ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is critical to use reliable and valid sources for any academic work. For my persuasive essay about coral reefs, I have chosen four sources. They provide general facts about coral reefs, information on the contribution of coral reefs to tourism revenues, the impact of global warming on them, and how coral reefs are different across various geographical regions. There is much information available on the topic. Common points of discussion in the field are that coral reefs are influenced by deteriorating effects of global warming, and, in some regions, they are vulnerable to environmental changes, and that coral reefs may generate significant amounts of revenue for tourism. The criteria for the evaluation of sources are bias level, credibility, reliability, and date of publication. This paper will also discuss the limitations of each source and how the works will be used in the essay. Considering bias level is essential because works that mostly rely on personal beliefs and experiences cannot be used for objective reasoning. The credibility of both the author and the publisher influences the expectations we have about the source. Also, if the work is not reliable and outdated, its usage in other academic papers will render the works as unreliable as well. Assessment of Sources “Global Warming Transforms Coral Reef Assemblages,” Hughes et al. Bias level in this source is low because the paper relies on statistical facts, and was written and reviewed by a large number of scientists before being published. The article is credible because most of the authors are professors at James Cook University, and the publisher, Nature is well-known in the scientific community. The reliability of the work can be shown by the fact that the authors used official statistics provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Hughes et al. 493). The paper provides an up-to-date perspective on the effects of global warming on coral reefs because the statistical data was collected within the last three years. Because the authors relied only on the data provided by the Australian government, the paper is limited in scope. I will use this paper in order to obtain information about how climate change is negatively affecting coral reefs. “What are Coral Reefs?” Ross . This source provides only facts and is written to inform rather than persuade, and therefore, has a low bias level. Credibility can be questioned because the author is not an academic worker but an individual contributor. However, the work is reliable because it is easy to check the provided information for validity through encyclopedias and other books. Also, the publisher is not a casual website but a popular science magazine. The work was published within the last two years, which makes the source recent enough for use in academic papers. The limitation is similar to the previous article – it discusses coral reefs only in the context of the Australian ecosystem (Ross). It would have been much more comprehensive if the author included examples of coral reefs in other regions of the world. This work will be used to attain a general understanding of coral reefs. I
Introduction The colonizers force people to conform to their values and beliefs. They don’t consider that the natives also have their cultures and ideals that they adhere to. Instead, the natives’ values are taken aware by instilling fear into them and making the community members initiate hatred against a specific group of people. According to Miranda, the joyas was hated by the Spanish Priests, and they and their defenders were systematically eliminated from society (257). As a result, the community members decided not to associate with them due to the fear of being killed. Therefore, Miranda demonstrates that the colonizers determine the natives’ cultures, and they only promote what conforms to their values. Morgensen, Settler Homonationalism: Theorizing Settler Colonialism within Queer Modernities The article illustrates how the colonizers and Western religions impose discipline and terror on Indigenous people who had their practice on sexuality. The natives were forced to assimilate into the heterosexual systems and binary gender expression. According to Morgensen, all sexual beliefs that the natives had valued for centuries were eliminated when they were regarded as nonconforming to the European cultures (120). Therefore, those who practiced the traditional beliefs of gender and their associates were publicly embarrassed or killed (Morgensen 115). In other words, they were terrorized while being forced to adopt the new practices introduced by their colonizers. The Questions Raised By Both Articles Morgensen and Miranda show that colonizers target non-heterosexual and non-binary gender among the natives for exclusion in both accounts. They used methods of terror such as public execution to impose their religion and practices. Additionally, the two writers allude that the settlers’ normalization of fear forced the natives to disassociate with the community members opposed to binary gender. As a result, the Indigenous groups have learned to suppress their sexual and gender expressions that conflict with religious norms. Moreover, due to the priests’ and colonizers’ violent acts, the contemporary indigenous people’s actions toward gender roles are still greatly influenced by the state and the settler society. Works Cited Miranda, Deborah A. “Extermination of the Joyas: Gendercide in Spanish California.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies , vol.16, no.1-2, 2010, p. 253-284. Morgensen, Scott Lauria. “Settler homonationalism: Theorizing settler colonialism within queer mo
Introduction Introducing innovations in various spheres of life is often accompanied by difficulties due to the unwillingness of many people to accept new and unusual updates. The process of social digitalisation is natural and non-stop, which is one of the reasons for the transition to a virtual government as the key form of interaction with the representatives of various instances. Nevertheless, the implementation of this project has certain challenges caused by the tendency to abandon innovations and preserve traditional regimes. In order to develop a transition program and create a convenient and constantly replenished database where answers to any questions can be obtained, it is essential to not only make appropriate computer algorithms but also to carry out specific socially oriented work. Our organisation develops innovative software that can enable us to introduce the project of a virtual government and thereby simplify a number of the areas of life. At the same time, it is crucial to gain understanding from certain segments of the population who refuse to replace traditional paper departments with digital ones. This work is aimed at describing the key trends affecting the implementation of the transition plan, as well as analysing those research mechanisms that could help achieve the desired outcome. Trends and Themes To organise an effective process of transition to a virtual government, it is necessary to take into account the current trends that may affect the introduction of changes and raise some problems. Adherence to the principles of digitalisation presupposes the equipping of various social spheres with access to electronic databases, which is fraught with certain risks and challenges. The analysis of these influences may allow identifying the ways of overcoming barriers and methods for reorganising the contemporary system successfully. The most crucial and significant aspect that may be an obstacle to innovation is a human factor. The reluctance of some people to abandon routine paper departments is fraught with hampering the development of the digital sphere and, as a result, the lack of support from stakeholders. If the population resists the introduction of electronic databases containing significant amounts of information and the possibility of interaction with various government agencies, it will be senseless to seek to invest in this area. In this regard, it is essential to carry out appropriate advocacy work in order to give people an opportunity to appreciate all the advantages of the transition program to a virtual government. Another issue that may affect the process of
Introduction The need to adopt a healthy lifestyle is not only a buzz phrase but also a necessity for many urban dwellers. The rising numbers of rural-urban migration in many nations around the world have occasioned this trend as people search for jobs and a better life for their families (Rice & Hancock, 2016). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has witnessed similar displacements of populations over the last four decades (Molotch & Ponzini, 2019). Furthermore, many people who live in the UAE’s major cities have come from other countries and are living or working in urban centers as expatriates (Asher, 2016). Relative to their contribution to the country’s development, there are concerns about the impact of rapid urbanization on health outcomes. On this basis, sporting activities have been touted as a catalyst for improving physical fitness and maintaining good health (Bell, 2018). Consequently, many citizens engage in various sports events to fulfil their health and entertainment goals. The adoption of sports events as part of the modern Emirati lifestyle comes from the popularity of traditional games, such as football, cricket, and tennis among sections of the population. At a community level, several programs and initiatives, such as the Dubai Fitness Challenge, have allowed residents to participate in outdoor sporting events of their choice (Bell, 2018). Although there is a consensus regarding the importance of healthy living in the UAE, there is limited understanding regarding its relationship with the rise of sports activities in the country. Problem Statement Adopting a healthy lifestyle prevents people from developing non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. Physical fitness and sports activities are important elements of nurturing such a lifestyle but they are not the only basis for being healthy because health is a function of both mental and physical fitness. In this regard, healthy lifestyle has been linked to positive body imagery and self-esteem. Although several programs have been developed to increase the awareness of Emiratis about the impact of their lifestyle choices on health (Sadaqat, 2018; Parris, 2016), there is limited understanding regarding the extent to which such initiatives have provoked behavioral change. Failing to understand the link between physical fitness and societal wellbeing undermines the quest to adopt sustainable development programs from which future generations should benefit. Rationale for the Study Lifestyle habits have a strong effect on people’s health outcomes. Hence, there is a need to promote prevention measures as a tool to reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases and improve people’s overall wellbeing. To this
Most psychologists agree that motivation is the best approach to enhance learning (Carr and Wyon 2003). However, the extent to which this approach has been applied in sports education is not clear. This paper analyses a particular soccer coaching session with the aim of assessing how the coach creates motivational climate for learners. The TARGET (Task, Authority, Recognition, Grouping, Evaluation and Time) framework is used in the analysis. The observed coaching session involved training of under-twelve soccer team comprising of seventeen boys. Motivational climate is the psychological mind set in which learning takes place (Digelidis et al. 2004). There are two types of motivational climate that can exist in a training environment. The first one is called task-involving. This is the approach that emphasises self-improvement. Task-involving climate supports all learners and mistakes are not harshly condemned. This is the approach that encourages working together rather than competing with each another. Rewards are given for efforts made (Digelidis et al. 2004). On the other hand, there is an ego-involving climate which encourages learners to be the best. This approach favours best performers and mistakes are harshly condemned. Learners compete with each other and successful performers are rewarded (Digelidis et al. 2004). The task in Coach Andrew’s training session was about taking penalty shots. After receiving instructions from the coach, each boy was given ten chances from which he was expected to score at least eight times. In this regard, the coach informed learners that a good player should be able to automatically covert a penalty into a score. To demonstrate this fact, Coach Andrew took ten penalty shots and scored all of them. In the first round of the shoot-out, only five boys managed to score at least eight out of ten. The coach openly praised the five boys and rebuked those who performed poorly. Unfortunately, most of the students who performed poorly in the first round worsened their performance in the second round. At the end of the lesson, Andrew informed learners that he was not happy with the way some of them performed. The task in this session is characteristic of ego-involving climate (Morgan & Carpenter 2002). The coach decided both the task and the target without involving learners. From the body language of the learners, one could tell that they were not sure about their ability to beat the target. As Morgan and Carpenter (2002) notes, learners are likely to be less enthusiastic about tasks and targets set for them. In this case, Andrew’s boys may have performed poorly in the first round because they did not know why they needed to perform well. In addition, they may have failed to perform in the second round as a result of demotivation caused by their poor performance in the first round. The coach should have allowed the boys to decide the tasks to be performed and targets to be met. It should be noted that not every soccer player can be a striker. Some players can be good scorers while others good defenders. In this regard, the coach should have used several tasks so that eac
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common health problems around the globe in men and women. Infections considerably increase the patients’ risks of sexual dysfunctions caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites that are usually transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal contact (Wagenlehner, Brockmeyer, Discher, Friese, & Wichelhaus, 2016). Due to the fact that people find it normal and even obligatory to be engaged in sex, it is expected to prevent and control all STDs and associated sexual disorders. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), more than 1.5 million cases of Chlamydia trachomatis, about 555,000 cases of gonorrhea, and approximately 30,500 cases of syphilis were officially reported in America. The rise of sexual dysfunctions has a variety of roots, and the task of people is not just to be aware of and treat these problems but also to prevent them by establishing safe sexual contacts and following simple hygiene rules. The peculiar feature of STDs is its variety and the possibility to appear in people of any ages. There is a common thought that young people are frequently exposed to human papillomavirus (HPI) infection, HIV/AIDS, or Chlamydia because they may have a lot of sex with multiple partners. However, the increase of sexual dysfunction in older adults is explained by the lack of STD screening, a weakened immune system, long-lasting monogamy, and poor knowledge of effective contraception methods (“Sexually transmitted diseases,” 2018). STDs can also lead to a number of serious health complications, including infertility (in 30% of American women) or papillomas in children from their mothers (40% of death cases) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). The discussion of this information may be found on such sites. STDs and sexual dysfunction prevention and control should be promoted at any age to reduce lethal outcomes and improve the quality of life.
Bibliographical Information Patricia Polacco is a famous American author and illustrator in the field of children literature. She is of Ukrainian-Russian decent which explains the names of some of her books such as “Babushka’s doll” or “Babushka Baba Yaga.” There seems to be not much reliable information about Patricia Pollaco’s relationships with her grandmother besides that she lived with her at the farm in Union City, Michigan (Omics International). Apparently, they were close as books feature her in an imaginary Russian-style village setting in “Babushka Baba Yaga” short story. Book Comparison The books under comparison are “Babushka Baba Yaga” (1999) and “The Blessing Cup” (2013). Booth books are picture storybooks that share the setting of a Russian village. The peculiar detail about illustrations is the color change that occurred after 14 years. While the earlier illustrations of a Russian lifestyle were fully colored pencil-style images, in the “Blessing Cup” they were mostly black and white with colored elements crucial for narration. This change might be demonstrative of a transition towards a more educative style that focuses child’s attention on specific details. The characters have also changed from an imaginary to real ones. In an earlier book, the author depicts the personality of famous Russian folklore character, Baba Yaga, while in the latter work, she describes her own grandmother Anna. The transition to realism might be warranted by the author’s own increased value for and recognition of the historical heritage of her family, and nostalgic motivations. The writing style, however, seems to remain consistent over the years. The author uses unsophisticated vocabulary pertinent to increase understanding in a younger audience for whom the books are generally intended. However, in “The Blessing Cup,” the author occasionally uses historical terms such as “Shtetl” that might arouse confusion (Polacco, The Blessing Cup 2). On the other hand, illustrations might explain some of them. In both books, the child should not have any difficulties with identifying situations or topics presented in “Babushka Baba Yaga” as all of them are pretty straightforward. However, not any child might have a background in Russian Folklore to fully apprehend why Baba Yaga is traditionally presented as a negative character while in Polacco’s books she has a positive nature. In the other book, the concerns may arise due to the recognition of historical events touched in the story such as the banishment of Jews and why the narrator’s family is being chased by Tsar’s soldiers. The common theme that the author touches in both of her books includes the crucial importance of family. In “Babushka Baba Yaga” this is translated through the transition from a positive change in the main character, while in the other book the author introduces hardships of life to illustrate the need to be united with one’s closest relatives. The other theme that is also common for both works i
Introduction The topic on cosmology has ignited a heated debate over a long period. Both religion and science have offered contradicting explanations regarding the origin of the universe (Ruggles 2005). Major religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are described to be monotheistic, and they attribute the creationism of the universe to a superior and transcendent God who sustains its continuance. Cosmology has always been integrated as a topic of theism, but only recently has it started to disregard the workings of God. A shift has occurred whereby people have challenged God’s role and asserted that cosmology is centred on astronomy, physics, and mathematics. The study of physics regarding the universe was explored in the 19 th century in Christian doctrines. On the other hand, in the 20 th century, physical cosmology emerged with the major discovery of the earth’s expansion in 1930. Soon enough the observation of this expansion through the interaction of physical cosmology advanced towards to the “cosmic microwave”, which is now known as the widely accepted Big Bang Theory. Despite physical cosmology compiling the utilisation of modern sciences, religious ideologists still aim at addressing fundamental questions of the age of the universe, its end, why it is present, and its natural laws. For a long period, science and religion have been seeking to offer a reliable and harmonised explanation about the origin of the universe. There exists a thick line between religious cosmology and the scientific cosmology, since each has different ideas to offer. As opposed to the theological cosmology, the modern cosmology has dwelled majorly on mathematical techniques in a bid to explain the universe. Religious-based cosmology is an effective way of justifying the origin of the universe (Scranton 2010). Different religions in the world have disparate teachings about the origin of the universe. Therefore, it can be concluded that religion plays a great role in explaining the origin of the universe. Through sacred books, different religions attempt to offer explanations regarding the origin of the universe. The major contributors are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The aforementioned religions are all monotheistic, but they have different explanations regarding the existence and the origin of the universe. Most religions attribute the universe to creation by a supernatural power. This paper seeks to determine the implications of religion in the modern cosmology. Ancient cosmologies The early universe was seen to have three components, viz. the heaven, which appeared in the form of an arch and the land that was flat and the world beneath. The gods occupied the heavens while people resided on the surface of the earth. The gods controlled the operation of all natural bodies such as the stars, the moon, and the sun (Carone 2005). In addition, the gods also controlled seasons. They had the power to cause floods, drought, and other calamities. The ancient cosmology recognised the omnipresent nature of the gods, and thus the gods could observe the peoples’ behaviour from the heaven. The m
In order to rewrite one sentence three times and make it sound formal, businesslike, and informal, it is necessary to refer to the vocabulary and phrases that are typical of each writing style and choose specific grammatical constructions that are appropriate for the concrete purpose (Munter, 2009). From this point, the sentence about traveling on weekends can be revised and rewritten while reflecting the features and aspects that are characteristic of different writing styles. In this case, the focus is on the audience or the target reader. The proposed sentences represent the same idea that can be written using different styles and constructions that are mentioned by Munter (2009) in the book. The style of writing can affect the communication significantly while causing misunderstanding or making interactions easy. The following variants of the same sentence can be proposed in order to demonstrate differences in three writing styles:  1. Sentence One: It is important to state that traveling on weekends is an option that is often preferred by those individuals who choose to spend their money reasonably and who intend to receive certain benefits while being able to save resources for completing other demands, including a need for the aesthetic pleasure.  2. Sentence Two: Let’s plan weekends and some fun trip; so, I think money doesn’t matter if you want to enjoy the time with your friends (I hope you agree) as the reason to go is to spend the exciting time together and, yes, to have days full of joy and pleasure, as well as beautiful moments.  3. Sentence Three: The family can invest into spending weekends together if the travel proposition is cost-effective and includes several bonuses. Reference Munter, M. (2009). Interpersonal professional communications . New York, NY: Pearson.