ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bioterrorism is the intentional use of toxins, chemicals, microbes, or infected samples to cause terror and instill fear among the population. Other terms like biological weapon or germ weapon are sometimes used to refer biological means employed during war confrontations. The most common disease-causing agents used in wars are bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, and other chemicals that adversely affect humans’ and plants’ lives. Both biological and chemical weapons are capable of mass destruction. The only difference is that the former cannot destroy physical infrastructures, such as roads, buildings, and equipment. These biological weapons are indiscriminate and can be used by psychopaths to commence pandemic that threatens human life worldwide. The main research question is “Why more research is still needed as biological weapons are concerned?”. This paper, therefore, traces the origin and history of biological weapons. Biological weapons are an open-ended concept that can have devastating negative consequences and require in-depth study. Biological weapons and bioterrorism are not new concepts as history is filled with biological means of fighting. According to Edmond and William (2021), the dawn of bioterrorism dates back to the nineteenth century, when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koech studied and understood the basics of microbiology. Their research found that there was a possibility to separate and produce a large number of disease-causing organisms, such as viruses and bacteria. Moreover, the research also proved that the dissemination of these pathogens could be controlled under certain conditions and restrictions. History records that by the fourteenth century, that is, in the middle age and colonial period, biological weapons had been put to practice when the Hittites used diseased rams purported to be infected with tularemia weakened their enemies (Barras & Greub, 2017). Moreover, another application of biological weapons is traced to the eightieth century during the French and Indian war (Edmond & William, 2021). It is recorded that British forces, led by Sir Jeffrey Amherst, deliberately issued smallpox infected blackest to Native Americans to spread the disease and weaken their enemies. Biological warfare advanced and reached sophisticated levels in the 1900s. According to Oliveira et al. (2020), the German army created several diseases during the First World War. This included anthrax, glanders, cholera, and wheat fungus (aflatoxin) deployed in St. Petersburg, Russia, Mesopotamia, and in French Calvary as biological weapons to spread the plagues and weaken the populace. In the Second World War, the Japanese were thought to have secretly used biological research facilities to endanger the lives of many prisoners as specimens. As history records, the Chinese unethical act exposes about 3000 victims to the dangers of anthrax, syphilis, and other agents (Newman, 2021). The Japanese did autopsies on the dead victims of whom they believed could enhanced their understa
It is possible to state that much attention should be paid to how correctional officers are depicted not only in popular TV series or films but also in news and talk shows, for example. The problem is that journalists, directors, and editors are often inclined to focus on depicting only those cases, accidents, and events when correctional officers behave brutally or violate prisoners’ rights and interests. As a result of the public’s focus only on this aspect of the profession that is supported by providing evidence in news and documentaries, people tend to develop certain biases and stereotypes regarding the profession. I can assume that people have developed visions regarding correctional professionals which are based on TV representations, and these perceptions can cause situations when relatives or friends of imprisoned people can blame officers for some problems in correctional facilities. The media representations of these cases support the development of stereotypes. From this point, it is important to pay more attention to developing a positive image of correctional officers who need to be discussed as embodiments of ideas about order and discipline. Unfortunately, some people are inclined to perceive these officers in association with outrage and lawlessness. These perceptions need to be addressed, and the only effective method to develop new visions of this career is the representation of officers’ achievements in the media. It is important to preserve the balance of depicting both negative and positive aspects of the work in correctional institutions. In spite of the public’s bias regarding this topic, the problem should be viewed from a sociological perspective. Therefore, I am interested in this topic, and I have spent much time while thinking over this issue and observing how prison officers can be depicted in the media while focusing on consequences of these depictions for public’s perceptions. However, it is also important to pay attention to the fact that the profession of a correctional officer is really tough and full of risks and challenges. Those people who choose this career path are expected to demonstrate skills not only in monitoring prisoners and guaranteeing their safety but also in communication, negotiation, and crisis management. Thus, correctional officers play a significant role in society as people who assist prisoners to adapt to realities of life in prison. As supervisors, correctional officers are expected to help prisoners focus on discipline, follow certain rules, and adhere to legal and ethical norms. Traditionally, roles of correctional officers are associated only with supervision and control, but it is possible to state that tasks which are performed by these professionals are diverse, and they have the significant social importance. From this point, correctional o
The confectionary industry has been undergoing several major changes over the past two decades. As one of the biggest players on the market, Ganong Bros. Limited has suffered from these market ups and downs. There have been years in these two decades on which the company resulted with financial loss at the end of the fiscal year. This paper will discuss a critical financial time for the company, 1995, where the need for change was overwhelming and immediate. The Board of Directors asked the president of the company to design and implement as soon as possible a ‘way out’ strategy that will ensure a comfortable future positioning in the market for Ganong Bros. Limited. There were two major reformations that the management team pointed out should be undertaken in order to enhance the company’s position; organizational structure and coordination. Functionality and efficiency are two themes for organizational structuring. A functional organizational structure focuses primarily on increasing the organization’s efficiency by using specialized personnel in handling various processes. At the Ganong Bros, they needed a reorganization of their structure due to the changing conditions of the market. Since the late 1980’s the market had gone global obliging many companies to compete globally. This global competitiveness led that many firms concentrated their efforts in certain segments of the market specializing in one or two products of the confectionery industry. Ganong had failed to do so in time, and that is one of the reasons why it was becoming less competitive, and thus, gaining less profit. Overhead costs were making the company suffer financially. Ganong should definitely move toward specialization in the market. This is why a reorganization of its structures is necessary. This structural reorganization will ensure to the company a higher efficiency in operations for tasks that are routine, will specialize it in certain sectors of the industry, and make it more reactive to market shocks and changes. This organizational structuring should include all aspects of the company. It is a fact that the only person from the management team in the Board of Directors is Ganong himself. Despite having very committed and professional members, the Board of Directors does not have the capability to adjust what is going wrong in the company. The reason is that board members do not know from within the management history of the company. They are not in touch every day with the processes the company undergoes. That is very significant. Managers are on the front line every day and their voice is not represented as it should. The structural adjustment should begin by giving more voice and decision power to the managers of the company. A sort of decentralization process would greatly benefit the company. By giving more decision and implementation autonomy to managers, you will impact their performance. First of all, the time of reaction to a problem or a situation will shorten. Managers w
Introduction The issue of child-sex tourism and violent activities is crucial in modern society. Hundreds of thousands of individuals around the world are actively involved in these vices. The cases of child-sex tourism have been reported in almost all countries around the world. However, evil practices are characteristic of developing countries. There is a number of reasons why child-sex tourism offenders are involved in illegal activities. While some individuals may do it for fun, others inveigle into these acts to make money. These are the individuals who produce sexually explicit materials in which young children pose as porn stars. It is a common case with pedophiles, for example. Thus, it is highly important to prevent this immorality. In order to achieve this, the officials should focus on dealing with child sex tourism offenders in the illegal business. This paper is aimed at answering the question: why child sex tourism can be prevented if law enforcers focus on this issue in the industry, rather than punishing offenders only. The Fight Against Child-Sex Tourism There have always been child-sex tourists. They live among us and roam from state to state looking for young children who can be sexually abused, both willingly and unwillingly. It is impossible to tell whether one is a child sex tourism offender until he or she is caught during the very act or with apparent evidence of this action. Some of these offenders also have more than one passport to hide their real identities (Ennew, 1986). Due to the reasons mentioned earlier in the paper, it is almost impossible to prevent child-sex tourism by merely tracing those individuals, and “locking them behind bars”. Even if those offenders are arrested, chances of recidivism are high once they are released (Baizerman and Stanford-White, 1979). It is especially the case of preferential child-sex tourism. The only option left is to deal with certain people that provide a market for child-sex tourism. Many child-sex tourists are gone scot-free even after having been accused of child-sex tourism. There is a number of reasons why this injustice is being done repeatedly. The main reason is the cases that involve foreign countries are time-consuming and may take several months, and even years, before the offender reaches his/her verdict. Law enforcers would rather prefer spending this time doing other activities. The second reason is the price of the cases. In the majority of cases, the prices are high because of the transport expenses involved. Lack of commitment by law enforcers makes them forego justice and prefer saving money. Finally, most child-sex tourists are rich individuals who will give anything to evade justice (Constantine and Martinson, 1981). They, therefore, bribe some law enforcers who, as a consequence, drop charges against them. It is evident from this discussion that child-sex tourism can only be prevented if thos
Introduction One main roles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to ensure that there is fairness in international trading activities between countries in the world. International trade has always been a challenge for a substantial number of countries due to the issue of trade balance. The utilization of the principle of competitive advantage has not worked effectively, leaving most countries exposed to trade deficits when participating in international trade. The World Trade Organization has been undergoing several changes through a series of trade negotiations. The changes have been aimed at ensuring that the risks of trade liberalization, especially in the developing countries, are minimized. Trade liberalization is a concept that has been enhanced by globalization. While this principle is desired, it has proven to pose negative impacts on the balance of trade in the developing world. The potential of the developing countries to produce and compete in the global market is lower compared to the developed countries. Therefore, the developed countries often export large volumes of goods in the developing world, making the developing markets to be dump sites for goods from the developed world. This pollutes the grounds of fair competition in international trade, acting as an impediment to the liberalization of trade. It should be noted that the issue of fair trading practices also affects trade between the developed countries (World Trade Organization, 2013). The Bryd Amendment is one of the pieces of legislation on dumping. The piece of legislation was formulated in the United States and has been subjected to criticism at the World Trade Organization summits. Overview of the Byrd Amendment The Byrd Amendment was passed in 2000. This legislation is also called the ‘Continued Dumping Subsidy Offset’. This piece of legislation was developed as part of the appropriation law of the United States in agriculture, as well as food and drug management. The development of this legislation was spearheaded by ‘Senator Robert Byrd of the state of West Virginia’ in the United States. The Byrd Act was effective in diverting the attention that had been occasioned by import duties that the US wanted to be subsidized. Before this Act was formulated, such money was injected in the ‘United States budget. However, the Act suggested that such money was to be distributed to the United States firms, which filed complaints about unfair pricing. The implication of this Act is that the non-US companies that sell their products below the cost price in the United States are subjected to fines, and the funds given to the United States firms that launch the complaints (United States International Trade Commission, n.d.). This Act was received with a lot of protests from a substantial number of countries, who presented their resentments to the World Trade Organization. From the outlook, it is evident that this Act is a defensive policy that is used to protect the United States firms, while at the same time harming the non-US firms through fines. Protectionism is a fragile activity, particularly in cases where a lot of partners are in
Introduction Science is among numerous phenomena in the world that have tremendously affected the life of human beings. Through innovations and discoveries, lives are transformed and bettered for the purpose of meeting advanced challenges. From end to end, new scientific advances and more knowledge is acquired for the purpose of handling existing challenges. These developments are essential in addressing problems or situations demanding attention. In addressing such issues, many scholars and researchers have differed on whether achieved scientific innovations should be considered as scientific progress. What does it mean for the world or society to progress scientifically? Does scientific progress always imply moving closer to the truth? These are some of the questions which this essay addresses. It synthesizes the existing relationship between scientific progress and its closeness to the missing truth. Scientific progress What is the scientific truth? Many philosophers concur that scientific truth occurs when there is enough evidence for the accumulation of knowledge as compared to earlier moments when there was insufficient knowledge to address an existing problem (Bird 64). It is, however, important to note that this form of knowledge accumulation is never original but has respected history. With existing discrepancies over the issue, many scholars have gone ahead to dispute this philosophical approach. Such controversies were witnessed during the 1960s (Bird 64). Consequently, rehabilitation of the cumulative conception has remained unsuccessful based on the realistic reaction towards relativism and positivism. In most cases, realists explain the notion of progress by focusing on the approximate truth as opposed to extending the boundaries of knowledge and seeking more information (Bird 64). With reference to this assumption, many debates emerge addressing the relations
I agree with the speaker that without ideation, it is impossible to get to the final solution and that ideation always equals opportunity. Having an idea is not sufficient to enter the market, but it is enough to start the business. However, there is a need for proper implementation, promotion, and strategic planning to succeed in the industry. Ideation is the process of conveying a perspective idea to others. This also includes solving the existing problems of customers through an innovative solution. Moreover, ideation is a process of generating ideas that potentially provide some great solutions to implement. For example, mind mapping is an effective method that can help a team to come up with new ideas (Campos, 2020). By this, the business structure can have a fresh look at the problems of customers. I liked Steve Jobs’ approach on ideation that was proposed by the speaker of the podcast as the tool for a successful business start. He said that if people do not know what they need, he would build a thing that they would need when they see it. It is a good strategy to follow as it motivates business teams to work productively and generate ideas. One more thing is that business structures should also make people’s life as easy as possible to ensure that the products and services of the company are a necessary part of their daily life. Overall, ideation equals opportunity as it allows the flow of new ideas and brings up solutions for the exciting problems of customers. In addition, to be successful in the business, there is a need to complete ideation and not stopping at the stage of an idea. So further actions with a good idea should be applied. Reference Campos, J. (2020). Why You Should Use Ideation When Creating Your Startup . European Innovation Academy. Web.
Driving is an involving activity and people experience many negative emotions especially if they are experiencing a traffic jam or if other drivers are acting inconsiderately. This might result in road rage, a condition caused by annoyance and that often results in aggression on the road. Road rage increases the probability of a driver committing traffic offences or even risking the lives of other road users. Stricter laws should therefore be passed to discourage people from engaging in road rage. Road rage causes aggressive driving which may result in fatal accidents. When a driver experiences road rage, he/she may engage in reckless driving in an effort to retaliate or frustrate the other driver. Some of these aggressive driving includes following other vehicles too closely and switching lanes at random and without indicating. Some drivers drive at excessive speeds and ignore stoplights because of road rage. Such behaviour increases the likelihood of accidents being caused by the driver who has road rage. Media reports reveal that the number of accidents caused by road rage is on the increase. This accidents are not only restricted to the drivers on the road. The lives of people not directly involved in the confrontation such as cyclists and pedestrians are also jeopardized by road rage. Road rage leads to distractions on the road as the driver focuses on activities such as verbal arguments with other drivers. In some instances of road rage, drivers engage each other in verbal insults or make rude hand gestures at each other. I have seen drivers stick their hands outside their windows as they engage other drivers in intense arguments. As they are doing this, their attention is not on the road. This is an important consideration since drivers are required to demonstrate high levels of alertness to the road and their surroundings at all times. This distraction caused by road rage increases the chances of causing an accident as the drivers focus less on the road. Road rage can cause physical fights between drivers with bad results. The high frustration experienced during road rage can cause drivers to physically attack each other. Because of the great anger felt, the physical violence can lead to severe consequences. For example, there are cases where the injuries inflicted on a driver lead to assault charges being made against the aggressive driver. A driver therefore risks having a criminal record because of damages inflicted because of road rage. In addition to the annoyance caused to other road users, road rage causes disturbance to businesses that are near the road. Road rage is often chara
Modern medicine does not stand still, and in our time, people can be cured of almost any disease. However, in medieval times, medicine was powerless against many, even entirely innocent diseases. Epidemics claimed tens of thousands of lives, more than wars and famines. One of these insidious diseases was quarter fever. A close study of its causes and symptoms is essential to eliminate the occurrence of the disease further. Quartan fever is one of the four types of malaria that people can acquire. Descriptions of this disease occurring with characteristic febrile attacks are contained in the medical literature since the Middle Ages. The immune response against quartan fever develops slowly and is characterized by low efficiency, and practically does not protect from catching the disease again. Acquired immunity develops after several diseases over several years. The disease causes an irregular and slow pulse with intervals and difficulty feeling it. When the disease passes, the pulse remains sluggish, inadequate, and infrequent. An “inadequate” pulse is one that goes from fast to slow and vice versa. The pulse is “sluggish” when it flows in its course with a stagnant movement (Wallis and Stoffregen 1967, 40). Besides, in those infected with the disease, the urine appeared to have different shades, particularly pale and dark, as if the body fails to digest everything. Furthermore, early signs of quadriplegic infection include sore spots, scars, hives, and burning skin. Quartan fever is considered a less severe form of malarial fever that can be treated with antimalarial drugs, and prevention methods can be used to avoid infection. It should be noted that the disease, as a form of malaria, still exists nowadays. Methods that are used to prevent the spread of the fever or to protect against it include preventive medicines, mosquito eradication, and means to prevent mosquito bites. At the moment, there is no vaccine against the disease, but active research is underway to create it. Reference Wallis, Faith, and Malte Stoffregen. 1976. Eine frühmittelalterliche lateinische Übersetzung des byzantinischen Puls- und Urintraktats des Alexandros . Berlin: Freie universität Berlin. 40