ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition of the major DSM IV-TR categories of substance-related, schizophrenia and psychosis, and mood/affective disorders The DSN-IV-TR identifies commonly abused drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana. The DSM’s substance abuse matrix widely defines the terms abuse and dependence in a similar manner across the substances. Dependence refers to a maladaptive sequence with an indication of distress or impairment. At least three of the following elements of dependence occur within a twelve-month period: tolerance, withdrawal, unintentional use of bigger quantities, lack of the ability to control use, difficulty in obtaining, using, or recovering from the substance, lack of enthusiasm on crucial matters in life, and persistent use of the drug in spite of use-related physical or psychological setbacks. Abuse, on the other hand, refers to the effects related to substance use. At least one of the following elements of abuse occurs within a twelve-month timeframe: diminished sense of responsibility, persistent dangerous behavior, persistent legal problems, and persistent drug use in spite of the socio-interpersonal issues arising from the same (Mack & Frances, 2003; Hansell & Damour, 2008, p.55). The main schizophrenic symptoms include stereotyped mannerisms, hallucinations and delusions. The DSM-IV-TR entails at least two of the following: negative symptoms, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, hallucinations, and delusions. The DSM-IV-TR, however, requires only one symptom where hallucinations involve conversions among voices, or delusions are bizarre. The symptoms should persist for a month, with continued signs identified for at least six months. This is regardless of the absence or presence of prodromal or residual symptoms. The DSM commonly defines affective disorders as major disruptions of affect and moods (Hansell & Damour, 2008, p.97). The DSM also includes symptom patterns ranging from mild to moderate depressive sequences to psychotic affective responses. Examination of the various classifications of substance-related, schizophrenia and psychosis, mood affective disorders Psychotic reactions commonly lead to brain disruption because of physical causes such as a nervous breakdown, brain injury, circulation problem, or toxic chemical reactions. Functional psychoses are the most prevalent. There are three chief categories of functional psychoses: paranoid, schizophrenic and mood (Hansell & Damour, 2008, p.80). The mood disorders usually involve severe mood
Women’s logic is a field of research surrounded by many stereotypes shown in culture. Firstly, it is separated from male logic, portrayed as imperfect compared to the opposite gender. Secondly, it is associated with stereotypical patterns of behavior associated with hysteria or the inability to use complex technologies. It is necessary to analyze this question from a scientific point of view and to understand whether the thought processes of different genders are different. Logic is the ability to make a decision, reason correctly, solve various problems, and draw the right conclusions. It is considered that men’s logic is based on thoughts and women’s – on emotions (Brett & Wilton, 2020). Men are guided by cognition when solving problems and tasks, and women are dominated by intuitive perception. Using magnetic resonance imaging, scientists studied how people of different genders solved the same problems. The results showed that the reason was not only in the peculiarities of psychology but mainly in the different structures of the brain (Brett & Wilton, 2020). In particular, it was found that men and women differ in the ratio of gray and white matter, although they might have the same intellectual abilities (Brett & Wilton, 2020). For example, in the areas responsible for logical analysis and processing of abstract information, men have approximately six times more gray matter than women. Besides, there are other differences between male and female brains, which explain some peculiarities of thinking of different genders. When women are solving logic tasks, mainly the areas located in the frontal lobe of the brain are activated (Brett & Wilton, 2020). These are the areas where the centers of control over movements, emotions, and speech are located. The particularity of brain structure is the reason for the high emotionality of women and their typical feature, which is a tendency to make sensual-emotional decisions rather than logical ones. In men, the logical centers are closely connected with the zones responsible for processing external stimuli. This evidence explains that men tend to weigh all factors more carefully and make well-founded logical decisions (Brett & Wilton, 2020). However, it is important to emphasize that this denotes only different ways of thinking and logic but does not indicate an intellectual advantage of any gender. Reference Brett, C., and Wilton, L. (2020). Handbooks of research on online discussion-based teaching methods . IGI Global.
In the article Crimes against Humanity, Ward Churchill describes the most terrible and impressive crimes that affected our civilization. Throughout the essay, he puts a lot of words and phrases in quotation marks to underline the unique and figurative meaning of these phrases. Most of the words and phrases put in quotation marks are used in figurative meaning: “warpaint”, “no big deal”, “good, clean fun”, “good cheer”, “inoffensiveness” (536, 537). His initial response is to find refuge in objectivity, in a brief discourse on the historical origins followed by the most objective and scientific description that yet appears in the essay. Such language oversimplifies; it is too stipulative, too parched, too bare of the contradictory impulses that feed Churchill’s work. The images represent a deliberate and continuing attempt to signify the unsaponifiable. Out of this impulse both to reach beyond the literal and tap the subliminal power of a word, To some extent, words and phrases in quotation marks attract readers’ attention and appeal to emotions. Churchill has introduced into his work a particular kind of figurative meaning: he underlines the irony and humor, sarcasm and mockery. Also, Churchill puts in quotation marks historical terms and personal names: “Jungle Bunnies”, “Chief Illiniwik”, “Slopes”, “Gooks”, “the Washington team’, ‘crime against humanity’. It would be difficult for a reader to understand the nature and meaning of these words without quotation marks which highlight a special meaning of the phrases. The narrator’s character thus becomes the chief means of persuasion. The main effect of quotation marks is close attention to the phrases and words. The power of the fused image is that it locates itself ambiguously, between the literal and the figurative. It possesses no clear border, thus denying the reader any clear ground for a response. It can help develop in readers the kind of understanding and appreciation of style that they lack and sorely need. What these quotations toward greater simplicity and directness do is impart an air of authenticity to the author’s voice which leads one to identify with his point of view and thus share his experience and the sharp sense of personality. But even these findings are useful since they demonstrate that stylistic effects typically result from a combination of devices, and not necessarily the ones that would first come to mind. Also, these phrases make the narration more vivid and impassive, colorful, and personal. For instance, Churchill writes: “Understand that the treatment of Indians in American popular culture is not “cute” or “amusing”, or a “good clean fun” (543). Success or failure in that effort is proportionate to our ability to share those feelings. The author’s voice has not seemed especially visible to other readers. Churchill has called attention to the consequences of questioning the speaking subject. Churchill talks about the special status of people in history. The ordinary becomes metaphori
Introduction Since the historical times, the concept of money has been there, with the only notable differences being in terms of form. Generally, money can be viewed as any object that serves as a means of payment for the receipt of goods or services within a nation. Money can take two distinctive forms: commodity money and fiat money. Almost all money systems in the world are based on Fiat Money; money that has no intrinsic value for use as a commodity, but derives its value through government declaration as legal tender; implying that it must accepted as a means of payment within and outside the country (Lawrence J. Gitman, 2007). The supply of money within a country is in the form of currency and demand deposits. Demand deposits usually constitute a larger fraction of the supply of money within nation than the currency. It is interesting to note that Bank Money is intangible, and cannot be available for use at a particular moment unless transformed into currency ( World Bank, 2003). The Purpose and Functions of money Classical economics states that money constitutes of four chief functions: medium, measure, standards and store. Money used in this form eliminates the inefficiencies associated with the traditional barter system, for instance double coincidence of wants. In this context, money can be viewed as a unit that is used to measure the worth of deferred payment. From this perspective, money as a unit of account is a key requirement during the making of agreements that entail debt or future payments. For money to serve as a unit of account it must be separable into smaller units, without actually losing its value; it must be fungible, meaning that a unit has to be an equivalent of any other; it must also have the attributes that makes it countable or measurable (Norman & Warren, 1972). Money as a store of value implies that money must possess the characteristics which make it be saved and retrieved for use as a means of foreign exchange. It is imperative that the value for money should be constant and stable for a considerable duration of time. Cases of inflation are due to lack of stability for the value for money. The Role of the central bank in managing the monetary system of a country The central bank has the responsibility of issuing currency, regulating the flow of currency within a country and managing the interest rates. One of the primary functions of the central bank is to manage the monetary system of a country. In order to effectively manage the monetary system of a country, the central bank has to carry out some responsibilities such as implementation of the monetary policy, controlling the interest rates of the currency of the country, keeping in check the flow of money within the country, establishing of the official interest rate which can be used to manage the inflation and the exchange rates of a country and controlling the levels of government borrowing or lending (Lawrence J. Gitman, 2007). Choosing a monetary policy entails the adoption of the form of money to be used within the country. Issuing currencies
A new construction company is opening in Cape Breton Island. They plan to build a new factory for three years, and it will cost a lot of money to complete the project. The owner of the company must hire different specialists in the field, and he uses advertisements to seek for construction workers in Canada. The work begins, and the workers must work seven days a week and ten to twelve hours every day. Some workers complain about the conditions because they need time to see family, and they need days off while being sick. They talk about overtime payments because they are working about double forty hours a week. However, the workers who complain are fired, and the rest of the workers keep quiet because they extremely need work. If these workers do not like conditions, the company can hire other workers. It is important to focus on the problem’s details. A new owner takes over a company, and he meets his HR manager, who is also new because of the old HR manager’s quit. The work is about to begin, and the owner wants to hire some more electricians from Community College because they have a good reputation. The union representative tells the owner that he cannot do that because those guys are not in the union. Some extra work needs to be finished quickly on Saturday, and the owner tries to schedule it, but the union representative notes that they do not work on Saturday. The owner also wants to fire lazy workers who work unsafely, but only the union can hire and fire. Is there a problem with these two situations? The first situation is why workers need unions, and the other one is why some unions can harm the overall work situation. The purpose of the project is to find a balance to keep union workers satisfied and productive and to make sure the company can operate profitably without hurting the workers. Problem Statement How can a company operate for a long time without having a union to organize and control the workforce? While having a union in the company, how it can operate profitably and maintain a happy and productive workforce? What kind of a scenario can be used to make the workforce and management develop efficiently and productively? Analysis of Alternatives To operate productively and efficiently, companies need a good workforce, and they need effective management that will be able to manage human resources. The workforce must have respect for the company, and the workers must have respect for the management to keep a good working relationship going. In their turn, managers should always realize they must have the workers’ concerns, points of view, and interests in their minds and take them into account while making decisions. This project will discuss the pros and cons of four alternatives which can be observed in a company, and this discussion relates to the issues of human resource management and union representation of the workforce. It is important to note that all the employment places are different. Each province and area is different, and external factors are different for each type of business and that area. There are many different considerations to think about, so it is difficult to
Edgar Allan Poe was an American short fiction writer who lived a life of afflictions and tragedies such as the claiming of his loved ones by tuberculosis, which then had no cure. Tuberculosis killed many people. It speared neither his mother nor his wife. As Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program reckons, “he was one of the earliest writers to use the short story form to write many chilling horror stories in the romantic tradition” (1). He is also widely acclaimed as the originator of detective story. Edgar Allan Poe attempted to live by just writing. However, he faced quite a lot of challenges since the proceeds raised from the works were quite less to afford a decent living coupled with acts of plagiarism. Interpreting his literary works from the author’s context perhaps ardently reveals these challenges. Additionally, his works arguably, are profoundly inspired by his close people who succumbed mainly to tuberculosis. Consequently, his life experiences prompted him to create stories that conveyed certain themes. The short story, X-ing a Paragraph, perhaps well portrays the Edgar Alan Poe concerns for acts of plagiarism and non-protection of written works by the Copy Right law; something that immensely impeded his success and subsequent publication of his works. Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program n
Introduction and Scope Scope This plan contains the information concerning particular responsibilities, procedures, guidelines, contact details and other data necessary for the minimization of negative effects associated with floods. The scope of this document: responsibilities, major hardware and software procedures, disaster response, testing of the recovery plan. The plan includes the steps that must be undertaken at such stages as: flood notification, disaster response activities (at the beginning and during the disaster), notification about the end of the hazardous conditions. Purpose The purpose of this disaster recovery plan is to provide detailed guidelines to all the stakeholders when a flood occurs. The procedures are divided into three major types: mild, moderate, and severe. Objectives   * To provide guidance for the adequate response to floods that may occur;   * To minimize the negative outcomes associated with flooding;   * To ensure the safeguard of the major assets;   * To ensure the aversion of the interruption of IT systems during and/or after the natural disaster;   * Identify key employees responsible for the implementation of procedures;   * Identify the sequence of actions and procedures. Team Members This section contains information concerning the responsibilities of the disaster management team. Importantly, every employee can notify the disaster coordinator or the disaster management team leader about the disaster if this information is available. When the information is confirmed, the disaster coordinator undertakes the corresponding measures. It is also noteworthy that clouding system enable companies to store vast amounts of data without relying on hardware, so the data will be safe in case of floods. Some information that is still stored with the help of some hardware should be properly managed in
Job Description A forensic psychologist is a qualified individual that addresses the individuals who committed a crime and is mostly interested in the mental state of the latter. One of the key requirements of this profession is to observe and scrutinize the wrongdoers’ minds for deviant behavior and different wrongful intentions. Another requirement is the completion of a doctoral program (specifically in forensic psychology). Any given forensic psychologist that is hired by the organization has to evaluate the mindset of criminals. Forensic psychologists have to ready to work independently to show up in court and validate the existing evidence. Some additional requirements may include consulting court officials, interviewing suspects, organizing written psychological reports, and reaching verdicts regarding the ability of any given criminal to stand trial. The forensic psychologist that expects to become a part of the organization has to be knowledgeable in the areas of criminal behavior and general mental health. Therefore, it may be necessary to follow the trends in the existing legislation and find out about the latest updates first. As has been previously mentioned, one of the most important points that have to be followed by the future forensic psychologist is a doctoral degree in the area. The organization approves two types of doctoral degrees – Ph.D. and Psy.D. The latter is more career-based while the first is concentrated on research. Another thing that is expected from the future member of the organization is the presence of a license of a clinical psychologist. It is also important (but not required) that the candidates for the position have at least one year of professional experience. The organization is looking for specialists that have previously completed an internship in the area that was approved and documented by the state officials. The members of the organization may also compose an examination consisting of several oral questions and an essay on a certain topic. Only the candidates with the certification from the American Board of Professional Psychology will be approved. The license is an obligatory requirement that can be complemented by several years of experience in the area. Key Stakeholders The first stakeholder that has to be taken into consideration within the framework of the current paper is the accuser. This is a person (or an organization) that introduced the inquiry (Pollock, 2016). This type of stakeholders is usually surrounded by bureaucracy and numerous legal procedures. This is especially important for the cases that are reviewed before a court hearing. Lawyers can also become stakeholders, but knowledgeable investigators make the best efforts in order not to let that happen. On a bigger scale, the accuser and the accuse
Why planning is important for businesses? Such a project as introducing a new product will benefit from the existence of a thorough plan. While planning, the project manager outlines the major aims of the project, i.e., to make the product known. When there is a specific aim, it is easy to understand what exactly is necessary to achieve the goal. It is easy to identify certain steps to reach the goal, e.g., identify advantages of the product, identify the target audience, develop an advertising campaign, etc. Having specific steps to undertake will help remain consistent and nothing will be missed. It is also easy to understand when and what went wrong, which can help diminish possible negative effects. Finally, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the project as well as the effectiveness of the plan and to make some changes if necessary to be able to use the plan in other projects. Implementation of the plan on how to improve sales in the coming quarter Firstly, I will make sure all the stakeholders are aware of the plan and the major goals. Secondly, I will also make sure all people involved know exactly what to do. Thirdly, I will develop a form of a brief report, which will be completed at certain stages. Furthermore, there will be several checkups to understand whether all deadlines can be met. Finally, I will evaluate each stage, and I will make some changes in further stages if necessary. Five tools important in planning First, communication is essential in planning. All stakeholders should take part in this process as each employee or department is aware of the peculiarities of certain tasks. Besides, motivation is very important. Each employee should understand the benefits of the project implementation. Understanding goals may not be enough, and such stimuli as promotion, bonuses, etc., may be helpful. Availability of information is crucial as employees should have all the necessary data to develop a plan. While planning, it is important to take risks into account. Thus, risk management is an important part of planning in any business. Finally, it is also important to remember that any plan may need changes, so it is necessary to be able to make the changes at any stage of planning or implementation of the plan.