ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Thesis Statistics show that one point two billion children globally below the age of eighteen are at risk. This can be translated to about fifty percent of the children population in countries that are developing. It further states that one in every five people in the globe is a child at risk. A lot of families live below a dollar a day (Dryfoos & Barkin, 2005).). Therefore tremendous poverty, chronic illnesses such as AIDS also lead to this fact. There are approximately one hundred and forty five million children who are without parents. These families are found mostly in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean (Stand4Kids, 2010). An “at risk” child is a term used to refer to a child who is faced with many issues that could stem from several sources. These sources can be society oriented, family related or peer relations related. These matters normally have lasting impact on the overall health; physical, social, mental and emotional balance of the child. They bear greater concern from all sectors of life both family and society. This is because such children are at a position of failing to be fruitful in the society (Stand4Kids, 2010). Other children who fall in this category lack basic needs, proper education and healthcare all which are vital for typical development at childhood. This can be attributed to poverty in its worst extremes. Paucity is more than meets the eye. It is going without food for several days, lacking a roof over one’s head, it is illnesses brought about by consumption of dirty water, it is falling sick and not being able to access treatment due to lack of money, it is lack of education and illiteracy, it is failure of means to provide support for the family, it is hopelessness and fear of the future, it is sheer incapacitation (Dryfoos & Barkin, 2005). Such children have a great likelihood of engaging in social evils. The sources of such ill behavior could be said to be how they relate with other members of their community. They could be for instance, drug abuse, violence and prostitution. From family could be through maltreatment in the physical or emotion for instance beatings, sexual exploitation and child labor. Lack of support from loved ones such as parents and guardians make this even worse. The main reason for these children’s engagement in such vices could be due to their desire to make ends meet. As such they can go to every extent to satisfy their needs. As a result, they suffer exploitation from every quarter. The traits of children at risk are that they tend to be aloof, poor performers in class if at all they have access to education and get no encouragement and even extracurricular activities. However, there should be a disclaimer that this is not always the case as many of them normally have innate talents that need harnessing (Stand4Kids, 2010). In terms of temperament, some of those children tend to fly with rage at the slightest provocation making their relationship with other children almost impossible. Moreover, those who have gone to the extremes of killing for survival at wars or for money lose their feelin
Introduction African American women are one of the most stereotyped demographic groups in modern society and culture. Ranging from the infamous Aunt Jemima “mammy” stereotype that has its roots in slavery to the modern media portrayal of an aggressive or sassy black woman, these stereotypes have grown to dominate the cultural and social discourse regarding this race. Based on these stereotypes along with internal racial perception, there is an inherent social perception in a place of a strong black woman, which faces her problems head-on and does not show signs of weakness. This paper seeks to explore the origins of the strong black woman stereotype and its cultural portrayal and discuss the tolls of mental health and struggles that affect highly marginalized African American women in the context of this social perception. Cultural Portrayal As mentioned, the cultural portrayal of African American women varies. There is the ‘mammy’ stereotype, most commonly a maid or nanny, a heavy woman that takes care of her own or employer’s family. Such characters played important roles in films such as “Gone with the Wind” and “The Help” and can be seen in advertisements or commercial products such as Aunt Jemima’s breakfast products. A ‘Jezebel’ stereotype represents a cunning, foxy, usually tall and sexualized black woman. It is the rarest of the stereotypes, commonly seen in the film. Finally, there is the ‘Sapphire’ stereotype of the sharp-tongued sassy black woman that always speaks her mind. It represents a manipulative woman that emasculates her male partner (Biakolo et al.). In every way, each of these media or cultural portrays contributes to the social perception of a strong black woman. A ‘mammy’ is always there to support others and puts aside her own desires. Jezebel exerts influence over men with her sexuality and remains an object of foreign desire. Meanwhile, a ‘Sapphire’ always gets her way and never backs down from her position. There is of course the ‘strong black woman’ trope itself, a struggling woman either from an impoverished family or difficult background having to fight her way in this world. Black women are portrayed as unbreakable, immovable, with a strong moral compass, but also being a natural nurturers, self-sacrificing, and oftentimes the backbone of the family or household (Manke). This portrayal has dominated the media and cultural portrayal in recent decades. Reality It can be argued that this stereotype is not bad, in all things considered, where black women have been historically disenfranchised and abused, it is empowering. However, it is done for the wrong reasons and sets unrealistic expectations. First, the strong black woman trope is pressuring African American women to act relentless and almost ignorant of the pressures of race and gender-based discrimination that will experience in their daily lives, after all, it is their burden (Manke). Second, black women are human too, with a wide depth of emotions, fears, and personalities. The expectation that they will be emotionless and have a strong standing in a society that puts up so many barrier
Introduction Romanesque architecture possesses certain key characteristic features, which often vary from region to region regarding appearance and building materials. These features include thick walls, constituting small irregular stones embedded in thick mortar to support the entire structure (Boundless Art History). Construction materials for the walls varied across Europe depending on the building traditions of different regions. Another feature of the architecture was the arches and openings included pairing two arcade openings separated by a pillar/colonette often set inside an enormous arch (Boundless Art History). Moreover, the architecture constituted of arcades whereby cloister arcades had a single story. In contrast, the arcade dividing nave and isles in churches had two levels and a third stage. In addition, the architecture had piers that were complex and rectangular. They had half-segments of enormous hollow-core columns on the internal surface, which supported the arch, also smaller shafts clustered into a group led to the modeling of the arc (Boundless Art History). Cruciform-shaped piers occurred at the juncture of two large arches, and each angle had support from a rectangular pier perpendicular to the other. Columns were erect in Romanesque architecture (Boundless Art History). They varied in decorative style and the building material used. Usually, they were huge to support the thick upper walls, which had small windows and heavy faults (Boundless Art History). The massive columns had a hollow core full of rubble. Columns alternated with piers, whereby a column was erect between each adjacent port. The architecture also had vaults and roofs (Boundless Art History). The tops were wooden either in tie beam, king post, or simple truss form; trussed roofs were sometimes lined with wooden ceilings in three layers. Stone and brick vaults were of different formats. Relationship between Those Churches, Their Local Communities, and the Tradition of Pilgrimage A strong relationship exists between those churches, their local communities, and the tra
The state of California is known to have a massive economic potential. However, the state has been beleaguered by several budget shortfalls. These shortfalls have been experienced during the tenure of Arnold Schwarzenegger as governor. The first shortfall was experienced during the 2008/2009 budget. The budget ended up being delayed for over 2 months. Finally, the $126 billion budget was passed on 8 October 2010 after a delay of 100 days. The 2008/2008 fiscal year operated under a budget gap that totalled to $21 billion. This research paper will address the California budget crisis that occurred in the 2010-2011 fiscal year (Analyst, 2010). California has been operating beyond its own means for several years. There are several reasons that can be attributed to the budget crisis of the 2010-2011 fiscal year. Firstly, California engaged in extensive short term borrowing in the previous years. These short term remedies eventually led to such long term problems as budget deficits. The California government used quick fixes to try and resolve the financial issues that arose from declining revenue. For the last several decades, the state of California has been wallowing in debt (Gerston and Christensen, 2011). The government assumed that the already existing debts and any future debts incurred would be covered with future profits. However, what the government needed to do was determine how to minimize the state’s expenditure and focus on ways of increasing the state’s revenue. According to the Legislative Analysts Office (LAO), the shortfall in the 2010/2011 budget was $18.9 billion. The principle reasons that resulted to this shortfall include; the state’s inability to arrive at solutions prescribed from the previous budget and the expiration of many budget solutions that were temporary and one-time. These had been brought forward from the previous budget. Additionally, adverse ruling by the courts also resulted in the shortfall. Consequently, there was a significant decline in the state’s revenue. The residents of California had to bear the brunt of the shortfall in their budget. The citizens had to deal with reduced incomes and increased prices of basic products and services. Additionally, the tax rates were increased in a failed attempt to leverage the situation. As the situation worsened, the governor was compelled to declare a fiscal emergency. This was on 8th January 2010 (Calbom, 2010). The governor called a special session of the legislator. The purpose of this session was to determine remedial measures to alleviate the situation. Several remedial measures were proposed to mitigate the shortfall in the budget. The first proposition by the governor was t
The Aboriginal inclusion interview was conducted with Vanessa, the child’s mother. Qualifying questions were asked to determine the applicant’s competence in supporting and engaging the child with the Aboriginal community. The applicant talked about participation in Aboriginal networks, affirmation of the child’s Aboriginal identity, and the child’s understanding of family ties. The woman was also asked about the child’s current use of social services and those that the child would need in the future. The applicant demonstrated a confident command of the necessary information and responded fully to the questions during the interaction. Based on the information Vanessa provided, she is able to ensure that the child is exposed correctly to Aboriginal roots. Although the child’s Aboriginal identity has not been officially documented, his Aboriginal roots originate in Bundjalung. Vanessa currently resides in Awabakal land, which borders the country of Darkinjung, where the child was born. This location allows Vanessa to keep the child close to his birthplace and strengthen his Aboriginal connections. Vanessa’s participation in the Aboriginal community is fulfilling. She actively participates in Aboriginal celebrations and has extensive knowledge of history and culture. The applicant fully understands and appreciates the child’s belonging to a particular community and is prepared to engage the child in it actively. Vanessa has demonstrated a basic knowledge of services that can provide services to an Aboriginal child and will use them. In the future, Vanessa can involve the child in the celebration of community festivals and teach the child about history and culture. In addition, she will also help the child connect with other Aboriginal children, enabling them to become more aware of their belonging to the community. Based on all of the above, the applicant can take on the responsibility of introducing the child to the Aboriginal community and be successful in her responsibilities.
Introduction Marital and family therapy (MFT) is a field that deals directly with families. It is aimed at managing change and development in a family. This is because these are key areas in which the people in a family interact. In training the marital and family therapists therefore, it is important to emphasize on approaches that will yield effective family therapy outcomes. Marital and family therapy field touches all human dilemmas. It addresses all kinds of relationships and psychological conflicts that may arise as a result of these relationships. In the marital and family therapy field, people can be trained to be trainers, therapists, supervisors as well as researchers. The training, methods should exhibit present knowledge in the field. (Piercy and Sprenkle, 1983).) Training Of Marital and Family Therapists Review Training in this field should be based on three main domains. These include theory, research and practice. Trainees in this field are encouraged to use their own original approaches rather than using traditional clinical approaches. Training marital and family therapists differs from one institution to another. Training theories advance with time. Initially the original approaches were based on field experience in which the trainees are expected to learn more about family therapy by doing it practically. These were followed by structural and strategic approaches. The third approaches emphasize on experiments, communication and behavior change. The modern approaches are neo-analytic and trans-generational (Cleghorn and Levin 1973). From this advancement in the approach it can be concluded that the methods advance as a result of more research that indicate the need for a more modern MFT. During training, supervision should be emphasized. However it has been studied that although supervision has always been considered during training, there is no enough literature about it. People training cannot learn more about the process. More so marital and family therapy supervision is normally secluded from related areas. A research therefore ought to be done to shed more light on concepts and theories. Marital and family therapy training is an important area in this field. However, many literatures are ignorant of the fact that the area requires high levels of professionalism. There is need to research on status and issues for people involved such as supervisors and researchers. While training therapists, assignments and experimental activities are preferred (Piercy and Sprenkle, 1983). This is because it allows the trainees to learn without depending on classroom lectures only. Training methods in MFT are very important supervision being one of the crucial methods. In this case it should be an effective method of training. Most of super
Introduction Death penalty is a way of punishing people found guilty of committing capital offences. There are few countries that apply this form of punishment. The methods used to punish offenders are controversial in several jurisdictions depending on the nation’s cultural and political ideologies. There are people who support this form of punishment. On the contrary, other people strongly oppose capital punishment. This paper discusses death penalty from the point of view of utilitarian principles. These principles suggest that the form of punishment has the ability to deter similar crimes. It also suggests that capital punishment is suitable for wrong doings that involve taking away the life of others. The opponents of death penalty believe that the punishment is too harsh and infringes upon human rights. They also believe that it lacks the ability to deter future crimes. Utilitarianism is a moral theory, which posits that “the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility” (Dreeben-Irimia 292). The theory supports consequences of actions without scrutinizing methods for implementing the actions. The theory was widely promoted by John Stuart Mill who suggested that initiatives were evaluated based on their consequences. The theory considers the pursuit of contentment and ensuring that people are happy with decisions. The theory promotes three claims including the consequentiality, happiness, and objectivity claim. The theory suggests that punishing people is equal to treating them badly and is a sign of mischief. From the outlook, it would appear that utilitarian’s may contest capital punishment because it creates unhappiness. However, the theory supports a form of punishment when the level of suffering is so high that it is beneficial to society. The theory posits that a punishment that makes the society can only emanate from intense suffering. Evidently, a form of punishment that generates more happiness in society is justifiable under the utilitarian theory. The theory supports capital punishment on the basis of deterrence. When punishment is instilled in potential wrongdoers, they cannot commit crimes because they understand the type of punishment they will go through. The theory also supports incapacitation where people who have committed capital crimes can never have the opportunity to repeat such wrongdoings. Therefore, capital punishment takes away wrongdoers from the streets and eliminates the danger to the public. The form of punishment also provides people and families of victims with the proof that justice will be served. The relatives of people killed by criminals gain comfort and fulfillment because they know the offender has received equal punishment. As opposed to this, the opponents of the application of utilitarianism theory in retribution argue that this form of punishment has minimal effect on containing related crimes. The opponents have noted that states where people receive capital punishment c
William Blake is arguably one of the most controversial poets of the Romantic Age. As a child, Blake claimed to have a vision of a tree that was filled with angels (McGann 130). This was just the beginning of controversy for this prolific eighteenth century philosopher. During the course of his life, Blake claimed to have visited both heaven and hell on different occasions. There are several complexities surrounding Blake’s work. One of these complexities is highlighted in Blake’s poem “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”. This poem was written around 1792 and it is largely a critic of Emanuel Swedenborg’s doctrine. “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” is a noteworthy work of philosophy. In the first part of the poem, the author proclaims that “without contraries there is no progression” (Blake 1). The poem then lists some of the most common contraries like love and hate, and attraction and repulsion (Blake 1). According to Blake, contraries are a necessity when it comes to human existence. This paper will explore the significance of the statement “without contraries there is no progression” and how it applies to the philosophy in this poem. The contraries used by the poet in “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” are the backbone of this poem. The main reason why Blake uses contraries in his poem is to set up a world of parallels. The contraries help in highlighting the confrontational views that are used by the author to argue how common reasoning and religion contrast humans’ creative energy. There are various elements of satire in this poem. The parts of the poem that are most satirical seem like an attack on the Bible, religion, and other popular imagery such as heaven and hell. The structure of “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” is the first feature of the contraries used in the poem. The poem has an “arguments” part that covers popular views and then “memorable fancies”, or parts of the poem that cover Blake’s outlook. This structure is meant to put two arguments on opposing sides and therefore highlight the use of contraries (Raine 47). One of the poet’s major concerns in this poem is the contraries that are characteristic of Christianity. These contraries include heaven and hell, angels and demons, and good and evil. These contraries have always been the pillars of the Christian doctrine. Blake’s school of thought argues that all of these contraries are part of human nature and that is why there cannot be progression without them. However, religion has turned one part of the human nature against the other. According to the poet, religion has put the body and soul against each other (Blake 2). Religion portrays the body as the source of evil, and the soul as the source of all good things. Therefore, the soul has to be used to suppress the needs of the body in
One of the most probable disasters in my area is wildfires, as our community is situated in a forest area. In the case of wildfires, many members of the community will become homeless, which implies that human service organizations, such as homeless shelters, will need to help the community deal with the consequences of the natural disaster. The Federal Government spends significant resources to prevent and react to wildfires, as they pose a significant threat to the environment and communities (USGS, 2006). There are several stakeholders both inside and outside the community. First, I would partner with the local healthcare services, as smoke and other emissions contain pollutants that can cause significant health problems (USGS, 2006). Second, I would collaborate with the local police, as the human service organization needs to make sure that all the homeless individuals and families are physically safe (Public Health Emergency, 2020). Finally, I would collaborate with the US Forest Service to understand how the fire spreads and react accordingly. As for the initiatives, I would propose serving hot food and shelter for people who lost their homes in wildfires. This will ensure that the people stay physically safe and have time to contact their relatives. I would also establish a bureau or a telephone hotline that would help people search for their relatives lost in the wildfire. Finally, I would find interpreters that can speak languages other than English to help cultural minorities receive human services.