ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Unemployment The unemployment problem has become increasingly serious for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries in recent years. This is especially true in Egypt, where the unemployment rate has increased by 3% between 1988 and 1998 and continues to rise (as cited in El-Hamidi and Wahba 2005, 2). However, other MENA countries are also experiencing changes in the labor market, although the structure varies for each of them (Assaad and Krafft 2016). Despite temporary declines in unemployment during certain periods for various economic, demographic and institutional reasons, the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to economic activity and labor conditions (Assaad 2007). MENA countries are characterized by special patterns of unemployment in relation to both age and education groups. The reasons for a person’s lack of job can be both voluntary and involuntary. The MENA countries are characterized by unemployment among the educated population, as uneducated people cannot economically afford not to work due to the shortage of personal funds. From 1998 to 2006, the number of people reporting the inability to find any job decreased by almost 10%, which indicates the prevalence of voluntary causes of unemployment, such as choosing the best working conditions (Assaad 2007). Thus, the main reason for unemployment is the inadequacy of potential workers’ qualifications and the offers available on the labor market. It is noteworthy that patterns of unemployment duration indicate “unemployment in the MENA region as primarily a labor market insertion phenomenon” (Assaad and Krafft 2016, 18). Thus, people who quit their job or have lost it find a new one faster than those who have no working experience. The level of education in Egypt contrasts with Tunisia and Jordan, which also af
Introduction The representation of women compared to men in the work place is different and much skewed with men having a higher representation than women do. This is not because women are lesser human beings but it is because women are discriminated. Societies see women as people who are incompetent yet they are not and even the few who are in employment are subjected to less secure jobs, lower employment rates and are employed less longer. One of the key tools to employment opportunity is education. In most of the societies world over, men are taken to school to the highest levels while women are denied the opportunity to study hence this leads to the skewed sex ratio at the work place. The skills of the few token women who are in employment are undervalued just the same way their domestic work is undervalued. Many a times, economic contributions of women are rarely recognized in official statistics hence portraying them as economically inactive. Again women get no protection from unions or employment legislations. Main body Certain professions are also considered male domains hence few women represented in them and even those that are considered as female professions, it is the men who hold top positions. For example, in the health sector, majority of women serve as nurses while men are medical directors and departmental heads. Black and minority women are most likely to be unemployed because of cultural stereotype hence they end up taking jobs at a lower skill level than most qualified for while white men are most likely to be employed or have self employment. When it comes to wage earnings, women usually earn lower wage rates compared to men and some of the factors that contribute to this are: Women do dropout for some period of time to take care of the newborns hence this reduces their total earnings even though satisfaction got in raising ones own child is high. Also in the workplace, women usually avoid physical jobs such as the ones in the airline industries which pay quite well. Again, women tend to choose advanced degrees that at the end result into lower paying opportunities such as therapist than degrees with higher paying opportunities. Culture also contributes to this in that; earning potential is believed to be high in men than in women. Women who are in the field of (private) business investment such as counseling will relatively charge less compared to men in the same fields thereby making their total earnings less compared to men’s earnings. Most
St. John Passion is a musical piece by a renowned German composer called Johann Sebastian Bach. Most of Bach’s music conforms to the main style of composition during the Baroque period. St. John Passion BWV 245 underwent many modifications of text and musical form during presentations and several performances. The piece St. Passion translated from German Johaness-Passion. St. John Passion is a sacred oratorio masterpiece performed on Good Friday. St. John Passion has 36 bars and two transverse flutes, violins, viola, flute, and oboe with many more Orchestra instruments (Steinberg 44). The background storyline of the piece captures the passion of Christ as narrated in the Gospel of John, a book of the New Testament. It’s an extravagant piece with profound expression of text and musical structure and is sometimes debated to be anti-Semitic. It spectacularly presents reflective arias and chorales in recitative manner that evokes desired mood. In this Bach’s St. John Passion there are scriptural texts and devotional text elements in arias and chorales that were cleverly paraphrased to be in harmony with the structure of the music. Clearly, he uses first-person narration to send Biblical textual messages, i.e., ‘It was I who betrayed….’ St. John Passion is written in a format that requires a band of soloists, a four-part choir, and several strings. It also ensembles bass continuo, two flutes, and instruments like lute. This paper will in-depth discuss how the several texts interrelate with music structure, harmony, mimesis, and form of the St. John Passion masterpiece. There are four parts with several arias that this paper will focus on. The text used in St. John Passion does not only interrelate with music in sending correct messages but also shows the harmony, form, and rubrics of the piece (Daw 89). The first part contains almost one-third of the rubrics. The three arias tell about Apostle Peter betraying Jesus. “ Von den Stricken meiner Sunden” which is translated in English to mean ‘from shackles of my vice’s bondage’ or better translated ‘From the tangle of my transgressions’ is a deep alto aria. It captures the mood and the starting keynote of G-minor. This allows the oboe to sound and capture the audience’s attention. The words are in harmony with the charming unison of the flute and soprano duet. There is a hark back stimulation in the words ‘ ziehen’, ‘ z erschmettert mich’ and ‘schieben’ which mean ‘to pull’, ‘to push’ and ‘destroy me’ respectively, when the torment of tenor aria and compelling vibrato of the bass aria is magnified by soprano chorale. These arias show the extravagance inline texts, tormenting expressions, and the amazing harmony created by the instruments. Thus these words interrelate both with meaning, mood and the instrumental essence in the music. ‘ Ach, mein Sinn’ is the third aria that means ‘O my soul’. In the last section of the part one, there is a moment of weeping. Here Peter ‘weeps’ about his realization of betrayal, as the text shows. The key of the music changes from G-minor to F-minor, what a transposition! The usage of hym
Mankind has experienced a number of psychological disorders and diseases for a long period of time. Most of these diseases and disorders affect the normal functioning of the human body system especially the brain (Robins & Regier, 1999). Their impacts can be manifested either through one’s behavior or mental symptoms. Psychiatric disorders can be defined as any behavioral or mental symptoms that make an individual very much distressed, paralyses the victims in one way or another and hence make them exposed to pain, disability, or even death (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Such manifestations, however, must be experienced over a period of more than two weeks in order to be considered a psychiatric disorder. Mental symptoms such as grief following the loss of a close relative or friend cannot be considered psychiatric in nature. This essay seeks to discuss the psychological disorders and diseases which include; schizophrenia, depression, mania, anxiety disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The theories behind them will also be discussed. Schizophrenia is one of the common psychological disorders especially in the United States. It is a chronic, harsh, and a brain-paralyzing disorder. It is usually characterized by improper perception of what is otherwise real. The individual suffering from schizophrenia usually experiences auditory delusions, haphazard way of thinking and talking, and other forms of hallucinations (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Moreover, the patient exhibits cognitive deficits, asocial tendencies, and flat affect. The manifestations of initial stages of schizophrenia commonly start at early adulthood. Notably, this disorder can only be diagnosed using the person’s personal experiences and overt behavior since its laboratory test is yet to be established. Many theories concerning schizophrenia have been proposed. Some of the factors associated with the development of schizophrenia include the individual’s genetic orientation and the environment that one is exposed to at the earlier stages of development (Robins & Regier, 1999). Furthermore, neurobiology which concerns the study of the nervous system as well as the social and mental processes has been identified as playing a role in the development of schizophrenic conditions. The root causes of schizophrenia, however, have not been fully established but a sense of hope exists as far as its treatment is concerned. Current antipsychotic medications seek to eliminate the symptoms associated to the disorder and allow the patient to live a normal life in the society. Although the older types of anti-psychotics are still being used, most current ones which include clozap
Introduction Serial murderers present a myriad of challenges for the agencies mandated to protect citizens from crime. The definition of a progressive killer has evolved over the years due to conflicts on some denotation elements (Ribaux et al., 2021). For example, there have been disagreements among academicians, police, and researchers on the number of murders, motivations, and the temporal aspects of the homicide that should define a serial killer. However, there is a generally-acceptable generic definition of the term from recent detailed researches. For instance, Ribaux et al. (2021) define serial murder as the illegal bloodshed of more than one person by the same offender during different events. In other words, the crime must involve a single person murdering more than two people. Understanding the definition of serial killing is essential in evaluating the analytical approaches that agencies adopt. Proactive and reactive strategies to a homicide examination are vital because they help identify a consecutive assassin’s trends, enhance collaboration between the investigative agencies, and facilitate the executor’s apprehension. Reactive Investigative Approach The reactive investigative approach plays a crucial role in facilitating the seizure of a serial slayer. The strategy refers to the immediate response and follow-up to specific requests from community members. The occupants of a particular geographical area are an ideal source of information to law enforcers because they can directly observe fellow residents’ patterns and behavior. Reporting suspicious activities within the society to the relevant police officers is an obligation of every responsible member of the public (Leng & Li, 2018). Law enforcement uses the data from such reports to identify criminal patterns. These trends are significant to the policy implementation authorities pursuing a serial executioner because they help determine the killer’s series of activities. Serial murderers have a unique modus operandi that makes it easier for the police to identify them. The reactive approach involves an immediate reaction to suggestions from the community residents about crime. Therefore, delays in response can lead to grave consequences for the victims. This approach is useful because the instant reaction may scare away the sequential killer and save a victim’s life. However, this approach is disparaged as ineffective in resolving serial murders (Leng & Li, 2018). The immediate response can scare a consecutive murderer and help them evade arrest. As a result, the serial executioner gets an opportunity to hurt another victim. Rescuing a single target without apprehending the serial perpetrator does not resolve the serial manslaughter. Although the reactive investigative approaches do not always lead to a serial killer’s capture, it provides crucial insights to the policy enactment. For example, a surviving victim may directly identify the
Introduction Canada lies in Northern America and consists of ten provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and Labrador) and three territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). The difference between the province and the territories is that, provinces are jurisdictions that are governed according to Constitution Act, 1867 while territories are governed according to the federal government. In terms of size, Canada follows Russia in land surface area, while it occupies over a third of the total North American land area. Canada lies between Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Artic Ocean, and the United States to the east, west, North, and south respectively. It border Greenland to the north East and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon at the south coast of Newfoundland. Generally, it lies between 60 o W and 141 o W longitude and has an area of 9 984 670 km 2 . Canada has a diversified physical geography entailing Boreal Forests throughout the country, ice in the artic regions, Rocky Mountains with ice, the Canadian Prairies, which facilitate agriculture in the southwest and the Great lakes in the southeast. A regional study of Canada divides Canada in to six different regions namely Atlantic Canada, Quebec, Ontario, Western Canada, British Columbia, and Territorial North. This is because these different regions have distinct geographical characteristics, which determine their population and development. Canada has been the most generous country in welcoming immigrants from all over the world especially in the 20 th century. In the beginning, it had put so many barriers on immigration specifically to non-Europeans but since it started experiencing demographic issues, it did away with the restrictions. The geography of Canada has a great impact on immigration and inurn, immigration has resulted in to a great impact on the geography of Canada. This essay will discuss extensively on issues of immigration and the geography of Canada. Reasons for immigration in Canada The major reason as to why Canada removed migration barriers to the non-European migrants was to curb its demographic challenges though there were other minor factors. The main demographic challenges that Canada was going through included aging population, falling birth rate, and labour shortage. These challenges were a major threat to the industrialisation of Canada due to shortage of labour thus the need to improve on its manpower. Canada is projected to have a very high rate of its population aging in the near future. Currently, around 13% of the population consists of aged people and this is projected
Introduction Amanda, Tom, and Laura are the principal characters in Tennessee Williams’ play “The Glass Menagerie.” The three of them are the remaining members of a small family who have been deserted by a wandering yet a charming father. Amanda is the mother, raised in the Old South, who finds it difficult to accept both her age and her current financial position. Although Tom is the younger of the two children, he is mostly responsible for the family as the only male. The play opens with him working at a job he detests while dreaming of traveling and being a writer. His frustration is expressed through his drinking and going to the movies in the evenings and reading and writing poetry on the job. Both of these characters revolve around Laura, the extremely shy sister. She suffers from a crippling disease (pleurodesis) which forces her to wear a brace on her leg and walk with a limp, and she spends her time dreaming about her glass figurines. Although they each do it differently, all three of these characters are guilty of escaping into a world of illusion to avoid reality. An illusion of Tom’s mind Tom’s first words reveal that the entire play is an illusion. His first words are “the play is a memory” (I, 145). Tom keeps separating himself from the action of the play from time to time to narrate and point to specific ideas or events or make other comments, which reminds the audience that the play is an illusion of Tom’s mind. By keeping the concept that almost the entire play is a memory belonging to Tom in clear focus, Williams can illustrate how memory has become Tom’s illusion, something he can’t help escaping to no matter where his travels take him. Tom tells the audience at the end of the play that he followed “in my father’s
Genes are the units responsible for heredity, and they are passed from parent to child. A genetic mutation results in a change of the DNA sequence structure, resulting in genetic disorders, such as sickle cell disease. A newborn can inherit genetic disorders from one or both parents. The diseases can be categorized into three types: single-gene, chromosomal, and complex. Genetic disorders can also develop over one’s lifetime because of various nature aspects. Mother nature is the humanization of nature to focus on its influence on life by embodying it. Because mother nature is essential in sustaining human life, it is not right to play with mother nature. Mother nature should not be played with because of its essentiality in human well-being. Besides its importance, it is a moral obligation for everyone to protect the earth because they are inhabitants. Studies conducted reveal that the environment impacts the health of people directly (Mitra, 2020). If not well protected, nature can result in medical complications, some of which end up causing gene mutation (Mitra, 2020). Genetically, humans are programmed to be attracted by elements of nature such as water; therefore, protecting mother nature is a coping mechanism against stress and pain. It is not right to play with mother nature because of the consequences of playing with her. The impacts are disastrous and unbearable for human beings, animals, and plants. Destroying mother nature will result in increased mortality and morbidity. Diseases not anticipated both long and short term such as the zika virus will arise, causing a health threat (Abid & Koh, 2019). The medical crisis will also burden the available medical staff, such as nurses, doctors, and resources as they will require new skills and equipment to manage.
In the US, the increase in cases of gun violence has generated heated debates over legal gun ownership (Krouse 33). Thirty-three states permit its lawful citizens to own firearms. The Right to Carry (RTC) law allows law-abiding citizens to be issued with gun permits. Critics assert that the current increase in the number of gun related crimes results from the country’s lenient gun ownership law. According to critics, appropriate gun policies and legislations would reduce the ever-increasing cases of violence in our society. However, those who advocate for gun ownership have challenged the belief that amendments of gun ownership laws would reduce the number of criminals with firearms. Proponents assert that having more guns in private hands would reduce the level of crimes. Based on the above arguments, this paper seeks to highlight the reasons why gun ownership law should not be amended. My position differs from those who propose that gun legislations should be reviewed. I believe that the introduction of gun control measures in the US would violate the people’s rights as stipulated in the US constitution. This implies that the government is obliged to safeguard individuals’ rights by ensuring that all Americans are allowed to protect themselves, their loved ones, and their properties. Gun rights advocates estimate that up to 3.6 million defensive uses of gun are reported annually (Ferro 153). According to the US Department of Justice, the figure is said to be higher since most self-defense scenarios go unreported. Through these incidences, it is a fact that citizens can successfully defend themselves with guns. Similarly, individuals who own guns should be aware of these rights, and acknowledge that the right of an individual to own and bear arms is not just a slogan but central part of the Second Amendment. In the society, several factors influence the prevalence of crime and violence. Poverty, drug abuse, and psychological issues are the major factors to blame for the increase in the rate of gun related violence in our societies. Similarly, unavailability of strict gun law has been blamed for the increase in the murder and suicide cases in the US (Roleff 90). Sociologists suggest that relevant stakeholders should tackle with these underlying issues for the gun related violence in our society to reduce (Sheptycki 310). Researchers have indicated that if gun control were enacted in the US, law-abiding gun owners would reduce in number. On the contrary, the number of criminals with guns might not reduce. It is postulated that if private gun ownership was banned, criminals would still access these weapons using other illegal means. This implies that crime rate might increases, as criminals would be the only ones armed leaving the public unprotected. Through these recommendations, gun proponents argue that the current gun legislations are the most effective means of reducing crime if they are fully implemented. I believe that if more citizens that are law-abiding own more guns, criminals would be