ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lawsuit Tendencies Civil lawsuits are constantly evolving and are driving new trends to emerge. For decades, filing criminal charges against police officers for excessive use of force has been extremely rare. Even if the defendants were convicted, the jury did not want to find them guilty. However, nowadays, there is a growing trend in the number of lawsuits against the police, and the percentage of successful settlements is also increasing. There are many lawsuits out of court, which causes anxiety to enforcement officials who are afraid of potential cases. Moreover, is a tendency to protect the rights of citizens and to punish any person who subjects to the deprivation of any rights, secured by the Constitution (The United States Code, 1980). Such individual shall be liable notwithstanding his job, but the requirements of a declaratory decree shall be considered. Tendencies concerning corrections lawsuits and equality among people have also been modified. Analysis of the case law enables one to conclude that although correctional facilities have broad powers, they have the primary duty to ensure equal conditions for people with disabilities. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (2010), physical or mental disabilities should not diminish a person’s right to participate in all aspects of society. Therefore, even in justiciability lawsuits, there is a need to provide exceptional facilities and necessary assistance for everyone who requires it. Civil liability issues have a direct impact on the criminal justice system. As a result of tendencies toward equal opportunity and protection of the needy, the specifics of justice are reversing. According to the Civil Rights Act (1991), everyone must be responsible for the harm he or she has caused and make restitution. Therefore, justice is the central feature and value of the modern criminal justice system. Civil liability issues and their distinctive features guide modifications in the system, and each new trend necessitates a change in approach. Civil Lawsuits Transformations The modern world is constantly evolving, and its improvements impact civil litigation in the United States. The U.S. justice system continues to fulfill its primary mission by adjudicating cases on the merits of conflicts or resolving legal disputes through other established methods. While the primary mission of the court system has remained, some features of dispute resolution are different. Civil lawsuits have transformed over time, and these changes directly affect criminal justice professionals. It is noteworthy that the period between the 1970s and 1980s was a crisis in the U.S. judicial system. It manifested itself in a multiplication of the number of court appeals, the duration of cases, and the parties’ litigation costs (Horner et al., 2018). Therefore, the need to reform the system, which was not coping with many lawsuits, emerges. Most of the transformations concerned civil cases’ subject matter and complexity, but decision terms were prolonged. The extensive caseload was the reason for judges to take up civil cases. The concept of geographic uniformity was no longer actively used, and Con
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus There are three types of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes appears as a result of destruction of beta cells by the immune system. The deficiency of beta cells in the pancreas leads to inadequate insulin and presence of anti-islet cell antibodies in the blood system (Mandal, 2017). Type 2 diabetes is caused by low levels of insulin and not total deficiency. This means that the body cannot produce sufficient insulin, a condition that leads to deficiency of beta cells and peripheral insulin resistance (Mandal, 2017). Peripheral insulin resistance is a state where there is high levels of insulin and absence of hypoglycemia in the blood. Gestational diabetes is mainly caused by extreme levels of counter insulin hormones during pregnancy, which leads to high blood sugar and insulin resistance. This condition can damage insulin receptors (Mandal, 2017). Pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes insipidus is caused by unstable antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and stored by the pituitary glands. It regulates excretion of fluids from the blood stream by affecting the aquaporins, which control permeability of transmembrane vessels (Mandal, 2017). Differences between Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus Diabetes mellitus is a pancreatic disorder, whereas diabetes insipidus is a hypothalamic disorder (Huether & McCance, 2017). This implies that the two diseases produce different effects on hormonal regulation. In case of diabetes mellitus, the hormone insulin is involved (secreted by the cells located in pancreas). When the condition emerges, it implies that the level of insulin either becomes too low, or the body is incapable of responding to it in a proper way. As for diabetes insipidus, anti-diuretic hormone (or vasopressin) is involved. It is produced by hypothalamus. The disease is characterized by either its deficiency or inability of kidneys to react to it. There is an occurrence of ketone bodies in the blood of diabetes mellitus patients. These bodies are absent in diabetes insipidus patients. Urine in the case of diabetes mellitus is of normal concentration although it is very dilute in diabetes insipidus. Rise in blood cholesterol and glucose level which result to higher rates of excretion are clear in diabetes mellitus although they do not occur in insipidus (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Mellitus is also characterized by excessive hunger which is unlike normal eating habits in diabetes insipidus. Similarities between Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus Diabetes mellitus patients often experience excessive fatigue due to high or low levels of blood sugar while fatigue in diabetes insipidus result from inadequate hydration (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Excessive thirsty in diabetes mellitus is caused by high glucose levels in the body while it is caused by lack of vasopressin in diabetes insipidus. Blurred vision in diabetes mellitus is a result of excess glucose while in diabetes insipidus it results f
Culture   * Culture is a set of values observed by people.   * The values differ from tribe to tribe.   * There are various parameters that one can use to investigate the culture of a certain tribe.   * The paper investigates the culture of the Luo people as given by Maria Atieno, a 74-year old Luo. Culture in simple terms can be defined as the general set of values that people observe in their day-to-day activities. Its rather interesting to realize that regardless of the many tribes that exist in the world, each has its own and unique culture. To find out the nature of the culture, one has to consider various parameters ranging from. The Luo   * The Luo are the indigenous people of Kenya under the category of river-lake nilotes.   * They rank second in terms of population after the Kikuyu tribe.   * They are approximately 3, 300, 000 million in total as recorded in the 2009 population census. The Luo people are the indigenous people of Kenya living around lake Victoria, which lies in the western part of the country. The tribe ranks second in terms of population specifically making upto 14% of the entire Kenyan population after the Kikuyu tribe who assume 22% of the population. The tribe came to Kenya from the north following the river Nile whose source is lake Victoria where they currently stay occupying the entire Nyanza province of Kenya.   * The Luo migrated to Kenya from the North of Africa through southern Sudan following River Nile in search of water for fishing.   * They settled around lake Victoria, which forms the source of river Nile. Based on their migration, Geissler (1998) points out “…other Luo-speaking River-Lake Nilotic groups in Uganda and southern Sudan, whence the Luo migrated. The tribe migrated primarily to look for water for fishing as this forms their main business in Nyanza province” (p. 30). They have a population of approximately 3, 300, 000. Alongside is a photo showing a group of them in front of a grass thatched house common in the Luo land. Communication   * The dholuo language is the dominant vernacular language.   * It is the most popular language in Kenya with other language speakers wishing to know it.   * A Luo person speaking can be mistaken for another speaking in English.   * Omera is the common term for young men while Nyako is for young women.   * While other tribes prefer conversing in Swahili – Kenya’s national language, to their vernacular languages, the Luo’s case is the reverse.   * Winking is considered a sexual invitation.   * Nodding one’s head up and down is equivalent to acquiescing.   * However, shaking it sideways is a negative sign that implies denying. 99% of the people living in Nyanza province speak dholuo language. The language seems so popular that other tribes attempt to copy some of the common dholuo words like Omera, erukamano, kwuon, berr amongst
My background training involves studies on various components of contemporary art and design. Public art as envisioned by Freedman, combines the interests of various stakeholders including artists, local communities, urban planners, city agencies as well as both private and public organizations (Freedman 6). I am interested in understanding the effectiveness of public art in education, creating awareness as well as social identity of communities and uniqueness of towns. Most communities desire to have an identity especially relating to their areas of residence and their icons such as the totem poles of Vancouver (Fales Library and Special Collections). However, in the contemporary setting, the major challenge to art is the threat of potential bias by artists and designers who frequently use unconventional means and hybrid strategies to influence judgment (freedman 19). As such, there is need to investigate the effectiveness of public art and the role of communities in coming up with materials that can be placed in the artwork to facilitate social identity. It is through a clear understanding of the historical contextualization of art by communities coupled with rigorous scholarly research that we can accurately understand its effectiveness in appealing to the public about various issues of community concern and identity (Fales Library and Special Collections). Thus, by doing more research on effectiveness of the information contained in the public art in promoting social identity or creating awareness, appropriate decisions can be made. In addition, it will enrich the existing body of knowledge in field of art and design. Works Cited Fales Library and Special Collections. Fales Library and Special Collections: Guide to the Public Art Fund Achive . 2012. Web. Freedman, Doris. Ten Years of Public Art . New York: Public Art Fund, 1982. Print.
eBay is an online company where people and companies do business by selling and buying a wide variety of goods and services globally, also known as e-commerce. Ebay’s business is different from the traditional selling and distribution. It is similar to the auction market where bids are presented on the trading ground and the customer with the lowest bid gets the item being sold. Nevertheless, on eBay, buyers and sellers are not physically present like the face-to-face business at the auction floor (Ihlwan & Hof, 2006). This paper focuses on eBay, how it entered the Asian markets and problems faced. EBay’s market platform is structured in a way that only buyers who can gain access to the e-commerce website participate in the market. Ebay started as a unique market and its aim was to connect customers from the whole world to trade goods and services. In essence, it is a market without stores or physical presence. In addition, it earns its income through the fee paid by the buyers and sellers, which is transacted through pay pal and Bill me online money transfers. Goods are delivered through FedEx, DHL and mail (Mangalindan, 2006). Ihlwan (2006) affirms that eBay has entered many countries, for example, the UK, Canada, Germany, and Australia and other sites in Japan and France. eBay entered Asian markets through acquisition and joint strategies because it wanted to have fast access and create a leadership position. It acquired three big online markets in Asia. For instance, In 2003, eBay bought EachNet, which was the top e-commerce site in China. As it carried out its online business, it faced challenges from a rival company – the Taobao. It later gave up and involved eBay EachNet into a joint venture with another big company – the Tom online. Despite merging, Taobao has stayed on the lead, and that is why eBay decided to try other business strategies such as linking Chinese entrepreneurs and exporters to eBay clients in other places of the world. eBay targeted big companies such as Tang companies, which sell dresses. eBay has helped Tang
Introduction: Life and Activities There are a lot of outstanding women whose contribution into the life of simple Americans and the citizens of the whole world seems too little, however, looking at the general tendencies it appears that these women take very important places in the development of the social opinion. The role of women in the development of social relationships all over the world is a complicated issue. It should be stated that almost all over the world women were limited in their rights up to a particular time. Each time period, each country and each epoch has its own woman who struggled for women rights. Jane Cunningham Croly was one of such women at her time. Being born in Market Harborough, Leicestershire, England, on the 19 th of December 1829, Jane Cunningham Croly was the fourth child a family. She has never been a dreamer as well as she was not “speculative theorist spinning impossible things out of the cobwebs of her brain” (Various 9), remembers her brother. Therefore, having no specific dreams and realistically looking in the future, the life of Jane Cunningham Croly has affected the whole British and American society as being born in one country she lived and died in another one. The Nation’s First Syndicated Woman’s Columnist Starting the discussion of Jane Cunningham Croly’s achievements, it should be stated that she was the first syndicated woman’s columnist in the USA. Additionally, she created the General Federation of Women’s Club and fought for equal rights for women. Her activities affected the life of the USA and her life was essential for British women (Jane Cunningham Croly). The manner of thinking and expressing her thoughts made this woman known in New York. She was accepted as a journalist in one of the newspapers of New York and she proved that women are not limited in their views, that women can also be educated, speak about essential problems in the society, politics, economics, etc. The problem of women inequality with men had been considered in the society and Jane Cunningham Croly was one of those who wanted to contribute to the movement, and her journalistic activity was that measure. Starting writing the articles about “fashion, beauty, social gatherings, drama, news, advice, and career for women” (Whitt 11) Jane Cunningham Croly further became the first woman who wrote the first syndicated column for women and who started to teach journalism at a college level (Whitt 11). Why was it too important for a woman to have a syndicated column? It was obvious that having received an opportunity to write regularly on the pages of a respected edition, Jane Cunningham Croly received a chance to write about women, their problems and desires, their intentions and achievements. Stressing on the problem of gender inequalities, Jane Cunningham Croly managed to state that the problem existed. Many women reading her column began to be inspired for actions, they knew that they were not alone in that world. Croly was encouraged to write about “dominant cultural norms such as lacing that rendered women frail and wea
There are millions of people with disabilities in the USA that is why their needs should be met and satisfied as well as the needs of any other persons. The hotel industry develops according to the definite laws and principles, and the management of hotels follows the concepts presented in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). According to this act, the needs of people with disabilities should be satisfied in relation to the fixed rules in order to provide the necessary conditions for these persons and follow the principle of the equal access to all the services and accommodations provided by the hotel. The necessity to accommodate people with disabilities along with the other guests should not be discussed as challengeable because there are definite rules and principles following which hotels provide the successful accommodation for all the guests. To meet the expectations of the deaf persons, hotels should have certain resources and facilities available. Thus, in the situation when a deaf woman needs to speak with a concierge, it is possible to use the note-taking practice, and the written materials should be provided. The exchange of the written notes is possible when the conversation is simple and relates to the questions of accommodation or providing some service. In this case, the presence of the person speaking ASL is not necessary. Moreover, to respond to the requirements of the deaf person, it is necessary to provide the possibilities for the telephone communications with the help of teletypewriters which have the keyboard and display. This device helps the service staff take calls from the guests’ rooms. The guests with disabilities feel more comfortable when their rooms are furnished with such telephones and teletypewriters, TV decoders, and special visual safety equipment. These facilities are appropriate for using by deaf guests. However, it is also necessary to meet the needs of the persons who use the motorized wheelchairs or have the service dog. If the special rooms are furnished effectively to satisfy the needs of people with disabilities, these persons can experience difficulties while eating in the hotels’ restaurants or cafés. For instance, Violet uses the motorized wheelchair and has the service dog. To provide the woman with the high-quality service in the restaurant where there are no free non-booth tables, it is necessary to allow the wheelchair’s moving among the tables, ask politely a person or a pair who sit near the entrance help and occupy any free booth table if it is possible for them. It would be easier for Violet to occupy the table near the entrance in order to regulate the movement of the wheelchair. The chairs which prevent the movement of the wheelchair can be moved to free the space. It is stated in the ADA that people with disabilities should be permitted to use service animals that is why the presence of Violet’s service dog in the restaurant is necessary. Other visitors should be informed about such possibilities with the help of the information boards where the ADA’s requirements are presented. The manager’s task is to regulate the situation with the people who are
Introduction The concept of materialism has been extensively been studied by different scholars and researchers. This concept has mainly been studied as a marketing tool which different advertisers use to woo customers to buy their products. Materialism can be defined as an attitude or perception concerning the possession of various things in a persons’ life. Materialism is generally learned via socialization or it can be acquired depending on the environment, which a person is located (cherrier et al 12). Materialism can also be propagated via other different channels. The marketing strategies of various companies can help in portraying a certain product as classy and therefore help in instilling the mentality of materialism on the population. The media can also be used to propagate the materialism through the different programs and ideologies which it tries to instill on the people so as to achieve a specific goal. American materialism Americans are generally richer than other people in the world. They have so much wealth and attach special importance to the possession of material things. This makes the Americans to sometimes be referred to as the most materialistic society in the world. The Americans spend large sums of money on things which other people would consider not worth to spend such large sums of money. They generally derive pleasure and attach significant importance to the possession of these materials (Colorado Para 5). The luxury materials which the Americans invest in are houses, luxury vehicles and entertainment and communication gadgets. The Americans usually use this equipment only for pleasure. The materialism is generally instilled in the citizens as they are growing up. They are shown that for one to be successful on must have a well paying job, a nice car, a house and a family. The Americans therefore strive to achieve this as by achieving they would consider themselves as being successful. Their social status would also improve due to the achievement of the above possessions (Lockett Para 1) The government has also been termed as materialistic due to the large sums of money it spends on ventures which are not very important. Despite having a large debt, the American government spends large sums of money on the Iraqi and the afghan war. The war does not warrant the spending of such amounts of money since the money can be used in various other activities which be beneficial to the citizens and the economy in general. The amount of money spent on the wars makes some people to term the American government as materialistic. The effect on the American culture can also be felt by other countries. Americans has moved to other parts of the world due to globa