ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The author of this article is Timothy Kelly. Kelly argues that the White House evades from giving a concise definition of the term “terrorism.” He reviews several exchanges between two secretaries to the White House and different reporters to show how the White House evades using this term. Hence, the purpose of Kelly’s document is to show how Obama’s government refrains from using the term “terrorism” and possible reasons that promote this behaviour. Since Obama became president in 2009, his government has refrained from using the term “terrorism” (Kelly par. 1). This is in the belief that failing to acknowledge terrorism will lessen cases of terror taking place in their state. Besides, using the term terrorism may create anxiety among people, and thus place the burden of duty on the government, an obligation that they are not ready to accept. The earliest case that showed Obama’s government refrained from using the term terrorism was during a 2009 press conference with Robert Gibbs, the former Press Secretary to Obama’s White House (Kelly par. 2). The conference took place after killings that occurred at Fort Hood in Memphis. Jennifer, who is a reporter, interviewed Gibbs to find out whether Obama’s government categorized the Fort Hood tragedy as an act of terrorism. From the interview, it is clear Obama’s government avoids using the word terrorism or groups that relate to terrorists such as al Qaeda. Rather than answering questions posed by Jennifer, Gibbs says that the issues are still under Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI). For instance, Jennifer asks, “Has there been a determination about whether it was terrorist — an act of terrorism?” Gibbs replies “I think the FBI is the best place to discuss that” (Kelly par. 3). Some moments later, another reporter interviews Gibbs to find out whether Obama’s government regards the suspect as a terrorism suspect. Similar to how Gibbs answers Jennifer, he says that the FBI should answer that question. Another reporter called Mara asks Gibbs to explain how Obama’s administration defines an act of terrorism. Gibbs avoids this question by saying that the question can get a right answer from a law enforcement official. However, Mara insists that he only wants to know whether there is a definition for the phrase. This time, Gibbs becomes furious and talks rudely. The last reporter interviews Gibbs on how Obama’s administration defines terror. He first provides him with probes on the definition of terror. He describes terror as an act of an organized group that instills deep fear and may involve force or violence. He then asks Gibbs whether he can define terror in this way since the people at Fort Hood experienced all these feelings. Still, Gibbs says that he cannot answer that question since he is not a law enforcement official. He evades this question by expressing his shock and sending condolence to the victims of the inci
The superiority of the Roman Empire came as a result of a complex merge of ideas and traditions. The military force was armed to protect the political purpose of the empire, and since there was a general perception that they had a superior military, the enemies feared any encounter with them. The military officers were supposed to be subordinate to tactical priorities, marital ideas, and war-like instincts to political goals, which were essential to the strategic success of the Roman Empire. Money and manipulative diplomacy contributed to the ineffective operation of the military because it was perceived as the use of force to sufficiently rule the security workforce. The Romans learned to defeat their neighbors by tactical strength as opposed to the use of military power (Luttwak 17). The Roman Empire used the first systems of the republic to conquer a lot but for the interest of a few who included those living within the cities as well as those who were close to control policy. The third century was characterized by a great crisis such that security became a responsibility of society. Luttwak, 24-26, argues that the provision of security was unequally distributed because it enriched the rich and deprived the poor. The machinery of the empire was turned into a self-serving organ used by government officials. It is then that barbarian states that were initially Roman started providing a measure of security then. Eventually, the imperial security lost its support. The strength of the legions was based on the numbers there were about 6,000 men, and that included 5,280-foot soldiers, a contingent of 120 men, as well as sundry headquarters’ troops. To the upper limit, legionary troops would be about 168.000 men until A.D. Apart from the legions of heavy infantry, which were still guarded by long-serving citizenry who worked voluntarily, there were auxiliary guarded by non-citizens at that time. Light infantry cohorts, also known as cavalry units, complemented the legion forces. The colonies were used as an instrument of strategic control; therefore, Caeser settled his veterans outside as agents of Romanization. The colonies were islands of direct Roman control in the hegemonic empire (Perkins12). The colonies breed secure observation and control bases. The citizenry was a sure ready-made militia of ex-soldiers and soldier’s sons who were well equipped to defend their home towns in the event of an attack as the imperial forces were reckoned. According to the First Punic War Britannica Encyclopedia 45, the absence of a perimeter defense failed the Roman imperial security of the empire because there were neither border defenses nor local forces to guard imperial territories against the threats of infiltration, transborder incursion, or localized attack. The Greek phalanx was stronger at war since they deployed young military men and exposed them to specialized training, including fighting in all types of terrains. The Romans, over a long time, had a regular supply of military troops drawn from its population as well as from other regions where veterans sent by Caeser had established relationships. When the ties weakened, and the
A reform is a social movement aimed at making gradual changes in the society. Slavery began as a form of punishing criminals in the society and recovering debts. The two main reforms that Americans struggled for were racial justice and gender equality. The movement began in 1830s in the countryside and towns of the north. The people involved came from rich and religious families. They believed that slavery was because of injustice and unfair treatment of human beings. The colonizers felt that the movement was threatening their business and status in the society and began to ridicule and attack the families of the abolitionists. Nevertheless, the abolitionists did not loose hope. For example, William Lloyd Garrison, a Massachusetts printer and editor, struggled to liberate slavery by publishing the first issue of The Liberator, which formed the foundation of women right in New England. He also formed the New England anti-slavery society to strengthen the movement. This movement was formed later in America in which unified west, New York and New England. Later 1830 and 40s, the movement became stronger and began to gain support from many people. Unfortunately, the movement collapsed due to individual differences. Then later, women coming from prominent families began their movement on antislavery and equality of women. Writers supported the abolitionist women by producing children books, hymns, and stories that encouraged the younger generation to prepare to fight for their rights and freedom. The women in the abolitionist group started to spread the need for women to speak publicly about their rights. Sarah and Grimke became the first women lecturers. They began to write and speak on women rights to condemn the message from the General Association of Massachusetts about forbidding women from speaking in public. In 1870s, women were excluded in the right to vote during the amendments of the constitution. They continued to struggle but it took 50 years to be included in the amendments. Change in the attitude of slavery, led to its decline in 1800s. The slaves began to seek for education, jobs and establish churches since were forbidden from interacting with the white people. This helped them improve their living standards and awareness of their capabilities. Samuel Cornish and John Russworn became editors. They started the first black newspaper, Freedom Journal in 1827. The slaves began to cause threat, the country representatives decided to return some of the slaves to their homeland. Most of the slaves felt that United States was their new home. They became encouraged to put more efforts that resulted to many succeeding. They improved their status in the society and many white people began appreciating them as people with rights. Today slavery is illegal in all countries except in Africa, Asia, and South America. The incidences are punishable by law hence it is in secret. Today women have acquired personal freedom and can involve themselves in any kind of job in the society. Women deserved to gain equal rights since they suffered a lot in the hands of the colonizers. Women worked in the fields alongside men but did not rest as
Patients Safety and Quality Health Care Health care workers focus on delivering quality health care to all patients to ensure that patients are safe from killer diseases, consequent infections and falls. A patient’s safety is a goal for every health care worker. It is, therefore, important for health care workers to have leadership qualities to ensure that good health care is administered to patients. For health care workers to provide high quality health care, they have to consider various factors. Their health care should be effective, patient-centered, safe, time efficient and equitable. There are also some important elements that can contribute to patient safety if observed in a hospital. They include individualized care, an environment that is healing, transparency and decisions made with evidence. The use of information technology is a major contributor to delivering quality health care. Health care workers should open dialogues with patients for them to ask questions about medications, tests and various care activities. Cultural Diversity in Health Care A culture incorporates beliefs, various dressing modes, practices and eating habits. Health care workers and patients have different cultures and all belong to different races. Different cultures should be learned in medical schools for health workers to appreciate cultures of patients plus of their co-workers. Hospitals should administer quality care to patients despite their religion, genders and age. Problems related to cultural diversity include discrimination, language barriers and feeling isolated. To solve these issues, medical students should at least learn two different international languages for those patients who may not speak English. Health care workers should, therefore, employ a technique of understanding different customs. Cultural diversity is experienced in hospitals when health workers encounter patients who have different health beliefs. There are some cultures that do not allow a male patient to be treated by a female health worker. In this case, their opinions can either be respected or be advised otherwise. Care Delivery Strategies There are various strategies employed in hospitals to provide quality health care without making it costly to patients. These strategies include team work, good leadership, primary care, delegation and health informatics. In order to employ these strategies, various factors must be considered such as the size of the hospital, cultural diversity, organizational goals and population of patients in the hospital. A case method is another strategy where a health worker attends to one patient at a particular time. This applies to medical students or to patients who are very ill. Team work motivates workers to work well. It makes the working environment bearable even to new workers. Leadership helps to coordinate hospital staff. Delegation is another important strategy where health care is offered by unlicensed medical personnel under the supervision of a registered medical officer. This strategy is important when there are a few registered medical officers. Use of technology in handling information is also an important
Introduction There have been different views on the place that non humans have in any acceptable moral system. The non humans usually lie on the borderline of human moral theories and principles. This means that sometimes they are regarded to have high moral standards and other times they are regarded to have low moral standards (Pluhar 67). There is diversity in moral views especially those directed towards animals. There are three broad categories of theories of philosophy on animals. These theories include the indirect theories, moral equality theories and the direct theories. The indirect theory is supported by Immanuel Kant and Descartes. The theory holds that animals cannot be accorded the same treatment and equal moral status as human beings because of lack of reason, consciousness and autonomy. Direct theories have a contrasting opinion to the ones of the indirect theories. The dir
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes contrast based on their definitions, the causes, and the management of the conditions. Type 1 manifests through the pancreas producing little to no insulin, which is why it is essential to monitor the glucose levels in the blood (DiMeglio et al., 2018). People who are genetically predisposed are the target groups, and the condition can correlate with symptoms such as thirst, weight loss, and feelings of hunger. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin while cells do not have an adequate reaction to the insulin that is being produced (Roden & Shulman, 2019). Research shows that more than 90% of Americans with diabetes are diagnosed with Type 2, while less than 6% have Type 1 (Xu et al., 2018). Thus, lifestyle is the most critical factor in terms of prevention and treatment. Table 1: Diabetes                               Type 1 Diabetes                                                         Type 2 Diabetes                                                                      Insulin                       The body produces no to low insulin                                     The body does not use insulin efficiently                                            Causes                        Genetics                                                                Lifestyle                                                                            Target groups                 People with a family history of diabetes                                People with excess weight and sedentary lifestyles                                   Prevention                    Unknown                                                                 Lifestyle changes                                                                    Bodily effects/Warning signs  Thirst, weight loss, fatigue, worsening vision, and feelings of hunger  Darkened skin, sores that heal longer, increased thirst, and hunger                  Treatment                     Insulin injections                                                      Healthy diet, exercise, weight loss, in some cases medication and insulin injections  Based on the fact that Type 1 diabetes correlates with low insulin production while the second type is linked to inadequate response to insulin, managing this hormone that has the function of facilitating the glucose to enter the cell is essential. Moreover, since the gene that regulates the production of resistin is overactive in people with obesity, it is evident that a diet that can reduce excess weight while ad
The analysis of Consolidated Cash Flow Statement of Bunzl indicates that the company’s overall net cash position has increased by £31.9mn in 2010 as compared to a decline of £14.5mn in 2009. This has resulted in a cash and cash equivalent figures for 2010 and 2009 as £74.9mn and £43mn respectively (Bunzl). These figures are further evaluated based on the changes in the cash position in relation to three set of business activities carried out by the company including operating, investing, and financing activities. Operating Activities The company’s net cash inflow from operating activities has declined by £25.5mn in 2010. This is mainly due to the negative changes in the working capital. Further investigation of components of working capital suggests that the company’s accounts receivables and inventory have risen sharply in 2010 by £52.7mn and £12.9mn respectively. This could suggest that the company has its cash stuck in larger inventory holding and receivables to be realized. The company’s net profit for the year 2010 is up by £9.2mn from £216mn in 2009 which has a positive impact on the company’s cash flow from operating activities. Another element that needs to be discussed is the high levels of finance cost that the company is incurring. Although it has decreased from £54.7mn in 2009 to £50.8mn in 2010 but still it remains at quite high levels. Examination of note 5 accompanying the financial statements clearly reflects reduction in the company’s loans and overdraft obligations but at the same time the company has incurred major loss in foreign exchange. Further, the company has generated a financial gain on foreign exchange intercompany transactions which may need further understanding of the related party transactions comprising on loans and deposits between related companies (Bunzl). Investing Activities: The company’s net cash outflow from investing activities has increased by almost 387% in the year 2010. Currently, it is negative value £124.5mn in 2010 as compared to £25.7mn in 2009. This major change has been the outcome of the company’s capital investment. The company has purchased nine other companies in the year 2010. These companies are producing hygiene, cleaning, and packaging products which are compatible with the company’s own product lines. These acquisitions are accounted for by the company in its financial statements using purchase method of accounting. Out of the total investment £34.5mn is paid for by the company for goodwill which these businesses are expected to bring with them (Bunzl). Financing Activities The company’s net cash outflows from financing activities are £67.7mn in 2010 as compared to £234.6mn in 2009. A major
This is a free essay discussing career paths and choices. The essay employs the use of several books to show what scholars think about career choices. Conversely, the essay also gives a personal opinion on industrial engineering, the career path that I have chosen. A career path is mostly a family affair. My parents indeed tried to push me towards a career path that I did not desire. Over the years, they tried to nurture me to like a certain career. Their reason for doing this was that the specific career of their choice was very promising. However, as Kane (81) explains, there is no certainty in any career. For years, I tried to please them and pretended to be excited about joining college and studying for that specific career. Finally, I decided to tell them how I felt about the whole issue. Initially, they did not understand why I wanted to do something else. However, later on, they agreed that I could do anything I wanted. Right now they support my career choices and even offer to help me further my skills and knowledge in my chosen career. On the same note, I have never been advised to chase after money and forget my dreams. As mentioned, my parents wanted me to take a different career path that they thought would make me happy. However, they did not realize that that career path was not part of my dream. I had not told them that I wanted to do something else, thus they believed that their career choice was my dream. As soon as I told them that I had a different dream, they were willing to support it. It might have taken them some time to accept that I was changing careers, but eventually, they did. Besides, I believe that I would still be happy if money was not an object. Curtis (58) explains that for one to enjoy life, they have to have and to use money. I do not dispute this. However, if money was not an object, I would spend my life teaching. I enjoy making people aware and teaching is all about making people aware. I would particularly enjoy teaching teenagers in high school. Children of this age go through a lot of emotions. They are not only growing up, but society also expects them to embrace growth, regardless of whether they like it or not. I would use several strategies to be able to help these children learn everything they can. On the other hand, given money is an object, I would enjoy working in a small company as opposed
Introduction Prison recidivism rates are a major national and local issue given the sheer amount of money spent on prisoners in the United States ($35,000 every year for each inmate) and the number of individuals that cycle through the criminal justice system per year (11.6 million) (Miller, Curtis, Sønderlund, Day, & Droste, 2015). Current statistics on the issue reveal that 68 percent of prisoners released by the state in 2005 were rearrested and sent back to jail within three years, and 75 percent of inmates currently in the system are rearrested within five years. This is indicative of a major problem with the current system of incarceration since there is an established pattern of release, arrest, then release again. On the other end of the spectrum, Norway has one the lowest prisoner recidivism rates in the world at 20 percent compared to America, which has one of the highest at 76.6 percent as per the lastest statistical data examination (Zortman, Powers, Hiester, Klunk, & Antonio, 2016). The capacity of Norway to field such small numbers is due a process they call “restorative justice.” Under this process, the Norwegian system of incarceration focuses on rehabilitating criminals to prevent their criminal tendencies from resurfacing. Practices that contribute towards this methodology consist of various vocational and education programs that aim to prepare prisoners for a successful integration back into society. The result is a much lower rate of recidivism and shows the effectiveness that such a methodology has in curbing an individual’s tendency to fall back into old criminal habits. It is based on this comparison between the Norwegian and American systems of incarceration that the Second Chance Act makes sense. Simply put, if prisoners within the U.S. are presented with a program that helps them to integrate back into society, it is likely that the various deficits to a successful integration could be resolved. This would have a significant impact on a prisoner’s life since it would enable them to have the necessary vocational and educational skills that would help them turn away from a life of crime. Combined with support programs, housing assistance, and work programs, this would transform the current system and contribute to reducing recidivism rates in the long term. As such, this paper will explore the various arguments, debates, and controversies associated with giving second chances to felons and where t