ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nivea is an established brand in the manufacture of high quality beauty products. Beiersdorf is the company that markets the product range. NIVEA VISAGE Young is one of the new products in the Nivea product range. To ensure that the market embraces the product, Nivea developed an efficient market mix. The market mix helped in reaching the target market. in addition, the marketing mix enabled the company to achieve its marketing objectives. It is vital for companies to produce products that satisfy the needs of their customers. Choosing the right product is the first step in the development of the marketing mix. In creating a product strategy, a company should choose the right brand name, packaging, colors, and warranty (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). This would ensure that the product meets the current and future expectations of the customers. NIVEA VISAGE Young targeted young girls aged between 13 and 19 years. NIVEA VISAGE Young would be the first skin care product that the teenage girls used. The company packaged the product in smooth colors, which were attractive to teenage girls. This increased the sales of the product since most teenage girls buy beauty products when they are out with their friends. The girls’ mothers also buy the product for their daughters. NIVEA VISAGE Young enhanced the skin and beauty of the teenage girls. The sole purpose of the existence of any company is to satisfy the needs of its customers. Therefore, it is vital for a company to ensure that it understands the needs of the customers. This would help in the formulation of products that meet the needs of the customers. Companies usually use uniqueness to differentiate their products (Peppers & Rogers, 2010). NIVEA VISAGE Young strives to meet the needs of its target market. To this end, Beiersdorf conducted a market research to determine the market needs prior to the re-launch of the product. Beiersdorf developed a marketing mix that would enable NIVEA VISAGE
Various studies have shown that both host inflammatory response and bacteria play central roles in the development of the various types of periodontal diseases. Periodontal medical complications are basically mixed infections and various types of bacteria are essential for both the initiation as well as the progression of the condition in susceptible individuals. The identities of these bacteria may vary among patients, among diseases as well as among sites in a given individual. It is worth noting that most of these bacteria are always present in disease free individuals and hence periodontal complications can be taken to be part of the opportunistic infections. Periodontal disease development is closely related to gingival crevice deepening into a periodontal pocket, approximately several millimetres deep and normally bleeds when probed. Jain and Darveau (2000) points out periodontal medical complications are having become common phenomena and that more than fifty percent of adult individuals in the United States have experienced the diseases to some degree. However, the number of individuals with severe forms of the diseases is less than ten percent. The metabolic activities of initial bacterial colonizers in the gingival crevice change the microenvironment and promote colonization by secondary bacteria or organisms. Unlike their predecessors, the secondary colonizers have been shown to be more pathogenic and when their levels surpass threshold, periodontal diseases develop. However, the presence of periodontal bacteria does not guarantee development of periodontal disease. The combined effort of various factors is required for the initiation of the complication. Some of these factors include, host immune system, bacterial virulence factors and the activity as well as composition of the commensal microbiota (Jain and Darveau , 2000) Some of the main bacteria that have been shown to play a central role in the development of periodontal disease are Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a fairy small, non-motile, gram-negative, saccharolytic, rounded-ended rod. In the last two decade
Introduction Universal basic income (UBI) is a non-contingent and non-withdrawable form of social security that establishes “income floor below which no eligible individual is expected to fall” (Wispelaere 17). UBI schemes guarantee that all citizens of a country will regularly receive an established sum of money regardless of whether or not they have other sources of income provision. UBI is delivered as a matter of right; therefore, it is radically different from modern welfare schemes. Finland has recently announced that it launches an experimental UBI scheme that is going to replace other forms of welfare benefits (Graham). Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the validity of the claim that UBI can alleviate poverty. This paper will argue against the implementation of UBI and will provide philosophical and economic arguments opposing this concept. Analysis By stating that UBI is a right, the proponents of the concept go against the grain of the foundation of Libertarianism, which emphasizes on liberty (Gordon). This philosophy is based on the beliefs of Aquinas, Pufendorf, and Locke who were ardent proponents of natural rights (Allahyar 14). In the framework of the natural rights law, it is illegal to coerce people to pay taxes; therefore, anyone who advocates for UBI should realize that such a scheme would break the non-aggression principle. UBI proponents are also wrong on the economic grounds. It is important to understand that by providing people with guaranteed income, governments will disincentivize them to work, thereby instead of alleviating poverty, they will substantially exacerbate it. Therefore, those who see the provision of UBI as a feasible approach to redistributing wealth should consider that by forcing those who are at the top of the income ladder to pay for net receivers of benefits, it is possible to create more people in a low-income bracket. Another economic argument against UBI schemes has to do with the fact the provision of eligible citizens of a country with non-conditional income will lead to the growth of non-productive activities among the population (Sheahen 23). A functioning
Narcotics are compounds that have additive effects on the body and sometimes, it may have a medicinal value for relieving pain. Apparently, people who take narcotics normally have their mood being altered and they can also experience change in behavior. With the aim of researching on the effect of narcotic, it is of importance to verify why men are more susceptible to abuse the drugs than women. There are three hypotheses that will be used as guide in the research. In the first hypothesis, the research will investigate the claim that men are more dependent and prone to abuse narcotics than women. Secondly, this research will confirm the allegation that men are highly accountable to seek treatment as a result of the adverse effect of narcotics as opposed to women. The third hypothesis in the research aims to investigate the claim that, women get involved in abuse of narcotics at later age than men. In this case, the hypotheses will be examined and appropriate method of research applied in order to come up with lucid information. As an example, the hypothesis on men dependency on narcotics will be tested before the data needed is gathered. This is achievable by use of certain research methods. However, a pre-sampling activitywill be conducted toexamine the validity of the hypothesis before the actual research is done. Data can be obtained by observing and interviewing the sample group in order to examine the validity, reliability and dependability of the hypothesis. When testing the hypothesis one might use information derived from surveys and content analysis. In evaluating the validity of this hypothesis one is able to know the measures to take and expectations to be derived by the end of the research. For example, when finding out about the dependency of narcotics in men as compared to women, it is fundamental to access whether the outcome of the hypothesis is likely to be relied upon in future. If it is reliable, one can be able to pick a small sample of a target group to represent the entire population being investigated. On the other hand, if the hypothesis is not valid and reliable, it is impossible to generalize the outcomes of the sample group to stand in for the entir
Introduction The member states of the Group of twenty (G20) in 2010 certified Basel III framework which aimed at increasing the quality and quantity of capital that banks should have. Basel III replaced Basel I and II after they seemed to be collapsing under the pressure of the financial crisis in various countries (Gromova-Schneider & Niziolek 2011). Regulatory institutions are given the authority to have a large-scale-prudential approach in ensuring that Basel III re-establishes better quality liquidity and capital (Lyngen 2012). The purpose of this paper is to examine the key features of Basel III and how it varies from Basel II. Features of Basel III This section focuses on the main features of Basel III and their components which the committee has put forward to enable financial institutions to combat the financial crisis. The first feature is concerned with increasing the quality and quantity of capital (Walker 2011). Three stages will be used to advance the value, precision as well as the stability of Capital bases. The first stage involves efforts to stabilise ordinary shares in addition to increasing common shares and the earnings that are retained. The second stage involves harmonising capital instruments and the final tier is concerned with eliminating capital. The second feature is the establishment of additional buffers (Walker 2011).The committee proposes the following approaches to be used to reinforce the coverage of any threats to bank assets, counterparty credit risk and management of market integration. Lastly, capital requirements for counterparty must be reinforced in addition to raising the capital buffer that supports this coverage. The third feature of Basel III is the introduction of Leverage ratio as an added appraisal of Basel II risk based structures. The leverage ration is intended to establish a base to build up leverage in the banking industry, increase efforts to strengthen against model risk. And inaccurate measurement by supplementing the risk based measure with a simplified standard founded on gross exposures (Lyngen 2012). The Fourth feature is managing Counterparty risks by promoting countercyclical buffers. This is also proposed in Basel III as a strategy to advance the build up of capital buffers in appropriate periods which can be relied upon during periods of crisis. Countercyclical would be advanced through the following means reducing surplus cyclicality of the least amount of capital prerequisite as well as advancing provisions that aim at capital stability in the future (Gromova-Schneider & Niziolek 2011). The fourth element is also concerned with efforts to amass a vast amount of information and data over time which can be of help in determining the likelihood of defaulting as had been envisaged in Basel II. The banking industry must also provide support to banks to carry out stress tests so that they develop proper mechanisms to address crises. The Fifth featur
Introduction Baumrind (1964) has written about the experiments in obedience that were conducted by Milgram in a laboratory. Milgram had run an experiment in which a set of experimenters and subjects were placed together and the experimenter were asked to give electric shocks to the subject. The intensity of the electric shocks varied from the mild to the severe and it was Milgrams intention to understand the level of obedience that the experimenters would exhibit in carrying out the shocks, when they would stop giving the shocks and the reactions the subjects produced when given shocks. Milgram (1964) has responded to the objections that were raised by Baumrind. The paper provides a discussion of the two articles and discusses the view of Baumrind and Milgram about ethics in research. Discussion Baumrind (1964) has questioned the basis and the methodology used by Milgram in his experiments and suggest that while a psychologist has to ba
The interactions between students, teachers, and parents have always been of paramount importance because student’s success entirely depends on it. Effective communication between them is possible under one indispensable condition: they must share an understanding of both achievements and expectations. Every communication plan has certain tasks and criteria of estimation. Probably it would be advisable to expound on the above-mentioned points because without understanding these crucial notions, the development of the plan would be practically useless. As far as the goals of the communication plan are concerned, we can say that they are very numerous. However, the principal aim is to establish continuous and constructive communication between students, teaching staff, and parents (or sometimes guardians). The key principle is that parents should be able to take part in the decision-making process. In other words, they must not be just passive viewers. It also should be taken into account that a good communication plan must provide timely updates as to student’s progress in studies (Stoiber, 93). Moreover, it should not be just one-way communication, which means that there should be some feedback from parents or guardians. The overwhelming majority of educators believe that the student should not be excluded from the communication between teachers and parents; they usually describe the interactions between student, home, and the school as some triangle (Morgan, 102). It is of the utmost importance that a communication plan should involve all possible means of communication. They are phone contacts, written communications, teacher-parent meetings, home visits, and maybe some social events. These are the traditional means of communication; now we can also add some new ones such as e-mail and skype. In the world of high technologies, it is possible to resolve any problems. For instance, if a parent is currently living abroad, the only way he or she can keep in touch with the teacher is through
Ok, Tedi Mining Limited scenario puts the question of whether investing in health and education infrastructure and services is a reasonable venture. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the ethical dilemma faced by the management at Ok Tedi Mining Limited. It is also imperative to note that the development of health care facilities was largely influenced by the health problems accrued by villagers as a result of the Ok Tedi Mining activities. As such, continued mining meant that people’s health would continue to suffer. On the other hand, while closing Ok Tedi Mining activities meant that such health concerns would be eliminated, there are bigger social-economic concerns. The local communities whose traditional means of livelihood had been irreparably destroyed, and thus would lose the only means of livelihood due to them. Additionally, the closure of mining means that health and education services due to the people would be discontinued. While Tedi Mining Limited case smacks of corporate management malpractices, it also reveals the complex nature of the ethical dilemma facing corporate managers especially with regards to social accountability. Additionally, based on the outcomes of Tedi Mining Limited’s case, it is not entirely impossible to question the contribution of social accounting and reporting towards sustainable development in the long term. This argument is based on the fact that social accountability involves disclosing information about the negative effects of a company’s business practices to all stakeholders, including local communities (Crane et al, 2008, p. 35). This is likely to have one, or both of the following implications. Pressurized by human rights groups, governments are likely to take sterner actions to protect less powerful stakeholders, such as the local communities. Additionally, corporate might be discouraged from undertaking socially risky investments, due to the social, environmental, and economic costs (Davis, 2003, p. 204). Yet, amidst these fears, it is imperative to note that social accounting is aimed at mitigating severe impacts of uncontrolled utilization of natural resources on earth’s survival (Holdaway 2005). Holdaway (2005), Davis (2003), and Crane et al (2008) assertions should be considered alongside the knowledge that Ok Tedi Mining Limited made a significant contribution towards infrastructural development within and around the Ok Tedi area. These developments had primarily targeted health and education. Schools and hospitals developed within this region had significantly improved education and health standards for the locals and were perceived as one of the major socio-economic activities within the Ok Tedi area. However, there were concerns about the long-term sustainability of the project after the closure of mining activities, expected in 2010. These fears are further compounded by the fact that the government in Papua New Guinea misappropriated over 46% of the developmental funds provided by Ok Tedi Mining Limited, much to the detriment of social development initiatives. While this intensified the conflict between the
Introduction The idea that a team may resort to making decisions in its own interest at the expense of the organization to which it forms a part, sounds incredible. Yet, there are situations that actually precipitate these eventualities. In the case discussed in this paper, a situation arises where a specific team seems to decide to take advantage of its position to protect itself from the risk of breaking apart. The team prioritizes its cohesiveness above the company’s good. This paper explores various aspects of the case and determines the aspects that precipitated the situation, and how to correct it. The Organization Background T.A. Sterns is a tax accounting firm that has a very good reputation among its clients because it offers excellent services. The services benefit heavily from four programmers who work as a team to develop tax analysis programs. The team leader’s crisis stems from the fact that he is dealing with a very independent and differentiated team compared to the rest of the company. This team has special working conditions and remuneration packages. They all work from home using online support systems, and meet only occasionally. The team does very specialized tasks requiring a high degree of interdependence amongst them. The team is in charge of producing tax analysis programs that contribute a lot towards the company’s work. The design of the programs take into account the need for flexibility to allow for quick incorporation of new laws and changes in the tax system to ensure that the output is credible. This requires an ongoing effort to track and include changes. The programs benefit from their diverse experience as lawyers and tax accountants, with a strong interest in programming. They all work from different locations, with each enjoying the flexible task based working model that their job encapsulates. This situation sets the stage for the crisis under scrutiny. The team has developed a new way of get
Introduction The applications and skills stemming from brain science studies are starting to make an allowance for an increasingly newest understanding of the function of the human brain. The developments in neuroscience are continuing at a rapid rate and the legal and ethical suggestions are just starting to be measured. In 2002, the study reported that the connection between human behaviors and however, the public debate concerning genetic examination and its wide social implication overshadows that provided to modern technology and neuroscience. Neuroscience brings about several issues with regard to some central elements of the law. These core elements include free will, competency, and origin of violent act. Some neuroscientific information starts to create somebody to be uneasy when using this sort of logic. Neuroscientists have reported that people who experience brain lesions in particular sections of their brains, particularly the prefrontal cortex, can commit ethically liable behaviors that would have been greatly out of character before they acquired brain damage. More challenging is evidence that most people are born with lesser PFCs or with other genetic or structural deficits which influence them to commit various unlawful activities. The question arises about if these people should be responsible for their behaviors, if they should be punished for their offenses, or if their brains dictate their actions. But actually, even the sort of determinism that emerges from physics is adequate to bring about issues concerning the strength of a retributive arrangement of justice. Neuroscientific evidence creates these facts clear but inserts no actual information into the philosophical debate of free will. If people have enough knowledge about the available justice system as being premised on the perception of putting off crime instead of punishing the responsible, people can create complete sense and application of this contemporary neuroscientific information or analysis. Neuroscience and the Future of Justice Several studies have recognized the illogicality of determinism and free will. It makes sure that the advancements in science are improbable to eliminate people’s idea of free will because the suggestion of free will is a feeble belief. This also means that by pointing out the issues with the idea now, upcoming advancements will be unlikely to be able to surprise the people. Neuroscience and Juvenile Rehabilitation An increasing acknowledgment for the way the mind functions has uncovered major philosophical concerns in juvenile justice and the issues over whether juveniles must be considered grown-ups. Yet, instead of being a negative force to weak perceptions, these developments in