ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Desmond Tutu was born in the year 1931, in South Africa. His first career was teaching. He later, in 1960, became a minster of the “Church of England” after he had studied theology” 1 . He also studied for a master’s degree in theology in England, at King’s College. This enabled him to come to his country and engage in teaching theology. In the year 1975, Tutu was given the position of the dean and he served in this capacity in St. Mary’s Cathedral located in Johannesburg 2 . In 1978, Tutu was appointed to become the bishop of Lesotho and later on, in 1986, he took up the position of Archbishop. While serving in the capacity of Archbishop, he always woke up very early in the morning to engage in prayer for a period of about one hour. This is the religious faith as well as spirituality that directed him to end up in the politics field. For him, “being Christian meant opposing prejudice and racism in South Africa” 3 . This paper is going to discuss about Desmond Tutu’s role in the international affairs that earned him the Nobel Peace Prize and also his role in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa which he chaired. The apartheid system in South Africa turned out to be known across the world to be associated with the violation of human rights and injustice 4 . The white minority in South Africa had been engaging in supporting segregated development; economically, socially as well as politically beginning from the year 1948. The government policy targeted to secure dominance for the whites who were the minority and to repress the non-whites who were the majority in South Africa. After forty years of apartheid in South Africa, at the start of the 1990s, there was mounting pressure, nationally as well as internationally, to have the apartheid system brought to an end. Desmond Tutu was one of the people who played a major role in having apartheid abolished was Desmond Tutu 5 . Archbishop Desmond Tutu started to draw the attention to the South African state of affairs in the early 1970s. It is pointed out that, Desmond Tutu used every available chance to talk about how wicked; morally wrong, diabolical and contradictory apartheid philosophy was with the Christian beliefs” 6 . In the year 1975, when he became the “Dean of Johannesburg”, Desmond Tutu engaged in writing a distressed letter to Vorster who was the prime minister at that time. He wrote the letter with an aim of drawing the attention of the prime minister to the overwrought and greatly volatile situation in the country 7 . The letter was ignored and the situation grew from bad to worse with each coming day. Tutu immediately realized the lack of willingness of the South Africa’s white government to engage in negotiations and came to hold a belief that it was only the international community support that would help in ending the apartheid system in South Africa. When he was appoin
Neighborhoods are a common element in our day-to-day lives. Citizens are free to choose which neighborhoods they want to live in. When it comes to neighborhoods, there is a wide range of choices. People are free to live in suburbs, high-rise buildings, condominium complexes, gated communities, and ranches. I have always assumed that neighborhoods are supposed to ‘happen’ spontaneously in accordance with human needs. However, I recently came across an article that was touting the concept of neo-urbanism or new urbanism. According to the article, the concept of new urbanism defines a method of developing neighborhoods that does not rely on spontaneity. Therefore, every aspect of a new urban neighborhood is preplanned including the number of its residents, the location of amenities, the traffic flow, and the occupations of its residents. Moreover, the planner of a new urban neighborhood outlines all the improvements and additions that can be made on a neighborhood. I found the new urbanism concept quite interesting and I took some time to do more research on it. I have gained considerable insight into the new urbanism concept but I still plan to explore it further. New urbanism is not only a concept but it is also a movement. New urbanism promotes the development of simplified neighborhoods that encompass walk-friendly neighborhoods. In addition, new urbanism promotes neighborhoods that contain specific housing concepts. In some instances, new urban neighborhoods are tailored to meet the needs of a specific job group. New urbanism dates back to the 1980s and it has since become a wide spread concept among urban planners, real estate developers, and administrators. Most aspects of new urbanism are influenced by the problems that were being faced by urban dwellers between the 1950s and 1970s. Therefore, new urbanism
Introduction The data-handling strategy for this study is informed largely by the goal of adding substantially to existing knowledge gaps around the profile of the working-adult bully and the antecedents of his misplaced aggression. The prior submission about a mixed-methods approach that starts with quantitative methods – established checklists and protocols defining the prevalence of bullying behavior and its correlates in organizational factors – proceeds to a subsequent stage where exploratory in-depth interviews will pursue the goal of drawing out salient character traits of both bullies and provocative victims. The Constraints of Qualitative Approaches and the Strategic Considerations The qualitative component of the proposed mixed-method approach is essential for understanding the social phenomenon of bullying, the perpetrators themselves, describing their self-concept and organizational environment. As such, this second stage can generate hypotheses for subsequent research that might be tested with established personality inventories like the 16 PF. That said, external validity is not the strong suite of qualitative interviewing. Even reliability requires the use of a semi-structured questionnaire and for the researcher to carry out all interviews herself in order to minimize personality as a source of variance (Golafshani, 2003). The nature of the research question subject of this study does not permit the presumption of spontaneous, naturally occurring statements. Since the predispositions and environmental factors of bullying are known only to perpetrators themselves, prompted questioning is the sole discovery route. Framing the right questions, being non-judgmental, and correctly interpreting how bullies describe themselves and their environment rests on the clinical expertise of the researcher. The Nature of the Data The first-stage postal survey will yield two ways to select respondents for the follow-on stage of in-depth interviews. A sample will be drawn from participants who admit that they engage in at least one-third of the instances of hostile, aggressive and bullying behavior measured by the Workplace Aggression Research Questionnaire (WARQ) or acknowledge having “been the perpetrator myself” in the Workplace Bullying Institute checklist. The researcher will then carry out one-on-one face-to-face interviews with those assenting to continued participation in the study. At this stage, the onus is on the researcher to diagnose, in a qualitative context, the expected traits of assertiveness, aggression, hostility, egocentricity, and being highly competitive that Seigne, Coyne, Randall and Parker extracted with the use of the ICES Personality Inventory and the IBS Clinical Inventory (2007). Clearly, we deal with the pre-existing and naturally-occurring phenomena of enduring predispositions that the mere presence or involvement of the researcher does not nec
For centuries, the humankind has been fascinated with crime. When the latest crime report is on the news, people share the story with their friends or relatives. This fascination was described in the Telegraph’s article written by Dean Burnett. He argues that since crime reporting has become an integral part of mainstream media and since crime topics have become subjects to entertainment the public seems to have an intense interest in such themes. By indirectly experiencing something connected with violence, theft, or conspiracy, a person is able to get an effective moral stimulation, not necessarily a positive one. On the other hand, there is curiosity as another driving factor of such fascination (Burnett 2014, par. 5). Thus, this paper explores and investigates the crime committed by Robert Salmon in 1836. He was convicted of manslaughtering Mr. John M’Kenzie by prescribing him large quantities of medication that contained dangerous ingredients like cream of tartar. The deceased John M’Kenzie was a Sea Captain induced to take the so-called Morison’s Pills as a laxative medication suggested by Mrs. Lane, the sempstress of his wife. As the health state of Mr. M’Kenzie worsened, Mr. Salmon was called for help. He advised increasing the dosage of the pills that caused to Mr. M’Kenzie’s health to deteriorate even further and led to his subsequent death (Ó Danachair 2009, p. 200). The examination conducted post-mortem had shown the evident signs of the prescribed medication being the primary cause of Mr. M’Kenzie’s life termination. It is also worth noting that the deceased had taken seventy-five Morison’s Pills within the day before his death (Bingham 2014, par. 4). Case Examination Since Mr. Salmon was convicted of the charge of manslaughter of Mr. M’Kenzie, it is important to give the definition of this type of crime and briefly explore it from the legal perspective. According to the Free Legal Dictionary (2007, par. 1), manslaughter is an ‘unjustifiable, inexcusable, intentional or unintentional killing of a human being without deliberation, premeditation, and malice’. Manslaughter is a specific crime that is not viewed as a lesser gravity than the act of murder which is usually intentional or premeditated. The primary differentiation between the two crimes is that the notion of malice is absent in the action of manslaughter while it is present in the action of murder. Common-Law suggests that the offence that the act of manslaughter is divided into involuntary and voluntary. Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing of a person that is guided by some additional occasions that never excuse the killing of the person but might mitigate it in some occasions. Th
The increasing number of harmful psychological influences has led to an increase in the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders and somatic diseases, in the mechanism of which emotional factors play an important role. Psychologically-related eating behavior disorders are commonly discussed in the modern world. The authors of the article Predictors and long-term health outcomes of eating disorders aimed to study this topic and bring new information into existing research. The research aimed to investigate the causes and consequences of food disorders. Much focus was given to causes and to finding preventive measures to ensure public health practice. Additionally, the material in the article was targeted to serve as a basis for future research. Diseases for eating behavior in the study were anorexia and bulimia, the presence of which was observed through the questions. Moreover, the authors were interested in confirming or refuting the existence of an association between breast cancer and eating disorders. This direction was associated with their past research aimed at related topics (O’Brien et al., 2017). Therefore, the study had a large number of goals, but the main ones remained the causes and long-term consequences of eating disorders. The authors presented a quantitative research method in their article. The method was used through statistical analysis of data obtained through survey questionnaires from a sample of 50884 women. However, the obtained results of the questionnaires were fil
UAE’s banking industry is regarded as the most competitive market in Gulf Cooperation Council region (Haseeb, 2012). This competitiveness is justified by the comparative statistics of banking industries in the GCC region. As for instance, the difference between interest paid by UAE’s banks on their customers’ deposits and the interest charged on loans and advances provided by those banks is lowest in the region, i.e. 2.9 %, which in itself is evident of the competitiveness of UAE’s banking industry. The banking industry in the United Arab Emirates is composed of local and international banking companies. As per the statistics for 2011, there were 23 local and 28 international banking companies operating in the country (Moukahal, 2011). Owing to the significant infrastructural development and economic activities taking place in the UAE, the banking companies are faced with a major challenge of coping up with the domestic finance needs. Apart from this, the UAE’s banking sector has also been affected by the recent financial slowdown and the profitability of the banking companies declined significantly in 2009 (Moukahal, 2011). Financial Performance Review In this section, financial and strategic analysis of Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank and National Bank of Abu Dhabi is presented while referring back to their respective financial performances. The financial performance of Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank and National Bank of Abu Dhabi has been analysed in this section on the basis of information presented in the annual reports of the two banks pertaining to the financial year 2011. The financial performance review for both banks is individually presented as under: Financial Performance of Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank In 2011, apart from the fact that the total customers’ deposits in 2011 declined by 2.4 %, Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank showed a considerable increase in its revenues and an equivalent increase in its operating margin. Moreover, the bank has been able to achieve higher use of its deposits in 2011 as consumer financing as compared to 2010. The bank has maintained its strong capital adequacy position in both 2010 and 2011. The international rating agencies, such as Moody and Fitch, declared the outlook of the bank as stable (Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank, 2011). In addition to this, as stated by the Chairman in his statement, the bank also distributed about 50 percent of its net income for the year in dividends to the shareholders (Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank, 2011). Financial Performance of National Bank of Abu Dhabi National Bank of Abu Dhabi was able to report only 1% increase in its net profits for the year 2011 a
The three books I chose to include in the book basket are Patricia McLachlan’s Sarah, Plain and Tall and Eric Carle’s The Very Hungry Caterpillar and The Grouch Ladybug . The Very Hungry Caterpillar The Very Hungry Caterpillar is a story of a caterpillar that has an unusual taste for food. It is a good choice because the story is simple; it will be easily understood by very young children. Moreover, it is a good instructional tool as it walks the children through the life cycle of a butterfly, mentions the names of the days of the week, and even names different foods that children will definitely find delightful. Because the caterpillar in the story is an unusual sort, the story will feed the children’s fantasies with the help of the colorful illustrations in the book. Moreover, the book design will help captivate the kids, as each page has a hole through which the caterpillar eats the food. Prior to the reading of the story, I will sew cloth caterpillars for the children to try to pass through the holes of the book while reading. Since the story is very short, I will read the whole story to the children, pausing every now and then to emphasize some highlights, as well as some important words, like the names of the days and of the fruits. From time to time, I will ask the children what they think the caterpillar will do next, and name the fruits in the picture. After or even during the reading, I will ask the children to draw a caterpillar surrounded by some of the fruits the unusual caterpillar has eaten. I will ask them to name their caterpillar, as well as identify the fruits they have drawn. Then, I will ask the children to color their drawings. Since many children like reading the same book over and over, we may re-read the story some other time, making use of their drawings to keep their interest high. Another activity I can do with the children includes naming the days of the week and counting from one to ten (by counting the fruits the caterpillar has eaten). I will wrap up the storytelling with a discussion of the life cycle of a butterfly using colored illustrations. The Grouchy Ladybug The Grouchy Ladybug, on the other hand, is a story of a ladybird who challenges another ladybird (his companion) to a fight over some aphids. But when the other ladybug agrees to fight him, he decides that the ladybug is not large enough for him to do battle with. He then embarks on a journey, challenging everyone he encounters to a fight. But as each would agree to fight him, he changes his mind and walks on, searching for a worthier opponent. He encounters a series of increasingly larger animals, until he meets the whale who slaps him with his tail, sending him flying back to his point of origin. Learning his less
Introduction We all know that the foundation of human existence and life on earth is dependent on water. As the most common and abundant liquid in the world, water is at the heart of global environmental issues. Increasing demands for water by the world’s growing and increasingly more affluent populations threaten to create widespread shortages of freshwater. Water, in many ways, defines how we live and determines the limit of sustainable development. Unlike water from rivers and streams, lakes are depressions in the earth that hold some of the earth’s vital freshwater. The source of the water in lakes may be rivers, streams, groundwater, rainfall, melting snow runoff, or a combination of these. However, any of these sources may carry contaminants. Because water exits from these water bodies at a slow rate, pollutants can become trapped. For this reason, lakes are particularly vulnerable to the deposit of pollutants from the air and to pollution from human activity (Jacobson, 2005). Main body As it is the five lakes that hold the largest system of fresh surface water in the world, North America’s Great Lakes are a freshwater resource that is in great peril. The five Great Lakes and their connecting channels and the St Lawrence River create one integrated ecosystem stretching from the heart of the North American continent to the Atlantic Ocean (Bruch 2005, p. 119). According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Great Lakes contain 20% of the Earth’s and about 84% of the United States surface freshwater (EPA, 2001). In estimate, the Great Lakes consist of about 22,000 cubic kilometers of water spread over 94,250 square miles. Each year, the lakes provide more than 6.7 million cubic meters of water to municipalities and a big chunk of that goes to the industry sector (See Figure 1). The lakes also support a commercial fishery worth about $13 million as of 2002, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and a sport-fishing industry of nearly $1.3 billion as of 2001, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Presently, about 25% of Canadians and 10% of Americans- a total of more than 33 million people–live in the Great Lakes watershed (Fields, 2005). Since the 1950s, the Great Lakes have faced tremendous stresses because of land use, fisheries, and erosion (see Figure 2). For example, commercial fishing begins around the 1820s with the largest fish harvests recorded in 1889 and 1899 at 147 million pounds (U.S. EPA, 1995). Since the 1950s, the average annual catches have been about 110 million pounds. The overall value of fisheries has declined due to larger more desirable fish giving way to smaller, less-valued species. Today, lake trout, sturgeon, and lake herring survive in reduced numbers when they once were abundant. The fact is that the lake trout were being devastated by the eel-like sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ), which had made its way into the Great Lakes as a result of the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway and threatens a fishery valued at $1.55 billion per year (Ferreri & Taylor, 1999). In 1969, the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire because of contaminants fl
This paper analyses a case resolved by the Britain Press Complaints Commission. The case analysis shows clearly that journalistic code of practice was not adhered to by the journal in question. Codes of practice or conduct are important self regulatory tools at the disposal of journalists. The complaints councils play an important role as arbitrator. When a complaint is lodged with the press complaints commissions or councils, they endeavor to resolve it amicably. The alternative is to press libel charges, which are often expensive to prosecute and defend. This paper, therefore, clearly points to self regulation and passing of friendly media laws as the only sure way of guaranteeing journalistic freedom. Journalists are supposed to do their work guided by ethics or general principles that defines good practice. Every practicing journalist is often affiliated to a journalistic body which is bound to a given code of conduct. Codes of conduct aim at ensuring journalists seek only to establish truth in a fair, accurate and objective manner. The other aspect of journalism that is often misused or compromised is accountability to the public (Alia, 149). Journalism is not supposed to serve any vested interest. Rather, the aim of journalistic endeavors should be feeding the general public with accurate, objective information. Information helps create a public sphere or interaction between members of a republic. In the recent past, capacity to share information world wide in a fast and easy way has created a sense of international citizenship (Alia, 147). This is positive and desirable, however, any distortion of truth or misinformation bring to a public a lot of harm. Sometimes harm does not come to the whole public but rather to individuals; they loose a livelihood or reputation. Journalistic codes are tools for guiding journalists wade through situations that present conflicting interests (Alia, 63). The codes contribute to self regulation of individual journalists in the media industry. In case of a dilemma, most codes indicate clearly what the most ethical course of action would be. Information on minors, reports on security and people suspected of crime have to be properly censored (Alia, 52). The challenge is to balance between the need to keep the public informed while protecting the subjects from any possibility of unjust or unfair harm as a result of the report. If reports on a crime are not handled sensitively, they easily damage individual’s reputations or cost institutions a lot of money. To entrench self regulation, complaints councils have evolved or been established within journalistic circles. These councils are guided by given codes of conduct in resolving complaints lodged before them. One council I am familiar with is the British Press Complaints Council (PCC). The PCC defines itself as “an independent body which deals with complaints from members of the public about the editorial content of newspapers and m