ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Today, we can clearly observe the ever increasing trend towards globalisation and the appearance of giant entities that are spreading their influence across different regions of our planet. This tendency can be noted in both political and commercial organisations who have become important actors within the modern world. The increased size of different corporations also means the appearance of numerous new opportunities to cooperate with new partners in different regions, and the potential to produce larger revenues. This, at the same time, results in the increased power of corporations that manage to outperform their competitors and become the most powerful players in their sectors. However, there are several factors related to globalisation and increased importance along with the emerging power of different entities that need to be considered. The fact is that these processes also create the necessity for increased complexity and sophistication of the majority of processes crucial for the operation of a company (Chang 2009). In this regard, their management becomes challenging and more difficult to control and monitor. As such, loopholes that could be used to perform various illegal actions appear. These, of course, could cause serious damage to a company, its owners, the community, etc., and this is why models that aim to help avoid problems of this sort have been created. The stakeholder model of corporate governance, with its co-determination institutions, is one of the ways to avoid corporate scandals and assure that a company will function within its legal framework. With this in mind, the main aim of this paper is the investigation of this model, its pros and cons, and the impact it has on the modern business environment. Body Background The need for an efficient governance model became obvious after the scandal involving Enron. In the 2000s, Enron was one of the most successful companies, specializing in deals in electricity, natural gas, pulp and paper ( Enron: the smartest guys in the room 2005). Its revenues accounted for around $101 billion in 2000, and the companys future seemed promising ( Enron: the smartest guys in the room 2005). However, after a chain of events, giant corporate fraud and mass corruption were discovered. The companys CEOs intentionally distorted data related to its losses and provided false financial statements to create the visibility of a stable and successful company. Sophisticated schemes, that included offshore zones and front companies, were created to hide losses and enable the companys managers to be able to maintain stable revenue. Enrons bankruptcy became one of the most complex processes in the
Introduction There are a number of milestones with the help of which child development may be studied and evaluated from a variety of perspectives. The necessity to comprehend, evaluate, and meet the needs of every child is one of the primary goals of an adult. Taking into consideration parental challenges and abilities, it becomes clear that the period from the child’s birth to 12 months is the hardest time when children are unable to express their thoughts properly, and parents are not always able to define the problem and the child’s need. This is why it is crucially important to promote the development of language researches among children under 6-12 months. Babbling is considered to be an important stage of a child’s language and social development. On the one hand, babbling promotes communication between a child and another person on a social level. On the other hand, babbling is regarded to be the primary language of a child (Sternberg & Mio, 2008). Due to such a complex nature of babbling and a child’s social development, a certain attention to babbling and the purposes of this vocal process has to be paid in order to contribute such spheres like child cognitive development and vocal abilities. Children start developing their language when they can recognize some vocal cords and the issues which may foster comm
The Silicon Valley Habitat The Silicon Valley habitat is the place that emphasizes creating and developing innovative businesses. However, the story of the region is not about technological advances and breakthroughs despite that many do occur in the Silicon Valley, like, for instance, the first successful microcomputer produced by Apple or the Xerox’s graphical user interface. Despite that many refer to Silicon Valley as a mindset, more than a century ago Alfred Marshall proposed to call an “industrial region” that localizes highly technological companies in one area, therefore, largely influencing the demand for the specialized services and labour. For example, there are similar regions around the world, such as the region for the production of watches in Switzerland, clothing in Milan, beers in Bavaria, or machine tools in Germany (Lee 2000, p. 4). In the framework of Silicon Valley, there are some features that best describe the historical and developmental value of the region regarding business opportunities. One of such features in knowledge intensity that characterizes the region’s ability to ‘breed’ new products and ideas. The second feature is the high quality of the labour force such as scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs (Lee 2000, p. 8). The third important feature is the environment that supports businesses taking risks despite failure because the majority of entrepreneurs fail in their first attempts to establish themselves, the business environment in the Silicon Valley does not oppose the possibility of failure. The fourth beneficial feature is the open business environment that welcomes the majority of entrepreneurs that can add value to the region. Lastly, Silicon Valley is characterized by the high quality of life since the region attracts wealthy members of the society interested in investing in potentially successful businesses (Lee 2000, p. 11). Entrepreneurial and Innovative Opportunities The example of Salesforce shows that entrepreneurship is a concept that can bring business to the next level, and Silicon Valley provides companies with a framework of business opportunities that expand with each year. As stated in the Forbes article by Tom Taulli (2014), an entrepreneur that considers going to the Silicon Valley to develop his or her business should ‘take a one-way flight” (para. 2). Business opportunities in the region are endless – from the return of manufacturing to the increased demand for the digital health industry development. Therefore, Salesforce has a great opportunity in the current environment of Silicon Valley that calls for more business diversity. Additionally, the current trend in the Valley’s business opportunities is challenging the Wall Street by increasing the share of the financial service market with the involvement of Information Technologies that facilitate
Global warming is the abnormal rise of average temperature on the surface of the earth. This has been caused by human advancement towards industrialization and modernization. The outcome of global warming has been exhibited by the melting of ice and snows in areas such as the Antarctic which has changed the average sea level of the whole world because the ice and snow has been converted into water (Trenberth et al 244). If this situation persists the animals that live in those areas will be eliminated because their dwelling place will be destroyed. Green house gases have contributed to the process of global warming. Green house gases are gaseous compounds that occupy the atmosphere and when their concentration is not stable they cause temperatures on the lower level of the atmosphere to hike. The components of these gases include carbon dioxide and methane (Changnon & Bell 35). The rapid increase in human population has led to the elimination of most forests to give room for human settlements. The trees are very important because they help to prevent the accumulation of green house gases in large volumes in the atmosphere by consuming commendable amounts of carbon dioxide. Trees and other plants use consume carbon dioxide to help in generating food supplements for their survival. Another major contributing factor is the combustion of fuels in factories. But the effect of carbon dioxide injected from the combustion of fuels in factories is less harmful compared to excess methane which is generated from dumping sites. Large volumes of methane are contained in the permafrost and also inside the sea beds of large water bodies like oceans and lakes. These volumes may be released into the atmosphere if the temperatures continue to hike. High temperatures will evaporate water together with methane That’s why global warming has to be regulated by reducing the chances of these gases being exposed to the atmosphere. Among the most workable solutions include extracting methane from garbage dumping sites and other gases generated in other areas and combust it. Combusted methane will be converted into carbon dioxide which is less harmful (Trenberth et al. 243). Trenberth et al. explain that carbon dioxide is obtained from the flaming of fuels such as charcoal and oil in order to generate energy that is used in cooking and automobiles. Considerable volumes of green house gases are very useful to humans and other living creatures (244). This is because they maintain the warmth in the earth because if they were not present life on earth would be like hell due to freezing temperatures. The green house gases confine temperature inside the earth and prevent it from being lost. This is very true because if the heat obtained from the sun was not confined by these gases nights would be very cold due to absence of sunlight. However the structural bonding of these gases allows the heat to go through them but it can not exit through them. They work like a thermo flask that maintains the warmth of tea by retaining the heat which helps to keep the tea ho
Lascaux Cave is the most valuable Paleolithic monument of world importance in terms of the quality, preservation, and quantity of cave paintings. It is often called the “Sistine Chapel” of primitive art and “Prehistoric Versailles”, thereby equating its unique cave painting with works of art presented in the world’s most famous museums. The paintings of the Lascaux cave dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period culture, their age is 17 – 15 thousand years BC (Groeneveld, 2016). The drawings and inscriptions’ peculiarity is that they are perfectly preserved and are of great historical and artistic value. Thanks to the Lascaux cave, the world can learn about how ancient people lived, hunted, and defended their homes. Such materials as ocher, manganese oxide, and iron oxide were used to make paint. Ancient artists ground the mineral and mixed it with water or animal fat, the paint was applied to the walls with a stick or brush made from animal fur (Lewis & Ingalls Lewis, 2019). Perhaps this method was also used: the painter blew the powder onto a damp wall using an improvised tube, a hollow bone, and the paint, hardening, retained its color for many millennia. The technique of applying paint with water resembles the watercolor technique. In addition to this, the artists used engraving the contours and images in the cave walls and filled them with paint. It is also surprising that in these polychrome paintings, the desire of artists to convey perspective is noticeable: by changing the strength of tones, volumes are formed, due to which, as well as the ability to maintain proportions, a remarkable similarity with the objects of the image is achieved. From these images, one can judge that man appeared on Earth several millennia ago and was actively engaged in his activities. Thanks to the drawings discovered in the cave, a fantastic discovery was made: the animals that now live in hot African countries (lions, rhinos) and the inhabitants of the northern countries (reindeer) once existed in one place, on the territory of modern France (Wunn & Grojnowski, 2016). The images found allowed scientists to determine which animals lived in those distant times. The power of the beast, its greatness, as it were, its beauty in a fight, in impulse, and at rest is depicted on the cave walls. The eternal and formidable presence of animals in the surrounding world: this is what the late Paleolithic painters wished to convey and conveyed with complete skill. All this is not a glorification of human power, but of an animal power over which a person still had to triumph. Due to the antiquity of the paintings, no reliable evidence of the reasons for the creation exists. There are several hypotheses regarding their significance, but science has not developed a consensus about the
Introduction The internet has had a deep impact on various spheres of life of individuals. For example, it enables us to communicate in real time (Barber, 2003). In essence, the internet has reduced the world into a global village whereby you can reach someone on another continent in a matter of seconds. The internet has played a significant role in ensuring that the cries of the oppressed are heard. For example, for the better part of 2011, we have witnessed massive protests in Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, and Libya, to name but a few countries, whereby the power of the internet has been used positively to educate and empower citizens against abuse of their human rights. Consequently, we have seen hitherto powerful regimes brought to their knees thanks to the power of the internet. On the other hand, the emergence of the internet as a global tool of communication may have come at a price. One question that we need to ask ourselves is whether technology supports democracy? Right from the very beginning, telecommunications technology has been seen by many as the engine that drives democracy (Carry, Cross & Young, 2001; Hurrell & Longford, 2006). In recent years, internet technology has been a central pillar in driving globalization by enabling us to grind down the narrow-minded limits that separate various national enemies and at the same time, helping us to make frontiers porous. On the other hand, even as internet technology has been instrumental in the quest for globalization, it may also play a crucial role in undermining democracy. The current essay is an endeavor to examine the issue of democracy and power in the online world. In this case, the essay shall endeavour to assess how online technology has impacted on democracy and the balance of power. Does global technology support political democracy? In this day and age, participatory democracy appears to be on the decline. The emergence of the internet seems to have played a significant role in helping to enhance this breakdown (Howard, 2005; Mezirow, 2009). The fact that the internet calls for intellectual and financial investment has also played a role in the decline of democracy. This, along with lack of centralised control means that an internet user has a lot of freedom at his/her disposal, and this may compromise democracy because there are not many restrictions facing an internet user (Turkle, 2004). On the other hand, many political leaders have gained fame and popularity thanks to the internet and as such, the internet has played the pivotal role of a medium for the attainment of true democracy. Class and prejudice have no place in the online environment. When we consider such an interactive setting as an online chat for example, we realise that information exchange occurs in the form of text exchanges, meaning that there is no identification of sex, race, and colour (Malina, 2003). Consequently, it is very hard to contaminate the exchange of ideas that takes place freely. In addition, we need to take into account the fact that internet users have historically been opposed to control or censorship of information dissemination online. That is why the decision by the
Case Discussion ADHD and similar conditions affect children’s lives across the world. Dias et al. (2013), state that 5% of the global population were diagnosed with the disease. The primary concern in the presented case study would be Derrick’s ability to learn the required skills, which would enable him to continue his education. It is necessary because at the age of 9 he has to adhere to his homework and develop social connections, both aspects are adversely affected by ADHD’s symptoms. Identifying proper treatment strategies, either by school supported intervention or therapy sessions should be the primary step in this case. According to Dias et al. (2013), it is a “prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, often associated with other psychiatric comorbidities, functional impairments, and poor long-term outcomes” (p. 40). The authors state that the condition has several neurological components, which help identify it. Additionally, it often co-occurs with other disorders, for which Derrick must be diagnosed to ensure that the treatment plan can target every aspect of the issue. Medication is typically utilized in cases of children with ADHD. However, Singh, FilipeImre, Bard, Bergey, and Baker (2013) raise a question of ethical problems connected to pharmacological treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. Thus, medication would be another concern in Derrick’s case because proper treatment plan may require several tests. It is done to ensure that the chosen medication appropriately affects the condition and does not present side effects. However, the primary focus should be on cognitive-behavioral therapy and involvement of parents in the process. Piepmeier et al. (2015) state that one session of such treatment significantly improves the skills of such children. Thus, the primary objective with ADHD should be teaching children and adolescents to coop with their condition and adapt behavior models, which help them minimize the symptoms of ADHD. Peer Responses Response 1 This peer focuses on the importance of therapy in Derrick’s treatment. It is a valid approach because according to Rapport, Orban, Kofler, and Friedman (2013) the condition is typically treated with a combination of medication and therapy. The strategy presents a significant reduction of behavior problems, which is the primary concern with ADHD. Thus, such children can function in a school setting and do their homework as required. An appropriate alternative for the scenario would be a computer-based intervention. Rapport et al. (2013) state that “computer-based cognitive training can remediate these impairments and provide significant and lasting improvement” (p. 1237). Such an approach can be better when compared to traditional therapy. Rapport et al. (2013) state that previous researchers have proven that cognitive behavioral therapy has limited
Introduction Slave trade was necessitated by America’s manual agricultural activities, which required a huge workforce. Therefore, the American’s acquired labor by enslaving Africans so as to ensure a continued supply of agricultural products to Europe. After slavery, evangelists made efforts to convert the African slaves from their cultural religions and belief to Christianity. Most slaves embraced this new religion. This discussion explores how the conversion of African slaves into Christianity impacted on their lives. The Role of Christianity in the Lives of African Slaves European evangelists explored the bible to explain the concept of slavery of Africans. They concluded that Africans were being enslaved as a punishment for their sins. They explained that according to the bible, Africans were the descendants of Ham (Noah’s son) who was cursed for laughing at his drunk and naked father. Therefore, slavery was accepted as it was seen as the fulfillment of Noah’s curse (Glasson 42). The bible has many references to the concept of slavery. In the Old Testament, there are rules on how servants should be treated and what their rights are. For instance, there were rules that inhibited the masters from killing their slaves and forcing them to work during Sabbath. In the New Testament, slaves who embraced Christianity were taught to respect their masters and serve them as if they were serving Jesus. Those people who use Christianity to justify slavery claim that the bible does not condemn the act but just gives guidelines on how the slaves should be handled (Curtis 79). The Americans enslaved Africans claiming that this would enable them to be exposed to Christianity. Once in slavery, evangelists tried to teach Christianity to the slaves and emphasized the biblical teachings that teach slaves to respect their masters. Therefore, these missionaries used Christianity to justify slavery. However, some other Christians referred to the bible to condemn slavery. Many Christian churches were opposed to slavery on the ground that all human beings are equal in God’s sight and had equal rights. No one was superior to the other and, therefore, none should be a slave of the other (Brown and Miller 88). The slave masters felt that it would be easier to govern the slaves if they were not culturally united. Some slave masters were against the idea of their slaves converting to Christianity because they felt that this would make them feel defiant. They saw the baptism and acceptance into Christianity would make the slaves feel equal to their masters spiritually and consequently would start pushing for equal rights. The evangelists however explained to the slave masters that conversion of their slaves to Christianity would make the slaves to understand their responsibilities and serve them even better (Brown and Miller 94). Conversion to Christianity ha
The education system in Mexico is facing many challenges and is in urgent need for revision. For instance, classrooms are in bad condition and students have no mastery of content. In line with Holt, parents are not involved in the learning process as well as not engaged in a form of child-assistance procedure at home (72). Teachers are clumsy, unskilled and incompetent; they make the process even worse. The main cause is that principals of these schools employ relatives or bribe their way into the system. In accordance with Ellingwood, poor performance is characterised by poor and corrupt management (3). To demonstrate imperfection of the Mexican education system, a group called Mexicanos Primaro (Mexicans first) directed by Juan Carlos Rulto and Carlos Loret filmed a documentary titled “De Penzazo”, a slang for “barely passing”. The documentary was addressed to Mexican citizens and the government. they wanted the government to pay attention to its failing education system. As seen in the film, a girl at a public junior school was worried because of the teaching methods. As quoted from the film, “I have been reading my gui