ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A large swath of strongly correlated electron systems can be associated with the phenomena of preserved entropy and fragile magnetism. In this overview we present our thoughts and plans for the discovery and development of lanthanide and transition metal based, strongly correlated systems that are revealed by suppressed, fragile magnetism or grow out of preserved entropy. We will present and discuss current examples such as YbBiPt, YbAgGe, YbFe2Zn20, PrAg2In, BaFe2As2, CaFe2As2, LaCrSb3 and LaCrGe3 as part of our motivation and to provide illustrative examples.
We prescribe a method to study the effects of self-gravity of accretion disk around a black hole associated with long Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) in an evolving background Kerr metric. This is an extension to our previous work where we presented possible constraints for the final masses and spins of these astrophysical black holes. Incorporating the self-force of the accreting cloud around the black hole is a very important aspect due to the transient nature of the event, in which a huge amount of mass is accreted and changes the fundamental black hole parameters i.e. its mass and spin, during the process. Understanding of the GRBs engine is important because they are possible sources of high-energy particles and gravitational waves as most of the energy released from the dynamical evolution is in the form of gravitational radiation. Here, we describe the analytical framework we developed to employ in our numerical model. The numerical studies are planned for the future work.
The equilibrium sizes of micro- and nano-domains caused by electric field of atomic force microscope tip in ferroelectric semiconductor crystals have been calculated. The domain was considered as a prolate semi-ellipsoid with rather thin domain walls. For the first time we modified the Landauer model allowing for semiconductor properties of the sample and the surface energy of the domain butt. The free carriers inside the crystal lead to the formation of the screening layer around the domain, which partially shields its interior from the depolarization field. We expressed the radius and length of the domain though the crystal material parameters (screening radius, spontaneous polarization value, dielectric permittivity tensor) and atomic force microscope tip characteristics (charge, radius of curvature). The obtained dependence of domain radius via applied voltage is in a good quantitative agreement with the ones of submicron ferroelectric domains recorded by high-voltage atomic force and scanning probe microscopy in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals.
We investigate the electronic and magnetic structures and the character and direction of spin and orbital moments of the recently synthesized quadruple perovskite cobaltovanadate CaCo3V4O12 using a selection of methods from density functional theory. Implementing the generalized gradient approximation and the Hubbard U correction (GGA+U), ferromagnetic spin alignment leads to half-metallicity rather than the observed narrow gap insulating behavior. Including spin-orbit coupling (SOC) leaves a half-semimetallic spectrum which is essentially Mott insulating. SOC is crucial for the Mott insulating character of the V d^1 ion, breaking the d_{m=\pm 1} degeneracy and also giving a substantial orbital moment. Evidence is obtained of the large orbital moments on Co that have been inferred from the measured susceptibility. Switching to the orbital polarization (OP) functional, GGA+OP+SOC also displays clear tendencies toward very large orbital moments but in its own distinctive manner. In both approaches, application of SOC, which requires specification of the direction of the spin, introduces large differences in the orbital moments of the three Co ions in the primitive cell. We study a fictitious but simpler cousin compound Ca3CoV4O12 (Ca replacing two of the Co atoms) to probe in more transparent fashion the interplay of spin and orbital degrees of freedom with the local environment of the planar CoO4 units. The observation that the underlying mechanisms seems to be local to a CoO4 plaquette, and that there is very strong coupling of the size of the orbital moment to the spin direction, strongly suggest non-collinear spins, not only on Co but on the V sublattice as well.
Current-driven switching of nonvolatile spintronic materials and devices based on spin-orbit torques offer fast data processing speed, low power consumption, and unlimited endurance for future information processing applications. Analogous to conventional CMOS technology, it is important to develop a pair of complementary spin-orbit devices with differentiated magnetization switching senses as elementary building blocks for realizing sophisticated logic functionalities. Various attempts using external magnetic field or complicated stack/circuit designs have been proposed, however, plainer and more feasible approaches are still strongly desired. Here we show that a pair of two locally laser annealed perpendicular Pt/Co/Pt devices with opposite laser track configurations and thereby inverse field-free lateral spin-orbit torques (LSOTs) induced switching senses can be adopted as such complementary spin-orbit building blocks. By electrically programming the initial magnetization states (spin down/up) of each sample, four Boolean logic gates of AND, OR, NAND and NOR, as well as a spin-orbit half adder containing an XOR gate, were obtained. Moreover, various initialization-free, working current intensity-programmable stateful logic operations, including the material implication (IMP) gate, were also demonstrated by regarding the magnetization state as a logic input. Our complementary LSOT building blocks provide an applicable way towards future efficient spin logics and in-memory computing architectures.
Using the deepest and the most complete set of observations of distant galaxies, we investigate how extended disks could have formed. Observations include spatially-resolved kinematics, detailed morphologies and photometry from UV to mid-IR. Six billion years ago, half of the present-day spiral progenitors had anomalous kinematics and morphologies, as well as relatively high gas fractions. We argue that gas-rich major mergers, i.e., fusions between gas-rich disk galaxies of similar mass, can be the likeliest driver for such strong peculiarities. This suggests a new channel of disk formation, e.g. many disks could be reformed after gas-rich mergers. This is found to be in perfect agreement with predictions from the state-of-the-art LCDM semi-empirical models: due to our sensitivity in detecting mergers at all phases, from pairs to relaxed post-mergers, we find a more accurate merger rate. The scenario can be finally confronted to properties of nearby galaxies, including M31 and galaxies showing ultra-faint, gigantic structures in their haloes.
The energy and particle fluxes emitted by an accelerated two level atom are analysed in detail. It is shown both perturbatively and non perturbatively that the total number of emitted photons is equal to the number of transitions characterizing thermal equilibrium thereby confirming that each internal transition is accompanied by the emission of a Minkowski quantum. The mean fluxes are then decomposed according to the final state of the atom and the notion of conditional flux is introduced. This notion is generalized so as to study the energy content of the vacuum fluctuations that induce the transitions of the accelerated atom. The physical relevance of these conditional fluxes is displayed and contact is made with the formalism of Aharonov et al. The same decomposition is then applied to isolate, in the context of black hole radiation, the energy content of the particular vacuum fluctuations which are converted into on mass shell quanta. It is shown that initially these fluctuations are located around the light like geodesic that shall generate the horizon and have exponentially large energy densities. Upon exiting from the star they break up into two pieces. The external one is red shifted and becomes an on mass shell quantum, the other, its ''partner", ends up in the singularity. We avail ourselves of this analysis to study back reaction effects to the production of a single quantum.
Solid atomic hydrogen is one of the simplest systems to undergo a metal-insulator transition. Near the transition, the electronic degrees of freedom become strongly correlated and their description provides a difficult challenge for theoretical methods. As a result, the order and density of the phase transition are still subject to debate. In this work we use diffusion quantum Monte Carlo to benchmark the transition between paramagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic body centered cubic atomic hydrogen in its ground state. We locate the density of the transition by computing the equation of state for these two phases and identify the phase transition order by computing the band gap near the phase transition. These benchmark results show that the phase transition is continuous and occurs at a Wigner-Seitz radius of $r_s=2.27(3) a_0$. We compare our results to previously reported density functional theory, Hedin's GW approximation, and dynamical mean field theory results.
In the paper is presented a four-body potential model for $q^2\bar{q}^2$ systems which includes both the spin and flavour degrees of freedom, extending the formalism presented already in the spin independent situation. This allows an application to a realistic situation, which is chosen to be $K\bar{K}$ scattering. It is seen that because of the gluonic effects in this multi-quark system, the $K\bar{K}$ attraction resulting from the quark-exchange mechanism gets appreciably decreased compared to that emerging through the naive two-body potential approach.
Associated production of prompt $\Upsilon(1S)$ and $D^{+,0}$ mesons has been proposed as a golden channel for the search of Double Parton Scattering, because Single Parton Scattering contribution to the cross-section is believed to be negligible on a basis of leading order calculations in the Collinear Parton Model. We study this process in the leading order approximation of the Parton Reggeization Approach. Hadronization of $b\bar{b}$-pair into bottomonium states is described within framework of the NRQCD-factorization approach while production of $D$ mesons is described in the fragmentation model with scale-dependent fragmentation functions. We have found good agreement with LHCb data for various normalized differential distributions, except for the case of spectra on azimuthal angle differences at the small $\Delta\varphi$ values. Crucially, the total cross-section in our Single Parton Scattering model accounts for more than one half of observed cross-section, thus dramatically shrinking the room for Double Parton Scattering mechanism.
We present the final statistical sample of lensed quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Quasar Lens Search (SQLS). The well-defined statistical lens sample consists of 26 lensed quasars brighter than i=19.1 and in the redshift range of 0.6<z<2.2 selected from 50,836 spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the SDSS Data Release 7 (DR7), where we restrict the image separation range to 1"<\theta<20" and the i-band magnitude differences in two image lenses to be smaller than 1.25 mag. The SDSS DR7 quasar catalog also contains 36 additional lenses identified with various techniques. In addition to these lensed quasars, we have identified 81 pairs of quasars from follow-up spectroscopy, 26 of which are physically associated binary quasars. The statistical lens sample covers a wide range of image separations, redshifts, and magnitudes, and therefore is suitable for systematic studies of cosmological parameters and surveys of the structure and evolution of galaxies and quasars.
Given an invertible sheaf, does it come from a Cartier divisor? This might fail in presence of embedded components. I give some examples and characterize those invertible sheaves that allow a Cartier divisor.
We study the effect of radiation pressure on the dust in the inner rim of transitional disks with large inner holes. In particular, we evaluate whether radiation pressure can be responsible for keeping the inner holes dust-free, while allowing gas accretion to proceed. This has been proposed in a paper by Chiang and Murray-Clay (2007, Nature Physics 3, p. 604) who explain the formation of these holes as an inside-out evacuation due to X- ray-triggered accretion of the innermost layer of the disk rim outside of the hole. We show that radiation pressure is clearly incapable of stopping dust from flowing into the hole because of dust pile-up and optical depth effects, and also because of viscous mixing. Other mechanisms need to be found to explain the persistence of the opacity hole in the presence of accretion, and we speculate on possible solutions.
We consider electromagnetic interaction and precursor emission of merging neutron stars. Orbital motion of the magnetized neutron stars may revive pair production within the common magnetosphere years before the merger, igniting pulsar-like magnetospheric dynamics. We identify two basic scenarios: (i) only one star is magnetized (1M-DNS scenario) and (ii) both stars are magnetized (2M-DNS scenario). Inductively created electric fields can have component along the total magnetic field (gaps) and/or the electric field may exceed the value of the local magnetic field. The key to the detection is orbital modulation of the emission. If only one star is magnetized (1M-DNS scenario) the emission is likely to be produced along the direction of the magnetic field at the location of the secondary; then, if the magnetic axis is misaligned with the orbital spin, this direction is modulated on the orbital period. For the 2M-DNS scenario, the structure of the common magnetosphere of the non-rotating neutron stars is complicated, with gaps, but no $E>B$ regions; there is strong orbital variations for the case of misaligned magnetic moments. For the same parameters of neutron stars the 2M-DNS scenario has intrinsically higher potential than the 1M-DNS one. The overall powers are not very high, $\leq 10^{45} $ erg s$^{-1}$; the best chance to detect electromagnetic precursors to the merging neutron stars is if the interaction of their magnetospheres leads to the production of pulsar-like coherent radio emission modulated at the orbital period, with luminosity of up to $\sim 1$ Jankys at the time the merger.
A realistic one-dimensional system has not only longitudinal phonons, but also possible transverse modes, which derive their restoring force from longitudinal interaction. We show that transverse motion results in a quartic displacement term in transverse direction as the first non-vanishing term in the potential energy. This results in solution of a composite longitudinal motion superimposed by a transverse motion propagating along the length direction identified as a plane polarized phonons. Interestingly, solutions of the quartic nonlinear equation have been expressed accurately, though approximately in terms of sinusoidal solutions by modifying the periodicity of sin function. The phonons along the transverse direction, now with a weakened frequency compared to the longitudinal has interesting impact- it gives rise to negative Gruneisen parameter with a value of -1 and is responsible for negative thermal expansion in the low temperature regime. Similar results of graphene sheet based on consideration of transverse (surface ripple like) modes to the planar direction, provides explanation to the observed negative thermal expansion in low temperature regime. The concept of plane polarized phonons seems new and interesting. All dynamics of atomic motion, despite involving quartc nonlinear equation is expressible in terms of simple harmonic motion. The most important feature of the transverse modes of an open surface or chain is their dependence on lateral or longitudinal modes, and as soon as more chains or more surfaces are added, bulk interactions are initiated and longitudinal dependence of transverse motion is lost and so also very distinguishing thermodynamic properties.
We present a quantum digital signature scheme whose security is based on fundamental principles of quantum physics. It allows a sender (Alice) to sign a message in such a way that the signature can be validated by a number of different people, and all will agree either that the message came from Alice or that it has been tampered with. To accomplish this task, each recipient of the message must have a copy of Alice's "public key," which is a set of quantum states whose exact identity is known only to Alice. Quantum public keys are more difficult to deal with than classical public keys: for instance, only a limited number of copies can be in circulation, or the scheme becomes insecure. However, in exchange for this price, we achieve unconditionally secure digital signatures. Sending an m-bit message uses up O(m) quantum bits for each recipient of the public key. We briefly discuss how to securely distribute quantum public keys, and show the signature scheme is absolutely secure using one method of key distribution. The protocol provides a model for importing the ideas of classical public key cryptography into the quantum world.
We study compactification of five dimensional ungauged N=2 supergravity coupled to vector- and hypermultiplets on orbifold $S^1/Z_2$. In the model the vector multiplets scalar manifold is arbitrary while the hypermultiplet scalars span a generalized self dual Einstein manifold constructed by Calderbank and Pedersen. The bosonic and the fermionic sector of the low energy effective N=1 supergravity in four dimensions are derived.
We present new calculations of the CAT3D clumpy torus models, which now include a more physical dust sublimation model as well as AGN anisotropic emission. These new models allow graphite grains to persist at temperatures higher than the silicate dust sublimation temperature. This produces stronger near-infrared emission and bluer mid-infrared (MIR) spectral slopes. We make a statistical comparison of the CAT3D model MIR predictions with a compilation of sub-arcsecond resolution ground-based MIR spectroscopy of 52 nearby Seyfert galaxies (median distance of 36 Mpc) and 10 quasars. We focus on the AGN MIR spectral index $\alpha_{MIR}$ and the strength of the 9.7 $\mu$m silicate feature $S_{Sil}$. As with other clumpy torus models, the new CAT3D models do not reproduce the Seyfert galaxies with deep silicate absorption ($S_{Sil}<-1$). Excluding those, we conclude that the new CAT3D models are in better agreement with the observed $\alpha_{MIR}$ and $S_{Sil}$ of Seyfert galaxies and quasars. We find that Seyfert 2 are reproduced with models with low photon escape probabilities, while the quasars and the Seyfert 1-1.5 require generally models with higher photon escape probabilities. Quasars and Seyfert 1-1.5 tend to show steeper radial cloud distributions and fewer clouds along an equatorial line-of-sight than Seyfert 2. Introducing AGN anisotropic emission besides the more physical dust sublimation models alleviates the problem of requiring inverted radial cloud distributions (i.e., more clouds towards the outer parts of the torus) to explain the MIR spectral indices of type 2 Seyferts.
In this paper, we investigate the noval possibilities of hybrid textures comprising a vanishing minor (or element) and two equal elements (or cofactors) in light neutrino mass matrix $M_{\nu}$. Such type of texture structures lead to sixty phenomenological cases each, out of which only fifty six are viable with texture containing a vanishing minor and an equality between the elements in $M_{\nu}$, while fifty are found to be viable with texture containing a vanishing element and an equality of cofactors in $M_{\nu}$ under the current experimental test at 3$\sigma$ confidence level. Detailed numerical analysis of all the possible cases have been presented.
There is a strikingly simple classical formula for the number of lattice paths avoiding the line x = ky when k is a positive integer. We show that the natural generalization of this simple formula continues to hold when the line x = ky is replaced by certain periodic staircase boundaries--but only under special conditions. The simple formula fails in general, and it remains an open question to what extent our results can be further generalized.
The radiative process responsible for gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission has not been identified yet. If dominated by fast-cooling synchrotron radiation, the part of the spectrum immediately below the $\nu F_\nu$ peak energy should display a power-law behavior with slope $\alpha_2=-3/2$, which breaks to a higher value $\alpha_1=-2/3$ (i.e. to a harder spectral shape) at lower energies. Prompt emission spectral data (usually available down to $\sim10-20\,$keV) are consistent with one single power-law behavior below the peak, with typical slope $\langle\alpha\rangle=-1$, higher than (and then inconsistent with) the expected value $\alpha_2=-3/2$. To better characterize the spectral shape at low energy, we analyzed 14 GRBs for which the Swift X-ray Telescope started observations during the prompt. When available, Fermi-GBM observations have been included in the analysis. For 67% of the spectra, models that usually give a satisfactory description of the prompt (e.g., the Band model) fail in reproducing the $0.5-1000\,$keV spectra: low-energy data outline the presence of a spectral break around a few keV.We then introduce an empirical fitting function that includes a low-energy power law $\alpha_1$, a break energy $E_{\rm break}$, a second power law $\alpha_2$, and a peak energy $E_{\rm peak}$. We find $\langle\alpha_1\rangle=-0.66$ ($ \rm \sigma=0.35$), $\langle \log (E_{\rm break}/\rm keV)\rangle=0.63$ ($ \rm \sigma=0.20$), $\langle\alpha_2\rangle=-1.46$ ($\rm \sigma=0.31$), and $\langle \log (E_{\rm peak}/\rm keV)\rangle=2.1$ ($ \rm \sigma=0.56$).The values $\langle\alpha_1\rangle$ and $\langle\alpha_2\rangle$ are very close to expectations from synchrotron radiation. In this context, $E_{\rm break}$ corresponds to the cooling break frequency.
In this paper I shall show how the notions of Finsler geometry can be used to construct a similar geometry using a scalar field, f, on the cotangent bundle of a differentiable manifold M. This will enable me to use the second vertical derivatives of f, along with the differential of a scalar field phi on M, to construct a Lorentzian metric on M that depends upon phi. I refer to a field theory based upon a manifold with such a Lorentzian structure as a scalar-scalar field theory. We shall study such a field theory when f is chosen so that the resultant metric on M has the form of a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric, and the Lagrangian has a particularly simple form. It will be shown that the scalar-scalar theory determined by this Lagrangian can generate self-inflating universes, which can be pieced together to form multiverses with non-Hausdorff topologies, in which the global time function multifurcates at t=0. Some of the universes in these multiverses begin explosively, and then settle down to a period of much quieter accelerated expansion, which can be followed by a collapse to its original pre-expansion state. I conclude the paper with a discussion of how probabilities can be assigned to the various universes of a multiverse. This is accomplished by using the action of the universes, with universes having action closer to zero being more likely than universes with large positive values for their action. In order to assure that universe models similar to our own universe are likely to exist I found it necessary to introduce a second scalar field on M, and to modify the original Lagrangian. In the end my theory has three scalar fields, two on the manifold M and one on the cotangent bundle of M.