ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The growing power of the European Union is giving a great advantage to its members while affecting the global trade and the performance of some U.S. multinational companies. An example of such affected companies is the American-based Anheuser-Busc beer brewer. This company and a Czech Republic beer company both claim to have the legal right to use the beer brand name Budweiser. Currently, there are two beer brands under this name and there has been an unending battle between the two countries despite having gone to law courts in an attempt to solve the dispute. This report answers some of the questions concerning the dispute and explains why it would be important for the American company to market its products using the original brand names. It further gives an opinion on how the seemingly never-ending dispute can be settled without court involvement. It would be quite important for Anheuser- Busc to market its products under their original brand names in different countries. This is because since the company came into existence, it has used those brands to market and sell its products. Thus, it would be wrong for the Czech Republic Company that came into existence several years later to use the same brand names. This can translate into a big loss for the Anheuser- Busc. Company because building a brand name is a big investment both monetary and in terms of time. This, therefore, means that the Czech Republic would be unjustly reaping from the investment of the American company. According to O’Connor (225), the name Budweiser already adopted by this American company gives it a place in the market in most of the world, including North and South America, and in entire Asia. Change of the brand name would thus imply losses since the company would have to start afresh in establishing a new name. The American-based company would win the dispute case if I were the judge. This is because according to Sumpter, the company began marketing its products under the disputed brand name in 1876, which is 19 years before the Czech company came into being in 1895. This, therefore, means the Czech company should not have adopted a brand name that was already on market. This is a violation of intellectual property rights which is unlawful according to O’Connor (225). Besides, the Czech Republic is already marketing the same product outside U.S. and European Union countries as Czech Var, so they could as well build on this brand name in the disputed market. In my opinion, this battle can be solved by the two companies outside courts. They could refer back to the time that each was legally authorized to use the brand. This would then mean the first to be registered retains the brand. According to Sumpter (420), the disputes began in 1906, despite both companies having been in the market for quite long, since the disputed brand name had not found its way to the territory dominated by the America-based company. The Czech Republic could therefore cons
Leadership belongs to one of the basic concepts related to the peculiarities of governmental organisation. Working with foreigners, it is of great importance to be aware of the most popular views on leadership in their native cultures since it helps to understand the expectations that they have as employers or employees. Thus, the post focuses on paternalistic leadership peculiar to collectivistic cultures and summarises its distinctive features. Paternalistic leadership is among the styles that seem to join the unjoinable when it comes to the relationships between leaders and subordinates. Successful paternalistic leaders do not oppress other people, urging them to follow any directions. Instead, this style involves the establishment of trust-based relationships with employees and protecting their interests in case of conflicts with some external parties (Northouse, 2018). This approach is common in Asian countries since it is the embodiment of some Confucian principles (Chen, Zhou, & Klyver, 2018; Nie & Lämsä, 2018). Of course, in exchange for protection and help, paternalistic leaders expect loyalty and dutiful affection from their followers, which makes the style similar to traditional child-parent relationships. Speaking about the style’s most interesting features, it is pivotal to focus on the aspects of life valued by leaders using it. This approach is peculiar to patriarchal countries that have strong traditions related to family life and high power distance indices (Wang et al., 2018). As a separate style, paternalistic leadership is believed to be based on a combination of approaches that are, to some extent, incompatible: “authoritarianism and benevolence” (Wang et al., 2018, p. 686). Given the existing conflict between these concepts (the former involves oppression, whereas the latter makes leaders care of their followers’ well-being), some researchers claim paternalistic leaders to “have two distinct faces” (Wang et al., 2018, p. 686). In this system, depending on their behaviour, people have an opportunity to see both masks of their leader. Being popular in Asian and African countries, as well as in Russia, this leadership style is closely interconnected with the traditional understanding of family life. In particular, it can be based on the extension of traditional family values such as unity, respect, order, and the distribution of roles to the field of business (Wang et al., 2018). Based on the prevailing component, benevolence or authoritarianism, modern researchers distinguish between two types of paternalistic leadership – “benevolent and exploitative paternalism” that are predicted by the degree of self-control and freedom (Mansur, Sobral, & Goldszmidt, 2017, p. 702). Based on that, the features of this leadership style may vary depending on different cultures’ position in relation to people’s sense of responsibility and outside control. To sum up, just like values and the notions of right and wrong, approaches to leadership are determined by
The case of Fredin v. Sweden is an example of a situation where the interests of an individual and a state clash. In this situation, the court considered a case that affected the protection of nature and the human right to own property and sentenced in favor of the state. However, although the Fredins had a legal justification for the lawsuit, the state did not violate his rights and even partially reimbursed costs and expenses for the Fredins. The gravel pit has been owned by the Fredin family on their plot of land and stood unused since the 1950s, but its exploitation had begun in 1960. In 1963, the government prohibited the extraction of gravel without permit and ordered the family to stop work in accordance with the Nature Protection Act 1952. However, the family received permission several times to extend the extraction of gravel and even an exception to build a quay with shiploading equipment near the seashore, and had to completely cease operation by 1987. Fredin filed a lawsuit for full compensation for the damage that brought such a prohibition and its cancellation because, in their opinion, the state violated their property rights following Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. However, the court ruled that the state acted due to the current legislation, but obligated it to pay partial compensation for legal costs and moral damages. The basis of this case is the Nature Protection Act 1952 and 1964 Act, which prohibits harm to nature, including the extraction of minerals that pollute the environment. Infringement of these acts is also a violation of international environmental law, since by contaminating nature in the process of mining without permission, an individual offends the right of others to a clean environment. The act that formed the basis of the charge is Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which guarantees any person the right to own and dispose of the property. However, an important feature is that the start of the exploitation of the gravel pit began in 1960, 8 years after the adoption of the Nature Protection Act. Consequently, the Fredins should have been aware of the possible consequences starting the extraction of gravel, so the damage they suffered is a consequence of their actions. However, the court found that specific points and rules of the act were inaccurate, which led to a partial payment of moral compensation to the Fredins. Moreover, applicants claim that the state violated article 14 of the Convention about the non-discrimination right, since they were the only independent contractors in the region, and their case was the only one in Sweden. They also note that the state did not prohibit the extraction of gravel to other companies that were in the same conditions. However, the court ruled that there are no credible pieces
Introduction Canadian families have undergone a massive transition over the last several years due to globalization and other socio-economic factors. According to Fox (65), the Canadian families today are very different from what they used to be about 100 years ago. The family structure has gradually changed, and some of the norms that were held dearly by families are currently considered irrelevant. About 100 years ago, men were viewed as the sole breadwinners, and women were supposed to take care of their homes and children. This is no longer the case for the modern Canadian families. Some 100 years ago, each family consisted of a mother, a father and children. This is not the case anymore as people embrace cultures that are completely new to the traditional family norms. Canada has been opened to the world that is being turned into a global village by a technology ushering in it. People from different cultures have come into the country with new cultural practices and their own understanding of what constitutes a family. This means that understanding a Canadian family has become more complex because of this diversity. The aim of this research is to determine the importance of adopting an intersectional approach to understand Canadian families and the associated social issues. Importance of Using Intersectional Approach to Understand Canadian Families Understanding Canadian families can no longer be done on general terms where a wide range of assumptions and generalizations are made. Such generalizations may not give a true image of what the current Canadian society looks like. According to Fox (34), understanding the Canadian society requires an individualistic approach that would enable one to focus on all types of families that exist in this society. Intersectional approach to understanding Canadian families has been considered appropriate in bringing out the true image of these families. Fox (67) says that intersectional approach to understanding Canadian families takes into account various factors, including socio-economic and cultural issues. The scholar notes that this approach offers a unique system that can be used to analyze the families in a way that would capture the true diversity of people in this country. In order to understand the relevance of the intersectional approach of analyzing Canadian families, it would be important to understand the diversity in this country, and how it is manifested in Canadian families. Canada is home to about 35.5 million people based on the census that was conducted in early 2014 (Fox 39). This population is composed of people from various parts of the world. Each of the groups comes with their own unique family structures and norms that they consider a family should have. These ethnic groups should be captured when analyzing these families. Canada is very diverse, with many cultural groups having moved to the country from various parts of the world over a long period because of a number of reasons. In order to capture this diversity, it may be necessary to analyze socio-cultural and economic issues that are relevant to the f
Introduction Infant and child mortality rates are considered unacceptably high in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, numerous factors have contributed to the high number of child death in the region (Global Health Observatory). Issues such as extreme poverty, lack of access to quality health care, and cultural ignorance have all been influential towards this front. Therefore, in trying to find a solution to the problem, one must acknowledge the various factors that cause the same. This makes the challenge more complex as there is no “one size fits all” solution. Indeed, some countries have managed to lower their infant mortality rates significantly over the years. However, some are still struggling to achieve the same. This essay looks into child death in Uganda, which is a third-world country in Africa. The essay gives a background to the challenge and highlights some of the things that have been done to lower infant and child mortality. Additionally, personal interpretation of the challenge and three design-thinking principles will be used to create a design thinking innovative framework. Background/Context Child mortality rates are a big concern for many countries and governments. According to WHO, 75% of all recorded infant and child deaths happen to children who are yet to reach their fifth birthday (Global Health Observatory). Numerous countries have cited various reasons as to why this happens. Forty-three children in Uganda die for every 1000 born due to similar reasons (LeAnne 183). According to LeAnne, one driving cause of the infant mortality rate in Uganda is poor access to health facilities (183). The Government of Uganda states that the country has 155 hospitals, with only two being referral hospitals for approximately 43 million people (Hospitals). The statistics show that there is a dire shortage of these critical facilities in the region. A second driving cause of infant and child death in the country is poverty. 20% of the population lives below the dollar, and more are barely just over these statistics (Uganda Poverty Assessment 2016). This makes it difficult for families to prioritize health over other needs, such as food and shelter. Critically, numerous studies have tried to prove (or disprove) that there is a link between environmental factors and high infant mortality rates. Arguably, the most common link is that areas that have been exposed to toxic waste from industrial productions are expected to have high child death. However, this does not apply to Uganda as it is a third-world country, but it does not have a fully developed industrial sector (compared to other countries that record lower child deaths). Despite this, it is debatable that there is still an environmental link that can be explored. Theoretically, environmental factors aff
SANS (or SysAdmin, Adult, Networking, and Security) is arguably the largest company providing computer security training and certification. Apart from that, this organization offers its users an archive for research needs. At present, it comprises several branches or departments, namely Internet Storm Center, Technology Institute, and Security Certification. This company was founded in 1989; initially it specialized only in show casting technical conferences or presentation. Yet, with time passing, it switched to more profitable format, for instance to advertising, training courses, and providing certificates. This organization was established mostly for educational purposes. At the moment, it is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland (SANS). Apart from that, SANS constantly releases the soft and hardware security vulnerabilities. The management in the vast majority of companies or federal agencies tends to relies on the information, while shaping their security policies. In this essay, we are going to refer to the so-called Consensus Security Alert, which contains a report of new viruses or other programs, which lead to the malfunction of the computer systems. We need to focus on thee most recent security alerts. The first one was raised on April 23, 2009. This malware is a cross-platform virus it operates in Window, Linux and Microsoft, the program can be classified as a backdoor, it enables to penetrate into the system without identification. The second vulnerability was detected on April 30, 2009. The virus is also cross-platform, and yet it is primarily aimed at damaging hardware, particularly the hard-disk. At this moment, these viruses
Introduction Diversification is a strategy used by most companies where the company undertakes to venture into business avenues or areas that are mainly different from the original business. Diversification ensures that such companies increase their profits as well as market share, thus maintaining a good performance in the long- run (Kenny 3). When a company decides to diversify its operations, a number of factors are considered. Factors such as the attractiveness of the potential market as well as the strengths are considered. In this paper, we are going to consider some of the diversified companies in some industries and evaluate the industries attractiveness, using the nine-cell matrix. The nine-cell matrix The nine-cell matrix is a geographical representation of the competitiveness versus the attractiveness of a certain industry or company. The x-axis represents competitiveness while the y-axis represents attractiveness. The matrix has nine cells as shown below HIGH                  MEDIUM                LOW     AVERAGE  WEAK STRONG                 Score are distributed according to the business attractiveness, with the most attractive having a score of 6.7 and above, while those with a score of 3.3 to 6.7 are rated as average. A weak attractiveness is a score of below 3.3. The chemical industry The American Cyanamid is probably the most diversified company in the chemical industry. The company has thirty subsidiaries. After a number of years of controversies, the company recently changed its name to Wyreth in 1994. The company, which started as chemical manufacturing company, specialized mainly in the production of polio vaccine known as Sabin. The company opened its doors in 1907 and was founded by Frank Washburn. The company through collaboration as well as opening other subsidiaries such as Cytech industries ventured into production of other products such as household products as well as food products. It is also involved in research especially on life sciences. The company conducts research on medical and agricultural products and thereafter produces and markets the products globally. Using the nine-cell matrix analysis, the company and the industry would score very high. In the agricultural industry, the increasing population, and the need to ensure global food security calls for intense research on various aspects of the industry. American Cyanamid has undertaken to conduct research on agricultural products and chemicals. This would mean that as new products that suits the global market and meets the market requirements are developed, the company would increase its market base and thereby maintaining long run performance. As indicated earlier the company has other subsidiaries, such as Cytech, which mainly prod
The Crucible play written by Arthur Miller is a myth story of the Salem witch trials believed to rise in the Massachusetts Bay territory in 1692. The show employs apprehension of witchcraft in America that led to the increase and spread of socialism. The personalities display the destructive power of lies and corruption that preface the severe tragedy of citizens. The main aim of the story is to warn audiences about the consequences of present-day disloyalty that causes ordeal to people. The play exposes lies when Abigail talks to other girls and tells them not to admit to anything during their adventure in the forest. The experience was associated with sorcery which the people are struggling to eradicate. In addition, the characters accused each other of practicing witchcraft and finally subsidized hatred. Further, Abigail and her friend Tituba accuse various villagers of consorting to the devil hence creating suspicion in the entire community. Lack of sufficient data on such circumstances premier injustice for the plaintiff. It is crucial to convene information from various targets to prove the deceit of the convicts. In present-day society, people have distinctive beliefs regarding culture. Socialism and tribalism have increased due to the falsehoods and faiths that some communities retain mysticism. People have lost their lives while others have lost property because of these lies and ideologies. In addition, untruths have led to an increment of wedlock divorces since people have become tribal and unfaithful to their partners. Children are most affected psychologically by family disputes in the world. Parents need to execute loyalty and good morals in society to restrain controversies. On the contrary, some nations support the practice of the traditions legally while others do not. It is crucial to address the problem and educate people about the effects of tribalism and how to create good bonds with their neighbors. A graft is a type of misconduct undertaken by a person or organization to achieve a desired position of control to attain illegal benefits. Miller’s play expresses corruption when Parris’s greed extends by insisting on gratuitous golden candlesticks for the church and demands the deed to his house. In addition, people in the Salem village fight and kill their neighbors by blaming them for witchcraft and seizing their possessions due to resistance to laws. According to (Shashkova pp.143-154), laws have lost value and, people have discredited them outstanding of an increase in transgression. Further, graft maneuvers mistrust between individuals and their leaders since commanders’ greediness contributes to the abuse of power and poverty increment. Citizens should elect rulers with a positive mindset and goals to maintain trust. Despite the allegation of graft and witchcraft in society, the justice system in Salem examined the matter and assembled enough evidence. Judge Danforth prosecutes the case by reiterating Proctor and the other accused individuals confess and later send them to jail. According to (Saragih pp.131-138), various approaches