ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Problems of gender roles in any society are very topical issues. It is, so to speak, a gap which can be hardly bridged. It is conditioned by the historic development of mankind that men were always “ahead” of women, because initially men were hunters and main suppliers of food to maintain their families, while women played not so prominent roles in the “men world”. So, it is not a big surprise that a great number of female-writers wrote their literary works where they stated problems in relationship between men and women. These writers show different attitudes of men and women towards same things, reveal prejudices against women, and try to aspire in women feeling of self-respect. Susan Glaspell’s play “Trifles” and “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen reflects authors’ stances on gender roles in the back then modern society. Glaspell’s play contains her personal observations and experiences. In this literary work she tells about a story of a woman who killed her husband and depicts behavior of men, who were investigating this case, and their wives. From the very start the author shows us how men inattentive can be; when they enter the Wrights’ house they do not see such details as ruined fruit preserves, bread that has been left out of its box, an unfinished quilt, an empty bird cage. They only state that the room was shabby and that Mrs. Wright was not very good at housekeeping. On the contrary, the women noticed these minutiae which were a result of Mrs. Wright’s emotional breakdown. Hardly had they entered the room they saw miserable life of a desperate housewife. The men, showing off their importance, come to a conclusion that there is nothing important in the room, only “kitchen things” with which they have nothing to do. This proves that each observant sees a different shape in the shadows (Glaspell). It seems that only Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters can give a clear answer why did Mrs. Wright commit a crime, because they know pretty well women’s psyche. When these women find the body of a dead canary that was murdered the same way as Mr. Wright, the reader can understand that this bird symbolized unhappy marriage of Minnie Foster with John Wright. Before this marriage Minnie was a cheerful person, who loved to sing and to wear colorful cloths, but after the marriage these traces of a happy person disappeared. Mrs. Hale describes Mrs. Wright’s personality: “She was kind of like a bird herself – real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and – fluttery. How – she – did – change.” (Glaspell 14) The men in the play are constantly showing their self-importance, they are trying to act like real detectives, and they do not even realize that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are more observant and know reasons why did Mrs. Wright made the terrible deed. Henrik Ibsen in her play “A Doll’s House” shows readers mainly the same problems of gender roles, however, the main protagoni
Introduction The security of the Persian-Gulf region that is often influenced by the balance of power has been a problem to the security and stability of the region. The balance of power is based on the “zero-sum” basis game as well as the emergence of the rival actors in the region 1 . This kind of system has resulted to wars in the region, tension, distrust, crises, and wars. With new developments in the region in terms of the political security especially in Iraq after the fall Saddam Hussein, the issue of the balance of power and the controller of the region has been a major problem. Iran and the US have been the major actors controlling the balance of power in the region. The issue of security in the region and maintaining stability in the region has been the cause of Iran’s intention to influence the balance of power in the region. The role played by Iran in the region is often as a result of US strategy in the region. In the international zone at the moment, countries such as the United States and Russia are making attempts to reduce the production of nuclear weapons in the world, because Iran’s influence is due to its capability to produce nuclear weapons that has been a cause of concern not only to the Middle East but also the world. Iran’s nuclear weapon program has changed the balance of power in the Middle East region and with time it is likely to affect other country’s national security in the world. However, with the United States involved in other wars in the region, Iran’s balance of power influence is likely to continue through production of nuclear weapons that would further “complicate” an already volatile region 2 . This paper will look at the likely scenarios in the future in respect to Iran’s power influence in the Middle East through LAMP analysis that shall come up with future predictions based on the research questions that are “outlined” below 3 . This paper is not however intended to look at whether Iran is likely to continue with its nuclear power production. However, it will consider the reactions of the main actors such as the US, Israel and Egypt in relation to Iran’s balance of power influence. Purpose of Study This paper aims to address the issue on Iran’s influence in the Middle East in the wake of the Arab unrest. It further discusses why Iran wanted to dominate the Middle East and its selfish ambitions and to the benefit of the region. Assumptions of the Study Some of the assumptions included: All the people involved in answering the questions would read properly and they were not medically unfit to prevent them from understanding the questions. Research Questions This paper aims at answering the question on why Iran has influenced the balance of power in the Middle East. It is important to know that the Iranian “subversion” has been the most feared attacks in the Middle East 4 . The ant-American activities led by Iran are of most concern
The topic of animal infanticide is a complex subject explored within the zoological context. It implies the killing of a young male offspring by a fully-grown member of an animal group, which, from an outside perspective, seems cruel and unnecessary. Nevertheless, studies have shown that infanticide is an aspect of animals’ social structure as well as their reproductive strategy. It can be traced within hundreds of nonhuman species and is more prevalent in mammals in instances when grown males compete for reproduction with several females. The growing appreciation of the biological significance of the process led to male infanticide being defined as “behavior that makes a direct and significant contribution to the immediate death of an embryo or newly hatched or born member of the performer’s own species” (Palombit 2015, p. 2). Infanticide in primates is an especially important topic of study because of its complexity in terms of the interpretation in extensive sociobiological research. While some biologists claim this issue being very common, others state otherwise, suggesting that there are numerous superficial and overgeneralized interpretations of infanticide in nonhuman primates. Nevertheless, infanticide is a voluntary and conscious action that has support in empirical research. Background on Animal Infanticide Male infanticide bears some undertones of sexual conflict; as described by Herodotus, this kind of behavior was demonstrated by Egyptian cats. The historian explained this as a trick used for getting sexual access to female cats that were preoccupied with their maternal obligations. From the perspective of socio-biology of the 1970s, scholars proposed the idea that male infanticide represented a strategy used for increasing the chances of reproductive success at the expense of female fitness and well-being (Gursky-Doyen & Supriatna 2010). On the one hand, the potential benefits of infanticide of male animals are associated with obtaining both mating partners and nutritional gain. For females, the same act is linked to acquiring beneficial resources that include nest sites and food. On the other hand, the costs of infanticide among animals are linked to the increased expenditure of energy, risks of injuries, as well as the exposure of some species to predation (Eccard et al., 2018). However, the highest cost of male infanticide among animals, including nonhuman primates, is linked to the loss of fitness of a group. In order to protect themselves against male infanticide, females use a range of strategies, which are predominantly associated with changes in behavior (Agrell, Wolff & Ylonen
Introduction All international organizations have or tend to engage in complex procurement and operational processes. Saudi Aramco, which is an international organization, uses a rigid procurement process that inhibits expeditious operations and functioning. Due to the broad customer base and wide geographical distribution, procurement practice in Saudi Aramco is complicated even further. The lengthy procurement procedure details slow down product production, distribution, sales, and it reduces the actual production potential of the organization. Saudi Aramco Procurement process Generally, Aramco materials are imported from several countries depending on the cost of raw materials, ease of accessibility, and availability of transportation facilities to the nearest manufacturing site. Respective logistics managers evaluate all these variables. It is the work of respective managers, who are required to assess the viability of the procedure before recommending the appropriate action to the department. Along the bureaucratic hierarchy, the reports by logistics managers are sent to regional managers who deliberate on the issues and come up with concrete procurement decisions within. The procurement departments are located in Europe, the US, Japan, and other locations. The regional managers in the different locations decide on design specifications and required materials. Once the development design is prepared, it is usually sent to the shortlisted manufacturers for additional instructions and product specifications. The construction division acquires raw materials and merchandise from production zones such as the UK and Saudi Arabia. The purchasing division under the procurement department takes care of purchases, apparatus service, and inspections. In addition, the procurement department oversees the general surveillance and general transportation of materials and apparatus from factories to the worksite. Concerning the procurement process, the procurement department makes bid lists according to contract agreements. On the other hand, the purchasing department follows up the entire processes, which include tendering, awarding, and governing of purchase orders. It is also the role of this department to check the quality as well as organizing for shipment and other related processes. The long, complex, and detailed procurement process that is exercised by the organization is a source of unnecessary delays that lead to production stagnation. Thus, the organization needs to restructure the entire process to allow speedy operations and overall production. An overhaul of the complex system will enable the organization to increase its profit margins and enhance customer loyalty through the superior and speedy delivery process. Based on the complex nature of the problem, I undertook to address it using the Soft System Method (SSM). This approach best fits the scenario and the organization since it will be possible to reduce the long procedure and lengthy details involved. Analysis Saudi Aramco’s procurement process requires to be addressed speedily as a measure to overcome inher
As a healthcare professional who intends to start a new hospital, I am interested in the topic of operations management (OM), even though I had a rather rudimentary understanding of the concept before this course. Throughout it, I have viewed a couple of perspectives on OM and its elements, which provided me with insights about the topic and related professions. I can conclude that OM is indeed critical for sustainability, including organizational and environmental ones (Elg & Hultman 2011; Kara, Ibbotson & Kayis 2014), and competition (Chiarini & Vagnoni 2014), which seems to be a consistent result of the continuous struggle for productivity, quality, speed, and efficiency that OM offers (Bamford & Forrester 2010). OM expands in practice and theory, which incorporates multiple models, best practices, and techniques, including, for example, lean production, total quality control, or world-class manufacturing (Chiarini & Vagnoni 2014). OM also appears to be a very extensive topic, which makes it possible to further investigate it, especially in the field that is relevant to my profession: healthcare. Nowadays, it is clear that OM can be applied to multiple areas of the field. For example, the Handbook of healthcare operations management contains twenty recent articles that provide an overview of the possible applications of OM to healthcare challenges, including inpatient and outpatient services and supply chain management as well as public health and humanitarian logistics (Denton, 2013). Some of these topics are discussed in the course’s readings, including supply and service development (Elg & Hultman 2011; Kara, Ibbotson & Kayis 2014), but for my professional growth, it may be more beneficial to explore the healthcare perspective, which is why I intend to study the handbook. OM is useful for healthcare due to its key elements and aims, which have been evolving over the past decades. Dobrzykowski et al. (2014, pp. 514-515) suggest that the modern understanding of OM as a customization-oriented process that requires the collaboration of multiple actors, who strategically contribute to value creation, fits the health care context very well. The authors also discuss the issues of funding, quality, and performance, all of which promote the interest in healthcare OM that is expected to resolve these problems. Their expectations can be proven by the literature of this course, which shows that ensuring quality, as well as planning and controlling, are essential components of OM (Bamford & Forrester 2010). Due to the focus on these elements, Om had been shown to promote sustainability, efficiency (Elg & Hultman 2011; Kara, Ibbotson & Kayis 2014), and quality (Bamford & Forrester 2010; Chiarini & Vagnoni 2014). The research of healthcare OM is expanding. Dobrzykowski et al. (2014) carry out a literature analysis of relevant papers and show that the study of OM in healthcare has become a trend since 1995 with the key themes of strategic service OM and the
The article is a critical perspective on the dealing techniques offered by rape prevention assertiveness training and social skills programs for young women. It explores the irrationality of the kind of techniques offered by these training sessions. It emphasizes the need to understand conversational analysis techniques and different modulations and expressions during the course of a conversation to interpret the message conveyed. The article is centered on the main assumption that refusal skills related to sexual advances or proposals cannot be limited to answering in straight and simple no. In fact, the write-up looks into the problems of straight refusals with certain apprehensions. These apprehensions have been supported by examples from different cultural contexts where men’s perceptions are closely guarded and biased. The central idea is that even in normal conversation direct refusals are not considered as social etiquette. So when it comes to sensitive issues like refusing sex, the ‘just say no’ attitude does more harm than good. First, it does not come in the ambit of culturally acceptable norms. Second, the repercussions could be counter-productive. The article shows the value of conversational analysis for feminist theory and practice in the area of refusal skill training and date rape prevention. The argument structure in the article is that saying no is difficult in any context. The research and analysis done in this piece brings forth the revelation that the inability to say a clear, specific and direct ‘no’ is not specific to age, situation or gender. It is common for people to experience difficulty in refusing invitations or declining offers, at whatever age, and across a variety of situations. The simple observation that there is so much literature available on the topic, ‘how to say no effectively’, is an evidence to the fact that most people find it problematic to refuse directly. The major argument in the article revolves around the work of Harvey Sacks done in the 1960s. The way in which most refusals are handled is very different from just considering them as plain negations. In fact, refusals are composed of detailed conversational aspects like pauses, palliatives, hesitations and non-verbal gestures. The content of such conversation is interspersed with explanations, justifications, excuses and certain hesitant arguments. Women generally go about refusing unwanted sex in accordance with culturally accepted rules for refusals. There is a certain limit upto which these refusals are explicit. Focus group studies reveal that explicit refusals have negative implications for women. These women believe in the concept of providing a justification to their refusal. However the way in which a refusal might be justified depends on the kind of relationship. The article evidently argues that if the relationship is a very strong one, thorough justification is needed; while refusal in a callous relationship might be consider
Hume’s work “Of Miracles” speaks about his doubts concerning the authenticity of miracles that happened during the earthly presence of Jesus Christ, and described in the biblical massages by Mathew, Mark, Luke, John and the apostle Paul. Hume supports his argument stating that the miracles described by the above mentioned biblical writers were only experienced by the apostles, and, thus, can be evaluated as not trustworthy on the reason of the absence of numerous eye-witnesses. Commenting on this position, I would strongly disagree with it. My main arguments are connected with the Source of the Bible’s message; I mean the One standing behind this message; to the opinions by famous historians including Josephus Flavius; and the fact that the apostles were not the only eye-witnesses of Jesus’ miracles. This position of mine is, of course, argued a lot; especially by those who lack faith in God and his power. They doubt the authenticity of the Bible and everything written in it as an exaggerated myth and a fairy-tale. Arguing for my point of view, I would begin by addressing the Bible and the authenticity of its message which is conditioned by its Almighty author. I have studied the Bible for years as a matter of my interest, and concluded that it always tells the truth; no matter it is connected to the past with its honest accounts on transgressions of men of faith or about the future which is depicted in the abundant prophecies existing in this Holy Book. The main reason behind such veracity is the personality of the One who is interested in bringing His important message to humanity from the Bible’s pages. This exalted Person never tells lies as He is absolute, and His Word revealed in the Bible is perfection. He is also strong enough to take care of His Word’s truthfulness through the centuries despite numerous efforts to rewrite the Bible and to bring in some false ideas. Next, the accounts about Jesus’ miracles seen by the apostles and described in the Gospel books along with the book of Acts and some letters by the apostle Paul are supported by historians. Historical science can be evaluated as a weighty argument for numerous people. Thus, I want to address the opinion of one of the most famous historians for that period, Josephus Flavius. In a row of his works, he explains that along with apostles Jesus’ miracles were seen by the crowds of common people both of Hebrew and non-Hebrew origin. With regards to this, what else is to be heard to understand that Hume’s position is mistaken? Finally, the Bible itself never said that the apostles were the only people to see Jesus’ miracles. It tells about numerous respected figures seeing them including Roman authority representatives, political leaders and the crowds of common people from various nations. The point of view which I explained above is often argued by numerous opponents. They reject the Bible as the book of human wisdom, not God’s one. These people oppose the authenticity of the Bible and the truthfulness of its accounts along with Jesus’ miracles. However, it is difficult for them to oppose
Introduction STEM education is to provide students for the future to help them become long-life successful in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. According to Dugger, STEM is defined as “the integration of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math into a new trans-disciplinary subject in schools” (2011). It is important to understand each area of STEM to give a full understanding of its meaning. Science explains the natural world and “is the underpinning of technology. It is the interest of science, science education, and society to help students and all citizens develop a greater understanding and appreciation for some of the fundamental concepts and the processes of technology and engineering” (Drugger, 2011). There are many strategies teachers can use to incorporate the STEM education approaches into their classroom to help develop and broaden their horizons in STEM-related areas. According to Smith and the other authors believe that every student can “learn and model good practices that increasing learning; starting with student experiences; but have high expectations within a supportive climate” to help increase students’ enthusiasm for STEM education. This will help “build inquiry, a sense of wonder and the excitement of discovery, plus communication and teamwork, critical thinking, and life-long learning skills into learning experiences (Smith, et.al. 2009). To produce the students needed for the 21 st century requires educators to be familiar with different strategies and approaches to STEM education to help enhance their students’