ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Laws are meant to regulate how people behave towards each other. The laws are developed by legislatures and thus they are called policies. There are policies which have been put in place to ensure that we don’t destroy our environment. This is because our livelihood on this planet depends on the environment because if we don’t take good care of it in future we may not be able to obtain our resources from the environment. The policies that were established concerning energy and environment are referred to as energy and environmental policies. This paper focuses on the reasons behind the development of the above policies and the steps that are being taken to implement them. Energy is very important to us because without it our industries can not operate. The discovery of oil was welcomed with lots of whining and dining and in fact countries that produce oil are fancied by many because their economies are normally stable. The demand for oil is always on the increase every other day because factories are being established daily. In addition, the same oil is used for domestic purposes in form of kerosene and as well as in automobiles (Cochran et al., 2009). Morvay and Gvozdenac (2008) explains that there are various forms of energy such as wind and chemical, but as for now research has established that energy in form of oil has been causing more harm to the environment than the other forms. This is because when this oil is heated it results in emission of carbon dioxide into the environment which is expressed as pollution because it damages the ozone layer. Moreover, it leads to acid rain which is very destructive. When the waste from oil is deposited into the environment it endangers our lives because if the toxins come into contact with water bodies our food reserves are at a risk of b
Sigmund Freud’s Conflict Theory I chose Sigmund Freud’s Conflict Theory because it shows how Gilbert Grape lived his life. Gilbert was surrounded by so many issues, which streamed from his family’s economic status. His life had not been a pleasant one. He lived in dire need of help, tried to struggle through life without a father. His father had committed suicide, which exposed her mother to so many years of depression that led to her being obese. Gilbert picked up the responsibility as the man of the house to take care of the family more specifically to take of his immobile mother and his mentally challenged younger brother. The responsibilities on his shoulders demanded that he had to work hard enough to provide for his family and at the same time look after his brother whose mental state made him to do stupid things such as climbing up the town water tower. To come out of the situation, he got into a love relationship with a married woman who he broke up with and there after he dated Becky who he was compatible with. Throughout the movie, his gender dictated what he could do and what he could not do. When taking up duties in the family, his was to take care of the family while the ladies took care of the kitchen duties. Peripheral Personality Best Fitting the Film Character Gilbert’s personality was that one of an extrovert and probably this was so to protect his ego. After his mother’s condition got worse whereby she could not move, their farm house needed repair and his brother needed to be taken care of lest he went up to the town water tank which could have been so shameful, Gilbert took up the responsibilities to fill the gap of offering care being the eldest male figure in the family. He could have left the responsibility to his elder sister but being the eldest male, he was left with no choice. To protect his ego, he took up a job at a nearby store whose future was threatened by the arrival of a supermarket that packed all types of goods. He took care of his mother and brother’s needs, which included providing food for the family so that his family could not be quoted as neglected. Out of the love, he had for his brother Arnie, he chose to be his closest companion to watch him and keep him busy, lest he went up to the town water tank creating a scene that would lead to Gilbert and his family being the talk of the town. Despite the challenge of a dying job in the shop that was operating so well before the arrival of a new chain supermarket, he stuck there for lack of a better option. He thought it wise to protect his fa
Rayon (which is also referred to as artificial silk or viscose) is the semi-synthetic fiber that is obtained in the process of chemically converting the purified cellulose into a compound. The first mentions of rayon’s prototypes appeared in the 1850s, but those were only experiments which were not considered as something valuable and were performed out of curiosity. The invention of rayon itself took place at the beginning of the XX century (however, it was called artificial silk until 1925 when the term “rayon” was invented by borrowing a word from French). Wood pulp (or cellulose) was used as the basis of production. Firstly, it was dissolved in the bath full of caustic soda, then it was mixed with carbon disulfide, and later sulfuric acid was added, which finally created the fiber. This is the standard scheme of processing the rayon. Those chemicals that were mentioned – carbon disulfide, caustic soda, and sulfuric acid – are all extremely dangerous to the human health. Since the beginning of the rayon industry, the workers who were involved in manufacturing the artificial silk, suffered severely from the chemicals’ impact on their health. Carbon disulfide was bubbling out of the baths to the atmosphere, which caused many workers to lose their sight; many of them claimed to have different kinds of skin erosion. The central nervous system was immensely suffering from chemicals’ effect, and, moreover, Parkinson’s disease was caused by it. Many people experienced the loss of memory and spatial orientation; some of them obtained the state of dementia. Even though the first known records of such severe intoxications were made in 1904, it was not until 1938 that the medical research on rayon’s toxicity was published. There is an explanation of such hiatus: the artificial silk industry was growing continuously and prospering even in the period of Great Depression. The market was in full control of only two companies, which could be called the duopoly. This growth took place not just in America, but also across the world, most notably in Europe. Even though in the process of manufacturing the rayon workers are exposed to numerous dangerous chemicals, the final product consists of almost pure cellulose, therefore the customers would not experience any of the hazardous effects. Viscose’s biodegradability is even higher than cotton’s, which makes rayon not such a dangerous product for the en
Organizational Remuneration Plan The Virgin Blue is a midsize pharmaceutical company with fifteen employees. The company has three departments, which are the store, administration, and sales. Each department has five employees. The company currently uses the hybrid piecework-commission compensation scheme to allocate remuneration packages to its employees. This scheme works by setting salaries and other remuneration packages for each employee on the basis of a preset rate and a percentage of output upon meeting the set targets (Harrison & Wicks, 2013). This company’s compensation plan accommodates a series of commissions for meeting targets, which are set on a monthly basis. Through proactive focus performance management, the company has been able to create clear performance and goal appraisals that are interconnected to remuneration. Although the scheme has been effective in promoting performance efficiency, it lacks motivational elements such as rewards for overtime, even when employees work for more than eight hours. Improvements to Change Employee Behavior The current compensation scheme could be mo
Introduction The impact of the Western Society has been argued to be quite in immense throughout the human history. Regardless the magnitude of influence, it is impossible for a person or society to claim immunity against the penetration and ultimate influence on the Western Society. The most amazing thing is that all these aspects of our identities carry either visible or invisible elements of the Western Society. Nevertheless, of great significance has been the evolution of music cultures in different world regions. If any region of the world was to analyze its music culture today and compare it with what is used to be considered as a culture decades ago, what the would be observed is a substantive and quantifiable magnitude of change (Eaton 360). This essay, therefore, discusses the impact of the Western Society on the music cultures of societies from at least two world regions covered in the course. Australasia & Oceania The following segments explain the components of Australian music culture, including musical instruments, songs and some of the functions in which music plays a fundamental role. Wangga This is a traditional music genre in Australia that originated from the northern region of the country several years ago. The song is mainly played during the certain functions like circumcision of boys, disposing the property of a deceased person or for a general entertainment in the country. Traditionally, the song is believed to be delivered to songmen by spirits at night in the form of dreams. Like any other music, Wangga has several musical characteristics like text and vocables tha
An article titled The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel talks about a project of the government to build a rather large bridge. The article specifies the problems that may arise when building such a bridge because the area is very susceptible to all kinds of influences from weather and naturally occurring phenomena such as earthquakes. The article starts out with identifying the location of the future bridge. The Chacao channel is of particular importance because it separates the mainland from the Chiloe Island. It is mentioned that the population of the island is considerably low, only 130,000, but it is noted that the population is growing due to the developments in the area. The ferry service that is used to transport people and cars is becoming inefficient because of the increased traffic. The government of Chile has proposed the project as far back as 1999, and now it is being seriously detailed. The article does a good job naming some of the problems that might arise when building and maintaining the bridge. These include heavy winds, possible earthquakes, significantly large tides, the conditions of the grounds which might cause difficulties and strong water currents. All of this requires specific compromises and engineering which will combine several types of bridges into one. Then, the article goes into more details about the different natural influences on the bridge. The earthquake possibility is one of the primary challenges because it has major effect on the stability of the ground and the size of waves generated by the earth’s movement. A historical even of 1960 is brought up as an example when an earthquake of 8.5 magnitude caused waves as large as 30 meters high and resulted in a lot of damage. Even though there is a great possibility for this occurrence to take place again, it is noted that the location of the bridge will be a safe distance away, 100 to 200 kilometers from the source. Further, it gives direct specifics about the type of the earthquake, as it is a subduction type, so the duration will be longer than usual. Unfortunately, the article does not go into detail about explaining the particular nature of a subduction earthquake, mechanisms that come into play and what exactly happens during such instability. The wind problem is also mentioned, but it is clearly not given a serious consideration because it is not of severe strength and does not last for long periods of time. The article then focuses on the specific type of a bridge that might be built. It offers some graphics of the suspension bridge, as well as a modified version of a multi-span cable bridge. Most likely, there will be a boxed frame which would allow for greater stability. Overall, the article does a good job explaining the problems and the mechanical works of the bridges. The technical part of the article might seem a little hard to understand for a person who has not had education in such fields. The specific numbe
Healthcare benefits are just part of the benefits offered to domestic partners of employees in US companies. According to some findings, more than 13 percent of the employers in the country were offering benefits to domestic partners and 25 percent of the large corporations with more than 5000 employees offer benefits. These benefits are both soft and hard such as cost-intensive ones that include medical, vision, and dental insurance and pension or retirement benefits. Soft ones on the other hand include bereavement leave, legal services, employee discounts, health and fitness programs, relocation policies, and child care. Healthcare benefits are offered mostly to heterosexual companies since companies believe that these couples can legally marry. The number of companies offering such benefits has increased dramatically in the last few years. A domestic partnership is a rising norm these days. Gone are the days when there was a traditional setup with a husband working, wife staying at home taking care of the children. Things have changed to the extent that it is believed that only 10% of all households consist of the traditional setup. Many Americans are choosing to cohabitate. The concept of family has however not changed much. Or at least the US Census Bureau doesn’t see any change in it. It still defines family as “two or more persons related by birth, marriage or adoption who reside in the
The Vietnamese War is one of the hotly contested debates among political scientists, historians and even journalists. In the event of hot debates, different personalities induce different ideologies creating different schools of thought. From orthodox to revisionism, there are still contentious issues on who was responsible for the war in Vietnam and why America decided to chip in. It is now apparent to articulate that, the ongoing conflicting discussions have led to the creation of various schools of thought with different and divergent views about the Cold War. This comprises of orthodox, revisionism and post-revisionism schools of thoughts regarding Vietnamese war. The paper will only consider revisionism as a school of thought about Vietnamese war. Many historians and political scientists do not understand why United States involved itself in Vietnamese War. Its intrusion into the Soviet Union brought more harm than good according to some historians, while others see it an advantage. Revisionist views forms a critique about United States’ international affairs and its foreign policies especially during period of Cold War. For example, revisionist writers argue that, United States used dubious diplomacy in breaking into Soviet Union’s crisis. United States policymakers enacted capitalistic laws, which led to Americans accessing foreign markets. Consequently, this led to the expansion of America’s economy leading to internal power emancipation. Revisionists from Vietnam accuse America’s war strategies and vehemently discarding liberal orthodox while citing America as the bulwark of the Indochina war. Historian argues that, beside numerous mistakes from United States, its foreign polices lacked correct facts. Moreover, the policies represented miscalculations, blunders and inaccurate interpretations concerning the war. For example, the creation of free markets was a sign of capital imperialism under gorgeous idealistic perceptions. In addition, political intervention from United States brought not only bureaucracy into Vietnam’s domestic politics but also created ethnocentrism. According to revisionists, America would not have involved itself in Vietnamese War. There was all manner and idealistic modalities to avoid its involvement. Liberal realist viewpoints indicate that, American policymakers made errors by thinking that the war was important to the affairs of United States. If these policymakers accessed both security and economic curiosities, then national revolution would not have resulted. United States relied on past war experiences before making an adventure into Vietnam War. Another important viewpoint to note is that, America depicted defiant behavior and prudent intentions to Vietnamese War. Selfish
Introduction: General Evolution of Criminal Justice Policy over the Last 50 Years Dwelling upon the changes which occurred over the last 50 years in the policy development of the USA, it should be stated that the role of the federal government has incredibly increased. If at the moment of writing the Constitution of the USA most criminal justice responsibilities and rights were given to states and local government with the idea that they can cope with criminal behavior of its citizens, so about 50 years ago the system began to change and the intrusion of the federal government became inevitable. Bidinotto (1996) states that “justice has added over 800 agents to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 700 Drug Enforcement Administration agents, and over 1,200 federal prosecutors in just the last seven years” (n.p.). Isn’t it the main confirmation that the impact of federal criminal justice system over the state one increases? Additionally, if in 1787 federal courts considered three crimes, now this number has increased up to 3,000. Criminal justice system has considerably changed over the last 50 years that affected the policy development in such components of the system as police, courts and corrections. Historical Development of Police Policies Police policies were changing for many times and with various durations. To apply the most effective practices in the work of police much work has been done. Police have always been using its power, however, some specific situations in 1970s made the policy makers reconsider police forces and create guidelines aimed at helping those structure the work and make it safer (Marion, & Oliver, 2006). Dwelling upon the changes in the police policing from historical perspective, it should be stated that in eighteenth century people were obliged to protect themselves and their families. The most significant change occurred in nineteenth century when police became a guarantee of order in American society. However, police are not the only guarantee of the modern order on the streets of the USA. Many private protection associations have been created with the purpose to maintain order. The existence of these agencies cannot put police in the dominant position or order implementation. This is one of the specific changes which occurred in the police policing for the last five decades (Zedner, 2006). Dwelling upon police policy changes, we cannot but mention Miranda v. Arizona , case (1966) where police were obliged to announce the rights to the suspected person. Police should make sure that a person is aware of his/her rights before making him/her confess or reject the committed actions. Nowadays, much attention is paid to research and reports as the source of policymaking. Therefore, the police investigation results may be used for policy development (Petrosino, & Lavenberg, 2007). Therefore, it may be concluded that the changes like the crimes for the last 50 years affected policy devel
Introduction The report that was selected for the review is the Annual Report of the Director of Public Health 2016: Southwark Council, London (2017) prepared by the director, Dr Jin Lim. The aim of this review is to provide a critique and assessment of the report from a leadership perspective. This is not an easy matter since the methods and approaches to management are not usually reflected in such reports because their authors focus on the organisation’s activity rather than the leader-employee relationship. Thus, the aspects necessary for the evaluation will be estimated on the basis of the thorough examination of the report’s text. Leadership theories and principles relevant to annual public health reports will be analysed in the next section. The issues that will be taken into consideration when reviewing the report are concerned with current problems in public health sector. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the most significant public health concerns include food safety, HIV, teen pregnancy, alcohol-related injuries, healthcare-related infections, prescription drug overdose, and tobacco use ( CDC: 10 most important public health problems and concerns 2016). Other crucial questions managed by this sphere, as defined by the American Public Health Association (APHA), are maternal and child health, global health, chronic disease, climate change, mental health, environmental health, reproductive and sexual health, and healthy community design ( Topics and issues 2018). Thus, it is expected that these elements of the contemporary policy framework will be reflected in the report. The analysis will be focused on the issues of leadership, service improvement, and change management as reflected in the Annual Report of the Director of Public Health 2016: Southwark Council, London (2017). The Analysis of Leadership Aspects Reflected in the Report Covey (2015) identifies the following habits of highly effective leaders: being proactive (personal vision), starting with the end in mind, putting important things first (personal management), thinking win-win (interpersonal leadership), attempting first to understand and only then to be understood, synergizing (creative cooperation), and sharpening the saw (balanced self-renewal). Armstrong (2016) and Rowitz (2006) emphasise the importance of such features as creativity, integrity, planning, and flexibility in the work of a public health leader. The review will analyse the reflection of some of these and other qualities in the report. Change Management This element of leadership is considered crucial by many specialists (Baker 2007; Cameron & Green 2012; McCalman, Paton & Siebert 2016). In the report under assessment, strategic management is reflected effectively since the director mentions that every year, the organisation alters its priorities depending on the problems prevailing in the community ( Annual report of the director of public health 2016 2017, p. 6). Also, the attitude towards change management is reflected in the executive summary, where th