ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Rationale The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test, which is abbreviated as MMPI-2, is aimed at determining a person’s mental or psychological state. The test is, at times, employed by forensic experts while determining the state of mind of the offender at the time of the crime. It is vital in determining a person’s judgment, mood and perception towards life and deciding on the prescription and potential consequences. This test is either done by a qualified mental health professional or a computer application. It should, however, not be used as a substitute for the clinical interview as some symptoms of the patient might emerge during the interview which can not be detected in the test. Through the interview it is possible to find out the medical history of the patient. This test is usually composed of questions that require ‘true’ or ‘false’ answers. They are aimed at determining the state of mind of the respondent, his/her perspective towards issues and the current problems. This helps in finding the remedy for the existing problems. The test targets adults who are above 18 years. It is preferred as it eliminates the aspects of respondents faking answers, hiding the problems or giving a certain impression. This is because the questions asked are not medical. The test is very significant in determining the psychological stability or instability of those professionals that are in high risk professions like pilots. Administration of the test requires a qualified psychologist or psychiatrist. The results are put on a scale to help the psychologist determine whether the client is lying or genuine. The choice of the test construct is depended on the state of the client and the nature of the case. It might differ in cases where the test is done for match making, while determining the mental health of the respondent, or during job screening. The test is usually directed at groups rather than individuals. It helps in singling out those members who have problems within a group. If some members are fatigued, they are identified and the appropriate recommendation given. Development Process To carry out this test, the facilitato
Presenting Problems in Psychological Perspectives Psychodynamic Approach People have different personalities, and it is impossible to force them all to behave in similar ways. However, it is important to ensure that their behaviors promote positive personality development and enable them to achieve physical, mental, and emotional health. They may face similar challenges, and even though there are various approaches of managing those problems, it is important to ensure that a therapist understands the origins of these problems and how personalities influence them. The most common ways of managing personality problems include the psychodynamic and cognitive behavior approaches that ensure that patients change their perceptions, behaviors and lifestyles to live happy and comfortable lives. Sigmund Freud explained that the best way of managing mental and emotional problems is through getting into victims’ minds and understanding how they view their experiences and relationships as well as what perceptions of events and people around them they develop. This approach views human functioning as a result of the interactions between drives and forces that exist in the minds of an individual (Summers and Barber 2010). Freud believed that there was a close relationship between the unconscious part of an individual and the structures of his/her personality. The principles of this method are derived from a clinical approach that involves a discussion between a therapist and a patient. This allows the therapist to understand the patient through interviewing him/her and assessing his/her response. Amanda is suffering from anxiety and depression because of her emotional and mental insecurity. She believes that her boyfriend will leave her because of her inappropriate behavior. She admits that she has been behaving poorly, and as a result, things seem to have moved from bad to worse. Therefore, she feels very insecure that her boyfriend may break up with her because of her conduct (Summers and Barber 2010). Her motive is to ensure that she has a lasting relationship with Lorec, and this makes her behave inappropriately when she sees him communicating with his former girlfriends. She unconsciously finds herself hurling insults at him and later breaking down because she cannot bear the pain of losing him. Amanda’s childhood experiences may also have contributed to her present predicament. She is the only girl in a family, and she has been unable to compete with achievements of her siblings. She is not an academic giant like her brothers, and thus she thinks that her parents placed a lot of pressure to ensure so that she performed well in school. In addition, she was taught that couples should have similar levels of e
Introduction E-commerce involves trading through the Internet. This is as a result of great familiarity in the Internet use all over the world. The Internet is being used greatly in the market, a thing that has contributed to growth in the world economies. The Internet is being used as a tool in advertising products and services in the market. It is also used by sellers as a channel of providing information to the consumers on their products and services. This ensures that the buyers are well informed about the products before they make decisions to buy them. The power of servers providing e-commerce has been increasing but these sites have not been able to improve the services provided to the users. This has been leading to loss of revenue due to slow connectivity and thus effort should be put in order to perfect these sites (Floyd, 1986). E-commerce Sites In 2000, e-commerce generated $132 billion more than twice the money generated in 1999. With this it is clear that e-commerce is generating enough revenue (Glushko et al, 2001). Thus, it is important that the availability and performance of the e-commerce sites be improved and their performance monitored closely to ensure their efficiency. There are two types of e-commerce sites, those are, business to business and business to consumers. Business to business provides services to corporations while business to consumers provide services to individuals. The main difference between these two sites is the user population. The business to business site is usually restricted to corporations for security purpose while business to consumers usually has high population of users. The configuration of the general server is similar in both sites (Kant, 1992). Agreements of the services between corporations and individuals must be honored in order to retain and gain customers. Performance and availability of the servers are two important things that must be checked for effective e-commerce. E-commerce environment server consists of two parts, those are, front end and back end network. Front end consists of web and application services accessible by the users over Internet while back end consists of security fire walls and the data base servers (Glushko et al, 2001). Managerial Implications Work load implication of e-commerce servers affects its performance for it is usually high. Server overload affects the performance and availability of e-commerce services and in return it reduces
Introduction The eastern borders of Lebanon touch Syria. It is an Arabic country that is supposedly a strategic ally in opposition to the Zionist state which is situated in Israel that is in the south of Lebanon. The Israeli-Arab conflict started in the year 1948 with the occupation of Palestine using the Zionist movement. Approximately after 30 years, Lebanon was hit by numerous earthquakes which gave it a fragmented entity. In the year 1975, the apprehension had been increasing due to the destabilization of the Zionist region which had already begun in Lebanon (Batschelet 7). When thirty Palestinians who were carrying no weapons to defend themselves got killed on a bus in the Ain El Remaneh, this was done by allies of the Phalange party. Discussion The Lebanese civil war is the result of a conflict between one mentality that refuses to share Lebanon, willing to partition it if sharing was forced upon it, and another that claims its right to defend the Palestinian cause in its own country. The catalyst is foreign meddling. In the early 1970s, the Palestinian Liberation Organization began to use their historical struggle for freedom against Israel as an excuse to interfere lightly in Lebanon’s internal affairs. In fact during the first half-decade tensions grew between the PLO and the Phalange party a right-wing Christian party that refused to share the country with the Palestinian, thus sacrificing Lebanon’s sovereignty and unity. A few years later, the increasing Palestinian intervention became a threat to Lebanon’s stability through their ever-growing military expansion. The opposition of the PLO by the Phalange party reached its pre-war peek with the event that triggered the conflict: the Ain El Remaneh Event. Facing the Phalange Party, the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party and its mainly Moslem supporters were the basic building blocs of the Druze – Muslim left-wing coalition that supported the right of the Palestinians to wage an unsuccessful war against Israel using Lebanon as a starting point. The coalition leaders were well known for their strong beliefs in the “Arabic” vision of the Middle East, back then headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser President of Egypt. The core of that vision was the liberation of Palestine. As the demands of the right-wing Christian front to halt all Palestinian military actions on Lebanese soil grew, the support of the PLO by the Druze-Muslim left wing front grew as well. This divergence among the left and right-wing front pushed the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party and their allies to go to the mattresses alongside the PLO after the Ain El Remaneh massacre. Some say that foreign meddling remains the most influential factor of all. The Lebanese civil war ignited during a violent period of the Cold War that opposed the strongest poles of that era: the USA and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The two giants struggled to rearrange the geopolitical map of the world in a
Despite the predominance of capitalism as the mode of production in the current global economy, communism, independent production, slavery and feudalism have remained active in the production modes in the society. This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly explore the tenet of existence of other modes of production besides capitalism in the present society. Through the universal principles of intelligible strategies, governments across the globe are keen on production interventions that aim at protecting the infant companies. The governments operating on this assumption have to ensure their own survival by protecting their industries and trade policies. This action represents the communist production mode which is characterized by the need to serve self interest above the interest of the competitors. The prime principle of communism is featured by interconnected holistic phenomenon. The conscientious citizenship needs to perceive the global interrelationship since the world is marked with inclusive model of integration; the world explores several events and issues based in global linkages which may become desirable when favorable to native economy. Socialism functioned on policies that accumulated species is necessary for optimization of domestic resources in pushing for economic goals of a colony (Lee 43). Specifically, China has remained unapologetic to the global production market in practicing socialist modes of production. Among countries that practice socialism in hiding include France, Britain, Netherlands, Spain, and Germany. These economies are manifested with emergence of mass society not only in terms of social interaction: mass culture, mass welfare, mass consumerism, and mass communication, but also in numerical sense of unique population increase. Alone, a territory may be vulnerable if it doesn’t protect her economic gains. As the need for preservation of the specie became necessary due to expanding economies, the government intervention policies are applied to boost mutual growth and balance of sector survival for infant and established industries (Lee 51). In the current century, China and Russia actively apply socialism as witnessed in the strong government control of trade and production modes. As the available raw materials such as coal, gas, oil, and agricultural goods stretches, China’s government has been keen on importing these raw materials which are then re-exported after value addition across the world. Basically, this move is aimed at keeping the single party
Secondary Packaging Goods have to be packed so that the producers could deliver them to the retail or wholesale stores and other buyers (Salazar, 2009). There are three major levels of packaging including primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging. If the primary packaging is used to place the very good into a shape so that the good could be sold in a retail store and the consumer could bring it home from the store (David and Stewart, 2007, p. 18), the secondary packaging is, according to Salazar (2009) and ECR (2006), is the means of delivering the goods “from point A to point B” (Salazar, 2009) with the greater level of comfort and without any damage to the goods. The types of secondary packaging range from carton boxes and tapes to void filling material and pallet stretch film (Salazar, 2009). Moreover, David and Stewart (2007) and Salazar (2009) consider corrugated shipping containers as another, more updated, secondary packaging type. Secondary packaging types, as ECR (2006) states, should be uniform in their environmentally friendly character, be recyclable and/or reusable, easy to use and discard (p. 2). As well, the secondary packaging means, including the boxes and containers, should be strong not to allow any damage to the goods or environment during the delivery. The major areas of use of the secondary packaging types mentioned above include trade and logistics (David and Stewart, 2007, p. 13). The secondary packaging types under consideration allow the producers to deliver their goods over long distances and load them to the stores and other premises of their distributors at the highest degree of comfort and security. Tertiary Packaging Accordingly, tertiary packaging is the process of grouping the secondary packaging units, i. e. carton boxes, and corrugated shipping containers, into larger ones to allow more compact and convenient storage and transportation of the goods (Seideman, 2009). Thus, the tertiary packaging is the most general, i. e. the highest, level of packaging as it helps form the largest goods’ units and deliver them from point A to point B, ship and load these goods when necessary (ECR, 2006, pp. 1 – 2). The main tertiary packaging types, as Seideman (2009) and Salazar (2009) argue, include forming the units of goods in bales, barrels, crates, containers, and edge protectors. Moreover, ECR (2006) considers the use of flexible intermediate bulk containers, insulated shipping containers, pallets, slip sheets, and stretch wraps as other tertiary packaging techniques that can be used equally with bales, barrels, etc (p. 2). The materials used for tertiary packaging purposes are different, but the most widely used one’s range, as Seideman (2009) argues, from glass and metal to paper and plastics, while for moving tertiary packaging units “a forklift or pallet jack” are used (Seideman, 2009). The main areas of the use of tertiary packaging are determined by the main objective of this kind of packaging, which is, according to the ideas by Seideman (2009), “to aid in the automated handling of larger amounts of products”. Accordingly, David and Stewart (2007) and Seideman (2009) argue that tertiary packagin
Introduction Sex education is the teaching of safe sexual practices, reproduction and anatomy and health risks associated with risky sexual behavior. Sex education occurs through parents as the primary social gateway in a family. Other than family teaching, minors get informal sex education from their peers and media and formal education from their school curriculum. School curriculum places sex education in higher grades above middle school whose students have a higher comprehension rate of sex education compared to lower grade students. Studies reviewed in this paper evaluate the reach of sex education among teenagers and the efficacy of the education. Such research has touched on the topics of community based sex education programs, perception of sex education among teenagers, teachers and parents, sources of sex education and importance of sex education. This essay examines the effectiveness of sex education in social welfare programs and further highlights other sources of sex education. It also gives recommendations on the best way to incorporate sexual education. Importance and Overview The knowledge of the efficacy of sex education is important for school administrators and their faculty who desire to have the best teaching methods (Somers & Surmann, 2004). Additionally, parents are interested in having their children go through teen-years without engaging in risky sexual behavior that jeopardizes their futures as adults (Fahs, 2010). According to Weiss et al. (2010),
Summary of the Article The article is a story about the U.S free humorous newspaper, “The Onion”, deciding to expand into the Canadian market. The writer seeks to establish from Steve Hannah, the president and CEO of “The Onion” why they have chosen Toronto city in their first bid to expand beyond the U.S cities. “The Onion” CEO observes that, Toronto has one of the highest numbers of online readers of its satirical weekly publications. According to Lu (3), the CEO also identifies the character of the city and the fact that they have been covering the city for years especially during the film festival. Furthermore, she notes that the city’s comedic roots make Toronto a “natural choice”. Toronto Star’s acceptance to partner with “The Onion” is the principal theme of the article. The Star publisher, John Cruickshank, points out that, it is a welcome opportunity given the doors it shall open for advertisers who would like to reach young and classy Toronto dwellers (3). Analysis of Concept Humor plays a critical role in attracting and preserving the attention of a target audience in the newspaper and magazine industry, the advertisement sector which forms a fundamental link between businesses and target consumers, as well as, the presently popular online media. Comic enthusiasts and new print media consumers are more likely to do a repeat purchase of a newspaper or a magazine that is humorous in its approach to serious societal issues, happenings and commercial activities. They are also more likely to visit the website of a humorous publication more regularly. Therefore, humorous newspapers and magazines form an ideal channel of advertising goods and products in an equally comic manner because of the possible large number of readers. This article is closely related to the concept of comic or humor in an advertisement of goods and services conducted through the daily and weekly print publications. For this reason, “The Star” publisher John Cruickshank has termed their new partnership with The Onion as an ideal channel through which Toronto advertisers can reach the sophisticated Toronto urbanites (3). As Anderson (1) remarks, advertising agencies across the world seeks to persuade consumers to buy products and services creatively and in tickling manner. In fact, a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company, a global information and media organization in year 2009 demonstrated that even though a rising percentage of consumers particularly the youth appears more engaged with online video advertisements, TV ads are still favorite among a considerable section of consumers. However, both online video ads and TV ads consumers said they prefer ads that relay their messages humorously and in an emotionally touching and informative way (2). TV ads s
The given paper delves into the basic principles of structuralism and the impact it has on the analysis and understanding of certain issues. Being a significant philosophical school, it also provides numerous possibilities for the investigation of reality and surrounding objects. That is why this work also provides the basic information related to introspection which is considered one of the key elements of structuralism. Additionally, to demonstrate the mechanisms of its functioning and provide credible information related to the usage of this practice to determine the way individuals investigate certain objects and determine their qualities the article includes the introspective experiment. It is conducted to prove the basic concepts and provide the information needed for further investigation of the issue. Peculiarities of the cognition process have always been ongoing issues for human society. Having a great thrust for knowledge, people tried to understand how we analyze surrounding objects and process the obtained information. In this regard, the appearance of various philosophic schools was conditioned by the attempts to explain the nature of cognition and provide the basis for it. Structuralism became the next step in the development of human thought. It implied the existence of certain elements of consciousness that impacted the cognition processes and introduced some unique peculiarities. Introspection became one of the main elements of this new school. It could be defined as the precise examination of an individuals thoughts and emotions (Byrne, 2005). However, this process is focused not on the creation of the complete image of a certain object or phenomenon, but the distinguishing specific qualities related to this very object. In other words, a person tries to describe not the object as itself; however, he/she tends to provide the feelings and emotions which appear while analyzing it ( Introspection I: methods and limitations , n.d.). The given approach promotes a better understanding of the nature of cognition and how our conscience obtain the information needed to investigate the world/ The practice of introspection is based on various experiments that demonstrate how a person comes to a better understanding of the nature of a certain thing by analyzing its components and basic qualities (Schwitzgebel, 2013). However, it is crucial to avoid stimulus errors which imply the nomination of a certain object or experience while a person has to provide only its qualities. In these regards, the given paper suggests a clear description of a certain introspective experiment conducted to realize the basic stages of this process and obtain a clear vision of the importance of the data obtained in its course. The probationer is asked to close his eyes and provide the information related to the object placed on the tabl