ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of this report is to outline the financial environment that surrounds housing. It will discuss the various types of funding, consumer and producer subsidies, income and expenditure constraints and budgeting as well as forecasting approaches. It will then apply one of these approaches to repairs and maintenance. The city councils of Croydon and Lambeth will be used as examples to illustrate the discussion. The target audience of the report consists of professionals who work in housing-related spheres. The consumer and producer subsidies for all tenures of housing Subsidies and Funding Funding and Available Subsidy Options Different housing organisations secure financing in a variety of ways. Depending on the circumstances, they may attract both private and public investment for their projects (King, 2016). While the government plays a significant role in the construction and maintenance of housing, most privately owned households are sustained by their residents, who take out a loan and use their income to repay it over time. This statement includes rented housing, which typically has the landlord conduct the repairs while collecting rent from the occupants. With that said, social housing, which is generally provided and maintained by the government at lower than market rates to specific individuals or groups, should be mentioned. The last discussed venue of UK housing is the owner-occupation funding. Inhabiting a special niche in the housing market, this term pertains to the arrangement where the owner of a residency lives in it. Owner-occupants make their money by borrowing and mortgages, earned income, as well as rent from the tenants of their property. Due to the high costs of acquiring and maintaining housing, the government provides a variety of protections to prospective and current owners, such as subsidies. They are generally divided into two categories, producer and consumer subsidies (King, 2016). The former help in increasing the supply of housing and gives better opportunities for the home providers. The introduction of subsidies gives housing organisations an incentive to build more homes, especially ones that match the government’s current needs. Consumer subsidies, on the other hand, increase the consumption in housing by making it more affordable for the people to buy or rent it. They decrease the burden placed on future homeowners, supplying them with more options to satisfy their needs, which results in increased financial freedom. Low-interest loans are some examples of such practices, helping people purchase homes without long-term liabilities ( Affordable homeownership schemes, n.
1. Karl Wiig is a very important figure in the terrain of knowledge management (KM) as he developed one of the central KM cycles and models. This researcher claimed that knowledge is essential in making thoughtful and intellectual decisions. Moreover, Wiig noted that knowledge management is important in all spheres of human life. Wiig’s KM cycle is precise and can be easily applicable in business. Thus, the researcher identifies four major stages: building, holding, pooling and applying knowledge. Compared to other cycles WIig’s cycle is very laconic, which makes it clear and easy-to-use. Wiig also claimed that the use of knowledge should be organized. Moreover, the researcher stressed that knowledge should be organized in accordance with the use of knowledge. Wiig also developed a detailed KM matrix that helps understand the very nature of knowledge, which, in its turn, is essential to be able to manage knowledge. Moreover, the researcher developed degrees of internalization which is a step forward to understanding the exact ways to manage knowledge. Basically, Wiig described KM from different perspectives and revealed possible ways to use it effectively in business. Therefore, the researcher contributed greatly to KM. 2. There is no generally accepted definition of what knowledge management is. Practitioners tend to provide a variety of definitions. However, it is possible to note that all these definitions have some key points in common. Thus, knowledge management focuses on tacit and explicit forms of knowledge and has an aim to add value to an organization. Thus, researchers admit that there are two type of knowledge, i.e. tacit and explicit. It is also accepted that knowledge should be used in order to help organizations develop. This can be regarded as key points in defining knowledge management. 3. There are quite different perspectives on the origins of KM. Many researchers claim that knowledge management has been in human societies from time immemorial. Thus, researchers stress that major KM techniques were used in pre-historic times when people accumulated and distributed (or passed) knowledge to help community develop. Some researchers claim that KM evolved in times of the Industrial Revolution. Thus, invention of printing and invention of a variety of tools to spread knowledge are seen as first steps of KM. Some note that KM is associated with the end of the twentieth century when people advanced in computing. All these ideas are quite plausible. However, to be more exact, it is necessary to state that KM developed within the area of management. The term appeared in the 1990s and became widespread at once. 4. Researchers identify three generations of KM. The first generation focused on storing information. People had a dilemma which is illustrated with the qu
Research studies have proven that there was no sufficient intelligence applied by the Intelligence community before the advent of the Second World War. Even during the war, intelligence was handled in a casual and uncoordinated manner. According to the Federation of American Scientists (1996, par. 5), there was “insufficient attention to certain collection requirements”. From the first post, it is evident that the intelligence techniques and methods used during the conflict years were ineffective and hence resulted into numerous failures characterized by surprise attacks. The Pearl Harbor attack by the Japanese in 1941 was a clear evidence of a weak national intelligence system of the United States. From the post, it is possible to discern that the Pearl Harbor attack prompted the US to enter a battlefield and declare war against Japan. The US saw the need to establish an effective intelligence system especially in the army and naval forces. Currently, there is “widespread trend toward incorporating government intelligence methodology into commerce and education” (Krizan 1999, 1). This post highlights that substantial intelligence capabilities were later created by the military to support the war. However, what were these capabilities and how were they effective in the battlefield? This post focuses a lot on the US intelligence during the Second World War and does not adequately discuss Operation Iraqi Freedom even though it had the greatest impact in the development of the United States Intelligence Community (IC) during the early 20 th century. In other words, the post concentrates on the issues that affected the intelligence system in the 19 th century. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other events such as the US war against Iraq and Afghanistan alongside the impacts of the war on the Intelligence Community. This post admits the fact that intelligence has evolved in various ways since the era of the civil wars to the present time. It is clear that intelligence is “gaining attention in the twenty-first centur
Introduction Web servers and numerous other applications that have access to the Internet are always at the danger of being exposed to hacker attacks. The latter commonly results in data breaches and information leaks (Shema, 2014). Recurrently, the data that is accessed throughout the hack is of sensitive character and can adversely impact both the organization and its employees at once. Even though there are issues inherent in hardware and how it is set up, the majority of problems transpire on the software and program code sides (Sivarajan, 2015). This paper reviews the existing issues with databases, provides several scenarios of the data breach, and shares several recommendations intended to help the administrator in case if it is necessary to come up with a strategy to preserve the company’s database and all the information that is stored there. Key Vulnerabilities One of the most prevalent problems with databases is that there are no database backups in place or they are somehow stolen. Another issue that should be seen as one of the main contributors to the problems with databases is an excessive use of numerous database features at once. It puts the company at risk because various experiments with the database can enable a vulnerability that has not been identified before. Another factor that has to be taken into account by database administrators is the consistency of the database. If the database is inconsistent, it will be much more vulnerable to hacker attacks. Regardless, the biggest threat to the company’s SQL Server
There is no standard way of running economies in the world thus giving way to a variety of economic systems. Though methods of running governments are highly different, capitalism and socialism have been identified as the most prevalent forms of economic systems. Capitalism is defined as a form of economic system where the means of production are owned by a few people who then determine which products can be produced and which ones cannot (Henslin, 2011). Nowadays, capitalism is used to refer to a system in which government interference to certain areas of the economy is minimal or absent. In this system, the means of production are therefore controlled by the private sector. On the other hand, socialism refers to an economic system where means of production are communally owned through cooperatives, trade unions or the state (Henslin, 2011). In this regard, the control of the means of production is with the people as a whole and not any individual. It should be noted that the two types of economic systems have various differences though they share some ideas. To begin with, capitalism insists on the maximization of individual profits by the owners of the means of production. As a result, capitalists care more about how much they earn rather than how other people will gain. On the other hand, socialism requires people to contribute to the society according to their ability while each person should be allocated resources according to his or her contribution. Similarly, socialism demands that in addition to the wages that employees receive, the profits made should be distributed among members of the workforce. Moreover, it is the idea of socialists that the markets has various imperfections and thus cannot perfectly meet the requirements (Henslin, 2011). Consequently, government intervention is required to guide the market. On the same note, socialism emphasizes on equal opportunities for all to succeed. In addition, workers are expected to have a say at their places of work. On the contrary, capitalism is based on the beliefs of market freedom. In this regard, the government is supposed to keep its distance as far as the regulation of the market is concerned since this will make the market inefficient (Henslin, 2011). Therefore, owners of the means of production produce what they feel they have a competitive advantage in producing. Generally, capitalism supports competition between producers to produce a given commodity and among consumers to get the commodities produced. Consequently, capitalists are usually competing to either make the highest profits or to secure the cheapest prices when buying commodities. On the contrary, socialists are proponents of cooperation among members of the society to ensure that they produce what the society as a whole needs. It is the philosophy of socialism that the welfare of the society should come first before many individual is considered (Henslin, 2011). Furthermore, socialists believe that it is th
Is Tent City the Answer to Prison Overcrowding? Sheriff Arpaio’s Tent City solution to prison overcrowding should not be replicated. A relatively uncommon establishment in the US criminal justice system had numerous underlying contradictions due to the uniqueness of the concept. As a facility that housed inmates outdoors in post-war tents, it did not separate the prisoners to eliminate personal contacts, which is required by a high-security system ( Lockdown: Tent City , 2007). It might be assumed, therefore, that the prison had minimum security; however, the guards were heavily armored and conducted regular raids to control the contraband, which is a characteristic of a high-security prison. As seen from the inconsistencies in security, continuous criminal activity, a possibility of riots, and numerous human rights violations, Tent City cannot be considered a viable alternative to regular prison facilities. Thus, the practice of Tent City should be abolished as an ineffective approach to solving the prison system’s space limitations. Although Sheriff Arpaio’s Tent City was banned in 2017 as an inhumane establishment that violated the human rights of the prisoners, the identical facility continued to operate in Arizona State Prison, Florence. It hosted up to 500 prisoners in an outdoor area similar to the initial concept of Sheriff Arpaio. Kenski (2018) reported that the temperature in the tents’ shade reached 107 degrees, which is unsuitable for inmates, especially those who are prescribed antipsychotic medications. Security and criminal activity issues arose within the system, which indicated its ineffectiveness. However, as per the facility’s
Introduction First of all it is necessary to mention, that there are numerous advances to decision-making and as of the wide range of areas in which conclusions are made, the perception of decision support system (DSS) is very broad. A DSS can obtain lots of various forms. Generally, we can say that a DSS is a computerized organization for helping make conclusions. Main text A decision is an alternative connecting alternative grounded on approximations of the assessments of those alternatives. Maintaining a decision means helping people operating alone or in a base that gathers brainpower, causes alternatives and makes choices. Supporting the choice-making process involves supporting the estimation, the evaluation and/or the comparison of alternatives. In practice, references to DSS are usually references to computer applications that perform such a supporting role. In order to succeed manager needs to incorporate the DSS into the activity of the company, as the DSS are too helpful in any decision-making process. It is stipulated by the notion, that DSS is the system, helping to find the necessary data from the database. It is generally claimed, that usually DSS chooses its manager, as the administration of the company never knows what to expect in the future (taking into account the unexpected business acquaintances, invitations etc.) Summary Thus, Decision-making system is one of the key components of business activity, and needs to be implemented with the regard, that operational data also needs proper storage, and maybe rather helpful in further activity.
Introduction Clorox has used the change ideal strategy to come up with products that seem to be less harmful to consumers. Clorox applies this strategy by making their products more environmental friendly (Fifield 45). Case analysis Clorox’s product maybe classified to be more appealing to the dark green category since they are more environmentally friendly and have met the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and National Products Association. The use of the name “Green Works” implies that the products emphasize a green and natural environment. The strategy has captured 42% of the market with sales revenues of over $200 million. Recommendation Clorox should avoid quick responses to the blogs and acknowledge the complaints, look into the issues raised, and avoid negative criticism. It should get the audience of the bloggers, apologize to them if it is in the wrong side, and find out ways of drawing the conversations offline. Collaborating with Sierra Club, the EPA, and NPA that are influential in environmental conservation issues would give Clorox the image that it is very environmentally conscious and this would help it in appealing to the consumers who want to make green choices. By putting a list of ingredients in its package, Clorox use the add belief approach which makes consumers develop positive attitudes towards the products by becoming more appealing and hence attract more of the green consumers (Fifield 43). Clorox has used the name Green Works that implies its sensitivity towards the environment. The next process ensures the consumer would get the ingredients list after being exposed and this makes them analyze and appreciate natural ingredients used in the Green Works and evaluate the impact of using the product to the environment (William 28). Works Cited Fifield, Paul. Marketing Strategy. Routledge: 2012. Print Pride, William. Marketing. Cengage Learning: 2008. Print
The given article claims that crime rates in the United States are all low due to an increase in incarceration and governmental social programs. The latter resulted in crime rates declining by third, where violent crimes, such as robbery, rape, homicide, are down by 60% (Seligman). The article provides three points of arguments in order to show that the program works. Firstly, it states that the given outcome is not due to the fact that the social program focused on thug therapy or job training, but the result of increasing the prison population three times (Seligman). Secondly, the article claims that the coefficient of determination also plays a major role in reducing the crime rates, which is similar to a case with abortion (Seligman). Thirdly, it suggests that the incapacitation effect is a critical determining factor in the given reduction because a number of potential criminals are eliminated by locking them in prison (Seligman). Therefore, according to the response article, the decrease in rates of crimes is due to the aggressive development of punishment, which prevents criminals from committing such acts. The evidence provided by the author is in clear conjunction with the rational choice theory. The latter means that: “crime is not a random event but the product of calculation and planning, designed to provide the would-be criminal with an overall benefit, whether it be monetary profit or an emotional thrill” (Siegel 109). In other words, the social program utilized this concept in order to shift the conclusion from analysis towards not committing a crime, because ramifications are quite high. It is also in accordance with the general deterrence concept, where the severity of punishment can increase both perceived and real threats. It results in criminals being reluctant to committing criminal acts. Works Cited Seligman, Dan. “ Lock ‘Em Up. ” Forbes , 2005. Web. Siegel, Larry J. Criminology: The Core. 7th ed., Cengage Learning, 2018.
To induce a change in the way in which the audience and the performers in realist plays view their own lives, Luigi Pirandello in his play “Six Characters in search of an author” intentionally goes against the dictates set in place by the realists in the manner he creates the story in the play. Being a member of the Theatricalists who disapproved the ideas of realists, Luigi intentionally alters the plot structure, the portrayal of the characters, the thematic development, the language as well as the portrayal of spectacle with the intention of restoring the defining tools of drama that the introduction of realism in theater had taken away. The plot structure is a complex one with breaks in between attracting criticism as a result from many people who declare it so messy to an extent that the audience strain to follow the story. This is intentional in that the playwright wants the audience not to reflect the story and simply sympathize with the actors situations but to perceive them as representing their own situations and their worldview. This aims at breaking the barrier between them and the performance on the stage. There are irrational breaks and bare stage sections that are intentional in the plot. The author creates this to give time to the members of the audience to reflect about the action that they have just witnessed in the previous act. The fact that the six characters enter and hijack the process is evidence that the audience who expected the actors to perform the play they are rehearsing are left wondering whether they are indeed watching a play or a piece of reality. There is the aspect of a play inside a play, which works at making the performance really look genuine and consequently making the audience identify with the happenings, which they deem to be reflecting their worldview. In his portrayal of the characters in the play, Luigi succeeds in the effort to create direct interaction with the audience where he substitutes the actors with the characters occasionally. This makes the audience realize that they are watching a real happening that the actors would have otherwise distorted, as revealed when the actors get the chance to act the story of the characters and instead struggle in vain. The actors in the play become mere spectators and their interaction with the characters brings a new dimension into the purpose of theater. This is whereby theater ought to impact on the minds of the audience making them to think about their conditions rather than creating catharsis. Since the audience relates more on the happenings of the story performed by the characters than the actors do, they tend to think of the story more as they relate it to reality than when the actors perform it. In the presentation of the spectacle, Luigi Pirandello reveals the conflicts existing in the theater. These are the conflicts between the characters, the actors, the director and the missing author. There are so many things brought up in this play that reflect the aspects of daily li
Introduction Currently, there is an ever increasing incidence of multiple births especially in the developed nations and this is mainly attributed to increase in assisted reproductive technologies. Such multiple pregnancies have well known risks on the infants as well as risks on the mother, more so related to premature births. Although there is a broad understanding of the risks that present with multiple births, there is paucity of knowledge on how multiple births are related to the well-being of the mother, particularly her mental wellbeing. There is need to examine the mental well-being of mothers with multiple birth since such parents are exposed to various risks which exacerbate the likelihood of developing postpartum depression (PPD). Such risks include the stress of bearing and looking after multiple infants, the possibility of having high-risk pregnancy, social isolation, factors such as premature birth, cesarean delivery as well as risks related to assiste