ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
By any standards, the functioning of the human body still remains a puzzling and complex experience. After several thousand years of intricate study, civilizations are yet to unearth all their mysteries. However, as a direct result of joint efforts by scientists, researchers and other theorists, a great deal of knowledge about how our body systems operate has been brought into the light. For example, we now have a more profound understanding of how the association between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) assist in the preservation of musculoskeletal integrity (Tortora & Derrickson, 2006). This section aims at discussing the functions and interactions of the structures of the nervous, skeletal and muscular systems involved in the movement of climbing a stairway to answer a phone call. It is imperative to start the discussion at the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the conduit used by the body to relay sensory and motor signals between the CNS on the one hand and the body organs, body surface and musculoskeletal sections on the other hand (Tortora & Derrickson, 2006). The PNS also provides the body with a link to the external environment, not only in terms of reception of external stimuli such as a ringing telephone but also in responding to the stimuli. To climb upstairs to pick the phone, the sensory (afferent) division of PNS must relay signals to the CNS via sensory neurons, and use the spinal cord as the major conduit between the body and the CNS. The brain will then process the information and relay it back via the motor (efferent) division of the PNS to the affected effector organs. In the afferent division, the dendrites function to receive signals from other neurons and pass over the same information to the cell body, while axons fibers functions to conduct the signals from the cell body to other nerve fibers through the discharge of neurotransmitters known as acetylcholine (Tortora & Derrickson, 2006). The semicircular canals and the otolith organs, classified as vestibular apparatuses in the afferent division, will definitely assist the person in terms of deciphering the position of the phone, not mentioning the fact that these structures will assist him to sustain positional equilibrium and balance while climbing up the stairs. The eyes will provide important information about the position of the phone relative to environment (Tortora & Derrickson, 2006). The proprioceptive fibers functions to supervise the stretch or contraction of the muscles involved in climbing up the stairs to pick up the phone. For example, they will monitor the tension within the anterior trunk muscles or rectus femoris and relay the signals to the CNS for processing. The signals transmitted by the motor neurons of the efferent division stimulate various mu
Introduction The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) has been a subject of critical scrutiny over its accuracy and reliability as the Bible version. The Watch Tower and Tract Society (WT) – a premier group of Jehovah Witnesses – released a full version of this translation in 1961 for global distribution 1 . The group claims the NWT was translated literally from three original texts: Classical Hebrew, Aramaic, and ancient Greek 2 . The foremost subject examined by reviewers is how the NWT handles the deity of Christ. The doctrine of anti-trinitarianism is evident in the NWT translation of original Greek texts 3 . As a result, translators’ theological bias is seen in translation errors and inconsistencies with the NWT’s stated philosophy and motives. A critical examination of its reference to Christ’s divinity, faithfulness to original texts, and adherence to the principles of Greek exegesis would affirm the body of critique that questions the NWT’s validity as a devotional resource. This translation, for instance, diverges from theological beliefs of Protestantism and Catholicism in its treatment of “pneumatology, ecclesiology, and thanatology”, which tend to suit the WT’s agenda 4 . This paper evaluates the NWT’s reliability by examining its historical background, Greek textual sources, translation committee and controversies, and problematic passages and how they diverge from evangelical theology. History Behind Translation Prolific writing characterized the Society’s early history; after the release of its Watchtower publication in 1879, over 10 billion materials were published in the subsequent years to support its missionary work 5 . Before the first NWT translation was published in 1950, the WT membership used a variant of the King James Version (KJV) called the Berean Bible released in 1907 6 . In 1944, the society launched its American Standard Version (ASV) due to its usage of Jehovah to refer to the OT Tetragrammaton 7 . The NWT would later augment this translation. The primary rationale for releasing the NWT translation was that Bible versions in common usage at the time, including KJV, used archaic linguistic variants 8 . WT linguists sought to release an updated version, devoid of archaisms. Moreover, extant Hebrew and Greek texts on which the KJV was based were accessible to them. As such, they could access manuscript evidence to
Nikola Tesla is a famous Serbian-American physicist, engineer, and inventor of the 19th and 20th centuries. Tesla is well-known for the invention of alternating current motor and investigation of wireless power transmission. He was among scientists who created the fundament for many modern technologies. Tesla can be considered one of the greatest inventors of his time whose studies and discoveries influenced the development of various spheres, including not only the world of science but also the everyday life of people. This paper will discuss the most notable achievements of Nikola Tesla and his vision of the future and provide criticism of his work. Many researchers recognize the invaluable contribution that Tesla made to science. Lomas, for instance, calls him “the man who invented the twentieth century” and “genius of electricity” (qtd. in Hadzigeorgiou et al. 1122). There is evidence that his contemporaries also recognized his talent. For instance, in the International Electrical Congress, Tesla was introduced as “the Wizard of Physics” (Klein 321). In this Congress, when Tesla demonstrated some of his inventions and discoveries, including the rotating magnetic field and the “continuous-wave radio transmitter,” “the audience showered him with applause” (Klein 321). These and other inventions of Tesla will be discussed further, representing the importance of his contribution to the world of science. Alternating Current The most significant achievements of the genius of electricity are connected with alternating current (AC). Tesla became the first who believed in the possibility of using AC. The scientist designed an AC system of electric power transmission. He invented the elements for this system in 1887 in his laboratory (Roguin, p. 371). To prove the safety of alternating current, Tesla also showed the experiment where he “lighted lamps without wires by allowing electricity to flow through his body” (Roguin, p. 371). In the heart of an AC system was the polyphase induction motor. Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field that became a key element for his induction motor. Tesla’s polyphase system is used nowadays, allowing generating and transmitting electricity (Vujic et al, p. 2). As Vujic et al. note, the updated versions of Tesla’s motors made it possible to convert electricity into mechanical power (p. 2). Thus, one may agree that Tesla’s induction motor became one of his most significant inventions. It is interesting to discuss that Tesla’s AC system led to the event in the history of the scientific and commercial world called the war of the currents. Another famous scientist of that time, Thomas Edison negatively reacted to Tesla’s ideas. Edison’s company was promoting dire
Communities of practice involve informal groups of workers who share common work-related activities. Communities of practice and practice-based perspectives or networks closely relate to each other in knowledge management (KM). This is because knowledge workers have embedded and inseparable cultures in the activities they carry out. Communities of practice are informal arrangements among workers that emerge from social interactions and works that people do (Brelade and Harman, 2003). Communities of practice use literature from practice-based networks on KM. In this regard, scholars see knowledge base of organisations as ‘community-of-communities’. In other words, organisation’s knowledge base is diverse and exists in individual workers or specific communities. Organisations knowledge base is interdependent and overlapping. However, there is a common knowledge that is local and special in nature with no relevance use beyond the context of its application within an organisation. Workers and structures of organisations vary considerably. Therefore, knowledge distribution in an organisation shows the social division of labour. Consequently, work patterns and activities in an organisation have impacts on the character of the organisational knowledge base (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2003). Communities of practice have some disadvantages. Communities of practice create many ways in which an organisation may exploit its knowledge base. As much as communities of practice may promote knowledge sharing, they also have capabilities of limiting knowledge sharing. The social networks that exist among workers in communities of practice may be under the influence of power and conflict within the community. At the same time, communities may decide to keep their individual knowledge. This will affect learning, innovation and intercommunity interactions. Practice-based networks Practice-based networks look at knowledge as embedded within and inseparable communities of practice. The fundamental concern of practice-based networks is knowledge sharing and knowledge management processes within an organisation. Practice-based networks emphasise that an organisation can gather knowledge into a central place in order to understand its workers. However, this is difficult since there are some forms of knowledge that organisations cannot store. In other words, knowledge base of an organisation exists in individuals, and any attempt to collect it may yield limited results. Another perspective of practice-based networks looked at knowledge as culturally and socially embedded in knowledge workers. Therefore, any attempt to understand knowledge gaining, sharing and utilisation must consider both social and cultural aspects of knowledge. Hislop notes that knowledge is not completely unbiased and neutral and may be inseparable
Key Points   * Responding To Dynamic Business Challenges – Strategically & Operationally The company has been facing a great competition from its rivals in production of PCs especially due to the changes in the IT sector with most of the major companies branching into mobile technology and production of other IT-related gadgets. The company has hence decided to have a spin-off from its normal task of PC production to a different sector of the business.   * Achieving Strategic, Sustainable Competitive Advantage In The Global Marketplace The company has come up with strategies to improve its competitive advantage against its competitors as well as ensuring that it deals with up-to-date technology and market demand   * Creativity, Innovation & Dynamic Change The company is applying creativity and innovation into new and newly-publicized products that it is spinning-off into. These major improvements have then been characterized by a dynamic change from just PC producers to mobile technology. Analysis Hewlett-Packard Co. (HP) is a technology-oriented company engaging in production, distribution and sale of personal computers and other IT products. Over the past few years, the company has been faced by a serious competition from rivals, most of who have gone ahead and branched into mobile technology and production of other IT gadgets. The company has also faced a major challenge since it has undergone major restructurings in its management with poor communication to the public concerning such changes, factors that have left the company at a situation where it has to put effort to maintain its market share no matter the challenges. The company has undertaken different activities in efforts to be more successful. First, there has been a reorganization of its management, with the company seeking some of the best and most experienced people in IT companies to join the company and render their services there. Also, this leadership has come up with strategies aimed at making the company more productive and competitive. There has therefore been a decision laid down for the company to spin-off from the PCs business it has been engaging in all along to the latest businesses in market including mobile technology. Conclusions The HP is a company that has established new strategies for its operations so as to ensure it maintains its market share and even attracts more people even as it is venturing into new business lines. The company has portrayed positive results in its productivity and sales even though there have been fears that customers have a misconception that the company may be about to crumble down due to the major changes in its organization. The company is also being faced with the challenge of how to implement the proposed changes of a spin-off since it is not clear whether the new business line will be integrated into the computer productions and sales business or
Introduction Deliberate self-harm is one of the fields in research that have received little attention from scholars and academicians in general. This is despite the fact that this behavior is becoming more evident among youths and especially college going students. There are several factors that have been identified by the few studies that have been conducted in this field as being the major causes of this kind of behavior. It is against this backdrop that three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston carried out a self-report study that sought to identify and analyze the risk factors behind deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America. This is a review of the article that the three scholars (Gratz, Conrad & Roemer, 2002) wrote to report on the findings of their study. This review will specifically address three aspects of the article and the study that is reported therein. The first will be the construct of the investigation, where the operationalization of the construct will be addressed. The second will be the methods used in the study, with specific analysis of the research design, the independent and dependent variables. The last will be the results of the study, where an outline of the statistical methods that the three scholars used will be analyzed. Construct of the Investigation In a study, a construct can be viewed as the concept that the study revolves around, or the concept that is addressed by the study. The researcher conceptualizes the construct by refining it and rendering it a conceptual and theoretical definition (Atkinson, 2008). After conceptualization, the researcher then goes ahead and conducts operationalization of the construct. Here, the investigator makes the conceptual definition of the construct more specific by creating a link between it and an indicator (Atkinson, 2008). In Gratz, Conrad & Roemer (2002), the construct of their study is “deliberate self-harm” among college students. This is the concept that is addressed by this study. They conceptualize this construct as the “deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue” (Gratz et al, 2002: p128) where the individual harbors no conscious intent to commit suicide. This action on the part of the individual leads to injuries that may be so severe as to cause tissue damage. Gratz et al (2002) operationalize their construct by linking it to several indicators that they refer to as the risk factors to deliberate self-harm. The investigators operationalize deliberate self-harm by making the assertion that it is the kind of outcome that is likely to be brought about by four risk factors in the life of the individual. These are childhood separation and loss, physical and sexual abuse in child
Industrial Revolution and Juvenile Delinquency Before the industrial revolution, juvenile offenders were treated in the same fashion as adult criminals. Children who had committed offenses would be locked up with adults and would be expected to carry out punishments akin to those of their grown-up equivalents. Children who were guilty of certain offenses were even exposed to capital punishment. According to Geisser (2015), some young people who were considered rowdy or belligerent were deported to orphanages, training schools, and workhouses along with any abandoned children. The systems, which had been put in place to control delinquent juveniles, were at times harsh and exploitative. The delinquents would be compelled to labor for a long period under dreadful circumstances where they were deprived of payment. Rather than rehabilitating the children, the programs functioned to exploit them. At the onset of the industrial revolution, public awareness concerning the fair and ethical treatment of children in workplaces emerged. Large numbers of people became apprehensive about extreme child labor where children would be constrained to work for long hours in factories without suitable compensation. Gradually, various interest groups managed to lobby for the introduction of child labor laws and other programs that were aimed at reversing the prevailing tendencies of child exploitation (Geisser, 2015). Later, the laws paved way for reforms in the way children were handled in the juvenile justice systems. Some of the key personalities who participated in pushing for separate juvenile justice systems include Jane Adams and Julia Lathrop. The National Council of Mothers likewise played a vital role in favor of minors (Geisser, 2015). While many people were supportive of these initiatives to separate juvenile justice systems from the adult systems, others saw it as a reaction to the amplified delinquency instigated by the Industrial Revolution. Children whose parents were working in the factories were often left unattended and hence vulnerable to delinquency. Other children as young as three years were tasked with domestic labors or family businesses. Besides, other children, especially those above seven years, were sent away to become apprentices in the homes and farms of unrelated masters since their parents were busy working. According to Musick (1995), the masters maltreated a good number of such children. Some of them were even sexually desecrated. Apprenticeship involved precarious labor on massive tracts of land. Some parents sent their children to schools where they could acquire formal education. The industrial revolution saw a population influx to urban areas, especially large cities. In these environments, children were frequently left unsupervised. However, the same industrial revolution also necessitated the demand for skilled and unskilled labor.
Executive summary Forensic accounting is an accounting that offers high levels of assurance and suitability for legal review. It further describes engagements from litigations, anticipated disputes and actual disputes. Forensic accounting is believed to be originated from ancient Egypt while others argue that it was officially coined in Canada. There are several historical cases associated with forensic accounting and the first is believed to be conviction of Al Cappone for evading taxes. Though not popular with most people, forensic accounting is mostly used by banks, insurance companies, and governmental entities among others. There are also six simple basic steps that assist in basic investigation of financials, they include, stating potential causes of problems and establishment of data among others. Finally, considering evolution of forensic accounting and rising concern to control fraud, forensic accountants are expected to be highly demanded. Basically, this paper highlights the importance of choosing a good accounting practice and ensuring quality control in the organization. Accounting control must be effective for a company to realize profits and enhance operations because funds management is the most important aspect in accounting or financial accounting management. This is because finances are the most important resource that can enable an organization achieves their organizational goals and objectives. Introduction Management is the most important aspect in operation of businesses irrespective of their sizes or nature of businesses they engage in. There are several functions of management. Though all companies and organizations consider management as the most important aspect of operations, companies opt to adopt strategic management systems. This may enhance operations of businesses and increase their profit levels in the long run. Though all functions of management are important, their importance in operations varies. However, they must be effectively coordinated towards achievements of goals of the respective organization or company. Companies should develop both short term and long term strategies to ensure that they achieve both long term and short term goals. There are several important aspects of business. They include, marketing, management, accounting among others. These aspects have to be effectively coordinated to enhance performance of the respective organization, for instance, accounting involves financial accounts keeping. This process assists in systematic storage of financial quantitative information. Furthermore, accounting ensures effective appropriation and use of organizational funds. There are different types of accounting; they include management accounting, product control, social accounting, non assura
The origins of yoga are now traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization that existed during the period between 3300 and 1300 before the Common Era (Clark 3). This argument is based on archeological findings, namely the depictions of postures that resemble some of positions that are now used in yoga (Clark 3). However, the first textual mentioning of this word appears only in the Vedic period. This evidence can show that yoga was a combination of mental, spiritual, and spiritual practices that could help a person improve his/her health and achieve liberation from many worldly desires. The classical works about this method were written during the rule of the Maurya Empire (Wasserman 7). The classical period can be distinguished because the main principles of this teaching were established during this time. For instance, one can speak about the idea of five abstentions or pratyahara which can be translated as the withdrawal of a person’s senses (Wasserman 7). At that stage, the practitioners of yoga did not separate spiritual an