ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Learning refers to the cognitive process of acquiring skills and knowledge. Through education, people are able to influence growth because they pass their knowledge through subsequent generations (Williams & Jacobs, 2004). The birth of the internet and development of technological devices such as computers played a crucial role in the emergence of e-learning. This educational approach has existed in Australia for quite some time. The education technology uses electronic media as well as numerous information and communication technology concepts to teach people. This approach has greatly influenced the process of education in terms of the way people learn, pass their knowledge, and access educational materials (Williams & Jacobs, 2004). E-learning is technology enhanced and uses various types of digital devices that can transmit information as a text, audio clip, graphical image, or a video clip. The concept involves learning over the internet using a privately created network of computers, which are developed using advanced software. The computer network can be extended to authorized external users at their request (Wilson & Stacey, 2004). The federal government, state governments, and the commonwealth fund education in Australia. The pace of e learning depends on the kind of approach applied. Learning through the instructional approach is unique because things happen in a constant pace and at the same time. Discussion E-learning in Australia is best suited for long distance learners, working individuals, and any other group of people with schedules that cannot allow them to attend regular classes. Organizations in Australia are increasingly adapting this educational approach. Employers use e-learning as a strategy for increasing the capacity of their employees in order to remain competitive (Williams & Jacobs, 2004). E-learning is economical and allows employees to continue working as they advance their education. Studies have shown that the gap between organizations using this concept and those not using it is growing at a high rate. Organizations have developed numerous strategies for incorporating e learning into their corporate cultures, as they have discovered the value of having a highly skilled workforce (Wilson & Stacey, 2004). Reports indicate that the demand for e learning in Australia has led to the development of numerous companies providing the service to organizations that want to develop thei
The book The Turnaround depicts experience of William Bratton, the police officer, and policies aimed to improve police system and reduce crime rates in Boston and New York. The authors underline that psychologically as well as organizationally, this part of police work makes it possible to accept the suggestion that crime is worsening. It follows that one harboring a negative view of human nature would expect community life to degenerate. Many of the daily experiences of police work exacerbate this attitude: having to inform a murder victim’s family of the tragedy; investigating the brutal rape of a child; arresting some people over and over, just to see them freed. Police officers are not immune to the effects of incivility either (Knobler and Bratton 1998). This important and value of this book is that it depicts real experience of a cop and policies which could help other police department to fight crimes. The book does not involve theoretical explanations and hypotheses but provides readers with well-thought practical policies and actions developed by William Bratton. This is not to suggest that criminal-justice personnel are devoid of human compassion or motivated solely by self-interest. Police officers risk their lives to arrest violent offenders, public defenders work overtime to represent their clients, jurors deliberate in stuffy rooms for days to arrive at proper verdicts, and probation officers loan clients their own money to help them through troubled times. The goal of self-preservation is evidenced by activities that promote organizational survival and expansion. Continuation of the agency to ensure jobs, positions, and continued service delivery is the objective of survival activities. Growth takes us back to Hobbes’ observation that self-protection necessitates constant and perpetual search for “power after power.” Expansion protects agencies from external threats from larger public bureaucracies that have more political power. This tendency toward growth is evident in the yearly budget requests of criminaljustice agencies. Seldom is an equivalent budget requested; instead, funds for additional personnel and supplies and new programs and projects are included in each year’s proposal. This approach to public finance produces growth: the agency becomes larger, its functions are broadened, and greater public dependence is slowly fostered. Over time, these trends firmly establish the organizational function as a public priority, ensuring the power of its officials and the survival of the organization. Within criminal-justice agencies, goal displacement takes the form of a less aggressive approach to responsibilities in order to maintain organizational strength (Knobler and Bratton 1998). In contrast to other books I read, this book is vital for every police officer as it illustrates effective policies which help to fight crimes and control criminal activity in a small region. The book describes contemporary American policing and its problems, new technologies appl
Theory and concept of CLT Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is concerned with the procedures and the purposes in the classroom learning. Therefore, the theoretical concept of CLT is the communicative competence (Nunans & Richards, 1990). This means that CLT should help learners become fluent in the spoken and the written language. The definitive principle of CLT is communicative competence and Brown (2006) stated that learners could achieve communicative competence through four skills. These skills include grammatical, strategic, socio linguistic and the discourse competencies. Grammatical competence is imperative because it suffered from neglect when the communicative approach started. For instance, Brown (2006) explains that grammatical competence is a requirement in our daily communication because we communicate through exploitation of the language structures. On the other hand, strategic competence involves the mastery of the verbal and the non-verbal communication approaches that are useful for the reparation and augmentation of communication (Jones & Mclachlan, 2009). Besides, strategic competence concerns providing solutions to linguistic problems. Furthermore, it entails the unforeseen circumstances like the tutors role when the present knowledge about language varnishes. On the other hand, socio linguistic competence necessitates application of the social understanding to the language and Kumaravadivelu (2003) describes it as a situation in which different people pronounce words according to their social linguistic environment. Finally, discourse competence is the mastery of the amalgamation of grammar structures and their implications so that one can converse or inscribe texts in diverse fields. Kumaravadivelu (2003) states that the early years of learning require that learners practice how to identify and react to sounds as well as how to mimic and generate sounds. According to Brown (2006) the concept of CLT led to the development of theories of CLT that are the language theory and the learning theory. To begin with, the language theory involves language as a tool of communication and its objective is to enhance the communication competence of the learner. Besides, Kumaravadivelu (2003) concludes that the language theory focus on characterizing the capabilities of learners so that they create sentences that are correct in terms of grammar and style. Additionally, this theory concerns itself with describing acts of speech or wordings because it is via study of the language that is in use that the learner can understand the significance of language. Furthermore, the learning theory operates under three principles that are communication, meaningfulness and task (Jones & Mclachlan, 2009). Communication principle states that activities entailing communication facilitate learning while the meaningfulness principle states that the language that the learner values sustains the learning process. Lastly, task principle states that the learner can learn best by engaging in a variety of activities that use language. Keith (2008) explains that the above principles attend to the conditions that are required to enhance learn
Introduction It is said that change is never easy; life is a series of passages, many of which can be unpredictable and challenging. One such passage is explored in “Transitions” (2016), a short story by Canadian writer Gwen Benaway. Appearing in the collection Love Beyond Body, Space, and Time: An Indigenous LGBT Sci-Fi Anthology, it explores the author’s journey of transitioning into womanhood. The main character and setting of the story are of paramount significance as Benaway narrates her frustrations with the winding journey of the transgender experience. The existing research on gender identity, attitudes toward transgender people, and transgender health care reaffirm the protagonist’s struggles. From the arduous healthcare practices to the experience of social distress evoked by other people’s perceptions of a transgender person, Benaway examines how strenuous and uncontrollable the process of gender transitioning can be at times. Through its setting and characterization, Gwen Benaway’s “Transitions” accurately depicts the difficulty of transgender people’s journey to womanhood and the importance of taking ownership of one’s path to transition. Main body “Transitions” begins with a description of a hurried setting full of twists and turns, paralleling the central character’s emotionally arduous journey of transitioning. As evidenced by the narrator’s mention of phones “blinking with unread notifications,” the reader is led to believe that it is a present-day setting and the character is late (Benaway 77). This mention creates an atmosphere of anxiety and stress right from the beginning of the story. Making her way through the underground, the narrator describes the process as “crossing subway lines” and “zigzagging through.” This choice of words is intentional on the part of the author, as Benaway conveys that the directions of her life path are also constantly alternating, and she is trying her best to keep up. The train that “pushes her of balance” so that she needs to hold on tighter indicates the character’s inner state during the transition. The general idea of transportation is symbolic of the story’s title and theme: the central character is physically and emotionally moved from one place to another, and the ride is not necessarily pleasant. The description of the setting with the roads full of twists and turns that one is always late to take is consistent with the existing research on people’s experiences with gender transition. Transition is not a universal linear process that has a definite beginning and an end but more so “an ongoing work on the self” (Shepherd and Hanckel 53). Due to the diversity of transgender lives and healthcare experiences not being widely understood, people who transition often take on the additional work themselves. By showing the protagonist that goes through the unmapped territory on her own, Benaway attempts to evoke the reader’s understanding of how much inner strength it takes to transition. The central character of “Transitions” is crucial to the reader’s understanding of the perils of living life as a tra
Introduction Health experts have reported that inclination towards an indoor game is a very dangerous trend, as it makes children grow clumsy. Children do not get time to interact with other children of their age and this may affect both their physical and social growth. They spend most of their time seated either in classrooms learning or in the house watching movies or playing computer games. The limbs need physical activity to develop properly, the brain needs this activity to develop and so are other organs such as the muscles. Failure to engage in outdoor free plays therefore poses danger of several diseases to this group and lowers their ability to interact with other members of society. Thesis statement Since the amount of time that children spend while playing outdoors has fallen drastically over the past few decades, it is vital to persuade children to play outdoors in order to grow socially, physical, creatively, and to develop their characters. This essay tries to address the problems associated with indoor. The essay attempts to assess the theory that preschool kids have a higher frequency of obesity, utilize less time on outdoor games and utilize more time viewing television when they live in regions that their parents identify as dangerous Health Concerns Kids who utilize most of their time viewing television have higher chances of contracting diseases relate
The United States of America is founded upon a basic belief in “justice for all” as its unique quality above all other nations. It is hailed as a nation of possibilities, where miracles can happen and even the poorest peasant immigrant might manage to find tremendous wealth and prosperity on her shores. However, for most of America’s history, there have been entire segments of the population that have not found this kind of hope or promise. The Native Americans, who were present for centuries before the promise was made were already well acquainted with the great land they lived in and took care to treat it well. With the advent of the white man, though, they discovered the tremendous injustices that could be committed by one people against another. For most, there remains a strong undercurrent of resentment and dismay over what has happened to their beautiful land. Others, such as the Africans who were brought to America against their will, endured centuries more of hardship, gross abuse, and suffering beyond imagining only to discover that they, too, once granted freedom, were still unable to receive justice. These sentiments are evident in the speeches of Michael Dorris and Martin Luther King Jr. In “The Myth of Justice”, Michael Dorris argues that there is no such thing as justice in the world despite America’s great claims to offer ‘justice for all’. Speaking to his normal readers, Dorris wrote this paper as an attempt to define his beliefs and the beliefs of America a little better. He uses rhetorical questions to bring his readers into closer identification with his ideas when he asks, “Do I need examples from real life to prove my point? Read the newspaper. Look at world history. Examine your own family. People got what they deserved, right?” (466). He provides several examples of how justice simply does not exist in our society and illustrates our tendency to constantly blame God for times when bad things happen to good people but chalk it up to justice when people actually get what they deserve in some way. He uses religion as a form of metaphor in which we consistently hope for justice but rarely actually expect to find it. From here, Dorris indicates that there are basically two types of justice, contextual justice, and real justice. Contextual justice is what we often mean when we discuss justice because it is the only type we really possess. In this form of justice, those who have enough money are able to essentially purchase their way clear of all wrongdoing through a set price placed on the severity of the crime. This is true even when the crime is murder through the ability to afford very clever attorneys and through other means. If you can’t afford this type of defense, then you are placed in jail to do your penance, but this does not serve justice either as the man who kills the working farmer has removed a working farmer from the family’s land and gone away to jail while the family, having received absolutely nothing, continues to struggle to survive with one less person, and perhaps the most knowledgeable person available t
Hawaii is known worldwide for its active volcanoes. Hazlett’s documentary Volcanic Island Life Cycle elucidates Hawai’i’s naturally occurring volcanoes and their impacts on the surrounding environment. The documentary tells about the peculiarities of the Hawaiian territory, describing the processes of eruption, solidification, the transformation of lava, and the formation of new lands, which are distinguished by their fertility due to the presence of a large number of nutrients that saturate the soil (Hazlett, 2018, 00:02:19). This short documentary is educational, as in the style of popular science storytelling, without detailed deepening, natural processes are described in general terms, mainly using the example of the Hawaiian Islands. The intended audience for this film can be high school students or students who are beginning to be interested in this problem. The purpose of this film is to acquaint those interested with the natural processes of vulcanization and the formation of fertile soils. The main message of the author is to arouse the viewer’s interest in the problem. The appeal may be scientific, implying further study of the chemical and physical processes of the formation of lava and new islands. In addition, interest can be aesthetic, attracting new tourists, photographers, and artists to Hawaii. Before watching this video, I was superficially familiar with the process of volcanic eruptions. I expected to see just a popular science video telling specifically about the Kilauea volcano and the features of explosions in this region. There were no questions about what he saw since any further research depends entirely on the viewer’s interest. This video is not intended to provide complete information on the issue since a deep analysis of this problem requires preliminary preparation. In brief, the video details the eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai’i, one of the largest volcanos in 200 years. This video focuses on the formation of fertile soils after a volcanic eruption. The shooting is carried out directly on the Hawaiian Islands; however, in general, the film’s visual component is a compilation of animations, and videos reflecting the main thoughts of the voiceover. Sound effects are classic for such films, which accompany the voiceover, trying not to interrupt it. Moreover, you can hear music in the background, which creates a good experience for the events described. Videos and pictures are selected as effectively as possible. A film that tells about such global, beautiful and dangerous natural events should be filled with the best shots that reflect the beauty and severity of the surrounding world. The volcano is filmed from different angles, changing every few seconds, but the most exciting and exciting are filming from a sufficiently high altitude (Hazlett, 2018, 00:00:32). The interview in this film wa
For successful business practice, one must understand that customers’ behavior is not always motivated by rational decisions. Specific errors in thinking, such as the default bias, the status quo bias, the endowment effect, the winner’s curse, and the concept of loss aversion result in irrational behavior. This paper is concerned with interpreting the experiment’s subjects’ decisions as to their rationality, determining the best strategy, and relating the results to the firm’s business strategies. Students will be divided into two groups. The procedure of the experiments is: Find an empty box and place it two meters away from students’ standing point. And students are asked to try to throw a pen into the empty box. The author used their dominant hand in both cases as the best strategy in their rational understanding; additionally, like the 60% of the first group, she was unwilling to change the status quo. The majority of the second group, like the minority of the first, meanwhile, demonstrated the gambler’s fallacy, an error in mental accounting. The author, like the majority of the first group and the 30% of the second, aimed to avoid losing a sure gain rather than acquire a greater one, which is an example of the endowment effect and the loss aversion principle. Additionally, a default bias – not changing behavior when circumstances change – influenced the irrational decisions of those using the same hand in both cases. In our last class, we have conducted an auction. In the cup with 5 cent coins, students needed to auction for obtaining this good. The actual value of the good is 4 euros (80 coins). In this experiment, a student who is willing to pay 5.5 euros won the auction. Please relate this result with the winner’s curse and briefly explain why the winner’s curse occurs in this case. In this auction, the bidder with the highest estimate won, as per the definition of the winner’s curse. Failing to account for irrational behavior, and, thus, overvaluing the product, the student engaged in overbidding. Therefore, the price he paid was higher than the actual value of the coins. The firm’s business strategies that fail to account for the given biases may lead to avoiding innovations. Therefore, their products may fail to meet new market
The travel industry is a rather intricate environment for organizations to operate in due to numerous factors that affect customers’ preferences and choices. Expedia has been known as a travel aggregate site that contains a plethora of information concerning travel fares (“About Expedia,” n.d.). Thus, customers have been using the site to compare fees and define the most effective ways of traveling from one point to another. Entering the Indonesian market is going to be rather challenging for the company for several reasons, the key one concerning the language barrier and the hindrances in establishing a cross-cultural dialogue with its Indonesian partners. The fact that the Indonesian economy is currently on the rise indicates that Expedia is bound to have a significant advantage in setting its business in the specified market. According to Kurniawan and Managi (2018), Indonesia has been advancing in the global economy quite surely, with the recent change in the country’s GDP indicating that the state economy is on the rise. The observed change will serve as the support for introducing Expedia to the Indonesian market and encouraging its development within the target setting. Similarly, the current alterations in the economic growth rates are likely to produce a positive impact on the demand for the provided services (Pujani, Yeni, Widiastuty, & Asmony, 2017). Therefore, it is expected that, with the economic advancement of the state, Indonesians will show the propensity toward more active traveling and, thus will use Expedia’s services more often. Distributing the services that Expedia offers, in turn, is likely to be a challenge for the organization that is mostly unknown in the Indonesian market. Nonetheless, the goal of distributing Expedia’s services will become more attainable once online tools for advertising them are launched. A campaign geared toward Indonesian citizens will be necessary (Kurniawan & Managi, 2018). With the help of the virtual service distribution, the organization will be capable of targeting different types of customers, thus increasing its range of clients and appealing to a wider demographic. Given the fact that Expedia provides digital services and offers an online substitution of similar organizations that are much slower and significantly less efficient, the company’s success hinges directly on the technological development of Indonesia. Luckily, the country has been experiencing a technological revival over the past few decades, with digital tools becoming increasingly popular among its citizens (Pujani et al., 2017). Therefore, it will be necessary to appeal to the demand of the Indonesian buyers that are technologically advanced (Spaan & Naerssen, 2018). Consequently, creating an elaborate Seg