ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: When the Going Gets Tough There was a time when the entire world was fascinated by the incredibly artistic stories about noble samurais and the fearless warriors who made Japan famous and honorable all over the world. However, as time passed by, the legends old as time started to wear off, to much pity of the fans. Nevertheless, the really worthwhile novels stood afloat, among them the fabulous story by Jin Yong, The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, which not only was a mastermind of depicting the battle scenes and giving the fighting styles sonorous names, but also managed to reinvent people’s perception of the whole idea of the Japanese martial art, making the characters more three-dimensional and giving them not only the abilities to learn fast enough and fight well, but also the chance to develop as the story progressed. With the help of the idea that stands behind each of the martial arts style, and the character that stands behind it, the author manages to convey the specifics of the given character’s features and outline the stages of his/her development throughout the novel, which added vivacity to the novel and contributed to the credibility of the characters and the world that Yong depicts. Yue Buqun: When the Violet Twilight Sets in The man who founded the school and started teaching the students the secrets of the martial art of gongfu, Yue Buqun deserves considerable attention. He is one of those wonderful clichés that the whole generation of novels about the Japanese martial arts teachers is thankful to him for. Yue Buqun is the image of a perfect teacher, sympathetic, wise and fearless; the author makes his nobility obvious, offering an all-embracing description of the character: Mu Gaofeng immediately recognized him. He was indeed “Righteous Sword” Yue Buqun, Head Master of the Huashan School. Mu had always been in dread of him. Now, since Mu had been caught bullying a junior who basically had no gongfu skills and because Yue even gave the youngster a helping hand, he felt very awkward. 1 However, these are not the peaceful scenes that characterize Yue Buqun the most, but the scenes of fight, where he, despite the rage, manages to keep honor and dignity. And, as he fights, he resembles a shadow sliding in the twilight across the street. Taking a closer look, one will see that the author does not actually give the descriptions of Yue Buqun’s movements, in contrast to the other characters, whose motions are described in the most detailed way – the Master himself simply does not need any comments on his art. He sees the injustice, he joins the fight for justice – and “Mu Gaofeng knew well that once Yue Buqun stepped in, things would not go as he wished. 2 ” The author leaves it to the defeated enemies to comment on Yue Buqun’s martial skills: “Mu Gaofeng saw the change and felt his heart shudder. “So that was indeed the ‘Violet Twilight Gongfu’ of the Huashan Sword School!” he t
Introduction “Burmese Days” is apparently a semiautobiographical story of John Flory, British expatriate with large birthmark on his face who observes wood camps in kept away Kyauktada, Burma. Flory is the weak and lonely person. He recedes to the European Club for having a drink and doubtful friendly relations of others expatriate residents who share his outpost. Flory has the only friend, native doctor Veriswami whom he supports. He competes to the villain of the novel, U Po Kyin, for an entrance card to the Club. When the British debutant Elizabeth Lekerstin comes in Kyauktada, Flory immediately falls in love with her, creating weakness to U Po Kyin to maintain. Main text This novel shows that Orwell didn’t support the idea of British colonization. “Burmese Days” shows us another Orwell, quite different from that one whom we know through such novels as “1984” and others. There he shows his political beliefs and ideas. They were caused by his military service in Burma. Orwell was writing “Burmese Days” for several years. He was thinking of the plot in 1928 and the book was printed for the first time in 1934. When reading the book it is hard to miss that each word and each page hide behind something more than words we can see for the first time. The book arouses many associations and images in our minds. This book is full of small observations that people usually miss. For example, the description of how “a tuktoo clung to the wall, flat and motionless like a heraldic dragon” 1 is a description of a small living creature, a representative of Burmese local flora and fauna. He describes the beauty of them. The plot of the book is centered on poignant character of Jo
Summary Set in a dystopic future where nearly all of mankind is imprisoned in virtual reality, “The Matrix” follows the character of Thomas A. Anderson, a.k.a “Neo” as he is introduced to the concept of the real world and the fantasy realm he currently inhabits. The film begins by introducing viewers to the life of Neo, showing how he feels dissatisfied with his current existence and seems to believe that something doesn’t quite seem right with the world that he lives in . This assumption is validated by the fact that in several scenes he is introduced to the concept of agents, programs designed to ensure the stability of the virtual world, and is given the choice of either choosing to stay in the reality that he knows or experience “the real world” by Morpheus, a supposed terrorist but in reality is a freedom fighter fighting for the future of humanity. His choice of accepting reality causes him to be disengaged by the system resulting in him “waking up” from the virtual world. What he sees is confirmation of the “truth” Morpheus has informed him about leading to succeeding events where Neo is believed to be the chosen one prophesized by the “Oracle” within the Matrix. The movie continued to elaborate on numerous existential concepts such as the validity of reality, the power of the mind, and whether what we see right now is in fact the “true” world or nothing more than an illusion created by the mind. Throughout the film, it is hinted that the prophecy that Morpheus attaches to Neo, yet he himself denies, is actually true with Neo showing instances of accelerated motion, intuition, and even power unlike that shown by other users of the virtual world. This culminates in the ending sequence of the film where Neo comes into the full realization of his powers by literally coming back from the brink of death and showing superhuman abilities. Theme: There are three distinct themes found in the movie namely the blurring of the line between humans and machines, fate vs. free will, and finally the relationship between the body, brain, and mind. It is the combination of these three distinct themes that help to create the degree of futurism seen in the film since they touch upon topics normal audiences rarely associate themselves with. Exploration of Content When examining the content of the film it seems to follow the normal sequence of events usually seen in movies depicting unsuspecting heroes in that first the hero is discovered, there is a period of denial, begrudging acceptance and finally a manifestation of heroism. On the other hand, it must be noted that when taking into account the subsequent sequels to the film the matrix seems eerily familiar to the concept of the messiah seen in ancient Christian history wherein the unsuspecting son of a carpenter became the messiah who saved all of humanity. Further examination of the film seems to support the theory that Neo is being compared to Jesus Christ when his coming is prophesized; he is expected to do great things yet is expected to die for the sake of humanity as seen in the e
This section highlights the demographic categories that attitudinal studies have found to be influential in attitudes toward students with disabilities. The themes that follow, which include gender, training, and years of teaching experience, were found within several studies assessing educators’ attitudes toward learners with disabilities. Gender Studies comparing gender differences in attitudes toward students with disabilities have presented mixed results. Yuker (1994) stated that although past studies have reported positive attitudes for females, the differences between the genders are diminishing. Findings from studies carried out in the 1990s recapitulated in a review of the literature establish that in about 67% of undertaken researches, female educators had a higher positive attitude concerning disabilities than their male counterparts (Avramidis & Norwich, 2002). Subsequently, some present studies are still consistently reporting disparities between genders, mostly with females articulating more favorable attitudes than males (De Boer & Pijl, 2011; Vas et al., 2015). Findings from previous studies contribute to the proof that gender seems to be an indicator of attitudes for educators toward disabilities with male teachers showing a more negative stance when compared to female ones (Avramidis & Norwich, 2002; De Boer & Pijl, 2011; Vas et al., 2015). Despite the rationale behind the gendered disparity remaining open to speculation, studies have attributed it to a higher forbearance and more dynamic teaching mindset in females than males. This indicates that there might be no distinction between female and male educators when it comes to the provision of inclusive education (Woodcock, 2013). Training In existing studies, training seems to be a major aspect that sways educators’ capacity to modify their teaching approaches (Shulman, 2013). Training can be about content kno
Research Topic The article discusses why youth love social network sites and the role of networked publics in the lives of teenagers. It explains why these sites are important, how they fit into teenagers’ lives, and their importance as well as effects on face-to-face interactions. Literature Review The author of the article, Danah Boyd, uses different resources to support and supplement her arguments and define terms. For example, she cites studies conducted by PEW on youths’ access to the Internet and the use of social network sites. The studies conducted in 2004 and 2006 revealed that approximately 55% of teenagers with access to the Internet created profiles on social network sites. Teenagers who did not participate in social networking were either unable to do it because of parental control or of being on planes, where social networks are banned. The literature review discusses several ways in which teenagers experience social life online, and the role played by race, social class, and gender. Design/Methodology The arguments contained in the article are based on ethnographic data collected from Boyd’s two-year study that involved the evaluation of teenagers’ participation in MySpace. She observed participants’ engagement with the social network site and spent a lot of time in their company. In addition, she conducted qualitative interviews in both online and offline spaces. The author utilized observation and interviews as the main data collection methods. Moreover, she analyzed the profiles and blogs of teenagers in various places in the United States. Results Boyd found out that teenagers love social networking sites because they aid in the formation of social identities, understanding cultural cues, and negotiating public life. Interacting with other teenagers helps young people to socialize and introduces them to the boundaries of the social world and the adult society. Discussion The researcher argues that society, law, market, and architecture are the primary forces behind contemporary teen culture involving the love of social networking sites. Societal hypocrisy is prevalent, and teenagers are in need of proper social identity. These forces have shifted how youths are perceived and treated. The Internet allows teenagers unlimited access to unregulated publics, where they can express themselves freely without control or censure. Recommendation for Future Research The article expresses the need for the study of the long-term implications of sociali
Oronooko is a work of fiction written by Aphra Behn. She is an Englishwoman who became a successful writer in 17 th century England. She lived in a time when slavery was considered a major part of the Western world’s economy, specifically when it comes to Great Britain and its colonies in the American continent. The bulk of the story is set in South America and the origin of the slave trade in the African continent. The author was able to describe the gentleness, beauty, grace, and courage of the African slaves and made a clear argument as to why no one has the right to subjugate them and treat them as nothing more than an object used for economic gain. History of Slavery It is impossible to shoot down every type of justification made in favour of slavery without first going through an overview of its history, particularly in the Western world, its connection with Africa and then the British colonies that can be found in the American continent. It has to be made clear that the existence of slavery as an institution is the by-product of a great need. And that is to make money at the most cost-efficient way. Before the advent of the industrial age a nation’s strength is found in its agricultural sector. Food is the most important thing. But even the means to make clothes and other things required to experience comfortable living can be directly or indirectly acquired through farming and other agricultural pursuits. But there are many challenges to farming and other related activities such as animal husbandry and planting crops. The first problem is arable land. For those that have no problems with land such as the farmlands that can be found in the American continent in the time of Aphra Behn, the most important limiting factor is manpower. In the absence of powerful machines that can do the work requiring the muscle power of a hundred men there is a need to hire and train an army of workers. There is a serious problem when it comes to hiring and training people to do the necessary work to make a farm or plantation successful. There is also the added challenge of retaining a skilled workforce. A traditional method of maintaining a steady workforce requires the utilisation of roving workers, a variety of job seekers knocking at the door of farmhouses asking for work. There are two problems when it comes to this system and it has something to do with the consistency of the quality of work and the need for a steady supply of workers when they are needed. This method has worked well in the past because of the seasonal nature of farm work. But someone must have thought what if there is a way to maintain a steady workforce and yet with minimal cost. The answer came readily because slavery is as ancient as some of the more established human traditions. In ancient times the most common way to own slaves is to conquer a people group through warfare. Armies clash in the battlefield and the defeated group has to allow their conquerors to take them as slaves or die with the rest of their fallen comrades. Slavery was the acceptable way out for many. The second way to acquire slaves is through the inability to pay loans. The one in debt had to
Abstract Asthma is a respiratory disease that causes inflammation of human lung airways. Asthma Pathophysiology is the summary of the stages that asthma undergoes. Asthma etiology is the classification of various risk factors responsible for causing asthma in children and adults. The children risk factors are called modifiable (extrinsic) factors. On the other hand, adult asthma risk factors are commonly known as non-modifiable or intrinsic factors. Asthma can be diagnosed using Hematologial asthmatic analysis, Pulmonary Function Testing, chest x-ray test, and arterial partial carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) analysis. Other respiratory diseases may arise if asthma is not diagnosed and treated in its initial stages. Common disorders include airways damage, breathing difficulty, pneumonia, respiratory failure, asthamaticus, and finally death. Economic and social constraints arising from treatment failure include absenteeism and home confinement respectively. This paper analyzes the cause, development, diagnosis, and complications associated with asthma respiratory disorder. Introduction Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation of the human lung airways cells. Airways cells used in asthma pathophysiology analysis include neutrophilis, lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. All these cells produce different inflammatory mediators. Airways inflammations occur when two or more mediators react with each other. This inflammation causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness that leads to chest tightening, coughing, dyspnea, and wheezing. In addition, the inflammation stimulates hyperresponsiveness of the mucus glands and airways muscles (Martin & Sutherland, 2010). Main body Hyperresponsiveness causes peeling of the epithelial cell wall, mucus edema and hypersecretion of mucus. Pathophysiology experts assert that edema mucus triggers cell inflammation infiltration, airways venous dilation, and plasma extravasation. Increased Inflammation causes contraction, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the smooth muscles of the airways (Amdekar & Kabra, 2010). If the inflammation persists, a condition called acute asthma occurs. This condition is characterized by bronchoconstriction, airways inflammation, or both. Further increase in inflammation leads to increased rate of gravid ventilation resulting to high respiratory alkalinity (Harver, 2010). Increased airways constriction reduces alveolus ventilation and air flow. Such situation increases carbon dioxide retention in the blood. In addition, it causes hypoxemia of the arteries that further increase respiratory alkalinity (Martin & Sutherland,
Inquiry-Based Learning Promoting independence among learners is an essential responsibility which a teacher must meet so that the learner could be provided with an opportunity to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge successfully. Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is the phenomenon that allows encourages academic independence and reinforcing the idea of self-directed learning among students. By definition, the phenomenon involves introducing the students to the concept of research and the idea of using observations as the starting point for conducting a study (Slavin 2006). Therefore, it suggests that a student should be engaged in the learning process and be willing to take active participation in it. As a teacher of Arabic working with female students in grades 5-9, I need to focus on fostering independence and motivation in students. Even though the groups of learners with whom I work are mostly homogenous as far as their population is concerned, the needs of the students are very different (Olrich et al. 2009). Thus, each learner requires an individual approach that will help them become active in the process of acquiring academic knowledge and skills. Therefore, I must approach them from the perspectives of different levels of IBL (e.g., an expository instruction, guided discovery, and full discovery) (Long et al., 2011). I also often have to adopt the principles of constructivism-based inquiry learning (CBIL) when teaching Arabic to female students. To be more specific, I help them not only build knowledge but also understand how it is formed and reflect on the results. In other words, the foundation for meta-cognition is created. IBL provides an opportunity for learners to understand how they acquire knowledge and skills; thus, they become capable of managing their learning process independently. Inclusive Education in the UAE Meeting the needs of learners with disabilities and students with special needs is an essential and rather challenging task for the UAE educators. Although the concept of inclusive education seems rather reasonable, it poses a range of impediments to the successful learning and teaching processes. For instance, it may slacken the pace of learning for the rest of the students, thus, making their performance rates drop. Therefore, a comprehensive approach allowing a teacher to meet the needs of all students is necessary (Olrich et al. 2009). Despite the problems with which the idea of inclusive
Abstract Human Behavior is rather complex and dynamic. Psychologists and behaviorists have, over the years, research different aspects of behavior and attitudinal patterns. Some concluded similar findings while the others discovered unknown mesmerizing traits. Nonetheless, an individual rarely displays one style of behavior at all times. Therefore, it is not easy to associate a definite behavioral style with an individual. One behavioral approach may be predominant in his attitude. However, the style varies according to time and circumstances. Behavior is influenced by many external and internal factors. As part of a team, an individual’s behavior is affected by the role he assumes and the responsibility he shoulders as well as the attitudes of his colleagues. He adopts a behavioral style and retains it as long as the team works together. Consequently, his written, verbal and non-verbal communication gets adapted to his behavioral approach. The messages he receives are interpreted by him accordingly and the messages he sends are construed by the recipient according to his style of behavior. Different Styles of Behavior A dominant or a pioneer-style is usually assumed by those team members who behave more as leaders and take initiative in proposing or pursuing an idea. An impressor tries to be in the supervisor’s good books and is more like a sycophant. An adventurer is a risk-taker and a speculator. He looks primarily at the advantages of undertaking a project or a business venture and makes contingency plans for overcoming anticipated disasters. A go-getter is an enthusiast and has an out-going personality. He is more likely to be successful than his colleagues. A director is sterner and very demanding of his teammates. Behavioral Styles and Elements of Communication The study of human behavior is rather challenging because behavior is complexly dynamic. The styles of attitudes and approaches towards behavior are influenced by several factors such as the environment, society, culture, religious affiliations, education, and family traditions and background. As circumstances vary, an individual assumes a behavioral style accordingly. It is likely that an individual takes on two or more behavioral styles at the same time or takes up a hybrid style which is a combination of two or more styles. The versatility in behavioral styles is growing with the fast-moving world. Individuals assume various roles, interact with people from different backgrounds and cultures and are required to work as members of cross-functional teams in organizations. Today, as increasing emphasis is placed on employee empowerment and “organizational effectiveness”, the concept of working in teams is on the rise. As the “more we try to work as a team, the more important it becomes to recognize that people exhibit different behavioral styles” (Chaneski, 2006). The individuals possessing different styles of behavior portray certain characteristics associated with their particular styles. However, it is unlikely that “that all people of a particular behavioral style exhibit all of the characteristics portrayed” (Ch