ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The concerns regarding the state of community in modern society are well-studied by present-day scholars. One of the authors contributing to the expansion of knowledge on this subject is Robert Putnam, and he advances the idea of the significance of this aspect’s neglect resulting in the gradual decline in prosperity. 1 His book comprehensively reflects on the causes and effects of this process, thereby encouraging the population to engage in the essential organizations and promote welfare through greater participation in principal activities. Hence, the representation of his views confirmed by the statistical data reiterates the interrelation between Americans’ conduct and the healthy state of society. The State of Community Described by Robert Putnam The principal factor underlying Putnam’s works is a drastic change in the degree of people’s participation in public life. According to him, their passive involvement in establishing prosperous relationships between its major institutions is conditional upon the trend for citizens to socialize less within membership organizations and various associations. 2 This situation seems to undermine the founding concepts of the American government, which are community and collective action significant for everyone’s well-being. 3 In this way, the concerns of the scholar are connected to the shifts in the world, resulting in the mentioned negative outcomes. He claims that there are various reasons for the emergence of this problem, including technological progress with social media development and the change in the mentality of new generations. 4 Thus, the state of community in modern society, as per Robert Putnam, is alarming in all aspects, whether it is politics, economy, or culture. Political Institutions The first type of institutions directly affected by the mentioned change is political entities, and the influence of a common mindset can be revealed through the consideration of people’s decisions in this respect. As follows from Putnam’s book, this field’s negative transformation over the past three decades was triggered by the lowest turnout during the twentieth-century elections. 5 It was complemented by the government’s efforts to ensure the young black population’s access to exercising this right while ignoring their inactivity. 6 These results are confirmed by two other studies, which provide evidence of these critical issues in the country. Their researchers examined the problems specified above with regard to their presence in society. The former discussed the apathy of voters, which cannot be changed through populism. 7 In turn, the latter underpinned the consideration of essential challenges in this respect by the findings asserting that the younger generation is less likely to be ef
Introduction We live in the world where cultural differences still play important role. Each nation has its own peculiarities and these specifics help people remain unique. It should be mentioned that in most cases these cultural differences bring people specific advantages. However, the cases of discrimination still exist and they make people feel uncomfortable. The main identifiers of the cultural differences are gender identity and racial identity. These issues remain the most prejudiced in the modern world especially where the specific nations are considered as the national minorities. However, gender identity and racial identity are also the main peculiarities of the nations which make those unique. Definition of gender identity Dwelling upon the gender identity, it is important to understand that the peculiarities of all nations are involved. Male and female genders differs greatly, however, these differences also influence the cultural issues of the nation. Dwelling upon gender identity, it is important to understand that the main peculiarity of male and female gender from the point of view of the cultural differences is not in the physical differences, but in the socio-political issues. Men still remain the dominating gender. Considering the psychological differences, it is important to point to the peculiarities of the perception and thinking processes which arouse out of the gender identity. Only the understanding of the personal gender identity gives people an opportunity to live in harmony between themselves and the surrounding world (Lee, 2005). Definition of racial identity Racial identity is the conscious to a specific race from birth. Racial identity has nothing in common with national belonging as these notions do not always correlate. People may have the background from many races that occurs due to the mixtures. Racial identity covers specific physical characteristic features which make people different. The problem of racial identity appears rather problematic for people from the USA as discrimination is a real challenge for people in hat country. Even though the discrimination because of the racial identity is successfully combated, the problems connected with it still remain. Racial identity is the way how a person perceives him/herself in the prism of the modern multicultural society. Understanding Cultural Differences Dwelling upon the cultural differences, it should be mentioned that racial and gender identity play important role in the issue. Considering the place of the gender identity in the cultural differences, it is important to remember the relation to
The overall analysis of the nature and effects of these drugs on the youth and government regulations in place. Learning about orphan and nonprescription drugs: importance to the youth   * It creates awareness of the existence of the drugs   * Helps the youth weight benefits against risks before and after consumption   * It enables the youth to direct passion for innovation to the right places   * Highlights little known economic benefits of the drugs   * Enlightening the present generation protects future generations from negative elements of the drugs   * Allows for the understanding of policies regarding the drugs Description: overall population presently affected by both drugs   * Orphan drugs used for the treatment of rare conditions   * Nonprescription often applicable to minor conditions   * Non- prescriptive drugs provide easy access to drugs for trivial conditions, e.g., muscle aches   * The largest consumer base in most populations starts from the age of 14yrs onwards.   * This makes up more than half of the entire population in the United States.   * Nonprescription drugs are available in pharmaceutical stores throughout America and Europe. Impact of orphan and nonprescription drugs on the youth   * The impact of the drugs on the youth contains both positive and negative elements.   * The impact often depends on issues relating to the drugs that society gives relevance.   * Leniency in government policies contributes to both positive and negative impacts.   * The issue requires more oversight to reduce risk factors and increase benefits.   * Minimal oversight encourages low quality   * Health risks and benefits are imminent after the usage of both types of drugs. Effects of orphan and nonprescription drugs on the youth: Associated risks   * More than 50 million people in the EU and the US suffer orphan diseases.   * Access to nonprescription has negative effects on the population.   * It increases the chances of abuse through self-medication.   * Ease of access to non-prescription drugs increases the chances of addiction among youth.   * Self-medication also increases the chances of aggravating existing problems. Benefits of orphan and nonprescription drugs to the youth   * Relaxed restrictions from governments create business opportunities.   * Most governments provide incentives for scientific research and innovations.   * Tax incentives are usually applied to the development of new, effective drugs.   * Additionally, governments provide enhanced patent protection and marketing rights   * In the US, such rights amount to a monopoly for up to 7yrs.   * Monopolies create a substantial financial gain. Cont   * Expansion of research and manufacturing increases job opportunities for youth.   * Jo
Introduction This paper focuses on how the media portrays Italian Americans and how this has affected how society perceives Italian American families in the United States of America. Italian immigrants living in America are stereotyped due to the exploitation in mainstream culture and Hollywood iconic portrayals of Italian American culture. This paper seeks to understand the Italian American culture, the ways in which Italian Americans are portrayed, and how this stereotyping affects them as a society. It explores the ways in which Italian American society has evolved with time and the struggles these Italians face in trying to preserve their culture. History of the Italian Americans Italian Americans are defined as Italian immigrants living in the United States of America or someone born in the United States with an Italian heritage. The first Italian to pass the New York harbor was Giovanni Da Verrazano. The other Italian was Filippo Mazzei, a promoter of liberty. Italians arrived in America throughout the 1800s in small numbers, though most immigration from Italy occurred in the 20th century between 1880 and 1960. Until World War 1, which made it very difficult for them to travel, most of the Italians came from Naples and in Italy. Most of the immigrants were peasant farmers, and two-thirds of them were men. The main reasons for Italian immigration were the poor economic conditions in Italy during this period, particularly in the southern regions. In the United States, Italians settled in and dominated specific neighborhoods, which were called “Little Italy,” where they could interact with one another, establish a familiar cultural presence, and find favorite foods. Many Italian immigrants arrived with very little money to help them establish themselves. They were not educated, and since they did not have professional skills, they generally performed manual labor. Their neighborhoods were what we would regard in present-day as slums were overcrowded and had poor sanitation. Hence, there was a widespread of diseases such as tuberculosis and dysentery (Woll, 1980, page 25). Some immigrants did not have the intention of settling in the United States. They merely wanted to make money and return to Italy. They were commonly referred to as “birds of passage.” Over time Italian Americans have been described through attributes such as passion, passion for family, dynamic, frugality, education, and hard work. The descendants of Italian immigrants have generally co
Introduction Cultural diversity problem is one of the most important one in human services as it influences the organization and its clientele. The United States is a nation founded on principles that affirm the supreme worth of each human being. From this idea comes the basis for the common bond of all citizens. Even so, relatively few people live by such egalitarian tenets (Lewis, 2003). Although public opinion research has consistently documented a steady decline in race prejudice among Americans, reports released by the National Opinion Research Center note that a majority of white respondents believe that African Americans and Hispanics are more inclined than Caucasians to prefer welfare and to be lazier, more prone to violence, less intelligent, and less patriotic Cross-cultural differences and multicultural conflicts are convoluted because of the multiple identities found within cultures. Main body In order to deliver human services, the organization should be well aware of cultural problems and conflicts affected its target population. Also, cross-cultural differences due to geographic location may have little to do with race. For example, inner-city poverty-stricken people suffer from low income more so than racial discrimination (Lewis, 2003). The first step to develop a plan for culturally competent services is to understand needs and demands of the target population. It is crucial to explore the complexities of multiple identities such as when an individual belongs to more than one minority group. Little attention tends to be given to differences within multiple identity groups. It is important to be aware of the diversity within ethnic groups as well as between them (Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, 1997). The second step is to investigate the history of the target population. Understanding the history of an ethnic group, the current stage of its national and social identities, and its relationships with other groups is critical to recognizing and resolving cross-cultural conflict. Specifically, an ethnic group’s reasons for coming to the United States can provide valid data pertaining to intercultural conflict. Some ethnic groups are still searching for freedom from religious persecution that drove them from their homeland, or escape from ethnic group prescription, or job opportunities not available in their native country. For others, however, migration was a way to survive political oppression. And others–Africans–are trying to extricate from their lives a history of being kidnapped and sold as chattel property. The relocation of more than four hundred American Indian sovereign nations adds yet another issue to intergroup conflict. Indeed, employees bring their cultural histories to the workplace (Lewis, 2003). The third step is to educate employees and help them to communicate effectively using the knowledge and skills they obtain during training programs. There are many cau
Introduction The Ministry of Islamic Affairs in Kuwait accurately notes that the reading culture has declined in Kuwait. In past centuries, Middle Easterners dominated the world owing to their knowledge –seeking culture. However, this is no longer true; few Kuwaitis have cultivated a reading culture, let alone young people. Several issues could have led to this situation, and one of them is the underuse of public libraries. This paper will concentrate on the reasons behind young people’s reluctance to use public libraries in Kuwait. Background and statement of the problem Public libraries play an important role in furnishing a nation with knowledge and information. If citizens do not use these invaluable resources, then the consequences will be felt across all industries. Not only will such a culture impede development, but it can also affect the social and political climate in the country. Citizens from countries with poor reading cultures tend to engage in unconstructive and immature discussions; they are less likely to vote wisely and may even start civil conflicts. It is definitely in their best interest to expand their knowledge base by using public libraries. Young people should be given particular attention because they will eventually become leaders or persons of authority. Besides, it is easier to influence or teach young people to love reading than it is to do the same for an older generation. Once the reasons behind young people’s reluctance to use public libraries are found, then stakeholders can address those concerns and move towards the creation of a reading culture. In Kuwait, various reports indicate that the general public has a poor reading culture. Furthermore, few of them use public libraries in order to expand their knowledge base. The situation is particularly alarming because of censorship laws that exist in the country. The Kuwait Times reports that local bookstores and other public forums provide Kuwaitis with minimal options. The kinds of books found are narrow in focus and they rarely offer new perspectives on life (Al-Qatari, 2010). This could be part of the reason why young people are not flocking to public libraries. Alternatively, different categories of readers require different types of genres. For instance, very young readers may prefer comic books or well-illustrated narratives. On the other hand, college or university attendants may look for mentally-stimulating material, yet these may be hard to find in public libraries. Sometimes, logistical issues may impede the youth from using these facilities. They may have difficulties in accessing the libraries, or may find minimal assistance when they get inside them. In other instances, young people may avoid public libraries owing to external factors that have little to do with them. The mass media has a large role to play in this regard. Few outlets nurture the country’s reading culture by promoting and interviewing authors. Additionally, state-sponsored book fairs are few and far-between. Alternatively, the education level in several learning institutions could also contribute to this fact. Some students may prefer to use their school libr
Introduction As they approached their curio shops on Grant Avenue (San-Francisco) early in the morning on the next day after the Bowl of Rice event in 1937, the Japanese-born owners saw “This is a Japanese store” stickers applied to the doors and windows. The members of the city’s Chinese community, responsible for having done it, expected that this would discourage people from purchasing things from Issei (first generation Japanese Americans). 1 It is needless to say, of course, that there is a clear parallel between this specific event and the desecration of the Jewish-owned businesses that used to take place around the same time in Nazi Germany. As such, the issue of the rapid rise of tensions between Japanese Americans and Chinese Americans through the 1920s-1940s period does deserve to be researched at a further length. After all, there is a good reason to believe that while investigating the subject matter, one will gain a better understanding of what causes American society to be affected by racial/cultural conflicts as time goes on. The author expects to find evidence in support of the systemic outlook on the significance of Sino-Japanese animosity throughout the specified historical period, which presupposes that there are many forces (often invisible) at play behind the making of just about every historical phenomenon. Hence, the paper’s hypothesis: the worsening of the relationship between both peoples in pre-war America was planned at a governmental level. The reason why this plan was fulfilled with apparent ease is that it correlated well with how a human mind assessed the threats and opportunities within the surrounding social reality. Analysis Probably the most notable aspect of the issue in question is that it has not been well-researched. Nevertheless, it did not prove too challenging to gather factual information regarding the events that have led to the rise of the anti-Japanese public sentiment in the US through the 1920s-1940s period, in general, and the deterioration of the relationship between Chinese Americans and their Japanese counterparts, in particular. As one can infer from the discursively relevant literature, it was specifically Japan’s 1931 invasion of Manchuria that resulted in causing the public discourse in America to become explicitly anti-Japanese. This simply could not be otherwise, as the rapid worsening of the US-Japanese diplomatic relations naturally caused many policy-makers in this country to suspect Issei (first generation of Japanese immigrants) and Nisei (second generation of Japanese immigrants) of being Japanese spies. Such a suspicion, on the part of America’s ruling elite, served as the main justification behind the government’s 1942 decision to keep Japanese Americans interned in concentration camps en masse until the end of the war. As Adams noted, “In February 1942… President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066… this order forced over 120,000 Japanese Americans – Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, or third-generation – into inland ‘evacuation camps’”. 2 When assessed from today’s perspective, the state-endorsed d
Disasters like flooding affect the economy of a place in many ways. Floods destroy infrastructure that people have built and the products they have already harvested. They also interrupt normal production as well as commercial activities (Mattoon, Para. 2). Flooded roads restrict movement and therefore affect market accessibility. The June 2008 flooding in the United States of America affected its central states, cutting through the Corn Belt. The states that the flood affected most include Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska and Oklahoma (Hayes, pg. iv) This had a great impact on the economy of this country and affected the behavior of the markets. Flooding as an economic disaster has a direct impact on agricultural markets. Heavy floods have an influence in the availability of agricultural commodities for the markets. They can either destroy the already harvested produce or destroy the agricultural produce while in the fields. They also make accessibility to the market difficult. In this case, the floods affect the demand and supply of agricultural produce to the agricultural markets. Low or no agricultural production of specific commodities is likely to lead to decrease in supply to the markets and hence high demand of such commodities and/or substitute commodities. As the law of demand and supply asserts, the decline in commodity supply will lead to increase in its prices (Kub, Para. 12). For example in the June 2008 flood in America, about five million acres of land under crop production received direct flood destruction. This meant either total loss of crops in some areas and reduced yields in other areas (“CRS Report for congress”, pg. 2). As a result, the prices of commodities, especially corn and soybean, rose drastically in late June and early July. Flooding affects the markets of Corn, soybean, wheat, farm animals and other foodstuffs even though the production of these commodities does not occur in the area affected by the flood. This is because the markets of these products sometimes stretch far beyond the boundaries of the production area. The associated markets are also likely to face a direct impact from the flooding. For example, the livestock that depend on feed from the corn, wheat and soybean straw will experience scarcity of these feeds. This will lead to seeking of alternatives, which will also be of high price due to increased demand. Agricultural farm inputs like seeds and fertilizers will be in low demand until the situation normalizes. This will automatically reduce the market economy of these commodities. Flooding in this case causes a demand and supply shock. Due to reduced output and destruction of produce, the affected place experiences a decline in supply thus experiencing a negative supply shock. The temporary decline in available goods will also create a positive demand shock. This will cause the supply curve to shift to the left as the demand curve shifts to the