ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nurses go through a whole gamut of emotions in their career. They often experience the rewards of their hard work when their patients recover from their illness. It is very fulfilling for them to be able to take part in another individual’s healing and achievement of comfort and well-being. On the other hand, they also go through difficult emotions such as anxiety and sadness for their very ill patients. This is heightened when they take care of end-of-life patients whom they know as having no more chance at recovery and are facing death any moment soon. Often, they are privy not only to the physical but also the emotional pains of their patients. This may also extend to the patient’s close family and friends. Nurses are at hand to provide comfort and care. They are trained to empathize with their patients. They witness their patients’ journey and struggles with their health difficulties and even help them towards a peaceful and hopefully, painless death. However, little is done to give nurses the attention they also need when they grieve for the patients they have lost. These carers also need caring and understanding themselves. Although they are trained to project a professional stance by being strong in the face of death, they are still human beings who get affected when the people they care for pass away. It is difficult for them to bottle up their emotions as they should have the ability to mask their own pain in order to give comfort to the family left by their loved one. This paper will discuss how nurses deal with their own grief when they lose a patient to death and what can be done to support such grieving nurses thorough those difficult times. Main Body Brunelli (2005) comments that in nursing courses, there is nothing that prepares nurses for the possible overwhelming grief they can experience over and over with patients who die. She defines the grieving process as how one deals with the great and all-consuming feelings of loss of someone they have cared for. Reese (1996) further adds that it is how a person develops his or her own peace with his or herself regarding the loss before moving on with life. The famous Kubler-Ross (1969) stages of the grief process have been used to explain the emotions that people go through after a devastating event in their life. She theorizes that people go through five stages of grief, namely: d
Summary Career counseling is vital since it helps people understand their employment options, future, and life decisions. Source of livelihood is one of the most critical aspects of adulthood, and someone can find it to be stressful, especially when not given proper psychotherapy. A professional counselor can be helpful in choosing the right path to a job and when it is frustrating and disappointing. The experts can be social workers, life coaches, therapists, or volunteers from the business world who are mainly trained to provide work-related information resources. The profession can help anyone who wishes to change occupation or investigate how to become more satisfied with the current one (Cardoso et al., 2016). This paper provides a case scenario and a verbatim word transcript of a counseling session using a humanistic approach based on the made-up situation. Case Scenario Faith is a teacher and a mother of two kids. She finds her work no longer satisfactory, and it is becoming her source of unhappiness each day. This brings many questions to her about whether she should continue with her teaching career. She has some life conflicts in addition to being not satisfied with her work, and it seems that Faith is not passionate about her profession. She lives in California and has been working as a secondary teacher for the past ten years now. Faith is disturbed since her fifteen-year-old daughter has been diagnosed with breast cancer and has brought some misunderstanding on treatment options between Faith and her husband. Faith has also been doing her bachelor’s degree in secondary education, and right now, she cannot afford her school fees since her daughter needs medical attention. She also mentions that her husband does not have a stable job, and most of the family responsibilities are on her. The whole situation makes her feel unappreciated for her work and not enjoy what she does. Faith’s life seems to be headed in the wrong direction owing to the challenges she is faced with both at home and at work. She is stressed and confused, making her friends and colleagues advise her to seek career guidance and counseling. During the session, Faith mentioned experiencing work overload that makes her feel a burden to be responsible but with less freedom and satisfaction. She also finds it challenging to work with her students’ parents since they do not involve themselves in their children’s assessments and activities. Faith has been grappling with her worsening situation for a long time now and is headed into a depression. Word Transcript Counselor : Hello. Good morning, please come into my office. Kindly have a seat. Faith : Good morning. Thank you so much. Counselor : You are welcome. Faith : Well, it is a good day, and I decided to visit
Introduction The dictionary defines “artifact” as “any mass-produced, usually inexpensive object reflecting contemporary society or popular culture” (Online Dictionary). Judging from the definition, the Coca-Cola bottle is an obvious artifact. It is unique and simple cant be improved. It is recognized to be the second-best container, after the egg box (Garibaldi, 1996). Indeed, the Coca-Cola bottle became an artifact since it has been produced. It takes its roots from the XIX century, when the first soft bottled drink was created by a pharmacist and a former U.S. Army Confederation officer – John Smith Pemberton (Louis, Yazijian, Harvey, 1980). Since that time, the Coca-Cola bottle became one of the most widespread artifacts of the XX century. It is believed, that in the XXIII century, the archeologists will reveal the documents about the history of this unique artifact. For example, it is still unknown how many Coca-Cola customers have written feedback on the design of the bottle in the diaries. That is why, the historical roots, the cultural influence, the popularity in the future generation, and the peoples attitude, make the simple thing an artifact. Historical Roots The first Coca-Cola drink was coined in Atlanta (Georgia, USA) on May 8, 1886, by John Smith Pemberton. Regardless of this, the name for the new drink was invented by Pemberton’s accountant – Frank Robinson. The main ingredients of “Coca-Cola” were: the coca leaves, the cola and the tropical nut tree. However, if it was not for the original bottle, the soft drink wouldnt be as popular as it is today. In 1894, the first Coca-Cola bottle has been invented. It has straight sides, a short neck and lips, which imitated the bulb. According to Louis, Yazijian, and Harvey, only 9 people have been buying the drink on average per day. In 1990 the crown cap has been introduced, and some changes to the bottles style has been made. However, the designers didnt spend much time and effort inventing unique colors. The green and brown colors have been used by the beer producers as well. In 1916, the pale-green, which became the first companys official bottle, has been produced. However, the first original bottle, which became the symbol of the company, has been released in 1995. The bottles have been divided into three types, according to their size: 10, 12, and 26 ounces. 1964 is famous for producing lift top cans (Hume, 2001). Cultural Periods Influence Nevertheless, the huge popularity, the artifact has been influenced by different cultural periods. Due to the perfect advertisements and personal approach to the customer, the company could overcome the obstacles. The soft drink invention, as well as the Coca-Cola bottle creation, accounted for the end of the World War. Thus, the inventors had to find a personal approach to the potential customers. Steven Garibaldi in his article wrote: “The generation that grew up immediately after World War w
Codes of ethics A code of ethics refers to the rules that organizations adapt in order to assist professionals working for them to conduct their daily activities in a way that minimizes the harm caused by them to other individuals or organizations (Menzel, 2007). Computer-related code of ethics refers to the behavior expected of computer users regarding their rights and those of other computer users. Right-based contract theories Rights-based contract theories are based on the idea that people have right to carry out their rightful activities which imposes a duty on other people not to interfere with a person’s performance of those activities (Tavani, 2001). Right-based theories are very flexible theories of moral behavior that involve an individual assessing the consequences of their actions by asking themselves whether carrying out an activity violates the rights of other individuals. This forms the basis of ethical concerns, meaning that if carrying out an activity violates the rights of other people, then the activity is unethical. Social contract theory The social contract theory developed by Thomas Hobbes states that in any society that has a governing body, people give up their natural or negative rights in order to have more of their fundamental rights protected by the body governing them (Tavani, 2001). As regards the dynamic field of information technology, new issues of privacy and ownership of information crop up daily, meaning that new legislation must be formulated by governments on a continuous basis in order to address the ever-changing technology concerns. Ethical Issues in Information Technology Computerized invasion of privacy The right to privacy has been recognized by laws in all countries across the globe. Computerized invasion of privacy refers to the use of computers or computer networks with the intent of gaining personal or financial information about an individual or business organization without the consent of the owners of such information, whether malicious or otherwise (Blanke, 2001). Rights-based contract theory requires that individuals assess whether accessing the information on computers violates the rights of the owners of such information in order to judge whether they are acting ethically. According to the social contract theory, the government has the obligation of ensuring the security of individual and organizational information by instituting laws on the protection of their privacy. This is however a complex task because control of information over the internet is a challenge to even the most effective governments. Ownership of information Ownership of information in today’s information world has raised numerous ethical issues. The questions of who should access which information and who should not be an easy task, but the control of access to such information has proved to be a difficult task among individuals and businesses who feed their information to the internet. Once information is posted to the internet, it becomes readily available to very many computer users across the globe, both the intended and the unintended audience. That has been one of the most challenging areas of control of in
Any water bottling company wishing to gain a competitive advantage should consider its economies of scale. These dictate a number of other factors such as developing an efficient low-cost production method, access to conveniently located distributors who include; large grocers, beer, wine and food distributors, supermarkets and convenience stores. It should consider cost reductions by bargaining for quantity discounts, and consider investing in their own production equipment to cut down on costs. Economies of scale help firms to negotiate for exclusive sponsorship contracts, to boost sales. Large water bottling firms have managed to set up efficient distribution channels. They are able to restock their sales agents more efficiently and at considerably lower costs. A company should execute a competitive pricing strategy that entices retail stores to offer them shelf space. They should also extend rebates to help acquire distributors for their brands. Firms should develop a strong and elaborate network with distributors, with adequate distribution systems, and who are strategically located to deliver products to customers within a short period of time. Established water bottling companies utilize fast resources at their disposal to develop low cost production designs, to enable them brush off competition from rivals in the industry. Brand building is very critical in increasing sales and enhancing the profitability of a firm. The Industry Outlook and the Prospects for Profitability The bottled water industry seems to have reached a saturation point. There are many firms in the bottled water industry, and as such, the level of competition is so intense that only the most efficient ones will be able to survive. Profitability in such a highly competitive environment can only be achieved through cost reductions. However, there is more collaboration with educational institutions and sports stadia, for event sponsoring contracts that seem to have a pay-off through increase sales. Most firms have resorted to production of functional product-variants such as energy and nutritional drinks, and addition of flavors to achieve product differentiation and diversification. The availability of a large number of firms that provide packaging supplies, has offered water bottling firms the ability to negotiate for lower prices, thus reducing their production costs, offering them a chance to make more profits. Firms are setting a global presence by franchising and making strategic acquisitions. The acquisition of smaller firms, strategic partnerships with distributors through joint ventures and franchising, offers existing firms a growth potential. Such strategie
Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that investigates the mental abilities of human beings. These include how individuals think, perceive, remember, learn, reason, and understand different situations (Redelmeier, 2005). In the past, these mental processes were investigated by means of laboratory techniques. Nonetheless, it is apparent that the cognitive approach is important in today’s scientific world. Since it mainly focuses on how individuals acquire, process, and store information, it is applied in understanding several developmental issues, social functioning, and the management of most mental disorders. As a discipline in the larger field of cognitive science, cognitive psychology is closely related to other areas of study such as philosophy, linguistics, physics, neuroscience, anthropology, computer science, and biology. This modern system of psychology has undergone changes over time. Renaissance philosophers of the seventeenth century attempted to use graphical representations to demonstrate the structure and operations of the human brain. However, empiricist philosophers were having imperative thoughts on the internal mental processes. One of them, David Hume, postulated that the internal creations and transformations occur in compliance with certain regulations and take time and effort to form. Nowadays, this is the foundation for most investigations in cognitive psychology. In the nineteenth century, Wilhelm Wundt and Franciscus Cornelis Donders made further investigations on this matter. They performed experiments to measure the optimal reaction time needed for response. Further interpretations of these experiments gave rise to cognitive psychology five decades later. In the mid twentieth century, radical change of events in research began to take place and cognitive psychology started to receive more attention from the researchers. It started to develop as a separate entity in the late 1950s and early 1960s when an intellectual movement known as the “cognitive revolution” was established. During this time, scientists came up with theories of the mind founded on representations and computational procedures (Boeree, 2000). In 1959, Noam Chomsky sparked the debate by writing a book that criticized the theory of behaviorism. Behaviorism, which was heavily influenced by Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner, was based on investigations without giving recourse to the internal mental processes whereas this was very fundamental to cognitive psychology. For instance, inadequate understanding of the mental abilities resulted in no difference between memory and performance. This fell short of accounting for complex learning processes. Therefore, behaviorism was dropped as a predominant school of thought in scientific psychology and the cognitive approach replaced it. Donald Broadbent wrote a book, Perception and Communication , in 1958, which shade more
Introduction The evaluation of the Summer School for Adults program at the Nationwide University of the Academic Success will be provided with the aim of revealing its strong and weak points. Taking into account that continuous education is considered one of the most important elements of effective professional development, summer courses should be systematic and comprehensive to address the learning needs and expectations of students. The primary goal of the evaluation is to assess the compliance of the program with the above requirements. This paper will focus on the target organization, the program content, learners’ characteristics, motivational strategies, and a trigger event. The proper evaluation will provide the opportunity to enhance the program and benefit students’ academic performance as well as promote global professional advancement. Organization Background The Nationwide University of the Academic Success specializes in offering a variety of courses, among which summer lessons take a particular place. Every student from all over the world can apply for participating in summer courses, selecting the required discipline: mathematics, physics, sociology, psychology, computer science, et cetera. Upon the completion of the Summer School for Adults program, every student receives a certificate that proves his or her knowledge and skills acquired during both theoretical and practical classes. A typical student of such courses is aged between 18 and 32 years old and highly motivated to research and share the topics of interest. The given program has a successful history of performance for over 20 years. Located in Washington, DC, it consists of five staff members and more than 50 experienced teachers. Program Content The Summer School for Adults program offers a great variety of courses. Among the objects of the program, one may note social sciences, management, languages, physics, and so on. Accordingly, the goals of this program may also be different depending on a certain subject, and the level of previous knowledge and skills. For example, students mat target the advancement of career, contributing to science, or the provision of scholarly studies. This stand-alone program provides stimulating classes and career boost based on the experience of leaders in the field of adult education. One of the most significant elements of the Summer Sch
Introduction China has been involved in major offensive measures against Taiwan because Taiwan wants to gain independence from China yet the Chinese government considers Taiwan as a renegade province. Taiwan was handed over to China by Japan in 1945 when the Second World War ended. After this, Taiwanese began to suffer in the hands of the communist China since their hopes of economic recovery and development were dashed. This led to the contentious issue of whether Taiwan should be granted autonomy or not. Within few years following independence of China, after 1949, nationalists led by Chiang, and communists led by Mao, began to differ in their systems of administration. As a result, Chiang shifted his headquarters from Beijing to Taipei with the hope of regaining mainland China. Mao who held a different ideology remained in Beijing, where he controlled the whole of China. It is from here and the years after, that Taiwan has been involved in crusading for her autonomy and independence from Mainland. The international community led by the U.S. has been fully involved in this issue whereby the U.S. has been shifting opinion depending on the stands of the warring parties. The opinions of the U.S. have always been against the use of military force by China against Taiwan. For this reason and many others, the U.S. declared the straits of Taiwan neutral waters thereby deploying naval patrols in those waters to monitor the security situation. This created a state of animosity prompting the Chinese government to react by formal and informal protests. This paper analyzes the events as they transpired from the post World War II to date. Causes of the Stand-Off After the Second World War and after surrendering to the U.S., Japan handed over all Chinese colonies back to China including Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa (Gettings & Rowen 2010). However, life for Taiwan’s citizens only changed marginally under the Chinese rule. Inflation and rise in unemployment rates rocked the island thereby slowing her economy. There was little democracy, and freedom for the Taiwanese was never guaranteed by the Chinese law enforcers (Wang, 2006). For instance, in 1947, just after getting independence from the Japanese rule, the Kuomintang, (KMT), Chinese troops brutally murdered more than 20,000 citizens of Taiwan in a confrontation that was sparked by the brutality of monopoly bureau officials. After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, in 1949, there emerged a period of tension between China and the U.S. One of the main reasons for the growing tension was this island of Taiwan. Taiwan was controlled by Chiang Kai-shek, who made Taipei his administrative town, after he was defeated by Mao Tse-tung in Beijing (Wittkopf & McCormick 2008). In the short period following, the island of Taiwan and other smaller neighboring islands would become major points of contention in the history of the cold war (The Cold War Museum Not dated). Throughout the 50 y