ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As history records show, feminism and Middle Ages are not quite compatible; despite the fact that the idea of women’s liberation was started way back in the Ancient Greece (DuBois, 2007), the Dark Ages set the evolution of a feminist movement back to the era of chauvinism and male dominance. Despite men being predominantly satisfied with the given state of affairs at that time, humanist ideas were spawned by Chaucer ‘s The Canterbury tales in the era when women had little to no authority in the society, therefore, posing a number of marriage and relationship related ethical questions to the male part of the audience and encouraging women to pursue their independence in marriage, which The Clerk’s tale and the dream of the fifth wife in The wife of Bath’s prologue show in the most graphic way. The fact that the fifth wife was willingly inclining the man that would later on become her fifth husband to murder her fourth one, whom she accused of beating her and having her will completely trodden under his feet, can also be interpreted as not only the demand for women to be free in their marriage, as well as free to choose their future husband, but also the need for a woman to be equal to her husband. On the one hand, such interpretation seems impossible in the light of the oppression that women were under in the Middle Ages. Indeed, with the chauvinist ideas setting the course for social tendencies, as well as the principles for relationships between a man and a woman, the mere mentioning of equality would be absurd. Nevertheless, the plea – or, perhaps, even a demand – for being treated fair can be easily read into every single phrase uttered by the fifth wife, not to mention the dream story that she crafted: “You say that just as worms destroy a tree, / Just so a wife destroys her own husband; / Men know this who are bound in marriage band” (Chaucer, n. d., lines 382–384). In this regard, Clerk’s tale by Chaucer should also be mentioned. Also dealing with the subject of a woman’s role in marriage, it might be seen as a major retreat in Chaucer’s feminist endeavors, since the main storyline revolves around a woman being so devoted to her husband that she sacrifices her children and her happiness to serve him: “O Lord, I am willing / To do your will” (Chaucer, n. d.). However, Chaucer still manages to state his opinion regarding equality in marriage: “But bow your neck beneath that blessed yoke / Of sovereignty and not of hard service, / The which men call espousal or wedlock” (Chaucer, n. d.). Griselda, therefore, is a symbol of a wife, who admits her husband to be her master. While being aligned with the contemporary Christian principles of marriage, from a humanist perspective, the given concept is absurd, since in marriage, both a wife and a
Introduction This is a philosophy of education that views the world as it is. In addition, it is founded on the principle that reality is what we see and judge as to the truth (what we sense and view). It also postulates that goodness is obtained from the laws of nature. Schools, therefore, exist to expose laws of nature by imparting information to the students. The Realistic movement began in the 16 th and 17 th centuries, a period that saw great discoveries being made which led to an increase in man’s store of knowledge. The attention given to literature and language began to decline as the focus was diverted to the study of man and his environment. This led to a demand for education that addressed truth instead of beauty. Realities of life were important as opposed to its beauties and a general interest in the natural occurrences and social institutions. This came to be known as Realism (Chaugule, 2010). Discussion Fundamental Postulates of Realism The main assumptions of this philosophy are as follows:   * The outer world is a solid reality irrespective of man’s knowledge of its existence. This reality exists independently from the mind’s perception and man can only understand it through his senses.   * Realism bestows great values on man and on human undertakings that should be merged with science and logic. It states that ‘man is finite’ and education is a necessity for a finite man.   * Realism asserts that the mind is like any other matter and therefore has its mechanical workings.   * It attempts to build up a system of organized knowledge by ensuring that is firm and conforms to the perspective of physical sciences. It states that every reality can be verified by observation, familiarity, practice, and scientific interpretation.   * Finally, the philosophy avows that values are eternal. Even though institutions and perspectives differ by magnitude, the basic values of a society should not be altered. The practicality of Realism in education is the training of senses since they act as gateways of knowledge through which learning occurs. Sense-realists assert that the senses can act as treasure houses for knowledge. Social realism is a view against education that produces scholars and experts in different fields in total disregard of the affairs of society. Social-realists state that education should
Following a successive revolution in Tunisia where protesters forced the then president Ben Ali out of position, it seemed as what people called an Arab revolution. However, in perhaps the most unexpected development in the modern Egypt history, the Egyptians also decided to follow the road used by Tunisia to end the 29 years dictatorship of President Hosni Mubarak. On 25 th January 2011, young protestors came to the streets in the wake to push Mubarak to announce his intention not to participate in the coming election and these protestors used the social media to organize a great number of people that culminated to the ever-larger nationwide protests (Sharp 2). On 28 January, thousands of protestors throughout the country were on the streets in what they called peaceful demonstrations where approximatly100, 000 protestors turned up in Cairo alone (Sharp 2). After a few days, the government learnt the role of the media and internet during the protests and the magnitude of the protestors’ growth; they put limits all media including internet (Sharp 2). The government arrested Gael Ghonim, a young Google executive who created a Face book group Khaled, the main protestors’ social networking site (Sharp 10). The protests further continued until the resignation of Mubarak on February 11. However, the status in Egypt even after the resignation of Mubarak is not at rest. In the past few weeks there has been instability in Egypt as the citizens are not contempt with the army’s rule and the preparations for 28 th November elections. In this paper, the focus is on the view and the role of the tactical media and the media activists in these protests. What do you think about tactical media and media activism in relation to Egypt protests? Rita Raley (1) describes tactical media as “interventional media art practices that engage and critique the dominant political and economic order.” The practitioners of this media engage in well crafted politics of disruption, intervention, and education. The tactical media practitioners use media away from the mainstream media. They spread information that is not in the mainstream news commonly referred as media activism (Rita 5). In addition, media activism involves the use of media and communication technology for social movement as well as the attempt to change media and communication policies (Rita 6). Tactical media and media activism featured highly during the Egypt protests. During the protest, it is evident through the attempts of the government to stem the media coverage of the protest. The recent protest is characterised by use of media activisms, which comes out through the issues that caused the protests. As mentioned earlier the practitioners use political disruption. In this case, the protests are on the proposed principles of constitution, and the worry that the military would be shaped as a state within a state. In the January’s protests, the government blocked the internet access, traffic as well as SMS but this did very little. The pr
Introduction The American society in the early to late 18th century was highly critical of Women and their capacity to do any work other than household work. Women were regarded as inferior creatures and expected to get married early, have children and work like a servant, cooking, cleaning and working for the house. Any attempts on a women’s part to make a career were ruthlessly put down by the male-dominated society. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman speaks of the pain, suffering, and humiliation that women underwent in the 1800s. The paper provides a discussion of the short story and analyses the theme of emotion and depression that the main character Stetson Gilman undergoes and her advent into insanity caused by the wrong treatment given to her (Boa, 1990). Analysis and Discussion Stetson Gilman is a young mother who is undergoing ‘post-partum depression,’ which has taken her over as she struggles with her child. In the US of the 1800s, psychiatric problem diagnosis was not so well advanced, and it was generally assumed that women with mental problems had to be encouraged to be more docile, leave other pursuits such as reading and writing, and get more involved in their family life and the upbringing of the children. Her husband, John, and brother, who are physicians are not ready to acknowledge that Stetson has a problem and refute any suggestions that she is not feeling well, but merely put down her sickness to overwork and strain (Golden, 1992). “ If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression–a slight hysterical tendency–what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing “. (Gilman, p. 1). A closer examination of the above expert shows the strong control that John had over his wife. She had been given an assortment of pills, tonics, and syrups and asked to keep away from active work and her husband administered the medicine each hour, more out of a sense of protectivity than anything else. The doctor had recommended that she should get plenty of fresh air, take up exercise and eat good food. The inactivity caused Stetson more problems than anything else, and she longed to do something creative. The attitude of all men is the same, and the author shows that even Stetson’s brother has the same attitude. The old manor to which Stetson and her husband have moved seems ghostly to her, and when she, with her romantic mindset, suggests to her husband that there is indeed something moving around, her husband very disdainfully says that there was nothing but a draught and closes the door (Gilman, p. 2). When Stetson, her husband, and her son move into the manor, they decide to stay in the old nursery, and this place has a very depressing effect on her. T
Introduction: The Discovery of Oil in Sudan and What It Entails According to the current set of regulations adopted in Sudan, approved in 2010, and used as the guidelines for the oil-and-gas financial strategies ever since the companies working in the identified industry are tax-exempt ( Sudan , 2012). The identified peculiarity of the Sudan regulations implies that the company operating in the target environment is going to enjoy a plethora of opportunities for resource allocation. Indeed, since entrepreneurship will not be subjected to taxation, the current financial assets can be distributed so that the latest and the most efficient equipment could be purchased (Mitchell, Marcel, and Mitchell, 2012). Furthermore, the money can and should be invested in the staff’s professional and personal development. The acquisition of technical skills needed to operate the machinery and leadership abilities required to supervise the crucial processes and increase quality rates will have to be considered as the primary course of entrepreneurship’s development. Specifically, the existing options must be identified and assessed carefully. For this purpose, the use of a decision tree as the key tool in determining the most profitable solutions ought to be considered. By definition, the application of the decision tree model will help define which of the suggested solutions will lead to the greatest profit and the smallest number of losses (EY, 2014). Apart from the use of the decision tree mode
Introduction The major task of quantity surveyors is to provide cost analysis and value management services related to completing projects in the construction and building industry. The currently observed changes in the UK and global construction industry indicate the necessity of changing traditional approaches used by quantity surveyors (Eadie et al . 2015). Today, professionals in the spheres of building and construction are interested in reducing the use of hazardous materials, making their facilities socially and environmentally friendly without reducing potential profits for companies (Chamikara et al . 2018). As a result, clients from the construction and building industry need to receive innovative services to respond to modern tendencies in the sector and contribute to communities’ development. The purpose of this report is to discuss the role of such concepts as sustainability and Building Information Modelling (BIM) in changing practices used in the building sector of the United Kingdom and globally. Furthermore, in this report, the advanced services that the company can propose to its clients will be discussed in detail concerning the required collaboration and barriers to implementing principles of sustainability and BIM. Sustainability The Context for Sustainability in the Building and Construction Sector In the construction and building industry, modern quantity surveyors are expected to provide efficient services to guarantee following the principle of sustainability. This principle has developed as a result of the public’s focus on the necessity to address the needs of the growing population in terms of providing economically effective building solutions without damaging the environment. Three pillars of sustainability are important to be taken into account while discussing this concept in any area: people, economy, and the environment (Towey 2017). Thus, projects are viewed as sustainable only when they are advantageous for a community, beneficial from the economic perspective, and do not affect the environment negatively. In the context of the construction industry, sustainability means planning buildings that are friendly for the environment, acceptable and advantageous for society, and efficient from the economic or financial perspective (Chamikara et al . 2018). Currently, the sustainable construction of facilities is associated with decreasing waste, reusing materials, preventing emissions, and decreasing the consumption of resources, including energy and water. Services to Achieve Sustainability To address the idea of sustainability in clients’ building and construction projects, the quantity surveying department may propose cert
Dressed to rule, the 18th Century Court attire- John Vollmer Vollmer (6) in Dressed to Rule contends that The Palace Museum in Beijing had a notable artistic peculiarity in the 18 th century. It had paintings and costumes of its kind. The book brings into perspective concealed messages of power and loyalty to powers that were. The lavish display of artistic features is used to do cover-ups for rigid judicial systems that are heavily influenced by underlying political forces of the Manchu Qing dynasty. Interestingly, the ruling class that controlled a wide territory belonged to a minority ethnic community. The design was heavily borrowed from the Manchurian style but had a spectacular Chinese decoration. The robes had an extravagant luxury that is comparable to none in today’s fashion industry and an onlooker, the robes were a testament to the social, economic, and political status of the person who donned it. Vollmer appreciates that the robes were made from an illustrious piece of material and it would only be possible to master the workmanship by those who were present at the time they were made. Before such robes could be used by the ruling class at that time, they had to undergo grueling inspection exercises. The care of the robes was bestowed on special servants whose sole responsibility was to take care of the royal wardrobe. These workers preserved these robes hence their excellent state. The book has myriad photographs of these robes. The book also invests some time in discussing socio-cultural and political developments that impacted fashion and image in 18 th century China. The photograph of the coffee table is very relevant as it illuminates the philosophy that Manchu used in ruling his people. The book impresses upon the readers the idea that it was the sole responsibility of the royalty to set trends in the fashion industry. The book moreover reminds the reader that the robes had borne heavy political statements that enabled a minority ethnic community to remain in power for a protracted period hence the title of the book dressed to rule. Children in Chinese Art- Ann Elizabeth Barott Wicks In Children in Chinese art, Wicks informs us that children have had an important place in the history of Chinese art from as early as the 13 th century. She explains that it is rare to find books that offer a discussion of the role of children in ancient or contemporary Chinese art. Children in Chinese art
The modern economy of the United States cannot be discussed as perfectly developed because there is still a large gap between wealthy and poor people. The difference in people’s social status and job position is often associated with significant differences in wages. This situation leads to the problem of income inequality characteristic for American society. Many Americans have to live in poverty because of being unemployed for a lot of years or because of receiving inadequate wages. As a result, these persons can be discussed as deprived of the rights to accentuate their human dignity. While being deprived of receiving adequate wages, many persons also lose the opportunity to live in dignity, to support the family, and to use social benefits and rewards. That is why, according to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), income inequality is considered as one of the main challenges to human dignity, and it is necessary to promote dignity while providing the specific conditions for employment and decreasing the gap related to the people’s welfare (“USCCB Labor Day Statement by Bishop Stephen E. Blaire” par. 2-3). I am inclined to share the opinion that the issue of income inequality should be addressed and resolved in the American society effectively because income inequality can lead to losing hopes and dignity, to increase the gap in wages and negative changes in the employment levels, and to intensify the problem of social injustice. Work is an important factor for a person to concentrate on his or her dignity because, having a job, a person receives t
The Ancient Greek story about Oedipus has been reconsidered lots of times throughout centuries. Notably, people tried to come up with numerous solutions to the moral dilemma. The twenty-first century could be no exception. In her film Incendies (2010), Villeneuve suggests her own way to stop the violence and start a new better life. The director puts main characters of the ancient story into the modern setting and concludes that people can overcome any difficulties and move on. The modern story is based on the plot of the ancient tragedy. Hence, there is a person who does not know who his real parents are and fathers two children after having sexual relationship with his own mother. Notably, at the beginning of the story, the main characters do not know anything about that and at the end the truth is revealed. It is possible to note that the plot is quite similar in both stories. However, the rest of characteristics of the two works are very different. Thus, the setting of the modern tale differs greatly as Oedipus is a king of Thebes in the ancient times whereas the contemporary story is set in a country where war and violence reign. The king is glorified and loved by his people as he refers to himself as their father “famous Oedipus” (Sophocles 1). The son and the father of his mother’s children is a poor man who served as a warrior and torturer for a terroristic organization ( Incendies ). Most importantly, points of views in the two stories are very different. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the protagonist in the Greek play is Oedipus (the son and the husband) while the modern story focuses on the life of the mother. Sufferings of Oedipus is central to the play and he “shouts for someone to unlock the gates / And show all Thebes the father-killer” and “then he’ll cast himself out from this land” (Sophocles 55). The film is all about the mother’s ordeal. Notably, she suffers as much as Oedipus does and she loses her ability to talk as she has a stroke. The woman in the twenty-first century understands that violence that haunted her has to be stopped. She finds the way to stop it through reconciliation with herself and her children. Notably, it is difficult to clearly see the point of view of the modern Oedipus in the film but it is clear that he came to terms with himself and his past. The modern story contains answers to the question concerning violence, reconciliation and revelation. On balance, it is possible to note that the modern version of the ancient tragedy does not simply depict the wrongs of the society and horrors of fate. The new story offers an important answer to a serious question. It becomes clear that violence can and should be stopped. Even though people can find themselves in a difficult position due to certain circumstances, they can overcome everything. Works Cited Incendies . Dir. Denis Villeneuve. Toronto, Ontario: E1 Entertainment. 2010. DVD. Sophocles. Oedipus Tyrannus . Trans. Peter Meineck and Paul Woodruff. Indianapolis, IN: Hacke
Americans and Indians have a long history of relations. There were different episodes of brutal conflicts and peaceful agreements. However, the most drastic changes occurred in the nineteenth century. The Corps of Discovery, war, and assimilation policies had the most significant impact on the development of the relationships between Native Americans and the US citizens. The main goals of this paper are to explain and characterize the evolution of Native Americans in the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, several groups were formed and sent to discover Western lands. This risky mission was supported by President Thomas Jefferson. The groups were called the Crops of Discovery (“Native Americans”). Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were leaders of this project. The expedition traveled across the country, exploring lands and communicating with indigenous peoples. The corps met multiple tribes that led to different lifestyles and spoke different languages. Some of them welcomed discoverers and engaged in trade. That is why they could build strong relationships. However, other tribes were afraid of aliens. However, many Indian tribes had economic ties with Great Britain, which hindered the expansion of Americans. In 1812, the war between the United States and Great Britain united Indians and the British in a military alliance (“Relations between”). Many Midwestern Indian tribes fought against Americans. In the period between 1814 and 1816, the feuds between Americans and Indians tribes were settled due to several peace treaties (“Relations between”). Subsequently, Indian agents began to collaborate with American militaries. However, problems between them continued occurring and resulted in several uprisings, which were unsuccessful for Indians. In the 1830s, American politicians implemented a strategy to move all Indians to Western lands. They began to establish reservations. This process was ensured by the Doctrine of Manifest Destiny. The main problem that caused conflicts between Americans and Indians was a widespread idea that Native Americans should have