ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The case study addresses a 35-year-old female with hypertension that varies from 180/110 to 120/80 without obvious reasons. As a part of the patient’s examination, MRI was made and it showed a pheochromocytoma (PHEO), also known as an adrenal paraganglioma (Neumann et al., 2019). It is a rare and predominantly noncancerous tumor that occurs and grows in adrenal glands located above the kidneys. Traditionally, PHEO develops in one adrenal gland, however, it may affect both. In fact, this tumor “fascinates and, at times, confounds clinicians” as its symptoms may mimic almost 30 medical disorders (Neumann et al., 2019, p. 552). If left undiagnosed and, therefore, untreated, PHEO may be very dangerous and even lethal – that is why its rapid recognition is important. The incidence of PHEO ranges is estimated “from 0.005% to 0.1% of the general population and from 0.1% to 0.2% of the adult hypertensive population” (Farrugia et al., 2017, p. 168). Adults, predominantly women, aged 30 to 50 years are vulnerable to the occurrence of this tumor and it is most common in individuals aged 40 to 50 years (Farrugia et al., 2017). In general, adrenal glands produce specific hormones, catecholamines, that regulate metabolism, blood pressure, respiratory and cardiac functions, and blood oxygen transport capacity. In turn, the tumor starts to release hormones as well at higher levels than it should be. The hypersecretion of catecholamines causes diaphoresis, headache, palpitations, irregular hypertension, tremors, episodic anxiety, flash pulmonary edema, and even acute heart failure (Gruber et al., 2019). As a result, the patient’s heart, lungs, brain, and kidneys may be seriously damaged. As previously mentioned, PHEO is hardly detected as its symptoms may be non-specific. For example, its three classical symptoms – headache, profuse sweating, and palpitations – along with panic attacks and anxiety have become common in the population in the present day. That is why some individuals live with PHEO for many years and do not know about it even if some symptoms are present. Concerning the case study, the woman has hypertension and her blood pressure varied without any reason. Hypertension is one of the symptoms of PHEO that was detected later. Some patients with the tumor constantly have extremely high blood pressure while for others, it may go up and down. Other traditional indicators of the tumor apart from already mentioned ones include nausea, dizziness when standing, constipation, shortness of breath, pale skin, stomach or back pain, vomiting, weakness, and weight loss. In general, MRI is regarded as one of the most efficient tools for the detection of PHEO. In the case study, the woman would undergo surgery for the tumor’s removal. However, befo
Raising a child is a big responsibility, and it requires multiple skills and proper knowledge that most people, especially first-time parents, simply do not have. The readiness of pregnant couples to become parents and make educated decisions while raising a child affects the mental and physical health of their future kids. There are specially designed programs that are aimed to provide education and support for parents. Classes can be taken during pregnancy and early childhood. There are different ways to provide training for parents, including courses that people need to attend personally, online resources, and home visiting programs. To ensure that new pregnant couples are prepared to handle the responsibilities associated with raising kids and with helping alleviate stress and support families, it is essential that parents take parenting education programs. Parenting education programs provide new parents with proper guidance that is based on the latest research; they help develop the necessary skills and acquire knowledge about raising kids. Expecting parents are given an opportunity to get professional advice regarding the health of their child and a variety of other topics, like proper nutrition and hygiene (Ponzetti 54-65). Such classes teach basic techniques to raise newborns, avoiding common mistakes and pitfalls. Educational programs also teach parents to understand child development. The curriculum is specially designed to cover all significant aspects of parenting and ensure that couples are given the best professional advice that is based on the latest studies in the field. Variety of relevant to parents topics that are discussed in classes and the opportunity to learn from medical personnel make attending parenting classes recommended for all expecting parents. Classes for pregnant couples help parents to gain confidence and reduce the level of stress. It is widespread for future parents to be anxious about having a child. Stress during pregnancy affects the development of the child and interferes with the woman’s ability to make decisions. Specially designed programs help mothers to handle this problem. Taking such classes benefits the psychological state of women and is associated with lower levels of depression and stress (Lindsay and Totsika 35). In addition to that, parenting classes support and encourage parents and provide them with an opportunity to socialize and meet with other people who have similar problems and experiences. Thus, parenting courses have an essential function to support and encourage people who are about to have a child. Parenting programs provide social service to the disadvantaged and thus play a significant social role in promoting equality. Parenting education plays an important role in developing a proper attitude towards children among people from vulnerable families. Such people often just do not know how to approach their kids because they have not had the experience of health
The product lines that the business deals with are fruit and fruit products. The fruits include mangoes, pineapples, papayas, bananas, oranges, water melons and passion fruits. The fruit products include fruit juices of the different fruit flavors and desiccated dried fruits. Product Description The quality of the products is the one that creates its uniqueness in the eyes of those buying it. Some of the characteristics of the products that contribute to the product uniqueness are to maintain its natural taste and freshness, and the use of extremely attractive packaging to attract the customers thus, by just looking at the outward appearance, the product is likely to motivate and convince customers to buy them without any hesitations. The products are also environmental friendly due to use of recyclable packs for packing them. Lastly, the products are clinically and nutritionally fit for human consumption. Product Life Cycle The product life cycle of a product describes the product’s stages of life. The initial stage is the introduction stage. The characteristics of this stage are few competitors, lack of product diversity, low volumes of sales leading to low profit margins. At this stage, the business has no competitors at all because it is the only business of this kind at the premises. At the initial stage, the business concentrates on selling only the fruits in season which are a maximum of three fruits per season. Many customers are unaware of the business existence and thus the low volumes of sales at this stage. The second stage is the growth stage of a product. At this stage, the business faces a few competitors and increased product diversification. The business does not only rely only on the products in the season, but also imports fruits from the rest of East African region. At this stage also, the sales increases rapidly due to customer awareness. This improves the profit margins. The third stage of product life cycle is the maturity stage. At this stage, the number of competitors incr
Introduction Integrating the proposal of ensuring that the US students take four years of foreign language in high school as a policy may elevate the current US education system as a globally amalgamated system. Among the notable advantages of the proposal include ease of communication, preservation of culture, indiscrimination of second language and simultaneous endorsement as students participating in bilingual trans-languaging are assured of preserved identity in the process of acquiring education. Therefore, this part of the paper explores the underlying solution and advantages of endorsing the proposal requiring the US students to take four years of foreign language in high school. Solution identified In order to turn the proposal requiring the US students to take four years of foreign language in high school in a policy, there is need to assimilate trans-languaging in the curriculum to promote appreciation of world culture and making the learning process more accommodating to minority cultures in the US. This may be achieved through a complete bilingual education as a form of instructional education where information is presented to learners in more than one language (Block & Camer, 2012). Advantages of the proposed solution Safeguarding social cohesion Most programs in modern high schools are bilingual in the least literal sense. However, the scope has been limited to certain topics or classes. There is need to introduce the proposed second language policy in high schools since it has the benefit of minimizing discrimination, promoting diversity, and proactive preservation of all cultures as equal. For instance, the mainstream students will be given an opportunity to learn unique languages and reduce the gap in interaction within the minority language students. Though young minority group members face a difficulty relating to fluent English speaking majority, they have a chance to present a lot in terms of diverse and preserved cultural background associated with unique pride which can be maintained, while at the same time, they have a chance to learn English effortlessly as a tool for interaction with the mainstream culture (Grosse, 2004). Economic and cultural advantage The proposal supports flexible trans-languaging as a means of making the US high students global citizens who can work in part of the globe. Therefore, flexible trans-languaging, which touches on identity, culture, appreciation of diversity, and simplification of the learning process, may be important in molding global citizens and manpower that if flexible to work and live in any part of the world (Medina, 2003). Equitability Trans-languaging policy guarantees that students participate in the consequential education process, despite belonging to diverse cultures. Through the proposed trans-languaging policy, it is easy for the high school administrations to implement the equality policies since they can be created in different languages that the learners use. If all learners can learn and speak various languages, they will learn to appreciate diversity without self-contempt. In the end, the majority and minority learners will both grasp the
There are many loopholes used to evade the jurisdiction of the fourth amendment thus it can be argued that it does not provide sufficient protection to U.S. citizens. The amendment states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. (Worrall, 2010, p. 5) Many loopholes detected have been used to go around the amendment. To start with, the conjunction ‘and’ used between “reasonableness clause and warrant clause” (Worrall, 2010, p. 68) has resulted in a hot debate about its implication. This was seen in the United States v. Rabinowitz (339 U.S. 56 [1950]) (Worrall, 2010). The reasonableness clause does not clarify what should be considered as reasonable and as such the interpretation of such is left to the parties involved. There are things not covered by the amendment, for instance, open fields have been claimed to be excluded from the protection offered by the amendment (Worrall, 2010; Blackburn et al., 1995). Searches carried out by private security are also not subjected to the amendment (Worrall, 2010). The term “effects” is so general that at times it has been said to even include criminal weapons along with “the fruits of criminal activity”(Worrall, 2010, p. 69). In general, many issues have come to light that the fourth amendment does not address. Crime committed by police officers is a problem. Though the judiciary has continuously tried to ensure that police officers are acting within the law, there are possibilities of some of the unlawful acts they commit going undetected as Worrall (2010) had argued (p. 43). It should be noted that when police officers collect vital evidence in a wrong way, for instance by illegally trespassing, such evidence is not considered in a court of law to be valid (Dervort & Vandervolt, 1999). What this implies is criminals will get away because of mistakes committed by the police. Though there are exceptions, “the good-faith exception and the impeachment exception” (Worrall, 2010, p. 44), as it happened in the case “ The United States v. Leon (468 U.S. 897) ” (Worrall, 2010, p. 44), police officers making mistakes in the line of duty is a big problem because it nullifies all the collected evidence. When vital evidence is nullified, law offenders are not held accountable for crimes even when it is very clear that a crime has been committed as was in the case of “ Dunaway v. New York (442 U.S. 200 [1979])” (Worrall, 2010, p. 47) where the court ruled those police officers interfered “so severely on interests protected by the Fourth Amendment as necessary to trigger the traditional safeguards against illegal arrest” (Worrall, 2010, p. 47).
Abstract This is artificial manipulation of living organisms’ genome and genotypes by use of various chemicals. After manipulation, the generated phenotypes of the organisms are engineered by use of recombinant DNA technology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) This is an artificial method of duplicating or generating similar number of copies of a DNA strands into large numbers. This is done instead of cloning the DNA. In this chain reaction, small and short DNA strands (primers) are used which always compliment to the opposite ends of established sequence of a certain DNA strand that is being worked on (Kary Mullis, 2004) Introduction DNA technology is used whereby useful animals such as mice, guinea pigs are used because of the easiness in handling their DNA strand. Biotechnology and DNA engineering have given rise to molecular biology whereby scientists learn about genes and their biochemical composition. This has lead to development of new genetically modified organisms that allow scientists to venture in the world of DNA technology, invention and bio-analysis of biological materials whereby genetic engineering is in use. According to Kay-Ewe Wagner, beside continuous use of D.melanongaster, scientists prefer using mice because they are more close to human beings according to the diseases they suffer from. Mice are needed for studying genetic ailments like breast malignant tumor.  1. Transgenic mouse. As the word Trans sound, transgenic is transferring of genes from foreign organism to another. Therefore, transgenic mouse can be defined as a mouse whose cells have been injected with a foreign DNA gene. This is done artificially in the laboratory. Two types of technique are applied in producing transgenic mouse. There is microinjection of genes in the zygote pronuclear and the other technique is by injecting the stem cells of the embryo into blastocoels.  2. Knockout Mouse. As the word knockout (do away with) sounds, knockout mouse is a mouse whose biological functions have been interfered with artificially. This is achieved through deleting, mutating or erasing some vital genes or making them non functional in the DNA strand of the mouse. Knockout is one method of telling the function of a sequenced gene whose function is fully known. This can be achieved by deactivating a specific gene and studying the physical consequences.  3. Advantages of Transgenic mouse. The use of transgenic mouse is simpler since the female and male pronuclear can be observed under light microscope as opposed to knockout technique. Therefore, the procedure can be controlled before fusing the two pronuclei into a zygote. Another advantage is that the derived embryo stem cells can be developed into any type of tissue, cell that needs to be studied. Going on, the embryo cells are used for modification of the mouse genome. This simplifies the work of DNA sequencing. This is because it is simple top insert, inject or remove the gene being dealt with. Lastly, it is through this method that knockout mouse is produced.  4. Disadvanta
Introduction Since ancient times, there has been a close interaction between politics and political structures and societal structures especially religions, communities, and families. Currently, politics and political structures define social institutions like schools, universities, churches, and the corporate world. In accordance with the doctrines of Paine and Rousseau, the US civil rights movement is an example of enlightenment revolution in politics whereby, the oppressed citizens try to seek out for their rights through formation of social groups or contracts Politics, political structure, and the society The organization of all societies is in line with the politics and political structures of a country. The political influence, impact, and stability define the society’s quality. Politics or government determines the stability of any social institution whether private or public. The government runs major social institutions like academic and health institutions. Political appointees, either board of directors or a director head most institutions in the society. Therefore, either directly or indirectly, the institutions comply with government orders therefore losing their independence, which should not be the case. Similarly, all funds for public institutions are from the government’s budget. Therefore, when either there is corruption in form of bribery, nepotism, or racial affiliations among others, the first perpetrators of the vices are the politicians. Self-centered, corrupt, and ‘poor’ political leaders neglect the well-being of the public, which leads to public demonstrations and riots in the society. On the other hand, when the political leaders are transparent, then the society experiences a robust economic growth. Politics define the stability and the upward growth of a nation because the government controls all funds both in private and in public sector through establishment of ministries and the subsequent monitoring of the private sector. Through the constitutions and other laws, the government indirectly runs all institutions including churches and families. Finally, all institutions contain hierarchical systems in their administration, which represents political structure. US civil rights movement as political revolution The US civil rights movement led to the establishment of small social groups to demand for their rights. According to Rousseau, “man is born free, everywhere he is in chains” (Wraight10), but the formation of social groups to voice out their rights is the best way to fight for freedom. Different groups like the Black Panther Party, Weatherman, and the Young Lords aimed at fighting for the rights of the minority groups in both public and private sectors. Additionally, the social groups were not only fighting for their rights, but also fought for political revolution in the U.S. The groups gained political prowess in different states leading
Introduction Health Care is a term used to refer to all duties geared towards provision of necessary measures concerned with human health. Such duties and services are normally provided through professionally trained medical personnel (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). However, provision of medical services always requires adequate finances from the recipient for health stability to be maintained. This should be organized based on medical legislative policies and standards governing the healthcare system within specified regions or countries. The health care industry faces numerous challenges which require urgent and adequate address; these challenges are in form of costs as well as complex processes followed to ensure delivery of right services. Various economic effects also contributes towards rising costs on health insurance premiums, this has seen reduction in access to efficient medical care. Such factors have led to elimination of health care insurance services by most employers (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Summary of the selected chapter The chapter focuses on the challenges facing healthcare sector in the process of providing their services to individuals, this includes the provision of health care insurance it’s pricing and the effects on population. The healthcare industry comprises of several services including those given in hospitals, nursing homes, laboratories and health care experts. There are indeed numerous communication tools utilized by the caregivers which could help in the facilitation of health care provision. Such tools are capable of delivering necessary guidance and support hence assist in enhancing citizens’ confidence on their health care system and management. Health care management plans should be provided so as to help facilitate the processes of managing health conditions in an appropriate and consistent way based on medical personal plan. Several policies have been proposed by the United States concerning patient health protection based on affordable services (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Other countries also have systems concerning the same where national health insurance is paid by the government using tax revenues ensuring that individuals can access health services at affordable costs or no cost at all. However, in America the private health insurance is currently paid by the employers. This has had dire c