ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction OpenOffice.org is software that is used for various applications such as spreadsheet, word, presentation, and graphics among others which is an alternative to Microsoft office. It is called open because, any one can download at no cost and use it for any application. Also, it can be used in any operating system platform, for example Mac, Linux, Unix etc. OpenOffice.org can also be used to read or write on other types of applications. In other words, OpenOffice.org is an open source where any one can make changes to fit without contacting the developer or even distributing it to other people. There are many advantages of using OpenOffice.org which include simplicity of usage, free to acquire, possible to modify to meet users’ purpose, can be used for business purpose or personal use and can be used in any platform. According to Weber (2004), “A completely open development process means that anyone can report bugs, request new features, or enhance the software. The result: does everything you want your office software to do, the way you want it to.” Problem Statement In the past, there had been no way of accessing someone work or code without contacting the developer and be given authority to do so. This had various limitations because some could not get it due to high cost and one could not improve it or use it at any application. Also the advancement of the software was not possible. But due to open source, it is possible for the user to modify in order to meet his need or market. This paper describes about OpenOffice.org, how to obtain it, features and some of the applications which differentiates it with Microsoft office and how compatible they are. Why OpenOffice.org OpenOffice.org can be obtained by downloading it from the internet at no cost. Therefore, the user is free to run it for any application, learn how it works, distribute it to others, make some improvements and redistribute it at a charge or for free but to some extents, access to code is precondition. To run it means, one can install it for personal or organization use to any type of computer system, do any type of work and purpose without having to make contact with the developer. In this case it depends with the purpose of the user but not the developer. When redistributing, one is free to redistribute it with its code, all versions including modified one and usable form of the software if the language used allows it. Although it is said to be free, commercializing it does not translate to a crime. Haugland (2004) observes that, “It’s free, but is it good? It’s a full fledged office suite, as big as MS Office. It’s got a great set of features—everything you need to do word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation slides. Plus extra programs for drawing
Introduction The healthcare sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [KSA] is experiencing significant transformation, which is arising from the high population growth rate. Currently, the sector is estimated to serve over 26 million citizens. Demand for healthcare services is expected to increase due to the annual population growth rate, which is estimated to be 2.5% (Al-Homayan, Shamsudin, Subramaniam & Islam, 2013). The country’s healthcare sector is organized into two main tiers, which include tier 1 and tier 2. Tier 1 is comprised of the primary healthcare clinics and centers that offer basic care services such as prenatal care, emergencies, and other basic services. Moreover, it also includes mobile clinics that offer healthcare services in the remote rural areas. Conversely, tier 2 is comprised of hospitals that offer specialized health care services ( Helen Ziegler & Associates, 2010). The key players within the sector include the Ministry of Health [MOH], the private sector, and other governmental organizations. The KSA government owns and operates over 60% of the hospitals via the MOH, while the private sector and other agencies cater for 40% of the country’s healthcare services. The hospitals offer basic and specialized health care services. MOH facilities are mainly accessible to local Saudis. The restrictions on accessibility of the MOH facilities imply that expatriates are forced to seek health care services from the private sector. However, the government controls healthcare activities in both the private and public sectors. The KSA government is focused on improving the country’s healthcare sector, which is evidenced by its annual budgetary allocation. Between 2008 and 2010, the annual budgetary allocation to the healthcare sector increased from SAR 30 billion to SAR 52 billion of the total national government budget (Al-Homayan et al., 2013. Additionally, the sector’s annual budgetary allocation has been increased to SAR 108 billion. The allocation is intended to improve the sector’s infrastructure. For example, the number of hospitals has been increased from 74 in 1970 to 415 by the end of 2010. Conversely, the sectors bed capacity has been increased from 9,039 beds to 58,126 beds by 2010 (Al-Homayan et al., 2013) Problem statement The KSA government has adopted tremendous measures that have led to an improvement in the physical infrastructure within the health
Introduction Hero, of William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing , is perhaps just as good a woman as Ruth of the “Book of Ruth”, but one would have to think twice or more before one could even half-heartedly begin to concede that she might be half as great a character as Ruth. The difference between the two women appears to be that while Ruth is an active maker and creator of her destiny, Hero more passively suffers her misfortunes and allows other people to devise schemes that fortunately, ultimately succeed in clearing her name and winning back her somewhat unstable fiancé. While both Ruth and Hero significantly outshine their male counterparts, Ruth’s second husband appears far more worthy of respect than the Claudio who needs a second marriage ceremony to consecrate his union with the only woman he ever contracts to marry (at least within the space and time of the play). Main text Hero in Much Ado About Nothing does indeed strike every one as “a modest young lady” as Claudio first speaks of her, but the first words spoken of her are those that her father uses in his rather unwholesome jest in answer to Don Pedro’s question about whether she was Leonato’s daughter—“Her mother hath many times told me so”(3 ). Benedick, in his sharp way is impelled to observe, “Were you in doubt, sir, that you asked her?” and Leonato compounds his innuendo with the words, “Signior Benedick, no; for then were you a child” (3 ). All in good fun, perhaps, but a trifle too offensive to women of the upper crust as Hero and her mother would no doubt expect to be considered. Perhaps the gentleman richly deserves to fall into the pickle that leaves him a sadder and wiser man at the end of the play. Even so, his sufferings pale in comparison with the extent of the pain and disgrace that Hero is subjected to, and that too, for a not inconsiderable span of time. Ruth, on the other hand, has a different but no less painful situation to contend with. Her first husband has died, leaving her a childless widow in a strange land, alone except for her mother-in-law Naomi and sister-in-law Orpah. It is as if both Orpah and Ruth are laboring under the effects of a potent curse—for they are both in the same black barque—the two brothers who had been their husbands both having given up the ghost at around the same time, leaving their widows nothing but much ado. Naomi knows that it would be unfair to tie the two young girls to her apron strings and allows them, nay, advises and urges them to leave her and go back to their native lands and to marry again, and to have children of their own by other husbands. Both Orpah and Ruth protest that they will not leave Naomi and although Orpah is rather easily persuaded to do so, Ruth is unwavering in her decision to remain with her mother-in-law. Indeed this is one of the first indications the reader gets of Ruth’s goodness and her greatness. Ruth is good, no doubt, but, more importantly, she is great, rather than just goody-g
The “what.” Gore Vidal’s argument goes in favor of drug legalization and is based on several ideas. First of all, Vidal noted that the hype around drugs and addiction is heavily dependent on the cost of the substances that make them a very profitable black market industry. Secondly, Vidal maintained that the mere idea of prohibiting or banning a certain type of commodity adds to its popularity and increases its price. In that way, according to Vidal, drugs, and the problems related to drugs are artificially supported by the governments actively engaged in fighting the issue, thus transforming it into a profitable and extremely viable business. The legalization of drugs is seen as a way of providing the society with access to the substances and pulling them from the black market, as well as cutting the chains of profit for the traffickers. This action would also help addicted individuals get drugs whenever needed without having to draw to robbery or prostitution. The “how.” Delivering his argument, Vidal emphasized the role of the governments and politicians in powering up the shady economy of the drug trade. First of all, the author relied on a rather simple manner in order to make his argument more comprehendible to the readers. In addition, Vidal pointed out a series of errors made by politicians over the years in order to put through his idea that the governments are using a very inconsistent and illogical method of fighting drugs and drug addictions (500-501). In his argument, Vidal used an approach similar to that employed by Rosenthal. In particular, both authors attempted to explain their points of view using analogies. However, the difference between the positions of the two writers is in the event they used to compare to drugs and addictions. To be more precise, Vidal likened the modern fight against drugs to the ban on alcohol that had occurred in the 1920s in the USA (500). This analogy matches the problem under discussion precisely – the commodity banned was also an addictive substance, and it resulted in an increase in illegal consumption and trade, in turn, leading to the growth in crime rates. Rosenthal’s analogy compared the legalization of drugs to the legalization of slavery – a phenomenon completely different in its nature and hardly suitable for the discussion (Page Number). It is possible that using this kind of event, Rosenthal attempted to persuade readers to rely on the appeal to emotions connected to the history of slavery (fear, pain, sorrow, regret, guilt). In contrast with the mood and key of the argument by Rosenthal, that of Vi
Observation Skin moisturization is one of the primary biological mechanisms that protect the skin from drying up, thus becoming susceptible to physical damage (Miller, 2015). A lack of proper natural moisturization may indicate an imbalance in a person’s diet or metabolism. Moisturizing gels are used to manage dehydrated skin, but they treat the symptoms of the problem while leaving the causes unaddressed. Scientific observations indicate that people suffer from dehydrated skin during summers due to increased temperatures and exposure to the elements (Akdeniz, Tomova-Simitchieva, Dobos, Blume-Peytavi, & Kottner, 2018). The purpose of this experimental study is to test the relationship between drinking water and managing dehydrated skin. Hypotheses   * H1: Drinking water can increase skin moisture and reduce the effects of dehydrated skin during hot periods.   * H0: There is no relationship between water consumption and skin moisture. Experimental Design The research will be conducted in summer so that the natural conditions would fit the premise of the experiment. The sample will consist of 30 people who suffer from skin dehydration during summers. The estimated duration of the experiment – 2 months. During the first month, the participants would be asked to continue their activities as normal, drinking as much water as they normally would. The average amount of water would be calculated for all participants, by their natural needs. Their levels of skin moisture would be measured every week using a skin moisture analyzer. Visual observations of skin dehydration would be taken. During the second month, all participants would be requested to drink an additional liter of water per day. Just like in the previous scenario, their skin moisture levels would be measured every week. The state of their skin dehydration would be visually assessed as well. Expected Results It is expected that skin moisture levels during the second month would differ from the first month, due to the increased levels of liquid consumption by the participants. The additional liquid in the body would transfer to the skin, enabling natural moisturization mechanisms to take effect. It is assumed that, in the majority of cases, skin dehydration is caused by body dehydration and exposure to the elements. Because of these factors, the body does not have enough water to dedicate to skin moisturization, which in turn causes skin dehydration and damage. Increasing the amounts of water consumed during hot summer seasons should improve skin moisture levels and reduce physical damage associated with skin dehydration. Conclusion Should skin moisture levels increase during the second month of the experiment, the results would support a correlation between water consumpti
Introduction Prison gangs are organized types of criminal movements that are run either by or in coordination with those who are in prison. According to the gang investigator in the United States, they are more organized than the street gangs. Communication is made in or to the prison through several means, namely, telephone in some states, coding where the mail is monitored, and even artwork or visits. Carlson has pointed out that some of these gangs depend on the street contacts with family members, girlfriends, and neighborhood. Smuggling of contrabands and other crimes may be hard to counteract and may not come to an end shortly unless stringent measures are adopted, because some of the channels of distribution and activity such as connecting with family members may be nearly impossible to eliminate. Those in prison sometimes recruit companions still on the streets to smuggle drugs into visiting rooms, and young women who often were former lovers of inmates and who they fathered children with (according to street-level gang research; qt. in Carlson & Garret (1999)). These women, jobless and in need of money to pay for expenses and livelihood, are threatened by the inmates (who may be backed into a corner to repay gambling and drug debts) in case of failure. Higher prices for drugs in prison (5-10 times) than the price at the street may also make dealers be encouraged to take the risk. Evolution and Existence Prison gangs emanated as a need for “protection against predatory inmates” although “racketeering, black markets and racism became factors” according to Danitz (1998). These gangs also may exist to control the illegal economy of the prison and as a way to respond to exigencies of prison life according to Conly, National Institute of Justice (U.S.), and Abt Associates (1993). Prison gangs develop in prison environments and sore of increase in disturbances in prison such as that experienced in the United States in the early 1990s (soar by 400% in the disturbances) may point to more prison gang activity, according to authorities of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Those gang members who are formerly street gang members come out from prison “more sophisticated and more dangerous because they aren’t as easily detected” according to Buentello (qt. in Danitz, 1998). Drug gangs have participated in the growing hostility between the police and the criminal groups and this may result in the exposure of police to attacks. For example, according to Bolm, 55 police officers were killed in 2005 while in the line of duty. While some prison gangs like the Texas Syndicate can protect their members from attack by other members, some others are friendly and have formed alliances. Prison officials have indicated that they identify gang mem
Reading is a rather important part of the further education and forming of the personality of young children. If a child has no reading skills, consequently he or she can not adequately communicate and develop as far as education is based on writing and reading skills. Reading, in its turn, consists of several elements some of which are to be discussed in this paper. Phonemic Awareness and Phonics Instruction are the initial stages for every child to start acquiring reading skills, and these are namely the points we are going to examine in this essay. The paper will be based upon the National Reading Panel (NRP) report that, according to the program of Congress, studied a lot of research in the field of reading instruction so that to increase the number of children with well-developed reading skills. To start with, let us state that phonemic awareness can be taught and learned. But to understand its importance it will not be out of place to define phonemic awareness: “Phonemic Awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds—phonemes—in spoken words.” (NRP, p. 1) Thus, it can be taught to children by means of examples and practical exercises, and it can undoubtedly be learned by children who get interested in reading and who are attentive in class. Phonemic awareness, besides everything else, helps children in learning to read. As far as it is concerned with identifying separate sounds, it helps children to identify them in words, associate with certain graphical symbols, and read with proper pronunciation. Consequently, spelling is also affected by phonemic awareness because children are to memorize not only the sound form of a phoneme but its graphical representation. To make the phonemic awareness instruction more effective, it is better to carry out this course using examples from sounds of the language combined with the letters of the alphabet. This will allow children to learn sound and graphical forms of the phonemes and succeed in reading and spelling. Needless to say, that is better to teach children using one or two approaches to phoneme manipulations that are the easiest. This allows children to get a good command of the approaches and not to be confused about which to choose. Besides, children get more profound knowledge, while if numerous approaches are taught none of them is considered in enough detail (NRP, pp. 1 – 53). As the logical continuation of phonemic awareness, phonic instruction is taught to children as the guide to the relations between graphemes and phonemes. This instruction teaches children to see the above-mentioned relations and use them to read and write words and further on more complicated units of language like sentences and texts. The use of systematic phonic instruction programs proved to be the most effective way of teaching in phonic instruction. Systematic programs teach sets of relations of sounds and letters and are properly structured. Moreover, systemati
Impossible Foods is a US-based company that provides customers with vegetarian products that taste similar to meat but are healthier both for the person eating them and the Earth. Exclusively plant-based, their products are prepared using less than half of the greenhouse emissions, water, and land when compared to similar meat-based productions. The company regards meat as a significant symbol of the American culture, and its primary goal is to provide customers with the same item that is less environmentally harmful. As it concerns internal situation analysis, the company’s accessibility both through restaurants and retail shops, uniqueness, healthy lifestyle, and sustainability appeal, as well as eco-conscious approach are strengths. However, the weaknesses of the company are the lack of an established reputation as a trustworthy vegetarian brand and a narrow target market that is hard to expand. From an external perspective, the company faces threats like competition from similar brands, fluctuating price of supplies, and a possibility of a vegetarian trend to decline over time, resulting in less interest in the products. However, the opportunities for the business are to expand internationally, attract customers of other segments, and spread awareness about the environment, fulfilling the mission statement. Selected Target Market Profile The target market has been identified using differentiated segmentation strategies from the demographic, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. The targeted customers of Impossible Foods are 18-35-year-old representatives of the Millennial Generation, with college or upper education and professional occupation. Given Impossible Foods’ pricing, the income of the potential customer is middle to high. The target market is also characterized as psychologically motivated to take care of the environment while staying loyal to the traditions. As the company’s products are relatively unique, potential consumers have high-risk, novelty-seeking personalities. In regards to social and cultural background, the business targets middle to upper-class single or young married Americans. Description of Target Market Decision Making Process The Impossible Foods target market decision-making process is unique for its need recognition, pre-purchase search, and alternatives’ evaluation. Firstly, the target market representatives acknowledge the desire for a vegetarian meal. However, they also note that meat is an irreplaceable ingredient in many culturally iconic meals. The gap between the actual state of hunger and the desired state of having an authentic, yet meatless dish widens, provoking the customer to move to the next step of seeking an alternative (Da Costa Birchal et al. , 2018). During the pre-purchase search, they seek information from various resources. Given the social media presence of Impossib
The family is the basic unit of the society and is primarily composed of the parents and their children. The family structure is made up of the executive subsystem and the sibling subsystem. The executive subsystem consists of the parents (husband and wife) while the sibling subsystem is comprised of the children. Within this setting, there are usually invisible boundaries that separate the two subsystems and dictate how the two should relate and how they should not relate. There are usually unspoken rules about what the two groups should engage in. These boundaries are important since they ensure that the different groups carry out their respective activities while maintain the connection to each other. The family has a hierarchical structure that is made up of the parents at the top and the children below them. Healthy marriages assume the husband and the wife as equals. They should be united and their relationship should be at the top of their priorities. The children stem from the unity and love between the husband and wife. Children should not dictate how the parents should go about with parenting or prevent them from seeing themselves as a couple. On the other hand, the parents should not neglect their children’s needs due to their romantic relationship. The children should respect the hierarchical structure in order to maintain healthy relationships with the parents and ensure harmony in the home. Sometimes, boundaries may be weak and this may be seen in the way the different systems interrelate with each other. For example, a mother who constantly calls her children while at the workplace in order to instruct them to do their duties may show an over-involvement with the sibling subsystem. Another example is a husband who is always too quick to inform his mother whenever he has an argument with his wife. This is an indication of a weak boundary between the immediate family an