Introduction Arabic culture is one of the major cultures in the world. Over the course of centuries, Arabs were able to build a civilization that made significant contributions to the cultural and scientific treasuries of the world. In this paper, we will describe the achievements in the exact and life sciences that were made by Arabs in the 9-13 th centuries, during the Islamic Golden Age. Exact Sciences Mathematics Arabic scholars significantly contributed to the development of mathematics. Having used the legacy of the Ancient Greeks (in particular, Euclid and Nicomachus), they advanced the science of arithmetic, as well as number theory, creating their own doctrines. For instance, Thabit studied the issue of infinite collections, and suggested that an infinite collection could be a member of another infinite collection; even though he did not develop the theory of transfinite numbers, this was a remarkable discovery. Arabs also developed the notion of irrational numbers; before that, the irrational was viewed only as a geometrical magnitude. Important discoveries in this field were made by Umar al-Khayyam (the 11-12 th century) and Nasir ad-Din at-Tusi (the 13 th century). The currently used positional decimal numerical system also has Arabic origins. For a number of centuries before the 15 th , Arabs utilized three main systems of numerical reckoning; the most advanced of them came from India, and it could express any number, no matter how large, using ten different symbols. However, in the 15 th century, al-Kashi wrote a book entitled Key to Arithmetic , where he unified the three systems of numerical reckoning, introduced the place-value decimal system, and successfully used it in order to express both integers and fractions. Analogous developments were made in Europe only two centuries later. It is not an exaggeration to say that all contemporary mathematics is possible thanks to the existence of the positional notations. Al-Khwarizmi was one of the first Arabic developers of algebra (the notion itself comes from al-Jabr, a term denoting one of Al-Khwarizmi’s basic operations). Even though he might have used the developments of Greeks or Indians, his Kitab al-Jabr we al-Muqabalah was a prominent work of that time. Arabic geometricians also made a number of significant discoveries. For instance, the so-called Alhazen’s problem was formulated and solved by Ibn al-Haytham. Another important problem that Arabian geometricians dealt with was related to Euclidian “parallels postulate”; Arabs attempted to find a proof for this postulate, in the process of this proving a number of non-Euclidian theorems, even though the possibility of the existence of a non-Euclidian geometry was not realized by them. Astronomy The astronomy developed by Arabs was mainly Ptolemaic; because for a long time there was no apparent need to revise its principles, the Arabs focused on developing that system, creating new computation techniques, and inventing new planetary models in order to harmonize the existing system with its principles. Arabs also conducted much astronomic observational research. A number of new astronomic tables (zijes) were developed; observational