ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The present course of studies has revealed a complex nature of the civilization formation process. A huge number of factors contribute to their profile and shape their image with the whole tremendous complexity of the political, cultural, religious, societal, and individual. The history of China is intricately interwoven with the history of neighboring regions such as Korea and Japan, hence understanding the way religion, political order, culture, arts, international relations, and other aspects of the civilization’s functioning formed at that state is essential for acquiring awareness of the mechanisms that shape cultures and civilizations. It is clear that such factors as the comparative isolation of China, the religious influences, the dynasty form of political order, and the peculiarities of trade relations and overlordship over the Silk Way contributed to the formation of the Chinese civilization. The impact these factors produced, once discovered in detail, may reveal in-depth mechanisms of evolution of a particular state. The isolation of China and complexity for other people to get there due to the high mountains and high deserts played an essential role in its distinct formation, and the preservation of the unique culture, language, and arts that were left unaffected by comers from other regions that used to bring in some new elements to every society (McKay et al., 2008). At the early stages of China’s development, no trade relations tied it with other regions, and no other contact with other cultures was held. This isolation secured the logographic writing system that is still retained in China, in which every separate symbol denotes a word (McKay et al., 2008). The writing system proved to have profound impact on the history of China as well; the unique system influenced the nature of the ruling class in China, and shaped the unique Chinese literature (McKay et al., 2008). The way Chinese interacted with non-Chinese was also heavily influenced by the writing system, marking some distinct historical features of the interaction process that affected the future international relations and mutual influences. The religious system fostered in China affected the way the social organization was sustained within the state. The earliest religious practices were sustained by the ruling class, the Shang Dynasty kings, who were not only state rulers but also intermediaries between the common people and the high god Di (McKay et al., 2008). The manipulation of divine will by kings allowed them to keep people in subordination and isolation. The present religion gave roots for the Confucian tradition that helped sustain
The 3-minute advertisement of Dove launched in 2013 is a part of the company’s Real Beauty campaign. Dove is a beauty product company, a division of the FMCG giant Unilever. The advertisement named Dove Real Beauty Sketches is a video edited film of 3 minutes of an experiment that the company did. It invited a forensic sketch artist to draw the women. This artist sat is a separated space where he could not see the women (see figure 1). The advertisement begins with a piece of soothing instrumental music. The sketch artist introduces himself. Then a female voice, presumably that of one of the participants, say that when they enter the hall, they can see someone sitting with a drafting board. Another participant informs the viewers that neither they nor the man can see each other. First, the women described themselves, and then strangers, who had been acquainted during the experiment, were asked to describe their new friends. The result was similar in almost all cases. Women were most critical of their appearances, and others felt they were beautiful. This advertisement went viral in 2013 and has become the most viewed advertisement of the year. The ad is a part of the company’s Real Beauty campaign, which was made to develop the complete Dove brand, which makes beauty products for hair and skin. Dove makes soaps, creams, and shampoo for women. The target customers of the advertisement are, therefore, women, of varied age group. Further, women shown in the advertisement are mostly women from the middle-class economic background, of age group varying from mid-twenties the to late fifties. The target customers are usually women who feel that they are not beautiful enough and have issues identifying themselves as good looking. The advertisement was an effort to boost the self-concept of women. The ad aimed to increase the self-esteem of the target customers. This essay analyzes this advertisement. The advertisement was shot in San Francisco (Vega). The loft where the video was taken is an open space with almost no furniture except for a sofa for the participants, a white curtain dividing th
Summary The case study “Evolving into a Network Organization” describes the transformation of ICG into a network organization. This industrial control maker has always held leading positions in its industry. Numerous factors added to its power, but implementing CAD/CAM (computer integrated design and manufacturing) system among the first in a segment had an especially positive impact on the company’s performance. It turned the working environment into a paperless one. Initially met with resistance like any other innovation requiring additional knowledge, it was later praised for enhancing the ties between engineers and manufacturing that, in turn, decreased time-to-market and bettered the quality of products. As the company started changing, senior management focused on the idea of further transformations because it realized ICG was not capitalizing its tremendous potential. The decision was to create cross-functional teams that would develop the product throughout all stages of manufacturing. These teams were made up of professionals from different spheres of activities including manufacturing, engineering, scheduling, marketing, and quality assurance. Their key focus was made on responsibility for profit, cost, time-to-market, and quality. Among the major positive effects of the company’s decision to transform, there is the launch of their software, the Pyramid integrator, that was used for incorporating and standardizing design across products and applying it for generating new products and helped reduce costs. Moreover, it brought acknowledgment to ICG, as it became a profitable product. What is more significant, it entailed another wave of transformations that turned the company from a traditional divisional sized form into a network organization by enhancing the development of a number of self-managed teams involved in different products and customers that operated and cooperated at different levels. Applying What You’ve Learned What characteristics of a network organization does ICG exhibit? Which ones are missing, if any? Is ICG a “poster child” for network organizations? Operating on a three concentric rings basis (core control, Communication and Information Systems, and application services), the newly developed self-organized teams functioned within one or at all circles at once to guarantee high performance. There was a wide range of teams such as the supervisory business team, executive sponsor team, and project teams that were created and phased out at need. So, ICG is a representation of shared responsibility. However, ICG is not a poster child for network organizations because it misses one key characteristic of network organizations – joint control. All power is concentrated in the core of the organization, an
Checklist Knowledge, Skills, Abilities (KSAs), and Behaviors                          Do They Exist in the Workplace Team? “Monitoring each other’s performance” (Baker, Day, & Salas, 2006, p. 1577)  Yes                                  Knowledge of personal responsibilities                                      Yes                                  Knowledge of others’ responsibilities                                       Yes                                  Positive opinion on teamwork                                                Yes                                  Sharing a common goal                                                       Yes                                  The anticipation of others’ needs                                           No                                   Flexibility and adaptability                                                No                                   A shared understanding of the procedures                                    Yes                                  Active and regular communication                                            No                                   Exertion of leadership                                                      Yes                                  Reevaluation of actions                                                     Yes                                  Feedback exchange                                                           No                                   Shared decision-making                                                      Yes                                  Encouragement of positive group climate                                     Yes                                  Mutual support                                                              Yes                                  Mutual trust                                                                Yes                                   Team Rating On a scale from one to five, I would rate my workplace team as a four because it is effective most of the time. According to the checklist, my team has most of the described KSAs and behaviors needed for successful teamwork. The presented KSAs can be grouped into larger categories according to a particular type of behavior. For instance, the exertion of leadership in our team allows it to function smoothly in stressful situations and not lose focus on important tasks and duties (Baker et al., 2006). The development of a stable leadership structure in the team is important because it can significantly lower the number of possible miscommunications and misunderstandings of the final goal (MacPhee, Chang, Lee, & Spiri, 2013). Moreover, leaders can maintain a positive climate in the group and help its members stay on one shared path. A good nursing leader, for example, can encourage other nurses to treat their patients with more attention and remind them of the values of patient-centered care. Nursing leaders also facilitate successful and engaged collaboration (RNAO, 2016). My team members succeed in monitoring
Experiences that children undergo in their families determine how they grow and develop in society. Chai et al. (2016) assert that violence in families is a source of stress that triggers trauma among children and predisposes them to diverse psychological problems. Given that parenting plays a central role in shaping the growth and development of children, the wellbeing of mothers determines the nature of parenting (Anyikwa, 2016). The existence of IPV is families have a marked influence on parents, parenting behavior, and children’s trauma. In their study, Ferdos and Rahman (2017) found out that sexual and physical violence are common types of IPV among pregnant women, which increases maternal stress and reduce the birth weight of children. In essence, IPV threatens the lives of mothers and children. According to Silval, Limall, and LudermirIII (2017), children from family backgrounds with IPV tend to acquire and develop psychological aggression. Thus, a study on the effect of IPV on maternal stress and trauma is necessary to enhance the understanding of gender-based violence in families. In a family set-up, numerous factors mediate the effect of IPV on maternal stress and sibling trauma. Rotheram-Borus (2016) explains that the intensity of IPV has a statistically significant association with the magnitude of depression symptoms in women. Tsai, Tomlinson, Comulada, and Rotheram-Borus (2016) argue that the frequency of IPV is directly proportional to the emergence of maternal stress and sibling trauma. Families that experience intense and frequent IPV get high levels of maternal stress and sibling trauma. Howell, Barnes, Millerb, and Graham-Bermann (2016) maintain that IPV has an increasing effect of trauma on adolescents, toddlers, infants, and newborns. Therefore, based on the background information, the study hypothesizes that IPV is a predictor of maternal stress and sibling trauma. The findings support the hypothesis for they demonstrate that IPV is a strong predictor of maternal stress and sibling trauma. Method The study sampled mothers from families with violence (n = 47) and families without violence (n = 45) (Tailor, Stewart-Tufescu, & Piotrowski, 2015). The families had more than two children aged between 5 and 18 years with the ability to speak English fluently. Research Ethics Board of the university approved the study and recommended continued therapy of the participants. Following ethical approval, the study sought written informed consent from parents and oral permission from children. Maternal stress, sibling trauma, and parenting behavior are dependent variables of the study that were assessed using established research instruments. Childhood exposure was determined by asking parents to rate the extent of exposure to intimate partner violence. Physical Aggression was used to measure violent behaviors that mothers and children experienced in their respective families. Trauma symptoms exhibited by children were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklis
Introduction To many individuals, the CIA invokes a shadowy planet of secret agents, global intrigue, and covert corridors of control. While this representation might be accurate to a certain degree, the main function of the organization is less amorous: the anthology and scrutiny of information. To this conclusion, the CIA’s Directorate of expertise is essential. As the assembly accountable for making the implements that permit the covert agents to carry out their tasks, the DS&T is the “prime component in the account of both the whole intelligence commune and the CIA,” notes Jeffrey Richelson who is an expert on American acumen manoeuvres. In this volume(The Wizards of Langley), the author trails the directorate starting from its beginning in 1947 to date, scrutinizing every feature of its performance and errands in comprehensive detail, together with the wrangling and political squabbling that have convoyed its expansion. A number of modernizations have even had noteworthy consequences beyond the intelligence commune, like lithium batteries for trendsetters and ways for the revealing of breast cancer. Main Body As the author articulates, there were several missteps, like directing LSD to science experts devoid of their acquaintance (one killed himself consequently), using cats as bugging strategies, and the employment of psychics, but in general, the DS&T has completed “a massive involvement to U.S. intelligence abilities and State security.” Remarkably, the directorate has established the U-2 detective plane and a number of the U.S.’s mainly vital satellites designed for surveillance and has been the first in photo analysis, the anthology of signals acumen and overseas missile and space courses scrutiny. The volume also provides an affluence of stories, giving individuals reading it an uncommon glance at top-secret manoeuvres and detective diversions of the cold war. Although the absolute amount of elements at times marshes down the story, this is a rich source for those fascinated in the principally unsung champions who have allowed the CIA to vocation so successfully. Intelligence In current years, the media societies have offered lots of intelligence on the catastrophic and outrageous 1953 fatality of military science expert Frank Olson. Ten days prior to Olson’s death, a CIA associate had glided an LSD dose into the unaware Olson’s beverage. The unfortunate military scientist somewhat factually went mad and bounded to his demise from the windowpane of his room in a hotel, in New York. Media histories have implied Olson’s demise as the exertion of a menacing CIA. In Richelson’s flush staging, the Olson incident, dreadful as it was, represents less of a CIA scurry amok, as opposed to that of a suspicious Cold War outlook in which the State’s premier intelligence bureau was tasked with establishing spectacular courses for strange times. The directorate accountable for those courses was the centre of this well and scrupulously researched analysis by the expertise of L
This paper is about History and it gives us the opportunity to talk about our past and mostly about a number of main events, people in general as well as perceptions in the eras before. It will also help us understand why it is studied and what studying history entails. History obviously, is in the most open minded sense, the study about the past. However, this study is in all probability, not as you assume it to be. History touches on virtually all eras and the events that were recorded that occurred in areas. Precedent occurrences that include a vast array of immense migrations, battles/ wars, listings of great kings of the past as well as presidents, the list is endless, formulates the focus and theme of history. Like so many other topics for example mathematics which is just not about a series of numbers, but more about associating numbers and maneuvering them with a certain intention, history is also not just the ancient times rather the interpretation of the past. The three main hurdles the historian encounters are:  1. Discovering what took place in the past.  2. Construing the happenings from the past, so as to understand them and be able to give details as to why they occurred.  3. What we can learn in the present day from the past. This is basically what the past has taught us. We may actually never be able to tell everything what happened in the past because the variety is too wide to cover. Therefore, history can be classified as the study of variety. As for the aspect of interpreting the past to be able to fathom it, wide as it is, a general framework has been crafted for our study of the past by many generations of academics over a long period of time. The past has several lessons which we can learn from in future with the application of methods developed long before our time. From the field of politics whereby Plato had ideas of an ideal state which reflects upon present day politics, to religion whose teachings revolve around the Holy Bible and the Koran which were drawn up in ancient times down to success stories told over the years, history has a huge role in the present as well as the future by shaping ideals formed long ago to suit the changing times. At
The Grapes of Wrath was made in 1940 and can be considered to be director John Ford’s greatest black and white movie as it sometimes even surpasses the greatness of its literary source, a 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by John Steinbeck, having the same name (Chapman, p.165). The movie retells the tale of the Oklahoma family of the Joads during the 1930s that have lost their farm because of the Great Depression. They are now migrant workers who have landed up in California. They have to face terrible trials throughout their journey and finally become slave laborers. But the family refuses to succumb to circumstances and thus the entire movie tells us about the opportunities they find in California while searching for work. Considered to be among the director’s greatest epic dramas, the movie is heartfelt and moving although at some points there is random rambling and structure along with emotional and excessively political narratives. The main character of the movie is Henry Fonda who plays Tom Joad and he totally overpowers the entire movie. He plays a prison parolee who returns home only to find out that his family has been thrown out of their farm and thus they have to move to California, which too does not turn out too well since Tom gets into numerous fights. The movie is full of neo-communist and democratic schmaltz but at the same time gives Henry Fonda a voice to reach the audience through art (Chapman, p. 166) The Grapes of Wrath perfectly documents the social tragedy of American life in those times recounting the Joad family’s poignant yet painful odyssey. Henry Fonda in his portrayal of Tom Joad had perfectly represented the difficulty faced by the “Okies” of those times. The Grapes of Wrath is extremely emotionally gripping and John Ford has presented his idea of the actual novel in such a manner that the audiences require a moment before they can gather themselves and move from one intimidating scene to the next one. The movie has been shot mainly in and around the migrant camps of Pomona, California. However, John Ford has also filmed a second unit capturing a few of the background shots in Oklahoma framing his shots in such a way that the desolate exteriors, huge, barren landscapes, and clouded skies become ubiquitous giving the audience a feeling which the harsh and displaced lives of the Okies brought them. Later, the film takes an optimistic turn with the introduction of Grant Mitchell in the life of the Joads as the Caretaker when the family locates a government camp. Grant Mitchell represents security and guardianship for the family and has been portrayed as a compassionate person with a slight similarity with Franklin D. Roosevelt. John Ford has cleverly shot the Joads family portraying them as more than just mere victims since he has turned the depressing tale of these Okies into one which has promise and hope. The greatness of the movie lies in its message which tells the audience that even when the Joads family was physica
It is possible to suggest that most teenagers and adults have either heard of or even read a famous Russian novel War and Peace , written in 1869. Its author, Leo Tolstoy, was not only a significant and talented writer but also a great philosopher with unique ideas and perceptions of different concepts and processes of life. In his 1897 book titled What Art is, Tolstoy expresses his interesting thoughts regarding beauty and aesthetics and provides three criteria according to which art should be judged. To begin with, the writer mentions his disagreement with the accepted ideas of beauty and states that they are just a special privileged class’s attempt to canonize those artworks that they find pleasant and engaging. However, identifying the real beauty with the taste of a select group of people is wrong, as well as turning aesthetics into the study of this concept simply because there is no definition of beauty (Tolstoy, 1960). Only the specific effect on people can define art as precisely this is its primary purpose. As for the three criteria that allow evaluating works of art, they are the specificity, clarity, and sincerity of the feeling or emotion it conveys to people. As for me, I could not agree with Tolstoy’s ideas. Indeed, it is not right to judge the beauty of something based on other people’s opinions. It does not matter if they are privileged or not, I personally want to have my own idea about beauty and freely judge art or any other phenomenon. In the modern world, this can be compared to the fashion and influence of famous fashion designers on most people who blindly obey and wear clothes that are considered “beautiful and stylish” by a certain group of people. It is probably not correct to compare art and fashion, but this is the best way I can express my agreement with Tolstoy. Both works of art and clothes should have a unique and strong effect on people. In case there is no impact, even though some people talk about beauty, these conversations are empty and meaningless. Reference Tolstoy, L. N. (1960). What is art? (A. Maude, Tran.). MacMillan Publishing Company. (Original work published 1897).