ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Global Effects Though healthcare reforms have been evident in most parts of the world, there has been no country that has experienced more dramatic healthcare reforms than the United States (US) (Dranove, 2003, p. 1). These healthcare reforms have been driven by economic considerations. Healthcare reforms have shifted from several individualized interactions between patients and physicians to a more complicated interaction among physicians, clients, corporate bodies and even the government. This interconnection has led to a globalized system of healthcare known as managed care (Dranove, 2003, p. 1). This phenomenon has not only been evidenced in America. Several countries and continents across the globe, including Europe, Australia, and New Zealand have witnessed this evolution. Managed care is also advanced to be part of the solution for healthcare reforms in developing countries. Developed countries have however initiated these healthcare changes. For instance, the United Kingdom (UK) initiated these changes in the 90s (Dranove, 2003, p. 1). However, the most important aspect of the evolution lies in understanding the reasons for these changes and comprehending the possible merits and demerits of such policy changes. Recommendations for Improvement Key Players Stakeholders in the healthcare reform process, seek to gain or lose from the healthcare reforms. To develop useful policy changes, these stakeholders need to be consulted. Healthcare insurers are among the biggest stakeholders in the healthcare sector because they are strategic to guaranteeing the economics of healthcare (Beutler, 2009, p. 1). Pharmaceutical research and manufacturers are also important stakeholders in the healthcare sector because they are probably the strongest financially equipped stakeholder group and therefore they need to be onboard in effecting healthcare reforms. Particularly, this healthcare group is strategic in financing reform legislations because they have a strong financial power. The AARP also needs to be considered as an important stakeholder group because they can ensure effective healthcare reforms are instituted (Beutler, 2009, p. 1). The elderly are especially an important voting group which is likely to support healthcare reforms if they are consulted. Moreover, they constitute the most widely expanding population group in the d
Incentive conflicts in the accounting field are the potentially dangerous outcome of communication disruption. I know an example when, in my company, the governing board did not find a common language with middle managers, which led to not only disagreements but also financial problems. The situation was associated with the owners’ dissatisfaction with the company’s distribution of cash flows. The managers of our organization did not want to go beyond their responsibility and did not seek to increase the productivity of the venture, deliberately limiting the range of control. According to Brickley, Smith, and Zimmerman (2015), this situation is found in companies with a hierarchical structure where individual governing boards have different priorities and interests. When analyzing the situation in our company, it can be noted that the organizational mechanism was unstable, which led to a conflict situation and, ultimately, reduced the firm value. The controversial situation that arose due to the difference in responsibility and priorities caused a slowdown in all the company’s operations and harmed its performance. As Blouin, Robinson, and Seidman (2018) note, the coordination carried out by governing boards may have various outcomes depending on the degree of subordinates’ involvement in the work process and their interest in achieving the goals set. Concerning the situation in our organization, there was no understanding among individual leaders, and the considered incentive conflict was caused by differences in assessing the importance of certain interventions. Accordingly, to avoid such disagreements, it is crucial to establish clear communication among all the structures of one firm so that it could not lose its value. Otherwise, not only losses will arise but also interpersonal disagreements, which is unacceptable in a large team.
The paper under the study is a research article titled Transformational Leadership and Service Quality in UAE Hospitals . An academic scholar and a hospital official, Naceur Jabnoun from Department of Business Administration, the University of Sharjah, and Aisha Juma Al Rasasi from Medical Records Department, Al-Thaid Hospital, wrote this article. It was published in 2005, and its subjects matter is the concerns management of service quality in UAE hospitals. The paper investigates the relationship between transformational leadership and service quality through conducting a research of various UAE hospitals. In addition, the paper analyses hospital employees’ perception of dimensions of service quality and those transformational and transactional changes in their leadership. In conclusion, the relationship between service quality dimension and the transformational and transactional leadership is categorically discussed in the paper after an all-inclusive investigation. A research study was conducted through comprehensive research method comprised of the use of questionnaires addressed to a sample of hospital employees and patients who acted as respondents. The questionnaires in the study were grouped into two. One group of questionnaires, distributed to patients, addressed service quality by using SERVQUAL, while the next questionnaire was given to the employees from the similar hospitals. The questionnaires were used to address transactional and transformational leadership by means of multilevel management. The keywords or phrases that kept on replicating were transactional leadership, customer service quality, transformational leadership, hospitals and the UAE. Transformational leadership is defined as a process through which leaders influence radical changes in the behaviors of their followers. Transformational leadership is associated with or concerns the performance and altitudes of employees. According to the paper, service quality has ten determinants which are responsiveness, tangibles, courtesy, reliability, competence, credibility, communication, security, access, and understanding the customers. In the context of the paper, the statements that are deemed significant include a health care sector where service quality has become a focus of competition among the
Whereas in the short term regional tyrants may assist Western interests in a region, in the long run, they may seriously work against the West. A good relationship between nations is the recipe for the economic, social, and physical development of the world in general. This calls for no strained relations whatsoever, but this at times can be achieved at a price. In the context of Saudi Arabia and the western world, it can be said that their relationship is mutual, especially with the United States of America. But their relationship nearly hit rock bottom after the September eleventh attacks of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. It was established that quite a number of the suspects in that escapade were nationalities of Saudi Arabia (Cordesman 208). Before the attack, these two nations had experienced a good relationship. The Monarchy of Saudi Arabia can be thought to rule its citizens and the Arab world in general because their decisions really count in all aspects of life. Who may have known that the attack was to hit back at what is thought of the American interest in their oil resources. The existence of Al-Qaeda in Saudi Arabia contributed significantly to the attack because by then the Saudi government was not against their activities in the world. The terrorists took advantage of this and then, the attack was launched for the attack of the United States. This therefore can lead one to the speculations that the good relationship between the West and Saudi Arabia is brewing more trouble in the future (Cordesman 216), because one may not know whether the Saudi government knew of the attacks or not. Throughout the history of Islam, politics and religion seem to be intertwined, they both go hand in hand and they must all be respected. According to the world English dictionary, in this context, the term consistency means agreement or accordance with facts, form, or characteristics previously stated, therefore in the context of political consistency in regard to Pakistan, as a nation it has experienced different forms of political leadership since it gained independence in 1947 as well as its subsequent separation from India, the forms of leadership ranging from Military to democratic rule. It has got quite a number of alternating democracies and authoritarian military governments (Kukreja & Singh 19). Therefore leadership has been changing hands and the country has seen different leaders with different ideologies. Pakistan even had a woman president that is Benazir Bhutto. Being part of the Muslim world, then that can be considered an achievement because this portrays that women, who have been marginalized for a long time now are seen as equal members of society who can do the same things that men can do thus bringing in the issue of gender parity. T
Individual freedoms and national security are sometimes seen as two opposites. However, in ideal, national security should reflect the balanced relationship between the two mentioned concepts. Moreover, the principle of the prevalence of individual freedoms over the national security underlies the democratic idea. Individual freedoms include individual rights and are protected by the US Constitution (Longley). This paper argues that individual freedoms should never be sacrificed in the name of national security. This essay proposes that the protection of individual freedoms by maintaining national security is a fundamental principle and goal of democracy. US President Joe Biden notes, “I strongly believe that democracy is the key to freedom, prosperity, peace, and dignity” (Biden 3). Unlike authoritarian or totalitarian systems, a democratic system puts individual freedoms ahead of national security interests. The implementation of this principle always raises controversy, since there is no single rule universal for all cases. However, individual freedoms are protected in most areas of social life, including migration, cyber security, economic stability, and international diplomatic relations. Interestingly, actual cyber security policy and practice take both human-centric and national-security-centric approaches (Deibert 411). In this regard, the states develop “indivisible network security on a planetary scale for the widest possible coverage of the human experience” (Deibert 412). The above example indicates the breadth of possibilities for applying the principle. There is probably a counter-argument against the opinion that national security interests should take precedence over individual freedoms. This position can be justified by an external threat or military ambitions and is usually applied by authoritarian regimes. This position is wrong since national security should protect the interest of every citizen, not the abstract idea of the nation. Every citizen is part of the nation and their freedoms should be sacred. Thus, it was discussed, how individual freedoms should never be sacrificed in the name of national security. The necessity to sacrifice individual freedoms is usually promoted by authoritarian regimes whose real purpose is to meet the interests of the regime. On the contrary, in democratic states, individual freedoms are fundamental and cannot be violated under any circumstances. These freedoms are sacred and ensure the integrity of the democratic states. Works Cited Biden Jr, Joseph R. Interim national security strategic guidance . EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON DC, 2021. Deibert, Ronald J. “Toward a human-centric approach to cybersecurity.” Ethics & International Affairs 32.4 (2018): 411-424. Web. Longley, Robert. “What Are Individual Rights? Definition and Examples.” ThoughtCo , 2021. Web.
Introduction Each country has a unique sense of self-identity. Consequently, it is vital for any country to have a sense of self-identity, and a distinction from other states of the world. A state is identified using various factors including its geographical position, foreign policy, culture, and systems of governance among others. However, history is a central factor in the self-identity of any country. The history of any state matters because of several internal and external reasons. For example, citizens of a particular country tend to see their country’s current position in relation to its place in the past. On the other hand, the outside world tends to look at a country using the axis of history as a guide. History can invariably affect a country’s politics, foreign policies, and even future prospects. However, the sovereignty and welfare of some states is more affected by their history than that of others. Therefore, some countries have managed to step out of the shadows of their history and create new directions for themselves. However, other states have struggled to shake off their histories without much success. This essay seeks to prove that the history of any state matters but it is not necessarily a burden to any country. The essay uses Germany and its rich history to indicate that nations have the power to rise above the constraints of their history. The History of Germany Germany as a country has a rich history but the unity of the country is a rare phenomenon in the past. The area that has historically been known as ‘Germania’ has mostly been made up of various states. Even the Roman Empire was unsuccessful in uniting the country. In the Medieval times, Germany did not feature as one of the dominant cultures of the time. For instance, England and France were making significant steps towards establishing new orders but the Germanic states were mostly at war with each other. The only symbol of unity for Germans at the time was the Catholic rule and the Pope. A major change came through the Protestant Reformation thereby creating the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48) and new divisions between the North and the South. After 1648, the country broke into hundreds of small states that survived for almost two Centuries. Austria and Prussia were the two most dominant players in the German territory. In the late 1700s, there was pressure to unite Germany into a single nation. This goal almost materialized in 1848 but it was rejected by the King of Prussia, who would have assumed leadership of a united Germany. The unification of Germany happened in 1871 under Emperor Wilhelm I of Prussia with the help of the ideals of Otto von Bismarck. The new Germany consisted of all the traditional territories excluding Austria. The par
Introduction Women in combat do serve in different support areas in which they may leave military bases, perform other roles alongside combat soldiers, face direct fire, and may become war casualties. They may be military medics, police, pilots, intelligence, mechanics, and other positions. Women in the military may be subjected to combat experiences, which expose them to greater risks of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health challenges (Possemato, McKenzie, McDevitt-Murphy, Williams, & Ouimette, 2014). Relative to the general population of women, enlisted women are more likely to be screened positive for PTSD and other mental disorders following their combat experiences. Majorities of women in combat may report injuries, assaults, wounds, or hurt in combat zones. Such traumatic combat experiences usually affect mental health and, therefore, normal integration into society. Summary of the Main Points Combat trauma exposure was generally associated with PTSD post-deployment. Possemato et al. (2014) sought to determine other factors that were responsible for severe PTSD following warzone exposure. The study involved pre-deployment, peri-deployment, and post-deployment factors that could predict severe PTSD independent of warzone trauma in a sample of veterans. Possemato et al. (2014) noted that the deployment work condition, post-deployment support, alcoholism, and stressors were direct contributors to severe cases of PTSD when other variables, such as combat trauma, length of deployment, and socio-demographic factors were controlled because they were known to correlate with severe PTSD. These results were based on the theory of Conservation of Resource (COR), which is widely used to determine deployment risk factors among war veterans. This theory posits that traumatic stress is identified through an abrupt loss of resources, and it could cause enhanced vulnerability to later stressors. Resources are rapidly depleted because they are consumed at a high rate during deployment. Staff are expected to offer assistance to others using both mental and physical capabilities. At the same time, persons who are expected to offer support also experience elevated psychological distress. The theory shows how other non-traumatic stressing factors could contribute to the development and severity of PTSD through resource consumption, leaving people more exposed and susceptible to traumatic stress reactions. Overall, Possemato et al. (2014) concluded that negative mental health outcomes, including PTSD, after war exposure increased in severity due to alcohol use, joblessness, lack of social support, and non-traumatic stressful life events. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is used as the gold standard for managing PTSD (Castillo, Lacefield, Baca, Blankenship, & Qualls, 2014). CPT is generally recommended as the first line of treatment and widely adopted by PTSD therapists attending to veterans. It relies on a manual cognitive behavioral intervention based on the emotional processing theory. The emotional processing theory shows that PTSD occurs because of a breakdown in
Summary Interaction of different cultures through economic or socialization activities can be termed multicultural communication. In healthcare, multicultural communication makes provisions for quality services in the healthcare system. Healthcare professionals should be highly skilled in delivering healthcare services effectively. Civilization and the mingling of different cultures around the globe have contributed to the origin of multicultural communication. In addition, technological advancement, for instance, the modernized means of communication, has led to the expansion of economic growth, making the world a global village. According to (Gorodnichenko & Roland, 2017), market power and social status are cultural behaviors leading to more innovative activities. Communication is a key element in a healthcare setting, although different cultural and religious beliefs have altered the provision of healthcare services. Poor communication in healthcare has been considered a key shortcoming that needs to be addressed accordingly. Compare Contrast Culture, Ethnicity, and Acculturation In comparison, culture, ethnicity, and acculturation majorly promote behavior change and values, although they have different meanings. Culture is a shared behavior and beliefs of a particular social or ethnic group that is expressed through social learning. An ethnicity is a social group of people that shares a common culture, religion, and language. On the other hand, acculturation is a process of learning about other people’s cultures and assimilating to new cultures (Bartlett et al., 2017). In contrast, culture and acculturation can be passed from one generation to another and acts as a sense of identification, while ethnicity changes from time to time and cannot be inherited since people can change their residence and location. How Culture and Religious Differences Affect Healthcare Professional Culture and religious differences influence the way people make healthcare decisions. The communication and interactions between doctors and nurses determine the patient’s willingness to adhere to the doctor’s recommendations and healthcare outcomes. Furthermore, the doctors should culturally convey instructions and recommendations using right-minded language since some cultures may consider the directives offensive. Community decline in medical practices can hinder medical processes, and therefore, conflict resolution methods should be imposed to reduce cultural differences (Davis et al., 2021). Family Culture and Its Effects on Patient’s Education The family is a crucial contributor in promoting patient education to create good decision-making to address patients’ expectations in society. The level of education can be an ultimatum arising in society when healthcare services are administered to patients leading to the dissatisfaction of both patients and the doctors. In addition, increasing the level of patient education through the exchange of ideas with other healthcare professionals around the world is beneficial to society (Rao & Prasad, 2018). Overcoming the language barrier and creating awareness are various ways of addressing cultural a
Case 1 In Danny Kyllo v United States 1992, the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure is not an easy standard to apply. This gives persons the right to privacy in their premises. At times a person may be carrying out an illegal activity in this privacy. The activity in question may be hazardous to the neighbors, the environment and the society at large. This will therefore prompt legal authorizes including cops to carry out unexpected and unnecessary search of the premises. This will be a violation of privacy but is uncalled for because the Government need to make sure that the society is free of such people carrying out illegal operations in their private homes with the security of Fourth Amendments against unreasonable such. Some cases may be contradicting when it comes to collecting evidence for criminal activities. In Danny kyllo v United States 1992, the police did not act ethically in obtaining the evidence in this case. The policy should avoid unwarranted searches as provided for by the Forth amendment to the US constitution. This also violates citizen’s right of privacy. People privacy in the residential homes is a right that the Government authorities should obey. However in the case of a suspected Marijuana dealer, such a search is necessary because evidence is needed in court. In Danny Kyllo v United States 1992, Kyllo did not act ethically in trying to suppress the evidence because he suppressed the imaging evidence by arguing that it was unreasonable search violating the Fourth Amendment to the US constitution. Imaging evidence is a law by the US government and for the sake of respecting the Government; he should not have done this. If this never happened the police could not have carried out the unwarranted search and his right to privacy in his premise could not have been violated. The Government can catch entrepreneurs such as Kyllo by requesting the members of the country to have a collective social responsibility to the society by reporting cases of suspected drug dealers to the relevant authorities, which will therefore take necessary action. Case 2 The supreme court reconciled its decision in City of Indiana v Edmond 1998 by stressing that, threats of terrorists attack may be difficult to obtain evidence, catching dangerous criminals who are likely to flee away by way of a particular route may call for violation of the fourth amendment to the US constitution. In City of Indiana polis v Edmond 1998, the nine percent of criminals who were caught by the roadblock should not get off because of the fourth Amendment. These are criminals to be charged and sentenced or fined. If they are let free, others may want to do the same. From City of Indiana polis v Edmond 1998, it is evident that the business of illegal narcotics in United States