ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The safest types of businesses are the most relevant ones. Their dynamic development does not depend on variations in demand and supply. One such type of business in tourism. The tourism business is one of the fast-developing fields of the world economy. International tourism is one of the three biggest export fields, being inferior only to the oil-producing industry and motorcar construction. The role of tourism in the world economy is constantly growing. The impact of tourism on the economy of a particular country is also increasing (Cortes-Jimenez & Pulina, 2010, p. 61). The tourism business is attractive for several reasons. They include relatively small initial investments, growing demand for tourism services, a high level of profitability, and minimal term needed to compensate for the expenses. How to organize a successful tourism business – is one of the main questions needed to be answered by people eager to succeed in this field. Opening a tourism business does not require big investments. However, the company should put much effort to remain competitive in the tourism market. The person willing to start a tourism business needs to investigate the main specifics of this field and be aware of training programs needed to be accomplished and other requirements needed to be met by everyone involved in providing tourism services. Operation Organizational Chart The creation of a successful tourism business requires writing an effective business plan that describes how the company will be structured. The creation of operation organizational chart can contribute to a better understanding of the perspective of the company’s development and help to organize it most effectively. Here is an example of an organizational operation chart suitable for a company aimed at creating a good tourism business. The way of organizing the tourism business presented in this chart corresponds to the main specifics of the company interested in becoming a competitive participant in the tourism market. The chart includes all the main elements of structure, which are vital for providing efficacious functioning of the company and can be further developed by new necessities and challenges. Job Description Main forms and sectors of tourism Tourism is defined as temporary trips to other countries or places that are different from permanent places of residence. Its primary goals include entertaining, health-improving, sporting, cognitive, religious, and other purposes. As there are many forms of tourism, the person willing to create a good tourism business should be aware of this diversity and define the type of tourism he/she would like to choose as the basis of the business. The most popular form of tourism refers to trips inside the country of residence. It includes nearly 80-90% of all trips in the world. International tourism is known for its contribution to providing the arrival of currency to the budget of th
Introduction Our social identities influence the way we communicate our communication behaviour can be based on our personal/ or our social identities. There are many of our social identities that can be the basis of misinterpretations and ineffective communication; one of these is our gender. The word gender is used to refer to the learned behaviours and attitudes associated with the words ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’. Although it may seem that both males and females share the same environments and experiences, for example, schools women and men grow up in two distinct communication cultures. Everyone has different styles of communicating verbally with people. Many factors contribute to this, including where someone’s from, how and where they’re brought up, their educational background and their age (Bonnie, p.261). These all contribute to an individuals use and style of verbal communication. Another factor that I believe is more apparent is the gender of the individual. Of course, there are exceptions to most rules, however generally speaking males have different characteristics when it comes to communicating verbally compared to females. Discussion There have always been two very different sets of expectations placed on boys and girls, for example boys and girls grow up playing very different games, girls play with dolls whereas boys have cars and guns to play with. Another example is that girls are expected to help with chores inside the house whereas boys are able to do jobs outside. These expectations create two groups of people who have very different perceptions of themselves. They act, talk and relate to people differently and also interpret the things going on in the world very differently. The different experiences generate unique modes of behaviour that influence communication. Gender has an impact on communication because both men and women approach conversations with very different expectations and with the aim of achieving different results. When these expectations are not observed, misinterpretations can occur (Tannen, p. 80). These misinterpretations can frequently be attributed to conversational differences. Women for example see questions as a method of keeping a conversation going whereas men see them as a method of receiving information. Aggressiveness is seen as a way of communicating by men but as an attack by women. Women discuss their problems in order to gain reassurance but men are hoping fo
Article Summary In the book, ‘Levers of organization design’ Simons (2005, pp. 1-15) explores the tensions of organization design (strategy and structure, accountability and adaptability, ladders and rings, self-interest and mission success), which are driving the proper design and functioning of various organizations. Here, the author notes that various forces, including new technologies, globalization, competition, and the enhanced capabilities of workers are threatening the stability and growth of different organizations in the twenty-first century as opposed to earlier years. Unfortunately, Simons (2005, p. 1) notes that despite the significant changes in the current market, managers are still holding the critical role of decision-making, which has not changed as much over the years. In conclusion, the author notes that there is the need to balance the tensions of organization design in order for managers to align their organizations relative to the current changes in the market (Simons, 2005, pp. 1-15). Article Analysis Organizational design can be defined as a system of accountability that governs the delegation of duties according to positions as well as legitimizing the rights of workers who are charged with the responsibility of setting goals, instructing, receiving information, or influencing others (Simons, 2005, p. 17). This also defines the structure that has been used by various organizations over the centuries. However, starting the twenty-first century going forward, it is obvious that significant changes in the operating environment of organizations is changing or expected to change. As a result, considering that the effects of organization design are long-lasting, the importance of organization design is extending far beyond managers and CEOs. This implies that for anyone who is responsible for initiating the achievement of goals through giving instructions or assigning resources to other people, it is important to understand the implications of one’s choices, and this includes organization design. Accordingly, the future of organization design is now pegged on how well people understand the unique challenges and tensions facing different design choices. This will also include understanding the dynamics of the four tensions of organization design. For instance, the tension between strategy and structure will drive both organization design and organizational crises. It is obvious that markets are changing very fast with the focus shifting towards customers. Consequently, new technologies coupled w
Abstract Spontaneous recovery is the recurrence of responses associated with certain unconditioned stimuli that had faced extinction. The field of spontaneous recovery was used in history to experiment with the preferences and recurrence of preference of given tastes containing certain chemical compounds. Classical conditioning is correlative learning that takes place through a process not involving contingency between behaviors. Extinction is the diminishing probability of indicating a certain response with the withdrawal of the reinforcing stimuli. The method to be used will involve Sniffy the virtual rat simulation that works like an ordinary rat under experiment conditions. The training takes a repetitive reinforcement of responses through rewarding and negative reinforcements also referred to as punishments like exposure to electric shock. The extinction period is where the related stimuli are blocked to erase the associative relationship. Spontaneous recovery will depict even after a given number of extinction phases until the response is fully extinguished. The outcomes show that spontaneous recovery occurs even after trials of extinction. The concept of spontaneous recovery can be used to avoid the recurrence of drug addictions and in promoting learning activities. Researchers should seek to make future research on spontaneous recovery more analytical but precise. Introduction Spontaneous recovery as a concept under Classical conditioning; is a field related to learning and conditioning. Precisely, spontaneous recovery is the recurrence of a response (conditioned response; CR) that had been lost. The recuperation may take place after a time period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The reason why it is referred to as spontaneous is that the comeback is seen to reappear out of the unknown. Spontaneous response normally takes place after the erasure or replacement of an idea; that the organism was exposed to through training but which comes back to make them behave or conduct themselves according to the initial idea that was extinguished by the introduction of new ideas among other factors (Alloway, Wilson, & Graham, 2005). The field of spontaneous recovery has been studied in the past where rats were conditioned into preferring a taste (CS+) coupled with sucrose in the place of another taste (CS-) coupled with Saccharin. In this case, the conditioned flavor (CS-) was extinguished by presenting the new taste (CS+) flavor lacking sucrose; after this experiment, the results were replicated in a second experiment; in which the spontaneous recovery of the extinguished taste preference demonstrated values of 7,14, and 21after the date of the extinction test. This was the first clear indication of the extermination and spontaneous recovery of a habituated taste preference based on calories. This expe
An increase in the technological application is necessitating the need for further exploration of the world. Nations are focusing on creating a better future by exploring other worlds to understand their own. This has driven the second space race between China and India, each country desiring to be ahead of the other. The case has not been easy for India, which has dedicated enormous resources to venture into a race with China. The case is similar to that of the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1990s. It is time for India to cease investing their money in the space race for a while and begin investing in other sectors of the economy. This may include infrastructural construction and the provision of better services to the people. Currently, the country’s rupee is flaky to operate in (Mumbai, 2013). The flakiness remains an indication of the high inflation facing the country. India needs to consider other factors driving its economy. According to Udas (2014), in this year’s general election with more than 788 million people estimated to partake, voters will focus on five key sectors; cases of corruption in the country, the youth and availability of employment opportunities, religious violence, and the rising cases of inflation will be significant. Lastly, people will be keen on considering the rise of states and regional parties. The leaders should consider investments to ensure the peaceful coexistence of people due to the lack of basic resources demanded by the population. This will safeguard the economy from declining further because of violence due to unethical resource competition. India GDP figures released in August for the quarter to June revealed a negative growth in the country’s economy. The industrial condition in the country is terrible. The country’s income is being lost to government officials and politicians who are engaging in corrupt activities. These people are e
Faust by Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe is not just the discussion of a simple story about a man who has decided to sell his soul to the devil and has managed to save at the end, it is the expression of the whole time period and the reflection of the attitude to life and people. It is possible to consider Faust and his actions as the ideas and beliefs of some people of the whole epoch. “Let’s plunge ourselves into the torrents of time, into the whirl of eventful experience! There, as chance wills, let pain and pleasure, success and frustration, alternate; unceasing activity alone reveals our earth” (Goethe, 45). Thus, all the actions held by Faust are just the reflections of the actions which do the whole society. Considering the whole play, it is possible to remember the periods when Faust was in love and when he decided to go into profligacy. All these features are inherent to those people who do not have faith in this world, who do not trust into the goodness and who are sure that there is nothing either in life or after its death, still, after some particular event happens, when people do not have an opportunity to change anything they appear in the situation when the hope arouses and people understand that life deserves living, that here are people who need our attention, but it is too late to change anything; however, there are some
Introduction People cannot live without communications. Interpersonal communication is very important in order to share personal experience, be aware of news, analyze and criticize novelties, and develop day by day. In science, interpersonal communication is introduced as a process of sending and receiving different kind of information between people (two or more). Today, people have lots of opportunities to share information of any kind any time: phones, e-mail, letters, face-to-face meetings, etc. Usually, intercommunication depends on numerous personal traits, such as shyness, uncertainty, fear, and many others. “It seems likely that shyness and public self-consciousness could impact social interaction in a separate and additive manner or in an interactive manner.” (Bruch et al., 1995) Lots of researches have been already conducted in order to analyze the reasons of shyness and its influence on intercommunication. This paper presents the analysis of two articles of different writers from different continents: Interpersonal Communication and Personality: Self and Other Perspectives by the representatives from the Chinese University, and Shyness and Public Self-Consciousness: Additive or Interactive Relation with Social Interaction by the representatives from the American University. It evaluates their points of view and studies their ideas concerning interpersonal communication and possible obstacles. Discussion Lack of eye contact is one of the most noticeable signs of shyness. When a person tries to contact with another person or even a group of people and does not watch the reactions of listeners, the results of such kind of interpersonal communication may be rather frustrating. It is crucially important to observe changes, which happen to a listener after a speaker pronounces each word. To make conversation more effective and achieve the desirable results, it is obligatory to study the audience and analyze what may confuse or what can make an impression. People, who do not shy to communicate, present, and prove their points of view, are usually focused on the idea of how to impress the other people and improve personal skills. In their turn, shy people are constantly thinking about their personal self-improvement without consulting other people, analyzing their criticism, and without true understanding of what should be changed and why. In order to help people communicate and develop their personal skills and knowledge, it is crucially important to find out the causes of shyness and analyze them. According to the research conducted by Bruch, Hamer, and Heimberg, shyness is related to such variables, which reflect a negative self-bias. “The purpose of this study was to test the degree to which dispositional shyness and public self-consciousness contributed in an addit
Introduction Making a choice concerning the changes, which a company must undergo to expand, is a challenging task, as it requires locating the slightest chances for risk and addressing the specified issues in a reasonable and efficient manner (Ruegg 44). Despite the fact that, when choosing between the real estate and the real franchise, the decision based on the profitability of the former option is obvious, further analysis of the associated risks shows that the specified opportunity is also valued based on the experts’ opinions (Rokach 114). Main body It is assumed that experts are likely to consider the real estate option as the most adequate choice to make in the specified circumstances (Alhabeeb 112). An analysis of the specified option shows that the actual opportunities for the owners of an enterprise to succeed are, in fact, rather high (Aumann 76). Indeed, the index of the specified option’s profitability points to the fact that the current ratio of the real estate makes 3.1. The real franchise option, in its turn, provides a 2.25 outcome, which is considerably lower than the above-mentioned proposition (Chung 8). Conclusion Since the experts’ opinions support the choice that was determined in the course of a detailed and thorough analysis, the need to consider the real estate option as the most adequate solution to the company’s current problems is obvious (Race 28). While the opinion of experts on the real franchise option can also be deemed as positive, the idea of expanding through real estate is more legitimate, as it receives the greatest support from the stakeholders involved. Works Cited Alhabeeb, Mohammad J. Entrepreneurial Finance: Fundamentals of Financial Planning and Management for Small Business . New York City,
Introduction Financial reporting is one of the legal requirements in accounting since it enables the effective creation of information for the general public. In addition to financial reporting, auditing enhances the reliability and credibility of the financial information by various parties such as investors, creditors and other relevant stakeholders. Auditors form a principal external element in checking the integrity of all the financial statements. This means that they play a significant role in adding value on financial statements and improve on the reliability of the information. Considering the fact that there is an agency relationship which exists between the shareholders and the management, auditing plays a significant role in enhancing the role of corporate governance. This serves to ensure that there is no conflict of interest between the management and the shareholders (Shockley, 1982, p.26). In addition, financial auditing ensures that the management team is accountable to the shareholders in their stewardship role. In their operation, auditors have a commercial interest. In their operation, shareholders rely on external auditors in an effort to enhance on the reliability of their financial information. In their supervisory role, external auditors are required to maintain certain standards. This ensures that possible conflict between the shareholders and the auditors are eliminated. Some of these standards relate to integrity, independence and objectivity. According to Shockley (1982, p. 119), accounting standards relate to the expected level of performance that the auditors are required to comply with in their operation. Lack of complying with these standards would culminate into failure of the audit work and hence its reliability. Integrity is one of the requirements for all individuals acting in the interest of others to integrate. In line with this, it is important for auditors to conduct their tasks with integrity by considering other qualities such as candor, intellectual honesty, fairness and confidentiality. Through objectivity, auditors are able to eliminate biasness, compromise and prejudice in their reporting. Objectivity ensures that conflict of interest between the auditor and shareholders do not have an influence on the auditor’s judgment. In addition, incorporating objectivity ensures that the auditors are prepared to disagree with the judgments of the directors when necessary. The importance of objectivity arises from the fact that most issues in financial
When investigating a scientific issue, various research questions need to be addressed from the point of view of an appropriate methodology. Correct and consistent utilisation of research technique will guarantee valid findings and will contribute to the accuracy of a study. The research question chosen for this paper is “Do vitamins improve IQ?” and it will be discussed from the perspective of the most applicable research methodology within the biopsychosocial approach. It is claimed that experimental research is the best method to answer the chosen research question due to its capability to analyse the interrelations between different variables. An appropriate method for addressing this research question would be experimental research. This methodology is thought to be the best for investigating the influence of vitamin consumption on IQ level. An experimental design will include two groups of people: an experimental and a control group (“Weekly lecture notes, week 3 – Part 1,” 2014). One group will be consuming vitamins, and another one will not. The Participants will be exposed to regular IQ tests to examine any changes. Such a design will allow for accurate identification of the variables and will provide researchers with an opportunity to control the process. Since “micronutrients are essential for optimal physiological and neurological functioning,” the influence of vitamins on cognitive abilities shoul