ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The recent crisis between Iran and the UAE originated from ancient times when the two countries failed to reach a consensus on the ownership of three islands namely; Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb. During the 20th century, the relationship between the two countries was delicate; in old days, Britain used to act as the protector but since she left, the issues of the dispute have worsened. The magnitude of the conflicts continues to increase every single day, especially due to the increased value of the islands with the discovery of oil fields. Both Iran and UAE now lay claim to the islands to enjoy the ensuing economic benefits. Tones of oil are mined from the three islands with many tankers passing by the gulf to get oil. The area has become a major export site since it has attracted more commercial goods even as rivalry between Iran and the UAE has been on the rise. The magnitude of the disputes intensified in 1992 when Iran refused to allow Arab citizens without Iranian visas to the country. Conflicts between Iran and UAE adversely affect the two states especially when they employ the use of force in their negotiations; the two states need to resolve the conflicts face to face. This would help in the reduction of destructions and loss of life experienced in each state as a result of the unresolved conflicts (Katz, 2008, pp. 27). The essay seeks to explore the islands dispute between Iran and UAE, its historical backgrounds, and its current status. Historical background For a long time now, Iran and the UAE have been in conflict over three islands namely, Abu Musa, Tunb and, Lesser Tunb. The rivalry is as old as the history of the two countries, and it has been traced as far back as the 16th century. In 1925, Reza Shah started to build his naval capacity to challenge the dominance of the British in the Persian Gulf area. Within two years, the naval capacity of Iran was so immense that it was already intimidating a majority of the other countries in the Gulf Islands. Iran and British got into negotiations about the ownership of Abu Musa, Tunb, and Lesser Tunb islands for ten years without any success is from 1929 to 1939. These negotiations were suspended once World War II broke up and the ownership of the islands remained unchanged. Negotiations to determine the sovereignty were initiated but shah was reluctant to let United Nations in the negotiation. By 1970 Shah was persuaded by Saudi Arabian to allow United Nations to decide the sovereignty of the islands and he eventually agreed. A referendum was conducted and the people of Bahrain choose to become independent rather than being part of Iran. Shah agreed with the results and a conference was set in order to transfer power from British to ancient Arab leaders of the sheikhdoms. However, in 1971 Reza Shah attacked the three islands even before the conference began; he was determined not to come out empty-handed following the British
The article, “Microsoft opens the gates: patent piracy and political challenges in China”, explores the difficulties that an American software firm has faced in its effort to establish a profitable market in China. The company has been trying to make progress in its relationship with the people and the government of China. China’s business environment becomes a difficult situation for Microsoft since the government and people are ideologically isolated. The government of China has been unwilling to support Microsoft’s dominance in the software market (Blanchard 2012, p.2). Since its first entry into the Chinese market, Microsoft has always considered China to be an important country to its business. First, China is a large country and is already the most populous country in the world. Secondly, China features a high economic, technological and intellectual growth rate. This fast economic growth has made Microsoft speculate that China is going to be a more important consumer of its software products in the near future. On the other hand, Microsoft has suffered drawbacks in its efforts to remain the dominant software firm in America. Competition from other software firms such as Google has made Microsoft seriously consider China has a major market for software. Although Microsoft remains the biggest software firm in the world, it has lost several markets for software products particularly in the United States (Blanchard 2012, p.3). Much of the adversity that Microsoft has faced in China takes the form of nationalism and localism of the people of China. The government has been unwilling to protect Microsoft and its products since the former has a major interest in promoting growth of local software industry. In addition, piracy of Microsoft’s products is rife throughout China. Pirated products are usually much cheaper than the original genuine software. Due to the average income level of the population in China, people have accustomed themselves to using the pirated products. Furthermore, the country poorly regulates business practices in the software industry. The people and the government of China have not welcomed Microsoft as the company had expected (Fernández & Underwood 2006, p.6). Government policies limiting Microsoft from selling its products to certain customers such as government agencies indicate that the authorities in China do not want to allow dominance of foreign software companies in the country. In several events, Microsoft lost legal battles in suits filed by Chinese companies seeking legal redress in cases of patent violation. Despite the difficult situation in China, Microsoft has been trying to convince the Chinese government to enhance regulation of software market practices to protect foreign companies, especia
Prevailing Social, Political, and Cultural Movements during the Age of Expansion (1865-1910) During the period 1865-1910, the world was undergoing civilization to an extent that people considered a certain sex or race ineffective in doing certain tasks. For example, during this period, people considered women best or never allowed them to participate in writing any material be it political, social or cultural. Therefore, in terms of literature publication, only men led. The creation of nations and different classes led to the classification and psychoanalysis of decisions, which coherently brought an inductive advance in understanding the essence of writing literature materials. Cultural conditions based on regional and geographical setup proved to be central in determining the race and social stratification, which in turn provided the definition social groupings (Houghton Miffin Company p.1). During this period, culture determined literature produced, whereby Students and teachers were in deliberation on adoption of an audience-based literature or use of an approach that was to allow both audience and literary critics to choose their preference-class, race or geographical locality. The race of a certain writer in American meant that a writer would prefer to write more concerning that race. This is the history of America, which transfigures the norms and values dominant among the Americans. Some writers will employ satirical words to attack a certain race or sex. American literature depicts the period 1865-1910 as a turning point of events and a clash between the past and the present, the old and the upcoming. This sum up to contradicting views because; this was a period of civil liberation in America. In addition, literary interpretations arising from civil war in America depicted different views in social, cultural and political ladders (Phil p. 1). The historical study of the civil war in America was indeed a gateway to the literature published, not only to the white Americans, but also to the black as well. Famous writings of genius writers later became a canonical imagination of the cultural changing America. Writers like Sinclair employed metaphorical terms to gesture the ills happening within various departments especially in the capitalistic economical environment. The first texts in American literature were novels written in a mixed British culture. In most cases, students and teachers of this period considered when writers wrote certain text and their nativity; either from elastic American family or a socialist freelancer. They used this as an important tool for determining the views held as far as rhetorical semantics and political viewpoints were concerned. Consequently, these divergent views became fundamental in determining the structure, tone and diction of these texts. Literature texts spoke about American myths and traditional values. On the other hand, students became familiar with assimilations held by the American people thus cultural mythology making cultural mythology evident. This makes it clear in that, readers and students were able to establish stereotypical s
Introduction Johnson County Library is an outstanding community resource center that is located in the northeast part of Kansas. It consists of a library with twelve branches in various parts of the country. By 2011, the library had over one million learning materials in its collection. Also, it had employed more than three hundred and fifty employees in 2011. The library has more than four hundred computers, which are used by the communities that it serves (Johnson County Library, 2013). The library aims to promote literacy by providing reading materials to the public in a cost-effective manner. This paper will analyze the library’s purpose, ethical standards, inputs, and outputs. It will also explain the procedures used by the library to measure its effectiveness and to balance stakeholder needs. Goals, Accomplishments, and Challenges The main objective of the library is to enable the public to access ideas, information, knowledge, and materials, which add value to their lives. In this regard, the library strives to create an environment that enables the public to learn, explore, and to connect (Johnson County Library, 2012, pp. 1-49). The library’s management has set specific goals to enable it to achieve its objectives. These include the provision of services that are valued by customers, providing library services to the underserved parts of the county, enhancing access to libraries, and reducing the variation in access to libraries between urban and suburban regions. The library also aims at improving the experiences of its users by employing advanced technologies to provide services. By pursing the goals and objectives outlined in the preceding paragraph, the library has been able to achieve success in the following areas. The library supported the community during the 2011 economic downturn
Introduction Communication can be defined as the act of transmitting information (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary). It is a process whereby people appoint and transmit meaning in order to establish a common understanding. In order to effectively communicate a message, intrapersonal and interpersonal skills are needed. Skills like listening, speaking, questioning are needed in order to effectively communicate. Furthermore, skills such as processing, observing and analyzing are also needed in order to create a more effective communication. The rapid change that is happening in the world today, affects how people communicate with each other, both in business and interpersonal level of relationships. The advancement of technology made communication and interaction with other people more accessible. The use of computer-mediated communication both enhanced and inhibited interaction between people. Computer mediated communication has been applied in education. Researches suggest that this method of learning can enhance the learning of students. Researches also conclude that through computer mediated communication, satisfaction and motivation increases. Computer mediated communication can also reduce the feelings of isolation for students. On the other hand, some aspect of face to face communication can be diminished through computer mediate communication. Being comfortable and trust to the medium being used is also an issue in computer mediated communication. This paper discusses up to what extend computer mediated communication enhances or inhibits interaction. The first section discusses the definition of computer mediated communication. The second section discusses the definition of interaction. The third section presents the factors that might enhance or inhibit interaction. Definition of Computer Mediated Communication Computer Mediate Communication or CMC refers to any communication transaction that happens by means of two or more computers that are linked with each other via a network (McQuail, 2005). Originally, the term only referred to communicative transactions between computers or formats that are attributed to computers. Such computer-mediated formats are electronic mails, instant messages and chat rooms. Electronic mails or simply e-mails or email is referred to as any way of composing, sending-receiving, and saving generally text-based communication through the use of digital communication systems. At the beginning, different systems of electronic mails that are designed by different companies are most of the time not compatible or can not be operated with each other. When the Internet was established in the early 1980s, it paved the way for the effort to standardize the structure of the Internet in order to implement a singe standard in electronic mails which is called the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP. The protocol is originally included in RFC 821 when it was first introduced in 1982 as Internet Standard 10. The modern electronic mails system is now on a store-and-forward
People’s revenge may have an unlimited impact on those who live in the surrounding world. One of the main facets of the revenge tragedy is the fact that revenge is closely connected to grief. The person is unable to think about anything except for revenge that is considered to be the hidden grief. The facets and frames of the revenge are unlimited and the only dependant factor is the personal inner ability to accept the situation and forgive. The core concept of revenge in Hamlet , Shakespeare’s play, is the hesitation of the main character and his doubt moral and philosophical maxims in the whole world; the main idea of the play may be easily contrasted to the generally accepted understanding of revenge. Facets of Revenge Tragedy Revenge is usually related to moral and ethical aspects of people’s life. There are a great many different facets of revenge. The revenge tragedy may be connected to grief people usually suffer. This grief may be the main reason for revenge (Welsh 26). The person is unable to accept the problem and tries to find someone who could be blamed. Thus, there is the other facet of revenge, when a person feels that he/she wants to take revenge, but at the same time doubts it. In other words, the person feels unsure in all moral and philosophical aspects of life. Such feeling is usually addressed to the situations when revenge is directed to relatives. A good example of such revenge may be followed via the play Hamlet where the main character, the prince of Denmark, feels the necessity to take revenge on his uncle who killed his father but is unable to do it in the light of a new feeling that bothers him. Thus, revenge may be defined from different aspects. A closer consideration of the problem may be conducted on the example of the above-mentioned play. Hamlet as the Central Tragedy for Revenge Understanding Having considered the information mentioned above, it is possible to assume that Hamlet is the person who considers revenge from different angles. While revenge is usually associated with violence, Hamlet ruins this facet and creates a new, different view on revenge. The feeling of grief and despair fulfills his soul, but he is unable to do anything and refuses to kill. More about Hamlet What is Hamlet’s Opinion About Theater? 5 166 What Does the Ghost Tell Hamlet? 5 751 When Polonius says, “brevity is the soul of wit,” why is it ironic? 5 4052 Which Statement Best Describes Laertes’s Development Between Act 1 and Act 4? 5 204 Which Statement Best Describes Gertrude’s Development Between Act 1 and Act 4? 5 168 Which statement best describes why King Claudius is a complex character in act 3 of Hamlet? 4.4 209 It is impossible to say that Hamlet does not feel the necessity for revenge, as he still hates the person who killed his father. It is significant to notice that revenge is not the central idea of the play. One of the main confirmations to the fact is that “Hamlet never promises to revenge, only to remember – to remember the Ghost, and to memorize his commandment” (Foakes 114). Hamlet’s heart will always be fulfilled with grief, sorrow, and the desire for blood revenge.
Origin of Community of Practice The term community of practice came into usage very recently. The term is used to describe a group of people who share a common passion, interest, or profession and are keen on learning from each other or helping each other grow or handle practice-related challenges (Wenger 1994, p. 3). For example, a team of Managers engaged in strategic marketing or computer software engineers working on a programming project have the same or interrelated challenges thus through their interactions, they form a community of practice (Wenger1999, p. 4). Concept utilization in Cultural Studies Cultural studies indicate or attribute the origin of Community of practice has to the apprenticeship aspect of learning which has been in practice for many years (Wenger 1999, p. 6). Wenger and Lave studied how novices in informal settings become established members of these groups. They used the word community of practice to describe learning through practice and participation. They called this, situation learning. Situation learning’s or community of practice’s foundation was constructed over time through a process of legitimate central participation (Wenger 1999, 10). Legitimization and participation are key issues in the formation of a community of practice because they determine whether the community grows to become formalized entities in society/organization or not. The adaptability to a community of practice and participation in the same are determined by location and identity in the social world (Drath & Palus 1994, p. 56). Wenger’s research aimed at establishing how apprenticeships help people learn. He discovered that when novices join an established community, they spend time first observing and perhaps doing some simple and basic roles as they learn how the community operates and their participation (Wenger 1999, p. 43). The approach to community of practice in cultural studies falls under three genres or approaches. In most approaches to the issue of a community of practice, social and cultural factors become conditions whose effects on the individual are explored (Barton & Tusting 2005, p. 204). Looking at Cognition, for example, is seen as the result of cultural processes, is not itself the subject of reconceptualization in social terms. The interpretive viewpoints to the use of language informal communication as a tool in social interaction. The interpretive view of culture leads to understanding that we live in an all-inclusive world made of individuals
Introduction Cybercrime (or computer crime) is any kind of offense committed with the help of a computer and the internet. Since the IT sphere is growing, cybercrime is growing as well. As a result, criminals enjoy a lot of opportunities to commit a crime on the internet. Main body All cyber crimes can be divided into three types. The first one is attacking the hardware or software of a PC. It includes, among all the others, malware and botnets. Malware is a general term that refers to numerous malicious programs such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and so on. Botnets (also called robot networks or zombie armies) are networks made up of controlled Internet computers (zombie computers), the owners of which usually do not even know that they have been controlled. With the help of a botnet, an attacker can forward transmissions to other computers, often hundreds or even thousands of them, and make those join a zombie army. Most frequently, botnets are associated with e-mail spam. However, the harm they can cause is more serious since they can even break down a PC. The second type of cybercrime is financial. It covers numerous criminal offenses, which affect individuals, companies, both small or large, and even nations. The primal examples of financial crimes are different types of online fraud, hacking online financial systems and services, and so on. Finally, the last type of cybercrime is abuse. This subsection includes cyber-bullying, so-called sexploitation, which is a blend of sex and exploitation, and different crimes against children. One of the examples of child offenses is sex tourism when children from developing countries are abused by people who travel there. Due to ineffective legislation, the lack of understanding, and a possible wealth of the offender the goal becomes easier. The main reason why every crime mentioned above becomes possible is anonymity. There are absolutely no borders on the internet, either real or virtual. Moreover, the easiest targets for criminals are dating services and social networks since they only strengthen those features of the internet. Indeed, speaking about spam letters, for example, it is much easier to distribute them via social networks. Firstly, anti-spam securities of e-mail services are more complicated than those of social networks. Secondly, on sites like Facebook or Instagram, users trust their so-called friends, and spamming is more effective. Besides, a cybercriminal can attack an account and use its owner’s personal information to send his or her friends e-mails asking for favors (to lend some money and others). That is the “friend in trouble” scenario (Social networks are ‘easier targets for cyber criminals’, 2011, para. 4). Moreover, this information can be used for illegal financial