ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There have been several revolutions in the world over. Some have been a success while others have failed. The odds that a revolution will succeed are pegged on some preliminary prerequisites. Galula (1964) identifies four conditions which include “necessity of a cause, strategic criteria of a cause, the nature of the course and tactical manipulation of the cause” (p. 13-18). The Cuban revolution was waged between 1952 and 1959 and was lead by Fidel Castro, his brother Raul Castro and Che Guevara (Minster, 2013). This essay seeks to discuss the four prerequisites identified by Galula in relation to the Cuban Revolution. Necessity of a Cause Under this prerequisite, any leader who intends to lead a revolution must necessarily have a convincing cause since there are many hazards involved in such a revolution (Galula, 1964). This makes it easy to persuade as many supporters as possible who in turn can be molded into a force to reckon with – whether tangible or not – for strength lies in the mind (Galula, 1964). The major cause of the Revolution was the dictatorship of President Fulgencio Batista. He had been the President from 1940 to 1944. He contested the presidency in 1952 but he grabbed power before the elections were held and cancelled the elections (Minster, 2013). However, it should be noted this cause was just a climax of the frustrations of the Cuban people. Prior to the revolution, The United States of America controlled the Cuban economy to the
It is worth noting that Disneyland parks are functioning in such countries as the USA, France, Japan, and China. In Shanghai, the park consists of a theme park, resort hotels, a shopping and entertainment district, and a leisure park. Moreover, a special subway station was built to ensure that visitors could reach the place easily. Such a developed structure is typical for all Disneyland parks and resorts. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the US and Chinese markets and discuss the major similarities and differences between them. Micro and Macro Environments To analyze the environment, it is necessary to decompose the internal and external factors that affect the company in the host and foreign markets. In terms of the microenvironment, it is essential to stress that the company has a brand name, which is known all over the world (Shanghai Disney Resort, n.d.). Also, the enterprise has a broad product portfolio, which focuses on popular characters and famous fairy-tales (for instance, Marvel heroes, characters from Pirates of the Caribbean ). One of the important similarities between the markets is that the parks are always multi-generation and family-oriented. However, the difference lies in the way this orientation should be regarded given the fact that many Chinese families have one child. In particular, the target consumer of the company are children, and China is a country in which the Walt Disney Company may introduce various educational games for families with a single child (Morrison, 2014). Moreover, the market in Shanghai may be characterized as a promising one given the growing middle class and the rise of popularity of Disney characters in the country. One-Child Policy However, one of the differences between the environments of the two countries is also related to the one-child policy applied throughout China (Lasky, 2017). In the US, there are no initiatives restricting the number of children a family may have, and citizens tend to bring all their children to the park. In the host country, the enterprise benefits greatly from such an environment since the main consumer group is minors. Therefore, it has an opportunity to diversify the services provided to tailor the needs of underage visitors. In China, a policy exists that allows citizens to have only one child or two children in rare cases. This has imposed a certain degree of complexity on the operation of Shanghai Disneyland (Lasky, 2017). In particular, the foreign market has to create a strong intergenerational appeal. The park needs to offer entertainments designed and suitable for older visitors to ensure that parents can have a good time in the park apart from visiting the locations aimed at entertaining their children. Apart from that, the policy also affects the characteristics of
Introduction American Express, a global banking and financial organization, is well established in credit card business in Malaysia, with its HQ in Kuala Lumpur and 4 Branches at Penang, Johor, Sabah and Sarawak. Operating in the country for the past 20 years, it has become market leader in the charge card segment and has been steadily improving its charge card sales year on year. Thus, its yearly sales target is 15,000 new cards but it has been consistently achieving over 24,000 new charge accounts per year. However, the bank management now find that the Penang Branch, which otherwise is the top performer in sales of charge cards among all Amex Branches in Malaysia, has been steadily losing ethnic Chinese charge card customers over the past 12 months. Research is needed to find out why the Penang Branch of the American Express Bank is facing decline in charge card sales to ethnic Chinese people. The research needs to investigate the factors affecting choice of charge cards by this community and seek out what the community members seek in their preferred charge card, find out what factors like social, economic, demographic, cultural, etc influence such choice, and collect information that may help the bank adopt suitable strategy for helping it recover and improve its charge card client base among ethnic Chinese people in Penang. The American Express Bank management is aware of the intense competition in the small Penang market where so many local and foreign banks compete amongst themselves for improving card sales. It also realizes the changed situation after its acquisition by Maybank. While it is aware of the fact that increase in card usage depends on extent of their acceptability by merchant establishments as also the customer’s preference for card ov
The company that is discussed in the given report is Nvidia Corporation that is one of the most famous producers of GPUs in the world (“About Nvidia,” 2017). The history of the company started almost twenty-four years ago when it was established by three businessmen. In the beginning of the twenty-first century, the popularity of the products sold by the company among the users began to increase rapidly, and its founders were able to buy some of the companies that had earlier belonged to their business rivals. In general, it can be said that the company was quite successful from the very beginning of its activity in the market. Another important point related to the company is its current financial position. To begin with, it can be said that their market share is still increasing if we speak about the sphere of graphics market. Thus, as it is clear from the data reported in many sources, last year the company managed to increase its market share by more than two percent which is an important result (Mujtaba, 2016). Therefore, the discussed company seems to be more successful and popular among users if compared to its business rivals who are also supposed to be the leaders in the field; as it is clear from the discussed source, their rates of development are lower than ones of Nvidia Corporation. As for ethical behavior of the discussed company, it may be said that the representatives of Nvidia Corporation try to prioritize over customer satisfaction in order to achieve success and stand out from the range of competitors (“Customer support and satisfaction,” 2015). At the same time, as it follows from the information reported by some customers, there are concerns related to prices on certain products sold by the company and its representatives. Speaking about corporate culture in connection with Nvidia Corporation, it is necessary to say that representatives of the company tend to single out a few principles that are applied in order to demonstrate competitive performance; among them, there is a pursuit of perfection, honesty, risk appetite, and effectiveness (“Corporate culture,” n.d.). Also, it can be said that corporate social responsibility plays in important role in activity of the company. Thus, as it is clear from the reports prepared by the company, Nvidia makes its contribution into cancer studies; to do that, it donates quite substantial sums of money to different funds every year (“Our impact,” 2015). Apart from that, there are initiatives supporte
Introduction Supply chain management focuses on understanding and improving the coordination of multiple firms that compose a supply chain. There has been interesting in the hospitality sector on these issues of supply chain management. Then research in supply chain management about management of tour guide firms and hospitality. The explicit identification of firms separates supply chain management from approaches that focus more narrowly on production processes. There is a relationship between improving supply chain management touring firms and understanding the inherent behavior of firms in markets and the structural characteristics of those markets. In support of dissertation, the researcher uses agenda combining elements from operations management/analytic modeling/logistics research and industrial organization theory. Analytic modeling addresses normative aspects of the behavior of individual supply chains or components thereof. In contrast, industrial organization theory addresses descriptive aspects of the behavior of firms in markets and the nature of market structure. Whereas analytic modeling typically addresses managerial decisions, industrial organization has typically addressed guiding government policies. The policy-management division is not strict, and there are many instances of applications to both areas. For example, Porters’ (1980) “five-force” model is perhaps the best-known application of market-generated theory applied to managerial Background of the Organization Chosen The brand name Coca-cola has been with the company since its inception. From this quote obtained from the company website “Thinking “the two Cs would look well in advertising,” Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, suggested the name and penned the now famous trademark “Coca-cola” in his unique script. The first newspaper ad for Coca-cola soon appeared in The Atlanta Journal , inviting thirsty citizens to try “the new and popular soda fountain drink.” Hand-painted oilcloth signs reading “Coca-cola” appeared on store awnings, with the suggestion “Drink” added to inform passersby that the new beverage was for soda fountain refreshment. During the first year, sales averaged a modest nine drinks per day”. The trading symbol of Coca-cola shows how long they have been in the market. Even the advert “refreshing is associated with the trade. The trademark being in existence for a long period is like an inseparable asset that moves with the company the entire world. Let imagine a bottle of Coca-cola product with a different trademark it will be difficult to market it. The company boasts of over 200 countries in the world and records revenue of over $250 billion annually and currently tops as the company with the highest record of sales in terms of the beverages industry. The subsidiaries are in over 200 countries of in all the continents tha
Introduction The definition and analysis of a problem, if properly performed, is half of the solution, as the actions are sufficiently effective if they are aimed at a particular target. The style, which is generally used in any company, depends on the business traditions of a company, and on the experience of its managers in solving various problems and defining the reasons for the problems. This paper aims to analyze the problem identification of Wal-Mart organization and compare it with the style of the other organizations. Originally, there is a necessity to outline the pros and cons of these methods. Wal-Mart Originally, this is the largest retail industry in the world, and if problems occur, they often appear to be global. The way of identifying the problem is the following: the strategy of the organization presupposes the existence of particular aims and goals, directed for the further development and maintenance of the existing structure. If the goals are not achieved, and the requirements of the strategy are not met, it is regarded as a problem. The fact is that this technique is used by any organization, as it is universal and simple. However, it is impossible to resort to it, if the strategy and plan are absent. (Langdon, 2001) Local problems are solved locally, and each regional department resorts to the way of solving problems that is closer by its origin to the problem, or manager’s experience. As for the organization in general, it should be stated that it chiefly practices the collective-participative problem-solution style. The essence of this style is collecting and discussing all the possible variants. The leader of a discussion is selected every time the discussion is arranged, and he is responsible for the order and taking of the final decision. Originally, this style is close to brainstorming techniques, consequently, all the decisions are taken quickly. On the one hand, the rapidity of the process seriously violates the objectivity of the decision and the accuracy of the analysis. On the other hand, the organization of such scales has to take all the decisions immediately, to avoid serious consequences. Sometimes the problems are forecasted, prevention is required instead of the solution. Surely, it is the best way of solving problems, nevertheless, forecasting requires a more accurate approach and analysis of the reasons and consequences. Other Organizations Other business and non-profit organizations also resort to the collective-participative method, however, lots also use the method which entails three components: Consultation, Objective Analysis, and Monitoring. Thus, consultation presupposes the comparison of the existing problem with the similar obstacles, which were faced by the company, or some other organization. Archives and reviews should be studied and outlined if some tendency is observed. Then, when the necessary and sufficient data is collected, the next phase starts. Objective analysis requires the adjustment of the scale and the set of indicators. Basing on the evaluation system the current position of the comp
Introduction The expulsion of the Acadians from the British Colony of Nova Scotia by Governor Charles Lawrence is one of the best-known cases of forced displacement of European colonists in North America. The Acadians originated from French and they moved and settled at the North American Northeastern region called Acadia. This area was taken over by the British in 1713 and it was renamed Nova Scotia. 1 However, the majority of inhabitants in the area remained Acadians. The British allowed the Acadians to retain their land and continue to practice their culture. In 1955, the British decided to expel the Acadians for a number of reasons. The expulsion of the Acadia is the first major episode of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing in North American history. The necessity of the expulsion of the Acadians has been debated by historians for a number of centuries. While some argue that the expulsion was unnecessary, some declare that it was necessary for the integrity of the British administration in the region. This paper will argue that Governor Lawrence who issued the command for the expulsion of the Acadians had sufficient reason and justification to engage in this act. The Acadians in North America The Acadians were the French colonists who immigrated to northeastern North America and settled in the region. French immigration into the region started in earnest during the mid 17th century. French settlers moved to the colony and established the Acadian colony. By the 18th century, the population of the Acadians had exploded and their number was approximated 15,000. However, rivalries among European powers led to conflicts in the region. France and Britain were significant rival powers in North America. The colony of Acadia was constantly being moved from Britain to French control depending on which country was exerting dominance in the region. In 1713, The British gained control over Acadia following their victory in the Spanish Succession War. In an attempt to establish lasting peace, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. 2 This treaty sought to end the war by allocating specific regions to the European powers. The region of Acadia was awarded to the British Empire who began to administer the area. The British had shown great consideration to the Acadians even after they had gained control over the territory in 1713. Following the victory of the Britons, the French Acadians were allowed to retain their land and property. 3 They were also given the freedom to engage in activities just as they had in the past and Britain did not impose her religious preferences on Acadia. However, the situation for the Acadians changed over the 1740s. During this period, the French and British renewed their war efforts against each other. 4 The British began to demand for Acadian su
Language is more than just a set of grammar rules or vocabulary. It influences worldview and frame of mind. Nevertheless, as the world has witnessed the trend toward globalization and the assimilation of cultures, there have been significant shifts in language development, some of which have been inclined to the establishment of global languages. For this reason, it is paramount to decide whether the way people think, caused by the peculiarities of their mother tongues, influences the ability to communicate globally. Language is a cultural phenomenon that influences the way people see the world. That is why it has a robust impact on communication. For example, Boroditsky assumes that perceptions of time, space, progression, colors, and objects from the foundation of both communication and thinking. Because people use different linguistic constructions to describe the same things and situations, these differences affect our ability to communicate with those who speak other languages. These cross-linguistic variances prompt different language speakers to stress different aspects of the same phenomena, leading to communication gaps and difficulties in learning new languages as speakers use mother-tongue patterns to express opinions in other languages. Nevertheless, there is a solution to this problem of ineffective communication. According to Boroditsky, mastering the most significant grammar quirks and cultural aspects of language enhances one’s ability to communicate and to learn new languages. These whims usually include gender constructions or verbal interference tasks. This statement comes down to the recognition of cross-linguistic differences and the realization that they affect worldview. When a language learner can grasp these important concepts, it becomes easier to understand those speaking other languages, thus improving linguistic and interpersonal communication skills. Still, even though linguistic differences are the power of language, they also cause some challenges. One major problem is the current-day language imperialism, meaning the promotion of the English language as the global one, accompanied by the propagation of British or American culture. Traves claims that today, the world is witnessing the emergence of a new “global” English language that incorporates the linguistic differences of numerous languages and enhances the process of partial assimilation. Although it is powerful, the cultural side of communication could remain unchanged, as individuality is encouraged instead of taking steps to elimi
Article “The End of Solution Sales” by Brent Adamson, Matthew Dixon, and Nicholas Toman aimed to explore issues that surround Business 2 Business selling. One of the main ideas authors presented at the beginning of the article is that the environment of B2B sales shifted in a completely opposite direction. In the past, it was easy to sell services to customers because they had no idea about how a specific problem could be solved. Although, nowadays, a number of services, complex procurement teams, and purchasing consultants equipped clients with tremendous volumes of data, so it is hard for both emerging and experienced companies to attract attention to their services or find effective solutions for their problems. It is also important to mention that modern customers have departed from the traditional “hook” selling strategies and prefer making their buying decisions predominantly on the basis of reasonable price. After discussing issues associated with B2B selling, the article outlined three strategies that can help companies improve their efficiency and increase revenue. The first strategy, “Avoiding the Trap of “Established Demand,” implies placing an emphasis on the potential of customers to change something in their lives rather than just buy something. As to the second strategy, “Targeting Mobilizers and Advocates”, authors gave a list of customer stakeholders profiles, identified in the course of their research. The strategy advised finding the right allies that will help companies in driving the deal. The article gave useful advice on how to conduct research for developing a practical guide for involving key stakeholders in the process of making a sale. The last strategy, “Coaching Customers on How to Buy”, was developed on the basis of the fact that the more complex a solution is, the harder it is for the customer to buy it. Therefore, authors offered a solution of coaching customers about the solution instead of waiting for customers to coach sales representatives. The article concluded that the traditional approaches towards Business 2 Business selling have come to an end. Because nowadays customers can analyze their needs and employ purchasing consultants to help them with decision-making, companies need to change their selling strategies to increase revenue. Sales representatives that ignore the changes in the environment usually risk being rebuffed by their clients while adaptive salespeople that challenge customers with innovative insights and coach them how to buy will become driving forces in the modern B2B sales sphere.