ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction To realize great ideas, implementation plays an essential role. Therefore it is mandatory and equally important to comprehend the implementation process well for anything meaningful to be achieved. To define and investigate the challenges encountered during implementation, Pressman and Wildavsky came up with the book Implementation that details the reasons for some failures by governments in Implementations and also gives some prescription for what to be done. Discussion There is no doubt that majority of people have an idea about what implementation is all about, but what still remains the same are the hardships that are often experienced during the implementation processes. Also most people hardly notice the successfully implemented government policies but are quick to point out the failed ones. (Wildavsky & Pressman 56) In 1973, both Pressman and Wildavsky edited the implementation book in which real-life events where great ideas have been successfully implemented and those that failed to get implemented. Among the major government projects that Pressman and Wildavsky highlighted that best explain shortcomings in implementation of most government initiatives was the Oakland EDA program, (Wildavsky & Pressman 63-65). Reasons the Oakland EDA program failed The main agenda for the Oakland EDA program was to create employment for the local African American youths as a means to reduce violence that had become prevalent especially in the urban areas through the initiation and allocation of large sums of money to local projects. Due to the grand scale of the Oakland EDA program, several aspiring organizations including governmental, private as well as nonprofit ones wanted to participate in this promising government public policy. (Wildavsky & Pressman 75) But due to the large number of participants in the project, the whole plan became more complicated. Apart from the complexity of the entire program, the speed at which anything could be done slowed down to almost a halt. As time went on, the Oakland EDA program kept on changing from its original objective to something totally different. The original budget for the project was never followed and therefore the money was not put to its initial use. Apart from the misallocation of funds intended for the Oakland EDA program, the initial proposal of the whole plan was not crystal clear. The eventual likely outcome of the project on completion was never clear from the very beginning. Because of this, the objectives of the Oakland EDA program kept on mutating along the way with so many compromises that eventually affected the entire project let alone taking a lifetime to get anything done. As this went on unabated, the whole concept of the Oakland EDA program ended up being a piped dream that could never see light of day, (Wildavsky & Pressman 83). The idea of controlling funds from a single institution while trying to impart changes on the other participants proved to be a tall order. The Oakland EDA program illustrates majority of government-sponsored projects that involve
In many countries, Gangs are usually found in urban or even in rural areas, schools, work places, prisons and also in the streets. Gangs are becoming a problem within the discipline forces such as the military and police, and they are consequently receiving military training. In addition, perhaps parents have gang members living in their own home and do not recognize the problem. A gang is defined differently under the respective circumstances there are within. There are a number of different views to the definition of a gang and they include; a group of persons working to unlawful or antisocial ends, a group of persons having informal and close relations, a criminal street gang may be defined as a group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose, who engage in criminal activity, and who relate to one or more of the following traits, have a common group name, Share a common symbols, tattoos, or graffiti, Share a common style of dress. Frequently congregate upon, or lay claim to a geographic location Associate together on a regular or continuous basis. (Bryan, 2005) A gang can also be defined as a formal or informal ongoing organization, association, or group that has one of its primary activities and that consists of three or more persons who have a common name or common identifying signs or symbols, and whose members engage collectively in the patterns of the criminal gang activity (David, 1998). Prison gangs(security threat group) are defined as formal or informal organization, association or group of three or more inmates who have a common name, and whose members or associate engage or have engaged in two or more activities that include planning, organizing, threatening, financing, soliciting or committing unlawful acts or acts of misconduct classified as serious threats or potential threats to the safety and security of the public, the department, employees, visitor or any other inmates.(Chris, 2010) All gangs have a common characteristic in them which is evident in all the different definitions of gangs, a gang has to have at least a more than two or three members, all members of the different gangs share common ideologies in the signs and symbols used, colors’, tattoos, and methodologies, and the main objective of the gangs is engagement in criminal activity. However, there are
Studying Entrepreneurship is something remarkably different than studying finance, marketing, or management. This course goes beyond the established and academically appreciated economic theories. It works with real cases and tells the stories of the real people who succeeded in doing something meaningful. Each business starts from an idea, and this idea should be really powerful to make a person spend all their free time and resources to make it work. The Entrepreneurship course, to a large extent, studies the ideas that work. And this approach of striving to make the best ideas work can be helpful in spheres of life other than business, like health, personal well-being, and relations. Making the right ideas work is what unites entrepreneurship and personal relationships. It is because ‘making the right ideas work’ is a universal concept that stirs our lives in the proper directions. Entrepreneurship is pretty much about life and how it works rather than about how people are practicing economic theory. Let us first discuss entrepreneurship (which at its root is the striving for changes and revival of good ideas) vs. friendship. The first thing that comes to mind is how many friendships were created and destroyed on the grounds of launching the start-up together. People are often united by common aspirations, as Seth Godin rightfully admitted (Godin). And being a successful entrepreneur means leading people to a brighter future, challenging the status quo, and introducing the changes together (Godin). One of the most important things that every leader with a good idea admits at the beginning of their journey is that they cannot make their idea work alone – they need other people to do it (Godin). Therefore, being a leader or being an inspiring, motivating entrepreneur is an easy way to make new friends. And, if you already have ones, introducing the changes together is the easiest way to strengthen your bonds with those people. Most entrepreneurs start from scratch; at the beginning, they usually have nothing but a good idea that is determined to work. And as Dan Pink rightfully noted, making things work does not require money incentives but instead requires sharing the freedom to create something meaningful with other people (Pink). Sharing the freedom of making something meaningful together… isn’t it the very essence of friendship, isn’t it the main thing that the friends do? Therefore, the entrepreneurs are likely to be the best friends one can wish for. And studying the Entrepreneurship course allows us to surprise our friends with bright ideas and start changing our worlds for to better. Maybe that explains why some entrepreneurship projects are successful and others are not – a great entrepreneurship project should treat all its participants like good friends who gathered to change the world for the better. Secondly, studying Entrepr
Executive summary The following report looks at the internet communications and the use of Really Simple Syndication (RSS) in web sites to enhance the way of passing information to web site visitors. RSS feeds avail the latest information to users from various websites without the need of visiting each of the web sites. The application pushes the information to them and they can choose which information to read. To set up RSS one needs the internet, an RSS reader and a database with the information to be shared. RSS makes it possible to share information from incompatible databases as it uses XML files that can be used on different databases. This sharing of information can also become a privacy issue as information can be accessed by unauthorised persons. Hence, it is important to protect the information of the users. This is done by implementing privacy policies. Introduction Internet communications report is relevant in the field of communication today. The way of communicating has changed and more people are relying on the internet to get information. This information can be got from web sites, blogs, and online publications and so on. It is therefore important to look into the area of internet communications to be able to improve on the way information is availed and used over the internet. The following report will explain how RSS is used on web sites to make communication easier. It was requested by Westy, a web site owner who uploads comments about his TV show. Many people comment and he is finding it difficult to cope with the numerous emails he gets. He needs to know about RSS so that he can use it on his site so that he does not have to respond personally to the emails without losing control of his site. He needs to know how RSS is set, its maintenance, how to monitor information posted on his web site, how to protect his users’ privacy, the benefits he can get from its installation and how to attract people to his web site. Methodology The information used in this report was collected from 8 October 2009 to 22 October 2009. The data for the topic Internet Communications- Research Report was collected from secondary sources through a research online. A number of internet articles were used in compiling this report. It was not possible to gather information from primary sources due to time and financial constraints. Findings RSS is a format that is designed for delivering regularly changing web content. RSS means Really Simple Syndication. This format is used mostly by news-related websites, online publishers and weblogs. They syndicate their content as an RSS feed to the people who may need it. The format is based on XML and the RSS feeds are use XML files that contain information in RSS specification (RSS, para.1). RSS is not restricted to news only and can be used other ways such as updating changes in books (Pilgrim, para. 1).RSS enables one to get content posted on new sites and blogs without looking for it as it is pushed to the user in their RSS reader. Users are able to get fresh or up to date news and information (What is RSS, para. 3). A web site owner is able to maintain a
Executive Summary Business valuation is basically a process and a set of procedures that are used to determine the economic value of an owner’s interest in a business. A company’s value is usually different for different buyers. It may also be different for the buyer and seller and these differences arise due to a number of reasons. This paper starts with explaining the concept of fair market value and then examines three approaches to business valuation: the income approach, asset-based approach, and the market approach. It defines these approaches and the methods they use to derive the value of the business. It also explores the strengths and shortfalls of each of these approaches as neither is perfect for all situations. The general conclusion is that aside from some instances mentioned in the text, the methods which take into consideration the future earnings capacity of the company provide the most reliable and accurate value for a business. All the same, there are a number of assumptions these approaches use and some market variables which are not considered by either of these methods. Hence, the professional discretion of the evaluator also plays a role in the process. A lot of times, it might be advisable to apply several different methods of valuation and then use the knowledge gained to pick one or two methods that make the most sense to arrive at a range of values for a company. This paper nevertheless aims to provide useful insight into the methods of business valuation as well as their relative merits and demerits, and the situations which might favor the use of one over the other. Introduction For anyone involved in the field of corporate finance, knowing the mechanics of company valuation is a highly important prerequisite. Not only is it important in acquisitions and mergers, but also because if they know about the process of valuing the company and business units, they will be able to better identify sources of economic value creation and destruction within the company. There are a number of uses for business valuation, some examples being while estimating the selling price of a business, resolving disputes related to estate and gift taxation, divorce litigation, allocating business purchase price among the business assets, and in many other business and legal disputes. Generally, a company’s value varies for different buyers and it may also be different for the buyer and seller. It must be noted here that value and price are two different concepts, as the latter refers to the quantity agreed between the seller and the buyer in the sale of a company. This difference in a specific company’s value may be due to a variety of reasons. For example, a large and technologically highly advanced foreign company might want to buy a famous national company so that it can gain entry into the loca
Introduction Emirates is one of the largest legacy airlines in the world and dominates many of the markets in the Middle-East and Asia due to its hubs and partnerships with various international and regional carriers. One of the future existing strategies of Emirates consists of appealing to the family segment of the airline industry consumer base (Hornblass 2016). This is accomplished through travel packages that offer discounts and other freebies to families (for example reduced pricing for children and preferred seating arrangement). The sustainability of this strategy is based on the number of families that ride together on Emirates Airlines. On average, nearly 15 to 20 percent of an average airline flight consists of families. By appealing to this particular market segment, Emirates positions itself as the possible “go-to” carrier for families that want to take regional or international flights (Chen, Albuquerque and Grewal 2016). The acceptability of this strategy is based on the ability of Emirates as a legacy carrier to leverage its larger operational capabilities to offer discounts to families (see Table 2). In comparison, low-cost regional carriers are unable to offer the same deals since their profit margins are more restrictive (Aguinaldo 2015). This makes such a strategy more feasible for Emirates since it can approach a particular market segment that other carriers cannot use in the same way (see Table 2). In light of this future strategy by Emirates, another potential opportunity that the airline could pursue is to create a subsidiary company that specifically caters to low-cost flights (Flottau 2013). The sustainability of this approach is based on rising regional and global demand for affordable short-range trips. India, which is the largest passenger market for Emirates, is continuously expanding with many new cities developing due to the prevalence of the local IT industry (see Table 3). This makes the idea of creating a low-cost subsidiary company more acceptable since the main company could deal with the main regional and international hubs via its A380s while the branch company could handle smaller regional flights using smaller A320s (Aydemir and Haytural 2016). The feasibility of this strategy is based on the current financial capability of Emirates as well as its extensive experience when it comes to developing regional hubs (see Table 2). Main Body/Findings Current Situation Presently, Emirates has concentrated its efforts on maximizing the number of passengers it has per flight via the use of the Airbus A380. The problem with utilizing this type of aircraft as the future of its fleet is that smaller regional airports in Asia and the Middle East simply cannot handle them due to their size (Kwoka, Hearle, and Alepin 2016). As a result, if Emirates continues on its path of replacing most of its fleet with A380s, it will be locked out of short-distance regional flights, even in markets where it
Introduction This report gives a brief definition of data warehousing and further explains the benefits that organization gain by using this technology towards strengthening and shaping their businesses’ competitive edge. Additionally, the report gives a detailed overview of SAP/R3 ERP solution and points out some of the companies which are using this solution. Data warehousing Data warehousing is a term which is refer to a massive database acting as a centralized depository of data emanating or originating from different departments in an organization (Ponniah, 2001, p.19). Merits of Data warehousing Many organizations have used colossal sums of money in implementing data warehouse solutions. These huge sums of money are not spent in vein; there are many benefits that accrue from adopting data warehousing solutions. The first fundamental benefit that this solution offers to an organization is that it facilitates business executives to formulate incisive decisions (Ponniah, 2001, p.4). Data warehousing comes with the creation of a central depository data base. Easy access to centralized organizational information is important because it allows decision makers to view an organization as a whole rather than from the angle of departments. The second benefit of data warehousing is that data in the warehouse can be modeled in the form that speeds up the generation of reports (Ponniah, 2001, p. 91). Data warehousing creates an environment where companies can exercise the use of data models. Data modeling is important as the models can be used towards easy analysis of situations even when the task to be done is demanding and difficult for processing. Thirdly, data warehousing helps simplify data management operations in an organization. Data warehousing offers an opportunity for the organization to store and retrieve data in a relatively simple manner instead of employing complex and challenging methods. Data can be accessed simply by typing simple commands on a panel then the system communicates back with the desired information (Ponniah 2001, p.49). Users can therefore comfortably use queries to look for kind of information they want at any time. SAP R/3 Overview SAP is an example of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). SAP R/3 is a business solution which has transformed the manner in which modern organization carry out their businesses. SAP R/3 is a solution which facilitates the integration of an organization’s departmental functions to a single computer unit which can in turn serve all available computers in different departments within an organiz
Timothy Caulfield researched at Health Law Institute, Alberta, while heading Canada Research Chair in Health Law and Policy, and documented National and International legal guidelines for persons volunteering egg donation (Caulfield, Ogbogu and Isasi, 2007). In this paper, the authors addressed two issues: who should obtain consent and what is the right for donors to withdraw consent. Normally, infertility clinics’ eggs donated for reproduction are stored frozen, and clinicians take consent from donors to deliver cells to infertile patients. According to Canadian guidelines, clinicians providing care for infertile patients may unduly influence the donor’s choice and should not be involved in taking the donor’s consent. In order not to jeopardize the research interest and to protect research material, the right to withdraw consent also limits to “any time before cell line is created.” It was argued that if stem cell lines are truly made anonymous, then withdrawal of consent would not be possible, and donors should be made aware of this condition. The authors of the article Cogle et al. (2003) researched under the auspices of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program of the University of Florida Shands Cancer Center. The authors overviewed the developmental stages and differentiation abilities of human embryonic stem (hES) cells and stressed therapeutic research to understand gestation problems, birth defects, regeneration and remodeling of human tissues, transplantation of damaged tissue, etc. The authors, however, discounted the application of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), by which technique Dolly was cloned, for human trials and provided evidence that medical problems like a tumor, developmental abnormalities, early aging, and atypical joint distribution-related complications may emerge in such practices. Although bone marrow stem cells were used to regenerate blood cells, due to abnormal plasticity, an ability to differentiate to the target tissue, authors claimed that such stem cells might differentiate to even brain cells, and caution note was given for such transplantation. The paper stressed patient consent because there are risks associated with the application of both types of stem cells. H-W Denker researched at the Institute of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, University Clinic at Essen, and published this article (Denker, 2006) to highlight which stage of embryo growth is ethically acceptable to carry out stem cell therapeutic app