ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
First, one should briefly summarize the critical area of UHC’s professional activities discussed in this report. This company provides American citizens with counseling and health insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid ( About us , n.d.). UHC positions itself as a socially responsible organization because its range of professional activities includes supporting vulnerable groups and providing high-quality health care services with increased accessibility. However, clinics often have problems, called HACs, that result in additional damage to a patient’s health at the fault of the hospital. UHC does not cover this plan because its corporate policies are designed to meet the legislative standards of DRA 2005, IPPS FY 2009, and Section 3025 of the PPACA (HRRP, 2020; Hospital-acquired conditions , 2020; HHC, 2013). These acts impose severe limitations on reimbursement to clinics for HACs and HAIs. To put it another way, insurance companies (including UHC) should not cover reasonably preventable acts of harm to a patient’s health because the blame in these scenarios is imposed on physician error and negligence (UHC, 2021). However, UHC also uses other methods to influence clinics, such as through fines on reimbursable patient charges if clinical entities have HAIs greater than a set threshold (Richardson, 2015). To put it another way, if a hospital has many cases of HACs/HAIs, UHC imposes a 1% penalty. However, the data handled is entirely confidential, and it is ruled out that UHC will release the names of those patients who have been subjected to medical errors. This personal security rule is postulated by HIPAA, which also governs UHC. As a generalization, it is pertinent to note that UHC satisfies the regulatory requirement well and creates a culture in which clinics find themselves interested in providing the best care for patients. On the other hand, the insurance organization shows a high level of social responsibility, which means it truly values its clients. At the same time, it should be understood that health policy is not conservative but strives to follow the current agenda precisely. Therefore, it is very likely to expect that the listed regulatory requirements will modify depending on the development of the risk management problem. On the one hand, if the number of HACs continues to trend upward, this will lead to the establishment of larger sizes and impose more stringent requirements on the operation of clinical organizations. On the other hand, if the number of HACs declines because of constructive policies, we should expect a relaxation of conditions. Finally, in-depth medical research may lead to a broadening/shrinking of the range of HACs for which insurance coverage is actual. Strategies to Influence, Impact & Monitor Changes For UHC, there seems to be an apparent interest in reducing the number of HACs. For this reason, the compa
Introduction For 30 years, Egypt enjoyed a despicable stability under Hosni Mubarak until February 11, 2011 who, after eighteen days of mass street protests, was forced to step down unconditionally. The revolution that began on January 25th until 11th of February the same year unearthed the political and economic disparity that existed and ensured the continuity of his rule (Abu Hatab 14). Seemingly, the revolution was a success as far as removing Mubarak from power is concerned. However, few literatures exist on the issues that led to the revolution in the first place. The research paper highlights the economic reasons such as unemployment that led to the fall of the Mubarak regime. Further, it reveals the future challenges that the current authority faces in establishing trust by the people in matters of economy. Before the Revolution After Anwar Sadat’s assassination, Hosni Mubarak came into power in Egypt with everyone in the country expressing optimism and trust in the new administration. In the first years of his rule, Mubarak expressed tolerance, but this was short-lived, as it culminated to an authoritarian rule. Civil rights were restricted, political rights were thrown out of the window, and there was a unilateral amendment of the party law with the repression of any vocal political opponents. There were reports that the elections in 1990 and 1995 (Abdelhamid, and el-Baradei 37), as well as those in 2000 were altered to allow the National Democratic Party (NDP), the ruling party at the time, a simple majority in parliament. The party laws only favoured a candidate in the ruling party from running for the presidency. A state of emergency had been in existence since 1981. It prohibited strikes, mass unions, and riots in the name of national security. Despite these restrictive regulations, Egypt experienced considerable riots and strikes in the years 2004. This was a manifest of the growing social discontent in the country (Beinin 56). The series of labour strikes continued after this period. They had a mass effect on the government, as they seemed more effective in driving a point than the calls by the opposition leaders. The financial crisis that occurred led to mass labour unrests in the year 2010 particularly in the private sector, which had been profoundly affected. In these protests, a large number of people came out to demand their rights. This surpassed those who had assembled in the previous political protests. This signifies that the problems they had were not political but socio-economic. When the first regime came to power after independence, it formulated strategies such as agricultural projects to improve yields and infrastructural development, as well as economic sustainability (O’Brien 14). However, successive regimes have lived short of the public expectations with revolts marking the history of the nation since independence. Professor Kandeel, a
Factors Increasing Demand for Labor The labor market can be affected by a variety of factors. One of these factors is the development of particular customers’ preferences. For instance, new products and services appear and they are differently valued by customers. There is also seasonality when it comes to certain goods or services. For example, in many resorts, hotel owners often consider hiring more seasonal staff during hot seasons. Thus, the demand for some workers increases in some areas. It is also possible to note that customers may develop some preferences and the demand for some products increases. For example, if there is a fashion for eating apples, producers of these products can consider hiring more apple pickers to provide more goods, which increases labor demand (Carbaugh 154). It is necessary to mention that this factor often has a short-term effect. It also usually involves unqualified workers. It is also possible to mention a demographic factor that leads to an increase in the labor market. Replacement needs result in the labor demand increase (Lacey and Wright 97). This need is mainly associated with qualified labor that requires higher education and extensive experience. Thus, people in such positions often work until their retirement. When they leave, younger professionals are hired. It is anticipated that in the late 2010s, the increase in labor demand in such positions will occur. This is also associated with the fact that many baby boomers are retiring, and there are many job openings. It is necessary to note that this type of curve happens quite rarely, once in several decades. The rare shift can be explained by the long period of preparation of high-profile professionals who have to gain education and obtain some experience. The Correlation between the Market Price of the Goods or Service Increase and the Demand for Labor The goods or services price and labor demand are correlated. The price of goods produced by a company often affects the number of employees hired. This is especially true for small businesses though it is a frequent cause for big companies as well (Wisniewski 163). This process is quite similar for both types of enterprises, but small businesses are more flexible and, at the same time, they have fewer resources. Due to these factors, the correlation is more apparent. It is possible to consider the process through a brief analysis of the rising prices of goods or services produced by a small company. Thus, if the price of a product or service grows, the company is likely to increase its production to gain more profit. In this case, the company will need more staff to be able to provide more goods. Notably, the demand for labor can involve different professionals. For example, in the case of the apple producers, they may need to hire more apple pickers to be able to provide more products (Carbaugh 176). However, product price may also affect t
Introduction A biosensor simply means an analytical device that is used to detect the presence or amount of a specific analyte in a solution. Amperometric signifies the use of carbon-electrodes to carry out the process. When the two words are combined, it means that carbon electrodes are used to carry out the process of oxidation and reduction to analyze a particular solution or sample for the presence of a specific carbohydrate or amino acid. Thus, amperometric biosensors are very helpful for the analysts, who have to carry out such tests. 1 Developmental Phase In recent years, a lot of development has been observed in this field. A variety of such biosensors are being used for various purposes. e.g. there are amperometric biosensors for the determination of glycolic acid in real samples, few of them are based on the immobilization of enzymes in polymer films electrogenerated from a series of amphiphilic pyrrole derivatives, for apparent direct electron transfer between electrodes and immobilized peroxidases, selective ones for glucose by in situ electropolymerization, screen-printed amperometric biosensors for the rapid measurement of L- and D-amino acids and flow injection analysis of L-lactate in milk and yoghurt by on-line micro dialysis and amperometric detection at a disposable biosensor etc. 2 The significance of amperometric biosensors which determine glycolic acid in real samples lies in the fact that they are the first enzyme based biosensors which have a lot of potential. They have a power to find out the occurrence of glycolic acid in complex matrix samples such as instant coffee, cosmetics, and urine. It made the work of analysts a lot easier as two methods for this were devised and they were according to the current technology of commercial analyzers. Both the designs had three-membrane configuration consisting of an inner and an outer membrane 3 . The inner membrane is cellulose acetate membrane (CA) and the outer membrane is polycarbonate membrane (PC). Both of them comprise of a membrane that contains biomolecule(s). Chemical bonding was used to stop glycolate oxidase onto a modified polyethersulfonate membrane. Physical adsorption is the method that was used for the immobilization of glycolate oxidase/catalase enzyme into a mixed-ester cellulose acetate covering. The result of both the biosensors was successful. Thus, they were used by the analysts for testing glycolic acid in various samples. Then there are other amperometric biosensors. These one were developed for the immobi
Thesis Retributive justice alone cannot sufficiently address the issue of sexual offense. This is especially true in case the offender is an adolescent. Treating the deviant adolescent will not only prevent the likelihood of the occurrence of such behavior in his or her adult life but will also shield potential victims in future apart from curtailing the transmission of the deviant behavior to innocent adolescents who could be easily lured by hardened but untreated offenders. The benefits accruing to the society, the victim and the individual are enormous through utilization of the treatment program. Since prevention is better that cure, it is suffice to say that treating adolescents will help them avoid committing grievous sexual offences when they are adults. Introduction There is little data that shows the exact number of sex offenders. Many are the instances where the adolescent sex offenders rarely go unprosecuted. Again, such offenders are often not treated. Studies show that adult sex offenders who commit grievous sexual offences started exhibiting such tendencies in their adolescent life. Studies show that in-prison adult sex offenders’ treatment programs have had incredible success in terms of monetary and emotional cost effectiveness. This has led criminologists to hypothesize that treatment of adolescent sex offenders would have far reaching success. The reason why most adolescent delinquents escape law drag net when they commit sexual crimes in most cultures is because discussion of such deviant issues is seen as a taboo (Haughton, 2007, 87). Most of the offenders’ relatives will go to any length to help the perpetrator avoid responsibility for his or her actions. Normally, their actions will often be dismissed under an umbrella condemnation in that it is assumed that the culprits will outgrow their deviant behaviors once they mature. Such assumptions lead to serious consequences both for the sex offender and any of his or her future potential victims. Treatment The initial stages of the treatment program are quite difficult. This is because it is not alw
There are many types of white-collar offenders. The most common forms are the positive extrovert, disagreeable businessperson, ultracompetitive, and neurotic (Hanser, Mire & Braddock, 2011). Researchers propose that numerous precise personality patterns may portray persons who participate in WCC (Walters & Geyer, 2004). There are three vital models used in the treatment of the above offenders. They are recidivism, deterioration, and harm-reduction. The paper below illustrates that harm-reduction is the best treatment for such offenders. Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders is utilized in the analysis (Walters & Geyer, 2004). The article suggested that white-collar criminals with no previous history of non-white-collar wrongdoing have decreased levels of wrong thinking, illegal documentation, and nonconformity. The above comparison was done with respect with white-collar lawbreakers formerly detained for non-white-collar misconducts. The article also noted that professional criminals do not form same group according to their array of aberrant, level of nonconformity, approaches toward criminality, or social identity. Positive extroverts commit white-collar crimes because of their unscrupulous and selfish traits and desire for control. The above offenders would employ their outgoing social skills as controlling tools to gain their desires and attain the social abilities they desire. Positive extroverts are best treated through harm reduction model. Compared to the other approaches, the prototype seems the most favorable for measuring the success of the above incidence (Walters & Geyer, 2004). The model manages offenders effectively if minimal harm is committed through the treatment process unlike when no medication is administered at all. For instance, a person who undertakes a treatment program for having committed a WCC may be seen as a management success even if he or she is later detained for a lesser crime (Feeley, 2006). The above is true if the offender is returned to the penitentiary for committing a non-white-collar crime. During such instances, the person will be perceived as a treatment success because a minimal injury was committed to a distinguishable victim. Additional example is an employee who undertakes the treatment program for fierce conduct but returns to the treatment environment for destroying his or her personal possessions without doing direct physical harm to a person. In such, situations, his or her violent conduct was lessened with respect to damaging effect to identifiable others. When considering Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders ’ case, the harm-reduction prototype will term the treatments availed a success. As such, the 23 offenders identified did not return to penitentiary for white-collar crimes but only for non-white-collar offences. The significan
Introduction According to Marsden (2003), peace can be defined as the as a state of public tranquility or freedom from war. This means that for peace to prevail in a given public setup there has to be calmness initiated by the members of the society or community referred to as peacemakers. Impacts of International relations theories on peacemaking and post-conflict recovery In international relations, peace can be explained in three different theories which are:   * Realism   * Liberalism   * Constructivism Mac Ginty (2003) asserts that the realism theory concentrates on the struggle for power amongst different states and portrays the hardships in doing away with conflicts or wars. It majors on giving reasons for war or imperialism as it focuses on competition for power or property amongst different states as it upholds the characteristics of American soviet rivalry. Liberalism, on the other hand, advocates for a solution to peace. It is through liberalism that there would be economic interdependence amongst different states hence there would be no threats on states’ prosperity. Liberalism is also concerned with the democracy of a particular state (Hudson, 2005). Democratic countries are said to promote peace by carrying out more peacemaking activities unlike authoritarian states (Marsden, 2003). In addition, Liberalism is said to bring unity among different states as it promotes the interdependence of international resources amongst different states. For instance, the International Monetary Fund offers financial aid to different countries or states. The constructivist theory on the other hand advocates for useful changes in states. For example, a change in the Marxist agenda and the setting idea of capitalism in the current world has caused improvement peacemaking initiatives. These three theories have a great impact in the peace making process described below as they set up the pace for peace making. Thomas and Tow (2002) assert, “They give advice as evident in the peace keeping techniques on how to approach conflicts and resolve them eventually through the most appropriate means ”. Historical context on how to end war It is due to the efforts made by peace keeping organizations that brought the end of the cold war in 1989. This was brought about by the shifting priorities of individuals in different states. In my own opinion, considering the fact that war brought about losses and lack of time to perform constructive obligations, it is always a good idea to neglect the competition for property or power amongst states but encourage interdependence amongst them.
Introduction The process of making public policies is essential and at the same time sensitive because although it is carried out by the government through its various bodies, it affects a majority of people. Public policy entails the process taken by the government in addressing an issue that affects the public and the intentions of the government in taking the actions. It is the outcome of the government’s actions towards deciding on who gets what after some considerations. The public policy takes various forms for instance regulations, laws, actions and decisions aimed at controlling a certain behavior or solving a problem that is either caused by or affects the public. The major concepts associated with policy making are; the policy, the participants and the problems at stake. The problem in this case involves the issue that needs to be addressed by the policy while the participants are individuals, organizations and groups that are significant in the formation of a plan and strategies that are aimed at addressing or dealing with the specific problem at stake. They are involved in the presentation and interpretation of the problems as well as making decisions on the steps to be followed in solving the problems. The policy is usually the final result or course of action that is decided upon by the government although it is more often than not open to interpretation or scrutiny by other agencies for instance non governmental organizations, private bodies, religious organizations, the media and even political parties. This paper looks into the public policy concept including the policy making process and the categories of policies. It also discusses in details the influence of the legislative bodies, leadership, bureaucracy and the justice system on the formulation and implementation of public policies for example on aspects like education, health , social welfare, crime and foreign issues with much insight being given to the education policy. It also looks into the influence of other entities like interest groups, political parties and the media on public policy formulation and implementation as well as how they interrelate (Venus, 2010). Background Information and Specific Example The public policy concept is not new and it has been there for years. The study of public policy can be traced in the early twentieth century (1922) when a political scientist by the name, Charles Merriam wanted to determine the relationship between the theoretical concepts of political science and their practical application in the real world. The problem in question involved the healthcare department in America where it was realized that the policies governing the health care