ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Plagiarism remains to be one of the greatest offences in the field of academics and has severe consequences. It can be defined in general as a form of intellectual and literary theft. This is because it involves the use of somebody’s written material, publications, or ideas, by another individual as if they were his or her own (Buramen & Roy, 2009). Failure to give credit to borrowed literary material amounts to very serious problem which is referred to as plagiarism. This is actually because the author of the original material is not able to enjoy the advantages of the good work that he or she has produced. The owner is supposed to receive all the good things that come from the work especially because one has to do a lot of research and also involve creativity in producing the work and therefore all praise should be given by anyone who uses the work. There are so many laws that can be used to ensure that no one plagiarizes the work of other people (Menager & Paulos, 2009). This is very common in almost all learning institutions because that is where a lot of information is required from so many sources. It is important to ensure that the rules and regulations controlling plagiarism are followed and anyone who breaks them must be penalized for that. Consequences of Plagiarism Because of the effects of plagiarism on the owner of the information, there are rules and regulations to prevent and also to punish those who plagiarize. In universities, people who plagiarize are punished by being send away from the institution (Menager & Paulos, 2009). If students plagiarize, then they can be denied their degrees, the overall grade can also be reduced, asked to pay fines, or even suspended for some years. This depends on the seriousness of the crime done through plagiarism. Those who write their own books using other people information illegally are usually punished by the law. They are asked to pay heavy fines. Original materials are registered and a record is kept so that if anyone uses them without permission or without acknowledging, then the person is punished. How to Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism is not a good habit because many people will be discouraged and will not continue being creative and doing research because their work is stolen. Using the information of other people is not a bad thing but the authors must be acknowledged. This is usually done through indicating inside the written work where the information was gotten (Buramen & Roy, 2009). The rules preventing plagiarism show that the original writer of a book or article continues to be the owner of the information even if they are transferred to another book. The author can also decide to sell their work to others like companies which publish material in journals, agencies that sponsor research work, or institutions of higher learning (Lathrop & Foss, 2007). Therefore, the original book must be shown in the reference page and inside the text where the information has
A unique feature of family business is its inherent multiple and interdependent roles. The uniqueness of family business is that members of family are affected by an overlap of family, business, and ownership subsystems, with owners playing simultaneous roles among these three subsystems. These roles can be complementary, but they can also lead to confusion and create role conflict owing to differences in values between the family and business subsystems. Moreover, overlap between family and business can impede effective role performance and decision-making because of difficulties separating business decisions from family objectives. In general, family business is defined as a company (business enterprise) managed and controlled by one family. For instance, in the United States, family firms are less likely to be engaged in manufacturing and business services. A larger proportion of service businesses are family companies in the United Kingdom. More recently, family businesses are more likely to be over-represented in such industries as agriculture, distribution, hotels and catering. Family’s businesses are, however, under-represented in the banking, financing, insurance and business services sectors (Irving and Sharma, 2005). Because of their numerical importance, the performance of family businesses is of critical importance to the development of an economy. The key difference is that, in the family business all stages of the process are likely to be influenced by family values, goals and relations. Moreover, the close inter-relationship between family and business often leads to a mix up of issues from the different contexts (Longenecker et al, 2006). The remarkable feature of family business is that it joins three elements: the family, the ownership and the business. “The combination of patient financial capital, social networks, and human capital provided by these members increases the probability of survival of new ventures and helps to sustain the business during poor economic times” (Irving and Sharma, 2005, p. 13). The main advantages of family business involve common values and traditions, strong commitment and loyalty, stability and decreased costs. Family values remain extremely important in the small family business, where a working family life seems to be a condition for business creation and development. The creation and development of a family business is one of major motivators for entrepreneurs (beside the need to create and compete). In the family business, family concerns blend with entrepreneurial forces and managerial technologies. Research into family business also recognizes the tensions between family life and business life, entrepreneurship, management, and family concerns are all aspects of organized (economic) life and therefore important to every family business (Longenecker et al, 2006). Their co-existence becomes especially obvious in medium-sized firms that have experienced an inter-generational succession. The interfaces between the three systems ‘family’, ‘ownership’, and ‘management’ determine the outcome of the succession. Entrepreneurship again is left out and use of the notion of ‘system’ signal
Critical evaluation of the results for iodine intake collected as part of the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (CNPAS). The sample for study was chosen by postcode and families within selected postcodes were selected using Random Digit Dialing (RDD) of mobile numbers. The study was designed to focus on collecting data for representative trials of children staying in urban and not those of indigenous background. This implies that, postcodes leading to remote or local backgrounds were removed from the original representative group. Suitable families who had children between 2-18 years old were recognized and requested to take part in the study. A ‘study child’ was picked from a selected family. An agreed quota consisted of 500 boys and girls between the ages of 14-18 years. An addition of 400 children was also drawn from South Australia. In total, 4,487 children participated in the whole study. The sampling method adopted ensured that not less than 500 boys and girls across Australia between 2-3 years, 4-8 years, 9-13 years and 14-16 years were covered in the study. This allowed for comparison of figures on intake and observations were made. The south Australian department of health made its input towards a jab sample (n=400) in Australian children. Data collection was partly done through face to face interviews at the residence of participants (CAPI) and a follow up telephone interview (CATI) carried out between one to three weeks after the CAPI. Consumption and level of activity differ on the basis of day of the week. For example, level of activity varies from Monday to Friday and non school days or weekends and week days. Therefore, CAPI and CATI were collected on different days to ensure that data collected was representative of all the days. Issues of methodology The RDD technique is commendable because it saves time and is an effective move towards engaging samples for survey. Previously, the method had been used to create population samples for health studies. It is estimated that over 95 per cent of Australian families have a land line telephone though some families have replaced the land line with mobile telephone numbers so that they can easily move to different geographical locations. This is an advantage for RDD because being a silent technique, newly listed and unlisted numbers can be included by chance (Yalcin 294). Iodine Nutrient Reference Values The following table shows a summary of the relationship among Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) and Upper Level of Intake (U L) of iodine in children with ages between 14-16 years old. Iodine element in;                   Children between 14-16 years Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)  84.5%                        Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)       7.25 mg                      Upper Level of Intake (UL)           7.80 mg                       Iodine in take in children below the age of 18 years old. Years of children         2-3    4-8    9-13   14-16 Iodine in take (mcg/day)  125.6  118.4  137.4  147.5
Introduction to forecasting Forecasting could be defined as the method of formulating estimations of future events by managers (Armstrong, 2001). Forecasting helps managers determine future outcomes of events, and assist in the decision-making process. The data used in making forecasts immensely assists managers in accurately predicting outcomes of future events. In business, risk and uncertainty form the basis for applying forecasting in decision-making. Manufacturing companies apply the forecasting methods in planning for customer demand. Decisions made following forecasts immensely rely on available data from company databases. While forecasting continues to be significantly utilized in decision-making, modern times have seen the utilization of forecasting in predicting conflict development. Critics of forecasting methods, discourage the application of forecasting methods in trying to determine future outcomes. Majority of the methods continue to be faulted as lacking accuracy. Inaccurate forecasts could immensely affect the performance of companies. Decisions made on wrong forecasts could bring catastrophic results to the performance of a company (Taylor, 2010). Confusion occurs occasionally relating forecasting to planning. Planning seeks to establish desired future status of a company. Forecasting, however, focuses on determining how things might be in the future. Managers, however, utilize forecasting when making future plans. Forecasting assists in formulating effective future plans in companies. Numerous forecasting methods assist decision makers in preparing forecasts. Operations within companies need accurate forecasting to determine outcomes. The various methods commonly utilized fall in different categories. The categories of forecasting methods could be enumerated as indicated below. Categories of forecasting methods   * Qualitative and Quantitative Methods;   * Naïve Approach;   * Time series methods;   * Causal / econometric forecasting methods;   * Judgmental methods;   * Artificial intelligence methods;   * Other methods. Qualitative and quantitative methods Qualitative methods Qualitative methods provide information regarding forecasts based on observatory measures. The forecasts continue to be excessively utilized in situations lacking previous data regarding the forecasts. This method could be termed as subjective in terms of forecasting. Lacking basic information, the forecasts provided by the method offer a subjective view of the forecasted element. The method presents a realistic informatory channels resulting from subjectivity. Opinions presented by the data result from informed analysis of situations affecting the forecasted element. The forecasts provided do not relate to any previous data. The method could, therefore, be said to be independent of external influence. Long term decisions can be made relying on the forecasting provided by qualitative methods. The methods follow data collected relating to factors that may influence the element under forecast. Examples of some qualitative methods include;   * market research;   *
Reaction time is the most important issue of the hockey goalies’ professional skills. Having the most challenging occupation, they should provide a good reaction time in order to get better results among the colleagues. A successful hockey performance requires a good reaction and an outstanding motor ability. Although it is obvious that reaction time is the basic characteristic of the goalies, the experienced goalies may not have more skills than the novices due to the inborn indices of all sportsmen. According to Mori, Ohtani, and Imanaka (2002), skills are the important types of perceptual processing, and “expert sports players are superior to novices in perceptual skills” (p. 214). Being more competent, the expert goalies provide more efficient performance due to an ability to recognize the particular elements and take advantage of the situation. Besides, they demonstrate a better understanding of the technique and body characteristics of the opponents. However, the most important skill that helps the professional goalie to provide better results is the ability to move fast and to repel the pucks. However, in most situations, reaction time is an inborn skill that can be improved while the years of training. Obviously, the years of practice develop the skills. As the result, the experienced goalies provide automatic movements without thinking (Hutchison, 2009). In this case, the proc
Introduction Capital budgeting has been a major concern among many financial managers in virtually all organizations. This is because of the fact that organizations operate under limited resources and, as such, allocate these limited resources to the most optimally viable projects. It is because of this reason that companies carry out investment appraisal before engaging in capital expenditures. There are several methods that are used to carry out capital investment appraisals, some which are non-financial and others financial. Most finance managers use the financial methods to carry out appraisals because they give the quantitative attributes of a project (Vance 109). Some of the financial capital appraisal methods include the Net Present value (NPV), the Payback period, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). This paper analyzes the viability of Abel Athletics consideration to buy new manufacturing equipment that costs $1,300,000.00. The appraisal methods used are the Payback period, Net Present value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The Payback Period Payback period is defined as the time that a project takes to generate cash revenues that will offset the amount of money invested (Dayananda et al. 69). This method considers a time period that is set by the management to evaluate whether the project will be carried out or not. A project, that manages to pay back its cash outlay before the set payback period is over, is considered preferable and, as such, the project is accepted. In cases where there are two mutually exclusive projects, the one with a shorter payback period is given the priority (Dayananda et al. 72). Using this method, the management of Abel Athletic set a payback period of five years. As reported by the finance department, the investment pays back the amount invested in the third year. This means that using the project of the payback period method is acceptable. Net Present Value (NPV) This is a discounting method that considers the time value of money. It puts into consideration the fact that the value of a dollar today is more than that of the same dollar at a future date (Wendy and Mayer 98). This rationale is underlined by the fact th
Statement of Purpose The aim of this report is to complete a market research analysis report of the automobile market in Australia that will help the Great Wall motors of china to undertake a strategic planning and make future growth plans. The report will assess data and then make recommendations and conclusion to the management of the great wall motors that will the company to achieve its strategic objectives. The report will use Australian market information to identify and evaluate current and future market opportunities, demand trends within the Australian market and also make an analysis of product types and market segments that could provide growth for the company. Current and Future Market Opportunities Great wall motors, an automotive company established in 1976 is the leading SUV manufacturer in China (Global times 2010). The company got a licence to produce sedans in 2008 after two decades of producing trucks and has been hailed as one of the leading exporters of automotives in China, having entered the European market with an incredible success. Currently, it exports it products in more than 60 countries and the major question in this paper is whether this company can succeed in Australia the way it has succeeded in Europe and other countries (China daily 2010). How is Australian automotive market different from these other markets that the great wall motors has succeeded in? It is on record that Australia is one of the few countries worldwide that have facilities to design vehicles and produce them from scratch to dealership and most of the vehicles used in Australia are produced domestically (Lynn 2010). Trends within Australia Auto Market Australia is known for producing large sized passenger vehicles though there is a growing market for sports utility vehicles and sedans. One of the government policies that have had a huge impact on the Australian automotive market is global integration where the government has lowered the tariffs, providing the industry with an opportunity to adjust. The government helped the industry to internationalize while at the same time making sure it remains stable. There are four major manufacturers operating in Australia. These are Ford, Toyota, General Motors and Mitsubishi. Productivity in the automotive industry has improved significantly over the last ten years due to the benefits of market liberalization (Unescap 2009). Characteristics of possible markets Unlike Australia which favours PMVs, not many other markets have a huge propensity for PMVs. Modern markets are tilting towards small fuel efficient vehicles which is also a trend id
Introduction / Thesis Although the so-called Auteur Theory had attained cinematographic legitimacy long time ago (the origins of this theory can be traced back to 1954), its practical significance continues to be interpreted from a variety of different perspectives. In its turn, this can be explained by theory’s seeming incompatibility with cinematography as an artistic genre. As Donald Staples had put it in his article The Auteur Theory Reexamined : “In music, painting, or literature it is easy to find a one-to-one ratio between artist and work. One artist: One work. In film, however, the artistic variables are so numerous and so constantly changing from one production to the other that it is difficult to establish a one-to-one ratio and discover who the auteur of any film really is” (1967, 4). Nevertheless, even though there can be no rigidly standardized criteria as to what movie may be considered auteurist and what may not, it does not imply the conceptual fallaciousness of Auteur Theory as ‘thing in itself. After all, we cannot visualize four-dimensional subjects – yet, it does not mean that non-Euclidian geometry, which operates with these subjects, should be disposed of as ‘fallacious’. Therefore, the practical application of Auteur Theory appears fully appropriate to the works of cinematography, for as long as these works bear an undeniable mark of intellectual sophistication, as the foremost trait of their directors’ individuality. In our paper, we will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion even further by analyzing and comparing two films, which we believe fit rather well within the methodological framework Auteur Theory – Woody Allen’s 1977 romantic comedy “Annie Hall” and Rob Reiner’s 1989 romantic comedy “When Harry Met Sally”. Analytical part One of most striking characteristics of auteur movies is that they often provide viewers with biographical insight into their creators’ existential identity. “Annie Hall” initial scene depicts Alvy Singer (Woody Allen) establishing a psychological trust with viewers by expounding on rather unsightly details of his biography as four-eyed, skinny, neurotic, Jewish-American, who was born in raised in New York, and who exhibited a variety of clearly abnormal mental traits, while growing up: “I’m not a depressive character. I was a reasonably happy kid. I was brought up Brooklyn during WW2” (00.02.31). Why would Alvy bother to provide viewers with personal accounts of his upbringing? This is because, just as an auteur director, Allen actively strived to prompt viewers to assess movie’s semiotics through the lenses of his innermost psychological anxieties. It is only after we adopt Alvy’s perspective on s
Capitalism refers to a form of economic system whereby the dynamics of the market are primarily controlled by individuals or privately owned corporations. Capitalist environment provides a free market and there is no government intervention in terms of means of production and distribution, since more power is vested in the economic system rather than the political system. It usually involves a small group of people who control the market trends and make significant economic decisions (Louis, 1985). The capitalist economy of the US between the 1865 and 1930 laid a framework for the present American economic system. America’s economy was at the peak of capitalism during the late 19 th century and early 20 th century. During this period, several industries in the US began operating along capitalist lines (Louis 1985). Even the agricultural sector was subjected to the increasing forces of capitalism. Capitalism did not appeal to some Americans during the times and this resulted to the rise of anti-capitalist movements. One of the factors that significantly resulted in capitalism resistance was the rise of socialism in America. One of the organizations that were opposed to capitalism was the American labor movement. The objective of the union was to protect the rights of the workers, who were being oppressed by the capitalists in terms of low wages and poor working conditions and poor living standards. These labor movements were mostly German –Americans who used the ideologies of Karl Marx in attempt to fight capitalism and promote socialism in 1873. It is during this period that America experienced economic ‘panic’ that was known as the Great Depression; since there were no economic activities taking place due to the union strikes organized by the labor movements. This was characterized by severe union strikes organized by Karl Marxists and persistent price deflation. The economic depression experienced in 1873 resulted to a new dawn for the internationalists in the United States. Immediately after the economic depression, the Marxists led by socialist Karl Marx embarked on a series of demonstrations of unemployed workers, requesting for a more organized public works and benefits for every worker. According to the German Marxists, in the absence of a political system that was independent, the workers requirements could never be realized. Studies of Louis (1985), the anti-capitalist movements were not successful in completely wiping out capitalism in the US. This was due to the fact there was no independent political system that would offer them support and this resulted to the labor unions being dissolved after a very short period of time. The efforts by the socialist movements were suppressed due to the fact that their tactics towards the abolishment of capitalism was not favor