ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mankind has been endowed with the gift of communication use both verbal and non-verbal means. However, meaningful communication among the people is usually distorted by willful lie and deception. Deception refers to intentional distraction of information between people in a relationship and usually leads to distrust between the partners (Rondina and Workman 1). It usually involves the violation of rules governing relationships and is regarded to be an outright contravention of what is expected each of the relational party. In any interaction, people expect their close friends, family members, as well as unfamiliar persons to exercise the highest degree of truthfulness. It is unfortunate that human beings have a natural tendency of wanting to deceive in their day to day interactions. Some forms of deception that may be mentioned include lies, concealments or omissions, understatement which involves limiting truth, equivocations where an individual make contradicting statements, and exaggeration of truth. A lie is the act of claiming to have some information or disseminating or withholding information from an individual (Cullen 2). Usually, the information supplied is farther from the truth. The research paper explores lie and deception from a psychological perspective. Different groups have realised the need to detect lies and deceptions especially the forensic psychologists, the police, security experts, and those in relationships. A lie refers to a statement that is usually made deliberately with an intention of misleading or deceiving another; it is a deliberate telling of falsehood (Rondina and Workman 3). It is also a form of deception and has been categorised into different types. They include: being economical with the truth, propaganda, bluffing, emergency lie, the big lie, and so forth. The ability to detect lies and deceptions is a useful skill that any manager, employer, and many activities that help one from either becoming a victim. Psychological researchers have realised that they can investigate individuals suspected of lying. They use both body and language and can tell whether one is telling the truth or not (Cullen 25). It has been established that with objective observation of an individual’s body language by concentrating on the physical gestures as well as the verbal cues, one can tell if a person is lying or not. A number of physical gestures have been associated with deception and that it is possible to understand the body language. If an individual is being untruthful during communication, the individual’s overt expression will be limited and strained (Cullen 41). The movement of the arms and hand will also be limited and if any, they would be highly self-centered. They would also not spread their hands when seated on a sofa or leave them on their on when standing. In other words, the liar will appear to be shrinking into him/herself. Another clear that a person is not telling the truth is that he or she will not make direct eye cont
Information security is at the heart of online traders. The Internet-based traders implement, review, and manage business operations by legislations and regulations of the industry to avoid the consequences of losing vital business information (Selling on the Internet, 2001). The online businesses use Network Security and Disaster Recovery Management to trim down risks of losing information and increase chances of recovering lost data. Network Security Management reduces threats and risks to business information. It identifies risks, assesses risks, and takes steps to put the risk under control. Security management is a proactive and continuous program of identifying and assessing risk then weighing business trade-offs on allowable levels of risk in comparison to the ever-revolutionizing technological developments (Curtin, 1997). Risk assessment is the first process in Network security management. A small business firm can perform a risk assessment to determine the extent of the potential threat associated with an IT system or overall operation. The scale of assessment in small businesses may be less than in large businesses. The basic steps for reducing risks are identification and evaluation of risks and the impacts of risks, and recommendations of risk-reducing measures (Information Security Program Guide for State Agencies, 2008). Risk mitigation is the second step in network security management. The process of risk mitigation entails prioritizing, estimating, and executing recommendations from the risk assessment department. The final process of risk management is evaluation. The evaluation provides systems for developing effective risk management procedures within the orga
Because of the complicity of the modern social structure, evaluating it would presuppose splitting the society into several communities. It must be kept in mind though that since the structure of the modern society contains the most versatile elements, the results of the analysis must embrace such groups as the employed and the unemployed first. Taking into consideration the growing importance of the anti-corporate movement in modern American society, it is impossible to conduct such research without the criticism of corporate culture. As Osborne (2007) says, this is the vector of the modern American business situation. Unless the abovementioned element is considered, the social analysis will be incomplete: American society is disproportionately shaped by the outlooks, interests, and aims of the business community – especially that of big business. (p.161) Thus, it is of utter importance to consider such social factors as the anti-corporate movement. Shaping the modern business situation may bring unexpected results, both negative and positive, to the future American society. At present, it seems that the movement is concerned with the mass-culture production issues. Speaking of the social theory which should be used as a cornerstone of the given research, it would be the political theory, namely the idea of a civil state which it presupposes. With a legacy as the prior asset of a state, it is bound to continue its progress and will easily remove the obstacles on its way. Incorporating the business theory and the theory of the civil state, such a theory of evaluating modern American society will prove the most efficient and will provide the most exact results and data for further analysis and suggestions for probable solutions. Reference List Horkheimer, M. (1982) Critical Theory: Selected Essays . New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Osborne, E. (2007) The Rise of the Anti-Corporate Movement: Corporations and the People Who Hate Them . Greenwood Publishing Group: Westport. CN.
Among many problems faced by young Americans today, the increasing rate of ignorance related to the knowledge on geography and history of the USA seems to become a significant problem in the future. This issue is important to be discussed and addressed because today the limited level of knowledge on such basic facts as the location of the country in the world and states in the USA is demonstrated by the future policy makers, public administrators, and professionals in fields of the national economy and international relations. The problem is in the fact that the low level of knowledge on general historical, political, religious, scientific, administrative, and world issues is characteristic for college and university students who are expected to take high position in the society in the future. From this point, it is important to examine the issue of the students’ ignorance in detail in order to predict negative consequences and propose possible solutions to the question while referring to the primary data and scholars’ visions of the problem. The results of the national surveys and interviews with scholars and students demonstrate that the general level of ignorance and level of the geographic illiteracy tend to increase among young Americans. Thus, the National Geographic survey demonstrated that more than 60% of American college and university students face difficulties identifying their country on the world map and their states on the map of the USA (National Geographic). The majority of students cannot indicate the location of such countries as Iraq, the UK, and Japan on the world map as well as the entire African continent, when they are not labeled (“Interview with Harm de Blij” par. 3; National Geographic). About 35% of students in American colleges and universities are not able to sing the national anthem, and many students cannot sing even the first few verses of it (Stone). In addition, many American students cannot remember the name of their state governors, senators, and congressmen (Stone). If the majority of American students fail to answer simple questions on geography and history related to their own country and world nations, the problems need to be addressed immediately in order to contribute to the future social progress. Focusing on the problem of geographic illiteracy, scholars argue that the issue is caused by a number of factors. In particular, Fingeret notes that exceptionalism and isolationism can be discussed as the causes of the issue development (Fingeret 134). These factors are reflected in the materials used by instructors to teach students. Thus, the American education system can be discussed as failing to help young people in developing their knowledge on geography and history. The problem is in the fact that instructors and students are inclined to ignore the importance of different parts of the world to be discussed in classes (Eve, Price, and Counts 409). There is also a low level of awareness of international matters in American students. For instance, it has been found that the
Breakfast of Champions The first chapter of Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut introduces two male characters: Kilgore Trout, who is a lonesome science-fiction writer, and Dwayne Hoover, a wealthy automobile dealer. Kilgore Trout believes that he is invisible, and nobody pays attention to him or reads his books. Dwayne Hoover is lonesome too, despite his wealth; he regularly takes bad chemicals, which gradually makes him mad. After Dwayne reads Kilgore’s book, he gets bad ideas in addition to bad chemicals and ends up in a lunatic asylum. Kilgore Trout becomes a well-known writer who believes that people’s thoughts and ideas can contribute to their well-being or diseases, regarding of what those thoughts and ideas are. The first chapter also provides the narrator’s thoughts on particular historical aspects, such as the discovery of the American continent, slavery, and Communism. The excerpt tells about several historical aspects, which is why several sentences help to understand the US history and the kind of book that you are reading. Firstly, the narrator talks about the anthem, the flag, and the motto of America. I like that the author describes everything with humor; he says that the anthem was “pure balderdash”, the motto was “in a language nobody spoke anymore”, and concluded with the words that the country probably tried to tell its citizens that “in nonsense is strength” (Vonnegut 8-10). Then, the narrator tells about the discovery of the continent, racial differences, and slavery: “When slavery was introduced onto the continent, the slaves were black. Color was everything” (Vonnegut 11). However, the most important sentences in the first chapter are those that introduce the concept of Communism, America’s attitude to it, and the distribution of wealth in the world: “Dwayne Hoover’s and Kilgore Trout’s country, where there was still plenty of everything, was opposed to Communism” (Vonnegut 13). It shows that there were a lot of wealthy people in the US, whom Dwayne Hoover probably represents. I think that the excerpt refers to the period after the end of World War II. I assume that since the narrator describes how many countries in the world were poor while there were “still plenty of everything” in America (Vonnegut 13). After the war was over, the US had nearly the half of the world’s wealth. Admittedly, not everyone in the country was enjoy
Abstract There has been an immense concern of the impact of gender and racial stereotyping on the academic performance of individuals stereotyped from these angles. Poor performance of women in comparison to men in some subjects such as mathematics had been attributed to the existing differences, both biological and social, between them and men. However, this was before the emergence of the discipline of stereotype threat in 1995. In the current research, it is confirmed that elimination of stereotypes on women’s abilities in mathematics can enhance their performance in mathematics, a subject that has been taken a reserve for men. Introduction Before the development of research in the field of stereotype threats, psychologists coupled with various practitioners in the field of social psychology enormously believed that the differences in performance between boys and girls in intelligence and mathematics tests were related to their sociological and biological differences. However, emerging researches as from 1990s have shown that the existing differences in social situations can often truncate into the depiction of differences in performance in intelligence and math tests among boys and girls. These social situations involve the creation of awareness of negative stereotypes especially in a situation encompassing stereotyping of the relevant group domains. The impacts of stereotyping are found as being incredibly pronounced among groups of persons who identify themselves strongly with particular groups and domains (Stone et al, 1999, p.1213). Why Introduce ST Claude Steele introduced the topic of ST in the discipline of social psy
Social, historic and personal isolation is one of the most widely discussed themes in literature. Indeed, there are many literature characters that confronted to society being outsiders. Some of them adhered strongly to their isolation and others found forces (or were too weak to confront the society) to become “ordinary people” and conform to the society… Two stories that are under consideration in this paper address the issues of personal, social and historic isolation of the individuals. Melville’s most famous short story was “Bartleby the Scrivener, A Story of Wall Street”, pointing to a symbolic connection with the famous street, while my story “A Sudden Awakening” is a work that revolves around an individual who strives to prove his/her individuality while first going against the social norms and then prove personal self-respect. Regardless the fact that the two stories were written in different times and under different historic and social conditions, as well as focus on characters that have nothing in common (age, occupation, character or motives), clearly that both stories have something to reveal about. In this paper, we are going to compare and contrast the two stories and how they address the issues of social, historic and personal isolation, aloneness, nonconformity, class, materialism and self-centeredness. Two main characters of the stories face the problem of personal isolation and try to put themselves aside of generally accepted principles of social behavior, however, they do this in different ways and come to different results. Herman Melville’s short story “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street” reveals around the story of a “scrivener” or copyist who work for a low firm. Bartleby was a quiet and hard-working person who is the best worker among the three who also work at the firm. However, the Lawyer considers him to be a good worker as Bartleby “might snatch it and proceed to business without the least delay” (Melville n. p.). However, the reader comes to understanding that Bartleby has “a bizarre nature” when he first pronounces words “I would prefer not to”. It was the first sign that the copyist faced “some confrontation to society” and later, when we see his behavior, we come to a conclusion that Bartleby faced social, personal and historic isolation. His views did not fit the view of the society and that made him feel an outsider. The Lawyer characterized him, “but I waive the biographies of all other scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a sc
Introduction Traumatic brain injury is caused by sudden external forces that have physical impact on the head and thus the brain. Impacts due to abrupt collisions on the head such as in case of accidents, falls or the being knocked can have adverse effects on the brain that may lead to traumatic brain injury. This paper seeks to discuss traumatic brain injury as a disability. The paper will look into the history of traumatic brain injury, its causes, diagnosis as well as its treatment. History of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury has a long history. Reference to traumatic brain injury has been made to periods of as early as the nineteenth century. Brain injuries had, by the times of civil wars, been identified and medical steps initiated to help people who suffered from such injuries. Knowledge about traumatic brain injury was in its development process in the nineteenth century following increased cases of injuries that were associated with the brain. The civil war that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, between the years 1861 and 1865, made the cases of traumatic brain injury rampant. During the time, a lot of people, especially the ones who engaged in gun battles, suffered from gunshot injuries in the head. The low chances of survival due to these injuries were noted and measures taken to help save people who got such injuries. Measures such as pathophysiology had been developed and were being offered to those who suffered from such injuries. Developments of antiseptics were then the only available remedy for such injuries (David et al. 1). Causes of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injuries are caused by physical bombardment of the head with an object. Reported causes of these injuries include violent collisions, accidents and hobbies such as sports which may involve accidental knocking of the head. One of the main causes of the traumatic brain injury is accidents caused by motor vehicles. Motor vehicle accidents result in sudden motions and impacts that can lead to the head being knocked resulting to brain injuries. During an accident, a person’s head can be “stricken, suddenly jerked, or penetrated by a foreign object” (Brain 1). If such effects pass to the brain, then a traumatic brain injury may occur. The injury may be mild or severe depending on the degree of injury caused to the brain. Mild injuries may be temporary with inflicted short time unconsciousness while a severe traumatic brain injury causes prolonged and more extreme effects to the injured person. Motor vehicle accidents cause a large percent of total traumatic brain injuries reported. A research conducted by Atlanta nation center for injury prevention and control conducted in the year 2006 indicated that about at least twenty percent of
Overview Workplace violence refers to any physical assault, aggressive behavior, or any inappropriate use of words resulting in abuse in workstations. The workplace takes account of the external environment and the functional areas in an organization. Workplace violence instances include threats of intimidation, fights, suicides, shootings, rapes, harassment along other traumatizing actions. For instance, an individual may attempt to harm a colleague by pushing or striking him or her with the intention of causing bodily harm. Verbal harassment includes false accusations and the use of abusive language (Estes, Chapman, Dodd, Hollister, & Harrington, 2013). Strangers, co-workers, clients, or even personal relationships can instigate aggression. The economic effect of workplace violence in health care settings include lost wages, lost productivity, legal expenses, lost working hours, and damage to property. Discussions Workplace violent behavior has become a compound and risky occupational danger in today’s health care setting. Consequently, the risk arises from exposure to aggressive people and due to lack of well-built violence deterrence programs in the health care environment. Domestic violence also spread out, and it results in the sphere of threat for other workers, visitors, as well as clients. Risk factors in health care violence consist of commonness of handguns and other weapons among patients or friends, increased use of hospitals by the criminal justice system to hold up criminals, lack of follow up for discharged mental patients, unrestricted movement along with pitiable lighting systems (Lipscomb & El Ghaziri, 2013). Vulnerability to violent threats in health care setting requires a detailed analysis and assessment aimed at determining actions needed to minimize the risk. This may involve trend analysis and incident monitoring. Victims and witnesses of workplace violence in the healthcare setting require immediate treatment and counseling to minimize trauma effects. A stranger who has no legitimate relations with either the employees or organization may cause violence. The central aim is robbery and may be characterized by assaults, deaths, or sexual abuse. Patients who may be violent in nature or that are discontented with services offered may be behind violent acts in hospitals. These patients may be prison inmates or even suspects being pursued by police officers. A co-worker or a past employee may also be involved in workplace violence where he or she brings forth hostile behaviors that result to harm (Estes et al., 2013). Lastly, a person in close relationship may perpetra