ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction An organization is a set of people with a particular structure who are under a central administration and has a collective objective. An organization is centrally managed and has departmental structures, each with a specialized delegation that works together with an aim of achieving one objective. The central administration defines the duties, responsibilities, powers and activities for each department of the organization as well as the structure of the organization’s management. An organization, being defined as a set of people, therefore has its fundamentals vested on the people under it. It is the people who manage an organization as well as carry out its activities. The productivity of an organization will therefore depend to a large extent on the participation of the people who are part of the organization. The participation of the members of an organization on the other hand depends on a number of factors. Some of the factors affecting participation include efficiency of the members, attitude, knowledge and skills, administrative structure of an organization and the environmental factors of the given organization among others. Organization theories have over time been developed to help in the day to day running and management of organizations. The theories have been expressed in each and every department or sector of organizations. The sectors such as finance, marketing, human resource, information and technology and communication among others have adopted different theories to enhance their operations. The theories or concepts employed in these departments are primarily aimed at ensuring that particular projects adopted and initiated by the departments or the organization as a whole are successfully accomplished and that the intended goals achieved. This paper seeks to discuss the aspects of theory and behavior in an organization with respect to project management. The paper will explore the various aspects of human behavior in organizations and how they influence the results of projects undertaken by their organizations. The paper will also look at the influence that an organization’s culture has on the outcomes of its projects. The Organization Daft Richard formerly defined an organization as a social unit with laid down goals and objectives, whose structure and systems are administrated with a link to the surrounding of the entity. The core aspect of an organization is the people in the organization and their relationship with each other. Organization administrators have established the fact that this is the basis of every organization and efforts are nowadays being made to enlighten and empower the human resource on the achievements of the organization’s objectives. Moves such as promoting horizontal interactions and cooperation in an organization’s activities as well as friendly relations with its environment which include its “customers, suppliers and even competitors” (Daft 11) is a key towards achieving goals and objectives. Among the important concepts in an organization include: administrative levels and authority, conflict resolution and management, establishment and implementation into goals and object
Racial discrimination is the main theme of the book, strongly reflecting the situation that prevailed during the 1950s in the United States, a time when the story’s Younger family lived in Chicago’s South Side ghetto. Racial discrimination led to the city being carved into two distinct parts – the first housing whites only, and the other housing blacks. A majority of blacks did not accept the idea of assimilating into the dominant white culture on the grounds that by doing so, they would fit into white perceptions about their behavior and actions and thereby would be demeaning themselves. Blacks were searching for separate self-identities based on a celebration of their culture and heritage. They wanted to be treated as equally (like whites) contributing members of society in pursuit of the American Dream. All the minor characters in the book indulge in actions that reflect the racial discrimination prevailing at that time. Lena Younger is the family matriarch who desires that her family move into the all-white Clybourne Park area because it would not only provide them more comfort and prestige (Jane) but would overcome all constraints associated with racial discrimination and gain equality with whites in society. All through the novel, she goads and pushes her family members towards this dream. The greatest challenge comes in the form of Karl Lindner who tries to dissuade them from moving into the all-white Clybourne community (Hansberry, 143). Her dream is achieved to a great extent at the end of the novel when her son Walter rejects money in favor of the ideals inculcated in him by his mother. Walter Younger captures the central meaning of an African American’s intense desire for the American Dream {“Seems like God didn’t see fit to give the black man nothing but dreams” (Hansberry, 29)}. The power of his dream is to be financially well-off, educate his son Travis and provide for his future. Disillusioned with his job as a chauffeur, his endless preoccupation with finding quick riches and dominating his household makes him engage in arguments with his mother, wife, and sister; he turns wayward by constantly drinking and invests part of the insurance money rashly with his friend Willy Harris. In the end, he realizes that fighting against racial discrimination is worthier than accepting money to stay out of it. Beneatha Younger is the stereotype of a black woman in those days who was racially discriminated by white society as well as by her own culture as not being worthy of higher education and its related status in life. Beneatha Younger uses education as the base to fight against racial discrimination. She attends college (Hansberry, 17) and is better educated than anyone else in the family. Ruth Younger portrays a pragmatic pessimist continually battling poverty and household problems. Like Lena, Ruth also dreams of escaping from racial discrimination, getting away from their present slovenly locality, moving into a respectable house, and attain equal status with whites in society. She is fiercely protective of her power over her own body – realizing she is pregnant, she contemplates abortion . Due to his p
The efficiency of the teamwork has to be profoundly analyzed since it defines the quality of the performance of the organization (West 19). Motivation, leadership, and team dynamics are the key determiners of the efficiency of the team. In this case, the primary goal of the paper is to determine the problems mentioned above and propose the suitable solutions. Motivation Motivation is an essential element of work, as it increases the productivity of the workers (Landy and Conte 365). In the case, study Parker paid substantial attention to the quantity of the production. Additionally, he tried to motivate other team members with the assistance of the financial award. It has to be mentioned that he was acting aggressively. Nonetheless, his aggressive behavior was able to create the competition among the other team members and encourage them to work harder. However, in the end, they were not able to achieve the desired goal since each team player required an individual approach. In this case, different motivational strategies have to be used for every person. It is evident that every individual has a personal perception of the success and consider various factors as the key motivators (Haivas, Hofmans and Papermans 326). It is apparent that drive, incentive, arousal, and instinct models are actively used as motivators (“Approaches to Motivation” par. 4). In this case, it is evident that aggressive leadership and cultivation were suitable methods to motivate all the team members expect of Millar. It is clear that Parker should encourage Millar to do his job by praising his efforts and contribution. In this instance, Millar would have worked harder since he would be interested in hearing positive statements about his personality. Leadership Leadership is essential and involves various activities, which supervise the teams (Clarke-Epstein 11). It is apparent that in this case, the aggressive leadership style was not appropriate. It is evident that the leader was not considering the opinions and views of the team members. Additionally, he did not try to find the solutions to the conflicts. Using this approach was motivational and practical only for some members of the team. It is apparent that being more democratic and taking opinions and suggestions of the other team members into account would have been a better solution. In this instance, the most appropriate and efficient approach would have been found, and the work would have been completed on time. Lastly, being more democratic will involve strong interactions and motivate people more effectively since; in this case, the team members would not feel ashamed to express their dissatisfaction with work and propose potential solutions to enhance the efficiency of the working process. Team Dynamics Team dynamics involves the interaction of two or more individuals to reach the business purposes (Eckes 3). It is apparent that there is
Many of the poems presented in the book by Clugston put a very touching impression on me. The way the writers used the words and the themes they addressed were very modern and important. All of the poets possess fantastic talent and know how to reach the heart and the mind of the reader. The one that touched me the most was “You, Reader” by Billy Collins, poet laureate of the United States in the years of 2001, 2002 and 2003 (Clugston 2014). I admire this work as a masterpiece of poetry from the professional point of view. By means of using just written speech Collins shows that his invisible touch and glance can easily reach out and engage the reader turning the poem into a personal conversation. The poem called “You, Reader” written by Billy Collins is an ultimate demonstration of the literary power of the poet’s words and the effect they are able to produce on the reader, using a combination language, setting and content the author achieves the deep personal communication effect. The language Collins employs in his poem is filled with direct addresses. Usually, when a reader comes across an address towards an unidentified “you” in a poem it immediately makes them wonder, whom this poem was written to and with what purpose (Scanlon & Engbers 2014). Billy Collins answers this silent question right in the title of his poem making it clear that he addresses the reader of his work. This way the languages of the poem creates an effect of a one-on-one conversation between
In what circumstances might you use this cost-benefit analysis method or design in a program for chronic kidney disease? What would be the benefits and disadvantages of this approach in those circumstances? This cost-benefit analysis method can be used in situations where resources are limited. The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the calamities listed by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). It requires response, regardless of the limited resources. It is always the hope of everyone to have a good health care. The less fortunate in societies also deserve good healthcare. Offering health services to millions of people require well laid strategies and resources. The cost-benefit analysis can offer solutions to CKD. The revenues that are raised through this program are critical for the program in terms of administrative and logistics mobilization to beneficiaries. The large portions of these revenues come from the ministries of health. Identify the evaluation method the cost-benefit analysis, and describe a scenario in which you might use this. Explain why this would be an appropriate choice. Discuss the pros and cons of this method or design Quantitative evaluation methods are the most suitable for Cost-benefit analysis (Garbarino, 2009). The program is designed to benefit a large number of beneficiaries. The relevance, efficiency and effectiveness of the program can be retrieved from these evaluation methods. Quantitative evaluation methods are effective in getting large scale data, as in this case. Quantitative methods that can be used may include surveys, questionnaires, and observation checklist. An example where this approach may come in handy is when the program needs to get the actual number of beneficiaries. A survey will help determine the actual number. The numbers obtained from the survey will represent that of beneficiaries. Qualitative methods are the best, in the sense that they are easy to conduct within the shortest time possible. They are also suitable because they obtain large samples compared to qualitative methods. The pros and cons of this method are simple. It is important to choose samples correctly. The sample should be manageable and well balanced. Understanding all the risks involved before evaluation is advisable. However, it is important to note that in-depth data calculations should be avoided because the main objective is to find out the effectiveness of the program. The sample selection should not be specific but generalized. Explain in two pages how you would evaluate your hypothetical program, addressing the following from attachment: Measurable objectives you already identified. Revise them if you can improve on them. Explain how you will measure the objectives to determine if you have reached your goals. Include a description of how you will get the data with which to evaluate your
Introduction In a highly competitive world, there is a need to be one step ahead of the competition. This is the time in the history of mankind when companies can be easily started using minimal resources such as a computer and an Internet connection. This is possible because in this Information Age there is an extensive array of knowledge made available at one’s fingertips. The Internet is levelling the playing field and someone with daring and imagination can establish a company that can topple business giants. Thus there is a need to open distribution channels for customers, facilitate productivity, and to always be in the lookout for strategies that can create a competitive advantage. In the 21 st century it is imperative that companies should invest in communication technology in order to ensure success. There is a need to develop that will ensure success. In this regard it must be pointed out that the transportation industry will greatly benefit from this approach. In an airline company or a car rental company there are numerous things that are constantly in motion and without a tool to manage such frenetic activity, the management team will be at a loss to effectively lead the company to greater heights. Means of transportation such as airplanes and cars are not the only things that move in this industry – the workers are mobile too. In a typical setting employees more in and out of company headquarters but in a global company employees are located in different parts of the world and separated by thousands of miles from the home office. It would be impossible for the CEO or the management team to efficiently track and monitor all of them. This type of industry one can easily experience the logistical nightmare of keeping everything in sync and maintaining consistent quality service in every branch or location. In this regard the proponent of this paper will attempt to find out how two UK-based companies were able to solve problems associated with big organizations and the challenges inherent in them. In studying UK’s transportation industry there are two companies that stood out in terms of their relative importance to the national economy as well as their usage of certain communication technologies that help improved their respective overall performance and profitability. These are listed as follows:  1. Avis Europe which is a car rental company;  2. British Airways which is the national airline and flag carrier of the United Kingdom. These two companies been in existence for many decades and had proven their resilience in the UK market. It will be shown later how corporate leadership endeavoured to introduce changes especially in the use of communication technology. The following pages will also describe how communication technology was used to improve customer service and at the same time enhance the overall performance of the aforementioned companies. Avis Europe When it comes to the impact of communication technology the UK based company Avis Europe is one of the best example on how this ty
Introduction Skepticism is a term developed by early philosophers to define the act of questioning knowledge viewpoints developed in various fields. Skeptics have disputed the sufficiency or dependency of such viewpoints by questioning what principles they are anchored upon or what they seek to determine. Skeptics have challenged if such claims are valid or reliable, and they have disputed the perceived rational foundations of conventional assumptions (Bronstein 35). Undoubtedly, in everyday activities, all individuals express a certain degree of skepticism regarding some knowledge claims. Contrary, philosophical skeptics have challenged the prospect of any knowledge apart from that is achieved from directly felt experience. However, it is more evidence that a non-skeptical viewpoint that expounds on human intuitions is overly desirable. This assertion is preferable because non-skeptical reasoning explains human common sense intuitions regarding what is known by proving that they are largely empirical. Contrary, skeptics account for such intuitions merely by indicating that they are dubious or unreliable and often provide an explanation concerning why non-skeptics fail to recognize that intuitions are misleading. In this light, this paper seeks to support the argument that knowledge is possible regardless of the drawbacks instigated by the skeptical theorists. For the purpose of this paper, an assumption that skepticism is false will hold, and the argument will seek to provide evidence. The regress viewpoints In a bid to understand a proposition, it should possess a definite reason to support it. For instance, to understand a proposition Q1, there must be a justification Q2 that accounts for Q1 by offering evidence for it. Therefore, a proposition is a rationale only when another proposition supports it. This relation indicates that there has to be a reason Q2 to justify Q1. In essence, the nature of such relations is contestable, but that does not advance the theory related to the regress problem. Skeptics argue that this chain would lead to circular reasoning. Thus no belief is true unless it is backed by unending series of
McDonald’s Corporation is one of the largest corporations in the United States and the global market. It is also the largest restaurant chain in the world, extending to more than 120 countries. The company was founded more than 77 years ago and quickly grew into a massive corporation. This paper will provide an outlook on the current performance and governance structure of the company. Current Performance The annual report from 2016 shows that the corporation performed favorably according to expectations and previously set business goals. The company returned $14.2 billion to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. This figure marks the successful completion of a targeted return of $30 billion for the three-year period ending in 2016. The corporation reported slightly lower total revenues of $24 billion in comparison to the $25 billion reported in 2015. However, its operating income increased from the $7.1 million reported in 2015 to $7.7 million. McDonald’s Corporation holds the highest market share among its competitors at 17.2% (“Annual reports,” 2017). The corporation is primarily involved in the restaurant business and has the largest market share and brand association in this field. The mission statement of McDonald’s Corporation is focused on creating a favorite eating and drinking place for their customers while being dedicated to providing a healthy workplace and a positive presence in the community (“Annual reports,” 2017). The objectives of the company are in line with its mission statement and are based on its “Plan to Win” strategy, adopted in 2003. This strategy is focused on five key drivers of customer experie
Five stages of group development (forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning) In traditional teams, the forming stage on the understanding of group goals and procedures for performing group tasks. In essence, the group focuses mainly on its basic purpose, structure, and leadership, among others. Members are required to know their roles in the team as well as recognize other members’ feelings in the team. In addition, members are required to solve the issue of leadership in the group. However, in virtual teams, individuals are separated by physical distance (Nair, 2010). ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools are used to mediate the members of a virtual team. At this stage, there is a need for familiarization with the roles of each member of the team. However, the structure of the team is based on a flatter organization structure in which hierarchies and authorities are not as clearly defined as in traditional teams. In fact, leaders in virtual teams delegate most of their duties to team members as opposed to traditional teams (Aswathappa, 2010). The storming stage in traditional teams occurs when intra-group conflicts arise because of hostility to constraints that may be imposed on the group. The teams need to have effective mechanisms of resolving such conflicts to be able to move to the next stage of development. In most cases, the conflict focuses on the delegation of duties, priorities of goals, and directions of the leader (Nair, 2010). This stage provides a clear picture of leadership in the group. In virtual teams, conflicts are usually focused on job-related talks about efficacy. In this regard, activities such as team building that work in a traditional set up would not be used in virtual teams. Instead, this stage requires virtual teams to emphasize on resolving task-related conflicts without extending to personal conflicts that may divert attention (Aswathappa, 2010). In traditional teams, the norming stage brings about group cohesiveness and a close relationship. This results in a willingness to share and accept information. Moreover, the members are willing to compromise on decisions. This resu