ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The studied articles and videos have identified Brazil as one of the most diverse nations in the world. From a sociological perspective, there are many people living in urban centers and others in rural areas. There are citizens found in some of the leading forests, such as the Amazon, and lead a nomadic way of life. A good example is the Awá community that has around 355 living members today (Chamberlain). The people are economically diverse since some are rich and others languish in poverty. The culture is also diverse since the country has a vast history of colonization, native populations, and immigration. Some of the people have mixed African, European, and Indigenous ancestries. This diversity explains why evidence-based laws and policies would be essential to meet the needs of all citizens. Brazil and the United States could be studied as countries that are similar as well as different. For instance, they both have populations that are economically, socially, and culturally diverse. The U.S. has individuals belonging to Hispanic, African America, Asian American, and white racial groups. Inequalities ravage both countries since the rich lead better lives while the poor lack adequate resources. Native populations in these countries encounter similar challenges that affect their experiences in life (Stiglitz 2). However, the level of inequality is more pronounced in Brazil than in the U.S. The American government has implemented different policies to overcome poverty and offer medical services and welfare support to more people. Another aspect is that inequality in the United States is promoted along racial lines while Brazil records disparities across the country. In Brazil, the land remains one of the controversial issues due to the manner in which it is distributed, owned, and used. While the government has specific departments that control this factor of production, some specific cartels and companies dictate how people rely on it to improve their experiences. Similarly, natural resources continue to remain in the hands of those in leadership positions. This scenario explains why 4 percent of the population controls almost half of all the available farmlands (Raney and Heeter). The analyzed articles describe how and why the poor and the indigenous find it hard to use the available resources. Some companies and elites use the available power to engage in mining, cut existing trees, and engage in other activities without considering the plight of these people. Those who rebel or oppose such actions might even meet their deaths. The government has a role to control and implement new policies and programs that have the potential to improve the experiences of more poor citizens. However, those in power promote corrupt deals and bribes to ensure that those in leadership focus on their demands. The power of capitalists and tycoons is what makes it impossible for more people to achieve their aims (Raney and Heeter).
Abstract The increasing demand for fuel coupled with dwindling fossil fuel reserves has created anxieties regarding a looming global energy crisis. Thus, there is an increased interest in the use of biofuels, which are sustainable fuel sources with minimal environmental concerns. Biofuels such as terminal alkenes can be produced from fatty acids in microbial systems such as OleT JE , a unique variant of cytochrome P450. However, the reaction machinery results in undesired α- and β-hydroxylation by-products, which reduce the yield of terminal olefins. The purpose of this project was to use a simplified density functional theory (DFT) model, quantum mechanics (QM), and molecular mechanics (MM) to engineer OleT JE to overproduce terminal olefins by eliminating these hydroxylation by-products. Starting samples were obtained from the protein databank in PDB format. The geometry of the reactant complex was optimized and scanned to find the lowest energy pathway to bond hydrogen and oxygen atoms of abstraction of the closest hydrogen from the alpha and beta carbons in the triplet and quintet states. The geometry of the transition for the beta carbon was also optimized and scanned to elucidate the decarboxylation pathway. Energy barriers for each step were recorded. There were minor differences in the geometries and energy differences of the triplet and quintet transition states following hydrogen abstraction from C α and C β positions. However, abstraction from the quintet state had higher barrier energy than the triplet state. The decarboxylation transition state via Cpd I was significantly lower notwithstanding the spin state. The findings led to the conclusion that the overall reaction rate to increase o
Cultural ethos and perspectives are key tenets in the reflection of humankind. The history of any segment of society can be written from the myriads of perspectives. Vital information about a group can be obtained from knowledgeable people, history books and of course the internet. Information on the culture, social organization, and architectural contributions of a given group of people are among the main themes that can be used to construct their history. Being a linguistic expert of a community that needs to be studied is also a crucial requirement before writing the history of a group. Is it true that the First Nations did not create a lasting impression in the early history of Canada? The social life of the First Nations was painted in a bad light as judged from most of the written historical sources. Some historians such as G.F.G Stanely even described the First Nations as primitive people. When the history of a large group of people is constructed from a subjective point of view, it becomes difficult to understand their actual socio-economic and political structures. Some sections of literature also argue that the First nation families were an organized group of people even though they lacked a coercive political authority. The political sphere of the First Nation was mainly comprised of women bearing in mind that social concerns were the epitome of society. In my opinion, the positions held by women in the political structure of this group was the main reason behind the negative connotations used in history. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, close to half a million First Nations people had a pre-contract with Canada. They were spread across the country. As a result, they had a lot of influence. Even though some of them were economically weak due to a nomadic lifestyle, it cannot be concluded that the First Nation people were primitive. The hunting and gathering lifestyle was probably the reason why most historians categorized the First Nation people as under civilized. It is also vital to mention that substantial changes were observed among the First Nation people in regards to social policies and the interests of the society. Although the latter took place after vast interaction with the Europeans, it seems that a new form of civilization
Introduction Ethical decision making in health and patient care revolves around making good choices, which will not harm the parties involved. However, ethical dilemmas may arise when more than one choice is available, and neither will result in wrong or right consequences. The experiences, beliefs and values of the healthcare provider/ stakeholder will determine how one arrives upon a decision; abortion is one such situation. In weighing the options concerning whether to perform an abortion and how to care for the patient, a healthcare entity must consider the legal implications, the patient’s and provider’s beliefs as well as the health effects of that decision. Abortion is an ethical issue in the health profession because it touches on human rights. Opinions become divergent on this matter because stakeholders have different ways of defining personhood (whether an entity is a person). It is generally agreed that taking away a human life is unethical. However, abortion debates centre on deciding whether the fetus is a human being or not. If a person deems the fetus as a person, then it possesses human rights that should be protected. Conversely, if the ethical decision maker thinks a fetus is not a person, then he or she might treat an abortion as an ethical decision. However, the mother’s autonomy and independence to make decisions about her own body must also be considered. Issues of quality of life also come into the picture because if an abortion endangers the life of a mother, then one must give primacy to the life of the mother over the unborn child. A mother’s interest could conflict with that of a fetus, and this will determine which path will be chosen. One should note that the United States provides safe abortion with only 0.07% requiring some form of hospitalization. Healthcare professionals must familiarize themselves with these arguments in order to know where their options lie. However, their decisions have legal implications. Prior to performing an abortion, a healthcare institution or provide must consider the legal implications of doing so. In the United States, federal states have different interpretations of abortion. However, all states generally agree that providers must not be forced to perform abortion or providers should not coerce women into having abortions. Since the topic is quite controversial, then most parties agree that restrictions on the same are reasonable. They also believe that medically necessary abortions have to take place. However it is the nature of these restrictions that they do not agree on. Some states restrict providers while others focus on women. When targeting providers, they focus on physicians, hospitals after certain periods of maturity, required reporting
Introduction In recent times, there have been radical changes in the working place. As more people are getting into working sector and as the supply of labor increases, the workers become misused in their working areas. The workers have been discriminated in terms of age, sex, education background among others. To protect the workers at their work station, the America government has passed protective laws on the workers which support modern workers legislation ( Marilyn 13) . Equal pay act 2009 is among the employment laws that protect the workers against employees’ discrimination. Equal pay act 2009 Equal pay act 2009 is also called Ledbetter fair pay act which was signed to law by the president Obama to protect the American women from payment discrimination. Women were said to earn less on the salary and benefits in which they got 78 cents when men were a dollar at the same time. The act prohibits any gender discrimination against workers by the employees (Claudia 93). The Equal pay act 2009 demands that women should not be discriminated on wages for the work done and should be compensated the same as their men colleagues for an equal job content rendered in the same work place. The same time, a person of any genders is protected from discriminative pay for the same amount of work, qualification, working conditions and same work place. The Act states that the payment difference should only arise when two employees have different skills, job positions or have given different output. To ensure that the equal payment act is followed to the letter, the employers should carry out Equal Pay Review (EPR) which is an audit that shows the payment differences among the workers (Corrada 67). Effect of the Equal pay act 2009 on the businesses   * High business operating cost. Due to the payment discrimination, the equal pay act 2009 was enacted and later around 28028 businesses were sued for gender discrimination. 942 of the legal cases were filed under the Equal pay act and number was expected to raise more because of the passage of a more restrictive Equal pay act 2009. The act therefore, has increased the legal cost used by the business in the defense of employment cases that may be filed by the workers. Likewise the business operation costs have been on increase because of legal costs thereby making some business to operate at a loss or even end the business operation (Sloan 2).   * Increased business productivity. T
Introduction When I was about 5 years old, my father took me to this huge gallery with lots of huge frames hanging from the white walls with lots of space in between them. I was amazed at the size of these art pieces and their colorfulness. At that time though, I really couldn’t understand why the adults were drawn to these pictures that didn’t make much sense to me. All I saw was some colorful paint being splashed on and it was a big deal to the adults who stood talking about it for hours. As I grew older, I started interpreting the meaning of art thru my imagination and opinion. I soon got the value of one’s interpretation of these abstract sculptures and paintings. I was first impressed by the “Last Supper” painting by a world-famous Italian artist, Leonardo da Vinci. Thus, Leonardo da Vinci has been my most favorite artist since then. Forms of art Art comes in various forms and it depends on how one interprets it. Some of the art forms include architecture, body arts, engravings, painting, photography, sculptures, etc. Art can’t be defined in a specific way as it’s subjective to everyone. Perhaps my favorite art form would be paintings. In my opinion, painting allows one to be expressive of their thoughts and emotions then. Looking at a painting allows me to view it from an abstract view as well as with an in-depth view. Thus, a painting creates an informal bond between the painter and the viewer. Not every viewer would get the same idea or thought that the painter is trying to express. People are still analyzing and interpreting one of the most famous pieces of art, the ‘Mona Lisa’ which was painted between 1503 till 1506 by the famous Italian artist, Leonardo da Vinci. Thus, art pieces encourage one to look beyond what is portrayed in the picture alone. ‘ The Da Vinci Code’ Most recently, an American author Dan Brown wrote a mystery novel titled “The Da Vinci Code’ published in 2003, which became an instant hit. In this book, Dan Brown talks about the 2 world-famous paintings, the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. As you read, you will learn his interpretation of the hidden messages in those paintings and view it from a different angle than you would have viewed it before. For example, he claims that the figure on Jesus Christ’s right is Mary Magdalene and not John as most people believed. This created a big controversy as soon as the book was published. Thus, each painting can be viewed differently every time a different person looks at it. That’s the uniqueness of a painting compared to the other art forms. Painting styles There are also various painting styles such as abstract paintings, expressionism, fauvism, pointillism, and so on. My particular favorite style would be the realism style of painting whereby the painting is painted just as you see it. It mainly started in the 18th century and became somewhat famous around the 19th century. A famous artist using this style would be Leonardo da Vinci,
Introduction Political parties in Canada play a central role in Canadian governance and democracy; it is a critical link between the state and the society. According to the Canada Elections Act, a political party is “an organization with a fundamental purpose of participating in the public affairs through the endorsement of one of its members as a candidate to vie in an election exercise” (Thorburn 389). A political party in Canada should fulfill some set conditions, for example; it should nominate a candidate in at least one electoral district, and it should have at least 250 members or electors (Thorburn 389). Conservatives and the liberals dominate the political system in Canada hence Canada is a multiparty state. The dominance that has been enjoyed by the liberals and the conservatives has been eroded by the emergence of other political parties, which have taken regional lines and are defined by their policies and ideologies. Canadian Political Parties System Canadian political parties are not representative, and they do not wholly represent the members of political parties. This is because only a small population of Canadians forms membership of political parties. Canadian states and society are home to various ethnic groups, races and people of diverse background hence political parties that seek to acquire political power have no choice but to allow themselves to be governed and guided by the social diversity and to establish representation between these various groups and interests. Political parties are responsible for maintaining the strength of unity and diversity of the country. Canadian political system lacks an organized and a centralized authority, and they are devoid of permanent members. These political parties are run as franchise-style organizations where a team of activists and parochially oriented party organizations of volunteers run their own affairs. The parties are not representative of the interest of the citizens because they are driven by parochial interests of religious or ethnic nature. The inclusiveness of political parties does not extend to nomination of candidates to political parties. Political parties in Canada have been overtly monopolized by a clique of people (Thorburn 370). The party system in Canada has always been questionable because the voters do not identify with the existing political parties. This has led to the decline in voter turnout during elections. This is the reason why the Canadian Alliance, the Canadian Action Party and others have called for the increase in the participation of all the citizens in the political activities of political parties. Parliamentary caucus of the political parties has been considered as unrepresentative of the whole nation not even the representative of their own voters. Political parties have always been fragmented. Parties have been formed to represent the interests of particular group or region of the country (Canadian Encyclo
Modernization and science has freed people’s perception and consciousness from many retrogressive traditions, having exposed them to be socially illusionary, economically unproductive, and politically partisan. For example, no one in the 21 st century would now challenge the fact that no race, creed, or nationality is superior to another. However, several stereotypes to date remain untouched. And one, in particular, is the notion that gender intrinsically determines an individual’s psyche, occupation, and social standing in society (Kluchko, 2010). This notion has heralded a multiplicity of other incomplete and inaccurate beliefs, fueled by our varying cultural dispositions, and encoded in our linguistic expressions as well as in normative discourses. It is therefore the object of this paper to examine the relationship between gender stereotypes and culture with a view to elucidating how gender stereotypes, reinforced by our diverse cultural beliefs, continue to allocate roles along the tenets of gender. Gender stereotypes has been defined by Kluchko (2010) as the “…totality of fixed ideas about the natural determination of male and female social characteristics” (p. 75). Current literature as revealed by Cuddy et al. (2009) and Lenton e
Introduction World Wrestling Entertainment, (WWE) is a public global company. It deals in professional wrestling. Apart from this, the company obtains revenue from product licensing, films and music production. It is the leading professional wrestling organization in the world. It has over 200 million global followers. The WWE shows appear in 30 languages. The shows reach viewers in 145 countries. In addition, the company offers viewers with a variety of products. These include SmackDown and Raw. The company also offers “Extreme Championship Wrestling” (Black, 2011). These shows mostly attract male viewers. They also feature popular wrestlers like Stone Cold, The Rock and the Undertaker. The company faced a crisis in 2009. It signed a deal with a leading company in the entertainment industry. The company, WGN America, was to air WWE superstars. It also signed another deal with a leading sports and entertainment company. It signed a circulation deal with Euro-sport. This was to distribute WWE shows twice a week in Europe. Euro-sport had to broadcast “WWE Vintage” collection and “This Week in WWE” to European countries. The deals aimed at enabling the company to recover from the slumps it faced in 2001 and 2005. The deals were to increase the number of advertisers and enable the company achieve high revenue returns (Fried, Shapiro & DeSchriver, 2008). However, the company failed to attain this objective. The football league failed and many viewers turned to watching reality television shows. The company has invented new methods for rebuilding its fan base. This paper discusses the problems facing the company. In addition, it examines the strategies and alternatives that the company can adopt to become more competitive. The Problem The world wrestling entertainment used a potent mix in the 1990s. This enabled it to claim millions of fans worldwide. Shaved, scantily clad, pierced and pumped up wrestlers attracted many viewers. The WWE shows attracted viewers of all ages. These were mostly males aged between 12 and 34 years. Many advertisers of different products target this segment of the market. The large number of viewers enabled the company to raise high revenues (Phadtare, 2011). However, the number of viewers of WWE shows has been dwindling since the year 2001. A combination of factors resulted in the reduction in the number of viewers. After only one season, the football league failed in 2001. Additionally, the number of viewers declined with the rise of reality TV shows. The shows became popular in 2000. Shows like the Survivor and Fear Factor were broadcast daily and became addictive to WWE show viewers. Indicatively, the change in logo from WWF to WWE had negative impacts. A decline in revenues marked the overall result of these challenges. The company faces a challenge in improving its competitive edge. In order to attract viewers, it has to find effective stra