ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Crime normally thrives in societies where law and order are rarely or inadequately enforced. From the void created in law enforcement, criminals and gangs exist to fill the void; not out of poverty but rather, out of the aim of controlling resources (Lawton 1). Crime is likely to increase if there is poor management of the economy by existing governments, but it should be noted that, markets and economies are directly interlinked. Markets cannot be easily controlled because of their dynamic internal and external variables, but economies can be controlled (Lawton 1). However, before economies are controlled to subvert crime, the impact of crime on the society ought to be properly understood and how it directly affects the economy or even people’s lives in general. Crime has in the recent past been rated among the highest form of social ills in the society. Basing our analysis from past trends, crime levels in America have remained high and it is even higher in some regions of the world, like Brazil, Jamaica and the likes. Though historically, crime has been condoned as part of human life, the financial impact of crime is staggering. For instance, in the US alone, crime is estimated to cost the economy in-excess of one trillion dollars every year and more costs (running to billions of dollars) are related to production costs associated with planning (Helsley 2). Such costs include healthcare costs (of crime victims), target hardening, community policing and other similar ventures aimed at reducing crime levels in the society. More costs are experienced as opportunity costs where resources are directed to crime in cases where they could easily have been directed to other productive activities. Such costs are estimated to be in-excess of $130 billion, but similar costs are also experienced in expenditures associated with the loss of life or health in crime-related events (Helsley 2). Since the cost of crime is significant to the overall growth of any economy, it is in the best interest of any government to understand the dynamics of markets on crime so that crime levels can be reduced. So far, we have established that, crime is best controlled through the control of the economy and in the same regard, Lawton notes that: “Thus with strong economies the pressures of the market can be statically forecasted which will lead to complex derivatives and commodities futures. Derivatives are really just complex futures as well” (Lawton 3). From this analysis, we can therefore deduce the fact that, the market can be used as a tool for the future forecast for crime policies of any country, but policies are a determinant of the performance of the economy, and the economy is equally subject to the operations of the public and private sectors the market (Lawton 1). From this understanding, this study establishes that, crime control
The author of the thesis is a concerned writer who wonders why the United States government continues to spend money on war carriages that they do not need. His thesis is an elaborate attempt to get the government to revise its military budget allocations. The thesis is about cost cutting measures for the military spending by the US Pentagon’s budget. The author argues overwhelmingly that the current challenge of the US government is its growing debt levels. He does not think that a continued investment and spending on the defense budget will do the country any good. The writer proposes several cost cutting measures that could guarantee a restoration to the US dignity by reducing its debt levels. He suggests that the government should use the following measures. First, it would be better to reduce spending on acquisitions and purchases of new weapons, submarines, and aircraft carriers. Second, authorities should cut down on the staff payroll and procurement including reduction in personnel bonuses and other staff benefits. Other measures outlined by the author include closure of irrelevant military outreach programs which downsize the aircraft fuel bills and normal communication expenditures. A cut in the number of aircraft carriers from 11 to 8, closure of some of the US specialized military agencies and reduction in the military intelligence budget are also necessary. The author also asserts that the US government needs to make the hard choice of withdrawing their troops from war tone areas around the world – off shore balancing. Once executed, massive spending on the US troops abroad will be much reduced and the debt ratio trimmed. The most important factor in all these is the political goodwill. The author notes that the success of this process calls for tough choices by the political class of the day. The writer suggests that the politicians must have the courage to make decisions that would reverse spending on unaffordable and, perhaps, irrelevant military missions. The author’s point of view is logical and relevant. The US government spends more than it should in homeland security as well as international interventions on security issues. The government hopes that it can win the war on terrorism, piracy and regional insecurity insurgencies by pouring more and more funding into the defense department. This is not the best way to gain peace. Peace is simply not possible as a result of massive defense spendin
Introduction Myths are stories that convey the basic elements of the human condition. In each of these stories, insight can be gained as to expectations for universal, social or individual insight. Universal insights are those that apply to the general human condition, and remain debatable as to whether or not these can actually exist. Cultures around the globe can be generally grouped under basic religious approaches, but remain sufficiently different in details to make it nearly impossible for people of all cultures to interpret the stories in a similar way every time. Social insights are much more prevalent as each culture is able to pull out those elements of a story that has specific meaning within that culture. In relaying important cultural and societal ideologies, myths are also useful learning tools for the young people of society as they begin to learn what is expected of them and the consequences if they fail to behave according to plan. Discussion In Oedipus the King , the action opens as Oedipus is approached by plague-stricken masses asking help from him as king. When he sees his people gathered around him as if he were a god, his response to them is godlike. His pride in his role is evident in the words he speaks in which he seems to be almost condescending to them for appealing to other forces than himself in their burning of incense to cloud the air. Throughout the remainder of the action, Oedipus’ personality clearly reflects a continued pride and a determination to force things to go his way. When Oedipus learned of his own prediction that he was doomed to kill his father and marry his mother, he was determined to avoid this fate by taking his future in his own hands. He left his homeland in Corinth for the further realm of Thebes. He experiences the typical dangers while on his travels, meeting with strangers and being involved in a fatal battle in which only the other side lost, and encountering a seemingly unanswerable riddle delivered by the Sphinx. When he is able to solve the riddle of the Sphinx, a task that had not been accomplishable by anyone else, his natural pride in his own abilities rose to a new level. This is reinforced by the fact that he then became the king of Thebes and married Jocasta, the widowed queen of Thebes. Unfortunately, as it is discovered toward the end of the play, this widowed queen was the wife of the man Oedipus killed on the road, who turned out to be his own father. This made his wife his mother and himself the vile criminal he was seeking. The universal truth inherent in this story can be summed up in an ancient saying that has also evolved somewhat over the years – pride goes before a fall. Although Oedipus thought he could avoid his destiny, deny his god or direct his own fate, all going against many of the world’s major religious concepts, all his actions in the end only brought him closer to meeting his fate. For many years, Oedipus lived with his mother as his wife, having four children with her that were then old enough to make their own decisions. In all that time, he was living in the shadow of his destiny without knowing it and pridefully be
Introduction In the middle of the 18th century, opera seria seemed to be remarkable in its style, perfection of form, and the logic of the development of dramatic plots. However, with all these advantages, it was becoming stereotyped, and eventually, it came into conflict with the trends of the general culture of that time. The crisis of the genre was getting more and more evident. The idea of reformation of the opera genre was in the air, but the completeness of the formed style of opera seria made it enclosed. The man who embodied those ideas was C.W. Gluck. Thus, Gluck’s compositions can be viewed as the highest manifestation of aesthetics of Classicism, and his reformist ideas determined the further development of the opera genre. The biographic information Christoph Willibald Gluck was born in the village of Erasbach, Bavaria, in 1714. Gluck grew up in the family of a forester. He showed affection to music at an early age, and, as it is assumed, he received his musical education at home. The father did not want his son to become a musician, and it is likely to be the reason why Gluck left home and moved to Prague. There, he studied music and philosophy, earning a living as a performer in the choir and street musician. Though as a musician he remained basically self-taught, he was noticed and invited as a chamber musician in the princely house in Vienna in 1735. A year or two later, he moved to Milan to work in a private chapel. There, in the homeland of the opera, he became acquainted with the creation of the greatest masters of this genre. At that time, in his musical studies, he was guided by Giovanni Sammartini. Under his leadership, the basis of his further creation was obtained. The premiere of his first opera seria “Artaserse” took place in 1741 in Milan. It was a success, so Gluck received many orders afterward. His further operas, such as “Demetrius”, “Demofont”, “Hypermnestra”, “Por”, were no less successful. Thereafter Gluck moved to London and toured extensively around Europe. In the years of 1752-1770, he settled in Vienna. In that period of time, Gluck’s acquaintance with librettist Calzabigi took place. Their collaboration was very successful from the very beginning and turned out into such masterpieces as Don Juan (1761), Orfeo et Euridice (1762), et al (Jessiemelodyworld, 2013). However, they did not receive wide acceptance. The value of his later works was appreciated only many years after. According to Schneeman “Studies of Berlioz’s writings provide us with an excellent understanding of his admiration of Gluck’s music but give us the impression that Berlioz was alone in his appreciation of Gluck’s operas throughout the 19th century” (Schneeman, 2013). Innovations in the composer’s work Gluck was an innovator in the music of the 18th century as his reformation of opera was aimed to achieve harmony between music and drama, to subordinate development of the plot to the development of music theme. According to P. Howard “Gluck’s influence, which can be traced in details of the method, mood, and
Summary Where there is one problem in business, there are hundreds of solutions from organizational behavior studies. In real business, there is no example that problem does not occur in any organization. To run a business successfully, the company has to face several challenges raised from the perspective of organizational culture, employee’s attitude, superior’s treatment, change in the organization, conflict within individuals or groups. The study of organizational behavior helps us to overcome these challenges successfully and gives us opportunities to accomplish the desired goal. Furthermore, organizational behavior does not abolish the problem, but it only helps us to reduce them. It is just a way to improve, but not the solution to the problem. This paper is to find out all the problems that occur in the organization and give recommendations to improve. Introduction At first, it is needed to introduce myself and also let you know my role. I am ….. and I have visited …… company recently. I have talked with their consultant and found some important information regarding their organizational behavior. I have identified some problems of management and organizational behavior that occur in this organization. My task is to restructure and recognize a major overhaul in this organization. In addition, it is expected to give some recommendations on these problems, identify the opportunities and also show a picture of how the outcomes of these solutions could be evaluated and measured. In order to provide a better understanding, in the beginning, it would be right to present the organizational structure of this company. Figure 1: the organization chart. This organization is based on the hierarchy order and it has 330 employees overall. The company is very much committed to retaining its customer relationship. The function of the organization is done through four branches; finance, manufacturing, marketing, and HR departments. Under each department, there are two sections and each section provides the majority of the employees. Introductory concept In order to provide a clear idea about the organizational situation, at first, it requires knowing the charac
The ubiquity of plastic cannot be questioned, and plastic products may be found virtually everywhere. As more people use plastic in their everyday needs, the amount of waste disposed of by them is growing in alarming proportions. When developing an intervention for curbing plastic waste, it is important to realize that recycling alone will not solve the problem. The proposed intervention does not deal with recycling per se, and its effects on reducing plastic waste. Instead, the intervention focuses on behavioral changes which will eventually lead to the reduction of plastic litter left by the people near the water sources. Most householders are certain that plastic is fully recyclable, and people who are conscious about producing waste spend plenty of time separating plastic waste for further recycling. Surprisingly, according to ‘The Engineer’ (2010) online magazine “only 12 per cent of the so-called municipal plastic solid waste is truly recycled” (para. 1). One would be surprised to find that it is plastic that accounts for 60-80 per cent of the marine waste (European Commission, 2011). Another problem posed by plastic is that it is still a relatively new material implying that the problem relating to plastic waste remains understudied (European Commission, 2011). The monitoring of plastic waste has only recently been undertaken, and the hazards caused by plastic wastes are alarming. Given the adverse effects of plastic wastes on the environment, lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans, in particular, an intervention needs to be developed to help curb and mitigate the scope of the problem. If we look at an intervention attempting to stop a factory from dumping fuel into a nearby river, we will see that the focus shifts to a corporate giant, and it is, in the long run, not our responsibility. With plastic, however, we make our own choices regarding its disposal, and our choices affect the entire environment. With this in mind, the intervention is more likely to succeed, because people are more prone to changing their own behaviors, rather than assuming the responsibility for wastes produced by manufacturing giants. The intervention relating to plastic management needs to be multi-faceted and address every possible angle of the problem. The intervention presented in this paper deals specifically with changing people’s behaviors towards littering and leaving plastic wastes on the beaches or near rivers. Firstly, it should be admitted that people’s awareness of plastic waste and its dire consequences is very low. Walking around a local beach, or along the bank of the river, one will notice that 60-80% of all the trash comes from plastic (European Commission, 2011). Plastic waste is strongly associated with merely an unaesthetic and unpleasing look, and very few people are aware of its other hazardous effects. The first stage of the intervention needs to deal with raising awareness of plastic waste in schools. Waste management and specifically plastic waste disposal needs to be a part of the school
Abstract Pressure can sometimes be a source of stress at workplaces, college, and or life in general. Generally, pressure can never be avoided in life. There are times when it is intense and unbearable, while there are also times when it is bearable. Pressure depends on the amount of work or activities an individual is compelled to undertake or the prevailing environment in which one finds him or herself. Pressure usually comes when a task has to be accomplished within a specific limited time. The objective of this research study is to find out how different people cope with pressure. The research was conducted using quantitative research methods. The data was collected from sample pollution of 15 participants; the data was then analyzed using simple data analysis techniques. The whole research process took a total of eight working days. Introduction Pressure at work is relatively the latest occurrence of the modern lifestyle. The nature of tasks at workplaces has undergone a lot of drastic changes over the past few years and is still set to continue changing. Stress at a job or any point in life is a chronic condition that negatively impacts an individual’s performance. Pressure is closely related to stress. Some individuals can easily become stressed if subjected to more pressure than they can afford to deal with. Men and women are both known to react differently to pressure. Several studies have shown that men tend to be antisocial when under the pressure of stress while women tend to be the opposite. Psychologists argue that human beings are presented with two optional ways of reacting to stimuli: fight and flight. A varying degree of pressure may cause one to either flee from the fight. In comparing men and women, psychologists argue that men are more likely to take flight than women. Objectives  1. To find out how men and women respond to pressure  2. To determine the main causes of pressure  3. Find out whether people cope differently with pressure Hypothesis  1. Men and women respond differently to pressure  2. Pressure is brought about by energy-intensive activities and tasks  3. Different individuals have different methods of coping with pressure  4. There are many causes of pressure in life Literature review Nowadays many people feel as if they are being demanded to do what is not possible. Employees are expected to do more work than they may expect. The managers and top management of different organizations and institutions are expected to deal with their pressure. Workers are also expected to cope with all sorts of situations with a level head (International Labor Office, p7). Available literature shows that what makes one feel pressured may not be the case for another person. This implies the perception that pressure is subjective and relative according to different individuals (Andreassi, p25). What one may feel like a source of pressure may be considered by another person as the source of strength; this means that there are ind
Introduction Investors and entrepreneurs face numerous challenges in their quest to achieve their investment goal (Whittington & Delaney 2011). Examples of such challenges include corporate mismanagement and prevalence of fraud. Whittington and Delaney (2011) are of the opinion that fraud is one of the major challenges that organizations have to deal with despite its ancient nature. Therefore, the relevance of fraud detection and prevention with regard to financial statements has increased significantly. The prevalence of fraud has motivated organizational management teams and industry regulators in different economies to implement diverse internal and external control mechanisms such as laws. Some of the formulated laws aim at promoting effective reporting. The US government formulated and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 to promote optimal financial reporting practices in organizations. The involved parties formulated the act following the stupendous accounting fraud experienced by most US corporations such as Enron among others (Fletcher & Plette 2008). The enactment act has affected both large and small enterprises that use information systems in their financial monitoring and reporting (Clarke & Klettner 2002). In a quest to understand the impact of the Act, this paper evaluates different aspects. It starts by giving a brief definition and objective of the Act before undertaking a comprehensive discussion of section 404 of the Act to develop a better understanding of how the Act has affected businesses in their financial reporting. In addition, the paper discusses the requirements for SMEs that use information systems in their financial reporting and monitoring as stipulated by Section 404 coupled with evaluating the proposed Sarbanes-Oxley Act implementation guidelines as stipulated by professional bodies such as KPMG, ISACA, PWC, and other professional publications. The paper closes by outlining recommendations on how an online store can implement the Act successfully. Definition of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act This Act is also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act. As aforementioned, a number of events necessitated the formulation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Some of these events relate to boardroom failures, increase in a conflict of interest amongst auditors and in the securiti