ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Eyewitness accounts are considered compelling evidence for persecution in criminal cases. Line-ups or photo arrays are utilized as means of identification. However, there are many psychological and procedural inconsistencies which may result in false testimony. In turn, this leads to wrongful convictions which may be later overturned. Through evaluation and adherence to the eyewitness testimony procedure, it can be ensured that the process serves its purpose without the violation of ethical and constitutional guidelines. The primary duty of law enforcement is to serve and protect as an authority in the respective jurisdiction. The concept of justice strongly relies on fairness which must be exhibited through consistency in adherence to principles, law, and procedures. Every action must be impartial as an officer has a responsibility to their duty. In service, one must show initiative, but ready to be held accountable for any lapse of judgment. The identification procedure is one of the initial steps in a criminal case over which law enforcement has some influence. The concept of fairness is inclusive of showing respect for the people and the law by exhibiting neutrality. Having a position of authority brings the responsibility of self-control to prevent arbitrary abuse (City of Tucson, 2017). With the prevalence of misidentification cases, experts agree, drastic changes must be made to the procedure. Many police departments across the US do not follow a standard protocol or recommended guidelines during identification procedures, making them unreliable. Accepted methods consist of taking a suspect and placing them amongst other individuals not accused of the particular crime, known as fillers. The eyewitness is then asked to identify visually the person they believe to be the suspect. This can be done via a live line-up or a photographic array. In either method, at least five people are shown. The debate often centers around the pattern of presentation. The simultaneous line-up is most commonly used with everyone revealed at the same time. Meanwhile, the sequential method presents potential suspects one at a time. During the duration of the procedure, a law enforcement official or administrator is present. In most cases, they are aware who the potential suspect may be. However, a controversial method known as double-blind is being proposed which makes both the officer and the witness unaware of the suspect. In the end, the witness chooses whom they believe to be the suspect and the investigation into the case continues based on that evidence (Schuster, 2007). There are several issues in the eyewitness identification process. Throughout, law enforcement chooses those participating in the line-up based on descriptions given during testimony. For the procedure to occur, there must be a suspect. However, those in the line-up must possess similar physical characteristics. If any suspect is singled out
Introduction The transport industry is currently experiencing diverse changes in most parts across the globe. Many of these changes emanate from modifications in social-cultural, political, economic, and technological factors. In a bid to shed more light on this subject, this paper will analyze the challenges and opportunities facing Gulfport Transit as it seeks to expand its strategies to meet the current demand within the transport industry in the US. Analysis Important Areas and Topics that the CEO Barges Should Identify Regarding Performance Issues at Gulfport Gulfport Transit provides us with several indicators that help define how it operates in diverse places in California. Firstly, Gulfport Transit seeks to acquire a competitive edge by diversifying its market to other regions through a strategic alliance with palmetto Transit. This strategy, according to Lee, Lim, and Tan (2000), facilitates market penetration. Secondly, Gulfport Transit’s HR embraces diversity in the recruitment exercise, as this enhances creativity and innovation within the organization (Klarsfeld, 2010). The presence of diversity is confirmed by the presence of a management team that is comprised of workers from different ethnic groups, genders, and ages. But despite these practices, it is evident that Gulfport is faced with diverse challenges, especially in HR management. It is from this background that Barges, the CEO, should identify the challenges facing Gulfport Transit in the HR, taking into account the two major levels: departmental and individual levels. At the organizational level, it is evident that Gulfport Transit is faced with the challenge of integrating various departments within the organization. For case in point, even though the maintenance department can perform its works exceptionally, it is evident that the department is very autonomous and lacks a viable way of standardizing its procedures with the rest of the departments, especially with the Engineering department. Moreover, the Engineering department expresses displeasure after it failed to be assimilated into the labor unions, stating that the workers are treated as second-class citizens. This position is contrary to Fayol’s equity principle, which states that equity should be observed within an organizational setting, as it promotes loyalty, leading to long-term service (Rodrigues, 2001). At an individual level, it is evident that the challenges facing the organization are diverse. For case in point, while Steve Douglas, the Director of Operations, possessed extensive experience in unionized and transit operations, it is still evident that he had a personal weakness while accommodating the needs of the operators, as he failed to take into account the cost involved in the process. Moreover, Gulfport Transit portrays challenges based on inter-personal relationships, as confirmed by a lack of teamwork, even amongst workers in the same department. According to Fayol’s ma
Introduction The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford is a 2007 Western film directed by Andrew Dominik and starring Brad Pitt, Casey Affleck, and Sam Rockwell. The film revisits the story of the gang leader Jesse James and his murder, committed by his friend and gang member Bob Ford for a reward. Besides the biographical narrative that forms the foundation of the plot, the film also explores themes such as authority and mental illness, which contributes to the depth of the story. Summary The film begins with a train robbery committed by Jesse and his gang, including his older brother Frank James. Bob Ford is the younger brother of Charlie, who wants to be part of the gang, first asking Frank and then Jesse to accept him. Despite not allowing him to be part of the train robbery, Jesse likes Bob and invites him to stay at his house for a few days while the rest of the gang are away at a safe house. After meeting the others at the safe house, Bob finds out that Dick and some other gang members are plotting to kill Jesse for a reward. At the same time, Jesse visits Miller, who acts suspiciously, and Jesse figures out the plot against him. Meanwhile, back at Bolton’s house, a conflict between Dick and Wood, Jesse’s cousin, results in Bob killing Wood and hiding his body. Seeking a deal with law enforcement, Bob then decides to turn in Dick. He is offered a reward and a full pardon for his crimes in return for killing Jesse. Unaware of this plot, Jesse invites Charley and Bob to help him with a bank robbery. Bob shoots Jesse in the back and becomes famous, traveling across the country and performing the killing on stage. After a year, Charlie commits suicide; Bob lives for ten more years but is then shot at his salon in revenge for the murder of Jesse. Key Points Authority Jesse’s authority is evident from the beginning of the film. He has a significant influence on every person that surrounds him. However, the film also suggests that such authority was earned through fear and violence. Jesse is portra
In modern world of severe rivalry every company should make great efforts in order to survive. It can create some new ways of advertising or suggest new and unique kinds of services. However, all these efforts can be useless without good and fastened work of companys personnel. Usually, creation of a good collective which will be able to work fast and effectively, is a very complicated process. However, in modern age it is impossible to ignore this issue. That is why science of human resource management started to grow very fast and became widespread. Its main purpose is to guarantee stable development of a company, helping it to use its workforce most effectively. Fig.1. Human resource management (n.d.) Human resource management “suggests to the management team how to strategically manage people as business resources” (Bianca n.d., para. 1). That is why human resource management should influence all aspects of working process of a company. The diagram below schematically illustrates main components of effective human resource management. As it can be seen, the main purpose of this science is to improve work of all departments of a company. Human resource management has its own recommendations and tools for everything connected with effective work of a firm. For example, effective management of shifts within a company can provide aligned mechanism of work of this company. HRM contributes greatly to a companys development, ensuring improvement of its productivity, resolving increased legal complexities and recruiting best qualified specialists (Siddiquea 2011). Having aligned all these mechanisms of work of a company, human resource management provides satisfaction of stuff of this company, which influences positively general outcomes of a firm as satisfied and well organized people work better. However, activity of human resource management is limited by some regulatory requirements. Its activity must “comply with all employment, health and safety and other relevant legislation applicable to the jurisdiction where the organization operates” (Odina n.d., para. 1). It is very important for HRM to work according to these requirements for a company not to be punished or imposed a fine. There is a great number of different requirements which can be united in three groups. Human Resource Management.                          Regulatory requirements.                            Federal Laws                                         State Laws                                           Internationa
Social insurance programs have continuously provided income and health insurance for senior citizens. While social insurance programs may seem ineffective as they cannot have drastic differences in individuals’ lives and cannot provide luxurious lifestyles, they have a significant effect on resisting increases in poverty and inequality rates. According to Greenberg and Page (2018), social security was initially developed to serve as an addition to workplace pensions, even though a substantial number of retirees rely entirely on social security payments. Furthermore, while payroll taxes may seem unfair, the continuous flow of funding provides an outlook on a stable future with a low level of poverty in the country. On the other hand, Medicare’s initial goal was to provide health care to senior citizens who have no funds for treatment to eliminate the obstacles to affordable medicine and have impressive results. Therefore, while social insurance programs may seem ineffective, exploring their initial purpose shows that they effectively fulfill their functions with limited resources. Social Insurance programs are closely connected with socioeconomic and political forces. For example, the first social security program in the form of pensions was offered to Civil war veterans, and the Great Depression caused a rise of questions on measures to increase economic security for the elderly. Socioeconomic and political forces can also affect social insurance programs as political and economic determine the longevity of social security programs. Social insurance involves the moral component of governmental administration and therefore depends on the government’s core values. The politics determine the working conditions, retirement age, and payroll tax rates in favor of prevailing economic conditions. Therefore, negative trends in the economy or governmental shifts that include changes in the administration’s core values can negatively influence social insurance programs.
Introduction Recently, there has been an increase in emergency hospital admissions with food-borne poisoning. Salmonellosis has been identified as the critical factor behind the rise in the food-borne poisoning outbreak as it is diagnosed in the majority of cases. Salmonellosis is a serious infectious disease, which is caused by Salmonella. It is a bacterium that can be found in various goods such as eggs, vegetables, and, most often, raw meat. These products often make their way into human organisms and may lead to multiple symptoms of food-borne poisoning, but mainly causes diarrheal illness. Salmonellosis is a severe infection responsible for almost 94 million illnesses and 155,000 deaths worldwide every year (Antunes et al., 2016). The main goal of this paper is to identify the causes of this outbreak and suggest possible guidelines for the community members and the local food establishments to prevent the bacteria from spreading even further. In addition, this research will also comment on the growing belief that reheating food can kill Salmonella from spreading. Analyzing the Possible Causes of the Outbreak Providing guidelines for preventing the further spread of the Salmonellosis outbreak requires establishing the possible causes of the infectious bacteria spread. In most cases, it is a local dining facility, which is responsible for the initial spread of the notorious food-borne poisoning. For example, a study was conducted about the 2018 outbreak of several Salmonella isolates in Massachusetts. After interviewing several patients who got diagnosed with the disease, the local Health Board was able to link the spread to the restaurant where all three reportedly dined. A further study showed that the restaurant employees ignored hygiene practices in cooking and serving the food (Vaughn et al., 2020). Therefore, neglect attitudes of local dining establishments towards basic hygiene practices can create plausible conditions for bacteria’s spread. Sometimes, already contagious products appear on the shelves of supermarkets and in restaurants’ kitchens. This happens then Salmonella infects food back at the farm, which when supplies it to the market. A recent study of the 2013 Foster Farms outbreak showed that Salmonellosis epidemics coming from farms tend to be the most severe. They damage suppliers’ reputations and result in communication crises (Chung & Lee, 2016). Another outbreak, which resulted in 693 direct exposures, showed that agricultural work
In preparation for signing the NAFTA’s replacement agreement, the USMCA, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Foreign Secretary Chrystia Freeland delivered speeches to Canada’s people. Among other things, the Foreign Minister noted that “The investor-state-dispute resolution system that has allowed companies to sue the Canadian government is also gone between Canada and the United States” (“Prime Minister Trudeau,” 2018, para. 23). The reason for removing ISDS from the treaty governing trade relations between Canada and the United States is that some unscrupulous companies have misused the treaty against the government and people of Canada. Canada was forced to pay US companies $ 300 million, the foreign minister said. In Canada’s opinion, this significant amount was paid inappropriately, as the ISDS agreement between Canada and the United States provided benefits for US investors. Therefore, the Canadian government has protected the country from future encroachments by unscrupulous businessmen. The parties signed the agreement on January 29, 2020, including Donald Trump, who in his election campaign promised to completely abandon NAFTA, which, in his opinion, was unprofitable for American business (White, 2020). The experts noted that the new agreement almost completely duplicates NAFTA. It is noteworthy that the most significant attention was paid to the automotive and dairy industries. The new deal also expanded the protection of intellectual property and digital commerce. It is important to emphasize that this agreement is now mutually fair and guarantees equal rights for all business participants and workers in Canada and the United States. The US market is vital for Canadian exports and imports, and therefore the agreement has become a national issue. The signing of the deal will simplify the business environment and help create thousands of new jobs in both the US and Canada.
Benchmarking is the practice of accepting inherent company weaknesses which place it at a disadvantage against its competitors who are better performers in the same industry and the willingness to learn from them to strategically steer the learning organization to surpass its rivals. These are applied at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Benchmarking is applied in the supply chain activities that range from raw materials, production, to the end consumer. Several companies use the concept of benchmarking to ensure sustained sales and economic growth, continued expansion, and profit maximization. Among these companies is Unilever. For Unilever to continually maintain and improve its position and beat its rivals in the current competitive global economic climate, it must focus and apply benchmarking in its manufacturing and supply chain activities. It must be innovative and should integrate new technologies to improve productivity, its performance, the quality of its products, and other supply chain activities. Such breakthrough innovations and improvements have been achieved by integrating a number of critical factors. The company continuously takes measurements of its current supply chain activities, draws comparisons with her key competitors, and learns from her competitors’ supply chain activities in their supply chain management processes. It then continuously integrates the best options when initiating improvements that bring about sustained growth which put the company at a competitive advantage against its rivals. These changes must be applied in line with its stated objectives according to my strategic plan to benchmark Unilever’s supply chain activities. The five stage benchmarking process involves planning, searching, observing, analyzing, and recommendations for adapting new changes. The benchmarking process could cover aspects such as the company’s products, technical, financial, performance measures, strategic plans, and functional activities. Problems identified with Unilever’s supply chain activities include the company’s product pricing strategies, lack of product substitutes, and unstructured maintenance of supply vehicles. When benchmarking the company’s supply chain activities, the organization must identify the critical success factors employed by competitors, integrate those factors in its supply chain activities, maintain a comprehensive documentation of the benchmarked activities, and develop performance measures to ensure standards are met in the supply chain activities. Once the company has searched for benchmarking partners, Unilever’s executives will set to closely observe how competitors conduct their supply chain activities. Observations thus made should be clearly documented to identify best practice elements in the process. These steps are followed by conducting a gap analysis to identify the discrepancies that lead unilever to loose its hold to its core competitors. The actual causes of the discrepancies need to be established and possible solutions identified and a strategy plan initiated to implementing the changes. Several alternati
Many would not dispute that bullying has a horrendous effect on people of all ages, so it must be regulated. Not only does bullying affect everyone, including those who bully, but it also links to an enormous number of adverse outcomes. It tremendously relates to various undesirable consequences such as poor influence on mental health, alcohol and drug abuse, and self-destruction. Undoubtedly, it is crucial to understand whether and when bullying is a huge problem. As I may assume from the observer’s point, humans who are bullied, especially kids, usually struggle with sleep and eating patterns. They are more likely to have alcohol and drug addiction, as well as work or educational issues. Additionally, individuals who bully others tend to vandalize property and get into fights and illegal shenanigans more often, thus, in order to avoid this, bullying should be regulated by teachers, parents, and, sometimes, officials. Sometimes friends or relatives have contrary opinions, so they should share viewpoints with each other from time to time. Some people may assume that occasional arguments must be avoided. Nonetheless, healthy discussions and debates tend to strengthen friendship because it allows humans to understand each other better and improve relationships. Undoubtedly, there is no way each person would be able to share and divide their opinion with everyone else because people are not identical, and they tend to have various perspectives. Therefore, sometimes contradictory viewpoints or attitudes might help others to solve unusual life situations. For instance, whether it is an argument between partners or a friendly discussion about a particular topic. If both sides solve the main issue, they will unravel the opportunities to understand more about themselves as friends or a dating couple.
What do you think were the key, general lessons in Milligram’s study The lessons learned from Milligram’s experiment can be listed as follows: most people abide by the laws or rules when they are forced by circumstances; people obey instructions because they are afraid of the repercussions of not being obedient to their superiors, and lastly, obedience is said to be a reaction by someone, basically working collaboratively with those in power even if abiding by the norms is contrary to a person’s conscience (Milgram, 1974). Zimbardo’s study The lessons that can be learned from the experiment are as follows; human beings can be turned into becoming sadists by evil minds; obedience is a prerogative of the subject; the abuse of human rights can result in rebellion; lifelong harassment in prison cells is dehumanizing and humiliating to the prisoners and can lead to psychological and emotional harm of the inmates; and finally, prison cells can lead to the mental torture of both the inmates and even the prison wardens. This is true with respect to the kind of treatment the guards accord their prisoners when they are fatigued or bored at night (Zimbardo et al. 2000). What were your general reactions to studies that you read about? That is, did you find them interesting, fascinating, not applicable? General reactions to the studies. In my opinion, the studies are fascinating. They are interested in the sense that the subjects of experiments volunteered to participate in the research, but at the end of the day, they appear to be tormented by what was happening. In Zimbardo’s study, the ‘prisoners’ appear to have forgotten that it is a mere psychological experiment and are said to believe it is a real prison. A good example is prisoner # 8612, who endured psychological harm and started crying, claiming he was ill and demanded to be freed from prison. He even went further to curse the officials when he was denied a release order on the account that he was pretending. This makes him behave madly until finally he is released. It is also interesting to see how people can just become sadists and start abusing others the way the prison guards were humiliating the prisoners. In short, both studies appear interesting, but to some extent, they can be frightening to the subjects of the experiments. For example, in Milligram’s study, some teachers appeared reluctant to proceed with the study. Ethically, a study shouldn’t harm human beings psychologically. In Milgram study, why did the participants (“teache