ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Medicaid is a US government program meant to uplift the standards of healthcare service provision for low income and poor families in America. It is probably one of the largest healthcare programs in the United States, at least on the basis of offering health services to low income and poor families (Blendon, 1993, p. 133). The program works by assessing the needs of the target population and determining their eligibility to enter the program. Medicaid is usually run by state governments but its budget is overwhelmingly funded by the US federal government. The program is also unique to American citizens only, and it may stretch to dependants of eligible candidates, or people with disabilities, who fit within the admission criterion. Medicaid has been in existence since 1965, through the provision of a social security act, meant to enable poor citizens in America get quality healthcare services (Gold, 2011, p. 1). Joining Medicaid is not a federal requirement because states have the option of declining or accepting the program. Several states operate the program under different names; for example, California refers to the Medicaid program as “Medi-cal”, Massachusetts refers to the program as “Masshealth”, Tennessee refers to its program as “Tenncare”, and many other states use different names to represent the Medicaid scheme (Blendon, 1993, p. 133). Some states also run the program alongside other health programs, such as the Child health insurance program, to improve the efficiency of healthcare services, while other states subcontract the program to private companies, which run the program or offer the program’s services to a state’s citizens, on its behalf. Since the Medicaid program is operated on a large scale, and every state has subscribed to it, it greatly affects the quality of healthcare services in America. Indeed, the program touches a lot of American lives. Due to this reason, this study analyses the program in detail by studying the social problems. The program was initially intended to address; defining the target population of the program; characterizing the services provided in the program and defining its source of funding; defining the role of social workers in the program; evaluating the success of the program and suggesting possible policy changes which could be made to improve the program. These elements of study will be analyzed systematically. Social Problem to be addressed Medicaid was designed to address several social challenges in America. One of such challenge was the inability of low-income people in America to get good healthcare services because of their inability to pay for quality healthcare. Most of the people targeted for the program were American citizens (and their dependents) who lived in poverty (Gold, 2011, p.
Mongolia Presently, Mongolia displays unacceptable safeguards over its mineral resources. Simply put, the country lacks integrity in the management of natural resources. Issues related to conflict of interests, unrestricted powers and quality of the information provided are largely noticeable. State-owned companies control mineral resources, being the largest source of revenues for the government. In fact, they influence the issuance of licenses, mineral production, and revenue collection, as well as direct costs. Given the exceptional institutional rank and high-levels of power associated with state-owned firms, they often work with limited or no oversight and accountability to the public. Consequently, the company poses a critical challenge to the management of mineral resources, and its actions could lead to a drastic, premature end. Mongolian government specifically created the state-owned company to protect its interest in vital areas of mineral deposits. It is however regrettable that no reliable information is available to demonstrate how the company operates. The state-owned company does not publish any reports on financial performance even though it has a legal duty to do so. Transparency in the management of mineral resources by the state-owned company is possible. However, the government has failed to embrace it. The government should introduce stringent laws to ensure that checks and balances are working while oversight systems promote integrity and curbing conflict of interests and corruption in managing mineral resources. Such laws would positively transform the management of mineral resources and protect the largest source of revenues. Hence, the government can review its current laws by specifically focusing on the state-owned company to manage a mineral resource in a transparent manner. Burma’s Challenges on its Road to Democracy The country has experienced political tension since its independence in 1948. The assassination of General Aung San in 1947 was responsible for providing an unstable, violent history of the country. Burma ended its military rule in 2011. With about 135 ethnic groups and 100 languages, the country faces ethnic tensions alongside religious conflicts between Christians and Muslims. Myanmar lacks modern infrastructures to facilitate economic reforms. In fact, the political situation led to trade sanctions from major world powers. Consequently, social amenities such as schools are ill-equipped to offer public services. As the country struggles to rebuild its economy, challenges from corruption, Burma is the most corrupt country comparable to Somalia, still persists. As such, economic reforms remain irrelevant while foreign investments are only restricted to a few countri
Introduction The United States of America has for so many years been sending its armed forces to fight to restore peace in troubled nations. Reports reveal that even though most of these operations are known to the world, many more others are carried out without the public’s knowledge[1]. The operations differ greatly in terms of hostility extent, purpose, and legal authorization. Most of these wars though have had notable positive impacts on the restoration of peace to the world, many of the American sons and daughters in the military have suffered the consequences…mothers have lost their sons, women have been widowed and many children orphaned, thanks to the wars. The government claims that the reasons why they get involved in the wars are to ensure that peace prevails in the world, protect US citizens in Diaspora, and also secure the countries’ interests. The operations range far and wide; for instance, they can include base operations, training operations, and mutual agreement on security operations among others. Osama bin Laden who has been in the run for fear of being caught by the Americans for masterminding quite some terrorist attacks targeting the United States citizens had admitted openly his hate to the Americans and anything affiliated to them. This was expressed in one of his hate speeches related to the 9/11 attack of the twin towers (Grimmett, p.293-295). This paper will analyze Osama’s speech considering the security situation of the world as far as terrorism is concerned. The paper will also contain highlights of the extent to which the wars affect American citizens. After giving the highlights, it will conclude whether America should continue or stop with the wars and if Osama’s claims in his speech were justifiable or not. Analyzing Osama’s Speech Osama bin Laden confirmed an agreement with the leader of the 9/11 attack, Muhammad Ataa that the operation was to last for only Twenty minutes before the Bush Administration notices, lest they reduce the number of casualties. That was a statement which was coming from a person who claimed to be preaching peace and fighting for freedom…In the speech Osama goes ahead to praise Allah for giving them more time to carry out the attack…quiet ironical for the “peace lover”. He prays for the soul of Ataa for a job well done. Indicating that he achieved their mission [killing 2,600 innocent non-combatants]. Ataa acted as the head of the group of 19 Arabs Islamic Extremists who were involved in the act. Osama believed that he and his followers are involved ion constant fights with the US because they love freedom and that at no point will they let anyone take the freedom away from them…not even the “oppressive “ U.S government. They retaliated to this oppression by destroying the United States land as well as their citizens within and outside the US boarders. Osama stated that the attacks on Lebanon and Palestine by the coalition for
Introduction It is common knowledge that information is power. This arises due to the fact that access to the right information at the right time is critical for making business decisions (Stair & Reynolds, 2011). For this reason this information needs to be delivered to the right person at the right time with the minimal amount of effort required. Information systems are widely used around the world in almost all professions to assist in reaching and serving customers around the world. For this reason this paper presents a brief discussion on some of the potential benefits of implementing a new information system within the Party Plates organization. Usefulness of Data Conversion It has been reported that the Microsoft office is among the most useful set of applications that can be used in a corporate setting (Schmalz, 2006). This is because apart from the fact that it is easy to use, most of the applications in the suite can work together. Based on this therefore it becomes very easy to transfer data from one application to another. In this regard it has been observed that Microsoft Excel and Access offer the greatest benefits through integration. Given the above position this proposal suggests the use of Microsoft Access to track all personnel data currently held in Microsoft excel spreadsheets. Apart from the numerous benefits that Access provides this software is deemed most suitable due to the minimal effort required to manage the conversion. It has already been mentioned that these applications work well together and as such this will ease the transition from one application to the next. This comes in light of the simplicity involved in transferring data contained in Excel worksheets to Access databases. Benefits of Access Though the power of Excel is clear and universally accepted, the additional utility that comes with relational databases suggests a need to integrate the applications for improved business performance. The main advantage that the company stands to benefit from through the use of Access comes from its inherent ability to query data (Schmalz, 2006). The application allows the user to define specific datasets and produce results from a database containing various entries. In addition to queries, the Access application is useful in that it allows the user to generate periodical reports. It has already been mentioned that the main purpose of information systems within an organization is to improve decision making capacity (Stair & Reynolds, 2011). The use of an Access database to hold personnel data will allow the management of Party Plates improve their decision making capacity based on reports generated. Another advantage with the Access application is based on the ability to create relationships between various data items. This brings the advantage of ease in updating of data in the tables. Future Proposals It has been observed that within most successful organizations, effective internal communication plays a major role in overall performance (Bre
Introduction Many scholars describe astrology as the presumed correlation between what is happening on earth and heavenly bodies. Astrology is a practice that has been performed for many years. Besides being practiced by many societies, astrology has been studied by many scholars’ particularly the theoretical approaches and how those theories are connected to the daily practice of the belief. Currently, astrology as a practice has many followers though most of the practitioners and users have often been dismissed as defiant and marginalized. One area that has escaped the attention of many scholars is the capitalist viewpoint (Mazur , 2012). The practice has grown to be a huge global business benefitting almost all sectors of the economy. The fact that many people overlook what astrologers do or say has resulted in the unavailability of information in the area of study. As a field of study, astrology has been studied from various perspectives. These perspectives have also been the source of its definition. It can be described as an art, psychological tool, religion, divination, magic, or science relating to terrestrial and celestial events. However, most of these definitions lack proof particularly the need for practical action. Nevertheless, many scholars worldwide view astrology as a belief in the occult influence by the celestial bodies (Jerome, 1973). The socialist point of view The socialist point of view is based on Perry’s position on postmodern astrology and how it affects social and individual behavior. Perry, G. (1993). Towards postmodern astrology: a hierarchical model of the psyche. The journal of Austro-psychology , 6(2), 1-14, is an article about the relationships between the predictability of individual behaviors with astrology. In this article, Perry found out that those who believe in astrology have inner psychic relationships of their behavior with celestial patterns. Perry (1993) in his article believed that astrology is capable of predicting alterations in one’s consciousness and not in their behaviors or connected events. This article belongs to psychological astrology. The central argument of this article is that the celestial pattern and human beings’ connections are not externally observable rather are found within the unobservable inner life of an individual. Perry describes this inner relationship as the psychic structure that lies beneath individual characters (Perry, 1993). This article by Perry provides a contrast between the traditional events oriented astrology and modern psychological astrology. Further, Perry argued that astrologers should aid their clientele to attain what they actually need. This can only be known when the clients are in their state of wholeness both physical and emotional. The general argument is that the
Karl Marx’s contribution to sociology is indisputably great, as he is considered one of the most influential theorists in the sphere of sociology. He is well-known for criticizing Capitalism and the political, economic, and social consequences that it can bring. He vividly describes his vision and provides the advantages of Communism in his works, predominantly in “The Manifesto of the Communist Party” and “Capital” (Crossman). Also, he introduced such concepts as false consciousness, base and superstructure, and historical materialism, which are cited in numerous works of other researchers. According to Marx’s conflict theory, when power and resources are unequally distributed in the society, the conflicts occur between different groups of people, some of them demanding for social changes and equality, while others resist, as they do not want to lose the power and capital. Marx’s conflict theory focuses on the reasons for the occurrence of social conflicts and their consequences (Crossman). In this theory, there are two opposing parties, namely, bourgeois (or the upper class consisting of capitalists) and the proletariat (or the working class consisting of poor people). The appearance of Capitalism in Europe gave Marx the idea that this system would not last long because of the large chasm between the rich and the poor. He theorized that the feeling of social injustice would give the stimulus to the working class to demand changes and that the feeling of reluctance to share power in the upper class would force them to resist (Carter 113). Thus, in Marx’s opinion, Capitalism causes the alienation of the masses and the constantly growing indignation of the proletariat for being exploited by the bourgeois. In terms of Marx’s philosophy, he created the so-called dialectical materialism based on Hegel’s dialectics, which is dialectical idealism. Marx thought that the main focus of dialectics should not be placed on the ideal world but the material world. Marx’s dialectical materialism maintains the material aspect of the ever-changing reality of economic activity and production. His theory became the philosophical basis of Communism. Thus, according to Marx, Capitalism will eventually cause a revolution, which will result in either suppression of the proletariat by the bourgeois or its victory. In the first scenario, the revolution will inevitably repeat until the bourgeois is defeated (Carter 154). In the second scenario, the social system will change, and Capitalism will be ousted by Communism, where everybody will take according to their needs and give according to their abilities. The Relevance of Marx’s Ideas on Co
When we look at Drugs, the brain and behavior we come to the realization that traditionally, drugs are therapeutic chemicals designed to have maximal benefit with minimal risk of side effects or toxicity. Essentially, psychoactive drugs are those drugs which that change cognition, behavior, and emotions by changing the functioning of the brain. As we shall see, thousands of drugs are currently available, with new drugs constantly under development. Alcohol is a psychoactive drug, as are, for example, heroine, caffeine, and Prozac. Each one produces changes in feelings and behavior. Antibiotics are drugs, but they are not considered to be psychoactive, even though your behavior may change. Psychopharmacology is the study of the use, mechanisms, and effects of drugs that act on the brain and subsequently alter behavior. Therefore in this paper, the definition of a drug varies with its action. Case one Hallucinogens trigger a high via the central nervous system. The CNS controls the functions of the brain and the spinal cord. This is done courtesy of the neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters or chemical messengers are released by the neurons to help neurons communicate with each other. Dealing with this cases requires the use of professional advice from a trained counselor or psychiatrist. This is because the nature of a human being is unique. Furthermore, there are various approaches which can be used to deal with this condition. Case two The case of Ethyl is that of alcohol dependence. Alcohol, the substance in question, is a small hydrophilic and lipophilic molecule. The simple chemical composition enables it to affect the functioning of virtually all cells in the body. Its principal actions however are on the central nervous system thus qualifying to be a drug which brings about alcohol dependency. Ethanol is rapidly absorbed from stomach, small intestines and the colon, and the peak concentration is achieved about 30 – 90 minutes after the last drink. As illustrated from this case, alcohol or ethanol ingestion produces a wide variety of effects encompassing all systems of the body. In addition, ethyl seems to have developed over confidence, irritability and developed a state of over activity the moment she takes alcohol. With much intake of ethanol, tolerance builds thus leading to addiction. Ethyl’s tolerance had grown to the level that the body could not do without a drink. There are two general ways of dealing with this condition. First is the inpatient treatment or outpatient treatment. Other less often used programs include half way house and therapeutic communities, known as residential treatment. The professional is best qualified to advise a client on which type of treatment is best suited for a person. Case three Essentially neurotransmitters are classified as amines, amino acids, and neuropeptides. In the case, of Pat, the neurotransmitters which are responsible are the amines. Looking at
Native Americans or American Indians are the first inhabitants of the American continent. These people are considered as the earliest inhabitants of the continent and its owners. However, the history of the USA has come through the colonization and many people who now inhabit the continent are not the Native Americans. Therefore, it is natural to presuppose that the culture of Native Americans and other citizens of the today’s USA differ greatly. The style of life, customs, traditions and other aspects are absolutely different. It should be mentioned that depending on the American Indians’ tribes, place of reservations, etc. they may have absolutely different values and their behavior may differ as well. However, the notions under consideration are commonly met among native population and may be considered as the generalized issues. First of all, Native Americans still live either in tribes or in reservations. This style of live prevents Native Americans from using many facilities of the contemporary world, however, these people are absolutely comfortable about their life. Furthermore, Native Americans are sure that noncoercive and noninterfering methods of parenting are the most effective. It means that parents give absolute freedom for their children in their development and growth, no strict control under children is applied (Merrell, 2002). Religion for Native Americans is reflected in nature and all objects they are surrounded with. Spirituality of Native Americans is reflected in the nature phenomena and similar factors. Native Americans believe in many Gods and worship all of them. Dwelling upon cultural and religious peculiarity of Native Americans, it is important to mention that these people respect four things most of all. First, they respect Mother Earth; second, they respect the Great Spirit; third, they respect fellow men and women, and finally, the highly appraise personal freedom. Native Americans have Ten Commandments they always follow, Earth and followers treating with respect, remaining close to the Great Spirit, Native Americans are to work together for the benefit of the mankind. Native Americans live in accordance with the rules of kindness and positive attitude to all people. They do all whatever they think correct and correspond to the moral rules. The well-being of mind and body are really essential for Native Americans. All the actions done by Native Americans are to be for the good. Americans Indians are sure that truth is a guarantee of a successful life as well as the responsibility for all personal actions. One of the main peculiarities of Native Americans is respect to difference. People do not tend to be similar. If they are different it does not mean that one of them is either good or bad they just different (Traditional Native American values and behaviors, n.d.). Native Americans prefer to listen than to speak, t
The Current Problem Horses are homeotherms in that they are able to adjust their body temperatures in response to temperature changes in their external and internal environments. However, the major problem is that horses are unable to regulate temperature under extreme conditions of temperatures. As homeotherms, horses dissipate immense heat during exercise, which can be difficult to regulate. Usually, metabolic heat, which emanates from strenuous exercises, causes hyperthermia, a thermal condition that threatens the lives of horses. Hyperthermia is common among horses because they have the capacity to produce excess metabolic heat, unlike humans, who can only produce limited metabolic heat. Hodgson et al. state that horses have the capacity for very high metabolic rates because they can take oxygen at an excess rate of 100ml/kg/min (1161). The high rate of oxygen uptake increases metabolic rates and generates excess heat, which causes hyperthermia. Fundamentally, adult horses have a low surface area to body mass ratio, which makes it difficult for them to dissipate heat easily when they experience hyperthermia. Horses also have the ability to adapt to low temperatures in the environment, particularly that of subarctic reg