ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background The term media generally refers to the different ways of communication. Written sources were the earliest forms of mass communication. Many forms of media are employed to deliver messages to the masses and the notable among them are the magazines, newspaper, radio, television, video, internet and mobile phones. The radio, T.V. and video came into being at the end of the first half of the last century. Over the years, major changes have been witnessed in the field of communication especially with the entrance of computers in mid 1950,s which gradually ushered in communication using the internet, blogs and podcasts. It is my view that in this 21st century, for anyone wishing to communicate a message to a large number of people, one should consider the recent social news networks like facebook, twit
One of the important key passages in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown is an exclamation that the main character makes while lost in the dark and mysterious forest. At the story’s beginning, the reader is introduced to Goodman Brown’s innocent and pretty wife, Faith. While her name does not sound uncommon for the reader, the main character refers to her specifically as “my love and my Faith” (Hawthorne, 2012, p. 24). Indeed, the sunrise setting in the farewell scene adds to the contrast between the wife’s godly character and the darkness of the main character’s upcoming journey. Leaving the wife for the gloomy forest with a suspicious unnamed companion, Goodman Brown regrets his decision, but the other man ensures that everything will be fine with his wife. After witnessing the deviltry of his companion’s conversation with a woman who used to teach Goodman Brown catechism, he is confused and hears a sound that resembles his wife’s voice. The key passage that reveals the most important point of the plot is sourced in Goodman Brown’s desperate cry that his “Faith is gone” (Hawthorne, 2012, p. 30). In this passage, the reader finally becomes familiar with the fact that the main character’s wife, Faith, represents the main character’s religious beliefs and faith in Christianity. As a good Christian, Goodman Brown was afraid to leave his wife at home alone, meaning that he was afraid to put his religion under question. The reader gets familiar with the author’s main idea that Goodman’s journey represents an allegory of the Christian soul. At the moment where Goodman Brown is lost in the forest of confusion, he hears the voice of his wife being taken away, which represents the moment he lost his own faith. Without faith, Goodman Brown becomes distrustful, distances himself from his wife, and dies without hope. Reference Hawthorne, N. (2012). Young Goodman Brown and other short stories. Courier Corporation.
Though important, the organizational development practice (OD) has not been well defined in scholarly work and practice. Consequently, it is difficult to define the roles of the practitioners and consultants in this field (Brown & Harvey, 2015). In particular, OD goes beyond the traditional boundaries of coordination and facilitation of departmental functions. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the area is increasingly becoming important in modern organizational and public management. It requires effective, knowledgeable and dedicated OD professionals and consultants (Brown & Harvey, 2015). Therefore, the point of interest is to address the question “what are the roles and styles of an OD practitioner/consultant?” Scholarly literature has used different types of descriptions for the practitioner, including advisor, coach, designer, facilitator, consultant, partner, diagnostician, expert, process specialist and a number of others (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). It is worth noting that these roles can be practiced as an external consultant or within the human resource department or section (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). Regardless of the description used, the reality is that the roles of an OD practitioner are varied and its primary aim is to help clients improve the effectiveness of developing their organizations. In addition, the practice is humanistic in nature, which makes the roles and practice relational based (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). One of the main roles of the OD practitioner in the modern context is to aid organizational leaders to foster effective organizational alignment (Brown & Harvey, 2015). In this case, they act to help an organization become responsive to the environment in which it operates. The OD practitioner or consultant must be part of the team that aligns the
Role of financial institutions Financial institutions play a significant role in the economy. Most importantly, they facilitate the flow of funds between households and companies. The absence of these institutions would imply that corporations will directly approach households for funds. However, this may not be practical in a real-life situation. Therefore, financial institutions play a significant intermediary role between savers (households) and users (companies). This role benefits both households and firms by reducing the cost of information. Apart from the brokerage function, the institutions also play the role of asset transformation. In this case, they sell their securities, which are designed to attract households and use the earnings to buy securities for corporations. Therefore, the absence of these institutions may create some economic hindrances that will curtail the flow of funds between households and firms. The first hindrance is the inability of the household to monitor the activities of firms. Monitoring function gives the savers some assurance that their funds are properly invested. This role is vital, though costly, time-consuming, and requires skilled workers. Thus, households would prefer this activity to be carried out by others (Siddiqui, 377). Lack of monitoring will increase the risk of the flow of funds from households to corporate. Another hindrance that may arise due to the absence of financial institutions is the cost of liquidity. Generally, corporate debt and equity are long-term in nature. Households will shy away from the long-term investment in these assets irrespective of the returns due to the risks involved. Savers would prefer short-term investment in a scenario where there are no financial intermediaries. This is likely to cause liquidity problems in the financial market. Finally, the absence of financial intermediaries is likely to result in a high cost of transaction due to information asymmetry. This is due to the fact that users do not have adequate information about the lenders (Satija 402). Characteristics of money Money facilitates the smooth running of the economy due to the following characteristics. First, money can easily be divided into small parts, wh
Introduction Local and state government share, or at least should share, a common goal of serving the citizens who chose them to represent and protect their interests at a strategically higher level. According to Bowman and Kearney (2016), “The story of state and local governments over the past two decades has been one of transformation. They have shed their backward ways, reformed their institutions and emerged as capable and proactive” (p. 23). The message the authors send by this quotation is that of a positive nature. The relationships between two levels of authority are multifaceted, and the extent of that relationship needs to be studied in further detail. The topic is rather relevant to the course topic due to the fact that many decisions depend on the proper collaboration of the two levels of authority. Given that, in this paper, the statement will be analysed, discussed and applied to Atlanta’s realities including NPOs. Analysis Local and state governments exist interdependently. In the country as big as the United States which uses a federative-democratic model of governance and decision-making, the division for local, state, and federal branches is only natural. Each state has at least one representative on a federal level in the face of two senators and from one to several representatives in the lower chamber of the legislative branch. At a state level, each state has its governor who is tasked with legislation, and execution. At the local level, the government is authorized to a limited functionality such as law enforcement, penitentiary management, building codes, et cetera. It appears that no conflicts should arise, as the states’ interests are already being represented and defended at the federal level and the state represents the interests of counties. Yet, Bowman and Kearney (2014) specifically mention the timeframe of the past two decades, which means that before that, there were certain clashes of ideas between the two levels of authority. One of the reasons for disagreements is the bipartisan system adopted in the U.S. The two parties often have different or opposing views on certain bills and try to veto or overrule them. State bills can be overruled by federal ones, and local bills – by state ones. This situation creates a battlefield of ideas. For instance, Republican majority in 2017 overruled the decision of local Democrats to increase the minimum wage in Missouri (Jamieson, 2017). In Atlanta, GA, a democratic city, and state, there were almost
It is clear through the literature that has come to man, that philosophers started being increasingly concerned with the task of justifying the possibility, and therefore, the credibility of human knowledge of the entire world. This is as opposed to the investigation of the latter’s nature. This is true, at least since the time of the Stoics and Epicurus. Possibly, this might have been a matter of gradual change in interests rather than an epistemological revolution. Suggestions are rive that the change should apparently be interpreted as both the cause and consequence of the well known historical development of ancient skepticism. Moreover, there is a specific feature of their new epistemological trend. The validity of human knowledge was discussed by Hellenistic philosophers by concentrating on the reliability of their criterion as a means both whereby and according to which knowledge of the intrinsic nature of the world would be gained in the long run. Historically, the problem of criterion has concerned a combination of interwoven questions on the nature of knowledge and also on the possibility of establishing its nature without necessarily begging the question. Consequently, it cannot just be equated to, but rather includes the meta-epistemological problem of the diallelus- the vicious circle. In addition, there is a twofold nature of the criterion, that is, as a method according to which one may test knowledge and as an instrument through which one obtains the knowledge in the first place. Therefore, the diallelus was meant to be an argument that was both against the possibility of knowledge and also against the possibility of a theory of knowledge. This means it was meant to be against the knowledge in all its expressions, which include that of an epistemology. Indeed, the wider context of the problem of the criterion should not prevent us from observing the diallelus challenges the possibility of formulating a theory of knowledge without necessarily begging the initial question. Roderick M. Chisholm is one of the most outstanding American epistemologists. The contribution he made through the various arguments in th
Concept Map Nursing Care Priorities The importance of composing individual patient plans for providing adequate nursing care has been widely recognized within recent decades (Model, 2015). A particularly significant component of nursing care planning is prioritizing, i.e. defining to which aspects of care nursing care providers should pay special attention in certain patient cases. The complications of planning have been acknowledged, especially in the area of addressing patients’ medical backgrounds and relating nursing plans for particular treatment to other health problems that a patient may have. In the presented case of a diabetic foot ulcer, part of nursing care planning work is identifying connections among various elements of the patient’s treatments, such as pathophysiological patient experiences, causes and risk factors, and clinical manifestations (see Concept Map). Understanding the connections is a prerequisite for a comprehensive examination of the patient case. Prioritizing nursing care providers’ courses of actions is based on a combination of a theoretical approach (nursing diagnosing) and a practical approach (nursing interventions). In Juan Carlos’ case, a particularly important intervention needed for ensuring the best heath outcomes for the patient is related to monitoring vital indicators. With the history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, the patient requires constant attention to the blood sugar level, blood pressure, and vital signs. Another priority that is required to ensure that these indicators are sustained at an appropriate level is associated with nutrition. Nurses should provide the patient with the necessary amounts of proteins and carbohydrates for controlling the blood glucose level (Lehne & Rosenthal, 2014). Finally, from the patient’s behavior prior to being admitted, it can be concluded that Mr. Carlos may experience difficulties accepting the need for treatment, which is why patient engagement should be among nursing care priorities, too (Graffigna, Barello, Libreri, & Bosio, 2014), to support the patient and his family during the intervention period.
The media have always played a crucial role in many aspects of life. Journalists reflect events happening in the world in a form suited to mass consumption. While individuals have preferences concerning the types of media they may peruse, all agree that they desire true and unbiased information. Unfortunately, it is often the case that data passed to the public bear a marked difference from the actual version of events. The present paper will focus on the connections between the media and democracy through reflecting on the major issues and concerns such as a free press, fake news, citizen journalism, and more. Technically, the freedom of the press is supposed to be protected at the governmental level. In the United States, this freedom is declared in the First Amendment to the Constitution (Campbell et al. 433). However, as numerous examples indicate, the conditions set forth in the Constitution are not always reflected in reality. Often, journalists’ attempts to depict events that play out in the country’s political life meet obstacles from the rich and powerful. Sometimes, the news, if told just as it happened, might show an important person in the “wrong” light, and reporters are not allowed to tell the true story. Thus, it is not possible to say that the freedom of the press is sufficiently protected in the United States since journalists do not always have an opportunity to present the real facts. The free press plays a vital role in society. In one article, Caroline Little noted that a country’s democracy is contingent on the independence of the media. It would be difficult to argue with this opinion since, without a democratic press, a democratic state would be unlikely to survive. When journalists have the privilege to depict events in an unbiased way, othe
Introduction Various developments have been seen in the chronological evolution of man. The increasing brain capacity during the past developments of man led to more ability of man to make tools that could be used for various services. It is important to realize, from the prehistoric times, that while other animals concentrated in ways of surviving in the natural world endowed with different resources, man has been in a constant struggle to shape the natural resources to suit his interest. The need to develop defensive mechanisms by man can be traced back to the prehistoric times. Homo erectus or the “upright man” made cleavers and hand axes that were used for hunting of prey and protection against predators (Bentley & Ziegler, 3). This man also invented fire and realized that it could also be used to scare away other animals. With these developments, man could exercise more control over the world’s natural resources. He pioneered different parts leading to the distribution of this species to different parts in the world. The need to develop protective mechanisms continued with the man’s evolution into the modern man. There emerged organized groups for purposes like communal hunting and gathering of fruits. With the development of languages of communication, a need to have groups of individuals organized into some collective system with some leader, and the various other societal factors that were seen to be influencing human behavior, there has been an increasing need by these units to have protection from external attack from other neighboring/ rival units. The differences that were witnessed in the way of life of the early man and that of modern man are also evident in the types of weapons that they developed. The early man in the Stone Age period developed tools from stone carvings. Then followed the wooden age with tools developed from woodcarvings. This developed into use of metals, in the Iron Age in 1700-1500 B.C (East west dialogue, para.24) for making tools like knives, spears, bows, and arrows with latter developments that are witnessed currently. With increased civilization, tools that are more modern were developed by man in various parts of the world. The civilization was, however, not even. Some parts of the world developed faster than the others did in terms of technology. Thesis Statement The increasing intelligence of man led to his invention of better ways of survival. This led to development of weapons for human protection that led to the increasing desire by different nations to conquer and rule the whole world, resulting into wars that have been witnessed among nations since the medieval times. As a result, early civilization in a nation often results in conflicts between the members of the nation that can lead to decrease in development rates. China in the medieval period The medieval period is viewed differently by different scholars regarding the beginnin
“Lord Jim” is a novel by Joseph Conrad which was first published in 1900. The story is believed to be based on true events despite the author’s denying this. The novel is divided into two parts. The first part describes Jim (the author never mentions his surname) who becomes first mate on the Patna, a ship by means of which the pilgrims travel to Mecca; during an accident Jim and other members of the crew have to abandon the ship together with its passengers. This part is important for it shows Jim’s true essence: he has always wanted to be a hero but due to his cowardice, he never managed to become one. The second part describes Jim’s rise, his further life, and strivings to redeem himself. In the course of his life, Jim encounters two other people, Stein and Brierly; these two characters help the reader realize what kind of person Jim is because they can be easily contrasted to him. Stein and Brierly are foils for Jim in the novel “Lord Jim” because their character traits are completely opposite to Jim’s; contrasting these three figures allows understanding each of them better. Jim is the central character of the book who has to undergo many severe trials and whose life ruins after the mysterious incident on the Patna. Jim is a romantic character; he is an idealist who always aspires for greatness but whose e
The final book of Plato’s Republic is a profoundly philosophical literary masterpiece defining politics. The central problem identified in the book is justice leading the reader to start reassessing their values and points of view. Upon reading Republic, it is clear that Plato intends to establish the picture that justice exists not only through a psychological prism but also as a behavioral pattern. Further, the essay will review the Book X of Republic, focusing on the main themes that have impressed and impacted me. The first impressive philosophical postulate stated in the Book X of Republic is Socrates’ theory of the three levels in the world at which phenomena occur. The author talks about God on the first level, creating the bed as an idea, carpenter imitating God’s vision of making the same bed, and the poet or painter imitating the carpenter’s bed (Plato, 375 B.C.). It is a fundamental theory defining society, and with the theme continuing throughout the book, the reader reconceptualizes their place and purpose in the community. Personally, I realized that there are creators and imitators, where it is essential to become the person of influence who will create and lead people after, to accomplish rather than think of accomplishments. Another unique theme from Book X is Socrates’ theory about the afterlife and reward. He states that the primary rewards of a person come only in the afterlife, giving an example of El – a soldier who came back to life (Plato, 375 B.C.). The philosopher argues that the soul is indestructible by evil, living on further after the body’s death. Such statement makes me reconsider death, and the theory of the soul being immortal led me to looking at this inevitable event from another point of view. Thus, Republic. Book X presents several philosophical themes that push the reader to reconsider certain fundamental concepts, including the purpose and goal of life and death. Upon reading and further deepening my knowledge and critical thinking skills, the influence of Plato’s writing is tremendous, significantly expanding my view on the most vital concept – life and its purpose. Each person is responsible for their own choice in life, thus defining their future and just or unjust living, being a creator or the imitator. Reference Plato. (375 B.C.). The Republic . MIT. Web.
Modelling decisions help companies to judge correctly regarding issues that involve both quick decisions and long term decisions. Bechtel is an electrical company that has several business units including civil infrastructure, communication and transmission, mining, metal, oil, gas, chemical, power, and US Government services. Each of these units has their own responsibilities and production that generates income to the company. Some of the problems the company is presumed to have included issues to do with optimization of their sales of goods and services and reducing their cost of production. Computer models can easily be used to help make decision towards achieving a low cost of production and maximizing on income. The option of pricing can also be solved by coming up with a comprehensive model. With these models in place, Bechtel will definitely increase their overall revenue. Besides the pricing and timing optimization models, the worker scheduling model will increases the company’s overall output in terms of labour force which reflects in the overall revenue achieved by the company. Building this models only require a computer that has spreadsheets. The spreadsheets have mathematical functions that can help to work out and solve the problem mathematically. By doing so, the company is able to identify alternatives for basing decisions. Modelling makes it less costly for the company to analyse some of the decisions made and deliver any necessary information needed quicker as it is easier to trace the source of