ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The story ‘Bartley’ is a description of a Scrivener or copyist of a law firm. The narration of the story is done by a lawyer of a firm who had employed Bartley. Apart from Bartley, the law firm had two other employees working as copyists who were Turkey and Nippers. The story is given the title ‘Bartley the Scrivener’ due to the amazing character which Bartleby displays in the law firm since the first day he was hired in the law firm. During the first few days of his work, Bartley did excellent work because his work was swift and accurate. During one of the incidences when the lawyer requested him to examine all copies of work for accuracy, he calmly replied that he would prefer not to examine the document. Shortly after this incident, Bartley denies the responsibility given by the lawyer to all the copyists to examine the large document by directly replying, “I would prefer not to examine the document.” The story contains a description of the life of Bartley hence the title “Bartleby the Scrivener.” Characters The book has several characters with each playing varied roles in the story. There are major characters that include the Lawyer, Bartleby, Turkey, Nippers among many other characters in the story. The “Lawyer” is not given any name in the story and is described as the narrator of the story. He is the owner of the law firm situated in Wall Street and the sole employer of the three copyists. He is depicted as an industrious, ambitious and business minded person and is nearly reaching sixty years of age. He is known for his good interaction with employees until he met Bartleby. Bartleby is a major character in the story. He was employed as a copyist in the law firm and displayed excellent work in the initial days of his employment. It reaches a point when he refuses to respond to duties given to him by the lawyer by openly showing defiance. Turkey is another character in the story. He has a predictable characteristic as shown in the story. He is known for his excellent performance of duties in the early hours of the day but all changes in the afternoon. During the afternoon hours of working, he makes a lot of mistakes as well as getting hot tempered. On the other hand, Nippers is the opposite of Turkey. He carries out his activities perfectly in the afternoon, but displays bad characteristics of working in the morning hours (Melville, 11). Ginger Nut is
Candida auris is the fungal pathogen that provokes a wide range of invasive infections that typically develop within healthcare facilities. It was first described in Japan in 2009 and there were multiple cases of outbreaks in five continents (Schelenz et al., 2016). For example, in the period from March 2012 and July 2013, there were 18 cases of infection reported in the United States (Calvo et al., 2016). Already in 2015, the first case of Candida auris was identified in a hospital in the United Kingdom (Schelenz et al., 2016). Thus, outbreaks of Candida auris is a burden of healthcare facilities worldwide. The major concerns of healthcare professionals are the multidrug resistance of this pathogen and the fact that it is difficult to identify due to its similarity to other Candida types (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Candida auris affects patients regardless of gender or age. Still, patients who were using broad-spectrum antibiotics or antifungal drugs have certain comorbid conditions such as diabetes, or those who had recent surgeries are at a higher risk of being infected. A specific patient population with increased risk of developing Candida auris includes patients of nursing homes and those receiving long-term care due to the fact that they have breathing or feeding tubes or central venous catheters. In case a patient with Candida auris is revealed in a long-term care facility, it is necessary develop an intervention to manage the case and avoid the spread of infection. This paper reviews the findings of current scholarly literature about Candida auris , presents the case of its outbreak, and provides a technologically-based solution for the case. Literature Review Candida auris is “an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen that can be difficult to identify using traditional biochemical methods” (Sears & Schwarts, 2017, p. 95). Due to problems with identification, Candida auris can spread quickly in conditions of a healthcare facility. It is clinically proved that this pathogen causes such diseases as “fungemia, ventriculitis, osteomyelitis, malignant otitis(including otomastoiditis), complicated intra-abdominal infections, pericarditis, complicated pleural effusions, and vulvovaginitis” (Sears & Schwarts, 2017, p. 96). Preventive strategies include control of the removed catheters and tubes, and particular attention to patients receiving anti-fungal therapy or experienced recent surgeries. To prevent the spread of infection, it is recommended to apply Standard Precautions as well as Contact Precautions (Sears & Schwarts, 2017). Spivak and Hanson (2017) also claim that the key problem in identifying and treating Candida auris is its multi-drug resistance and frequent misidentification. Moreover, the researchers admit that the pathogen can be transmitted between and within healthcare facilities due to virulence factors that empower skin colonization of Candida auris . Chowdhary, Sharma, and Meis (2017) discover Candida auris as a rapidly developing reason for hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections in the global context. They treat this pathogen as a threat to society and a challenge for
Introduction There are different cultural practices of people across the world which varies in one way or the other. According to Crapo (2013), a careful study of these cultures reveals that although there are some fundamental differences in the practices, sometimes it is common to find some similarities. In this study, the researcher will focus on comparing the rites of passage among two different communities. Each community had its own rites of passage and unique ways of celebrating such events. Some of these practices may have been restructured due to globalization and modernization that is turning the world into a global village. However, various communities still maintain their traditional heritage, preferring to continue with these practices despite the changes brought about by globalization. In this study, the researcher will compare and contrast the cultural rites of passage among the Egyptians and that of the Hindu. The researcher seeks to confirm although these two cultures differ in their rites of passage practices, they also share a number of cultural values. Hindus have been able to maintain their cultural practices despite the changes that are taking place in the global world. Although they have embraced modernization, they have been able to maintain most of their cultural practices not only in their home countries in India, but also in various other parts of the world where they live (Rinehart, 2004). On the other hand, the Egyptians have maintained their heritage within their country. Most of the Egyptians who travel to other countries, especially the West, are always easily converted to other cultural practices that are permitted by their Islamic religion (Moscovitch, 2007). However, those who live in the rural settings along river Nile have maintained some of their traditional practices. Most of the Egyptians have maintained their traditional heritage, especially the rites of passage even though they have also embraced Western education. The education has helped them shape some of the practices, especially those that were considered barbaric. How the two cultures approach the rites of passage As mentioned, the Hindus have remained loyal to their traditional rites of passage. According to Rinehart (2004), the Hindus consider the rites of passage as stages in life that cannot be ignored. They celebrate these rites as per their traditional believes. These rites will always bring together the members of the extended families to share in the joy or grief, depending on their beliefs. Different rituals would be conducted in such ceremonies based on the nature of the event. The Egyptians, especially those in the Upper Egypt, had specific rites of passage for boys and girls from the time of birth, to the time they join adulthood, and their ultimate death at old age. This strong cultural heritage is still common in this region, and other communities that have lived together with the Egyptians for years, such as the Nubians, have embraced the culture and are still practicing it. Comparing and contrasting rites of passage practices among the two communities As previously mentioned, although the practices among the Hin
Introduction In order to understand different approaches to leadership, Drs. Lane Holt and John Cullen have created a classification system that includes seven personality types. These leadership types are: Will, Love, Active, Harmony, Scientific, Ideal, and Organizer. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the leadership qualities of a successful African American toymaker using interview questions and the Holt Types Test. Holt Test Results For the purposes of the study, the researcher has chosen to interview and test a successful African American independent toymaker in his thirties who has a small team making custom products for children from various age groups. The interviewer and interviewee both have passed the Holt test. The comparison of the results aims to identify the leadership type of the interviewee. The test passed by the interviewer shows that the top three leadership types of the target person are Love, Scientific, and Organizer. These three types have equally high scores. According to Profiles of Leadership , Love type values human element at work and cares for his employees. Group work is crucial for him to show his true abilities. Love types encourage participation of employees in decision-making. They understand people and are able to share their feelings. Love types are eager to learn and gain wisdom and can show their employees how to improve their productivity at work. Their leadership approach is strongly marked by intuition. Along with these strengths, Love types have a number of weaknesses. They are easily hurt by negative feedback, they know how to manipulate their employees with their emotions, and feel difficulty in making choices. The interviewer’s choices in the test support these propositions. The interviewer rates the person as participating, kind, gentle, and healing. In the process of communication, the interviewee shows his will to gain knowledge and wisdom. He tends to be forgiving to his employees at work and shows compassion in discussion of their problems. The interviewee is highly sociable and ready to accept the propositions of his employees. In contrast with the description of the type, he lacks group orientation, preferring to make decisions on his own. According to the test results by the interviewer, he tends to be very generous in giving rewards to his workers. The second leadership type of the person is Scientific. The main aim of this type is the search for truth in the form of solid facts. Scientific types tend to believe only in the information their senses tell them, ignoring abstract notions and values. They analyze all situations objectively dividing all deeds and factors into right and wrong. Scientific types are masters in dealing with technical knowledge, they use facts from various spheres and share their wisdom with their employees in form of definite instructions. In contrast with Love type
Diversification of existing assets is one of the common ways to reduce the risks associated with earning income. However, there are several different points of view regarding the implementation of this technique. The study under consideration is devoted to the analysis of approaches to forming a portfolio of stocks from the perspective of diversification, emphasizing the number of assets included. The article’s author contrasts his calculations and opinions based on them with the then-popular approach from Evans and Archer, according to which ten shares are enough (Statman 353). This technique has been cited in many articles and textbooks because it was considered sufficient to reduce risk. In addition, according to these studies, owning more than ten shares is not worthwhile, as they will not bring adequate economic benefits from diversification. Statman opposes this approach, stating that a well-diversified portfolio should include 30 and 40 shares for borrowing and lending investors, respectively (Statman 353). Therefore, the entire article is devoted to providing evidence for a broader range of stocks than what Evans and Archer suggest. For this, the author first assesses diversification as a phenomenon, highlighting its positive and negative aspects. He emphasizes that it is usually logical and desirable to use this method if the revenues and benefits are greater than the costs (Statman 354). However, in his calculations, the author uses returns as the main measured parameter. Thus, it is proposed to analyze risk reduction through diversification in return units using mathematical calculations and comparison of different portfolios. In this case, a portfolio containing 500 different stocks is used as a benchmark (Statman 355). As a result of the study, the author obtains several vital conclusions. First, the Vanguard Index Trust has been found to have many more benefits for more extensive portfolios. Second, the calculations showed low reliability of using the standard distribution for a portfolio with many shares (Statman 360). Finally, the author concludes his paper with an analysis of the benefits of diversification and their prevalence, from which it follows that a minimal number of people have sufficiently diversified portfolios. Statman (362) discusses why people can ignore the obvious benefits of this method and how this situation can be corrected. However, he remains quite cautious and does not recommend implementing fully diversified portfolios for all investors. Work Cited Statman, Meir. “How Many Stocks Make a Diversified Portfolio?” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis , vol. 22, no. 3, 1987, pp. 353-363.
Executive Summary Contemporary commercialization of sports has led to the emergence of modern sports icons like David Beckham, Tiger Woods, and Michael Jordan, who are adored by international audiences. Modern technological advances have emphasized the status of sports personalities and clubs who control major media outlets, hence they are much sought after by large corporations for their public image projections. Modern sports clubs have similarly evolved from their traditional amateur status to become affluent global enterprises that are structured much like the international conglomerates. The clubs and their affiliated players have adopted modern business practices and employed professionals to manage their sports enterprises. Spain’s FC Barcelona is one the leading football clubs which has adopted modern sports management techniques and marketing strategies to emerge as one of the world’s premier soccer clubs with a large global fan base. Introduction Football or soccer is considered the most popular sport in the world, with a fanatical following in most countries which usually unite and divide nations in equal measures. The previous soccer World Cup in Germany had an estimated total television viewership of 34 billion. Club football which is played in a majority of countries and across borders in tournaments and super-leagues also draws huge global television viewership and large stadium crowds in the top leagues of Europe and South America. To tap into the potential revenues generated, clubs have formulated various marketing strategies aimed at conserving their fan-base and attracting lucrative sponsorship deals from the largest global corporations who are also eager to market their products through the club’s kits and paraphernalia. The top European football clubs have also employed various tactics aimed at penetrating foreign markets in Asia and North America. FC Barcelona, the second biggest soccer club in Spain and one of the largest in the world, has a worldwide following on all continents. The club has adopted an aggressive marketing stratagem designed to make it one of the foremost football clubs in the world by enhancing its brand internationally. FC Barcelona, founded in 1899, is regarded as the symbol of the Catalonian people in Spain and boasts of the world’s second-largest soccer stadium, which initially had a capacity of 120,000 spectators but now at 98,000. It is also one the most successful football clubs (only surpassed by its arch-rival, Real Madrid) in terms of trophies and cups won with a total of 16 Catalan league titles, four European Cup Winners’ titles, two European Champions leagues cups, two European Super Cups, 24 Spanish Cups, 18 Spanish leagues, and five Spanish Super Cups. The club also operates other sports segments in the form of basketball, handball, hockey, rugby, volleyball, cyclin
According to Zhou (1996), Cultural Revolution was introduced in China by Communist Party in the 1960s. The cultural aspect was incorporated into policies of the New Democracy, which was responsible for claims of a new state for legitimacy. However, there were various anomalies identified within the New Democracy. A good example is undertaking land reforms for purposes of ending feudalism, where land was to be redistributed to landless citizens for equity purposes. Land reform issue was applied differently in towns and countryside, whereby labour and bureaucratic regulations were enhanced in cities as opposed to the countryside. There was need for reinforcing individual entrepreneurship which was measured against public requirements and control. All these were as a result of penetration of the ruling Party within society and based on class alliance and democracy (Scott, 1985). The Party’s ideological commitment to socialism granted them the concentration of political and economic power, which was applied through forceful interventions. Inclination to socialism was as a result of country’s cooperation with Soviet Union. This collaboration assisted in the building and development of an industrial base through mobilization of internal resources (Blecher, 1989). It resulted into building of heavy industries within the agricultural sector through collectivization. The Chinese countryside was collectivized in the mid-1950s, which resulted into communes. At the same time, reorganization of the countryside was followed by abolition of private ownership within industrial estates (Zhou, 1996). However, despite achievement in moving from New Democracy to Socialism, there was accumulative impatience amongst people based on their disastrous welfare. Crisis amongst people led to intra-Party conflicts and struggles, which eventually led to Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The revolution was used as means of socialism, which assisted in creating new power structure best referred to as bureaucratic capitalism (Blecher, 1989). Such power structure was associated with inequality and exploitation, whereby Cultural Revolution created fresh wounds against the new power structure. The mass Cultural Revolution practiced by Maoists was viewed as means of creating cultural habits in support of socialists and their power game rules. Such revolution as experienced by Chinese community introduced new dimension within the socialist political theory which focused on culture as a central ingredient for change as opposed to material change, which formed the core ingredient in the creation of socialism (Garnaut, 2009). The demise of Mao in 1978, led to a period of ‘reform and opening’ which resulted into China being amongst the emergent global capitalists. Under the le
Introduction The prejudicial treatment of a person basing on being a member of a class or group is known as discrimination. It includes certain behaviors towards people such as preventing one group of people from opportunities that are available to the other groups. Discrimination is the culmination of traits and understanding of the distinctions between things, which comes in varying frames and forms (Appleby, 2007). Fiction is a narrative work that deals with news and events that are not on facts but imaginary created by the author. A writer tries to determine peoples’ response to nature and activities by giving a report from a perspective, like a film maker through pointing of the camera shapes peoples’ reactions to a film. In fictions, a writer’s interpretation of a narrator, point of view, is essential to peoples’ experience as readers. Narrators classified are either party or nonparticipant narrators. A narrator that is nonparticipant talks in the third person referring to actors by their names. Explicit way of stories characterized in concert known as drama. Drama is an operation performed by actors before an audience on stage assumes means of performance that are collaborative and a reaction that is combined. Combined response and collaborative writing directly prejudice it (Saputo, 2011). Drama: No Sugar by Jack Davis In the 20th Century, it is a recognized factor in Australia, and all over the rest of the world, that there was neglect of Aborigines since the settlement of the first western civilization, and for several years after the western culture. It is the most fundamental aim of dramas to highlight issues, such as racism, and thoughts in relation to these matters to life through dramatic presentations and the use of various techniques. Jack Davis wrote a book of revisionist known as No Sugar in 1985, which was one of these dramas. Jack Davis brought issues and even expressed his own thoughts about issues such as the discrimination of the treatment of Aboriginal in 1930’s. The revisionist text of no sugar described life extensively, and thus offering a different perspective of the point of view of Aboriginal, on activities which came about during the period of the discrimination issue at hand (Davis, 1985). No Sugar, the drama written by Jack Davis, highlights the exploitation of Aborigines in Australia in 1930’s. More explicitly, it concerned the relations of Millimurra, and their immense success against the whites and treated like substances in their own country. The stage play was present in Moore River and Northam, in Western Australia. Jack surveyed matters surrounding the behavior of Aborigines during that time and reflected his own thoughts concerning these issues. One of the issues highlighted with reference to that time in No Sugar was how Aborigines were discriminated against, because of the color of their skin. For instance, in the first scene of the first act, Cissie complained because her and her brother went to get apples, and they were given shriveled up ones, while the ch