ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sales Planning A sale planning is the key component of any sales activities. Sales plan consists of two major components: the sales strategy and the sales tactics (Everett 47). The sales strategy refers to the acts of letting the community know about the company and its products. The sales tactics may refer to activities, such as putting adverts on local dailies, knocking door to door, setting up events at the work place and attending seminars and chamber of commerce meetings (Everett 49). Prior to making sales plan, managers should consider the sales quota, the product line, the sales territory and the line of products and services. However, revising the sales from time to time is also very important. This applies to the best plans developed by sales group. Sales managers often make mistakes not preparing sales plan or developing sales plan, which are practically impossible to execute. They leave out important requirements during sales plan development. This includes sales rep development, where managers develop sales plan for the actual sales people without involving them. Secondly, sales plan should have provision for regular reporting, may be on weekly basis to provide flexibility in the planning cycle. Finally, sales metrics should focus on results and activities (Zahorsky 2011). Sale force motivation involves making the sales people feel accepted and their efforts recognized as a crucial part of the company’s development. There are three major determinants of motivation. This includes environmental conditions, the firm’s management policies, such as compensation, supervision and task and personal characteristics of the sales person (Zahorsky 2011). Positive motivators include recognition, acceptance, respect, trust, achievement, and pride while the negative motivators include intimidation, fear, revenge, obligation and social comparison (Everett 51). One of the biggest blunders made by sales manager is to confuse appreciation with training whereby the management congratulates on the sales force for a good job, and at the same time dilute this feeling by immediately shifting to areas of improvement (Zahorsky 2011). Sales people can consider it as lack of appreciation from the management. Therefore, to avoid such confusion, performance improvement areas should be saved for coaching sessions, and success stories should be appropriately celebrated even in small parties as these little gestures portrays respect and recognition of efforts. A person who understands the overall goal and inspires others to make individual commitments towards achieving these goals is a good motivator. Several ways to provid
It is well known that silk produced by spiders is considered the most robust material in the world. Thus, researchers seek a way to use such strong properties of spider silk in the chemistry field. Moreover, scientists tend to implement synthetic biology methods to advance the already superb characteristics of the material. As a result, they have recently managed to enhance the features of the most robust material on Earth, spider silk. To begin with, the crucial component of spider silk is nanocrystals which are responsible for the material’‎s strength. However, when attempting to replicate the nanocrystals, scientists faced a problem: they could not produce the same or higher number of them (Berardo et al., 2021; Wang, 2021). As a result, the features of engineered spider silk were not on par with its natural counterpart (Wang, 202
Abstract Capoeira, which is a dancelike martial art, with its roots from the slavery in Brazil by the Portuguese colonialists has become very popular in many cultures outside Brazil. It has spread to al the continents and has been fused in many entertainment activities. This paper discusses the history of capoeira, how people relate to it in Brazil, where it went after the end of slavery in Brazil and its popularity worldwide. Introduction Capoeira is dancelike martial art practised in Brazil especially in the northeastern regions of the country. It combines elements of sport, martial art as well as music. Whenever it is performed, it is normally accompanied by call-and-response choral singing as well as percussive instrumental music (Capoeira 3). The basic aesthetic elements of the dance were brought to the country by slaves, majorly from West-central Africa (Capoeira 3). The elements were then integrated with traditional Brazilian dances, reinterpreted in the diverse slave population of Brazil to form a unique dance as well as way of self defense. Capoeira is famous for its complex and quick moves, quick leg sweeps and kicks, integrated with aerial plus ground acrobatics, take-downs, headbutts as well as punches. Although slavery ended in the late 19 th century, the dance continued to flourish in the country. History of Capoeira The existence of Capoeira can be traced from the 16 th century when African slaves were taken to South America to work in European farms (Capoeira 3). Most  1. Capoeira, Nestor. The Little Capoeira Book . Berkeley: North Atlantic, 2003. p. 3.  2. Ibid . slaves who were brought from West and Central Africa by Portuguese slave traders were taken to Brazil since the country was a Portuguese colony. The main economic activity of the Portuguese in Brazil was sugarcane farming. They had large plantations which required huge labour and therefore they had to enslave workers from elsewhere since the native Brazilians had proved to be too difficult to work with. The slaves worked in inhumane as well as humiliating conditions. They worked under pressure and often received physical punishment for small mistakes. Initially, the slaves could not rebel against the Portuguese even though Portuguese colonialists were fewer since they lacked or were afraid of the weapons, they also lacked knowledge of the land, and besides, they could not reason together as they had come from different African cultures (Capoeira 5). As such, it became necessary to develop a means of self defense to survive in this environment. It is these circumstances that prompted the development Capoeira. Slaves created a more than fighting style which could enable them survive in an environment where they were completel
An intensive care unit (ICU) is a special section of hospital that offers continuously specialized care for critically ill patients. The purpose of intensive care unit is to give the required care to its patients at all times. Healthcare providers assign duties to workers or interns who carry out round the clock intensive monitoring and treatment of the critically ill patients (Krubholz & Masoudi, 2006). Intensive care unit offers relief to patients suffering from a potentially life threatening illness, hence the necessity to ensure approach to care is observed with maximum caution. There are special equipments and monitoring devises required for a complete provision of care for ICU patients. It is a common practice that ICU units tend to limit the number of visitors even during the allocated visiting hours. The patient’s cardiac status, breathing rates, blood levels and urinary out put are assessed frequently by the healthcare professionals, so as to analyze if there is a problem that requires urgent attention. Those who have been operated on are provided with special equipments to facilitate their recovery process. For instance, these patients are provided with specific equipments that can detect blood pressure fluctuations like the catheters. They normally have their breathing rates under monitor and necessary mechanical support is given through ventilators and tubes in case some anomalies are detected. Patients in intensive care units are also offered with alarms that operate incase a patient’s vital signs elapses. For example, changes in heartbeat rate and blood pressure can be checked through this process. Visiting hours are meant to allow people to come in to check on how the patients cope on with treatment. It is done with particular procedure and at a particular time. For example ,visiting hours may be from 7.00am to 9.00pm in some hospitals ,while in others may be restricted for only a short period of time like from 5.00pm to 6.00pm. Having visiting hours in the intensive care unit is advantageous in many ways. First, patients try to show some positive responses such as reduced blood pressure and heart rates, consequently leading to a potential decrease in blood sugar level (Plowright, 2006). The visiting effect has a psychological impact on the patient’s mental thinking, as close f
Family Engagement Importance of Family Engagement for the Healthy Development of Children and the Creation of a Foundation for Effective Early Childhood Practice Institutions of early childhood learning attempt to establish and maintain close ties with the families of the children they nurture. The link is established through constant correspondence through communication channels such as emails, telephone calls, or even administering questionnaires. Engaging these families is useful in facilitating smooth early learning to the children involved. Children between the age of birth and five years possess some unique needs that educators would otherwise not comprehend without having to seek guidance from their parents or guardians. As well, engagement is important when the child involved has special needs since this situation may be tasking to the educators if they do not have useful information from the family about how to relate with such a child. The socio-economic status of the children’s families is also an important aspect that should be considered when dealing with children. According to the US Department of Education (2011), the social and economic background of children influences their learning capabilities. Hence, it should be considered in designing the learning curriculum. Appreciating diversity in the classroom is another reason why it is important to engage the families of the children. The Department of Education and the various stakeholders in education are currently advocating for a more diverse classroom. Diversity is mainly viewed in terms of race and socio-economic environment. Due to segregation laws, the US education system became divided along racial lines, with different schools being established for the major races (Reardon & Owens, 2014). The result was that some schools became more developed relative to others, thus causing a disadvantage to children, particularly those from the historically minority communities. Today, Latino and black children are more disadvantaged compared to their white counterparts regarding access to quality education (Reid & Kagan, 2015). Thus, understanding a child’s background helps the school to design measures that promote equal access to education by factoring in all the possible constraints to learning. While launching the Race to the Top-Early Learning Challenge (RTT-ELC), former President Barack Obama expressed the need to ensure children acquire a strong foundation of early learning. Obama emphasized that effective early childhood learning translates into a successful life in later years (McGuinn, 2012). Therefore, a quality foundation is the basis for effective learning throughout a person’s academic life. Two Strategies for Engaging Families prior to the Beginning of the School Year One of the strategies would be to hold events that cause parents and families to be presen
McDonalds is a US based food chain company that mainly sells fast foods and hamburgers. The company begun in 1940 as a barbeque restaurant, originally run by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonalds. It was subsequently purchased by Ray Kroc (a prominent businessman) who led its worldwide expansion. Globally, McDonald’s restaurants are available in 120 states. Additionally, these restaurants serve a total of fifty million customers in a day. The super chain operates over 30000 restaurants and provides employment to more than 1.5 million people. Restaurants are either counter service or drive-through service. The company earns revenue through property ownership, franchising of restaurants and operation of restaurants. The success of the company has largely been attributed to the high level of efficiency and expertise in their staff and good customer service. Staffing at McDonalds Staffing is the managerial function of employing and developing human resources to carry out the activities of the organization. It entails all the processes that involve staff. Such processes include determining the workforce requirement, methods of recruitment, actual recruitments as well as the training and development of personnel. The function is indeed an important part of human resource management as it also deals with performance appraisal, remuneration and decisions relating to retaining or retrenching staff (Phillips, 2004). The stages below outline the procedures that are followed when staffing at McDonalds. Manpower planning This refers to the process of estimating the labor requirements of the company. Management, in so doing, has to consider the market and demand forces, availability of infrastructure, government policies and so on. McDonalds has a human resource department that lays out the overall staffing strategies and puts all the factors mentioned above into consideration when determining the level of manpower that is required. The level of manpower is usually determined by the number of customers in various parts of the world. Assessment of jobs This refers to the elementary determination of the responsibilities and the pre-requisites for a certain job. It also includes the relative importance of the specified job to the business. McDonalds has clearly outlined various job descriptions for different posts in the company. This ensures that the recruitment process of the members of staff is based on analysis of the workload and staff requirements. Clear job specifications are also laid out to outline the abilities and skills that are required for performing a particular job (Bechet, 2008
The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport played since the year 1400 B.C. by pre-Columbian people of Central America and Ancient Mexico. The game was mainly associated with rituals where winners were offered with prestige and wealth but losers paid an ultimate price as sacrifice to the gods. Major formal ballgames were mainly featured human sacrifice as the events were considered ritual. There were different versions of the sport which were played in different places for example modern versions comprised of handball and kickball while the millennia versions comprised of hipball, trickball and stickball which were played in the ballcourts found throughout Mesoamerica. However, some versions of the ballgame is still played today in few local places especially among the indigenous population. The rules that pertain to the ballgame are not clear but basing our judgment from the descendants, Mesoamerican ballgame can be compared to racquetball where by the main aim of the game is keeping the ball in play. Striking the ball by the hips was a widespread and common version of the ballgame, however there were some versions which allowed the use of bats, handstones, forearms or the rackets (Clendinnen 2003). The ball used to play the game was heavy and dangerous as you find that even winners could come out of the game injured. During the game, the players wore protective garments and yoke on their waist to protect themselves while the spectators did not wear anything to protect themselves from the ball since they sat at the heat of the arena where the game was played. Solid rubber was what was used to make the ball which weighed 4kgs (9lbs). However, the size of the ball was not standardized as it differed greatly based on the version played and also the period played. Women and children mainly played the game mainly for recreation. The first Mesoamerican ballgame originated in low-lying tropical zones somewhere in the rubber tree. The oldest ballcourts were discovered in Paso de la Amada by archeologist on Pacific Coast. However the first ballgame began in Olmec culture around 1400 BC with the earliest known rubber balls coming from El Manati which was a sacrificial bog along Gulf Coast in the heartland of Olmec. It is here that the archeologists found twelve balls; they however discovered that five of the balls were dated between 1600 and 1700 BC (Clendinnen 2003). Ritual offerings were found at the site where the twelve rubber balls were discovered which indicates that the ballgame had ritual and religious connotations. Local villagers found a stone yoke at the site where the balls were discovered which leaves out a possibility that the rubber balls were not independently a form of sacrificial offering but mainly ritual ballgame. The oldest and the first Olmec court known as rudimentary ballcourt dated from 600 to 400 BC; however, figurines ball players date back to 1250 BC. San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan which is a site near Olmec uncovered numerous figurines ballplayer. After the discovery of Olmec ball game items
Introduction Socialism has been regarded as kind of economy which relocates its means of production from individual ownership to state ownership and communal ownership. A state that operates under socialism possesses all the means of production and also supervises them. This system has been believed to construct a different egalitarian system which is founded on the values of cooperation and solidarity. However, this further relies on another feature where human beings are viewed as capable of interacting and cooperating with one another (Newman 3). Capitalism on the other hand could be reffered as a system where means of production are employed and owned by individuals. This kind of economy develops under the right of an individual who decides freely where and how they want to produce (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 5). Therefore these are two diverse systems; the following essay illustrates the differences and similarities between these two systems. Economy and Trade Marxist economists described various ideas concerning socialism and capitalism using various illustrations. According to his famous accounts, capitalist was depicted as destructive, a kind of system that is prone to crisis and administered by logic of capital. It was mostly expressed on the basis of economic laws of motion also the desire to accumulate on the capital. However, socialism denoted elimination or suppression of such logic and its fundamental drives and laws, hence created the likelihood of a rational, organized way of managing social and economic life. Marxist economists condemned capitalism because of instability and irrational outcomes of a system based on private markets and properties. Marxist noted the devastating social and economic outcomes of capitalist organizations, economic anarchy; for instance, sales seldom matched actual or expected levels of production, and the overall amount of savings planned for investments, hence affecting business cycles. Other associated crises were ine
Introduction Ice storms cause significant damage to forests and increase trees’ vulnerability to secondary biotic factors. Thus, in their article, “The Effects of a Large-Scale Ice Storm Event on the Drivers of Bark Beetle Outbreaks and Associated Management Practices,” Groot, Ogris, and Kobler (2018) aim to research the patterns of insect outbreaks after a storm-induced disturbance and evaluate the effectiveness of current management methods. The researchers used a sample of damaged Norway spruce located across Slovenia after a catastrophic event that took place there in 2014. Only half of the fallen trees was removed afterward, making European spruce bark beetle spread around large areas. Groot et al. (2018) used the storm damage data collected through a field survey and the sanitary felling data on the number of species damaged to identify the links between variables: spruce damage vs. geological factors, damage vs. number of attacked trees, number of trees removed vs. spatial patterns of insect outbreaks, etc. Critique The data collected by Groot et al. (2018) reveals that the studied population of spruce bark beetle significantly grew between 2014 and the beginning of 2015 resulting in bigger patches to be attacked. They mainly attribute this finding to the extent of ice storm damage (i.e., amount of fallen and weakened trees). They also mention that the insect population could be developed because of favorable weather factors. However, this essential variable was not included in the analysis. It means that the acquired findings on links between the damage and the insect spreading can be biased to some extent. A comparison with a control sample (e.g., located in similar climatic conditions, yet non-affected by a storm) could help address the given issue more effectively. The consideration of the intensity of a storm and tree damage as significant predictors of insect outbreaks can be regarded as a positive point in the study. However, the researchers draw their conclusion regarding the growing scope of pest attacks based on the evidence obtained by other researchers. The lack of sufficient longitudinal data did not allow Groot et al. (2018) empirically identify the behavioral features of spruce bark beetle. Although their explanation for a large-scale outbreak due to incomplete removal of fallen trees seems logical, the investigation of beetle dynamics throughout the time could
The Russian revolution refers to a series of events that took place in Russia in the 1917. The Russian revolution has remained one of the most notable events of recent history. This revolution was important because it led to the successful struggle over democracy. Tandem to this, it also promoted the independence of the non-Russian people. This paper highlights the causes of the Russian revolution. This paper will also highlight the events that took place during the revolution. The Background and Cause of the Russian Revolution Different studies have shown that the Russian revolution was, initially, a political movement that brought down the monarchy of Tsar Nicholas II and made the establishment of a new government system a key problem of the revolution. Nicholas II came into power in 1894, when there were rapid changes in Russia. Russia was going through hard times; therefore, it needed enthusiastic and ingenious administration to push it through the hard times. However, Nicholas and his government were unable to provide that. Nicholas lacked the ability to implement radical policies. His government, therefore, was ineffective, as it could not carter for the needs of the Russian citizens. As a result, there was a mass protest in Russia that led to the formation of different movements, which later on overthrew Nicholas II government. Events That Took Place During the February and October Revolution The February Revolution In February 1917, the Tsarist autocracy collapsed in the face of popular revolution and the withdrawal of elite support for the regime. Revolutionary historians agree that the events of this revolution took place in the environment of intense military setbacks during World War I. It was during this revolution when the members of Duma assumed control of Russia and formed the Provisional Government. Revolutionary historians reveal that, in the February revolution, the dual relationship of the Provision Government and the Petrograd soviet emerged spontaneously, and the government accepted it largely because it had no choice. The provisional Government represented the elite revolution while the newly revived Petrograd soviet represented the popular revolution. The dual relationship was formed because there were many strikes, rebellions and protest, particularly among workers, who were demanding for better pays and good working condition. Therefore, while the provisional Government was concentrating on the war with other countries, such as Germany, the Bolshevik party and other soviets were intensively campaigning against the conflict in the country. October Revolution Lenin overthrew the Russian Provisional Government during the October revolution. Lenin had observed that the Provisional Government was ineffective a