ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ethical Aspect of Using Information on the Internet One of the ethical dilemmas that the internet users face is the need to protect the information received from unauthorised people. Mostly, comments posted online could threaten personal security or reputation, a situation that creates the need to protect the identity of the person disclosing such information (Crane & Matten 2010, p. 24). For example, as provided in the third case, the woman who posted an article online to criticize her boss forgot that the employer was already a friend on the social media site, making it possible for him to have access to the information. This shows that if she had exercised ethics in articulating her views, she could not confront her employer directly via the social media. Indeed, the information was a real threat to the person’s safety or reputation, just as her complaints tainted the image of her boss. The other ethical dilemma was the diversity of information available online. Interaction among the people from different family backgrounds, sexes, religion, colour, social status among other attributes takes place via the internet (Day 2009, p. 48). In most companies, conflict of interest occurs when one’s demands affect his/her duties and the level of performance. Conflict of interest lowers a person’s integrity and might cause anxiety in the organisation. In this regard, family and organisational ethics require that the stakeholders should not be overwhelmed with personal interests at the expense of their duties and colleagues (Walsh 2011, p. 12). This might compromise the level of interaction and integrity among the workers, because self-interest and nature of the duty may not correlate. Using Someone Else’s Intellectual Property The problem of intellectual property on the internet is another ethical problem that an organisation has to consider. A person’s expertise, skills and knowledge are some of the intellectual properties that the internet users have to respect and preserve for the owner’s economic growth and development (Bouchoux, 2004, p. 87). For instance, Danny Ferrer was not justified to sell illegal software because copywriting software is a way of interfering with one’s intellectual property. He used the copyrighted software to make profit even though the original version was not his property. This means that he did not apply ethics in doing the business. Moral and
Households and Individuals Activity v. Multinational Corporations and Governments Activity Economics studies how limited resources are used by people to satisfy their needs and wants. The resources available are scarce but the wants of people are unlimited. Therefore, nations and individuals need to make decisions about how their resources would be allocated in an efficient manner to be able to obtain maximum satisfaction of their own wants. Economics as a social science deals with peoples activities and specializes in the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of wealth or desires and material needs of human beings. The science of economics is composed of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics considers how individual industries, consumers, and firms behave with the aim of analyzing market mechanisms that help to establish relative prices of goods and services and ensure they allocate resources in the society among many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes failure in the market if the market is not able to maximize its welfare and describes theoretical conditions needed to get perfect competition. Macroeconomics studies individual economic decisions and considers aggregate behavior. It analyzes how it can be able to influence policy goals of government such as price stability, economic growth, full employment, and balance of payment which is sustainable. (Hodgson, 2000 pp34-37) Households consume goods to increase utility because the goods consumed are able to satisfy their needs and wants. These goods are sold at a price that is set in the market and are sold at a positive price where the purchaser considers utility obtained from the purchase of goods as being more valuable than the money. Households consider goods as physical products that are able to be delivered to a person who is willing to purchase and there is the transfer of ownership to the customer from the seller. Multinational Corporation is an enterprise that helps to manage production establishments and deliver its services in two or more countries. Large multinationals’ budgets exceed the budgets of many countries and have a great influence on local economies and international relations. Important globalization role is played by Multinational corporations and some of them have an argument that there is a new form of Multinational Corporation that is evolving to respond to globalization. Advocates of Multinationals have said that they are able to create wealth and jobs and ensure there is improved technology in countries that need development but the critics say that Multinationals have can have undue political influence on the government and exploit developin
The mission statement for the GAH and Community Clinic The mission of the GAH and Community Clinic is to enhance the health of the general community by setting high standards in inpatient care. Specifically, we aim to achieve a smooth shift from hospital to community-based care for the aged. Organizational diagram depicting the organizational structure (blocks) of the existing Mission Hospital (MVH), Children’s Hospital (CHOC), and the proposed Golden Age Hospital (GAH), and the Community Clinic (CC) It must be emphasized that all hospitals will fall under the existing MVH. That is, where required the GAH/CC will be referring patients to MVH. In addition, it must be understood that although the hospital mainly serves the aged, other people also access these services. Moreover, most of the services included in the diagram above are offered by each individual health center. However, the three health care facilities share information systems, medical laboratory, imaging, emergency medicine, cardiology neurology and blood bank. Explain the organizational relationships between the structure blocks Apart from the services they share, the other relationship is purely administrational (Simonet, 2005) those are the hospital president, vice president, executive assistants and departmental heads (Pitts, Carrier, Rich & Kellermann, 2010). So, the health centers relate in the sense that they are headed by one president. Each health care center is managed by a vice president who reports to the president. Thus, the president oversees the operations of all the hospitals. He specifically ensures that these facilities are delivering the most appropriate, safest as well as the highest quality care to all patients regardless of the financial capability (Robinson & Ginsburg, 2009). All heads of departments, as well as freestanding hospital vice presidents, report to the hospital president. The number of beds at the hospital Golden Age Hospital (GAH) will have about 200 beds, while the community clinic will have about 70 beds. Beds have been allocated based on the population in the area; a retirement community of more than 23,000 residents aged 55 and older is served by the Golden Age Hospital (GAH) and thus the facility is allocated 200 beds, and retirement community of more than 3,000 residents age 55 and older which is served by the community clinic is allocated less number of beds respectively. With this, beds have not been allocated based on the number of patients it can admit. It must be recognized that being a hospital under an existing referral hospital, most complicated cases will always be referred to like the former. The community clinic will mostly handle delivery cases, but in the case of a major operation, the patient will be referred to as the main referral hospital. In addition, when there are many patients at the newly established centers, the alternative is not to expand to the number of beds or wards, but the best alternative under the existing arrangement is to refer them to other hospitals that fall under our organizational structure. Major services/treatments Services will include social, clinical and general se
Introduction Two local stations, KTLA5 and ABC7, were selected for the analysis. Both of them offer their audiences morning news programs with a duration of over an hour. KTLA broadcasts Morning News from 4-11 a.m., whereas ABC7 runs Eyewitness Morning News from 4 till 7 a.m. Both stations organize their morning broadcasting schedule in a similar manner. The airtime is divided into uneven content sections, which, in turn, are separated by commercial breaks. Furthermore, the further division has been observed within the advertisement, showing both nationwide and local products. For this assignment, the same one-hour-timeframe of both newscasts on the same day has been watched to identify commercial/promo/PSA loads. While the stations were observed live, the nature of the assignment required a further examination of the content. As such, the newscasts were recorded in order to ensure detailed documentation of the schedules. This way, it was possible to observe the entire timeline of both newscasts and commercial breaks, which enabled a better
Cultural Beliefs and Biases Violence and crime are often rooted in cultural beliefs and biases. These include the various types of discrimination, which are common even in the most advanced societies. First of all, gender-based violence is gaining more and more attention in the modern world. This type of violence is more typical for traditionally patriarchal countries, for example, eastern or developing countries. However, even in more prosperous states, the economic and social status of citizens is different, which can lead to violence against women. Gender-based crimes can include physiological, psychological, or sexual violence. European Commission (n. d.) reports that in the European Union, 31% of women have experienced acts of physical violence, every 20 have been raped, and 43% suffered psychological violence. Apparently, the statistics even in developed countries are depressing, while in more patriarchal societies is even worse. For example, in Pakistan and China, there is a practice of honor killing, when a wife can be punished with death for wrong behavior (Hadi, 2017). Thus, the prevalence of gender-based violence and crime depends on cultural beliefs about men and women roles. A special place in genetically motivated violence is occupied by crimes on the basis of bias related to sexual orientation. In many countries, especially the more conservative, cultural beliefs give rise to resentment towards members of sexual minorities. This situation leads to increased aggression and violence towards them. The problem may be motivated by the more frequent involvement of such groups in sex work (Blondeel et al., 2018). However, sexual
Hadith is a report of the maxims and acts of the prophet (Peace be upon him). Compilation of these reports began during the era of the prophet and continued after his death. Ahadith (plural of Hadith) are classified according to their authenticity, mode of transmission, and chain of narrators. Muslim bin-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi endeavored to collect Ahadith by establishing the authenticity of other reports (Siddiqui). He worked closely with other teachers of religion to develop an exceptional methodology of compiling Ahadith Imam Muslim was born in Nishpuri in the year 204 A.H and was brought up in a religiously minded family. That left an ineffaceable religious intuition on his mind. His parents prepared him to spend his life serving God and holding fast to righteousness. According to Siddiqui, the religious atmosphere at home helped Muslim to become a saint of high caliber. He says that Muslim acquired respect at a young age because he never indulged in backbiting, which is a common human weakness. In addition, Imam Muslim excelled because he had the opportunity to travel to different parts of the world. The main regions he visited are Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. He attended classes of some of the famous Tradition lecturers such as Harmalah b. Yahya, Ishaq b. Rahwaih, Ahmad b. Hanbal, among others, whenever he visited the regions. After finishing his studies, he travelled back to Nishapur and began teaching Traditions. Nevertheless, he maintained an interest in researching (“Quran & Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta”). While in Nishapur, Muslim met with Imam Bukhari and was amazed by his exceptional comprehension of Ahadith and Tradition that he attached himself to him until he passed on (” Muhammad an Sunnah.”). Imam Muslim was also a disciple of another prominent Ahadith teacher Muhammad b. Yahya al. Dhuhali. Their relationship, however, did not last for long. When Imam Muhammad and UIma Bukhari differed in the belief on the subject of creation of the Holy Qur’an and the discrepancy generated into antagonism, Imam Muslim ditched Muhammad b. Yahya but remained a true supporter of Imam Bukhari (“Quran & Sunnah : Saheeh Sitta”). After the death of Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim resorted to compiling his Ahadith. He incorporated new insights into his mentor’s work and produced an exceptional Hadith. Some religious commentators say Imam Muslim produced highly authentic reports on the subject than most imams, including his teacher Imam Bukhari. He worked hard, collected and examined 300, 000 traditions, out of which he retained only four thousand (“Muhammad an Sunnah”). He, therefore, used authentic collections to produce
Introduction The United States faces an increased demand for nursing professionals in hospitals and other health care facilities. On the other hand, the number of nurses graduating into the profession is not increasing in the same rate as their demand. As a result, hospitals and other health institutions have to increase the working times of the present nurses. It is now common for nurses to work extensively on overtime just to match the demand for their services. The issue causes nurses to suffer fatigue, which compromises their patient care ability. I strongly disagree with the above claim that nurses are overworked. Nurses are not overworked Nurses face various situations in the hospital that require them to make rational choices instantly. They receive training on how to deal with emergencies as well as normal health conditions. Thus, the claim of overworking nurses is false. Many people go into the nursing profession due to their passions to assist people and not for the money. Therefore, they are motivated to assist as many patients as possible. Previously, the government trained very few nurses. However, nurse shortages prompted for a reversal of that policy (Chang, et al., 2005). The nursing selection and training is vigorous enough to eliminate any person not keen on the professional demands of nursing. Everyone who becomes a nurse knows that the job requires his or her commitment at all times. Although they enjoy day offs, leaves and normal working hours, nurses know that they should be on call always. The nature of emergencies does no give nurses the luxury of avoiding overtimes at work. There are different aspects of nursing, apart from general nursing, which require additional skills and proficiency. These specialization demand extra commitments on the part of the nurse during training (Carayon & Gurses, 2008). Given that the specialized nurses attract a higher pay than general nurses do, the professions attract many applicants. People who have a calling on helping people would like to do so with a high pay. The high number of applicants forces institutions to use a rigorous selection process. The process ensures that only the best and most prepared for the profession eventually turn to be nurses. The demanding process prepares
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of translation on the Latin language within the context of the Christian bible. It begins with a historical contextualizing discussion of the political and social climate of the Middle Ages through the Reformation and the events that eventually lead up to the translation of the Latin bible into the English vernacular. The paper also includes a comparison between the translated English bible and the Qu’ran in terms of the impact on cultural identity, and the loss of Latin as a language. Translation and Its Effects on Languages For almost a thousand years the Christian bible was not only available exclusively to the educated elite, but to the educated elite able to decipher the Latin language alone. This instance created a hierarchy amongst the priesthood, biblical scholars, and the Roman Catholic Church, and an impasse among the largely illiterate peoples of Europe. The Church enjoyed a monopoly on the biblical word during the Dark Ages which it had no qualms enforcing not only through legislated ignorance, but also through outright aggression and violence. The Roman Catholic Church actively protected the Latin version of the bible from the perceived bastardization into languages other than Latin through the threat of execution, and dissenters were regularly rounded up and burned alive at the stake (Ng 2001). The Roman Catholic Church’s domination of the teachings of the bible through its hands on policing of the Latin language successfully kept the European populace largely ignorant of the contents of the bible, other than that which they were able to glean second and third hand from the church, their local priest and word of mouth. This in turn maintained the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church, and facilitated the dependence of the populace on the Roman Catholic Church, in the sense that the Roman Catholic Church remained largely free to decide which aspects of the bible it would share and which aspects it would withhold. Thus those who could read Latin risked their lives – and often lost their lives – if they spoke out against the Roman Catholic Church’s interpretation of scripture. The Roman Catholic Church monopoly over the bible persisted for nearly ten decades; however it began to change through the actions of one man: John Wycliffe. This essay will discuss the creation of the early translations of the Latin bible into English as
Product layout is the type of resource arrangement where all machines, tools, and other equipment are located depending on the produced product. The product-centered layout is often represented as a large-scale assembly line, where the product goes down the line from one station to another (Stevenson, 2014). The process layout focuses on the way the products are produced, and similar equipment gets grouped together (Stevenson, 2014). The facilities for custom jobs appear to be ideal for process layout but may lack efficiency to gather different types of products compared to product layout. A fixed-position layout presents manufacturing with fixed stations where the equipment is brought to (Stevenson, 2014). It is useful in producing products that lack mobility like airplanes but is much less effective and more resource-intensive compared to product or process layouts. A combination layout can be described as a layout combining the advantages of both process and product layouts. It allows for producing products in different types and sizes by combining various types of manufacturing. The single layout is rarely used exclusively in one production line, making combined layout one of the most spread and effective ways of facility design. The cellular layout is the type of facility planning where the equipment is grouped according to the performed function for a set of similar products. Such processes’ planning technique is also known as group technology (Stevenson, 2014). The different combination of cells allows for creating a unique assembly that either work on producing a specific element or the final product itself. The advantages of the following layout are faster setup and processing time and less material handling. It also increases workers’ flexibility and motivation since such facility planning gives more autonomy to cells that comprise cellular layout. Reference Stevenson, W. J. (2014). Operations management . McGraw-Hill Education.
Agency Background and Capability Prison Fellowship is one of the largest and most influential Christian non-profit organizations in the world for those incarcerated, ex-convicts, as well as their families. Moreover, it is a major advocate for criminal justice reforms in the United States. As of 2021, Prison Fellowship is a worldwide agency with one of the most extensive networks of officers, experts, Christian ministries, researchers, and mental health professionals. Mission, Goals, and Philosophy of the Organization Prison Fellowship has a set of values, a mission statement, and a clearly defined vision, which the organization follows in all of its operations and initiatives. The institution’s official web-site defines its mission as restoring individuals who have been affected by crime and incarceration (Prison Fellowship, 2021). The vision is “to see all affected by crime reconciled to God, their families, and their communities” (Prison Fellowship, 2021, para. 2). In terms of Prison Fellowship’s philosophy, the institution operates using six key values. They include integrity, community, restoration, responsibility, productivity, and affirmation. Client Population, Programs Offered, and My Role as a Social Work Intern The organization’s client population extends to prisoners, former convicts, as well as their families. Moreover, Prison Fellowship initiated partnerships with individual prisons throughout the world. Although it is an international institution, Prison Fellowship’s primary focus is on clients in the United States. In regards to the specific programs offered, they include Prison Fellowship Academy, Hope events, Inside journal, Angel Tree (Angel Tree Christmas, Angel Tree Camping, Angel Tree Sports Camps), Create: New Beginnings, and many others (Prison Fellowship, 2021). In the context of my role as an intern, I would be responsible for planning and implementing re-entry activities for former convicts. The specific client population I am focusing on is African American adults with substance abuse issues and mental health disorders. My personal experience has been rather positive as I learned how to engage with recent ex-convicts and their families in the best way to be both assertive and understanding. Need and Problem Statements Target Population There is a need to address the difficulties ex-convicts face in terms of re-entering their communities and leading a fulfilling life after the release from prison. In the United States, incarceration implies certain racial inequities based primarily on the fact that although African Americans comprise around 12 percent of the country’s population, they constitute 40 percent of the nation’s prison population (Garland et al., 2008). With the