ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Volstead Act (1918) The Volstead Act (Merriman, 2007, p. 280) was created to enforce the 18 th Constitutional Amendment, which created the situation commonly known under the umbrella term of prohibition. The main idea of the Act was to ban the production, distribution, and consumption of alcohol. Although the initial idea of this initiative had been positive, aiming at improving the nation’s health and culture, the reality turned out to be less adequate. Different criminal structures took advantage of the situation and started to make big money from selling alcohol and organizing places for its consumption. The Act shaped the culture of the 1920s and changed the relationships between politicians and criminal leaders. For instance, the famous bootlegger Al Capone built a network of speakeasies and alcohol trade channels. He controlled the majority of production sites in the USA. However, he managed to do his business due to bribes that he offered to governmental representatives. This scheme illustrates how the politicians were receiving profit from organized crime structures. The Cupola American mafia implemented the organizational structure first introduced in Sicilia and known as the Cupola. It consisted of so-called bosses, who were representing their families. A total of 5 bosses made up the institution (Lupo, 2009, p. 19). The reason for such an initiative is evident since every organized criminal structure needs leaders to govern, protect, and share the zones of influence. However, the organization did not achieve its primary goals due to regular conflicts of power between the members of the institution. It is not surprising that their aim to control the financial flows in the whole country was not satisfied. Although the influence of the mafia in both Italy and the USA was great, it could not shape the local economy to suit their interests. Drug Trafficking Organized criminal structures are responsible for the huge development of drug trafficking. Production and distribution of narcotics is a very complicated process. It takes a lot of secrecy to obtain and prepare the required materials, yet publicity is needed to find customers. Organized crime supports this process by making it easier. There are stable supply chains that resemble a real business. Unlike single dealers who first synthesize and then try to sell their product, these structures have a huge market and are sometimes covered by officials like the police. Drug trafficking also affects organized crime. Since it is a business with huge profits, it is a matter of interest of all organized criminal groups. Moreover, conflicts over controlling the drug market sometimes turn into wars that shape the national security situation. The Future In my opinion, organized crime is something that will always have a place in the world. Considering actions as illegal is only dictated by the current laws. For instance, slavery today is illegal globally, yet it was an acceptable practice in the past. Many people wish to receive huge profi
Introduction Emily Durkheim created a unique theory of suicide based on sociological explanations of human behavior and interaction patterns. In his theory, Durkheim claims that suicide could be explained by examining society and the control it exerts over its citizens (Skoll 11). The theory states that if a group is to encourage social progress, it must allow its members a certain amount of individual freedom. This independence, while it helps society to grow and prosper, can also have an unwholesome effect. It allows some of the social members of that community to break laws, to commit crimes. Durkheim extended this analysis to explain suicide, suggesting that when an individual is operating too independently of his social group, that is, in separation from the group, cut off emotionally from it, he is more apt to commit suicide. Main text The cause of suicide could be found outside the individual, so in a social environment. In his famous work Suicide (Peebles 6) , Durkheim dismisses the notion that suicide is a special form of madness, and that it never occurs when an individual is sane; Durkheim argues that although certain acts committed by an insane individual may be peculiar to them and characteristic of insanity, many others are common to normal individuals as well. “In short,” Durkheim wrote, In the first place, crime is normal because a society exempt from it is utterly impossible. Crime, people have shown elsewhere, consists of an act that offends certain very strong collective sentiments. In a society in which criminal acts are no longer committed (Durkheim (a) 67). Because so many suicides are not connected to what people commonly call insanity, Durkheim chose to focus on three categories of social conditions that he believed were behind suicidal behavior. Durkheim called these egoistic, anomic, and altruistic. The first of these, egoistic, seems to apply to the vast majority of suicides. Durkheim’s egoistic explanation for suicide is still valid today, perhaps more so than when he conceived it, given the egoistic nature of much of the environment (Skoll 33). Two directions are important to suicide explanations. One direction deals with social psy
Introduction The mutual relationship between America and Canada is significant to both countries. Their relationship in the past was based on conflict as they tried to invade each other. However, the two countries have managed to build very strong ties. They are large trading partners and they share the world’s longest undefended border. The two countries have for many years been allies, supporting each other in war. Canadian-American relations World War II was the first military collaboration between Canada and America. This continued even in the cold war and the Iraq invasion in 2003. Although Canada has often questioned America’s foreign policy they have nonetheless been a close ally. Military collaboration between Canada and the United States is largely responsible for the end of the hostility between them before the world wars. The defense policies of Canada and America have differed for instance; disputes arose due to the Vietnam War, the Iraq war, the status of Cuba, and the war on terrorism. After World War II Canada was largely dependant on the US for trade, making the United States its largest market. In 1971 president Nixon canceled the Bretton Wood System. The president placed a 90-day wage and price control, importation taxes were also increased by 10% and the direct conversion of dollars to gold was banned except on the open market. This policy created a lot of international conflict and tension. This decision was referred to as the “Nixon shock” since international countries and even his countrymen were not involved in making the decision. The Canadian government like other governments was greatly concerned by this move. Canada was in a mode of panic as it depended greatly on the US for trade. The Canadian Prime Minister retaliated by articulating the ‘third option’ policy so as to diversify Canada’s trade and reduce its dependence on the US. The relationship between Canada and the United State was so strained that President Nixon declared their relationship dead in a speech in 1972. The previous year Canadian Prime Minister had stated that “America posed a danger to Canada’s national identity, culture, economy and military position.” In his opinion, America was becoming overwhelming. President Nixon’s response emphasized that Canada would no longer receive any
Introduction As the intensity of global competition increases, many companies are forced to reevaluate their niche in the world marketplace. For some companies, this entails strengthening their domestic position against competing for foreign products. Other firms respond by aggressively expanding their operations into foreign markets. For the individual business firm, the rapid changes in the international economy offer both threat and opportunity (Axelsson and Hеkansson 1986). Streamlining, downsizing, accelerating product development, and organizational restructuring are often responses to both internal takeover threats and foreign competition (Evans et al 2004). One outcome of globalization is that corporate structures are changing and newer forms of business relationships are evolving. Company Overview Foster’s is a global multi-beverage company selling beer, wine, spirits, cider, and non-alcohol beverages around the globe (Foster’s Home, 2007). The history of the company goes back to the 19 th century when “Jacob Beringer established Beringer Vineyards in the Napa Valley and in 1888, the first Foster’s Lager was brewed and the original Mildara Winery was established” (Foster’s Home, 2007). Today, the company operates in Australia, Asia, and the Pacific, the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Africa. The range of business responses to the threats and opportunities in the international economy is expanding as rapidly as the global marketplace itself. The task and goals of Foster’s are to respond to coming changes and restructure its activities in order to remain profitable and competitive. Organization Issues Foster’s is a typical marketing organization that has four basic functions: (1) marketing planning, (2) product and market management, (3) advertising and pr
What is emergent literacy Young children have been showing trends in learning literacy and language since birth. In fact, one should look even earlier in life formation to discover the first signs of getting these concepts. While in the womb, the fetus remembers the rhythm of language, hears the first sounds, and tries to interpret them. It is well known that the intrauterine baby can react differently to external sounds and noises, which only confirms the prenatal development of language and literacy (de Bellefonds, 2019). This means that the education of children should start as early as possible. However, if attention is paid to the next stage of development when the child has already been born but has not yet learned how to satisfy the fundamental physiological and biological needs on their own, one can find many intriguing features. In order to combine the full range of different skills and their manifestations that are characteristic of children of early and pre-school age, specialists introduced the concept of “emergent literacy” (“Emergent literacy,” 2020) Many parents notice that even before a child learns to read or write, they show primary signs of learning literacy. Here are a few examples of how this can be illustrated: a child mutters and tries to connect a few letters, points to pictures to books, or tries to draw scribbles by themselves. No matter how primitive these attempts may be: these are the first steps towards language learning. Emphasis should be placed on the fact that emergent literacy goes beyond the usual reading or writing. To simplify understanding this idea, it is enough to present an example when a parent tells their child an “evening” tale. Having listened to the story several times, the child can independently retell it to their friends or interrupt the tutor in the children’s care center and clarify that they missed some sentences (“Emergent literacy,” 2019). Thus, even without knowing the language and not knowing how to fold letters, the child has literacy. Based on the above, it is essential to clarify that emergent literacy development is crucial to the harmonious formation of language skills in preschoolers. Furthermore, it means that proper and timely mastering of these skills guarantees a child more comfortable learning to writing and reading. Whole language approach The diversity of the pedagogical approaches to teaching children to write and read gave rise to various reading mastery philosophies. While some methods are aimed at inductive technologies, others, on the contrary, are taught “from general to special.” One such strategy is a whole language approach (WLA), the idea of which is to present language as an indivisible, indestructible system (“Reading wars,” n.d.). The key to this approach is the recognition that the language is not discrete, which postulates that words, without division into
During the period of the 1950s, the era of the Classical Hollywood Musicals was changed with the era of ‘rockumentaries’ which specific features responded to the needs of the developed society focused on sexuality, love, and freedom of expression. Rock and roll music emerged as the reaction to the social changes, and the development of rockumentaries as the film genre intensified the process. The Classical Hollywood Musicals satisfied the needs of the audience during a long period of time, while reflecting the aspects of the society’s progress and people’s attitudes to the relations and definite values. Rockumentaries can be discussed as the reflection of the social trends developed during the 1950s-1960s because the focus on rock and roll music resulted in mirroring the elements of the music and musicians’ images in the form of films. Thus, Michael Wadleigh’s Woodstock (1970) is an example of a successful rockumentary which attracted the audience’s attention because it depicted the aspects of the life interesting and urgent for the public. In spite of the fact that rockumentaries are characterized by their specific features which are different from the elements of musicals, such rockumentaries as Woodstock have the similarities with the Classical-era musicals in relation to the used themes and sources. Many rockumentaries can be discussed as similar to the Classical-era musicals because of the topics’ choice and the focus on music as the central element of the film. Thus, the Classical-era musicals depicted the developm
Nutrition is very important in preventing diseases. There has been an interest in nutrition among preschoolers. Today more children are being given better nutrition than in the years back. When children are protected from contracting diseases it ensures that they will be healthy and thus participate in the social and economic activities of their countries in the future. It is therefore very important to invest in a child’s health as early as possible in its life because this is both a legal and moral obligation to ensure that the child enjoys the highest possible health. Furthermore many diseases are preventable with the right nutrition. The saying an apple a day keeps the doctor away captures the importance of proper nutrition. According to several studies done many non-communicable diseases have become very common in many countries. This change is attributed to a change in lifestyle where many people lead sedentary lifestyles and eat diets that are saturated with salt fats and sugar. Therefore many diseases like cancer and diabetes have caused many deaths among the populations. It is important to note that these changes that lead to these diseases are identified in early childhood. This is a result of poor nutrition during childhood. Most importantly is to ensure that there is proper nutrition in preschoolers (Caribbean Food & Nutrition, 2002:1). Many children have been found to be obese or overweight. The global figures are alarming because it has been noted that adult obesity is linked with childhood obesity this means that obese children grow up and become obese adults. Obesity leads to diseases for example according to studies done in the United States 61% of obese children have cardiovascular risks and about 27% have diabetes mellitus which until recently was associated with adults. All this is due to poor nutrition. It is therefore important to give children proper diets when they are young. The parents or the guardians have an obligation of selecting proper foods to include in the meals they serve their young ones. This is because what they feed their children determines their health. If obesity is avoided by limiting fast foods many diseases that show up in the future would be avoided. More importantly, the children should be encouraged to be physically active as opposed to watching television and playing video games throughout (Caribbean Food & Nutrition, 2002:1). Nutrition at this preschool age is very important. It prevents diseases in the future for instance when children take adequate calcium they achieve maximum skeletal development and bone mineralization thus their risk of developing osteoporosis later in their adulthood is reduced. Those who fail to get the required amounts of calcium have a higher chance of developing the disease later in adulthood. This means that children should be served calcium-rich foods such as milk and dairy foods because they are rich sources of calcium (Wardlaw & Smith, 2008: 564-687). When children are introduced to healthy foods at this early stage th
Introduction Architects and town planners are usually interested with the future structures and how they should be constructed (Benjamin, 2000). One way of predicting the design of future structures is to analyze the appearance of architectural features presented in the movies that focus on the future. One of the movies that have inspired architects and city planners is Blade Runner . After watching the movie, the audience will note that when Scott produced the film he aimed at portraying a not so distant future. In spite of the film’s mucky horrific scenes, its cinematography and narrative depict Los Angeles as a futuristic cityscape ( Blade Runner , 1982). By analyzing the city and how the movie has been produced with respect to the cinematography and narrative, the article below seeks to highlight how the film has been a basis of stimulation and admiration for architects and city designers. Blade Runner is a fictitious movie produced in the year 1982. Ridley Scott directed the movie. The movie stars Harrison Ford, Edward Olmos, and Sean Young ( Blade Runner , 1982). The movie portrays futuristic perspective of Los Angeles in the year 2019. As such, the city is depicted under the control of genetically engineered replicates. The replicates do not resemble humans in appearance. The influential Tyrell Corporation together with other leading global manufacturing corporations makes the replicates. In the movie, replicates are prohibited from the earth and are solely used for hazardous or tedious work on terrestrial colonies. Replicates that defy the prohibition and return to the planet are hunte
The skills to succeed can be explained as a multifaceted process based on personal skills and learning goals of a person. People become leaders when their personality and character, their knowledge and functional skills of leadership are recognized and accepted by the others involved. My skills to succeed involve effective communication techniques, strong career goals and motivation to succeed in life. There are many methods which can be used to develop skills of an individual. Most of the methods usually help me to identify the strengths I have in the skills. I plan to develop the implementation skills by enrolling in business management classes. This will help me to develop in management of my skills especially in the implementation skills. This will be accomplished over a period of three months. The class attendance will mainly be in the evening. I am also seeking to enroll for weekend charity work which will specifically help me to develop the implementation skills. I have good decision-making skills and can be characterized as an ethical person. A year ago, I have made a decision to upgrade my skills to be relevant as a leader to my vision as a business leader. I am working for 4 years developing my skills and knowledge in a particular sphere. The main strengths I possess are confidence, high-self steam, ambitious, workaholic, forward-looking, always willing to learn, cautious (Jones 32). In sum, for every person, career opportunities play a crucial role in life and persona development. Personal traits and characteristics, psychological uniqueness and education help me to determine my career goals and strategies for their achievement. Works Cited Jones, Jen. Skills to Succeed . Capstone Press, 2007.
Initial statement Every day, somewhere, a physician, psychiatrist, counselor, or other helping professional is presented with a case of near-death experience (Greyson, 1991). A near-death experience (NDE) is defined as a “profound psychological event that occurs when a person is either close to death or faced with circumstances resulting in physical or emotional crisis” (Greyson, 1991, p.488). Near-death experiences contain a pattern of perceptions, which form a complete, identifiable occurrence or experience (Greyson, 1991). Traditionally, when such persons have been forthcoming about their experiences, they “have received reactions bordering on catastrophic from healthcare providers, family members, friends, and clergy” (Griffith, 2009, p. 36). According to Eben Alexander, who wrote about his own brush with death in his book, Proof of Heaven published in 2012, members of the medical community are skeptical to say the least about NDEs.“Scientists have argued that they (NDEs) are impossible”, the well-educated neurosurgeon writes. Alexander knew that near-death experiences seemed real to some of his patients, but he believed they were “simply fantasies produced by brains under extreme stress before he had a near-death experience” (2012, p. 34). Additionally, Linda Griffith writes, “NDEs are reported to affect nearly one-third of individuals having a close brush with death; that is about five percent of the United States population” (2009, p. 39). With these blaring numbers, caregivers need to acknowledge these events, whether real or imagined in order to address the needs of those they serve. Researchers agree that near-death experiences can radically change the attitudes, beliefs, and values of individuals who experience them. Acknowledging these experiences offers to help professionals the chance to serve and satisfy the needs of certain patients and clients in a healing crisis. Though most near-death experiences bring about some spiritual awakening, there is much questioning about the reality of such an experience (Zaleski, 2012). With many Christian theologians, the skepticism is extreme, and the stories of near-death experiences are largely ignored or repudiated. Some consider the whole thing a childish interest, a narcissistic pre-occupation that distracts people from the church’s mission in a hurting world (Galli, 2012). Religious clergy and scholars are not the only ones preoccupied about the validity of near-death experiences and the attention given to the subject. Emotions tend to run high regarding subjects that touch on religious doctrine or established and widely accepted scientifi