ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Paul’s letters to the early Christian church in Corinth display brotherly love and personal commitment to this city which was an economic hub in the first century. Actually, Paul, having descended from Athens, described Corinth as a sensual pleasure and commercial center. Corinth had been a beautiful city before it was captured by the Babylonian conquest. With its clear reputation on lascivious worship, many beautiful temples of Corinth dotted the sloppy plains not very far from the lake. Specifically, the most common form of worship was the one dedicated to the Goddess of Love. Prostitution was then at its core with more than 10,000 prostitutes within the temple of Aphrodite. Despite this, Paul, a committed servant of Jesus, made several trips to this city saturated with ungodly sexual acts, fornication, incest, and prostitution. Paul indicated those facts in his letters to Corinthians. At the beginning of his first letter, a reader can easily imagine a picture where the tentmaker calls Paul as a tired long-distance traveler with a single coat walking in the dusty streets towards the house of Priscilla and Aquila to preach the good news of repentance from sexual sins, idolatry, and greediness. In his quest, Paul and his two companions, Aquila and Priscilla, must have preached the gospel of repentance in the synagogues and marketplaces full of people who were used to idolatry as a form of worship. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly analyze the captivity of sin, as described by Paul in the example of the city of Corinth. Reflectively, the analysis is based on prostitution, idolatry, and greed as condemned by Paul in his first and second letters to the converted early Christians in the city of Corinth. Promiscuity in the Corinth City As one of the first-century Christians, Paul was an intriguing figure as an apostle of Jesus. As a writer, Paul challenged the filth in society by having sought repentance and sanctification. Since the city of Corinth was mainly dominated by non-Jews in the first century, Paul had to package his letter well to convince the non-Judaism faiths to align with newfound Christianity. Paul considered himself as a prophet to these gentiles and targeted to spread his message through the tow letters sent to early Christians in Corinth. This city was strategically located for trade besides a lake. The booming trade must have been the catalyzing factor for prostitution, adultery, incest, and other immoral sexual exploits that were common there. Since Corinth was located on a busy trade route, between Greece and Peloponnesus, this meant a continuous exchange of ideas, cultures, morals, and beliefs as merchants from different corners of the world converged to meet within the view of Aphrodite temple that had a line of prostitutes. As a matter of fact, “Paul himself knew and disapproved of this: What do I gain if, humanly speaking…the author was idiosyncratic in his conservative orientation but stood within a long-standing literary tradition which tried to demonstrate the apocalyptic radicalism of the church (MacDonald 78).
Introduction   * Jungian school of thought remains controversial.   * Ьost use empirical evidence to support or refute Jung’s claims.   * Еhe concept of “self” has received critical review.   * Kohuts theory is the best critical approach to Jung.   * The two theories are important in psychoanalysis of the self.   * They are concerned with human concept of self. Jung vs. Kohut Points of comparison The theories show several similarities and differences. The main question relates to the relationship between the two concepts. Psychoanalyst attempts to find a consensus between the theories. The similarities and differences are observed in three major aspects:  1. The concept of self,  2. The origin of self,  3. The splitting nature of self,  4. The idea of wholeness. Differences and similarities in the concept of “self”: Jung vs. Kohut   * Both psychoanalysts stresses on the importance of the self.   * Both emphasize that the self has an intrapsychic structure.   * It makes their descriptions of the self and its nature seem to overlap.   * Their schools of thought differ in a number of ways.   * Differences only arise due to different approaches to “self”.   * Similarities are more profound than differences.   * Both state that the it is impossible to fully describe the “self”.   * Kohut- self refers to the cognitive impenetrability.   * Jung- self cannot overpower human power of compression.   * Kohut- self is the way in which an individual experiences “himself as himself”.   * Kohut – self is a permanent mental structure of human behaviors, memories and feelings.   * Each individual experiences this with time, and it gives them the feeling of “being oneself”. The origin of self: Kohut vs. Jung   * Jung’s theory is the wire armature for a sculpture.   * Kohut’s self is the clay to finish Jung’s work.   * It is a metaphorical approach to the differences.   * Jung – humans become involved with other individuals who correspond to the human essential nature.   * Jung- Other humans are objects to form archetypes.   * Kohut- Other humans are objects to satisfy child’s needs. The origin of self: Kohut vs. Jung The origin of self: Kohut v Jung   * Kohut- goals are the realization of the objective of life.   * This blueprint objective has been laid on in a person’s nuclear self.   * Jung- based on the process of unfolding the self throughout an individual’s life.   * Jung- it aims at achieving the possible personality’s wholeness.   * Jung- self is a totality of both conscious and unconscious human psyche.   * It is purposive in nature and acts as a center for organizing. The concept of splitting Psyche: Kohut vs. Jung   * Kohut and Jung emphasize on the importance of splitting.   * Kohut- draws a clear line between vertical and hor
Introduction The world history is characterized by various conflicts which are caused by various issues of social, political or either economic origin. The conflict between Israel and Palestine is a major one especially due to the fact that it has been in existence for a long time. It is complicated as it emanates from many factors such as control of Jerusalem, border disputes, security, freedom of movement of Palestinians, water rights and settlement of Israel, to name just a few. The conflict is an issue of international concern due to the fact that it has resulted to a lot of violence. In consequential, various actions have been taken especially against the parties concerned but little has been realized from the same. The problem became worse after the Oslo peace records collapsed in September 2002. There may have been many factors that may have led to the failure of Oslo, but most studies illustrate that culture played a great role in the same. This is due to the fact that it influences the preferences and the strategies of various political leaders, determines domestic politics as well as affects the perception, behavior and intentions of the parties involved (Finkelstein pp. 127). The conflict is wide and multifaceted and therefore, this paper shall discuss more about the problem, its history, causes, as well as various measures that have been taken to curb the problem. In addition, the paper shall also cite some viable solutions to the problem. History of the Palestine Israeli conflict As highlighted in the introductory part, the conflict has been in existence for a long time. Moreover, it has been taking place in different phases and each phase has been characterized by different events. For instance, towards the end of the nineteenth century up to 1917, the main conflict that existed was caused by Arabs who were in the Ottoman Empire. On the same note, it is important to mention that most of conflicts and dispute by then had not reached a national level as they were religiously influenced. From the early twentieth century to the mid twentieth century, the region which was known as Palestine was being ruled by the British. During that particular time, the conflict which was known as Jewish Arab conflict resulted from the dispute of the land of Palestine. Therefore, the conflict was mainly a land issue by then (Finkelstein pp. 170). The next phase of the conflict ranged from the year 1948 to the year 1967-a phase that was marked by the time the state of Israel was declared and the time the six days war took place. By then, the region was divided in to three political regions; West Bank under the control of Jordan, Gaza Strip under the Egyptian rule and lastly the State of Israel. From the year 1967 to the year 1993, both Israel and Palestine was being ruled by the
Modern media often portrays the relationship between police and juveniles as unfavorable. Currently, police brutality cases make big headlines, and it is often difficult to find examples of positive relationships on the news. However, my experience is different from what is portrayed in the media. My son goes to a public school, where there is a police officer assigned to the school. The police officer is a properly trained person with genuine love and care for children. My son and most of his friends often talk to him and ask questions about what it is like to work in the police force. I believe that the boys in the school see the police officer as a source of protection on which they can rely. I think that the central cause of problematic relationships between the youth and the police is the media’s influence. Today, when police brutality is the most frequent topic after COVID-19, it is difficult to find a story that pictures positive relationships between juveniles and police. A recent article in Pittsburgh Post-Gazette by Pesarchik (2020) argues for avoiding removing police officers from schools. As protests against police brutality continue across the country, some organizations began to call for removing officers from schools to avoid conflict (Pesarchik, 2020). The article, however, describes sev
Because of the current situation in American economics concerning taxation and spending the governmental funds, people demand precise information on the money that has been spent on the electoral campaigns. Since people demand complete clarity in the political moves of the parties and the specified leaders, the government has decided to meet their numerous requests. The new policy has now being emerging; however, it has already awakened hot discussions in the political sphere. On April 2010 the new concept was introduced by Chris Van Hollen in the House of Representatives. The solution that the new law suggested was rather simple, but demanding a lot of changes to be taken to adjust the new law to the sphere of politics and economics. It was expected to cause multiple consequences, both inspiring and not quite desirable; however, the main issue about it was that it promised the new democratic way of holding the elective companies on the territory of the USA. The new law implied that the unions that represented the electors themselves (the trade union, and the communities alike) should have the right to control the funds donated for the election campaigns for the candidates for the president’s chair. Earlier, this money was controlled only by the committees that did not allow ordinary people to see how the funds raised for the election campaigns were distributed. The purpose of the act was to make the campaigns as clear as possible following the principles of democracy proclaimed by the U.S. Constitution. With this noble idea, Barak Obama proclaimed on April, 26 2010 that the new Act has come into effect with the new on-coming elections. However, the procedure that preceded the act becoming effective in the USA was not simple. The numerous debates concerning the
Introduction This is a case study of managerial decision making with regard to the international sales of Colorado Computing Company (CCC). Some sales decisions call for the support of managers of other departments also. The sales managers alone cannot take some crucial decisions. Here, in this case, a decision has to be taken with regard to sending one employee to Saudi Arabia for negotiating a computer installation project. Appropriateness of the position for taking decision In this particular case, two persons namely Robert Donner and Jeanette Falcon are responsible for taking the crucial decision of whom to send from among the two eligible employees, both qualified and deserving. Robert Donner is the vice president of international sales of the company and Jeanette Falcon is the vice president of the personnel management department. They are in a bit of confusion as to whom to send to Saudi Arabia. Jane Adams and Bill Smith are the two options before the company. The vice presidents are not able to come to an agreed decision. They are holding very good position in the company, which give them the power to take crucial decisions. It is but natural that there may arise some difference of opinion as the decision relates to two employees of personnel management as well as the sales management or marketing management, respectively headed by the two vice presidents. Jeanette Falcon with his experience as
According to Thompson (2008), “Moral panic can be described as the intensity of feelings that are usually expressed within a population in regard to an issue that can be said to threaten the specified social order”. As such, moral panic arises whenever an episode, condition, a person or even a group of individuals emerge such that they become perceived as a threat to social interests as well as social values (Waddington, 2006). Increased security measures in schools are usually perceived as threats and thereby causing a moral panic among students. To the students’ point of view, imposition of stern security measures causes the students to live in compromising situations. The stern security measures tend to elbow the self proclaimed freedom that comes with loosely held security measures. With this regard, imposition of stern security measures eats away the freedom of the students and therefore seen as a threat to the student’s social interests, that is, the sense of freedom (Waddington, 2006). The stern security measures can also cause moral panic to the adults held responsible with regard to students. As such, the interests of these adults are to see their children, the students, grow and live within the moral scopes (Schneider, 2004). In any institution, strict security measures are set, the students become defiant and as such, their actions entail all sorts of evils towards showing disrespect to the set security measures. This defiance is not within the intended moral scope and as such, they violate the interests of the adults (Ungar, 2000). From this perspective, the stern security measures can be said to be threats capable of causing a moral panic among the adults (Perrow, 2004). The media can be said to influence the occurrence of moral panic among individuals. As such, the media is attributed as the major cause of crimes. This is because, usually, it inflicts negative effects with regard not only to behaviors but also to values as well as the attitudes of individuals. In reality, the media influence is largely on the youth but rarely to other groups. As such, the young are usually susceptible to every kind of influence. One way that the media creates a moral panic is when it imitates a certain role in a deviant way. In addition to this, by lining up televising programs as well as films that entail violent or imagery largely attributable to sex. As such, it causes an arousal and this indeed can be considered as not only crime but also deviance and as such, this causes a moral panic. These kinds of situations warrant imposition of stern security measures in schools (Ungar, 2000). Instead of implementing stern security measures in institutions, it is necessary that the administrative body establishes other effective ways such that moral panic is not aroused. As such, the administration can decide to offer
The extent of crime in the white community and ethnic minorities is a continued object of public scrutiny. Official sources create a multifaceted picture of crime and its relation to race. The general public keeps to a belief that nonwhite individuals are more likely to engage in a crime than their white counterparts. Simultaneously, whiteness continues to play one of the key roles in the development of cultural and racial prejudices in the criminal justice system. The current state of crime in the United States suggests that race remains an essential factor of criminal justice in America. The most recently published data provides statistical insight into crime and its relation to race in 2008. According to Anonymous, 69.2 percent of all arrests in 2008 affected white people (305). 58.3 percent of arrestees for violent crimes were white, too (Anonymous 305). Of all arrestees for murder, 49.7 percent were white (Anonymous 305). Among arrestees for forcible rape and robbery, whites constituted 65.2 and 41.7 percent, accordingly (Anonymous 305). 63.3 percent of those arrested for aggravated assault were white (Anonymous 305). The situation with burglary and robbery was no better: 67.4 percent of arrestees for property crimes were white, followed by 66.8 percent of white arrestees for burglary (Anonymous 305). The prevailing majority of those arrested for larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson were white (Anonymous 305). The most frequent causes of arrests among white adults were drug abuse violations and driving under influence (Anonymous 305). In the meantime, black adults were mostly stopped and arrested for drug abuse problems and simple assaults (Anonymous 305). In this situation, it is at least surprising to know that, in 2009, white men in the U.S. were six times less likely to be incarcerated than their black counterparts: Bureau of Justice Statistics claims that Black males were incarcerated at a rate of almost 4,800 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, compared with only 708 white inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents (BJS). The rates of incarceration among white female offenders did not exceed 91 per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2009, compared with 333 incarcerated Black female offenders per 100,000 U.S. residents (BJS). Even though the rates of incarceration in America decreased 0.2 percent in 2009, racial disparities in sentencing and incarceration continue to persist (BJS). The United States has the world’s highest rate of incarceration – 762 incarcerated per 100,000 US residents, compared with 152 per 100,000 residents in the UK (Human Rights Watch). In 2007 alone, almost 11 percent of African-American males between 30 and 34 of age wer
Subsidizing programs are considered welfare and net initiatives that the government takes to aid low-income families and individuals affected by poverty. These programs offset the essential needs of the citizens from health, food, housing, and education. Such an initiative aims to allow people access to quality services and save some money for their personal growth. The subject of whether the subsidizing of essentials causes an incentive or de-incentive to seek employment is a debatable one. An example of a subsidized program is the subsidized housing, House Vouchers, and Public Housing programs. This scheme was initiated specifically for the poor and the disabled. Through the plan, citizens from economically low backgrounds and those physically impaired could afford to live in private and government-owned rental houses. Generally, it can be argued that the programs have a great potential of incentivizing recipients to seek employment. For instance, most job opportunities are found in urban centers. Having an initiative that makes life affordable in the towns and provides cheap residential houses encourages people to seek jobs in the cities. The fact that people can save some money from their salary motivates most people as it allows them to grow economically. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, I perceive subsidized programs as essential for individual growth and the country’s economic growth. The pandemic, for instance, caused significant disruptions to international trade, the economies of most countries were destroyed, and most people were subjected to extreme poverty. Besides helping the poor afford a comfortable life, subsidies will enable the investors to re-establish their businesses and profit margins, therefore, rebuilding the country’s economy. In conclusion, subsidizing programs are of paramount essence in a country as they support citizens with low-income levels and promote investment schemes that aid in economic development.
Introduction Long before British colony established in Australia, that is, before 1788, the Aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders settled in Australia as indigenous people. As usual, the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander had their own customs and laws governing them besides, speaking a unique language. Interestingly, these laws and customs went in tandem with brawny and firm spiritual connections, with an aim of forming an indigenous country. For example, these traditional customs and laws composed diverse activities like performing ceremonials and rituals, where men could go hunting and fishing and on the other hand, women could gather food. Additionally, the laws and customs mandated provision of education and knowledge to children through storytelling, artwork, songs and dances. Furthermore, these laws and customs became a platform of environmental conservation for future generations. Therefore, these laws and customs provided equality to all members of the society irrespective of the social class. However, after 1788, the story was never the same as the British colony alleged its own sovereignty in Australia. In essence, the British administration claimed colonial mastery and administration over Australian residents. (National Native Title Tribunal, 2010, Para. 1-7). Background History: Advent of Inequality The main cause of Australian law inequality was the British colonisers. These colonisers enacted laws that segregated some communities from the rest. On gaining independence, some leaders continued to impose these laws. To weaken this structure, communities had to contest in a court of law. By 1788, European powers had spread all over Europe to colonise weak nations- Australia being one of them. Nevertheless, it was not an easy task, as these power blocks in Europe had to deploy some tactics in case; indigenous territories resisted any form of colonialism. The first mode applied by these western powers was to conquer by conquest. At this instant, colonial masters had to seek mandate to colonise a nation by negotiating for certain reparations. If this system failed, the colonial masters applied another method. This time round, they could apply stringent measures in order to force indigenous population succumb to their demands. An example of this is what happened in Fiji during the colonial period. Some compensations and reparation could follow. Lastly, the third system involved declaration of land as terra nullius. This means, colonial masters considered land unsafe for human inhabitation hence; no need to negotiate any form of compensations of reparations to indigenous populace (a lie). Any of the three systems asserted negative consequences to indigenous population. As a result, many people suffered most. Some of them became landless and subjected to hard labour. Inequality dominated the talk of the day even as colonial masters killed stubborn indigenes. (Gary, 1997, Para. 5-6). The Aboriginal people of Australia had a well-structured system of governance. Their laws provided a platform of equality among all members. The laws and customs soldiered solidarity among Aborigi