ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Even without the socialization process, it is arguably possible for a female to be born in a male body and vice versa as indicated by Dreger (2009) On a biological perspective however, a third angle into the sex and gender debate is introduced through the term biological sex. The Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) (2012) defines biological sex as the physical and psychological condition that “identifies a person as …female, male, or intersex”. i A person’s hormones, chromosomes, and sexual anatomy all contribute to one’s biological sex status. The chromosomes have a large role to play in the entire biological sex scenario since XX chromosomes combination produce a biologically female offspring, while an XY chromosome combination produces a biologically male offspring. As PPFA (2012) notes however, sometimes the human offspring does not fit into the XX or XY chromosomes combination hence bringing forth an ambiguous sex scenario (i.e. the offspring is neither completely male nor completely female). At birth, a child “who has a mixture of male and female reproductive structures, so that it is not clear …whether the individual is a male or a female” is called Intersex. ii In some cases however, an intersex person can have completely female or male reproductive organs, but their biological variables (i.e. chromosomal gender, hormones, and internal reproductive organs such as uterus, fallopian tubes, seminal vesicles and prostate) may be in conflict. This paper will focus on the ethics of medical practitioners in their treatment approaches to people with ambiguous sex conditions. The paper uses the illustration of Eads, a female to male transgender, who though not indicated whether he was intersex at birth, is denied treatment because of his non-conformance to the cultural expectations of being a man – at least because he had ovaries that were the same reason he was seeking treatment. While such medical practices may be ethically questionable, it is arguable that the doctor considered what was best for the child’s future wellbeing, and did not perform the reconstructive surgery based on what Dreger (2009) calls welcoming a child “to their team and to their paradigm”. iii The ethics question however arises owing to child’s inability to make decisions for itself at that age, and the doctor’s assumptions about what was best for the child. The main issue in such cases stem from the question about the ethical nature of performing a sex-change surgery for a child who cannot be depended upon to give informed consent. As reflected in emergent activist organizations such as the Intersex Society of North America, not every child who is a recipient of sex- reconstruction treatment is happy or satisf
Technological advances are transforming many aspects of our society today including the education sector. Specifically, innovations in computing technology are being used to enhance the classroom environment. Enriquez (2010) notes that educators are keen to exploit technologies that enhance the learning experience of students. A technological change that is being experienced in many schools is the use of tablets to access electronic books. Proponents of tablets assert that they bring significant benefits to students by increasing student engagement. Opponents argue that printed textbooks are more beneficial since they promote reading comprehension. This paper will demonstrate that tablets offer more benefits than textbooks and they should therefore be adopted by all schools. A major merit of tablets is that they enable students to access books at a lower cost than they would using textbooks. The cost of textbooks is an important issue, especially among college students. Herther (2014) documents that many students face additional financial burdens due to the high cost of textbooks. Many students choose not to buy textbooks since they are too expensive or base their decisions on which classes to take on the cost of texts. Tablets enable students to access e-books, which often less than the printed version (Herther, 2014). This increased affordability ensures that students can access the material needed to improve their studying and performance in school. Advocates of textbooks argue that they can be cheaper that e-books for students can buy second-hand books. While this is true, used books are not always available to th
Introduction Sainsbury PLC owns the Sainsbury’s supermarkets Ltd (Sainsbury’s), which is ranked the second largest retail store in the UK supermarket sector, with a market share of 17.7%, behind leaders Tesco, which enjoys a market share of 29.2% (Ruddick 2014). Since establishing its supermarket store in 1869 in London, the company has expanded to 455 stores serving an estimated 18 million shoppers weekly and employing 148,000 workers (Ruddick 2014). As competition is stiff, recently, Sainsbury implemented a diversification strategy, which has seen the company invest in the textile, banking, and insurance sectors. Besides Tesco, other competitors in the UK supermarket sector include Asda, with a market share of 17.5%, Aldi, Morrison’s, and Co-op, among others (Ruddick 2014). The recent global recession did not have a huge impact on Sainsbury’s performance (Telegraph 2009). Its market share continues to grow, even overtaking Asda, which had the second-largest market share in 2003 (Ruddick 2014). However, in the recent past, Sainsbury’s reportedly lost some of its customers as shoppers switched to other supermarkets such as Waitrose and Aldi (Sandler 2009). Nevertheless, Sainsbury PLC is one of the leading players in the retail (food) industry with interests in the financial sector. Besides the supermarket, the parent company runs the Sainsbury’s Bank, the Sainsbury’s Online, the Jacksons and Bell stores, and the Sainsbury’s Local (Sandler 2009). Through its different business categories, Sainsbury’s aims to enhance its competitiveness, increase its profits, and expand into new markets. This paper analyzes Sainsbury’s market share and market position within the UK in the current economic climate. The paper also discusses Sainsbury’s competitiveness based on Porter’s Value Chain and Resource-Based View analyses. Company Profile Sainsbury PLC specializes in grocery (food products) and related services. Its business portfolio comprises of three main segments: (1) retail, which consists of online, supermarkets, and convenience stores; (2) banking services (50%
Technology plays an essential part in today’s world. In education, it has become a handy tool in the instructional process. Technology serves as a learning aid and we cannot ignore its contribution to education and learning. Technology has to be used to the extreme in order to make the education system easier. This article focuses on one aspect of technology to assess the importance of technology to the learning process (Bitter and Legacy, 2007). The aspect under review is the scanning software. The scanning software is an electronic device that replicates digital representation of an image such as a photo or document for data input into a computer. A scanner optically generates digital images from printed texts and images, which are in paper format. In a school set-up, many people can use the scanner. For instance, the scanning software is essential to office attendants, teachers, and students. As a learning aid, a scanner benefits both the teacher and students. A scanner helps the teacher and students to replicate learning materials such as documents and images, capture, and store images. It benefits the teacher and students because it is easy to use, fast, and convenient especially to students above the elementary level. In a classroom, the scanning software is very powerful and invaluable if used together with a computer and a white/chalk board. In class, a scanner would be very handy in reproducing all sorts of documents and images. To use a scanner as a learning aid, a teacher needs a document, text, or photograph, a scanner, and several networked computers that are functioning well. The teacher plugs in the scanner to the power source and places a paper format document on the glass part of the scanner. The teacher then selects a desired location and size of output on the computer and switches on the scanner (Paul, 2005). The digital representation of the image then appears on the screen of the computer. The teacher then distributes the image to all the networked computers. The students benefit by getting the documents and in the process learn how to use the scanner. The teacher benefits by getting more resources and teaching the learners a new skill. A scanner is an important learning aid to learners as it helps them to develop and generate new ideas. For example, a teacher can use a scanner to digitalize students’ work. Once the teacher digitalizes such works, the learners can use it in a number of creative ways. They can edit it, improve it, and create self-written stories. In addition, digitized works help to show the progress of students over a given period and can help to create students portfolios (Rice, 2004). Scanning software also helps to save time. For example, an individual saves time if he/she scans worksheets and copy forms instead of going to a photocopy shop.
Introduction The question of what makes the world develop has been controversial over the years. Scientists present their worldview by citing technological development as the engine that steers world developments. Historians and anthropologists have also presented their arguments that the world has evolved over millions of years to the extent of changing and developing various life forms and structures that people see today. On their part, Atheists belong to the school of thought that believes that the world develops due to scientific interventions, rather than divine powers. This study concurs with the Atheist doctrine that claims that God does not exist. The paper presents various facts that substantiate the fact that the world develops because of science and not supernatural powers. However, it will first present the historical analysis of the doctrine and the reason for its promulgation development. It will also provide objections to the validity of the doctrine before giving a personal opinion on atheism and development of the world. Historical Analysis of the Doctrine and Reasons for its Promulgation and Development According to Cragun, atheism can be regarded as the denial of the common belief that a deity exists (12). Skepticism, free thought, and criticism of the existing religion and deities motivated the first person to proclaim atheism in 18 th century (Ostrowick 163). Ecklund and Long assert that the foundations of atheism lie in the presumptions that no empirical evidence can be used to measure or prove the existence of deities (254). Atheists’ views deem it illegitimate to believe in the presence and powers of a being that one cannot prove scientifically. According to Bergmann, the problem of evil also formed the foundation of atheism (278). Atheists realized that the world was full of evil acts and happenings. Therefore, they questioned why and how a supreme deity that had powers to prevent and stop evil could allow it to happen. Various religious texts are also full of episodes where individuals who were favored by a particular deity killed and maimed thousands of human beings. For instance, the Bible presents a scenario where God killed all people with floods, leaving only the family of Noah (Genesis 6:1-22). The other factor that motivated the initial Atheists to reject any claims of supernatural powers was that the projections that various religions gave concerning their deities and actions that
Statement of Intent This essay will attempt to discuss modernism by showing how it abandons the rules and approaches of the past and adopts new forms of expression. This paper is focused on the review and analysis of three works created by three well-known artists of the modern period. The works will be described and discussed not just as products of their time but as artifacts of the modern art. The analysis will approach the artworks taking into consideration their history and artists, the events happening in art and history at the time the masterpieces were made, and the thought and intention of the artists behind their creations. The works chosen for the discussion of this paper are Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Pablo Picasso, Campbell’s Soup Cans by Andy Warhol, and Cut Piece by Yoko Ono. The selected masterpieces are extremely different and represent three various movements of modern art. While Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon represents that very beginning of the period, Cut Piece and Campbell’s Soup Cans are the works of the later decades of modernism. Analysing these works one can follow the evolution of the movement throughout the century as modernism represents a set of evolving beliefs and ideas among the artists who developed and perfected their authentic approach over time ( Modern Art 2014). Besides, the diversity of the selected works is intended to demonstrate the versatility within modernism and how it is different from the previous movements which signifies its newness and modernity. The essay attempts to emphasise the fact that the discussed artworks are the masterpieces of modernism instead of just being the products of their time. What Modernism Is Modernism in art is a movement recognised for the new and unusual perspectives on the concept of art and everything it includes. The semantic meaning of this term is very clear. The word “modernism” refers so the movement that occurred in modern times. Historically, the very beginning of the modern period in art and design is assigned to the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s. The major development of modernism happened throughout the 20 th century (1900-1980 namely). In visual art, modernism is characterised by controversial statements and claims made by means of artistic expressions. Modernism represents a radical shift of goals in art creating a break with the past norms and active search for new forms, symbols, and meanings (Kuiper 2014). Modernism in art carries a rather drastic change when the artistic society decides to turn away from the old and classic canons and develop a variety of new approaches. This radical transformation of art in many cases was accompanied by rejection of the new forms, criticism of the whole movement, and negative popularity. Yet, regardless of all the criticism and negativity, modernism eventually became extremely popular and well-spread. It incorporated a large number of n
Business Purpose Supply Chain Management and Competitive Strategy Brief Background of the Company  1. Etihad Airways is a state-owned carrier in the commercial aviation industry with a strong global presence. Etihad primarily competes in the commercial aviation industry that includes freight and passenger transport segments. Globally, the industry has more than 2000 players controlling over 22,000 commercial jets from various airports around the world (Etihad Airways, 2016). The UAE commercial airline industry has over four major players based in different regions, including Dubai (Emirates Airways) and Ras Al Khaimah (RAK Airways). Etihad competes through the provision of integrated freight services, passenger travel, import/export solutions, and on-board catering, among others.  2. Etihad faces competition from regional and international airlines. Emirates airline has a larger market share than Etihad in the Gulf region in terms of passenger numbers (39.4m vs. 10.3m). Therefore, Etihad is a challenger to the Emirates’ market dominance. Its revenue from cargo services and passenger segment grew by 17% between 2014 and 2015 (Etihad Airways, 2016). The airline is based in the Abu Dhabi International Airport. It serves over 130 destinations spread across 46 different nations, including India, Australia, China, the UK, and the US, among others (Etihad Airways, 2016). The Environment, the Resources, the Objectives, and the Feedback Decisions The external environment that Etihad operates in includes markets in the Middle East and Africa region. The company operates in 130 travel destinations spread in different countries. The external environment is characterized by high rivalry between players, low threat of new entrants, presence of substitutes, and high customer and supplier bargaining power. Etihad’s resources consist of tangible and intangible resources. The tangible resources include joint ventures with travel agencies, such as BCD travels, a large fleet size of 122 aircrafts, 130 destinations and centers, and technology resources. The intangible resources include skilled workforce (management), technology, business networks, functional expertise, quality customer service (lounges), and sponsorships (Pezelj, 2015). Its core objectives include  1. offer quality and competitive
Introduction Black Panther is a Marvel Studio film; the scene is laid in the fictional African state of Wakanda, a technological utopia hidden from the rest of the world. The movie shows Africa, which was not touched by the colonialists. Black Panther is wildly based on the emphasis of African culture and beautifully expressed throughout the whole film; it focuses on costumes, make-up, and language. Moreover, the film and distribution of a motion picture allow the audience to consider such important issues as diversity and range, the importance of social media, and its impact on society, and women’s power. Overall, the film Black Panther celebrates the African Culture and the Black community. Impact on the Society The film presents deep insights and critical social issues; Black Panther reveals many important social problems, including racial discrimination, and questions about what is more important: duty or to protect what you love. There is the opposition between the old and the new world (Mcintyre). Authentic culture collides with technology and modern realities, somewhere complementing each other and, at the same time, causing misunderstandings and problems. In almost all colors and patterns in the film, the audience can see the reflection of the cultures of various African tribes (Chutel). It encourages the younger generation to know about cultures and how to respect and embrace them. This is a new way to show that Africa has a voice and a highly recognizable culture (Long). Thus, it gives opportunities, confidence, and courage to the other African people living under the shadows to be proud of their culture, countries, and themselves. For the film, its creators created the gesture Wakanda salute, shown as arms crossed on the chest. It is used according to the plot as a greeting in the protagonist’s homeland (Gander). However, after the release of Black Panther , the fictional greeting gained such widespread popularity that it even became a new symbol of solidarity and the movement supporting black rights (Gander). Furthermore, the film Black Panther has affected fashion; elements of African culture have inspired designers to create clothes. This resulted in a show as part of New York Fashion Week, where designers of the brands Cushnie et Ochs, Ikiré Jones, Tome, Sophie Theallet, Fear of God, Chromat, and Laquan Smith presented a themed collection inspired by images from the film (Maloney). Therefore, the movie inspired fashion, music, and popular culture, which became an overnight sensation. Women Power The movie shows strong feminist characters; T’Challa has his own army called Dora Milaje, composed entirely of women. From century to century, they guard all members of the family of the king of Wakanda. Moreover, Wakanda is also a country of vi
Introduction Ronald Reagan used a domestic policy during his tenure as president of the United States of America. This happened from 1981 to 1989. According to him, economic stability could be achieved through a reduction on the government’s supply side. This included a reduction in government spending such as funding of public enterprise. He emphasized the need for more private enterprises than public ones and encouraging financial institutions to give more support to the private investor. Private investment would not only ensure growth to the economy in general but would also reduce the amount of time and money spent on their regulation. This is because the government gets less involved in the private sector than in the public sector. Main body Another key element of Ronald’s domestic policy was the reduction in money supply as a way of reducing the inflation rate. He argued that the increase in the volume of money in circulation which led to inflation was a result of the increased money supply. Reducing the money supply would therefore solve the problem. A reduced inflation rate ensures stable economic growth and improved standards of living for the citizens. During his tenure, Ronald saw the need for reducing the unemployment rate by encouraging entrepreneurial skills among the youths. Youths were offered training sections in which they were taught different ways of expanding their ideas for investment opportunities. Through this, they were able to set up businesses that not only benefited them but also their dependants. The increased investment ensures a reduced unemployment rate and an increase in the country’s gross domestic product. Reagan cut the top tax rate for the rich people with the view that the effect will trickle down to the poor. The increase in the tax rate that had been initiated before he became president had hurt the condition of living for the poor people. This was because the rich were forced to pay high taxes which made them exploit the poor in society. He reduced spending on several domestic programs but failed to reduce federal spending or the government’s deficit which it was suffering from at the time. The government deficit has continued to grow over the years although George Bush tried to put measures that would help stabilize the country’s balance of trade. Reagan was convinced by his advisers to put off action on social and cultural issues such as abortion. However, he could not have managed to put off abortion because it had already been legalized into law. He supported the deregulation of industries which had been instigated by the formal president James Earl Carter. He also cut federal misunderstandings in other sectors of the economy. During his first briefing in the white house, Reagan declared the start of the creation of a task force on the regulatory reform. This regulated reform was then chaired by George Bush who was the vice