ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers Tariff and non-tariff barriers are the means that are usually employed by nations to regulate trade practices. These tariffs are mostly employed on import and export goods. A nation will decide to impose high tariffs on import commodities to discourage the influx of such a commodity in the country. This usually happens when the nation feels that there is already enough of such a commodity in the country and any more import may threaten the local market. In case the country feels that more of a certain commodity is needed in a country, it will either lift the tariff barriers or lower the rates. (Siebert, 2007) Non-tariff trade barriers are usually employed to restrict the number of goods imported. Through the process of using tariffs, non-tariff barriers to trade in agricultural commodities were eliminated through GATT negotiations (Siebert, 2007). One of the major means that the government uses to restrict imports is by employing domestic content requirements. Through this procedure, commodities brought into a country are supposed to meet certain conditions. This is usually done to promote domestic products. It is a means that is mostly employed in developing counties to increase the quality of goods produced. They are required to produce goods that will comply with certain international standards to prevent similar goods from being imported. As a result, high-quality products have been observed in the production of automobiles and textiles. Another non-tariff barrier employed is the issue of import licenses. In this procedure, importers are required to obtain an import license for all the commodities that they bring into a country. Through this, the government can monitor the kind of commodities that are being imported and in what quantities. Whenever there is a need to minimize the quantities imported, the government will simply deny the importers the licenses. The government also uses agencies known as import state trading enterprises to minimize imports. This is an organization that has been sanctioned by the government to buy a certain commodity from importers. This organization is also endowed with the responsibility of being the sole trader of such a commodity. Imports are restricted by this organization by buying a certain commodity at a world price and selling the same at a higher domestic rate (John, 2003). By doing this, the local consumers are restricted from using the imported commodity and instead purchase the locally produced one. Technical trade barriers are another example of a non-tariff trade barrier. In this method, technical rules are placed on the commodities on how they should be packed and labeled before they are allowed to enter into a country. Technical barriers are usually minor and almost irrelevant measures that a country imposes on imported commodities. A country may for example require that only a certain strict size of fruits be allowed access into a country. This is usually done to completely bar some commodities into the country where there is already sufficient production of the sa
Presentation Summary This paper delves into the current traditional holidays and celebrations of First Nation cultures in Canada and how they have been subsequently influenced and altered as a direct result of colonial (i.e. during the period when Canada was first being colonized) and modern-day mechanisms of cultural imposition (i.e. modern day culture changing the traditional practices of native cultures). For example, as a result of cultural imposition in the form of Catholicism during the period of the colonial settlement of Canada, the Mi’kmaq people actually began celebrating St. Anne’s day which was never part of their belief system. Not only that, but the Haida people have also been invariably been influenced with ceremonies such as the Potlatches gift-giving ceremony in effect being “overwritten” by popular commercial holidays such as Christmas. This paper thus explores the changes that have occurred to the traditional holidays and celebrations of native cultures and attempts to trace how such alterations occurred. Through the various facts provided, the researcher thus makes the reader wonder how the traditional celebrations of the First Nation people in Canada might have been if external influences had not altered them from their original format. Introduction Native populations such as the Haida and Mi’kmaq in Canada had developed numerous cultural celebrations and holidays over the course of their existence. This is a normal aspect of most cultures on Earth as seen in the context of European, Chinese, and Arabic cultures having their own respective religious and cultural celebrations that have been brought about as a result of the development of their own unique cultural histories. However, it is interesting to note that in the case of the Haida and Mi’kmaq in Canada, their cultural celebrations as they are at the present reflect the influences of the colonial powers that subjugated the region and altered their traditions, at times forcefully, in order to better conform to what was the norm for the colonists at the time. In the case of colonialism, what occurred was a state of cultural imposition wherein cultural predilections, values, behaviors, cultural celebrations, holidays and even methods of speaking were imposed on a local populace resulting in a deterioration of the
Setting the stage The easy is a critical examination of my account about cross-cultural communication. Globalization is thought of as various mechanisms or processes that aim at creating and consolidating a unified world in terms of economy and culture characterized by a complex link of information sharing that is world wide (Adler & Gundersen, 2008). According to Tayeb, 1994 culture has been thought as the way things are done within a given setting and refers to norms, beliefs, values and attitudes which play a part in determining how individuals or a group in an organization behaves. Culture include such factors as the relationship between the organization and its customers, suppliers, type and level of collaborative decision making, the pace and steps followed in making decisions, level of controls and formality, risk tolerance, rewarding performance to mention but a few (Ohame, 1990) People are travelling across the globe more than ever in history. For that matter, one’s next-door neighbour is more likely to be from a different cultural background. Similarly, ones next business trip can be anywhere from Kenya to Finland. Sharing information across cultures usually starts with a basic comprehension that one size does not fit all. However, the issue of cultural difference hinders effective communication between and among individuals from distinct cultural backgrounds. Cultural differences have seen to it that a number of business deals have hit a snag since communication impeded with differences in cultures. A number of communication challenges in the UAE include language barrier; it is worth noting that the region is Islamic dealing with partners from the west is a times challenging. However, majority of the organization have strived to incorporate English. On the same note, meetings may or may not start at the exact time this might make westerners uncomfortable. The behavioural constraint such as non-verbal communication, personal distance as well as the manner with which individual express themselves verbally has proved to be a communication challenge since there is bound to be misinterpretations. In the United Arabs Emirates culture, personal space should be maintained between the two genders even in business meeting, while for other cultures it may consider not important. Men stand closer to women it could be unacceptable concept in this country. On the other hand, Handshaking is the best way for greeting in the business meeting. In the UAE being from an Arabic background, women do not shake hands. Additionally, the manner with which we dress might look un
Introduction One of the most challenging activities in the conducting of surveys is the determination of the sample size to use. This is normally the case since, for surveys to be useful, their target population is usually very large. For instance, for a corruption survey to be useful, it must cover an administrative unit like a province, or a state, or even a country. This paper examines the effect that a large sample has on data, and investigates whether having a larger sample will lead to a more accurate representation of the population being surveyed. Effects of larger sample sizes on data There are a number of data characteristics that are determined by the size of the sample. One of these characteristics is statistical power. In cases where more statistical power is needed, it is of essence to use a large sample. Large samples are associable with increased precision of data. For instance, in a situation where a researcher intends to calculate the value of an unknown parameter, a larger sample will give more accurate results (Hernandez, 2006). Thus in a study where the researcher intends to know the proportion of urban dwellers with a certain medical condition, examining 200 urban dwellers will produce more accurate results than a situation in which the researcher examines 100 urban dwellers. There are however situations in which collecting a large sample may not give more accurate results than a smaller sample. This situation is normally observed in situations where a distribution is highly skewed, or due to data dependence. From this discussion, it is evident that sample size has a direct effect on the quality of estimates made using the sample. The quality is normally determined using confidence levels and the power of tests of hypotheses. Sample size and representation of population As it can be expected, the use of a large sample size in a survey will lead to a more accurate representation of the population. This is because a sample is chosen so that its characteristics can be extrapolated to give the characteristics of the population (Miles, 2004). The best sample size would, therefore, be a sample size that is equal to the population size. This is practical in cases where the population size is small. In this case, the sample is equal to the population, and thus it is an accurate representation of the population. In cases where the population is very large, a bigger population size will capture more data, and thus it is more likely to represent the population in a more accurate way since the sample will cover both erroneous and accurate points in the dataset. On the other hand, a smaller sample may select data that contains a significant number of erroneous points, which will make the characteristics of the sample deviate signifi
Introduction The key aspects provided in the interviews by Gmelch are closely associated with the matters of tourism and tourism management. Thus, as it is stated in some of the interview, tourists generally expect the attitude of obeisance towards them, and the workers of the tourism sphere feel themselves as the obedient servants. The aim of the paper is to analyze the interviews, arranged with various workers of the tourism industry, and either confirm or dispose this statement. Analysis The tourist workers, independently on the actual sphere and origin of the services should be polite with the tourists, and provide all the necessary conditions and services, required for the full fledged rest. People are expecting to relax and liberate themselves from the unnecessary troubles and cares, and going to trip, they would like to forget and not to hear of the possible formalities. Thus, as it is emphasized in Lassiter (2006, p. 51): The workers at the airport are the ones who get to see the incoming tourists at their worst because apart from being frazzled with jetlag, the heat that they may be unaccustomed to being subjected to long cues, most still hold on to the misconceptions they have formed or heard about the country they are about to visit. As explained by one interviewee who works at the currency exchange counter, some visitors expect an attitude of obeisance and servitude from the locals. Considering this statement, it should be emphasized that coding of this theme in various interviews is closely associated with the fact, that workers of the hotels, airports and other tourist and road objects are of either different racial background or lower social class. Especially such an attitude is observed in the destination country, where some people feel themselves as guests, but behave like ungrateful visitors. Consequently, tourists, who are generally people with sufficient financial reserves, feel themselves higher, in comparison with the service personnel. Nevertheless, the main reason of such attitude is not in the factors of race or social class. People, who pay for the expected services, expect that the performance of these services will be the highest. Moreover, they feel themselves superior. Paying money, they become clients. Clients are always right. Thus, as it is stated in Lassiter (2006, p. 56) For the hotelier, the major concern is having repeat clientele other than middle class families who are having a once in a lifetime holiday. This means that service has to be tip top all the way if guests are to be sufficiently impressed. Thus the amicability and superior service of the hotel staff is a key point. It means that management has a greater say in how their employees act, dress and talk. Originally, the entire attitude of tourists towards the personnel of the hotels varies essentially. It is difficult to estimate the behavior of the tourists only in accordance with th
The San Jose downtown area is a place with the rich history. It is one of the oldest cities in California, and this can be traced by the numerous buildings in the city center. Although nowadays the area is full of office buildings, it still may present interest as a destination for arts and entertainment venues. Priorities in the Cultural Sector The city’s cultural sector is given by various museums. While it may seem that the downtown has a lot of art destinations, these museums are mainly scientific. For example, they include the Tech Museum of Innovation and the Children’s Discovery Museum of San Jose. Thus, it appears that entertainment places outnumber the cultural ones. Regarding the art sector, it is mainly presented by theaters, such as the San Jose Repertory Theater. It appears that the city center is mostly targeted at providing educational and theatrical activities. It does not seem surprising, as the location may be called home to those industries. Firstly, the San Jose downtown area is home to the headquarters of the leading tech corporations like the Adobe Systems. Secondly, California is worldwide famous for its movie and show industry. No wonder, theaters and music events are popular among the citizens of San Jose. Family Entertainment While the entertainment sector is quite developed, the San Jose downtown area cannot be called entirely family friendly. There are not enough playgrounds, so parents would find it hard to spend time with their children outside. There is also a very small number of green areas like the St. James Park and the Plaza de Cezar Chavez Park, where families may perform some outdoor activities. However, the area is easy for parents to move around with strollers. The roads are wide and well-maintained, and the public transportation system offers a fast way to reach all the places of interest. Regarding the entertainment for children provided by the area, there are plenty of options. These mainly include science museums mentioned above, as well as numerous restaurants and cafes. Many of the food venues are kids-friendly and allow parents to rest while their children are entertained by the personnel. These places prove to be helpful when families plan a long day in the city center. Identifying the Main Issues Although the arts and entertainment sector in San Jose downtown is diverse, there are not many options for young adults. The city does not seem to focus on them, for there are many places for children and just as much for adults, so the whole sector seems to be family-oriented. However, the downtown is home to the San Jose State University, one of the country’s oldest higher education institutions, so the demand for student entertainment is evident. Of course, the university provides different culture programs, but the city government should pay attention to the problem since young adults should not be secluded in their institution. Another issue lies in the lack of
How does a student feel when he cheats his way towards academic excellence? What are the consequences of academic dishonesty? Well, these are questions every student must put in mind before engaging in the diverse forms of academic dishonesty. In any learning institution, honesty is a fundamental concept in the process of achieving academic excellence. Thus, it is indispensable for students to sustain academic excellence. Indeed, a student will achieve this by taking note of the elements that comprise academic dishonesty. It is evident that the skills gained by students through academics portrays their potential and measures up to their future success. Most importantly, students should be aware of the consequences they face from the knowledge center whenever they are caught in academic dishonesty acts. It is thus necessary to exemplify these acts thus plagiarism, cheating and falsification. Plagiarism entails replicating the work of a different person, devoid of properly mentioning the sources, as a way of acknowledging the original work. It is fundamental to note that some students commit the offense deliberately while others do not grasp what it entails. Plagiarism is thus a grave academic misconduct; furthermore, it is considered morally incorrect (Levy & Rakovski, 2006). There is a range of reasons why students employ plagiarism. One of the causes is that students might be under duress from their parents or the scholarship programs to accomplish appropriate and good results. Instead of these students working untiringly to accomplish the superior grades, they merely copy a different person’s thought and try’s to make it their own. Additionally, there are students who do not set aside sufficient time for their academic work; thus, they plagiarize the assignments and exams given by their instructors. This is with the aim of saving time thus getting involved in other activities they consider indispensable. It is evident that when students avoid occurrences of plagiarism in their work, they acquire high-quality writing skills. In addition, they are destined to imitate proper scholarly traits in their work such as advanced referencing styles. Originality is an indispensable idea in a student’s learning process; as it enables them extend their knowledge (Levy & Rakovski, 2006). Shropshire (1997), affirms that cheating during the educational process as illu
Introduction The modern competitive business world requires from companies efficient and precise means of communication. Intrinsically, the purpose of human force in a given organization is to achieve the set of objectives in the most effective manner. Efficient communication is at the heart of the process as vividness with which tasks are understood goes a long way in determining the quality of output by the involved members. Relating Class Work and Field Work In the study of Hawthorne, it is established that the amount of attention directed to employees affects performance in their allocated work. Shifting attention towards a hired hand has a positive impact on their output. Conversely, denying attention to a staff member led to mediocre results. This psychological phenomenon is known as the Hawthorne effect (Miller 56). During the course we learnt about various types of interaction and cooperation within the organization. Nonetheless, it seems the staff and management of the organization in question knows little about it. It often seems people get tasks randomly and the company does not have any strategy or even precise plan. Employees are often left with little or no instruction and it seems managers do not care whether the task can actually be completed. Clearly, it is essential to change this approach in the organization and this will contribute greatly to its development as employees will know what they are doing and why they are doing it. It is necessary to note that this experience has enabled me to see real life issues companies meet. The organization in question was a perfect place to observe mistakes and their outcomes. I also worked out certain strategies to employ to improve communication within the organization. Problem Faced in my Organization: Miscommunication Miscommunication is an occurrence in any typical organization. Issues such as language barriers, age differences and general failure to dedicate oneself to communicating effectively are chief causes of miscommunication (Hartung n.p.). In the case of Gordon and his father, where language is an issue, I would advise them to get a third party who speaks both English and Chinese to act as an interpreter. Alternatively, either Gordon or his father should learn the other language. As for age, people from different age groups evidently view the world from their distinct points of view. To resolve whatever challenges in communication they encounter, I would recommend that the two parties put the interests of th
Falls in a hospital setting have a negative impact on patient outcomes. Due to age-related changes, elderly individuals are more susceptible to falls. At the same time, they are more likely to suffer serious consequences of a fall ranging from severe injuries to death. It is also noteworthy that the occurrence of falls negatively impacts the economic aspect of a healthcare facility functioning. The current paper proposes an evidence-based solution and outlines the expected outcomes of its implementation. Identification of Clinical Problem Patient falls negatively impact patients’ quality of life and have been associated with increased risk of sickness and injury, increased mortality, inability to perform routine activities without aid, and depression (Stenhagen, Ekström, Nordell, & Elmståhl, 2014). According to the current consensus, the hospital environment contains several crucial factors that contribute to fall occurrence, with environment-based issues such as cluttered and slippery surfaces, multiple drug therapies, and coexistence of chronic conditions being the leading causes (Jones & Whitaker, 2011). Due to the existence of the vulnerability, patients also require extended treatment and, by extension, prolonged hospital stay. For the healthcare facility, such a scenario results in additional expenses. The falls also have an indirect negative impact on nursing performance, primarily due to the need for care following a fall. Combined with nurse shortage, the extensive care disproportionately increases the nurses’ workload, resulting in the decline of quality of nursing care and decreased patient satisfaction. Importantly, the issue in question is preventable. The most effective approaches to fall reduction are intensive and regular physical therapy, sufficient understanding and awareness on the issue among the personnel, and adequate health screening (Matchar et al., 2017). The responsibility for the prevention of falls lies mainly within the nursing staff. Evidence-Based Solution In order to resolve the issue, it is recommended to introduce seamless staff training interventions in order to improve the quality and consistency of quality delivery of fall prevention strategies in the hospital setting. Simultaneously, relevant and accessible information on the strategies used to prevent falls should be delivered to the patients in recurring educational sessions and events. The topics that need to be covered in the proposed sessions include the performance of hourly checklists, utilization of ambulation assistance, recurring f