ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The objective of this study was to find out if ingestion of gluten has any relationship with symptoms in individuals who are not celiac. The study was also meant to analyze the mechanism used in gluten ingestion. The observation that has led to this study was that when prescription of a diet without gluten is increased for symptoms that are gastrointestinal in people without celiac disease, there is no enough evidence to proof that the symptoms are triggered by gluten (Hopper, Cross & Sanders, 2008). The issue of individuals who are non-celiac not tolerating gluten is controversial and is currently not applicable to relate with sensitivity of gluten in man. However, there is very little evidence to support this claim because there are no controlled trials that are randomized in order to proof existence of the entity. Most descriptions that have been published so far are for patients with symptoms that are linked with celiac disease such as serology or who their duodenum have intraepithelial lymphocytosis. Some patients claimed to have improved considerably when they were administered with gluten-free diet, which support the claim that non-celiac gluten sensitivity exists (Gibson & Shepherd, 2010). Gluten induces bloating, lack of consistent stool, pain in the abdomen and general tiredness. All patients indicated symptoms within one week after they were administered with gluten. For the placebo group it took longer and the symptoms were less severe. This happened for all the relevant symptoms of stool satisfaction, bloating and pain. Nausea symptom was less relevant and was not shown between the treatment groups. It was interesting to find out that, among other symptoms with substantial difference between the groups, tiredness was the greatest because at the endpoint the placebo had no apparent effect. For IBS patients, tiredness is common and when gluten is used to induce it, it provides relevance to the mechanism of action. It is important to answer the question on what mechanism symptoms were triggered by gluten due to anticipation that symptomatic improvement in some patients may have been reported for patients with celiac disease that had not been diagnosed (Hopper, Cross & Sanders, 2008). This disease can be patchy and there is a possibility that some patients with the disease may have been among those who were included in the study. However, no significant variations were observed in celiac antibodies observed in either group. Patients with gut disorders are known to have prevalence in intolerance with non-celiac gluten. This study used highly selected patients because health professionals frequently failed to cooperate in the investigation work-up for celiac disease. Therapies that were self-administered with no investigation at all also posed a challenge to the study. It is important for researchers to use better methods to study these patients because the current methods are limited to ruling out celiac disease, prescription of gluten-free diet and rechallenge. Improved diagnostic can be achieved through better mechanisms
Introduction This essay seeks to relay a detailed discussion on various economic issues. The selected issues to be discussed include economic conditions and policies in the U.S. during the 1960s that led to a long period of stagflation a long with Keynesian diagnosis provided and the contrast between the new classical idea and that of Keynes. There is a discussion of interest-parity, effects of a country’s monetary expansion on its interest rates, exchange rates, and output both in permanent and temporary situations. Lastly, there is a discussion on the current condition of the U.S. economy, that is, the high unemployment rate and zero-rate income growth and the policies introduced to deal with the situations. Discuss the motives, nature, and purpose of the original GATT (General Agreement on ‘Tariffs and Trade), and the extent to which this purpose was achieved in the first six Rounds of negotiations (through the mid-’60s) Stagflation is an economic condition characterized by high commodity price (inflation), high levels of unemployment and zero growth rates. Therefore, the word stagflation is a combination of inflation and stagnant economic growth in an economy. The following government activities can cause stagflation: high government spending alongside increased business tax, high business regulation alongside increased business taxation, increased regulation of businesses alongside low business taxations, high government expenditure alongside reduced business regulation, and less business regulation alongside reduced individual income taxes. The year 1960 was marked with elements of unemployment rates. The economy, though, had a lot of capital and equipment for production. The available equipment guaranteed quick response to the rising demand for products. In an attempt to improve the economic conditions, President Kennedy’s government, through the treasury, implemented a fiscal policy that sought to reduce tax on businesses. Remember th
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is an international professional firm that offers assurance, tax and advisory services as part of their consultancy practices. These are the three main services that this company offers globally. Assurance involves auditing financial statements of a given company. PwC reviews financial statements of a given firm or company and comes up with independent publication indicating whether those statements were true as presented by the company. Many companies engage independent audit firms to review their financial reports thus PwC comes in handy in this field. Tax services offered by this firm include international revenue provisions, deference with domestic tax laws and consultancy in human resource transfer within organizations. Advisory services cover a wide range of operations as business valuation, recovery services involved in businesses, improvement of performance among employees and crisis management among others. The writer of this article focuses on advisory services for he or she qualifies for this position. PwC emphasizes diverse skill sets on advisory services. This firm hinges on advisory skills on strategy, finance, governance, revenue growth, sustainability, and delivering deal worth, technology, investigations, operations, risk and compliance among others. PwC places a lot of emphasis on these values because they believe in delivering quality services to their clients. In strategy management, this firm stresses on deep knowledge on industrial and technical issues supported by stringent market research. This is because they want to offer clients with independent accurate services on business environment research and analysis. In revenue growth, PwC puts emphasis on candidates to have good knowledge on selling processes. This is because customer needs are changing by the day thus companies need to embrace consultative and long- term goals to enable them to address customer needs more efficiently. In governance, risk and compliance, the firm requires strategic thinkers because this forms the basis of identifying risks and opportunities. They also require individuals who can learn new skills because the business world is quickly changing. Fundamentally, for a candidate to enter into the PwC workforce, needs to be open- minded and easy to learn new concepts. In several countries, it goes around universities to recruit fresh graduates because they are trainable. These individuals undergo a wide range of tests ranging from language to personal attributes. As long as individuals can learn and understand new concepts and go through the recruitment process successfully, then they are qualified to enter into PwC. This company has a mantra that people working there come first. They have a high perfor
Introduction What does it mean to be a child? It is difficult or easy? Is time important for being a child? I am sure that all of us think that they knew the answers to these questions in childhood but now it is impossible to remember the answer. I think that it is always difficult to be a child. Small people always experience emotional problems and it seems to them that nobody understands them and they think that they live in a big complicated world where nobody needs them. Of course not all children think about this because some of them are really have nothing to worry about and only their parents and relatives solve their problems and they have what they need and want. To be a child 50 years ago Speaking about the time when it was easier to be a child it must be noted that 50 years ago the world was much different than it is today and it is very difficult to tell if it was better or worse. There was a post war time 50 years ago. I mean if to speak about the countries which took part in the World War II. Of course there was an economical crisis which occupied the whole world. Children all over the world were suffering privations. But of to look at this problem from another point of view it should be noted that they did not know about some things which are liked by the children of today. The world of child psychology was not studied enough and many people did not think that their children could have some problems. I think that adults think that children really can not have any problems because they do not think about the way to survive; they always have someone beside them who can think about everything. But if to remember the feelings we had when we had some problems in childhood we will see that they are the same we have being adults. We are bigger and the problems are bigger but feelings and worries are always the same. So, many psychological diseases of children were not discovered and many issues were taken as some bad features of character. 50 years ago people we busy with the thoughts about to improve the world after the World war and after the death of people who were close to them before. So, that is why they were really glad that their children were alive and they did not think much about their psychological need and problems. To be a child today Nowadays children are considered to be the most important beings in the world. Everything is for them. Adults are looking for special psychological approaches to them. Today there are more and more talks about the rights of children. They are takes as valuable persons from the moment of their birth. They have even more rights that adults have and they do not have duties. Children of nowadays are aware of technological progress and they use different type of techniques. Children are happy because they have excellent opportunities to study and to learn this world. The problem is to use this possibility in the right way. We are living in the age of a thin border between good and bad and there is a danger that children take i
Over time, there have been several publications that have contributed literature to one of the most fragile areas of the evolution of man: Man in his environment. Over time, man has evolved exponentially and while doing so, has come to terms with not only his environment but also his presence in the same. Throughout history, different civilizations have chosen to adopt varying approaches to the environment. This paper shall shed light upon a few of the most significant records of man’s evolution in his environment. This paper refers specifically to the twentieth-century man and makes use of the books Something New Under the Sun by J.K Mc Neill, We Wish to Inform You That We Will Be Killed Tomorrow With Our Families: Stories From Rwanda by Philip Gourevitch, White Teeth by Zadie Smith and the movie, The Battle of Algiers Directed by Pontecorvo. The following paragraphs will shed light on each of these elements and will attempt to find the central meaning that these elements seek to elaborate upon. In Something New Under the Sun, J. R. McNeill argues that there is a significant degree of danger that looms in the shadows of the rapid development of social infrastructure and that even though the twentieth-century man has plotted out a vast expanse of programs and prospects for the coming future, there remains the fact that for every plan made for an exponential increase in maturity for any region of infrastructural development also brings with it an equivalent number of side-effects that do not decrease in any manner upon being ignored1. However, the author does not seem to be discouraging the aspect of continuous and aggressive growth but appears to believe that the plans for development and continuous growth are completely rational in light of the same. The author argues that the twentieth-century man has made an almost complete transformation in which he no longer relies on an economic functioning infrastructure that is based on coal and wood but has come to a point where the human race is almost completely reliant upon nothing other than fuel. The author presents quite a history of the implications that have been reflected upon man’s environment as man has chosen to adapt to rising changes with time. In the author’s eyes, every addition that man makes to the regulation of his environment to harness better productivity out of the environment brings certain implications with it that cannot be ignored and these implications are of a nature that may become apparent only in the long run but do take effect in the bigger picture. There are a very few incidents that have taken place in history that are of nature similar to the Holocaust2, and one of them is the slaughtering of over eight hundred thousand Tutsis in the recent late part of the twentieth century. In We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, author Philip Gourevitch
The laws of evolution dictate the definite rules to the living beings of the natural world. Thus, the high level of adaptation abilities can be considered as the decisive factor for many animals which is necessary for them to survive and be flexible under the influence of the extreme environmental conditions. The necessity to survive is also associated with the necessity to participate in the natural intraspecific competition. In this case, the history of evolution discusses the question whether endothermic animals are better suited than exothermic animals to survive under these conditions of the natural competition. Although the forms of thermoregulation of both the endothermic and exothermic animals are different, their systems complete the same function of the thermoregulation. That is why the possibilities of the adaptation of endothermic and exothermic animals can be compared only according to the peculiarities of fitting these systems to the concrete environmental and ecological situation. To understand the peculiarities of the thermoregulation system of the both types of animals, it is necessary to focus on the definitions of endothermic and exothermic animals. Endothermic animals have the ability to generate their own metabolical heat and not to receive it from the environments. The temperature of the bodies of these animals is generally constant. Exothermic animals receive the heat from the external sources. They cannot generate their own heat and use the energy of the sun. The temperature of their bodies can vary according to the temperature characteristics of the surroundings (Bekoff & Byers, 1998). The comparison of the adaptation ability of endothermic and exothermic animals depends on determining the amount of energy the animals use to adapt to the definite environmental and ecological situation. Thus, animals are greatly affected by the changes of the high and low temperatures. Using the inner resources in order to regulate the temperature of the body according to the surroundings, the endothermic animals produce the metabolic heat and spend a lo
Introduction In the course of the twentieth century, the architectural art underwent considerable changes due to the rapid advent of “machine age”. Modern architecture, thus, appeared as the protest against eclectic styles and excessiveness of tastes of the nineteenth century. Instead, the architects were striving to introduce the new forms and constructions where the priority was given to functionalism, efficiency, and rationality. Despite the fact that the main goal of modern architecture was to present structural and spatial entity, there still emerge different schools of thought that shaped their own stylistic labels, which are impossible to affiliate to one modern architectural movement. This divergence was basically predetermined by cultural, political and social issues. However, the end of the 20 th century saw the increasing tendency of urban life; this is why modern architects were more focused on the depiction of life in big cities so that they tried to represent styles and tendencies as a complex identity. Design theories and concepts on which the design of scheme is based The Royal Library is the brainchild of an international project headed by Schmidt, Hammer, and Lassen – one of the most successful international projects founded in 1986 in Denmark, Aarhus. Apart from this project, the architects were also engage into wide range of project types in different countries, specifically in London, United Kingdom and in Oslo, Sweden. Like other projects worked by the team of architecture, the construction of this building consist “in mixed-use development and complex urban design context” (Image Presentation n. d.). Hence, the particular project, referred as the brightest example of modern architecture where the main accent is placed on functionality and minimalism. Figure 1: The Black Diamond – Royal Library 1996 The concept of urban design declares as the main concept of the modern architecture is built of three pillars: functionalism, rationalism, and efficiency. This is introdu
A short story A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner is known to be one of the most famous and most popular among his stories. The author managed to put a lot of different ideas in the short plot of the work. While telling the readers his story, Faulkner describes such issues as “race, gender, and class” (Anderson, n.d., para. 1), adding to his work a great deal of grotesque, irony and some mystery which appears in the last lines of the story. The work centers on the aristocratic woman Emily Grierson, who is one of the most discussed and famous people in the town. Having started with the announcement of her death, the author then reveals the main facts of her life from the point of view of the community of the city. Belonging to the very powerful family, she absorbed all qualities peculiar to it, such as arrogance, dignity and great self confidence. However, at the same time the author underlines her absolute loneliness, making it one of the key points of the story. Another crucial moment is the horrifying discovery of the corpse of her husband and the obvious signs of her lying in the bed with this body. Another short story to be analyzed and compared is The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway. The plot and the main events seem to be absolutely different from the previous story. The main character, writer Harry is slowly dying from gangrene somewhere in Africa, near the mount Kilimanjaro, with Helen, accompanying him. The plot of the story is made from numerous flashbacks of main character in which he remembers his past full of different and interesting events. These flashbacks represent his thoughts about the peculiarities of human life, bright stories and his regrets about unfinished business. They are opposed to his current state, when he has to die slowly in a very dull place having nothing interesting around. The recognition of this fact makes him suffer even stronger. He suddenly realizes that he did nothing in order to become a writer and he just “has squandered his time and talent” (Miksanek, 2003, para. 4). Being not able to change his life now, he could just be angry and insult Helen, blaming her in his failure to become a writer. His last vision is connected with mount Kilimanjaro. His last breath coincides with the cry of the hyena. From the first point of view an obvious similarity of the structure of two short stories strikes the readers eye. In both stories flashbacks serve to describe the lives of the protagonists better and to reveal some unknown facts of their biography. However, the difference is in t
Introduction Sustainability has become a buzzword in contemporary tourism research and practice. Thousands of businesses claim themselves to be sustainable, because they provide their services without damaging the environment. More often than not, sustainability is understood in the context of environmental protection and community development. Sustainable tourism is expected to be able to balance its profitability concerns with the needs of communities. Apparently, the tools and resources used to promote sustainable tourism differ considerably across communities and settings. This paper is a review of the current theoretical and empirical literature related to the topic of sustainable tourism. The main themes to be discussed in this review include: definition of sustainability and its theoretical underpinnings, the problems of measuring sustainability and tourism, as well as the case studies of sustainable tourism presented in literature. Tourism and Sustainability: Defining the Concept Sustainability is a common topic in contemporary literature. However, its meaning is often taken for granted. Few, if any, researchers discussed the concept of sustainability in detail. Of all articles retrieved in this literature search, only Lansing and De Vries (2007) decided to review the meaning of the sustainability concept, as applied in tourism. According to Lansing and De Vries (2007), the concept of sustainability in tourism has numerous categorisations and definitions, and this is also why the debate over sustainable tourism remains so fragmented and confusing. Saarinen (2006) supports this view and suggests that the concept of sustainable tourism continues to interest and irritate researchers. Lansing and De Vries (2007) take the definition of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) as the starting point for their analysis. This is also the definition, which is to be used in this review of literature: “sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability” (Lansing & De Vries 2007, p.78). In other words, sustainability in tourism emphasises the importance of ethics. Sustainable tourism enables communities and host countries to retain the benefits of tourism (Lansing & De Vries 2007). Sustainable tourism is impossible without showing respect for the major socio-cultural aspects of community development and growth. All these are the fundamental requirements of sustainability in tourism. Sustainability in Tourism: Theories and Implications It should be noted, that sustainability remains a popular topic of resea