ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Bell-LaPadula is a machine-based security model that was originally used in military and political settings. It was developed by D. E. Bell and L. J. LaPadula in the 1970s and is based on the General Systems Theory language. The purpose of the model is to enforce uninterrupted access control through a non-linear method of data flow handling (Cristia & Rossi, 2021). It relies on a layered categorization, determining the rights of a subject to access an object, and remains relevant in the current environment. Biba’s Strict Integrity Policy Biba’s model of strict integrity originates from 1977 when it served to complement Bell-LaPadula. Integrity is the key concept of the policy by Kenneth Biba, becoming the first to reflect on whether data can become corrupted (Softpanorama, 2019). Biba’s model introduces a strong hierarchy of data subjects and objects, limiting the possibility of an interaction between different levels of integrity. This way, it aims to protect corrupted files from affecting another array of information. Clark-Wilson Similar to Biba’s policy, the Clark-Wilson model relies on the central concept of integrity. Developed in 1987 by David Clark and David Wilson for commercial settings, this framework aims to prevent unauthorized changes by unauthorized users, both intentional and accidental. In the Clark-Wilson model, users do not access the object directly, as an intermediary serves to ensure the integrity of the data (Jeannot, 2019). This way, the model follows similar principles as Biba’s policy, but the execution is different. Chinese Wall The Chinese Wall policy addresses the issues related to cloud computing in a competitive environment. It is based on the theory introduced by Brewer and Nash in 1989 and addresses the idea of conflict of interest in commerce (Fehis et al., 2016). The policy builds a virtual border between datasets belonging to competing entities and prevents one user from accessing objects from different sides of it. This way, business ethics are respected in the cloud computing environment. Clinical Information Systems Security The Clinical Information Systems Security model (CISS) aims to bridge the gap in data security policies. Anderson (1996) introduces this framework and states that, unlike military and commercial entities, healthcare organizations lack a security system similar to Bell-LaPadula or Clark-Wilson. CISS limits the number of users that can access a single medical record, as well as the number of records accessed by one subject. Thus, it preserves patient confidentiality within a unified data network. Noninterference Security The principles of the noninterference approach to data security were formulated in 1982 by Goguen and Meseguer. This approach divides data into low and high categories of inputs and outputs (Lu et al., 2019). The same division is applied to users preventing unauthorized (low) subjects from accessing high datasets. The effectiveness of this system is conditioned by the strictness of its functioning, placing additional requiremen
Racial categorization has been a topic for continuous discussion since the first US Census modifications back in the 19th century. Various historians and sociologists voice their concerns about the overall racial affiliation impact on the American social system and dispute its relevance as a category. An impressive number of sociologists try to estimate an exhaustive and globally acceptable list of racial categories. However, with centuries of racial mixing all over the world, is the notion of pure race differentiation even relevant in the new global community? Paul R. Spickard, an American historian, tries to answer this question in the essay The Illogic of American Racial Categories . Its main objective is to move beyond the extreme racial paradigm and focus on the mixed-raced residents and their recognition in society. The notion of race, both biologically and characteristically, has been mostly regarded as one of the main principles of social order. However, order as a concept implies a precise structure of the categories. People of mixed races who cannot self-identify their affiliation are then obliged to choose the category they fit the best so that the aforementioned order is not violated. For this reason, Paul Spickard claims that while the racial aspect is connected with biology and genetics, in particular, it is now more crucial in terms of sociopolitical relations. As every nation on the governmental level tries to make its residents fall into distinct types, the racial categorization is quite subjective. The main argument of the essay states that racial categorization as a means of dividing the world community into separate parts and maintaining their boundaries is no longer relevant. If centuries ago, people could not interact with the representatives of a different race due to social constraints, nowadays, people are free to connect with others regardless of their racial or ethnic identity. For that reason, society nowadays is full of representatives of mixed cultures and races, who do not understand the category they should fall in. Such a concern is of great importance for people as Spickard emphasizes the fact that if people do not self-identify themselves as the representatives of a particular race, they are automatically regarded as outsiders. Thus, a person’s cultural affiliation is a direct reflection of his or her position in society. The essay components are quite
International success Global demand for the company’s products is increasing every day. Product research on Canada Goose Inc has proven that market awareness in countries with similar weather conditions is increasing in due time. Most of the countries in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe have similar weather conditions like Canada. In this regard, customers in countries like Russia and the Scandinavian are now conversant with Canada Goose Inc products. Canada Goose Inc products popularity is now felt in the film industries, where the company’s cold costumes are preferred during filming in cold areas. The fact that the company’s retail business has expanded in more than 40 countries across Europe with headquarters in Sweden is encouraging (Lorinc, 2012). The recent trade engagement between Canada and international trading associations has been critical for the Canada Goose Inc international success. The recent agreement between Canada and the European Free Trade association (EFTA) is an example of how the company is succeeding in international markets. The trade agreement between Canada and the trading association has seen the company perform incredibly well in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Low-cost products from the company are now distributed and sold in Asia and the United States. International failures Cultural differences across potential market regions have resulted to the failure of Canada Goose Inc in foreign markets. From this perspective, the company has been unable to establish a universal brand image that reflects a common organization values. Canada Goose Inc has totally failed in enacting copyright laws that prevent piracy and counterfeiting of products (Bitti, 2011). Canada Goose Inc has suffered immensely from this international problem especially in Asia and in the United States. Moreover, the company continues to suffer from lost sales derived from fake products made by foreign Asian companies. There are concerns that the company has failed in its international mandate of observing animal rights as mandated by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). For example, the company has resolved to use coyote fur in manufacturing expensive products. The failure of Japanese parkas products is associated with infringement of counterfeit products in the market. Consequently, the distribution network in Japan underperformed in a volatile and competitive market. In recent years, the Japanese market has been flooded by products of similar design with original Canada Goose Inc products (Kopun, 2013). Trademark infringement is not only common in Japan, but also in other European markets. The failure to maintain rising demand for Canada Goose Inc products has resulted to compromising of the products quality. This can be evidenced
Self-reported data is always associated with a significant risk of biasing because of the subjective nature of information (namely, personal perceptions, estimations, and thoughts) that a researcher aims to gather, as well as individual characteristics of study participants. For instance, Araujo, Wonneberger, Neijens, and de Vreese (2017) note that when a person is more interested in a survey, he or she will likely strive to be more accurate when reporting own behaviors. It is also important to take into account the possibility of various cognitive and psychological biases linked to one’s self-perceptions, relationships with a studied topic, desire to adhere to social expectations/norms and so forth (Demetriou, Essau, & Özer, 2015). Ideally, a data collection tool will aim to minimize the mentioned risks of bias and take into account as many factors affecting a person’s responses as possible. It may seem that questionnaires with open-end questions will be the most accurate measures because they may allow respondents to explain themselves fully. Nevertheless, the researcher may fail to interpret data provided in a free form, and it can consequently contribute to greater inaccuracy. Thus, it is valid to assert that structured surveys with closed-end, bipolar rating scales (for instance, Likert scale) will allow increasing the precision of responses. Likert-scale questions require participants to match their responses/observations/emotions with specific points and numbers on a scale (for example, from agree to disagree, from 1 to 5, and so forth). The researcher can construct a survey in such a way that it may facilitate the interpretation of information by making answers more on-target while also letting respondents evaluate a full spectrum of their experiences. The researcher, however, should also pay significant attention to the overall design of a self-report tool: clarity of questions, matching of resear
Introduction Culture influences the way people behave. It is thus important to understand it in relation to global work place where professional communication is employed as well as at personal interactions. Every country that has Multinational Corporation and other businesses dealing with international firms should recognize the fact that cross-cultural differences have a negative impact on the business communication (Hall, 1976). This paper is going to study Americans communication style and how it affects verbal and nonverbal communication style of other cultures. In addition, it is going to look at how their communication patterns are evident in the workplace and in the personal interactions. Moreover, the similarities between American culture and other communication cultures will be discussed. Finally the paper will conclude by giving recommendations on how to deal with cultural differences in the business and personal interactions. The Cultural Patterns Attributed to American Culture Direct communication is one attribute associated with American communication culture. Americans believe that an individual ought to say what they mean and mean what they say. For them, the conversation whether formal or informal should be direct to the point. Reading between the lines during conversations is discouraged. In addition, people should uphold honesty in any communication. To them, other people’s feelings are not concerned; their concern is usually the truth. American communication culture is the low context culture, that is, it is usually individualistic in that in the conversation, they believe that people are not very much conver
The collapse of the Swanston Street Wall, which resulted in death of three young civilians, has attracted public’s attention as to the possible causes of the tragedy. According to the Victorian Bureau of Metrology, westerly winds had a speed of over 100km/h, at around 3.00pm, minutes before the wall collapsed (Gough & Millar 2013). In-depth analysis and scrutiny of the brickwork and its environs divulge possible contributory factors that might have led to the collapse of the wall. Even though the speed of wind was extremely high, across check on the wall four months prior to the incident revealed huge cracks at its foot and parts of its body. Engineering experts hold that the cracks on the wall created points of weaknesses; therefore, it was extremely impossible for the wall to resist the strong winds. In essence, the cracks on the wall contributed heavily to the occurrence of the tragedy. The wall had Grocon’s advertising board, which was 45 centimetres taller than the brick wall. Since the board was higher than the brick wall, it acted as a sail, and during strong westerly winds, it cannot block their influence. The advertising structure concentrated winds to the wall, forcing it to rotate and collapse. Grocon did not apply structural control joints in mounting the hoarding next to the brick wall. In situations of load like strong winds, each structure acts independently to contain the impeding effects. Structural joint separation helps in minimizing fatalities on a system in case of hazardous occurrences (The Wall: Site Analysis Summary 2013). Besides, the overall design and site layout caused the fall of the brick wall, as they placed great pressure on the wall’s weakest points. According to Victoria Police reports, the collapse of the wall at the construction site in Melbourne CBD took away lives of three innocent passers-by and caused injuries to other people who might have left the scene before the arrival of the rescue team. The three pedestrians were French researcher Dr Marie-Faith Fiawoo, Alexander Jones, and his sister Bridget Jones. The incident has prompted the Building Commission, Coroner, WorkSafe, and Victoria Police to conduct investigations into the collapse of the wall along Swanton Street. Notably, the City of Melbourne does not only have to participate in the investigations, but also conduct thorough auditing of similar structures within its territory (Gough & Millar 2013). As part of containing or preventing future occurrences, the Planning Minister Matthew Guy instructed the Building Commission to identify other structures that can cause destructions to the public. The investigation involves analysis on effects of the advertisement board, Grocon’s reluctance to start the construction since purchasing the site from RMIT University in 2006, and the legality of the wall built in early 1970s. In addition, the investigators are analyzing the design of the structure given the extremely low number of metal ties that constructors used in holding the two bricks. Currently, the Coroner Court is receiving testimonies from the concerned and i
Child psychology constitutes one of the widely researched topics in psychology. This faculty addresses much on the subject of mind and the mode of child development right from the prenatal stage to the adolescent stage. Many psychologists agree on the fact that development of child psychology presents itself as a unique and complex process. However, they differ in the nature of uniqueness especially on perceptions of whether the early developments are functions of the experience of the early stages of development. A mention of the term development would probably force a person to think of genetic and phenotypic traits that control the personal characteristics. However, even though this forms the foundation upon which the development of an individual stands, other factors also come into play such as culture, environment and or social relationships. From a psychological perspective, cognitive development focuses on internal states of mind entangling, decision-making processes, thinking and attentions. In particular, cognitive psychology addresses key concerns within an individual such as intelligence, problem-solving skills while not negating the capacity to withhold memory of radical life encounters. On the other hand, social psychology considers an individual’s social behaviors in-group interactions. It also addresses influences of the social groups in the decision-making process showing how individuals interact with one another. Maya Angelou’s masterpiece I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings provides an excellent illustration of the afore-given expositions. From Angelou’s journey of life, as brought out in the mastery, the reader stands a chance to see the different developmental stages that range from physical, cognitive and social. Angelou’s Physical Development I Know why Caged Bird Sings forms one of the volumes of Maya Angelou, autobiographies amongst the existing list of five. The book recounts on the life of the author from as early as 1930’s until her age of 16 years. Her books examine themes of motherhood, family and self-discovery. Through the deployment of various language stylistic devices such as fiction, the author unveils that the psychological development process in her life. Considering the age bracket the autobiography considers, it is crucial to scrutinize the various aspects of psychological development of the author by following the concepts of child psychology. Angelou’s self-concept, as it stands in her autobiography revolves around her concerns of her physical appearance, which she fails to recognize that it is not her fault. She imagines of possessing “flaxen hair and sapphire eyes”. Within herself, she dreams of being as the sweet white young girls who she thought were a reflection the dutiful people the world could have offered (Angelou, 1969, p.2). According to her,
Introduction Maintaining good nutritional habits whilst going to college proves not to be an effortless task. It has gradually become a further challenge to get a reasonably holistic food choice that offers an authentic nutritional value that is required by the body. Currently, the adopted culture has ideally malformed the food industries into mass-producing bombshells and this seems to be beyond a joke. Mass represents the production of large quantities of food in the most lucrative way possible while using time-efficient approaches. Mass production of food as a consequence has produced the most obese nations globally. The effect is the incredibly unhealthy nations having the highest hypertension, acid reflux diseases, and diabetes rates in the world. While college constitutes new exciting things like meeting different personalities and staying away from home, suitable nutritional measures must be considered to foster a healthy life. It is our fault to choose to be under the saturated umbrella of bad snacking and eating habits. The following are awesome ideas on how to keep healthy nutrition while at college. Take breakfast each morning Research reveals that those who take breakfast persist to be good health champions. The reason is that morning meals incorporate more minerals and vitamins while including fewer cholesterols and fats. This will eventually help college students to have leaner bodies, low counts of cholesterol, and fewer chances to overeat. When a college student eats breakfast, there is always a remarkable difference in the overall body weight. Breakfast has the knack to put off hunger stitches till lunchtime. Further, it can make the options of lofty calorie vending machines to be less enticing. Researchers reported that those who eat breakfast tend to be less likely prone to diabetes or to be obese in comparison to non-breakfast eaters (Weber 6). The consumption of breakfast cereals enables students to have better mental and physical feelings. It is however recommended that to derive the full breakfast meals benefits, the breakfast meal should have proteins, carbohydrates, and a bit of fat. Add omega-three fatty acids and fish to the diet Students should serve a meal comprising of fish twice a week. Fish has a relatively low appalling kind of dietetic fat known as saturated fat. Fis
A reasonable problem The occurrence of nosocomial infections transmitted by all staff within a Skilled Nursing Facility is the issue, which makes many people bothered. To make sure that it can be prevented by the implementation of preventative alert and pause systems, the literature review in the sphere should be conducted to understand what is known about the issue, which the rate of the infection occurrence is and what the level of the danger is in case the patients are infected. 3 or more appropriate symptoms or pieces of evidence of the problem identified The nosocomial infections are believed to be important in the modern society as according to the research conducted by Šuljagić et al. (2011) the problem effects people with chronic diseases that makes the issue worse. Yen, Lu, Huang, Chen, Chen, & Lin (2010) are also sure that the delivery of the infection from the patients to the staff in clinics may cause the epidemics. The chances for such development of the affairs should be reduced to minimum. Navarro-Zarza, Álvarez-Hernández, Casasola-Vargas, Estrada-Castro, & Burgos-Vargas (2010) conducted a research on the basis of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who were infected with nosocomial infections in hospitals and dwelt upon the complications while treatment. Therefore, the problem is urgent and the ways of the infection elimination should be searched for. 7 keywords to use to punch into the computer and a precise description of the modification of keyword searches Nosocomial, infections, hospital, staff, microorganisms, prevention, and epidemics are the main keywords which have been used for searching for the appropriate information. When the keywords did not work effectively, the combination of the words was applied to, for example nosocomial infections, hospital infections, infections prevention, epidemics prevention, etc. The more complicated keyword phrases such as nosocomial infection prevention gave the best results as the relevant sources were listed for consideration. 2 or more appropriate resources for references EBSCO and PubMed databeases were used for searching for the appropriate information as these resoueces are reliable and contain only credible sources. CARS checklist Title                                                                                                                                                                                                           Credibility                                                                                 Accuracy                 Reasonableness                     Support                                             Epidemiology of nosocomial colonization/infection caused by Acinetobacter spp. in patients of six surgical clinics in war and peacetime                                                                         Trustworthy as located in the reliable source and offers accurate and persuasive arguments  Up-to-date and detailed