ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The development of technology and humanity as a species, historically, had always been hand in hand. With the invention of new ways of production, communication, transportation, and medicine, society had to adapt in order to respond not only to the benefits but also to various challenges posed by the invention of new technology. Any kind of revolutionary technology with the potential of significantly altering the existing status quo was traditionally met with a mix of enthusiasm from those who would benefit, versus the rejection of individuals that, for one reason or another, refused to adapt. Modernity sees the 4th technological revolution up to date, which lies in the area of Internet communication, robotization, and artificial intelligence. The book by Wheeler, titled “From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future,” claims that the latest advances in technology do not provide any societal challenges drastically different from those faced in the past. Indeed, in all previous technological revolutions, the existing legal and societal structure managed to adapt to the changes affiliated with the new reality of communication, transportation, and production. This paper argues that the fourth technological revolution will bring about the elimination of the human component from most industries and set about social changes previously unseen in the history of humankind. Technological Changes and Their Influence on the Contemporary Legal Principles Wheeler highlights the invention of several mechanisms that have gradually revolutionized the world into what we know today. These machines include the printing press, the steam engine, the telephone, and the wireless communication/Internet. All of these instruments improved the lives of the people significantly while transforming the legal principles in order to accommodate them. The following sections will explore the influence of technological changes on contemporary legal practices. The Printing Press Before the invention of the printing press, the transition and transformation of knowledge was an extremely cumbersome process. Books had to be copied by hand, meaning that the speed of book-writing was very slow, whereas the quality varied from one copier to another. Because of that, all written knowledge was extremely valuable and essentially inaccessible to the majority of the world’s population. Such restrictions were incredibly restraining for the law, as all legal disputes had to be solved using the local code as remembered by those who practiced it. The uniformity of legal practices and procedures w
Millenarianism refers to the conviction of sacred, social or political organizations in a coming revolution of society that will lead to the change of way of life. The organizations believe that the present system of government and society is unjust, corrupt, or has nothing to be treasured. These beliefs have been attributed to the surfacing of violence due to those who believe in them failing to obey some universal rules of conduct. In some countries, they have been blamed for resulting in insurgencies and terrorist acts. Millenarians view the world from two perspectives: Manichaean and holistic. It is Manichaean in that they see the world as two contradictory and aggressive ideologies. That is oppressed versus the oppressors, the holy versus the wicked. This basic perspective brings out the importance of millenarians. For example, the Hezbollah characteristics concentrate on a holy struggle between the Muslims and Zionists. Millenarians spot this enormous duality and aim at unifying the world by coming up with a divine and undifferentiated society. The philosophical commitment of millenarians who became violent has stuck in people’s minds. Most people link the movement to violence (Barkun 12). When we consider some of the millenarian movements and especially those that are involved in political violence, they have varied common characteristics. Although characterized by their individual cultural beliefs, there are some common characteristics to all the movements in the world. There is a predicament that triggers changes in traditional beliefs and this consistently makes followers see their circumstances as well as those of their society in millen
Introduction Pepsi Cola was first made by a pharmacist known as Caleb Bradham, and like other pharmacists during this time Caleb established a soda fountain in his drug store. His most favourite beverage was something he called ‘Brads drink’. This is what was produced in the summer of 1893, and afterwards was re-labelled to a new brand Pepsi Cola in 1898. He cleverly purchased the trademark ‘Pep Cola’ for $100 from a rival company in New York. (Katz, 2008) However, after he enjoyed seventeen years of success, Caleb sadly lost the product due to gambling on the price fluctuation of sugar during World War I. This happened because of his believe that sugar price would rise as demand increased, unfortunately this never happened. Such outcome left him with a lot of sugar but there was no place for its selling. Sadly, his company faced bankruptcy in 1923. New Pepsi Cola Owners In 1931, the company was bought by the lofty candy company. The president immediately started to reformulate the Pepsi Drink. One of the remarkable things he did was changing the image of the product. (Katz, 2008) Strategies used by the company One of the challenges with Pepsi was to make sure that the new company gave a new brand of the soft drink. Looking back, it is fair to state that the foremost iteration of the Pepsi logo was a somehow odd, however, afterwards, it evolved into something we are familiar with now. In the 1940s, for example, a person could easily realize the similarity between the Pepsi logo and the Coca Cola. The branding helped in making people and consumers identify themselves with the Coke brand. However, the brand has evolved since then. In 1942, World War II brought a little loyalty in the Pepsi Company, which began using the simplified type of the product. It had a combination of red and white strips to symbolize love and admiration for the much-loved country. Success with consumers When it came to the audience of Pepsi, the new branding was also meant to enable the company to have a specific type of audience that would help the product become popular. For example, one method was to utilize the young audience. Several of the Pepsi ads were in the past targeted at the young people who were thrilled with entertainment, games and most popular music. During branding, Pepsi was brilliant to persuade all categories of celebrities to take part in advertising. The company managed to retract such musician as Ray Charles and various singers, including Britney Spears and the most famous slain songst
Historically, Myrrh was not a pharmacopeia plant and was not used in conventional domestic medicine. The Periplus explains “the name myrrhs is from the Hebrew and Arabic mur, meaning bitter” (114). At the same time, in folk medicine in many countries, myrrh’s essential oil is used as an adjunct in treating diseases of the skin, respiratory tract, nervous system and other health problems (Lee et al. 981). In addition, it was used for aromatization and elimination of undesired smells. Myrrh is first mentioned in the papyrus of ancient Egypt. The Egyptians considered this plant sacred and worshiped it. The oil extracted from tree resin, they used as a medicine and during rituals, in particular during mummification. No less often Myrrh is mentioned in the Bible. Here she is called peace or peace. It was this substance that was presented to Jesus Christ as one of the three gifts. To obtain myrrh, the bark of a tree is incised, and from cuts of the bark, without external pressure, milky sap flows out, which, drying out, becomes gray-brown or yellowish-brown, shiny or dull in appearance (Wickramasinghe 166). Separate such pieces the size of a grain accumulates clusters, which are collected. Myrrh is fragrant in nature, and the taste is spicy and bitter. The chewing creaks on the teeth, with water, forms a whitish-yellow emulsion. It burns with a luminous flame, does not melt. The gum is harvested as the raw material, which is Myrrh’s frozen resin. Historical evidence shows that for the first time, shepherds began to receive this substance, combing it out of animal fur, which they loved to rub against tree trunks (Lee et al. 983). However, this method did not fit for harvesting large volumes of resin; thus, over time, special notches began to be made on the trees, from which the milky juice began to ooze. Later, the plants began to cultivate purposefully. Now on the bark of adult trees make several neat cuts, of which there are transparent drops. They are sometimes so many that they form whole clusters. In the air, the milky sap of the plant quickly hardens and becomes red-brown. According to the Periplus of the Erythrean sea “from earliest times, it has been, together with frankincense, a constituent of incense, perfumes, and ointments” (113). A large number of legends are composed of the healing properties of myrrh; the oil of this plant accelerates the formation of connective tissue at the site of ulcers, wounds, and abrasions. Stacte said, “they give no tithes o
Drake’s concert on the 4th of April 2019 at the London 03 arena as part of the ‘Assassination Vacation Tour’ involved various artist and guest appearances. The event took over 43 minutes, where the musicians performed over 50 songs from their different albums. Baka Not Nice and Tory Lanez also accompanied Drake to support the artist and perform their songs. Guest appearances included Giggs and Future, Krept and Konan, and Afro B. The music list included 8 Out of 10, Jumpman, Mob Ties, Know Yourself , Both, Emotionless, Energy, Elevate, Going Bad, and Headlines . In a pre-show, Baka performed Live Up to My Name , while Tony Lanez performed Litty, Shooters, Diego, and Freaky (Jake). The musicians engaged in high-intensity cardio as the audience also showed its support through singing along, dancing, and cheering. The concert incorporated various musical instruments and creative stage lighting graphics to give an entertaining ambiance. In the beginning, a large curtain descended onto the stage where the leading artist, Drake, ran inside. 3D projected images were later shown on the curtain as the musician’s shadow moved as his opening song played. Drone LED lights followed the artists like twinkling stars and galaxies, lava, and swimming pool graphics to boost his performance and entertain the guests (Jake). He played a setlist of his numerous iconic hits, ascertaining that his supporters received what they expected. Creative flickering lights shone through the audience, including a flying Ferrari suspended above the audience. Drake delivered a high-level show for his music lovers, boosting his business in London. In the ‘Assassination Vacation Tour’ concert, Drake recognized and appreciated the UK Drill scene by bringing such drill artists as DigDat to entertain the audience on the Union Jack stage. Giggs, a local UK rapper who featured in one of Drake’s songs, also performed 187 and Gyalchester. Drake also invited other hip-hop performers, including Future, who performed his songs Mask Off and March Madness (Jake). Most of his audience comprised middle class youth who reflect Drake’s upbringing in Toronto in contrast to his current high-class lifestyle. Thus, the theme of the event is inspired by his surroundings and upbringing. The event offered an opportunity for these performers to market their songs and entertain their local audiences. The event incorporated various musical instruments to augment the quality of performance. For instance, Sennheiser equipment was used to amplify the artists’ voices to the crowd. The instrument fits in the electrophones category in Hornbostel–Sachs’s musical instrument classification system. Electrophones are musical instruments that use electricity to amplify sound. Electrophones were also used for high-pitched speakers to play the listed songs in the background to support the performers, who mainly focused on the high-intensity cardio to engage the crowd
Many Americans embark on their supervisors violating their privacy. Supervisors are becoming more vicious on how they screen new candidates, as well as their current employees. Normally supervisors will conduct background checks, random drug testing, and maybe even credit checks. Employees need to turn out to be more alert of this state of affairs. Employee privacy laws are limited, which makes it easy for supervisors to invade your privacy. Some things are private and should remain in that manner. Employees believe that employers need to reevaluate their techniques and approach this ongoing situation and find alternative solutions to this problem. There are limits to everything in life, and there need to be limits set on employee’s privacy laws. Employer’s privacy laws are limited; they’re not set to protect you. Something desires to be prepared to defend the employees’ attention. Supervisors have the upper hand in this situation. Everyday they find new way to invade employees’ privacy. It’s time to make stand and stop this from happening. We as employees need to get new laws enforced to prevent this from happening to us, and our children. After carefully researching this, Employees found that this epidemic is happening across the nation. This situation can only get better if, we as citizens make it better. It’s time to impede protesting about this and do something. The Employer’s Interest Employees have the right to protect their privacy by any means necessary. At the same time, supervisors have an investment to look after. They do have the right to screen their employees by implementing drug screening, background, and at times credit checks. Employees agree that these measures need to be taken to prevent their investment; they’ll be taking a risk if they didn’t. Everyone they hire has a history, some may be criminal. They have the right to know this. They don’t want anyone with a history of fraud or theft. This is understandable; Employees wouldn’t hire a person with this type of record either. Although they have some valid points, some boundaries shouldn’t be crossed. Many experiences that like some things should remain concealed. Your social life shouldn’t be a factor when your career is involved. As long as you pass all the screenings, everything else should be irrelevant. It’s up to us to make sure our human rights are secluded. As long
Introduction LVMH is a France-based company known for wines and spirits. LVMH manufacturers have also expanded their operations in other foreign countries like United States, United Kingdom, Africa, and Asian countries. France cultural values The best way to analyze France cultural values is by using Hofstede’s model (Piepenburg, 2011). In this respect, the following cultural dimensions will be critical in understanding the county’s cultural values. Power dimension France has a score of 68 in terms of cultural power dimension index (Patel, 2007). From this perspective, inequality among society members is prevalent. Individuals perceived as superior are not accessible from a hierarchical perspective. An example of such inequality is evidenced in administrative powers given to authorities in government departments and crucial economic sectors. In organizations, managers possess immense power, and the flow of information follows the organization hierarchy. Individualism France has a score of 71 in terms of cultural individualism index (Patel, 2007). From this context, it is clear that the country’s culture is individualistic, and people often subscribe to their own private opinion. This means that organizations contract services, thus providing autonomy and independence to workers. In most cases, people prefer communicating directly. Workers are managed individually and recognized for their work performance. Masculinity According to Hofstede’s cultural model, France is not a masculine country. Femininity defines the quality of life in the country. This means that the country does not harbor competitive and ambitious instincts among individuals. The country’s social welfare system advocates that people should work for 35 hours a week. From this perspective, competition among workers is discouraged. Organizations prefer being supportive, especially in resolving work-related conflicts. The country has a femininity index of 43 (Patel, 2007). Uncertainty avoidance The country has a higher score of 86 on the uncertainty avoidance index (Patel, 2007). This means that the country is keen on responding to uncertainties through education and other forms of training. France-based business organizations prefer planning and expertise in handling changes that affect their security, policies, and performance. Long-term orientation France is a conventional country in terms of traditions and culture. Therefore, France can be termed as one of the societies that are short-term oriented (Patel, 2007). From this perspective, the country depends on short-term results. An example of such is exhibited by companies’ evaluation method of using quarterly results. In any case, society is highly sensitive to current social trends. Immediate gratification and self-reliance are common features in France culture. LVMH products and services LVMH produces a wide range o
Robert Middlekauff’s book “Franklin and His Enemies” from 1996 provides a unique look at the relationships of Benjamin Franklin. While the majority of the book is dedicated to people he had strong disagreements with, there is an early section dedicated to the friendships he built over the years. His list of friends was extensive and contained people not only from the upper classes. He knew philosophers, merchants, scientists, and a variety of other people from distinctly unique backgrounds. The book shows that despite negative relationships with his opponents, he was also capable of making loyal friendships. Nevertheless, his enemies were also numerous. The book portrays Thomas Penn as the main antagonist to Franklin. They both are described to be in a mutual state of hate for each other. The issue that started this negative relationship is the opposition of Penn to Franklin’s desire for democracy. Penn was the sole autocratic proprietor of the Pennsylvania Colony and had no intention of ending his control over it. This created a power struggle with Penn and Franklin with neither refusing to give up. The anger that Penn felt towards Franklin transferred to his distrust and opposition to the Constitution. Penn was supported by William Smith who anonymously wrote the following after one of Franklin’s altercations in the region: “[Franklin] is a very bad man, or one delirious with rage, disappointment, and malice.” 1 This sentiment was echoed in the region as his actions angered a large portion of the Pennsylvanian population. While this was decidedly the most hated person in Franklin’s mind, others were also important. The book covers Franklin’s deep admiration of England and its subsequent change into hatred. The Revolutionary War and the brutality of the British army during that conflict forced Franklin to change his opinion of the country and English people as a whole. The change of mind that he experienced was so great that it is difficult to believe that these were the beliefs of the same person only a few years apart. However, the book mentions another possible reason for the quick change of mind. While Benjamin Franklin had a strong desire for democracy and independence from British rule, his son did not share his views. When the revolutionary war started, he chose to stay on the side of the English. This event must have been devastating for Franklin and could bring a lot of self-reflection as a result of which he abandoned his beliefs about England. The British became enemies to him as a whole, with no distinction between individual people. However, Franklin soon found a different metropolitan country to love. He lived in France for a period during which he found new friends and developed a lot of successful political relationships. He highly valued the company of women throughout his life, and in France, he met Margaret Stevenson and her daughter Polly who spent a lot of time with him during his stay. The author makes sure to point out that despite this, their relationship was not intimate as Franklin was already in his 70s when he arri
Race factor in admissions decisions Wilkins’ and Pell’s articles Even though in their articles, Wilkins and Pell do argue in favor of American citizens being provided with equal educational opportunities, regardless of what happened to be the color of their skin, authors’ opinions regarding the legal appropriateness of ‘affirmative action’ policy differ rather dramatically. According to Pell, there are three legal objections against the deployment of such policy in academia:  1. The conceptual essence of ‘affirmative action’ is being inconsistent with U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment, which makes this policy anti-Constitutional;  2. The utilization of formal equality principle in academia is the only instrument of ensuring the factual equality of students’ admission;  3. The extent to which representatives of racial minorities have been exposed to racism is the subject of vague interpretations, which is why ‘racial underpriviledgeness’ cannot be considered a legal factor in defining the degree of such students’ academic eligibility. Wilkins’s line of argumentation, in this respect, does not concern the actual law as much as it concerns the particulars of the author’s wishful thinking. According to Wilkins, the reason why the deployment of ‘affirmative action’ in places of learning is being lawful is that:  1. It allows academic institutions to recruit potential students out of ‘society’s rock bottom’;  2. “Affirmative action… engages blacks and whites exactly at those points where they differ the most (?)”;  3. “To blacks, there’s nothing very easy about life in America” (who could have thought?). The very context of Wilkins’s ‘argumentation’ leaves very little doubt as to the fact that it cannot even be considered seriously, as it violates the principle of legal impartiality in the most blatant manner. And yet, it is namely this principle that represents the most fundamental aspect of American living, as we know it. The General Motors Amicus Brief How the General Motors Amicus Brief defends use of race as a plus factor in making admissions decisions, points out to the fact that, just as it is being the case with Wilkins and with newly arrived immigrants to America, the representatives of GM should be required to pass the exam on basic knowledge of U.S. Constitution. According to GM: “Only a well educated, diverse workforce… consisting of individuals from a multitude of races and ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, can maintain America’s competitiveness” (2). The legal inconsistency of such GM’s claim is being visible even to a naked eye – apparently, it never occurred to the company’s representatives that ‘divers