ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Miranda v. Arizona. Impact on the Criminal Justice Field and the U.S. Citizens The use of violence and force as the means of retrieving essential evidence from suspects, as well as compelling them to confess to committing crimes, has been causing a significant uproar in the United States. The case of Miranda v. Arizona seemed to put an end to the problem. According to the court provisions, the suspects must be given the Miranda warning before the interrogation process. The warning, in its turn, contains the information about the opportunity to consult a lawyer, as well as to refrain from providing the members of the police force with the requested information (Maclin, 2015). It should be noted, though, that the Miranda Law has undergone significant changes over the past few decades. Therefore, the effects that the Miranda Law has had on the U.S. legal environment can be viewed as dubious. On the one hand, the regulation created premises for fair treatment of suspects, thus, supposedly preventing police violence. On the other hand, the regulation can become an impediment in investigating a case and resolving the issue. In other words, the safety of U.S. citizens may be jeopardized. Application to a Scenario. A Burglary Analysis Scrutinizing the case under analysis through the lens of the Miranda Law, one must admit that Grant’s confession aligns with the tenets of the regulation. Indeed, according to the principles thereof, after being provided with the information about his right based on the regulation in question, Grant had the right to either withhold the information or disclose it. By choosing the latter, he waivered his Miranda right, yet it was his conscious choice. As far as Paul’s case is concerned, the issue is slightly more complicated. Seeing that he had already been given his Miranda warning before he agreed to cooperate, his attempt at withholding the relevant information and asking for the bond seems somewhat unwarranted. The first statement made by Paul, therefore, can be viewed as in accord with the essential tenets of the Miranda Law. Nevertheless, the conditions under which the second part of his evidence was retrieved can be deemed as very suspicious. Given the fact that he objected to providing evidence unless his bond was changed and then suddenly succumbed to the demands of the police after a private conversation suggest that the police officer could have applied force. Waiver of One’s Miranda Rights. Definition As shown in the example above, one may waive one’s Miranda right when being interrogated by the police. The identified phenomenon implies that the person under interrogation refuses from using their right to remain silent or to ask for the presence of their attorney. Waiving one’s Miranda right may be viewed as the sign of one having no illegal informatio
Key West is one of the most fabulous places in the world. I would recommend to everyone who enjoys traveling to visit this place and enjoy its beauty. Key West is a city and also an island of the same name near the southernmost tip of the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. Travelers can reach this exotic place either through the seaport or by air. The Key West International Airport provides airline service. Hotels and guest houses are available for lodging. Besides, people who enjoy food are not left behind; there are several restaurants that offer a variety of indoor or outdoor dining. The most attracting tourist spots in Key West is the fabulous Key West sunset, the enchanting walk through one of the Old Town lane and the smell the jasmine, or even enjoying the popular duo at one of the bars on Duval Street can be a some of the most memorable moments in one’s life. Generally, the most unique structures in Key West date from 1886 to 1912. The most unique features that differentiate the local architecture include wood frame construction of one to two-and-a-half story structures set on foundation piers about three feet above the ground. Exterior characteristics of the buildings are peaked “tin” roofs, horizontal wood siding, pastel shades of paint, side-hinged louvered shutters, covered porches (or balconies, galleries, or verandas) together with the fronts of the structures, and wood lattice screens covering the area elevated by the piers. For any of the tourists, these are some of the unique features that can inspire them. The new section on the east which is perceived as north is now called “New Town.” This place contains several shopping centers, strip malls, and the island’s commercial airport. It can be said that each and every person starting from the young to the old ones have some attractions for them. There are some of the finest saltwater fishing are people enjoy these activities. Besides, the fresh seafood dinner at one of the fine Key West restaurants is another delicious treat. Tourists can also enjoy a trip on a smaller charter to view dolphins in the wild or to kayak in the backcountry off Key West. One of the biggest attractions on the island is a concrete replica of a buoy at the corner of South and Whitehead Streets that is said to be the southernmost point in the adjacent 48 states. This point was initially just marked with a sign, which was often stolen. As a result, the city of Key West erected the now famous monument in 1983 (Key West History). Brightly painted and labeled “SOUTHERNMOST POINT CONTINENTAL U.S.A.”, and it is one of the most visited and photographed attractions in Key West (AOL city guide). It is often seen that many visitors rent a bicycle and explore the history and architecture of O
Introduction Through the evaluation of the historical and current perceptions of families, this essay evaluates the sociological view of the family unit. To achieve this goal, this paper explores the sociological concepts, theories, and historical basis of the family unit to explain its purpose in the society. In detail, this paper explores important issues concerning the family, such as, what families are supposed to do, the public and private purposes of family, and how the societal perceptions of families, as private and public goods, have evolved throughout the years. However, to have a better grasp of these issues, it is important to understand the family in focus – first family of America. First family of the United States (US) The 44 th president of America, Barack Obama, currently heads the first family of the United States (US). Michelle Obama is the wife of the president and by virtue of matrimonial relationship; she is the first lady of the US. Barack and Michelle Obama have only two children, Malia Obama and Sasha Obama. Because of the public attention that most people give the first family, this paper uses this social unit to explain the social significance of the family through the postmodern theory and the symbolic interaction theory Symbolic Interaction Theory Max Weber developed the symbolic interaction theory by saying the perception of people regarding their environment informs their behavioral ideas and social approvals (social construction) (Crossman, 2013, p. 1). His idea was informed by the fact that the actions of most people usually depend on their understanding of the meaning of the world. Many researchers have touted this understanding as an important component of the sociological framework theory because it explains the premise that most sociologists use to understand social interactions (Crossman, 2013). The symbolic interaction theory is central to the understanding of the first family because the first family is symbolic of the highest status of a family unit in America. Based on this high social standing that the first family enjoys in America, the symbolic interaction theory helps to explain the subjective meanings that most people attribute to such a symbolic social unit. Understanding people’s subjective meanings, in this context, is essential to the understanding of the first family because Crossman (2013) says, people base their opinions on what they believe is right, and not what is objectively true. Even though the symbolic interaction theory is a major framework of the sociological theory, some pundits say that the theory does not address the macro-understanding of social interactions (Crossman, 2013). In other words, these critics claim the symbolic interaction theory fails to capture the “big picture” of human interactions. The reason behind this criticism is the belief that many proponents of the symbolic interaction theory prefer to use social forces to explain human interaction, which is a wrong approach, according to the critics (Crossman, 2013). Postmodern Theory Similar to the symbolic interaction theory, the postmodern theory also explains the existence of the first
MNCs/TNCs and Their Roles in the Global Economy International trade is important because it encourages the production of goods and services through multinational corporations (MNCs) or transnational corporations (TNCs). By definition, MNCs or TNCs are those commercial entities that are characterized by international production of goods and services, overseas investment, addition to income and asset management in various nations (Isaac et al, 2020). MNCs contribute immensely to the creation of employment opportunities in the host countries. In the past decade, for instance, MNCs have been responsible for the millions of employees working in developing nations (Isaac et al, 2020). Moreover, the enterprises are crucial in channeling financial and physical wealth through to those counties with declining capital and infrastructural shortages (Isaac et al, 2020). As a result, wealth is created which then generates employment opportunities. Therefore, MNCs are good because they essentially improve the economic activities of developing nations through sustainable wealth production through the exploitation of the available natural resources. Globalization and Its Impacts on the Improvement of Living Standards In connection with international trade is globalization in the twenty-first century. Globalization has led to improved living conditions in many nations in the world. As there is increased usage of science and technology across the world, many businesses are thriving through the application of the innovations and therefore making them more efficient (Isaac et al, 2020). Additionally, new markets have been opened up as a result of globalization because of new customers and diverse profit sources. The acquisition of products is made easy and therefore encourages competition betwe
Purpose of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) became law on March 23, 2010. The policy network approach was implemented for formulating the policy of the health care reform under consideration. The collaboration of the interested actors was important for enhancing governance and improving the formulation of legislation through their active communication and coordination of their efforts. The reformation program covered a wide range of health care problems, ranging from the expansion of Medicaid eligibility to the economic support of medical investigations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issue of limiting the insurers’ opportunities for denying coverage for patients based on pre-existing conditions. Acknowledging the fact that the existing insurance system requires transformation, various actors expressed compelling views concerning the measures which need to be imposed for making the necessary changes and enhancing governance. The problem is that contemporary insurers have unlimited opportunities for denying coverage in case if an individual’s health is not perfect. The PPACA aimed to limit the permissiveness of the insurance companies and protect the patients’ rights. The main actors who have competing interests and expressed their compelling arguments in the process of policymaking include the insurance companies, members of Congress, and doctor’s groups such as the American Medical Association (AMA), for example. The contribution of each of these actors was valuable for improving the quality of legislation which became the result of the collaborative work of the interested parties. Significances of Reform With the shift towards democratic governance, the concept of policy networks has been applied to the process of policymaking in various spheres. Thatcher (1998) noted that “Continuous expansion has allowed network approaches to be adaptable, but the result has been an increasing gap between their aims and achievements” (p. 389). For reducing these gaps, policymakers should select effective methods of communication and coordinate their efforts, trying to find the solutions for the issues instead of focusing on the interests of their group. One of the most effective models is the advocacy coalition framework (ACF). “The basic strategy of this framework [ACF] is to use the structure of beliefs in the governing coalitions of policy subsystems to predict changes in shared beliefs that lead to changes in policy over time” (Stich & Miller, 2008, p. 63). Despite the current level of development of strategies, the sphere requires further improvements. Grant (1990) pointed at the need to develop further a range of types of policy-m
Project Description This project aims at streamlining the company’s production process from the point of raw materials arrival to the processing and distribution of products. The system has been proposed by the four, top company’s management team with the primary aim of enhancing productivity through raising the level of efficiency. A team of three employees will be working in the facilities with their provision to actualize the goals of the project. The employees will be charged with the role of increasing company productivity by embracing efficiency in the handling of materials and products from the arrival of raw materials, selection, seclusion and storage, retrieval for processing, packaging and distribution of final products. By creating ample and well-defined working space for each worker, efficiency, and accountability will be achieved. The project will involve mapping out the docking area to clearly separate goods coming in by way of having tapes on the floor that denote each section of the products already in the system. The quarantine area will then be labeled accordingly, shelves numbered and coded for easy identification of products. This will be critical in ensuring separation of shelves handling heavy and light products, and then swapping the quarantine areas with the weigh stations. Through establishing a well-defined production line based on efficiency, the project aims at reducing the production cost considerably. This is an essential aspect within the core mandates of the company’s ventures into the business by raising its revenues. However, the project will ensure that the working process for the employees will not be interfered with. Further, the quality of products will be maintained and where possible improved to meet higher consumer needs and standards. Positive Lessons The following positive lessons were evident during the project work and involved: effective communication, motivation, role clarity, clear defined scope and minimized resource conflict. Effective communication among project managers and the company staff enhanced the working process resulting in increased productivity. This was realized as every detail of the project was taken into account and discussed with every person involved in the implementation. In turn, every individual was well versed with the project’s implementation urgency, hence, mastering the schedules that made the working operations very efficient. Workers’ motivation was also evident explicated by the fact that with the implementation of this project, the employee’s w
Biographical Section A Biographical Sketch of the Author Justo L. Gonzalez is a retired Christian historiographer and Hispanic theologian. He was born in Havana in 1937. He studied theology at the United Seminary in Havana before joining Yale University for his M.A. and Ph.D. in historical theology. He began his professional life as a biblical scholar at the Puerto Rican Evangelical Seminary as a before relocating to the US. Subsequently, he took up the role of an adjunct professor at Emory University and a teacher at the Georgian Methodist Church seminaries. Gonzalez co-founded the Apuntes , a religious journal publishing commentary on the Latino theology. He also established two religious organizations dedicated to Latino theology – the Association for Hispanic Theological Education and the Hispanic Theological Initiative. He has received prizes and recognitions for his ecumenical work and interfaith unity in his native Cuba and globally. Gonzalez is a prolific author who has written and co-authored numerous books on the history of Christianity. The Story of Christianity, Volume 2 , is a sequel to an earlier volume that examines church history from the Protestant Reformation of the 16 th century up to the contemporary times. Summary of the Contents of the Book Volume 2 of The Story of Christianity, just like volume 1, is divided into four interrelated parts. The theme in part 1 is the Reformation. It picks up from the Protestant Reformation stirred by Martin Luther’s work that appeared to disparage Pope Leo X and the Roman Catholic doctrines. 1 Subsequently, the author’s analysis delves into the Reformation in Europe through an exploration of the lives and works of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin. Throughout Part 1 of the book, the author highlights some of the doctrinal contestations that stirred up Luther and others to call for a ‘Catholic Reformation’. He also examines the reformations that occurred in British and French territories, the Swiss Reformation, and the emergence of the Anabaptist movement in the 16 th century. The revolutionary Anabaptists advocated for the primacy of the bible, did not perform infant baptism and were exponents of the separation of the church from the state. 2 Part 2 focuses on the events that followed the Reformations in Europe. In particular, the discussion centers on the doctrines of Orthodoxy, Rationalism, and Pietism beginning with the age of dogma. Gonzalez explains that, in the 17 th century, the major denominations, notably, Lutheran, Reformed, and Catholic faiths, created a set of dogmas/orthodoxies that believers had to follow through to be considered faithful. 3 The denominations developed specified “patterns of belief and practice” into recognizable orthodoxies. 4 Those opposed to these three orthodoxies turned to the Rationalist philosophy. The Enlightenment period saw people whose beliefs were incompatible with the dominant doctrines relocate to other areas. Others, i.e., the Spiritualists, stressed the spiritual aspect of the scri
Introduction When considered outside of the context of the modern world and its technological progress, pollution is a doubtlessly negative phenomenon that needs to be eradicated entirely. However, after considering the factors that cause pollution, such as industrial growth and technological advances, one must admit that complete absence of pollution will only be possible after refusing to continue the progress. Implying an agreement between the marginal cost of and benefit from pollution abatement, optimal pollution allows reaching a compromise between environmentalism and technological progress (Halkos & Kitsou, ‎2015). Therefore, even though optimal pollution does not provide the ultimate solution to environmental problems, it is currently the only possible way of maintaining sustainability. Thus, optimal pollution can be seen as an integral part of the reality. Optimal Pollution as a Temporary Measure The effects of globalization and environmental change have caused the resurgence of environmentalism, yet the necessity to sustain industries and the global economy invalidates the idea of a pollution-free environment (Halkos & Kitsou, ‎2015). At present, optimal pollution seems to be the most reasonable compromise between the need to provide people with the necessary services and products and the significance of preventing further pollution (Westra, 2008). Thus, proponents of environmentally friendly manufacturing need to embrace a wider range of concerns. In order to resolve the identified issues, one will have to explore the available opportunities for reducing waste and recycling products. The focus on waste management issues and the need to vocalize the concerns of vulnerable groups will ultimately lead to a massive change in the environmental ethics. Conclusion Therefore, the process of altering the current environmental ethics and its standards has been launched. However, additional efforts must be made to promote active change across the globe. To implement the identified goal, one must establish the consistent cross-cultural dialogue that will lead to a change in the dynamics of social interactions. With a closer focus on diversity and the acknowledgement of minorities’ needs, one can reduce the levels of environmental racism and ensure that the needs of vulnerable groups are met.
Introduction Wireless technologies are evolving drastically. Therefore, organizations have to keep tabs of the latest technological developments so as to adopt the most efficient and effective options. Organization needs vary with time. This necessitates continuous research of technologies. After a careful study and research of the available wireless technologies in the market, I propose implementation of one of the discussed wireless technologies WiMax Technology WiMax is one of the latest wireless access technologies. It uses IP for its communication. Over time it has proved to be reliable in the provision of Quality of Service (QOS) and coverage of cellular networks. Essentially, WiMax is a digital communication method that is designed and developed for “metropolitan areas”, meaning larger area coverage. In terms of capacity, WiMax offers Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) within an area of 50 Kilometers for set stations and up to fifteen kilometers for movable stations. Ideally, WiMax has both sides of the coin, pros, and cons. The advantages include the fact that one station can serve more users than any other wireless option. In fact, currently in the market, it provides the widest coverage from a single station. This means that a big organization with many users is an appropriate wireless connection. Another advantage is that WiMax is standardized; this primarily means that equipments with the same frequency work together without much adaptation variance. Users connecting to the network will do so at ease (Grauer, Poatsy, Mulbery, Hulett, Krebs, & Mast, 2011). On the other hand, the disadvantages include the cost; the biggest burden of Wimax is the huge initial cost of installation and the high cost of operation. Despite enjoying wide area coverage, the cost of purchasing and maintaining the equipments is higher. The other flipside of WiMax is that weather conditions make the connections vulnerable and might be disrupted from time to time. Wi-Fi Technology According to statistics, currently, Wi-Fi is the most widespread wireless option in organizations. This technology enables data exchange via devices utilizing radio waves. This includes the internet and other computer networks. Devices with Wi-Fi capabilities can join and share network resources such as the internet and files. This is done through an Access Point (AP), technically referred to as Wireless Network Access Point (WNAP), or commonly referred to as hotspot. A single hotspot can serve an area of approximately 20 meters, including outdoors and indoors environment Expectantly, Wi-Fi has its strengths and weaknesses. At the top of the list is that Wi-Fi is easier and cheaper to install and maintain as compared to the WiMax option. Headaches emanating from cabling and other physical connection logistics are put at bay since Wi-Fi can “penetrate” through buildings. Another advantage is that most manufacturers include Wi-Fi facilities as they develop electronic communication devices. This implies that most of these devices come already fitted with Wi-Fi abilities (Grauer et al., 2011). Therefore o