ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are four roles in field observation: complete observer, observer as a participant, participant as an observer, and complete participant (Sauro, 2015). These roles allow the researcher to gather vital data using different approaches to engaging with the researched group of individuals. The observation usually proceeds in the observer’s desired environment (workplace, home, meeting, etc.). The complete observer role allows noticing every aspect of interaction that occurs within the group, therefore allowing gathering data on patterns and behavioral peculiarities. However, it prevents the observer from participating, which eliminates the possibility to create various situations to test gathered data. The role of the observer as a participant allows for interaction with the group. The weakness, then, is the fact that the group’s members know that there is an observer, which potentially limits their willingness to behave as usual. Participant as an observer is more of a member of the group than researcher so that other participants may act more like usual. Nevertheless, participants still know who the researcher is, so there are still certain limitations. Complete participant achieves full integration, which allows for less data contamination. Although this role performs correctly regarding information gathering, participants may find it unacceptable to research them like this Primary and Secondary Data Sources Primary and secondary data sources may be used to achieve different purposes. If the research requires more depth, primary data sources are used. If it requires broadness and coverage, secondary data sources are the best option. The Social Production of Data Collection The social production of data may be a useful tool for gathering vital information. However, it is greatly influenced by such factors as participants’ age, gender, education, occupation, and location. Participants’ interaction creates some possibilities as well as challenges. Strengths and Weaknesses of Secondary Data Analysis As stated before, secondary data sources allow for better coverage and broaden research, which is their strength. The weak point, then, is the time it takes to gather and analyze data, as well as its inability to provide the researcher with precise data most of the time.
Healthcare marketing strategies and techniques are applied by a wide range of industries and companies. For instance, pharmaceutical companies use marketing approaches for promoting sales of medications. They are also concerned with introducing patient education about prescribed and over-the-counter medications. Health insurance companies are more focused on using techniques to promote healthy lifestyle, including health food intake and physical exercises. Hence, various industries use television ads and internet sites either to prevent people from avoiding prescriptions and or to propagate healthy habits. One way or another, there are certain current trends in this field that impel healthcare industries and organizations to be professional marketers to meet patients’ needs. As a result, advertising of health care products and services influences consumers’ attitudes, habits, and lifestyle. One of the most effective marketing strategies that are used by the companies is online presentation of product and services. For instance, leading healthcare industries, such as American Medical Systems and American HomePatient, create their website for online consumers to learn innovative techniques and services the industries have recently introduce. In addition, the presented websites provide detailed information about their value, strategies, and philosophy of consumers. Hence, due to the Fact the American Medical Systems is more focused on pelvic health, their leading marketing strategies involves the introduction of innovation and technologies insuring reliability (Innovation, 2010). The website of the American HomePatient, Inc. also provides some important information and public survey to invite more customers and learn their opinion about the current state of healthcare services in the United States (About American HomePatient, 2001-2009). I believe that the Internet has become the prevailing media platform for healthcare industries and companies to introduce their products and services and to engage consumers in online forums. More importantly, Internet coverage provides companies with greater opportunities to control and satisfy consumers’ demands. As it has been mentioned previously, healthcare marketing strategies are directly related to consumers’ needs and demands. In this respect, the central task for healthcare companies is to understand how and why consumers make a decision to buy a particular product, to join a healthcare program, to select a doctor. In order t
Introduction to the cases This paper will focus on two case examples that will explain the basics of contract law. The first case involves Kathy who works as a human rights public speaker in Brisbane Australia and one day, she is invited to give a keynote address at a conference in Ballarat for two days. The title of the speech is supposed to be interplay between human rights and economic development. The organisers of the conference had promised Kathy that she would be accommodated and given a return ticket from the city hosting the conference to her home city in Melbourne. According to the contract, Kathy was responsible for her travel to and from Melbourne airport which takes one hour and fifteen minutes by road. Kathy arrives in Balarat and delivers a keynote speech titled Generation Y and economic development and this speech deeply moves the participants, especially Mark and Laura, who are students of fundamental law at the University of Balarat. After the speech, Mark and Laura Join Kathy during the conference lunch and share their views about her moving speech. The two also offer to escort Kathy to the airport when she is returning home. Relying on Mike and Laura, Kathy makes no other travel arrangements. However, neither Mark nor Laura turns up to take her to the airport and she had to take a shuttle bus to the airport and subsequently missed her flight. She had to buy a new ticket to travel back home and this cost her considerably. During the day of departure, Mark and Laura had to submit a paper on fundamental law and that’s why they could not keep their promise. Mark and Laura later sent her a letter of apology but Kathy is seeking compensation for the losses she incurred due to non performance of Mark and Laura. The second case scenario involves Nonaka and her spouse Namiko who have come from Tokyo to a place called Cairn to see the Great Barrier Reef and they are checked into a hotel called the Happy Stay Hotel. After completing all the paperwork and paying, they sign a terms and conditions form that stipulates the conditions of their stay. The couple was tired from their long journey and were not good in English so they signed the terms and conditions form without reading it and on the second day of their stay, Nonakas expensive camera went missing from their room. When the couple approached the hotel manager, they were referred to the terms and conditions form they had signed as they checked in and one of the terms and conditions read that the hotel will take utmost care of the guests residing within the hotel but the hotel wont take responsibility for any loss of goods belonging to the guests within the premises of that hotel. Analysis of case 1 The first case pitting Kathy and the organisers of the conference can be tackled by a section of contract law
Definition The person who works in a museum as a custodian or is appointed to be the keeper of a specific collection is typically defined as a curator. As a rule, the responsibilities of a curator include taking care of a specific artwork or a set thereof (e.g., a collection). While the time frame of the identified role is typically restricted by the deadline of the exhibition, a curator may also assume the role of a keeper of artworks in the museum and not in the chosen exhibition. Consequently, the job of a curator may be either temporary or permanent. It should be noted, though, that a curator is typically assigned to address a particular collection. Traditionally, the responsibilities of a curator involve arranging the information about the target items, as well as assembling the collection, managing the records of the items that it comprises, presenting the collection and its elements, etc. For the curators whose role extends beyond representing a particular collection during a specific exhibition, the responsibilities may include preserving collections, adding new items to them, running funds and grants, recruiting volunteers and new staff members, etc. Consequently, it is required that the curator should possess a significant amount of knowledge about not only the artist that they are supposed to represent but also the cultural, aesthetic, social, political, and other factors that shaped the artist’s vision. Furthermore, the basic knowledge about the artistic movement to which the works represented in the gallery is required. A successful curator, however, is also able to represent the art pieces and their creator in a truly unique and original manner that will help the audience relate to the artist. Examples Anthony Elms, who orchestrated Champagne Life in 2014, can be viewed as a perfect example of a curator. Elms helped place the artworks represented during the exhibition in context, thus, helping the viewers connect to the author easily and immerse into the process of observing the art pieces completely. Elms also plays the role of a Curator Consultant. Shedding light on some of the most convoluted aspects of organizing an exhibition, arranging the art
Suing companies because of the negative aftereffects of accidental spillage of hot drinks must not be allowed to continue. Tort reform and other preventive measures must be in place to discourage this type of lawsuit. If legal reform is not implemented, the justice system will suffer from unnecessary backlogs. More importantly, food and beverage companies will be driven to bankruptcy. Lawsuits of this nature must not be allowed if based on frivolous claims. There is no legitimate food and beverage company in the world that was established to intentionally injure their customers by serving scalding hot drinks. Nevertheless, it is important to post warning signs that certain types of drinks are served piping hot. The customers must also understand that they were never forced to buy products from a particular firm. They enter a restaurant or food store under their own free will. It is their responsibility to know the nature of the food items that they want to buy. Companies must be protected against lawsuits emanating from frivolous claims. Without this protection, a significant percentage of the population will be affected if businesses declare bankruptcy due to legal problems. Customers must learn how to take responsibility with regards to the proper handling of food items. Conclusion It is important for food and beverage companies to inform their customers about hot products that can potentially injure their customers. However, the law must also consider the financial risk that companies had to contend with on a regular basis. Without legal reforms to protect businessmen from frivolous claims, business establishments will disappear from communities that are known to reward plaintiffs with frivolous claims.
Introduction “Love of wisdom” is called “Philosophy;” Philosophy is, in the broader sense, an activity which individuals do to comprehend fundamental realities about themselves, their world, and their connections with each other. Philosophy is the same as a university discipline. Those who study philosophy are constantly working to inquire, answer and argue for the most fundamental issues of existence. To achieve such a more systematic academic philosophy, main fields of research are typically split into. Religion is the relationship of human beings to what they consider holy, sacred, ultimate, divine, or dignified veneration. People deal with the last concerns about their life, and their fate after death is also generally considered. These ties with or attitudes towards the gods or spirits are articulated in many traditions regarding the relation with, our attitude with, the wider human society or the natural world, as stated in more humanistic or naturalistic forms of religion. Philosophy and religion significantly influenced the life of the states of the Ancient East. With the arrival of a new emperor, his philosophy sometimes changed radically from the previous one. It was due to the lust for power and their interests. Religion directly influenced the life of people. With the advent of Buddhism, the local population relaxed, and the rulers were furious over the lack of labor. Initially, Confucianism came to the Asian lands, and everyone adhered to its rules, but over time, the students of Confucianism decided to betray the teachings and insist on their philosophies, which, unfortunately, were more hostile. Philosophy and religion are essential parts of those times’ life, and they should be studied more. Confucius Confucius or Kong Qiu lived when the Zhou monarchy had dissolved into a slew of de facto autonomous feudal kingdoms that were only nominally subordinate to the Zhou monarchs. Confucius was a native of Lu, a tiny feudal state. Like many other educated elite men of the Eastern Zhou, Confucius went around the kingdoms, offering his skills as a political counselor and official to feudal kings and taking on pupils to teach for a fee. Confucius had a mediocre career as a petty official but a thriving career as a teacher. First- and second-generation pupils compiled recollections of Confucius’ teachings a few generations after his death. The Analects is the English name for these tales and recordings of brief talks. For example, the Master said to lead them through rules and put sanctions in order between them, and the people will avoid them and lack a feeling of shame. Lead them by moral strength (de) and preserve order amongst them by ritual (li), and they feel humiliation and will likewise rectify themselves. This statement of Confucius speaks about how he treated the rules and instructed his students. The rules were like prohibitions; his main message was not to prohibit so that it would not be possible to achieve the set goal but to teach and show to bring it to an end. In addition, certain concepts of Confucius are still applicable to actual life problems alongside society and changing times. Learning what you have le
Introduction The computer is one of the outstanding scientific inventions by man tracing back to the mid-twentieth century. Many advances have been made with the advent of computers. For instance, the organization of data has become more efficient and effective at the same time. Exchanging communication has also been revolutionized by computers. Moreover, the human mindset has equally made some significant strides in terms of critical thinking and analytical skills. Lots of calculations that used to be done manually have now been computerized. Important economic sectors like business and recreation have benefited more from this technological growth. Modern computer devices have a high efficiency level than the first generation machines. The size is also smaller enhancing its portability. This paper reviews the life history of computers from ancient ages to modern times. Pre-computer hardware Computers first came to be mentioned way back in 1613 (Allan 27). The term referred to an individual who had the task of performing calculations. The use of this word became a norm. In any case, a computer was not a device as we know it today but a live person. This continued until the end of the first half of the twentieth century. The beginning of the 20th Century witnessed a gradual change in meaning whereby it referred to more of a device used to carry out calculations rather than a human being. Historical overview One of the most ancient machines used to count was in resemblance to tallying sticks (Ceruzzi 23). Later developments saw the use of cones. They had a general name “calculi”. In this context, objects or items were bound together in certain quantities to facilitate easy counting. Tiny, well-shaped rods were used. Later on, a counting instrument called abacus was initiated. Its main purpose was to assist mathematicians in arithmetic. An abacus worked on the principle of reckoning and application of arithmetic functions without necessarily going through the long tedious counting process. Simply made but huge analog computers then followed during the Middle Ages to assist space scientists in their calculations (Ceruzzi 44). In 1206, an astronomical clock was invented by Al-Jazari (Allan 59). This clock created the foundati
Introduction To give some insight into different approaches of resource usage a comparison of Health Care operation and management in various countries may be useful. It is for this reason this reason this paper will provide a brief comparison of the operation and management of Health Care in the UK, USA and Canada. This is important due to relative scarcity of resources in both rich and poor countries that has caused inadequacy of available public resources for health care to meet the demand (Brandeau, Sainfort, & Pierskalla, 2004). Based on this observation the work of policy makers and health care providers involves determining how to make the best use of the limited resources available. Despite the scarce resources human health noted significant improvements in the past 50 years. Life expectancy which was 47 years in 1950, rose to 61 years in 1980 and finally to 67 years by 1998 (Brandeau et al., 2004). Much of this improvement was due to improved nutrition, sanitation and medical innovations and their role in low and middle income countries. However, despite the use of varied approaches to Health Care significant differences still exist in various countries. This is evident upon observation of data from these countries. It has been mentioned that though the US spends the most per capita on Health Care, the country also has the largest amount of out of pocket expenditure for Health Care services (Peterson & Burton, 2008). This suggests that policy may need to be changed to allow for better and more comprehensive national Health coverage. Due to issues such as disease prevalence and prevalent economic conditions, governments must determine at the highest level what amount of resources they will spend on health care. The government is also expected to design and implement feasible payment schemes for physicians and other health care providers (Brandeau et al., 2004). In addition to the above decisions, governments must also make crucial decisions in relation to the structure of health care systems. The government decides on geographic areas to allocate resources, specific programs to allocate resources and specific health issues to allocate resources (Brandeau et al., 2004). In addition to these economic and structural decisions the government must also handle policy issues that have a major impact on health care. In this paper the discussion presented will discuss health care operation and management in England, Canada and the USA along these lines. Health Care in USA Currently health care is the biggest service based business around the world (Patel & Rushefsky, 2008). This is supported by data that indicates that between 1960 and 1997 the percentage of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) spent on health care by 29 members of the OECD (Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development ) doubled from 3.9% to 7.6 % (Saito, Wickramasinghe, Fujii, & Geisler, 2010). Of these countries, the USA was the highest spender in 1997 with a reported 13.6% of the GDP being allocated to health care (Saito et al., 2010). Health care in the USA is funded through
Public health law is a central instrument that plays a decisive role in reducing poor health and untimely death. Public health law examines the influence of the administration at diverse jurisdiction levels to advance the health of the common inhabitants within collective social confines and norms (CDC Home, 2011). This paper aims to observe two public health laws taken from Center for Disease Control and Prevention website, their impact in protection of the public health; and barriers, if any, to their enforcements, and suggestions to overcome them. Assessment of the public health laws. Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act: Public Health Emergencies 42 U.S.C. § 247d. This section gives power to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish that a municipal health crisis exists if an infection or disorder presents a public health tragedy; or major outbreaks of transmittable diseases or bioterrorist assault exists. The Secretary may subsequently take suitable measures, and exploit Public Health Emergency fund. The state of crisis exists until the Secretary declares that there is no risk, or expiration of 90 days, whichever occurs earlier. He may refurbish the provision for next 90 days, if the emergency persists (CDC Home, 2010). The impact is noteworthy as it helps the government to monitor the crisis and assist preparedness to meet the challenges (NPHPSP Home, 2010). Three months is a sufficient time to bring the emergency conditions under control, authorizing the government to compel community to act sensibly during the health emergencies. The chaos resulting out of emergencies, say an earthquake, then a flooding and spread of diseases may present a barrier to enforcement of such legislation (CDC, 2008; CDC Podcasts, 2008). An ethical, responsible and rapid outbreak response team formed can prevent total disarray of such regulations (MMWR Home, 2011). Health Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1996: Privacy Rule Pub. L. No. 104-191. The law protects certain patient facts like health proceedings, billing and insurance information from being revealed by covered entities such as health care providers, insurance agencies, for reasons other than that of shielding public wellbeing, or exposing necessary information to the police. Information cannot be disclosed without the patient’s written approval. Covered entities must have barriers in place to protect patient health information to guarantee that it is not maltreated (CDC Home, 2010). The impact is that the patient is convinced of the security of the confidential records, as the leakage may trouble the patient and the family. The empowered regime has to protect private health records in the current internet era, where the patient records are maintained in storage devices and made available online (Committee on the Judiciary, 2011). The barrier may come from the breach of the online available data records by hackers, and also can be mistreated by covered entities for their earnings (Health Ca