ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Full-day kindergarten program has raised heating debates worldwide. The educational stakeholders seek to determine the effect of this program to the parents, teachers, and the pupils undertaking it (Bingham & Hall, 2013). Whereas the focus is very broad, the pupils’ experiences are the most crucial aspects of this academic focus. In line with this understanding, this paper will discuss the pros and cons of a full-day kindergarten program. Particularly, the paper will discuss the cognitive, physical, and social impacts of the program. Advantages Cognitive Evidently, pupils that participate in a full-day kindergarten enjoy more teacher-pupils contact than other programs such as the half-day setup. As a result of this contact, the pupils receive more individualized attention from the teachers. Individualized attention is a scenario that allows teachers to focus on a pupil at the personal level. As such, he or she can identify the weaknesses as well as the strengths of the pupils. Indeed, this may not happen in case the teachers handle the pupils collectively. In fact, the collective approach leads to a situation in which the bright pupils participate excessively such that the weak ones are not evaluated effectively (Brownell et al., 2014). When the teachers identify the pupils’ weakness in details, they can help them easily according to their weaknesses and strengths. Consequently, the pupils get an opportunity to conceptualize the skills taught in school and score highly during exams. In addition to increased contact between pupils and teachers, the program provides more time for pupils to engage in experiential learning. Indeed, pupils learn better in an environment where they receive realistic assignments. As such, teacher needs to give practical lessons in order to enable the students to conceptualize some of the theoretical aspects taught in class (Brownell et al., 2014). For example, if the teacher seeks to train the pupils about the letter in English, it can be more effective if he or she gives an exercise for the students to draw the alphabets. This task will play a better role to ensure understanding and faster conceptualizations. However, the practical studies take more time than mere theoretical instructions. In this regard, the full-day kindergarten program provides time for the students to practice the skills taught theoretically. Social The full-day kindergarten programs play a crucial role when it comes to the development of social skills. Indeed, it enables pupils to socialize with each other for a longer period than other setups such as the half-day. Importantly, the full-day kindergarten provides enough time for group work during class time. As a result, the pupils can work together in order to accomplish some class tasks (Cooper et al., 2010). The collaborations facilitate the development of social skills among pupils at young age. Ultimately, the pupils can relate with each other easily as they progress to other levels of schooling. The full-day kindergarten program is a facilitator of favorable social conduct among pupils. In most cases, teachers are mandated to instill positive co
Introduction The foundation of God’s election is an anonymity that is known to God only. We as human beings may not realize that God is capable of choosing some people while at the same time passing others. Everything that God has chosen to do is wonderful and righteous. God does not make errors. Some people argue that this portrays the picture of God as impulsive and unjust. This opinion, however, ignores the fact that if all humanity obtained what is fair from God, then they would all be rejected to everlasting death in anguish. God is not under any responsibility to rescue anyone. His election is essential due to the total wickedness of the nature of humans. None of us has the aspiration to choose what is right and condemn evil. We all stand remorseful before God waiting to have His wrath 5 . This paper will discuss a theological topic that is related to theological issues of the contemporary society. The topic deals with the ministry and Christian development in the concept of the church. The topic also entails chronological documents of the church, involving many of the archetypal creeds and church confessions. It also includes modern faith articles and situation statements. The theological topic to be discussed in this paper is the second coming of Christ. This will involve an evaluation of the second coming of Jesus Christ, which is quite opposite to several notions of the rapture 6 . It will discuss how this topic can answer questions or issues of the contemporary society. These include post modernism, Neo- paganism and shamanistic culture. Discussion Post modernism Post modernism refers to that which succeeds or develops from futuristic thoughts. In a post modernism society, the world is understood as complicated and uncertain. Truth is no longer permanent or determined. All reality within a postmodern concept is relative to one’s opinion or stance. The world is an image. This means that it is a fantasy generated from a particular point of view and not a final reality. Postmodernism is still in its early years. It is an attempt to reason behind the restrains of
Nowadays, many people all over the world are interested in learning more about the American Southwest due to its unique history. With an increase in the pace of life, it becomes more and more difficult to find enough time to visit a variety of locations. This brochure devoted to Disneyland will remove your doubts concerning the place to visit to get the full picture of the American Southwest. Disneyland Park in California is among the largest and the most famous theme parks in the world that has offered its visitors unique experiences for more than sixty years. Apart from the project’s unique architectural decisions and a selection of entertainment options for children and adults, the advantages of your trip to Anaheim will include an opportunity to visit a place where different cultures used to meet. Interestingly, many modern researchers list Disneyland in Anaheim among the “magic lands” that are the embodiment of the new epoch of urban experiences in the Southwest. 1 Being known as “the El-Dorado of the American Dream,” California still presents the place of opportunities, including the chance to feel the Southwestern culture and enjoy new adventures. 2 The cultural role of Disneyland is widely recognized – instead of being regarded as an amusement park, it can be compared to a cultural monument that unites different generations and destroys time barriers. The American West is typically associated with new cultural trends. 3 The same is true for the traditions in literature and cinematography. 4 As for California and Anaheim, due to Disneyland, they are reflective of both the twentieth-century culture of construction and the unique spirit of pioneers and their life – for instance, Frontierland is the place where the past and the present meet. 5 Frontierland in Disneyland is among the brightest examples showing the park’s historical orientation, and visiting it can help you combine the useful with the pleasant and learn history while having fun. Bibliography Anderson, Garry, and Kathleen P. Chamberlain. Power and Promise: The Changing American West . New York, NY: Pearson, 2007. Etulain, Richard W. “Magic Lands – Western Cityscapes and America Culture after 1940 – Findlay, JM.” Journal of American History 80, no. 4 (March 1994): 1521. Lewis, George H. “Dirt Roads and White Lines: Identity and Place in the Country Sound of the Other California.” Journal of Popular Culture 38, no. 5 (August 2005): 855-887. Thompson, Craig. “Feelings of Ambivalence: Pulp Westerns and Popular Culture.” Journal of the Southwest 55, no. 2 (Summer 2013): 175-192. Footnotes  1. Richard W. Etulain, “Magic Lands – Western Cityscapes and America Culture after 19
Health needs related to risk for depression in adults Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that aids in transmitting signals in the brain. Its primary source and area of function are in the brain. However, 90% of the serotonin produced is found in the blood platelets and the digestive tract. Serotonin influences various functions in the body, especially the brain cells linked to appetite, mood swings, sleep, sexual functioning, temperature regulation, learning and memory, and social behavior. It also influences the functioning of the muscles, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, and breast milk production. The burden of handling this vulnerable group lies with the primary care providers (Shellman, Granara & Rosengarten, 2011). They face the complication of identifying the depression symptoms because other medications or medical conditions can lead to depression. These include hypersomnia or insomnia, loss of appetite and weight, energy loss, psychomotor retardation, and concentration difficulties. Determinants and contributing factors Many studies indicate that an imbalance in the level of serotonin may affect one’s moods causing depression, especially in old age. This may be due to reduced production of serotonin by the brain cells, absence of receptor sites that serotonin can work on, the inability of serotonin to be transported to the receptor sites, or a reduced level of tryptophan. These factors cause depression in old age together with other symptoms such as anxiety, panic, or anger (Hussain, 2010). The development of depression dominates in the regeneration of new brain cells. The production of serotonin mediates the process of cell regeneration and proceeds in the entire lifetime of an individual. Depression results from the inhibition of newly formed brain cells, with the most determining precipitator of depression being stress. It is, however, not clear if the reduction in levels of serotonin leads to depression, or depression results in a drop in the levels of serotonin (Hussain, 2010). Common medications of antidepressants have been designed to increase the levels of serotonin, aid in the production or regeneration of new brain cells, and reduce the levels and incidences of depression. There is a common belief that deficiency or low levels of serotonin cause depression, but it is still not possible to estimate the levels of serotonin in the brain (Shellman, Granara & Rosengarten, 2011). Use of PHQ9 as a screening tool for depression The challenge of depression in the elderly is the recognition of signs and symptoms or the frequent underreporting of the symptoms of depression in adults over the age of 65. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) is
Introduction Social equity is one of the critical issues in the contemporary public administration practices. The level of development in every country is determined by the level of equity in all aspects in the society. The higher the economic gap among the people the lower is the country in terms of development. On the other hand, the smaller the gap among the people the higher is the level of development. Therefore, the issue of equity has a significant implication in public administration. In order to realize equity, the public administrators play a significant role in ensuring that all this has been realized. This is more so in the current situation where the gap between the poor and the rich is increasing with time. Most of the resources are ending up on the hands of few rich while the majority remains extremely poor. In the contemporary world, the public administrators have a significant contribution in promoting a fairer, equitable, and more just system. This is despite of the many issues they have to settle. However, the issue of social equity still remains a problem. According to Pickett (2011), people are becoming less equal in terms of economic, social, and political aspects of life. There are large differences in the society. There is therefore need to have a clear analysis in order to understand and be able to come up with appropriate recommendations. Application of the Social Equity In the present-day world, social equity is viewed as one of the primary purposes of the public administration. This entails the efficiency in organisation as well as the management of public services. It involves equitable distribution in management of public services. In order to promote equity in the country, it is always necessary to practice fairness in its management and while delivering its services (Inter-American Development Bank 2000). It is always important to observe closely any potential inequities of the social equity (Inter-American Development Bank, 2000). In order to be able to make correct inferences, it is always necessary to look beyond the differences in individual inclination. Equity is characterized by the condition where the administrators are not indifferent to the stated conditions. In order to be able to realize equity in every economy, economic and social inequalities need to be rearranged in such a way that they provide the greatest advantage to the least advantaged in the society (Svara and Johnson, 2011). In order to achieve this, it is always advisable to prepare policy proposals in an effort to suppress both social and economic difficulties in the society. The social administrators are also expected to deal with the issue of discrimination in an effort to further reduce these gaps. Kinds of Inequalities One of the m
Assessment of Future Exchange rate Movement How to measure the percentage changes in currency’s value A change in the value of a given currency is basically the movement in its value relative to the value of another currency’s value usually the US dollar unless as may be stated otherwise. Ordinarily, a change is the movement from the initial value of a currency to the current value, and that this difference measures and represents the change factor. However, to express this as a percentage, the change in value over a given period is divided by the initial rate. This ratio is the final rate of change in value of the currency usually expressed as a percentage. A positive change resulting from the underlying measurement represents an appreciation in the value of a currency while a negative change shows depreciation in its value. The following expression represents a mathematical measurement of percentage changes in value of currency over given time, t. Percentage change in foreign currency value =(S-S t-1 )/ S t-1 where; S is the most current spot rate period and S t-1 is the spot rate at an earlier period . Using the preceding mathematical approach, we can clearly arrive at the percentage change of the Thai bath’s value given that S t-1 =$0.022 and S = $0.026. Hence %change = (0.026-0.022)/0.022 =0.004/0.022*100% =18.18%. This outcome means that the value of baht appreciated by 18.18% between the period under review. What are the basic factors that determine the value of a currency? In equilibrium, what is the relationship between these factors? The following are some of the factors that affect the movements in equilibrium exchange rate of currencies in foreign exchange market. Government Controls Foreign governments play a significant role in influencing the equilibrium exchange rates in a number of ways. One of the ways through which they accomplish this function is by imposing foreign barriers, intervening (buying and selling of currencies) in the FX market, and influencing their macro-variables such as interest rates, inflation, and income levels. Interest rates may be influenced by central banks in order to stabilize the value of local currency relative to other foreign currencies. For instance, to improve the value of a country’s currency, the central bank may raise the interest rates thus attracting more deposits from investors. This case prompts an increase in demand for the currency. The result is usually a shift in demand from foreign to local currency, thus an upward pressure on local currency. On the other hand, an increase in a country’s level of income results in an increase in demand for imports. Importation that rises leads to an increase in demand for foreign currency more than local currency hence depreciation in value. Expectations in the Market Like other financial markets, FX markets react to new information in the market which may have a future bearing on the market s
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze and evaluate various publications that cover different topics in system thinking. The topics include the challenges in studying complex systems, qualitative mapping, quantitative models, addressing system failures, and the importance of defining the success of IT projects. The analysis shall be based on the perspectives of various scholars concerning these topics. Complex Systems: The Challenges Scientists and social researchers face significant challenges when analyzing the behavior of complex systems. Science involves obtaining meaningful insights into the changes and relationships between the elements of a system. This leads to several challenges, which include collecting data in large-scale experiments, moving from data to dynamic models, cause-effect relationships, the relationship between comprehensive and simple models, and developing new methods of prediction. At the beginning of modern science, scientists studied complex systems by analyzing simple phenomena and physics. The reductionist science was used to understand the complex systems in the society. The advancements in modern science and the society have motivated researchers to understand the principles of complexity and the phenomena associated with complex systems. This involves focusing on synthesis rather than analysis. Thus, FuturICT has been developed to promote synthesis in the study of complex systems. In the social sciences, statistical laws and techniques are used to study complex systems. This trend has been promoted by the emergence of new large databases, new complex social phenomena, and development of simplified models. In order to overcome the challenges of the science of complex systems, researchers should use the following criteria. To begin with, researchers must have adequate empirical data to explore and to understand the features of complex systems. Accurate and complete data is also necessary when calibrating and validating the models that are used in empirical studies. Complex systems can be studied systematically by following a five-step approach. The first step involves making observations, explorations, and collecting data. The second step involves determining correlations, patterns, and mechanisms in the data. In the third step, modeling techniques are developed to study a phenomenon. In the fourth step, the model is validated, implemented, and used for predictions. Finally, the output of the model is used to construct theory. The reliability of the findings of studies that focus on complex systems depends on modeling techniques, effective aggregation of information, and ability to understand extreme events. In this regard, simple models have been found to be effective since they lead to a better understanding of the stylized facts about a complex system.
Introduction Mass media plays an increasingly significant role in shaping public perceptions of important issues. Over the last century, several theories have been developed to explain how the media influences public opinion and how the audience uses media and responds to it. The hypodermic syringe theory, popular at the beginning of the 20 th century, has now acquired a new dimension in connection with the concepts of virality and media literacy education. Teaching media literacy is important in raising a generation that is not susceptible to media influences and can use critical thinking skills to evaluate the information (Jooyeun, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the hypodermic syringe model and its validity today, and the ways in which young people’s media literacy can be developed by teachers. Hypodermic Syringe Model The hypodermic syringe model, also known as the magic bullet theory, is a model of media effect that was popular at the beginning of the 20 th century. It likens the media to a hypodermic syringe that injects the audience with its messages. The theory claims that the mass media wields a direct and immediate effect over the audience, which is seen as relatively passive, unable to resist media messages (DeFleur and DeFleur, 2016). Within this theory, people are perceived to be the victims of external stimuli in the environment, and all human social actions are believed to be the product of these determined responses (Moore et al. , 2009). People are helpless to the effects and messages of the media and unknowingly believe anything they see. The hypodermic syringe model was later developed and substituted with the two-flow of a communication model that claims that most people are not directly influenced by the media but rather form their views under the influence of opinion leaders. For a long time, the hypodermic syringe model has been considered outdated. However, at the beginning of the 21 st century, it has been revived in the context of new media tendencies, particularly the concept of virality. It refers to the tendency of a piece of information to be circulated rapidly over the internet from one user to another (Thibault, 2016). When a news message goes viral, it is constantly reproduced, transformed, and sent from person to person, attracting the audience’s attention to an issue and encouraging public discussion. The study by Nwabueze and Okonkwo (2018) aimed to analyze the public’s reaction to a number of news messages showed that t