ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issue of capital punishment has always been on the radar of the Supreme Court of the United States. Knowing that the United States inherited this penalty from Britain, we should be aware of how much this change brought to the country (Clancy & O’Brien, 2013). This legislation caused recurring controversy all over the country, and numerous people considered capital punishment to be an excessive measure which should be banned. Nonetheless, the history of capital punishment is rather extensive, and throughout the four different periods, the legislation has undergone critical transformations that should be carefully reviewed and assessed (Sphohn & Hemmens, 2012). The key question that should be answered is the future of capital punishment and unusual punishment in the United States. The author of this paper believes that this question should be seen as one of the most important constitutional questions of all time. Nonetheless, the efforts should be aimed at the minimization of prejudiced and severe verdicts because the history should not repeat itself. Brief History Warren’s Court Throughout this period the regulation was rather strict but unclear as well. The practical legitimacy of capital punishment was not proven, and more than 40 criminals were executed every year since the beginning of the 1960s (Bessler, 2012). Moreover, capital punishment was not an original theory, and numerous cases of execution were spotted even in the 18th century (at that time, capital punishment had been considered a norm and was regularly used). Nonetheless, by the 1950s, the Supreme Court overturned their call on capital punishment and voted for the compliance with the Eighth Amendment (Williams, 2013). Even considering its strict nature and firm decisions, Warren’s Court made several important decisions aimed to “soften” the effects of this regulation. Burger’s Court Burger’s Court was not able to solve the problems that were present in the post-Warren era due to the failure to come up with new answers to the questions of capital punishment (Williams, 2013). This era was also signified by issues connected to racism. The problem consisted in the fact that Burger’s Court was not able to eliminate racism from the judicial practice of that time. Another issue was represented by the fact that racial fairness could not have been achieved when dealing with capital punishment cases (Clancy & O’Brien, 2013). Burger’s Court failed to realize the extents of the problem and did not do anything that would help the judicial system develop and eliminate the impartiality among the Justices. Rehnquist’s Court During the era of Rehnquist, the Court has been able to perform several important transformations that had a great impact on the way that capital punishment was perceived and dealt with. The Justices were able to identify constitutional defects of the legislation and proceeded immediately with the debates concerning the partiality of the system (Bessler, 2012). Throug
(Krishna and Dante are walking along the street when they suddenly come across a crusade. They listen to the preaching for a while, but Dante does not seem to like it and urges Krishna to walk on) Dante: I don’t believe in some of these pastors. They are conmen. Krishna: You talk with so much bitterness! Have you been a victim? Dante: Eehh…not quiet. (pauses) Why don’t they just wait for Sunday? They just want to increase their followers hence the offerings. It is just about money. Krishna: (surprised at Dante’s statement) That is not true! All they are doing is trying to make the world a better place by spreading the gospel. Dante: What makes you think that those who take time to listen to them are sinners? If they are, how sure are you that they follow those teachings? Such congregations are made up of just good people who do not need to change. If preachers were genuine, then they would go to evil dens around here and spread the word of God. Krishna: You forget that everyone is a sinner. We all need to hear and adhere to the word of God. Dante: (rolling his eyes and in a sarcastic tone) Yeah right!….Even Jesus went to search for sinners in their dens. Krishna: That is not true! They came to him. Take, for example, Zachary, the tax collector. Dante: Yeah…Yeah, I get you. As if they have nothing better to do. Krishna: What? Dante! You cannot be serious! God comes first before everything else. That is the only way to ensure that we go to heaven. Dante: (laughing) Heaven! You can’t be serious Krishna. There is no such place as heaven. Once we die, our bodies rot, and that is it. Krishna: I believe there is life after death. The godly people will go to heaven, and the evil ones will go to hell. Dante: Do you consider yourself godly or evil? Krishna: It does not matter. However, I try my best to be godly. Whenever I do wrong, I go for confessions. Dante: Yeah! That is just washing your dirty linen in public. The priest is just a sinner like any of us. Why don’t you just talk directly to your God? Krishna: At the time of the confession, the priest is the representative of God. Therefore, I talk to God during confession and not the human priest. The priest helps me by guiding me in prayer and interceding for me to God. Besides, the priest will give me the appropriate advice needed to avoid sin in the future. Dante: (disinterested) Whatever. That is the weirdest thing I have ever heard. I would never tell anyone about my sins. Nobody tells me theirs anyway. Krishna: You should start going to church, my friend. Know God and get saved. Otherwise, you will go to hell in the afterlife. Dante: (authoritatively) I don’t believe in the afterlife or God. Everything happens according to fate, and as a consequence of the choices, we make in life. Religion only serves as a consolation to the meek poor and incapable. (Krishna is quiet, baffled
Introduction Developmental research is a broad field of science that specializes in understanding progressive changes that affect a scientific phenomenon over time. From a trade relations standpoint, the concept is primarily concerned with how countries leverage their economic potential to impose tariffs and restrict trade when interacting with partner states (Elisabete et al.
Abstract In the contemporary world, where research has become the basis for the development, critiquing research that has already been conducted is imperative to improve living standards all round (socially, economically, healthwise and environmentally). Hence, the reason why this paper aims to give insight into the means to effectively and efficiently diagnose primary progressive aphasia by critiquing the article “Apraxia of Speech and Phonological Errors in the Diagnosis of Nonfluent/Agrammatic and Logopenic Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia” by Croot, Ballard, Leyton and Hodges (2012, p. S1562-S1572). The Analysis Title And Abstract Is the title clear and concise? The title is not clear and concise. It does not qualify to be a research article title. It describes indicators that will be used for the diagnosis of language disorders. Does the title identify the target population and/or variables understudy? No. There is no indication of study variables and study population. Does the title reflect the research question or type of study? RQ: It is very difficult to come up with the research question from the title because the title looks like a mere topic about the use of apraxia of speech and phonological errors in the diagnosis of nonfluent/agrammatic and logopenic variants of PPA. Type: Not clearly stated, but it sounds like an investigation; hence, it is exploratory. The abstract clearly and concisely summarized the purpose, procedures, important findings, and implications. The abstract is a good summary of the research study because it contains the purpose of the research study, methods used, results obtained and conclusion. General comments The abstract concentrates on how the study will be collected and the variables under study, and it has left out a clear description of the study population. Introduction Was there a logical and convincing rationale? The rationale of the study is based on “difficulty in distinguishing between nonfluent/agrammatic and logopenic PPA” (Croot et al., 2012, p. 1563: column 1, sentences 3-10). Method Have the subjects, participants, or specimens been adequately described? The study population has not been adequately described in terms of sampling and recruitment procedures. Also, little is known about the study population in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, for example, ethnicity and education level. Nonetheless, these characteristics were not utilized in the interpretation of results. Was the selection criteria adequate and clearly defined? Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria have been adequately and clearly described as diagnosis with apraxia of speech and possession of high-quality audio and video speech based on the recording (Croot et al., 2012. p. S1564: column 2, sentences 30-49). What is the evi
Amin, S. & Goldstein, M. P. (2008). Data Against Natural Disasters: Establishing Effective Systems for Relief, Recovery, and Reconstruction . Washington, DC: World Bank Publication. Amin and Goldstein (2008) inform that “natural disasters have become a constant feature of the global landscape” (p. 1) from the very beginning. Their main purpose is to inform the reader about the dangers of natural disasters and the support that is usually provided by the government to those, who suffered from these disasters. The idea of policy makers is also described in this book and helps to realize that numerous steps are already taken to improve the situation and properly arrange disaster management. Casale, R & Margottini, C. (2004). Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development . New York, NY: Springer. This source is a unique collection of the material about natural disasters, their outcomes, and impacts on human lives. The authors inform that “during the period 1965-1999, a total of 1 995 000 mortal casualties due to violent natural disasters were recorded in the world, according to data from cited sources” (Casale & Margottini, 2004, p. 274). People live in constant conflict with the environment, and natural disasters are considered to be the most terrible outcome of this conflict that cannot be still solved. Cherry, K.E. (2009). Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Coping with Katrina, Rita, and Other Storms. New York, NY: Springer. The author of this book represents a collection of the works which evaluate natural disasters and their outcomes from different perspectives. The lives of many individuals are under a threat of disasters because of impossibility to prevent them or reduce (Cherry, 2009). Such disasters like Katrina or Rita are characterized by serious outcomes, and these results have to be evaluated thoroughly to make the necessary conclusions. Hyndman, D. & Hyndman, D. (2009). Natural Hazards and Disasters . Belmont, MA: Cengage Learning. The team of famous geologists introduces a powerful source of information where all important points concerning natural disasters, their reasons, and outcomes are described. Humans cannot even comprehend that they put themselves in danger living at the tops of the cliffs just in order to have a magnificent view from the window (Hyndman & Hyndman, 2009). It is obligatory to prevent them against such mistakes, and these authors make this attempt in their book. P
Introduction Since the enactment of the Medicare Policy Act in 1965, the act has undergone several amendments in a bid to improve the level of accessibility and quality of health insurance coverage to all Americans. Such amendments have drawn a lot of debate on how accurate or feasible they are in a fast changing population where its demography, wealth distribution and cultural dynamism points to the necessity of constantly evaluating some clauses of the act. In November 2003, the Bush administration introduced an amendment to the act called the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, though controversially. As expected this bill had some positive and negative aspects according to various stakeholders. In this paper therefore, we analyze the bill in deep tracking its necessity and its alleged positive and negative impacts on the stakeholders. Discussion This bill sought to correct the errors and failures of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 according to its sponsors. This early bill was simply meant to allocate more money to the Medicare program to avert its eminent collapse and therefore somehow hastily drafted with no clearly defined long term objectives and thought out implications (Ferrara, 1998). They (sponsors) viewed it would enhance quality and accessibility in health insurance and healthcare in general by prolonging the life of the Medicare program by ensuring Medicare Program’s financial security. As such, it can be said that the bill was meant to fill some gaps. But were there any gaps to be filled? “The problem is not just that Medicare’s funding will be insufficient to pay promised benefits in a few years. Over the long run, the program’s financial gaps become truly enormous.” (Ferrara, 1998). Such criticism was fronted immediately after the 1997 bill setting a good stage for an amendment act in the Medicare program. According to the initial drafters and sponsors of the bill, it was aimed was to make prescription drugs more accessible to the terminally ill and generally make health insurance more affordable and of high quality by assisting in payments and lengthening life of some programs. In addition, it increases beneficiary cost sharing responsibilities. (Summary of Medicare Act, 2004). In passing of the bill the senate approved $400 billion plan to overhaul Medicare. This new act introduced a new Part D in Medicare for persons already enrolled in Part A or B. Members would be eligible to obtain qualified prescription drug coverage either through a stand alone prescription drug plan (PDP) or through a Medicare Advantage plan (MA-PD). On the other hand it imposed substantial penalties to persons who had failed to enroll in this plan early. These penalties were estimated to be greater than the cost of an uncovered
The paper under analysis reports the results of field research investigating the effect of deliberative discussion on individuals’ environmental preferences and willingness to allow oil development in a unique wilderness area in Alaska. The paper states that the research showed that deliberative discussion has a significant effect on strengthening individuals’ environmental preferences, even where there exist strong preexisting pro-environmental biases. The strong point of the paper is that it does not simply describe the case study and the experiment, but also interprets the findings and presents caveats and conclusions as far as the experiment is concerned. The author of the paper suggests a logical explanation of the main issues of the case study and supplies her arguments with the factual material needed. Still, what we would like to know more in terms of the problem studied is the essence of the coastal plain’s controversial nature. We believe that this problem that remains one of the most hotly debated contemporary environmental issues deserves more substantial exploration. Further, we are interested in the extent to which the participants of the experiment were influenced and polarized by the media and special groups and how this influenced the findings. One more question that arises is how the level of education of the participants affected the validity of the results achieved. Also, we suppose that the author’s suggestions concerning the improvement of future experiments of the kind would significantly benefit the paper. The only thing we want to add here is that we are looking forward to the effects that the research will have on important public policy decisions making.
In the article “L.A. Police Chief Charlie Beck endorses ‘sanctuary state’ bill that Eric Holder hails as ‘constitutional’”, Ulloa describes the reaction of the current LAPD Chief Charlie Beck to the recent bill that would establish California as a sanctuary state, therefore prohibiting the law enforcement officers from investigating, reporting, detaining, or arresting people who are due to be deported. This case is part of the current political controversy brought by Donald Trump’s deportation policy and immigration law changes. It is also not the first time that the LAPD Police Chief refuses to comply with deportation laws: last year, he publicly stated that Los Angeles police officers would refuse to help in deportation efforts. The purpose of the article is to inform people about the controversy and support the statement of Charlie Beck. The article was published in L.A. Times , which is among the key newspapers for people living in California. Therefore, the article is aimed at a wide audience, consisting primarily of local residents interested in daily affairs. The key challenge discussed in the article is the Senate Bill 54, which was “sparked by the Trump administration’s broadened deportation orders” (Ulloa). With many people criticizing the new policy as unethical and nationalist, deportation efforts are among the most significant policy issues evident in the U.S. today. The situation was further worsened by the fact that the law enforcement officers were often required to participate and assist in deportation efforts. Beck argued that such cooperation between the local police and the immigration forces could impair community trust in the police, thus affecting its efficiency (Ulloa). There are three key lessons that can be learned from the event. First, it is important to ensure that public safety leaders have some influence on political issues that concern public safety, as these issues influence their work. Secondly, in case of a controversy, public safety leaders should take into account the impact of political decisions on the population they serve, as Charlie Beck did. Thirdly, being politically savvy can help public safety leaders to be involved in political processes, thus allowing them to influence policy and the work of their employees. In a different scenario, Charlie Beck could have supported the deportation efforts and the law enforcement’s involvement. However, this could lead to the dissatisfaction of the workforce and impaired relationship with the local community. Clearly, the LAPD Chief aimed to reduce the negative effect of deportation policies on the work of the law enforcement, and it was a mindful decision not to allow local police officers to be engaged in deportation and immigration operations. Overall, the article exemplifies this week’s learning objectives by portraying the complicated relationship between ethics, public safety decision-making and political issues.
Despite multiple attempts at managing some of the health issues that currently take priority in public health management, the foundational health concern of diabetes remains unresolved in the modern American community. Among vulnerable groups that are particularly susceptible to the threat of diabetes, one should mention the Hispanic population (Moreira et al., 2018). Therefore, to manage the problem of diabetes in the specified audience, a program geared toward increasing patient literacy, promoting awareness, and introducing tools for monitoring the exposure to diabetes in the target population will be developed. Due to the active focus on prevention and threat management, as well as the active support of patients that have already developed diabetes, the program in question is believed to produce a noticeably positive effect on the levels of well-begin within the target community. The program in question will target the local community so that it could assist not only Hispanic people with diabetes but also support those that have not yet developed the disorder despite the continuous exposure to it. In order to fully address the needs of Hispanic people at risk of developing diabetes, the program will be based on the SLP principles outlined in the paper by Scarinci et al. (2012). According to Scarinci et al. (2012), establishing a culturally relevant framework for assisting communities that are exposed to a particularly high level of a specific threat is critical. Namely, the author specifies that the incorporation of culturally relevant tools such as intervention mapping (IM) produced strongly and unambiguously positive effects on the well-being of the target population (Vissenberg et al., 2017). Similarly, in the program at hand, the needs of Hispanic patients with diabetes will be considered through the prism of the key specifics of the community, as well as the cultural background of the patients. In the course of the program, it is vital to encourage the development of key perceptions, enablers, and nurturers. Namely, those that encourage self-care behavior and allow patients to focus on the development of healthier lifestyles and a more reasonable dieting strategy should be considered throughout the implementation of the program. Specifically, apart from providing general information about the means of locating the symptoms of early onset diabetes, patients will be provided with the guidelines concerning the choice of dieting options (McCurley et al., 2017). Therefore, patients will have to reconsider their current perceptions of nutrition and dieting choices so that they could build a healthier and a more effective approach toward reducing the aggravation of the condition in patients with diabetes, as well as preventing the development of the disease among those that are exposed to the disorder. In addition, nurses’ perceptions of patient education, as well as their