ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Economics affects the choices that individuals make every day by influencing their utility concerning various products, production, and behavioral consumption patterns. Economics emphasizes the interactions and behavior of various agents including individuals and markets. The sole objective of economic knowledge is to enable people to develop efficient means of satisfying the existing unlimited wants with the scarce available resources. 1 Microeconomics deals with establishing how buyers and sellers exchange their various goods and services. On the other side, macroeconomics gives a critical analysis of how various countries that have different industries and consumers conduct their functions. This paper is an appraisal of the book, “Economics: The User’s Guide” by Ha-Joon Chang. The paper explores the book’s main arguments. Additionally, the paper compares and contrasts various points postulated by the author to the opinions forwarded by other authors in the field of economics. Chang puts across a variety of arguments, which are outlined precisely in the twelve chapters of the book. In comparison to other authors in the economic field, Chang deviates from using formulas and equation. He uses a comprehensive theoretical framework to communicate the various viewpoints. The chapters are arranged in a sequence for the audience to comprehend the various arguments that the author endeavors to communicate. Main arguments in the book Capitalism Capitalism is one of the dominant arguments put forward by Chang in this economics book. Capitalism takes preeminence in the first chapters of the book. Capitalism is the situation where a given economy is organized to pursue profit motives. Most people invest their time in education to achieve higher incomes. 2 A capitalist has to invest in the production process to ensure that goods meet the satisfaction requirements of any given population. Chang advocates a market capitalist system because it attracts more competition as compared to the socialist system that is dominated by a closed market economy, which leaves no room for competition. The essence of understanding the history of capitalism is important in adding to the current knowledge of economics. The slow growth in the historical Western Europe is due to the absence of capitalism. 3 However, even though the author provides this argument, other diverse reasons like minimal industrialization could have resulted in the slow growth as opposed to the absence of capitalism as the author purports. Historical background of any given nation is important while analyzing economic phenomena. Due to the capitalistic nature of the colonialists, most colonies suffered huge scars because they were robbed of their resources thus rendering them incapable of progressing economically. 4 Due to capitalism, various industrial revolutions occurred to counteract the efforts of the capitalists. Most of those revolutions are underscored in the Marxism theories thus resulting in free trade and increased production. The book does not entertain monopolistic
Introduction Management is a very critical tool in the success of all businesses. It give a basis under which the organizations carry out their day to day activities with the common objective of meeting certain laid down goals. The functions of management should be differentiated from other organizational roles. The four basic functions of management have helped in providing a basis under which management can be defined in a theoretical manner. This paper looks at the theoretical definition and functions of management. Management planning The planning function of management entails the identification and setting of objectives as well as defining the mode of action to be enacted in order to meet those objectives. For this function to be carried out effectively, management should be aware of both internal and external factors affecting its organization so as to allow for easy forecasting of future conditions/factors. It also requires good decision making ability. Setting of goals and objectives gives the managers a better chance of effectively planning various activities of the organization. Evaluation of possible courses for achieving those objectives should be done and a decision made on the best course (Watson 1996, p. 332). Effective execution includes identifying the methods to be used towards achieving the set goals. In order for corrections to be made, planning management should also practice evaluation to identify them. For instance, in a production organization, management planning roles are applied in three basic forms. Strategic planning focuses on analyzing the position of the organization in the marketplace by evaluating the weaknesses and strengths of the organization’s products. This function also entails the formulation of ways of positioning the organization at the top of the competitive market. The other planning management role employed in the production industry is tactic planning which involves the identification and employment of concrete ways of implementing strategic plans on improving production. The final role employed in a production organization is operational planning which involves working on assumptions of goals and objectives set by other levels of management. Management organization Management organizing deals with assigning duties to subordinate and constructing structures which would ensure efficient completion of work. A well structured organization has better chances of succeeding as a result of coordinated execution of duties. The organizational structure is constituted in a graphical chart to reflect the objectives of the organization. Management organizing also deals with assignment of individual duties within an organization (Advameg, 2011, p. 1). Similarly, in a production organization, organization roles of management entail ident
Perhaps one of the most renowned Russian composers around the world is Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893). His composing genius flourished in the late nineteenth century and seemed to comprise most of the romantic music genres that had developed by that time. Author of multiple operas, ballets, symphonies, symphonic poems, and numerous minor pieces, Tchaikovsky artfully combined the professionalism of classical writing, ingenious orchestration, and elements of truly Russian national melody in his works. The present report comprises a review of three large-scale works by Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture (1880) performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic and The Leningrad Military Orchestras under Yuri Temirkanov, Piano Concerto #1 (1874–75) with the solo part played by Martha Argerich, and Symphony #4 (1877–78) presented by Chicago Symphony Orchestra under Daniel Barenboim. Among Tchaikovsky’s creative heritage, 1812 Overture stands out by its rich imagery deployed by musical means. Written to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of Napoleon’s retreat from Russia, it represents a typical example of program music that is based on a certain event or story (Kavanaugh 50). 1812 Overture opens with the warm sound of strings expressively reciting a Russian hymn “Save, O God, Thy People” that is symbolic of Russian Orthodox Christianity (Kavanaugh 50). The wood winds join in this prayer, and the emerging dialogue with the strings reminds of an Orthodox service. This peaceful fragment is suddenly interrupted by a strike of timpani and intrusion of an agitated theme against a background of strings reiterating harmonies in a tense rhythm. Culminating in the sounds of brass, the agitation slowly fades, giving way to a counterpoint of a military theme in the wind woods and a broad lyrical melody of the strings. This in turn leads to a conflict fragment where the whole orchestra engages in syncopated motion and swirling passages, through the sounds of battle songs break. After this follows another peaceful episode with two themes reminding of Russian tradition: a lyrical and a lively one. And again the peace is broken by collision of battle songs against dissonant harmonies and disquieting signals of the brass. After a recapitulation of the lyrical and the lively Russian melodies, Tchaikovsky brings together the latter one with the battle song as if illustrating a battle scene in the end of which the battle song is crushed and the initial hymn appears in a triumphant sound of brass winds and carillons, later joined by sounds of canons. Since Tchaikovsky did not associate himself with piano playing, his Piano Concerto #1 was by large inspired by Tchaikovsky’s contemporary, a great Russian pianist Nicolay Rubinstein (Lindeman 114). The composer’s initial dedication to the prominent virtuoso can be traced from the very beginning of the concert: the first movement opens with a lush melody of the whole string group accompanied by massive chords of the soloist spanning the whole keyboard. The second time the theme is conducted by the pianist, varying
What does the ship represent in O Captain! My Captain!? What about the port? Find out the answers to these questions in the essay below. Symbolism and imagery are some of the significant elements of style in poetry. In this essay, symbolism and imagery in O Captain, My Captain shall be analyzed in detail. Symbolism element is used to emphasize internalized poetry aspects to describe the feeling and thoughts of a poet due to a lack of better words to describe them. It uses an object, an idea, a person, or a place to bring out a more profound meaning rather than what it represents itself. Imagery element, on the other hand, uses figurative words to make the reader see things from the poet’s perspective. It emphasized creative speaking or writing, vivid images, suggestions, or descriptive presentation. It not only needs to be visual but involves all the five senses; sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The two poetry elements are also referred to as the metaphors in a single terminology. The poet employs the abundant use of imagery and symbolism in passing the message, ideas, and the subject of the poem. O Captain! My Captain! Symbolism The first stanza of the poem O Captain, My Captain has a lot of imagery and symbolism depicting the era of Abraham Lincoln. In the first line, the captain is used to symbolize Abraham Lincoln, who was the union leader in the civil war. What does the ship symbolize in O Captain, My Captain? The ship is used to represent America as a country, and the “fearful trip” (Whitman, 2006, p. 1) is a representation of the civil war during the Abraham Lincoln era. The “prize we sought is won” (Trinh, 2002, p. 1) symbolizes the union victory in freeing the people from slavery during the civ
Introduction The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program aims to prevent the deportation of illegal immigrants who arrived in the U.S. as children. In addition, this program will help these people get a job in the USA. Immigrants who arrived in the states under this program are called Dreamers, and according to the decree of President Obama, they can receive assistance and education (Rio & Jordan). Although this program is aimed at facilitating and helping people forced to immigrate to the United States, it is still controversial because it has several drawbacks. Main body Some political leaders are in opposition and believe that this program should be closed. The proposal to close the DACA program is because the program may encourage illegal immigration to the states. People will immigrate with the hope of taking part in this program, which will significantly increase the growth of illegal immigrants. Ultimately, for the United States and its residents, the immigration of disadvantaged people will negatively affect the lives of Americans. Another point for the program to cease to exist is that immigrants have begun to engage in the forgery of documents. Moreover, some immigrants may commit criminal acts and fraud related to obtaining a job. Some participants of the program may join criminal groups and execute various kinds of violations, for example, related to non-payment of taxes or forgery of documents for social security. It is considered a violation for these people to cross the border illegally, but in addition, they continue to violate the law and cheat. The DACA program provides amnesty for people who may be disadvantaged. In the future, this may lead to an increase in the number of criminal cases in the United States. This will cause a lot of problems for the legitimate residents of the country and the heads of state. Murders, robberies, and carjackings are the violations that illegal immigrants who will experience a difficult financial situation can incur (Mortensen). Problems can begin not only at the level of fraud but also in the whole criminal situation in the states. There are several advantages of the program in connection with which the heads of the state oppose its termination. For example, people who immigrated in childhood no longer remember their native co
Introduction How the child ends up in adult hood greatly depends on the way they are brought up and the kind of environment that he or she is exposed to. During the development of a child, it is important to kick off his or her life with important lessons that would enhance the socialization skills (Currie 3). Children develop in stages and therefore development in every stage should be observed keenly and the child guided so as to ensure proper preparation for the future. For example, language acquisition by a child is mainly experienced in the early infancy stage and the period ending in puberty and after that the child cannot learn more in terms of language acquisition (Fildman, Wendkos and Papalia 26). Observation For the first child, Mark, gave him the playdoh and told him to do whatever he wanted with it. As he went ahead, I placed a toy on the table and sat to watch. When he was done, I observed the three shapes that he had made; two of them looked like two people but I could not identify the last one so I decided to ask him what it was. He quickly said that it was his dog. When I asked him who the two people were, he said that they were his mother and brother whom he had never seen ever since their parents separated. Since he was getting emotional, I left him alone and observed him. I noticed that he picked the toy I had earlier placed on the table and started talking to it as if it were alive. For the second child, Mary, I made two balls from the playdoh and asked her whether they were the same. Surprisingly she took the balls in each of her hands as if to measure the weight and said that they both looked like balls but the one on the right was heavier. When l moulded one of the balls into a snake and asked if it still contained the same amount of playdoh, she said no because the one mould into a snake was longer than the other one. When I made it flat, she said no but I reformed the two identical balls, again she said that they contained the same amount of playdoh. When I used the coloured papers that were shaped into triangles, rectangles and ovals I was so impressed that she first separated them according to shape and then later by colour. Reaction I was very impressed by the way Mark showed his high level of IQ when he went beyond describing the shapes of the two balls in the first exercise and actually determined the difference in weights (Currie 3). The reason why he started talking to the toy was that he assumed it to be an imaginary friend who took the place of the brother who had left after the parents separated (Fildman, Wendkos and Papalia 26). I was also impressed by the manner in which Mary separated the shapes according to colour and shapes successfully and easily. This demonstrates her high level of cognitive skills that directly translates to her high level of IQ (Currie 3). The possible reason why she might not have answered the questions in the second exercise correctly is that she might not have understood the question correctly and
Equiano’s village of Igbo people Equiano argues that the Igbo people had a strong system of law and marriage. A council of elders, of which his father was a member, solved civil, commercial and criminal disputes. Crimes, such as adultery, were heavily punished. In addition, marriage was one of the most important aspects of the society and always involved ceremonies and heavy bride prices (Lovejoy 341). The Kingdom had many singers, dancers, poets and musicians. Most cerebrations involved artistic performances. The people had a simple and plain manner of dressing, with no difference between men and women clothing (Equiano 23). The economic activity was predominantly agriculture. They cultivated cotton and a wide range of food crops in addition to rearing cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. The Igbo land was abundant and extremely productive. As for religion, the people believed in one Creator who lived “in the sun” and controlled major events such as war, birth, life, death and nature (Equiano 23). They practiced circumcision and believed in the existence of spirits. In addition, there were wise men, priests and magicians. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the Igbo people in the first chapter, Equiano attempts to influence Europeans to consider slavery as a problem that was disrupting humble lives in Africa. He attempts to make Europeans realize that the Africans were normal people who deserved their rights. The name “Olaudah” implies good fortune, and Equiano considered himself “a particular favourite of heaven.” In what ways was he fortunate? It is important to note that Equiano considers himself fortunate rather than a victim of slavery primarily because he compares his life with that of other people forced into slavery. In addition, he compares himself with other African people who were captured and enslaved in Africa. From this perspective, Equiano can be considered lucky to have lived a better life and achieved freedom. First, unlike most of the children captured from the African villages, Equiano exchanged hands several times and was lucky to live for a few months with several masters. Almost all his masters were kind and treated him like their son rather than a slave. Secondly, when he arrived at the coast, Equiano was lucky to find an immediate buyer and together with 244 other slaves, he set off on a long voyage across the Atlantic. Thirdly, upon his arrival to Virginia, Equiano was lucky to be bought by Michael Pascal, a member of the British Navy (Carretta 78). White settlers bought most of the slaves and made them work in their farms, where life was difficult. Labour was intensive while discrimination was a common phenomenon (Equiano 52). Thus, he escaped the intensive farm labour. Equiano was lucky to lead a life of a voyager rather than a common slave. In addition, Equiano was lucky to have a kind master who allowed him to train as a sea captain, thus achieving unique skills. Michael Pascal and other traders who worked with Equiano were kind to him, and treated hi
Executive Summary Market analysis is a vital concept for any business organisations to be able to assess the market needs and based on what is at hand, respond to the needs. Before making a market analysis, it is good to look at a company’s background in order to ascertain how current operations were motivated by past records. Three main tools have been used to analyse the airline industry using the case of Qantas. These are Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats, (SWOT), Porter’s Five Forces, and Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal, and Environmental (PESTLE) factors. At the end of the discussion, it can be noted that Qantas remains a major player in the airline industry at local and international levels amid the stiff competition from other carriers. Introduction Qantas Airways Ltd. is an Australian firm that operates in the airline industry at local and international capacities. The ideal to start the organisation was hatched by two individuals back in 1922. Fergus McMaster was convinced to look for interested investors after McGinness and Fysh sold the idea to him. The history of Australian civil aviation is mainly about the history of Qantas that started from a humble beginning to what defines the future of Australian airspace. The corporation began with a two-passenger plane to the recent Airbus A380 series with carriage capacity of 450 passengers to far destinations. The Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd, (QANTAS) hard to pass through hurdles to develop its market share with a pull of dedicated staff members backed by very loyal customers. The key pillars of Qantas development are the stakeholders who created it, the workforce, and the customers. The vertical rise in the company’s growth has made Qantas one of the world’s best long distance international brands and one of the best service providers in Australia. The outstanding growth of Qantas defines the course of international aviation industry (Qantas, 2012a). In order to critically analyse a firm’s business operations, there are tools that are employed to ascertain the strength and position of a firm. SWOT, PESTLE, and use of Porter’s Five Forces are recommended tools that can achieve this feat. The tools involve evaluation of a firm’s strength by looking at a number of factors that overly defines a successful business organisation. By taking the case study of Qantas Airways Ltd, this paper vividly explores market parameters that make Qantas o
White-collar crime and its roots have been subjected to extensive research and debate; however, fewer people pay attention to it compared to violent crime, which currently captures national news and is the subject of television shows. The society’s attitude towards white-collar crime is different: there is some degree of fascination while in the broader sense it is merely uninteresting (Olejarz, 2016). In this paper, two theories of white-collar crime will be discussed. The first theory will focus on the individual perspective of white-collar crime causes explored by Watt (2012) while the second theory will focus on the environmental perspective studied by Pontell and Geis (2013). Individual Perspective An individual perspective that explains why white-collar crime occurs is associated with the role that personality can play (Watt, 2012). According to the research conducted by Watt (2012), white-collar crime is directly linked to self-control, which is an individual characteristic that allows individuals to resist any type of benefit or gratification that crimes can offer. Therefore, an individual perspective on causes of white-collar crime is associated with trait theories that explore a combination of either stable or unstable character attributes that could explain people’s predispositions towards offending (Hirschi & Gottfredson, 1987). Components of the trait theory include such characteristics as impulsivity, simple tasks, self-control, physical activity, self-centeredness, and tolerance (Watt, 2012). Also, the researcher explored the role of gender as an individual characteristic that could influence white-collar crime. Watt (2012) found that men were