ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The generally accepted concept of heroism has a broad meaning. Jennifer Lois in her book Heroic Efforts differentiates between risk-takers, emergency workers, and the heroes, volunteers taking risks. The initial motivation of the hero, the context of the events, the markedness of the action are the important factors for Lois’s definition of the concept of heroism. Developing her theory of heroism the sociologist links it with the sociological theories of gender roles, edgework, and emotional culture. Jennifer Lois views the concepts of heroism, heroes, and edgework through the perspective of Sociology, raising the questions of the heroes’ self-identity, emotional culture, and gender roles. The act may be regarded heroic on the conditions that it was committed voluntarily, it was extraordinary, and it was performed in the life-and-death or close to its context. “Heroism symbolically represents an extreme conformity with the ideal of putting group interests ahead of one’s own” (Lois 2003:176). Only altruism and desire to help or save somebody’s life make heroes take risks. The motivation for performing the heroic acts may differ, as somebody may expect the public appreciation for the action, to another category belong, emergency workers, who are paid for saving people’s lives. But the motivation of the true heroes maybe only their altruistic views and the acts are to be performed voluntarily. On the other hand, Lois does not identify altruism and heroism: “altruism differs from heroism because it must be socially recognized” (2005:10). Hereby the sociological character of the concept of heroism is introduced. Besides the question of motivation, the persons may be regarded heroes only on the condition that the community paid attention to their acts, appreciated them, and considered them to be heroic. In other words, heroes, as well as heroic acts, must be recognized by society. The most important criteria for the public recognition of the heroic acts are their regular basis, markedness, and context. The person who committed a single act, which could be regarded as a heroic one, is not recognized as a hero. The markedness of the action presupposes its extraordinary character; the act which could be committed by the majority of the population may not be regarded as outstanding and heroic. The context of the action implies the death danger of the situation, the heroes are taking risks and prevent tragedies, the help or support may not be regarded as heroic. Thus, being a sociological phenomenon, heroism is to be recognized by society due to its altruistic motivation, voluntary basis, markedness, and life-and-death context. Continuing to introduce the concept of heroism in the context of Sociology, Lois connects it with the theories of gender roles and edgework. “Men may have felt that their appropriate gender performance – their very masculinity – would be threatened if they were to display emotions associated with a
Currently, many global problems damage people’s lives. One of these problems is racial discrimination. Racism is a violation of human rights since it is claimed that one race is superior to another in several ways. Unfortunately, this acute problem has existed for quite a long time, and even though people are trying to fight it, it has not yet been completely eradicated. Problem Description In schools in the United States, with the advent of the new president, a critical racial theory began to be taught. This was done to make children learn the history of racial discrimination from a young age. However, former President Donald Trump has an opposite and controversial opinion about the teaching of this subject. In this regard, a document was developed banning its teaching in schools. The essence of this document is that it is necessary to exclude any mention that one race may be higher than another one. The Controversy of the Problem People were divided into two opposing camps: those who believe it is worth paying attention to racism by teaching this subject in schools and those firmly against such training. During the inauguration, Joseph Biden identified the fight against radical racism as one of his policy priorities. Democrats believe that it is impossible to solve a public problem without educating citizens. The current situation may lead to increased mass protests in the United States and other countries. Conclusion In conclusion, racism had existed since the abolition of slavery, when white people began to separate themselves from black people on the streets and in public places. The problem is still relevant today, and a solution has not yet been found. President Joseph Biden faces a complex task that requires an immediate answer, but every step can provoke a new wave of protests and disputes from either side.
Introduction to Turkey Turkey or Türkiye is an autonomous parliamentary democracy located in Eurasia. Its largest portion is in Western Asia while the smaller portion is in Southeast Europe. Iran, Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Syria, Iraq, and Azerbaijani Exclave border the nation. The nation’s location at the crossroads of Asia and Europe implies that it comprises an important geostrategic region for the two continents. Turkey has the unique characteristics of the population, climate, topography, culture, and political environment. General Information about the Population Following the nationalistic indoctrination, many of the Turkish citizens recognize and regard themselves as Turks, irrespective of their ethnic groups. However, major non-Turkish people such as Kurds and Arabs who live in the southern part of Turkey, Georgia, and Laz consider themselves having two identities. Turkey is home to over 70 million people. About 65% of the population comprises urban dwellers while 35% live in villages (Magnarella, 2015). In its demographic statistics, Turkey does not classify its population in terms of ethnic groups. This strategy makes it incredibly difficult to determine the actual number of different ethnic groups. However, Pope and Pope (2004) assert that Turkey has about 35 groups of people who do not communicate in the Turkish tongue. They include Kurds, Americans, Arabs, Chechens, and Greeks. Among the non-Turkish people, Kurds have the largest population followed by Arabs who live near the border between Turkey and Syria. Every nation has its exceptional linguistic affiliation as an important aspect of its population demographics. In the case of Turkey, its linguistic attachment may be traced from inner Asia among the Atlantic families. In this context, Pope and Pope (2004) reveal, “the earliest evidence of Turkish writing dates to eighth-century C.E. runic inscriptions on steles along the Orkhon River near the present-day Ulan Bator, Mongolia” (p.36). Arabs and Persians shaped the development of Turkish speech when the Turks migrated to other regions where they changed into Islam. However, upon developing Turkish democracy, vocabulary from the prehistoric Turkish people substituted the Persian expressions in verbal communication. This process involved a ‘Turkification’ program, which demanded all Muslim citizens communicate in writing and spoken words through the Turkish language. Indeed, until 1991, public speaking, broadcasting over the radio, and publication was only permitted in the Turkish language (Magnarella, 2015). However, today, Kurds born and brought up in Southeast Turkey communicate not only in Kurdish but also in Turkish while the majority of the rest of the population, especially the youths, use only the Turkish language. Climate The climate of Turkey varies from one region to another. For example, Turkey witnesses hot and dry summers along the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Ocean while win
“Obasan” is the first novel in a series of historical publications by Joy Kogawa. Kogawa’s “Obasan” is relatively related to her experiences with the internment of Japanese citizens in Canada during World War II. At the height of internment, Kogawa was six years old, one year younger than the narrator in “Obasan” was. Just like Naomi’s family, Kogawa’s family moved around a lot during World War II. “Obasan” is one of the most politically significant books in Canada. The book was published in 1981, and it addresses the issue of reparation to Japanese-Canadian citizens. Kogawa confronts the silence of internment victims in Canada. The author presents readers with two contrasting types of victims. Some internment victims remain silent while another group is articulate about the injustices of the Canadian government. Silence and articulation are the two prominent issues in “Obasan.” Consequently, Kogawa uses silence and articulation as key symbols in her book. The symbols of silence and articulation are exemplified in the book using several characters and scenes. This paper will focus on a few scenes to examine Kogawa’s use of the symbols of silence and articulation in “Obasan.” From the onset, the author places the symbols of silence and articulation side by side. In one scene in the book, the author notes that her two aunts are quite distinct. According to the author, her aunts are different because “one lives in sound, the other in stone…Obasan’s language remains deeply underground, but Aunt Emily…a crusader” (Kogawa 32). The author uses the phrase ‘to live in stone’ to signify the magnitude of Obasan’s silence. A stone has no voice of its own, and it is also quite impossible to get any sounds from it. Obasan is content living a life in which she does not express her basest feelings and thoughts through words. Obasan does not inform Naomi that Japanese-Canadian citizens are being persecuted, and she (Naomi) only learns about it from “whispers and frowns and too much gentleness” (Kogawa 73). Consequently, Kogawa presents Obasan as the ultimate symbol of silence. For instance, Obasan refuses to inform Naomi that her mother was hurt and disfigured by the nuclear ex
Community policing, which also can be referred to as neighborhood policing, is a concept or strategy of policing which is based on the idea that, with the help of the members of the community through identification of suspects as well as bringing of certain mishappenings or unlawful occurrences to the notice of the police force, crimes in our communities can be reduced to a reasonable extent. However, this can be attained only when an effective interactive system exists between the police force and the members of the community. However, it is important to note that, without the existence of an effective interactive system between the two parties involved here, which is the Police force and the members of the community, the whole idea of community policing will be very abstract or unrealistic. It is for this reason that the Police force is given some training or sensitization to properly prepare and tune them to the concept of valuing the contribution of the community to the success of their work. Also, with community policing, the members of the Police force end up doing more community work either than the conventional Police activities hence the need for more Police personnel in practicing the concept of community policing. One very important reason why the community serves as a very important asset when it comes to community Policing is the fact that the community involves various individuals who share the same interests and are also governed by the same laws. Now before we continue, let us take a critical look at what actually a community is or what the word community refers to. A community can best be described as a group of people having common rights, privileges or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations. What I would really want us to pay particular attention to in the definition above is the aspect that talks about the fact that t however people in a community are governed by the same laws and regulations can also have a common interest. Therefore if it is the common interest of members of a community to have a crime-free community as well as having everyone obey the rules governing the community, then there will be no doubt that members of this community will never feel reluctant to report on or give any necessary information to the appropriate quarters when any act of lawlessness is committed in the community. However, this deals with half the requirement for the effective running of the
Over the last years, there is an urgent need for any organization in cooperation and collaboration within its staff. Many organizations expand the scope of their activities, trying to be competitive of the world market. The rapid growth of digital technologies and technological processes demand integration. Nowadays, the information sharing acquires global character. In the era of the strongest world competition, teamwork is the factor that predetermines the success of any organization. Teamwork plays an important role in the achievement of the positive results of the organization and promotes the maintenance of the competitive strengths of the company. Teamwork is that tool that reduces the level of hostility between people. For the contemporary economy, changes are the natural occurrence. Simultaneously with organizational changes, there is a need for adaptation for those people who have to work in the newly formed groups and to interact under new conditions. That is why the building of the effective team to a large extent predetermines the success of the organizations activity. Team building is the intense process aiming the improvement and the increasing of the effectiveness of a team ( Types of Interventions, n.d.). The priority areas of team building are “diagnosis, task accomplishments, team relationships, team and organization processes” ( Types of Interventions, n.d.,p.2). Apart from the recognition of the benefits of teamwork, their potential opportunities are not used to the full extent. One of the reasons of this phenomenon is the fact that managers neglect the role of a team and do not realize how to use it effectively. The notion team may be defined as a group of several persons acting together during a work performance or any activity. In other words, it is a group of individuals who split working functions among each other, and who are responsible for the achievement of specific results. The members of the team are interdependent in their activity. It is possible to distinguish several important features that are adherent to teams. The first one is interdependence, which implies that every member of a team makes a contribution to work. All the members depend upon each other and share information with each other. Moreover, a team is characterized with sharing responsibility and outcome orientation. It is possible to distinguish between two main types of teams such as cross-functional and intact teams. A cross-functional team consists of the representatives of different departments of the same organization. They may be professionals who specialize in various spheres of activity. “Personnel from different areas such as engineering, marketing, logistics, and production unite during product design and de
Introduction According to (Aroskar, 1999) A public health model can be applied in designing a strategy to solve a series of problems even where the police have been unable to respond successfully to the problems. For example in a certain commercial area, there has been a multiple of problems caused by the juveniles and young adults attending the restaurants and a bar as well as strip malls that attract them. This has resulted to a lot of noise and reckless driving and even gang related shootings have been experienced. This is in spite of the fact that, police have tried as much as possible to respond to these problems. These activities are being excised in the name of democratic rights and therefore it is difficult and risky to pursue the ideals. Discussion (Aroskar, 1999) found that a working model to solve this problem requires moral suctions to constrain violence and minimize laziness among youths and young adults which make them result into criminal acts so as to raise income to pay for their up-keep. The members of this community require to be taught moral positions gradually through encouraging social interaction. In this way those who have deviated from the socially accepted norms will learn through observation and reflection from their role models. This should be done without use of force or indoctrination. The implementation of these strategies should be the work of the parents at home assisted by pastors and teachers in schools. When all these parties combine efforts, they are able to instill societal myths as well as positive behavior in the mind of the juveniles and the young adults. This would enable them to adapt a positive behavior throughout their life. Members of the commercial community should be educated so as to encourage their support to agencies dealing with public health. This would structure the perception of the society in away they can recognize ethical issues and understand the importance of human value as well as the damage caused on human beings when there is lack of friendly environment due to noise and vandalism of properties. (Burls, 1999) argues that during the interactive sessions, it is important to encourage development of analytical skills that comprise of the basic morals in the society such as rights and duties as well as justice and responsibility. These morals are determined through dialogue and disagreement and sometimes through debate. The members of the society need to be taught to distance themselves from personal interest such that if a member adapts a certain moral rule, he/she should be willing to have the same applied on him/her whenever he engage into the same behavior. This helps to bring moral obligation and a sense of responsibility. In this way the juveniles and the young youths are able to see
Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Car2go is a subsidiary of the Daimler AG. As such, Daimler happens to be the sole supplier of Car2go in its areas of operations. Nevertheless, we will have to consider the elements of time and cost that will be used in the project. Since Car2go already has an established system of supply from the mother manufacturer of the smart cars which get to supply internationally in countries and regions such as U.S.A, U.K, Canada, Germany, France, Austria, Netherlands; the company will still make use of the same supply distribution for the purposes of cost and time efficicacy. However, there are instances that there may be complications like delays by the suppliers or even jurisdictional restriction by traffic laws thus limiting some transportations (Watanabe, internationaltransportforum.org ). In times like this, Daimler will subcontract other suppliers so that the company is able to duly serve its new customers at O
Children An important lens through which happiness should be looked at is children. It is commonly thought that children are a source of happiness and joy. However, thanks to a number of the U.N. sociologists, it was recently found out that in most cases, families experience a drop in their general levels of happiness and satisfaction with life after giving birth to a child (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs, 2016). The report states that “a negative relationship between parenthood and life satisfaction” was discovered; this relationship “turns positive only for older age groups and for widowers” (Helliwell et al., 2016, p. 6). However, it might be stated that such a reduction in the level of happiness should be expected. Indeed, a baby needs a significant amount of attention, and parents may often be overwhelmed by the number of chores that they have to cope with from the moment the child is born. In addition, the child often demands much additional spending, which also adds difficulty to the parents’ situation. On the other hand, another study found that the birth of a child is associated with the loss of spousal love, and the decrease in the total level of happiness is stated to be the result of this; however, it is partially compensated by the positive and altruistic feelings towards the baby that the parents experience (Grossbard & Mukhopadhyay, 2013). In any case, it can be summarized that small children often might reduce the level of happiness instead of increasing it. On the contrary, perhaps this is what happens in the short term; in the long term, if the children are properly brought up, they often may bring a great deal of joy to their parents. Job Another essential lens to look to view happiness through is a person’s job. It is often considered that a job plays a significant role in one’s happiness. Indeed, it is possible to state that most people spend a large amount
The essay is about how political and mass movements arise out of the contentions between the different political and social structures and traces the genealogy of Marxist and Post-Marxist struggles for social justice and fights against resource shortages and famines. The essay examines the Marxist concept of class struggle and why it did not yield the desired results except in some regions of the world. For instance, the essay argues that the question of the leadership vacuum was not addressed by Marx properly leading to the same being seized upon by Lenin and made into a basis for collective action. Gramsci on the other hand felt that the consciousness of the workers needed to be molded to a state where they would be receptive to the need for changes in the way they worked and earned a living. What this means is the concept of political movements arising out of discontinuities in the power structure leads to opportunities for the elites and mass leaders alike to express their sense of power and this often leads to chaotic situations that lead to a flux like situation that gets resolved only after prolonged struggle and clash between the different groups (Williams, 1995, 10). The line of thinking employed by the author of the essay is very much reasoned and academic and leads to questions of how mass movements and political movements alike arise spontaneously or are driven from above. This is a pertinent question in light of the various movements for social justice that have dominated the headlines as well as movements that arose out of resource shortages and famines. As the author states, the movements against resource shortages have invariably called upon the resource mobilizers and resource entrepreneurs whose sole function was to act in such a way as to garner resources for the group that they represent (Tarrow, 1994, 8). To take some recent examples, the war in the breakaway region of South Ossetia in 2008 between Russia and Georgia was primarily about the land and resource conflicts spilling over to the point where armed action was inevitable. Further, there are many commentators who view the Iraq invasion as being driven by a need to control the abundant oil resources in the Gulf Coast (Klare, 2008, 120). The essay examines the question whether there need to be conditions for political movements to emerge and whether they emerge as a reaction to perceived or real threats to the political structure as well as resource conflicts. Hence, the point that in the recent years, conflicts over resources have taken centre stage has to be mentioned as well. It is becoming increasingly apparent that resource conflicts would dominate the global landscape in the years to come. In conclusion, political movements arise both as reacti