ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Natural Environment The UAE has to reach petroleum and natural gas resources 90 percent of which are located in the emirate of Abu Dhabi (Chronicle 2016). Due to extremely limited freshwater resources, the country has to extract it with the help of desalination plants. The UAE increasingly relies on the generation of solar energy which can be evident in the new “environmentally friendly city of Masdar” (Chronicle 2016, para. 3), which is being constructed in Abu Dhabi. According to Chronicle (2016), the total surface area of the country is 83, 600 square kilometers. The UAE has the largest sand desert in the world—Empty Quarter. The country’s climate is characterized by “scare and unpredictable rainfall, high temperatures and humidifies and prolonged periods of sunshine” (Chronicle 2016, para. 8). The average rainfall in the UAE is only 100 millimeters per year (Chronicle 2016). Sometimes, the country experiences hazardous sand and dust storms. Several major environmental concerns are troubling the UAE. Even though a lack of freshwater is compensated by distillation projects, it is an issue that has to be addressed. Desertification is another major environmental concern for the country that is being dealt with through afforestation and greening efforts. Macroenvironment The UAE’s legal framework for conducting business is characterized by its supportive attitude towards foreign investors. After several key legislations were passed in 1971, the country has made significant progress in the development of a positive investment climate (Hassan Elhais 2016). A recent report titled “The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business” reveals that Dubai is “the easiest place to do business” (U.A.E. Trade n.d., para. 3). To receive a license for opening a limited liability in the city, it is necessary to get the approval of The Economic Department and register a legal entity at the Dubai Chamber of Commerce. The country has an extremely open attitude toward foreign companies and allows the creation of five types of business entities: permanent establishment, a branch office, a free zone entity, a civil company, and a commercial agency agreement (U.A.E. Trade n.d.). According to the requirements of the UAE Commercial Companies Law, a foreign business establishment should have at least one UAE national partner owning 51 percent or more of an entity’s capital (U.A.E. Trade n.d.). However, companies operating in one of the country’s free zones, as well as firms in the oil and gas industry, are exempt from the requirement (U.A.E. Trade n.d.). Du’s operations are being governed by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). The government body issues licenses and approvals according to the Federal Telecommunications Law by Decree No. 3 issued in 2003 that regulates the “organization of telecommunications and its amendments”
The subject of euthanasia is an extremely delicate topic of discussion which is surrounded by numerous ethical debates. Generally speaking, euthanasia as a term is used to describe deliberate action to painlessly terminate a person’s life to put an end to their pain. On the one hand, advocates of euthanasia speak about one’s right to make their own decision in regard to life and death and call the act ‘mercy killing’ due to it relieving people of suffering. On the other hand, euthanasia opponents argue about the sanctity of life and equal the act to murder. However, from the point of view of a few ethical theories – namely, teleology, deontology, and Levina’s “face of the other” – euthanasia is deeply unethical and contradicts all possible moral laws. Teleology is the study of things in terms of the purposes they serve, and it was heavily relied on by Aristotle. He believed that there was a reason for everything – including human life: he saw it as organized and directed towards the final end. As for what Aristotle considered the final end, it was “complete good” – happiness, the ultimate goal of all our activities that renders a human life “in need of nothing” (Aristotle, 2017, p. 247). Evidently, all of our activities are aimed at achieving a goal, although most of them are means to achieving other goals. Happiness is a goal in and of itself – the ultimate goal; as such, it is the highest good. The problem is that different people tend to disagree with what makes life happy or good – the goal of ethics is to answer this question. However, it is unlikely for that answer to be death – which is the outcome of euthanasia; therefore, one can conclude that the practice of euthanasia would be deemed unethical from Aristotle’s perspective. The theory of deontology is the theory according to which people have a moral obligation to act in concordance with a particular set of rules and principles. Immanuel Kant was this theory’s prominent advocate, and he formulated its most substantial form. As opposed to deontological theory’s religious interpretations, Kant’s theory’s rules are derived from the human mind. As per Kant, “some actions are inherently wrong,” even if they lead to a remarkable outcome (Kant, 2019, p. 30). This is the way actions are evaluated in deontology – regardless of the end result. In regard to euthanasia, the end result can be considered good – a person is able to escape suffering. However, from a moral viewpoint, ending someone else’s life would most likely be deemed inherently wrong. Therefore, the act of euthanasia is unethical from the perspective of Kant’s deontological theory as well. “Face of the other” is the theory of Emmanuel Lévinas – a French philosopher of the 20th century – that proposes that people are responsible for one another in face-to-face encounters. He stated that his ethical relation to loving others comes from his inability to survive alone and find meaning “within its own being-in-the-world, within the ontology of sameness” (My Jewish Learning, n.d.). According to Lévinas, another person’s right to exist takes precedence over one’s own right, and it is embodied in an ethical decree: o
Not-For-Profit Organization: Livestrong (Livestrong.org) Company Profile Lance Armstrong founded the charity organization in 1997 after he was diagnosed with cancer at the age of 25 years old. Since then, Livestrong has worked had to enhance health and lives of individuals affected with cancer. Livestrong started as a small group striving to raise funds for cancer treatment. It recognized the impact of the diseases on affected persons (LIVESTRONG Foundation, 2015). Today, Livestrong support for cancer patients has grown and reached most parts of the world. Ethical Dilemma Faced Livestrong Foundation used the funds for charity mission to lobby for Armstrong at the Capitol Hill against cheating. The USADA (the United States Anti-Doping Agency) probe against Lance Armstrong was not in any way related to the work of the Foundation and its mission for cancer patients and their families (Red & O’keeffe, 2012). In this case, Livestrong was directly involved in the lobbying attempts. As a result, ethical questions were raised, and many critics argued that these lobbying efforts were not ethically acceptable practices. The lobbying went against the intent of many donors who provide their funds for a charity mission. Some donors believed that Livestrong was not transparent, specifically on its relationship with the founder. The revelation that Livestrong hired Patton Boggs with the charity money to lobby for Lance Armstrong against USADA caused fury among most donors. In this case, several donors pointed out that the charity lacked transparency, fairness, accountability and proper financial management. Any further attempts to present positive aspects of financial management of the organization did not assuage most donors. The Response to the Ethical Dilemma Livestrong responded to the ethical dilemma by stressing that its financial management, accountability, and transparency were beyond reproach. These explanations, however, did not meet expectations of many donors who believed that the charity ought to be more transparent and accountable. In addition, donors expressed their concerns that the difference between Lance Armstrong and Livestrong was becoming difficult to notice. For instance, Lance charged substantial fees for appearing at some events for charity ride. This situation also explained the complex relationship between Lance and Livestrong. Lance resigned as the chairman of the Foundation after admitting the cheating claims. Previously, Livestrong had relied on Lance Armstrong and his story to promote the charity mission. The Foundation is now facing tough times, but has decided to rebrand and use other people who have benefited from the program. For the past decades, Lance Armstrong has been the face of the Foundation, but this must change going forward. It is necessary for the Foundation to continue working with other partners and strengthen its mission without the founder. For Profit O
Workshop The topic of the workshop is “Understanding the challenges and concerns of children with special needs: What can parents do to help?” Goals It is expected that the workshop will help parents reach the following goals:  1. Understanding what children with special needs face in their everyday life (in class, at home, during interactions with peers, etc.);  2. Learning how to provide care and assistance in cases when children need support;  3. Knowing how and when to seek the care of a professional (educator, health care provider, etc.) in order to overcome the identified challenges. Methods of Instruction Guest speakers, large group discussions, and PowerPoint presentations are the main techniques of teaching. The advantage of using guest speakers will provide parents with different points of view and possible resources for learning (Miller, 2014). Teaching with the help of discussions will help parents explore different perspectives, explore topics deeper, engage in active participation, and encourage everyone to voice their opinions however different they are (Benlulu, 2017). PowerPoint presentations will be used for increasing the visual impact of the new material and improving the focus of the audience (“Effective use of PowerPoint,” 2016). Workshop Content In the two-hour time frame, the workshop will cover the following topics:  1. Every-day challenges special needs children face;  2. Parents’ involvement in providing support;  3. Overcoming challenges through collaboration. Ending the Workshop The success of the workshop will be evaluated with the help of post-completion surveys given to participants two weeks after the lesson. Parents will be asked questions on whether the strategies presented during learning helped them overcome the challenges their children face (Kemp, Smith, & Segal, 2017), how they collaborated with educators, what they have learned during the lesson, and what areas require additional exploration.
The marketing of pharmaceutical and over-the-counter drugs have influenced consumers’ choice and behavior in that consumers have more information to decide the kind of drugs to use. Consumers have control over the drugs they use after the legalization of direct-to-consumer promotion of pharmaceutical products. In some cases, consumers give direction to physicians about the kind of drugs they would like administered to them. Today, consumers have a wide range of choices on the kind of drugs they use. It has been identified that many people are seeking medical attention for very minor illnesses since they have adequate information about the kinds of diseases that may affect them (Donohue & Berndt, 2004). Since information about almost all drugs in the market is available, I have adopted the behavior of researching the drugs prescribed to me by physicians. Effective marketing of drugs has improved my awareness about some diseases and this has encouraged me to visit the doctor frequently than before. Online channels have been of great advantage to consumers when researching drugs. Manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies use the internet to promote drugs, inform consumers about using drugs, where to obtain them, and other relevant information that may be required by the consumers. The challenges of researching health information online are that some companies use false information to entice consumers. It has been observed that some companies do not reveal side-effects of drugs to their customers when promoting them through online channels (Micromedex, Multum & Kluwer, 2010). Consumers with low literacy are forced to accept the choice of drugs prescribed to them by physicians. Such consumers have little choice about the kind of drugs they use. People with low literacy about the available drugs in the market have also been identified to have inadequate information about diseases that may affect them. Many cultures have accepted the provision of information by specialists to people. Traditional communities had herbal specialists who could advise on the best drugs to be administered for specific diseases. There are spiritual leaders who used to guide the community about herbal medications in most traditional communities (Givaudan, Pick, Venguer, & Xolocotzin, 2002). For example, my grandfather taught me how they used to gather herbs from the forest. They would be guided by their herbalist about the best herbs to gather and the mode of preparation to make drugs for different diseases. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation established a global health program to eliminate health problems in poor countries by using developments in science and technology. The lack of adequate funding for health programs in the world encouraged the founders of this program to come up with a foundation that could focus on poor communities living in poor countries. For example, the program was introduced in China and has helped many poor families overcome health problems they encounter. Th
History of Arab League “The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22nd March 1945 with six members” (Arab League, 2012). The six members included Egypt, Transjordan (currently known as Jordan after its renaming in 1946), and Iraq. Its members also included Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined it in early May of 1945. The first Arab States that led to its formation were controlled by the Ottoman Empire before overcoming Turkey in World War I. Their main reason for forming the Arab League was to ensure that all Arab members were united. They also aimed at ensuring that all Arab states achieved their goals. It was from 1953 that its members started to increase in number. In 1964, a meeting was called in Cairo to address the issue of the Palestinians. Unlike other nations, the Palestinian people were not represented in the League. The effect of the Cairo Summit was significant; “it led to the summoning of the first Palestinian National Council in East Jerusalem on 29th May 1964,” (Arab League, 2012). It was during the Palestinian meeting in East Jerusalem that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was also formed. The formed PLO was allowed to join the Arab League in 1976. However, the Arab League has been experiencing a lot of challenges from its members. For instance, the occasional wars in countries from the Middle East barred the League from meeting its objectives in the past few years. The Arab-Israel war of 1948 also contributed significantly to its failures. Additionally, the Gulf War of 1991 posed a great challenge to the League; it made the League not to succeed in initiating close cohesion (Hanna, 2012). Egypt’s relationship with Israel was also a great challenge to the League. The peaceful talk between Egypt and Israel led not only to Egypt being expelled from the League but also to the transfer of the League’s headquarters from Cairo (Capital City of Egypt) to Tunis. However, Egypt was allowed to join the League again in 1989. The League’s headquarters were also relocated to Cairo a year later. The intrusion of Iraqi into Kuwait in 1990 contributed significantly towards the creation of togetherness. It led to almost all Arab nations to take part in the war; nearly all Arab nations supported the UN and Nato in their efforts and campaigns in opposition to Iraq in the Gulf War. It was at the Beirut Congress held in late March 2002 that the League accepted the Arab Peace Initiative (Gui, 2013). The main reason for the introduction of the Arab Peace Initiative was to help end the conflict between the Arabs and the Israelites. The initiative succeeded in normalizing the relationship with Israel and in commanding Israel to withdraw from all the territories it had occupied. It also managed to remove Israel from Golan Heights and Gaza Strip. “The Peace Initiative was again supported in 2007 at the Riyadh Summit” (Arab League, 2012). Towards the end of the same year, the Arab League advanced its interest in promoting the peace initiative. It sent the Egyptian foreign ministers to Israel to advocate the peace initiative. The structure of the Arab League The Arab League works towards ensuring that it
A government is said to be legitimate when it is accepted/recognized by the public or its citizens as proper and right. Illegitimate government earns no recognition, acceptance and confidence from the members of the public. The degree of legitimacy depends on the public’s confidence in the electoral body, the relationship between the government and its people and the norms/values of the existing system of governance. Political legitimacy is high when the government or the state relates well with its people (Smith, 2011). Egypt is one of the African countries that have recently faced problems concerning the legitimacy of Hosni Mobarak’s government. For many decades, the government has been reluctant in enhancing democracy with most of the political parties’ acts being curtailed. Following this series of coerce events, the people of Egypt together with the army and the international community decided to seek change in government on grounds that the existing government was not doing enough to enhance democracy. There are various elements of political legitimacy that are relevant to the understanding of the nature of state society relations in Egypt. One of these elements is public confidence and trust in the existing government. Another element that is important when enhancing legitimacy is the rule of law. The manner in which the state relates to the society is very important in determining the long term legitimacy of the state or the government. Failure to exercise democracy and public participation led to collapse of the former Egyptian government (Trudy, 2011). I think that democratic modes of government are sufficiently embedded and form part and parcel of political legitimacy in any government, regime or state. In addition, political legitimacy is a matter that should be taken into great consideration by all authorities and powers in place.
The Customer service page of the site is quite exhaustive in that it offers all that a customer requires to know about his pets in regard to caring for them and about the different services he may need in relation to buying new pets of different breeds and varieties. The page has been named “Customer Service Help Desk”, and the term in itself shows a sense of belongingness on the part of the website owners that they genuinely care for the customer in providing answers to all questions and problems that may be encountered while arranging or thinking of the several jobs that are encountered in relation to pets. An animal lover may wish to buy a horse or a rare breed of dog, and this site has all answers that will truly provide the searcher a wide variety of choices to accomplish this task. The page defines its shipping policy along with rates for every kind of delivery whether it is within or outside the country and informs abot a wide variety of order options ranging from ordering online to payment methods and sending gift certificates on behalf of a customer. The payment options are very convenient and there is provision to return what one buys from the site, if not satisfied, thereby indicating a transparent system, which will surely build confidence amongst customers, and hence enlarge its customer base. The page takes care of the pharmacy need for the pets and has the facility of ordering online from the list of an extensive list of pharmacy products, thereby building trust amongst customers about the site being well equipped to meet all exigencies to facilitate proper care of pets. The page also provides all information in detail that pertains to its featured services such as catalogue requests, gift certificates and monogramming. The page does not ignore in providing exhaustive information about Dr. Fostersmith as a company that is specialized in all matters pertaining to pets and domestic animals and is virtually a one stop shop for catering to the needs of animal lovers. In contrast to the above site it is observed that is a site that is more explicit in making very clear in the home page itself the services it offers for pet lovers and provides services for pets such as dogs, cats, birds, fish, reptiles and small birds. The website has an answer to the minutest details of services required for each of the different pets ranging from apparels, health care, kennels for dogs, bird houses for birds, aquariums for fish and habitat décor for reptiles. This list is very exhaustive and takes care of the minutest details of requirements for different pets. The site virtually provides a training program for pet lovers on the intricacies of pet care and how to handle pets and pamper them as the need may arise. The site has a constantly changing banner placed significantly on the home page that demonstrates in brief the