ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
SAML or Security Assertion Markup Language is a mechanism that allows for user authentication using an external authentication system (Hirao and Wun-Young 70). Upon authenticating a user a SAML assertion is passed to the user. This assertion is the statement from a SAML authority that provides authentication by virtue of receiving some attributes regarding the user. Because SAML provides this data in message format SSL must be used. Though commercial toolkits that use SAML have been slow to appear a number are currently available. For example, VeriSign’s Trust Services Integration Toolkit (TSIK) was reported as one of the more complete toolkits for use with SAML (O’Neill 114). This platform is unique in that it creates a platform for the creation of trusted services and client-server applications especially those that use web services. Through this kit we find access to the mandatory components required to support payment processing, XML digital signatures, messages and encryption. In addition to these it also provides support for SAML to assert authentications and authorization between security domains (O’Neill 114). XACML or eXtensible access control mark-up language is among the numerous approaches to provide an interoperable solution to authentication in a highly distributed environment. One reason for the development of this language can be traced to the need for a standard, generic and powerful access control and specification language (Vimercati 46). Several proprietary languages provide partial solutions to security issues facing the enterprise. However, XACML makes bold attempt at bridging this gap by providing a common language for the expression of security policy across an enterprise (Vimercati 47). This is an OASIS (Organization for Advancement of Structured Information Standards) which aims to fulfill the conditions for a general-purpose access control language and access control via request/response protocol. The access control policy control language provides syntax in XML for defining type of request and rules for the users and the resources (Lemos 58). Sun Microsystems have also developed a set of APIs commonly known as Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS). For user authentication and enforcing access controls the JAAS set of APIs is very crucial for java applications or services. In a distributed environment it is important to have ESB software such as JAAS to ensure the authenticity of users running and executing code on the system. (Vimercati 49). JAAS can be extended in a variety of ways to achieve the various authentication and authorization objectives. Fortunately JAAS can be modified to use XACML implementation which is both declarative and generic. To modify JAAS in a manner that allows its declaration to be done in a declarative manner instea
Background of the Coca-Cola Company and its operations in China Coca-Cola is the largest beverage producer in the world. By the end of the year 2011, the company was reported to have bottling plants in approximately 200 countries across the globe. The company has operated in China for about eighty years. The company first opened a plant in China in the year 1927, but the firms were not remarkably successful. The lack of success of the earlier plants was attributed to problems of managing in a foreign culture. The company’s mother plant is located in Atlanta, United States where business is based on capitalistic modes of management. During this time, China was still operating on communistic modalities of operation and hence the company could not confer to that mode of management. As an aspect of globalization continued to gain roots in the economic world, China was forced to reopen its policies paving the way for compatibility and entry of more new firms in China. Coca-Cola has taken advantage of these developments to re-enter the country. Serious operations of Coca-Cola in China began in the year 1979 with the opening of a bottling plant in the capital of China, Beijing (Zweifel, 2002). As it is today, the company has managed to sustain its operation in China with 35 bottling plants having been opened across the country so far. This does not mean that the company is operating smoothly in the country. There are many hatches of management, which keep interfering with the operation of Coca-Cola in China. Most of the problems facing the company are related to differences in human resource practices, as well as differences in business management culture between the United States and China. The problem of management of the Coca-Cola Company in China is just one of the examples of the problems that are faced with in the management of subsidiary firms of multinational corporations. Cultural barriers have been found to impede on different aspect of management for multinational firms. In this regard,systems of management in foreign countries combine with cultural barriers to impede operations of subsidiaries (Coca-Cola Website 2012). The entry mode of the coca Coca-Cola Company in the international market- China Fisher, Hughes, Griffin, & Pustay (2006) observed that the opening and running business at the international levels entail a lot of operations which further complicate the efficiency and effectiveness of managing subsidiaries. Firms often find it challengeable to set up business at the international level because they need to address the issue of cultural differences at the initial stages of management (Zekiri and Angelova, 2011). This is what Coca-Cola encountered during its first attempt of establishing and running a business in China. It is worth to note that, as long as the internationalization of business is one of the ways of establishing competitive advantage, managing business at that level is quite daunting. This is due to high costs of transactions that accompany other factors of management (European Conference on Knowledge Management, Harorimana, and Watkins, 2
Introduction A company must ensure it adopts transparent and credible recruitment programs to ensure it employs qualified and experienced employees. This essay examines how Rio Tinto (an Australian based mining company) manages its human resource section. Background Human resource refers to all efforts (intellectual and manual) employed by people to ensure a production process is successful. People are drivers of change and other development aspects and this means their contributions to the success of a company cannot be ignored (Cleary 21). Human resource management refers to all deliberate steps taken to ensure a company has a robust human resource. These activities include recruiting, training, motivating and retaining workers. Rio Tinto is an Australian multinational company that engages in mining of metals. This company was previously owned by the Spanish government until 1873 when a group of international investors purchased it. It has undergone various transformations including acquisitions and mergers and diversification of its products and services (Altman 11). This was a metal mining company but has now expanded its activities to include refining of ores (iron and bauxite). A survey conducted in 2011 showed that this company has about 70,000 workers in its Australian and other subsidiary companies located in different parts of the world. In addition, its 2012 revenue index showed that it generates about $ 50.967 billion and its operating income was $1.153 billion in addition to generating $ 3.004 billion the same year. However, this company is highly criticized by environmentalists for degrading the environment through its mining processes especially in its Grasberg mine located in Indonesia. Human right groups have also criticized this company regarding its attempts to stop workers from joining various unions (Russell 41). In addition, the company is ranked poorly in terms of working conditions and other social corporate responsibilities. Stakeholders Involved This company acknowledges the importance of recognizing and working with local communities to ensure it maximizes their abilities as workers and providers of basic resources like land and labor. The Aboriginal society is one of the marginalized groups in the world that face extinction due to modernization (Mathis 85). They have attracted
The Story of an Hour was written in 1894 by a controversial and outstanding author Kate Chopin. She faced criticism for her ground-breaking stories that showed the unpleasant truths of how unjust the world could be. The writer was constrained by traditional feminine roles until she was widowed at the age of 32 and had to take care of 6 children. Her biography slightly resembles the story of Louise Mallard, who was also processing the alleged death of a husband. In Chopin’s work, Mrs. Mallard had to realize her life was going to change drastically. Furthermore, the story focuses on this exact reflection on the chance of living freely with no authorities or weighing responsibilities. Undoubtedly, this literary piece significantly influenced the early feminist discourse in the beginning of the nineteenth century. To begin with, in The Story of an Hour, the protagonist Mrs. Mallard understands all the advantages of her unexpectedly free life while dealing with the grief. Even though Mr. Mallard “had never looked save with love upon her,” she still felt rather repressed and manipulated in their household (Chopin, 1981, p. 2). During the late nineteenth century, women were the furthest from autonomous – they could not own property, vote, or make independent decisions. Therefore, the author does not show an ungrateful or unloving wife. Chopin simply demonstrates the struggles wives had to go through to be a good partner under patriarchy. Moreover, in her story, people thought Louise Mallard died out of joy of seeing her husband alive, which makes the end ironic. The reality behind the protagonist’s death is that she could not handle the thought of continuing living her life in constant oppression by the patriarch. To sum up, Kate Chopin’s literary piece definitely helped the feminist movement to make women less oppressed and abused by sexist gender stereotypes. The Story of an Hour shed light on the major problems of a patriarchal family. The writer had to face judgment because her progressive ideas were way ahead of time; therefore, she was considered a forerunner to the feminist writing of the twentieth century. Reference Chopin, K. (1981). The story of an hour . Jimcin Recordings.
Introduction Nowadays, identity theft turns to be one of the most frequent and dangerous crimes for society. On the one hand, it does not usually cause much physical harm. On the other hand, it has so many unpleasant characteristics like the inability to be detected in its early stage, ethical contradictions, and the use of information technology progress as a good chance to be improved. This is why identity theft is usually defined as a serious crime that has to be taken into consideration all the time and evaluated by the professionals on a regular basis. The statistics show that in 2012 more than 7% of all Americans under the age of 16 suffer from identity theft at least once in a life (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). It proves that even the current technological progress and the attempts to improve the situation do not influence, but do improve the situation of identity theft. Current paper aims at evaluating identity theft as a serious problem of all Americans that has to be solved. Identity theft should not be regarded as a social threat only; it is an ethical problem that is supported by the development of information technology progress and touches millions of people annually. Identity Theft as One of the Frequently Used Forms of Crime A peculiar feature of identity theft is its ability to seduce a person within a short period of time. There is so much personal information around that can be stolen, and many people do not take much care of its security. In fact, it is so easy and sometimes even funny to steal identity in America, and it is so hard to catch a thief. People may get more general information about this issue watching such movies like Catch Me If You Can , Taking Lives , The Jackal , or Identity Thief . These movies may be defined as the sources that involve people into the idea of identity theft and prove that it is one of the possible ways to earn good money. Identity theft may gain a number of forms: a temporary use of personal information, the use of credit cards, bank accounts, social security numbers, etc. Biegelman (2009) admits that someone’s identity is reported to be stolen every 79 seconds. 1 The reasons of why identity theft takes place so often is people’s inabilities or neglect to protect personal data. Many people do not want to believe that some other person may want to have personal information or do not find it really possible until something wrong happens. Progress of Information Technologies as a Motivation for Identity Thieves People want to believe that the currently developed technological progress is one of the most credible forms of personal information protection. It becomes easier to fight identity theft using, for example, technological or conventional coping as a good form of securing information and make it close to people, who should not have any kind of connection to it (Fujun, Dahui, & Hsieh, 2012). However, at th
The independence of the United States after the Revolutionary War began with the establishment of the Articles of Confederation. The Articles were “written in 1777 and stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states” (History, 2021, para. 1). From these fears, several federal govern emerged, one of which is its inability to control commerce and foreign policy. The other exemplar issue was the lack of judicial authorities. While the first issue imbalanced the national economy, the second one prevented it from solving interstate disputes. The Constitution that corrected the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation was created and established in the atmosphere of debate. One of the questions that made the politicians disagree was the scale of representation. It was not clear how much people should be involved in the federal government that presented the interests of each state. Some proposed equal representatives amount, while others highlighted the importance of population in the count (Corbett et al., 2014). The other question concerned the slaves: namely, slaveholders argued that the servants should have been counted in the population for a state to represent more power. Finally, there was a hot discussion of the democracy place in the Constitution which divided the members of the Congress into Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists believed that the Constitution was a p
Introduction The movie Elizabeth starts with the coronation ceremony of Princess Elizabeth who then becomes Queen. She is depicted as a warm hearted and blameless person who must take on the enormous task of leading her people. However, she steps up and rules England in the midst of plots by close allies to oust her, turmoil in the nation concerning religion and pressure from foreign nations. The report will analyse her effectiveness based on the Dubrin model and then look at other theories on leadership effectiveness with regard to Elizabeth I’s reign. Lastly, the report will compare the usefulness of the model in leadership effectiveness assessment. Discussion Dubrin’s model Dubrin et. al. (2006) assert that leadership effectiveness needs to be analysed through three parameters and these include cognitive skills, personality traits as well as the behavioural approach. In the film Elizabeth is depicted as one who created a relationship with her followers. In other words, she was empathetic towards them and sensitive to their needs. She displayed this when she struck a compromise with the religious leaders of her time thus illustrating that she had put herself in her citizens’ shoes. She knew that her people valued spiritual connection rather than the supreme rule of law so she was able to alter her ambitions in order to satisfy this need in the population. Elizabeth 1’s sensitivity to her followers is what inspired many to get influenced by her and to follow her lead. Indeed another personality trait that caused her success is emotional intelligence. When one is emotionally intelligent then one is passionate about task, one is self confident and visionary. Elizabeth the first was able to demonstrate her emotional intelligence through her self confidence. She could keep her emotions in check even during trying times. Dubrin et al (2006) affirm that great leaders are always calm and predictable during a crisis. This leader had heard about plots to oust her from her throne and she responded to them in a very calm way. For instance when she hears about Mary of Guise who is now allying with external forces i.e. the French in order to attack England, she
This paper is aimed at discussing the Chinese imperial expansion and the practices adopted by Portuguese or Spanish settlers in Southeast Asia. In turn, this issue can be examined with the help of Jose Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere 1 Since this literary work throws light on the experiences of the Pilipino people during the Spanish rule, overall, it is possible to say that there are certain important similarities in the approaches used by different empires. In particular, one can speak about the attempts to make local elites affiliated to the culture of colonizers. This goal was achieved by changing the administrative structure of the colonies and introducing new educational or cultural practices. To draw parallels between two approached, one should first explain the strategies adopted by imperial China. Overall, Chinese administrators attempted to gain the support of the ruling classes. For example, they introduced the native chieftain system. This method was based on the premise that the representatives of the local elite could be given imperial titles and ranks (Yang 96). Therefore, these people did not see the need to rebel against the foreign rulers. In turn, Jose Rizal describes some of the similar practices. For instance, this author frequently mentions people who have such titles and ranks as a lieutenant, captain, governor, and so forth (Rizal 12). Therefore, one can argue that in both cases, colonizers attempted to incorporate some of the local people into the ruling structure. This policy helped to ensure their support. Additionally, foreign administrators attempted to change the identity of many local people who had to perceive themselves as representatives of Chinese culture. In particular, these people adopted the educational practices developed in China. More importantly, the children of the local rulers could be educated at the imperial universities located in Beijing (Yang 119). Therefore, these people did not distinguish from Chinese culture. This issue is also described in Jose Rizal’s novel. One should keep in that the main character of this work is educated in abroad, most probably in Spain; he spends seven years away from his home country ((Rizal 17). Moreover, this individual does not feel any hatred towards Spain. This is another detail that should not be disregarded because it illustrates the policies adopted by imperial states. In turn, British and Dutch administrators failed to make colonized people become affiliated with foreign culture. Additionally, colonizers also brought the elements of their ideology. One should keep in mind that Chinese administrators laid stress on Confucianism as the major cultural influence (Yang 119). This approach helped them legitimize Chinese rule in Southeast Asia. This is one of the reasons many people living in Asian countries became attached to China. To some degree, similar practices were adopted by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers. For example, they emphasized the importance of Christianity. One should mention that in the Philippines, many local people could describe themselves as “good Christian
Summary The process of learning Arabic represents quite a challenge for English-speaking students due to structural and vocabulary-related differences between the languages. However, the task of learning Arabic can be simplified by introducing what Palmer refers to as diglossia into the curriculum. Namely, apart from learning the formal Arabic language, students should also be exposed to the experience of the spoken Arabic language, thus, integrating into the community. As a result, the process of learning will occur at a much faster pace, as the research results indicate. Critical Review The article under analysis strives to convey an important idea of learning the language by communicating it and observing how it is used in a community of native speakers, while also embracing the academic perspective on it, hence the notion of diglossia. The paper contains quite a number of solid arguments, which reinforce the general positive effect that the article leaves. Palmer (2008) manages to establish a historical context that would serve a vital role in the further assessment of the significance of diglossia for effective learning. The combination of observations made in the context of the present-day learning setting and the overall development of Arabic language learning in the U.S. setting produces a positive effect on the analysis. Therefore, the author should be credited for a thorough and all-encompassing literature review. The methodology developed by the author represents another advantage of the paper. Arguably, the methods used in the study also incorporate a minor weakness defined by the limitations of the selected research method. Namely, the development of a questionnaire and, specifically, the integration of the 6-point scale as the main measurement instrument could have contributed to a minor inaccuracy. First and most obvious, the use of a scale on which the participants would place themselves implies the presence of certai
Introduction How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed is a book written by Salvenka Drakulic. She is a famous journalist from Croatia and a non-fictional writer. In her book, she writes about her encounters under communism and the experience of other women from Eastern Europe who lived under communism. Writing this book had a lot of repercussions to her life since she went through difficult times once the book was published. Eastern Europe, at that time was under the Soviets administration that practised communism (Drakulic 100). Tito also practiced political leadership in Eastern Europe for several decades and was a dictator all along. This form of leadership spelled doom for the Eastern Europeans as they lost hope of ever having a normal life where their rights and privileges were respected. In her book, Drakulic brings out a theme that depicts communism to be more than just a political activity but also as mindset of the people. Kapuscinski also wrote another book that focused on communism during the same period. His book was titled Imperium. It focused on the suffering that the people of the former Soviet Union went through (Kapuscinski 56). The trivial is political In the book How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed, Drakulic recounts the suffering that she and other Jewish women from Europe and former Soviet Union, went through. She shows her anger and rage through the way she expresses herself. The manner in which Drakulic expresses her views in the book demonstrates the tension that came about from the actual form of leadership and the economic imbalances the eastern and western societies and the women in it had (Cohen and Arato 34). An example of the imbalance is seen in publishing. In the west, publishing brings greater recognition and economic returns than in the east. It is also shown that many women from the west could access the industry and publish their works but only few from the east manage th