ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article introduces the different uses of unaccusative verbs. In addition, it illustrates how different writers explain their use of unaccusative verbs to bring a variety of meanings. Cortés (1992) believes that the use of unaccusative verb improves the ability to designate an inherent accusative verb that is not partitive. This form, however, faces the restriction of indefinite interpretation inflicted by the syntax-semantics rule as proposed by Diesing (1992), limiting the lingual reading of the key idea of the verb. Unaccusative verbs refers to the use of those intransitive verbs, such as ‘voted’, ‘walked’, having an underlying object in its subject position. This class of unjustified verbs developed from the unaccusative hypothesis proposed by Burzio (1986) and Perlmutter (1978). The hypothesis suggests that such unaccusative verbs like ‘follow’, ‘occur’, ‘ensue’, ’emerge’, and ‘arise’, among others, have some common features in bringing the meaning of ‘to be’. This type of verbs lacks the ability to select a verb, hence categorized as intransitive. While the unaccusative verbs carry an internal line of argument, the intransitive verbs carry an external argument though both of them appear to have a similar meaning. Some unaccusative verbs contain a theme and specify the location or state of the intended meaning of the verb, such as in the word ‘go’ which shows a location. The two internal arguments here include the theme and the place. Generally, according to Burzio’s (1986) case, the author generalizes with exceptions the use of accusative and unaccusative verbs on the basis of internal and external arguments. In his argument, he insists that since unaccusative verbs lack external agents, it is possible to assign an accusative case to an object. While Burzio’s (1986) argument receives backing from fellow academicians, such as Baker (1988) and Abraham et al. (1996), Woolford (2003) feels that there is little consensus on the generalization principles and ways of dealing with the sentence examples without nominative objects. While different authors hold varied opinions on the structures and properties associated with unaccusative verbs, Levin and Hovav (1995) categorize intransitive verbs into three classes. These include the causative verb with a single line of argument, a class of unaccusative verbs with two internal lines of argument and, lastly, the unergative class of verbs with single semantic representation and a single line of external argument. Copy and Gournay (2007) claim that characterization of syntactic and semantic properties make unergative verbs display properties similar to those of unaccusative verbs. This contradicts Levin and Hova
Introduction It was a clash of titans. In the middle part of the 19 th century, China and Britain were in conflict over the Opium trade. Great Britain had a very lucrative business in selling the drug while at the same it was wreaking havoc in China. The Emperor was torn whether to legalize or ban the use of Opium. The government decided on the latter and then proceeded to lay down the law forcing British merchants to flee from Canton and relocate to Macao but this was seen as an affront to the British Crown. In 1839 Lin Zexu a high imperial commissioner wrote a letter to the Queen of England wanting to inform her of the state of affairs in China. A few months later a letter from England arrived. Lord Palmerston’s letter was not asking for forgiveness but a veiled threat for war. The two letters would change the course of history. Background For thousands of years, China was a world unto itself. Its Northern borders were blocked by Mongolia and Russia. Its Western borders on the other hand were blocked by the Himalayan mountain ranges. Going to the East, the Chinese has to cross the Pacific Ocean in order for them to reach Europe and the same could be said of foreign invaders and potential trading partners. Realistically the Chinese people had to use a circuitous route, the Silk Road in order for them to establish trade relations as far as Europe where they could really make serious money. But for the most part, they were content to simply let the whole world come to its doorsteps because China had a wonderful array of products that the known world would like to covet. China’s geographical features, its great landmass and its large population, its natural resources, and great wealth allowed the Empire to grow in strength, dynasty after dynasty. The completion of the Great Wall allowed for a sense of security. As a whole, it can be argued that only Japan and Mongolia had a realistic chance of ever defeating China. The rest of the world will find it difficult to scale the Himalayas, traverse the rugged terrain of Afghanistan, cross the frozen tundra of Russia and cross the Pacific Ocean. There is simply no way for European invaders to easily march to China and engage her in a land war. All of that would change in the 18 th and 19 th centuries when Great Britain became the undisputed global superpower, the British navy can easily cross the world’s oceans and bring the fight right into the heart of China. The irony of it is this, China or at least the Emperor and his cohorts were blinded by their false sense of grandeur and could not fully understand a world where China is not the
Introduction Scope or work . The present project is aimed at analysing and evaluating the resources and opportunities of the country Qatar with regard to the expected world cup that is sure to be held there in 2022 in accordance with the bid won by Qatar to host the world cup on its territory. As such, it is necessary to evaluate whether the conditions in this country are appropriate to hold a green world cup there in terms of environmental issues and climate components. Rationale for research . The investigation should be performed to assess the readiness of Qatar to host the world cup on its territory with regard to international rules and conventions. As representatives of different nations would take part in the world cup, extraneous stressors should not be imposed on them. Objectives Problem statement . The problem for Qatar with regard to construction and design of buildings and facilities for the world cup 2022 is the environment, climate issues, and investment. So, Qatar is a country with emerging economy but everything can happen in more than ten years. Besides, the climate of Qatar is hot and humidity is high contrasted to other countries that could have won the bid for the 2022 world cup. Finally, the environment should be green; so, it is important to reduce the pollution of waters and air and reduce the gas emission. Justification of the problem . The problem of investments and environment is great because the country eligible to host some international events should provide its participants with adequate conditions similar to the ones provided in other countries for events of the same level as the world cup. Methodology Review of projects . The projects designed for the Qatar 2022 world cup are magnificent with wide variety of modern materials and constructions techniques. So, the stadiums and buildings can be constructed in order to provide the participants and audience with the maximum of comfort. In other words, air conditioning applied to stadiums would reduce the temperature typical for climate in Qatar and make the conditions appropriate for the game. Planning for world cup facilities . The facilities should be designed in accordance with the international norms of security measures for such type of events. Besides, it is important to investigate whether the country and organizations that contribute to the construction of buildings and facilities in Qatar are certified to perform such activities. However, the projects of stadiums and facilities are aimed at bringing the world cup on the brand-new level of design and construction in term so architecture and tourism. Critical issues . Environmental factors for Qatar include a great variety of factors such as hot temperature and high level of humidity. As such, the air conditioning would be an integral par
Summary This paper discusses some of the important aspects of noise as a physical hazard. Firstly, the physical characteristics of noise are discussed. Secondly, the main effects are examined with particular attention to noise–induced hearing impairment. In this section human perception of sound and the mechanism that result in hearing impairment are elaborated. Next the measurement of noise is discussed in much greater details. Finally, the mitigation measures for noise at workplace are looked at. It should be emphasized that due to the broad nature of the topic, the content presented here is by no means exhaustive. Further literature research on the subject may be necessary for some cases. Introduction According to the 2010 national hazard exposure worker surveillance report by Safe Work Australia, between 28 % and 32 % of the workers in Australia are exposed to non-trivial [≥ 85bB(A)] loud noise generated during their work(Safe Work Australia 2010). The report also states that workers generally have inadequate training on how to prevent hearing damage with only 41% percent of workers have received such training (executive summary). This report is in agreement with that of BHP Billiton conducted in 2003 whose findings indicated 51% of employees in Australia who do not use hearing protectors are exposed to noise levels above exposure limits (Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC)2006). Kumis and Apps (2007) have also found out that a majority of Australian workers are affected by preventable occupational noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) (127). Data from the Noise exposure and the provision of noise control measures in Australian workplaces 2010 report from National Hazard Exposure Worker Surveillance (NHEWS) survey show that a high percentage of workers (>40 %) exposed to loud noise(above 84bBA) are found in manufacturing, construction, transport, storage, agriculture, forestry and fishing sect
Features and attributes Dependability is the user’s level of trust in a system which reflects the level at which the user is confident to operate a machine without any form of failure. Dependability is a measure of reliability, availability, maintainability, and in some cases, characterized by safety and security. In accessing the car’s dependability, there are prevalent but helpful features that one has to consider. Some of the features are heat and air conditioning; a lot of people want to be comfortable while driving regardless of the weather. The other important feature is the engine type which contributes to the fuel consumption and the power of the vehicle (Dhanabalan, p. 18). The less the car consumes fuel, the better because it will save the driver much fuel. The last important feature is the automatic and manual transmission. Many people prefer automatic cars, but the manual car is better because it is easy to maintain and they are cheap to buy. The manual car’s transmission is inexpensive to repair; also, the driver is more engaged in the journey. Warrant, safety, and price are some of the attributes people check in the vehicle. The buyer needs to be assured what they are buying is covered in case of any faultiness. The user’s interest in knowing the vehicle’s safety history is critical because it will help understand the car’s worthiness. Some people who buy used vehicles should be cautious because one can get a car that had an accident and marked wanted. Pricing is another critical attribute because one cannot buy what they cannot afford. The higher the price, the safer one is on the road; if one buys a new car and the other buys a used one, the one with a brand new car is safer and more comfortable. When quantifying a warranty, it is important to understand the car’s value. If the car is worth the warrant, then it is important to consider the repairing cost in case an accident happens (Dhanabalan, p. 28). When it comes to warrants, insurance should be a key consideration. There are insurance packages that cover third-party objects and persons. In terms of safety quantification, it is good to consider accident-free vehicles. Otherwise, the other vehicles might have hidden faults such as leaking carburetors or fuel tanks. This minor fault might blow the car while traveling, and one burns inside. Quantifying these attributes means considering the impact they would have on the vehicle if not considered. The analysis of the impact has been done based on each attribute. Ways to achieve dependability Dependability can be achieved by taking full ownership of the operation of the system. For example, if it is a car, the driver should feel empowered while driving. The driver is in control of moving the vehicle, and the passengers depend on them. If he or she is not in control, the car can easily get into an accident which means a
Workforce development is a matter of concern for many organizations. The primary issue here is that the company’s policy in decision-making should focus on the people instead of the businesses. One of the central concepts of developing the workforce is intelligence, and there are different approaches to improving it. Diana M. Raschke, for example, believes that what matters in workforce development and making employees more creative and devoted to the company is providing them what the author calls discretionary time. It is time that the employees are free to spend on their pet projects. According to this approach, the company may easily improve employee morale and creativity (Raschke 24). It can be explained by the fact that if people have some discretionary time to spend it on pet projects, it will help them more creative when it comes to the company’s tasks, so, it improves productivity. Another approach to improving intelligence is that of Scott Swanson who believes that it is crucial to make intelligence valuable to the customer. The approach claims that the organization before implementing the intelligence project should make sure that it complies with several requirements so that it is valuable to customers. First of all, is should provide accurate information that will not lead to misunderstandings. Second, it should be objective, i.e. not include subjective views of the developers. Third, the projects should be usable, and it can be reached by making every feature of it easily understood and used by the customer. Fourth, it should be relevant, i.e. meet the initial requirements of the customers. Fifth, the project should be ready and correspond to the objectives and operations of the organization. Finally, it should be delivered on time (Swanson 28). The next approach to workforce development is designed by Gregory F. Treverton and C. Bryan Gabbard. The authors believe that the future of successful organizations is in focusing on technological breakthroughs because it is wrong to ignore them living in the technology era. That means that R&D and developing the digital infrastructure for sharing knowledge is the key to improving workforce performance (Treverton and Gabbard 49). These initiatives are significant because they help improve the quality of work. The approaches that were mentioned above can be applied to analyzing the activities through the prism of improving the intelligence performance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The organization acknowledges that intelligence is the key to a better understanding of threats and dealing with them (Fox 122). It is the primary reason for launching intelligence initiatives. First of all, it should be noted that the FBI felt the lack of resources and skills needed to meet the requirement of the intelligence policies dictated by the necessity to implement the
Executive Summary Pay Television (TV) is an emerging medium that continues to develop in Australia. The services provided by Pay TV are considered as superior to free TV, which is limited. In addition, the availability of Pay TV provides a better option to households that seek to upgrade their viewing experience. Despite the price tag of Pay TV, the Australian consumers have recognised its value. Hence setting up another Pay TV network appears to be a good venture. There are some notable players that have established their presence in the market. Macas World plans to implement a different approach to reinvent Pay TV. The Pay TV services that Macas World proposes are mainly focused on movies. Since the Company is licensed to distribute DVDs and other movie platforms, then such idea is critical. The Company attempts to expand the business by injecting all-movies channel as a Pay TV alternative. Macas World will create a market niche with a portion of the Pay TV market that prefers movies instead of the other options. The funds for the project will mostly be used for permits, technology, and marketing. The Broadcasting Industry Livingston (1994) stated that public communication has driven the creation of colonial governments during the pre Commonwealth era. Forms of communication have also improved through the years. Wireless communication has developed in the country. But because of proliferation and complaints, the Minister of Communication has intervened. The agency worked to ensure adequacy of wireless broadcasting. The Australian government has established control in wireless forms of broadcasting through the Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1905. Day (1994), however, argues that the frameworks of this law are incomprehensible. But the government asserts that the law discourages monopoly in the industry. The Australian Government maintains that intervention is needed to promote economic viability. On the o
Organizational Topic The topic of employee retention and effective practices to build employee commitment and satisfaction has become one of the most urgent issues in the business setting. Companies of any scale experience high workforce turnover since workers often have professional burnout due to responsibility and duties overload. In addition, a tendency exists when international employees switch positions every several years, which is a benefit for them but a threat to companies (Jost, 2014). Therefore, the contemporary business environment requires companies to employ motivational and stimulation approaches to boost employee loyalty and encourage workers to commit themselves to reaching organizational goals by using their fullest potential. In terms of the future research, it will be interesting to investigate the practices that contemporary organizations use to motivate their workforce and specify the way employees perceive such methods of stimulation. Problem Statement It should be noted that although financial stimulation is believed to be the best way to encourage employees to commit themselves to their duties, there is a need to come up with non-financial methods. It can be evidenced by the understanding that it is impossible to continue increasing salaries uninterruptedly while employee morale can be boosted using other measures (Jost, 2014). Thus, it is essential to develop a motivational strategy that companies will employ to achieve employee retention and job satisfaction using the resources that they possess. Research Strategy and Research Question The study will follow the principles of a qualitative research strategy. It will target to obtain in-depth results that will allow characterizing current tendencies, opinions, and insights into the topic (Abrams, 2006). In that matter, it will be necessary to conduct two different surveys to specify the results for both management and the workforce. Based on the research strategy and the problem area, the research question (RQ) is as follows: RQ1: What are the most effective motivational strategies that organizations can employ to retain their employees so that they meet the needs of management as well as that of the workforce? Rationale for Choosing Qualitative Research Design This type of study was chosen in connection with the fact that the research question is rather complex and multifaceted, and it requires a deep understanding of processes taking place in companies. Also, it will allow a wider coverage of the topic and highlight new crucial sub-themes that may not have been considered initially (Abrams, 2006). Moreover, the results of the study will not depend on the sample size of respondents since the researcher intends to analyze the fundamental aspects of the field under investigation rather than to characterize it by a statistic association. Research Instrument The main instrument for the research will be an interview. To be more precise, management can be interviewed during an unstructured discussion. It can be done in person or over the phone/by email (Abrams, 2006). To rein
A brief overview of the case The case involves the Charles River Laboratories (CRL) Company and the ALPES Company considering entering into a joint venture. This involves the senior vice-president, Dennis Shaughnessy presenting a report regarding this before the chief company leadership. The key aim of the two companies entering the joint venture is to engage in the production and pre-incubation of SPF eggs for international agricultural vaccine companies in Mexico which would serve in enabling the two companies to realize growth. This joint venture involves the Charles River Laboratories Company investing in the venture, two million U.S dollars in cash to fund the operations. On the other hand, the ALPES Company will have to make a contribution in kind in terms of facilities. Each company will have to obtain a 50 percent share from the joint venture. However, this venture can not be entered into before some issues are resolved. The CEO of CRL as well as some members of the board raises some issues that make entering into the joint venture not to be easily realized. Analysis – Problems/Major issues identification Several issues and problems are raised concerning this joint venture. Among these issues and problems are the ones that are raised by the chief executive officer of the company (CRL). The CEO sees that the joint venture would distract SPAFAS – specific antigen-free avian services as it went on expanding at a rapid pace in the United States of America. Another issue that is presented is the idea that investing in Mexico is a risky initiative to be taken by the company. This is for the reason that, in Mexico, there is some great instability regarding the changing currency and the uncertain market. More so, concerns are directed towards the idea of partnering with a family-owned company. This family-owned business was not making a new investment of its own, but instead has full reliance on the capital of the Charles River Laboratories Company. Another issue, which is a final issue, is that, in the course of time, in a period of more than fifty years, the CRL had never attained any success in conducting business in Mexico. The issues that are raised by the board members include the concerns about the complex organizational structures of Grupo IDISA, the large number of transactions between ALPES, IDISA and other Romero companies, and lack of transparency of a company that only held board meetings once a year and tended not to have strategic plans, the operating budgets, and the meeting minutes among other formal corporate documents which are always used by the U.S public companies. The issue of the joint venture comes about when Romeros, owners of the ALPES Company, want to obtain the required funds to engage in the expansion of their business. CRL rules out the idea of lending money to this company as well as the idea of being minority shareholder in the company. Eventually it is conside