Introduction The article selected for this assignment is “Rapid social perception is flexible: Approach and avoidance motivational states shape P100 responses to other-race faces” by Cunningham, Van Bavel, Arbuckle, Packer, and Waggoner. This is an original research study that was published in 2012 in Frontiers of Human Neuroscience. In this article, the authors focused on the attention and cognitive resources that are usually involved in the process of visual categorization based on racial characteristics. Summary of Question Introducing the purpose of the study and its research question, the authors stated that, often, people tend to categorize one another based on the visual signs of racial or ethnic background (Cunningham, Van Bavel, Arbuckle, Packer, & Waggoner, 2012). When it comes to the bigger picture, in this study, the authors attempted to research perceptual and cognitive processing that underlies positive automatic evaluations of people based on their racial features. In other words, the authors tried to find out whether or not an individual’s response to the appearance of other members of the society regarding their race occurs on the cognitive level. This is a necessary question to research in order to understand the nature of racial biases, as well as their inevitability, prevalence, and persistence. Regarding a more specific research question of the selected article, it is possible to notice that the authors were determined to find out whether or not there was any difference in the ways white participants processed faces of white and black persons. In order to find answers to this question, Cunningham et al. (2012) collected information using electroencephalography (EEG). The independent variables were the racially different faces shown to the study participants. The dependent variable was the speed with which the participants processed the faces. To operationalize the variables, the researchers assumed that the cognitive reaction stood for the social categorization patterns driven by motivational processes included in one’s perception of same- or other-race individuals. This was, in fact, the major hypothesis of the study. Summary of Design Method A sample of fourteen white male participants was selected for this study. All of the participating males were undergraduate psychology students who went to the University of Toronto at the time (Cunningham et al., 2012). A minor incentive was used as a gratitude for the decision to participate. The subjects could choose between a monetary reward (15 dollars) and partial completion of course credit; moreover, all of the participants signed consent forms providing their informed consent to become a part of this research study. Overall, the study had the experimental design. The participants were tested for the purpose of examining the brain activity that is responsible for social cognition (Cummingham et al., 2012). The procedure was carried out in a lab where the participants were to use a joystick in order to respond to a series of photographs of racially diverse faces. They had to provide responses as quickly as they could. The entire experiment was organized in accordance with the block design. The task of the participa