ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the book, City of Inmates, the author Hernández aims to explore the issue of incarceration using the example of Los Angeles, a city with the most significant number of inmates in the United States (45). The main issue that the author explores is connected to the treatment of immigrants, their exclusion, and the consequences of such attitudes. These issues have a lengthy historical background, beginning with the Spanish colonial era. Lim also provides valuable input into the understanding of the historical events that lead to an influx of immigration in the United States and the effect that this had on the present (64). Hobos, a term that Hernandez used in its title, refers to the immigrant workers, usually poor and without a steady income to support themselves (50). The Tram Era is a name given to the industrial age during which a large number of white men became iterant, and the politicians and other society members feared their impact on social life. Francis Wayland, who was a dean of the law faculty at Yale University, warned that these people could be a serious threat to society. The main fear that prevailed at that time was the inconsistency regarding the politician’s vision of white man – a person with a job, a home, and a wife and the actual state of things (Hernandez 45). In actuality, these people went to the West of the state to find occasional work and often migrate without a family and an aspiration to settle somewhere. This lead to the exclusion of these people by society as they were titled “trams” or “hobos” (Hernandez 46). In general, the issue arises as a contrast between the promoted image of Los Angeles as a paradise for families and the actuality where poor workers rented rooms on a weekly basis, without a steady job. And each winter, the seasonal workers and immigrants from all over the world, including Mexico, came to Los Angeles. Los Angeles mayor Workman was the first one to use the unpaid work of convicted criminals on a large scale project to pave and construct new roads in Los Angeles, rejecting the bids of independent contractors and using chain gangs. An important aspect is a fact that most people were sentenced for crimes such as begging or being drunk. Jim Crow laws are the segregation legislation that did not allow African-Americans to participate in some public activities alongside others. A prominent example is an education, as in El Paso, a separate school was established for African-Americans, while Mexican people and other immigrants were allowed to attend regular schools (Lim 65). Later, these schools established only for the African American children were called Douglass Schools. Regardless, the segregation was not as severe as in other parts of the state. Overall, the Los Angeles police used imprisonment to contain people who were considered socially dangerous by the elites, the majority of whom were seasonal workers. Instead of addressing the actual issues such as low wages and unemployment, the authoritie
Introduction This story brings up a particularly challenging issue of abortion, which always provokes a lot of debate and controversy. Paradoxically, this topic is as significant as is taboo and is usually bypassed in works or represented one-sidedly. The story is not long-drawn and with no explicit details; but is replete with metaphors and veiled essence, like an iceberg. In this work, two people discuss the matter of conceivable abortion. Most readers would probably side with the girl since this character is better spelled out and easier to sympathize with. However, for the whole comprehensive picture, it is vital to look at what is happening through the eyes of the second side — her man. The Man’s Alternative Perspective to the Circumstances One of the main characters, Jig, is lost, upset, and in urgent need of the support of her lover. Her partner does not have a name in this story, only the faceless description “American” at the beginning of the narrative. The couple travels throughout Spain without doing anything on purpose, but “just trying different drinks,” which Jig says sarcastically. During their conversation, it becomes clear that the man does not need a child since this is a serious obstacle on the way to an open-handed life. He actively convinces the girl of the littleness of the operation, that all people do it and live happily ever after. There is no constructive communication; people do not understand each other. The frivolity of the man is expressed in belittling the seriousness of abortion and unwillingness to disclose the subject. He also offers Jig alcohol drinks one by one, deliberately neglecting the fact of her pregnancy (Schumacher, 2017). In his eyes, everything is pretty simple and can be solved in a couple of minutes. Varying Interpretations of Metaphors in the Story The man is not on the same wavelength as his companion. He does not understand her imaginative comparison of hills to white elephants due to his more down-to-earth reflection. If Jig sees the whole picture, her man does not see it as well as the future with a child. The expression “white elephant” means a too high-priced and pretentious gift, which is hard to appropriately adapt to everyday life (Schumacher, 2017). The girl consciously or unintentionally attempts to reveal a parallel between such a gift and a child. She already considers the child as a present but does not know what to do with it. However, the man not only does not share her point of representation, he persistently does not see her whole picture of the world. For him, everything is easy: hills are hills, white elephants are animals, and abortion is a small operation on the way to a freewheeling life. Conclusion The story does not have a well-defined core and is more like a part of some big novel. However, even a few lines of the dialog can make readers assume the feelings of the woman and charge the man. He probably does not do this out of malice or intentionally; there is a big misunderstanding and disconnection between the lovers. They had a former life full of joy and travel; perhaps he sincerely does not understand why to change it. The man’s emotions are not sufficiently d
Institution’s background, key strengths, weakness and the project’s development King Fahad medical city (KFMC) is a health institution that was started with a core mission to provide best healthcare solutions to patients. The medical center has been instrumental in providing quality services that are tailor-made towards improving an individual’s health standards. In particular, it focuses its potentials in providing quality healthcare solutions to cancer, diabetes, and heart failure patients. The center has been credited for its steadfast service delivery and provision of timely nursing care to patients. This is evident since its employees and officials are always dedicated to ensuring that patients are promptly attended to without discrimination. Indeed, the health center through its leadership has created proper modalities of ensuring that medical services are provided under quality ideals. The modalities are aimed at promoting the adoption of best medical practices. This is essential in ensuring sustainable growth. Firstly, the modalities have enabled effective deployment of medical staff to various service centers. They have also facilitated timely procurement of basic medical equipments such as scanners, therapeutic machines and diagnostic equipments (Singh & Ramanathan, 2010). These equipments contribute in ensuring accuracy in disease establishment and treatment. Consequently, they have promoted coordination, organization and delivery of health services. Despite the successes that the medical center has achieved based on the identified strengths, it is faced with a challenge that may affect the quality of its services. Evident challenge that it faces is poor waste management since the institution has poor waste management plan and strategy. Poor management of waste products could further lead to the spread of infectious diseases to various individuals. Due to this challenge, there has been an increased need for the hospital to device a more conventional technique of waste management to cushion key stakeholders from the risks that it may present. This prompted the identification of an innovative technique of waste management by a group of creative staff members. When developing the technique, the group that I led considered its safeness, cost implication, and its environmental effects. The group identified waste recycling as the most viable technique that holds the capacity of ensuring effective waste management in the institution. Purpose and objective of the project The project is set with the purpose to enable KFMC health institution to manage its waste resources effectively. This is essential in ensuring that medical wastes do not contribute in spreading various infectious
Abstract Expressionism produced a huge impact on the art of the post-war period giving rise to a number of new directions that absorbed certain features of abstract expressionism while rejecting others. John McLaughlin became one of the leading figures in new hard-edge abstraction. He continued the tradition of Abstract Expressionism in its detachment from reality; however, the focus was shifted from subjectivism and emphasis on the ways of communing with the artist. McLaughlin created geometric figures attempting to free art from representation or gestures in order to encourage self-reflection. In JMD-3 the artist removed all color to draw attention to the form and smooth application of paint provoking introspection. The same purpose was pursued in the untitled work from the exhibition The LA that Influenced My Eye that depicts a combination of neutral gray with bright yellow stripes bringing the viewer closer to nature. In both cases, no attention is paid to the gesture as it was typical of Abstract Expressionism. Jasper Johns, who represented pop-art, stepped away from the universal meaning of Abstract Expressionism and concentrated on multiple meanings achieved through a combination of recognizable images. One of his major works, Flag, has multiple connotations as a symbol of the nation, starting from imperialism and oppression to freedom and patriotism. The major goal was to show the dichotomy of well-known objects. The same can be observed in Target with Four Faces, where Johns demonstrated a seemingly innocent symbol through the perspective of the Cold war that gave it new malevolent implications. Frank Stella also departed from Abstract Expressionism to focus on delineated parallel stripes both black and colored, which stressed the flatness of the canvas in order to make the viewer realize that there was no window onto the realistic three-dimensional space. In his major works, such as The Marriage of Reason and Squalor and Harran II, he used a vivid palette and a highly complicated composition of various shapes and forms at the same time emphasizing the fact that painting is no more than a piece of canvas.
An economy is said to be efficient when “there is no way to make some people better off without making others worse off” (GaddyEcon, 2006, p.87). However an efficient market is not necessarily fair to all. Due to this reason the government intervenes and imposes prices controls when “policy makers believe that the market price of a good or service is unfair to buyers or sellers” (Mankiw, 2009, p.113) Price control according to GaddyEcon is a legal restriction on “how high or low, a market price may go” (2006 p.85). In the words of McTaggart et al. government intervention in the market may take the form of “price ceilings” and “price floors” (2007, p.791). A price ceiling is a “maximum price imposed by the government when it feels that the equilibrium price is too high” (Taylor and Weerapana, 2009. P.81). A price floor is a “regulation that makes it illegal to charge a price lower than a specified level” (McTaggart et al., 2007, p.791). This paper will concentrate on a type of price ceiling known as rent control and a type of price floor known as minimum wage. Price Ceiling Rent Ceiling: “rent ceiling” as McTaggart et al. explain, occurs when the government imposes rent control in the housing market (2007, p.137). Two excellent examples of rent controlled cities are; Prague and New York City. Take for example a hypothetical town called Deltaville that is situated in a flood prone region. Before the flood, the housing market was unregulated and the rent averaged $500. A freak flood washes off many housing units leaving many residents in dire need of accommodation. Figure 1 below shows Deltaville’s demand and supply for housing units. If left unregulated, the rent price would have stabilized at $700 per housing unit. However the state decides to impose a rent ceiling of “$500 a month – the rent before the flood” (McTaggart et al., 2007, p.131). According to figure 1; the equilibrium price is $700. In the long run when more housing units are
Gandhi This movie was produced in 1982 and stars Ben Kingsley, Martin Sheen, Roshan Seth, Trevor Howard, and Rohini Hattangady (Powers par1). It won six Academy Awards for its excellent depiction of the life of Mahatma Gandhi. In the movie, Gandhi shows concern by fighting for the rights of the oppressed in South Africa. In all activities, he upholds the religious precepts of equality, peace, love, freedom, and justice (Powers par4). In the film, he organizes peaceful demonstrations in order to fight the oppressive rule of colonialists. Police assault him severally in efforts to suppress his activities. However, Gandhi does not give up. His efforts bear fruits when he spearheads the formation of communal villages where poor people live in peace and har
The history of Mental illness Mental illness can be described as a state of emotional stress, which maybe in the mind or the heart. Mental illness is mainly the disorder of the brain that interrupts with a person’s thinking and the ability to relate to others. In most cases, mentally disabled people have been referred to as lunatics; this was because in the earlier years, people “believed that insanity was caused by a full moon at the time of a baby’s birth or a baby sleeping under the light of a full moon” (Leupo, n.d). Mostly, the lunatics were shunned from the society since they were believed to be possessed by evil spirits. Nevertheless, in the colonial times, the colonialists implemented medical measures that were believed to cure the insane; they included submerging the victims in ice-cold water until he regains consciousness, or the execution of a shock into the victim’s brain. Another method involved draining of bad blood from the individual. However, all these inhuman practices resulted to deaths of the patients. In the 19 th century, moral management was introduced as a treatment method for the mentally ill. This method involved the replacement of chains with beds and decorations. It was believed that creating a suitable atmosphere for the patients would give them comfort and yield to fast recovery. After the civil war in America, cases of mental illness increased due to pots war trauma, hence the state provided money for further establishment of mental asylums. In 1930s, Walter Freeman invented an improved medical procedure that could be performed fast and the patient required minimum care after the procedure, which was known as the trans-orbital lobotomy. This method involved inducing sedation on the head of the patient, rolling back one of the patient’s eyelids, and “inserting a device, 2/3 the size of a pencil, through the upper eyelid into the patients’ head” (Leupo, n.d). A device was then tapped with a hammer through the patient’s head until the desired depth was achieved and finally, the device was pushed back and forth within the patient’s head. Due to the many medical practices that were performed, the mental illnesses declined drastically by 1986 in the United States (Leupo, n.d). According to Bewley (2008, pp1), the introduction of evangelism played a huge role in introducing humane in the cases of lunacy which was referred to as a psychological approach that was based of a moral approach, thus guiding the insane victims to recovery. Nevertheless, cases of mental illness continue to revolve around us and are present even in the 21 st cen
Based on this admittedly brief excerpt, how would you characterize President Griswold’s perspective on international relations? Is he a realist? A liberal? An identity theorist? Whenever a new party or individual comes to power, it is certain that a new course of action is chartered for the nation. But, at the same time it also needs to be emphasized that political diatribe during the run up to the elections doesn’t necessarily reflect in totality on the decisions after a new President takes over. Efforts are made by the new incumbent to study and analyze the situation from an insider’s perspective, before making sweeping public announcements. Decisions involving international relations are the one’s which need to be handled much more diplomatically and cautiously. In this brief excerpt it appears as if President Griswold is still in an election campaign mood, trying to win over the confidence of voters. No head of state would dare to make an announcement involving waving of foreign debts, without actually having a detailed analysis of the country’s economic health. Therefore, with due respect to President Griswold’s noble intentions towards helping the poor nations, a decision involving waving off all international debts might actually result in undue burden on the US citizens in general. He is certainly not being realist and being unduly liberal in his approach. For sure, the impoverished nations of South America and Africa deserve their rightful place in the new global economy, but an economically weaker America also might result in adverse influence on the prevailing geo-political equations. If at all we need to wave off the debt, we can do it by entering into bilateral agreements with the specific nations, so that American interests also get due recognition. Secondly, predicting that all nations will drop trade barriers to work towards a freer trade, can at best be termed as a day-dreaming exercise. The world community is divided into a number of blocks based on a number of parochial considerations that it will be preposterous to even think of uniformity in business and trade. In today context, when terrorist elements have left their imprints in many parts of the world, the immigration and cross border movement of people has come under strict scrutiny, in order to avoid security lapses. Therefore, an international regime involving free for all at the border is not a wise step. His Excellency President Griswold has four more years to work around, so there’s plenty of room for a reality check. What political party do you think he probably belongs to? And how might he conceptualize of America’s national interest? Well,
In modern globalized world, scientific and technology improvements have resulted in diffusion of culture among communities; when a community’s culture is diluted, chances are that originality of artifacts of its cultural heritage will be distorted (Hillls, 2001). The American art industry has been influenced by European styles; this paper discusses why it is important for artists to shed the European influence and create American art. Discussion Artists communicate to their target population through the products they make; with this in mind, if they are to communicate with the Americans effectively, they need to use artifacts that the Americans can understand. Every society has its unique way of communication through symbols, signs, and arts; when artists’ works remain original, they make work of art that creates a sense of belonging with the Americans and the end result is better communication. When an art-piece is made unique, it stands out among other, the value of the artwork is enhanced when its stand out with its unique message. The value may be monetary or the attachment that it is going to get from the people. Americans have some historical events, occurrences, valuables, and artifacts that define their culture; when originality and influence from the European style is maintained, then artists will be seen to add more value to the Americans heritage (Wienand, Booy & Robin, 2000). In most cases, artists discuss historical, cultural, social, political, and family issues using the pictures and their works of art. When they are doing this, they are working in line with the cultural belief of the people. In the case of America, there is need to retain and pass positive culture among new generations; work of art is one strategy that can be used, thus it needs to be original and free from European style influence. When originality is observed, the texture, color, and theme of the art work will communicate to the people more effectively; an effective communication is likely to create harmony among different generation in the American society (Hillls, 2001). Artists works are used for entertainments, some are kept in national museums as a means of retaining culture and teaching young generation their historical background. For this reason, they need to be origin
Introduction Issues of academic integrity are on the minds of most instructors, in different levels of education. For example, plagiarism and academic dishonesty are ubiquitous in many academic circles. The growing numbers of educational institutions that have site licenses to use anti plagiarism softwares show that issues of academic integrity are both pervasive and frustrating in the education sector. This paper is an essay about a book titled, “Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success”, by Lipson (1). From an ethical and moral perspective, this essay provides an overview of the book and explains its contribution to my academic endeavors. It also highlights its importance in improving the quality of my academic pursuits. Overarching Importance of the Book In his book, Lipson (2) discusses two main issues – academic honesty and citation. His text is useful to academicians because it highlights the importance of honest work by explaining the main principles of honesty and the importance of maintaining consistent standards of academic integrity throughout all stages of one’s academic career. His work is also beneficial to academicians because it explains the importance of citation (to avoid plagiarism) and provides a guide for students to follow when using different citation styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago and other citation styles (Lipson 66-87). Although this citation guide is elaborate, I did not find some citation styles useful to my academic pursuits because some of them focus on academic disciplines that I do not pursue. For example, I did not find the ACS and CSE citations useful to me because they focus on chemistry and biology (respectively), which I do not study. Citation (Use of Internet) Lipson (21) presents some valuable lessons regarding the use of internet research as a source of study materials. Many researchers use virtual articles because of increased access to the internet and the ease of obtaining materials online. However, Lipson (21-22) cautions us not to use internet sources blindly. Some of the most significant issues he highlights include the following:   * The quality of information on the web varies significantly (anybody with a computer and an internet connection can post anything on the web)   * While internet search may help to narrow down on a topic, it may erode the context of the research   * Easy access to virtual informa