ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There have been heated debates concerning contribution of religion in advancing peace and causing conflict. Proponents of religion argue that it is a source of peace and tranquility in the world. They further argue that religion is the main source of hope for people because it promotes peace thus enabling people live harmonious and happy lives. On the other hand, opponents argue that religion is one of the main reasons for conflict in the world. Careful study and analysis of the contributions of religion in world’s civilization reveal that it contributes to both peace and conflict. Religion creates and fosters hope by empowering people through teachings that encourage peace. This is achieved by establishing cooperation between members of different religions. In the 21 st century, religion has been a great force in advocating for justice in many regions of the world, especially underdeveloped and developing countries. Religion also rallies people against social injustices such as wars. For example, in the 1980s, Eastern and Western churches came together to promote peace in the world by participating in the peace movement. Many religions are involved in charity work and humanitarian aid activities. In many third world countries, the largest proportion of the population is poor. This means that they barely afford basic human needs. Churches create organizations to help poor people improve their lives by feeding, housing, and educating them. Before the world attained civilization, religion played a great role in causing conflicts. Religion was then a political institution that sought to amass wealth and power by conquering the world. Different religions fought wars in the name of their God, gods, and goddesses. Today, violent conflicts are linked to religious affiliations based on race, culture, economic and territorial factors, and ethnicity. Most religious conflicts are based on differences in beliefs, teachings, and ideologies. Religion-based conflicts usually result in bloody wars because each religion considers itself superior to other religions. One of the religious groups that promote hate thus causing conflict is the Islamic extremists. Their beliefs promote hate and violence among people based on their religious affiliation. In ancient days, radical Christian groups exist that believed in violence as a problem resolution strategy. However, Christianity has evolved significantly and eradicated extremism in most of its sects. Difference in ideologies ad beliefs is observed in the main religions of the world. These include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. They all believe in one God but their beliefs and teachings are different. Some religions advocate for structural violence by establishing authoritarian decision-making structures that suppress efforts to promote egalitarianism. In many countries, churches have supported and promoted policies of dictatorial regimes. Recently, the Vatican supported the eminence of military rule in Haiti by rejecting the candidature of Aristide. This is clear evidence of religio
History of the Organization With over 1500 outlets across 38 states, chic-fil-A Inc is the United States’ second largest chicken-based restaurant chain with an estimated value of $1billion. Its restaurants are run according to a special agreement with operators and seek to build partnerships rather than selling franchises. The company’s success is built around the Chick-fil-A sandwich invented in the 1960s by the establishment’s founder, Truett Cathy. It’s a private company based in Atlanta, incorporated in 1964 and currently employing over 57, 000 people. The 2009 sales revenue amounted to $ 3.2b representing an 8.6% rise over the previous year’s with a 2.54% rise in same store sales. Chick-fil-A Inc dates back to 1946 when two brothers, Truett and Ben Cathy, opened a small restaurant called Dwarf House in Hapeville, southern Atlanta, at the cost of $10600. Faced with the heavy bureaucracies, the post world war credit difficulties as well as the 1929 stock market crash that ruined their father’s fortune, the two brothers had a modest and difficult beginning (Spain, 2010). Ben died in 1949 in a plane crash leaving Truett to singly run the business. In 1951, he opened another restaurant at the nearby forest park that would be gutted down in a fire eight years later without sufficient insurance to put it back up. Partly inspired by Chicago’s Li’l Abner restaurants and the belief in the imminent rise of the fast foods industry, Truett set up another restaurant in Forest Park with $ 90,000 borrowed from a local bank (Jack, 2001). During this time, the firm’s characteristic boneless chicken sandwich that edged out hamburgers off the menus was invented by Truett. Enjoying success and with great prospects for growth, Chick-fil-A was incorporated in 1964. In 1967, the first Chick-fil- A restaurant was opened at S. Atlanta’s Greenbriar Mall to cater for shoppers who until then went shopping to malls but had to go elsewhere to eat because there were no restaurants in malls. Atlanta experienced remarkable growth and with it grew Forest Park, Hapeville and the airport renamed Hartsville. Chick-fil-A grew tremendously too, driven in part by its characteristic sandwich, strong leadership and personnel as well as the growth in shopping malls, in which the restaurants were located, that it had seven restaurants by 1971, across Carolina and Georgia and by 1974, it had over 21 restaurants. This paper analyzes operational management problem faced by Chick-fil-A and what the company can do to cure the problem (Camillus, 2008). Company Perceived Business Strategy The restaurants use different mechanisms to remain competitive in the ch
Psychology The discipline of psychology has greatly contributed to the field of organizational behavior since it has led to the emergence of the concept of organizational psychology. This concept is concerned with the study of workplace behavior. Bottom and Kong (2010) argued that psychologist plays a role in ensuring increased workplace productivity. This is done by selecting the individuals who best suit a particular position in the organization. The theories mentioned in their paper as being critical to organizational decision making include the normative and descriptive theories. The behavioral decision theory evolved since there was a need to make proper organizational decisions. Sociology Sociology has shaped organizational behavior since it is the study of human society and people’s social stratification. Individuals come from different backgrounds and have different beliefs. People may be differentiated based on religion, race, tribe, class and many other factors (Riordan & Shore, 1997). However, successful organizations value diversity in their organization. Diversity brings to the table a different pool of employees with different abilities and talents. Therefore, an organization can gain from the different abilities of the employees. Diversity of employees ensures that the organization can benefit since there will be more creativity leading to innovative services and products. Therefore, diversity influences the organizational behavior in that it brings different people together, causing them to accept and work with each other to achieve common goals. Political Science The discipline of political science has influenced the organizational behavior in several ways. Political science models incorporate the political context in explaining organizational behavior in private organizations. The political environment greatly affects organizations and the employees working in them (Leroux & Goerdel, 2009). It has been determined that it causes an increase in organizational goal ambiguity. Consequently, this causes role ambiguity, which influences factors such as employee satisfaction and organizational commitment (Pandey & Wright, 2006). Anthropology Anthropology also plays a role in shaping organizational behavior. Theories of human nature have been used to explain the relationship between human nature and their behavior. These theories also supplement the explanatory theory in the sociology of organizations. The authors argue that human beings are naturally growth-oriented and in order to experience this, they need to pursue self-interests. The democratic model describes this. However, many organizations usually restrain individuals from pursuing self-interest. Therefore, they create unhappy individuals. Sullivan (1986) argued that organizations should return to the democratic man model. After identifying the range of the interests of the employees, managers should help
In both Hawke’s and Gibson’s versions of Hamlet, the original text is used for dialogue between Hamlet and Ophelia as she is sent to trap the reasons for Hamlet’s insanity out of him. Although the scene is the same, the characters are the same and the text is the same, there are significant differences between the two adaptations. The Gibson film is set in medieval times in the large stone room of the Denmark castle. Ophelia’s father and the king are seen just exiting the main area up a long staircase to one side of the room into the orchestra balcony where they will be able to see and hear everything that happens. Ophelia is dressed in period costume with a long dress and overdress in plain homespun and with her long hair braided down her back nearly reaching to her knees. Because it isn’t up in a bun, she is pictured as being a young maiden rather than an older woman ready to be married. Hamlet enters the room down another stairway for the scene also dressed in period costume but every article of his clothing is black, as is directed in the play by Shakespeare. He finds Ophelia pacing back and forth across the otherwise empty hall appearing to be reading a book. The Hawke film is set in a plush New York apartment, or rather, the dining room of a plush New York apartment for the segment between Ophelia and Hamlet. The opening part of the scene, though, takes place in Claudius’ board room as Polonius rigs surveillance equipment on Ophelia. Ophelia, in modern clothing, is standing on a chair while her father, without any pretense or respect for her modesty, attaches devices to her waist and runs a microphone up through her clothes to near her neckline while Claudius, on the phone, and Gertrude look on. Polonius, Claudius and Gertrude discuss among themselves their plan to catch Hamlet while Ophelia on the chair cries silently. She then is sent to Hamlet, which is a significant switch and sits down at his table to try to return the letters and things that he has given her. Hamlet, when he appears, is again dressed all in black, but in completely modern and fashionable clothing. More about Hamlet What is Hamlet’s Opinion About Theater? 5 166 What conflict(s) does Hamlet Experience Inside Himself? 4.3 1538 What Does the Ghost Tell Hamlet? 5 751 What line from act 3 of Hamlet supports the conclusion that
As professionals who play one of the most significant roles in health promotion, nurses are to make sure that they choose the current frameworks to address each patient individually. Thus, to achieve maximum efficiency, the health promotion paradigm consists of various models aimed either at the environment or the individual’s perception of health. The latter is represented in the self-empowerment health promotion model, which stands for a person’s ability to take maximum control over their health status within the environment (“Models of health promotion,” n.d.). Indeed, when addressing health issues, people often tend to blame external factors instead of reflecting on their behavioral patterns. In terms of the self-empowerment model, the patient is taught to enhance the sense of personal identity and responsibility by being encouraged to pay attention to the decision-making process (“Models of health promotion,” n.d.). As a result, patients should feel more aware of the actions’ consequences and eventually avoid the ones harming their health condition. When speaking of the barriers that prevent patients from embracing the model, it should be noted that people are generally unwilling to acknowledge the fact that they willingly contribute to the deterioration of their health. Hence, it is extremely challenging for some individuals to reach the desired level of self-analysis and reflection. Moreover, it takes much attention to focus on every decision made by a patient to determine its potential outcome for one’s health. As a result, people tend to make physicians responsible for the process. This fact serves as a justification of the opinion that a patient’s unreadiness to cooperate in terms of the model will never secure a positive dynamic for the treatment process. If a person refuses to take responsibility for one’s actions, there may be no learning outcomes at all. Reference Models of health promotion. (n.d.). Web.
Individuals who borrow money from credit card companies are assessed to determine their creditworthiness, which shows their willingness and ability to repay back the debt. This is done by looking at the past credit history on how timely payments have been made at the agreed date mostly on monthly basis. The income earned by individuals also determines their ability to repay debts because higher income earners make prompt debt payments compared to low-income earners who may be willing to repay quickly but lack the ability due to fiscal deficit. Risks due to loss of borrowed money and bad debts make credit card companies have different interest charges to different individuals so that the high-interest charge on poor credit individuals can recover bad debts and risks that are involved in lending. Credit card companies give loans to borrowers at a certain percentage of interest rate with the aim of getting a return from the investment. When lending money, they seek to know the creditworthiness of the borrowers to determine their ability to repay back the money lent to them. Individuals with poor credit are charged a higher rate of interest because; higher interest rate helps to offset money owned by individuals who default the loan. When repaying back the money borrowed, individuals may reach a point where they are unable to continue repaying loans which results in bad debts that may not be recovered in the future. The credit card company recovers much of its money by charging higher interest rates from the beginning so that by the time the borrower stops to repay, the higher interest charge will have helped to recover back the borrowed money, and the return on investment will be high. (Smith, 2003 pp10-15) (Tversky, 2006 pp19-22) found that, When poor credit individuals delay paying their bills, the interest rate for the next borrowing period is increased because, making late payments increases the risk on borrowed money and if it is difficult for an individual to pay cash when purchasing items, monthly payments are large. People who make late payments may continue with the habit in the future because they will always not have enough money to pay bills. Individuals with large debts in their credit cards are targeted by subprime lenders because they can not use a credit card with lower rates and transfer balances there because their credit is already damaged. Homeowners with higher debts are given home loans for their debts to be consolidated because lenders can legally sell the home to repay the loan that was charged a high interest rate initially. Credit card companies try to get more money from the borrowers in form of a high interest rate because some borrowers are not informed and they apply pressure to convince borrowers that their lending rates are the most preferable so that they can accept the deal even if it is bad. Lenders fail to discuss all the deals with individuals who have poor credit and do not give them advice on how to obtain low-interest rate loans. There is no complete
Introduction Healthcare is one of the cornerstones that demonstrate a country’s level of development. Over the recent past, the cost of healthcare in the United States has been rising. The rising cost has led to a debate among scholars. On one hand, some scholars argue that the government needs to control the rising cost. The scholars who support government intervention and cost control using increasing expenditures, low quality of care, strained population, and limited access to healthcare to substantiate their argument. On the other hand, some researchers claim that healthcare is a sector that does not need control in relation to expenditure because it can affect the quality of services accorded to the population. It is within this backdrop that the essay discusses the reasons why the government should control the rising cost of healthcare and disagrees with the notion that the cost of healthcare should not be controlled. Why the Healthcare Cost Should Be Contained Without control, the cost of healthcare in the United States will eventually be out of reach for several middle-class populations. Research has indicated that the current cost of healthcare in the United States stands at about $3 trillion annually, a figure that is way above that of several western countries (Popescu, 2014). In the absence of proper control and well-designed focus on the quality of medical attention received by patients, the outcome may be high cost and minimal care in medical centers. According to Jacobs and Skocpol (2015), medical centers in the United States need to associate their services with the price. The need to relate the price with the quality is because the present healthcare sector has prices that do not resonate with the quality of care. Therefore, the essay uses the improved quality of healthcare, reduced strain on the population, and enhanced accessibility to justify the essence of controlling the rising cost of healthcare. Improved Quality of Care and Reduced Strain on the Population Control of healthcare costs is one of the ways that improve the quality of medical attention that citizens of the United States receive. Presently, a number of healthcare facilities focus much on the revenues in place of medical attention. As such, it is chief to allude that the intervention of the government to control the cost and relate it with value helps shift the focus from revenue to care. Fundamentally, controlling the cost of healthcare implies that the government will look for alternative avenues that advance the quality while ensuring that the cost is within the reach of the low and middle-class individuals in society. In the words of Popescu (2014), the focus held by medical practitioners in the United States is misplaced on the revenues and not on the quality of care accorded to individuals. Consequently, by controlling t
Introduction Governmental bodies, as well as political parties and businesses, are highly concerned about public health. To improve the provision and quality of healthcare services, affecting people’s well-being positively, they develop a plan of action to influence the current situation. In other words, they create a health policy that applies to various aspects of health. It may deal with environmental protection or health promotion, etc. Each policy-making process follows the policy cycle that “comprises several stages: (1) problem definition, formulation, and reformulation; (2) agenda-setting; (3) policy establishment (i.e., adoption and legislation); (4) policy implementation; and (5) policy assessment” (Friis, 2010, p. 123). Further, these steps of the policy cycle will be discussed in more detail, using an up-to-date example. Policy Development There are a lot of public health-related issues that attract the attention of policy actors. Among them, air pollution is treated as one of the most critical problems and the greatest global environmental threats. It causes various respiratory and heart diseases, resulting in about 7 million deaths annually. Moreover, it can also lead to cancer that is extremely difficult to treat. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that air pollution is associated with major non-communicable diseases. It happens because such particles as “nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), ozone and particulate matter with the latter” penetrate the lungs, leading to adverse health outcomes (UNECE, 2017, p. 3). Moreover, WHO has recently classified it as a carcinogen, emphasizing the fact that poor women, children, and the elderly are the most vulnerable population that suffers from this issue. It is estimated that about 200,000 individuals die from air pollution only in the US. More than 100,000 of these cases are associated with emissions from vehicles and power generation (Vidal, 2014). As the reduction of adverse health influences caused by outdoor pollution cannot be controlled by the population itself, the public health sector and its authorities are to develop and implement policies aimed to improve this situation. The representatives of the general public are involved in policy development. These individuals are the ones who are affected by the issue itself. The policy is based on their health conditions and outcomes related to air pollution. Moreover, they can urge policy development consulting doctors and attracting attention to this problem. Even though outdoor air pollution includes those elements provided by nature, the majority of harmful particles are spread because of human activities. In this way, people create a situation that requires improvement. Finally, they are the consumers of the advantages provided by the policy. Healthcare organizations and their representatives are those parties that conduct research studies to receive the information needed to develop and assess the health policy. WHO, for instance, focuses on those health-related problems that affect the world’s population, so it is not surprising that it discusses air pollution (Neira et al., 2017). It describes those is