ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We live in the era of information changes. People cannot imagine their life without computer technologies and internet. There is a great flow of information which overwhelms us every day. We may find everything we need via the internet. It seems that people begin to spend more time in the internet, and it becomes their life. The virtual reality supplants a real life. Adam Gopnik makes the emphasis on the influence of the internet on the modern life in his article, ‘The Information: How the Internet Gets inside Us’. As an example, he mentions the scene from the first Harry Potter book which confuses many children because it describes that Hermione Granger goes to the library to find the answer for her question. It is simpler to Google the necessary question and the internet will easily find the answer. Why does she spend hours in the library looking for the answer? Many people consider these changes to be the technological revolution. Adam Gopnik points out that this is a big social revolution. The past twenty years are considered to be the revolution in means less than in morals. People prefer using the internet rather than reading books. Gopnik highlights that there is a certain paradox that nowadays, there are millions of books explaining why books are underestimated. The author describes different kinds of books about the internet. He calls them the Never-Betters, the Ever-Wasers and the Better-Nevers. The Never-Betters believe that this era of technological development is a new utopia where you are free to access the necessary information. “The news will be made from the bottom up, love will reign, and cookies will bake themselves” (Gopnik, 2012). However, according to the Better-Nevers, everything would be better if this revolution had never happened and the books had reigned over people’s minds. Ever-Wasers consider these innovations to be the modern changes that are going on and are inevitable in the current system. In fact, the creation of the internet is connected with the invention of Gutenberg printing press. This is a kind of a paradox when the emergence of the book publisher ends in their unpopularity. According to the professor Clay Shirky, “the Gutenberg printing press produced the Reformation, which produced the Scientific Revolution, which produced the Enlightenment, which produced the Internet, each move more liberating than the one before” (Gopnik, 2012). Is the liberty of information useful for modern society? Does it make our life better? Although the Internet provides all the necessary information, nobody is responsible for its accuracy (Carr, 68). The liberation of information supplants its value which consists of its reliability and accuracy. There is no sense in such information which is false and unreliable. On the other hand, books still remain a trustworthy and reliable source of information. Clay Shirky considers the Internet to be the means of connecting people into the global society penetrated with freedom. According to the modern psychologist John Tooby, “Printing ignited the previously wasted intellectual potential of huge segments of the population…. Freedom of thought and speech—where they exis
Introduction The effectiveness of the teaching-learning process in the kindergarten depends on the use of the appropriate curriculum, teaching strategies, and the classroom organization. Much attention should be paid to arranging the classroom and creating a successful curriculum to address the needs of five-year-old children and guarantee their learning and development. Therefore, the formulation of the classroom management plan that reflects the teacher’s philosophy, individual features, and skills, the teaching style, as well as goals and priorities, is a challenging task. Still, such a plan is important to organize the work of an educator to address the young children’s needs most appropriately. Although the classroom management plan includes a range of components, its development is important to reflect the teacher’s priorities and actions to achieve the set goals; therefore, the plan should include the statement of the teaching philosophy, the classroom design, the guidance strategies, and details related to the curriculum. Philosophy Statement My philosophy of teaching young children is based on Jean Piaget’s theory. According to the theory, children’s approaches to discovering the world differ significantly from adults’ ones because children learn through experiences. Piaget (as cited in Kostelnik, Soderman, Whiren, & Rupiper, 2011) noted that “the principal goal of education is to create [people] who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done – [people] who are creative, inventive and discoverers” (p. 30). While referring to this theory, I should state that my goal is to guarantee that all children in my class have the opportunity to explore the world, objects, and phenomena; learn easily; communicate; feel comfortable and safe. I believe that children learn while constantly interacting with each other and the world around them. Therefore, the environment of the classroom should provide them with opportunities to discover something new daily (Kim, 2011). I believe that the children’s focus on experiences and experimentation is explained with references to their intrinsic motivation to learn, and the teacher’s task is to use this motivation to help children develop with references to age-appropriate practices. My daily decisions regarding the choice of practices and activities for children are based on my visions that children need more independence to explore the world around them. Therefore, I focus on their abilities for self-education and provide them with a safe environment to study the objects, processes, and phenomena. The main detail is that the environment in
By what specific steps did the American Revolution transform from a revolt of thirteen British colonies meant to secure the colonists’ traditional English rights under Crown rule in a war meant to establish an independent nation in which the people are sovereign and equal rights before the law? Explanation The American revolt started as a fight against inequality. The thirteen colonies were not strangers to the oppressions and intolerable acts of the British parliament. The oppression included harsh tax laws. The people were not represented in their tax revenues and termed the oppression as an act of inequality. Similar oppressions broke out in different colonies. In Boston, the people rejected Townshend law and called for a rebellion. The British branded the rebellion as a sign of weakness on their part. They used force to crush the rebellion among the colonies. The colonies defended themselves against the oppression and gave their lives for the common cause. They organized a continental meeting and pledged to protect each other against any oppression. The continental meeting in 1774 signaled the turning point of the American Revolution. The American Revolution began without a cause against inequality. The oppressions of the colonies by the British became a regular occurrence and the people sought a solution. The colonies were loyal to the King, but they did not enjoy the treatments they received. They were dragged like slaves and used as tools for recreation. The Americans termed this act to be intolerable but did not foresee a chance of secession from the British rule. Within the colonies, small groups of rich men gathered to discuss politics of the day, each taking turns to curse the King and his troops. It was difficult to revolt against the King given their present predicament
Introduction In the scope of its definition, a monopolist firm is a unit that solely supplies a product or a service in the market. With regards this definition, a firm that is dominant in a properly developed market may exhibit monopolistic tendencies depending on its authority in such market. In contrast with the fallacious arguments by different groups consisting of software market critics and lawyers from South Korea, Europe and the US Justice Department, it is not palpable that a firm which is a market leader is undoubtedly a monopolist establishment. In the ideal, a monopolist firm has the potential and capital base to fully exploit the market through lowering quality, cost of inputs, and increasing the prices for its products in order to attract higher profits than other firms that operate in a perfectly competitive market. Discussion Reflectively, several firms in the software industry have same monopolistic power as is the case of Microsoft Corporation. However, Microsoft Corporation has unique operational strategies which cannot be equated to the ideals of monopolistic strategies that other firms in the same industry use. For instance, the company has consistently increased its production and diversification of products in the market instead of reducing output with intent of increasing prices. A critical review of the software market indicates that Microsoft’s products are readily and easily available as compared to those of its numerous competitors. Notwithstanding, Microsoft Corporation has consistently improved the quality, operation and usability of its operating systems over the last three decades. The Windows OS has been developed from the simple Windows 1998 to the current powerful Windows 2008. From this strategy, it is apparent that the company’s commitment to quality assurance is above its competitors. Besides, the company has been in the forefront in technological innovation to constantly improve the value of its products at the same prices of the previous versions. Unlike a monopolistic firm that would manipulate the quality and prices for its products with intent of increasing its returns, Microsoft Corporation did not adopt this strategy. Instead, the company has maintained the prices for its products despite series of improvements and quality addition over the years. The findings of analysis of the software industry indicate that Microsoft Corporation’s products are the most affordable. Despite having the opportunity to use its monopoly power to manipulate prices and quality of its products to increase the profits, Microsoft Corporation concentrated on product improvement through innovations. Over the years, Microsoft Corporation has managed to dominate the software market despite competiti
Philosophy is a science that studies life, morality, and reasons for existence while religion has always been a part of people’s beliefs, so they are closely connected and have many overlapping topics. The relationship between religion and philosophy is defined by good and evil, people’s ethics, beliefs in higher forces of nature and the search for truth. The most basic concept that is addressed by both religion and philosophy is the existence of good and evil. Religion states that there are no evil people, that everyone is born equally good and the hardships of life are forces that lead someone astray. Philosophy would say that every person has a choice and what they decide to do in life determines their morality. Both confirm that environment and the human condthe ition play a great role in a person’s life and the surrounding world is a very strong determinant of how well someone will behave. Education and the upbringing of a child are one of the key effectors on the forces of nature that qualify existence. Religion would advize to rely on God and place all belief and understanding in the hands of a higher being. Philosophy is a connection between a person’s psychological reasoning and feeling that is deeply internal and would make sure that a person goes through a detailed search of the mind and soul. In the end, both religion and philosophy define morality in the same terms. Somewhat of a conflict arises when one examines the laws that govern philosophy of reasoning andthe religion. Religion has an incline towards a blind following and unbending trust into the higher forces of nature. Philosophy is a science that bases itself on physical laws and concrete understanding of a person. It is very much possible to be a philosopher and disbelieve in any higher being or God while being religious determines a person through their belief in a higher entity. It is interesting to see that even though science and religion are sometimes in conflict, the law of treating others as someone would themselves want to be treated stays universal, throughout one’s beliefs and moral thinking. There is much disagreement on the origins of life, where as religion states that God has created everything and philosophy tries to find logical explanations through evolution or other avenues of natural development. It is somewhat humorous that philosophy is the one trying to be more liberal and understanding, as well as equal, in
The issue at hand pertains to a slowing down in the performance of a user’s machine. In addition to this, there is a warning message about a defect on the hard disk. There are a number of likely causes for the reduction in machine performance which include: the hard disk is badly fragmented or the storage space is running low. In addition to this, the warning message indicates that the hard disk may contain system errors or even bad sectors which are responsible for the degraded performance. If not dealt with, these defects may result in a complete crash of the hard disk. Since it is evident that the hard disk has some defects, it is necessary to run some maintenance procedure to deal with the issue. The Check Disk (Chkdsk) utility available in Windows XP enables one to monitor the health of the hard disk. The chkdsk helps to verify the integrity of the file system by examining the hard drive for file system errors and for physical defects. Since a thorough check disk utility is to be run, the options “automatically fix-system errors” and “scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors” will be checked. By doing this, the scan will be thorough and lengthy which will ensure that errors are fixed. Fragmentation of data may also cause the computer to be slow and hence exhibit reduced performance. Severe fragmentation may result in a computer crash. It is therefore necessary to run Defragmentation on the hard disk. Badly fragmented hard disks can affect the performance of the computer and one uses the disk defragmenter utility to reorganize the files on disk. By running this utility, the hard drive will be analyzed and a map of the data will be given. From this an alert is issued of whether the disk needs to be defragmented. One defragmentation takes place a performance boost will be noticeable. The degradation in system performance may be the result of an accumulation of unnecessary files. To deal with this, one can run the Disk Cleanup utility. This utility assists to deal with temporary files that Windows may have collected over time. This utility will analyze the disk and display actions that can be undertaken to recover disk space. From this utility, programs that are not used can be uninstalled or old system restore points deleted. This will result in space being freed up and hence improve system performance.
Business risk is an essential part of any enterprise. It is the first step to innovation, which is undoubtedly crucial for success in the business world. The majority of the management decisions made in any company include a consideration of risk. However, better risk management can prevent catastrophic consequences. To create suitable conditions and effective management strategies for the long-term success of the organization, the risk committee must focus its efforts on identifying and analyzing the scope of possible risks as well as the effect these risks may have on the welfare of the company. Risk Evaluation Economic Risks The Peruvian economy has grown by 5.5 percent on average from 2009 to 2013 with a steady exchange rate and a low level of inflation. The growth has been primarily driven by high international prices for Peru’s natural resources. The growth of Peru’s economy stopped in 2014 due to a reduction in the prices of minerals and metals. Due to the country’s dependence on the exportation of natural resources, the economy of Peru is especially vulnerable to changes in world prices. However, Peru continues to have one of the highest economic growth rates in the Latin American region. Despite the fact that poverty in Peru has been reduced by 28 percent since 2002, social inequality remains one of the most critical problems for the country. In the last few years, domestic demand has been the primary reason for Peru’s economic growth, due to the financing and boosting of this branch. A period of steady inflation and high appreciation of the national currency have made the economy of the country stable (The World Factbook, n.d.). Today, Peru exhibits a strong macroeconomic performance and high levels of productivity in the financial and labor markets. According to Gov.uk (2015), “The Constitution and associated legal framework guarantee private property rights, the fulfilment of contracts, free capital transfer and remittance of earnings, unrestricted access to internal and external credit and unrestricted access to most economic sectors with only a few exceptions” (para. 15). Environmental Challenges The main environmental issues that Peru faces to
Introduction The Internet allows everyone the freedom to connect with other people and suppliers worldwide but an economical means for individuals to restrict their art or thoughts to the eyes of children is yet to be developed. Because of a lack of security technology, across the board prohibition is justified under the law, a concept that is in itself considered unlawful by a strict definition of the First Amendment of the Constitution which unambiguously guarantees the right to free speech. Supreme Court decisions have consistently found that the First Amendment does not apply to obscene communications and have allowed communities to establish their restrictions regarding what is obscene. Ethics is in the eye and ear of the beholder. Access to the internet allows people to make their own decision about what is offensive. Legal Interpretations The ‘Average’ Person The court in Miller v. California explained that if the ‘average’ person would describe the work as obscene or if it showed or expressed patently offensive sexual conduct without ‘serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value,’ the material is correctly defined as obscene (Mason, 2000). The community of the World Wide Web has combined to establish what is and what is not acceptable. Neither a single government alone nor the coalition of all can hope to effectively restrict such a universally encompassing phenomenon as the Internet
Today we live in a digitalized society that significantly depends on the functioning of different technologies and their further integration in various processes. The high speed of the world’s transformation under the impact of innovations was increased by the emergence of the Internet, and it is becoming a potent tool in managing various activities. The creation of the worldwide net facilitated the development of ways of cooperation between individuals, organizations, and companies to achieve better results. It also preconditioned a need for a specific currency that could be used in various online deals. Under these conditions, the crypto currency (CC), as one of the potent payment options of the modern world, emerged. Background CC can be determined as a digital asset that serves as one of the payment instruments in financial operations performed via the Internet. One of its main features is the use of strong cryptography to protect all transactions and control the process (Kethineni & Cao, 2019). The first decentralized cryptocurrency was introduced in 2009 and was called Bitcoin, which served as the turning point in the history of this tool. Today, the topicality of the given issue remains high; however, there are both people who adopt and do not adopt CC for various reasons. For this reason, the given paper presents a literature review focused on the investigation of barriers and facilitators to the further spread of cryptocurrency, and it’s becoming a popular payment instrument. Literature Review First of all, delving into the issue, it is essential to outline the tendency towards the further rise in popularity levels of cryptocurrency such as bitcoins, Ethereum, and Monero. Kethineni and Cao (2019) explain this growing interest in innovative means of payment by the overall digitalization of the society and the increased convenience of deals or agreements that can be made using this very tool. From this perspective, it serves as the main factor for the adoption of CCs and their further use in everyda
Researchers traditionally define society as a group of people who interact with each other basing on the common culture, morality, and economy. To become the society, a group of people should function as an organization. From this point, to create an ideal society, it is necessary to change the principles of organization and to propose new patterns according to which people should interact with each other as the complex organism. The concept of the ideal society is discussed in the works by many philosophers. It is important to pay attention to the conception presented by Plato in his work The Republic on the issue of the ideal society. Thus, Plato discusses social classes and forms of governance to provide the model of the ideal society. To propose one more model of the ideal society, it is necessary to refer to the classical Plato’s vision. Nevertheless, the concept of the ideal society is rather utopian because of impossibility to create this society in reality. Although the notion of ideal society is a controversial question with the elements of utopia, there are specific features and components which combination can contribute to constructing the model of the perfect society with references to the personal vision of an ideal. Society as a collective consists of individuals whose human nature makes them compete and fight for the better resources. Nevertheless, people can be discussed as good and sympathetic while living in the community if their interests are met. Thus, people become aggressive if they are afraid of losing their resources, property, or advantageous living conditions. As a result, to build the community where relations are based on the positive side of the human nature, it is necessary to create the specific conditions to respond to the interests and expectations of the majority (Ede and Cormack). The task of the social leaders is to orient to interests of the majority in order to avoid the opposition of the public which can lead to revealing the negative qualities of people living in society. Referring to the mentioned task, it is possible to formulate the purpose of the ideal society. Society can be discussed as a strong organization where all the components of the society cooperate with each other for the common good. In its turn, the effective cooperation of the society’s members depends on the particular features of organization. From this point, the society should be organized in a specific way to provide the social support and assistance for all the members. The purpose of the society is to protect individuals with the help of organizing them in a group where people can freely and effectively interact with each other. Thus, the society is created to help people satisfy and complete their needs (Osborne). The fulfillment of people’s interests should become the main purpose of any society because society as an institution is only the organization of individuals which interests are import