ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Purpose A sound communication strategy is exceedingly crucial in advertising. It contributes massively to the marketing of our brands. Failure to have an appropriate communication strangely will culminate in the failure of our promotional campaign. The campaign has cost our entity massively in terms of finances and human resource. This memorandum will address the importance of a communication strategy in marketing. Summary An effective communication strategy has massive implications on the effectiveness of promotion. It has various importances such as ensuring that the resources expended in promotion realize appropriate results. An appropriate communication strategy also results in the improvement of sales, which is vital for this entity since it is encountering massive competition. Above are a few of the benefits of a sound communication strategy that are detailed in this memo. Discussion The current business world is extremely competitive. Entities are constantly looking into way to increase their market segments and expand their production. Consequently, entities are undertaking constant promotional campaigns. This puts our market segment at risk since our employees may be tempted to purchase from other entities. Owing to the above, this organization should undertake a constant promotional campaign to secure its market segment. Such a campaign requires effective communication. An ineffective communication strategy would culminate in a failed promotional campaign. A failed campaign would be a double tragedy to this business since it would be a waste of funds and it would leave our market segment vulnerable to our rivals (Egan, 2007). To prevent the occurrence of above situation, the entity should have an effective communication strategy. An effective communication strategy will guarantee that our promotional campaigns are successful. Our customers would receive messages that this entity is trying to pass on. Promotion is a dynamic undertaking, which not only wishes to remind the clientele of the products that we are offering, but also new products manufactured. Consequently, it is imperative to have a sound communication strategy. An effective communication will guarantee that the promotional resources in our entity are channelled appropriately. The strategy will focus resources on the most crucial aspects of promotion, which ensure that our clients receive appropriate information with regard to our merchandise. Such a strategy will also neutralize the inappropriate information provided to our clientele by our rivals. Neutralizing flawed information provided by our rivals is key to sustenance of our market segment. A sound communication strategy will be crucial in the promotion of new products that this entity wants to launch. A successful product launch requires the manufacturer to provide adequate information prior to the launch of the commodities. Availing information prior to the launch creates anticipation among the clients. This
The Potential Role of Vitamin D for Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases This study investigates the use of vitamin D for the deterrence and cure of tuberculosis and other contagious infections. Deficiency of vitamin D is a global problem which results in higher occurrences of the immune system ailments. Its deficiency also augments the proliferation of communicable diseases. Vitamin D is a vital micronutrient for healthy bones and prevention (or treatment) of many chronic ailments because of its intricate activity on the immune system. Dini and Bianchi (2012) cite that deficiency of vitamin D leads to an increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). This study explains the use of vitamin D as a drug before the invention of antibiotics. The unearthing of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent begins with the detection of rickets as a childhood malady and the subsequent association of rickets to lack of exposure to sunshine. Cod liver oil, which contains vitamin D, is then used as a cure for rickets and tuberculosis. Studies show that vitamin D production increases in the body when special receptors (Toll-like receptors or TLR) sense the presence of the tuberculosis bacteria. This vitamin is in the form of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Its synthesis encourages “VDR-mediated transactivation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis” (Dini and Bianchi, 2012, p. 319). Cathelicidin has antiviral and antibacterial results. TLR instigation also yields defensin-2, another peptide with antibiotic properties. This study hopes to find out how cathelicidins control immune reactions. This knowledge aids the creation of complexes containing the normal chemotherapy, antimicrobial proteins, and dietary shortage rectification components. Such complexes symbolize a significant advancement in TB therapies. Pharmaceutical Aerosols for the Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis This study investigates the ability to offer TB treatment in a unique form by deviating from the traditional tablets and injections. It aims to improve the competence of TB treatment in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Hanif and Garcia-Contreras propose the use of powdered aerosols to mitigate the hindrances posed by liquid drug formulations (2012). Pharmaceutical aerosols provide the advantage of effective drug distribution and cost effectiveness. Tuberculosis remains a key community health hazard worldwide although it can be treated and precluded. Hanif and Garcia-Contreras cite that a significant number of people who contract the TB bacteria develop the disease and die. Treatment of obtrusive airway ailments always involves aerosols. However, the recent inventions see this treatment extend to cure lung diseases related to cystic fibrosis. An individual acquires tuberculosis by breathing in aerosol drops containing the infectious bacteria from the infected person. The basis of this research is that since tuberculosis mainly upsets lungs, then the lungs are a substitute means of administering TB drugs. However
The older generation has gone through a changing world and there are many stories that can teach the younger generation about life and morality. One of the most significant times in modern history is the period after the end of World War II. The world was torn apart and nations were in a very devastating state. One of the stories told by the elders is the hardships that were in Europe. People were in a condition where the infrastructure and regular way of life was destroyed and they had to rebuild the world. A personal recollection of life in one of the villages describes how hard it was to get any proper food. The storage facilities were mostly destroyed and there was no area or machinery to produce food quickly enough to feed all those who were stricken by hunger. People had to scavenge whatever was left and sometimes it included stealing. There were some areas and families that were able to save food and resources and sometimes, it was obvious that they had more than enough. People who had no food to eat, these were mostly younger teens, would organize groups in order to get some food for their parents and grandparents. At night, they would sneak into houses and barns to steal chickens and grains. At the same time, there was not a lot of crime because people were united by the common problem which was lack of food. Communes became very useful where people would put together their efforts to grow crops or raise livestock. These sorts of conditions touched upon all countries, indifferent of nationality, including France, Germany, Russia, Latvia, Poland, even Britain and many others (Muller 60). Another story included resourceful groups of youngsters who would find ways to get food. Sometimes these young adults would be armed, as there were a lot of weapons and explosives left over from the war. Various types of guns would be used for hunting but the animals were scarce, as they went to far off wild places where bombs and bullets could not get them. One of the resourceful ways to get food was to use the dynamite to fish. Teenagers would disarm bombs or grenades and throw them into the water. Once the explosive went off, the fish would float up and people would jump in to get the shocked fish. In the winter, it was especially hard because the water was extremely cold. But the devastation was so great that people risked their health and sometimes lives to get food. It is clear that the times were so grim that people had to resort to any means necessary to feed themselves and their families. The life had to be rebuilt with very little resources and it has had its toll on people (Bessel 221). The hardships of past life should be an example to the present and future generations. It shows how people can behave atrociously towards each other. Even in the modern world, there are wars and open violent conflict and so, it seems people have not learned from their mistakes. It was very shocking and surprising to hear the stories about war-destroyed Europe and how people had to make do with the little that they had left. Humanity has always been walking hand in hand with war but a long history of devastation and loss of life does not seem to teach people
Introduction Sociolinguistics is a study that seeks to explore the aspects of linguistics as used in addressing the connection between the language and the society. According to (Labov, 1966), It is a changing field that tries to accommodate the changes in the society. Various approaches have been developed to explain the dimension of variations in sociolinguistics. The most common of these studies are apparent time and real time studies of sociolinguistic variations (Labov, 1963). The two studies are addressed in the change of linguistic paradigm. The dimensions of variations in the sociolinguistic paradigm includes the adoption of theoretical aspects such as the concept of function, stylistic and social meaning, variation and linguistic change, bi-directional relations between the synchronic and the diachronic, on the one hand, and internal and external variation , on the other hand (Miralle, 2003. pp 2) The aim of this coursework is to explore the concept of real time and apparent time studies in linguistics. The paper will also point out the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and Pope’s study contribution to the studies. Addressed also in the paper is the connection between Pope and Labov’s studies and Blake and Josey (2003). The relative advantages and disadvantages of real time and apparent time studies in linguistics The long standing question in sociolinguistics is whether it is possible to observe the linguistic change when it is actually taking place. According Romney and colleagues (2000), most linguists have maintained that these changes cannot be observed. The argument has been that we can only observe the consequences of change after it has already occurred. The real time study of linguistics claims that change in language can be observed as it takes place. The apparent time, on the other hand, claims that the linguistic change progress is indicated by the age stratified variations observable in a linguistic form. That is to mean that the change in language can only be understood by observing the impact it creates on the speakers. Apparent time studies in linguistics The apparent time study has an advantage in that it can be used to explore a wide range of features in linguistics and this make it more reliable. The method also has disadvantages that may affect the credibility of the result or information obtained. For instance, the apparent time construct is made difficult by a number of factors. First, since quantitative sociolinguistics is a recent development, it is difficult to gather real time evidence of earlier periods that can be used for comparison. The tests of construct cannot be done without the real time data. According to Bailey and colleagues, “The oldest quantitative studies were done only 30 years ago, and these older studies cover only a few locales (e.g., Martha’s Vineyard, New York City, Detroit and Washington, DC (Bailey, Wikle, Tillery & Sand, 1991, pp. 243). This makes it difficult to gather substantial data that would
Negotiation is a complex process of discussion and decision-making that depends on many factors, such as the parties’ purpose and motivation, their relationship and interdependence, resources, and negotiation skills. These factors determine what tactics and approaches are used by participants to finish negotiations successfully. This paper will discuss such fundamental aspects of negotiations as relationships and motivations of the parties to demonstrate their importance and impact on the communication process. One of the most critical aspects of successful negotiations is the relationship of the parties. A friendly attitude developed in an informal setting, even in five minutes of communication, most often allows participants to trust each other and make concessions more confidently. As Salacuse (2020) points out, people tend to react to the actions of others analogically. Consequently, friendliness and trust induce a desire to be more amenable, and secrecy and irreconcilability are more likely to cause conflict. In addition, since negotiations between the parties usually mean further cooperation, trusting and friendly relations reduce the likelihood of non-compliance with agreements, the emergence of conflicts, and ensure a long-term partnership. Moreover, most often, the parties are interdependent, since they intend to benefit from each other’s actions, but if only one party is dependent on the other, the negotiation is uneven and stressful. The relationship factor also changes the approach and success of conflict resolution. If the parties are inclined to cooperate, they can use the tactic of compromising, which means giving up part of their interests, or collaborating, which implies consensus (Smith et al., 2020). However, if one side depends on the other, or they are hostile, they are more likely to choose competing or accommodating tactics, which means that only one wins (Smith et al., 2020). Thus, the relationship between parties is critical to negotiating. The second important aspect of negotiations is parties’ motivation or goal as this determines their style and tactics. According to purpose, negotiations are divided into such as types, distributive and integrative, which are opposite to each other (Lewicki et al., 2016). Distributive negotiators aim to divide limited resources between the parties to satisfy their interests and get the most benefit. For example, such negotiations can relate to the division of territories after a military conflict. Integrative negotiation aims to achieve results that satisfy all participants and create value (Lewicki et al., 2016). For example, building an international organization is the integrative goal of the founding countries. Consequently, the purposes of these types of negotiations explain their main differences; for example, their competitive and collaborative nature. Another difference is that distribution negotiations have only one winner, and integration negotiations have no losers. In addition, the first type of communication is based on secrecy and pressure, while the second is based on openness and discussion. However, none of the
Introduction Any organization or entity should owe its success to efficient leadership and management. As such, everyone in an organization has to put in more effort towards the organization’s set objectives. The management’s hierarchical organization right from the top to the bottom should be dedicated to achieving a common goal. It is a matter of working at the drop of a hat. Unfortunately, not all staffs are trained to fit some jobs; they need coaching or mentoring to suit the varied jobs. This is where the axiom “leading by example” takes shape. It is not just about the workplace. Other institutions such as learning institutions, hospitals and correctional centres too need mentors and coaches to guide learners and victims of various circumstances to come to terms with life. Main Text Mentoring and coaching are terms that are often used interchangeably to mean the same thing. Nevertheless, some authors attempted to give each of the terms a distinct meaning. Brockbank (2006) differentiated mentoring and coaching by referring to mentoring as an action that involves sponsoring one’s career development, whereas he referred to coaching as function of developmental activities under a manager’s control. On the other hand, Johnson (2007) suggested that coaching involves someone outside the workplace giving advice; while mentoring involves close supervision (for example at the workplace) in order to address specific problems. Furthermore, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIDP) highlights that mentoring is an ongoing process that can last for a long time and usually involves a mentor that is more experienced than the mentee (CIDP, 2007). On the other hand, the CIDP describes coaching as an activity that is usually done within a set duration and involves a coach who should not necessarily be more experienced than the learner, unless the activity is specific and requires specific skills. It is therefore clear that it is impossible to distinguish clearly between the two terms, only clarification serves the purpose. Overall, mentoring involves a relationship between more and less experience professional as elucidated above. In order enhance their staffs, managers of organizations are expected to guide and develop them. Mentoring and coaching work hand in hand for the success of individuals or organizations. At the organization level, decision-making requires the highest level of effectiveness (CIDP, 2007). Executive coaching can bring a tremendous improvement in an organization. Perhaps the main ideas behind mentoring and coaching are, according to Turner (2005 p24), to provide socialization and training, to prepare staffs for senior management positions, improve their skills and increase their diversity. As mentioned earlier, not all staffs are trained to suit all types of jobs in an organization, as there is always a bias towards
The formation of the image of a particular culture or social class through the sphere of social media is a common trend in the modern digital space. The creation of stereotypes, biases, and fallacies is a negative consequence, but due to the prevalence of online communication and its accessibility, many people are ready to accept those ideas that are promoted. Regarding Saudi women who are discussed in both British and Saudi media, certain opinions have developed on the basis of religious, cultural and ideological aspects. These views are often associated with limitations and inequality, and human rights are discussed as an accompanying topic. This literature review is aimed at assessing the representation of Saudi women on social media. As a rule, various reports and articles are propaganda in nature, based on the condemnation of the target audience’s social life and calls for establishing the legal system of gender relations. Religious Context From a religious perspective, the representation of Saudi women in British media often reveals European condemning attitudes toward the Islamic order and laws. According to Al-Hejin (2015), one of the phrases that may be heard on BBC is “ghostly figures” when reporters describe Muslim women as submissive, silent and submissive (p. 35). In addition, the author notes that, based on the national survey, 69% of the UK population is confident that Islamic practices impose pressure on females and force them to be meek (Al-Hejin, 2015, p. 21). Brown and Richards (2016) who also analyse Europeans’ perceptions of Saudi women support t
Christendom refers to the medieval phase, in the Christian world . [1] The medieval period may be described as the phase that connected ancient times and modern times. The phase represented a shift from the culture of Graeco−Roman to Romano-Germanic, through Christianity. This paper argues that early medieval Christianity derived its character more from the universal church than local communities. The paper asserts this point through exploring elements that made medieval Christianity, the genius of medieval Christianity and nations of medieval Christianity. Genius of Medieval Christianity Medieval Christianity may be seen as a legal extension and further enlargement of prehistoric Catholicism, from one perspective, or a set up for Protestantism, from another perspective. Initially, Christianity involved states with high civilization, although, later Christianity became forced to lay the ground for a new civilization amongst the barbarians. Followers established churches in several cities of the Jews, Romans and Greeks. These followers used the word pagan to refer to those who did not belong to these churches. The followers used large vocabularies both in writing and speaking. The towering roads of the Roman masses paved their advancement. In most places, the apostles found well built societies and administrations, thus their mission was to inculcate a new spiritual life into the early civilization and ensure that it was compliant to superior and moral objectives. Missionaries of medieval times travelled to unreached places in order to teach primitive nations how to write and to lay the establishment for art, culture and literature. [2] Christianity acted as a preparation school and a powerful disciplinary body, for young nations, which required guidance. These facts demonstrate the hierarchical, legalistic, romantic and ritualistic trait of the universal church. The middle age was an age of passion unlike modern times, whereby thought and meditation act as main arbiters of human beings. The barbarians did not conform to the written Roman laws, since they could not understand these laws. [3] However, the barbarians appreciated the spoken law, which became derived from the living word of God. They found pleasure in bending this law as it lacked any documentation. Therefore, the church turned into law, in the territory, and influenced the establishment of all political and social systems. The medieval ages became referred to as the dark ages when compared with prehistoric Christianity, or contemporary Christianity. Medieval Christianity acted as the light that burnished in the gloom of encircling heathenism and barbarism, displacing this gloom slowly. Diligent monks and priests safeguarded Holy Scriptures, classical literature and patristic writings from the wrath of the Roman Empire and preserved them for use in future. The medieval beam acted as the borrowed moonlight and star of Christian tradition, but not the apparent sunlight from the divine work in the New Testament. Nevertheless, the medieval beam became embraced as the eyes of most people could bear it, and this beam did not stop to shine until it vanis