ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Disparities existing within thinking capacities, perceptions, and emotions trigger the formation of dilemmas that require ethics intervention. Apparently, ethics relays the multidimensional perspectives arising from cultural norms, legal requirements, religious beliefs, and determination of right and wrong (Davis, 2003). Dilemmas are potential causes of suicides, madness, and interferences with normal health for diabetic patients. Consequently, ethics sets analytical techniques to overcome these potential occurrences. These professional strategies are applied to restore problems and pave ways for the affected individuals. Subsequently, it eliminates the establishment of woeful decisions in real life situations. It is vital to show the performance and participation of ethics in providing substantial life solutions. In a bid to perform this task, I will review a pregnancy case involving a 14-years old girl and apply ethical techniques to provide a solution. Dilemma The case identified under this dilemma involves a 14-years old girl. The girl seeks therapy in relation to her pregnancy. She fears that her parents would kill her when they realize, or find about the pregnancy. However, her state does not allow abortion to individuals of age 14 without parental consent. Consequently, she came to my office seeking therapeutic assistance. Effects There are diverse negative effects that could arise from this case. First, it is identifiable that the young girl cannot pay full responsibility of her actions. According to the description, it has been revealed that abortion must take place with parental acknowledgement. Consequently, not only will a parent/guardian face legal measures, but also the operating doctor could be confiscated and jailed. Moreover, the resultant operations could have adverse outcomes including death or permanent infertility. It cannot be stated plainly that these are the only parties affected. Instead, the issue broadens to the community responsible for death consolation, burial ceremonies, and hospitalization among other potent occurrences. If this issue is analyzed intricately, it will be identified that people will be jailed to reduce human resource and cause knowledge restrictions (Haugen, Musser & Lovelace, 2010). For instance, what would happen if the parent and doctors were imprisoned? Probably, a hospital will require the attention of another doctor. Jailing a doctor would reduce or restrict the medical knowledge that could help other people seeking health attention. Concurrently, brothers and sisters of the young girl could be subjected to hardship when living without parents. However, poor application of ethical strategies could lead to equivalent outcomes (Pope & Vasquez, 2011). For instance, if a therapist decides to reveal information to the parents inconsiderately, the reactions could be uncontrollable, fierce and repr
The significance of international business in contemporary organizations’ development cannot be overestimated. The major benefit from working in such environment is the increased opportunity of entering new markets. There is a number of disparities between domestic and international businesses. Griffin and Pustay (2015) outline the following aspects of international business as the most crucial ones:   * the involved countries may have different currency systems, which leads to the need of converting currency;   * the countries may have dissimilar cultures, which presupposes the adjustment of the parties to the new customs;   * the disparities in legal systems may cause misunderstandings and lead to the need for additional accommodation;   * there may be different levels of resource availability in the involved countries. One of the most important aspects to take into consideration with respect to international business is the company’s international competitiveness. Four key determinants of competitiveness have been singled out: demand conditions, factor conditions, supporting and related industries, and company structure, strategy, and rivalry (Wanjiru & Prime, 2018). Scholars remark that while factor attributes can justify the decisions associated with investment approaches, these endowments cannot fully explain the selection of resource distributions (Wanjiru & Prime, 2018). Therefore, knowing the main factors is not enough to lead international business successfully. Finally, there is a highly significant factor to take into consideration when starting international cooperation, and this factor is the possibility of corporate wrongdoing. According to Nieri and Guiliani (2018), corporate irresponsibility is defined as the decision to accept an inferior alternative when the decision-maker knows that such an action will cause negative consequences for the organization. In order to avoid such instances, it is crucial for all organizations to take care of corporate ethics.
In the wake of the Enron and Worldcom scandals, the federal government responded with arguably the most significant securities law in decades. This response, the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002, is popularly known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). Although geared towards financial reporting, SOX has been used in human service organizations practices. Most notably, these applications maintain the trustworthiness of these organizations and conducts periodical audits to ensure efficacy and efficiency. There are many sources for background information and the discussion of issues related to SOX. Human service organizations must comply with all the legal issues and statutes to avoid sanctions by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These sanctions can include monetary fines and criminal actions. The arguments for providing this legislation are simple; the federal government must monitor companies to ensure Enron was an exception, not the norm. However, the criticisms are equally as compelling: increases in regulation, professional conflicts, a general lack of clarity, increasing compliance costs and the concept of corporate federalism all play roles in the arguments against such legislation. The implications of SOX can be found through valuable resources, especially the International Law Review. This publication discusses different legal cases throughout the world in relation to SOX and how the results have affected SOX and the parties involved. The SEC provides periodic reports on compliancy issues. This commission also details the courses of actions taken against those companies which fail to meet requirements. Additionally, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants provides educational material on SOX, as well as discussions on the future implications of such regulation. Moreover, there are several other academic journals which monitor the affects of SOX and discuss current issues and concerns. Furthermore, these resources contend the purpose of SOX. The immedi
Introduction: Author’s Background Anne Merewood, Xena Grossman, John Cook, Radha Sadacharan, Marcella Singleton, Karen Peters, and Tina Navidi studied the issue of baby formula distribution by the U.S. hospitals and the ethical concerns related to the phenomenon. The study can be credited as quite legitimate, as the authors have impressive qualifications, including MPH, IBCLC (Merewood), RD (Crossman, Singleton, and Peters), MS (Crossman and Singleton), PhD (Cook), BS (Sadacharanand Navidi), and IBCLC (Singleton and Peters) (Merewood et al., 2010, p. 363). Article Summary: Formula Distribution Merewood et al. study the problems of infant formula distribution in American hospitals. According to the authors, the uneven distribution of the infant formula among young mothers is primarily predetermined by the hospital staff’s willingness to promote breastfeeding among the target audience. However, the ethical implications of the above-mentioned decision are quite dubious. Moreover, the lack of infant formula provided to the mothers of young children can be explained by the poor taxonomy principles established in the organization. The study has shown that U.S. hospitals are geared towards terminating the distribution of sample packs to the target audience, which can be viewed as an ethically questionable move. One may assume that the case in point is the exact representation of a conflict of interests as well. To be more exact, the problem viewed in the case study stemmed from the fact that the interests of the commercial partner and the medical practice of the corresponding healthcare facility turned out to be compatible. As the authors of the study warn, major ethical issues are likely to emerge “when medical practice and commercial interests coincide” (Merewood et al., 2010, p. 363). It would be wrong to deny marketing its essential role in raising awareness concerning new methods of disease treatment and prevention; however, in the specified case, the emphasis on marketing rather than on the actual needs of the target audience created a conflict. Ethical Theory: Consequentialism The issue discussed by the authors can be viewed from the tenets of the Consequentialism ethics. According to the official definition thereof, Consequentialism in healthcare presupposes that a specific moral response should be correlated with a corresponding outcome (Miller, 2014). In other words, Consequentialism implies that the outcomes of a specific healthcare intervention are predetermined by the ethical intentions of the doer. From the tenets of the above-mentioned theory, the issue in question can be considered as obviously ethically flawed. Particularly, one of the parties involved, i.e., the distribution organization (the U.S. hospitals), did not take the wellbeing of the target audience into account when promoting the product. Indeed, as the case study shows, “Most US hospitals distribute formula sample packs to new mothers at discharge, in violation of the WHO Code” (Merewood et al., 2010, p. 364). It should be born in mind, though, that the commercial interests of the U.S. hospitals are not the only reason and, probably, not the
Among communicable diseases, tuberculosis is known as one of the oldest and most thoroughly studied infectious conditions. Highly contagious, the illness is easily transmitted during contact with a contaminated individual. Despite its increased danger for patients with chronic immune diseases, such as HIV, tuberculosis has been successfully cured in the majority of cases over the past few decades (World Health Organization, 2018). This paper briefly discusses the agent and environmental characteristics of the disease, its signs, symptoms, and treatment, providing a basis for the public health nurse’s clinical practice. Overview of the Disease Characteristics Agent. The pathological agent of tuberculosis is known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As explained by Chai, Zhang, and Liu (2018), during the latency phase of the infection, the pathogen damages the patient’s immune system and resides in granulomas. While causing the development of the disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis also leads to several autoimmune diseases and pulmonary complications. Environmental. The likelihood of developing tuberculosis is higher for people with lower socioeconomic status. According to Kanchan, Surya, and Ajay (2015), most tuberculosis patients are susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse, stress, malnutrition, have HIV, or diabetes. Such factors increase the risk of human contact with an infected individual. Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment Though easily communicable, tuberculosis is relatively difficult to diagnose at the early stages of the disease for the lack of differentiable signs. As mentioned by WHO (2018), the most prominent symptom of the illness is a persistent cough with sputum and blood. Some patients also report fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and pain in the chest. While earlier tuberculosis was considered a non-curable condition, modern cases of active, drug-susceptible incidents of the disease are proven
DRS fundamentals Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) has gained popularity in the modern business environment as a utility used in balancing computing workloads with resources available for a given project. It is important to identify the fundamentals of DRS in order to understand its relevance to a business entity. The basic factor of this utility is that it emphasizes on precision when it comes to assigning resources to different tasks. According to Walker (2010), it is not possible to maintain service levels if the resources cannot be managed properly. The level of competition in the current markets is getting very stiff, and firms are forced to find ways of improving efficiency in order to remain profitable. One of the ways of doing this is to cut down expenses and try to maximize the profits. This can be achieved if the resources are planned for properly. According to Schmidt and Charlton (2015), another fundamental feature of DRS is that it enables the planners to balance the resources and workload in a virtual environment. In the past, planners would rely on estimates when assigning resources to different projects. However, it has been confirmed that using estimates is not effective when assigning resources. This makes it necessary to find better alternatives which will provide the needed accuracy. DRS offer a unique environment for the planner to have a virtual environment where the workload and resources can be balanced as it would be in a real-work situation. It not only helps in assigning the material resources but also time and human resources. It identifies the best individuals who can address each of the tasks in a given project based on their skills and experience. It also defines time that will be taken by each party to complete a given task. Describe VMotion and how it works VMotion is widely used in migrating virtual machines from an underperforming or failing server to a target server that is performing optimally. This system works in a very simple way. The virtual machine has sets of files which are stored on a shared platform (Ferguson, 2013). VMware’s clustered VMFS (Virtual Machine File System) makes it possible to have installation of multiple ESX Servers. The multiple servers can access same machine files at the same time. When moving from a source server that has a problem to a target server, the memory of the virtual machine is transferred rapidly and with precession. The virtual machine will switch instantaneously from operating on source ESX to destination ESX sever seamlessly (Khnaser, 2009). VMotion ensures that the transfer from one server to another is imperceptible to the user. This is done by ensuring that memory transactions of the user are not affected in any way during the transfer process. Another way of ensuring that users do not detect or a
Introduction Social influence in marketing is a new concept that has emerged especially with the advent of the internet and the creation of social networking sites such as Twitter, Myspace and Facebook. People in these online groups are able to influence one another through peer pressure, personal experiences, reciprocity or flattery which has led to this new form of marketing referred to as social influence marketing. Social influence marketing (SIM) is a concept that has continued to grow given the various technological improvements and the continued use of the Internet as a tool of communication and selling. The boost in SIM has indicated the need for marketers to include the use of the digital web as well as the public networking sites so as to deliver better value on their products or services and also allow for the influence of customers in a more direct way. The concept of social influence marketing as well as selling has become a driving force that affects every activity a marketer and seller undertakes. This concept is slowly replacing the traditional pillars used in marketing which are brand marketing and direct response by incorporating both of these pillars into its own dynamic and paradigm. As the concept of social influence marketing continues to grow, every company in both the present and future context will begin to conduct marketing efforts that have incorporated the social influence component in their marketing strategies. Companies will begin to realize the importance of social influence marketing in transforming their brands and products as well as their relationship with their customers and clients. As marketers everywhere increase their use of social influence marketing, certain trends will emerge some of which are that the marketing focus will shift on the people who influence buying and selling decisions. Such influencers might include bloggers or the members of a social networking site. There will also be the emergence of top down branding where the influencers and customers get to brand the company’s products through their opinions and views. The use of social advertising will also increase where product adverts will be placed in social platforms in relation to the user’s behaviour. This form of advertising will ensure that adverts are linked to the various forms of social marketing over the Internet which include social credits, widgets and blogger comments (Singh, 2009). Other trends that will emerge with the continued use of social influence marketing include marketing innovations being supported by portable social graphs which are the news feeds, activity streams and status comments that exist in social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook. Social research into the concept of social influence marketing will gain more
The basic assumption underlying the principles of democracy is that people are able to effectively choose between various political options. In that light, we also must be able to compare different politicians or political parties form the past to see which of them was better. Now, in forming those judgments a lot of political theories hold that we have to have certain standards of measurement. Different scholars hold different opinions about what those standards need to be; however, three criteria have been used most often in political discourse and these are – prudence, legitimacy and consensus. This essay compares two mid-twentieth century Australian Prime Ministers, John Curtin and Ben Chifley, by using those three criteria. Before beginning the comparison, it might be best to mention two problems that an assessment of this type can have with these two politicians. Firstly, Curtin was the Prime minister of Australia during WWII. Being a leader of a nation during a great war is a very difficult task; however, citizens tend to respect and support their leaders more firmly in such situations. Secondly, both of these politicians came from the Labor Party and adhered to similar political principles and given the fact that Chifley came to office shortly after Curtin’s death it becomes difficult to judge what would have been the course of events if Curtin had remained in charge. Firstly, the criterion of prudence has emerged from the work of political theorists interested in bridging the gap between politics and ethics. For a long time, it was thought that politics and ethics were in reality two distinct domains and no connection could be made between them. Machiavelli famously said, “The man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous. Therefore, if a prince wants to maintain the rule he must learn how not to be virtuous (Machiavelli & Bull, 2003, p. 91).” Nonetheless, it has remained a matter for a debate and some of the recent authors have tried to bridge the gap. White (1978, p. 273), concludes that for the right decision in politics to be reached morality and politics, even though they are vast topics, are all that is relevant and those concepts remain open for a debate. From this line of reasoning, came an attempt at defining the concept of political prudence. Patri
Introduction Countries should ban tobacco advertising due to its effects on the smokers and the society. Tobacco is a product of an agricultural plant that belongs to the Nicotiana genus. Many people in the world mostly use it as a cash crop and as a drug for recreational purposes. The advertising of tobacco and its products involves the use of the media such as television and newspapers among other media to create awareness to the public on the product. The tobacco industry has invested many of its resources in the advertising of tobacco products. Most countries around the world do not allow tobacco advertising, and thus they ban carrying out advertising of tobacco through their laws. Historical issues of tobacco advertising In the past, tobacco use was only associated with men. Women were therefore, not taking tobacco but the trend has changed currently. Women are as equally engaged in smoking as their male counterparts are. Tobacco advertising through the media popularized in the 1990s in the developed world. Examples of countries that adopted this trend include the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and in Canada. Tobacco advertising became widespread due to the increased use of legal statements by tobacco firms and proof of tax compliance. The use of financial resources to fund the extensive advertising exercise of tobacco by the respective firms made it possible for the tobacco advertising exercise to take place and in a legal manner. Through such media, the tobacco adverts have been able to reach a very wide audience (Chapman, 2007). The media also gives a platform for campaigns against the use of tobacco, to create awareness on the negative health effects of the use of tobacco, and the unethical behavior practiced by firms in the tobacco industry. Social issues of tobacco advertising Several researchers have developed good papers on the impact of advertising tobacco. This is due to the negative effects of tobacco use, especially on the health of individuals. Tobacco advertising is meant to attract more people and convince them to start using the product or for those who already use it, to continue using it. The advertising of tobacco has misled many young people by encouraging them to use the product, which in the long-term, is addictive. Increasingly more young people are engaging in tobacco smoking after being convinced of its goodness. A tobacco advert reduces the motivation and chances of the people who already smoke to quit. This is because the objective of tobacco adverts is getting more people to start smoking, and the current smokers to continue smoking or even increase their consumption rates. For example, if a person who takes two cigarettes per day to increases consumption to six per day, cigarette-manufacturing companies profit. This has adverse effects on the health of the smokers (Napier, 1992). The advertising campaigns conducted on tobacco also acts to convince people who were previously smokers to resume the hab