ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Barak Obama’s speech under analysis is called ‘A More Perfect Union’; the central issue is considered to be the problem of racial discrimination in the USA. The president addressed millions of people highlighting the most problematic aspects of the political and social life of Americans. Obama underlined the principle questions concerning institutionalized racism and racial relationships in the USA. The speech was dated on March 18, 2008; it was broadcast throughout all American society covering the interests of both conservatives and liberals. Obama presented a 37 minutes speech covering the most important and sophisticated problems existing in present-day America. Theory Application The speech ‘More Perfect Union’ became the basic method of Obama’s address racial problem in the USA; he covered the issues concerning the current nature of politics and social misprints left on the basis of past governmental instabilities. Obama highlighted the principal aspects of his presidential campaign aimed at moving to freedom, equality, and prosperity of the nation and the USA in general. Obama disclosed a profound interpretation of racial division within American society; he provided critical analysis of racial stalemate permeating the current population of the USA. The speech discloses transcendental rhetoric for the ethnic groups’ members to subscribe to. Deep involvement in the political environs of his activities was shown through his engagement with the question of racial discrimination. The principal task of the speech was aimed at highlighting the progress to be made by Americans in order to reach stability and justice. Obama illustrated the concept of empathy, presenting it as the basic progressive ideal of the USA. He expressed the basic goal of the nation to perfect the union people live in through avoiding the obstacles of racial relationships. ‘But race is an issue that I believe this nation cannot afford to ignore right now. We would be making the same mistake that Reverend Wright made in his offending sermons about America: to simplify and stereotype and amplify the negative to the point that it distorts reality.’ (‘A More Perfect Union’) Obama raised the question of the common responsibility of Americans, which is to be expressed through common religion, social order, and political reforms. He calls for common care about each other through empathy concept underline. The speech contains significant rhetorical questions, ‘Why associate me with Reverend Wright in the first place, they may ask? Why not join another church?’ (‘A More Perfect Union’). Obama dived into the depth of American roots and history, explaining the basic reasons for current problems of racial discrimination. He highlighted the power of the American nation functioning as a unity, disclosing the basic ways out of fundamental state problems. The speech is a profound analysis of principle national and social pr
In this paper, the author will analyse the effectiveness of a textbook manual in relation to a specific area of syntax. The chosen word class for the study is adverbs. The analysis of efficiency will be carried out by making a comparison between two books used in teaching English in secondary school. The two paperbacks to be used are Understanding Syntax (3rd edition) and Basic English Syntax with Exercises . The books provide detailed accounts of how adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, nouns, clauses, and determiners. First, the author will provide a detailed analysis of the chosen area of syntax. In this section, the author will define adverbs and provide different uses and applications of the syntax in sentences. The second section of the paper will look into how each of the two reference books addresses the issue of adverbs. Here, the writer will provide examples from the textbooks to substantiate the findings. The third section of the paper will focus on how the reference books successfully analyse the chosen area of syntax. In this part, the author will evaluate such aspects as how the techniques applied in the books facilitate or hinder the teaching of adverbs. Some of the questions to be addressed touch on whether or not the approach helps learners to practice enough, gain interest in learning the syntax, and understand all aspects related to the adverbs. The final section will be a summary of what the paper focused on and the findings from the comparison of the two reference books. A Discussion of the Chosen Area of Syntax The selected area of syntax in this paper is adverbs. The reason for selecting the word class is because it is used at length by the authors of the chosen reference books. Adverbs are phrases that modify adjectives, nouns, and clauses (AlHamdany, 2012). In addition, the words modify determiners, verbs, and other adverbs. The primary reason for this change is to express such factors as place, frequency, manner, and degree. As such, adverbs help to answer questions like what, when, how, where, and the extent to which something happened or was done. Traditionally, adverbs were considered parts of speech (Eppler & Ozon, 2013). However, advancements in linguistics have resulted in the use of the syntax to categorise different forms of syntactic behaviour. According to Tallerman (2011), based on where they are placed, adverbs can bring out different meanings in a sentence. For example, in the sentences ‘He died quickly’ and ‘quickly, he died’, the word ‘quickly’ brings out two varying meanings. In the first sentence, the word acts as a verb-modifying adverb. As a result, it expresses a natural way. In the second sentence, the phrase acts as a sentential adverb explaining course. In addition, some adverbs cannot modify all words. According to Givon (2015), an adverb, such as ‘very’, can modify an adjective, but not a verb. In a sentence, for example, it can only be said ‘John is very slow’ and not ‘John very walked home’. On their part, such adverbs as ‘here’ a
Definition Marketing means the whole business viewed from the point of view of the customer is the definition of marketing provided by Peter Drucker (Bennett and Strydom). Therefore, marketing may be defined as “the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual needs and organizational goals” (Bennett and Strydom 2). Marketing Mix A tourism marketing mix is identified as a set of tools that may be used to meet predefined objectives or target markets (Fyall and Garrod). Though there remains a dispute as to what elements constitute the mix of marketing, universally four are accepted viz. price, promotion, place, and product.   * Product – In the case of tourism, the product is the ways in which the tourism product is changed according to the changing needs of the market (Fyall and Garrod). In the case of tourism, the product may encompass multiple factors like tourism destination, destination’s attractions, facilities, environment, etc. For instance, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia is attracted through its abundant natural beauty and water adventures, while Las Vegas has the charm of its casinos.   * Price – It is the amount that is charged for usage or consumption of the product. Due to the presence of a high degree of product intangibility, pricing becomes a very important part of the marketing mix for tourism. Tourism pricing should reflect chosen positioning, image, and branding of the product. Further, they can be tactical. For instance, airline tickets prices are manipulated at the last minute/late booking demand at higher prices. Again in cases of leisure travel, recreation, and vacation, there is a high price elasticity of demand which makes prices almost fixed.   * Place – this is represented the outlet that is to be pro
Patricia Valdez and Albert Mehrabian are American psychologists who cooperated in order to investigate the way various colors affect human emotions. These professionals performed their duties at the University of California that was located in Los Angeles. Both of them represented Department of Psychology and were among their outstanding members. Nevertheless, it is significant to pay attention to the fact that Valdez was a person who actively worked on this research, as she developed a dissertation on the mentioned topic. Her paper was supervised by Mehrabian, which proves that he was a professor who also revealed his interest in the connection between colors and people’s emotions. In addition to that, it is possible to state that Mehrabian was the one to whom all concerns related to the article selected for this research should have been addressed. Even though the authors developed their work in 1994, it is possible to claim that it is worth discussing today, as the ideas revealed by professionals deal with basic emotional reactions and characteristics of color that do not alter with the course of time. Even though there is a possibility that each person perceives colors in a unique way and that contemporary individuals cannot differentiate as many variables of color as their predecessors because of the regular interaction with intense colors, “Effects of Color on Emotion” appears to be one of those works that contribute to the psychology of color significantly. They based their work on the information revealed by other professionals in such topics as “(a) color reactions as functions of personality and psychopathology, (b) physiological reactions to color, (c) color preferences, (d) color effects on emotions, (e) color effects on behavior, and (f) reactions to color concepts (Valdez and Mehrabian 394). In particular, the authors focused on hey, saturation, and brightness of blue, green, red, black, white, and yellow associated with pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Research developed by Valdez and Mehrabian started with the literature review that revealed the basics of the psychology of color. As soon as professionals managed to ensure their understanding of general concepts and ideas, they also discussed the peculiarities of the pleasure-arousal-dominance emotion model that was used further as the major research tool for their three studies. The authors hypothesized that 1) pleasure and arousal are associated with a positive correlation of brightness and saturation while dominance with negative; 2) short-wavelength hues are pleasant while long-wavelength hues are arousing. The first one was meant t
Eat Lancet recommendations are developed to integrate healthy eating habits with the practices that minimize the harm to the planet Earth resulting from some foods’ manufacturing or farming approaches. The goal is to ensure that the biodiversity of the planet is preserved while people continue to eat delicious and healthy foods. This paper will examine Lancet’s EAT recommendations, compare this diet to personal eating habits, and discuss whether modifications can be made. My current diet is different from the EAT recommendations provided by Lancet. Firstly, my diet mostly consists of prepackaged or takeout foods, although I add fruits to my daily food intake. However, I do not consume a lot of vegetables, nuts, and legumes, as recommended in the EAT article. Also, EAT recommendations emphasize the need to limit the consumption of red meat and dairy products, which I typically consume as well (“EAT-Lancet Commission Brief for Everyone”). I am accustomed to having dairy products, especially milk and yogurt, on a daily, and based on the EAT recommendations, and I should limit this consumption to smaller portions. It would be difficult to modify my diet to match the EAT-Lancet recommendations. Mainly, this is because I would need to change my eating habits, meaning I would need to get used to eating and shopping for foods that are different from what I consume daily. Additionally, with the EAT diet, many of the products need to be cooked or prepared; for example, vegetables taste better if they are in a salad, which would require more time for preparation. Currently, I do not have much free time to dedicate to preparing food, which creates a challenge for me if I want a balanced and environmentally friendly diet. However, I could shop for vegetables that are already slides or buy salads and healthier foods from the places I already order from or shop at, which would make it easier to integrate these products into my diet. One aspect that I can easily modify is my shopping habits since I often tend to buy too many fresh products that I do not eat before they perish, and thus I have to throw these away. According to Lancet, with food, “the amounts wasted or lost have major impacts on human health and environmental sustainability.” Hence, I need to pay more attention to the way I shop for fresh produce to minimize waste, which I can achieve by shopping more often but buying less produce to ensure that perishable items are eaten in time. Moreover, this article emphasizes the impact of food on one’s health, especially due to the increasing cases of obesity in developed states. In parallel to this, many people, and children, in particular, experience acute hunger on a daily basis (Lancet). This terrific contrast prompts me to change my eating habits and ensure that I only buy the foods I can consume to ensure that there is no waste and harm to the environment. In general, this article has prompted me to rethink my eating habits and my approach to food consumption and to make small modifications that will be helpful both for my health and for the well-being of the environment. In
The issue concerning the correlation between intelligence and race has aroused heated debates with opposing groups citing different reasons for the variation in IQ test performance among different racial groups. The invention of intelligent quotient (IQ) testing heightened the tension on the issue of intelligence and race. IQ tests constitute one of the major components of evaluating intelligence. To establish the relationship between intelligence and race, professionals in the fields of anthropology, biology and sociology have embarked on extensive studies to obtain clues that support or disapprove claims relating to the relationship between intelligence and race. IQ tests have demonstrated particular trends regarding IQ levels among individuals of different genetic makeup. Since the genetic makeup of an individual largely defines his or her race, IQ tests provide evidence on the issue of intelligence from a racial perspective. In a certain survey, repeated tests indicated a lower IQ score among Blacks as compared to Whites. Furthermore, the mean IQ score among individuals from East Asia and those of Jewish descent appeared to be higher than that of Whites (Rushton & Jensen 2006). The mean IQ scores among individuals of Hispanic descent lied between the averages obtained for Blacks and Whites. Varying levels of cognitive ability and differences in academic, economic and social development in different regions further highlight the link between intelligence and race. Other tests such as the Geographical distribution of intelligence, Intelligence and brain size relationship and Heritability of intelligence have also suggested variations regarding intelligence among Asians, Caucasians and Blacks (Rushton & Jensen 2006). Moreover, studies show that genetic inheritance influences intelligence. This forms a basis for evaluating intelligence from a genetic perspective. The lack of appropriate means to identify different races in a distinct manner makes it considerably difficult to relate races and intelligence levels. It is challenging to categorize races from a genetic perspective considering the lack of variation in evolution. Research shows that genetic variations were random and resulted largely due to social aspects rather than biological changes (Sternberg et al., 2005). In this regard, social and environmental aspects are the only credible means of explaining variations in intelligent levels. Research shows that individuals from disadvantaged groups score poorly on IQ tests irrespective of their race. This is because these individuals’ socio-economic factors are unfavorable. Disadvantaged groups face issues such as malnutrition, exposure to toxins and lack of resources. These factors largely contribute to low IQ performance. A large number of tests regarding intelligence and race focus more on geographical locations rather than particular races (Sternberg et al., 2005). Therefore, conclusions drawn from such tests are subject to environmen
Introduction to the Problem Definition of the Issue Global economic inequalities and the growing demand for highly skilled workers and the demographic decline in the industrial democracies have led to wide range of economic opportunities for migrants in the industrially advanced nations. This has opened up the movement of foreign nationals in to the United States like any other country where there are more opportunities for earning a decent living. However, the migration of people needs to be controlled by the US government like any other transnational economic activity such as trade or investment through proper legislator measures (Ueda, 2006). While formulating the legislation the US government has to take a number of issues into consideration like the economic relations with other countries, civic and other amenities to the migrants and above all the issue of illegal immigrants. The action required to be taken to protect the borders in the form of recruitment of more immigration law enforcement officers and improving the border protection technology still remain very ambiguous deterring any concrete action from the government side to control this problem. The uncertainties and ambiguities surrounding the illegal immigrants make the problem a typical open-ended one. Factors contributing to Uncertainties or Ambiguities The scope of the problem of illegal immigration in the United States has remained undefined due to the vagueness of the immigration policies. Since the issue is one of highly political nature there has never been well-defined legislative approach to the immigration issues in the US. Secondly there is no way the number and size of the illegal immigrants in the US can be estimated precisely. This also adds to the ambiguity of the problem. Discussion and Critical Evaluation of the Evidence Supporting Evidence One of the evidences is the empirical data on the flow of immigrants both legal and illegal into the United States. The number of immigrants has been estimated at 1,000,000 legally and 300,000 to 500,000 illegally every year. According to Settles (2001) this figure has increased from 14,000 about 60 years ago to the magnitude indicated. The second piece of evidence is the employment status among African Americans and Hispanics. Cohen (200) points out in 1983, African Americans held 280,000 more manufacturing jobs than Hispanics. While Hispanic employment grew to 139,000 jobs between 1983 and 1995, African American employment only grew by about 5,000 jobs. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Evidences Strengths The first evidence provides a basis for assuming the magnitude of the issue of illegal immigrants The strength of the second evidence is that it provides the basis for studying the ethnicity of the issue of immigration. Weaknesses The first evidence suffers from the weakness of being unreliable as the empirical data has the character of being a mere estimation. There is no authority or official figures to back up the number of illegal immigrants stated to be between 300,000 and 500,000. Any statistical information
Discuss psychological implications for cardiovascular conditions Cardiovascular disease development is often associated with psychological factors. The link between the condition and the implications for a person’s psyche might create a vicious circle. In recent years, there have been researches on the subject matter, and so far, scientists put forward a viable hypothesis. A body’s response to acute and chronic stress might moderate the intactness of the cardiovascular system (Lagraauw, Kuiper, & Bot, 2015). If like in the case of Mr. L, a condition emerges and progresses, it puts a major strain on a person’s activities and might even impair his or her quality of life. Mr. L.’s disease was so severe that he had to undergo surgery and receive a coronary artery bypass. Now that he has to do everything possible to recover and maintain a normal lifestyle, he might feel stressed. The anxiety that he might be experiencing might aggravate his condition completing the circle. It is not readily easy to speculate as to how Mr. L’s disease impacts his productivity and job satisfaction. In case the accident that led to the surgery happened in the workplace, Mr. L. might have developed PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Among obvious implications of PTSD is the feeling of anxiety when exposed to the same environment where the accident happens (Hughes, Lusk, & Strause, 2016). If it is the case, Mr. L. might be struggling with feeling happy and safe at work. However, if he is mentally stable and has fully recovered, the only thing which he might worry about is job-related stress. The case description states that his activity on the job is moderate. It is possible to assume that his work routines do not increase his adrenaline and cortisol level and, hence, the likelihood of a repeated accident. Discuss vocational issues for individuals with coronary artery disease Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The symptoms of coronary heart disease include chest pain or the feeling of pressure in the chest area which may be accompanied by painful sensations in the neck, jaw, arms, or stomach (Tousoulis, 2017). Other common symptoms involve sweating, fatigue, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, and numbness (Tousoulis, 2017). If a person experiences these symptoms in the workplace, he or she might not only lose their ability to fulfill their duties but also be at risk of an adverse or even lethal outcome. The work that Mr. L. does requires a certain level of precision and other people, namely, truck drivers, depend on his expertise and safety provision. If he feels dizzy or nauseous at work, he might lose concentration and make mistakes. Since Mr. L underwent surgery, he will have to make chang
This paper covers two topics: the fall of the League of Nations and the subsequent creation of the United Nations, and the development of the European Union. The first section of the paper explores the two main body of theories in international relations namely the realist and liberal theories. Realist theories advocate for the establishment of a world government while liberal theories claim that world peace can be secured through international institutions. The section also examines the factors that led to the fall of the League of Nations. The second section of the paper explains two major theories of regionalism: neorealist and neoliberal theories. Neorealist theories hold that states pursue regional integration to reduce the lawlessness in international affairs. In contrast, neoliberal theories argue that regional integration is meant to fulfil mutual inter-governmental goals. This section also explores motivations behind the establishment of the European Union. The Realist Perspective of International Relations Realism is a perspective on international relations that arose slowly out of the work of various theorists who took a distinctive attitude and perspective in the analysis of international affairs. The perspective puts emphasis on limitations on politics brought in by human nature and the lack of a world government. These two issues make international relations a subject concerning power and interests. Although there is a divergence of views among realist theorists, all of them claim that egoistic desires and self-interest are the main forces behind international affairs. They also claim that since international politics are a reflection of human nature, we should not have faith in international institutions and players (Jenkins 2003: 480). This perspective recommends the establishment of an international government to promote peace and e