ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The core task of actors behind supply chains is to ensure that consumers are going to get the required products and services at the right time and price. Therefore, data privacy and transaction security are essential if the supply chain organization expects to avoid any breaches and interior or exterior attacks. In a world where a localized attack could significantly disrupt supply chain operations, it can be deemed essential to mitigate risks and respond to the ever-increasing complexity of global networks (Gupta et al., 2020). Thus, it should be stressed that the growing impact on the budget and staff makes it almost impossible to cover the field of supply and demand while responding to the state of urgency. Without a doubt, consumers are becoming more demanding and socially conscious nowadays. It also represents a challenge for supply chain security because of the need to maintain transparency. Elements of a Secure Supply Chain The first element that plays an important role in assessing the effectiveness of supply chain security is the presence of timely strategic evaluations. The team is required to ensure that all risks are considered, and compliance with essential regulatory and data privacy regulations is maintained (Simon & Omar, 2020). This helps organizations develop their security programs while educating employees on the topic of cybersecurity and providing them with enough training opportunities. Another element to include is penetration testing, as it strengthens supply chain security measures and mitigates numerous vulnerabilities. Organizations running obsolete database structures and applications could benefit from this strategy and eliminate dangerous network elements with minimal monetary losses (Banga, 2020). This will also help the team preserve productivity and focus on the infrastructure. The next strategy in line is a modernization plan that is going to aid the team in terms of tracking the process of digitization
Introduction This essay focuses on the events as narrated in chapter 8 of the book “A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America” by Ronald Takaki. The issues discussed include the reasons for the movement of the Chinese to America, the expectations of the Chinese; jobs, discrimination, contributions to America, power, economics, gender issues, bachelor societies, etc. and the common experiences the Chinese had with other people of color. Reasons for immigrating to America There is the notion that America is a land of opportunities and this is significant since it is on this account that the Chinese moves there. The Chinese migrated to America due to the opium wars and other problems at home. The improved transport network and infrastructure lead many Asians to move to America in the hope that they will get gainful employment. The expectations of the Chinese The expectations of the Chinese are not met as they are sold into slavery in the United States. They think that their movement to America will pay off. Despite isolated incidences occurring to them, these incidences are brutal, and many Asians suffer. Jobs, discrimination, contributions to America, power, economics, gender issues, bachelor societies, LAWS, etc. Initially, 24,000 Chinese are miners in the 1840s but are driven out of mining by the determined “whites.” There is discrimination in the job market. Although the “whites” and the Chinese do more or less the same work, they are paid less money compared to the “whites.” The “whites” are paid two third more than the Chinese. The Chinese contribute to America’s economy by building the railroad and the agricultural industry of California. The irrigation systems which they dig boost the value of the land. The cost of land rose to $100 an acre in 1877. The same land was valued at $28 an acre in 1875 (Takaki 199). This shows the way the Chinese influence and work contributed to the economic growth of California. The Chinese are compelled into self-employment because of the unemployed “white” workers in California riot against them. This is because the “whites” see the Chinese as their threat in the job market. They view the Chinese as people who have come to take away their jobs. They venture into the stores, restaurants and laundry industries as a way of earning a living. The book records that there are some Chinese who are brought to Louisiana and Mississippi. Once there, they are put to work with the slaves who had been freed. This is meant to intimidate them or portray them as lesser beings. These events
Background The mid 19th century was characterized by a myriad of rebellions in China even as European culture and the Chinese people entered into a dispute during the Opium War. For instance, the Muslim rebellions took place between 1855 and 1873 (Bulliet et al. 231). Although all the mid-19th-century rebellions had their devastating impacts, the Taiping rebellion left devastating effects that were to be felt for a long. About 30 million people lost their lives in the rebellion which persisted for 15 years. The rebellion itself led to massive drought and famine episodes. The Chinese population significantly declined by a margin of 60 million people. The embarrassing defeat from European powers aggravated the situation and left China at the receiving end of the destructive war. The Taiping rebellion was a combination of cultural patterns from China and Europe which eventually erupted in a very complex manner. The rebellion got its boost and strength from one Hsiu-ch’üan, who steered the resistance to fermenting levels. Gross corruption coupled with extremely high rent and tax systems were among the causes of traditional rebellions in China which had become very rampant (Perry 132). Additionally, there were a high number of people who had become landless and this caused a lot of murmur and displeasure to the suppressed population. Moreover, insecurity was a major concern for the people due to rising incidences of banditry activities. Owing to the prevalence of insecurity, local communities decided to arm themselves and form self-defense units which later came to aggravate the problem. Worse still, secret religious societies had heinous activities which would jeopardize peace at the slightest trigger (Reilly 187). The Manchu dynasty was challenged by the Taiping rebellion. Additionally, the Confucian social order also found itself in the mix as a result of the rebellion. It is also imperative to note that the Taiping rebellion was characterized by Christian beliefs which were heterodox. It was through the belief system that the rebelling groups were able to enhance unity and boost their morale. Poor governance Right from the start of the 19 th century, inefficiency and corruption had dominated the Ch’ing regime at alarming level (Reilly 51). The local districts could not be easily controlled by the central government. In most cases, the districts were poorly run with several cases of corrupt deals being reported. The majority of the local people expressed their discontent due to over taxation and poor landlordism among other
Introduction Many theorists suggest that a family forms the first model of political society. This is mainly because parents are relieved of their duties of caring for children once they reach adulthood. Similarly, children are relieved of complete obedience to their parents at adulthood. Moreover, family bonds and obligations are practically broken. In fact, whatever remains is voluntary. It signifies an opportunity for children to be masters of their own destiny. This is the basic unit of political society, in which people are born free but everywhere they remain in chain. The expression is according to Rousseau who asserts that modern states have the habit of repressing freedom, which is everyone’s birthright. Moreover, he faults them for neglecting civil freedom, which is the main reason for joining civil society. He therefore believes that legitimate political power can only be achieved through social contract. This paper will assess the view that social contract is totalitarian (Rousseau, 1762 p. 1). Rousseau’s social contract According to Rousseau, people are denied freedom, which is their birthright. He therefore believed that for considerable freedom to be exercised in any given society, it requires a legitimate government or political authority. Moreover, this authority must be attained through social contract. It is also quite important to note that the social contract must be accepted by all residents for mutual protection. In this regard, he defines sovereign as a collective grouping of all individuals of a political society and maintains that it should be taken like an individual. In this sense, as far as an individual has a particular aim or goal in life for his or her best interest, a political society or sovereign have a general will that aims or fights for a common goal. Therefore, as much as the sovereign is absol
Introduction Julia displays clear signs of an eating disorder, most likely, anorexia nervosa. Among the symptoms that justify the primary diagnosis are excessive dieting, abnormally low body mass index (BMI), and anxiety about food and eating (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). From Julia’s and her roommate’s stories, it becomes apparent that throughout recent years, the patient has adopted unhealthy dietary habits such as reducing daily calorie intake and avoiding taking food in places where she could be scrutinized by others. Moreover, Julia seems to have a distorted body image: even though she is underweight, so far, she has not been satisfied with the results of dieting and would like to continue. Objective nutrition facts such as the importance of the healthy balance of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates elude the patient completely. Julia’s obsession with dieting replaced her other interests and priorities. After being a devoted athlete, the girl took an indefinite hiatus from practice. The disorder took its toll on her academic achievements and motivation: she started to skip classes and struggled with assignments. Differential Diagnosis When deciding to diagnose a patient with a disorder as severe as anorexia nervosa, a professional should double-check and eliminate all other options based on the nationally recognized psychiatric standards. “DSM-5: Handbook of differential diagnosis” prescribes a therapist to take several steps before making conclusions. The first step is to avoid malingering and make sure that a patient is not pretending to be sick (First, 2013). In Julia’s case, a professional has first-hand information from the girl’s roommate who has been observing her behavior for quite some time. Julia’s and the roommate’s stories are not contradictory; hence, it is safe to say that Julia is not lying. Next, drug or substance abuse should be ruled out based on gathering information and conducting a physical examination (First, 2013). In the roommate’s story, Julia’s habits regarding substance intake are not mentioned. Moreover, the girl does not have any diseases that could trigger weight loss such as stomach upsets. Further, it is essential to determine the specific primary disorder. Since Julia’s destructive behavior is strongly related to food habits, one may contend that she suffers from an eating disorder. Out of all eating disorders described in DSM-5, her symptoms match those of anorexia nervosa. It appears to be reasonable to assess the validity of the diagnosis using a sociocultural perspective. A therapist might want to determine which social groups Julia belongs to and whether these specific cohorts are at risk of developing an eating disorder. First, female gender and young age may be predisposing factors (Zipfel, Giel, Bulik, Hay, & Schmidt, 2015). Second, living in the United States of America, she might have adopted the Western standards of beauty that glorify thinness. A study by Zipfel et al.
Abstract The psychologists need to know how to address multicultural issues and eliminate potential prejudices and personal biases that may interfere with the provision of high-quality service to ethnically and culturally diverse individuals. Practice within the multicultural context has many ethical implications, and the inability to assess clients with distinct social backgrounds and values objectively and equally may be regarded as the major violation of the ethical standards. Therefore, the psychologists need to develop multicultural competence. For the achievement of sustainable positive results, it is possible to implement many educational techniques. However, cultural self-assessment is the most important instrument for the cultivation of cultural sensitivity because it helps to identify own biases and prejudices. Introduction The concepts of multiculturalism and diversity are often perceived as equal, and both of them are closely associated with the ethnic and racial composition of the population. There is no doubt that national culture, traditions, and customs may significantly influence individuals and shape their self-identity. The cultural upbringing fosters the adoption of values and acceptance of particular norms of social behavior. However, culture and race are not the only factors influencing the development of personality. Gender, socioeconomic status, religion, and disability are
The article Gay Marriage, Same-sex Parenting, and America’s Children, was written in 2005 by Meeza & Rauch and is found in the Marriage and Child Wellbeing Journal, volume 15, issue 2. The key concept of this reflective treatise is an explicit analysis of same sex marriage and parenting in order to establish possible reasons for their increasing number in the modern society and how the same affect America’s children as asserted by Meeza and Rauch. This article is a research on same-sex marriage parenting and how the same affect children in such marriages. Reflectively, the authors adopted quantitative research majoring in snow balling to randomly factor in responses from subjects of the study. In addition, qualitative data analysis method was used to draw inferences. From the article, the authors assert that nearly all societies seem to have more opponent of same sex parenting than proponents. Specifically, religion based opposition have constantly and openly gang up against this practice but unfortunately, seem to be losing the battle. Since ancient time, same sex union has always existed in the form of ritualized informal engagement with no parenting role attached to it. Although not federally recognized, gay/lesbian marriage can be done in the states of Iowa, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont and Massachusetts. This article opine that same sex marriage parenting often affect children negatively as these children are subjected to prejudice and discrimination among peers (Meezan & Rauch, 2005). This in turn interferes with their physical, psychological, and social development. However, the proponents of this type of union are drawn from civil unions, domestic right groups and registered informal societies who extends their hand in support for this highly criticized union. In conclusion, the authors assert that marriage, irrespective of the gender of its party, is a social role which when freely accepted, is a mechanism for liberalizing parenting especially when the same is practiced within the limits of the law. The three principles of equal rights, respect, and need for complete acceptance as part of the society may make life bearable for children in this union. However, on religious and social norms ground, the same paints moral decay, disrespect of religion, and threaten moral standards expected of their children (Meezan & Rauch, 2005). From the gathered statistics on the level of acceptance or rejection in the United States, the findings reveal that children in same-sex marriages are often subjected to prejudice besides struggling to fit among the religious population comprising of the conservatives vehemently antagonizes acceptance of their parents and themselves. These findings were supported by results from those randomly interviewed comprising of a sample space of 1000. Reflectively, this article covers the aspect of family acceptance as the building block of the society. The article reveals the essence of religion and norms on social, psychological, and physical development as part of general acceptan
Infrared radiation Infrared radiation (IR) is a kind of radiation that lies on the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and the microwave region, beyond the red light. Objects absorb and emit this kind of radiation with varying characteristics and intensities. Usually, IR is in various forms including thermal energy (Hsu, n.d). Typically, different bodies absorb and emit IR in different forms. Most bodies that emit the thermal radiation release this energy that can also be radiated at room temperature (Hsu, n.d). It is worth noting that IR is absorbed due to molecular vibrations. It is important to note that molecular vibrations are caused by IR energy due to their rotational movements. Infrared radiation is categorized into various groups by the international commission of illumination. That is into Near-infrared where the level of absorption by water is low. These characteristics suit the Near-infrared for us as image intensifier during night vision. The next classification is Short-wavelength infrared where water absorption levels increase significantly making them suitable for long distance data transmissions. The next classification is Mid-wavelength infrared that is suitable for use in guided missile technology followed by the g-wavelength infrared, and the far infrared laser suitable for medical applications. Other applications of IR include imaging such for use in digital cameras. IR envisages a complicated technology where IR is converted into electrical signals through a sophisticated mechanism. It is important to note that conduction forms one of the methods of IR transfer to the environment besides other mechanisms such as convection and radiation (Hsu, n.d). The theory of infrared absorption details the behavior of molecules and constituent atoms at room temperature. Atoms at room temperature continuously vibrate but respond to incident radiation on the host molecules. That causes atoms to vibrate with greater vigor as incident radiation increases and when it is removed, the atoms settle back to their initial state releasing the energy they had absorbed in the process. Infrared radiation spectrum The infrared spectrum is divided into three categories. These include the near infrared which lies between the 0.76 to 1.5 microns, the middle infrared lying between 1.5 to 5.6 microns, and the far infrared lying between 5.6 to 1000 microns on the electromagnetic spectrum as illustrated in fig. 1 below. Fig 1.The electromagnetic spectrum. Mathematically, the energy due to infrared radiation is given in the relation, E=hν = h(c/ λ) where E is the electromagnetic energy, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength of the energy being considered. IR is therefore a function of the frequency of the incident radiation and the speed of light and the released energy (Hsu, n.d). It is practically and theoretically proven that molecules absorb electromagnetic energy and release it into the surrounding when constituent atoms vibrate due to external excitations giving out a specific amount of energy by the molecules. However, the ratio of radiant energy from
Introduction Edward de Bono is a well-known thinker who has had a great deal of impact on the way in which we think in the modern world. He was born in Malta in 1933 and has earned a number of degrees in medicine, psychology and physiology. His books have been translated into 34 different languages and he has lectured in more than 50 countries around the world. In addition, his ideas have become required reading or part of the national curriculum in a number of academic programs. “In the University of Buenos Aires five faculties use his books as required reading. In Venezuela, by law, all school children must spend an hour a week on his programmes. In Singapore 102 secondary schools use his work. In Malaysia the senior science schools have been using his work for ten years. In the U.S.A., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland and the UK, there are thousands of schools using Dr. de Bono’s programmes for the teaching of thinking” (de Bono, 2008). Within his writings, Edward de Bono has worked to explain the processes and reasons for creativity and the concept of lateral thinking. “Parallel thinking guides thought processes in one direction at a time so we can effectively analyze issues, generate new ideas, and make better decisions” (Popovici, 2009). To teach this process, de Bono has developed a visual analogy called “Six Hats” that helps leaders and others break down the problems faced to understand them from a wide variety of viewpoints. Main body The “Six Hats” approach helps leaders of any group guide thinking processes in one direction at a time so that the various elements of the issue are thoroughly considered. By applying this process, teams are able to come up with new ideas, analyze issues to discover flaws or problems and ultimately make better decisions without a great deal of time lost in argument or counterproductive strategies. By using this approach, individuals begin to understand themselves as thinkers rather than reactors and are able to develop confidence in their ability to properly analyze and address the issues of their environment. From a leadership standpoint, Six Hats provides a valuable tool that enables one to identify the problems at hand, discover numerous means of solving these issues and explore the potential consequences of these solutions. In addition, this approach enables leaders to further analyze the potential strengths and weaknesses of these consequences to determine how much they might help or hinder the goals of the group in order to select the best viable alternative for the direction the group is trying to reach. From this point, the Six Hats approach also helps leaders d