ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In recent years, the number of cash transfer programs in developing countries has been increasing. The authors of When the Money Runs Out point out both the promise and the limitations of this initiative in terms of permanent welfare improvement (Braid et al.169. The researchers found that cash transfers led to sustained increases in women’s educational attainment and fertility. However, the authors note that after support declined, positive outcomes, including declines in HIV rates, early marriage, and pregnancy rates, waned (Braid et al. 160). Even if the poor receive unconditional transfers, it helps in the short term to improve education and welfare. The study’s theoretical basis was the articles that argue that there is evidence of the long-term impact of the analyzed initiative on education. Researchers have not overlooked the limitations of the research, noting that in terms of data such as skills, employment, and earnings, the results are still controversial. The researchers’ work is based on experimental evaluations of the impact of a two-year CCT program targeting adolescent girls in Malawi (Braid et al. 170). The authors compared a control group that did not receive assistance with those participants who received unconditional cash transfers. For the sake of purity of the experiment, the data were evaluated two years after the program ended, and the girls stopped receiving payments (1700. The girls who participated in the experiment had to come to the distribution point every month. Interviews and questionnaires were also conducted with participants as part of this study (Braid et al. 173). One of the key findings is that this initiative has the potential to bring young girls back to school. According to the authors, CCT programs are proven to improve school performance among vulnerable populations. This research can be used to justify the need for this type of program. Works Cited Braid, Sarah, et al. “When the Money Runs Out: Do Cash Transfers Have Sustained Effects on Human Capital Accumulation?” Journal of Development Economics , vol. 140, 2019, pp. 169-185.
Introduction Lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, consuming unhealthy diets and physical inactivity constitute some of the most important modifiable risk factors for many chronic diseases, among them cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (Hjarnoe & Leppin, 2013). Available scholarship demonstrates that these health-related behaviors have substantial consequences on mortality and morbidity of older adults particularly in the developed world (Ferrini & Ferrini, 2012; Jepson, Harris, Platt, & Tannahill, 2010), and that lack of knowledge on how to deal with the health risk behaviors is to blame for much of the burden of disease worldwide (Diepeveen, Ling, Suhrcke, Roland, & Marteau, 2013). Various initiatives have been commenced to trigger health behavior change among the United States population and address the arising health challenges. This paper analyzes one such initiative referred to as Healthy People 2020, with the view to discussing how it has improved the health of older adults and what needs to be done to make it more effective. Initiative: Origin and Components The history of Healthy People initiative can be traced back to 1979 when the first set of national targets for health was released with the view to improving the health of people living in the United States by establishing benchmarks and monitoring progress to guide communities and individuals toward making informed and proactive health decisions (Johnson, 2011). However, Healthy People 2020 was released in December 2010 after the expiry and evaluation of Healthy People 2010. The stated mission of Healthy People 2020 is to identify nationwide health enhancement priorities by, among other things, “increasing public awareness of determinants of health, disease, and disability; providing measurable goals and objectives to determine progress in attaining the health improvement priorities, engaging multiple sectors to improve practices based on evidence and knowledge; and identifying critical research, evaluation, and data collection” (Meadows-Oliver & Allen, 2012, p. 101). The main components of Healthy People 2020 include the initiative’s “vision, mission, overarching goals, leading health indicators, topic areas, objectives and interventions by topic area” ( Using Healthy People , 2012, p. 2). These components are mainly used to improve population health as well as enhance health promotion and disease prevention across various age groups (Johnson, 2011). Success or Failure of the Initiative The Healthy People 2020 initiative has an expansive topic area committed to older adults and how they can be facilitated through health promotion to not only achieve high quality longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death, but also to improve their health, function and quality of life ( Healthy Aging , 2015). According to this document, the Healthy People 2020 initiative has succeeded in improving the health of older adults by undertaking health promotion activities aimed at achieving health e
Education in educational institutions is when a person acquires knowledge and learns to position themselves in the world. In modern realities, one-way training aimed at mastering one field will not bring the desired result. It is essential to combine different areas for diverse personality development. Thus, art, music, dance, sporting activity, and literature should be a fundamental part of every school’s pre-K to 12th-grade curriculum because it will help develop irrational thinking, express emotions adequately, and develop emotional intelligence. Most lessons in educational institutions are aimed at developing rational intelligence. Rational thinking can be a type of thinking in which optimal solutions are found based on comparing a set of facts rather than based on sensations or emotional impulses. However, there is still irrational thinking, which develops in school solely through artistic disciplines. Irrational forms of cognition include intuition, imagination, fantasy, emotions and feelings (McAvoy, 2019). Modern man must be creative, flexible and able to solve non-standard tasks. Irrational thinking must be used to develop these skills. Therefore, in a contemporary school, students need to form rational and irrational thinking and irrational. The student must learn to think with artistic images, develop imagination, sensory sphere and think creatively in any sphere of activity. To form these qualities, it is the objects of the artistic and aesthetic cycle that are necessary. Art is somehow present in the life of all people. But this does not mean that it is less important than, for example, physics or mathematics. There are two forms of knowing the world. The first one is logical, scientific, or objective, built on laws and regularities (McAvoy, 2019). However, there is also an emotional-figurative perception of the world. It is a necessary component of the human experience of life, and it is created not only by politics and science. Art helps to inherit, transmit and comprehend one’s own experience of feelings. Art actively participates in the formation of the value picture of the world. Artistic developme
The documentary film explains how Aileen’s mental state declined over the years. She was unable to control herself. This documentary also examines the inappropriateness of the decision to execute Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos explains how the prison supervisors tortured her using different techniques such as sonic pressure ( Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer ). These malpractices altered her status and mental condition. She explains how society made her a bad person. Most of the events in this film portray the challenges faced by Aileen. Some films such as “Monster” and “Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer” portray most of the murders and crimes committed by Aileen. Every criminological theory seeks to explain the behaviors and thoughts of criminals. Such theories offer meaningful concepts to understand the origin of every crime. Some of these theories can support the events and facts of Aileen Wuornos as portrayed in the film. The Chicago School is one of these criminological theories. This theory focuses on people’s behaviors. According to this theory, every “physical environmental force and social structure will determine a person’s actions in his or her society” (Schmalleger 34). The theory does not consider the significance of personal traits and genetic makeup. The Chicago School also considers the relevance of the evolution theory towards supporting people’s behaviors and practices. Members and pioneers of the Chicago School argued that the surrounding natural environment will determine every aspect of the community. Most of the individuals in such a community will portray similar behaviors (Schmalleger 58). The above situation occurs because the environment shapes such behaviors. The film also explains how the surrounding environment and events encountered by Aileen Wuornos played a major role in shaping her behaviors. Most of the problems observed in Chicago such as homelessness and insecurity supported the theory. The film explains why Wuornos should blame her immediate society. She appears bitter because society forced her to act that way ( Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer ). She also explains why she committed murder. The viewer observes how Aileen lived in a merciless society. Society also failed to support her needs. She did not get most of the basic needs such as shelter and food. The insecurities in Aileen’s society resulted in crime and rape. Wuornos’ society appears to encourage and support such malpractices. The prisons did not transform every incarcerated criminal. The prisons use different methods to torture every prisoner including Aileen Wuornos. The malpractice also controls Aileen’s mental condition. The events in the film also explain why it was inappropriate to execute Aileen Wuornos. Aileen was a victim of her environment. Aileen killed men because they raped women in the city. She became a prostitute in order to make a living. She worked hard to overcome every challenge. The Chicago School supports most of these events. Aileen lived in a pathetic environment. Her life was full of bitterness. She did not get any
Introduction The ways in which people communicate and interact with each other have changed greatly with the emergence of new technology. Cyberspace is fast becoming the new way through which people meet and interact with each other and even share details that are personal or otherwise. Over the last couple of years, social networks have become a source of information for most people. However, there are a number of ethical issues that have become associated with social networks. Ethics have an important role to play in an individual, as well as in social media (Arnold, Beauchamp & Bowie, 2013). Ethics define what is good and what is bad in the society. This research paper will focus on the ethical issues that have become associated with the social media, as well as the role that ethics play in an individual. Ethical issues Social networking is increasing at a high rate. Very many people are using social networks to interact with each other. Social networking sites started transforming the social, as well as political setups of individuals across the world. Among the most common sites include Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram (Quigley, 2011). Facebook is said to have over one million users across the world. Despite the fact that social media has made communication easier, it also has an influence in reshaping the way human beings behave and maintain their ethical social bonds. Some of the social relations that have been influenced by the social media include friend-to-friend relationships, teacher-to-student relationships, as well as parent-to-child relationships among others. Social networking has ethical implications on these relationships, which could either be positive or negative (Quigley, 2011). It is for these reasons that there is need for rigorous philosophical studies to be conducted on the ethical issues that are associated with the social media. One of the ethical issues that are associated with social media is privacy. Social media have threatened the privacy of people who use it. Data about people who use the social media can be accessed by other people without the consent of the owners. In addition, social media can be used by people to track users. It is possible to track where the user is located or where they are updating their status from through the social media (Kizza, 2010). This information can be used by criminals or by people with bad intentions to their advantage, thereby getting the social network users into trouble. It is unethical to use social media to track the location of other people so that one can rob them or put them through any kind of trouble (Kizza, 2010). Use of the checking feature on the social media could be a good thing or a bad thing since it might get an individual into trouble. For instance, if a parent tracks the location of their child this could be good since they are likely to know whether their children are in a safe location or not. On the other hand, a boss
Introduction Food production creates enormous ecological burdens without being a necessary consequence of human needs. The way one single person eats already has an impact on the environment. It is primarily because most food is produced by agriculture, which consumes resources and, for the most part, has negative consequences for the planet. The effects can be significantly reduced by changing the production process and the products that everyone consumes. One of the crucial challenges is the need to find solutions that are effective for millions of different producers on the one hand and unique to each farm on the other. The Impact of Products on the Human Body and the Planet Researchers have found significant differences between producers of the same product. For example, beef producers using high-pressure technology create 105 kg equivalent CO2 and use 370 m2 of land to make 100 grams of protein, which is 12 and 50 times more than low-impact beef ones, respectively (Mehrabi et al. 409). Furthermore, low-impact beef manufactures use 36 times more land and create six times more emissions than pea ones. The same goes for alcoholic products: one pint of beer, for example, can make three times as many emissions and use four times as much land as another. Two things that look the same in stores can have completely different impacts on the planet. Currently, no one does not know this when choosing a product. Moreover, policymakers do not consider these differences when devising strategies to reduce the environmental impact of farmers. As a result, a small number of producers use a significant amount of resources. 15% of beef production creates approximately 1.3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent and employs close to 950 million hectares of land (Mehrabi et al. 411). If taken globally all of the food products whose production was mentioned above, 25% of producers on average account for 53% of the total impact on the environment. This skew underscores the need for more efficient production in the food system. The human body runs on calories and nutrients, so good food is essential for people and the planet. It is crucial to remember that food is fuel for the body. Too much, or less amount of the same meals, can lead to obesity, various deficiencies, or diet-related diseases. Unlike the plant world, which successfully uses photosynthesis to convert solar energy, humans are deprived of such an opportunity (Mehrabi et al. 411). Therefore, it is necessary to use food of plant and animal origin. At the same time, we should not forget to consider that all products differ in their energy value. Protein, fats, and carbohydrates are a complex of essential nutrients. In this case, the role of the vital energy ‘supplier’ is given to carbohydrates, the level of which differs in various foods. The most significant quantities are found in plants, which should undoubtedly be part of everyone’s diet. On the other hand, the endless cycle of sowing, growing,
Healthy relationships are important in making sure that Work America and Olive Regional Medical Center operate well to serve society. Internal conflicts in this establishment must be minimal or inexistent to make sure that employees collaborate to accomplish the goals together. In addition, since one of the missions stipulated is to provide friendly medical services to the business community, internal conflicts should be minimal or nonexistent because this would reflect the mission of the establishment. These issues are largely determined by the management who are concerned with organizing the activities of the hospital. Therefore, management is of paramount importance in the running of the organization. Teamwork is important in accomplishing tasks at the work clinic. Teamwork may influence productivity in that the speed of carrying out the related tasks is minimal where there is no teamwork. Low productivity and unhealthy interpersonal relationships have come up as a result of poor work relationships and probably the available channels of communication within the organization. Having established a history of providing quality health care and cost-efficient services, it calls for a need for the management to establish good structures that will ensure proper work relationships, internal conflicts, and communication deficits. Management exists to carry out strategic planning for the business operations within an organization. The lack of an established business plan and strategy within Work America is a result of poor management and leadership. In order to make sure that internal conflicts are minimal in the organization, it is important to make sure that the management establishes a good and clear system of reporting work-related conflicts and disputes within the third quarter of this year. The management needs to train the employees on the right and the available channels of solving disputes and enforce a chain of command within one month. Employees may not be in a position to act professionally if the management does not encourage ethical acting within the organization. The management should also retrain the employees to make sure that they remain updated on the current health needs of the community and the people they serve. The Departmental managers should be taxed with initiating team building to be initiated in the fourth quarter of this year, while the Marketing Director is to be charged with the task of building a business plan in the first quarter of 2010. Leadership seminars can also be used to make sure that leaders are well versed with the training needs of the company.
Globalisation brought with it sweeping paradigmatic shifts that necessitated changes in international communication standards (Featherstone, 2003). Communication in international platforms demands the creation of ethical standards of conduct. This essay explores the implications of cultural ethics in international communication with respect to internet use in Asia. National cultures in Asia generally gravitate towards Confucianism. Confucian administrative culture, however, presents a striking contrast to liberal administrative culture as can be seen in the present administrative systems in Asia (Lingle, 1996). As Lingle (1996) observed, the structure and ideology of the Confucian tradition recognize a sense of authority formed by the dominant power, represented in the immense hierarchy between the ruler and the people. This underlying perspective, in a way, presents major challenges in the formation of a global economy. According to Lingle (1996) Confucianism further influences several oriental societies in various areas such as morality, manners, administrative culture, and social norms. Most countries in central and South-East Asian regions propagate draconian interne laws that are meant to stifle free flow of information with the overriding objective of preserving the authoritative dominance of rulers over their subjects. Indeed, the dictatorial administrative structures of communist countries such as China, Burma, and North Korea are founded on social ethos and Confucian philosophies (Featherstone, 2003). The authorities live under constant fears that free flow of information may potentially inspire cultural transformations and subsequently breed the quest for greater public participation in politics. For example, government-sponsored internet regulations in mainland China compulsorily require all internet companies to censor search engine results (Palmer, 2010). Moreover, the Chinese Communist governance, by itself, is ideologically skewed in favour of the rulers, with basic human rights such as privacy and freedom of speech being perceived as being insignificant to the preservation of the state and its national culture (Featherstone, 2003) The retrogressive government censorship structures in China were best demonstrated by the withdrawal of the Google search engine from the country in 2010 (Stableford, 2010). Google suffered government censorship and a myriad of sophisticated cyber attacks on its servers and internet infrastructure systems. In fact “Google discovered a sophisticated attack that originated in Chin