ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Socratic Method is a form of discussion in which philosophical questions are asked as a means of exploring assumptions made. Basically, it is a process in which a central issue is explored through a series of questions and ‘given’ elements of a scenario. As a position is defined, it is continually questioned and counter-questioned, eventually bringing the conversation around to a point where the original response is contradicted by the responder while the way in which it is contradicted serves to help prove the point of the questioner. Rather than attempting to define the way society should be, the purpose of the Socratic method was more to point out the way society is, particularly as it becomes clear that there are no hard and fast answers that are applicable to all situations and times. Perhaps the best way to explore this idea is through application. Main text As an example of a central issue that might be considered through the Socratic method, the question ‘are we independent’ can be asked. The respondent, thinking about life in America and their freedoms in choosing the type of degree program he wishes to follow, may automatically respond ‘yes.’ However, then we must figure out a means of defining what is meant by ‘independent.’ In presenting the question, Socrates might have provided a scenario of givens. For example, to truly be considered independent, one must begin with the assumption that people are born with innate knowledge. This knowledge is then accessible by the individual through the process of education. To avoid accusations of placing information into a person’s head, the best form of education is through questioning what is known. When a person says something that is wrong, careful questioning will prove to them how they are wrong. When a person argues with us, making wrong statements, questioning will again illustrate how they are wrong. Thus, questioning is the supreme form of education that enables us to retain our independence while assuring we are suitably informed to take our places within the social and political sphere. However, even within these givens, there are hints that independence is a very relative issue. To begin with, Socrates’ scenario illustrates that the only knowledge of which we are aware is the knowledge that we have been questioned about. Without being asked questions, presumably we have no knowledge directly accessible to ourselves. Therefore, we depend upon others to learn what is in our own brains. In addition, there is the hint that we could be wrong in our answers because we may need to be questioned further to demonstrate how we are wrong in our answers or our arguments. If innate knowledge is wrong and can only be corrected through interaction with others who are capable of asking the right questions to force us to gain correct knowledge, can we truly arg
Introduction The history of modern aviation dates back to several centuries ago when men with creative minds started developing structures that would enable them to fly. According to MacKenzie(78), historians have not been able to precisely construct the actual history of aviation to determine people who first attempted to fly. Most of them remain unrecorded, making it almost impossible to trace them. The Wright Brothers have been credited for having developed the first flying machine that could carry human beings, making the dream to fly a reality. However, Petrescu (33) says that other people had made successful attempts to fly centuries before the Wright Brothers were born. This paper traces the history of aviation from as early as the days of Abbas Ibn Firnas. Reasons for Choosing The Project The researchers chose this project because of their interest in the aviation sector. Aviation has experienced massive developments since the first man in history attempted to fly. Aviation engineers have worked tirelessly to come up with better designs of flying machines that not only enable individuals to fly from one part of the world to another safely but also with great comfort. Speed, comfort, and safety are currently the key issues to deal with in the aviation world. However, it is equally important to reflect on the history of flying and contributions made by the pioneers in this field. The Participants and Research Design This research involved four participants who worked as a unit to gather relevant data and compile the report. The group conducted interviews and reviewed existing literature to collect data for the research. The first two group members went to collect data from engineers, pilots, and other officials who know the aviation industry at Dubai International Airport. The second group went to Interview lecturers at Emirates Aviation University, especially the historians. Secondary sources of data such as books, journal articles, and reliable online sources were also used. Contributions of Abbas Ibn Firnas According to Williams (114), there are historical accounts that show that Abbas Ibn Firnas was one of the earliest people who successfully attempted to fly using uniquely designed structures. Abbas was a physician, an aviator, an inventor, an
The Elements of Journalism by Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel is an attempt of two press critics to trace the change of public opinion towards journalism over the decades. Exploring the reasons for people’s lack of trust and, often, hatred towards the journalists, the authors managed to identify the main responsibilities and principles of journalism. The Elements of Journalism helps beginners learn about the profession of journalism giving instructions on how to succeed in this profession and which skills and qualities to develop to make a good journalist. Firstly, The Elements of Journalism gives a great opportunity to learn about the profession of a journalist. Kovach and Rosenstiel state that “We need news to live our lives, protect ourselves, bond with each other, identify friends and enemies. Journalism is simply the system societies generate to supply this news” (2). This explains the essence of the profession of a journalist, namely, delivering news to the population; in addition, it provides an explanation as to why people with the information they get to be truthful. The reason is that the quality of the information delivered by a journalist has a direct influence on the quality of people’s lives, as well as their thoughts, attitudes, and perceptions of the outside world. The authors’ presenting the profession of a journalist from this perspective adds value to their book because thus they help the future journalists to learn that their competence should be of primary importance to them. Apart from mentioning what journalism involves, the book also shows how to succeed in this profession. It seems that the greatest merit of this book consists in teaching the beginners the rudiments of journalism. With respect to this, the section “Truth: The First and Most Confusing Principle” communicates the authors’ purposes in writing best of all. This section discusses the notion of journalistic truth which the authors call the goal of this profession: “In real life, people can tell when someone has come close to getting it right when the sourcing is authoritative when the research is exhaustive when the method is transparent” (Kovach and Rosenstiel 45). This shows that only then a journalist will be able to gain the public’s trust when he/she gives it the evidence of the research, the reliable sources of information, and the proof that this information is verified. One of the greatest contributions of this book to my learning, in particular, is it’s outlining the basic principles of journalism. Since I am new to broadcast journalism, this was especially helpful for me for
Albert Bandura’s social learning theory suggests that people learn through observation, after which they imitate or model the behavior and attitudes that they witness. Essentially, for learning to occur, the learner must pay attention, retain what they observe, and have the ability to reproduce it (Latham & Heslin 2003). However, most importantly, they should be motivated to copy the action and unless they have a good reason for doing so, Bandura claims their learning will not necessarily translate into behavioral change. In many cases, the social learning model is applied to young children, under the assumption that at birth, their minds are like blank slates, therefore, everything they come to know is a result of observation (Beth 2009). However, this model can also be applied to adult learning as the acquisition of new behavior is often influenced by the actions of the people one observes and emulates. In the case study, it is evident that, although the doctor might be professionally competent, his arrogant attitude and failure to employ a patient-centered approach results in his providing poor quality service. Despite being repeatedly told that Anna was not drunk, he refuses to believe this, let alone listen and discharges a critically ill patient. In such a case, the doctor should be encouraged to observe other doctors and attend seminars on the sensitivity so that he can understand and emulate doctors who are more tolerant and willing to assume the patient’s point of view. However, one should not assume that he has never interacted with, or observed doctors who are more receptive to patient communication than he is. There is a chance that he has observed and learned their behavior, but he does not feel motivated enough to practice it. Given the importance of motivation in the social learning theory, it may also be necessary to try to understand if the doctor is happy with his working conditions because his lack of motivation could be a reflection of dissatisfaction or personal problems. However, even from a non-medical viewpoint, it is evident that the doctor was extremely subjective and irrespective of what he thought of the woman, he should at least have listened to what her husband said. Another element of social learning is evident in his dismissing her because he had seen too many drunks wasting hospital time. If this was true, then it is possible he had previously witnessed cases where fellow doctors dealt with pseudo-emergencies arising from drunk “patients” and he was reproducing the skills he had acquired through social learning. Should this be the case, then it is important that sensitivity and communication training be offered to all the doctors at the hospital to reduce scenarios like the one described. Another model that can be used in analyzing the case stud
Introduction Industrial revolution had several impacts on the western civilizations. First written in German, the book Condition of the Working Class in England by Friedrich Engels discusses social, education, economic, political, and religious effects as some of these impacts. Essentially, the book was meant to address the German audience. Indeed, Engel was the son of a very prosperous German industrialist who specialized in textiles. At his early twenties, Engel was engaged in radical journalism. When he was sent to England, the effects of industrialization that he saw at Manchester prompted him to write about the Condition of the Working Class in England, a book that was published first in 1884. This paper discusses religion, social, and economic impacts of industrialization as argued by Friedrich Engels. Social Impacts Firstly, Engel documents unimpressive social impacts of industrial revolution among various cities in England. This documentation is based on his direct observations while living with the poor people who worked at the factories. It is also based on contemporary reports about the issue. In the book, he paints pictures of overcrowded housing, child labor, drunkenness, abject poverty, sexual exploitation, and cities with immense dirt. These social impacts had the overall effect of hiking mortality rates within the industrializing cities of England. For instances, he exemplifies the fact that, in large industrializing cities, deaths due to diseases were higher in comparison to similar causes of deaths in the countryside. In Liverpool and Manchester, the death toll due to whooping cough, measles, small pox, and scarlet fever was four times the death tolls due to similar diseases in the countryside (Engels 57). Interestingly, in Carlisle, “4,408 children out of 10, 000 died before attaining the age of five years when mills were not introduced” (Engels 58). Upon the introduction of mills, the number hiked to 4,738. In the case of adults, “1,006 persons in every 10,000 persons died before mills were introduced while 1,261 persons out of 10,000 persons died upon the introduction of mills” (Engels 58). Consequently, industrial revolution made workers socially worse. Economic Impacts Economically, industrial revolution had far-reaching impacts on people. According to Engel, industrial revolution had the effects of making the textile industry have substantial improvements technically. Individually, small amounts of improvements were experienced. However, in collective terms, there was a profound economic impact on financial conditions of people. For example, Engel explains that inventions of the industrial revolution resulted to increased number of yarns that were delivered. He continues to argue that, even though prior to industrial revolution weavers had employed many spinners, yarns were never adequate. Hence, weavers had minimal choices other than waiting. This situation changed upon the onset of industrial revolution. Yarns for weaving were made more abundant than they
It cannot be denied that women’s position in society has changed through history. Even without taking a long historical period, it can be seen that such position shifted through periods of a couple of decades. Such positions can be assessed in different ways. In a sociological context, a system proposed in Allan Johnson’s Privilege, Power, and Difference (2006) can be seen as suitable to provide an analysis of the current position of women in society. As the basis of the analysis, four recent journal articles were taken, in which the main focus is discussing the shift that happened in the status of women in the world today. In that regard, the present paper will attempt to utilize the analytical tools discussed in Privilege, Power, and Difference to discuss women and their role in contemporary society. The position of women in society is mainly an issue of gender in which two groups existed within a system of oppression and privilege. In that regard, the significance of the way women are portrayed in society today is largely connected to the fact that women historically were in the oppressed group, while men were in the group of privileges. One of the notions outlined in Johnson (2006) is the concept that dominant groups did not see privilege as a problem (Johnson, 2001). The reasons for that can be seen in the position of women in the armed forces. A privilege for men it was, although it was hardly perceived as a privilege by men. Looking at a few arguments for barring women from combat, such as “Women can’t do it” and “the very nature of women disqualifies them from doing it”, it can be seen that being able to be in combat was not perceived as a privilege (Henderson, 2008). The reasons in the aforementioned two arguments were mainly prejudiced and not seeing such privilege as a problem (Johnson, 2001). The quotes mentioned can be also used to support the way a system of privileges centers on dominant groups. Where in terms of gender, serving in the army, and being able to part
Introduction Instructional Methodology has the same meaning as methods of teaching. This entails the various ways through which information is presented to the student. There exist two broad categories of Instructional Methodology. These include the teacher centered approach and student centered approach. The teacher centered method involves teaching, demonstration and lecture discussions. In these methods the teacher only directs and leaves the part of understanding to the student. Learner centered approach on the other hand entails instructions in which the lecturer only facilitates the learning process while the learner does enjoy constructing their understandings and insights. The styles that are common in this are: corporate learning, graphical discussions and analysis, discussion between student, role plays, simulation and story telling. All the above methods are good and are applicable to all kinds of students in various grades of learning. All teachers will agree with the fact that no one specific style of teaching is the best. This is because students have different needs and are in various classes. Student Categories In a school, different students require different treatments as per their individual needs. To begin with, schools have various classes or grades. A lower grade student requires a slow and gradual teaching method. This however advances as the student’s grade increases. Student categories are further divided into fast and slow learners. Those with disabilities are also given special treatment for example: blind students need Braille and audio systems. Deaf students require sign charts and sign instructors. Methodologies Common teaching methods are grouped into two. All these are delivery methods like lectures, direct instructions, modeling, guided practice, corporate groups among others (Kroeger A. 2003). CIAI continuum is a rather practical unit. The best teaching style for it is student focused learning. This is important because of the many modeling, mathematical problems and science practicals that the unit contains. CIAI continuum has a lot of science content. Science generally is best understood through involving the students. This curriculum involves mathematics, technology and science. Student Focused Learning This method boosts student understanding of the concept. The work of the teacher is mainly to facilitate the process while learners construct their own understanding. This method entails many practices that students will find applicable. These include discussions, corporative learning, graphical analysis and incorporation of role plays to boost understanding. Simulation and modeling is another stage in student centered learning. Simulation is a case where the student is put in real situation without taking risk. As observed, CIAI as a science unit has many practical and mathematical problems to solve. (Kroeger A. 2003). This makes group discussion a very necessary tool for student success. Students are further motivated to do a lot more learning because nothing is destroyed in the process of creating many models of the real technology. All these learning processes are over
During the late twentieth and early twenty-first century popular culture has become an important terrain for political, personal, and economic struggles. Discuss and illustrate this thesis in relation to material discussed in lecture and raised in your textbook. Political opinion and dominance has been well advanced through the objects of popular culture. In addition, the politically elite have advanced notions and ideas that support their being in power and thus try to control the mass production and production of the popular culture. Through the ideas of myths, the society has been socially constructed in terms of various groupings including rich/poor, black/white, and others like man/woman. Media has presented these socially constructed hierarchies as being natural. These groupings have formed a large debate in the political arena. Man has been shaped into an obedient and consenting subject through the Ideological State Apparatus (ISAs). These ISAs are the social institutions that project a popular culture ideology-media, family, law and politics among others. These institutions have largely been dominated by the personal ideologies because these rulers are advancing personal interests. Popular culture seeks to shape the values and notions of an individual in the society. The readers have been claimed to operate from a position of social weakness and cultural marginality just as the poachers of old. Fans do not have the means or the power to influence the decisions of the entertainment industry because they have limited resources. They keep on lobbying and begging over what they need to hear. In this and other behavior, popular culture introduces the idea of personal struggles. Personal values and ideologies have largely been influenced by the popular culture. The way people dress, talk, and respond to various issues have been influenced through the objects of popular cultures. The objects of popular culture give and present relationships which are ideal in nature, some to be envied, while others project the ideals of utopianism. Because readers may want to see themse
Background to the problem The purpose of this research proposal is to presenting a coordination of changing dynamics of the global investment scenario along with the factors effecting the investor’s motivation to invest in the BRIC region like Brazil. The investment consultants and business houses are most likely to use traditional approach of investment, but the global financial crisis and ongoing recessionary economy has driven the corporate and individual investors to identify safe investment portfolio where BRIC counties like Brazil has drawn central attention. The banking and financial sector of Brazil has proven it’s solid base and resilience by encountering global financial crisis without any major shock, but the domestic economic challenges encompassing with reformation, liberalization and perfect competition among the players (BDSI, 2008). On the other hand, Brazil including the BRIC countries has demonstrated their power in the international relation that empowered them to share multilateralism among the struggling breath of the great powers (Woods, 2010). During the global financial crisis Brazil has demonstrated its economic power by offering to support to the IMF to reform Latin America and lent US$ 15 billion to overcome the crisis, As a result, Brazil including BRIC countries have gained competitive advantage to attract FDI inflow both in long and short-term. Tan (2011) pointed out that traditional practice of the development finance flow has quickly shifted on post global financial years, before the crisis the global financial flows stimulated from the developed countries to the developing countries, but in recent years, the emerging economies of BRIC countries, remarkably BRIC and Brazil are demonstrating their trend to i