ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Branding constitutes the cornerstone of modern marketing. Every product, big or small, features its own emblem and a brand name, which helps it stand out among the competitors in hopes of making itself known and memorable to the customers. Global brands become associated with quality, allowing the companies to increase sales and derive more profits by selling the name of the brand to the customer, playing on the subconscious and biased perceptions of quality. At the same time, few companies realize the true meaning behind the brand. A brand, first and foremost, is a promise made to the customer, which sets up certain expectations for the brand owner and the products and services provided by them. A traveler booking a room at Hilton expects the quality of service the hotel chain is well-known for. A businessperson buying an Apple product wants to see the impeccable performance, innovation, and security associated with the brand. Identifying the promise that the company makes, thus, is critical for informing the branding strategy in the market. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the article titled “What Does Your Corporate Brand Stand For?” by Stephen A. Greyser and Mats Urde, which addresses the issues outlined above. Article Summary The article by Greyser and Urde (2019) starts with acknowledging the ability of companies to understand and promote product brands. At the same time, they draw an important distinction between product brand and corporate brand names. The former is a subcategory of the latter, as corporate brand defines not only one product but the entirety of the company’s product line, including daughter companies attached to it. Greyser and Urde (2019) identify corporate brand not only by its visual appearance (logo) but also by the sounds, voice, attitude, slogan, and flagship product. The article then proposes a framework tool in order to discover the company’s corporate brand and what it stands for. It is called the Matrix framework, which covers the internal and external elements of the brand name, as well as those in between these two large groups, thus forming a complete and cohesive identity (Greyser & Urde, 2019). Internal elements are the organization’s vision and mission, whereas the external parameters are largely defined by the customers’ perceptions of the brand. In between them lies the brand’s core, which constitutes the promise made to customers (Greyser & Urde, 2019). The matrix, thus, is comprised out of 9 boxes, with brand promise located in the center. The factors surrounding it are as follows (Greyser & Urde, 2019):   * External: Value proposition, relationships, position in the market;   * Internal: Vision and mission, culture, competencies;   * Internal/External: Expression, personality, and Brand Core. When using the framework in order to evaluate a corporate brand, Greyser and Urde (
Abstract The purpose of this piece of assignment is to investigate and determine the causes of cost fluctuations. Conversely, fluctuation effects on prices that leads to customer complaints. Additionally, the paper thoroughly investigates inter departmental crisis and the solution. Causes of costs fluctuations For most businesses, managerial accounting plays a particularly crucial role. As a management accountant, one has the responsibility of keeping the CEO aware of the financial status of the company. Managerial accountants together with other financial consultants are the sole decision makers of the business enterprise. The direction that the business takes heavily depends on them. The Pine Products Company works with a job order system. There have been some ongoing arguments between the sales and production departments (Drury, 2000). The conflict concerns the TC-1 outstanding order products, manufactured in batches of 1000 units sold at a cost plus a mark- up 40%. The fluctuating production units adversely affect the selling prices (Pratt, 2011). These cause difficulties for sales department to set up prices. As a result, it causes excessive customer complaints. This causes a considerable loss to the TC-1 orders. The stand of the production department is that each job order must be fully cost on the basis of the incurred cost within which the produced goods. According to the personnel department, the real solution to this ongoing crisis is to increase sales in slack periods for the sales department. (Horngren et al, 2006). The company president as requested the accountant to collect past year quarterly data on TC-1. The following are the main findings from the cost accounting system. Used the data below: Quarter Costs                    1        2        3        4       Direct materials         $100000  $220000  $80000   $20000  Direct labor             $60000   $132000  $48000   $120000 Manufacturing overheads  $105000  $123000  $97000   $125000 Total                    $265000  $475000  $225000  $225000 Production in batches    5        11       4        10      Unit cost(per batch)     $53000   $43182   $56250   $44500   What manufacturing cost element is responsible for the fluctuating units costs? Why? The fluctuation of unit cost can be caused by any of the elements in the quarterly data. The following costs can be examined to determine the cause of fluctuation of the unit costs. Direct materials Determination of cost per unit for direct materials = total cost of direct materials / number of batches =$100000/5= $20000 First quartile: 20000*5=$100000 Second quartile: 20000*11=$220000 Third quartile: 20000*4=$80000 Fourth quartile: 20000*10=200000 If production of 5 batche
Introduction The influence of such eminent scientists and inventors as Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla on the culture and lifestyle of America is significant. Both these personalities made a huge contribution to the development of certain industries and provided valuable research that served as the basis for subsequent generations. Nevertheless, disputes arise about whose figure is more influential, and this work is aimed at analyzing the inventors’ impact on American society. Comparison of Individual Contribution Both inventors are considered innovators, but their approaches to work were different, which led to distinctive outcomes. According to Martin, the scholars refused the Nobel Prize due to their resentment at each other (124). Tesla wanted to become Edison’s student, but in the end, he had to work separately because his mentor did not approve the ideas of the talented young scientist. As a result, their approaches to working on electricity were fundamentally different. As Martin remarks, Edison and Tesla laid the foundations of the entire electrification system and, working in the USA, contributed significantly to the development of the technological base of the country (21). The first one was the practitioner who managed to patent a huge number of inventions, which he either created himself or improved on other people’s projects. Tesla was younger and more active, but his activities with alternating current were no less valuable, and many modern mechanisms work due to the principles that he discovered. It is impossible to answer the question of whose contribution was more significant since each of the scientists changed the course of history and turned the USA into one of the first powers with a developed electrical base. Conclusion The influence of both inventors on the development of America is difficult to consider in the context of comparison since the scientists left numerous valuable discoveries. Edison and Tesla had different approaches to the implementation of their ideas. However, the question of the greater or lesser significance of each of the personalities is incorrect. Their work may be considered in the context of rivalry, but due to their activities, today, America is a highly developed state with an advanced technological base. Work Cited Martin, Joel. Edison vs . Tesla: The Battle over Their Last Invention . Skyhorse Publishing, 2017.
Introduction The problems of child development mechanisms happen to be the most difficult yet very important in child philosophy. There are detailed studies in the contemporary western psychology of the development of memory, cognition, perception and other mental processes that occur at different stages of the child’s life but the explanation as to why a child transits from one development period to the next is still missing. The neo-Vygotskian theory gives the most comprehensive approach to the problem of mechanisms and determinants of child development. This paper seeks to address a few issues related to his theory. Mediation by caregivers According to Vygotsky, the human mental processes can be compared to human labor as both are mediated by tools. However, the tools for the human mental process are special psychological tools like symbols, signs and languages. Human beings are not born with these tools but children acquire these tools in the course of having interpersonal communication with more experienced peers or adults. An infant’s object-centered activities usually involve the infant manipulating objects according to the social meanings associated with the objects (Karpov, 2006). Caregivers can act as mediators in teaching infants to successfully perform object-centered activities by teaching them how to perform these activities. For instance, a child may learn that banging a spoon on a table produces sounds but may need the caretaker’s intervention to learn to use the spoon for feeding. A caretaker, in this case, acts as the mediator in enabling the child to successfully learn to feed using the spoon. Infants, through the mediation of their caregivers, get to discover the meanings of signs, for instance, gurgles, pointing and crying express what they want. Accomplishments of successful transformation According to Vygotsky, infants are biologically helpless in their first year of life. They are unable to satisfy their important needs and hence they are fully dependent on their caregivers. Due to this, the caretaker becomes the psychological center in all the situations the infant is in and this generates the basis for the caretakers to supply infants with psychological tools. This emotional interaction with the caretaker becomes the leading activity of infants especially during their first year of development (Karpov, 2006). The major accomplishments that accompany the successful formation of the leading actors in infants are the ability of the infants to develop new abilities and motives and outgrow their present leading activity. This process leads to the infant’s transition to the next leading activity that is particular to the next development period. Negative consequences of failure in leading activity However, there are instances when an infant fails to successfully form a leading activity resulting in consequences that may not be desirable. The infants may find it difficult to develop new abilities in the future and this can cause major hindrances to their normal development. The failure to develop a leading activity in infancy reduces the chances of them being able to succ
Introduction Culture is the customs of a place such as the way of dressing, the behavior, language and talking styles, the music, food and hence the overall aspects of the Way that a specific group of people lives. Ideally Culture is very vital to the society because it is the whole set of beliefs and ideas that the latter were brought up to be what they currently are. According to Green (2005 Para. 7), culture can be divided into two categories namely the traditional culture and the social culture. While the traditional culture includes traditional dance, wrestling, horse race and among others, social culture of a society refers to civilization and all that the society creates. Main body Robert (1995, p.77) Defined culture as an acceptable life style of a particular group of people within their locality and which is represented in art, thought and customs which consider clothing, food, behavior and/or beliefs. Robert points out that Culture is an extricable part of the life of an individual. In fact, it is so entrenched in the life of individuals who belongs to the community in which it subsists. As a result, it develops and roots itself through the lifespan of an individual. It changes both with age, exposure, and learning. In the same way therefore, the development of talents and giftedness will be influenced by the changing culture different stages in the live span of an individual. In fact, the elements of culture such as ethnicity, race, and gender among others have a great potency of influencing. Racial and ethnic identity influences to great extent the multiculturalism or rather giftedness and discovery of talents by members of a given society. Individual seeking to identify with a certain race or rather ethnic roots often seeks to develop points of pride and reference for their community and which is greatly represented in the culture. Such move therefore may lead to the latter developing activities that depict the diversity in talents and giftedness in that society. The Asians, for instance tends to identify with expertise in the medical field. As a result, members of this race or rather an ethnic group may seek to use their natural expertise and giftedness in the latter to create an unmatched identity. For example, research reveals increased interest in gifted African American students. According to Rodgers (2008, p.15), the representation of the black race in the gifted and talented programs across the United States of America has been very low compared to the white race. Of late, and in what seems to be a turn of events however, the number of the black race participating in these events is increasing significantly as they seek to create
Gone with the wind is an American film that illustrates the life of young American residents during the civil war period. The main players in this movie include Ashley and Scarlett. Both Ashley and Scarlett’s families are badly affected by the civil war, which forces men to leave their families to go and fight. Scarlett loses her spouse Charles curtly after their marriage. Charles dies in the civil war, and it is during this mourning period that Scarlett meets Rhett at a charity bazaar. Rhett discloses to Scarlett his desire for her during a dance, which she refutes. Many men from Tara die as war twirls against the federation. Scarlett assists Melanie during her delivery without any medical assistance as a way to keep her pledge to Ashley. Afterwards, they return to Tara with the help of Rhett where Scarlett learns of her mother’s death and the deteriorating mental ability of her father. This makes her vow to protect and take care of herself and the rest of the family at all cost [1] . After her father’s death, Scarlett finds herself in a very tricky situation where she cannot afford to pay her bills as required. She tries to convince Ashley to elope with her, but he cannot run away from his wife Melanie. As a result, Scarlett goes to Atlanta to ask Rhett for financial assistance, which he is not in a position to because his accounts have been blocked. In the process, Scarlett convenes Frank, and she persuades him to wed her. According to this movie, civil war had both social and economic impacts on Americans. Economically, Scarlett finds herself in a position where she cannot pay taxes as expected. This is because economical operations were disrupted by the war were men had to leave their normal duties and operations to go to war [2] . Social amenities like hospitals could not be easily accessible at this time. As a result, we find Melanie delivering her baby without any medical attention. This left those who survived on such an income in a devastating state. Social disharmony was the greatest, and the most adverse effect that civil war had on Americans. Many young families where broken during this period. Men did not have time to stay close to their loved ones as the government expected them to be at war. In addition, the young populace lost subsists in the fight. As seen in the movie, Scarlett loses her first husband at war, and many other men from her region die at the war break out. Social misconducts such as rape grow sore during this period [3] . As recorded in the movie, Scarlett escapes rape twice something that results to death of two different people one on each incidence. Accordingly, many natives became destitute or without any family connection. At the last part of the movie, Scarlett is not only an urchin, but also a widow. Such combinations of occurrences are a big blow on an individual’s social life. Ashley’s life is left in turmoil too; when his wife, the only family he had dies. Bibliography Foner, Eric. Give me liberty! : An American history . New York: W.W. Norton, 2013. O’Hara, Scarlet, and Rhett Butler.”Gone with the wind”. A Civil
Abstract Problems affecting the US population have different prevalence levels, but they do not segregate. They apply to people in rural and urban areas, hence it cuts across ethnicity, racial, and religious divide. Of the many problems such as homelessness, health problems, and rising standards of living, this paper discusses the rising prevalence of obesity among the general population as both a health and social problem. The paper discusses the problem as an issue related to people’s attitudes and perception, which is enhanced by price variations for foods with high and low calories. The paper proposes a research on roles and the association of media with high consumption of food having high calories, which are typically sold at fast food stores. Introduction Currently, many nations across the globe experience several socio-economic and health challenges. Opocher and Steedman (2009) note that people in the US encounter challenges like increasing unemployment, rising costs for education, increasing poverty levels, homeliness, obesity, and drug and substance abuse. In 2014, obesity constitutes not only a health problem, but also a social problem due to its association with failing to take control of one’s eating habits. Indeed, it is a dominant issue in social, print, and other forms of media. For example, in an article appearing on the New York Times on 21 February 2014, Hoyt and Burnette (2014) argue that there is a high prevalence rate for childhood obesity, which progresses into adulthood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) observes that 78.6 million or a 1/3 of the total adults in the US are obese. This paper extends the public debate developed by Hoyt and Burnette (2014) on whether obesity should be considered as a moral failing disease. Discussion of the authors’ claims Hoyt and Burnette (2014) posit that during the month of June 2013, millions of the American people acquired a disease unrelated to pathogens or illnesses. However, they reckon that the American Medical Association arrived at a decision to tag obesity as “multi-metabolic and hormonal disease state” (Hoyt and Burnette, 2014, par.8). This move gives rise to the main public debate on the appropriateness of labeling obesity as a disease, especially given its causation. Hoyt and Burnette (2014, par.12) point out that calling obesity a disease has the impact of creating a warning on its health risks. Mixed reactions on perceiving obesity as a disease emerged, thus prompting intensive medical research to provide medical remedies to it. Apart from concerns of the causation of obesity, Hoyt and Burnette (2014) are concerned with the public psychological implication of tagging obesity as a disease. Can such a move have implications on people’s body image, especially feeling shameful about their body overweight? Can the move lead to empowerment of people and increase the acceptance of their body image? While Hoyt and Burnette (2014) provide a direct res
Introduction The media is an essential tool for communication as it helps in relaying different forms of information to the target audience. It plays an essential role in shaping the perceptions of the audience with regard to the different issues. The media is also a critical tool in influencing culture because of the way in which it portrays certain societal values as reality. Media translation entails the change of information from one language to the other mainly for purposes of easy understanding by the particular audience. Objectivity and neutrality are key issues in the media and although the two words are often used interchangeably, they are nonetheless different in certain respects. The paper looks into the difference between objectivity and neutrality and its importance in translating news from English into Arabic, and vice versa. Objectivity and neutrality in media translation Objectivity in media entails relaying of information based on facts without any influence, personal prejudices, or emotions which are likely to distort the meaning or public perception. Media objectivity could include aspects like depersonalization whereby the media personnel are not expected to express their own views or beliefs about an issue. Instead, they are supposed to base their arguments on facts. Balance is the other aspect of objectivity whereby the views of the two parties regarding a certain contentious issue should be presented without any favors or inclination towards either side. There has been a heated debate on the issue of objectivity in media with the issue of its complete existence coming under scrutiny. This is because as human beings, we are susceptible to voicing our own opinion about a certain issue, although this is against the media professionalism. Neutrality in media on the other hand implies that the transfer of a particular work between or among different media does not change the character of that work for copyright reasons. This is particularly important when it comes to the electronic media although it also applies to paper media as well. It advocates for the maintenance of the original purpose or meaning of the news as opposed to making any alterations (Kieran, 1998). Although objectivity and neutrality are sometimes used interchangeably there exist some differences between the two in terms of their definitions. Both are also important especially when it comes to news translation (for instance, from English to Arabic or vice versa). Objectivity and neutrality should always be maintained to the highest degree possible even in the event of news translation from one language to the other. Failure to do this undermines the meaning and the information may not serve the intended purpose. Objectivity and neutrality ensures that the original meaning and purpose of the news is not distorted in any way especially in the event of translation. This helps to keep the meaning of news as an informative and reliable tool for consumption by the society through the dissemination of information that touches on various aspects of life (for instance, politics). According to Darwish