ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During the specific day that the trial took place, Montresor, the defendant, entered the courtroom for the verdict to be read. The entire courtroom was packed, and whispers were heard from the people. The murmurs were because the individuals heard about the inhuman act that Montresor had done to Fortunato, but eventually, everybody settled, including the perpetrator. The prosecutor started by stating that the evidence found incriminated Montresor for the murder of Fortunato. The prosecuting attorney continued by indicating that they had found the victim’s bones left beneath a house that belonged to the culprit (Poe, 2017). The DNA test conducted on the bones proved that they belonged to Fortunato, causing the jury to mumble in low tones. The district attorney went ahead by indicating that it was impossible to prove that Fortunato went to the place where he was killed by force or willingly. It was possible to verify that the murderer covered the killing. The prosecutor supported his claim by indicating that the victims’ bones were found behind what seemed like a wall made from bricks (Poe, 2017). The judge took a look at the photos presented before him and shook his head. The Fortunato’s attorney went ahead to specify that remains were found in a catacomb room underneath together with other human bones. The other bones found together with the deceased bones suggested that the perpetrator may have been involved in killing other individuals. The respondent looked down blatantly as the attorney presented further evidence to the judge. The defense attorney’s time to speak came, and he stated that Montresor highly regretted his actions and was remorseful. The public defender noted that Montresor was a sick person and never understood what he was doing since he was insane. The attorney specified that an individual with an insane mind does not comprehend or is not familiar with their actions (Poe, 2017). He continued to plead with the court to allow the defendant to be taken to a mental hospital. The defense attorney detailed that Montresor needed to be treated to avoid similar situations or cases from reoccurring. He supported his plea by demonstrating that insane individuals capable of killing should be kept away from society and subjected to medical care from professionals. Montresor’s insane condition resulted in him having an obsession with the victim. The situation intensified when the attention that the suspect was seeking could not be reciprocated by the deceased. The attorney persuaded the judge to recommend the jury to allow the defendant to be put under psychiatrist care to improve
In her opinion piece, Merryman (2016) argues that the perspective on loss defines an individual. Those who feared failure, influenced by families or those very same participation trophies, adopted the debilitating perspective on life. However, those that embraced loss and failure, as an element of growth, grew stronger from the experience. Merryman strongly supports that all individuals, including children should experience the possibility of losing and not receiving rewards or praise unless they truly deserve it. She argues that the culture of ‘participation trophies’ that has been popularized in primary education is counterproductive and cites research indicating that regardless of the self-esteem level of the child, underserved praise ultimately harms them. Merryman advocates for development and growth, providing a true sense of accomplishment to children in attaining their own goals or being one of the best among others. Participation trophies are detrimental to self-esteem and morale, devaluing the accomplishments of those who earned it while demoralizing those who have not demonstrated the performance needed for rewards. Throughout my childhood and adolescence, I was heavily involved in league sports. There were times, when my team had placed last, and received participation trophies. I received some rewards at times personally for good sportsmanship or gameplay, but these were individual achievements. However, I felt insulted when receiving these, as it simply took the competitiveness out of sports and removed the need for hard work and skill, since both the first place and the last would receive trophies, meant for public display. Similar occurrences hap
Introduction Stress is an inevitable event that most people deal with on a day-to-day basis. It may also be viewed as a rejoinder, impetus, or transaction. Consequently, an individual’s reaction to stress is determined by their conceptualization of the event. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the transactional model of stress and coping can be used to explain and assess the process of coping in a group of intravenous users at risk of contracting hepatitis C. The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping was put forth by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman to explain why stress is a pervasive occurrence in many people (Biggs, Brough, & Drummond, 2017). The theory proposes that stress is the outcome of a transaction between an individual and their surroundings. As a result, stress can be faced or avoided depending on the level of demands and available resources to deal with the burdens. For intravenous drug users, the urge to use drugs together with the risk of contracting hepatitis C is their prevalent stresses. Concepts of Primary and Secondary Appraisal The initial step in the model is a primary appraisal during which a person tries to determine whether or not a particular situation affects them directly. The mind will consider whether or not the problem at hand is substantial enough to cause stress. Three outcomes are likely: the event is trivial, has a positive effect, or the event is threatening. In this case, the risk of hepatitis C is real in injection drug users (Zibbell et al., 2018). Therefore, the problem is potentially life-threatening. Furthermore, intravenous drugs have other adverse health outcomes. A secondary appraisal is the second step in the transactional model of stress and coping. During this phase, a person attempts to handle the situation in the best way possible to avoid negative outcomes. The person determines whether they have adequate resources to address their challenges. Drug users can determine whether they can ensure they use a new, sterile needle every time they inject drugs. They can also find out whether they have adequate resources to undergo rehabilitation and quit using drugs. Coping Efforts Two coping strategies are possible: problem-based and emotional coping. In the first coping strategy, the affected people have control over impending dangers and have ways of dealing with the problem to achieve positive outcomes. For example, the availability of financial resources to use sterile needles, willingness to quit drug use, or a supportive family to help with the rehabilitation process. Emotional-based coping happens when one realizes that they have little control over the situation. It may manifest in several ways, including avoiding or escaping fr
Introduction The differences in the lifestyles and ethics of the North and the South are one of the main reasons for the start of the Civil War. While there were several major differences between the North and South two of the major differences were the increases in modernization in the North compared to the lack of modernization in the South. While the North was focused on increasing the amount of technological advances enjoyed by the North the South was focused on creating their version of an ideal society based on the lifestyle of the English gentlemen farmer. Discussion This lifestyle was maintained by the presence of the slave population which assisted in the creation of the Southern aristocrat or gentlemen. The very emphasis on this ideal delayed the South’s acquisition of the modern technology that would have decreased the need for slave labor. In order to maintain ownership rights Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 which required any federal marshal to return any suspected runaway sla
Introduction Many of the great works of art were underestimated by the contemporaries of the artists. Though the artistic value of the graffiti remains questionable for most cultural experts, certain samples of spray-painting may be regarded the works of art in the context of the hip-hop culture. Causing troubles Causing a lot of troubles and material damage to the authorities, graffiti is considered to be a property crime punishable by up to one year in jail in Seattle and up to three years in Singapore, for instance. For replacing the spray-paintings a lot of funds as well as human resources are used. Notwithstanding the ethical code of the artists, the windows and walls in the public spaces are often used as canvases for graffiti. Considering only the material damage issue of the graffiti phenomenon, it may be treated as an act of vandalism. By the way, spray-painting in the public areas, in my opinion, is mostly meant to contradict the generally accepted norms and expresses the protest of the young generation, looking for ways of self-realization and socialization. Assessing the artistic value of these masterpieces is problematic. But some artists consciously choose the unused dessert areas for their self-expression and it causes less damage than painting in public places, changing the city landscapes and amusing the occasional observers. Taking into consideration the individual style of every artist and interesting motifs used in the graffiti, this phenomenon is to be treated as one of the trends of contemporary hip-hop culture. Becoming a worldwide trend, paint-spraying increased its significance in the cultural context. Numerous websites unite artists all over the world, sharing their experiences, demonstrating samples of the wall masterpieces. Being prohibited by law and painted mostly during the hours of darkness, this kind of self-expression creates the atmosphere of romanticism and gives inspiration to the artists. I consider graffiti to be a cultural phenomenon due to its artistic value and on the condition that that opposition to the generally accepted norms is not an end in itself while creating separate paintings, they may be regarded the works of art. Gives voices to the youth Graffiti gives voices to the youth and often represents the young people’s attitude to the moral norms and the picture of the life of this community. Taking into consideration the widespread trend and wide range of artists, it is important to differentiate between the gang artists and the tagging, between acts of vandalism while painting in public places and painting in the desert or unused areas and especially on the canvas. Occurred as the way of self-expression for the loafing about teenagers, the frames of the trend were changed and now it is problematic to give the well-defined estimation of the phenomenon. Mohammad Qarni, a young artist, explains his liking for graffiti: “It was a way of showing off and of proving ourselves” (Ambah 2). Ed Hardy, another young man illuminates the sociological issue of the creation: “Graffiti gave cachet and made it easier to me
Introduction When a psychologist has to work with multicultural clients and solve their various issues, keeping their cultural background in mind, it is important to follow an approach so that it gets easy to at least lay the groundwork for solving any type of problem that comes ones way. The existential approach helps the psychologists in making the client see that life has a lot more meaning that he or she is assigning to it. Moreover, it also makes the client see that peace can come and be a part of one’s life. To add to that, this approach is very relevant because rather than highlighting things that keep us apart because of cultures, it focuses on issues which we all face in our daily lives, irrespective of our culture like love, death, pain, anxiety etc. The Existential Approach In this approach, the client is made to believe that he is not part of the healing process that the psychologist is trying to apply on him. And meanwhile, the psychologist does his job by making the person face all the anxieties and troubles that he has. In this approach, the client is being maneuvered and thus he might not feel at complete ease. But once, he has conquered his anxieties, the sense of freedom will be there. The psychologists may engage in a cost benefit analysis where the client is made to realize that he is leaving a lot behind or paying a high price for all the anxiety that he has taken on himself. (Vacc, 1988). Strengths One of the major strengths of the existential approach is that the client is made to see that his behavior is not restricted or worsened by his own behavior. Rather, it is the result of the cultural and the social chains that have taken him or her in its grips. This mindset is changed so that the person can break free from this trap. This greatly helps the person in taking the blame of every wrong happening on himself and he can easily realize that whatever was happening was a result of his mindset, which had been fogged by external circumstances, which he can control and bury. (Coleman, 1997). Weaknesses The weaknesses of the existential approach are that this approach is lacking on the fact that there is no systematic statement or presence of the field of psychology in this approach. There are no principles in this approach which relate to psychology and neither are there any practices which directly link to it. Hence, it is not formal and cannot be part of the psychology that is accepted. The existential approach can still be called a hypothesis and thus it has to be tested yet. It does not contain mystical language and thus this causes a lot of confusion among the students of psychology. Research conduction on the topic can also be a hassle. Works Cited Coleman, H. Multicultural Counseling Competencies: Assesment, Education and Training. Sage Publications. (1997). Vacc, N. Experiencing and Counseling Multicultural and Diverse Populations. Accelerated Development. (1988)
Any completed survey or research that is in progress must involve some data whose meaning is to be determined. The criterion behind the collection of the data as well as its representation and interpretation employs a good deal of statistics: a science that employs mathematical concepts and principles in data collection and processing. However, “statisticians, not only need mathematical and statistical knowledge, but also modern computing skills as well as the ability to work, listen and communicate with other people” (Milan, and Regan 269). There are several opportunities for statisticians. For example, they can apply the knowledge of statistical methods to fields, such as science and technology, health and medicine, business and industry, sports and education, law and justice. Notwithstanding, many economic, social, political, and military decisions are reached through statistical techniques. Despite these opportunities, the paper explores a career in biostatistics, which uses probability and statistical procedures to analyze the phenomena in the science of life. The significance of biostatistics as a career in statistics cannot be overemphasized. It allows one to preserve the scientific integrity of clinical research and environment studies such as determining the number of endangered species in a particular area and the number of people suffering from a certain disease. The concept of biostatistics is also used in evaluating genetic malfunctions and studying the population of a certain species. “The location of plants and animals and the spread of pollution from its sources due to human activities often contain complex and incomplete data whose uncertainty and meaning” can come out based on the efforts of biostatisticians (Steve, and Jina 278). In addition, one can combine his or her interests with almost any other field in law, science, technology, and business. Biostatisticians have a variety of opportunities in the field of public health, medicine, genetics, and ecology among others. For instance, one can secure employment opportunities from pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical service companies. According to the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics, the annual salary for biostatisticians is about one hundred thousand US dollars. However, the amount can vary based on the nature of the work. With the current change in climate, biostatisticians are highly required to research the agricultural sectors. Because biostatisticians secure jobs in many sectors, they often have different professional designations. For instance, as Milan and Regan point out, “a statistician in public health and medicine may hold titles for biostatistician or biometrician making statisticians are generalists and specialists” (280). Although it is possible to enter a career in statistics as a school leaver and work well after a thorough training, good qualifications ar
Introduction There are numerous ways to save and present data. The existing media world provides numerous options for the end-users to reach and scrutinize the information of interest. Within the framework of this paper, I will provide the information regarding the most renowned media publishing options. CMS Content management systems (CMS) are commonly used to create and modify the entries that contain digital content. For the most part, CMS is intended to create a collaborative environment and allow the end-users to access the data. The majority of CMS users are interested in certain critical options including version control, web publishing, and indexing. One of the definitive characteristics of a content management system is the separation of content. There are three CMS platforms that currently lead the market – WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla. WordPress is the best option for bloggers and the owners of small online stores. Moreover, this platform is rather user-friendly, so it seamlessly suits the beginners. Joomla is a perfect choice for those who are interested in building a social network or an online store. On the other hand, it is more complex than WordPress, and the user should possess certain technical skills in order to use this CMS. Out of three, Drupal is the most complicated content management system. The user has to be rather familiar with PHP, CSS, and HTML to make it work. Social Media and Connectivity Social networks are yet another way to connect with each other on the Internet. For instance, Myspace is one of the pioneers of social networking. It offered basic opportunities to chat and share pictures, videos, and music. Another social networking website that became rather popular is Facebook. Millions of people all over the world are currently using it to chat via Messenger and share interesting stuff in their feed. One of the latest features includes live translations, and it allows the users to go live and connect with friends and followers in real-time. There are also younger social networks that became popular not so long ago. Two of these are Twitter and Instagram. When the former was first shown to the public, it made a rather big splash amongst the users. Twitter became synonymous with the word “microblogging” due to the fact that they allowed only 140 characters per tweet. Instagram was developed as a unique application t
There are multiple reasons why women are often the victims of violent crimes. However, the leading cause is the lack of adequate prevention measures and victim-blaming. According to researchers, violence perpetrated by an intimate partner affects three out of ten women over their lifetime (Johnson et al. 3). Since severe violent outbursts often correlate with domestic abuse, the reason why women are affected is the inadequate response to such situations. Law enforcement, family, and friends often chose not to pay attention to women in violent relationships, which is another cause of the number of crimes related to femicide to increase. Another fundamental reason why such atrocious crimes happen is the overall marginalization of women in society. Females are considered to be the weaker sex, which implies a sense of power and control for the opposite sex that may interpret these notions as tools to take advantage of the victim. The fact that the media and police are not paying as much attention to the problem as needed also creates a gap that is not being addressed. There would be fewer crimes against women if the issue was properly addressed. Harsh sentences for the perpetrator, media coverage, and more discussions on the topic of femicide would create a safer society that would not tolerate such atrocities. As the community is mainly quiet in regards to these critical issues, the number of crimes increases, and no improvements are possible. This is why it is vital to address the problem by talking about it and punishing the criminals with harsh sentences. A zero-tolerance policy that would condone physical, sexual, and psychological abuse towards marginalized groups of people (women of color, lesbians, poor women, etc.) is also vital since the groups of females mentioned above are more prone to experience severe abuse. Work Cited Johnson, Holly, et al. “Intimate Femicide: The Role of Coercive Control.” Feminist Criminology , vol. 14, no. 1, 2017, pp. 3–23.
Introduction High schools must provide learners with an opportunity to acquire the knowledge and skills that will allow them to make a further career- and education-related choices, yet Big Mountain will need a significant change to be able to offer its learners the identified opportunities. A closer look at its system will reveal that, while the current approach is flawed from the outset, a shift toward the opposite framework is not going to solve the problem, either. To handle the issue, one must consider promoting unity in the specified environment. By introducing a system of values that will enhance the processes of communication and negotiation between teachers and administrators, one will be able to encourage the target audience to strive toward achieving a common goal, therefore improving the outcomes significantly and designing the strategies that will allow handling students with special needs, shaping the curriculum, and consulting students about the choice of electives. Improving the Decision-Making Process The current environment of the Big Mountain High School can be described as toxic. Without an effective support system, teachers are trying to manage curriculum-related concerns independently, yet they lack resources. Consequently, the discord between educators must be viewed as the issue of the top priority. Indeed, the current policies for managing the organizational processes and communication between educators lack clarity. As a result, teachers are striving to address emerging problems individually. Without a uniform approach, the school is falling apart; thus, the adoption of the strategies that will stimulate cooperation and the enhancement of decision-making is crucial (Kimonen & Nevalainen, 2014). The Curriculum Dilemma: What Is Best for Students The promotion of organized decision-making is bound to affect the management of the current courses effectively. Particularly, the efficacy of decision-making will be enhanced among not only teachers but also learners. For this purpose, educators will have to consider inviting parents to participate in consultations provided to students. The specified step is bound to have a positive impact on the efficacy of the learners’ choices of electives, as well as their academic progress, in general since the support of their parents will help them meet new challenges. Encouraging cooperation between parents and teachers, in turn, will allow instructing the latter about the strategies that they can use to spur their children’s academic progress (Kimonen & Nevalainen, 2014). Stimulating Change: Roles and Responsibilities To make improvements to the current situation, one will need to invite all stakeholders involved to participate in the decision-making process. With the change in values toward the recognition of stu