ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Preparation Our preparation for the journey to planet Celestine was finally coming to an end. The decision to visit the planet had been commissioned by President Cameron five years earlier in his speech to Congress, in which he had said that a visit to the planet would establish our nation’s as the frontrunner in the application of science and technology, especially space exploration. A special task force handling all the logistics had been formed immediately. The first task had been to design the space ship that would be used in the voyage. Since the ship would consist of a lot of components, several companies that specialize in various aspects of technology were contracted to construct the spacecraft. There were chip manufacturing firms, airline manufacturers to assist with aerodynamic properties, and a host of several renowned scientists, each of whom had an area of specialty. Aerodynamic properties would involve studying the motion of air and how it interacted with the rocket. The body of the rocket had to be mechanically strong because we would go past several celestial bodies such as meteors, asteroids, comets, moons, etc. An asteroid is a small body that orbits around the sun and is mainly made of rocks or ice (Harland and Harvey, pp. 139). A comet is a body that moves closer to the sun and has a head made up of a solid nucleus surrounded by a nebulous coma up to 2.4 million kilometers (1.5 million miles) in diameter and an elongated curved vapor tail arising from the coma when sufficiently close to the sun (Harland and Harvey, pp. 140). Construction of Celestine Voyager Celestine Voyager was the space vehicle that was to be used to travel to planet Celestine. Due to the huge budget of the program and the high degree of accuracy required, the government allocated $1 trillion for funding the construction and subsequent trip to Celestine. It was decided that the vehicle would comprise of three solid motor rockets and these would ensure that there was enough fuel to propel Celestine Voyager to its destination and back. These three sections were constructed in three distinct stages. The first stage was known as the Celest I. It had six rocket engines that were powered by liquid oxygen and kerosene, each engine had a maximum volume of 1.7 million pounds (approximately 7,565,000 newtons) of force, the total force of the vehicle would be 45,390,000 newtons. The newton is the SI unit for force and is equal to the amount of net force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared. The thrust force is the force required to fire the entire rocket from its launch pad to a distance 62 km above t
It is known that 70 percent of the worlds agricultural area is covered with grassland, which is about half of the ice-free world. Almost one billion people depend on grassland for living and income. Well-controlled and improved grassland system is a key for nutrition production and sustainable environment in many countries. There was speculation in scientific circles about the role of vegetation in 2006 when a group of scientists published a report claiming that plants produced between ten to thirty percent of the worlds annual methane output (Keppler, Hamilton, Bra, & Rockmann, 2006). The research showed that plants emit significant amount of Methane to the atmosphere (Frankenberg, Meirink, van Weele, Platt, & Wagner, 2005). This discovery shows that the emission of Methane not only depends on the species of the plant, but also the condition in where they are growing. The scientists revoked these observations a short while later. New studies based on laboratory experiments did not confirm the assertions. In fact, the new studies concluded that plants were incapable of the natural production of methane (Keppler, Hamilton, Bra, & Rockmann, 2006). However, when plants decompose in bogs and mashes in conditions of little or no oxygen, they produce methane. Methane (CH 4 ) is one of the gases that play a big role among the greenhouse gases. Concentrations of Methane have almost tripled since 1750 (pre-industrial time). Studies found that most of the Methane on the earth’s atmosphere originated from the absence of Oxygen. Reconsideration came about regarding the responsibility of Methane in the climate change after its identification. Other gases responsible for global warming include Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, and Water vapor (Mwebaza, 2009). Most of these gases are naturally occurring. However, human activities such as logging and destruction of natural carbon sinks, in addition to the burning of fossil fuels, reduces the ability of the earth to maintain the gases in a sustainable balance. Since the industrial revolution, the quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has peaked at 398 parts per million, up from 280 parts per million (Mwebaza, 2009). The industrial revolution coincided with the emergence of petroleum as an important fuel in industry. In the latter parts of the twentieth century, the number of industries and motor vehicles increased dramatically causing an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Scientists estimate the increase in temperature in the earth’s atmosphere at about 2 0 c (Mwebaza, 2009). This is causing ice sheets in the Polar Regions to melt, and is responsible for an increase in adverse weather because of the increased quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere. This increase in the daily average temperature is also causing changes in ecosystems sensitive to weather changes. There is shift towards the poles of the tropical climate, with the spread of deserts affecting equatorial regions (Mwebaza, 2009). Destruction of the ozone layer is interfering with the heat balance on earth.
State and Federal Legislation Bill is the draft of a proposed legislation submitted to Congress for consideration and approval (“bill definition – legal” par. 1). In the United States with a federal form of government, there is a federal (national) government and state (local) government. Both the federal government and the local governments have a legislature or Congress composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The US Constitution and each of the Constitution of the member-states govern the procedure in the passage of the bill into law (Constitutional Topic par. 1). A bill must be approved by both houses of Congress in order to become a law (What is a bill? par. 0). There are minor differences in the local level before a bill becomes a law. In New Mexico, the Congress is called “citizen” legislature with 112 members comprising of 42 State Senators and 70 State Representatives with each house referred to as “chamber” (How to Pass par. 4). Other states call their houses as the Senate and House of Representatives as in Michigan (State of Michigan par. 2). Generally, a bill must go through three readings before becoming a law (State of Michigan, par. 5-11). A bill introduced by a sponsor(s) of either chamber is assigned a number and assigned to two or more committees in a chamber (How to Pass pars. 5-6). Expert witnesses testify on the bill and submitted to the next committee only if passed by the first committee, otherwise, the bill is “dead” (How to Pass par. 7). A majority vote by the members of a house entitles the bill to move on to the next committee and thereafter to the second reading. In New Mexico, a majority vote by the committees a bill has passed through entitles it to be heard in full floor, and with the same vote, transfers it to the other house (How to Pass pars. 8-9). If the other chamber approves the bill, both chambers vote upon it. With a favorable vot
Designing Brand Tracking Studies   * The process is a periodic methodology for collecting feedback from customers on brand performance, especially though evaluation of brand positioning.   * It is vital to review the health and level of acceptance of such a product in order to facilitate any adjustments deemed necessary.   * In the contemporary business environment, a good tracking system facilitates the decision making science as marketers are placed in a comfortable position of understanding consumer behavior, category dynamics, marketing efficiency and effectiveness, and competitive opportunities and vulnerabilities. What to Track   * Product-Brand Tracking :       + Involves quantitative measurement of image and brand awareness.       + Generally, the essence is to track specific aspects of the product and consumer perception on the same. These aspects include imagery benefits and attributes, value and pricing component, brand personality, convenience, and functional performance (Yang, 2005, p. 326).   * Corporate or Family Brand Tracking:       + This tracking criterion deals with concerns, accessibility, ease, and perceived usability as viewed by customers. Basically, the basis of tracking functions on ratings, feelings, and performance at macro level.       + The criterion is very effective in a multi faceted company interested in establishing correspondence, influence and perception customers have on such products.   * Global Tracking:       + This tracking criterion covers a larger and stratified market. Thus, the tools for measurement may not be the same in different localities.       + To establish a reliable verification procedure, the perspective must accompany any study.       + Therefore, the aspects of economic indicators, media indicators, technology, income, and demographic profile are vital in establishing the expansive indicators of tracking. Dynamics of tracking. Summary of what to Track. How to conduct Tracking Studies Whom to Track   * Establish the object of interest, that is, current customer and potential users.   * Since this population hold different views on the same product, use of questionnaires will draw the clear variance required and establish the relationship existing between different types of customers and general perception.   * Besides, the study might be expanded to capture retailers and sales persons to understand feeling triggered by the pro
Tourism activities have been constantly increasing in many parts of the world; this is not a surprise given that tourism is currently a very important economic sector for many countries in the globe. It has contributed to economic and social transformation of the societies that depend on it. However, there are some environmental concerns that have been raised in most of the territories that have a lot of tourism activities. This paper seeks to discuss the tourism industry and the conflicts it creates with the environment. Candela and Figini argue that the growth in tourism in many parts of the globe has had a serious impact on environmental sustainability and conservation (123). The increase in tourists’ numbers has caused unfavourable effects to the local communities that live in those territories. Consequently, tourism expansion needs to be controlled to ensure that the environment remains sustainable without being degraded. Wildlife and marine species that are rare can become extinct if unsustainable tourism activities are allowed to thrive. Delicate ecosystems need protection from unchecked tourism activities because they guarantee a higher degree of biodiversity for rare and vulnerable species. Marine tourism has a serious environmental consequence on the surrounding environment. The construction of structures such as tourist resorts on beach fronts portends environmental dangers to coastal ecosystems. The structures result in the removal of natural coastal vegetation, which leads to increased erosion of the land adjacent to the sea. They also cause an increase in the amount of sediments that get deposited on the ocean floor, which negatively affects marine ecosystems. The increase in silt in the ocean leads to a higher sea level, which leads to the extension of the shoreline (Candela and Figini 146). It is necessary for the natural vegetation to be conserved to limit the dangers that result from the rise in sea level; tourist activities should not endanger marine ecosystems in any way. Many communities that depend on the marine environment for their livelihoods are negatively affected by the construction of tourist resorts; for example, the communities that depend on fishing feel that tourism activities have a negative impact on their
This research paper overviews the impact of violent video games on the psychology of children and adolescents. The paper actually entails the discussion of whether video games as well as the violent add-ons of these games have any impact on children’s behavior. In other words, it aims to discuss whether children’s behavior becomes aggressive regarding different situations in life upon excessive gaming. For this objective, the research work which is already available from existing sources can be reviewed from and presented in a discussion regarding the subject. Video Games do Cause Aggression in Children’s Behavior The majority of the intellectual circle, which keeps a close watch on media and the violent content that is showed on media, is of the opinion that the media content shown through any type of medium is harmful for the psychological and physiological health of children. These scholars state that video games with violent content are potential threats for the health of children and adolescents as they contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, fear of being harmed and nightmares. They stimulate aggressive behaviour among children by influencing their thought processes and decision-making ability, which leads them to behave in an aggressive manner in certain situations. Moreover, violent video games reduce the pro-social behavior among children, as they tend to stay in isolation and complete solitude. This aggressive behavior is often demonstrated through physical activity, which is directed at causing harm to others (American Academy of Pediatrics). Other scholars and intellectuals, who focus on understanding the changes in the children’s thought process while playing violent video games, have observed that children show consistent aggressive behavior in certain situations. Therefore, when children are given regular exposure to the violent content of video games not only they tend to physically harm others with their aggression but also negatively affect their own wellbeing in frustration and agony. The trends that were noticed in most of these research studies concluded that the level of exposure to violent content of media determines the level of aggression showed by the children. This implied that children who had less exposure to the violent video games showed slight aggression in their behavior as compared to those children who were constantly exposed to violent video games (Gentile and Buckley). Another
Analyzing Current Social Circles To develop a certain media campaign aimed at influencing a specific audience, it is necessary to study the current social channels that this community develops. According to Yerian (2013), if the objects of influence adhere to one or several positions regarding particular issues, it is possible to join this topic, thereby proving personal interest in it. This measure will allow become part of the target audience and influence it effectively in the future. Collaboration with Other Stakeholders In case joint efforts are made to influence a particular person or a group of people, collaboration with stakeholders can be an effective strategy. Mass participation is an effective method of drawing attention to a specific issue and implementing certain ideas. Ignoring a large number of people is not easy; therefore, this strategy can justify its relevance in a social media campaign. Maintaining Individual Research Activities An effective marketing campaign implies the individual interest of its author. Therefore, to attract the attention of specific individuals, it is essential to conduct personal activities related to a particular proposal. Yerian (2013) notes that the assessment of preferences and views of the target audience is the subject of constant research. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to maintain this practice at an appropriate level. Partnership Contacts Promoting certain ideas among the target audience may be carried out through mutually beneficial contracts with third parties. It does not apply to those stakeholders who are willing to support a specific program voluntarily. For instance, the payment of advertising services may allow promoting this or that idea among a large number of people, and the likelihood that the intended audience will see specific materials will increase significantly. Involvement in the Permanent Exchange of Opinions If a social media campaign is designed to promote certain goods or services or solve specific operational issues, the constant exchange of views is a valuable methodology for engaging the target audience. People who share feedbacks demonstrate their non-indifference and interest, which may be utilized effectively. This factor can be used to develop a specific idea through continuous contact, which promotes mutual trust and confidence. Health Educator’s Responsibilities and Competencies When evaluating the range of health educators’ responsibilities, some of them may be related to media campaigns. For instance, advocating for improving certain healthcare policies, developing procedures, and other activities may be part of an intervention program (Society for Public Health Education, 2017). Moreover, the competencies of certified professionals in this field allow them to identify the most pressing an
The generalized other is a concept generated to educate people that as much as they are taking care of themselves, they ought to mind others and do right by them. Mead argued that the concept represents a collection of attitudes and roles used by people as a reference for figuring out how to act in a specific situation (Ritzer & Stepnisky, 2018). Therefore, when individuals behave according to the expectations of others, they are taking the concept of generalized other. According to Beeman (2020), as people grow during life stages, they continue to know each other and eventually start being concerned about others. In the explanation of the stages of life, people in their early-stage focus on the ‘I’ aspect because they have not yet developed an interest in others. Also, they are not aware of how they look at this stage. However, when growing up, they start focusing on the self. On the contrary, as they become aware of the self, they also acknowledge their behavior to society hence acting while considering the judgment of others. One of the major roles of mass media to individuals’ growth is giving them a platform to interact and share ideas. In interaction, individuals get to form relationships with each other get attention and affection. This helps people build confidence in themselves hence acquiring high self-esteem. As such, individuals will start recognizing their worth and appreciate themselves. Based on the concept of generalized other, individuals tend to look for affirmation from the society using the media. They feel approved and wanted from this affirmation, thus building their confidence in how they look. Social media also has much information that can build self. For instance, education knowledge can help one to feel important after learning. It gives people confidence and the ability to recognize their potential.
Introduction In the 21 st Century, the interdependence between water and energy has intensified due to the increased needs of the modern society. The issue of sustainability is critical in the contemporary times with policymakers and interested parties calling for the efficient use of resources due to the scarcity aspect. In this case, the water-energy-food nexus has developed as one of the challenging sustainability strategies, which are potentially worthwhile in the long-term. The water element is vital for sustainable development since it is related to the energy and food production. Therefore, it curtails energy scarcity and food insecurity issues. Government interventions for water sustainability initiatives are common especially in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region (Al Mulla 3). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has prioritized the water nexus approach for food and water sustainability given that the Arabian Gulf region is characterized by water scarcity and food importation dependency. This paper will focus on the water sector of the Nexus model concerning its various aspects as depicted in the UAE’s environment. Background and Facts about the Water Nexus Model Water has emerged as the most significant resource constriction in the modern economies. The essence of water can be portrayed in its resourcefulness in the agricultural production and energy generation. Towards the fall of the 19 th Century, concerns about environmental sustainability intensified with various governments and organizations raising concerns over water, energy, and food scarcity. Thus, the nexus model based on sustainability was introduced in different economies to curb the adverse effects of water shortages. From the food perspective, agriculture accounts for 70% of fresh water utilization, thus translating into the largest user of water (Santhosh, Farid, and Youcef-Toumi 43). Currently, 27% of the world’s urban dwellers do not have piped water supply in their houses. By 2025, 40% of the world’s population is anticipated to reside in water-scarce regions. In the next two decades, it is projected that a 33% growth in total energy consumption will occur in the water sector. Only 0.3% of all the water in the world is available for human and animal consumption. The Middle East region accounts for 52% of the world’s total water desalination due to fresh water scarcity from natural resources (Al Mulla 4). In this regard, the water nexus model presents various opportunities that are based on water resources. In the UAE, start-ups have emerged after the government collaborated with water and food sustainability agencies from the US. The opportunities revolve around the development of new technology to track the utilization of wate