ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) or oniomania is a condition that is currently attracting growing attention among medical practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physicians. Most of the past studies focusing on this illness have indicated that it affects the experiences and economic outcomes of many individuals. CBD revolves around the irresistible urge to purchase a wide range of items and products as a source of contentment for the patient. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed analysis of this form of psychological addiction and its implication for the field of nursing. History and Statistics The first definition of oniomania emerged in the field of psychology in the year 1990. This was after the successful completion of a study focusing on compulsive buying practices or behaviors. Within the last two decades, many scholars have been examining this medical issue from different perspectives. Such analysts have acknowledged that oniomania is a mental condition that human beings have dealt with for many decades. However, it is only in the recent past when psychologists have managed to offer evidence-based ideas about the nature and harmful effects of CBD. Such scholars have also described how this medical illness “interferes with the individual’s social, professional, and occupational aspects” (Leite & Silva, 2016, p. 142). The condition is also capable of affecting a patient’s financial goals or outcomes. In terms of statistics, several analysts have presented meaningful details regarding the predicament of oniomania. For example, Leite & Silva (2016) observed that such a health problem affected around 5-8 percent of the global population. This means that it is a major psychological issue that medical professionals and practitioners should take seriously. The condition might be making it impossible for citizens in industrialized countries to manage their income levels or engage in rewarding practices. In another study conducted by Hague, Hall, and Kellett (2016), it was reported that this psychological problem affected between 13 and 16 percent of individuals in developed regions. The percentage was quite low in Asian and African countries due to poor economic performance and reduced income. Significance to Health Issues CBD is a new topic in the field of healthcare practice. This means that many profes
The end of World War II has opened a new era in human relations and particularly, how Russians and Americans viewed the new world and each other. The book by John Lewis Gaddis titled “The Cold War” gives accounts, different perspectives and analysis, as to what has happened after Hitler and Germany were defeated and what exactly transpired between the two superpowers. The book not only looks at facts but also tries to explain why things happened the way they did, taking a deeper look into human emotions and governments of countries. The book starts on a good note by creating a uniting link between Americans and Russians. Both nations were very much ready to start rebuilding the world but it was not as easy as it seemed. The fear that started spreading became material and filled everyone with feelings of anxiety and lack of knowledge what to expect next. Of course, these sorts of things do not happen without a reason but here, the causes were not so apparent. From the first triumphant celebrations it was adequate to conclude that the peaceful expectancies from Russian leader Josef Stalin and American, Franklin D. Roosevelt would be quite natural. But it turned out that there was tightness in the first moments of the war’s end celebration. When looking for the beginning stages of the Cold War, John Gaddis reasonably asks of the reasons why the two nations have had separate surrender ceremonies”. 1 It is obvious that the feelings that overwhelmed Russians and Americans were somewhat different. For the Soviet Union, the war was a significant devastation and the amount of people and cities lost was enormous. Russian people felt torn into pieces and at the same time, proud that their unified efforts have helped to end the war. The Americans felt that they have achieved a great step in the relationship with the Russian people and that it could not have happened without own efforts and cooperation. The first few events proved to be critical for the beginning of the conflict between two nations. The suspension of shipments by Americans to the Soviets was seen as a specific gesture. For U.S.S.R. people and government this was an uncertain but factual display of some uncertainty and delayed hesitance. At first glance, these minor events have been signs of animosity that existed between Russians and Americans, despite of winning the war. 2 It is obvious that the governments of the two powerful world nations had their own expectations and assumptions, as to what has and might take place after the war was over. This was a political conflict that showed each nation with its unique qualities and differences towards the new world order. The deep ideological views of the two nations have developed se
Introduction Agricultural crops are often exposed to many different environmental stressors. These may be either abiotic, such as drought or extreme temperatures, or biotic, such as diseases or pest damage. By improving stress resistance in these crops would allow producers to grow various essential crops in areas subjected to negative climate conditions (extreme temperatures, droughts) and areas with poor soil. Stress resistance improvement would also contribute to increased productivity. An increase in the number of crops grown would assist in preventing famine in many poor countries. The biotechnology involved in producing such crops faces many difficulties and there are a lot of considerations of the methods used to improve the crop’s resistance that need to be assessed. Many claim that some techniques can be harmful to the environment and people’s health. For instance, the creation of new species or the introduction of new features in existing plants can damage the biological diversity, since new plants can suppress existing species. Moreover, this may also lead to damage to the food chain. Finally, many scientists insist there are ambiguities in genetically modified (GM) crops since the long-term consequences of such use are still unknown. Nevertheless, the invention of new strategies and techniques to improve crop resistance should be continued, as the worlds’ population may already be facing the problem of famine, which may become more serious without the development of agricultural species. The Need for Improvement in Stress Resistance Agricultural technology has been introduced to solve the imminent problem faced in the agricultural sector: improving crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Some other problems technology has to address include time, expenses, food safety, environmental impact, land transformation, and nutrient concentration. Abiotic stressors Not all regions are appropriate for the growing of agricultural crops, as conditions including extremely high or low temperatures, droughts and salinity make it inefficient. These unfavorable conditions prevent crops from growing fast and decrease the plants’ productivity. For instance, rice can resist high temperatures and floods, but it cannot grow in areas subjected to droughts (VBI, 2008, p.16). However, the need for such an important basic crop is increasing due to the problem of increasingly imminent food shortages in some areas of the world. It is essential, therefore, to create such species which could be productive in drought-stricken regions. This could solve many problems associated with famine and is partly why scientists try to work out various methods to improve crops resistance to such stressors. Resistance to drought and low temperatures is known to be improved with accumulation of such compounds as osmoprotectants (Gupta, 2009, p.469). Crops such as tomatoes, potatoes and rice cannot accumulate this component; however, these crops can be made to accumulate it by manipulating the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway, through transgenesis (Gupta, 2009, p.469). This process includes transmission of a certain gene (a transgene) to a
Frito is a highly productive enterprise involving the use of modern technological developments and methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of its working plan. According to Heizer et al., certain product specifications allow the organisation to stick to a particular regime and make every possible effort to impart business stability (25). Priority market preferences help company owners to focus on a single industry and finance those areas of production that are designed to strengthen existing quality standards and prevent falling consumer interest. The performance of Frito may be assessed by comparing the performance indicators with those of other large enterprises specialising in food products. Heizer et al. cite a specific example and note that the time for picking potatoes, processing, and delivering them to the company’s production lines is less than twelve hours (25). In addition, Frito’s production facilities operate without interruption and days off, which allows for continuous work and, therefore, consistently high market supply (Heizer et al. 25). Accordingly, this order of the supply chain indicates the well-thought-out strategy of interaction between the manufacturer and its partner. Certain sources of pressure exerted on FEEDO to ensure environmentally friendly and harmless production largely determine the mode of the operation of the enterprise and its current operating principles. One of the initiatives supported as mandatory is the policy of reducing energy consumption. Modern and high-tech elements are designed specifically for these purposes. Heizer et al. argue that “these elements include scorecards and customized action plans that empower employees and recognise their achievements” (25). The status of a “green manufacturer” encourages the organisation to make all possible efforts in order to ensure the sustainable development of its technical base and create optimal conditions for environmentally safe work. Any violations during sanitary and epidemiological inspections may affect the company’s reputation negatively and lead to a decrease in consumer demand. In order to prevent this outcome, control over the processing of raw materials is the prerequisite that determines the effectiveness of measures in terms of maintaining FEEDO’s product quality. The production principles applied in FEEDO meet the modern standards of the work of large enterprises and are characterised by high-efficiency indicators. However, by introducing development and growth strategies, current performance may be improved, and even more significant success and consumer acceptance can be achieved. For instance, in order to enhance the quality of products, the organisation can allocate additional funds for the assessment of market technological developments to incorporate them into its own mode of operation. The reliability of equipment and its safety are valuable factors influencing the quality of produc
The problem arising in the process of joining together two disparate companies, UWEAR and PALEDENIM, represents an issue of culture. The employees of each of the companies having different patterns of behavior based on particular corporate philosophies may express resistance towards the change of corporate code. Such a reaction demonstrates the fact of people’s cultural determination, which is rooted deeper in their consciousness than the reason. As Alvesson and Sveningsson argue, “a general question is whether people can control organizational culture or whether organizational culture is controlling people” (2008, p. 133). Thus, the corporate code appears to be more than just a formal model of behavior. In this situation, a change management model based on voluntary actions of the companies’ members rather then the enforcing strategy could be appropriate, such as John Kotter’s model. Including eight steps, it allows gradual change implicitly driven by “change agents” rather than explicitly forced by the management team. The very first step of the program implies creating a “big opportunity,” which is a common goal, inspiring all the employees for a constructive action and adopting the necessity of the change (Kotter, 2008). The desicive character of such a “big opportunity,” as Kotter states, is of utmost importance. Further on, the methods of implementation of the change are based on ”reason and emotion, not the only reason” (Dimitrova, 2019, p. 301). All these characteristics made this model appropriate for the case where the reason for the resistance to the change is rooted in employees’ specific cultural patterns. Thus, Kotter’s seems to be the right approach in case of merger of UWEAR and PALLADIUM and may be proposed as a useful tool for the improvement of the ongoing process of change. Moreover, the involvement of the inspired volunteers for the introduction of the changes can have an emotional effect and serve as a means of creating an atmosphere of unity and cohesion within the collective.
In the world art history, the period of 1400-1500 is referred to as “Renaissance” due to the certain style in painting, sculpture, and architecture, which was preceded by Medieval style and followed by Early Modern European style. However, while nearly everyone knows the features and essence of the Italian Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance associated with France, Burgundy and Flanders are way less recognized in public. Nevertheless, the artists of these countries made significant contributions to world art development, leaving their masterpieces as a priceless heritage for the culture of mankind. One of the most recognized figures of Northern Renaissance of 1400-1500 is a Flemish painter Jean Van Eyck. His contribution to world art is hard to overestimate, and his works still astonish their viewers. The little number of artist’s paintings are connected with one style and theme. While the Italian Renaissance is characterized by a great divergence of themes from religious to mythological and to historical, the Northern Renaissance is more focused on a religious theme, with Flemish being particularly interested in combining religious and secular motifs in their works (Gardner and Kleiner 576). This specific feature can also be traced in Van Eyck’s works. For instance, in the artist’s work Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride a man and a woman are taking marriage, which is an ancient custom deriving from human relationships; however, the place and some attributes in the painting associate this ceremony with church and religion. Another distinguishing feature of this painting is the inclusion of some customary Flemish elements, such as clogs and candle for the marriage (Gardner and Kleiner 578). These details give Van Eyck’s works as an individual character, attributed to a certain region. As for the painter’s style, the typical feature that is also traditional for the Italian Renaissance is special attention to details and atmospheric perspective. These features, as well as the use of Classicism palette, can be noticed in such paintings as Man in a Red Turban, Ghent Altarpiece, and others. Another representative of Northern Renaissance, but of its later heritage is the world known German artist Albrecht Dürer. While analyzing the artist’s style of painting, it is unavoidable to draw a parallel between this artist and his Italian contemporary, Leonardo Da Vinci. Being a traveler, which was a rare thing at that time, Dürer wrote a diary, noting down his ideas about perspective, paramount human body proportions and other themes accordant with those studied by Leonardo (Gardner and Kleiner 63
Modern age is characterized by a great number of free states which have their own government and are independent. However, thing were different even one hundred years ago. The world was divided between small number of states which ruled in the rest of countries which were called colonies. These states were great empires, which managed to colonize new lands at the Age of Discovery. Britain was one of them. Being a small island, it ruled over the biggest part of the world. However, this government was not always fair. Very often representatives of colonies were treated like people of second quality. They did not have equal rights and were usually taken as barbarians with dull and primitive culture and which are not able to survive without the help of a white man. Such state of affairs existed during the life of Rudyard Kipling. Being born in Bombay, he knew about the situation firsthand. He was born in English family that is why he was not treated like an inhabitant of a colony, though he loved India and the East very much. That is why his poem The White Mans Burden was a great surprise for society and divided it into two camps. The poem was written and devoted to Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, though American colonization of the Philippines changed its original purpose. Kipling used this poem to describe his reaction to this event. It this work, he describes a great mission of white men which have to colonize and rule the rest of the world, bringing civilization and culture to backward peoples. It is not difficult to guess, that such provocative and chauvinist appeal could not be ignored. That is why a great number of discussions were connected with this issue. The problem is, that it was the end of the 19th century and people started thinking about humanism and tolerance. Taking this fact into account, Kiplings poem can be taken as racial and arrogant, as he elevates one nation while underlining secondary character of another. He calls representatives of colonies “new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child” (Kipling 7-8), underlining their necessity to be ruled as they are not able to create their own state. He also underlines hatred towards colonists and white people “The hate of those ye guard The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?” (Kipling 36-40). However, he explains it as a reaction of people which are shown their mistakes and which do not want to change traditional state of affairs, though it being uncivilized and barbaric. Neverthel
When to Start? Some people believe that high school is the time to crystal one’s ideas concerning further academic steps and career path. It is believed that high-schoolers already have a definite plan to follow and succeed in life. If this plan is not ready, students, their parents, and even educators fall into black depression and think of their complete failure. However, it is never early or late to come with one’s major plan! Of course, this does not mean that high-school students should relax and send their papers to random educational establishments. Students should think carefully about their future, and adults should be there to help them! What Can We Do? As a counselor, I am here to our children and you to help them find their ways, identify their needs and preferences, as well as set clear goals, and develop plans. The success of this process depends on our ability to work together. By us, I mean teachers, administrators, parents, and myself as we should combine our effort to ensure our children’s success and emotional well-being. How Do I Do It? Standards When working with students and other stakeholders, I always try to align my effort with college and career-readiness standards. These guidelines have been in place for over two decades and have proved to be effective due to their focus on evidence-based practice (American School Counselor Association, 2014). These standards ensure comprehensive support of students’ needs. They consist of two categories that include specific mindset and behavior standards. Importantly, behavior standards address three domains: learning, self-management, and social skills (American School Counselor Association, 2014). These three major areas enable counselors to motivate students to pursue their academic goals in higher educational establishments and develop clear career goals. Theoretical Background We are all well aware of the fact that theory helps us remain focused and consistent. I want to share the theoretical background that can guide students’ success. When working with students and addressing their needs, I will use Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Career Choice. This framework is based on the belief that career choices span from people’s traits, learning experiences, environment, and events, as well as task approach skills. In simple terms, I encourage students to think of those four aspects when choosing their career and educational paths. This theoretical platform is also consistent with the standards of counseling (College Board National Office for School Counselor Advocacy, 2010). All these theories and standards help in identifying students’ needs and strategies to help young people meet them. Students Career Development Needs  1. Students need a plan with clear short-, mid-, and long-term objectives, as well as methods to achieve them.  2. Students need their parents’ assistance, guidance, and support as opposed to supervision and control.  3. Students need professional guidance coming from educators, administrators, and counselors who have information concerning various opportunities available to them. Recommendations These recommendation
The title is self explanatory and therefore appropriate. “Maternal Factors associated with Child Behavior”. The key variables are suggested as being maternal factors and child behaviors. The abstract clearly and concisely summarizes the main features of the study report. The problem statement is not seen as such. However the study aims at identifying the maternal predictors of young children’s behaviors and thereafter selecting appropriate interventions to prevent child behavior problems. Implications for nursing practice Negative thinking is a variable which is amenable to intervention. Decreasing this may help to decrease depressive symptoms thereby resulting in improving the maternal perception of the behavior of her child. This may result in her child developing lesser behavior problems. The nurses working in primary care settings and community based centers may be the people who are in a position to recognize and be able to intervene appropriately. They could address the maternal mental health problems and help improve these, following the concept of decreasing the negative thinking of the mothers and in effect reducing the behavior problems of the child. The problem selected for study is thereby greatly significant for nursing practice. Frame of reference The influence of the mother on the child is a fact. Child behavior problems obviously point to problems related to the mother or mother figure. Children have internalizing and externalizing behaviors which can be directly and indirectly related to maternal health factors. Single mothers of the low income group happen to be a prone group for depressive symptoms. The depression coupled with a negative thinking leads to altered perceptions of their childrens’ behaviors. This in turn induces internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the child which lead to similar behavioral problems in adolescence and adulthood. Anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and somatic complaints are the internalized behaviors while impulsivity, disruptiveness, and aggression characterize externalized behavior. The problems behaviors which are triggered by maternal mental health predictors could be