ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Drugs can be catastrophic for people; however, it is difficult for them to stop using drugs once they have started. Drug usage can begin due to various reasons, from entertainment to treatment. Due to their nature, drugs can make people addicted despite the negative consequences they produce; thus, personal control over drug usage is inefficient, and it may be almost impossible for a person to quit. In that case, only the external control over the drug possession, use, and distribution can effectively reduce negative impacts on the population. The drug legislation bears the attitude and perception of various policymakers throughout history. While the goals of policymakers may have been different and mixed in unexpected combinations, in most cases, battles against drugs were carried out under the banners of healthcare and protection (Goode, 2014). Considering the substantial harmful effects of most known drugs on human health, the policymakers’ claims seem to be somewhat relevant. Especially in the light of the fact that some drugs were poorly studied at the time when the decisions about their usage were made. Therefore, it can be said that drug legislation is not just a function of bias against pleasure or the people who use certain psychoactive substances. It is important to note that the attempts to illegalize more widely accepted substances sometimes lead to disastrous consequences, such as the unprecedented rise of organized crime (Goode, 2014). At the same time, the ban on such drugs as cocaine or opium did not have comparable effects on society and the economy due to marginalization; thus, the policymakers’ attitudes and actions are understandable. Moreover, demonizing the substances used by the smaller share of the population was easier; therefore, the fight against them was more effective. Accordingly, some of the substances are used widely today, and some are still banned and marginalized. There were attempts to divide drugs based on objective factors. Some of the most common drugs were put into various categories in the US in the 20th century; they were sorted based on their medical utility and potential for abuse (Goode, 2014). However, the lack of research on drugs and other substances, in general, made their objective harm ranking almost impossible. Furthermore, in many cases, the artificially created perception of the drug’s p
Introduction Globalization can either enlighten or pacify society. It can also help widen the boundaries and at the same time, narrow perspectives by creating both, losers and winners. While the benefits of globalization to the economy cannot be overestimated, still statistics have proven that the world is at a worse state of inequality than it was prior to the emergence of the concept of globalization with the income gap among the developing countries, having increased drastically by 20% (Osland 2003). The current debate is whether globalization favors the developed countries over their developing counterparts, and the role it plays in widening the income inequality gap. Evaluating this perspective from the dimension of multinationals, McDonalds, for example, resonates well with the aforementioned observations. It also reveals that indeed, the true beneficiaries of globalization are actually the developed cultures. Then again, how do the developing cultures benefit from this perspective? This can only be ascertained through the analysis of the possibilities and anxieties that globalization has on culture. Term definitions Culture is different from globalization. These two aspects are unique and different from each other in every possible way (Osland 2003). In general, culture is an implication of the way of people’s lives in a particular society in a given place and time (Doku & Kwaku Oppong, 2011). On the other hand, it refers to a globalised context other than being confined to distinct limitations of a country (Machida, 2012). Every society has its own culture through which it tends to carry out daily living practices. Literature review A number of people in the developing countries hold the perception that globalization tends to create a phobia towards inequality, increased conflicts and generally a high level of instability (Malota, 2012). It is also important to take into account the fact that every person from any culture must be able to know their origin and at the same time, take part in various business deals. Additionally, they may also share their cultural practices with people from other countries (Machida, 2012). In general, through the adoption of a globalised culture, there is the possibility that more people may desire to imitate and adopt the western way of life. As a result, such individuals could end up eliminating or substituting their culture entirely. Alternatively, they could end up replacing some part of their culture. This could happen as a result of the creation and dominance of westernization as has been the case with McDonald’s Corporation, and the influence the company has had on the various countries and cultures that it has chosen to set its base in. After the Second World War, the countries started to develop a cosmopolitan approach to
Nowadays it is difficult to find a person who is not interested in arts at least as an amateur. Everybody chooses a kind of art according to his or her taste and preferences. Somebody gets real pleasure from ballet or cinema and the other adores visual art or architecture. In any case, each kind of art has its peculiarities and zest. In every country, there are a lot of different museums and art galleries which attract a great number of real art connoisseurs and simple amateurs. Due to such museums and galleries, people can know many interesting historical facts and men of the moment, who had a great influence on the world of art. Metropolitan Museum belongs to those public places which attract thousands of visitors every day. Metropolitan Museum is one of the most famous and the richest art galleries located in New York. It possesses an eternal collection, which comprises more than two million pieces of art. It is a real paradise not only for simple visitors and amateurs but also for those who deal with art studying professionally. “Represented in the constant collection are pieces of art from classical old relic and Egypt” (Hoving p. 56). The visitors are welcome to see different paintings and sculptures of famous European masters and huge collections of modern art. The exhibition is presented with a great number of masterpieces. The visitors can see the famous The Actor by Picasso. The canvas belongs to the so-called blue period of Picasso’s oeuvre. The artist presents the image of a young and handsome actor and visitors may see and feel his emotions during the performance on the stage. Another interesting piece of work is Standing Attendant, a Chinese sculpture belonging to the 7-the century. This sculpture of a stranger shows the international and worldwide spirit of the departed inhabitant in the furnished grave. It is the representative of the famous Tang dynasty and his adornments falling from his belt, together with other traits of his dress that are dissimilar from usual Chinese clothing. One more sculpture that is worth discussing is Hatshepsut , dated 1458 b.c Hatshepsut, the well-known female ruler of Egypt. This sculpture makes the visitors plunge into the atmosphere of ancient Egypt. This full-size statue demonstrates the ruler in the traditional clothing of all Egyptian monarchs, conventionally a role of man. Despite the fact that the dress is male, this statue has distinctly female features, unlike the majority of other representatives of this dynasty. Moreover, the most stunning architectural attainment of the antique world, was that Hatshepsut’s sanctuary was adorned with a great number of statues depicting her as a sphinx and as Osiris, famous god of the spirit world. The samples of ancient architecture have always been the objects of interest. For example, the Two Columns from the Church of Notre- Dame de la Daurade. The columns, together with another twenty columns are the parts of “Golden Church” of La Daurade. It is an extremely beautiful church that is famous for its gold mosaics. The columns are covered with a beautiful ornament that gives a clear understanding of architectural tendencies of t
Nowadays, it has become a commonplace practice to refer to the novels Night by Elie Wiesel and A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn as such that is concerned with revealing the sheer evilness of the Nazi and Communist political regimes. By exposing the audience to the first-hand accounts of one’s existence as a concentration camp inmate, Wiesel and Solzhenitsyn had succeeded in promoting the idea that the layer of civility covering people is very thin. Both novels effectively show that the representatives of the Homo Sapiens species are, in fact, nothing but “hairless primates”, biologically predetermined to cease acting humanely towards each other when it comes to ensuring their physical survival. The Nazi and Soviet leaders appear to have been well aware of it: something that explains the striking similarity between the themes and motifs in Nigh t and A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich . This paper will explore the validity of the above-suggested at length. The most easily identifiable theme in both novels is the deliberate dehumanization of people and its effects on how those affected by it tend to perceive the surrounding reality and react to different existential challenges. In turn, this objective is best achieved by means of forcing the victimized individuals to “turn off” the rational workings of their psyche and grow completely preoccupied with striving to satisfy their basic biological needs, as something that has the value of a thing-in-itself. Nothing can be more effective, in this regard, than starving camp inmates to death, in the literal sense of this word. While providing an eye-witness account of his time in Auschwitz, Wiesel admits that it was specifically the thought of where/how to get an extra ration that used to define his behavior there more than any other: “(I)… dreamed more of an extra portion of food than of liberty” (51). Evidently enough, while subjecting Auschwitz prisoners to starvation, the Nazis wanted to reduce these peoples to being nothing short of hunger-driven beasts, absolutely incapable of taking any collective action against their tormenters. Wiesel’s novel testifies to the emotionally disturbing truth that such a murderous objective can be achieved with ease. The motif of constant hunger, experienced by prisoners, resurfaces throughout the enti
Introduction The Italian culture has been coupled with a lot of stereotypes, some truth, generalization, and exaggeration of their character continue to dominate in the TV shows in America. In most cases, unjust stereotype negatively impacts the perception of the Italian people. This mainly occurs whenever there is negative ethnic publicity on a certain community. The continued stereotyping nature of the Sopranos show continued to hurt the Italian people ethnically. Italians are often portrayed as violent, dishonest, and as people who engage in organized crimes. The image, therefore, continues to affect the interaction between Italians and Americans. Main body The American people will in most cases fear associating themselves with the Italians due to their aggressive nature. The continued generalization of the
Science provides a robust means through which human beings study the nature of their universe. It is every scientist’s goal to find a solution to a particular problem. There are many conventional methods of doing this. One of these methods is induction. In the inductivist method of science, generalizations are formed after examining certain particulars. For instance, using inductivist science, one can conclude that lions are cannibals after examining enough lions. Inductivist science has two main aspects. The first is the mode of reasoning employed when attaining theories. The other one is the mode of reasoning used in order to obtain predictions. When attaining theories, an experiment is performed and the results are observed. These results are then used to formulate a theory that will revolve around determining what will happen in most or all examined cases. On the other hand, predictions are obtained after analyzing several possible outcomes. In induction science, predictions are mostly based on a specific theory and hypothetical results. A theory refers to a general law that can help in obtaining predictions. Therefore, one can use a theory to come up with new possible situations. These “situations” are in this case the predictions. The inductivist method of science has several inherent problems. Most of these problems revolve around the method’s concepts of prediction and theory. For instance, according to the inductivist method of science, observed statements precede theories and they are independent. This means that observations are based on senses. This premise may not be true because not everything can be seen, felt, or experienced. For instance, when two people see the same object they do not necessarily interpret this observation the same way. This is because the brain generates a perception statement and not the eyes. This implies that there are inherent differences in perception that pose a challenge to inductivism. There are many critics of inductivism as a scientific method. Most of these critics tend to lean on the method’s shortcomings. One of those people who have voiced their criticism of induction is Hume. His main argument is that induction depends on the assumption that nature has a stable and regular character that remains the same. According to Hume, this reasoning is flawed because the observed “character” can change. The events surrounding global warming are a good example of Hume’s argument. His general concern is that just because something is regular now, there is no guarantee it will remain so in the future. Apart from critics, there are those who are fully behind induction as a viable scientific method. This group would reply to Hume’s criticism by claiming that induction is a rational scientific method. The proponents of induction consider induction as the only good and available method. This is because induction is regular
As the demand for instant communication increases, technological developments have made it possible for people and organizations to satisfy their communication and interactive needs using social media. In the recent past, major social websites have emerged (Funk, 2012). Large corporations such as Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Google and LinkedIn are some of the major organizations that have developed comprehensive and effective websites that provide people and organizations with the ability to communicate instantly and free of geographical barriers (Funk, 2012). Facebook is perhaps the largest and most effective social site that has converted the world into a small village where people can interact, socialize, and exchange information and ideas and do business free of geographical and social barriers (Funk, 2012). Facebook’s instant messaging and updating systems are perhaps the site’s most important strong points. The initial idea of developing Facebook was to allow students at Harvard University communicate and exchange ideas from their personal computers. It also aimed at providing students with a platform on which they would update their feelings, points of view and other social and academic aspects and allow their colleagues to note and comment on them if necessary. The brain behind the idea was Mark Zuckerberg, a student at Harvard University faculty of computer science. It was known as “The Face Book” when it was first launched at Harvard in 2003. Since then, the company has expanded and moved from Harvard to California, becoming a global social and business website. Facebook has a number of features that make it both a social and business website. First, it is worth looking at the features that make it a social site. Facebook requires an individual to register as a member and obtain a personal account. The process is simple because it requires users to provide their basic details such as email or telephone addresses, age, names (whether actual or pseudonyms), gender, location, occupation, school and other details. However, the site has a limited number of compulsory requirements such as em
The book is the inspirational voice of a courageous Indian woman in Guatemala, who is hopeful for a better future that will enable her people and the local Guatemalan people to live a life free of oppression and violence. It is of the oral autobiographical genre, first narrated to Elisabeth Burgos-Debray in an interview and later published and translated into the book, “1, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian woman in Guatemala” in 1984. Menchu and her community lived in Guatemala as peasants, and worked for the Ladinos, Spanish Guatemalans against the Mayans that were Guatemalans of the Indian descent. Her community faced starvation and malnutrition. As she grew older, she understood the discrimination that prevailed between her community and the Ladinos, yet the wealthy elite running the country were the reason for the deplorable state in Guatemala. This book is Rigoberta’s memoir and talks about the experiences of a majority of the Indian communities living in Latin America at the time of the Civil War through the lenses of Rigoberta Menchu (Menchu, 2010). In this book, Rigoberta highlights her agony, which she went through, in her early life, when some of her family members were killed by the military force of Guatemala. As one of the survivors in her family, she worked her way out in life by learning Spanish and becoming a catechist. This was been the case for her fellow people, surviving amidst an armed antagonistic force bent on eradicating Menchu’s community (Menchu, 2010). The book “An Indian Woman in Guatemala” shows the values and societal ideas of her community. She vividly explains the rituals, traditions and customs recorded in her memory to show the cultural system of her people. Despite the fact that Menchu’s culture is shown to be one that rich and admirable, the Ladinos are shown to have no regard for this Indian culture. The result is a struggle that sees many Indians killed, including her family. Menchu is sent to exile and during this time, she is able to make known the sufferings of the Guatemalan people to the rest of the world. Pros and Cons of the Book This is a very inspirational book, which other countries with similar shortcomings to those of Guatemalan people should use to gain insight and improve their situation. This book is a true representation of a patriotic leader, someone who is ready and willing to die to save his or her community. The plight of the Mayan people is being understood through Menchu’s voice as she gives vivid accounts of maltreatment of her people by the dictatorial Ladino army. It has used simple and reader friendly scenarios to help understand the experiences of the Guatemalan local people. The book is an archive for the Mayan culture since it is embedded within the Mayan culture and societal ideas. This book is more of a personal account, and Menchu fails to give details of the accounts resulting to the seg
Any offense that breaches the law prevailing in the communities is called criminal law. It is a serious offense. Whoever violates this law shall be charged with a criminal offense. Before making any search warrant, certain formalities must be completed by the authority responsible for the search warrant. Brief Facts of the case The fact of the case is that all the 3 defendants entered into plaintiff’s house and murdered Mr. & Mrs. Gibson for robbery. In this particular case, Jones, Derrick Moreland and Stan Martin committed Robbery and murder. During the commission of the crime, one person among them, that is, Jones cut his hand and his blood was left at the crime scene. After that, they hid the equipment used for the murder in one of the defendant’s houses. Although they fled from the place, the police could reach them with the help of the evidence (blood sample). The policemen searched Martin’s home with his consent and found guns, a mask and part of the money. With the help of a search dog, police arrested all three defendants and convicted them for murder and robbery. They later searched Morland’s house and found the remaining evidence. Issues in this case  1. Whether the search conducted by the police is unlawful?  2. Whether it amounted to the violation of privacy and trespass? Arguments The respondents argued that the search by the police was unreasonable. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides certain safeguards to protect the person at the time of searching. The fourth Amendment of the criminal procedure code says that a person can protect his documents or anything f
In 1749, one of the most famous London newspapers posted a speech of the woman who became accused by the court of bearing a child outside of wedlock. In the eighteenth century, the court could punish those women who were pregnant before marriage. According to Hall (2018), Polly Baker stated that instead of punishment, the court should take part in the creation of a statue in her honor. The character believed that she did not commit a crime and positively influenced society to fight against such unfair rules. Miss Polly Baker stated that she had done the duty of God as the birth of a child is a God’s nature which the want of society cannot destroy. The court found Baker guilty five times for the same actions, but she denied it since the birth of these children was planned, and their living conditions were at a good level. Polly Baker said that she is not the only person who should take all responsibility, but also bachelors must receive the court’s punishment (Hall, 2018). Benjamin Franklin was one of the creators of The Speech of Miss Polly Baker , and most of the ideas displayed his personal beliefs. Franklin was a part of the USA’s political system and could analyze all advantages and disadvantages of the law. I believe that he would analyze the positive and negative sides of the situation and give clear ideas to make the story more receptive. Benjamin Franklin became one of the first politicians who helped establish connections with other countries and achieve the independence of the United States. The modern state of mind changed the attitude toward women, and they received more rights. The modern world is different from the eighteenth century, and women feel free in their actions and participation in the political sphere. The attitude towards women began to change because of the influential speech of Benjamin Franklin, and this was one of the largest changes in the American history. Reference Hall, M. (2018). Benjamin Franklin and Polly Baker. The University of North Carolina Press.