ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Globalization means a profound set of changes, economic, social, cultural, and political, transforming the experience of time and space, nationhood, and identities. The feeling or sense of being part of a global reality, even if this is experienced in different ways in different places, is of profound significance. In the book, Victims of Progress John Bodley analyzes, discusses, and evaluates the impact of globalization on the indigenous population and changes caused by global transformations and nation-states. The author discusses such problems as the impact of totalitarian culture, the commercial explosion, global tourism, and militarization of the world. The main problems caused by economic globalization are forced labor and global tourism. The great expansion beginning in the late fifteenth century fundamentally reshaped the world. It has involved the massive shifting of products and people around the globe, the transformation of ancient societies and civilizations, and the setting up of new settler societies in the Americas, Southern Africa, and Australasia. On the one hand, economic globalization creates progressive consumers educating people about new products and technologies, brings new forms of agriculture and land use, improves the quality of life, and educates people about their rights and freedoms. On the other hand, global tourism causes degradation of the environment and depletes ecosystems. For instance, exploitation of lands causes deforestation of Rondonia (Bodley 143), depopulation of African countries (Bodley 44), resource depletion (Bodley 141). Global tourism brings additional sources of income to indigenous populations but ruins the natural beauty of the lands, ruins ecosystems, and brings new disease and alien cultural traditions to autonomous societies. In societies like South Africa and America (hybrids of the plantation and mixed settlement types), the Latin American countries (mixed settlement), the sugar islands of the West Indies (plantation), and Australia (pure settlement), the attempt was to set up European style societies in new lands, under the assumption that this represented the spread of civilization (
I have visited Casper (Wyoming) only once in my life, but I think I would be happy to spend more time (or even live) there. I love the winter season which always brings a lot of delight to people. However, this season is also associated with increased consumption of energy as people need to heat their homes and light up their rooms as sunlight may not be enough even in the daytime and the dusk falls quite early. I will consider the energy consumption of my friend’s family which can be regarded as an average ‘green’ family. By ‘green’ I mean that these people understand the importance of being environmentally responsible and they try to do their best to follow major principles of sustainability. They heat their house with the help of a pellet fuel appliance. They do not have a cooling system in their house as it is properly designed and built. Besides, there are no high temperatures in Wyoming. To light up their house, they use electricity. The electricity is supplied by one of the local energy companies. Electricity is predominantly produced with the use of coal and natural gas in Wyoming (EIA, 2012). This family has two cars but they do not want to buy another car (though they have two children) as they think there is no need to add emissions to the air as two cars are enough. Besides, one of their children is in college and he lives on campus. The other child is in high school and her mum or her friends’ parents take her to school. My friend’s family would like to use renewable sources of energy and there are several options as a variety of renewable sources of energy are available nowadays. However, it is necessary to note that only some of them can be suitable for Wyoming. Thus, solar energy is unlikely to be amenable in this region as there are not too many sunny days. The cost of solar batteries and their installation is quite high so it is not cost-efficient to install solar batteries to supply a household with energy. Another possible type of renewable energy is wind power. According to National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2011), the average annual wind speed in this region is quite high (about 9-10 m/s). Besides, the state relies on wind energy significantly and there are a lot of companies producing wind energy. Notably, 13% of the electricity produced in the region comes from this kind of renewable source (energy4me, 2012). Apart from being one of the renewable sources of energy, wind energy is also one of the most environmentally friendly types of energy as its production and consumption does not produce wastes and does not emit greenhouse gases (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2010). Therefore, this is one of the best ways to produce energy in the region. Biofuels can also become a good option for the region. 30.2 million acres are used in farming (EIA, 2012). Therefore, there are quite enough raw materials for biofuels in the state. It is necessary to note that the production of biofuel is not associated with large amounts of harmful emissions (EIA, 2012). However, the use of biofuel causes quite a considerable amount of greenhouse gases. Thus, it is possible to use this renewable source of energy, though it is
The definition of motivation hinges around words like drive, inspiration, and impetus. It is about what makes a person interested in performing a certain task or engaging in a particular activity. Pepitone and Bruce (1998) defined motivation as the reason why individuals participated in certain endeavors. This view of motivation implies that motivation is essentially an emotional state. While it is the more prevalent view, there is another way to look at it. This other way, proposed by O’Neil and Drillings (1994) sought to include aspects of cognition into the state of motivation of an individual. They contended that there is a thinking process to it, with clear decision making opportuinities. As such, they argued that motivation is not purely an emotional process but a composite process involving cognitive apects. The discussion of employee satisfaction reflects the thinking presented by Kermally (2004) that identified employee happiness as an important factor influencing their productivity. If employees are unhappy, they lose the motivation to apply themselves meanigfully to their work, which in the end, compromises the quality of their output. Kermally argued that employees perform tasks assigned to them on the basis of their interest in it, which always improved when they were happy with their work. As such, the purpose of this litererature review is to examine the common theories of motivation, to review aspects and the need for motivation, and to uncover the applications of motivation in conventional organizations. Motivation Theories Interest in motivation, as an area of study is not a modern concept, but one that attracted the attention of many leaders and philosophers from ancient times. The ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu produced a work that has important lessons in the art of motivation because it describes tactics a commander can apply in various situations to maintain morale in his or her army. The emergence of motivation as a separate field of study came about because of specialization of disciplines that accompanied the advent of the modern era. Its current scope spans elements of behavioral psychology, social science, and management science, among others. Because of this interest in the subject, several scholars developed theories to explain motivation. Three theorists stand out because they presented nearly distinctive perspectives on motivation. They are; Abraham Maslow, Henry Herzberg, and David McClelland. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Abraham Maslow is famous for his theory on the hierarchy of needs. He described a hierarchical sequence of needs that motivates individuals to engage in particular activities in order to fulfill their most pressing prevailing needs. In Maslow’s hierarch
Introduction In her article, Ali (2016) endeavours to investigate one of the crucial issues of modern discourse – the use of cohesive devices by lecturers and students. The author observes and analyses the frequency with which the teachers employ such devices in their speech and concludes that the language patterns of lecturers have a great impact on the development of cohesive skills in the students. While the research objectives are relevant and the answers to questions put by Ali (2016) would benefit the investigation of discourse, the author’s article incorporates a number of limitations connected with the flow of research as well as grammar and stylistics of her writing. The author makes numerous errors (both content and grammatical) that take away from the study’s value. A stronger analysis of research results and a more thorough approach to recommendations are needed to make this article a valuable source for researchers. Assessment of the Article’s Purpose, Research Questions, and Significance The author has not developed any research questions in her study. Furthermore, she has not stated the purpose of the article. However, Ali (2016) mentions three objectives of the paper. The first one sounds rather ambiguous – the author mentions that she will attempt to analyse “the lecturers’ role in using cohesive devices” (Ali 2016, p. 34). I think that it would be better if the objective were to investigate the use of cohesive devices by lecturers as an influential factor in developing the students’ acquisition of such devices. The second objective bears a more concrete character as Ali (2016) states that she will investigate the kinds of cohesive devices employed by lecturers. However, the key adjective is missing in this objective: “the most types” (Ali 2016, p. 34). Thus, we can only guess that the author meant “the most typical” or “frequent.” The third objective is the most well-developed and significant. Ali (2016) states that she will propose steps for students to improve their writing and make it more coherent. Unfortunately, the article does not contain the information of this objective is attained. Despite the above-mentioned disadvantages, the article’s significance is rather high. However, the author should have paid more attention to the accuracy of her research, the flow of writing, and the choice of methods and aims. Evaluation of the Theoretical Framework and Literature Review The theory of cohesion was chosen by Ali (2016) as the major framework for her study. The author pays attention to the kinds of cohesive relations (relatedness in form, reference, and semantic connection) and cohesive types. Ali (2016) makes a good point by explaining the difference between grammatical a
Introduction The great rift valley is one of the wonderful sceneries that one should visit, the rift valley passes through many countries and one of these countries Is Kenya which is the country I chose to visit in order to view the rift valley. I was also curious to visit Kenya to view other sceneries but my main objective was to visit the Great Rift Valley. This was in April last year when I flew to Kenya just to tour the country, I thought the valley was just some meters deep and some meters wide but to amusement, I later realized it was such a deep and wide valley in a way that it can be seen by a person from the moon, this shows how big the valley is. Main body From my early geography classes we had learned about the formation of the rift valley which was formed by earth movements, the rift valley is one of its kind in the world and the teacher explained that there once occurred two cracks in the earth, then the land between the two cracks sunk to form what was later known as the great rift valley. When you travel down the valley you will experience changes in a climate whereby inside the valley the temperatures are higher and this can be explained by the fact that the higher you go the cooler it becomes. The valley is also home to many lakes examples in Kenya are Lake Victoria and Lake Bogoria. Lake Victoria is a rift valley lake which is a freshwater lake but the lake has no outlet, experts however explain that the lake is a freshwater lake because its outlet is an underground passage that is linked to the Indian Ocean where it drains its water. The decision to go and view the rift valley in Kenya was because the country has many types of scenery which one would access easily when you are in the country, the people are very friendly and there is a high level of security in the country. Visiting Kenya was an advantage in that I was in a position to view wildlife in their natural habitat and also this visit gave me the chance to view the wild beast migration from the Serengeti to the Maasai Mara national park which has been named the eighth wonder of the world, to view the migration of this herd comes only once in a year as the herd search for greener pastures due to seasonal changes in the two countries. Back to the rift valley, climate changes as you move down valley, you feel the changes in that when you are on top the temperatures are cooler and as you move down the valley temperatures start to rise, at the top of the valley you can view many kilometers of landscape that are in the valley, houses people and even animals and this was a great experience for me to visit a country rich its culture and also landscapes one had never dreamt to have existed. However, it was not clear to me what would have caused the creation of the rift valley and why people were not afraid to live in the valley in case any earth movements would trigger another distortion of the valley because many people live in the valley which has very fertile land and their main activity there is both farming and t
Oedipus blinds himself as a symbolic gesture because he was more blind than the blind soothsayer, whom he maligned when he thought the soothsayer was wrong. Some people think that he does this instead of committing suicide because he is a coward, but it seems to me that it is much harder to put out one’s eyes than to commit suicide. If it is anything other than his judgment of just punishment, it may be one of two things: a desire to be around to look after his daughters or to create an opportunity to atone for his mistakes and his sins. Suicide seem always to me to be the easy way out of problems. Oedipus will spend the rest of his life as a blind beggar to atone for his arrogance. The blinding is done off stage, probably for practical reasons. It would be extremely difficult to show this on stage at that time realistically. If it is done off stage, then how it is done does not matter. Oedipus really mistreated and disrespected the soothsayer, so it is logical that he should take up the same life, without respect due to the soothsayer. After all, Oedipus could not have been more wrong. He knew what the oracle had said and simply interpreted it himself instead of seeking help. This was another kind of blindness. He was spiritually and intellectually blind. He should have given more credit to the oracle than he did and he should have thought to ask for the god’s help also. It is true that the original curse upon him was not of his own making, but he was so arrogant that he thought that he could undo or avoid his fate through his own efforts. This would have outraged the gods of his time. The worst sin, possibly in every religion, is to place oneself self above the deity, to believe that one can do better or that one knows more. Even in the time of the Roman and Greek gods, this was simply not done. So that first sin sealed the fate of Oedipus, and it was by his own hand. After all, that arrogance prevented Oedipus from learning the truth. This reminds me of Laius, who thought he could sleep with his wife and avoid intimate relations. He also had no business getting drunk if he wanted to stay in control. The gods could have changed his fate if he had supplicated properly. Instead, he sought to avoid his fate and then tried to fix the problem by having someone else kill his infant son. This shows how much Laius cared for anyone outside himself. It must have been devastating to Jocasta to lose her son like that. So perhaps Oedipus inherited his arrogance if that is possible. The first instance of “ blindness was when Oedipus failed to interpret the oracle’s saying. If he had wisdom enough to co
In the modern world, there is a significant number of various technologies that continue to develop and become more useful. It is rather beneficial that many of them can be used by students to increase their performance during studying. Different apps, software, and hardware make young people’s lives easier, better, and less stressful. In this paper, I will discuss what technologies help me to stay successful with my studies and address some emotional and cognitive problems I face during my university time. To begin with, I admit that I always search for some new quality apps that may be useful in my everyday life and day-to-day tasks. For example, to stay successful with my studies, I need help with time management, and the Focus Keeper application is my solution. It has an efficient and simple user interface and is created for those who feel overwhelmed by tasks and procrastinate. Precisely this app organizes my thoughts and duties and enhances my focus. Another software I find helpful with time management is MS Excel, where I can create tables with all the necessary tasks’ details. What helps me to stay on task and fight with my attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are two applications: Forest and Due. In the first one, I plant a tree, set the timer, and cannot use my phone until the time is up or the tree dies. Not being able to get distracted by Instagram or messages makes me focused on my lessons and tasks, and having motivation (to grow a tree) is proved to be useful for people with ADHD (Angel, 2019). As for Due, it reminds me to do the essential things and increases my productivity. Another problem I face during my studies is that I get too nervous and anxious, and it distracts me from achieving my goals. That is why I am eternally thankful for the application called Calm – Meditation and Sleep. It helps me to manage stress, concentrate, and calm my anxiety. Moreover, without modern technologies, I do not think that I would ever get interested in meditations, but my phone and free apps provide me with the opportunity to practice them any time I need. There is another application that helps me to address the emotional problems that distract me from my studies. With Relax Melodies, I always start feeling calmer and safer. Nature sounds and white noise reduces my stress level, contributes to my concentration, and guarantees good night sleep, which is rather essential for everyone who wants to be successful in university. In addition, I would not say I like completing study assignments in silence, and the music does not allow me to concentrate. Precisely at such moments, the gentle and natural sounds of this application come to my rescue. I hope that I made it rather clear why I leverage all these apps and software during my studying years and how exactly they contribute to my success and high performance. As for hardware, some gadgets make my everyday life much more comfortable. For example, I use a table
Introduction There are three main periods in the history of art (Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism), and each of them has its worldview that is manifesting through its works. Understanding the differences between them helps a person orient themselves in the culture more confidently and see the whole picture, reflecting streams of imagination of their time. Main body Naturalism is an exaggerated part of Realism, while Modernism differs from them principally—the former two accent the outside world where their characters and plots take action. Modernism speculates more on the inner dimensions of human consciousness and soul when the external aspect of history is in the background. It is crucially important to understand that such a transition from one principle to another is not a coincidence and depicts changes in interpreting the world and humans. Realism reflects reality literally as a social and mundane one trying not to dramatize or romanticize it. It appeared in the nineteenth century in France and Russia and moved away from Romanticism, emphasizing the description of everyday experience. Realist recognizes the most common for all people, and that makes Realism a genre of social progress (Newlin, 2019, 2). It takes its place in a period of significant changes in the structure of society (the transition from monarchy to democracy), reflecting situations without embellishments. The realism movement in art is a product of the ideological and philosophical spirit of its time. The nineteenth century is a time of radical rebellion and rejection of traditional ideas and life patterns in all aspects (Newlin 4). Now people build their world according to the scientific, empirical, and secular rules first formulated by philosophers. The most spectacular examples of this change are revolutions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (The French Revolution, Russian Revolution, and others) and show a paradigmatic shift. Naturalism is a type of extreme Realism that postulates scientific determinism and objectivism. “Naturalism sought to go further and be more explanatory than Realism by identifying the underlying causes for a person’s actions or beliefs” (West and Patterson 45). Thus, Realism concentrates on representing the shared experience, suggesting that a person acts spontaneously in response to one or another situation. Naturalism emphasizes that humans are not free in their actions, using science that does not leave a person free will. Naturalism is a logical result of the development of Realism as the latter derives from a secular context that denies dignity. It relies on the Darwinian evolutionary theory, using it in a social dimension, even though Darwin never did this (West and Patterson 45). This fact moves a form of Social Darwinism that was unavoidable because free will used to be sanctioned only by divine law earlier. Modernism may be characterized as a movement of departure from traditional art forms in search of something new