ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For the problem of diffraction of harmonic scalar waves by a lossless periodic slab scatterer, we analyze field sensitivity with respect to the material coefficients of the slab. The governing equation is the Helmholtz equation, which describes acoustic or electromagnetic fields. The main theorem establishes the variational Frechet derivative of the scattered field measured in the H^1 (root-mean-square-gradient) norm as a function of the material coefficients measured in an L^p (p-power integral) norm, with 2<p<infinity, as long as these coefficients are bounded above and below by positive constants and do not admit resonance. The derivative is Lipschitz continuous. We also establish the variational derivative of the transmitted energy with respect to the material coefficients in L^p.
As is known from previous studies the lepton number violating decays $K^+\to \pi^- + l^{+}_1 + l^{+}_2$ have good prospects to probe new physics beyond the Standard Model and provide valuable information on neutrino masses and mixing.   We analyze these processes with an emphasis on their hadronic structure aspects applying relativistic constituent quark model. We conclude that the previously ignored contribution associated with the t-channel Majorana neutrino exchange is comparable with the s-channel one in a wide range of neutrino masses. We also estimated model independent absolute upper bounds on neutrino contribution to these decays.
Rational pairs generalize the notion of rational singularities to reduced pairs $(X,D)$. In this paper we deal with the problem of determining whether a normal variety $X$ has a rationalizing divisor, i.e. a reduced divisor $D$ such that $(X, D)$ is a rational pair. We give a criterion for cones to have a rationalizing divisor, and relate the existence of such a divisor to the locus of rational singularities of a variety.
For the first time, we investigate the X-ray/infrared (IR) correlation for star-forming galaxies at z~1, using SPIRE submm data from the recently-launched Herschel Space Observatory and deep X-ray data from the 2Ms Chandra deep field north (CDFN) survey. We examine the X-ray/IR correlation in the soft X-ray (SX, 0.5-2 keV) and hard X-ray (HX, 2-10 keV) bands by comparing our z~1 SPIRE-detected star-forming galaxies (SFGs) to equivalently IR-luminous (L_IR >10^10 L_sun) samples in the local/low redshift Universe. Our results suggest that the X-ray/IR properties of the SPIRE SFGs are on average similar to those of their local counterparts, as we find no evidence for evolution in the L_SX/L_IR and L_HX/L_IR ratios with redshift. We note however, that at all redshifts, both L_SX/L_IR and L_HX/L_IR are strongly dependent on IR luminosity, with luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs,L_IR >10^11 L_sun) having up to an order of magnitude lower values than normal infrared galaxies (L_IR <10^11 L_sun). We derive a L_SX-L_IR relation and confirm the applicability of an existing L_HX-L_IR relation for both local and distant LIRGs and ULIRGs, consistent with a scenario where X-ray luminosity is correlated with the star-formation rate (SFR).
The reliable calculation of electronic structures and understanding of electrical properties depends on an accurate model of the crystal structure. Here, we have reinvestigated the crystal structure of the high-zT thermoelectric material tin selenide, SnSe, between 4 and 1000 K using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction. Symmetry analysis reveals the presence of four active structural distortion modes, one of which is found to be active over a relatively wide range of more than +/-200 K around the symmetry-breaking Pnma-Cmcm transition at 800 K. Density functional theory calculations on the basis of the experimental structure parameters show that the unusual, step-like temperature dependencies of the electrical transport properties of SnSe are caused by the onset of intrinsic bipolar conductivity, amplified and shifted to lower temperatures by a rapid reduction of the band gap between 700 and 800 K. The calculated band gap is highly sensitive to small out-of-plane Sn displacements observed in the diffraction experiments. SnSe with a sufficiently controlled acceptor concentration is predicted to produce simultaneously a large positive and a large negative Seebeck effect along different crystal directions.
The information contained in the Gaia Second Data Release (DR2) allows to search for the unusual objects with the pre-selected properties, literally constructing the stars with the desired characteristics. This work describes the idea of method, its implementation and the results of searching for the ultracool compact binaries within 200 parsec distance. The search in the selected range of absolute magnitudes (M=11..13) has yielded the discovery of both expected and unexpected objects. We found two cataclysmic variables with the extreme IR versus UV color index at 126 and 103 parsecs, two eclipsing pre-cataclysmic systems in the period gap and a candidate young stellar object. We analyze the new variable stars using the data from synoptic surveys and compare their properties to the known stars of these types. Applications to the galactic population density of compact binaries are also discussed.
We present a novel self quality evaluation metric SQE for parameters optimization in the challenging yet critical multi-object tracking task. Current evaluation metrics all require annotated ground truth, thus will fail in the test environment and realistic circumstances prohibiting further optimization after training. By contrast, our metric reflects the internal characteristics of trajectory hypotheses and measures tracking performance without ground truth. We demonstrate that trajectories with different qualities exhibit different single or multiple peaks over feature distance distribution, inspiring us to design a simple yet effective method to assess the quality of trajectories using a two-class Gaussian mixture model. Experiments mainly on MOT16 Challenge data sets verify the effectiveness of our method in both correlating with existing metrics and enabling parameters self-optimization to achieve better performance. We believe that our conclusions and method are inspiring for future multi-object tracking in practice.
We consider a gas of point particles moving on the one-dimensional line with a hard-core inter-particle interaction that prevents particle crossings --- this is usually referred to as single-file motion. The individual particle dynamics can be arbitrary and they only interact when they meet. Starting from initial conditions such that particles are uniformly distributed, we observe the displacement of a tagged particle at time $t$, with respect to the initial position of another tagged particle, such that their tags differ by $r$. For $r=0$, this is the usual well studied problem of the tagged particle motion. Using a mapping to a non-interacting particle system we compute the exact probability distribution function for the two-tagged particle displacement, for general single particle dynamics. As by-products, we compute the large deviation function, various cumulants and, for the case of Hamiltonian dynamics, the two-particle velocity auto-correlation function.
Using metal-ferroelectric junctions as switchable diodes was proposed several decades ago. This was shown to actually work in PbZr(1-x)TixO3 (PZT) by Blom et al. [P.W. M. Blom et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2107 (1994)], who reported switching in the rectification direction and changes of the current of about 2 orders of magnitude upon switching the polarization direction of the ferroelectric layer. This form of resistive switching enables the read out of a ferroelectric memory state at higher speed compared to the capacitive design, without destroying the information in each reading cycle. Recently, Jiang and coworkers have shown that these Schottky barrier effects are enormous in BiFeO3, giving thousand times more switched charge than found by in PZT [A.Q. Jiang. et al., Adv. Mat. 23, 1277 (2011)]. Here, by performing local conductivity measurements, we attribute this to a large change of the Schottky barrier height between the as-grown, down-polarized domains and the up-polarized domains. These measurements allow to estimate the relative effect of polarization charges and screening charges on the conduction through the ferroelectric.
Triggering process for prominence instability and consequent CMEs is not fully understood. Prominences are maintained by the Lorentz force against the gravity, therefore reduction of the prominence mass due to the coronal rain may cause the change of the force balance and hence destabilisation of the structures. We aim to study the observational evidence of the influence of coronal rain on the stability of prominence and subsequent eruption of CMEs. We used the simultaneous observations from AIA/SDO and SECCHI/STEREO spacecrafts from different angles to follow the dynamics of prominence/filaments and to study the role of coronal rain in their destabilisation. Three different prominences/filaments observed during years 2011-2012 were analysed using observations acquired by SDO and STEREO. In all three cases massive coronal rain from the prominence body led to the destabilisation of prominence and subsequently to the eruption of CMEs. The upward rising of prominences consisted in the slow and the fast rise phases. The coronal rain triggered the initial slow rise of prominences, which led to the final instability (the fast rise phase) after 18-28 hours in all cases. The estimated mass flux carried by coronal rain blobs showed that the prominences became unstable after 40 \% of mass loss. We suggest that the initial slow rise phase was triggered by the mass loss of prominence due to massive coronal rain, while the fast rise phase, i.e. the consequent instability of prominences, was caused by the torus instability and/or magnetic reconnection with overlying coronal field. Therefore, the coronal rain triggered the instability of prominences and consequent CMEs. If this is the case, then the coronal rain can be used to predict the CMEs and hence to improve the space weather predictions.
The semiclassical Kepler-Coulomb problem and the quantum-mechanical Schr\"odinger-Coulomb problem are compared for their predictions of quadrupole E2 transitions. The semiclassical treatment involves an extension of previous work for the electric dipole transitions (Physical Review A 71, 020501), and rates are derived for $\Delta \ell= 0, \pm 2$ transitions on the basis of the multipolar properties of the emitted radiation. For the quantum case a derivation is presented within the Schr\"odinger framework without reference to spin. Comparison of the E2 rates shows reasonable agreement, but not as good as was found for the electric dipole case.
We investigate a magnetization-dependent voltage that appears at the interface between garnets and various metals. The voltage is even in the applied magnetic field and is dependent on the surface roughness and the pressure holding the surfaces together. Large variations in the size, sign and magnetic dependence are observed between different metal surfaces. Some patterns have been identified in the measured voltages and a simple model is described that can accommodate the gross features. The bulk magnetoelectric response of one of our polycrystalline YIG samples is measured and is found to be consistent with a term in the free energy that is quadratic in both the electric and magnetic fields. However, the presence of such a term does not fully explain the complex magnetization dependence of the measured voltages.
Protoplanetary disks are the target of many chemical studies (both observational and theoretical) as they contain the building material for planets. Their large vertical and radial gradients in density and temperature make them challenging objects for chemical models. In the outer part of these disks, the large densities and low temperatures provide a particular environment where the binding of species onto the dust grains can be very efficient and can affect the gas-phase chemical composition.   We attempt to quantify to what extent the vertical abundance profiles and the integrated column densities of molecules predicted by a detailed gas-grain code are affected by the treatment of the molecular hydrogen physisorption at the surface of the grains. We performed three different models using the Nautilus gas-grain code. One model uses a H2 binding energy on the surface of water (440 K) and produces strong sticking of H2. Another model uses a small binding energy of 23 K (as if there were already a monolayer of H2), and the sticking of H$_2$ is almost negligible. Finally, the remaining model is an intermediate solution known as the encounter desorption mechanism. We show that the efficiency of molecular hydrogen binding (and thus its abundance at the surface of the grains) can have a quantitative effect on the predicted column densities in the gas phase of major species such as CO, CS, CN, and HCN.
Point clouds are challenging to process due to their sparsity, therefore autonomous vehicles rely more on appearance attributes than pure geometric features. However, 3D LIDAR perception can provide crucial information for urban navigation in challenging light or weather conditions. In this paper, we investigate the versatility of Shape Completion for 3D Object Tracking in LIDAR point clouds. We design a Siamese tracker that encodes model and candidate shapes into a compact latent representation. We regularize the encoding by enforcing the latent representation to decode into an object model shape. We observe that 3D object tracking and 3D shape completion complement each other. Learning a more meaningful latent representation shows better discriminatory capabilities, leading to improved tracking performance. We test our method on the KITTI Tracking set using car 3D bounding boxes. Our model reaches a 76.94% Success rate and 81.38% Precision for 3D Object Tracking, with the shape completion regularization leading to an improvement of 3% in both metrics.
An algorithm for measurement of entropy in multiparticle systems, based on recently published proposal of the present authors, is given. Dependence on discretization of the system and effects of multiparticle correlations are discussed in some detail.
The present observational status of neutrino physics is sketched, with emphasis on the hints that follow from solar and atmospheric neutrino observations, as well as dark matter. I also briefly review the ways to account for the observed anomalies and some of their implications
Given an ontological model of a quantum system, a "genuine measurement," as opposed to a quantum measurement, means an experiment that determines the value of a beable, i.e., of a variable that, according to the model, has an actual value in nature before the experiment. We prove a theorem showing that in every ontological model, it is impossible to measure all beables. Put differently, there is no experiment that would reliably determine the ontic state. This result shows that the positivistic idea that a physical theory should only involve observable quantities is too optimistic.
We aim at segmenting small organs (e.g., the pancreas) from abdominal CT scans. As the target often occupies a relatively small region in the input image, deep neural networks can be easily confused by the complex and variable background. To alleviate this, researchers proposed a coarse-to-fine approach, which used prediction from the first (coarse) stage to indicate a smaller input region for the second (fine) stage. Despite its effectiveness, this algorithm dealt with two stages individually, which lacked optimizing a global energy function, and limited its ability to incorporate multi-stage visual cues. Missing contextual information led to unsatisfying convergence in iterations, and that the fine stage sometimes produced even lower segmentation accuracy than the coarse stage.   This paper presents a Recurrent Saliency Transformation Network. The key innovation is a saliency transformation module, which repeatedly converts the segmentation probability map from the previous iteration as spatial weights and applies these weights to the current iteration. This brings us two-fold benefits. In training, it allows joint optimization over the deep networks dealing with different input scales. In testing, it propagates multi-stage visual information throughout iterations to improve segmentation accuracy. Experiments in the NIH pancreas segmentation dataset demonstrate the state-of-the-art accuracy, which outperforms the previous best by an average of over 2%. Much higher accuracies are also reported on several small organs in a larger dataset collected by ourselves. In addition, our approach enjoys better convergence properties, making it more efficient and reliable in practice.
A surprising result of Pillai and Meng (2016) showed that a transformation $\sum_{j=1}^n w_j X_j/Y_j$ of two iid centered normal random vectors, $(X_1,\ldots, X_n)$ and $(Y_1,\ldots, Y_n)$, $n>1$, for any weights $0\leq w_j\leq 1$, $ j=1,\ldots, n$, $\sum_{j=1}^n w_j=1$, has a Cauchy distribution regardless of any correlations within the normal vectors. The correlations appear to lose out in the competition with the heavy tails. To clarify how extensive this phenomenon is, we analyze two other transformations of two iid centered normal random vectors. These transformations are similar in spirit to the transformation considered by Pillai and Meng (2016). One transformation involves absolute values: $\sum_{j=1}^n w_j X_j/|Y_j|$. The second involves randomly stopped Brownian motions: $\sum_{j=1}^n w_j X_j\bigl(Y_j^{-2}\bigr)$, where $\bigl\{\bigl( X_1(t),\ldots, X_n(t)\bigr), \, t\geq 0\bigr\},\ n>1,$ is a Brownian motion with positive variances; $(Y_1,\ldots, Y_n)$ is a centered normal random vector with the same law as $( X_1(1),\ldots, X_n(1))$ and independent of it; and $X(Y^{-2})$ is the value of the Brownian motion $X(t)$ evaluated at the random time $t=Y^{-2}$. All three transformations result in a Cauchy distribution if the covariance matrix of the normal components is diagonal, or if all the correlations implied by the covariance matrix equal 1. However, while the transformation Pillai and Meng (2016) considered produces a Cauchy distribution regardless of the normal covariance matrix. the transformations we consider here do not always produce a Cauchy distribution. The correlations between jointly normal random variables are not always overwhelmed by the heaviness of the marginal tails. The mysteries of the connections between normal and Cauchy laws remain to be understood.
There is a persistent $H_0$-tension, now at more than $\gtrsim 4\sigma$ level, between the local distance ladder value and the \emph{Planck} cosmic microwave background measurement, in the context of flat $\Lambda$CDM model. We reconstruct $H(z)$ in a cosmological-model-independent way using three low-redshift distance probes including the latest data from baryon acoustic oscillation, Type Ia supernova and four gravitational lensing Time-Delay observations. We adopt general parametric models of $H(z)$ and assume a Gaussian prior on the sound horizon at drag epoch, $r_{\mathrm s}$, from \emph{Planck} measurement. The reconstructed $H_0$ using Pantheon SN Ia and BAO data are consistent with the \emph{Planck} flat $\Lambda$CDM value. When including the GLTD data, $H_0$ increases mildly, yet remaining discrepant with the local measurement at $\sim 2.5\sigma$ level. Our reconstructions being blind to the dark sectors at low redshift, we reaffirm the earlier claims that the Hubble tension is not likely to be solved by modifying the energy budget of the low-redshift universe. We further forecast the constraining ability of future realistic mock BAO data from DESI and GLTD data from LSST, combining which, we anticipate that the uncertainty of the inferred $H_0$ would be improved by $\sim 38\%$, reaching $\sigma_{H_0} \approx 0.56$ uncertainty level.
Analytical expressions of the wave functions are derived for a Bohr Hamiltonian with the Manning{Rosen potential in the cases of {\gamma}-unstable nuclei and axially symmetric prolate deformed ones with {\gamma}=0. By exploiting the results we have obtained in a recent work on the same theme Ref. [1], we have calculated the B(E2) transition rates for 34 {\gamma}-unstable and 38 rotational nuclei and compared to experimental data, revealing a qualitative agreement with the experiment and phase transitions within the ground state band and showing also that the Manning-Rosen potential is more appropriate for such calculations than other potentials.
An unusual correlation function is conjectured by M. Campostrini et al. (Phys. Rev. E 91, 042123 (2015)) for the ground state of a transverse Ising chain with geometrical frustration in one of the translationally invariant cases. Later, we demonstrated the correlation function and showed its non-local nature in the thermodynamic limit based on the rigorous evaluation of a Toeplitz determinant (J. Stat. Mech. 113102 (2016)). In this paper, we prove rigorously that all the states that forming the lowest gapless spectrum (including the ground state) in the kink phase exhibit the same asymptotic correlation function. So, in a point of view of cannonical ensemble, the thermal correlation function is inert to temperature within the energy range of the lowest gapless spectrum.
It is unknown whether smooth cubic threefolds have an (integral Chow-theoretic) decomposition of the diagonal, or whether they are stably rational or not in general. As a first step towards making progress on these questions, we compute the (saturated numerical) prelog Chow group of the self-product of a certain degeneration of cubic threefolds.
In this work, we have investigated whether Y(4260) and ${\rm Z^{+}_2(4250)}$ could be ${\rm D_1D}$ or ${\rm D_0D^{*}}$ molecules in the framework of meson exchange model. The off-diagonal interaction induced by $\pi$ exchange plays a dominant role. The $\sigma$ exchange has been taken into account, which leads to diagonal interaction. The contribution of $\sigma$ exchange is not favorable to the formation of molecular state ${\rm with I^{G}(J^{PC})=0^{-}(1^{--})}$, however, it is beneficial to the binding of molecule ${\rm with I^{G}(J^{P})=1^{-}(1^{-})}$. Light vector meson exchange leads to diagonal interaction as well. For ${\rm Z^{+}_2(4250)}$, the contribution from $\rho$ and $\omega$ exchange almost cancels each other. For the currently allowed values of the effective coupling constants and a reasonable cutoff $\Lambda$ in the range 1-2 GeV, We find that Y(4260) could be accommodated as a ${\rm D_1D}$ and ${\rm D_0D^{*}}$ molecule, whereas the interpretation of ${\rm Z^{+}_2(4250)}$ as a ${\rm D_1D}$ or ${\rm D_0D^{*}}$ molecule is disfavored. The bottom analog of Y(4260) and ${\rm Z^{+}_2(4250)}$ may exist, and the most promising channels to discovery them are $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\Upsilon$ and $\pi^{+}\chi_{b1}$ respectively.
We report measurements on a Si-MOSFET sample with a slot in the upper gate, allowing for different electron densities n_{1,2} across the slot. The dynamic longitudinal resistance was measured by the standard lock-in technique, while maintaining a large DC current through the source-drain channel. We find that the conductance of the sample in a strong parallel magnetic field is asymmetric with respect to the DC current direction. This asymmetry increases with magnetic field. The results are interpreted in terms of electron spin accumulation or depletion near the slot.