ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The importance of government policies cannot be underestimated since they shape different nations’ attitudes to various problems and concerns closely related to everyday life. However, at the same time, using official policies as the key references in any situations that involve ethical concerns cannot be called the best option. For instance, in her award-winning essay about abortion, Mendoza (2004) demonstrates that some abortion laws in the United States place pregnant women who find out that the fetus is dead in a difficult position. This example proves that in some cases, state policies do not support patients’ interests and therefore, should not play the primary role in decision-making. The role of state policies in decisions made by healthcare providers to help their patients may need to become less important in some instances. For example, speaking about the case of Mendoza (2004) and similar situations involving intrauterine fetal death, healthcare specialists should be able to use decision-making practices that maximize positive outcomes for their patients. In the mentioned case, even though there were some legal opportunities to remove the dead fetus, it was difficult for the woman to find a qualified specialist nearby. To avoid health complications, it is necessary to make all government policies referring to doctors’ decisions health-oriented and evidence-based (see Fig. 2). Nowadays, however, there are countries that use abortion policies informed by quasi-religious arguments. In general, the rules and limitations concerning the use of government policies in doctor-patient decisions should be centered on the well-being of a person receiving treatment. Concerning late-term abortions and other sensitive topics, such policies can facilitate decision-making if they are supported with high-quality evidence and minimize the risks of complications. To put it in other words, the use of state policies in health decisions should depend on the extent to which they protect patients’ health. Fig. 2. Evidence-based medicine (SafeMinds, n.d.)
Introduction Various ethical issues have always been of great interest for historians and philosophers. The history proves that ethical dilemmas have always existed in humanity. The current world experiences a rapid globalization mostly due to the development of the informational technologies. The professional practice within the IT sphere is becoming more and more popular nowadays. In the following paper, the critical review of Geert Demuijnck’s article will be conducted as well as the evaluation of the current ethical issues connected with the professional practice in the sphere of IT technologies. The Review of the Article The article under consideration entitled “Universal Values and Virtues in Management Versus Cross Cultural Moral Relativism: An Educational Strategy to Clear The Ground for Business Ethics” was written by Geert Demuijnck in 2015. The author provides readers with information concerning the role of the moral relativism in business. The primary idea of the author refers to the fact that moral relativism is often misinterpreted in the modern business environment. In some cases, students or business personnel face difficulty in understanding the core idea of the moral relativism that does not contradict the essential principles of the virtue ethics. The idea of relativism is extremely popular nowadays. It presupposes that the differences in cultures can justify the particular behaviors of people in business settings. Nevertheless, such understanding of professional practice may lead to the further pointlessness of following any moral principles at all. The skepticism of the universalism of ethical virtues is a popular tendency nowadays. Demuijnck states that there is the need for the rebuttal of some anti-universalism opinions due to two primary reasons. First, there will be no use of business ethics if the universal virtues will be rejected. There is no point of finding some consensus in the world of extremely different cultural and moral values. Second, the popularity of relativism undermines the business morality. It may discourage people to behave appropriately (Demuijnck, 2015). The author proceeds to the definition of three types of relativism. Thus, Demuijnck differentiates descriptive, moral, and meta-ethical relativism. In my opinion, the author fails to demonstrate the precise difference between the last two forms. He writes that the relativeness of the “truth” varies in dif
What is Grief?   * Definition:       + extreme sadness,       + a heavy experience,       + a sense of loss;   * С an be caused by:       + a deadly disease;       + a loss of a person;       + a loss of a relationship. Indeed, life has its immutable laws, and a person is given both joy and sorrow. They are often called the white and black stripes in life. Many people are trying hard not to notice the “black stripes,” thinking that this tactic will allow them to live more peacefully and happily. However, when a black streak falls on a person, they tends to fall into a strong sense of grief. Grief is a feeling of extreme sadness caused by hard experience and feelings of loss. Reasons for grief vary, but in general, they include the death of loved ones, fatal illness, the severance of a relationship with a loved one, or the loss of a beloved pet. There are five stages of grief  1. denial and isolation;  2. anger;  3. bargaining;  4. depression;  5. acceptance. It is worth noting that these stages may sometimes not be performed or not proceed in such a sequence (Stroebe et al. 458). Almost any state of grief can be broken down into the next five stages. These include denial or shock, anger, bargaining, depression, and the final stage of acceptance. A common mistake is the mandatory requirement of all these phases in this order. Everyone has their way of living with these phases: someone jumps over a stage; someone gets stuck in one. Everything depends on personal circumstances, age, personality type, state of health, and lifestyle. It is essential to understand what happens to the psyche now of losing and living grief. Denial and Isolation “ It is not happening. It is not real…”   * this stage helps us through the grief;   * it suppresses reality;   * people think life is meaningless. K nown effects :   * change in sense of time;   * lack of appetite;   * emotional distance. When this stage is reached, a person does not believe in what happened, especially if he or she learns about it unexpectedly. Subconscious fear does not allow a person experiencing grief to adequately assess the reality. This stage is characterized by a violent reaction in the form of shouts, worries, negation of the inevitable. Everyone must sooner or later realize that their life is short-lived and accept it in time. People try their best to find out the truth, hoping that the news is wrong. The sufferer avoids reality and stops interaction with the world around him and himself. The decisions that one makes are inadequate, and this behavior inspires doubts about one’s mental fullness. For example, someone who has learned of a relative’s death may continue to behave as if they were still alive. Anger “ It is all your fault! ” when denial goes away, a person faces reality but a person is not ready for it anger can be directed at anything or anyone and has no limits. There is pain underneath the anger. The next stage of grief is aggression, anger, or resentment. The peculiarity of this stage is that negative emotions can manifest themselves quickly or gradually. Constructively, the negative is focused on the cause of the loss.
The minimally invasive treatment of valvular heart disease has been associated with positive patient outcomes and shorter hospital stays (Cao et al., 2013). The readmission rate of patients who underwent this type of treatment is lower compared to the rate of patients who had conventional treatment. However, it is rather unclear whether the new approach can be effective with older patients (Gilmanov et al., 2013). The proposed study will focus on the effectiveness of the minimally invasive treatment of valvular heart disease. Mixed method research design will be used. The sample size will be considerable (approximately 500 patients). The patients’ age will be the dependent variable. No other variables will be taken into account. The quantitative data will include the duration of hospital stay, readmission rate, and major patient outcomes. The participants will be divided into experimental and control group. The qualitative data collection tools to be employed will be brief surveys. At the end of their hospitals stay, the participants in the experimental group will be asked to complete brief surveys (nurses will help patients do this if necessary). Patients’ attitudes towards the treatment with the focus on its outcomes will be analyzed.
The current credit crisis has taken the United States by storm with people from nearly all walks of life being affected by it. It has to be said however that this sub-prime crisis as it is known was a long time coming with its roots being laid much earlier than 2008. Since Greenspan lowered the interest rates to 1% which saw increased lending, investment banks found themselves with a lot of money and enough to spare as well (Krugman). This, therefore, led to the increased demand for mortgages leading to the need to allow more people to take out mortgages. This is where the crisis started. In the midst of the credit crunch, mortgage lenders had a big role to play. Two such institutions were the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). Both of these are privately owned but government sponsored enterprises which issue out mortgages. Their unique status means that the private investors can enjoy the profits made by these enterprises if any and they can bank on the US government coming to their rescue if they start making losses which provides these two with a unique level of assurance, allowing them the ability to take a greater risk. This is where their role in the current credit crisis comes in. As increased lending by investment banks on account of low-interestrest rates spurred the demand for buying out mortgages by investors and other financial institutions, there a was greater need for mortgages to be issued out as they were considered safe investments. The homeowners who could afford to pay back their mortgages were a good source of funds allowing a greater rate of return to investors compared to the 1% they got on treasury bills. In the case of those homeowners who could not make their payments, the mortgage-owning institutions could easily take over the house and sell it. Since real estate prices were continuously on the rise, this appeared a considerably safe inve
The topic of 3-D printable organs very evidently, is starting to receive an increasing amount of attention. The whole mechanism of creating live tissue and organizing cells to form organs seems impossible and amazing. Until recent time, scientists had problems to keep cells in balance and preserve their survival, as there were few issues. Presently, it has been accomplished by combining stem cells with liquid medium in which the cells have the ability to spawn and continue growth (Benayoun 2013). The process of 3-D printing has been around for some time, printing physical objects, ranging from robotic parts, to photographs, guns and other everyday items. It is clear that no one thought that this process could go so far. In personal opinion, printing 3-D objects is very useful, as it saves time and increases efficiency of production and social involvement. Printing organs is very much relative and as of right now, people are unable to grasp the concept very closely. It seems extremely futuristic and the majority of population cannot even imagine the technology, particularly the printer that will create live organs. But in case this does work, it would prove extremely beneficial for humanity. There are many people who are on the waitlists for skin transplants, not to mention organs. It is difficult to find donors and there is no guarantee that the organ or tissue will be accepted by the body. Person’s own stem cells can be used in creating organs, and it means that they will be better accepted by the organism, so there will be very little risk involved and chances of survival are greatly increased. This sort of development will have very many benefits that will solve problems between hospitals and patient care. For a very long time, since doctors started experimenting and practicing transplanting organs, there has been a battle among professional and patients. The ethical questions on who must decide where the organs will go and how to separate those in particular need from those who can wait some time longer has been under debate. One thing for certain is that there is no way to predict the long term deterioration in patient’s health, so it quite impossible to develop a degree of needs between individuals. As previously discussed, the topic of 3-D organ printing is receiving enormous amount of attention and people are starting to wonder if there will be any ethical problems. With the ability to create living tissue, people are starting to wonder if it will become possible to replicate a whole human being and cloning has been mentioned as one of the unwanted outcomes. The merging of “real” people with artificially created human organism has been described in numerous science fiction movies and books but no
Introduction Since its inception, the program ‘No Child Left Behind’ (NCLB) has received mixed reactions from various groups. Some are applauding the program while some are cynical about the idea. The program core mission is to map the education curriculum of different states to know what kids are taught from kindergarten to 12 th grade. Afterward, the states perform a chain of examinations to prove that the kids learned. This is followed by a public report indicating the individual schools Math and English scores (Ravittch, 2009). Schools not showing improvements progressively would be enlisted in a warning list with caution of closure. Supporting the idea According to Margaret Spellings, one of the chief framers of NCLB, the benefits of the programs speaks for themselves. He moves to affirm that, so far, the program has recorded huge success. She says “a look at the national statistics, the fruits of this program are conspicuous. There has been an improvement in essential reading skills especially of fourth graders.” To support the success made by the program, George Miller, a strong NCLB proponent, believes that the biggest impact of the program is addressing the thorny issue of the achievement gap between poor and middle-class kids (Pipkin, 2013). He says “for the first time we have practical solutions of how America should educate its kids across the board, from the poor to the rich.” Significantly those opposed to the program seem not to downplay everything about it. Rather they are pointing some factors they term as “irreducible minimums.” John Fawn is a writer at the National Journal ; he believes that NCLB was a brilliant idea but poorly executed. He states that idea has so many loopholes which if not adequately addressed shall lead to unintended and unfortunate consequences (Kanj, 2005). First, he points out the variance of standards in different states as a matter of concern. He writes “some states such as Massachusetts have adopted very high standards. However, states such as Arizona, Georgia, and Mississippi adopted low standards”. Opposing the idea Surprisingly, at the Congress members from both divides of the house seem to agree that NCLB has flaws that need to be addressed. They especially point out rating schools publically as beating the logic. One member of the opposition was quoted saying “just carrying out tests and publically proclaiming them without doing anything to improve what happens in class, is ridiculous. It builds more condemnation rather than motivation”. These sediments are echoed by Peg Tyre, award-winning reporter, who points out that the attention now shifts from teachers imparting knowledge to students to teachers just performi
Introduction Whenever we encounter a book for the first time, our initial perception can so easily be colored, even distorted, by conscious or unconscious prejudices. In some moments though, we do find ourselves delving into a text with an almost open mind; with hardly the slightest inkling of what to expect. This specialness is most rewarding when we find ourselves surprised beyond measure; we disbelief, we exclaim, we are carried away, we are moved. I first read “The hour of the Star” in such a manner, completely bereft of expectation, and so indelible has its effect been that I’ve since invariably owned a copy. Discussion Lispector’s power over us, for me at least, lies in the characterization of the narrator and the motivation that informs the almost obsessive relationship that he has with his subject: Macabea. Because of her seemingly self-willed refusal to know, Macabea leads Rodrigo, along with us, to invaluable insights. Rodrigo is urbane and cosmopolitan. He is a sensitive character, one who is aware of the fundamental concerns of the present day though not overly engrossed in them. He seems to have a balanced, plausible, if not reliable, conceptualization of reality. He leads something of a contented life though unhappy with the lack of success in his writing career. But he is jolted by the coming of Macabea into his life and he is suddenly preoccupied with her obvious otherness, and because of her, the meaning of being, the existence of God and the prospects of death. Rodrigo is primarily driven to study and write about Macabea by her seeming the very antithesis of who he is. At first, it is the look of damnation on her face that got him interested in her. As he gets to know her, he is irked, irritated, by her apparent nonchalance towards reality. This is so much so that he can only refer to her as ‘the girl from the Northeast’ at the beginning of the novella. Macabea, on the other hand, is not a retard but she seems to suffer from a thoroughly inhibited intellectual capacity. This is however not what interests Rodrigo. It is rather that this incapacity to engage reality in any meaningful manner seems almost self-willed. She has no ambition. She is painfully naïve. She is happy to not know. But she still manages to seem unaware of the presence happiness and consequently, its absence in her own life. Rodrigo’s eventual fascination with Macabea is not merely as a result of her being different from him but rather because he finds himself utterly incapable of comprehending her. It is part of our nature: to be obsessed with the arcane and mysterious. In giving Macabea a voice, Rodrigo becomes so engrossed that he begins to have softer feelings for her. He has to understand her and in doing so, he is forced to explore himself, his feelings and his beliefs. He ends up becoming so immersed in his subject that he even begins to dou
A firm can decide to sell or rent out its resource instead of utilizing the resource for production purpose. This means that a firm will be earning some income at an agreed interval. The decision to sell or use the resource depends on implicit and explicit costs involved. When an item is bought, explicit costs are incurred. On the other hand, the implicit cost does not entail any monetary exchanges but is the dollar value of benefits forgone. The first example The first example is a decision to venture into a fulltime business instead of seeking fulltime formal employment. Revenues and costs involved were laid out as follows: Revenue earned from a business venture                                   $ 50,000.00 Explicit cost                                              $ 25,000.00               Depreciation                                               $ 3,000.00                Total cost                                                               $ 28,000.00 Accounting profit                                          $ 22,000.00                                                                                       Implicit costs                                                          Income that I could have earned from full-time employment  $ 30,000.00  Economic profit                                            $ (8,000.00)  By taking note of both implicit and explicit cost, it is rather obvious that notwithstanding the fact that the business was making an accounting profit of $22,000, another engagement was much better. The reason is that economic profits were negative standing at -$8,000. The second example As a second example, I had to choose between progressing with my university education or building my career as an athlete. If I had chosen university education, it would have taken me four years to complete my education then another few months to secure a job. Besides spending a lot of time studying, I had to part with the explicit cost in the form of school fees. In total, university education expenditures come to $7,000. As a talented athlete, I could have stated earning more than $10,000 in a single performance. By choosing to pursue higher education at the expense of venturing into athletics, benefits that were forgone were very high. In summary, the implicit cost of proceeding with education at the university was very high. The best alternative was to go into sports, which promised high returns.