ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In her article on literacy instruction among African American students, Glover stresses that the language issues, particularly the active use of African American English (AAE), are the reason for a concern and for even more trouble with studying, particularly, literacy acquisition. Since “public schools across America are failing to meet the literacy needs of students of color” (Glover, 2012, p. 23), the time comes to reconsider the standards for literacy enhancement among African American students and come up with a new model for language literacy instruction. To provide further avenues of addressing the problem in question, Glover isolates the facts that hinder literacy instruction among African American students and suggests the means to eliminate these factors. Glover also provides a peculiar definition of the AAE: “AAE is a systematic, rule-bound, syntactic speech system that promotes cultural unity among its speakers” (Glover, 2012, p. 24). In addition, the author makes an impressive overview of the history of the AAE, therefore, proving its legitimacy and independency as a dialect. The research results state that the process of literacy instruction is hindered to an impressive degree by the misunderstandings between teachers and students due to the language issues. To address the issue, Glover suggests such techniques as code switching, contrastive analysis and communicative flexibility training (Glover, 2012, 32). The information provided in Glover’s article offers a lot of food for thoughts. Indeed, the representatives of the African American community, as well as national and ethnic minorities, face a number of issues in the learning process, particularly, during school classes and lectures, when they have to use code switching fast and efficiently in order to acquire the necessary information. Therefore, Glover’s article will help teachers enhance the academic progress of African American students, as well as the students with different ethnic backgrounds. It is important that the instructions provided by Glover were created with understanding of the actual capabilities of students; for example, Glover stresses that splitting the students’ speech into categories when they are in their everyday (home) environment is a good idea, which is, nevertheless, practically impossible to implement (Glover 29). More to the point, Glover defies the aforementioned approach its benefits, claiming that it will only confuse younger students. Thus, Glover’s recommendations can be considered adequate and applicable in a school setting. The idea of using contrastive analysis is also going to be of much use in the school environment (Watson, 2013), since it will help students learn about the stages of their code switching process. Thus, knowing more about the cognitive processes that occur during code switching, the students will be able to speed the process up and improve it. In the light of the facts mentioned above, it will be reasonable to suggest that the parents of the students should be instructed on how to teach their children to use the principles of code switching consciously. I
The research problem Because the United Arab Emirates operates as an open economy, the country could not but become a part of the global economic environment and get influenced by its problems. Willing desire to purchase counterfeit products is one of the modern challenges in the fashion industry. Being an attractive tourist destination, the UAE is interested in coping with the problem of counterfeits because it has a negative impact on both the economy, especially the luxury fashion industry, and the country’s image in the eyes of high-end customers, who want to buy authentic goods. The central research problem of this research is identifying the basis for developing the strategies aimed at reducing the demand for counterfeit products by policymakers, brand owners, and anti-counterfeiting groups. The research objectives This research aims at determining the factors affecting the desire to purchase luxury fashion counterfeits and constant demand for these products as well as trying to draw the connection between those, who are willing to buy counterfeits, and those, who are less likely to spend money on counterfeit luxury fashion items. The impact of the research This research is the first study of a kind because no investigations of purchasing behavior peculiar for the UAE were conducted. The researchers hope that their survey would be beneficial for detecting the gaps in policies regulating the inflow and turnover of counterfeits and reducing the volume of demand in this area. These findings might be used by brand owners and policy makers. Brand owners might deploy the findings of this research to draw buyers’ attention to ethical and economic concerns regarding the issue. The primary ideas are that counterfeits can be equaled to stolen goods, their physical appearance does not match the superior quality of the authentic product, and buying them damages the national economy. Another potential impact of the research is the opportunity to educate respondents on ethical and moral concerns surrounding the issue under investigation pointing to the fact that buying counterfeits does not improve image and self-esteem. Research Methodology Population & Unit of analysis The unit of analysis is a business school in the UAE. Respondents are the students of this business school. Sampling technique Sampling technique is a survey sample. The researchers distributed questionnaires to all students attending the selected business school without posing additional requirements for being chosen as a respondent. They were distributed non-randomly. This method was chosen because the authors wanted to involve those, who wanted to participate in the survey voluntarily. Data collection methods The primary data collection methods are questionnaires. They were designed based on the previous studies in this area. The questionnaires included 30 questions. Four of them were used to collect demographic information such as age, gender, educational background, and income. The other 26 questions were developed to investigate the factors influencing purchasing behavior and the reasons for buying luxury fashion counterfeits will
Risk Identification Exposure to radioactive materials is a significant health and safety risk, as it can be dangerous to the life and health of individuals. Accidents on nuclear power plants are rare but devastating in their effects, which makes nuclear power plant a workplace with a critical risk to health and safety. The present report will seek to outline the risk and develop a comprehensive strategy for managing the safety or workers at operating nuclear power plants. Background Nuclear power plants use uranium or plutonium to produce energy. Each nuclear power plant has nuclear reactors, where nuclear fission takes place (Christodouleas et al., 2013). The energy released during nuclear fission is then used to heat water in order to produce steam, which spins turbines, generating electricity (Christodouleas et al., 2013). Nuclear power is a popular source of energy, as uranium and plutonium produce a lot more energy than the same amount of oil. Nuclear power plants are located all over the world, and nuclear power is growing in popularity due to the depletion of other resources (Siegrist & Visschers, 2013). Therefore, ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants is critical to protecting employees, the environment, and people living in nearby regions. People at Risk Nuclear plants employ a variety of workers, and each of them may be at risk in case of an accident. According to Morrow, Koves, and Barnes (2014), the United States has over 60 operating power plants that employ thousands of workers. Nuclear power plants also employ a wide variety of employees, and most of the work on-site. Reactor operators, scientists, mechanics, operators of heavy equipment, electricians, engineers, and managers are all involved in nuclear plant operations. Therefore, the number of people who are at risk while working on a nuclear power plant is rather high, and thus severe safety and risk management measures are required in order to protect a large and diverse workforce. Risk Identification and Evaluation Nuclear power plants use either uranium or plutonium to generate electricity. When undergoing nuclear fission, both materials release radioactive products, which can be damaging to health and safety if the precautionary mechanisms fail. For instance, during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, the meltdown affected the core of the nuclear reactor, causing the release of radioactive isotopes (Christodouleas et al., 2013). A similar accident occurred in Chernobyl, where the overheating of the nuclear reactor caused an explosion, releasing radioactive materials into the atmosphere. Both events, as well as other nuclear power plant accidents, caused damage to the life and health of people. In addition, operating nuclear power plants can generate routine discharges of radionuclides, which also contribute to adverse health effec
Introduction Advertisements have come a long way to enable businesses to position themselves in the evergrowing competitive and complex consumer market (Gardner and Brandt 222). Numerous studies suggest that businesses continue to spend billions of money in advertising. This is to enhance their objective of remaining relevant in the market while gaining leading-edge advantage over their immediate competitors. Cigarette advertisements are considered one of the leading advertisements that have seen companies spend colossal amount of money. Studies indicate that the changing health concerns have caused significant shifts in the mode and nature of global advertisement appeals for cigarettes. In this analysis, the paper seeks to explore the advertisement appeal underpinning cigarette advertisements while focusing on the historical trends and shifts in appeals. The discussion will conclude by evaluating some of the advertisement appeals, and enlisting some of the most effective advertisement appeals that stand out today. Comparison of the types of appeals underlying cigarette ads Global cigarette manufacturers have continuously appealed to customers pointing at the ability of their products to enhance individual autonomy. The fundamental aim of appeals for autonomy is to create feelings of independence and integrity of an individual. Numerous slogans have been crafted to appeal to consumers in manners that seek to increase their sales. A slogan such as Embassy’s slogan of “inhale to your Heart’s Content,” illustrates how a manufacturer would wish to appeal to users based on the need to attain what your heart desires. Appeal for achievement Appeals for achievement have also occupied the tobacco industry for many years. Players in the market have stepped up advertisements aimed at using persons deemed successful in the society. For instance, during the mid 20th century through the end of the century, tobacco manufacturers used medical professionals to champion their products (Pollay 32). Cigarette manufacturers featured physicians in a bid to invalidate health claims, which were associated with smoking cigarettes. For instance, slogans like “Just what the doctor ordered” serves to demonstrate appeals that challenge the health fears that may hamper successful penetration of the product to the market (Pollay 32). “The secret of life is in the filter,” and NewPort’s “Alive with pleasure” have shown how tobacco marketers have sought to use appeal for achievement for people who smoke cigarette. Although the slogans were not coded as health claims, they pointed at health of cigarette smokers. Although advertisements for achievements have little emphasis of health aspects, they contain health pointers that are far less from true. Need for prominence These appeals address the humanistic nature that makes an individual seek respect. The ads used in these appeals are not egalitarian, but are such appeals that have tags of trappings of high position (Gardner and Brandt 222). These ad types have been used for several decades, especi
Introduction The report “Making Our Future: What States Are Doing to Encourage Growth in Manufacturing through Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Investment” indicates that traditional footholds in the world of manufacturing have become obsolete. This means that modern technological innovations have reshaped the way companies and industries produce and market their goods or services. This paper gives a detailed summary of this report. It also offers meaningful insights for better intergovernmental relations. Report Summary The article examines a new shift that is supported by eight American states. According to the report, manufacturers are now focusing on various issues such as the concept of sustainable production, leadership in different industries, and changing consumer needs (The National Governors Association, 2013). The major problems affecting different sectors across the globe have also been addressed by these states. Some of them include water shortage, food insecurity, poor public infrastructure, and health problems. This new approach has been supported by practices such as innovation, continuous worker education, and promotion of private and public sector entrepreneurship (The National Governors Association, 2013). To record positive results, various measures have been taken into consideration by these states. They have introduced and established adequate programs, created or redesigned existing organizations, proposed and implemented superior policies, identified emerging technologies, and supported small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Most of the insights presented in the identified report can guide other states in the country to transform manufacturing through investment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. For instance, different industries and companies can be supported using adequate resources to achieve their potential. Intermediaries that are embraced by all stakeholders will ensure that adequate policies are formulated. Both short-term and long-term goals should be outlined and pursued diligently. States should also secure appropriate achievements in an attempt to make significant contributions to every manufacturer. Finally, traditional metrics should be updated to improve every production process (The National Governors Association, 2013). This means that emerging technologies can promote innovation and competitiveness. These recommendations will ensure that more states in the country create new job opportunities. Inter-Governmental Relations The above report can be studied as a good example of inter-governmental relations. A collaborative effort will ensure that similar priorities and agendas are identified to improve manufacturing processes. State governments can also offer appropriate insights and concepts to deliver desirable results. Positive relations can generate greater effects and improve the manufacturing processes embraced by every state (Tudor, Zaharie, & Osoian, 2014). Positive inter-governmental relations will encourage more researchers, policymaker
Zero Waste management is a program designed to reduce waste in our society. Zero Waste lifestyle is a mission to save the world from waste and recyclable materials. This lifestyle is an important subject for discussion, which is why Collin Beavan used the subject of Zero Waste lifestyle to facilitate in his re-election in the senate. This way of life has circulated over many regions in the recent times (Colin, 2012). Zero Waste lifestyle has a target of reaching out to people all over the world. The objective of a zero waste lifestyle is to reduce waste on the environment. Whether rich or poor, zero waste lifestyle will reduce hazards in our enviroment. Some communities have adopted the idea and they are reaping the benefits. San Francisco came all out in 2008 to declare her intentions of having a healthy environment. Authorities at the state level enacted an act to address the issues with waste disposal. The high in the society and lower class citizens were all included in the policy. Florida also formulate a policy of zero waste lifestyle. The government instituted a committee that looked at various factors that could hinder the success of a zero waste lifestyle. They finally came up with a blueprint, which introduced incentives to residents that adopted a zero waste lifestyle. There was a massive turnout from all social classes in Florida. The high social class adopted the way of life as they were well informed of the need to have a safe environment. The low-class citizens objected a bit, but were motivated to tag along because of the incentives given to people who accepted with the policy. Today, Florida has an exceptional record for keeping her environment safe. Every social economic class in Florida has adopted the zero waste lifestyle (Khan, Prior, & Islam, 2008). Zero Waste lifestyle is beneficial to all the socioeconomic classes. Although the rich in the society do not agree with a Zero Waste management, there seems to be headway in achieving a Zero Waste lifestyle. The rich argued that there is little significance in the economy if they adopt a Zero Waste lifestyle. Until the recycle and reuse of products is enforced, a Zero Waste lifestyle will not get the desired recognition. People from the middle socioeconomic class will adopt a Zero Waste lifestyle because it will help them save cost in every aspect of life. It introduces the technology of re-designing every resource so that it will have an extended lifespan. The ability to use a commodity and then reuse it for another purpose will save t
Abstract The relation between diabetes and obesity has now been long established in the recent years. The strong genetic component and environmental factors both contribute to high prevalence rates of diabetes. The changes in the lifestyle, sedentary mode of living, poor eating habits and socioeconomic status are very important contributors to the development of diabetes type II. Currently, the US population is showing a very high rate of obesity that is increasing among all age groups, sexes, socioeconomic status, and ethnic populations. This points towards need for important steps to be taken in reducing obesity prevalence. Introduction to the Thesis Statement Diabetes is a condition that means an increase in sugar levels in the body above normal levels. This may be either due to inherent loss of insulin function, or may be due to insulin insufficiency. The prior is known as the diabetes type I and the later is known as diabetes type II. Diabetes type II is more of a developed health condition, which takes place due to changes in lifestyle. Increase in weight, changes in eating pattern and eating of poor quality and junk food are more likely to lead to diabetes type II. Diabetes is among the most common prevalent diseases found in the world. Its prevalence has been found to be very high in the United States, which is due to increase exponentially. However, the United States also shows some of the most prominent discrepancies in the prevalence of disease in various populations. The risk of development of condition as well as the related complications that can develop as a direct result of diabetes is also high in such cases. There are many factors that have been identified as the primary cause of its varying prevalence in different populations (Bennett et al, 2005). Among these are included socioeconomic status, diet, lack of physical exercise and obesity. Obesity has been considered a very important factor in the etiology of diabetes (Mokdad et al, 2003). In the United States there has been an exponential increase in obesity among all age groups and races. There has also been a concurrent increase in the diabetes incidences. This increase has been especially prominent in the African American population, where a large percentage of cases of diabetes and complications develop due to lack of access or provision of care. This disparity is also evident in other races, but African Americans also possess the genetic tendency to develop the disease in a very high percentage. Obesity patterns have also increased in this population in the past years (Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina, 2003). Therefore, obesity, a prime factor in the development of diabetes, has resulted in a very high percentage of diabetes cases in the African American population. Along side, socioeconomic status of the African American population, and lack of adequate health care provision by the authorities has resulted in manifold increase in this number. The current review is aimed at studying the correlation between obesity, diabetes, and the socioeconomic status
Literature Review A literature review implies the discussion of the specific topic based on scholarly sources. It may provide the main points of the sources and give a new interpretation of old materials. In this literature review, I will discuss the issues of the application of digital therapeutics in modern healthcare and its beneficial effect on patients’ treatment. The paper will review the following concepts:   * The potential of digital therapeutics for reducing the current costs of healthcare.   * Nursing staff training for digital therapeutics usage.   * Application of digital therapeutics in patients’ treatment processes. In the next section, I will discuss some of the healthcare spheres that require high costs and how a digital approach can help to reduce costs amount. Overview of Literature Concept 1 According to Sverdlov, Van Dam, Hannesdottir, and Thornton-Wells (2018), the development of new medicines involves high costs and risks. A huge amount of investment and resources are required at all stages of drug development and market launch. At the same time, as the researchers note, the probability of success is very low. On average, only about 9% of new drugs pass all stages and enter the market (Sverdlov et al., 2018). For changing the situation, it is required to modernize this sphere. The application of digital therapeutics in healthcare can help significantly reduce current costs. Digital therapy can be used by itself or in combination with other approaches. For instance, the usage of digital therapy, in combination with existing pharmacotherapy, can be a more effective and lower-cost way than developing new medicines (Sverdlov et al., 2018). According to the studies, cognitive behavioral therapy that includes digital methods has proven its effect on brain chemistry. Researchers also argue that introducing a digital approach to biopharmacology can reduce the amount of time it takes to launch a drug on the market (Sverdlov et al., 2018). In addition, researchers note that digital platforms help to collect clinically relevant data (Sverdlov et al., 2018). It may include, for instance, information about patients’ state, symptoms, and compliance that allow doctors to provide remote treatment. The usage of such platforms and applications can reduce the number of cases when patients need to visit a hospital. In addition, as studies show, Electronic Data Capture proves its advantages helping to increase the accuracy of collecting data and cost-efficiency in comparison with paper-based tri