ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Before I attempt to answer this question, I want to define the political party as I see it. A political party, in general, is a decision-making entity, the instrument of democracy, and an institution for the public to advance their causes through electing representatives. My personal belief is that the decision-making aspect of the party is getting weaker due to the prevalence of wealthy interest groups that sometimes do not serve the interest of the constituency. Main body The democratic institution of the party is increasingly becoming less influential. Many people believe that corporate lobbyists are the real decision-making body in the American political system. For example, the 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, which makes it more difficult to declare bankruptcy on student loans, was supported by lobbyists from the finance industry. The act is the reason for the increasing college tuition that essentially forces people into debt. It benefits banking interest groups at the expense of the citizens that elected the legislators in the first place. Conclusion Additionally, the recent Net Neutrality scandal made the power that businesses hold over American politics very apparent. The key figure, Ajit Pai, was widely known to have worked for Verizon, one of the beneficiaries of the legislation, but was still allowed to hold the position of the Chairman of FCC. That is to say nothing of the $5.5 million that Verizon has donated through its PAC to various political candidates (“Verizon Communications: Summary”, 2019). Newell, Prindle and Riddlesberg (2016) maintain that “the presence of PACs makes that [political] advantage even more lopsided and unfair” (p. 68), and I agree. It is for these reasons that I believe the political party to be a weak decision-making body. The elections may get even more expensive, and those that do not serve the interest groups will not be able to afford their votes. Something needs to be done, but with legislation often dictated by the interest groups, it is unlikely that any law that harms them will pass muster.
The Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) is a political and economic treaty between the United States and developing Central American states. These include Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The agreement results in a combined flow of goods worth $53 billion. The U.S. trade surplus with countries in the free trade agreement is approximately $5 billion. It is meant to promote interregional trade and investment by providing stable conditions for businesses to function and supporting 134 thousand jobs (Office of the United States Trade Representative, n.d.). Strategic decision-making is significantly impacted by free trade agreements since it touches a variety of economy-related aspects of business function. CAFTA-DR impacts regional manufacturing by eliminating tariffs that allow for the flow of resources, components, and finished products across borders. Furthermore, the workforce is affected since it allows for a free movement of human labor capital and guarantees certain protections under the law (Office of the United States Trade Representative, n.d.). A business focused on moving its manufacturing to one of the Central American countries can take these aspects into account since it no longer has to worry about legal, bureaucratic, or financial barriers to cross-border operations. CAFTA-DR promotes economic growth by allowing businesses to create economies of scale and increase their efficiency by outsourcing. A business can become more competitive by reducing costs of production and export since there are no tariffs that may accrue additional expenses. Overall, considering the extensive outreach of the CAFTA-DR treaty over economic aspects, it plays a critical role in the strategic decision-making of a business. Offshore outsourcing is the process of contract that allows hiring an external foreign organization to manage a part of a company’s functions (i.e., information technology) for efficiency or cost-saving. CAFTA-DR is meant to promote free trade operations, including that of labor and intellectual property. However, some of its aspects may present certain threats to offshore outsourcing. According to CAFTA, all involved countries had to implement and enforce labor provisions by the standards of the International Labor Organization. That includes guaranteeing human rights but also allowing for collective
To begin this study, it will be worth noting that both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had their individual differences in ideologies especially in the way of thinking and politically. As a result, the study was quick to reveal that there were huge differences in the programs they started when they were in government. Their family background could have been a determining factor to each of their program considering that Jefferson came from a wealthier and aristocratic family compared to Hamilton’s family. In addition, Jefferson was once a leader of Democratic-Republican Party whereas Hamilton served under the leadership of Federal Party. The political differences were the major source of the hatred the two had regarding their programs. To start with, Hamilton preferred a strong central government. As a result, his program evolved around issues to strengthen the government. That is why he was determined to settle the debts on the government before working on a stronger central government. In this regard, Hamilton came up with means of settling the debts in which the citizens were supposed to buy some securities in form of bond to help the government pay off the debts. The financial program was the central role of Hamilton as he empowered the local agricultural sector and banking sector to overpower the British trading activities in the United States. This led to initiation of Bank of United States and Central Bank that was similar to that in the United Kingdom. This reduced over reliance to British government. On the other hand, Jefferson was a strict constructionist politically and he believed in very weak central government. His program pioneered to champion the states’ right and civil liberties. This meant that his program was meant to empower the people unlike the Hamilton’s program that given the central government the power. The burden to advocate for people’s presence can be related to some of t
The sugar sector in Hawaii had a boom in the 1870s but this was not the case with Japan because the change that led to the modern economy in Japan was not an easy process. These resulted to massive unemployment in Japan and cases of civil disorders and bankruptcies were high. The situation in Japan led to emigrants settling in Hawaii. Majority of the emigrants were single men who were farmers. Japanese first settled in Hawaii in 1868 as casual labourers in sugar plantations. The first hospitality they received was bad and their settlement at Hawaii was therefore regarded as failure (Takagi 1987). In 1989, an agreement was arrived at demanding all Japanese immigrants to leave Hawaii but about 40 Japanese still remained there. The problem of poor hospitality and poor terms of service were resolved in 1885 and more Japanese were therefore willing to migrate to Hawaii. The number of the immigrants in Hawaii by 1902 had reached 30,000. When Hawaii became a territory of the United States of America, contract labour was banned and many Japanese based in Hawaii migrated to U.S because of the increased wages. An executive order and a gentlemen’s agreement placed restriction on migration of Japanese to Hawaii in 1907 and 1908 respectively. In 1909 and 1920, there were several strikes geared towards increment of wages but they were not successful. However, they agreed to work for the common good. At least 200,000 Japanese had settled in Hawaii by 1924 to work in sugar plantations when the United States banned further migration (Takagi 1987). How Japanese culture affected the western culture From the census, it is clear that the culture and the cuisine Hawaii, which are known today, were created by the history of the migration of Japanese to Hawaii when they settled there to work in plantations. There are several proofs in Sushi where there is continuous evolution of the influence of Japanese. The Japanese who settled in Hawaii continued to make dishes using ingredients and authentic flavours. The dishes are the favourites for tourist as well as natives in Sushi, which have become popular as they are simple, have variety and are delicious. The dishes are liked by Vegans, those who eat meat and also vegetarians (Pratt 2005). Today, there is a Japanese cultural centre based at Hawaii, which has the objective of bridging the history and culture of the Japanese-American experience that is evolving in Hawaii. This organization is non-profit making and has historical and community gallery, Kenshikan martial arts and gift shops. The centre has many programs for the exhibitions and festivals that are held every year. These activities are meant to honour the heritage of the Japanese and embrace diversity from other cultures in order to share a common future (Pratt 2005). The vision of the centre is to have a society that connects with all people through educating of diverse heritage and understanding of oneself. This is a vibrant resource that strengthens the community o
In Australia, all women regardless of age, origin or personal circumstances have access to maternity services and antenatal care. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2016), the number of women giving birth has increased by 12% (from approximately 270,000 to 310,000) over the last several years. Antenatal education promotes an environment where the relationship between a mother and her child is properly developed in terms of breastfeeding, healthy diet, physical exercise, and regular assessments (Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2017). A lesson plan about the significance of exclusive breastfeeding duration will be developed to include goals, outcomes, content, strategies and techniques of antenatal education. Aim of the Lesson Antenatal education comprises part of the care that healthcare professionals offer to their patients during pregnancies. In this lesson, the aim is to develop a deep understanding of the particularities of breastfeeding, the consequences of its increased duration and outcomes in terms of the mother’s and child’s health. Students (not only women who are to become mothers but also other students such as fathers and family members) will focus on the benefits of breastfeeding, decide on feeding duration and use interventions depending on their interests, needs and resources. Outcome for the Lesson Antenatal education is characterised by a number of positive moments for mothers, their partners, children, families and healthcare providers. The outcomes for this lesson are as follows:  1. To explain the value of the breastfeeding process for mothers and children from emotional, physiological and health perspectives;  2. To describe the conditions under which exclusive breastfeeding is identified as an obligatory expectation or a recommended option;  3. To evaluate already conducted and approved studies investigating antenatal education to increase breastfeeding duration;  4. To understand and choose among the interventions that mothers can apply in their intention to increase the duration of breastfeeding;  5. To use the obtained knowledge about breastfeeding when planning child care and infant feeding procedures. Content Mothers can use different means to improve their health along with that of their children. Breastfeeding plays a vital role in child survival, growth and further development, especially during the first six months (World Health Organization, 2019). However, some mothers cannot follow this requirement because of personal issues, unwillingness or a lack of awareness (Lumbiganon et al., 2016). A woman must understand
The United States governance system is known as Federalism, which means that the national government and State governments share power in governing the country. The United States is composed of 52 States, which are partly autonomous and partly linked to the national government. Each State has got its own government which is composed of the judiciary, legislature and executive branches. The national government, also known as the Federal government is headed by the President of the United States and is composed of the Congress (Senate and House of Representatives), the Executive and the Judiciary. All these three arms are independent of each other, meaning there is a clear separation of powers between them. Each State has got its own constitution and a government, which is responsible for the running of the State. Due to variations in size, complexity and populations of various States, the States have other local governments which are charged with the responsibility of undertaking certain duties and responsibilities as well as providing various services to the citizens. A typical State has got five local governments namely the county, township, municipal, school district and special district governments. The insurance industry in the United States is one of the industries in which both the State and Federal governments try to outwit each other in its control and regulation. The battle for the control of the insurance industry in United States is not a new one but stretches back to mid-1940s, when the Supreme Court made a controversial ruling that the industry was supposed to be regulated by the Federal government as stipulated by the commerce clause of the U.S constitution. Before the ruling by the Supreme Court, the insurance industry was regulated by State governments. The call for the regulation of the industry by the Federal government was triggered by increased cases of insolvencies by insurance companies, which were believed to cost the customers a great deal in insurance costs. After the Supreme Court’s ruling, the congress immediately embarked on a damage control exercise and responded by enacting the famous McCarran-Ferguson Act which barred the Federal government from interfering with any State laws for regulating the insurance industry. In order to reinforce the McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) embarked on a mission to strengthen the State laws and regulations governing the insurance industry so as to make them friendlier to consumers and less prone to financial risks (Surhone 54). However, the battle for supremacy in the control of the crucial industry seemed f
Among a great variety of books, there exist such literary works, which have not left any mark in history, and there are such masterpieces, which touch on angry protests even nowadays. No one can deny the fact, that the more talented is the author, the greater impact on society he makes by his masterpiece. Sometimes, the ideas, expressed by the author are at odds with the existing ethical and religious norms. In many cases, such kinds of pieces of writing are censored, or even prohibited by the church. One of the masterpieces that caused political and public outcry was the novel The Red and the Black written by Stendhal, the famous French novelist of the 19 th century. The main character of the novel is Julien Sorrel, an ambitious son of a carpenter, whose hearts desire is to attain a social position beyond his station in life. At that time, there were a few ways for a young man of his origin to achieve success. One of them was to become a military man. Julien chose another one. He decided to become a priest and this way led him to Catholic Church. The way chosen by Julien caused a wide range of tragic events. He entered a love affair with a woman from the upper-class society. Later on, he shot and wounded her. As a result, Julien was arrested and sentenced to death. The novel is written in an antireligious key. Certainly, it was prohibited by the church. “In 1897, the Vatican placed The Red and the Black and all of Stendhal’s “love stories” on the Index of forbidden books” (Bald 281). Juliens thoughts about God were the shock for the contemporary society: Faith, if I meet the Christian Deity, I am lost: He is a tyrant, and, as such, is full of ideas of vengeance; His Bible speaks of nothing but fearful punishments. I never loved Him! I could never even believe that anyone did love Him sincerely. He is devoid of pity. (Stendhal, 497). Works Cited Bald, Margaret . Banned Books: Literature Suppressed on Religious Grounds, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006. Print Stendhal. Red and Black. New York: W.W.Norton,1969. Print
Instructional Strategies The instructional strategies to be adopted in the third grade must identify with learners to enhance their learning, as evidenced in the instructional plan that has been adopted for this lesson. One of the instructional strategies to be adopted for this class is the use of lecture methods. The teacher will deliver the content of the lesson through lecturing. This strategy will involve teachers’ speaking skills and learners’ listening skills. The teacher will prepare the lesson plans before the time of delivery. In this strategy, the teacher will use his or her summary notes as a guide while speaking about a certain topic. Lecture method will involve the use of language level that the learners can identify within their grade. Choice of the word will be done about the language level of third graders. Third graders have a certain level of lexical comprehension that needs to be exploited at this level. Lecture strategy will enhance the understanding capacity of the learners since the teacher can repeat similar words for as many times as he or she wishes. The topic to be delivered will also be relative to the day-to-day activities of the learners. During the delivery of the lesson, the teacher will highlight the keywords and new words on the chalkboard. The teacher observes directly the responses of the learners as he or she delivers the lesson. Both verbal and nonverbal cues will enable the teacher to know when to repeat, to pause, to expound on a point, and even to continue with the lecture. The teacher will do a continuous evaluation during the lesson by asking oral questions. Summative evaluation will also be done at the end of the lesson where the teacher will ask oral questions from across the topic covered. The teacher will pick learners who will answer the questions randomly. The answers will also be delivered to the teacher orally. The other instructional strategy that will be adopted for this lesson is the use of visual aids. Learners in the third grade have well-developed visual skills. They are also very interested in what they see about what they hear. In this case, the teacher will prepare visual aids such as word card, diagrams, charts, and actual items that are referenced in the content of the lesson. The instructor will read the content during the preparation of the lesson plan and involve the learners in preparing the visual aids. For example, if the content of the lesson refers to parts of the body, the teacher will draw a human body diagram and label it in large words. The diagram will be made in a way that learners will be able to read it from far. The teacher may also involve students in drawing the diagrams on manila papers as he or she guides them. Also, the teacher will collect other visual aids that make the learner understand the lesson more easily. For example, if the content of the lesson is about kitchen utensils, the teacher will collect real items such as cups, plates, spoons, sufurias, sieves, and cutlery. Learners will be interested in seeing the actual items. Visual aids create a vivid mental picture of the item in the mind of the learner. It is also easier for learners in the third grad
Introduction A legislator’s success in securing transportation projects and funds from the federal government is shaped by the rules of Congress, the U.S. Constitution, and the institutional position(s) held by each member. This has been brought out clearly in the book ‘‘All Roads Lead to Congress’’ which is described as a saying that can be used to refer to the road of decision making. The reason why many people can refer to this maxim as having this meaning is that, for decisions to be made meetings must be held. No perfect decision can be made without a decision or consultation with other people (Costas & Schank 4). For instance, in the United States, there has been an introduction of transportation bills which needs to undergo through all the necessary stages of the congress before its shown the light of the day (implemented). The bill is supposed to maneuver through the stages as it’s amended on the way till the time a conclusion is reached for its implementation. All Roads lead to congress helps students to be driven through various pieces of legislation before a bill becomes a law. All Roads Lead to the Congress ‘‘All Roads Lead to Congress’’ is an editorial that drives most students through one part of legislation for the surface transportation bill demonstrating to them the manipulation as well as a negotiation that is undertaken amongst the members of Congress together with their staffers or senior support staff, the way they bargain over a vast amount of cash (Costas & Schank 2). The bill offers a good example for either side of the domestic legislative coin, seeing the way members of Congress formulate the bill in addition to their fighting for policy matters; more often than not alongside party lines (republican and democrat) as well as for money; generally down the regional lines. The authors of this book, which is Costas Panagopoulos and Joshua Schank, followed the path of legislation from inception to law during the time they were working at Hill, watching firsthand the twists as well as turns of the Congress for its legislation expedition. ‘‘All Roads’’ is definite toward explaining the diverse rules with the purpose of structuring legislation, it is the leadership approaches and policies at play, that indicate tensions amongst levels of government, in addition to the effect of the executive. This fascinating case study helps students to have a better understanding of Congress activities as well as the Hill life for those wishing to have a Career at the Hill. Congress is always said to possess implied powers that are granted to it through the constitution. It takes control of financial as well as budgetary issues of the country together with those of the house. Costas and Schank (4) assert that the constitution has granted Congress powers to impose taxes on various products (goods and services), undertake the payment of debts as well as safeguarding the fundamental rights of the United States. On the other hand, Congress is the key decision-making organ in the country. SAFETEA-LU The members of the congress who had the extra influence on the SAFETEA-LU included the policymakers on the t