ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The year 1968 saw the founding of the TCS in India. The founders of the company had an aim of rendering solutions to businesses, outsourcing, and IT-services. Additionally, the firm offers customers all over the world with different IT services. This company offers different services through a variety of domains. The company as well as the geographic domain commonly uses vertical domain. There are 47countries that enjoy the presence of TCS in their markets. In terms of revenues, TCS remains to be one of the largest IT service firms in India. The KM concept came to be in 1995. During that time, KM had covered most of the functions in TCS. TCS started formal KM efforts in the late 1990s. Later the Process Asset Libraries that contained relevant information were developed. The company later combined portal library, Kbases and Ultimatix. TCS also developed training programs that targeted both experienced and new employees. The company also enhanced the transfer of knowledge by encouraging employees to attain widespread experience through the process of rotating them in different divisions as well as in its group firms. A Microsoft server developed the Knowmax. TCS initiated propel sessions in order to maintain the work-life balance of its employees. Overall, TCS used KM tools as a key strategic resource for the company. Using the KM value chain model, TCS knowledge management efforts comprise of different activities. Below is the analysis of the activities. Knowledge Acquisition The company acquires most of its knowledge through the process of ensuring that its employees’ are rotated in most of its divisions as well as across its group firms so that they gain widespread body of experience. This helps employees in attaining a variety of knowledge applicable in the business. TCS also encouraged its people to participate in other bodies such as the IEEE. In addition, certifications were a requirement for the employees (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Knowledge Storage TCS developed a number of repository tools that helped in the storage of company knowledge. They comprised of KnowMax, process asset libraries, Kbases and Ultimatix (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Knowledge Dissemination This refers to the extent to which knowledge moved among the people in the business. TCS disseminated knowledge using several techniques. The techniques include;   * The use of portals known as the ultimatix which managed knowledge electronically,   * The grouping of individuals who had similar int
Background Italy is a country where civil law predominates, and courts do not obey other organs of power. Apart from that, courts in Italy do not bound by the decision of other courts even though they may be superior. The only court that may influence other courts’ decisions is the high court of cassation (Montanaro, 2021). Italian courts are divided into four branches that concern civil litigation, financial litigation, administrative litigation, and criminal litigation. When speaking about sources of laws, it is necessary to mention that the Italian legislative system is based on Roman law, especially on civil law. Apart from that, there exists the constitution that states the judiciary independent of the executive and legislature. The Difference between the Common Law and Civil Law It may be quite hard to distinguish common and civil laws because they are rarely used separately from each other, and many countries use them in combination. The first difference concerns the fact that civil law is more structured and has more common norms and principles, as it is implied that the law touches upon all cases that may happen (Cromwell, 2019). The common law system, on the contrary, is based on the judicial precedent or real cases that already took place that helps the judge deliver verdicts. Thus, judges took a more active part in changing the law system in common law countries than they do in civil law ones. The Sources of EU Laws and the Competences of EU There are primary and secondary sources of the EU law, and they concern mainly treaties that define powers of particular institution regulations that have the same features as treaties do. Finally, there exist Directives that need to be implemented by the national legislative systems to have legal power. The Treaties and Regulations become the parts of the national laws of each of EU members automatically after they come into force (European Commission, n.d.). The competencies of the EU concern only the areas where the members agreed to give it the opportunities to take action. Today there exist five areas where the EU has exceptional competencies (European Com
The chapter “Grounded in the community: The fight for the soul of public education” discusses pressing issues in the sphere of educational policies ranging from school closings to the professional development of teachers. The work of the Chicago Teachers Union is used as an illustration of the consistent efforts many communities make to change the status quo and improve the quality of education in general. Chicago has witnessed a series of drastic changes in public education in the form of school closings in diverse neighborhoods. Thus, the people of color were burdened by the lack of the local government’s attention to the future of new generations. The ‘school-to-jail track’ is another crucial revelation of the case. As mentioned by the author “mass incarceration and youth criminalization are primary forms of racial oppression and control in the United States” (Jobin-Leeds, 2016, p. 84). Therefore, instead of allocating funds to provide high-quality education for minority students, policymakers focus on interventional and punitive policies to discipline the youth of color and “feed the school to prison pipeline” (Jobin-Leeds, 2016, p. 84). This issue suggests that the government does not understand that the loss of educated citizens leads to financial burdens for the rest of the taxpayers who are forced to pay for sustaining the prison system. The case teaches the public about the need for significant transformation in public education and building a movement using the example of the Chicago Teachers Union. The unification of the federal efforts in the movement against the limiting of the access and quality of education is needed not o
Euthanasia is the process by which medical practitioners assist patients to die based on their preference for the same. Sometimes, the patient makes explicit requests for assistance. However, in other situations, the patient may not be in a position to make those demands. Therefore, someone else will make the decision for them. The practice has become a central ethical concern for medical practitioners because technology allows individuals to prolong their lives irrespective of the quality or degree of suffering of the patient. This matter is a moral question owing to three key questions. A health professional must put into consideration three traits before making the ultimate decisions. First, one must ask whether termination of a patient’s life is ever right even in severe and unceasing pain or terminal illness. If one responds in the affirmative, then one must outline the circumstances under which euthanasia would be ethical. Finally, one must distinguish between letting one die and actively killing them. Health professionals have the option of injecting a lethal drug or provide an overdose as a way of assisting someone to die. This form of euthanasia is active euthanasia, and is illegal in all states in the US. Currently, three states – Washington, Oregon and Montana – allow assisted suicide or withdrawal of treatment. Therefore, even if a health professional believes that it is a patient’s right to choose when and how to die, he must consider the legal implications of the same (Fieser 15). A series of values contradict each other or may be used as ethical prerogatives in euthanasia cases. A health practitioner must tackle the conflicting interests of paternalism versus autonomy. Many supporters of euthanasia claim that patients have the autonomy to decide when and how they will die. In this case, practitioners must decide whether they respect their patient’s right to self determination more than their right to life. In states where assisted suicide is permissible, practitioners need to know which values are more important. Medial paternalism occurs when health professionals feel that they have the obligation to control patient’s rights irrespective of their wishes. Careful consideration of the patient’s wishes must go hand in hand with the notion that sometimes healthcare professionals know best. Therefore, issues of paternalism must be counterbalance with those of self determination. Concerns about beneficence must also be balanced with maleficence. All medical professionals are under the obligation of doing good (beneficence) and causing no harm (maleficence). In the matter of euthanasia, professionals ought to decide between the overall good of the dying patient and that of other stakeholders. Opponents of euthanasia affirm that the practice would place a lot of pre
Over the past few years, the relationships between Russia and the rest of the world, particularly, Europe and the United States, have been extraordinarily tense. Partially due to the economic and political challenges that Russia had to face in the realm of the 21 st century globalization, and partially because of the strategy that the state government has chosen to address these issues, Russia has been choosing consistently the policy that can be described as rather acute. Conditioned by the geopolitical specifics of its location as viewed from the point of the Rimland theory, Russia is currently in a deadlock of choosing between its national integrity and the reconciliation with the current world leaders, including major states of Europe and the United States of America, which explains its focus on defensive power. Being insecure about its position among the current world leaders, Russia prefers an aggressive policy as a key tool for responding to outside threats. While the specified approach can be viewed as understandable, it still feeds the state’s insecurity, therefore, catering to the need of the Russian Federation to become a more i
Executive Summary Speed skating is and has been a popular winter sport since its invention in the Scandinavian nations particularly the Netherlands. For a considerably long period, it was resigned as an amateur sport in Europe exclusively. However, it has risen as a professional sport since the early 20th century. The first male Olympic speed skating Short Track and Long Track competitions were held in 1924 while the official Olympic female competitions were held in 1960 (Speed skating Canada 2011, Para. 4; Fridell 2008, p.32). Current speed skating global market spreads across the globe. Major geographical markets are, however, found in European countries, North America (Canada and United States), and in Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and China. China and South Korea dominate short track speed skating in the Olympic Games. The United States, Canada, Russia, and Germany are powerful leaders in the sport. Even though the sport itself has retained its original nature, many transformations have occurred particularly with regard to the kind of design techniques and materials used to make skates, sportswear, safety equipments and protective gear for participants. Speed skating sportswear should provide warmth, dry and comfortable fit that can allow a participant to concentrate on producing as much power he or she can which is required to propel her body over a given distance in the shortest time possible. Advancement in fibre and fabric technology has enabled designers to make more effective speed skating performance sportswear. They have improved speed skating suits in a way that reduces drag and resistance from wind and ice in order to increase the average speed of skating. Design techniques and the apparel structure have also transformed considerably. Development of Speed Skating Definition Speed skating also referred to as speed skating is one of the oldest winter sporting activity. Even though during the twentieth century there has emerged professional speed skaters, it has been largely a recreational or part-time sport (Speed skating Administration 2011, Para 1; Snoep 2010, p.4). Presently, the sport is mostly positioned as a professional sport in Europe, particularly in Norway and Netherlands. However, there are professional skating athletes found in different parts of the world, as well as, various competitions. Speed skating is a form of competitive ice skating where participants compete with each other in travelling a definite distance on skates hence the name speed skating. The skates were initially made of bones in Scandinavian nations as early as 1500 AD where the sport originated. Today, there are skates made of steel blades and clap skates (Gustaitis 2009, p.5). Despite these changes, the sporting activity itself has retained its original nature (Speed skating Administration 2011, Para 1). History an
Introduction The essay is an in-depth argument on whether or not Hollywood films should be imposed with restrictions and censorship. It is worth to note that fierce debate has been elicited by the calls to censor films produced by Hollywood. The issues of moral as well as artistic freedom have been the main contention for several years. For me to have an opinion, I need to analyze both side of the coin; arguments in support of imposition of film restriction as well as against it. Historically, the issue of imposing restriction as well as censorship of films in United States of America data back in late 1920s (Miller, 1994). The Motion Picture Production Code adopted between 1938 and 1968 had guideline governing movie production. From 1968, Motion Picture Association of America film rating system that was responsible for spelling out what was acceptable and what was not for the America citizens. It is worth mentioning that MPAA a body that rates the motion pictures focus particularly on the films’ thematic as well as content suitability to the audiences. These guidelines are what help parent decide what their children should be watching. The body that administers the rating is known to be Classification and Rating Administration not a governed agency. The five major rating are NC-17 rating, R-restricted, PG-1 parents strongly cautioned, PG parental guidance suggested and G-general audience (Green & Karolides, 2005). Arguments supporting imposition of film restrictions It is import to remember from the onset that majority of the argument in favor of imposition of restriction and censorship stem purely from a moral point of view. However, the proponents are of the view that this is not true. One major argument brought forth in support of imposing restriction as well as censorship in films is that there are some films that are influential to individuals especially the younger population not only in America but across the world. Thing have been made even complicated with advent of technology that makes it possible for films to be shared in various geographical location within a shorter period of time. It has been argued that the recent violence in Ameri
Introduction After viewing three videos, three observations were made regarding the state of the current educational system in some of the poorest neighborhoods in New York. These observations highlighted several factors that are causing positive and negative impacts on a student’s academic life. It also became clear that in order to reverse the negative consequences of conventional learning systems and the negative impact of socio-economic factors, there is a need for innovative solutions. In order to enhance learning, it is important to support innovative thinkers who are courageous and intelligent enough to push through with their new ideas even if they are hindered by multiple obstacles and negative actions against them. Three Observations About Education It is imperative, to begin with, three observations about the current state of education in order to understand the factors that are making positive and negative impacts on the learning process found in public schools. The first observation regarding the state of education in the United States underscores the limitations of conventional teaching and learning systems. The second observation that was made after viewing education-related videos calls for the need for innovative solutions to overcome the hurdles that obstruct the learning process. Finally, the third observation threw a spotlight on the need to consider the importance of different elements that include: home life, race or ethnicity, and related socio-economic factors. These three observations were made after contemplating the ideas that were presented in a video entitled Learning Begins at Home that was made available through the New York Times’ official website. The first observation mentioned earlier came into fruition when the narrator identified the origin of a home visit program that is a unique initiative among public schools in New York (Harris, 2011b). After taking into consideration the surprising ideas presented in the said video, it did not take long to realize that the motivation to establish the said program was the failure of the current public school system to enhance the academic performance of children from immigrant and poor families. In other words, there are serious limitations to the conventional mode of teaching public school students, so there is a desperate need for change in order to alter disappointing performance levels. Before going any further, it is important to mention key examples of conventional teaching methods. One good example is the limits placed on the learning mechanism. As a result, the process of teaching and acquiring information occurs only within the four walls of a traditional classroom environment. Another good example is manifested in the way teachers dominate the discussion or focus only on the delivery of teaching materials without looking into the indirect consequences of poverty and other social issues within the home. This type of worldview came from the assumption that pa
In community psychology, amelioration is understood as change withing a system, or a first-order change (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). Transformation, on the other hand, is a second-order change, or alteration of the basic premises of a system (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). In simple words, ameliorative interventions aim at promoting well-being, while transformative efforts aim at addressing power relationships and eliminate oppression (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). While ameliorative work is needed and valued, without transformation long-term gains may be undermined. Social psychologists are to keep in mind that transformation that addresses inequality often brings amelioration to many issues (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). When selecting between an ameliorative and transformative interventions, social psychologists need to understand their benefits and drawbacks. Currently, the majority of interventions are ameliorative in nature due to their distinct advantages. Ameliorative interventions are based on the rational model, which implies that the issues are framed as problems that can be solved using evidence-based methods (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). Since such interventions are on the individual level, they are relatively easy to implement and measure. While ameliorative interventions address the problem, they do not solve it long-term, as the core of the problem, which is usually power dynamics, remains unaddressed (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). Transformative changes on the ecological level are more difficult to analyze and implement (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). They require more resources, deeper understanding, and partnership of numerous stakeholders. Additionally, the results of such interventions are difficult to measure (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). However, transformative interventions ensure long-term results and bring amelioration, as many problems are solved without addressing them in particular (Nelson & Prilleltensky, 2010). Therefore, social psychologists are to aim at transformative changes before considering amelioration. Reading about transformative and ameliorative approaches to interventions contributed to my understanding of interventions. Before taking this course, I believed that evidence-based solutions to social problems are the best, since they are measurable, reliable, and cost-effective (Mullen et al., 2008). Social psychology interventions opened a new focus to interventions, as they see beyond the problem. Social psychology aims at addressing the root of many problems, which may bot be straightforward but much needed. Thus, my perspective to interventions has changed to favor holistic transformative ecological interventions during the course. When trying to implement such changes, I think I will come across numerous issues, such as lack of experience in the sphere, insufficient information and evidence on such interventions, and inappropriate analytical skills to see the root of the problem. However, I w