ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Haiti is on the western part of the island of Hispaniola to the east of Dominican Republic (see Appendix A). Haiti was a French colony and they used it to harass English and Spanish ships. However, as piracy was subsided with Spain ceding western third of the island to the French and a gradual decline in piracy, it turned out to become one of the richest colonies of 18 th century. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte renamed the island as Haiti. Haiti is the oldest republic in the western hemisphere after United States of America. The country became independent on 1826 and only in 1820 was the country’s north and south parts united. Haiti has undergone a series of political upheaval, which has shaped the economic condition in the country. The political condition in Haiti is in the shambles with a long history of anarchy, insurrection, dictatorship and political infighting (The Economist) the Haitian economy has remained one of the poorest economies of the world (US Department of State). This paper is a country report on the macroeconomic environment of Haiti. The paper will deal with the political, economic, social and cultural environment of Haiti, which have affected the macroeconomic situation in Haiti. Then the paper will discuss the macroeconomic situation of the country and the present economic state of the country. This part of the paper will deal with a quantitative analysis of the economic data on Haiti and the present condition of the economy. Then the paper will compare and contrast the economic condition of Haiti with o
Introduction Autism has been noted to be among the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in childhood. Kuder (2003, p.34) denotes that in the USA, an estimated 2.1% of the population aged between 8 and 17 is affected by autism in its various forms. Autism is manifested by varied behavior but it is chiefly characterized by inability to communicate, lingual deficits, lack of a sustained attention, low level of activity, temper tantrums, sleep disturbance, aggression and other non-compliant behavior. These behaviors are detrimental to the educational endeavors of the children involved. Owing to these adverse effects that can stem from autism and the shear prevalence of the condition in the country’s population, a lot of research effort has been dedicated to the early diagnosis and treatment of the condition. This has been aimed at providing viable solutions to help those suffering from the disease cope effectively and acquire knowledge. This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment. To this end, a review of Interventions to Improve Communication in Autism by Rhea Paul (PhD), Language and Communication in Autism by Hellen Tager-Flusberg, Rhea Paul and Catherine Lord and Social Skills Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review of the Intervention Research by Susan Williams, Kathleen Kionig and Lawrence Scahill shall be presented. This shall aim at providing an informative discussion regarding autism, its diagnosis and treatments. The strategies that can be undertaken by teachers to assist them deal with children suffering from autism spectrum shall also be highlighted. Communication and language difficulties in autistic students: A literature review Autism spectrum is a medical term that is used to describe children and adults who experience difficulties in socializing, communicating (verbal and non-verbal) and language acquisition (Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord, 2005 p. 335). The authors describe autism as a neurological disorder that stems from the brain’s inability to carryout some functions normally. The causes of Autism as well as the reasons why it affects lingual and communication skills are not entirely known though there is a close linkage between Autism and genetics. As the study conducted by Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord (2005, p.337) indicate, Children with this condition lack the capability to stay focused on a task or sit still. They also rarely finish any ta
Introduction The privatization of significant airlines while maintaining their independence is essential to all stakeholders. Currently, the Chicago department of aviation is in charge of O’Hare International and Midway Airport. The number of flights has declined due to a lack of efficiency and a rigid decision-making process. Moreover, customers have complained about the quality of the services and indicated they would consider their choices. There is a need for a change of control systems for effectiveness and enhanced productivity. Privatization of the two airports will address social welfare and quality concerns. Although unifying them would enhance their economies of scale and limit competition, its management would be complex. The task force should consider retaining the independence of the two flight industries after privatization. The oligopolistic market enhances fairness and the competitive multi-airline sector by availing freedom of entry. Generally, the industry will exhibit all forms of competition through price, service quality, and frequency. Background and Methodology Management attributes an increase in a deadweight loss to higher operational costs which destabilized market prices. Due to the price ceiling from the ministry of finance, the airport management found it difficult to make decisive progress. At the moment it is hard to estimate the welfare effect of privatization on the airline. Apart from the policy environment, several other factors in the market contribute to declining revenue. However, a similar exercise by the British airways resulted in a strong welfare impact (Edwards, 2017). The customers, on the other hand, are expected to incur higher prices as a result of the measures. Generally, the overall aim of privatization is to improve the financial position of the airlines. Key Findings Change of control is vital because it can address efficiency in personnel and streamline the operations of the organization. First, a substantial reduction of employees offering redundant services will lower the wage bill. Second, modernization of the airport services through the acquisition of new and bigger crafts increases the capacity of passengers. Third, open market access allows the airlines to fly between any two territories in different states. Furthermore, an increased customer base will lower the costs of fares because empty seats lead to losses. The airlines will further optimize their operations by reducing maintenance costs. Technological advancements have affected the aviation sector due to varying customers’ decision-making. Customers benefit from the availability of options and transparency in the price. The aviation sector can leverage reduced costs due to online booking innovations. Airline competition has resulted in substitute technology used by new entrants. Major airlines can become more efficient and transparent in their pricing by introducing small and innovative aircraft. Recommendations The airports are expected to continue dominating the aviation sector due to the ownership of massive resources. Liberalization of the in
Introduction Gersick’s 1988 study entitled Time and transition in work teams toward a new model of group development can be pin-pointedly singled out as one of the greatest in-depth researches ever conducted with regards to the intrinsic determinants of the effectiveness of any given group. Preliminarily, the research was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap left by most group development researchers in talking about the unpredictable nature of group operations. Prior to her research, the existing modules information depicted that group operations were always predictable which—as we later find out from Gersick’s research—is not normally the case (Gersick, 1988, p.9-10). More importantly, her research cites previously conducted authoritative studies, documents the current happenings and foreshadows what can be done in the future by people coming after her. This greatly serves the purpose of continuity—which is something that is missing in many studies. Basically, her research involves the selection of eight groups, data collection, data analysis, then from the results; she forms her “theory of punctuated equilibrium.” Critique of Gersick’s research Before beginning to offer my comprehensive viewpoint on Gersick’s work, it is crucial to note that my views are based on a thorough analysis of Gersick’s, as well as many other related studies, which endows me with the potential to give a professional assessment. My analysis is going to be based on the questions below which act as a guidelines for summarizing my views. How would you characterize Gersick’s approach; phenomenological, ethnographic, or grounded theory? Why? The approach used by Gersick is undoubtedly the Grounded theory approach. Right from the onset of her documented work, we get to know of her data collection; followed by her painstaking analysis of transcripts that contain details from the groups of people she analyzed (Sniezek, 2007). From here, she decides to formulate a tentative method for “firmer grounding” of her results since most findings were from similar settings thus making it relatively difficult to get note some tiny priceless differences. After establishing the tentative method, she again makes an analysis and circumspectly views the results against her hypothesis and results of the data that she first collected. It is from this data that she gets to formulate her theory. This approach is typically the Grounded theory which Davidson (2002) defines as “A research method in which the theory is developed from the data, rather than the other way around.” How would you characterize her data collection process; direct observation, unstructured interviewing, or case study? Why? Gersick’s data collection is a professional blend or high-breed of the all the above methods. It i
Investor-owned health care sectors and major non-profit making institutions deal with day-to-day budgeting. Hence, it is important to develop comprehensive financial statements. The most basic ones include the balance sheet, statement of changes in net assets, statement of operations, and statement of cash flows (Zhang et al. 175) The balance sheet gives a general outlook of a business (Zhang et al 176). By defining the monetary value of assets, liabilities, and the investor’s capital, a balance sheet enables an organization to understand its current operations. Balance sheets are prepared at the end of an accounting period (Rauscher, Simone and Wheeler 330). The assets minus the liabilities give the net worth of the organization. The asset side indicates both the current and non-current assets. Liabilities side indicates both current and non-current liabilities. The net worth too, appears on the liabilities side (Fischer, Mary and Marsh 439). The statement of operations is a summary of revenues and expenses that occur in an accounting period. Preparation of the statement of operations adheres to the accrual accounting procedures (Rauscher, Simone and Wheeler 335). This statement represents the entity earned and the gains in a project. In addition, it stipulates the sources of revenue that an organization used during an accounting period (Fischer, Mary and Marsh 440). The main components for a healthcare statement include premium revenue, provision for bad debt, the net assets released from restriction, service revenue, depreciation, expenses, operation income, unrestricted gains, revenue and support and the title, date, and nature of statement (Hughes 280). The statement of changes in net assets is also an important statement in financial reporting for healthcare centers (Paskert and James 53). It uses some of the information computed in the operations statement. The statement further focuses on the beginning net assets, permanent restricted assets, unrestricted net assets, and temporary net assets. The last one is the statement of cash flows. As the name suggests, the statement outlines how cash flows move in and out of the business (Krishnan and Yetman 1027). Covering the same period as the operations statement, this statement can borrow information from the statements already discussed. Accrual based accounting is used in preparation of the statement (Paskert and James 54). The main visible components include cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, financing activities, and an indication of the cash at both the start and end of the year (Krishnan and Yetman 1027). Figures 1.0 and 1.1 show the balance sheet and statement of cash flows for Ray Hospital. Ray Hospital Balance Sheet as at September 30, 20X1 ASSETS                                AMOUNT IN USD  LIABILITIES+ NET ASSETS           AMOUNT IN USD                                       8
September 11, 2001, has been one of the most tragic days not only in the history of America but the world community altogether. While on the one hand, it signified the failure of a number of government agencies, lack of a coordinated approach amongst the world community in dealing with the menace of terrorism, but it showed to the extent the perpetrators of such a heinous crime can go to. Terrorism, the dreaded word, finds some of its threads attached to the ongoing conflicts around the world. Be it the Middle East conflict, the Kosovo issue, Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Kashmir skirmishes, etc. are some of the examples which bring the issues of terrorism to the fore. Till 9/11 happened, apparently the US didn’t really catch up with the seriousness of the issue. There have been instances like the US embassy bombings in different parts of the world. But such instances were considered mainly as a failure of those nations in safeguarding the interests of the USA, and nobody actually thought that one day, two US commercial flights full of passengers will collide with its own twin towers and result in killing around 3000 citizens of the world. They were office workers, waiters, police, firemen, moms, dads, friends, and neighbors. Thereafter began an era of hunting for the terrorists and their links. The political, social, and ethical scenario in world affairs too changed the character of the conflicts. As the efforts are on to nab the culprits of the 9/11 tragedy, signals are coming out that public perception of a sizeable section widely differs from that of the government. Theories have started floating that the tragedy was actually a part of the ploy messed up by some of the government functionaries and the political bosses. It is worthwhile here to mention that similar ‘differing’ theories have been floating in the US society about a number of other issues as well. Some of the prominent examples are the landing of the human being on the surface of the Moon and killing of the John F Kennedy. These theories suggest that the landing was not a real one, while some of the suspects picked up for the murder of JFK have been termed as mere scapegoats to protect the real culprits. The US is a democratic society with every citizen having the right to express himself or herself. When 9/11 happened there was a sense of shock all around, with people wondering how on earth such an incident can take place in a country that claims to have the state of art intelligence gathering mechanisms, ultra-modern defense equipment, and a government having all the powers to pursue the matter. Police and some other investigating agencies are of course investigating the case with an angle of a terror plot prepar
Effective/strategic HRM management   * Linking Human resource policies to the strategic objectives of the firm leading to greater output and performance.   * Emphasizes on HRM as:       + Significant for management effectiveness;       + Personnel competence;       + Cost-effective;       + General organizational aptitude.   * Employment of HRM tools in administration is vital in:       + Managing.       + Inspiring.       + Developing a team of workforce.       + Performing. To ensure efficiency and greater performance, the HRM must recognize the importance of personnel planning, training and development, remunerations as well as staffing (Boxall and John 52). Further, compliance with the legal requirements, labor relations and embracing globalization are significant in enhancing the overall performance of the firm. Personnel training and recognition   * Training and recognition of staff enhances the workforce capabilities.   * Training of employees plays an important role in the achievement of the overall goals of the organization.   * The training of the employees involves:       + Developing their leadership skills;       + Mentoring;       + Review of the organization resources.   * Through training:       + The flexibility and efficacy of the personnel are enhanced;       + Employees are capable of using new technologies with ease;   * Consistency of work procedures is a major outcome of employee training that leads to increased effectiveness. An office culture that recognizes the employees gains foster staff morale thereby leading to increased productivity. In addition, ensuring effective communication and responding to the needs of staff boost their morale (Boxall and John 54). Planning and development   * Planning enables:       + The organizations place its employees on the right dockets.       + The management in knowing the number of employees required to carry out a specific task.       + Managers to set clear and attainable objectives of the firm.       + The management to identify its personnel based on their qualifications thereby ensuring efficiency in the implementation of the firms’ objectives.       + The identification of key positions within an organization and profi
Introduction A Streetcar Named Desire and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf are two play-based melodramas created in 1951 and 1966 that could be called the classic of the genre. Strongly appealing to the emotions of the viewers through visuals, music, and acting, the two films feature crisis moments in the lives of its characters that lead to the lingering feeling of loss. While the films feature similar topics, particularly, those of lies and truths, as well as the relationships between men and women, the melodramas are not completely similar. Apart from belonging to different subgenres, the films can demonstrate the evolution of melodrama genre that is be mostly seen through the transition of the topic centering from the female character to the male one as well as the increased usage of “obscene” language. The changes are socially conditioned and prove the thesis that melodrama is sensitive to the changes in its environment. Melodrama: Features and Development Melodrama is a type of drama film that is characterized primarily by the pathos that is aimed at provoking an emotional response from the audience. 1 To achieve this, melodrama focuses on the personal, intimate life of the characters, who are typically put under pressure (often connected to the relationships that are among the most widely used topics of melodrama). Normally the inner life is demonstrated through the “action, movement, gesture, décor, lighting, and editing”, 2 and, as a result, it is not uncommon for the character to be unaware of the features that are shown to the viewer. Another important feature that allows melodrama films to increase their emotional appeal is the “quest for moral truths” 3 that is usually demonstrated in the form of the conflict of stereotypical victims and heroes with stereotypical evil characters. While undergoing the pressure caused by the battle between the good and the evil, something important tends to be lost; the stereotypical loss is that of the innocence, which, can be interpreted in different ways. 4 As a result, the beginning of a melodrama is typically marked by the calmness that is substituted by the emotional turmoil, which finally gives way to another kind of calmness, but the one that is laden with the feeling of loss and related nostalgia. 5 Melodrama is not homogeneous; there exist varieties from “crime melodramas” to “comedy melodramas”. 6 It has also been noted that, in the 50s, the female-centered melodrama was the common, if not the only type of the genre, but in the 1980s, a male-centered type of melodrama also appeared. 7 While the excessiveness of pathos in every aspect of melodrama production (the acting, the music, the dialogues) has been described as unrealistic, nowadays, the genre is not regarded as opposed to realism. Williams, for example, claims that it is the realism of a melodrama that makes it appeal to the public. For example, as the idea of the virtue changes, the melodramatic characters also change their idea of good and evil. 8 As a consequence, according to Williams, melodrama is extremely sensitive to the changes in socie
First of all, it is necessary to emphasize, that the common feature of all the analyzed writers, is that they all from Latin America. This fact is augmented by the notion, that most of these countries experienced totalitarian regimes. The creation by these writers in some measure expresses the wish for freedom, happy and beautiful life. Thus, Umberto Eco’s Casablanca symbolizes the desire for the American style of life. When people in their fifties sat down before their TV sets for a replay of Casablanca, it is a regular subject of nostalgia. What then is the fascination of Casablanca (both, movie and novel)? Here are the passionate lovers – he harsh, she kindhearted but both have been seen to improved improvement. Every component is in its suitable place, the characters are dependable from one moment to the next, and the plot comes from Maupassant – in any case, the first component of it. So one is attracted to read Casablanca the way T. S. Eliot reread Hamlet . One attributed its attraction not to its being a winning work but to something moderately the contrary: Hamlet , according to the statement by Stuart Hall “Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies”, was the result of an ineffective combination of numerous previous Hamlets, one in which the theme was reprisal (with insanity as only a subterfuge), and another which theme was the disaster brought on by the mother’s sin, with the resulting inconsistency among Hamlet’s panicky excitation and the ambiguity and improbability of Gertrude’s crime. So critics and the public alike find Hamlet beautiful because it is interesting, and consider it to be attractive as it is beautiful. Though ground-breaking, Eco’s work has not aged fine. Its concept that a film has to be watched all the way during in one session constructs little logic in video or based fan cultures, while its persistence that the films of Lucas and Spielberg do not value cult deliberation flanking Casablanca proposes a substance of generational taste faintly camouflaged as an academic difference. Eco’s anxiety with ‘detachability’ and ‘livelihood textuality’ is also confused by the auteurism which many media alternatives exhibit. “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote ” by Borges is created in the form of an appraisal or mythical critical section about Pierre Menard (fictional; character in all relations). It starts with a brief foreword and a catalog of all of Menard’s work. Borges’ “review” is described by the 20th-century French writer who has made an attempt to go extra than mere “translation” of Don Quixote, but to immerse himself so thoroughly as to be able to actually “re-create” it, line for line, in the original 16th century Spanish. Thus, Pierre Menard is often regarded to raise issues and discussion about the natural world of precise translation. Stuart hall declares in his work, that the “only theory worth having is that which you have to fight off, not that which you speak with profound fluency.” This docume