ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Global warming is the perpetual increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface. Emission of greenhouse gases is said to be the major cause of this change in temperature (Houghton J 2004, p.45). While some of the effects of global warming are currently observable, other effects are projected to occur in future. Physical destruction of vegetation is also considered to be a contributor to global warming. Vegetation is the biggest consumer of the green house gas, carbon dioxide (Houghton J 2004, p.47). There is consensus among majority environmental scientists that the effect of global warming could be destructive to all forms of life on earth. However, some scientists claim that global warming is a cyclic phenomenon. This means that the world undergoes constant cycles of warming and cooling (Singer & Avery 2007, p.51). According to these researchers, the earth’s temperature is bound to drop suddenly after reaching a certain maximum. According to the scientists, the world will get super cooled and return to ice age from where warming will start all over again (Singer & Avery 2007, p.55). Currently, there are several effects of global warming that are observable on the earth’s surface. One of the effects is the rise of the seal level due to the melting of the ice at the poles. This reduces the terrestrial landmass available for settlement. Another effect is desertification. This is caused by inconsistent weather patterns and rise in temperature. Several authors have outlined more effects of global warming. However, majority of researchers seem to agree that global warming is a threat to human existence. Study by UNFCCC For scientist to assess the impact of global warming on the environment, constant observation of natural events is necessary. UNFCCC committed itself to studying weather patterns for a long time in order to establish the truth about climate change. This international organisation relies on data from countries to assess the world’s climate (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2006, p.25). Countries that are members of this organisation were required to provide data on weather and climate patterns. In addition, the implications of climate change were assessed and submitted to the organisation. This data was used to assess the situation concerning the state of the climate and the effects of the change, especially global warming. Global warming is the major consideration, since the consensus among scientist is that it is the main cause of environmental instability. Africa The effects of climate change in the world were reported as per continent. Africa, which lies across the equator, was reported to have one of the most unstable climates in the world. Climate changes due to global warming caused alternating extreme weather patterns.
Introduction The combat against money laundering is assigned a top priority in the economies of many countries. Today, the Internet provides the opportunity to have digital money such as Bitcoins, Zen, and so on, while the rapidly developing technology becomes one of the agents in this struggle. For example, outlier detection approaches and principles along with the increased investment in technology development may be noted as important strategies. Main body The first issue I have learned is that the main problem lies in the presence of Big Data that includes trillions of transactions of various financial organizations and systems. The identification of suspicious transactions is impeded by the fact that many money launderers tend to use sets of small transactions to make them look more trustworthy (Unger et al. 87). Instead of using paper reporting checks, law enforcement agencies apply digital means of fighting money laundering. For example, CLEAR software is designed to investigate suspicious transactions and identify users. In the future, it is possible to use CLEAR and develop more advanced software to track and reveal outliers. The second issue that was unknown to me previously is that money laundering can be performed through casinos. A casino is not a bank, which means that it is not a financial institution. However, the list of casino services includes not only entertainment but also a number of currency operations: beginning with money transfers from one account to another and ending with the safekeeping of securities (Williamson et al. 20). The case of E-Gold shows that criminals always strive to improve and change their methods, but law enforcement also upgrades its methods. In addition, laundering cash through online games seems to be associated with risks since the leading countries tend to transition to digital currency. Sweden, for example, aims at the transition to a cashless society, which will make it more difficult for criminals to hide their transactions. The finding that was mentioned above is useful for preparing strategies to eliminate money laundering. In particular, while creating a full-fledged anti-money laundering system, it becomes evident that a compromise should be reached. First, the increase in costs at both public and private levels to finance such initiatives and the restriction of freedom of economic entities’ actions should be targeted (Godinho 263). Second, the efficiency of the system and tightening control over the implementation of law enforcement requirements should also be taken into
E-Business refers to business activities which are conducted over the internet (Amit and Zott, 2001) such as transfer of funds, communication with consumers for the trading of goods and services through the medium of the internet, collaborating with business partners or conducting any other activities related to business and commerce (Turban et al., 2002). E-business creates tremendous potential for businesses since activities are simplified and exceed geographical barriers, enabling organizations to reach consumers globally rather than simply locally. Technological developments and advancements have brought about a sea of change in the way people communicate and conduct business with each other, as compared to the traditional means of communication including fax, telephone and mail, which have now been replaced by scans and emails through the medium of the internet. Research confirms that through effective implementation of e-business, firms are able to augment their speed and effectiveness and provide a suitable platform for introducing their products and services at the global level (Tobias, 2002). Speed and efficiency of business transactions is facilitated greatly and consumers have a variety of services and options available to them for conducting trade and commerce on the net (Sharma et al., 2006). However, different companies adopt different models for the success of their e-business. This paper aims to analyse three different new e-business models which have gained immense popularity in recent times. Malaga (2007) identified three emerging e-business models which are described below: Pay-Per-Click Intermediary model In this model, the affiliate uses a Pay-per-click campaign on several search engines including Google, MSN and Yahoo and the traffic generated from these clicks is driven to the merchant. The model works successfully if commissions earned are higher than the pay for the ad campaigns. As such the merchant should be aware of the earnings per hundred clicks (EPC). This model was successfully used for the sale of outdoor beanbag games by the merchant who profited through the 529 visitors sent to the merchant by the affiliate resulting in a profit of $144 (Malaga, 2007). Mini-Sites and Micro-Sites Model This is a marketing intermediary model which involves the building and creation of websites which include several links to other merchant sites. The model works optimally for small niche markets and the only important requirement of the model is search engine optimization (SEO) which is the primary marketing instrument used in this model (Malaga, 2007). The model has been implanted with a mini site, Hoodia Mini-site, which has numerous pages providing detailed information about the products and services they offer. Hoodia Gordonji is an appetite suppressor which is marketed for loss of weight. Many merchants offer Hoodia (Micro site) through their websites and drive the visitor to the homepage of the site which contains basic
In sustainability development, sustainable reporting is defined as the methodology of assessing, revealing and being responsible to external and internal stakeholders for the performance of the company. This performance is aimed in achieving the target of sustainable development. On that aspect, there are different requirements necessary for global sustainability. These include the committed by individuals in their various businesses supported by o
Introduction The Middle East and Eastern Europe are currently highly focused areas in telecommunication, IT and the media. The markets in this region are gaining liberty and stabilizing in terms of economical and political aspects. Romania is to date one of the biggest players and a fast growing market in telecommunication and IT. The players in the sector have discovered the potential in it sector and are currently putting resources to invest in the field and explore more opportunities (Delmon 5). Telecommunication is a crucial industry since most sectors in the world make use of different telecommunication facilities. Without it, distance communication would not be possible and thus operations in virtually all areas would be impossible. Middle East and Europe are among the leadings areas in telecommunication where continued research and innovativeness in the sector is essential. However, women have been marginalized in this sector in these areas. Majority of men believe that women cannot perform well in this sector .The truth is that women are equally good and can act as leaders in this male dominated field. For this to happen, there is need for them to prove their capabilities and be ready to take up tasks that have been historically reserved for men. Broad Areas to be covered The aim of this dissertation will be to look at this issue in depth by analyzing the roles that women can take in telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. The dissertation will attempt to explore the following broad categories of the topic in a bid to satisfactorily handle the topic.   * Professional requirements that a successful performer in the telecommunication industry in Middle East and Europe should possess.   * Challenges facing telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East.   * Attitude of women towards telecommunication and other related professions.   * Historical analysis regarding whether women from these regions have been involved in leadership endeavors.   * Mechanisms that can be put in place to facilitate women in taking leadership roles in telecommunication. Research Question A research question is an important component in conducting research since it drives the researcher to remain focused during the research period (White, 2002). It helps narrow down the scope of research since a research with a broad research question may be difficult to conduct. For example, a research question such as ‘business management’ is too wide because there are hundreds of aspects of business management (White, 2003). However, a question like ‘what are the challenges facing Saudi Arabia business management style’ is a focused research question. Having a research question will therefore make me remain focused within my topic without deviating to other extraneous aspects . Positivist vs Int
Introduction While studying overseas, students face many challenges. The risks of experiencing culture shock and having problems with the high cost of living are the reasons that can hold young people back from getting an education in another country. The necessity of learning a new language and frequent long-distance trips are other difficulties experienced by international students. However, these difficulties help the students to gain new experience and learn how to cope with the problems related to living in a new country. This essay aims to present efficacious ways to reduce the risks of experiencing problems related to studying overseas and discuss how studying abroad influences the student’s skills. The risks related to studying overseas Culture shock and expensive costs of living are one of the risks taken into consideration by students who are afraid of studying abroad. Both of these risks can be reduced if the person learns how to cope with them before going to another country. Cultural shock is the psychological stress caused by the person’s trying to adjust to new conditions in another cultural setting (Brody & Ferraro, 2016, p.198). These conditions can include beliefs, customs, laws, values, social organization, and behavior standards. In such a situation, the person can start contrasting home culture with the culture of the new country. If this experience causes too many negative feelings, it can be considered a strong culture shock, which can lead to depression. The effects caused by cultural shock can be easily prevented by learning about the specifics of the chosen country and efficacious ways of integrating into the new culture. The problems connected with high costs of living can also be solved if the person investigates current prices beforehand. Exploring the prices can help to organize the student’s expenses most effectively. Besides, most universities offer discounts and programs that let reduce the cost of living for international students. The challenges related to studying overseas The fact that the challenges, met by students while studying abroad, contribute to gaining important experience can be demonstrated on the example of an obligation for international students to learn a new language. For many students learning a new language seems to be a boring task. It can be considered a benefit that improves the student’s skills. While learning a new language, the student broadens his worldview and masters his learning skills. The knowledge of one or more foreign languages will not only help to get the degree but will also become a great advantage while searching for a good job. Language skills bring numerous opportunities for young people. The process of globalization results in high demand for specialists with intercultural experience and knowledge of foreign languages (Dwyer & Peters, n.d., para. 8). Another challenge met by students while studying abroad is t
Reliabilism is a set of epistemological theories that, over the years, provided coverage of such concepts as justification and knowledge. The most standard type of reliabilism is the so-called process reliabilism. This kind of reliabilism is defined by Becker who states that “the simplest form of process reliabilism regarding knowledge of some proposition p implies that agent S knows that p if and only if S believes that p, p is true, and S’s belief that p is formed by a reliable process” (1). A discovery that Edmund Gettier made in 1963 provided significant insight into the nature of justification and knowledge. Gettier demonstrated that justified true belief – as postulated by reliabilists – is insufficient to form knowledge. Although Gettier’s counterexamples are somewhat an exception, reliabilism addresses them by postulating that if true belief is caused appropriately, it must be regarded as knowledge. However, if the facts that turned belief to be true are causally related to the belief, it is not sufficient to produce knowledge. These facts and the belief must be connected via means of reliability. This is how reliability addresses the causal theory of knowledge. One of the most problematic sides of reliabilism is the fact that it often results in resorting to externalism. This means that a person may possess particular knowledge or belief, but they may not know the related evidence or anything else that may make their belief justified. Therefore, basic principles of reliabilism are not able to counter-argue a possibility that belief or knowledge is achievable despite the lack of causes that are necessary to acquire it. This problem remains debated up until this moment and is one of t
Policy Mix to Increase Output without Changing Interest Rates It is the desire of policy makers to boost economic growth in all ways possible. One of their main problem is always how to increase economic output while maintaining interest rates as low as possible because high interest rates discourage some components of aggregate demand especially investments. The fiscal policy uses the government resources to alter aggregate demand thus, influencing economic performance of a country (Arnold 2010). To raise output, policy makers will need to implement expansionary fiscal policy. This means that the government can either choose to reduce the amount of tax that citizens have to pay, increase it purchases or increase its level of transfers. The effects of taxes cannot be expected with certainty since it is not automatic that when people’s disposable income increases their spending follows suit, because others may choose to save instead of spending. When the government increases its level of purchases then, the level of planned expenditure in the whole country increases thus, demand for goods and services increases. Increases in demand means that suppliers can sell more commodities than they are currently selling therefore suppliers increase their output. On the same note, when government chooses to reduce the amount of taxes that are levied, people will have more disposable income and they are likely to increase their spending thus increasing aggregate demand. This will give suppliers incentive to produce more thus increasing output, which will in turn increase the average levels of income. It should be noted that, the increase in output is always more than the increase in government spending due to government multip
Plastic surgery is a branch of surgery that specializes in repairing and reconstructing tissue and skin. The key aim of the branch is to ensure the restoration of the tissue to make the skin function properly. Therefore, improving the appearance of a patient’s body parts is a secondary aim, although also important. It must be mentioned that there is a difference between plastic and cosmetic surgery, with the latter performed solely with the purpose of changing appearance and achieving a look that a patient desired. Plastic surgery is an effective method used for repairing damaged skin; despite the fact that it presents several risks from scarring to infection, it is a successful branch of surgery that is in high demand. Nevertheless, in the present context, cosmetic surgery will be put under scrutiny, as it lacks regulation from the legal perspective. Concerns about its regulation by law have been widely debated as cosmetic surgery is not essential in many cases and thus depends on the choice made by patients if compared to emergency surgeries that address adverse health risks. Thus, it is important to review the arguments in support and against cosmetic plastic surgery being regulated by law since the procedure involves many steps that other surgeries regulated by law imply. The first argument in support of the regulation of cosmetic surgery stems from the lack of sufficient laws to protect the interests of patients. Plastic surgeons have been lobbying to rectify any regulations, which is explained by the existing conflict of interest – surgeons have something to gain from imposing their own laws on the industry. These laws have been predominantly concerned with limiting the practice of most professionals and creating only a small group of licensed surgeons who would be eligible to perform surgery on a patient. This is similar to reducing the number of fishermen licensed to catch fish at a lake: the lower the number of them, the more fish those remaining would catch. Such a problem of conflict of interest is challenging because safe and positive outcomes for patients are at stake. People should have a wide choice when selecting a professional to do their surgery, and preventing skilled professionals from accessing the industry serves only the interests of those at the top. The second argument in support of imposing regulations on the cosmetic surgery industry is associated with the lack of specific regulations and the existence of only guidelines (Gupta, 2012). This means that there is no specific achievement level that needs to be met for performing cosmetic surgery other than the initial doctor degree. However, for becoming a plastic surgeon, a doctor has to undergo years of training and education to be prepared to administer complex procedures to patients. In addition, there should be a set of distinct benchmarks that allow an individual to use the Cosmetic Surgeon title on social media, PR, and government lobbying (Siddique, 2016). With no benchmarks established and no regulations regar
What will the global labor market look like in 2025 and 2030? Considering the modern tendency, the number of people is going to increase globally. However, it is worth stating that the business owners have a good opportunity to choose the workers as there are many people, who are eager to work, and thus, they can pay less money. The employees will work for even lower wages as there are not so many options (Basirico and Cashion 45). The majority of workplaces that required people are now mechanical, and the demand for humans decreases. In the future, the work of a human being will be needed only in case the work of the robots will be too costly. The advance and innovations of the technological sphere stimulate and foster the inventions of the robots that will substitute human work. How will the labor market influence the economy of different regions in the world (GDP, Unemployment rates, dependency index …etc) The future development of the labor market will consequently lead to a decrease in the price of goods. The employers will spend less money to manufacture the product. The wages will decrease. However, there is a problem that is associated with the issue. The ability to purchase products will decrease as well because people will make less money, and thus, will have less money to spend on food and entertainment. According to the forecasts made by the experts, the labor market will influence the GDP differently in different countries across the globe. The GDP of China is believed to double and become close to the GDP of the United States (Bolton par. 7). The economy across the globe will be worse as the population will increase; however, the labor market cannot keep pace with the population, and thus, there will be fewer jobs in comparison to the number of potential employees. The unemployment rate will increase. How will technology drive labor growth? The development of the technologies will consequently lead to the fact that the work of a human being will be substituted by machinery. The corporations will need fewer people. However, it does not mean that the products will cost less (Haller 34). It will lead to an increasing gap between rich and poor. That is, such issues should be taken into consideration. What specific jobs/disciplines will disappear or will be created (for graduates and non-graduates) The demand for people who will control and manage the process will only increase. However, ordinary workers will experience difficult times as people without a degree will not be needed for the process of production (Black 63). Highly professional project managers in the sphere of technical and technological service will enjoy great popularity as well as people who will innovate and control the production of machinery. Technical support managers, IT program managers, and technical project managers will be popular in the future as the need to control and support the machinery will only increase. The professions that are related to data mining will d