ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Powers, R. (2010). Military Domestic problems Domestic violence is the perpetuation of hostility in homes usually between a man and a woman. Most of the domestic violence that occurs is done against female members. For the longest time, society has viewed domestic violence as a domestic matter that should only be solved by those who are involved in the conflict. Even the law only began to treat the issue seriously in the 1970s by defining perpetration of domestic violence as a crime and establishment strict judicial measures to try to reduce the cases of domestic violence. But after the 1970s domestic violence was recognized as a crime. Domestic violence is classified under family and domestic violence. This has been sharply criticized under the view that it should be categorized as assault. 85% of domestic violence cases involve individuals with a close domestic relationship such as a marriage. The remaining 15% accounted for siblings or parental violence against their children. In most of the recorded domestic violence cases, females are mostly the victims of the dispute while the males are the aggressors of the violence. A large proportion of individuals who experience domestic violence do not report the violence. This is attributed to various factors such as low emotional self-esteem for the victims. Most domestic violence victims feel as if they are guilty and as if they contributed to the dispute in one way or another. These kinds of feelings make it difficult for them to report cases of domestic violence (Powers, 2010, p. 1). Beals, J. (2003). The Military response to domestic violence Active duty members and immediate family members constitute up to 3.3 million individuals in the population of the United States. Some of these individuals have to live and cope with the perpetration and effects of domestic violence. The domestic violence experienced might be verbal, physical, sexual, or psychological. It has been cited that some aspects of military life can increase the risk of domestic violence in comparison to nonmilitary individuals. Military life includes constant deployment to various parts of the country. Constant duty change is a feature of military administration that has been maintained throughout history. The location change might act as an isolation of the domestic violence victims away from their support networks such as close family members and friends. The military training also acts as a catalyst especially for people who might have a violent family background when they were young. Individuals who have been abused are more likely to abuse other individuals than those that have never been abused. Individuals in the military who have been involved in combat are more likely to be perpetrators of violence in comparison to those individuals that have not been in combat. Combat causes individuals in the military to experience high-stress levels which they might try to cope with through violence perpetration. Victims of domestic abuse in the military might persevere th
The effects of colonialism have percolated into every facet of people’s lives, affecting the way in which they perceive reality and express their attitude toward it. In art and, particularly, in cinema, promoting a diverse outlook on how movies are shot and how reality is portrayed is particularly difficult due to the overwhelming power of popular media. However, the Cine-Aztlán collective has managed to break free from the shackles of the colonial perspective on art, creating an outlet where genuine indigenous ideas and perceptions created a tapestry of unique cinematic ideas and expressions. The intention to promote social change with the help of cinematic art can be considered the definitive characteristic and the ultimate goal of the Cine-Aztlán collective. According to the published manifesto of the organization, the Cine-Aztlán collective sought to deviate from the path crafted and actively foisted onto the Latino and Chicano communities by American imperialists (Cine-Aztlán). Specifically, the manifesto stated explicitly that “modern cinematic technology has become a powerful weapon in the struggle for social justice” (Cine-Aztlán 1). Therefore, the organization viewed it as its main objective to subvert the standards reinforced by American imperialists and resurge traditional Chicano and Latino art to embody it in cinema. The Cine-Aztlán collective produced several documentaries that could be considered seminal, yet “la Chicana” remains one that stands out most. Representing the life of a young Chicana woman, the film introduces a rather unexpected, female-oriented perspective. Specifically, the sociocultural perceptions and roles of Latino and Chicano women are examined in the film both in its plot and with the help of colorful visuals. For instance, the stark contrast between an older woman cooking and a young one visibly having fun while playing sets the tone for the documentary and allows understanding of the effects of social constraints faced by women in Latino and Chicano cultures. Moreover, apart from centering on female characters, the documentary provides a revolutionary perspective on moviemaking by portraying the household environment of a Latino community. Namely, the document does not pursue any evidently grand objective; instead, it focuses on what could be seen on the surface level as insignificant and mundane elements of life. However, considering the documentary further, one will realize that it revolutionizes cinema by providing a glimpse of what the general audiences, including both white middle-class Americans and ethnic minorities. Namely, the documentary boldly portrays Latino people in everyday environments, representing them as members of unique culture and a strong community and unique individuals. However, most importantly, the revolutionary nature of the documentary originates from its message. Specifically, the challenges that Latino and Chicano women face due to the presence of patriarchy and rigid gender norms are portrayed in the documenta
Apple’s generic strategy in 2009 was the differentiation of products, with the view of maintaining its growth and revenues in an extremely competitive environment. By 2009, it was evident that the company had become aggressive in introducing innovative, high quality consumer electronic products to cover diverse market segments. Such products include desktop computers (e.g., Mac Pro, iMac, Mac Mini), notebooks (e.g., Mac Book Pro, Mac Book, Mac Book Air), iPhones, iPods, and the widely popular iTunes. It is justifiable to argue that Apple has utilized this strategy due to the increasing competition in its core markets, and also due to its use of premium pricing policy. The case study is evident that the firm was receiving stiff competition from other manufacturers, including Dell, Compaq and Acer, thus it is only fair to conclude that the market was saturated. Additionally, to attract more customers and satisfy their needs the company decided to pursue a differentiation strategy which implied creating color graphics, storage, expansion, and processing power. These unique capabilities enabled Apple to sell its products at a premium price in line with the differentiation strategy. Apple should continue competing in the personal computing industry for the growth and competitiveness. From the exhibits contained in the case study, it is evident that the company’s market share in the personal computing industry continued to rise, from 6.4 percent in the second quarter of 2007 to 8.7 percent in the second quarter of 2009. Although competition has been high in the industry, with Dell Inc controlling a market share of 26 percent in the second quarter of 2009, Apple should take pride in its capability to produce personal computers and notebook products with unique features and continue competing in the segment. The justifications for taking this perspective have been sourced from the case study. First, although in 2009 Apple accounted for only 2 percent of international computer shipments in the United States, the company has taken the initiative to reduce its premium pricing and open up its proprietary operating system to the interested parties. This initiative is expected to attract more customers and maintain them over longer periods of time, hence facilitating the company’s growth and sales revenues in the industry. Second, as suggested in the case study, the projected halo effects brought about by Apple’s non-computer products (e.g., iPods, iPhones and iTunes) are expected to trigger a switch by customers, from using products made by other manufacturers to rely sorely on Apple personal computers. Such a switch, in my view, is expected to boost sales revenues and position of Apple in a better position to conquer a larger market share in the personal computing industry. Lastly, Apple has made great investments in the industry as demonstrated in a variety of models configured to serve the interests of diverse customers, including professionals, students, business people, and consumers. It is only proper that intense marketing campaigns will be undertaken to ensure the growth of this in
Globalization is no longer a phenomenon; it is a reality that everyone on the globe must struggle with. It has infiltrated our way of thinking, culture, politics, religion, and most of all business. The increasing globalization effects became painfully obvious with the recent financial tragedy that has shaken the US and continues to be effective in every economy in the world. No country is safe from its effects. However, globalization also presents an opportunity to cooperate and produce new and beneficial paradigms in all areas of life. The positive is both large and covers a wide sphere of life. The role of this reality, globalization, in Turkey has been much discussed and as pointed out, has brought great benefit to the Turkish community as a whole. In fact, according to the Global Magazine (2008), a survey carried out in Turkey showed that a near majority of the population supports this phenomenon, with an overwhelming majority agreeing that globalization will bring with it increased economic growth and opportunity as noted by Tausch (2003). Effect of globalization on the economy Globalization, as stated earlier, has involvement in every sphere of life of this society. The effects of globalization started to take effects on the general society particularly in the early 1980s under the influence of the IMF conditionality. According to Arin (2), the intervention of the IMF in a then sickly Turkish economy was pegged to the implementation of liberalization reforms. These reforms saw the decontrol of interest rates in 1981, liberalization of foreign trade in 1984, and the reopening of the Istanbul Stock Exchange in 1986. The central bank started open market operations in 1987. Thereafter, the Turkish currency was made convertible making the economy fully financially open (Arin). This kind of openness allowed the Turkish economy to gain investment from foreign sources. It also allowed the country to participate and gain from the international financial markets through foreign exchange trading and the stock market. A more recent concern is the joining of Turkey to the EU. The joining process has a lot of financial advantages for the country (Tausch, 2003). For example, the EU will enable the economy to boost its allocation efficiency, benefit from EU structural funding and increase infrastructural investment. The infrastructural investment will help
Purpose of the study The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has employed much effort in improving its education infrastructure; however, the curriculum developers have not fully explored the beliefs of the targeted teachers. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions and beliefs that the teachers have regarding the new curriculum, the new textbooks, and the general reforms in science education at the primary schools. Background literature In the contemporary world, teachers encounter various challenges because of the shifting policies and changing societal needs (Bell & Donnelly, 2007). Saudi Arabia established a mandatory public primary education system in the 1960s and since then, the government has improved its educational infrastructure to reduce illiteracy levels. In the recent past, curricular developers identified a need to reform the educational system for elementary school science to help students to think scientifically instead of gaining basic scientific information (Snider & Roehl, 2007; Ryder & Banner, 2010). Therefore, the ministry of education adopted new curricula that emphasize student-centered learning (Abell & Lederman, 2006; Aikenhead, 2007). Students find it worthwhile to understand concepts and employ them in various situations instead of memorizing a single scientific concept (Wenner, 2001; Isler & Cakiroglu, 2009). Theoretical framework Adapting new curricula is a complex process that involves sponsors, advocates, and change agents, who have to attain a given set of goals (Klassen, Bong, Usher, Chong, Huan, Wong, & Georgiou, 2009). In this case, the ministry of education is the sponsor while the school heads are the advocates and change agents, who have to manipulate the targeted science teachers. Since the entire exercise involves a chain of people, everyone’s perception is highly significant in the implementation of the new curricula (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk, 2001). Therefore, it is imperative to study the beliefs of the target agents, as their beliefs would have strong repercussions on the entire system (Hall & Hord, 2001; Macnab, 2003). Research questions/hypotheses It is hypothetical that the attitudes and beliefs of educators have a significant effect on the aspect of teaching (Christou, Eliophotou-Menon, & Philippou, 2004; Poulou, 2007). To ascertain the truth of the statement, the following research questions are imperative.  1. What are Saudi primary school science teachers’ beliefs in the new curriculum?  2. Do the beliefs have any connections with specific political, social, cultural values?  3. Do the teachers’ beliefs about the new curriculum affect their instructional decisions?  4. Do the beliefs, attitudes, and adoption of the new curricula have anything to do with global occurrences?  5. Did the curriculum developers use feasible criteria to adopt the new curricular, or did they take advantage of the defenceless teachers to make new implementations? Definitions of key terms   * Attitudes are the predispositions that teachers have developed towards the new curriculum.   * Beliefs are
Executive Summary After careful analysis of Santa Monica Public Library’s financials, it is concluded that SMPL and its branches can cut costs if they were to reduce costs in two main areas: salaries and wages, and print materials. With current expenditures in both areas over 50% of all total expenditures, one expects that Santa Monica Public Library could potentially save a lot of money that would be better used toward developing other thematic and community building spaces and events. Implementation of these alternatives would include automating the central library cataloging system. Consequently, overhead costs would reduce because of a decline in the number of staff librarians. Further, the number of electronic sources/literature available to beneficiaries would also increase. While the implementation of the alternatives would require substantial investment cost, in the end, it would benefit the library. By staying relevant to the 21 st century’s digital revolution, established libraries must be able to adapt and ensure that libraries remain a key part of society’s commitment to education and knowledge. Introduction The purpose of this cost analysis report is to analyze the costs of the Santa Monica Public Library and determine its benefits to the cardholders it serves. It is often difficult to determine the cost/benefits provided by a public good or service due to the value that it brings to the community. While many would agree that the Santa Monica Public Library is quite valuable to its community, it is difficult to communicate a library’s value in dollars. Most public libraries are mainly local, in that they serve mostly only the members of the community in which they reside. Santa Monica Public Library does not attract a lot of money from outside the local economy. Most of the funds are raised through fundraisers, gifts, grants, and in-kind contributions; the remaining funds are sourced from taxes. With such scarce resources, cost analysis is helpful in determining whether a public good, such as the Santa Monica Public Library, is using its resources to its maximum potential. A comprehensive description of the public good or service Santa Monica Public Library (SMPL) is recognized as a community, cultural and learning center with the mission to offer resources, services, and a center to read, socialize, relax and learn. SMPL promotes literacy, civic involvement, life-long learning, and cultural awareness (Santa Monica Public Library 1). The history of the Santa Monica Public library is quite long and respectable. In December of 1890, the first City Librarian was appointed, and since then, the Santa Monica Public Library (SMPL) has grown and developed to be a beloved safe space for young and old to enjoy. SMPL has expanded to other five different locations, including Main, Fairview, Montana, Ocean Park, and Pico. These five library locations are included in this review. SMPL offers a number of differen
The United States was in the middle of the Great Depression when Roosevelt was elected. The banking system was in crisis, and almost a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Salaries and wages for those still employed reduced drastically as the production did. President Roosevelt’s New Deal’s focus was to offer instant economic relief and bring about reforms to stabilize the economy. Therefore, the New Deal in Tennessee included public work administration, agriculture adjustment administration, civilian conservation corps, Tennessee recovery authority, national recovery administration, and the work progress administration. The government agency decided to reduce unemployment and improve the purchasing power via the building of public building structures and highways. Being governed by the national industrial recovery act, the PWA was established by Roosevelt and controlled by his internal secretary’s governing body. During his tenure, the PWA used much money to build its educational structures, city halls, public health structures, law courts, sewage disposal, bridges, roads, and subways. In the United States’ history, the New Deal’s strategy was to redeem agriculture development during the Great Depression and war by limiting farm output, declining export surpluses, and increasing cost. The Agricultural Balance Act was a compilation farm-relief bill exemplifying the structures of the great national farm corporations. The act aimed to restore the prices for agricultural produce to a point equal to purchasing power. However, the product credit corporation with agriculture storage and loan plan was implemented to enable price-aiding loans and purchase certain products. Moreover, the Deal was established to advance farmers’ living standards, regulate rain overflows, advance navigation, and produce electrical power alongside the Tennessee River and its streams. The Tennessee River was prone to floods, and navigation was interfered with by a sequence of shoals. Therefore, the United States Congress authorized a bill implementing the Tennessee Valley Authority, TVA, hence incorporating all the events of different government agencies in the region and locating them under one’s governance. Consequently, a massive plan of constructing dams, flood-regulating projects, and hydroelectric generating stations was started. Therefore, the combination of a wide range of certain powers with a view of social accountability to the area made TVA essential as an example of natural resource plan
Project Title The project title is “Creating the Conditions for sustainable innovation – The Leadership Imperative” in the maritime company DP World (Dubai Port World). In this study, I aim to analyze how sustainable leadership can be implemented in the company and how it will institutionalize, foster, and ensure repeatable and sustainable innovation among the human resources of the mentioned company. I will be using micro-level and macro-level analyses for this paper: employees and leaders from the DP world will be interviewed, and studies conducted in other countries will be compared. Key Article The key article for my research is titled “The influencing factors of enterprise sustainable innovation: an empirical study”; it was written by Chen (2016). In this article, Chen (2016) describes the macro-level indicators of innovation by reviewing other studies and articles that researched the same problem. The author also provides a framework to evaluate innovation: “knowledge sustainable innovation capability, production sustainable innovation capability, and market sustainable innovation capability” are used as the main indicators of innovation (Chen 2016, p. 427). Using the literature analysis, the author develops a questionnaire for his study that also reflects the key indicators of innovation. The study uses a questionnaire to gather data; I also aim to use questionnaires provided to DP world employees to collect data for my research. The sample size in the author’s study is from three Chinese provinces where the enterprises selected for the study are located. Therefore, both the author and I aim to use macro-level and micro-level data as the tools for data gathering. The metrics provided by the author in his study are similar to those that I aim to use in my research because they cover both the macro- and micro-levels (Chen 2016). The Metrics To measure innovation, the author uses three indicators of innovation that I also aim to use as reference indicators in my research (Chen 2016). Moreover, I also plan to use the literature reviewed by the author to conduct the macro-level analysis and compare and contrast data from different countries and studies. To test the reliability of the variables, the author uses Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (Chen 2016). Although it is not yet clear whether I am going to use the same coefficient to test the reliability of variables in my research, I can use it as a reference when deciding what tools are needed to measure it. The three innovation capabilities can