ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The article by Chris Berg titled ‘The Weight of the Word’ published in ‘The Age’ on December 12, 2010 is a critical review of the reaction of the United States’ government to the WikiLeaks of Julian Assange. Assange revealed classified information from the government that shocked the world. The leaks did not just focus on the issue about the United States’ internal affairs, but also how the United States related and thought about other world leaders. In fact, the bulk of the information released to the public came from the diplomats who were in other countries as ambassadors of the United States. In this article, Chris is criticizing the move taken by the government agencies to criminalize WikiLeaks, and direct the attempt to deprive it of its financial sources. A section of the society even demanded a death penalty for Assange for the massive revelation of the classified materials. In this study, the researcher will conduct a negative analysis of this article. Analysis This research seeks to conduct an evaluative analysis of the article by Chris with the view of identifying the specific issues that should genuinely be considered by the government and those that are based on personal biases. After reading this article, it is clear that Chris has made a genuine case against the government. He says that the government of the United States overreacted to the revelations made by Assange to the public. Media’s role is to reveal the information that they are not aware of, so that they can be informed. This includes releasing information that the government may consider classified. The leaks made by Assange were not the first revelations. There had been other media leaks about other sensitive issues, including in the mainstream media. In these leaks, the government never paid any serious attention, and they passed as mere gossips. However, the leaks from Assange raised a massive government reaction. The arrest, harassments, and direct attempts to gag the blogger were a clear indication that the information released touched the government the wrong way (Domscheit-Berg, Klopp, & Chase 2011, p. 56). Chris believes that it is the responsibility of the press to inform the public about the issues affecting the society in one way or the other. The government has the responsibility of guarding the information that it considers classified. Once the information reaches the media, it should find a way of neutralizing it instead
Like many other businesses, Tom’s of Maine is facing ethical dilemmas in making decisions within the organization. Since the ethics intensity varies with the nature of situation, the management of Tom’s of Maine has been keen on the formulation of their products. For instance, when the company manufactured a deodorant that adhered to ecological requirements, they realized that it caused bad odor to the users (Schermerhorn & Barry, 2011, p. 133). As a result of many complaints from the unsatisfied consumers, the company decided to immediately remove the product from the market, give out refunds, and then apologize. The organizational culture is an important aspect in the workplace ethics. How a boss treats his/her subordinates has a significant impact on their behaviors. The Tom’s of Maine company designed a mission statement that spelt out respect for the employees as well as a better pay (Schermerhorn & Barry, 2011, p. 123). So, each employee felt certain degree of freedom in making independent decisions. The external environment of a business also contributes to the ethical decision making in that the organization’s policies conform to the standards set by the government or the industry. For instance, Tom’s of Maine was environmentally conscious and this fact gave it a competitive advantage over other competitors in the market. Tom’s of Maine’s ethical dilemmas The company has successfully overcome ethical dilemmas that are commonplace to most managers. This is enshrined in the mission statement they drafted that emphasized on the respect and fair pay for the employees. Tom’s of Maine continuously gives them roles within the organization indiscriminately. In addition it is allowed them time to work and donate some of their income to charities irrespectively of gender, race, religion, or age. Tom’s ethical decision-making process As a key decision-making organ in the company, Tom’s office conducts the situation analysis to determine the ethical intensity that a certain decision will present. Mr. Chappell then combines his individual ethics regarding his values and beliefs with the organization’s culture to come up with an acceptable suggestion. Finally, he makes a decision having considered its impact on the external environment. Evaluation of Tom’s level of rnoraI development using Kohlberg’s levels of individual moral development In the first level, Kohlbergs talks of an individual being self-centered in his/her decisions. He calls it a preconventional level of moral development. Tom and Kate Chappell started the company that would provide household products that were natural and environmental-friendly, whic
Self-regulated learning is a specific type of learning when a person monitors the whole process in order to achieve a concrete goal. During this self-regulation, a person sets objectives for the learning, uses the self-instruction, and controls the process while monitoring the progress (Driscoll, 2012, p. 329). As a result, self-regulated learning can be discussed as highly motivational because a learner sets the value for the goal to achieve, chooses the most effective strategies, constantly monitors and evaluates the progress, and works to improve the result. Those persons who use self-regulated learning are more motivated to achieve success because of becoming personally responsible for the whole process of learning (Clarebout, Horz, & Schnotz, 2010, p. 574). To state how to use self-regulated learning to improve the students’ motivation, it is necessary to discuss the aspects of applying this motivational approach in study and focus on possible associated benefits and challenges. Collaborative Learning and Scaffolding as the Topic to Learn While studying educational theories, it is possible to face many challenges associated with exploring a range of different theoretical approaches to learning. One of the topics that require the student’s attention is the aspects of collaborative learning and scaffolding. To learn this topic effectively, a student needs to concentrate on examining different types of collaborative learning and on identifying their specific features. Furthermore, it is important to understand the differences in using collaborative learning in traditional and online class environments (Jarvela & Jarvenoja, 2011, p. 351). Scaffolding is often a component of the collaborative learning that also needs to be learned in detail. If a student is interested in learning educa
Introduction Many European nations and the US are putting measures in place to ban the importation of goods produced with child labour to their territories. In particular, in the US, through TVPRA (trafficking victims protection and reauthorisation act) of 2005, the US’ labour secretary coupled with other agencies and other departments are required to ensure that goods that are produced in violation to the set international labour standards are not sold in the United States of America. Following the enactments made in 2008 to TVPRA, the labour secretary was required to compile a list of all goods produced through the inputs of child labour. In the year 2010, Hilda Solis compiled and forwarded the list. Various US agencies and departments have also issued their guidelines on abolition of the importation of goods produced with child labour based on the list issued by the US labour secretary. While the US and many other European nations accept that the banning of any illegal form of child labour is vital for enhancing observance of the rights for children, some nations, especially in the developing world, perceive child labour as one of the sources of economical sources of labour. According to the statistics released by ILO (International Labour Organisation), approximately 18 percent of children falling in the age of 5 years to 14 years across the globe are active economically (International Labour office, 2002, p.43). Thus, about 211 million children engage in works that earn wages in family’s farms and production process of primary products in firms. They also engage in family-oriented enterprises established to make primary products, which are offered in the market for sale besides engaging in barter. Therefore, they are in a state of unemployment though they continuously search for these types of chores. The statistics are worrying amid the intense focus of the US and many European nations on the need to curtail the exploitation of children. In this paper, the focus is on how the increasingly strict child labour policies affect children in the developing countries such as the Indonesia, India, Thailand, and Pakistan in which companies such as Addidas and Nike base their production. These two brands have been heavily accused of child labour over the past decade. This paper will show how this has affected children in these developing countries. These companies are located in Asia where child labour, according to ILO, is most prevalent: it stands at 60 percent. In India, for instance, Burke (2000) claims, “children as young as seven, were regularly used in the production of wide range of sports goods in which about 13 million pounds worth of these goods were meant for British markets” (Para.7). The paper also focuses on the question of how the policies on child labour have influenced the GPD of developing nations due to l
Introduction In all patients with COPD, a careful history including smoking, family history, previous respiratory symptoms, childhood illnesses and any atopic features should be made to help to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out other possible diagnoses. Close questioning about a patients ability to perform particular task’s is needed, including how long they need to perform task’s in comparison with the time needed 2, 3 or 5 years ago. Questioning of relatives, friends and partners is also used as other people often appreciate any changes in the patient more easily than the patient themselves. Any changes in functional abilities are good markers of deterioration (Bellamy & Brooker, 23-32)”. Symptoms that change little from day to day are more likely to be COPD related than to asthma. Night time symptoms are more commonly associated with asthma (Levey, Hilton & Barns, 160-61)”. Tests of Function Exercise can be used to test the respiratory and cardiovascular responses to the stress of increased oxygen demands. (Mannino, 89-93) There are several tests that can be carried out, each designed to suit patients at differing levels of mobility. The two most commonly used on our ward were the six-minute walk and the shuttle walk. Each patient is different and may have disorders not associated with COPD that still affect their mobility, it is important to understand that results from any of the tests cannot be standardized and rely on the skill of the nurse doing the assessment. The six-minute walk measures the distance a patient can walk in six minutes, indoors, on the flat. The patient does a practice walk first to give them confidence, measurements are taken on the
Project Outline This project will focus on enhancing the productivity of employees within an organization through effective leadership and communication. It is the role of the human resource department to ensure that all the employees perform the roles and duties that have been assigned to them as per the set standards and requirements of the organization and to the best of their abilities. Thus, the HR department should have a clear understanding of the capabilities of its employees, determine their strengths and weaknesses, and come up with measures that will lead to the improvement of performance of all employees of an organization. Overall Project Deliverable To achieve its goals and objectives, this project shall focus on a number of realms within the human resource department of an organization. These segments include:  1. Communication and leadership style assessment  2. Motivating Project Team Strategy  3. Project Conflict and Stress Assessment  4. Conflict Management Strategy  5. Consensus Decision Making  6. Communications Plan  7. Project Leadership Strategy. A clear understanding of these areas will lead to the formulation and implementation of effective and efficient leadership and communication styles that will lead to the increase in the performance of all employees within an organization. This will in turn lead to the realization of short term and long term goals and objectives of an organization. SWOT Analysis The article presented by Bolton (2007) clearly brought out the type of leadership styles that I always advocate for; leadership in changing working environment. This is due to the fact that the environment in which organization operate in is always dynamic. Therefore to be better prepared, the leadership style of an organization has always to conform to these changing needs and requirements. Given this, the following SWOT analysis summarizes the results of my leadership with regards to the article mentioned above. Strengths                                                               Weaknesses                                         1. Flexibility                                                          1. Capital Intensive                              2. Continuity                                                           2. Difficult to Implement                         3. Involvement of employees in decision making and policy formulation   3. Labor intensive                               Opportunities                                                           Threats                                            1. New areas of operation                                               1. Increased level of competition                 2. Development of new products and/or services                          2. Breaching of government rules and regulations  3. Optimization of operations                                           3. Loss of loyal customers                        The noble communication style clearly brings out the form of communication that I would advocate within an organization. This form of communication allows for vertical and horizontal flow of informat
The article discusses why and how nutrition science has been so controversial. Research debates continue to rage unabated. There are opposing view-points among nutritionists and the focus of researches and studies as well as food advertisements tend to center on single nutrients and not on dietary patterns. Nutrition advice from scientists, agencies and nutrition associations are not consistent and sometimes contradict each other. However, the basic dietary principles have always remained undisputed. The principles are; consume fewer calories, eat fruits, vegetables as well as whole grains and finally avoid consuming junk food. These principles have not been advocated for by most studies due to conflicting interests. Each company is only interested in sponsoring research on single nutrients that helps it market its products. Most companies manufacture food which contains high calories and hence increasing the level of obesity among the population. The studies that have focused on one nutrient without taking care of dietary patterns have always aimed at explaining symptoms which are caused deficiencies of either vitamins or minerals. However, such studies have not been able to explain the causes of chronic conditions like diabetes as well as coronary heart disease which are caused by a combination of various factors which include dietary, genetic, behavioral as well as social factors. Organic foods produced under the conventional standards are as nutritious as and safe as conventional foods. However, studies have not been done to establish these beliefs. Earlier studies show that organic foods are more nutritious and contain larger quantities of vitamins. Again there has not been a conclusive research that establishes the reason as to why those who do not usually consume dairy products are less likely to experience bone fracture as compared to those consume dairy products despite dairy products containing a lot of calcium since studies have only concentrated on single nutrients found in the dairy products. Although nutritionists recommend 20g of saturated fatty acids per day for beef eaters, again they have not been able to explain why meet increases cancer risks despite the numerous researches that have been done. This also applies to omega-3 fatty acids found in fish. Researches that have been done to prove the influence omega-3 fatty acids on heart diseases have been interpreted differently thereby presenting different conclusions. Likes One thing that has not changed over time is the basic dietary principles. Researches sponsored by independent agencies have always presented unbiased results on which foods contain high calories and which foods to be classified as junk food in order to encourage a healthy society. Earlier researches have also shown that organic foods are safe and more nutritious. Besides, they have also shown that consuming omega-3 fatty acids from fish could help protect individuals against heart diseases. In addition, the food pyramid developed by the US Department of Agriculture provides a simple triangular nutrition
Introduction Organ sales is a highly controversial topic that is debated all over the world. Some believe that buying and selling organs cannot be done ethically, and it will provoke an economic class war (Bramstedt 2014). At the same time, others tend to highlight the importance of legalizing organ sales, as it will help save people’s lives and prevent violence (Gregory 2011). The present essay supports the first view and makes the following statement: Organ sales exploit families at a disadvantage and favor rich people, creating an illegal black market. To explore the theme in-depth and to argue the thesis statement, a specific case was chosen. It is a research conducted by Monir Moniruzzaman from Michigan State University that focuses on the exploitation of poor people from Bangladesh selling their organs (Moniruzzaman 2012). The paper’s outline consists of five parts: the case summary, the legal situation regarding organ trade, the thesis definitions criteria, the thesis versus the case, and the conclusion. The Case by Moniruzzaman: “Living Cadavers” in Bangladesh” The case researched by Monir Moniruzzaman reveals a growing world market for body parts, which includes kidneys, livers, and corneas. Poor people were forced to sell their organs due to life circumstances. Besides, they were often cheated by unethical brokers and recipients who lived in the USA: sellers did not receive the promised money and were left with life-threatening complications (MSU Today 2012). Due to the fact that organ selling is illegal, the abovementioned brokers forged documents demonstrating that a seller and a recipient are family members. Then they registered the act as a family donation, which is legal in the ern countries (Moniruzzaman 2012). Moreover, medical professionals, private institutions, and hospitals did not try to prevent the violation of the law and human rights, as it was out of their commercial interests. The sellers’ choices cannot be called free and autonomous, as they are often cheated, misled, and manipulated. They need to feed their families and fight for survival. Their agreement for ‘donating’ an organ cannot be considered ethical. A vivid example, the case of 23-year-old Mehedi Hasan, is described in the study. The young man sold a part of his liver to a rich recipient. Due to the low level of education, Hasan was unaware of the surgery’s severe health consequences. He was attracted by the promise of a substantial financial benefit. As a result, Hasan did not receive the whole amount of funds and was left with a serious health impact (Moniruzzaman 2012). The case demonstrates that decisions to sell organs cannot be described as totally free and unaffected, but rather made out of dire need. Legal Situation Regarding the Organs Trade All countries, including the USA, experience a shortage of organs. In the USA, around 140,000 people are waiting for transplantations, and on average, they need to wait for 100 days approximately (Shimazono 2007). Organ trade is illegal in all countries except Iran. However, transplant tourism and organ
Introduction Kertha Gosa Ceiling and “Dreaming” paintings by Aborigines of Australia are both spiritual world artworks. Both have come a long way and have advanced with the advancing technology. Many countries of world have embraced such artworks with some neglecting the importance of such artworks. Even though many see art as an economic activity to make money, both artworks tend to focus much on passing important information to a target group. Many religious artworks have taken the form of sculpture and not paintings. Many may ask why the dreaming and the Kertha ceiling have used painting and not sculpturing. This paper will discuss the artworks, their contexts and their similarities giving insight also to their differences, as well as their significance. “Dreaming” paintings by Aborigines of Australia Over a long period, Aborigine’s paintings have advanced to the point of intertwining with the public dissertation, with a great recognition in Australia and the rest of the world. The Aboriginal people use this art represent them and their culture. The aspect and the concept of dreaming come from the aborigine’s ancestors and the rainbow serpent that went through the land leaving marks and topographical features (Mayer 145). They set the moral and social laws to guide the people into a significant order of being. To the aborigines dreaming goes beyond the literal meaning and describes a balance between the elements of nature, spirit and morals. They believe that a person’s dreaming depends on the point of his/her birth labor pains reception, for that is the place where one receives the ancestral spirits. Stylistic characteristics of the “Dreaming” paintings The aborigine’s paintings have evolved greatly with its history changing from time to time. All over visual and oral expressions have always advanced among the aboriginal societies. Before invasion, the people possessed over two hundred divergent languages. Today an approximate of fifty languages exists with each possessing a range of 1-2000 speakers. This is because of the great emphasis on multilingualism and use of visual and oral values. The paintings are traditionally symbolic. They include conventional designs as well as symbols which when painted on a person or an object brings a religious importance to them. Some symbols combine to give a more complex story. Other painting put emphasis to the connection of the aboriginal people to their land to demonstrate their obligation to the land (Mayer 165). They used stone to paint on their artworks, which show durability, and a long living artwork. The methods of painting range from etching, screen-printing, relief printing, calligraphy, to lithography. The artwork utilizes other different materials and techniques of painting such as ochre with a compacted end of a stick to produce high quality dots. Ochres produce a