ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Human beings and driven by emotions that originate from deep within them. Rage is one of the emotional responses that individuals have while responding to an incident or a situation (Andrews 21). In the process of expressing their rage, humans usually turn out to violence or violent like behaviors. Violence from rage can arise in a number of situations. Violence experienced in homes, public places, recreation areas and even in sports. A number of incidences have been reported regarding to the eruption of violence in the course of a game. This is highly common in rugby, basketball, football, and soccer. However, violence is a unique phenomenon in a sport. This sport is ice hockey. Ice hockey is one of the popular indoor games in the United States of America and Canada. The game attracts huge crowds of fans from these two nations as well as the rest of the world who follow the game. Crowds enjoy the fast pace of the game and the skills and techniques that players use to score and win matches. In addition to this, fans also enjoy the eruption of violence between players who fight to settle down any differences that may have risen between them. Due to this, hockey has always been regarded as one of the aggressive sports in the where violence is condoned. Violence in Hockey Violence has been an integral part of ice hockey. Due to its importance in the game and the impact that it has, violence has developed into a strong culture of the game that has been passed from one generation to the next. Violence in hockey commence during the first half of the 20 th century (Andrews 32). According to Andrews (2003), 1904 saw the death of 4 players in hockey games as a result of the violence and brawls (71). This was but just an introduction of violence and violent related acts into the game. In modern times, violence has erupted in the game under numerous occasions. The most common causes of violence in the game arise from brawls. Violence also erupts as a result from the end point of fans. In addition to this, fights also come about as a result of officials being physically abused and players deliberately injuring each other. There are rules and regulations that have been developed to control the game of hockey. According to these rules, any form of violence is prohibited. Should violence occur, the individuals who are involved in the fight and to some extent, their clubs suffer penalties (Andrews 67). This may include fines an
Lin et al. (2008) sought to understand whether living close to airports raises the chances of being hospitalized from respiratory conditions as opposed to residing farther away. To realize this objective the authors conducted a cross-sectional study among residents who resided near “Rochester, LaGuardia and MacArthur” airports, all of which are in different cities in New York. The data comprised of hospital admissions of patients with respiratory conditions from the period between 1995 and 2000. The sample included children aged between 0-4 years among other members of the population. While the target population was to be located within 12 miles from the airports, the exposure to air pollutants was determined basing on whether individuals lived in areas within or beyond 5 miles. Moreover, Lin et al (2008) considered wind-flow patterns i.e. within or beyond 75 percentiles. The combined effect of wind-flow pattern and proximity to the airports was also determined. After calculating for hospital admission rates related to respiratory illnesses putting into consideration the exposure indicators for each airport, the authors found out that there were higher admission rates for residents who lived no more than 5 miles from all the airports as opposed to those who lived farther. The rates were highest for residents who lived near LaGuardia and least for residents who lived near MacArthur airport. The authors also noted that there was no positive relationship between hospital admissions from respiratory conditions and wind-flow patterns. Lin et al. (2008) therefore came into a conclusion that closeness to certain airports can lead to increased respiratory conditions and hospitalizations thereof. This is due to exposure to air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. The authors were cautious to advise that further research should be conducted to expound on factors leading to respiratory conditions related to proximity to airports since many factors contribute to this. Reference Lin, S. J., Munsie, J. P., Losavio-Herdt, M., Hwang, S. A. and Civerolo, K. et al., (2008). Residential proximity to large airports and potential health impacts in New York State . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 81:797 –804.
In modern society, people are faced with issues like social injustices that tend to undermine the value of individuals based on sex, race, or even religion. Social justice arts have been a remedy to help people express and influence the view of society concerning any form of injustice. Several forms of art primarily use the power of imagery and words to contest for change. For example, an artist can use music as a form of engagement to address the current status of the society that requires change or improvement. An artist Gabriella Wilson released the song called “I can’t breathe” after the mysterious death of George Floyd. In the art, she was advocating for racial justice through music as a medium to influence people. There have been many cases of police brutality that show a high level of social injustices that people should discourage. The title of the song indicates the last statement made by the victims of police brutality. The work has a significant impact and contribution to society. Most people have become victims of police injustices, and the song demands total accountability from the authority based on the cases. The work led to the formation of the movement called Black Lives Matter which calls for an end to oppressing black people through law enforcement (Clayton, 2018). The art has a high magnitude in addressing and challenging the government and society from the perspective of equality. The work has a painful aesthetic value as it talks about an issue that several people have lost their lives. It is a sad state of society as the people responsible for protecting lives are responsible for causing deaths. The art reflects the emotional feelings that affected people or communities undergo. It shows some hopelessness as nobody, including the government is reluctant to address the social injustices. The song inspires one to see people equally irrespective of color and to value one another’s life. Furthermore, it encourages individuals to face fears and express themselves on issues that affect people. The music has never been censored either by the private or governmental body. Government has the right to protect the plurality of the society; therefore, they have the right to edit any form of art that may go against the will or more of a given group of people. The song prompted people across the world to hold p
Introduction The issue of obesity in school-age children in the United States becomes an increasingly significant health concern as approximately a third of children are obese or overweight (DeVries, 2016). At the same time, they are at an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes caused by the excessive weight. Since obesity is largely associated with eating habits, it is of great importance to pay attention to school nutrition and its impact on obesity in children and reveal any opportunities to enhance the current situation for better. The purpose of the research is to study the recent scholarly literature in an attempt to understand how school nutritional patterns affect the fact that children gain excessive weight. Based on the thorough literature analysis, it is expected to reveal the existing tendencies and gaps as well as focus on strategies that were already adopted to improve the situation. The paramount purpose is to contribute to the theory of the research and make the presentation of obesity problem more comprehensive. The availability of too many calories along with the abundance of fast food and the advertisement of unhealthy foods changed the eating behavior of children. In addition, the majority of children does not perform the recommended daily exercises and lead sedentary lifestyles. Obviously, lifestyle changes have significantly affected childhood obesity over the past decades. For example, previously, children ate one sandwich for lunch at school, while now plenty of children have up to six unhealthy snacks per day (DeVries, 2016). The sizes of portions of food and drinks over the past years have also increased. The key problem is that the current school nutrition seems to contribute to obesity in children. Literature Review Summary In the United States, children are provided with food in schools and other public institutions through child nutrition programs, including the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and other school feeding standards. Schools play a critical role in shaping healthy behaviors in children as they spend a significant share of their time in schools, where good and bad habits can develop. Pantea-Stoian, Chilianu, Stefanca, Elian, and Serafinceanu (2015) hold to opinion that teachers and school leaders should make considerable efforts to contribute to children’s health. The authors emphasize that schools are responsible for the role of students’ nutrition as well as for creating places where children can actively and profitably spend their time. It is necessary t
Introduction Most of the historical figures and events studied in class are quite remarkable since they transformed the world forever. One of the individuals whose selflessness and determination stand out is Christopher Columbus. This discussion explains why this figure is the most attractive or compelling. A powerful political criterion is also offered to judge the actions and achievements of this great explorer. Christopher Columbus: An Overview Many historians agree that Columbus was born in Genoa (Italy) in 1451 (McGuirk 119). In 1470, his boat was attacked by the French privateers and sank. He managed to float to shore after the assault. He later traveled to Lisbon, where he studied astronomy, mathematics, and navigation. After completing his schoolwork, he came up with an ingenious plan that would change the modern world. After many failed attempts, the Spanish monarchs chose to sponsor Columbus for a voyage across the Atlantic. It was because of this determination that he completed his trips successfully in 1492, 1498, and 1502 (McGuirk 124). His journeys made it easier for Spain and other powers in Europe to learn more about this “unknown world.” He would later die in the year 1506. Implications of Columbus’ Achievements According to Conklin, Christopher Columbus did not really “discover” America as many historians acknowledge (46). This is the case because he was not the first person or explorer to visit the region. Many scholars and historians have indicated that several Viking explorers had managed to sail to Newfoundland by the end of the eleventh century (Miguel 386). Despite such arguments, the most outstanding fact is that his actions and dedications created a new kind of knowledge and understanding about the modern world. His journeys are believed to have encouraged more people to embrace the power of exploration. People of different countries such as Spain and England were empowered to exploit these regions that had not been known before. Throughout the period, many Europeans were able to identify and exploit the natural resources in the Americas. On the other side, Columbus’ efforts were detrimental or impactful on the experiences and outcomes of many native populations (Conklin 72). For instance, the exploitation of natural resources and minerals in these regions affected the lives of many inhabitants negatively. The introduction of new diseases also led to the destruction of many native communities. Legacy Hunter indicates clearly that Columbus’ legacy is something that will continue to be studied by archeologists and historians for centuries (37). This is the case because his daringness and ability to explore the unknown world empowered different people and sailors to interact with the New World. Azarmandi also argues that his actions and journeys can be referenced as the origin of different transatlantic conquests that would occur from the 16 th century (62). This move created the best environment for colonization. Afterward, the world would encounter numerous challenges such as the American Civil War and the loss of territories to different European powers. Basically, the political aspects of the modern world should
Introduction Positive reinforcement is known to be an effective way of addressing problem behaviors of children of various ages. In this paper, a review of literature pertaining to the use of praise and reinforcement in order to handle the negative behaviors of kids will be carried out. After that, an intervention aimed at addressing a young child’s aggressive/disruptive behavior in the kindergarten setting will be proposed; a way of researching the effects of such an intervention will be explained. Literature Review Key Definitions Before discussing the issues pertaining to the management of adverse and aggressive student behaviors by utilizing positive reinforcement and praise, it is paramount to provide the definitions of these notions. Problem student behaviors may be defined as types of student behaviors that interfere with normal participation of these or other students in studying and learning activities and cause various types of disruption of the learning process (MacDonald, Ahearn, Parry-Cruwys, Bancroft, & Dube, 2014); furthermore, aggressive behaviors are those during which pupils attempt to purposefully challenge the instructions of their teacher, or their authority (Allday et al., 2012, p. 87), or to cause emotional or physical harm to other learners. These behaviors may be practiced by students of different ages, from very young kids (Owen, Slep, & Heyman, 2012, p. 364) to teenagers (Jones et al., 2014). At the same time, positive reinforcement is a type of performance feedback; the latter is, in turn, is an action “taken by (an) external agent(s) to provide information regarding some aspects of one’s task performance” (as cited in Cavanaugh, 2013, p. 112). More specifically, positive reinforcement may be defined as a stimulus that is provided for a person (in this case, a student) after he or she has clearly demonstrated an instance of desirable behavior. Such stimuli develop social meanings (Owen et al., 2012, p. 365). These stimuli can include supplying positive verbal comments, giving certain types of rewards (such as candies), etc. In this paper, the attention will be focused on providing verbal praise to students as a reaction to their showing desirable behaviors. Uses of Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement can be used in a wide range of situations when students demonstrate attitudes and behaviors that are desirable in order to preserve these kinds of behavior. Different kinds of positive reinforcement have been shown to better both the students’ behavioral outcomes and their academic performance. For instance, it is reported that the implementation of one
Steven Spielberg is one of the most unique and genius film directors and screenwriters all over the world. His works usually arouse so much admiration and respect, and numerous awards and public’s recognition may serve as one of the best proofs of his professionalism. Saving Private Ryan is his fascinating work about the events during World War II, about courage, friendship, and respect, about love and devotion, devotion to own duties, faith, and people. A war is the time, when people stop appreciating money, fashion, and proper food. It is the time, when only someone’s life and death turn out to be important. This is what Spielberg wants to present in his movie, this is what should be taken into consideration and analyzed. Saving Private Ryan is a brilliant movie a
The Puritans and the Pilgrims were two significant immigrant groups who moved from England to America in the 1600s. Both groups existed in England at a time when the country underwent a break with Catholicism. Following this break with the Catholic Church, The Church of England was established and every Englishman was required to acknowledge its authority. This new state of affairs led a group of religious people to seek immigration to the New World so that they could exercise their religious freedoms. Thus in the early 1600s, the Pilgrims and the Puritans headed left England for America out of religious considerations. This paper will highlight the major differences between the Puritans and the Pilgrims. The most significant difference between the two groups is that while the Pilgrims desired a separation of church and state, the Puritans only wanted to purify the Church of England from within. The pilgrims did not want to belong to the Church of England and they took to holding meetings in barns and homes. These separatists formed their own religious rules and traditions (Velm 83). Because of this, the King of England persecuted the Separatists. These pilgrims therefore moved to America, which was viewed as a place where they could have the freedom to worship the way they wanted. The Puritans on the other hand viewed did not seek a separation from the English establishment and only wanted to carry out reforms to remove corruption from the church. The Puritans emigrated to the New World since they were persecuted in their attempts to instigate reforms in the Church of England. The two groups also differed in their perception of God. The Puritans deemed religion as a guideline for everyday living and God was regarded as a strict supernatural being who ruled over all. The Puritans laid great emphasis on spirituality and members of this group had great biblical knowledge (Conforti 190). Owing to their concern for Christian purity, the Puritans were strict in their way of life. Conversely, the Pilgrims had a more accommodating perception of God who was viewed as a benevolent and lenient ruler who could forgive easily. The pilgrims had a more liberal approach to worship and religion and little emphasize was made on spirituality. The Pilgrims way of life was more tolerant and it did not have many restrictions. The other difference between the two groups is that while the Pilgrims emphasized on individual righteousness before God, the Puritans were committed to corporate righteousness. The Pilgrims were in favor of a strong separation between the church and state and for this reason; they were regarded radical rebels (Velm 83). To this group, each person was accountable for his or her own action
Background The point under discussion is the fourteenth principle proposed by Dr. Deming that suggests ensuring “top management commitment to action.” On the whole, this principle is a concise summary of all the other points Dr. Deming discusses. As such, it comprises three critical ideas that Dr. Deming targets to translate to the audience. First, he believes that top management should be committed to a particular idea. This idea resides in ensuring continual quality and productivity improvement. Second, Dr. Deming assumes that mere commitment is not sufficient to achieve the expected results. Therefore, top managers should likewise have a clear vision of how the targeted improvements can be realized. Otherwise stated, he points out that it is particularly critical that top managers do not only encourage their subordinates to improve the quality and productivity but also perform positive change themselves. Third, Dr. Deming puts an emphasis on the fact that in order to implement this principle successfully, it might be essential to restructure the entire managerial system. According to him, this system is expected to be organized in such a manner that each of its elements is continually updated and improved. Dr. Deming suggests that in order to be effective, this system should rely on all the principles previously discussed. These principles can be used as valuable guidelines for practical improvements. In other words, the implementation of all the previously discussed points will naturally result in the establishment of a new effective managerial system the elements of which show a high commitment to action. Current Condition It seems that the discussed principle has not been fully implemented in Costco. The entire nature of management commitment in the company is slightly different from that Dr. Deming discusses. As such, Costco managers seem to be committed to quality and productivity improvement as long as there are some indicators of operation flaws. These indicators might be represented by an increased incidence of complaints from customers or some quantitative variables that turn out to be worse that in the last quarter. In this case, managers show their commitment to improvement and encourage other employees to share their initiative. It is essential to note, that in such emergent cases, managers prove to be highly effective in raising the quality and productivity. It means they do have an understanding of how the improvements should be realized, but
Introduction The modern United Arab Emirates (UAE) is striving to diversify the economy and minimize the influence of an obscure sector on the development of the country. In this regard, federal legislation stimulates local and foreign investment by providing easier access to the country’s market for foreign companies. This report reviews the existing legal framework that regulates the activities of foreign insurance companies in the UAE. In particular, it examines what forms of partnership are available to enter the market and what legal provisions should be considered. However, with regard to foreign insurance companies, the reformed legislation does not provide significant advantages over the past. Literature Review Currently, the UAE is active in enhancing economic development through diversification. This trend is reflected in The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030, which emphasizes that “the Government wishes to see the creation of higher-value employment opportunities, especially for Nationals, and maximizing participation of women in the workforce” (The Government of Abu Dhabi, 2008, p. 5). In particular, the focus is on “enhancing the business environment through further legislative reform and by ensuring that all economic policy is formulated with reference to rigorous data sources and statistical information” (The Government of Abu Dhabi, 2008, p. 5). Thus, the economic development plan implies attracting not only local but also foreign investments for integration into the global economic environment and accelerating the process of diversification of the UAE economy. Due to existing needs, federal laws have been transformed in recent years to facilitate the entry of foreign companies into the country’s market. The main document that regulates doing business in the UAE is Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies (CCL) ( Federal Law No. 2 , 2015). The document “applies on any economic entity which practice any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural, real estate or other kinds of economic activity on the mainland” ( Business regulations , n.d, para. 4). Excep