ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Corporate social responsibility refers to all the activities that organizations undertake towards improving the welfare of the people where they serve. Corporate entities operate as responsible citizens by undertaking numerous activities with the goal of making profits. Such activities can affect the society positively and negatively. In recognition of the impact of corporate entities on the society, many organizations have put in place important measures for ensuring that they not only gain from the people through profits, but also give back to the society, to improve the lives of the people they serve. However, other CSR activities are deeply enshrined in an organization’s business. They relate to the dedication of the organization towards an improved society through its activities. For instance, an organization that focuses on providing food products can carry out CSR activities by ensuring that the products offer important healthy benefits, as opposed to increasing lifestyle diseases or other related conditions that such foods can be associated with. Another example of corporate social responsibility activities that are directly linked to businesses include the gradual improvement of electronics by a company to be more power efficient such that it can help the world in the push towards better energy-efficient and conscious world (Megumi and Takehara 3). While CSR activities are always well intended, the outcomes of such activities vary from one activity to another and/or from an organization to another. This paper analyzes the hybrid car project, which is one of the most successful CSR activities by the Toyota Motor Corporation in terms of the positive impacts that the activity has had on societies and the business. Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation is the world’s largest automobile maker and the 12 th largest corporation in terms of market capitalization in the world. In 2012, the company became the first automobile that produced more than 10 million cars in a year (Racz, Muntean and Stan 438). The company has retained this position up to date. The business makes various models of cars, including SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, and trucks. The company has also invested widely in other automobile companies such as Daihatsu, FAW, Fuji Heavy Industries, and Isuzu among others, thus making it truly a globally significant and magnanimous automobile company. With revenues exceeding USD$ 252 billion as of the 2014 financial year, the Toyota Company is a highly profitable establishment. It employs more than 330,000 employees in its plants and offices in Japan and across the world. As a responsible citizen, the Toyota Company has been at the forefront in advancing important projects that are aimed at impro
Sampling is one of the main concepts that are used in modern statistics. This process can be described as the selection of elements from a certain set in which elements have some common qualities. This activity is based on the assumption that it is possible to understand the properties of a certain population by examining a part of this population (Allen 51). This is the main premise that statisticians rely on. One should bear in mind that in this context the term population is applied not only to a certain group of people. It is used to describe a collection of entities, for example, automotive parts, households, products, or any other elements (Allen 51). Thus, one can say that this concept is applicable to various fields. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Overall, researchers should take several steps in order to ensure the validity of their studies. In particular, they should identify the characteristics of the population and choose the elements that have these characteristics. For example, one can speak about age, gender, occupation, marital status, and so forth. This strategy is particularly applicable to various demographic studies. However, the choice of these characteristics normally depends on the research questions that should be addressed. These are some of the main aspects that should be discussed. It should be kept in mind that sampling is one of the most widespread techniques that are used in various sciences. For example, one can mention psychology, sociology, biology, material science, and many other academic fields. This technique began to be used in the nineteenth century, especially in demographic studies. Nevertheless, in the twentieth century, various statistical tools became more sophisticated (Stigler 5). At present, the notion of sampling is widely used in various studies. Moreover, this technique can be applied in non-academic fields. For example, it is widely applied in various manufacturers. This is one of the reasons why this concept attracts close attention of many professionals. Researchers should take into account that there are sampling errors that can undermine the validity of a study. In other words, they should ensure that the results derived in the course do not deviate from the tendencies that can be observed in the entire population. Provided that this precaution is not taken, the study of a sample can give an inaccurate description of the entire population. Apart from that, one should speak about such a concept as sampling distribution. This notion can be described as the quantitative value of some attribute that can be used to characterize a population. For example, it is possible to mention such attributes as age, income level, or even attitudes of people. One should bear in mind that this probability distribution is usually based the study of a random sample (Allen 51). In this way, a researcher can gain an idea about the properties of the population or its behavior. One should remember that sampling distribution lays the foundation for the so-called statistical inference. As it has been said befo
Abstract The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic started in Mexico last spring and recently declared a pandemic by the WHO has brought the 1918 pandemic to memories with its cost of millions of lives. Efforts to acquire more knowledge about the virus, develop treatments, produce vaccines, and come up with better prevention and prophylaxis strategies are escalating all over the world. Therefore, there is a need to provide an overlook or a synopsis of the current knowledge about this pandemic. This essay aims to provide a synopsis of H1N1 infection in light of the recent outbreak. Introduction There are three types of influenza viruses, classified according to infection severity. First, type A that causes the severest form of infection, type B and type C cause less severe forms of infections with type C being the weakest. Another classification of influenza viruses is according to the chemical structure of surface proteins (antigens) of the virus particle. There are two major proteins; hemagglutinin (known as H antigen) and neuraminidase (known as N antigen), both proteins are essential for virus replication and survival. More than 10 forms of H antigen and 9 identified N antigens are known; thus, the influenza viruses are identified as H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2…etc. Neuraminidase (N protein) as the name points is an enzyme that facilitates the new viruses escape from the cell once replicated. It breaks the sugar-protein linkage at the surface of the infected cell (Potter, 2000, pp. 254, 255). The H1N1 virus is an influenza A virus subtype that commonly infects pigs, which gave it the common name swine flu. The virus crossed the species barriers sporadically to infect humans, yet cases of human-human transmission were occasional until March-April 2009 when an outbreak occurred in Mexico (Myers et al 2007). The virus Brief historical background Influenza A viruses are omnipresent, the H1N1 subtype infects humans, pigs, and birds. Epidemiologists believe it was responsible for the 1918 influenza pandemic (worldwide epidemic) when over 20 million people died because of the disease. Despite that, the first isolation of the H1N1 virus from a human was in 1974 (Smith et al 1976). In 1976, a local epidemic of swine flu virus with severe respiratory illness occurred in Fort Dix (New Jersey) affecting 13 soldiers with one death. In this epidemic, there was no history of exposure to pigs for any of the cases (Gaydos et al 1977). There is evidence suggesting that pigs are not only reservoir hosts to H1N1, but also act as mixing bags for the genetic assortment of the virus because they are susceptible to infection from birds, cats, and other mammals. Isolation of H1N2 viruses in Japan and the variant H3N2 in Italy from pigs proves that genetic remixing between influenza viruses occurs naturally in pigs with the possibility of producing new human pandemic strain (s) (Wentworth et al 1994). Evolutionary changes and emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus The H1N1 virus responsible for the pandemic of 1918 is believe
Introduction There is a dire need for Baltimore City College to introduce regular or online-tutorial services for its students. Based on its goals to quality training, tutorial programs shall play significant role in achieving the postulated goals. Fager (2010) describes tutorial services as an efficient strategy for successful learning (p.19). Based on the potential benefits tutorial services possess, particularly online tutoring, the services will improve the overall training performance for Baltimore College. Tutorial services not only benefit the students, but also provide tutors with exciting career opportunities. The College management should therefore develop comprehensive tutorial programs for all levels of its training to cultivate the full benefits of tutorial services. The subsequent discussion underscores the benefits of regular or online tutorial services towards the realization of better results and a happier society. Benefits of online or regular tutorial services Tutorial services provide one-on-one training to students. Tutorial services enhance personal contacts between the tutor and the student. Within online environment for instance, the tutor, virtually guides the student on the important concepts of the subject. Although students may not realize this personal contact, Fager (2010) equates the virtual relationship to direct contact (p.20). One-on-one strategy enables the tutor to capitalize on the weaknesses of the student while the students explore this opportunity to strengthen their weak areas. Consequently, this results into notable improvement on the students’ performance. Generally, tutorial services provide individual-tailored training to the students. This training strategy focuses on specific needs suitable for effective learning of an individual. Online tutorial services provide good environment for tutors to comprehend the individual needs of their students. As a result, the tutors develop practical and successful training styles for these students. In any engagement leave alone learning, creating strong relationship contributes largely towards the success of that engagement; therefore, taken in the context of learning environment, tutorials are critical for they allow tutors to develop the said relationship with students. As Lieberman (2004) notes “individual-tailored training improves the learning styles” of students, hence “enhancing their learning” (p.23). Therefore, tutorial services would enhance learning among the college students. Tutorial services motivate the learners. Since personal contact exists on internet tutoring, tutors provide direct feedback and encouragement to their students. Lieberman (2004) observes that, “teacher leadership should provide motivation to students in learning” (p.27). Motivation encourages students to continue even whenever confronted with difficulties. It drives them to develop solutions to
Creating a perpetrator profile is an essential step in the investigation process. By defining the key characteristics of a criminal, one will be able to identify the possible suspects and, therefore, locate the perpetrator faster. Typically, two approaches toward creating a perpetrator profile are identified. These approaches include common personal characteristics, such as appearance, and crime scene characteristics, namely, the behavior that a perpetrator displays when committing crimes (Pecino-Latorre et al., 2019). By noticing patterns in the specified behaviors and isolating unique characteristics, law enforcement officers can determine potential suspects. The assessment of the criminal’s characteristics is necessary to identify the unique personal features that will help to identify the perpetrator among similar offenders. For example, in a case where a criminal had to be tall and physically strong to attack an equally strong victim bare-handed, short people with no physical strength should be excluded from the investigation. Similarly, for the identification of the crime scene characteristics, issues such as the weapon with which the crime was committed will have to be isolated and recorded. For instance, if the assault was carried out with a knife, the specified detail should be recorded in the criminal’s profile (Pecino-Latorre et al., 2019). Thus, all details of the crime will be aligned and organized in a manner that will make the investigation go faster. Incorporating the personal characteristics of criminals and the unique criminal behaviors that they demonstrate when committing crimes, one can locate possible suspects and determine the most likely perpetrator comparatively easily. Therefore, the existing strategies, while being quite few and rather basic, allow for an accurate depiction of a criminal and further success in the investigation. For this reason, both approaches should be utilized when examining the information for further investigation. Reference Pecino-Latorre, M. D. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Patró-Hernández, R. M., & Santos-Hermoso, J. (2019). Expressiveness and instrumentality of crime scene behavior in Spanish homicides. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (22), 4526.
Introduction Pollitt is an award winning poet whose writing revolves around women’s entitlement to full human rights. This is evident in her essay titled “Why boys don’t play with dolls”. In her essay, which was first published in the New York Times, she argues that sex roles are determined by the culture in our own society. Pollitt tries to show why boys take up the role of being macho while girls prefer to take up the role of beauty and gentleness. She also looks at what causes this difference in preference. She argues that social conditioning is what shapes male and female behaviors and personalities. She emphasizes that the male and female genes are physically different but have their roles already been structured for them by society? She claims that these roles have been put there by society. The fact that boys prefer to play with trucks while girls play with dolls is just a social conditioning. The female revolution is seemingly unfinished. We tend to use our children to prove that the differences between boys and girls are innate; a natural occurrence that none of us can control or change. How we raise our kids is a good indicator of the unfinished female revolution. Problem analysis The stereotypes in our society that dictate what men and women should do have been discussed in this essay. Pollitt talks about how since the founding of the National Organization for Women (WOW), girls are still expected to play with dolls and boys with trucks. She talks about how these differences can be attributed to hormonal influences, brain chemistry and genes. Feminism has thus reached its limits because the difference between girls and boys is in their genetic make-up. This however is not to say that feminist movements have done nothing for women. Some women have benefited from these movements. America has not yet reached a point where free sex roles can easily be exercised. Women have to meet the ideal image in order to be able to fit into the society. Pollitt gives the example of the Barbie doll. She displays the Barbie doll as being the ideal type of image. What is considered to be beautiful is being thin, sexy and stylish. The most attractive of women have suffered some kind of notion that they do not meet the ideal. Women have always struggled to change their looks and appearance in order to fit into society. On the other hand, women, more so feminists hardly try to change the way their sons or husbands play their sex roles. Most women will complain of how their husbands ruined the weekend by being so much into sports or how their sons hardly spend their time at home because they are away playing sports. Women still view these activities as being “manly”. Additionally, they would find it disturbing if they found their sons or husbands cuddled up in bed writing a diary or baking. It would be considered to be too gay or too antisocial. Pollitt touches on how society has led us to believe that the theory of genes being the sole reason for stereotyping of men and women to be okay. She gives an example of how
Expected Outcomes Various forms of sexual dysfunction such as premature ejaculation can be explained by different factors. It is believed that they can be physiological and psychological (Durand & Barlow, 2009, p. 361). Therefore, different forms of therapy can be of some use patients who have to cope with this disorder (Durand & Barlow, 2009, p. 361). It is possible to identify several possible outcomes of this research. In particular, some of the patients, who will be involved in the study, may not benefit from the medical therapy that will be offered to them. This is one of the responses that they can give. However, these people will not be in the majority. This hypothetical result can be explained by two importance circumstances. First of all, the sample population will include people whose ranges between18 to 50. Their sexual dysfunction cannot always be explained only by physiological factors (Heffner & Schust, 2010, p. 75). One should also concentrate on the psychological mechanisms of this disorder. Apart from that, the participants will not have other co-morbidities that could be the underlying cause of sexual dysfunction (Leiblum, 2007). These are the main factors should be considered. Nevertheless, one can still argue that pharmacotherapy is very likely to bring some benefits to the patients. Numerous empirical studies suggest that there are medications can be effective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (O’Donohue & Fisher, 2009, p. 608; Carroll, 2009). Therefore, one can hardly expect that this research will completely undermine the findings of other scholars. It is possible to assume that many patients will report high levels of comfort after receiving medication. This is another result that one can expect. However, this conjecture should be confirmed in an empirical way. Furthermore, this study will involve medical workers. These professional often work with people who have different forms of sexual dysfunction. Their opinions will be informative; moreover, they are based on the empirical evidence provided by researchers. It is possible that these people will express various opinions about the causes of this disorder and the effectiveness of various treatment modes. At this point, there is no consensus among medical workers regarding the best of way of treating premature ejaculation. This is another prognosis that can be made. Nevertheless, it can prove to be inaccurate. The main strength of this research is that it will throw light on the experiences of people who have to cope with premature ejaculation. It is rather difficult to say what kind of responses that par
Admittedly, human trafficking has become one of the most burning issues worldwide. Globalization has brought new opportunities for numerous organized crime networks and individuals who have no respect to human values. It is necessary to note that human trafficking is one of the most prolific criminal activities. Economical benefits of this kind of criminals are so high that they take risks and try to do impossible to escape justice. Nowadays the USA has numerous programs supported by government and non-governmental organizations aimed at prevention of human trafficking and helping victims of such crimes. US legislation also addresses the same issues. However, it is necessary to point out that these measures are quite insufficient since statistics shows that the rate of victims of human trafficking is still too high. Before going into details about combating human trafficking, it is important to mention the reason why this kind of criminal activity is that “popular”. According to the United Nations data “trafficking’s annual profits” are $9.5 billion (Frederick 2). Traffickers confiscate all documents of their victims and in this way turn them into slaves which work for their “masters” without being paid or even treated normally (Frederick 3). This kind of unpaid labor is very profitable for traffickers. Such profitability of the criminal activity leads to quite frightening statistics. Thus, according to CRS report more than 17,000 people are considered to be “trafficked into the United States” annually and about 100,000 children, citizens of the United States, are human trafficking victims within the country (Siskin and Wyler n.p.). It is necessary to note, however, that numerous researchers claim that the number of human trafficking victims is quite difficult to estimate due to the lack of effective methodology (Siskin and Wyler 22). However, uncertain statistical data are enhanced by cases which make the entire nation aware of the problem. For instance, disappearance of Natalee Holloway which is believed to be a victim of human trafficking made Americans understand that human trafficking is not only a problem of poor developing countries, but the problem reached their country’s borders. Natalee Holloway, a teenager from Alabama, disappeared during their school trip to Aruba in 2005 (Associated Press n.p.). She was believed to be a victim of human trafficking since Dutch student, Van der Sloot, who is considered to be responsible for Natalee’s disappearance (Fox News n.p.). Reporter Peter De Vries claims that “Van der Sloot makes about $13,000 for every woman sold into prostitution in the Netherlands” (Fox News n.p.). According to DutchNews.nl there is also a video tape which portrays Van der Sloot “telling someone posing as a sex-industry boss that he can get passports for Thai women and girls who think they are going to the Netherlands to