ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Race There is undoubtedly a wide gap between white people and black people involvement in certain games or sports. As evident by recent study conducted by the U.S. swimming Association, nearly 31 per cent of white children between the ages of 6 and 16 cannot swim, in comparison to 60 per cent of African-American children who cannot swim (Baker, Cunningham & Zhang 2010). Most studies havefound that African-American athletics are more physically suited than white-American athletics in sports or activities that required power and speed (Dawkins 2004). On the other hand, white-American athletics have been found to perform better in short distance races as compared to African-American athletics. Additionally, most African-Americans participate in basketball and football because these sports are seen to have most opportunities for athletics to excel in life (Dawkins 2004). As evident in a study conducted in 1999 by the University of Arizona, the finding of the study shows that stereotype about racial inferiority and superiority in certain sports or games have been so entrenched in people’s minds that they have an effect not only which games or sports people participate in but also their performance in those games or sports (Baker, Cunningham & Zhang 2010). Fan Identification Study on sport fans has confirmed a positive relationship between self esteem and fan identification. There are interesting aspects on the level of degree of affiliation and involvement with sport team among the fans (Kennedy 2010). Study suggests that fans are involved with their favorite team in many ways, including displaying bumper stickers on their vehicles, wearing team apparel, and celebratory behaviors that range from utterly destructive to fairly passive (e.g. cheering). Some fans have low level of involvement with their teams, while others have been found to have psychological attachment to their favorite teams or sports (Jeh 2010). There are many reasons why fans decide to be identified with a particular sport or team. In fact the level of attachment to a particular team or sport range from extremely strong to quite weak. As evident is a study which identified why fans identify themselves with a particular sport or team. The results showed a number of reasons, including talent of the team player, parental interest in a team or sport, success of the team, geography and the influence of peers or friends (Jeh 2010). Gender Most sports are associated with men (or masculinity). In many societies, some sports have been considered inappropriate for women to participate in, and women who participate in these sports are perceived to be ‘tomboy’ or masculine (Guest & Cox 2009). In contrast, men who do not support or participate in certain sports may be labeled as weak or ‘unmanly’ (Hyatt 2007). Both men and women tend to participate in different types of sports or physical activity and their attitudes toward certain games or sports may be different. Some sports or games have many barriers that prevent women to participate in them (Hyatt 2007), such as lack of appropriate sport facilit
Introduction Micronutrients or trace elements immensely influence the health of the mother and her child during pregnancy and lactation period. They are required in small amounts for the normal functioning, development, and growth of a human being at the early stages of his or her life (Allen 2005). Their deficiency during pregnancy may give rise to many complications such as anemia, hypertension, etc (Ravindra 2000). The main purpose of this article is to discuss the role of various micronutrients before and after the birth of the child because much attention has been given only to a few micronutrients such as iron and folate with less regard to other trace elements, which are no less important. In particular, we must ascertain the consequences of micronutrient shortage or surplus. Furthermore, we need to determine their dosage, basing our argument on evidence-based practice. On the whole, deficiency in these micronutrients happens when a pregnant mother has a poor quality diet with less intake of animal protein, milk, meat, eggs (Allen, 2005). Apart from that, even if a pregnant woman has a well-balanced diet there might be certain problems with the absorption of the necessary vitamins, namely, it can be limited by gene polymorphisms, diseases like malaria, and intestinal parasites (Institute of Medicine, 1991). This example shows that the shortage of vital microelements may also be caused by the peculiarities of the human organism, and dietitians have to take into consideration this factor while developing a nutrition plan for the woman and the infant. Micronutrients required during pregnancy Iron Iron is one of the major trace elements, required during pregnancy (Langley-Evans et al 2003). Some scholars maintain that the lack of this micronutrient can result in preterm delivery and anemic condition (Dawson et al, 1997, p 480). It is required from conception, through the pregnancy to lactation (Casanueva et al. 2003). In this regard, we should point out that the effects of iron surplus have yet to be thoroughly studied, however, the overwhelming majority of scholars concur with the dosage of 3 or 4 mg per day (O Scholl,2004). It is believed that the excess of this nutrient can hinder the absorption of other vitamins, though, this hypothesis has yet to be fully substantiated (Scholl, 2004). B-Vitamins The group of B vitamins includes folate, riboflavin, vitamin B- 6, thiamine, and B-12. The most positive effect of these micronutrients is that they stimulate metabolism and enable pregnant women to accumulate strength (Herbert, 1988). Furthermore, they are essential for the functioning of the immune system. As for the risk of vitamin B, we should first pay attention to the concentration of plasma homocysteine in the body of the mother, which may lead to premature birth (Bondevik et al. 2001). Additionally, a high level of homocysteine in the body of the mother may lead to low birth weight, placenta disord
Abstract Forest Hills Hospital has implemented powerful Quality Improvement (QI) strategies to become a leading provider of evidence-based health services. The hospital offers hospice, palliative care, outpatient, and inpatient care. Several clinical programs such as bariatric, thoracic, and breast surgery are offered in this hospital. This discussion examines Forest Hills Hospital’s development from a linear to a complex adaptive system and the use of the clinical microsystems thinking concept. Development from Linear to a Complex Adaptive System Forest Hills Hospital (now known as Long Island Jewish Forest Hills) is one of the leading institutions that provide inpatient and intensive care to many patients in Queens, New York (“Northwell Health,” 2017). The hospital’s success is attributable to its organizational culture and behavior. The institution has completed the major stages of development towards becoming a complex adaptive system. The first step was to develop a suitable leadership strategy (Crowell, 2015). The unique microsystems in the organization were brought together to focus on a shared vision. The targeted vision was to maximize patient outcomes and promote satisfaction. Consequently, different roles in the institution were demystified in an attempt to support the new culture. Departmental heads were encouraged to offer appropriate inhibitions and incentives. This approach has remained critical towards empowering every healthcare worker. A change model was implemented whereby the concept of microsystems was taken seriously (Crowell, 2015). The workers were guided to embrace new behaviors, work as teams, establish positive relationships, and identify new ideas for promoting performance. The employees are constantly encouraged to experiment and engage in lifelong learning. This approach results in new behaviors that have the potential to transform the institution. Personal commitments, self-organization, and focus on outcomes are some of the characteristics associated with this hospital (“Northwell Health,” 2017). These developments show clearly that Forest Hills Hospital has
Introduction The Civil War was the hardest time America had ever known, and slavery became its major driving force and the primary reason for it to happen. During many decades, the country was moving towards this war and even though some compromises were reached to solve slavery conflicts, none of them, in fact, could solve those and only postponed the inevitable. A Series of Compromises and Acts that Contributed to the Civil War By the end of the eighteenth century, the southern states of the country had already acquired the status of pro-slavery ones. The majority of the northern states, on the contrary, wished to end slavery once and for all. Since desires did not match, the North and South could not agree on too many points when it came to politics, and many so-called compromises followed. However, even though they had such a name, none of them was a compromise exactly – each subsequent agreement gave more and more power to pro-slavery states and was a proof of the unwillingness of those to end slavery. Firstly, there was the Three-Fifths Compromise, which stated that every slave should be counted as 3/5 of a free person when it came to the number of each states’ representatives in the Congress and the voting rights (Choby, 2010, p. 55). Although it seemed like a change for the better since it finally provided slaves with some political power, it was not. Instead of giving power to slaves, the compromise gave too much of it to their owners, increasing the influence of pro-slavery people in the Congress. Thus, it contributed to the extension of slavery. Then, the Missouri Compromise was signed. It gave Missouri the status of a slave state while Maine gained the status of a free state (Bessette & Pitney, 2013). As they say, it was reached to not violate the balance of the free-slave states ratio. However, it only proved one more time that the South did not want the slavery to end and wanted it to expand into new territories. Besides, the compromise escalated the conflict between the North and the South since it established the line, which separated slave and free stated from each other. It was evident that this rule would be violated sooner or later. With the passage of time, the debates over slavery became more and more fervent. To stabilize the situation, one agreement was not enough anymore. So, in 1850, a series of arrangements, known as the Compromise of 1850, has been reached (The Library of Congress, 2015a). Although those made California a free state, they benefited pro-slavery states even more (because of the Fugitive Slave Act, for example) and the Northern ones became furious. However, the compromise still postponed the Civil War for ten more years. Starting with the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the situation worsened significantly. First of all, it terminated the Missouri Compromise, allowi
Abstract The Euro crisis is an economic crisis that not only points at the weaknesses of economic integration, but also points at the consequences of poor economic policies at the state level. The aim of this paper is to synthesise literature on the causes, progression, and impacts of the Euro crisis on the European economy. The literature shows that the Euro crisis is far from over. The European countries have to rethink about the economic integration strategies that can encourage prudent management of individual economies in the region to avoid such shocks. Introduction The Euro crisis was seen not only as a financial problem in the European Union countries, extending from the global financial crisis, but also as a real test of the essence of economic integration. The European Union has come out as a benchmark of economic integration in the whole world. The rationale behind the terming of the European Union as a global benchmark when it comes to matters of economic cooperation and unity among states in the region is that it is the only economic union that has managed to realise the workability of a common currency. However, as mentioned in the opening sentence, the Euro crisis, whose genesis lies in the debt crises that mounted in a number of countries that form the monetary union, namely Greece, Spain, Ireland, and Italy, among others, resulted in the replication of the problem across the European Union. A substantial number of economic commentators term the Euro crisis as a problem that denoted the difficulty of integrating individual economies and dealing with economic pressures that come from the attributes of economic management in individual economies. The interesting thing about the crisis is that it serves as an example of how problematic economic integration can become because the faulty actions of other players could pose grave economic consequences requiring major economic decisions and adjustments by the individual states to solve the problem. This paper presents a review of literature on the Euro crisis and its impacts on Europe and the entire global economy. The paper contacts three main research databases, namely EBSCOHost, SIRS Researcher, and ProQuest. These three databases play a critical role in presenting sequential information regarding the moulding of the Euro crisis and the consequences of the Euro crisis in terms of economic policy development and the performance of the economy, more so on the affected economies. The selection of articles from EBSCOHost is based on topic search, where preference is given to different articles denoting diverse dimensions of research about the Euro crisis. Most of the articles derived from the SIRS Researcher database point at the fact that the Wall Street Journal receives more attention because most articles in this database are those published by the Wall Street Journal. This is aimed at producing data that is consistent concerning the development of the
Abstract This study of rat behavior seeks to show the role of sucrose presented in different forms: liquid, pellets as the reinforcer of rat behavior in laboratory conditions. The research is based on empirical methods and theoretical studies and similar experiments in the literature. The hypothesis of the experiment is proved by careful analysis of statistical and quantitative data using necessary statistical tools. The results of the research may be helpful for the practitioners and researchers interested in applying the findings of behavioral science in medicine, psychology, and biology. Introduction Research on rat behavior is an essential part of behavioral studies which are very fruitful for the development of neurophysiology, innovative medicine approaches, animal behavior disciplines, and biology in general. Rats were traditionally used as the dominant object for research experimentations as their biological and behavioral reactions are the most appropriate for hypothesizing and laboratory research. A Skinner box with necessary inventory is usually used as a tool for conducting experiments. There is no denying the importance of the fact that the secure normal passing of experiments and well-grounded scientific results, one should formulate and use a sound methodological base of research and elaborate genuine hypothesis. If this is done, we are likely to obtain significant results. As it was noted, experimentation on rates is widely used and its theoretical and practical results are significantly covered in the literature. For instance Kawai, N., & Nakajima, S. Provide the outline of rat experiments on so-called ‘comfort’ responses which were conducted to investigate the role of the passive maternal stimulus on the immobility of 9-and and the 16-day rat pups (1997). As the experiment shows that there was a significant increase in dorsal immobility which may essentially reduce struggling between pups in the presence of their mother and hence help rat mothers to transport the infants back into their nest. As Campbell’s analysis of locomotion shows during the second week of a rat’s life it increases as the struggle for survival becomes dominant. Some other experiments were aimed at investigating the consequences of home separation on rats’ fear responses. Their research found that in the case of passive home stimulus availability the heart rate is increased and the general level of anxiety grows. Another branch of research investigates behavioral responses to food and flavors. Ward et al. found out that rats acquire preferences of separate flavor as a conditioned stimulus and mixed flavors with some additional substances as unconditional. This happens because if all that rats learned was only the association between a given flavor and a certain reaction being evoked by nutrient – in this case, satiation treatment would not affect the preference of flavor. Some other experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of stre
The Battle of Thermopylae happened at the beginning of the second invasion of Greece by Persians. Darius I in his desire to conquer Ellas sent ambassadors to Sparta to ask for submission, but they were thrown to the pit. The first invasion suffered a defeat; later the Battle of Marathon took place. Darius died during the preparation for the next campaign, and his son Xerxes ascended the throne (Lutton). He continued the deeds of his father. Xerxes spoke: “Persians, it is not I who have introduced this law of conquest among us; I follow what I have received from others” (Herodotus). He gathered a huge army and navy and set out for Greece. But the main purpose of the Persian campaign remained Athena. The reason for it is that at the Battle of Marathon Greeks defeated Persians in the first invasion (Bradford). Themistocles, the respected Athenian general, proposed to block the Persian army at two places: at the pass of Thermopylae on land and the Straits of Artemisium in the sea. Greek city-states were led by Sparta. “From the age of six boys were trained for the phalanx…the duty of the men was to fight, and if necessary die, in battle…the noblest sacrifice of the man was dying in battle” (Bradford). We may consider education, religion, leisure, and family as the preconditions of the military-style of Spartans (Nagle). Thermopylae means “The Hot Gates”, and the battle was really hot. The Persian army numbered millions, but an allied force of 7,000 men held up the invaders for seven days before one of the most famous last stands happened. The Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were shown a path to come behind the Greeks. Leonidas remained to guard the rear, dismissing the main parts of the army, as he was ignorant of the betray. “Leonidas now conducted from the Isthmus to Thermopylae a select band of 300 Spartans – all being citizens of mature age, and persons who left at home sons to supply their places” (Grote). He called a council of war and many commanders withdrew without orders or ordered by Leonidas. He resolved to stay and fight. He knew that this was his last shelter, but did not leave the battlefield. The Thespians and Helots stayed with Leonidas. The reasons for this decision are controversial. Leonidas could be guided by the laws of Sparta, according to which retreat meant disgrace, or by the prophecy that he was committed to sacrificing himself for the sake of Sparta. The prophecy by the Oracle in Delphi, Pythia by name, came true. And there could be one tactical reason to provide a rearguard. In such a case, the Greeks could get away, and Persian cavalry would have no possibility to defeat the Allied contingents. Leonidas is believed to be one of Heracle’s descendants, and his craving for courage could be inborn.
Introduction Some of the most incredible forms that are present in nature and have been artificially replicated by man are liquid crystals. The amazingness of this phenomenon is due primarily to their nature — liquid crystals are not solids or liquids but instead represent a unique, transitional state between these phases. Accordingly, liquid crystals are characterized by the properties of both liquids, that is, fluidity, and crystals, that is, anisotropy. This equilibrium state, however, is not entirely stable since the action of external factors, whether temperature or electromagnetic forces, can lead to the transformation of liquid crystals into only solid or, on the contrary, only liquid phase. Such properties of liquid crystals are fully justified by the presence of molecules of a particular type, namely elongated disc-shaped molecules that can be oriented in space in such a way that their physical and chemical properties change. In particular, under the action of electric field forces, the elongated molecules align themselves in such a way as to minimize the effects of the fields and save their own internal energy. In other words, liquid crystals can be influenced by electric fields to change their behavior, a phenomenon that underlies the widespread use of liquid crystalline materials in the industry. Thus, this report examines and reviews in detail the fundamental properties of liquid crystals, discussing their nature and the effects of external factors. In addition, a brief overview of the history of liquid crystals discovery is offered. Toward the end of the paper, the industrial use of liquid crystals is discussed. A Brief History of Discovery The study of cholesterol compounds was a predictor of the discovery of the structure of liquid crystals. In the late 19th century, in 1888, Austrian botanist and chemist Friedrich Reinitzer, in an attempt to establish the exact geometry and properties of a polycyclic lipophilic alcohol-based substance, accidentally discovered that the object under study appeared to have two melting points (DiLisi, 2019). It is worth recalling that the melting point is a quantitative physical quantity that equals the temperature value at which a substance changes from a crystalline state to a liquid state (Qiu, 2018). Accordingly, the higher the melting point of a particular substance, the more thermal energy it needs to impart in order for it to reach the critical threshold for a phase transition. Perhaps the best-known melting point is that of solid ice at 0°C — 32 °F or 273 K — but there are different melting points for each of the known bodies. For an unknown substance based on cholesterol molecules, cholesteryl benzoate, Reinitzer found that it had two mel