ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Central to all definitions of economic recession is the fact that there is a sudden reduction in economic activities that causes a frightening decrease in the level of spending. The resultant crisis eventually makes life very difficult both for manufacturers and consumers. Consumers become more careful in spending while manufacturers have no choice but to spend heavily in advertising and marketing so as to retain their clients and even lure more. According to Jackson (2011), economic recession will occur when two quarters or trimesters of negative economic growth are experienced. During these times, a country will record a substantial drop in the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Fear creeps in and both individuals and businesses are forced to considerably cut down their spending due to reduced cash flow. When this goes on beyond the two year period, it leads to what is called a depression. Although very scary to think about, recession is seen as part of an ordinary business phase and is to be expected (Huey, 2011). Economies will normally go through a slow period and later pick up. An economic recession will be characterized by among other things; a reduced level of employment opportunities, a slow down in consumer spending, a drastic fall in industrial production, rising cost of food and accommodation and, decreased stock market activities that to a very large extent will affect the stock market performance. It also has negative effects like driving a country deeper into debt (Jackson, 2011). This situation can bring about very unpleasant consequences for businesses and for some situations; it may even lead to a closure of a business (Davis, 2010). Though it is not easy to precisely point out the real cause of recession, the effect is faced across the entire globe (Borade, 2011) and many are affected. Effects of a Recession on Consumer Behaviour According to Krishnan (2009), consumer spending on luxurious commodities is the first culprit that gets affected during periods of economic recession. Given that these are simply desires and not needs, they are mostly purchased based on a consumer’s good judgment. Consequently, manufacturers and the marketers of such merchandise receive a terrible blow as they are compelled to give discounted offers the may result into horrifying loses. Manufacturers, sellers and consumers of these goods often end up playing games to outsmart one another. Consumers will keep speculating hoping to see a fall in prices while on the other hand, producers and sellers will make efforts to keep prices lower and give attractive offers to customers with a hope that in due course they will be able to clear any remaining stock. The postponement by the consumers always leaves retailers at a loss as they are sometimes forced to lower prices even further (Krishnan, 2009). Even though people will do just about anything during hopeless moments to continue existing, most manufacturers as well as marketers will choose to go against this popular
There are wavering ideologies regarding masculinity in the contemporary world, and as a result, this has created anxiety among men, as they feel pressured to meet various societal expectations. This anxiety compels men to seek alternatives to prove their masculinity, and as Kimmel asserts, cultural anxieties over masculinity gave rise to the romanticization of the American West and adoration of the American cowboy. The ideology of cowboy superseded the mantle of the breadwinner because its attributes were “rugged individualism, personal autonomy, physical prowess, risk-taking, and adventurous spirit” (Holl & Thompson, 2004, p. 426). Conflict in comprehending masculinity arises from these two spectrums: the breadwinner, and the atavistic masculinity, that results in an identity crisis that contributes to compensatory consumption as men try to resolve this crisis. Therefore, this paper aims at comprehending a man-of-action hero by delineating the different perceptions of this hero from the society’s and the man’s standpoints. Men spend hours riding a Harley, brandishing a body-by-Soloflex physique and hunting wild game in an attempt to resolve their insecurity issues in as far as masculinity is concerned. Men feel confined to societal and cultural expectations; hence, Harley riders experience a sense of freedom, which is so alluring to them, and the associated flight experience is deemed valuable. It is seemingly obvious that men are so engraved in sports activities, but the society ignores the underlying reasons for this kind of attachment despite the associated risks. Men consider these sports as a hedonic playpen that gives them the freedom and space they need away from the more serious and confining responsibilities of taking care of their families. In the article man of action heroes, the man is shown trying to seek an identity in a community that already predefines a masculine man. The American society’s definition of a man of the hero is one who is a good father, a good husband, and successful in his career, yet this kind of expectation limits the abilities of a man to the extent they feel suffocated. The same is evident in gayism, where there is a preconceived perception of gayism, and any man who seems effeminate is excluded from the flock. Men deem sports as the symbol of their masculinity; hence, any man detected to behave in a queer manner is excluded from the sports. Men regard sports as the means through which they can dominate women since the job market is seemingly being taken over by women (Anderson, 2002). Sports seem to be the only institution where the rigidity of orthodox masculinity and patriarchy can be maintained; hence, the reason why homophobia prevails notwithstanding the fact that gay male athletes can be equally strong and comp
Introduction Education quality and equality have always been an element of high priority in almost every political campaign agenda. This can be attributed to the contribution of education to the general development of a nation. For instance, the skills, competencies and knowledge acquired during school life are prerequisites for an effective citizen participation in development affairs, employability and even in general cohesion of the society. For an economy to ensure that it has adequate labour force that is efficient and appropriate there must be a consistent standard of high quality education. This essentiality of the quality and equality of education in a country has also been reflected in regional and international organizations. These organizations include the United Nations whose concern with education can be evidenced by the formation of an arm that deals with educational matters in its member countries. On its part, the European Union also ensures that it supports its member countries in the effort to promote the education quality. This is specified in the EC treaty’s Article 149 (European Commission, 6). However, not all countries have maintained a high standard of education quality and equality. Different countries point out individual weaknesses and strengths in their education systems. In accordance to this, this paper will evaluate the Italian education’s quality and equality and compare it with the American one. Indicators of education quality The European Union’s commission on education and culture came up with several elements which are regarded as indicators to the quality and equality of education. These indicators are divided into diverse areas of approach. These areas are attainment, success and transition, monitoring of school education and finally resources and structure. Using some of these as the basis of evaluation, the education quality of Italy and the United States will be compared side by side (European Commission, 6). Attainment of education can be subdivided into several minor segments to find the quality of education of a country. These categories include the performance of students in Mathematics, science, reading, ICT, foreign languages, learning to learn and civics. In mathematics, which is a fundamental subject in the development of analytical skills, logic and reason determine the quality of education due to the importance of these skills relevant to it. On its part, reading allows students to understand the given instructions to all other subjects. In addition, these skills enable the learner to develop societal integration and personal development skills after accomplishing his education. Science provides the tools and skills necessary for environmental investigation and experimentation. This is the basis through which the students can develop critical thinking and also understand how nature and human beings can interrelate. At advanced levels, these skills form researchers who are a prerequisite for technological development. Furthermore, ICT provides skills that enhance a country’s access to free and fast information (European Commission, 6). In most of these study areas, Italy has participated in t
Computer forensics is essentially the process of applying computer analysis and investigation to determine possible evidence for legal purposes (Robbins, 2010). All the two guides give necessary standards whenever using electronic systems in circumstances that require the use of computer forensic to determine some elements that cannot be discerned by normal human-oriented approaches. Both the Electronic Crime Scene Investigation & Good Practice Guide for Electronic Based Evidence bear the principle fact that computers have evolved into devices that have entirely revolutionalized the way things can be handled; and that they can be used to do both good and bad things. This is a major similarity between the two guides that comes out clearly from the onset. They both allude that computer-based or rather electronic material can provide very useful information that can then be used to give leads in cases involving crime, both at the scene of the crime and even the post-crime events. These devices can track down evidence even out of the scene of the crime, thus providing much-needed deep insight into more details of a committed crime, especially when electronics are involved. One major similarity is that both guides give a detailed step-by-step procedure of what to do at the crime scene once the responsible experts arrive. Though presented in different ways in terms of structure and layout, the two guides display a similar picture of the crime scene, the very first thing to do like looking around to identify which type of electronic equipment is available. According to the guides, some of the devices that can be found at the scene of the crime can vary depending on the nature of the organization. Examples of such devices are desktop computers, laptops and cameras. (Association of Chief Police Officers, n.d). These devices could be on or off and there are different ways to approach these different scenarios. The good Practice guide for computer-based Electronic Evidence for example suggests that for a computer that has been switched off; the area containing the equipment should be secured, any printers in progress allowed to finish and people moved away from any power supplies and computers. The Electronic Based Evidence guide indicates similar principles. It goes ahead to guide that the experts involved should go an extra mile to take notes of everything they do, observing changes seen in any device at the scene. Similarly, it also gives a step-by-step procedure regarding the conditions of equipment found like standalone computers and cameras (National Institute of Justice, 2001). Perhaps the main difference that comes out between the two guides is the depth of the details given and the overall arrangement of the content. While the Electronic Crime Scene Investigation guide gives very fine details that can be understood by a layman, the Good Practice Guide for Electronic Based Evidence assumes that the reader of the material is already conversant with the topic and can follow on any complex computer terms. A good example is on page 32 of the Electronic Crime Scene Investigation guide, where clear
Introduction Organizational change is inevitable in today’s dynamic business environment. Such change usually involves a research process consisting of different stages. One of the most important stages in such a change situation is organizational diagnosis. Organizational diagnosis can be considered as a special branch of organizational research leading to a set of statements about design options and recommendations for change. Organizational diagnosis is important as it helps diagnosticians to make a leading statement about the functioning of the organization or a part of the organization related to the problem area of interest. Often, these statements lead to recommendations to improve organizational efficiency, organizational effectiveness, or flexibility. They use the results of organizational diagnosis to initiate interventions leading to organizational change, for example, reorganizations, business process redesigns, outplacements, management buy-outs, strategic alliances, or mergers. Less critical organizational improvements, such as internal communication improvements and reduction in absenteeism, may also be the outcome of organizational diagnosis. Finally, organizational diagnosis as a research activity contributes to change processes and to learn processes within organizations (Harrison, 1987). Thus in layman’s terms, organizational diagnosis shows the current state of the organization and therefore provides information necessary for problem-solving or future organizational development. Discussion of the Models – Critical Appraisal/ Evaluate Diagnosis models are an important tool for conducting a diagnosis activity. According to Brakes (in Howard & Association, 1994) the different ways where models come handy for diagnoses are:   * Models help to enhance our understanding of organizational behavior.   * They help to categorize data about the organization.   * They help to interpret data about the organization.   * They provide common short-hand language. Falleta (2005) has discussed various models developed to aid the diagnosis of organizations. The models primarily can be distinguished as the ones which take the open system is an assumption and the others which do not. For instance, models like Leavitt’s Model (1965), Likert System Analysis (1967), McKinsey’s 7S Framework (1981-82), and High-Performance Programming (1984) do not consider the external environment as a variable that can induce organizational change. In discussing Leavitt’s model we see that that there exists interdependency between the organizational variables (task, structure, technology, and people) but fail to show, due to its simplistic nature, in which direction the effect of change occurs. Likert identified four management systems viz. exploitative-argumentative, benevolent-argumentative, consultative, and participative group, on the basis of seven variables. He suggested questions for each variable to ascertain the management style but the questions did not come out of the model itself, rather from Likert’s consulting experience. Even if we assume that external factors do influence the functioning of the organization, this model will no
Science fiction is the literature of change. What happens to a fictitious scientist who discovers an entirely new automobile technology? He or she should be able to predict the likely repercussions of this new technology. Science is governed by certain laws, which are proven to hold under certain conditions, which are testable. How do these laws happen? Somebody somewhere must have enormously dreamed about such likelihood of such natural relationships. This presents science as the result of science fiction despite the fact that science fiction is also dependent on certain established laws of science. Going by the words of Hopkins “science of fiction is a genre of fiction in which the stories often tell about science and technology of the future- these stories involve partially true-partially fictions laws or theories of science” (2005, p.13). Perhaps more critical is that the endeavor of science is to provide an explanation for the nature of the world as it appears. On the other hand, its corollaries aim at deploying these established explanations to create technologies that aid in the improvement of the human condition. Therefore, when people fantasize about technologies of future through science fiction, they merely do not infer for the improvement of science. Rather, they tend to deploy the existing knowledge in science to predict certain future discoveries that would take the human condition concerns to even greater heights. The plot development of science fiction takes a different route recounting both the past and present. The genre also incorporates various elements related to the human condition in future because of exploitation of the science related technologies among them the effects of latest discoveries, science developments and happenings. As Ramachandran Reckons, “science fiction texts are often set in the future, in space, in a different world, or in a different universe or dimension” (2006, p.51). In this context, it has little interest in the development of future actual scientific laws but rather focus on impacts of imagined or even actual present science on individual or even the wider society. Arguably, this focus is more ardently inclined on the human condition. Human condition here refers to fostering the maintenance of the well being of mankind
Studying in a nursing school may often be challenging as students receive vast amounts of new information without being able to practice it properly. Thus, when finally obtaining this opportunity, many novice nurses become confused as they do not have basic experience in communicating with patients (Manoochehri et al., 2015). When I was in nursing school, I remember not receiving some essential knowledge like how to deal with complex patients and address their needs carefully and correctly. Nevertheless, knowing core patient-centered care competencies is vital for all medical workers to improve the quality of services provided. When becoming a novice nurse myself, the primary focus of my work was to ensure that patients received their medicine on time. Therefore, I believe that healthcare students were not educated enough throughout the curriculum and did not learn to deliver patient-centered care at a higher quality. The following example proves my opinion. There was a situation when a novice nurse reported to me that she could not teach a patient how to administer insulin, which made the inexperienced nurse stressed out. Since one of the core competencies of patient-centered care is to find ways to help clients communicate their issues (“QSEN competencies,” n.d.), I talked to the client, and the further assessment revealed that she was not able to see and did not have her eyeglasses. In addition, the patient’s sister appeared to have a learning disability and could not become responsible for learning insulin administration. However, I was pressured by management to discharge the patient. Finally, I managed to get an endocrinologist to follow her closely and change their insulin to PO, and I believe this was the best I could do in such a case. In my opinion, this situation represents the possible and rather common challenges a nurse may face when communicating with clients and making a decision about their treatment or discharge. What is more, this is a great example proving the necessity of possessing core competencies in order to make sure that the quality of provided medical services is high. For instance, a nurse should identify, care about, and respect a patient’s expressed needs and differences, as well as relieve their pain (Manoochehri et al., 2015). Nurses also have to educate patients and have clear communication with them (“QSEN competencies,” n.d.). Unfortunately, the novice nurse in the story I told did not possess these competencies, even though they are vital for quality improvement as they allow establishing a strong connection and collaboration with clients. Overall, I regret not paying more attention to the new nurse or helping her with her inexperience. I could give her some advice on the example of this situation we both were involved in. For instance, I should have told her about additional core competencies, including the necessity to speak and listen to our patients correctly, ask the right questions, support them, advocate for them, and eliminate possible issues (Edgman-Levitan & Schoenbaum, 2021). I hope that all novice nurses learn to do that in the future.
Introduction Globalization can be defined as a force or a process that connects more and more people across heretofore-impermeable economic and social boundaries. This means that people become connected across large distances with the assistance of information technology and human transport. This process can also be seen as the advancement of human co-operation across national boundaries, therefore making the world ”a global village”. ”Globalization” is a term that is often used to explain today’s world. Its terminology has gradually been accepted by the greater public and various scholarly personalities have integrated it as a vocabulary it into their field of research. Globalization has also increased the inclusiveness and the unification of economic systematization, global relations, and has led to a trend of doing business in different organizations (Appadurai, 1996, p. 41-55). Proponents of big businesses look at globalization as a blueprint of a straightforward policy agenda that promotes economic growth, increased trade, and integration into the global economy. Therefore, from this perspective, globalization is viewed as unequivocally benevolent and corporations are seen to be leading the way towards spreading the benefits of globalization around the world. Since the advent of information revolution in the 1950s, the media is one of those industries that has undergone through a radical change so as to meet the current global demands as a result of globalization that increasingly manifests itself through media and its forms of communication. Globalization has now penetrated and influenced the hegemonies of the media industry towards a massive following of both young and old. Cultural practices have emerged from the globalized media industry to depict social movements and communication in America and the world at large which currently has a youthful population who are spearing this sector. The relatively youthful American population has greatly affected the supply and demand of media-related products and services with items such as music, videos, and latest films having a strong demand among the young populace. The film industry in the U.S. has a well thought-out release schedules and plots centered on young audiences as they intensely rely young viewers for the high ticket sales. Through the praxis processes in the globalized media, an audience is able to grasp the daily inklings of a concealed system of solidarity which responds to dominant circulation of convalescent memories, rumors, crafts, humor, dance, song, and recipes that defines and mobilizes popularity. \ The globalized media is also a major source of instruction for most Americans who uses the vast wealth of multiple cultures to contest or embrace social experiences in a wider context, since it also redefines the ethical norms in national, international, and region