ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Around the world, and across all societies, modern armed conflicts include the use of modern weaponry especially the small arms. The small arms are a class of small firearms that are cheap and available to most participants of armed conflict. The pricing of fire arms particularly from Asian manufacturers makes them available to all people at war. In addition, the presence of unscrupulous arms dealers in who sell firearms in unconventional ways has led to acquisition of guns by groups that have little control over the use of the arms (Cukier et al 22). Arms manufacturers and dealers may promote security of nations by selling firearms to countries with stable governments. The arms ensure stability of the government and prevent minority revolts from perpetrating chaos and anarchy in an otherwise peaceful environment. However, a dilemma emerges where the governments of peaceful regions do not record any significant use of the firearms. In this case, the firearms in possession of the government do not wear out or get lost in any military confrontation. The governments then cease to be viable customers of the arms industry (Deng and Zartman 31). Under enormous pressure to flourish, the arms manufacturers and traders turn to conflict zones for promising arms market. It is, however, arguable whether the arms trade fuels the ferocity of a conflict which has already started. The world has known conflict in the whole history of mankind. Wars and barbarian character of the people involved in armed conflicts existed even before the invention of firearms. In this regard, there is a possibility that the modern firearms trade has increased the mortality rate or the economic deterioration that come about with every major armed conflict (Diamond 43). In addition, the modern arms can be considered similar to the firearms of the past in that they cause the same effect in the wars they are used in. The modern firearms are obviously more deadly that the weapons that were used in past warfare and their use inevitably leads to more grave consequences. However, the desire of human beings to wage wars and propagate armed conflicts has been present in the society throughout history, and has only subsided in the modern times due to adoption of new age ideologies of coexistence and the value of peace and human life (Spitzer 30). Apart from repercussions of armed territorial conflict, another problem directly linked to the arms industry is the internal insecurity. The availability of small arms to petty criminals and organized criminal gangs has ensured their survival and ability to endure the adversity of the security forces. The bigger percentage of the local crime in most countries involving fatal assaults includes the use of a firearm from a prominent gun manufacturer (UNIDIR 16). Moreover, the larger percentage of the guns present in the civilian population is channeled to the user through irresponsible arms dealers. Arms dealers an
Cultural diversity has been identified by many researchers as playing an important role in influencing the outcomes of any investigation, particularly by psychological researchers. Diverse cultural practices, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions significantly influence the interactions among human beings (Hall, 2010). Several factors shape how psychological researchers perceive themselves as well as others, for instance, ethnic and racial orientation, socioeconomic practices, gender socialization, and other defining characteristics that lead to biases and stereotyping tendencies. The research paper discusses some of the biases, perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that I hold about groups of people of different cultures and how they have shaped my interaction with these people. It explains the extent of my knowledge about cultural values, practices, and experiences of culturally different people. The paper also points out the strengths and weaknesses that I have in interacting with culturally different people and how the shortcomings can be addressed. According to research by Neuliep (2006), virtually all human interactions are greatly shaped by cross-cultural differences. Peoples’ worldviews and experiences in life are significantly culturally dependent. Culture is defined as a well organized society with shared system of beliefs, attitudes, and worldviews that are used in developing shared meanings (Armstrong & Kim, 2003). When reading psychological books, I usually search for those authored by American psychologists. It is my belief that psychological researchers from other cultures are not as good as the Americans. Again, since America is made up of people initially from different countries, I have significantly varying perceptions towards each group. I believe that whites are superior to people of color, such as the black and Indians. From my observation, people who I interact with never think or behave in the same manner. In the school context, there are students of different ethnic and racial backgrounds. Through what I have learnt over time, I usually consider myself superior to them. When it comes to group work, I usually have a tendency to associate myself with those I consider to fall within my race since I feel comfortable working with them. Another major challenge is in communication. In the process of interacting with people from different cultures, I realize that they take some aspects of the communication I use to be offensive. This experience results in misunderstandings and renders the communication process ineffective. This has influenced my attitude towards culturally different individuals. The difficulties that may arise due to cultural differences are mainly due to diversity in behavior orientation, assumptions, perceptions, as well as core life values between Americans and those from different cultures. My knowledge of other people’s cultural beliefs is significantly deep. The world today and particularly the United States is becoming more multicul
On-Shelf-Availability (OSA) touches on the ability of retailers to bring the inventory closer to the customers. Effective management of inventory throughout the supply chain requires tactical and strategic approaches coupled with right tool-set, information, knowledge, and skills (On Shelf Availability 2013). Supply chain planning systems have assisted retailers in balancing inventory across the supply chain by ensuring that the OSA is guaranteed. In general, OSA deals with efficient inventory management. Retailers must ensure that they have stock that customers can access beyond the physical shelf given the current technological developments. For instance, grocery retailers should grapple with ways by which consumers can order and pick products using the current technology. Online shopping is an example of one method that grocery retailers are opting for in order to bypass the traditional setups of stores (Corsten & Gruen 2003). Online services are quicker than traditional store setups as orders can receive responses within an hour of placements. Even though grocery retailers are still facing challenges of managing physical stores amidst the rise of internet orders, consumers remain the final target in this process. In OSA, retailers are striving to ensure that the products are not only present in the stores but are also available to the customers at the right place and time. Retailers are also grappling to test how different store sizes can execute efficient inventory management (Bowersox, Closs & Cooper 2007). Clearly, the present adjustment in technology and e-commerce have complicated the meaning of what entails a ‘shelf’ to retailers since there are different platforms for displaying products. For instance, super centres can display their products in several locations such as at the ends of aisles, internet and the register. This essay analyzes contemporary practices that grocery retailers employ in managing the OSA in ensuring that the products are close to consumers as possible (On-Shelf Availability 2011). These practices have assisted grocery retailers to balance their merchandise availability between the expected market demand and the market supply. The matching of the parameters remains the key issue that grocery retailers have strived to work on as a way of preventing making losses and losing customers to their competitors. OSA may seem simple as a way of availing right products to consumers at the right time and place; however, the process is so complicated that it faces many factors in the entire supply chain. The mutually dependent factors involve suppliers, stores, and grocery-retailer warehouses (Dobson 2005). Retailers have to identify the parameters in the supply chain that need to act together in order to guarantee on-shelf availability. Currently, OSA remains an essential issue that retailers must address to ensure that the products in the supply chain reach the final users. OSA has a direct effect
Introduction There is a close relationship between music and society. Music is a reflection of social conditions some of which are responsible for either facilitating or restricting social change. Music can be described as a strong medium, a fact that has necessitated its control in some societies. It is important in social groups in that it aids communication which is more than mere words, facilitates sharing of meanings, and enhances creation of different types of identities. At the individual level, music has the capacity of provoking responses such as emotional, behavioral and physiological emotions among others (Musicmagic, 2008). This essay will relate creativity and artistic expression to world hunger. Creativity and Changing World Hunger Music is characterized by creativity to pass across a certain messages. This justifies the fact that a musician who has to make an impact then must be exhibit an admirable degree of creativity. Music does not appeal to the audience and consequently does not make any impact if there is no creativity employed in its creation. Creativity involves manipulating words to appeal to the audience and for the audience to be able to relate to the music easily. The creative nature of music can be used as a catalyst to change world hunger. Hunger is a worldwide problem that has continued to ravage many parts of the world. This calls for drastic measures to solve the problem among them use of music. Through music, people can be educated on the problems and challenges that are posed by world hunger and that their contribution can go far in changing the whole situation. One of the ways through which music can function as a catalyst towards fighting world hunger is through concerts arranged by musicians. As part of influential members of the society, musicians can arrange concerts aimed at sensitizing people on world hunger and how they can contribute towards alleviating the problem. Such concerts creatively pool many people together and make contributions that are aimed at meeting the needs of those affected by hunger. The funds collected during such concerts can be used to initiate programs in developing countries that would help them be self sustainable. Music uses words creatively to inform the listeners of how they can create a good world by assisting those who are hunger stricken. Through creatively expressing messages of a bright future through alleviating hunger, music contributes positively towards acting as a catalyst in fighting world hunger and changing the world situation. Impact of Music on Society Since time immemorial, music has been described to provide a therapeutic effect on individuals. Therapy can be achieved through listening to music or being involved in its production. Together with other interventions,
Action plans, strategies and techniques Players in organisational development (OD) aim at adopting efforts that would increase the effectiveness of a firm. The fourth stage of the model involves action plans, strategies and techniques that should be executed to bring changes that would be exemplified by long-term benefits within a business establishment. Research shows that managers could employ various approaches to bring change and development due to the uniqueness of an organisation. It has been stated that all firms face different challenges, and they use different action plans, strategies, and techniques to solve different problems. It is worth to note that the management of a firm could exhibit a high level of dynamism concerning implementing strategies and techniques. Scholars have shown that strategies could be grouped into the following categories: behavioural, structural and technological. The top management in the case study could bring changes that could be based on behavioural strategies. It is crucial to underscore that all the categories could be used to address issues that affect individuals, teams and total organisational systems, which require different inputs. Self-renewal, monitor, and stabilise The fifth stage of implementing changes in an organisation involves activities that are aimed at maintaining the effectiveness of interventions. Self-renewal is a concept that is applied to understand firms that are exemplified by the lack of intellectual support frameworks. In the context of OD, self-renewal is a process that is characterised by ongoing processes of executing innovations and adaptations within a firm. For a company to determine the extent to which strategies have benefited it, excellent evaluations are carried out. All evaluations are exemplified by a set of key questions, whose answers are critical in informing management teams. Monitoring is done to ensure that all action plans are implemented within set standards. Also, monitoring strategies are aimed at ensuring that firms achieve their goals.
Introduction In the United States, genetic information is generally defined as personal property. Different states, however, use different wordings to imply the same meaning as far as defining genetic information is concerned. In Colorado, genetic information is regarded as the unique property of an individual (Patel, Roger & Haux, 2001). In Florida, the results of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the exclusive property of an individual. Louisiana provides that an insured’s genetic information is the property of the individual while in Oregon, an individual’s genetic information and DNA sample are the property of the individual except in circumstances where the sample or information is used in anonymous research. According to Thompson and Chadwick (1999), genetic information is considered to be exclusively personal and will enable scientists to identify each human being as genetically unique. It also provides a means to predict to some degree an individual’s future life especially in terms of physical and mental well being. Genetic information often reveals predictors of undesirable sicknesses such as cancer and other conditions that lead to mental illness (Thompson & Chadwick, 1999). Access to Personal Genetic Information Due to concerns about the ways in which certain uses of personal genetic information can lead to various kinds of harm to persons, efforts have been made to come up with genetic specific laws (Tavani, 2006). In the United States, various laws exist to protect individuals against having their genetic information used in ways that can adversely affect their lives. The affected individuals may fail to secure employment or they may be denied access to medical insurance. According to Tavani (2006), a total of 41 states in the United States had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination by the year 2006 and 31 others had enacted legislation on genetic discrimination at the work place. Tavani (2006) identified two theories that are associated with informational privacy; the control theory and the restricted access theory. Under the control theory, an individual has privacy if and only if he or she has control over personal information. The restricted access theory states that one has privacy when access to information about him or her is limited or restricted in certain contexts. The control theory recognizes the fact that it is up to an individual to decide who should have access to his or her personal information. An i
Introduction A rose for Emily and Paul’s case both convey stories of protagonists who were discontented with their lives and chose to defy society as a result of that discontentment. In ‘A rose for Emily’, the main character – Emily Grierson was born into a rich lineage and was a socialite. However, instead of embracing the aristocratic lifestyle, Emily chose to carve out her own identity and to pursue happiness based on what she wanted rather than what society dictated. This was the reason why she had a scandalous affair with a Yankee (Homer Barron) and did not care when the townspeople spoke against her relationship. Similarly, in “Paul’s case”, Paul – the protagonist – was also dissatisfied with his existence. He felt that there was more to life than what his hometown could offer him; a fact that prompted him to steal money from his employer and escape to New York (Faulkner, p. 44). Comparison A boy of Paul’s age was expected to attend school and obey authority. However, the Opera excited Paul more than class attendance and this caused him to behave inappropriately towards his teachers. The school’s teachers are very judgmental of Paul’s actions and the same can be said of Emily as well. Both characters suffer from a yearning for greater things. This caused them to defy the status quo in pursuit of greater fulfillment Another similarity between these two characters is that both of them grew up in dysfunctional homes where they were never really understood. Emily had a strict father who sent away potential suitors claiming that none of them were good enough for his daughter. It can be argued that this overprotectiveness is what led her to her predicaments later on in life. Emily was very naïve about relationships; a reason why she jumped at the slightest sign of interest from a man after her father’s death. There were gaps in her upbringing and this is what may have led to her clinginess and even to murder. Correspondingly, Paul also grew up in a household where he was rarely understood. His father, who was the only living parent, did not care much for Paul’s restlessness. His sisters’ interest in what the middle-class lifestyle had to offer further made him alienated. No single individual bothered to get to the root of the problem and this may have led to his escape and subsequent suicide. One can see that in both stories, Emily and Paul were victims of circumstance. They were acting out against the stringent rules they grew up in. These two stories also teach an important lesson – that an overly conservative society can be destructive. Emily lived in a white Southern society that placed stringent expectations upon women even when their experiences contravened those expectations (Cather, p. 15). Emily desperately wanted to be loved but society’s reverence for her could not permit her to access this love. Consequently, when she finally got a chance at love, she wanted to hold on to it eternally; a reason why she preferred ending Homer’s life over letting him go. The tragic end in this sto
What Makes Tim Hortons Successful? Tim Hortons has become iconic in Canada, thus turning into a symbol of Canadian identity and connection with consumers. Except for a diversified menu, some other critical factors contributed to the evolution of the company into the cultural symbol. First and foremost, it is an efficient branding strategy that makes the firm a success story. Initially, Tim Hortons positioned itself as a Canadian icon and over time all consumers began to perceive it as such (Hutchinson, Singh, & Walker, 2012). More than that, Tim Hortons is actively implementing the newest technologies in the promotion. For instance, besides mobile payments, smartphone applications, and QR codes are actively used for fostering a connection with consumers and potentially increasing consumer base (Weatherby, 2016). Finally, it deploys social networks such as Facebook to enhance customer responsiveness, thus becoming even more popular and competitive (“Starbucks, Tim Hortons, Dunkin’ rank top in social media,” 2015). What Are the Secrets of Starbucks? Just like Tim Hortons, Starbucks pays significant attention to creating value and consumer engagement, but some critical secrets help it to maintain international leadership and the love of consumers. Except for vast financial resources and efficient marketing strategies, one of its success factors is a global expansion that makes the company powerful. More than that, similar to Tim Hortons, Starbucks is synonymous with a particular lifestyle. Even though it is not a national icon, Starbucks is a global brand that creates a unique experience and connection across different countries as well as its authenticity (Austin & Matos, 2013; Batchelor & Krister, 2012). Finally, the company fosters engagement by launching various campaigns via social networks, such as Race Together, designated to eliminate the problem of racism and discrimination (Logan, 2016).
Introduction The U.S has a unique healthcare system; its health system is not unified, and it does not have universal healthcare coverage. Its healthcare system can be best elucidated as a hybrid system (Niles, 2018). It comprises three care levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary care levels (Niles, 2018). This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these healthcare pyramid levels and delineates the two types of professionals providing care at every level. Primary Care Primary healthcare designates the initial care level patients to receive; it emphasizes patient wellness and severe health conditions’ prevention. This form of care is delivered by healthcare professionals skilled and trained in providing comprehensive initial contact and continuing care to persons with undiagnosed health concerns not constrained by the problem’s source, diagnosis, or organ system. They are accountable for addressing significant aspects of people’s healthcare needs, practicing in community and family contexts, and establishing sustained relationships with patients (Niles, 2021). Services provided include patient education, counseling, health maintenance, disease prevention, and health promotion. Primary care professionals collaborate with other healthcare experts and use referrals and consultations. Secondary Care Secondary healthcare represents the second tier within the health system pyramid. It relates to medical care delivered by specialists or facilities upon referral by primary healthcare providers; it demands more specialized proficiency, equipment, or knowledge compared to primary care. Secondary care focuses on helping individuals struggling with more complex or severe health conditions requiring specialists’ support (Niles, 2018). This care level is provided in inpatient facilities and can best be elucidated as care for individuals with stable vital signs that require intensive specialist care. Secondary care services include scheduled operations, and specialist clinics, including rehabilitation services, obstetric services, renal clinics, and cardiology services. Primary care professionals deal with the whole-body system, whereas secondary care specialists are skilled in managing a particular organ system such as the heart or kidney. Tertiary Care Tertiary care relates to specialized consultative care typically delivered to referred patients and inpatients in settings comprising highly skilled personnel and advanced medical equipment. Tertiary care is ranked one level higher than secondary care. Tertiary care providers offer support to patients with unstable vitals who encounter life-threatening conditions. The primary features or elements of tertiary hea