ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Leadership refers to the ability of a person to influence other people to do things, which they would not have done without the influence. People with this ability are referred to as leaders. Leaders are found in different settings and contexts such as the family, in schools, government and in formal and non-formal organisations. There are three main styles of leadership, namely transformative, participative and task-oriented leadership. Transformative Leadership Transformative leadership involves various aspects, one of them being charisma, which involves, among other things developing motivation, morale and performance of teams through variety of mechanisms. The charismatic leader connects to the follower’s sense of identity, challenges the team to take greater ownership for their work and understanding the strengths and weakness of the team so that he or she can align it with tasks that it can perform well. Transformative leadership, through the charismatic aspect helps in realising positive change. This is because charismatic leaders are energetic, enthusiastic, inspiring, motivational and passionate about their organisational success and development. In this sense, the leaders are concerned, involved and also focused on helping every member of the group to succeed. Transformative leadership has got multiple routes to innovativeness in an organisation. The first one is that it leads to establishment of teams which work together. These teams give themselves a social identity which bonds them. This social identity and bonding lead to cooperation among the team members in all aspects, which leads to multiplicity of ideas about how to undertake the tasks, consequently leading to innovation within the team. The other route to innovation is that transformative leadership directly leads to cooperation within an organisation whereby the employees do not personalise problems or success. This leads to innovation because the employees are more committed to the success of the organisation and to them, motivation comes as a result of organisational success, not individual success. Every employee, therefore, brings his or her ideas in the organisation. These ideas are combined and transformed into new ways of doing things in a more efficient and effective manner. Transformative leadership may directly lead to innovation because the transformative leaders are knowledgeable and possess high technical know-how, especially in research and development. This knowledge and technical know-how by the charismatic leaders when coupled with their other transformative characteristics directly provokes employees’ thinking on how to improve the functions, processes and procedures of their organisation, thus leading to innovation. Participative Leadership In participative leadership philosophy, all members of the team are involved in identifying essential goals and development procedures for reaching those goals. In participative leadership, the teams give their suggestions freely and are involved in decision
Memory depression refers to the process of forgetting where memories may be purged from consciousness. FMRI studies indicate involvement of neutral mechanism in forgetting with increased activity of bilateral dorsa-lateral PFC (DLPFC) and hippocampus activity, which prompts memory deletion. Such memory loss can also be seen in dissociative amnesia (Hirokazu et al., 2009). Dissociative amnesia, on the other hand refers to a mental malfunctioning where the affected person is unable to remember some given past occurrences. This normally occurs soon after traumatic events and situation, which are not bearable to the victim. The disorder comes about in an attempt to manage the adverse conditions facing the victim. Studies have been carried out about this issue with diverse findings being established. It has been found out that dissociative amnesia is associated with prefrontal activation, and hippocampus deactivation with frontal control system, which precipitates memory inhibition (Hirokazu et al., 2009). FMRI experiments were conducted in this study for two patients with dissociative a
Grand strategy is about an organization utilizing all resources at its disposal for the purpose of winning a competitive edge or maintaining a competitive edge. Therefore, an organization can continue its extraordinary growth when it identifies and aligns all its resources towards the strategic goal (Ireland et al 45). Wal-mart can only continue its extraordinary growth by capitalizing on its strengths, tapping into opportunities in the market, addressing weaknesses and eliminating or minimizing threats. Porter frames some of the common strategies that market leaders employ to maintain market leadership. These strategies are commonly referred to as generic strategies and are diagrammatically represented as shown in table below Wal-mart as an organization has a high market scope and a high low cost competence. Therefore, by adopting multivariate strategy i.e. combining product differentiation, cost leadership and proper market segmentation, it can maintain its extraordinary growth. Building and sustaining a competitive advantage is largely dependent on product characteristics, value for customer’s money and proper positioning and targeting of products. In porter’s generic strategies, market segmentation looks at customer peculiarities and narrows concern to particular markets. Product differentiation and cost leadership as strategies are more diverse and broader in their scope. As Wal-marts characteristics show clearly, a good fusion of these generic strategies should enable it to continue growing in an extraordinary way. Wal-Mart is a strong brand developed over many years and supported by over 42 years experience as a major market player (Yoffie 1). It has a high market share and due to expanded operations benefits immensely from economies of scale. Management, by riding on its huge market share and well built brand resonance, can create more revenue streams under the same brand. This would require, in line with product differentiation, identifying other unique merchandise that could be added to the product line without jeopardizing the brand image. The merchandise has to be unique enough as to be easily associated with Wal-Mart as a brand. The company is already doing this through creation of superstores with a variety of products on offer (Yoffie 1). There exists opportunities in the international market. However, in as much as the low pricing strategy has driven its growth in America, the company has to devise market segmentation strategies to fruitfully enjoy opportunities abroad. For example, instead of positioning itself only as a low priced store, it should look into positioning itself as the most fashionable store that guarantees a wholesome experience. Proper positioning coupled with its low pricing strategy should continue to drive sales; it will attract both h
Leadership is defined as an influence process through the utilization of communication tools to attain some set goals. Byzantine Constantinople was a great leader of the Ottoman Empire who steered the empire to an unsurpassed echelon in 1453 in the East of the Mediterranean and southeast Europe. The economic power of the empire was strengthened through control of most of the land; which acted as isthmus connecting two continents providing a strategic geographical position for trade; making him an icon of religion as well as a symbol of unity for the people of the empire (Goffman, 2002). Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader of the 18 th century known for his violence during his reign in the French empire. He set rules and policies which were to be followed by the subjects to the latter therefore acting as props for his power. He had amassed extreme power to the extent that his followers had no say on the running of the empire but to execute his orders (Zorn, 2008). Barack Obama is one of the most powerful depictions of leadership in the 21 st century. Obama rose to power after a landslide victory in the 2008 general elections to become the 44 th president of the United States of America. He rules by the policies developed by the senators who closely work with him. The ministers also rally around him to ensure that his mandate to the citizens is successful. The formal study of leadership started during the industrial revolution where leadership was scientifically viewed as a function of production before that leadership was a subject of two main production variables; land and labor. Leadership then evolved to the current team-centered form of leadership which calls for participation of subordinates and the leaders (Deegan, 2009).
Introduction The legal system is a complex phenomenon that can be viewed from different perspectives. Even though it is legislative, the system can be perceived from the perspective of sociological theories and social developments. Such an approach to studying legal systems can help obtain a better understanding of factors that motivated the creation of particular frameworks as well as identifying the existing gaps that should be filled to improve the system and benefit all social groups. One of the interesting theories beneficial for reviewing the peculiarities of legal systems is that developed by Max Weber. It focuses on formal legal rationality. That is why its postulates may be important for becoming more aware of the specific features of the contemporary legal system operating in the United States of America. Therefore, the central objective of the paper at hand is to investigate the peculiarities of the US legal system. To cope with this task, Weber’s theory of formal legal rationality will be reviewed. However, the major focus will be made on the system instead of Weber’s theoretical points. In this way, the aim is to determine and discuss main social factors, challenges, processes, and forces that are directly associated with the American legal system and hypothesize which elements among those mentioned above promote the establishment of the ideal legal system. Speaking of the latter, the perfection of the system is determined according to Weber. That said, in this paper, an attempt to speculate on barriers to and drivers for high formality and high rationality of the US legal system will be made. Finally, the piece of writing will end in hypotheses on the future of the legal system operating in the United States based on its strengths and challenges identified during the research. Review of Weber’s Theory of Formal Legal Rationality Understanding the modern legal system of the United States from the necessary perspective is inseparable from studying the views of Weber’s theory of formal legal rationality. Once considered, the major ideas will be applied to analyze the legal system of the United States to evaluate it in terms of Weber’s concepts. That is why the motivation is to speculate on the characteristics of the formality and rationality in the American legal system. To begin with, it is necessary to point out that, in Weber’s opinion, this is rationality that is likely to determine the arterial ways of development of humanity. Therefore, it is important to reflect on what Weber implied in the concept of rationalization. First of all, from Weber’s viewpoint, the term “rationalization” stands for systematization in which a boundless chaotic group of phenome
How Did Yogācāra Buddhism Change on the Way to China? Buddhism started to spread to China for two centuries around the beginning of the Current Era. The study of the passage of the Buddhist thought from India to China raises numerous challenges. While scholars have to deal with a certain degree of uncertainty in attributing accurate dates to the vast corpus of scriptures, other factors make the research more complicated and multifaceted. Cultural differences and limited knowledge of Sanskrit favored the process of the Sinification of Buddhism. Moreover, the Indian doctrine was still developing, and several schools were thriving, each carrying unique seeds bound to influence other cultures. The most influential interpretations of Buddhism were the Theravāda and Mahayāna schools. The former spread to Southeastern Asia, the latter became especially prominent in China, Japan, and Korea. In turn, both the Theravāda and the Mahayāna created peculiar traditions, including the Mahayāna Yogakāra. The importance of the Yogakāra is in its theoretical framework which offers a philosophical and psychological background to the notions of Buddhahood, consciousness, and reality. The ontological and phenomenal approach of the Yogakāra has suggested a comparison to Western idealism. However, the logical structure of the Yogakāra was not mere speculation, and the ultimate scopes of tradition remained the attainment of the Buddhahood and liberation from the Samsāra. After a short section aimed at framing the spread of Buddhism from India to China, this paper describes the cultural background that favored the thriving of the Yogakāra. Similarities and differences between Mahayāna and Theravāda are explained to introduce the basic concepts of the Mahayāna phenomenology from the Yogakāra perspective. Divergences between Indian and Chinese Yogakāra are also highlighted, such as in the Tathāgatagarbha doctrine. Finally, the text offers further hints on the influence of the Yogakāra tradition on modern Chinese thought and the rise of the New Confucianism. The spread of Buddhism into China and basic notions on the Mahāyāna The spread of Buddhism into China is shrouded in mystery. The Buddhist doctrine reached the imperial court during the Han dynasty which ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE. Realistically, the Buddhist tradition penetrated China during the first century BCE or the first century CE following the commercial silk routes across Asia. The official historiography, however, found it convenient to resort to mythological narratives to celebrate the emperor, while the apocryphal Buddhist literature tended to enhance the prestige of the monks (Zurcher, p. 19). As a consequence, assigning accurate dates to most of the early work that marked the passage of Buddhism to China is a hard task. Also, the Chinese started to have some knowledge of Sanskrit in the fourth century CE, and the early translations were convoluted and somehow misl
Nowadays many people discuss the issue of overpopulation. Ironically, there is another serious problem that people face. It is the problem of missing languages. Some may assume that if a language disappears it means the language is unnecessary so it should cease to exist. Nevertheless, this assumption is erroneous. People should cherish their heritage since every language bares certain amount of valuable information, certain amount of knowledge which is the part of overall knowledge gained by people throughout centuries and even millennia. Thus, it is important to trace endangered languages and try to preserve them. For this purpose people should collect data about the nature of endangered languages and factors which cause their disappearance. In fact, there are many endangered languages. For instance, in the USA one of such languages is Hopi which encounters only 5,000 native speakers. Though, some words of the language appear in the English language, Hopi ceases to exist. Another example of disappearing languages is Aleut language (Russia). Only five native speakers of this language are registered. Admittedly, these two languages deserve special attention since they are too close to complete disappearance. As has been stated above it is important to try to preserve these languages as they should be regarded as a part of overall human knowledge heritage. De La Fuente provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between the word “boat” in Turkish language and Eskimo-Aleut languages (7). This research sheds light on etymology of some words in Aleut language and highlights some details from the historical and cultural heritage of Aleuts. This information can help understand whether Aleut language can be revitalized or there is a tendency to decline. Moreover, the data presented in the research can be regarded as a potent supportive argument that each language bears certain value and is important in terms of enriching human heritage. Walsh provides a thorough analysis of Indigenous languages. It goes without saying that the research mentions the languages under consideration, Hopi and Aleut. However, the main concern of the work is observation of factors which can contribute to revitalization of languages. The research also highlights certain measures undertaken by people to preserve languages, but it does not explain “why some attempts at language revitalization succeed, whereas others fail” (Walsh 293). The research also provides the analysis of “Indigenous languages which might survive” (Walsh 303). Anderson & Anderson provide a concise research of the factors which make languages disappear and highlight possible measures which can help preserve the languages. The research is focused on Pangasinan which is the eighth largest language in Philippines. Anderson & Anderson stress
This article describes the effects of adding Pilates to a treatment routine for patients with non-specific low back pain. Currently, researchers agree therapy is effective in treating lower back pain, but there is scanty information about other physical exercise interventions such as Pilates. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of Pilates, as a form of physical intervention to ease pain and make better the life of patients who suffer from chronic lower back pain. A randomized control trial was carried out in a sample of sixty patients who had been determined to suffer from chronic lower back pain. The patients were divided into two groups (Natour et.al, 2015). The experimental group continued medication treatment coupled with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and Pilates. The control group continued with the medication treatment with the use of NSAID and did not undertake any other therapeutic intervention. The follow-up duration for the experiment was 180 days (Natour et.al, 2015). To qualify for the study, participants had to be diagnosed with chronic lower back pain without the presence of other long-term illness such as cancer, spinal stenosis, or any other spinal injuries. Patients were randomized using an electronically generated randomized table to ensure the process was fair. The independent variables were the medication treatment and Pilates. The dependent variables were divided into two major categories: primary and secondary parameters. The primary parameter was the measure of pain, while the secondary parameters were function, quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, flexibility, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake (Natour et.al, 2015). An ANOVA test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the groups at different time stumps, for α=0.05. A 95% confidence interval was used to determine the effective size and to test for statistical significance between the groups with ANOVA (Natour et.al, 2015). The study showed that the Pilates method relieves chronic back pain and can improve the life quality of the patients. Reference Natour, J., Cazotti, L. D. A., Ribeiro, L. H., Baptista, A. S., & Jones, A. (2015). Pilates improves pain, function, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29 (1), 59-68.
About the Book – The Basic Theme The book, The Known World, is a commendable piece of literature By Edwards P. Jones. It paints a realistic picture of “antebellum Virginia” where the tradition of keeping slaves was in full swing. (ReviewsOfBooks.com, n.d.). The number of slaves a master owned, the vainer he felt. The story is based in a period of time when the culture of slavery was not at its climax. It is clearly elucidated in the book some of the African American slaves, although fewer in number, were freed. The book presents a very interesting and rather strange case of a master named, Henry Townsend. It unusualness lies in the fact that Townsend was an African American master unlike most of the masters in Virginia or for that matter, in United States. Only white masters were heard of in those times. There is another element of uncommonness in the story. Although the times were changing and the African American slaves owned by white masters were being released, the salves remained somewhat an outcast and it was difficult, if not impossible, for them to climb up the rungs of the ladder of social and economic class hierarchy. The slaves were remained in the custody of the white masters received the same treatment as that of bondage slaves. However, the book presents a story of an African American master, Townsend, who himself was a slave once, and owned slaves and treated them with kindness and sympathy (Deusner, 2003). Henry Townsend himself was a slave. He was freed by his white master, William Robbins. The master had a “fatherly affection” for him. It can be said that if it was not for Robbins, it would have been difficult for Townsend to reach the status of a master and own slaves of his own (Deusner, 2003). Townsend was freed when he was a teenager. He worked hard as a “leather worker and boot maker” to earning a living. Saving on the living he earned for himself, he able to own a farm and generate more income for himself. Later, the wealth he had accumulated over years bore fruit. His sheer passion for work and great efforts paid off and he was able to build himself a house (Deusner, 2003). This is where the path to his journey to masterhood. What is interesting to note is that despite being an important character in the story, Henry Townsend is shown to be dead in the very beginning. In fact, the story begins at a point when Townsend had passed away. The book demonstrates the power of a dead character who influences the lives of many around him. The story depicts the lives of the slaves after their master, Townsend, is dead. There are a number of different elements and aspects of the lives of characters arise as the story proceeds. Nonetheless, the fundamental gist remains that the slaves find it difficult to earn a social reputation for themselves. The book is a beautiful representation of pre
Summary The purpose of this letter is to set out for you the main legal principles that underpin your legal action against erring sports associations in the country. There are several aspects that point out the need for maintaining natural justice, procedural fairness, administrative rigor and strict adherence to established norms, regulations, procedures and practices in the arena of professional sports and the conduct of administrators, governing bodies and above all the athletics, especially in their relationships with sports organizations and their working bodies and committees. Process of Natural justice The case of Lakeside Hutterite Colony, v. Hofer, does not fall within the ambit of legal aspects of sports but has to do with the protection of human rights in the context of community living in Manitoba, a small settlement consisting of colonies of human inhabitants. What actually transpired, in this case, was that the majority of inhabitants wanted to excommunicate the minorities and force them to vacant their settled land in favor of the majority. The latter went to court to seek official assistance in carrying out their plans of evacuating the poor minority and ceasing their properties claiming it to be theirs. The Courts decided that natural justice needs to be applied and therefore the question of ex-communication could only be done after the minorities were provided their share of common property. The case ultimately came up for hearing in the Supreme Court of the land which ruled that the dissenters were stil