ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction World War Two had huge impact on the roles and participation of women in western societies. Women were seen as home-makers and nurturers before the war and were discouraged to work. Married women remained at home to perform traditional duties as wives and mothers. These beliefs affected their role in the society and national involvement, such as decision-making where they were left out. Men took all the employment opportunities and only unmarried women were allowed to work on condition that they will leave the work immediately after getting married. Shortage of workers in production industries and participation of men in the war led to the increase of women in labor force. The government requested women to take part in the workforce and frequently reminded them that their sons, husbands, and brothers were in great danger due to the shortage of supplies needed to fight their enemies. They used several slogans and misinformation to motivate and urge women to participate in protecting their country. The strategy of ‘Rosie the Riveter’ worked successfully in bringing women to take jobs 1 . Employers and other people believed that their jobs were temporary and should only be assigned specific low paid jobs. After the war, most women continued working in their jobs regardless of the opposition from their men. People considered that they should leave their jobs and resume their traditional duties at home. However, employers appreciated their efforts, but they set a lower pay for women compared with men with the same or comparable jobs. The efforts of women and their involvement in World War Two had a great influence on the future of women in societies. Modern women were born through the participation and success of women during the war. Inequality and discrimination are fading and women have been considered in most opportunities at work. This paper discusses the roles of women before, during, and after the war. It focuses mostly on the beliefs and employment opportunities which were created during World War Two. Women before World War Two Women’s role Before World War Two, it was normally accepted that the responsibilities of women were as home-makers and nurturers. Many believed in women’s destinity to get married, have children and to give over their lives to satisfy their husbands, children, and society. This was caused by traditional beliefs that women were unable to lead any other kind of life apart from what they are assigned by their traditions. These beliefs affected most women all over the world, including western women. Those women who went against these beliefs were considered immoral and may be rejected in their community 2 . Most people believed that if a woman chooses to look for employment while she is married or unmarried, she is considered careless, immoral, lax, and disrespectful to the community and to her husband and children. This was much felt in Australia and women were supposed to populate the
In the debate entitled “Cities”, Paul James and Chetan Vaidya take opposite sides regarding the issue of city growth impact on the economy of the country. James defends urbanization while Vaidya argues that better urban management along with skilled governance and efficient service provision is needed. Evaluating the matter from the economic point of view, it is evident that urbanization has a variety of adverse effects including negative externality, overinvestment in infrastructures, and the growth of unemployment and underemployment. The proponent of circumspect urbanization, Paul James, argues that well-organized cities are what humanity needs to improve the quality of life on the planet (Roberts, James, & Vaidya, 2011, para. 18). James claims that the major issues related to urbanization are sprawling and bloating and if the government finds ways to end up with the two problems, big cities will promote the growth of the national economy and will become good places for living. According to James, “living in compact, well-planned, walkable and integrated cities is part of the solution to the issue of global sustainability” (Roberts, James, & Vaidya, 2011, para. 17). Vaidya criticizes modern urbanization by stating that more effective governance, fund allocation, and resource distribution are needed. According to Vaidya, “empowering city governments functionally and financially, coupled with high levels of accountability and transparency, is crucial for the sustainable growth of all cities” (Roberts, James, & Vaidya, 2011, para. 25). Vaidya defends a position that city planners must pay more attention to implementing innovative approaches and managing resource constraints in order to respond to current and future problems connected with urbanization (Roberts, James, & Vaidya, 2011, para. 26). He identifies a number of problems associated with urbanization such as inefficient transportation infrastructure, problems with a water supply and waste removal, and mismanagement of social and economic life in big cities. From the economic point of view, it is known that urbanization increases productivity and facilitates economic growth. However, oversized cities are not efficient for a number of reasons. First, urbanization blocks the development and economic growth of the country. This harmful impact of urbanization is connected with negative externality, high inflation, and high housing prices due to overpopulation. In addition, congestion cost due to traffic jams in big cities results in the growth of wages because of longer commuting time. Further, environmental pollution associated with the overuse of resources and wrecking activities is another destructive outcome of urbanization. F
Introduction Superannuation is one of the social schemes of managing income and expenditure by encouraging aggressive savings. In fact, it is argued to be a policy that mandates people to save from their incomes. Saving is one of the best components of economic development among countries. This is especially in modern economic times where economic constraints are inherent. This paper discusses the superannuation scheme of Australia. The paper explains the relevance of the superannuation policy and the role it played in cushioning the economy from the recent global financial crisis. Superannuation scheme in Australia The superannuation scheme was introduced in Australia during the 1980s as an initiative to encourage savings among the people. Superannuation has formed a major policy in the Australian economy, which controls inflation emanating from wage wars. This was one aspect of bettering the income policy of the country. Superannuation policy in Australia is based on product regulation where information concerning products and services is closely monitored by the government (Veltman, 2001, p. 181). In addition, the competencies of firms that market the services are closely monitored to ensure that they observe tactics that are economically friendly. Trustees who sought prudent issues concerning the funds manage the superannuated funds. Trustee boards are established through support from the government. This ensures that there is a proportional representation of both employers and employees. Supererogation is a critical pillar of the income policy of the Australian government (Australia & CCH Australia Limited, 2011
Executive Summary The Australian corporation regulations specify different duties that directors must uphold in their day-to-day operations. The duties comprise exercising care, conscientiousness, and proficiency when discharging functions for the position of a company director. The obligations are indebted to the corporation in question. However, the corporation law seeks to protect the interest of the shareholders both in the future and in the current company’s operations. The statute law and common law provide for these duties. Failure to offer this provision attracts personal liability and a criminal penalty. This paper discusses the case of LP Company directors’ decision that led to the winding of the company. The decisions were made in the quest to increase the company’s competitive advantage in an environment that was characterised by increasing competition. Based on the discussion of the circumstances that led to the financial collapse of LP, the paper recommends the company to sue the directors for breach of the provisions of the Company Law with reference to the duty of care that the directors must demonstrate. Introduction The Australian corporate law borrows its provisions from the United Kingdom corporate decrees. Currently, the country bases its permissible framework of the Company Law on a solitary ruling that is applicable to all states. The decree is termed as the Corporate Act of 2001 (Nicole & Kaitlyn 2014). In the discussions of this paper, the term ‘the Act’ exclusively refers to the 2001 Corporation Declaration. Although the Act mainly borrows its provisions from the United Kingdom Company Law, in the administration of legal procedures under the Act, judicial precedence is mainly based on the judgment that is made in the United Kingdom courts of law. Some selected cases, as they may apply to a case study that this paper uses to, are also found important in the analysis section. The focus of the paper is on the legal liability of company directors who may engage in some practices, which may oppose the interest of the company, which they oversee its operations. The paper bases its claims on the issue of purchase and reorganisation decision at the LP Company. The goal is to show various issues that the Australian companies, directors, and boards encounter in their operations. Background to the Case Study LP (LP Pty Ltd) is a company that engages in the business of making kids’ costumes. It has six people who serve in its board of directors (Andy, Brian, Chris, David, Evans, and Faith). Apart from having diverse experiences and educational backgrounds, the directors also serve different functions within the company. However, their collective contribution is important in decision-making processes. Increasing competition compels the direct
Critical realism describes concepts regarding the ability of human beings to learn without encountering interference from factors that influence human perceptions. The evaluation of reality and knowledge requires a critical reflection on ideas and concepts while identifying elements that hamper human perceptions. In this regard, a critical realist must acknowledge the independent existence of an idea or concept. Realism is separate from human perceptions and thus is evident in observable situations. The scope of critical realism limits its impact in the evaluation of the certainty regarding future situations. Therefore, critical realism describes current and past human experiences. The measurement of the rate of creativity in a task uses three major indices. Analyzing the fluency, flexibility and originality in a task provide an overview of the ideas generated by a team, and the uniqueness of solutions to problems. The analysis of fluency entails determining the number of suggestions a group generates in response to a problem (Thompson 258). Analyzing fluency in creative thinking largely focuses on the quantity of ideas that a group generates. An individual or group that cannot generate numerous ideas regarding a task has a low probability of sustaining flexibility and originality in tackling a problem. The analysis of flexibility involves the identification of the frequency with which attempts by an individual or group to solve a problem shifts between different solutions. The level of originality in a task describes the number of unique ideas an individual or group generates in response to a problem. The measurement of creativity considers factors that are relevant to the goals and objectives of a task. Thus, irrespective of the level of fluency, flexibility and originality exhibited during a task, the process of determining the rate of creativity ignores ideas and concepts that do not rate to the scope of a task (Ransdell 47). The scope of measuring creativity considers whether a task requires convergent or divergent thinking. Analyzing creativity in convergent thinking focuses on diverse ideas and concepts that provide an answer. On the other hand, analyzing divergent thinking emphasizes on the possible solutions to a problem. The rate of creativity depends on a group’s ability to use exploitation and exploration skills in identifying solutions to problems. The attainment and sustenance
Theoretical Framework Introduction This section elaborates on the use of attribution theory and grounded theory as the primary methods of examination utilized by the researcher in order to check the information gathered during the interview. These theories were chosen due to their ability to examine the opinions of the interviewees in order to properly interpret the data and create viable solutions and recommendations. For example, through attribution theory the research will be able to correlate the views of the talent manager with their current experiences within Etisalat in order to properly determine whether the current talent management system is appropriate/inappropriate in properly developing employees within the company. By following grounded theory during the data analysis stage of the study, the research will be able to determine the current state of talent management within Etisalat, whether significant problems exist, what the company is doing to address such issues and if possible alternative to current methods have been considered. It is expected that by following the two theoretical frameworks during the examination process of the paper, the researcher will be able to succinctly address the research objectives of the study. The main difference between the two theories is that attribution theory concerns itself with the assumptions people have towards a particular product or process while grounded theory focuses more on developing succinct assumptions based on the data that has been presented. As such, by combining both methods this enables the study to examine the opinions of a test subject under a particular investigative framework while at the same time utilizing another framework to determine the inherent problems within a given scenario and the appropriate method of addressing them. It is based on this that these two theories become an ideal method for the research topic “Achieving Competitive Advantage through Talent Management”. The main benefit of utilizing both theories in the examination of the research topic is that they enable a better examination of the responses of the interviewees as well as the data from the literature review as compared to merely doing an examination of both aspects utilizing a single theory. Attribution Theory Attribution theory is an excellent method of analyzing talent management practices since it delves direct into opinions and inclinations regarding particular products or topics (Orth, 2012). As a result, researchers are better able to understand the opinions of candidates that are being examined and their overall responsiveness to current talent management practices (Trafimow et al., 2011). Attribution theory centers around the derived assumption of a particular individual/group of people regarding a particular process, product or service based on their experience with it (Trafimow et al., 2011). It is often used as means of investigating consumer opinions regarding a particular product and to determine the level of satisfaction derived from its use (Trafimow et al., 2011). By utilizing this pa
The chapter in question dwells upon various people who contributed to development of childcare. Starting from the 19 th century and up to modern times, the author tells about people who decided to change some trends and the entire society to make a difference. These are stories about men and women who contributed greatly to the system of childcare. Without effort of those people, contemporary childcare system would not be as sophisticated and comprehensive as it is nowadays. Clearly, the 19 th century was the time when people started advocating child health. It is noteworthy that children of underprivileged families were the focus of activists as these children’s lives were very difficult and associated with many hazards. Rich or well-off people could afford appropriate care about their children. The struggle for a better care for children has never ended. It is clear that individuals (not organizations) were the leading force of the process. People who cared about others noticed how harmful the neglect was for children and the future of the country. These individuals provided various information sheets, opened houses of childcare, helped families, educated parents and fought against inequality. Some of the most striking cases are the ones associated with training and educating. Abraham Jacobi and Job Lewis Smith noticed that the rate of child mortality among underprivileged families was alarming. They started educating parents (especially mothers) telling them about the way to feed their children and care about them. Roland Scott is also a remarkable figure. In the 1940-50s, this man tried to help African Americans and tell them about diseases and their symptoms. He tried to stand up to racism that was everywhere in the US hospitals. These three men helped those who needed most their assistance and support, the poor and minorities. It is also quite impressive that Jane Addams and Alice Hamilton came up with an idea to arrange houses for children of working mothers. This was quite a revolutionary idea for the 19 th century, as nobody cared about children of poor working women. The two activists saw the horrible environment where children without care spent their time. Now, nurseries are common and they are taken for granted. Perhaps, they existed due to activities of such people as Jane Addams and Alice Hamilton. Margaret Heagarty and Barbara Barlow can be seen as an example of women of vision. Their ideas of the importance of parks and developed communities are also remarkable. Activists are thinking broader and this helps them make this world better. All these examples show that individuals can and should diminish the wrongs of the society. It is essential to be attentive to other people and their needs. It is also important to see the opportunity to contribute to development of the society. For this purpose, it is essential to communicate with people and ask about their fears, desires and needs. It is important to attend different places and see the way others live. It is also necessary to have enough commitment as som
Executive Summary This paper analyzes e-business at Walmart.com E-business is the carrying out of business on the Internet, not merely through buying and selling, but, as well, teaming up with business partners and serving clients. Wal-Mart was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, and the earliest Wal-Mart discount store became set up at Rogers Ark. The utilization of information technology was a vital element in the growth of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart gets dedicated to assisting persons’ live better through leading on social matters that affect their consumers and partners. The company tackles society needs and support openings in workforce development, education, health, as well as environmental sustainability. Wal-Mart employs the WMS warehouse management software to follow its inventory via RFID’s radio frequency detection. This tracking method has vertically incorporated its supply chains and decreased inventory shelf phase. Besides, Wal Mart uses passive knowledge management systems like the EDI system. Wal-Mart employs two metrics including information sharing metrics and fulfillment systems metrics. Too much domestic Internet regulation makes significant qualms for businesses running on this international medium and has a distressing effect on business communication. Wal-Mart posses fire walls instituted to aid guard threats against the integrity and authenticity. Wal-Mart also employs a technology known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). SSL encrypts susceptible data ahead of the data transmission to the Internet. So as Wal-Mart can obtain orders to its clients promptly, the company uses an IDS which checks network traffic for invasion efforts, and reports such occurrences. Company History and Background, including Stage in the Company Life Cycle Wal-Mart was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. The first Wal-Mart discount store was set up at Rogers Ark. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. integrated into the business in 1969. In 1970, Wal-Mart became public, and in 1972, the business became programmed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1977, Wal-Mart executed its earliest noteworthy achievem
Introduction Website migration project Tonya’s chips is a website that deals with the sale of their products online that was purchased by an independent company. Before the sale, the website was externally hosted. This means that the website did not have its own infrastructure in place thus external hosting provided the owners a quick home for their system, where both security and network infrastructure were both already established. The independent company that did the purchasing does its own internal hosting. The company wants to embark on a migration project in which Tonya’s chips hosting would be changed from external to internal hosting. The company also wants a backup site to be set up and available just in case the main site goes down. Also, the company wants the website to be redesigned thus allowing the customers to make online orders. This proposed project has been developed in accordance with the company’s requirements. Currently, the website is externally hosted which means the independent company has to deal with a different host when they make new changes to the website. This can amount to losses for the company since they have to pay the host for the website hosting. It also means the company does not have direct and only access to their website. This is a disadvantage for the company considering they can do the hosting by themselves. All the proposed changes will make the website more secure and sturdy thus translating in profits for the company. The website will be a web-based design which is under system architecture. Software Development Life Cycle for the Website Migration Project SDLC will describe the activities to be performed at every stage of the project. It starts with project planning, feasibility analysis, system requirement analysis, Data Flow Diagram, system design, implementation, testing, acceptance and deployment and finally system evaluation and performance. The steps given below describe the proposed migration project. Project planning In this stage, the project should be planned and every action given a timeline. Since the company wants to host internally, they have to consider factors such as the required space, cost and server configurations. They also have to