ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Prussian philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a profound influence on the thinkers and philosopher of the early 19 th century. Hegel had complex and abstract ideas about various issues in philosophy, which were open to different interpretations. As a young intellectual in Berlin, Marx was initially a Kantian like his father, and was opposed to the ideas of Hegel which were more in fashion in that period. After a brief period of resistance to Hegelian ideas, Marx became a member of a coterie of young radicals who have been variously called the ‘Left Hegelians’ or ‘Young Hegelians’ (Seigal 1973). Hegel had espoused the theory that history was progressive in nature. According to Hegel’s belief human society had gone through different stages of progress for the purpose of reaching its final and most advanced stage. Hegel held to the nationalistic belief that this highest stage in mankind’s development was represented by the Prussian state of his time (Ruhle 2005). After Hegel’s death, his followers split into two main groups; the ‘Young’ and the ‘Old’ Hegelians. The ‘Old Hegelians’ accepted Hegel’s controversial assertion that the Prussian state embodied the culmination of all human progress, they also accepted the idea that Hegel’s philosophy was in continuity with Christian theology (McLellan 1980). The ‘Young Hegelians’ on the other hand, while agreeing with much of Hegel’s ideas and his philosophical methodology, rejected the belief that human history had progressed to its apogee in the 19 th century Prussia. According to the Young Hegelians there was still a long way to go before mankind could reach its peak; they also were of the view that Christianity was essentially incompatible with Hegel’s philosophy (Bernstein 1971). The Young Hegelians agreed that rational philosophy was superior to religion in understanding history. Some Hegelians, such as Strauss had a more charitable view of religion in this matter. Strauss believed that Christianity still contained elements of value to a philosopher. He believed that once Christianity had been stripped of its dogmatic and ritualistic elements, philosophy could be used to reveal hidden essential truths about the nature of being. Most Young Hegelians were opposed to this idea and held that religion contained no objective truths and the central element of religion lay in human emotions (McLellan 1980). Central to the Young Hegelian’s beliefs was the idea that religion was one of the biggest factors that prevented human civilization from progressing. Many of the Young Hegelians were atheists from a Jewish background and possessed a visceral aversion to Christianity and the Christian civilization, which they inherited from their ethno-religious background as well as contempt for their own religious traditions. Many of the writings of the Young Hegelians focused on the refutation of religion and need to replace religion with philosophy as the moral criterion for the society and means for understanding history (Carlebach 1978). Among th
Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire is a term that is used to give a description of the Roman Empire that was purely made of the Greek-speaking people during the middle ages. This particular Roman Empire was centered at the capital called Constantinople. There is no exact date as to when the Eastern Roman Empire started but it was spared a lot of what the Western Empire faced during the third and the fourth centuries. 1 This was mainly because the urban culture had already been established in the Eastern Roman Empire and the invasions that had occurred earlier were because of the wealth that was in Rome. And throughout the fifth century, various invasions were realized to have conquered the western half of the Roman Empire but only tributes were being demanded from the eastern half. Constantinople walls were enhanced by Theodosius II which left the city impenetrable to any kind of attacks: the eastern half was to undergo preservation from the foreign conquests till 1204. Theodosius gave out subsidies of gold in order to have his empire spared from the invasions of Attila and the Huns. And by doing so he was favoring all the merchants who were in Constantinople who was always engaging in trade with the barbarians. The successor of Theodosius who was Marcian refused to give out this huge sum but by then Attila had already changed the direction of his invasions to the Western Empire and then he died in 453. After his death, his Empire also collapsed and Constantinople was freed from the menace of Attila. After all this, the Empire started a profitable relationship with the Huns who often fought in Byzantine armies as mercenaries. The Tang Empire The Tang dynasty was established in the year 618 and died in the year 907. 2 The Tang Empire is the most prosperous dynasty that has ever been known in Chinese history. The early period of the Tang was considered the golden age while the other period was said to be the decline period. The whole of China was unified after Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin had established the Tang dynasty. The unification process took approximately ten years. During his time in the reign as it is claimed by the sources, Emperor Taizong made sure that he had invested all of his efforts in the consolidation of his regime making it the most prosperous in the well-known history of feudal China. This period of his reign was then known as Zhen Guan’s reigning years. During this period China was said to be leading in politics, economy, and culture. The golden age which was considered the peaceful period continued till the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. In the later years of this reign, the Tang Empire was really hurt and this was what marked the decline of the Tang Empire. During the earlier periods of this particular Empire, there was evident growth in the economy and also political stability was present that served to provide a favorable environment for cultural development, art, and foreign relations. But the late period of the Tang Emperor leads China into political turmoil, with the strife between the Li faction, Niu faction, an
Introduction Rabies is a disease of a viral nature that occurs after a bite of an infected animal. It is characterized by significant damage to the nervous system and most commonly leads to a fatal outcome. Because of the severity of impairment, rabies is a critical public health topic. Most people and pets get infected by wild animals and street dogs. There have been numerous attempts to control the spread of the disease in wildlife. Several decades ago, methods were harsh but did not result in notable advancements. Today, however, health professionals take a different approach, one which does not violate animal rights while reducing the chance of the spread significantly. This paper will discuss the efficacy of current methods and how a local government could immunize the wildlife population against rabies. Importance of Immunization There are no known methods of treatment after the onset of the disease. The only way of reducing the number of casualties is by preventing the disease. Vaccination after potential exposure to the virus reduces the chance of becoming infected significantly (Baker et al., 2019). Therefore, millions of people get vaccinated after a possible exposure in the form of an animal bite (Moore et al., 2017). However, rabies is considered to be a neglected topic in healthcare and thousands of people die annually because they fail to immunize themselves against the disease. In the United States, most cases of rabies infection are attributed to dog bites (Gilbert et al., 2018). Because the majority of households own a dog, the chance of becoming infected is high. Therefore, it is critical for people to immunize themselves and for local governments to control the spread of the disease in wildlife. Previous Attempts First attempts to manage wildlife rabies consisted of primitive measures. In summary, local governments would try to reduce the number of wild animals in the area. These measures included targeted hunting, poisoning, and trapping (Maki et al., 2017). However, the efficacy of these methods was compromised by the fact that it is not possible to hunt down all animals without damaging biodiversity and without incurring high costs, including human fatalities. Also, the reduction of the wildlife population was paralleled with controversies and public unrest. Many people were concerned with animal rights and the damage that such methods might impose on the local ecosystem (Maki et al., 2017). Therefore, there was a need for a more efficient and ethical means of battling the spread of rabies. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) was proposed as a solution and is widely used by many local governments today. Contemporary Efforts Capturin
In our societies, there are so many factors that tend to bring people together and this is why a community is not restricted by geographical elements but also by religion, ethnic origins, culture, preferences like sexual orientation, resources, happiness and lifestyle. So many times, these will be the defining standards that will be used even by the media in referring to a particular group of people. For instance, one will hear about: the Indian community, the gay community, the catholic community, the banking community and etc. The fact that individuals stay in the same neighborhood does not necessarily mean that they have anything in common. It is how they relate with one another that become the important aspects in forming a community. With the advent of technology and the Internet, the concept of a community becomes effective irrespective of the members’ physical locations because they are not limited b
The cost of a raw material increases When the cost of raw materials increases, the overall cost of producing one unit of the item also increases. The cost of total production will increase. The cost of raw materials is variable. Therefore, as production increases, the cost of raw materials increases in tandem. When the cost of production increases, net revenue declines, assuming the price of the end product remains constant. Net revenue is the net of total revenue and total cost. The impact of an increase in raw materials costs is an increase in the total cost of production. When this happens to a business, the manager has no choice other than raising prices or reducing the costs of other input items (Barrows & Smithin 2009, p.10). Alternatively, the manager can opt for substitute raw materials which may be cheaper. Revised answer to the question Raw materials are variable in the long term. They change with the increase or decrease in output as shown below. The total cost of producing a single unit of output is calculated by adding fixed cost with total cost. Because fixed cost is constant, the total cost is determined by variable cost. To keep the cost of production low, variable costs should be managed to be kept at a minimum. Why the two answers differ In the revised answer, I correctly considered the cost of raw material as input and analyzed the effect of the cost of raw materials increase from that perspective. The value of Sterling (£) strengthens so that you and everybody else can buy more foreign currency for each pound sterling The strengthening of the British pound encourages imports and discourages exports. If the business manufactures its products for home consumption using raw materials imported overseas, strengthening of the pound is good news. This is because the cost of production will go down. Revised answer to question two The price of one unit of currency in terms of another is defined as the exchange rate. The exchange rate system may be flexible, fixed, or managed float. When foreign currency becomes less expensive compared to local currency, the latter is considered to have been appreciated. The UK has a free-floating exchange system. The value of the currency against others is determined by demand and supply. A strong currency is advantageous for the following reasons:   * Cheaper imports.   * Low cost for production.   * Lower inflation.   * Lower interest rate. Effects of currency movement on AD-AS analysis Effects of currency movement on AD-AS analysis. Currency appreciation leads to a decline in the cost of production. Why the two answers differ I considered the overall effect of the strengthening of the pound on the economy. Your product becomes more popular with consumers A product becoming more popular with consumers is a boon to the business. This is because the demand for the product will in
Introduction Businesses have to consider who has access to information that they use daily. The current problem under review is data security, as the company operates with sensitive data about employees and services. The existing offline text file system is simplistic, and it provides access to all data at once, making any privacy considerations meaningless. The proposed solution is a cloud-based relational database management system (RDBMS). Its definition, operation, and benefits will demonstrate why a relational database solution will improve the security of information for the firm. Definition In contrast to older means of information storage, relational databases separate data into several tables and present it using rows and columns (Harrington, 2016). Charts with different types of information can be connected, allowing a person to retrieve the necessary facts from multiple parts of the database. First of all, RDBMSs make data collection easy and visually understandable, separating pieces into different segments and updating the database with the potential for infinite expansion. Second, to manipulate data, an individual does not need to search through many lines of data, utilizing a simple search tool and some keywords. For example, one table lists all employees and their private information, and another table contains all equipment data that these people handle. A manager can compile the details for presentation by using each employee’s assigned number – the system will collect all facts on its own (Colombo & Ferrari, 2015). To operate these systems, workers need to learn basic SQL (Structured Query Language) commands, but after training, an employee will be able to understand any RDBMS. To share data, one can collect all the needed facts, omitting information that has to stay private. Benefits As can be seen, relational database systems simplify data collection and management. This is the first benefit of RDBMSs – their structure allows for less time and effort to work with information. Furthermore, the flexibility and versatility of such systems are high, and they can adapt to the expansion in the firm’s services, workforce, and resource use (Harrington, 2016). The standard framework of SQL makes the tables uniform, compiling only necessary data and reformatting all previously disorganized papers into a single interconnected system. The main benefit of relational databases is their potential in increasing the safety of
Introduction Current music has been shaped by our histories. For centuries, music has expanded and diversified to accommodate other types of art. Before the XX century, society’s culture and physical features characterized music in America. However, during the XX century, social and economic issues such as wars, diseases, and workers’ welfares characterize the music. By embodying these features, music has communicated and provoked social change in societies. In this research paper, one composer from the XX century is highlighted. The composer chosen is Charles Louis Seeger, Jr. As such, the research paper investigates how the composer’s works of art were useful to the music industry during his era. To come up with a comprehensive research paper, several literature reviews are analyzed, and interviews are conducted. During the XX century, Seeger became renowned for his composition. His compositions became very popular, reaching over to millions of audience in the English speaking nations. For instance, the growth and popularity of folk songs during the century is attributed to his contribution. He helped to popularize and break new grounds to intimate acoustic performance associated with folk music in contemporary society. Ever since then, music students, songwriters, singers, and scholars have been looking for new ways to popularize and add v
Introduction The two models discussed by Broadbent (2002, p65) are suitable for the eLearning project. In the case of a large program, Broadbent (2002, p66) suggests that the seventeen-step process can be used; whereas, in the case of a small project, the eight-step process can be used. The size of the project would decide on the nature of the model that could be employed for the purpose. The company that has been selected is an electronic company that is implementing ERP software for their in-house computerization in lieu of the existing legacy system. When this implementation is in progress and also after completion, the staff of the company needs to be trained to use the ERP software to its capability. This would ensure that the ERP is fully utilized. Since this is not a comprehensive program but only a project of a smaller size, the eight-step process is adopted. Model Implementation Scope of the project The scope of the project (Broadbent 2002, p70) is to ensure that the ERP software is implemented successfully and the users are trained to maximize the usage of this software. This has to reach users who are educated. All the users should be assembled at one point in time and the instructor should be present in a contact class. However, all this could also cost and a review would require the instructor to come back again. eLearning on the other hand could be cheaper and can happen asynchronously. Based on this reasoning and on the cost-effectiveness of not disturbing the users at a given point in time, eLearning is chosen for this purpose. Analyze The context of the training is during and post ERP implementation with the aim of providing the needed information to the users to enable them to maximize their usability of the software. Since there is intranet connectivity existing, the company can use the existing infrastructure for increasing the way the learning exercise takes place (Roisin Mullins, Yanqing Duan, David Hamblin, Phillip Burrell, Huan Jin, et al.,. 2007). Since the workers and users of the software are computer savvy, the training delivered through eLearning and the content would be suitable to them. Design The course material and content of the eLearning program need to be worked out in multiple phases. One, to communicate the entire process using books and interactive sessions; two, using either broadcast over the intranet or specific classroom sessions to substantiate the learning delivered over the network (Virginia Montecino 2007). Accordingly, the content is designed. Develop Based on the design of the program, the course material and content are developed by the experts on training delivery. The development is done for all the course material, content for presentation, and for other means of course delivery. Pilot Test The Pilot test of the course content is done with the developed version using a sample audience. Feedback from them is taken; any change in the developed course content, design, and course material is made to make it more suitable for the users. This will ensure that the users are in line with the requirements of the ERP and they are able to make full use of the software installed. De
Case Synopsis This case describes the experiences of an individual who becomes alienated from the co-workers, because she continuously observes the negative behavior of her supervisors (Colquitt, LePine, & Wesson, 2009). It should be taken into account that the subject is a trainee at the branch of the company Enterprise Rent-A-Car. This person directly interacts with the assistant manager and branch manager. These people often start heated arguments with one another, and very often, their disagreements lead to the creation of the hostile environment in which the trainee eventually loses the motivation to improve her performance or help other people. Overall, this case is related to such issues as performance, motivation, and satisfaction with the job. Framework for case analysis It should be noted that this issue has been of great interest to many researchers. For instance, Stuart Sidle argues that the employees, who face workplace incivility and conflicts, are more likely to experience distraction and stress (Sidle, 2009). Furthermore, these people are not usually satisfied with their work (Sidle, 2009). This scholar believes that the failure to manage conflicts in the workplace usually adversely affects the performance of many organizations. To a great extent, this situation can be observed in Enterprise Rent-A-Car. This is one of the main issues that is closely discussed in academic literature. Overall, Stuart Sidle (2007) notes that in many cases, business administrators prefer to avoid conflicts, instead of resolving them. This is one of the reasons why many firms cannot retain the most competent employees (Allen, Bryant, & Vardaman, 2010). The scholars, who specialize in such areas as motivation and organizational behavior, believe that work culture is critical for the reduction of turnover in the organization and its long-term sustainability (Allen, Bryant, & Vardaman, 2010). These principles should be taken into account because in this way, one can better evaluate the behavior of people described in the case. Analysis of the chosen case The analysis of this case should be based on the model developed by Browne and Keeley (2012) since this framework can helpful for discussing a certain organizational problem from various perspectives. First of all, it is important to identify the main issue and its effects on various stakeholders. In this case, much attention should be paid to the absence of organizational culture which facilitates the resolution of conflicts or disputes and creates an environment in which employees feel committed to the goals of the organization. This is the main issue that should be considered. There are various reasons that are critical for explaining the behavior of the female employees. First of all, the senior managers working in this company intervene only in those situations when there is an open confrontation. However, very little is done to address disagreements that may occur among workers. Very often this policy results in the strain-based