ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Austria is a small nation located in central Europe and surrounded by eight nations namely Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland and Liechtenstein (CIA, 2010, p. 3). Currently, the landlocked nation has a population of about 8,214,160 million people, with a vast majority of them speaking German (CIA, 2010, p. 2). Austria’s history can be briefly traced back to the existence of the Roman Empire because it was a small province in the vast territory (even though it now stands as one of the most powerful nations in Europe) (CIA, 2010, p. 2). However, before the country got its powerful status; a few years preceding the First World War, the nation was known as Austria-Hungary, characterizing its lack of independence at the time. Later, Nazi Germany took control of the country until 1955 when the country was able to achieve its independence to become a democratic state with its own distinct constitution (CIA, 2010, p. 2). Currently, the country is comprised of 9 provinces with its capital, Vienna, being the largest city with a rough population of about 2 million people (Advameg Inc, 2010, p. 2). In global country comparisons, Austria has been able to maintain a leading position in achieving one of the highest standards of living in the world because it is estimated that the country posts a per capita GDP of a bout $44,000 (according to 2010 estimates) which is one of the highest globally (CIA, 2010, p. 3). These estimates make Austria one of the richest nations worldwide. Despite these comparisons, Austria has a very diverse culture and economy; brought about by the diversity in the origin of its inhabitants (constituting Turks, Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, Bosniaks, Austrians, and Germans) (CIA, 2010, p. 3). This is true because even though a vast majority of the population speaks German, there are many more Croatian speakers, Hungarian speakers, and Slovene speakers (CIA, 2010, p. 3). The economic landscape of the country is also diverse and it will be interesting to analyze its make up to establish why the country constantly cuts a mark as one of the richest nations globally. From this platform, this study will seek to dissect the cultural and economic makeup of the country. Cultural Makeup As mentioned above, Austria has a very diverse and rich culture. When analyzed in terms of art, Austria stands as a rich source of artwork encompassing wood carvings, tapestries, and the likes, however, a majority of these artifacts are only popular in the Alpine areas of the country (Maps of World, 2009, p. 3). Musically, the country has bred many world renowned musicians such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Anton Bruckner, Joseph Haydn and the likes but the nurturing of such musicians com
The 600-year-old Bergen dice is one of thirty that have been discovered in Norway but has a special quality. It is likely that it was used for cheating; the dice is missing its sides with one and two dots and instead has two sides with four and five dots, respectively (Jarus, 2018). There is a possibility that the dice was designed for a particular game that needed those specific attributes. Most researchers agree that its primary goal was most likely to give the gambler an advantage in a game where scoring high translated into success while scoring low was eliminated for the user. The artifact also reflects the betting situation in Bergen at the time. Though it was outlawed in 1276, it hardly stopped people from gambling. The street where the dice was found used to facilitate pubs and was, therefore, a likely place to bet games. The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel varies from the dice in a myriad of ways as an artifact. Primarily, Michelangelo’s work has religious purposes and is completely different in scale. The piece was also commissioned in a legal manner (Cartwright, 2020). The fresco itself exhibited bright colors in large areas, with contrasting tones side by side. Michelangelo had made decisions that took into consideration the viewing of the Chapel from below by reducing dark and light shades, perspective techniques, and foreshortening. Though both artifacts have their origins within a century of each other, their purposes divide them. After all, the Sistine Chapel is an astounding work of art; it is first and foremost a religious statement while the dice is a reflection of entertaining pastimes. Contemporary human creative expression elevates humanity by depicting it through the perspective of individuals that perceive it whether it is for philosophical, entertainment, financial, or other intention.
Citizenship in Australia has been considered as a new concept in spite of the prevailing politics that has existed for many years. The political factors often raise questions on the relationship between the state and its citizens. In addition, the validity of Australian citizenship has also been argued out on the perspective of whether it acts to safeguard an individual’s legal status or that of the state. Short and Mutch (2001, p. 114) point out in their publication that while citizenship in Australia is an important component that draws individuals and institutions together in order to share aspirations and values as well as to exercise social responsibilities, issues of individuals’ legal status, ability to perform duties and enjoy certain rights in Australia have been of concern for some duration of time now. Citizenship has been described as a legal entity which should create a balance between individuals and state while allowing equal access to rights and protection by existing laws. In addition, citizenship in Australia has in the past decade been affected by conflicts both in terms of its practical meaning and in relationship to an individual’s legal status. It is against this background that this paper critically examines the citizenship in Australia and its legal role among Australians in general. A brief overview of citizenship in Australia The history of the creation of the current Australian citizenship can be traced way back in 1949 when it took effect after it was formed through the Nationality and Citizenship Act (1948). Studies reveal that earlier on, before its formation, Australians did not have any form of well recognized legal status in their own country which could be granted to them as proof of citizenship. As a result, they mainly relied on the one which was being offered to the British nationals. However, with an increase in immigration practices that became common after the federation, migration programs were developed which saw the rise of citizenship laws that were addressing immigration policies. The trend of migration in Australia has over the years risen significantly with 153, 648 in 1949. The latter was the number that was granted citizenship at that time. This figure rose to 22 million individuals in 2009 (Dutton 2000, p. 333). According to Chauchat and Cogliati-Bantz (2008, p. 193), citizenship in Australia may be obtained in several ways. Some of the key ways include grant, adoption, descent as well as birth. It is important to mention that many permanent citizens in Australia today have attained their status through grants. However, obtaining citizenship by grant saw the introduction of new rules that made acquisition of citizenship in Australia harder than it was some 30 years ago. Today, over thirty amendments have been made on the Australian citizenship legislation. This has led to less regard of the Australian citizenship status since it is being regarded as an important component of identifying oneself with the country. In other words, it is a way of showing
All religions and cultures have some major positions about the human being, his or her place in the world, freedom of will, and choice. There are more democratized teachings that accept the freedom of will and choice for human beings and pose responsibility for their virtue or sinfulness on each individual. However, some stricter teachings do not recognize the right of the human being to free will and choice and dictate the major rules for existence, thus creating the guiding line for social, private, and religious life that has to be pursued disregarding individual incentives, wishes, and inclinations. Islam has traditionally been considered one of the strictest religions that limit the life of Muslims to the will of God. Several provisions in the Quran discuss the freedom of will and recognize it in specific Islamic terms. The Islamic view of the human being differs greatly from other religions, namely Christianity that considers people initially born as sinful (Noebel). Islam dictates that everything in the world is perfect because it is created by Allah; thus, a human being is pure, sinless, and inclined to virtue from the very birth. Sin is not a hereditary or communal concept, neither is Islam strongly focused on individuals. The very teaching of Islam is based on the assumption that all people are susceptible to corruption, but at the same time, they can reform and save themselves (Noebel). In this aspect the central concepts in Islam are the primordial human nature (fitrah) and the ‘self’, or ‘soul’ (nafs); they are good in their initial virtuous shape, like everything else in the world, but sin comes from the misuse of the right to free choice and vicious inclinations (Coward, p. 85). The human nature fitra is seen as having three major properties: human knowledge, ethical and moral principles, and psychological properties. In infancy, they are all potential properties of human beings, and it is up to an individual which path to choose and whether to obtain these properties in practice or not (Coward, p. 85). Thus, pursuing the logic of the Quran, human beings are granted with their free will to direct their effort on pursuing the will of God and obtaining virtues given to them by nature. The basis of every religion is recognizing the free will of the human being because without it the religion would lose its sense. Even Islam with its strong regulatory statements of Quran recognizes the essential role of free will and choice for Muslims, which is considered by Abdalati: “Man is a free agent endowed with a free will. This is the essence of his humanity and the basis of his responsibility to his Creator. Without man’s relative free will life would be meaningless and God’s covenant with a man would be in vain. Without human free will, God would be defeating His purpose and man would be completely incapable of bearing any responsibility” (qtd. In Noebel). The free choice is concentrated on nafs that a human being has, according to Quran: nafs can be good or bad, and it is up to an individual whether to strive towards the higher potentials of his or her nafs or to keep to th
The creation of a web-based system to store the university’s information on students and their transcripts presents certain risks that need to be addressed in the feasibility report. Using the standard risk evaluation process, it is possible to differentiate the risks into two large groups. These are risks to the continuation and completion of the project and risks to the end product’s performance after the project has been completed. The risks to the continuation and completion of the project are as follows:   * Unforeseen delays and time expenditures. It is possible that the project’s implementation will be more complex than anticipated, requiring more time;   * Individuals participating in the project might become sick and slow down production;   * The available hardware and software may malfunction. The risks for the performance of the end product are as follows:   * The product might not be secure enough to be allowed to work with personal student data;   * The product would be economically unfeasible to run;   * The product would not perform adequately to the university’s requirements. Time-related problems could be identified by comparing the progress made with the timeline developed before starting the project. Functionality and requirements risks can be discovered by matching the product against its requirements for it, as well as through testing during specific project milestones. Potential time constraints and personnel/hardware breakages can be accounted for by allocating more time to the project than initially estimated to allow for replacements to be made. Countering the risks associated with site performance would be more difficult and largely have a reactionary nature, should some of them not be discovered and remedied during the product testing phase.
Introduction The minstrel show is a type of stage performance that existed in the United States from the 1830s to the 1960s. While there were many versions of minstrelsy, its cornerstone was a comedic exaggeration of stereotypes of black Americans. The typical minstrel show act featured white performers in blackface acting out scenes depicting blacks as comically stupid, lazy, and infantile. Although intended as entertainment, these shows ended up reinforcing racist belief systems. Main body Minstrelsy relied on stock characters, the most famous of which was Jim Crow. This irreverent farmhand danced in a grotesquely exaggerated fashion and sang ditties such as “Jump Jim Crow.” The role’s inventor, Thomas D. Rice, claimed to model Jim Crow on a black slave. He and his successors borrowed significantly from black culture, appropriating songs, dances, and the African-American vernacular. Like other minstrel show characters, Jim Crow embodied common beliefs about blacks as less intelligent, less responsible, and more carefree than whites. He acted like a racist variation on the classic buffoon, physically agile and charismatic but mentally deficient. Such performances hindered black progress in two ways: firstly, by depicting blacks as fundamentally less suitable for citizenship, and secondly, by dismissing their problems, from slavery to poverty. The effect of minstrelsy on mainstream culture was amplified by its nature as a form of popular mass entertainment – the first of its kind to arise in the United States. Its primary audience consisted of poorer whites, who were both more receptive to lowbrow comedy and found it more affordable than theater. As a result, it had a strong impact on their attitudes, leading them to see blacks of similar economic status as inferiors. Minstrel shows reached the height of their popularity around the middle of the 19 th century. They began to be displaced by newer forms of
Any law up to and including an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that criminalizes the act of burning an American flag is both unconstitutional and an affront to the principles of freedom established by the Founding fathers. However, flag burning has become a cyclical issue that Congress addresses every few years, about election time. It’s an issue based on emotion alone, not reason. Ironically, those that feel it their patriotic duty to support such law or amendment choose to ignore the First Amendment to the Constitution that guarantees the freedom of speech and expression which the flag represents. Jonathan Alter, a journalist for Newsweek Magazine referred to the debate as a phony issue. According to Alter, “any member of Congress who supports amending the Bill of Rights for the first time in the history of this country for a non-problem like a flag-burning is showing serious disrespect for our Constitution and for the values for which brave Americans gave their lives.” The threat to the precepts upon which the country was founded is by far more of a danger than is the disrespect shown by the random act of burning cloth to make a statement. While considered by the vast majority of Americans as a contemptible act, flag burning is an exercise of the freedom the flag itself represents. Former U.S. Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, though personally offended by the act, said, “I would not amend that great shield of democracy [the Constitution] to hammer a few miscreants.” Powell believes that a constitutional amendment banning flag burning is “a sign of weakness and fear.” The Veterans Defending the Bill of Rights, a group that includes former Astronauts and U.S. Senator John Glenn, have joined together to decry such an amendment. Supreme Court Judge Antonin Scalia, who leans heavily conservative, his methodology in defense of explicit Constitutional rights has allowed for alliances with liberal justices regardin
The case of Colorado Manufacturing, a company that was selling domestic appliances, is quite trivial. Since the first days of the Industrial Revolution, many companies have seen their difficulties. The reasons for these difficulties might be both objective and subjective. Objective reasons are the ones connected with the global economy, national affairs, etc., while the subjective ones are caused by poor decision-making, bad business planning, and so on. In the case of the previously mentioned company, the undesirable consequences were caused by a subjective factor – deficient corporate communication within the organization. Although having a poorly organized communication inevitably leads to dire consequences, such theoretical approaches as the Meaning-Centered, the Emerging Perspectives, and the Functional are called to resolve the communication issues of big and small companies. Firstly, the Meaning-Centered approach can be seen as a good aid in a situation, where a company sees a communication distortion. This method is aimed at seeing how the corporate reality is perceived and shared by the organization employees. The approach considers communication as the procedure of generating and passing on viewpoints. One of the characteristic features of this approach determines the communication rules, which reflect the values of the company and characteristic features of it. The feature can be used by Colorado Manufacturing to emphasize the long lasting traditions of customer care and quality control. Secondly, the Emerging Perspectives approach is another option for improving company’s communicational environment. This method describes communication as a mechanism of meaning formation. Besides, such facets as social structures alongside with affective responses, and identities are worth pointing out. Theoretically, this approach is based on discarding the mistrust to authority structures and ambiguity of meanings. Another distinctive feature is the “deconstruction”, which can be referred to the revision of “taken-for-granted” viewpoint. The revision of the myths that are used to explain the nature of things and processes fall under the responsibility of the deconstruction. The discovering of interests that involve meanings constructed by the society are the parts of “deconstruction” as well. This approach can be utilized to make the employees of Colorado Manufacturing rethink their attitudes towards the way they percept the companies policy. In addition, numerous specialists see the Functional approach as an excellent method for resolving communication difficulties within a company. This approach describes the understanding of communication by defining the function of messages and their movement pattern within an organization. The technique is aimed at classifying various types of messages from the ones that can be disregarded to the ones that are imperative for all the company’s employees. The complication here can be an inability to create the required messages in time and pass them over within the corporation. Besides, the approach rejects enclosed communication systems letting the information to be adopted,
Introduction The most difficult thing is getting to know the truth, to know the truth it takes a lot and there is no prescribed procedure getting to know the same. So the question is how exactly can a person know whether his perception of a given thing is true or not? This is a very debatable topic and many a theory has been formed on this. To know the truth on has to be an actor of knowledge. The term WOK which stands for ways of knowing plays a pivotal role in getting to know the truth. This paper is going to deal with how exactly a person can get to know the truth. What are the complexities involved in knowing the truth. Discussion Sometimes we get heavily influenced by repetition but in other cases the same does not happen, for instance if a person stands n front of another person claiming to be an alien, the other person is unlikely to believe because it is quite clear from the looks of the person that he/she is not an alien, in this case repetition does not work, on the contrary if someone asks another person what is the capital of the US, he would surely say Washington D.C and this is because the other person might have heard this several times and he remembers it when the time compels. This is a classic example of area of knowledge which is closely connected with theory of knowledge. Another example is that of Hitler, many people believed that he was immortal but this was far from reality, he died a pa
Problem Definition In the U.S., needy families use the Temporary Assistance (TA) program to facilitate cash benefits as financial support. New York’s TA, a state program, provides such benefits that amount close to $31.3 billion for children and family sustenance (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities [CBPP], 2020). In comparison to the general population, the number of individuals receiving such state support is drastically small, yet the program’s roll-out has been facilitated and funded by state agencies. This calls for the question of the program’s efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness in mitigating poverty amongst the children and their families. The Policy Goal The primary goal of the implementation of The New York TA is to assist needy families with children so that they can live in their own homes or the homes of relatives. The program also aims to end dependence of needy parents on government benefits through work, job preparation, and marriage. Consequently, the program helps in reducing out-of-wedlock pregnancies and promoting the formation and maintenance of two-parent families The Policy Proposals To establish feasible policy proposals based on the problem of the New York’s TA poverty mitigation impacts, such evaluation of the effectiveness of New York’s TA program through assessing the percentage of successful interventions in comparison with benchmark standards is important. Additionally, it is imperative to assess the adherence to the goals set by the TANF and the sustainability of the achieved results. As such, the values obtained will help in establishing strategies that are both effective and sustainable. Findings Does the New York TA program provide adequate improvement of needy families’ employment status across New York? Positive Outcome –. It is suggested that TANF benefits would help to improve a family’s economic state