ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Diversification Achieved Through International Investments The risk of diversification and international investments is the inconsistency of every market; historically, it is rarely possible to predict what market will be a top performer this or next year (Fisher par. 5). Therefore, any downturns in a particular market can negatively influence diversification. Nevertheless, Vermeulen points out that international equity diversification can be beneficial during the financial crisis because “investors hold larger positions in relatively less correlated foreign equity markets during the financial crisis” (20). Therefore, financial crisis, even though stock market comovements decrease during it, can positively affect diversification, especially for risk-averse and loss-averse investors who are in need to decrease the likely portfolio uncertainty during a financial crisis. As Vermeulen points out, investors from countries with a lower degree of home bias are more likely to enjoy large benefits because they have a better return performance and because the volatility of their portfolio experiences a significant decrease (20). Therefore, removing barriers to foreign equity investme
Introduction Airline industry is a big, competitive, and challenging industry, characterized by high capital and labor requirement, together with customer participation during transactions hence service fulfillment. As the competition in the air services industry is increasing considerably, it is essential for the companies in this industry to adopt new technologies in their system in order not be thrown out of the competition by their rivals. Industry players use different technologies to differentiate their services to customers, to create customer loyalty, and serve them faster and in more suitable ways than their competitors do. Discussion The standard consumer expects to pay a sensible price for reasonable services. The current economic status of the United States for some has made it more difficult to find rational rates for any sort of travel. Those who are employed in the travel industry are also finding it even harder to maintain their businesses as well as their capability to provide the services. Several factors contribute to the ongoing struggles this industry faces. If the price of an airline ticket is low, this usually means that there is a surplus of seats, rooms and so forth available on a particular time frame. In turn this encourages an increase in the demand for travel. (Vigeland, 2006) If the cost of a ticket is high it could mean that there is less available space as a result the demand could be lower. In addition to these concerns, travel suppliers will also have to adjust to competition meaning that companies who offer a competitive edge to travelers are able to attract more business. Competition affects pricing since it gives the customer other options and allows them to shop around for the best deal or lowest price. “The elasticity of demand is greatly affected by the customer’s purpose for travel.” (Jerram 1999) On average most airline customers who travel frequently are usually flying for business. Through modernism and technology, many businesses have eliminated business travel in order cut costs. The airline industry is elastic which means the more the economy fluctuates the more it determines how people will travel. When things are good there is an abundance of travel deals to take advantage of. (IATA 2008) When things are slow, offers are being sold at higher prices to compensate for low sales earnings. A large portion of the revenue is dedicated paying the costs such as fuel and labor for many travel suppliers. Customers have also begun to explore substitutes in order to meet their travel needs and wishes. One emerging option would be more domestic US travel as opposed to international. Domestic travel is less expensive and requires less travel time compared to international. (IATA, 2008) Other substitutes include traveling by train, car, or avoiding travel whenever possible. Negative and positive externalities find out supply and demand in the travel industry. The negative externalities associated with the current state o
Though there is a great improvement in health status in the US, health disparities are challenges causing a higher rate of mortality among the racial minorities. This article will discuss health disparities in the US and gives suggestions on how the issue can be addressed. Health Disparities in the US: the US has been experiencing health disparities mainly based on race and ethnicity. In 1980, the US realized this problem and committed itself to provide good healthcare without discrimination. However, research was carried out for 15 years between 1990 and 2005 to determine if there were health disparities between non- Hispanic blacks and non- Hispanic whites. They used 15 health indicators based on mortality rates they caused. These are “stroke, cancer, lung cancer, female breast cancer, motor vehicle crash, suicide, homicide, diabetes mellitus, infant mortality rate, percentage low birth weight babies, percentage of women with no prenatal care in first trimester, tuberculosis, primary and secondary syphilis” (Orsi, Anast, & Whitman, 2010, p. 350). In the US, 7 of these indicators did not vary significantly, but 5 of them had great differences with high mortality rates in non-Hispanic blacks. In Chicago, 11 of these indicators varied significantly with 5 of them having very large disparities. When all the causes of mortality were combined, non-Hispanic blacks had a 36% higher mortality than non-Hispanic whites (Orsi, Anast, & Whitman, 2010). Causes of Health Disparities: Racism is the main cause of health disparities in the US. Discrimination on racial basis denies the opportunities of the black to get equal opportunities of education resulting in a great difference in economic status between whites and blacks. The social economic status of black people is affected negatively making them live in poverty and unable to afford quality healthcare. Poverty makes blacks to live in poorly constructed houses which increase the risk of contracting diseases. However, between blacks and whites with the same level of education, white people are known to have better health than blacks (Orsi, Anast, & Whitman, 2010). Majority of the racial minorities are also known to be uninsured which is a reason why they fail to access healthcare. In 2006, 20.5% of African Americans were not insured compared to 10.8% of non-Hispanic whites (Disparities, n.d.). How to Reduce Health Disparities: Health disparities can be eliminated by increasing awareness in community-based organizations, learning institutions, and public health departments. The programs should address the issues of poverty and racism. This, in turn, will help the blacks to have opportunities and good careers which will enable them to access appropriate medication. The blacks will also afford well-constructed houses (Orsi, Anast, & Whitman
Introduction Being the financial consultant of Ms. Lauren Steininger, I have taken up the responsibility of investing her $100,000 in the stock market to maximize her investment with high earning. Stock market investment due to its high return seems a very lucrative mode of investment. High returns from the stock market are also associated with high risk. Therefore, it’s important to understand the proper functioning of the stock market, its regular fluctuation mode and the appropriate strategy to be adopted in making investment decisions that are rational rather than emotional. Stock Market concept, working, and regulatory framework The stock market is the public entity where stocks and derivatives are publicly traded. These stocks or shares are listed in the stock exchange and they represent ownership right on the company by the investors. Since the shares of the company are listed and traded in the stock market, it provides a platform for companies to generate money for their capital investment. It also allows companies to generate additional shares to finance projects and business expansions by selling shares or stocks of ownership to the investors. The liquidity of the stock market depends on the investor’s ability to buy and sell the shares in the market. The more frequent the activity is conducted the more liquid the market will be. The stock market, compared to other modes of investment like long-term bonds and real estate are relatively more liquid investments giving you access to the principal amount of investment whenever needed. The stock market is also considered to be the prime indicator of economic growth. Countries that have high traded corporations listed on the stock exchange with increasing stock prices will experience a flourishing economy with more domestic and foreign investment attracted to it. On the micro-level, share prices also affect the house income and living standards of the people with their consumption pattern. As the stock market affects the macro and micro levels of the economy, the central bank keeps a watchful eye on its activity to control the mechanism of the financial system. Companies generate investment for the first time through Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the primary market and then the shares are subsequently traded in the secondary market. The investors benefit from the appreciation of the stock price and earn a capital gain, simultaneously bearing the risk of a decrease in the share price with a capital loss. The original company doesn’t participate in taking benefit from the capital gains or loss due to the fluctuation in the prices of shares. The stock exchanges are also functioning as the clearinghouse for each transaction. They collect and deliver the shares and guarantee payments to the seller of the security. Thus these exchanges eliminate the risk associated with the transaction of security. Securities and Exchange Commission regulates the stock market for its smooth functioning. It sets rules for IPOs, the company’s rules for issuing shares, and investors’ guides and rules for investment in shares. It also monitors stockbrokers
As one of the social sciences, politics has made it possible to analyze the various styles of governance around the world. It involves the study of political situations in relation to culture, power, and policies. Different governing styles have unique influences on the state (Garner, Ferdinand, Lawson & MacDonald, 2012). The current paper is written against this background. To this end, the author provides a critical analysis of the influence of Saudi Arabia’s monarch on the country’s power, politics, and culture. In this review, various aspects of the king’s rule are put into perspective. The issues addressed include, among others, the king himself, the country’s constitution, the royal family, and the national government. The role of the monarch in these institutions will be analyzed. The author will review the leader’s participation in regional politics, as well as his cultural powers. In a nutshell, the political influence and powers of the monarch will be highlighted. The author will start by analyzing the relationship between culture, politics, and the king of Saudi Arabia. It is a fact that the Saudi Arabian ruler has significant influence on the country’s politics, power, and culture. An Overview of Saudi Arabian Governance with Special Focus on the King The King’s Family and Saudi Arabian Politics The politics of Saudi Arabia (SA) are entirely based on absolute monarchy (Garner et al., 2012). They are anchored on Islamic foundation, the dominant religion in the region. The king heads the state and the government. Decision making is based on religious doctrines in the country. In addition, it involves consultations with senior members of the royal family. The Quran is regarded as the constitution of the land. As a result, governance in Saudi Arabia is based on Islamic law or what is famously referred to as Sharia law (Jackson & Jackson, 2010). As such, it appears that the country is governed through an interesting combination of the king’s decrees and the Quran. Majority of people working in government are drawn from the royal family. The group is referred to as the Al Saud. In light of this, a review of the country reveals that the principle actors in the political domain are derived from the Al Saud or the royal family. Political participation from agents outside the group is limited. However, pressure is piling up to expand the political space to accommodate individuals from outside the royal family. The recent increase in cases of Islamic activism and Islamic terrorism is an example of this pressure (Bowen, 2007). The king is the head of the Al Saud. As such, he has to approve the political participation of members of his family. The royal political class influences power and culture in the country with the blessings of the king. Constitution
Introduction Chronic, or persistent, pain is a prevalent issue in clinical patients. It can stem from a multitude of causes, which range from consequences of trauma or surgery to particular diseases or being caused by treatment (Treede et. al., 2015). It is a significant reason for a reduced quality of life in patients (Edwards et al., 2016). Therefore, the management of chronic pain is a crucial element of patient care. Although a variety of treatments exist for this purpose, there is significant inter-patient variability in their outcomes (Edwards et al., 2016). Furthermore, “long-term administration of analgesics such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids involves risks of organ damage, overdose, and, in some cases, drug dependence and misuse syndromes” (Edwards et al., 2016). As a consequence of these factors, a large number of variables need to be considered for improving the management of chronic pain in patients. Relevant Data To implement a database management approach to investigating, recording, and, ultimately, treating pain, one needs a design that incorporates as many factors that affect pain and pain treatment. A patient’s history of diagnoses and pain prescriptions, and history of responses to such, is crucial for establishing a factual base for future decisions. A diagnosis history is relevant because different illnesses cause different types of pain that respond best to different treatments (Stanos et al., 2016). A history of previously used methods of pain treatment and the patient’s response to them can be used when assessing whether a method should be adjusted or a new one assigned (Centers for Disease Control, 2016). Furthermore, this information can be useful to assess possible drug-drug interactions that can affect the ultimate choice of medication (Moore, Pollack, & Butkerait, 2015). All of these data need to be assembled in a convenient, easily searchable, and sortable database structure to facilitate the visualization of their relationships and selection of the appropriate treatment. Database Structure A database approach to managing patients’ chronic pain would require accounting for several factors that fall into four general categories. The first includes the initial cause of pain, consisting of primarily structured data of diagnoses and dates. The second categ
Introduction ‘My Turkish Lover’ is the third of a series of memoirs ‘When I Was Puerto Rican’ and ‘Almost a Woman’ written by Esmeralda on her life (Esmeralda 1). In this continuation, Esmeralda mainly focuses on her relationship with Ulvi, her boyfriend. At the age of 21, Esmeralda runs away from her mother’s home to be with Ulvi. Literally she drops ‘Negi’, the name she’s called at home. Symbolically, it is her first step towards leaving her mother’s ‘bosom’ and heading into independence, into the world as a grown person. Ulvi loves her as she is. This is supposed to be a good thing, but what he really loves about her is actually her naivety, innocence (not a spoilt American girl) and obedience. For this he treats her like his property. He not only looks down on her family, but he also controls her, preventing her from having friends, from thinking for herself and ultimately, from growing up. While Esmeralda has dropped her home-name, a symbol of her effort to head into the world new, Ulvi gives her another name, Chiquita- meaning ‘litle girl’. Simply said, Esmeralda has walked from one form of dependence, ‘Negi’, into a kind of chains, ‘Chiquita’. In the end, slowly by slowly, Esmeralda finds herself free from the prison that is Ulvi: “I was nothing Ulvi had told me many times” (Esmeralda, 23). Ulvi and Esmeralda are together in most of the book, hopping from one state to the next. Ulvi is seventeen years older than Esmeralda. Esmeralda is getting ‘nothing’ from Ulvi except a slow, steady and sure erosion of her self esteem. The two seem incompatible right from the start: “the relationship of Ulvi and Esmeralda starts to end right from the very start” (Ligtenberg). In the relationship, Esmeralda is only living ‘their lives while “Ulvi is living both ‘his’ and ‘their’ lives” (Ligtenberg). In spite of the eventual freedom of Esmeralda one is then bound to wonder why it took her so long to see the relationship for what it really was and leave. What did the two really need from each other? Did Esmeralda, having grown without a father, need a father figure, someone to hold her hand and lead her into the world? Or was it a youthful infatuation with ‘hollywood’? What about Ulvi; did he need a girl seventeen years younger than him as an assertion that he was still youthful, a stage he realized was helplessly slipping away as he approached forty? These questions express all possible assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to explore all these possibilities. Discussion It is obvious that both Ulvi and Esmeralda were in the relationship for different reasons. Both may have felt love towards each other, but whatever shaped that love had to be different for each of them. And so to adequately answer the question on why they were together for so long, what each needed from the other, it is important that both be understood separately. Esmeralda. Up until the time she escaped from home at 21 Esmeralda had never gone beyond Brooklyn. So she can be forgiven for falling victim to her hunger to see the
Introduction Out of research, it is argued that poverty is one of the widespread and global phenomena and it is seen to have pervasive effects on the global and local communities in most of the countries and a good example is in Turkey. It is through this widespread and a global phenomena that many policies needs to be put in place in order to ensure that people are in a position to have increased standards of living. The level of poverty in a country is one of the signs of decreased economic growth since you find that with the increased levels of poverty, you find that most of the resources are geared towards curbing the issue of poverty levels. Many social scientific disciplines varying from sociology to economics are seen to emphasize on the different aspect of poverty in Turkey. Its is through these disciplines that are seen to contribute on the existing literature on the causes of poverty, the different ways which can be used to alleviate poverty and also the pervasiveness and the varying effects in the 21 st century. There are so many programs and bodies in Turkey which are seen to work together in ensuring that poverty has been alleviated and examples of these bodies include the following, World Bank, UNDP, and local or global civil society organizations all of wh
Introduction The cycling sport has experienced substantial growth over the decades characterized by global events that attract participants from different continents. This paper will compare the Giro d’ Italia and Tour de France, which are annual cycling sports events that fall under the governance of the International Cycling Union(UCI) by assessing individual aspects that may affect the future of the sport and the way forward. Description and Background Giro d’Italia The Giro d’Italia is a “cycling event that was born in 1909 with the aim of promoting the sales of an Italian sports newspaper, viz. La Gazzetta Dello Sport” (McGann & McGann, 2011, p. 82). The race started in Italy initially a
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and impairing condition associated with a high lifetime risk of behavioral and learning dysfunctions. The maximum age at onset is 14 years, suggesting that diagnosis and treatment of this disorder in childhood are critical (Dakwar et al., 2014). ADHD is clinically significant because it is linked to severe functional impairment, comorbidities, and substantial economic burden on the healthcare system. Its symptoms include a lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsions (Dakwar et al., 2014). Pharmacologic agents, such as stimulants, are recommended as an efficacious first-line therapy for ADHD in childhood. The refusal to use medication may be attributed to, among other factors, a perceived inefficacy of pharmacotherapy and social stigma. However, interventions, such as parent-mediated behavioral training and token reinforcement procedures, can help children manage ADHD symptoms (Hodgson, Hutchinson, & Denson, 2014). The proposed study aims to create awareness of the importance of interventions with ADHD among parents refusing to use medication. Research Problem Significance of the Problem The refusal of ADHD medication could be due to psychological reasons. Behavioral interventions offer alternative evidence-based treatments for this disorder. However, attitudinal barriers, such as perceptions of misdiagnosis, may prevent parents from seeking therapy for their children. Partridge, Lucke, and Hall (2014) found that 78.3% of adults regard ADHD diagnosis in children as incorrect in most cases and are more likely to refuse the use of medication in treating this disorder. Thus, given the negative attitudes towards pharmacotherapy by parents, it is important to explore effective behavioral interventions for ADHD symptom management. The misperceptions about ADHD diagnosis and limited use of behavioral modification strategies may be due to inadequate parental awareness and education on evidence-based choices. Most parents use the Internet for information about this disorder and its management (Sage et al., 2018). Educating the public on school-based and home-based interventions may lead to improved ADHD symptom management and outcomes. Therefore, it would be crucial to create awareness on teacher-, parent-, and computer-mediated behavioral strategies for ADHD treatment. Benefits of the Research Project The primary beneficiaries of this project will be school-age children, teachers, education administrators, and parents. Behavioral interventions can be used with ADHD as alternatives to pharmacotherapy. Through this project, parents will learn about home-based contingency management and behavioral tutoring strategies for reducing or preventing beh