ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Both these cases deal with homosexual sodomy. The fundamental question that arouse was, in the context of Georgian laws outlawing anal sex, whether the rules applicable to anal sex by homosexual partners need also to be considered illegal when indulged in, by heterosexual partners. In the case of Bowers v. Hardwick (478 U.S. 186 (1986), a policeman entered bedroom of Hardwick, the respondent, found him engaged in compromising oral sex act with another man and arrested him under Georgian sodomy laws. Although the District Attorney dropped sodomy charges against him, Hardwick filed a civil rights action, claiming violation of fundamental rights to privacy and challenging the Constitutional validity of Georgia law which ruled that a person commits the offense of sodomy when he performs or permits performance of any sexual activity, expressly prohibited by law. According to this law, the maximum term in the event of proved guilt would range between 1-10 years in prison. (Howard Ball, The Supreme Court in the intimate lives of Americans: Fundamental rights versus State interest –The Balancing process: P.8 (Web). In this case, after a lot of deliberations, his petition was turned down, since a strict interpretation of the right of privacy rights would not extend to wanton sexual independence, and again, sexual expressions through homosexual acts is contextually and legally different from sex acts carried out under the protective cloak of sanctity of marriage, family and progeny. The facts of this case were that the police officers entered the bedroom of one of the respondents, John Geddes Lawrence, found him having anal sex with another man. Both were arrested and produced before law. Their petitions for protection under due process laws of the 14 th Amendment were rejected and they were subjected to the process of law. Texas laws criminalize same sex sodomy, while it does not do the same regarding hetero-sexual sodomy. The law in this case is that, under Texas law, a person could be held guilty for only same sex sodomy, while under these laws, hetero-sexuals engaging in sodomy would not fall within the purview of crime. However, the Courts in the case of Lawrence v. Texas considered the fact that there was an intrusion of privacy and breach of fundamental rights guaranteed under the US Constitution. This case became a landmark case in the realms of sodomy laws in US, and ushered in a more broadminded and liberal attitude towards same gender consensual sexual relationships between people. Many states have now deregulated sodomy in US, taking courage from this case. It is seen that in US context, the laws governing sodomy is more a State aspect, rather than central issue. State laws are applicable to issues that arise in context of sodomy and related matters. The writer does not agree with the Lawrence decision. In a delicate issue of this kind, involving unnatural or deviant behaviors, it is necessary to examine both side of the argument before seeking a just and acceptable solution. Facts contradicting the Lawrence decision The fact whether unnatural sexual act is performed through co-s
Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the Social security system to the United States. When the Great Depression the economy was going on the economy was spiraling downward and there was high unemployment. To help the economy recover he created the New Deal and initiated several programs. The FDIC and SEC were all initiated in Roosevelt’s time and still continue to affect our nation. Harry S. Truman was the 33 rd president of the United States. Communism is the worst threat to democracy is a popular belief and Truman was a true believer of the statement. The Truman Doctrine’s purpose was to help the nations like Greece and Turkey to be unaffected by communism. This was all ongoing during the Cold War against the Soviet Union and a part of the strategy was to create the National Security Act of 1947 and this Act gave birth to the CIA which to this day tries to maintain order n the United States. Dwight D. Eisenhower started the Federal Highway Act of 1956. This was developed during the Cold War as a measure of security. He believed that the United States would probably be attacked and that the main spots attacked are always big cities which would require immediate evacuation of the people residing in the spots. Highways were constructed to help the people evacuate the cities and let the military help come in. The construction of highways continues to have a huge affect on the U.S. economy to this day. A recent example was during Hurricane Katrina when millions of people fled to the highways to get away from an attack from nature. John F. Kennedy was the 35 th president of the United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis during his time led America to another close encounter with nuclear weapons and a possible nuclear war. Later in his term he created the Partial Test Ban Treaty to stop any sort of atomic testing. This lead to safe future for the United States and prevented them from the incidents that are still affecting Russia. Lyndon B. Johnson helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in order to end most forms of racial segregation. This led to the Voting Rights Act which put an end to racial discrimination during voting. Richard Nixon created the Comprehensive Health Insurance Act which required employers to buy health insurance for all their employees. He also introduced America to Medicaid. Gerald Ford signed the Tax Reduction Act of 1974 as a means of reducing inflation. His idea that the economy would improve through tax rebates failed tremendously and the inflation rates did not decrease. Jimmy Carter vetoed a lot of bills and act because he thought that they were inflationary and unnecessary. Along with helping the Social security act which helped employ thousands of Americans he focused on the environment too. He created the “Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act” and formed a huge national park in Alaska. Ronald Reagan created the “Immigration Reform and Control Act” required employers to c
Introduction An ethical dilemma requires making a choice between two equally unfavorable alternatives. The basis of a dilemma can be a conflict between any combination of individual’s obligations and rights, and those of another. This is due to the different circumstances that present varying challenges in End Of Life (EOL) circumstances. In this study, an ethical issue that can be encountered by a nurse practitioner is being discussed in the light of deontological ethical theory. This is a case of a mother whose baby has gone through an unsuccessful heart surgery. She requested doctors to be by the baby’s side as her little son faced his last moments. The dilemma faced by the nurse was whether or not to allow the mother into the Operating Room (OR) which was against hospital rules. Consequently, an ethical issue arises, which is adequately addressed, for clear understanding. This is also reviewed in consideration to the American Nurses Association (ANA, 2009) code of ethics, and the international Council of Nurses (ICN) guidelines (ICN, 2009). Decisions concerning treatment of dying patients present different options for their healthcare. These often lead to ethical dilemmas, some of which are quite complicated in the end-of-life (EOL) care circumstances. According to Aiken (2009), even the nurses find themselves, at times not well prepared to resolve these dilemmas and issues. That might be due to the modern major technological advancements in healthcare systems that make it quite challenging to handle various situations effectively. The situation gets even more complicated with a legal system that is unprepared and cannot handle effectively ethical conflicts. It happens until the legal system develops a precedence of decisions made in such ethical dilemmas that can be cited later under the common law. In comparison, however, ethical system is more inclusive, exceeding the legal system in its coverage. In healthcare both law and ethics overlap in common practice. When faced with the difficult situations that require making such hard choices, the decision made has to be well defended, always in the light of the patient’s concerns and rights (Drug Policy Research Center, 2009). It leads to the fact that all EOL choices in medical grounds have their effects out of their complex psychosocial components having a resounding effect on the patient or the guardian of a baby patient (Urlich et al. 2010. pp. 20-22). A debate can be generated concerning restrictions against maximizing on moral good while interfering with moral standards. This, as championed by deontological moral theory, allowing for self-interpretation, can at times lead to moral dilemmas. Case Study The case of a mother, whose baby has unsuccessfully undergone heart surgery and could not therefore be switched off from the heart – lung machine, can be a point of focus, as an example.
Data Analysis Plan A standard model of research requires developing, deducing, and testing a hypothesis or several hypotheses (Vogt, Gardner, & Haeffele, 2012). In this paper, the process of testing hypotheses will be explained and described. In the current project, there are two pairs of hypotheses that should be tested. One pair touches upon the qualities of a good leader in an educational process. Another pair discusses the importance of gender roles in leadership. As soon as null and alternative hypotheses are defined for research questions, it is time to test all of them (Greene & D’Oliveira, 2005). The first stage is the identification of the level of significance within the frames of which it is possible to identify if the null hypothesis is true (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012). The T-test can be used. This test allows the research to answer the questions created for research. It is necessary to gather sample data (students) and observe how the chosen group of people (in this case) achieves various scores. It is also possible to rely on the method of qualitative data analysis called SPSS. Research is qualitative as all information is taken from the interviews and questionnaires based on the LPI scoring instrument offered by Kouzes and Posner (2003). With the help of this method, it is possible not only to test the hypothesis but also to create a powerful research journal to understand the facts gathered (Field, 2013). Both pairs of hypotheses are analyzed and tested according to the following stages:  1. Identification of variables;  2. Extraction of themes;  3. Enumeration of the questions and calculation of the answers;  4. Highlighting similarities and differences;  5. Creation of the diagrams on the basis of the answers got. Justification T-tests help to clarify if the groups chosen for analysis can be statistically different from each other or not. This analysis helps to compare the achievements of different groups. In the current research, there are two research questions and two hypotheses per each question. Both questions are of the same nature; the only difference is the dependent variables: RQ1 – qualities, RQ2 – genders. The level of measurement identifies the relationship between the values of leadership as a crucial part of team work (Northouse, 2010). With the help of the answers and the observations made on the groups, it is possible to clarify if male or female leaders are more successful and understand what kind of qualities are inherent to good leaders (3C’s or necessity to control, give orders, and make people listen). The results can be introduced in tables as it is promoted by the SPSS method. Mock Data Set The research study separates two variables in the educational process. To evaluate the impact of gender differences and leadership qualities in the educational process, the study proposed the chi-square analysis on 20-sample populations. By implication, the researcher structured two research questions to facilitate the evaluation process. Research questions  1. What are the main qualities of a good leader in an educational process?  2. Do the differences between male and
Teamwork in an organization is very important, as it is one of the ways through which success can be achieved. In every team, there should be a leader to oversee all the activities that the team members carry out. The leader should have good management skills and excellent interpersonal skills. The latter helps the team leader relate well with all the team members, while the former helps the leader in controlling, directing, organizing, as well as planning all the activities that are carried out by the team. A leader should also have the ability to solve problems and deal with various situations in the organization. For instance, the leader should be able to solve conflicts in case they occur in the organization. Conflicts have the ability to create discomfort and affect the productivity of members. Interpersonal skills are also very important. A leader with these skills is able to unite the team, despite any differences that may arise. In case a team member has higher abilities compared to the leader, the leader is still able to cope with the situation using his interpersonal skills (Whetten & Cameron, 2011). In the Knowlton Case Study, a team of people with different skills and expertise were working in a laboratory on a project, where they were constructing a particular object. Knowlton was the leader of the group, as he was arguably the one with the best leadership skills and had the best experience and knowledge regarding the project. Jerrold, who was the head of the organization, wished to introduce Fester to one of the teams in the laboratory. He initially sent him to Knowlton to see what the team had been doing. Fester was very interested in what Knowlton and his team were doing and he wanted to join the team, which he later did. He happened to be more skillful in the project compared to all the other team members, including Knowlton. This made Knowlton very uncomfortable because he thought he was likely to lose his leadership position to Fester, a thing he was not willing to welcome. However, he would never raise this concern any time he had a meeting with Jerrold. Instead, he spoke highly of Fester and praised his work. Knowlton felt that Fester should not make a presentation on the day the sponsors of the research came to see the progress of the project and get an idea of what was been going on, as he thought this would expose his inadequacies. However, he had mixed feelings about the idea. First, he felt that he was not in a good position to present what Fester had been doing because he was not in a position to answer some of the questions that he would be asked regarding the presentation. On the other hand, he felt that he could do the pre
A cardiac angiography entails the determination of any form of blockage in blood vessels. The procedure is done by injecting contrast dyes through a catheter, followed by the visualization of the flow of the pigment through blood vessels (SCOT-Heart Investigators, 2018). Any impediment to the movement of the dye is an indication of blockage of blood vessels and restricted blood flow to the heart. The doctor ordered this test because the patient complained of chest pains when climbing up the stairs. Chest pain is a common problem for people with heart disease even though other organs could contribute to this discomfort. However, the patient’s weight and lifestyle (smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and consumption of fatty and sweet foods) predispose him to heart disease. Mr. Perkins’ diagnosis is angina pectoris, which is chest pain attributed to the inadequate flow of blood to cardiac muscles. The organ system that is mainly affected by Mr. Perkins’ condition is the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. However, Cardiovascular disease impairs the transport of blood to and from the lungs, which ultimately affects the respiratory system. Other organs that may be damaged by poor blood flow are the kidney and brain. Insulin resistance may also develop due to being overweight. The doctor ordered an angiography to find out whether the patient’s blood vessels were blocked and contributing to the chest pain. Mr. Perkins’ blood work might show high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, and glucose as well as low levels of high-density lipoproteins. Suggested treatment plans for Mr. Perkins include pharmacological interventions such as statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), nitroglycerin, aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. In contrast, non-pharmacological interventions for the patient include engaging in at least one hour of moderate-intensity exercise for three to five days a week, cutting down on the consumption of fried and sugary foods, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, as well as reducing his intake of salt. Mr. Perkins should also stop smoking cigarettes to reduce the risk of additional heart problems. Shilipa is suffering from a bleeding disorder. Antibiotics have inhibitory outcomes on hemostasis and the coagulation of blood. This phenomenon is common following the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as second and third-generation cephalosporins in addition to semisynthetic penicillin. These medications mimic the action of warfarin on the blood clotting mechanism. They also augment the functioning of warfarin, which prevents the clotting of blood by blocking the formation of blood clotting factors by the liver using vitamin K. As a result, blood fails to coagulate and clot. This occurrence could be a dangerous problem because it can lead to excessive loss of blood through internal or external bleeding. Patients who are using warfarin to manage other blood c
Introduction In the article, Wilhelm Dilthey narrates the conditions suitable for understanding oneself and others. He adopts a hermeneutic approach since the main focus is on interpreting evidence, including autobiographies, to support his views (Dilthey 220). As a philosopher, Dilthey devoted his work to the need to distinguish between natural and human sciences. The principal ideas examined by the thinker are the possibility of explaining human dynamics through the lens of history, using categories reflecting life experience and their application to individual and collective affairs (Dilthey 214). Hence, considering these concepts applied to the subject of Dilthey’s study helps grasp the meaning of his contributions. The Method of Approaching the Theme The method Dilthey selected for presenting his argument regarding re-experience and transposing as a way to understand others is the analysis of historical pieces or, in other words, hermeneutics. Their interpretation was approached by highlighting the necessity of demonstrating the importance of lived experience, which is “a temporal sequence in which every state is in flux before it can become a distinct object” (Dilthey 216). According to the author, this concept cannot be fully assessed when relying on one’s stance as temporal succession, which is the main category of cognition, cannot be revealed by subjective views (Dilthey 217). Thus, the adopted way of studying these phenomena, as per hermeneutic tools, is their interpretation by analyzing the available information about people’s lives. Articulating the Topic The topic of one’s self and others’ experience is articulated by Dilthey by addressing and criticizing the previously implemented methods for examining this area of life. Thus, the philosopher claims that interpretation of complex conditions of the exchange of common notions between people can be performed by referring to the objective spirit (Dilthey 229). Meanwhile, Hegel’s emphasis on the explanatory power of organic life, which is “an intermediary link between inorganic nature and the historical world,” seems inappropriate for this purpose (Dilthey 219). This standpoint is based on the irrelevance of natural sciences for processing human categories because, in this case, they “transgress their limits” (Dilthey 219). In this way, the criticism of this approach is grounded on the inapplicability of such instruments’ inclusion when considering the processes related to the population’s consciousness. Consequently, the subject matter, which is the suitability of Dilthey’s modes of apprehension to revealing the common ideas of groups of citizens from the perspective of hermeneutics, can be understood by discussing others’ views. In present-day society, one can face such situations when objective spirit correlates with specific movements stemming from the past. This claim derives from the thinker’s conclusion on the significance of previous experience “with all its temporal fretting” for people’s opinions (Dilthey 216). For example, the organization of initiatives, such as Black Lives Matter, is primarily guided
Introduction In every country of the world, a law is passed by the legislature for the betterment of society. Whether the legislative body enacts laws that are inconsistent with the purposes or not, is supposed to be justified by the court. Undeniably, judicial review is considered as one of the cardinal principles of the modern administrative system. “The general idea is that specialist agencies are often in a better position than courts to resolve the ambiguities, and interpreting a statute in a way that promotes effective public policy may depend more on the expertise of the agency and less on the limited knowledge and modes of reasoning employed by courts.” (Tolley, 2003) Judicial review is one of the significant aspects of constitutional law in a particular context to the United States of America. The power of the supreme court of America has been increased extending its power to the extent of judicial review. The Supreme Court not only interprets the laws passed by congress but also specifies their validity. Through the interpretation of the law, the Supreme Court determines the proper meaning of the law passed by congress. In the case of exercising judicial review, the Supreme Court specifies whether the legislature violates the limits of the constitution or not. By this power, the Supreme Court controls the activities of legislative and executive organs and in the case of the commission of any wrong directs the concerned authority to reform it or take appropriate actions where it is so necessary. Definition of Judicial Review From the rational point of view, it can be said that the power of judicial revie