ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The UK recognises the need for people’s equity irrespective of their individual disabilities, looks, race, gender, age, or ethnicity. However, research demonstrates that Black, Minority, and Ethnic (BME) people continue to experience barriers to the extent that their share in senior positions is low. They face these experiences not because of their inability to deliver their job mandates but because of prejudiced views and wrong perceptions about their capabilities. Considering the incredible talent potential possessed by BME people as discussed by Tresh (2017), their discrimination and unequal upward career mobility presents a major disadvantage in the UK’s employment sector. BME people are well qualified as the White population. Colour does not contribute to the creativity or innovativeness of an employee. This paper argues that discriminating BME people in workplaces is detrimental to the UK’s economy. It discusses the contemporary forms of racial discrimination, the underlying disadvantages in the workplace, and the use and usefulness of strategies for overcoming the challenge. Contemporary Forms of Racial Discrimination People’s capability to meet job openings based on their possession of the necessary skills and experiences need to inform the decision to employ them. Discriminating people based on their genetic information, skin colour, or ethnicity disadvantages an organisation (Noon 2017). It not only minimises the range of talent potential for building competitive advantage but also hinders the development and nurturing of future aptitude that is imperative for innovation. While workplaces across the UK are aware of this disadvantage, the White race continues to dominate in paid employment. Race Disparity Audit (2017) supports this assertion by noting that despite the increased employment rates for all ethnic groups in the UK, massive differences between the White British and the BME people continue to be witnessed in terms of their participation in the employment market. In fact, “around 1 in 10 adults from a Black, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Mixed background is unemployed compared to 1 in 25 White British people” (Race Disparity Audit 2017, p. 9). This trend exists at a time when the number of people identifying themselves as White decreased from 87.4 per cent in 2001 to about 80% in 2011. Hence, in the UK, discrimination of BME people in workplaces continues to be a major impendent to their career mobility and absorption in the employment sector. Van Laer and Janssens (2011) conducted a qualitative study with the objective of understanding subtle discrimination as a form of contemporary racial favouritism. After conducting 26 in-de
Overview of Ellis Island Elis Island is located at the end of the Hudson River in New York Harbor. The facility was established on January 1, 1892, to replace the government-run Castle Garden Immigration Depot that had been established from 1855 to 1890 in Manhattan. The location was owned and run by the Federal government. The location’s name was changed and is currently a component of the Statute of Liberty National Monument that is under the authority of the United States National Park Service. The location was involved in a border rivalry between the two states New York and New Jersey. Ellis Island is primarily located in New Jersey through a small part is located in the neighboring New York City. The island was originally referred to as the Little Oyster Island (Dinnerstein 12). The name was later changed to Ellis Island; a name that the location acquired from Samuel Ellis who was a colonialist. The Ellis Island Immigrant station was planned by two architects: Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring. The architects were awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the excellent design of the building. The architecture competition was the second competition to be held under the Tersely Act. The Act allowed private architects to replace state architects in the Office of the Supervising Architect and to plan Federal Government constructions. The Federal Immigration Station was launched on January 1, 1892, and was operated until November 12, 1954. Between these periods, it is estimated that over 12 million immigrants were inspected at the station by the United States Bureau of Immigration. In the 35 years that p
Peter Jackson is a city auditor. He took office three years ago after winning the election by a margin of about 10 percent. Jackson is involved in all city’s political and economic processes and constantly monitors the work of the legislature. Everybody in his family was always interested in politics. However, he never thought of becoming part of such a complicated system. A role of a leader who runs for office was something inconvincible. Everything changed when Jackson’s wife gave birth to their daughter, Monica. She had serious physical disabilities, and that united all family members who wanted to provide her with all necessary things and opportunities. When she went to school, Jackson appealed to the state government, asking for changing school policies that would help to fully engage his daughter in a study process. He met there other parents and people with disabilities. Also, he met several very experienced in this field people who taught Jackson how to get necessary information from officials. They demonstrated him specific leadership techniques. He got involved in this process very deeply. Eventually, he received great support and was suggested to run for office. The first achievement was an office of a school board president. Jackson served in this position for two years. Several large investments in the development of school facilities were made during this period. Jackson’s current post is his second victory. The major issues Jackson’s team support relate to the healthcare system. They are focused on several main problems. First, inefficient medical care is the most prominent obstacle. There is still too much waste due to the bad governance. Second, the rate of unintended injury in hospitals is ominous. Third, the financial system requires serious transformations. Traditional health plans do not ensure effective services. Fourth, the lack of transparency prevents the system from development. Jackson established a health policy advisory committee to address mentioned above issues. This committee unites representatives from the city’s health department, hospitals, and administration. The main mission of the committee is to gather all necessary information and provide reports on the most relevant issues, along with suggestions that might have a positive impact on the healthcare system. A bill relocating commission on family medicine has been recently drafted and currently is under consideration in a state legislature. Among other issues the bill states, two are the most significant. First, the lack of family doctors in this state has reached a crisis point. Second, a big number of people cannot afford
Introduction Many attempts have been made to understand the relationship between memory and whether gender plays any role in this aspect. Memory refers to one’s ability to recall certain past events or knowledge. It calls for mental construction where the brain employs a notable process of reshuffle which in turn digs out both specific and general information about all experiences (Baddeley, 1999). Memory can be divided into two major categories. There is the short-term which is also known as working or recent memory and long-term memory. As the names suggest, long-term memory recovers the more distant memories while short-term recalls the memories of the recent past which had not been memorized. Memory therefore plays a great role in any conversation process since it involves a lot of recall process. Researchers have performed many experiments with an aim of finding out if there is any difference between the ability of men and women to recall past or recent events and various answers and observations have been put forward. This paper seeks to thematically synthesize, summarize, and critically evaluate ten different researches that have been made towards understanding whether gender does affect memory. It will also provide suggestions for future studies in this area. Synthesis and Summary In the book, ‘Gender and Memory,’ the authors, Leydesdorf, Passerini, and Thompson (2005), point out that there is a significant difference in memories for narrative speech between men and women. The researchers conducted several studies among the white working and middle-class kids and grown ups from a variety of sites. The findings indicated that females frequently use far much more reported speech compared to men in their day to day personal narratives. During story telling sessions, the authors say, women in general will always include what someone else once said. Hence they argue that in speech, which is the most commonly used mode of communication is present in the past that females exhibit than in the case of males. Reported speech, according to the authors, can be classified into three major categories. They include; direct, indirect and narratized speech. The researchers noted that both the theoretical and empirical accounts argue in opposition to the idea that any given form of reported speech is necessarily based on a precise recall of past occasion of speech. They concluded that gender difference does affect personal narratives and is necessary the ability to remembering conversations of the past. In their journal, Andersson and Jan (2001) discusses the effect of memory collaboration in relation to gender. They conducted the study to investigate the explicit verbal and collaborative memory performance. In the experiment, they studied gender differences in two memory tasks that were explicit. They focused on gender differences at group and individual level. Their findings indicated that gender differences exist on an individual lev
Introduction The current case touches upon the Fourteenth and First Amendments issues regarding civil rights violations. It included the freedom of speech of the black students. Two hundred young people were protesting against arresting their black friends, emphasizing the racial discrimination causes of the arrest. The protesting group blocked the part of the jail. As a result, all protestors were arrested due to the “trespass with a malicious and mischievous intent” ( Adderley v. Florida , n.d.). From the plaintiffs’ perspective, their civil rights were violated on a discrimination basis. To be precise, the freedom of speech and petition rights were denied. The Regional Court has denied the lawsuit due to the presence of an adequate reason for the arrest. The group of students appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in order to have this case solved. Case Outline Titl e : Adderley v. Florida – 385 U.S. 39, 87 S. Ct. 242 (1966) ( Adderley v. Florida , n.d.). Facts of The Case: Harriet Louise Adderley is the representative of the group of protesting students. The primary aim of the students was to protest for the releasing their black friends from the non-public prison ( Adderley v. Florida , n.d.). Before the arrest, the prison worker and police officers tried to warn students about their unlawful actions of trespass on private property. Students highlighted the race discrimination issues due to the fact that they protested, claiming the rights of black people. Thus, the U.S. Supreme Court should solve the questions about the violation of civil rights correlated with the First Amendment and unequal treatment of the different races. The defendants were the prison administration and the state of Florida’s governmental bodies in general. History of The Case: The doubtful situation took place in state Florida in 1966 ( Adderley v. Florida , n.d.). The group of the Florida A&M University protested against racial discrimination. They were arrested and convicted of the breakdown of law and order on the streets of Florida. On the next day, a huge group of students (approximately two hundred students) from the same university went to jail to protect the rights of their friends. They tried to claim that the primary reason for the arrest was racial discrimination. The administration of non-public prisons ordered workers to arrest the protestants immediately. The police officers and the prison workers warned students that the prison is private territory and they have no legal right to hold protests here. Prison workers repeatedly asked students to leave the private domain. However, protestants continued blocking the one road within the prison territory. As a result, all two hundred students were arrested and convicted of trespass with malicious intentions. Later, Harriet Louise Adderley and thirty students appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court to solve the case of violation of civil liberties based on discrimination. The prison administration acted based on the private territory protection laws. The arrest can be considered a legal action due to the fact that the prison is regarded as private ownership. Legal Questions: One of the e
Jack London’s “To Build a Fire” is one of the most well-known pieces of the author. In this short story, London manages to narrate the events in such a dramatic way that the reader cannot but feel sympathy and empathy towards the main hero. Out of a variety of the elements depicted in the story, the greatest impression is made by the conflict between the man and his wolf dog. The author contrasts the man’s rational thinking with the dog’s primitive instinct, and this opposition creates the major topic of the piece. Therefore, the paper argues that through the use of a conflict between the man and his dog, London depicts the pivotal theme of the story. He indicates how the inability of people to consider animals smarter than themselves may lead to disastrous outcomes. The first indication of the conflict is mentioned when the author describes the two characters. The man is referred to as “a newcomer” (1) whereas the dog is characterized as a “proper wolf dog” (2). By using these indications, London makes it clear to the audience that the dog is more experienced than the man, even though the latter is considered the chief of their small group. The author makes the hint at the very beginning that animal instincts are more subtle than rational thinking, but the man refuses to pay attention to the dog’s intuition. The second implication of the conflict is the description of characters’ reaction to the cold. The dog is “depressed by the tremendous cold” and knows that it is “no time for travelling” (2). Meanwhile, the man is described as having “no imagination” (1). He is “impressed,” but the idea of refusing to go does occur to him (1). For the man, “fifty degrees below zero” is “just precisely fifty degrees below zero” (1). The use of the disparity in this case is aimed at demonstrating how inconsiderate the man’s behavior is and how wise the dog’s instincts are. The next time the author brings about the conflict is when the two travelers reach Henderson Creek. The follows the man with “a tail drooping discouragement” as if it knows that nothing good is awaiting them (3). At the same time, the man holds “steadily on” since he is not “given to thinking” (3). Again, the man decides to trust his own opinions instead of the dog’s animal instinct, which will inevitably lead to the sad ending. There are several more instances when the author describes the conflict between the rationality and wisdom. Probably the most impressive one is when London mentions that “all the generations” of the man’s ancestry “had been ignorant of cold” whereas “the dog knew” and “all its ancestry knew” that it was not good “to walk abroad in such fearful cold” (4). In this case, the author emphasizes the whole idea of the story: the cold will surrender those who do not treat it with the appropriate fear and awe. There are several crucial themes in the story, but the conflict between the man’s stubbornness and the dog’s natural grasp of the situation is the most striking one. London explains how people’s selfis
Introduction The need for railroad expansion became absolute owing to a series of economic and developmental changes that took place right around the time when its adoption began. The need The early nineteenth century was characterized by some primitive transportation methods. Most people relied on water, but even this mode had its dangers. Internal movement took place through the use of stagecoaches and wagons. Since roads were poorly developed, travelers were quite uncomfortable when moving from east to west or vice versa. It took them too long to get to their destinations as these methods were quite slow. Between 1800 and 1820, the US experienced a boom in the construction of internal roads known as turnpikes. This started in Philadelphia and spread to other areas. A number of highways were prevalent in different parts of the country. However, the turnpikes still had a number of inefficiencies. They could transport heavy goods across the mainland. Furthermore, they required high levels of maintenance, which were too expensive for federal states (Stover 179). Such flaws necessitated the consideration of other options such as railroad. The impracticalities of the turnpikes in transportation of bulky goods and their poor maintenance led many businessmen to turn to water transport for a solution to their problem. Steamboats were the chosen tool for movement of people and goods. These were chosen, in 1807, because they were commercially feasible and their speeds exceeded road transportation by far. The steamboat could cover five miles per hour; the vessels connected the West and South. Their owners even introduced luxury steam boats to increase their attractiveness and marketability. The problem with steam boats was their reliance on furnaces. Sometimes these would burn flammable cargo and lead to the death of passengers or loss of freight. Boilers were another risk that came with the use of steamboats. These components caused explosions and sometimes death. Clearly, a less dangerous mode of transportation was needed. The introduction of the canal also went hand in hand with further expansion of steam vessels. Canals became prominent in the northeastern part of the country. The first canal reduced the cost of transportation of goods from $100 to approximately $5, in 1825. Furthermore transportation time reduced by about 15 days. The gainful results from the New York-sponsored canal led to a growth in canal construction in different parts of the country. By 1840, the country could now boast of about 3,000 miles worth of waterways. However, the major problem with these canals was they were quite expensive to construct. Some canals cost approximately $ 25,000 or $80,000 per mile. The 3000 miles of canals built by this year had cost the states about $125 million. Federal states ran out of funds to continue their development or expansion. The financial crisis of 1830 worsened the situation owing to the frequent need to repair and maintain locks, dikes and other components of the c
Teachers need to understand that students, who are usually in their classrooms, come from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the learning process should cater for the different needs of the different students. The SRA Open Court Reading curriculum for students in their third grades entails vocabulary, spelling, phonemic awareness, explicit phonics, writer’s craft, fluency, listening, grammar, usage and mechanics, writing process strategies, speaking and viewing skills, award-winning literature, text comprehension and penmanship. Supplemental materials obtained online, encyclopedias and related sources are used when a theme calls for wider exploration. Science and social studies are also integrated throughout the curriculum. This curriculum is adequately diversified but, there is need to bridge cultures by ensuring that each and every student is fully involved in the learning process. This paper aims at doing precisely that, describing how teachers can incorporate a multi-cultural approach into the SRA Open Court Reading curriculum to enhance the learning process. The presence of students who are not within the mainstream of American culture and who speak English as their second language calls for a multi-cultural approach in learning. Those within the mainstream American culture are the Caucasians or the White who values American cultural traditions and values, and speaks English as the first language. It is evident that the Open Court Reading Curriculum adopts the set-up of an American mainstream class. In addition, students are given the opportunity to practice what they have learned on an individual basis and this is only suitable for the American mainstream students. The importance of integrating a multi-cultural approach in the Open Court Reading curriculum is to ensure that all students are exposed to the same educational opportunities. The OPC curriculum is associated with academic failure amongst certain ethnic minority groups hence the need to incorporate a multi-cultural approach. It is quite obvious that students from other cultures different from the American mainstream face certain kinds of learning handicaps where American mainstream values dominate. These learning handicaps prevail from the fact that students experience discordance between home and school values. Subsequently, the learning capacity of the students is affected leading to poor performance (Gibson, 1984). The school should be a versatile place that can transform anytime in as far as the interests of the students are being catered for. The notion of minority and majority groups with regard to cultural diversity in America is inevitable. Both educators and parents need to undergo some form of training with regard to diversity of cultures and associated values. Both the educators and parents need to understand each other’s cultural values and practices so as to avoid conflicts that may jeopard