ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Energy drinks are a relatively new product; the number of sales has been growing since the end of the 20th century. These are beverages aimed at stimulating the central nervous system with an anti-sedative effect. Energy drinks contain tonic agents, most often caffeine, vitamins and sugars. The increase in their consumption has led to a public debate whether they should be banned or not. Medical institutions report a growing number of complaints related to harmful effects on consumers’ health. Therefore, it is critical to analyze where energy drinks came from, risks and health benefits, target population and marketing campaign, and states’ regulation. Research Area The subject of energy drinks remains debatable as the data available on the effects is insufficient and contradictory. Higgins et al. claim that the current evidence remains unsystematic, leading to the impossibility of forming one position within the scientific field (65). According to Hammond et al., most of the data available shows short-term health impacts; most results are gained from the investigation of people with chronic conditions (20). The industry is also characterized by a significant amount of sponsored literature (Higgins et al. 65). Thus, the topic lacks unbiased studies, long-term research with samples of healthy people. The main point of energy drinks opponents is the high concentration of caffeine. There are several common stimulants in energy drinks, such as taurine and guarana extracts (Hammond et al. 23). Each of them can be considered harmless, not causing adverse outcomes for the organism, but the interaction of both substances can increase the effect of caffeine and result in health risks (Hammond et al. 23). Regarding health concerns, most of the public’s questions focus on potential risks for youth as children and teenagers are more susceptible to stimulants than the older population (Hammond et al. 19). However, according to Hammond et al., the current position towards energy drinks is that these beverages’ effects exceed outcomes of other caffeinated drinks (Hammond et al. 23). Therefore, it has been recognized as novel exposure and should be investigated independently from previous caffeine research. History of Energy Drinks The first energy drink was invented in Asia, specifically in Japan. The use of amphetamines was widespread after the Second World War but limited due to restricting laws (Engber). As a result, in 1962, the Taisho company presented Lipovitan D; it was a legal, energizing drink sold in small bottles (Engber). The supply of extra-caffeinated and vitamin-fortified beverages increased; a large portion of drinks was bought by Japanese CEOs to maintain beneficial business performance by t
Introduction When President Bill Clinton made the announcement that he intended to follow through with his promise of lifting the ban on homosexuals from joining the military, it was met with mixed reactions. Some were totally opposed to such a move, while others welcomed it. In both Canada and Australia, the policies formulated to ostracize gay men and lesbians enlisting for military service have not succeeded (Britton and Williams 2). While there are those who argue that admitting homosexual persons into the military openly would put to risk the good order, high moral standards, unit cohesion, and discipline in the military, on the other hand, proponents argue that lesbians and gay men should not be declared unfit for the service on account of their sexual orientation alone as they are just as patriotic, competent, and dedicated as their heterosexual counterparts (Herek 2). Based on the foregoing arguments, the current paper will endeavor to review the objective opinions of five sources on the topic at hand in the literature review section below. In this case, the ideas presented by each of the five sources will be analyzed critically in the context of the topic at hand. Literature Review In their article, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue: Military Policy and the Construction of Heterosexual Masculinity”, Britton and Williams present a detailed review of this military policy whose role is to exclude gay men and lesbians from participating in the military activities. Britton and Williams start by noting that when President Clinton announced his intention to lift the ban that restricted homosexuals from participating in the military service, a debate emerged in which the performance of lesbians and gay men was never questioned. It was argued that homosexuals are just as career-oriented, dedicated, and hardworking as their heterosexual counterparts (Britton and Williams 2). Britton and Williams further note: “Though much has been made of the new policy’s focus on behavior, rather than orientation per se, in reality, Clinton’s policy actually represents little change from the rules it supersedes” (3). The article further argues that the military’s actions to exclude lesbians and gay men tend to give privilege to heterosexual male soldiers. Moreover, Britton and Williams note that such a privilege hampers the accomplishment of gay men and lesbians in military service (4). The article by the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network argues that to attain success in military combat, military units should be of good order, sound discipline, and cohesion (2). The article further argues that “one of the most critical elements in combat capability is unit cohesion” (Servicemembers Legal Defense Network 2). The article also notes that, since military personnel is routinely required to work under such unique circumstances as sharing of showering facilities and sleeping bunks, the inclusion of homosexuals in the service
Introduction Humana Inc. Company is a marketing company for healthcare services that was founded in 1961. Currently, the company has a more than 11.5 million customer base in America, and it is considered to be the biggest company with revenue of over $21.4 billion. The company operates in all 50 states in America. The company has been able to achieve this magnificent growth company strategy that has ensured that it take the lead in health care services. Well-defined company strategies also ensure that a company achieves or even surpasses its objects and targets ( Humana, 2007). The Company Vision Throughout the company, the company strives to deliver value to its customers, its members, and its shareholders ( Humana, 2007). The company Mission The company is committed to helping employers to handle their healthcare expenditures, guide consumers in making informed healthcare and benefits choices, and supporting the communities that the company serves ( Humana, 2007). Humana company strategy A strategy is a pattern of activities that seek to achieve the objective of an organization and adopt its scope, resources, and operations to environmental changes, it is normally a long-term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. A strategy distinguishes a course of action by its hypothesis that a certain future position offers an advantage of acquiring again. The company has undertaken a marketing strategy (Grant, 2005). Marketing Strategy-this is a planning process that can allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve sustainable competitive advantage. It serves as the fundamental underpinning of marketing plans designed to reach organizations marketing goals, policies, and action tactics into a cohesive whole. Under the marketing strategy, the company has put in place several strategies, which include Growth strategies and porter’s strategy that has ensured high growth and success of the company in its business (Hunger & Wheelen, 2003). Porter generic strategies this is a strategy on the dimensions of the strategic scope meaning the market penetration and strategic strength referring to the company (Porter, 1985) The degree of rivalry among established companies within an industry The healthcare services industry has grown and become very competitive; however, the company has managed to maintain its market share by improving its products through new innovative services. The company also has very competitive pricing of its products and services that has ensured that it is continuous to be more attractive for many clients (Porter, 1985). The threat of substitute products The industry is faced with threats from various companies that are trying to offer a substitute for the healthcare plan. However, health is a very important issue, and many people will prefer getting the best; this can only come from well-established companies like Humana. To this end, the company has no major threat as its services are vital and basic. The bargaining power of buyers This is the impact
Work Placement and Roles Place of Work and Duties I secured a work placement at bach2roq . The organisation is involved in the software business. It develops computer programs used in the education sector ( Exploring innovative solutions for educational delivery n.d.). I selected this organisation mainly because it focuses on the formulation of original concepts. My roles entailed working with a team of six professionals on projects related to metabolic modelling for the mitochondria. The other assignment I was engaged in was related to performance in music and athletic. In relation to metabolic modelling, my specific roles touched on programming. With regards to music and athletic, my explicit tasks entailed conducting an extensive literature review on the topic. Reasons for Choosing bach2roq as my Preferred Workplace The selection of bach2roq was informed by the gains I expected to make in relation to my experience in the sector. The primary focus of this entity is development of software solutions. It is also a music and science consultancy firm. The organisation is well placed to provide a student with a wide range of multidisciplinary experience, including in biomedical sciences. Bach2roq was founded in 1977 ( Exploring innovative solutions for educational delivery n.d.). The enterprise has gained extensive technical expertise and technologies in innovation. The apparent relevance of this firm was one of the reasons why I decided to work in it. Bach2roq provides a working environment that turns learning into an open and continuous process. Working at the enterprise as an amateur is easy since the setting facilitates acquisition of knowledge. Benefits of Working at Bach2roq The projects I was assigned to work in exposed me to practical applications of theoretical concepts studied in class. The metabolic modelling assignment helped me fully understand the physiological mechanisms of a mitochondrion. Biomedical sciences present individuals with an opportunity to put scientific knowledge into practical use. Bac2roq made it possible for me to put the scientific concepts I acquired in class into practice through the development of original solutions. I realised the possibility of developing further practical concepts as a result of my stay at bach2roq . Exposure to various technologies and equipment in the field of biomedical science enhanced my personal skills as far as handling them is concerned. I had the opportunity to learn about principles and ethics guiding various scientific disciplines. Consequently, bach2roq made it possible for me to become an all-rounded and skilled individual in the biomedical sciences profession. Teamwork Team Compromise As I was working on the metabolic modelling project, I realised that my team was characterised by regular conflicts. For example, we had a problem reaching an agree
Company Profile Marks and Spencer (M&S) is a British multinational company that specializes in food products, clothing, home products, and other luxurious domestic products ( M&S: the official board 2010). Its headquarters are at Westminster in London. It was started way back in 1884 by Mark and Spencer. In the United Kingdom, M&S has a total of 622 stores and 270 others in 34 countries. The company’s mission is “to make aspirational quality accessible to all” ( M&S: the official board 2010). As per the company’s mission statement, the company’s strategic direction is coined around meeting the needs of its customers by providing them with high-quality products and services at affordable prices. Through differentiation and positioning of its products, goods, services, and operations, M&S has managed to place itself in a strategic position as far as competitiveness is concerned. It has also penetrated several markets across the globe through mergers and acquisitions. However, the organization has some gaps, which if properly addressed can enhance its competitiveness in the retail industry. M&S’s main strategy is to sell goods and services of high quality at affordable prices while its objective is to transform itself into a leading player in the retail industry. Over the last 12 months, M&S has taken measures aimed at boosting its position at the global level. At the local level, it has taken various measures aimed at boosting growth in the UK. It has also taken initiatives to strengthen its foundation and improve customer satisfaction. In addition, it has done serious campaigns to expand its international market. The organization’s positioning initiatives are likely to remain the same over the next 12 months. The reason is that it aims at delivering quality and affordable products and services to all its customers over the next three years. The marketing success M&S operates in dynamic social, political, and economic environments. Its main competitors include NEXT PLC, GAP, and H&M. The last three years have been useful for the organization because it has developed a strong foundation for the growth of its business. Over the last 3 years, the business environment for M&S has had a mixture of fortunes and misfortunes. However, the organization has remained relatively stable. According to the Chief Executive, Mr. Marc Bolland, the organization’s focus over the last 3 years has been to strengthen its foundation by investing in areas that improve customer satisfaction. According to his assessment, the organization has made good progress. For example, its food division outperformed all other food retailers in the UK. However, its general merchandise did not produce impressive results as expected ( HelpMe.com: Marks & spencer strategic analysis 2015). According to Chairman Mr. Robert Swannell, the organization is currently better positioned than it was three years ago. The positioning is based on Porter’s theory of five forces that shape business strategy. Due to
Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation of a gene and characterized by a growth of tumors in nerves which may affect the structure of bones and skin conditions. There are three types of neurofibromatosis, including type 1, type 2, and Schwannomatosis. Each type of this disease has its own gene association. NF1 results from a germline mutation that is observed in the NF1 gene that is coded on chromosome 17q11.2 (Hirbe & Gutmann, 2014). It encodes a 220 kDa cytoplasmic protein that usually functions as a negative Ras proto-oncogene responsible for the growth of cells in the body (Hirbe & Gutmann, 2014). The presence of NF2 promotes NF2. It is coded on chromosome 22q12.1 and characterized by the interaction with cytosolic proteins and result in the lack of functional merlin (DynaMed Plus, 2016). Schwannomatosis is caused by mutations in such genes as SMARCB1 and LZTR1 coded on chromosome 22 (Genetics Home Reference, 2017). Mutations in these genes are not enough to cause its growth. Somatic mutations have to be observed in NF2 genes as well. People may inherit neurofibromatosis from their parents or have it as a result of a spontaneous genetic change. Children have 50% to inherit or avoid this trait. Such polymorphism of neurofibromatosis contributes to the penetrance and expression of this disease. Mutations cause nonfunctional merlin and cytosolic proteins at the cellular level and the inability to control the division of cells. These events lead to the creation of new tumors and the development of new health concerns such as hearing loss, peripheral neuropathy, and muscle weakness. Though the disease under analysis is an inherent defect that may occur because of a mutated gene or spontaneously, there is also a thought that neurofibromatosis phenotype may be affected by certain environmental factors. A mechanical trauma causes the development of neurofibromas. The case of a 44-year-old patient named Harold proves that Schwannomatosis may be developed due to weight lifting and associated with lower back pain. Patients with neurofibromatosis may experience different challenges depending on the type of the disease. For example, NF1 patients may have such symptoms as learning disabilities, short height, head size, abnormal bones, and bumps or spots on the skin. NF2 patients usually suffer from regular headaches, poor balance, and hearing problems. Schwannomatosis is characterized by muscle loss and body weakness. Complications of this disease vary, including vision and skeletal problems, hormonal change, and neurology. Therefore, as soon as some symptoms are observed, or there is a family history of neurofibromatosis, a clear diagnosis is required. As a rule, MRI or X-rays are used to prove bone abnormalities or the presence of tumors. To avoid clinical bias, patients may take genetic tests and identify mutational changes through the analysis of tissue. A clinical diagnosis (the evaluation of spots and skin changes) is as effective as genetic (blood) testing. A chiropractor has to manage a patient with neurofibromatosis, focusing on
Information that is required to conduct the penetration test The contract is between Maxim Security Solutions (the provider) and Modern Retailers Supermarket (the service buyer or client) for the provision of penetration testing solutions for the client. This penetration testing service seeks to identify and provide a report on vulnerabilities of the security system at the client’s facility. The client appreciates that 100% security testing is not a possibility because the systems used may be interfered with at one time or the other during the process of implementation (Chaney, Cross, and Demars 38). Both parties also appreciate that in many instances, security breaches are always caused by insiders. The provider may not have control over the activities of the client’s employees (Wilhelm 112). The following information will be required to conduct the penetration test on the client’s systems. Maxim Security Solutions and Modern Retailers Supermarket have agreed to the followings terms to validate the penetration test:  1. Maxim Security Solutions will conduct Security Penetration Test on all the computer systems operated by Modern Retailers Supermarket in order to identify errors in software configurations or security vulnerabilities.  2. The provider has express authority to conduct the test within the timeframe provided in the section below. Anything done before or past the provided date should be based on mutual agreement between the two parties.  3. The two parties agree that during the period of conducting this test, the mode of communication will be phone calls for emergency issues and e-mails for the reports.  4. The client has the right to call off the test at any stage for any reason that it considers justifiable. However, when the decision is only supported by the client, the provider will be entitled to all the initially agreed upon benefits.  5. The provider guarantees that it will be responsible and professional when conducting the test in accordance with the existing codes of conduct. It will endeavor to offer its best services to the client in a way that meets the agreed upon standards.  6. Both parties agree that internet security is under a continual growth. Fo
Jeffrey Weeks, a gay activist, historian, and sociologist, studies the nature of human sexuality. He considers, for example, the essence of homosexuality, the causes of human dissatisfaction with it, the political measures necessary to change the situation, et cetera. His research has focused on the evolution of homosexuality from the nineteenth century to the present day, the widespread public regulation of homosexuality in Britain, and the ways that allowed sexuality to become the object of scientific study. Thanks to an in-depth analysis of the available material, Weeks concluded that homosexuality appeared around the end of the nineteenth century. The hypothesis that nature and biology do not play a leading role in the formation of sexuality is confirmed by the author’s arguments that society occupies a much more important place in this process. More interesting for further study is the attempt to define sexuality as a phenomenon, which the author undertook at the end of the interview. This source aims to shed light on the historical context of homosexuality and teach people tolerance. The author of the source, being a part of the LGBT community, clearly expresses his intentions, and no prejudices were found in this text. The information contained in this text, for the most part, is the opinion of the author. Nevertheless, he provides some facts when it comes to the historical context of homosexuality in nineteenth-century Britain. This source is published by the international scientific book and journal publishing house. The information provided in the source is accessible and understandable to most readers, and it also corresponds to my point of view. This source was published in 2016 and has not been updated since. The author’s arguments are supported by some historical facts and the works of other researchers on this topic. The language and tone of this work are not biased, and no spelling or grammatical errors were found.
Introduction Nationalism is defined as the advocating of national interest, independence or national independence. It is understood as the consciousness of nationalism of an individual group. It is the awareness of distinguishing characteristics of individual nations like language, culture, customs and traditions. During the 19 th century, all countries of the globe had been brought together by the single world system; this system linked people and regions both economically, socially and politically. During this period, the world was dominated by the countries of Western Europe and North America. In colonized worlds, nationalist groups began challenging the European control due to the inspirations of the democratic traditions of Western Europe and America or the fascism and communism of east Europe. In India, for example, there was the emergence of the nationalist congress that supported liberation. Nationalism and Communism in Asia In countries like Japan, class mantra was the order of the day in the areas that were controlled by communists, the CCP which was the main political party was against agrarian radicalism and hence abandoned the class oriented war and its policy of compulsory acquisition and allocation of property. All this effort was centered on national salvation, and it resulted in land lords lowering their rent rates, and the interest rates though the peasants had to work for them. These programs of the Mao and the CCP resembled those of the KMT where the landless population was considered the real force behin