ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nelson (Nelson et all, 2006) has pointed out the importance of education for young children in the preschool and the kindergarten age groups. While deploring the fact that 2-year-old children were forced to sit at desks and made to draw lines and recite numbers up to 100, he has insisted on the importance of moral and character education in young children. As per the Piagetian theory, young children are active learners who engage in self-initiated activities to explore their environment and make sense out of their daily experiences. This paper examines the methods and means available for teaching young children about character education and suggests a framework for implementing them. Issues to be addressed in the Framework Nelson (Nelson et all, 2006) has argued that education is not a trivial pursuit, a minor activity that can be avoided with impunity, and that it is necessary for the survival of each person and society. NAEYC (1999) published a report on the education system and the requirements of young children and has suggested that young children should be allowed to make meaningful choices such as participation in small groups and solitary activities. They have suggested that there should be a provision for young children that promotes the social competence of the children. The report has suggested that such a choice is very effective in improving the behavior of young children with a behavioral and emotional disorders. The report further suggests that the curriculum and content should be targeted towards moral and character development through the creation of a warm and stimulating environment that supports the children and provides a self-directed program that the children can set at their own pace. The report has placed great importance on the training and certification of teachers and has suggested that it would be inappropriate if teachers of 3- through 5-year-old children have little early childhood professional training, or if they are state-certified at some other age level but do not have specialized training or supervised experience in working with very young children. The report suggests that issues be considered in the framework to include short attention span of the children, use of different media for character education, use of group play and role play, developing the right kind of simple stories for children, and creating a pool of trained teachers. Use of Appropriate Tools and Media in the Framework Zeng (Zeng 2005) has conducted extensive research among kindergarten teachers and presented a survey instrument for assessing the needs, behavior, and responsiveness of young children in different schools. The authors have researched a number of media to establish guidelines that can be used as a framework for the character and moral development of young children. Zeng has suggested that along with the use of
Introduction Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the possession of qualities such as empathy for the feelings of other people, extensive comprehension of one’s emotions and ability to manage them. Emotions are important in life because they determine the actions taken and the decisions made. In addition, they determine the quality of interpersonal communication. Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management are the four main areas associated with emotional intelligence that determine the quality of life. Among the four areas of EI, the self-awareness area needs personal improvement. Discussion Self-awareness involves the knowledge of experienced emotions and the causative factors. In addition, it involves making a connection between feelings and appropriate ways to act on them. Personal improvement is needed in this area because of the frequent loss of confidence and self-esteem in the process of acting on my emotions. I often lose focus because of diminished self-worth and belief in personal capabilities. Precisely, poor understanding of my emotions leads to confusion because of failure to know why I act and behave in certain ways. This leads to unhappy days at work and distress. Emotional awareness, a core factor in self-awareness, gives individuals the confidence to express themselves because they understand their feelings and are not afraid to express them. I do things that I hate because of failure to express my feelings. I experience difficulties expressing myself most of the times for fear of hurting other people or seeming insensitive to their needs. At other times, expressing my feelings leads to disagreements and disputes. Improvement in this area will guarantee higher productivity, more happiness and better relationships. A major factor in the process of self-awareness is an examination of personal strengths, weaknesses, goals, values ad capabilities. I am partially aware of my strengths, weaknesses and capabilities. That is why I turn down many opportunities and challenges for fear of failure. If I fully understood my weaknesses, I could work on them to leverage my strengths. Understanding my capabilities would guarantee a happier life and higher output because I would do what I like, and avoid what is not in my field of interest. I would also embrace new challenges and opportunities. Understanding one’s capabilities creates an inward confidence and power that pushes one to exploit the innate po
The family is the simplest form of social interaction; it forms the base of a society. Ideologies, believes, and functions undertaken in family set-up determine the kind of society that emerges in a particular area. Sociological perspectives and theories are used to define different situations in society; they try to give meaning of existence of certain social phenomenons. Although major theories focus on the larger community, the family can also be explained using the similar sociological theories/ideologies (Beah,19-89). This paper diagnoses the concept of family using sociological perspectives and theories. Symbolic interaction After birth, a child is introduced to a family setting; this is where the child gets the initial socialization and life lessons starts. It is in the family that children learn values, adapt to certain norms, have ideologies and get a sense of belonging. According to symbolic theory, people perform certain duties from the feeling they have towards others; it is in the family, a social institution that children learn to listen and respect adults, parents and value other people’s opinions. The sense of identity and belonging comes into being as the child gets emotional and psychological development. The reinforcements both negative and positive at this stage affect the later life of the child. Functionalism theory According to the theory, the family is seen as the noble most unit of a society where norms and values are learnt; it develops collective conscience among its members. According to the theory, each individual has a function to undertake. Parents have the role of providing food and shelter to their children; this helps the entire family to be maintained; children learn on adaptation attributes and how to share the available resources. Parents set base for goals attainment between themselves and for their children. On the other hand, children should respect their parents and perform allocated duties with decency. Home keepers and caregivers can also be taken as part of the family; they play a role in family integration and pattern maintenance. Conflict perspective According to conflicts theory, the society is thought to be under constant struggle for available resources; resources can be wealth, status and power. It sees the world to have two categories of people, the haves and the have-nots. The have-nots are constantly struggling with the hav
Current Research limitations Anabolic steroids (AS) exert multiple actions affecting both the body’s organs and its physiology. Information about their side effect depends mainly on animal studies. The most extensive research in humans of side-effect profiles has been in those treated with AS due to severe medical illnesses. Again, it is difficult to apply these clinical findings with any degree of certainty to ‘healthy’ individuals who use AS. The medical literature comprises mostly single case reports and does not prove a link between cause and effect and it is possible that the individuals concerned may have developed the illness in the absence of AS. The research conducted has usually been in groups of AS users who have been using their own regimes of drugs, with subjects using different types of AS and dosages. Therefore, no single AS can be individually analyzed and any findings in the research have to be applied to the generic group of drugs termed anabolic steroids. As polydrug use among AS users is common, it can be difficult to prove conclusively a direct cause-and-effect relationship between AS use and the disease process (Lenehen pp. 31, 32). Anabolic Steroids side effects The concept that testosterone (the first anabolic steroid used) is naturally secreted in the human body and extra-physiologic levels produce no harm has proved not only wrong but threatening human health and life. Further, while some AS side effects are noticeable clinically, others are silent and may pass unnoticed until a serious medical complication develops (Warpeha p. 15). Skeletal muscle obviously develops strength and mass after periods of weight training and exercise. The heart can also increase in size as the same exercises will cause the heart to work harder in supplying oxygenated blood to the working muscles. Hypertrophy of skeletal and heart muscle is a result of increased protein synthesis due to this repeated resistance loading, but stimulation is by two different mechanisms (Lenehen, p. 34). Skeletal muscle mass is increased by creating resistance with overloading (e.g. weight training) and cardiac mass is increased by the additional after-load created by the arterial system blood pressure surges that are produced during such exercises. The exogenous use of AS increases the size of skeletal muscle but it is not proven that AS can produce the same effect on heart muscle. Most studies using echocardiograms to monitor the size of the heart in AS users have found no differences between AS users and with those who train and do not use steroids. There was normal growth of septal and left ventricle heart walls but no changes in ventricular chamber size or disproportionate septal thickness. It is apparent that the increase in heart size with exercise is merely a proportional rise with the gain in skeletal muscle bulk and the exogenous use of steroids does not potentiate the effect of training on heart size (Warpeha pp. 15, 16). Evidence suggests that myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and cardiac muscle damage (on long term use) link significantly to misuse and abuse of AS (Ryan and Richa
The most common cause of death in homicides is a gunshot wound. The caliber of a weapon and the distance from a gun to a victim determine the features of an injury caused by bullets, shell casing, or projectile. Therefore, forensic investigators should know the types of guns and, consequently, understand the nature of gunshot wounds. The overall process of gun-making consists of several steps:  1. Forging  2. Casting  3. Machining  4. Stamping  5. Woodworking  6. Metal treatments  7. Assembly  8. Testing (Holloway, 2015). Barrel making is a complex and difficult process. The first step in making the barrel is to cut the bar to a specific length. After that, a barrel maker places it in the drilling machine. To achieve a straight hole, the barrel steel must also be uniform in its consistency. At the tip of the drill there is a hole, out of which through the drill shank, oil is pumped. Then, the oil goes through the drilled hole in the barrel and, on its way, washes all the chips created by the drill. The barrel maker intentionally drills the hole diameter under the specific bore diameter for the particular caliber. Thus, caliber is the internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the bullet it fires, which is usually represented in millimeters, or hundredths/thousandths of an inch (Holloway, 2015). After the drilling process, it might be brought up to the necessary size by reaming it. Like in the drilling process, the reamer is also flooded with oil. These are the first and main steps in barrel making. The
The article “Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults”, introduced by Hays, Giacomin, Loukas, and McDermott was written for the journal Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice in 2015. It addresses the relationship that exists between two items: the infection known as Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) and patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors of the article aim at developing a cross-sectional survey, including the participation of Aboriginal adults in Australia during 2013. The main focus of this study is not to prove the possibility of the relationship between the infection and the diagnosis, but rather to explain this relationship and facilitate a discussion to see if there is a chance to develop a plausible immunological mechanism that can be used to help prevent and control the development of type 2 diabetes in the future (1). The results of this study prove that the process of immunomodulation by the chosen infection can, indeed, be observed. It also highlights the necessity to engage future research in order to show how the proteins work in this infection and confirm the metabolic process. Several months before, Hays, with his team, introduced the investigation in which the researchers aimed to prove the connection between the infection and the disease using worms and less than 100 people, who agreed to participate in the study (2). It was necessary to answer one question: ‘Could Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans?’ It is this main goal that is under analysis. The peculiar feature of this article is its role in a group of studies developed by Hays and his team. It is crucial to pay attention to different factors connected with the infection and the chosen disease, including eosinophil count, the role of secretary protein, and the importance of nutritional burden of the infection. At the beginning of 2016, Hays and a new team of researchers investigated the prevalence of eosinophilia in relation to the chosen infection (3). All three studies prove that Aboriginal communities are predisposed to both having type 2 diabetes and infection. Instead of treating patients with these two health problems, finding a solution using the characteristics of both issues is proposed. After reading the abstract, it is possible to discern the objectives and methods of the study. The authors introduce a clear question and develop a methodology to find answers. The introduction of the article clearly establishes that developing countries suffer from such infections like S. stercoralis, in addition to additional health problems such as obesity and chronic diseases (1). The Aboriginal communities in Australia are defined as unique due to the fact they are affected by the two identified problems simultaneously. On the one hand, this territory and its people are under threat of having S. stercora
Introduction Why people get divorced, why may separation damage the relationships, and how can counseling help? Amanda Cornell is a mental health professional that has been working with divorced, remarried couples, and blended families for the past fifteen years. This paper answers popular questions about first and second marriages and presents the findings of the interview with Cornell. The report is supported by evidence from the field and features reliable information on the topic. Summary of Findings Main Reasons for Divorce The interview with Cornell shows that the main reasons for divorce are infidelity, unrealistic expectations, and a lack of emotional intimacy. In addition, poor communication can be considered “one of the major triggers of problems in marriage,” but this problem alone does not usually lead to divorce (A. Cornell, personal communication, May 6, 2019). The counselor admits that some reasons for divorce can be eliminated easily while others require significant dedication from both partners and sometimes their families. Implications of Divorce The primary challenges of divorce are that it may cause severe depression in one or both partners and affect their relationships with friends and family members (A. Cornell, personal communication, May 6, 2019). In addition, divorce may have an adverse effect on children. The study by Weaver and Schofield (2015) supports this point of view and shows that children of couples undergoing divorce or separation may result in behavioral problems and poor academic performance. The interview reveals that these issues affect all people differently but are generally hurtful to both partners and their families. The Role of Counseling Appropriate counseling is highly beneficial for couples because it can help them to process the outcomes of divorce or separation, allow for positive changes, and offer closure. For some individuals, it may be challenging to forgive their partners or accept the fact that their relationships are ended. In addition, working with a medical professional can help to minimize the effects of divorce on children (A. Cornell, personal communication, May 6, 2019). It is possible to say that counseling can be a starting point for couples wanting to end the relationships appropriately or prevent a divorce. Results of Counseling The results of counseling depend primarily on the couple’s goals and the dedication towards achieving them. Some individuals enter counseling at a stage when some issues cannot be resolved due to miscommunication and the inability to accept differences in views (A. Cornell, personal commun
‘Junior is finally going off to college, ‘ sighs his proud parents as he pulls away in his car to his dorm living away from home, perhaps for the first time in his life, his parents proudly waving him off. This scene has been repeated in America countless times. Good old American values always emphasized getting a good education to get a good job and a stable career. But college is not cheap; some parents start saving for their children’s future college education even before they are born. The term ‘dipping into the kid’s college fund’ usually denoted extreme hardship for the family because they were jeopardizing the future of their children. With the economic downturn brought about by the sub-prime crisis and college tuition costs spiraling beyond the ability of the common middle-class family to afford, college is becoming more and more of a pipe dream. This paper will study the low acceptance rates in college and why economics makes even fewer people go to college. Ivy League schools are said to be the best schools in America. That is why thousands of young aspirants do their best to ‘make the SAT or GPA’ or get a high enough SAT score and Grade Point Average to gain admittance to these ‘good’ schools. Many contemporary TV shows featuring High School age kids have stereotyped kids who are not only overly grade conscious but also work overtime on their extra-curricular activities’ working on their college portfolio’ so to speak. TV may exaggerate somewhat, and it is unlikely that there really are people out there who can not sleep just because they got an A- in a subject and feel they lost their chances at getting into Harvard. However, the fear is very real. According to the U.S. Department of Education’s College Opportunities Online Locator, of 19,690 students who applied for Harvard in 2004, only 2,504 were accepted. Yale admitted a mere 2,014 or 11.4% of 17.735 aspirants. Princeton University granted the dreams of some 1,733 or 12.7% of 13,695 youths who wanted to get into that school. Stanford University accepts 13% of 19,172 applicants, a paltry 2,486 from the almost twenty thousand. If the Ivy League schools appear to be exclusive with admission rates of under 13%, Massachusetts Institute of Technology is not far behind 1,665 or 15.9% of the 10,466 applicants were given the opportunity to study the latest in Science and Technology there. In total, these five schools turned away about 87% of those who wanted to get into their schools—leaving those tens of thousands of young students disappointed and forced to settle for ‘lesser’ schools. According to the article Colleges’ Acceptance Rates, Alone Might Not Convey Change in Selectivity; the reason is not wholly because the elite universities are being exclusive and selective. Part of the cause is that hundred of thousands of college-age children apply every year. American students are not the only competition. Koreans, Chinese, Japanes
As a pianist, composer, and bandleader, Edward Kennedy Ellington 1899-1974; is one of the most influential figures of jazz music. He was recognized as an American musician whose reputation has increased after his death as he was awarded a citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board. “American Music” is the style of music that Ellington performed in which he refused to be categorized as a jazz musician. His attitude is being clear concerning the categories of music as he used to describe his impression of musicians as “beyond category”. His orchestra included giant musicians of jazz who served with his orchestra for decades. But it was him who introduced those musicians into the most well-known orchestral units in the history of jazz. For the style and skills of special individuals, Ellington often composed pieces of music such as “Concerto for Cootie” or” Do” for Cootie Williams, “The Mooche” for Tricky Sam Nanton, and “Jeep’s Blues” for Johnny Hodges. His bandsmen contributed to writing some songs such as Caravan and Perdido by Juan Tizol; those songs that brought the” Spanish Ting” to big-band jazz. He found his alter-ego after1941 when he collaborated with the composer-arranger, Billy Strayhorn. His reputation as a twentieth-century African-American musician is best-known for many American record companies and has appeared in several films. Before and after World War II, Ellington and his orchestra regularly toured Europe and the United State