ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Mainly, three experiences characterize social-political revolutions. The first is experience relates to the sarcastic conclusion of a state-building project of the former government by enhancing the state power and boosting the bureaucracy. Secondly, external warfare is common due to the existence of conflicting interests. Further, revolutionaries tend to use terror, which is directed at individuals considered as enemies of the new regime. Notably, the state terror tends to expand to other groups and in extreme extent, consume the revolutionaries. Using the highlighted experiences, this paper reviews the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries that took part between 1950 and 1953. Notably, the paper is centered on the intricate between state-sponsored terror, state building, and state paternalism during the early years of consolidating the nation – the People’s Republic of China. Reasons for Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries Numerous reasons led to the launch of the campaign. For instance, the regime began the campaign in the belief that counterrevolutionaries sabotage and spy in the country. Notably, before the campaign started, there were cases of state property destruction, military resistance, and armed robbery of state granaries, which the government considered as an upsurge of a counterrevolutionary. There were insecurity cases in rural areas of southwestern provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi. 1 The campaign was used as a domestic political tool of rallying popular support behind the country’s new government, assimilating vertical bureaucracy, and increasing the use of coercive instruments towards the new regime’s opposition. 2 Again, the campaign was initiated by reports that numerous localities were embracing lenience towards counterrevolutionaries. For instance, between 1949 and 1950 Qingdao, Jian’ou and Nanjing executed seven counterrevolutionaries only. 3 Further, some of the verdicts made favored counterrevolutionaries. For instance, Xi’an and Nanjing courts declared a verdict of self-defense on two bandits who had killed a postal clerk and
The organizational structure of the two organizations is well spelt out in the official chart and everybody’s duty is highlighted as well as the chain of command. In the case of Utah Opera Company, it is clearly indicated that the CEO is at the top of the chain of command and reports directly to the board members. On top of that, the CEO is assisted by the director of productions and it is expected that the two should work together consulting each other when making important decisions in the company. Though the CEO is expected to be the director general overseeing the operations of a company, there are managers in each department who assist the CEO in implementing, and sometimes making, decisions that directly affect their areas of operation (Naoum 2001). In the case of Utah Opera Company, the CEO, Anne Ewers, has various managers under her who help in overseeing the daily events of their sections and report to her. They include director of finance, director of marketing, human resource manager, director of production and music administrator. The departmental directors are responsible for general decisions that affect their areas of operation and t
Introduction A human being is the best creation of God in the world. There are two types of human beings living in the world as man and woman. “WOMEN are different from men and those differences matter in women’s health issues” (The New York Times, 2008). But at the time of born, their behaviors are the same. For the first time in his or her life, there is no difference between man and women’s behaviors. But day by day, they are behaving differently, and their characteristics, attitudes, and values are going to be different from each other. Consequently, they are going to be men and women. In our society, this study identifies human beings whether they are men or women based on different biological structures and different characteristics, attitudes, values, and behaviors which are established constructed by the specific environment, society, and culture in where we are living. In our environment, society, and culture, there are various types of institutions such as educational institutions from where this study collects our necessary knowledge and non-educational institutions such as religion, workplaces, family, media, peers, communities, and politics. Every institution impacts our characteristics, attitudes, values, and behaviors, they teach us that what type of characteristics, attitudes, values, and behaviors means gender roles, should be contained, the persons who work in these institutions teach various types of gender activities directly or indirectly or both. This study thinks that the teachers treated as the representative impact on the gender roles. They teach us that what type of behaviors we have to do with society and with other people and what type of behaviors our society expects from us. Hence teachers in addition to the systems of education, are a much more important factor to influence our gender roles. Some educational institutions prefer to give single-sex teachers which helps to influence gender roles. In case of teaching style, it is different for male teacher and female teacher which also influence the gender roles. Literature Review The gender issue is an important factor in our world. Every developed, developing and underdeveloped country is fighting against gender discrimination because they believe that if we can use our power of male and female people properly for development, we can reach our destination of optimum development. It is known that there is a great relationship between educational institutions and gender issues. That’s why there are various types of research did by the various researchers on gender issues of students and teachers such as Ausburn, 2004 This study describes instructional design elements most valued by nontraditional adult learners in hybrid learning environments that combine limited face-to-face contact with online learning and collaboration” (Cleveland,
Introduction Ever since the invention of the television, the world has become accustomed to it as a basic fixture of human life. Television has influenced many generations in the past and those yet to come. Its influence has been primarily defined by the fact that television programs are an indispensable form of entertainment for many people. In this regard, many children have grown up watching television programs that have a positive or negative impact on their cognitive development. Because of this fact, many parents, children advocates and educationists are already raising concerns over the amount of time children spend watching television and the kind of materials they watch in the first place.   * In the developed world, children have been known to spend more than five hours a day staring at television screens and even more time is feared to be lost watching television programs instead of engaging in more productive activities. The Kaiser Foundation cited in (Nemours Foundation, 2010) affirms that:   * “two-thirds of infants and toddlers watch a screen an average of 2 hours a day; kids under age 6 watch an average of about 2 hours of screen media a day (primarily TV and videos or DVDs). Kids and teens 8 to 18 years spend nearly 4 hours a day in front of a TV screen and almost 2 additional hours on the computer (outside of schoolwork) and playing video games”. (p. 1) With such statistics in mind, proponents and critics of television exposure have often clashed about the possible advantages and disadvantages of watching television. Currently, there are numerous volumes of literature on the subject and more are still being developed. However, this study seeks to comprehensively cover all the functional areas of a child’s growth which are affected by television exposure. From this understanding, this study will encompass aspects such as lifestyle, appetite, health, the learning process and such like factors. These elements will primarily encompass the overall growth of children. From this perspective, this study will carry out a comprehensive analysis of the effects of television programming on children development and since television programming is an unavoidable element in the society, this study will seek to establish whether television programming generally compliments children growth or not. Literature Review Usually, most people are unaware that children are hooked onto television programs even before they enter schools. Since children are already hooked to television at an early age, many concerned individuals and institutions have tried to strike a balance to try and minimize the negative effects of television (Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 3). According to the American Department of Pediatrics (cited in Nemours Foundation, 2010, p. 4), children under 2 years should not be allowed to watch television at all. However, children above the age of two should only be required to w
Introduction 7-Eleven is one of the largest companies in the world that operate a chain of convenient stores. Since 1974, the company has been operating under the name 7-Eleven Japan Company Limited (Szymankiewicz, 2007). While viewing the company from a franchising end, 7-Eleven is has the largest licensed franchise in the world with approximately 39,000 outlets worldwide (Szymankiewicz, 2007). Initially, McDonalds Corporation was rated as the largest franchise in the world. However, from the statistics that were taken in the year 2007, 7-Eleven emerged as the largest franchise in the world surpassing McDonalds by over 1000 stores. The company is now operating in 16 countries in the world. Its main markets are found in the US, Japan, Canada and South East Asia. However, the company has been on an expansion spree in the last several years. One of the main markets that the company has been target in China. Despite its late entry into the Chinese market, 7-Eleven has grown to be one of the leading retail outlets in the country. It has successfully taken over the traditional Chinese catering industry and offers stiff competition to brands that had been well established in the industry. Development of 7-Eleven 7-Eleven was founded by Joe C. Thompson in Dallas, Texas in 1927 (Doyle and Broadbridge, 2009). Joe was an employee of Southland Ice Company. He began selling bread, milk and eggs. Thompson discovered that it was easier for him to sell convenient items to consumer after realising that the ice he had could be used to preserve these items. This greatly reduced the number of times individuals had to travel to grocery stores in order to purchase these items. As a result of the early success that Thompson enjoyed, he bought Southland Ice Company. He called the new business Southern Corporation. Southern Corporation became successful in its early years and expanded into other regions within the Dallas area. During this time, Southern Corporation stores were opened between 7am and 11pm. In 1946, the name of the company was changed to 7-Eleven with regards to reflect its operating hours. By 1952, 7-Eleven had opened its 100 th store. In 1962, it commenced a 24-hour operation trial in Austin, Texas that was successful. However, during the early 1980s, the company started to experience recurring financial crisis. However, Ito Yokado managed to save the company from bankruptcy. Eventually, the company was sold in 1987 and by 1991, the company was managed by the Japanese who had a majority share. In 1992, the company was operated under Seven and I Holding Company founded by Ito Yokado who
Introduction In an effort to use aptitude as well as students’ achievement among several demographic variables in determining high school seniors’ choice of career after high school, a survey was conducted among over 500 students. A one way multivariate analysis of variance was then conducted with “collplan” being the predictor variable whereas student’s career plan in college after high school had nine categorical variables including: agricultural college, no plans yet, liberal arts, none, engineering college, music/arts, teacher college, other and university. The quantitative outcome variables in this dataset were “abstract”- a test of abstract reasoning and “creative”- a test of creativity. The One-Way MANOVA was conducted in an attempt to answer the following question: How well do the categorical predictor variable “factors” (levels) predict scores on a.) a measure of abstract reasoning ability, and b.) a measure of creativity? After conducting a One-Way MANOVA on the dataset using SPSS, the results of the analyses were presented and interpreted as described in below. The author hypothesizes that categorical predictor variables (none, Teacher College, agricultural college, engineering college, liberal arts, music/arts, university, other, and no plans yet) are significant predictors of scores on a measure of abstract thinking ability and scores on a measure of creativity. This has been explained by the descriptive statistics as well as the MANOVA test, specifically the Wilk’s lambda and the between-subject effects of the variables. Descriptive Statistics The GLM statistics for between-subjects factors indicated that there were 178 seniors who did not plan to join any of the listed institutions in this study and this was the highest number of students. This was followed by students who had plans of joining university and these amounted to 88 students. The third largest category of seniors had plans of doing liberal arts and these amounted to 59 students. These were followed by 57 students who had “other” plans after high school. The number of those who had no plans yet was equal to that of students who wished to join a teachers college (38 students). There were 29 seniors who had plans of joining an engineering college, 11 who wished to do music/arts and finally only 4 students had plans of joining an agricultural college after high school (Table 1). From the descriptive statistics (Table 2), it is evident that having significant differences between the dependent variable and the independent variables may be somewhat impossible since some categorical variables have very large cell sizes (N) which are many times larger than the smallest cell size. For instance, the cell size for “none” is 178 whereas “agricultural college”, the smallest cell size has a size of N =4. For the fixed factor “abstract”, the mean
Since South Asia has always been home to a large variety of ethnic groups, cultures, and traditions, it is no wonder that modern art that originates there have many forms and colors. Like many countries in South Asia, Bangladesh has had a difficult history. Nevertheless, it managed to survive and grow in the rapidly globalizing world, and to a large extent because of the artists and activists who fought for their values. Art in all its forms is close to the people of Bangladesh, and it is an essential part of their lives. One of the most prominent artists from Bangladesh is a realist painter Zainul Abedin. He can rightfully be called the founding father of modern Bangladeshi art because, in his work, he managed to go beyond the traditional styles, portrayed ordinary people’s struggles, and initiated art education in Bangladesh. Zainul Abedin was born on the 29th of December, 1914. He had a simple agricultural background, liked drawing, and enjoyed spending time on the banks of the Brahmaputra River. His passion for painting developed early in his childhood when he started going to the riverside to paint it. Living through wartime, he did not always have proper paper or ink, so he learned to make his ink from charcoal, and he used packaging paper as his canvas (Bangajagala, 2020). However, these inconveniences never discouraged him from painting; he continued to follow his passion even in the hardest of times. For example, he showed the horrors of the famine of 1943 in Bengal in his series of sketches, which shocked the world. Until now, outside Bangladesh, Abedin is primarily known for this famine series. Only true, dedicated artists can go through any difficulties without losing their potential and passion. The first reason why Abedin can be considered a father of modern Bangladeshi art is the fact that he stepped out of the traditional styles that were common among other famous artists of that time. At the age of 19, he went to Calcutta to enter the Government School of Art. By 1938, he had finished it, having improved his skills in European academic painting styles. Despite that, he tended to criticize both European and oriental styles because he considered that they had too many limitations. He decided to move beyond those limitations and started to draw in the style of realism, and his first works in that style can be seen in his famine series. Other art figures, famous at the time, like Nandalal Basu or Jamini Roy, focused on drawing “on the tradition,” but Abedin made a different choice (Zaman, 2004). He had a strong empathy for the poor and often drew them, which led him towards realism and helped him create his unique style. In tu
Introduction Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that may be used to store, organize, and manipulate data. The vertical columns may be represented by letters that appear in alphabetical order while horizontal rows can be identified by numbers. Columns that go beyond the number of alphabetical letters can be represented by two or more than two letters, for example, AA or AB (Held, 2007). An intersection occurs between the rows and columns and appears in the shape of a rectangle, known as a cell. Each cell in the spreadsheet may be given a reference or address that helps to identify it since the cells in the spreadsheet are numerous. The cell reference comprises a combination of column letters and row numbers e.g.BB246 (Walkenbach, 2010). Functions of Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel has a number of functions which include functional aspects. This consists of the cell which can be a text or value which identifies the information in the cell. Examples of types of information found in cells include address, color, contents, file name, which includes the reference, format, parentheses ad prefix. Another function is the error type. Error value occurs in formats such as “NULL”, “REF”, and “NUM!” Etc, which may indicate error type, returns as 1, 2, and 3 accordingly. Security Function Another function of the program is the security function which prevents revealing sensitive or confidential information to other people. This can be found in the info-type-text which identifies what information one needs to be returned. NA means that no value could be identified. The function can mainly be used to mark empty cells. This can be done by entering the value in cells with missing information to avoid the inclusion of empty cells in calculations (Koers, 2010). This can be found in the directory whereby sensitive information can be returned to the path of the current directory or folder, “me avail” that identifies the amount of information stored and available memory in bytes and “num file” which identifies the total number of active worksheets in the workbooks that are open.“IS” can be described as another function of the excel program that describes the nine functions of the worksheet used to test the value or reference (Frye, 2009). Logical Function Anoth
The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by intense competition. However, Pfizer has managed attain an optimal market position as a result of its effectiveness in formulating and implementing operational strategies. Pfizer has adopted a comprehensive diversification strategy that has enabled it develop an extensive product portfolio. The effectiveness of the firm’s diversification strategy has been enhanced by the commitment of the firm’s management team in investing in a lean research and development program. Additionally, the firm’s management team is focused at ensuring that effective marketing of the firm’s products is undertaken (Bronson, Bhenderu, Gatti& Srivastava, 2011). According to Kozami (2005), diversification entails increasing the scope of a firm’s operation. One of the ways through which diversification can be implemented is by focusing at different customer groups. Additionally, the firm may also undertake diversification by expanding into divergent business lines (Kozami, 2005).Through diversification strategy, Pfizer has been able to establish a number of business units some of which include animal health, nutrition, capsugel and consumer healthcare. Considering the fact that firms are affected by changes in the macroeconomic environment, the firm’s diversification strategy is faced by a number of opportunities and problems. Hence, it is essential for the firm’s management team to focus on improving the diversification strategy. This will culminate in the firm developing a high level of competitiveness. In line with aforementioned issues, this paper seeks to identify the problems and opportunities that the firm faces, their solutions, resource needs or constraints and the metrics to assess the success of the solutions suggested. Problem/opportunity                                                                                     Solution identified                                                                                                                                                                          Resource needs or constraints                                                                                                                                         Metrics of success                                                                                                                            Expiry of the firm’s product portfolio patent protection (Bronson, Bhenderu, Gatti& Srivastava, 2011).  Pfizer’s management team should consider refocusing and optimizing its product patent protection.                                                                                            Pfizer should ensure that its meets the statutory requirements with regard to patenting. The firm’s products should be characterized by novelty and non-obviousness.  Assessing the degree of market exclusivity attained (Crosse, 2007).                                                                           Expansion of operations into the emerging markets                                                       Establis
Introduction Jasvinder has the Indian background although she was born and brought up in Britain. She authored the book “Shame” published by a London-based company called Hodder & Stoughton. At a tender age, Jasvinder witnessed the way her parents forced her sisters into a marriage. Robina would suffer abuse and violence from her husband. Trapped by the Indian culture into a marriage she objected, Jasvinder’s sister had to endure the suffering without sympathy from the parents. She could not stand the situation anymore. The purpose of the book is to inform the world how the British Asians use cultural practices to commit crimes against women. The intended audiences are the British Asian women who are victims of gender discrimination and domestic violence. The book is a memoir-autobiography focusing on outdated cultural practices that attract the public attention. The book provides a vivid explanation of gender discrimination and oppression of the British Asian women. Summary The book “Shame” is an autobiography of an Indian girl who was born and rais