ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is clear for every social worker that the domestic violence issue and its consequences remain actual for both study and intervention. According to Virkki et al. (2014), intervention in the violence is supposed to stay as one of the central tasks for social workers. In turn, intervention is a primary strategy of one-group posttest-only design as a design type, and due to the latter’s aspects, it is necessary to study how exactly the model can be applied to the issue. This application must unveil the risks and their solutions by researching the variables and the threats to the validity of the research. The Structure of Design and Its Crucial Points At first, the design seems suitable enough for the domestic violence issue. However, statistics about the problem tend to be quite controversial and complicated. It is explained by the complexity of relationships between victims and perpetrators of the violence, as well as the possible errors of the statistics. Nevertheless, clearly defined variables which present a definitive conclusion are beneficial in using data to intervene or prevent. The design offers two main variables, X and O, which define the intervention into the violence problem and its supposed results, respectively (Grinnell, Williams, & Unrau, 2019). If one researches the variables for determining the effects of the abuse intervention, then X will be an independent one, and O – a dependent one. This correlation is explained by the fact that the scientist measures the intervention as a cause of future results. In the end, although the data received through the O variable is the crucial one, it directly comes from the amount and methods of intervention used for the task. Possible Validity Flaws and Solutions To provide a satisfying outcome for the study, one needs to check upon the validity manifestation and, what is more important, the possible threats to it. Usually, validity is divided into two related categories, called external validity and internal validity. Researchers note that the former refers to the exchangeability between the study and its internal targets, and the latter – between the internal groups in the survey itself (Breskin, Westreich, Cole, & Edwards, 2019). Thus, both the internal and the external correlation of the researched subjects and objects significantly matters. In the domestic violence discussion, one must deploy these categories to ensure two aspects. These include the benefit for the audience of research (social workers and other scientists working on the problem) and the harmony of the components (design, variables, results, discussion, and conclusion). However, in-between the work, one can face several threats capable of undermining the validity. Regarding the internal validity, one of them includes the below-average rate of the survey’s participants. In the case of the external problems, a possible risk is the inability of generalization for
Introduction Tourism is a recreational or leisure-time activity where people travel and stay in places, which are not their usual residence for a period not exceeding one consecutive year. In Newquay Cornwall, the most form of tourism is the package holiday whereby travel, accommodation and predetermined meals are all included in the price and are usually booked in advance mostly by the travel agent. (Www.cornwalltouristboard.co.uk) Newquay Cornwall is a known tourist destination. It attracts both locals and foreign tourists as it offers various unique features which range from coastline fan recreation, entertainment, food and beverages, travel services, and accommodations. The number of foreign visitors outnumbers the local visitors by about ten times. This high number is attributed to the Newquay Cornwall friendly warm weather and its richness in natural features such as the 2005 aquarium and farms that fascinate tourist very much. This area has also experienced some problems that have affected its business adversely. Its major problem is the violation of environmental regulations that had led to its degradation. The following are the observations, analysis and conclusion that were arrived at after a research on the area concerning the following objectives. The Cornish Map Aims  1. To find out why Newquay Cornwall has so many visitors  2. To determine the negative effects associated with tourism business in Newquay Cornwall.  3. To find out the dominant means of travel used in Newquay Cornwall. Problems of study  1. What is the cause of the high number of visitors in the Newquay Cornwall tourist site?  2. Which are the problems that are associated with tourism at Newquay Cornwell?  3. What is the dominant means of transport used in Newquay? Hypothesis  1. The cause of the high number of tourist in Newquay is because of its good weather, richness of natural features and good farms.  2. Enviromental degradation is the negative effect caused by tourism in Newquay Cornwall  3. The dominant means of travel in Newquay Cornwall is road transport. Sources of Primary Data The method used to gather the information used for research purposes involved the use of interview. In this process a sample of one hundred tourists and fifty workers on the Cornwall tourist site were given some questioners to fill. The questioners required the tourist to give the reasons that make them prefer
Currently, leadership has many definitions that typically are linked to accomplishment, success, fortune, power, and different personal features. Nevertheless, the majority of people agree that the most distinctive attributes of a genuine leader are unquestionably the ability to assume or share responsibility and zeal for self-development. These characteristics were apparently displayed by many eminent individuals, especially in challenging times and pressing circumstances. Therefore, this paper aims at discussing the essential principles of leadership on the examples of such outstanding persons as John Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and Abraham Lincoln. Generally, leadership is the form of behavior that can be exhibited by individuals in any environment, including family and work, and does not depend on social, sex, and ethnic affiliations, or age, to some extent. However, this conduct is not inherent to people as an integral quality of their personality but is brought up by diligent work and a firm determination to follow their principles, goals, and dreams. In particular, every true leader possesses the total commitment to their cause based on the deep belief and mature conviction in its significance for many people and even country. This means that when persons decide to achieve a particular dream, they should also be ready for possible failures and even the hostile resistance of the surrounding majority. Regarding this, John Kennedy clearly specifies that “Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly.” Besides pursuing his aim, Martin Luther King also entirely realized that great leaders do not live in sugar reality but always face various problems and troubles. In his famous speech I Have A Dr
Current essay deals with an important issue of Eastern and Western philosophy. The post-renaissance period will be analyzed to outline and explicate the main trends in Islamic and European philosophy which includes extensive comparison of epistemology, representatives, worldviews and problems posed. There is no denying the importance of the fact that cultural and social differences between Eastern and Western civilization were one of the main factors determining the direction of philosophical reflection of the world. Hence, the analysis of Islamic and Western philosophy proceeds from the analysis of dominant cultural patterns of Western and Eastern civilization and can not be reduced to mere hermeneutics of philosophical texts. Before Renaissance Islamic and Western philosophical current were much connected with each other both in problems they posed and the methods of their resolution. The dominance of scholastic philosophy was characteristic both to Arabic and Christian world. As Amin suggests Christian theology and scholastic borrowed much from Arabic philosophers such as Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and hence Arabic philosophy shouldn’t be described as something inferior in comparison to Western thought. Both philosophies even during Renaissance continued to pose the same questions about religion, belief, the creation of world, logic, morality which they based on their religious texts interpreted using Aristotelian logic (Amin, 19
Immigration is currently a hot subject in the United Sates. Even though the country has granted residency status to millions of immigrants since time immemorial, the rapid influx of immigrants have created anxiety among the American citizens that immigration could adversely affect their social and economic status. There is no doubt that immigration has both positive and negative impacts on the American society and culture. Many of us are not aware that the US was built and developed by immigrants seeking a good life. However, many contemporary Americans fear immigration because it threatens their job security. Most of the immigrants are from diverse cultures and speak little or no English at all. As a result, they may not be willing to integrate into the American way of life. Furthermore, immigrants tend to cluster and live among people who are comparable to them thereby leading to increased incidences of crime and high unemployment rates in these neighborhoods. In spite of these, we must acknowledge the fact that the American society benefits a lot from immigration. For instance, Americans benefit from the diversity and richness of the immigrants’ cultures. In addition, immigrants are usually willing to work hard and take on odd jobs (such as taking care of the elderly, cooking, cleaning hospitals, etc) that most Native American citizens would reject. Moreover, immigrants provide cheap labor for those industries which are in dire n
What are the moral differences between SCNT for therapeutic purposes, for research purposes, and for reproductive purposes? What, if any, are acceptable purposes for cloning? Is cloning ethically preferable to surplus IVF donation as a source of embryos for research or stem cell harvesting? Introduction Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) or cloning involves replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell with the material from the nucleus of a “somatic cell” and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. Once the cell begins dividing, stem cells can be extracted 5-6 days later and used for research or therapy, or reproductive purposes. Research cloning has been used by scientists to develop powerful new drugs and useful bacteria in the lab. Therapeutic cloning is when the process is used for treatment purposes and reproductive cloning is intended to create living beings by cloning embryos. Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning There are moral differences in these three applications of cloning. Therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning have been found to lead to a commoditization of biological material. This criticism has been applied both to the therapeutic use of embryonic stem cells and to commerce in sperms and ova for reproductive purposes. Ruth Macklin (1994) proposed a law to prohibit a commercial market for embryos. According to the notion of self-ownership the person from whom a biological material originates is its true owner and hence buying and selling of biologically donated material is considered morally wrong. As therapeutic and reproductive cloning favor commoditization of biological material, they are widely perceived as immoral. Research Cloning Participating in research involves three elements: exposure to risks; performance of research mandated behaviors; and contribution to answering a research question (Wendler, 2002). All these three elements are present in a traditional research model. In a standard drug trial, an individual faces risk as a result of taking an experimental drug in a way that helps investigators determine whether the drug might be clinically useful. However, research on stored biological materials involves varying subsets of the three elements of research involvement. For instance, research on biological samples can be harmful to the sources even though investigators never interact with the sources or ask them to do anything. Moral issues regarding research cloning can be categorized into informed consent, anonymity, and commercialization. Informed Consent According to Ashcroft (2000), people are obliged to take part in research that benefits humanity, sometimes it is impossible to get cons
Specialty coffee refers to coffee that is brewed in a unique way, it is of high quality, a different taste, and is considered to be a better product compared to other beverages that are available in the market (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt 12). The coffee beans used to brew specialty coffee is grown in special designated areas and they meet the highest set standards for green coffee (Julyan 34). The roasting, storage and brewing of the beans is carried out in the best possible way so as to produce a high quality product (Jolliffe 23). This research will focus on specialty coffee that is brewed at Starbucks retail stores. The given recommendation that will be analyzed in this study is to improve the quality of coffee in Starbucks retail stores. Furthermore, this research shall analyze three viable ways in which the given recommendation can be implemented in Starbucks retail stores. Quality is of utmost importance in any enterprise, in cases whereby the quality of a product becomes compromised the customers shift (Lingle 43). The improvement of the quality of coffee in Starbucks retail stores can be implemented in various ways. These ways include the use of fresh products in the brewing of coffee, training of employees at Starbucks on the best practices pertaining to brewing of coffee and establishment of a quality assurance department at Starbucks which will be responsible for the quality of coffee brewed at Starbucks retail stores. High quality coffee can only be produced if the quality of the raw materials used to brew the coffee is appropriate (Neilson & Pritchard 70). The coffee beans, coffee ground and the milk used to prepare the coffee should always be fresh. The coffee beans used to process coffee should of the acceptable standards (Nicholls & Charlotte 65). Low quality coffee beans should never be used in the production of coffee at any particular instant. The coffee beans should comply with the highest set standards in existence (Julyan 89). The quality of coffee at Starbucks cannot be improved if the coffee beans used for processing the coffee are faulty. It is imperative for the management at Starbucks retail stores to ensure that the coffee beans used in processing coffee are appropriate and of acceptable standards (Jolliffe 50). The coffee ground will determine the quality of coffee that will be produced at Starbucks retail stores (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt 69). In addition ground coffee has a high rate of perishability hence it is imperative to utilize ground coffee immediately it is pre
Definition An oil spill is an uncontrollable discharge of liquid petroleum substances into the environment because of burst pipes, tankers, or underground wells (“The Chemistry of Oil Spills” Para. 1). Since “oil contains over 300 chemical substances,”, spills have significant effects on the environment (“Project Oceanography” 34). This paper summarises two sources that discuss the causes, effects, and ways of preventing oil spills. Causes The first source distinguishes four major causes of oil spillage incidents in the world. First, equipment (oil tankers) damage due to abrasive objects can allow petroleum products to leak directly into oceans and seas (“The Chemistry of Oil Spills” Para. 1). Second, certain human activities such as drilling can cause the oil to seep into the ocean floor. Third, oil spills can occur during water sports. The jets and motorboats used during water skiing events release used fuel, which cause oil spills. Fourth, offshore drilling releases petroleum products into the ocean, which cause pollution. On the other hand, the second source attributes oil spills to “damaged tankers and natural seepages from seabed deposits” (“Project Oceanography” 31). Oil spills cause water pollution, which affects birds, sea creatures, and other animals that make up the food chain. Effects Petroleum products from damaged pipes have a huge impact on oceanic flora and fauna. Spills cause hypothermia and blinding, which make animals vulnerable to predators. They also poison vital organs such as the lungs and liver leading to death. The first source identifies two categories of organisms affected by oil spills: (1) sea animals (fauna) and (2) ocean plants (“The Chemistry of Oil Spills” Para. 6). About ocean fauna, oil spills affect sea birds, which ingest oil contained in the contaminated water. The oil affects the ability of birds to hunt, as it covers the bird’s plumage making it unable to control its movements. It also affects their ability to regulate body temperature, which leads to death. The other sea animals that are vulnerable to oil spillages are the otters. The oil affects their buoyancy on the sea, which is their natural environment. The discharge from oil disasters also blocks whales’ “blowholes” and thus, hampers their ability to breathe or swim (“The Chemistry of Oil Spills” Para. 7). It also contaminates their food (fish) leading to death. Small animals and plants such as planktons, seaweeds, and oysters, among others, are also vulnerable to oils spills. Moreover, sea plants cannot obtain suf
Introduction The Necklace can be considered one of the most significant and well-known works of Guy de Maupassant. The author wrote this short story in 1884; it was published in the same year for the first time. The Necklace presents an ironic ending, which is a distinct feature of de Maupassant’s writing style. This paper discusses the problem of appearance and reality presented in the story, as well as conveys de Maupassant’s idea behind its ending. The Necklace The story tells the reader about Mathilde Loisel, who has always wanted to be an aristocrat and follow an upper social class lifestyle. She dreams about wearing expensive clothes and having beautiful dresses and jewelry. Her dreams are a significant part of her life, and she is ashamed of her current social position and the house she has to live in. Mathilde’s husband invites her to the Ministry of Education party, and she decides to borrow a fancy necklace from one of her friends to attend this important event. After the party, the woman realizes that she had lost the necklace and tries to replace it, paying 40,000 francs for a similar and falling in debt for the next ten years. A decade later, the woman accidentally meets her friend again, who tells Mathilde that the piece of jewelry was fake and not worth much money. Appearance vs. Reality in The Necklace One of the major themes of the story is the difference between appearance and reality. From the beginning of the story, the reader can feel that Mathilde is irritated with her appearance and distressed with “the poverty of her apartment” and the reality she has to live in (De Maupassant 31). The woman is envious of other people, who live in houses with fine furniture, wear expensive clothes, and eat delicious food. She feels like she does not belong to her social class and is born into it by mistake. When Mathilde’s husband invites her to the party, the woman realizes that her appearance is different from the looks of its attendees. She imagines elegantly dressed people whose wealth radiates through their expensive clothes. Mathilde’s friend, Ms. Forestier, also belongs to the high class in the woman’s eyes, as she has many fine pieces of jewelry. At the party, Mathilde’s appearance becomes a success, as everyone seems interested in her. She sees that all those wealthy people she has always envied treat her as if she belonged to their social class. However, de Maupassant wants to tell the reader that appearance does not mean anything and that envy has its price. Mathild
Nowadays, the problem of inequality still formulates an acute issue in some spheres of human life. Although it is not as severe as earlier (considering, for example, racial inequality), there are manifestations of stratification. Today, society is divided into some groups, depending on education, income, and wealth. It formulates social stratification, and the aim of this paper is to analyze whether it is improved or worsened. The main principles of democracy are freedom of speech and equality. However, the article The view from the country club: wealthy whites and the matrix of privilege shows that there are gender, racial, and social inequality manifestations in country clubs (Sherwood, 2010). The members of these clubs enjoy a “matrix of privilege” by coexisting and cooperating with people only from the wealthy class. It formulates a separateness and exclusivity of such places, making it impossible for people from other racial or social layers to join. My example from real life, similar to mentioned above, is an observation of private schools. The problem is formulated by the unequal distribution of funds, personnel, and other resources among schools depending on pupils’ income level. Thus, the more costly studying is, the more comfortable the conditions would be. It involves the level of teaching quality, technical equipment, and the interiorexterior. Moreover, studying in private schools means the social superiority of pupils as they unconsciously realize their belonging to the upper class. To conclude, I want to mention that this type of stratification has improved over time, however, only in the racial aspect. Thus, there is no more separation of pupils depending on their origin. Although, the social layer issue is still acute as there is a segregation of pupils according to their wealth level. Moreover, this problem is not likely to be solved in the near future as the income level difference is still significant. Reference Sherwood, J. H. (2010). The view from the country club: Wealthy whites and the matrix of privilege. University of North Carolina Press.