ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Facts of the case The case for the judicial verdict is concerned about an incident in which an 18-year-old boy displayed a large banner with the inscription “Bong Hits 4 Jesus.” (Law Center: Bong Hits 4 Jesus’ Case Limits Student Rights). This was seen by the school authorities to be an allusion to the promotion of illegal drugs (marijuana). This happened during a school-sponsored televised event to mark the occasion of a relay of Olympic torch passing through Atlanta City during 2002. The school principal, Deborah Morse asked the student to remove the allegedly offending banner, but apparently, he refused. This prompted the principal to remove the banner and impose a 10-day suspension on him. This was later reduced to 8 days which the boy had served. According to “Juneau School Board Policy No. 5520 states: “The Board specifically prohibits any assembly or public expression that… advocates the use of substances that are illegal to minors….” Id., at 53a. In addition, Juneau School Board Policy No. 5850 subjects “[p]upils who participate in approved social events and class trips” to the same student conduct rules that apply during the regular school program. Id., at 58a.” (Morse, et al, 3). It is seen that the schools follow disciplinary policies, it is believed that this banner obliquely refers to the use of drugs, which is against the policies of this school. The pupil later filed a suit against his suspension and claimed damages and reversal of suspension claiming that it was against his First Amendment rights. Issues The main issue here is whether the school principal was well within her rights to discipline the boy in the manner which she did. Another issue is whether the defendant was well within his rights to claim material compensation for the alleged wrongdoing by Morse. This jury thinks that what she did was not fully plausible. Her action of removing the banner was correct and in terms of the best health interests of the student community, even if the banner did not specifically speak about drugs, but only alluded to it. However, she was not correct in disciplining the student, since there is nothing to suggest that a mere oblique reference to illegal drugs could create such a furor. To establish guilt that justifies abstinences from school for 8 days needs to be made on stronger evidence of wrongdoing, not condone either by a banner or questionable behavior by the pupil. Moreover, it has to be established that his conduct has instigated people to use the banned drug seeing the banner. Moreover, the pupil had insisted during the trial that he had meant the banner for diverting the attention of the Television media, and “that the words were just nonsense meant to attract television cameras.” (Morse, et al, 6). There are no reasons to doubt the veracity of his testimony. He has been charged with promoting the use of illegal drugs, a fact that he may have, or may not have known while using the banner. In most likelihood, and considering his disciplined record, he was aware of the meaning of the words inscribed in the banner “Bong Hits 4 Jesus.” But he could not gauge that his apparently innocent display could create a public
Melissa virus affects Microsoft word and spreads as an attachment. If an unsuspecting recipient opens it the virus affects the computer storage. The virus disables the mail servers of a corporate. For example, Microsoft Corporation shut down all its incoming emails because of the Melissa virus. The virus also affected other companies for example Intel. The virus spread through email around the US and caused the closure of email servers in government agencies (Mills, 2009). David L Smith, the man behind the virus was arrested. The computer programmer was found guilty of creating and distributing the virus to many computers in the world in 1999. He was detected by the IP address that was proven to be originating from New Jersey. He was given a twenty-month jail sentence and a fine of $5000. The virus posed a security threat to government agencies because it interfered with the normal working through forced closure of email servers. The shutting down of the servers compromises the effectiveness of the agencies, and criminals could use such lapses to carry out acts that endanger the lives of the people. In conclusion, cybercrime affects security, and governments must put concerted efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice, and ensure citizens of security in the cyberspace. Moreover, people need to be educated on cyber attacks and how to avoid falling prey to cyber criminals and stay safe online. The capture of David is a good sign that the US government is serious about tackling cybercrime. The war against cybercrime is a difficult one to win because new viruses keep coming up, but if the government and other stakeholders work together, they will not be caught off guard by new viruses. The government should devote its resources into the study and investigation of how criminals use the click fraud system because genuine advertisers lose their money by making them pay for automated advertisement clicks. Such advertisers do not get human traffic to their sites hence cannot make sales. The attack of personal computers without the knowledge of the users is very dangerous because the virus steals personal information. The theft of identity can pose very serious risks to innocent people. Working hand in hand with other stakeholders in the cyberspace will help to apprehend criminals that pose security threats. Moreover, the government will help to cushion genuine advertisers and online users from financial frauds. More importantly, through vigorous and constant checks on cyber crimes, the government will be able to stop any threats at the early stages and mitigate large damages before they occur. The kinds of cyber attacks run by Chinese hackers organizations Unit 61398 are dangerous as they breach the privacy of the US government and corporations. The hackers can steal confidential information that they can use against corporations or governments. The hackers compromised the state security with the confidential information they lay their hands on making it a very worrying trend. Stakeholders ought to work together to curb cyber att
Today, owing to advances in information technology, the healthcare sector has experienced an explosion of innovations aimed at not only improving life expectancy and quality of life of patients, but also diagnostic and treatment options, disease control, as well as the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the healthcare delivery system (Omachonu & Einspruch, 2010). However, opinion about the rate of innovation in the healthcare industry seems divided, with some researchers suggesting that innovation is woefully lacking (DeWolf, 2010), while others acknowledge that inefficiency still exists in the healthcare system due to lack of innovative ways in dealing with health issues (Thakur, Hsu & Fontenot et al., 2012). The present paper aims to describe an innovative way of ground source heating and cooling that could be used in health facilities to control internal temperatures, hence providing in-patients with a favorable environment for total healing and comfort. DeWolf (2010) defines innovation “as creating value through viable business concepts” (p. 3). Omachonu et al (2010) define innovation as “the intentional introduction and application within a role, group, or organization, of ideas, processes, products or procedures, new to the relevant unit of adoption, designed to significantly benefit the individual, the group or the wider society” (p. 3). In this regard, the proposed ground source heating and cooling system will definitely create value and benefits to patients admitted in healthcare institutions. The solar-powered system will provide heat during the winter and cooling during the summer, with a view to maintaining constant temperature which is favorable for optimal patient healing and comfort. Each piece of the heating and cooling equipment will have its unique monitoring and control system, which will be designed to be self-controlling and adjusting, not only to provide flexibility but also efficiencies in operation. It is imperative to mention that the proposed innovation is a product innovation as it will introduce a new type of good for the external market (Omachonu et al., 2010). Available literature demonstrates that “product innovations are essential to the life of any organization since they provide the most obvious means for generating revenues” (Omachonu et al., 2010 p. 2). The ground sou
The advent of the 21st century saw mass adoption of commercial electronics in various industries which led to the emergence of the digital age. While operational business computers were introduced as early as the 1970s, the devices everyone is familiar with today and can easily use for daily functions came in the late 1990s. With decades, computers have grown to be more complex but powerful, usable for a variety of purposes, and adaptable. As business massively adopted computers the very core nature of doing business and managing operations changed for all stakeholders (Petersen, 2019). This paper seeks to explore the impact of the computer and technology on the business world. Data Storage and Manipulation Prior to computers, all information was stored on paper. Information had to be written or typed and organized in complex bookkeeping in each business. This was ineffective, time-consuming, and took-up significant resources. Paper files could be easily misplaced, human error was prevalent, and it was costly. Computers allowed for digital file storage, which completely revamped how businesses collected, stored, and used data and information, both about their own business and outside contexts. Once the Internet arrived, data could be stored even more safely, in virtual clouds, while information was accessible at a moment’s notice (IBM, n.d.). Digital file storage presented many benefits, including organizing and storing data with greater ease, reducing human error, creating back-up copies, and allowing for search of that data to find the necessary information at a moment’s notice. Any given file can be retrieved, shared, and manipulated in any means needed for the business in a matter of seconds. As it is well-known, the very concept of digitally collected data has fundamentally changed how businesses operate. While business decisions were reliant on empirical data in the past, it was rudimentary statistics based off data points collected and reported on paper. Digitization of data has now meant that data points from both historic and present operations could be used. F
Introduction Since time memorial, individuals have always associated the Chinese nationals with respect of cultural values. This is because; it is not unique to find common features of the Chinese people in most areas even before meeting a real Chinese citizen in such areas. This is a concept that is evident with the widespread China towns globally whereby, in almost all continents or nations, evidences of the Chinese heritage are common. Physical manifestations of the Chinese heritage are in form of Chinese cultural centers, schools, and above all cultural towns. In addition to associating such Chinese towns with cultural preservation centers, it is important to note that, currently majority of such towns are booming commerce and tourism locations hence, their continual development in whichever country or state they exist. Examples of cities with china towns in the United States include New York, California, San Francisco, Portland, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C. Of all these and other cities within the U.S., New York City has one of the largest town of these kind hence, making researchers to consider it as, one of the biggest Chinese heritage center outside the Republic of China (Waxma, 2009, p.1). China Town- New York As compared to other towns with the Chinese heritage, this town has the larg
Topic Background The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in urban planning and the design of architectural projects is a new step in the development of cities. Currently, researchers report the need for changing a traditional approach to planning cities and buildings because of the continuous growth of the population and their expectations regarding urban life (Bunnell 46; Meijer et al. 648). Much attention should be paid to developing new solutions for citizens to address their needs regarding the effective design of buildings and their location in the streets in the context of reconsidering the basics of urban planning through the application of AI to create smart cities. AI as the imitation of human intelligence with the help of technologies allows for collecting and analysing corpora of data, making forecasts, and presenting effective solutions within a short period of time (Allam and Dhunny 81). Referring to the complex analysis of urban population dynamics, processes, transportation, building locations and other details, AI-based platforms can provide architects and city planners with efficient decisions to realise them in innovative projects and address citizens’ interests (Geertman 89; Kitchin 2). In the UAE, the government proposed the UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the end of 2017 for the purpose of making cities sustainable (“UAE Strategy for Artificial Intelligence”). In other countries, the process of shifting to the application of AI in urban planning and architecture has also started, and it is important to study the related outcomes that are observed today. Research Problem, Aims and Questions The problem is that many modern cities are overpopulated, resulting in barriers to using traditional approaches to urban planning and creating the need for applying more innovative methods to make cities comfortable for all citizens. In this context, it is necessary to study how urban forecasting and planning can be empowered and improved with the help of AI to complete data analysis and inform decision making (Coletta et al. 350; Dorr 392). The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the application of effective AI technologies to enhance urban planning approaches and the development of modern smart and people focused cities. It is necessary to understand what AI technologies and how can be used to meet people’s needs in overcrowded cities. The following research questions have been formulated:   * RQ1: Is there a relationship between the application of AI in urban planning and architecture and the development of modern smart and people focused cities?   * RQ2: How can AI contribute to building smart, people oriented cities with reference to the effect on architecture and urban planning? The research problem covered in this study is connected with the research areas studied by specialists of Digital Architecture Research Centre (DARC) at Kent School of Architecture and Planning. Since D
Swiffer products have a good reputation among the persons paying much attention to cleanliness in their houses. To clean the floor and trap the dirt from any surface, Swiffer Sweepers can be used with dry and wet refills. Wet mopping cloths provide the user with more opportunities to clean the floor perfectly (“Swiffer Refills” par. 1). The wet mopping cloths typically have the special scrubbing strips to clean the surface more properly. To understand how wet mopping cloths or refills work to attract the dirt and do not damage any types of surfaces, it is necessary to focus on the materials used in the production of Swiffer wet refills and on their transformations observed during the product life-cycle. The materials used to produce Swiffer wet refills are the non-woven fabric, cleaning agents, and preservatives. The Non-Woven Fabric Swiffer wet refills are made from the non-woven fabrics. To discuss the production process in detail, it is necessary to examine the types of fibers used for manufacturing the non-woven fabric and the specifics of the manufacturing process. From this point, the production of the non-woven fabric can be discussed as a rather rapid and inexpensive process which includes three steps. These important steps are the selection of the fibers which can be used for the production of the wet mopping cloths; the process of laying the chosen type of fibers to make a definite type of the web; and the final step is the process of bonding the web in order to produce the final variant of the non-woven strong fabric with good absorbing qualities (“P&G: Swiffer”; Singh 110). During the first stage of the production process, rayon (viscose) is manufactured as the cellulose fiber typically used for producing the non-woven fabrics. Rayon is made from the wood pulp. As a result, these raw materials can be discussed as renewable ones. The main advantages of these fibers are their distinctive absorbency and strength. Nevertheless, these fibers also contribute to the product’s softness (“Schematic Diagram of Hydroentanglement Process” par. 1-3). Cellulosic fibers are the best choice to produce the non-woven fabric used to make refills. These fibers are preferable because they are hydrophilic and even chemically stable because the next stage after producing the non-woven fabric is the use of chemicals as the cleaning agents to make the fabric wet and appropriate for cleaning different types of surfaces and floors (Rupp par. 2-9). From this point, the structure of such cellulosic fibers as rayon is effective to attract water molecules to keep the cloth wet to attract more dirt. The next important stage is the production of non-woven fabrics with the help of spunlace technologies. The non-woven fabrics are used for manufacturing wet mopping cloths because this material is good to absorb water and dirt. As a result, the strong web of fibers is formed with the help of
Executive Summary This paper provides a detailed analysis on the financial performance of Aristocrat Leisure Limited. Moreover, human resources issues have been also explored, and their contribution towards the performance of the company analysed. Finally, proposed recommendations are given, which are aimed at increasing the productivity of this company. Introduction Aristocrat Leisure Limited (ALL) is an international company, which is based in Australia, and it has been in the gaming business for the last 50 years. The company has enjoyed remarkable performance due to its strong brand. Moreover, these outstanding achievements made by the company could be attributed to a strong vision and hard work, which is well illustrated as follows: “ Imagination, focus and creativity play major roles in achieving this vision (“Aristocrat Leisure Limited (a)” 2009, par. 3). In addition, the company’s management works closely with all the stakeholders to see that the business succeeds. These stakeholders include, but are not limited to the industry regulators, stockholders, creditors, and the government. The following paragraph provides an overview on the company’s organisational structure. Organizational Overview and Structure Aristocrat Leisure Limited’s performance is greatly affected by both economic factors and internal management structures. Economically, global recessions adversely affect the performance of the business. Moreover, internal management structure and leadership style affect employee’s productivity. For instance, the human resources managers have to put in place attractive bonus schemes and favourable to motivate the employees of the company to work harder in their respective areas of duty. Aristocrat Leisure Company maintains a strong lead among its competitors in this sector, such as Melco Crown Entertainment (MPEL) Limited. This claim is supported by the fact that “ ALL is the largest gaming machine company in Australia and a premium supplier to the international gaming industry ” (“Aristocrat Leisure Limited” 2012, par. 1). This is a large company since it has an international outlook because it operates in several, countries across the world. In fact, Aristocrat Leisure Limited (ALL) operates as a developer, manufacturer and distributor of gaming machines and systems in Australia, New Zealand, the Americas, Japan/Asia Pacific, South Africa and Europe (“Aristocrat Leisure Limited” 2012, par. 1). In addition, it has been witnessed from the previous discussion that the company operates in about 200 areas of jurisdiction across the w
Introduction Subcultures usually emerge when persons in similar situations begin to feel that have been neglected by their mainstream societies (McShane, & Williams, 2010). It normally exists in the larger society and its members are not very similar to the dominant culture. Hebdige’s Subculture Theory According to Hebdige, subcultures develop as a response to the dominant culture and exist in situations where there is recognized and organized collection of actions, values, as well as behavior that differ from the customary set of the society’s norms. He notes that subcultures occur as a result of subordination and lower class division that exists in the society (Hebdige, 1979). They develop to communicate refuse, protest as well as resist the prevailing mainstream culture. Hebdige asserts that subcultures develop within the mainstream cultures. They are inevitable and originate from the cultural systems that are in place within our societies. Hebdige feels that some subcultures will occur in our societies as there are some people who would always want to experiment something in the society. This normally develops out of curiosity to see what would result from their sets of values and beliefs (McKracken, 2001). An example of sub-cultural group that has developed to defy the existing norms, are the skaters. The members of this sub cultural group come together due to their similar leisure choices. The group derives some pleasure from the noise and the commotion that they create on an office towers. They intentionally break the rules of social interaction to achieve their pleasure. This group also cares about their style as well as aesthetics (Tilley, 1999). McKracken’s Subculture Theory McKracken states that there is no longer one mainstream culture. The various subcultures that exist in the society makes it impossible to have one mainstream culture since cultures and subcultures are not static, but continue to be transformed. He identifies three characteristics of culture that exist in the world today. He acknowledges that there exists difference everywhere as the world is more receptive to change and permits more room for diversity and difference. He also recognizes that the world is dynamic and therefore everything within our society is ever changing including the cultures within societies. Finally, McKracken acknowledges that human being exists in a creative world an