ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Fission is a metaphor which can be used to describe the style of management which has evolved over the last century. Mass production and scientific management have been based on division of labor, individual accountability, and formal authority and control. Organizations maintain rigid boundaries between individuals and departments, which compete with one another for resources, promotions and salary or budget increases. Layers of hierarchy and authority are used for control. The work of a fission-based organization is efficient and controlled because it harnesses strong organizational forces. In this type of structure, managers and staff experience pressure from those above them in the hierarchy, from bottom-line goals, and from control systems that direct individual behavior to meet the needs of the organization. They are motivated by self interest to accept such control. An individual gains by maximizing what he takes from the organization and minimizing what he gives. The organization obtains predictable behavior in return for resource incentives. The machine like organization runs with little emotion, capitalizing on rational analysis and self interest. This is a powerful; system, which efficiently directs people into desired roles, jobs, and behaviors. Two draw backs to this approach are the limitations it places on ingenuity and creativity, and organizational inertia with respect to rapid change. These are serious deficiencies in today’s turbulent world, but they can be addressed by recourse to the concept of fusion. Fission and leadership When leaders choose fission or a fusion management philosophy, they also choose whether to use organizational strong forces or personal subtle forces to achieve desired outcomes. What we call organizational strong forces are those elements in organizations that act as strong pressures on people’s attention. A demanding boss can be a dominant influence on behavior, whether that behavior is designed to please him or to avoid him. A strong force commands attention because of individuals’ needs, fears, or desire for acceptance and success. Strong forces in companies include financial results, operating goals, budgets, engineering efficiency, performance evaluations, close supervision, and pay increments. Such forces typically involve control and often reflect a watchdog mentality. They direct people toward making a positive impact on the company’s bottom line. Strong forces typically favor the organization’s needs over the needs of individuals. The subtle forces The subtle forces is what we call personal; subtle forces are less obvious and less tangible; they are harder to see, define, and influence. They include passion, ingenuity, vision, enthusiasm, morale, values, and corporate culture. Subtle forces can be suppressed by the directive and heavy handed organizational strong forces.
Any business venture primarily seeks to make maximum profit at the least possible cost. In order to earn a profit, a business produces goods or provides specific services and engages in exchange, that is buying and selling. Most businesspersons believe that business involves a willing buyer and a willing seller and this has made them to be less concerned with ethical issues that they may be obliged to observe (De George, 2006). However, business practices have been brought to the realization of the importance of business ethics and how it can influence the community and organization either positively or negatively (Newton, & Ford, 2008). This paper will describe what business ethics is as well as explain three ethical issues within the modern business environment that do affect the community and organization. Ethics as a discipline has a long and an impressive history. It involves issues touching on morality, the sense of right or wrong. Business sector is not an exception when it comes to ethical issues due to its vast involvements especially with human beings. A business venture is neither separable from the society nor is it imposed on it; instead, it is an integral part of the society necessary for human survival. Business ethics, therefore, can be defined as a consideration of right and wrong conduct in the world of business; a keen evaluation of decisions made by businesses in accordance with the recognized moral concepts and judgments. Unethical issues in business activity include; cases of fraud, inflated business accounts, and misrepresentation. Business ethics is as national, international, or even global as business itself is and for that matter, no arbitrary geographical boundaries can limit it. General ethical codes and principles have been formulated with an aim of defining clear boundaries on what business activity can be considered moral or immoral. There are several ethical issues in today’s business world which affect the community and organization significantly. Some of them include; the competitive business market for outstanding employees, the internet, and corporate responsibility (Newton, & Ford, 2008). These business ethics encompass the role of a business venture or company in the society. Human rights activists and other pressure groups are pushing most companies to be more considerate of their corporate responsibility and business ethics. Concerning the employee issue, modern business ventures have made attempts to pursue sound and ethically upright procedures in handling their clients. The greatest challenge, however, comes when they fail to meet the needs and the rights of their workers. Any employee should feel secure in his or her place of work but of late, this has not
Introduction The British colonization was a long, complicated, and severe process that has influenced and either positively or negatively changed the lives of thousands of people. During an extended period of time, the British Empire had its colonies in a significant number of countries, including Africa, America, and Australia. Unfortunately, the ways the colonial government and the English settlers treated the native people were horrible and inhuman. There was no respect, empathy, and brotherhood but only cruelty and the desire to destroy. Australia and its indigenous population were not an exception: while facing injustice, discrimination, and inequality, they became witnesses of various manifestations of racism from the British people. Precisely this colonial racism and genocide can be considered to be the cruelest in the history of the world and may have influenced the ideas and plans of Adolf Hitler, who got inspired by the destruction of the indigenous population. Definition of Racism Before discussing the impact of the British colonies on the indigenous Australians and racism in general, it is crucial to mention the definition of racism. It is defined as “prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized” (“Definition of racism in English,” n.d.). Thus, any negative thoughts, words, and actions towards a person that are based on the color of his or her skin are considered racism (Miles, 2004). In this particular paper, the English colonial settlers’ cruel actions against the indigenous Australians, including unnecessary killings, incidents of raping, human trafficking, and hunt for people, are referred to as racism. Background Historical and Cultural Information About the Indigenous Australians The English colonial settlers arrived in Australia in 1788, but the continent has been occupied by indigenous Australians for more than 40000 years. Those people used to survive on wild foods while being gatherers and hunters: women collected honey, shellfish, insects, and vegetable foods, and men fished or hunted (Bultin, 1993). Depending on the availability of food and water resources, they used to constantly move and did not have permanent settlements or domestic animals (Kiernan, 2007). Men’s weapons included boomerangs, shields, throwing sticks or clubs, hunting spears, and stone axes, while women used digging sticks. It is essential to notice that the indigenous Australians used to produce tools and goods for their own usage, satisfaction, or consumption, not for exchanging or selling them. The fact that they reco
Japanese tea ceremony is world renowned for its peculiarity in rituals and its connection to the culture and history of Japan. The origin of tea plant was in mountain region of south Asia, and from there it reached China. In China, tea was used as a medicine and later it acquired the status of a beverage. From China, tea was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks and gradually became the favorite drink of Japan. Tea is consumed as a part of religious ritual and it becomes the part of Japanese culture. Also, it can be considered as an art form. It is closely related to other art forms such as architecture, gardening and ceramics. This essay will discuss three important points. The first point discuss the development of tea ceremony in early period, the second point discuss the connection between Shogunate and further developments in tea ceremony, and the third point discuss the circumstances and reason behind the participation of women in tea ceremony. The early period of tea ceremony is connected to the spread of Buddhism in Japan. For the Buddhists, tea was a part of their religious life, especially in meditation. Origin of tea ceremony is before 700 years ago and it was practiced by Zen Buddhist monks. The rituals related to tea reached Japan through Buddhist monks, who acquired this from China in 6 th century. The history of tea and tea plantation in Japan is related to the effort of a Buddhist monk named Eisai who introduced tea seeds in Japan for the first time. (Sado (or Chado)). After 200 years, it became a common ritual among the people of Japan. One can see that tea and the culture of tea ceremony reached Japan from China. Some Buddhist monks who went to China for religious studies brought tea to Japan. When one try to trace the historical background of tea ceremony in Japan, it can be seen that it originated in medieval ages and it is able to continue in this modern world with few changes. From this fact, it is evident that tea ceremony is a cultural quality of Japan which is able to withstand the hard blow of time. A popular story about the origin of tea in Japan is related to the spread of Zen Buddhism in China and Japan from India. The practice of tea ceremony began in the honor of Bodhidharma, who was the founder of Zen Buddhism, who reached China in 5200. He meditated continuously for 9 years, and when he woke up from meditation, became angry and tore off his own eyelids. Tea bushes sprung up from that spot. Another fact about origin of tea ceremony is related to samurai, and it was a ritual of sharing a cup of tea among samurai warriors.(Turay). When one tries to glance at history to know more about the history of tea ceremony in Japan, it can be seen that there are several phases of usage of tea in Japan. Initially, tea was introduced in Japan by Buddhist monks. Then it became a part of Japanese culture and it became the tradition of the people to conduct parties and tea competitions. By this way tea was accepted in Japanese society, as a part of Zen Buddhism and as a cultural trait. In fact, there is a close relation between Zen philosophy and tea ceremony. The
Feminism is recognized as advocacy of female rights in politics, economy, and education that requires equality with male rights in all fields. In the past, men were perceived as superior gender compared to women, and, therefore, females struggled in fighting for their rights. Ibsen wrote A Doll’s House at times of significant changes regarding women’s rights enabling them to control their funds and enter higher educational establishments. By and whole, Ibsen presented the female suffering in the battle for equality with men in the face of Nora who was portrayed as a true feminist role model. Ibsen includes in his book the evident norms of the patriarchal society. To be more exact, the main female character, Nora, is given her roles, such as daughter, wife, and mother, by men that surround her daily. In addition, the name of the book, A Doll’s House , implies the place that she was trapped in while being married to her husband (Meyer 1257). Furthermore, Nora sees herself as a doll manipulated by Torvald, who does not let her leave this dollhouse. However, Nora realizes her self-worth and starts fighting for her rights as her husband claims that her duties are only to him and his children, “I have other duties just as sacred … to myself” (Ibsen, 2020, p. 314). Consequently, she decides to leave the house and her family due to her being tired of such an attitude (Meyer 1259). By and whole, this part of the story is the beginning of Nora’s feminism journey and the battle for earning respect from men. Furthermore, the norms of the patriarchal society are included in Torvald’s attitude to Nora. Nora’s husband does not consider her to be his equal and, therefore, dehumanizes her by calling his wife various pet names, “Is it my little squirrel bustling about?” (Ibsen, 2020, p. 9; Meyer 1262). In addition, Nora is surrounded by females who sacrificed their selves to follow society’s norms. For instance, her nanny abandoned her husband and children to care for her to earn money for providing for her loved ones. Similarly, Nora unconsciously replicates the stories of her female examples as she also does not protect her own desires and wishes and puts all her effort into marriage and motherhood. Nevertheless, Torvald does not recognize Nora as a fit person to teach his children, “I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you” (Ibsen, 2020, p. 242). To conclude, by presenting Nora in this way, Ibsen portrays feminism through her while her husband, Torvald, is recogni
Individual health is substantially defined by the ability of different body systems to function well. In fact, the body systems do not work in isolation, and the processes taking place within them are interrelated with each other. Considering that it is impossible to study pathophysiology in significant detail during one semester, I expect the course “Pathophysiology for Emergency Medical Services” to be a solid starting point in the research of the given area of knowledge. First of all, I would like to complete an overview of key pathophysiological mechanisms in all body systems, paying attention to the ones associated with the most common diseases posing the greatest threat to public health. They include heart diseases and stroke, neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, various infections, obesity, diabetes, and others. Secondly, I expect to learn about the links among various pathophysiological processes that take place in different body systems. The given know
Religion is more than just words on a piece of paper; it is something that is meant to be immersed in if you wish to understand it. As such, the keyword that was chosen for this assignment was “experience”. People often believe that you can tell a lot about religion based on the scriptures, dogmas, and other printed documents it has released (Seipp 730). However, what this course has shown us that it is people and not documents that truly define a religion. For example, how can Scripture describe the horrors of the Holocaust? How can it explain what gave hope to the hopeless and helped people hold onto their humanity in the face of their impending demise? The trip to the Jewish cultural museum revealed the horrors that people experienced at the hands of the Third Reich, yet it also showed instances of self-sacrifice and the enduring spirit of the Jewish population in the face of utter annihilation (Nesfield 44). Throughout their horrific imprisonment, they steadfastly held onto their faith and drew strength from it, resulting in those that have died before they were freed. Stories like this help to get a better idea of what religion is truly about. The followers of the religion can look through Scripture, read the religious commandments and go through hundreds of published documents, but what matters is how they apply what they are taught (Rowland 71). It is in the application of Scripture and dogma that you can understand what religion is about, and the best way to do so is through experience. Interacting with members of the faith, knowing their accomplishments, understanding the obstacles and challenges they had to go through and seeing what they have endured gives you a better context of how religion has influenced people and whether it has done positively or negatively (Schellekens 121). Based on the class experience encountering the Jewish religion in the museum trip and its impact on the Jewish people, it can be stated that the impact of Judaism on the Jewish people has been relatively positive. It has helped them to endure and survive in conditions that should have resulted in their annihilation. It gave them the strength to survive as in that power there is a subtle honor that shines in dire circumstances. The trip to the museum showed instances where people willingly gave up their lives for their fellows and did so simply because it was the right thing to do. In the end, religion is more than just dogma and Scripture, it is more than the summa
IBD refers to a set of conditions that results in irritation and an increase of tissues in the digestive tract. Examples of the diseases include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In IBS, the term refers to symptoms that manifest when contents in the large intestines move at a fast or slower rate. IBD is a structural disease because the condition can be observed using tests such as x-ray, endoscopy, or through biopsy, where tissues are examined using a microscope. When the patient suffering from IBS is assessed using tests like a biopsy, the results are unrevealing. In IBD, the gut gets infected by long-term inflammation that lasts from months to years. As a result, symptoms such as malaise and fever manifest. Affected intestines bleed, thus resulting in a reduction of hemoglobin, leading to anemia. The patient loses weight due to the inability to tolerate feeds because of intestinal attacks and the bowel’s inflamed tissues (Roda et al., 2019). On the other hand, IBS has got no defining symptoms upon assessment through physical examination. However, some findings, such as a mass in the abdomen, fistulas, or anemia features, can be depicted. For effective and therapeutic nursing practice, understanding the pathophysiology and of different conditions is critical in establishing one’s responsibilities such as treatment, medication management, improved assessment skills, and ordering of correct diagnostic tests. Also, general health management, prevention of diseases, and provision of quality nursing care will be part of my portion as a future nursing practitioner. For example, depicting the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease at my fingertips will differentiate the conditions and provide therapeutic interventions to my future patients. Given that my patient portrays symptoms of fever, malaise, and inability to tolerate feeds, l will suspect that the patient is at risk of malnutrition, weight loss and prepare to give effective intervention. I believe nurses should have adequate knowledge in the pathophysiology of conditions for effective nursing practice. Reference Roda, G., Chien Ng, S., Kotze, P. G., Argollo, M., Panaccione, R., Spinelli, A., Kaser, A., Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Danese, S. (2020). Crohn’s disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 1-19. Web.
Overview Just like the battle of Lsandlwana, the battle of Rorke’s Drift was a battle against the Anglo-Zulu by the British. With 150 troops, the British Empire managed to defend their stronghold against over 4,000 Zulu warriors. This outcome contradicts with the Isandlwana battle where the British troops succumbed to a massive defeat from the Zulu warriors leaving the world in awe (Knight & Hook, 2002). The Zulu warriors became the first ‘native’ army to defeat a western troop in a substantial manner. Considering that both battles took place on the same day, how comes one battle was won while the other was lost? Zulu’s Fighting Tactics Zulu warriors at Rorke’s Drift battle used poor fighting tactics thus giving room for the British troop to attack and defeat them. They easily made their war intents and positions known thus prompting the officers in charge to hastily hold a meeting and decide on the war strategy to use (whether to retreat or defend themselves in the position they were already in). However, the Zulu warriors in Isandlwana battle used new fighting tactics. Unlike the British troops, Zulu warriors were concentrated and did not make their war intent or their position known. This enabled them to get close to the British troops and give them a tactical surprise that was below their expectations and was unprepared for (Knight & Hook, 2002). British Troop’s Readiness The officers in charge of the Rorke’s Drift battle were alert and quick to act and therefore managed to organize and position the troops. The British officers used mealie bags to construct a defensive perimeter, which consisted of a fortified hospital and storehouse. The troops made Firing holes through the buildings walls and used furniture to obstruct the doors. This concealed the British troops while allowing them to aim and fire at the Zulu warriors. However, at the Isandlwana battle, tactical surprise did not give Chelmsford, the officer in charge time to organize or give commands to the defending troops. This made the troop unprepared; had difficulty unpacking and distributing ammunitions on time and therefore, the men fighting ran out of ammunition thus making them prone to attacks (Knight & Hook, 2002). Underestimation of the Zulus British troops at Rorke’s Drift battle did not underestimate the Zulus and this explains why they took their time preparing and organizing for the war prior to the attack. However, troops at Isandlwana underestimated the Zulus capability. After Chelmsford heard of the Zulu’s over 20,000 warriors, he opted to move with ‘force’ underestimating the fact that Zulus outnumbered the British troops. He relied on the idea that firepower could compensate for his inadequate troops. Unfortunately, even with a heavy guard at Isandlwana camp, Zulu warriors were able to slip around the British forces and choose a strategic spot that helped them win the battle. The British firearms could not save them from the Zulu warriors’ traditional buffalo chest and horns (Knight & Hook, 2002). Conclusion Even thought both battl