ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Direct observation involves looking and recording of target behavior. Many researches rely on the use of direct observation despite the fact that issues have been raised with regard to the accuracy of the observers. It has been observed that the data that is provided is not always commensurate with the widespread use of observation methodologies. There are myriad factors that affect accuracy of data that is derived from direct observation. These factors include reactivity, observer’s drift, the procedure of recording used, location of the observation, reliability, expectancy and feedback, and the characteristics of subjects, observers, and settings. This critical writing paper will do a critical review of observation as a research method (Repp, Nieminen, Olinger, & Brusca, 1988, p.1). Reactivity When an observer records the behavior of interest, the subject becomes aware of their presence. It is assumed that the subject will behave in the same way as when the observer was not present. Naturally, reactivity is likely to occur as the subjects under investigation react to the presence of the observer by changing their behaviors. In the process the behaviors may increase, decrease, become more variable or remain not affected at all. As a matter of fact, some subjects under investigation will do their best to present their best sides. There is a likelihood that only socially accepted behaviors will be exhibited by the subjects. Nevertheless, other subjects are likely to exhibit opposite reaction. Reactivity impacts study’s internal validity because its effects cannot be separated from those of experimental variables. Reactivity also affects external validity of a study and in the process raises concerns with regard to whether the study can be applied to non-reactive situations and pretest sensitization. Researches that have been conducted have illuminated reactivity at the expense of the effects of observation on the behavior of observers. The latter is called observer reactivity. Observer reactivity is very common in circumstances where teachers and their students are involved. When teachers act as observers, they tend to give more prompts to the subjects under study. Others may increase their rate of instructing and that of giving positive feedback (Repp et al, 1988, p.31). Observer’s drift Other than reactivity another factor that affects accuracy of observers is the observer’s rift. Observer’s drift comes about as a result of the shift of the observer from the original response definition. The behavior of subjects under observation gets inconsistently recorded. Observers drift is quite common among between-group and within-group designs. This calls for considerable concern. Drift makes the data collected incomparable across conditions because precise responses cannot be quantified. Observer drift is also a pointer to the distinction that is there between observer agreement and observer accuracy. Observer agreement results from comparison of a number of observers while observer accuracy is occasioned by comparison of sc
Introduction: Yanomamo Culture. Origin and Background Several decades ago, hardly anyone knew about the culture of the Yanomamo people, the residents of one of the most remote corners of the Amazon and Brazil rainforests. Preferring a settled way of life, the people of Yanomamo engage in fishing and hunting (Sponsel, 1998). The tribe lives by patriarchal traditions, women dealing with child rearing, while men handle the process of food procurement (hunting and fishing). Like many other tribes, which are deprived of efficient healthcare, the Yanomamo people suffer from several diseases. Taking hallucinogenic drugs is a part of most of the Yanomamo rituals. Challenges of the Present-Day World for the Yanomamo Culture Even though the life of the Yanomamo people was far from being idyllic before the representatives of the European and American civilization reached them, with the visits of the people from the American and European countries seem to have made the situation even more complicated. The people visiting the tribe kept the process of intrusion to a minimum. In a retrospective, however, one must admit that the process of introducing the Yanomamo people to the perquisites of the industrialized society had its flaws. Because of the influence of the European and American cultures on the Yanomamo one, the latter seems to be losing its uniqueness. Culture Shock: A Museum of Oddities for the European Dwellers Despite the positive effects of the European and American visitors on the Yanomamo people, the communication process has been going admittedly long, with some major misconceptions that could be crucial to the termination of relationships between the Yanomamo people and the rest of the world. Perhaps, the greatest difference between the Yanomamo society and the one of Europe and the USA, explicit violence, not only towards their enemies but also towards the members of their society, must be mentioned. According to the existing evidence, Yanomami fight over resources and women. Their violence towards the rival tribes is shocking; raping and beating the women of their tribe, as well as the ones from the tribes of rivals, is commonly accepted. Solutions to the Problem: Further Expansion vs. Careful Retreat A complete cessation of communication between the Yanomamo culture and the rest of the world is hardly reasonable. According to the current state of affairs, death rates among Yanomamo people have gone through the roof, which seems to be the effect of numerous diseases, and the lack of medication. Leaving the Yanomamo people to themselves at present would mean sentencing them to death. With that in mind, it will be reasonable to restrict the communication process to delivering humanitarian aid to the representatives of the Yanomamo culture. It is obvious that the Yanomamo people have no clue of how to retain their culture and c
Client Information The client is a fifty-one-year-old female. During the session, she appeared distressed. The woman argued that she was feeling better than usual at the time of the meeting. However, she was somewhat disheveled in her statements. The patient’s speech was clear, but she did not talk about her issues in much detail. The client answered all questions and recalled the history of the presenting problem without many complications. Moreover, she spoke about her previous diagnoses and current medications in specific terms. However, the patient’s description of her feelings and actions lacked certainty and clarity. She did not respond negatively to the questions posed by the therapist and agreed with the proposed suggestions. The patient expressed feeling tired of continuous treatment and regular hospitalizations and wanted to find the diagnosis that would allow her to take care of her child and get better. During the session, the woman stated that she often thought about suicide, which should put her at risk of self-harm and possible suicide attempts. Moreover, the patient indicated that she harmed herself numerous times. While those incidents were not lethal, they show that her behavior is unstable and requires more attention. It is possible to assume that while the client is exhausted from her previous treatments, she is ready to cooperate with the therapist. Her behavior shows that she has many hard days during which she feels hopeless or angry. Nevertheless, she remains active in her search for better treatment. Presenting Problem The client’s primary concerns include her feelings of depression, anger, and hopelessness that interchange during the day. The patient stated that she felt depressed at all times. However, her mood becomes worse during the night. Her intrusive thoughts about suicide and self-worthlessness affect her sleep. Therefore, the patient suffers from insomnia as well. The patient also described being somewhat impulsive in her decisions as she was prone to self-mutilation. In fact, she inflicted harm on herself before, stating that she stabbed herself in the shin. During the session, the client noted that pain made her feel better in that specific moment. Thus, the danger of suicidal tendencies grows as the woman finds comfort in the process of self-harming. Her behavior changes throughout the day and she often experiences inappropriate anger episodes and intrusive thoughts. These issues influence the patient’s daily activities. According to the description of the client’s problems, one can suggest the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Gunderson, Weinberg, and Choi-Kain (2013) state that BPD can be characterized by unstable attitude, recurrent suicidal thoughts, self-mutilating behavior, and chronic feelings of emptiness and paranoia. The description of the patient’s concerns aligns with this particular diagnosis. Moreover, the lack of control over th
This section will address the concepts of sex, gender, gender roles, heterosexuality and glass ceiling effect as applied to our movie. The plot of the film “Provoked: A True Story” provides a number of examples of gender and sexuality. The case of Kiranjit Ahluwalia who murdered her husband setting fire to his feet while he was sleeping is used to illustrate the widely spread social problem of domestic violence and redefine the concept of provocation of battered women. Although the action is set after the murder has already been committed and the husband and the wife are not depicted as sexual beings, the horrifying details of their family life and habits are disclosed during the investigation. As I understand from the class reading and discussion, the concept of sex is defined as an inborn genetic program with a set of sexual hormones and physiological characteristics complimented by the social influences and stereotypes as to the traditional gender roles and behavioral characteristics. The relationships between the two sexes are depicted in the context of the investigation and the struggle of the social organization Southhall Black Sisters for the release of Kiranjit. I used the mechanism of visual coding for identifying the differences between the sexes. Most women are depicted as thin and helpless creatures in a protecting position during the largest part of the film with fear and tears in their eyes. It is possible to say that they are women not only by their appearance but also by their oppressed position and corresponding behavior. It is evident that sexuality of the main character became the precondition for some of their family conflicts, such as her husband abusing her because of his jealousy. One can tell that Kiranjit is a woman by her petite female figure, long hair and facial characteristics as well as by her reproductive capabilities because she has two children and was shown as pregnant in some episodes from her memories. Her injuries and tears became visual signs of her weakness and helplessness. The men in the film are depicted as much stronger and more aggressive members of the society with their body muscles, evident physical strength and the facial hair. As opposed to women who try to protect themselves, men are depicted a
Introduction Reading is often a passive process; reading the text provides all they require and does not anticipate contributing much to the reading experience. On the other hand, active reading actively participates in the reading process by reflecting on what they read, asking questions, questioning ideas, and making judgments. Active reading is an excellent way to prepare for the discussions and writing that will take place in college literary classrooms. Active reading will also be helpful to a person long after their official classroom study of literature has ended since it helps to comprehend and appreciate the works you read. This work was written to review books and answer essential questions related to their plot. The Conflict The conflict in a tale, the fight between opposing forces that arise as the action unfolds, heightens readers’ attention and participation. This conflict is a battle between the protagonist, the primary character in the tale, and the antagonist, who is someone or something who opposes the protagonist. The antagonist is not always a villain; most frequently, it is a figure that represents a different point of view or supports a different course of action than the protagonist. The antagonist is often not a person but a scenario or event confronting the protagonist. In specific stories, the protagonist may be pitted against a supernatural power, or the fight may take place entirely within the character’s imagination. It might be a moral dilemma, such as deciding whether to remain at home and care for aged parents or escape and start a new life. Stages of Plot The storyline of the work examines one or more conflicts, progressing from exposition through complexities to climax and, eventually, resolution. According to Kirszner and Mandell, “the plot is shaped by causal connections—historical, social, and personal— by the interaction between characters, and by the juxtaposition of events” (124). During the exposition of a tale, the author provides the necessary information to comprehend the events that follow. The exposition usually kicks off the tale by setting the scene, introducing the key characters, and maybe hinting at the significant events or conflicts. The story’s conflict emerges via complexities as the storyline advances, finally leading readers to the story’s conclusion. The tale may feature numerous crises as it progresses. A crisis is a high point in a story’s action, a significant point of stress or significance. The culmination is when a story’s decisive action or event occurs and is the point of highest tension or importance. Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was the child of a wealthy Irish-born businessman and his royal Creole bride, Katherine O’Flaherty. She married Oscar Chopin, a
The Verdun war was one of the longest during the First World War. Verdun was one of the strongest holds of France and it contained well prepared trenches with quite a number of fortresses. The details of the war are contained in a letter written by Falkenhayn, who was the field commander in Germany. The attack on France by the Germans begun on 21 st February 1916, the letter was written to Kaiser. He believed that in order to win the battle he had to attack the western front. Falkenhayn knew that the attack on Verdun would not automatically lead to a breakthrough into France territory, but at least it would drain the French men. This is because this battle would drain the French army of its resources even the spare resources. This would ensure that subsequent attacks would be successful. Ant success by the Germans would have had some form of psychological victory. This is because the Verdun forts were respected throughout France. Falkenhayn reasoned that if Germany defeated France, then Britain would seek an alliance with Germany or risk being defeated. Britain formed an allied effort against Germany and therefore Falkenhayn believed that she must be eliminated from the war. He therefore recommended a policy that would enable warfare submarines to have unrestricted merchant shipping. The implementation of this policy would ensure that Britain starved. This in turn would block France out. To him this move would end the hostilities that were there. Kaiser implemented the policies as he had been advised by Falkenhayn. He agreed on the policy of unrestricted submarines warfare’s even though he knew he risked bringing the United States into the war. This was a very dangerous move. Kaiser also authorized the implementation of a siege against Verdun. He also shifted his focus from the eastern front to the Western front, which is towards Britain. (Jeremy, 2002) This particular move had its disadvantage because Germany was unable to capture the Russian army and this compromised the position of the Germans. The choice of Verdun as the center of interest by the Germans was not very effective because the French men lost faith in the fortresses and the need to defend them. But still Verdun remained a psychological pride for the French men. This is because of its status as a fortress even during the period of the Romans and also the recognition of Verdun’ by most French men. Falkenhayn depended on the fact that Verdun was important to the Frenchmen symbolically rather than strategically. So practically the woods behind Verdun were easier to defend than the fortresses. During the Franco-Prussian war the last fortress town fell on the hands of the Prussians. Falkenhayn plan was to bomb Verdun thus diverting the attention of the French troop who were stationed at the western front
Introduction “Women get sick; men die” is a statement has been used to try to explain the existing inequality and differences in health between men and women (Marmot, 2006). This paper, seeks to find out the truth in this statement. The paper explores the relationship that exists between gender and health with focus being on gender and health inequalities. It seeks to answer the question of how health experiences in the varying genders can be used in planning and implementing working health policies and in putting up effective health intervention measures. Gender and Health Over the years, researchers have focused their interests on issues related to the gender inequalities that exist in terms of health. The research studies are aimed at finding an explanation for the differences that exist in female and male rates of mortality and morbidity and the various factors likely to influence health in both men and women (Connell, 2009). Women have been reported to show worse health conditions from their teenage years through to their middle ages while men have been found to have a higher likelihood of death at each and very age in their life. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in relation to the existing differences, women have been indicated as having higher morbidity rates and as those that record higher levels of medical drug use than the men. Though research indicates higher morbidity rates for the women, mortality rates are lower. These results make true the statement “Women get sick; men die”. Though conducted research studies have evidently indicated sex differences to influence the use of health care during ill health, gaps still remain in terms of sex and various medical complications (Stoverinck, 2010). This existing difference in health has been explained through various ways, these include: Biological Factors Sex variations in morbidity as influence by biological factors have been identified as resulting from a number of biological aspects that include pregnancy and birth as well as complications in the reproductive organs. It is a common belief that with women being the weaker sex, they are more likely to complain of illnesses or experienced symptoms of ill health more than the men. This means that they are more likely to seek medical care before the diseases takes toll on them a situation that is different from that of men. Men will wait up until the disease has completely worn them out for them to seek medical care. This means that by the time to seek medical intervention the illness has fully developed thus making them more prone to death than the women (Stoverinck, 2010). This factor has been seen as being a great contributor to the existing high level of gender inequity ion general. Existence of gender in accordance to some ideas is where there a distinction in the reproductive systems and also in some social processes. If one was to explore the concepts behind the gender matters in cases of pregnant women and their situation in maternity hospitals brings out the importance of the approach to spheres of human
Introduction Confucianism ideals are popular among the Japanese. Confucianism appoints various philosophical movements that had different views in Japanese culture. For instance, Jukyo explained that Confucianism was a scholars teaching and Jugaku described it as learning of scholars. Japanese traced Confucian philosophy from ancient history. This was illustrated during the Tokugawa period which characterized politics of Samurai, to the Meiji era. The Meiji era was viewed as a restoration of the colonial rule. However, the most remarkable development of Confucian philosophy was linked to Tokugawa period. This paper discusses the Confucianism on a Japanese view point. The writer illustrates that the Japanese views asserted that Confucianism was a social system which influenced morality in the society. It was also a practice which enhanced fidelity and devotion, the pillars of ethics. Further, Confucianism was viewed as a practice enhancing wisdom and encouraging effective political leadership. Discussion Japanese Confucianism was significant in influencing the society. They placed a stronger emphasis on members of the society to embrace moral life for a better living. Hence, respect and love were imperative elements that thrived in a family setting than in the society. On the contrary, human and equality was viewed as vital for a fair society. Confucianism underlined the model and widespread truth expressed by past sages. They also supported self-improvement. These elements were set in the Confucianism doctrine of Zhong, heart and middle, which suggested faithfulness and Shu, which suggested treasuring the heart, as it belongs to oneself Social harmony Japanese Confucianism was viewed as a social system embedded on morality than rules. It was viewed that if a person was led and respected the laws to escape punishment, the person had no intelligence. But, if a person was directed by moral guidance and respected the code of conduct, that person had wisdom and was guaranteed of an upright life. The Japanese culture placed a strong emphasis on group and social harmony. These views were showed in the Japanese ideas of Wa, the idea of being a group and perpetuating harmony. The thoughts of shared responsibility and decision making by consent was fixed to soc