ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Realism is an approach to international relations that has developed progressively through the works of numerous political analysts who have based themselves within, and therefore have not exceeded a characteristic but yet assorted approach or conventional evaluation. Realism focuses on global political challenges attributable to individual characteristics and lack of universal watchdog. These two elements make global relations basically a sphere of power and interests (Griffiths 2009, p. 13). Individual characteristics have not changed since time immemorial. According to the realists, humans are still self-centred, and therefore inherently inclined towards decadence. Machiavelli explains that in the world of politics, individuals tend to be immoral and will always find expression for malignity engraved in their brains when opportunity strikes (Griffiths 2009, p. 14; Donnelly 2000, p. 17). In other words, realists give primary attention to inconsiderate passions and the catastrophic presence of wickedness in global politics. Since these passions can not be eradicated, conflicts are not bound to end any time soon (Donnelly 2000, p. 26). Even though realists have disagreed in some areas, they all agree that humans are inconsiderately zealous and this zeal is the root of all political challenges in the globe. The new political dispensations are aimed at curbing this side of human nature. Locally, human nature is normally regulated by hierarchical political power and constitution (Donnelly 2000, p. 26). In the global front, political disorder not only permits but also promotes the evil side of human nature. Therefore, the chaotic nature of national politics and the inconsiderate nature of humans call for an overall watchdog (Griffiths 2009, p. 17). Realist considers the structure of global system as vital in maintaining international relations. According to classical realists, absence of central power to resolve disputes is the reason behind the current security dilemma. They also argue that cumulative effect of actions by state and none-state actors can have considerable impact beyond national borders (Waltz 1979, p. 3). Classical realists argue that hunger for power which is more rooted in human beings is the reason why most countries are struggling to enhance their capacities. For that reason, the absence of global watch dog is an accommodative condition for state actors to operate without restraint (Waltz 1979, p. 4). In other words, classical realists also explain egoistic nature of human beings which is the cause of many global problems. Therefore, a number of global conflicts are attributed to aggressive behaviour of state actors or local political systems that provide opportunity for narrow-minded leaders to pursue selfish expansionist policies in the global arena. In short, classical realists argue that global politics is full of immorality because policies governing international relations are made by bad people (Griffiths 2009, p. 20).
Introduction Concepts are important in any research study. They are utilized to develop nursing theories. In essence, nursing theories originate from concepts. To achieve theory development, concepts must be defined. Additionally, they must be refined to establish connection with the theory. This paper will explore conceptual components of theory. Conceptual components of theory Components form the blocks for theory construction. Besides, concepts create hypothesis. Hypothesis is usually accepted through use of concepts. Any theory can only be understood if its concepts are clearly outlined or if those expected to understand it are well conversant with the concepts. In essence, there can be no theory without concepts. Concepts make the building blocks of nursing theories (Rushing, 2008, pp. 198-210). How the components are observed and measured in practice Components of nursing theories can be observed and measured through research studies. Moreover, since most concepts are usually accepted, they are observed based on accepted rules for observation. They are also measured based on agreed procedures. In essence, assumptions are usually made on ways of observation and measurements. Nursing theory has numerous concepts. Among which are four main ones namely health, patient, environment and nursing roles/goals and functions. Middle range theories such as Johnson’s theory of sensation have utilized a number of nursing concepts. This can be observed through the patient’s behavior, nursing goals, health and environment of nursing (Veo, 2010, pp.17-22). For instance, the theory of sensation states that inconsistencies between what is experienced and expected in physical sensation usually result in distress. This can be observed through seeing, tasting, smelling and hearing. In essence, Johnson argues that when one is prepared to face surgery prior to the event, this reduces anxiety and thus increases his ability to cooperate fully throughout the procedure. It is also necessary to note that concepts are usually defined by measuring operation utilized. For instance, health can be measured by body mass index. Secondly, nursing can be measured through functions or roles. It is necessary to note that some concepts can only be measured indirectly using indicators. How the theory has evolved based on the testing of the concepts The theory of sensation has evolved over time. This has spanned through different theorists including psychologists. Scientific theories change whenever new findings come up. This usually happens when new findings faults old ideas. In the process, new interpretations are usually presented on old data. Sensation has evolved over time due to change in personality constructs/concepts. Moreover, interaction with the environment has also led to behavioral changes. Modernized technologies have also led to advanced ways of measuring sensation. This has led to significant changes in concepts of the theory of sensation. In essence, when methods of observation and measuring of concepts change, it is probable that concepts also change to give
Incidents of eating disorders (EDs) are on the rise, with EDs being the leading cause of death among psychiatric disorders in the DSM IV-TR (Thompson, Roehrig, & Kinder, 2007). The four types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, EDNOS, and binge-eating disorder (APA, 2000). There are multiple facets to etiology for an ED, including the social and cultural aspects. Thompson, Roehrig, and Kinder (2007) suggest that westernized countries have a higher rate of EDs than non-westernized cultures. Clinicians find it difficult to identify cases of eating disorder among Caucasians, which makes them less likely to be referred for ED treatment than other races (Becker et al., 2010; Bulik et al., 2012). It is also more difficult to spot eating disorders in men than in women, which implies that they face the same challenges as Caucasians (Bulik et al. 2012). Becker, Arrindell, Perloe, Fay, and Striegel-Moore (2010) suggest that culturally imposed stigma and shame may impede help-seeking behavior among different ethnic groups. Socialization and social roles also influence eating disorders. Studies suggest that the traditional social roles for women, such as dependency, need for approval, passivity, and the need to focus on interpersonal relationships, result in eating disorders (Thompson, Roehrig, & Kinder, 2007). In addition, Thompson et al. (2007) suggest that thin ideals and social limitations give girls the notion that their bodies need to be changed in order to gain success. Assessing the role of social and cultural factors in the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders involves the same processes as those used with other population disorders. First, clinicians should be aware of the cultural and social factors mentioned earlier in the paper. They should also focus on the stereotypes and biases that may affect both their views and those of their clients. The study by Becker et al. (2010) noted that clinician stereotyping resulted in non-culturally informed treatment, which affected the progress of several participants. One of the techniques that can be used to assess the role of socio-cultural factors is structured interviews. For instance, a good Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) can include structured interviews for Anorexia and Bulimic disorders. EDE scores comprise four subscales, including restraint, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern (Thompson et al., 2007). The Structured Interview for Anorexia and Bulimic Disorders has six subscales. These are body image, general psychopathology, measures to counteract weight gain, fasting and substance abuse, sexuality and social integration, bulimic symptoms, and atypical binges.
Why the three bankers might be considered more powerful than most countries’ leaders The three men named by The Newsweek Magazine as the fourth, fifth, and sixth most powerful people in the world are Ben Bernanke, Jean-Claude Trichet, and Masaaki Shirakawa (Samuelson, 2008). They control institutions, which dictate the monetary policy to their countries. Also, the three countries represented by the three men command a huge portion of the global economy. Thus, actions and decisions made by the three men, and their institutions, affect the inflation, economic growth, and unemployment rate in the world. The monetary policy of the few advanced countries affects the overall economic activity in the world. The three men can alter the monetary policy of their countries and increase or shrink other smaller economies; they are indeed powerful. An increase in the base lending rate of the Federal Reserve, and the central banks, led by the three men leads to significant shrinkages in the world money supply. This happens because many central banks in smaller countries borrow from progressive economies to spur their economic growth. Moreover, the advanced economies hold the majority of the consumption stakes in the whole world. An alteration of the consumption levels in these advanced economies sends a clear message to other smaller economies, which follow suit by shrinking or expanding. How during the recession of 2008–09, banks of the world seemed to unite on cue to lower interest rates worldwide During the recession of 2008-09, banks of the world seemed to unite. Proponents of the union argued that a low-interest rate would spur economic activity and lift the world economy from the recession. Fundamentally, a decrease in the interest rates by banks lowers the cost of borrowing and prompts consumers to borrow more than they could have, previously. The extra money at the hands of consumers w
Characteristics of a Well-Rounded Person According to Sayre (2011), the term ‘I’uomo universal’ has the same meaning as universal man. It refers to an all-round, self-independent, and progressive being. Castiglione illustrates a universal man as ideal (Sayre, 2011). Castiglione explores several characteristics of the perfect man include being of nobility and from a reputable race, eye catching, and well dressed. In terms of personality, Castiglione describes the perfect man as articulate and confident in speech and walk, respectively. In the perspective of Castiglione, the well-rounded courtier’s excellent characteristics make him to be sensitive of what to discuss with everyone at any given time (Reiner, 2009). In terms of physique, the perfect man is supposed to be medium built, that is, neither too tall or too short. In terms of military capability, the perfect man in the perspective of Castiglione is excellent in weaponry and handling different aspects of combat, from horse riding and footwork. In terms of social skills, the well-rounded person should have excellent skills in conflict resolution through demonstration of unmatched prudence and courage in all situations (Sherry, 2009). Moreover, the well-rounded person is described as being very brave with heroism stamina as a solder figure and a loyal fighter. As part of the proactive interaction skills, the courtier is described as a multilingual individual who can fit in more than three cultures with ease and a lover of art and music (Sayre, 2011). Survey study As survey study involving ten participants was created based on the characteristics of a well-rounded person as described by Castiglione in the book, The Courtier . The participants were expected to confirm if the characteristics of the courtier are applicable to the standards of being a gentleperson in the view of the current society. The survey questions are listed below.  1. In your view, what do you think qualifies a person to be declared gentle?  2. What makes a person to qualify as being born or raised in a gentle race?  3. In your view, do you prefer specialization in an area or being all-rounded in several areas?  4. In the current mass society, does the physique of a person determines who others view him, in terms of being a gentleperson?  5. Based on you physique, skills, and personality, do you think you qualify to be referred to as a gentleperson? Survey results Survey demographics  Male           Female        Number               5              5             Age group            20-60          20-60         Environment          Shopping mall  Shopping mall  The survey sample consisted of five males and five females within the age of 20-60 years. In generating the sample size, the elements of gender balance, age balance, and, similarity in social environment were considered. In answering question one, the ten participants has similar response on the qualities of a gentle person. The respondents identified ele
Leadership is a virtue that is very important in every sector within the society. Leadership defines success or failure of a given organization. According to this article, one of the places where leadership would be required is in the hospitals. The process of taking care of a patient is very demanding and it involves various individuals, all with one objectives of ensuring that those who come to the facility leave having been satisfactorily served in the best manner possible. This article is based on effective leadership within the Troop Medical Clinics for the United States service members. The article notes, with a lot of concern, that when the mission of the hospital is not taken as a responsibility of every member of the team, then patient satisfaction and quality healthcare may remain elusive. It would require all the team members to work as a unit, always cherishing teamwork and having in mind the vision and mission of the hospital. This way, the organization will always march ahead as a unit. This article reports on Maxwell’s (2007) argument that “personnel determines whether an organization is successful or not.” For this reason, the leadership of an organization should closely maintain a positive relationship between it and the personnel. This would have an effect on the morale of the organization as a whole. The larder should be in a position to nature teamwork. As a team leader, this writer envisions this hospital as a successful organization that is able to meet the expected standards. The members of the facility can be taken for further training to enhance their skills on communications, patience safety and team spirit. As the members are inducted to work as a unit, the management must show leadership by availing adequate resources for the team to facilitate their activities (Avolio & Yammarino, 2008). This responsible leadership would not only make the medical facility be equipped with the required facilities, but will also ensure that the team members remain motivated for they will feel challenged by the fact that the leadership of the organization is responsible. According to this article, information is another factor that should be taken care of by responsible leadership. It is important to ensure that the team members have updated information in this field through regular briefings by the leaders. The leaders should also be briefed by the team members whenever this is necessary. The current society requires dynamism. A leader should not detach from other members of the society. A
Background Selfridges is a high end departmental chain store. Its headquarters is located in London. In most of its outlets, it deals mainly with stocks that are in fashion as well as luxury items. It was founded way back in 1909 by Harry Selfridge. The latter was a former employee of Field. The first branch was opened in Oxford Street during the same year of commencement. To date, this departmental chain store has undergone further expansions to cover more regions in search for new markets. For instance, latest expansions of Selfridges were witnessed in 1998 and 2002 whereby other stores were opened in Greater Manchester and Birmingham cities respectively. The name of the store was originally coined by Selfridge who was also the personality behind the formation of the departmental store. He was born in 1857 and throughout his life; he had close interest in the business world. The phrase “the customer is always right” largely reflected the motive and operating slogan of the store. This was to keep the customer closer to business. The strategy has continued to gain prominence in all businesses all over the world. Currently, the store is considered to be the second largest in London after Harrods (Enstewitle 2009, p.61). After undergoing catastrophic damages from bombings towards the end of the Second World War, the remaining stores were sold to John Lewis in 1940s and in 2003 it underwent further acquisition by a Canadian firm- Galen Weston- at a net worth of 598 million pounds. The latter chose to concentrate in innovation of the original store, located in the Oxford Street, over the former’s expansion pla
Introduction Using credit cards has become quite a common practice for past few decades. By 2015 the number of Visa credit cards circulating in the world including the U.S. is 850 million ( Visa Inc ., 2015, para. 6); the average number of credit cards adopted by cardholders in 2009 was 3.7 (Foster, 2011, p. 13). The reasons for popularity, principles of operation, as well as advantages and disadvantages of credit cards, are to be discussed in the report. Definition and types of credit cards The definition of credit card provided by O’Sullivan and Sheffrin (2000) is “a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder’s promise to pay for these goods and services” (p. 261). It means that not a customer, but the bank pays for the goods at the moment of purchasing, thus providing the customer with a loan, but later the customer has to pay the bill sent by the bank that includes both the price of the goods and the interest – a price for the borrowed money. Interest is a payment to a bank for providing a customer with a loan service. Nowadays banks issue a vast majority of credit card types, providing clients with a broad specter of opportunities. The most common are standard credit cards that have revolving credit lines; reward cards, that provide the customer with perks like cash, discounts or points; secured credit cards, that are used to reestablish credit; and specialty credit cards that are typically applied while sharing partnership between organizations or associations. Before issuing a credit card, the bank learns customer’s credit history that can be achieved from “one of the three credit bureaus – Equifax, Experian and TransUnion” (Yuille, n.d., para. 2). They also review the FICO credit score that is customer’s credit rating. Advantages and Disadvantages of Credit Cards Credit cards provide a customer with several advantages. The confidence of purchases allows not carrying large amounts of cash. The protection of costs spent is suitable when a customer needs to proof the act of buying something or receiving a certain service. In that case, the record can always be outdrawn from the bank. Low-cost loans and a possibility of getting instant cash in the times of urgent need is also an important advantage. The perks provided by reward cards can save costs when buying plane tickets, technics, automobiles, etc. Secured credit cards can help a client to build positive credit thus improving his or her credit history. The application in a case of emergency, if the car is broken, and you urgently need costs to rent another one, or in case of sudden illness, is also an important benefit credit cards provide. Together with certain benefits, using credit cards has several disadvantages as well. A client can easily spend beyond his or her means
Introduction Obesity is one of the major health hazards that most the developed countries and some developing countries face today. It is such an issue that deserves public attraction and serious debate because the reasons and consequences of this issue are closely related to the modern lifestyle. In this essay, I am going to explain what exactly the problem is and the solutions based on various researches made by experts in the field of health. It also describes how obesity becomes an economic problem. Criticisms against the suggested solutions also have been included in this, based on the standards of critical thinking. The problem In the olden days, the fat body shape was considered as a sign of good health condition and wealth. But the term obesity is introduced because the weighed body is considered as the result or consequence of certain diseases. Obesity increases the risks of very serious diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer and osteoarthritis. It has become a major global health problem of our time affecting people irrespective of sex, age and region. Many developing countries are victims of obesity. But, people in developed countries are major victims of this health hazard. “Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults overweight – at least 300 million of them clinically obese – and is a major contributor to the global burden of chronic disease and disability. Often coexisting in developing countries with under-nutrition, obesity is a complex condition, with serious social and psychological dimensions, affecting virtually all ages and socioeconomic groups.” (Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health: Obesity and overweight, 2009, para.2). Obesity is just not a problem that affects the health of people but it also has lots of other consequences that can make serious economic problems. The cost of treatment for obesity and related diseases is huge. Because of unfavorable body structure they cannot work long hours. After retirement, most obese people would be idle and live as a burden for other family members. As obesity can reduce mobility, they need to seek the help of some others when they become sick. Obesity would leave a bad impression on people. It causes discrimination, especially among young people. Because of their bad body image and problems in mobility, there are chances for obese people to get depressed mentally. Young girls are main victims of obesity in this way.” It also leads to psychological problems such as low depression, self-esteem, and eating disorders. Loss of self-esteem is one of the major effects of having several other ramifications. Loss of self-esteem is a very serious and complex problem as its effect is very deep-rooted and may push an individual into severe depression.” (Bad effects of obesity, 2009, para.2). Various solutions for obesity and the approach to the issue The health promotion behaviors and practices include changing food habits such as taking food with less fat content and more fruits and vegetables. Sometimes, milk or food