ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Culture is the entirety of social norms, behaviors, and customs which distinguish a certain society from the rest of the world. Naturally, some cultures have common features, thus forming cultural clusters. At the same time, leadership is a personality trait that transcends national boundaries. This does not imply that all people with power behave in the same manner, as leaders are also influenced by cultural norms. Behavior differences are evident in the way people in different clusters view time. Middle Eastern cultures are frequently juxtaposed to Western ones, particularly American. Beehner writes that while “most Middle Eastern nations are past oriented” and uphold traditions, “many Americans believe they can control the future and embrace change for the sole purpose of changing” (72). Barak Obama is an example of a leader who gained prominence by articulating the importance of change. The list of differences in leadership behaviors is not limited to the perception of the future. Crede et al. have conducted a study in which they ascertain cultural differences in relation to transformational leadership. (23). The most peculiar finding is that “transformational leadership exhibits stronger relationships with subordinate performance in cultures with low levels of gender egalitarianism values” (Crede et al. 23). This implies that the more traditional a culture is, the more successful leaders are likely to be in transformational endeavors. Altogether, there is a definite influence of culture on the conduct of leaders. Therefore, the definition of culture should include the importance of its effect on leadership behaviors. Not only does culture distinguish a certain social group, but it also underscores the likelihood of changes driven by people who have authority. After all, these people are the ones who make the most important decisions in society. Works Cited Beehner, Christopher G. System Leadership for Sustainability . Taylor & Francis, 2019. Crede, Marcus, Jaehee Jong, and Peter Harms. “The Generalizability of Transformational Leadership across Cultures: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Managerial Psychology , vol. 34, no. 3, 2019, pp. 1-38.
Introduction Intellectual or physical disability can significantly impede the life of diagnosed persons. Receiving such a diagnosis is not strictly limited to health consequences but can also lead to certain social, emotional, and practical repercussions. Navigating life with any type of disability diagnosis is challenging and can substantially impact the mental health and well-being of the individuals afflicted with it. Moreover, it is often accompanied by the social stigma that adds to the emotional distress experienced by the diagnosed patients. This essay aims to examine the long-term impact of stigmatization on the self-identity of disabled persons and argue that social comparisons are the primary reason for internalized stigma and negative self-perception. Defining Stigmatization Stigma is something that people with disabilities experience on an everyday basis, and it can have a drastic effect on their emotional and psychological well-being and the way they identify themselves. It can be defined as a social construct that recognizes a person or a group for the differences they exhibit and assigns negative values to those individuals (Silván-Ferrero et al., 2019). According to Rochford, Quinn, and Farren (2018, p. 35), stigma can also be characterized as “stereotyping and belief in prejudiced attitudes towards particular people and groups.” Furthermore, it can include the experience of rejection through the establishment of segregated services for a certain group (O’Byrne and Muldoon, 2017). Although it may seem more efficient to provide individuals with disabilities, especially severe ones, with separate services and education focused solely on them, it can add to the stigmatization they already experience. Furthermore, it can reinforce prejudices against the group as their peers have little opportunity to interact with them. Overall, people diagnosed with an intellectual or physical disability are often stigmatized in their everyday lives and can become targets for bullying and victimization. People with disabilities are more likely to experience discrimination compared to their counterparts without one. According to Banks et al. (2018), 15 percent of individuals diagnosed with intellectual or physical issues experience discrimination compared to 11 percent of those without such a diagnosis. Furthermore, biased attitudes are more likely to have a serious impact on them (Banks et al., 2018). Research shows that discrimination often occurs at financial and healthcare organizations, in public places, and when applying for a job as well as at their place of work (Banks et al., 2018). Prejudice also arises when using public services and in educational settings (Banks et al., 2018). From this information, it can be asserted that disabled people experience stigmatization in most areas of their life. Therefore, it can be argued that these daily encounters have a substantial impact on their self-identity. Imp
Summary of the Topic Chapter 10 dwells on the possibilities of expanding one’s business with the help of online technologies. The authors outline the benefits and limitations of online advertising as a means of promoting one’s goods or services. The major pros of such kind of promotion are the reasonable cost, the possibility to hit target markets, and the ability to track important data, such as the location of individuals clicking advertisements. The cons of online promotion include the annoyance factor, the fear of spam, and the click fraud. The chapter also describes different types of online business: business-to-business, business-to-customer, and customer-to-customer. The role and functions of the chief information officer are identified. The chapter is rather helpful is understanding online business approaches. Current Event The intention of M&S to merge with Ocado with the aim of increasing the company’s online business was not surprising (Busby). The major retailer made such a decisi
Introduction It was in February 1986 during the 27 th congress of CPSU that Mikhail Gorbachev’s ideas of glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring), and demokratizatsiya (democratization) were launched. Gorbachev came up with the ideas with a key focus on the economy. The main reason for doing this was to improve the soviet’s economy, which all along had been poor as it had no signs of growth (Gibbs, 1999, p.1). To him, success in all his attempts could not be realized if social and political reforms were to be left out. In fact, efforts to bring such reforms began immediately. Gorbachev’s ideas had several impacts on the communist society and the soviet economy in general. Impacts of Gorbachev’s idea Glasnost encouraged freedom of speech and expression in the society. Freedom of speech was critical towards ensuring great awareness was raised concerning the shortcomings and strengths of the Soviet Union as compared to the past where information was held in secret. It was under this principle of openness that people talked freely against communism and spoke positively about democratization. Democratization on the other hand had an effect of undermining not only CPSU power but also, Gorbachev’s power. A feeling for nationalism was raised in several parts of the Soviet Union where a number of riots were staged up. Restructuring both the social and political arena had its own outcome. One profound change consisted in encouraging free markets and appointment of non- ruling party members into the government. The three changes had the great impact of turning U.S.S.R from communism to a democratic union. All the gains were registered because the members realized the positives of democracy. Gorbachev believed that moving from traditional command to market economy would see the economy improve greatly. To him, Perestroika and Glasno
Introduction Gluten is the protein component of the endosperm of cereal grains. The role of gluten in growing plants is to provide nourishment during the germination phase (Koehler & Wieser 2013). When cereal grains are ground, gluten affects the elasticity of the resulting flour, which is observed as chewiness in baked goods. Gluten consists of two types of proteins called gliadin and glutenin. Gliadin is a prolamin protein, whereas glutenin is a glutelin protein (Balakireva & Zamyatnin 2016). Plants that contain gluten include wheat, barley, rye, and triticale. Baking flour is classified as soft, medium or hard depending on the gluten content. Hard flour contains the highest amount of gluten with a concentration of between 12 and 14%, whereas soft flour contains lower amounts of gluten than those in hard flour (King 2012). Therefore, the gluten content of flour affects the physical properties of flour and the corresponding baked products. Raising agents (also referred to as leavening agents) also affect the overall texture of baked goods. Raising agents fall into three main categories: natural, mechanical, and chemical. Natural leavening may be achieved by the production of carbon dioxide gas through fermentation. Examples of natural leavening agents are eggs, yeast, steam, and dry heat. Mechanical leavening involves the inclusion of air into dough through physical means such as whipping of eggs or sifting of flour. Examples of chemical raising agents include sodium bicarbonate, cream of tartar, and baking powder. Sodium bicarbonate, which is frequently referred to as baking soda, is an alkaline substance that is commonly used to leaven soda bread and ginger bread. Cream of tartar is an acid with several chemical names such as potassium hydrogen tartrate, potassium bitartrate, monopotassium tartrate, and potassium acid tartrate. Potassium bitartrate is usually used alongside baking soda to provide the acidity required to activate the baking soda. Baking powder is made by combining sodium bicarbonate and potassium hydrogen tartrate. The addition of water to baking powder sets off a reaction between the two components, which liberates carbon dioxide gas. Factors affecting the activity of chemical raising agents include temperature and pH. An increase in temperature increases the release of carbon dioxide gas from the raising agent, thus leading to a corresponding increase in the volume of the baked product. Reducing the pH of the raising agent by adding an acid increases the action of chemical raising agents through the liberation of carbon dioxide gas. Consequently, too much alkalinity lowers the action of chemical raising agents. The purpose of this lab was to ascertain the impact of chemical leavening agents on flour mixtures. Results
Definition Spirochetae is an elongated, double-membrane bacteria that is very flexible and motile. The term “Spirochetae” originates from the Greek “spiro” (“coiled”) and “create” (“hair”) and owes its existence to the form of the bacteria, which has a spiral shape (“Spirochete Bacteria,” 2017). The Lyme disease (B. burgdorferi) bacterium can be characterized by its wiggly movement, which is also defined by its shape. Like the rest of Spirochetae, syphilis T. pallidum /Lyme disease (B. burgdorferi) is prokaryotic (i.e., its cell does not have a nucleus). Being a very ancient group of organisms, B. burgdorferi causes a range of complicated conditions, Lyme disease being the key and the most dangerous one (Delost 289). Genome Sequence The bacteria have comparatively small genomes, which can be seen in the analysis of etiologic agents causing the development of Lyme disease (Kingry et al. 1). B. burgdorferi exists in several variations. When considering the factors that prompt the development of Lyme disease, one must
What are “cookie jar” reserves? Explain how Enron has used this concept In this era, most managers would not wish to show that they are underperforming their management tasks. The financial statements are usually used to present the performance of a company which directly depicts the performance of its managers. “Cookie jar” reserves are one of the methods applied by managers to show a positive performance of the company when it is actually underperforming. “Cookie jar” reserves entail transferring money to reserves during high-performance seasons and not reporting the reserves during such sessions. The transfers are later reported during low-performance seasons of the company to show a good performance. It could also involve off-balance-sheet events that when reported could reflect poor performance. The managers can borrow loans from financial institutions and fail to report them as loans. Such loans are either reported as a transfer from reserves or available cash. This gives a wrong picture of the company’s functioning as it hides the liabilities of the company. Another way is the movement of liabilities and assets of a company off the balance sheet. This leads to reporting lower debts than the actual debts and hiding the losses born by companies. The managers use this strategy to ensure that the stakeholders always think of the company as a good performing one. The managers of the Enron Company made use of “cookie jar” reserves in various ways and hence, the company was always thought of as performing well even in its poor performance seasons. Thus, the securities of the company are always traded at high prices. Some of the incidences in which the company employed this concept include the fact that Enron took part in some off-balance sheet transactions. These transactions were supposed to be reported in the financial statements to depict the true performance of the company. However, they were not repo
Cigarette advertising is one of the most popular types of ads in the whole world. Each ad has its own peculiarities and captivating points to be taken into consideration. There are several media types which are used to promote cigarettes, and one of them is the Internet. The chosen cigarette ads are found as a result of a thorough search in Google. The first one is focused on the Marlboro brand and associated with cowboys, their style of life, and their freedom. The second and is devoted to the Craven Menthol Cigarette brand that promotes fresh and cool emotions for people of different age. Both images advertise cigarette brands which introduce new and captivating products for people. Though smoking is a harmful practice for human health, some people cannot give up smoking for different reasons; this is why it is better to use the best products, trust time-tested brands like Marlboro or Craven, and enjoy the chosen style of life. When people talk about Marlboro cigarettes, the image of a handsome cowboy with a durable whip and a magnificent horse comes to their mind. The Marlboro brand introduced one of the most famous slogans in the middle of the 1960s and invited everyone to join them: “Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro country.” On this ad, a handsome man is lighting up a cigarette and taking a brown whip in his hands. On the background, there is his horse that is waiting for his actions. The man drops his eyes to light it up properly from the very first and enjoy this new taste as soon as possible. Now, he is going to smoke and come back to work with new powers and new ideas. The second image advertises new Craven cigarettes with menthol. In the center of this ad, there is an open pack with two sticking out cigarettes. They are the coolest. They are cleanest. And they are most refreshing. On the background of this pack, there is a young couple who enjoys the beauty of the forest and a small streamlet. They are breathing in the fresh air, they are happy, and they are refreshed. Every person has a chance to feel the same if he/she tries these cigarettes and enjoys this new taste. Good atmosphere, fresh ideas, relaxation, and entertainment – all this is available for people due to these new menthol cigarettes. The two ads under consideration are focused on the idea to promote cigarettes and prove that only the products of these brands need to be used. There are so many reasons why people should choose these cigarettes among others, and one of the most burning ones is the idea to try something new and attractive. Long cigarettes from Marlboro and amazing menthol taste from Craven – all this sounds rather interesting and attractive. Those who decide to start smoking should focus on these brands because of t
Formative Evaluation One of the greatest problems which foreigners in general and foreign students in particular encounter as they get accustomed to the new place and its traditions and social interaction is the law and its multiple issues, namely the copyright law. Devoting these sessions to teaching foreign students the peculiarities of the copyright law in the U. S. and comparing it to the systems of copyright law existing in the other countries, one can help people to avoid a number of upsetting conflicts and misunderstandings. Workhouse Sessions In the process of the session I tried to help students think on their own, creating the right environment for analytical and critical thinking. Giving them hints so that they could get the overall idea of the topic, I could further on count on their feedback and their eager participation. It was of crucial importance to drive students to the idea that copyright laws in different countries may vary. As the students realized this fact, it was necessary to drive certain parallels with the copyright laws in different countries before proceeding to the idea of the international copyright law. One of the most important parts of the lessons was the revision if the material learned in the previous sessions, for this helped students to track the differences in the copyright law systems of different states. Discussions Another crucial part of the sessions was the discussions of the learned material and further development of the topic. Working in small groups, the students could remember the material better and develop their own critical thinking and deductive abilities. Summative Evaluation One of the peculiarities of the given sessions would be the fact that the students will be able to assess the lessons themselves. Such approach will help to obtain most objective results and will lead to eliminating any possible misunderstandings concerning both the material and the learning sessions. Aims Achieved With help of a small survey which students will be handed it will be possible to realize if they find the lessons useful themselves. Thus, answering such questions as what the relevance of the content to the given student’s personal work was, one will be able to assess the knowledge obtained during the course. In addition, the information gathered will provide a truthful and objective portrait of a teacher. Feedback Another important part of the lesson sessions is the discussion of the material learned during the lesson. In conversations and discussions of all aspects of the information obtained the students will be able to develop their skills to communicate; in addition, they will be able to learn the complicacies of the international copyright law faster. It is worth mentioning that such system of learning will also develop the students’ ability to convey their personal opinion concerning important issues and take the opposing opinion with due respect. Students’ Evaluation One of the parts which the students will like is the personal critical evaluation of the
Abstract It is axiomatic to argue that the future of Low Cost Carriers (LCC) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been a concern to the business community in the recent past. The need to deregulate the air transport within the cooperation is one of the major steps towards improving the operations of LCCs. Being one of the market leaders; GCC has in the past adopted all the possible mechanisms to liberate the market to enhance quality and affordable services. Through this research, some of the questions which come up when discussing low cost carriers are tackled and they include; the probability of deregulation of air industry coming to GCC and how long it will take. The impact of integration and how it will change competition between airlines, Role of International community particularly AACO in deregulating the GCC, The development plans of airports in the region and how it supports the growth of LCC, competition strategy, product strategy, marketing and network amongst leading LCCs within GCC carriers, just to mention a few. These areas of scrutiny lead to a number of findings which are discussed in the discussion area in relation to literature. The paper also presents a number of recommendations in relation to the findings of the research. Introduction Low cost carriers are considered by many investors as a key variable in improving economic growth and subsequent development in the development. (Jan & Tom, 2000) explains that given the nature of robust business activities within the GCC, it is necessary that it offers low cost carriers to attract the number of investors that flows into the region. The economic prosperity and continued flourishing business within the region will depend on the cost of doing business. (Suliaman 2011) In the GCC, the cost of doing business is directly proportionate to the carriers charges, thus the topic becomes pertinent in analyzing the future of business. Before digesting the need for regulation it is prudent to understand some of the reasons for continued regulation. According to (Dempsey & Goetze 1992), when the industry is not regulated, companies with high capital base would lower prices, giving them a superior advantage over her rivals. A fear of price wars would start leading to a collapse of companies with small capital base. Other observers argue that air transport is a public utility and therefore regulation was necessary to ensure that major benefits are not jeopardized. There are also regions which are neither accessible by road nor water and therefore the best means of transport is air transport. If the private players are left to manage the industry, they might not appreciate the need of connecting and investing