ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Punishment for Juvenile Offenders Judgment on juvenile cases has always pitted concerns on promoting public safety against attempts to rehabilitate them. Large numbers of the young convicts are being transferred to adult systems following new state regulations. Adult systems now administer around 20% of teenage cases. This withdrawing of the border between juveniles and adults systems of law enforcement has apparently significantly reduced offenses. A child who has been tried as an adult before is less likely to repeat offenses, compared to those who are tried like juniors (Fagan, 2008). This is not yet seen as an effective means of crime control. Fagan explains that the criminal court exposes juniors to cruel and occasionally ruthless forms of punishment, which may either make them, choose to reform or further harden. The stigma associated with being in the same prison facilities with senior undoubtedly clouds their future communal lives. The risk of making the juvenile worse must be avoided because it would further pose a threat to the community. Making judicial or administrative decisions on whether to transfer them and shorten the age has daunted law makers. Separating those who can be accorded remedial measures from those who deserve transfer to the adult system has resulted in the abandonment of the system’s values. There are cognizant and unaware biases which coerce decisions on who to arrest, how to charge, and how to punish. The application of policy must strive to provide unbiased treatment. Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents The law considers those under 18 to be juveniles (Spaeth). There are law enforcement facilities for them which are separate from those of adults. Law enforcers have specifications on how to deal with adolescents and how they are to be treated. While both adults and juveniles are supposed to obey some general crime laws like theft and rape, there are those which may be disobeyed by only juveniles, for example, truancy. A juvenile may be graded differently by age depending on the state. Some states consider a juvenile’s age to be either 15 or 18 years old. Nevertheless, in some states the level of crime is punished equally for both adults and non-adults. The singular care awarded to juveniles came with a price as they were not accorded some rights given to grown-ups in court, for example, a right to counsel (Spaeth). Reviewers however recommended that they should be offered the same constitutional rights as grown-ups. Juvenile Reform Reforms have been done on the juvenile principles which viewed children as immature and not deserving the harsh treatment administered to adults. It was argued that children would be better off being modeled and
Introduction Software reuse is the process by which organizations leverage on knowledge found in code components, test cases and functional designs in order to increase productivity and the quality of their products. It has become a popular alternative for organizations that want to increase their productivity of their software development efforts. Companies may not always reap the rewards of software reuse at the beginning. As a result, it is essential for them to understand the reuse strategies available to them as well as the effort they must put into those choices. Overview of reuse strategies Reuse as part of company work organizations Reuse may be considered as part of a company’s work organization. In this regard, firms must plan and improve their software development efforts regularly. They need to have a plan in order to determine project requirements ahead of time. Some trade offs will need to occur between cost and time. When companies utilize this reuse strategy, they must incorporate consumer needs within the development process. Companies ought to have a disciplined path in which they can incorporate software reuse modules and the new products. Continuous improvement should also be a critical aspect of this reuse strategy. Software developers and organizational leaders should get feedback about the outcomes of software reuse so as to improve in the future. All measures should include tasks in software development like component integration, retrieval as well as production (Eduardo et. al. 266). In this strategy, companies often try process improvements on a small scale then use the knowledge acquired to go full scale. At the small scale level, developers often consider the process as an exploratory one. Any lessons learnt will be documented and applied in future scenarios. Organizations applying this strategy also have a standard process that assists inexperienced developers to succeed in reuse by depending on standardized practices. Formalization of these processes ensures that participants understand their responsibilities and the relationship between the different aspects of software reuse. In such companies, people are fully aware of the steps between coding and testing so they are able to carry out the process effectively. Structuring ensures that project outcomes have certain standards. Additionally, it helps provide for desirable outcomes (Slinger et. al. 187). In this strategy, firms need to provide strong management support. They can demonstrate this by allocating sufficient human and financial resources to provide software use. Management support also comes in the form of policies and practices that support reuse. Management needs to ensure that employees have the right training and preparation needed to reuse the software (Eduardo et. al. 264). Creating libraries of components In this software reuse strategy, companies will have a software repository from which they build new software and customize code. Since they can easily change existin
Introduction Mechanization is the process of changing from agrarian handicraft economy to one dominated by machine. The process started in Europe in the 18th century. It involves the use of iron and steel and the innovation of new machines that increased production. It also involves the development of the factory system, transport and communication. It started in Britain from 1760 to 1830 and then spread to Belgium and France. Mechanization led to a major impact in cultures across Europe. In particular, it influenced the development of art and design. New technology in art and design started in the late 19th century. Although modern art and design developed in the late 19th century, contemporary paintings can be located earlier. Impact of new technology in European culture Modern art is identified as having started in 1863, in Europe. The thoughts that led to modern art can be traced back in 17th century. Modern art involves artistic works developed between 1860s and 1970s. It involves the styles and principles of art produced in this period. In 1789, the French revolution removed assumptions and institutions that had been accepted for centuries without questions. This helped people to choose their styles of buildings and design of wallpaper. The people who started modern art were romantics, realists and impressionists. In the late 19th century, movements, which were influential in modern art, started to emerge 1 . These were social and aesthetic movements that advocated for good design and craftsmanship. This happened in the late 19th and early 20th century. In this period, there was increasing mechanization and mass production. The movements originated from Britain and were concerned with architecture and decorative arts. The movements advocated for the use of plain materials and surfaces which had a lasting influence on modern art. Mechanization led to the development of graphic design, which is a visual representation of ideas. Graphic art and design are as a result of mechanization. This enabled cultures across Europe to communicate using conventional and inexpensive materials, which are easily transported. In 1922, a book designer developed a graphic design which enabled visual form to be printed. Mechanization also led to development of languages which were adopted by cultures in Europe. Visual communication of ideas, and facts were developed in different areas from pictograms. The alphabets used today are based on the first alphabet developed by Phoenicians and then modified by Greeks and Romans. The alphabets led to development of languages used today, for example, Arabic, Greek, Russian and Roman. Mechanization in France led to the development of new kinds of paintings in late 19th century. The painting resulted to new fashion that was culturally tied to the development of new visual languages for the 20th century 2 . Art Nouveau, which is an international style in decorative arts, reached many European countries, in the early years of 20th century. The movement was the horrors of mass production, and it was aiming to reintroduce the skills, and craftsmanship that was fading out.
Ryanair PLC is a limited company involved in air transport ventures on a global scale. For the year ended March 31, 2009, it achieved revenues in the excess of €2,942M. Similarly, AerLingus PLC engages in air transport with a global presence. As observed from the financial records of the organization, its operating revenues topped €1,357.4 M in the year ended December 31, 2008. Both companies have registered locations in Ireland and have in the past excelled in the air aviation industry. Balance Sheet Summary A company’s balance sheet displays the net worth of an entity. From the balance sheet, the stakeholders are able to discern the financial strength of the entity by comparing the components of the balance sheet to various benchmarks. As observed from appendix 1, the current asset of Ryanair PLC topped €1,583,194,000 as compared to AerLingus PLC’s, with a current-asset portfolio of €1,076,817,000. Ryanair had total of €4,804,668,000 in non-current assets whereas AerLingus PLC boasts of non-current assets amounting to €1,007,666,000 as at the end of the accounting period. As equity-based companies, Ryanair PLC and AerLingus Ltd. have shareholders equity of €2,425,061,000 and €772,695,000 respectively. Current and long-term obligations are also part of the capital structure of both firms. From the financial reports, the current and non-current assets of Ryanair PLC amounted to €1,565,361,000 and €2,398,440,000 respectively. AerLingus Ltd. had short-term obligations of €519,593,000 and long-term obligations totaling €2,398,440,000 by the end of the period under observation. Company Information Revenues from traveling passengers form the major portion of revenues for the transport industry. However, in addition to passengers, both airlines engage in luggage and courier services. Ryanair Ltd. experienced a 15% increase in passenger volume to 56 million during the period 2008 and 2009 while AerLingus Ltd. reported a 7.5 % increase to 10 million over the period considered. The increase in passenger volumes translated to increased revenues for both airlines over the same period. According to the financial records of both airlines, increased revenues were a direct result of increased occupancy. Similarly, both airlines increased the fleet of aircrafts in a move to improve customer satisfaction. As postulated in appendix 2, both airlines had sufficient
What are the provisions of “right to work” states? The provisions of the right-to-work stipulate the right to belong to a union house as personal. An individual who lives in a right-to-work state will not be forced to join any labor house or pay dues as a member. If you decide not to join a labor house, there are no fines or penalties for your decision. An employee will not be forced to pay dues to any charity home or collect recommendation letters from the labor house before seeking employment. The impact of the right-to-work would be felt by society. The union house acts as a mediator for the workers on Issues such as wage increases, health insurance, layoff, safety practices, and hours of work. The labor house addresses the marginalization of the members by the management. Statistics reveal that union members earn higher than nonunion workers due to their collective bargaining. Union workers are assisted in different ways when they encounter challenges. These benefits would be lost when states accept the right-to-work act. The right-to-work will hinder the growth of the state and impoverish the employees. Workers are the target in the new law; the right-to-work is ill-timed and would not benefit workers. The new law will hinder the membership in the entire workforce and this will increase the oppression of the poor. Owners of industries will not have a huge task in making negotiations with her staffs because they would be able to arm-twist an employee to their terms. What aspect of labor history impacted you the most and why? The struggle to create better working conditions for her union members remains the principal objective of many labor unions. The history of labor houses has been characterized by violent protests and deaths. Although the objective of the labor house is to improve the living standards of its members, their agenda has been stopped whenever there is an uprising. Labour unions of the 18 th century came with a common goal. The era was marked with a collective action among the members. The long hours of work and wage cuts became a common trend. The union house opposed every move that created pain for its members. By the 19 th -century labor unions were well organized, having developed on the lapses of the 18 th century. Being well organized created problems, most leaders of the labor unions acted in self-interest and it was a challenge to the labor house. Major disagreements between the
A learning disability is a rather popular problem of the children that causes trouble in the process of education and using certain skills. Problem Statement Some children have impaired learning ability. There is no precise definition of learning disability except for the fact that it is characterized by a decrease in school performance and lag in the mastering of school knowledge. “Approximately 6.5 million students with disabilities are served in America’s public schools, with 44.4% of them being diagnosed with a learning disability” (Swanson & Vaughn, 2010). Their problems are sufficiently severe to solve and require professional help. Specialized organizations should pay more attention to programs for disabled students as it is the only way to improve students’ academic performance. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) obliged almost all higher educational institutions to provide the disabled students with some level of services helping them in education. Special education and services provided for students with SLD often are specialized instructions for developing of academic compensatory skills. “The majority of students with SLD receive most of their instruction in the general education setting with supplemental specialized instruction and support provided by certified special education teachers” (Scholten, 2011).                                                                     Article 1                                                                            Article 2                                                                   Article 3                                                                                                                                                 Article 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Article 5                                                                                                                                                                    Author (Year)                                                       Beate Peter, Mark Matsushit and Wendy H. Raskind
Introduction Culture is defined as the totality of behavior patterns passed out to others through social interactions and includes activities such as food, music, beliefs, values and entertainment among others. In short, culture is defined as a people’s way of life. Humanity is continuously undergoing cultural change, thanks to the expansion of interaction forums such as mass media. Actual interaction between people of different cultures also leads to cultural influence. Cultures are affected externally through contact with other societies. Acculturation is of the view that contact may promote or stifle social alterations in the culture of a society. Cultural norms may also be transferred from one society to another via acculturation or enculturation; this leads to a modification of their cultural ways in accordance to that of the other society. Cultural importation between the West and the East is nothing new; these two societies have long absorbed and adopted each other’s culture since the early 18 th century. In the mid 1800s, Japan was opened up after many years of isolation and began exporting prints done on woodblock to France. These prints influenced the works of early painters such as Van Gogh, Cézanne and Manet. Other Asian inventions which widely influenced the westerners’ culture include eyeglasses and fireworks. Aspects of Asian culture that deal with spirituality have always been found to stir the Westerners; these include meditation in the martial arts, known as the Tai Chi. The idea of alternative medicine which is widely used in the west also originated from the East, mainly India and China. These practices include acupuncture, reflexology, homeopathy, herbal products, osteopathy and mind-body-soul interventions. Western influence can also be seen on the Asian streets. Walking along the streets of Hong Kong, one cannot fail to see the influence of the hip-hop culture on the Chinese population. Youths dressed in oversize clothing are a common sight. American food companies like McDonalds and KFC are now operating in China. European fashion labels like U2, Espirit and Gucci also operate in Chinese cities. Automobile companies in China include Rolls-Royce, General Motors and Audi. It is therefore evident that both cultures have heavily borrowed from one another. The impact of such cultural influence can be either positive or negative. It is in this context that we wish to study how Asian and Western cultures have undergone acculturation as a result of interactions between people from these two cultures. Objective The objective of this research paper is to look at how the Chinese martial arts culture of Kung fu has been adopted in the Western countries, notably America. We shall trace the roots of this culture, current use and how cultural influe
The Word wide web referred to the systems that consisted of interlinked hypertext documents that were accessed through the Internet. It was created in the year 1989 by Sir Tim Berner-Lee who worked in the Centre European pour la Recherche Nucleaive (CERN) in Geneva Switzerland. The Word Wide Web standard was written in documents that were referred to as the markup language where the web pages were prepared. In order for one to open the web pages one had to first type in the Uniform Resource Lecators (URL) of the web page into a web browser initiated by a series of communication messages that would facilitate its display and its operations. The World Wide Web was created because it would enable the organizations and the individuals to distribute information to various places of the world as this would increase the returns of the organizations and individuals involved with the business. It was also created so that the customers would access any kind of information they needed at any given period of time. The World Wide Web was an internet system that supported the special formatted documented such as the markup language that supported the links of other documents as well as graphics, audio, and video fixtures that would lead to the accessibility of information for the users of the internet from various sources of the world. The key principle technologies that made up the World Wide Web were Uniform Resource Lecators (URL), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hypertext Markup Specification (HTML) specifics these technologies facilitated the carrying out of the transactions and the accessibility of information through the Internet. The World Wide Web was a medium that helped users to write and read information using the computer that were connected through the Internet and this enabled the users to access different kinds of information that would be used to enlighten the users of the information on issues that were important to them. The open source software referred to programs that allowed the users to use licenses that would enable them to freely access and run software for any purpose, modify the original software, redistribute copies of the original or the modified programs and it also allowed the users to share its modification with the community. The open source was a development methodology that offered practical accessibility to the products that could harness power that was distributed to the customers. The open source software (OSS) was computer software that was in a human readable source code that was made available under copyright licenses that meet the open source definition. I