ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world today is characterized by advancing technologies. The amount of information generated, stored, and distributed using electronic means on a daily basis keeps on increasing. As a result, agencies concerned with security and other regulations have to constantly gather digital evidence to use for law enforcement. Only people with specific training for digital evidence presentation and investigations are best equipped to conduct the exercise. The definition of digital evidence used here is the information and data of value to an investigation. This data could be kept in equipment. Alternatively, users can use an electronic device to receive or send the same information. In most cases, digital evidence will be suppressed and it can cross jurisdictional borders faster and easily. Moreover, it is easy to alter, damage and destroy digital evidence, thus it is usually time sensitive. The use of digital evidence arises when serious criminal investigations like rape, carjacking, child abuse, or exploitation arise. It is also relevant for prosecuting piracy, property crimes and terrorism. The pre and post crime information is crucial for an investigator. Crimes can also be committed entirely through digital means. When crimes like economic fraud or identity theft happen, they leave an electronic trail of information. Although all evidence could be used in forensic investigations, not all rules accept any type of digital evidence; thus, it is important to first know how the rules apply before proceeding with the presentation of evidence. A typical presentation of digital evidence has to follow four steps of collection, examination, analysis, and reporting with each step having its own requirements. Hard Drives Hard drives store data and the devices consist of an external circuit board, power connections, and external data. Their technologies determine the type of drive. For example a drive can be SCSI, SATA, IDE 40-pin or IDE 44 pin. Recently, there has been the development of the Solid State Drive (SSD) that does not contain moving parts (Mukasey, Sedgwick, & Hagy, 2008). The technology of the drive relates to the manner used to store data or the method of connecting to other computer-system parts, like the motherboard. Hard drives could be internal in the computer system or installed externally. Usually, a typical internal hard drive is converted to an external hard drive by using special cases with connectors. In the same sense, a number of hard drives could be combined to increase the capacity of a computer system or to provide central storage for a network (Mukasey, Sedgwick, & Hagy, 2008). When handling hard drives, first responders to the scene of investigation must have the right hard drive handling tools, which include antistatic bags and non-magnetic tools (Mukasey, Sedgwick, & Hagy, 2008). Unlike other storage devices that mainly contain usable data that is transferable to other systems and devices, hard drives also have operating systems
COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected life around the globe. With it came a global overwhelming public health burden. Following the safety measures that were implemented such as movement restrictions, social distancing, and lockdown of countries, which affected different sectors of the economy, the universal economic curve was set on a downward trajectory. Bankruptcies, closure of businesses, and job losses attributable to the pandemic have further generated a great economic strain for many people around the world. Slowly but surely, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on the American economy and politics as well. With increased death rates and a stalled economy, the American Congress embraced measures, which at a point in time would not be deemed necessary though are practical (Cassidy par. 2). For instance, though reluctant at first, President Donald Trump invoked the Defense Production Act that gives him the authority to order mass production of an item if considered paramount for national security. This was after health specialists cautioned that America would face a shortage of medical supplies such as masks and ventilators to combat coronavirus disease outbreak. In response to this, the manufacturing sector was facilitated to hasten the production of required items. Annually, Americans are estimated to spend billions on prescribed drugs only. Health specialists report that the amount of money spent on prescription drugs may not be surprising as compared to the rate at which manufacturers continually introduce new medications while hiking market prices on the already existing ones (Stolberg and Weiland par. 3). COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased use of prescribed medicines. During the month of March, nearly 100 million Americans with a high Coronavirus infection risk approached pharmacists for refills and new prescriptions that would last for not less than three months. Both houses in the US Congress have shown great interest in the issue of drug costs for the benefit of the US residents since this is one way of appealing to voters (Weiland par. 2). Having recently passed the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act that aimed at improving access to health care for all by enabling Medicare to negotiate drug costs and establishing an affordable charge for Americans, the US Congress is yet to decide on Grassley’s bipartisanship. Republicans continue to fret over the political repercussions their party would have to deal with concerning health and economic related issues. Mr. Grassley, a Republican, set a bill in motion that seeks to curb the increased cost of drugs while retaining the popular aspects of the Obama Care Act. The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) commonly known as Obama Care was supposed to provide affordable insurance coverage for all Americans hence protecting them from private companies with expensive health covers that restrict access to medical care (Alonso-Zaldivar et al. par. 13). However, following the Coronavirus pandemic, sustaining ACA is nearly impossible as the demand for health care is higher than the available coverage. Thousands of Americans have tested positive for the Coronavirus d
Given the established press criminalization and generalizing of African American women and men, we now live in a culture where disdain wrongdoings and worthy segregation among minorities have gotten ordinary. The report shows that U.S. grown-ups spend more than ten and a half hours of the day burning through media (Georgiou, 2020). From a cultural pluralist’s perspective that long haul media openness makes individuals become more inundated in a battle to recognize media from the real world. As an African American woman, I have witnessed many racist scenes both in reality and media. One of the earliest exposures to the cinematographic films which portrayed culturally different people from me was when I was 21. This was a movie called The Birth of A Nation which supposedly tells ‘the American history.’ The white men who praised the Ku Klux Klan were shown as superior and intelligent. They were powerful, rich, and righteous, according to the plot. Throughout the film, African Americans are depicted as brutal, sluggish, ethically degenerate, and dangerous. In the film’s peak, the Ku Klux Klan ascends to save the South from the Reconstruction Era-conspicuousness of African Americans in Southern public life. I could not understand the popularity of the film nor its spurious message. I had mixed feelings about it as I felt as I was being offended and mocked by my culture. I had an impression that the Klan and its followers were extremely selfish and aggressive towards other races. When minorities begin to populate regions encircled in whiteness, they are decided by their skin color dependent on assumptions and racial generalizations. The absence of exact and different portrayals in media affects how we see minorities and how we cooperate with them. Reference Georgiou, M. (2020). Racism, postracialism and why media matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 43 (13), 2379–2385.
Is it possible for any radio station or television channel to run for one full hour without drawing the attention of the public to the activities of a certain celebrity? This is not possible in the modern world. The media is obsessed with celebrity news to the extent that important issues that affect the lives of members of the public are ignored. Is this how the situation should be? Someone somewhere may think that it is proper for the media to be following the affairs of celebrities and reporting on them as opposed to heavier public matters (Howe 7). But this is not what should be. Therefore this essay is dedicated to the defense of the thesis that the dedication of too much time to celebrities by the media is bad for society. Strong points will be raised in defense of this position. To start with, celebrity attention benefits a small number of people in most cases as opposed to a focus on news about issues that affect a larger percentage of the public. This means that focusing on celebrities instead of the larger public leads to great damage to society. For example, a story about a celebrity who has divorced the partner will give limelight to the celebrity in question. How does the larger public benefit from this story? If there are people among members of the public who benefit from this story in any way, then the number is very small. If instead the time that is given to such a story is given to a story on how students can perform well in school if they participate in extracurricular activities, and a professional is given time to explain how this works in the system of school-going children, the number of people who will benefit is huge. To be specific, the entire public will have benefited since education, which contributes to the wellbeing of the entire society, has been given a boost. Secondly, the media causes more damage by giving more coverage to celebrity stories given that a good number of the celebrity stories covered are negative. The damage caused is the influence that young people get from seeing these famous people doing bad things and then thinking that the best way to be famous is to do bad things just like the celebrity. The media is always full of stories about celebrities who fought, celebrities who were caught with guns, and others who engaged in extramarital sexual activities. These are negative actions whose influence on young people is not what parents want for their children (Lawrence 25). Things would be different if the coverage given to celebrities would be focus
Introduction Through cultural investigation, Anthropologists are in a position to appreciate a society’s way of life. Cultural studies utilize ethnographic techniques in exploring various societies’ ways of life. This paper seeks to carry out an ethnographic study on the Kurd’s culture. The Kurds consist of communities that inhabit parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey in a region known as Kurdistan. They form an ethnolinguistic cluster found in the mountainous regions of northern Syria, Kermanshah in Iran, and Turkey. The Kurdish are believed to have played an important role in the development of early agriculture, animal domestication, weaving, metallurgy, record keeping, and pottery in Mesopotamia. Kurd’s culture is very fascinating and is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The Kurdish language is a class of languages spoken in Iran referred to as Indo-European language. It is neither Arabic nor Turkish origin. This language has the Kurmanji and Dimili-Gurani as the major dialects. The most popular of the two dialects is the Kurmanji, it is the language of communication for most of the Kurds today. Analysis Kurds have been struggling with life for so many years to reach where they currently are. Kurds have never been in a position to enjoy a good position in the socio-political arena (Hitchens, 1992). In research and analysis conducted by Hitchens (1992) to establish by what extend the Kurds appreciate their culture. Most of them were unwilling to relate to their culture and in fact, most of them associated with a different culture in order to avoid oppression by their local governments. The Kurds that migrate to the United States end up neglecting their culture and adopting the American culture in order to avoid social discrimination. Acculturation has been observed among the Kurds living in the United States; they have learned English and the life experiences of other communities in the United States. It is noted amongst most youths who are quickly adopting American culture. The injustices against the Kurds are exposed in this article. The treaty of Sevre (1921) promised the Kurds their own country but this was never fulfilled. This happened because through the treaty of Lausanne (1923) Kurdistan was divided between Syria, Turkey, and Iraq. This has resulted in the Kurd’s problems in the present day because they did not belong to any of the governments they were placed in and this has resulted in their regions underdevelopment. According to the research conducted by Rankin and Aytaç (2006) on the Kurd’s educational system, the education system serves to different individuals based on a social class and gender. There is a high prevalence of discrimination in education. Rankin and Aytaç (2006) conducted a cross-sectional study to establish the rate at which Kurds participated in schooling. In the culture, gender influences the education of an individual. The article reveals the knowledge base of Kurds. Meho in a journal entitled “The International Journal of Kurdish Studies” (2003) evaluated the position of Kurds in the international system. The researcher found out that
A Behavioural Health Clinic Description The behavioural health clinic ought to oversee the organization and solution of the mentally related illnesses. The facility regularly administers the retardation cases, disabilities and the substance abuse related problems in the community. As a not-for profit organization, the clinic depends on various services offered by other corporations within the county and externally solicited financial supports. To assists in the accomplishments of goals, the services by the engaged county corporations includes the outpatients case management programs, daily treatment programs, full-time stand-by emergency services and education of the community on various aspects related to the mental health and other social problems. Behavioural Health Clinic offers an extensive array of health care procedures such as expressive or cognitive behavioural therapy, family therapy, play-related therapy, stress, strain or anger management therapy and other brief or continual treatment procedures. The organization therefore caters for the in and outpatients, the repetitive day-to-day therapeutic patients, cases related clients, substance addicts and everyone else in the education of the community at large. Mission Statement The mission statement of the Behavioural Health Clinic will be, ‘to ensure provision of first-class health care services to mentally and socially related problems.’ The focus will be on the wide range of ages and cases within the community. A rational health facility ought to have a mission that is in support of communal accessibility to resources and care services, to increase the ability to cater for the health needs of individuals and the whole community. It clinic’s mission empowers the community by enabling people to participate in the community services rendering programs. The statement equally establishes the customary measures to sustain standardized working conditions. The mission also assists in setting the departmental policies in the aim of promoting self-strength of mind among the involved persons. The community benefits from such programs by having access to timely and urgently required services and treatments. The mission also ensures that the treatments are of the best effect and substantiation, under which the clients benefit from services of the best standards. The services to the clients are the main goal of the clinic and thus the need to ensure enhancement of their dignity and respect. The therapy programs need to be up-to-date with the treatment technologies. The clinic also ought to provide awareness campaigns to clients through the clinical education programs. The goal of the organizational is on provision of protection of the civil liberties and constitutional rights especially among those in support of procedures for offering the mental health services, training and research. Collaborating with other non-governmental organization, related agencies, families and, individuals enhances the mission as well s the vision of the clinic. The behavioural health clinic system
The phrase English as a foreign language or English as a second language means the language that has been mastered after the vernacular (or mother tongue). It could mean an intentionally learned language or one more language, the learning of which takes place in a multilingual environment with no special training. According to Mike Long, the learners and their purposes of learning a second language can be divided into the two groups: those who learn the second language voluntarily (“school children required to ‘pass’ a foreign language, college students satisfying a language requirement or working toward a BA in literature, young adults headed overseas for university courses, as missionaries or to serve as volunteers, or adults needing a L2 for vocational training or occupational purposes” (2014, p. 98)) and the involuntary language learners whom the circumstances forced to soak up the language, which includes people of all ages. In our case, we are talking about learning English as a foreign language, which means learning it in non-English-speaking countries. As regards to the methods of teaching, the most widely used approach in the leading language schools all over the world today is the communicative approach. As the name implies, in the communicative method a crucial part is assigned to the communication practice. Its main purpose is helping students overcome the language barrier and relieve them from the fear of speaking in the foreign language, while simultaneously developing the language skills from writing and speaking to reading and listening (listening comprehension). Grammar is studied in the process of communication; at first, students develop and remember the words, phrases, and language formulas, and then they begin to disassemble them in terms of grammar. No reproducing exercises or drills are used in the classrooms with communicative approach; instead, task-based learning in the form of web quests is applied. During the task-based learning the student must be exposed to the foreign language to the extent possible in order to monitor its use, build its hypothesis, and as a result, experiment with it. One of the main objectives when selecting the type of task-based learning is the increase in the students’ activity; it is the targeted activity of the student, not the teacher; the teacher should set the specific tasks before the student, enabling him/her to conduct a spontaneous, individual and original experiment with the foreign language. As a result of fulfilling each of these tasks, the student will develop the extensive personal experience of using the foreign language; at this stage, the instructor plays a significant role. The teacher should help the student to come to the realizati
Can two books of different genres share common features. It is quite doubtful that, say, a romantic novel and a detective story can cause the same stir in the reader’s soul. However, in the case of Robert McCammon and Stephen King, the impossible becomes one step closer. Due to the specific features, the characters’ traits, the settings and other peculiarities of each of the books, the novels seem quite the same. What drives the reader’s immediate attention to the books and makes the comparison possible is the use of stock characters that each of the authors resorts to. With help of the specific charm that these characters possess, the authors manage to keep their novels alive, as if there was something burning inside them – a smouldering piece of coal that will keep millions of children warm for another bunch of decades. Who else could enchant readers more than a child living the hard life almost on his own, a little man in disguise? A cross between Huckleberry Finn and the Little Prince, this character will always remain the talisman of teenagers of all epochs. Both romantic and touching, this is the character that each of readers want to be like, though no one will ever be able to become. Helping the readers believe in themselves, this character is the most loyal friend and the example to follow. It is peculiar that each novel has this true, though a little sheepish, character. Chris Chambers in Stephen King’s novel and Ben Sears, a quiet and rather slow teenager who never tells the bitter truth of his life, both have the most negative family background, an alcoholic father, yet surprisingly they manage to stay pure and innocent as a child must in the world they live in. Is that the friendship that helps them stay as they are? Hardly anyone can tell, yet there is one thing that is beyond any reasonable doubt: these two characters add the specific flair to each of the novels, making them lighter and more humane. Another common feature of the two novels is the twists and turns of the plot. Both authors use the storylines that cross at certain points. For instance, the tragic event that Cory’s father witnessed as he tried to save the passenger of the car is quite similar to the shock experienced by Billy. Although McCammon tends to tell his story in much milder way than King, both of them tell in rather open way that the illusions of the childhood disappear easily. It is also quite a curious detail that each of the novels portrays its lead character and his personal experience in the most striking way. Showing how the illusions of the twelve-year-old boy shatter as he sees that the wor