ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During the medieval times, the monarchy was the most common form of government. Under this setting, all the political power was vested in the King or Queen. It is the King or Queen who made all critical decisions that affected the social, political and economic aspects of his/her subjected. However, the citizens who were ruled under this form of government did not have the right to select a leader of their choice as power was vested within the leading family and passed from one generation to the next. Thus, this form of government did not respect the rights of its subject. Monarch did not also embrace the concept of equality as the gap between the rich and the poor was very wide. It is as a result of these injustices amongst others that individuals started to protest against this form of rule since the Renaissance Period hence leading to the adoption and implementation of democracy in many states all around the world. Unlike under monarchism, democracy gives all eligible citizens an equal opportunity to make decisions that will affect their lives collectively as a given community or state. With democracy, citizens can participate directly or indirectly in the process of developing, creating, and amending the laws, policies, and regulations that will govern them. Consequently, eligible citizens have the right to choose their leaders. This right gives them the opportunity to exercise the practice of political self-determination. Therefore, through democracy, citizens have the opportunity to elect leaders who they believe will result in economic, social, and political growth in their respective nations. From a plain view, democracy seems to be the solution to the political problems that have been affecting many states in the world. However, there have been instances reports of protests by citizens as a result of several political reasons. First, for the democratic process to achieve the desired results, it needs to be free and fair. However, most electoral processes in the world have been characterized with irregularities such as rigging, fraud, intimidation, violence and so on. This makes the process not to be free and fair. Therefore, the leaders who hold power after such elections are usually unpopular. This usually forces citizens to protest the outcomes of such elections in a bid to embrace equality and fairness within their nations. Consequently, the election process might be successful and the leader who has public support is elected into office. However, such a government might fail to meet the demands and expectations of their electorates hence resulting in protests to put them out of office. With regards to all these facts, this paper will try to determine that citizens’ protests play a critical role in influencing election outcomes. To support this hypothesis, the paper will critically analyze political protests that have been experienced in the world and the effects that they have had on the politics of a given nation. To achieve this, this paper will focus on protests i
Welcome We are glad that you joined us. While here, there are a few issues we would like you to pay attention to during your time here. This is to ensure the safety of the patients and the staff. Outlined below are general guidelines and procedures followed by the staff. For queries or more information, please contact your supervisor or the relevant head of the department. Staff Conduct Appearance and Conduct: The management requires you to uphold the best appearance and conduct possible. The impression created by the staff on the general public and patients matters to us as a hospital. To avoid biasness and ambiguity, we have established uniform standards that apply to all staff. When handling patients or working in any other area within the hospital compound; it is recommended that hair products, perfumes, or any other scented products should be avoided and hence not work. This is for the benefit of colleagues, patients, and visitors. Any jewelry worn should be consistent with infection control and professional standards on appearance. The hair should be trimmed low if possible but whichever way, it should always be clean and neat. This also applies to beards and mustaches. The staff should adhere to other relevant safety and appearance regulations. Your uniform also dictates your appearance. It should therefore be clean and neat always regardless of the job being done. It should also be appropriate, i.e. the garments worn in the theaters are not the same as the ones worn when at the reception. The hospital has the right to determine the appropriate dress that will be worn by the staff, i.e. type, length, and style. Reporting to Work For a smooth running of the hospital functions, you must report to work on time. In case you will not make it to work on time or you will be absent due to a certain reason, it is recommended that you inform your senior. Failure to report to work without informing your senior or without a concrete reason may lead to termination of employment. As a medical institution, you may also be called upon to report to work in case of an emergency. Infection Control As a member of staff, you must help to reduce hospital-acquired infections since they aggravate complications and also lead to death. Infections are mostly spread by hands therefore they should be washed with soap or sterilized with alcohol after touching any contagious item. When sneezing or coughing, the mouth should be covered with a tissue or handkerchief. Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, and goggles) should be worn appropriately when dealing with contagious material. After using the tissues, gloves, etc., they should be disposed of properly and then hands are washed before doing anything else especially eating. It is also recommended that nurse
Introduction China’s bad growth bet is an article that was written by Nouriel Roubini on a topic that has continued to attract a lot of attention. The topic on China’s growth can be termed controversial because different people have come up with their own opinion on the country’s economic prospects, growth and direction. The author argues that the country will come into economic problems by 2013 which is a fallacy based on the realities on the ground (Roubini, 2011, p. 3). As much as there is a lot of duplication of infrastructure projects, it does not imply that the country is overbuilding as the author has asserted. The authors’ conclusions are not supported by facts to explain why the country will have economic problems. There is an argument that cargo traffic is decreasing yet this is to the contrary where traffic grew by 27% (Wong, 2010, p. 24). Discussion Like many analysts, Roubini is very skeptical about the country’s economy based on debt and overcapacity. I do not agree with this because he has failed to look at basic and important facts like income and demographics. The country’s investment in infrastructure should be praised because it has created employment and spurred up spending in the economy which is positive. The author is arguing that the country has reinvested 50% of its GDP thereby creating overcapacity and non performing loans which will lead to a bad landing (Roubini, 2011, p. 6). This is not true because such projects have enhanced and improved business efficiency in an economy that is still developing like China. As a matter of fact, Roubini argues that these investments will create inflation as time goes by. China will certainly go through economic cycles and the author should not expect things to move smoothly. There is no proven fact that the country’s inflation is as a result of overinvestment in infrastructure but rather from a declining labor force and its education system (Wong, 2010, p. 54). There are no valid arguments because the author has based his data on a trip that he made in the country when it was launching its five year plan. As much as some of the country’s policies are flawed as far as income distribution is concerned, this has not been well proven because the country has a lot of its population in the middle income group. There might be some overinvestments in areas like trains but this is expected of an economy that is planning for its popu
Wars in modern Arab history has been caused by quite a number of factors. The armed conflict being experienced in Arab world today is not a new phenomenon at all. Historical records demonstrate that widespread conflict in Arab world can be traced back from over 500 years ago. However, the Arab-Palestinian conflict is a vivid example of armed conflict that has led to massive human suffering. This essay briefly examines the history, causes, events and consequences of armed conflicts in modern Arab history. To begin with, religious civilization in Arab has its roots in the 7 th century. History expounds that Islamic religion was founded by Mohammad (Anon. 2010). The idea behind holy war (jihad) entailed armed conflict to protect Islamic religion (Fulford, 2010). On the same note, religious matters in Arab world have been a major cause of armed conflict between Islamic nations and infidels. Today, xenophobia and nationalism have apparently spread very fast due to religion (Ghazal, 2010). Additionally, Arabs have formed a very large empire in Asia, Africa and other parts of the world. In their declaration, Muslims intended to replace secular governments with their rule based on sharia (Anon. 2010). This has been the main reason why a call for unity in Islamic religion is crucial among its believers. Through religion, Arabs have declared intolerance among Christians and Jews. Instances of brutal killings meted on Christians and non-Muslims are on the raise. Moreover, inhuman acts such as terrorism and suicide bombings of non-Muslims have often been perpetrated by Muslims as they seek to protect their religious ideals and supreme God-Allah (Fulford, 2010). Due to this, modern Arab world is seriously engaging itself in armed conflict with nations that oppose such religious practices. Before the rise of Islam, nation of Israel had already been established back in 1300 BCE (Bowman & Wilson, 2010). The Israelites trace their roots from their founding father Abraham, and as such, they have sustained and maintained culture and language shaped by their religion and heritage that still stand to date having passed through many generations (Takeyh, 2010). For the last 3300 years to date, Jewish community has continued to occupy their land even after they lost dominance over it 2000 years ago (Anon. 2010). It is important to note that Israel lost control of their land after Romans conquered Jerusalem. Their land was occupied by crusaders, Arabs and Romans among others. In 1948, Jews who had been dispersed from the Diaspora trickled back into their land. After settling down, a group known as Palestinians came and occupied part of that same land (Ghazal, 2010). By fact, Palestini
he principles of taxation The process of collecting a stipulated fee from an individual is called taxation. Taxation is an enforced law of the state. The statutory powers of the government enforce total compliance. However, the government can review the procedure and method of tax collection. The characteristics of a good tax system include equity, feasibility, efficiency, and simplicity (Shafritz, Russell, and Borick 78). The guideline for tax collection forms the principles of taxation. The principles of taxation affect the equal distribution and collection of taxes. Taxation principles include equity, ability to pay, simplicity, and administrative feasibility. Equity of taxation Equity principle means the balanced distribution of tax. An individual is taxed based on the income generated. The equity principle enforces a fixed tax deduction on income and wage. Ability to pay principle This principle implies that individuals are taxed based on their ability to pay. Individuals with higher incomes will pay higher taxes. Thus, the ability to pay a fixed tax is directly proportional to the income generated. Efficiency principle The efficiency principle states that the marginal cost of taxation must be equal to the benefits. Thus, an efficient tax system will not affect the incentives of workers. Administrative feasibility The principle of administrative feasibility stipulates that a good tax system must be simple, convenient, and effective. The taxpayer should understand the reason for tax deductions. The characteristics of a good tax system include efficiency, convenience, just, compatibility, and equity. A successful tax system implies that the individual understands the reason for tax deductions. Thus, the tax pattern is convenient and payable. The above principles justify a good tax system. Federal and state government revenues and expenditures Income generated from crude oil, taxation, customs duty, and services is called revenue. Government expenditures include investment, capital spending, and public utilities. The three tiers of government include the executive, state, and local government. Each tier of government derives its revenue from taxation and investment. The sources of federal government revenue include taxation, customs duty, excise duty, agriculture, and investment (Shafritz, Russell, and Borick 98). Government expenditures reflect the revenue generated. The federal arm of the government controls the revenue allocation. The state government collects revenue from taxes, loans, and investments. However, external revenues are shared with the federal government. The major source of state government revenue is its monthly
Introduction The following is a review of the article ‘The Cold War: Did Intelligence make any Difference?’ The article was authored by Michael Herman, a former intelligence practitioner. In the article, Herman (2012) tries to establish the effects of intelligence during the Cold War. The main argument by the author is that intelligence had positive effects on avoiding threats; however, the intensity of the intelligence waged was almost warlike and worsened the Cold War. During the Cold War, both USSR and Western allies waged intelligence war with great intensity (Corke 2008). As such, there are lingering questions about the role of intelligence in the war. For example, did it solve the crisis of fuel the differences that already existed between the opposing sides? Therefore, the article aims to provide text evidence of the intelligence collection, the complexities, and their impact on the Cold War. In the context of the article, there is evidence that the intelligence had both positive and negative effects on the Cold War. The strategies employed by the adversaries to collect information made the situation hotter, but also helped to tamp down threats by either side. Summary The article provides details of the dynamics that characterized the intelligence war between the adversaries. Covert and non-covert approaches characterized intelligence collection and use. In the case of the Soviet Union, intelligence was marked by covert actions while Western intelligence used both covert and non-covert sources. It is through such complexities that the article answers the pertinent questions on the role of the intelligence on the Cold War. The key point that the author puts forward is that it acted as both a threat and reassurance. For instance, intelligence was used to “redress the balance between Soviet’s secrecy and the more open Western societies” (Herman 2012, p. 160). In 1960, America deployed imagery satellites marked a landmark achievement in technological intelligence collection; hence, addressing tension of the unknown actions of the Soviet Union. Advancements in the intelligence collection led to great realignments of national and international interests. Intelligence resulted in reassurance as it resulted in a dialogue between the adversaries, which in extent reduced tension. Also, it led to a threat that heightened the Cold War. For example, the destruction of the 14 American intelligence aircraft by Soviet defenses and the further downing of civilian passenger aircraft over Soviet Union airspace which led to the deaths of 269 civilians. Throughout the text, the author shows that intelligence was defined by a mixture of exaggeration and accuracy and there were no boundaries between the policy and intelligence. Therefore, the author intends to show the complexity related to intelligence gathering during the Cold War and the effects it had on either party. Critique The article provides key points and backs them up with examples to achieve the overall intention of the author. Nevertheless, some strengths and weaknesses surface o
Introduction Software design and development is a continuously evolving field. This is mainly because software products are dynamic and the existing products get new features. According to Allan Cooper in his book, “Inmates are running the asylum”, excluding appearances of business executives leaves them without power to control high-tech industries. In his view, business executives have put engineers and programmers in charge, which results in outcome of processes and products that are not competitive in the market. This will eventually lower the loyalty of customers towards services and products offered by a given business. In addition, he argues that there is need for revolution in the industry that will bring back its sanity. He talks of a state where use of technology is seen to work and produce results that are same as a normal person would think and work. In his view, there is need to rethink of a way of making humans and machines interact in similar platforms. This is implemented in a more novel way putting into consideration the relationship between humans and machine. Ultimately, Coopers argues that the problems in this context lie with us (Johansson 1). The main ideas that Cooper tries to pin point in this context is that design of a product is more important. In this view, he proposes the use of a goal-directed design approach. Moreover, he argues that design is what makes customers more consistent in buying out a product since it acts as the pillar to customer satisfaction. Furthermore, he again adds that in considering the design, one should focus on both visual design as well as interaction design. Another idea that he brings into context is goal directed design and personas. This is used in describing whom the product in question is intended to. The other idea of Cooper is of taking into consideration on existence of an elastic user. In this context cooper gives an explanation that there is need for incorporating help systems in precise texts that will help the user in case of any query that may arise in later stages. In my own view, the ideas that Cooper gives are very useful in context of product design. The main idea that I consider most important is design matters since it is like bait for customers who later on become loyal (Johansson 1). A Case Study An example of a case study in this scenario can be given of Sony Trans com passport system, which was designed by Sony in 1997. This is an in-flight entertainment system with capabilities of showing movies, TV shows and playing of video games. The unique feature of this system is that two different passengers can watch the same movie at different intervals and even pause withou
Introduction The recent outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) had a drastic effect on people around the globe. Although the necessary steps were taken to prevent the virus’s spread, it led to thousands of deaths. The lockdown enforced in many countries helped to curb the rise of new cases of coronavirus. However, it also had unintended consequences that affected numerous people. This paper will examine the effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on violence on the micro-and macro-levels. Specifically, domestic, racially motivated, and gun violence will be discussed. Violent Behavior on the Micro-Level The lockdown hurt violence at home. As many people were asked by the governments to stay at and work from home, domestic abuse complaints rose exponentially (Campbell, 2020). This type of violence can be defined as a range of violations within domestic space committed by a member of a family, partner, or ex-partner (Bradbury‐Jones & Isham, 2020). Women and children are more often subjected to mistreatment within a home and can experience physical, sexual, and psychological abuse (Bradbury‐Jones & Isham, 2020). However, men can also become victims of violence if their partners are physically or emotionally abusive. When examining the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence, the characteristics of this type of violation should be discussed. One of the most common tactics of abusers is to isolate their victims (Campbell, 2020). A violent spouse is likely to separate their partner and children from any support systems they may have to prevent them from seeking help. It includes isolation from friends, family, co-workers, and social institutions that can help them end the abusive relationship. The lockdown significantly contributed to the isolation of those who experience abusive behavior at home and potential victims. The pandemic imposed the lockdown on many businesses and affected organizations that deal with family and partner violence and help people suffering from abuse. Many shelters where they can move to had to shut because of the pandemic, leaving many mistreated men, women, and children without the needed support (Campbell, 2020). Thus, the vic
Lesson Focus: The primary objective of this physical activity lesson is to develop a skill for moving the student’s body in accordance with basic positions. It is essential to employ different patterns, including various sets of body position changes, in order to train the students’ flexibility. The academic objective of this lesson, as in compliance with the state standards, is to develop the student’s competency in basic body movements, and also increase their proficiency in more specific movement forms. Lesson Sub-focus: Other objectives of the lesson include the following aspects. It is of high importance to develop an understanding of personal space as well as the skill of using it with respect to the partner ( Basic Body Positions ). Concerning academic skills, it is essential to teach students to precisely obey the rules and interact meaningfully. T.E.K.S. taught: Regarding TEKS standards, it is important to mention that students should “acquire the knowledge and skills for movement that provides the foundation for enjoyment, continued social development through physical activity, and access to a physically-active lifestyle” (“ Texas Essential Knowledge” ). These are considerably important guidelines to follow since they represent very important suggestions about teaching elementary students, and also they are based on theoretical and practical premises that were approved to be efficient. Equipment: The following equipment is needed for the lesson: four cones (for boundaries), one spot marker for each student, body position and locomotor skill cards, and a player for music (“ Basic Body Positions” ). Organization: To set the stage for the lesson, it is necessary to create a large (30X30 paces) activity area and to send students to choose their spots in the area (“ Basic Body Positions” ). Description of Activity: The lesson’s organization could be distributed into three principal steps. The first step is to ask students to review their spot positioning in terms of safety (ask them to perform “helicopter” activity) (“ Basic Body Positions” ). Secondly, the main part of the lesson is to ask students to use certain locomotor skills as the music plays along, and when it stops, students get back to their spots, and then the teacher should use body position skill cards (“ Basic Body Positions” ). It is important to combine various locomotor and body position skills and activities in order to challenge students. The third part of the lesson is dedicated to the reflection on the performed activities (“ Basic Body Positions” ). The teacher could ask students about how they used different body parts in different body positions (“ Bas