ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The United Nations (UN) is among key international organisations that have been clamouring for change for decades now. The calls for change have been initiated by the need to transform the organisation into a more responsive entity, with up-to-date solutions for the problems faced by its member countries in the 21 st century. In the past the UN has been at the centre of accusations that it does not meet its core mandate, and this according to analysts featured in this report is termed as the core reason why a former Secretary General challenged member nations to adopt reforms. While it is apparent that all member countries agree that the UN was and still is in need of reforms, the lack of consensus beyond the initial reform stages has led to a drag on the intended changes. To date, drastic changes have only been witnessed through the dismantling of the UN commission on Human Rights and its replacement with a better, more responsive Human Rights Council. Attempts to institute changes in the organisation’s Security Council and the General Assembly are either dragging on or partially complete as is the case with reforms in the General Assembly. Introduction The UN has been accused for years on end of being unresponsive to the needs posed by its member countries. In 2005, the then secretary general clearly concerned about the mounting accusation drafted some proposals, which he argued if adopted could change the way the organisation handled challenges within its mandate. Before the proposed changes, the UN was accused of too much talk, without much action (Srulevitch, 2005). But what exactly is UN’s mandate? Well, the organisation which was founded in 1945 has a responsibility to ensure that peace and stability is maintained among its 191 member countries. The UN is also mandated with fighting disease and poverty, address environmental issues, rebuild countries which have been hurt by natural or man-made causes, protect refuges and stabilise shaky international financial markets (Kresse, 2001). The main flaws with the United Nations are the lack of support from countries that have both the financial and military capacity to do so. As a result, the organisation watched as Rwanda went to war in 1994. In 1997, despite help foster an agreement between the US and Iraq, the former went ahead and broke the agreement leading to the war in Iraq. According to Kresse (2001), this happened because the UN lacked the ability to punish member countries which violate rules set by the UN. In 2005, the then UN secretary General Kofi Annan authored a report dubbed, “In Larger Freedom: towards development, security, and Hum
Bradburd, Danell. Being There: Necessity of Fieldwork. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. A medicine is generally defined as a chemical component that helps the person taking it in overcoming some unwanted feelings one may be experiencing in the body. A good example is the normal painkiller that people buy over-the-counter. Such over the counter medications can however be abused due to their availability, thus one may end up becoming an addict or a slave to them. There have been reports of people who are addicts of over-the-counter medication and they have to undergo some form of rehabilitation in a bid to quit this unbecoming habit. Ellen, Roy F. Ethnographic Research: A Guide to General Conduct. Academic Press, 1998. When people take drugs over and over again, they tend to become used to the effects and cannot seem to function without the drugs in their bodies. They end up adapting to the presence of the toxic chemicals in them, which is described as developing tolerance. They end up increasing the dosage in a bid to keep up the flame of feeling high. People who regularly use alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea will have developed tolerance to them. They may feel unwell when they stop taking the drug. Ferraro, Gary and Susan Andreatta . Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth Publishers, 2008. Back then, the term drugs was used to describe the hard drugs like heroin, marijuana and cocaine among others. But this is not the case anymore. People in the medical field now often use the phrase ‘substance dependence’ to refer to psychological dependence where there may be no withdrawal patterns or lenience and physical reliance. Most of these illegal drugs help in stimulating the brain receptors. Most of them block the inactivation of the dopamine thus releasing chemicals in the endings of the nerves. There have been studies conducted in a bid to understand how the addictive drugs affect the human brain and the consequences thereof. Flick, Uwe. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. SAGE, 1995. It is therefore is not a major shock that most young adults like trying most of these drugs in a bid to feel the effects on a first hand basis instead of just hearing of the effects from other people. According to most of the conducted researches, there happens to be no form of relationship between academic performance and drugs or trying to be received socially. However, these studies were limited to only specific drugs discussion. Geest, Sjaak van der and Susan Reynolds Whyte. The Context of Medicines in Developing Countries . Kliwer Academic Publishers, 1988. There have been tremendous changes in the fight against the use of these illegal substances in the western societies. The drugs that were once considered to be safe and fit for human consumption soon became a pandemic that was threatening to
Chemical and biochemical process engineering involves the application of science, calculations and economics into the process of converting the raw materials into final goods and services. The well-known professional chemical engineers plan, make and administer all the relevant chemical operations globally. For instance, some of the products that we enjoy as the final products of chemical processes from engineers include pharmaceuticals, food stuffs, and fibers. The UK chemical engineering is the center for chemical, biochemical, and other engineering processes for professionals from all over the world. It has a continuous growing membership globally. The major themes of the UK chemical engineering are to promote the competence through its excellent commitment at its level best. The various disciplines that are offered in this institute are advanced regularly for the benefits of the surrounding community. They manage to assist the society through encouraging young people to take part in science and engineering, as well as supporting the professionals to develop themselves. The UK chemical engineering campaign is meant to attract the high school students to enroll for chemical engineer courses. Through the campaign, the number of the students interested in joining chemical engineering in the UK has gone up by 11.8% . The high figure of the students is a clear show of increased desire to study chemical engineering. One of the strength that is in the ongoing campaign is about the return of the investment on chemical engineering degree. The chemical engineering degree looks very appealing to most of the students after realizing what they are likely to gain after completing their courses and employed. According to the latest research done concerning the chemical engineering, it is evident that chemical engineering graduates receive one of the highest salaries in UK. More to that, this course is an important career choice, that is open to diverse opportunities in both public and private sectors. The launch of “whynotchemeng” campaign in early 2001, there is a big improvement of students joining chemical engineering in UK. The UK universities of chemical engineering has recorded almost double of the students applying for the course. The strong financial base of “whynotchemeng” campaign has enabled them to pass the career information to as many schools as possible. Through this campaign, various schools have received free career literature, demonstration posters, and various resources to be used in science lessons. Most of the schools claim to lack some important resources to handle science lessons well, and that is one of the reasons of this campaign to influence both the teachers and the students to have an interest in chemical engineering . Although the campaign has various strengths especially enough knowledge on how to convinc
It is extremely important for nurses to be professional and well-qualified, and the best and the only way for them to achieve this goal is education. A dilemma is whether to enter a community college and get a degree quicker or enter a university and spend a few more years. In this paper, the similarities and differences of education and the art of teaching in both of these educational establishments are presented. First of all, let us compare the educational systems. Before entering, students have to meet some requirements. While universities make strict demands, community colleges can accept students without any foundational abilities. According to Cohen and Brawer (2003), nearly half of students who enter community colleges have low math skills, as well as poor reading and writing abilities. The educational process is also different. Although both college and university graduates pass the same examination to obtain degrees after finishing education, in universities students get a lot of additional content, so they are more cognizant and can work at a much higher level. In addition to different coursework and preparation, nurses at the universities also have more credit hours. While students in community colleges have to complete only 72 hours, in universities they require 126 of them (Zambroski & Freeman, 2004). University students not only have a stronger theoretical and science base, but they also deal with more practice and can participate in investigations. Moreover, they often come up with their own research results. On the other hand, “students in universities are exposed to a richer learning environment related to faculty research projects” (Zambroski & Freeman, 2004, p. 105). Universities also usually have easy access to a lot of resources, such as private libraries, different publications, statistics data and so on. So, those from community colleges are not provided with the same opportunities, which university students have by default. From the very beginning, they do not exist in equal conditions. Besides, a nursing program in a community college sometimes can be more “militaristic” while a university program is sympathetic to students (A Comparison BSN versus ADN Faculty Role, 2007, para. 3). And now about the art of teaching. To start with, “expertise in teaching in a community college system only partially translates to the university setting” (Zambroski & Freeman, 2004, p. 105). Teaching abilities that are common for both of these environments are coping with new information and leading
Concept definition The concept of decision-making is mainly addressing the hierarchical structure that governs the flow of the decision-making process in organizations. In that regard, one of the models of comparing the decision-making structures is that of top-down decision making and empowered decision making. In the first case, the decision making process is vested in the hands of the top management as opposed to lower-level employees, while the empowered decision, or the bottom-up approach, is the exact opposite, where the power of making decisions are given to the employees themselves, structured from the bottom up. Comparing these approaches, it can be stated that “top-down decision making often resulted in competing demands, conflicting goals, uncertainty about purpose, stress or temptations” (Michel 35). Empowered decision making, on the other hand, implies collaboration in the decision-making process, in which employees inform management so they can update and refine the strategy” (Michel 35). Article Discussion Keith McFarland discusses the benefit of empowering employees in the workplace. She argues that it will “unleash a whole new level of critical and creative thinking.” (McFarland). According to her, the company, which deems itself as modern, must allow employees to take independent decisions, bring initiatives, and make suggestions about the functioning of the enterprise. She maintains that a good CEO always gets “off the center stage” (McFarland). The workers cannot be reduced to the status of mere followers of someone elses orders. This usually stifles their motivation, creativity and undermines their loyalty to the company. It is quite possible to conclude that Keith McFarland objects to traditional top-down decision-making that virtually excludes average workers and even front-line managers. Overall, the evidence, provided by the author is rather convincing. Still, she deliberately avoids speaking about the advantages of top-down management, which also has its benefits. Often when I give a speech, I’ll ask how many people in the audience work in an organization that has a strategic plan — and most raise their hands. Then I ask, “How many of you feel that your company’s strategic planning process is useful?” Only a few hands go up — usually just those belonging to the presidents and CEOs in the room. Why is this? An audience member once approached me during a break with a colorful opinion: “Strategic planning,” he said, “is organizational masturbation. It makes the guy in charge feel good, but it doesn’t do much for anyone else.” Is it possible that the traditional strategic planning process, once such a great idea, has outlived its usefulness? STRATEGY 2.0. Formal strategic planning became popular first with big companies in the 1960s, after a decade characterized by stable interest rates, predictable (and primarily domestic) competition, long product life cycles, and, relative to today, slow rates of change in most industries. Traditional strategic planning was probably appropriate in that environment. It was usually a
Introduction There are many factors which are requisite for success in business. Those factors range from proper and professional management of business resources to adoption of up to date business models in order to ensure continued existence amid ever stiffening competition. The main conventional goal of any business organization is to maximize profits and to remain solvent throughout. Many business executives who shoulder the responsibility of foreseeing and leading other stakeholders towards achievement of this goal have therefore identified employee and customer satisfaction as one of the main keys to its achievement. Lutolf-Carroll and Pirnes (2009) argues that business operators believe in giving their customers value for their money; creating and selling safe, worth products; and going an extra mile to serve their customer needs. These steps they argue are commonsense business values which pay off in the long run. Many business executives have therefore learnt through experience that a happy and satisfied employee in turn gives happiness and satisfaction to customers who are the main source of financial resources needed to generate profits and maintain solvency. The ability of a business organization to consistently keep up a happy workforce and a superior customer service depends to a large extent on its ability to adjust to changes occurring in its area of specialization in order to sustain its competitiveness (Pinson 2008; Waddell 2004). Failure to adopt the relevant technological changes as well as appropriate business models in this age can be the main cause of its dwindling profits and eventual collapse due to its inability to offset liabilities. Surprisingly there are business organizations which sticks to old fashioned business models and still manages to sustain and even increase their client base and remain solvent and competitive. The purpose of this essay is to establish the benefits and drawbacks of old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis with reference to Airdrie bank of Lanarkshire in the UK. Need for Change in Business The need to effect change in any part of your business originates from various factors. Some of these factors are internal while others are external in the sense that they originate from happenings outside your business which bears upon your activities either directly or indirectly. Pinson (2008) for instance argues that changes that necessitate revision of a business plan on regular basis can be linked to three fundamental sources namely: changes inside your business, changes coming from the customers, regulatory changes, general economic changes, and above all technological changes among others. A change within your business itself like the need to expand from B to C into B to B obviously brings need for change in your business. In addition, changes within your organization may call for changes in legal arrangement, adding up of new partners or can necessitate alterations in management. According to Pinson (2008), increase or decrease in the sales of the product or service of your
According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), corrective staffing of nurses per unit cannot be attained through legislation; rather, the decision on the number of nurses per unit should be made with special reference to skills needed per unit, the outcomes of care provided, and the characteristics of the working environment. The number of nurses per unit is an important determinant of its productivity and it differs depending on the shift, day of the week, or changes in the environment. The staffing level per unit and the amount of work are important determinants of the quality of healthcare given. The two factors can be enhanced further if the nurses are well trained. This way, they will be in a good position to provide professional care to the patients and once this is done, the unit will have attained one of its goals; providing quality healthcare (Brown, 2000: 143). Research has shown that as the number of nurses per unit increases, the level of complications and the duration of stays at the hospital decreases. Following this, it becomes possible to save medical costs, improve national productivity, and save lives. It is estimated that a 1% increase in the number of nurses can help save at least five lives by averting deaths (Hoffman, 2001: 123). This addition further reduces the patient’s number of hospital days. This is advantageous both to the individual as well as the government (Eastaugh, 2002: 123-126). As we increase the number of nurses per unit, we increase their productivity since their professional care is of benefit both to the individuals and the nation. It is important to note that as we increase the number of nurses per unit, it becomes easy for them to manage their work. As noted earlier, the amount of work per unit depends on the time of day or changes in the working environment. More nurses are needed during the day than at night; this means more nurses have to be present during the day so that they can share the work available. To attain productivity, nurses working on the day are assigned roles according to their experience on that unit. Those who are less experienced are assigned roles that do not call for professional skills (Brown, 2000: 111). With more nurses, patients are attended to well and the degree of illnesses and infections is brought towards zero. Reducing the number of nurses and making use of services of non-licensed personnel would only worsen the situation. Roles and responsibilities of nurses can only be undertaken successfully if the nurses are not overloaded with work; this gives them enough time to attend to each and every patient adequately. The health of the patients would be at risk since they would not receive enough attention from the nurses available and in addition, the non-licensed personnel may not give them professional care. The healthcare s
Introduction Aviation is of paramount importance for the proper functioning of the modern world. Every year, aircraft carry millions of people and tremendous amounts of cargo across the earth, substantially reducing the time that their transportation would otherwise require. However, due to certain specifics of the aviation industry, aircraft may be attacked by a range of malefactors for the purpose of terrorism. Because of this, aviation security, which is aimed at protecting aircraft from such malefactors, plays a key role in aviation. Highly effective aviation security personnel and procedures are pivotal if the health and lives of aircraft passengers are to be protected, and the cargo carried by planes is to be kept safe. In this respect, it should be observed that the traditional model of aviation security relies on the principle that rules for ensuring aviation safety are determined by some type of governmental agency, and airports are in turn expected to comply with these rules (Price & Forrest 2016). On the other hand, an alternative model of aviation security has also emerged recently. The proponents of the alternative model maintain that aviation security should be based on such factors as forecasts and risk assessments, and that aviation security should focus on outcomes rather than on the implementation of particular procedures or protocols. Therefore, in this paper, each of the two main approaches to aviation security will be defined, and attention will be paid to both the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. After that, a discussion will follow so as to decide which one of the approaches seems better for maintaining appropriate security levels in the aviation industry. The Risk-Based, Outcomes-Focused Approach to Airport Security Description The risk-based, outcomes-focused model of airport security is different from the traditional model in that it is aimed not at providing regulations and rules with which airports have to comply, but rather at setting the desired levels of security and safety that the airports would have to meet by utilizing the means and methods they view as appropriate (Hammond 2011). It is therefore proposed that governments would withdraw most of the regulations pertaining to airport safety so that airports would be able to enact the security measures that would enable airlines to reach the minimal permitted level of safety by employing methods that are designed by the airports themselves so as to better meet the needs of their clients, also allowing for a greater amount of flexibility and for implementing innovative technology when needed (Hammond 2011). Thus it is necessary to consider the potential risks and benefits of such an approach. However, it should be pointed out that, in contrast to the traditional, prescriptive approach to airport security, the proposed methods have not been tested in practice, and their potential pros and cons are, to a certain degree, based on the assumptions and predictions rather than on the available evidence pertaining to their implementation by airlines. Possible Positive Aspects of the New Approach On the whole, it is