ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Case Assignment One Mean of Group A= (63+79+64+83+87+81+89+75+91+78)/10 = 79 Mean of Group B= (98+89+26+65+100+93+59+60+100+100)/10 = 79 Median of Group A= 80 Median of Group B= 91 Mode of Group A= No mode Mode of Group B= 100 Standard deviation of Group A= 8.23 Standard deviation of Group B= 25.27 Case analysis The reason for calculating the measures of central tendency and dispersion is to be able to make an appropriate choice of the two groups of workers. The aim is to get a group with higher manual dexterity so that there is less significant breakage in the inventory. From the calculated means, it is not able to determine the best group as all have a mean of 79. Therefore the mean is not the appropriate measure of central tendency to use in this data (Camilli, 2009, p.2). The model, on the other hand, depicts that group B is the best choice as most people in the group have the manual dexterity of 100. This is an indication that there will be less breakage of the inventory as most workers will be of high manual dexterity. From the calculated medians, the best option will be group B as more than fifty percent of the workers have a higher manual dexterity as compared to group A. The standard deviation as a measure of dispersion in this set of data shows that group B deviates from the mean by 25.27 while group a deviates from the mean by 8.23. This indicates that the workers of group A have a manual dexterity close to 79 while in group B most of the workers have a manual dexterity far from 79 on the higher side hence it is the best choice between the two(Holland, 2006, p.3). It can be concluded that group B is the best option from the above analysis as it is made up of workers who have a higher manual dexterity hence there will be less breakage of inventory. Case assignment Two Days   1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 Hours  3  5  2  4  3  5  5  4  3  5   Mean of the data= (3+5+2+4+3+5+5+4+3+5)/10 =3.9 Median=(2,3,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,5) = (4+4)/2 =4 Mode=5 Are these numbers higher or lower than you would have expected? The mean is lower than I expected since most of the times I spent more time in personal study than that depicted by the average. The median was expected since more in more than half the ten days I took four or more hours in personal study. The mode was also expected since in most of the days I studied for around five hours per day. Which of these measures of central tendency do you think most accurately describes the lifestyle variable you are looking at? In my opinion the mode and the median depict my lifestyle. This is because in most of the cases took about four to five hours on persona study (Smith, 2009, p.1). The mean does not effectively represent my lifestyle as it involves the whole set of data including the times I took l
Introduction The organizational culture embraced in a business firm dictates its performance. However, a single approach to organizational culture might not deliver similar results in every organization. Southwest Airlines is a leading company that uses a people-oriented organizational culture. According to the company’s top managers, the ultimate goal of is to ensure the needs of the people are always put first. The workers are therefore empowered and encouraged to focus on their personal needs. A goal-oriented approach is used to deliver positive results (Klein, 2011). A team-based strategy is also used to ensure the needs of the external customer are addressed in a professional manner. Internally, Southwest Airlines is associated with a powerful environment that empowers the targeted employees. The workers receive the best resources and tools in order to realize their goals. In order to deliver positive results, individuals are supported and empowered throughout the leadership process. The employees are encouraged to focus on their personal goals through continued innovation (Klein, 2011). The development of the workers plays a positive role towards promoting performance. Specific concepts such as teamwork, innovation, collaboration, and cooperation define Southwest Airlines’ culture. Rituals, gifts, and celebrations are used to empower the employees. On the other hand, Koch Industries embraces a different approach to organizational culture. This company uses a market-based management (MBM) organizational culture ( Koch Industries, 2016). This MBM approach is embraced in order to help different stakeholders realize their potentials. The ultimate goal of this organizational philosophy at Koch Industries is to guide and govern the activities of the employees. The firm uses the cultural approach to transform its workers. This practice is promoted because of its ability to produce greater value for different customers. There are specific values that characterize the firm’s organizational culture. These values include compliance, customer focus, respect, humility, integrity, change, value creation, and principled entrepreneurship ( Koch Industries, 2016). This analysis shows clearly that Koch Industries uses a different organizational culture from that of Southwest Airlines. This is the case because the workers are required to focus on the best outcomes. The company implements specific models that can improve performance and result in revenue growth. On the other hand, Southwest Airlines empowers its workers to work as teams, pursue their goals, and eventually focus on the experiences of the targeted customers (Piccolo & Bardes, 2011). However, both companies promote similar concepts such as innovativeness and aggressiveness in order to deliver positive results. Merging the Companies Possible Challenges The decision to merge Koch Industries and Southwest Airlines is plausible. The proposed idea has the potential to maximize the business processes of the companies and eventually result in increased profits. However, the corporations are characterized by diverse organizational cultures. The acquisition of Southw
Religion is a phenomenon that has a great impact on human society. Religion is an aspect that has facilitated changes in families, relationships, communities, and political lives. Religion affects human beliefs and values and triggers them to behave in a certain manner. According to Johnstone, religion influences human action as it interprets their experiences based on the underlying religious meanings. Sociologists in this case have studied how religion influences different spheres of human life. In this context, we will review how religion has influenced politics and religious fundamentalism. In addition, we will review how social classes and gender differences influence religious expression. Many religious studies have concerned themselves with secularization. They study how secular institutions such as politics affect society. The relationship that exists between religion and politics presents itself in speeches, roundtables, and congregations all across the globe. According to Christian, religion relates to politics in more than one way. It has affected political circles by bringing about legitimacy in different regimes. It has also triggered social changes by facilitating understanding in justice systems. However, the relationships that exist between the two social institutions depend on the content and level of the political system and religion. The two social institutions comprise of various subgroups of people who follow certain norms (17). The functions of the two institutions overlap each other. This brings about a conflict of interest as they both involve same parties. The same parties have expectations in relation to commitment and involvement to their followers. According to Christian, the difference that exists between the two institutions is an aspect of secularization. The difference between the two has widened with time specifically in the west. For instance, the institutions that were once constituents of religious organizations have separated from the religious groups (15). Religious groups are no longer the providers of health, social welfare, and education. These functions through political influences have become independent. The distinction between secular spheres such as politics and religion results to secularization (Christian 19). According to Putnam, religious fundamentalism is a phenomenon that has influenced international politics as well as events occurring in the 21 st century. Religious fundamentalism is a movement that concerns itself with the religious erosion as well as the role of such erosion in society (4). According to Johnstone, religious fundamentalism involves the protection of certain religious contents or protection of norms associated with religion. Relative to traditions, fundamentalism doe
Introduction Shamanism in Korea involves the religious beliefs and practices of the indigenous people in Korea. The term which modern Koreans use to refer to shamanism is Muism or Mugyo implying religion in praise of gods. Mudang is the name given to a shaman in the society. The main function of the mudang is to act as a mediator between the gods and people. The mudang is usually a woman. Shamans are consulted by people who need help from the spiritual world. Shamans preside over religious services like the gut. During this service, the Shaman calls upon the gods and spirits. She dresses up regularly in diverse set of clothes symbolizing a range of gods and spirits she calls for. The “spirits can be gods and saints from the traditional Buddhism religion, Jesus, Mary and angels among other prominent figures in the Christian religion or even people who have died in the modern societies like MacArthur” ( Pentikäinen 7). During this service, people offer their prayers. The shaman interprets the messages delivered from the spirits to the people. The Kut service is held in the event of functions like death to escort the person to the new world, during ordination of new shamans or even driving away evil spirits from people. The shamans have the power tom heal people. The shamans appease gods through the functions so that they can receive favor from the spirits. Discussion Korean society is not dominated with one religion just like other Asians on the Eastern side. Many Koreans became converts of Buddhism once it was introduced in the country. However, Muism was still influential even among the Koreans who had converted to Buddhism. The religion was also influenced by Christianity which was introduced by the missionaries during the colonial period. Missionaries preached against the traditional Korean way of Worship. Afterwards, many of the Koreans became Christian converts. Korea’s indigenous religion is re-emerging. In Northern and Southern Korea, we have many as many as 300 000 mudangs presiding over religious matters ( Owens 25). Indigenous Koreans belief in the existence of a world which is inhabited by gods and spirits. Millions of gods, spirits and ghosts exist in that world. For instance, gods governing heaven and Sansin, the spirits that control mountain. Other gods who dwell in caves, trees, stones as well the ghosts of people
Introduction The Meiji restoration of 1868 stands out as a major event that resulted from toppling down of the Japan’s Tokugawa dynasty. It gave rise to the revolution of Japan from the traditional and dominant culture. The medieval forms of development to modern era was also captured in the restoration. As this paper will reveal, imperialism in Asia acted as the key factor that dictated later orientation of the Asian nations in the continent. Before the restoration, imperialism in Japan by the Tokugawa Ieyasu dynasty was intense (Anderson 252). The renewal converted the nation from traditional life models to highly advanced systems. As majority of historians agree, it served as the main molding tool for later governance and regional difference (Anderson 252). It is against this backdrop that this paper explores the Meiji restoration and also uses pictures and image arts to appreciate the differences in time and models that were dominant during the imperial rule. The paper intrinsically brings out the critical outlook of the transformations that took place during this period. Efforts against imperialism In order to effectively understand the implications of imperialism in Japan, it is critical to understand its background thoroughly. Historians indicate that before the close of the nineteenth century, the struggles by western nations to get colonies in Asia greatly intensified and culminated into other upcoming powers
The world economic systems are driven by two main components namely production and consumption. These two components are interrelated through the dynamics of demand and supply relationship. The economic theory stipulates that a commodity once produced has to be consumed. As such an equilibrium between production and consumption has to be established if the product is to survive the in the market. If there is any disequilibrium between demand and supply, then the commodity will have experienced market failure, as too much production will lead to wastages, increased storages prices and complicated warehousing logistics while underproduction of the commodity will lead to shortages and as possible price hike of the commodity. Production and consumption are linked by the distribution chain that ensures that a commodity reaches the intended market. Production of a commodity involves several variables such as land labor capital and raw material. Firms have to reduce the cost involved in these variable especially labor and land. Raw materials have to be sourced and prepared well so as to make sure that they meet best quality standards. The distribution of a commodity is facilitated by the extensive and complex transport and communication network, information technologies and the increased liberalization of world markets. As such, between production and consumption, there exists a chain of interrelated activities. Commodity chain analysis is the inter related series of activities that involve production, trading and marketing and it also covers all activities from the processing of raw materials, the intermediate activities involved in valued addition of the semi finished good to the transportation of the final product to the market (Rodrigue 2011b). These activities are interdependent and also sequential. Commodity chain analysis also involves other variables such as the pricing of the products, the laws regulating the ownership of the products, and also value addition to the product at every stage of production (Rodrigue 2011a). Commodity chain thus ensures an efficient production and supply of a commodity such as the Apple iPhone to the market with minimum hindrance for maximum returns. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that is involved in the designing, production distribution and selling of consumer electronics such as mobile phones, software’s, laptops, desk tops, and accessories. Some of the products include the the Apple brand of electronics such computer, the apple laptop, the iPod, the iPad, iMac ,soft wares such as the Mac OS X operating system , the Macintosh computer and the Apple iPhone (Apple 2011a). The apple iPhone is one of its most popular commodities and offers some of the most advanced features in the iPhone market such as WiFi internet connection, inbuilt 2MB camera, touch screen technology, 2.5g edge network as well as a host of other functions (Apple 2011; Reading et al n.d.). Designing the Apple iPhone is not a very complicated procedure. Apple designs the commodity and hol
The introduction of personal computers to the market revolutionized almost every aspect of human life today. “Triumph of the Nerds” is a 1996 documentary about the history of personal computing since the creation of the first Altair personal computer to the launch of Windows 95. This paper will provide a summary of the documentary. Summary The story begins with the first personal computer Altair. It was a simple machine capable of little and with switches and lights as its only input and output devices. Despite its extremely limited features, it captivated computer enthusiasts who became interested in writing programs for it. Bill Gates then partnered with Paul Allen, one of its creators, to write software on it after they figured out how to load it with BASIC. Subsequently, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs began creating the first consumer-friendly personal computer as a new company named Apple. Their first model was more of a prototype, but Apple II became a big success. It had a slick form factor and included everything for a user who is interested in software but not hardware to use. They were able to raise money through venture capital to build their first 1000 machines, and with business software like VisiCalc, it became a desirable tool for home, school, and work. The second part of the documentary starts with the creation of the first IBM PC. Apple II was a success, but it was not seen as a necessity in business because the company did not have a respectable status. IBM, on the other hand, was one of the largest companies in the industry. Its culture, however, was at odds with the new era of programmers. When they were approached by Bill Gate’s Microsoft, he proposed a plan to create an IBM PC in a year instead of four that the company expected. By using off-the-shelf parts, the company would be able to save money on research and create a quality personal computer in record time. Eventually, the deal went through, and with the help of Microsoft the first IBM PC legitimized the use of PCs in office settings. The first sign of underhanded tactics could be seen in the way Microsoft developed the OS for the IBM PC. It was almost directly copied from a system by Gary Kildal called CPM. Later, IBM ordered the second OS from Microsoft, but the company was more focused on creating a graphical interface called Windows. IBM rejected the proposed Windows deal, and Microsoft ended their partnership. The idea of a graphical interface for personal computers was first prototyped by Xerox in 1973 with their Alto computer. However, it was too expensive for the time, and many of its ideas were forgotten until a decade later. After visiting the Xerox PARC facility, Steve Jobs became inspired by the Alto’s interface and started work on a similar computer codenamed Lisa. His attitude and t
Starting a new venture such as an online university is a risky affair under any circumstance. In fact, the risks are further aggravated when the new venture has few precedents. In addition to the risks associated with a new venture, an online university must raise capital from cynical sources, hire inexperienced staff, and establish a new market for its services (Greenwood & Suddaby, 2006, p.29). This paper will address two problems associated with a novel venture and the different types of legitimacies that need to be garnered in relation to online universities. There are two main challenges that an online university must face in new populations. First, it must devise efficient practices and capabilities under conditions of ambiguity and ignorance. Second, an online university must create relations with an environment that is ignorant to their existence. In nutshell, an online university faces legitimacy issues as it strives to curve a niche in the market. The question that arises is: what is legitimacy? A number of social scientists have given different definitions of legitimacy. According Suchman, legitimacy is “a generalized perception that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values…and definitions” (1995, p.574). Legitimacy is socially constructed in the sense that it mirrors an analogy between the activities of the legalized entity (online university) and the common values of a particular social group (Suchman, 1995, p.574). There are three main types of organizational legitimacy that are relevant to the existence of an online university. Pragmatic legitimacy entails the direct exchanges between the entity (online university) and its immediate audiences (Suchman, 1995, p.578). It also refers to the process where the public, main stakeholders, government officials and other influential leaders accept a venture as suitable and right (Aldrich & Fiol, 1994, p.648). Moral legitimacy, on the other hand, mirrors a normative assessment of the online university and its activities. It is mainly concerned with whether the activities of the online university support the welfare of the society. Thus, moral legitimacy gives credence to the social welfare of the society over the organization’s self-interests (Thornton & Ocasio, 2008, p.103). Cognitive legitimacy involves the spread of knowledge concerning a novel technology. It can be ascertained by assessing the level of public knowledge regarding a new technology. An example is the introductions of online universities that have enable million
Analysis of the Models Many scholars believe that the Social Change Model (SCM) is one of the most practical leadership approaches. The model has the potential “to improve a person’s leadership practices” (Haber and Komives 138). It focuses on three principles or aspects to produce the best results. Such principles include “community or society, group, and the individual” (Komives and Wagner 12). Leaders should concentrate on their capabilities. They should also focus on the values of their groups. According to the model, groups should embrace the best societal values to achieve their goals. This model explains how different national cultural practices and leadership approaches emerge. Employees can use this model “to embrace specific roles through the context of their organizations” (Whitney 3). Individuals in a given community will create similar values and practices. On the other hand, servant leadership is a powerful approach characterized by various practices. Such practices are usually aimed at enriching, supporting, and improving the outcomes of many organizations (Smith 8). Servant leaders tend to promote the best behaviors in an attempt to create a better world. Servant leaders embrace ten specific principles to realize their potentials. These principles include “healing, listening, empathy, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, building community, commitment to growth, stewardship, foresight, and conceptualization” (Spears 27). These principles make it possible for leaders to nurture their talents. The principles also make it easier for them to deal with various problems. The practice makes it possible for different leaders to support their organizational objectives. They also make evidence-based decisions based on every past event. How Are the Two Models Related? The above models of leadership offer powerful insights that can redefine the performance of many organizations. To begin with, the Social Change Model encourages leaders to embrace collaborative relationships to produce the best organiza