ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is a common knowledge that the end to the slavery was put only at the end of the nineteenth century. Before this some people were forced to put up with the fact that somebody was more powerful and thus had a right to be not only in charge of them but to do with them everything possible. Of course, there existed certain law of slavery but it protected the slaves very rarely and did not give them a clear right to stand up against their masters. The relations between the slaves and their masters could never be harmonious and a lot of resentments could be easily noticed on the part of slaves who thought that even their least existing rights were neglected. Some of the slaveholders were more favorable whereas the others were cruel and severe. Certain complexity of relations between slaves and their masters could be observed and there were several reasons for that. Main body What should be mentioned above all is that some friction between slaves and slaveholders emerged mostly due to the asymmetry of interaction between them. There is no secret that the goal of most of the slaveholders was to use their slaves to the maximum degree possible in order to have more work done and, as a result, more money gained. This is typical for people who possess certain powers as together with the ability to exercise control and to rule somebody or something the person gets the desire to show to the others how much use of this power he can make. So, while the slaveholders were concerned with exploiting their slaves as much as possible, the slaves were interested in how not to get too much exploited and to minimize their burden which was difficult as it was. No one wanted to be exploited and no one wanted to do the work which he or she considered too difficult but the word of the master was the law and the violation of this law led to the punishment. The one who made orders had an absolute right to punish the one who refused to obey. From this it follows that slaves and their masters had different purposes in their lives. Moreover, they had different destinations, and when each of them tried to fulfill the destined function and to make the fulfillment of it easier, this inevitably led to a conflict and to a certain struggle between those who ruled and those who had to obey:
Introduction The property industry has recently experienced the worst slump in the post-war period. Debt outstanding to property companies peaked at £40bn and vacancy rates in the city of London reached 22%. The severity of this slump has stimulated widespread debate among property practitioners and observers over the future structure of the industry. Typically, the discussion has revolved around the theme of whether the industry will return to “normality” once recovery gets underway, or whether a more fundamental restructuring is occurring: Are the current concerns of the industry merely a symptom of the development depression, to be casually shrugged off when the dash for development once again gathers speed? Or has a deeper malaise and confusion settled over the property profession? The property industry’s vulnerability to the uncertainties of the risk society is closely connected to the rise of the international financial market (Coakley J, 1994). With the emergence of an increasingly complex system of global capital and with the manufacturing industry increasingly reorganised on a worldwide scale, the spatial, temporal context of commercial activity is undergoing rapid transformations. Flexibility provides the defining logic of these economic shifts. International corporations have to become increasingly sensitive to the fast changing demands of world markets in the accelerated, more competitive environment created by the internationalisation of trade and services. As the commercial strategies of businesses are re-ordered, so their occupational requirements will be similarly remodelled. This will result in a fast-changing demand profile for commercial property. Space requirements are likely to ebb and flow, with the desired floor space, specification and location of new buildings altering dramatically. This paper aims to study the causes and effects of the recent downturn in the commercial property market in the UK. This is done with the aid of property cycle and business cycle theories. Some analysts believe that the current downturn is likely to be short-lived and that the commercial office and retail property market will bounce back fairly quickly, particularly since the prevailing conditions are very different. His article is very relevant as the buoyancy of the UK property sector is inextricably linked to the health of the UK economy generally. UK Property Market: An Overview The UK housing market has a significant impact on the UK economy as almost 78 per cent of households are privately owned. 1 Homeownership rates are amongst the highest in Europe, and housing is the biggest form of wealth in the U
Living Will and Power of Attorney Forms were relatively easy to find. I only had to search them online on Google and there were several websites suggesting free forms. The website had specific forms for all states, making the navigation comfortable ( Free Missouri Power of Attorney Forms: PDF & Word downloads 2020; Make a living will: Free living will forms [PDF & word] 2021). There are many motivations to get by will: to give direction to individuals’ caretakers and medical services substitutes and give clearness and conclusion to friends and family. It also allows to forestall struggle or conflicts among relatives and relieving the burden on the close people at the moment of demise. Most significant is that the person with will keeps his or her dignity and wishes, with the position to direct how he or she needs to live and die. Taking into account that most of passing on individuals are unaware of their actions or in any case not ready to talk, the living will fills in as a critical voice. In case an elder has disabilities or cannot use the web service, he or she might need a help of a person who can do the search. Even though internet search is quite accessible, the assistance might be required for those who live in remote areas or who do not support the use of technology because of cultural beliefs. Some people do not even know a lot or have never heard about living will or power of attorney. Due to the fact that the forms are legal documents, the old people may need the help of a lawyer to fill the forms and understand all the detail of the directives. This assignment made me more considerate of my future and the importance of the advance directives. I always thought that filling the power of attorney is a complex process. It was pleasant to know that the form is straight forwards to follow and easy to find online.
In his paper, David Brooks touches upon the significant problem that becomes especially topical nowadays. He tries to outline the perspectives that await modern college graduates and attracts peoples attention to the obvious problem that exists in this sphere by comparing the past and coherent environments. Considering the theme of the article, it is possible to state that the intended audience is rather broad. The ideas presented in the essay might be interesting both to adolescents who have their own children and could think about their future; for graduates who will face the described problems and try to overcome them; and even for some authorities who are able to impact the situation and make some steps to improve it. In this regard, the topicality of the issue preconditions the interest of various social groups to it. To sound more convincing, the author uses several rhetorical appeals. He obviously wants to make the paper more emotional and touches upon the issues that could not but interest people and evoke a response. For instance, when speaking about students and stating that “they are sent off into this world with the whole baby-boomer theology ringing in their ears” (Brooks par. 6), he appeals to the emotional sphere and wants people to sympathize with young people who are doomed to face
A dream retirement is something that should be planned far in advance. I would like to retire by age 65 and, hopefully, spent the rest of my time traveling the world. My perfect retirement would not include staying in hotels and renting cozy apartments in picturesque places. Instead, I plan to tour Europe and Asia in a fully equipped comfortable life van. In addition, I would like to purchase a small house in the south of France or Italy, where I could stay when traveling is not possible. Traveling around the most beautiful parts of the world in the comfort of my own small home on wheels is unquestionably a dream retirement. Nevertheless, certain social barriers can prevent me from being financially and physically fit to travel the world in my late 60s. Specifically, I believe the lack of universal health care in the United States and the costs of various medical procedures and medications present a significant issue (Tikkanen et al., 2020). Furthermore, research shows that older adults in the USA experience more physical health issues and barriers to care than adults in other developed countries (Osborn et al., 2017). Although I have insurance coverage due to my parents, I am worried I will not be ab
Project-based learning (PBL) is a form of education process where students gain knowledge through coming up with and applying ideas (Krajcik & Blumenfeld, 2005). Real-world activities that are practiced by scientists is an important part of PBL. However, researchers note that there is no single model or theory that defines PBL, which results in many forms of this learning process (Thomas, 2000). In this situation, it is more beneficial to concentrate on the unique criteria of project-based learning: centrality, driving question, constructive investigations, autonomy, and realism (Thomas, 2000). J. Larmer and J. L. Mergendoller also note that PBL projects must be personally meaningful to students working on it, as well as fulfill an educational purpose (2010). Makerspaces are defined as informal workshop-style environments in a community or educational structures, where people are engaged in making and tinkering activities (Adams Becker, Freeman, Giesinger, Cummins, & Yuhnke, 2016). Sheridan et al. mention that makerspaces draw people of different ages and levels of experience, offering them to use both digital and physical technologies that help to formulate new ideas, gain knowledge, or create products (2014). The real-world settings work as a motivation factor for learners who can connect their practical experience with classroom education (Adams Becker et al., 2016). For example, libraries and museums create makerspaces to engage learners in working with materials, develop creativity, and share resources (Sheridan et al., 2014). Skills and knowledge developed during the makerspaces sessions can be useful in a current or future career. Both project-based learning and makerspaces have several similar key features. Firstly, similarities are found in the nature of social interactions between learners during the process. According to Krajcik and Blumenfeld, all participants – students, teachers, and side members of a community – work together to solve a driving question of a project (2005). This key feature of PBL matches the idea of the community of practice that is essential to makerspaces. According to this idea, people work together in a field of common interest and share their knowledge and experience with other members (Sheridan et al., 2014). Secondly, real-life situations are essential for both PBL and makerspaces. According to Thomas, projects have to be realistic and not as formal as regular assignments in school (2002). The authenticity of problems is crucial for PBL processes, as it incorporates the idea of a possibility to offer real working solutions. The real-world outcomes are one of the key elements of makerspaces as well (Adams Becker et al., 2016). They serve
Introduction The concepts of group process and Group Support Systems are not well understood by people. Kim (2006) noted that the group process enables leaders to develop interventional measures that can be applied to change the less desirable attributes showcased by different members of an organization. According to Kilgour (2010), Group Support System (GSSs) is “a set of techniques, software, and technology designed to focus and enhance the communication, deliberations, and decision-making of groups (p. 19)”. Meetings play a pivotal role in all organizations (Hoffman & Parker, 2006). This study will review the advantages and disadvantages of GSSs. This will provide leaders and managers alike with adequate information needed to select the most convenient and appropriate system for their organizations. This knowledge will further assist them to come up with efficient collaborative measures that specify the roadmap to organizational goals, obstacle reduction, prevent members from attaining the set group goals, and increase group and individual satisfaction towards achieving the set goals and objectives. Background According to Kilgour (2010), in various field and experimental studies, GSSs have proven to be effective tools to use in ensuring that meetings exhibit efficient, reliable, and quality group decision-making processes. Hoffman and Parker (2006) stated that in most cases, planning and executing meetings often consume too much time. The surveys on group efficiency indicate that most employees are often inattentive during meetings and most meetings lack adequate planning regarding the topics to be discussed (Cusella, 2009). Recent studies show that most companies spend more times on meetings than they do on actual work (Hoffman& Parker, 2006). According to Hoffman and Parker (2006), meetings have very little positive effect on productivity and they waste valuable time that could otherwise be channeled to more productive activities. Today’s businesses lie in the reduction and control of operational costs, global competition, improved quality and customer service and acceleration of the production life-cycle (Kilgour, 2010). Effective and efficient decision-making processes are not only desirable, but also necessary if challenges are to be averted. Policies, operational and budgetary plans among other organizational tasks often involve discussion-based tasks and meetings between different members of the organization. According to Niederman, et al.,( 2008), collaboration between different members and groups within an organization is significant since it promotes knowledge sharing, teamwork and increases productivity. Meetings play a pivotal role in the facilitation of collaborative efforts within different organizations. Recent studies have indicated that in the past few decades, meetings h
Summary Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory that states that the morality of an action is based on its effects; any action that increases the pleasure and happiness of the greater majority is just. It has two classes: act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism (Hausman et al., 2017). Utilitarians believe that the primary role of morality is to create more good in the world and reduce the number of bad outcomes. As a philosophical school of thought, utilitarianism has been subjected to harsh criticisms. However, several 21ts century thinkers have lauded it as a sound philosophical system that has a wide range of applications. Utilitarianism is a weak philosophical system because its main concern is the effects of people’s actions, and not whether the individuals are moral or immoral (Hausman et al., 2017). In that regard, it alienates people from their emotions and feelings, thus giving them the authority to act as they consider appropriate. A major criticism against act utilitarianism is the implication that certain acts of enslavement or torture whose outcome is more happiness are permissible (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). Its insistence on happiness as the primary goal in life is a contentious issue. Opponents of the philosophy argue that happiness is unattainable because, like a horizon, the nearer human beings are to it, the further it recedes. Utilitarianism’s Application in Economics Utilitarianism’s application in economics is based on its key principle that a choice or action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people is ethical. Utilitarians maintain that economic liberties and competition are necessary factors in wealth generation (Hausman et al., 2017). However, they note that market freedom should be allowed only if it enhances maximum public utility. Therefore, a utilitarian government can interfere in a market’s structure and functions if such actions result in higher utility that protects the economic freedom of all players and avoids negative forces (DeMartino & McCloskey, 2016). The utility is a difficult concept to define. However, econom
Technology is considered dynamic as it is never ideal. There always would be something to improve resulting in the progress and prospect innovations. Moreover, technology is a cumulative process that stores and transfers its knowledge to the future generations by means of the development (Volti, 2014). In its turn, the evolution of technology is inextricably linked to the evolution of human society. It goes without saying that humankind relies on technology as it is impossible to survive without it. Substantially, people are physically weaker than animals, for example. However, they possess power plants, bridges, aircraft, and other devices that contribute to the better and easier life of human beings. In addition, people create such devices due to which human labour is becoming less necessary than before that means mechanization. First and foremost, technology is an organization. It means that people have to make a group effort in order to achieve their common goal. Second, the technology exists in a system of information, skills, and devices that are strongly interconnected (Volti, 2014). Technological development depends on several factors. To begin with, economics and politics play a prominent role in the technology evolution. According to Allison (2012), “technological advancement is associated with economic growth and political development” (p. 5). Besides, usually, it is the government that appears as a main contributor and investor of the technological science. Finally, the technology relies on a particular group, ethnicity, nation, or country as what is appropriate for one group is fully unacceptable for another one. Usually, technological changes result in power, wealth, and income redistribution. It occurs due to the fact that technology is a subversive force when people use both strong and weak tactics to influence each other (Kipnis, 2012). For example, Pony Express quickly lost its clientele with the invention of the wireless telegraph. Another example of disruptive technology is a replacement of wire phone by cell phone. Social construction approach to technological innovation is a sociotechnical process that embraces all forms of technology (Volti, 2014). For example, mobile phone or bicycle are best fit from this perspective while nuclear weapon is not. It is considered that “technological advance in one area is often stimulated by the emergence of new technologies in different, but related areas” (Volti, 2014, p. 47). For example, the internal combustion engine that was a single-cylinder and double-acting horizontal machine running on a mixture of air and coal gas with
The main points in the article The main idea of this article in the second paragraph is an attempt to show and tell parents, relatives, and teachers about the “danger” that lies in waiting for children. The author was able to draw certain conclusions based on several new studies. Conclusions, facts, and data show that boys, unlike girls, are more likely to view “questionable content” on the Internet. Sometimes, this information can negatively affect a young person and cause violent reactions and inadequate assessment and perception. In this way, as the author of the article explains, adults need to pay attention to this problem. Certainly, it is imperative to discuss with teenagers the main points that they will face in the future so as not to distort the worldview of the younger generation. The relation of the article to the idea One of the paragraphs says about one of the Dutch studies, indicating the risks and consequences of a teenager. Thus, a youngster will discuss the topic of interest with “professionals” and share his thoughts. So, having stumbled upon an unreliable and unverified source of information, a child may inadvertently view misogynistic or violent content. There is a chance that a teenager will go to another site with the same content even if the site’s administration removes it. Another paragraph refers to the idea of communicating and discussing the topic with young people. Emily Rothman, an expert on sexual health, says that “nobody simply “deserves” a dating or sexual relationship — we all have to earn those by being good partners” (Hammond). She encourages parents to actively participate in the process of sex education of their children and teach them the correct interaction with their peers. Reaction to the article In one of the article’s final paragraphs, the expert scientist Annemarie van Oosten calls for serious conversations and discussions on the topic of puberty. Parents, first of all, instruct, and children absorb the information received “how to live.” The most important thing is not to spoil the current and future generations in the age of information technologies when not all data can be helpful and desirable. Despite the frightening consequences, the article calls for starting to take the proper steps towards the competent education of young people. Work Cited Hammond, A.M. “ What Does the Internet Teach Your Teen About Sex? “ Psychology Today . 2019. Web.