ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Conflict is a major subject in the world and its effects are very diverse in the society causing crisis and other effects. Conflict can be viewed as a disagreement through which the parties involved perceive a threat to their needs, interests or concerns (About Conflict, 2012). In this definition, the key terms are parties, perceive and threat. In any conflict, there must be people or entities involved who have interest in a particular thing like political power, mineral resources and other socio economic activities. This conflict is said to be from a perceived threat which may be a real threat or something that is imagined but because of lack of understanding of the real situation. Threat in this way means a feeling that what they think is theirs may be taken away or they feel that once certain people get something, they will treat them unfairly. In the lifetime of a human being, there are situations that lead one to disagreements and struggle in getting something they need in their lives or at the work place. Because of the demands of life and the desire for self actualization, people tend to avoid impediments. If a person or anything is perceived to be an impediment to the journey of self actualization, then a conflict arises. This not only experienced by human beings but also in the animal planet, it’s only that they may not be having a conflict resolution mechanism but the jungle rule. Another situation is when wild animals and human beings are living in bordering pieces of land as in the boundary between a national park and the general public land. In a number of cases of the world, animals are not checked and controlled by the national park management, which implies that animals may destroy or even kill human beings around that area. This is also a conflict. However, in this paper, the discussion on conflict is based on the social world and how it is handled. That is why concentration is on conflict resolution styles. Conflict styles are patterned responses that people use in conflict. They can be viewed as having two dimensions which are assertiveness and cooperativeness (Picard, 2002). In this manner, one can be able to assess the extent to which people attempt to satisfy other people’s needs to avoid or resolve their conflicts. These styles are pegged on personal satisfaction while making a decision of whether one has wronged the other. Former Conflict Style There are various conflict styles that a person can adapt. In these styles, there is one that comes naturally in a human being and it can be referred to as the default conflict style. About conflict website (2012) lists four styles of conflicts namely “avoidance, collaborating, competitive, comprising and accommodating. In a number of cases it and be necessary to apply all of them in different situations.” For the case of this paper, avoidance and c
Introduction The United States military attack on the Middle East received widespread criticisms from all over the world. Human rights activists asserted that the United States concerted efforts on this war reflected the deep-rooted negligence of the important roles a government plays to its citizens. The slow response by the government to the Hurricane Katrina re-ignited criticisms, which is slowly becoming part of the American culture. Who is to blame for the slow response towards the Katrina catastrophe? This paper carries out a research on the criticisms of the United States government on the war on terrorism and disaster response to test the hypothesis that, the former United States president, George Walker Bush, is to blame for the slow response to Hurricane Katrina. Research Method The research will obtain relevant information from scholarly articles and electronic libraries. The study focuses on three areas viz. the opinion polls on war and disaster response by the government, the criticisms of war on terror, and criticisms of disaster response. Based on the opinion polls of the public on the war on terrorism, the research will establish whether the US people supported the government involvement in Middle East. The research will also seek to establish the public view and evaluate several arguments by the critics to the ‘war on terror’ and the disaster response. In order to dispel or justify the stated thesis, the research shall carry out a qualitative evaluation to test the thesis. Findings Criticisms of the Response to the Hurricane Katrina After the devastating Katrina Hurricane that struck the Mexican Gulf and parts of Southern United States, observers, politicians, activists, and public pointed fingers to the government for its slow response to the disaster. The research found that most of the accusations targeted Department of Homeland Security and the President Bush administration for slow response because the research established that the slow response was a result of inadequate leadership within the Department. To demonstrate the DHS’ negligence on this matter, the research established that according to ABC’s Tapper (2005), “More than 10,000 people died in Katrina Hurricane” (7), whereas DHS reports showed that less than 2,000 people died. The discrepancy could be a result of the DHS slow response to establish the real effect and impact of the Hurricane Katrina. Critics also blame President Bush’s handling of the Southern United States before and after the Katrina. According to public opinion poll carried in September 2005, “only 38% of the American citizens supported President Bush’s handling of the Katrina disaster” (Tapper 2005, 7). More than 60% of the United States citizens expressed dissatisfaction by the Bush’s involvement in the issue. The Bush administration had ignored the various
The movie “Food Inc” by Robert Kenner is about the American culture and what it has come to in its feeding processes. It illustrates the details of the food industry in a documentary demonstrating the flaws and improvement points. The message is that the food people eat is contaminated with chemicals, the process of food production is harmful to the environment and the whole society’s cultural values and views are damaging to their health. This subject has been the focus of the past decade all around the globe. Today people are very much health-oriented and knowledgeable about food intake. Diets and healthy lifestyle is advertised everywhere and people are becoming willing to spend more on food that has better quality. This movie is directed towards everyone and any society, which values their health and lifestyle centered on it. Robert Kenner shows the viewers what the reality is and how the government and the food-producing corporations have united to focus on profit instead of the quality of the product ad consumer needs. He provides evidence through interviews and factual presentations of how negligent and harmful the food industry is. He mentions that there is much genetic modification to make food bigger, stay fresh longer and the manufacturing is faster and cheaper. And at the same time, some new sicknesses and diseases spread among people and add to the problem. Several product industries were reviewed to illustrate a point. The tomatoes are said to be grown all over the world, picked when they are still green and then they are getting red artificially by the use of chemicals. The chicken farms are even worse where the chicken is shown to be grown in worst conditions, with no light, no running room, and genetically modified bodies, which are too heavy to be lifted by chickens’ legs and so they are forced to lie the majority of the time. The conditions for workers on the conveyor line are also in violation of rules and regulations. And the third example focused on the mass production of corn. The majority of products from syrups to juice and margarine are made out of corn. Not to mention that the food for pork and beef animals is corn. It is cheap and around 30% of the United States’ land is taken for corn growth. The information provided in the movie was gathered carefully with physical evidence from people and with video segments showing the plants and farmlands. One of the strengths of the movie is that the information is provided in an easy-to-understand format, visually displaying the major parts of the food industry and violations that exist. I agree with Robert Kenner because society has come too far in its mass production. Food has become an obsession and so the industries are required to fulfill the demand. The fact that the conditions are unconstitutional for both people and animals is an issue that must be seriously addressed. The pollution of the environment is also not an opt
Introduction Addictions are one of the potential dangers that children are exposed to at school. Smoking, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and computer addiction have a tremendous impact on school performance in children and adolescents. In addition to grades suffering due to poor concentration and general disinterest in studies, which has an impact on future academic performance and chances of getting into college, addictions also affect the social, physical, and mental capabilities of a child (Brooks & McHenry, 2016). Early addictions have the potential to ruin a person’s life and lead them to an early grave. The problem of addictions in schools is especially prominent in the US, where adolescents have been suffering from drug and alcohol abuse as far as from the early 1970s. The role of the school counselor in detecting and preventing addictions in students is paramount. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the etiology, the signs, and the design strategies to deal with addictions, as well as analyze and reflect on a case study of a student experiencing substance abuse. Etiology, Signs of Abuse, and Strategies Against Addictions According to Jadidi and Nakhaee (2014), etiological factors can be classified into social, psychological, and biological subgroups. Social factors include family relationships and structure as well as community influence. Addictions are more likely in children where parents do not pay attention to their children or are overly strict about enforcing rules. Community infl
Introduction Globalization is instrumental to the current economic trends in countries all over the world. These include the intra-industry trade, which brings together or connects the world through the sharing of ideas, technologies, and trade markets among other things. According to Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, countries trading with each other benefit a lot from one another (Zhang & Zhang, 2008, p. 43). Through Globalization every country experiences the economies of scale. The period of recession affected all countries globally causing many negative effects to the economies and to people in their respective countries (Bellofiore, Garibaldo, 2011, p. 13). This paper critically analyses the economy of Greece. It discusses the main economic features of Greece, the country’s most important economic sectors, and how they have changed over the last 5 years. It discusses how the recent global austerity crisis affected Greece. The paper also provides an analysis of its future economic prospects. Main economic features of Greece Greece is a developed country and its main economic features include the trade, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), unemployment, inflation (CPI), labor force, and FDI Inflow (Nasioulas, 2012, p. 160). Trade Greece exports foods and beverages from the Agriculture sector to foreign countries. It also exports Petroleum products, textiles, manufactured goods, and chemicals from the industry sector (Fioretos, 2013, p. 310). In the service sector Greece offers Maritime services, tourism, and telecommunication services. The major export partners include Italy, Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and US among others. According to statistics its exports accounted for $28.16 billion in 2011 and $26.67 billion in 2012 (BusinessWeek, 2013, p. 1). It took position 69 in a world comparison. This shows a drop in export sales, and hence the decline of the economy. Barriers to economic integration contribute largely to export reduction in Greece. These barriers may include the increase of intragroup tariffs, different external tariffs, different currencies, and economic policies among others. The major imports of Greece include transport, equipment, and machinery. It also imports chemicals and fuels. The country imported goods and services worth $ 66.04 billion in 2011. In 2012, the import costs reduced to $57.92 billion (Bitros, 2012, p. 56). This shows an increase in economic growth since it is economical for a country to export more than it imports. It tallies with the Mercantalist theory which encourages exports and rejects imports. The value of the credit items should balance or be more than those of debit items in the accounting balance of payment. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem encourages countries to get involved in trade. It is obvious that trade contributes largely to the economic growth of Greece. The charts below show Greece exports and imports respectively Unemployment rate The country’s labor force accounts for 4,984,603 persons with 69.8 percent in the services sector, 17.8 percent in the Industry se
The elements of literature connote the aspects that make up a piece or work of literature such as a poem, biography, prose, epic, story or play. To be able to write a complete work of literature, a writer, poet, or playwright needs to use certain elements of literature to make the work have meaning. The basic elements of literature found in most writings include the plot, setting, character, structure, conflicts, point of view and theme. These elements however differ from the various types of literature work. For example the literature elements found in novels or short stories might differ from those found in poetry or prose (Bhattacharyya, 2010). DiYanni in his work mostly focuses on theme as the main element of literature in his analysis of various works. Theme is the central idea or basic meaning that is underlying in a story, poem, novel or play. The theme is identified in terms of looking at the characters in a literary work or the author’s perspective or view of the literature piece. The theme is seen to reflect the society or world as a whole (Werre, 2003). DiYanni (2007) explores the theme of denial in his comparisons of literature by Faulknet, Miller and Poe. He notes that denial is very prominent in the story of” A Rose for Emily” and in the play “Death of a Salesman” and in the poem “The Raven”. Within the play, the story and the poem each, the theme of denial is prominent because of the central character’s refusal to accept the reality. This creates a dreamlike situation that enables them to remain indifferent to the truth about their lives and surroundings. This state of denial is however seen to be a momentary solution to their problems. In his theme analysis of “A Rose for Emily”, the main character, Emily Grierson is seen to be withdrawn into her own unrealistic dream world. The people in the town she lives in feel that disrupting her unrealistic world will upset her causing her to react in a negative way. When her lover, Homer, tries to threaten her unrealistic world, she kills him and hides his body in an upper bedroom in her house. Homer’s body is discovered well after Emily’s death and funeral (DiYanni, 2007). Diyanni further analyses Emily’s character and her creation of the unrealistic world by looking at her actions that revealed she was in denial. In the story, we are told of how Emily keeps her father’s body for three days denying that he is dead and also denying the townspeople his body. Her denial was evident in her refusal to believe that her father was dead despite persuasion from doctors and ministers who had called on her to dispose of the body. Emily’s other denial was that she saw her marriage to Homer Barron and his existence to never have been real. This is evident in the quote: “The man himself lay in the bed…… The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love has cuckolded him” (DiYanni, 2007, p.84). In the story, the town gets free postal delivery services which require that every town’s member have a mailbox and house numbers attached to their house. All the townspeople agree to have the mailboxes and numbers attached to their houses except E
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that has been studied by medical scientists and practitioners worldwide due to its high prevalence. Indeed, almost 3 million individuals worldwide have developed this neurodegenerative disease, and 900 thousand of them live in the United States (Walton et al., 2020). Studying how MS is reported, screened, prevented, and treated is significant for epidemiology as the problem of increasing cases evolves and affected people need additional assistance in dealing with the chronic condition. This paper aims to describe the disease’s definition, symptoms, incidence, prevalence, discuss surveillance and reporting strategies and reveal the knowledge gaps in the current approaches. Furthermore, the assignment includes an epidemiological analysis of the MS, determinants of health it impacts, financial and social costs it causes, and current screening guidelines developed for its diagnosis. Lastly, a plan of how a nurse practitioner can address the chronic health condition after graduation is offered based on the evidence and possible patient outcomes improvement. Background and Significance of Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the human brain and spinal cord, causing different symptoms such as loss of vision or limb movement disability. The condition is lifelong, may be diagnosed at a young age, and not result in severe dysfunction if timely treated and supported by a multidisciplinary team of physicians. MS is autoimmune and develops when the immune system damages the brain or spinal cord cells’ myelin sheath, making them weak or dysfunctional (Dobson & Giovannoni, 2019). The disease can be the relapsing-remitting type with the repeating symptoms’ episodes or the primarily progressive one with no remission periods and gradually worsening conditions. The symptoms of MS are diverse and frequently co-occur: blurred vision, difficulty walking, numbness in different parts of the body, fatigue, and coordination issues (Tobin, 2019). Moreover, the inadequate levels of vitamin D and sun exposure are proven related to the higher risk of developing sclerosis; thus, the long-lasting deficiency can lead to symptoms’ occurrence (Tobin, 2019). The increasing incidence of the disease signs signals the urgent need for screening to prevent severe outcomes. MS prevalence grows worldwide due to environmental factors and changes in people’s lifestyles. White and especially Nordic Europe ethnicities’ representatives develop the chronic condition more frequently than others; thus, European and Northern America’s countries have significant incidence rates (Tobin, 2019). Indeed, in 2021, 913.925 individuals were registered with the MS in the United States, with a prevalence of 288 per 100.000 inhabitants (Walton et al., 2020). With the rising attention to the disease, the statistics became more precise and collected by related local governmental and non-profit orga
Sound is the central point of the book by Truax who is famous in the world of acoustics. Truax (2000) sees sound as one of the forms in which people can exchange messages and either obtain or transfer information about certain phenomena of reality: “The communicational significance of any sound can only be judged within its complete context in the broadest environmental, social and cultural sense.” (Truax, 12) Consequently, sounds can be useful and pollutant for the acoustic communities. According to Truax (2000), the nature sounds is understood from the context in which they are used. Thus, sound intrusion can be defined as the sound which is “perceived or understood as not belonging or inappropriate to a given sound environment, and thereby a contributor to sound pollution. I had the chance to experience the influence of sound intrusion when I was a member of the acoustic community while living in a rented flat in a multi-story building. The community was already accustomed to the sounds environment that was present in the house, but its close location to the road contributed to much noise from cars driving and pedestrians walking every morning and evening by the house. This sound intrusion was evident because the noise from the road belonged to the interests of neither of the house inhabitants. At first, people were nervous about the sound intrusions but over the course of time, as Truax (2000) argues, they got used to the noise and those who did not decide to install soundproof windows in their apartments. The only people who did not consider the road noise intrusion were the drivers who also rented 3 flats in the house. They work in a noisy environment and such noise is not intrusive for them as representatives of a separate acoustic community. Works Cited Truax, Barry. Acoustic Communication (Second Edition). Ablex Publishing, 2000.
The ability to remember events and occasions is important in the life of a human being. Through memories, a man is able to recall where he placed a certain item, what went on in a particular day, and where he was on a certain date. Court proceedings depend on the ability of the accused and the offended to remember things as they happened. However, some memories are said to be false. It means that one can remember something that did not exist. This paper is aimed at addressing false memories by giving instances where such memories can occur. Care for the aged will be used as a practical example of how false memories can be costly and present a difficult situation that is hard to deal with. Cognitive Underpinnings of False Memory According to Schacter (1999), memories depend on the functioning of the frontal systems. The researcher says that one is bound to have good memories when frontal systems are in a good condition. On the other hand, a breakdown in the frontal systems contributes to false memories (Schacter, 1999). Therefore, it is prudent to adhere to practices that will ensure that the frontal systems are in good conditions if one is to avoid false memories. There are a number of factors that contribute to the breakdown of the frontal systems, as revealed by Gallo (2004). These factors include multiple tasks, aging, and frontal damage. The number of tasks that an individual is presented with might contribute to the breakdown in the frontal system (Gallo, 2004). If the tasks are few, then there is less likelihood that the person will have false memories (Zald, 2003). This is attributed to the fact that a person will concentrate mo