ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In a modern society, the use of digital data and information has both benefits and risks. While computers and internet enhanced the opportunities to access critical resources and perform common tasks faster, the risks of piracy and abuse became more evident. The central issue that emerges in this case is how to enact the appropriate laws of protecting copyrights and intellectual property on the web to ensure that personal information is not compromised. To explore potential opportunities, the review of the textbook and recent articles on the subject will be further conducted. Summary of Selected Resources The analysis of copyright and intellectual property protection is further built based on the three main publications. The first resource is a chapter on digital society by Bowles (2013), which explores the five concepts of privacy, law, economy, community, and education with relationship to the risks of information and data misuse. Overall, the author relates intellectual property to any piece of data available online in a digital form, capitalizing on its vulnerability for unauthorized access and reproduction. The overarching terms used to describe breach efforts are privacy as illegal digital copying, and peer-to-peer piracy that is based on cross-sharing copyrighted content with other users (Bowles, 2013). The author admits that law enforcement process operating across governments, universities, and trademark protection organizations exists and develops, while it is almost impossible to completely eliminate piracy as a digital society problem. The second resource provides more in-depth analysis for the ways intellectual property rights should be regulated against the time factor. Specifically, Oliar and Stern (2019) explore the importance of law doctrine application that “involves a trade-off between assigning entitlements to resources earlier or later in the process of their development and use” (p. 395). The discussion is based on the idea that property rights allocation is risky when awarded early because the resources are not put in the best use. Similarly, if awarded later, it promotes exclusivity and prolonged contests for ownership if original rights are expired. Hence, the authors primarily appeal to the issue of commercial environment, where changes in ownership rights bring risks to content acquisition and better utilization, arguing the need for change in copyrights management and trademark laws. The third resource refers to the problem of massive copyrighted content digitization, which allows owners to extend control over its allowable use on the web to preven
Several factors influence the formation of the unique cultural space with a certain worldview inherent in a given people, attitude to the world, and national character. At the same time, the experience accumulated over centuries plays a significant role. The national culture is considered to be formed under the influence of specific natural and climatic conditions, in the context of a unique cultural and historical development, and under the influence of various religions and teachings. Japanese and Korean cultures are no exception, and the uniqueness goes back to the peculiarities of their geographical location and method of production. The influence of Confucianism, as well as the specifics of the historical path, has determined the nature of the development of these countries. Modern Korean and Japanese cultures have significant popularity all over the world. First of all, Japan is famous for its exceptional visual art, which is reflected in manga and anime. Korea also transmits its unique experience of forming the pop music scene and television to the whole world. All these factors certainly have their historical prerequisites. Therefore, to begin with, we can consider the unique path of the formation of modern art in Japan. Kaiga painting, which in Japanese means a picture or drawing, played a considerable role in forming the culture of medieval Japan. Japanese painting is considered the most ancient type of painting in the country, characterized by various forms and solutions. The history of manga originates from scrolls dating back to the XII century (Rankin-Brown 77). However, whether these scrolls were manga or not is still a matter of debate – experts believe that they first laid the foundations for reading from right to left. Other authors attribute the origins of the manga closer to the XVIII century (Rankin-Brown 78). Historians and writers dealing with art history have described two main processes that have influenced modern manga. Their views differed in time: some scientists paid particular attention to the cultural and historical events following the Second World War, which began in East Asia at a bridge near Beijing in 1937 (Holcombe 2). At the same time, other scientists described the role of the pre-war period – the Meiji period and the pre-revolutionary period-in Japanese culture and art. Historical facts show that with the rare qualities of borrowing and perceiving the culture and art of China and other peoples, the main thing for Koreans was not blind imitation and copying of other people’s achievements, but the genuine development of this culture and its enrichment with their national spirit. It is necessary to consider the ability of the Korean people to perceive the spiritual and material achievements of neighboring countries from the point of view of their readiness to absorb all the best that has been accumulated by universal culture and to multiply their own experience, enriching the treasury of their national values. The events of the new and recent history stages, when European and American culture comes to replace Chinese influence, also testify to this. The formation and
Cannabis is considered to be one of the most widely consumed prohibited drugs in the U.S.A, especially among young people. Every year the quantity of middle and high school undergraduates using marijuana increases while the awareness about the health damage of cannabis deteriorates promptly at the same time. In this essay, we will establish the nature of this illicit drug, the history of its usage in the United States and list the harm that marijuana causes. After observing all mentioned above, we can conclude whether marijuana should not be legalized. The origin and history of marijuana Marijuana is the term used to represent the dehydrated flowers of the Indian hemp plant mostly. It is essentially used in medicine for its recreational purposes; however, it could be put to use in some spiritual rituals or for the achievement of psychoactive effect. Cannabis has been used as a substitute for obtaining psychotic effects for centuries now; it was defined in Chinese medical research, which is dated from 2737 BC. After being born in China, this herb went to India, fled to Northern Africa and finally came to Europe almost 3000 years later. The chemical in cannabis responsible for its euphoria effect is called THC, which stands for tetrahydrocannabinol. This can be called the main feature of marijuana, and it is only one of the 483 known cannabis components. Aside from few doubtful positive reactions (relaxation, good mood and heighten appetite), THC has some major side effects: red eyes, anxiety, dry mouth, a decrease of short-term memory, and more. According to surveys, marijuana is one of the most used illegal drugs throughout the USA and is mostly consumed by young people from 15 to 35 years old. Also, a quantity of youngsters thinking that marijuana is risky decreases every year. However, due to its medicinal purposes or adult recreational use cannabis becomes legal in a growing number of countries. As predicted, the legalization of marijuana in several states has led to an increase of marijuana abuse among youngsters The effects of marijuana Studies have shown a pattern of the use of cannabis and risky behavior of the individuals. It is essential to mention short- and long-term affections on a human body is speaking about the adverse effects of marijuana. Abusive use of marijuana can cause immune system suppression, mood and personality changes, a decrease in libido and even study difficulties (Lane 803). For instance, research has demonstrated that undergraduate students who started consuming cannabis heavily in their teenage years and had a continuous marijuana use disorder lost a moderate of eight IQ points between ages 13 and 38 (Meier 2658). As a result, the vanished mental capabilities were not able to fully recover even if a person stopped using marijuana in adulthood. On the contrary, the IQ of the individuals who began the use of cannabis in adulthood has not declined significantly. Short-term effects are anxiety, increased heartbeat, poor coordination and reaction (Gebler 16). These results are achieved during minutes after smoking cannabis. The chemical THC spreads from lungs
Sometimes, a couple in-love has such a strong desire to bond as one that they cannot help but act on their sexual urges even though they are not quite or even really prepared to take on the responsibility that such an act potentially could force them into. In other words, they are not ready to become parents. In such cases, the couple, or more specifically, the woman is forced to face the reality of her situation and make a decision that will definitely affect the rest of her life. Does she abort the pregnancy or put the baby up for adoption once born? Luckily, a pregnant woman no longer has to feel pressured into making that decision. These days, pregnant women are encouraged to think about all possible options for the benefit of the biological mother and the child. Usually, that means allowing them to make an informed decision between abortion or adoption by showing them to similarities and differences between the two. Websites such as AbortionFacts.com offer a comparison chart that shows the 4 factors that abortion and adoption share. The factors that their online article “Adoption Or Abortion: Decision Of A Lifetime” (1998) asks the mother to consider that whether they choose adoption or abortion the mother will be given the chance to have:  1. The freedom to pursue your goals and dreams that you had before you were pregnant,  2. not having to care for a baby before you are ready,  3. not having the financial burden of caring for a child,  4. not having to worry about finding a sitter, missing out on the fun with your friends and being tied down. (AbortionFacts.com, 1998) So if there are actually similarities between abortion and adoption, why does a woman sometimes opt for abortion instead? Well sometimes, a mother is so traumatized by the unexpected pregnancy, most especially if the relationship with her partner goes south, that she wants no reminder of that painful chapter of her life. The existence of the child turns out to be exactly that. The decision to have an abortion is not one that is arrived at lightly. Especially since aborting a child for non-medical reasons is considered a crime in the majority of the states. A mother that opts for abortion makes an irreversible decision that could leave her emotionally and psychologically scarred for life. However, opting for adoption gives the mother proper closure regarding the future of her child and leaves her with the knowledge that her child is being loved and cared for by people
Asthma considered the disease of airway hypersensitivity and narrowing, causing shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing sound while breathing, and coughing that frequently get worse at night or early in the morning and often wakes a patient up. Asthma is mostly detected during childhood, yet it affects people of all ages. The identified disease has no cure, and it can occur anytime even when one is feeling well (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). A patient with chronic asthma most of the times might not have any signs and symptoms, although the inflammation may exist. When an acute asthma attack occurs, the airway muscles tighten and swell making the airway narrow, thus decreasing the airflow into the lungs. When the cells in the airway thin, mucus is produced making more thick mucus that further narrows a patient’s airway and causes mucus plugs. Patients struggle to take a breath experiencing dyspnea, chest tightness, and lung functions’ decrease (“What is asthma?,” 2014). This paper will focus on a quick relief and a long-term control asthma treatment and management. This essay will also explain the stepwise management approach that can help healthcare personnel in maintaining and gaining control of asthma. Long-Term Control and Quick Relief Treatment While asthma cannot be cured, it can be controlled. Every patient experiences asthma differently. Therefore, healthcare providers need to create an asthma treatment plan specific to a certain patient. There are two categories of asthma medications such as long-term controllers and quick-relievers (GINA, 2016). Long-Term Control Long-term control medications are essential and should be taken every day to sustain control persistently. These medications are the most effective ones when it comes to preventing asthma attacks and controlling chronic symptoms. Inhaled corticosteroids help to prevent and reduce airway swelling, while inhaled Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABAs) open the airway by making the smooth muscles relax. Oral corticosteroids are prescribed for the treatment of asthma attacks when a patient does not respond to other asthma medicines (“What is asthma?,” 2014). Sometimes medication is combined containing both corticosteroids and beta agonists. Omalizumab (anti-IgE) is to be given every two or four weeks to anticipate a patient’s reaction to allergic triggers. Leukotriene modifiers help to reduce swelling inside the airways and improve it as well as relax the smooth muscles. Cromolyn sodium non-steroid medicine inhalation prevents airways from swelling when a patient encounters an asthma trigger. Theophylline medicine helps to relax the smooth muscle
In The Good Earth, Pearl Buck explains the life cycle as a mixture of happiness and sorrow that takes its further extreme turn in familial drama and the resultant crisis. The Good Earth is about a poor farmer called Wang Lung and his hard-working wife O-lan. Their hard work earns them returns and they prosper in their life and goes to the extent of purchasing a part of the House of Hwang property who was the former landlord of O-lan. However, the first incidence of crisis occurs in the life of the couple with the financial and material demands of Wang’s uncle and Wang’s obsession to own more property and the drought that results in a bad harvest. O-lan manages crisis and in an attempt to save her newborn child from starvation she strangles the baby to death. At the end of the novel, Wang is an unhappy man due to the conduct of his two elder sons who are awaiting his death to sell their father’s hard-earned property. Even at the time of death, Wang is able to find fulfillment only when he returns to the kind of life he lived as a peasant irrespective of his huge property. Likewise, Nectar in a sieve is a story about the poverty-stricken family of Ruku and Nathan. Though they manage to earn a good living, heavy rain spoils the crop. The crisis in the family looms large with the return of their married daughter and the loss of Ruku’s two sons who worked at the tannery. The family is set to move out of their village in search of a better livelihood. Their life in the new place is also a misery with the onset of drought. While Wang’s uncle plays a wicked plan to extort food and money in The Good Earth, it is Kunti, the ex-beloved of Nathan who plays the wicked role to extract money from both Nathan and Ruku. Nathan and Ruku later return to their home village only to witness another death, the death of their younger son. Since the family was unable to make their ends meet the daughter takes to prostitution to feed her starving younger brother. The concept of crisis, death, and giving in Lord of the flies is portrayed by the boys who are estranged on the island with no way to communicate with the mainland to save them. Therefore a leader is chosen to deal with the crisis. However, there is a disagreement about the leadership and results in two groups. The newly elected leader is over ambitious and wishes to overthrow the first leader and in the run, several boys are killed. Though the first leader portrayed by Ralph is a protagonist and a reasonable person, the antagonist spoils his plan to attract passing ships to rescue them. The protagonist delegates’ job among the boys to do the role of firekeepers and all of them give in to it in the hope of escaping from the island. In The Good Earth and Nectar in a Sieve, people rise to the occasion to manage crises and protect their families from starvation. The Lord of flies, however, narrates the crisis of a group of boys who are first left alone on the island and are later battling an internal clash that can be related to a tribal act. The plot of all three novels revolves around crisis, death, and giving. It may be concluded that the human life cycle is a mixture of these three factors which ari
Compulsory Voting Elections are held to elect representatives to the legislature, and head of state or government. Elections are considered to be democratic since it is not easy to manipulate people to choose a certain leader. Voting is a civil action of exercising democracy and a civility value in our society. They are important for political life changes and are a good way to change a regime for the better. Voting can be used to bring change as well as maintain the status quo since the process is an action of results, rather than a reaction to something except in a referendum. Voting is normally done through a secret box. Voting can be done to fill seats or in a referendum. Due to the complex nature of making decisions affecting the public, there is a need to have a few numbers of persons making decisions for the general public. The public cannot participate in deciding due to the large numbers, large resources required for decision-making through meetings and consultations. A contemporary democracy idea is that elections must be representative and responsible to achieve their goals. Elections are considered legitimate in that the people decide upon who they are going to elect rather than having leaders imposed on them. In many electoral systems, leaders are bound to serve for several terms. Re-election to the same position or same regime depends on satisfactory performance of the previous session, or a new political spirit of bringing change (Henry 10). In contemporary democracies, electoral systems are differentiated by the rules governing them. One of such systems is the compulsory voting system. Compulsory voting system requires citizens of a country who are eligible to vote, to register as voters and avail themselves to the polling areas or vote during Election Day. In such countries, voting is not considered as a civic responsibility but as a duty. This may be regulated in the constitution and electoral regulations. In some countries sanctions and punitive measures such as imprisonment, community service or fines are imposed to absent voters (Mueller 72). A country may have compulsory voting laws but it may also fail or become reluctant in enforcing them. Some of these laws are put in place to state the citizens’ responsibilities; this is common to those laws without sanctions on them. Countries enforcing such laws prove it difficult due to the finances involved and the complex nature surrounding it. Such countries may be experiencing financial constrain and have more pressing priorities in their budget such as healthcare, education and reduction of poverty. To such, compulsory voting laws serve the intention of cheering the voters to take part. In some instances, loopholes within these electoral laws permit voters to escape punishment for noncompliance. It may be compulsory to vote but not compulsory to register as a voter. Many people who feel tied up in adhering to the law may opt to abstain from registering as voter
The Drive-Through Process As a rule, the time spent by customers on making reservations and orders takes a lot of time, especially in peak hours when all customers are willing to receive what they want in the shortest possible time. When this concerns fast food restaurants and other quick services, there is such a concept that occurred in the USA in 1930s and spread all over the world named drive-through. In this respect, the drive-through services are aimed at reducing the throughput time and serving a maximum number of clients in the minimum time compared to other similar services. s such, it is necessary to compare the throughput time in a conventional quick service restaurant and a drive-through restaurant of fast food because they both are aimed at serving the customers in a timely manner on the highest possible level appropriate for the service. When a drive-through process is arranged in an appropriate manner, its operation decreases the throughput time compared to the conventional quick service restaurants. As reported by Baraban and Durocher (2010), “Separate ordering, payment, and pickup stations have been shown to speed the drive-through queue in many operations” (p. 46). At the same time, the conventional fast food restaurant operates on a queue basis when every customer is served by one staff member which takes some time to receive the order, perform the order, give the order to customer, and receive the payment. In this respect, electronic drive-through payment is one of the methods that make the drive-through process faster compared with the conventional fast food stores where the speed of serving orders depends on the skills of the staff members and the number of staff members in one shift with regard to the busy or not busy hours. Customers’ Role in Speed and Efficiency The drive-through concept can be considered one of the most effective in terms of the time needed for serving one customer. In other words, the order can be placed remotely to speed up its fulfilment and decrease the throughput time required to fulfil every order and increasing the throughput capacity of the fast food restaurant with drive-through services. However, some conventional quick service restaurants can speed up their operation by adapting the system of electronic payment. As reported by Emmelmann, Bochow and Kellum (2010), “Electronic drive-through payment systems may be able to substantially increase vehicle throughput…” (p. 7) while the same electronic payment system can make the operation of conventional fast food restaurants more time-efficient compared with their rivals. For instance, Schneiderman (2002) claims that system of electronic payment can be established through free Wi-Fi or simply through mobile internet when a customer who is in the fast food restaurant can submit payment through electronic payment system using a mobile phone. This process is claimed to increase the speed of serving in conventional fast food restaurants. To increase the efficiency of drive-through restaurants, customers can place their orders by contacting the call centre and submitting payment through electronic