ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Type of Attack According to the official data provided by OPM, the most recent data breach occurred in June 2015 (OPM, n.d.). CyTech, the company that was employed to resolve the problem in OPM, reports that they discovered three live processes with malware inside the corporate OPM’s network. The software could not operate properly, and the major part of the corporate data was stolen (Higgins, 2016). The described attack might be characterized in different ways, depending on the type of classification applied. Hence, on the one hand, the attack might be classified as an active breach. In other words, it was an attack that was aimed at altering the inner system resources and impacting their operation. This attack compromised the services’ integrity. According to the attack’s origin, this OPM data breach might be characterized as a distributed attack. Hence, the attack was aimed at affecting the operations performed by several computers. As a result, it might be suggested that the criminals employed botnets to conduct this OPM breach. The further investigation likewise revealed that the attack was conducted by the so-called “outsider” – an illegitimate user that accessed the system due to the flaws in the information security system (Lyngaas, 2015). Therefore, the attack might be characterized as an outside attack. It should also be pointed out that the attack was carried out in several stages. Hence, it was initially assumed that there were several attempts to perform a breach of OPM. Meanwhile, further investigation showed that it was one attack – the hackers pivoted the OPM personnel record center in October 2014, and then in December 2014, they siphoned away from the stolen data. Due to its complex character, the intrusion was not revealed until April 2015 (Lyngaas, 2015). What Was Breached? The reported attack implied a series of critical consequences – the hackers managed to breach the working capacity of the entire OPM’s system and stole a large scope of the corporate data. Hence, according to the official data provided by OPM, more than twenty-one million of the Social Security Numbers (SSNs) of different individuals were stolen in the course of the attack. Therefore, the attackers gained access to the corporate investigation database that comprised the personal data related to almost twenty million people that applied for an investigation. Apart from the SSNs, this data comprised such information as the applicants’ residency, occupation, financial records, health, and family (Higgins, 2016). In addition, the hackers gained access to the data related to the so-called “non-applicants” – in other words, those people that, in this or another manner, related to the applicants’ households (OPM, n.d.). It is essential to note that the described OPM breach was not the first attack that the organization faced. Hence, earlier in the same year, the company reported another leak of corporate data. Then, the hackers stole the data related to more than four million employees. It comprised such information as the employees’ n
Abstract This experiment tested a number of aspects that arise from DNA extraction. It touches on plant cell DNA extraction, animal cell DNA extraction, sequence used in DNA extraction and composition of the sample. This leads us to the hypothesis of the experiment which states that “DNA yield is grossly affected by the sequence of extraction, DNA source components and tissue source.” DNA isolation involves extraction of DNA from various sources (Albert et al 35). Little literature elaborates the differences between DNA extractions from different sources (Simon, Reece and Dickey 11). While researchers have suggested that plant cells produce more DNA than animal cells, others argue that DNA production differs with individual sources and not as plant or animal category (Albert et al 35). Additionally, it is important to note that research has indicated that DNA is only present in living organisms and can therefore not be found in non-living organism (Albert et al 35). Despite the fact that there exist various methods for extraction of DNA, ultimately they all bear similarity and perform similar steps (Keroin 20). Both aim at separation of DNA from other cellular components. Often presence of other substances like proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and other compounds are likely to interfere with the analysis methods used and are likely to interfere with DNA yield and purity. Likewise difference in composition of plant and animal cells is believed to have increased likelihood of affecting DNA yield and purity upon extraction (Lerner and Brenda 1). DNA isolation usually starts with tissue/cell breakdown (lyses) (Anderson 2).This essentially involves protein structure destruction and facilitation of nucleic acids release. The process is often performed in a salt solution, comprising of protein denaturing detergents or proteases (Anderson 2). Cell membranes are dissolved and the cells broken down. Enzymes e.g. those found in meat tenderizer and pineapple juice facilitate protein precipitation and free DNA into the resulting solution (Anderson 2). Materials and Methods Materials used For the success of this experiment, a number of materials were necessary. These include:   * Plant and animal tissues (onions, spinach leaf, liver and shrimp sample).   * Blender.   * Salt   * Soap/detergent.   * Water (warm).   * Sieve.   * Toothpicks   * Alcohol Experimental Procedure The following procedures were used in order to determine the response to our earlier stated hypothesis.  1. A sample of onion is obtained from the larger tissue and cut into small pieces.  2. The sample is placed in the blender.  3. The blender is filled with warm salty water.  4. The resulting contents are blended for approximately 10 seconds to allow partial liquefaction. The resulting mixture is poured into a clear glass via the sieve to approximately half-way.  5. Stir the mixture gently adding between two to three tea spoons of soap. Caution should be taken in stirring not to produce soap bubbles  6. Slowly add alcohol into the resulting mixture from glass side to allow it form a layer on top of the soapy mixture.  7. Leave the mixture to rest for between 3-5 minutes whil
What is a Mediterranean diet? The Mediterranean diet is perhaps the most popular gastronomy trend of the current decade. The trend has been popular for a long time and continues to gain popularity among food and culinary enthusiasts. Thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Mediterranean diet has gained wider recognition among people from different countries. The trend adopts its name from the traditional cuisine of the four Mediterranean countries: Morocco, Greece, Italy, and Spain (Papadaki et al., 2020). Although the diet is associated with slight variations from the four countries it originated from, almost every Mediterranean diet incorporates fruits, vegetables, nuts, cereals, fish, legumes, and unsaturated fats. The growing trend to adopt healthy eating habits due to the pandemic has led people to embrace the Mediterranean diet due to its simplicity in preparing and the easy availability of ingredients. The menu The proposed menu incorporates the Mediterranean diet approach by focusing on a two-course meal that will contribute to various nutritional benefits to an individual. Another important consideration of the design is time and satiety. Food preparation does not have to be lengthy, especially if the meal is more straightforward, such as an appetizer. Appetizers are initial courses that should be prepared promptly to give an individual a mouthwatering feel as they wait for the main course. The appetizer selected for the recipe is Cream of Mushroom Soup, while the main course is Boston lobster Mafaldine. Both meals are perfect examples of what a simple Mediterranean diet should look like. The selection suggests that people do not have to spend too much money eating a healthy meal. However, for the meal to resemble the perfect Mediterranean look, some factors are considered. First, the meals have to be prepared using modern culinary techniques. For the mushroom soup, the mushroom soup is prepared, and then parsley is added through foaming, while Sous Vide cooking is used for cooking the lobster for the Boston Lobster Mafaldine. Cream of Mushroom Soup Mushroom Soup ingredients are sourced from locally available grocery store items. The goal is to ensure that the recipe uses easy-to-obtain things to give interested people a straightforward approach to avail the ingredients and get straight into cooking. People do not prefer complex recipes since they use ingredients that are not locally sourced or cost too much if they are available. The ingredients for the appetizer are meant to eradicate this observation and reduce the time and money of people looking to prepare a healthy soup. The ingredients are meant for serving two people and include:   * 100 g diced Cremini mushroom   * 1½ tablespoons unsalted butter   * ½ tablespoon plain flour   * ½ cup of heavy whipped cream   * 3 tbsp chopped parsley   * 1 tbsp dash of black truffle   * Salt to taste Cremini is preferred since it stands between the white button and the portobello mushroom. When used to prepare the so
Patient The patient, Sarah, is a 28-year-old African American woman with a past medical history of asthma and type 2 diabetes. She admits that she does not check her blood sugar level regularly and takes her medications when she remembers. Her chief complaint is a wound on her left foot got several days ago. No treatment or medical attention was made at once, and the patient used hydrogen peroxide to clean the damaged area. At this moment, a 4-cm lesion is observed, with 7-cm surrounding erythema extended. Differentials Sarah has several serious health conditions, including diabetes complications, foot wounds, fever, and breathing problems. The impact of diabetes on wound growth is not always easy to predict, and such differentials as abscess, osteomyelitis, and atherosclerosis. An abscess is possible because of the impossibility of the diabetic organism to deal with infections, characterized by fever, local pain, and drainage (Chang et al., 2018). The patient has some of the symptoms that cause discomfort. Osteomyelitis is a bone infection, the main symptoms of which are fever, redness, and pain, and the patient meets certain criteria in this case (Giurato et al., 2017). Atherosclerosis is common in diabetic patients as it is characterized by blood vessel damage and the inability to carry oxygen in the body (Poznyak et al., 2020). If it is observed in the lower extremities (LE), numbness and weakness are the symptoms. Sarah admits numbness in her right LE. Shortness of breath, cough and wheezing may be supplementary signs, and the patient reports on her breathing problems as well. Breathing problems and high blood glucose levels could have such differentials as pulmonary edema, sepsis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Fever and cough are the signs, the nature of which should be checked. She is a former smoker with uncontrolled diabetes and extremely high sugar in the blood, which may provoke excess fluid in the lungs and the inability to breathe freely. Besides, her asthma history plays a role in the impossibility to detect other symptoms at an early stage. Sepsis is the condition when the body is not able to respond to inflection. Diabetes weakens Sarah’s immune system, which causes changes in mental status (her poor attention to medications), fever, and high blood pressure. Finally, diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body lacks insulin, and ketones are produced and influence the bloodstream. Confusion and hy
Morocco follows its path of implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs). The analyzed Gianaris’s article provides an overview of success in their various areas. The report’s advantages are that readers can immediately learn the latest news about almost all SDGs in Morocco, rather than devote their time to researching each topic. The information for the article was obtained from a reliable source – Voluntary National Review for 2020. The piece describes several crucial topics of development interesting for readers. First, the SDGs theme is revealed – the author not only describes the progress of the country but also explains the essence of these goals. Second, the text states that the development model will be updated “The model will succeed challenges introducing the country’s growth in education and training, employment, social protection, and youth issues” (Gianaris para. 5). Three, on the population and poverty topic, the author indicated the development of the economy and the reduction of unemployed. Four, Gianaris also speaks of social equality necessary to achieve economic success. Fifth, the crises that have affected the country’s development in recent decades are the financial crisis of 2008 and three years of drought. Despite the article’s advantages, the topics are predominantly briefly covered. The text also gives readers an understanding of what SDGs Morocco prioritizes. The first two that need to be highlighted are decent work and economic growth, and also no poverty. The two goals are interrelated, as the country’s economic growth reduces its poverty rate. Morocco’s other goal of affordable clean energy is also associated with them. Gianaris writes that the state does not want to depend on fossil fuels but seeks renewable energy (para. 10-11). Moreover, the article mentions that the new development model is aimed at such a goal as quality education. According to official figures, significant progress has also been made in climate action and reduced inequality. Thus, Morocco still has many tasks and plans to implement, but they are already achieving progress. Works Cited Gianaris, Kristen. “Morocco Submits 2020 Voluntary National Review of SDG Progress.” Morocco World News, 2020. Web.
Introduction Out of a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, Enron was formed in 1985 based in the United States. As an energy trading and communications company, at the start, the company was involved in construction, development and operation of power plants, pipelines globally. Further, it was participating in the transmission, distribution of electricity and gas throughout the state and. Afterwards, Enron enlarged their wealth through marketing and promotion of commodities which included; power and communications bandwidth and related risk management derivatives as tradable securities. Enron energy trading and Communications Company that was based in Houston, TX was well re-known for its accounting strategies a factor that allowed it to be listed as the seventh largest company in America (Molly, 2001). The company had a work force of about 21,000 employees grouping them among the largest employers in the country. In the same year, it was ranked number seven by the fortune magazine among first five hundred companies in the United States. The energy company had made inventions in communications, power and weather securities and due to this it was expected to dominate the trading in these areas. However, in the year 2000, the company had claimed a revenue base of about with $101 billion but due of their trade activities. Despite all that, the company still ended up the biggest failure in the corporate history (Molly, 2001) Despite the fame and wealth Enron had accumulated, the company stood on the verge of bankruptcy by mid November 2001 (Bryce, 2002). This had arisen from numerous scandals and collective failure between the company and its auditing firm which brought about by accounting irregularities that surrounded fraud. Poor decisions, mismanagement and individualistic type of management by Enron’s top were also major contributors in the collapse of the corporation. At the same time, the value of investors’ equity per share in 2001 fell from $85 to 30 cents a fact that plunged the company into a disastrous loss. Discovery of the company’s source of profit which happened to be from deals with limited partners which it controlled was one of the factors that resulted to the company’s loss of value. This loss and other similar financial conflicts, was not reported in any of the company’s financial report (Niskanen, 2005). More to that, the company had also devised a method to elude taxes and maintain anonymity by opening offshore accounts that allowed them easy currency flow. By the end of the year 2001, the firm’s European operations filed for bankruptcy and sought protection in the US Southern District of New York under chapter 11 (Hodak, 2007). In the year 2000 during the companies’ financial peak point, public investors were encouraged to buy stocks in the company since the prices were at their highest with a promise of further appreciation in their value in the subsequent year. However the executive in the company knew of the looming loss that was to be experien
The role and significance of major cities Greece is one of the most attractive European countries for tourists from all over the world because of the country’s status as the place where history and myths meet modernity. The capital city of Greece is Athens. Before the 2004 Olympic Games, the capital city attracted a lot of tourists who were interested in history, arts, and philosophy because of the possibility to visit Acropolis, the famous Greek temple Parthenon, many museums and galleries. After the 2004 Olympic Games, the city is also known as one of the most visited European capitals. The major cities of Greece have not only the social but also historical significance as the European cultural heritage (Dubin). Thus, the next city which is popular with tourists is the Rhodes City. It can be characterized by a lot of historical and archeological sites such as the Colossus of Rhodes and the numerous medieval structures in the Medieval City of Rhodes. Thousands of tourists visit the island of Rhodes and the city to see the Acropolis of Rhodes and the Temple of Apollo. Moreover, the economy of Rhodes depends on the city’s nightlife in which tourists take the active part. It is important to note that each country’s region has its main city which plays the significant role in the country’s development and contributes to its economy. Chania with the Samaria National Park and Heraklion are important for the development of Crete (Clark). Tourism in Thessaloniki is influential for the economic sector of the Macedonia region. Economic and social implications of tourism Tourism influences the economy and social life of Greece significantly. Greece is discussed as one of the European countries which have the definite economic problems, and tourism is considered as the way to stabilize the situation in the country. However, it is necessary to realize a lot of improvements in the field in order to maximize the possible benefits. The dependence of the Greek economy on tourism is explained by the fact that the industrial sector of the country is not developed, and the orientation to the exporting agriculture requires many reforms, focusing on developing new distribution channels. From this point, tourism is important for increasing the Gross National Product of the country (Buhalis and Diamantis). The particular features of the social life in Greece also depend on the development of tourism. Thus, the labor market of the country is closely associated with the seasonal character of tourism in Greece. The migrations of tourists cause the migrations of the workforce within the country. The tourism sector provides the young population with jobs. Moreover, it is possible to speak about the gender character of distributing jobs because women are mainly employed in the tourism sector. The accen
It is fascinating to note that 54% of registered voters are women. However, since 1789 all American presidents have been men. Some analyst argue that women for past many decades, they have not been in a position to shape out much liberty on the top floors of any venture, in any country or society in the history of the world. With no disbelief, they’ve made marvelous development in the past three decades, but the statistics are still tiny. According to a survey done in 2007, ‘merely 60%of men and 56% of women think that United States is prepared for a woman president’. This political paper will attempt to capture some of key reasons that different scholars have given as to why they support or oppose the idea of having a woman as president in the United States. Just as men, I believe that women have an ‘equal right to become president of the United States’. (Myers 2008). This debate seems to have been fueled by one Senator Hillary Clinton, a former first lady who is now battering it out with Senator Barrack Obama for the democratic nominations. If Senator Clinton is lucky to become the democratic nominee and is elected as president of United States then she would make history by becoming the first American woman to become president in the land, thus the current debate if U.S. is ready for a woman as their president. In the United States, millions additional women vote as opposed to men, however women only make around 16% of the U.S, Senate. Barely eight of the nation’s fifty governors are women. In other countries example United Kingdom they have had a woman on the top most seat: Margaret Thatcher, with other countries having women serving as heads of states or head of government, though the number is still incredibly small. (Bolen 2005). Some people put it that it would be very straightforward to argue that ‘men haven’t done a creditable as heads of states’ especially in United States, to support this argument they try to argue it out that the last century was the bloodiest in history, due to increased cases of war, terrorism, religious radicalism, miserable poverty, and illness. However, they go on to justify themselves that this does not mean that all the above have been all men’s responsibility but the bottom line is that they have been in control, still it does not seem much closer to finding answers to these deep and troublesome problems.(Darrow 2005). Those who support the idea of having a female president in United States argue that: if American was to have a woman a for a president then every thing would change since this would mean that, political affairs would be friendlier. Businesses would be more dynamic a
The conflict between the values of a nurse’s health promotion and a client is a widespread phenomenon in health care. The most prominent example of such conflict is when adults refuse blood transfusions because of their religious beliefs. According to Edelman, Mandle, and Kudzma (2014), nurses should be aware of how cultural differences could affect attitudes towards health care and treatment methods. From this, it could be inferred that a nurse should be far-sighted and should be able to predict how this or that patient will react to the medical intervention proposed by a nurse. As Edelman et al. (2014) put it, a nurse should be culturally competent to predict the possible disparities and eliminate them. Still, when a conflict between the values of a nurse and a client occurs, it is necessary to undertake certain septs to mitigate it. The most proper way to tackle it is to accept it and follow the will of a patient. It is obligatory to respect the worldview and opinion of a patient. Nonetheless, before accepting a patient’s decision, a nurse must inform him or her of the negative and positive consequences of a patient’s choice. This step is of vital significance because it ensures that a patient is fully informed, understands what he does, and is ready for the side effects of the decision taken. To conclude, apart from being respectful and tolerant, nurses should be good communicators and listeners. In case of a conflict of values, they should not apply moral pressure to a patient. Instead, nurses are expected to explain their rationalities and be ready to listen to the arguments of a patient. Nevertheless, if a patient refuses the treatment or asks to change it, he should be informed of the consequences and be responsible for the decision. Reference Edelman, C. L., Mandle, C. L., & Kudzma, E. C. (2014). Health promotion throughout the life span (8 th ed.). Elsevier Mosby.