ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Political Development: (Nation-State Building in Southern Sudan) Introduction Political matters form an integral part of human life and almost every country across the world has its own political policies and systems controlling its national development agendas (Kingsbury 2007). Perhaps one of the most recently formed African nations is the Republic of Southern Sudan that became the world’s newest county after gaining independence after it split from the north following four decades of massive civil war (Maxwell et al. 2012). Since then, the Republic of Southern Sudan has been living under the consequences of the long civil conflict that has affected citizens’ livelihood, essential services, and even social protection. As a young nation, Southern Sudan currently has the best opportunity to develop a peaceful nation and improve the lives of all its citizens (Lehtinen 2001). Since the four-decade war altered socio-political structures and relations, the Southern Sudan government kick-started the nation-building process immediately with several initiatives emerging. Hitherto, the country could not make any meaningful developments due to lack of freedom as the two elements intertwine (Sen 1997). This essay seeks to investigate the main criteria for political development and assess the extent of its implementation as it has applied in South Sudan. Sudan as a Nation-State: Efforts of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) Against background marred by civil war uncertainties that hampered almost every little human aspect in Southern Sudan, the devastated livelihood, political difficulties, and the fragmented social order required urgent recovery. The provision of humanitarian aid and peace consolidation and stability initiatives were essential to restore Southern Sudan to stable human civilisation. Economic and political restoration initiatives started during the prevalence of the civil war under a coalition arrangement that involved the political party, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), and a humanitarian program known as Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) (Maxwell et al. 2012). The Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) is a consortium of humanitarian organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food Program (WFP) among other humanitarian organisations (Lehtinen 2001). Over several years since its emergence in the 1990s, the OLS has continued to play an essential role in enhancing people’s livelihood, political, and social reform through humanitarian support. Notwithstanding the notion that western nations use humanitarian support to conquer political dimensions and plant their leadership agendas, the incumbent Southern Sudan government should be commended, as it has stood firm in supporting international aid. As Taylor-Robinson (2002) postulates, “It is unusual for an established government to allow inte
In the book, the author asserts that the Canadian evangelists were accountable for liberating conventional Protestantism from gloom and developing the current political representation used by the dominant Religious Right. Sutton endorses the common perception that Christ and the American way of life are identical. A number of books have been documented about McPherson. However, in this book Sutton centers his attention on substantiating why McPherson was the most significant representation for the integration of traditional Christian distinctiveness and American nationalism. The author points out that in the year 1925, McPherson prearranged an enormous procession and theatrical stage play 1 . The book warrants special honors for highlighting how McPherson played a crucial role in creating the current politicized evangelical Christianity. After reading the book, the readers will be able to identify themselves with McPherson’s fantastic world of biblical seers, priests, conquerors, and villains. While reading the book, the readers would not help but imagine how they would have felt to march with the 30, 000 persons assembled in Los Angeles in the year 1926 shouting joyfully at the view of McPherson following her return 2 . Through the bibliography, Sutton’s unique storytelling capabilities are illustrated. By pricking the sensations and scholarly inquisitiveness, Sutton offers the reader with a chance to be grateful for Mcpherson’s initiatives in the same manner an individual would try to negotiate the cultural prospects, drawbacks, and approvals of her day. At the same time, Sutton provides the reader with an opportunity to experience how it would feel to be among McPherson’s supporters and opponents. Through this, the reader will learn that McPherson was a polarizing personality. Those who socialized with her were bound to announce publicly their thoughts of allegiance or hatred for the female figure. The author wants the readers not to postpone such opinions and as an alternative cautiously assess the intensity of these reactions against the realisms of the day. In the book, the author does not only stir up compassion for McPherson but also subject her to colossal and impartial criticisms. His enthusiasm to analyze McPherson in the political and the customary perspective of her era is the reason behind the bibliography’s motivating impulse and executive determinant. The author was able to achieve the above using a number of inspiring number evangelical studies. Throughout each chapter, Sutton attaches McPherson with some decisive issues that occurred during her lifetime. Famous among the concerns are race affairs, interregional immigration, urban boosterish, press, national social issues, and wartime enlistment. The above concerns were witn
The transmigration program was a plan that was initiated by the Government of Indonesia to move the human resource and population from the dense regions to the less dense regions. This was through the movement of people from the areas of Java, Madura and Bali to the less populous areas of Kalimantan, Papua, Sulawesi and Sumatra. Its aim was to decrease overpopulation and poverty and increase employment opportunities (Hollie 1981). The transmigration is an important aspect in the development of Indonesia. This process began in early 1905 and was associated with small scale movement that was sponsored by the Dutch colonial government from the region of Java and its surrounding. The population was to be moved to the outer islands. It was then taken up by the Indonesian government in a large state plan in which it expected to move thousands of families. During this period this policy has been subject to unrealistic and overambitious aims which in result have made the transmigration program to endure internal crisis which the Indonesian government have continued to solve and develop. Even though there are various short falls in this project, it has been remarked as among the best programs that have been used to move human resource in Asia which has moved millions (Rigg 1990: 80 – 108). Social The social aspects that were associated with infrastructure were better compared to the Java or Bali areas. The settlers gave a lot of marks to the education sector as an important benefit in their transmigration because many schools were constructed and fees was cheaper compared to Java and Bali, hence, parents were able to educate their children. Most children were able to access primary education while on the scale of higher education the presence of the girl child was higher. (Dijk, 2001). The homes that they lived were cheap to own and to maintain. There were no taxes that were imposed to the population and the uses of various resources were cheaper. An example is the fuel where most people used firewood. The health care facilities were better compared to other regions of Indonesia. The health care centers were many and they were located in areas with higher population. The expenses that were associated with hospitals were comparatively cheaper. The status of women was elaborated in terms of income. The women within this areas received better acknowledgment compared to their counterparts in Java and Bali because they contributed substantially to the family income. Their income came from farming, handcrafts, home industries, work on the agricultural estates and t
The problem discussed in this case is related to such a field as cross-cultural management. The main issue is that John Higgins might have become too attached to the Japanese culture, its values, and workplace practices. Furthermore, this change in his attitudes began to affect his business decisions and some of them were not effective. For example, he refused to terminate an employee who failed to improve his performance. Higgins’ justification for this decision is that this worker has been loyal to the company while loyalty is essential for Japanese organizations. Very often European or American managers do not know much about the customs and traditions of non-Western people (Kawar 2012, p. 105). Therefore, they have to adjust the new business environment. However, this situation is quite different because John Higgins immersed himself in the customs and traditions of Japan. One of the main risks is that he could understand the Japanese culture too literally. Higgins could simply overlook the possibility that the values and priorities of local people could be changing. These are the main aspect of this problem. There are several possible approaches to this situation. One of the possible strategies is to move Higgins to a different position or even to a different country. One should bear in mind that in many cases, companies choose to rotate expatriates. They let them stay in a certain country only for a limited period (Jonsson & Kalling 2006). The main rationale for this policy is to prevent them becoming too accustomed to the values or norms of local culture. Furthermore, this strategy is helpful for sharing information or best practices among various divisions of the corporation (Jonsson & Kalling 2006). This is one of the strategies that can be adopted. The main limitation of this approach is that the Japanese division of Weaver Pharmaceutical can lose a very valuable employee. Moreover, the corporation will have to spend a significant amount of time to find a person, who can substitute Higgins. This is one of the problems faced by multinational corporations (Bozionelos 2009). Furthermore, the senior management can prompt Higgins and Prescott to discuss the specific cases on which they disagree. Each of them should provide evidence to support his position. In such a way, they can resolve their conflict. However, it is also possible that their disagreement can turn into animosity. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided. It seems that the senior executive should closely examine the actions and decisions of Higgins. Provided that some of his decisions really run against the long-term interests of a company, the senior management should tell Higgins that he should focus on the objectives that a company sets. For instance, one of these objectives is efficiency. Therefore, it is not reasonable for an organization to retain an employee provided that he/she cannot cope with the requir
Consumers estimate future consumption and give current consumption set in fraction form. It can be in form of wealth or what is referred to as permanent income (Modigliani). According to Freidman (1978) the fraction should be near one. Robert Lucas (1976), however, criticizes the model due to a short lag that appears between past and present incomes. Regressions with consumption as their dependent variables are calculated in the framework of permanent income. In this model, its assumed that most models contain exogenous variables because they have a major and significant influence on any income. However, exogeneity is not testable and there is not certain whatsoever. This brings about a state of uneasy understanding. The hypothesis of permanent income with only a period lagged behind should be having a non-zero co-efficient. In such a test assumptions of any kind of exogeneity should not be included. Procedures for testing any theoretical implications involve implications such as lagged consumption for more than a period does not have power to predict current consumption. It, therefore, implies that consumption is not related in any way to an economic variable observed in previous periods. Lagged income though good in predicting current income is unreliable in detecting the behavior of consumers of thinking of the future that makes up the hypothesis of permanent income. However, if lagged consumption is included, no further explanations should be included in the lagged income. This is because if included, it will be entered as a double entry which will not give accurate and precise results. Finally, the final test is carried out for the predicted values of prices of stocks from corporations. Consumption changes can be predicted by lagged stock prices for a quarter and has a significant and measurable value. The hypothesis could be modified to reflect a small lag between changes of permanent income to consumer consumption. Since stock prices move in the same manner as stock prices, the modification to the hypothesis of the random walk is supported. According to the proper life cycle of hypothesis of permanent income, its very reliable and useful in future predictions in macroeconomic field and policy implementation analysis. With every deviation of consumption from it’s normal abrupt and permanent trend, the best prediction of future consumption adjusted to any trend making future changes in income unreliable to work with. This is because information used to make them is already included in current consumption. In models used for forecasting, consumption as a variable is regard
The history of narratives can be traced back to the beginning of mankind. A narrative can be termed as a recounting or telling of a series of events which can either be real or imaginative, recounted by a narrator to a narratee. A narrative can either be personal or collective history. Usually, a narrative is told casually. It is composed of human actions and human events elaborated in a creative and imaginative manner in order for the readers/audience to be able to relate the events with those that affect them. It is arranged in a particular order mostly known as a plot. A narrative has both connotative and denotative meanings. That is the outer and the hidden meanings respectively. The hidden meaning of a narrative is gotten by determining how part of the narrative symbolically affects human beings. This meaning can either be established by an individual or a group of people in a community who have a comm
Business is dependent to a great deal on the prevailing social environment, on rules that may not be necessarily written, and on customs prevailing in a particular society at any given time. The basic principles in business rely on the quid pro quo rule whereby a thing is given to somebody if that person returns something in terms of equal value and utility. The philosophy of business is essentially about appreciating and accepting the rules and principles of businesses. Sometimes the philosophy of business also relates to business ethics. Creative Designs will have to adopt a combination of the social marketing concept and relationship marketing. There is considerable influence of the social marketing concept in satisfying the needs and desires of customers. The market segment in which Creative Designs operates is primarily concerned about societies and their long-term concerns. It serves the company well in catering to the interior designing needs of homes and corporate offices in keeping with customer aspirations that have a direct relationship with the prevailing social environment. Each element of the marketing mix must be closely looked into while protecting the interests of society. The main idea is to be ethical in building the basic framework for human behavior that relates to moral principles and attempts to differentiate the correct and incorrect ways of doing business. Although business values may be viewed differently by individuals, every company has to evolve a business philosophy that must consider psychological, social, religious, and political values that directly or indirectly determine the overall worth of business decisions. There is no need to practice objectivism by Creative Designs since it cannot necessarily provide its services at uniform and reasonable prices in the viewpoint of clients. Hence the company will have to focus on ethical relativism and relationship marketing whereby the ethical perspective will deal with the feelings and attitudes of customers based on social systems that accept the behavioral patterns as established by social groups. Relationship marketing implies building a stronger and long-term relationship with clients and developing a bond and rapport with business partners. The building of relationships with customers is an important aspect of marketing models whereby marketing relationships are carried forward with business associates. Strong relations can be built only by giving u
Introduction Philosophy of science looks at the basis, approaches and connotations of science as well as the applicability and demerits of science (Williams C. , 2007). Research, on the other hand refers to the process of collecting, analyzing and consumption of data (Williams, 2007). This short essay examines Creswell’s alignment of philosophies of science with particular research approaches as well as a critique on the same alignment. In addition, I seek to align and justify the reason for aligning of philosophies of science with other approaches. Alignment of Philosophies of Science with Research Approaches Creswell aligns empiricism with quantitative research approach (Williams, 2007). According to him, the methods used in quantitative research point to the assumptions of an empirical method. This is true bearing in mind that both methods emphasize the use of experience and evidence. This involves collection of data and consequent analyzing of the data so as to prove or disapprove existing knowledge (Williams, 2007). Further, the division of quantitative approach into three classes affirms that Creswell is right. Quantitative approach is divided into descriptive, causal comparative and experimental approaches. Descriptive approach looks at the situation as it is and involves the description of characteristics of a particular happening. Further, based on observation, descriptive approach identifies the characteristics of a particular instance or two or more instances (Williams, 2007). Experimental approach involves the investigation of a treatment to an interposition into the study group and then gauges the result of the treatment (Williams, 2007). If an experimental design is proper, it will produce a methodical approach to quantitative collection of data which involves mathematical models during analysis of the collected data (Williams, 2007).. Causal comparative investigates the cause-effect relationship of the dependent and independent variables (Williams, 2007). The comparative design approach affords the researcher a chance to explore the connection between independent variables and their bearing on the dependent variables (Williams, 2007). It follows that, interpretivism is rightly aligned with qualitative approach to research due to the fact that in some cases, the two concepts are used interchangeably (Williams M., 2000). All in all, qualitative approach takes into consideration deliberate use of describing, annotations and clarification of data so collected (Williams M., 2000). Interpretivism is basically looking at happenings and interpreting them according to own understanding. Both approaches involve generalisation of ideas (Williams M., 2000). Mixed methods approach to research has so much similarity with the critical theory in philosophy of science. Mixed methods approach combines elements of quantitative and qualitative approaches in res
Introduction The term “continental philosophy” was first widely used to describe university courses in the 1970s, emerging as a collective name for the philosophies then widespread in France and Germany, such as phenomenology, existentialism, structuralism, and post structuralism. It thus came to be adopted by English-speaking philosophers influenced by such schools. Continental philosophy encompasses a distinct set of philosophical traditions and practices, with a compelling range of problems all too often ignored by the analytic tradition. He discusses the ideas and approaches of philosophers such as Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Habermas, Foucault, and Derrida, and introduces key concepts such as existentialism, nihilism, and phenomenology by explaining their place in the Continental tradition.They is kind of inter-related. Ancient Greek philosophy gave the early Christians the vocabulary to describe the experience of Christianity; and Christianity gave Philosophy some ideas it hadn’t thought of before. For example, the Christological controversies in the first few centuries (i.e. the arguing about how could Jesus be both God and Man) allowed philosophers to better conceptualize what “having personhood” and “having human nature” meant. More over, the over whelming majority of educated and uneducated Christians through – out history have been dualists in two senses: they have embraced interactionist dual ism regarding God and the material world, and they have accepted the reality of the souls of men and beasts, as it used to be put. Thus, theologian H. D. Lewis felt free to say with out qualification: “Through out the centuries Christians have believed that each human per son consists in a soul and body; that the soul survived the death of the body; and that its future life will be immortal.” The rise of Christianity in philosophy Constantine and the Rise of Christianity By the second century A.D., Christianity and Hellenism had come into close contact in the eastern Mediterranean. In the early fourth century, the policies of Emperor Constantine the Great institutionalized the connection and lent a lasting Greek influence to the church that emerged. Although Christianity was initially practiced within Semitic populations of the Roman Empire, by the first century A.D. Greeks also had learned of the teachings of Christ. In that period, the epistles of Paul to the Ephesians and the Corinthians and his preaching to the Athenians were all aimed at a Greek audience. Other early Christian theological writers such as Clement of Alexandria and Origin attempted to fuse Christian belief with Greek philosophy, establishing the Greek world as the home of gentile Christianity. I personally don’t think that there is much room in ‘organized religion’ of any kind for philosophy, the question is not the rise of Christianity in philosophy but the rise of philosophy in Christianity because the a