ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Kevin Warwick is a cybernetics researcher as well as professor. He is one of the best specialists in this field. He is a professor of cybernetics at the University of Readings, United Kingdom (England). The famous lecturer has been praised for the role he has played in studies related to robotics and the relationship between computer systems and the nervous system in man. Professor Warwick reportedly instigated the self-experimented pioneer experiments. His experiments entailed linking his nervous system directly to a computer with an aim of assessing the latest technology for probable use with the disabled. His research was described as ground breaking (Warwick, 2002). The researcher, through his ground breaking set of experiments, was the first cyborg (short form for cybernetic organism). A cybernetic organism means having organic and artificial components, or a human who has some physiological processes controlled or aided by electronic or mechanical devices. Cyborg takes place when humans literally meet with machines (Warwick, 2002). The professor carried out various studies on himself. One such study involved fixing 100 arrays of electrodes into the nerve fibers of his left hand. The implant was able to bring about artificial sensation through the stimulation of individual electrodes within the array (Warwick, 2002). Nicholson and Carlisle carried out self-experimentation with electrical apparatus using copper or silver plates, tin or zinc plates, and moisture discs/pieces of card leather. The self-experimentation entailed testing electrical flow by completing the circuit with different parts of the body including fingers, the whole hand, shoulders, a wound, inserting in ears. These self-experimentation tested electric continuity and its flow with various body parts completing the circuit. Through the self-experiment, Nicholson and Carlisle showed that the set apparatus carried the strongest electric effect on broken skin or wounds. By inserting the set apparatus in the ears, it demonstrated a shock in the brain. The researchers show the effects of electricity on human body its conductivity thereof. Apart from the fact that in proving electric conductivity and shock effect thereof in the human body, the self-experiments indicate what merely happens at different levels, and when using different body parts for tests. Ethically and scientifically speaking, the experiments in project Cyborg have a number of similarities with the ‘self-experiments’ by William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle”. First, the objectives of both experiments seem to be to fulfill some form of curiosity rather than to solve a scientific problem. Both experiments do not have a clear problem statement that might have driven the professor, Nicholson and Carlisle to carry out the self-experimentations. The experiments appear as though they are both geared towards seeing what happens when the human nervous system is linked directly to a computer and what happens when different body parts are used to comple
In Peter Pan literature, the writer uses different techniques to deliver his message to the writer. These techniques are:   * Narration.   * Description.   * Comparison and contrast.   * Persuasion. Narration Technique This is the technique which the writer has exhaustively used in writing Peter Pan. The writer tells a story complete with characters that include Peter Pan, Wendy, John and Jane. The story presents us with a problem and takes us through attempt to solve it. There is a timeline and setting which include the Pirate ship and the nursery. This technique further stand when Wendy narrates bedtime story to her daughter Jane. Description Technique The writer has used this technique especially when he wants to clearly give a picture of a scene or a character. At the opening of chapter 16, the write describe how the boys had dressed, he say of the boys “ they all donned pirate clothes cut off at the knee, shaved smartly, and tumbled up, with the true nautical roll and hitching their trouser” in doing so, the writer bring a mental picture of t
Introduction Social movements have played a significant role in the formation of current public legislation and public policies. They often reflect the needs of the public and point at the shortcomings of the current legislature. Among the examples of significant social movements in history is the Free Software movement, which led to the development of GNU/Linux and other free and open-source software products. This paper provides an overview of the campaign, how it was framed by the public, and gives several recommendations for further success. Primary Objectives Internet freedom has been a topic of many controversies since the very beginning of the Internet. Parallel to the efforts of ensuring liberty in the global network usage was the movement that aimed to elicit freedom to execute software, change it whenever needed, and share it without any limitations. In 1983, an American programmer named Richard Stallman launched the GNU Project to formalize the efforts of the movement (GNU, 2019a). Two years later, the Free Software Foundation was founded by the same person to support the movement’s activities (Free Software Foundation, 2019). One of the chief philosophies of this social initiative was the idea that computers were built to facilitate the cooperation of various people and communities with each other (Free Software Foundation, 2019). However, as the activists believe, proprietary software is a severe hindrance because it takes away the freedom and flexibility to adjust the software to the needs of a particular portion of the community (GNU, 2019b). Also, as Stallman himself stated, proprietary software serves as a roadblock in the way to progression, because much of the code is duplicated across the globe (GNU, 2019a). different teams need to solve the same problems, and without cooperation, the same job is done twice. Today, the items that the free software movement supporters advocate are formalized in the Free Software Definition. It is a document published by the Free Software Foundation that gives an exhaustive reference to the meaning of free software and why people need to fight for it (GNU, 2019b). As stated in the definition, “free software is a matter of liberty, not price” (GNU, 2019b, para. 3). The software can be considered “free” only if it provides the four essential freedoms indicated in the definition. These freedoms are the liberty to run the program for the purposes only the individual running the program establishes, freedom to learn more about the internals of the program and to modify it, freedom to redistribute the original software, and the liberty to redistribute its modified versions (GNU, 2019b). It is critical to note that, according to the foundation, developers should not have any opportunity to revoke the free license in order for the software to be considered free. Public Framing Although the Free Software movement has distinct values and outlined definitions, it is commonly confused with other similar projects, such as the Open Software Initiative (OSI). While open-source software provides some of the freedo
The principle and system of checks and balances is a part of the U.S. Constitution and refers to the division of power into three branches – legislative, executive and judicial. The primary functions of each branch can be described in the following way: the legislative branch, headed the by Congress, is responsible for developing and adopting key legislation, the executive branch, headed by the President, controls and enforces the execution of these laws, whereas the judiciary, whose most “powerful” structure is the Supreme Court, examines the activity of the two other branches and makes decision concerning their consistency with the Constitution (Patterson, 2008, p.34). However, it would be unfair to state that the directions of these branches’ activity are parallel, in fact they intersect and interact much closer, since for the purpose of maintaining the balance between the three forces, each of them is entitled to check the other and question the legitimacy of its decisions. For instance, the legislative branch might remove a president or judge who does not perform their duties properly by setting a procedure of impeachment. The leader of the executive branch is responsible for selecting appropriate candidates to judges of various levels, whereas the parliament is in charge of approving this decision. The present paper is designed to discuss a real-life case which illustrates the functioning of the system of checks and balances and highlights its usefulness. The basis of the case is the case known as Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld. In fact, as a result of the 2001 terrorist attacks, President George W. Bush began to assert that as a Commander in Chief he was entitled to decide on the means of dealing with the enemy. In the Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld case (2006), the Administration sought to receive the court’s support of the claim that President had the right to try the residents of other countries, suspected in terrorist activities, in specially established military tribunals. The court refused to accept this requirement, responding with a simple note: “in undertaking to try Hamdan and subject him to criminal punishment, the Executive is bound to comply with the Rule of Law that prevails in this jurisdiction” (Hamdan vs.Rumsfeld, 2006, p.33). There might several interpretations of this verdict. First and foremost, it needs to be noted that the Rule of Law implies certain time-honored legal procedure of court trials and sentencing. The laws and other acts which regulate the activities of the American courts include a comprehensive set of requirements (qualification and professionalism of judges, participation of jury, approximate number of trials, reporting, accountability, circumstances which directly affect the severity of sentence or penalty). Therefore, the law entitles a group of people with special education, spotless biography and sufficient professional experience to resolve conflicts between the state and the civilian or two entities. Their rights, duties, professionalism a
Introduction Sometimes, one stops to ponder where we would be today if some outstanding figures in history had never had the chance to play their role on this stage we call life. For the arts, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are two very central figures who have had a huge impact on art, as we know it today. Mannerism; a style, a period or a movement The high renaissance was a peak in artistic genius with a concentration of the old masters Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. It was like the epicenter of the earthquake which once it subsided, leaves emptiness in the aftermath. The dilemma of the artists at the time was what were they to do that could exceed the high renaissance. They had the empty feeling that all that could be done in art had been done. Then came mannerism (Stoksad, 2005). Mannerism, at least in the context of art, is a brief period that lasted only half a century roughly between 1520 and 1580 in Italy at the time of the high renaissance. However, mannerism existed in the rest of Europe until the seventeenth century (MCC, 1990). Mannerism as explained by Murray (1967) is derived from the Italian word ‘maniera’ that means ‘style’ or ‘manner’. The two implications of these is that mannerisms was used to refer to the actual style of the artist, or to acknowledge that the artist had a unique approach that was beautiful in its own right and did not need qualification. Mannerism was initiated by the celebrated artists Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo in his earlier works (Murray, 1967). The mannerism period put the painter at greater liberty to experiment on canvas, because as long as his work could be approved as aesthetically appealing he had the freedom to try out new ideas without restricting himself to the classical requirements of painting (Murray, 1967). Since ‘mannerism’ has been used rather vaguely, there is contention between historians whether it refers to the style, period or a movement. The consensus is that it can be used in regards to the European art of the late 16 th century, after the renaissance, but before the baroque period (MCC, 1990). The impact Michelangelo had on high renaissance art is one that cannot be downplayed. El Greco, who is considered an old master almost of the same class as Michelangelo, did not hold the latter in high regard as an artist. Yet El Greco’s works show that his style was influenced by Michelangelo’s mannerism (Goldscheider & Greco, 1938). Michelangelo’s contribution to mannerism Michelange
Introduction The Background to the Study Customer satisfaction is one of the most important ingredients in achieving success in the modern business environment. The increasing market competition in various industries has created choices for customers whenever they want to make a purchase. They know that they have a number of options when planning their purchases. According to Keller (2003), customers have increasingly become very demanding in the modern society because they are better informed. They have the right information about what they need, where they can get what they need, and the options that are available. Cochetti (2015) says that the only way through which a firm can survive in the modern competitive market is to ensure that it can attract and retain its customers. Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) and Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (du) are the leading providers of internet services in the United Arab Emirates (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). These two firms have been struggling to achieve dominance in the local market that has become very demanding when purchasing internet services. In as much as the industry is fully controlled by these two firms (duopoly), Etisalat and Du have been employing varying competitive strategies to attract more customers to their products. They both understand that to remain relevant in this highly competitive industry, they need to maintain high level of customer satisfaction in the market. In this study, the researcher seeks to compare the level of customer satisfaction of internet services offered by Etisalat and that offered by Du within the local market. The Significance of the Study When conducting a research, it is necessary to clearly define its significance as a way of justifying its need. The telecommunication sector has become very important in the modern society where communication plays an important role in people lives. People need to communicate with friends, relative, business partners, employees, managers, among other people. The modern society has come to heavily rely on telecommunication in addressing so many tasks, including shopping through e-marketplace. As such, the communication sector has attracted numerous players who are interested in tapping into this lucrative industry. In the United Arab Emirates, Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) and Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (du) are the only players in the internet service market (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). It is strange that a country that has one of the fastest growing economies in the world has only two players in this important industry. Dubai is currently one of the top business
Persons face the necessity to enter into different types of contracts regularly, and the success of these contracts depends on the conditions according to which they are designed and used. There are five essential elements of contracts according to which the validity of a contract is regulated. To define a contract as an enforceable and valid, it is necessary to focus on such criteria and components as the offer, acceptance, consideration, legality, and capacity. Thus, one party of the agreement provides the offer, and the other person accepts it according to the stated terms and conditions. The adequate consideration should be realized in order to speak about the agreement as the relevant and valid contract. The aspects of the legality and capacity should be followed strictly in order to avoid the associated legal issues (Rogers, 2012). Contracts with the Internet service providers can be valid or not with references to the aspect of legality and the parties’ approaches to following the conditions of the contract. To understand the role of the discussed elements for determining the parties’ rights and responsibilities, it is necessary to examine the details of the Internet service contract. The contract with the Internet provider can be discussed as enforceable and valid because it was developed according to the five essential elements, and it provided the regulation principles related to the most controversial points of the agreement. The contract with the Internet service provider was successfully fulfilled because of the concentration of both the parties on the legal areas of the realized transactions and stated agreement. The responsible approach to working out and following the contract can guarantee the satisfaction of both the sides participating in the enforceable agreement (Rogers, 2012). The offer to enter into the contract was initiated by the Internet service provider with the help of the advertisement brochure. The brochure included the conditions on which the potential contract could be based. The future subscriber accepted the offer and conditions because of coming to the office and asking for the Internet service. The next step was the realization of the offer and acceptance stage fixed in the written contract form with the highlighted terms and conditions. The aspect of consideration is associated with resolving the financial issues. The Internet service provider asked for the definite price for guaranteeing the unlimited Internet connection to the subscriber. The associated conditions such as the introductory period with the lower fees and bonuses were discussed and fixed in the contract. In his turn, the subscriber agreed with the conditions to guarantee the timely and appropriate payment for the services according to the fixed prices. Such possibilities as the purchase of the modem proposed by the Internet provider’s company were fixed in the contract in relation to conditions for changing the terms and points of the contract. The concept of legality
People have always longed for justice but it is also noteworthy that humans see justice differently. Of course, there are universal moral values which are shared by the majority of people. These central moral values are revealed in Dante’s Divine Comedy . At the same time, the idea of justice is considered in Dante’s Inferno . It is possible to note that justice can be regarded as achievement of balance in the universe. The matter is balanced by the antimatter in the universe. Likewise, a bad action leads to bad consequences in the world of people. At least, people believe in this and strive for justice which means that rightful actions should be praised while wrongful actions should be punished. Importantly, the punishment should be corresponding as a more serious punishment for a less serious misdeed will inevitably lead to misbalance, which is against the laws of the universe. In Dante’s Inferno , those who sin or fail to live moral lives are punished accordingly in the circles of hell. It is possible to consider three sins and the way the sinners are punished to see Dante’s idea of justice and the way it is similar to the contemporary concept of justice. It is possible to start with a smaller sin (the fourth circle) which leads to a milder punishment. According to Dante, greed is a great which corrupts the soul of a human who thinks of his/her gaining rather than moral and intellectual development. The sinners have to “roll’d on weights by main forge of their breasts, / Then smote together, and each one forthwith / Roll’d them back voluble, turning again” (Dante 33). Therefore, those people were absorbed by the desire to gain more fortune and became really wealthy but immoral. However, gold only corrupts the soul and becomes a heavy burden for a human. Hence, those greedy people physically feel the burden of the gold in their circle of hell. Notably, there are no specific names as there are far too many greedy people in the world. Dante is quite unable to single out a person as all are equal in their corrupted souls. However, it is clear that the sinners are repentant as they are accusing each other of the heavy loads they have to lift. Notably, the punishment is adequate as those people can finally see what their life really was. They focused on their wealth and did not think of morality so it was time to make them feel the burden of their first life. Dante the Pilgrim is compassionate as he thinks it is typical of a person to want to live in certain conditions. The next sin to be discussed is theft. Thieves were stealing other people’s property and even part of their life. At the same time, the theft corrupted the thieves’
Introduction Texas has just ended its legislature for this year and has adjourned until the year 2017 for another 140 days of legislation. Any bill can now only be changed by emergency sessions if warranted by the lieutenant governor. With this conclusion, there have been various bills that have been passed into law and others pending the signature of the governor so as to become law (Kuehn, 2015). These regulations include, the use of cannabis oil in the control of seizures for epileptic patients, legislation on border security was passed increasing the number of troopers to manage the security. A bill on transportation improvements also sailed through. The ethics reform was unable to be passed by the legislators. Guns are a very controversial subject all over the world. They are particularly controversial in America, and the capital city of all this gun frenzy is Texas. Reason activities associated with them are usually taken seriously. Gun legislation got passed and is presently waiting Governor Greg Abbot’s signature to become law (Brown, 2014). This paper seeks to profile the gun legislation. It aims to provide background into the contentious legislation, provide context by looking at the current political situation and the actions taken by the legislature with respect to this piece of rules. The conclusion of this paper gives an analysis into the future implication of this bill. Background of the bill This bill majorly focuses on the carrying of guns and has a few elements, including the ability to carry a gun openly provided you are permitted to own a handgun. The bill implies that an open carriage of Holstered gun allowed. Since 1995 Texans having trained in a shooting range, have been afforded the ability to carry concealed weapons and more precisely hand guns. Persons authorized to have handguns are now allowed to display guns since the concealing rules are lessening. Texas legislature’s actions on the bill Another measure of this legislation that was approved, is campus carry in which the lawmakers passed the carrying of a gun inside the university campuses (Brown, 2014). The bill was passed, but institutions were given the discretion of establishing some gun for free. This bill got primarily filed on November 10, 2014. It was first read on February 9, 2015. On the same day, it was referred to homeland security and public action. Presently it is waiting to be penned into law by the lieutenant governor. Other related legislations that involve guns and firearms legislation are, HB 106, HB 195, HB 291, HB 910, HB 415, HB 278, HB 415, SB 17 and SB 17. These House Bills (HB) and Senate Bills (SB) ranged from relating to the ability of an individual who is licensed to carry a handgun to carry the gun openly; providing penalties. A penalty gets imposed if one carries a gun to locations of higher populations such as universities and other public ventures.The main reasons for this are that legislation enhanced civil lib