ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition of the public budget cycle Generally, a budget is a statement that apportions resources so as to achieve the objectives of an organization, entity or an institution within a given period of time. A budget focuses on a financial plan. It shows the amount which an entity expects to receive and draws a plan on how to spend the expected revenue. Thus, the role of a budget is fundamental in an institution. It creates a connection between resources available and human behavior so as to achieve specific objectives. A budget is required for two basic reasons. The first reason is to apportion resources based on priorities and secondly to create responsibility among employees of an organization. A public budget comprises of two components these are revenue and expenditure. The major sources of revenue for a government agency are taxes, user charges, borrowings, special allocations, and internal transfers among others. Key public spendings are on public programs, capital expenditures, administrative expenses, and debt servicing. Just like a budget for any other institution, preparation of a public budget goes through a cycle. A public budget cycle is the process from the start of developing a budget to the final execution of the budget. Ordinarily, a public budget cycle covers a whole year commonly known as a fiscal year. Fiscal year various across various nations. Some run from October 1 to Septem
Overview Uganda has made tremendous improvements in terms of declining the number of people living with HIV/AIDS. This trend is traceable to the early 1990s when the government launched an initiative campaign aimed at eradicating the scourge. According to the survey conducted by UNICEF, the number of children up to the age of 15 years living with HIV/AIDs dropped to a record 1.1 million. The report by the Ugandan Ministry of Health, to mother-child infection accounted for about 90% of children living with HIV/AIDS. The increase in the HIV/AIDS infection has been challenging in respect of the inability to track their demographics (Dube, Shoko and Hayes 98). HIV/AIDS among educated children in Uganda A survey conducted in Uganda suggests that sex education in Ugandan schools and through the media has prevailed in encouraging teenagers to engage in protected sex or have delayed the age at which they participate in premarital sex. Since the campaign initiative of the early 1990s, a USAID-sponsored scheme to encourage the use of condoms through community and school education has improved condom use from about 7% to a whopping 50% in the Ugandan rural areas while the urban areas have managed over 85%. Increased use of condoms among teenagers aged between 13-19 years saw a reduced the rate of infection by about 60%. Additionally, sex education among children organized to salvage the children have recorded an increased number of children who have never engaged in early sex from 20% to about 65% between 1989 and 2005 (Dube, Shoko and Hayes 128). Although it is arguable that the HIV/AIDS prevalence among children is heavily due to mother-child transmission, studies reveal that the prevalence among them has also been due to unprotected early sex. Generally, the reduced rate of children living with IADS has been mainly because of reduced prevalence among women aged between the ages of 15-24 years. Research suggests that there is a strict correlation between child education and HIV/AIDS prevalence (Dube, Shoko and Hayes 98). In a study conducted in Uganda in the early 1990s, results indicated that young men and women who completed secondary education were seven times less likely to contract the disease than those with little or no education (UNFPA, 2011). Women studies confirm that post-primary education among the girl-child provides the greatest pay-off for their empowerment. Additionally, higher education offers more specific knowledge and life skills required to make informed decisions during their later age. HIV/AIDS among non-educated children in Uganda Researches conducted by numerous scholars have suggested that there exist a positive relationship between education and HIV prevalence among children. Studies show that in the absence of awareness about HIV/AIDS, individuals tend to have several sex partners, hence increasing their risk of infe
Introduction China is faced by a great challenge of trying to maintain its national culture in the strong wave of globalization. It was inevitable to shun away this new ideology because it was perceived as a bridge of development between the West and China. However, the Chinese are bent on preserving their traditional culture. Every time there is a mention of globalization in relation to culture, the worst is portrayed because globalization is often described to erode cultures. Regardless of the fact that traditional Confucianism was swept away in China, neo-Confucianism’s significance is evident in its humanistic spirit. The confucianists’ aim is to foresee the general wellbeing of every human being, and this has been a very strong characteristic feature of the Chinese identity. Gender and how it shapes Chinese identity The sex ratio at birth in China is the highest in the world according to the United Nation’s Population Prospects 2010 revision (Golley & Tyers, 2012). This sex ratio has resulted in a great gender imbalance that has resulted in what Amartya Sen termed as “missing women”. Reference to the current fertility policy of one-child in China, it was postulated that the imbalance would escalate. This imbalance has implications on the realms of social, economic and political events in the country. However, as it has been later discussed, concerted efforts of the government have changed the course of the postulated outcomes. The continuum of gender imbalance in China has resulted in a reduced labor force growth. The slowed growth in labor force sheds light on “Lewis turning point” and beyond this point there is perceived to be a slow progression in the transition from rural to urban. This subsequently places constraint on future growth. The Chinese nonetheless have a higher preference for sons rather than girls and this can be traced back to the patrilineal system of Han Chinese (Li, 2007). As a result of the bias towards the boy-child, there are unequal opportunities and rights for the girl-child in education and subsequently in employment. This is augmented by Wang Xia’s: head of China’s National Population and Family Planning Commission, statement, “the bias against females in economic, social and cultural fields is still the root cause of the current gender imbalance” (Golley & Tyers, 2012). The high preference for the boy-child has given rise to sex selective abortion, a fact that is well acknowledged by the Chinese government as stated by Wang Xia, “the authorities will crack down further on illegal prenatal gender tests and selective abortions, which are believed to be the primary causes of the gender imbalance” (Golley & Tyers, 2012). The Chinese have a very low regard for the girl-child and women; hence, the reason why policies such as 1.5 child policy was introduced, which equates a girl-child to half. The gender imbalance is believed to pose a great challenge on the social lives of the People Republic of China (PRC) as
Introduction Ethics and social responsibility are fundamental aspects when one is developing a strategic plan and considering stakeholders needs. As much as the organizations give priority to profitability, the issue of ethics and responsibility should also raise concern. The reason as to why this should be emphasized is because; the success and development of any organization’s strategic plans will depend on it (Kotler, 2001). The contents of this paper will be explanation of the roles of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan while considering stakeholder needs. My ethical perspective which has developed when learning this program is also discussed. Ethics in organizations An organization should have a set of rules made in an orderly manner, to act as the guide within it. This will ensure that the external part of the organization is incorporated in the strategic plan. Ethical values are set in an organization as a guide in balancing its interests and the interests of stakeholders. It also enables the organization to reward the best demonstrated ethics within the organization, and on the other hand punish any seen behavior in violating the same (Linda & Ferrell, 2009). A company with set ethical values has minimal chances of individuals to abuse power to meet their own interests. Ethical behaviors demonstrate the level of integrity in the organization thus giving it a good image to the public. This also makes it easier for the organization to fulfill its set goals and objectives and thus expanding. For an organization with positive strategic plans of developing and contributing positively to the external community, ethical standards should be adhered to so as to achieve this. Ethical values create a common destiny for all employees as it creates a control for any employee who may decide to go against the proposed strategic guideline. For the set ethical values to contribute positively towards the development of the organization, corporate governance should emphasize on the implications of adhering to them. Once the stakeholders realize that their interests are being considered by their organization, they become assured of the organizations continuity. This makes them to contribute more to its growth and this gives the organizations a strong base for the better future. Social Responsibility in Organizations Social responsibility in an organization is another crucial aspect which should be considered. This plays a great role in development of a strategic plan as it makes the organization to be involved in other social activities. Such activities include, protecting the environment, contributing in social and economic development among others. Corporate social responsibility is very crucial to the future of the organization,
Introduction The discovery of the mobile phone is one of the most interesting scientific innovations around the globe. Over the past two decades, a gradual change of technology from simple to high-tech communication gadgets has completely altered the initial role of the mobile phone. The first idea was to create a voice communication gadget to ease communication between people at far distances. However, inconceivable developments in cellular phone electronics and software engineering have tremendously evolved the use of mobile phones from making simple voice calls and sending text messages to other overwhelming services. Such services include instant and email messaging, internet serving, listening to music, playing games, stocktaking, mobile banking and money transfer, remote control, car tracking, health determination, videography, and photographing among other services. The modern-day handphone presents an all-around purpose gadget that can perform a broad range of tasks. The versatility of the cellular phone has equally influenced the way people interact with each other. Nevertheless, its use has created both positive and negative impacts on people’s lives. However, its advantages overshadow the disadvantages in many undisputable ways. This paper reviews how cellular phones have changed our lives socially using structural, functional theory. Structural-Functional Theory The structural-functional theory is a sociological concept that is based on a functionalist point of view. Advanced by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), this theory forms the basis of other sociological perspectives. The theory reveals the interdependence between the elements of society and how social structures work together harmoniously to create a self-balanced and self-sustaining society (Davis 1959). The structural, functional theory enlightens people on how social institutions play an interactive role to create a well-balanced society. This theory is important because it shows how cellular phones have influenced society, both positively and negatively. Nevertheless, people cannot afford to keep them aside. The harms and benefits balance in such a manner that creates socially stable communities where communication takes place in a fraction a second without involving much logistics in the process. Impacts of Cellular Phones on Social Life Cellular phones are essential communication tools in the twenty-first century. They have changed people’s social lives greatly. They have enabled us to reach anyone in any local or global geographic location by use of sophisticated wireless. Every generation of versatile gadgets leads to more foreseen benefits, which trigger enormous developments in the area of communication (Banjo, Hu, and Sundar 2008). From modest to sophisticated technology, modern handphones have performed several computer functions. Technologists cla
Communication is a very important tool that helps in reaching understanding, especially in cases where there are new developments that affect many people within an organization. The move by the national group to purchase this organization was unexpected, and it will have a direct impact on the population that was dependent on it. For this reason, there is a need for effective communication that would help address all the concerns of the stakeholders involved to ensure that there is a smooth transition. There are a number of communication methods that can be used to reach out to the affected group with a message that will help dispel their fear and distrust towards the new organization that will be taking over the management of this facility. It is important to analyze some of the possible ways through which effective communication can be effected under the current circumstances. The first communication strategy is the traditional communication method. This involves a face to face interaction with the target group either through a proxy or directly from the people con
There were many interesting pages in America’s history that continue drawing attention both of the US citizens and the representatives of other countries even now. One of such pages was the Cold War – the period of geopolitical tension that started after the World War II between the US and the Soviet Union. Some historians and politicians emphasize that despite the announced quest to safeguard the American things during that historical period, the government’s actions encouraged people to behave in the “un-American” way. While the government made efforts to spread the idea of the Great American Boom and convince the world that everything was excellent in the country, there were many individuals who could disagree. 1 The life was rather complicated and even “hypocritical” due to the citizens’ apprehensions about their future. 2 One of the things that America had always been proud of was the high quality of life that it gave to its people. However, during the Cold War, the new economy led to the power of consumption that outlined citizens’ spiritual comfort. The habit of economizing that had always been the country’s pride stopped being patriotic. 3 Another thing that was contradictory to the usual American values was the enormous gap between the level of life pertaining to White and Black people. While the US had always proclaimed the right to freedom, it appeared to be the place where that right was given only to a particular group of individuals. 4 Popular TV shows glorified children as the center of family life, but that concerned only Caucasian families. The Blacks had no possibility to give their children the best things since they had to struggle to provide them with at least the most sufficient ones. There was one more issue concerned with the racial inequality that undermined the endeavor t
Introduction When working with geriatric patients, it is vital for a nurse to remember that their needs are not always based on resolving health-related problems and maintaining a high level of health. In some cases, individuals do not want to receive aggressive or invasive treatment, wishing to live without interventions in an environment that is comfortable and accepting. In Case Study 2, Mrs. Adams decides not to treat her colon cancer surgically or pharmaceutically, instead choosing to defer all interventions. Thus, the discharge treatment plan for the patient should acknowledge her input and focus on providing her and her family with support and health maintenance activities. Potential Outcomes The patient in the discussed case is 96 years old, but she is in good health, having only some mild problems. Her recent diagnosis of colon cancer, however, can disrupt the woman’s wellbeing and lead to increasing problems with time. Nonetheless, it is possible that Mrs. Adams has as much as five years to live, especially if her cancer is at an early stage (Resnick, 2016). The most positive potential outcome is that Mrs. Adams will continue living independently for some time, with her neighbors assisting in transportation and other tasks. In another scenario, Mrs. Adams may require help from professional caretakers if her level of autonomy decreases because of cancer. Care, Treatment, and Support The discharge plan has to include lifestyle
Introduction The growing rates of incarceration among people, who take drugs, prompted legislators to adopt different strategies in order to address this issue. Drug courts are believed to be one of the solutions to this problem. This paper is aimed at examining the functioning of these institutions and their efficiency. These are the main questions that should be examined. Overall, it is possible to say that these organizations can reduce the level of recidivism among drug offenders and help them reintegrate into the society. To a great extent, these institutions can help people cope with their addition. However, they can be effective only in those cases when if there are well-developed rehabilitation programs that support people who are in the urgent need of help; otherwise this policy may not attend the results expected by the community. Moreover, much attention should be paid to the use of resources. Policy-makers should remember about opportunity costs associated with drug courts. Still despite these limitations, one can say that these organizations can help community develop better tools of crime prevention. This is the main thesis that should be analyzed more closely. The main rationale for the establishment of drug courts There are several reasons why that made policy-makers to consider some alternatives to existing methods of crime prevention. In particular, one can speak about the increasing rates of recidivism among people who had been previously convicted of drug offences (Longshore, Turner, Wenzel, & Morral, 2001, p. 7). Additionally, substance abusers are overrepresented in the criminal justice system (Boyum & Kleiman, 2002). As a rule, their dependence on substances is the underlying factor that increases the likelihood of their deviance (Boyum & Kleiman, 2002). In many cases, these individuals are not able to reintegrate themselves in the society because very often they remain addicted to substances (Bennett 2005). Moreover, in many cases, these people can commit even more serious felonies provided that their addiction is not treated effectively (Franco 2011). Very often legislators advocate the use of minimum sentences on criminals; however, this policy is not sufficient for reducing the rates of recidivism (Waller, 2008). Thus, one can speak about the existence of a vicious cycle that should be broken in some way. This is one of the details that researchers focus on (Boyum & Kleiman, 2002). Thus, the absence of an effective policy is the main factor that led to the establishment of drug courts. These institutions were supposed to be response to this problem. It should be noted that drug courts examine only non-violent offences such as possession of cannabis, the purchase of drugs with the help of forged prescriptions, or small-scale dealing. The offenders are obliged t
Apple’s iOS Platform, as well as Google’s Android, has become more than just an operating system. They are both now mobile developing platforms that manifest completely different styles of life, dividing users into two adversary camps. These two platforms are highly competitive on the smartphone market despite their alternate ups and downs. Android, with its new and unprecedented characteristics that promise various development perspectives as well as the introduction of new applications, is truly loved by a lot of users across the globe. However, the aim of this paper is to highlight not qualitative but scale advantages of the Android platform in the USA and in Europe. The comparison is performed on the basis of Android’s steady growth in the smartphone field (Cinar 3). Despite the overwhelming popularity of Apple’s products and lifestyle that the company promotes, it is worth noticing that in 2015 the market share of Apple in the USA has fallen to its lowest point for the whole year. The release of new models raised Apple’s popularity in foreign markets, especially in China. Despite this fact, the number of American users striving to replace their smartphones for the upgraded versions turned out to be much lower than expected (Villapaz par. 1). The situation did not change at the beginning of 2016. The statistics for the first quarter showed that Android, which offers low-cost gadgets with a decent set of characteristics, grew significantly not only in the USA but also in Europe. Its market share increased to more than 75 percent (in comparison w
Berlatsky’s article in The Atlantic magazine alludes to the long struggle that females have undergone to seek respect, fairness, and dignity. Throughout history, female activists have taken stern steps to achieve equality with men in power and the workplace. From the article, we note how the author provides concrete instances of how the male population had suffered sexism by themselves and societal stereotypes from the beginning of history, partially implying that the culprits of sexism have always been men. There is an instance regarding males and custody fights in the post, where the men only win 10% of custody cases in the United States (Berlatsky, 2013). They also constitute most of the victims involved in conflicts and wars throughout the world. There has existed a strong tradition of pressure on the male demographic that females have not faced to a similar extent. Males were more likely than females to be physically mistreated as children. Men are also more likely to get most of the guilty verdicts in courts than women committing similar offenses. The appalling endurance of rape in jail seems to link to a widespread disregard for, or even pleasure at, sexual violence against males (Berlatsky, 2013). Male activists majorly blame females over the inequality, which prevents them from noticing their role in contributing to the atrocities, like the Rwandan genocide incident. Society has for the longest time created unfairness in gender roles and sexism. Currently, the male population is the most affected by gendercide and societal stereotypes. Therefore, both male and female populations should understand how stereotypes hurt them in different fields to achieve amicable alliances and reshape the broken sexist approach currently geared towards men.