ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Technological innovation is important for the sustenance of the continuously growing population of Earth. It is what had kept the planet from falling into a sustenance crisis predicted by Thomas Robert Malthus in 1798, who stated that the land would not be able to sustain the population at its existing growth rates. The introduction of genetically-modified crops, fertilizers, pesticides, and other technologies managed to drastically increase agricultural effectiveness and facilitate healthy population growth. Technological advancements, however, are not without flaws. A line has to be drawn when agricultural chemicals, though effective, become dangerous to the main stakeholders, which are the customers and the employees. Agricultural companies are sensitive to public backlash, and any news of their products being dangerous can potentially shut down the entire business. This paper will cover the Monsanto weed killer case, which started in 2016 and caused a major outcry in the agricultural, scientific, business, and public communities. The Supreme Court ruled out that Monsanto’s prime product, the Roundup weed killer, is cancerogenic. This historical decision has far-reaching complications for all of the stakeholders involved, including the workers, the customers, the government, the agricultural sector, and the company itself. It may reshape the industry by affecting prices and effectiveness of food production, and serve as a precedent for launching investigation into other products of similar nature. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the stakeholders involved in the case, the media portrayal of the situation, and the potential aftermath of the case for the industry as a whole. Stakeholders There are many stakeholders involved in this crisis, with varying degrees of investment into the situation. These stakeholders are the business firm itself, the employees, the customers, the suppliers, the government, and the stockholders and creditors. Tertiary stockholders include non-government organizations and competitor companies. All of these stakeholders have different stakes, depending on how much the Monsanto crisis affects them. Primary stakeholders, by definition, are those whose welfare and livelihood are directly affected by the product and the decisions made around it. Secondary stakeholder groups, while also involved and having an interest in the process, do not have as much of an influence on its outcomes. Tertiary stakeholders are those who are indirectly affected by the situation and its solution. Based on these definitions, stakeholders for the Monsanto weed killer case are as follows (Majeed, 2018): Primary stakeholders   * Monsanto. The company is accused of selling a potentially cancerogenic product en-mass to over 130 countries all over the world. Should the Supreme Court decision stand and the appeal rejected, Monsanto will suffer a loss of reputation and experience a financial downfall. Monsanto Bayer’s obligations saw a 10% decrease the next day after the court decision.   * Employee
Introduction Aerodynamics is “a wing of dynamics concerned with studying the movement of air, specifically in a situation where it is in contact with another moving solid object” (Chavarria, 2012, p. 3). While in motion, managers with experience in airplanes justify that an aircraft experiences four different forces, which aid in the motion and stability of the aircraft. These are thrust, lift, drag, and weight. Aerodynamic principles Lift The lift is governed by two basic principles, which are Bernoulli’s principle of pressure and Newton’s Third Law of Motion. Bernoulli’s principle states, “An increase in the speed of air has an effect of reduction in the air pressure” (Craig, 2002, p. 12). Thus, when an aircraft is in motion, the air mass above it is at a very high velocity due to the speed of the aircraft. When the air is at that high velocity, consequently its pressure falls. While the air above the craft is at very low pressure, the air mass below the aircraft maintains its high pressure thus the pressure difference causes a lift of the plane. More lift is explained by Newton’s law of motion, which states, “for every action, there is an equal, and opposite reaction” (Chavarria, 2012). As air strikes the bottom of the aircraft, an equal reaction is produced in form of a force that pushes the plane up. Drag The movement of the aircraft through the air creates this force. There are two types of drag. The drag created as a result of the occurrence of a lift is called induced drag, while the other type of drag, parasitic drag, is not related to the lift (Chavarria, 2012). Parasitic drag is caused by those protruding objects of the aircraft which reduce its extend of streamlines. Parasite drag is usually high when the speed of the plane is low. However, with an increase in the speed of the airplane, parasite drag reduces. Drag is also caused by the air mass of air that is accelerating forward. From a manager’s point of view, aircrafts should be designed in such a way that the minimum possible drag is obtained. This is because it helps in the optimization of fuel consumption and in minimizing pollution. Thrust A thrust is important to overcome the drag and to push the airplane through the air. The spinning blades of a propeller that push air out create this thrust. Weight This is a force created by the pull of gravity towards the ground. The stability of the plane is mainly determined by the extent to which the lift overcomes the weight. If the lift is greater than the weight then the aircraft will gain altitude. If the weight is greater, then the aircraft will lose its altitude and be unstable (Nicolai & Carichner, 2010). Controls From a manager’s point of view, three parameters are significant to flight dynamics. These include pitch, yaw, and roll. These refer to rotations about the center of gravity of the airplane. The pitch movement is an “upward or downward movement of the nose of the aircraft” (Nicolai & Carichner, 2010). It is also known as the lateral axis. The elevator controls rotation about the pitch and it has the same features as a seesaw. It has a “primary effect of changing the aircraft’s pitche
Insurgency is a part of human history with its positive and negative characteristics that may influence human development. After the events of 2001, the United States, as well as the military forces of other countries, began paying close attention to the essence of war theories, the necessity to override warfare, and the worth of the opinions developed by different leaders. This paper aims at comparing and contrasting the competing views on a revolutionary war introduced from four different perspectives in the middle of the 1900s, including Mao Zedong, Ernesto “Che” Guevara, David Galula, and Roger Trinquier. Though Galula and Trinquier were ordinary French military officers, compared to Zedong and Che Guevara who were great political and military leaders in their countries, all of them made significant contributions to a theoretical and practical representation of counterinsurgency warfare and a better understanding of a revolutionary war. The chosen four military theorists introduced rather different ways of seeing a revolutionary war with its distinctions and contradictions based on the importance of overlaps, disjuncture, and attitudes to military forces in the middle of the 1900s. There are many interesting perspectives on a revolutionary war, as well as its role for political leaders and civilians. Some theories are based on positive military experiences. They can be used as helpful historical lessons of warfare with a number of contradictions resulting in military overlaps and disjuncture as the main elements of political infrastructure. 1 According to the opinions of the great political leaders such as the father of the People’s Republic of China, Mao Zedong, or the main revolutionary figure in Cuba, Che Guevara, a revolution is a result of the wrong political regime that promotes the creation of new leaders and followers. However, compared to Che Guevara and Mao who believed that a revolutionary war had to be just and fair for everyone, French revolutionaries David Galula and Roger Trinquier underlined the necessity to understand that revolutionary rules could not be applicable to all sides, and that that one group of people had to be ready to lose or consider some alternatives. 2 Still, despite the existing controversies and debates, a revolutionary war usually aims at destructing an old system and replacing it with another ideology. Regarding the timeline and the military contributions introduced by the chosen theorists, Mao Zedong remains to be one of the most powerful and influential figures in the revolutionary war. Though Mao did not consider himself as a great tactician, he was smart enough to surround himself with a number of military minds and focus on women as the main military asset. The results of his work were impressive. Surviving the defeat in the 1920s, he made a decision to focus on peasants as the core of a revolution. Similar to Che Guevara, Mao believed that violence and overlaps were essential to a revolu
History of the Company Harvey Norman has been in operations for 31 years since its formation in 1982 as a partnership between Gerry Harvey and Ian Norman. The retail venture started off as a single store before eventually registering significant success that led to a great expansion (Grant, 2003). The immense success of the pair resulted in the firm going public in 1987 in the Australian Stock Exchange. The Harvey Norman’s mission statement is four-pronged in its objective, which includes getting recognition as the world’s leader in the retail service delivery within the fast moving consumer goods’ region. Additionally, it targets to generate superior returns to benefit its shareholders to create a workplace that is inspiring, as well as get welcomed within the communities that it operates. Over the years, several changes and transformations have been witnessed in Harvey Norman. Its business portfolio was expanded for the first time in 1991 to include a computer superstore operation under its structure. The first international expansion occurred in 1997 when Harvey Norman opened its doors in New Zealand, followed by another significant move in 1998 that saw the firm acquire The Joyce Mayne enterprise and Archie Martin Vox stores (Grant, 2003). Joyce Mayne mainly operated a furniture and appliance business chain. In 1999, the retailer expanded its international growth further by entering the Singaporean market through a joint venture prior to acquiring the Electric City business chain in the country in 2001. The same year also saw Harvey Norman garner the majority control of the Rebel Sports, another retail chain in Australia. Continued expansion led Harvey Norman to enter the Slovenian market in 2002 and both the Malaysian and Ireland domestic markets in 2003 (Grant, 2003). Presently, the firm operates in numerous business areas using its principal subsidiaries that include Achiever Computers Pty Ltd, Calardu Pty Ltd, P & E Sale Pty Ltd, and Space Furniture Ltd, among many other subsidiaries. The Harvey Norman official logo. Source: Harvey Norman (2011) Target Market Demography and Psychographics Harvey Norman deals with a large business portfolio that includes numerous products for the market. This has, in turn, widened its designated target market with a great deal to include male and female buyers. The computer and tablet portfolio mainly targets youthful individual buyers from the early teenage years of 16 to 55 years old. This portfolio also targets corporate consumers, both middle-and large-scale, acquiring computers for their corporate use. The individual consumers are seeking to keep pace with the fast growing technology and innovation in the information communication technology. A significant number of these consumers comprise of students intending to use the computers for their studies, gain fast and accurate information, as well as interact through the social media platform. They have a higher demand for entertainment, such as listening to music, watching movies, and playing highly interactive online games. These buyers are innovators in their own right, constan
Introduction The patient is a 32-year-old woman who has missed her menstrual cycle over three weeks and continues visiting a tanning salon weekly. She does not take a folic acid supplement because she has no concerns about her pregnancy. The decision to have a maternal serum marker test is recommended to check the mother’s blood. It helps identify any birth defects or chromosomal disorders known as genetic pathology that could provoke developmental or cognitive delays in a baby (Wojcik et al., 2020). The primary care provider offers a plan of care, including 600 mg of folic acid daily and education on the risk of skin cancer. Pathology: Explanation and Plan of Care The plan of care does not contain serious steps but taking supportive supplements and education on the possible tanning-related risks like skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) from human-made sources may affect the fetus’ birth weight due to nitric oxide exposure and the mother’s overall health (UVA reduces blood pressure and challenges the immune system (Botyar & Khoramroudi, 2018). The patient should consider the relationship between oncogenesis and pregnancy and consider folic acid to maintain birth defects. Teratogenic Effect of Not Taking a Folic Acid Supplement Pregnancy is a period when a woman experiences many changes in her health and basic needs, and the task is to make sure the fetus receives enough vitamins. Folic acid is a common supplement during pregnancy to make new cells and prevent the development of the teratogenic effect. Folate deficiency leads to increased neural tube defects observed in 5 to 20 per 10,000 births (Brown & Wright, 2020). In t
Psychology is a fascinating subject all together and it offers many courses which explore different corners and different aspects of the human mind. In the modern context, psychology is getting much more important than ever. So psychologists have a huge responsibility in today’s socio-economical situation. In the age of globalization, professional pressures are growing immensely, so people have to seek psychological help in some times of their life to stay mentally fit in the course of life (Weiner, Freedheim, Millon and Lerner, 2003). A psychologist has to analyze different aspects and all the patients have many angles in them. Generally these views are dominated by the different factors like the thought stream of the psychologist, his cultural and social point-of-view, his interpretation of the facts and other factors contribute to the analysis. The basic knowledge of psychology will help a psychologist to look into the vast aspects of the job and will surely rationalize the mind too. Generally people have to learn how to apply psychology in everyday lives. We can discuss some very simple steps for this action (Bandura, 2006).   * One has to be motivated always.   * One has to improve his communication skills and also how he interacts with others   * After one becomes a good communicator, one also has to be a good listener too.   * Decision making ability is one of the most important aspects in this case.   * And finally one has to improve his memory so that he does not forget the small details (Weiner, Freedheim, Millon and Learner, 2003). From a general angle, we can say that if used with fine nuances, counseling can be really effective if the psychologist has some knowledge of human psychology and then the reports can really go much more deeper into a subject. The study that discusses the relation between people and groups is called social psychology. The main approach to the study is to focus on an individual and how the individual is totally influenced by factors like other people, and social institutions (Weiner, Freedheim, Millon and Lerner, 2003). Here we can mention in accordance to Myers (2006) that “…we are social animals. We may assume the best or the worst in others. We may approach them with closed fists or open arms” (Myers, 2006). The catastrophic events of recent times, like 9/11 and other devastating terrorist acts all over the World have only reunited all the peace loving people, whether their age, cast or creed is. And it is the biggest example of social psychology seen in recent times. The attitude of a people towards
Introduction Consumer behaviour involves analysis of the reasons why people decide to buy or not to buy a product. This involves the analysis of consumers’ psychology, economics, sociology, and the social anthropology. Consumer behaviour is aimed at coming up with a clear understanding of consumers’ buying decision making process, either an individual or as a group. In the analysis of consumer behaviour, characteristics of consumers, such as demographics and other behavioural variables, are analysed critically to understand consumers’ wants and needs (Solomon, 2011). Indeed, it is not possible to predict consumers’ behaviour and clearly outline their needs and wants. In most cases, people do not differentiate them. As a result, most of the times, attempts are made to distinguish needs and wants. Needs refer to basics that make up one’s survival kit; on the other hand, wants refer to desires that may not be basic in life such as cars, fashion clothes, and electronics among others. Consumer needs are basic in nature, and one cannot survive without them; they include food, clothing, and shelter. On the other hand, consumer wants are desires and luxurious in nature; therefore, one is capable of surviving without them except that they are needed to improve the living conditions. Discussion The conflict that typical consumers experience when deciding between what they need and what they want In most cases, consumers experience challenges when deciding on whether to settle a need or a want. In addition, sometimes, consumers are not able to differentiate between a need and a want, thus they face difficulties in decision making. However, it is essential that consumers learn to manage their decisions appropriately. This is important because consumers should be able to make a reasonable decision among several alternatives subject to a wide range of matters. There are several styles used in decision making, just as there are several issues that need clear decisions. While making a decision, it is all about uncertainty and risk, since consumers have varying levels of risk aversion. In addition, making decisions involves either quantitative or qualitative analysis (Solomon, 2010). As a result, consumers can make a decision using any of these decision making styles. The wide range of decision making styles pose conflicts when consumers try to choose between what they want and what they need. The main conflict arises when a consumer is trying to make a rational judgement. Some of the issues that bring the conflict while consumers are trying to make decisions include consumers’ personality, peer pressure, social surrounding, social statures, and prices charges among others. Based on the consumer personality, most of the times consumers try to buy products that may not be in line with their status. When a consumer buys a product that is above his or her status, and then it is clear that it is based on wants and not needs. In most cases, consumers buy products or services that go in line with their s
Actus reus is an indispensable phrase in the criminal justice system. According to Saffary and Saberi (2020), actus is a Latin word referring to an action or a physical deed arising from human behavior, while reus connotes anything forbidden by law. Consequently, actus reus denotes voluntary human activities outlawed by the rules and regulations. Specifically, Actus Reus has three primary elements, including conduct, law prohibition, and injury. The prerequisites of actus reus vary based on the crime definition and rely on place, individual, victim’s state of mind, preparation, time, and consent. Actus reus should be voluntary and the prosecutor must prove that defendant injured the victim or damaged his or her properties. Actus reus also applies in “State of Affairs” cases if the offenders ignored their responsibilities as dictated by a statute, contract, and other mandatory duties (Saffary & Saberi, 2020). Examples of actus reus include murder due to injury, parents’ failure to take care of their children, theft, physical assault, and house-breaking. For instance, in Kahler v. Kansas , the Kansas Supreme Court approved the defendant’s conviction and judgment (“Kahler v. Kansas,” n.d.). The majority argued insanity could not be used as a defense because it failed to connect the loss of control with the committed crimes. Kahler willingly ignored to take antidepressants before killing his two children, grandmother, and wife. However, if a person does not have control over his or her actions, actus reus does not apply. For instance, an individual with epilepsy cannot be criminally liable for punching, hurting, and killing his neighbor during any involuntary acts. Other exemptions include cases originating from unintentional physical force, omission, reflex motion, and automatism. Actus reus must emanate from voluntary offender’s behavior or action. Importantly, the prosecutor must prove that the defendant’s conduct caused an injury, which hurt the victim. The judge often requires the victim’s lawyers to explain the relationship between conduct, injury, and law prohibition to rule on criminal liability. Therefore, actus reus depends on the crime’s occurrence based on factors such as consent, place, possession, victim’s state of mind, individual, and preparation, which define the offender’s consciousness.