ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A strong relationship exists between labour and the process of production. Man has always provided the necessary manpower that is required to transform raw materials into finished products. This manpower can either be in the form of skilled or unskilled labour. However, to ensure that the process of production is effective and efficient, a lot of considerations have to be put in place. The production of goods and services has experienced a lot of changes over time. Before the 18 th century, the process of production purely relied of craft workmanship. This was highly seen on cottage industries during the industrial revolution. However, with the increase in demand for goods, some developments were to be seen in the production industry. These came in through the introduction of scientific management in the process of production by Taylor (Boradkar 103). He introduced the concept of division of labour and cooperation among employees. This was a key move that led to the development of the assembly line of goods. Fordism led to further development of this concept and hence the mass production of goods came by. However, after the Second World War, production companies begun to lay a lot of emphasis on customization of goods to meet the specific needs of individual customers. This is operational up to the present date. This paper will therefore summarise the various phases of the evolution of the production process and highlight on key issues that play a critical role in this development. The evolution of production The hit of the industrial revolution in Europe and America in the 18 th century led to a lot of changes and advancement in the production industry. Goods could now be manufactured at a faster rate, with high precision and meet the rising demand of the population. During the early days of the revolution, a lot of emphasis was laid on the physical strength that man put in the production process. As a result, the volumes of production were low and industries were owned by individual. The car manufacturing industry begun late in the 19 th century. By 1920s, the demand for automobiles had increased. At this time, manufactures modified their production to meet the needs and demands of their customers. This included improved weather and safety protection, effectiveness and efficiency, better models and affordable prices (Boradkar 109). To achieve all these, standardised mass production had to put adapted. This replaced the American System of production. Prior to this, the manufacture of vehicles was not standardised. Few individuals with specific skills were involved in the production process. These individuals were highly paid and could not be affected by capital forces. As a result, the units produced were low, the demand of vehicles was low and cars were sold at high prices. In 1911, Frederick Taylor introduced the scientific management that emphasised on division of labour and employee cooperation. This concept ensured a faster rate of employee recruitment, increased production and reduction in the cost of production. Fordism,
Chow’s article ‘Hong Kong in Hong Kong’ talks about the status of the US-third world relationship as represented by China. The author asserts that Western values continue to be imposed upon China, with pressure from the western countries for the country to westernize by adopting democracy and other western values. China, however, has remained strong in its resolve to retain its traditional system of government, which does not give weight to western ideals such as democracy (Chow 94). In criticizing western practices, especially with regard to China, the author points out how western media are out to portray in negative light countries like China, which have remained resilient from pressure to westernize their political structures. The article correctly identifies the cause of the problem and antagonism between the US and China. The US, like its other western allies, is out to ensure that all countries of the world adopt its western ideals and values. By the fact that China has managed to resist these ideals and still develop its economy to such great heights, it is evident that western ideals have nothing much in their influence on economic growth. The author uses the title of the article symbolically to show the irony of the situation in the relations between the US and China. While the US and her ally Britain would call the event in 1997 the handover of Hong Kong to China by Britain, the event was actually the return of Hong Kong to China from Britain. Most Western media ignore facts, which show that Hong Kong originally belonged to China and was only captured through the Opium Wars. This summarizes the intention of the author, which is to expose the malicious intentions of western countries against developing countries. Works Cited Chow, Rey. Hong Kong in Hong Kong: Watching the Handover from the US. Social Text 55 , 16(2): 93-107. 2003. Print.
Introduction Research data, backed up by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicates that 30% of people in the US are obese (Hill, 2002). Moreover, children in the United States are becoming increasingly obese (Hill, 2002). The U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention is responsible for tracking obesity in the nation. It has found that obesity is on the rise in the United States. Many States have double the number of obese people since 1990 (Donnelly, 2007). Three states have reported that one third of their adult populations are obese. If statistics include overweight people along with officially obese people, 60% of all Americans would be considered as weighing more than they should (Donnelly, 2007). This is largely due to the increasing popularity of fast-food with high fat and carbohydrate content, large food portion sizes and the sedentary life-styles of recent times (Hill, 2002). With respect to children, researchers say that parents and schools can make a difference by paying attention to their diet and physical activities (Hill, 2002). The awareness regarding the dangers of obesity is not a recent phenomenon. As early as the fourth century B.C., Hippocrates observed, “Sudden death is more common in those who are naturally fat than in the lean.’ (Weck, 1986). Statistics underline the dangers of obesity. Obesity is the fastest growing cause of death in America according to U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona. He describes obesity as “a health crisis affecting every State, every city, every community, and every school across our great Nation” (2003). The Dangers of Obesity The dangers of obesity to a person’s health are many and it increases the risk factors for various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that there is a direct link between obesity and Type II diabetes, especially in the case of older people. According to one particular study, it was found that among the 50-to-59-year age group, about 2 percent of normal-weight individuals had diabetes. This occurrence increased to 4 percent for those who were 50 percent overweight and 8 percent for those in the 100 percent overweight group (Weck, 1986). Obese people find it difficult to breathe due to the layers of fat in the chest. This means, the heart is forced to work harder in order to pump blood to all parts of the body, thereby leading to heart disorders. A study at Mayo Clinic has shown while hearts of normal people weighted 91/2 ounces, hearts of obese people weighed almost 13 ounces. This increased to 16 ounces when the obese person had high blood pressure. The enlargement of the heart is due to a physiologic process called left ventricle hypertrophy. High blood pressure and life-threatening erratic pulse are some of the outcomes of left ventricle hypertrophy. Obese people are also prone to atherosclerosis due to high blood cholesterol levels. Artheroclerosis refers to the deposition of plaque along the arteries. In serious cases, the plaque can block the flow of blood to vital organs such as the heart, brain or kidney. Narrow blood vessels also cause the heart to pump harder causing high blood pressure which i
Personal Preferences in Learning Being a part and parcel of people’s everyday experience, learning often occurs on a subconscious level; as a result, tracking down the learning process becomes increasingly difficult as one gets older. The process of metacognition, which is often defined as “a complex, multi-dimensional concept, involving four main aspects: self reflection, understanding the mind of the other, decentration and mastery” (Donkersgoed et al. 32), allows one to take a closer look at one’s learning process. Personally, I learn by paying attention to the visual elements that are introduced to me in the course of the lesson or specific learning activity. Unfortunately, I do not perceive aural information just as good, which makes the parts of learning involving listening quite complicated. Moreover, my learning process involves careful structuring of data and defining relations between the key elements mentioned during the lesson. Particularly, I need to understand something well prior to remembering the patterns required to follow, even if all that is needed is to learn the essential data by heart. While admittedly solid, the specified learning pattern often turns out to be quite time-consuming. Learning Experience: Description To be completely honest, I used to feel very uncomfortable about learning information that did not require the use of logic whatsoever. Particularly, history lessons used to be very tedious to me, as I could hardly relate to something that happened in the distant past. However, there came a day when history lessons changed for me once and for all. I was not looking forward to what seemed an excruciating history project when the teacher suggested approaching the study process in a slightly different manner. She brought several posters depicting the key people, who were the key figures in the era in question. These posters depicted not merely the people and objects that the teacher was talking about, but also the emotions that these people were experiencing. Some of them looked puzzled, others had a very determined expression on their faces; as a result, it was very easy to relate to the people mentioned in the book and understand what they were going through. I looked closely at these pictures, trying to guess how these people came to be what they were for their states and their era and realized that history as a subject, in fact, was much more than boring lectures. As time passed, I learned to locate new and exciting details in my books on history, which made me reconsider even my attitude towards lectu
Introduction Wisdom, bravery, loyalty, patience, generosity and determination, are all qualities that should exist in any king who desires to rule a unified country, spread peace and to help to in the political, economic, and educational developments, such as King Abdul Al Aziz Al Saud. The king is famous for founding modern day Saudi Arabia, which he established as a kingdom in 1932; declaring himself as its first king. His actions changed the previous history of the Arabian Peninsula, unifying the region under a common religious faith. He is also famous for his inspiring and courageous personality, as well as inclusive and skillful politics. By re-establishing his family as rulers in the Arabian Peninsula, Abdul Al Aziz laid the cornerstone for the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He also used the zeal of Wahhabi Islam to restore his family from near political extinction and by conquering the regions of Najd, Hail and Hijaz in 1905, 1921 and 1924 respectively; he was able to establish a Saudi Kingdom (Global Security). Early years of King Abdul Al Aziz Al Saud Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, simply referred to as Ibn Saud was born in 1876 into the Saud house which had historically dominated the Nejd area of Saudi Arabia. He is renowned as the first monarch of the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. During the early years of his life, he learned several chapters of the Quran under the guidance of a well learned Islamic teacher from Riyadh; Sheikh Abdullah Al Kharji. As he grew up, he was put under the training of yet another renowned Islamic teacher, Abdullah bin Abdullatif Al Al-Sheikh under whom he learned Islamic Theology as well as the whole Quran. As a youth, Ibn Saud is said to have derived great pleasure from horse riding and had very good manners. He is also said to have been very brave, exceptionally courageous and also very daring. At the time of Ibn Saud’s birth, central Arabia was politically fragmented and the Al Saud family in Riyadh was involved in a serious power struggle. In 1890, when he was only 10 years old, his family’s lands were conquered by the Rashidi house. It is for this reason that in 1891, Abdul Aziz’ father, Abd al-Rahman evacuated his family from Riyadh and finally settled in exile in Kuwait in 1893 where Ibn Saud spent the rest of his childhood as a penniless exile. By this time, his young son Abdul Aziz was already displaying the strong characteristics of an Islamic warrior and natural leader and the nomadic lifestyle he experienced as his family moved on to exile greatly influenced him (Knowledgerush; Ministry of Foreign Affairs). King Abdul Aziz began to show remarkable leadership qualities and talent very from as early the age of 12 years while living in exile in Kuwait. Life in exile not only helped to develop good statesmanship and leadership qualities in the future king, but also helped to polish these qualities. From this early age, he is said to have been shrewd, farsighted, co
The rising crime rate has led to the emergence of debate on community members’ role and the Government’s role in combating crime. The development of self-defense skills and mobilization of general public members to fight crime can ensure a holistic approach. For instance, through community members’ involvement in crime prevention, strategies, such as community policing and intelligence collection, can become more effective (Mothibi & Phago, 2018). In the long-term, the incorporation of victimization prevention strategies is ineffective. This essay will examine how the Government has a significant social and legal role compared to individual citizens in crime-fighting because of its legitimate power. The Government acts as the ultimate source of authority in a state, with the people participating in its formation through various means, such as an election. According to Mothibi and Phago (2018), the Government’s ability to wield legitimate authority means implementing crime prevention approaches effectively and achieving maximum impact. For instance, the Government can implement crime prevention measures, such as police reforms, with far-reaching impact on society compared to individuals’ efforts using their self-prevention skills (Hardyns & Rummens, 2018). The measures taken by the state are more likely to be stringent and supported by various institutions, such as law enforcement agencies. Individual community members can play a vital role in supporting the state’s action to address a high crime rate, such as community policing (Hardyns & Rummens, 2018). However, when the crime rate is high, the self-prevention skills can evolve into organized militia gangs, which undermine the rule of law. The stringent enforcement of the law in various countries, such as Japan, New Zealand, and Norway, is attributed to effective law enforcement (Hardyns & Rummens, 2018). Thus, the Government has a significant social and legal responsibility in crime prevention since it can deploy measures, such as surveillance, with far-reaching effectiveness compared to individual effort.
Introduction Organizations often rely on human resource to implement set goals. The exploitation of the human resource capacity will always remain an important driver in implementing normal duties, purposes and goals of organizations. As such, the behavior of employees will always remain an important element of interest to organizations. The control, regulation, monitoring and enhancement of desired behavior in workers are therefore an important area of interest to organizations. So as to stimulate specific goals and achieve optimal performance from workers, it is useful to explore ways of stimulating fruitful behaviors from workers. Often, drastic changes in the behavior of workers may be required in an organization so as to achieve shifting goals. An example of such an instance may occur during rebranding, change in marketing, or a need to increase output. Such instances may call for a corresponding change in the behavior of employees. In this paper, I have explored several ways in which organizational behavior can be applied so as to develop specific and desirable behaviors from employees. Here, I have explored and analyzed several academic literatures that have focused on this particular area (organizational behavior) of interest. One of the issues that have been of interest to researchers in the area of organizational behavior is the issue of cultural intelligence. Here (so as to understand how diverse cultures at the workplace can be used for the benefit of increasing the output of workers) the characteristics of diverse cultures and values in the composition of workers are studied (Kevin, 2011). It is expected that in a few years to come, most of the employees in the United States will consist of current minorities. In the next four decades, African Americans and Hispanics alone are expected to form more than half of the employees in the US (Kevin, 2011). In fact, by 2050, Hispanics, blacks, and Asians will compose half of the American population (Kevin, 2011). With a view of enhancing, and maintaining high productivity in organizations, it is therefore useful to study how such a change in the composition of employees may affect the output of employees. In such a study, a demand for leaders with ability to unify and direct units with a diverse cultural composition is seen. Such leaders will be able to direct, motivate, and lead groups of employees from different ethnic groups, and with diverse values. Leaders that have the skills I have described above can be described as culturally intelligent. A culturally intelligent individual is one that has a capacity to operate optimally in an environment that is composed of multiple cultures. Three is a need for a culturally intelligent person to be aware of multiple perspectives on issues, which can originate from different cultural backgrounds. With such knowledge, one can revise and adjust his perspectives so as to amalgamate, and work with individuals from diverse cultures (Kevin, 2011). Several researches inclu
Introduction The battle of Peleliu involved the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in 1944 (Wood 33). There were many casualties during the battle. Sledge’s With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa recounts the horrific happenings during the battle. The sled was one of the U.S Marines that experienced violence in Peleliu and Okinawa. He gives comprehensive details of the brutality and violence of the war that the United States of America named Operation Stalemate. Sled outlines the essence of the war and the bitterness that came when he saw helpless comrades being killed. In the narration of his experience during the battle, he recounts the role of Captain Andrew Haldane, the commanding officer of King Company, during the Peleliu battle. Haldane Andy was one of the admired U.S Marines during the fight. The following essay analyzes the attitudes of Sledge towards his commander, Andy Haldane. Overview of the Battle During the Second World War, there were many battlefronts. One of the forgotten old wars is the battle of Peleliu that had a lot of casualties (Brotherton and Makos 13). This was one of the fiercest battles in the Pacific region that led to confrontation between the U.S and Japan (Sommerville 12). The sled was one of the Marines that landed in Peleliu and Okinawa. In the book, he presents the horrific encounters of the battle. Sledge points to the ordeal that the troops had to go through. One key description focuses on the admiration of Captain Andy Haldane. Despite the ugly war scenes, Haldane could show compassion to his Marines. The depiction shows the positive attitudes that Sledge had towards the captain. Sled exemplifies the character of the revered captain and thus depicts his attitude towards his commander. Sledge’s Attitude towards Captain Andy The attitude of Sledge towards Captain Andy Haldane is that he was full of compassion and a hero. He presents the captain as a person willing to help his battalion under the most trying conditions. In recounting the role Andy played, Sledge notes that the captain showed utmost compassion (141). For example, Andy helped Sledge when he froze as he tried to get off the beach. Furthermore, the positive attitude is depicted by a heartfelt talk in which Sledge expressed his fears that related to the battle. Sledge discusses how he interacted with the captain and exemplifies the role played by Haldane in the battle of Peleliu (141). According to Sledge, Andy commanded the destinies of the Marines during the difficult times and demonstrated the leadership that encouraged the U.S Marines during the trying times (141). “The loss of close friends grieved me deeply, but the loss of our commander at Peleliu was like losing a parent we depended upon for our security…” (Sledge 140-141). Such a statement clearly demonstrates the positive attitude and the feeling Sledge had towards his C