ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ecolabeling as a tool for enhancing sustainable practices in consumption patterns has gained widespread recognition globally. After the Rio Earth Summit, the focus was on Agenda 21 that recognized ecolabeling as a means to encourage the public to embrace sustainable consumption practices by buying products, which are more environment-friendly with regard to energy and resource efficiency (Horne, 2009). In addition, consumers also wanted to understand how their purchase decisions influenced the environment. This led to ‘green consumerism’ driven by ecolabeling (Corporate Sustainability Initiative, 2010). Ecolabeling for sustainability aims to inform consumers about consumption and related environmental impacts. At the same time, it offers opportunities for producers to introduce environmentally friendly products into markets. The public distrust and misperception over manufacturers’ claims have led to various initiatives to improve ecolabeling practices. Consumer distrust could emanate from the fact that ecolabels could be self-declarations (first-party claims lack independent verification and standardization), second-party claims (e.g. retailer branding vendor products), or third party claims (based on independent testing and verification by a recognized institution). In fact, it is observed that in the UK, for instance, sales of certified organic vegetables, fruits, and meat declined by 12.9% in the year 2009 (Corporate Sustainability Initiative, 2010). This implies that green claims on products have penetrated marketplaces fast, but consumers are concerned about their efficacy in promoting sustainability initiatives and sustainable consumer preferences. In this paper, a systematic analysis of ecolabeling as a challenge is discussed with the focus on sustainability management and self-declaration claim ecolabeling vs. standardized ecolabeling. The paper looks at how ecolabeling has contributed to sustainability, its challenges, contemporary works, certification, Fair Trade, theoretical concepts, and methods used to derive recommendations. The major objective focuses on how eco-label certifications have influenced sustainability, the most appropriate certification, and recommendations to enhance sustainable consumption behaviors. Certification could be the most important factor for effectiveness or ineffectiveness of ecolabels in sustainability practices. Further, it would show how ecolabeling has influenced consumer preference and increased consumption of green products. The ulti
Importance of history is something which every person should know about, it is very important to know about the history of what we do in our daily lives. Everything which we do has a beginning; it is somebody’s creation which is being continued till date. History of the society from where a particular thing originated is also very important, having knowledge about something and how it is done in today’s world but not aware of how and from where it originated is like living in a fool’s paradise. A person always has been compelled to know more about their family trees and ponder how they become uniquely themselves while inheriting the traits of those who came before them. In the same way if one is about to begin with something new then that person should be aware of the history of that particular thing. Sports, leisure and physical education have a great impact on our society. It is very important to know about them. The importance of these three things on our society is immense. If a society wants to stay healthy then all of these should be followed. Sport and physical education in ones leisure time is something one can do for their own body. Physical activities or sports in the free time help in keeping one healthy and active for long if done on a regular basis. In the following essay, importance of history to understand the sociological issues of sports, leisure and physical education will be discussed and how it impacts our lives. History of sports comes from a long way, sports are being played by humans since ancient times and they are timeless activities. The European explorers are of the opinion that sports have remained part of the social setup since early days of human kind has been evident from archaeological and documented evidence. In Britain, Golf and other horse riding sports were also played by the people of upper classes (Bailey 1978). Social issues are present in almost every aspect of life. Firstly, we will discuss about the social issues of women. In the past women were never allowed to play sports, if we look at the history then it was a lot times more of a male dominant society then of today’s world. It is the mindset of almost every culture that sports played by women are not considered to be a good thing, a very clear example for it is the 1999 women’s football world cup; where U.S won against China. After scoring the winning goal, the girl tore apart her shirt; which was condemned and declared as portrayal of feminism (Bishop 2003). Women have always been neglected in the field of sports. Very few of the cultures have been able to adopt females playing sports whereas there are many cultures which st
The inquiry training model suggests that learning should be based on the ability to formulate questions and find answers through the thinking process and the process of building causal relationships; therefore, instead of receiving answers, students are encouraged to ask questions and propose answers, the correctness of which the educator can either confirm or disconfirm (Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2015). The setting in which the model is particularly appropriate is the classroom; in classrooms, learners can hear one another’s questions and interact with each other as well as with the teacher. Both theoretical and practical aspects of the model make it particularly relevant for educating students with special needs, such as students with developmental disabilities (Smitha, 2012). The theoretical basis of the model is that learning is the process of obtaining new knowledge and skills through the use of existing knowledge and skills; by inquiring and proposing answer options, learners are more likely to develop the ability to learn how to learn and to learn more in the future. Teachers need to know that, for students with special needs, the lack of willingness or knowledge of how to learn is a major problem; the model addresses this problem by providing a set of instruments to master the learning processes. To successfully implement the model, teachers need to constantly encourage learners to develop hypotheses (Wilson, n.d.). However, it should be expected that learners will inevitably ask direct questions requiring an answer different from yes or no. In these cases, teachers should delicately remind learners that such answers cannot be answered in class. The delicacy is needed to ensure that learners do not lose confidence; increasing their confidence is one of the main advantages of the inquiry training model.
Timothy Hogan, famous for his excellent lighting skills and exceptionally accurate still-life photos, shoots internationally for a lot of transnational brands and marketing agencies in different industries, ranging from the technology and design to beverages and perfumery. The clients’ demand for Hogan can be explained by the excellence of his dramatic imaginings and cooperative, witty nature. His photography naturally stands out and sets the industry standards. A creator and a discoverer since his early years, Hogan developed an exceptional style, which leaves the viewers in amazement. The way that he is capturing things away from each other produces an inimitable opportunity to make stylish resolutions to even the most intricate image requirements. Taking into consideration the infinite backing from the greatest producers, retouchers, and workshops in the professional photography niche, it is quite reasonable that Hogan and his team managed to furnace the lifelong contacts that provide unbelievable results for each of their clients (About Timothy Hogan, 2016). Hogan’s ambitious self-drive to be able to make his living without help from anyone else is astonishing. He is a versatile person working with clients all over the world on everything from still pictures to movies or fashion. Being a passionate surfer, in 2014 he released an assortment of photographs entitled “The FIN Project” that combined his love for still life and a deep affection for surfing with the aim of revealing the magic inside the regular stuff that we encounter daily. In order to get the unquestionably best image quality, Hogan uses Hasselblad Multi-Shot backs. As he explains, it is crucial that the detailed photography practice disappears. Simply put, Hogan’s photography does not tolerate any scraps, noises, or narrow depth of field. Hogan is convinced that all of those factors are initially distracting the viewer from the topic. It is a meticulous process, but Hogan believes that going to the extreme, but reasonable, measures is essential if he wants to picture all the necessary details (Griffin, 2013). It is worth noting that the majority of Hogan’s lighting are his experiments, as he learned everything by trial and error. Hogan describes himself as a patient spectator, so most of the work that he basically does is, paradoxically, just soundlessly observing and examining objects. Once Hogan understands the assets of something he wants to take pictures of, he can easily reproduce and develop the subject (King, 2012). Hogan’s photography is vivid and explicit. We immediately see what the photographer wanted to show us. He has an exceptional sense of equilibrium as all of the objects in the photographs are placed perfectly, and the lighting provides an accentuation on the most important features of the
Human capital can be defined as a collection of knowledge, habits, and personal creativity that are important in performing labor with the goal of producing an economic value. From an economic perspective, human capital is associated with the ability of a state or an organization to improve performance outcomes significantly. It is important to differentiate human capital from monetary capital, which does not grow for a long period. In fact, even its short-term growth trends are not always linear. Over the years, there has been a debate about whether students participating in college sports activities should be paid. This paper seeks to develop an argument to support the idea of rewarding college athletes with money on a regular basis. Ross Eisenbrey states that the utilization of the unpaid labor of students on internships has been on the increase over the past ten years. He contends that if an individual works for any firm or person for financial gains, then he or she should be paid for his or her services. This is irrespective of whether individuals are students or graduates. Colbert claims that students who participate in athletic competitions on behalf of their colleges should be paid. Based on the human capital model, the scope of athletics in colleges represents a positive contribution to human development and well-being. The model has six domains that should be considered before one can decide whether college athletes should be paid. These are physical capital, emotional capital, individual capital, social capital, intellectual capital, and financial capital. For the purpose of the argument in this paper, financial capital is given a priority. It refers to gains with regard to earning power, productivity, and work attainment. Some athletes come from low-income families. Thus, they can hardly sustain themselves. When they engage in college sports events, they cannot find time to look for jobs that would provide them with a regular source of income. It is evident that a significant amount of the funds generated from athletics is used to support other games, such as basketball and football. However, if students participating in athletics would be paid by institutions of learning, then they would focus on studying and developing their careers in sports. In an era where the internet is playing a great role in broadcasting athletics events at colleges, it is no doubt that the institutions of learning are making huge profits, some of which can be used to reward the participating students financially. Some college students qualify for scholarship grants that cater for expenses, such as travel and food. However, it is important to note that not all expenses are covered by the grants, implying that student athletes would hardly meet the demand of catering for their needs because most of their time is spent in sports exercises and practices. It is notable that some team members engage in abuses, such as illegally taking cash from boosters. This can be avoided by remunera
Introduction The horrific events of 15 April 1989 at the Hill’s Borough Football Stadium in Sheffield caused physical injury to more than 700 people and death of 96 spectators. Nevertheless, it caused emotional harm and life-scarring to many people. This led to the case of White and Others versus Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1998) QB 254, where the chief constable admitted that the events were sparked off by the negligence of police hence causing spectator-overcrowding in pens. This case has had a lot of impacts on cases which entail nervous shock claims. This paper uses both an analytical and a critical approach to explore impacts of this case on nervous shock claims. The Impacts on Nervous Shock Claims The case of White and Others versus Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1998) QB 254 is said to have elicited division of victims into primary victims (those directly involved in the accident or incident) and secondary victims (those who see or learn of others being killed or injured). This case has had a great impact on nervous shock claims. The impacts have been echoed by academicians, law experts and judges, who contend that common law of delictual liability for psychiatric injury or mental harm is defective and needs reform. For example, Teff, a professor of law has argued that untenable distinctions depicted in this case has a negative impact on dispensation of justice. Another professor, Stapleton, has contended that this case depicts complexity and unjustifiable distinctions which contravene modern approaches of understanding psychiatric injury or nervous shock. Furthermore, the impact of this case for nervous shock claims was also echoed by Lord Oliver’s assertion of his inability to ascertain satisfactoriness and logical defensibility of the state of the law (Sprince1995). The division of victims into two categories and the different rules for their compensation has affected nervous shock claims due to the lack of clear and distinct boundaries. This has an impact on nervous shock claims in terms of compensation and ruling. For example, secondary victim compensation is only awarded on condition of claimants meeting the Alcock criteria (close tie of affection between secondary victim and injured person) and claimants’ presence at the scene or its aftermath and their psychiatric injury caused by direct perception of the scene or the aftermath (Tort Law Cases, n.d). In addition, there has been difficulty in the evaluation of the legal construct that secondary victim’s recovery is on condition of foresee-ability of their injuries in persons of ordinary fortitude. The remedy and reform of defects to minimize negative impact on nervous shock claimants would mean suitable cases be litigated up to the level
The victory in the Pacific war of the United States and the alliance did not change the situation in Asia for the better. With the European powers in Asia, the new military conflict in Malaya and Vietnam developed on the base of the colonies and the anti-communist ideology. The colonial approach of Japan in Korea altered as the Soviet Union and the United States received the opportunity to change the political environment in Asian countries (Roadnight 2002, 249). The understanding that the modern world should not face such issues as colonialism or imperialism was the reason for the Allied European and North American nations to give freedom to the colonies resulting in changing the modern political and global system. The war had a significant consequence for Japan as they lost their power over the regional import and the United States filled the vacant place as Great Britain and France were busy making peace in Europe. South Korea and Vietnam, popularizing the communist movement, were seen as the danger for the democratic world and were involved in the military and economic conflict (Lee 1996, 18). It should be pointed out that the way the United States viewed the implementation of the new political system, and the changing of the economic environment in Asia was polar to the approaches Great Britain used. Due to the fact that the post-world war was in need for the new methods of changing the political orientation in Vietnam and Korea, the United States received an opportunity to implement new mechanisms of power, rejecting the colonial control and applying economic factor, as they saw the need for the “informal empire” (Lee 1996, 19). The Japanese had an influence over Korea for almost thirty years, and the way they controlled the colony was strict. It should be highlighted that, according to the official facts, the number of population in Japan and Korea changed over time and was transformed from one problem to another. The surplus of population demands actions from the government as the imbalance between the number of people, and the resources may cause a lot of problems that will destroy society. However, the Sino-Japanese war solved the issue in a different way. The great losses turned out to a deficit population that can be considered as an urgent issue that demands elucidation (Fujitani 2011, 36). According to Michel Foucault, the French philosopher, the triangular system of power (sovereignty, discipline, and government) should be implemented for the society to prosper. However, it should be stressed that the main aspect of the triangular system is government and the way it uses knowledge and authorities to solve issues and develop the strategy for the progress (Fujitani 2011, 37). According to the widespread opinion, the Japanese rule in colonies can be described predominantly as the one that used repressions and exploitations to achieve discipline. Although some facts are true, it should be stated that with the implementation of the strict ruling approach Japan created favorable conditions for the development in the field of medicine and ed
Introduction In the study entailing nationalism, one stumbles upon four major debates that scholars tend to engage in. The first one centers on how “nation” and “nationalism” should be defined. Secondly, there is a question of the time during which nations are thought to have first occurred. The third debate tends to explore how nations and nationalism actualized. Finally, most classic works emphasize on European nationalism raising a debate as to whether nationalism began in Europe and spread to other non-western parts of the world or whether it developed on its own in non-western countries (Eschenhagen 2 ). This work will not attempt to exhaust all these debates but will rather concentrate on the various definitions of nationalism and its negative effects in the modern world. Definition of Nationalism Nationalism can be understood in diverse perspectives depending on the context. Sociologically, nationalism can first be understood from the word nation, from which it is derived. The nation is Latin in origin – nation whose meaning during the medieval era was devoid of any political connotation. It has a similar meaning with Greek word ethnos that stands for “people, nation, and country” (Norbu 25). It was until the Middle Ages that the nation began attaining a political interpretation, which was vividly outspoken especially in France and Germany. In these two places, the term nation was used to refer to the ruling cadre in contrast with the word volk , which is synonymous to the common people or populace (Norbu 25). In view of this meaning, the word nation and the nationality concept were closely attributed to both sovereignty and power to imply that this concept was only common among those who were in rulership. Rather than belong to the people who embody it, the word nation rather referred to those in political power that had more say over state related concerns and held the key to the means of production. During the absolute monarchy, the nation was closely associated with the monarch’s state. If for that matter political power’s place of residence is the epitome the nation, then the French revolution was a major protest against the aristocratic class. With the increase in social communication and mass awareness, the idea of nationalism ceased from being cocooned within the aristocrats. It spilled down to the common people as well. Rousseau (1770 -1850) who refused equating nation to the higher political class and instead equating it with the populace (Norbu 25) agitated for the new concept of the nation. The meaning of nationality and that of nationalism are closely related in that they designate a people rather than a nation per se. Nationalism is therefore a unique type of politically motivated social awareness that is people-de
“Outliers” has become a highly influential book since its publication in 2008. Malcolm Gladwell examined a variety of factors for success including language, the time dedicated to the craft and even the date of a person’s birth. After reading the book, its positive and negative aspects have become apparent and will be discussed in this review. Impressive Parts Perhaps the most impressive part of the book is the way that Gladwell captivates the reader by making complex ideas more palatable to the general audience. He took a variety of research articles on sociology and constructed a believable set of factors that may lead to success. The positive message of the book is also worthy of note as it emphasizes the value of equal opportunity in work. The high sales of the book and the popularity of its ideas have shown that his writing was convincing to a large number of people who often choose to ignore the criticism of the book from outside sources. Strengths The style of the book expresses a certain charisma that pushes the reader toward believing the ideas expressed in the text. It is well structured and fast paced, especially for a non-fiction book filled with statistics and relatively complex ideas. Gladwell’s writing is easy to read, and all the primary ideas are memorable. However, perhaps the most positive aspect of the book lies in one of the ideas expressed by the author. Gladwell believes that all that is truly required for success is hard work and that anyone can achieve greatness despite lacking innate talent. This is a highly optimistic message to which the author dedicates a large portion of the book. His call for people to recognize the potential of those who are being overlooked due to their socio-economic status or for any other reason is genuinely inspiring and elicits frustration due to the lack of government programs that would allow such students, workers, and artists to utilize the skills they have cultivated over the years. His ideas on how language affects human perception are also not without merit. Language often reflects on the society that uses it, focusing the thinking process of the user towards specific cultural ideas. The way in which this idea is presented may be questionable, but rings true nonetheless. Weaknesses The book suffers from major oversimplification and generaliz