ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Natural disasters such as flooding which occur as a direct result of excessive rainfall creates a rather unique PTSD response in certain individuals wherein they continue to respond negatively to various external stimuli such as storms, videos of flooding or other such examples (Conklin, 1999). Victims of various floods within the Philippines, the 2011 Japan tsunami disaster as well as several flooding instances within the U.S. appear to develop a particular form of reluctance towards returning either to their homes where the flooding occurred or to large bodies of water (Conklin, 1999). It is assumed that such locations act as a trigger to their varied experience which range from nearly drowning, being swept away by fast moving currents or being stuck in a home with water rapidly rising to the upper levels where they are currently taking refuge. For example, in the case of Victim A (name protected as per the assignments instructions) when she was found she was in state of shock as direct result of stuck on a roof while flood waters surged around her. While the shock did initially wear off the apparent PTSD response in such individuals is an apparent state of withdrawal wherein they stare blankly off into space and shiver at times despite being given a warm blanket and any apparent source of cold air within the immediate area. When dealing with such individuals specific risk factors often include emotional outbursts, shaking and at time even depression (Conklin, 1999). The patient also showed distinct signs of mental trauma as a result of her experience and was initially unresponsive to initial attempts to alleviate the effects of her experience. Similar cases were actually noted during the aftereffects of Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. wherein people trapped with rising flood waters on roofs or carrying pieces of drift wood were sometimes displaying similar symptoms as Victim A. On the other hand it must be noted that not all individuals who experience such events respond in the same way. Just as PTSD develops differently in various individuals (as seen in the case of returning U.S. soldiers from Iraq) several individuals who experience similar experiences to Victim A were noted as being completely fine after a few hours in a recovery center. Other cases were shown to gradually improve after a matter of days and in the case of Victim A notable improvement was seen within 4 days after the event. What must be understood in such cases is that the risk factors involved are directly related to continuing to bring up the subject of their experiences versus just letting them be alone for a while and then approach them (Miyazaki et al., 2006). It was noted in various individuals that experienced the same situation as Victim A that when interviewed by television crews while at the emergency center such individuals were actually seen as recovering slower from PTSD as compared to individuals who were cared for but relatively left alone for the time being. It can be assumed that by leaving such individuals alone t
Descartes (1641) is one of the most renowned and influential European philosophers of the Early Modern period. He belonged to the school of rationalism – a line of philosophic thinking that argues that true knowledge can only be obtained through pure reason rather than sensory experience (Ezebuilo, 2020). In his Meditations on First Philosophy , Descartes (1641) makes a remark crucial to his rationalist argument by proclaiming that a person – including himself – can reasonably doubt that his or her body belongs to them. This statement, however puzzling it may seem at first, is central to understanding Cartesian rationalism. At first sight, the idea of doubting the existence of one’s body may seem entirely nonsensical. Not only are people aware of them every moment of their lives, but awareness of one’s body differs from awareness of any other physical object because people feel it “from the inside” (Chamberlain, 2019, p. 3). However, this is precisely the point that Descartes (1641) wants to make: even an experience as fundamental as having a body may be deceiving. To understand this point, one must take a look at his Evil Demon thought experiment. Suppose, says Descartes (1641), that a malicious supernatural entity holds a person enthralled and instills them with imaginary experiences for sick amusement. If that were the case, the person could not be sure that any of his or her experiences were real. Since there is no way to be certain that the Demon does not exist, one cannot escape the possibility that bodily experiences may not correspond to reality – and, hence, cannot serve as a foundation for knowledge. Thus, the philosopher says that he can doubt that his body belongs to him to illustrate his Evil Demon experiment. Apart from being quite philosophically ingenious, this thought experiment can raise more than one question. If experiences cannot serve as a basis for objective knowledge, then what can? If it is the reason, as Descartes and other rationalist philosophers would argue – then how can one be sure that the idea of doubting and reasoning is not inspired by the Evil Demon either? And, at the end of it all, is it even possible to disprove philosophical skepticism – that is, the belief that no true and objective knowledge is possible?
Introduction The fall of the iron curtain brought a new dawn in Europe. Since its fall, the west and the east of Europe had been able to intermingle in different sectors. Economically the states have benefited. The opening of the free trade between nations in Europe is the main reason for the economic gain experienced by the states in Eastern Europe. Most ex communist members of the USSR are joining the European trade block since 1991 after the break of the iron curtain. The iron curtain had tied the countries from east of Europe from participating in business with countries from west. This restriction made the economies of these nations to be suppressed. High rates of unemployment, low income levels, low GDP were characteristic of most communist countries. Communism was favored by the USSR and put the members to have a deteriorating economic growth. Communism could not allow economic growth and the new dawn of the fall of the iron curtain promised life to the communist. Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania and Slovenia, ex communists have formed a passport free travel across the 24 country zone. This has enabled the free movement of over four hundred million people among the countries. This has been referred by politicians as a new iron curtain involving east Europe countries. Switzerland and Cyprus are also expected to join the move. This free movement has positive effects to the economies of these nations. Ukraine has embarked on industrialization processes and has a lot of clothing businesses taking place since the fall of the iron curtain. (Raymond, 2002) Main body Czechoslovak and Germany made history after the barbed wire separating them was cut. This brought about several changes in the relationship between Czechoslovak and Germany. A visa free environment was created allowing members to move freely. The free movement favored business within the members thus improvement in the economy of the countries. The agreement between Germany and Czechoslovak did not however meet the needs of the Czechoslovak and they felt that they were being oppressed by the Germany. They argued that the conditions were neither favorable nor practical to them. However, in the look of things there was a great improvement in the diplomatic relationship that boosted peaceful coexistence between the countries. The formation of the European Union was possible only after the fall of the iron curtain. More than ten countries have joined the union with an aim of securing a stable economic support. The European Union has helped the east Europe countries in several ways especially after Washington put quotas to their exports to the United States. The export quotas affected clothing and textile industry, steel industry and other bans on exports to the United States from the east Europe countrie
Cyber-bullying is an act of somebody repetitively ridiculing another individual online or when an individual repeatedly harasses a person that they dislike by means of emails or text messages and social networking posts with the intent to hurt, disgrace, or isolate him/her. Online bullying refers to cyberbullying and occurs when teens employ the Internet, mobile phones, or some other electronic means to send or put up text or images with the intent of hurting or humiliating another person. The scope of cyberbullying was recently escalated due to its occurrence through the internet without actual text, for instance, humiliating videos being uploaded to YouTube. Cyber-bullying varies in nature and can be simply repetitive sending of e-mails to somebody who does not wish to further communicate with the sender, but can be as grave as issuing threats, passing sexual comments, derogatory labels or hate speech, humiliating victims by ridiculing them on social networking sites in order to defame them. Although the use of sexual annotations and threats are some traits of cyber-bullying, it is not considered with similar weight as sexual harassment and does not always engage sexual predators. It should not be confused with the term cyber-stalking, which is used in cases where adults are involved and motives are more than just emotional harassment. (Breguet, 2007) Cyberbullying in some aspects is an even more concerning issue than conventional bullying. The fact that the offender can maintain anonymity draws more students into bullying others whom they do not like or want to take revenge on. It requires less courage and energy to hurt some online than to do it physically. In conventional bullying which occurs mostly on school property the offender at least has the fear of being reproached by superiors and teachers. However, in cases of cyberbullying, they are emboldened as they can use temporary accounts or fake profiles to do so. Physically hurting, teasing, or making gestures to the victim is not necessary. Emotions of the victims are played with and in fact very effectively by use of electronic or online technology. Humiliation is the chief attribute relating to cyberbullying and in some cases may also be sexual in nature like pasting the victim’s face over a nude body and displaying it on public sites. Surveys and statistics point out the gravity of the matter at hand and are even more concerning. The National Crime Prevention Council provides information stating that the problem of cyber-bullying bears its impact on nearly half of the American teen populace. In 2004, I-Safe.org surveyed 1500 4th-8th graders. The finding of this survey indicates that 42% of children have been bullied online, every fourth
Introduction Teaching career is one of those where people have to improve their quality often considering the requirements and standards set by the government. It is not always easy to create a unit according to which students are free to match their skills, knowledge, and interests with the activities promoted at classrooms (Beatly & National Research Council, 2008). In this paper, a K-12 content standard for social studies in high schools of California will be taken into consideration to encourage the best achievements for each student. What has to be done is a clear definition of student’s skills, knowledge, and concepts and apply them accordingly at the required Grade Ten. The project aims at outlining a week-long unit that is based on the Internet technologies’ use and direct participation of the instructor in the vast majority of students’ activities. The point is that students come to the courses with absolutely various levels of background knowledge (DiGiano, Goldman, & Chorost, 2008), and it seems to be rather challenging to consider all needs and requirements under the same conditions. This is why a unit has to be developed taken into account a number of factors such as student interests and skills, instructor’s attitude, available technologies, and timing frames. Week-Long Unit Explanation The outline of the unit under analysis is rather simple and clear to the instructor as well as to the students. Unit Title: World History through the Internet Unit purpose: To help students study better the world history and focus on the events which took place between the 18 th and 21 st centuries including the two World Wars and American experience in country’s improvement and stabilization. The students will learn how to use the Internet sources to find more captivating details about the topic. Unit Subject: Social Science and History Grade: 10 Time: 50 minutes each day (one week-long unit) Unit Peculiarities:   * History-Social Science Content Standards for California schools for the Tenth Grade are taken into considered;   * Students focus on the analysis of the historical events, abilities to participate in discussions, explanation, descriptions, etc. Outline Related to the Standard  1. Relation of ethical issues to the development of the Western political ideas  2. Comparison of revolutions in different countries;  3. Analysis of the effects of Industrial Revolution in the USA, France, England, etc.  4. Evaluation of the global changes in several countries;  5. The First World War causes and effects: analysis;  6. Investigations concerning the World War Second;  7. Attention to the nation-building process in the wo
Research Question Considering that the rest-cure prescribed to the protagonist in the Yellow Wallpaper can be regarded as a symbol of female oppression, the research paper will aim to answer the following question: was the standard 19th-century treatment for a nervous breakdown in women a method for forcing them into traditional social and behavioral roles? Close Reading The rest-cure described by Gilman in her story was a form of physical imprisonment for the protagonist as it restricted her behaviors: “So I take phosphates or phosphites—whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to “work” until I am well again.” Notably, any of her attempts to write were met with “heavy opposition.” It is possible to say that the forbiddance to write is particularly meaningful in the story considering that other characters might think that writing (an activity that was traditionally associated with males) was one of the main reasons leading her to the breakdown. Additionally, the main form of psychological imprisonment was the character’s obedience to her husband who did not believe in her sickness and did not allow her to think that it was something more than a “temporary nervous depression.” Due to his “loving” yet paternalizing approach, she found it difficult to express herself and plunged into deeper psychological distress. More about The Yellow Wallpaper What Is the Theme of The Yellow Wallpaper? 5 128 Which Excerpt from The Yellow Wallpaper Contradicts the Narrator’s Belief that She Is Improving? 5 160 Who Is the Woman in The Yellow Wallpaper? 5 306 Why Does the Narrator First Dislike the Yellow Wallpaper? 5 593 What Does The Yellow Wallpaper’s Conclusion Mean? 5 95 The Yellow Wallpaper: Author’s Intention 5 303 Inward and Outward Experiences When the woman escaped from the wallpaper, as the protagonist put it, she was freed from the psychological constraints imposed on her by the society (from her inward perspective). Before that, she had to comply with norms and strive to meet others’ expectations even when it was against her instincts and individual aspirations. After the woman escaped, she felt joy and relief for the first time after her sickness and was able to do anything she wanted: “It is so pleasant to be out in this great room and creep around as I please!” At the same time, from the outward perspective, it might look like she went completely insane because, for the rest of the society, the notion of acceptable female behavior did not change as nobody else in the story went through the same transformative experience as the protagonist.
Definition and influence of art Art is composed of various human activities that require specific skills for instance music, literature, sculpture amongst others. Each community is endowed with its unique forms of art and which can be traced back sometimes across many years in history. Art also offers a glimpse into a people’s way of social life and this gives rise to social criticism. It is important to note that in each social setting, politics in that particular area can have adverse influence in any form of art arising thereby. This paper discusses the influence of politics in line with both contemporary and modern Chinese art. In addition, the paper discusses the relationship between western ideologies such as social criticism and Chinese art. Chinese art in 1949 – the Foundation of Peoples republic of China Chinese art spans over a range of centuries like the Neolithic period and the modern era and has experienced changes as time went by (Fenollosa 5). Chinese art has undergone many changes since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Many of the changes have mainly been due to the influence of communistic ideologies such as Marxist-Maoist as well as other events that have taken place in China ever since. This fact is evident if one has a glimpse of the chronology of events in mainland China from its inception up to date (Andrews 34). Political influence in Chinese art – Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Chinese art has also had its fair share of influence by politics as in many other arts in other civilizations. As already mentioned, China earlier years were under the leadership of Mao Zedong’s Communist Party of China; and it is worth mentioning that these two aspects (the leader and the party) had immense influence on Chinese art. According to Michael Sullivan Art in China Since 1949 observations, Mao Zedong leadership exerted a tight control over Chinese cultural life for almost thirty years (Sullivan 334). This in turn made art in that particular period to be a reflection or an expression of the political forces in charge. In particular, Mao had earlier on made considerable efforts to ensuring that art “served the people” as evidenced in his contribution in “Talks at the Yan’an Conference on Literature and Art” in 1942 (Yang 14). Thus, he had begun what would become the influence of art in subsequent revolutions and education systems of China in latter days. It is important to note that Mao encouraged people to offer their art skills to the nation to the extent of seeking knowledge from other western nations. Beginning the early 1950s, many Chinese artists sought training in the Soviet Union as well as in eastern bloc countries. The two important periods in Chinese art – Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution Historical periods such as the Great Leap Forward era in late 1950s and the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976 had much greater impact on Chinese art (Latham 12). During the Great Leap for instance, the government had encouraged creation of new culture of com
The course enabled me to develop a deeper understanding of the principles of business management. It equipped me with the requisite knowledge to analyze the specific situation in management. It also provided me with an in-depth understanding of contemporary tools in handling overall management tasks. The course had clearly spelled out outcomes and competencies that all the students had to acquire. These outcomes enable me to quickly evaluate and gauge my competency in various areas that the course touched on. At the end of the course, I was competent in reading and appraising written text as well as understanding various rhetorical strategies. I was also able to comprehend ethical issues in management and learned how to resolve moral conflicts. These constituted the stipulated liberal outcome and competencies. Other specific outcomes and competencies involved knowledge of business management skills. In my opinion, these competencies provided the most important aspect of business management. I specifically gathered the following aspect of business management with regard to these expected outcomes: the ability to defend ethical guide for evaluating business practice; a clear understanding of decision-making models and ability to employ them; improved research skills both library and web-based; improved business communication skills both written and oral. In addition to the above-mentioned skills, by the end of the semester, I had a thorough understanding of the major functions of management including the ability to translate the impact of cultural diversity, technology, and external environment on management decisions. I was equally competent in various leadership styles and was able to exhib
Social democracy is a form of political ideology that originated from Marxist reformists. The main principle of the ideology includes provision of social services to all members of the public, such as education, healthcare, and pension schemes. The ideology seeks to support the disadvantaged in society, including the elderly and children from poor families. In the labor industry, the ideology aims at achieving collective bargaining for all workers. Therefore, the advocates of the ideology are trade unionists. Scholars note that it is difficult to stage a revolution because of the evaluation of the class system. Therefore, social democracy is the alternative. Fromm observes that human beings no longer enjoy fundamental freedoms and rights because of the shifting relationships in the family unit. According to Fromm, the society influences the behavior of an individual in a number of ways. The society restricts an individual from pursuing certain goals. These restrictions are negative because they impede the freedom of an individual. Therefore, people can participate fully in society if they are allowed to make independent decisions. However, capitalists note that individualism should be encouraged because it encourages innovativeness and creativity. On the other hand, Fromm observes that increased individualism leads to several challenges in life. When individuals are left to perform duties that satisfy their pleasures, they are likely to break the law because they will use illegal techniques. The ideas of Fromm justify the existence of social democracy because individualism no longer holds in society. Fromm’s main idea is that individuals cannot learn to tolerate the views of others in society because of human nature. This has led to authoritarianism since some groups try to dominate others. This means that democracy sets other people free and at the same time alienates others from governmental power and authority. Individuals in opposition feel that their interests are not represented adequately. In the modern society, individuals are willing to submit themselves to totalitarian rule because of the effects of democracy. Democracy creates a society that is characterized by tension, individualism, and conflicts. Therefore, social democracy is the only ideology that can resolve the current problem. For instance, minorities feel that their demands are not always provided in time. They have to demand their rights through organizing strikes, demonstrations, go-slows and lobbying. In this sense, the views of Fromm that democracy alienates some members of society are valid. In fact, some ancient scholars observe that democracy is the worst form of governance because it generates hatred. Plato claims that democracy is the tyranny of the multitude because the majority might be wrong yet they end up ruling. Social democracy is a refined ideology that stems from the ideas of Marx. It supports the ideas of Plato on justice. The effects