ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The current study examined the differences between leadership and management. Understanding the skills and behaviors of individuals working with the two concepts helps employees to achieve the right balance in their work. To bring out the differences, the study focused on the divergence between empowering and direct leadership. The author created a correlation between leadership style and employees’ attitudes and perceptions of the organization’s reputation. The study was conducted at Whitireia Polytechnic in Auckland, New Zealand. Data were collected from 20 respondents using self-report questionnaires. The information was analyzed and computed using such techniques as Expected Maximization (EM), MCAR, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The key findings from the study revealed that there is a significant difference between direct and empowering modes of leadership. The results showed that empowering leaders have a more positive impact on employees compared to those who adopt the direct approach. Empowering leaders are more likely to engage workers in decision making and delegate powers to them. As a result, employees feel more empowered in terms of competence and control. In addition, leaders who empower workers positively influence the employees’ perception of the organization. Introduction Not so long ago, the definitions of leadership and management were considered to be of relatively equal value. Today, the study inclines to find dissimilarities between the two. Continuous research is conducted by numerous academics that strive to give these two definitions a unique characterization that would make it stand out. This difference is not an exception for small-scale project management either, as leadership style and management style, while being relatively comparable, hypothetically bring major differences into the management and leadership processes. The following research is conducted with the intention of finding out whether there is an actual or a rather insignificant variance between the two. The author presents a literature review of the previous studies on this issue, conducts an experiment in order to reach a verdict concerning the correctness of separation of the notions of management and leadership, and dwells on the differences between empowering and direct leadership. Literature review In their 2011 research, Krogh, Nonaka, and Rechsteiner stated that structural knowledge formation assimilates background, data resources, and knowledge conception methods throughout the organization. They conducted a literature review that displayed that preceding work had emphasized on the role of fundamental leadership in knowledge formation procedures, without dedicating much consideration to background and data resources (Krogh et al., 2011). They elaborated on a new outline fo
Introduction: The 2013 Concerns and the Wine Promotion Campaign According to the recent records, the English Wine Producers are going to promote their wine not only to the residents of the United Kingdom, but also to the tourists. Moreover, as soon as the company succeeds in its beginnings, it can be expected that the English Wine Producers will start selling their products worldwide. Thesis statement: despite the lack of available information, the English Wine Producers can succeed in the European wine market by using their key assets and improving their knowledge management system. The Analysis of the State of Affairs: What Needs to Be Done Like any other company, the English Wine Producers have their own advantages and downsides. Learning to use the former and hide the latter will help the company succeed. The strengths of the English Wine Producers: putting the emphasis on the quality To win the battle, the company will have to lay the emphasis on its assets so that the potential clientele could see these advantages as well. Therefore, the strategy must be aimed at finding the way to stress an outstanding quality of the English wine. Perhaps, combining a well-known stereotype of English people always clinging to their traditions, one can come up with an alluring advertizing concept. The weaknesses of the English Wine Producers: when it comes to information availability Sadly enough, there is a lack of cooperation between the English Wine Producers affiliates. However introducing the system of knowledge sharing, one can expect a better information processing. Looking for the Solutions of the Problems: Flexible Measurement System and Awareness Campaign Needless to say, a good advertizing campaign makes the bulk of a company success. Therefore, every single element of the campaign must be well thought out. Technological advances as the key means to inform the potential customers Utilizing the latest technological advances will help considerably in promoting the company. E.g., a blogosphere can be used to attract even more clients. Effective advertizing campaign: let the whole wide world know about English wine To make the advertizing campaign as impressive as possible, different types of media must be used. Starting from advertisements in newspaper and TV commercials to direct marketing (e.g., sendi
Police departments worldwide play a crucial role in the maintenance of law and order. It is therefore hard to imagine a world without a police force. The police face challenges in playing this enormous task of law enforcement and as a result, most have introduced internal controls within their departments. Internal control factors include self-regulation, community policing, and internal restructuring amongst other measures. Unfortunately, they have not been successful in either reducing the rate of crime or improving the image of the police force. This includes coming up with internal systems of operations. As Maguire (2003) notes, “police administrators may not be entirely free to design their organization as they deem fit.” There are internal, political, and external factors that face police departments as they try to restructure their organizations. The police force is differentiated into various levels with semi-autonomous bodies. There are specialized agencies within the police force that have their own rules and regulations. This presents a challenging task in the introduction of internal controls as each body feels that it has sufficient structures to be independent without necessarily ascribing (Travis, 2008). FBI, CIA, and metropolitan police have differentiated structures focused on meeting their goals. In close connection to this is the level of centralization. Decision-making in highly centralized departments is often difficult as all departments may demand to play a role (Maguire, 2003). There has been influencing by the government on police operations and this has weakened the independence of the department in its attempts at internal controls. Directives from various arms of government have often had a negative impact. This has been compounded by the fact that there are many departments that oversee the functions of the police in most countries. In the United States, for instance, the police are under both the office of the president through the federal government and the relevant security agency. The media is also another influencing factor to internal controls. In recent times there has been close scrutiny of police actions by the media. Unfortunately, the media has tended to focus more on the negative rather than positive happenings and this has served to create a negative opinion by the wider public about the police force. This unique ability of media to focus public attention selectively on a certain issue and not others has proved to be a weakness in attaining internal controls. The media has consequently heightened expectations from the police force to unrealistic levels. There has been the introduction of ethical codes of conduct and regulations which police officers must adhere to. Upon joining the police force, a recruit in the United States signs a declaration binding him to the police force codes of conduct. The introduction of ethics in the police force has at times been detrimental in the sense that the codes of conduct are in conflict with constitution of the land. As such, punitive measures that are provided for are not
A non-market economy, pioneered by early socialists like Karl Marx, a philosopher, radical socialist, and political economist is seen as the way to redistribute wealth uniformly to society. Its labor system is unitary such that people are seen to be driven by the desire to pull their ability or manpower together in order to contribute to society. With no individual monetary gain as a driving force, the people drive pleasure from working together. Central management of resources is set such that the people can receive their portion of the national or regional resource or wealth. The trend is likely to increase since the system is seen as the only way to improve the general living standard of the people. A non-market economy, seen as a socialist’s based economic system, is “strongly influenced by equilibrium model of neoclassical economics” (Humphrey, 2003) and was associated with early theorists, political economists, and sociologists like Carl Marx. It was characterized by little analysis of the economy and no many technical skills. However, the current market economy is an exclusive way of owning a means of production such as land, tools, machinery, energy, and materials, a concept that has also been adopted by the governments through the “tax collection, expenditure, and subsidies application” (Kenneth, 1969) Marx offers his critique on the wealth of nations where modern economists calculate wealth in terms of the amount of money in the treasury. According to Marx, wealth should be looked at in terms of labor, that the fact that division of labor, that suggests surplus production existed, then markets also existed, presuming that the existed markets represented the non-market economy. Thus the “theory of reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange, and householding” (Friedman, 982) as captured in Karl Polanyi’s work, History, Economics, and Anthropology, “that the function of the economy is based on the social relationship by allocation of wealth conforming to the values of each community”. The people who come together to do the work share one common goal of wealth redistribution and therefore there is no incentive of working towards acquiring individual wealth or struggle to get wealth more than the rest of the society members. The drive to work comes from the social pressure of working with family members and friends and the increased “social prestige” (Armentano, 1969). The labor is analyzed in terms of how much work the group has done that would determine the total output rather than individual output seen in market economies, which, John Locke, in his work, Treaties of Government (1689), describes as “state of nature” in the theory of labor to own property. However, Marx rejects this “state of nature” and insists that capitalism is illegitimate
The Kingdom of Thailand is the country in the central part of the Indochinese peninsula. The area of Thailand covers the space of somewhere about 513,000 km 2 . Its population is equal to 66 million people, what makes it the 20 th country on the list of most populous. The ethnic Thai correspond to 75-95% of the population in Thailand, The other part consists of Chinese, Malaysians, and Khmers. The capital of Thailand is Bangkok, which represents the foundation of its industrial, cultural, economical and political spheres. It was said that “with its fertile plains, it has also long been the economic center of the country, producing the majority of Thailand’s rice” (“Reach to Teach: Culture in Thailand” par. 7). Religion in Thailand is Theravada Buddhism. Culture and Traditions While being influenced by numerous countries, such as China, India, Laos and Cambodia, Thailand had formed its culture and religion. The Thai religion, Theravada Buddhism, also includes the concepts of ancestors worshipping, as well as the elements of Hinduism. The numerous Thai traditions relate to respect towards each other. There is even a special gesture, which is being performed for the greeting between two people. A greeting should be started by the younger person, who needs to press his hands together in front of his chest and make a slight bow towards the personality that he meets. The greeting itself is called Wai, and it has a similar meaning as Indian Namaste. It was stated that Wai is the part of etiquette in Thailand and it means respect, as well as ritual reverence towards Buddha illustration, and it could be used as an expression of gratitude and greeting (“Matador Network: 10 Thai Customs
The beginning of the world and philosophical thinking have always been the most interconnected terms. Dwelling upon the beginning of the world people could not avoid philosophical reasons, while thinking philosophically, it is impossible to skip the idea of world creation. Having found two pieces of information, it would be rather interesting to compare them and find similarities in expression, if they exist. The Dawn of Man and The Allegory of the cave are going to be compared and discussed from the point of view of identical positions and man’s perception development which may be seen there. Starting with The Dawn of Man analysis, it may be pointed out that the video shows the things which are discussed in The Allegory of the cave. To prove this point, the following parts from the video and Plato’s text should be described. First, Plato says that people lived in the caves and saw nothing except the light in front of their sight. Watching the video, the first thing that is seen is the cave where primitive creatures sit. Then the sunset is seen, nothing more. The video is shown from these creatures’ look; they stare before them and do not turn their heads in order to see something else. These creatures fall asleep and wake up on the sunrise still without watching what is going on behind them. The same is written in Plato’s dialogues, “they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads” (2007, p.169). Turning to Plato’s dialogue, it is notable to say that he presupposes two kinds of the behavior of primitive creatures, either to remain in the position where they see nothing or to stand up and face the differences, overcome them and b one step forward in development. Watching the video, we may see primitive creatures that sit in their cave and see other creatures that came out of their caves and continue their way to improvement. Those who have come out of their caves see something new and do not want to touch it, do not want to have any connection with the new thing as they are afraid of it. Fear is a common feeling, especially to new things. But, when one primitive creature touches it, another also does the same. That barrier of fear is ruined (YouTube, 2001). If he/she can do this, why I should stay behind and watch; the idea is if you can, why I cannot. The same happened with the dawn of a man: when somebody did something unfamiliar, the others repeated, as they understood that it was not harmful. Comparing the last scene of The Dawn of a Man and Plato’s The Allegory of the cave , it may be concluded that primitive creatures tried to associate their thi
People are bombarded by numerous advertisements saying that yoghurts with probiotics (DANONE Activia, in particular) can help people regulate their digestive systems. People all over the world recognize the yellow arrow which stands for proper digestion in women who consume Activia every day. Admittedly, many people believe the advertisement where scientific evidence is claimed. Thus, according to advertisement, there is clinical evidence that Activia improves digestion in two weeks. However, according to F.T.C. (Federal Trade Commission), “DANONE exaggerated its science about the yoghurt’s effect” as the company’s studies found that “Activia helped no more than a placebo” (Singer n.p.). More so, the company’s advertisements do not mention that regular consumption of any yoghurt improves digestion in people. Therefore, it is important to obtain scientific evidence on effectiveness of Activia DANONE as well as other probiotic yoghurts. In the first place, it is necessary to note that Activia is claimed to be effective due to the great number of probiotics which are regarded as important bacteria for preventing gastrointestinal diseases. It has been acknowledged that probiotics have beneficial effects on human health. There are numerous applications, but the “best-documented” treatment is the prevention of “acute infectious diarrhea” (Sarowska et al. 764). At the same time, researchers note that the use of these bacteria should be properly controlled (in terms of dosage) as probiotic bacteria in uncontrolled amounts can cause digestive infections (Sarowska et al. 764). Furthermore, it is often claimed that probiotics positively affect development of immune system of people. For instance, it is reported that consumption of yoghurts containing probiotics positively affected immune function in people with HIV (Hemsworth, Hekmat and Reid 2). According to this research, people who consumed yoghurt containing probiotics felt more energetic and capable of function more effectively (Hemsworth, Hekmat and Reid 2). However, it is noteworthy that only twenty-five participants took part in the research. Admittedly, this number of subjects cannot be satisfactory to make any conclusions and, hence, further research is needed in this sphere. Apart from this, it is clear that only some probiotics shorten diarrhea duration; evidence on effectiveness of probiotics with genito-urinary or respiratory infections is “inconsistent” and evidence for “a reduction of allergic rhinitis and as
The healthcare system is always seeking to improve its quality of patient care, and one method of doing so is standardizing and quantifying performance to evaluate the effectiveness of different procedures and identify areas for improvement. While there are several types of performance indicators, most organizations target outcome measures because they reflect the effectiveness of healthcare intervention on patient health (Tinker). The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) identifies seven outcome measures to measure hospital quality: mortality, safety of care, readmissions, patient experience, effectiveness of care, timeliness of care, efficient use of medical imaging (Tinker). Several organizations are also currently advocating for healthcare cost measurement (“Measure Outcomes & Cost for Every Patient”). Overall, these indicators are necessary to ensure safe, efficient, effective, patient-centered care. Firstly, mortality rates reflect the hospital’s capability to fulfill its principal function of saving lives and preventing death. Secondly, safety of care measures the occurrence of medical mistakes, such as hospital-acquired infections or pressure ulcers that are directly influenced by hospital intervention. Identifying weak areas leads to improved procedural guidelines. Thirdly, readmission rates after hospitalization are often considered a costly and avoidable indicator of the hospital’s ability to communicate and coordinate care regarding discharge. Fourthly, hospitals are obligated to treat patients with dignity, empathy, and support to ensure retention and attract new patients in the future. Measuring patient experience allows hospitals to evaluate the quality of patient interaction. Fifthly, measuring the effectiveness of care gauges whether hospital procedures align with the best and latest medical guidelines. Medical procedures are constantly being enhanced and modernized, and hospitals need to ensure that their employees follow the latest evidence-based recommendations. Furthermore, a large aspect of successful medical care depends not just on its quality but also on its timeliness. Measuring timeliness of care allows hospitals to discover systemic issues negatively influencing the speed of patient access to medical care, such as overcrowding, understaffing, or inadequate operational hours. Then, measuring the efficient use of medical imaging ensures that patients are not forced to undergo unnecessary and expensive tests and thus hosp
Ethics in HR Management Creates Excellence for Stakeholders HR management is one of the most important processes that affect the development of the company. This is where ethics start as employees are exposed to the values and principles accepted in the company as well as in the business world (Weiss 2008). Admittedly, the ethical behavior of employees is beneficial for all stakeholders involved. Ethics in the workplace creates a positive atmosphere where employees respect and support each other. If a company has a set of specific ethical norms to follow, employees tend to act according to those rules. There is also clarity in actions as ethical norms help employees choose the right patterns for each situation (Weiss 2008). The company’s clients benefit from ethical HR management policies as they obtain qualified services. Clients also trust the company and feel secure, which is very important in business. Adherence to ethical norms also ensures the company’s safety as there can be no legal action against a company that follows ethical norms. Companies, where employees follow ethical conventions, can cooperate with each other as there are certain clarity and certainty in their activities. Therefore, it is possible to note that ethics in HR positively affects companies’ development. Ethics Is Useful in Business Adherence to ethical norms is important for business as it provides the business world with a certain kind of code of conduct. Ethics describes behavioral patterns in a variety of situations. Thus,the company’s actions to any situation can be easily predicted and assessed if the company follows ethical principles. Conducting in an ethical way helps the company create a positive image which will attract customers. Admittedly, people tend to address companies that have a favorable image, i.e. if companies conduct in accordance with major ethical norms. Furthermore, the favorable image will also att
Introduction Businesses must make profits regardless of the global economic crisis or local market trends. This means investors must develop effective plans to handle any challenge that may interfere with profit generation. Most of these challenges occur within their businesses and are easily controlled through proper planning. However, some may be beyond a company’s ability to control them and force it to experience slow performance and low returns. This essay proposes a scaling module that will allow the Creative Colors Company to implement and manage its cost-saving measures. Background This company is located in the State of Washington and has an online shop and three retail outlets through which it sells art supplies. Also, it has training sessions in ceramics, graphic design, sculpturing, and painting. Even though there is a steady enrollment in art classes, this company is experiencing an increase in inventory costs, low sales, and a decline in revenue collection. This shows a dangerous trend that should be controlled immediately to avoid plunging the company into bad debts. Therefore, the move by the owner to implement cost-saving measures is welcome and comes at an appropriate time to prevent a looming