ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Janet is a 31-year-old lady, who led a good life, especially when Jim, her father, was still alive. The death of her father, which happened when she was only 14 years old, opened a new chapter in her life. She had to look for a job to help her mother and when she finally got one, she was employed at a local library. Her ambition of attaining a Bachelor’s of Arts in Drama ended prematurely when she dropped out in her third semester and had no option other than to enroll in a secretarial college. Her real troubles began when she married Sam, a prosperous entrepreneur, who was 9 years her senior and widely viewed as a perfect match by her mother, Shirley. She was divorced two years later despite trying her best to be the perfect spouse and homemaker a man could have. After her divorce, she entered into several relationships that did nothing to change her psychological situation; instead, they left her more frustrated, with most of them lasting for only 8 months. Finally, she met Larry and felt that he was the only person she could open up to, but did not know how to do that. Janet seems to be holding back her fears, ambitions, frustrations, and anger instead of freely expressing them. The cases in which such situations have occurred in her life are many and a good example is the many incidences she was unable to tell her mother that attending the cinemas with her on Sundays was a nuisance to her. Janet’s mother invited her uncle and aunt to stay with her, which was extremely inconvenient. Instead of expressing her true opinion on the matter, she said she would be looking forward to meeting them. She was unable to tell her friends that she really never enjoyed going out with them and was also having trouble with her current attorney since she did not have the courage of facing him directly. Her troubles are compounded by the fact that she never wants to let people down by rejecting their proposals no matter how they negatively affect her. Simply put, she is unable to express herself, and instead, she gives in so easily even when she feels she should say no. From a person-centered theoretical perspective, Janet requires the services of a psychotherapist to help her solve her problem; according to the prelude analysis, she suffers from a dependent personality disorder. This is a condition that makes an individual have the fear of expressing oneself; such people would rather keep their worries, aspirations, needs, and satisfaction to themselves, rather than letting others know. Case conceptualization is the process of shortening varied case information into a concise report that explains the patient’s fundamental model of conduct (Sperry, 2005, p. 354). There are three types of case conceptualizations that include: sign-centered, hypothesis-centered, and client-centered approaches (McWilliams, 1999, p. 47). Client-centered conceptualization is the most excellent to deal with Janet’s psychological problem. To conceptualize Janet’s predicaments, one must consider the following four factors that affect her condition: precipitants, presentations, predispositions, and perpetuates (Sperry, 2005, p. 359). A precipitant is a cause or a stress
Introduction Perception is one of the aspects of cognitive psychology. The vision encompasses the eye gathering raw sensations which fall onto the retina and the eventual perception of the sensation in terms of shape, color, motion as well as different dimensions of objects. It is described that vision begins with the whole body during movement, of the eyes, the head, or the entire body, as the body seeks to acquire information at depth (Stafford & Webb, 2005). In some cases, decisions on eye or body movement precede conscious recognition, and this vision can be said to be interactive, and it is composed of feedback loops both in the early and late visual perception. It is recognized that there is no orderly path of processing a raw visual signal, and often the brain processes and uses information as soon as it reaches it without waiting for all the information to be available. This forms part of the early processing of visual information, and when the perception is processed to the point of consciousness, it becomes possible to conceptualize the whole object instead of just seeing the aspects of vision (e.g., color, shapes) that are available to the eye. At conscious perception, it results that some objects are more conspicuous than others (Stafford & Webb, 2005). This paper examines how the eye senses a signal from the outside world and sends these to the brain’s visual cortex and the resultant processing of visual signals into meaningful information. The retina The retina is located at the back of the eye and acts as a sensory surface as it bears the photoreceptors, which not only detect light from outside but also convert the light into electrical signals. The eye is protected by the white, which itself is the continuation of the dura mater, which covers the central nervous system. The retina is, in fact, taken to be “a piece of the brain that has grown into the eye” (PhysOrg.com, 2006, para 2). Upon detecting light, the retina goes ahead to process neural signals where the electrical signals are carried by the ganglion cells into other parts of the brain. Early visual processing is performed within the retina by other nerve cells, while the optic nerve, which is composed of the axons of the ganglions among other support cells, conduct aggregated signals into the brain for further processing (PhysOrg.com, 2006). The photoreceptors are distributed considerably in the retina, with the fovea (which is the center of the eye) having no signal aggregation onto a single cell. At the fovea, there is a high resolution, and the uncompressed signal is taken to the optic nerve together with other signals from other photoreceptor cells. The optic nerve which conducts information to the brain from the eye is of a size that makes it make a hole in the field of vision as it quits the eyeball, and this hole is called the blind spot. The human retina transmits the visual data to the brain at a very high speed, which is estimated to be 10 million bits per second (PhysOrg.com, 2006). Hemispheres as mirror images of
The level of ethnic discrimination influences the average socioeconomic status and upward mobility of the second generation immigrant minorities. This is the most notable distinguishing factor followed by the different rates of cultural assimilation between the immigrant minorities and the non-immigrant majorities. Ethnic/racial discrimination This issue determines the level of socioeconomic growth and the rate of upward mobility due to the existence of racial and ethnic inequalities that deny them chances they otherwise would have. The Asian Americans are less discriminated by the vast non-immigrant population in America, especially when it comes to structural discrimination, as compared to the Latino Americans who are structurally more discriminated by the different generations of non-immigrant minorities. Thus they are less favored then Asian Americans are. Social economic status of the immigrant parents influences the level of bias. It means if a person from a minority group happens to have well-to-do, prosperous parents, a child tends to be less discriminated as compared to the fellow immigrants whose parents have a low socioeconomic status. Hence this affects their relations to other people as well as their socioeconomic status since those who are less discriminated have more chances to succeed socially and economically than their discriminated counterparts do. The racial appearance of a person from the minority group includes one’s skin colo
Introduction The short story “The Metamorphosis” is written by Franz Kafka. It revolves around transformation and its significance in human life. The story begins with a salesman, Gregor Samsa. He wakes up to find that he has changed into a monstrous and insect-like creature (Kafka The Metamorphosis 5). He tries to adjust to his new condition and he become a burden to his family. After the metamorphosis, Gregor is unable to work. As a result, his family has to start working again. His younger sister, Grete, becomes his caretaker. The relationships in the family are strained as a result. The father has to resume job to cater for his wife and children. His mother is shocked by the transformation (Kafka The Metamorphosis and Other Stories 45) In this paper, the author will use Saint Leo’s core values of integrity and community to analyze the decisions made by Samsa family when Gregor changes into bug.The decisions of all the family members will be taken into consideration. The Reaction of Gregor’s Family from the Perspective of Saint Leo’s Core Values Saint Leo University is a Catholic based institution that focuses on liberal arts. It serves individuals of all faiths. It promotes life and leadership models that can be used to succeed in a challenging world. It recognizes dignity, value, and gifts of all people. One of the core values of Saint Leo University includes focus on excellence. It values and respects the dignity of members. It fosters a spirit of belonging, unity and interdependence among the members. The values of Saint Leo University are evident in the decisions taken by Gregor’s family after his metamorphosis. His change is captured vividly by Kafka, who states that “One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous verminous bug” ( The Metamorphosis 1). His transformation makes him feel alienated from humanity. According to Kafka, “As (Gregor) heard his mother’s words, (he) realized that the lack of all immediate human contact…” ( The Metamorphosis 54). Previously, he used to work hard to pay off his father’s debts (Kafka Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories 5 ) . It takes him time to realize he can no longer play his role in the family (Kafka The Metamorphosis and Other Stories 47). His family turns against him as a result of the change. They go against Saint Leo’s core value of embracing all individuals by alienating the young man. They thought the change would bring shame to the family. Grete is the only person who shows pity for Gregor. They had great affection for each other before the transformation. She becomes her caretaker, showing the Saint Leo’s values in her (Kafka The Metamorphosis 6 ). She is the link between her brother and the other members of the family. She undergoes her own metamorphosis from a girl into a woman. However, her affection dims with time. She starts valuing her job more than his brother (Kafka The Metamorphosis 46 ). More about The Metamorphosis What are the examples of existentialism in The Metamorphosis? 4.6 2339 What is the setting of The Metamorphosis? 4.6 3009 What does The Metamorphosis’
Abstract Economic exposure has affected the profitability of many countries that operate in the global market. The exchange rates for currencies could be highly unpredictable at times. This is the major cause of economic exposure. One of the companies that have been a victim of this is the Rolls-Royce Limited. This is a multinational company that deals in the manufacture and sale of aircraft engines. The company is based in the UK, but it has operations globally. Most of the company’s operations are based in the US. Introduction Rolls-Royce is a company that based in the United Kingdom, but it has operations in many countries. With its headquarters in the City of Westminster, London, the company deals in the manufacture and design of aircraft engines. It is also a distributor of power systems. Rolls-Royce is ranked third among the world’s largest aircraft makers. In addition, it is ranked 16 th among the world’s largest defense contractors. This ranking was made based on the revenues made in 2011. Rolls-Royce suffered greatly financially in 1979 following revaluation of the pound sterling as rated against the USD. Inflation rate has a significant effect on the profitability of a company. The companies that are most affected are the multinationals that operate in more than one country with different currencies. The market for aircrafts is dominated by the US companies, thus most sales are in the US Dollar. Any change in the value of the USD against the pound sterling will have a significant effect on Rolls–Royce’s profits. This article focuses on the loss that the company incurred in 1979 as a result of the changes in the US Dollar value against the pound sterling. There are number of factors that need to be considered in assessing the economic impact on Rolls–Royce. For instance, it is important to acknowledge the fact that the profitability of a company is determined by it pricing strategies and policies, as well as costs. The products of a company could be based on costs. Under this, the prices could be based on the original costs incurred by the company in its production process, or they could be based on the replacement costs. Either of these bases will have varying effects on profitability. In addition, pricing policies and costs are important in determining the effects of inflation. Therefore, the factors ought to be considered in determining the economic impact on Rolls–Royce. Another factor that could be considered is the number and nature of the company’s customers. The currencies used by its customers and the inflation rate of those currencies are important factors to consider. Inflation affects Rolls–Royce exposure and its profitability. For instance, the company is based in the United Kingdom, but most of its sales are in the United States. The UK currency is the pound sterling, while that of the US is the US Dollar. The profits of the company are calculated in pound sterling. Therefore, the profitability of the company will be affected if the value of the US Dollar falls. The val
Position Statement Education and schooling are sometimes used interchangeably but may not necessarily have the same meaning. The position of the researcher is that education is the process of gaining new knowledge, enlightened experience, values, habits, skills, and beliefs to enable the survival of an individual in a given society. Nicholson (2016) simply defines education as “an enlightening experience” (p. 34). One can be educated through the formal context of going to school to gain new insights through informal institutions or personal life experiences. It means that one must not necessarily go to school to be educated. On the other hand, Allen and Goddard (2017) define schooling is as “education received at school” (p. 85). As shown in this definition, schooling refers to education that one gains through formal programs offered in institutions of learning from pre-kindergarten to institutions of higher education. The position of the researcher is that the primary purpose of schooling, based on the position of the researcher, is to have a standardized approach of passing a set of skills and knowledge to a group of people so that they can perform specific tasks in society. Doctors and engineers need schooling to enable them to understand the standard practice in these fields to avoid critical mistakes that may have devastating consequences. These people cannot afford to make mistakes because people may lose their lives. Schooling makes it possible for them to learn systematic procedures that they have to follow to realize success. In this essay, the researcher will discuss these two concepts from philosophical, ideological, theoretical, and historical points of view. Philosophical Arguments When trying to define what education is, different philosophers have explained different concepts based on their personal beliefs and experiences. In this section, it is important to focus on educational philosophies that support the personal philosophy stated above. These definitions can be classified broadly into four categories, which include perennials, essentialism, progressivism, and reconstructionism. Perennials argue that education is the process through which learners acquire an understanding of Western civilization (Chand, 2017). This philosophy has faced massive criticism from scholars because of its emphasis on Western civilization (Allen & Goddard, 2017). It creates the perception that any knowledge gained outside of the context of Western civilization cannot be considered education. However, those who support this argument explain that modern-day education all over the world is based on Western civilization. The language and pattern of teaching may be different, but the basic concepts are focused on civilization championed by western
Introduction Based on a consistent and critical review of the essential approaches to understanding violence in modern political and philosophical literature, several hypotheses can be mentioned as the core of the theory of political violence. Nietzsche examined these hypotheses in his works; he did not distinguish between politics, reason, and violence, but instead tried to prove their relationship. The purpose of this paper is to analyse Nietzsche’s views on political violence, to discuss his criticism of nihilism and nationalism, as well as to consider his ideas in the context of modern politics. Nietzsche’s View of Conflict and Political Violence Violence is not an accident, but a part of the category which is referred to as politics. Violence should be included in the definition of politics itself because the primary goal of politics is the organisation of society. It follows that the significance of violence for politics cannot be limited to the role of the means. In other words, politics is always violent, although the forms and goals of this violence can vary depending on the political context (Fox, 2018). Politics is a historically stable relationship between reason and violence, and in this perspective, it represents conflict and never has an insoluble contradiction. However, the opposition between reason and violence in politics does not mean that the latter turns into violence and is inseparable from it. Such a difference is present only in abstract theory, but not in the structure of practice, in which violence is a necessary way of affirming and self-preservation of the mind of a given historical type (polis, cosmopolitan-imperial, liberal, and any other). In practice, the contradiction of politics is that the violence of the dominant mind can generate reasonable violence of resistance (Habermas, 2018). Undoubtedly, Nietzsche’s political philosophy was rooted in an anti-democratic sentiment. It was this view, as well as the sharp hostile attitude towards socialism, that was later widely used in fascist rhetoric. Nietzsche gave occasion to this with his contempt for the crowd, the preaching of power, the cult of Superman (leader). Furthermore, Nietzsche justifies the legitimacy of privileges, advantages, and inequalities, rejecting the idea of ​​equality and freedom (Appel, 2019). Thus, the law is seen as a derivative of power, and its source is reflected in the law of war. The logic of the philosopher is based on the statement that “right is an advantage,” and such an advantage should be determined by being (Appel, 2019, p. 45). Nietzsche’s attitude toward war is highly favourable, with his statements serving as evidence of this. He says that the blessing of war sanctifies every goal; therefore, there should not be long periods of peace in the world. Moreover, the philosopher connects hopes for a new high culture that would result from war. Nietzsche (2019a,
Introduction Suicide prevention is an important topic for discussion. It is generally known that most suicide attempts happen in a prison environment, so this issue cannot be ignored, and collective efforts should be used to solve this problem. It cannot be overlooked that some offenders have a much higher suicide risk than others. It is dependent on many different factors, including mental state, age, ethnicity, social status of a prisoner. Main body Offenders with chronic depression are much more susceptible to suicidal tendencies. When introduced to a new environment, they may just be overwhelmed and start acting irrationally. Mentally ill offenders should be appropriately treated. They require special attention from specialists and cannot be treated the same way as the other prisoners. Awofeso (2010) states that “the psychological impact of arrest and incarceration or the stress associated with imprisonment may exceed the coping capabilities of vulnerable inmates” (p. 259). This means that some groups of prisoners, such as sex offenders and those formerly associated with police can be called vulnerable since they are generally disrespected by other inmates, which may lead to desperation. That is why there should be special sections in prisons for such types of offenders. An important component of suicide prevention is a prior investigation of suicidal tendencies of prisoners. Every single convict should be
When people hear a particular story that occurred in the past, there’s something not quite right about all the things or events that are recounted. The truth is that everyone is entitled to his or her own version of history. When people interpret evidence and construct tentative versions of what has happened, they tend to select what they focus on because they cannot possibly tell the whole and entirely factual story about the past. Like the Thomas Sutpen story that has been dispatched by different narrators in William Faulkner’s novel Absalom, Absalom , the past becomes a burden in the present for Quentin and Shreve because he sensed an impermeable connection about how he should live his life in the modern world by understanding the past and uncovering the nitty-gritty details about the said story. In Faulkner’s novel, readers become listeners to one story interpreted by different narrators. It is quite a feat to closely scrutinize the variations of the Thomas Sutpen story because Rosa Coldfield, Jason Compson III, and Quentin himself have something to do with their versions of events and the characters involved. Another source of the deviations in the Thomas Sutpen story as recounted by narrators is that they belong to different generations, and this affected their interpretations because they related their own experiences with this particular story. The first narrator is Rosa Coldfield, the oldest among those who narrated the Thomas Sutpen story. She was, in fact, present when the character of Thomas Sutpen sprouted in Jefferson, Mississippi. When Thomas arrived, the social fabric in Jefferson was entirely changed because of him. Obviously, her narration of the Thomas Sutpen story was driven by her hatred towards the man. Rosa thought that all the miseries her family had experienced were triggered when her older sister Ellen married Thomas Sutpen. For her, Thomas Sutpen was a “demon,” and after more than 40 years, Rosa thought that the way “her life has turned out — what she has become and has not become — as a result of Sutpen’s story” (Bussey, 2002). Compared to Rosa, Quentin and Shreve as narrators have been born far out from witnessing the real events that transpired in the Thomas Sutpen story. Quentin’s grandfather, General Compson, was a close friend of Sutpen. Feeling the close affinity to this story, Quentin began to gather different versions of this story from Rosa, his father, and his grandfather as well. When he goes to Harvard, he met his roommate Shreve who helped him understand the man behind Thomas Sutpen. In their version, Quentin and Shreve realized that the past will always remain, at some level, a mystery. However, if we hope to understand it, we must enter i