ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Modern society is characterized by ideas and ideologies of relativism, awash with sweeping claims like “It may be true for some and not necessarily everyone”. Contemporary society is also marked by the prevalence of multiculturalism, acculturation, and the influence of pro-choice advocates and lobbyists who are pushing for the pursuit and establishment of relativist models, standards, and values of living. The foregoing has been adopted on many fronts in contemporary society and has become key and core moral principles of modern society. The foregoing nuances constitute what has been called postmodernism. Postmodernism is the relativist ethical rhetoric theoretical framework that underlies such claims, thrusts, and conceptualizations that have pervading influence and impact on the human way of life. From a deeper philosophical and ideological perspective, postmodernism can be interpreted as the evolution from the typical modern values of rationalism, pragmatism as well as dogmatism, and what theologians call veneered religiosity. This has been replaced by the sweeping value of spirituality, relativity, and pluralism, among a host of other values. The postmodernist thrust has various tenets and features that are by and large antithetical to the principles and other aspects of Christianity. Penner Myron (2005, pp,45) notes that one major point of divergence is the aspect of truth. Christianity is founded on accepting and embracing the word of God as absolute truth for which are there are no equivalent and/or alternative perspectives. Postmodernism is remarkably characterized by the notion that “It depends on how you see it”. As such postmodernists present that truth is subjective and thus reject the claims of God as absolute and objective. This has caused contention and controversy in modern society with two models of morality pulling the society asunder. The Christian movement has denounced postmodernism as a diabolical ideology that seeks to undermine the authority and power of God’s claims and word. Subjectivism is a major exponent of Christianity and because of its tenets, postmodernism plays well into models of overt and covert heathenism which denies the existence and the power of God and His word. Milbank, John (2005, p, 23) observes that one of the things to note of the postmodernism ideology is that its elaborate and rudimentary forms and implications have crept into the church itself. “The influence of postmodernism has been experienced across the churches of the world. What we see in the modern-day church are assembles that are more accommodating to the world, its values, its lifestyle and regrettably so, its subjective interpre
Slavery is an unpleasant chapter in the history book of our world. In the retrospective, it teaches that every man and every woman regardless of their skin tone is born equal and is worthy of understanding and respect. The autobiography written by Equiano is one of those books that provide explicit evidence and draw strong conclusions on the topic. However, some researchers doubt the originality of the narrative arguing it presents made-up or stolen facts. Despite the controversy around the narrative, it still lets the readers dive deep into the everyday hardships of a slave’s life and helps people understand the nature of slavery. The book was subject to criticism that questioned the original birthplace of the author and thus tried to undermine the validity of the whole story. Carretta argued that he found evidence of Equiano being born not in Africa but in South Carolina, which transforms his autobiography into fiction ( Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man 1). Paul Lovejoy challenged those arguments saying that baptismal records and a muster roll cannot be the evidence of Equiano’s fraud but instead reflect the wishes of those who made these documents (1). The main argument in the answer to Lovejoy was that the records could clarify the author’s true age, which is the key to the dismissal of the idea that Equiano is a native African ( Response to Paul Lovejoy’s ‘Autobiography and Memory 116). Both Lovejoy and Carretta have solid logic. The resolution of the conflict can presumably be achieved through the discovery of new facts and evidence, but regardless of the result, the main point of the literary piece under discussion stays the same. Even if Caretta is right in his judgment and the book cannot be deemed an autobiography of an African slave, it is still a life story of a slave. For instance, he argues that Equiano borrowed his identity from his ‘fellow’ Africans, whose stories he allegedly used to create his own ( Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man 7). Regardless of the truth, it still does not change the fact that native tribespeople were conquered and taken away from their homes, relatives, and loved ones. In addition, it is a common practice among the authors to consult others to refresh the memory of the events or to seek consultation on the particular detai
Patient safety in medication administration is an important issue in nursing. One of the RNs’ and LPNs’ fundamental responsibilities and roles is administering proper medication dosages since drugs treat most illnesses in modern medicine. Scientists note that nurses make common errors in medication administration, which may cause dramatic effects on patients’ health (Härkänen et al., 2019). Inadequate dosages and skipping medications are the most common mistakes when administering medications for children and older patients in nursing houses (Härkänen et al., 2019). Therefore nurses must follow the relevant guidelines to avoid making mistakes when administering medication. They also should understand the effects of various widespread medications like pain relievers, antimicrobial or antipsychotic drugs (“Medication administration module,” 2017). Professional boundaries in relationships between nurse educators and student nurses is another important topic. In such types of relationships, both sides should adhere to the rules of professional conduct and act in a responsible, conscious, and ethical way (“2014 ACA Code of Ethics,” 2014). This paper aims to discuss patient safety issues concerning medication administration and the professional boundaries between the nurse educators and their students. Role of the Nurse in Medication Administration There is plenty of guidelines related to the nursing roles and the scope of the nursing practice. The guidelines regulating the nurse’s role in medication administration are fundamental because the proper dosages, attentiveness to the names of drugs, and a deep general understanding of the medication effects ensure patient safety and a high level of nursing services. The Texas Board of Nursing developed the guidelines that regulate this issue. In The General Cautions, the BON reminds nurses that there are four types of drugs with significant addictive potential which should be administered with caution: opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and carisoprodol (“Practice guidelines and interpretive guidelines,” 2021). The BON emphasizes explicitly that the incidence of non-therapeutic administering of these drugs has significant public health implications. To avoid the negative consequences when administering such drugs, the nurses should comply with Board Rule 222, relating to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses with Prescriptive Authority. The nurses who administer the pain relievers shoul
Introduction One of the largest mammals in the Arctic, the Walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ) discontinuously distributed population in the:   * Arctic Ocean,   * North Pole and   * Northern Hesmispere (Bolster 2012). Three sub-species are documents- divergens , rosmarus and laptevi based on their habitats. The sub-species reside in the Pacific, Atlantic and Laptev Sea respectively (Bolster 2012). In the pacific, most Walrus populations spend summers in:   * North of the Bering Straight,   * along the eastern coast of Siberia and   * Northern Alaska and other regions (Bolster 2012). In winter, the animals move to the south to avoid excessive cold (Fisher & Stewart1997). The Walrus Foraging The walrus forages on the sea floor and platforms of sea ice (Gjertz & Wiig 1992). They must live in shallow seas, especially close to the shores:   * The deepest the animal can move is about 70-80 meters (Born, Rysgaard, Ehlmé, Sejr, Acquarone & Levermann 2003).   * In most cases, a walrus remains submerged below the surface,   * It can stay for up to two hours before coming on the surface to breath (Oliver, Kvitek & Slattery1985) The sea floor is rich in a number of diet favorable to the animal. Walruses The diet The walrus is an opportunistic animal. It feeds on small a plants as well as animals. It feeds on marine organisms of more than 50 different genera (Kryukova, Kruchenkova & Ivanov 2012). The main diet is composed of crabs, sea cucumbers, soft corals, crabs, mollusks, worms, shrimps, tunicates and pinnipeds bivalve mollusks such as clams along the sea bed are the preferred diet (Fukuyama & Oliver1985). It forages extensively along the sea bottoms and prefer them to other types of foods. Detection and ingestion of food On the seabed, it uses its prey using some sensitive organs on its mouth region. The vibrissae is a sensitive part of the mouth that identifies the prey at the seabed (Gjertz & Wiig 1992). The walrus has a small number of taste buds (Eleanor, Freeman & Makus 2006). However, the few taste buds in the animal are relatively larger than those found in other members of the group. The walrus: anatomy Detection and ingestion of food   * This aids the movemen
In the contemporary healthcare environment, information technology (IT) infrastructure occupies a special place, promoting medical service standards, staff performance, patients’ experience, and well-being overall. IT infrastructure consists of integral and interrelated components such as software, hardware, operating system (OS), network resources, and data storage used to deliver IT solutions and services to customers, partners, and employees. This paper aims at examining the IT infrastructure of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and discussing the nursing informatics’s role within this organization and how it could be enhanced Description of the Organization Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center is an academic healthcare establishment situated in Winston-Salem and founded in 1923 when North Carolina Baptist Hospital opened. The center comprises three entities, namely, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, and Wake Forest Innovations. It is one of the largest employers in the city with over 14000 employees and over 300 primary care and specialty clinics in total and five community and one children’s hospital, as of 2019 (Wake Forest Baptist Health, 2019). Each year, the organization deals with approximately 60000 inpatient admissions and observation patients and almost two million outpatient visits and has about 1500 system-wide licensed beds at its disposal (Wake Forest Baptist Health, 2019). As of the fiscal year 2017, Wake Forest Baptist Health gained $373.9 million benefits to various home community areas, including community health, research, out
Syphilis and poliomyelitis were severe problems for the United States of America in the mid-20 th century. That is why many scientists and public officials did their best to protect the population from these illnesses. The attempts to cure syphilis and the campaign to wipe out polio implied both similarities and differences. Thus, the primary task of this paper is to comment on how the US managed to defeat these diseases. To begin with, one should state that the similarities referred to the universal role of both syphilis and polio in society. As a result, curing these diseases was necessary to save the whole nation. That is why Warner and Tighe (2001) explain that it was required “to lessen the stigma” of syphilis (p. 449). Furthermore, Warner Brothers Studios released the film, Dr. Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet, about the scientist who introduced a vaccine against syphilis (Warner & Tighe, 2001). It was another step to emphasize the importance of curing the disease. In addition to that, the polio problem caused philanthropic efforts that resulted in the publicity of the illness (Warner & Tighe, 2001). As has been mentioned above, the differences were also present, and they referred to clinical trials. It relates to the fact that the development of the poliomyelitis vaccine was more ethical and did not imply scandals (National Museum of American History, n.d.). In conclusion, American society invested much effort to cure syphilis and polio. Even though the strategies are considered successful, they implied both similarities and differences. It was a useful step to make the population understand that the diseases were their shared problem. At the same time, the difference in clinical trials denoted that the strategy to wipe out poliomyelitis was safer when it came to the health of the experiment participants.
There are two major resources that can ensure the success of any business venture in the modern world of economics. The first is the material resource which includes both natural and capital resources. The second and which is the most strategic is the human resource. Human resource is the most crucial since man has the ability to manipulate the former (Ferris, Buckley, & Fedor, 2002, p.23). Man, with his ingenuity and diligence can manage to overcome the unpredictable and sometimes unreliable forces of nature. This fact, therefore, calls for the appropriate management of this special and crucial resource. Human resource management can be defined as the sum total of activities undertaken by any business firm with an aim of attracting, developing, motivating, and retaining its employees (Ferris, et al., 2002, p.3). It comprises of aspects such as human resource planning, staffing, evaluating, rewarding, and training. It involves the positioning of people in their most productive categories suited for their respective potentials. A number of other contextual factors such as social and political systems, legislation, the influence of labour unions, and trade associations have played a role in shaping the management of human resource (Leung & White, 2004, p.475). This essay attempts to compare and contrast the contextual environment of human resource management practices in two Asian states; Hong Kong and Singapore. Singapore has asserted itself as one of the leading economies in the greater Asian continent in the recent past. This has been facilitated by her determination and renewed vigour in the management of the resources at her disposal coupled with its strategic geographical positioning. The management of human resource in Singapore has evolved with the dynamic and competitive market environment especially since the mid 1990s to present time (Wan, 2003, p.129). The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis played a central role in the development of human resource in Singapore (Budhwar, 2004, p.5). National HRM policies and strategies were formulated with an aim of maximizing human capital in order to facilitate meaningful transformation. The Singaporean government has for a long time embraced the centralized system of managing its human resource and has seen the continued influence by foreign investment. Currently, there are key issues and challenges facing the Singaporean employee relations. These include; continued dependency on foreign man power, the ageing labour-force, the privatization of government-linked corporations, and the relocation of industries demanding more human resource to foreign countries (Wan, 2003, p.135). The reason behind the employment of foreigners is the imposition of levy and quota system in Singapore. The extension of retirement age by the Singaporean government has seen an increase in the retention of older workforc
Introduction Background Information Most patients suffering from non- small cell lung cancer (herein referred to as NSCLC) are advised to undergo surgery, especially if the ailment is in the early stages. Analysis of failure patterns in the past has indicated that when resected patients suffer systemic failure, they usually become incurable (1). Many studies have been carried out in the field of local regional recurrence. These studies reveal that this recurrence ranges from 3 to 9 percent in stage I, and between 29 and 38 percent in Stage IIIA, depending on whether the patients were taken through adjuvant treatment. After administering curative resection, 5 year survival can range from 10 to 21 percent among persons suffering from stage III adenocarcinoma, or between 54 and 84 percent for stage I of squamous cell carcinoma (herein referred to as SCC) (2). There are more cases of documented distant treatment failures after surgery than intrathoracic ones. Persons who suffer from intrathoracic recurrence are mainly treated with endobronchial irradiation, completion pneumonectomy, and such other aggressive approaches. Photodynamic therapy has also been shown to be quite ineffective among NSCLC patients suffering from inoperable recurrent non- small cell lung cancer at stump site (3). According to a study that was conducted by Lam (4), 75 percent of patients who had suffered from NSCLC recurrence at stump site re-recurred after going through photodynamic therapy, in spite of initial positive response. However, other studies conducted in this field have more than contradicted this position. There are various studies which have shown that radiation therapy can be effective in treating lung cancer stump recurrence, even when it is not used in conjunction with other therapies (1-5). All these studies were carried out over a long period of time and involved recurrence at various sites, including at bronchial st
Critical thinking is a mental process that is used to analyze and evaluate statements that are considered to be true. This process also includes the tool of definition of specific meaning and the one of summarizing in order to make a judgment. Nosich defines critical thinking as “reasonably reflective thinking, which is focused on deciding what to do. The thinker asks the question, solves it, then applies the occurred result”. In other words, it means obtaining information with its following evaluating and reaching a definite conclusion. In general, critical thinking goes far beyond informal logic and involves identification of basis, prejudice, propaganda, distortion, self-deception, misinformation and assessment of belief. Critical thinkers collect information from written or verbal expression, observation, reflection, reasoning and experiences. But they need to follow certain principles, such as: accuracy, clarity, precision, depth, relevance, significance, logic, breadth and fairness. Misconceptions about critical thinking “It is wholly a negative process-it tears down ideas and puts nothing in their place (Vs: it is a positive process to put an object in a more realistic perspective) Critical thinking will lead to inability to make commitments to people, ideas, structures. (Vs: these commitments are informed ones.) It seems to involve traumatic change – one is expected to abandon old assumptions continually. (Some beliefs stay the same-they are simply more informed) It is dispassionate and cold. (Vs: it is highly emotive and liberating to be free of past assumptions and the anxiety of self-scrutiny) Emotions and Critical Thinking Emotions have projective power over thoughts. Emotions have the capacity to act as a filter to form the desire and, in some degree, rule over our immediate thoughts. When people face new problems, situations or innovatory ideas emotional responses to these issues work as accelerator for the mobilization of their mental resources to face it. In other words, the first reaction to new ideas, situations, or problems is always based on their feelings, emotions and attitudes. Thus, the emotions five base to critical thinking. Critical thinkers, generally, don’t reject or overlook emotions; but they try to control and manage it. Major Impediments for Critical Thinking One of the major barriers for critical thinking is torpor. Some other major impedimen
How long should an average person sleep? This question is yet to have a definite response because everyone gives a different answer. However, most scientists settle on 8 hours as the average hours of sleep required by an adult. However, this figure still depends on age, sex, and health condition of a person. Due to this ambiguity, many people suffer from lack of sleep or do not get enough sleep knowingly or unknowingly, resulting into insomnia. Insomnia is a sleep disorder that has always been defined by everyone as having sleeping difficulties. One will always toss and turn in bed the whole night only to wake up sleepy and this results into exhaustion and fatigue the following day. It affects people’s moods and ability to function the whole day and makes one feel very weak and lazy. The dictionary definition of the word insomnia is the inability to sleep or stay asleep for an adequate length of time, another version of this definition is the inability to have the standard amount of sleep. I define insomnia as a condition in which one finds it difficult to fall asleep, maintain sleep, has a disturbed sleep characterized by frequent wakeups with difficulty going back to sleep or waking up earlier than usual. In simple words, insomnia occurs when a person is not able to sleep or has problems when it comes to sleeping. However, there is no universal definition of the word and as Wylie writes, “definitions of insomnia are loose to the point of inanity” (Wylie, 213). The word originated from a Latin word insomnis which is made up of two words: “in”, meaning not, and “somnus”, meaning sleep. Difficulty in falling asleep occurs when one is unable to sleep at the beginning of the night and stay awake until late. For instance, a student taking exams will spend the whole night thinking about the tests out of anxiety thus does not have any sleep, or a person may spend half of the night on the internet or watching a favorite television show. Insomnia may also be caused by stress, sickness, acute feelings of depression, medication and so on. The inability to maintain sleep occurs when one cannot remain asleep for the rest of the night and instead wakes up once or recurrently during the night causing fragmented sleep. In addition, the person has trouble going back to sleep and may fail to catch any sleep for the rest of the night. This form of insomnia will affect the person’s daytime activities as they cannot concentrate or focus on a task, in acute cases, it may affect the immune system.