ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In economics, the term competition refers to buyers and sellers striving for a bigger share in the market. Individuals and firms have some interest in the products and services within a market structure. Because of the differing levels of competition in the market, different market structures emerge with varying effects in the market. Thus, Firms have to know not only about costs, but also about revenues when they make pricing and output decisions (Maurice & Thomas 34). There are various market structures, all dependent upon the extent of competition. This paper discusses the competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies with regards to levels of competition. Economic competition can be categorized in three levels: direct competition, substitute competition, and budget competition. Direct competition involves products of the same features competing in the market. Substitute competition is where products with different features can act as substitute of one another. Lastly, budget competition is where consumers take charge in spending their money. Perfect Competition At one stage, when buyers and sellers correctly assume that they cannot influence the market price, the market structure is one of perfect competition. Perfect competition has the following features: 1. The products in the market have same features. 2. Any firm can enter or exit the industry at will. 3. There must be a big number of participants in the market who do not influence the price individually, and 4. There must be complete information; both buyers and sellers must clearly know about market price, product quality, and cost conditions (Png & Lehman 118). In essence, a perfectly competitive firm is one that is such a small part of the total industry in which it operates, and that it cannot significantly affect the product in question. Perfect competition results to various judgments regarding solutions to some economic problems, such as how much is produced, price charged, and methods of production. Since an individual firm has to accept the price set by the market, it is important for the supplier to determine the quantity to produce as per the available price. A supplier will generate the quantity that capitalizes on the profit of the company; this is where the marginal cost of production is the same as the market price. Thus, the entire production of all firms in the market establis
According to the report presented by the University of Louisville, workplace bullying is a repeated action of one employee or a group of employees towards another individual or group. These actions are focused on intimidation, and they put the safety and health of an employee at risk (n.d., p. 1). Bullying in the workplace is predominantly connected with the abuse of power by an individual or a group. Behavior that is considered bullying is intimidating, degrading, and offending as well as humiliating for an employee, which is often observed by all workers in a facility. Furthermore, bullying differs from aggression, which is a one-time act, in that it is a repeated pattern of behavioral attacks towards an individual. In the majority of instances, workplace bullying occurs between employees of a similar rank rather than a supervisor and employees. Statistics on workplace bullying do not show favorable results—approximately one in four American employees have reported bullying in the workplace, which would be thirty million people (University of Louisville, n.d., p. 3). Bullying in the workplace can occur in a number of different ways, for instance, in a routine situation, via e-mail or corporate chat rooms, or through social media; however, in some cases, workplace bullying can exceed the limits of the workplace and transfer to the private life of a bullied individual (Safe Work Australia, 2013, p. 4). Furthermore, bullying is predominantly targeted at a person a bully is supposedly threatened by; thus, the target of bullying may not even understand the reason for being bullied. Lastly, compared to harassment, which is illegal, workplace bullying is unfortunately not. Dealing with Workplace Bullying Potential Workplace Bullying Identification Dealing with bullying in the workplace is an issue that should be a top priority for a responsible leader. It is anticipated that appropriate mitigating procedures, policies, and a fair process of investigation for both parties of a conflict will, subsequently, resolve the issue (Quigg, 2016, p. 116). Thus, the issue of solving workplace bullying conflicts requires a strong leader that is able to identify primary aspects of the conflict, resolve it, and prevent it from occurring in the future. The following process may aid in identifying primary characteristics of bullying as well as assessing the risks for it to appear:   * Getting feedback through interviews from employees that have left or are leaving the company;   * Getting feedback from the company’s supervisors and managers as well as other parties that have direct contact with employees on both external and internal levels;   * Monitoring the reports of incidents that occur in business, including claims for compensation, absence from the workplace, employee turnover, and any other instances that are linked to unexplained behavior or sudden changes in employees’ attitudes;   * Making sure to recognize the changes in relationships among staff, managers, business partners, and clients (Safe Work Australia, 2013, p. 8). Management, Review, and Risk Control R
Introduction The short story entitled “Night Women” by Edwidge Danticat is a monologue. The protagonist is a young woman who is a prostitute and leads a secret life with her young son who is not aware of what is going on. From the exposition that is given about the story, it is clear that the young woman is not comfortable with her prostitute business. The circumstances surrounding her force her to continue exercising prostitution. One of the reasons why the young woman is not comfortable with her prostitution is because it is against Haitian culture and traditions. To be able to sustain herself on a financial basis, she has to continue with this moral evil because she loves her son in a great way. From the background information that we get about the short story, it is reasonable to say that the complications arise when the young mother ponders whether to continue with her prostitute business or not. In a nutshell, the complication is the internal fight, in the young woman’s mind, as she wrestles between the Haitian culture and tradition that is against prostitution and her financial survival in the Haitian society that is faced with abject poverty. The climax occurs when the woman concludes that women who work during the day do not have the independence to do what they want. This leads to the resolution. She argues that her prostitution business is worthwhile since it gives her the independence to do what she wants and in addition provides a source of income to support her son who she loves very much. Main body Edwidge Danticat brings out complications within the story by creating a protagonist who exercises a prostitution business that is considered to be a moral evil within Haitian society. The young woman has a moral decision to make. She has to choose whether to continue engaging in prostitution that grants her the independence to sustain herself financially. She thinks deeply about the two options. She knows that “there are two kinds of women: day women and night women”(Danticat 84). She finds it hard to make a decision. She is “…stuck between the day and night in a golden amber bronze”(Danticat 84). Edwidge Danticat uses the day woman to represent the women in the Haitian society that respect the Haitian culture and tradition and who follow it to the letter. On the hand, he uses the night woman to represent the women in the Haitian society who are not ready to abide by the culture. These women view culture as an obstacle to their independence. They wish to do whatever their hearts wish. They are willing to do anything without considering the cultural integrity of their deeds to obtain their livelihood. Edwidge Danticat creates the climax of the story when the young woman decides to continue with her prostitution business. She decides to become a “night woman”. The main reason why she justifies her final decision is that there are cases of oppression, especially for low-class people within the Haitian society. There are also some incidences of racism that the lower class is subjected to. Bearing in mind that she is ranked within the lower class in Haitian society, it is clear that the circumstances surrounding her are not favora
Abstract This research paper considers the development of the Communist Party of Russia (CPRF) over the last two decades. It begins by providing a historical context surrounding the formation of the party in 1993. The paper notes how the CPRF emerged as the successor to the Communist Part of the Soviet Union. A review of the first years of the party and its success at the electoral system is given. The paper traces the party support over the years and notes that the party made some ideological changes in order to adapt to the new political system. The paper notes that the economy has played a significant role in Communist politics with Communist candidates exploiting the poor economic state of the country to make electoral gains. However, this tact will be unsustainable as Russia’s economy grows. It reveals that in spite of the party’s poor performance in the previous elections, it is still the most organized party in Russia and the most vocal opposition party. The paper concludes by stating that the Communist party will continue to be a key player in Russian politics at least for the next decade. Outline   * Introduction The Communist Party which ruled Russia for much of the 20th century experienced a collapse in the late 1980s following the end of the Cold war. However, the party has been demonstrating growth since the 1990s due to its ability to adapt itself therefore remaining relevant in the Russian political scene.   * Brief Historical Overview The collapse of the Soviet Union initiated the decline of the Communist party with the decline reaching an ultimate following the outlawing of the party by Boris Yeltsin.   * Reemergence of the Communist Party A number of factors are to be credited with the re-emergence of the communist Party in post-Soviet Russia. The factors are: the suffering of Russians in the early post-Soviet era, the forging of alliances among various communist contendors, and the inherited institutional legacy from the Soviet era Communist Party.   * Party Support The CPRF has exhibited support from different quotas in its 2 decade existence. The older generation made up the support base in the parties early years. Citizens with nationalistic sentiments also support the party. Currently, support for the party is based upon ideological values by the members.   * Ideology The post Soviet-Era communist party evolved from a Marxism-Leninism ideology to a West European form of social democracy. The party styles itself as a party of patriots dedicated to defending Russian statehood.   * Future of the Communist Party The CPRF has experienced a decrease in influence, a situation accentuated by the sizable losses in votes and parliamentary seats in the 2003 elections. However, the party is still the second-largest electoral party. The good organization of the Communit party is its strong point and it continues to be the main challenger to government policies.   * Discussion and Conclusion The importance of the Communist Party of the Russian Federatio
Introduction La Amistad is a film that was written by David Franzoni and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on a historical incident that took place in 1839.The movie is about a group of Africans who are kidnapped and sold into slavery at a time when slavery has already been declared illegal trade in the high seas. These slaves are captured from Africa and sold into slavery, and at the time of the incident, they have been taken to Cuba and are ready for transportation to a new destination to serve as slaves. This new destination is Spain. Main text As the film commences, Sengbe, who is addressed by the Spanish equivalent, Cinque manages to secure a nail which he uses to unlock his shackles. He then proceeds to free a number of slaves resulting in a huge free force that descends on the crew killing most of them. Only two are left for the purpose of sailing the ship called la Amistad back to Africa. But as it turns out, the American navy captures them and takes them to the state of Connecticut, United States where they are jailed. What happens after the jailing? The Queen of Spain, Isabella II, makes a demand that the ship and the cargo, meaning the slaves, be sent to Spain since they are Spanish property. This is a case that angers the abolitionists who are determined to end this cruel and evil treatment of fellow human beings. It is reminiscent of the treatment of Israelites while in slavery in Egypt. On the other hand, the supporters of slavery are determined to keep the slaves in the United States as a source of labor given that at this time, the southern part of the United States is heavily reliant on slave labor on its plantations. The other option that this group of people can withstand is the shipping back of these slaves to Spain. The court battle that follows involves a number of groups claiming ownership of slaves. The abolitionists and their lawyer are also there trying to convince the judge that the Africans were free people who were illegally captured from their homes and sold into slavery. In fact, Cinque is a tribal chief. In the court struggle, Cinque stands accused to stirring trouble in a ship in the high seas. The abolitionists look for the support of John Quincy Adams, an old statesman whose father was a founding figure of the United States. In the Supreme Court hearing that serves as the second court session for the Africans, Adams makes an impassioned pleas for the release of the Africans saying that enslaving them would by hypocritical given the fight they had put up to escape the mistreatment of the Britons during colonial times. The slaves are released to the annoyance of the pro-slave forces. Does this movie convey the essence of the times? Is it historically accurate? To say that the movie is inaccurate is to be dishonest. Also, denying that it conveys the essence of the times is to lie. To a large extent la Amistad captures the times in the most appropriate way. The portrayal of the kind of suffering the slaves had to endure is real and the evil nature of their captors is well illustrated. Above all, th
Cesare Lombroso was one of the most renowned scientific biology and criminology theorists. He invented the term atavism, suggesting that illegal activity results from primitive desires that have survived evolution. Lombroso analyzed people’s appearance, highlighting the key elements for each type of crime. According to him, certain physical traits can be used to predict potential criminals. The developed theories formed the basis of the Italian school of criminology, or criminal anthropology, which studies the interaction between anthropometrics and criminal activity. Such figures as Enrico Ferri, Raffael Garofalo, and even Charles Darwin were also involved in developing these theories. Since Lombroso was the first criminologist to take a scientific approach to studying criminals, he is considered by many to be the ancestor of modern criminology. His theory and concept of atavism were revised many times, while Lombroso re-evaluated the impact of anthropological and environmental traits. In his theories, he also studied female criminals, linking them primarily to prostitution. Lombroso’s teachings were further explored in the writings of the English physician Charles Buckman Goring and the professor of anthropology Earnest A. Hooton. They both examined thousands of inmates, concluding that the environment has a much more significant effect than physical traits on the spread of criminality. Thus, at the moment, the concept of anthropological criminology is considered a dead end. However, according to Canadian researchers, the study of minor traits in children associated with genetic problems or exposure to toxins may help analyze the risk of violent activity.
Sometimes, there may be reasons to suspect students in the violation of the order in a school. To that end, in the United States, there is a mechanism of searches that – to an exact extent – can ensure discipline and prevent many undesirable issues in this regard. However, this topic is not as simple as it may seem at first approximation. In particular, there is considerable ambiguity in terms of the violation of the student’s right to privacy. Within the scope of the theme, a significant number of factors should not be forgotten, which justifies the necessity of constant research and reviews. What is more, from the perspective of the mentioned topic, it can be seen how the decision-making process of school leaders is affected by the legal dimension in the country, as well as its importance. Below, a discussion on the lawful grounds for the search of students in schools will be provided. In the Constitution, there is the Fourth Amendment, according to which the rights of the people are to be protected in their personalities, accommodations, and documents from inappropriate searches and seizures. These rights cannot be breached, as well as no Warrants can be issued without a reasonable cause that should be founded n Oath (U. S. Const. amend. IV.). It seems rational to say that in accordance with these statements, the government has no legal opportunity to conduct unreasonable and warrantless interventions in an area in which an individual or individuals have their privacy rights (the United States v. Chadwick, 1997). At this point, the question of whether such a state of affairs is applicable to students in schools or not. It may be claimed that different standards are applied to students. The latter, as adults, apparently have constitutional rights (Morse v. Frederick, 2007); however, they are not absolutely the same as a free adult has under the other conditions. A student does not lose their constitutional rights at school, but they do not get identical protection that the Fourth Amendment provides. This, again, is due to the fact that an adult is in other circumstances. In the mentioned educational establishments, a student has only a limited privacy right. The Fourth Amendment which does not allow imprudent searches and seizures is applicable to searches that are conducted by a public school official. Nevertheless, the rights of a student are to be defined, taking into account particular peculiarities of schools’ conditions. The United States, which has the role of the schoolmaster of children, can undertake a more considerable extent of supervision and control in comparison to an adult who is free in this vein (Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 1995). This determines whether a search is appropriate or not; hence, the search of students can be legitimate. Given the rationale above, it might be suggested that the search of students by school officials is to be reasonable, and all conditions should be considered. In order to define whether such a search is appropriate, one should remember a number of
This movie takes a different turn from the conventional movie plots. Most American movies plots culminate in “happy ending” in which the protagonists engage a number of witty moves and maneuvers to prevent some bad action from the villain(s) and consequently bring them into account. The plot in this movie details how an imminent terrorist attack is being responded to by the British government operatives. Cast on two fronts, Dirty War trails a team of terrorists who plan, ship, assemble and ultimately explode a bomb in the financial district of London (Percival). On the second front, the government authorities are planning on how to stop the impending attack. Several terrorist cells are operating in Britain. Following several years of planning an attack by Muslim extremists, it is ready to be executed. The British authorities namely the Scotland Yard race against time to foil the attack but they seem to have no idea of what the attack would be (Percival). This team comprise of the head of the anti terrorism unit who has been charged with protecting London from any attacks. In a strange twist, the team also consists of a woman, a Pakistani Muslim operating under the Scotland Yard and charged with investigating another Islamic terror cell. Alongside this team are the first responders namely the firemen and other emergency service personnel. Ironically as preparations by terrorists strike reach top notch, this team is conducting a routine drill to simulate how they would respond to an attack oblivious of the unfolding realities. The drill exposes serious flaws and shortcomings in their response system. The response team has inadequate training, equipment, manpower and lack proper coordination (Percival). Lastly, there is the political class of the authorities that invariantly keep on assuring the public that all is in place to combat any terrorist threat despite these obvious shortcomings. Meanwhile, unknown to the British authorities the terrorist cell operating in London has smuggled radioactive materials namely uranium in packages disguised as cooking oil. In addition, they have devised some means to explode it my making a dirty bomb from conventional explosives. As several of these dirty bombs are exploded in London’s subway entrances by the suicide bombers on one morning, the whole area goes chaotic (Percival). Scores of commuters are left dead, more are injured but even more dangerous is the radioactive plumes that have been dispatched to the environment, with a potential of killing and adversely affecting more people in the contaminated environment. The Scotland Yard is taken unawares. As they are joined by the police, the MI-5 and MI-6 to prevent further attacks and seize any more bombs and perpetrators, the firefighters are indulged in a risky search and rescue operation. Meanwhile, another team is working to
Introduction Riordan is an international manufacturing company which specializes in large scale production of plastic parts. These plastics are used in the manufacture of beverage containers at the company’s plants in the United States. The plants are located in several cities such as Pontiac, Michigan and Albany, Georgia. The company also has a fan manufacturing industry located in Hangzhou, China. Customers from automotive parts manufacturers, department of defense, aircraft manufacturers, beverage makers & bottlers, and alliance manufacturers are served by Riordan’s employees. The company has also flourished due to the customer care it provides. The affairs of the company in accordance with the article of incorporation and other relevant laws are fully executed by the board of directors. The Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan will serve as a guide on how the company will handle current and future issues on legal matters relating to officers and directors of Riordan, enterprise liability, real and intellectual property, governance principles, and the specific international laws that must be adhered to by Riordan employees. Mission statement By using the Six Sigma business management strategy and being on the leading edge in the use of research and development (R&D) tools, Riordan has earned its certification under ISO 9000. This defines the company’s ability in realizing all their goals in the manufacturing sector. As an industry, they are able to stand up to the challenges brought about by customers in the different lines of production. Their R&D enables them to determine the current trends in the market that are relevant in increasing customer satisfaction. Employment and labor The organization needs to maintain well informed, creative and a supported team of employees so as to always ensure the viability of the company. Compliance with local and international authorities aids in the protection of Riordan employees as well as the environment they work in. These la