ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Food is a very important thing in the life of all living organisms where human beings are inclusive. Food has to be consumed in a wise manner because its abuse has adverse effects. Some of the adverse effects of not using food in the proper manner include being obese. Different religions have some rules which are adhered to by the followers in regard to consumption of food. One such religion is Hinduism. Hinduism has many sub religions all of which attach different values to consumption to food. This is a brief research paper which examines the important aspects of food in the Hindu religions. Food in Hinduism Food in Hinduism is considered a very significant part of life. Actually, it is viewed as a god. Food in Hinduism is treated with a lot of respect because of the role it plays namely: nourishment of the physical, mental and emotional portions of the body. It is commonly known that Hinduism does not allow eating of beef and pork; a cow is a sacred animal and is actually considered a mother (Shouler and Susai 1). There are many rituals which are associated with food eating in Hinduism. Some of the rituals are discussed below: The first solid food that is given to a child in called samskara. When a person passes away, he/she will be offered food during the funeral rites to enable the departed soul complete the journey to the ancestors. Food has to be eaten in manner that it is worshipped for it is only this way that it will offer strength and vigor otherwise the same food will be a source of destruction of both strength and vigor. There are some rituals which are observed before food is eaten: the place of eating has to be cleaned; water has to be sprinkled around the food accompanied with prayers; and making a food offering (Shouler and Susai 1). Hinduism texts revere and teach that food must be respected because it is life: All beings that exist in earth are being born of food. Thereafter they live by food. Again ultimately they go back to it and merge to become food. So verily food is the eldest of all creatures. On that basis food is called the medicine (aushdham ucchyate sarvam) of all. Those who mediate upon Brahman as food will obtain all food. From food are born all being and after being born they grow by food, food is eaten by all beings and in the beings all beings are eaten by food. Therefore food is called annam. (Jayaram 1) According to Hinduism, the right kind of food has to be eaten; this is because of the role that food plays in a person. The “triple qualities of sattva, rajas and tama” (Jayaram 1) depend on the kind of food that a person consumes and thus this will in turn impact the mind and body. In Hinduism food can be classified into three categories based on their qualities: sattvic food, rajasic food, and tamasic food. Sattvic food is described as “freshly made, juicy, oil, tasty and agreeable” (Jayaram 1); this kind is necessary because it “promotes longevity, purity, strength, health, happiness and cheerfulness” (Jayaram 1). Rajasic food is that which is “bitter, sour, salty, hot and pungent” (Jayaram 1); it is associated with “pain, grief and disease” (Jayaram 1
The situation with jail overcrowding presents a growing issue that requires a swift solution. The United States has one of the highest ratios of prisoners to free people, as its prisons contain approximately 2.1 million people (Barsky, 2019). There is the need to admit that the current state of prisons is unacceptable and discuss what methods of its resolution are efficient. This essay will attempt to create a draft of a plan for the reduction of the imprisoned population. While preventing people from getting into jail is vital, it is necessary to discuss the position of currently imprisoned people. The population within the prison walls must be considered as the primary stakeholders in this task. Therefore, the plan must focus on their rehabilitation to ensure that these people will not be left to fend for themselves after release. The first step of the plan is to ensure public support in this endeavor, which can be achieved by giving them easier access to the inside of prison walls for support and education. The second step is to encourage both prisoners and educators to cooperate on a common goal of giving the former more opportunities in life after release. This strategy is already tried by the program “Let Us In” and has shown a degree of success (Barsky, 2019). The third step requires the introduction of new options for release for prisoners who have undergone the proposed courses and have proven to be able to reintegrate into society. In conclusion, there are efficient ways for reducing the number of imprisoned people in the country, such as revealing the living conditions inside prisons to encourage voting for change and reforming rehabilitation options. Local governments can also affect the issue by making bails and alternative options for service one’s sentence more available. An established plan for action would serve as an excellent starting point, although it requires cooperation between federal and state governments. Reference Barsky, N. (2019). How to fix our prisons? Let the public inside . The Marshall Project.
Introduction In recent decades, there has been an upsurge of scholarly literature on how ethical theories could be applied not only in organizational contexts, but also in spheres that demand ethical consideration (Shaw et al 2013). Although the literature discusses these theories in a variety of contexts, the present paper focuses on the application of Kantian ethics in water privatisation. Kantian Perspective on Water Privatisation Extant literature demonstrates that “in response to the global water crises, the international water industry defines water as a private good to be extracted and traded on free markets outside state ownership and government regulation” (Hughes 2010, p. 525). Consequently, as suggested by this author, most countries are now promoting the privatisation of water as the most efficient means of delivery and management, particularly in light of increasing costs, political liabilities, pressure from IMF and World bank to minimise water subsidies and public sector debt, as well as the power of business organizations seeking profits from the selling of water. However, as illustrated below, these factors lack adequate justification and moral bearing when evaluated using the lens of Kantian ethics, with its emphasis on good will, duty, categorical imperative and respect for humanity (Shaw et al 2013). Unlike consequentialist theories of egoism and utilitarianism which rely on outcomes to know the rightness or wrongness of a given action, Kantian ethics is categorical that the foundation of a moral duty is an “a priori” belief, implying that an action is morally right if its principles can be applied to all rational beings in a consistent way (Dion, 2012). To progress this argument further, it should be noted that “private character of the market traditionally means that actions and decisions in the market are beyond the direct (intervening) control of government and politics” (Dubbink & van de Ven 2012, p. 231). Owing to the fact that water is essential for life and a common good that should be accessible to all (Barraque 2004), privatizing water may not be the morally right action to do according to Kantian ethics by virtue of the fact that such an action may never be applied to all rational beings in a consistent way since, as acknowledged by Dubbink and van de Ven (2012), the private market is a domain where agents (private water companies) are legally free to decide on their actions. In formulating his theory, Kant said that nothing is good in itself except good will, and that it is only by acting from duty do the actions of rational beings achieve mor
Introduction Bridge to Terabithia is a novel by Katherine Paterson that describes the unique friendship between a boy and a girl. The relationship transforms the protagonists as they engage in a journey of self-exploration and development, challenging societal pressures and expectations. The theme of gender roles is consistently present in the novel, starting with character origins and becoming the central concept as they mature to defy archetypal perceptions of feminine and masculine expectations in order to formulate their identity. Gender Roles The protagonists, Jess and Leslie, face an uphill battle against the standards of gender convention in the context of societal pressure, adolescence, and their platonic friendship. Leslie is unique and unusual, defying “ladylike” expectations and becoming a symbol of rebellion and nonconformity for girls. Meanwhile, Jess is torn apart by gender identity due to his familial situation as well as his passion for art that is ridiculed as feminine by his own father. The primary theme and moral lesson of Bridge to Terabithia are that gender role do not define identity, and not everyone can or must adhere to the rigid barriers created by society. The characters dispel their gender-based archetypes in favor of uniqueness and self-exploration. The characterization of Leslie in the novel is a direct challenge to social gender norms. While most women in the novel are described as obsessed with fashion and romance, Leslie completely condemns this femininity in pursuit of exploration and knowledge. She dresses like a tomboy, in a manner that is comfortable for her. She reads books about scuba diving and spends her time exploring the creek near her house. Jess sees Leslie as “one of those people who sat quietly at her desk, never whispering or daydreaming or chewing gum, doing beautiful school work, and yet her brain was so full of mischief…” (Paterson 55). Leslie rejects judgment and pressure to adhere to gender norms. The way that Paterson characterizes Leslie is that her perspective on the world stimulates the unorthodox and mature wisdom that she possesses for a teenage girl. Jess is facing the struggle of living to his father’s expectations while lacking traditional masculine character traits. He is sensitive, loves art, and is also observant for his age. He sees the absurdity of certain arbitrary societal rules such as girls not being allowed to run races at school. At the beginning of the novel, Jess has an understanding that the world only operate
Executive Summary The following report is the financial analysis of BAT International Company in the form of ratio analysis for the three most recent financial years. In addition, an analysis of similar ratios has been done for two of BAT’s main competitors, Imperial Tobacco International and Philip Morris International. A critical analysis of the ratios shows that BAT has had a positive performance trend over the last three financial years and most of the ratios depict superior performance. Consequently, the report recommends to potential investors to purchase the company’s shares at any opportunity. To the existing shareholders, the report recommends that they maintain their shares as the trend in the financial performance of the company suggests future financial success which is likely to maximise their wealth. Introduction The main reason for the existence of companies is to create a stream of benefits to its shareholders throughout the life of the business. The investors expect the business to be operational for an indefinite period. The stakeholders of companies have varying interests in the business depending on the types of relationships they have with the business. For instance, ordinary shareholders invest their money in the business expecting to get returns in the form of dividends and appreciation of their share prices (Swart 2002). The lenders are interested in the liquidity position of the business to have confidence in the ability of the business to repay the amounts borrowed. Every company is obliged to prepare its annual reports to communicate with its stakeholders about its operational progress (Grundy, Johnstone and Scholes 1998). The most common financial statements are the income statements, the statements of financial position and the statement of cash flows. These statements contain the various variables of operations such as the incomes and expenses as well as the assets, capital and liabilities of the business. However, in their current form, the financial statements do not provide sufficient information to their users for purposes of making decisions regarding their future relationship with the company. It is due to these shortcomings that financial analysis of the financial statements becomes necessary (Crowther 2007). The most common analysis of the financial statements is ratio analysis. This report explores some of the financial ratios for BAT Company, an international cigarette manufacturing company with headquarters in London, Great Britain. An interpretation of the ratios is given. The ratios are then compared with
Branson Mayfield, a lawyer in Oregon was arrested by the Federal bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 2004 as a suspect when terrorists attacked several passenger trains in Madrid, Spain in March 11, 2004. These attacks left over 190 passengers dead and over 1500 injured (Martin 1). Mayfield was suspected to have participated in the attack because the FBI lab had matched his finger prints to those found on a bag that contained the explosives in the Madrid attack. Mayfield was taken into custody but two weeks later, the Spanish National Police (SNP) notified the FBI that it had also matched the fingerprints found on the bag with those of an Algerian citizen. Later, the FBI lab established that indeed, the fingerprints on the Madrid bag perfectly matched those of the Algerian. Mayfield was immediately released from the custody. Therefore, this paper will elucidate events leading to Mayfield arrest and the subsequent implication of this event in the legal profession (US Department of Justice 1). Description of Forensic Laboratory investigation When the SNP recovered some fingerprints on the bag that contained detonators, they were relayed to the FBI lab for further analysis. The FBI’s Latent Print Units (LPU) later established a positive match between the fingerprints on the bag and those of Mayfield described as Latent Fingerprint Number 17 (LFP 17). His fingerprints, along with others, had been identified as probable match to LFP 17 when the FBI ran a search for the fingerprints using the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) through its database. From millions of fingerprints contained in the FBI Criminal Master File, the IAFIS system produced a list of 20 fingerprints that came close to matching the LPF 17. On March 17 th , 2004, Agent Green, an FBI fingerprint expert established that Mayfield’s print matched the LFP 17. The same decision was confirmed by Massey, a former FBI agent. The fingerprints were then sent to Wieners, a senior FBI manager who also verified the result (Giannelli 61). Following this finding, the FBI launched a thorough investigation of Mayfield. He was placed on a round-the-clock surveillance. The Bureau found out that Mayfield was a lawyer in Portland, Oregon. The Bureau also discovered that Mayfield was a Muslim married to an Egyptian migrant. The FBI learned that Mayfield was in contact with a number of individuals suspected to be engaged in terrorism activities. Nonetheless, the FBI was unable to gather any data that expressly connected Mayfield to the terrorist attacks on the passenger trains in Madrid. In order to intensify its investigation, the FBI acquired permission to carry out physical searches and clandestine electronic surveillance of Mayfield according to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA). The Bureau searched his home and confiscated computer hard drives from his office. Also the FBI analyzed Mayfield’s personal financial records, his clients, online sites visited and private talks between him and his wife and between parents and children (US Department of Justice 2). His f
Divergent Thinking and Creativity Divergent thinking is a process that is used to make goals and decisions while generating ideas or updating the older ideas into new ones. Usually used in the context of brainstorming, divergent thinking ends up in creativity or being creative. Through divergent thinking creativity is enhanced by considering, in the process of looking for new ideas or designing a solution to a problem, it considers one or all of the following:  1. many, as opposed to only a few, ideas;  2. a wide range of ideas; and  3. unusual ideas (Baer, 1993, p. 33). The relationship between Divergent thinking and Creative process According to Einstein’s epistemology, human creativity is a dynamic cycle that involves the synthesis of genes, mind, and brain. This interactive synthesis between divergence and creativity where on one hand enables humans in decision making on the other hand it helps them to form social relationships. (Rossi, 2005) What is Flow? ‘Flow’ according to Dr. Csikszentmihalyi, is a psychological experience of fulfillment and inner human satisfaction which can take place in any field of interest. This satisfaction causes deep human motivation to exceed the limitations set by human boundaries. Dr. Csikszentmihalyi discovered that ‘flow’ upholds a reinforcing character of ‘flow states’ which are those pleasurable periods of complete immersion in the activity of creation that come to characterize the creative individual. It is due to this flow that fresh energy confers upon creativity research by the efforts of individuals drawn from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and cognitive science (Csikszentmihalyi et al, 1994, p. 71). According to Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi what value does the creative process have in human motivation? Motivations, personality, cognitive integration – all are certain aspects of creativity. Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has mostly focussed his research upon ‘behavioral state-related gene expression’ which serves as a fundamental link between psychology and biology. The consciousness in psychotherapy reveals that gene expression is a fundamental resource of behavior that is governed by psychosocial and cultural rituals to facilitate health, performance, and healing (Rossi, 2005) in such a manner that it exhibits human motivation. For example in alcoholism treatment, without motivational attitude from the patient’s side, any practitioner is unable to help the patient recover. (Diclemente et al, 1999) However ‘flow’ is a value which when combines with human motivation, results in some creativity. Flow Throughout history creative processes have been attributed to values (Kasof, 1995). Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in The Positive Psychology of Interested Adolescents states that flow causes experience, but without selective interest experience is useless or it does not have manner. However consciousness contents mediate interest in a mind which develops relationship between a person and its socia
Introduction Written by William Shakespeare, King Lear is must-read attractive work that features the old King Lear whose role well develops the play’s main theme of tragedy. Bad luck is clear in the story through the inconsistent relationship between King Lear and his daughters as well as from the role of dishonesty and power in the play. Heartbreaking consequences arise after King Lear’s move to divide his property between his two daughters, excluding Cordelia (Shakespeare 153). King Lear’s pride hinders him from knowing the truth about his daughters, especially Cordelia who truly loves him. The basis of the play on the Lear of Britain helps in depicting how young people rise where the old ones fall. The Young rise where the Old fall In Act one, King Lear states his resolution to confer power and kingship to young people. He decides to shake off all his burdens, cares, and businesses of kingship to the energetic young generation so that he can retire peacefully. King Lear is of age to retire as he has reigned over a long period. However, he faces the start of his downfall when he decides to retire and give a portion of his country to the daughter who professes best her love for him. Due to his pride, Lear blindly divides his estate between Goneril and Regan, who only sweet-talk him, while leaving out Cordelia. This situation shows that his daughters (the young) will only rise in power and wealth upon the falling of the old King Lear. In addition, Act 3 depicts the conflict between the young and the old generation based on the claims that foolish and old people such as King Lear do not deserve any power (Tweg 35) with reference to his two daughters, Goneril and Regan, after their success in inheriting their father’s fortunes. Through this scenario, the two daughters show the shift and rise in power from the old to the young generation. Although King Lear’s old age does not allow him to undertake responsibilities, he feels that it will make him vulnerable. However, his daughters are happy to treat their powerless father like a baby, thus embarrassing him to show how youngsters rise when the old fall. Edmund visualizes the conflict with his father as a generational conflict between the young and old (Shakespeare 135) because of his father’s support of King Lear even when he is again
Created by Robert Wolff, the philosophy of authority rose from the idea of sovereignty and power. The major tenet of this philosophy functions on the argument that “the right to command and correlatively the right to be obeyed is dependent on sovereignty of the person in authority” (Wolff, 2005, p. 20). As indicated by Wolff, philosophy of authority functions best within the guiding principles such as natural law or any other form of law as a prerequisite for confirming sovereignty in exercising the authority. Reflectively, this tenet unites the individual to freedom of choice, which is to be exercised over a lthe ong period to establish the level of uniformity; especially the directive is implemented with the support from the subjects. In fact, what matters in the intention of the action in inter and intra personal relationship, sina ce the primary aim of the argument is to declare the directive as confirming to the source of the authority (Wolff, 2005). How this philosophy reflected the change in the industry and the individual The minor and major premise in this philosophy is moral intentions and moral authority. For instance, a learning institution has the moral authority over the learners and the action has good intentions. The major and minor premises in this argument are free will and moral worthiness. The students a