ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Kate Chopin was writing even before the phrase “women’s movement” had been coined, but the stirrings of this twentieth century movement were beginning to simmer in the US at that time. Patriarchal custom demanded that women be defined in relationship to the men in their life – wife, mother, and daughter- and not as separate human beings with a defined self outside their relationship to others. Society strongly discouraged women’s attempts to develop a separate and independent self. It had been purely satirical on the part of those women who have tried to find themselves apart from their “significant others”. Thus; it was the reason for the transpiration of a novel who suffered societal criticism and dispute. For the people of her time, Kate was way far too ahead of her generation. Overview of the novel The Awakening is the story of one woman’s struggle for self-identity. Edna Pontellier, who was twenty-eight year old wife and a mother of two children with a lawful husband, Leonce, a businessman, was soured on the world and her personality insures that of solitude. Edna sees this picture of herself as frightening because of what the society can do to shun those who seek a life outside the norm. She has grown tired of her duties and responsibilities at home that finally when she met a young man, she became more aware of her physical body and her desires that she had felt wantonly before. She was so confused until she started to see herself as an individual. She could no longer conform to the expectations and principles of the society where she duly belonged that’s why she attempted to free herself from such attachment to her family. She soon realized that society’s denial is nothing compared to the desperate longing inside her that almost devoured her sanity. Yes, she had felt an illicit passion towards a wrong man who left her for good, which then led her to the clasp of death. The plot The gulf has a sensual and mysterious part throughout the story. Chopin uses vivid imagery to create such mood making the readers aware of intense feelings and the reality of human desire. Chopin calls upon all the senses to show Edna’s unfolding sensuality. Food and appetite became symbols of an awakening to sexual consciousness. Symbolism is very obvious in the plot. Bird imagery is used reminiscent of Whitman, to symbolize freedom. A broken-winged bird that cannot fly symbolized the failure possible in the search. This explains why Edna does not beg for pity at any time (Robertson, 2004) I think this book’s literary significance transcends time, making it valid for each generation. This tightly woven novel looks at women’s struggle for change and acceptance of self
Abstract Due to the increased number of immigrants who escape harsh living conditions in Mexico, many have found themselves working in insecure and unhealthy working areas in their efforts to make source of livelihood and improve their living conditions. Many of these immigrants have been employed in meat and poultry packing factories. These factories take advantage of the readily available cheap labor by overworking them and avoid observing their working rights concerning their safety and health. Because the meat factories are the fast employers of these immigrants many become vulnerable to harsh working conditions and standards. This include in cases of injury many go unattended to as they do not report because they fear sacked on the grounds of failure to work, hence face the problem of being deported. Therefore, to avoid deportation and loss of livelihood many continue to work in these meat factories despite of the chronic injuries and illnesses they encounter. Due to the increased number of injuries and deaths arising from the poor working conditions, there is need to educate and train the immigrants on the safety and health hazards of working in meat factories. On the other hand, the human rights organizations and bodies should come up with ways and techniques to protect these immigrants so that their work rights are not abused. Introduction The meat packing process involves a series of dangerous activities that are hazardous and injurious to the workers who most of them are immigrants seeking jobs. The processes involve slaughtering using rotating knives, hooks and saws to remove skin from the meat as well as meat from the bones. many workers encounter injuries and illnesses while working in this meat factories, this is mainly because of the bureaucracies of the administration that insist on workers working throughout even after being injured otherwise they risk being sacked and deported back to their mother countries. Hence many of these immigrants go without being treated or reporting. On the other hand, these meat factories fear making losses due to lateness in meat slaughtering, processing and delivering to their respective customers. Therefore, the workers work under great pressure to meet the tight deadlines and the high demand of the meat industry. the extensive use of very sharp equipments to slaughter makes the workers prone to cumulative trauma disorders (CTO) as reported by OSHA. These chronic injuries such as tendonitis and tenosynovitis destroy the soft cells, nervous system and tissues that may cause crippling and organ mutilation or dysfunction. Most of the researches carried out reveal that many of these factory workers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders. These are mainly caused by the vibrating knives and other equipments applied for meat extraction and processing. Meat packing safety standards Due too high levels of reported injuries and disorders reported in many of the meat factories various organizations and governments have come up to ensure the safety of the workers is adhered to and their work rights are protected. For instance, in 1970 the occupational safety and health act was enacted
Introduction Human communication, as the main means of interrelation and cooperation between people, also makes use of the set of signs, which can be verbal, non-verbal, text, iconic, etc. All the variety of these signs is studied by semiotics, or semiology, as derived from the concept of “seme” denoting the meaning of a lexical unit or any other communicative sign (Aiello, 2007). In the area of semiotics, the interpretation of signs, and images as one of the most often embodiments of the signs, is of crucial importance for understanding such concepts as denotative and connotative meaning, and their interrelation. This paper will focus on the system of submitting the “image to the spectral analysis of the messages it may contain” (Barthes, p. 33) offered by Barthes as a means of image interpretation. Barthes’ Ideas To begin with, Barthes’ (1991) argument is concentrated around the three dimensions, or messages, through which every image can be interpreted and “read”. These dimensions are the linguistic, coded iconic, and non-coded iconic messages. In their context, the author also pays attention to the ideas of connotative and denotative meanings of the images singling out the signifiers and the phenomena signified as the major distinguishing features between the two meanings (Aiello, 2007). Proper consideration of all these levels of the image analysis, provides the analyst with a comprehensive picture of what the image actually presents, what are the hidden, or implicit, meanings it is intended to render, and what are the functions of text, i. e. lexical message, in the image (Barthes, 1977). Beginning with the textual context, it is necessary to note that Barthes (1977; 1991) argues about the priority of a denotative meaning over the connotative one. As a result, text, as a means of the introduction of the information about the image, is viewed as the initial element of the latter directed at catching people’s attention and
Introduction In the chapter, The Drug Effect: Health, Crime, and Society, Suzanne Fraser and David Moore give new directions on discussions in the study of drug use. The authors examine the social and cultural meaning of drug use coupled with evaluating the public health provisions, law frameworks, and the measures associated with drug policy. In this respect, scholars seek to address the main issues relating to drug use and addiction. The authors put together several drug use and addiction cases provided by various global elites in this field and a few emerging scholars. Ultimately, the authors combine individual pieces to offer a rich analysis that can be utilized as a study source as well as a teaching manual. Frazer and Moore (2011) suggest that drug use may lead to both physical and psychological effects emerging from the social and cultural processes of exchange via which the market operates. In this respect, they also lead to crime and other antisocial behaviors. Issues raised in this case study The origin of most of the tensions leading to drug use is among some of the issues raised, and they include group conformity, peer pressure, social marginalization, and crime. The same micro-economic environment that is promoting the growth of a legitimate business is also offering the opportunity for the drug market, thus giving drug producers and traffickers the chance to organize and sell drugs without being noticed. Unlike in the legitimate business, the drug market has developed its kind of social relations, values, and language, which are only known and understandable to the market actors (Wilson 2010). Concerning group conformity, the authors show that for one to be accepted by drug users, s/he has to show the willingness to share as well learn behavior that makes him/her unique in a bid to avoid the police while transacting illegitimate business like the supply of heroin. Peer pressure increases due to the lack of family and community cohesiveness, which has been viewed as the psychosocial antecedent promoting drug use and addiction (Boyle 2013). The absence of family care creates an environment that exposes individuals to the strain and stress of contemporary life, thus increasing the chances of engaging in drug use to avoid the harsh realities of life. Friends influence their troubled peers to seek solace in drug use to alter their consciousness. For instance, as it is evident in this case, smoking is a shared activity with key socializing functions such as involvement in crime like drug trafficking. Just as the authors argue, the market exchange of heroin and other drugs may not be consistent with the market forces of supply and demand, but rather by social relations that view the market as a process that should be understood (Frazer & Moore 2011). In this process, friends, who use drugs, influence their peers through socialization and exposing them to an environment that encourages drug use, and they end up conforming. Behaviour is a major issue explored in this chapter because it is the most evident and assumed factor that describes drug addicts. The authors h
Music is an essential part of each human being’s life. It fulfills the chaotic existence with the harmony of sounds that push the potential of energy into arts, science, and politics. However, not only music serves as a background for various human activities, but it has an intrinsic value. In the essay “How we listen,” Copland argues that the ability to experience the outcome of this value is open to everyone yet rarely used by people (Copland, n.d.). The author distinguishes three planes of music listening: sensuous, expressive, and sheer musical; each of them could be applied to my personal experience with different music. The three discussed planes can be easily defined and understood. The sensuous plane implies primitive enjoying of the sound of music, not deepening into its sense of composition. Additionally, listening to music for driving into one’s escapist fantasies applies to this way (Copland, n.d.). Personally, I perceive music from this perspective when listening to lo-fi compilations. Indeed, this genre cannot be reduced to background sounds, but many people use this music as a pleasant accompaniment for studying. Next, the expressive plane concerns the emotional content of a composition, which could be derived from its theme (Copland, n.d.). For me, American rock music of the sixties is of the kind where this plane applying is the most important. These songs sound aggressive and yet desperate to me. Finally, the sheerl musical plane interests the intricate arrangement of a melody, its notes’ composition (Copland, n.d.). It is most relevant for me when I listen to orchestra music where multiple instruments interact to create an integral piece of a masterpiece. Therefore, each plane finds its implication in my reality of music perception.
Abstract Born in 1875, Carl Jung grew up to study human life and eventually developed several thoughts concerning human behavior. His concepts have received exponents and opponents of equal measure. Most people claim that his arguments are illogical with no or minimal stringent structures. Nonetheless, his exponents have utilized his thoughts and used them in conducting various psychological tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This paper analyses the theories of Jung concerning human life coupled with how they have contributed to the history and systems of psychology. Introduction Born in 1875, Carl Jung has definitely played a significant role in the field of psychology even after his demise in 1961. His theories have received support and opposition in equal measure. However, despite his controversial nature, most psychologist and scholars still use his theories in making various decisions. His theories aimed at creating and promoting an association between the cognizant and oblivious (Thorne & Henley, 2005). According to Jung, in the absence of the link between the two, the unconscious characteristics could abate and even destroy one’s personality. One of his popular theories was individuation, which refers to the individual growth that creates a link the ego to the ‘self’ (Pierce, 2005). This paper discusses the Jungian theories and their role in shaping the history and systems of psychology. Contribution of Carl Jung’s Theories in the History and Systems of Psychology Jung’s examination of human personality involved studies of faith, culture, and parapsychology. He primarily had a stronger impact on theorists and authors than psychologists did. Nonetheless, over the years, the rising queries on the nature of human awareness and potential have triggered a sudden attention on Jung’s concepts such as those concerning attitude, functions, conscious, archetype, and psychological development (Carter, 2011). Attitude In addressing the issue of attitude, Jung developed the theories of introversion and extraversion. These ideologies have indubitably earned recognition with most psychologists and counselors who use them to test their patients’ attitude. For Jung, people can be broadly categorized into two groups, viz. those who view things from an outward perspective and those who judge things with an inward perception. Those who are inward-oriented, popularly known as introverts, are contented with their individual thoughts and beliefs (Pierce, 2005). However, the extroverts are at ease with the views of
Introduction A financial ratio refers to the relationship that shows the performance of a firm’s activities. Various ratios are used in the financial analysis to examine the current performance of the company as well as comparing the past with the present. This is very important in the sense that it helps in identifying problems which need to be fixed. Besides, ratio analysis helps management to pay particular attention to those problems that pose a lot of danger to the company’s performance and to reach at strategic decision to avoid such potential problems. Moreover, the management of the company can use financial ratios for comparison purposes, that is, comparing the firm’s performance against that of the competitors, as well as the entire industry (Jan, Haka, Bettner and Carcello 265). The main aim of calculating financial ratios is to analyze and show broad business trends, which are very crucial in sound decision making processes. Therefore, accuracy in ratio calculation and analysis is important because they help in avoiding errors, financial misrepresentation, and false findings that lead to inaccurate decisions. Types of Financial Ratios used in Managerial Decision making Some of the ratios that can be used in this analysis to make managerial decisions include, but not limited to current ratio, liquidity ratio, stock financing ratio, and solvency ratio (Kane, Zane and Marcus 458). Broad analysis of these financial ratios and their use in making managerial decisions are presented in the following discussion. Current Ratio This is calculated as follows: Current ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities Current ratio shows the situation of the company’s working capital, that is, it reflects the firm’s ability to settle payments for the short term creditors using the proceeds realized from the company’s current assets without necessarily selling the fixed assets to settle the credit payments (Houston and Brigham 89). A figure that is greater than 1 informs the management that there are sufficient assets to settle the company’s liabilities once there is some urgent need. However, the management should be very cautious in cases whereby the figure is less than 1, and in such a situation managerial decisions should be made promptly to acquire more current assets. Liquidity Ratio The formula for calculating is shown below. Liquidity ratio
Trust vs. Mistrust It is the first stage of development which focuses on the infant’s basic needs, which the parent fulfills. The baby’s interaction with them creates a conflict of either trust or mistrust since the child is entirely dependent on them, especially the mother. In the United Arab Emirates context, women are expected to be the sole caregiver, while men supports them by providing such material needs as housing, food and clothing (Gross, 2020). The child is still young and interacts with the world through the guardians and copies their society’s perspective. In a typical Arab family in the UAE, kids are undervalued. To instill trust, comfort and immediate response to needs are required, which is mainly the mother’s role. The girl might lose faith in society because of neglect from her father, which might affect her ability to form a healthy relationship. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt At this stage, toddlers start asserting their independence and insisting on following their decisions. They focus on developing personal control, performing necessary actions, and making preferences on such things as the food they like (Orenstein & Lewis, 2020). In the case study, the girl at this age might emphasize gaining emotional control over her conduct. She might dictate who touches her toys, the kind of toys she wants, and clothing. In most cultural settings, including UAE, the girl is introduced to toilet training, which further builds independence (Coelho et al., 2020). However, as noted above, the locality involves authoritarian traditions. Thus, the behavior is guided by strict adherence to adult rules, and any digression results in severely harsh punishment, especially for publicly display
Introduction The G4 movement involves four major countries: Brazil, Germany, India and Japan. These countries are pushing for expansion of the United Nations Security Council seats while, and at the same time, striving for each other to gain permanent seats on the assembly. These proposals are to be effected through a process that is similar to the 1963 Charter amendment voting that increased the number of permanent seats from eleven to fifteen and ensure equal participation of member countries in the council’s activities. The need to reform the UNSecurity Council Reforms in the Security Council are necessary to ensure that poor and rich countries are well represented in both permanent and non permanent assembly seats and those ones advocating for international peace which are given a chance to exercise their responsibilities (Sturchler, 2007). The reforms will also ensure the rule of lawis exercised as outlined in the security charter rather in the attaining global security. Failures and shortcomings of the United Nations Security Council. Most global security issues have political undertakings that the super powers use to dictate and influence the operations of the council, hence, overriding its procedures, for instance, the forceful invasion of Iraq by the United states of America without the consent of the council (Sturchler, 2007). Misplaced priorities like this war have exposed the council as being weak and inefficient while the existence of the international terror groups like Al-Qaeda is as a result of the limited ideologies on how to handle and manage them. There are so many inter-states conflicts that continue to raise international tensions and fear due to the little representation of the poor nations at the Security Council. The world summits are usually held in the countries that are developed in terms of economies, politics or ideologies which are very discriminatory. How the proposal will address the concerns about theSecurity Council This proposal to increase the number of both the permanent and non permanent seats in the Security Council will ensure that all the member states are regionally represented regardless of whether they are developed or underdeveloped (Sturchler, 2007). In addition to that, it will ensure decisions that are made with adequate considerations of member state’s dignity without the contravention of their policies or the practices. Moreover, the increasing the membership will ensure equal representation of members at the Security Council that will go a long way to boost credibility and trust of member states to the council and other United Nations affiliate organs. Willingness and support for the proposal Majority of the member states have faith in the Security Council reforms and, similar to the 1963 votes, there will be overwhelming sup