ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Purpose Primarily the study serves to evaluate the efficiency of the breastfeeding self-management intervention. The study analyses the intervention by testing its acceptability, efficacy, and feasibility among women initiating breastfeeding. Also, through the research, we assess the effects of breastfeeding self-management intervention on the frequency, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding and pain severity, and the general well-being during breastfeeding. Through the research, an extensive exploration of the individual and family protective and risk factors, self-management process factors proximal results, and distal results will be conducted Sampling Based on the fact that the study is a feasibility study, sampling was not conducted through formal hypothesis testing. Selection, therefore, was done to attain a high precision for the approximation of correlation coefficients and the differential means amongst groups. A sample size of 50 females was presumed to be enough to give a 97.5% chance that correlation statistics calculated from the study could show the correct direction of any bivariate association of the broader population, provided their magnitude is 0.25 or more (Lucas et al., 2019). Participant Description The study participants were randomized from the local health facility. Participant sampling was based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria required that the participant be a woman aged between 18 to 45 years of age. All the participants had to be able to read and write. Each member should have given birth less than 48 hours before the enrollment. She should be able to access a phone or computer daily. To be a participant, one had to have delivered a singleton infant of more than 37 weeks gestation generally without complications, and she is willing to breastfeed for six weeks. The members should be assessed before discharge by a certified lactation consultant. Additionally, all members had to be willing to participate in the study voluntarily and fully informed. Any underage member who had mental issues had underlying medical conditions, or delivered a child with complications was excluded from the study. Anyone with skin conditions on the non-dominant forearm, such as dermatographism that could interfere with pain assessment, was disqualified. Instruments and Tools Used The women were required to fill in demographic and general questionnaires for the study period and provide information on fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain and cognition, and depression during the breastfeeding period. A self-report history form filled by the participants examined their experiences in breastfeeding weekly. It takes into account specific breastfeeding factors such as height, parity, and body mass index. Coping stress questionnaire aided in analyzing the participants’ cognitive coping mechanisms to pain, including players, ignoring the pain, coping self-statement, distancing from the pain, catastrophizing, and distraction (Lucas et al., 2019). Kohn’s Reactivity scale assesses the participants’ r
Executive Summary This report discuses issues related to effective outsourcing. It bases its arguments mainly from the article by McIvor entitled, ‘outsourcing done right’. Outsourcing is a widespread issue that occurs both nationally and internationally. Outsourcing decisions are usually made by an organization when they want to engage more effective methods of operations. This is done mainly to reduce costs even as effectiveness and efficiency is increased. The framework for implementing a successful outsourcing operation is mainly composed of three strategies. The strategies are relative capability position, contributing to competitive advantage and potential for opportunism. These factors have been discussed in-depth in this report. Outsourcing strategies vary from one kind of business to another and it also depends with the type of service the organization wants from the supplier. The recommendations for a typical hypothetical organization are also given at the end of the discussion. Introduction Outsourcing is the engagement of an outside organization to supply or perform particular functions in the organization. The organization that contracts another company for outsourcing usually does so in order to get more specialized services at more competitive rates. Many organizations globally have been adopting more sophisticated outsourcing strategies and have been outsourcing core processes such as design, engineering, manufacturing and marketing. The framework for strategic outsourcing is relative capability position, contributing to competitive advantage and potential for opportunism. Relationship strategy includes nonspecific contracting, recurrent contracting and relational contracting. They are all discussed in this work. Outsourcing decisions Successful outsourcing usually requires a framework which can also be applied to many different business processes. Analysis of a number of key dimensions is required for any successful outsourcing procedure. The dimensions include relative capability in the process, contribution of the process to competitive advantage and the potential for opportunism from outsourcing the process. This part analyses the three dimensions in some details (McIvor 2011). Relative capability position involves understanding why a firm differs in performance from anothe
During 1989-1991, the world witnessed a unique phenomenon rolling through the countries of the Middle and South-eastern Europe, where revolutionary transformations caused a whole empire to collapse. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent transition to capitalist economies marked a new epoch and a new placement of powers in the world. The Soviet Union, being the first in successfully setting a communist-controlled government, requires a thorough analysis of the stages of communism development, the influence on its satellite states, and accordingly its subsequent collapse. In that regard, this paper traces such development, including subsequent transition to capitalist economy, stating that gradual reforms might have led the Soviet Union to such transition more smoothly. The Soviet Union In order to understand the processes which occurred in the Soviet Union and led to its disintegration and collapse, it is necessary to consider the development of the state, form of government, the state regime, the form of the administrative-territorial device, along with some other problems of the Soviet statehood. The constitution of 1918 has fixed and has strengthened the Soviet state as the type of the state which openly proclaimed inequality of social layers, and the use of violence for the realization of its goals, one of which was the world revolution. According to the form of the government, the Soviet state was proclaimed republic. However it was rather an exotic kind of republic, where its division of the authorities was denied and, on the contrary, the unity of all branches of the power in the Soviets was proclaimed, where deputy corpus of the Soviets passes laws, executes them, and supervises their execution. The political mode was totalitarian, where the Soviet state interfered with all spheres of life activities of the society, penetrated into all the details, and established government control over almost all public organizations, but at the same time created practice and ideology of a social dependence. According to this ideology many members of the society, by agreeing to the control from the state, depend on the direct help, and the state’s concern in the education sphere, public health services, science, social insurance, personal sphere, labor activity (formal absence of unemployment, employment provision), and in other areas of life of a society. The Development of Communism The path of communism in the Soviet Union might be related to two main aspects occurring at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first one is Lenin’s role
The role of sport in education has long been underestimated by educators because most of students’ achievements are measured by their intellectual skills and abilities. In fact, physical education is as important as such discipline as mathematics, physics, biology, or literature. During the courses, my attention was attracted by Ken Robinson’s lecture on the role of kinesiology in shaping and developing students’ creativity. More importantly, there are a variety of sport activities that made both human body and mind interact to gain new knowledge and experience. Being a former professional bicyclist, I admit that professional sport is both about physical fitness and about intelligence because there are many theoretical frameworks, as well as practical experiences that contribute to significant achievements in sports. Other disciplines, such as dancing or gymnastics, also provide a solid foundation for developing memory of movements, as well as for improving physical and psychological wellbeing through workout programs. Aside from educational purposes, professional sport also implies legal and ethical concerns that are controlled by such international organization as the World Health Organization. While examining social history of sports, I have learned important information about gender considerations, as well as legal and financial challenges surrounding them. Apart from the regulations controlling fair and objective judgment of games and competitions, sport is closely associated with personal ethics and morale that make people much stronger and morally responsible. Specifically, I am convinced that people involved in professional sport activities are highly appraise honor and respect. I am also supporter of fair, equal, and objective competition, in which talents, hard work, and experience should rather than political influence should be encouraged. I also insist that real sporting activities should be free from false stereotypes and prejudices that specifically refer to gender, ethnicity, and disabled people. Moral stance is an imp
Introduction Houston, Texas Gay community is made up of about 86,000 members, but most of the gay people are located in Montrose area, Harrison County (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). Other counties where gay people live (but in smaller populations) include: Kenedy, Loving, Roberts, and Borden Counties. However, apart from Harrison County, which has registered a high number of gay people, there are also other counties such as Dallas, Travis, Tarrant, and Bexar which have registered similar numbers of gay people (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). Collectively, these counties represent 44% of the Texas population and more than 58% of the total gay population in the state. The number of gay people in Houston gay community, according to gender criterion, is almost 50%, on both sides, because it is estimated that, there are about 21,740 male couples and 21,172 female gay couples (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). In terms of racial profiling in the Houston gay community, the observations are closely similar to the statistics characterizing the general gay community in America. In the order of the highest ranking racial group, American Indians lead the perk, followed by Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and white people (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). In this gay community, children are normally a characteristic of the gay couples, but the frequency is not as high as in heterosexual relationships. It is estimated that close to 48% of the married gay couples in Houston gay community have children living with them, and about 13% of the gay couples in the state have children living with them (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). In terms of socioeconomic status, the Texas gay community lives in good economic conditions, based on the fact that, their community embraces a higher level of diversity and therefore, poses lower levels of barrier to entry in the job market. Also, from the same diversity, a higher sense of cultural diversity is embraced in this community, and in the same regard, many employers in the region embrace the diversity brought about by gay people (Rubenstein, 2003, p. 1). Considering the demographics of this population group, this study seeks to carry out a community health analysis of the Houston Texas ga
Introduction The business environment is characterised by various risks that may handicap an organization. Organizations extending credit to its clients expose themselves to credit risks. Such clients (especially the first timers) may not make the necessary repayments and this would count as losses to the company. Therefore, organizations need to have information about the ability of their clients to make repayments. AIG saw the opportunity to provide insurance services by covering for credit risks, identity theft and other risks (Oz, 2008). Overview The American International Group, Inc. (AIG) saw an opportunity to make business by providing companies with the opportunity to minimize credit risks. The company understood the risks involved in extending credit to clients. Clients who use the company’s services for the first time are strangers to the company. Therefore, these companies may not be certain that the clients would make repayments after seeking service. Therefore, AIG decided to provide insurance and financial services to organizations that were seeking to reduce the risks involved in doing business. With its website, one can receive real-time financial information about companies seeking to purchase commodities and services from the organization’s subscribers. The company’s clients only need to log in and follow up on potential customers. They may monitor their purchase power and repayment capabilities in order to make wise decisions while doing business with them. This way, the clients covered by AIG can be aware of the financial standing of various corporations around the world. Clients of AIG also get additional services in that they can assess risk variables as they relate to specific countries. Each country has specific and unique risk factors. One example includes the constitutional changes that may alter trade laws. This may affect the sustainability of certain companies. Another factor includes political instability, which may greatly affect the financial standing of businesses. AIG’s system was initially made in-house. However, it later proved expensive and time-consuming since various changes had to be made as soon as algorithms changed. Programmers spent a lot of time making these changes in order to adapt to the different countries since each country had different parameters. One of the managers of the company, Paul Narayanan, saw the need for a solution to this issue in order to help reduce the hassle involved while making these important changes. Therefore, the company resorted to purchasing a financial risk DSS from an external firm. The DSS was referred to as Blaze Advisor. This system proved more effective and did not require the intervention of programmers. Problem Definition The business environment is very unpredictable for companies. Companies that need to extend credit to their customers may not be certain of whether the custom
In order to increase sales, companies use many strategies to attract customer’s attention. Making such a micro-adjustment as reducing the price by one or five cents can make a big change; therefore, this method has been applied by many firms. It becomes especially evident when someone observes prices at retail stores since there are a number of products with a price just below the nearest round number. This tendency clearly demonstrates that businesses believe in the effectiveness of this strategy. However, the reasons why making odd prices increases sales and profit need to be investigated further. Several researchers offered their own explanation as to why this strategy produces such results. For example, it is argued that “customers see an odd price as being much cheaper than it actually is in relation to the nearest round figure” (Holdershaw et al., 1997, p. 53). In other words, when an item is priced just below a whole number, such as 9.99$ instead of 10$, the consumer automatically focuses on the first digit and perceives the price lesser than it actually is. In the mind of a customer, it may seem like a good discount. Moreover, another reason for implementing this strategy may be a company’s desire to seem like an affordable brand or a discount retailer. As Naipaul and Parsa (2001) state, “those operating in the low end of a market prefer to use the odd-digit as the rightmost digit in a price-most likely as an indicator of great value” (p. 28). In other words, prices are capable of creating a reputation for the brand, which can also attract more customers. There are also several factors that may have an impact on the effectiveness of this strategy. For instance, they include the quality of a product, its type. The price level can also influence odd pricing as some companies tend to use even prices for expensive products. It is usually done to create an image of a company that produces high-quality goods. Nevertheless, further research is needed in order to figure out if this pricing strategy is actually effective for every firm.
Introduction The development of society indeed illustrates an incredibly fast-paced dynamic that is difficult to keep up with. The social, technological, and economic aspects of life are changing every day, setting the pace for humanity. Nevertheless, amid these metamorphoses, we can find some trends whose foundations go back centuries, such as McDonaldization. In 1993, George Ritzer created this concept based on the teachings of the famous German sociologist Max Weber to explain the development of society (Crossman). According to Macdonaldian principles, society legitimately exists as a strictly constrained system, amenable to four basic principles: control, quantitative, predictable, and efficient. To concretize the discussion, Aliexpress, the globally significant Chinese marketplace, was used as the organization that most vividly demonstrates the effects of McDonaldization. The principle of efficiency postulates that all internal company processes aim to reduce time: the dramatic acceleration of the pace of human life does not tolerate procrastination (Crossman). Accelerated service, almost instantaneous communication with sellers, and the choice of minimum delivery times turn Aliexpress into an automated machine of precisely calibrated sales ( What is AliExpress ). This approach certainly satisfies the customer, but it also overloads the global postal system and supply chain. Aliexpress is predictable because the consumer knows precisely what the site is for: this simplifies interaction with the online store and deprives the company of the effect of surprise and creativity. Aliexpress is aimed at calculations, clearly visible in the countless discounts, coupons, and limited-time special offers. This approach is beneficial for the budget-conscious consumer but visually complicates the experience with the site. Finally, Aliexpress provides strict controls: communication with the customer, registration of orders, and control of delivery is provided by computer technology, which reduces the likelihood of error but deprives people of jobs. Explanation There is no doubt that McDonaldization has allowed Aliexpress to be beyond competition for the Western world. Thanks to the principles described above, the Chinese company has been able to fine-tune virtually seamless customer service from all continents, shorten delivery times and create a loud brand name. Nevertheless,
The trust of citizens in law enforcement is extremely important for the harmonious functioning of a democratic society. The safe and effective implementation of police services determines the stability of a community. Therefore, Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) was created to identify and analyze problems for further optimization of policing and developing response strategies (Weisburd, Telep, Hinkle, & Eck, 2010). The purpose of this essay is to determine methods and an effect of POP on crime, to discuss a connection between police culture and coercion, and to analyze the data and evidence presented on this topic. The formation and strengthening of trusting relations between the police and citizens is the basis for reducing crime in a modern democratic society (Eck & Spelman, 2016). According to studies, people obey the law if they “believe that those who are enforcing it have authority that is perceived as legitimate by those subject to the authority” (President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015, p. 1). Creating such public trust and legitimacy is possible through the formation of a transparent and accountable culture. Also, performing the police responsibilities should be cooperated with citizens and carried out in accordance with policies supporting public values. Nowadays, public housing is often associated with crimes, violence, and poverty. The police and authorities organize partner actions based on POP to control crimes together. In practice, they were applied in grant project in Jersey City involving a team of police officers, public housing officials, citizens, and university personnel, who implemented and assessed the effect of POP. Researchers measured the amount, location, and type of intervention tactics on a monthly basis (Mazerolle, Ready, Terrill, & Waring, 2000). The program included strengthening patrols in public housing and the implementation of special drug laws in places with high traffic of drugs. This project in New Jersey provides important methodological implications and comprised many responses. They are crime prevention with the help of environmental design, evictions, informal control, leaseholder provisions, traditional policing, and much more. Crime in public housing sites reduced by 25% compared to 4% decrease citywide (Mazerolle et al., 2000). Moreover, POP affected interpersonal crimes and property crimes and did not affect drugs, moral offenses, and suspicious persons offenses. Thus, the coercive authority of the police in a POP program can be crucial for changing public housing. There