ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Progeria, or Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), is a rare and serious genetic disorder affecting children starting in their first two years of life. The name Progeria is a Greek word that means “prematurely old.” It causes children to age prematurely. It is caused by a mutation of the gene LMNA or lamin A on chromosome 1. Lamin A protein is the scaffolding that holds the nucleus of the cell together. Defect in lamin A protein causes instability in the nucleus that leads to rapid aging characteristic of Progeria. HGPS is not hereditary unlike other genetic mutations. It is a “sporadic autosomal dominant” mutation. The change in the gene is a chance occurrence affecting a single sperm or a single egg just before conception. The mutations in the genes are new or de novo. Neither parent is a carrier. Progeria is a very rare genetic condition. The reported incidence of Progeria is about 1 in 4-8 million newborns. The first child to be reported with this condition was told in 1886 by Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson and in 1897 by Dr. Hastings Gilford. It affects both males and females regardless of race or ethnic group. Cases of children with Progeria are reported from all over the world including in “Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South America, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the US, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yugoslavia” (www.Progeriaresearch.org). The signs and symptoms of Progeria do not appear at birth. Children start to experience the signs and symptoms by the age of 6 to 12 months. The growth of the children with Progeria slow down that their height and weight drop lower than the average for their age. Although the motor and mental developments of the children remain normal, children with Progeria have a number of irregular characteristics.   * Disproportionately small face in comparison to the head   * An underdeveloped jaw (micrognathia)   * Malformation and crowding of the teeth   * Abnormally prominent eyes   * A small, nose   * Subtle blueness around the mouth   * The scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are lost (alopecia)   * The scalp hair may be replaced by small, downy, white or blond hairs   * Generalized atherosclerosis   * Cardiovascular disease and stroke   * Hip dislocations   * Unusually prominent veins of the scalp   * Loss of the layer of fat beneath the skin (subcutaneous adipose tissue)   * Defects of the nails   * Joint stiffness   * Skeletal defects (www.raredisease.org). Children with Progeria develop generalized atherosclerosis or the thickening and stiffening of the walls of the arteries. This complication results to the restriction of the blood flow to their hearts and brain. The main causes of death to children with Progeria are cardiovascular abnormalities including heart attack and congestive heart failure. Other causes of death are stroke and severe malnutrition. Typically, the doctors base their diagnosis of Progeria on the signs and symptoms or the appearance of the child. Since one of the symptom of Progeria is the thickening and st
Introduction Cirrhosis is a liver disease that destroys the tissue of the liver thereby affecting the functioning of the liver in an adverse manner. If this condition is not addressed in a timely manner, the liver is rendered ineffective. This condition leaves permanent scars on the liver which negatively affects the smooth functioning of the liver. There are various causes of liver cirrhosis. Nonetheless, this condition is mainly attributed to overconsumption of alcohol. Also, this condition can be caused by Hepatitis B and C virus. The fatty liver disease can also lead to liver cirrhosis (Sherman, 2012). This condition is said to be a disease that progresses with time if not addressed. This disease develops progressively until it leads to liver failure. During formative stages of the condition, liver can repair the affected tissues and continue to function normally. In its chronic state, liver cirrhosis leads to extensive damage of liver tissues. In cirrhosis, the liver tissues are often replaced by the scar tissues thus preventing effective blood circulation in the liver (Monga, 2011). Signs and symptoms Liver cirrhosis is a condition that can be exhibited through various signs and symptoms. The individuals suffering from liver cirrhosis, their skin, tongue, and eyes turn yellow. It also leads to fatigue and loss of appetite at advanced stages. Easy bruising is also a very notable
Cannabis and Pain The use of cannabis for medical purposes is one of the most controversial issues today. There are many healthcare providers and researchers who are ready to support herbal cannabis therapy because it can be used as an effective pain reliever with minimal side effects (Corroon, Mischley, & Sexton, 2017; Grant, Atkinson, Gouaux, & Wilsey, 2012; Seneca, 2014). However, some people believe that the number and quality of adverse effects and the inability to control patients in their intentions to use cannabis can become a real challenge for support of cannabis legalization and its recognition as an appropriate and allowed treatment method (Whiting et al., 2015). There is also an attempt to discuss why cannabis cannot be accepted as a legalized medication, defining such reasons as a lack of knowledge, the experience of stigma, and the possibilities of errors in statistical analysis that is usually preferred in analyzing such themes as pros and cons of cannabis, or the use of marijuana and other illegal substances (Bottorff et al., 2013; Schmarzo, 2013). Different methods can be used to discuss the chosen topic, and different outcomes may be observed because researchers can obtain new information and unique attitudes to cannabis and its medicinal worth. Much attention is paid to the methods of gathering and analyzing the data about cannabis and its use in medicine and healthcare. Thompson (2009), Flom (2010), and Schmarzo (2013) underline the importance of statistics in the analysis and the implementation of the description as the main method to introduce a concept and develop its urgency. Seneca (2014) chooses quantitative findings from different published studies and their meta-analysis to evaluate pain intensity as an outcome of using cannabinoids. Statistical analysis is the method with the help of which all differences between baseline and the ratings of final pain intensity can be identified and explained (Seneca, 2014). Whiting et al. (2015) focus on a systematic review of the literature taken from different databases to underline the depth of the problem and the necessity to formulate one properly evidenced solution. In the investigations of Bottorff et al. (2013), a semi-structured interview is used to gather the information. Such choice proves the effectiveness of qualitative methods in gathering information about the connection between cannabis and pain. Taking into consideration the fact that researchers find various effective methods to achieve their goals, the theme of canna
The paper reviews the fourth chapter “Choosing Brand Elements to Build Brand Equity” of the book “Strategic Brand Management” by Kevin Keller. One of the marketing examples provided in the chapter is the case of the UPS, which is short for the United Parcel Service. Nearly ten years ago the United Parcel Service attained the wide-ranging Mail Boxes Etc. license association. After valuation promotion of a few ground-breaking insights, the corporation penetratingly strengthened the license holders to transfer their openings as the part of a new United Parcel Service stores. The price-grounded logistics determinations of the United Parcel Service involve three primary basics for high undertakings in the existing world of commerce; these are globalism, connectivity, and endowment. In addition, a vision of the future by the United Parcel Service has removed far separate from the area of package supply. While the delivery and postal facilities still continue to be its fundamental occupation, the United Parcel Service of the current days is constructing strategies in the direction of developing into an international implementer of trade; the corporation has envisioned being a distributor of imports, data, and assets (Rankel par. 4). The chapter provides several examples of the United Parcel Service slogans, and they have proved to be effective. Moreover, the United Parcel Service possesses several other exceptional traits that help them to remain to be the successful corporation for many years. These features include branding, labeling, packaging, warranties and guaranties. The definition of label stands for a straightforward emblem that is stick to the produce; it encloses a brand name and varied pertinent for the customer data. The label is a necessary constituent of the package, and it permits the customer to identify the element of manufacture, to appraise it and to absorb the required information for acquisition. In a case of the United Parcel Service, every package contains a label of the corporations, which increases the recognition of the brand. Warranties are solemn declarations that identify the anticipated product appearance by the producer (Johnston par. 4). Merchandise with a warranty could be replaced by the producer or entitled to a restoration, substitute, and compensation. Warranties are beneficial to the producing organization, as they increase trust in the brand (McKee par. 6). Guarantees are able to reduce the odds taken by the purchaser of the service. In addition, guarantees suggest that the given commodities are of immense superiority. Additionally, guarantees could be helpful in cases when an association is still not introduced to the wide watchers (however, the United Parcel Service does not fall under this rule); and when the price and capability of the merchandise are desirable to the opponents. The last but not the least, the set of guarantees is able to estimate the effectiveness of the corporation (Adeoty 71). Packaging suggests that any given product consequently prevailing in its preliminary arrangement and design is being packed in order to be sold at the merchandising
American history saw a lot of truly inspirational people who not only influenced the lives of American citizens but also changed the way we think about fundamental political values. George Washington is the perfect example of the person whose contribution to the history of America is hard to overestimate, as scholars note that “Washington was critical for “making” America” (Fagal 552). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the life of George Washington, his political views, and the way his work affected society. George Washington was born to father, Augustine Washington and his second wife, Mary Washington, and was one of seven children from his father’s two marriages. When George was 11 years old, his father died, and he was brought up in Virginia by Lawrence Washington, his half-brother. As researchers note, unlike his elder brothers, George Washington did not receive any formal education (Little 9). However, he was a well-rounded person, being able to write by early adulthood while also studying mathematics, surveying, and map-making. Lawrence Washington encouraged George to join the British navy, but George’s mother did not allow him to do so. Instead, George Washington became a land surveyor, which was considered a respectable profession at that time. Washington’s surveying career provided him with a useful experience as he developed wilderness survival skills, learned self-dependence, studied the frontier region, as well as he established a good reputation. Besides, he received considerable fees for surveying, which allowed him to buy land in the Shenandoah Valley. Moreover, his job as a survey man helped George in his pursuit of success in his military career, teaching him some vital skills a soldier needs on the battlefield. His role in the French and Indian War was significant, as h
Introduction It is hard to overestimate the performance appraisal as a part of the employer-employee relationship. According to Mumtaz et al., “performance appraisal is one of the essential dimensions of an organizational performance management system to achieve employee and organizational outcomes” (p.3). Research for the topic was conducted as a part of the study of improving the annual appraisal. The improvement should lead to the successful career development of employees, stimulate the effectiveness of their work daily, and encourage both teamwork and cooperation between them. As such, articles which evaluate the performance appraisal and possible changes to their system make up the body of the current study. The study itself offers a practical idea to combine the usual appraisal system with learning procedures such as coaching. During the analysis of the sources, it was necessary to balance out different points of view so that a synthetic conclusion could be reached. Contradictions mostly include the disadvantages of performance appraisal and its consistent loss of effectiveness. Thus, they raise the question of such a system should exist any further. However, since changes cannot happen immediately, it became apparent that the companies should keep it going now. On the other hand, while the system needs an unavoidable improvement, it contains several advantageous traits that can be put into practice along with modern tendencies. After reaching this conclusion, the next stage of research must have pictured methods of improvement in real-life conditions. They must showcase a concrete application of the said tendencies and their possibilities in the nearest future. The Importance of Appraisal for Employers and Employees This topic is presented for several professional reasons. First comes the connection to personal factors of being an employee in general. The prime responsibility of each employee lies in the care about the well-being of their colleagues, employer, and their company as a single organism. Not only the welfare but the progress of the company dramatically matters. Usually, the growth consists of searching for new methods for the organization to evolve, implementing them, summing up the results, and concluding the best way which works out. In the end, it allows choosing between the most innovative and, more importantly, the most effective methods that are guaranteed to succeed. On the other hand, an unreasonable notion would be excluding the personal gain of both employees and employers. All of them are interested in their prosperity and conduct their work on this premise. The optimal conditions of the job usually inspire the staff so that they would strive for achievements more. The system for appraisal has always been dedicated precisely to the said goal. However, it becomes old-fashioned in several aspects, requiring fresh additions and renewal. So, the achievement of mutual gain does also plays a vital role in researching the theme. Finally, the world as it appears now globalizes most of the tendencies of business management. As such, companies all over the world can view each other
The Consumer Decision Making (CDM) process follows a series of steps which begins with problem recognition, followed by information search, consideration of alternatives, and eventually leads to purchase and evaluation. The presence of the Internet and the growth of e-commerce has led to a significant shift in online search and purchase behavior. Information systems content and design are more personalized and customizable, with the decision-making behavior of consumers segmented into archetypes of sources. These are characterized by aspects such as intensity of shopping and product knowledge which ultimately affects the manner in which consumers conduct online research and purchase products. High levels of knowledge resulted in lower intensity, while low levels of product knowledge had the opposite effect (Karimi, Papamichail, & Holland, 2015). Online shopping settings are inherently different from traditional retail, and the approach used during the CDM process depends on certain factors. For example, shopper preference indicates that the presence of sophisticated interactive tools assists shoppers in customizing their digital environment and products. The popularity of these online tools changes the way consumers perceive information about a product and makes subsequent decisions since the feature becomes an interactive decision aid. In turn, this elicits more engagement from consumers (Dulabh, Vasquez, Ryding, & Casson, 2018). It is also important to note that online CDM processes can differ based on gender differences. Such aspects as interactivity, vividness, and perceived risk are gender-based consumer attitudes and can affect purchasing intentions. For example, the online product presentation had a greater impact on females rather than males. Marketers and designers who are attempting to establish an Internet presence for e-commerce should be gender-aware as these aspects can ultimately influence purchasing decisions (Lin, Featherman, Brooks, & Hajli, 2018).
At the beginning of the 21 st century, the USA remains one of the most powerful states in the world. As a powerful state, the USA seeks to construct international political economies that suit its interests and its ideologies. But as the speakers have noted, converting resources into outcomes is far from automatic in world politics. Hegemony can facilitate cooperation, therefore requires an answer to the question of how a hegemonic state translates its resources, both material and ideological, into rules for the system. Thesis Despite the criticism and lost credibility among its allies, the USA obtains a hegemonic position in the world dictating its will and stipulating moral norms and principles important for global peace . Schulz and Bennis underline that the war in Iraq forces many countries to oppose the USA but it does not weaken its position in the world. American hegemony in foreign politics rested on multiple sources of influence, including close political ties with the Saudi monarchy, the capacity to intervene in the domestic politics of Middle Eastern countries, military and technical aid provided to Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other oil-producing countries, the preponderant military strength of the United States in the Mediterranean, and—not least—the continued availability of excess petroleum production capacity at home. The USA uses its military power to protect an international political economy from incursions by hostile powers is indeed a necessary condition for successful hegemony. Since World War II the United States has maintained such power, pursuing a strategy of containment. In the shelter of its military strength, the United States constructed a liberal-capitalist world. Its political doctrine is based on multilateral principles and embodying rules that the United States approved. American leadership in the world political system did not exist in isolation from NATO, and in these years each is reinforced by the ot
Introduction: Why SAT Should Not Exist SAT as the Key to Failure:   * Has been abandoned in several colleges;   * Raises serious concerns among teachers and parents;   * Has worn out its welcome as a measurement tool;   * No longer helps measure students’ knowledge;   * Generates revenue for College Board;   * Does not allow testing logical skills. Despite the fact that SAT has been in existence for quite a while, it seems to have been failing to provide accurate assessment of students’ skills. Several colleges have already reconsidered the sue of SAT scores as the basis for admission (“SAT, ACT No Longer Required For Admission To 800 U.S. Colleges And Universities”). Furthermore, according to the U.S. statistics, there is a direct correlation between students’ SAT scores and their family income. Due to its controversy, SAT must be abolished (Schaeffer). Support: SAT as the Cause of Concern   * The Test Is Coachable:       + Picking the right answer instead of applying knowledge;       + Without coaching, students have few chances to succeed.   * Cheating as the Goal:       + Use of modern technology opens a leeway for cheating;       + Students’ priorities shift from showcasing knowledge to passing the test, hence the tendency to cheat. There are a number of reasons to discard SAT as the means of assessing learners’ knowledge and skills. The fact that, to pass the test, one should consider coaching as opposed to an in-depth learning process, should be mentioned first. Instead of actual acquisition of knowledge, learners are trained to pick the right answer to a SAT question (Hernandez). Furthermore, the test can be cheated. With the help of IT gadgets such as smartphones, students can pass the SAT and get the required score (Stecklow and Dudley). SAT: A Dubious Advantage   * In Defense of SAT:       + It has been in existence for years;       + It provides a framework for ranking students   * Why SAT Still Fails:       + Extremely biased ranking system;       + Failure to differentiate between skills and knowledge;       + The test is driven by profit;       + Students from poor backgrounds are disadvantaged. To its credit, the concept of the test should be viewed as a rather objective way of assessing the learners’ knowledge. If it was not for the framework’s lack of flexibility, it might be considered worth remodeling. As an outline, the idea of ranking learners based on their ability to perform certain tasks is not bad; it is the execution that fails miserably. The test also does not allow learners from poor social backgrounds and belonging to different ethnicities to advance and enroll in a popular institution (Zinshteyn). Conclusion: Abolish SAT!   * Summary: The Useless SAT:       + SAT has become untrustworthy as the assessment tool;       + SAT’s intrinsic flaws encourage unfair practices.   * What Can Be Done:       + Redesign of the current SAT framework;       + Creation of a new test that will reduce the biases;       + Promotion of academic integrity. Because of the numerous biases surrounding it