ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Slavery was probably one of the most awful catastrophes in the history of the United States. To enlighten the people about the dreadful facts, escapee slaves noted down their accounts of slavery on paper and availed the information for the public to read. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass are two of the numerous slaves, who wrote down their accounts of slavery. Each of them had a different experience with slavery. Nonetheless, Frederick and Harriet shared a common experience: they relate about the repulsive tradition of slavery and the adverse effects it had on their lives. This paper aims at giving a comparative evaluation of the slavery life of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Age, gender, responsibilities, time, and the affected region had varied impacts on slaves’ life. Slave’s childhood life Slavery has adverse effects to childhood life of the victims. Frederick and Harriet’s childhoods were not exceptional. As Harriet was growing up in her contented domicile as she refers to it, she was utterly safeguarded from slavery. Her father was a tremendously generous and skillful carpenter, and he was permitted to look after his family, in spite of some of his earnings going to his mistress. During their childhood, most slaves never knew about their innate repression into slavery. However, as they continued growing up, they would start assuming responsibilities in their masters’ homes or separated from their parents. It is from this time that they started experiencing the real burden of being slaves (Jacobs 78). On the other hand, some slaves experienced the wrath of slavery from childhood. From the beginning, their life was cruel with some being separated from their mothers at a tender age. Frederick was born a mullatto. It was after her master raped her mother. Frederick’s heritage led to him being separated from his mother’s master, and apparently, his mother. There was a belief that when a slave bore a mullatto, the father to the child was always the master of the affected slave. This enraged the master’s wife, and the master had to sell the child away to placate her. It is this reason that led to Frederick meeting his mother for remarkably few times before she died. He was not allowed to attend in his mother’s burial or own her photo (Douglass 112). During their childhood, different slave
Forecast Need In business, it is often paramount to make an accurate prediction of future events to meet the emerging needs (Ord & Fildes, 2013). The proposed forecast will be aimed at investigating the question about how many new client managers will be needed for the company to appropriately address an increasing number of customers in the next season. The number of clients is expected to rise due because a new service will be launched in a few months. To select the technique for carrying out the forecast, the method proposed by Georgoff and Murdick (1986) will be employed. Forecast Situation Analysis Table 1 below provides answers to the basic questions required for selecting an appropriate forecasting technique according to the method provided by Georgoff and Murdick (1986). Table 1. Answers to the Basic Questions Needed to Select a Forecasting Technique. (Georgoff & Murdick, 1986, pp. 4-5). Category  Dimension                                    Questions                                                                 Answer to the Questions Time      Span                                         Is the forecast period a present, short/medium, or long-term projection?  Short-term (1-2 months)           Urgency                                      Is the forecast needed immediately?                                       Yes                               Frequency                                    Are frequent forecast updates needed?                                     No                      Resource  Math skills                                  Our quantitative skills limited?                                          Yes                               Computer
Summary of the case One of the major functions of the school principle is to organize the activities so that it is possible to meet the demands of teachers, students, and their parents. In the case under consideration, the problem is that the duties of the leader are divided between two people, the principle and the superintendent, and the activities of the both are not always coordinated. After a huge grant from the National Science Foundation was received and it was stated that the fields of math and science only could be improved, the vast majority of parents support the idea offered by NSF. They truly believe that their children have appropriate skills in the above-mentioned spheres and should have more chances to develop their abilities. Still, the superintendent finds it more important to focus on reading and writing because there are so many students who do not known English properly and cannot grasp the material the way it should be. All this information is published in the article, so that the representatives from the press and parents are aware of the situation and in need of clear explanations and evaluations of the grant and students’ abilities. Problem identification The problem of the case is: a considerable amount of people (journalists and parents) are waiting for some clear explanations of why the school cannot accept the multimillion dollar grant from NSF, and why the importance of curriculums which are based on reading and writing is more crucial than the one science and math curriculums. Specific information and categorization To succeed in categorizing the case according to people, place, and program, it is important to understand what is expected from each person and identify the reasons of misunderstandings which appear between people. People: the principle, who is responsible for the development of the process, the superintendent, who makes decisions about how it is possible to use the grant and what skills of students are better to develop, the parents, who take care of their children education and understanding of the matter, and media workers, who provide appropriate spread of information. Place: Simpson Elementary School where students from 30 different countries are able to get education. Program: Simpson’s program aims at integrating students with poor English-speaking skills, and NSF grant helps to gain successful results in the sphere of math and science. Prioritization of information As it is a well-known fact that teachers may vary in their preparedness, their development needs may vary as well (Ubben et al., 2003). In the case under analysis, it is very important to identify the needs of the teachers who have to introduce new material to students in a considerable amount, the needs of parents who want to choose the best options for their children, and the needs of students because students is a kind of human hope for better future, and the way of how students comprehend new material will influence their future achievements. Questions and answers  1. To succeed in speaking before the press, it is necessary to
What is liberty in the Fascist state? Why does the state have total power? In a fascist state, liberty is what the state deems important and not harmful the state decides on liberties without consultation. A fascist state must have total power because it views the direction it takes in the direction of the masses and believes that severe action must be taken. Mussolini would have argued that the Fascist state was democratic. Why? Mussolini was a fascist, and he believed in a fascist state that is strongly based on the popular support of the masses (Mussolini, 2006) that slight resemblance to democracy could be confused with true democracy, but the differences are immense. What is the Fascist view of war? War is necessary because the state must pass down to future generations names of military leaders and geniuses who contributed to the enlargement of its territories and also who made the state famous. Why does Fascist reject socialism and liberal democracy? Fascism denies that numbers can determine anything in human society thus denying democracy and finally fascists deny the fact that happiness can be a result of material things, thus rejecting socialism.
Brian Gillis’ art work was thought provoking and enlightening. I was very interested in his discussion of printing as a revolutionary technology, and the new applications of printing to creating three dimensional items. His work focuses on resistance to oppression and bigotry as well. Mr. Novak’s work also offered a critique of the violence of modern life. I chose the work of Huang Yong Ping that is an equally biting indictment. Afterwards, I did some independent investigation online about printing. I corresponded with people who do letterpress printing as an art form, a craft, and a hobby. Mr. Gillis rightly asks us not to take printing for granted. It can actually be a painstaking handwork process, with a sensual and intimate connection to the block or frame containing the plate, the paper, the ink, the machine, and the drying process. On the other hand, printing can be an entirely digital, high-tech process, even creating the sort of three dimensional objects to which Mr. Gillis referred, and creating the microchips in this very computer. Even the design of typeface is a whole art form in itself, as evidenced by the fact that a typeface received a place of honor at a museum. I discovered from studying the history of printing that it was far more than a convenience. Printing apparently helped ignite the Protestant Reformation. It speeded the birth of the Industrial Revolution. It even made possible the development of our modern democracies. Printing, by placing books in the hands of more than just the wealthy, permitted all economic classes to access more or less the same information about their religion, science, and their human rights. Mr. Gillis’ personal interest in printing fits perfectly with his focus on breaking the rules and pushing beyond limitations, including bigotry and stereotyping. His work, repeatedly speaks to the ways that people push back against oppression, for example in his piece entitled Disobedience, Abstraction, and the Opposable Thumb: Tank Man (2010) In this piece, he memorializes the solitary man who confronted the tanks in Tiananmen Square in 1989. His use of wood seems to me to be a reference to human fragility. The neutral color makes me think of this being applicable to all of us, no matter where, or when, in the world or in time. By pairing the notion of disobedience with the opposable thumb, he suggests that to be human is to disobey. He also leads us to ponder that to be human is to invent and abstract from the world both ideas and art that are not available to other creatures. His interest in printing and significance of ‘the word’ is reflected in his p
In the sixteenth century, Russia faced many problems connected to Ivan IV and his rule. He was aggressive and destructive in taking the territories away from noble families and giving them to his followers. Moreover, his autocracy expanded to other areas of life and harmed all social structures (Wiesner-Hanks 356). The death of Ivan IV brought other troubles as it created a vacuum of power in the Russian government. The inability to appoint a leader unanimously led to conflicts. Peter I thought that the best approach to modernizing Russia was through war. Therefore, he prioritized the advancement of the army and everything that was connected to it, including the production of military equipment and food for the soldiers. Moreover, he wanted to gain control over territories that would allow the country to have access to the sea. Peter, I brought many foreigners to the country to design new buildings and give tactical advice to the troops. Furthermore, he opened universities and schools to make young people more competent. In some way, Peter’s military reforms contributed to the modernization of other spheres of life. Russia was able to expand its empire because of army advancement. The military reforms of Peter helped to create a viable structure for the military. In the end, his approach to the country’s advancement allowed Russian troops to defeat the navies of other nations. Life of Peter the Great Some writers portray Peter the Great as a short-tempered person. Bishop Burnet writes that Peter does not behave as a ruler because he is temperamental and impulsive (“Peter the Great”). The author notes that the tsar’s personality does not make him a good leader in the eyes of his servants. Von Korb supports this idea, stating that Peter is not only violent but also anxious and paranoid. However, some authors show Peter the Great from a different angle. General Alexander Gordon describes Peter as “a lover of company, and a man of much humor and pleasantry” highlighting that Peter, while rather impulsive, is also insightful and intelligent (“Peter the Great”). Various depictions of the tsar show his complex personality and distinguish him from other rulers. Peter’s sister planned to remove him from his throne after his return from Western Europe. A number of his followers participated in this process as well. The tsar ended his trip earlier than planned and confronted the group of conspirators. Peter wanted to reform the Russian court to appear more European. It is possible that his ideas were influenced by his desire to adhere to the customs of other countries. Peter ordered the boyars to dress differently to look like the most advanced nations that he perceived. Peter traveled to various countries and saw their technological advancements. Thus, he tried to replicate other aspects of their cultures as well. Works Cited “Peter the Great: Biographies.” Fordham University , 2017, Web. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 . 2nd ed., Cambridge Unive
Hypothermia Hypothermia is a medical emergency state of a human body that occurs when the organism cannot produce heat at sufficient speed. That corresponds to a dangerously low body temperature; usually, 35 C o is considered the upper limit for this dangerous situation, while the average is about 36.6 C o . Cold injuries may happen when the human organism decreases the blood flow to the shell and triggers peripheral vasoconstriction, especially in the hands and fingers. If the person does not increase the insulation from the environment by adding layers of clothes, they may experience the loss of manual dexterity, frostbite, and, possibly, permanent damage to the skin, muscle, and nerve tissues. Physiological Responses to Cold Environment Peripheral vasoconstriction happens when there is a need to decrease heat loss to the environment due to the low ambient temperatures. The organism limits the blood flow to the skeletal muscles to increase the insulation between the internal organs and the environment. The peripheral shell tissues may experience cold injuries if the temperature stays low for a significant amount of time. The core response may be affected by an individual’s body composition and anthropometric characteristics. Voluntary muscle activity, such as physical exercise or active movement, helps maintain the organism’s safe core temperature. However, if it cannot be performed, the shivering, or involuntary contraction, begins. The process involves increasing the whole-body oxygen intake and intensifying the thermogenesis with the severity of cold stress. It is similar to the muscles performing the work, but the main aim is to release the heat. While shivering helps the body decrease the negative effect of the cold environment, it is a sign of a stressful state for the organism. Exercise in a cold environment presents several challenges to athletes. First, the organism would not be able to deliver sufficient amounts of oxygen to the muscles since the blood flow does not reach them at the usual rate. For activities, it would mean a 5-6% decrease in VO 2 max per C o drop of the core temperature. However, the maximal heart rate generally does not change much during cold exposure. Since aerobic metabolism is no longer reliable under these conditions, the anaerobic one begins to play a more significant role. It is less efficient, as a single glucose molecule generates only 2 ATP during anaerobic glycolysis, whereas subsequent oxidative metabolism yields 34 ATP. In other words, it would be enough to maintain the essential functions of the human body, but not for its peak performance. Anaerobic glycolysis and metabolism produce lactic acid as a by-product. It could be used as emergency energy during strenuous exercises by the heart and slow the muscle contraction speed leading to lower peak performance levels of an athlete. The higher sugar level in the blood allows it to retain the heat better as it is reaching the muscles. The glucose levels drop in a cold environment as it is used for energy to remain at the body temperature,
The agricultural system is one of the most important for the functioning of any state. Although much less attention is paid to the work of this area than, for example, industry, the value of labor there is much higher. Every day, tens of thousands of people work hard to ensure that people can eat without problems. Unfortunately, because of this, work in this system is grossly underestimated. Besides, the system itself works with many violations and shortcomings, which affects the nutrition of the vast majority of the country’s inhabitants. McMillian (2012), in her book, reflects the inner side of this industry, clearly showing the problems and difficulties that workers face daily and draws attention to them. This essay aims to review two parts of this work to analyze and discuss the situation in the industry. Growing and caring for plants that make up a large part of our diet is hard, exhausting work. Despite the development of modern technologies, most of the operations related to the care of crops are carried out by humans. Besides, if the primary goal of a farming company is to maximize income, then workers have to rely only on the most primitive tools and their bodies. This is precisely the situation the author of the book faced when arriving at a garlic farm. All the pieces of equipment she received were a bucket and scissors, which, moreover, she needs to look after herself, lubricating the mechanism and sharpening the blades (McMillian, 2012). This attitude is the first in a series of injustices faced by workers in this area. According to the author, workers are willing to work for meager wages, so investing in any automation does not make sense (McMillian, 2012). Although acting under the scorching sun is harsh, companies do not make it any easier. Besides, employers often cheat their employees by not paying the money they are entitled to and forging paperwork. Like everyone else, McMillian was paid based on the number of buckets collected, with an income of about $ 16 after an eight-hour day (McMillian, 2012). However, given that the minimum wage is eight dollars, somewhere between the delivery of garlic and the paycheck, there was a substitution of numbers. Accordingly, the final checks indicated that the person worked for only two hours. Thus, most companies openly violate the law, but no one cares about it. As the author herself explains, it is much cheaper to break the law than to follow it (McMillian, 2012). The company has underpaid McMillian about four hundred dollars, but the fine for such misconduct will be about three hundred dollars. Finally, in addition to appalling working conditions and deceiving wages, workers in this sector are often denied the same rights as any other workplace. After injuring her arm after hard work, McMillian complains to his employer and, surprisingly to everyone else, receives medic
There are various forms of visual art and these have undergone various forms of developments in the past. These forms of visual art perform various functions to the society. This paper looks at three articles on the development of various forms of visual art and the various perspectives reflected in the articles. In Modernist Painting , Greenberg addresses the importance of modernism and culture in art. He states that purpose of modernism is to improve a given discipline and in so doing, it should address all aspects of culture (Para. 1 & 2). He argues that in old days, the people used art “to conceal art” while “modernism used art to call attention to art” (Para. 7). The artists in modernism openly acknowledged the limitations that constituted the medium of painting and regarded them as positive factors while the old masters considered them as negative factors. He also addresses the issue of flatness of the painting surface. He argues that this was the only attribute that pictorial art did not share with other forms of art. As a result, modernist painting committed itself to flatness because it was its only unique attribute. Modernist painting is naturalistic and attached to other forms of art, especially sculpture, and culture. This makes it firmly attached to tradition (Para. 11). Greenberg asserts that modernism is just an evolution of tradition and that modernist painting and art at large is “carried out in much the same way as before” (Para. 18). It is a continuation from the past without a break making it connected to the past. Alloway Lawrence’s article The Arts and the Mass Media addresses the issues of population growth in relation to art. Increase in population led to increased industrialization thus changing the world. One of the remarkable achievements of the industrial society is the development of mass arts (Para. 5). After World War II, art became highly flexible even though traditional ideas in art persisted (Para. 2). The masses got involved in shaping the state and standards of art as opposed to the small group of elites there before. In this article, Lawrence says, “mass art is urban and democratic” (Para. 2). He also argues that mass arts are not purely academic, as most critics believe. Instead, they are anti-academic especially in style, technique and iconography (Para. 5). Mass arts reach a large audience and hence affect the culture of this audience. In reality, the mass arts have become part of the culture (Para. 9). Lawrence also argues that the development of mass art is rapid. The rapid change in technology aggravates this rapid growth of mass art. On the other hand, Leo Steinberg in his article Flatbed Picture plane gives and explanation of the development of Picture painting on surfaces. He uses the word flatbed picture plane to give a description of “the picture plane of the 1960s – pictorial surface whose angulation with respect to the human posture is the precondition of its changed content” (Para. 1).He explains the transformations the printing surface has undergone from the time of renaissance to the modernist printing. In old times, printings were i