ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How poor is Afghanistan, and why the country is poor? Afghanistan is an extremely poor country. Its GDP per capita was just $800 in 2009, and its purchasing power parity took 219th place in the world. Seventy-eight percent of employees in Afghanistan work in agriculture, six percent operate in the industry, and sixteen percent work in the service sector (Afghanistan par. 15). The country’s unemployment rate is approximately thirty-five percent. The most distinguishing feature of Afghanistan’s economy is an increase in the informal sector in recent years, in particular, in the manufacture of narcotics. The main source of income for a large part of the population remains agriculture. In this way, the causes of poverty in Afghanistan primarily stem from issues with the agricultural sector. In other words, an unfavorable climate, a shortage of appropriate irrigation infrastructure, inadequate land ownership, and a high rate of illiteracy in rural regions determine the income and consequently the standard of living for many Afghans (Rural Poverty Portal par. 14). Moreover, nutrition, health, education, and export levels are all relatively low. Although Afghanistan is rich in minerals, the country’s development has been limited due to its geographic location in mostly remote mountainous areas. ABC Four Corners program The program reflects the life of indigenous people of Western Australia, revealing the truth about their grinding poverty, high unemployment, and rampant rates of sexual abuse. However, the Australian government has tried to help them to some extent. For example, the Ranger program has installed resources such as offices, schools, and shops. Nevertheless, the community has so few jobs that it is almost impossible for young people to find work, which forces them to move to other places. Despite these difficult conditions, the community strives to survive; for example, they have implemented a new rule that prohibits any drugs or alcohol within the community to ensure a safe and healthy environment for their children. Another substantial issue is the potential inability of people to pay for their power supply, which might push them to close the community altogether and move to the nearest town. Prime Minister Tony Abbot has declared that “we can’t endlessly subsidize lifestyle choices” (Whitmont and Cohen par. 1). Finally, the community worries about the sexual abuse of children. There have been cases in which even 11-year-old girls were abused. Thus, I consider that the community has a future as it tries to develop and improve the situation. Works Cited Afghanistan . Encyclopedia.com 2012. Web. Rural Poverty Portal. n.d. Rural Poverty Portal . n.d. Web. Whitmont, Deb, and Janine Cohen. “ Remote Hope ” Four Corners . 2015. Web.
Barbara Ehrenreich’s book, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America, is a firsthand account of life in low-wage America. Instead of listening to the perspectives of other workers, the author herself gave up her middle-class comforts and assumed the role of a minimum-wage worker in America to experience the daily hardships they go through. Residing in trailer parks and deteriorating residential motels, she tried several jobs in different states in the United States. Spurred on by the 1996 welfare reform on the situation of the “working poor” in the country, the essayist and social critic set out to investigate how the underpaid try to eke out a living from their meager wages. Written in the context of an undercover reporter, the book addresses a number of social issues that the underpaid American workers face. The author had everything she wanted. She left her decent way of living in order to start a journey of discovering the sobering realities that most workers endure. She had the merit of having an advanced level of education, private health insurance, no debt, good health, and some cash to start the new life; however, she had to work two jobs at a time in order to maintain her meager existence. Ehrenreich spent approximately three m
Introduction The question that this paper attempts to answer is using an example of the mass killing at the Walmart shopping center located in El Paso in 2019 to discuss links with theory and a criminological explanation of Patrick Crusius’ actions. The mass killing that will be reviewed in this paper occurred in El Paso, The United States, and it appears to be a victim specific mass shooting where the killer targeted immigrants from Latin America. The significance of this case is that the murderer chose a particular population for his violent action and created a justification for the killings, suggesting that this is a pseudo commando type of a case. In this case, the perpetrator killed himself after committing the crime. The nature of mass killings implies that more than one individual is killed in a specific place within a short period of time. In the case of EL Paso mass shooting, the police arrived at the scene within six minutes, preventing the killer from committing suicide and capturing Patrick Crusius. This paper aims to review relevant criminology literature on massacres and victim-specific crimes, overview the case of El Paso shooting and discuss this case from a criminological perspective. Review of Relevant Academic Literature Firstly, it is necessary to review the definition of mass killing to determine the specifics of the case and determine whether El Paso shooting can be classified as a mass killing. Keenan and Jeffrey (2019, p. 10) argue that mass killings have been a matter of concern for “psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, public health experts, and policymakers.” According to this source, the definition of the crime in question is killing four or more people, not including the killer, in one instance. However, other definitions exist as well, for example, Palermo and Ross (1999) identify this crime as a sudden murder on more than one person at a single location. Morse’s (2017) work provides a detailed analysis of mass killings using the example of Las Vegas, although the author mentions that the conclusions are applicable for all massacres. This source helps understand that despite the differences in understanding and classifying mass murders and mass shootings, there are similarities across different definitions – usually, the characteristics imply that one murderer kills more than one person within a day at a specific location. Despite the similarities that were discussed above, mass killers can differ in their motives and the way they plan and carry out the attack. According to Davis (2016, p. 2), the following are the main categories of such crimes – “The Disciple, The Family Annihilator, The Pseudo commando, The Disgruntled Employee, and The Set-and-Run Killer.” The behavior of the killer, the relati
Introduction Thesis Statement Workplace violence, which encompasses verbal attack, physical attack, and in severe instances, death, has been a rising significant safety and health concern in the workplace, thus compelling the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to develop directives and recommendations to prevent the occurrence of this terrible plague. Impacts and Causes of Workplace Violence Effects of Violence in place of work Violence and the workplace are two words that, until late, were not linked to each other. Nevertheless, when the two words are connected, they strike fright in the experiences of the individuals that are impacted by them (Park, Cho, & Hong, 2015). When there is a mention of the word workplace, there is a notion of a secure setting where people go to make their lives richer, an environment for the enhancement of careers (Giraffe, 2011). The place of work ought to offer betterment of families by assisting them in realizing the objectives of their monetary freedom. The word violence creates pictures of brutality, such as the Oklahoma City Bombing. Such images create fear of the endeavors and put people into perceptions of actuality. Nevertheless, though workplace violence is despicable, it is a real and nearly unexpected occurrence, which could happen anytime. Violence is an evil that plagues most workplaces in the modern era. Causes of Workplace Violence Studies on workplace violence indicate many different causal factors that could result in workplace violence. Internal and external aspects of an organization lead to workplace violence. Though rampage killing could occur in the place of work, it is more frequent for workplace violence to be nonlethal. Workplace violence encompasses not just homicide but also conducts and occurrences that threaten a worker’s physical security, for instance, verbal, physical, or sexual violence, robbery, intimidation, bullying, threat, stalking, and molestation. Domestic or family violence is normally evident in the place of work nowadays (Sellers, 2015). Domestic violence could act as an external cause of workplace violence and negatively impact work performance leading to numerous violent eruptions that affect an employee’s productivity. Following such things as divorce, the workplace turns into a su
The contemporary view of leadership has evolved considerably with many scholars and experts in the field of leadership advocating for soft power and open-minded leadership techniques. The relationship between leaders and followers allows open and less stratified discourse. Marquardt in, “The Power Of Great Questions” divests from the traditional approach, where the leaders tend to tell as opposed to asking their employees of followers what to do (Marquardt, 2007). Given the complexity of knowledge and technology, it is not practical for managers to assume that they can tell their staff what to do since there is too much data for one person to manage. Proponents of action learning propose a similar logic by positing that leadership should pursue democratic rather than dictatorial approaches in dealing with their staff to empower them. From a theoretical perspective, the arguments for soft power are undoubtedly superior in the logic they represent since they imply that power should be shared by the leaders and their followers. The theory of transformational leadership proposes that a leader should interac
Introduction One may fail to understand the reason and consequently the causes to the occurrence of some events. Sometimes it’s not only the ordinary people that are in the dark, even the most important figures that are seen as the role models to the society happen to be in the dark about some things. The whole community craves to know why some people they really trust and depend on sometimes perform some abhorring acts. At most times, we look at our leaders, role models, our elders, our parents and other people for direction. It is fascinating that in life we live to achieve from the same standard that violates our lives. The worst part of it is the fatality of a woman’s image when violated sexually. This paper seeks to highlight the pains of a violated woman and the rage of the truth seekers from an important figure in the US government. Definition and Forms of Sexual Assault Sexual assault is any sexual action that is related to an individual who is not willing and who is not under the influence of some effects that drives the doer to the awful action. These effects can be a result of drugs, alcohol and some incapacitation authority over some beings. According to the U.S Department of the Health and Human services, ‘Sexual assault occurs in various forms. It can be vocal, illustrated or anything that forces an individual to take part in a discarded sexual interaction or attention. To some extent, according to the above clarification, sexual assault can be termed as rape. The various forms are experienced through unnecessary sexual touch, unwelcome disclosure of another’s body or child sexual attempt. (Marcotte, 25).However, the victims tend to face more danger due to lack of trust from their assailant and those who tend to be friendly when offering services. They experience emotional turmoil and they also look withdrawn. Julian Assange: Motives Behind False Accusations This happened to a great U.S. citizen, Julian Assange. The community’s quest to get an answer, is he really a traitor or a hero? (Genius, 56) However, Julian Assange’s story has a number of objectives which overwhelms the mind of every reader and any research unit involved to his case and the victims mentioned. The story is based on sexual assaults and how to handle such kinds of cases. The other intentions for putting writing the story may be because the author had negative intentions. For example, he may have wanted to tarnish his name, the victims’ name, or to destroy the moral image of a state because of the citizen involved. More so, it can be used to activate the duties of the press as a social working group and to add value to their working reputation. In this article, the writer is spoiling the victim’s name and tarnishing his reputation. One such incident is that of Anna Ardin, a Christian female activist who filed charges on Julian Assange on rape case. Part of the press reported that
Introduction The western ideals of the 19th century are also synonymous to European civilization which affected the indo-European political and social systems. British Empire (In pink). There were myriad of artifacts that were developed during this time as part and parcel of customs and social norms that were of great value to the society. Social Issues The first type of western ideal that grossly influenced the social way of life was the Greco-Roman Classical. It referred to geographical regions that had been influence by old age arts of work (Spielvogel, 2011). The medieval West The ancient Greeks and Romans alongside with their culture greatly influenced the nature of Greco-Roman culture in terms of religion, culture and language use. Hence, the term Greco-Roman classical referred to the early works by the Greeks and Romans which had great influence in the western civilization. Much of the Greco-Roman classical were later embraced as tools of western civilization such that a lot of cultural practices were borrowed from the earlier traditions. The Greek and Roman rules were used to advance education in various levels of learning such as rhetoric, architecture and art. Barbary corsairs. Social Issues Slave trade The new dawn in the wake of western civilization of the 19th century was also characterized with the abolition of slave trade (Spielvogel, 2011). It was considered an indecent human practice that had been bypassed by civilization. The Barbary pirates were forced out of slave trade following slave revolts. Spiritual thinking This was harnessed through Christianity and in the use of the Bible as a holy written doctrine. This was especially eminent during the Post-classical era when modernity was taking shape even in religious circles. The influence brought about by
Introduction The present work is devoted to the case study of the family that is depicted in the film The Descendants (Burke & Payne, 2011). The case is summarized with particular attention paid to the structure and beliefs and values of the family, the relationships between the characters, as well as their individual affects, conflict resolution strategies, and decision-making. The developmental expectations are discussed as well. The most urgent needs that are determined include grief and loss counseling, the improvement of family communication (especially the father-daughter one), and the challenge of Scottie’s upcoming puberty that appears to cause significant distress for Matt (which, in turn, may lead to inadequate guidance for the girl). The suggested interventions are mostly based on creative counseling and empowerment through learning. The Family: A Summary Structure and Beliefs At the beginning of the movie, the family structure is described as an archipelago: Matt feels that they are drifting apart. In the end, the nuclear family appears to be growing closer, even though Elizabeth is no longer with them. As for the shared values, Matt (the father of the family) values privacy, and he describes his attitude towards money in detail. He does not intend to spoil his children with money and believes that he has avoided being similarly spoiled due to his father. At the same time, Matt used to pay little attention to his family. The fact that he tries to cope with stress by working more might indicate a workaholism issue. Still, it is obvious that he loves his family and values them very much. Alex appears to value and want the attention of both of her parents but seems to have given up the hope at the b
Introduction In most parts of history, especially modern, people have always relied on the news for important updates about their daily lives: prices of commodities, time and places of important events: political or phenomenal, health issues, and even about their lifestyles. This information became necessities that served as a guide for the way people conducted their daily business and activities. For when there is an impending storm, the weather bureau may have provided the data, but it was the media that disseminates the information that goes to the people. While political leaders served as the main sources of important information, it goes the same route in order to timely arrive at the concerned constituents. The news comes from various forms of media: print, radio and television, and most recently, the internet’s streaming media. It is undeniable that several incidents or periods in American history had journalism play a major role but it has been argued whether the role was as substantial as Streitmatter (1998) claims it was. In presenting history, it is also necessary that all areas of American history including economics, military history, women in history, law, political history and philosophy, religion, social history, intellectual history, and cultural history be presented, as chronological and as complete as possible. Discussion Streitmatter (1998) used at least fourteen events in the United States history from Sam Adams of the 1776 Revolution, the Abolition or America’s Conscience Against the Sins of Slavery, Momentum for Women’s Rights, Attacking Municipal Corruption or The Tweed Ring, The Spanish-American War, The Golden Age of Reform Journalism, the Ku Klux Klan, Fomenting Anti-Semitism thru Coughlin, “Rosie the Riveter” and the propelling of the American Woman into the Workforce, Joe McCarthy in Television’s Finest Hour, the Civil Rights Movement and the National Agenda, Vietnam War: Bringing the Battlefield into the American Living Room, the Watergate scandal to Rush Limbaugh and the Republican Revolution. He has maintained all throughout the book that forces of powerful words, of “determined men who possessed both the talent and the intellectual insight to craft graceful and passionate prose that demanded freed
Introduction Poetry has always depicted war as a despicable evil that ends all. Poets have shown war by mourning over dead soldiers, eternity and immortality, patriotic, romanticism, and the overwhelming force of war. This essay discusses three poets who wrote poems during three different period of history – Emily Dickinson, Thomas Hardy, and Randall Jarrell. This essay discusses three war poems by Dickinson, Hardy, and Jarrell. Main body Emily Dickinson wrote her best-known poems during the period of American Civil War i.e. 1861-65, which scholars have termed as the “flood years”, and the poem in discussion, “Because I could not stop for Death”, was written during this time (Kirk 81). It is one of the most intriguing poems on death and immortality. The poem is an expression of dueling opposites i.e. between temporal and eternal and life and death. The poem written during the Civil War has a distinct character of its own. In the poem, death is personified as a gentleman with “Civility”. The first line of the poem, “Because I could not stop for death”, shows that the poet is unwilling to recognize the power of Death over her. In this very line, Dickinson shows that by not allowing Death to overpower her she was embracing immortality as mortality is a phenomenon of the mind. The second stanza depicts the speaker as a true warrior looks into the eyes of death and therefore escapes its holdover her. She exhibits no fear as they ride together in a carriage: “We slowly drove – He knew not haste And I had put away My Labor and my leisure too, For His Civility” (Dickinson) Then moving from the stage of childhood, the speaker relates images of “School”. Then in the fourth stanza, he mentions the Sun as it “passed us” as the speaker leaves the Death’s carriage and stands “The Dew … quivering and chill” (Dickinson). Thus, the poet skillfully presents the cycle of life and death. Dickinson experienced a great amount of attachment towards the Civil War and her expression for the cause had been expressed through the expression of death in its spiritual and eternal nature. Thomas Hardy and the war poems he created arose out of the “grand disillusionment” of the First World War (Pite 35). “The Man He Killed” by Thomas Hardy points out at the irony of war. Two men born in different place by fate become enemies, who otherwise may have been friends. Hardy points out that man at war as much alike as two friends do. Had he not listed in infantry, he may not have killed the man: “But ranged as infantry, And staring face to face, I shot at him as he at me, And killed him in his place.” (Hardy) Hardy points out to the irony of life in the poem – when two men could have been friends in any other circumstances and enjoyed a “nipperkin” fell prey to war and fought to kill each other. The third stanza of the poem shows the ambiguity in the soldier’s mind as he states that the other person was his foe: “… my foe of course he was;/ That’s clear enough; although” (Hardy). Th
Problem Describing Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) from a false dualism perspective is unnecessary. It is evident that the relationship between root definitions and conceptual models has caused problems during the development of SSM for many years. A line that distinguishes the real world from the system-thinking world has made it difficult to use instrumental logic in SSM problem-solving practice. In this regard, other false interpretations and misconceptions in regard to root definitions and conceptual models have emerged over time. Literature review The authors understand the problem has been in existence for the last 25 years. Both root definitions and conceptual models are intended to work within a logical process. However, the modeling process that allows integrates the logical process has always caused problems. This means that models cannot be created on the basis of a logic process. The authors point out to the lack of knowledge about SSM modeling as a cause of this misconception. In this regard, a need to identify two kinds of root definition is critical. Primary task and issue-based root definitions are significant in determining the correct SSM modeling process. Another element of SSM problem is the multiple interpretations of the link between root definitions and conceptual models. Confusion during a transformation process exhibited in root definition is also problematic. Previous studies to expand the transformation process in root definition have been conducted. The root definition model link has raised issues of whether there are any adequate root definitions among the possible multiple root definitions. Previous studies have also pointed at problems in the formulation of conceptual models. Multiple hierarchies in SSM cause confusion on which conceptual models are needed in de