ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
African Americans living in the United States have long suffered from being mistreated by white people. It was especially acute before the abolition of slavery. Even once it was abolished, the problem remained and was highlighted in numerous works of African-American writers, who struggled for reaching racial equality by narrating of the difficult lives of their brothers and sisters. In his Long Black Song, one of the short stories published in Uncle Tom’s Children, Richard Wright raises several significant issues regarding the differences between the blacks and the whites proving that the interracial gap in the society was tremendous, and nothing was done to overcome it. What is first traced in the short story is the description of the gap in the working conditions of black and white people. It was determined by history that the blacks, for the most part, were working in the fields, and the whites were either their masters or involved in other spheres of economy. In this case, we see Silas, who has his small farm built on the land he managed to buy by himself specializing in growing cotton. He is forced to become a traveling salesman to keep his family. On the other hand, we see a white man who is also a traveling salesman, but he sells clocks made into gramophones. What is shown is that African Americans work harder to make their living because they should at first grow what they sell while white people could afford to earn bread by reselling. Another detail highlighting the gap in the incomes of the blacks and the whites is the fact that Silas uses a wagon for transporting crops while the white man has a car. This trend in inequality can be related to what is known as economic freedom. It is strengthened by discrimination because black people almost always occupy lower positions and have less access to the distribution of income. So, when it comes to making the profit and gaining economic success white people are more likely to be wealthier because they have more freedoms and are less prejudiced if compared to African Americans (Hoover, Compton, and Giedeman 591). This challenge was especially acute in the times described in Wright’s short story. Another issue raised by the author of this essay is the difference in the level of education between the whites and the blacks. Even though the white man is involved in selling goods, it is his seasonal occupation because he attends school and studies sciences during winters. What we see in the story is the fact that a black woman does not even know what the word ‘science’ stands for acknowledging, “Naw, Ah guess Ah wouldn’t [understand]” (Wright 134) what this word means when the white man started explaining what he is learning. Even though it was a woman the white was speaking to, if her husband were at home, the outcome of the conversation about sciences would have been the same because Africa
Introduction The article by Miles Young, called “ What Muslim Consumers Expect”, published in the journal of “ Market Leader” , discusses the special considerations that marketers should put in place when selling to Muslim consumers. This paper analyzes the issues raised in the article. The article The focus in the article is how to sell to Muslim consumers; the writer is of the view that the western nations and companies have sidelined this market segment in their marketing practices. The articles sends some light to the approach of the market segment where the writer is of the opinion that there are some ideologies, related to the practices of the religion that need to be looked into when marketing for this segment. The writers starts the article by criticizing western marketing approach which he is of the opinion that the market segment has been taken as any other market segment, a factor that has challenged efforts to tap the market effectively. The writer after diagonising the approach taken by the westerners, he comes up with suggestions on how the market can be tapped effectively. He brings the issue of the influence that religion and culture have on how people behave and the kind of choices they make. According to the article, Muslims are special market segments that need some special recognition if one has to build a strong brand name. The writer in the article is of the opinion that despite the market segment being like any other section, the influence that their religion has should be considered, a marketer should develop marketing policies that seem to be in line with the needs of the muslims religion. At the beginning of the article the writer is of the view that the market is one of the largest market segment that the world has, it can assist marketers in numbers abd has a strong financial base. The theory that prevails When Mile was writing the article, there is one theory that has stood out and needs to be considered when dealing Muslims; the theory of culture intelligence. Cultural intelligence is a marketing strategy management tool with an organizational psychology, which emphasizes that understanding or individual, group, communal and national culture enhances strategic management; it influences the capacity for a business to engage successfully in a certain environment. In this case the most dominant aspect of the Muslims is the culture and religion that they subscribe to; to have an appropriate marketing campaign a marketer needs to understand the dynamism of the market. According to the managerial tool, human behavior is to a large extent and element of their culture, consumer behavior, attitude, beliefs, suppliers and country of origin perception has an influence on business.
Introduction Modern colleges and universities often portray themselves as egalitarian and integrated institutions. Women rights activists often advocate for the abolition of gender segregation in academic institutions terming it a discriminatory practice that impedes female participation in public life. However, culture, which holds a central place in people’s lives, has a big influence on social behavior, interests, and self-expression values. Self-expression and actualization are the cornerstones of human identity. In this view, segregated educational systems foster expressive attitudes that lead to the development of positive feminine or masculine identities, self-expression, and moral virtues. This paper presents a three-point argument in favor of gender segregation in universities based on: cultural values, differences in psychological attributes, and sexuality. Cultural Values Social relations in many cultures depend on cultural stereotypes and gender roles that define masculine and feminine activities and behavior. This shows that gender stereotypes are deeply embedded in modern cultures. An individual perceives and interprets his/her social roles in the society through ‘gendered lenses’. In Muslim societies, gender mixing in all interactional contexts, is discouraged. The idea is to keep a female from a non-related male. Thus, university gender segregation conforms to Islamic values by preventing the mixing of genders. It also facilitates the growth of attitudes, interests, and expectations that are either feminine or masculine. The socialized values and interests result in gender-differentiated roles shaped by social pressures present in a given culture. In this regard, gender segregation helps female and male students pursue curricular fields that are consistent with their respective gendered interests and values. Western cultures, which tend towards gender integration, place emphasis placed on free expression and individual choice. However, early gender socialization or acculturation results in sex typed behaviors and attitudes. Segregated educational systems allow male and female students to draw from their cultural and social resources and express themselves freely. Moreover, by conforming to cultural scripts on gender-specific disciplines, college students can realize their full potential, as opposed to contravening the no
Introduction A good leader should be able to persuade, inspire and enable others to participate towards the success of an organization. Good leadership in organizational change calls for leaders with certain skills and qualifications such as self-assurance, emotional acumen, and intelligence among others. Various leadership styles apply in bringing change in an organization. Some of the leadership styles include task-focused leadership, situational leadership, visionary leadership and authoritative leadership. The change process involves developing urgency of change, empowering change groups, developing a vision, frequent and powerful communication of the vision, eliminating change obstacles, creating short-term goals, building on change and incorporating change in the organization processes. Why Richard Kelly failed in first attempt To bring effective change in an organization, hard work is required. Richard did not plan his change strategy carefully. Richard was impatient and expected instant results too soon. Richard should have developed an open and persuasive discourse about order processing with employees and customers to support his argument. It was important for Richard to ensure that at least three quarters of the organization management supported his change idea. Richard did not spend enough time and energy in creating the order processing urgency. Richard experienced panic and moved too fast to other steps that resulted in short-term monetary losses due to purchases. Richard was successful in convincing the management of the need to change the order process. However, he did not consider fragile components of his change strategy that required commitment and involvement of managers from other departments. Richard failed to identify possible obstacles that affected his strategy. Richard also failed to identify equals opposed to change and assisted them in understanding the need for change. Effective subsequent actions by Richard In his second attempt to improve the organization’s order process, Richard took some effective actions that delivered the desired change. The first action was gathering information on the reasons for the delay while processing and filling orders. This was pivotal in creating urgency that is a key step in bringing change in an organization. The second action was meeting with various department managers. This was necessary in forming task forces that ensured commitment. This helped convince the management of the need for change. The next effective action was securing the services of an external consultant. Various examinations of the problem done by the various task forces were highly effective too. They helped in establishing what they were doing wrong as well as what needed
The exploitation of women and children in society has been an alarming issue for the past decade. Women and children are being subjected to brutality by their male counterparts. Such an impeccable issue has proved futile, and the international NGOs are addressing the matter (Egyesult, 2007). Children are sexually harassed, sodomized, and are deprived of their rights as stipulated in the Children’s Act. Research has shown that these inhumane acts are practiced mainly in less-developed countries. Women are not immune to these brutal acts. Domestic violence has taken the center stage in exploiting women. Women have been killed by their husbands, maimed, and others have been subjected to lifetime disability. The NGOs are addressing these issues. They are educating the victims on their rights, and the steps/actions to be followed when exploited. The current initiative of ending the exploitation of women and children has been perceived positively across the continent. Most of the political and religious leaders have spearheaded campaigning against gender-based exploitation. However, stringent constitutional measures have not been undertaken to punish those individuals who are involved in these exploitations. Indeed, from the current awareness campaign, it is probable that in the near future exploitation of women and children would be outdated. Both women and children would have known their rights. The United Nations is taking its campaigns to remote areas (United Nations, 2001). NGO leaders need to focus on regions that are adversely affected by gender-based discrimination and exploitation. The global financial crisis that the society faces implies that the NGO needs to select the region in which it is prone to exploitation (Siegel & Welsh, 2010). This will enhance adequate planning and equal distribution of resources and personnel to the affected areas. NGO’s main objective has been to create awareness of the policies and regulations that are against the public’s interest. Such education campaigns have resulted in mobilizing the public to air their grievances in order to protect their interest. In realizing this strategy, NGOs and the government have worked together in achieving this common goal. In the United States, four distinct features depict the NGO-Government relationship—confrontation, cooperation, co-optation and complementary. The policies and laws implemented by the United States government should be in accordance with the rules stipulated by the NGOs. In enacting laws, the government should not discriminate or exploit the minority in society.
The society influences an individual to do what it expects them to do. Societal rules and regulations are to be followed by an individual irrespective of his or her social status. It is not surprising that each category of individuals have specific mode of dressing, roles to play, ways of behaving and certain expectations. The society imposes stricter sanctions to non-conformers, which include discrimination and banishment. Such rules are usually enforced by the society through various agencies such as Criminal Justice systems, which include the police, court system and correction institutions. Non-conformers are punished according to the severity of offenses. Youths are expected to be hardworking in order to achieve their dreams while women are supposed to learn the ideals of motherhood since childhood. From a personal perspective, the society demands too much from individuals without caring about their welfares. The society is much concerned about the welfare of all members. This implies that individuals are just parts that make up the whole. The society derives its rules and principles from religious writings. This implies that philosophies differ from one society to another. It is therefore true that Islamic societies differ from Christian dominated societies. For instance, religion decries that the only acceptable form of marriage is between a man and a woman. It follows naturally that all religions have some similarities, although differences exist. Through creation theory, religion establishes that man represent masculinity while a woman connotes femininity. Gender determines the position and role of an individual in society. It is unacceptable for a woman to disguise as a man while the reverse is also true. Through movies, that is Fire, boys do not cry, is it a boy or girl and Guess who is coming finer, it is established that the society is still traditional. Some people claim that we live in a post-modern society but that is not true. Movies reveal that the society is still conservative meaning that we assign roles based on gender. It is evident that each generation has some form of gender disparity. What changes is only the form. This implies that the society is not ready to embrace gender equality. Men still subjugate and oppress women. Political and economic power is concentrated in the hands of men. Women are awarded degrading roles such as secretary and motherhood. Domination and suppression of women have changed its form from the chains of iron to the chains of Gold. Economically, women are likened to the proletariat, who produce goods they that they do not consume. Women cannot liberate themselves because they do not have the means and power. They are only allowed to participate in activities that do not contradict the interests and wishes of men. Hobbes argued that an individual gave up his right to a common authority in order to restore constancy and normalcy in society. Life was short lived and brutal. People could solve conflicts through fighting because the situation could not allow peaceful resolution of conflict
New Haven Firefighters Lawsuit; Ricci vs. DeStefano This was a case about racial discrimination employment practices in the United States. The decision by the Supreme Court was received with a lot of contention. The suit was filed by seventeen White and one Hispanic firefighter against the New Haven Connecticut’s fire department (Sulzberger, 2009). The plaintiff in the case relied on the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to sue the company. In the case, they argued that they had passed the promotion test, but were denied promotions. The respondent argued that since none of the black firefighters had passed the test, it was only fair to cancel the result to avoid a possible suit from the blacks. The blacks are a protected minority in the US Civil Rights Law. The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff citing lack of strong evidence. Was there any discrimination? There was no discrimination in the ruling by the Supreme Court. New Haven had established its own policies on employee promotion. These policies are a clear indicator that promotions are strictly on merit. This is in accordance with the company’s objectives of service delivery. Also, all employees are informed that promotions are on the basis of passing the promotion test. Under the same conditions, with the same exam, the test is the best assessment of the employees. Additionally, the company has allowed all its workers from all races to attempt the test. It follows therefore that the results of the test have catered for discrimination based on race. The best way the company would have approached the issue is to motivate the black firefighters so that they pass the test. Secondly, an act of discrimination does not occur because New Haven cites the failure of the protected minority to justify its actions. Racial discrimination is defined as denying a qualified individual from obtaining something based on his race. In Ricci vs. DeStefano case, the black firefighters have not been denied promotions on the grounds of their race, but because they failed. This is compounded by the fact that all employees understand the requirements for promotions. In reality, their argument is based on a race-based verdict. In fact, it would be discrimination based on race if the White and Hispanic workers lost the suit. The condition for a promotion according to the city is to sit for the exam and obtain the set c
Evidence of an early Dark Age basileus was recently discovered at the site of Lefkandi on the island of Euboea. A bustling Mycenaean town, Lefkandi had declined during the collapse and then revived in the Submycenaean period, enjoying exceptional prosperity (by Dark Age standards) until 700, when it was abandoned. In 1981, the excavators made a surprising discovery: the largest Dark Age building yet found, measuring 30 by 146 feet, constructed around 1000 BC. By 1100 BC, these Bronze Age lords were being overwhelmed by new invaders from the north with iron weapons and greater manpower. Most of the massive Mycenaean strongholds perished by fire and sack. The Dorian Greeks were illiterate, incapable of the organization which sustained Minoan-Mycenaean culture; for centuries, Greece reverted to a primitive way of life. The heroes of the Iliad, who behaved like Dorian Greeks, though their legend is Mycenaean, are warriors akin to the heroes of sagas everywhere. The famous war against Troy, which commanded the Hellespont, probably records a genuine expedition, undertaken at the end of the thirteenth century, perhaps to promote colonization on the Black Sea, not by Mycenaeans, but by Dorian Greeks. These heroes are northerners; they feast on fat oxen and recognize only a shadowy pre-eminence of their war-lords. They are aristocrats, like the Celts who were their contemporaries in Central Europe, touchy on points of honor, apt to sulk in black tents, avid for women and plunder; they are alien to the retainers of a highly organized Mycenaean palace, or to the courtiers and bureaucrats of a Great King; they lead passionate lives and suffer their ordained fates. But the populace whom they exploited and despised continued to cultivate the olive terraces, orchards, and vineyards, and herd their goats and gather their harvests; craftsmen still worked the mines and made the pottery. The basic skills of Minoan-Mycenaean antiquity were never lost. The Danish Bronze Age (c. 1500-800 BC) is particularly interesting. The amber trade brought wealth, and elaborate grave goods have survived. Even garments have been preserved, the oldest textiles in the north. Cut to resemble skins and precariously secured; brown woolen tunics were fastened behind by bronze buttons, under bare shoulders, while long cloaks were surmounted by brimless caps. At Skrydstrup, the most dramatic of these relics have come to light: wrapped in a cowskin in a great oaken coffin, lay a woman in an elaborate coiffure, swept low across her forehead, and in her ears gleamed spiral rings of gold; tall, enigmatic, she lies today under a glass case at Copenhagen. A Mediterranean civilization determined Europe’s political and religious future: in literature