ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Research writing is a multifaceted and a difficult process since it concurrently requires precision and briefness. It creates two components that are original and new text. In addition, precision and reliability are essential in making the two components a success in constructing research writing. Thus, good research writing must be differentiated by comprehensive appearance, conciseness, precision of the analyzed phenomena and most significantly, honesty (McMahan, 2007). Unfortunately, the research-writing process, often takes place within the limitations of tight schedules and other opposing forces. As a result, these limitations have an impact on the written research since may appear making it to lack one or more of the above components. Researchers therefore must avoid at all cost, structures of writing that could lead to plagiarism (Lynn, 2004). Discussion Reading literature critically implies looking for both constructive and pessimistic aspects of a wording, what is written and not written. It helps in bringing out what the content wants to presume in order to be accepted. It helps the reader to distinguish the different techniques that make the author’s information unique in his/her own way. It helps the researchers to analyze information and compare all its points of view (McMahan, 2007). Reading literature critically helps the researcher to prove that he or she has read and understood the different ideas of different authors. It helps him or her show his capacity to think about the ideas from his or her own point of view. Reading literature critically helps the researcher to recognize the author’s purpose, understand tone and persuasive elements and recognize any bias in the information. Thus, one can identify the weaknesses of the literature (McMahan, 2007). It is important to locate all the original sources to uncover ideas about the variables that are important in the field of study to modify and expand the research being done. It provides information about what research has already been done and what needs to be done. It also reveals demonstrated or theorized relationship among variables that the researcher is interested in or wishes to study (Christensen, 2010). When writing a literature review, one should avoid preserving the original sentence structure by using his or her own words when summarizing. A writer submitting what has already been disseminated must indicate its source through proper citation or avoid it completely. The writer has to avoid relying on the secondary summary of other writers work since it reflects
According to Procter and Gamble Company annual report of the year 2013, a variety of raw materials used in product manufacturing is exposed to price fluctuations. This is attributed to the climatic conditions, supply conditions, and political and economic changes, among other fluctuating factors. The overheads are prone to modifications because of the variations in prices of goods, inputs in the form of raw materials, wages, depreciation and appreciation of the currency, and interest rates which determine the availability of credit (Todaro & Smith, 2006). Therefore, a company must ensure its ability to control the fluctuations through strategic pricing actions, coming up with projects that save on costs, making proper sourcing decisions, hedging decisions, and improving the productivity that is consistent with the objective of control over fluctuations in order to be successful in this industry (Farnham, 2005). Credit and currency exposure is important to countries, such as Venezuela, Argentina, China, India, and Egypt, known for exercising currency controls (Bateman & Snell, 2011). It is vital for a business to sustain the necessary production and supply arrangements to ensure the successful management of disruptions. Consequently, there will be a need to execute, realize, and maintain plans during cost improvement to include outsourcing of projects as well as identifying, training, and ensuring that employees are held. The company announced its efficiency regarding the minimization of costs and production in research development areas and marketing. Evidence for Future Options To handle areas prone to frequent cost fluctuations of key inputs, the company has decided to use future options (Bateman & Snell, 2011). The options are the limited basis with maturities ranging from less than one year to five years mature swap contracts. Most costs of sold products are subject to a given range of variable in nature. The chief sources of variation in gross margin are the cost of raw materials, the results of pricing geographical mix, and the product. In this case, the costs are the major variants about marketing while the overheads take minor portions. In the year 2012, Procter and Gamble Company introduced a plan to help them in production and cost minimization that would reduce the cost of overall production and supply process. The plan is deliberated to increase the rate of cost reductions by making an efficient decision in the management and manufacturing as well as other strategic processes to identify the way forward. The company also has a post-employment sponsorship program, which includes cover pension, defined contribution and benefit plans, and post-employment benefit (OPEB) plans. The latter consists of
Abstract The paper identifies the types of products that are produced by the Philippines and its neighbors. Countries in the region produce similar products in agriculture and manufacturing industries. Most of the countries have to compete for exports. IKEA is a global leader in furniture retail. It has been most successful in North America and Sweden. It has ventured into China, Japan, and UAE among other countries. Its success in China follows its strategy to match the business environment in China. It had failed in Japan because its self-service principle did not match customer preference. In the UAE, it has many competitors especially in Dubai. There are few research materials on IKEA’s competitors in the UAE. Philippines and its neighbors The Philippines lies as a separate group of islands in Southeast Asia. Its neighbors include Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia among others (see Appendix A). Philippines’ exports comprise of semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil and fruits. It mainly exports to Japan (19%), US (14.2%), and China (11.8%) among other countries. It also imports from US (11.5%), China (10.8%), and Japan (10.4%) among other countries. The economy relies on agriculture (11.8%), industry (31.1%), and services (57.1%). It has a labor force estimate of 40.42 million people. The Philippines has an emerging outsourcing sector (World Factbook 2013). Thailand relies on exports that include electronics, agricultural products, automobile and parts, and processed food. The GDP of Thailand comprises of 12.3% agriculture, 43.6% industry, and 44.2% services. Agricultural products include rice, cassava, rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, and soybeans (World Factbook 2013). Malaysia industries include petroleum and natural gas, rubber and palm oil, pharmaceuticals and medical technology, electronics and semi-conductors, and timber processing. Agriculture comprises 11.4% of the GDP. Industry and services constitute 40.2% and 48.3% respectively. It has a labor force of 12.9 million people (World Factbook 2013). Brunei is a small-sized country closest to the Philippines. It mainly relies on oil and natural gas reserves. Crude oil and natural gas account for 60% of GDP and 90% of exports (World Factbook 2013). Taiwan is a country that relies mainly on international trade. The main export products are electronics, machinery, and petrochemicals. Taiwan has been reporting a large trade surplus because of its trade with China. Agriculture comprises 2% of the GDP. Industry and service sectors have 29.8% and 68.2% respectively. Taiwan has a labor force of 11.34 million people (World Factbook 2013). By examining the data, it is clear that most of these countries produce the same products with a small difference in Taiwan and Brunei. Most of them produce rice, palm oil, rubber, te
The Victorian age is generally thought of as a time of social perfection and rigid oppression. Society was changing which brought in new ideas and concepts while also serving to emphasize old customs of the past as people tried to cling to the way of life they were familiar with. Women were beginning to question their social roles as well since more and more opportunities became available to them through the factories and in other professions. Women who chose to embrace the new concepts were considered to be deviant because they defied the customs of the past in favor of living in the present. In Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, the concept of deviant women is explored through the characters Mina Murray and Lucy Westenra. At the beginning of the novel, Mina Murray is seen as the more deviant of the two women because she is working as a school teacher’s assistant. As a schoolmistress, Mina is a working woman, which automatically labels her deviant, but keeps some respectability because her profession is considered within the realm of ‘female’ roles. She is seen as a fine, upstanding young woman because she is in a semi-professional position, properly meek, properly engaged, and loyally attempting to make herself useful for her future husband. In chapter 5 she writes to Lucy: “When we [she and Jonathan] are married I shall be able to be useful to Jonathan, and if I can stenograph well enough I can take down what he wants to say in this way and write it out for him on the typewriter.” In this account of her current activities, there is no mention of what she might want for herself, only what she can do for Jonathan’s benefit. Since she is doing all the right things to uphold the traditional roles and values of women, her deviance in working is deemed acceptable as long as she stops working once she’s married. Lucy Westenra appears to be a proper Victorian young lady at the opening of the story because she does not ne
As civil aviation emerged and started evolving in the second half of the 20th century, security-related concerns began appearing. Terrorists would sneak weapons on board of aeroplanes and hijack them for various purposes or utilise explosives to destroy aircraft mid-flight. As such, aviation security planners have begun considering and implementing security policies to prevent such incidents. The screening of passengers and their carry-on luggage for any dangerous items is one practice that was instituted as a result. Over time, it has evolved to become more sophisticated, involving varied and well-researched approaches as well as advanced scanning technology. However, questions regarding the effectiveness of the practice also arose, as there are claims that screening is both ineffective and inconvenient for passengers. This essay will provide a critical analysis of the strengths of screening, such as the prevention of crime, as well as the weaknesses, such as their congestion, bypassability and privacy concerns, that enable its failures to provide an informed view of the practice’s usefulness. Screening Context and Practices The term ‘screening’ can be applied to a variety of activities and areas in aviation, and it is essential first to delineate the meaning that will be used in this paper. It will apply the definition provided by Birkland (2006): “security staff inspects passengers at a security point before boarding to check for weapons, explosives, contraband, or other materials deemed to be a hazard to an aircraft” (p. 69). The scope of the search encompasses both the passenger’s body and clothes and their carry-on luggage. According to Stewart and Mueller (2017a), the practice was introduced in 1973, after a series of hijacking incidents that convinced the Federal Aviation Administration to overrule airlines’ objections against passenger searches. Since then, it has evolved considerably, becoming more sophisticated in terms of both technology and the methods used to conduct screenings efficiently. A variety of methods and techniques exists for the performance of a screening procedure. Initially, it involved physical searches of each passenger and their carry-on luggage by the guards due to a lack of suitable equipment (Wallis, 2013). However, the practice was inconvenient for both passengers and security personnel due to its invasion of privacy and time requirements. Shortly after, airports started switching to metal detectors, both stationary and handheld, and X-ray scanners to detect guns and hand grenades, though both tools could only do so indirectly (Price & Forrest, 2016). Kearns (2018) adds that
Introduction On earth, there are different drugs that perform different functions. These drugs fall into diverse classes. There are drugs that people use to treat diseases while, there are still other drugs used by people to induce pleasure in the body. If an individual uses the later drugs in large amounts, addiction occurs. Addiction has numerous disadvantages in that; an addicted person can protest rally ahead and do criminal activities due to drug influence. One of these drugs is Marijuana extracted from the leaves of a plant known as cannabis. People who normally take this kind of drug smoke these leaves or sometimes eat them while raw. However, since Marijuana is an intoxicant drug with many side effects especially to human health, health ministries around the world prohibit its use. Marijuana is therefore an illicit drug-narcotic. Nevertheless, sometimes cannabis leaves act as pain relievers. In fact, medical experiments and research indicate that, marijuana minimizes body pains, balances intraocular strains and discourages muscle cramps. The issue of criminalizing or decriminalizing marijuana has since become a public debate. Enacted in American state laws is a law that permits the use of marijuana for medical purposes. The legislature has become a dysfunctional organ in enacting a just law to curtail over-criminalization resulting from marijuana use. The paper will examine decriminalization of marijuana as the best way to deal with criminal activities resulting from marijuana abuse. Nevertheless, marijuana can act as a curative drug. (Darryl, Para. 1-3). Controversies in Decriminalization of Marijuana Considering these benefits and the negative effects of marijuana, the repercussions seem to outweigh these benefits. This is because; disproportionate abuses of marijuana lead to complex health complications that sometimes cause death or consume a lot of money. This made many countries all over the world to seek a common solution over marijuana cultivation, possession and transportation. For example, in United States of America, eleven states passed a common law decriminalizing marijuana. The decriminalization of marijuana res
Charles Manson Charles Miller Manson was born on November 12, 1934. He was an American criminal who led the “Manson Family” a quasi commune that arose in the U.S state of California in the late 1960s (David E. Smith, M.D, et al “ A Case Study of the Charles Manson Group Marriage Commune ” Journal of American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine , 1970 ). He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the Tate –La Bianca murders, which members of the group carried out at his instruction. Though the joint-responsibility rules of conspiracy he was convicted of the murders themselves. Manson is associated with “Helter- Skelter”’ the term he took from the Beatles song of the name and construed as an apocalyptic race war that the murders were intended to precipitate. Manson was born to unmarried mother who was 16 years old at the time of his son’s birth. The mother, Kathleen Maddox was married to a laborer named William Manson. Young Manson’s mother was allegedly a heavy drinker. She once sold him for a Picher of beer to a children’s waitress, from whom his uncle retrieved him some days later. When his mother and her brother were sentenced to five years imprisonment for robbing a Charleston, West Virginia, service station in 1939, Manson was placed in the Mc Mechen, West Virginia, home of an aunt and uncle. Upon his mother’s release in 1942 parole, Manson was taken by his mother and lived with her in run down hotel rooms. In 1949, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a foster home but failed because no such home was available. First Offences By burgling a grocery store, Manson obtained cash that enabled him rent a room. A string of burglaries of other stores, from one of which he stole a bicycle and ended up being caught in the act and sent to an Indianapolis juvenile center. His escape after one day led to his recapture and placement in Boys towns, form where he escaped with another boy four days after arrival. Caught during the second two subsequent breakings of grocery stores, Manson was sent at the age of 13 to the Indian school for boys, where he would later claim he was brutalized sexually and otherwise. He escaped with two boys in 1951. In Utah having burgled gas station along the way, the three was caught driving all along the way, the three were caught driving to California in cars they had stolen. For the Federal Crime of taking a stolen car across a state line, Manson was sent to the Washington D.C National Training for boys. First Imprisonment Less than a month before a scheduled February 1952 Parole hearing at Natural Bridge Honor camp,- a minimum security institution to which he had been transferred the previous October on a psychiatrists recommendation,- Manson took a razor blade and held it against another boy’s throat while sodomizing him. He was transferred to the federal Reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, a more secure institution due to serious disciplinary offenses (Harcourt, Bernard E., 75). In a month after the transfer he almost became a model reside
Beverly Daniel Tatum, a prominent expert on education and psychology, argues that racial identity is one of the most pressing matters in contemporary society. The issue of discrimination against people of color is ubiquitous despite democracy and international law. Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?: And other conversations about race is the author’s sincere monolog about injustice, which provides insight into its grounds, effects, and approaches to overpower it. The book reveals the issue of inequality from multiple angles, and it is demanding to pick out a few leading ideas, as Tatum tries to cover distinct topics in a certain number of pages. She starts with a definition of racism and explains that it is challenging to have an honest conversation about race due to its negative stigma. Furthermore, the author’s point is to define the state of discrimination in the country and the world nowadays and explore what steps need to be taken to develop identity. The book educates readers on how black people perform in white society and how white ones act in their community, noting the various subtleties and characteristics of security and privilege. Moreover, one of the central themes is the concern of patience and silence. People need to understand that black children sit together because they feel understood and can develop a part of their identity that remains unformed without these connections. They think that other individuals are incapable of sharing their values, and therefore it is unsafe to be a part of their circle. One of the first efforts to comprehend systemic discrimination is eliminating the fear, shame, and protection around the word racist. Whether white or colored, everyone is exposed to the smog of stereotypes, misinformation, prejudice, and disregarded history. There is a tendency, especially among whites, to deny the existence of systemic racism because accepting it as truth is like admitting that they are racist, and that needs to be altered. The author’s idea is that there must be a clear distinction between the negative attitudes, assumptions, and stereotypes that one person may project on another and how racism operates in society. If everyone understood discrimination as a set of policies and practices that systematically give white people an advantage over people of color, the matter would become apparent. Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?: And other conversations about race raises fundamental issues of discrimination that are particularly acute in education. The negative racial biases that black children face lead to frequent suspensions, resulting in excessive absences and the fact that they cannot receive the same quality of education as their white counterparts. After reading, it becomes apparent that it is necessary to create encouraging conditions for communication between diverse stud
Introduction The reproductive system is a sensitive area, and people will opt not to publicly discuss. Yet, it is a very critical component of one’s general health. Proper functioning of the reproductive system leads to increased productivity, better self-esteem, and improved quality of life. However, any disorder of the reproductive system can result in great psychological disturbances because most people will prefer to suffer in silence due to the sensitizing nature of this area. This paper aims at discussing two reproductive system disorders by examining their causes, pathophysiology, etiological factors, treatment, and their comparison to each other. Two Reproductive System Disorders Endometriosis Endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like cells develop and proliferate in other areas of the body other than the uterine cavity. These cells behave like normal endometrial tissue and self-diagnosis may not be possible since bleeding is in conjunction with the normal menstrual cycle (Craft et al., 2011). According to Woo & Wynne (2011, p. 1385), endometriosis is attributed to genes and depressed cytotoxic T-cell response to endometrial cells prevailing in ectopic sites. Diagnosis of endometriosis entails imaging, laboratory tests, and differential diagnosis such as acute appendicitis. Endometriosis can occur anywhere in the body, but the most common affected areas are the ovaries, rectovaginal septum, intestines, uterine ligaments, pleural cavity, bladder, lungs, vulva, and pelvic peritoneum. The rapid growth of the ectopic endometrium attributed to cyclical changes in gonadal hormones results in the breakdown and bleeding as part of the typical menstrual cycle. The release of inflammatory mediators due to bleeding leads to pain in the adjacent tissues. In addition, fibrosis, adhesions, and scarring result, and these are the causes for infertility among women with endometriosis. Evident symptoms of the inflammation due to the bleeding include dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and dysmenorrheal. A less dramatic treatment regime is recommended for endometriosis with the administration of GnRH agonists for 3 months or danazol for 6 months. Add-back regimens are incorporated to help reduce bone mineral loss induced by GnRH (Woo, & Wynne, 2011, p. 1385). Epididymitis Epididymitis is a reproductive disorder that entails the inflammation of the epididymitis, which is the coiled tubular location that holds the sperms before they mature and pass on to the vas deferens. Various causes are responsible for this disease, and these range from bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, idiopathic inflammatory causes, trauma, vasculitis, and autoimmune disease. Acute epididymitis is attributed to the retrograde flow of infected urine into the ejaculatory duct. The diagnosis of epididymitis entails physical examinations, ultrasound, and needle aspiration. Initially, corticosteroids are used