ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has existed for decades, and it has proved to have significant effects on the Middle East economy. Land issues, security issues, and scarce water resources are the major obstacles and challenges in creating peace between Jews and Arabs. This paper will address some of the major obstacles and challenges that negotiators ought to address to create peace between the Jews and Arabs. Major obstacles and challenges Land issues The Israelites and the Palestinians have had conflicts because of the 2,200 square mile piece of land that lies on the West Bank and Gaza strip (Bunton and Cleveland 17). The United States, United Kingdom, European Union, and other negotiators have sought to keep the peace between Israel and the Palestinians by declaring that settling on the land under dispute is illegal. The Israelites complied with the negotiators; they evacuated the land and destroyed the residential areas they had built. However, they wanted to retain some of the lands, but the Palestinians demanded a complete handover of the land. The issue is still unresolved, and the negotiators ought to take their role in resolving it before matters become worse. Issues about the status of Jerusalem The status of Jerusalem has some significant religious importance to the Jews, Islam, and Christians. The Israelites believe that Jerusalem was Judea’s capital city, and it is the dwelling of the Jewish temple. On the other hand, the Palestinians believe that Jerusalem is the site of the Al-Aqsa mosque, as it is among the holiest Islamic sites. While the Palestinians claim for the share of Jerusalem that Israelites did not own before 1967, the Israelites have a strong belief that it would be sinful to divide the holy land of Jerusalem (Quandt 63). The United States negotiators wanted the Palestinians to own the Arab part of Jerusalem, and the Israelites to remain with the Jewish part of Jerusalem, but their proposal failed. Therefore, the status of Jerusalem is still an issue to address before creating peace between the Jews and Arabs. Security issues Israelites’ security concern is still a major obstacle in the resolution of the conflict that they have with the Palestinians. It is noteworthy that the Palestinian political violence trickles down to affect the Israelites. The Israelites’ land, civilians, and military police become victims of the Palestinian’s political violence, and an entire scene is an act of terrorism. Palestinians always resolve their issues by attacking the Israelites with the aim of eliminating them and overtaking their territories. It is common for the Palestinians to take advantage of their powerful militaries to threaten the Israelites by firing rockets, which raises the security concerns. Israelites feel oppressed, and they have a strong feeling that the negotiators should not allow the Palest
Green building advancement dates back to the late nineteenth century when it started with the concepts of environmental conservation and preservation, and public health protection. The idea at that time was opposed because the public felt that it contradicted social norms that defined how a private home should be constructed for the good of the public. It was later accepted as a measure of environmental conservation and at the present, green building programmes are fully established departments in various counties in the United States. Home builder associations and non-governmental bodies have taken the collective responsibility in advocating for green building. Many people now believe that these programmes reflect a paradigm shift in the cultural perspective, in view of public health and environmental conservation (Moore, and Nathan 51). Building codes in the United States were adopted as a result of understanding and acceptance of the present day crisis where some individuals misuse the freedom and put up substandard buildings that pose danger to public health and safety. The legislation of the law may have received political scrutiny that could have led to delay of implementation were it not for the devastating fires of nineteenth century that destroyed eleven cities. Moreover, it is clearly evident how urbanization and industrialization processes have degraded the environment by polluting both air and water. There have also been reported cases where industries deliberately spilled their waste products into conduits that drained into clean water springs thus compromising the public health of people who depend upon this springs for clean water. Such acts have made the Government to urgently develop building codes in order to resuscitate the environment that is already degraded. Proper disposal of wastes not only by industries, but also the general public has been emphasized. For instance, the codes stipulate that any developer should never construct buildings on top of drainages. In addition, all houses should have proper drainage systems and septic tanks. The inception of building codes has shaped the path followed in this industry. For instance, it has pushed away constructors from the use of paints with volatile organic compounds to those without. Also building using wood is being discouraged because cutting of trees has led to destruction of environment. The codes have also called for the use of technologically developed building materials like tiles that does require painting as well as pvc pipes that do not rust. All these measures are geared towards preserving the environment by reducing air pollution and thus safeguarding public health (Moore, and Nathan 57). Of equal importance, the use of non volatile paint and avoiding wood in construction has greatly helped in prevention of fire. Utilitarianism holds the opinion that private homes either add to or reduce public wherewithal. With reference to industries, two types of damages are observed. The first one is air pollution resulting from oil refinery. The second type of damage is water pollution by disposal of waste products into clean water sources. The point of
Introduction Subject English Language Arts Lesson Title Valentine’s Day Grade Level 4th grade Central Focus The focus of this lesson will be the identification of similarities as well as differences in the way people of different cultures see love. Content Standard(s) CC.4.R.L.9 The standard covers similarities and differences in the way similar topics and themes are viewed in different cultures. Learning Objectives The students are able:   * to identify similarities in people’s views.   * to detect differences in people’s views concerning love.   * to support their viewpoints with evidence. Materials The teacher will use:   * Handouts containing short texts concerning the way love is perceived in different cultures. These texts will be the basic resources, as the students will gain most data from them.   * Worksheets with a table that includes the following columns (culture, similarities, differences/peculiarities, commentaries). These handouts will help students to organize their ideas.   * A video concerning different concepts associated with the theme of love. The video will facilitate the discussion of similarities and differences between different cultures.   * Laptop to play the video. Classroom Arrangement/Grouping Whole class The whole class will read the texts and watch the video. There will also be a discussion held in the class. They will play the snowball game and generate ideas they will use to do their assignment. Groups of students with similar needs Students will have group discussions that will be held before the class discussion. Individual students Will ponder the information after reading the texts and watching the video (before the discussions). Students with IEPs or 504 Plans These students will be able to use the corresponding assistive technology. They will receive the corresponding services. Instruction  1. The teacher starts a discussion concerning Valentine’s Day and directs students’ attention to the concept of love. Students are encouraged to share peculiarities of the concept of love that exist in their cultures, or any cultures they know.  2. Independent practice: Students receive texts concerning the concept of love as viewed in different cultures. The teacher notes that after reading the texts, students should spend some time thinking about the concept and trying to identify similarities and differences between the cultures. The students are encouraged to highlight keywords for similarities and differences in different colors.  3. Students watch the video.  4. Guided practice: Students are divided into groups of four. They discuss similarities and differences in groups and complete the tables provided. The teacher circulates the class and joins (guides) the discussions.  5.
The social responsibility of enterprises has an important role to play in maximizing profits, but it also raises critical ethical questions. SRI cannot invest in areas of the economy that in any sense contradict justice, morality, and social equality. This includes the alcohol, tobacco, gambling, and gun industries. It is easy to see that the branches mentioned above of industry (though profitable) do not conform to standards of social benefit and, on the contrary, have serious negative consequences for society. Nevertheless, if one industry were to be removed from the list, it would be appropriate to choose gambling since it is expected to have the most negligible impact on society. Although, according to Deveney (2021), gambling is addictive, the significance of this addiction is not comparable to the effects of alcohol and tobacco, which kill people daily. In addition, guns are a sensitive topic in themselves but are aimed at killing in one way or another. Therefore, SRI can invest in gambling if necessary, but not in other areas. The discussion of the need for businesses to be socially responsible is also a matter of principle. On the one hand, it is essential to understand that businesses implement all possible strategies in order to maximize profits. On the other hand, however, most companies today are becoming prominent and have global influence. In this sense, businesses are expected to be socially responsible and to take care of the well-being of their employees and vulnerable local communities. To put it another way, businesses can — but are hardly obliged to — be socially active, and this will ultimately lead to increased profitability (Tepper, 2020). In addition, industries often consume natural resources and pollute areas. In these cases, governments should force companies to be socially and environmentally responsible through the creation of additional taxes and requirements for proper disposal. This is necessary so that companies minimize their damage to the environment.
Screening guidelines for heart diseases are vital, as such conditions are a significant threat to patients’ health. This report presents a reflection on the existing guidelines for cardiovascular illnesses and features their strengths and limitations. Moreover, it explains how these guidelines may support my clinical decision making. The report concludes that the combination of various screening guidelines for heart diseases may ensure better patient outcomes. Screening Guidelines for Heart Disease Screening for heart diseases is significant as they are the leading causes of death in the world (Kypridemos et al., 2016). The literature on the topic suggests that treatment of risk factors that may lead to cardiovascular diseases may reduce the prevalence of illnesses significantly (Wallace, Ricco, & Barrett, 2014). There are several screening guidelines for the condition; for example, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (2014) recommends the use of a checklist to assess the risks of heart disease. The checklist includes questions about the patient’s personal and family histories, such as chest pain, blood pressure, and premature deaths of more than one relative, as well as physical examination. The study by Wallace et al. (2014) reports other screening guidelines that include global risk assessment, genotype and blood pressure screening, measurement of lipid parameters, and ultrasound of abdominal aorta. Finally, Curry (2018) suggests the use of resting and exercise electrocardiograms (ECG) as the primary tool for testing. Strengths and Limitations of the Guidelines Reviewed screening guidelines have both strengths and limitations that should be considered. For example, the advantages of the use of the checklist may be that clinicians can build a multidimensional perspective on the patient’s condition based on their family history and diseases in the past. The primary disadvantage of this approach is that it does not involve any additional screening tools, such as blood tests. Wallace et al. (2014) present the testing methods that seem the most effective as they include measurement of various parameters that may indicate the disease. However, such an approach has a significant limitation too as it does not consider the family history and only concerns the patient’s present health state. Finally, the benefits of Curry’s (2018) guidelines is that they suggest that the screening method is can be effective in heart disease detection. However, such an approach does not involve other tests, which may result in the poor quality of the screening procedure. Guidelines and Clinical Decision Making Reviewed guidelines might support my clinical decision making in the following ways. First, I will ensure that the patient’s family history
Introduction In psychology, addiction put in simple terms is dependency on substance or behavior. Dependency here is taken to imply an individual will do something to the extent of interfering with normal life functions; moreover, no matter how he/she tries to quit this action or behavior, he/she encounters difficulties. Historically, addiction was taken to imply dependency on psychoactive substances; however, in contemporary times psychologists consider including things like pornography, work, computers, and gambling among others in the definition of addiction. Maressa Hecht Orzack comes in at this point where she introduces computer addiction by claiming it is addiction just like any other addiction; for instance, alcohol addiction. Maressa’s definition that, computer addiction is an accurate description of what goes on when people spend large amount of time working on computers or online is true, timely, and ‘accurate’ and the writer of this paper strongly agrees with these claims. What Is It? In her paper, Drug Addiction, What Is It? Maressa brings in a deep analysis of what she perceives as a new trend of addiction, ‘computer addiction.’ Psychologists agree that addiction is a ‘hiding place’ where people resort when under pressure or when running from something in their lives say, a duty or one’s past. Similarly, those caught in this newfound addiction have boldly confessed to be running from something in their lives. For instance, Maressa opens her paper by confessing she almost fell into this addiction; reason, she was running from her anger and inability to understand a new computer program manual, something that led her to escape to solitaire. The habit of finding reprieve in something more interesting and pleasing in trying times is common with human nature. People tend to evade the reality, choosing to live their own lives as they find convenient. Unfortunately, fantasy does not mimic reality; sooner, these people find themselves at the point where they started with unmet obligations. Probably, Maressa had to face the reality of learning the computer programs with patience and persistence. Taking a closer look into the events of addicts according to classical definition of addiction, one realizes a common factor, excessive use, and dependence on a substance. Maressa draws from this observation when she notes, “I concluded that this inappropriate and excessive use of the computer might be a distinct disorder” (Orzack, 1998). Note the words she uses; ‘inappropriate,’ and ‘excessive’ and this fits well in the classical definition of ‘addiction’ as aforementioned. Moreover, in spite of knowing the debilitating effects of this behavior, the affected people compulsively continue prac
Abstract The ineffectiveness of goal-based and systematized evaluation methods has led to development of new training evaluation methods. This paper reviews some of the present approaches used in training evaluation. It then provides two training evaluation methods developed in Europe and notes features that make the two methods superior. Additionally, it notes the incorporation of technology in training evaluation. Finally, it provides a brief conclusion of the main points. Introduction Training evaluation is a fundamental component of instructional design models that many organizations use. Evaluation instruments and methods assist organizations to determine the usefulness of instructional interventions. However, regardless of the significance of instructional training programs, there is indication that many training plans are not consistent and ineffective. Possible reasons for the inconsistency and inefficiency include insufficient time and budget allocations, inadequate expertise and poor training schemes and tools. Additionally, the complex nature of evaluation methods could be the cause of inefficiency and inconsistency of training evaluations that companies perform. Training evaluations involve numerous and complex factors. Training evaluations relate to factors connected to continuous and dynamic contacts of various aspects and features of companies’ and training goals, training situations, evaluation technologies and trainees (Blanchard & Thacker, 2010). The objectives of assessment involve several reasons at varied levels. The reasons include workers performance, evaluation of training materials and returns on investment. Diverse departments and people must cooperate with each other in a business to accomplish these functions. Hence, this paper discusses new strategies and techniques of training evaluations that can result into the success of training programs. Additionally, it includes the use of technology in training evaluations. This paper also includes literature on training evaluation methods that many organizations have used previously. This paper hopes to enhance the value of training evaluation strategies that organizations use. Review of the Literature Many approaches used in training evaluation are based on systematic approaches to training designs. Instructional System Development (ISD) typifies the commonly used methods of evaluation. ISD emerged in the United States after the Second World War ended. In ISD model, training evaluation represents the last stage of a systematic approach to management. Additionally, training evaluation is performed to improve the intervention methods or to ensure effectiveness of training programs. Hence, training evaluations are categorized as either formative evaluation or summative evaluation based on the purposes of evaluation. There exist six broad approaches to training evaluation namely goal-based, reactive, open, systems, expert review and quasi-legal evaluations. Systematized and goal-based training evaluation methods are the wi
‘Healthy People 2010’ concerns a science-based national mandate to augment the health of Americans. The system has established credible health benchmarks and evaluated their progress within stipulated durations to ensure remarkable success. The project was initiated to improve individuals’ health quality and eradicate chronic health conditions through cooperation and research. The governmental agencies are responsible for coordinating the effort incorporate CDC, Administration on Aging, AHRQ, HRSA, NIH, Office of Minority Health, FDA, and Office of Population Affairs among others. The primary goals of this initiative (Healthy People 2010) incorporate encouraging collaborations across communities as well as other sectors, empowering individuals to help them make informed health decisions, and measuring the impact of prevention activities (HHSD, 2006). One of the ten leading health indicators incorporates high levels of overweight and obesity in the United States. The condition contributes to the development of hypertension, heart diseases, and other chronic conditions. The activities within Healthy People 2010 designed to decrease the effect of this indicator on the health of Americans include daily physical exercises (Shield, Mullen & ADA, 2008). Additionally, the concerned victims should eat healthy foods and manage their eating habits. The government should enact education on the consequences of obesity as well as how to control it. In this regard, it is crucial to understand the provisions of good health. The future directions of healthy people 2020 are evident and sig
Social and Political Chaos of the 19th Century In the 19th century, Latin America was home to the Amerindian people who were mainly from the Mayan and Inca communities occupying central and southern regions of the western hemisphere. The indigenous communities had some of the sophisticated civilizations, which were conquered by the Europeans explorers in the subsequent years. Most European powers, including the Portuguese, Spanish, British, and French, relied on a divide and rule policy that allowed them to subdue the locals easily. After colonialism, a number of ethnic and inter-clan rivalries were witnessed, which has always contributed to the conflicts between classes in Latin society. When colonialists occupied the region, they introduced a feudal mode of production whereby the colonial masters, who were mainly associated with the government and the dominant Catholic Church, controlled productive land. All indigenous people in the Latin America region suffered from unnatural deaths owing to poor working conditions in the hacienda farms. European diseases affected some indigenous people, as they were used to simplistic lives. All economies in the region adopted a mercantilist production system whereby production and exportation of natural resources were the main economic activities. In the early 19th century to the mid 19th century, a number of countries in the region managed to wage successful wars against Europeans. After independence, a number of societies in Latin America went through turbulent periods, which were characterized by political and social chaos. The major problems that faced locals were associated with land and overdependence on foreign aid. In this regard, many revolutionary organizations championed for land reforms and local empowerment. Th leadership of many countries was simply inherited by authoritarian leaders, who fuelled violence in order to benefit themselves politically and socially. Various marginalized groups rose up to fight for their rights. This trend is ongoing even in modern Latin America. Major Sources of Political and Social Chaos in the 19th Century As from 1830 onwards, each Latin America republic went its own way, with border conflicts being the major source of conflict. Many colonial powers handed over power to immature political formations that would always be aggressive towards their neighbors. This complicated the peace process and the security of the region. For instance, Spain left its colonies without strong institutions that would spearhead self-rule. Some peasant elites, popularly referred to as mestizos, took advantage of the situation to establish an oligarchic rule. The Spanish did not prepare oligarchs on how to transfer power peacefully. The effect of this was that ruthless leaders would do everything under their power to frustrate those aspiring to ascend to positions of leadership. In fact, some historians observe that the ambitions of ruthless leaders were the m