ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) economy has grown tremendously in last four decades because it has robust economic sectors such as the oil industry, construction, real estate, shipping, tourism, finance, and hospitality, which have significantly boosted its economic capacity. Moreover, the government provided stable political, economic, and social environment that attracted a fantastic deal of investors into the UAE. Dubai, being one of the prominent states in the UAE, generated a significant amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) followed by Abu Dhabi. Thus, Dubai and Abu Dhabi have veto powers in that they can make critical decisions on behalf of the UAE. Due to the substantial economic growth, the government of the UAE established the Dubai World, an investment company that manages government projects with the objective of elevating economic growth of the UAE. Economic crisis that shook the world in 2008 did not spare the UEA because it significantly affected Dubai’s stock market and diminished its GDP. According to Pradhan (2009), robust sectors of the economy fluctuate according to business cycle, hence causing economic crisis at their dip (p.2). In response to the economic crisis, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai World struggled consistently to alleviate the impact of global financial crisis, which affected many of its robust sectors of the economy. Thus, this essay examines the 2008 Dubai economic crisis, coupled with how Abu Dhabi helped to alleviate its impacts. Causes of Economic crisis Economists attribute economic crisis that affected Dubai in 2008 to global economic crisis that originated from United States. Hasan (2010) argues that, global economic crisis emanated from United States property sector and spread gradually across all countries in the world (p.47). Since Dubai relied on the real estate industry, it collapsed in 2008 due to the crumble of the United States’ economy, which caused a rippling effect on economies of various countries across the world. The value of property fell by 40% and scared aw
Introduction: Epilepsy, Its Origins, Key Causes, Major Symptoms and Treatment Prospects. An Overview Known since the Middle Ages as the “falling sickness”, epilepsy has become one of the notorious diseases that are undeniably hard to get rid of. Even in the present-day world, withal the scientific and technological advances that predetermined a breakthrough in medicine and, as a result, ended in discovering a number of avenues for treating the diseases that were previously considered incurable, epilepsy remains incurable. However, numerous ways to make the disease less acute, as well as slow down its progress, seem to have proven efficient. Although among the existing ways of treating epilepsy, including the pharmaceutical, therapeutic and alternative ones, the former seems the most trustworthy, the choice of the treatment method is largely predetermined by the specifics of the patient’s organism, as well as the progress of the disease, the way in which the symptoms manifest themselves, etc. The Choice of Treatment Solutions and the Methods Comparison: Contemporary Medicine at Its Best As it has been mentioned above, the choice of epilepsy treatment methods has grown considerably over the past few years, which, however, does not mean that the specifics of the disease, as well as the clinical history, can be ignored in the choice of a treatment method. At present, there are three basic options, i.e., cognitive, pharmaceutical and alternative ones. Evaluating each of the above-mentioned according to the existing measures of effectiveness is the first step on assessing their efficacy. Concerning the measures of effectiveness: picking the most efficient method There are countless ways of checking the efficiency of the existing methods of epilepsy treatment. The basic ones, however, seem to rely on five key elements, which are the validity of the method, its efficacy, the measurement of symptoms and the changes in the behavioral pattern, and the possibility of developing the same symptoms once again, i.e., the threat of recidivism. That being said, the chosen methods of treatment, i.e., the use of Dilantin as the key pharmaceutical method, the educational approach as a specific kind of a cognitive method and the Vagus nerve stimulation as the key alternative treatment (McElroy-Cox, 2009), need to be evaluated according to their efficacy. Validity: when the reasons are well thought-out Unlike the other two methods of epilepsy treatment, the pharmaceutical one that involves the use of Dilantin seems to be valid enough in terms of its effect on the patient and the way in which it affects the disease. As the executives at Pfizer say, Dilantin is “a valid substitute for therapeutic equivalence” (Pfizer makes a statement regarding Dilantin, 2008, 429), which means that the use of Dilantin is rather valid. The educational approach can be considered a means to spread awareness of the specifics of the disease, so that it could be spotted and handled with at the earliest stages, which is valid enough. Finally, the Vagus nerve stimulation is validated by a series of experiments conducted to prove the efficacy of the electric stimula
Motivation may be regarded as an internal force that plays an immeasurably significant role in every person’s life. Defined as “the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met,” motivation is essential for goals’ achievement and personal satisfaction (Ciccarelli & White, 2020, p. 348). Although motivation may be extrinsic and intrinsic, it is inseparably bound with emotions. The purpose of the paper is to examine the influence of emotions on people’s motivation and behaviors based on a peer-reviewed article and apply received knowledge to the current situation related to the pandemic. In their article “When we want them to fear us: The motivation to influence outgroup emotions in collective action,” Hasan-Aslih et al. (2018) introduce the concept of emotional regulation and address the influence of emotions on the members of one group and the behavior of the outgroup’s members. The scientists conducted three independent trials with Palestinian citizens of Israel involved recruited with the use of snowball sampling and social media (Hasan-Aslih et al., 2018). Each participant completed a questionnaire dedicated to collective actions to measure his motivation to take part in them. Motivation for outgroup emotions, goals, and collective action intentions was assessed and subsequently analyzed. According to the study’s findings, people may be motivated to participate in collective activities to modify the behaviors and emotions of another group’s members, especially in the case of confrontation. In addition, people frequently control their own emotions according to the purpose of their actions to receive more beneficial outcomes. In general, the study aimed “to expand current knowledge on collective action by exploring emotion regulation motives underlying violent and nonviolent collective action” (Hasan-Aslih et al., 2018, p. 741). It examined how the motivation of group members to evoke and change opponents’ emotions predicts their violent and nonviolent collective actions and how pursuing individual goals through collective actions affects motivation. The research has considerable practical importance and may be used for further researcher in various areas of psychology, for instance, for the examination of social change goals not connected with motivation and emotions. In addition, it will be useful for the
Introduction Various persons and institutions have defined quality in varying ways. While most definitions agree that quality constitutes the notions of efficiency and consumer satisfaction, the definitions still remain subjective and dependant on the aspect and person defining it (Clinical Excellence Commission, 2009). Additionally, the central issues dictate the line that the definition takes. In essence quality definition is dependant on whether tangible goods are at the Centrum of definition or whether it involves intangible goods where human well being is of central importance (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009) It is on this basis that quality within a healthcare facility is defined with consideration of three aspects, namely: consumer satisfaction, professional assessment, and efficiency. Quality has emerged as a measure of the degree of excellence of a product/service. Quality management has developed from mere inspection to cover more advanced concepts like total quality management. Such incorporations have broadened to cover modern interpretation techniques like ‘Six sigma’ which facilitate the essential processes, ideas, theories, and management tools that constitute organizational development, improved performance, and the improved general desire of individuals, teams, and corporate entities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009) While the key objective of quality management is efficiency maximization and service delivery improvement, there are some fundamental aspects that must be addressed to attain this objective. Quality within the healthcare department aims to improve service delivery to the community it serves. Commonly a backlash originates in terms of quality perception with regard to the various stakeholders. This is usually a function of the variation resulting from the desired, perceived, and actual quality that the department has to offer. Desired quality usually manifests itself through the customer’s perception, for instance, the public would wish for an ideal situation whereby all conditions are wholesomely treated. Perceived quality on the other hand incorporates a realistic plan that given quality guidelines has set out to achieve. The actual quality, however, represents the achieved measurable quality at the end of an implementation process (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009). This paper presents a quality guideline initiative for the transformation of diabetic patient care within a general medical unit with the aim of improving it. Background of study One of the major healthcare issues raising great concern globally is diabetes care for affected patients. Many persons have been recently been diagnosed with diabetes, both in Australia and globally with figures rising from below 1.5 million in 1976 to over 10 million in 2007 (Agency for Healthcare and Quality, 2008) Diabetes poses increased health condition risks which may include renal failure, heart
There have been many radical changes in concepts of science of the 17 th century where new scientific concepts and laws replaced old ones most notably chemical revolution. One of the revolutionary conceptual changes occurred when phlogiston theory of Stahl was replaced by the oxygen theory of Lavoisier. According to the phlogiston theory popular in the 17 th century, when substances undergo combustion, they absorb or release a substance called phlogiston. However, the development of Lavoisier’s oxygen theory in the late 18 th century marked a chemical revolution for it introduced new and different concepts. This paper will describe a theory of conceptual change in scientific history with regard to Stahl’s phlogiston theory and Lavoisier’s oxygen theory. The phlogiston theory was based on medieval conceptual structure which held that all matter on Earth is composed of three principles viz. mercury which represents the liquid part of the earth, sulfur which represents inflammability, and salt representing inertness. The theory held that during combustion, “a metal releases a sulfurous substance known as phlogiston that has a negative weight leaving behind a heavier residue called calx” (Thagard 184). However, Lavoisier’s oxygen theory caused a revolution to these concepts by establishing that release of oxygen gas occurs when a metal undergoes combustion and absorption occurs in calcinations; the reverse process of combustion. In addition, the theory established that calx residue is the metal that combined with oxygen hence accounting for the increase in weight in the calcinations process. This theory is different from Stahl’s theory which proposed that a negative weight substance (phlogiston) lost by the metal during combustion, was responsible for increase in weight. Consequently, Stahl’s conceptual structure involving phlogiston was replaced with Lavoisier’s new concepts. In explaining conceptual change in science, a description of the development of new conceptual structures and their impact on the existing concepts that lead to the replacement of the old concepts is important. A description of the stages of Lavoisier’s new conceptual structures is important in understanding what constitutes theory of conceptual change. Nersessian posits that, “a conceptual structure consists of many concepts and related ideas that can be described as a network of nodes (concepts) that are linked together” (14). A conceptual change introduces new concepts and ideas that replace or eliminate the existing nodes (concepts) leading to establishment of new rules. Conceptual revolution caused by replacement of either partial or entire concepts of a theory leads to restructuring of the theory to fit into the new ideas. A change in concepts leads to theory change that influences the belief of people in particular disciplines. Stahl proposed the phlogiston theory, which was a different concept from the then popular view proposed by Aristotle holding that matter is composed of four elements namely, earth, air, fire and water. Stahl (1723-1730) proposed that m
Introduction Storytelling is an essential part of every human interaction, and, therefore, stories and narratives take a significant place in society. According to Altman, “narrative exists independently of the media that give it concrete form” (1). It means a story can be told through a number of distinct visual, audio, and other expressive means, including fine arts, music, literature, and dance. Nevertheless, for a story to be a narrative, it must have a set of necessary characteristics, which include action, sequential order, and causal relationships among the described events, character(s), narrational activity, a unified theme, and some others (Foss 338). The process of revealing the way the author constructs and organizes the narrative material, as well as a possible way readers follow characters from one event and scene to another, constitutes the core of the narrative analysis. According to Foss, narrative criticism implies the evaluation of causal and thematic relationships between events and the manner of narrative organization, integrated with the assessment of settings, characters, narration, as well as the overall narrational objectives within a selected artifact (340). By following the suggested procedural model, the given paper will aim to provide a critique of The Dream of a Ridiculous Man by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Identifying the Objective of the Narrative The Dream of a Ridiculous Man is a short story written by Dostoyevsky in 1877. It is included in his periodical collection of writings, A Writer’s Diary . Crnković states that the given fantastic story stands out among all other sketches and short fictions included in the author’s singular journal because it provides a “sweeping overview of the ethical history of mankind and for its simple, though not uncomplicated, the moral message” (45). To understand the objective of the narrative in the selected artifact, it is important to note that in the majority of Dostoyevsky’s works, the search for an ethical ideal is one of the primary narrative elements (Barsht 20). Moreover, in many of his novels and stories, readers may find references and allegories to some Christian and philosophic ideas about morality and truth. In The Dream of a Ridiculous Man , the focus on the ethical attitude of the narrator and its change due to a cathartic experience he has in the unusual yet realistic dream can also be regarded as an attempt to describe an image of an ideally moral person and humankind. The transformative experience about which the Ridiculous Man narra
Introduction Poverty is one of the social ills that many societies and nations are still grappling with. The nation of turkey is a classic example of these nations. Books are one of the ways used to expose this problem. This is clearly depicted by the author of the novel snow, Orhan Pamuk. In this book, the author squarely discusses the theme of poverty. Simply put, after reading through the novel, I can confidently say that snow is one of the most surreal, touching, and engaging books I have read in a long while. All through, the author creatively captures the attention of the reader without watering down the content and flow of the storyline. After reading the book attentively, I was able to identify several issues. They include globalization, colonization, women rights and poverty. In this paper, I settle to specifically discus in depth the issue of poverty. The factors responsible for the poverty The novel begins with arrival of Kar, the journalist from Frankfurt where he had spent twelve years in political exile. The main reason of his return was purported to be his mother’s funeral. But after reading through the entire book the reader is able to establish that Kar’s return entailed other vested interests such as to investigate city’s mayor murder and to look into suicides committed by young girls after removal of head scarves. Also to be included in Kar’s list of hidden motives is seeing Ipek, a beautiful woman whom she knew as a student. Ipek is now divorced and she lives in a shabby hotel. This brings the reader to encounter poverty in the book (Pamuk 123). When expounding on the issue of poverty, we can easily refer to the main theories explaining this social problem. They include modernization, dependency and Marxist theories. All the above stated theories have a common denominator, and that is explanation of origin, cause, and effects of poverty. According to John Isbister (31) modernization theory links the affluent with the origin of poverty. This theory purports that the rich take advantage of absence of democracy, capital and technology among the poor and then tries to correct these problem but at their own motives and to their advantage. This can be witnessed in the novel by behaviors of the high and mighty in the society who exploit the vulnerable such as widows. The dependency perspective stands to oppose arguments of modernization. Significantly dependency theory fronts that the economic growth and prosperity among the advanced capitalist nations is one of the causes of the
Summarize the two quality systems and showing where they are similar and where they differ A primary emphasis of Deming’s management method could be formulated, as there is a necessity for paying significant attention to the organizational change (“Giants of Quality” 247). It implies that to reach excellence in quality control a company should improve various aspects such as product design. Another essentiality is the quality dependence on managerial skills, and not on workers (“Giants of Quality” 247). Quality is Free by Crosby is another theory related to the enhancement of the quality. The primary idea can be summarized as quality costs, but one pays more if the total quality is not achieved (Adams 18). Both of the theories contribute to quality enhancement. However, Deming’s approach suggests analyzing the processes. In turn, Crosby mentions that the defects should be prevented. Nonetheless, both of the theories imply that management has a particular contribution to a process. Is there a “best” system for all organizations? It seems that Crosby’s approach is more practical, as it focuses on more aspects such as management (Adams 18). Moreover, it provides a detailed plan, which a company should follow to achieve the results. This approach is universal and can be applied to any business. Nonetheless, Deming’s management method can also be implemented by any company, as it pays high attention to the role of the management and analysis of the manufacturing (“Giants of Quality” 247). Total Quality Management also implies a high significance of the management (Chiarini 334). Consequently, it seems that the role of the management cannot be underestimated, as the outcomes of the productions directly depend on the actions of the management. Now, it is apparent that Deming’s managerial approach is the most efficient one for any company, as the core of any enterprise is the management team. What types of organizational cultures would favor each of the two approaches? There are four major types of cultures such as innovative, bureaucratic, market, and supportive organizational cultures (Ashkanasy, Wilderon, and Peterson 160). The innovative culture will seek quality and improvement with the help of Deming’s approach, as it encourages artisanship and continuous development. Nonetheless, it covers the same matters as the other approaches (Washbush 1029). As for the bureaucratic culture, Deming’s model will be more useful, as it implies having a vehement hierarchy. In this case, all the activities will be done according to the formalities (Hellriegel and Slocum 490). For the market culture, the most effect
The resource paradox is a surprising phenomenon, which has a tendency to exist in the modern world due to the fact the countries have a tendency to exploit one another. Despite being rich, the countries, which have a high supply of the natural resources, lack investment in their local economy due to the insufficient government structure, high corruption rates, and underdeveloped environmental laws, and are considered as having a poor condition of the economy and causing the significant damage to the world environment. In this instance, it is unclear whether being rich in oil, gas, and other natural resources is an advantage or a curse. The primary goal of this assignment is to discover and identify the areas, which are actively exploited and determine the principal reasons for the lack of the investment of the revenues into the local economy. This essay will contribute to the discovery of the potential grounds for the existence of the resource paradox. In the end, the conclusions are drawn. One of the countries, which is actively exploited for its oil, is Nigeria. The film Delta Boys clearly portrays that the state exists in the continuous struggle since there is a substantial conflict between the countries for the ownership of the Nigerian oil supply ( Delta Boys ). Moreover, this movie displays the inequality between different classes of Nigerian population and the rest of the world, which exploits the country for its economic interests. This situation occurs due to the inability of the Nigerian governmental authorities to contribute to finding and establishing a sufficient solution to the conflict. Some other countries, which are actively exploited, include Venezuela and Colombia (Rapoza par. 2). These countries are rich in natural resources such as gas and oil. However, the economic, political, and social conditions still remain at a low quality, as these countries are actively exploited by more powerful states. It is evident that multinational companies violate the rights of the population and use their territory and their natural resources for the commercial purposes. It could be said that in the instance of Venezuela, the beneficial impact of the oil industry is questionable since it can be considered as one of the reasons for the political instability in the country (Kott 69). It remains unclear what the primary cause of the poverty and inequality in the exploited oil countries is, as the revenues from this industry remain high. Nonetheless, in the case of Nigeria, one of the reasons is governmental inability to introduce sophisticated policies to control the income from the oil industry (Ushie, Adeniyi and Akonwale 30). It is evident that the legal authorities of all the