ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Theme of the article The survey report is based on the Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes between 1987 and 2007. Its main theme is that political landscape is more favorable to democrats and tries to bring out the factors that have improved the political landscape for the Democrats as the 2008 presidential campaigns were approaching. The main factors that were identified include the fact the democrats emphasize on addressing modern social concerns of safety, inequality and national security, unlike the republicans who continue to hold the traditional social, political and economic and religious values; indeed, the republican support has been wearing out in the recent years. Positive impressions All the parties – Democratic, Republican and Independent – are in agreement that the government has a primary obligation of eradicating poverty through extending support disadvantaged groups. There is support for the government to continue aiding the poor using its resources, and where there is deficit, the government can borrow in order finance such programs. The over-reliance on military action as a way of enhancing peace has decline, meaning that most people now prefer diplomatic solutions on international conflicts. Critical impressions The issue of aiding the poor has created over-dependency by some people on government support without taking any initiative to work hard on their own; this has led to the poor getting even poorer with time. In addition, financial aid to the poor has plunged the country into budget deficit and national debt, forcing the Republicans to criticize and oppose the idea of extending financial support to the needy. Indeed, it is ironical to find that the government is spending a lot of money to eradicate poverty while on the other hand poverty is escalating, with the rich continuing to become richer with time (The Pew Research Center, 2007). There is less commitment by the global community on providing solutions to problems affecting the society. Many things are changing today, for instance, it is critical to find that, as time is going-by most Americans are loosening their religious tenacity and are now supporting the issue of homosexuality; there is an increase in the political differences in levels of religious commitment; and the religious commitment is highly biased on the Republicans side as it lowers on the Democrats side (The Pew Research Center, 2007). Bias among democrats There are a lot of biases on the side of Democrats especially in the views of corporations. The fact that the public is losing confidence on itself is worrying; leading to the conclusion that there will be great diversities in future in the way people will be making political decisions. In addition, there are traces of people moving away from reliance on the government as a source of help to their issues. Nevertheless, young people are continually holding a more favourable view of the govern
Act utilitarianism is a theory in ethics defined by a person’s deed being right morally if the act only gives the best and expected results in a certain situation. In contrast, virtue ethics that Aristotle developed based on character is achieved through practice. In as much as the two ethics are broadly in use by humanity at all times, they all have both advantages and disadvantages where utilitarianism has the advantage of being simple. The ability to consider behavior as morally acceptable through giving the best outcome is more practical and enforces the ability to watch on behavior. In addition, it promotes and creates happiness in society during interaction with society. This is majorly considered because it builds a community to harness and unity. Having to do good to be considered morally stable assists in building self-good and reputation of how other people view us and our open behaviors. There are noted disadvantages with the use of utilitarianism as a theory of ethics. The theory greatly neglects and ignores the happiness of individual because everyone is on the run to be accepted morally to the society and tend to make individuals do what tends to make them happy (Mulgan, 2019). Virtue ethics is known to base its focus on the character alone, making it suitable for use, especially where it involves many peopl
Why was control of the region important to the British and French? The Gulf region was of particular interest to the British Empire because it linked India and the western world. As the significance of British India rose, the Empire’s desire to control the entire region increased accordingly. In particular, it was influenced by the need to deal with France’s interest in the region. In the beginning, the British aim was to commercialize the Indian Ocean trade route because it provided the commercial control of all the regions around India. The British had invested heavily in India and Pakistan, with a presence spanning over 100 years (Belgrave, 2006). In fact, Britain considered a trade with India as one of the most profitable overseas ventures. However, the trade was faced with a number of problems, especially due to increased piracy on the Gulf coast. Therefore, to save the Indian trade, Britain had to control the Gulf region by signing treaties with a number of Arab states to help fight pirates along the Gulf coast. On the other hand, the French developed a great interest in the Gulf Coast several years before 1917. France initially sent its troops on an expedition to Egypt early in the 1800s (Belgrave, 2006). They wanted to challenge British control in the region, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. From here, the French wanted to establish and control trade routes between Western Europe and the Gulf regions, especially after realizing that the British had consolidated the Indian Ocean trade route through their control of the Suez Canal (Belgrave, 2006). What was the effect on Arab views of the West from the 1954-1962 French/Algerian war? Prior to 1954, the French population in Algeria was decreasing in numbers while the number of Arabs was increasing at a high rate. For instance, there were only 900,000 Europeans and more than 4.5 million Arabs. Secondly, the rivalry between the Arabs and the West was evident. There was no equality of social and economic opportunities. For example, the French established about 1400 primary schools to cater for about 200,000 European children and only 699 schools to cater to more than 1.25 million Arab children (Horne, 2006). Thus, when the war burst out in 1954, it was clear that the Arabs were not only interested in claiming their rights, but also in forcing the west out of their land. Thirdly, the reforms passed by the French parliament failed to function, with the local authorities rigging in major and minor elections. Some of the educated Arabs in Algeria realized that it was impossible to deal with the Frenchmen. They understood that the French were not applying the rules and laws they had been making. They believed that the French Republic was cheating on Algerian citizens (Horne, 2006). For instance, Ahmed Boumdnjel wrote, “the French Empire has cheated on us” (Horne, 2006). Thus, the Arab world believed that the West, particularly France, was not fair. In addition, the Islam-Christian rivalry played a
Introduction In June 1967, a six-day war between Israel and some Arab nations arose. The Arab forces that had camped around the border of Israel and the Arab world encouraged the war. When Israel responded by introducing attacks on Syria and Egypt, the military strengths of these Arab nations was challenged. Jordan later joined the war but was also defeated. This case suggested that Israel forces were much stronger compared to those of all these nations. Indeed, after the six days of continuous fighting, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza strip, West Bank, the section on East of Jerusalem occupied by Arabs, and the Syrian Golan Heights, both under Jordan’s rule, fell in the hands of Israel. The UN moved in calling for a break of the fighting. Nevertheless, Israel was more than twice its size. This situation caused an immense problem, which possibly explains the emergence of the first intifada that was characterized by Palestinian rebellion against Israel’s taking up of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, starting from 1987. Israel was instructed by the UN to return all territories that it had captured. Instead, it fully annexed East Jerusalem. Until today, Arab nations, including Palestine (although Israel has completely shown no interest in supporting the formation of a Palestine state), consider Israeli an occupier. Acts of terror and launching of rockets targeting Israelis by Palestine are arguably all contributed by this historic enmity between the two neighbors. This enmity also constitutes an important cause of the first intifada. This paper argues that the perception of the Israeli occupation of Gaza strip and West Bank territories and the historic enmity between Palestine and Israel are critical reasons for the emergence of Palestinian intifadas. Upon considering the effects of the intifadas, the paper concludes that the enmity has had negative outcomes on Israel, the Arab world, and even on Palestinians. Rise of the First Intifada The intifadas, which emerged in 1987, were concluded in 1991. However, some historians argue that the signing of Oslo Accord in 1993 marked the actual conclusion of the first intifada (Jaeger et al. 528). The Palestine uprising emerged following a collision between Israeli Defense Forces and a civilian car where four Palestinians were killed. It started at Jabalya immigrant campsite on 9 December 1987 (Jaeger et al. 528).). Indeed, three of the four of them killed Palestinians who came from the camp, which is the largest in Gaza Strip. Many Palestinians who were going back to their homes from their day-to-day toil observed the disaster. More than 10000 people later that evening attended the funeral for those killed in the accident. After the burial, a huge demonstration ensued. Unsubstantiated information began spreading that the accident was intentional with the goal of retaliating the stubbing of businesspersons from Israel in Gaza some two days earlier (Rullansky 84). An Israeli patrol car was also attacked using a petrol bomb in Gaza Strip a day after. Consequently, the Israeli forces targeted angry crowds with live bullets. One Palestinian was killed w
E-Service Projects According to the Hill (2006) there are many challenges that come from the implementation and administration of e-based projects. These constraints resemble the challenges that are faced in implementing information technology projects in the world. Many organizations are finding it very hard to manage information technology projects. The management of information technology based projects is hindered by a number of factors among them sourcing of the right talent as well as well as locational problems. Issues of governance and policy cycles as well as culture and differences in the organizational orientations in relation to the national programs also hinder the administration of the projects [13]. E-Procurement systems In the modern times, there has been the adoption of e-Procurement to help improve the efficiency in the procurement processes. Different types of procurement systems have been developed. Examples include buyer and seller e-Procurement systems as well as the online intermediaries. The implementation of e-Procurement by governments that have tried using this system has proven to be difficult. Engagement of small suppliers in the system has been quite hard. This is majorly due to the magnitude of investment that has to be done fro such a project to work [2]. Failures have been reported in the e-procurement projects that have been tested in different states. The states include United States, New Zealand and United Kingdom. It is also argued that e-procurement encourages pumping resources in the e-procurement projects without the assurance of getting the full results out of it. A number of cases concerning this have been reported. For instance, the United Kingdom government rejected to extend an e-tendering pilot project in Whitehall. The British Defense ministry has not yet attained services even after three years of the running of e- procurement service [3]. E-government Implementation Barriers There are a number of problems that hinders the application of e-Commerce in governance. The problems also perceived as risks include uncertainties in prediction of time, cost and delay, poor decisions – making f decisions without proper thinking, full reliance on technology, security constraints and unpredictability of the nature of information and communication technologies [6]. Effective communication is one of the most important factors in in the implementation of e- governance projects. There must be effective communication between all parties that are involved in the projects. The government has to factor in citizens by ensuring that its citizenry is well trained. Training should be accompanied with access to public electronic and information and communication technology systems. The engagement with the public servants may become electronic and automated using these technologies thereby forcing the citizens to communicate with public administrators only by way of using the electronic and information communication technology systems. Governments do sometimes
Supply chain is a critical activity for small businesses and multinational corporations (MNCs) today. Supply chain management is essential for large and small businesses. Supply chain activities have led to the formation of the supply chain industry. The industry includes transportation companies involved in logistics and supply chain activities. “The supply chain process entails the activities involved after the purchase of raw materials to the delivery of products and services to the consumer” (Naslund and Hana 483). It is agreeable that there are new trends in this industry. To begin with, multinational corporations (MNCs) and large companies continue to implement new strategies in order to remain successful in their businesses. “Many companies will be looking forward to utilize integrators while others will use direct sourcing options in the future” (Naslund and Hana 484). As well, companies in the chain supply industry will consider the best ways to improve transportation and service delivery. The approach will help them provide quality services to their customers. Studies indicate that more corporations will be using integrators in the coming years (Hortacsu and Chad 1). The industry will also come up with new ways towards a “greener strategy”. This is the case because of the issue of global warming and climate change. Supply chain collaboration will be evident in the future in order to promote a “win-win” situation. The question of corporate social responsibility will also become a fundamental issue whereby companies in the industry. Companies in the industry will be required to support different communities and social welfare (Naslund and Hana 494). The use of social media, networking, and resource management will become critical aspects of chain supply in the future. The above trends in supply chain explain why integrators will have a major role to play in the industry. Integrators will play a significant role towards making supply chains successful. In supply chain, negotiators promote a mutual understanding between the parties involved. Integrators promote effective sharing of information and ideas. Supply chain integration is therefore “a strategy aimed at improving coordination and management of supply chains” (Naslund and Hana 494). Many companies today require constant integration and coordination in order to make their supply chains successful. An integrator will help maintain the best relationships between organizations and their stakeholders (“Getting the Most from Supply Chain Analytics” 1). Supply chain integration addresses most of the issues affecting a company and its partners. Supply chain integrators can provide useful answers to the questions related to delivery methods, ethical issues, legal aspects, and standards of practice. As well,
The Meiji Restoration The Meiji Restoration is a Japanese revolution that emerged in 1868 from a cascade of events, which restored the Japanese Empire under the rule of Emperor Meiji. The cascades of events that led to the Meiji Restoration are the fights, power struggles, and peace treaties between conflicting alliances linked to the patriotic Japanese and Western foreigners. Yoshida Shioin, a noble Japanese patriot rooted for the expulsion of foreigners and sought to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate, but the shogunal authority eventually beheaded him, and consequently, triggered a series of protests and violence, which led to the banishment of the Shogunate (Holcombe 216). The protests and violence gave the British, Dutch, French, and American military the opportunity to mobilize their fleet and destroy Japanese ports. The Meiji Restoration marked the transformation of the military government into the imperial government leading to the restoration of the ancient Japanese government. The Meiji restoration created a unique Japanese Empire because it gave Emperor Meiji the imperial power to establish a strong political system in Asia. Emperor Meiji took an oath, which states that “evil customs of the past shall be broken off and knowledge shall be sought throughout the world to strengthen the foundation of the imperial rule” (Holcombe 219). In this view, the Meiji Restoration made a significant transformation of the Japanese regime during the reign of Emperor Meiji (1868-1912). To industrialize Japan, the Meiji rulers made overarching reforms in the economic system by transforming the financial sector. Given that Japan had not established modern banking systems and operated without standard currency, the Meiji rulers planned to reform the financial sector before diversifying into other sectors of the economy. Holcombe states that the Meiji rulers introduced a new currency system, adopted the modern banking system, reduced foreign debt, and established a central bank (224). The Meiji rulers introduced the yen as a standard currency system in Japan, which competed effectively with other currencies in the global markets. The adoption of the modern banking system based on the United States’ Federal Reserve boosted industrialization. As foreign debts and Samurai’s stipends prevented Japan from saving money for development, the Meiji rulers removed t
Introduction Crime is considered one of the most significant evils of modern society, and the people who commit criminal offenses tend to be severely criticized. The degree of criticism usually depends on the seriousness of the offense. Nevertheless, almost any crime is subject to analysis. Therefore, a corresponding theory was developed to assess the level of criticism and its possible consequences. Shaming as One of the Aspects of Justice As a possible theory of how to reduce crime and build a more law-abiding society, Siegel (2010a) offers the concept of shaming, arguing that it is an efficient method for influencing people who violate the law. Also, the author gives a unique division of shaming into two types (Siegel, 2010a). In the first case, shaming is about so-called stigmatization. This concept implies gradual degradation, and criminals are considered a class of society that must be subjected to universal shame (Siegel, 2010a). Perhaps this approach is partly justified. Nevertheless, according to the author, humiliation can hardly be considered a useful measure to combat crime, especially when it comes to young offenders (Siegel, 2010a). The author calls the second variant of the concept reintegrative shaming and considers this type more promising and well-founded from a social point of view (Siegel, 2010a). The basic principle of this strategy is that shaming is designed not just to condemn a guilty person but also to take specific measures to correct the current situation and prevent crimes in the future. According to Oswald, Hupfeld, Klug, and Gabriel (2002), a need for punishment arises when society brings charges against criminals and hopes for just retribution. Nevertheless, if the justice system is guided solely by such motives, the fight against crime is unlikely to be successful. Therefore, it is necessary not only to blame but also to think through possible solutions to current problems. Social Factors That Influence Deviance As is well known, a person’s character is formed in childhood. Siegel (2010b) notes that the family is the primary determinant of behavioral formation; therefore, family relationships directly affect what features are inherent in a child. Constant humiliation, quarrels, and family conflicts are the causes of juvenile delinquency. Moreover, according to Siegel (2010b), children who grow with a single parent are also at a higher risk of becoming criminals. Because of the lack of control, such adolescents spend a lot of time on the streets and among peers, often seeking support in dangerous company. Therefore, family values and the relationships of trust and support are fundamental factors in the formation of a child’s morally stable personality. In addition to communication with parents, public life plays an essential role in the process of human development. As practice shows, children who frequently experienced humiliation and bullying at school often tend to exhibit deviant behavior (Siegel, 2010b). Also, a person’s self-perception plays a significant role. People with low self-esteem and complexes are sometimes inclined to display inappropriate behavior caused
Six important factors about the culture and four important factors about the ethic in the South Korean market The Korean culture In South Korea, business hours for retailers are longer than those of retailers in North American states. The shops in South Korea stay open for longer hours than the shops in North American states. This directly translates to increased daily sales and high monthly turnover. South Koreans mainly eat seafood, especially spam. This means that the major occupation in the country is fishing. As a result, there is a high demand for jackets, similar to those sold by Canada Goose. Korean food is the best slimming diet, and a study done on the diet of South Korea placed it at the top of all the best slimming diets (Batra, 1993). This information is very useful for Canada Goose, as they review the best fashion styling and fitting, that best suits the Korean market. The country has a very big population and since it shares a border with China, they share cultures and similarities. The population of China is among the highest in the world and so is that of Korea. This means that the potential market for jackets is big. South Korea is joined to the rest of Asia by China, and they use either boats or airplanes to import and export goods to and from the country. The country resembles an island, and this has a definite influence on the expected costs of exporting products from Canada or Japan to Korea. English is taught in schools and they do not have a strict religious policy. The country has got Christians, Buddhists, and people from other religions, and this will have a direct effect on advertising and design considerations (Batra, 1993). The market ethic The South Korean market i