ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main privacy and network security issues affecting online businesses In this research, I found out that most businessmen store their information online. Hartman (2003) states that online information storage is a convenient method of data storage since the company does not have to manage its own data storage system. On the other hand, this process is risky and can result into loss of valuable data and subsequent financial loses (Shaw, 2012). In line with this Miller (2002) indicates that even though most organizations want to shift to online data storage, the issue of network security and privacy of the information hinders the companies from using this form of storage. Miller (2002) claims that for the trader to have confidence in the computers and internet systems there is a need for them to have up-to-date computer protection systems that will prevent unintended transfer of information. Such systems include firewalls, logins prompt among other systems (Garfinkel, 2002). Hence, it clearly appears that these security systems have been developed to prevent loss of information. Despite the security measures that have been developed, loss of information is still very common. Erbschloe and Vacca (2001) insist that further research and development of better methods of protecting information online should be encouraged. The other point to be considered is that by use of online data storage system traders obtain their files through the internet and do not have to keep any back up hardcopies. This means that most of the information is only stored online and there are no other physical records. In line with this, Hartman (2003) argues that soft copies are easily retrievable, can be located with ease and occupy less space. By and large, Information can also be compressed making the filling system easy and less tiresome but prone to online attacks. In spite of this, online databases are prone to attacks by hackers and these result into loss of information. Shaw (2012) indicates that hackers demand payment before releasing the information and this may lead to financial losses. In addition to the mentioned above, Myriam (2008) argues that though many solutions have been developed to curb information theft, the problem is still prevalent as hackers master the current security measures and formulate strategies of overcoming them. During the review of literature, I came to the fact that most businessmen investing in online data storage methods have to continually update their systems and databases which is costly and expensive in the long run (Shaw, 2001). In spite of the fact that most organizations and individuals monitor their websites to check who visits them, there is a lot of fraud and internet scam cases. Identity theft is still on increase. It entails the use of personal information or data without the owner’s knowledge to commit a crime. Identity theft in online business environment takes many forms, for example, credit card information loss and IP address. Hartman (2003) indicates that there are man
Pre-Interview Planning Job Description Fenton Barns is an active engineering firm in Scotland that demands maintenance of high production levels, ensuring infrastructure and all machinery are kept in full working conditions and well maintained. A mechanical engineer is required. The primary duties include; routine checks on the plant, assessment, and repair of breakdowns, management of stock, supervision, and guidance of the technical assistants. The best-suited candidate should have diverse skills with excellent mechanical skills and a good team player. Please email CV. The job description helps the panel to understand the experience and skill needed for a particular job. It guides them in the shortlisting of candidates, evaluation, and selecting the best candidate. It also provides the basis of which the candidates will be assessed. Type of Interview A job interview is an undertaking where an interviewer assesses an interviewee with the primary goal of employment into a given firm, company, or organization. There are two major types of interviews; Behavioral interview and Situational interview. Russell defines a behavioral interview as the interview where the interviewee is asked questions concerning how one has ever handled situations relating to employment in the past. This is meant to get one’s behavior in the past and thus help in assisting predict future behavior in a similar situation. Here is an example of a behavioral interview question; have you ever been mandated to achieve a particular goal? Describe how you met it. The behavioral interview mainly focuses on the experiences of the interviewee. This model provides insight into the abilities of the applicant. It has more probing questions and seeks to establish one’s abilities rather than to predict one’s behavior in a given situation. On the other hand, the situational interview is where an interviewee is asked a sequence of questions that mostly attract straight forward responses. The questions are based on theoretical situations meant to find out how one will handle such situations when they arise. For example, how will you handle a situation where you are very sure your boss is completely wrong? In this interview plan, the behavioral interview model is adopted. Actions during the Interview The applicants should be received in the organization and provided with a comfortable waiting place before the interview. Provide the applicant with refreshments. They should be ushered into the interviewing room that is quie
Introduction Classroom management is one of the most important tasks in the professional life of a teacher. According to Lewis, Roache, and Romi (2011), the ability of a learner to grasp the concept that is passed by the teacher heavily relies on the ability of that particular teacher to manage the behaviour of the learners. This explains why some teachers are able to achieve better results than others are. It all depends on how the teacher will tune the learners. Ayers and Gray (2013) note that the attitude of the learner towards a given subject heavily relies on the teacher who is responsible for the course. The perception that a leaner has towards a teacher will define their attitude towards a given subject. If the teacher actively engages the learners as is able to evoke their critical thinking towards a given concept, they will always view such a subject as being manageable even if it involves complex concepts. They will develop the urge to conduct further investigation so that they can be part of the engagement in the next lesson. In such contexts, learning becomes a good experience that is enjoyed not only by the learners, but also by the teacher. However, a teacher who is unable to manage classroom behaviour will experience several challenges that will affect quality of the learning process. In this essay, the researcher will analyze the relevance of classroom management models that are popularly used in the current society. Counselling Approach Counselling approach of managing classroom behaviour is one of the most common models that teachers use to define the behavioural pattern of the learners. This model emphasizes on the need for effective communication between the learner and the teacher. According to Ayers and Gray (2013), the first step towards creating a manageable classroom environment is to establish communication systems between the learner and the teacher. It is necessary to break that psychological barrier that is always created in the minds of a learner. Breaking this barrier makes it easy for a learner to open to the teacher, and this makes it easy to identify underlying factors that could be affecting the learner negatively. The approach also encourages the need for the teachers to encourage student’s self-understanding. A learner should be in a position to identify personal weaknesses in order to overcome them. For a teacher, it is very necessary to take an empathetic approach when dealing with these weaknesses, maintaining genuineness towards the learners. This way, a
Racism continues to manifest in the world in different ways, such that anyone who proclaims the end of racism appears as completely blind to his or her surroundings. The identification of all Muslims as terrorists, the classification of all blacks as inferior people, the labeling of people from a particular ethnicity, religion or other groups as merely a compound characteristic is widespread. In their book, Macedo and Gounari (2006) explain the manifestation of racism throughout historical times, with a key characteristic being that each period has a particular type of racism. Therefore, it is not correct to just identify one characteristic and use it as an overall definition and understanding of the racially discriminated and the racists. While the argument by the Macedo and Gounari (2006, p. 22) is convincing, especially when they incorporate the thoughts of Paulo Freire on oppression, it still leaves the reader confused on whether pluralism or individualism is the best mechanism for understanding racist manifestations and tackling the scourge. It is true that there is no generic racism, but there could be a generic source of racism, whose effect goes beyond the rationalization of social arrangements and institutions (Macedo & Gounari 2006, pp. 6-7). This generic source defines how societies and individuals relate to each other. It is championed by a capitalist ideology that promotes self-interest above all else. Although the text does not mention it, it is the self-interest basis of capitalism responsible for failed revolutions and easy labeling of uprisings as threats, which end up justifying more oppressive conduct by elites over the oppressed. Here, the oppressed refer to the victims of racism. However, in the text, readers could be forgiven to think of racism as only a white versus black problem, given that the reference of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim are quickly glanced over in the introductory parts, even before the real racism discussion commences. Nevertheless, it is probably relevant to resort to the plight of the blacks, given that they have been historically oppressed due to racism and continue to face the same racist treatment from their “masters”. Understanding their situation as it matches various discourses by different scholars would help the reader extrapolate the situation to other racist contexts not affecting the blacks. Still, the reader is left to wonder what would explain the racist tende
Six Key Assumptions Provided by Knowles Knowles’s work is narrowed to the analysis of theories of adult learning. His concept of andragogy is the most well-known theory of adult development. Hence, the scope of Knowles (2005) model is based on the six basic assumptions concerning adults and their attitude to learning:  1. Adults are more self-directed rather than dependent;  2. The main resource for learning is constant accumulation of experience;  3. Their desire to acquire knowledge and to learn is predetermined by their social roles;  4. Adult are considered to be more subject-oriented rather problem-oriented in the course of learning;  5. They believe that internal motivations are less powerful as compared with the external ones;  6. Finally, it is important for adult learners to know why it is crucial to learn something (Knowles et al., 2005). All these assumptions are considered to be critical for designing effective educational models for adult learners. Analysis of the Assumptions with Regard to Other Critical Evaluations The above-presented assumptions have been reviewed and evaluated by other scholars engaged into the study of adult learning, including various theories and models. Merriam et al. (2007) agree with some assumptions provided by Knowles. In particular, the researchers single out three main methods for transformational learning: development, experience and critical reflection. They also consider experience as an important factor for creating a great opportunity for adult learners. MacKeracher (2004) also assumers that “Knowles clearly succeeded in encouraging adult educators to be more critically reflective about their assumptions about adult learners and adult learning” (p. 24). Despite the fact that some assumptions are quite logical and consistent, Merriam et al. (2007) contend that Knowles succeeded only in introducing a teaching theory rather than the model for adult learning. In particular, they state that there is an ambiguity in Knowles’s assumptions concerning the theory orientation. In particular, they believe that it is hard to define whether this theory is designed for teaching or learning, for adults or for children. Knowles’s Two Assumptions That Almost Wrong Much critics and discontent is connected with his assumptions about adults orientation on subjects and their readiness to move from dependence to self-directed approaches to learning. Therefore, the first and the fourth assumptions are considered to be wrong and this can also be proven by other scholarly researches in this field. Hence, as it has been men
Introduction Organizations, more than ever, need to develop ways and means under which to survive in the competitive business environment that exists in this day and age. With the advancement of globalization, the running of organizations has become even more complex. This highlights the need for revising and reviewing the practicability of existing organizational theories. According to Price, the study of organizations draws on four major disciplines namely: economics, psychology, sociology, and system theory. According to businessdictionary.com, organizational theory can be defined as the study of organizational designs and organizational structures, a relationship of organizations with their external environment and the behavior of managers and technocrats within organizations. The business dictionary also specifies that organizational theory suggests ways in which an organization can use to cope with rapid change (businessdictionary.com). Why do organizations continue to commit the same mistakes again and again? Although organizations are viewed as complex and their management challenging, Christopher Grey puts forth various factors that lead to organizations committing similar mistakes repeatedly. In agreement with Grey, Alan’s presentation of Thompson and McHugh’s approach of ‘management plus psychology’ does not work because there is no room for it in the real world. He points out that the biggest drawback to this approach is its tendency to sketch out generalizations to which all organizations are then expected to fit (Price, hrmguide.co.uk). First, Christopher Grey argues out the differences between theory and practice. He states that the fact that a theory can be laid down in regard to organizational structures and control, does not mean that the theory will become successful upon implementation. As per his view, the theory is different from practical application. This, to him, leads to managers and human resource departments committing the same mistakes again and again. However, he points out that practice can never exist without laid down theories (pg 47). Grey also states categorically that many studies and research work into organizational theory at the present are merely repetitions of earlier studies. This means that at present, theories only recycle the mistakes of the past since their structures and implementation processes borrow from the past. Grey also notes the fact that there exists a disjunctur
The type of business relationship between Joe Smith, the salesman at UWEAR, and his client Bill Bateman described in the scenario is characterized by informal conduct. Indeed, their cooperation is attributed with the features of gray zone business conduct where the boundaries between the personal and the business issues are blurred. Such a type of ethical coordination of actions in business might impose significant difficulties for both parties. However, in this paper, it is argued that since both the client and the salesman benefit from their long-term fruitful cooperation, their relationship falls under the theory of care ethics. It allows the two parties to pursue their business goals on the basis of trusting personal relationships. Firstly, the gifts Bill gives Joe should not be treated as bribery. Indeed, such a kind of action as giving presents refers to the personal relationship rather than business cooperation. However, both the client and the salesman share the same attitude toward personal gestures. That is why Joe returns the favors by continuously attending Bill’s hotel and restaurant with his family or when having business meetings with other clients. In such a manner, the two parties build a mutually beneficial relationship at the personal level that contributes to their productive business cooperation. Such a type of business behavior might be explained by such a business ethics theory as care ethics. According to Smart, Kimble, Birch, Smith, and Whitaker (2019), care ethics prioritizes relationships before any other factor defining business cooperation. Consequently, all actions or decisions must be made with primary respect to correct performance, which implies “structuring, reinforcing, and preserving durable relationships” (Smart et al., 2019, p. 33). As it is exemplified in the scenario, Bill initiated a caring relationship at the very beginning of acquaintance with Joe, thus laying the foundation for their long-lasting, trusting relationships. Joe, in response, brings his family and clients to Bill’s facilities and also contributes to their reliable relationship. Moreover, the care ethics theory requires mutual commitment and respect from both cooperating parties. It is only possible when referring to humans’ morality, which is based on caring (Smart et al., 2019). Therefore, by demonstrating a caring attitude to one another in close communication between families of the client and the salesman, the parties are motivated by moral principles and engage in more positive business interaction. At the same time, the type o
Introduction Joker One written by Campbell posses a big task in trying to explain it .In any case anyone who tries to analyze this book does so only in what can be referred to as poignant. This is a tale of single Marines constituting of a single platoon tasked with fighting in Iraq. Never the less the Joker One does not really dwell on war (Campbell 4); indeed the author flatters the condition of Human beings with the war in Iraq, more so fixing it in its right place. The author needed to write his story so that he may not influence the opinions of the critics on the fact that America was courageous enough to invade Iraq thus justifying the invasion. Rather the author did so in order to place the identities to those who labored in saving their nation. It does not add much to whether one supports the war or not, however, what is important is the understanding of peoples labor in the Iraqi war. The fighters in the battle had no fear. They fought with the spirit of bravado, determination, courage and outstanding selflessness. If one decides to search keenly, he will realize that the book is such touching and emotional they Campbell put it. Courage Till now the news reported on Iraqi war remains to be rhetorical. Basing on this book, it can be seen that the nit grits of the entire body have observed the sentiments of the individuals against America in Iraq as being courageous and embracing the aspect of brotherhood in Iraqi (Campbell 15). However, to date the author expends his sentiments representing the real situation of the war in Iraq. On the other hand, the author does not bring out the aspect of unit to the American friends who when compelled by the choice of either defending their individual mortalities or societies which instead lean on the coalitions raging war against America. Some of the war troops went back to United States broken, battered as well as beaten psychologically as well as physically. Most of the warriors never made it to America instead succumbed to the injuries sustained in war in wooden coffins beautified by America’s flag. The author has gone ahead to mention the dead by name signifying the leadership of the army. The leader was such an impeccable one knowing each and every person under him by name. As Campbell puts it, every army man has got ambitions, visions as well as relations to which in spite of the mortalities or injuries has been altered incredibly by the them taking part in the worst type of human interaction (Campbell 20). Brotherhood At this juncture Campbell takes the readers through fore bench into day to day labor of his war men. The leader should have had it an easy time bringing to light his leadership skills and qualities in Joker One so as to elevate his personal ego. Instead he b
Fear in Teaching One of the most important chapters in this book deals with fear. The author analyses how teaching can be conducted in the face of fear. According to Palmer, the quality of higher education teaching cannot be improved by endless workshops on methodology because effective teaching does not come from technique (Palmer, 2007). He claims that effective teaching is based on the quality, identity, and integrity of teachers meaning that human dimensions are more important than methodology in pedagogy. The relationship between the teacher and the student is a very important element of the teaching process according to the author, meaning that the human condition must be considered in the process of teaching. Palmer claims in this chapter that this is one of the pedagogical realms that have not been explored and there is a big challenge for the teachers to ensure that they explore the human condition in the process of teaching because there are many rewards to be reaped. Most people do not teach poorly because they do not have the mastery of content either do they underutilize their methodologies. They just let fear get an upper hand and one of the biggest enemies in education is fear because it allows ignorance to gain strength and power, thus compromising knowledge. Teachers need the courage to teach because most of them teach in the face of fear and this fear emanates from three main sources which include the students and the teachers themselves. One of the worst fears that affect the teaching process is the fear of subjectivity where the teachers try to be objective by maintaining a safe distance. When teachers maintain a distance because they do not want eternal truths to be affected by personal bias, they run away from relational knowing. Objectivism is always driven by fear and the teachers should not be cagey about being subjective because it is the basis of relational knowing. When teachers become more objective because of their fear of subjectivity, they emphasize external facts thus relegating internal wisdom to the sidelines. According to the author, this style of teaching is the most dangerous and has wrecked generations because it creates people who know a lot about the outside world and little about their inner selves. This kind of teaching results in a generation that has technical competence but has little or no understanding of personality and life issues. The products of this kind of teaching, according to the chapter have power over the world but do not have power over themselves (Palmer, 2007). They can transform the world but they cannot transform themselves. According to the chapter, the courage to teach us all about overcoming the objectivist dimension in the teaching process because removing oneself from the real-life situations that are affecting the students does not in any way help them to discover themselves. Courageous teachers are subjective and they do not worry when person