ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The cold war was a war between two superpower nations, the Soviet Union which believed in communism and the United States which advocated for free governance hence supporting a democratic government. The cold war can be said to have been caused by the difference in ideologies that existed between the two nations and the hunger to control and dominate the world as the superpower. The cold war did not use military or army weapons; it used other measures to curb the power and the influence of the other nation. Economic restrictions and spread of propaganda against each other were used as the war weapons, as each nation tried all available means to destroy and weaken the ability of the other nation in expanding and gaining popularity. The beginning of the cold war can be traced way back even before the beginning of the second world war that is after the Bolshevik Revolution and formation of Russian union in 1917. According to Leffler in his book “The Specter of Communism”(1994) the cold war was a political and economical war between the United States and the Soviet Union, which started few years after the end of the First World War, as they struggled to gain popularity and control over the world. The two nations had differences in terms of governing, whereby the United States dominated by the capitalism and the Soviet Union dominated by the communism. Each state believed that its governing policy was more superior and should be adopted by all nations, thus they tried to influence other countries to form allies against the other superpower nation in order to reduce their power. The major threats of cold war started with the raise of the Russian revolution under the readership of Bolshevik regime which was determined to spread the communism all over the world, by influencing and cooperating with various countries in order to outfit the Americans. The United States and the Soviet Union did not involve themselves in any war, but aided the ally’s nations in fighting their opponents. In 1918 to 1920 the United States and Britain joined together to fight Bolshevik regime, but they were unsuccessful. After this inversion, the relationship between the Americans and the Russian worsened, the soviet attitude regarding the Americans and the west became even worse. Upon the Bolshevik revolution, Russia was a semi-peripheral state and was still struggling to catch up with west which was viewed as most industrialized by then, thus the Russian spent most of its time and economic in strengthening its army. It also invested a lot in the manufacturing of the atomic booms and military ammunition in preparation to defend itself in case of war outbreak. Russia was suspecting that the United States were manufacturing the atomic bombs and they may use them in attacking them. The landing of the American troops in Russia to assist the anti- Bolshevik in the Russian civil war increased the tension and suspicion within the communism leadership over the capitalism. After the involvement of Americans in the Russian civil war, the relationship between Russians and t
Small businesses have certainly started to play an important role in the growth and development of a lot of economies in the world today, and they are becoming increasing popular. The reasons for this are not particularly hard to discern. Growing firms provide significant benefits to regions, with job generation, knowledge spillovers, economic multipliers, innovation drivers and cluster developments. The exact processes of growth and an analysis of the development and transitions from small to high growth rates and size development have generated limited study from an initial review of literature. The birth of new firms and their subsequent growth or failure has captivated the interest of researchers especially during the past decade and a half. The central theme dominating this segment of research focuses on the question effects of federal tax policy on small businesses like my business organization that is involved in small-scale farming. Individuals and organizations tend to change their behaviors in response to changes in federal tax policies. The policy on economic incentives to businesses affects my organization in a number of ways. Tax policies come along with various economic incentives that are precipitating factors for involvement in a number of activities and investments. According to Page (1983), “ Implications of Federal tax policies of significance to farmers are particularly notable in tax burdens, land prices and the ownership of capital assets, the cost of capital relative to labor, the size and organizational structure of farms, management and husbandry practices, and product supplies and prices”. In addition the above, there are the tax burdens. The federal tax policies of various farm tax provisions have the profound effect on small farms and business organizations that trade in farm out puts. The special agricultural tax preferences have significantly reduced the tax burdens on farm income. This has led to increased earnings in my organization which recorded profound increase in its income by 30% for last quarter. “Where the business case shows gains or net cash inflows, taxes operate to lower overall gains because operating income and capital gains are normally taxed; If the total income tax rate is, say 30%, a $100 operating gain becomes a $70 net gain after taxes” (Pechman, 1987). A lot of changes in our levels of income are expected to be realized after an analysis of the CBO’s budget. This is because, tax policy incentives to farmers and farm input have been further enhanced to assist the small farming business units record high income turn over. Furthermore, policies in regard to new tax provisions that include income averages, an improved level of self employed insurance remittances, increased levels of capital expensing, and low tax rates on gains accrued from capital on
Brand Analysis for Starbucks Objectives, strategy, and plans The objectives, strategy and plans of Starbucks are geared towards improving and popularizing the brand identity of the company. Hence, the company is keen towards popularizing its brand by enhancing a firm expression across the board especially in view of other competitors in the market. This implies that brand expression plays a major role in marketing the company. Some of the key tenets valued in the brand expression include the name of the company, the color, shape and pattern of its logo, typography, icons/symbols and its worldmark (Zmuda 3). In other words, it is crucial to mention that the brand name of this company is a major area of marketing that cannot be ignored at all. Unique positioning The company was incepted way back in 1971. After operating for close to two decades, it was made a public limited company in 1992. By the year 2002, the company was operating close to 6000 stores across the globe. This number has since gone up remarkably. Its sales growth was stable throughout the years before the 2007 recession began. Although the identity of the company remained strong, profitability went down slightly below the projected margins. So far, expansion has been witnessed in the service and product sectors. As it stands now, one of the key objectives of Starbucks is to maintain a high standard in the quality of processed coffee. This objective has been attained progressively over the years. Another objective has been to develop a wide variety of customizable drinks and increase product differentiation in order to meet the various tastes and preferences of customers. The past, present and future One of the strategies that the company has used to maintain coffee standards is through direct control of its supply chain. The white collar people, the educated individuals and those are affluent in society have among the main targets of Starbucks. In terms to product positioning, the image of the company has so far changed into ‘a convenient place.’ It is readily positioned for growth due to its large class of the targeted market. The above mentioned target groups have supported the growth of the company over the years. Second, customizing drinks is yet another growth factor because the varying tastes and preferences of customers can be met almost instantly. It is also crucial to mention that the customer base targeted by Starbucks has been widened to comprise those who are less educated and less affluent in society. At this point, it is vital to vividly lay out where Starbucks has been, where Starbucks is currently, and where they plan to go. To begin with, the brand was transformed into a public entity in 1992 when customer base was still very low. The number
Abstract The paper is devoted to the topic of Industry 4.0 and it’s being a systemic innovation interplay between technical and social innovation. It focuses on possible social innovations associated with its implementation that can play an important part in the further development of society. To collect the data and fill the knowledge gap that exists in the discussed field, it was decided to conduct qualitative research and apply the method of a semi-structured interview. Having interviewed ten specialists in the field of manufacturing technology, the researchers found that there were a large number of positive consequences of the implementation of Industry 4.0 related to the life of society. In the end, the authors concluded that Industry 4.0 could really be called a concept connecting technical and social innovation. The results can be used i
Introduction Tobacco products are very addictive and highly used, even though considered very harmful to human beings. Over the past thirty years, the level of consumption of tobacco products, its production, and trade increased rapidly. The rate has, however, slowed in the last ten years. The decline in production and consumption has been experienced more in developed countries as compared to developing countries. It can be easily assumed that the reason for this is that developed countries have more technology and techniques and funding to reduce the rate of consumption of tobacco, unlike developing countries which are still struggling with a lot of problems such as poverty and they have no funds or techniques to reduce the rate of consumption. The world trends of consumption of tobacco and its products have been determined by China (Stratton 56). This is because of its large production and consumption levels in the world Thesis This paper will examine in detail the different opinions and ideas of different authors on the fluctuations of cigarette consumption in the last thirty years. The period that will be focused on is the years between 1970 and 2000. The paper will deeply examine the difference in opinions and the similarities of opinions of several authors on the issue. The paper will first examine the trends in the consumption of tobacco leaf, cigarettes, and other tobacco products. The paper will also look at the difference in fluctuations in both developed countries and in developing countries. The paper will also examine the changes in trends of consumption of unmanufactured tobacco. The trends in cigarette manufacture and tobacco leaf usage and the types of tobacco produced will also be examined in the paper. The consumption of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, has been increasing rapidly around the world. However, there have been several divergent patterns of consumption. In developed countries, there is a very high consumption per capita even though the rate is declining, while in developing countries, there is low per capita consumption, but the tre
Aristotle’s Physics Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher and was the most prominent product of the educational system developed by Plato. He spent 20 years learning at the institution developed by Plato, known as the Academy. He later became Alexander the Great’s teacher on his return to Macedonia. Aristotle wrote on a range of topics, such as physics, arts, government, biology, politics, and music, and is credited for profoundly shaping medieval physics. His ideas broadened well into the Renaissance, although they were replaced by other scientists and scholars, notably Galileo Galilei, Descartes, and Sir Isaac Newton. Aristotle’s contribution to the field of physics was on matter, motion, optics, and metaphysics, among others (Aristotle, 1961, pp. 3-7). Aristotle posited that the universe consists of two parts: the terrestrial and the celestial regions and that in Earth, all bodies were made up of a mixture of four types of matter: earth , water , air, and fire . He said that other heavenly bodies past the moon were made of a fifth substance, the quintessence of Aether. Heavy or dense objects such as iron were mainly made of the earth while less heavy objects consisted of a mixture of the four elements (Jones, 2010, para. 4). The basic postulation in Aristotelian physics was that the natural setting of the sublunary matter is rest, i.e. the first three elements must seek their natural place at rest on Earth unless changed by some impenetrable plane, such as a table. The fourth element ( fire ), resides somewhere above us, but below the Moon. Thus, the air is a combination of air and fire . This model gave a simple, perfect justification for falling rocks, rising flames, and the motion of air, but was deficient in clarifying the ‘violent motion’. For example, when a stone is hurled from a sling, it continues to move even after it had left the sling, yet, by Aristotelian physics, the stone’s natural state is rest and should have dropped to the ground soon after leaving the sling. He explained that the air in front of the stone was disturbed, swirled behind and pushed the stone forward, thus the difference between ‘natural’ downward movement and unnatural violent movement. Aristotle also delved into optics and offered very accurate information regarding the same as compared to the information available then, for example, he was among the first people to write on the workings of the camera. He constructed a device with a dark compartment and with an aperture to let in light and used this device to study the sun. He concluded that the sun would still be shown as a circular object irrespective of the shape of the hole. This has been modified in modern cameras where it is known as the diaphragm. Aristotle also noted that the size of the image depended on the distance between the aperture and the screen (Cooper, 200
The history of the United States of America can be characterized by the wide variety of processes and events that modified this country into the one we can see today. Beginning from the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, the USA manifested itself as a freedom-loving and democratic country in which people are equal in their rights and duties (Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2008). Needless to say, numerous people tried to oppose this equality and this led to various conflicts based on religious and racial matters. Among the whole range of factors that transformed the USA during its history, social ones prove to be the most significant. The advances of the American nation in respect of human rights, racial equality, and religious freedom mean much more for ordinary people in America than military victories abroad or financial advances of American corporations. The very first years of the existence of the country were marked by the initiatives of people to provide as much freedom in all aspects of social life as possible. Already in the 17 – 18th centuries, people from Europe headed for America to find freedom, and the country, which was partly a British and partly a French possession, presented the freedom sought for (Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2008). After gaining Independence in the war of 1774 – 1776, the USA stood as the country that acknowledges the freedoms and rights of every human being. To prove this, the Declaration of Independence of the USA proclaims human beings to be the basic value of the American society (Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2008). Needless to say, since 1776 the United States has advanced a lot in promoting human values in society. As mentioned above, in the 17 – 18th centuries numerous European came to America in the pursuit of freedom, and religious freedom was one of the rights they sought (Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2008). It is known that in Europe of the period there were numerous religious wars between the Catholics and Protestants, but in America, this point never was a controversial one. According to the Independence Declaration, all people have the right to worship the religion they wish and they should not be subjected to discrimination of any kind based on their religious belonging (Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2008). Therefore, coming to America people obtained absolute freedom of religion. The exceptions concerned mainly the religions of racial minorities such as Islam and the minor religions of African Americans. In this respect, a great amount of work was carried out to eliminate the discrimination. Racial co
Emotions and Advertising Sentiments are questionably classified as bodily transforms, together with psychological change, impacting one’s conclusions, a little bit out of the general prototype for the person, used predominantly in mention to buying actions. Advertisement is full of pleas. It is considered that there is barely any announcement, which has not appeals to make. Common petitions comprise featuring creation, drives and intuitions (requirements), reasons, feelings, positions, personality attributes, charges, customs, approaches, convictions and knowledge. An emotion is one of the best pleas in advertising. Emotional Appeal It signifies product advertising attractive to touching wishes rather than sense, saving or efficacy. Here are some instances of feelings that are provided to watchers in various announcements. Horror, anticipate, concern, love, agony, revelation, shame, awareness, thrill, joy, irritation, antipathy, disdain or hatred, unhappiness, happiness, enjoyment, nonviolence, grief, mourning, trust, expectation, gloominess, envy, disturbance, understanding, solitude, humiliation, revulsion, fear, admiration. Any may be used for the advertising reached its aim. Emotions and Advertisements General Motors Corporation tied up Chevrolet in America as an “American Revolution.” The same GM has initiated Chevrolet in India interlacing all Indian customs under crusade of ” I am Chevrolet”. Vinay Dixit, vice-president, advertising, sales and after sales, GM, noted that the whole notion of the ‘I am Chevrolet’ operation was to make the product racially applicable so that it convened the requirements of the Indian market.” The emotional announcement advances brand’s consciousness, individuality and charge with senses. Here are some debonair instances in Indian situation. The ‘Josh’ mechanism operation gave a young-at-heart picture for high brand recall to Ford Icon. While ‘Youthful Individuality’ is the spirit of Levi’s trademark which described complete values, imagination, self-assurance, truthfulness. Titan had opened variety of watches most outfitted to individuality and outlook of the individual. In the announcement wherein the father and the childish daughter gift a Titan watch to the senior daughter on the juncture of her wedding. Raymond (woolen and worsted cloths) is exceptionally arranged as a product that addresses the inborn need of men to look good
Psychoactive drugs are drugs that interfere with the proper functioning of the brain leading to unusual behavior, mood swings and unstable state of consciousness. They are classified into three main categories. These are psychedelics, stimulants and depressants (Cherry 1). Drugs that belong to the depressants category like alcohol are among the commonest and are therefore used widely throughout the globe. They are known for their characteristic inhibition of the Central Nervous System. Other drugs in this category include benzodiazepines and barbiturates. This paper concentrates on alcohol as a psychoactive drug and also discusses the physiological effects it has on the human body together with the coping strategies that can be used to end its addiction. After taking alcohol, it is not digested but it goes into the blood stream. Here it mixes with water and it is carried by this bodily water into the major organs which normally have large volumes of water. These organs include the brain, the heart, the liver etc. After reaching the major organs, it is carried to the rest of the body. These organs, particularly the brain, are normally highly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol and thus extended drinking periods are most likely to lead to diseases of major organs. A person becomes intoxicated with alcohol when alcohol reaches the CNS (Central Nervous System) and makes sensory and emotional functions of the CNS to weaken (Dunlap 1). This results in the dulling of sight, smell, taste and other senses which is a technical description of the drunken stupor. As mentioned above, drinking of alcohol may lead to acquisition of diseases to major organs. This usually occurs if the person is addicted to the alcohol or he/she has taken alcohol for a long time. Addiction to alcohol occurs due to dependency on alcohol which is caused by physiological changes in the body of the addict. Some of these changes include decreased excitation of the body, affected neurotransmitter