ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Improving patient satisfaction remains one of the pivotal goals of healthcare providers since it presents a significant determinant of service quality. It is impossible to achieve this goal without using patient experience data, and there are many approaches to collecting it. The given paper reviews the ways of collecting patient experience information, identifies their weak points, and proposes a more modern approach to data collection in healthcare. Traditional Surveys: Strengths and Weaknesses Nowadays, the significance of patient experience data for healthcare improvement cannot be overstated, and various approaches to its collection usually involve different types of surveys. The use of traditional surveys that are paper-based remains one of the most popular approaches to data collection, and it is associated with numerous advantages for patient outcomes and data analysis. The popularity of traditional surveys is highlighted in many sources, including the study by Barry, Campbell, Asprey, and Richards (2015). The most commonly used data collection method, the study states, involves conducting patient surveys on a regular basis to keep track of changes related to the provision of healthcare services. The use of paper-based surveys has numerous advantages since they are believed to protect anonymity and provide numerical data that is easy to analyze (Price et al., 2014). Even though such surveys are easy to use and apply scientifically sound measures, there is a number of weaknesses that decrease the usefulness of collected data for healthcare systems. In their study devoted to methods of data collection in healthcare, Mukasa, Mushi, Maire, Ross, and de Savigny (2017) prove that paper surveys produce data of medium quality that lacks accuracy. Moreover, when speaking about the disadvantages of the method, the researchers mention that the use of paper surveys is more costly and time-consuming than other approaches to data collection. Mukasa et al. (2017) persist in saying that paper-based surveys are more applicable to small-scale studies. Taking that into account, there are significant limitations related to the ability to use paper-based surveys in studying patient experience. Online Surveys: Strengths and Weaknesses The use of inline surveys presents another important way of patient experience data collection used in different countries. Unlike traditional surveys that are paper-based, this tool involves the use of electronic devices and often requires having a stable Internet connection. In their study, Brook, Siewert, Weinstein, Ahmed, and Kruskal (2017) mention that online surveys can play a great role in measuring patient satisfaction with medical imaging services. According to Brook et al. (2017), the character of patient experience is heavily impacted by factors that cannot be controlled by radiologists and other healthcare professionals. Among them are the presence of specific physical symptoms, a low pain threshold, or negative expectations (Brook et al., 2017). From this follo
Introduction Personality is a common terminology used by many people to state obvious features of individuals or to refer to their specific social skills. Within the field of psychology, personality theorists are mainly interested in explaining why individuals with same heredity and motivation may have diverse reactions in similar situations. Additionally, they are also interested in explaining why individuals with different heredity, past experiences and motivation may act similarly in same circumstances. With this qualification, personality can thus be defined as a dynamic organization within a person of specific systems that determine their normal behavior and thinking. In this paper, I will describe eight common features used to describe personality, state the advantages and disadvantages of having a diversity of personality theories to the understanding of personality, the contributions of Freud and Adler to our current understanding of human personality, The Big Five Model as a complete personality theory according to McCrae and Costa and criticism by other theorists, and finally state what I have learnt about my own personality from this course. Discussion To understand personality psychology, there are eight common features or theories that describe it such as: first, psychoanalytic feature which was developed by Freud dwells on the influences that early family life has on individual’s sexual desires. Second, Neo-Analytical theories which were developed out of psychoanalytic features focus on the self or ego as the central core of the individual. Mainly concerned with how individual egos copes with inner desires and external influences on it by others. Third, behavioral theories which deal with human behavior that can be monitored and also looks at personality features available in external environments. These features replaced the traditional ways of punishment used to rectify bad behavior with a reward system. Main theorists who advanced this perspective were B. F Skinner, Watson, and Pavlov who believed that human behavior is driven by environmental forces. Fourth, cognitive features which dwell on perceptive thoughts, decision making, and individual judgments. Individuals apply these features to the interpretation of the world around them. Fifth, biological features of personality which try to explain behavior through individual’s internal biological process such as genetics, evolution, brain, and nervous system function. Sixth, humanistic theories which attempt to focus on an individual’s self image, and actualizatio
Introduction The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to patients with HIV/AIDS significantly changed the morbidity rates of the affected groups. Nevertheless, while the status of the epidemic was overcome with this treatment, the infection itself and the following syndrome remain incurable. People with HIV/AIDS can access drug therapy which prolongs their life and allows them to control the disease. Nevertheless, the statistics indicate that the rate of affected individuals continues to grow (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). This fact suggests that people are becoming less concerned with the danger of becoming infected, and their awareness about HIV and AIDS is highly limited. To lower the complacency of people to HIV/AIDS and change the perceptions about the condition for individuals with and without HIV/AIDS, health care professionals should focus on such aspects as safety, responsibility, and stigma. Advanced Drug Treatment Options and Complacency The existence of effective treatments for HIV/AIDS allows people to live longer than they would without ART. However, the idea that HIV/AIDS is manageable in the modern world affects the perception of this condition and reduces people’s awareness of this problem. For example, Peate (2017) notes that older people do not possess the necessary knowledge to practice safe sex which leads to the spread of the virus. As a result, the prevalence of cases with older adults contracting HIV occurs in societies with developed therapy strategies. Multiple factors contribute to the increased complacency with ART being one of them. As it is mentioned above, the lack of knowledge can significantly increase the rates of infection. Therefore, while the existence of effective drug treatments has an impact on people’s perception of the condition, people’s level of awareness remains a serious problem as well. The Role of Health Care Professionals The consequences of contracting HIV should be discussed with people to make them aware of the severity of this disease. While not as deadly as before, HIV/AIDS is still a serious issue that affects a person’s life from the moment of infection till their death. Moreover, infected individuals
Even though the boundaries set during the Congress of Vienna endured relatively unchanged for about 40 years, the results of the treaty were unacceptable to all of the participants. Europe was a hotbed of political unrest and several internal revolutions followed, including the 1830 uprising in Paris, the 1825 Decembrist Revolt in Russia, and the Austrian Revolutions of 1849. The west was becoming more liberal, while the east moved to the conservative. The internal political unrest within European countries and the tendency toward expansion created a stressed environment resulting in several wars. Most of this was expressed on the foreign colonization front, rather than in Europe, but there were exceptions. “France and Britain blundered into war with Russia in 1854 through a series of tragic misunderstandings, the responsibility for which was shared by all the governments concerned.” (Bruun, 1960, p. 93) Tsar Nicholas moved into Moldavia and Wallachia and secret accords with the Austrian and British governments for the disposition of the Ottoman empire were formulated in 1844 in London. These collapsed in March 1853. French interests were disregarded Britain pulled out partly because certain points were still not clear, but mostly to appease France. Nicholas could not retreat with dignity, since his army was already on the Turkish border. In July 1853 the Russians took the Danubian Principalities, and in September the British fleet moved on Constantinople. Then the Turks declared war on Russia, and allied navies entered the Black Sea. On 28 March 1854, France and Britain declared war on Russia. Nicholas withdrew from the Danube, but the Allies marched to the Crimean peninsula and attacked Sevastopol. In December 1854 Austria joined in, and the siege of Sevastopol forced the evacuation of the city on 11 September 1855. Nicholas, I died in March 1855 and Alexander II accepted peace terms at the Congress of Paris, 25 February-30 March 1856. As a result of the shamefully inadequate medical treatment on these battlefields, 80% of the deaths were from disease. When this was made public, policies were revamped. The Italian War of 1859 raised national aspirations and roused the Poles to revolt in 1863; the Danish monarchs wanted to consolidate their realm, and culminated in the Danish War of 1864; and Prussian plans called for the unification of Germany, which caused the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Bismarck of Prussia established cordial relations with Russia and concluded an alliance with Italy in April 1866. Then Prussia moved troops into the duchy of Holstein in June 1866. Most of the German states were on the Austrian side. However, in Prussian military moves, Moltke destroyed the Austrian army in Bohemia at Königgrätz in July 1866. Prussian breech-loading rifles outshot Austrian muzzleloaders, and Moltke moved troops very quickly using the railways. The Austrians were also busy with the Italian army, and their victory came too late to get the troops back in time to fight off Prussia. The treaty of Prague on 23 August 1866 ended the German Confederation, and Austria was excluded. All northern states j
The primary goal of the paper is to determine whether government spending has increased or decreased. In turn, in this instance, the budgeting has to be inspected carefully to define the presence of these matters. Furthermore, the fluctuations of the different types of taxation systems were revealed. Lastly, the influence of these factors on the national economy has to be assessed with the assistance of specific examples. Firstly, the modifications in governmental spending have to be determined, as they have a substantial effect on the development and economic performance of the country. It remains apparent that the federal expenditure tends to rise due to the variety of aspects, which require attention, such as improvement of secret service (the increase of investment by $500,000 annually) and water safety ($150,000) ( Congressional Budget Office , 2016). Additionally, the presence of the globalization vehemently affects the areas of investments in the world by increasing the necessity of the expenditure in particular fields (Rickard, 2012). For instance, the spending in the healthcare industry has risen significantly at national and local levels (“Trade-offs”, 2014). As for the overall federal spending of the United States of America, it remains evident that it has a tendency to increase due to the presence of a variety of states of expenditure. For instance, the spending in the fiscal year 2015 (approx. $3.7 trillion) is lower than the estimated expenses in 2016 ($4 trillion) ( U.S Government Publishing Office , 2016). In turn, the fluctuations of taxes are depicted with the assistance of particular examples. Firstly, taxes play the role of the enhancer of the national revenue due to their ability to be the primary source of income (Cooper, Lutz, & Palumbo, 2015). In turn, the imposture of the different percentages of taxes equalizes the distribution of revenues across the country (Cooper et al., 2015). Despite the positive influence of the taxes on the national economy, the insufficiency of governmental decisions might lead to the growth of the debt of the country. For instance, the current increase in the standard deduction rises the number of citizens, who pay the reduced amount of taxes (Phillips, 2015). The application of this
Introduction It is essential to understand children development, as this will enable you to recognize physical, emotional, cognitive, educational and social growth of a child from birth till early childhood. Child development can be defined as psychological, emotional and biological changes in human beings that occur between birth and adolescence period. These changes are greatly influenced by different events that occur in a person’s life mainly when he/she is in a prenatal life. The changes also come as a result of genetic factors. This means that development in children is mainly influenced by environmental factors, as well as genetic factors attained from learning. Human brain is “made” in a special way that enables it to easily adapt to any surrounding, and this is what encompasses development in children. For many years, research has been conducted on child development. This led to formulation of many theories that attempt to illustrate all the aspects of child development ranging from social, emotional, educational to cognitive growths. There are many areas which compass child development and these include: language, cognition, motor, perception, physical growth and social-emotional development. Areas of development Motor development is one of the areas of development in children within their first two years of life. This is a period when a child learns how to walk. Their physical body changes to accommodate movement patterns from largely reflexive patterns to highly skilled patterns. During early life of a child motor development, speed is usually high. This is because there is alteration in reflexes of the infants during their first year (Maslow1987). However, motor development always slows down later on, as the child begins to mature up. Motor development has a pattern that is predictable just like a physical growth. Development of torso goes to extremities and head to foot is always predicted. This is because it is always natural that body movement begins at the end of the head before the lower parts, including the feet and the hands. There is a sequential motor development in human beings starting from childhood to adolescent period. For example, at the age of 6-8 months, locomotion takes place whereby a child begins to creep in fours, then pull himself to stand while holding tight the objects, then they walk while holding the parents hands and finally walk on their own. At the age of two or one and half years, children normally continue with their sequential growth where they learn how to run, gallop, skip, hop and jump and even stand on one foot. It is, however, important to note that motor development ability mainly depends on the weight and organization of the body of a child. However, practice, instructions, and observations also greatly affect motor development in children after infancy. Language development is another area of development in children within their early years of life. Language development is mainly the ability of a child to use and under
Diversity and Inclusion The article focuses on the concept of diversity and inclusion, as well as defines the main benefits that can be achieved through implementing this model in a company that has global teams. Diversity can be described by factors that are either visible or not. They may include gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, age, etc. Inclusion is a strategy that allows all these different people to equally participate in the process of decision-making. Communication is crucial in any teamwork project, and it is especially challenging to establish a good connection between members of global virtual teams. The most important guideline is to allow everyone to share ideas despite the position held within an organization. Each team member must be treated as a unique personality with a valuable background. There is a model for inclusive global teams that features three fundamental elements, which are people, process, and purpose. The concept of people implies the importance of selecting the best professionals and creating a culture of respect and strong relationships between them that would positively affect the companies’ activities. Process lies in addressing all steps that should be taken for successful work. They include sharing information and technology, developing guidelines, differentiating roles, resolving conflicts, etc. Finally, purpose implies the understanding of common goals and their effect on stakeholders. There are ten action steps that companies take to improve the work of diverse global teams. The first step is to conduct research to find key features of effective teams. The next steps call for acquiring management support and implementing the required tools and practices. Cross-cultural assessment and tracking should be a part of testing the efficiency of the new strategy. Finally, the experience should go public with an emphasis on diverse global teams’ success. The RAMP Framework Although global virtual te
Introduction America’s founding fathers advocated and acted upon division of powers. They did this because they knew if all the powers were left to the federal government; it was likely that it would impose unnecessary limitations to individuals thus interfering with their liberty. Therefore, they advocated for a system in which the power of the federal government would be divided among three different branches, which were: the executive, legislative and judiciary. This was a horizontal division and distribution of powers so that each of these could become a watchdog to the other. The term Founding Fathers refers to a group of revolutionary people who were united in finding a peaceful and united America, even though they represented different professions. They all fought for American Liberty and this had put a great significance to date. This is because the foundation that they laid has provided a strong ground where today’s America has been built (Matzke, 2009. Pp.0-89). The Founding Father’s Notion According to Frank, 2006, America’s founding fathers believed that any successful government has to derive its legitimate powers from the people it is governing. They upheld the fact that all people were created equal and that they need to be given an opportunity to exercise rights that could not be taken away from them. They referred to these rights as unalienable and they included rights to life, rights to liberty and rights to pursue happiness. Any government has a duty to protect these rights and whenever it derails from this path, the citizens have a right to abolish it and to institute a new one that will govern with these rights in its mind. This brought about revolution and a radical shift in politics. The founding fathers advocated that the government should not impose rights upon people rather these people should give the government limited powers in its governing (Frank 2006). Defending this Notion Overtime, this notion can be proved to be true in the entire America. This is because, it would be a great shock to these founding fathers if they woke up and found the land that they fought for has become different. They believed that America was going to be a land of opportunity and freedom if there was minimal government intrusion i
All the countries in the world can be divided into two major groups that are core and periphery. Core countries are typically characterized by wealth and power in the world, whereas the periphery countries are the states that are not as independent financially (Steif par. 1). As a result, there is a relationship between core and periphery countries where the former provides support and resources so that the latter allows them to exploit the remaining benefits they may possess. Observing this tendency, it is easy to notice that in the contemporary globalizing society the core countries are those who benefit from the impact of globalization while the periphery states are those who struggle with it and need to seek help and protectorate from their wealthier neighbors giving up some of their independence for that. The system with the core and periphery characteristics was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein and is called World Systems Theory, and it includes the third group of states recognized as semi-peripheral that possess the qualities of both dependent and dominant countries (“World-Systems Theory” par. 1). The core and periphery areas develop due to the influences of various factors such as geographical position (climate, natural resources, access to water bodies), political development (conflict-free inner dynamics, connections with the other countries, successful trades), and scientific progress (high-quality education, medicine, and science) (“Globa