ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Despite the call for minimization of the role of the state in regulating trade and other economic activities by proponents of trade liberalization following the demise of the Cold War in 1980s and 1990s,it is evident that the state has a critical role to play in encouraging economic growth. It is even safe to argue that however much we may get liberalized in terms of trade and otherwise, the state naturally retains a significant role of facilitating economic growth and development let alone encouraging its growth. The purpose of this task is to determine the role that the state should play in encouraging economic growth. In doing so we shall find out if East Asia is indeed a successful model of state-led capitalism, the role that different governments in East Asia has played in encouraging economic growth and development in their countries and the lessons that developing countries can learn from East Asian countries. The role of the state in encouraging Economic growth The state in contemporary political life is a central institution whose functionalism in fact determines whether a country is recognized by the international community or not. It is therefore important that we start by finding out what is state. To be sure just like other many sociopolitical concepts, the term state does not have a universally accepted definition. Broadly speaking the state is understood by many scholars as the binding political institution of a national government that upholds a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain territory. [1] Conventionally, the state refers to a major feature of the modern polity or political system known as a country or nation-state in political studies that enjoys the monop
Introduction According to (Bewley-Taylor, D. 2005, 171-79) 11% of shoplifting, burglary, vehicle crimes are drug related. BBC report informed that illegal drug rose in 2004.when looking at class A group in 2004/2005 we see a different pattern where 20 to 24 years old people reported high level of drug use then 16 to 19 years old. The reported use for class (A) drugs was the highest at 9.8% in 2004/2005. (Bewley-Taylor, D. 2005, 171-79) In 1998 the percentage was high among young people, this is because may be due to depressions and burdens of failed life’s take 20 to 24 years old people into drug and on the other hand there have done a lot for drug young people to keep them away from drugs in these years. The same view is elaborated by Barton in the following words, “At one level, there is an obvious link between illicit drugs and crime—any action that contravenes the parameters of the law regarding drugs becomes criminal. Thus, for example, drug dealing, importation and possession are all crimes, making the link between drugs and crime obvious. However, there are other links, far more complex and requiring a much deeper analysis; links that have taxed academics for at least the last thirty years.” (Barton, 2003, 96) Endorsing the same fact Newburn and Elliott also ratifies the opinion quoted by Barton in his book, “Illicit Drugs: Use and Control”. According to them, “There have been a number of contemporary attempts to ‘think through’ the relationship between drugs and crime, and almost without exception the results have been strewn with ambiguity and littered with caveats. For instance, Newburn and Elliott (1999:6) are unequivocal in stating that ‘it is undeniably the case that crime and drugs are linked’.” (Barton, 2003, 96) Aims and Objectives There is always a debate on normalisation of illicit drug use. According to home office figures and other resources we see that the percentage of drug use is quiet high in Britain but it does not mean that drug use is acceptable. (Sargent, 1992, 92) People who get involved in class (A) drugs need medical and psychological help. (Plant, 1994, 54) The kind of treatment they need will depend on whether or not they are well-motivated in stop taking drugs. According to drug inventions programmes statistics ,in 2005/6,the proportion reporting that they have ever taken any drug has fallen by 16%; the proportion reporting that they have ever taken Class A drugs has fallen by 18%; the proportion reporting the use of any drug in the past year has fallen by 21%; the proportion reporting the use of class A drugs in the past year is stable; and the proportion reporting
The current theoretical approach is primarily manifested in the active use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in rehabilitation counseling by deploying techniques, such as cognitive restructuring and roleplaying. The theoretical basis for CBT-based counseling is centered around the notion of problem-solving, where the emphasis is primarily put on the present moment rather than past experiences. It is important to point out the fact that a wide range of methods can be effective and plausible for rehab counseling processes or sessions, but CBT was selected due to its effectiveness in addressing the key issues head-on without unnecessary endeavors. The core theoretical framework of CBT is based on the theory that thoughts, feelings, and behavior are tightly interlinked, which means that one’s behavior can only be altered by influencing one pattern of thinking. It is important to point out the fact that the feelings or emotions are more challenging to control since they are mostly visceral responses to an individual’s interpretation of a situation or object. Thus, the most actionable element of CBT is behavior, where the emphasis is put on ensuring that a client has a positive type of thoughts to invoke positive emotions. Such an approach will be helpful and useful for introducing changes in one’s behavior, which will ultimately lead to a desirable outcome. CBT is a short-term, structured psychotherapeutic method, and the method was developed in the 1960s by the American psychotherapist Aaron Beck based on clinical experience, introspection, and analysis of his neurotic problems (Sommers-Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 2018). CBT is not just talking with the patient about the disease but informing him about the causes of pain and a favorable prognosis. It is important to distinguish CBT from other therapies, such as patient education programs and rational psychotherapy that are ineffective in treating chronic pain. CBT is a systematic technique that uses cognitive restructuring and behavioral experimentation techniques to address a problem. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is a psychosocial therapeutic method aimed at the patient’s awareness of the characteristics of the current state, determining the most significant goals for changing well-being, and forming a specific psychotherapeutic program with the help of specialists. In this regard, cognitive-behavioral programs provide for clarification of the characteristics of the patient’s psychological state and assistance in their awareness, a brief appeal to the origins of the formation of the patient’s psychological problems, providing him with information about the essence of the disease and ways to overcome it; learning new ways of thinking and behavior. In general, in psychotherapeutic practice, the integration of cognitive and behavioral approaches is increasingly observed since any psychotherapeutic influences to one degree or another inevitably affect all areas of a person’s response, causing interrelated changes in them. The theory is based on the proposition that after the perception of an external inf
Ko-Kutani (old Kutani) is a brightly coloured Japanese porcelain or ware with striking decoration. The above squared Japanese drinking bottle coated with an extra layer of shiny coatings has four sections of the same, but not exactly similar landscape and flower patterns. It has brilliant and startling green, blue, and yellow mountains and rocks. In addition, the red trees and green pagodas at the luminous background are dazzling, which create an effect just like the other pairs of flowering ‘nadeshiko’ pinks. The name Ko-Kutani originated from the Japanese area of Kutani, which is situated on the west coast of the main island, Honshu in the region of Kaga. In 1661, the Maeda clan started to make wares that were highly colourful and richly decorated with enamels in this region. Towards 1700, the production base could not maintain its vigour and the industry collapsed. However, in the early period of the 18 th century, the kilns were re-opened to make the next models referred to as the Ao-Kutani or the ‘green’ ware. There were speculations that the clay and colours used in the production of the wares were becoming rare. After the 18 th century, potters produced the new forms of Kutani that they exported throughout the world. The old Kutani has images and decorations that captured the lifestyle of the Japanese. In addition, they also reflected nature, plants, animals, and sceneries. Kutani differs from other forms of the Japanese pottery because of the extensive usages of bright colours obtained from plants and rocks in the region. Chinese bronze mirrors are commonly narrow spherical objects, vaguely curved on the glowing smooth side and enamelled with sheds of designs on the opposite side. These bronze mirrors are symbolic in nature. They have a tiny ring or a curved dome in the middle of the opposite side, which serve as an attachment cord. The earliest recognised mirrors could be traced to the period of 900s-800s BCE, Western Zhou. However, in the period of Han and Tang dynasties, several greatly decorated mirrors were made. These mirrors became items of expressing of mythological and cosmological thoughts and beliefs because of their reflective nature. The typical ‘caoye’ or grass and leaf model consists of a regular ornamentation that looks like an ear of a corn and the trefoil forms on the focal surface of the mirror just near the central square. It has a caption at the square area that reads, ‘jianrizhiming, tianxiadaming’ ( may you see the light of the sun and may the world enjoy great lightness ). This indicates that the mirror design symbolises a type of cosmological harmony. The Chinese bronze mirrors acted as items of displaying beauty and one’s image among the wealthy and complex cultures of the time. While these mirrors had goodwill massages, they were also objects of shamanism and mystery. They helped in daily beautification activities and acted as means of connec
The articles by Carson and Williams are focused on what may well be the greatest danger of the modern world: environmental pollution that causes drastic changes in nature and people’s organisms. While the authors describe different aspects of contamination, they agree that unless humanity starts treating the world with more respect, soon habitable land will be impossible to find, and no natural beauty will survive for humans to admire. Carson’s article is focused on describing the detrimental effect of pesticides on living organisms. The writer introduces the subject by way of a beautiful illustration of a town full of blossoms, singing birds, and freshwater. Soon, however, the picture changes: “a strange blight crept over the area” and “everywhere was a shadow of death” (Carson). Plants and animals die, and the spring is characterized as silent, “without voices”; no pollination takes place, and consequently, no fruit emerges (Carson). The author explains that the damaging alterations have become possible due to the use of a large number of pesticides in the area. The dramatic effect of the story is intensified by the author’s meticulous choice of descriptive words. Carson boldly declares that “no witchcraft” of “enemy action” has “silenced the rebirth of new life.” She emphasizes that only humans are to blame for the severe damage. The same thought can be traced to William’s story, in which the writer analyzes the detrimental impact of nuclear bomb testing on people’s health. Through the prism of her family history, Williams shows the big picture in terms of America’s attitude toward its people during the 1950s (608). Williams’s story is full of bitter irony that she employs to describe the tremendous losses of her family and many other families living in the neighborhood. The author’s family endured so many instances of breast cancer that she even came up with the title “The Clan of One-Breasted Women” (Williams 607). The author became so accustomed to the deadly disease that she admitted that “cancer was part of life” (Williams 7). The reason why so many people suffered was the nuclear testing performed in the area. Williams was appalled by the reaction of the government, which said, “despite burns, blisters, and nausea,” that nothing should interfere with the series of tests (608). Like Carson, Williams urges people to take care of the world in which they live before it is too late. Both readings raise a vital question regarding the peaceful co-existence of scientific and technological advancements and humans.
Jiri Kylian as one of the most prominent ballet-masters of the twenty-first century is known to perform a wide spectrum of emotions and feelings in his works, which fascinate with their perfection and beauty of movement. No exception is the “performance “Petite Mort”, which was first represented to public in The Nederlands Dans Theater in 1996 and was the part of the so-called “Black & White Ballets”. [Riding, 1999] The performance consists of the two parts, which are thematically bound. They express the harmonic integrity of the personality and movements, which is accompanied by ideally matching motive by Mozart. On the whole, analyzing the first part of the ballet from the beginning, we have to point out the appropriateness of the absence of sound accompaniment, which leads the onlooker to concentrate on the pattern of movements the six men perform. It has to be mentioned, that group ballet without musical accompaniment is rather uneasy task, because each movement and breath has to be worked out in team so as to achieve synchronism and perfection. However, the ballet group managed to overcome the difficulties and dance simultaneously even with no sound. We should acknowledge the unveiled “hand of the master”, Jiri Kylian, who has succeeded in showing the power of the men at the beginning of his performance. As a matter of fact, these are not only swords, which indicate the strength and beauty of the men, but also a certain set of movements, most of which are quite sharp and confident. From time to time the movements are altering from quick to slow; however, it only amplifies the feeling of men superiority and influence. When the first notes of Mozart’s Adagio can be heard by the viewer, the picture drastically changes. According to the music, the way the men move alter from sharp to smooth, from confident to insecure. We cannot but point out the beauty of the tissue raised, which has served a spe
Introduction The successful implementation of projects requires efficient management. Project plans are normally applicable in guiding the project execution process. This case study describes seven planning activities and evaluates the Pontrelli Recycling, Inc’s project implementation, efficiency, and alignment with the company’s economic strategy. Furthermore, it discusses how project controls are useful in mitigating risks associated with project execution. Body Primary planning activities The company seeks to escalate its recycling competence to increase output from reusable materials in order to make the environment habitable. It also seeks to generate value and reasonable profit for its shareholders. Certain primary planning activities are required to promote project the execution in order to meet the projected profits. The first amongst the planning activities is the fact that project managers must comprehend the firm’s economic goals and other objectives to enable them align project operations to financial goals. Secondly, Pontrelli project managers should understand resources required for successful project initiation and execution. The firm requires a new technology in order to escalate efficiency and expand production rates. Additional requirements include capital expenditures, purchase of fresh equipment, and rehabilitation of plants among others (Callahan, Stetz & Brooks, 2007). Therefore, managers must plan the strategies to be used in financing the necessary requirements. The third plan is that project budget should be developed according to the operation forecasts. This entails understanding all the operational costs that includes including recruiting fresh workforce, acquiring equipment, and materials. The fourth plan is that project planners should enumerate primary information on the firm’s ability to undertake the project successfully. This entails gathering evidence about Pontrelli’s internal capacity including financial, human, equipment, and material availability for executing identified projects. The fifth is that managers must describe how project performance will occur in future. This is done through making assumptions on how efficiency and profits are likely to escalate. The assumptions should explain how the relevance of marketplace competition, acquisition of new technology, and improvement on sales impact on performance (Callahan, Stetz & Brooks, 2007). The sixth plan is the bottom up approach which should be used to approve project budget. This is important because different department heads should confirm whether or not the funds
The Kingdom of Bahrain is a major international financial center. The banking sector takes the 2nd place in the country’s economy and provides approximately 27% of GDP. Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) is the main financial institution in the country since 2006, when it was proclaimed the new central bank. Today, it is responsible for control, inspection and licensing of the financial institutions. Its regulatory and monitoring framework plays an important role in relieving the international banks of limitations. According to the report of CBB (30 September 2011) there were licensed 24 conventional banks (Retail), 56 conventional banks (wholesale), 26 Islamic banks, 27 locally incorporated insurance firms, 11overseas insurance firms, 48 investment firms, 33 insurance brokers, 3 insurance managers, 5 insurance consultants, 32 insurance firms (restricted to business outside Bahrain), 4 insurance brokers (restricted to business outside Bahrain), 2 insurance consultants (restricted to business outside Bahrain), 11 loss adjusters, 2 insurance pools and syndicates offices, 18 money changers, 4 administrators, 8 financing companies, 16 banking representative offices, 5 insurance representative offices, 11 investment firm representative offices, 2 microfinance institutions, 10 capital markets. The total amount of banks and financial institutions licensed by CBB makes 408 (Central Bank of Bahrain). There are over 180 banks in Bahrain. Banks are divided into wholesale and retail banks. Wholesale banks dominate in the region. The leading wholesale bank is ABC (Arab Banking Corporation). Leading foreign banks are: BNP Paribas Bahrain, HSBC Bahrain and Citi Bank. Wholesale banks made approximately 88 % of the total banking assets during the period 2003-2006. The leading retail banks of Bahrain are: Ahli United Bank – assets US$ 29.0 billion (the second largest bank after CBB), National Bank of Bahrain (NBB), Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait (BBK), BMI Bank, Futurebank. Market investments of retail banks made only 12.3% of total assets. The retail banks share in the market was within the limits of 11.8% – 12.3% for the same period. These statistics demonstrates that the growth of the banking assets was applied to all banks; it means that both retail and wholesale banks indicated approximately the same progress for the same period (Table 1, 2). A total value of assets in Bahrain banking sector is $199.4 billion. Today Bahrain hosts more than 171 insurance companies from all over the world. They are both: conventional and Islamic, onshore and offshore institutions. Here is the list of the largest insurance companies in Bahrain according to the value of assets:  1. Iran Insurance  2. Gosi  3. Bahrain National Insurance Company BSC (c) (BNI)  4. Oryx Insurance  5. Protection Insurance Services WLL  6. Bahrain Kuwait Insurance Company  7. Trust International Insurance Company  8. Arab Insurance Group  9. Fakhro Insurance Services The creation of financial centers in Bahrain contributed t
Introduction Development projects mainly include developers taking full charge of land that were in control of other groups previously. These development projects entail natural resource extraction, dam construction, renewing the urban centres, infrastructure projects like bridge, highway, and irrigation canals construction. Reviews of the available works indicate that displacement of persons due to developments focus on forceful eviction of populations from their lands so as to pave ways for development. There are other projects that oust communities. These include wildlife reintroduction scheme, game parks creation, and biodiversity zones. The repercussions of this project development are the upheaval and displacement of communities, as well as unwanted burden to the host population. Distributive policy advocates for movements of people in areas where there are employment opportunities. Researchers and activists define displaced populations as those people compelled or forcefully pushed out of their homes to pave a way for the development projects. This consequently results to the communities losing their homes, loss of access to common property, social disintegration, increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity, rise in unemployment and increase in proportion of workers. According to Scudder and Colson, people’s notion of project impacted persons is that they are only those directly displaced through loss of homes (Scudder and Colson, 1982). They objects this and includes that project impacted persons also encompasses the host population that takes the burden of accommodating displaced persons and people who live in the vicinity of the project, and project immigrants. The latter group is the one responsible with planning, designing, and implementing the project, as well as the one those later moves to the region to enjoy the project related positive outcomes. These, Scudder notes are the parties that profit heavily from the development projects, as opposed to the two former groups that suffer economical, social, and institutional disruptions. On the same note, the World Commission on Dams (WCD) reports highlights not only physical displacements of populations, but also emphasizes on “livelihood displacement that robs people of their means of production and displaces them from their socio-cultural surroundings” (WCD, 2000). People that are prone to this kind of displacement are mainly nomadic populations. These groups have lost their land to private developers and governments. Conflicts arise in cases where such people claim their grazing and hunting land. Mobile groups are susceptible to displacements. They normally demand ownership of the land for their livestock and carrying out farming activities. This paper critically investigates whether the displacement of a few justifies in the case of development that will benefit many. Global figures Throughout the world, no exact information exists on figures of the population that suffer as a result of development induced displacement. There is no any existing document that clear illustrates the numbers of displaced at the local an