ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Descartes believed that while awake, what we perceive is equal indistinctness of form as what we perceive while dreaming. This created in him a great doubt over the existence of what he perceived at any time: At this moment it does indeed seem to me that it is with eyes awake that I am looking at this paper; that this head which I move is not asleep… But in thinking over this I remind myself that on many occasions I have in sleep been deceived by similar illusions, and in dwelling carefully on this reflection I see so manifestly that there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep… (Soccio, 258). It is sense perception that Descartes proves here to have little faith in, as he manages to convince himself that while awake, it is in fact possible he is dreaming. He only ever gets as far as proving the material may exist. This is a result of his proving to himself through the concept of the innate idea and of the human incapacity for perfection that God does exist. He believes that since every person has an idea of a perfect being, and yet every person is by essence imperfect, t
Executive Summary This report is a business plan to set up a car dealership in Liverpool that will sell used electric and hybrid cars. The target group will be customers aged below 40 years, living in Liverpool or its environs, and college educated. Social media and word-of-mouth communication are the preferred modes of communication to reach this target demographic. The proposed business will have two product categories: hybrid and electric cars. No loans will be sought to start the business, as three partners will contribute equal amounts of money to start the business from their personal savings. The partnership business model is selected for the proposed business because of its potential to generate an increased capital pool among the partners. Furthermore, it is easier to make decisions, in such a business framework as opposed to other forms of ownership, such as limited liability companies. The capital generated through the partnership agreement will be used as capital to buy stock, pay for the business location, and fund marketing expenses. These activities are expected to make the enterprise more profitable by securing a location that has high customer traffic and spreading the business’s brand across different market segments through marketing. It is expected that the proposed business will thrive on a growing awareness among car buyers to use environmentally friendly cars. General Company Description This sustainable car market is a subsection of the automotive industry with great potential for growth (Liu & Lai, 2020). Consequently, this paper is a business plan to start a car dealership (Next Car Importers – NCI) that sells hybrid and electric cars in Liverpool. The company’s mission statement is as described below:   * Mission Statement : To promote environmental conservation using environmentally friendly cars.   * Company Goals and Objectives : The company’s goal is to reduce the negative impact of manufacturing and driving cars. Alternatively, the objective of the business will be to reduce the total output of carbon emissions in Liverpool by at least 5% in 2050.   * Business Philosophy : For a long time, the automotive industry has been criticized for increasing greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang, Ming, Liu, Zheng, & Qu, 2019). Industry players have reacted by developing cars that use alternative energy sources (Nieuwenhuis, 2018). Consequently, the overall business philosophy for NCI will be promoting environmental sustainability in the automotive indus
Introduction The question that this paper seeks to answer is whether the law is dead. This very question was raised in 1970 by the Bar Association in New York, which proposed to hold a conference for the purpose. This question has been asked time and again by various philosophers, politicians, and citizens alike throughout history. The question has been raised directly at times and in a more subtle fashion at others. To answer this question, this paper will consider the work of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. These thinkers have shaped the way we look at various elements of law and order apart from the complementary concepts like democracy and constitutions. Main body In order to find out if the law is alive, one has to examine a variety of questions. These pertain to the attitude of citizens towards law and the degree of law-abiding people from within them. The reason that the ordinary citizen’s attitude comes into play is that without the will of the citizen nothing can be imposed. The first characteristic that one must seek out is gratefulness. According to Aristotle, this is a virtue that defines the acceptance rate of law in a certain region. Are people grateful for the way they are being governed? In this case, one may find that if the people are more or less grateful then the law is very much alive. But if people are simply following the law with various notions about how it should actually be, the law is most definitely dead (Aristotle, 2004). As an example, we will find in Plato’s Crito that Socrates was portrayed as a man with elevated sensibilities. When he was given a death sentence, his friend Crito left no stone unturned to make sure that the unjust sentence is called off. This included bribing the guards in order to help Socrates escape. While this escape did not take place for a variety of reasons, the story shows how Socrates believed that even after consuming the poison to end his life in the death sentence, his soul would continue to live through his work and body of knowledge. The trial of Socrates reveals that law in fact has catered very little for coincidences and lack of proof (Plato, 2005). This story shows that the principal characters Socrates and Crito were unhappy with the law as it had pronounced an unjust statement by which Socrates was to die. This shows that without consent, the law will merely exist without any real takers. So the real question is whether or not the law grants its citizens enough rights by which they may use the law to live respectful lives? This is a question of a mutually complementary relationship between the law and the citizens where it prevails. If this relationship is positive then the law is not dead. In this case, the republic comes into play with its basic premises for reforms and other such instruments within which the relationship can be continually expanded and improved (Plato et al, 2003). Conclu
Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, or Gamblers Anonymous meetings are a means to help people resist and fight addictions. Some people volunteer to attend such gatherings to find support and mentoring; however, some people are forced to attend a 12-step meeting by court order. I participated in a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous and determined that 12-step programs play a significant role in treatment of a substance-related or addictive disorder. I attended an open 12-step meeting with Alcoholics Anonymous to understand its impact on participants. It was difficult for me to determine all the members’ demographic characteristics, since I could only observe, but I have identified some of them from the discussion. First, the number of women and men was nearly equal, but there were slightly more White than Non-White people. Most of the participants looked over 40 years old, although there were a couple of young people in their 20s and 30s. From the members’ stories and their wedding rings, I can guess that approximately 20% of them are divorced, and 40% are in a couple. In addition, some participants are unemployed, but in general, most of them have average or below-average income. Some of these details were confirmed to me by the organizer of the meeting, without disclosing details. I find the meeting’s content and organization pleasant, friendly, and helpful despite the topics discussed by the participants. Many of the members knew each other, and they began with an informal greeting and communication. The mentor and organizer started the meeting with a short introduction, greeting and thanking the participants for their persistence to inspire th
Introduction It is the dream of every student to find a well paying job after graduating from college. Times are hard, opportunities are few, and one must really hunt for desired jobs. This paper seeks to enlighten job seekers on the areas to look for jobs. Five potential areas will feature prominently in the paper. Places to Look for a Job College internships have often translated to permanent jobs. In this regard, students need to take their internships seriously. A survey carried out by WetFeet.com revealed that 45 percent of students who had previously engaged in internship received appointment letters to permanent jobs in 2003 (Randinelli, 2004). The easiest way to convert internship into a permanent job is by working diligently on the tasks allocated regardless of the amount of pay during internship. Secondly, it is crucial to solicit for feedback from superiors and other staff members during the internship (Randinelli, 2004). It is important for the intern to network as much as possible during the internship. In addition, it is significant to keep in touch with employees and superiors on completing the internship (Randinelli, 2004). Cold calling is another way of looking for jobs (Randinelli, 2004). It involves sending resumes to any company that interests the job seeker. The job seeker does not wait for advertisements but randomly sends resumes to different companies. It is important to contact the person who actually hires employees by sending resumes directly to them (Randinelli, 2004). Later on, the job seeker should call the person in charge to enquire on any progress or vacancy. Another way of seeking for job is enrolling in a career center (Randinelli, 2004). This method has produced about 12 percent of all job appointments by way of interviews in the college. These centers coordinate on campus job placements by various companies and offer programs designed to assist students match up with potential employers. The centers receive resumes from potential employees and key them in a database from which employers pick those that fit their need. The career centers have job advertisements from time to time. In addition, the centers assist the job seekers in drafting quality resumes. Some centers specialize in distinct disciplines making it easier for corporations to locate potential employees based on the discipline (Randinelli, 2004). The internet is another area through which one can seek a job. The internet sites contain thousands of advertisements of job opportunities in various corporations (Randinelli, 2004). It is easy to seek for a job of choice on the internet by typing the preferred job. These online jobs are usually more detailed as they include the company profile and personalized methods of placing an application. Job sites have the option of subscribing to updates, which the subscriber receives automatically through their email address on a fixed period like weekly, daily or monthly (Randinelli, 2004). Other than uploading one’s resume through customized templates on companies’ websites, the same websites display existing vacancies and the job seeker easil
Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution was a period of integration of new ideas into the reason of nature. The period saw significant scientific changes in astronomy, human anatomy, physics, and chemistry. Questions of reason on matters of nature by the brilliant minds characterized this period. Ideas by Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, and Galileo contributed significantly to the scientific revolution (Boyer 45). Descartes contribution to philosophy and mathematics is evident in the scientific field. He developed the Cartesian system of coordinates and analytical geometry. He is famous for several French philosophical theses. Francis Bacon developed procedural science. His Baconian method is widely used in scientific investigation in modern society. Galileo contributed to a variety of fields notably, physics, astronomy, and mathematics. He improved the telescope, discovered the Jupiter’s satellites, and developed the basis for kinematics and the mathematical application in experimental physics (David 32). Enlightenment Before the revolution, the world believed that God metaphysically controlled the universe. To change this perception, great thinkers formed a movement known as ‘Enlightenment.’ Its goal was to encourage people to use science to understand nature. It boosted people’s reconsideration into the old forms of governance such as primogeniture and feudalism. These great thinkers believed that ‘reason’ in the human capability could combat tyranny, ignorance, and superstition and consequently create a better world. In America, the enlightenment of the leaders led to revolution. The democratic constitution in America was a result of enlightenment among leaders. Jefferson, Franklin, Paine, and Washington are some of the distinguished American revolutionists whom enlightenment inspired. In France, Voltaire and colleagues struggled to enlighten the society that strongly held the culture of church and monarchy. d’Alembert, Montesquieu, and Pierre were some of the ‘rebellious’ who supported Voltaire in the campaign for freedom of the human mind. Enlightenment in France led to a philosophical revolution and reign of terror (John 98). Voltaire and Enlightenment Voltaire was a French thinker who spread the teaching of enlightenment across Europe. Since people believed in Christianity and monarchy, they explicitly had no right to question nature or their governments. It was fatal to oppose the church and monarchy. To free the people from this culture, Voltaire skillfully used the controversies by the Protestantism in Christianity. Historians argue that Voltaire contradicted the teachings of Protestants and Catholics to support his assertions. Voltaire devoted considerable time in attacking the fundamentals of Christianity to undermine the credibility of the church. This influenced other thinkers in France such as Pierre Bayle and Jean d’ Alembert who joined Voltaire in his bi
The protracted war between Israel and the Palestine can be described as complex. In this conflict, both sides have deep seated notions they believe and stand by. The Palestinians believe they entitled to a land they refer to as Palestine while the Israelis claim ownership to the same land and refer to it as Israel. Both factions lay claim to the same land and go ahead to call it their own name [1] . This conflict also carries with it a religious twist with both sides being firm believers. While the Palestinians worship ‘Allah’, the Israelis believe in Jehovah. According to the Bible, which the Israelis refer to as their Holy book, Jehovah gave them that land and relinquishing it to another group of people would be sinful and an insult to God. In the decades old war, there has been war, death and acts of terrorism that have served to fuel the hate the two groups have for each other. None of the groups so far appears ready to give in to their opponent. To understand the dynamics of this conflict, one must take an in depth look at the history of this conflict. In the beginning, ancient Jews (Hebrews) from the Biblical era called this land Canaan which was also kno
Equifax faces significant fines from representative authorities from the U.S. and the U.K. Because the breach was preventable, it was ruled that Equifax was at fault for the release of the private information of their clients. A settlement of $575 million was reached between the Federal Trade Commission, fifty other attorneys, and Equifax (Jaeger, 2019). The settlement may reach $700 million, and U.K. Information Commissioner’s Office has fined Equifax £500,000. Though Equifax has not taken the blame for the breach, the settlement proved as a form of legal compliance with a preventable error. Though Equifax’s decision to leave insiders and clients uninformed about the initial insecurity may not have been illegal, it was unethical. Equifax has acted immorally on multiple counts, opposing its corporate code of ethics. Firstly, the potential security vulnerability was not a secret to the company before the breach, though Equifax did not take the portal or entire software down due to this discovery. Taking down access to the information and fixing the vulnerability and only then returning it would have been beneficial, safe, and adhering to their values. Equifax’s current competitors include TransUnion, Experian, Thomson Reuters, Dun & Bradstreet, and LendingClub. The negative coverage of Equifax harmed its competitors as well, likely because many of these companies rely on similar strategies and technology. Currently, Equifax is expected to provide credit-related services for ten years to affected clients as well as pay their settled fine with the Federal Trade Commission and other attorneys. Though the services and settlements offered to the clients are deemed appropriate by some, the actual pay-outs have not come in a reasonable time. Equifax had the responsibility to assess and fix the software issue at its initial discovery, inform all covered insiders about selling during the decrease in security, and notify the customer’s about the breach during its first appearance. They have failed to do so and should properly compensate the affected parties. Reference Jaeger, J. (2019). Lesson from Equifax penalty (at least $575M): Breach ‘entirely preventable’. Compliance Week . Web.
Saul Cornell was an assistant professor of history and a NEH postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Early American History and Culture, the College of William and Mary 1 . The creation of the American republic is a part of the author’s interest in history. Written in 1990, the article attempts to address the anti-federalists’ opposition to the adoption of a new government in the US. The author examines the views of the consensus historians and the attitudes of the anti-federalists towards the idea of American democracy. Cornell also examines the details of the Carlisle Riot that took place in 1788 as well as the position was taken by the anti-federalists and their views on aristocracy 2 . Cornell was motivated by the need to address the issues raised by the anti-federalists because their contributions have been ignored. The article was published in the Journal of American History. The language, tone, and style of writing and the expression of ideas are scholarly. It is intended to be used for teaching history at the college and university level. In addition, scholars and researchers in American history are likely to find the work important. In this article, Cornell discusses the historiography of the subject, citing a number of other authors in history, their work, and opinion on the idea of anti-federalism and the creation of aristocracy in the US. According to the author, the American public, historians, and authors think that the constitution was a natural capstone to the revolution. However, Cornell disputes this view and criticizes most historians who hold this view. The author states that the view is biased because it attempts to diminish the important views and voices of the anti-federalists 3 . In particular, Cornell states that the anti-federalists were an important part of American history because their views provided evidence that the constitution and its setting were likely to violate the principles of the revolution. The article is based on Cornell’s view of the anti-federalists and their contribution to the creation of the American republic. His thesis is based on the argument that the anti-federalists contributed to the creation of the republic by offering an im
Introduction The digital revolution is an ongoing process that resulted in the rapid shift from mechanical technologies to modern electronics. This revolution has caused many problems for the digital industry, where each individual company has to decide which innovations it is profitable to introduce on the market. The case study, presented by Moorhead and Griffin, describes the shift from cassettes to digital tape players and how Peak Electronics and its CEO Lynda Murray handled this change. The goal of this paper is to outline the opinions that different branches of the company had on this issue and theorize what would be the best course of action to take. The Role of Innovation and Nostalgia The shifts that happen within the digital revolution take effect at rapid speeds and the internet provides an instrument for customers to find out about new technologies at an accelerated rate. This results in corporations that do not have enough time to research whether adopting a certain trend will be profitable for the business. On the one hand, allocating resources for creating a product whose commercial potential and technological structure have not been properly calculated can end in the business losing money. On the other hand, studies suggest that brands that “are slow to react and adapt their strategy and business model to change, fare poorly” (Epstein 2018). Another trend to consider is that any generation faces its own form of nostalgia, which is “a sentimental imagining or evocation of a period of the past” (Campbell, & Pallister 2019). A form of this notion that is particularly prominent nowadays is digital nostalgia for analog devices. The Case of Peak Electronics The Reality of the Situation Peak Electronics was “the leader in making parts for standard cassette and reel-to-reel tape recorders” (Moorhead, & Griffin 2000) when they were confronted by the problem of digital tape players first entering the market. While the technology was still encountering legal issues in the US, the company was afforded time to assess the situation and make an informed decision. Lynda Murray, as the CEO of Peak Electronics, had the responsibility of making the final decision. In order to establish a plan of action, she consulted all of the departments in the corporation where opinions differed from each other. On the one hand, the marketing team supported the shift to a digital era as they correctly predicted the future of devices meant for listening to audio. The research and development team, who were getting bored with their current work with cassettes, hoped to pursue the innovation that digital tape players represented. On the other hand, workers were worried that the new devices were nothing but a passing trend. In the end, Murray acquired a list of pros and cons of introducing digital tape recorders as a product of Peak Electronics and had to make the decision herself. The Best Possible Outcome of the Situation The goal of this case study is to theorize what the plan of action would be if we were the ones to determine it. It is possible that the new techno