPad to highlight various issues, particularly in product quality features and communication to customers. Quality management is an important element for an organization. It ensures that all products and services are consistent with the established standards. In quality management, organizations must ensure planning, control, assurance and improvement of product or service. Organizations must focus on quality management, how to achieve it in product or service features and communicate it to customers. Therefore, quality assurance and control processes should provide consistent products or services to customers. Companies depend on customers for revenues. Therefore, they must understand different needs of customers. In this regard, products or services should meet the present and future needs of customers and even exceed their expectations. Companies must develop quality products and communicate quality features to customers so that they can make informed decisions before purchasing a product. In this regard, customers should get adequate information about a product or service. How the supplier communicates the quality of the product Apple communicates iPad information to its customers. The company uses various means to reach customers. These include the traditional media and online platforms. In this report, information used is available at the company’s Web site. Apple has provided relevant information that many customers may use to gauge the quality of iPad. Information available covers iPad’s capacity and price; display; dimensions and weight; chip; cameras; video recording; product carriers; cellular and wireless; sim card; connector; battery life; and intelligent assistant. Figure 1: iPad Information provided contains technical data about the product quality features, as well as basic information regarding service carriers, which many customers need to know. Apple Inc has arranged all its models of iPad alongside their quality specifications so that consumers can review and make purchase decisions. By providing product quality features, consumers can recognize performance and efficiency attributes of iPad. As a result, they will be able to make the right decision on their purchase. From the information available on Apple’s Web site, one can conclude that the company has provided enough details about its products to allow customers to make purchase decisions. Apart from the information communicated through the company’s Web site, there is also product review information. Such reviews provide product quality to customers. For example, many product review Web sites have touted Apple Inc as an innovative company. In addition, they note that the company’s communication strateg
The word libertarianism comes from the word liberty. It is a political philosophy advocating for liberty, freedom, voluntary and peaceful association of individuals without any form of coercion. Believers in libertarianism appreciate and try as much as they can to see that all human beings maximize their various opportunities to attain their goals in life. They argue that, human beings should be left on their own to do what they desire without coercion or intimidation. Those in this paradigm shift agitate or rather advocate for a society that is self-governed or to be governed by a small government. This is because every human being has his own life to live as well as property and therefore, society should respect this by leaving everybody to determine the course of his life. Everybody in the society should show respect to one another. They therefore believe that every individual has freedom to do what they feel but not to infringe on the rights of others. Libertarianism is therefore a combination of liberty, responsibility and tolerance. Liberty implies the freedom to live one’s life in peace as one chooses, responsibility implying not to use force against other people except when defending yourself and tolerance implying that one should honor and respect the peace of other people. The strides that the world has made today can be attributed to the liberty people have been provided. For instance, liberty has contributed to respect of civil liberty, free markets and self-ownership. Without liberty, many people would still be prisoners of others. Furthermore, without liberty, the notion of free markets could be non-existence and therefore people could not be able to sell their products across their boarders. The proponents and historian also had their thoughts about libertarianism. Libertarianism was also viewed by historians such as Woodrock as the means through which revolution and reformation was to be achieved. This implied that the society was to be reformed through democratic means, consensus and not dictatorship. Likewise, other philosophers understood libertarianism as a form of governance whereby the center of power was to be decentralized to individuals. Individuals were to take control of their lives and not the government. Therefore, in conclusion, it is imperative to note that the proponents and philosophy of libertarianism meant or advocated for liberty and freedom of the people. Society has no obligation to be governed by an authority but people are supposed to enjoy their freedo
Introduction Paul Haggis’ film “Crash” is a deliberate attempt to examine racism following the lives of people from different ethnic groups, like Los Angeles, which collide one fateful day. Haggis portrays the racial tension, as it stands in the modern day Los Angeles, by seemingly suggesting that every individual is racially prejudiced. The film is a revelation that the denizens of the city spend most of their time expressing hatred and fear as well as misunderstanding each other. The director bases the movie on stereotypes and assumptions that people from different ethnic entities hold on others who seem different from them. The character Antony, played by Chris ‘Ludacris’, portrays one of the different facets of racism. As the film unfolds, Antony is paranoid about the perception of blacks in the society, a case that forces him to construct explanations for every encounter he has, to suggest that blacks are deliberately targeted and discriminated against by other ethnic groups. Antony’s Perspective According to Antony, the blacks suffer much discrimination by the whites. Blacks are often discriminated against which makes the character Antony in the movie ‘Crash’ suspicious of other races and especially the whites. This emphasis comes through the manner in which the whites treat the blacks in the movie. Antony says that the fact the blacks constitute the minority group, they ought to fear the whites and not the opposite as it stands out in the movie. Antony is compelled into being a criminal because of the discrimination that he experiences as a black. Even when others bestow respect upon a black man, the whites must hold him with suspicion as emphasized in the film. As a way of getting back to the racists, the blacks as emphasized through the character Antony develop a way of emulating the other races by developing racism. Black people in many cities face brutality in the hands of the authorities especially the police. In the movie ‘Crash’, the white police officer Ryan harasses a black woman. Antony’s counterpart Peter dies after being shot by a white police officer in a controversial turn of events. As a response to this, the blacks as evidenced through Antony result into racism as a defense mechanism. Further, the film provides sufficient evidence that no matter how well a black person behaves they have to face racism in one way or the other. Antony chooses to be racist because of fitting in a society where
Organizational development (OD) as a technique helps to effect change in a company to improve its effectiveness. It contributes to a change process, and establishes long-term activities, including operation of self-managed or autonomous teams as well as problem solving opportunities (Anderson, 2011, p.2). OD applies to scientific knowledge on behavioral development that embraces a number of concepts, including work design, leadership skills, team building and international design. The system is a flexible scheme that entails implementation of changes. Furthermore, it should adapt quickly to changes and, when the new data is introduced or experienced, it should be ready to process it (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 50). Indeed, it involves a long range of efforts that will improve problem-solving strategies, as well as its ability to face various challenges within an organization (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 2). Organizational development considers change a process that involves a set of such activities as planning, diagnosing, assessing, and implementing (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 477). The organizational development process assures the establishment of favorable relationship within a work environment and outside it and provides groups with the possibility to initiate and manage change. Further, organizational development is considered a set of core values, such as respect and commitment, genuineness and cooperation, self-awareness and improvement, democracy and feeling of justice. The process is made up of the four main activities. These are introducing, analyzing, planning, and implementing (Anderson, 2011, p. 42). The process involves an action research scheme which allows to define the problem and analyze the reasons for introducing changes. Further, it is purposeful to plan an intervention, evaluate and implement it. The next step will involve collecting information to assess the intervention and define whether progress has been reached or whether further interventions are needed. Furthermore, it begins when a leader envisions relevant approaches and strives to enhance organizational performance (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 473). Organization development relies on open systems methods and schemes so as to get a better idea of organization’s goals. Therefore, a shift occurred to one department of an organization cannot be supported without introducing shifts to other departments (Cummings and Worley, 2008, p. 50). Organization development stems basically from three psychological theories for an organization to understand and motivate its employees. They include need theory, job analysis model, and expectancy theory that provide a deep insight into personal differences among the team memb
Introduction Microsoft is one of the most successful companies in the world today. It is among the few companies that have reported profits year after year since their foundation [1]. However, the company faced many challenges in designing and developing its flagship products Office 4.0, Office 95, Office 97, and Office 2000 [1]. Microsoft had to address these challenges to guarantee better products according to the customers’ tastes and preferences. The subsequent products had to be on schedule unlike the first products [1]. Analysis The major challenge Microsoft faced when working on office 4.0 was the failure to keep schedules. The developers worked to attain certain features and functions of the software without considering the time factor and schedule [1]. In addition, the different teams had various goals. This complicated the entire company vision. It is theoretically and practically impossible for a company with diverging visions within to achieve its corporate vision [1]. In the case of office 95, the teams working on the application disagreed frequently slowing the development process [1]. Microsoft came head-on with a potential competitor as well. In 1992, Lotus Corporation introduced the Smart Suite that was a plausible threat to Microsoft office applications [1]. In addition, windows shifted its bit architecture to 32-bit from 16-bit bringing up a possible compatibility challenge to development teams. Microsoft office 97 faced the same predicament in addition to the relatively larger size [1]. The office 97 application was 30 megabytes larger than its predecessor, office 95 was [1]. The application took a lot of hard drive space. For Office 2000, the major challenge Microsoft had to bypass was the internet [1]. Microsoft felt that the internet was a threat to its products. Customers Satisfaction Microsoft had to address the above challenges to keep the customers satisfied [1]. The company worked on several strategies. For office 4.0, Microsoft upgraded customers’ old application versions free of charge when new versions were launched [1]. Microsoft emphasized keeping the set schedules for application development and launch [1]. To achieve this, Microsoft developers decided to re-architecture previous versions of the applications. In this case, the developers just added new features and functions to the previous programs [1]. In addition, Microsoft did surveys to understand the customers’ tastes and preferences. This assisted the company to make drastic changes during office 97 development [1]. The design and development of all applications were done in one place. In addition, Microsoft introduced well-defined common goals, applicable to all design and development teams [1]. Microsoft also changed the design and development process to meet specific schedules for the design, development, and launch of the applications. Quality Development Microsoft introduced the milestone concept to develop quality applications on schedule [1]. Developers were to write codes and compare them with the master code every day. The developers did simpl