ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What the Author Mean When He Says That We All Possess a World View and the World View of Lewis and Freud Lewis and Freud both have contradicting views on the world about religion and their belief in God. The difference is coming out in consideration of their spiritual standing. As much as Lewis is a staunch believer and supporter of the bible, Freud seems to be torn in between and bears the title of an atheist. According to Lewis, God is the sovereign creator of everything in the world and hence possesses the greatest power and authority. Even though certain people claim that the world was just there, they have no clear evidence to prove that there was no sovereign power behind such creations. Lewis believes that there is a truth about God and the bible that the rest of the world is trying to deny (Nicholi, p. 76). He recognizes the need of the people to critically study the bible for them to have a clear understanding of what it means. The denial of the truth is probably because of the complexities that the world is finding in reading the bible which is due to a lack of patience. People are looking out for shortcuts and means through which they can find answers to their questions simply because they do not want to believe in the existence of God. Freud on the other hand believes that Christianity is a cocoon that people who are not interested in facts are hiding in. According to him, there is no truth without facts and he hence believes that science has a lot to give when it comes to elaborating facts. He looks at the bible as an ancient book whose principles may not be applicable in the ever-changing world. He cautions against some of the religious practices that people engage in and advises them to be realistic with life. As much as religion may offer a consolation of some sought, it can not be used as a means of escaping and missing out on certain life issues. According to the author, every individual has free will, they are hence free to feel and think the way they want and make their decisions as per what is convincing to them. The Connection between Catholicism and Freud’s World View and His Experience and View of Anti- Semitism Catholicism is viewed to be a major religion in Christianity considering its historical backgrounds; there are however certain beliefs and doctrines about Catholicism that have been viewed to be against true biblical teachings. There are some general teachings that the Catholic Church embraces which may be viewed to have some secular connotations. It is basically for this reason that Freud’s view of secularism has a connection with Catholicism (Ryelandt, 134). Freud had some catholic background that did not give him real satisfaction, he was however inclined to the religion because of the respect he had towards his nanny. However after he lost her, he decided to pursue some other realistic teachings that would probably grant him a clear explanation of the unfolding events. As per his experience, while growing up, Freud had a lot of issues with the gentiles. They view them as people that are against Judaism due to some of their religious practices. Freud is a Jew that lived in an environment that
Even the most common word can cause negative or positive associations within different persons. These associations can be defined as the meaning of a word and are divided into two groups: denotation and connotation. Fauziyah and Ilmi (2020) claim that denotative and connotative meanings could be found in many literary works, such as short stories, poetry, and novels. For a correct understanding of many texts, both literary and, for example, legal, it is necessary to distinguish one meaning from another and to understand the context of their use. Almost any word can have both types of meanings; however, while connotation can be challenging to find, denotation is always present. This is because this term means the dictionary, direct meaning of a word, which is perceived equally by the majority of native speakers (“Denotation vs. Connotation,” n.d.). In other words, denotation has the actual definition of a word, without reference to any emotional associations. An example of denotation is understanding the word “house” as a structure used for living. This phrase is correct and understandable to any person, but at the same time, it is devoid of emotional connotation. The connotation, in turn, can be unique to each person, referring to the emotional or psychological associations. This meaning is primarily based on the cultural and social context, as well as the person’s experiences (“Denotation vs. Connotation,” n.d.). Rao (2017) states that connotation plays an essential role in almost every part of communication. The example of the word “home” used above can be perceived by one person with the help of connotation as a place filled with comfort, and for another, it can be associated with unpleasant memories. Both examples will be correct connotations of specific people regarding a given word. Therefore, different types of texts and speech must use different types of word meanings. For homeland security paper, it is necessary to use denotations that have strict definitions. Since such documents are widely used and are read by many people, they must have a specific interpretation that does not allow finding any second meaning. To maintain this level, they are often introduced in the text of papers to avoid incorrect readings and, as a result, inaccurate conclusions or actions. This is especially important for homeland security papers that regulate an entire state’s security since there should be no disagreement about the values in this case.
Introduction Avoiding the administration of unnecessary drugs is one of the primary concerns in long-term care facilities (LTCF). According to Quale (2016), “21.6% of facilities were cited for a F-329 deficiency” (para.2), signifying that the guidelines provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) are not followed. Such actions can be associated with increased costs and deterioration of patient outcomes. The present paper aims at reviewing gradual dose reduction (GDR) guidelines for LTCFs and summarizing its central points. Definition Before delving into detail about specific guidelines concerning tapering or GDR, it is worth giving a definition to the matter. According to CMS (2016), GDR is “the stepwise tapering of a dose to determine if symptoms, conditions, or risks can be managed by a lower dose” (p. 7). Additionally, GDR guidelines provide recommendations about when medications should be discontinued and when the procedure should be disregarded. Main Points Every medication is to be administered in appropriate doses for a relevant period to minimize the risk of adverse consequences. According to Simonson (2018), pharmacists have to make a drug regimen review (DRR) at least once a month to promote optimal drug therapy. Even though the procedure has been a requirement since 1974, CMS (2017) has made important clarification that DRRs should include resident’s medical chart reviews. During the DRRs, pharmacists should assess the effects of medications and decide if they are to be continued, reduced, discontinued, or modified in another way. The primary concern of the DDRs is seeking an opportunity to reduce the dose and duration to find an optimal admission regime. However, if a patient’s condition does not respond to a medication or deteriorate despite the treatment, the drug is to be discontinued or the dose altered, disregarding GDR (CMS, 2016). However, all irregularities are to be carefully documented and reviewed to avoid adverse effects. In short
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 , is a court case that took place in the USA in 1989. Graham sued a police officer, Connor, for an inappropriate manner of making an investigative stop. In this essay, a summary of the Graham and Connor case and the decision of the court will be introduced. Also, ethical issues and the reasons why this case is unethical will be discussed. At the end of the paper, a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas of this paper will be included. The situation that resulted in the judicial proceedings happened to a man, Graham, and a police officer, Connor. When Graham was trying to buy some orange juice in the store, the police officer became suspicious about Graham’s behavior and decided to stop him for investigation. During this investigation, Graham felt sick as he had diabetes and needed to eat something sweet. However, Connor allowed him neither to drink the juice nor to get the medicine, which resulted in the deterioration of Graham’s health conditions. Eventually, Connor could not find any crime that was allegedly committed by Graham and let him go. After the investigation, Graham had a broken foot, an injured shoulder, and a number of bruises on his body. Therefore, he appealed to the Supreme Court to claim his civil rights. The decision of the Supreme Court did not support Graham, as it stated that, according to the Fourth Amendment, detentions and investigative stops imply using physical force (Logel, 2018). The court also added that there is a list of situations when police officers’ use of force is considered reasonable. It should be decided by a police officer if using force is justified in a particular case or not (Obasogie & Newman, 2018). Therefore, it could not be determined if the use of force was reasonable as it happened in the past, and there were no court representatives at that moment. Even though this case is considered a law enforcement case, it can be called unethical because some moral principles were violated by the police officer. There are a number of law enforcement ethical issues that police officers are faced within their daily life. These ethical issues include off-duty life, which implies that they have to act all the time professionally, even when they are not working. It also includes dealing with contradictions between law and people’s rights and profiling when a police officer has just a few seconds to make a decision about further actions. One of the most significant ethical issues is using necessary force. As it was mentioned above, all police officers have the right to use necessary force in the process of detention or investigative stop. However, the officers have to be sure that the use of force is justified, as it is stated in the Fourth Amendment. It turns out to be difficult as, in most cases, police officers have only several seconds to decide what level of force should be used. Necessary force is the ethical issue that the police officer, Connor, raised when he decided to stop Graham for investigation. Indeed, it is difficult to determine what level of forc
Abstract In the present age, young people have difficulties socializing with people from other cultures who they meet at school and the workplace because of communication obstacles. If people can acknowledge and appreciate other communities, they can be able to associate well with people from diverse cultures. People need to overcome communication barriers in intercultural interactions so that they can improve their relationships. In addition, about fifty percent of the American population will be people of color due to immigration by the year 2050. Therefore, there is a great need to learn the lifestyles of different communities so that the challenges of communication barriers are solved. Introduction People have different views concerning intercultural communication. Some individuals believe that more interaction between communities of diverse nations would lead to a better understanding between the different cultures. Despite this, there are numerous challenges that exist in intercultural communication (Dupraw & Axner, n.d.). Dupraw and Axner (n.d.) believe that interaction with other people does not necessarily depict communication. Ingram (n.d.) observes that communication barriers across communities have prevailed because people are not informed that they exist in the first place. This essay aims to show that communication in intercultural interactions is hindered by the communication style, body language, stereotypes, the tendency to evaluate, high anxiety, and differences in ways of completing tasks. Communication Barriers in Intercultural Interactions Communication style Language is a major communication barrier. Barna (n.d.) asserts that people experience challenges with terminologies, grammar, phrases, slang, and the accent in a foreign language. The worst-case scenario is when a person holds on or borrows the meaning of a word in a different community without considering its linguistic context. It may cause a misunderstanding in the whole statement, thereby inciting a different reaction compared to the expected reaction. Body language Body language is also very influential in any communication process. Knowing the language of a foreign nation is not enough to communicate effectively (Dupraw & Axner, n.d.). Failing to understand the common nonverbal signs, such as gestures and the tone of voice is a major communication obstacle. It is also more challenging to understand nonverbal symbols that are further from consciousness, such as the management of time, spacial relationships, and acceptable gestures
Introduction Cost-benefit analysis for a motivation program is a complicated process to calculate, since the advantage that a particular motivation factor will bring is hard to predict. The effectiveness of different motivational factors depends on the working environment, employees, and the leader’s skills, and it can only be determined in practice. However, the purpose of this assignment to assume the cost of implementing each of the methods and the estimated effect to understand the need for their applying. Main text I previously determined that factors such as extended benefits package, monthly bonuses, an annual prize, the praise of leader, and a flexible schedule can motivate employees. The main reason for this analysis is to determine the most profitable and simplest of this factors to motivate employees. The praising and honoring of workers by a leader is the easiest of them to use, since this method does not require additional costs, but gives employees confidence in their actions and a desire to develop. I should also determine the costs of monthly bonuses that are paid in the case of the implementation of the plan or the initiative of the employee. I suppose that the employee’s salary in the company for the month is $3,000, and the profit from this employee is $15,000. Also, a monthly bonus of 10% raises employee productivity by 10%. Thus, the average gain from one employee is $1,200 per month, or $13,200 per year (minus one month of vacation). Providing a flexible schedule is also beneficial for the company and me as it increases the productivity of employees, with the same pay. I can say that an employee’s rate depends on the number of shifts or working days, while he or she has clearly set tasks to fulfill. As an alternative, there is an established eight-hour workday with hourly pay. In the first case, the employee is interested in completing tasks quickly and efficiently and spending the rest of the time either to relax or to work on other projects that can bring him or her income. In the second case, the employee “spreads” the performance of the duties throughout
Emotion, Regulation, and Moral Development Philosophers’ have different opinions on whether the emotion is moral or contributes to certain behaviors. Through emotions, people are seen to differentiate features of moral acts. Guilt and sympathy motivate moral behavior and help towards the development of moral characters. This paper examines how moral behavior is activated by emotions. Emotion and Moral Behavior Guilt, embarrassment, and shame are considered to be self-conscious emotions because they come out of an individual’s behavior. However, embarrassment is viewed as the least serious and least negative emotion. This is because embarrassment involves experience and non-verbal displays which are different from the ones of other emotions. Embarrassment is least related to moral implications and moral transgressions. There is less anger that is brought by embarrassment, justifying less role of moral behavior. Ferguson & Stegge (1998) defines guilt as, “an agitation-based emotion or painful feeling of regret that is aroused when the actor actually causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with an aversive event.” Guilt and shame are always viewed in Psychoanalytic theory as a superego response to an individual’s unacceptable impulses; they are based on anxiety caused by childhood conflicts like parental punishment and abandonment. Despite causing psychological distress and several problems to human beings, this kind of guilt is viewed as contributing to moral behavior. When guilty, an individual is more willing to accept doing something that might otherwise cause distress to the other party or even one’s self. As defined by Estrada (1995); Shame is a passive, helpless, and dejection-based emotion that is brought about by self-related aversive events. People who are ashamed tend to devalue and condemn themselves; they avoid groups and hide from other people. In early childhood, guilt, shame, and other emotions are high on girls. Both guilt and shame respond to the same situations of the effects of one’s behavior on others. More moral emotion is guilt as compared to shame because those who are shamed are relatively unlikely to rectify as compared to the guilty people. Those who are guilty would be more willing to apologize and confess rather than avoid situations (Ferguson & Stegge, 1998). Empathy- Related Responding When people view sad people and consequently feel sad, then empathy is in existence. In their work, Eisenberg et al. (1994) Define empathy as;   * an effective response that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another’s emotional state or condition and is similar to what the other person feels or would be expected to feel.   * An empathetic response turns to sympathy or personal distress. With sympathy, there are moral behaviors because of causing endurance on other people’s well-being. Sympathy is hypothesized to be associated with positive emotionality. However, children’s distress is always correlated with negative emotions. Negative emot
It is important to note that it is highly common for one culture not to be able to understand the state, internal struggles, and intricacies of a different culture. The given notion is called ethnocentrism, where one’s perspective and views are centered around his or her own culture. For example, the book states: “people in America don’t understand, but when an American chain opens in a third-world country, people go crazy” (Noah 188). As a person living in Canada, I embody Canadian culture, where most people from developing nations might not fully understand that a mere fast food restaurant chain is not such a thrilling occurrence for regular consumers. The book also states that “Westerners are shocked and confused by that, but it’s a case of the West reaping what it has sown. The colonial powers carved Africa, put the black man to work, and did not properly educate him” (Noah 194). Similarly, many assume that Canadian people are excessively polite as part of the culture, but I would want others to know that it is not the case. One of the most interesting aspects of the book is how certain tyrants are not perceived as such in other places due to the lack of their relevance, which is why it is true for current leaders in Canada as well. The text states: “so in Europe and America, yes, Hitler is the Greatest Madman in History, In Africa, he’s just another strongman from history books” (Noah 196). Although Canada did not have such tyrants, many people outside Canada perceive that our leaders are perfect and representative of true democracy. However, it is not always true because they also face challenges for power struggles and do not always behave in the nation’s best interests, which are becoming more evident in recent events. Work Cited Noah, Trevor. Born a crime . Doubleday Canada, 2016.
Modernism is a school of thought that is believed to have begun during the period of Renaissance. This movement marked the age of Enlightenment in the early 20 th century, as it led to rejection of traditional ideals and principles. This philosophical term looked for new perspectives to act as foundation for their knowledge, that is, it aimed at disapproving the irrational and subjective mind of man. It supported personal ideologies on issues like religious beliefs; for instance, one does not have to accept an idea because it is religious. Self consciousness was meant to assist in criticizing an idea, then arriving at a conclusion at last. In modernism, one has to identify, evaluate, criticize, and understand a concept, then, choose without external interference. The need for premises/ reasons to attain truth remained fundamental during this time (Johnson, 2007). Notably, Karl Marx (1818-1883), Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) were influential thinkers during the modern era. Specifically, Freud invented the subconscious part of the mind, the superego, which helps in analyzing how one thinks, in other words, evaluating the correctness of the thinking. Together with the superego, were the Id and the ego. In addition, this concept of the subconscious mind dimension analyzes how people think about realistic situations/ideas and how we view our selves. Our thinking starts with the Id, where we do anything necessary to satisfy the impending need for survival (Sigmund Freud n.d.). The next level is the ego, which keeps us with the reality of external world, that is, the world consists of others and, therefore, we are not alone. The ego helps us to adapt to the physical environment and store our experiences. The above theory that analyzes the human consciousness was called the Psycho-Analysis. From these dimensions, Freud insisted that things should not be construed to be true as they appear, the reality lies beyond what we can physically see. Therefore, to unearth the truth we have to conduct some complex and perverted actions. Clearly, modernism tried to eliminate subjectivity as a means of thinking and arriving at conclusions. Modernism tried to eliminate fixed concepts and ideas on varied issues; therefore, one has to have reasons to support his/her claims. Moreover, in Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams 1900, he reveals that dreams have displaced meanings and abstract symbols that calls for an in depth analysis and recollection in order to find the true meanings or complete validity. His proclamation that one only dreams whatever he/she encounters in life shows that a human being is largely a product of his/her environment and experience. Freud links how the brain functions with the nature of dreams. Therefore, one should reflexively be aware of these biases in order to free himself/herself from them and aim to be objective in his/her decisions. In general, the society becomes increasingly more reflective and self-aware of new ideas. Markedly, modernism movement instituted inquisitive minds in people. It begins with self-doubt, which reveals t