ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Implications for Using Genre Analysis and Rhetoric Analysis The analysis of economic writing requires as multi-dimensional approach with regard to many reasons. One of them is confined to the idea that economic discourse has always presented the economy as it really was. Its objective existence, therefore, can be predicted and interpreted through many models and techniques, but the actual object under consideration always remains a constant (Garzone and Sarangi, 2007, p. 311). Further, discourse analysis of economics is strongly associated with discourse communities that have “a broadly agreed set of common public goals, mechanism of intercommunication which provide channels for participations in order to facilitate the exchange of information and feedback, the possession and use of more than one genre” (Garzone and Sarangi, 2007, p. 312). Regarding the fact that knowledge is a decisive factor of social change, the use of linguistic devices, particularly genres, as means of persuasion is essential to communicate economic ideas in a more persuasive way. Judging from the above-presented assumptions, genre provides us with broader opportunities for producing change in the economic discourse, which can be seen in different newspaper articles on business and economics. Garzone and Sarangi (2007) claim that genre often define the style and position of a particular political party describing economic events. This is why discourse communities apply to several genres to express their position on their economic writings. The author also provides an example of Lex column from The Financial Times to provide that it “identifies its own discourse community as being made up of “many of the financial community” who need to be informed in detail about company and performance” (Garzone and Sarangi, 2007, p. 314). In this respect, genre can be defined as a specific aspect of discourse analysis, either written of spoken, aimed at rendering ideological content to a specific target audience. Wherever the exposition of economic facts provides an objective account, rhetorical analysis explains how these formal facts are intertwined with personal opinion of an author. In this respect, a rhetoric analysis of the economic discourse draws the parallels between logic and science. It aims to understand, debunk, or admire as specific economic position. According to McCloskey (1998), “rhetorical sophistication is an alternative to reading scientific texts the way the implied reader does, a reader who believes, for example in talking bears” (p. 19). Rhetoric, thus, identifies a specific angle of ideological position. In this respect, “…all knowledge implies a certain perspective on things…and bears the promise not only of illuminating key features…of the discipline of economics, but also of identifying and problematizi
Abstract Self concept is made up of different self aspects and has the following characteristics: Central vs. Peripheral; Salient vs. Non-salient; Conscious vs. Automatic; Actual vs. Possible vs. Ideal. This paper discusses self aspect belonging to different self concepts, i.e. Personal, Relational, and Collective. One self aspect for each of the two self concepts, i.e. Personal and Relational, is separately discussed along with their above mentioned characteristics. All these aspects and concepts are discussed with reference to social psychology. Aspects of Self-Concept Self concept is a very important part of personality and reflects many personality traits in a person. According to Fox, self concept is a “self-description, whereby a series of statements are used such as ‘I am make’, ‘I am student’, to formulate a multifaceted personal picture” (Fox, 1990). Self concept may reflect a person’s personal, relational, or collective identity (Sedikides & Brewer, 2010). The self aspects belonging to the Personal and Relational self concepts are discussed below. Personal Self-aspect: The aspect of my personality which reflects my personal identity is that I am an organized person. This is a central part of my personality as I have always associated it with achievement. Keeping things in place and organizing my activities give me some sense of control and motivates me achieve my short term goals, which I believe is the salient characteristic. This aspect is both conscious and automatic as I am aware of my habit but since I have been practicing it for a while it has become somewhat automatic. But I do not believe that it’s chronic but is actually a part of my personality which is very important to be because I see it as an advantage. As self representation is dependent on interpersonal comparison (Markus, 1977) I view my organized nature as one of my traits that differentiates me from other. Relational Self-aspect: One common aspect in all my familial and social relationships is that I always like to know everything about the other person. I like to communicate on another level and discuss different topics. It is very important for me to know what is going on in the life of people I am close and always try hard to help. I always make sure that they know they can always as me for help, which is a conscious effort. This makes me feel more close to people around me and gives a sense of belonging and closeness. This is not the most central part of my personality but it is important for me to have a healthy relationship with my family and friends. The possible reason for this may be that I do not like to be isolated and always am more comfortable when I am emotionally connected with people around me. I believe that my relational self concept is healthy as I always try to protect, enhance, and maintain a healthy relationship with other people (Brewer & Gardner, 1996). Both these aspects of my self concept are not as visible as I would like th
Introduction Canadian television began in the 1952 and from that time until 1968, it has been developing continuously. It was during the period 1932-1950 that the Canadian government decided how broadcasting services would be financed produced, distributed to the citizens of Canada, and worldwide. During the 1960s, however the Canadian broadcasting industry was at a crossroad. On one side, they had the American culture and more specifically their programs and movies that were receiving massive airplay on the Canadian networks. On the other side, there were the policy makers who were worried the Canadian culture was beginning to disappear with the “American invasion” that was taking place on their television sets. (Raboy, p 69) Most Canadians had started imitating their American neighbors; from the way, they talk to the way they dress. While this might seem harmless, the problem was that most people were losing their Canadian identity. Serious changes had to be made in order to preserve the Canadian culture. The biggest culprit in this erosion of culture was the television broadcasting industry. In order for the Canadian culture to be protected or preserves the broadcast act in 1968 aimed at protection. Even though written forms of media like the magazines did contain a considerable amount of American content, the media that had the greatest influence on an impressionable population was the television industry. One of the reasons why the Canadian people wholly accepted this American culture that was being advertised on their televisions could be attributed to the “accommodating nature of Canada”. Canada had already cut a niche in the world community as a society that is very tolerant to other people’s cultures and this could be a reason why they did not have the immediate urge to stamp their cultural identity. (Taras et al, p 69) Some of the blame was however directed towards the government. Critics argued that they should have exercised their authority in promoting the Canadian culture and exerting their influence on the kind of content that was being broadcasted. Even though they did form the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1968 to reverse this trend, they should have done this earlier. In this essay, I will look at the measures undertaken by this commission to promote the airing of Canadian content. However, before looking at the measures undertaken I will look at a series of events that took place throughout this period, which will be analyzed in an effort to understand why most Canadians felt their culture was under threat. (Desbarats, p 45) Canadian broadcasting development Canadian broadcasting started developing from as early as 1905.In that year the Canadian government first intervenes in the field o
Over the course of the world history, people have been trying to search for the most comfortable ways to settle the conflicts between the representatives of different start of society and rule the state so that its population could feel protected and lead decent life. Of all the ways in which life in a state could be organized, democracy has become the most appropriate one in the XX century, and at present, democracy remains the stronghold of justice and the basis for governing a country. However, when taking a retrospective into the era of the WWII and WWI, one can notice people’s tendency to doubt the reasonability of the democratic principles, according to Becker. Understanding the basic point which Becker is trying to make is quite easy; indeed, witnessing the horrors of 1914-1918 and 139-1945, some people believed that any form of government that could have produced such a horrible human bloodbath like the World War II had no intrinsic value and, therefore, its principles could not be used in the wartime. Despite the fact that democracy, however, did not prevent the Nazism from emerging, the former still proved an efficient way not only to defeat the Nazism, but also to restore the society values after the World War II was over, helping the humankind open a new page of its history. On the one hand, there is a rationale in Becker’s ideas. While the principles of democracy are just and reasonable, they seem to suit rather from the peaceful times than for the era of war. According to what Smith says, the principles of justice and humanity can live side by side with the ideas of ruthlessness and aggression; as Smith explains, switching from the former to the latter is rather natural for people and, therefore, does not need to be replaced with false ideas that can lead the state to losing a war: Throughout our history, ruthlessness and humane dealing run side by side: it is almost equal degree we have exhibited the temper of conformity and of revolt, the disposition to observe the law and custom when they serve our purposes and to ignore them when they cease to do so. [1] Hence, it can be concluded that the necessity to switch to more drastic measures of confronting the enemy is not only possible, but essential for the state to take the victory. According to Becker, aggressiveness can be justified when being used for a good cause, such as fighting the Nazi. Indeed, the given argument seems quite logical, for, when it comes to defending one’s family, beloved one or, for that matter, beliefs and faith, there are practically no limits, and the end justifies the means. Therefore, Becker’s idea deserves a reconsideration of the given issue. However, when rethinking the possibility to ignore the principles of democracy for the sake of winning the battle, one has to take into account that, in case of victory, there will be no way to claim that the Nazism has ended together with the war; re
Introduction Pre-employment screening is an obligatory stage of the hiring procedures that allows the employers to identify what skills and abilities future applicants should possess to accomplish the goals of established in organization. Pre-employment procedure serves as a tool for managers to deal with all levels of human resource management. The importance of pre-employment procedures is also historically predetermined by the necessity of enhancing public safety. The applicant adjustment to the organization’s staff is premised on successful investigation process of future employees. The transitive nature of selection, recruitment, and training determines future success of an organization, as well as influences the planning process. There are various trends and approaches to pre-employment tests that depend on the purposes, organization’s requirements, and employees’ future responsibilities. In general, the procedure is premised on two strategies – pre-screening background assessment and post-interview background checks. The first stage of evaluation is based on the interviews whereas post-interview monitoring should involve filling out the application form and conducting psychological and medical examination of potential employees. Therefore, in order to understand the main aspects of pre-employment checking, as well as define what criteria should be included into the procedure, a review of literature should be conducted. The focus is on medical, ethical, and public safety concerns that can be considered through efficient pre-employment screening procedures. Literature Review Pre-employment screening denotes the process of analyzing backgrounds of future employees. The procedure is aimed at checking the accuracy of applicants’ skills, as well as at discovering any possible workers compensation claims, criminal history, and employer sanctions. Apart from personal background evaluation, there are many other concerns for analyzing the process of pre-employment screening, including public safety issues, assessment of employees’ skills, experience, and defining new paths for development of an organizational culture. According to Colaprete (2012), the hiring process should be accompanied with the inspection of the criminal background, as well as psychological profile. In addition, the researcher has stressed, “…the results of poor hiring practices have forced many law enforcement agencies to reevaluate their personnel selection and employment practices and standards” (Colaprete, 2012, p. 4). Therefore, it is highly important for employers to develop a detailed plan of assessment that provides a wide picture of applicants’ drawbacks. Moreover, the employers should be aware of the consequences of inappropriate screening for the rest of organiza
Introduction Queer customs explain the concept of culture in different societal contexts. Culture constitutes the customs, practices, and behaviors of people collectively in a certain environment. Culture is the center of a person’s life and marks as a blueprint of all practices and behaviors in society. Various societies have unique beliefs and practices and establish a distinct difference in behaviors. Analysis This phenomenon can be explained in Clyde Kluckhohn’s article “Queer Customs,” in “Girls watching” article by Beth A Quinn, and “Codes of Streets” article by Elijah Anderson. Queer customs explain how the customs and cultures of unlike societies show variations. There are many customs and beliefs in societies, some of the activities conducted by members of one community are strange as seen in different cultural perspectives. Some of the behaviors in one culture may not be acceptable in another. Kluckhohn (1944) outlines the practices and beliefs found in different cultures and various societies. For instance, the Chinese people dislike milk and all milk products; this practice does not make any sense to other cultures, and might even be termed as primitive behavior by members of other
Victoria’s Secret and Frederick’s of Hollywood are well-known retailers of lingerie and other products for women, including perfumes. However, in spite of similarities in proposed products, there are also significant differences between these retailers in terms of their messages and marketing strategies. Today, Frederick’s of Hollywood is focused only on e-commerce (Huddleston). Still, it is important to compare stores and websites of Victoria’s Secret and Frederick’s of Hollywood in order to conclude about these retailers’ messages to the audience with reference the question of sexuality. Although both retailers are focused on selling unique lingerie, the companies’ marketing approaches are opposite. Victoria’s Secret stores are decorated in black and pink colors, and their interiors are associated with the ideas of luxury and images of a boudoir or a secret club for women. Posters, light, contrasting colors, and lacquered surfaces contribute to creating the message about the exclusivity of proposed products and services. On the contrary, the presentation of lingerie in those Frederick’s of Hollywood stores which were popular before their closing in 2015 differed significantly from Victoria’s Secret’s approach (Gustafson). Frederick’s of Hollywood stores looked like many other lingerie stores, but red was used as the main color in the decoration. When entering the store, a woman could see many items, including bras, corsets, panties, or underwear, and red accents were easily observed. The most provocative items were separated to attract female consumers. As a result, Victoria’s Secret and Frederick’s of Hollywood stores are not viewed or perceived the same way because of messages they convey about their products and women’s sexuality. Lingerie proposed by Victoria’s Secret is associated with the message of luxury, uniqueness, and sensitivity (Hughes). It is possible to state that the company promotes the idea of “empowering” females while demonstrating how attractive they can be (“Victoria’s Dirty Little Secret”). Therefore, the message about their sexuality as power is masked under the message about women’s beauty, dignity, and confidence. In contrast, those products which are sold by Frederick’s of Hollywood seem to be different because of their direct message about sexuality. Those women who buy Victoria’s Secret items can discuss some products or female models’ poses as rather seductive, but they are not perceived negatively because of hidden messages about a powerful role of a woman and her attractiveness (Bennett; Greenberg et al. 722). The problem of females’ objectification is not obviously accentuated in this case. On the contrary, Frederick’s of Hollywood lingerie is more provocative, and it is marketed as “racy”. As a result, its message about the emphasized sexuality is rather direct, and it can be perceived by many women negatively. Differences in decorating stores and using colors can have a certain effect on buyers, and this effect can be as intense as an impact of the market strategy and the nature of products. It is possibl
This essay provides a summary of the article published in the New York Times on January 28, 2014. The article dwells on a prostate cancer drug known as Xtandi. It was written by Andrew Pollack to explore a new approach concerning drug use to treat cancer. A recent study reveals that this drug has the potential to prolong the life of prostate cancer victims by inhibiting tumor progression. Since its approval in 2012, the drug has been used only in cases where prostate cancer victims have already undergone chemotherapy. However, the study proposes that the drug could be used in cases of advanced prostate cancer before chemotherapy. Therefore, the article serves to inform the medical fraternity and the public about the drug’s new potential. It is public knowledge that prostate cancer is a disease that affects men, especially older males, as only men have a prostate gland (Marshall Cavendish Corporation 164). Presumably, anything concerning prostate cancer affects only men. However, contrary to this perception, the article about Xtandi is of relevance to other groups of people too. To begin with, the article directly affects prostate cancer victims who, for one reason or another, may have delayed in seeking medication. It notes that Xtandi can prolong the lives of victims of advanced cases of prostate cancer. This new development is good news for the numerous men who only realized that they have prostate cancer when the disease is already in its advanced stages. Although the drug has its side effects – it affects the nervous system and may cause backache and symptoms of nerves compression in the lower back, it may cause problems with sleeping, high blood pressure and spinal cord compression. Further, many cancer victims prefer taking pills to other forms of cancer treatment. As a result, this article brings hope into the lives of prostate cancer patients by introducing a new way of managing this disease. The second group that is affected by this article is the pharmaceutical community. Medivation and Astellas Pharma, the developers of Xtandi, hope to enjoy a wider market than before since the new development is likely to increase the use of the drug. Consequently, competitors such as Zytiga, which is manufactured by Johnson & Johnson, shall face stiffer competition from Xtandi. The result of the competition is a possible reduction in the market share of Zytiga because the new potential of Xtandi was revealed. The third group that is affected by this article is the medical fraternity. If Xtandi is approved as a pre-therapy drug, there will be more pre-therapy drugs at the disposal of medical practitioners. This development will give the practitioners some level of flexibility in the prescription of drugs since they will have another addition to the list of pre-therapy prostate cancer drugs. This article is intriguing because it illuminates a new development concerning a relatively new drug. Xtandi was approved in 2012, and since that time the research has been going on to establish its