ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract One of the worthwhile activities in which we as human beings can engage in is the protection of our environment, our dignity and our future. To take up this noble cause for our survival’s sake, many individual activists and organizations have engaged themselves in various activities all aimed at the protection of our livelihood. The Catholic Church in particular boasts of a significant number of activists. Some of these activists are motivated by the peculiar dangers that face the world as a result of disease infestation, poverty, illiteracy, moral decadence and the dangers that can occur due to the prevalence of these factors. Introduction History has it that in most of the successful ancient civilizations, economic inequality was commonplace between the ruling class and the ruled. This status quo mostly resulted in anger and resentment between the two groups due to the great economic divide. These historical realities are still very much alive today in our present day society where income inequality is rampant. Traverso (2003) asserts that the difference between the rich and the poor in terms of economy has continued to expand over the last years with the rift between the middle and rich stretching even further. These facts reinforce the supposition that income inequality is at its all time highest level in the world. Social and economic trends such as change in family structures, increasing numbers of immigrants from poorer nations and globalization have led to rich and middle-income countries experiencing rising economic and social inequality. Ironically, all this is against a backdrop of great economic growth and prosperity that has been experienced by most of the countries in the world. Mapes (2004) suggests that such inequalities are positively related to social vices such as homicide, substance abuse and racism which inevitably foster social instability. With these daunting realities in mind, it makes sense to explore the most prevalent types of inequalities as well as the efforts that some organizations have put to come up with solutions and measures that can be used to reduce their effects on a global perspective. Purpose and thesis statement Catholic charities have been a beckon of hope and providence to many people suffering from various inequities around the world. Their contribution to the promotion of world peace, unity and equality cannot go unnoticed in many global situations (Kerby, 2009). This paper shall set out to explore whether Catholic charities have been helpful in diminishing social, economical and political hurdles in the world
The image of America emerged little by little on the maps from the 16 th to 18 th centuries. Many European explorers travelled a lot looking for wealthy lands. The Spanish explorers were the first from the Europe who settled on the shore of the American continent. It was Christopher Columbus’ second expedition which reached Puerto Rico on November 1493. The places of their destination were the Mississippi River, the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Plains and the Grand Canyon. The Spanish settled at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. It was the first European settlement on the American continent. New Netherland was the colony belonged to the Dutch from the 17 th century and centered in New York and the Hidson River. The Dutch used this colony as the territory for their trade. This colony was captured by the UK in 1664. The area called New France was the French colony from 1534 to 1763. Spanish and Portuguese settlements were between 1500 and 1800. Spanish and Portuguese people always saw the western hemisphere more as a land to exploit and administer than as a place to settle and colonize (Bentley 417). The French seemed to be slow in the development of interest in the New World. The interest was awaken after a French privateer captured a Spanish ship overloaded with Mexican gold and silver. After this event, Francis l sent navigators to the New World dreaming of the great wealth. Giovanni da Verrazzano established a French claim to the lands of North America. Jacques Cartier was one of these three explorers who reached the St. Lawrence River. Sieur de Robervall ran the first meaningful attempt to found settlements in the North America. He took over a camp which was founded earlier by Cartier which was the place of the modern Quebec but the settlers returned to France after one brutal winter. Jean Ribault reached the St. Johns River and the coastal Florida in 1562 but was confronted by Spanish colonists. Samuel de Champlain explored Port Royal and Quebec in 1608 (Bentley 418). The French contribution to this exploratory chase was immense. The French traversed the St. Lawrence Valley, the Great Lakes, the Great Plains, the Mississippi Valley, the North Atlantic Coast and the part of the Pacific Coast. Canada was explored by the French who made a great contribution to the development of geography. The French were attracted to the North America believing in the great wealth of these lands in silver, gold and other precious metals. The French wanted to convert native inhabitants (“pagans”) to Roman Catholicism. What goals did the French chase settled in America? They did it for more personal things or the service of God and King, for basic necessity or the desire for wealth, for curiosity or the thirst of knowledge, for the taste of liberty of the search of glory. French efforts in the exploration of the N
In accordance with the Keynesian economic theory, increased government expenditure, as well as a reduced taxation, is likely to lead to the growing social demand for goods or services. Therefore, these two mechanisms can ensure an effective and well-balanced economic performance of a country and prevent the risks of an economic recession. Otherwise stated, Keynesian theorists believed it critical that the government interferes in the market to ensure a consistent economic growth. In the meantime, it would be unfair to claim that the supporters of Keynesian theory rejected the importance of other sources of spending except for the governmental resource. They likewise considered the importance of business investments or social expenditures, though they did not regard them as the tool capable of spurring an economic growth (“Episode 5”). The practice has shown that Keynesian’s assumptions were rather grounded as the so-called “invisible hand of the market” does not possess sufficient power as it is initially expected – hence, it cannot ensure a stable economic growth and hazards, in such a manner, the country’s wealth. Hayek’s theory, in its turn, puts a particular emphasis on the coordination of humans’ actions in terms of economics. Therefore, Hayek believed that human actions are mainly determined by the market dynamics; the latter is free and spontaneous. The pivot point of the Hayek’s theory is the consideration of those factors that illustrate the market’s failure to coordinate human’s actions in an appropriate manner and the consequences of this failure such as unemployment (“Episode 5”). At this point, it should be noted that admitting the problem of unemployment Hayek contradicted his own assumption that free market coordinates humans’ activity effectively. Therefore, the two economists targeted to explain one and the same problem – the root of unemployment and its elimination. Generally speaking, Keynes relied on the assumption that unemployment is determined by the joined demand rather than by the labor cost (“Episode 5”). He was right pointing out that the government can reduce unemployment by affecting the joined demand level. Hayek would argue that this intervention resulted in the increased inflation. This argument was likewise rational, but the economist overlooked the fact that reduced unemployment and increased i
The 3rd chapter of the “Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice” text by Jacinta M. Gau talks about univariate and bivariate elements as well as their uses in criminal statistics and programs like the SPSS. The first part of the chapter introduces the three univariate data distribution displays that are frequently used in statistics, such as frequencies, proportions, and percentages (Gau, 2018). Frequency is defined as a simple raw count, whereas proportions show how many times a particular variable appears in a sample in relation to its total size (Gau, 2018). Finally, percentages are used as a standardized form of frequency, ranging from 0 to 100%. After discussing proportion and percentages, the parameter of rates is introduced, which is often used to show the incidence of a particular factor in 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 cases. The text makes a point that looking at numbers alone makes a poor presentation, so pictures are used to make the data more recognizable and engaging for the audience (Gau, 2018). Gra
Introduction & Background In business organizations, there are many aspects that come onto repetitive considerations; culture is one of those considerations. According to Justin Paul (The Author of the International Business), culture is a manifestation of human custom, values and attributes (Paul, 2011, p. 149). Such customs and values represent a particular system, group, society, or an organization. They are a sort of identity for such systems group and society. As per Hofstede’s assessment, culture is collective programming of minds. It is programming that distinguishes one group or system from another group or system (Paul, 2011). According to the modern literature, culture is a source of practice for international business organizations (Kinicki & Kreitner, 1999, p. 42). Culture has influences for strategies, decisions, plans and actions which take place inside the organization system. Similarly, the literature also highlights that culture is a part of the organization system. It has influence for all components of the system, whether its leadership, management or administration all comes under the affect of culture and its changing dimensions (Hauser, 1999). In theorists’ perspective, there are different levels of cultural diffusion. Likewise, culture diffuses through National level-outside (macro level) and through organizational level-inside (micro level), depending upon the nature and scope of the business in which it corresponds (NDU, 2013). The wider scope of a business the broader are dimensions of a culture to affect. Similarly, the national culture shapes up through societal norms while organizational culture gets formed through human behaviors, practices and attributes. It includes the practices of professionals and practices of the corporate, which eventually shapes up the organizational culture and system (Kinicki & Kreitner, 1999). For international business organizations, timely assessment and evaluation of the culture is vital (NDU, 2013). Organizations cannot survive or sustain if they do not have a close eye on their cultures. According to the modern literature, cross cultural management is precisely crucial for businesses, especially multinational corporations which comprise a cross-cultural system of human behaviors and attributes (Kinicki & Kreitner, 1999). To bring the competitive strength and effectiveness, it is necessary that organizations change, reform and improve their business cultures. It has been a frequent practice, a popular activity accompanied by all international corporations (Paul, 2011). In view of the discussion, there are two of the leading companies which are going to be analyzed in this study, Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways. Here is the assessment for both organizations in international business perspective: Company Background and Structure Virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic Airways is one of the
Risk management strategies are a part and parcel of any organization’s operations; however, the issue becomes increasingly important once being introduced to the healthcare environment (Baig, 2010). Facilitating the safety of both patients and the staff is a difficult yet manageable task; however, because of the numerous and rather recondite factors that the healthcare environment comprises, the provision of complete safety is impossible, as Stanford Online (2011) explains. The video in question is obviously aimed at engaging the healthcare service staff into a dialogue concerning the new safety options and the means for enhancing the security of both the employees and the patients within the environment of a typical healthcare facility. The fact that the video is targeted at the specified demographics is denoted in the very introduction of the narration: by enhancing the significance of the speakers’ experience in the workplace security and safety of the staff (Stanford Online, 2011), the narrator makes it obvious that healthcare service managers in general and health and safety managers, in particular, should pay special attention to the program in question. As far as the second video is concerned, its target audience clearly includes engineering safety advisors apart from health and safety managers, as the video under consideration obviously emphasizes the technical aspect of the risk management process: “Let’s see how the implementation of technology in the state hospital 2020 ensures safer care” (Pytte, 2012, 00:00:37–00:00:44). The latter video, in fact, is more helpful to the creation of a risk management program than the first one, as it provides a more detailed list of the actions that must be taken in order to maintain proper levels of security within a healthcare service. For instance, the video teaches in a very efficient and understandable manner about the significance of contacting healthcare services timely by promoting the use of a wristband “for tracing and recording of hospital activities” (Pytte, 2012, 00:01:04–00:01:06). In other words, clearly being instruction and a short introduction into the basics of healthcare engineering, the specified video informs the audience of a specific set of actions. As a result, it fits the scope of a healthcare safety program much easier than a supposedly informative yet quite generic video. Speaking of which, the information provided by Stanford Online (2011) is by no means useless, yet its significance is devalued greatly by the generalized statements and the abundance of information. Though clearly being significant for a healthcare safety program, it is comparatively hard to factor in. Therefore, it could be used as a tool for enhancing awareness regarding the subject matter gradually. In other words, it is suggested that the video in question should be split into several parts, each being r
Common characteristics of the accounting ethical principles among IMA, AICA and CIMA Accounting and auditing information is used for decision making by internal and external users like managers, shareholders, government, potential investors, investors, capital lenders among others. This raises the need for accountants to act with a high level of professionalism and uphold acceptable accounting ethics. Realising this important role played by accountants, international and national accounting bodies have developed accounting professional ethics which their members are expected to respect always. Failure to comply leads to harsh punishments from these bodies. AICA, IMA and CIMA, are management accounting bodies which require their members to uphold some ethical characters in the way they conduct their affairs (Institute of management accountants official website, 2010). Though the wording used may be different, they have the same fundamental background. The following are common ethical principles required by all the three bodies; Competence Before someone is registered as a member of any of the organisations, one must have attained a certain minimum level of education and professional training. This forms the entry point. There are changes in the accounting field initiated by local policies like finance bills (mostly on matters relating to taxation) and international bodies like International accounting bodies (IFRS and ISA). For competency, an accountant is expected to be up to date with such changes. An example of a change in international accounting standards is the change in new ways of accounting for SMEs in 2008 and change in accounting for leases (ISA 17) in 2010. A member of these bodies must be up to date with such changes. Furthering one’s education and practicing is highly recommended as it increases competence (Institute of management accountants official website, 2010). Integrity and professionalism Management accountant report is used by both external and internal customers; the three bodies require their members to act in a professional manner and uphold integrity. When reporting, he is expected to report the c
Introduction Saudi Aramco is a Saudi Arabian petroleum and natural gas company that is the largest in the world with a daily production capacity of 12 million barrels. The company’s strategy to ensure that it leads with regard to meeting the rising energy needs is viable because the company has the largest crude oil reserves. It is estimated that Aramco owns 260 billion barrels of crude oil. Moreover, the company’s daily oil production is the largest. The company can aim for the top position in the supply of energy because it has large oil reserves and has invested heavily in various aspects of the oil business. Saudi Aramco operates on the belief that energy is opportunity. Their strategy has five major focus areas that include reinforcement of its position in gas and oil production, integration of the business across the hydrocarbon chain, embracement of technology development and innovation, creation of employment opportunities that have global impact, and participation in the economic development of the kingdom. Lead in Oil Gas Exploration and Production One of the focus areas of Saudi Aramco’s strategy to meet the rising demands for energy is to reinforce its position in oil and gas exploration and production. As mentioned earlier, Saudi Aramco is the largest oil and gas corporation in the world. The company is very reliable with regard to supplying its products to customers and stabilizing the world petroleum markets. One of the company’s objectives is to streamline its upstream operations by embracing new technologies and innovation (“Strategy”). The use of leading-edge technologies in oil and gas exploration is giving the company a competitive edge and increasing its oil reserves through the discovery of new fields. The technologies are used in the discovery of new oil and gas fields and the recovery of products during the refining process (“Strategy”). In that regard, the company will continue to increase its capacity for oil and gas production. In order to remain the top oil and gas producer in the world, Saudi Aramco plans to maintain production capacity at 12 million barrels per day and improve its exploration efforts (“Strategy”). The production of unconventional gas is part of the company’s strategy to increase gas production. Environmental Protection Environmental protection is one of the challenges that oil and gas companies face in their operations. In
The originality of Heidegger’s philosophy lies in the unique nature of his understanding of Being. First of all, it must be said that the philosopher thinks of Being historically and not categorically. Heidegger points out that neither Being nor Time is something that exists. Being takes place in being through the admission of presence, that is, the opening of the secret. Time, however, should not be understood as a specific duration, or a consecutive series of moments, or the alternation of these moments. Time shows itself as time, looking into being in the sense of the present. The philosopher considers phenomenology as a method of ontology, the teaching of Being about existence. Heidegger speaks of the phenomenology of human existence or Dasein, which brings about “worlds.” A human being or existence is such that it understands its Being and simultaneously the Being of other entities around them. Heidegger’s purpose in Being and Time is to describe how human Being deals with their meanings. Dasein is the innermost ability in a person that understands being in general; it is the part of consciousness that asks the question of existence and knows about the fragility of its Being, about death, which opens people to their place in the universe. Heidegger emphasizes that one should not confuse the concept of Dasein with the subject: Dasein objectively exists – it is a being.
Introduction It is hard to disagree that there is a vast number of factors that influence adults’ and children’s everyday lives and health. For example, poor ecology, genetics, irregular exercising, not drinking enough water, and irregular sleep schedule. Another essential factor that many persons forget to care about properly is food. Unfortunately, poor nutrition can lead to various negative consequences, including the inability to concentrate on daily tasks, disorders like anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and lower energy. Additionally, an unbalanced daily diet can also result in extreme weight gain. According to the available statistics, obesity is one of the most serious health problems in the world, and it is also common in children and adolescents (State of Childhood Obesity, 2020). Despite the efforts of nutritionists, the dynamics are negative, and researchers note that “during the pandemic, the national rate of obesity among kids ages 2 to 19 increased to 22.4% in 2020, up from 19.3% in 2019” (State of Childhood Obesity, 2020). The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on the topic of childhood obesity, analyze this problem through the field of dietetics and nutrition, and point out gaps and conflicting details in information. Literature Review Since the problem of childhood obesity is so severe and challenging, there is a large amount of research work on this topic. Basically, most peer-reviewed articles are devoted to several main aspects of this issue, namely, data and statistics, risk factors and causes, and prevention programs and initiatives. These aspects will be carefully reviewed in the subsections below. What is more, separate paragraphs will be devoted to the role of nutrition and dietetics in addressing the problem of childhood obesity and the existing research gaps. Background and Statistics Numerous children and teenagers all over the world suffer excess weight and cannot lose it. According to Koletzko et al. (2020), “global childhood obesity increased more than 8-fold over 40 years, inducing a very large personal, societal, and economic burden” (p. 702). In 2019, 15.5% of high school students in America had obesity, and 16.1% of schoolers were overweight (State of Childhood Obesity, 2020). These numbers are pessimistic, which means that extra efforts should be directed towards finding a solution to the problem and strengthening the health of children and adolescents. Causes and Risk Factors There are many causes of childhood obesity and overweight, and some of them are rather obvious. According to Kim and Lim (2019), “a higher intake of saturated fats and carbohydrates, including the overconsumption of energy-dense foods such as pizza, soda, and SSBs, has been associated with obesity in children and adolescents” (p. 226). Additionally, risk factors like genetics, lack of sleep or water, and poor exercising also play a significant role in children’s overweight tendency (Lanigan et al., 2019; Weihrauch-Blüher & Wiegand, 2018). Thus, these factors should be addressed to solve the issue. Possible Prevention Measures Unfortunately, recent i