ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary This paper explores the aspect of business that has been referred to as electronic commerce. A number of things are examined, for instance some of the important concepts in this subsector. They include for example the Internet and other networks that are important for this business to occur. A short history is given on the development of this form of electronic commerce to date. The airline industry is then studied in relation to its uptake of electronic commerce and current industry developments. After that, Air Canada’s electronic commerce segment is used as examples for this paper. Some of the principles behind its design also discussed. The shortcomings of this electronic commerce site are then looked at and possible remedies suggested. The ethical issues that pertain to electronic commerce are then given as a way of concluding the paper. Introduction The name e commerce can be used in reference to not only the giving of legal tender in exchange for goods and service, but also the provision of services to customer through the Internet. This process also involves collaborating with other enterprises on a number of items over the internet, and teaching or passing of useful information using the same means. A number of people came to understand the way businesses operate from their experience buying things in the usual traditional offline way which is off line. It is this experience that they bring with them as they begin using the on line system of buying and selling. The increasing use and connection that has been enabled through the Internet, has facilitated trade across the globe with ease. This form of trade is much more than just the electronic exchange of data between individuals as most people would think (Bidgoli 180). It also involves communication through other means which are not that simple. These include the use of electronic mail and bulletin boards that are electronic. The exchange of data through the use of electronic means was initially meant for the exchange of large numbers of documents between individuals who were involved in trading between themselves. The format of these documents was however standardized and the network used was not private but rather public. This whole business process was automated (Bidgoli 182). The e mail is a form of communication done electronically in the written form and is less structured. In all this process it is important to mention that the use of the Internet whi
Introduction Efficient frontier is regarded as one of the most reliable and all round analysis tools for describing the economic and stock position of a company. Additionally, this tool is supplemented by Capital Market Line analysis, as well as Security Market Line, that offer the full representation on the matters of investment portfolio of any particular company. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to analyze the stock market data for the recent five years of IBM and 3M Companies, and compare their efficient frontier graphs. This will be helpful for the effective assessment of the investment portfolio of these two companies, and creating the reliable basis for investment forecast and analysis Efficient Frontier The graphs represent the standard deviation of the assets, as well as the curve of the capital market line for comparing the stock indicators of the company with the general stock situation. The efficient frontier curve defines the best possible asset level, considering the risk levels defined on the stock market. Considering the market portfolio parameters of both companies, the risks will be diversified depending on the specific extents of the portfolio possible. Therefore, all the possible systematic risks of the analysis and returns will be associated with the standard deviation positions of each stock. (Cleary and MacKinnon, 2010) The risk free rate is defined in accordance with the return logs of each company, and the key values of the portfolio weight rates represent the market variance levels that are associated with the return rates, as well as the market portfolio parameters. It is generally stated that efficient portfolios are characterized with the lowest variance level of its aggregate returns, as well as the risks for the analyzed return rates. In general, it is stated that the risk and return rates are mutually dependent, and it is generally considered that the increased returns are possible only if a company mitigates stock risks. As it is stated by Hess and Liang (2010, p. 61): “the two parameters are closely interconnected and targeting a specific return, hence the company needs to manage the regarded risks”. In the light if this statement, it should be emphasized that if a company targets the high return rates, it will have to manage essential risks. The analyzed portfolio involves 4% risk, however, thee expected return rates are high enough, and it should be emphasized that this is explained by the high mean rate of both companies. The risk free rate associated with the investment return is regarded as the best rate for avoiding risks, and this rate in the given portfolio is 4%. In accordance with the modern portfolio theory, the efficient f
Introduction There have occurred continued misunderstandings on the constitutionality of several Indian laws that were previously passed by the U.S Congress. Differences over their constitutionality led to the involvement of the Supreme Court which was to make decisions on whether they were constitutional or not. Among the areas that differed upon were land grants, casino operations as well as religious rights which were considered unconstitutional due to limitations on their implementation. Duthu (2008 p.45) Unconstitutional Indian Laws The law on land grants was passed by Congress allowing the government to issue grants to individual citizens in exchange for their indigenous land. The law resulted from the inability of some Indian tribes to occupy land that belonged to their ancestors. Therefore, congress promised to protect these Indian tribes and also give them some additional funds annually for their upkeep. Financial support was also promised to the priest who would be in charge of the Indian tribes’ religious affairs and even more to fund the construction of their churches. The total amount of financial support that the U.S government promised to Indian tribes was equivalent to the amount needed to compensate them for land that was originally owned by their ancestors. However, Supreme Court did not agree with the constitutionality of this law that allowed the government to make direct negotiations and payments with individual citizens. It argued that Indian citizens, as well as Indian religious practices, were not allowed to act contrary to American laws. It also argued that agreements regarding money set aside to fund religious undertakings together with land compensation were unconstitutional as they also violated Religion clauses. Wilkins (1997 p.20) IGRA was an act that was designed to regulate Indian games in casinos and was also among the laws that Supreme Court considered unconstitutional. The Act allowed Indians to play games in their casinos without being taxed. One category of the Act allowed games’ regulation by both the states as well as the tribes where regulatory jurisdiction would be shared within state borders. Games of a particular class three were also permitted and were to be played in states where it was legal. Regulation of the gaming of class three that comprised of card games as well as slot machines was the area that brought differences on perceptions of its constitutionality and the Supreme Court had to conduct ruling. After extensive considerations, Supreme Court regarded the inclusion of card games as well as slot machines in the list of those games that should be legally played in casinos as unconstitutional.
Republican candidate Donald Trump has gained immense support in the primaries of the 2016 American Presidential Elections. Trump’s election campaign, debates, and televised interviews echoes his conservative political ideas. He is known for his abrasive, boisterous, and controversial remarks on issues related to immigration, foreign policy related to South Korea, China, and Germany, Obamacare, Hillary Clinton and so on. His derogatory remarks about women presidential candidates like the Republican Carly Fiorina and Democrat Hillary Clinton has dipped his popularity among women voters. Nevertheless, he is a front-runner in the primaries for the US presidential elections. Critics believe that Trump’s animated offensive tone is politically unacceptable. Nevertheless, his recent successes in the primaries show a different picture. Trump has not only moved ahead in the Republican primaries, but also has garnered immense support. The logical question that arises, given Donald Trump’s boisterous personality and his tone of speeches, is why does he have such popularity based on the things that he says and the tone he uses. Donald Trump’s interviews and speeches follow a few basic frames that are repeatedly spoken throughout the process. Trump repeatedly talks of his image of a self-made man who worked as an entrepreneur and earned the capital that he has now. Therefore, he positions himself as a man who has worked in the real world, like most average Americans, and earned his share, unlike the other candidates who were born into a famous political family. He projects himself as a businessman who knows how taxes hurt taxpayers or how to build a wall between the US and Mexico better than the politicians. For example, in an interview in 2016 with CNN reporter Wolf Blitze
Research validity is an important factor that affects the outcomes and usefulness of scientific studies. Researchers have to create a setting that will support different types of validity to produce results that are real, logical, coherent, and appropriate for being used in real life. One can consider four types of validity: internal, external, statistical conclusion, and construct (Polit & Beck, 2017). All four of them are important as they support different spheres of the study’s usability and effectiveness. However, the intention of scholars to enhance a certain type of validity also has an impact on other ones. This effect can be both positive and negative. Using the study “Effectiveness of an Aspiration Risk-Reduction Protocol” by Metheny, Davis-Jackson, and Stewart (2010), the possible flaws in internal validity are described below along with strategies for improvement and outcomes to nurses’ neglect of validity. The Study’s Validity Concerns Internal validity can be compromised in a variety of ways. Polit and Beck (2017) state that internal validity in quantitative research is the extent to which external influences affect the causality of the study’s events. Metheny et al. (2010), for example, discuss the possible impact of the ARRP (Aspiration Risk Reduction Protocol) on critically-ill patients with mechanical ventilation who receive tube feedings. To assess the usefulness of this program, which is based on educating nurses about particular monitoring techniques, scholars collected data from one hospital at different points in time. The first group of participants was studied from 2002 to 2004, while the second was examined in the period from 2007 to 2008. During the years between data acquisitions, the hospitals’ ICU nurses were trained to document information about the patient’s head-of-bed elevation, insert feeding tubes, and assess high volumes of gastric residuals. One possible concern linked to the study’s internal validity is the lack of data about nurses’ skills working with the first group. For example, while in the intervention group nurses were asked to keep the patients’ beds at a certain angle, those professionals’ level of knowledge in the first group was never defined. Thus, they could follow the same procedures without any specific training. Moreover, the difference between the two sample groups also threatens internal validity because one group was significantly larger than the other and was stationed in the hospital multiple years earlier. Thus, this study may be subject to some concerns regarding its validity. In order to improve the research’s validity, one can create specific environments for both groups, where nurses’ actions are easily documented in both samples. This change may enhance the construct validity as well because it will show that the new intervention is being implemented accordingly. Statistical conclusion integrity may also be positively impacted because the changes would be more transp
Introduction Psychiatric diagnoses have been riddled with controversies for a long time with proponents and critics giving different views on the issue. The proponents hold that psychiatric diagnoses are normally near accurate, and thus the practice should not be dismissed based on misdiagnosis claims. On the other side, critics argue that psychiatric diagnosis is a sham and its professionals are in it for money. Most psychiatric patients will side with the critics by arguing that every time they visit a different psychiatrist they get disparate diagnoses. For instance, a patient might be diagnosed with schizophrenia at one point and be diagnosed with major depression in another setup. These inconsistencies in psychiatric diagnoses have prompted worldwide debate on the soundness of psychiatry as a professional practice. The critics’ side seems to be drawing significant support from different quarters as people question the accuracy of psychiatric evaluation. Psychiatry became a medical field in the mid 18 th century even though the Greeks had been practicing it from as early as the 3 rd century. However, despite the practice being in existence for many centuries, it has been dogged with controversies especially on the way diagnoses are carried out. As opposed to other medical diagnoses, which rely on set laboratory procedures, psychiatry depends on subjective information without proper procedures to determine a case using data derived from scientific experiments. Nevertheless, critics should not overlook the view that some psychiatric patients have been treated successfully using the allegedly abstract diagnosis methods. However, the successful cases might be isolated cases of chance as opposed to accuracy. This paper will explore the critics’ stand that psychiatric diagnoses are inaccurate, and thus they cannot be relied in the treatment of mental disorders. This stand is befitting due to the many inherent flaws in psychiatric diagnosis. Diagnosis in psychiatry does not have the same level of rigor and consistency as diagnosis in any other form of medicine. Psychiatry misdiagnosis When patients visit doctors regardless of the underlying sickness, they expect to get professional help based on facts derived from established scientific procedures. Unfortunately, when psychiatric patients visit their doctors, they are not sure of what to expect as the practice relies on subjective information given by the patient. Ironically, people rely on their brains to make decisions or describe situations, but mentally unsound people are expected give information about their sickness from the very dysfunctional faculties. This aspect discredits the entire practice and it inevitably leads to misdiagnosis. Bhatia rues that there “is no doubt that among the medical professions, psychiatry is the most scientifically primitive” (3). This primitivism hinges on the apparent lack of structures and scientific experiments to assist in psychiatric evaluation. Cases of psychiatric misdiagnosis are very common in the contemporary society, which further casts doubt over the credibility of the practice. In one interesting case, a woman killed herself only for
Highest unemployment rate According to Labor Statistics (2009), Zimbabwe has the greatest number of unemployment, which stood at 95% as per June 2009. Structural Unemployment This is where the economy cannot provide jobs to all people in the economy, though there may be jobs, but the available situation offers a mismatch between the jobs. This may be in the form of skills required that unemployed people do not have. This is an example of unemployment that was brought about by computer introduction. In most cases, if one is suffering structural unemployment, it is as a result of improvement in a certain area, or a change in the way things are done. It is appreciated that there are jobs, but the people are not fit for the jobs. If one improves his skills, he is likely to get his job back. Fictional unemployment is when a worker is moving from one employer to another; there is a period when he remains temporary momentarily. It is also referred to as vocational unemployment. When an employee loses his job to a robot, he is not losing it momentarily so this is not fictional unemployment. The form of unemployment is structural unemployment (Card & Krueger, 1995). Inflation and employment When a country has high inflation, it means that there is increased money in circulation. This leads to an increased cost of goods; increased cost of goods knocks out businessmen from their ventures, a thing that makes the entire country to suffer. On the other hand, if a country is highly inflated, it means that its goods are expensive in the world
Abstract The world has experienced three H1N1 Influenza virus pandemics since last century. The effects of these pandemics on human beings have varied in magnitude. The 1918 pandemic was the most devastating compared to later ones. The catastrophic potential of these pandemics has drawn a lot of attention in the quest of understanding their viral agents and Influenza infections they cause. The highly contagious flu infections they cause have been studied in various aspects using various scientific techniques. Due to the highly unstable and unpredictable nature of the viral agents , a lot of efforts have been concentrated on understanding the pattern of infections and illnesses of these viruses on the general human population. As most scientific investigations have shown, understanding the social and behavioral aspects of pandemic viruses such as H1N1 is crucial in formulating control and prevention strategies for future outbreaks. Definitions and Description H1N1 refers to a strain of non-seasonal Influenza Type A virus which was first detected in Mexico in April 2009. Upon its medical discovery, the viral infection q
Ali, W. (2020). Online and remote learning in higher education institutes: A necessity in light of COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Studies, 10 (3), 16-25. Web. Ali writes the exploratory paper concerning the necessity of online learning in times of social distancing and lockdowns. The article aims to find ways of providing education when the traditional methods are not applicable. It accumulates valuable experience for all researchers and staff members who are involved in the process of education. The author examines the world context and different approaches to online education in such countries as the USA, Italy, China, and others. The study reveals the problems of personnel unreadiness and lack of confidence while transitioning to online education. It also dwells on the issue of student accessibility and explores possible challenges such as equity concerns, the disparity in different academic subjects’ transition, and the negotiations with Internet vendors. The findings stress the necessity of rapid mobilization across university and school personnel. Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, 27 , 1-12. Web. The article by a group of scientists, Hodges, Moore, Lockee, Trust, and Bond, provides an overview of the differences between evaluating emergency remote teaching (ERT) and online learning. The main aim of the research is to provide an alternative term and draw a contrast between the two concepts. The study explains the variability of online education based on the different design options for classes. It includes the possibility to change students’ roles, types of interaction, ecosystems, and class pacing. Emergency remote teaching is explored as a temporary shift of instructional delivery, providing temporary access to education. The authors discuss such issues as approaches to evaluation, programmatic outcomes, reliability of technological systems, and their influence on the distance learning experiences. The findings stress the necessity of adding ERT to faculty members’ skillset and evaluating the pandemic crisis results. Picciano, A. G. (2017). Theories and frameworks for online education: Seeking an integrated model. Online Learning, 21 (3), 166-190. Web. Picciano focuses on pedagogical aspects of online education examining theoretical frameworks of learning theories and their application. The main aim is to propose a teaching model that incorporates the main benefits of traditional techniques and suitable for online education. The target audience consists of specialists and researchers in this field who want to improve their teaching methods. It is also applicable as a general guide for a successful online class. The main theories examined in the article are learning theory, behaviorism, cognitivism, and social constructivism. The research also provides models for online learning such as “community of inquiry,” connectivism, and online collaborative learning. The author prese
“Beautiful Architecture” by Spinellis The book by Spinellis and Gousios provides the basic knowledge in the sphere of architecture that is required for any architecture student. In general, the book explains the key aspects of architecture, involving brief digression into the history of architecture. Every aspect of architectural science, associated with the successful architectural project development is provided. Hence, the authors explain every particular step of architectural project software creation. The key steps are as follows: software projecting, selecting materials, structuring and planning the creation, the rules and principles of beauty in architecture, architectural composition and others. In general, the book is closely associated with the matters of proper software planning of an architectural project. Hence, the authors provide a detailed overview of various architectural CAD systems, their particularities and opportunities. Considering the fact that an objective assessment system exists, the computer aided design systems intended for architectural projects are crates with various aims from the perspective of functionality and usability comfort. Hence, every project creator prefers some particular CAD environment for creating projects. The differences, as well as advantages of any software pack are discussed in the paper. Another important aspect of the research is the discussion of the virtualization aspects of architectural planning. Considering the fact that some old school architects prefer manual project creation, the advantages of CAD systems seem evident. However, authors emphasize the possible advantages of manual design, as well. The challenges of developing high-performance and high-reliability construction are generally regarded as the necessary cost for creating something useful and durable. However, most software planners are not able to calculate the durability of the construction, while designers tend to create maximum effectiveness with minimal costs. However, regardless of the actual importance of minimizing the costs, the authors tend to emphasize the key notion that construction principles are unique and require various approaches towards calculation and design of the architectural projects. Partington, C. F. (2006). The builder’s complete guide: Comprehending the theory and practice of the various branches of architecture, bricklaying, masonry, carpentry, joinery, painting, plumbing, etc . Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1825). Web. The Builder’s complete guide is the creation that involves everything nece