ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The household consumer in any market ratifies and validates the sales and profit margins of the firms. The household consumer is the target for the goods and services availed in the market. The other concepts involved in the market equilibrating process include the production cost, market price, demand and supply, elasticity and market equilibrium. The cost of production refers to the out of the pocket expenses incurred by the farmer towards availing a product or a service in the market. It combines both labor and capital intensive expenditures. The market price refers to the value for which the suppliers and consumers are willing to exchange goods and services. The cost of services and products become determined in the market as buyers and sellers interact. The sellers become sensitive that the market price includes their profit margin. Buyers become careful that the market price is not excessive. Demand and supply forces control the market economies. Demand refers to the number of people willing to buy a product or service from the suppliers. Market demand is the sum of all individual demands for services and products in a given market. Supply refers to the quantity or amount of services and products that are available to be purchased by the buyers. The market supply subsequently refers to the sum of all the goods and services available for sales in the market. Market demand and market supply cannot be fixed. They are elastic. Market elasticity for both demand and supply refers to the dynamic shifts in the amount of goods available for sales and the number of available buyers willing to purchase goods and services. This means that a well functioning market can experience both an increase and decrease in the goods supplied and demanded. Market equilibrium refers to the point at which everyone in the market is happy to make purchases at the prevailing price. Both buyers and sellers become satisfied (Adil, 2006). How do the market equilibrating concepts affect trading activities in a well functioning market? Changes in demand and supply affect how trading happens in the market economies. Supply can either be large or small. Supply becomes bigger when there is a variety in the choices of goods and services. When the choices become fewer, supply becomes small. Demand can be classified as either high or low. When the market has more buyers for a commodity the demand becomes higher and vice versa. The interaction between demand and supply affect the prevailing market price. Sometimes goods and services have a high demand and a small supply forcing buyers to spend more money on the fewer commodities. This means that the market price will be high. Other times the amount of goods and services will be large while the market demand is low. This means that the quantity of products in the market exceeds the number of available buyers. The prevailing market price inevitably goes low as suppliers lower prices to stay in business. Other times the amount of goods and service supplied in the market matches the existing demand. This causes the market to stabilize. The price in the market reaches an equilibrium state. This mean
Introduction The silent era was a period linking 1980 and 1930. It was characterized by implausible improvement in sound technology. This revolutionized the fast growing cinema industry. The art of animation was noticeable during this period since it moved from canvas picture presentations to live acts. Human beings wore adorned costumes bearing insects and animal resemblance. Several actors and directors are credited with this evolution. These include Wladyslaw Starewicz and Walt Disney. This paper compares and contrasts the lives and works of these individuals since they are the animation kings of the twentieth century. Early life “Wladyslaw Starewicz was born in Poland in the late 1800s” (Wladislaw [sic] Starewicz: Animation Pioneer par 1).Several variations of the accounts of his early living exist. He studied at the institution of “Fine Arts in St Petersburg in Russia” in the early 1900s (Wladislaw [sic] Starewicz: Animation Pioneer par 1). After his studies, he commenced his work as an animator. Starewicz claims to have started his animation work while operating as an administrator at a museum. According to Walt Disney “Walt Disney was born on 5 December 1901 in Chicago Illinois, USA”. As a small boy, the family moved to Missouri, which is reputed to have the muse and replica for the focal street of Disneyland. There is where he started going to school and first expressed the feel and aptitude for artistry through painting with crayons and watercolors. Despite of his unclear backgrounds, by 1910 Starewicz started to make motion pictures that the world had not witnessed. He utilized his knowledge and in-depth interest in insects to make movies that starred the denizens of the natural world in Aesopian style mo
Introduction Skepticism, as a philosophical relationship, subjects to doubt the possibility to obtain any kind of knowledge. One of the most extraordinary thoughts about skepticism was formulated by David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, historian and an economist. This paper analyzes some of Hume’s arguments of skepticism regarding the unobserved, along with addressing some of philosophical concepts about science and human understanding. A Priori knowledge A priori – is a philosophical term that has an important meaning in the cognitive theory, especially in Kant’s philosophy. This term could be defined as the knowledge that was obtained independently of the experience initially inherent to consciousness. As an opposite of this term, a posteriori is the knowledge that is based on the experience. In forming the difference of these two terms, a priori knowledge can be represented as the proposed and nonnegotiable truth, or the knowledge that is based on instincts where it could be said that stepping from a cliff would result in falling of a person, is a priori, whereas stepping from a cliff would result in the person to be killed, is a posteriori knowledge. According to Hume, the relation of cause and effect is entirely based on experience and thus can be considered a posteriori. Relations among Ideas and Matters of Facts Based on Hume, the objects that can be subjects of observation and analysis can be divided into two groups based on their relations to ideas or facts. Propositions of relations of ideas are related only to the matter of thinking and logical observation, whereas the propositions of relations of facts are based on the relations of cause and effect, which can be as a posteriori knowledge based on experience. In giving examples of those two connections, it should be noted the similarity to the concepts of a prioiri and a posteriori. Sciences such as mathematics and physic are based on finding the relations between the objects, along with economics where the possible cause of the objects can be demonstrated, e.g. equation of difference of squares or the area of a rectangular. Another example based on Hume the relations of facts that come from experience, thus the results cannot be a priori, and laws of physics for example are concluded through experiments. According to Hume, neither of these relations can lead to knowing or predicting a
Memento is a film written and directed by Christopher Nolan about a man named Leonard Shelby, seeking revenge for the rape and murder of his wife. He himself was injured in the crime committed as he tried to save his wife, causing him brain damage that resulted in ‘severe anterograde memory dysfunction’ or short-term memory loss. He is unable to create new memories and the only memories retained in him are those that happened right before his injury. He copes with his condition by taking Polaroid pictures of people or things he encounters and scribbles notes on them and keeps them in his pockets to remind him of what happened with the picture. He also writes notes to himself on paper as well as tattoos of important information on his body such as the name of the man he is looking for, his car plate number, among others. He is searching for the culprit because he believes that the police investigation of the crime was unsuccessful. The movie raises so many questions about the personal identity of Leonard because the present Leonard is very much different from the old one because of his condition. It is this paper’s goal to discuss if indeed Leonard’s personal identity has been lost or has just been changed due to his condition. Short-term memory dysfunction makes Leonard vulnerable to the corruption of people who take advantage of him because he does not remember what he says or does even if it was only about a quarter of an hour ago. One example is Teddy, a former police officer who knows that Leonard already killed his wife’s murderer, does not remember, and is still in pursuit of the criminal for revenge. He takes the opportunity to use Leonard and his drive for revenge by telling him he will help Leonard find the killer, but in truth, will involve Leonard in a drug deal and push him to kill the drug dealer by telling him he was the killer of his wife. Another character in the movie is Natalie who uses Leonard to avenge the death of her boyfriend (the drug dealer), not knowing that it was Leonard himself who actually killed him. Leonard keeps referring to Sammy Jankins, who has the same condition as he does. Leonard relates that Sammy’s wife, desperate for him to be back to normal, thought he was just faking the condition. She tested if Sammy would think twice in giving her insulin shots repeatedly within a few minutes which was a deadly risk on her part. However, Sammy still gave her multiple shots, which is evidence that his memory dysfunction was real. Whereas the old Leonard was successful and happily married, the current Leonard has been turned into a cold-blooded killer. Has he changed into a totally different person because of the traumatic experience he had? Has his identity been altered by his past? Or does his personal identity remain to be the same despite his condition? Locke claims that personal identity includes what a person stands for, the same beliefs, considerations and thinking regardless of time or place. All these are embedded in the conscio
Introduction Human sexuality is a complex subject that involves biological, social, cultural, and religious factors. Historically, human sexuality had been viewed from the perspective of human reproduction. However, as the science of sociology advances, and people learn more about how social and cultural environments shape our behavior, beliefs, and attitudes, more possibilities emerge in viewing human sexuality from varying perspectives. Science and technology today allow people to express sexuality according to how they perceive themselves. For instance, it is possible to switch gender, and this possibility divided the terms sex and gender into two separate concepts. This paper will discuss a news article which tells the story of Gavin Grimm, who is a transgender person discriminated against based on his sexuality. The exploration of the story will provide an opportunity to discuss human sexuality within the context of contemporary culture and sociology. Summary of What Happened Gavin Grimm, in 2016, was a senior high school student in Gloucester County School when he decided to become a transgender person. After several surgeries that reconstructed his chest and hormone therapy, he obtained a birth certificate that declared him a male (Crump, 2020). Before continuing with his education, he also attained a court order, which stated that the birth certificate is valid and that Grimm is legally a male person (Crump, 2020). Despite these documents, the school board decided to restrict Gavin from using the boys’ school bathroom (Crump, 2020). Grimm decided to sue the school board, and the judge ruled in favor of the transgender student (Crump, 2020). The court said the school board had a discriminatory policy that was “against transgender students based on their gender nonconformity” (Crump, 2020, para. 5). The school Board, however, appealed, saying Grimm had not undergone sex reassignment surgery, which technically made him a female (Crump, 2020). The hearing has not ended and is currently taking place remotely. Through the Prism of Social Construct of Sexuality Traditionally, sex and gender had been interchangeable terms because essential perspectives on human sexuality were based on biological factors. In other words, when a human is born, he or she has a gender that is given biologically (Lehmiller, 2017). However, if human sexuality is viewed through the prism of social construction, then gender and sex become two separate concepts (Simon, 2017). Sex, in this context, is defined by biological characteristics that are given when people are born. On the other hand, gender encompasses social and cultural variations linked to having particular sex (Simon, 2017). When exploring Crump’s (2020) article within the context of the mentioned ideas, it is possible to say that Grimm, despite having female sex upon birth, felt she had a male gender. Contemporary texts on sociology draw a definite line between the terms sex and gender. Scientists also emphasize that biologically-given sex may not correspond to associated gender. Therefore, the situation of Grimm is not extraordinary –
Introduction Pain management is a part of nursing practice as almost all health conditions are associated with pain of different intensity. Pain management is one of the priorities in cancer treatment as chemotherapy, which is still one of the primary treatment methods causes considerable pain and has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life (Shin, Mitchell, Mannion, Smolyn, & Meghani, 2019). The suggested study aims at addressing the following PICOT question: In cancer patients(P), how does Cannabidiol (CBD) (I) compared with opioids (C) affect pain(O) over chemotherapy treatment? (T) Essence It is essential to identify the most appropriate timeframe for the project in order to make sure that the study is effective and relevant. The timeframe of the study should be sufficient to obtain the target outcomes, but it cannot be too long as prolonged projects are related to the considerable financial investment. Healthcare facilities often have limited budgets, so expensive projects can be an unacceptable burden. However, it is also important to make sure that the project’s duration is sufficient for the occurrence of major outcomes of the suggested treatment. Moreover, the issue is rather urgent, and effective treatment strategies are needed in oncological departments. The use of cannabis is characterized by quite rapid relief of pain and patients’ improved quality of life (Ramesh, 2017). It can be effective to implement the project for sixty days. One-month is rather a short period as such chronic conditions as cancer require the long-term use of certain medication. This period may be needed for the manifestation of side effects if any. As far as the expected outcomes of the treatment are concerned, these are manifold as cannabinoids are linked to diverse effects on people’s health and quality of life. Clearly, the primary outcome to be expected is substantial pain relief. The most desirable outcome is complete relief, although limited effects can also be regarded as a positive result since current opioid-based treatment plans often reduce painful sensations partially (Palace & Reingold, 2019). Cannabinoids have proved to be effective drugs in many clinical settings, especially when it comes to chronic conditions (Shin et al., 2019). The suggested treatment is likely to result in patients’ improved quality of life as they will be able to manage pain effectively. The growing rate of people developing addictions to prescribed opioids is another problem the suggested treatment can address. Opioids are associated with the develo
Introduction The same-sex marriage debate has over the past decade evoked diverse comment and political turmoil as people argue both for and against it. This uproar has emerged since making gay marriages legal would require constitutional amendments that would redefine marriage. Marriage is traditionally understood to exclusively mean the union between two members of the opposite sex in a ceremony that is recognized by both the political and religious organs of our country. However, the past decades have witnessed a rise in calls for a definition of marriage that includes same-sex couples. These calls have been propelled by the fact that gay relationships are experiencing a high level of acceptance today and the society no longer views homosexuality as inherently evil. In spite of this, there is still a lot of opposition to legalizing gay marriages and in many states, gay marriages are not recognized. Before the twenty-first century, no nation had ever legalized same-sex marriage but this situation changed from 1989 when some European nations created civil unions and since 2001, same-sex marriages have become a reality in some countries. This paper will argue that it is unfair for gays and lesbians to be denied the right to marry and as such, there should be a constitutional amendment that allows them to legally marry. Why Gays should be allowed to Marry Advocates of same-sex marriage demonstrate that since the primary goal of marriage is to give social recognition to two people who have an intimate relationship, exclusion of same-sex couples is tantamount to discrimination. This discrimination makes it impossible for same-sex couples to enjoy a fulfilling life with their partners. Peplau and Adam assert that the love and satisfaction that comes about from relationships is experienced by same-sex couples in the same manner that it is by heterosexual ones (405). The discriminatory laws that society once enacted against gays and lesbians were fueled by the belief that same-sex relationships were a threat to the moral fiber of the society. Since these views are no longer held and people have come to appreciate the fact that same-sex couples can play significant positive roles in society, they should not be denied marriage. Volokh demonstrates that while the government is adamant in its policy against discrimination, same-sex couples continue to be discriminated against by being denied the right to enter into marriage (1157). In addition to this, while the government insists that it does not take a stand against gay unions, it is reluctant to take proactive action to ensure that gay and lesbian couples live a life free from harassment by those who hold strong an
Introduction Intimate partner violence has a damaging impact on interpersonal relationships. Female victims of physical, emotional, or sexual assault perpetrated by an intimate partner usually suffer prolonged trauma and generalized anxiety whenever they encounter actions or conditions reminiscent of the abuse. Domestic violence not only affects the recipient’s physical and mental health, but it also disorients them socially in the long term. Post-traumatic relationship syndrome (PTRS), a novel trauma-based syndrome, affects victims of sexual, physical, and emotional violence committed by a close partner (Vandervoort & Rokach, 2006). It resembles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) in terms of emotional reactions and recurrent memories, but does not elicit avoidance symptoms associated with PSTD. Past studies have examined various aspects of trauma resulting from intimate partner abuse and its impact on relationships. One rationale for characterizing PTRS as a distinctive trauma-based syndrome is that clients manifest symptoms that are different from those of PSTD (Vandervoort & Rokach, 2006). This means that PSTD treatment approaches that involve emotion-focused coping cannot work for PTRS, as they evoke the traumatic memories (Orzeck, 2008).). A second rationale relates to cases where some posttraumatic illnesses do not fit within the definition of PSTD. This means that some posttraumatic disorder clients may exhibit symptoms that do not meet the PSTD criteria. In addition, PTRS, unlike PSTD, involves ‘interpersonal traumatic stressors’, which have long-term effects on victims ( The Neurotypical Site , 2011). Thus, PSTR has adverse effects on clients because it occurs within the context of intimate relationships. PSTR manifests itself as intense fear, recurring experiences (intrusive symptoms), arousal symptoms, and relational symptoms (Orzeck, 2008). These symptoms affect the victims’ psychosocial functioning in subsequent interpersonal relationships. Pico-Alfonso, Echeburua, and Martinez (2008) examined the personality disorders in female victims of domestic abuse. They predicted that female victims of intimate partner violence would exhibit a range of personality disorder symptoms because such abuses are more traumatic compared to those perpetrated by non-intimate individuals. The study compared physical and emotional abuse victims (experimental group) and non-abused females (control group). The findings indicated that the abused women were more “schizoid, avoidant, and paranoid” than non-abused ones, after controlling for childhood assault (Pico-Alfonso, Echeburua, & Martinez, 2008, p. 587). These findings imply that counselors should assess female victims for the symptoms of PD before subjecting them to treatment. The writer will extend this study by examining how the PD symptoms identified affect the female victims’ subsequent intimate relationships. A comparable study by Blasco-Ros, Sanchez-Lorente & Martinez (2010) correlated the effects of physica
Literary works and societies Literary works have played an important role in human societies as they have reflected numerous epochs and have helped people to acknowledge the changes which were taking place. Notably, literary masterpieces have also been reconsidered by many generations. People often saw some works differently, whereas other works have been interpreted without any alternations. The interpretation of literary works largely depends on the major idea of the work and/or on the major purpose of the work. For instance, Auerbach states that the Bible, one of the most important books in the Western world, has been seen differently in different periods 1 . It is possible to consider this work and some other literary works created in different epochs to understand how literary works reflect specific issues of their historical moment. Auerbach’s interpretation The Bible and history As has been mentioned above, the Bible, like any other work, is a certain reflection of its epoch. There can hardly be any literary work that does not contain specific historical facts or references to these facts. As far as the Bible is concerned, it is necessary to note that the book narrates the history of humanity (or rather it’s past). Auerbach notes that the Bible’s “religious intent involves an absolute claim to historical truth” 2 . Thus, the Bible has been seen as a particular description of past events for centuries. This ‘absolute claim’ has raised many questions that have remained unanswered until now. Auerbach points out that various elements in the Bible “require subtle investigation” and even “demand” it 3 . It is also important to add that the Bible refers to various historical events, and researchers have been trying to identify specific proofs in history. Nonetheless, the Bible does not contain many facts that can be proved historically. It is possible to claim that the book is rather metaphorical. Auerbach stresses that the Bible’s “claim to truth” is “tyrannical – it excludes all other claims” 4 Notably, though it claims to be the only truth, there are far too many spots to address. This specific representation of the historical facts is closely connected with the major purpose of the book. The major point It is important to remember that the major purpose of the Bible is not to tell some stories but to guide people. The book is meant to establish “absolute authority” 5 . The Bible includes a set of norms that “seek to subject” people, and if people “refuse to be subjected” they are regarded as “rebels” 6 . It is rather difficult to object to such arguments. The Bible is very deductive. It teaches people to conduct