ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Basically, ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy that deals with the moral principles of a person with respect to the appropriateness and wrongness of particular measures and to the goodness and badness of the intentions and ends of such measures. These rules of conduct are usually acknowledged in respect to a particular class, group, culture, organization or profession. Every profession as well as organization usually has its own fixed ethical principles which are typically in regard to the mode of operation, the effects of the products or services offered and in the association with clients and stakeholders. Ethics in the workplace of any profession helps in ensuring that a strong moral compass is maintained when there is conflict and confusion in times of crisis. [1] As in other professions, maintenance of professional ethics is required in the design profession. Professional ethics are referred to as the ethical issues that usually come up because of the proficient knowledge that the professional have achieved and the ways in which this knowledge should be administered during the provision of the specific service to consumers. Since the professional has obtained more superior instruction in a specific field as compared to the average people, he/she is competent in making and operating on informed information and thus is seen to carry extra moral responsibilities. [2] A person with this kind of added and superior knowledge is more often than not, accorded more authority and power and the clients often place their confidence on the professional with the belief that the services provided to them will either be of assistance to them or bring profits. It is therefore relatively possible for a professional to misuse the authority he/she has and take advantage of the clients’ lack of understanding. To avert such client exploitation as well as safeguard the integrity of the profession, there are codes of practice, which all specialists must follow, enforced in nearly all professions. [3] Generally, there are fundamental principles which constitute the basic make up of a principal. The first principle in the ethical practices of design is founded on the client’s needs and states that any and every action should be first and foremost, client centered. Every designer should make sure that their practice places the customer’s interests before their own. This means that a professional designer should adjust to the client’s standards in terms of business and design but staying within the confines of professional responsibility and the context of the professional duty. In relation to this, a designer is expected to avoid working simultaneously on assignments that are bound to create a conflict of interest without the consent of the clients concerned. The only exemption is in the case where there is a principle in that trade for a designer to work at the same time for several competitors. [4] Another basic principle is founded on equality and diversity. Every professional, while pr
Introduction Easter Island is an island that has gained significant attention from the ecological point of view. It is a small island situated in the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200 km west of Chile (Lovgren, 2006). It is well known for its gigantic statues made up of volcanic stone. Its peak population of 7,000 individuals appears to have been reached in 1500 AD, i.e. approximately 150 individuals per square mile. By this time, about 1,000 statues had been carved and 324 erected (Cairns, 2004). The story of Easter Island is tragic as it suffered a major ecological collapse that resulted in the extinction of one of the greatest and richest ancient civilizations. In fact, the inhabitants of this island exceeded their carrying capacity by over-harvesting trees that covered the island. Forests were cleared for agriculture, construction of canoes, and for the transport and leverage of the huge statues for which the island is renowned. The statues were moved several miles even though they weighed as much as 80 tons and were up to 37 feet tall. Extensive deforestation resulted in reducing the resources to make large canoes that in turn resulted in cutting off access to any marine fishery in deep water which were the major source of food. Besides, soil erosion that resulted from the loss of forests eventually depleted the terrestrial food resources, which led to resource wars and a population collapse (Lovgren, 2006). At last, it ended up in a civil war and cannibalism, when food supplies proven to be insufficient. Main body Though the story of Ester Island is quite old, the lesson from this age old story is still not learned. Globalization is converting Earth into a single social system. The entire life support system is now threatened by
Project management involves forecasting, programming, and controlling crucial task activities to attain their aims. Project management is achieved via the integration and application of procedures of initiating, designing, applying, tracking, and foreclosing the work breakdown structure (Al-Hajj, 2018; Worgu & Wordu, 2018). Program managers adopt a task management program as an information source that offers recommendations based on the project’s critical paths and network diagrams (Cerezo-Narváez et al., 2020). The WBS provides detailed information and variables about project deliverables and achievements. Network diagrams are visual illustrations of a project’s program. A network diagram in the project direction is useful for organizing and monitoring the task from start to finish. The network diagram signifies the critical path and scope of a project. A concise project network diagram is populated with boxes visualizing responsibilities, obligations, and path arrows to map the program and the arrangement of events. Network diagrams reveal the critical path and describe the maximum series of tasks. Thus, managers use the WBS, network diagram, and critical path to control, monitor, and achieve project success. The concepts of project management use terminologies such as WBS, critical paths, and network diagrams to define each task. Equipped with all the contents of the work breakdown structure, such as network diagrams and critical paths, program managers concentrate on specifying the chain of events required to finish the undertaking. Program managers use crucial characteristics or deliverables identified from the range of variables at the start point and build different project avenues (Hein Soe et al., 2018). The case example of construction work can describe the concept and relationship between the network diagram and critical paths of a project. A building construction task requires foundation mapping, digging, farming, building, and roofing. Based on the series of events, a program manager must obtain the ideal sequence of events, which permits the project to move smoothly without major consequences. Based on the sequence of events, the program manager must produce a network diagram with critical paths. A project’s critical paths are represented with nodes for each identification (Hein Soe et al., 2018). Using the time quotes, the program manager applies project management tools to compute each work breakdown structure’s start and end times. The procedure identifies activities or events in the order of time and delay. The route that defines the maximum length or slacks via the network diagram is the project’s critical path. Although there could be several critical paths within a network diagram, program managers operate on fixing the chain of events to mitigate the likelihood of anomalies. Thus, the project concentrates on ad
Looking for Apple marketing plan example? Check this case study! It contains a detailed marketing plan for Apple iPhone Xi: market segmentation, budget, distributing strategy, advertising campaign, SWOT analysis, etc. Apple Case Study: Executive Summary Apple Incorporation is preparing to market its Smartphone product line named the iPhone Xi model in the maturing market. The Indian market is promising due to the continued economic growth despite the dominance of Samsung, Nokia and HTC Corporation. The company can compete because the product offers unique features at an acceptable price. We are targeting certain market segments exploiting the opportunities created by the increasing demand for Smartphone with state-of-art features, entertainment, information storage capabilities and other new technologies. The marketing aim is to achieve a 20 percent market share in the next five years and the financial aim is to increase profitability by 15 percent through increased sales. This will be accomplished via a marketing plan that has been well researched on and the opportunities and problems identified. The marketing mix involves the 4Ps marketing strategies that we plan to use in positioning our product. The project will be steered by a specific organizational structure of experienced marketing and sales officers. The success will be measured through measurement controls and close monitoring of the implementation process. Nevertheless, we anticipate changes in the market trends and have come up with effective contingency plans. Apple targets to be the leader in the development and utilization of technology. The company is a technology developer and uses the same to gain market share. By frequently introducing new products, it attracts the attention of consumers. The company takes advantage of this strategy by ensuring that its customers are informed of any development taking place in the market. Apple takes advantage of this opportunity and ensures that it makes profits out of it. Apple Inc.: Company Background Apple Retail Stores are operated by Apple Inc dealing in consumer and computers electronics. The company sells software, Smartphone, e-Book readers, Electronic music, Computers and other consumer electronics. Apple Inc was founded by Steve Jobs in 1977. Even though many products were developed under his wa
As a hired specialist responsible for the improvement of the company’s functioning, several recommendations should be given regarding the inventory reduction. There are multiple ways in which this task can be accomplished. Their choice depends on the peculiarities of the company’s functioning, its supply chain, and the way it works (Bragg, 2018). If to speak about Johnson Company, the elimination of obsolete inventory, along with improved forecast accuracy, can be considered a reasonable approach (Bragg, 2018). At the moment, the organization’s warehouse is full of outdated DVD players. They tie up working capital and decrease development speed (Bragg, 2018). In such a way, Johnson Company should sell these devices at a reduced price. It may have a negative impact on short-term profits; however, in a long-term perspective, it will help to overcome the crisis and align the efficient functioning of the company by providing sources for the development of a new line. Another factor under discussion is the adherence to a JIT system. It can be described as a just-in-time inventory system in a management strategy that presupposes the enhanced alignment of all raw-materials orders from suppliers in accordance with the current production schedules (Silver, Pyke, & Thomas, 2016). The given method as opposed to the just-in-case strategy in which producers prefer to hold large inventories to cover the marketing demand. Johnson Company previously utilized this very strategy; however, now it is an appropriate time to switch to a new model. Several reasons support this decision. First of all, the warehouse is full as there are obsolete DVD players and no place for new products. Second, the time and costs of delivery of new devices will be reduced. For this reason, the company can be recommended to switch to the JIT model. However, the choice of the method to work with the inventory demands reconsideration of relations with suppliers. Previously, the company ordered many devices to fill the warehouse and ensure that customers’ demand will be satisfied. The given approach will not work in the new environment. The firm should engage in continuous cooperation with its suppliers to inform them about the need for a particular product and ensure its on-time delivery (Silver et al., 2016). In such a way, these sorts of relations should be improved to guarantee that the efficient scheme will be created and all actors will benefit from their close cooperation. One more problem arising because of the reconsideration of the company’s functioning is the risks associated with the elimination of safety stock. Thus, if there is no buffer to protect the company against shortages arising because of uncertainties in demand, Johnson Company can lose clients dissatisfied with the lack of needed products or delays in their delivery. To minimize these risks, the company should devote much attention to the continuous increase in the quality of
Planet of Slums , written by Mike Davis in 2006 and published in 2007, is a morbid yet informative read about the spread of poverty, disease, death, and exploitation within many cities of the Third-world countries. Throughout human history, cities were viewed as centers of economic development, growth, and industrialization. In the Third world, however, corruption and economic crises turn big cities into capitals of poverty. In his book, Mike Davis explains to the readers the mechanisms of how slums work, and puts forth an idea that the blame for slums being dangerous and miserable lies not on the inhabitants of said slums, but on the state, the corrupt rich, and the influential financial organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF. The book is comprised out of eight chapters, each dedicated to a subject about the slums or a topic directly related to their existence. Chapter 5, named “Haussmann in the tropics,” addresses the topic of wealth disparity between those who live in the elite centers of many third-world cities, and those forced to survive on its peripheries. The examples are numerous: Nairobi, Manila, Cairo, Mumbai, and others. In this chapter, the author claims that the reason why slums are becoming worse is due to the poor being ostracized by the rest of the society. According to Davis, “implicitly or explicitly, the poor were denied a place in civic life and urban culture, and were seen as an impediment to progress and betterment of society.” The subject of poverty being generated by outside sources is further elaborated in the following chapter, called “Slum Ecology.” Here, the author puts forth an idea that the parts of the city currently occupied by slums were never meant to become safe or prosperous. Slums are often built over dangerous grounds, where the surface is unstable, and the underground water levels are dangerously close to the surface. If the land beneath them is considered suitable for building something better – the slums are brought do
Introduction In the course of recent decades, simulation has become a widely used tool in the field of construction. Simulation may take various forms and is used for different purposes within the construction process. To ensure the stability of the progress in the use of simulation for construction purposes, it is necessary to perform a constant evaluation and assessment of the work that has already been done. The present work contains a comprehensive literature review on simulation as a construction tool and such related topics as the economic aspects of construction and the use of simulation to reduce expenses, simulation in product system designs, hybrid simulations and variability, buffers and batches. Economic aspects of construction processes The topic of the economic aspects of construction processes is extremely important for anyone interested in planning and fulfilling construction. No wonder that this topic is of special interest of the researchers in this field. Among the brilliant ideas expressed by specialists that aim to influence the economic side of construction, the idea of A. A. Alsudairi, the professor of architecture, can be mentioned. Professor Alsudairi (2015) has proposed to use simulation as a tool for reducing the costs of construction. To illustrate his idea with examples, the author picked two case studies. The first one was focused on the construction of one of the campuses of the University of Dammam, and the second one was dealing with the repairmen of the local electrical company. In the University case study, the sequence of actions causing four key scenarios was modified. In the electrical company case study, the concept of multi-skilled technicians was applied. The simulation models were maintained and altered with the use of flowcharts. Professor Alsudairi managed to prove that the use of simulation models for construction was an efficient decision. It allowed to develop complicated systems accurately and in a relatively short period of time. The use of simulation models was also proven to be cost-effective. It also helps to perform an analysis of the available benefits and necessary costs prior to beginning the construction process. Even though such obstacles as weak process design can hinder the success in particular cases, this research may have great implications for construction since it presents a wise, effective, sustainable and well-working solution of the funding problem that is among the primary concerns of those in charge of construction and maintenance. Simulation as a tool for production system designs Simulation is also considered to be a valuable tool for developing production system de
Introduction Modern communication technologies are used in medicine to reduce patients’ being in treatment centers and enhance communication, decision making, and family involvement. Telehealth is defined by Tuot and Boulware (2017) as “the use of electronic communication and telecommunications technology to support long-distance clinical health care” (p. 39). These technologies are effective in raising awareness and promoting health education and are widely used for cognitive therapy of patients with chronic diseases. Although technology has several minor drawbacks, it has the potential to revolutionize the remote treatment of patients. Advantages of Telehealth The technologies of telehealth aim at providing informational support and real-time interaction with healthcare providers for patients outside medical institutions. Thus, physical barriers are absent while patients are in comfortable home settings surrounded by their families. According to Chi and Demiris (2015), telehealth “can support the delivery of various cognitive-behavioral or educational interventions” (p. 42). The technology provides significant practical advantages, especially in rural areas, where access to healthcare centers is complicated for patients with chronic diseases. In such cases, it gives both time and cost-saving access to information and care. Telehealth technology is capable of enhancing social support, managing, and preventing mental health issues due to the comfort of use and increase in health literacy. According to Chi and Demiris (2015), 95% of the caregivers noted a significant improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of their patients after telehealth technology intervention. Better communication with healthcare providers and access to education are among the reasons for this increase. The caregivers find telemedicine technologies beneficial not only for patients but also for themselves. They noted that their care became more efficient due to educational support. Telehealth allows patients to stay at home for many interventions that their caregivers can provide with proper education. Moreover, staying at home promotes active family involvement and shared decision-making. Disadvantages of Telehealth There are a few disadvantages of telehealth, which are mostly connected with the initial stage of the implementation but not the nature of the technology. The solution to these problems is a matter of time, and they occur mostly as borders or limitations and not serious drawbacks. According to Tuot and Boulware (2017), the main border in the implementation of telehealth technology is the “continued existence of a “digital divide” between persons with different age, education levels, and baseline self-efficacy” (p. 42). That is why improvements in the technology that would make it accessible for patients and caregivers with different levels of e-literacy are required. As the technology is relatively new, both patients and providers have not developed a proper attitude to it, which is another disadvantage. As Kim, Gellis, Bradway, and Kenaley (2018) c
The article The Triple Constraints: A Valid Set of Criteria to Measure IS-Project Success? written by Koen Milis is centered on the concept of the triple constraints and its significance for ICT projects. The triple constraints involve time, cost, and specification (Milis 1). However, it should be stated that sometimes the notions “accomplishment” and “loss” can be interpreted differently. The particular type of the experience was created to analyze the way team members of the project view success, proving that there are a lot of things that may affect the outcome. At the beginning of the article, the author claims that managers need to have all the information about the project and be aware of the success criteria to accomplish all the goals and aims that were set in the beginning. There are three fundamental definitions that the triple constraints, namely time, cost, and specification (Milis 1). Their combination is significantly essential for the accomplishment of the project. The author states that in case the project was completed after the deadline, or there were some difficulties with the budget the project is believed to be failed. However, the definition of the failure and success are more complex. Every member of the team can view the accomplishment in a different way. Everyone has a personal point of view and has some criteria to determine whether the project has positive or negative consequences (Milis 1). Then the author of the article moves on to describing the research design. Milis notes that the quantitative method was used to collect and analyze data from the experiment. The group of people, who took part in the experiment, had to measure the success of the project according to the information given by the analysts (Milis 3). The experiment had three levels. During the first level, the participants received some criteria for success and were asked to take them into account while analyzing the projects; during the next step the members of the experiment were given the information concerning twenty-five projects and the description of how the criteria were fulfilled or not. During the last phase of the test, the experts were chosen, and they were divided into four groups, namely managers, project team members (benefactors), project team members (no benefactors), and users (Milis 4). Their task was to analyze the project according to the description and to evaluate the progress made. After making an accent on all the peculiarities of the experiment, the author draws reader’s attention to the data analysis. Milis provides the reader with all the necessary information presented in the form of tables. The results show that it is impossible to create a set of criteria that can be applied to all the members involved in the project. People, who belong to various groups, evaluate the success of the project differently. Moreover, the author states that the principle of the triple constraints is not always seen as the primary criteria. Consequently, the fulfillment of the triple constraints does not