ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The definition of coal energy This is a form of energy which emanates from below the surface of the ground. It is a very potential source of energy which results from remains of the decayed plant and animal life (Coal Association of New Zealand, 2009). These fossils are usually buried deeply over a long period of time ranging in millions of years. The vegetative matter which has been compressed finally forms what is called peat. As time progresses, peat is gradually transformed to coal. The fact that the initial materials which form coal were alive at first, it is also referred to as fossil fuel similar to other forms of fuels like petroleum products. The main composition of coal is carbon and it generates what is known as coal energy. Energy generated from the burning of coal cannot be renewed. This implies that coal sources can be used until depletion because it is a finite energy resource which is non renewable. Coal production in New Zealand The key source of energy in New Zealand is coal. This energy resource has provided this country with supply for energy which is well assured of even in times when hydroelectric power generation is low. The coal produced in New Zealand is not just used for domestic consumption. It is also exported to other destinations. The high quality bituminous coals have high demand in the foreign markets. The amount or content of sulphur in this form of coal is rather low. The very sample of coal has also high swelling ability. As a result, they have varied uses especially in steel manufacturing industries. Moreover, they can be well blended. In 2009 alone, a total of 4.6 million tonnes of coal was produced in New Zealand. Although this seemed to be a remarkable production, it was characterized by a slight decline of about seven per cent (Solid energy New Zealand ltd, 2002). This production was classified into three categories. Firstly, there was the bituminous coal which accounted for 2.09mt. The other classification was the lignite coal which was about 0.26mt of the total production and finally sub-bituminous coal which was 2.22mt. Both the opencast and ground mines are used to extract these three categories of coal. However, the opencast mine has been the main method of mining coal compared to ground mines. One of the reasons why the production of coal declined during this period was that there was an industrial action which hampered the mining process at the main mining grounds. There were four underground mines which were in operation by 2009. At the same period, opencast mines which were actively operating were 18. Much of the production in 2009 was carried out by Solid Energy. The national production of co
Summer Rain This poem describes the feeling of happiness and ease that summer rain presents the narrator with. “Summer rain” can be described as very simple in its structure; however, the simplicity of its structure does not set any significant difficulty in rendering all the incredible emotions which summer rain may present a person with. This poem is a lyric description and celebration of nature’s beauty, and the effect it produces on the narrator. The author chooses to personify the Sky addressing it as a mighty father. It is probably done to encourage the audience to think about the superiority and grandeur of the Universe and show humanity the importance of a respectful attitude toward it. The significance of the image of Father is also in encouraging people to think about their origin. In addition, the poem is probably aimed to show the way interaction with nature as our source of life is important in overcoming the daily hardships of life and forgetting about them. In the conclusion of the poem, we read that the narrator finds peace and is calmed down from one’s every anxiety due to the happiness to feel summer rain and watch its beauty. The poem applies a row of graceful wordings and refined language figures. Rainbow This poem tells about the excellence of nature and the Creator over human beings. It encourages thinking over the very essence of life. The poem raises philosophic issues related to the meaning of life. Its figurative language inspires me to feel impressed by the mightiness of God. It also shows God as a loving person who created the Earth in such a way that might be pleasant and interesting for people to e
Introduction The life of Olaudah Equiano, otherwise known as Gustavus Vassa, is interesting for a number of reasons. His famous autobiography can be considered to be one of the causes of the success of a British movement that wanted to end the slave trade. Moreover, the impact of these writings and his narrative spread to the sphere of world literature as Equiano’s memoir was one of the few works of the 1800s that were written by persons of African descent (Carey). However, the credibility of this author was undermined by various scholars, who started to argue that Equiano’s place of birth was not Africa, as the author wrote but South Carolina. It is hard to assess the impact of this fact on the overall value of Equiano’s work and contribution to the abolition of slavery. This paper aims to investigate the possible outcomes of the fact that Equiano’s information of his place of birth is incorrect and discuss the effect it may have on people’s perceptions of large-slave events connected to slavery and the slave trade. The verisimilitude of Equiano’s Narrative The significance of Equiano’s autobiography only contributes to the fact that people believe that author’s information should be truthful. At the time when the memoir was published, Equiano’s words became the voice of people that suffered from being enslaved. Thus, his story and its contents had an immeasurable value to slaves as well as sympathizers and abolitionists. The facts disclosed by Equiano are his work, including every important event of his life story from the second of his birth to the days of his life as a free man. Every bit of information that he presented to his readers was seen as an illustration of a slave’s life (Jaros 17). Thus, the significance of his autobiography cannot be overstated. However, the question of credibility of the facts introduced in his book may change one’s perception of Equiano’s narrative. Some scholars that argue that Equiano was, in fact, born not in Africa but South Carolina extend their suspicion to other events that are described in the autobiography, which leads to people believing that the author was unreliable and untruthful in his depictions. While scholars may debate about this particular fact as a reason to change one’s outlook on the author’s trustworthiness, it is important to take into account the influence of Equiano’s work as a whole. In his work, Equiano portrayed the lives of enslaved people and devoted a significant part of the text to describe various types of abuse from which many slaves suffered. The depiction of these events may be considered crucial to the process of people beginning to understand the cruelty of this concept. Equiano wrote, “I have seen a negro man staked to the ground, and cut most shockingly… another negro man was half hanged and then burnt,” bringing the attention of people to the tortures that black people had to endure because of their origin (5
Introduction The branch of psychology that deals with problems related to psychiatry and behaviors that are not normal and the curing of illness of minds is called clinical psychology. The expression was first brought in public use in the year 1907 by an American psychologist named Lightner Witmer. This branch of study is concerned with the curing of problems of human beings that are complex in nature and is combined with the science of psychology (Cherry, 2010). Main body In the beginning of the 20th century, psychodynamic theory stood out as the main ideas of teaching in clinical psychology and as a whole, within psychiatry studies. Dr. Sigmund Freud who invented psychoanalysis and theory related to psychodynamic is a famous key figure in this field. His theories asserted among others that a mind that is unconscious could be divided into many parts and that a personality is shaped and inter-related with the interactions of forces of motivations in the mind of an individual (Cherry, 2010). The other branch of clinical psychology called Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy came into public light in the mid-1950’s and was the brain child of Albert Ellis. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a common categorization of psychotherapy. The following are some forms of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Therapy of behaviors related to dialectics, therapy of schema, therapy related to rational living, therapy related to rational behaviors, therapy related to emotive behaviors and cognitive therapy. Among these therapies, Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), was the first to be developed and was characterized by an approach to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy that was intentionally therapeutic. Individual Psychology was developed by Adler Alfred, who is a key figure of recognition in the field of modern psychotherapy. Adler Alfred contributed enormously to Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and its development. The above mentioned categories of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy have history of development that is unique to each of the approach (Cherry, 2010). Humanistic Psychology was founded in the middle of the last century. Freedom, aloneness, self-identity, death and meaning are some of the problems of humans and problems of life that are basic. These are uniquely
Introduction Jude the Obscure is the last novel by Thomas Hardy, it starts as a periodical series and is first issued in book form in 1895. The novel was burnt in public by the Bishop of Exeter the same year. The main character, Jude Fawley, is a working-class young man who desires to become a student. The two supplementary main characters are his poor wife, Arabella, and his academic cousin, Sue. Themes comprise class, erudition, religious conviction, matrimony, and the transformation of deliberation and community. (Hardy, 3-5) Summary The novel is mainly the story of Jude Fawley, a township stonemason in the southwest English district of Wessex whose aim was to become a scholar at “Christminster”, a city paralleled with Oxford, England. In his auxiliary time, being occupied by his aunt’s bakery, he studied Greek and Latin by himself. Previous to he was able to try to enter the university; the immature Jude was influenced into getting married to a rather uncouth and outward confined girl, Arabella Donn, who left him in two years. By that time, he had dumped the classics in total. After she had abandoned him, he headed for Christminster from his village and maintained himself as a master while learning alone, expecting to be able to enter the university afterward (but the fact is he never would). There, he got together and got fallen in love with his cousin, Sue Bridehead. Sue and Jude also came across the latter’s previous school tutor, Mr. Phillotson, who got married to Sue some time afterward. Sue was magnetized to the familiarity of her matrimonial life but soon found the relations miserable as, as well being in love with Jude, she was actually revolted by her spouse (and, actually, by sexual contacts on the whole). (Deresiewicz, 167) Sue ultimately parted with Phillotson for Jude. Sue and Jude devoted some time to living jointly without any sexual contacts as Sue did not desire one. They were also both frightened to marry as their ancestors had the past of tragic weddings, and as they thought being officially required to love each other could devastate their feelings. Jude finally induced Sue to have sex with him, and several kids appeared. They were also conferred with a kid “of a gifted age” from Jude’s previous matrimony, and Jude had known nothing about one. He was called Jude and designated “Little Father Time”. Jude and Sue were communally disliked for living jointly unattached, particularly after the kids appeared. Jude’s managers always discharged him when it became found out, and landowners expelled them. The intelligent Little Father Time, watching the matters he and his siblings were originating their parents, murders Sue’s two kids by smothering them with package rope and then entrusted suicide by h
Canada is one of the most developed countries in the world. The country has a very special place for culture that includes music, sports and art and design. According to Colombo, the culture of Canada is a blend of European cultures that are comprised of French and British cultures (47). This paper specifically focuses on the painting (Sister Sainte-Alphonse, 1841) by Antoine Plamondon, and how the artwork demonstrates the national identity of Canada. Antoine Plamondon was born in 1804 and brought up in Quebec City. When he became of age, he started working as an apprentice for Joseph Legare, who was a renowned painter and image editor. By 1826, Antoine had earned himself a lot of experience, but still wanted to advance his career in art. He therefore left Canada for Paris to pursue further studies in classical art. While in Paris, Antoine mingled with famous artists such as Paulin Guerin (Hubbard, 14). The environment in Paris was not favorable to his career and that is why after the Loise Philippe uprisings were over, Antoine decided to head back home in 1830. After returning to Quebec, churches contracted Antoine to draw paintings for them. This implies that the items he painted had religious significant. The churches used the paintings to celebrate their leaders and other members who had made commendable achievements in the churches towards the spread of the gospel (Hubbard, 14). Among the most popular paintings of Antoine Plamondon include the painting of Sister Sainte-Alphonse, which he did in 1841.The artwork represents the place of religion in Canada. The painting was also used to demonstrate an element of fashion and the garments that are worn by the character in the image represent this. The image depicts both textile and furniture fashion. The woman is seated on a chair that represents the craftiness of Canadian woodworks. The items that are in this image have integrated harmony in them. This is because all the items in the image are interconnected, that is the chair, the woman, and the Holy Scriptures in her arms. It would be difficult to achieve harmony if certain items such as the scriptures were placed elsewhere in the image. The image is well balanced because it is evenly stretched on the surface and thus, if we were to divide the image into two we would get two equal pieces that can be merged to make one complete image. Likewise, the image of the woman seems to dominate this piece of work because it occupies a larger area compared to the other objects and in fact, it is the first item that attracts the attention of the viewer. There is a lot of contrast at the center of the image meant to add light into the image. However, blending several colors creates a shadow, which represents the emergence of new styles in art. Furthermore, Esaak argues that this artistic period was called the
Abstract This paper pertains to the topic of the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) while providing special education interventions for children with disabilities in their early childhood. After supplying background information on special education, AAC, and the utilization of AAC in special education, a systematic literature review is conducted to find out which types of AAC can improve the quality of such interventions. Also, common themes (communication; AAC; teacher/parent training; and autism) were identified in the articles. It was discovered that nearly all AAC tools mentioned in the articles lead to improvements in children’s communication. It is crucial to enhance the effectiveness of special education interventions for kids with disabilities during their early childhood to compensate for the developmental delays resulting from their impairments (Edyburn, Higgins, & Boone, 2005). One way to do so is the use of innovative technologies for extensive utilization of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). After providing some background on special education in early childhood, AAC, and the use of AAC in such education, this paper supplies the results of a systematic literature review and themes analysis conducted to find out what types of AAC can be used to enhance the effectiveness of special education interventions for kids in their early childhood. Based on these findings, recommendations are provided. Also, a discussion of the limitations of the study and its practical implications follows. Background: Special Education in Early Childhood Early childhood (that is, the period of one’s life when one is approximately 0 through 6 years old) is a period during which a person learns an immense amount of knowledge and skills which are necessary for adequate interaction with the surrounding world (Edyburn et al., 2005). Disabilities and developmental delays experienced in this period mean that the child does not learn these skills properly, which had a considerable adverse impact on his or her further development – a lag, which, in most cases, is virtually impossible to compensate (Edyburn et al., 2005). For instance, children who are deaf or hard of hearing may not develop appropriate language skills, due to their inability to hear the communication of other people, at the age when typically developing children do so; as a result, their linguistic skills may remain impaired for their whole life (Lederberg, Schick, & Spencer, 2013). Consequently, it is clear that detecting impairments and developmental delays in as early age as possible, and subsequently addressing them, is of paramount importance if the adverse impact of these impairments on the future life of the child is to be minimized (Boyd, Odom, Humphreys, & Sam, 2010; Edyburn et al., 2005). Also, it is pivotal to enhance the effectiveness of special education interventions aimed at addressing the negative effects of the impairments to better mitigate these effects. Background: Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) It is stated that the term “augmentative and alternative communication,” comm
The efficiency of the planned human trafficking intervention is contingent on the quality of the effort exerted by every individual involved. The group mobilization for implementation, in this case, would mean arranging training sessions for as many employees as possible. The objective of the training should be raising awareness about the issue at hand, teaching personal initiative, and providing comprehensive step-by-step guides applicable to diverse situations. Renzetti et al. (2015) investigated the efficiency of human trafficking training programs in the US. The researcher concluded that a properly organized program raises awareness of human trafficking, increases the likelihood of identifying and reporting suspected cases, and helps to disseminate the knowledge further. Training sessions cannot be too vague or uniform: ideally, they should be customized depending on the type of the expected audience – Uber managers or drivers. The rationale for Uber managers to mobilize against the problem is not only ethical but also monetary: each dismissed human trafficking case has the potential to ruin the company’s reputation. The motivation for drivers to participate in the intervention may be more complex. In the perfect world, they would want to help others out of altruism, but in reality, individuals often prefer to pursue personal interests. Drawing on this distinction, one may assume that the contents of training and planning sessions for the management board should overview higher-order administrative tasks. For instance, during such meetings, managers can discuss an updated support system that processes human trafficking reports in real-time and refers them to authorities. Another administrative task to discuss is researching relevant legislation in operating countries to see possibilities for helping to propagate the cause. Drivers also play an important role in making the intervention possible as they have the closest contact possible to potential victims. In training sessions, employees need to learn how to detect the subtle signs of a person being trafficked and report to authorities. During this process, intercultural communication is crucial: it helps to pull all the teams and departments together and keeps everyone on track. At this stage, Uber needs to ensure constant communication both within subdivisions and between them (Srivastava, 2015). Within subdivisions, it is advisable to build interdisciplinary “tower teams” consisting of people with different responsibilities for overviewing the process (Brown, Deletic & Wong, 2015). For instance, in one subdivision, there could be a team of an HR manager, developer, risk
Maryam (Mary) was referred to the agency by her physician, Dr. Jaffee. She is a Caucasian female aged 17 years. Currently, she is a university student residing on her campus. She reported to Dr. Jaffee that she had a sleep and other problems. Physiological tests conducted on her were normal. As such, a decision was made to refer her to the agency. In this paper, several issues relating to Mary’s trauma case will be analyzed. Key Assessment Issues There are various key assessment issues in Mary’s case. They include the event that led to her condition. The behavioral changes adopted by Mary, such as adjustments in sleep patterns, feeling unworthy, guilt, and fear of driving again, have to be dealt with. Over the years, significant progress has been made in the development of assessment instruments of measuring trauma (Chinn, 2011). The tools will be used in Mary’s case. Mary’s Crisis Mary is in a crisis. Her current behavior puts some aspects of her life at risk. For example, she complains of sleep problems. As a result, the client drinks three to four glasses of vodka and orange juice per night. Constant use of alcohol to reduce stress may lead to addiction problems (Thomas, 2008). Also, Mary is unable to attend her morning classes. Consequently, the problem may lead to a decline in her academic performance, resulting in a crisis. Imm