ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Business conditions, as per Chandler, are the elements that drive Smalls and medium enterprises to choose their organizational structure. The work of Alfred D. Chandler on global production enterprises has increased awareness of economic progress and assisted to form the discipline of organizational development study. Chandler’s seminal work highlighted the significance of entrepreneurial orientation, leadership savvy, and profitability of the company, resulting in the general approach relation among businesses. The structure follows strategies because a corporation should first evaluate its strategic plan before pursuing a new design according to Chandler (David et al., 2019). If a company’s plan alters, it should also adapt its organization to accommodate the new approach. When a firm’s format varies and not its model, the technology adapts to the new arrangement. Facebook Inc. Organizational Structure (Sias, 2017). As indicated in Figure 1, the structure of an organization follows a vertical design. Information Assurance, Business, Promotional Department, Finance Center, and Technology are among the key departments. Facebook Inc. portrays its workplace culture as a contemporary culture in which individuals can continuously upgrade. Rather than getting consent, Facebook makes choices through groups that are empowered to create and explore new ideas, then channel correctly if required. Resource allocation in the Facebook Company depends on the number of Facebook users. Businesses and individuals can use Facebook’s data flow to send messages, photos, and films, as well as connect. There will be insufficient effective collaboration across organizational departments, which is one of the structure picture’s flaws. There is also miscommunication between institutions and finally, firms with functional management systems, the conversation can be restrictive since seniors are the only ones allowed to make decisions and the expression of the juniors is denied. The example of the organization above is a functional organization. This model is suitable because it improves safety and staff effectiveness. The value of vertical and lateral uniformity is equal since it is shown in a horizontal mode that the task is managed in a predefined sequence, but this does not consider where its end is. This is a crucial subject since it necessitates administrative support to penetrate through corporate barriers and has a concentration on desire, necessity, and anticipation of an institution’s point of contact.
Discussion The Mismeasure of Man The chapter provides extensive evidence for the biological determinism that dominated white leadership in America. Gould (1981) cites numerous political leaders like Jefferson and Lincoln to show their discriminatory attitudes towards Black people. They justify Blacks’ alleged intellectual, emotional, and social inferiority as a natural consequence of their descent, putting white people in a position of power. The examples of such thinking made me realize that biological determinism, or finding false evidence for a race’s inferiority in pseudo-science, is extremely damaging and has been used for centuries to repress African-Americans. Exploited in Life and Death, South African to Go Home The article tells a story about an African woman, Saartkie Baartman, who was deceived into serving as living evidence of biological determinism in early 19th century Europe. Daley (2002) narrates how the woman was lured into the European freak circus and has been displayed to the public. Her unusual body and genital composition were non-consensually put on display both pre-and post-mortem and ridiculed as proof for the animal inferior nature of Blacks. Even after her death, her body parts were exhibited in a museum. This story is shocking since she was unofficially enslaved as a living spectacle of biological determinism, which reinforced the idea that White people are superior to others. Lynch Law in Georgia, Chapter 2: Tortured and Burned Alive The chapter narrates one of the lynching cases that happened in the United States as a result of racism. According to Wells (1899), a murderer Samuel Wilkes was on the run when the local press, Atlanta Constitution, started to publish follow-ups to the case and provoked people to unlawful punishment. The proposed burning of the suspect alive was mentioned and reinforced multiple times throughout numerous articles, which resulted in Hose’s actual lynching once he was found. This example shows that when fueled by the press and normalized in society, discrimination can reach the extremes of violence. A Litany of Atlanta This reading provides a unique example of the defense of the African-American population. Unlike many other thinkers of the time, Dubois (2020) brings up the religious and historical context of racial discrimination in America. He documents numerous cases related to the violence imposed onto the Black population and urges for a political and legal change to implement racial equality. Although the religious undertones make the litany appeal to the public, it still presents an unpopular argument for equality and the end of discrimination, which is surprising for the time. Groundings with My Brothers: Chapter 1-2 Both chapters serve as a premise to the following arguments in the book, arguing that White power is still dominant in the co
America’s grand strategy till now was to preserve the uncontested global supremacy it has enjoyed since the end of the Cold War times and maintain the geopolitical unipolar environment that has come into existence ever since. America has pushed for such status since the post-World War II era. After September 11, 2001, subsequent to the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon bracing up its defenses against international terrorism became America’s central concern. It declared war on Afghanistan to flush out Al Qaeda and achieved a quasi success in the process. Once these immediate threats were defused, the nation was faced with a few alternatives in relation to its foreign policy, which is needed to choose to best extenuate the threats of further terrorist attacks against the nation. Either it could revert to its pre-Cold War policy of minimal engagement in global affairs or it could persist with the post-Cold War strategy of instituting a global preponderance. Another option could be to overhaul the foreign policy completely, come out of profligate alliances and engagements and shift the focus of concerns towards the growing anti-U.S feeling which led up to the building up of forces of terrorist operations around the globe. The 2003 attacks on Iraq aiming at using force to restore democracy made it apparent that the U.S. strategy of preponderance would be followed in a belligerent manner. The major facets of this policy are:  1. Conception and preservation of an American-led geopolitical order based on superlative U.S. political, martial and economic power and on American ideals.  2. Increase of American ascendance over the international scheme of things to the fullest by means of averting the materialization of adversary powers in Europe and East Asia. (3) Prevention by means of suppressing the augmentation of regional powers like Iraq, Iran and North Korea, which could pose a threat to the welfare of the United States or its associates. The first indications of such policy came from Pentagon in 1992 when it was found quoting, “ our strategy must now refocus on precluding the emergence of any future global competitor by convincing potential competitors that they need not aspire to a greater role ”. The core conjecture relating to this theory is that even though the nation itself is highly protected in terms of external threats it has an undenia
Introduction Ethics are defined as moral principles that guide people on how to conduct themselves in an activity or given situation (Nguyen & Tran, 2018). Admittedly, in today’s competitive business environment, many people find it challenging to uphold the ethics that govern their business (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013). Similarly, in the public sector, it is not uncommon for people to go after their interests and forget that they are supposed to work for the interests of the public (Molina, 2015). This challenge of failure to uphold ethics is evident in public administration where actions of the involved are open to scrutiny (Molina, 2015). Indeed, a clear indicator of failure on the part of the administration in carrying out their duty is a refusal to address public concerns. This paper will focus on the ethical dilemmas that a public administrator faces while trying to conduct his duties. The emphasis will be on the use of four theory bases for a moral dilemma. A public administrator may face an ethical dilemma in his or her work when an action or decision requires them to choose one value over another (Menzel, 2015). In many similar situations, the decision made will be deemed unethical regardless of the underlying ethical value. Utilitarian Ethical Theory The utilitarian ethical theory is based purely on the consequences of taking a particular course of action (Culver, 2014). Thus, the focus here will be on making a decision that has the most significant benefit to the greatest number of people (Lewin, 2014). The utilitarian theory is further divided into two, namely, act and rule utilitarian theories. In the act utilitarian theory, the decision to punish or forgive is based on its impact on the majority. It is important to note that it does not matter whether the needs of the majority are legal or not in this type of utilitarian theory. On the other hand, the rule utilitarian theory takes into consideration common benefit but under the constraints of the law. Thus, for Mr. Smith, the rule utilitarian theory will be applicable in dealing with cases involving public administration. This is so due to the fact that Mr. Smith’s job as a civil servant is strictly guided by the law. The limitation of the ethical dilemma that this decision will have is that it will infringe on the rights of few people who may not agree with the needs of the majority and may need to have their issues addressed separately (Burgess-Jackson, 2013). In the scenario given, Mr. Smith has to deal with the unethical behaviors of newly elected supervisors who had been wrongly hired in the first place (Wheeland, 2013). Through the utilitarian ethical theory, Mr. Smith should take the responsibility of ensuring that the needs of the majority are upheld since the welfare of the community, and the organization is of importance. Therefore, action sho
Osteoporosis screening is a necessary measure that helps monitor patients’ bone health. Standard tests for bone mineral density (BMD) for postmenopausal women, such as a Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), offer some degree of reliability. It is only recommended for women after 65 years old, failing to account for younger patients’ concerns (Cauley, 2018). US Preventative Services Task Force offers different screening tools for patients between 50 and 65 years or younger. These include FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment), SCORE (Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation), and OST (Osteoporosis Self-Assessment) tests (Cauley, 2018). The effectiveness of the FRAX tool is questioned by some scholars (Bansal et al., 2015). Nonetheless, its availability poses it as a complementary method to access BMD for younger patients. Younger patients’ lack of access to DXA is not the only weakness of this test. Komar et al. (2019) argue that DXA’s benefits are limited due to the size of the machine, its technical requirements, and patients’ exposure to radiation. The authors suggest ultrasonography as an alternative for assessing BMD for both younger and older patients. According to Komar et al., the results of ultrasonography are compatible in quality with those of DXA. This test provides low-cost and effective care to patients from different age groups. The variety of tools for osteoporosis screening shows that this problem has to be actively reviewed for patients younger than 65 years. As an advanced practice nurse, it is vital to suggest early alternative screenings if some signs are present in a patients’ health history. Moreover, some additional research performed by nurses in this sphere can help providers to increase the accuracy of tests and lower the threshold for screening’s start.
US Southern Command is one of ten unified commands in the Defense Department. It covers Central and South America, the Caribbean, Cuba and the Panama Canal. It is responsible for “providing contingency planning, operations and security cooperation” in its specified area in conjunction with the rest of the United States military and the other unified commands (US Southern, “About Us”). Southern Command was formally named in 1963, as a redesignation of the US Caribbean Command. The Caribbean Command was approved by President Truman in 1946 when the system of unified commands was first established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to “put responsibility for conducting military operations of all military forces in various geographical areas in the hands of a single commander” (US Southern, “History”). It was changed to reflect the fact that the Caribbean Command actually had jurisdiction over Central and South America as well. Prior to this designation by Truman, Marines had been stationed in Panama since 1903. Southern Command experienced minor redrawing of its boundaries with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and with the implementation of the Panama Canal Treaties the US Southern Command headquarters was relocated to Miami, Florida in 1997 (US Southern, “History”). On the international scene US Southern Command has sought to pursue a wide range of missions designed to enhance global stability. From humanitarian efforts to countering international illicit drug transfers the US military has been working in Central and South America to ensure international stability and security. The organizational structure itself was “designed to facilitate interagency collaboration” (Nunez) in order to coordinate massive international operations such as the Haiti relief mission. Ships such as the USS Kearsarge have been deployed to the Atlantic to “serve as a model for the Navy’s ‘soft power’ efforts in the future” by “delivering disaster relief and humanitarian air to a handful of countries in that region” (Baker). Meanwhile the other major focus of Southern Command remains trying to “strop and disrupt traffic in the maritime environments” of drug traffickers (Fraser). The efforts so far have been successful, Gen. Douglas Fraser, commander of US SOUTHCOM citing Columbia as examples of “denying the air transit out of [and] into the Caribbean.” The most public and controversial example of US Southern Command influence recently has been its efforts to aid Haiti after an earthquake ravaged the country. After the disaster, within 30 hours the U.S.
The poem is about the feelings of the person who is dying. The author described the last few minutes right before the death. It appears that the person was very lonely in his life because he has no fear of death and, moreover, is waiting for the moment “when the King be witnesses in his Room” when he sees God in heaven. The author has written some of the words starting with a capital letter: Stillness, Room, Air, Heaven of Storm, Eyes, Breaths, Onset, King, Room, Keepsakes, Fly, Buzz, and Windows. These words are capitalized because they are the most important. For example, the Buzz of the Fly is the only sound uniting the dying person with a life. The Fly is annoying him because he is ready to die, and the Fly distracts from the thoughts about death; it is an obstacle on the way to light. The main theme of the poem is that there is no need to be afraid of death; everybody should have hope for existence after death. Ben Jonson “An Elegy on the lady Jane Paulet” Johnson writes about the glory of death; he admires death and glorifies the way people die as if death is the victory over life. The first line of the poem is “How did she leave the world, with what contempt!” is a very unusual reaction to a death. Most people regret when someone dies while Jonson admires death. It is obvious that the woman described in the poem died because of the disease because doctors have failed to help her. This is how the author describes the treatment: “put your hottest caustics to, burn, lance or cut.” These words may indicate that when the person is already dying, any kind of medical treatment is torture of the body. Even though the author admires death, he agrees that the death of a close person is not a joyful event (“sad parents’ tears”). Jonson’s poem raises the idea that there is life after death, and death is not the end of everything. “When tomorrow starts without me.” The poem is aimed to comfort the person who lives through the death of a friend or a lover. The theme of fear of death is also raised, “I’d always thought I didn’t want to die.” Nobody wants to die because nobody knows what is happening after death. The author is probably a Christian because he describes the Christian point of view on life after death: God grants the promised eternity to believes, the forgiveness of sins, and the totally new life. To comfort his friend, the author writes, “do not think we’re far apart, for every time y
Kathy’s health problems were caused by Multiple Sclerosis disease, but it was not identified during the early stages of her sickness because a thorough disease diagnosis was not performed during her first visit to the hospitals. She claimed to have experienced persistent numbness for a long period especially after waking up and this was a clear manifestation of muscle problems. These symptoms could have helped in predicting Kathy’s problem during the disease onset, which could have led to early diagnosis. Loss of hearing ability was an indication of a serious health problem that could have been identified through prognosis. A precise prognosis could have led to an appropriate medical diagnosis because there are only a few known causes of ear problems. The major causes of ear problems are bacterial infection, physical damage, and obstruction of the Eustachian tubes. Auditory nerve damage is also suspected to cause hearing impairment. The Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialist did not suspect impulse transmission to be the possible cause of Kathy’s ear problem, but he instead, reported the absence of pathogenic infections. Fortunately, Kathy regained hearing in her right ear after she was prescribed a high dosage of steroids. It can be concluded that steroids solved Kathy’s problem, although she believed it was a ‘miracle’. Later on, she was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis disease which is known to affect the nervous system. Her loss of hearing ability in the right ear and numbness in the legs occurred due to failure of nerve impulse conduction in the ear region and the leg muscles. The hearing was impaired because skeletal muscles did not receive adequate nervous stimulation required for the initiation of skeletal muscle contractions. Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system (Peters & Preedy 561). It arises as a result of the improper determination of lymphocytes during the formation of immune cells in the bone marrow. The variant immune cells recognize myelin proteins as ‘foreign’ particles, thus they attack and destroy them. Myelin proteins form the main components of the nerve cell surface. It forms the myelin sheath of the nerve cells and its main role is to determine impulse conduction velocity. Damage to myelin sheath may, therefore, lead to slow impulse conduction as it was observed in Kathy’s case. Kathy experienced numbness due to two main reasons. The first cause of the symptoms might have been caused by lack of proper nerve impuls
Sammy had faced massive challenges at his workplace before he decided to quit abruptly. In “A &P”, John Updike writes that Sammy quit his job unexpectedly without giving notice. There are people who feel that Sammy lacks substantive reasons to quit his job. They accuse him of providing naïve and immature reasons for quitting his job. For example, Nathan Hatcher suggests that Sammy quit his job, not because of any moral standards but as an attempt to show off as a hero. He also states that Sammy was only interested in impressing the three girls who had visited A & P earlier. However, Sammy also has other emotive issues that informed his decision to stop working at the supermarket. Sammy was exploring different ways he could achieve the things he desired. Sammy started spending a lot of time with the girl because of his desire for personal achievements. Sammy interacted with the girls and significantly improved his social class. He is capable of interacting with girls of high standards and operates like people from the upper social class. The arrival of the girls at “A&P” greatly motivated Sammy to quit his job urgently. He was highly interested in Queenie because he wanted to live her lifestyle. His attraction to the girl went beyond her physical attributes. Sammy wanted to behave and live like the girl. Sammy also quit his job because he had irreversible differences with his supervisor. Critics argue that Sammy quit his job, to become a hero in the presence of the girls. The critics note that Sammy wanted to be together with the girls through all possible means. It is notable that Sammy started experiencing certain challenges with his life after he left A & P. The teenager left his workplace with the hope of enjoying life with the girls. However, Sammy realized too soon that life was becoming more challenging. He states that the world was possibly going to be challenging to him after the experiences he had at his work place that made him quit. Sammy explains that quitting his job may present challenges to his entire life including that of his family. The outcomes of his actions show that he ought to have taken the time to reflect upon his decisions. He would have comprehended the potential consequences of resigning from his workplace. Sammy had faced considerable frustrating moments and declining living standards for a long time. Therefore, he decided to take advantage of the arrival of the girls to quit even though he knew that without a job life would be difficult. The decision Sammy made to quit his job presented challenging consequences on his life. It is nota