ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nursing professionals’ roles are changing as these healthcare professionals obtain higher education that leads to their empowerment. Clearly, it is crucial for nurses to understand the scope of their competencies as this enables them to provide high-quality services and interact with other healthcare professionals (Martin, 2014). It is possible to carry out an interview with a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) to identify the degree to which the practitioner is aware of his/her competencies as well as the benefits of this awareness. Description of the NONPF Core Competencies First, it is necessary to consider the core competencies of the CRNA as identified by the NONPF. It is necessary to note that contemporary CRNAs operate within the scope of ANPs’ roles. It has been acknowledged that ANPs have a degree and certain working experience, make an assessment of the patient’s healthcare needs, make autonomous decisions within the boundaries of their authority, screen patients for various risk factors, work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals as well as provide leadership. These characteristic features of the ANP are typical of the CRNA. In terms of scientific foundation competencies, CRNAs should have around three years of nursing experience before they can obtain the degree (master’s or doctoral) (Wickenhagen, 2015). Of course, these professionals are also required to have the necessary certification. Clearly, CRNAs should also integrate their knowledge and experience to develop new approaches and improve the quality of services provided. As for practice inquiry competencies, these professionals provide a wide range of healthcare services including local, general or regional anesthesia services. Apart from that, CRNAs talk with patients before and after sedation. They also focus on the vital functions of the patient during sedation. Obviously, CRNAs apply their knowledge as well as investigative skills to achieve the highest health outcomes. In terms of leadership and quality competencies, these professionals can be consultants collaborating with such healthcare professionals as Doctors of Dental Surgery, MDs and APRNs (Wickenhagen, 2015). Importantly, there is a debate on providing CRNAs with prescription authority. Description of the Interview with the APN It is necessary to note that interview is an effective strategy to elicit qualitative data on core competencies of the ANP. It enables the researcher to identify particular tasks completed by a CRNA as well as attitudes towards this or that process. The CRNA interviewed (Joanna) works in a 243-bed hospital. The population of the healthcare facility is rather diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. It is noteworthy that the staff of the hospital is less diverse (especially when it comes to ethnicity). This healthcare professional has always followed the principles of ANP. She has a master’s degree as well as quite extensive experience in her field. Her competence and experience have made her a leader ANP in her ward.
The onset of the year 1933 in Germany was marked by the inauguration of the Nazi government into power. This government orchestrated the mass murder of the Jewish settlers in their country; Germany. These killings were methodical, technical and were financed by the Nazi government. In total, by the end of the Second World War, about six million had died as a result of the activities of the Nazi and its allies. This event was named the holocaust, a Greek word that meant to ‘sacrifice by fire’. The proponents to this state of affairs (the Nazis) were spurred on by the feeling that theirs’ was a superior race and the Jews were the inferior, and for that they were a foreign threat to their race and their sovereignty. The Jews were not the Nazi’s only victims during the holocaust, other casualties were the weak and disabled people in the society, who were killed on the pretext of the Euthanasia program. This program involved isolating the mentally ill and the disabled people (both adults and children) in the German society, keeping them in some form of concentration camps under the pretext of medicating them. The whole agenda behind this was that the Nazis wanted a perfect society, one representation of their own perceptions of themselves, and they could stop at nothing (Gilberts, 21). These people were collected and murdered in the concentration camps through overdose of medication and keeping them hungry. Children as young as three years who showed or had any symptoms of mental disorders were also killed. The other category of people affected in Germany is those who had been serving the German households as workers and slaves to their farms; these included the Russians and the Polish. Politics, contrasting and differing opinions, weird characteristics that were not at par with the accepted social norms like homosexuality were given as the reason as to why other people were prosecuted. The people in this group included those with communist ideas, the socialists, and the people who belonged to the church called Jehovah’s witnesses. When the Nazi took over, the Jewish population was over nine million, but as it would happen, they lived in countries that Germany would later conquer or have direct influence over their affairs during the Second World War. Around ten years after they took control of government, the Nazis had killed two out of every three Jews, though some two hundred thousand people with mental cases, mostly Germans had been killed through the Euthanasia program. The Germans and the people who supported them during this ghastly acts mini-estate they referred to as ghettos and other concentration camps, this was to help them monitor the number of the Jews in their country as well as to make it easier when they would later depot them. With time the soviet republi
In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) member states successfully negotiated the organization’s first ever framework convention on tobacco control. The aim of negotiating this particular framework was with a view to ensuring global accountability in public health. This means that the Public Health Perspective on Tobacco Control is recognized and certified by the World Health Assembly (WHA). At the moment, it is made up of nearly 190 member states. Prior to drafting of the FCTC, a number of products and services provided by individuals and corporations both locally and internationally had resulted in a lot of damage. Therefore, the FCTC was meant to address some of these issues regarding tobacco products as well as their processes. Look at from another perspective, the FCTC could be regarded as an attempt to protect and save millions of lives who have are daily exposed to the dangers of tobacco use (Hawkes & Yach, 2007, p. 1). Even as the FCTC agreement is more of a health mitigation guideline, it also has the potential to gradually do away with many tobacco-related problems. The main role of the FCTC is to handle the menace of illicit trading of tobacco products, and the associated liability in sponsorships, promotions, information disclosure and regulation of tobacco products to minority groups. In addition, it also deals with the issues of advertising and product labeling, public awareness, education and training on the dangers of such products. Moreover, the FCTC is also involved in cessation procedures, tobacco dependencies, and efforts to protect passive smokers. Upon its inception, the treaty was meant to completely eradicate tobacco-related problems (Headen & Robinson, 2001). The treaty could not have been formulated at a better time because in the 1990s, majority of the states were actively involved in the establishment of trade unions. Before the FCTC came into existence, citizens of poor nations were being blatantly exposed to the dangers of tobacco, among other dangerous materials. On the other hand, citizens of rich nations were not exposed to the similar dangers of tobacco use. As such, the establishment of the FCTC treaty was intended to assist in curbing such malicious exposure in order to lower tobacco exposure in the developing as well as the developed nations. By eradicating or reducing most of the tobacco related problems, it was hoped that this would curb the deterioration of the global economy and also reverse the declining population by maintaining and restoring good human health to enable individuals to get more involved in developmental and economic activities and still reduce the cost incurred by tobacco-rela
Layout is important to a number of manufacturing organizations as every business yearns to reduce duration in the flow of materials and staff. Layout decisions are critical to management as it dictates production environment, capacity, material handling and information flow within the organization. Some of the layout methods include; fixed position, office, retail, process oriented, warehouse and product oriented layout. To reach optimality within organizations, it is important to have proper communications within the facility. Wheeled coach ambulance applies a combination of assembly line and work layout supported by skilled personnel and tools. The assembly begins with the identification of the clients and every relevant department ensures that the vehicle is given work orders in time. The aluminum manufacturing department ensures that it avails the necessary materials within five days, and subsequently passes it to paint department which takes approximately three days. During this time the upholstery department begins stitching process as the Plexiglas department makes the interior cabinet, doors and metal frames. The carpentry department prepares the timber and the countertop material besides building the cabinet that goes into the vehicle. The electrical department assembles the wire harness with the connection of medical, electrical and ventilators. After all the installation is done in a sequential manner, a thorough check follows to ensure that the right product is presented to the client. As Palmer hospital was approaching almost 90,000 deliverables per year, there was a need for expansion of the premises to accommodate their clients and minimizing the distances covered by the staff. The management therefore designed a radical work cell that organizes people into small groupings to ensure that effort is concentrated. The designed pod which incorporates strong patient centered service gate has computerized systems and elevators used in service delivery. Though it was perceived as a radical project and staffs were skeptical about it, they later appreciated the efficiency it brought. Aero maintenance is small aircraft Maintenance Company in Wichita. The company uses layout method which entails, summing up all the trips between the departments. Aero maintenance has 8 departments which include; entrance, receiving, parts, metallurgy, break down, assembly, inspection and test. It also has 8 work areas with each department assigned to each work area, characterized by high materials flow. There is a great need to minimize the material flow in all these departments and get an optimum flow. To achieve optimality, the company can establish aero current layout flow, and then compute the material movement using the flow within the departments. The aero flow distance can be reduced by switching departments without interfering with quality which will gi
From Plato’s and Rachels’ perspectives, justice, although still very important, is a subjective and relative concept. First of all, justice can be interpreted differently by each individual. Justice cannot be reduced to one definition because there will always be people ready to challenge and supplement the views of their predecessors who tried to define it (Plato, 1997). “Plato gives his theory of justice, according to which justice is a human virtue” (Orr, 2017, p. 47). Moreover, justice is the social consciousness that makes a society harmonious. Another premise is that in terms of the personal good or harm to oneself personally and their relatives, fairness and just behavior are always evaluated subjectively, depending on the particular situation. In my opinion, acting justly in all cases is better than acting unjustly. The reading focuses only on the subjective benefits of a particular action and, in most cases, unjust actions that are dishonest towards others, but at the same time, favorable to oneself are more likely to be optimal (Plato, 2002). They are more optimal because the person primarily satisfies his own needs, regardless of the justice of the action towards others, and from this comes the conclusion that it is more profitable to act unjustly. However, acting unjustly toward others can damage one’s social status, and hence a reduction in overall well-being. Secondly, unjust actions always have a negative outcome, either towards others or towards oneself, which also reduces emotional well-being. Thirdly, unjust actions by one person against others will result in others doing the same, which can have a negative impact on one’s life. Therefore, by acting justly towards others, we primarily protect our social status.
Introduction Studies have estimated that over 80% of all adults have experienced dental caries (Berger, 2009). Sealants may be effective in managing dental caries. However, controlling the consumption of sugary foods and undertaking habitual dental checkups are the most effective methods of managing oral health issues. Although these approaches have been successful in reducing the effects of dental caries, dentists assert that dental caries can be effectively managed with the use of sugar-free chewing gum as shown by scientific study findings. The article focuses on the effect of sugar-free chewing gum on dental caries. It reviews available journal articles to draw comparative insights on the relationship between sugar-free chewing gum and dental caries. Beneficial anticaries properties The widespread use of chewing gum has driven interests among scholars to find its relationship with dental outcomes. The most relevant aspects of chewing gum are its ability to “integrate sugar substitutes and enhance long-lasting stimulation of salivary flow for protective purposes” (Edgar, 1998). In this regard, the focus has been using sugar substitutes, such as sorbitol and xylitol, in chewing gum for dental care (Edgar, 1998). Oral bacteria are unable to decompose xylitol, whereas they may ferment sorbitol gradually. Consequently, xylitol is regarded as non-cariogenic. In this respect, chewing gum containing sorbitol sweeteners may not be effective in lowering the plaque pH. According to Edgar, effects of chewing sugar-free gum on the ability of “plaque to form acid from sucrose remain vague” (Edgar, 1998). However, the use of xylitol gum can reduce plaque acidogenicity between a period of two and three weeks because of its inhibitory effects on oral bacteria. Generally, both sorbitol and xylitol provide the same benefits in oral care by enhancing enamel development within a short period. On this note, researchers have concluded that xylitol gum has beneficial anticaries properties that can help in oral care relative to sorbitol gum effects (Edgar, 1998; Mickenautsch, Leal, Yengopal, Bezerra and Cruvinel, 2007). The most important properties of sugar-free chewing gum are that they contain sorbitol and xylitol, which are non-cariogenic as opposed to other sorts of sugar-based chewing gum. As a result, sugar-free chewing gum offers anticaries effects by stimulating saliva in the mouth. Moreover, xylitol contains antibacterial properties, which are critical in reducing caries in the mouth. Therefore, sugar-free chewing gum is effective in neutralizing and inhibiting the accumulation of food acid and acids that emanate from plaque. Twetman recognized the impacts of adopting preventive approaches such as using sugar-free chewing gum on the oral health of toddlers, kids, teenagers, and adults (Twetman, 2009). He acknowledged gaps in current research but concluded that there were “adequate and consistent findings to show that the use of xylitol and sorbitol in chewing gum as part of normal oral hygiene to prevent dental
Learners in a given classroom tend to have diverse needs. Educators and teachers should be aware of such needs in order to deliver the most appropriate skills to them. That being the case, experts have been focusing on the best approaches towards differentiating instructions. This is done in order to meet the needs of every learner. Many educational theorists support the practice because children develop and learn differently (McGonigal, 2010). The use of technology can deliver positive results in different classrooms. The use of games in different learning settings has been observed to support the changing educational needs of many learners. This discussion focuses on the role of gamification in different classroom settings Gamification Influences Lee and Hammer (2011) argue that “the learning process is supported by three key areas” (p. 2). These “areas include cognitive , social , and emotional ” (Lee & Hammer, 2011, p. 2). Gamification has been observed to support the three areas, thus making it easier for learners and teachers to achieve their goals. Games are characterized by unique rules, experiments, and discoveries. The players have to plan, observe, and execute (Sailer, Hense, Mandl, & Klevers, 2013). The mastery process and understanding associated with such games make it easier for learners to widen their concepts. They eventually feel encouraged, motivated, and engaged in every classroom activity. As well, games have the potential to invoke various emotions such as joy, hope, frustration, and curiosity. Games can also become powerful sources of pride, courage, and optimism. Gamification improves resilience, thus making it easier for individuals to focus on new challenges. Students can, therefore, “see every kind of failure as a renewed opportunity to achieve their potentials” (Sailer et al., 2013, p. 31). Learning can also be described as a social exercise or experience. Games make it easier for individuals to develop new social skills such as decision-making and problem-solving. These skills are useful in every classroom setting. Students with different educational needs will acquire new competencies and engage in learning. They will find it easier to work as teams, support each other, and focus on the best results (Sailer et al., 2013). That being the case, a “properly-designed gamification system will encourage children to undertake new roles that can support their learning processes” (Lee & Hammer, 2011, p. 8). Gamification and Motivation Students can be “motivated using both intrinsic and extrinsic forces” (Lee & Hammer, 2011, p. 9). Intrinsic forces a
International relations no longer belong to domain of world politics only. Although this field of investigation is relatively new; it takes it sources from primitive society. Modern scientists are involved into a world-wide discussion of modern state of things and future international relations. Among them Emma Goldman, Christian Bay, Christine Sylvester, and Marcheta Wright occupy foremost positions. Despite different approaches, they argue that international relations need modernization in postmodern society and give recipes for achieving improvement. Emma Goldman deals with different conceptions of IR. She subjects “the Republican elephant, the Democratic cow, or the Socialist mule” to criticism (Goldman 80). But mostly she investigates socialism and reveals its shortcomings. Socialism rejected everything and got into a political trap of being all the same with rejected systems. Now instead of revolutions and rebels, it seeks for compromises and scheming. She calls politicians “petty reformers, hence the perpetuators of the present system” (Goldman 80). Despite leveling mottos of socialism, the actual actors of relations remain politicians, not working class or peasants. One of drawbacks of socialism is that it does not strive for making people more intelligent and understanding. On the contrary “The leaders … cater to the ignorance and prejudice of the voters” (Goldman 82). This quasi liberty and equality make socialism very fragile and transient. “…every spook prejudice is treated with kid gloves so as not to hurt its sensitive souls” (Goldman 85). Thus, people are made even more ignorant of their rights and unable to struggle. Goldman acutely sees grave shortcomings of socialism and calls for evolution instead of revolution. The gradual development will affect everybody, not only middle class, which support capitalism. Goldman regards evolution as a way out of widening the abyss between the rich and the poor. Bay investigates international relations and together with Goldman deals with problems of justice. The author deepens into “liberalism as a philosophy of liberty” (Bay 7). Justice, property and freedom are touched upon in terms of ideology, which is directly connected with liberty. Liberty “facilitates autonomous self-expression”, and ideology encourages “programmed and predictable behavior patterns” (Bay 15). The author resists the theory of people being possessive individualists. This theory implies hence all people trouble only about themselves and their property, they are individualists and their liberty equals to their property. The author argues that progress in freedom means “adequate individual or collective power to resist exploitation” (Bay 18). Power is seen as a resisting force, and its actors are either a collective or an individual. Liberty means equality of opportunity in striving for public office and private power and status. But this liberty is a fake in an ideological society. Workers and peasants were given some symbols of liberty but in everyday life they suffer “merciless competition for scarce jobs and inadequate supplies of food and shelter” (Bay 25). Th