ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Considering all the harmful environmental effects that hydropower dams have, many countries in the world are now fighting the construction and maintenance of large dams by prohibiting their funding. Even though dams are supposed to bring particular economic benefits, many people argue that they do “more economic harm than good” (“Social, environmental impacts of dams can be reduced” 10). To start with, dams are expected to assist in mitigating floods, generating electricity, and supplying water for various industries and agriculture (Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle 747). Finally, the least they do is improve the navigation of rivers. However, the practice shows that all of those advantages are arguable and can hardly compensate for the harm that dams, especially the large ones, are fraught with. First of all, any hydrological alteration disrupts the natural river flows, and as Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle state in their article, dams are “a major cause of these disruptions” (747). For example, dams usually become the reason for the loss of river deltas and dewatering of rivers and contribute to water pollution. When there are too many dams on the same river, its waters can even stop reaching the sea, although they are supposed to. As Rosenberg, Mccully, and Pringle write, the Colorado Rivers rarely discharge any freshwater to the sea (749). Secondly, because of water stored in reservoirs, the worldwide sea level has significantly reduced (Rosenberg, Mccully and Pringle 747). Since the middle of the twentieth century, the approximate volume of water impounded in reservoirs has reached the point of 10,000 cubic kilometers, which equals the amount of water in all rivers around the world (Rosenberg, Mccully and Pringle 747). Additionally, dams and reservoirs contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Another significant harm that large dams cause is that regarding river inhabitants. Dams usually become the reason for habitat fragmentation and changes; they block the migration of fish, hinder spawning, and so forth. As proof, after four dams were constructed on the Snake River, people faced a significant deterioration in salmon fishing (Rundle 138). To conclude, the construction, funding, and maintenance of hydropower dams have numerous adverse consequences, including the disruption of the natural river flows, decrease in the water level in the seas, the contribution to the greenhouse emissions, etc. The possible advantages that those constructions can bring can not compensate for all the negative consequences, which is why the use of large hydropower dams should be terminated. Works Cited Rosenberg, David M., Patrick Mccully and Catherine M. Pringle. “Global-Scale Environmental Effects of Hydrological Alterations: Introduction.” BioScience 50.9 (2000): 746-751. Print. Rundle, Simon D. “Threats to the Running Water Ecosystems of the World.” Environmental Conversations 29.2 (2002): 134-153. Print. “Social, environmental impacts of dams can be reduced: IIED.” Ecos
Introduction As a teacher, I have been able to practice my professional skills in various fields of education. At first, it is necessary to speak about special education. In particular, I worked with children who had attention deficit disorder, autism, or various physical disabilities. Main Body One of my key tasks was the development of individualized education plans (IEPs) for these learners. The tasks required in-depth knowledge of the instructional methods that could suit the needs of children who could struggle with various impairments. I also set developmental goals that these students had to achieve. These activities have demonstrated to me that it is vital to help such learners develop various behavioral skills such as the ability to take responsibility for their actions. Secondly, educators should raise the self-esteem of these students because this quality will be important for their success in various areas. For instance, one can speak about their ability to establish relations with other people. Thus, teachers working with these children should consider a wide range of competencies that these students should acquire. The most challenging issue is that these learners can differ dramatically in terms of their needs, and I had to adjust my instructional strategies. However, at the same time, such activities were very rewarding because they prompted me to reach high professional standards. Apart from that, I also worked closely with parents and school administrators who had to agree on IEPs. This issue attracted so much attention because every IEP can have profound implications for the later development of a student. As a result, I could develop my interpersonal skills. Overall, these teaching activities enabled me to apply the knowledge that I acquired during classes. This is one of the points that I would like to stress. Additionally, I had an opportunity to teach students who spoke English as a second language. My task was to assist these learners in developing skills that were related to such areas as listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Furthermore, I needed to develop programs that could increase the cultural awareness of these people. One of my key duties was to highlight the connections between language and culture since this knowledge could be important for adults who were not native speakers. It should be mentioned that the students represented different cultural groups. So, I needed to help these students form teams. Furthermore, I could supervise the teaching activities of other educators. To a great extent, this experience enabled me
Introduction A teacher determines the strategies to apply when teaching a topic. Probably, the teacher could decide to develop a strategy in which the students determine the topic they will study. Basing on this critique, it could be deduced that pedagogy comes first. It is crucial to point out that establishing instruction strategies arm student with a high potential to perceive information. Consequently, it is quite wide of the mark to start teaching without goals and objectives that have been identified concisely. In most cases, an instructor identifies the pedagogical approaches to teach a topic. Some people would state that the topic determines the pedagogical approach to use. This postulation is true based on certain instances where some approaches are favored by some topic. In fact, certain systematic teaching strategies have well defined topic based approaches where topics define the pedagogical approach to use. However, the fact remains that a significant tally of the instances involves the use of pedagogy to determine the topic. This essay seeks to determine the pedagogical approach that one could use after determining a topic. In a bid to fulfill that task, I will determine a topic to teach and describe the approach to use in the teaching. Topic I would like to teach about blood circulation in animals. I am aware that this will be a board topic that will require extensive reading and facilitated understanding. Therefore, I will establish concise objectives and a clear goal to help in completing the work successfully. I will expect that students will be able to distinguish the circulatory systems of different classes of animals. I will, therefore, instruct on the arrangement of work and compilation of research performed in accordance to the pedagogical approach that I will select. Kind of Pedagogy Collaborative learning could be a systematic strategy to teach this topic. The learner will be grouped according to their performance. Students who perform well in class will be mixed with those who fail. In this way, they will be able to share their knowledge and improve the perception of other students. Also, the use of discussion forums will enhance their understanding since they will participate actively in the discussions without restrictions. Working collaboratively will allow module sharing and create space for presentation in blackboard. Choice Rationale Collaborative learning is an incidence where more than one person tries to perceive something (Freire, 2000). The people attend discussion forum in which they discuss and come up with a conclusion. They utilize the knowledge and skill of each other to understand a learning topic (Naka, 1974). Also, students learning collaboratively have an opportunity to criticize the idea of one another and determine the most appropriate answer
Introduction SWOT analysis involves the development of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are encountered by a company during normal operations. These factors are generated from the daily activities of a company and they are important to the management of the company. There are many other parties, such as competitors, customers, shareholders and others interested in the SWOT analysis of a company (Coman & Ronen, 2009). Apple Inc was established in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Ronald Wayne later sold his shares to the other two partners and ceased to be a partner. During the foundation of the company Mark Markkula provided with funds and expertise. The headquarters of the company are based in Cupertino, California. The company manufactures computer software, electronics and commercial servers. The software manufactured by the company includes Mac OS X operating system, iTunes, iLife, iWork, Aperture, Final Cut Studio, and Logic Studio. The computer hardware manufactured by the company includes iPod, iPhone, iPad and the Macintosh computers (McGirt, 2010). Strengths Apple has a favorable brand perception by consumers all over the world. This has increased the sales of the company by great margins. For example, the company realized a sales increase for iPod products in 2005 and this caused the profits to rise to $320 in the second quarter of that year (Bernasek, 2010). The company enjoys a very high customer loyalty. Many customers are ready to re-buy products of the company because they are appealing. Apple targets both corporate and individual customers to market its products. The company has been able to overcome the high competition in the industry due to the high customer loyalty. Apple has been able to recruit many new customers as well as maintain the existing ones (Josh, 2009). Apple has been able to operate in the global market. This strategy has expanded the market share of the company and the sales of the company have increased. Through the use of online retail stores customers all over the world can access the products of the company. The company operates in almost all the continents and has captured customer loyalty for its brands in majority of the countries (Bernasek, 2010). The product portfolio of Apple is synergetic. The company manufactures computer software, hardware and electronics. These products are inter-related and the brand image of one product promotes the brand image of the other product. In addition, production of a wide variety of products makes the company dependent of many products such that failure of one product does not cause total failure of the company (Bernasek, 2010). Leadership of the company is very strong and the company has been able to achieve success due to the good management and leadership aspects of the company. Steve Jobs as the president of the company has been identified as a good leader and a manager. He has made the company achieve great things by introducing innovative projects (Josh, 2009). Weaknesses The iPod product has been said to have defective screen. The screens have been identified to break under impact. This has caused a
Introduction Nobody believed that revolution would ever be experienced in the Middle East. Cruel leaders ruled countries like Egypt, Tunisia, Bahrain and Libya. Public protests were not allowed because they were against the law and those citizens who dared became political prisoners (Moore and Springborg 11). Historical revolution has been waited to occur for a very long time. = The people who lived under the unjust rulers suffered a lot in the previous decades, so it is time for those rulers to pay the people back. The aim of this essay is to show the hidden reasons of these revolutions, why they occurred at the same time, and what the people needs are. The revolution is an honorable one because it will reap huge benefits in the future. A dynamic view on Tunisia’s revolution Mohammed Bouzizi was an unemployed graduate who used to sell fruits and vegetables using carts in Sid Boutz, since he was the breadwinner of his family. He was twenty six years old and did not possess a license for selling food along the streets. Due to this reason, the authority took away his cart and slapped him on the face. Mohammed later expressed his anger and depression by burning himself due to social injustice. He did this in front of the government offices and escaped with serious injuries that made him to be hospitalized for almost two years but he later died. This led to riots in Tunisia that eventually made the president Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali to step down. Mohammed’s suicide led to revolution in the country. Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya and Bahrain experienced the same problems of oppression and they were all triggered to riot in the streets after the self- immolation of Mohammed (Alexander 72). Mussa, Arab’s league chief, had a speech with the Arab economic summit in a resort city in Egypt. He told them that the mayhem in Tunisia was caused by the same disappointments that were facing the Arab communities, “the revolution that happened in Tunisia is not far from the subject of this summit” (Moore and Springborg195). He continues to say that “the Arab soul is broken by poverty, unemployment and general recession… The political problems , majority of which have not been fixed, have driven the Arab citizens to a state of unprecedented anger and frustration” (Moore and Springborg 196). The Arab leaders did not admit the idea that their citizens were undergoing what Tunisians went through before the death of Mohammed. In spite of the injustices experienced by the citizens in the Middle East, their leaders said that the
Abstract Temperature is one of the great determinants while conducting reaction experiments. An increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction of chemicals during experiments. This may be attributed to the increase in molecular motion due to high temperatures. The increased rates of reactions are also caused by the increased kinetic energy of the molecules. Therefore substrates would collide more frequently with enzyme active sites causing the reaction rates to soar. However, the rate of reactions will increase with rising in temperature to a given limit after which any further rise in temperature will cause a permanent denature of enzymes, thus a sudden decline in the reaction rates. This experiment focuses on the effect of temperature on the activity of the Amylase enzyme. It was observed that the amylase activity increases with rising in temperature but declines with further increase in temperature which was contrary to the expected results.The experiment was carried out in different temperature conditions to determine the influence of temperature on each reaction. The experiment was undertaken in different water baths of different temperatures while observing the color change from blue-black to yellow-amber. The results of the experiment indicated an increase in reaction rates with rising in temperature but to a specific temperature beyond which the enzyme activity declined. Introduction Amylase is an essential enzyme in the human body since it aids in the digestion of starch. Starch comprises two polysaccharides, amylase and Amylopectin. It is a protein in its nature and like other enzymes, it catalyzes reactions without being consumed in such reactions (Campbell, 1999). Moreover, enzyme reaction rates are influenced by different factors such as temperatures, pH, and even stress in the human body. According to Takai (2004), stress in the human body regulates the release of amylase enzyme hence determining the reaction rates. The focus of this experiment was on the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase as a catalyst. A rise in temperature results in increase in motion of molecules as they possess more kinetic energy hence their interaction with substrates is increased. In this experiment, starch was used as a substrate with a mixture of glucose in it. However, higher temperatures could also denature enzymes and thus cause a decline in the reaction rates as they are not able to play their significant role as catalysts. Through the process of hydrolysis, the amylase enzyme breaks down starch into smaller and less complex glucose chains. The reaction produces a complex mixture that is composed mainly of maltose and glucose. This mixture will fail to react to iod
Genetic Engineering, also referred to as Recombinant DNA Technology was deemed as a major milestone in the field of science and technology. The technology essentially involves modifying the original genetic constitution of an organism by transplanting foreign genes. This technology has been extensively used in the agricultural field to produce high-quality, pesticide-resistant genetically modified crops. It has also been employed in animals to increase their productivity, to use them for scientific research and testing, and to synthesize medically significant animal products. The most controversial and complicated aspect of this expertise is Human Genetic Engineering- whereby the genotype of a fetus can be altered to produce desired results. It can also be used for the purposes of cloning and treatment of certain genetic diseases by stem cell therapy. Though the technology sounds extremely promising on paper, it has its own share of safety and ethical concerns. Scientists have still been unable to decipher the human genetic code completely. One particular gene can perform multiple functions, which scientists might not be aware of. It becomes highly dangerous to alter the genetic constitution in such conditions, as it can potentially lead to major genetic abnormalities. In 1989, genetically engineered food product, Tryptophan killed 37 people while 1500 others were permanently disabled. (Fagan). Genetic Engineering also poses several environmental threats as it threatens the wildlife and food cycle, alters the natural gene pool, and disturbs the ecosystem. Another issue of concern is that the genes are often transferred from one species t
Abstract Caffeine is widely perceived as an energetic stimulus and is highly consumed by many individuals. The effects of this substance can be present in different physical, psychological and behavioural functions and can influence athletic performance. The analysis of previous literature shows that it is crucial to consider the aspect of habituation to coffee among sportspeople, which can alter the impact. Consequently, the proposed research topic is the investigation of caffeine’s effect on physical and cognitive performance among athletes who are not used to the continuous intake of this element. The study will utilise a purposive sampling method and will use a mixed research technique. Introduction Coffee is one of the most popular drinks, and many individuals do not imagine mornings without this drink to feel fresher and more active. Coffee contains high levels of caffeine and is perceived to be a stimulus to boost energy and fight tiredness or sleepiness. Professional sportspeople also fall under the category of those who consume this product. The point is that caffeine is “an ergogenic aid” that was proved “to enhance performance across a wide range of capacities through a variety of mechanisms” (Pickering and Kiely, 2018). Consequently, this substance becomes popular among communities and among athletes as an instrument to increase energy levels. Thus, the issue of sportspersons taking caffeine is an issue that imposes a question of its influence on their physical and cognitive performance. This topic is crucial to investigate because it can offer new insights on the problem, identify the trends and determine whether taking caffeine is a useful measure for sports professionals. Literature Review It is essential to understand how caffeine (CAF) works and what are the allowed norms for the athletes to avoid potential side effects or negative impact. The discussed substance is present not only in such drinks as coffee and tea, but also in particular foods, like cacao beans, and it produces the results through blocking adenosine receptors (McLellan et al., 2016). Hence, different ways of caffeine consumption are available to athletes, which expands its attractiveness. This product influences the central nervous system and is similar to neuromodulator, which causes a reaction in physical and cognitive functioning (McLellan et al., 2016). Still, the significance of appropriate doses should not be underestimated. An acceptable intake of caffeine should not exc
Abstract Administrative progressivism as the educational philosophy may be applied in online studying. This conclusion is drawn out of a number of factors which point at the similar goals and desire to reach success in teaching students. However, due to differences in the points of view to control of students’ knowledge, the combination of the learning style and educational philosophy under consideration may lead to worse learning outcomes for students. Introduction Education is essential in human life as people have understood its value. There are a lot of different approaches to education and view of its development. Some philosophies of education are new, others are older but their use in the modern system of education points that their nature is to create a deserving member of the society who has managed to get good knowledge, is informed, democratic, equitable, and humane. Along with different approaches to the education, there are a lot of particular forms of learning which may be chosen depending on students needs. The main idea of the discussion is to consider online learning from the perspective of administrative progressivism with identifying the advantages and disadvantages of using the mentioned appr
Cultural traditions and customs influence many aspects of society, including gender norms and roles. In many cultures, men and women are perceived as equal due to the influence of feminism. However, in some cultures, patriarchy is still prevalent, and both men and women are expected to conform to certain gender roles. Knowledge of cultural norms and relations concerning gender can help to ensure safety and promote successful integration. For example, when traveling to countries famous for their strict Muslim traditions, it is recommended that women avoid wearing revealing clothes. Being aware of and respecting local traditions with regards to gender can also help visitors to be more confident because they will be able to take part in more activities and discussions without feeling excluded. In order to understand gender norms and relations that may affect the success of my work, I intend to rely on three strategies. First of all, reading about gender in Islamic culture would help me to avoid saying or doing things that upset other people. For example, readings can highlight behaviors that are perceived to be inappropriate for both men and women and refrain from them. Secondly, I will also try and connect with local residents, including my counterparts. People from the local culture can be a valuable source of knowledge about gender norms and traditions that affect their society. Thus, I could ask them for advice when faced with a challenging situation or ask them general questions about gender roles. Thirdly, I could also discuss gender norms with other Peace Corps Volunteers and share knowledge. This would be useful, as they might have different background knowledge and experience. Sharing information would help to create a solid knowledge base that would be beneficial to all partaking volunteers.