ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is no use denying the fact that the modern world could be characterized by a great number of changes that happen in every sphere. Blistering development of science and the digital revolution, which could be taken as the direct result of this process, introduced many new approaches, changing traditional issues and adding some new peculiarities to them. That is why it is quite obvious that the spheres which could be taken as the most important for the functioning of society were first to meet all these changes. Trying to make them more efficient and modern, people implemented new technologies in their functioning, altering traditional processes and creating absolutely new ways to develop and become prosperous. One could see the difference in the functioning of the healthcare sector, which is influenced by technologies greatly, the sphere of mass media, education and economy, Being integral parts of human society, these fields of knowledge nowadays reflect the progress achieved by society, that is why no wonder that some new issues develop. Speaking about the sphere of economy, business, and marketing, it is also vital to admit the fact that a great number of new ideas appeared and became significant. E-commerce could be taken as one of them. Introduced along with the development of technologies, it has become a very important sphere which continues its development. Analysis Speaking about the issue of e-commerce, it is vital to analyze the background which influenced the appearance and evolution of this sphere. The fact is that the 20th century became the period when the Internet gained momentum, becoming more and more influential remedy and spreading its influence. It was primarily used for communication or sharing of information. However, new technologies and new approaches towards the perspectives of the given tool changed the vector of the Internets development, introducing a great number of changes. First of all, it became possible to transfer money with the help of the Internet. Implementation of this very issue in the functioning of this tool could be taken as the beginning of e-commerce. Having realized the convenience of the given method which lies in the absence of the necessity to have cash, people started to use it for their private purposes, selling some goods, services, or just transferring money. Thus, it was not e-commerce, it was just the first attempt to use the Internet in order to obtain benefit selling various goods. However, admitting the perspectives of this method and being satisfied with the level of income, people obtained the idea of organizing some kind of shop that would function in terms of the Internet. It should be said that e-commerce is rather similar to the traditional way of selling goods. Speaking about the traditional box store retail, it is possible to outline several important factors that wer
Tyler Clementi was a college student at Rudgers University in Piscataway Township, New Jersey, who allegedly committed suicide after his sexual encounter with another person was exposed to the public over the internet by his two friends, Dharun Ravi and Molly Wei. The online broadcast took place without the knowledge of the eighteen-year-old freshman in college and it made him to jump to his death from the George Washington Bridge on September 22, 2010. Ravi, through his Twitter feed details, had hinted that he was to broadcast another live video of Clementi’s gay relationship with his boyfriend (Pilkington, para. 8). However, this did not happen as Clementi was outraged at the continued exposure of his privacy and he went and committed suicide. Because Ravi and Wei are responsible for invading the privacy of Clementi, they should be severely punished due to the fact that through their selfish acts, someone died. Every American deserves his or her right against unsanctioned invasion of privacy, and Clementi was no exception (Baniser and Davies, para. 2). More so, since he was eighteen years of age, he is a fully-fledged citizen of the United States of America. This fundamental human right has been the value of the American way of life and the so-called technological inventions of this century should not try to contravene this fact. The legacy of respecting other people’s privacy has been an essential ingredient in the maintenance of the American culture that started over four hundred years ago. Some young people who violated this essential virtue that has held the American people together for years caused the suicide of Clementi. Therefore, should they be allowed to go scot-free because of technological improvement? No, the tenets of a society are timeless and Ravi and Wei, who are all eighteen years of age, were old enough to judge that their actions were likely to make someone feel irritated. Currently, many young people are violating the rights of their friends, just as Ravi and Wei did. This has caused many damages as many of the affected have ended up killing themselves in order to avoid the ensuing humiliation. Should we allow this trend to continue? If such habits are allowed to continue, especially among the American youth, how will our society be in the next ten or twenty years? As the old saying goes, prevention is better than cure, the severe punishment of Ravi and Wei will serve as an example that such kind of habits cannot be tolerated in the modern American society as they are likely to break the very fabric that has maintained it for many years now. More so, since this incident has received increased media attention, the whole nation is watching the outcome of the case. Therefore, the severe punishment of the offenders will serve as a lesson to prevent the future occurrences of such violations of law that have far-reaching consequences. This can teach the significance of civility, with special emphasis that the misuse of modern means of communication is not allowed. In th
Introduction Orientalism refers to the imitation and the depiction of various aspects of Eastern cultures, which include Middle Eastern, South and East Asian, and African cultures. Artists, designers, and writers from the West are involved in the depictions. Orientalism is mostly common amongst scholars in cultural studies, literature, and art historians (Saleh, 1998a). This synthesis paper explores the trend in Middle-East urban development as criticized by architect Reem Alissa. The paper will also offer a stand on whether to uphold Reem Alissa’s rejection of the orientalist architecture coupled with demonstrating the positive aspects associated with the alternative. The architectural trend in the Middle Eastern urban development In her view concerning the architectural orientalist, Reem Alissa holds that Islamic architecture started as an orientalist construction. The trend, which Reel criticizes in her quote, is the traditional architectural elements that have been popular in the re-invention of cities in the Middle East. This new trend has the objective of ensuring that the Gulf remains a particular identity. Therefore, mega projects that possess symbols that represent the heritage and culture of the Arabic people have been established. Traditional architecture elements have been imposed when constructing modern buildings so that the attempts to assert the Arabic identity can be achieved. Reel Alisha criticizes the traditional architectural elements that are emerging in the building of modern cities in the Middle East because they focus on upholding the Islamic principles without considering the current trends brought about by globalization. Besides, the construction of most Islamic cities was based on the ideologies of the Western authorities that made up small samples of pre-modern Arab cities during the period of Westernization. Moreover, Reem Alissa criticizes this approach because the Arab countries, which are trying to recreate their cities by incorporating traditional architectural elements, focus on the outcomes but not on the processes. This aspect is inappropriate because the cities are processed but not products. The idea of planners to build cities based on the Islamic patterns will lead to failure, thus coinciding with the grounds that Reem Alissa has based her criticism (Abu-Lughod, 1987). Reem also criticizes the re-invention of Islamic cities based on traditional architecture elements because the historic cities were developed during the pre-modern times in the Islamic lands. These reinventions were highly subjected to non-Islamic factors that included terrain, technology, political variables, and production among other factors that were shaped by varying circumstances. An example of the traditional architectural trend in the Gulf Various traditional architecture trends have been incorporated in Middle East urban development. One of these trends that have taken preeminence in the Gulf is the theming of cities and especially Dubai. Theming entails the
Introduction It has been argued that conservatives in Latin American had a mutual support with the Catholic Church. A wealthy regime came to limelight but ignored the plight of the poor in the society. This prompted the priests to join efforts with the Marxist to criticize the conservative way the government was running the country. Unfortunately, the priests as well as nuns were killed. However the Catholic Church became concerned with the close association between the priests, nuns and the Marxist. The church did dismiss the stand taken by priests and nuns that they were doing what Jesus could have done. The Pope’s visit in March 1983 in the wake of Contra war was eagerly awaited by both the Nicaraguan Catholic Church as well as Sandinista government Hope of Nicaraguan upon Pope’s visit According to Hoyt, 1983 the hope of both the parties were clear and made the visit to be a special one. The church was anticipating that the Pope will come with a massage to give moral legitimacy in their quest and efforts to fight for the rights of the poor who were politically oppressed. They believed that the visit will be a calumniation in which their criticisms against the government will be supported by the Pope. Similarly, the government on the other hand were hoping that the Pope will come with a message to support the process of peace. They hoped that the Pope will act in the capacity of a mediator and formally voice his opposition regarding aid from America to the contras. With this in mind the government went extra miles in ensuring that the day the Pope visit was a holiday and all people were offered free transportation in order to attend the mass officiated by the Pope. Pope’s position Surprisingly, he was very categorical with regards to church unity as being the only best way to addressing the oppression and corruption by the government. Additionally he condemned the division within the church; the ‘popular’ church and the institutional hierarchical church. [He also advocated the authority of the Bishops, and the importance of religious education. The Pope affirmed the Vatican’s support for the conservative Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo and spoke out against the five Nicaraguan priests who held government positions] (Hoyt, 1983). Reaction to Pope’s position From the visit and massage delivered by the Pope, the priests as well as the majority of the Nicaraguan people were of the view that Vatican was not having the interest and the problems of the poor in its heart. He failed even to give a message of condolences to family members who lost 17 of their beloved ones killed by Contras the exact place the Pope held a mass. Similarly they were angry because the Pope promoted Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo who was a conservative (Hoyt, 1983). Conclusion It is important to note that the fears of the priest of the country experiencing revolutionary was confirmed since the Pope’s visit deepened animosity between the two worrying parties. Additionally the contras used the visit as propagan
Introduction There have been major evolutions in human resources for the last 3 decades. This has been necessitated by the fact that employees improve their performance when they are motivated at their respective workplace. Competition in all industries in the world is being experienced especially after the adoption of the globalization strategy. This has caused companies to develop better strategies of improving their performance to overcome stiff competition in the global market. Improving human resources management practices has been identified as an important strategy of promoting the performance of organizations. The relationship that exists between employers and their employees determines the performance of an organization. The culture of an organization also determines the direction of an organization (Searle
Introduction E-learning is a learning process that is developed through interaction with content that is conveyed in a digital form based on network services under the guidance of a tutor. Computer technology mediates this kind of learning. Computers may be set to receive digital information from far places, or may be set up in a classroom. According to Wenchieh Wu (2010, p. 312), e-learning has shifted the modalities of teaching from the traditional one-on-one teaching in classrooms to information technology-guided coaching. E-learning is flexible, self-organized, personalized, and student-centered. It has few interruptions from peers and tutors. It can be community-based. Teachers, facilitators, and learners can interact online thus saving time, energy, and space. As technology advances, e-learning is expected to take a very different path. This paper therefore discusses the future of e-learning in the world. Changes in Learning Models With the wide acceptance of information technology and digital migration in the world, learning models are bound to change from their traditional approach to a modern ICT-based approach. The learning environment will completely change, with learners acquiring some necessary skills that will enable them adapt to the e-learning environment. Learning model will shift to learners being independent rather than having a teacher whenever they are learning. Students will be required to work individually with little or no direct supervision of the teacher. Koohang and Paliszkiewicz (2013, p. 109) argue that content delivery in e-learning will change the one-on-one delivery from a teacher-to-learner in a classroom situation to computerized information conveyance. This shift will be so especially in the courses that are electronic in nature, with learners obtaining all the required guidelines online. The modalities of examining learners will also shift from classroom examinations that are directly supervised by tutors to online examinations with little or no regulation by instructors. Learners will be supplied with online examinations that they will be required to tackle and submit online. Mechanisms to check plagiarism are already in place in most of institutions that offer the e-learning option to their students. However, there is a need for self-control, motivation, and commitment on the side of the learner. Social interaction that was much present in the traditional method is also highly reduced. This situation is contrary to the previous situation where learners would sit in classrooms to socialize directly with both teachers and fellow students. This model is time saving, efficient, and learner-centered. It also offers the learner and the supervisor time to carry out other act
Introduction Multinational businesses are bound to encounter various obstacles in their business operations. Some of these obstacles may be as a result of cultural diversity. Success will therefore depend on how such businesses integrate the cultural differences in their operations. This paper will look at the possible measures that Weaver Corporate management person responsible for the Japanese operations would take to solve the conflict between Higgins and Prescott. Higgins and Prescott From this case study, it is evident that both Higgins and Prescott are valuable resources to the company, therefore, the company cannot afford to lose either of them. There are two options that can be used to ensure that Weaver, as a company, does not loose the expertise of these two individuals. The fact that Weaver is an international company means that it has different subsidiaries and because these two gentlemen seem to have conflicting interests that may harm the company, one option would be to separate them. One of them can be transferred to another international branch. On the other hand, if Weaver-Yamazaki sees that these two individuals are important to its operations and, therefore, can not loose either of them, then a way should be found that will accommodate both of them. The latter option seems the best because it avoids the disruption of the already existing business environment. Company Interest First In order to accommodate the two persons there is a need for them to understand that the company interest should be put first. They should look at the company’s value system. It is known that people find it easier to adapt to things that do not challenge their value system than to those that do. Prescott agrees that there are changes taking place in the Japanese culture and customs. He also says that many Japanese subordinates were willing to try out new ideas. Higgins’ mind is set on certain values and will obviously resist any change to these values. The best thing for Prescott to do is to accommodate him and slowly work with those willing subordinates to counter Higgins behavior. It is also evident that Higgins has won the favor of the employees; therefore, anyone opposing him will be seen as their enemy. Accommodation on the part of Prescott is the only option to avoid falling out with the employees. Polycentrism versus Geocentrism In this case study, it is obvious that Higgins wants the company to operate according to the Japanese customs and culture. This practice is called polycentrism, where different business units of a company are given some degree of autonomy. This is a bad practice because it eliminates the possibility of getting new ideas for innovation from different places. Prescott,
Aristotle argues that the art of exchanging goods or services in the pretext of trade is not good. According to the author, there are several ways through which individuals can acquire wealth. For example, exchanging goods can take place between two people if they agree to do so even without participating in actual trade. As it stands now, the society has engaged itself in trading activities using minted coins and notes called money. As much as an individual may have a lot of money, it is still possible for that person to perish in hunger. This implies that retail trade is only in place for convenience purpose and therefore not necessary at all. Aristotle also elaborates that obtaining wealth should be done naturally. In other words, individuals and families should only engage in natural ways of acquiring wealth. When people carry out trading activities either at a local or regional level, they only end up oppressing each other because retail trade can never be a natural way of securing riches. Moreover, if exchanging wealth is indeed useful, then the practice should have stopped immediately after people had gathered enough wealth. However, it appears that trading activities will never come to an end. This is the reason why Aristotle claims that the practice is not useful in the face of humanity. The author also notes that there are two main modes through which wealth can be obtained. These are retail trade and household management. Aristotle asserts that household management is necessary and honorable and therefore, families should never engage in retail trade. When people take part in retail trade, they eventually glorify money instead of the vital goods and services. Initially, retail trade never used to exist. It only grew in significance as the society continued to expand.
Legislative Process In April 2019, New Jersey became the 7th U.S. state to allow assisted dying after the Governor of New Jersey signed the bill into law, and the bill went into effect on August 1, 2019. In view of the extreme ethical controversy of the topic of euthanasia, it seems interesting to consider this bill from the point of view of legal and biosocial ethics. New Jersey’s Medical Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act (A1504) took effect on August 1, 2019, and is in pending litigation. The law is known as the “Medical Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act,” permitting terminally ill, adult patients-residents of New Jersey, to receive and carry out self-administration of medication to end life in a peaceful and humane way. Democratic Governor Phil Murphy signed the bill on April 12 after the Democratic Assembly and the Senate voted in favor of the bill. The regulatory document has gone through many stages of review since 2014. The state version conceptualized terminal illness being a condition when death is expected in the term of six months with or without providing treatment for life-sustaining. The assembly version removed mentioning of treatment (Patients rights council, n.d.). Hefler notes that the original bill, similar to the approved version, passed in the Assembly in 2014 but was not approved in voting in the Senate (Hefler, para. 4-5). The issue received new attention when Brittany Maynard, a 29-year-old California woman with aggressive terminal brain cancer, moved to Oregon to take advantage of that state’s “death with dignity” law (Hefler, 2019, para. 6). Now, when the bill is already passed voting and signed by the Governor, in order to be eligible for euthanasia, a patient over the age of 18 or more must go through two waiting periods, submit one written and two oral requests for lethal drugs and receive a conclusion from two doctors that he really needs a lethal dose of the drug (i.e., that his illness is fatal and incurable) (Medical Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act). The bill defines a deadly disease as an incurable one that, according to doctors, will end in death within six months (Medical Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act). Thus, the bill provides a detailed mechanism of the implementation of the ‘right to die.’ The rationale for Choosing the Legislation. Impact, Benefits, and Limitations The rationale for Choosing the Legislation For several decades, few questions in medicine have remained as deba