ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bill Clinton was the forty second president of United States of America serving between the years 1993 to 2001. As the president of the United States of America, Bill Clinton promised the Americans that he would be “the most ethical administrator ever seen in the history of the nation” (Clinton 67). Among his major concerns was the administration of foreign policy. However, he did not administer the foreign policy on his own; he had his “foreign policy advisors who were Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright the secretaries of state as well as Anthony Lake and Sandy Berger who were National Security Advisors” (Clinton 54). Foreign policy can be defined as the way a nation interacts with other global countries through economic, political and social relations. Also referred to as international relations policy, foreign policy is of great importance in any nation state. During his term, Bill Clinton did all he could to make sure that the United States of America had good relations with other nations through proper foreign policy administration. To begin with, Clinton increased the number of free trade agreements between America and other countries from three to seventeen. This, he did to “boost the economy of the state as well as other developing and young democracies such as Jordan and Morocco” (Clinton 502). The Expansion of the US role to Somalia nation-building was another foreign policy under the leadership of President Clinton. He facilitated ai
Mao Zedong was a remarkable person in the history of China. Moreover, he was a leader of the country whose political and philosophical views predetermined development of the country and its relationships with other countries throughout the world. For many years Mao Zedong was the key person for every Chinese. He was a deputy of God on Earth. His name and his figure were untouchable. In other words, it was a cult of the personality. One may say that Mao existed on different levels: he was simultaneously a real person and a kind of a higher, almost divine human being. Mao was also an image for worship, an altar, to which people sacrificed even the most precious things. There was a case in Mao times that may become a bright illustration of the concept we are speaking about. A young Chinese man, who was devoted to Mao’s philosophy with all his heart, made some notes on the pages that represented Mao’s literary works: poems, speeches, etc. That notes appraised strophes from literary point of view: good, not so bad, poor. The young man made these comments when he was at school, but the book was found when he graduated from a higher educational establishment. Still, he lost his reputation, was accused of a being a revolutionary and committed suicide. His own girlfriend could hardly overcome disgust towards his acts. Thereby, one cannot say, that Mao was a just a great politician. He was a symbol that encouraged people to do things even without his own commands. He was a symbol that was worshiped by billions of people and when this worship disappeared a great vacuum came to its place. Western customs as new and exotic ones attracted many people. Chinese culture was isolated for many centuries and it reluctantly accepted new traditions. Still, in these circumstances, when people were devoided of a symbol, that was half-religious, half- secular, it was indeed vulnerable. Blending of different, in some way alien cultures led to appearance of new social groups. There were different, negative and positive facts in their appearance. Still, they accepted and digested new cultural tendencies. They might be interpreted as both, children and victims of their time (Barme, “Shades of Mao” 126). After his government was over, it was a real crisis for China. Despite utopian ideas China was an isolated country form different points of
The essay is an analysis of how Job characteristic model will be used to come up with a well-designed job for individuals with physical disabilities. The paper shows how a job deemed “boring” will be made to be more motivating and rewarding. The aspects covered in this analysis include skill variability, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback (Robbins & Coulter, 2009). Job characteristic model is a structure for examining and crafting jobs that recognizes five primary fundamentals of a job dimensions, how these core factors intertwine as well as their effects to goals and objectives attainment (results) for instance satisfaction, tenure among others. According to Champion and Thayer, the ways jobs are designed have a significant impact to both the employee and the employer- job satisfaction and productivity in that order. The concept can be approached with one or more goals and or objectives in mind for example increases productivity reduce physical injuries, motivating employees to mention but a few. It is has been generally accepted that job characteristic models, brings to light a number of core job characteristics that when recognized by employees triggers psychosomatic reactions to ones job as well as the results due to such reactions. It is worth noting that job are designed not to simply ensure that work is done quickly but also to provide employees with tasks and duties that to them are significant and pleasant. The four approaches used to design a job are biological, mechanistic, perceptual and motivational, with the exception of mechanistic approach all the rest provide employees with the avenue of enjoying their tasks, duties and responsibilities. It is a fact that the only constant is change, for this reason I propose a training and education program which will help employees with disabilities acquire a myriad of skill that will keep them at per in their work place. This will ensure that workers obtain skills and talents to carryout their tasks more comfortably. For instance, when a new technology is about to be installed, it will be rational for a number of workers based on departments to be selected and taken through how to use the innovation, such skills acquisition will not only make work easier for the worker but also make it enjoyable as well as in line with his/her task performance. Varying work also help in bringing about skill variety. On the issue of autonomy which refers to the extent to which a job is perceived to allow workers initiate innovations while performing their duties will be in cooperated in the job design. Although there are standardized procedures that help employees quickly learn some simple tas
Genocide is one of the saddest and most consternating phenomena that persecute humanity for centuries. One of the severest cases of genocide in the United States is the Massacre at Wounded Knee that took place in the Indian Reservation in South Dakota on December 29, 1890. Thousands of innocent Indians were cruelly murdered only because they occupied lands that had been very attractive for the white immigrants. In the following paper, the video file describing all the sadness of the events of those days will be addressed with the purpose of studying this gloomy episode in American history. Overall, as it is evident from the video under consideration, the Massacre at Wounded Knee is bloodcurdling genocide caused by the spread of racist ideas among white immigrants in the United States that can be rightfully called ‘American holocaust’ due to the extent of severity with which this crime against humanity was committed, and due to its mind-blowing caliber. The Massacre at Wounded Knee has left its terrible bloody trace on the bright history of vindication of democratic values and the advocation of human rights in the United States. Killing innocent people including women, children, and the aged to settle various ideological and political issues is not only inhumane, but is also senseless. It can be compared to many other forms of tyranny that people in the other parts of the world had to face. No one can forget all the horrors of the unprecedented genocide in Rwanda and Darfur where millions of innocent civilians lost their lives during a few weeks. The death machine in those territories had an unrivaled craving and unlimited desire for blood. People who visited those lands during the days of genocide will never forget such pictures as the following one: The picture is taken in 1994 in Rwanda. It shows a deadly wounded youngster. In less than a minute after shooting the image, the young man died. Seeing the suffering of this kind leaves no doubt that human rights activists and politicians must do their best to conquer genocide eternally. Just as the events that took place in Rwanda and Darfur, the Massacre at Wounded Knee was a great mistake of the government that historians and common people would never forget. Of course, those who initiated the Massacre at Wounded Knee had ambitious goals in their minds. As it is evident from the video file under consideration, the west of the United States was central to what the new American nation perceived as the ideal place for living (“Massacre At Wounded Knee”). Politicians and the other prominent people of the new country wanted to grab these lands by all means, and they did not care about the consequences, and the price they had to pay (Ostler 1991). Exalted American families including the families of the foremost leaders in business, economics, and politics started their fierce battle for justifying the genocide of Indians and realizing the plan of their total destruction at the end of 1890 (Ostler 1991). As a result, on December 29, 1890, innocent civilians and ordinary soldiers were pushed to exsanguinate poor Indian
Ethical dilemmas are complex situations in which one of two mutually exclusive moral norms must be selected. For police officers, this choice becomes even more difficult due to the need to maintain justice. However, studies show many professional ethics situations in which respondents’ opinions differ due to the complexity of choice (Westmarland & Conway, 2020). From my perspective, the most difficult moral dilemmas are related to the direct activities of the police and contacts with criminals. Among them, I would especially like to highlight dilemmas raising the question: does the end justify the means used? For example, is it worth sacrificing lives to eliminate a criminal? Such dilemmas place a massive responsibility on police officers and decide the current situation and think about the prospects. Since I have no special training, it is difficult for me to choose, but I am leaning towards the safest option for everyone. My main argument favoring this decision is the likelihood of drawing up a more beneficial plan by people who see the big picture better. The most common approach to this issue is the assignment of high ethical standards to professionals who bear any responsibility to society. Recently, this trend has gone so far that a cancellation culture comes into play at the slightest deviation, breaking a person’s life. Because of the frequent drifting to extremes, I believe that the private lives of criminal justice professionals should remain private. The primary evaluative factor here should be the correspondence of their physical and psychological state to their professional activities. If a person has constant problems with alcohol, this will negatively affect their professional activities. Decreased performance, in turn, is the reason for the proceedings with this employee. However, it is necessary to distinguish between personal and professional activities of people to avoid persecution by society for misconduct that is not related to work. A judge who has a strained relationship with their legal partner will not perform their duties worse by default. To evaluate this, such professionals should be subject to constant psychological and physical monitoring, observing the degree of their suitability for work. However, the reasons for an employee’s performance decline should remain private. Otherwise, a person’s profession will replace and select their personality. Attitude towards a particular person will then be built only based on their profession and not personal qualities, which, from my perspective, is fundamentally wrong. Reference Westmarland, L., & Con
Marijuana is known as one of the most popular and widespread drugs in the world. Historical records suggest that cannabis was used in prehistoric societies for religious ceremonies, as well as for meditation and relaxation. Nowadays, most governments prohibit the recreational use of marijuana; however, in most states of the U. S., it is legal to use cannabis for medical purposes and in some of the states – for recreational ones. The focus of this paper will be on the impact of the legalization of the U.S. economy with possible positive and negative sides of the matter. The History of Marijuana Criminalization and Legalization Marijuana was outlawed in the USA in the 1930s when the Marijuana Tax Act was issued. After the law was issued, several states decriminalized possession in small amounts, and some of them legalized medicinal marijuana. In 2009, as it appeared in a poll conducted by the authorities, the citizens were concerned about the strict drug laws, and several new policies, including, for instance, the Ogden memo, have been adopted ever since (Zambiasi and Stillman 2). The first states that legalized recreational marijuana were Washington and Colorado in 2012 (Zambiasi and Stillman 1-2), and currently, it is legal in nine states and the District of Columbia. Pros and Cons of Legalization Marijuana legalization may lead to substantial profits for the government. However, new profits often come with additional expenditures. There are positive as well as negative sides of the legalization, regarding the economy. First, marijuana legalization significantly reduces black market production and distribution, allowing businesses to operate legally, leading to a less burdened judicial system. The government will potentially need fewer detention facilities and forces, thus spending less money. According to Saaty, “of the $48.7 billion spent by states and the federal government in 2008, $13.8 billion was strictly used for marijuana enforcement” (1). Since legalization brings down the costs of production and distribution, the government can impose a tax on marijuana, generating additional revenue. However, establishing a universal way to tax marijuana may be challenging; Colorado and Washington already tax marijuana based on its value, while other states p
Introduction An Islamic state is likely to have discrimination between Muslims and non –Muslims; religion believes is the main driver to economical, political and social factors. It’s based on ideology and those who do not believe in its ideology and Muslim faith are not involved in policy making and administration. An ideological state discriminates people depending on their religious believes. However Islamic law has set aside rights for the non-Muslims in that state and they are not allowed to interfere with the matters of the state for they do not share the same ideology. The Islamic states follow the Sharia law which contains all laws of Muslims which are to be followed by all Muslims. Muslims believes that without Sharia they would be no Islamic society. Their law was published in 1941. The rights of non-Muslims are limited in Islamic state and they are expected to follow Islamic law. All non Muslim men are entitled to join military. Non-Muslims are expected to pay a special tax for protection but women and elderly are exempted. Those non-Muslims in military do not pay this tax. Governance in an Islamic state is based on majority rule and minority rights. This principle is applied in order to unite the society. The majority (Muslims) are expected to respect the basic rights of the minority (non-Muslims) (Wayne and Mackenzie, 22-25). This paper will focus on rights of non-Muslims in Islamic political system. Discussion   * Origin of mankind Sharia sets specific basic rights that are to be enjoyed by non-Muslims in an Islamic state. All the Muslims are expected to treat the non- Muslims based on their rights. This is aimed at uniting the community. The Qur’an states that all mankind has the same origin despite their religious believe. That is all people originated from Adam and Eve. Thus according to Sharia Muslims are expected to recognize that both Muslims and non-Muslims has the same origin and that all must be treated equally. This is then to be respected and all human beings treated equally (Ranney 23-24).   * Preservation of culture Non-Muslims have their values, norms and beliefs which they should not be denied. Muslims are expected to respect the non-Muslims culture. In the Sharia law non-Muslims have a right to preserve their culture and tradition. The law respects that human beings should keep their culture as their true identity and thus no one should deny them this right. The non-Muslims are considered by the law as full citizens and they should therefore be protected. They are free to open their own schools and colleges. They are also free to use their languages and customs. They are free to invite and be visited by Christian missionaries depending on their faith (Wayne and Mackenzie, 22).   * Justice for all Under the Sharia law Muslims and non-Muslims are entitled to be treated fairly. That is non-Muslims are entitled to enjoy the same justice as Muslims. This is well
“I lost my money. I lost all my respect… I hurt my family, and I hurt my friends” (Rogers 11). These are the most frequent phrases of those people, who are fond of gambling and try to spend as much time as possible in order to win some money by means of gambling. The theme of gambling is one of the most arguable ones in America, and in Ohio in particular. It may be regarded as entertainment, sport, or just fun; but at the same time, gambling may turn into the reason of unexpected financial ruin, loss of family or career, and even death. In Ohio, it is possible to find out such warnings on lottery tickets “Compulsive gambling can be treated” (Rogers 121). This type of entertainment is available for any person, and the Ohio government tries to control the situation in order to save human lives and not to deprive them of a chance to entertain. Purpose The purpose of this project is to investigate the history of gambling in Ohio, its development in the 1990s, and its impact on ordinary human lives in order to underline the significance of this process and its unexpected and mostly negative influence on people. Gambling in Ohio leads to the development of social and economic problems among the society. People have all opportunities to govern themselves and control their interests. If one person engages into gambling, his/her relatives and close friends become involved as well. This is why it is crucially important to prevent people from such disaster and addiction and tell how tragic this gambling addiction can be. Literature review The history shows that “the Ohio gambling was available to the white man even though he might separated by hundreds of miles from the nearest of his fellows” (Banta 333). In 1990, racing industry as one of the possible forms of gambling became the most dangerous component of casino industry “amassing a war chest of $1 million” (McMillen 256). Gambling in Ohio faces numerous contradictions, and almost each year, the voters cannot come to one common conclusion and to allow certain forms of casino (Grinols 35). In November, one more voting process has to take place, and the vast majority of people believe that this time, the results will not support gambling in this state. Personal researches Many Americans love gambling and like to bet on everything that is possible to sell. Some people play lottery and cherish the dream to win money and improve their lives. Some people like gambling just to spend their time, meet new people, and find someone to share interests. Some people cannot imagine their lives without gambling: they become so involved into gambling that can easily forget about their families and jobs. Gambling in Ohio is a quickly developing industry, and the government has to control it thoroughly. Cincinnati hotels , Grove City hotels, and Lebanon hotels are the best representatives of the hotels with various casinos or gambling, and the government of Ohio has to pay special attention to
Introduction Fire outbreaks in settlement areas are risky events that directly and indirectly affect human life, natural habitat, and property. Accidental fires are considered significant environmental and public health concerns worldwide. One of the renowned fire tragedies is the Peshtigo fire. The event happened on October 8 th , 1871 (Estep, 2021). It is the most devastating fire outbreak in United States history that claimed many lives and destroyed infrastructure. The Peshtigo fire incident not only served as a wake-up call for the people about the land-use practices at the time but also for people in the present. Identification of the Problem Peshtigo fire resulted in massive loss of lives and destruction of property. Reports indicate that over 1,500 people lost their lives while property worth over $5,000,000 was destroyed. It also consumed over 280,000 acres of land with more than 2,000,000 trees and saplings as well as an unknown number of animals (Wisconsin Historical Society, n.d). Additionally, apart from Peshtigo, the fire affected 16 other towns, including Marinette, Kewaunee, Oconto, and Brown. Although the effects of the Peshtigo fire were disastrous, it was overshadowed by the Great Chicago fire, which started later that night. How the Problem Started Various factors contributed to the Peshtigo fire outbreak. In the late 1800s, the town was renowned for its logging activities, making it one of the largest wood processing towns in the United States (Hultquist, 2021). The town also had increased farming activities that prompted the residents to use the slash and burn technique to create new farmland. In addition, railroad workers also used small fires to clear the land. All these factors made the town vulnerable to fire outbreaks because these small fires were blown out of control by strong winds in the presence of combustible materials (from wood processing companies), resulting in a firestorm that almost scorched the entire town. Issues Associated with the Problem Identified Peshtigo had experienced a long period of drought, leaving it bare, and thus it was easy for the fire to spread. Additionally, most loggers did not practice safe forest management because they dumped wastes from logging activities in huge piles instead of burning them down (Derouin, 2017). The railroad workers also used small fires resulting in large stacks of leftover wood. Likewise, almost all the town structures were made of wood. Reports indicate that only two buildings were left in the entire town after the fire (Wisconsin Historical Society, n.d). Finally, an unpredictable weather system in terms of strong winds fueled the fire. The Environment Where the Problem Was Identi