ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Acadians are the descendants of the early French settlers who resided in Acadia, a France’s new city state. Presently, most people in the Acadian community can easily communicate in French. Besides, Acadia and some of the French city states of Canada were geographically and administratively a part. For this reason, the Acadians and the French speaking Canadians had very different cultural lifestyle. The Acadians were able to spend most of their time in Acadia before colonization. But after its colonization by the British, they were subjected to stay under their (British) rule for almost fifty years. British officials and England militia then started expanding their territory at the time when French and the Indians were at war. This led to the deportation of several Acadians living in the maritime region. During the time of deportation, many died along the way due to disease infections and drowning. Besides, some went and stayed in Louisiana (Cajuns) while others went to France. Most of them came back to Maritime Provinces and settled in towns like New Brunswick in Canada. The rest of this population settled in New Brunswick since the British did not allow them back into their lands. They later joined Nova Scotia. This is a critical observation in the context of resettlement and cultural orientation. Previously, Acadia had sixty French speaking communities. They were able to come together and live peacefully with the aborigines of Nova Scotia (Mi’kmaq). The group practiced hunting and gathering as their major economic activity. Besides, they also practiced fishing along the coastal regions. These economic activities were acquired from their neighboring communities. The Acadians majorly stayed along the Bay of Fundy coastal areas, which became their recovered farming land. These people of Nova Scotia also helped the Acadians in fighting the British colony at the time of their eviction. For the fifty years they stayed with the British, they refused to sign the unaccepted vow of practicing full loyalty to the British colonialists. This is a crucial provision in this context. Consequently, the Acadians decided to fight these British colonialists by forming some militia groups. Their armed forces ensured that important service lines linking the neighboring Fort Beausejour were constantly operational. Conversely, the threat created by this militia group was later thwarted by the British army. They also wanted to expel the Acadians to terminate the important service lines. They were also expelled from the eastern coastal regions mostly occupied by the British. During the deportation, this community divided itself with others being taken to France. Some were also transported from France to Louisiana to actively participate in farming and supply the farm products to the New Orleans. This provided a good opportunity for them to reunite with some member of their family who had earlier settled there. This later resulted into the formation of the Cajun population with a distinct lifestyle. On the contrary, they were not able to settle in their
A family is traditionally discussed as the major social institution which influences the community’s development because the role of a family is often to provide the flow of cultural and social knowledge between generations. Thus, marriage as the way to build a family is an important stage in the personal life, which is discussed in many cultures as a rite of passage symbolizing the persons’ maturity and readiness to take responsibilities. However, today many people reject marriage as a significant stage in their personal life and pay less attention to building a family as the fundamental factor for social development. This tendency can directly lead to social instability because of the violation of the traditional social norms and values presented in the ideas of marriage and family. If the role of marriage can decline, the rate of divorces leading to social instability can increase. Thus, the rejection of the idea of marriage as the social trend causes young people’s focus on cohabitation, which often causes the rejection to have children because of avoiding family commitments and responsibilities, and this choice causes people’s concentration on their individual desires and interests; in turn, such individualization causes the decline of family ideals, and this situation finally leads to the social instability based on people’s discussion of themselves as unprotected and unsatisfied. The chain of causes which lead to the social instability in the context of the idea of marriage is rather long, and it is necessary to s
Introduction Social processes are synonymous to the way of life of the American people; this means that political structures affect it as well. There is a need to look at the extent to which politics is intertwined with social microstructures (religion, work and education) because this will demonstrate its relevance. Furthermore, there is a need to establish the various manifestations of these interrelationships so as to understand how American social processes work. Through an examination of these two areas, it will be possible to establish a pattern of how American society operates thus demystifying this society. Role of politics from the macro social perspective Geertz (1996) explains that religion can be regarded as a collection of symbols which create pervasive and powerful motivations. Those symbols eventually contribute to existent orders. Therefore, religion may be critical in determining how people’s lives are lived. Alternatively, others may think of religion in a negative way. The question to ask is where does America lie and how does the interaction between politics and religion play out in this society? Fields et al (1) affirm that there is a distinct relationship between politics and religion in the US. Through a 1996 survey, these researchers confirmed that relationship. They asserted that religious conservatism was associated with political conservatism. Most of the time, this was reflected by the political party affiliations and ideologies of voters. Generally speaking, religious elements are prevalent in the nations’ political structure. For instance American presidents have been Christians all along and this is considered an important quality in most presidential or civic candidates. Even several speeches and campaign pledges often contain references to God. Therefore, to a certain extent, one can say that Americans hold religion in high esteem when making political decisions. These manifestations are not always straight forward and one can argue that there is a complex interrelation between politics and religion. Democrats are often seen as liberals while republicans are thought to be conservative politically. However, in a state like California, gay marriage is considered legal. This state is headed by a republican who is supposed to be conservative. It is therefore easy to see that people in the US are religious but their status may not affect policy outcomes. America is religious and at the same time secular and is therefore a paradoxical society. In political governance, religion may not really count. Here, Americans prefer less religious ideas because this may contradict their cultural ideals (such as the American dream). The latter concept can best be upheld using secular ideas. Indeed because democracy is largely seen as a secular concept then conservative religious laws would not fit
Introduction An aqueduct is a passageway for liquids or fluids. In this context, an aqueduct is a passageway or a channel built specifically for conveying water from one area to another. Aqueducts were built to allow water to move to areas that were preferred. This technology relied heavily on gravity. In this case, aqueducts were built in such a way that the water flow was facilitated by gravity. Aqueducts were built in the form of a canal allowing water to pass to the low grounds. Aqueducts are not new phenomena, and they have been in existence for quite some time (Van, 2004). Water is a critical resource within the human society. In ancient Rome, this was not different, and aqueducts were built to serve various purposes in the Roman society. They were most notable in ancient civilizations and served social, political, and economic purposes. In ancient Rome, aqueducts were very prominent. The main question in this paper is: what were the names and functions of the aqueducts in ancient Rome? This paper will look at the various Roman aqueducts and their relevance to the Roman society during the ancient times. The Roman Aqueducts The earliest origin of aqueducts can be traced in Rome. They were not the first to build aqueducts, but they developed aqueducts of higher complexity than those that were in existence at the time. The need to build aqueducts in Rome was prompted by the need for mass supply of water to the population. The Romans were well known for their mass consumption of water. They used water for public baths and fountains among other uses (Wells, 1995). The Roman engineers first constructed an aqueduct in 312 BC. Before this, the people of Rome relied on water from springs and the river Tiber. However, the supply of water was not clean and safe for drinking due to pollution (Van, 2004). There were eleven aqueducts in total. They supplied water in large quantities of gallons. The gallons were estimated to be in the hundreds of millions. The aqueducts were up to sixty miles long. The first of the eleven aqueducts was built underground. This was done for security reasons. It was called the Aqua Apia. This aqueduct got its source of water mainly from springs. It was used for about 150 years before it was rendered useless (Ashby, 1973). The Anio Vetus was the second aqueduct that was constructed 272-269 BC sourced. Its water came from a river that was above Tivoli. This was also an underground construction. The finances to build this second aqueduct came from the spoils of a won war. The third aqueduct was called the Aqua Marcia and was financed with the spoils of the Roman victory over Corinth. By this time, the Romans were not concerned about their enemies poisoning the water supply. However, a portion of Aqua Marcia still ran underground. It is considered to be the longest aqueduct to be built. It was constructed between the years 144 and140 BC (Aicher, 1995). The Aqua Tepula was another aqueduct. It was constructed in 126 BC. It
Introduction The organization I work in, Dubai Government Human Resources Department (DGHR) is concerned with “the management, development, and governance of human resources for the government sector” (“Dubai Government Human Resources Department” par. 1). Apart from that, our activities are aimed at “updating human resources practices and leading and planning the processes of building national capabilities” (“Dubai Government Human Resources Department” par. 2). Human resources in Dubai and the UAE have particular features. The most noticeable ones are the share of Emirati population (that is 19% in 2015) as well as the low level of women involvement in the labor force (“The United Arab Emirates” par. 4; “Dubai Plan 2021 Enters Implementation Phase” par. 29). Youth unemployment in UAE equals 7.9% among male citizens, but it is 21.8% when female ones are concerned (“United Arab Emirates” par. 4). Established in 2009 under the Law no. 31, our Department has been in line with the current efforts of the Dubai Government that are aimed at modernizing and Emiratizing the governmental human resources (“DGHRD” par. 1; “Dubai Human Resources Law Made Flexible” par. 1-5). In consistency with these ideas is our last, but not the least important goal: “providing a research base for generating and exchanging knowledge”, which is typically regarded as aimed at advancing and promoting modern methodology (“DGHRD” par. 2). From the information presented above, it is obvious that our goals are challenging, and, in my opinion, my colleagues understand the significance of our work for the government. Indeed, it is us who ensures the influx of talent, knowledge, skills, and ideas into the government, and these resources are particularly valuable in the modern economic environment. As a result, I have always been proud to note the especially high level of motivation among my colleagues. However, as of recently, I have been noting the signs of uncertainty and confusion, if not apathy among us. It is, most certainly, a sign of a deeper-rooted problem, and the reason could be found on the managerial level. In this paper, the symptoms are going to be discussed to define the problem, the reasons for its existence will be described as well as its consequences, and the causes of its persistence. According to Berman, “a good problem definition is one that incorporates the manifest symptoms and includes a set of viable strategies for leading the organization forward” (40). Therefore, suggestions for improvement will be described to provide a proper problem definition. Problem Definition: Symptoms and Causes The most noticeable symptom of the current problem, as it has been noted, is the apathy exhibited by some of my colleagues. Personally, I am not discouraged yet, but I can feel a growing dissatisfaction with my job and my job opportunities. In conversations with the colleagues, I have brought the problem up, and the conclusion that it is possible to make consists in the suggestion that they experience similar dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction could be the reason for
Introduction Architecture is both a science and an art, used to connect structures with people they are meant to serve in specific locations. Architects use their own creativity to bring structures to life, which impact differently on people living in environments where they are situated. In essence, a structure needs to meet the long-term operational needs of its users, to give them a favourable environment to engage in different activities. Various architectural movements have made their mark on architectural designs and they have influenced the way people view the role of architecture in their lives. These movements have made an impact on the way architects conceive their ideas in relation to structures they design in different locations. Some architects are more focused on giving structures they create unique identities, to make them stand out in different locations they are situated. Modernist architectural designers have argued that form follows function. They have taken the view that function needs to be a primary consideration in architecture to influence the way a structure performs different functions (Kruft 1994, p. 65). Function and form are not mutually exclusive considerations in design. Conditions in a location a structure is going to be situated influence the modes of design used to create it. Kruft (1994, p. 89) reveals that architects conjure several meanings out of their designs, which go beyond the physical interpretations of structures they create. Architects balance various elements to influence the way structures are visualized in locations they are situated. The scientific dimension of architecture seeks to streamline the utility needs of a structure with expectations of users and other parties who are affected by its construction. Function is a major consideration by architects because it makes them utilize their expertise to create structures with the required levels of stability. The role of architects in design and construction has been given a lot of attention by modern theorists. They have argued that architecture goes beyond the functional design of a structure; an effective design needs to go beyond the arrangement of different elements in a structure. Oscar Niemeyer argued that structures need to satisfy the functional purposes they were created for first, before they express their aesthetic qualities (Niemeyer 2007, p. 78). He was a modernist architect who argued that architects bring structures to life by materials they use, to give them the intended level of functionality. Niemeyer was influenced by the need to create architecture that serves all people irrespective of their social status. His influence is evident in the government buildings of Brasilia, Brazil’s capital. His structural designs were a mix of spirals and curves, using reinforced concrete as their main material. His work was futuristic because the structures constructed seemed to defy gravity. It is necessary for architectural designs to maintain unity and balance between different elements, incorporated into the final concept of a structure. Effective architectural designs are s
Filing of financial reports, good ethics and compliance play a very important role in facilitating the success of Walmart. Being a global business with multibillion-dollar annual revenue, Walmart realizes that applying good ethics and compliance with financial reporting is very important not only for public image of the firm, but also for its own financial success. Ethics and compliance are, therefore, taken very seriously in the firm, and compliance to tax law especially in relation to SEC requirements is also taken very seriously. The Walmart’s management seems to take the issue of ethics and compliance very seriously, probably to counter the many accusations that are directed to the firm. Walmart uses Compliance as a way of avoiding law suits and poor public image. As a result, ethics and compliance are observed very closely and carefully, through the implementation of various ways of improving the firm’s internal and external financial reporting. As McGreggor (2011) notes, this is important for the firm’s future and stability (Walmart Audit Committee, 2012). Procedures for ethics and compliance Frequent filing Walmart is one of the few firms in the United States that timely and frequently files their financial reports. For instance, Walmart has already filed its financial reports to SEC for the quarter of 2012, which was done on 6 th September 2012 (Walmart Audit Committee, 2012). Use of a compliance committee Walmart uses an independent third party to help in monitoring its internal and external financial reporting processes. This is made possible by the use of an audit committee that is made of at least three members, who are appointed by the board of the firm. The committee has the mandate of monitoring the firm’s financial reporting and making changes to its compliance procedures (Walmart Audit Committee, 2012). The Audit Committee Charter has the mandate to assist the board of Walmart in monitoring the integrity of the firm’s financial reporting procedures, and the controls used for the implementation of ethics and compliance. Since the firm is multinational operating in countries that may have different accounting systems and requirements, the committee has the responsibility of helping the board of directors to monitor ethics and compliance in the global and local arenas. The committee is also responsible for monitoring the performance of the firm’s global and internal financial reporting processes, and also the firm’s comp
The Lost Boys of Sudan suffered from the externalized costs of the US and other developed countries’ consumption habits. The reasons for the Sudanese Civil Wars, during which the children became lost or orphaned, were in the natural resources of Sudan. The population of the country, which territory is rich in oil, was sacrificed to the interests of the developed countries. Looking for sources of cheap raw materials, the governments of these countries fueled the conflicts. These were not oil resources but the consumption habits of the aggressors that caused the warfare. One of the main exporters of Sudanese oil is China. It means that the government of the country was interested in accessing the resources. The Sudanese government did not manage to resist the aggressor’s policy and China became one of the main Sudanese suppliers of arms. The population of the country was sacrificed to consumption interests. Sudanese government not only did not resist the invaders but even helped them, buying arms in China. Dehumanization prevents people from leaving the lower class and crossing the conceptual border into the middle and upper classes. Regarding the Afro-Americans being inferior and dehumanizing them, the government policy deprives them of the opportunity to leave the lower class. The accidents after Hurricane Katarina, when the Afro-Americans survived in the natural disaster but were shot by white people in the street, are striking. For example, Alexander and Collins were not shot in Algiers Point, having promised not to return to the place. In this situation the Afro-Americans could be killed, they were oppressed, not to mention the opportunity to leave the lower class. Another example is Barbara Ehrenreich, who investigated the lifestyle of the average working Afro-American. The author concluded that these people are deprived of elementary essentials. They sleep in their cars, not having enough money for renting a flat, and dream of a day off. The process of dehumanization, when their human rights are not taken into consideration, rules out the possibility of increasing their standards of living. The citizens’ narrow-mindedness coupled with the government policy does not allow the Afro-Americans to enter the higher classes. The documentary When the Levees Broke by Spike Lee exemplified the central questions of Sociology and Political Science. These questions are the social inequality and use of political spin in order to gain the voters’ voices. The measures were not taken for saving the lives of the Afro-American citizens during Hurricane Katarina. One of the talking heads of the documentary, a resident of New Orleans, expresses his disregard for the government, the president and even St. Bernard Perish. This demonstrates one of the sociological issues and the citizens’ assurance, that the government did not solve the problem because of the attitude to the black population of the region, as nobody helped them. Another vivid example that raises one of the qu