ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Economic schools of thought can be defined as the systems of beliefs that some of the historical economists held about economics. The different schools of thought or rather doctrines differ in their methodologies and assumptions that are made to describe a certain economic phenomena. Among the major economic schools of thought include; Keynesian, Marxist, Neoclassical, Austrian, institutional economics and open economy macroeconomics just to mention but a few (Spiegel, 1991, p.102). It is essential that these schools of thought are put into consideration for the better understanding of economics. Karl Marx together with Friedrich Engels developed the Marxist economic thought where they concluded that economic doctrine is based on the fact that the people in the society undergo societal developmental stages. These stages include; crude communism, slavery, feudalism and capitalism then finally communism with each stage leading to the next (Spiegel, 1991, p.123). On the other hand the Keynesian school of thought explains economics in terms of integrating demand and supply to influence the decision makers who can be individuals or the government. The neoclassical school of thought is similar to the Keynesian doctrine with it having its focus on price, income and output determination. As a matter of fact, it emphasizes on maximising utility such that profit is obtained. Of all the schools of thought, the neoclassical school of thought has had the most influence in my way of thinking. The neoclassical school of thought is said to have evolved from the classical doctrines. A close look at this school of thought it is depicted that it concentrates on how the rationality of an individual is affected by demand and supply together with their utility maximisation while neglecting the strong types of uncertainty. This theory led to the generation of many mathematical equations to express economic terms (Strober, 2010, p.1). Due to the fact that neoclassical school of thought deals with allocation of resources as its major focus point, it has had a great influence in my way of thinking since allocation of resources is an important obligation for an individual as well as a nation. This is because it is necessary that one knows which factor to allocate what amount of resources. Failure to do that leads to misappropriation or even lack of fulfilment of the obligations. The concept of free market is also rampant among neoclassical economists who believe that the free markets are what lead to the effective allocation of resources. As a result, neoclassical school of thought has led me into thinking big since it presents the economists with a choice to make between equity and effectiveness especially when allocating resources. In real sense it presents the economists with a moral dilemma. This way, one is indulged into critical thinking which broadens the mind hence applicable in other non-economic issues as well. Studying this unit has led to a great transformation in my view of the application of economics in the social world (Strober, 2010,
Faith and spirituality play a considerable part in people’s lives, especially when it comes to some periods in their life. It has been acknowledged that adolescence is the period when individuals’ spiritual values are formed, and these values usually persist in adulthood (Barkin, Miller, & Luthar, 2015). Haley (2014) examines different developmental frameworks as applied to faith development in teenagers. One of the concepts discussed by Haley (2014) is worth close attention. Nurses should consider the concept of three dimensions of faith development (orientation, disorientation, and reorientation). The dimension of disorientation is associated with adolescents’ clinical experiences, which is specifically true for patients with chronic conditions. Haley (2014) notes that disorientation occurs when individuals go through some devastating or overwhelming experiences. Learning about a serious health issue or having some clinical procedures are such experiences. During this period, adolescent patients are vulnerable, so nursing professionals should help them cope with the challenge they have to face. As far as I am concerned, I will pay attention to an adolescent’s faith development who seems to be in the disorientation stage. In order to guide them to the reorientation level, I will first make sure I know a lot about the patient through the review of their history. My further step will involve conversations with the patient based on the results of my review. Some of the opening questions may be as follows. “Right now, do you feel comfortable talking about the higher power that guides people?” Another way to start the conversation can be linked to small talk or a discussion of some news. “Do you think there is the highest meaning in everything happening in the world?” The conversations I had with a teenage patient were often aimed at her accepting the health issue she would have to cope with. This goal was achieved through the focus on major Christian values. The preliminary spiritual assessment helped me realize that the girl was likely to cherish them. At the same time, I always tried to remain open and encouraged the adolescent to speak freely without confining her answers to a specific domain. The patient was in the process of transferring from the disorientation dimension to the reorientation stage. Although she did not practice any religion, she positioned herself as Catholic. She did not want to stress the fact that she did not really believe in God, but she often me
Introduction One of the most valued liberties by the American people is their right to bear arms; a right enshrined in the Second Amendment. This right, which was included in the bill of rights in 1791, has continued to be upheld by successive governments up to today. However, this right has come under heavy criticism in recent years because of the numerous incidents of gun related violence’s in the country. The destruction caused by firearms in school shootings and the public at large has enraged many and led to calls for tighter gun control measures. The government has responded to this by imposing gun regulation, a move that has greatly angered gun control opponents. This paper will argue that the US government does not have any right to control guns and as such, it should respect the second amendment and stop taking up measures to impose gun control on its citizens. Why Gun Control Should Be Abolished Gun control is an infringement upon the basic rights of the Americans to possess firearms. This right is explicitly protected by the Second Amendment, which states, “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed” (Barnett 265). By trying to impose gun control measures in the country, the government is going against the constitution. Considering that the government is required to uphold the constitution at all times, gun control measures are essentially unlawful. Advocates of gun control argue that the Second Amendment cannot be used to justify an individual’s right to own firearms since this right was conditioned on “service in an organized militia”. This advocates state that the individual’s right to bear arms was tied to a military context and citizens were only empowered to have guns in readiness to serve when called to duty. Legal scholars refute this claim by stating that the Second Amendment protected the right of the individual to possess firearms. Barnett states that even at the time of the making of the Second Amendment, the term “bear arms” did not have an exclusively military connotation; the term was also used to connote purely private use of arms (244). Therefore, the right of individuals to have fire guns in the present era is still protected by the US constitution. The control of bullets or even the ban of assault rifles will not prevent murderous people from engaging in killing. Domenech observes that most of the calls for stricter gun control measures come following tragic incidents like the mass killing of students in school by gun wielding individuals (25). Gun control proponents use tragedies of mass murders such as the Sandy Hook incident to make a case for further restrictions on the gun-owning rights of American citizens. This is in spite of the fact that there is no research data supporting the theory that gun possession increases the likelihood of mass murders taking place. Stricter gun control legislation will not prevent sad incidents like the Sandy Hook case which robbed 20 children and six a
Introduction The primary focus of the first article is on the Spanish conquest of America. The author argues that despite the missionary goal of saving the native inhabitants of the land, the conquistadors were interested in financial rewards and the exploitation of labor. In addition, the prospect of becoming famous was one of the aims for them. The course of action that these people followed was similar to that in other Spanish colonies. The Indian people were supposed to become Christians as well as be Hispanized. Additionally, they would have to relocate to live in small villages. It would ensure that the native inhabitants of the land would serve as a labor force for the Spanish people. Main body The author explores the causes of such actions, by citing the beliefs that were dominant in Spain of the sixteenth century. The domain and its citizens viewed their power as limitless. Furthermore, they aimed to Christianize other nations as part of their fight against Protestants and the goal to spread the religion in both America and Asia. The two aspects – belief in the powerfulness of Spanish military forces and religion were primary elements that allowed them to conquer many lands around the world. The critical factor is the division of thought among Spanish people, as some thought that the rights of the natives should not be violated. On the other hand, the colonists strived to receive profit from their endeavors, which could be done by ensuring that Indians work for the benefit of th
Introduction Labor is one of the four basic factors of production. Managing human capital is not only important in improving the performance of individual organizations, but it also plays a major part in economic development of a country. For this reason, labor has always been considered as a corner stone in economic development. For the labor force to be productive there is need to address various challenges that may affect them in one way or the other. It is always important to ensure that employees work in an environment that is not harsh. Their personal and health issues should always be put into consideration to ensure that they work without any form of interference. This explains why there are laws developed to govern human resource management in countries across the world. Different countries have different policies concerning labor relations. International Labor Organization (ILO) has set specific principles that should be observed by different countries around the world in managing human resource. However, Beik (67) notes that individual countries are expected to make legislation on how its human resource should be managed. This means that different countries around the world have specific principles of labor relations that are unique, despite some of the universal principles set by International Labor Relations. This research will focus on analyzing labor laws and challenges faced by labor force in India. Country’s History India has a very rich historic background. The country gained its independence from United Kingdom in 1947. It is ranked as the seventh largest country in the world by land area. It has a population of slightly over 1.2 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world after China. India is also the largest democracy in the world, and its economy has been ranked as third largest in terms of purchasing power and eleventh by nominal GDP. Although the country has been considered to have a healthy gross domestic product that is ranked favorably among other world nations, its human development index has remained very low. This is attributed to the fact that wealth of the country is held by a few, while majority struggle to earn a living. India has a rich culture. As Jyothi (297) notes, four world religions, which includes Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism originated from this country. However, Christianity and Islam have also found their way into the Indian society in the first millennium. This has helped create a diverse culture in this country. According to Klatt (144), India is home to large cultural groupings. Some of them are the indigenous people, while many others migrated into the country at different times. Some of the groups were brought into this country as slaves during the colonial period. The country has had a relatively stable political leadership
Introduction Among other uses, water is a coolant in petroleum refineries and, as such, is consumed in large volumes by these companies. The refining process generates a significant amount of wastewater, which contains hazardous chemicals such as hydrocarbons that make its disposal a challenge to refineries. ROW reclamation is an attractive solution to these refineries in dealing with the wastewater they generate. In addition, there is an increasing demand for fresh water as the global population increases, as such; reclamation of wastewater is gaining recognition, acceptance and popularity as a significant, growing and reliable water source (Ismail and Yuliwati 2). Wastewater management ensures that this demand is met at an acceptable financial and environmental cost (Ismail and Yuliwati 2). It, thus, determines the apt wastewater reclamation technology to employ for a given case. Robust wastewater reclamation technologies are apt, sustainable, easy to maintain and efficient in eliminating the hazardous chemicals and pathogens in wastewater (Ismail and Yuliwati 2). ROW is effluent discharged out of petroleum refineries that is an emulsion of water and oil and which additionally contains heavy metals, organic contaminants, inorganic contaminants, salts, aromatics, grease, phenol and ammoniacal nitrogen among other substances (Lenntech). Table 1 in appendix A shows the common contaminants in ROW. Samples of refinery wastewater taken from different refineries reveal that one of its physical characteristics is that its parameters are extremely variable meaning that different samples contain different chemical substances and have varying chemical substance concentration (Saudi Aramco 14). Another physical characteristic of refinery oily wastewater is a high temperature ranging between 30 – 50˚C (Saudi Aramco 14). The other of its physical characteristics is a highly variable rate of flow (Saudi Aramco 14). Refinery oily wastewater reclamation involves treatment of the waste water and its reuse. Discussion Various refinery oily wastewater reclamation technologies are in use today in various parts of the world. Petroleum refineries are interested in reclamation technologies that will enable them meet the strict effluent quality standards set by authorities. They are again interested in technologies that guarantee them a reliable supply of fresh water and that cut on operational costs while maintaining high quality of effluent (Peeters 3). Existing processes Gravity separation Gravity separation is one of the technologies used to treat ROW (Koytsoykos 5). Gravity separators perform primary ROW treatment by creating an environment that facilitates the settling down of suspended solids and that facilitates clarification of oil from the rest of the influent (Koytsoykos 5). Though effective in separating free oil from water, gravity separators do not separate dissolved contaminants or demulsify the emulsions present in the influent. This is there main disadvantage. A commonly used gravity s
In the US, public companies have a tendency of attempting to file for bankruptcy as it enables them to continue carrying out their operations and manage the bankruptcy progression. If such companies fail, every asset is liquidated, and shareholders are paid back in accordance with absolute precedence. Nearly seven years ago, Lehman Brothers decided to file for bankruptcy and the temporary marketplaces for non-public liability froze up across the globe, compelling banking institutions to reduce greatly on loaning to companies, in addition to family units (Pozen par. 1). The majority of people deem the failure of Lehman the experience that inclined the globe into the worst monetary crisis ever since 1929. Description of the Analysis If a firm chooses to file for bankruptcy, there is a possibility that the shareholders will get back their money. Dissimilar bankruptcy filings or processes offer some perception regarding whether the shareholders will receive all or just a fraction of their venture even though that is established per occurrence. There is as well an order concerning the creditors or shareholders that will get paid foremost or last. The shareholders are normally held at a stalemate if their firms encounter bankruptcy. Apparently, no one devotes their finances to any business in any way while anticipating that the business will declare or be declared bankrupt. The moment a firm chooses to file under whichever kind of bankruptcy defense, the rights and privileges of the shareholders vary to reveal the bankruptcy position of the firm. When a number of firms make effective comebacks following a reformation, the risks that the shareholders accept when they venture in the firm at times turn into realities (Pozen par. 1-3). The disorder that led to the collapse of Lehman was a direct result of the government’s unclear explanation of the reasons behind Fed bailing out Bear Stearns in early 2008. The silence was misconstrued by both the shareholders and Lehman executive directors. Some days prior to its downfall, the United States representatives attempted greatly to plan an arrangement to protect Lehman through trading its defective properties and selling the rest to Barclays (Pozen par. 2-6). The American officials were left with just a couple of alternatives, which were to either inculcate enormous quantities of federal cash into Lehman or allow it to become bankrupt. Report on the Findings Lehman could have decided to file for bankruptcy mostly since it could not borrow adequate money to satisfy its short-term operating requirements. To seal
In this essay, the author seeks to address the issue of celebrities which has become very pervasive in contemporary America. The author begins by expounding that the world “culture” no longer holds its original meaning but rather has evolved to mean the general emotional atmosphere that surrounds a particular word to which the term is attached. The article goes on to articulate the difference between being famous and being a celebrity. It states that fame is earned through talent or achievements while being a celebrity achieved through broadcasting of one’s achievement or by cultivating something which may pass for achievement. The article derides celebrities of appearing to have brilliant accomplishment while most of them don’t have any worthwhile accomplishments or talents. For this, the celebrities are accused of fraudulence. According to the article, celebrities purport to live our fantasies and as such, are the nearest thing to a god for most people. However, the author also suggests that people loathe celebrities and wish to see them fall from grace. It is for this reason that tabloids such as the Star and the National Enquirer are full of stories of the troubles of the rich and famous. The author reveals that being a celebrity in present day is different than it was in the previous decades as the intensity of the celebrity-creating institutes has changed. While in the olden days stars were afforded some privacy, today’s paparazzi, gutter-press and television invade the lives of the celebrities. Also, the author notes that while in the past people used to pay off the media to avoid talking about them or making them celebrities, money is presently used to buy celebrity. The author also discusses the class of academic celebrity who are not necessarily genuine scholars but rather people who gained the right exposure to the public through television or radio programs. The author especially decries the celebrity culture among intellects and other literally figures whom he asserts should be the aristocrats of the spirit and not promoters of the work that they write. Epstein says that while authors aim to acquire more readers, their primary objective should be producing good works “Death to film critics! Hail to the CelebCult!” by Roger Ebert, In this article, the author laments the replacing of the articulate thought provoking film critics with non-intelligent gossip on celebrities. The article begins by praising the role that film critics played as warning bells. However, the author notes that now the critics have been reduced to gossip mongers. The article highlights the change in direction that the American newspapers have taken with emphasis being laid on focusing on the celebrity items that readers are interested in. As such, newspapers will emphasis more on celebrity news which instills poor values in the youth. The article contrasts the 1950s scenario where celebrities enjoyed some privac