ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article presents the findings of an exploratory study conducted through a survey done on Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) students about sexual abuse that they may have experienced as a child (Gore & Black, 2009 ). The study was conducted at the beginning and then again in the end of a child abuse course. The study aimed to find out the percentage of BSW students who have experienced sexual abuse as a child. The underlying hypothesis for the study were that there would be significantly high number of students who would report being sexually abused as a child due to two reasons – first, due to higher number of BSW students and second, higher self awareness of the students after attending the course. The methodology of study was to collect primary data with five-itemed questionnaire from the BSW students. The researchers collected data from 57 students in a pre-course survey and 61 students from the post-course survey in 2001 and 2002. The research findings indicated a 100% increase in the pre and pose course survey of students who reported that they were sexually abused. The research findings replicated the findings from previous researches. The small sample size and the dominance of female students in the sample are limitations of the research. Further, convenience sampling limits the scope of generalizability. Further, the survey tool has not been validated which reduces the reliability of the finding. The article by Gore and Black follows a logical structure wherein the article has been written in the following pattern – title, author, affiliation, abstract, etc. (Luong, Nguyen, & Kan, 2012; Dochy, 2006). The title of the article, “Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) Students’ Prior Sexual Abuse Victimization” is self-evident as it immediately demonstrates to the readers that the article will relate to certain research work done on BSW students’ prior experience of sexual abuse. Next, the abstract is brief but informative as the readers, on reading the abstract, gets a clear idea of the research questions, the methodology, and the findings of the research. The abstract clearly delineates that the research is on the experience of sexual abuse victimization of the BSW students in their childhood. The introduction to the article clearly demonstrates the objective of the paper, which is to quantify the number of BSW students who have been sexually abused as a child by someone in custodial capacity. The literature review is divided into three subsections that delineate the effects of sexual abuse of a child on their adult career choices and self-awareness and education. Based on the findings of the review of previous literature the authors present the research question and the underlying hypothesis for the research. The paper then moves on to describe the methodology for the research. The researchers clearly show that their research is based on the survey conducted on the BSW students before and after they ta
This paper examines the proposition that despite the absence of a central organization or scriptures, Hinduism down the ages has continued to Hinduize other religions. To examine this proposition, five instances have been analyzed arguing ‘for’ and ‘against the motion. The instances that harmful ghosts and disease-producing spirits have become “Hinduized”; locations and/or local legends/objects in towns and cities becoming Hinduized; lower castes and tribes becoming Hinduized; Muslims becoming Hinduized and village painters and paintings becoming Hinduized is examined through a literature review of varied anthropological sources comprising of films, documentaries, and writings. The paper concludes by stating that while Hinduization has been largely successful and ongoing, certain factors such as stratification of the Hindu caste system, exploitation of the weaker castes, and lack of missionary zeal have acted as stoppages in the growth of Hinduization especially from Islamic scholars who have striven to keep their religion pure. One of the enigmas of Hinduism is that – despite its absence of any central organization, or infallible scriptures, or any set of required beliefs, or any coordinated priesthood, or even any commitment to expansion and conversion- Hinduism is an expanding and converting religion. Through the process of “Hinduization”, items that were once specifically non-Hindu- geographical sites, deities, saints, people, taboos, ceremonies, etc.- have been redefined to fit within the Hindu worldview, and have in time been absorbed into Hinduism with its castes, its deference to Brahmins, and its identification of Vishnu and Shiva as major representations of the Divine. Outside groups that have come into India, as well as groups inside India that have protested against Hinduism, have become progressively “Hinduized”. “Hinduization” has never stopped in India. This paper explains five instances ‘for’ and ‘against’ supporting or refuting the basic proposition elucidated above. Harmful ghosts and disease- producing spirits becoming “Hinduized”   * FOR. In Hinduism, the duality of good and evil is synthesized in such ways that an evil spirit or goddess can be harnessed to produce good effect under some circumstances. For example, Sitala Mata , the Goddess of pustular disease if worshipped in the correct manner is believed to protect her devotees against the very diseases that she has power to spread. Most North Indian villages have a village deity called as Dih who safeguard the village from misfortunes. Many variations of Sitala Mata are supposed to be the consorts of these Dihs who then influence the Goddess to spare the village from disease and pestilence. In Hindu belief system, people who die naturally, when given proper funeral rites attain release to heaven. However those who suffer an untimely death (
Abstract Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) can be regarded as psychotherapy used in treating depression and mental disorders. The treatment targets all therapy forms that are founded on behavior and cognition. Therefore, cognitive behavior therapy applies both behavioral and cognitive principles in treatment. CBT therapists believe that specific human disorders result from particular stimuli in the environment of the patient. This form of therapy is most useful in addressing problems such as mood, addiction, psychotic disorders, anxiety, addiction disarray, eating disorder, and personality confusion. Since CBT is based on both mental and behavioral approaches, it yields better results compared to other approaches such as psychodynamics. This paper focuses on the history of CBT, its strengths and shortcomings, the issues it is best suited to address, as well as its role from a Christian perspective. Introduction CBT is a form of treatment that applies techniques such as counseling, computerized/internet-delivered health services, reading self-help materials, and group educational courses. Despite its application in correcting various behavior-based issues, CBT has been criticized for its weaknesses, such as its inability to prove its superiority over other treatments, the high dropout rates of patients during the treatment, and the fact that it denies patients of their free will. This therapy can be very useful from a Christian point of view since it makes less use of medicine, it is therapeutic, and that results in both behavioral and mental wellness. Based on the above foundations, this paper explores the subject of cognitive behavior therapy. History of Therapy The history of CBT can be traced to philosophical, behavioral, and clinical therapy foundations (Freeman et al. 7). According to the philosophical root, CBT can be traced back to the ancient Stoics’ traditions that were widely applied in the treatment of depression by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Epictus Albert Ellis. On the other hand, Tolin asserts that the behavioral therapy foundation is traced back to the 20 th century’s growth of behavioral therapy, the 1960s growth of cognitive therapy, and the coming together of cognitive and behavioral therapy (710). Studies on behavioral conditioning by Watson and Rayner marked the beginning of behavioral therapy during the 1920s (Van’t Veer-Tazelaar et al. 297). In addition, Mary Jones’ 1924 study on how children can unlearn fears formed the basis for further examination of Joseph Wolpe’s behavioral therapy concept of the 1950s and Ivan Pavlov’s idea of conditioning and learning (Freeman et al. 9). Hans Eysenck and Arnold Lazarus relied on these foundations to develop the classical conditioning theory. Skinner and associates later developed the operant conditioning in the same period (McKay et al. 236). However, her work did not include cogniti
Most scientists believe that increased use of fossil fuels(coal, oil and so on) is leading to increases in global warming that will have adverse effects such as raised sea levels and the inundation of low lying coastal areas. But some scientists deny this is true, and a very few argue that the good effects of global warming will outweigh the bad ones. Take side in this debate . Global warming Global warming can be defined as elevation of earth’s global temperature due to the rise in the atmospheric greenhouse gases (Maslin 9). These greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, which include industrialization and deforestation that causes an imbalance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Significantly, human combusts fossils fuels such as gasoline and coal that releases heavy amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When this happens, a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect arises. This leads to a blanketing effect that causes the earth’s average temperature to rise. In my opinion, global warming causes adverse effects that outweighs the positives and therefore, efforts should be invested to manage it through mitigation in order to lessen greenhouse gases emissions, adapting to its effects and through geo-engineering to eliminate the greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Such international efforts to achieve this are outlined by the Kyoto and Montreal Protocols. Effects of Global Warming Some scientist opposes to the occurrence of global warming claiming that indeed, the planet is cooling. Besides, they maintain that its occurrence is still unclear and maintains that global warming is a hoax and even if it was there, it could not necessarily imply a global disaster and if anything, man would adapt to its effects. However, in my opinion, this argument is incorrect since its effects are apparent. This is marked by retreating of glacier that causes rise in sea level and even inundation of coastal lowlands. Massive ices sheets have melted in the polar and mountain icecaps (Braasch & Bill 27). Hence Northern latitudes experiences widespread impacts of global warming since the arctic and Antarctic poles retreat to expose tundra while oceans absorb the heat, which should have been reflected back into the atmosphere. This causes a rise in sea levels that could dislocate residents of coastal regions while rising sea levels would cause more evaporation of vapor resulti
Introduction In 2002, the then United States of America president George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) bill into law. NCLB affects the content of subjects, tests performed in school, mode of teacher training, education funding and spending of money in education circles. Consequently, different people raised voices from all quarters in society with critics and adherents alike, giving their opinions. Nevertheless, it is important to analyze this act before passing any judgment. Like any other act, the NCLB act has its merits and demerits; therefore, any opinion should be grounded on facts to determine if the merits outweigh the demerits or vice versa. If the former outweighs the latter, then the act is beneficial. The reverse is also true. Given the validity and feasibility of this act, NCLB is beneficial. Benefits of NCLB As aforementioned, NCLB affects three critical areas in education circles viz. students, teachers and funding. The benefits of NCLB to each one of these highlight how beneficial it is to the involved parties. Therefore, it is paramount to analyze each category separately in a bid to separate facts from propaganda. Notably, all the NCLB provisions seek to advance education standards thus benefiting, first the students and then to the United States of America as a country. NCLB and Students Under NCLB act, students can transfer to better schools or access free tutoring. The legislation requires all schools to present Adequately Yearly Progress (AYP) thus enabling students to know whether their schools are progressing, retrogressing or stagnant. In case where the school is not recording positive AYP results, students can transfer to better schools with a positive AYP results. The right to access better-performing schools empowers students for they can meet their academic goals without being restrained by unfavorable learning environments. This provision standardizes the education system, moderating the hitherto scenario where students from a given demographic group could excel in school compared to other students in a different demographic setting. Moderating these dominant differences in education system is an achievement, because each student will be in a position to compete fairly on level grounds. Moreover, students will be empowered by knowing they can access quality education anywhere within a state. NCBL calls for students to be “tested annually in reading and math in grades 3 through 8 and at least once in grades 10 through 12…science should be tested in at least one grade in elementary, middle and high school” (Hanushek and Raymond 299). On the face value, these requirements might not mean a lot; nevertheless, research carried out to determine the viability of NCBL indicates otherwise. Margaret Spellings, the Education Secretary states that, NCBL is positively affecting education since its implementation. “The Act is challenging our students to succeed and our schools to improve” (Spellings 2). As aforemention
Sugrue’s have started with contending the policymakers’ attitude which has always highlighted the perverse circumstances of the past. To this reason, Sugrue blames indirectly the policy makers which according to him are responsible for wreaking havoc to the poor public of Detroit. He has talked about some classes in his book which are poor Americans, liberals and policymakers, black workers and white workers. All these classes are interlinked in Sugrue’s book in the following manner: Poor Americans are African Americans who have suffered through the hands of white Americans and law makers of the country in the form of racial tensions and job conflicts. Therefore African Americans have played a major role in Sugrue’s ‘Urban Crisis’. Sugrue has focused the subject of ‘racial inequality’ in Detroit and has focused the era of 1940s and 1950s in which Detroit was a symbol of industrial and manufacturing prowess. Sugrue’s book is not only a symbol of academic excellence and awards won by many Governmental bodies; it is a complete study of post war Detroit, which has attributed towards maintaining racial inequality not only to deindustrialization but also to impoverish public policy. The effect of the racial diversity on African Americans in Detroit has never let the policy makers to think about changing time and space for those who lived in ghettos. Before World War II, African Americans in Detroit never wondered about the harshest social and psychological effects of racial segregation they would face in the near future. Detroit manifest an economical competition for African Americans which is evident by the multiracial character of the city worked against blacks for the menial labour and manufacturing jobs. Thus the World War II, where on one side created economic opportunities on behalf of the manufacturing and industrial sector, on the other side, it created devastation for the poor African Americans of Detroit who were gradually being aware of their changing social status in front of whites. They were kept in complete destitution in context with housing and employment and were challenged by white Americans. Whil
Today, both employees and employers should adhere to legal statutes and common law that reveal specific rights and obligations of the parties concerned. Because employers and employees are bound by an employment agreement, they should learn certain rules, rights, and obligations that they have to observe and respect (August, 2004). In particular, employers should provide the corresponding payment and ensure a favorable working environment and workplace safety. What is more important is that employers should strike balance between personal life and work of employees. Thus, there is a growing tendency in reshaping corporate cultures to bring in the balance to the employed environment, which improves the organizational cultures and reduces turnover (August, 2004). However, debates on the necessity of introducing drug testing among the employees create controversies. On the one hand, employers are not allowed to interfere with employees’ personal issues because drug use is the individual right of each person. On the other hand, employees should care about workplace safety and, in case employees takes drugs that influences their health and creates potential threat to his productivity and overall performance, the issues require much more careful consideration. Despite the necessity to consider to the privacy issues, there are specific situations when employers have the right to check their employees on drug use. The case concerns the employees taking specialized positions. For instance, the workers of the Department of Transportation, such as pilots or bus drivers, must be subject to drug testing because ignorance can cause potential threats to other employees and customers. In addition, Repa (2010) agrees with the idea to introduce “drug testing for employees with national security clearances, prison officers, employees at chemical weapons and nuclear power plants, and police officers” (p. 176). However, employers should mind that drug-tested employees could not be discharged in case of positive results. The issue of drug testing among the employees should define in contextual terms and, therefore, it does not often relate to the privacy issues. In this regard, employers should have a clear distinction between such cases. Particularly, Wines (2006) acknowledges that the analysis of the issues includes striking the balance between the interests of both employee and employer. Certainly, intrusion into employees’ privacy rights will not be supported by the court because it does not allow employers to gather information about employees’ drug use. Therefore, drug testing should be based on the mutual consent of the parties; more importantly, it should not violate employees’ rights.
Research has established that approximately 700 women lose their lives every year due to pregnancy-related complications. In addition, more than 50,000 women also tend to face both long and short-term severe outcomes to their health due to labor or pregnancy. In this regard, there has been increasing attention on the existing racial disparities in maternal health alongside gaps in health services granted to women in rural communities. Effort to overcome the situation has brought about the enactment of the MOMS bill that aims to find a solution to the increasing mortality rate among women in rural areas. The paper focuses on the bill’s major provisions, supporters, and effect on nursing practice. The enactment of the rural MOMS bill is founded on the healthcare outcomes of all expectant mothers living in rural American communities. The bill highlights that rural mothers equally deserve similar care standards as those in urban areas. Its legislation is meant to amend the service act to enhance obstetric care, particularly in rural areas. According to recent research, there exists an alarmingly high rate of maternal deaths, which must be put into proper control in the 21st century (Peckover & Aston, 2018). In this regard, adequate efforts to enhance maternal services and provide better training to nurses who serve these women must be implemented. The passage of this act will take concrete steps aimed at addressing the root cause of the problem. In addition to the above provisions of the bill, the rural network in obstetric would be awarded to help create regional connections that aid in curbing maternal death rates. The act will also help to expand the existing federal grant programs to include postnatal and birth services. In this case, federal funds would help acquire ultrasound systems and improve other maternal-related technology. Moreover, the act aims at improving maternal reporting in rural areas by identifying existing gaps. Disparities here range from r ethnicity to, race among other maternal breaches in rural areas. In the effort to address maternal mortality, the act has attracted several stakeholders. In 2019, Congress came up with a maternal health bloc for black-led by duo congresswomen who aimed at coming up with a clear policy to address issues facing black mothers (Acquaviva, 2017). Besides, champions of procedures such as RMCA are also key stakeholders in support of the act. The bill is likely to change the nature of nursing practice as nurses will be required to attend compulsory training that aims at equipping them
De Beers Company is recognized as one of the leading diamond company that specializes in diamond mining, manufacturing, and trading. What is more significant is that the company actively participates in business operations of every industrial category of diamond mining, including underground, open-pit, large-scale alluvial, deep and coastal sea. The mining operations take place in such countries as Canada, South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana (De Beers, 2008). De Beers Group has received recognition on the part of the International Chamber of Commerce World Business Awards because De Beers HIV/ AIDS program that has been selected as the best one among other 10 business projects (PJM, 2004, n. p.). Having an unrivaled expertise in mining, exploration, and marketing, the company takes great care of the human and ethical principles while implementing specific projects and financial support. In this respect, our company is experienced enough while dealing with specific aspects and problems of social responsibility and, therefore, it is able to provide viable recommendations to the Local Network on increasing and strengthening the compliance with Global Report Initiative according to PR1: “Life cycle stages in which health and safety impacts of products/services are assessed for improvement”; and to PR5: “Practices related to customer satisfaction, including results of surveys measuring customer satisfaction” (Global Report Initiative, n. d.). In effectively managing health, safety, and customer privacy issues, the company is engaged in specific activities and projects aimed at advancing technologies and leveling up the quality of services and products. In order to analyze the strategies, it is possible to review the details on the Compliance table presented by De Beers Group (2009). These include: 1) Increasing company’s sustainability for producing more favorable environment for employees; 2) providing support and assistance to customers while delivering services and products; 3) increasing health and safety standard both within external and internal marketing processes. Arising from our experience, it has been turned out that the third aspect is the most effective in meeting the needs of the customers and creating a favorable ground for the workings of the organization. Recommendations I. Establish a favorable environment for creating an added value for customers in a sustainable and safe manner. Benefits and implications  1. The presented principles provide wider opportunities for De Beers Group to initiate more effective and competitive policies