ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Utopian socialists were a group of thinkers who believed that it was possible to create a moral and just society by eradicating evil. They presented a distant vision of an ethically just society in which everybody had good morals and people were treated equally. One of the major utopian socialist ideas is the promotion of good morals (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). During the industrial revolution, individuals worked for many hours and were subjected to fatalities due to exhaustion. Their goal was to improve the working conditions and improve the economic, social, and political systems that existed at the time. They also believed in the creation of a utopian socialist society in which problems would be minimized because of people’s good morals (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). Utopian socialists believed that education was an important aspect of a humane society, change was possible without violence, and it was possible to distribute wealth equally among people (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). They held that people of good morals put the welfare of the majority before theirs. As a result, violence would not be needed in the fight for equality and justice. Why Early Socialists Fail to Make Changes The early socialists fail to make changes because the system that they proposed did not deliver its promises of security, prosperity, and equality. On the contrary, it created poverty, tyrannical authorities, and widespread misery. Critics have argued that equality was only achieved in the sense that every individual was wallowing in misery and poverty. Early socialism failed primarily because of the lack of central planning (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). The initial illusion of success gave governments the impetus to fully embrace the system, disregarding its apparent weaknesses and potential for failure. In many civilizations, the system has resulted in tyranny and severe poverty. Socialism always fails because of its inconsistency with regard to the principles of human behavior (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). For instance, people work harder when they are motivated either internally or externally. Socialism fails to make changes because of its disregard for incentives. An economy in which property is state-owned and market prices or profits are nonexistent lacks incentives that are needed for the direction of economic activity (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). The failure of socialism can be attributed to its failure to recognize the role that incentives play in influencing human behavior, and therefore, stimulating economic activity. The security that it promises is illusory because with time, people lose the impulse to work as personal development is limited. How Scientific Socialism Improved from the Utopian Ideas Scientific socialism was a system of understanding and predicting social, political, and economic outcomes by studying their historical trends using scientific methods in order to predict their future changes (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). Unlik
Introduction Shuzworld Inc. is operating in a very competitive market. The emerging technologies are defining new ways of conducting business in the world. Globalization is one factor that has completely changed the approach of doing business. Because of the advancement of technology, it is possible for an American firm to conduct the production process in China and find its market in South Africa. Shuzworld Inc is one such firm. The management of this firm should appreciate that just as the firm, which is in American, is able to produce in China and market its products in China, America and other world markets. Other firms in the same industry have the same capacity. The shoe industry is very developed, with some of the leading firms having a market share spanning across many borders in the world. Addidas and Nike have been keen to protect their market share and ensure that new firms do not eat into their market share. Although it is true that Shuzworld is not keen on manufacturing and selling of the sport shoes, it would still be viewed by these market giants as a threat because these firm are also producing general footwear. The management of Shuzworld, both at the top level back at headquarters and in China, must appreciate that the market is very competitive and that it requires a lot of carefully calculated measures that would make it manage this competition. The management in China has a duty to ensure that production costs are made as low as possible. This would ensure that the firm is able to set prices that are competitive in the market and still make a profit. There is also the need to ensure that the retailing process of the company is reflective of the market forces. The market is increasingly becoming more demanding due to the increasingly ease of accessing information. The firm must therefore ensure that it understand the needs of these market and then provide it with the products it requires in the best way possible. The management must also appreciate the role of the human resource. As Sercu and Uppal (1995) put it, human resource is the first and most important assert in an organization. Shuzworld management at various plants in china has the responsibility to ensure that the personnel are well managed. The employees should be assigned duties that require their expertise and they should have the zeal to see success in such firms. The Human Resource Management also has the role of ensuring that the personnel and machine ratio is well balanced to produce maximum output. In order for Shuzworld Inc. to achieve the above objectives, the strategic planning department
How might depression in the elderly differ from depression in younger people? Major depressive disorders among older people are estimated at between 1% and 4%. In spite of this, nearly 2 million individuals aged 65 years and above suffer from a depressive illness (Ashford & Lecroy, 2010). Depression in the elderly differs from depression in the young in a number of ways. For instance, the elderly often suffer from other illnesses and disabilities and these could contribute greatly to depression. It also lasts longer than among the younger people. Older people with depression are twice as likely to develop cardiac diseases, and the consequent increase in the risk of dying from the illness. In addition, an elderly person suffering from depression may also find it hard to undergo rehabilitation. Elderly people are more inclined to commit suicide as a result of depression, compared with younger people, with elderly white men bearing the greatest brunt (Ashford & Lecroy, 2010). Diagnosing a mental disorder among older adults is more complex in comparison with younger adults because a variety of cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties are involved. For instance, a significant overlap exists between emotional and physical symptoms, depression and bereavements, as well as between “cognitive impairment of early dementia and man other mental disorders” (Ashford & Lecroy, 2010, p. 628). Older adults are also less likely to seek help for mental or emotional conditions in comparison with younger people. This is partly the case because older adults tend to associate their problems with environmental or physical origins, as opposed to psychological origin. Also, older adults who might present with mental health issues end up receiving custodial and medication care, while younger adults are more likely to receive psychotherapy. What should be taken into account in assessing depression in older people? Assessing depression in older people can be accomplished by either taking a history of the illness or by conducting one-to-one interviews. Regardless of the method chosen, it is important to ensure that such an assessment is patient-centered (Garcia-Pena et al., 2013). In addition, the health care personnel administering the assessment should po
Introduction The connection between International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is a complex subject that is continuously debated in the legal sphere. The history of these laws reveals that they were developed separately from each other, with IHL growing out of past military conflicts and IHRL being traced back to ancient times (“Human Rights & Humanitarian Law”). Nonetheless, one cannot say that these sets of regulations can be viewed as strictly separate entities since both of them cover the fundamental rights of human beings. Therefore, there arises a need to discuss what differences and similarities do IHRL and IHL possess as well as what points of conflict are vital to consider. Conflict or Convergence First of all, the main features of both laws can be pointed out. IHRL is a set of rules that cover the rights of all people at all times. It is based on humane principles such as the right to live and the protection from harm (International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC], International Humanitarian Law 1). IHRL has to be followed during peaceful times and war with few exceptions. On the other hand, IHL is active only during times of armed conflict (ICRC, What Is International Humanitarian Law? 1). Here one can see the main difference between these laws and the first arising conflict – which set of rules is to be considered primary is a conflict situation. It can be noted, nonetheless, that IHRL does not fully contradict IHL in its goal of protecting human lives. In times of conflict, States can “derogate from certain rights in situations of public emergency threatening the life of the nation” (ICRC, International Humanitarian Law 1). Thus, the use of IHL, which still emphasizes the humane treatment of people not involved in military action, is not contradictory to the guidelines of IHRL. Another problem lies in the fact that IHL does not cover all persons, only limiting the protections to civilians, wounded and sick persons, and prisoners of war (ICRC, What Is International Humanitarian Law? 2). Here, one may say that IHRL comes into conflict with IHL in its belief that all persons should have a right to live, including those who are involved in a conflict. Furthermore, IHL limits only the use of weapons that lead to excessive injury and suffering. It also does not prohibit taking prisoners of war during a conflict, provided that they are treated with respect (ICRC, International Humanitarian Law 2). In this case, one may argue that IHRL is not followed, as all weapons potentially endanger people’s lives and the freedom of war prisoners is restricted. This is another concern that may be resolved with the idea that IHRL allows for certain rules to be breached if the safety of the nation is at risk. The main factor that should be accou
Introduction In Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, the people of China are under the reign of Chairman Mao and there is a vivid realistic portrait of life in modern China during Chairman Mao’s reign. Chronicle of a Blood Merchant depicts the life of Xu Sanguan, a factory worker during the early 1950s and thereby traces the history of China when socialism burgeoned, when there was the disastrously ambitious economic collectivization of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, the aftermath of the 3-year famine, and the factional violence of Cultural Revolution in 1966 to 1976. As the subject is family oriented the author explores the social aspects of Chinese life during the period as well. Main body The book is set in the 1950s, the time China under the grip of Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward. In the backdrop of poverty, Yu Hua explores the social and economic aspects of Chinese life under the red flag. Men sold blood to survive and to prove their masculinity. In the countryside men who had not sold blood could not even get themselves a wife. Unable to sustain his family, Xu Sanguan, a cart pusher at a silk mill sells blood in order to feed his family. Blood being a limited resource – it takes a huge physical and emotional toll on him. Politics and social relations are intertwined. During the collectivization of the Great Leap Forward, when public institutions were turned into canteens, Xu Sanguan explains to his wife that they will now eat dinner at the opera house: “You know where the kitchen is? Right on the stage.” During the famine, the family of Xu Sanguan is able to rise only twice a day from their beds to eat watery rations of corn gruel. This plot allows the author to trace the history of China under Mao while studying human life as well. Xu Sanguan love for Xu Yulan, his pain at finding out that Yiles is not born to him and finally his overwhelming love for him offer a rich framework to study interpersonal relations. The dynamics of the family continue to change throughout the novel. Xu Sanguan’s relationship with Yile is tested and changes over time. The novel is basically sentiment based. When Xu Sanguan finds out that Yiles is not his legitimate son, he leaves him at home while he takes the rest of the family out to eat during the famine. He explains his action to Yile that if he allowed him to eat noodles with the rest of the family he will be benefiting He Xiaoyong, his wife’s ex-lover whom he now loathes. Ultimately Xu Sanguan is reconciled with Yile by saving him from hepatitis using his blood money. Social relations in China are well explored through the interpersonal relationships of Xu Sanguan. The May Fourth movement of 1919 was responsible for the political shift in China. But more than its political shift towards the Left, the movement is known for the cultural shift towards intellectualism. In this book, we can find evidences of the May Fourth Movement in the description of workers life in modern China, how they had to have connections with people higher in the hierarchy to gets thi
Introduction The nuclear weapon is the most devastating weapon created by humankind. From the moment of its invention, this weapon was regarded as unique due to its phenomenal destructive power. The US was the first country to develop nuclear weaponry and it made use of this novel tool of war to attack the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The mass casualties inflicted on the sites of the two bombings displayed to the world the annihilating capabilities of the nuclear bomb. Attaining nuclear capability, therefore, became equivalent to military superiority. For this reason, the years following the bombing of Japan were marked by a global nuclear arms race. While the main contenders were the US and the USSR, other countries including France, Britain and China also made steps to acquire nuclear weapons. By the 1980s, the nuclear States started to realize that nuclear proliferation was dangerous to the world’s security. The decades following this were, therefore, marked by the increasing disarmament and a trend towards non-proliferation. While some people hope for a total abolishment of nuclear weapons, others insist that a few nations should be allowed to possess and control them. This paper proposes that there should be a total ban on nuclear weapons because allowing a few nations to possess and control them increases the drive by other nations to join this privileged group, therefore, endangering the security of the entire world. Reasons for a Total Ban on Nuclear Weapons Without a complete ban on nuclear weapons, non-nuclear capable nations will try to obtain these weapons and gain the “nuclear capable” status. At the onset, only the US had knowledge of the production and successful deployment of nuclear weapons. However, this exclusivity was short lived since within 10 years, a number of other nations including the USSR had their own nuclear weapons. To legally limit the spread of nuclear weapons and technology, nuclear capable nations signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 (Sidel & Barry 2007). This treaty was aimed at ensuring that the then five primary owners of nuclear weapons and technology remained to be the only nuclear capable nations in the world. However, this treaty did not deter other nations from wanting to obtain nuclear weapons. By the year 2000, other nations including In
Introduction Every culture has a peculiar aspect that identifies its people as being unique from the rest of the world (Samovar et al. 2011). Such elements may include the nature of the cultural patterns of persons as well as their beliefs, their norms, their values and their social-cultural practices. Therefore, culture is an identity of people from others especially to particular elements within the same setting. There are four components that relate to the taxonomies used in the description of differences in the cultures of people. For instance, this paper will discuss Edward’s Hall’s concept, which groups cultures into high or low context based on their fundamental usage of messages in communication. There is also the analysis of culture according to the propositions of Geert Hofstede while the third one is the ideology of Shalom Schwartz (Dignen, 2011). The explanation given in this study will compare the four taxonomies of culture about Japan and the UAE. Edward Hall’s High and Low Context Cultures Hall proposed that a high context culture is one that considers the meaning of massages used in communication as being related to the environment. The understanding of the communication messages in such cultures refers to the norms and the beliefs of the people. For instance, both Japan and the UAE are high context cultures. In both cultures, communication serves the purpose of creating long-term relations among the people (Dignen, 2011). In the UAE, the use of language in communication has implications on both the culture of the nation and the relations of the people. There is a considerable level of importance that culture creates about the social settings of the people. Just like in Japan, the UAE is a country that focuses on the use importance of community values, which communication helps to shape. There is also an attached level of importance of the non-verbal cues of communication that are an essential element of the cultural correlations of the people in the two countries. Such cultures ensure that there is much emphasis on the meaning of the signs used in communication. Considering that each culture has its set of symbols used for non-verbal communications, the two countries have variations in the manners of interpreting the non-verbal messages. The differences arise because of the idea that each community has its set of cultural activities that it observes (Cheng, 2003). High context cultures consider the usefulness of the rest of the community in shaping the communications among its people. The community describes the culture of a given people in a particular geographical region. Such incidences mean that communication processes are ways of binding the people of such cultures together. Therefore, Hall describes such messages as almost programmed because their meanings are internalized. People in such contexts always pay attention to both the verbal and the non-ver
Political parties and their representatives are increasingly applying the management of visibility by visualization and through various means of technology. This is rapidly becoming a prominent way of communicating with the public. The media is, of course, the primary medium of channelling this. A central feature of contemporary politics orbits around the management of visibility and how this has an impact on mobilisation of public view. In depicting these images to the society, the media plays a fundamental part. The media, in essence, is performing two crucial functions; it supports the politicians to send their message out in order to shore-up their supporters and gain the support of general public and secondly, it allows the public to respond to the politicians by sending in their feedback, so that politicians take note of issues which they feel need to be addressed (Nash and Scott). , in contemporary politics, media is regarded as a priceless asset which helps in creating a formidable association between the politicians and the masses. Besides that, it also plays a fundamental part in structuring and presenting shape to politics and communal life. Nevertheless, regardless of the actual ability of the politician in proving his value to the masses, the public-relation experts hired by these politicians focus more on individual image and techniques, rather than on their political essence. Today, in contemporary politics, it is an understood fact that if you do not make use of social media, it would be next to impossible to communicate and hence, pass on your message, let alone winning an election. For people in politics, the implications for this global trend are clear; mastery over social media would be the key difference in winning or losing an election (Sanders). Therefore, it is an understood fact that the politicians need to stay up-to date with ever changing medium. At the moment, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and blogging on their respective pages are the key to the management of visibility. Facebook has revolutionized the way society functions, especially in developed states. People turn to Facebook like they used to turn to televisions in the early 60’s. It has become a place where individuals of nearly all ages interact and discuss social, political, cultural and economic issues. One can imagine its impact, if it is currently being used by revolutionaries in countries across the Arab world like Iran, Libya, and Bahrain etc, to organize mass rallies against their governments. Thus, as a politician or a political party, you have to reach out to the people there and attract them to your agendas, official webpage’s, forums etc, where they could learn more information about your campaigns and ambitions. In Facebook terms, it is simply not enough to have a Profile ; you need to be dominant by being more active, perhaps, by creating a Fan-Page or commenting and responding on more topic