ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The number of Americans diagnosed with diabetes is approximately 20 million ( Eberhart et al, 2004). The number continues to rise as the population ages and the prevalence of obesity increases. Consequently there is great urgency in the need for diabetes education and self care among patients. The article by Seley and Weinger, improving diabetes self management attempts to address the possible barriers to patient education and the role of the nurse in assisting the patient to manage diabetes. This article includes the input of various nurses who participate in a symposium on how to promote diabetes self management. Main Text Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the body’s production or use of insulin is impaired. It is characterized by deranged metabolism and hyperglycaemia – characteristic symptoms include polyyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision an
The era of the digital media changed the people’s approaches to distributing and accessing the information as well as to consuming it. The digital products and services provide persons with the opportunities to receive the necessary and effective information quickly, but today it is more difficult to control the processes of consumption according to the legal and ethical standards. Thus, the issue of responsible consumption is the characteristic feature of the digital media era. However, the problem is also in the fact that not only copyright and intellectual property laws can be violated with references to the people’s irresponsible consumer behaviors and to the global access to the information but also privacy rights are often neglected because of the lack of the legal norms and developed policies. From this point, consumption of the digital media is the complex process which includes the issues of copyright and privacy because people should be responsible for sharing the personal and copyrighted information, and web sites should be responsible for following the rules of the data privacy in order to create the conditions for the effective consumption. To respond to the interests of consumers, it is necessary to focus on the aspects of data privacy in relation to the associated global, social, ethical, and legal contexts. The Internet connection provides the people’s access to the required and interesting information globally. The standards and laws protecting the persons’ interests regarding their privacy and intellectual property are various in different countries. The legal aspects are often connected with social and ethical issues. On the one hand, sharing the personal information on the social media platforms and providing the availability to the materials for millions of the platform’s users, a person is responsible for the consequences of such ‘openness’. On the other hand, consumers should know how the personal information can be used by the web sites owners in relation to the marketing or promotional purposes and for recording the statistics about the clients (Whitehouse, 2010). If the necessary information is not provided for consumers, the ethical and legal norms are violated by the web sites owners and by the other consumers who can have access to this type of personal information. The progress of the Internet as the global knowledge base changed the people’s attitudes to the concept of privacy in the virtual world. Modern consumers can be divided into two categories of persons who prefer to share the personal information with the help of the Internet resources and those ones who focus on protecting the personal information from the irresponsible consumption because of lacking security. From this perspective, these two categories of consumers determine the development of the concept of privacy in relation to protecting the i
The U.S. Constitution: Protection of Rights and Vagueness The premises for the provision of rights to every single denizen of the U.S. population can be viewed as the key asset of the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees equal rights and protection for all members of the American society ( 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , n. d.), can be viewed as the basic example of the positive effects that the Constitution has on the legislation of the state. One must admit, though, that the American Constitution has several weaknesses its vagueness being the key one. Although the specified feature can be interpreted as positive when considering the promotion of a positive change in the society, it may also lead to a drastic misinterpretation and misuse of the key principles listed in the Constitution. Maintaining the Strength, Addressing the Weakness However, the paper alone cannot possibly create the environment, in which all people are treated equally and where the members of the U.S. society can live peacefully and without any conflicts. Instead, the Constitution must be used as the tool for managing the emerging conflicts and setting guidelines for the members of society to comply with. Particularly, the strengths of the specified document can be enhanced by developing the laws and regulations that will promote equity among all tiers of the American society. The weakness regarding the possible ambiguities in the U.S. Constitution can be addressed by assuming that the Constitution presupposed equality for all people (Azevedo, 2015). Thus, the premises for a fair judgment and the adoption of reasonable laws and regulations can be created (Dom, 2014). It should be borne in mind, though, that most of the issues that could be defined a the weaknesses of the Constitution have already been identified and addressed properly. For instance, the issue regarding equity of the U.S. citizens had to be addressed at some point of the American Constitution development. Though it is hardly believable nowadays that there was appoint in the U.S. Constitution development when the Bill of Rights had not been suggested yet, the lack of equality among the American population used to be a major issue. It would be wrong to claim that the present-day political and social landscape created with the help of the American Constitution is completely
Introduction Community health nursing involves helping people and society to establish an environment that supports health through health promotion, prevention, and support (Diem and Moyer 2004 p.7). Avian influenza, which is normally spread by birds, is a fatal disease, as it kills infected people very quickly; besides, the treatment is quite expensive. In this case, proper community health nursing is highly recommended if an outbreak is reported to control further spreading, and modify care of more vulnerable people. To achieve good community health, the public should be educated about the flu, its causes, its transmission routes, and the control mechanism. In the case of avian flu occurrence, it must be reported promptly to the authority in charge to put up measures of preventing further transmission, and care of infected persons. In addition, the government can reduce the cases of avian flu through surveillance, diagnosis, communication, and vaccination. Moreover, the community health nurse should also modify the care of persons with respiratory diseases, as they are a more vulnerable group. An outbreak of avian flu results in disruption of travel affects the economy and can lead to diplomatic misunderstandings. Generally, there is no known treatment for avian flu; and worse enough, the flu has become resistant to the available vaccines. Due to this, quarantine and isolation are preferred as effective means to contain the spread of the outbreak. Outbreak Avian flu is caused by viruses found in birds the most dangerous strain being the H5N1 virus. This flu mostly occurs in the winter seasons, since the viruses can survive for extended periods in cold temperatures, but could still occur in any other season (Basavanthappa, 2008, p.669). The first occurrence of avian flu in humans was in China in 1997 where18 people were infected and six of them died. In the subsequent cases of the flu, the death rate is estimated to be 25% (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Caroline, 2010, p 35 2). Moreover, since the first occurrence in 2002, H5N1 virus has continued to change its antigen and increase in its geographic prevalence (Heymann, Alcamo and Sfakianos, 2006, p.57). Graphical representation Avian flu has dominated the Asian continent with few occurrences in Africa and Europe. The first strain of human infection of bird flu was reported in Asia. In Africa, most outbreaks are reported in the northern part of the continent bordering the Asian continent i.e. Egypt. The movement of this flu since 2003 in different countries continues to rise due to increased market globalization and cross-border traveling. The graph below indicates the international trends of avian flu in three continents since 2003. Epidemiological indicators and epidemiology data Analysis Epidemiological indicators include frequency of occurrence, distribution (time and place) and other deterministic fa
Globalization can be defined as the increasing interdependence of countries due to increasing integration of trade, finance, people and ideas in one global market place. The main elements of this integration are international trade and cross-border investment flows. Globalization came into effect after World War II, but its growth has accelerated since the mid 1980s due to two factors namely: reduction of transport, communication and computation costs due to advances in technology, which has facilitated companies to have different stages in the line of production in different countries; and increased liberalization of trade and capital markets, due to the lack of government intervention to foreign competition through import tariffs and nontariff barriers (Hoekman, 2004). Free trade has been promoted by the establishment of various institutions such as the “World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)” (Hoekman, 2004). It has been observed that globalization has had a considerable effect on the economic growth of East Asian economies like Hong Kong (China) and Singapore, though the same cannot be said for a majority of the sub-Saharan African nations. Such instances of imbalances between globalization costs and benefits for different groups of countries and the world’s economy have sparked hot topics in development debates. The world trade organization The world trade organization (WTO) is another institution that was established in 1995, to promote free trade in place of protectionism. Its role is to administer and liberalize international trade, and it took effect under the Marrakech Agreement, which replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), founded in 1948. Only about 3% of the world’s population is not represented in the WTO, which has 153 members. The WTO is governed by a ministerial conference, which meets after every two years, while the general council is responsible for the implementation of the conference policy decisions and assumes an administrative role (Deardorff & Stern, 2002). Functions of the WTO The formation of the WTO was beneficial in expanding the scope of the GATT. It was now able to take in a large number of nontariff policies, and operate based on consensus of its members. WTO acquired a greater coverage than GATT, but it also became stricter. One of the significant differences between the two is that while GATT allowed flexibility for countries to sign at will various agreements on various issues such s subsidies or customs valuation, the WTO operates as a single undertaking, where all provisions apply to all the members (Deardorff & Stern, 2002). Other significant changes in the WTO applied in the settlement of disputes and surveillance of functions. A negative consensus rule was adopted i
Introduction For teenagers turning eighteen years of age in the UAE, the idea of owning and driving their own car or cars is fascinating. These desires cut across all sexes, both girls and boys. Although young girls might not care much about cars, their interests and desires to own cars increase with age. When teenagers turn eighteen years and acquire driving license, their curiosity about cars, brands, and types of cars increases incredibly. There are high-end luxury cars and sports cars, which may attract teenagers despite the fact that not many of them would ever be able to afford them. While luxury cars are the most admired and viewed, they are rarely sold to most people except to the rich. Luxury models vary, and they have different price ranges, which keep on increasing every year. The price factor has made these cars to be fantasy for teenagers. However, in the UAE, there are several brands of car, including popular and well-known ones. While there are many car brands in the UAE, the three common ones are coupes, sedans, and four wheels. This essay focuses on these types of cars in the UAE. Coupé A coupé is a car with two doors and attached closed body. The car’s roof is permanently fixed, although there are other models with convertible roofs. Different manufacturers of coupés may use the term differently, but generally, coupés lack rear seats. The modern coupés originated from the idea of horse drawn vehicles, which had a single compartment for passengers. People use the term coupé to denote several models of cars with close-coupled rear seats. In fact, these cars are mainly coupelet, coupé, and convertible coupé under the coupé car models. A coupé differs from a two-door sedan beca
Introduction For every action is a corresponding reaction, and so is it with movies. While there may be drastic effects of movies to individuals or groups of peoples’ lives, it can be said that this has only been manifested in major addiction to commercial films by most regular viewers. Still, there are little and big effects of movies to individuals and society in general. This paper shall try to point out the effects of movies to individuals or society basing on Bollywood and other research on the topic. Discussion Bollywood Bollywood has been generally accepted as the informal term used for the Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry based in India. Bollywood has been acknowledged as one of the largest in the world but its history traces from 1930s when India started producing as many as 200 films per year with the first Indian film with sound – the Ardeshir Irani’s Alam Ara considered a super hit (Jha & Subhash, 2005). A more recent count has pointed film production in India at 700 films per annum (Corliss, 1996) while in 2003, it was said to have grown exponentially at 877 feature films and 1177 short films with earnings estimated at US$8.9 billion. Indian cinema has been generally influenced by the Indian epic Mahabharata and Ramayana as source of rich imagination for its narratives using side story, back story, as well as story within a story, or plots and sub-plots. Bollywood movies are also characterized by massive dance and music interwoven to the plot so that its musical quality has an effect on its acceptance and popularity. It has been seen today as highly westernized that now include English scripts and feature actors such as Rachel Shelley with the aim to meet Western move standards Movies in General Movies are viewed with both positive and negative effects on viewers, but depend mostly on who is viewing. In a negative view, it is alleged of influencing the mindset of young children or youths and fails to realize that it is just for entertainment. Horror and highly graphic gore films are results to violent behavior and devastating to society as television is seen the same. As for Bollywood, the only connection this writer has for Bollywood with Indian society or viewer is the overly romanticized way of life. Bollywood dwells basically on romance and epics about the exploits of fictitious characters that fall in love with sexy, adorable women depicted in exotic songs and dances. This may be attributed to the propensity for romance for individuals and leading to a high population, for a society. However, family movies such as those produced by Walt Disney have a very positive effect on the society. This includes “Wall-E” that does not only explore preservation of environment but the humanity in general, where even a robot falls in love. These movies instill values in people, surely missing in many people today. Conclusion Some good movies may not get as much appreciation as other strategically marketed movies. However, while “star appeal” and exploitation of commonly accepted themes such as Cinderella love stories and overly-rated magical, or science-fiction visual and sound effect
Introduction to the problem The American Obesity Association defines obesity as a “complex, multi-factorial chronic disease involving environmental (social and cultural), genetic, physiologic, metabolic, behavioral and psychological components. It is the second leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.” (AOA fact sheets, 2005, Obesity I the U.S, para.1). But is obesity really a disease? Technically, obesity is a condition of the human body in which the bodyweight of an individual is much higher than the normal prescribed weight and is measured by checking the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the person. In most Americans, the primary cause of obesity is poor and deficient dietary choices. Behavioral problems and unhealthy eating habits contribute to obesity. Sonia Arrison, in her article in TechNewsWorld.com, says “By making obesity a disease, the government does all Americans – large or not – a disservice.” (Arrison, 2005, para.1). The statistics given by American Obesity Association show that approximately 127 million adults in the US are overweight, 60 million obese, and 9 million severely obese. (AOA fact sheets, 2005, Overall prevalence, para.1). The prevalence of obesity and overweight has dramatically increased in the US since the 1970s. The government and the citizens are not taking any immediate measures to face the consequences of this national disaster. “In 1998, medical expenses due to obesity accounted for 9.1 percent of total US medical expenditures and may have been as high as $78.5 billion.” (Arrison, 2005, Economics of obesity, para.2). The amount spent by the federal government for meeting this medical expenditure comes from the taxes paid by both obese as well as healthy people. This reveals that the consequences of obesity affect not only the people who are obese but also other taxpayers who lead a healthy lifestyle. The government should respond to this issue and take strong measures to put an end to obesity, or at least bring down the prevalence of obesity. The primary solution The most logical solution for obesity is to take steps to communicate and educate the general public on the harmful health issues caused by obesity, the methods to reduce and prevent obesity and thus lead a healthy life. By communication, it doesn’t mean the publication of empirical terms and criteria about obesity, in government books. Necessary steps must be taken to educate the general public about the risks of obesity with the help of credible data. For this, research should be conducted on the ill effects of obesity on health. The perception of being overweight should be changed. The focus must be on the health of the individuals. Education on healthy eating habits and regular physical activities must be extended to schools, colleges, and communities. Students of medicine and health care service providers must be educated about the prevention and treatment of obesity. Emphasis must be given to the advantages of physical activities
African Americans have often felt as minorities or outsiders in America. As a result, their literary works capture this notion. This essay explores the works of Alice Walker’s Everyday Use and Langston Hughes’ The Negro Speaks of Rivers, as they focus on blacks as a traditionally ‘marginalized’ race in the American society, in order to highlight their position as ‘outsiders’ or ‘others’ in the society in such a way that they reach out to create awareness and understanding among black mainstream members. Hughes uses rivers to highlight the position of blacks in the society. Rivers provide imagery of roots. In this poem, roots show the timelessness and history of blacks. One can observe the familial and historical aspects of blacks, which Hughes attaches to the rivers. Clearly, Hughes addresses the entire black community in the America. Hughes notes that African American history is deep and ancient, and it will continue to grow, run, and provide new lives. One can understand that the early civilization surrounds African Americans in the society as they struggle for their identity. The poem relates to the history and heritage of African Americans as Hughes compares them to some of the greatest rivers of the world. Rivers were among the first sources of civilization in the history of man. Hence, Hughes introduces a long journey of the black community and relates it to the civilization of the society. In addition, one can notice tales of struggle, freedom, and fight for identity among African Americans as they use their strengths and wisdom (Hughes 1). The Negro Speaks of Rivers remains one of the iconic poems of Hughes because it shows and celebrates the triumph and voice of the minority African Americans at the period when racial discrimination, injustice, and social inequalities were rampant in the American society. At this time, the poet attempted to encourage and unite African Americans when the White community did not recognize them. Arnold Rampersad points out that Hughes brings the black community back to life by using rivers and faith in the race (Rampersad 3). A sense of kinship is prominent in the poem. The muddy rivers represent the black community. Rivers become the main source of inspiration in which the black r
Every professional physician should have highly developed case management skills. Patients trust doctors with their health and often even their lives. Therefore, physicians need to understand the level of responsibility assigned to them. They are the personalities on which patients entirely rely. They have all the information about the patient’s condition and know how to deal with diseases. They behave politely and professionally, showing themselves to be reliable professionals. Their highest value is human life, and they use all available resources to preserve it. The combination of these skills in case management allows practitioners to treat patients successfully and increase patient confidence. Scenario 4 of the Hart City Case Study provides a prime example of good case management. The doctor behaves politely and responsibly with the patient (Case Management Society of America, 2017). She clarifies with the patient every detail of questions and doubts in order to better understand it. She praises and assists the patient in planning, encouraging the right way of living. In this way, she manifests herself as a professional and empathic person, ready to help and guide the patient. Thus, patients feel confident and will not make mistakes related to health or other issues. It is difficult to find negative aspects in this dialogue since the doctor behaved in a truly professional manner and communicated with the patient properly. However, perhaps she should have been less persistent, for example, with help with choosing an occupation. This way, the patient would feel freer and could offer her own ideas for employment. Overall, however, this dialogue is an example of good case management. This is how polite, professional, and informative communication with patients should be. Reference Case Management Society of America (2017). Hart City Case Study – Scenario 4 [Program transcript].