ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Have you ever dreamt of living in a Utopian society? Can you believe that one day we all will be living in an ideal world without evil, wars, and crimes? In 1561, Thomas More described an imaginary island with a perfect social system. It was called “Utopia.” At that time, it was too difficult to believe in such a world. Sir More hoped that people would get used to such life in the future. Unfortunately, with time, it becomes more and more difficult to believe and accept the idea of “Utopia.” In 2002, Steven Spielberg directed the movie Minority Report . That was another attempt to create and describe Utopia. The movie was based on the same name story written by Phillip K. Dick. The movie Minority Report interprets lots of ideas described in the book. Of course, the plot was changed a bit in order to make the movie a real action-adventure fiction. Minority Report is an amazing story about a world without murders and conflicts. This presentation of Utopia on-screen is verisimilar and impressive due to the successful implementation of film techniques, though the movie itself is aimed at proving that it is impossible to live in a perfect world where the actions of each person can be predicted and where free will and right of choice are ignored and changed for a life without crimes and conflicts. Minority Report is a story about one of the possible versions of our future. Scientists created a new method to prevent crimes. Three pre-cogs (mutants with extrasensory perception) can see murders that are going to happen. They transmit the information received to the members of the police force. They name the murder, victim, date, and time of the crime. The pre-cogs visions make it possible for John Anderton (Tom Cruise), a member of precrime police, to discover the place where the murder is about to happen. The film starts with a scene when pre-cogs see a murder. A quick reaction of the police, rapid searching, numerous images, and task-oriented actions – this is the way Spielberg chooses to begin the story. Such a beginning lets the viewers understand that a “utopian” society does not hesitate in making decisions. People do not pay much attention to the reasons for the crime. The only purpose they want to achieve is to prevent the crime and punish the perpetrator. Everyone believes that the chosen system has no drawbacks. Once, John said: “There has not been a murder in six years. The system, it is perfect.” ( Minority Report ) He could not even imagine that in several days all his ideas and beliefs will be wrecked. After one more vision of pre-cogs, Anderton gets to know that he will commit the next murder. And what is more, he even does not know the victim. One of the pre-cogs sees that Anderton is not guilty, but unfortunately, the “majority” report has much more authority. So, Joh
The movie It was a good year is an episode of the crime drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation . This is the fourth episode in the thirteenth season of this television series and its length is 44 minutes. The film describes the efforts of forensic experts who investigate the murder of a music critic. Overall, one can say that this episode does describe some of the methods that are currently used to examine crime scenes. In particular, one can mention forensic photography, dactyloscopy or fingerprint identification, and the chemical etching method that enabled the CSI team to recover the erased numbers on the metal surface. On the whole, these techniques are considered to be reliable by modern forensic experts. This episode does not show completely fabricated methods of crime investigation. Yet, there are several inaccuracies that do not conform to current standards of forensic science. For instance, one can mention that laser spectroscopy is a very time-consuming process; yet, in the movie, it takes less than a minute. Thus, one should not suppose this television series reflects the work of criminal investigators. Additionally, this episode describes the way in which forensic experts identified a musical composition by using only a few pieces of the broken vinyl record and a music recognition program. The thing is that such software is not as efficient as it was described in the film. Apart from that, the characters of this movie interrogate or even arrest possible suspects. Nevertheless, one should bear in mind forensic experts are not responsible for this task (Fisher & Fisher, 2012). They should focus on evidence without being influenced by their attitudes or prejudices against a certain suspect or witness. This episode shows that the crime scene and collected evidence can be examined by many professionals. First of all, one can speak about a forensic photographer who is supposed to reproduce the scene of the crime, the position of body or bodies, and the position of different items. Overall, this professional ensures that investigators can have a clear view of the place where a certain crime was committed. Secondly, it is important to speak about the experts who examine fingerprints. The evidence provided by this professional plays a crucial role in the investigation of the crime. Additionally, this episode showcases the work of pathologists who examine the bodies of the victims. Overall, it is possible to identify several pieces of evidence that can be important for the investigation of the case. First of all, one can tell about bloodstains collected at the scene of the crime. It should be noted that in this way the members of the CSI team were able to determine where the victim had been murdered. Secondly, it is important to mention the tissues and fibers since they indicate the possible weapon used by the perpetrator. Additionally, fingerprints can be crucial for forensic experts. They can enable investigators either to confirm their suspicions or acquit a person. This episode of CSI show
Introduction Terrorism has become one of the most dangerous security threats facing modern society. In most cases, terrorists have made use of conventional weapons to carry out their terror attacks. However, there have been instances where terrorists made use of unconventional weapons. The most prominent incident involving Weapons of Mass Destruction was the Tokyo Subway Attack of 1995. Hoffman (2007) reveals that the Tokyo sarin attack is “the largest nerve agent exposure of a civilian population to date” (p.607). This attack is the most significant terror attack to be carried out in Japan in modern history. A religious terrorist group carried out the attack effectively demonstrating how terrorists could use biological weapons to devastate the population. This paper will provide a history of the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo Subway and highlight the security issues that the incident raised. It will then show how the issues were resolved to make Japan safer from terror. Perpetrators of the Attack The terrorist group responsible for the attack was the Aum Shinrikyo, which translates to “the Supreme Truth Religion”. This cult was founded by Shoko Asahara in 1987 and it was based on an apocalyptic view of the coming millennium (Haberfeld & Hassell, 2009). Asahara regarded himself as “today’s Messiah and Savior of the century”. As the charismatic leader for the cult, Asahara had absolute power and demanded unquestioning devotion from his followers. The cult believed that an Armageddon was coming and that the cult members would be the primary leaders and survivors of this apocalypse. While initially a non-violent sect, the group became violent following the failure of its leader to win an election. After this failure, Asahara stated that a major goal for the cult would be to “punish the world and speed the Armageddon necessary before the world’s salvation” (Haberfeld & Hassell, 2009, p.223). Asahara declared that the cult needed to acquire the most powerful weapons needed to take part in the nearing Armageddon. The Aum set up laboratories where the cult members from various scientific fields engaged in research into biological weapons. This scientific research led to the production of sarin for use in a biological attack on the subway system The attack was intended to cause the greatest amount of fear and destruction. Aum hoped to create the greatest number of casualties and begin the Armageddon that the sect believed in. The terrorists choose the rush hour to instigate their deadly attack against the passengers. Haberfeld & Hassell (2009) assert that the terrorists chose densely populated trains to poison as many people as possible once the chemical substance was released. To the sect members, making Armageddon a reality would ensure that the legitimacy of the Asahara, the cult leader, would be affirmed forever. The Attack The Tokyo attacks took place on March 20, 1995, when terrorists used WMD to attack the Tokyo subway system. The attack was carried out by members of the religious sect Aum Shinrikyo. The weapon of choice by the terrorists was sarin gas. Sarin gas is an extremely lethal substance
Introduction The author in the article says many things about dogs. According to him, dogs are that animal that can fool a person by getting him to spend everything he has while still feeling happy about it. The do all kinds of outrageous behavior but we still love them. If the same kind of behavior was being done by somebody else we would have finished the relationship. If biologists could see the dogs for which they really are, they would categorize them as social parasites and would compare them to the cuckoo bird. As all human beings see is that a cuddly dog needs to be fed and taken care of. They don’t realize that it is not one of their own and has been thrust upon them by the mother of that puppy. People share many characteristics with dogs, as they both get lonely shouldn’t it be a good idea to have a companion who can love you and play with you. Children and the older generation can truly cherish and in the case of children can develop as individuals with the help of dogs. Yes, had it been somebody else we would have complained immediately but that somebody else can speak, a dog is a speechless animal. Main body The author says that people are willing to spend a lot of money on dogs. The amount comes out to be five billion dollars on dog food and seven billion dollars on canine veterinary service. Another aspect of spending on dogs includes the aggression they show towards other human beings, especially children. Dog bites have increased and cost the U.S. economy $250 million in 1996. This amount of spending on dogs is less as compared to all the comforts that the dogs provide us. If we perform a cost benefit analysis then we find out that it is not a rational bargain on our part. Human beings are always willing to spend large amounts of money on people or animals they love. We do research on endangered species and many researches fall in love with the animal, they would do anything to protect them. Why should it be any different with the dog? Those who can afford to spend large amounts of money on their dog should do so because it is an important part of their lives. The author gives us some scientific explanation about relationship between dogs and humans. Their evidence confirms that it is very different from what we thought it to be. This scientific research was called the Dog Genome Project and will develop genetic tests for inborn diseases. Genes help us find out the causes of inborn diseases but they are also helping us find what changes have been made to the dog population because of interaction with the human population. Like archaeology, genetics can also find out about the history, evolution and social ecology of the dogs. Previously, domestic animals were not paid much attention and were not thought of as good study subjects. When it comes to dog, all humans are sentimental including the scientists. Scientists when talking about dogs would say things which scientifically can not be right or true. Aguirre and a few other scientists set out to study the dog. They wanted
Industrial revolution between the end of 19th century and 20th century influenced greatly the state of war that unfolded. The historic period was characterized by improvements in machinery and tools used in production industries. The first war that was fought in the onset of twentieth century was the World War 1 (WW1), which was fought from 1914 to 1918 and whereby Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States of America and other supporting nations overpowered Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. This war was started by an act of assassination that was perpetrated by Serbian citizen to an Austrian in June 1914. This action triggered anger in Germany and its allies which made them to first confront Belgium and the war spread to France. As the war intensified, other countries that had an alliance with Belgium, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and United States joined forces to fight Germany and its supporters and WW1 went on till 1918 when Germany at last conceded defeat. This set the stage for the rethinking of strategies used in various economies with regard to enhancement of industries and community welfare in the affected regions. With the beginning of industrial revolution, factors such as technological inventions and advancements sprung up and played key roles in the way the war was fought. Revolution of the industrial sector facilitated a lot with regards to tools and equipments required in sustaining the intensity of war. Besides, knowledge from European nations were transferred to the US by industrialists who were determined to expand their skills in a more diverse business environment (Veblen, 1990). The industrial revolution that started between mid 19 th century and the onset of 20 th century highly contributed on the manner in which many things were done within this period, such as the warfare. There were technological improvements in industry and agriculture which resulted in the changing of the warfare. Some significant changes happened rapidly, such that the ones involving inventions in industry, science, and technology (Landauer, 2009). The availability of efficient technologies in agricultural and textile industries enabled people in Europe and America to enhance and sustain their requirements in the light of the effects of WWW1. These innovations facilitated the making of many weapons that were far better in aspects such as accuracy, power, and range compared to the old traditional weaponry that was used in the earlier years. Many problems were born with the springing up of new weapons and war tactics since it was very hard for the military to switch to the new system and it also became overwhelming. Countries such as America saw the culmination of the crude traditional weapons and mode of warfare to the adoption of new machinery and inventions of war facilities, just like the Europeans did (Landauer, 2009). During the last period of the 19 th century all the way to the early 20 th century, Europe and America experienced revolutions in communication, transportation and weapons which were v
Introduction Childhood obesity is a condition, which negatively affects a child’s health and wellbeing due to the excess body fats. The prevalence of obesity in most children makes it a serious health concern. This is evident from the fact that it has many adverse health effects to the children. In the United States, an estimation of about 17 percent of children and adolescents are obese. Childhood obesity being a rare occurrence in the past, it is now amongst the most widespread health problems affecting children and adolescents. The changes that occur in the physical and social environments of the children add up to the causes of obesity. In mitigating the effects of child obesity, several stakeholders are involved who include state health agencies, family members, community at large and health plans (Graves, Meyers, & Clark, 1988). Problems of Childhood obesity Childhood obesity has several problems that it presents to the child. One of the problems that it poses to a child is that obesity increases the chances of a child getting pediatric hypertension. Secondly, childhood obesity can lead to a diabetic condition known as type II diabetes mellitus thus an obese child risks getting this health problem. Another problem that childhood obesity brings about is that there is the risk of contracting coronary heart disease by a child. Another problem of childhood obesity is that obese children experience low self-esteem hence affecting their relations with peers. In another context, social and psychological problems can be associated to childhood obesity as the most significant consequences in children. The problems of psychological toll on children can also lead to adverse problems such as drug and alcohol abuse, depression and eating disorders. The most likely eating disorders that they might experience are anorexia and bulimia. Another significant problem associated with childhood obesity is the risk of having high blood pressure and high percentage of cholesterol in the body. Other problems include skin infections, asthma and respiratory problems (Dietz, 1983). Solutions to Childhood obesity Childhood obesity problems have specific solutions that touch on all the stakeholders involved in a child’s life. The stakeholders include the children, parents, teachers, schools, communities, civic leaders and government agencies. On the part of the children, they can be a solution to themselves by learning good eating habits. The habits include eating lots of fruits and vegetables and making sure they are active most of the time by engaging in sports activities. The parents on their side should play a great role in limiting the time that their children spend on TV and computer games.
Hardware is the physical components of a computer, while the software is a collection of programs and related data to perform the computers desired function. The software can be edited while the hardware can not. There are four main groups of hardware; Those concerned with input, the central processing unit (CPU), storage hardware components and those concerned with output. Input hardware devices are things such as keyboards, mice, scanners or an analogue to digital converter and are used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system. Storage hardware can be either volatile or non-volatile memory. Volatile memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM), stores data while it is being manipulated and is synonymous with the working memory of the human mind. This is the information which is lost on computer shutdown. For example, this word document I’m typing at the moment is stored on RAM until I save it. When I save this document (as I have just done) It is now stored on a form of non-volatile memory; the hard drive. Other forms of non-volatile memory include the read-only memory (ROM) where programs integral to the computer’s function are stored and storage devices such as CDs. ROM hardware also includes expansion cards such as graphics cards. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes a sequence of stored information, or, programs. Output Hardware is any hardware which is used to communicate the results of the computer to the outside world. Monitors, printers and speakers are all forms of output hardware.
The two American regions to be first settled by the English colonists were New England and the Chesapeake Bay. In the Chesapeake Bay, the colonists arrived under the auspices of Virginia Company – a joint-stock enterprise dedicated to colonizing America for profit. Although the early hopes of finding precious metals did not materialize, the region eventually found its economic specialization in growing tobacco (Corbett et al., 2022). The company hired the English poor for the labor-intensive task of growing the colony and producing tobacco, and most of the newcomers were young single males (Corbett et al., 2022). Conversely, the New England colonies followed a different settlement pattern. Unlike the Chesapeake Bay, they were shaped not by the pursuit of profit but by the desire to escape persecution and perceived moral decadence of England and create a virtuous society (Corbett et al., 2022). New Englanders came to America as entire families and, unlike the Chesapeake Bay colonists, established a largely self-sustaining economy of farms, hamlets, and commercial enterprises rather than cash crop plantations (Corbett et al., 2022). Such were the differences in settlement patterns and shaping forces between the two. Religion played a considerable role in both regions, although in the shape of different denominations. The founders of New England colonies established their settlements with an explicitly religious purpose of creating a perfect Protestant community, which was the case in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and other colonies as well (Corbett et al., 2022). Interestingly enough, although the Chesapeake Bay colonies were business enterprises intended primarily for profit, the Anglican Church also played a considerable role in their life. For them, proselytism was a means to establish better relations with the Native Americans, as in John Rolf’s famous marriage to Pocahontas (Tsukada, 2020). Thus, both Protestant and Anglican denominations played their role in the colonization of New England and the Chesapeake Bay, respectively.