ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description of the UN World Food Program The World Food Program (WFP) is a humanitarian agency, which was established in the early 1960s by the United Nations (UN) to help in the fight against hunger in different countries across the world. The WFP works with other agencies such as FAO and IFAD to pursue the vision of ensuring a hunger-free world. With reference to its vision, the WFP responds to emergencies by supplying food and other basic materials to victims in times of war, conflicts, and natural disasters such as hunger. As a humanitarian organization, the agency addresses the issue of food coupled with playing a crucial role in saving victims and providing them with shelter ( WFP , 2014a). Currently, the agency is operational in approximately 70 countries in which over 90 million people benefit from its programs. However, apart from providing food assistance, the agency encourages the affected countries to implement capacities to address the challenges of victims as part of rebuilding life after a crisis. Nevertheless, the WFP largely relies on donations and funding from the UN to facilitate its humanitarian activities ( WFP , 2014b). Status of hunger across the world and prevention measures Researchers affiliated to the WFP approximate the rate of malnutrition to be one person out of eight people across different countries. From the research, it is evident that malnutrition has a higher rate of prevalence than other diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, and malaria (Unnevehr, 2003). However, cooperation of countries and application of appropriate policies can help in the eradication of the problem of hunger across the world. For the prevention and eradication of hunger, the WFP has implemented various policies through diverse programs to ensure that the poor and undernourished people have appropriate meals and diet for their survival (Gregory, Ingram & Brklacich, 2005). Although the WFP works through various initiatives such as food for assets and purchases for progress focusing on women, the school meal plans entail a widespread initiative that is implemented in both developed countries and those with developing economies. Currently, the WFP works either independently or with governments to establish programs for providing nutritional meals to children in schools. In some countries outside the United States, the WFP has a take-home program in which pupils are provided with foods to take home. The motive of the take-home initiative is to encourage parents to retain their children in school ( WFP , 2014b). Addressing risks to food and safety Food safety and public health entail core issues to the policies of the WFP in addressing food security across the globe. The WFP works with the International Food Safety Authority Network (INFOSAN) to provide information in relation to managing fo
The main difference between training and development is that, when one is trained, his performance changes, while development changes one’s life. Training focuses on the job; value is added to the kind of job one does. Development on the other hand focuses on an individual; value is added to everything which makes their job and their lives better. The importance of training is experienced for a short time, while that of development is experienced for a long time (Rothwell, 2008). In a performance improvement plan, there are eight steps. The first step is where one defines and establishes the main objective, and the reasons why one wants to make improvements; one also defines the current status of the process. The second step is the communication step where you need to communicate the desired results, and the reasons for making such improvements to all stakeholders, especially the internal stakeholders. You should make them understand the importance of undertaking the changes. The third is the mapping step where you analyze and take the measurements of the current performance. The fourth is the plan step, where you identify the main causes of the present failures. Also, you look for possible solutions to come up with a proposed plan for the process to be performed. The fifth is the test drive plan step where you communicate the proposed process to the stakeholders and solicit feedback, which will help to identify additional improvements. The sixth is the implementation step where the implementation team executes, monitors and assesses its performance. The seventh step is the evaluation step where you evaluate the performance. This is done through comparison of the target that was established, and the results that were experienced before the change. The last step is the standardizing step where you plan for the future improvements of the process. With the use of the performance improvement plan the supervisor is able to know the various needs of the trainees. This plan is designed to provide a common ground where the supervisor can discuss with his trainees, and highlight the key areas that need to be improved. It is implemented so that when the need arises the supervisor will establish a performance improvement plan to ensure that the trainee gets the desired training (Kohli, 2008). People are different, thus, their learning styles are likely to differ. Styles that exist include; kinesthetic, visual and auditory learning styles. This calls for a collection of training delivery methods to meet the requirements of diverse employees. However, it becomes difficult when dealing with topics that do not have a variety of delivery methods, for example, topics such as values and morals. The delivery of an organizational training program is very important to employees’ overall performance; this is because employees form part of the organization. How the employees are trained determines the overall performance of the organization. Some examples of the dif
The Impact of Commedia Dell’Arte Commedia Dell’Arte (CDA) is one of the brightest spots in the history of performing art. It is rather difficult to name a particular year when it appeared, but researchers agree that first records of this type of performing art date back to the middle of the sixteenth century. It has had an enormous impact on the development of the European theatre (Scala & Salerno 1967). The archetypal characters have entered numerous plays to convey certain ideas. Originating from the Italy of the XVI century, Commedia Dell’ Arte has gained several distinct features in the course of its development. According to the historical evidence, the term was copined by the famous Venetian playwright Carlo Godoni (Lennard, 2008, p. 23). The concept of CDA has shaped since then, clearly geared towards the pantomime genre. However, in the XVII century, it was extremely powerful. Molière, Shakespeare and even modern playwrights resorted to elements of CDA to create their masterpieces. Clearly, theatre is a reflection of the society and, therefore, CDA which was so influential was also a kind of reflection of the society of those days (Henke 2002). It is possible to note that this type of theatrical performance had certain political implications and it often challenged social norms. Scenarios of CDA and Their Implications It is necessary to note that somewhat simplistic scenarios also contributed to certain political implication. This type of performance is characterised by a simple plot where two lovers (who are rich or well-to-do) cannot be together because of some vicious rich people (Richards & Richards 1989). At the same time, spectators follow some events of poor people’s lives who try to handle more serious troubles as they can hardly exist and should focus on ‘careless lives of their masters. Importantly, in the sixteenth century it was a norm to stage events from the life of members of the royal family and noble people. Initially, CDA was not welcome among nobility due to this peculiarity of theatrical performances as they did not find merchants or servants to be worth mentioning in a play (Brockett & Ball 2000). People did not want to see peculiarities of life of ordinary merchants, workers and servants, even though the love story of well-to-do people was central. It is necessary to note that CDA was usually performed during fairs for people who lived in cities (Brockett & Ball 2000). Admittedly, city dwellers, merchants, bourgeois, servants, the poor were the first target audience for CDA (Rudlin 1994). However, in the course of time, CDA became widely spread and popular among people of all social layers. As has been mentioned above, theatre is only a reflection of the society. However, CDA was also one of the factors that contributed to the change in the social structure and roles
Introduction It is important for a potential buyer to compare different car models before the actual purchase. Many such buyers compare prices only while disregarding other important factors. While price is so basic a factor, other factors must be well known and used to make the last decision. This essay seeks to show how hard it is to choose between the 2013 Toyota Camry and 2013 Honda Accord based on different considerations. Cost All in all, the most basic factor is cost. Cost here refers to the Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price (MSRP). When MSRP is the basis on which to base our considerations, Toyota Camry is relatively cheaper than Honda Accord. The MSRP for the former ranges between 22,235 to 30,465 US Dollars while the later is in the range of 21,680 to 33, 430 US Dollars. However, there is no difference when comparing their Destination Charge – the cost of transporting the car from the dealer to the buyer (Newcars.com). Comfort In regard to comfort offered by the vehicles, Toyota Camry has more space for passengers than the Honda Accord. Their headroom and legroom are not any much different (newcars.com). A closer look, however, reveals that Toyota Camry has unsupportive front seats while the Honda Accord have improved support for the back besides better bolstering. The Honda Accord beats Toyota Camry in offering a better outside view (Halvorson). Fuel Economy Fuel economy is another critical factor. On this front, Toyota Camry wins over Honda Accord. This arises from the fact the Camry Hybrid is easily available and has accomplished gas-distance ratings of 43 mpg city, and 39 on the highway (Halvorson). Road Noise Reduction It is such an awesome experience to drive a car with reduced road noise. The Honda Accord is the clear winner where noise insulation is concerned. The Honda manufacturer has installed Active Noise Control and Active Sound Control which goes a long to eliminate road noise (Halvorson). However, this is only comparatively and does not imply that the Toyota Camry is very noisy on the road. Dimensions When compared to the Honda Accord, the Toyota Camry is a little bit slender in the width dimension. As such, it is a lot easier to move into and out of a tight parking bay when driving Toyota Camry (newcars.com). In effect, this means that it would not be so easy for one to park the
3 Stage Problem structuring For many, journalism is a field that is considered somewhat easy since it is non-technical. From the surface, journalism needs one to have great interpersonal skills and also have good grooming in order to be presentable before an audience of live viewers. What many do not understand is that a lot of hard work is put by media houses to ensure that their journalists do not get out of line in various situations. One of the major issues that media houses face which may affect their audience is the way its journalists handle traumatic events. History is filled with nay stories of negative publicity directed at media houses and various journalists about how they handled certain traumatic events. A classic example is the huge public outrage at how reporters in Montreal interviewed children involved in the tragedy of March 7, 2013 where 27 people fell victim to the tragic shooting that occurred that day at Sandy Hook Elementary School. Some of the reporters have never been in such a situation and for the first time they had to make ethical decisions as to how to handle the surviving children, whether to interview them or not considering their traumatised state. Of courses on scene were insensitive reporters that had to get information by all means without caring if they would cause further trauma to the survivors (Eksterowicz & Roberts, 2000). Research has shown that journalists have faced this challenge for a long time and the situation calls for action to be taken to avoid them causing unnecessary intrusions that would further traumatise survivors or victims of tragic events (Eksterowicz & Roberts, 2000). These unfair treatments of victims necessitate the need for simulation of traumatic events so as to equip journalists with adequate skills to handle tragic events. This discussion will be about a way of solving the issue of journalists facing trauma in the field and efforts that have been made in order to help them overcome this. According to Massé (2011), most journalists terribly handle traumatic events during their first time. The journalists simply have never covered any tragic scene report and the very first encounter has a negative psychological effect on most of them. The result is that the public complains about the coverage of certain broadcast citing insensitiveness on part of the journalism without caring to understand that the journalist had no prior training in such events. This is a situation that can be avoided. Casual Loop Modelling Therefore, four areas of ethical concern have been identified which must be catered for adequately in the journalism practice to avoid repetition of ugly historical blunders. These areas include probing for a story versus paying attention to the victims’ needs, a journalist understanding his or her role at a scene, respecting the set limits of fulfilling job obligations and effectively understanding the requirements of the job while on training at actual scenes (Weaver & Willnat, 2012). In a tragic event, victims experience different lev
Introduction Language and how it affects the way people think and act has been a topic of discussion for a very long time with different theories being floated around. According to Gentner and Goldin-Meadow (14), the idea of language influencing thought also generally referred to as the Whorﬁan hypothesis, has drawn so much controversy and any advocates for this theory have been regarded by some as being so naïve or at times seen to be crazy. Marlowe (1) also argues that in studies concerning language, it is not uncommon to find people raising serious concerns about the relationship that exists between the languages that are spoken by people and the effect this has on how they end up thinking. Some theorists according to Marlowe have argued that since it is possible to have words from different languages imply the same thing, it automatically follows that the language spoken or used to write by a particular group of people will not extensively influence the way these people think (1). Still others are very much convinced that whatever differences there may be in languages can easily be eliminated if translations are done without the use of idioms to make sure that the meaning of the original text is not distorted as one does the translation to the target foreign language (Marlowe 1). According to a study done by Edward Sapir, an American linguist who also happened to be a Jewish emigrant, there are no two different languages that can be so similar to such an extent that they can imply the same in a social setup. The truth of the matter is that societies live in completely different worlds with different labels attached to them. Consequently, the way people will see and hear is a product of the habits that are associated with the language of the community they grew up in (Marlowe 1). Research has revealed that translations from one language to another tend to vary greatly from one language to language. Whereas it may be easy to carry out certain translations, there are some that are just but difficult to perform. If such translations are done tried, the outcome is usually pathetic and the originality of the translated sentences is completely lost in the process. Counter factual thinking for example has been found to be quite difficult in the Chinese language than it is in the English language. Certain constructions of English sentences can not be easily translated to the Chinese language due to the fact that the Chinese language makes it so difficult for people to think about certain scenarios (Bloom & Keil 356). This paper argues the case that language does influence thinking. Thoughts by various authors are discussed. Effects of Language on Thought The famous Whorﬁan hypothesis, or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis as it is sometimes known, points out three key things. The first is that different languages will show variations in their semantics about the world. Secondly, the way a person’s language is ordered will have a great effect on how he or she will recognize different things in the world. Finally, the conclusion that follows from the above two statements is that people who spe
Introduction Social construct is concerned with the manner in which people learn knowledge and beliefs through socialization. As people interact, they learn conceptions and expectations which are associated with their gender. These concepts and expectations usually extend to all aspects of social life and society. People develop new political attitudes, feelings and perceptions about others as a result of socialization. The following is a culture and socialization essay that explains why society exists as a social construct. Why is society a social construct? Society exists as a social construct due to factors like gender, race matters, class and education among others. With regards to gender, every society classifies its members into ‘women’ and ‘men’. These classifications determine the roles played by each gender. The psychological and social characteristics that are associated with being a male or a female play a major role of shaping the people’s expectations. It determines the manner in which people interact with each other. Gender also affects people’s interests and abilities in the society. Gender identity shapes norms and expectations because it determines the behaviors of societal members. For instance, boys are known to use threats and commands in all-male groups as compared to a situation where both men and women exist. Also, men are known to be more rebellious as compared to girls. Women on the other hand, tend to be more submissive than men. The agents of gender socialization include family interactions, schooling and mass media among others (Schaefer & Richard, 2008, P. 178). People’s lives are affected by their class in the society whether they are aware or not aware about it. How one is seen by others, whether rich or poor have an effect on his or her life. Members of the society with a dominant class usually lead a unique lifestyle that marks their status in the society. Some of the concrete signs of status in society include; titles, clothing and access to special facilities like clubs e.t.c. Members of the society with a special class have the ability to display their cultural lifestyle enabling them to achieve social recognition (Schaefer, & Richard, 2008, P. 178). Race, as a social construct, has an effect on people’s daily lives because it determines the way in which people view themselves and others. The dominant group in the society is usually considered as superior, while the minority group is usually considered to be inferior. People usually determine one’s race by the color of his or her skin (Schaefer, & Richard, 2008, P. 178). With regards to religion, every religion has moral laws which are aimed at harmonizing the society. Religion contributes to proper functioning of the society by unifying people. It draws a line between one’s inspirations and the society’s demands. Religion thus is a phenomenon that is produced in daily intera
AFLAC American multinational AFLAC needs to adapt its business practices to the Japanese way of doing things. Failure to do so could lead to the company’s loss of market share. Specific characteristics of the operating environment of a company must be taken into account in designing its strategy. AFLAC is an American multinational, but the bulk of its revenues result from the Japanese market. It means that this market should be protected and customer needs are satisfied. There are various characteristics of markets that differ. A PEST analysis could show the difference between the Japanese and the American markets. The Japanese have been seen to be more health-conscious than Americans, hence the large market for supplemental insurance in Japan. Japanese culture is also more conservative than the American one. Such factors influence multinational’s operational strategies. AFLAC has to retain its American characteristics, which give it a competitive advantage in the Japanese market. E.g. involvement in charity is largely American but gives the company a good image in Japan. The donation to education and homes for those affected by diseases enables customers to identify with the company. Therefore, I would conclude that AFLAC should continue to adapt to the Japanese culture as this has led to its success in this market. Ignoring the Japanese way of doing things could lead to loss of customers and revenue. Customers would be unable to identify with the company. The result would be a reduction in revenues and profit. However, embracing it could result in increased revenue and customer satisfaction. The company could also learn new efficient ways of operation from the Japanese people. AFLAC Challenges The Japanese government’s actions can affect the company immensely. Any actions taken against multinational co-operations in an attempt to protect the local firm could cause huge losses to AFLAC. Taxes imposed on such companies could increase expenses by huge margins. Management of the Japanese part of the organization might pose a problem given the differences in the two markets. It is a challenge faced by most large organizations but can be solved by standardizing some of its operations. The government could compel the company to sell part of its shares to the locals. It means the American holding in the company would reduce. It may not please investors. The government may also require the company to hire workers from Japan, whereas there are cheaper options. Unique Opportunities for AFLAC Japan is developing fast in terms of technology. AFLAC has the opportunity to gain from these developments. Technology would help in increasing the efficiency of its operations and to reduce the related operating costs. The company also could introduce an exchange program for its employees. It would increase motivation greatly. The company stands to benefit from tax reliefs and government grants for companies with foreign operations. AFLAC also has the oppor