ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sigmund Freud and followers of his theories had a significant impact on the development of present-day Psychology. Trying to use his innovative techniques for curing psychic pathologies, this Austrian neurologist revolutionized the existing system of values and psychological theories. Researching the phenomenon of unconsciousness and coining this term to the world culture, Freud made the most significant contribution to the present-day psychological knowledge that cannot be underestimated. Body Freud’s concept of unconsciousness is in the picture of most contemporary studies. Winer & Anderson (2001) noted that “His discovery of the unconscious was pivotal” (p. 147). The theory had a lot of followers who contributed their interpretations to it, but these were Freud and his researches that laid the foundation for the following development of the popular method of psychoanalysis and the theory of unconsciousness. Freud offered his patients to voice all their thoughts without any exception trying to analyze the information retrieved from their occasional slips f the tongue. The psychoanalyst regarded them to be not occasional but predetermined by certain subjective reasons. As opposed to the preceding his theories’ beliefs in supernatural forces, psychoanalytic theories looked for the roots of all dreams and slips of the tongue in the person’s inner world. Freud, Keegan, & Bell (2002) noted that “A slip of the tongue can be amusing when it emerges in confirmation of something the speaker is denying” (p. 89). Freud analyzed every patient’s word in order conclusion about the person’s inner world. Giving explanatexplanations phenomena that previously were not touched upon by the scientists, Freud revolutionized scientific knowledge and provided a profound basis for the further development of realistic theories. Winer & Anderson (2001) noted that “Because of the naïve medical beliefs of the times and the rigid Victorian family structure, he was even more of a giant who endured and succeeded in spitedespitecriticism” (p. 148). As all innovations contradicting the existing system of beliefs, Freud’s theories were first met at dagger points. His way to public recognition was not an easy one, the neurologist and his followers had to struggle against numerous difficulties for changing the public opinion and the specialists’ views. But this fact does not reduce the significance of their psychoanalytic researches. Due to the efforts of Freud and his followers, the concept of unconsciousness was included in most contemporary studies and influenced the existing system of beliefs. Freud’s ideas are widely used for interpreting the events of everyday life as well as for curing various psychic pathologies nowadays. Reef (200
One of the most notable characteristics of today’s geopolitical situation in the world has to do with the fact that, as time goes, China becomes ever more powerful in both: the economic and political senses of this word. What is even more, during the course of the last decade, this process appears to have attained an exponential momentum – something can be illustrated in regards to the fact that, as of today, it is being often suggested that China is about to replace the U.S., as a country with the world’s largest economy. According to Grumbine, “China leads the world in the consumption of grain, meat, coal, and steel… The combination of the country’s huge population and high rate of sustained economic growth is unprecedented… China is on track to become the world’s largest economy sometime between 2025 and 2035”. 1 This, of course, establishes the objective preconditions for the influence of China in the arena of international politics to grow increasingly acute. In this paper, I will outline the qualitative specifics of China’s current geopolitical positioning, while explaining the actual rationale behind them, and elaborating on what is likely to be the characteristics of this country’s geopolitical stance in the future. Probably the most notable aspect of China’s impact on global politics has to do with the fact that the country’s rapid emergence, as the world’s new economic superpower, implies that there is a certain phenomenological quality to the 21 st century’s socio-political realities in the world. The reason for this is that it, while suggesting the full objectiveness of economic Globalization, on one hand, it exposes the erroneousness of the claims that this process necessarily results in prompting the affected countries to adopt the ideals of ‘democracy’ (in the Anglo-Saxon sense of this word), on the other. The reason for this is that was namely due to Globalization (which legitimizes the process of outsourcing) that China was able to realise itself in the possession of probably the 21 st century’s most valuable economic asset – a plenty of cheap industrial labourers. This explains the fact why, despite being a formally Communist country, China has not merely maintained strong economic ties with the West, but it in fact serves as one huge ‘factory’ for manufacturing the cost-effective industrial products for Western consumers. Moreover, China can also be defined as the world’s largest ‘vault’ for the U.S. Treasury Bonds. As Hsiung noted, “In the first half of 2006, China was the second largest exporter nation, reported the Wall Street Journal… In 2006, China replaced Japan as the holder of the largest foreign reserves, totalling $1.5 trillion, over Japan’s $846 billion”. 2 At the same time, however, China positions itself as the adherent of the geopolitical paradigm of ‘multipolarity’, which in turn causes the U.S. to perceive China as its principal (along with Russia) rivalry. This simply could not be otherwise, because such China’s position is being inconsistent with America’s strive to enjoy the undisputed dominance in t
Introduction Over the years, the world has witnessed substantial progress in connecting people to reliable electricity supplies. However, some regions are still lagging in electrical services delivery. Although Nigeria has the largest population in Africa, it is one of the world’s most underpowered countries. Nigeria’s actual electrical consumption is 80% below expectations, which means that the power production by far does not meet national demands and needs (Akanonu). Given that electricity use and access significantly influence a country’s economic development, it is crucial to address electricity scarcity issues. This paper discusses the challenges of electricity supply in Africa and provides recommendations on how the continent can solve these issues. Addressing its electricity scarcity problems can help regimes within the continent achieve energy security. Energy Poverty in Nigeria Energy Poverty Energy poverty is a multidimensional concept caused by a combination of complex factors such as the physical availability of energy sources, low incomes, and high energy costs. The energy development index defines energy poverty in sub-Saharan Africa by two measures: inadequate electricity access and dependence on traditional cooking fuels such as dung, charcoal, and firewood (Njiru and Letema 4). The quantity of energy used in a household per month is an indicator of energy poverty. Although the energy demand in Nigeria is high, the country is still energy poor. According to Akanonu, Nigeria’s electricity demand is about 4-12 times the actual amount of electricity produced and distributed on the grid. Experts attribute the unmet energy demands to the country’s large population and limited electricity production (Akanonu). This demand-supply gap has led to energy poverty, which negatively affects the citizens. When electricity supply is not easily accessible, citizens are forced to seek other energy alternatives such as charcoal, kerosene lamps, and candle. Kerosene is not only toxic but also expensive, inefficient, and hazardous. According to a report published by the World Economic Forum, inhaling kerosene fumes is equivalent to smoking two cigarette packets a day (Lucey). About two-thirds of adult females with lung cancer in African countries are non-smokers (Lucey). It is postulated that lung cancer in this population demographic is caused by inhaling toxic fumes such as kerosene fumes and wood energy sources. Therefore, increasing access to clean energy is not only an economic issue but also a health one. The best way to ensure sustainable energy is to increase clean energy consumption at the household level. Unfortunately, many African countries have failed to meet these demands due to a multitude of factors. The factors that prevent household access to clean energy include lack of infrastructure, poverty, lack of human resources, political corruption, and disasters (Lucey). This paper will focus on i
Review on When the Broken Glass Floats by Chanrithy Him Autobiographical readings are numerous and when such a reading tells about some particular events as the part of someone’s life it becomes obvious that such work is a treasure. Most of the events in the history of different countries are written under the impact of the political regime which exists at the moment of writing a history. It is obvious that the regime which is running the country at the moment is trying to present its vision of the events. Therefore, when such books as When the Broken Glass Floats appear, many historians are sure that such books are great sources and they have great historical value. The opportunity to look at the events from another side is valuable even though most of the facts are provided on the basis of the recollections of a child. When the Broken Glass Floats by Chanrithy Him is an important source in understanding the events which happened under the ruling of the Khmer Rouge. The greatest value of the book should be explained via the opportunity to see the events which happened in the society through the perspective of the victim of those events. The victim was a child, however, it does not give the right for critics to ignore the feelings and thoughts of this person. Being a child, the author managed to remember everything what happened. The book is a treasure which is to be saved. One of the greatest values of the book is its truthfulness and the desire to tell the world what was happening. Additionally, this is not just the retelling of the story f life, it is a lesson, a good history lesson. Him starts writing from the poem, the one she composed herself and which tells the reasons why Him needed to compose this memoir. When broken glass floats, a nation drowns, Descending to the abyss. From mass graves in the once-gentle land, Their blood seeps into mother earth. Their suffering spirits whisper to her, “Why has this happened?” Their voice resounds in the spirit world, Shouts though the souls of survivors, Determined to connect, begging the world: Please remember us. Please speak for us. Please bring us justice. (Him 6) Therefore, it may be concluded that Him felt that her story will help to remember the events which happened in Cambodia better. People are to remember such terrible events in order not to repeat the mistakes and not to make people suffer in the same was as while the Khmer Rouge regime. The story in the book starts with the times when everything was great and there was no any hazard. Chanrithy Him starts from the days when her parents were children, how their marriage was arrange, how her father fell in love with her mother and other details which are very important for the family in Cambodia. Further, the description of life and family traditions is considered. This part is very important to un
Modern world sets lots of problems for human beings and every time it is a considerable challenge for the mankind to try to solve this or that problem. One of these problems is the issue of gender inequality that troubles people a lot because touches every single person. But, to be true, this very gender problem is not the point of today, it appeared many centuries ago. The humankind developed together with this problem, attitudes towards it changed throughout the course of centuries but the problem itself did not disappear. From the earliest times of human history people paid their attention to the inequality of men and women and, of course, both sides treated this issue differently. The history of human beings knew the periods when matriarchal societies existed, as well as patriarchal ones. Sometimes, this depended upon the epoch this society existed in, sometimes upon the culture of this or that nation. But, in any case, when one sex started to dominate another on would always claim that it was suppressed. Even nowadays matriarchal societies can be found, especially in the countries of Asia, where the power of women is doubtless. The book that is to be considered in this critical essay is dedicated to the problem of gender inequalities, and namely feminism and its relation to religions of the world, their interaction and impact upon each other. This is the book by a prominent American writer Rita M. Gross called “Feminism and Religion: The Introduction”. The author of the book is widely known as a feminist and religious writer whose views arise a lot of controversy but are supported by the majority of activists of women rights movements in her country and abroad. Rita M. Gross is acknowledged as an expert in the fields of religion, especially Buddhism, and feminism, so her point of view in these issues, which she tried to express in her book, must be thoroughly considered. The book “Feminism and Religion: The Introduction” was first published in 1996 and has become a real masterpiece of feminist literature since that time. It concerns the most important points of the interrelations between religion and feminism, as well as between them both and an academic subject of religious studies. The role of women in many religions is one of the most important questions touched upon in the book. And, probably, the leitmotif of the book is an attempt to change the social attitudes and accepted judgements about religions and the way they are taught to people. So, let us now take our time and examine the book by Rita M. Gross critically in order to see the essence of the book and the competence of the author in the current issue. The main idea of Rita M. Gross in her book “Feminism and Religion: The Introduction” is the change of social stereotypes concerning religion, the way it is taught in educ
Children between the ages of zero and six year are continuously learning and developing socially and emotionally. For an appropriate development, a child needs love and care from both parents. In the case of families experiencing domestic violence, the social and emotional development of children brought put in such families is affected negatively. Psychological wellness of the child is affected at early age and later in life. Children are socialized by what they hears, what it sees other people do, the environment around the child the environments and so forth. The child is constantly learning the behaviour that will further be reflected in the teenage. When a child is exposed to violence behaviour, he/she is more likely to take them positive and later in life at adolescence or a grown up finds itself violent because of what he saw. Technological improvement has brought different method of information dispensing as well socialization mediums, they are both electronic and print media that a child or teenager has access to. One of the most notable information dispensers is television sets and radio; the technological devises airs both national and international news , TVs can be used to play visual and audio videos. With the increase in media freedom, the media has brought a number of issues that have influenced on
Introduction For any business to thrive it must employ personnel with the necessary qualifications that are essential for a particular job description. Without proper screening of the staff that an organization intends to hire, then an organization, and in this case, it is a fast-food franchise will not realize its objectives. Furthermore, with the growing competition in the fast-food industry, also there is a rise in forged documents and counterfeit credentials that candidates provide to secure employment. These candidates are dangerous to an investment; in addition, it denies those candidates that have genuine documents an employment opportunity. This is one opportunity of starting a business to service the needs of employers (Ashlyn, 2005). Opportunities The screening business will be working on the verification of educational documents, screening of candidates, criminal background, and others that a fast-food manager may need to know. Another opportunity is that these fast-food franchises do not operate with a huge capital base therefore the screening services will help them to cut on the cost of an int
Information about the Author John Dower is one of the greatest American historians, analysts, and authors. He was born on 21 st June 1938 in Rhode Island (Dower, 2000). He earned his bachelor’s degree in 1959 from the prestigious Amherst College. He later earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University thus becoming a competent historian. He has been examining the political and economic issues affecting many Asian countries. He has also written numerous books such as Empire and Aftermath, War Without Mercy, and Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. He has earned numerous prizes and honors because of his literary achievements. For instance, the book “Embracing Defeat” won three prestigious awards. Such awarded include the Bancroft Prize, the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction , the National Book Award, and the John K. Fairbank Prize . The American historian has become famous because of his achievements. Main Theme The book “ Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II ” gives a detailed analysis of Japan’s postwar period. This period was characterized by US occupation and reconstruction of the nation (Dower, 2000). The main thesis of the book is that the United States used to reconstruction period to transform Japan from an imperialistic aggressor to a cooperative partner (Dower, 2000). According to the book, Douglas MacArthur made crucial decisions in order to transform the nation and make it an ally. In order to achieve the best goals, the United States decided to collaborate with different Japanese leaders. This effort was critical towards establishing a nation characterized by rich cultural values and heritage. The author explores the major evils that affected Japan after the end of the war. The author argues that the war left a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the people. Poverty, poor housing, and diseases continued to affect the lives of many citizens. It is agreeable that the main agenda tabled by the Allies was to demilitarize the country. New ideas were identified in order to support the lives of more citizens (Bridoux, 2013 ) . However, Douglas MacArthur and his followers did very little to deal with the challenges affecting the people. The US administrators also focused on the best approaches to prosecute different criminals of war. New efforts were implemented to democratize and demilitarize the nation. Every form of power in Japan was also decentralized (Dower, 2000). Women were also allowed to vote. These practices and ideas were critical towards changing the nation. The author goes further to present something spectacular and impressive to the reader. The book gives a detailed analysis of the General Hea
Introduction Skype can be considered a significant advancement in information technologies because it offers a number of efficient communication devices promoting interaction between people (Skype, 2012). The software has a number of useful functions ensuring successful information exchange, including video calling, conference calling, calling from ordinary phones and calling from Skype to telephones (Skype, 2012). Instant messages are also possible and, people can communicate freely regardless of the distance and location. What is more important is that Skype allows communicating with friends and relatives for free. Background The emergence and development of Skype dates back to 2003 when Janus Friss and Niklas Zennstrom founded the communication system (Mohr et al., 2009). At the end of 2005, Skype was purchased by eBay for assisting the company to increase the number of users, as well as extend its revenues (Mohr et al., 2009). Three years later, about 276 million users all over the world communicated via Skype using free video and voice calls. However, the software owners were not satisfied with the number of registered users because of poor revenues received from the service. Main Discussion Potential Benefits Zennstrom and Friss’s invention introduces voice communication of exceptional quality to any user having Internet connection all over the world. Easy download and installing is among the main benefits of the Skype software. Other than that, the program ensures free video and conference calls online. The software services also offer low-cost connectivity to mobile and ordinary telephones. In addition, Skype also provides a variety of features, including instant messaging, voicemail, and call forwarding. Apart from these functions, the Skype has gained popularity and leadership in almost every country. According to the software founders, “…vision for Skype has always been to build the world’s largest communications business and revolutionize the ease with which people can communication through the Internet” (Furrer, 2010, p. 66). The program, therefore, is a good media platform which manages to fulfill the needs of registered users. Legal and ethical issues EBay, as the current owner of the Skype service, can face serious legal issues leading to the ter
Introduction It is often challenging for individuals to accept the fact that there is something that needs to be changed. People approach such offers with anger that might turn into a physical or verbal conflict. As part of the provided scenario, there are two problems that are to be solved by a social worker. The first challenge is to explain adequately what events and arguments led to the judge’s decision to remove Cody and Jennifer from the custody of their parents. This might be difficult because of the emotional state of the parents and their unwillingness to accept the facts. The second problem is to provide the parents with measurable goals reaching which they will be able to have their children back at home. Social Worker Goals The two defined problems are associated with both parents and the social worker. However, it is up to the social worker how the