ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Islam The origin of Islam can be traced back to the 7 th century in the Middle East. Islam, which means ‘surrender’ or ‘submission’ began with the teachings of Prophet Muhammad as a means of surrender to the will of Allah. Before Islam arose, people living in the Middle East worshipped idols. Arabs made pilgrimages to Mecca, at Mecca, they wrapped the Ka’bah with a cloth and had a holy month during which there were no wars. Pre-Muslim Arabs also fasted, gave alms to the poor, and prayed while facing Mecca. Prophet Muhammad, who was was born and raised in Mecca, started spreading the teachings of Islam in Saudi Arabia and this marked the origin of Islam. He started giving sermons and won himself many followers, however, others were against him and he escaped to Medina. During his lifetime, Prophet Muhammad converted many Arabs to Islam. Soon after Muhammad’s death, Islam split into two factions: the Shia and Sunni Muslims. Shia Muslims wanted a person from Muhammad’s family line to succeed him while Sunni Muslims wanted the first Caliph to their leader as he was elected by the people. Teachings and Worldview of Islam There are six basic teachings and beliefs under Muslim teachings as mentioned below:   * There is only one God and His name is Allah;   * Belief in the angels of God;   * Belief in the Quran and the holy books;   * Belief in Allah’s special messengers (prophets) such as Musa, Isa, and Muhammad (the last prophet);   * Belief in the day of judgment when every person will be judged according to earthly acts;   * Belief that God’s will binds us all, and He has already decided what will happen to all. Muslim also teaches followers to handle aspects of this world according the Muslim worldview. Sufism teaches that Muslims should seek a personal conversation with God to find divine love and gain knowledge. History of the Caliphate Traditionally, the Caliph is a title given to the person who succeeded Prophet Muhammad as the leader of Islam. The decision on who should succeed Muhammad split Muslims up to this day, but in the end, it was agreed that Abu Bakr, Prophet Muhammad’s ally and father-in-law be made the first caliph. He served from 632 until his death in 634. Among his major achievements were to expand Islam beyond Saudi Arabia. Umar became the second caliph and was also Muhammad’s father-in-law. Abu Bakr had named him as his successor. He ruled from 634 to 644 and one of his major achievements was winning many jihad and hence expanding Islam rapidly. Umar was replaced by Uthman, who was from the powerful Umayyad family. This move did not go down well with Ali’s supporters. He ruled from 644 to 656, likewise his predecessors, he considerably expanded the Muslim. His assassination brought civil war among Muslims over who would succeed him. After numerous civil wars between Ali and Mu’awiya’s supporters, Mu’awiya declared himself caliph in Jerusalem in 660, and his position was finally cemented when Ali was killed by the Kharijites. The war ended, and the Uma
Operating system (OS) is a master program that controls the functioning of the computer hardware; it is an interface linking the user and the hardware. Normally, an operating system executes processes through application software. There are many categories of application software, including business software, education software, entertainment software, and utility software. Application software depends on the operating system installed in a computer or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). There are many operating systems such as the single-user OS, multi-user OS, and PDA OS. A single-user OS is mostly used on desktops and laptops. They include Microsoft Windows and Apple MacOS platforms. A multi-user OS allows many users to use computer resources at the same time. UNIX and mainframe OS are examples of multi-user OS (Stallings, 2005). According to Lubomir & Chaw (2003), in a multi-user OS, many users access connected computer resources remotely through a terminal. When a person from a network computer wants to print a document, the task is sent to a queue; the OS keeps the print tasks organized and allows each task to be printed one at a time. In a single-user multitasking OS, a user can perform many tasks at the same time. For example, printing, editing, playing music, and accessing the Internet. A multi-user operating system differs from a single-user system, in that each user accesses an operating system in the main computer in different places, where the operating system handles each task sent by the concurrent users. It also ensures that a user does not obstruct other tasks from other computers in the network as compared to the single-user multitasking system where the operating system handles the requests of only one person. There are two types of multitasking systems: one is preemptive and cooperative, where the preemptive gives out the central processing unit in slices, and time is given to each program – for example Windows NT and Windows 95; and in supportive multitasking, the CPU can be managed by each program – for example, Microsoft Windows 3.x. Stallings (2005) asserts that there are two types of the single-user operating system: the single-task operating system and the single multitasking operating system. Although a single user OS can be connected to other systems in the network, it is only used by one person as compared to the multi-user which has many users. Other computers can access data from the computer but are not able to run programs on the single-user computer as compared to the multi-user system which enables the users to run applications on other computers. A single-user system is developed on a computer that will only run one application at a time. It is not useful for a computer intended to run many program
Introduction Kraft Foods Company is a North American business entity with vast interests in manufacturing and distribution of consumer food items such as snacks, consumer drinks, convenient food items, and an array of grocery items (Rankin 1). The business entity sustains a stable operation base in over 155 countries around the world. The company enjoys a stable and reliable market share in all locations. However, it faces stiff competition from Nestle, which is its main business competitor. The company portfolio comprises over 11 market brands that garner more than $ 1 billion across the world (Rankin 4). Prominent brands in the company include Jacob and Maxwell house coffee, LU biscuits, Oreo, Nabisco biscuits, Oscar Meyer meats, and Philadelphia cream cheese. Kraft Foods Company operates over 223 outfits that facilitate its manufacturing, processing, and packaging ventures around the world. Kraft Foods Company operates as a public company and is a member the New York City stock exchange. In 2008, the company acquired listing at the Dow Jones industrial average. In 2010, the company effected an acquisition of Cadbury brand, consequently spurring a massive boycott on all its related products (Rankin 11). Swot Analysis Kraft Foods Company is a business entity that operates in a competitive and dynamic business environment. The company endeavours to maximise on all factors that promote its operations. There are multiple factors that determine success or failure of the company in all areas of operation. In order to guarantee corporate excellence, Kraft Foods Company should strive to maximise on its strengths and improve on its weaknesses (Rankin 12). The company should seize all opportunities that guarantee its bright future in the corporate landscape. Above all, the company should identify and tackle all threats that linger in its horizon. If not dealt with, such threats could herald unprecedented challenges for the company (Rankin 17). The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the company presents a clear picture of all facets of the company with regard to its operations. Strengths Kraft Foods Company has several strengths that compliment its operations across the world. The company enjoys a strategic advantage in its position as the second largest entity in food manufacturing and processing (Rankin 21). The company ranks second after Nestle Company. This is an obvious strength for the company because it commands a huge and influential share in the market. The company also enjoys a massive presence in the market across North America and the world (Rankin 21). Such presence is advantageous because it offers the company a strong market visibility. This guarantees
Introduction To his “family” Charles Manson was thought of as a visionary, a guide to understanding the world as it actually was and a self proclaimed savior who stated that he would guide the worthy towards his envisioned future utopia. In reality, based on the ghastly consequences of his actions and “teachings”, he is generally considered a pathological liar, a shrewd manipulator and a man guilty of not only coercing others to murder in his name but of psychologically twisting them to the point that they lost their sense of self and became akin to puppets moving to his every word and whim. The culmination of Manson’s deranged manipulation was the Tate and Labianca murders in which six people were murdered in an extremely brutal fashion by Manson’s “family members” (Youtube, 2008). They believed that the murders would be a sufficient trigger to bring about the race war which would come about as a direct result of growing tensions between the white and black population within the U.S. during the 1960s (Youtube, 2008). While it may be true that Manson to this day has been considered a deranged manipulator, the psychological theory of personality development specifically states that an individual is born neither good nor deranged but rather is a product of his/her upbringing wherein observed behaviors and actions of parents, adults etc. are emulated, as such this results in the development of distinct individual personality traits (Gallagher, 1994). In fact, it can be seen in the A&E documentary on the life of Charles Manson that not only did he suffer from abandonment issues early on in his life but also his adolescent to teen years revolved around being confined to juvenile detention facilities and even jails (Youtube, 2008). In fact, as stated in the documentary, Manson spent half of his entire adult life in jail and was even purported to have said that he preferred his life in prison and didn’t want to leave since that was the only life he knew (Youtube, 2008). It is this and other abnormal behavioral aspects of Manson’s personality that will be explored in a more in-depth level in this paper in order to try to connect Manson’s behavior with the appropriate criminological theory in order to explore the reasons behind his actions. Biographical Sketch of Charles Manson From an early age Charles Manson’s life could be considered “problematic” at best “atrocious” at worst. Born to Kathleen Maddox on November 12, 1934 Manson’s early childhood influences consisted of an alcoholic mother who moonlighted as a prostitute and an uncle who was eventually arrested alongside his mother when they tried to rob a gas station (Youtube, 2008). Researchers have speculated that it was this initial lack of parental love and guidance as well as subsequent exposure to criminal behavior via his mother early on his life that brought about the creation of Manson’s own criminal tendencies (Oney, 2009). From 1947 to 1952 Manson’s early life was a constant cycle of criminal activity and correctional institutions (Oney, 2009). He was characterized as being anti-so
COVID-19 pushes companies to quickly change approaches to work and puts the stability of various systems to a severe test. Businesses have to deal with the risks of disruption of continuity, sudden quantitative changes, real-time decision-making, productivity indicators, and security threats. Managers must act very quickly, addressing the immediate challenges of system resilience while laying the foundation for the future of their organizations. Many businesses have been severely affected by the spread of the coronavirus, including the restaurant business. The COVID-19 virus has led to terrible consequences not only for restaurant owners, reducing the number of visitors but also for employees, as many were laid off due to crisis circumstances. Restaurants are one of the few industries most affected by the pandemic. Many people are used to visiting restaurants, ordering takeaway food, celebrating family, and social celebrations in public catering places. Many of them were forced to close for a while, and some for good, as this type of business ceased to be profitable and profitable. The Restaurant Association claims that in the US, the restaurant industry ended 2020 with a total sales volume of $240 billion below the pre-pandemic season (National Restaurant Association). Currently, business people who have suspended the operation of restaurants during the pandemic, but did not close it, are looking for ways to earn money, even in a crisis. Now, even delivery services are pretty challenging to work with. People have become more careful about food choices, and therefore are wary of buying food in restaurants and cafes. Wholesale food suppliers who supplied food for restaurants have now taken up selling basic necessities to consumers. People are forced to work in any condition, whether working on the street or working without a proper permit, but the main thing is to earn money and not leave their employees without wages. Due to the fact that a large number of restaurants have closed or suspended their work directly when people come to the restaurant itself, many waiters have been deprived of their jobs. People who have dedicated many years to serving visitors are now forced to find new jobs, which are also scarce. Moreover, many waiters do not have the unique skills or education to find a good job and be accepted for it. Fronstin and Woodbury state that about 3.3 million people from the restaurant business were laid off in the United States (Fronstin and Woodbury). Now they are forced to stay at home without pay and look for a new job that will match their skills and knowledge. The suspension or c
Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) is a business practice that aims to fulfill consumer demand by combining the knowledge of multiple trading partners. It enables partners to electronically access information about one another’s demand, order forecast, and promotional data to anticipate and satisfy future demand. “The CPFR Reference Model provides a basic framework for the flow of information, goods, and services and can be applied to many industries, where collaboration participants, namely the buyer and seller, work together to satisfy the demands of the end customer, who is at the center of the model. The consumer creates the demand for goods and services while the retailer provides these goods and services. The manufacturer supplies the products to the retail stores as product demand is pulled through the supply chain by the end-user.”(Haag, 2006). The CPFR Process involves four (4) steps namely: Strategy & Planning which involves developing a Joint Business Plan which identifies the significant events that affect supply and demand in the planning period, Demand & Supply Management which entails sales forecasting and order planning, Execution which consists of order generation and fulfillment and Analysis which involves exception management and continuous and active monitoring and evaluation. Advantages of using CPFR include increased revenue: i.e. reduction in stock-outs thus increasing sales, flexible relationships and deeper collaboration through interdependencies, joint systems & processes, increased accuracy in forecasting demand and replenishment plans which leads to lower inventory levels and safety stocks and decreases storage and financing costs, process efficiencies such as improved accuracy in forecasting and inventory control and transportation management which could include Less than Truckload (LTL) Consolidation, capacity utilization, demurrage, and tactical rate management. Limitations of the CPFR model are distrust amongst the partners in sharing internal corporate data such as demand forecasts, the implementation might require a lot of money upfront, or a huge investment in technology and a fair amount of work e.g. meetings, conference calls and software training, differences in internal process changes could prov
Introduction It has been observed that human resource practices are characterized by certain designs and changes based on trends in the working environments. Consequently, the effect of a particular trend has resulted into implementation of a particular human resource management approach to ensure the intended purpose of effective management is realized. A number of trends have been observed to contribute to the changes in human resource management and their impacts explained on the basis of staffing, training and development, salary allocation, promotion as well as career planning. Discussion Increasing health regulation by government has affected the manner in which human resource management takes place in terms of provision of free health care for employees at work place. Where such services are not offered for free, there has been need for the organization to allocate some resources for accomplishing this purpose. Aging workforce has ensured that positions occupied by older people are advertised so that when they retire, new employees take over from where they have left. Thus, human resource personnel have to ensure that any aged employee is replaced at the right time through recruitment and training (Rothwell, 2010). The trend of increasing and outsourcing employees or leasing employees has been applied in situation where the workforce needs to be obtained from a different place or when specific skills which are not available in an organization are needed. Increasing diversity has ensured that a particular type of people is considered when providing employment opportunities. For instance, when a company wants to employ more women than men, there will be need to ensure that more women vacancies are advertised compared to men. The trend of recruitment of multigenerational workforce has been observed to take effect where a company needs to recruit employees of various ages in different capacities. Companies that need to recruit more youth may need to advertise the maximum age for the applicants in order to prevent certain age groups from dominating the work force (Bernardin, 2002). There has also been the need to increase the use of social networks in areas such as job advertisement and employee motivation. As a result, human resource administrators have made their accessibility possible in organizations to assist employees in accessing information regarding the company. It has also ensured vacant jobs are posted on social networks to ensure more potential employees get access to them. When the trends of employment requires that foreign employees are recruited, human resource managers have always ensured that they advertise the vacancies by making sure potential foreigners are reached. This has made the personnel in the human resource departments to focus their resources on such channels as internet and online applications to enable applicants from other countries make their appl
Introduction A single customer view enables employees to see information that has been gathered about customers from a single point. Cardwell Marketing Intelligence (2013) defines a single customer view as a consistent summary of the customer’s information. The use of customer relationships to manage sales is an opportunity for firms to build stable sales growth rates for their products. Olszak & Bartus (2013) suggest that creating long-term customer relationships create potential for growth through increasing customer loyalty. Ostrow (2011) carried out a research that shows that most firms have a small share of the customers’ wallet because they have not identified their customer. Soliman (2011) conducted a survey that linked increased marketing performance to CRM and focusing on the main customers. There is the challenge of obtaining useful information from the social media because of the large size of data and the lack of a standardized form of input (Olszak & Bartus, 2013). Agent technology can be used to standardize information found on social media. Scribe (2013) recommends firms to focus on smart data, instead of the entire data available in mass media. Grover (2011) highlights privacy and security as some of the barriers to customer data integration. Zablah, Bellenger, & Johnston (2004) explain that knowledge management involves the creation, storage, and retrieval of information to be used in decision-making. Cardwell Marketing Intelligence Customer data challenges   * Many large firms have spent money on CRM technologies, but only a few have managed to develop and maintain a single customer view that they need.   * The difficulty to create a single customer view emerges from the fact that data is collected from different sources.   * There is a need to coordinate information systems across different sources and departments to create a consolidated view of each customer from a single point.   * Different sources may provide the same information causing duplication of data. They may also vary on the details creating inaccuracies on data collection.   * IT systems face the challenge of relating customers to social factors, such as type of business, household, and residential area.   * The Internet and automation of business processes have resulted in data changing quickly over time. Information that was once considered accurate may become inaccurate if it is not updated in real-time.   * There is a need to identify and understand the customer using more details about his expenditure and interaction pattern. Most firms still rely on their IT systems to provide information about CRM. Very few companies rely on third-party companies to maintain customer information (Scribe, 2014). Cardwell Marketing Intelli
Introduction Management of an event is a great responsibility that requires certain skills and experience. Each of the events should be different in setting, organization, objectives, visitor behaviors, etc. Vision is an integral management tool of events management. ‘Vision is vital to the success of any event of any size: It is the grand scheme of how the event will be perceived before, during, and after it takes place.” (Catherwood, Ernst & Young 1992). Organizing an event, especially global ones, involves a number of people each specializing in different areas of event management. The majority of the events are comparatively small but there are also large events that capture everybody’s attention and have a number of policy implications. 2008 Summer Olympics 2008 Summer Olympics can be characterized as a global international multi-sport event. A number of countries bid to host this event in 2008 but “Beijing received 56 votes” (Davies 2005) and the tournament was held in “People’s Republic of China, with over 11,000 athletes and approximately 20,000 accredited media” (Wong 2008). There is no doubt that the management of this event took a lot of time and efforts. The aim of the managers of the event was to make it a “High-tech Olympics”, which entailed incorporating the latest technological and scientific achievements. This proves that organizers of any event wish, in the first place, to create unique experiences. There exist a number of factors that influence the event experience with roles, responsibilities, atmosphere, and the setting is the major ones; due to the influence of these factors volunteers and non-volunteers (ordinary customers) who wi