ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
America has made tremendous steps towards the eradication of racial segregation from the period of the Civil War. Historically, racial discrimination has been a significant problem directed mainly towards members of the Hispanic, African American communities, and other minority groups. America has continuously progressed in making legislation aimed at eradicating this social problem. However, one of the current pertinent issues surrounding the problem of racial discrimination is the widespread use of racially directed slurs by Americans. The debate mainly examines whether the expression of racial slurs constitutes an offense chargeable in a court of law. This paper examines the use of the word “nigger” as a racially directed slur from the historical, legal, and social points of view. The word ‘nigger’ evolved many decades ago during the time of slavery. Slave masters and non-slaves used the term to refer to slaves of African American communities. The word ‘nigger’ is derived from a Portuguese word ‘negro’ that is used to refer to black. Americans and the British adopted this term to refer to Africans (Brontsema, 2004). Its use today is a reminder of the atrocities that were committed against African Americans and the entire history of racial discrimination and civil war. When other communities other than black Americans use the N-word, they are considered as racists or as the word is regarded as a racial epithet (Parks & Jones, 2008). On one perspective, the use of N-word, just like any other racially directed slur, has been considered in some circumstances as expressing hate towards the black Americans (Parks & Jones, 2008). On the other hand, the use of the N-word today is not connected to slavery, which happened many years back. It is just a word that any American, including the black Americans, use in their daily conversations, not necessarily to express hate. Brontsema, (2004) indicates that the N-word is nowadays used to refer to a close friend. Black American women also use the term to refer to their partners, loves, or their significant other. Still, semantically, the N-word is used to refer to a rebellious, unconventional, or fearless black man. It is also used to refer to individuals who are deeply rooted in hip-hop culture (Brontsema, 2004; O
Assumptions B. F. Skinner assumes that the person’s behavior is caused by environmental effects because it is a natural phenomenon. Thus, the person’s behavior can be explained only with references to external factors or stimuli. In this case, the person’s internal states such as thoughts or desires are not important to cause the behavior. As a result, Skinner assumes that there is no free will to influence a person’s behavior. Any changes in the behavior can be explained with references to classical and operant conditioning. From this point, environmental stimuli in the form of positive or negative reinforcement and positive or negative punishment can influence different types of behaviors without the impact of internal factors (Feist & Feist, 2008). Natural selection and the evolution of cultures are two more factors to affect a person’s behavior. Reliability It is possible to discuss Skinner’s theory as reliable because it is based on significant research in the field and on the observation data. The Behavioral Analysis Theory provides the significant base and background for further research on the origins and causes of the person’s behavior (Feist & Feist, 2008). Thus, the theory is reliable and appropriate to generate the research. The theory assumptions are supported with references to the results and findings of the laboratory studies, and this fact contributes to the discussion of the theory as rather reliable in comparison with the other theories which are based on observations. Skinner refers to the scientific approach as the main one to provide the sources for the development of the effective theory. Validity The theory can be discussed as validated when its assumptions and basic principles are approved with references to the other researches. Skinner’s ideas based on the laboratory studies are approved by many researchers specializing in the field. Nevertheless, the problem is in the fact that the data of the laboratory studies and surveys can also be falsified. Furthermore, the focus on observation as the main method limits the possibilities for the theory’s development. On the other hand, the concentration on the empirical observation provides the grounds for supporting the assumptions with the help of the empirical data (Feist & Feist, 2008; Fryling, 2013, p. 157). Application In spite of the fact that Skinner claims that psychotherapy is developed to control and predict the person’s behavior and this approach violates the natural laws, the Behavioral Analysis Theory is actively used in working with patients in order to analyze their history of reinforcement. Thus, the theory is effective to examine and analyze the personal history of reinforcement in order to focus on the aspects and stimuli which can cause inappropriate behaviors. The work with t
Prior to World War I, it has been said that sovereignty was a central, irreducible concept, signifying the state’s virtually absolute right to control its territory and population and repel those who interfere in its internal affairs. In recent years, however, sovereignty has become more problematic with the rise οf social economical and cultural rights. Some question whether sovereignty remains a viable concept. In current international law, as in classical international law, a state’s sovereignty is not absolute. A state has never been able to do as it wishes; not even within its own border. Before any domestic or foreign action was taken, considerations οf what others may do were always taken into account. The only difference is that now, because οf globalization and the expansion οf International Governmental Organizations, a state’s actions may have adverse results on many other states causing them or an international organization to take retaliatory or responsive action. The viability οf sovereignty is almost nonexistent; especially with the expansion οf International Law. International relations are dynamic and not static. The will and ideals οf the strongest nation, at the time, will dictate largely what economically and military inferior countries are able or allowed to do. This has been the practice since recognized states or principalities began to interact with one another. If sovereignty was in fact absolute as proposed by many, how is it that Iraq is presently under the political, military and economical control οf the United States? After all, before the March 2003 invasion οf Iraq, no one can question that Iraq met the international criteria to be recognized as a state. Secondly, the trend towards the creation οf large International Governmental Organizations is further diminishing the sovereignty οf states. With the creation οf such International Governmental Organizations, how much latitude should they be given to intervening in the domestic affairs οf nations? Sovereignty as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is: 1: supremacy in rule or power 2: power to
Introduction A role is a behavior or attention to duty expected of an individual to which he or she may adhere to another. A role model is a character implementing a certain role in society for others to copy. This is to say a role model is used as an example by other actors in the society. They can be teachers in various institutions whose characters are admired by students acting as role models to their children or even vice versa. Role models are perceived differently in each society and even each individual or age group, one’s role model may not be another’s or one society’s role model may differ from another. A certain age group for instance teenagers may look at a popular reggae musician as their role model, a case which may not apply to adults who may treasure gospel music. If you can go ahead to ask these teenagers why they treasure reggae, they would give a reason that reggae music has lots of teachings like culture, lifestyle a reason which may not satisfy adults who are hitched to gospel music. Everyone in society is a role model in his or her own capacity and others are seen as role models by others in society yet they are not aware, though others could be aware. There are two types of role models, positive ethical role models, and negative role models. Parents, religious leaders, political leaders can either be positive or negative role models depending on their behav
Introduction Elderly citizens of the US often suffer from chronic conditions, the cardiovascular disease being one of them. At the same time, taking part in health-promoting activities combined with everyday medical management yields advantages for their health. Therefore, the development of highly effective nursing intervention procedures is important to improve their health. Purpose To test the implementation of efficacy enhancement nursing interventions, the aim of which is to improve the self-efficacy of patients to stimulate positive behavioral change. Research hypothesis Nursing interventions increase perceived self-efficacy in patients. Review of the literature The authors provide a review of the literature on the topic. The dates of publication range from 1977 to 2004; most of the materials come from the 1990s and 2000s. It is shown that according to the literature, patients with increased self-efficacy show better future health outcomes and higher quality of life. It is noted that literature, where efficacy-enhancing nursing interventions are developed and explained, is not abundant, hence the need for further research. The literature review also includes some materials on social cognitive theory. Theory or theoretical framework used in the study The social cognitive theory was employed as the basis for the study. Study variables (experimental study only) The study is not experimental. Population Patients of 5 academic hospitals in the states of California and Massachusetts. Sample population 110 people (39 men and 71 women) of age 65 or older (mean age is 76.2, the standard deviation is 6.0) who were discharged from a hospital after a MI or a CABG were randomized from a larger group and studied for 12 weeks after being discharged. Due to the withdrawal from the study or death, 109 patients took part in the research after 6 weeks, and 106 patients were left after 12 weeks. Participants 37% of participants were discharged after an MI, 63% – after a CABG. 90% of participants were Caucasian, 70% widowed, 79% lived alone, 18% lived with family and friends; 3% lived in other settings (e.g. assisted living). Have the subjects’ rights been ensured? Confidentiality? Yes. As some of the participants withdrew from the study, it is evident that they were informed about the study. None of the individual patients is mentioned. Measurement tools · It is stated that treatment fidelity was ensured. Validity and reliability of the utilized tools are not explicitly addressed, though it is mentioned that the instruments used “allowed for easy documentation and data entry” Data collection method All the interventions of the APNs who performed the study were recorded; for this purpose, an “investigator-developed data collection tool” was used (Hiltunen et al., 2005, p. 224). For all interventions, its type (phone call, a visit at home, rehabilitation facility, or a hospital) and the date, as well as intensity and longevity were recorded. Data analysis The gathered data
Introduction The success of international-businesses seats heavily on the shoulders of micro businesses in the least local settings which in a long run constitute a chain that culminates into an international business community and make international business stand tall. In recent years, for example, the use of software as application-tools for designing network systems for marketing has necessitated the need for massive design of software. Most times, designing and applying the designs requires a number of innovative and creative individual. It then becomes obvious that the force behind effective international business remains the innovators in a global chain. The paper under consideration accesses Charles-Robel and De-Wall, who were recently absorbed as Board-members into start-up-jive software as discussed by Hickins MicheaL in Wall St. Journal of1st April, 2011. The article can be found at Web. The issue in the paper The paper identifies with recent increment of business operatives’ link with the acquisition of social-networking in the promotion of business. Recently, businesses operatives have realized the need to adopt the use of social media in reaching out to customers. The tool is so far turning in impressive results – and the need for attractive branding of software is made pronounced. Jive is directly engaged in the process of designing sophisticated but user-friendly software that targets at attracting customers on mediums like Facebook/Twitter. Prior to successful transaction of an international business, there must be the existence of well structured and acceptable laws/principles. These are necessary in order to influence issues that may ordinarily hamper smooth transactions. In developing economies, the need for appropriately structuring rules in favor of international practices has been domesticated by professional institutions whereby they endeavor to localize monitory laws. The idea of international-best-principles can then be seen as a present-day global agreement amongst different legislative bodies. Venture Capital Business It is rare for an International business to survive in this twenty-first century without assistance of independent-investors- who cut across different countries and firms. In most cases, the support comes through the venture-capital-market. Venture-capital businesses make available finances to host nations in area like technological-designs, financial projects and legal matters which bring about ample chances to save the rights of financiers and help government agencies to be strengthened (Barry 23
Abstract Employers are increasingly using Facebook as a profiling tool to assist in the hiring process. This report analyzes the effects of using Facebook for background checks on job candidates. This paper establishes that there are dangers in Facebook profiling for both the employer and the potential hire. These dangers include: inaccurate information, mistrust by employees, and the loss by the employer of individuals who have high potential. The use of Facebook to profile candidates should therefore be stopped and where it has to be used, great caution should be exhibited. Introduction Social networking tools have become very popular attracting millions of users all over the world. Facebook is the most active and popular Social Networking Site (SNS) and its most frequent users are college students and recent graduates (Brandenburg 598). These frequent users also happen to be the people who are in the job market, seeking employment opportunities. The information that the users reveal on Facebook might have some implications on their employment chances. A recent study by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology indicates that over 12% of employers used social networking sites during the hiring process. Of this group, 63% made the hiring decisions based on findings from the social networking sites (Spon 1). The aim of this report will be to analyze the effects of using Facebook for background checks on job candidates. The focus will be on the implications of using Facebook for background checks both for the candidate and the potential employer. This paper shall argue that while Facebook has some positive contributions to the hiring process, its negative impacts far outweigh the positive and as such, the use of Facebook as a profiling tool is mostly detrimental to both the potential hire and the employer. Employers Use of Facebook to Run Background Checks There has been a notable increase in the use of Facebook by Employers to check the background of potential employees. This rise has been attributed to a number of reasons. The use of Facebook in the hiring process also contains some inherent dangers to the employer. Why Employers use Facebook There are a number of reasons why employers find it necessary to use facebook in their recruitment process. Some of the major reasons for using Facebook are as follows: The difficulty of the hiring process There are an increasing number of applicants competing for similar jobs in all industries. This has made the task of hiring even more difficult than it was in the past since competition is fierce. When faced with applicants of equal qualifications, Facebook profiles can be a useful tool in the hiring process. A recruiter can screen potential employees based on the information they reveal about themselves on their profiles. Hooker and Rathke state these an employer can single out candidates with desirable traits such as conscientiousness, agreeableness and emotional maturity from the person’s Facebook profile (2). The cost of the hiring process The cost
The two plays emerge from the popular elements of Irish folklore, which includes mysterious incidences, myths and ghosts. Carr’s play starts with a conversation between Hester, the Ghost Fancier, and Catwoman. The Ghost Fancier is out to find Hester Swane. Hester explains to the Ghost Fancier that Swane is her other name, and she is still alive. At this point, the Ghost Fancier gets confused, and he notices that it was morning time and not evening time. He says, “Then I am too early. I confused this hour for dusk.” Besides, Catwoman, who is the town’s blind seer, backs prophesy of Hester’s death. Catwoman can communicate with ghosts, and she works as a folk healer in town. Carr portrays her as “a coat of fur that reaches the ground, studded with cat eyes and cat’s paws.” Similarly, McPherson’s work has many ghost stories. As the play starts, we get introduced to the world of ghosts as Valerie tells her story of how she moved to her current place and the events that occurred. Valerie appears to have agreed with her ghosts or loss. She narrates her honest, personal experience to a crowd of strangers and the atmosphere of the scene changes immediately. This makes Jack sincere as other men feel touched by her deep story of how she lost her child. Consequently, these men narrate ghost stories, which characterize the loneliness that they experience in their lives. Jack’s story tells of his trip to Dublin where he attended the wedding of a past lover. Jack feels lonely, but this only persists for a short time. Despite the feeling, Jack goes back to his place where he finds the quiet life that he desires. “… irrational fear, I believe, that kept me here.” The story of the wedding together with other stories of local folklore supports the views of these men about city life and life at the country side. Ghosts, in this case, represent the loss and the useless changes that they experience. All these ghosts’ stories seem to involve families. By using ghost stories, McPherson utilized valued material in both Irish drama and culture. The Irish people have a set of false ideas and narratives that correspond to the telling of ghost stories, whether they entail haunted places or strange people. Several mysterious incidences also occur in the two plays. The stories of Valerie, Jack and Finbar, in McPherson’s work, portray a daughter and mother going through frightening or mystic associations. Jim’s story also portrays the plot of a family in the cemetery. The supernatural aspect seems to override family relationships in all these stories. McPherson uses this style to emphasize the solitude of the narrators. Also, the title of McPherson’s work “The Weir” has a vital impact on the drama. A weir represents a more controllable and smaller boundary compared with the rest of the world. Similar to other crossways, it rests amid two forces expecting to exploit the larger powers, which the silent, deep waters on the other world hold. It is obvious that the power of water,
There are various questions asked before starting an audit that must be fully answered by the end of the process. Effective planning is one of the key pillars of this process and focuses on essential areas of the audit such as ensuring that there is adequate allocation of resources to the auditing procedure. Among other roles, effective planning guarantees a well directed activity and minimizes occurrence of audit risk. Wal-Mart Stores Inc, a chain store public company has been selected for analysis of the question at hand. Wal-mart is an international retailer that has widespread operations in North America, South America, Europe as well as in Asia specifically China. This company has been chosen for the study because it provides a challenge to the auditor in analysis of its financial statements that involve different currencies covering different outlets at different countries Steps of planning an audit and designing an effective audit program Step 1: Application of audit test This step includes several processes;   * Test of controls: this refers to the procedures conducted to test the effectiveness of control policies and processes towards reducing and controlling risks, for example, checking gate books to determine whether the delivery truck brought supplies to the store.   * Monetary misstatement testing: it can be either substantive test of transactions or test of details of balances. Substantive test entails testing for financial statements to approve whether they meet audit transaction objectives while the later refers to assessment of financial statements to determine whether they are in line with balance related audit objectives (Schmidt, 2017).   * Reduction of risk: it involves application of procedures to detect the source of risks, understand them and then apply relevant control techniques to reduce their occurrence to minimal or insignificant probabilities that require no future attention.   * Timing of audit test: this should be performed just before the end of the company’s financial year to update depreciation schedules, analyze loan transactions and also review requirements of board of directors. Step 2: Selecting tests to perform This step involves cost testing, identification of appropriate evidence for audit testing and identification of risks facing the audit process, from the least costly to the most costly transaction. Evidence identification on the other hand involves drawing a chart of tests and type of evidence and comparing the two variables to obtain relevant evidence. Risk testing entails the process of determining the level of misstatements. For example, if the level of misstatements is low and inherent risks are high then the statements tests must be high. Step 3: Designing the audit program According to Sc