ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Aristotle shared his insight regarding an array of subjects throughout his lifetime, his interests included biology, physics, logic, ethics and many others. Out of a variety of virtues that Aristotle was examining, friendship, perhaps, was the topic which was quite extensively explored by the philosopher in many of his writings (Stern-Gillet, 1995). The three levels of friendship in the modern context Aristotle classified friendship into three types with the first one based on utility meaning that people communicate with the sole purpose of deriving benefit from each other. This is the lowest form of friendship, described by Aristotle as shallow and easily terminated (Stern-Gillet, 1995). The second type is based on pleasure implying that people gravitate to each other’s appearance, pleasant qualities, sense of humor, or wits. In the first two types of friendship, people are guided by their interests, be it financial gain or seeking pleasure for oneself. These types are bound to end sooner or later because people’s needs and pleasures tend to change as time passes. The third type, being the highest, is based on goodness, where people guide one another in their search for virtue. The fundamental pillar of virtuous friendship is the selfless willingness to give love unconditionally. Driven by virtue, a person entirely ignores his gain or pleasures, wanting only the best for a friend. This type of friendship is bound to stand the test of time as it is not ruled by self-interests (Pedemonte, 2014). It is interesting to place the ideas of friendship put forward by Aristotle in the context of present-day realities, and answer the question whether the ideas are still applicable today. The first type, based on utility, is a rather wide-spread type of friendship that is common today. As people have to engage in a variety of business activities with other individuals with the purpose of deriving profit, they easily make new friends. If one uses the services of a barber for a long time, a friendship may arise out of it although it is purely based on utility, where the barber needs a customer, and the cu
In his article,’ Professional vision’, Charles Goodwin seeks to examine the discursive practices often used by members of a given profession to shape the domain of their professional assessment, the phenomenal environment where their thoughts dwells, as well as the objects of knowledge (including bodies of expertise, theories and artifacts) that symbolize their profession. These objects of knowledge are a source of competence for the professions in question, in that they set them miles apart from other professions. Goodwin (607) has examined the three practices necessary for achieving a profession’s vision. They include highlighting, coding schemes, and the generation and interpretation of graphical representation. Goodwin (608) examines these practices with respect to two professions under study. The two professions in question are law and archeology. Instruction was a central element of the activities undertaken by the expert witnesses and archeologists in the courtroom, and for the individual learning processes consisting of modes of access and participation frameworks for the relevant phenomena. Although each of these settings was organized differently, nonetheless, both comprised common discursive practices. The configuration of the aforementioned practices that the current paper has investigated is pervasive, consequential and generic in nature with respect to human activity, with good reason of course. To start with, the classification process is vital for human cognition. The construction and application of coding schemes allows facilitates social organization of relevant classification systems as bureaucratic and professional knowledge structures. Ongoing historical practices have helped to shape human cognition. In addition, graphical representations are a prototype version of how human beings are able to construct external cognitive artifacts necessary for the persuasive display and organization of relevant knowledge. Strong political and rhetorical consequences are associated with the graphical representation of a coding scheme. This is because the practice of highlighting echoes the perceptions of other individuals in that it reshapes a scrutiny domain, in effect making some of the phenomena to become more salient than other. Also, some of the phenomena may fade into the background. Goodwin (609) has investigated seeing as a historically and socially constituted body of practices that allows for the shaping and construction of objects of knowledge that can animate a given profession’s discourse. The study allowed for an interaction between co-workers, their tools of measurement, the lines that they have drawn, and their ability to view pertinent events in such a manner as to allow for the achievement of a single coherent activity. At the same time, practices mainly involved in the generation, distribution and deducing of these representations provides the cognitive infrastructure and materials needed to all
Introduction Bilingualism is a concept fully related to the issue of language. In this context, bilingualism is referred to the ability of someone speaking two languages. However, the concept have been widely applied by individuals who have grown an interest in learning two languages while in some circumstances the concept have been formalized into institution, and legal policies. Such institutionalization of two languages is popular in Canada. In Canada, two languages, English and French have been accorded a legal status in a constitution provision that allows the two languages to be given priority in courts, public institution and office and even in the Canadian parliament. However, the issue of bilingualism in Canada does not specifically mean that all citizens and individuals should be bilingual. The formalization of English and French as the official languages in Canada was effected in the 1969 to 1988 as a constitutional act (Howard, 2007, p. 78). However, there have been issues that have continued to surround this linguistic phenomenon in Canada and such include; English and French are not linguistically similar, political issues, education challenges psychological effects and speech problems for the minority groups. The political issue that surrounds bilingualism in Canada has had unresolved issue of inequality of language among the minority groups in Canada. For example, some areas like Quebec are monolingual. This have resulted to a governance and political crisis especially in ensuring all people have equal access to administration services either in trade, government etc. In other words, the francophone speaking Canadians have been shortchanged in issues of governance since Anglophone speaking Canadians are the majority in the country. In fact, in the commercial sector, it is evident that English had dominated all areas that concerned business in the country. Educational issues have been an area of concern in Canada. Francophone minority speaking students have for a long time not been offered programs that promote French language in their education curriculum until recently. On the other hand, francophone speaking students have been forced to learn English, showing asymmetrical application of bilingualism in Canada’s education system.
There are much scientific researches devoted to the thermodynamic descriptions of constructions used in ancient civilizations. In “Thermodynamics of a shallow solar still” by Torchia-Núñez et al., scientists have approached the principle of solar distillation plants in the most detailed and complete way. In addition, they dedicated most of their work to the study of thermodynamic parameters that have a direct or indirect effect on the result. This report is intended to summarize Torchia-Núñez et al.’s article. Quite an extensive research work is divided into five blocks, the first and the last of which are devoted to introduction and conclusions. The most extensive section, the second one, is dedicated to describing the factors that affect the amount of moisture collected. The third section examines the mechanisms of heat transport inside and outside the unit. The fourth section is focused on the mathematical description of physical processes that take place during solar distillation. Torchia-Núñez et al. begin the study with a historical explanation of the importance of the plants. The subject of the section is literary sources that described the phenomenon of distillation under the influence of solar radiation from the perspective of the science of the time. Thus, according to the authors, the views on the process are expressed by Aristotle. Nevertheless, the first most complete treatise was written only in 1589 by the author GB Della Porta — as a result, other, more rationalistic works followed it. However, the writers especially emphasize that each of the works they mentioned was not based on the mathematical description of processes but investigated only the mechanics of the distiller. The authors cite an image that accurately demonstrates the principle of the device. They consciously chose the most general and simple mechanism of apparatus, which has a trapezoidal shape with a sloping glass lid. After that, the researchers begin the most significant part devoted to the factors that affect the performance of the solar unit. In particular, they describe in detail six parameters, the data on which are found in a systematic review of sources. It is essential to clarify that the article especially emphasizes that the influence of specific factors may be contradictory, given the lack of development of the topic. In general, the section deals with solar radiation, topological maps, thermal insulation, wind speed, wall temperature, and glass lid angle. At least half of the page is given to each of the parameters, but especially solar maps should be highlighted. The authors mention twice in the article the energy efficiency of such units in terms of treatment of salt or contaminated water, but they also pay attention to regions with low temperature and solar radiation. Torchia-Núñez et al. suggest that scarce solar radiation should not become a decisive factor when considering installing a distiller. The next point concerns the internal and external thermal effects. Similar to what was discu
Introduction The music industry has never been particularly kind to women and their plight for equality. Indeed, popular music is filled with ideas and concepts that popularize objectification to a significant degree. While it would be a mistake to claim that the contemporary music industry makes it impossible for women to focus on their musical talent and not solely their appearance, the existing stereotypes clearly do not make the process of change any easier. The situation becomes slightly worse in the musical dimensions that were initially deemed as males, such as rock or rap, and it culminates in the trap music (Elizabeth par. 4). Although modern female trap singers attempt at making the genre more diverse by introducing challenging ideas, the need to incorporate the necessary visual and verbal elements of the genre posits whether they reinforce the status quo by doing so. Main body The specified problem becomes particularly explicit when considering female DJs that have been working in the trap music industry. A closer look at the target environment will show that there is currently only one example of the specified phenomenon that is known on a statewide level, whereas the rest of the industry is dominated by men (Whitlock par. 2). Known as Krewella and represented by two sisters, the duo has not been enjoying as wide popularity as their male counterparts, although being just as prolific and talented (Cameron par. 4). The specified issue can be explained by the fact that, in the trap music culture, women are typically viewed as a commodity and not a unique human being, let alone a creative voice. Indeed, on the further scrutiny of the problem, one will see that the issue of female DJs in the trap music domain In light of the specified argument, one may infer that abandoning the trap genre is the only possible way for women to manage the identified concern. However, the specified argument invalidates the fight for equality and equity in contemporary society (Kimmel 76). The idea of restricting the ideas and notions that pertain specifically to toxic masculinity and misogyny to a specific niche might seem reasonable since eradicating the specified concepts can hardly be eliminated from the social setting in their entirety. However, the identified measure should not be seen as a shield against problematic ideas in contemporary music, either, since it only provides a means of avoiding the issue temporarily (Zimbardo 91). Furthermore, after having gained impressive popularity in the popular culture in the late 2000s and the early 2010s, trap music has built impressive influence over audiences globally. As a result, the ideas that can be deeme
Introduction The present paper looks at the issue of challenges in international management from a number of perspectives. From theories to practical implications, the paper argues as to how these challenges can be rightfully addressed without causing any harm to any party (a country or organization). The paper also brings forward evidence from the empirical domain to extend and support the argument. An Overview of International Trade and Management It is not only today in the waves of globalization that we know there is something like cross-border, international trade. In an actual sense, Baker (2003) notes that many centuries ago, nations of the world had realized that they needed to trade with other nations of the world. There are a number of reasons as to why international trade has continued for a very long time in the world and with the passage of time growing both in volume and procedures of conduct. However, there are four major reasons for which international trade is conducted. The first one is that there are differences in natural skills among people; it is more appropriate than those two individuals produce goods of their specialized area rather than producing the same resulting in low productivity. Reason two is that if two individuals have identical skills, it is better that they specialize in their skills because in this way overall productivity will increase from repetition. The third reason springs from specialization resulting in the simplification of jobs and tasks due to the fact that it can lead to the advent of machinery which can produce on a large scale. Specialization also, as a fourth reason, saves time for each person because one does not have to waste time by switching over from one skill to another. Other reasons are the synergistic approach in acqu
Introduction A review of the financial report of 3D systems reveals that its current market is quite unpromising. In 2012, the market worth was $2.2 billion across the world. The value increased by 29% from the previous year. The massive movement from the production of prototypes to the production of finished goods resulted in the 29% increase. For instance, in 2012, over 25% of the market produced finished products and not prototypes. Further, there has been continuous improvement in the quality of products in the market of 3D printing (General Electric 2013). Macro drivers There exist a number of macro drivers that have contributed to the robust growth of the 3D systems. The first growth driver is that there are new market opportunities across the world. Also, studies show that the products of the company can easily penetrate the market. The approximated penetration level of additive manufacturing is 8%. This implies that the market that can still be reached is worth about $21.4 billion. Further, the new market opportunities relate to several industries, such as power and water, aerospace, automotive, consumer, and health care (MIT Technology Review 2013). Thus, the market for 3D systems is quite expansive. The second driver for growth is research and development. The ability of materials of a 3D printer has a significant impact on the market for the 3D system. A recent research was carried out to find out the growth rate of research and development investment. In the research, patents were used as a proxy for research and development investment. The research showed that the patents issued and patent applications filed had grown tremendously between the period 2001 and 2012. Further, the research showed that the investment on research and development concentrated on material because it is the key driver for growth. It is estimated that investment in research and development resulted in an increase in the amount of sales by about 8% in 2012. The third driver is affordability. A decline in price of AM systems and development of agencies for direct production of parts have made the 3D system affordable. A recent research carried out between 2003 and 2012 shows that there was up to 95% decline in cost. In addition, there is tremendous increase in the variety of the product. The manufacturers offer different products that have different prices and features. This gives consumers a variety to choose from. The final driver is the support from the government. For instance, in the United States, the Congress is yet to authorize an investment worth $1 billion in the field of additive manufacturing. Further, several institutions such as companies, universities, community colleges, and non-profit organizations are also carrying out extensive research on thed 3D systems (Thomson Reuters 2013).
Introduction The issue of abortion is, perhaps, one of the most controversial topics on the agenda of the 21 st century. Despite numerous debates and a consistent analysis of the issue, there has been no clear answer to whether it should be legalized or banned, and chances are that there never will be, due to the complicated ethical and religious dilemmas that need to be resolved to make a reasonable decision. As it has been stressed above, the phenomenon of abortion is viewed as unacceptable in many countries, mostly because of religious issues (Early 2002). Particularly, the Islamic religions view abortion as a deadly sin (Early 2002). As a result, abortions are prohibited in most regions of the Middle East, excluding Tunis and Turkey (Early 2002). Herein the key healthcare concern for the Middle East women lies. A recent study of the subject matter has shown that the rates of unsafe abortions in Middle east are getting increasingly high: as the official data states, out of 1,000 women ages 15–40, 11 will have to undergo an unsafe abortion in the course of a year ( Unsafe abortion incidence and mortality 2008, p. 2). As a result, the death toll among Middle East women has been rising consistently in the area under analysis over the past few decades. According to the recent data on unsafe abortions in the Middle East region, around 830, 000 unsafe abortions are performed in the specified area on an annual basis, 17,000 women dying in the process annually (‘Unsafe abortion incidence and mortality’ 2008, p. 2). It would be wrong to claim that every single state of the Middle East accepts the idea that abortions should be illegal. Quite on the contrary, several states have adopted a fairly liberal manner of looking at the issue in question. Particularly, the government of Tunis and Turkey adopted the law that claims abortions as legal. The effects of the specified practice are evident – the death toll among women is slightly lower in Tunis and Turkey than in other states of the Middle East. Unfortunately, the permission granted to the state clinics and healthcare services for providing abortion-related services to women is only one of the steps to be taken to reduce mortality rates among Middle East women, as the level of technological advances in the Middle East healthcare facilities providing abortion services leaves much to be desired. According to the recent data, not only are abortions performed with the help of outdated equipment but are also very expensive; as a result, most Turkish and Tunisian
The Lack of Breastfeeding This problem has the following dimensions:   * Unwillingness and inability to breastfeed a child;   * The short duration of breastfeeding; This phenomenon can pose such threats as:  1. Greater risk of diabetes, obesity, and food allergies among children (Kwabi-Addo, 2017);  2. Ovarian cancer, postnatal depression, and overweight among mothers. The lack of breastfeeding should be of great concern to medical workers because this problem is associated with various health complications. The babies, who were exclusively breastfed by their mothers, are usually much healthier than the children who did not have this opportunity (Kwabi-Addo, 2017). This problem can lead to many adverse consequences that manifest themselves during childhood and adolescence. Additionally, one should not forget about the health of mothers who may also be exposed to the risk of some diseases (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Summary of Relevant Literature Low rates of breastfeeding are attributed to the following factors:  1. Physiological problems preventing mothers from breastfeeding (Sinha, Miall,
The internet, as it is today, is crammed with information of just about anything, with information still being added and revised every now and then. Be this as may, the reliability of some of the information on the internet can be questionable, bringing in the need for a way of verifying their authenticity. Harris (1) recognizes this need and has come up with some steps that one can utilize in determining the authenticity of web information. This article will use the information from the article written by Harris to evaluate Wikipedia’s article on World War II with the aim of establishing if the information from the site can be regarded as reliable or not. The first step, according to Harris, is the pre-evaluation stage (Harris, par 4) in which one establishes what kind of information is required from a site, and this may either be facts, statistics, narratives, reasoned arguments, mentioning but a few. When seeking information about the Second World War, one would most likely be seeking for facts, statistics, and well-argued opinions that either affirm or dispute a position on the war. The information on the Wikipedia article is full of facts that are supported by publications. Harris’ article points out that before deciding to rely on any information on a website, one should find out as many details as possible about the author and if they are affiliated to organizations that can be regarded as credible (Harris, par 5). The Wikipedia article has numerous authors whose details are not easily available. The only details available are the dates of the creation and revision of the article. One, therefore, has to rely on other quality indicators to determine the reliability of the webpage, in particular, the CARS Checklist. CARS is a synonym for credibility, accuracy, reasonableness, and support. When one wants to make important decisions from certain information, the importance of the information being considered believable or credible can never be overstated. In this case, one needs accurate information on the occurrences in the Second World War, perhaps for an examination essay, and as such, the information has to be believable enough to the reader of the essay. The Wikipedia article, though it does not illustrate much detail about the authors’ credentials, is believable since it possesses an indication of quality control, meta information, and good grammar. The articles quality control can be seen from the way data has been organized on the web page and there citations, some of which are derived from sources that have been peer reviewed before publication. Additionally, before any changes can be made to any article in Wikipedia, this article on World War Two included, an individual has to discuss it with other Wikipedia writers before being allowed to effect changes. This webpage is also semi-protect