ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Language is considered to be one of the most important elements of national identity (Storey 57). Each nation represents its own official language and demonstrates its unity and power. If one country cannot decide on its own official language, it may cause numerous misunderstandings among other nations and make these nations doubt about this country’s ability to control the situation. This is why English has to be declared the official language of the United States in order to prove the unity of this huge country, to help people speak one language in one country, to appreciate American history and its founders, and to provide the citizens with a chance to master English on the highest level. In order to prove the unity of one huge country, it is necessary to connect each its citizen. If people cannot agree what one official language to choose, it may arouse lots of misunderstandings among the other countries. The American nation is one of the most powerful and influential in the whole world, its Constitution and Declaration are written in English (Adickes 1), this is why it may look too weird if the official language of the United States is anyone but English. It turns out to be very difficult for the American citizens to communicate with each other in their own country. Nowadays, people of the same block may speak two or more different languages and be broken into separate groups in accordance with the language; this is why people might have a burning desire to make one language as their official language (Crystal 74) in order to avoid the difficulties during their formal and informal communication and not to provoke people classification because of their language. In spite of the fact the both US Constitution and Declaration do not proclaim the official status of the English language (Tottie 240), its creators spoke and wrote in English and all the American presidents spoke English as well. This is why now, it is high time to declare English an official language and demonstrate American people’s respect to their history, to their ancestors, and to their past. There are not many elements, which prove national identity, and language is one of such elements. Without any doubts, America is a huge nation; and the declaration of one official language will prove to everyone that even 50 states of one country may unite and make one common decision. Lots of tourists come to the United States of America in order to master their English and use the Americans as the best examples of English informant. The native citizens of the United States should demonstrate their perfect skills in speaking and writing in English, however, such variety of language in this country deprives the Americans to master English perfectly. Lots of schools make their student to study English and Spanish simultaneously, and children do not have enough time to learn each language on its proper level. If English is declared as the only official language, s
Summary Why did we perform this experiment? The aim of this experiment is to ascertain that when three non-parallel forces are in equilibrium, their magnitudes can be derived from the directions of their lines of actions using triangle of forces method or by parallelogram of forces method provided that one of the forces is known. This can either be obtained by scale drawing or by calculations. How did we approach / accomplish this experiment? This experiment was accomplished using three different weights attached to cords meeting at a point on a diagram board placed perpendicularly to the ground. The cords were set to pass over frictionless pulleys to let the masses suspend under the influence of gravity. One of the weights was set to a slight disturbance and the cords were traced on a sheet after attainment of equilibrium. What are the results of this experiment? From the experiment, it can be concluded that using triangle of forces method the results obtained by scale drawing concurs to a greater extend with the calculation method. The slight deviations could be due to accuracies in measurements. The length of cord a-b is equal to 3.2 cm, cord b-c is equal to 1.6 cm and cord a-c is equal to 2.8 cm. With respect to parallelogram of forces method, the resultant force is equivalent to 2.3 N. Experimental Objective One of the objectives of this experiment is to ascertain that when you have three non-parallel forces at equilibrium, one can obtain the magnitudes of any given two forces using triangle of forces method provided that the third force, directions or their lines of actions are known. The other objective of this experiment is to affirm that in deed when three non-parallel forces in the same plane are at equilibrium, their lines of actions meet at a point, and thus the resultant (R) magnitude of the force due to the duo forces is resolved using parallelogram of forces method. Theoretical Background A body is deemed to be stationary when several non-parallel forces acting on it are at equilibrium. This is so because the resultant force acting on the body is zero. It can be deduced that if these forces are taken as vector quantities and then summed up, they enclose a region. This region is in the form of a polygon. Borne with this idea in mind, one is in a good position to tell the magnitude of either one or more unknown forces because it must be the vector which completes the polygon to form a region (Trautwine 14). To aid one in coming up with a polygon, ‘Bow’s notation’ comes in handy. Furthermore, Bow’s notation guides one on how to label the polygon. With respect to Bow’s notation on trio forces acting at a point, on extrapolating their lines of action they form a tri
Debates on marriage and its importance in society vary considerably. People want to know if it is necessary to approve gay marriages or promote traditional marriages only (Girgis, Anderson, and George 5). Some people cannot understand the ways marriage customs and forms of marriage should be accepted by society (Strong and Cohen 9). Anyway, marriage is a universal concept the meaning of which develops with time and cannot be accepted by all nations in the same way (Blankenhorn 11). Still, marriage is a union of two people who are obliged to connect their lives. Many types of marriages exist today, and each of them could be explained, supported, or refuted. In this paper, the pros and cons of love marriage and traditional marriage will be discussed to clarify which one is a better or just more appropriate option for modern people. Nowadays, it is possible to find the suggestion that traditional marriage where a husband works and a wife takes care of children and home is dead indeed (Filipovic par.1). The pros of traditional marriage include:   * An amazing ceremony is required to celebrate a couple;   * Marriage is introduced as an institution of society with a number of benefits to support each member;   * Spouses have to exchange gifts and demonstrate their agreement to create a new family;   * Respect for people is promoted. The cons of traditional marriage are:   * A number of obligations and rules have to be followed;   * Classification of people such as single/marriage disappoints some people;   * Mutual expenses and the necessity to divide money occur. Love marriage is the one based on love as the main reason to create a new family (Stack par.18). It could be supported and refuted in many ways. On the one hand, people, who are with love marriage, use such arguments as:   * The feeling of being in love is amazing because people need love in every aspect (Mars 90);   * Attention to human emotions makes people more humane;   * Decisions to get married are mutual;   * People learn how to develop relations in the best possible ways. On the other hand, people, who disprove the idea of love marriage, conclude that:   * Love could be a temporary emotion and end one day;   * There is a threat of falling in love with another person;   * Beloved spouses cannot identify their weak and strong qualities in time;   * Financial aspects could become a challenge with time;   * People could marry without the permission of adults just because they have this right. In general, both types of marriages have enough grounds for existence. Besides, in different countries, there are supporters and opponents of both types. Still, there is one simple truth that many modern people do not want to be bound by certain norms and rules. Therefor
In Ernest Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises , women are a ubiquitous part of the story, and even central to the plot. They vary greatly in their character and role in life. They range from the prostitute Georgette to the anxious Frances to the cool and androgynous Brett. In all cases, they are depicted via their behavior, actions, and the opinions of others. The reader sees these women largely through the eyes of the narrator, a wounded WWI veteran. Hemingway makes very little effort to surmise or hypothesize about their actual internal thoughts, feelings or motivations. These women represent three very divergent ways of being a woman, and presumably, their interior lives must reflect these differences. Despite the limited interior perspective that Hemingway provides, and his relentless focus, instead, on action, his women are nonetheless vivid and memorable characters The four women who appear in greatest detail in The Sun Also Rises are Georgette Hobin, Frances Clyne, Mrs. Braddock (who is not introduced using her Christian, or given, name), and Lady Brett Ashley. Each one fits well into a different demographic category and niche in society. Although Hemingway is clearly trying to describe what he sees, he nonetheless seems to assume that his readers share a knowledge of what these women would look like or how they would behave, just based on their roles in society. Georgette Hobin is a sex worker who catches the eye of a potential customer; in this case, Jake Barnes, the narrator, while walking the streets. Jake describes her as being ‘good-looking” and “rather pretty”. These value-laden words seemto breach of Hemingway’s own journalistic rules;he is renowned for showing rather than telling and avoiding words without specific meaning(Hemingway Chapter 3) [1] . The modern assessment of Georgette’s looks might be different. This suggests that he had some very definite ideas of what constituted good looks, which the narrator notes she preserves by not smiling
Introduction The Indian Ocean was used as a transitory pathway for merchants, mariners, and nakhudhas, who created networks and lasting cultural exchanges through slavery, trade, and pilgrimage. All these activities required social interaction between inhabitants and strangers; thus, the adaptation of cultures was inevitable for establishing the Gulf’s Indian Ocean connections. As a result, various cultural elements such as religion and language were exchanged in multiple nations, including the UAE. Hence, the current paper aims to explore the Indian Ocean-Gulf connections that gave rise to cultural influences that are deemed to have had a longstanding effect on the UAE to this very day. Main body The main path through which the Indian Ocean influences found their way into the Gulf was through trade facilitated by the western Indian Ocean. The UAE has always been a desert environment that has relied on maritime life for economic growth and prosperity. The Emirati people were mainly captains and sailors who were fishing and pearl diving experts. Their livelihoods advanced as the Gulf built up connections with the Indian Ocean littorals. The UAE has drawn material culture mainly from India, for the longest time, to advance and continually accrue wealth (Vora, 2013, pp. 10-15). As a legendary passageway for the wealth of India and East Africa, the Gulf was influenced by existing cultures to a larger extent compared to other cultures along the Indian Ocean littorals. It is because of the richness of the Indian Ocean that it attracted various traders representing different cultures resulting in exchange. The persistence of Indian Ocean-Gulf trade due to demand of the goods resulted in a mixture of heritage and culture from the sailors, fishers, and traders from the western Indian Ocean system. These mariners represented various kingdoms and empires which mingled with those of locals along the coastal areas. The consumers did not become active participants of the trade, but instead, provided grounds for interaction through intermarriages. Women became the main symbols of cultural exchange because the mariners were not accompanied by their wives; hence, they ended up intermarrying with the women in the local port cities (Bullet et al., 2009. The result of such intermarriages were cosmopolitan children who were bilingual and bicultural. Mariners established empires along the coastal cities and as seen today in these coastal stripes, the cultural disposition is usually different from inland cultures. Oman’s Ya‘arubi dynasty is one example with holdings in as Africa, as indicated by Bishara (2014). Such cultural exchanges are evident among the Emirati people where the dialects are largely influenced by Indian and Persian languages, for example, through words and pronunciation. The aforementioned influences are commemorated every year in rituals, for example, the annual pearl dive helps
Introduction The main topic of this project is the problem of accidents in radiation therapy. This treatment modality can be effective with different types of cancer but can lead to diverse side effects due to high doses of radiation that are used to kill cancer cells. However, side effects, although usually not predictable, can be mitigated. Another challenge faced by radiation therapy specialists and patients is accidents that happen during this type of treatment. Accidents in radiation therapy are particularly dangerous because they cannot be foreseen, and thus there is a high risk of negative outcomes for patients. The themes discussed in this project in relation to radiation therapy accidents include types of these accidents, their causes, and opportunities for prevention of radiation therapy accidents, as well as reduction of their negative impact on patients. Radiation therapy is a treatment approach that is usually applied in the treatment of metastatic diseases such as cancer. It applies high doses of radiation to affect cancer cells and reduce the size of tumors. Usually, treatment strategy depends on the patient’s condition. Radiation therapy is likely to be used by more tat a half of cancer patients at some stage of their treatment (Baeza 2012). However, exposure to high doses of radiation results in diverse side effects. Nevertheless, another problem with radiation therapy is accidents that are less frequent than side effects but are more dangerous. Some common accidents that are observed during this curative therapy are radiation overexposure, which results in overdose, malfunctioning of equipment or its design, etc. Nevertheless, while there is extensive evidence base about the effectiveness of radiation therapy, the problem of accidents is almost not investigated. On the one hand, it can be explained by their rare incidence or poor reporting rate. On the other hand, the discovery of the major accidents and their causes can provide a background for developing prevention strategies and further reduction of accidents’ risk in radiation therapy. This project analyses accidents that happen during radiation therapy reveal their causes, and provides ideas for reducing and prevent these accidents. Defining Radiation Therapy Accidents and Their Causes The use of radiation for a medical purpose is the cause of a greater number of accidents and lethal outcomes than any other source. Thus, according to the study by Coeytaux et al. (2015), the medical sector and radiation therapy are responsible for 32 percent of radiation overexposure accidents compared to 27 percent reported by the industry sector. In the most general meaning, an accident is “an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury” (Oxford Living Dictionaries n.d.). If applied in the medical context, an accident or a situation that can lead to an accident are treated as an incident, which is any “happening that is not consistent with the routine operation of the hospital or the routine care of a particular patient” (Washington 2016, p. 37). Generally, radiation therapy accidents are not frequent. The most comm
This is a research assignment based on the international market plans for Riordan Manufacturing Company to sell their products in China. Riordan Manufacturing is a global manufacturer of plastics which is based in San Jose, California. The company is fully owned and operated by Riordan Industries. Their main products include plastic parts, plastic fan containers, and plastic fan parts. All these products are produced independently, in different branches of the company. Plastics and containers are listed as the major exports of the company. Having an annual earning of about $46 million and a workforce of 550 people, Riordan Manufacturing is arguably one of the most reliable branches of Riordan Industries, Inc. Over the years, the company has tried to extend its operation capabilities by taking the business to the international scenes as one way of achieving its business goal of becoming a distinguished leader in the plastic industry. This plan has enabled the company to establish operational plants in various regions of the world, such as China, Michigan, and Georgia. However, the company’s plans to market its products at a global level have been fraught with numerous issues in various cross-cultural contexts. This paper examines the three most pertinent ethical issues that would face the company in its international mission in China . Riordan has many customers for its vast plastic products from all over the world, and most of these customers would constitute of beverage makers, military departments, automotive makers, appliance manufacturers, and aircraft manufacturers. With its strong economic profile, China has the potential of creating a constant market for the company’s top-selling products. Manufacturers of automotive and aircraft parts are some of the major industries that utilize Riordan’s products in China (Wasley, 2008). Riordan Manufacturing established its operations in China in the year 2000 as one of its most recent expansion plans to foreign markets. This expansion would see the company’s fan manufacturing operation being shifted from Michigan, where it had been situated previously in China. As an industry leader in plastic products and containers, Riordan had to deal with several ethical issues in its plans to take its top-selling products to the international market. In China, for instance, issues such as cultural differences, corruption, and legal policies continue to affect the way the company conducts its business operations there. In regards to culture, China is defined by a strong cultural setting that continues to offer formidable challenges to business opportunities in the co
Introduction On January 9, 2002, Linda Chavez published the op-ed piece “Everything isn’t racial profiling” in TownHall.com. The Web site is a portal, owned by the Arlington (VA)-based Salem Web Network. Decidedly conservative, TownHall employs every Web 2.0 vehicle – links to talk radio, podcasts, photo and video galleries, cartoons, blogs and an e-magazine – to communicate its take on things. Overview It is New Year of 2002, four months after the attack by 19 terrorists on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon and days since a Secret Service agent of Arab extraction was taken off an American Airlines flight for investigation. American rage at being attacked on their own soil is particularly strong in the Eastern establishment, the New York-Washington nexus. These feelings would culminate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. At that time and place, Chavez argues that racial profiling is not only permitted, it is prudent. This thesis is exemplified by such statements as, “But there are times when it makes sense to include race or national origin in a larger, criminal profile, particularly if you’re dealing with a crime that has already been committed or is ongoing and the participants all come from a single ethnic or racial group” (Chavez, 2002, para. 1) Connection This freestanding column by Chavez is an example of the exploratory essay primarily because the author wishes to overturn conventional wisdom that “racial profiling” is always a bad idea. To do this, she sets limits to what is incorrect racial profiling and when it is justified. It is clearly racial bias when police search every African-American leaving a building where a murder has been committed but witnesses describe a Caucasian-type perpetrator. In between is the example she cites of security officers following Blacks around shopping malls on the debatable (not necessarily wrong) rationale that rates of petty theft and shoplifting are higher among African-Americans. But stopping and questioning all Arab-looking men and women about to board a flight is completely justified, Chavez argues, because passenger lives and aircraft safety are at stake. Even Arab women are inconvenienced because females were implicated in many terrorist incidents around Europe at the time. Keeping a wary eye even on women is doubtless the case in Israel, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan to this date because experience shows that females have also perpetrated bombings and terrorist incidents. Chavez presses her case convincingly because she herself has been singled out when flying abroad; her Hispanic looks do not exactly conform to the blonde and blue-eyed stereotype of mainstream Americans, after all. Moreover, she makes the case for justifiable racial profiling despite being chairman of the Center for Equal Opportunity. Dialectical Examples “The problem is distinguishing between what is permissible, indeed prudent, behavior and what is merely bigotry…it’s not always easy to tell the difference.” (Chavez, 2002, para 2). This is Chavez at her most forceful, arguing that not all acts of racial profiling are morally or legally wrong. For lack of space, the