ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In chapter 12, of the book Organizational Behavior on the Pacific Rim Focus, called “Leadership in Organizational Settings” , the writers discuss on the role leaders play in an organization. Leaders have the role of managing and controlling issues within an organization for an effective utilization of human, physical, and information resources that an organization have; with an efficient leadership, organizations are able to attain their corporate goals, objective, and target. The decisions made by leaders determine the success of an organization; they have the role of mentoring and creating a learning environment to enhance the performance of their teams. The main difference between a leader and a manager is that leaders lead people while managers manage tasks; with this role, leaders must develop appropriate mechanisms of enhancing learning and staff participation in an organization. To have an environment favorable for learning, leaders must create a positive organizational culture that rewards success and efforts of an employee. When employees have invented or innovated something, the management should recognize them; this will motivate them learn more and innovate others. Within teams, it is area that employees learn a lot amongst and from each other, leaders have the role of developing an orchestrate team that embraces team spirit. This will enhance knowledge and experience sharing that leads to learning of new traits and tactics by employees. The leader should be delegating duties and power effectively to create an urge in his team members to learn and improve their skills. To have an orchestrate team, leaders have the role and mandate of ensuring they well understand their human resources and note the areas that they can intervene to make them more productive and benefit the company more. They should aim at having the company as a unit with common destination and objective. Leadership styles Tom Saunders uses autocratic form of leadership, this is a leadership approach where the leader is the main decision maker, he is the one who controls and makes things move in the way he want them done. The leadership traits has the leader has the center of knowledge and assumes to know precisely the direction that the organization should take for success. The approach has made Martin to be under his control and serves at his pleasure. Martin uses the democratic leadership approach, this is where he involves his staff members when making decisions and ensures things are done by the staffs through their involvement in the decision making process. When the above leadership styles are weighed together, then the superiority of diplomatic leadership style can be seen; with this style employee are hardworking, highly motivated and can communicate effectively with the management. It is a type that is likely to produce high results to the company and ensure that employees become and remain loyal to their employer. On the other hand, autocratic leadership has some elements of dictatorship thus the employees are forced to perform their duties. Conflicting leader’s solutions In the dif
Introduction Dealing with gold remains one of the most challenging yet profitable ventures in the world. Globally, gold is highly regarded as the most significant reserve and one of the most valuable minerals. Gold has an estimated average annual return of up to 26% (Financial Express,1). Currently, gold is trading at above $1000 per ounce and it has renewed interest and more investors are willing to invest in gold stocks. Analysis The sudden increase in gold prices can be termed as the gold bull (Wright 2). Gold stocks have provided investors with a good influence on the increasing price of gold. The companies that engage in mining and exporting the precious metal to the market should be in a position to bank more than they are currently banking during this period of gold bull . Thus, this is a very promising sector and it is important to come up with an investment strategy that will fully utilize the full potential of this venture. However, there are two major factors that are interfering with the prospect of investing in gold. Gold mining companies are facing various difficulties when it comes to mining. Inflation, geopolitical environment, and numerous regulations like environmental policies are creating more hurdles as years go by. Initially, the gold bull concept of leverage was the key driving force in gold operating costs with a little adjustment caused by inflation. It was quite direct that an increase in gold prices would automatically translate into an increase in gold-mining profits. Hypothetically, every gold dollar increment would interpret as a dollar increment for mining firms that sell their gold at market prices (Wright 3). Eventually, the appeal of gold stocks makes the mining companies raise their profits at a considerably higher rate than the underlying metal. Another thing that is coming in between the realization of this venture’s full potential is the international unease of the largest developed economies. The increasing use of gold as a monetary asset is a huge issue that should not be ignored by policymakers when coming up with a policy of how to correct the current trade imbalances and the global trade as a whole(Brown 4). The developed countries have huge reserves of gold which makes the undeveloped countries to be in an inferior position. This makes them shun away the use of gold as a benchmark. With the current prices of gold up to $1400 per ounce, the world is more likely to create a monetary system in which the US dollar will be one of the few reserve currencies with a flexible exchange rate. Gold is now perceived to be the alternative monetary asset that is globally accepted. However, this is not the same case when it comes to the gold standard. Gold has become more of a reference point. This is because people, who are holding on to money, see a certain fragile growth panorama in all the currencies (Brown 5). Thus, for people who want to store
Waste management has recently become a big challenge to many countries in the world. There is no doubt that developed nations have continued to deal with increased piles of waste every year, possibly owing to the impacts of heightening urbanisation and economic growth. Obviously, the levels of waste material will tend to go up with increase in the population of people in a particular region. In this regard, high populations would mean high levels of waste thus resulting to poor management of the waste, owing to limited management systems and resources. These, actually, are some of the problems experienced by Australia when it comes to waste management. Australia is said to be among the countries that have to deal with the highest quantities of waste in the world. However, most of this waste is disposed in landfills that have been established in different parts of the country to reduce littering. Even though this system has its own benefits that would make it more preferable, it does not fit in the standards of the global policies advocating for a clean environment. The reasons for that are deeply discussed in this paper, where the need for better alternatives is also emphasized. This paper proposes that Australia should try to recover energy from waste rather than dispose of to landfills. Waste management has become a matter of concern in the contemporary world, considering the many effects that can arise from poor management of waste material. For instance, doctors and researchers have constantly associated poor waste management with numerous health problems affecting humans today. This, however, does not seem to be a big deal to some countries in the world who have gone to the extent of allowing the status of their economies compromise the plans for the health of their populations. In other words, countries have become more reluctant in allocating enough funds to municipal bodies associated with management of waste, to enable them handle this role more effectively. As a matter of fact, countries have always appeared to be too economical in matters to do with waste management. This aspect can be observed in the case of Australia, where the use of landfills has been a common practice for many years. Landfills are said to be the cheapest option financially compared with other systems and for that reason, they have remained a better choice for the Australians. Even though landfills have been the most suitable option in Australia when it comes to waste management, their use over the years has continued to raise many environmental and health concerns. Based on the findings of some recent studies conducted with the aim of determining problems that may arise from various ways used in the management of waste in the country, landfills alone have contributed to numerous environmental and health related issues (Ximenes & Gardner 2008). These would include issues like contaminated soils a
During the period between 1650 and the 1750, there emerged many English poets. This was the period of consistent revolutions, notably the French revolution. The Great Britain at the time was a powerful country. One of such poets and a writer was Alexander pope. He was born in London between 1646 and 1717. “Rape of the lock” is considered as one of his most famous poems. It is full of humor, as Alexander Pope himself expressed in his musical works (Durling 113). Alexander was a catholic, who revised and recited the daily verses in the catholic books. He is documented to have an exceptionally clear voice and eloquently melodious. Most of the English writers of the 17th and the 18th century were in one way or other songwriters. A baroque style of writing was very famous at the time, as it was highly evident from 1600 to 1750, and originated from France. It evolved around the topics of affection and was used in England more so to express musical issues, which were at the time very much related to poetry. This style engaged irregular artistic creativity. It was more related to the Catholicism ideas and later came to the general acceptance from the other European countries (Sadie 98). It was a sign of strength mixed with beauty. This style found slowly found its way into the work of literature in England, and many writers learned much towards the religion subject during this period. John Donne and John Mi
The initial stage in the development of nursing research is considered to be the study conducted by Florence Nightingale. Methodically applying her deep and comprehensive knowledge of human nature in nursing, she improved the traditional female housework of caring for sick family members and elevated it to the rank of professional activities. Recently, in the United States, research in nursing has been increasingly recognized at the national level. The National Institute for Nursing Research has been established, and financial support for nursing research is being strengthened. In medical institutions, permanent positions of nurses have been introduced – scientific workers are involved in the conducting of clinical nursing research. In countries such as Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, there are tendencies for recognizing nursing as an independent profession, the practical activity of which has a developed theoretical basis. There are three principal differences between research-based and evidence-based practices. The first is that the first one is more practically-oriented. The second is that the result is gained through the testing in various settings. The last differentiating feature is that the methods’ and results’ effectiveness is higher than in research-based practices. Bharat Aggarwal, former professor emeritus of cancer research, resigned after discovering the fraud in many publications he published on curcumin for cancer treatment. As of 2020, Aggarwal has had many of his research papers withdrawn ( Prominent Indian-American researcher under probe , 2018). Such misconduct should be avoided in scientific research, especially in healthcare field. To do so, the researchers should ensure the reliability and validity of the study by getting approval from the institutional review board. If I were to conduct the research, I would use the participants’ rights protection principle and seek the governmental healthcare association’s approval of chosen methods. Reference Prominent Indian-American researcher under probe (2018). Deccan Herald. Web.
Background The iPhone 4 is a smartphone made by the computer software and personal computer maker Apple Inc. It is the fourth generation of the iPhone, having succeeded the iPhone 3GS, the other two previous models are the original iPhone and the iPhone 3G. The iPhone 4 has been hailed not only as a breakthrough internet communication gadget, but also as a revolutionary touchscreen device and has altered the way people view smartphones. One may ask; why do we refer to the iPhone 4 as revolutionary? How is this smartphone different from the other smartphones out there? Design and Function The iPhone 4 is a completely new design, combining and improving all technologies from previous iPhone models, and introducing newer ones to improve user experience. To begin with, the exterior design of the device features a metallic back casing unlike the plastic casing in several smartphones currently available in the market. The casing protects the phone’s delicate components from damage through physical intrusions. The screen is made of glass that Apple says is “chemically strengthened to be 20 times stiffer and 30 times harder than plastic, theoretically allowing it to be more scratch resistant and durable than the previous models” (Diaz, 2010). Smartphone screens have a tendency to have scratches on their surfaces with time, however, the exceptional treatment of glass used on the iPhone screen ensures it remains scratch-free for a very long time, this is not possible in other smartphones, most of which spot scratches after a few months of usage. The phone is also slightly slimmer at 0.37 inches as compared to the 0.48-inch thick iPhone 3GS, at the keynote speech, Apple CEO Steve Jobs called the iPhone 4 the “thinnest smartphone on the planet: almost 25 percent thinner than the iPhone 3GS” (Helft & Wortham, 2010). The slim iPhone 4 is easily portable and fits in limited spaces. Other physical advances on the iPhone 4 include the stainless steel band around the phone as opposed to the plastic cover in mnay smartphone models, a front-facing camera (most smartphones have a single rear camera), an LED flash adjacent to the rear camera to capture high quality pictures and videos even in poorly lit conditions, and a higher resolution display, marketed by Apple as a “Retina Display”. The term arises from the fact that iPhone 4’s display offers the highest resolution that the human retina can perceive, and the best in any smartphone. The display enables users to read even extremely small text on eBooks or web pages without straining their eyes, it also impro
To many people, the US is one of the most democratic countries in the world. Additionally, it is one of the most decentralized governments in the world. However, some people believe that the US is more of a democratic republic than a true democracy. Nevertheless, some states practice pure democracy through various referendums on issues affecting their citizens. This essay provides and insight into the features of the US’s democracy. In a democratic country, citizens decide on policy matters directly through voting or other methods. Therefore, the US is not a pure democracy but a democratic republic. The explanation to this is that people vote for representatives who, on behalf of them, vote on various issues in the US’s parliament. Nonetheless, in layman’s terms, a democratic government derives its powers from the people. Also, a democratic government accounts to the people on the usage of this power. In this regard, the US can be referred to as a democracy. Additionally, there are instances of pure democracy in the US. For instance, states conduct referendums to vote on various issues affecting their citizens. The law prevents the executive from interfering with civil liberties in a limited government. For that reason, a limited government cannot interfere with individual rights and freedoms. These restrictions are usually documented in a written constitution. The US’s constitution greatly limits executive powers through delegation. For that reason, the US is a good example of a limited government. A limited government ensures that there is a separation of power and more than one level of government. For instance, the US has three arms of government. The three arms include the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. Also, each arm has specific duties and responsibilities. Therefore, it is unlikely for any arm to abuse its powers. To give the electorate and the elected leaders more powers in decision-making, the US has decentralized power to the states and local governments. The US has a federal system of government made up of the central government, states, and the local government. In a federal government, the central government devolves some of the governing powers to lower levels. Also, these levels of government are limited by checks and balances. Consequently, no policies are implemented without the three levels coming into an agreement. For that reason, state and local governments enjoy autonomy to a certain degree in the US. Moreover, states and local governments have political and administrative powers. In political terms, credit claiming occurs when a politician tries to generate a belief that he is responsible for the success of something. A credit claim is, therefore, an accomplishment that a politician uses to gain more recognition. For instance, during the 2012 presidential campaigns, President Obama kept on reminding Americans that his administration killed Osama bin Laden. Romney, on the other hand,
In the recent times, the business environment has witnessed a number of transformations. The developments in information technology and other related technologies have played a crucial role in this advancement. In the process, the competition levels have gone up tremendously. As competition peaks, businesses find it necessary to devise and adopt mechanisms that hold the potential of promoting the activities that the entities engage in. Entering a new market is an old phenomenon although the strategies required in entering a market may change slightly from time to time. The first step when planning to enter a market involves identifying the target market. In this case, the People’s Republic of China is the preferred country. After identifying the target location, the business must establish the procedural requirements, operational requirements and any other concerns such as the legal and ethical aspects of setting up a business in China. Up until 1970, the Chinese economy was small. Nevertheless, from this time, the country’s economy has been on an upward trend. Augmenting this view, the country has increased global interactions in terms of trading. Additionally, the country’s GNP has risen annually since 1970 (Cateora and Graham 46). Further, the shift of the Chinese economy to advanced technology also supports the development idea. However, the growing economy has led to other problems hitherto un-witnessed in the country. Such problems include limited energy sources, transport and communication facilities, etc. the setbacks aside, the Chinese republic continues to be a world leader in the production and supply of rice, crude oil, coal, soybeans, tobacco, wheat, etc. Based on the above establishment, it is important to note that China offers the best opportunity for a new business venture. This lies on the notion that the country offers ready market for the products being offered. However, corruption allegations are dominant in the country. This implies that new businesses have to deal with this concern. The best approach would entail following t
Target Market The Van der Steen Candy Company is a well established family concern that specializes in manufacturing and marketing of authentic, old fashioned hand-dipped chocolates. Their products priced at $13.95 per pound falls into the premium category and have a select, but loyal clientele. This family owned business which started operations way back in 1855 still relies on traditional methods of manufacture using the age old recipes that their founder used when he started his venture. The company relies solely on word of mouth advertising and had managed to achieve a healthy turnover of $ 677, 000 by the year 2005. In spite of increasing prices to keep up with rising raw material costs, the company has never seen a fall in its sales. Its current owner who inherited the business has been persuaded to keep the company has plans to expand its operations and plans to target a turnover of $1.5 million by the end of the current fiscal year. The estimated target market to achieve this projection is given below. An estimate of repeat customers (from a random sample) shows that businessmen form a sizable chunk comprising nearly 25% of total customers. They purchase bigger quantities, mainly for the purpose of using as business gifts. This category should be given priority in selecting the target market. Businessmen with their networking skills can generate healthy word of mouth advertising. Since it is a premium product it would not make good business sense to target the general population. So the next focus should be on people who are in the habit of gifting special products to their spouses, fiancés or family members. Advertising should focus on this point. The next target should be families living affluent localities considering that affordability is a factor. The final target would comprise of the random buyers who could turn out to be a repeater in the future. The right target market will help the company correct the mid-year slump experienced during the month of July. Product Mix The study done by the current owner Joseph Van der Steen has revealed that competitors have a varied product mix in terms of package sizes and categories. Our client who has a varied product mix in terms of candy category currently markets only one package size of one pound. Hence, the product mix that the company should focus is not on category but on product size. Emulation and variation of competitor product mix should be attempted. The premium candy market has option of buying 2 ounce samplers and one pound or five pound packets. Samplers are essential because it can be used to attract new customers and eventually convert them to regulars. The one pound packet which is be the mainstay product size of the company shou