ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The phenomenon that hot water freezes faster than cold water had received constant disapproval prior to the year 1969 when a fluke experiment on ice cream echoed the anomaly. An experiment performed by Mpemba, a high school student, confirmed that indeed the phenomenon is true. In a synopsis, in his experiment, Mpemba investigated the rate of freezing of two batches of ice cream: a hot ice cream mix and a cooled-to-room-temperature ice cream mix. To this end, he concurrently put the batches in a freezer and recorded the time taken for each to freeze. In his results, he established that the hot ice cream mix freezes faster than the cool one. With these results, he pondered what might have happened. To erase any doubts, he carried an identical experiment but with water instead. To his surprise, he obtained a duplicate result; “hot water freezes faster than cold water” (Katz, 2009). In his quest to find answers behind this phenomenon, Mpemba approached several people including his physics teacher and Prof. Orsborn. To his surprise none of them had an answer to this anomaly. However, after a series of experiments the Prof. confirmed Mpemba’s findings after which, together with Mpemba in the year 1969, published their findings otherwise christened Mpemba effect (Auerbach, 1995). However, even with these findings, most stubborn readers still remain skeptical about the phenomenon. However, their explanations do not agree with scientific principles. To date, scientists the world over still grapple to establish the reason that is Mpemba effect. As such, many explanations have been fronted to this effect. This is owed to the fact that there is no published, common denominator on the conditions under which individual experiments need to be performed to assert Mpemba effect. Moreover, there are a host of variables that render results from different laboratory experiments unique. Different mechanisms including evaporation, dissolved gasses, convection, and the surrounding have been published as reasons for Mpemba effect. To this end, “with the limited number of experiments done, and often under very different conditions, none of the proposed mechanisms can confidently be proclaimed as “the” mechanism” (Wojciechowski, 1995). Project Goals To analyzed the mechanisms fronted in the quest to finding the cause of Mpemba effect.
Introduction Almarai Company is a food company in Saudi Arabia. The company was started in 1977 and its headquarters is in Ridaya. The company manufactures various products such as dairy liquids, yogurts and desserts, bakery, foods, poultry and infant formula. Almarai also has arable farms that it operates in Argentina (Almarai co ltd, 2013). The company markets its products under the Almarai brand. The company distributes its products to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Company overview The company began from a humble beginning and today it is one of the largest companies in the world of dairy products and foods. It started as a dairy company and laban processing, later it ventured into other products such as fruit juice, bakery, and poultry among others. The additional lines of products transformed the Almarai into a food company. Moreover, Almarai has been successful and in two decades the annual revenues hit SAR1 billion. During the next decade the company doubled that revenue. In 2011 the sales of the company had soared to nearly SAR23 billion (Corporate Overview, 2013). The company has grown as it strives to provide the consumers with unrivalled high quality products and has invested infrastructure, farms, distribution systems and production operations of world class standards. For instance, the Almarai Hosten cows are very productive giving double the amount of milk that European cows produce (Corporate overview, 2013). Almarai is dedicated to quality that can be trusted and in site of its momentous growth and expansion the company remains true to its core values of “quality first, quality always” (Corporate overview, 2013, p.1). The value is embedded in their product development line and quality to ensure that the rapid growth of the company does not lead to compromise of the quality of the products. The purpose is to produce and develop world class products. History of Almarai Almarai was started by HH Prince Sultan bin Mohammed bin Saudi Al Kabber in 1977. He was a visionary man and saw the gap in the dairy products in the Saudi Arabian market. He started the company to produce high quality products for the people. He guided the company in fresh milk production and laban processing. Under his guidance the company transformed to a modern company (History, 2013). In early 1990s, Almarai embarked on centralization of the company to make it more efficient and productive. Centralization occurred through reinvestment. The transformation would help the company cut costs and make quality goods within a comfortable price range for the consumers. The process began with centralization of five plants. They did away with ten dairy farms and bough bigger ones in Al Kharj. The ten farms were replaced with four bigger ones. A bigger centralized plant started operation in 2005. Moreover, two super farms were commissioned and the company changed from a private to a public owned company wi
If I were the CEO of GPC incorporated I would come out clean and tell the truth about the company’s history. I would display a strong sense of integrity and honesty and take responsibility for the past mistakes of the founders of GPC incorporated. This is because as a company CEO, one is supposed to display a strong character and be straight forward in all his/her dealings. One is supposed to be morally sound and worthy of trust in order to win the confidence and trust of the subordinates. To build a good corporate image a company is not supposed to be involved in dishonesty dealings. Moreover, good leadership in a company is the fulcrum or pivot in which the needs of the organization and demands of the individuals are balanced. It’s the quality of leadership that usually determines the fate of the organization. The CEO is the agent who helps smooth pathway towards goal achievement. Trustworthiness in a CEO will create and sustain self confidence and enthusiasm among his subordinates. He provides advice and guidelines by which subordinates can recognize their qualities and capacity. Therefore, the CEO is supposed to show leadership, a leader acts as a coach and counselor to his subordinates. Leadership serves as an aid to form authority in obtaining disserved results from the subordinates. A good CEO serves as a father figure and members gain strength and security by identifying emotionally from him. Other qualities that CEO should have include the following; a sense of purpose and direction, courage to accept responsibilities , faith, intelligence decisiveness, motivation ability, management ability and placing foresights and act of handling men and women etc. If I were the CEO of a company I would instill positive discipline in the company in order to encourage good ethics and morals. I will make sure that there is no divided loyalty in the firm. I will be the role model on whom subordinates will base their standards. I will ensure that confidential information is only accessed by authorized personnel. In case of confidential information kept in computers, passwords or codes should be used to prevent access to secret information. I would limit entry to the computer rooms. I would also ensure that there are clear lines of communication in the organization so that no information will be distorted. There will be clear hierarchical channels to ensure that there is a chain of command i.e. a clear flow of authority in the organization, I will also ensure that there is respect and obedience to the existing rules and regulations of the organization. To avoid conflicting instructions there will be unity of command no employee will be made answerable to more than one boss for specific tasks. There will be fair remuneration hence members of staff will be rewarded fairly according to their contribution to the organization. Strategic management should involve real expertise in personnel administration; kn
Introduction Historically, the United States is a democratic state and it has strived to promote democracy by ending dictatorial leaderships, which abuse human rights and peace in different states across the world. The US and Japan had a tedious relationship before and during the Second World War. Both nations believed to have more powers than the other did and as a result, each was trying to prove to the other the ability to reign over the world (Brooks & Stanley 2007). Japan with the support of the Communist Hitler, who led Germany, had managed to take control of over hundreds of islands in the Indian Ocean, and by 1945, it was determined to take over the Pacific Islands as well. On the other hand, the US government under the leadership of President Harry Truman was up against the Japanese behaviour of trying to rule over the Pacific Islands (Cook & Cook 1992). The decision by the US government to drop the atomic bombs over Japan was facilitated by the desire to be the world’s superpower as the main reason and other small reasons attached to it (Waley 2003). The US felt that dropping a powerful atomic bomb over Japan would force its emperor to surrender and furthermore create tension to Germany thus forcing it also to end the war (Toland 2003). In addition, the US government also felt that atomic bomb would force the Soviet Union to end the Second World War, and assume a leading position over the world nations for its possession of the world’s deadliest weapons (Pellegrino 2010). Hence, the objective was to become the superpower of the world by showing other nations of its power to destroy resisting nations, thus forcing them to abide by the will of the US. The Motive behind the Dropping of the Bombs The dropping of the atomic bombs by the US on Japan occurred at the height of ending the Second World War in 1945. The Nazi Germany was a leading war perpetrator in Europe and its signing of the instrument of surrender on 8 May 1945. However, the war continued along the Pacific Ocean due to the resistance of the Japanese Emperor to sign the instrument of surrender. The United Kingdom, the United States, and the Republic of China made a Potsdam Declaration in July 1945 in which they required Japan to surrender in an effort to end the war (Gordin 2007). Unfortunately, the Japanese emperor was reluctant to surrender due to influence of Germany and desire to prove the powerfulness of Japan over the world. The United States did not invade any nation in either of the first or Second World War. Instead, it was defending the innocent nations against the attacks of greedy nations like Japan and the Nazi Germany that invaded some countries and oceanic islands for economic and political reasons (Ward 2007). However, critics argue that the United States was taking advantage of the situations to gain advantage over the attackers in effort to create good relationships for economic reasons. Judging from the moral authority perspective, the United States was on the right side of acti
A project plan needs to have a corresponding proposal. The latter is a summary of the whole project highlighting the tasks to be performed. It breaks down important tasks into stages giving details on the various activities to be carried out and requirements of each task. The project proposal can be used by the management to plan for the project and evaluate its progress. It helps the management to avert shortcomings in the project and development stages (Wideman, 2010). Woody’s plan of managing the project was based on the wrong foundation. A project calls for the involvement of all stakeholders at all stages. The conception stage was in accordance with the provisions of project management, but the planning stage was left to one party only, who contracted an external company to implement the expansion plan. This company had not participated in the development and conception stage, and so did not understand the requirements of the Woody Project. It had not been involved in budget estimation activities and in the determination of the project timeframe (Wideman, 2010). This was a setback to the project’s timeline and budgetary allocations. Lack of planning on handling of human resource for the project was evidenced by the fact that an inexperienced person was given the role of running the project. The professional services engaged lacked proper guidance from the management of Woody’s Company. If I were to be given an opportunity to run the project, I would not have contracted professional services to carry it out. I would have taken charge of the project as I would have been grounded on the project requirements. I would also have incorporated the stakeholders in the various phases of the project. All procurement and other requirements would have been supervised and ran according to the proposed plan. The project plan had many loopholes, which led to inefficiencies. It did not address the aspect of changes and thus limited the development of the project. Inclusion of contingency plans and control structures to accommodate these changes is important (Wideman, 2010). When room is provided to accommodate the changes and appropriate structures put in place to respond to them effectively, the project development team will be able to analyse these changes and come up with appropriate actions. The team will also be better placed to determine whether the changes are necessary or not. The final product
Company Description Starbucks is arguably the world’s largest coffee house company with thousands of locations around the world and possessing one of the most internationally recognized names and logos to date (Drinks, 2010). They specialize in selling brewed coffee, hot drinks, cold drinks, various espresso drinks, desserts, sandwiches and various other snacks. Their business platform is based off the traditional coffee house concept popularized in France during the late 18th to early 19th century and also basing itself off similar recent concepts seen in Manhattan’s Upper East Side during the early 1990’s. Ever since its creation on March 30, 1971 the company has meticulously and aggressively expanded into numerous global markets, which led to the creation of the ubiquitous pop culture statement “there’s a Starbucks on every corner”. While the chain continues to be popular to this very day various consumer rights advocates have criticized the company for its supposed “wal-marting” tactics in obtaining consumers and driving out competitors. “Wal-marting”, connected to the U.S. based retail company Wal-Mart, is a term used to describe a process wherein a large retail chain sets up a store in a certain location and operates at a loss in order to drive away competition, after which it subsequently raises prices back to their normal levels (Goetz & Shrestha, 2009). Aside from this Starbucks has had a generally well-accepted global reputation and continues to be an ubiquitous part of pop culture today (Gonzalez, 2010). Ethical Sourcing of Products Product sourcing has been a topic of contention for many companies with several being justly vilified for supporting practices that create profit yet at the cost of highly questionable ethical practices. Such methods can consist of knowingly buying products that are the result of sweatshops, child labor, or business practices that abuse farmers. In the case of Starbucks they set a goal where by 2015 100 percent of the coffee they purchase is to be from ethically traded coffee. This consists of responsible growing practices where the coffee being grown has been certified under C.A.F.E. (Coffee and Farmer Equity), which supports practices related to fair trade and ethical business practices (Renard, 2010). Another aspect to take note of is that besides paying fair and equitable prices for the coffee purchased Starbucks also endeavors to support the farmers who grow the coffee by providing support to various programs that extend lines of credit to farmers (Argenti, 2004). Not only does this enable farmers to cover the initial cost of export but it helps them to finance various pre-harvest activities which results in highly efficient operational improvements that not only help farmers by increasing the yield of thei
Introduction In the first video, Doctor Cheryl Kingsburg discussed the importance of revealing sexual problems among the patients. This task seems to be complicated, but it is much easier than clinicians might think. Patients’ reaction to the decreased sexual desire screener is reported to be positive, making the diagnostics comfortable (MenopauseSociety, 2017). However, the principal issue is not in the process, but the perception of sexual dysfunction. The most surprising fact for me was the neglect of sexual problems by clinicians as they do not consider them as critical. These conditions are not life-threatening, but it does not mean they should not be monitored. The second video is focused on the genitourinary syndrome of menopause, which is a term unfamiliar to most female patients. It combines all the concerning symptoms connected to menopause and the treatment methods allowing to deal with them (MenopauseSociety, 2016). The clinician’s most surprising statement was about its suitability to women with prior history of breast cancer that finished the treatment. It turned out to be safe for them in the case of coordination with oncologists. GSM and Body Systems GSM or genitourinary syndrome of menopause is a relatively new term, which describes the changes in a woman’s body related to menopause. Such changes happen to the vulva, vagina, and urinary tract and can be bothersome for patients (MenopauseSociety, 2016). The conditions connected to GSM should be monitored by a doctor as they require special treatment. Their importance is defined by the influence on women’s quality of life due to the emergence of pain and vagina dryness, causing discomfort and preventing sexual activity and, therefore, leading to emotional stress (MenopauseSociety, 2016). Thus, the symptoms meeting the definition of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause should be taken into account by female patients and doctors. Recommendation for Treatment GSM is a condition requiring treatment, and various methods are created to help women deal with it safely. According to Dr. Shapiro, the first measure after diagnosing GSM is the use of moisturizers and lubricants as they are useful for most cases (MenopauseSociety, 2016). However, the patients who decide to seek medical attention are likely to have tried them and remained unsatisfied with the outcome. In this case, they are recommended to use pelvic floor physical therapy as a non-hormonal option (MenopauseSociety, 2016). Other possibilities are vaginal conjugated estrogen or estradiol creams that are frequently prescribed by nursing practitioners after vaginal exams (Pace et al., 2020). Hence, there is a variety of methods allowing to ease the conditions of menopausal women. Level of Comfort in Taking a Complete Sexual History A medical specialist’s level of comfort in taking a complete sexual history is a vital characteristic defining the outcome of the treatment. As for me, I would say that it is average, which means that I should use the recommendations of other specialists to ensure the doctor-patient satisfaction. However, I think that my level of comfort does not depend on a patient’s gender. The onl
Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent early-onset condition of developmentally improper levels of distraction, hyperactivity and recklessness. Even though ADHD has habitually been viewed as a childhood disease, data from researches on experimental correlates, family records, behavior reaction and a number of laboratory tests prove the validity of the diagnosis ADHD in old age. Although major signs are frequently apparent in disorderly actions and learning difficulties in children with ADHD, grown-ups with enduring signs classically exhibit subtler cognitive and behavioral destructions, which nevertheless are frequently linked to major educational, professional, interpersonal, expressive and even legal obscurities. To facilitate advancement of knowledge on brain-behavior, information that is more neuropsychological is required mainly from grown-ups. Introduction Modern neuropsychological approaches of ADHD show that cognitive impairments contribute to disorders in adulthood. The extents at which adults are affected vary from one individual to the other. This paper attends to the problem of ADHD disorder in adults. The paper formulates a methodology that seeks to experiment the ADHD effects. Finally, the paper discusses the findings of the experiment and gives specific conclusions. In the conclusion section, the researcher observes that further studies are recommended to gain more knowledge about the topic. Traditional perspectives of ADHD portray a major deficiency of cognitive control. Contemporary studies emphasize that a number of factors contribute to adulthood disorders such as activation, stimulation, attentiveness, inspiration and reward system. However, available data on adult ADHD are child-based implying that they have to undergo extensive empirical research concerning their applicability in individuals with enduring symptoms. Few researches have been conducted as regards to major cognitive control processes. Major cognitive control processes are interference control and task-set management. The most recent study utilized tentative chronometric Stroop and task switching model. The model was used to investigate the effectiveness of processes used in testing interference control and task-set management in adults with ADHD disorder (Willcutt, & Doyle, 2005). Method Twenty-two grown-ups proved to be with ADHD disorder were used in conducting the study. There were seventeen males and five females. All participants were taken through the test to achieve accurate results. The researched were recruited through newspaper advertisements. They were approximately eighteen to forty-five years of age. Clinical evaluation of patients was then carried out based on diagnostic procedures for ADHD in adulthood as spelled out by the country’s psychological professional code of conduct. The participants were initially interviewed in order to obtain some key information as regards to ADHD disorder. The questionnaire used was semi-structured. To gain more insight, standardized self-report and guaranteed informer evaluation scales were also used to compute ADHD signs.