ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human dead bodies or cadavers have been used in medical education and research since ancient times. However, in recent times, with more focus on human rights and the growth of biomedical ethics, the use of cadavers for educational, research, and transplantation purposes have come under debate. While some people feel that using cadavers is ethically wrong, there are others who feel that it is perfectly acceptable to use human remains for productive issues such as education, research, and organ transplants. Thesis Statement: When we consider both sides of the argument in a balanced manner, the use of a cadaver is quite acceptable on the basis of the rationality that it is not abused but rather used for the welfare of other human beings. Subjects such as anatomy and physiology have been taught from ancient times through the dissection of a dead human body (Parker, 1). However, with the advancement of digital technology, alternate methods of teaching anatomy and physiology, such as the use of computer graphics and simulation programs, have emerged. There are atlas reference guides that allow the medical students to remove structures from the body layer by layer and build it up again. The layering effects of these computer models allow the student to understand the structure and features of the skeleton. These programs also provide insights into the relationship that exists between different body structures. A study by Rajendran et al. has confirmed that computers do function as a learning tool in the context of medical education (Berube et al. page 1 ). However, survey-based research by Berube et al. (1999) reveals that medical students often feel that the computer is inadequate in helping students understand complex relationships between the anatomical structures using a two-dimensional computer screen. In this survey, most of the respondents supported the use of cadavers to obtain “the sensations of human tissue and to gain a respect for the human body” (Berube et al., page 2). According to these respondents, the computer cannot facilitate the students to experience “the pathology and differences among humans” (Berube et al., page 2). Only through cadaver dissection, students found it possible to see the actual structures of the human body, cut through various layers of the body, and understand the interrelationship of various body systems. Thus, from the viewpoint of students, lessons in anatomy and physiology are best understood only through cadaver dissection. Protesters of the use of cadavers for removal, storage, and use of human tissue or organs and the storage and use of whole bodies for education purposes argue the dead human body cannot be totally commoditized, and hence any activity based on ownership and commercialization of the human body should not be allowed. Another argument from the side of the protesters is that during transplantation, organs are taken from bodies that are brain dead
Introduction The post-colonial Africa faces massive challenges including desertification, extreme poverty, epidemics, and never-ending regional conflicts, which affect the continent’s economic development. The UN, as the world’s premiere institution that promotes international collaboration, coordinates all manner of assistance to help African countries overcome these problems. Its operations extend from arbitrating in regional conflict to achieving peace, promoting democratic governance, promotion, and protection of human rights, and supporting social and economic development in the African continent. The UN was set up in 1945 following the Second World War with the aim of bringing to halt regional conflicts through peaceful resolution and mediation. It entails several auxiliary bodies to put through its undertakings. There are presently 192 affiliate nations, with each being autonomous state in the world other than the Vatican City (United Nations Cyberschoolbus Country at a Glance). From its administrative centers around the world, the UN and its specific outfits settle on essential and organizational matters in normal conventions held right through the year. The body has six major organs with the UN Security Council being the organ charged with the responsibility of promoting peace in the world. After independence, several African nations plunged into civil unrest and the UN has been the international body mostly involved in exercises to ensure warring factions reach peaceful agreements. In this regard, the UN serves as an important institution for promoting peace and protects human rights in conflict zones by working closely with Africa’s regional cooperation mechanisms. Presently, there are six UN peacekeeping missions in various African countries including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sudan, and Mozambique. United Nations peace exercises have been positive and gainful alternatives for dealing with some conflicts and humanitarian predicaments (Anyidoho, 13). T he greater part of the 35 mediation exercises carried out by the UN over the past five decades have been of great significance in ending regional conflicts, enhancing social equality, and protecting human rights. United Nations Operations in Congo, UNUC To carry out their mission effectively, peacekeepers in conflict torn areas must rely on intelligence information about the security situation of area prior to their mission, as was the case with the United Nations Operations in Congo dubbed UNUC. This was a UN international relations military unit in Congo that was instituted following the United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 of July 14, 1963. From this period, the name was changed to Opération des Nations Unies au Congo (Washington CRS Report for Congress 12). Within the UNUC, a Military Information Branch (MIB)
In order to introduce positive changes within a community, it is critical to get involved in the intricate processes of the given group. One should be aware a counselor needs to view this unit as a client, which will help him or her to utilize the key principles of the profession. In addition, community work must be able to identify the overall needs and address the outlined issues with consideration of mental health settings. Under the provided circumstances, it is essential to work with agencies to assess community needs, which must be followed by familiarizing oneself with available resources. Consequently, the rational use of the resources helps a person to overcome the psychological barriers that arise on his way and cope with difficult situations. The more developed self-understanding, self-respect, self-regulation, self-confidence, and self-acceptance are, the more effectively a person can use his internal resources. Accordingly, overcoming psychological barriers occurs with the least loss. These actions should be undertaken on a regular basis because they will help in generating a network of sources for referral aid. Occasionally, it is important to enlist people who had a direct influence on the clients’ lives by acquiring their permission and linking these individuals with informal and formal support systems. One should also cooperate with groups who seek integrating change and bring together clients who share common issues (Corey et al., 2018). It needs to be noted that making the network more responsive and providing training are paramount to inducing peer counseling addition, a counselor should occasionally work with politicians and community stakeholders in order to facilitate enhancements. In the case of mental health-related setting, it is vital to involve people from a client’s environment to the treatment process. Community workers must be willing to take proactive steps to ensure that people are living in politically and socially sound conditions. A mental health professional must focus on both the prevention and treatment aspects of the behavioral and emotional disorders (Corey et al., 2018). No unlicensed worker should be hired and employed as someone who wants to change the community for the better. However, the educating process must always be present as ever-growing movements, where local citizens become more aware of the underlying problems and contribute to their full capacity. Lastly, an ethical practice needs to be prioritized because it ensures that procedures are properly conducted, and resources are used fully. The need for a theoretical substantiation of psychotherapeutic interventions in the community as a whole is recognized by specialists, although this cannot always be realized in practice. Unfortunately, not all methods of psychotherapy are based on psychologi
Creating a legal definition for various ages is crucial for lawmakers in America. By establishing the boundaries between childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, it becomes possible to clarify the specifics of such periods and behaviors that the individuals might demonstrate. However, as explained by Scott (2000) in The Legal Construction of Adolescence , there are several complications connected to clearly defining the end of childhood and the overall period of adolescence. While childhood and adulthood ages can be specified by distinguishing between the children’s vulnerability and adults’ responsibility, adolescent populations’ ages are more difficult to determine due to the transitional nature of this growth period. In the contemporary legal framework, adolescence is not properly defined. Nevertheless, it appears that not including this term in the system is a highly successful tactic that allows the policymakers to avoid additional confusion that is connected to the introduction of a new concept. As such, the categorical approach is most commonly used when managing cases of adolescents, thus relying on the concept of the age of majority (Scott, 2000). In this sense, anyone under the age of majority is legally considered a minor, eliminating the need to account for individual developmental characteristics or differences in maturity (Scott, 2000). Therefore, all people under the age of 18 are currently regarded as minors. However, this legal framework fails to account for the numerous factors affecting young populations’ maturity. Given the differences in development, cognitive abilities, and the surrounding environment, some adolescents can enter the age of maturity earlier or later than 18 years. As a result, the legal definition of adulthood might not apply to some teenagers, forcing the authorities to treat all individuals below 18 as minors regardless of their actual development (Scott, 2000). Nevertheless, as perfectly explained by Scott, incorporating the multitude of factors impacting maturity is a highly strenuous task that requires significant effort from lawmakers. Reference Scott, E. S. (2000). The legal construction of adolescence. Hofstra Law Review, (29) 2, 547–598.
Competition has been characterized as a social practice in which people are rewarded based on how their accomplishments contrast those of others performing the same work or engaging in the same activity. A highly competitive setting can support a learning environment that provides students with academic challenges in educational facilities. Furthermore, competition can provide the kinds of experiences that promote the formation of professional mindsets and work ethic, as well as psychological and emotional development. Therefore, competition is believed to be effective in both academic and professional environments since it contributes to one’s personal character development and pushes an individual beyond barriers. The first effective side of the competition involves the desire of individuals to achieve greater results and motivation to persist. Therefore, the first benefit concerns building mental strength and stronger character. Perseverance, adaptability, and courage are all valuable characteristics that may be applied to any profession or life situation (Neubert, 2017). Students learn how to bend but not break under pressure via competitiveness. In addition, students learn how to deal with challenging settings. Educational competitions in the classroom provide students with secure environments in which they have the ability to develop these qualities (Attle & Baker, 2007). For example, with the help of competition, students become more productive since the incentive to succeed leads to better management of tasks and priorities. Similarly, a competitive environment in the work setting provides the same experience. Firms search for personnel that can handle the pressure of working in a competitive environment. The corporate world revolves around problem-solving and utilizing the workforce to reach a better result which is only possible when an employee has a strongly built character. In case when the competition is healthy, and employees do not disrespect each other by trying to achieve their objective, competition helps to build character, which can later help in other career paths or workplaces (Tebeanu & Macarie, 2013). Therefore, the process of competing should start at school and navigate the person through chaotic situations, teaching individuals to bypass obstacles. Another practical side of a highly competitive environment is social and emotional learning. Competition helps students with developing social and emot
“Eveline” is also a short story written by James Joyce. Eveline has also fallen into the sea of young love by Frank. Frank is willing to marry her and take her where he lives in Buenos Ayres. It happens that on the day set for them to live by ship, Eveline makes up her mind not to go with him. Eveline is faced with a lot of fears; symbolism has been used to present her fear in term s of thinking that Frank would make her drown in the world’s seas. Eveline is living in escapism, her move with Frank towards the east meant new dawn; a new beginning for herself. Eveline’s story is an irony, this is because at the beginning of the story Eveline seems to be having a flashback of the people who have already gone to the East, and inwardly she develops a desire to go too. Eveline doesn’t want to live under her father who always takes the little earnings she makes from her wages and she also wants to run away so that she will not be like her mother who she believes lived a common life (poverty) Sailing across the waters would mean newness to her, it would a break of the old difficult life of sweat and dirt. Eveline wants to go with Frank and perhaps begin a new life. Eveline is, however, afraid of change, whereas change is inevitable if one wants to live the old life. She cannot be able to fathom the newness of having a family and what it means to live with a man who loves and him being a husband. She is also worried about what will happen to those she loves and she has left behind. Due to the instability of her decisions and her fears she loses her new life, she also loses Frank’s love. She goes back to her normal, old and naïve life. “Araby” is a short story written by James Joyce. It is written in first-person narration. It is about a boy who is just realizing his sexual identity. We are introduced to the boys in this city. The setting of this story is in North Richmond Street a quiet suburb in the city. These boys know that they are maturing from childhood to adulthood; they now want to explore adult life. Similar to James’ “Eveline” they are looking for a way of experiencing the adult world. They are looking for people to care for them and love them. This is seen as they gaze at the uncle of the narrator and also on Mangan’s sister. The narrator who is depicted by the author to represent the mishaps of this city builds illusions in his bind on Mangan’s sister. One of the evenings when it was raining he went to the room where the priest who is a representation of the dying religion had died. While there he was express
Radon Gas The biggest problem that should be noted is that it is colorless and odorless, and most individuals do not view it as significant threat that needs to be addressed. It is necessary to understand the measures that should be taken to reduce possible risks. Human Exposure It is also paramount to note that it is especially harmful to smokers because their cells are already weakened (Laurance par. 5). It needs to be said that dose-response is still not thoroughly researched, and one of the studies has shown that the association is nonlinear and dependent on a broad range of factors (Duan et al. 267). Prevention Information It is paramount to explain to the population that it is necessary to make sure that all the buildings are tested, and the presence of this gas does not depend on geographic location as much as most believe (Rodriguez par. 2). The tools that are currently available such as electronic exposure meter are incredibly easy to use in most environments (Karinda, Haider, and Rühm 1170). One also needs to make sure that the workplace is also tested. One should be concerned if the results are close to two pCi/L and four pCi/L because these numbers are listed as dangerous by Environmental Protection Agency (Dombrauckas par. 2). It is paramount to educate the community on this issue because it is still perceived as not significant most of the time. Materials with all the necessary information should be developed and given out. It is also imperative to list the symptoms that are associated with this condition such as coughing, wheezing, and others to make sure that one understands when to contact the health care provider. Monitoring The most significant aspect that should be considered by the health department is the minimization of exposure to the gas if it is possible. Clinical assessment is necessary if there is a suspicion that an individual of a group of people has been poisoned. The findings should help to evaluate the condition of the patient, and the treatment options have to be considered. It needs to be said that numerous factors influence the levels of radon, and measurements that are taken may not be correct in some cases. Furthermore, it is imperative to perform tests regularly to minimize possible risks. It is essential to cooperate with trained professionals because they can analyze the data that was collected. Evaluation Outcome evaluation is the preferred method of assessment in this case. A change in people’s opinion is one of the most significant aspec
Definition of terrorism is an exercise that has troubled a body no less than the UN. As Duursma (2008) notes, the UN has variously been called upon to define what the term really stands for as this would make it possible for the entire world to join hands to fight it. The agony associated with deciding what the term stands for is appreciated because what are considered as terrorist activities by one person or group will also be considered as necessary or even heroic activities by another group. At the UN meetings that Duursma (2008) writes about, we learn that attempts to define terrorism are frustrated by the different national perceptions of what constitutes the act. For this reason, a country like Libya would like a distinction made between terrorism and the right to “self-determination” (Duursma 2008), obviously alluding to the Israeli-Palestinian struggles in the Middle East. Despite lack of a universally accepted definition of terrorism, the term stands for a combination of actions and words that are produced with the intention of coercing the other party to take a certain course of action. Terrorist activities include bombing, threats to bomb, hijackings, demands for ransom and assassinations among many other forms. Using fear and intimidation, the terrorist hopes to influence matters that cause economic, political or religious change. Owing to the confusing nature of deciding what terrorism really is makes much of human activities, especially in the political arena, to acquire an aura of terrorism. In the political arena, terrorism has been evolving and taken even-newer forms in the past 65 years. In the 1940s, groups that would be considered terrorist include the IRA which was fighting for Independence from the British. In Africa, the Mau Mau in Kenya, who were later hailed as Independence heroes were terrorizing the British colonial administration while in Algeria the French were getting similar treatment from local freedom fighters. Over the years, perceived terrorist groups have been evolving into ever-smaller cells which are harder to detect. Rather than have a guerilla army that can be annihilated in an organized operation, today people who risk being branded terrorists gather in inconspicuous cells that raise no suspicion. That helps the groups to survive but also reduces their ability to carry out large scale operations. The evolution in the operations of terrorist groups is exemplified by the way various groups that are linked to Al Qaeda have changed their operations, especially as relates to the raising and use of funds. In the period slightly preceding and following 9/11, the US government has tried to make it impossible for terrorist groups to obtain funds for their operations. These groups have, however, learnt new ways to raise and spend money to advance their cause. Where accounts of well-known terrorists or their sympathizers have been frozen, charitable organizations have sprung up as conduits for funds. Claiming to work with orphans or to support widows, groups like the International Islamic Relief Organization, (IIRO), have sprung up as have the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Developmen