ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Brucella is a bacterium that causes an infectious disease known as brucellosis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021), this microorganism, while unlikely to infect people through human-human contact, mostly derives from contact with cattle and contaminated products. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020) states that brucellosis caused by Brucella is a globally recognized and extremely widespread zoonosis that remains one of the most neglected corresponding infections. With a global annual incidence rate of 5,000,000 to 12,500,000 cases, the fatality rate remains low and does not exceed 2% (Hull & Schumaker, 2018). Despite its prevalence worldwide, the most recent outbreak of Brucella was in China in 2020, where after a leak on a biopharmaceutical company, more than 7,000 people tested positive for brucellosis (Yeung & Cheung, 2020). Primary predisposing factors for Brucella include the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, working closely with cattle animals, and working at such jobs as meatpacking, slaughterhouse work, veterinarian, and lab work (CDC, 2021). Hence, it is reasonable to assume that many people are exposed to the risk of being infected with Brucella . Safety precautions include avoiding the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and wearing personal protection equipment (PPE) when working with animal tissues. The treatment of brucellosis is practically the same for everyone, excluding pregnant women and people with allergies to antibiotics or immunosuppression (CDC, 2021). It includes the intake of two antibiotics, doxycycline, and rifampin, for nearly two months (CDC, 2021). The duration of treatment is extremely important, as the bacterium has an extremely high survival rate and “does not produce classical virility factors” (Głowacka et al., 2018, p. 151). It may be concluded that Brucella is an extremely widespread microorganism capable of catalyzing outbreaks in the areas of close interaction with animals and laboratories. Hence, it is vital to consider the risk factors and precautions prior to interacting with the aforementioned bacterium carriers.
People always used to express their point of view, and one of the best ways to do it is satire. This comes from the ancient times, for there are examples of satirical writings even in ancient Egypt, which proves that people always resorted to satirical expression of their point of view. Thus, satire can be found in every area of human life: in everyday life, in books, in periodicals, in films, on TV, in the Internet, etc. Of course, satire can be very offensive for its object, but that is the point of satire to strike and to show that changes are necessary, as Sullivan stated satire must be “crude but powerful” (Sullivan). It is quite obvious that the most of satire is pointed at controversial things, such as politics and religion. It is necessary to point out that these two subjects are connected very often, especially when it deals with Islamic religion. I think, Western people do not understand this religion, and which is more crucial, they don’t understand that religion is very important for Eastern people and that is why sometimes Western people cross the boundaries, and here I am not consider fanatics who kill people, to my mind, both sides have them, here I only mention the satirical representations of some definite thoughts. To show the role of satire in politics, concerning Islamic religion, it is possible to depict cartoon South Park and comedian film You Don’t Mess With Zohan . As far as South Park is concerned it is necessary to point out that it is a satirical reflection of the modern society, and, of course, some series deal with Islamic religion. For instance, in the episode 200 the inhabitants are concerned with the Islamic rules about Muhammad depiction, or rather prohibition of this depiction. And, of course, some extremists sent threaten to the makers of the cartoon. Another example of mockery at the whole issue is film You Don’t Mess With Zohan , which reveals some of the “peculiarities” of Muslims and their “struggle”, depicting the constant rivalry between two super agents of Islamic and Jewish worlds. The film is full of satire but it is quite moderate and, to my mind, not offensive, moreover, this film shows that the whole confrontation is quite fictive, no one even remembers why it was started, and all the nations can live in peace. To my mind this is the best way of using satire with controversial issues. It is necessary to add that not only Islamic religion and culture is under satirical supervision, but even western, i.e. Catholic, religion is being satirized as well. The film Dogma is a bright example of satire over Catholic religion, it is necessary to stress that it is quite revolutionary and offensive for tho
The influence of social media has grown exponentially over the past couple of decades, becoming an integral part of every person’s life. The phenomenon of social media has been the subject of multiple studies, including the one conducted by Fuchs (2017). Although Fuchs’ (2017) definition and explanation of social media are restricted to the socioeconomic perspective, the offered definition incorporates the nuances of information management in a digital context. The definition that Fuchs offers for social media is quite nebulous, which is fully justified by the multifaceted nature of the subject matter. According to Fuchs, the definition of social media hinges on the perception of the very concept of the social. Harkening the specified idea back to Durkheim, Weber, and Tönnies, Fuchs (2017) explains that social media incorporates the notions of a social action, cooperative effort, and community. Since the notion of social media is exceptionally difficult to describe, it requires a complex model that could shed light on its nature. For this purpose, Fuchs (2017) suggests the use of the model for social media communication that he defines as a model of social integration that is shaped by the consumer culture. In other words, Fuchs (2017) introduces the model for social media communication as the framework for interpreting behaviors observed in users online during communication. The specified model is crucial for examining how communication is shaped by digital factors such as immediate response opportunities, anonymity, and the related issues. Although the proposed model is quite easy to understand and use, it also seems to be excessively generic. As a result, it may not represent the experiences of each individual in online communication accurately. For example, my personal online interactions have been devoid of what Fuchs referred to as the “big data divide,” possibly due to the restricted range of topics for my online discussions. However, overall, Fuchs’ model is quite representative of average online interactions. Reference Fuchs, C. (2017). Social media: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). SAGE.
Movies influence people differently. This varies with their age, sex and cultural background, among others. Exposure to horrific movies has raised concern over its influence on behavior. Some theorists suggest such exposures induce aggression on people although this is still arguable. Clearly, children should react more to violence and aggression in horror movies than adults. Research conducted by psychologists suggests that violent music in horror movies may affect neurological and emotional stability of human brain. However, it has also been established that people have the capability of controlling their emotions. Aggression comes in various forms namely, mental, physical or verbal. Horror movies present situations that induce or aggravate violence in people. Nonetheless, it is important to not that humans have the capacity to adapt to such situations. In fact, it enables them to understand violence. In essence, horror movies do not make people aggressive (Crawford 1). Causes of aggression in people have had its debate over the years with some researchers pointing to external factors, while others pointing to internal causes. Moreover, others attribute it to both set of factors. Horror movies contain scenes that scare people. In fact, it has been suggested that violent music along with other scary scenes like extreme killings induces aggression in people, especially teenagers. For instance, a section of theorists argue that boys who identify with violent heroes tend to experience aggression in their attempts to fulfill aggressive fantasies. In addition, they postulate that continued exposure to horrific scenes induces fear in people. In the process, they are said to develop adaptive symptoms, which may result in aggression. However, the cases under this are quite few. In fact, research conducted in schools show that very few students imitate characters in movies. Moreover, this practice deteriorates as one grows. It is also important to note that people who come from violent families tend to be aggressive when they watch movies that relate to their respective lives. In this regard, the real cause of aggression becomes experience at home and not movies (Crawford 1). Horror movies do not make people aggressive. This is mainly because aggression is caused in many ways namely intrinsic and or extrinsic factors. For instance, aggression can be caused by fatigue, anger, attitude and environmental factors like frequent experience of violence at home or in the neighborhood. In fact, people have capabilities of controlling aggression even after watching scary movies. Moreover, one’s ability to be affected by movies depends on mental involvement. Consequently, they are less involved mentally in such movies. This results in ability to control emotions (Vidican 1). Adolescents who are usually in high or middle schools have greater abstract reasoning than younger ones. This makes them less vulnerable to imitating particular scenes of crime, violence or obscene b
Introduction Nestle is the largest food company in the world, with its presence stretching to more than 80 countries and manufacturing facilities numbering about 450. The company has registered great success that is showcased in its elaborate structure and physical establishments across six continents of the globe. Nestle has dealt with one controversy after another in its course of operation. The most pronounced controversy involved the marketing of infant formula, mainly in third world nations. The company’s bottled water brand also faced controversies over its alleged purity in some developing countries. This paper analyzes the company’s controversies and the corrective measures undertaken to rectify the situation, making a comparison of international management theories. The paper also includes a personal opinion on how the organization managed the issues through. The paper finally reflects on how managers can prevent similar issues in the future. The Management Issues Infant formula marketing controversy Nestle Corporation was embroiled in controversy in 1977 when the company’s management sought to increase the sale of infant formula brand within the developing nations. Groups in opposition to Nestlé’s plan raised concerns over the firm’s idea to offer breastfeeding mothers the infant formula to act as a substitute to the breast milk. A global call for a boycott of the company and its products, mainly the infant formula, was organized by groups that argued that substituting breast milk with the infant formula led to suffering and even deaths of babies, particularly in the developing countries (Boyd, 2012). The anti-Nestle groups, including Save the Children and International Baby Food Action Network, insisted on the unrivaled benefits of breast milk to babies. They accused Nestle of cheating mothers to make huge profits. Several other prominent organizations and bodies in the world, including the World Health Organization (WHO) (Heath, 1997), joined the activist groups in rallying for the global boycott of Nestlé’s infant formula. These bodies termed the milk a baby killer. Ethical management issue Nestlé’s management failed to consider the ethical question when it sanctioned the questionable marketing of its infant formula. The least developed countries, compared to the developed world, still suffer from many infrastructural and developmental challenges. These countries lack sufficient refrigeration services, suffer from lack of sanitary conditions, and experience impure water supplies. The management ignored ethical practice and consideration by insisting on bottle-feeding as the best alternative for mothers and babies living in such countries (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2012). Lack of adequate sanitary standar
Introduction Performance management is vital for organizational success. This is the process of providing a work environment where employees can enhance their performance by utilizing their full ability. The process begins when an organization identifies and defines the job position. It comes to an end when the worker gets out of the organization. This term refers to a broad system of the work context. Some professionals use the terminology to refer to traditional performance management systems. However, performance management is broader than this. This essay explains more on performance management among RBS citizens. Performance management system for the organization (RBC citizens) RBS citizens use the effective management system. This is a modern performance management approach. This system ensures that employees only concentrate on responsibilities that add value to the organization. The system holds employees accountable and pays them for performance. The management revisits the human resource process over time. Technology is vital in enabling the performance management process, but it cannot solve some the management’s inherent challenges. Effective performance management requires that the organizational leadership team aligns the business priorities with the organizational strategy. The organizational values should form part of the organizational culture and employees should be held accountable. This ensures that workers live in accordance to the values of the organization. The performance management system should go hand – in – hand with both the organization’s cultural drivers and its business. Another requirement for effective performance management is coaching for performance and engagement purposes. Managers have a high influence on the clarity of commitment and focus. This means that they can either build or break the entire organization. Employees require relevant coaching to help them pull off vital conversations. An organization’s success fully relies on the work of its employees. The results employees produce determine the success of the organizat
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders, which increases the risk of acquiring heart diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 (Bray, 2007). According to Ford, Giles, and Dietz (2002), metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome. This syndrome is very common in US and it mainly affects the elderly people. According to Grundy et al. (2004), there are two major risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. The first risk factor is a condition known as central disorders, which is characterized by excessive body weight and enlargement of body around the trunk. The second risk factor is a condition known as insulin resistance disorder. If a patient is suffering from this condition, the body cells fail to absorb glucose causing it to circulate in the blood vessels and this causes a rise in blood sugar levels and body fats (Grundy, et al, 2004). Ford et al. (2002) argues that, there are other risk factors, which include old age, lack of body exercise, bad eating habits, stress, hormonal imbalances in the body, and heart disease among other genetically related factors (Bray, 2007). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome shows that people with obesity are the most vulnerable. In fact, research has proved that most western countries including US have a high prevalence rate of 25 percent compared to other parts of the world (Bray, 2007). Metabolic syndrome is easily noticeable. Mainly, the major symptoms include central obesity and overweight, high blood pressure, hypertension, high blood sugar levels, and elevated fats levels in the body (Bray, 2007). According to Ford et al. (2002), a physician can observe some basic signs such as darkening of armpits and cases of liver disease among the patients. In most cases, tests can be done to help in assessment and management of metabolic syndrome. Grundy et al. (2004) says that, the most common tests include measuring of blood pressure, glucose level and body fats. All these tests should be carried out regularly on individuals with higher risk to help reduce and prevent occurrence of the syndrome. In addition to this, metabolic syndrome can be treated either by use of medical or non-medical technique (Bray, 2007). The main objective of non-medical treatment is to change the patient’s lifestyle since most of them are physical inactive. This can be achieved by eating foods containing low calories and fats, and by reducing the amount of salt intake. Alternatively, food for patients with metabolic syndrome should be cooked using liquid oil containing low cholesterol level. Unlike solid fats, liquid oil contains low cholesterol. The opinion is that, the patient should use fish oil from time to time, walk to burn excess calories, and attend gym regularly to exercise the body. Most importantly, suc
There is no doubt that teaching children can be rather difficult due to the common problems that occur in individuals at an early age. When it comes to the age group including children from three to five years old, any teacher has to solve a difficult problem because it requires him or her to make efforts to attract their attention and encourage them to be disciplined. Despite that, it is possible to apply a range of procedures, rules with consequences, and invent a reward system to create an appropriate classroom environment and make the learning process more efficient. The first procedure that I would like to implement when working with children from three to five years old is singing songs that would help my students to memorize the key facts mentioned during the lesson (Ludke, Ferreira, & Overy, 2014). The use of songs can be regarded as an important procedure for children belonging to this age group because such children need learning materials to be illustrative. Among the advantages associated with the use of this procedure (children will have to sing very simple songs at the end of each lesson), there is the use of materials helping to develop their auditory perception and social skills. Also, working with children belonging to this age group, a specialist needs to remember that an appropriate classroom environment is inextricably connected with the development of social skills and exchange of experience. Therefore, the second practice that I would like to use involves open discussions that are age-appropriate. During the discussions, I will not use any strict rules urging any student to participate actively because many children can be frightened to voice their opinions if they are not sure that their answers are right (Quesenberry, Mustian, & Clark-Bischke, 2016). To make children work together, it can be important to divide them into teams and let each team answer the question and then share their ideas with others. When it comes to the rules that can be utilized in such an age group, it is necessary to pay attention to common cases of aggressive behavior in children (Biktagirova & Sh, 2016). To reduce them and encourage children to respect other people in the classroom, any child will be deprived of an opportunity to play with classmates after the lesson in case if he or she is aggressive towards other children or a teacher. In such a manner, children will understand more about social norms that they need to respect. The second rule that I will implement is also related to the development of social skills. Many children are shy and they may fear to ask teachers to clarify something if they feel that other students already understand it (Söderström & Löfdahl Hultman, 2017). Therefore, all children will be informed that their willingness to laugh at their classmates when they cannot understand the material deserves punishment. Thus, any child who aims to laugh at students who need the ma
Leadership remains as one of the most remarkable models that strongly brings about positive organizational change through moderation of organizational operations, motivation and creation of best working environment. On the other hand, organizational behavior is a term used to denote how manpower in an organization runs the daily process of production towards meeting the set goals and objectives. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2012), it encompasses application of specific knowledge by management and employees in an organization towards generating a holistic outlook internally and externally (page 4). This paper analyses the case study of Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy and Mather in terms of the current leadership structure. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2012), leaders in organizations have increasingly become aware of the need to create change for the sake of being actively involved in the change process (page 518). In the case study of Charlotte Beers, her appointment at the Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide in 1993 improved the performance of the company as she improved the asset base of the company, created groups, enhanced brand stewardship, improved client service and crafted a vision for the company. However, toward the end of 1993, the problem of power balance was seemingly affecting the operations and unity of the company’s management structure. As the company was moving into the following year, it was faced with the challenge of team work among workers. Lack of team work is a critical challenge that may greatly affect the realization of goals. This was the case with the company in 1994. In his publication, Al-Rawi (2008) indicates that teamwork is a critical component in a business since it enhances performance (Page 93). Contingent theory of leadership reflects on the emerging issues as an important factor in defining the ability of a leader at the team or management level to achieve established objectives. Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company have been able to carry out their operations effectively in the year that has ended due to leadership that encourages team building. However, as true as Al-Rawi’s argument on teamwork may be, it is imperative to note that despite the effectiveness of team work, it is also prone to numerous conflicts that are both functional and dysfunctional. The leadership at Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company will need to address this challenge by dealing with the functional conflicts that impact on the success of the team via creation of awareness. Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company management organization structure has undergone major reviews that have pushed it towards decentralization and greater responsibilities to workers and the business environment. A shorter hierarchy that Beers developed allows the company’s employees to have direct contact with their top management and contribute to long-