ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The short novel A Worn Path , written by Pulitzer Prize winner Eudora Welty in 1940, sheds light on the story of an elderly rural African-American woman, Phoenix Jackson. The old woman has been going on a long journey to the city of Natchez, Mississippi, for several years to obtain medicines for her grandson, who is in a severe condition. It is imperative to state that the historical context of the writing is crucial in explicating the plot. For instance, A Worn Path is set in the South of the United States during the Great Depression at the beginning of the 20th century. Furthermore, literary critics acknowledge that blatant racism, the human spirit’s power, and selfless love are the main ideas reflected in the story (Bethea 33). The novel’s narrative delineates adversaries that the protagonist encounters on her path and how she overcomes it. For this reason, the image of the main character appears as a symbol of the embodiment of divine virtue, constantly enduring severe ordeals. Phoenix as a Symbol of Immortality First and foremost, an allusion to the actual Phoenix, a mythical bird that lived for five hundred years, then died and was reborn, permeates the fictional character of Phoenix Jackson. Like a phoenix, she resumes her long journey every time in the hope of a fortunate outcome (Donlan 549). Moreover, the character’s appearance also refers to the legendary bird, making the allusion obvious. On the contrary, Donlan claims that Phoenix portrays a victim who defies death and surpasses the violence she experiences in the story (550). Hence, the concept of immortality reveals in the protagonist’s image; “…Phoenix is not a stereotype but a symbol of immortality” (qtd. in Donlan 549). Given the above, no obstacle can stop the character on the way, neither physical nor mental; she will continue to walk the path as long as there is a goal. Correspondingly, only during the trip, does A Worn Path’s protagonist fulfills her life purpose. According to Daly, the protagonist “has come before and will make the same journey again, for the end of her quest is not conclusive; it is only comforting” (qtd. in Daly 133). It implies that there is no assurance that Phoenix’s grandson will survive, but as long as she takes this path repeatedly, she has a purpose; she believes healing is feasible. Verily, is so immersed in the process of traveling the road that she even forgets the main reason behind it (Daly 139). Likewise, Eudora Welty does not divulge more details necessary to understanding whether the boy is alive to date and whether he will survive in the end; only what is happening here and now is essential. Phoenix versus the World The trials that Phoenix endures during the day increase in difficulty as she progresses through the route. Moreover, barriers to the world that the protagonist lives in appear in natural and human forms. At first, only natural obstacles pose a threat: the undiscovered inh
Decoding Skill Teaching Methods Systematic phonics instructions Phonics studies the sound-symbol relationships to use them when learning to read and write. There are several approaches to the implementation of phonics in the classroom. A teacher can use direct, systematic instructions, integrated instructions, or embedded phonics. Systematic instructions are based on alphabetical principles involving the teaching of sound-symbol relations, “Children learn to blend individual sound-symbols relationships into syllables and words” (Savage, p.1). The main purpose of the systematic instructions is to make the decoding skills automatic. This approach is considered to be the most effective when teaching children to read and write. There have been designed many phonics teaching programs based on a systematic approach, among them are analytic phonics, synthetic phonics, and embedded phonics. The common feature of all these approaches is that the sets of phonic elements are taught sequentially. (Graaff, Bosman et al, 2009, p. 2). Intrinsic and Embedded Phonics Another approach presupposes the teaching with the usage of the intrinsic and embedded phonics. The intrinsic phonics is the types of phonics that are generally used as the supplementary (supportive) aids during the learning process. They are not included in the reading instructions. They are not an obligatory part of the educational process, but rather met in separate (from the educational program) workbooks. They can be learned during certain activities, for example, when training an authentic reading. The embedded phonics is introduced into the teaching program and phonic instructions. They are part of the complete language-learning program. The children are taught these phonics as various relations between sounds and letters during the reading activities, “children learn phonics as they engage in ongoing reading and writing into the classroom” (Savage, p.2). Instructional Techniques Comprehension Developing reading comprehension is one of the tasks of a teacher. There can be different approaches to the instructional techniques when developing reading comprehension, from webbing to semantic analysis. But one thing is certain, the memorizing and comprehension of vocabulary will have a better result if to replace the memorizing definitions with building concepts (Smith, 1997, n. p.). The author offers several instructional techniques for reading comprehension. They are the direct involvement in constructing meaning, it is far better than simply memorizing; involvement of the personal experience of students when learning new vocabulary units: “Through informal activities such as semantic association students brainstorm a list of words associated with a familiar word, pooling their knowledge of pertinent vocabulary as they discuss the less familiar words on the list.” (Smith, 1997, n. p.). Arranging of the visual “semantic” maps of related words and building analogies and grouping words according to common features. Vocabulary Vocabulary instructions have great meaning when learning a language. A multidimensional approach to vocabulary i
Introduction In the present-day, highly competitive business world, the ability of a company to introduce new ideas and to launch new programs and projects on their basis is one of the key factors predetermining successful performance at the market. However, there is no universal plan on how to make the utmost of the project management that would be equally applicable and effective for all organizations. The success of any method or strategy would largely depend on the previous experience of this or that enterprise, its managerial potential, background, working atmosphere, and the peculiarities of the project itself. If one is determined to introduce a development program, he/she must be sure to know all these particularities (Kanter & Walsh, 2004). Successful project management is indispensable to staff motivation, error analysis, conflict mitigation, and development of leadership qualities of a senior manager. The paper at hand consists of three parts, each making emphasis on one of the constituents of the effective project regulation. The leadership skills required of a project manager in relation to the processes involved in managing complex projects Project management and associated issues continue gaining popularity. New standards are being constantly developed, bringing project implementation to a new level of complexity, which arises from an unlimited amount of variables that must be taken into consideration. This complexity is aggravated by the unpredictability of outcomes. Therefore, organizations are doing their best in order to meet multiplying requirements applying modern assessment techniques and investing in staff training. There is an unceasing interest in developing qualities that are necessary for effective project management. Despite this, failures in planning and performing adequate control of multi-faceted complex projects are still common, owing to the lack of leadership qualities needed for this purpose. Thus, taking into account a new level of uncertainly, competitiveness, and anxiety, it is high time we reviewed our perception of personal aspects in project regulation (Thomas & Mengel, 2008). It should be noted that the concept of leadership completely differs from the managerial approach because the latter focuses on the preservation of the status quo for the sake of running organizational apparatus while the former is associated with setting new directions for an enterprise (Murray, 2010). Therefore, it is essential to move from the old paradigm of management that hinges on budgeting, planning, and controlling functions to a new one that would be built around the leadership view of an individual willing to change a company’s course. Leadership is a practical ability to direct or organize people in order to guide them towards a particular goal. Unlike managers, leaders have the ability to set the objectives that would challenge traditional ways of conducting business operations. Unique leadership skills are associated with having inspiration and vision necessary for motivating and empowering workers (Murray, 2010). According to various estimations of successfu
There are myriads of negative health impacts that millions of people will continue to face as a consequence of climate change. The ill effects of global warming should be addressed with urgency. The earth’s climate is being affected by the disruptive human activities. It is indeed true that the emission of greenhouse gases has immensely contributed to the devastating effects of global warming. Gaseous emissions such as methane and carbon dioxide usually restrict the dispatch of long wave radiation from the surface of the earth. When this radiation combines with the short wave rays from the sun, a warming effect is created on the immediate surface of the earth (Smith and Wigley 448). These effects are multiplied several times and eventually result into global warming. It is unfortunate that the key policy makers are not wiling to address the impact of global warming and offer a lasting solution. It does not require rocket science to understand that greenhouse gas emissions are harmful to the life of both plants and animals. Most of the negative health outcomes of global warming are straightforward. For instance, enhanced pollen production, interruption of the hydrologic cycle and warmer temperatures may directly lead to poor quality of air, increase in morbidity, and intense exposure to heat stress. Worse still, there are other potentially harmful indirect effects associated with the changes in climate. When the natural systems of the planet Earth are altered, both animal and plants are exposed to great danger. For exa
The development of pharmaceutical industry in India is one of the brightest histories of success in the world’s international trade relations. The country that used to be considered the outcast of drug production due to its cheap duplicates of patented drugs managed to change its approach so radically that it is now one of the most respectable and well-known producers of pharmaceutical goods. India’s natural and climate conditions, its talented citizens, and its desire to cooperate with the world’s companies made it a highly competitive player in the world’s pharmaceutical market. For the USA, cooperation with India has a number of benefits and limitations. The major advantages are low labor cost, high quality, and affordability of the pharmaceutical products. The disadvantages are concerned with the reduction of the industry’s employment rate and decreased opportunities due to lower interconnectedness as compared to India’s. The country’s progress from the industry’s outsider to one or the most progressive market developers is remarkable. The main question to be addressed in the current paper is whether the advantages obtained from trade with Indian pharmaceutical industry outnumber the losses for the US and other countries. Benefits for the USA from the Rise of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The development of the Indian pharmaceutical industry has presented a number of benefits not only for the domestic market but also for foreign markets. For instance, there are several major conveniences due to cooperation with Indian pharmaceutical organizations for the US consumers, as well as pharmaceutical companies in the country. Advantages for the US Pharmaceutical Companies When Indian pharmaceutical organizations’ activity was restricted by the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) obligations in 1995, the country’s pharmaceutical industry had only two alternative: to develop and correspond to the law or to stop existing because no country would agree to cooperate with it (Mahajan, Nauriyal, & Singh, 2015). India chose the first option, and after a decade, its position in world’s pharmaceutical operations became rather stable and beneficial. What concerns its cooperation with the US, Indian contribution makes it possible for the American pharmaceutical companies to save on outsourcing and packaging (Hill, 2015). By doing so, the US is able to decrease the costs and general pricing in the industry. Indian pharmaceutical industry does not violate the TRIPS regulations any longer, which makes it possible for the US companies to organize stable relationships with the Indian partners. Another advantage of TRIPS obligations is that due to them, India had to initiate its own research and development (R&D) activities in order not to face the risk of producing only off-patent drugs (Mahajan et al., 2015). Due to such changes, Indian pharmaceutical industry became more competitive, and the US companies found it more advantageous to work with it. R&D s
Introduction The study will be focusing on floating power plant (FPP) in respect to technology with wave and wind energy being prioritized. The FPP is considered as the most effective and efficient sources of Kinetic energy. The conversion involves ocean waves. FPP technological manipulation is more pronounced in oceans that have strong currents and waves causing disturbance in the sea topography. Ocean wave energy is one of the best energy sources due to its little negative impact to the ecosystem. The Project will be focusing on how FPP is able to generate clean energy that is renewable and eco-friendly. The parameters and various technological segments will also be focused in respect to energy production (Johnson, Whittington& Scholes, 2010). Purpose of the study The study will be focusing on an analysis of wave and energy technology by floating power plant (FPP). The study will also focus on the importance of FPP and the technological aspect involved in power generation. The study will look at the political, economic, social and technological aspects of FPP. The study will focus on the ecosystem and asses the credibility of an effective ecosystem. The study will give an opportunity to potential investors to assess the costs likely to be incurred when making plans to set up a floating power plant. Researchers will evaluate the value of FPP as opposed to other mechanisms in generation of electric energy. Stakeholders will be able to examine environmental, legal and social mechanisms that must be adhered to when setting up an FPP plant. General objectives To analyze wave and wind energy emerging technology by floating power plant. Specific objectives To assess the different emerging technologies in floating power plant.-To study the ecosystem and evaluate the biological and non-biological standards involved in evaluating and protecting it. -To observe the management and application of floating power plant. -To evaluate the commercial aspect in relation to floating power plant technology.-To understand the relationship that exists between water, wave and wind energy. Problem statement The following problems underline FPP and wind wave power generation facility;   * The occurrence of visual pollution and damage to the ecosystem has generated concern over water life with scientists and researchers in marine warning of a poor water ecosystem.   * Change in weather and topography causing tides and ocean waves presents a deplorable sea status and unlikely poor production in FPP generation power.   * The management of floating power plant has always presented as challenge in the marine sector.   * Companies have focused on marketing strategies with commercialization of FPP creating challenges and competition from other sources. Floating power plant The Poseidon is an example of a floating power plant prototype. The power plant is centered on a hydraulic power take-off system. The plant is designed for location offshore in zones with significant fluctuations. Compared to other wave energy systems, the plant has a considerably higher e
A refinery is defined as a factory where crude oil is converted into usable products that are relevant to the market requirements. These factories are set up to produce the required products in the most economical and efficient possible ways. When heated, the light hydrocarbons boil first into vapour while the heavier hydrocarbons boil off last (Beychok, 1967). The vapour is then collected and cooled back to its liquid form by use of fractionating columns. Crude oil can be thermally cracked if the temperature used to heat it exceeds the recommended 350°C (Beychok, 1967). That is why it is important to keep the temperatures used in heating crude oil closely under surveillance to avoid such incidents. To recover more distillate products, crude oil refineries use the atmospheric distillation process commonly known as the Long Residue. This involves a further distillation process that is done in low pressure but with a very high temperature than the initial process (Beychok, 1967). While trays are used in fractionating columns to cool the vapour, in atmospheric distillation the trays are replaced with packed beds (Kraus, 2011). Packed beds are efficient in cooling the low-pressure vapour. Kraus (2011) asserts that refineries that specialize in the atmospheric distillation are said to be concerned with The Straight Run distillation procedure which is classified into either short or long run residue . However, it is important to note that the amount of products produced from the atmospheric distillation process is not always proportional to the demand of the products rather it depends on the amount of crude oil (Kraus, 2011). Below is an illustration showing a simple straight run refinery process (Beychok, 1967). The mounting demand for other by-products of crude oil has led to an increase in the reduced utilization of crude oil. These products include lubricants, waxes, greases, and asphalt (Beychok, 1967). The demand for these products has increased globally forcing refineries to venture into the reduced utilization of crude oil in the pursuit of full maximization of production and sales. Lubricants and greases are very important in the day to day functioning of machines and nearly every other appliance. Their functions are to reduce friction between rubbing parts of metallic materials hence reducing wear and tear (Leffler, 1985). The long residue process is influenced by the rising demand in products that have the property of reducing friction in the machinery industry. This property is generally acknowledged as lubricity and is the fundamental attribute of lubricants (Leffler, 1985). Greases and lubricants form the most important by-products in oil refining. Depending on the amount of crude oil, other by-products can also be refined. They include petroleum wax, bitumen, liquid petroleum gas, asphalt, greases, and indust
Theoretical and operational definitions This section of the paper includes the definitions and measurements of those variables that are going to be investigated. The key objective of this study is to determine how antenatal education impacts the perceptions about breastfeeding and breastfeeding practices. In part, the operational definitions, provided in this paper, will rely on the research article, written by a group of authors under direction of Citra Mattar who investigated the affects of antenatal education on breastfeeding practices (2006). The first set of dependent variables includes breastfeeding initiation and breast feeding. In this context, initiation can be interpreted as the period of time after which mother begins to breastfeed the child. Citra Mattar et al define breastfeeding initiation as any breastfeeding that occurs within the first two weeks after delivery (2006, p 76). In turn, the duration of breastfeeding is the timeframe within which the mother breastfeeds the child. This definition may appear to be self-evident; yet, it has been provided in this paper because the duration of breastfeeding can also be understood as the length of a breastfeeding session. Largely, my research will be analogous to that one conducted by Citra Mattar et al (2006). The second variable is parental feelings and perceptions of breastfeeding. This variable consists of such elements as maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, paternal self-efficacy and parental confidence. These are the main psychological parameters that need to be measured. Breastfeeding self-efficacy can be defined as mother’s belief or conviction that she is capable of breastfeeding the baby (Wells & Thompson, 2006). It should be measured by the so-called Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) consisting of twenty-five Likert scale items; the reliability or internal consistency of this tool constitutes 89 by Cronbach Alpha measurement (Wells & Thompson, 2006, p 181). Paternal self-efficacy is another important component of parents’ perceptions about breastfeeding. It can be interpreted as father’s belief that he should be present at breastfeeding and that he is able to assist his wife (Wolfberg et al, 2004). Under the circumstances, one has to apply Paternal Self-Efficacy Scale, comprising 31 Likert scale items; the internal consistency of this scale is 78 (Guimond et al, 2008, p 34). As regards parental confidence, we can adopt the definition proposed by Judith Lauwers and Anna Swisher; they argue that it is a belief that such practice as breastfeeding is healthful and beneficial to both child and mother. It should be assessed by using Karitane Pareting Confidence Scale that comprises fifteen items. The reliability of this scale is 81 by Cronbach Alpha rating (Crncec et al, 2008, p 449). These are the dependent variables which need to be measured. In turn, the independent variable is antenatal br