ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Recently there was a meeting on alcohol addiction in our university. We were provided with a lot of information about the alcohol addiction in particular, its symptoms, stages of development and many other points. A lot of attention was paid to the stages. The problem of these days occupies different layers of population independently of the social status and nationality. There were also such problems discussed as the properties of alcohol and its effect on motherhood, diseases caused by alcohol abuse and its preventions. Alcoholism is a very complicated and controversial issue that is reckoned to be a chronic and progressive disease (Schuckit, 2000, p. 1). As far as I know, the main three reasons of mortality in the United States are cardiovascular diseases, cancer and alcoholism. Alcoholism takes a leading place in the range of the most dangerous disease. It is important to know that it can also be prevented and it is likely to be cured. Almost every alcohol addicted person who is ready to take appropriate care and is willing to participate in healing is guaranteed to lead a complete and sober life in future. It goes without saying, that member of the families, friends, etc. should pay great attention to such people and to call for help at once noticing the first symptoms. Addicts and their families should clearly understand the seriousness of alcohol addiction and start immediate treatment on the urgent way of recovery. The meeting started from the statement that “the devastation of alcoholism addiction impacts the lives of millions of Americans each day” (Baker, 2004, p. 1). The problem is really serious and we do not even know that many people around us are affected by this disease. I have been always surprised by the amount of variable literature, tests, programs, etc. that allows finding out the alcohol addicted person easily. The most important thing is to find and to help such person. “Addiction refers to a complex behavioral syndrome including abnormal importance of the drug or activity, use of the drug or activity to an extreme degree” that results in corresponding consequences that may be late to cure if one does not call for the appropriate help at once (Behavioral Medicine Associates, 2009). Firstly, at the meeting we were presented the evaluation of the numerous obstacles that prevented addicts to take the necessary help. The participants of the meeting provided vivid discussions including the den
Introduction The study of gene expression and the mechanisms of inheritance are a critical field of study that requires further expansion and enhancement drastically due to the opportunities for addressing gene mutations and the related diseases that it provides. Therefore, epigenetics has to be regarded as a critical component of effective management of health concerns that are currently placed on the top of the healthcare agenda. Main body According to the details of the research, the concepts of the inheritance mechanisms suggest that the presence of epigenetics in the development of unique characteristics and traits. It is worth mentioning that the study of the subject matter used to involve quite a substantial amount of drama, with one of the scientists, Paul Kramerer, inking the laboratory rats and eventually committing suicide under the pressure of the shameful publicity (“Inheritance,” 2012, 00:31:41). The overall concept of genetic inheritance suggests that, during gene production, pairs of alleles have to segregate in order for each gamete to have a pair of alleles for a single gene (Hurley, 2013). The implications of the research are immense for the scientific world since they allow eliciting a plethora of facts about parental behavior and the inheritance mechanisms. Specifically, applying the facts in question to the human personality development process, one will have to admit that biological factors have a significant impact on the process of shaping one’s personality along with sociological ones (Webster, 2013). As a result, one’s personality is defined by nature to basically the same extent as nurture (Weaver et al., 2004). The outcomes of the research do not mean that one should cease the attempts at improving one’s characteristics by referring to one’s genes. Instead of setting limitations, one should embrace the opportunities with which one is provided based on one’s genetic material. Conclusion Given the outcomes of the rat mother test, one may infer that the future of epigenetics is rather bright. The described field of studies will help to shed light on the nature of gene expression as far as different genotypes and phenotypes are concerned, which, in turn, will allow addressing multiple health issues on a genetic level (“Inheritance,” 2012). Specifically, one will be able to modify the chances of reducing a threat of a genetic mutation significantly, yet the dilemma of nature versus nurture may halt the progress in the identified area. Since human experiments remain an ethically questionable issue, the development of epigenetics may be hampered slightly.
Introduction Shajaret Al Durr (translated, the name means Tree of Pearls) is historically regarded as the devoted slave-wife of Ayyubid, the Egyptian sultan between 1240 and 1249. Originally, she is thought to be from either Armenia or Turkey, and the sultan is believed to have granted her freedom after she gave birth to their son. The sultan would later pass on in 1249, in a tent at Mansoora, at the heights of the French crusader’s campaign, in Africa (Duncan 2000). This was during the reign of King Louis IX. Faced by the opposing forces of the crusaders, Shajar Al Durr maintained the death of the king as a secret, even to the army, to whom she would issue orders armed with the forged signature of her dead husband (Choueiri 2005). Eventually, she managed to overcome the crusaders, thanks in part to starvation and dysentery episodes following a blockage of their supply route. The eldest son of the late king arrived in Cairo, in 1250 to claim the throne, but was murdered by the Mamluks, who had by now become devoted to Shajar Al Durr, their Sultan, and queen of Egypt (Duncan 2000). In her 80 days at the throne, Shajar Al Durr assumed sovereign power and had coins minted bearing her image the Mamluks would however be divided on allegiance to her, following her decision to assassinate her second husband Aybak, to whom she had married upon the death of the Sultan. A faction loyal to Aybak would, later on, beat her to death for her heinous acts. Shajarat al-Durr: a bibliographic perspective Shajara first appeared into the annals of history following her becoming a slave-wife to the future sultan of Egypt, with whom she, later on, had a son, Khalil. Shajara would find favor in the eyes of the sultan, in the process becoming influential too, largely as a result of the immense fortune that the sultan had. The death of sultan Aiyub, coupled with the invasions into Egypt by King Louis IX of France enable the future sultana “to establish her political mettle in her fellow Mamluks’ eyes (Duncan 2000). The sixth crusade, under the command of King Louis IX, took place at quite an inopportune time during the reign of sultan Ayyubid in Egypt. The French forces led by their king already had Damietta in their hands and were now waiting and calculating, to take over Cairo too. On the 23
Introduction Low prices have become common in most agricultural products with coffee being the most affected. Coffee is the main tropical agricultural product accounting for nearly half of the total exports in developing countries though it is facing substantial price falls. Following a short recovery in the 1990s when coffee stocks were cleared, its prices have dramatically fallen to unexpected levels. In reality, today’s coffee prices are higher than the costs involved in its production. The International Coffee Organization (ICO), asserts that this has a direct effect on about 20-25 million families in the coffee producing nations and an indirect effect on about 100 million families which rely on coffee (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2012). This paper will discuss the nature of this crisis and the industry’s reactions towards eliminating the crisis. It will put into consideration experiences on the exporters and producers side to effect market fundamentals through demand promotion and supply control. Discussion Economic implications of operating in different market and industry structures with additional details and strong supporting evidence The fact that the coffee industry operates in different markets and industry structures has led to the precipitous fall in coffee prices. The rise of Vietnam as a chief producer and exporter of coffee, the decline in Brazilians under-consumption levels, poor utilization of market power by retailers, changes in technology, local market liberalization and the abolition of public marketing bodies are the reasons attributed to the products decline. The fall of coffee prices has been cited by the European government as having resulted from the fall of the global coffee agreement and policies that have been formulated by the WTO (World Trade Organization) (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2012). Nature and structure of global economic markets with additional details and strong supporting evidence The current co
During the past century, scientific findings have significantly changed the way humans live in all spheres of life. Scientific methods have also been transferred to psychology to understand human behavior. Science uses systematic observation as a medium of obtaining knowledge. It is an empirical method that helps scientists learn more about our biological and physical world. Science has been used to save humanity from various catastrophes and diseases by discoveries of vaccines and the green revolution. These discoveries saved millions of people from eventual death caused by diseases that were untreatable. Science has four vital elements, which include:  1. Systematic observation. Scientists make observations in a very organized manner. The observed phenomenon is customarily measured and recorded to reduce memory bias, affecting scientific conclusions. Most observations are done in controlled conditions, which are systematically varied to understand the phenomenon comprehensively.  2. Hypothesis testing. Hypotheses and theories are developed in a manner that can be tested. Testing hypotheses requires that experiments be conducted to either prove or refute the hypothesis. It is an empirical way of confirming the validity of such hypotheses.  3. Democratic. Scientists usually engage in debates and discussions concerning their theories and observations. The free expression of scientific ideas helps bring out the best in science. Scientists do not disregard the works of others but engage in critiques and support of scientific works aimed at bettering the quality of knowledge acquired.  4. Cumulative. The scientist also uses facts presented by earlier scientists to build on their works. Science provides a straight path of development where earlier advances build up better and more enriching facts and knowledge. Some people still doubt psychology is a science because many psychological phenomena like intelligence, depression, and prejudice are seemingly unobservable. However, psychological researchers mainly focus on behavior because individual feelings and thoughts are invisible. Scientists can also observe the behaviors of identical and fraternal twins to know the extent to which social and genetic factors contribute to personality. In recent times, psychology has become a complex discipline because of better study designs, measures, and statistical analyses in exploring human nature (Diener). For instance, when studying the emotion of happiness, the psychologist can ask participants about their happiness and request them to indicate where their feelings lie on a numbered scale. Scientists can also use memory measures based on the idea that optimistic people have no problems recalling pleasant memories while negative people easily recall unpleasa
Introduction Bottega Veneta has been proving the beauty and quality of its products since 1966 when the company was founded. Though it is best known for the production of different leather goods (mostly hand-woven), such as bags, shoes, and even belts, Bottega Veneta’s collection of dresses has proven that the firm is great not only in leather goods. The collection has attracted much attention for its unusualness and the designer’s timelessness style. Tomas, Bottega Veneta’s designer created the dress in question from a draping pleated light fiber of neutral color, which made it resemble ancient Greek dress; this dress has some commonalities with one of Valentino’s creations, though several distinctions are also present. Bottega Veneta is a truly Italian brand for it represents this country’s national identity. The Dress The dress under consideration differs from other Bottega Veneta’s items. It stands out among the rest of garments ever designed by Tomas. Tomas utilized streaming fibers earlier but never have they been so impressive. For instance, Bottega Veneta’s 2008 collection also abounds with dresses from light fibers performed in pastel colors (Picture 1-3). Thus, compared with the previous collection, this dress expresses certain novelty and freshness emphasizing at the same time timelessness of this style. The dress under consideration is an Ancient Greek looking dress made from polyester. The fiber is pleated and it drapes; the dresses performed in this style give an idea of simplicity due to the absence of obtrusive details and their neutral and pastel colors. The twisted knot detail created around the shoulder gives the dress certain mysteriousness; this knot reminds of the knot clutch bag in Tomas’ collection, which makes the dress easily distinguishable from the others performed in similar style. Bottega Veneta vs. Valentino If compared with Valentino’s dresses, Bottega Veneta’s have several similar features, but they still remain original at this. Valentino dress (Picture 4) is also made from polyester, though only partially. The upper part of the dress reminds that of Bottega Veneta; the pieces of fiber cross a bit higher than in case with Tomas’s dress and th
Introduction Global warming is a serious issue that needs to be addressed immediately. Scientists across the world have revealed that the drastic changes in climate are a result of an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by different industrial sectors. Top among the highest polluters are the manufacturing industry and the transport industry. This pollution is mainly caused by their vast use of oil as the preferred fuel because of its availability and low costs. Oil pollutes the environment by releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases, which have led to global warming. While authorities across the world have compelled the manufacturing industries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, similar efforts have not been adequately placed on the transport industry. It is apparent that the number of motor vehicles in the world is increasing by the day, and this translates to an increase in the amount of pollutants produced by the transportation industry annually. This paper looks to highlight evidence supporting the sentiment that the transport industry has played a big role in global warming and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the transport industry Vehicles burn oil-based fuel to produce methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, which are released to the environment. Different vehicles produce different amounts of the greenhouse gases, but it has been established that trucks, aircrafts, and ships are among the highest polluters in the transport industry. According to the data reported by the EPA, the transport industry has increased its emissions rate by more than 18% over the past two decades. This trend is a result of an increase in the number of vehicles and other transportation machinery across the world. In 2012, the transportation industry contributed to about 28% of the total greenhouse gases produced in the United States. This data indicates that the transport system is quite a significant contributor to global warming and climate change in the world ( Transportation Sector Emissions , 2014). When looking at the individual modes of transportation, light-duty vehicles account for about 63% of the total greenhouse emissions in the industry within the US ( Transportation’s Role in Climate Change , 2014). As more people acquire vehicles in the society, the rate increases. Effects on global warming The high rates of air pollution from the transport industry have resulted in an increase in the rate of global warming in the world. Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases create a blanket of gases in the atmosphere, which prevents heat radiating from the earth to exi
The Roman-Colosseum was an enormous egg-shaped structure in Rome’s heart. “Also called Coliseum formerly the Flavian Amphitheatre or Amphitheatrum-Flavium in Latino, and Anfiteatro-Flavio (Colosseo) in Italian, is an oval amphitheater at the heart of Rome, Italy, the biggest ever constructed Colosseum in the Roman Empire” (Coarelli, 2002). This construction has been regarded as, one of the most impressive works of Roman architectural designing and Roman engineering. The construction which was commenced in71 AD during the reign of Vespasian (a Roman emperor), was completed at around 80-AD during the times of Emperor Titus. Situated on the eastern side of the Roman Forum, the Colosseum was further modified at the time of Emperor Domitian at about 81 to 96 AD. It is given the name Amphitheatrum Flavium, coined out of two emperor’s family names (Vespasian and Titus). Able to seat a sixty thousand audience, the Colosseum was mainly used to host gladiator challenges and communal exhibitions i.e. mock sea-battles, wild animal hunting, executions, reenactments of celebrated encounters, or dramas centered on traditional mythologies. The construction was officially closed down as an entertainment arena during the early medieval period. The Colosseum was afterward re-used for the purposes of accommodation, meetings, residence for a sacred order, fortification, quarry, and a religious place of worship. As much it is in a somewhat ruined condition, as a result of damage brought about by destructive earthquakes and stone robbers, the construction is a symbolic figure of Imperial Rome. The Colosseum is, “one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit “Way of the Cross” procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum” (Panini, 1996). This piece of architectural work is again represented on the Italian edition of the five-cent Euro-coin. This
Introduction God is a Supreme Being who created and sustains existence of universe eternally. Different religions and belief systems have ascribed God with different attributes and names, but what is consistent is the attribute of creation. Although lesser gods exist, God is the one who formed everything in the universe and has become the source of life and human needs. Through many generations, people have been praying to God so that they could get assurance of their future and obtain daily needs such as peace, food, and vigorous health among others. Since God has many attributes, believers have identified these attributes as gods. For instance, diverse regions believe that there is a god of peace, a god of health, god the savior, and god of life amongst others names that define God and his abilities. Hence, this essay seeks to define God according to perceptions of Muslims, Christians, Atheists and Rastafarians. Definition of God According to Muslims, Allah is a Supreme Being who rules the universe and is the source of everything. Muslims believes that Allah is the creator and sustainer of life in the universe and thus deserves worship as a form of sacrifice that human beings could offer. According to Quran, Allah is the only God in the universe who has matchless powers, mercy and compassion. Allah externally exists for he has neither origin of birth nor destiny of death. Since Allah reigns in the universe, Muslims believe that he communicates to his people through his prophets, and Muhammad is a prominent prophet whose messages streamed from Allah. Magnificent attribute of Allah is holiness for Muslims believe that he will come in the future to reward the holy people and punish sinners. Christians believe in Yahweh, who is a God of patriarchs like Moses, Jacob, Abraham and Isaac amongst others. Christians hold that Yahweh is eternal God who is the creator and sustainer of life in the universe. Given that Yahweh is the source of life and provider of other human needs, Christians worship him so that they may have peace, abundance of life and protection from evil forces that dominate the world. Christians believe that Yahweh exists as trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, which functions together as one. God the father is the creator and sustainer of the universe, God the Son is the savior of humanity, while God the Holy Spirit is a spirit that guides humanity in the universe. The three attributes of Yahweh have formed the basis of Christian teachings that regard Jesus as having equal divine powers as Yahweh, since he is the son. Atheists believe that God does not exist in the universe. According to atheists, in the beginning there was no deity to create the uni
Passing of budgets is a regular exercise that mainly occurs annually. There are several stages that accompany public budgeting process, which entail preparation and submission, approval, execution, and audit and evaluation. Budget process is a timeline activity with preparation of the budget as the first step in budget cycle. For Federal budget, budget preparation is concerned with compiling a draft budget, for presenting to the congress. Preparation of the budget is an internal activity for the executives. During federal budget preparation, the fiscal policy is set followed by determining the total available resources for spending. At preparation juncture, the office of management negotiates with appropriate departments about allocation of funds. However, the office of management is responsible for putting expenditure ceiling for each department. After drafting the budget, the office of management presents it to the president for review and make final ruling mainly on the contentious issues (Lee, Johnson & Joyce, 2008). After coming with a comprehensive budget draft, the present takes the budget to the congress for approval. The budget has to get the approval of the congress in order to become effective. Before the approval, the congress scrutinizes the budget proposal from the executive. This entail the congress assessing the setting of the fiscal policy, sources of revenues, as well as the expenditures. The role of the congress is to reject, approve, amend and in some cases substitute the budget proposal with their own budget format. Some government budgets requires passing of separate legislations for appropriation and alterations to the tax code. Some governments on the other hand take into consideration a unified budget bill as in the case of the federal budget. However, the most important aspect in this stage is a compre