ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
After World War II, the global community needed guarantees regarding the development of the political stability and peace in the world. As a result, the United States took the role of the policemen of the world in order to address threats of spreading violence and disorder over the globe. In the 2010s, the role of the United States as the world policemen can be discussed as most debatable because of controversies associated with the military intervention in Libya in 2011 and the intervention in Iraq started in 2014. The debates are provoked by the facts that the intervention in Libya was not supported by many governors and that the discussion of present intervention in Iraq is based on the results of the Iraq War in 2007-2011 (Payandeh, 2012, p. 358; Zinn & Arnove, 2011, p. 553). Although there are debates regarding the nation’s military actions, the United States’ role of the “policeman” is a significant result of the political tendencies that are followed in the twentieth century, supported with ideas of democracy and humanity, and reflected in interventions in Libya and Iraq as attempts to protect civilians against extremists’ crimes and violations of human rights. Events in Libya and Iraq as Traced Back to the Foreign Policy Following the Civil War The United States’ military interventions observed during the past five years demonstrated the necessity of developing the position of the world “policeman” for the nation because the U.S. role is to prevent the progress of extremism, totalitarianism, and terrorism in the world. The situation in Libya in 2011 made the world community fear about the possibilities of spreading the regimes similar to Muammar Gaddafi’s one over the globe. Therefore, the United States started to play the key role in the coalition including several states that intervened in Libya in 2011 in order to protect civilians and cope with the Gaddafi regime because the United States functioned as protectors of people’s liberties and rights (Payandeh, 2012, p. 358). It seemed impossible to change the regime in Libya and guarantee the political progress without the participation of external forces. Furthermore, in 2014, following the ideas of humanity and democracy, the United S
At the beginning of the Modest Proposal, Swifts satirizes on the problem of the poor and over-population in Ireland and pledges for the English people to pay attention to it (Sayre, 2012). However, further discussion focuses on the Kingdom of Ireland at the end of the discussion, particularly on the governmental policies that lead to poverty and destruction of the country. Hence, on the one hand, the author blames England for deplorable situation in the country. On the other hand, the Irish government is also to blame for inappropriate taxation policies and unequal distribution of resources among the population. Although these two solutions are opposite, they do not exclude each other; rather, a two-fold approach to solving a problem could significantly improve the situation with poor children in Ireland. Swifts makes use of satirical devices to support his thesis; he also enumerates various preparation styles and financial benefits of selling children to wealthy people. The author appeals to the authorities and discusses the pandemic of plight in Ireland. By using the methods of sustained irony, the reader could be shocked by the surprised proposal of Shift, particularly when he offers, a young health child well nursed, is at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust (Swift, 1729,
Abstract The global drug trade is worth billions of dollars. Colonialism has had a huge role to play in the growth of this trade. Consequently, this paper traces the influence of colonialism in the emergence and growth of the drug trade. Comprehensively, this paper shows that the influence of colonialism on drug trade centres on the opium wars, expansion of drug markets, and the role of colonial wars in liberalising the trade. Further evidence shows the emergence of international drug trafficking cartels from the colonial era and the growth of the drug market through drug abuse by colonial labourers. Introduction The emergence and growth of the drug trade stems from the willingness of drug addicts to pay for drugs at any cost. Indeed, Shmoop University (2010) affirms that drug addicts are very good customers because they are not motivated by reason but rather, by a need to fulfil their addictive desires. Consequently, drugs are among the most lucrative products in the global market because drug cartels and drug companies make handsome profits from the sale of legal and illegal drug types (Rexton, 2009, p. 7). Profits realised from the sale of drugs even rival some of the world’s most lucrative legal trades such as the sale of coffee, corn, or even gold. Currently, the sale of petroleum and coffee (in the same order of dominance) dominate the biggest global markets. Even though the drug business trails these products (in terms of market size), undoubtedly, dru
Briefly outline the fortunes of the English kings on French soil from William the Conqueror to 1328 with reference to the causes of the lengthy Anglo-French hostilities The first successors of Huge Caper were focused on a collection of lands and chateaux (royal domain). The succession of each generation was uncontested with eldest sons being crowed during their lifetimes. During the reign of Philip I, England was invaded and France found itself in the presence of a royal vassal who was more powerful than the French king. Louis VI was a tireless warrior of good fortune and was referred to as a man of virtue and wisdom. They led armed interventions and arbitrations in conflicts and granted charters of immunities to urban monasteries. Louis VII was pious and honest; however, he was a weak ruler. He was frequently defeated in battles but still managed to keep his possessions in a long run. He was focused on alliances with the papacy and church. Philip Augustus became the king at the age of fifteen. He was a political realist, patient and skillful in taking advantage of all opportunities. He was courageous in war and diplomatic in negotiations. The king of England, Richard, went on the Third Crusade with Philip and was betrayed by his own brother. Louis VIII was the one to declare war against England. He managed to occupy the country almost without a fight. Louis IX was courageous and dignified; he followed Christian principles and contributed to the development of his nation. Philip the Fair was very influential, however,
The sacred way of living is a common phenomenon among most of the Native American religious groups. Their practices also involved searching for holy places or seeking the sacredness of the earth. According to Hartz (2009, p.8), a good example is the Lakota Nation of the western plains whose holy men had to choose sacred countryside locations to perform a four-day Lakota ceremony known as the ‘Sun Dance’. The holy men had to perform religious rituals on the chosen land and sanctify it to assure sacredness. This is a clear indication that religious groups have a strong believe in the sacred way of living and sacredness of the earth. About Hartz’s writing (2009, p.8), Lakota religion had to alternate the sacred places every year. Native religions, therefore, had implicit relationships that outlaid them as part of a religious lifecycle for life. Religious ceremonies are a reminder of sacred origins and indicate the necessity of harmonious way of life and a balance of the universe. Ideas that promote harmony between human existence and the planet Moral parameters About Buerki and Vottero (p.46), on the identification of moral parameters, it would be important to engage in a personal debate over the extent to which decision would have on one’s reputation for instance; to what extent would evil deeds affect segments of the sacred way of life. Involving moral parameters assist in formulating the process of problem analysis and identification. Sacredness should also involve analysis of the effects involving legal constrains in any given circumstance. Relevant Sacred human values The decision one makes ought to enhance the sacred relationship with others rather than conform to a fixed code of ethics or religious culture. Administrations design some earthly internal bureaucratic rules and regulations in such a way that they enhance the internal efficienc
At one time or another, philosophical questions arouse in the mind of any individual. By the way, these questions do not change, no matter whether it is the French Revolution or the 21 st century. In his play The Persecution and Assassination on Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade, Peter Weiss also makes an attempt to answer some philosophical questions such class conflict, life and death by means of the main characters – Jean-Paul Marat and Marquis de Sade. From the two positions presented in the play, I am more inclined to support Marquis de Sade and his moderate and more humane ideas. In fact, both Jean-Paul Marat and Marquis de Sade were real historical figures. Jean-Paul Marat was one of the most famous and important people in France in times of the French Revolution. He was better known for his radical journalism, support of radical social changes and reforms, uncompromising position towards French authorities and enemies of the Revolution. In 1789, Jean-Paul Marat established own paper that was called “The Friend of the People” where he attacked and expressed suspicion to the influential French officials and those in power. Marat was assassinated in 1793 exactly for his too radical views by a young woman Charlotte Corday, whose main motivation was to save thousands of people from Marat. Marquis de Sade is another character of the play and another famous historical personality. We all know de Sade for his liberal sexual views, lifestyle, and his erotic novels. He used to support freedom, life free from restrictions imposed by morality or religion. De Sade had the same liberal political views. He opposed radical measures that were taken in the name of the French Revolution. He hated tyranny, was a strong opponent of the death penalty and mass executions, which were so popular during the
The problems and challenges facing families with children who need specialised healthcare services because of chronic medical and mental conditions need critical medical healthcare reforms to address. The strategic elements to focus on include implementing new social reforms, integrating new developments in medicine, integrating the services of new child oriented psychologists, and linking paediatrics psychology with child psychology. Socio-political reforms have been recommended to integrate prevention and intervention strategies into the healthcare system and promote the healthcare service delivery to the children with disabilities. The services are directed at providing support for children with mental health disorders aged between 9 and 17 years who suffer traumatic brain injury (TBI) to prevent the risks of using school based prevention programs. The right model involves teachers, parents, and healthcare specialists as has been recommended by the U.S department of Health and Human services. The recommendations include the de-stigmatization of children suffering from mental health problems, delivering the best quality treatments, facilitating entry into treatment, and tailoring treatment based on the age, gender, race, and culture of the child based on information retrieved from a scientific database. Here, the education sector operates by removing the barriers that hinder the process of providing support for children with disabilities or severe impairments and other special needs. Here, the rapid advances in medicine, psychology, and education are linked to the processes of promoting the health of children with special needs to facilitate good health behavior. The rationale is that rapid advances in psychopharmacology are important in enabling those responsible for educating and caring for the children with special needs to formulate appropriate interventional strategies to carter for their needs. In addition, it assists the care takers to conduct appropriate research to discover the problems that hinder the children with disabilities to perform normal day to day activities and formulate appropriate solutions. Here, the rapid changes and adoption of positive psychology underlie the creative and positive responses in implementing the required reforms in the provision of healthcare services. New contributions using specialised intervention and prevention strategies from the school of psychology are important elements to consider in implementing the necessary reforms required for caring for the children with special needs. Here, psychologists can collaborate with different professionals to formulate new and better by working with interdisciplinary teams to develop better interventional and prevention programs to address the healthcare needs of the children. Paediatric psychologists work by using advanced medical psychological interventions programs through interdisciplinary collab
Introduction According to the legislation of the United States, official authorities are obliged to disclose information (partially or fully), which is under control of the US government, if it is requested by the public. Initially this act of legislation was adopted by President Lyndon Johnson, but it underwent certain changes with time passing (actually, it was amended several times: in 1996, 2002, and 2007). History As it has already been mentioned every citizen of the country (or a public body) is entitled to gain free access to the information. However, there are always some restrictions. For example, the government does not have right to disclose information, if such disclosure can have detrimental effects on the national interests. In addition to that, the data cannot be revealed if it contradicts the rules, established in the particular agency. That is the point that I would like discuss and analyze. The main problem is that such non-committal formulation practically gives officials a very plausible excuse for concealing some data or facts. It is worth mentioning that the official (or officials) must give specific reasons for not disclosing information. However, in the overwhelming majority of cases, such reasons can be very obscure. The act also states that, a person, who has filed the request, is entitled to appeal against this decision. Probably, it would be better to show how this procedure works. For example, I am looking for information, which is considered publicly available. It has no connection to my studies; it is not the part of course requirements. I would like to find more details regarding the assassination Martin Luther King. As it is widely known, he was murdered in Memphis 1968. His alleged murderer was James Earl Ray. It is worth mentioning that members of King Family believe that this person was just a scapegoat, who was simply framed. In addition to that, they state that the investigation itself was not thorough enough. Certainly, they do not explicitly state that it was a government conspiracy, but the message is that people involved might have connection to the official authorities. Therefore, I can analyze the consequences of FOIA by making some inquiries about this highly controversial case. The persona of James Early Ray still needs thorough analysis. It is necessary to take into consideration that he was arrested only after two months from King’s assassination, (which is a considerable amount of time, especially considering the sensitivity and urgency of the case). Moreover, his reputation of an old offender could be very suitable for the police to make him prime suspect. James Ray was actually on the run, when the assassination took place (it seems highly improbable that a runaway convict could venture to kill such a prominent figure as Martin Luther King, knowing that he was already wanted by the police). Additionally Ray attempted to escape from the country, which was a very foolish thing to do if he had been the murderer. It wou
Company Background Being a multinational conglomerate, GE has obtained impressive influence and secured its position at the top of the US economy quite firmly. GE was founded in 1892 and has expanded into a range of markets since, producing energy as its main commodity and having forayed into computing and other areas (GE, 2016). Despite keeping its traditional focus on energy and related products, GE has recently entered the healthcare industry, forming GE Healthcare in 1994 (GE, 2016). However, the company’s foray into the healthcare industry was started much earlier, when GE introduced its MRI scanner into the global market (GE, 2016). The organization has been manufacturing equipment for medical purposes ever since along with the equipment for other industries. Although GE’s market success has been fluctuating lately, the success of GE Healthcare as one of GE’s affiliates has been steadily positive (GE, 2016). Due to the focus on diversification of its products and the use of a well-developed, vertically and horizontally integrated supply chain, the organization is likely to succeed in the global market. Level of Diversification The extent to which GE diversifies its healthcare products is quite sufficient for it to enjoy multiple opportunities in the healthcare market. Ge currently strives to pursue innovation in every domain possible, which reflects GE’s approach toward healthcare product diversification (Balakrishnan & Moonesar, 2015). GE has been making effective use of its multifaceted approach toward diversification for several years, which is an obvious strength since it allows integrating innovative solutions into end products. However, the weakness of emphasizing the idea of diversification at GE overly zealously may cause the organization to lose its focus and suffer losses as a result (Balakrishnan & Moonesar, 2015). The promotion of intensive growth, which is presently observed at GE, indicates that the organization needs to gain a strategic advantage over its competitors and help GE to build an innovation-based corporate strategy; otherwise, GE will fail to stay in its target market. As a result, GE will have an opportunity to apply a focused approach toward developing its operational systems and management frameworks (Balakrishnan & Moonesar, 2015). Consequently, the firm will gain enough momentum to reach out to new customers and acquire even greater influence as a producer of healthcare equipment. International Operations While GE has been using its full potential in order to achieve success in the healthcare market, other organizations have been posing a threat to GE’s popularity. Due to the vast experience and brand name recognition of its rivals, GE needs to focus on the enhancement of its international opera
Response to Discussion One The selected article is meaningful and informative since it gives a detailed analysis of the issues affecting the image of security organizations. Although the mission statements of the Corona and Riverside police departments focus on safety, community partnership, public security, and excellent service, the author explains why there is a need for all officers to be committed to accountability. This kind of approach will ensure that all institutions promote evidence-based actions for controlling crime and compelling all followers to perform their duties diligently. They should also behave in a proper manner whenever pursuing their goals. The paper examines the proposed law aimed at opening all forms of police misconduct documents to members of the public. The mixed reactions arising from this policy reveal that the level of accountability among officers remains questionable. The proposal to implement superior policies that have the potential to benefit the liberty and safety of community members can be a powerful step towards demonstrating the level of police accountability. Any kind of objection to such laws means that different members of the public will assume that police officers behave inappropriately. This issue should, therefore, encourage leaders of police departments to develop explicit mission and vision statements that address the critical question of accountability. This achievement will ensure that communities will have trust with officers and support them to achieve their objectives. The article indicates that a defined approach to accountability will foster a strong belief in the effectiveness and legitimacy of all police departments in this country
Introduction It has become a cliché that the world we inhabit is a consumer centered world, otherwise known as a consumer society. The modern world has been taken over by a consumer culture that stemmed from the consumer revolution. The desire to have luxurious goods and services has come to be common in the modern society (Stearns, 2010). Consumerism in the 18 th Century The features of consumerism that had prevailed in the pre modern society had a global inclination. Pre-modern consumerism had developed extensively in Asian nations like China and in the Middle East compared to Western Europe. Consumption relied heavily on international trade for instance Chinese silk. Consumerism in the western countries depended heavily on the global consumerism patterns then. It was stimulated by access to new goods from other countries sugar, silk and cotton from India. Also, the huge profits and goods they got from global trade and trade in slaves that benefited western European states and the northern America (Stearns, 2010). As the contacts of western European’s contacts replicated through colonial acquisitions, businessmen and diplomats from the West modeled consumer centered aspects. They wanted to replicate consumer behavior back at their home. Tourism has also contributed to the spread of the European consumerism. Western people persuaded other people to open up to the new forms of consumerism with promises of big markets for western made products in exchange with allowing colonialism. Communities which already had some elements of consumerism merged these elements with those of the people from the west. Finally consumerism became a norm and came to shape societal elements –the socio-economic changes (Stearns, 2007). Consumerism then did not spread in an even manner. Some form of resistance developed then due conservatism of old communities. Expansion of globalism at the global level had common elements the spreading of goods and methods of marketing used in Western Europe. Economic factors affected consumerism. Some communities had poor economies as compared to others. The spread of consumerism contained aspects of western civilization. Western consumerism patterns are considered to be the most successful (Stearns, 2007). Hilton (2003) observes that when the twentieth century is talked about, consumption, prices and a material culture are terms that cannot be evaded. These form a background of how the 20 th century was understood. During this century, notions of producing goods, labor and wage among other forms of ideologies combined to bring about a Productivity Mentality. This mentality was a big contributor of the growth in consumerism. The sudden rise in production as a result of the early revolution in industry which was accompanied by massive production of goods and services encouraged consumption. The market rules and forces of supply and demand necessitated a rising in demand. Revolution in industry led to revolution in production. Later, the rise in production led to the rise in the problem of consumption. Need for consumers became the biggest problem. Consumption was raised to a high level such that it became impossible to