ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of western civilization. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various neo-classical revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and the Americans The classical Greek civilization was the result of a conquest of the present Greece from the north by the Hellenes. These were Indo-European speakers or Aryans. The indigenous population of the Aegean, whom they conquered is simply labeled by modern scholars as pre-Hellenes. All that proponents of the Aryan model know about the Pre-Hellens is that they were Caucasian definitely not Semitic speakers or Egyptians and they did not speak an Indo-European language. (Martin, 1987) Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization in northeast Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River that reached its greatest extent in the second millennium BC during the new kingdom. It stretched from the Nile delta in the north to as far south as jebel barkal, located at the fourth cataract of the Nile in modern-day Sudan. The flued geographic range of ancient Egypt also included at different times, areas of southern Levant, the eastern desert and the red sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula and the oases of the western desert. Ancient Egyptian civilization began around 3150 BC with the political unification of the major Nile valley cultures under the first pharaoh and it developed under the next three millennia. Its history is divided into a series of golden ages, known as kingdoms that are separated by periods of relative instability known as intermediate periods. After the end of the last golden age, known as the new kingdom, the civilization of ancient Egypt entered a period of slow, steady decline, during which Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign adversaries. The power of pharaohs officially ended in 31BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province The cultural laboratory from which Ancient Egypt emerged has been variously negotiated as the Mediterranean and near eastern in origin. However, the African character of ancient Egypt’s cultural landscape remains the least studied and the most vigorously contested, albeit due to desperate ideological considerations. Those considerations correspond to the prevailing attitudes and cultural status of Africa and Europe at the birth of Egyptology in the nineteenth century. (Boardman, 1999) However, since the advent of martin bernals Black Athena, before the last decades of the twentieth century, encouraging calls for a paradigm shift have been noted. That shift is away from an otherwise stagnant, defensive and archaic traditionalism towards increasing levels of diagonals with a diverse range of scholarly sources. This study focuses on a twofold problem within the unfolding challenges. First, it p
Introduction Learning process functions in a dynamic but systematic process that is greatly influenced by the main objective, sub objectives, and the environment in which learners are subjected to in the process of knowledge acquisition. Learning process takes place through an interactive process targeting an individual. Lifelong learning encompasses the acquisition and updating of all kinds of learning from pre-school years to post retirement years. Several disparities exist in the process of integrating different gender, race and class in the classroom environment. In fact, this disparity is further promoted by the numerous societal stereotyping arguments and education policies that have an effect on education standards and career of an individual. Among the noted disparities include insufficient support and structure for integration, biased selection process, and little psychological support. This reflective treatise attempts to explicitly relate gender, race and class issues to education performance and prejudice. Education expectations and gender In attempting to learn, the initial problem is a communication gap, therefore explaining anything about beliefs in a gender diverse class is difficult. While the term minority traditionally signifies dispersion or scattering, it can also be perceived as the dispersion of a new identity which is created as a result of “transformation and difference” (Ali, 2006). It is evident that the female of minority ethnicity have a lot of problems, as a result of being exposed to diverse socio-cultural identities that easily create fear and low self esteem in their learning process. In the current education environment, the male gender from the main stream ethnic groups considered as having high ability to memorize and analytical capabilities and is more likely to benefit from aspects of the learning system than the female counterparts from minority ethnic groups. This category of students has the ability to do better in ability tests, learn fast when they are taught courses alongside other students with very low test results (Ali, 2006). They are therefore, able to perform better on achievement tests that are used in these restricted kinds of learning. However, the same institutions have students with learning disabilities who find it difficult to fit in new learning environments. Ali (2006) asserts that, “students with LD, postsecondary education goals are highly correlated with participation in mainstream academics” (Ali, 2006, p.32). Unfortunately, the female gender is often sidelined in the educational policies that have very little strategies for relating emotional support to learning experience. Ethnicity and gender in education In order to remain relevant in the fast evolving knowledge world, an individual has to undergo a continuous basis strive to acquire knowledge from all spheres of his/her life (Esmail and Sullivan, 2006). The lifelong learning process should thus be void of learning bias and provide opportunity to peoples with all different kinds of learning styles (Esmail and S
Women are traditionally considered to the fair sex. However, human history has known some women who have managed to make their memory worshipped in centuries due to their remarkable lives. Two pages are too short to mention all of them since the list that will start with the Virgin Mary, Jane of Arc, and other outstanding women can cover numerous volumes. Still, there is no necessity to enumerate them, the fact that their memory lives in our mind, literature, and art is a good tribute to their heroic lives. If we have mentioned art and literature as the source of memories of heroic women, it is necessary to mention a legendary Roman woman, Lucretia, whose heroic sacrifice has been a turning point of Roman history and a major theme of world literature and art. Literature can serve different purposes and the same historical event can be interpreted by different authors in different ways that let them present their argument. Such is the case with Lucretia and the story of her rape and suicide. The present paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of the story of Lucretia as presented by Roman historian, Livy in his History of Rome and the character of Lucretia as depicted by Christine de Pizan, a medieval authoress, in her “City of Ladies”. Both authors present a different interpretation of the legend and the personality of Lucretia by the purposes of their writings: the primary aim of the historian, Livy, is to give the account of a historic event, while the main aim of de Pizan is to show the problem of women in society dominated by men. Livy’s interpretation of the event is presented in the primary source, his History of Rome is a historical document and this specific character accounts for his manner of presentation of the event. Besides, the authorship of a man leaves its mark on the episode and its bare presentation of facts. The story of Lucretia is presented by its main purpose. The historian treated it as the chief cause of the coup d’état in Rome that put an end to the monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of Rome. He depicted the event from the point of view of its importance for Roman citizens who understood that it was impossible to submit to the monarchy of tyrannical rulers anymore. Lucretia inspired the beginning of revolution though she had no intention to do this. The key idea of the story is the final statement by Brutus, “I swear … never to tolerate Kings in Rome evermore, whether of that family of any other” (Livy par.3). Thus, the rape of Lucretia is recounted from the point of view of its historical significance. As for the story of Lucretia as offered by de Pizan, it produces different effects due to the main aim of the authoress: she analyzes the personality of Lucretia, the place of a woman in society dominated by male authority, and she tries to defend her sanctity and fidelity. If emotions are omitted by Livy as unimportant, they prevail in de Pizan’s narration. Her style of narration is more emotional and she does not stick to historical details. She makes us
In the year 1990, Sudan implemented the 8-3-4 system of education (The World Bank, 2012). The system comprises of 8 years of primary education, 3 years of secondary education, and 3 to 4 years of college education. At all levels of learning, the Arabic language has been adopted as the main teaching dialect. The government of Sudan inherited most of the schools from the British government after the country attained independence. The British government had introduced education to Sudan to train servants who served their colonial administration. Therefore, most schools were clustered at Khartoum and other urban areas. Cases of civil war are the major factors that have led to the closure of several schools in the southern and western regions of Sudan. Civil wars are to blame for the reduced rate in school enrollment. The report by the Sudanese ministry of education released in the year 2006 showed that about 53% of eligible pupils were enrolled in primary education (Kavanaugh, 2013). By the year 2010, the enrollment rate had increased to 90%. Based on this, it is apparent that the education enrollment rate in Sudan is increasing steadily. The above statistics imply that a large portion of the Sudanese is now getting access to basic education than before. Despite the current developments in education sector, there are cases of inequality in the enrollment of students at various levels of learning depending on the geographical regions. In the year 2012, a World Bank report showed that the levels of enrollment in some provinces were below average (The World Bank, 2012). The civil wars and unrest observed in the last decade in country were blamed for the education inequality experienced in some provinces. Equally, the report indicated that there is disparity in education of boy and girl child. As such, the girl child was disadvantaged. Customarily, the girl child is supposed to attend school to a certain age. Through this, a number of girls do not progress pass the primary education. However, the boy child is allowed to proceed to secondary levels. In the year 2011, a report by the World Bank showed that 70% of the Sudanese were literate. The literacy rate among the males was 79% and 60% among the females (Kavanaugh, 2013). In 2012, UNICEF initiated a program to enhance the enrollment of a large number of students into classrooms (The World Bank, 2012). The program also aimed at ensuring that those who enroll at primary schools complete their education at higher levels of learning. The program’s long-term goals were to ensure that over 1million students who had dropped out of school were given alternative education. In the past few years, president Bashir’s government in support with the World Bank has initiated an education program. The program is referred to as the Basic Education pro
First, clouds are considered vulnerable due to unscrupulous acquisition of intellectual property and loss of crucial data. A cloud is used by several organizations to store sensitive data. An estimated 21 percent of all cloud-based file sharing systems are deemed to contain sensitive information. In some instances, the crucial data in the clouds comprise of materials that have been marked as intellectual property (Gupta, 2013). Hence, the sensitive data can be easily accessed by cyber criminals in the event that the cloud service is breached by users. In addition, a number of services may pose serious risks when intellectual property rules and regulations are not honored. Second, poor regulatory actions and compliance violations may potentially make clouds vulnerable in organizations. It is obvious that regulatory control of company data is a common practice by most organizations today. In other words, organizations should understand where their sensitive data are stored (Subashini & Kavitha, 2011). Other aspects that must be clearly known include how a company’s information is being safeguarded and individuals who can access the same data. However, these tenets are often violated. As a result, several companies find themselves in non-compliance states. Such violations can culminate into gross security repercussions. Moreover, organizations are highly likely to lose control of cloud-based users who eventually consume the stored data. In most cases, organizations do not have any track record of those utilizing their data and hence, the unregulated end user actions may also pose unknown threats. Other vulnerabilities of clouds include malware infections and contractual breaches. Providers of cloud-based services offer a number of unique services that have never been experienced in conventional computing (Whitman & Mattord, 2011). For instance, on-demand self-service is a distinct concept offered by cloud providers. No human interaction is required for a consumer to interact with the system. Network storage and server time can be accessed by a consumer without necessarily requiring the services of a second or third party since the system is fully automated. Unlike traditional computing platform, cloud-based system offers a broad access to network. Client platforms that are either thick or thin can also be used alongside standard mechanisms to enhance strong network capabilities (Eastton & Taylor, 2011). Furthermore, cloud providers can manage resource pooling whereby a multi-tenant model may be used to serve multiple consumers. Better still, cloud-based systems are known to offer rapid elasticity. Nonetheless, cyber security is challenged when offering these services largely due to poor control of end users of information stored in the clouds. For example, cloud providers can hardly be in a position to control who access and share stored files. Hence, the swift and efficient cloud services also accelerate the pace at which cyber crimin
Everglades Snail Kite birds are found in some parts of Southern Florida. Distinguishing between the male snail kite and the female one is easy, by using their physical appearance. The color of their legs is the major distinction feature. The male one has Red legs and cere, with the female one having yellow to orange legs with cere. These birds have features which make their identification easy whether female or male. They have a dark, sharp hooked beak, with the upper side being white in color, and also in their under tail coverts. They have long, broad, and rounded wings which appear to extend beyond tips of tail at rest. With these characteristics one can identify them easily. This is a bird which mainly feed on fresh using their strong curved beaks. This makes it a specialist species (Sauer, Hines and Fallon 2). American robin is a bird with both of the sexes having similar characteristics especially on the appearance. The only slight difference is that the females are less brightly colored compared to the males. It is a large bird with long legs, a long tail, and a light yellowish bill. Like the other birds of their family, their thrushes are generally spotted. The birds are mostly active during the day. At night, the birds assemble in large flocks. A wide variety of this family is found in Washington and unbroken rainforest. These birds mainly feed on soft invertebrates like the earthworms in breeding seasons. Their diet changes with the change in seasons, in winter they change their diets to berries and other types of the fruits what makes it a general species. Wood storks are tall birds which stand up to 2-4 feet tall, weighing 7-10 pounds. They are the tallest marine birds with a long neck without feathers on their neck. They are quiet birds and croak like frogs and at times, they hiss like snakes. This quietness is associated with the fact that they lack muscle attachment to their voice box. The birds urinate on their legs to cool or bring their body temperature down. The urine evaporates to the air, the heat energy absorbed cools their legs off by lowering the temperatures. Wood storks are specialist birds or species. They live near water, in places such as swamps, marshes, and ponds where they feed on small fish, tadpoles, and crayfish. This bird is mainly found in North America. Double crested Cormorants are specialist large bird’s species which are two feet tall from the ground, with a wingspan of four feet. In most cases they are black in color with an orange throat. Their feet are webbed to enable them to swim in water when looking for food. The appearance of the male birds changes during the breeding season mainly by a curly black crest on their heads. Double cormorants can swim, dive, and as well fly for a long distance to look for places, where they can get food (Sauer, Hines and Fallon). In most cases they are found in groups that are seen when migrating, feeding, and roosting periods. In breeding seasons doub
Introduction While the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was implemented by President Barack Obama back in 2010, its effects and coverage continue expanding to this day, with remaining provisions expected to be phased in up until 2020. The purpose of the ACA was to provide the population of the United States with the increased security in h ealthcare services they receive through the expansion of service coverage, holding insurance companies accountable, lowering costs on health care, guaranteeing more choice of services, and enhancing the overall quality of care (“Affordable Care Act,” 2017). Therefore, the healthcare driver for the policy is a combination of several factors. Taking into consideration Kingdon’s policy window model, the problem stream related to the ACA is the insufficient access to healthcare services as well as challenges associated with insurance. Policy stream, in this case, is linked to the expansion of the act country-wide. Lastly, political stream is related to the ability of legislators to enforce the proposed changes. Effects of the Policy Based on the findings of the Commonwealth Fund, getting an insurance coverage increased the probability “of having a usual place of care by between 47.1% and 86.5%” (“Effect of the Affordable Care Act on health care access,” 2017, para. 1). Also, it was found that the ACA decreased the likelihood of patients not receiving healthcare services between 20.9% and 25%. Both National Health Interview Survey and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data show that prior to the implementation of the ACA, the population had lower rates of access to healthcare services while healthcare facilities showed the decreased profitability because the majority of their patients did not have a usual place of care. With regards to the effect of the ACA on the nursing practice, several accomplishments should be mentioned. First, the demand for nurse practitioners (NPs) skyrocketed due to the increased use of emergency rooms and regular hospital visits. To address this demand, it is forecasted that between 2010 and 2020, the active supply of registered nurses (RN) in healthcare facilities will increase from 3.5 million to 3.95 million (“How the Affordable Care Act affected nursing,” 2016). On the other hand, the nursing profession has been challenged by the increased workload and short-staffing that are dangerous issues that could only be addressed through hiring and training new personnel. Policy Issue As a direct implication of the Affordable Care Act, there is a shortage of nurses due to the increased workload in healthcare settings. An essential point with regards to this problem relates to nursing education as well as “effective workforce planning and policy making” with “better data collection and an improved information infrastructure” (Milstead, 2016, p. 5). Through the
There is no doubt that digital technology has opened new avenues for millions of people across the globe to find work. Although different platforms use many terms to describe their associated online businesses, they all have a common feature of allowing entrepreneurs to meet and do commerce. The article focuses on the rise of the gig economy in Australia, where the concept has gained momentum since its inception (Bailey, 2016). The gig economy is one of the cultural phenomena in the 21 st century, and it has made it possible for people to get jobs as independent workers (Schor, 2016). The publication states that approximately 2.5 million individuals have benefited from the gig economy; thus, it is a concept that should be analyzed from political and economic points of view. One of the issues the author raises in the article is about business regulations on digital platforms. However, if rules and laws are not put in place, this type of economy will be exploited by corporations as well as users of services. Many online platforms view people whom they employ as independent contractors. This perception denies the many benefits they would enjoy as workers in the traditional industries. In this context, it can be argued that the winners are sharing economy firms while losers are contracted, entrepreneurs. Denying causal work protections for online firms is an issue, as the employees would be vulnerable to mistreatment by their employers. The usefulness of the categorization and development of alternative forms of protection for casual workers in the gig economy are critical issues for policymakers (Baker, 2016). Sharing economy companies hold the view that the people who offer them services do that while they are not engaged in the primary jobs that give them incomes. Thus, corporations argue that their independent contractors should access the same benefits provided on permanent or long-term employment. That notwithstanding, the argument by digital technology companies raises two important matters for consideration. First, the extent to which the description of the workers is accurate is not clear. As stated by Baker (2016), there are no reliable data to be utilized to determine the portion of employees working for firms in the sharing economy who offer their services on a full-time or part-time basis. However, there is a lot of data from people working for firms such as Uber and Lyft on a full-time basis. Second, the sharing economy workers should enjoy protection even if their employment is not perceived as a traditional job. Regardless of the current number of people working for the sharing economy firms on full-time or part-time arrangements, the number will increase as the form of economy maintains its growth trends (Lieber, 2016). Thus, it would be critical for the entrepreneurs offering their services through digital technology platforms to enjoy benefits as those experienced by employees in traditional jobs. One of the most impor