ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Some people call this process genocide, and other people are inclined to discuss the issue as the cleansing within the nation. Despite the fact, all the people are born different and free, the governments of many states feel responsible to decide who is worthy of living here and now. Red-haired persons as well as black persons or Indians differ significantly from other people. This difference is the source of the controversy and fears experienced by the other people who belong to the majority within the country. From this point, genocide is a violent method to guarantee definite security for the majority. Any divisions of the society into groups and genocide actions directed toward the minorities are associated with a certain degree of violence which can lead to unexpected consequences, and my task as a policeman is to follow the authorities’ directions and perform my job well, without references to the ethical questions. Being a policeman, I am obliged to follow the orders of the authorities and definite guidelines provided by the leaders of the state. The focus on the order is the main duty of a policeman even if the order is based on organizing the raid to find the red-haired men as the representatives of the minority. Despite the controversial purposes for the raid, all the means are good to achieve the final goal and realize the effective cleansing within the nation. Thus, the first stage of the raid is a successful organization. I should act according to the developed plan, and I cannot be distracted by some insignificant details. If the final goal is the red-haired man, it is impossible to concentrate on the other persons who can prevent me from realizing the basic plan. The house, in which I can find the red-haired man, should be surrounded by the group of the other policemen, and the raid should be realized actively. If violence is necessary, aggressive techniques and methods will be used. There is no time to pay attention to, for instance, the man who smokes a crack pipe when the operation is under the threat of being prevented by the people who are against the procedure of cleansing (“M.I.A., Born Free”). The next stage is the transportation of the detainees to the place where the act of cleansing should be realized. I cannot hear the detainees’ thoughts while we are on the bus, these young men are usually silent, but I can see their glances, and there is a real threat in their eyes. To prevent possible violence, I should act decisively and even aggressively. The desert is the best place for realizing the procedure of cleansing. The public should not be affected by the procedure, that is why the desert is chosen as the best territory to complete the operation. The public can suffer only when people try to prevent policemen from doing their work. The red-haired detainees, as any other representatives of minorities do not see any harmful or provocative aspects in their activities or styles of living that is why they are inclined to oppose the actions of the policemen who are organized to control the detainees. To make these people act according to the order, I often have to
Executive Summary The purpose of the report is studying of how the economic theories work in the real-life setting, and how they can be applied in decision making. The focus of study is the essence and effectiveness of anti-tobacco policy of the Federal Government from the perspective of economic theories. The methodology of study includes the review of the articles devoted to the anti-smoking measures of the Federal Government and application of economic theories to them. Such measures as the increase of the tobacco excise tax, restrictions in advertising and packaging of cigarettes, and anti-smoking programs are considered. Increase of the tax is expected to reduce the demand by 6 per cent and make 2-3 per cent of smokers give up their habit. Plain packaging is aimed at making distinguishing cigarettes brands more difficult. The amount collected as a result of the measures will be provided to the hospitals. Despite it is assumed that the measures will have significant effect, the preliminary survey demonstrated that the reaction of tobacco consumers may deviate from that expected. Thus, the elasticity of the demand for cigarettes may be lower than it is assumed. The recommendation to the Government is fulfillment of a research devoted to the psychological factor, tobacco consumption in different social groups, and the mechanisms of effectiveness of tobacco advertising. The Government should also pay attention to alternative measures aimed at smoking rate reduction. Introduction Anti-smoking actions are today taken by governments of the majority countries of the World. Reduction of a numbers of smokers is an important task which will help to save citizens from tobacco-caused diseases and deaths. At the same time, to make the anti-tobacco policy effective, it is necessary to build it based on the economic background and consider a range of factors, including those psychological. In this work, the anti-tobacco policy of the Federal Government is discussed. The observed articles describe the actions that are planned to be introduced, as well as the responses that these actions have got. The discussion is devoted to the measures planned by the Government from the perspective of the economic theories; the report includes the recommendations on making these measures more effective. Definition of the Topic The excise tax is a tax on a unit of a product sold within a country; it is calculated per unit and is introduced on certain groups of products. Tobacco and cigarettes are the products that are included into the list of excisable products. Cigarette Tax to Increase 25 pc from Midnight The increase of the tobacco tax will decrease the quantity of cigarettes consumption; however, the decrease will depend on the elasticity of demand for cigarettes. The article describes the anti-tobacco decision of the Federal Government that implies increase of the cigarette tax by 25 per cent, which actually means that the cost of a pack of 30 cigarettes will increase by $2.16 (Rodgers). The increase is a part of the Government’s anti-smoking plan which also implies introduction of plain and standartized packaging of cigarettes
Introduction Although both disparate impact and treatment have similar discriminatory nature, they are different in terms of the intentions behind the discriminatory and biased outcomes. Thus, disparate treatment is a phenomenon that categorizes one’s intentionally biased attitude towards race, sex, gender, religious or ethnic affiliation. The notion of disparate impact, on the other hand, aims at describing incidents that were not discriminatory and biased in nature yet eventually led to disproportional outcomes within the organization. For example, when speaking of promotion procedures within the organization, both disparate impact and treatment may be observed. Thus, when a company explicitly avoids promoting minority employees despite their professional achievements and expertise, the phenomenon may be rightfully labeled as disparate treatment. However, if the company accounts for the vast majority of male Caucasian top managers exclusively because of their professionalism and experience, the disparity is characterized as a disparate impact. Complaint Procedure In case an employee experiences discrimination, they are able to report an informal complaint to the Office of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) within 45 days after the alleged offense taking place. After the inquiry, EEO counselors reach out to the employees, discuss the situation and inform them of their legal rights, subsequently addressing the issue to the employer and management. If no action is taken after the informal inquiry, employees are eligible to file a formal complaint to the EEO office and encourage the initiation of a full-scale legal investigation on the workplace (Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency [CSOSA], 2018). In all cases, the EEO highly recommends immediate communication with the office representatives in order to have the legal ability to proceed with the case. Defenses Available to the Company Once an employee presents any kind of discriminatory complaint, the employer’s primary objective is to find legal justification for one’s employment decisions. For example, a decision to promote a Caucasian employee instead of their minority counterpart should be supported by indisputable data that such a decision was based solely on the employer’s considerations for business benefit. In certain cases, the company may also utilize the Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) provisions as a justification for one’s employment decisions. This strategy is only applicable to cases that are not secured by the provisions stated in the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Essentially, in
Abstract Imperialism entails an expansion of a country’s power and political influence mainly through colonization and the application of military force (Duiker, & Spielvogel, 2011). Industrialization in the European continent forced various powers to seek colonies abroad to provide markets, raw materials, and cheap labor. In this paper, the impacts of imperialism on Africa, Latin America, and India are discussed. Main European powers, including Britain and France, committed their time and resources to inhabit the insecure African land. The industrial revolution in Europe forced powerful states in the continent to acquire colonies in Africa with the aim of securing raw materials and cheap human labor. Imperialism had various political and economic effects in Africa (Louis, 2006). Politically, the western powers established stabilized administration units that are relied upon in managing civil affairs in the continent. The continent was introduced to political concepts touching on the constitution and democracy. Since citizens were anxious to live comfortable lives, the need for nationalism arose, leading to the widespread wars witnessed in the continent on a daily basis. In the economic front, the continent received new forms of technologies that have been critical in propelling industrialization. Unfortunately, the continent’s populace has never benefited from these technologies because they are utilized in manufacturing products that are transferred to the European and North American continents. Africans work hard in producing raw materials only to be processed and packed in oversees countries resulting in the imbalance of trade. In Latin America, imperialism was witnessed until recently because the insufficient laborers since the imperialists had taken able men and women to their home countries to work in industries and factories hampering the region’s development. The rural society was deprived of the chance to regulate its institutions because the population left was old and inefficient in taking care of the society. Developed countries came with new strategies of production that ended up killing the traditional factories that sustained the economies of the developing countries. The culture of the Latinos was destroyed beyond repair, given the fact a new one was not introduced, forcing the locals to acquire European cultural norms (Bell & Dello, 2007). Industrialization in the region introduced parasitic property-owners, paltry business executives, speculators, and a class of poor slum dwellers who suffered from diseases and scarcity of food. Just as the African continent, the Latin American region ended up being a food exporting economy and a raw producing region. In India, imperialism played a critical role in the abolishment of the redundant customs, such as infanticide and suttee. British cultures spread to various parts of the Indian subco
The Boston Marathon terrorist attack happened in 2013 during the Boston Marathon. Two homemade bombs were detonated in the crowd near the finishing line, where three people died, and 260 others were injured. First responders were quickly to react. Within a short time, tents meant to attend the runners were converted to medical tents for the injured persons immediately. Three people died instantly from the bomb injuries and 260 were seriously injured. One hundred people were transported to the local hospital area (Gates et al., 2017). Local area police and federal investigators secured the site as a crime scene that covered 15 square blocks. The Unified Command Center provided regular messages that were well coordinated, and this provided accurate information to the public. On the day that the bombing happened, four press conferences were convened, and they explained more about how the attacks happened to keep the public at ease. The people were eager to know whether the situation was under control and whether their family and friends attending the event were safe. The four conferences served the purpose well. People were at ease though shocked of the incident that had not ever happened at a marathon event before. The local and state law enforcement authorities coordinated the process together with the FBI investigators (Shi et al., 2018). They answered calls made by the public about any suspicious activity happening in their neighborhoods. They secured the crime scene and ensured that all the injured persons were taken to the hospital. Mental health services were offered to the deceased families and to the runners. Some initial investigation revealed that the attackers used household pressure cookers, ball bearing, nails, and explosive substances. Hazardous materials were nails, ball bearings, and explosive materials (Singh et al., 2016). They were packed in household pressure cookers. Bomb disposal is a profession in bomb engineering. The investigating agencies had the mandate to collect hazardous materials and dispose of them. They took the materials from the site though further tests were to be carried out in the lab. After the tests and the desired conclusions were drawn, then the hazardous materials would be disposed of off safely. After the investigation, it was discovered that the first two bombs were detonated at 2:49 pm at 671 Boylston Street (Shi et al., 2018). The second bomb was detonated after thirteen seconds, 180 yards away. This was at 755 Boylston Street. The Boston bombing claimed lives and caused severe injuries. Three people died, and 260 others were injured. There must have been a preplanning period for the attackers. The bombs were homemade, so the attackers took time to make them and identify the Boston marathon as their target of attack. They planned to attack a venue with a crowd of people, and so they preplanned well and made sure they were on time when the race was still in progress. Th
Memorizing Things Working with children, one should remember that the memorizing processes of theirs are quite different from the ones going on in the brain of an adult person. Thus, the strategies applied must differ from the ones used in working with adults. Memorizing such simple things as the parts of a cell or the names of the first three presidents of the United States, children need a lot more concentration and effort than an adult person. Thus, it is necessary to take specific measures for the children to remember all these things. Certain strategies are the most preferable for memorizing the data not connected logically and being merely several terms. In the case when the students need to memorize the parts of a cell, it would be a good idea to provide each of the students with supportive visual material, which will serve as the image the students will take as the basis for the memorizing process. In this case, the students will be able to intertwine the image with the specific term, which will help them not to get carried away by the unknown words which they cannot associate with anything familiar. It would be also a good idea to hand the students the sheets to fill in the blanks with the new terms after they have considered the handouts. Making children remember historical events has always been a problem for teachers. To make the kids memorize the names of the first three presidents of the United States, it is possible to employ the strategy of developing the clues for storing information (Thorne n.d.). Thus, George Washington is already a name memorable enough; while John Adams can be associated with Adam, the character from the Bible and Thomas Jefferson can be associated with Tom and Jerry cartoon – silly but efficient. With the techniques which make the students feel what they are trying to remember, the result will be worth trying. The Civil War: A Hard Topic to Master Since the subject of the Civil War is extremely important and just as hard to handle for an average student, specific techniques are required to help the students to memorize the pool of facts which they are diving in. Because diverse information is involved, including numbers, figures, the historical context, and other data which is hard to pull together, it is necessary to help the students pull through the different kinds of information and not to get lost in the attempts to catch every detail in the focus of their memory. What the teacher must do in this situation is to incorporate three ingredients of the course so that the students could memorize the events and the dates with maximum efficiency. What they have to embrace is the relevance of the event, the emotion, and the historical context in the light of which the eve
Search Strategy The correct guideline was found in an online National Guideline Clearinghouse database by cross-referencing the name of the condition, and key patient symptoms mentioned in the case such as bilateral ear pain and high temperature. The guideline was developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The group of developers featured 13 members with Doctor of Medicine degrees. This guideline is a 2013 revision of a previously issued document published in 2004 by AAP. A systematic review of the current best evidence is a type of data collection method that requires a researcher to read, compare, and evaluate data produced by other researchers in the sphere in the latest years (Hoffman, Michel, Rosenfeld, & Davidson, 2012). This method is used to form a well-round understanding and produce an analysis of reliable evidence with implications for practical use. The document states that all conflicts of interest were resolved through a standard procedure within the AAP. All researchers have filed conflict of interest statements. Since the document was initially developed and consequently reviewed within the same organization, the probability of the conflict of interest seems to be minimal. The quality of evidence is defined by the type of methods used for data collection. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are generally accepted as a strong evidence source if they are conducted on relevant populations. The evidence quality of a second grade is an RCT or diagnostic study with insignificant limitations. Third-grade evidence is gained from observational studies such as case-control and cohort research. Expert opinion, reports on cases are considered as evidence of the lowest quality. In the current guideline, the evidence quality ranges from A to C primarily comprised of B-level evidence. Strong recommendation is the claim of high authority that is based on high-quality evidence. Such a recommendation is made when expected benefits outweigh potential detriments. Clinical workers are advised to follow strong recommendations unless there is a cl
Introduction In order to understand how females perform in standardized tests, defining the term-standardized tests would be important. A standard test is a test that is programmed or standardized such that the mode of their provision and grading is somehow fixed. These tests treat all the takers in an equal manner in that, they are given the same test under the same conditions and therefore they are perceived fair as compared to other tests such as non-standardized tests. Although these tests are perceived to be fair in the manner of administration and all other procedures pertaining to them, on average, females normally perform poorly in these tests having a significant difference between their scores and scores by males. Many scholars and other groups that are concerned with female welfare have tried to look into the root causes of such disparities between female and male performance. Some scholars argue out that these tests are administered in a gender biased and boys or males are perceived to be favored by the tests whilst in other cases , stereotypes held by the society regarding women inability to score well in such tests are to blame for low scores by women in standardized tests. These tests are somehow seen as the gatekeepers to women progress since they are used to make important decisions such as programs to be undertaken by students and the schools they enroll in. This paper will focus on how women perform in the standardized tests and explain whether such are beneficial or not. Female Performance in Standardized Tests Generally, boys perform better as compared to women in standardized tests. Those who advocate for girls argue that girls tend to perform well, they are academically active, and majority of them manage to secure places in higher education institutions. The minor gap between their performance and that of boys is mainly attributed to sociological and psychological disparities, which include but not limited to confidence and self-esteem gaps. However, the girl crisis crowd argue it out differently and point out that boys perform better in standardized tests such as “scholastic Assessment Test and law school, medical school, and graduate school admissions tests” (Pinnick et al 115). For example, in 1998, boys scored 35 points ahead of girls in math and 7 points ahead in English during the Scholastic Aptitude Assessment Test (Pinnick et al 115). He argues that the lower score in girls is not attributed to unfairness or biasness, but other reasons play part such as, a greater percentage of girls as compared to boys sit for the standardized tests and gives a ratio of 54% to 46% respectively. In addition, the college board profile of SAT and achievement Test takers shows that a large number of girls from “at risk” category sit for the tests as compared to the number of boys who take the test from the boys “at risk “ category. The number of girls who sit for the SAT from poor families or families with low income