ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Doha Round was a developmental agenda that was launched in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. The declaration provided a platform for negotiations on important subjects such as services and agriculture, particularly those that affected developing countries. Therefore, its launch provided developing countries with an opportunity to inject developmental elements into the multilateral systems of trading. The agreement emphasized its intended outcome of meeting most of the growing needs of emergent countries with priority given to rural advancement and food security. These outcomes were to be achieved over certain predetermined timeframes. Nevertheless, they were all missed. Since its inception in Doha, the negotiations have faced the challenge of enormous differences among its stakeholders. The US, the EU, and developing countries have had to face each other on issues that revolve around tariffs, agriculture, trade creation, and industrial duties. The paper reveals The Doha Round’s failure to facilitate progress among developed and emerging nations through the injection of multilateral trading systems. The paper confirms that it has not been effective in its goal of solving global issues since it has been marred by persistent positional differences among the US, the EU, and developing nations. Launching the Doha Round On 9 November 2001, ministers of trade from member countries of the WTO met in Doha, Qatar for their fourth WTO Ministerial Conference. During the meeting, the attendees agreed on undertaking a new round of negotiations regarding multilateral trading systems. Before the Doha Conference, negotiations were already taking place on the subject of trade and agriculture. In addition, some member countries such as the US wanted to expand their services and agriculture talks to promote tradeoffs in the quest of achieving trade liberalization. Another speculated reason for the push for negotiation was to revive the global economy that had been struck by recession and cases of terrorism. One argument held by supporters of trade liberalization policies such as exemption of tariffs is that they would bring with them the benefit of opening up the markets, thus making it easier for member countries to trade. However, such regional agreements were inconsistent with the WTO’s non-discriminatory principles. This situation could deny benefits to the majority of the poor countries who were often not participating in such arrangements. The Doha Ministerial Conference set the pace for other negotiations that would be conducted in the facilitation of the agenda. Except for the Dispute Settlement Understanding actions, the attendees of the conference agreed that the outcome of all negotiations was to be done as a single undertaking. This move implied that all members had to agree on a single collective agreement through a balance of concessions. Table 1 below shows the expected outcomes if the Doha Round was to be successful in its implementation of the raised agenda items as McKibbin and Stoeckel demonstrate. 1 The Main Agendas Agricu
Contribution of the Study The success of any business organization depends on various fundamental issues, which have to be put into consideration by the management and other stakeholders. These factors have significant impact in determining and setting performance pace for the organization. They create an environment that allows high productivity among employees. One of these factors which impacts employee productivity and loyalty is the internal public relations. In understanding the performance of any business organization, it is imperative to focus on the business environment which usually encompasses a wide range of elements that allow the achievement of business goals and objectives (Perner, 2008). This study therefore intends to synthesize the issue of internal public relations and how it impacts the productivity and loyalty of employees in Saudi Arabia. In other words, this is a significant research that aims at unraveling fascinating information and facts, which have always been ignored by a number of managers and business owners in Saudi Arabia. As mentioned above, internal public relations affect almost every business organization, not only in Saudi Arabia but also in other parts of the world (Keeney, 2011). How these factors are handled significantly influences the productivity of employees and their loyalty. It therefore follows that the findings from this study will provide insights on how to promote good internal public relations in Saudi Arabia organizations with special emphasis on the Mobile Telecom Company. Furthermore, this study will help managers to make adjustments to operate within an environment which promotes effective internal public relations. This could be achieved through training of managers and other stakeholders to impart them with skills and knowledge that would be helpful in appreciating the role of sound internal public relations (Holzer & Lee 2004). Mobile Telecom Company will also benefit from this study and will serve as a source of information for its management to acknowledge internal public relations holistically in enhancing employee productivity and loyalty. Business students will also find this information palatable and its application in business management. Research questions This study seeks to provide detailed answers to questions which surround the issue of internal public relations in Saudi Arabia and how it relates to the Mobile Telecom Company. By answering these questions, the study will focus on relevant information being sourced and eliminate the possibility of either carrying out surveys outside research boundaries or providing insufficient information which does not fully respond to the needs of the study. In this regard, the following are the questions which the study will be answering:  1. What is internal public relations?  2. What is the importance of internal public relations?  3. How do Saudi Arabians view internal public relations?  4. How does internal public relations impact employee productivity and loyalty in Saudi Arabia?  5. How does internal public relations affect Mobile Telecom Company in Saudi Arabia?  6. What is the future
Create a usability test plan This usability test was conducted on the document titled “How to Create a Spreadsheet in Google Docs” and its aim was to find out how user-friendly the guide was. The major finding of the test was that the guide was not comprehensive enough to adequately fulfill the function it was designed for. The primary reason for conducting this study was to find out how relevant the guide was in the process of creating a spreadsheet for a walkathon. By following the guide, the user should have been in a position to create a three-column document, with some rows bearing drop-down selection options. The candidate that was selected for the test was a college student, who had prior experience with Microsoft Excel. The subject had used Google Docs before but only for sharing Microsoft Word Documents. For this test, the subject was given the guide and asked to follow its direction and create a three-column Microsoft Excel document for recording the details of participants in a walking event. One of the columns was to carry the walker’s name, while the second was for recording the amount the walker raised, and the third to fill in the organization with which the walker was affiliated. The “Organization” column was to use in-cell dropdowns for better editing control and processing. The subject was observed as he prepared the document and the amount of time taken between one step and the next noted down. Interviews with the candidate were also be conducted at each step of the exercise to determine how easy it was for him to complete the action. Discuss the findings of your usability test The document titled “How to Create a Spreadsheet in Google Docs” was meant to be a guide for individuals who do not have prior experience with the google spreadsheet software. However, the first two steps assumed that the user of the document had already been exposed to Google Docs. Among the critical steps that were ignored, was how to get to the Google Docs option from Gmail and how to identify the spreadsheet option. The other weakness of the guide was in the third step where it was requiring the user to select the “Data validation command”. This directive left the test candidate fumbling because it did not explain how to get to the option. Finally, the guide required the user to save the work after completion, disregarding the fact that the spreadsheet did not come with a ‘save’ option. The candidate spent a whole minute on this task because he was looking for a saving option, as would have been the case in Microsoft Excel. It is only upon performing a search on Google that he was able to notice that the document was getting saved automatically. Create a “new” usability test plan using the attached “How to Create a Spreadsheet in Google Docs” based on your findings (above) You are going to use Google Docs to create a spreadsheet for a walkathon. You will create three columns: one for the walker’s name, one for the amount
Questions The points of view of external stakeholders might differ from those of internal stakeholders because different stakeholders have different stakes in a project/business/etc., and the latter impact them differently. So, each group of stakeholders will have different interests. This will be reflected in their writing; each group will pursue their interests. Memorandum I am writing to you to comment on your company’s recent transition in its mission and business entity. As the official representative of the society, I express my approval of the changes in your mission that require that your corporation should demonstrate social and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, I am also deeply disturbed about the actual actions (or lack thereof) that your company takes to address the excessive amounts of environmental waste it generates. Since your organization did not reduce the amount of waste generated earlier, you can understand my concerns now that you are a for-profit corporation, for the latter are often notorious when it comes to environmental issues. I would point out the ethical ramifications of the enormous environmental waste your company generates. This pollution has a highly adverse impact not only on the local community but on the whole global society. The harm to society is immense, which makes your company’s actions ethically unacceptable (McMurrian & Matulich, 2016). Therefore, your company must change its policy by its newly adopted mission. Please note that ethical practices do not simply add costs to a company, but also improve its image and profitability (McMurrian & Matulich, 2016). On the other hand, causing severe environmental pollution is likely to result in serious ramifications for your company from the society. I hope you will address this issue ASAP. If you have any questions, you are welcome to contact me: Tel.: _____ Writing Skills Improvement Writing is a highly important skill that may come in handy while doing a variety of jobs today (Canavor, 2016). Therefore, having high-quality writing skills is paramount for any student. When it comes to my writing skills, these have improved over the five weeks that I have been practicing for the current course. Besides, E. Thomas’s tips that he supplies in his video will further assist me in writing effectively. When comparing my current writing skills to the same type of skills that I possessed five weeks ago, these skills, similar to my writing confidence, have undergone considerable improvement. For example, I have learned to utilize formal English and professional writing style (Canavor, 2016), rather than a casual style, to which I was accustomed before. This will be useful as I progress in my graduate program, for I will likely face numerous writing assignments. I also learned about the importance of writing clearly and precisely, which can allow the reader to more easily comprehend the text. My confidence in writing has also risen,
When the Europeans begun their exploration and subsequent colonization in North America, their religious beliefs and practices were a significant tool in how they conquered and approached the local natives, although majority of them already had their own religious practices. These religious influence dictated how they interacted with the natives, got rights to land and subsequently got control of the land from the natives (Wright et al. 156). It is no doubt that the quest for religious influence and autonomy was one of the aiding factors in the colonization of America by the Europeans. The Europeans felt that the local native religions were very naïve and barbaric and hence sought to change their beliefs. On the other hand, there were a lot of religious conflicts and discriminations that were taking place in Europe which resulted in bloodshed and loss of livelihood. Hence, most of the immigrants who were migrating into North America were doing so in the search for a land where they would practice their own religious practices without any discrimination from rival denominations which was happening at the time. Therefore, many different religions came to North America and settled in different geographical regions which formed a base on how religion influenced the colonization of these states. Consequently, the different states adopted different types of denominations across North America, thus each denomination exercised its religious influence through colonization of its given geographical area resulting in different pattern’s of religious denominations settlements across North America. The immigrants, who were Europeans, felt that they were superior to the natives who were mostly Red Indians and it was their responsibility to convert these locals to their respective denominations that they had observed in Europe. Despite the fact that the Europeans professed to be religious and act in accordance to Christianity and respective religious denominations, they were always in conflict with their religious ideologies. For instance, they saw themselves as more superior to other people, natives, and considered them less of humans as compared to them. This was contrary to their religious beliefs which observed that all humans were equal before God. In addition, they used religion as a basis to propagate colonization of North Americ
Introduction The following paper focuses on early American literature that dates back to the 1600s. The analysis takes on eleven colonial writers namely John Smith, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Cotton Mather, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Abigail Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and Phyllis Wheatley. All these writers can be termed as colonial writers since they did their literary work during colonialism. Colonialism in New England took place at a time that there was extensive immigration from various parts of the world to Boston. These immigrations had resulted in changes in the ways of life for the people in America. The growth of American literature can be seen to be focused on these early migrations plus the fact that Cambridge publishing and printing press got created. This paper explores the issue of how these people’s ideas contributed to the shaping of the culture of that time. Colonial Literature as demonstrated by the writers The American literature described above can be said to be written during the colonial times. The writers used clear and precise writings that had logical meaning, and their work remains valued up to the present day. These writers documented their literature in the form of books, poems, maps, stories, and letters. These forms seem to be the most popular forms of writing. The literature portrayed the ways of life of the early dwellers of America, and it talked about the challenges and happiness in equal measure. Some authors wrote about the challenges and hardships that affected people in general while others spoke of joy and happiness that people shared as they lived together as one. In these works of literature, vices and immoralities, such as slavery and racism would be condemned (Paine 25). Also, amusing stories, encouragement quotes, empowerment, religion, and meditations would be uplifted. These writings enabled people to live in harmony with each other by condemning evil and uplifting righteousness. Politics and governmental aspects Most of these writers had at one point in their lives participated in issues involving the government and politics. For example, John Smith was a soldier before he became a writer. This means that he got involved in the government and military at one point in time. Edward Taylor was a minister while Cotton reigned as the third in the fourth generation Mather dynasty (Serafin 63). Benjamin was a diplomat while John Adams became the second president of America. Thomas Jefferson got involved in the drafting of the declaration of independence. Also, Thomas Paine had an emphasis on political writings. The significance of this involvement in politics and government can be seen in the way the writers had become diverse thinkers. They understood human beings from a humane point of view, and they understood what was vital for the people of that country. Thus, the people of New England would take their writings se
Introduction ‘The silent partner: HIV in marriage’ is a documentary filmed and produced in Kenya by Population Action International (PAI). It takes twelve minutes. To educate people on the realities of married women, the film was developed early in 2008 to expose the challenges of preventing HIV among them. It includes a broader approach to fighting HIV, like breaking social norms that tell people at risk. In a region whose fight against HIV is slowed by a lack of awareness, the film shows how traditional ways of fighting the pandemic fail to serve the needs of married women. Purpose of the film This documentary aims at giving other approaches to be considered in fighting HIV (Golon (2009, para.4). It advocates for the free flow of information, general discussions, and political and monetary support in the fight. Issues of reproductive health and human rights a part form HIV emerge as strengths of a cohesive society. More robust policies, better preventive measures, and abandonment of harmful social customs can help achieve a better society. The film shows that educating men and women on the impact of reproductive health, improving counseling, and ensuring protection for all community members through a better legal structure is essential. Services for HIV need to be integrated with reproductive health services to reach more married couples. We need to develop programs that encourage people to safe sex practices. Political structures need to be rectified to accommodate these policies that support the protection of women from inheritance problems even when they are infected. Domestic violence and other vices like rape and lack of schooling among girls need to be entirely outlawed. Events in the film The film begins by showing a group of women dancing while singing a local encouragement song. Next, the narrator introduces the topic in a brief background. Then, a local church leader, Pastor Mugambi, is brought on to issue his opinion on how gender discrimination frustrates the efforts in fighting HIV. Finally, a comparison is given between Zambia and Rwanda, where most HIV infections occur among cohabiting couples. Marita Tabu Barrasso is a widowed HIV-positive woman shown doing some chores in her house. She has been previously involved in counseling others against HIV and can even display a certificate she received. The cause of the infection was not her
Company History Porsche was started in the early 1930s as a small company and gradually built the reputation of innovative designs. Its first success was in 1934, when the company has obtained an order from Adolf Hitler to work on the concept of the ‘Volkswagen,’ or people’s car. This resulted in the creation of the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the iconic cars of the century. However, the company has quickly shifted the focus towards racing cars. By the end of the 30s, the company has built three racing prototypes ( Porsche AG History , n.d.), but the progress in the field was for some time hampered by the World War II. Starting from 1946, the company has resumed development of high-performance designs. Simultaneously, Ferry Porsche, Jr., son of the firm’s founder, has conducted a market research aimed to determine whether there is a niche for expensive sports cars. This has determined the approach exercised by the company for several decades to come. By the early 50s Porsche has relocated to Stuttgart which allowed the production growth. In 1951, the production has passed the mark of 1000 units. At this point, the production still relied heavily on the manual labor, but the firm has already had the reputation for being the car of choice among the elite customers ( Porsche AG History , n.d.). By 1956, 70% of the cars were exported overseas. The growing demand has triggered the expansion of the production capabilities and the introduction of the new services, such as car delivery and service, spare parts shops, and the sales department. In 1964, Porsche 911, an entirely new design, was introduced. Both the design and the quality of parts indicated the shift towards the luxurious and expensive look and feel. Major investments into sophisticated research were also seen during this period. Finally, in 1973 the firm became a joint stock company and was renamed Porsche AG ( Porsche AG History , n.d.). The 80s marked the most prolific era for the company, with the steadily growing revenues up to 1986. However, starting from the early nineties, the market rapidly declined. Some reasons include the overall decline of the US economy and the constantly growing prices of the cars ( Porsche AG History , n.d.). To amend the situation, the company hired Wendelin Wiedeking as a new CEO, who immediately improved the cost-efficiency of the process and emphasized the affordability by introducing a comparatively inexpensive model, Boxter. This was a major turn in the company’s policies and proved to be a success. Another notable change occurred in 1998, when the firm announced a joint venture with Volkswagen and the addition of SUV to the lineup ( Porsche AG History , n.d.), which was the first move away from the sports car focus. 4Ps As can be clearly seen throughout the company’s history, the product Porsche has introduced to the market is the high-performance vehicles. While initially the focus was on the sports cars, which was reinforced by