ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The sphere of entrepreneurship consists of a number of peculiarities and activities that have to be defined in time in order to avoid failures and mistakes. In this report, the basics of entrepreneurship will be evaluated from one particular sphere – the restaurant business, and, to be more exact, the activities of one Russian restaurateur, Arkady Novikov, will be taken into consideration. With the help of this report, it is possible to make certain clarifications as for the different aspects of entrepreneurship and prove that such points like motivation, team management, decision-making process, and proper strategy formulations play a significant role in the development of business and its successful implementation into the world of business. In spite of numerous difficulties and challenges in the restaurant industry, it is still possible to define its main objectives and strive for their accomplishment within a short period of time. Introduction Nowadays, many people would like to be involved into the process of entrepreneurship in order to have a chance to earn money, to be recognized in society, and to make use of their skills and knowledge to develop the chosen sphere of business. Carsrud and Brannback (2007) admit that “entrepreneurship is important to economic wealth creation at the national and individual levels” (p. 6), this is why when people get involved into entrepreneurship, they have to be able to recognize the purposes of their activities and the benefits of the chosen steps. The impact of entrepreneurship into the economic sphere is considered as huge, for example, by means of “acting as a conduit through which knowledge created by incumbent firms’ spills over to agents who endogenously create new firms” (Acs et al. 2009, p. 17). Among the variety of entrepreneurship types, it is possible to define the restaurant business due to its abilities to unite different spheres of human activities. After the evaluation of the current state of affairs, it is necessary to underline that the restaurant business is one of those where the idea of competitiveness and the desire to introduce the best services turn out to be the leading ones. In this report, the idea of entrepreneurship within the frames the restaurant business will be evaluated in order to clear up what the main steps to success in the chosen business are and what challenges may appear on business developers’ ways to this success. With the help of the achievements of one of the most popular Russian restaurant business’ owners, Arkady Novikov, the concept of the restaurant business becomes clearer and more comprehensible: “Moscow’s massive inequality is a blessing for its high-end hostelries: there are plenty of rich Russians to patronise them and more than enough p
The development of Mesopotamia and Egyptian are river valley civilizations similar in their development along rivers. Mesopotamia was founded along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East while Egypt was founded along the Nile River in North-East Africa. Many historians agree that people in these civilizations settled in the river valleys because of the need for drinking water for humans and animals, irrigation water, fishing, and transport. The current essay is an attempt to look at the similarities as well as great differences among Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. This will be achieved by looking at their forms of government, language, and religion. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization are more similar than they are different. Mesopotamia was governed by a temple priest who had all the powers earlier. Latter, commanders gained permanent control of the armies. On the other hand, Egypt was ruled by Pharaohs who were god-kings and acted as representatives of the gods to their subjects. The Egyptian government was ruled by religion (Theocracy). The social structures of Mesopotamia and Egypt were similar in the fact that they both had broad social class systems with many tiers of power. There was a difference of governance as Mesopotamia was governed through numerous independently-run City-States, while a centralized government led by Pharaoh ruled Egypt. Egypt and Mesopotamia were similar as they shared an extensive social class system. Their social classes had many tiers of power. The social structure was usually composed of nobles or wealthy landowners at the top of the class while peasants and slaves dominated the lower levels of the class. Powerful priestly groups also occupied top levels in the social class. The Code of Hammurabi shows an example of the social classes in Mesopotamia. Although the code was applicable to the whole class, complete fairness between the different levels of social class was lacking. Even though Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were similar they also showed many differences. For example, Egypt accentuated a powerful central government, while numerous independent regional city-states characterized Mesopotamian politics. Egyptians used a hieroglyphic form of writing which was characterized by pictorials on Rosetta stone (“History: Ancient Egypt” par.4). Mesopotamians used wedged-shaped writing known as cuneiform. Although Mesopotamian art focused on smaller structures, it espoused a distinct literary aspect that was missing in Egyptian art. The two civilizations cultural differences had a similar approach to religion as they believed in many gods (polytheism). However, there were some major differences in their religious beliefs. Fo
Although an entire family is not an equivalent sum of its members, the birth of a child forms an entire family system with multiple role demands. Nevertheless, an intimate relationship between two adults can be considered as a whole family. Children in a complete family setup are forced to cope with the dynamics of a marital relationship and family. The birth of more siblings may alter the situation even more deeply. The cohesiveness of family members is pertinent for the optimum growth of children and development of an adult. This cohesiveness plays a great role later in life when there are stressful events. This case study is a family analysis and an ecomap of the movie October Sky. Family life can be analyzed in many varied dimensions to establish its status. One of the dimensions can be global where the family is placed along a scale of competence. The analysis determines whether the family functioning is optimal, adequate or dysfunctional. The structure of a hypothetical family is characterized by responsibilities and relationship among the members. Roles associated with discipline, provision of needs, and solving problems are for the head, in most cases the father. Encouragement and emotional support are roles usually handled by mothers. Every person in a family life brings different cognitive, social and physical features. Family assessment of the movie October sky is intended to evaluate the effect of age, marital status, and education, religious believes, culture, and socio-economic factors of the families featured in the movie (Bradley & Parker, 2003). The director of October Sky, Joe Johnston produces a masterpiece that leaves elation and wonder to everybody interested in science. Packaged with a sense of humor and profound fantasy, Joe keeps the action alive with young men full of charisma. The director of this movie allows the audience to share in the accomplishment of a young man, Homer, and his friends. He allows the audience to see the misunderstanding that is evident between an earnest son and a skeptical father (Clapsaddle, 2008). To understand the family, we need to evaluate its dynamics in terms of family boundaries. In every family, there exist processes that move the subsystems and coalitions for that specific family. Family boundaries can either be clear that are ideal, firm but flexible to produce an adaptable family. Families can also be rigid and this implies disengagement among different subsystems or members of the family. Other families can be diffuse implying enmeshment where every member is concerned with each other. This is a confused atmosphere where all but none is taking charge making it hard for a social
Introduction Manufacturing flexibility is a rather complex phenomenon that has been researchers for quite some time now. Regardless of a significant body of research available regarding this topic, the results are quite fragmented and specific to limited fields and types of industries. Since the phenomenon of manufacturing flexibility is relevant to every firm or organization involved in the production, a set of differentiated and generalizable characteristics is required for the researchers to be able to evaluate flexibility using tools and instruments universally applied in different fields. Koste, Malhotra, and Sharma took the responsibility of exploring the concept of flexibility, identifying its elements and aspects, and establishing measurement criteria suitable for the future researcher in this sphere. Summary In their article titled “Measuring dimensions of manufacturing flexibility”, Koste, Malhotra, and Sharma address the issues of flexibility in relation to the process of manufacturing (171). Manufacturing flexibility is the concept that attracts the attention of the researchers due to its positive impact on business competitiveness. However, the authors note that flexibility is not a homogenous phenomenon and needs to be explored in terms of its types and forms (Koste, Malhotra, and Sharma 171). The authors distinguish between six different types of manufacturing flexibility and have a goal to determine the measurable and generalized criteria that would be applicable to all the types. This research is done for a purpose to understand better the concept of flexibility in manufacturing. At the beginning of their study, the authors identify the primary issue that served the basis for their research – it is the subjectivity of the measuring criteria of the manufacturing flexibility (Koste, Malhotra, and Sharma 171). In other words, flexibility is measurable according to specifically developed determiners that are typical for certain kinds of industries only cannot be generalized. In the background section, the authors present the information they collected from the previous works and state that regardless of all the prior attempts to measure flexibility in manufacturing, the success of this undertaking was rather limited, and the findings or methods of the previous studies were not applicable to different environments or difficult to replicate (Koste, Malhotra, and Sharma 172). The research was conducted in the form of the literature review that was designed for a purpose to identify the criteria for flexibility measurement as described in various studies. Also, some new criteria were proposed by the authors. Further, the research proceeded with a q-sort grouping technique to put together the criteria measuring the same or similar aspects. It was done in a form of a matching activity where the respondents had to connect the items with the descriptions of flexibility dimensions presented to them in a random manner (Koste, Malhotra, and Sharm
Introduction This paper aims at critically reviewing the article on identification of good cops early in their delivery of police duties. The study will identify the strengths and weaknesses of the article through describing how the police department could identify the talents of its officers. The study will evaluate the research methods that were employed in this article in identifying how the police department can evaluate the performance of its officers and thus take charge of developing their career pursuits. Lastly, this study will evaluate the consistency of the summary made by the author with the results that were obtained from the research. Review It is evident in the article that in evaluating the performance of the police officers, the police department has traditionally used crime-related methods in which the cop who had made the highest number of arrests got the promotion. The author notes that this criterion of evaluating police officers’ performance is inconclusive because it cannot predict outstanding performance by police officers in identifying the causes of crime in the society and the most effective methods of mitigating those causes as well as eradicating the crimes. For this to be achievable, the article has proposed that good cops can be identified as early as when they are still in police academies. The author holds that while the police officers are in these academies, it is easier to evaluate and measure their performance and consequently, identify police officers who promise to be exceptionally good (White 27). Limitations of the Article The article holds that it is possible to identify good cops in the early stages of their careers, but it has fostered a number of limitations. First, it is evident that the article used one class of 2003 to obtain data. The limitations arising from the choice of data obtained could raise problems for external validity of the information contained in the article. Secondly, this article has used information obtained only from the classrooms to evaluate the overall performance of the police officers and this disregards other aspects of police training such as self-defense, use of firearms among other aspects of police training. Lastly, the author was unable to obtain the personal files of each of the recruits and therefore, the study was limited in the amount of information that could be accessed (White 35). Review of the Research Methodology Employed The study was carried out in 2003 police training academy of a large metropolitan police department with a class of 1556 recruits. This large number of observable variables under investigation necessitated the employment of a research method that would yield the require
Overview of the Theories for Practice Theories Used for Assessment The most preferred theories for assessment of patients are Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Narrative Approach. The integrated approach is critical when handling traumatized patients because it enables the counselor and the patient to play a critical role in assessing and addressing the underlying problem. When it is possible to use the two approaches, finding a lasting solution cannot be a big challenge. Major Concepts and Assumptions Associated with the Theories It is important to understand that each of these two theories is unique in terms of the concepts and assumptions embraced. A therapist should understand when only one of the approaches should be used and when it is possible to apply both based on the state of the patient (Cherkin et al., 2016). Cognitive behavior therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based practice that is widely used to improve mental health of patients (Poulsen et al., 2014). The primary concept of this theory is often referred to as vivo exposure. It involves a direct confrontation of the situation, object, or activities feared by the patient. With the assistance of the therapist, one is aided to face and overcome their fear as a means of fighting off the mental torture. The main assumption of this theory is the absence of free will. It assumes that the will of people is determined by various cognitive processes influenced by different external stimuli (Ebert et al., 2015). The narrative approach The theory focuses on helping people to identify their unique skills, knowledge, and values that can enable them to overcome challenges they may face. The concept in this theory is that one’s identity can change based on the choices that are made. In this therapeutic process, the counselor will help the patient to co-author a new narrative about the self that is positive and proactive. The main assumption is that the narrative of people shapes their identity. What they profess defines their actions and eventually what they become. How the Chosen Theories Define Goals and Plans for Intervention The goals and plans of intervention define the choices of therapeutic theories to be embraced. Cooper and Lesser (2014) argue that the chosen theories must make it possible to achieve the set objectives in the best way possible. The choice of cognitive behavior therapy and the narrative approach means that the goal is to ensure that the patient plays a critical role in the intervention process to overcome their fears and mental trauma. The use of cognitive behavior therapy will involve helping patients face the fears in their lives, while the narrative approach will involve them making a concise decision to redefine their purpose and path in life. The Role of the Worker in the Theories for P
Description of the papers The psychological concept under analysis is intelligence as seen through the operant conditioning lens. In 1898 one of the pioneers of operant conditioning – Edward Thorndike – wrote an article called “Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associate processes in animals.” In the article, the author carried out an experimental analysis of cats. He placed them in enclosures when they were hungry, and added basic escape mechanisms to the boxes. Thorndike (1898) placed food outside the enclosures. Some of the boxes had platforms that the cats could step on when they needed to get out; others had levers that would open when the cats wanted to escape. In other instances, he placed cords that the cats could pull when necessary. He recorded the time it took the cats to leave the enclosures successfully. He took out the cats that failed to open the enclosures but never fed them. He found out that successful cats kept repeating the acts needed to open the enclosures, and they did this in remarkably short timeframes. However, the cats that failed never attempted again. Thorndike came up with the law of cause and effect by affirming that responses (methods of escape used by the cats) that came immediately before satisfactory outcomes (food and less loneliness) became strongly associated to the situation, and were more likely to recur. However, inadequate association with the situation occurred when negative responses followed certain responses; these responses were less likely to occur. Hagopian et al. (2000) wanted to determine the effects of non contingent reinforcement on engagement with stimuli and problem behavior. Their analysis involved four mentally retarded participants who all had problem behaviors. They provided them with positive rewards such as toys and soft music under different conditions and observed them. They found that if they provided the subjects with positive stimuli regardless of participants’ behavior (non contingent reinforcement), the subjects continued to engage with it. They also realized that the stimuli almost reduced problem behavior to zero in these cases. They explained that non contingent reinforcement created reductions of destructive behavior. They also found that reduced response to the readily available stimuli (satiation) was a factor when the subjects had long access times. Extinction – providing no consequence for behavior – did not lead to reductions in problem behavior. Comparison In both analyses, the researchers are trying to understand how one reinforces behavior in intelligent organisms. It can also be stated that the analyses focus on how learning occurs. They both use experimental analyses to come up with theories that explain these relationships. Furthermore, basic concepts of operan
Some basic points on Latin America’s 19 th -century history Dramatic changes, which took place in Latin America in the 19 th century, are considered to be of particular importance, as the period of decolonization was marked by far greater difficulties in comparison with the period of decolonization the USA experienced. Despite the fact that both – North America and Latin American societies experienced colonization, the colonies of North America, which were under the oppression of Great Britain, kept wealth and political prosperity. On the other hand, Latin American societies underwent political instability, economic stagnation, and violent conflicts. Thus, the fact that in the 19 th century, Latin America got independence cannot be regarded within positive perspectives, as in each case, independence was followed by drastic changes 1 . One of the most important reasons, which one is to keep in mind, in order to explain the principal difference between the periods of decolonization the North America and Latin American societies experienced is considered to be the difference in colonial masters. Thus, the so-called salutary neglect is recognized to be one of the key strategies Great Britain followed. In other words, take into account a historical background, one can probably notice that the British gave their colonies more economic freedom. The dominant colonial authority of the Caribbean region, Central/South American, did not provide its colonial subjects with any kind of freedom. Latin American societies were tightly controlled by the absolutist Spanish crown. Being under the oppression of the Catholic Church, Latin American colonies had no chances for local political autonomy. For this reason, one can conclude that in Spanish-controlled American territories, people had no idea what political involvement was. As far as no political autonomy was allowed, independence could not bring about positive consequences. Citizens had no experience in law, participatory systems, and therefore, had no opportunity to succeed in politics. The Spanish were deeply interested in a variety of resources their colonial subjects provided them with. For instance, Spain, as a dominant colonial authority, obliged its colonies not only to pay extremely high taxes but also to provide colonial masters with gold, silver, coffee, sugar, etc. The mother country of Spain flourished due to Latin American colonies. The causes of independence in Latin America Generally, there are many contradictions concerning the causes of independence in Latin America. For instance, David S. Landes 2 in his work on a wealth of nations states that one of the key causes of independence was the major colonial authorities’