ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Francis Fitzgerald is America’s most famous writer, and one of his legendary works is the novel The Great Gatsby. The main idea of the work is to show the unfairness of the fate of a poor young man who cannot marry the girl he loves. Generally, there are different opinions about whether Gatsby was a fool or a genius. It is indeed a difficult question, but at the same time, he can undoubtedly be called a great man with a hard fate. One of the main characters and the narrator is Nick Carraway. It is impossible to say anything specific about this figure since, in the novel, he is more of a guide for the reader on the road of Gatsby’s destiny. First, what confirms Jay Gatsby’s greatness is his entrepreneurial spirit and determination. All his life, he loved one person, and everything he did was to win her favor; it is also noted by storyteller Nick Carraway (Fitzgerald 80). Another critical factor is that Jay was brave, which is a trait of strong and successful people. After seeing Daisy and realizing he wanted to live his life with her, he honestly told her husband (Fitzgerald 131). One must have great courage to do such things. It is an indication of respect, both for oneself and others. The last but also significant thing is recognizing the hero’s greatness is love which is a real challenge in this story. Gatsby understands this, and in addition, he accepts all tests of fate (Fitzgerald 132). A strong man realizes that one must always be prepared to deal with all aspects of life: joy, sorrow, resentment, and love. Without this, it is impossible to succeed, to become truly great. Jay Gatsby lived a hard life, he was secretive, but he kept hope in his heart that sooner or later he would be happy with Daisy. The hero may have been blinded by his newfound love and done many irrational things, but that does not make him a fool. On the contrary, a great man is first and foremost a strong man who will pursue his goals. Jay Gatsby was precisely that, and although his fate did not end in the best of ways, he did everything he could to make his lifelong dream come true. Work Cited Fitzgerald, Francis Scott. The Great Gatsby (1925) . Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953.
Iran-contra episode was a political scandal between United State and Iran in the mid 1980’s. In the scandal, weapons were sold by the U.S government to Iran where the U.S hostages who had been held in Lebanon were released. On U.S policy by then, it was not allowed to make any funding in relation to support of Contras on the Boland Amendment. Contra groups were repels of which North, who was a Marine Corps during the scandal, held partial accountability in the deal of the weapons sale to Iran which occurred through the intermediaries. The scandal represented an aberration in American foreign country. To start with, it is a representation of a policy inconsistency in America policy as there was an amendment made against such transactions where the Reagan administration discarded its official weapons to Iranians. The U.S policy held the focus on restraining communism expansion but the Reagan doctrine basing on Iran-contra episode was determined in providing assistance to them that had aligned themselves against the government through Soviet Union. In 1985, there was the authorization bill which supported the anti-communist deter groups receiving full public acknowledgement. Iran had been declared as the leading sponsor in matters related to the international terrorism. This was the reason behind the laid restrictions on sale of any weapons to Iran. The U.S officials laid the underpinning plan for dramatic policy shift in their favor towards Iran. Fighting terrorism was however recognized during the reign of Reagan as the utmost foreign policy main concern (Byrne and Kornbluh). Iran-contra episode was considered to be a leadership problem instead of foreign policy’s problems in America on its objectives. In this view, foreign policy appraisal during the reign of Reagan is then important. Putting onto the considerations of the Reagan doctrine, American military had been underscored in power during the Vietnam experience. Iran-contra episode was carried in the secrecy which involved the foreign policy procedures. The operations involved carried two main objectives which included the hostage release and support of contra repels. Upon the discovery of the operations there was legal and upheaval to the Reagan administration. This proceeded Iran-contra committee which was meant to uncover them that held full accountability of the episode so as to avoid any other illegal activities which could be related with the foreign policy in future. The Iran-contra episode brought about full illustration of how the Reagan administration fully embraced his doctrine. The episode also brought about jointly two vexing and troublesome foreign policies. One of the policies dealt with Sandinista regime which was in Nicaragua, in the view of affirmed Marxist with t
The following paper is the summary of the article Goldman Wasn’t Alone dated 23 April 2010 prepared by Matthew Philips and published online by Newsweek. The article primarily focuses on the market for synthetic collateralized debt obligations that have been becoming increasingly popular in the US resulting from the rising trends in the housing industry. The article also refers to the response made by Goldman Sachs CEO Llyod Blankfein in response to the recent case lodged against the company by the US SEC about the securities fraud involving top management of the company. The US SEC filed a civil case on April 16, 2010, suing Goldman Sachs for concealing information from other long-term investors about the assets offered to customers as part of the fund offered by the company referred to as Abacus. Abacus is a synthetic collateralized debt obligation (CDO) that was backed by assets that were considered of very poor quality. As a result of the fund collapsing its value fell drastically and two other investors German bank IKB and Dutch bank ABN AMRO lost more than $1 billion. The company responded to the charges by stating that the company itself lost more than $100 million on the risky product and the fund was in no way aimed for a failure (Philips). However, the article suggests that Goldman Sachs was not the only company that has repackaged assets as synthetic CDOs. After 9/11 the Fed reduced the interest rates that attracted millions of dollars as an investment in the housing mortgage market. However, the demand for mortgages soon exceeded the available funds and financial institutions worked on developing synthetic CDOs by repackaging credit default swaps or insurance contracts to inject a stream of liquidity back into the system for more funding of the mortgage market. The idea was picked up by banks and the market flourished significantly. The CDO market reached new heights of US$386 billion however despite expectations for it to slow down the market continued to grow (Philips). The market was fueled up by rising housing prices and more banks and other financial institutions embarking on the idea of developing synthetic CDOs to include riskier loans and then betting against these CDOs that eventua
A simple look at the website of David Hockney reveals a multi-talented artist and a pioneering attitude towards various artistic expressions. Paintings, photography, stage design, and digital works are just some of the sections that allow a more in-depth look at the work of one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century, and still active in the new millennium. Born in 1937 in Bradford, England, Hockney gained strong recognition during the Young Contemporaries exhibition at London’s RBA galleries in 1961, when he was regarded as the emerging artist of the pop art. However, though the contribution of Hockney to pop art is valuable, his work cannot be limited to just one artistic movement. The early years of the career of David Hockney are marked by intense cultural exchanges with the United States. Travels to the States were a key feature during the 1960s and contributed to shape visions and thoughts of many British artists (Hammer 1). Hockney’s trip across the States was a sort of initiation journey from New York and East Coast to California, and then through Arizona, New Mexico, and Iowa among other states. In those years, pop art was the avant-garde movement, and Hockney’s work is usually associated with it. However, his paintings can hardly be listed in just one category. For example, already in his first artworks, such as the 1951 Self Portrait and the 1957 Nude , Hockney showed strong impressionist elements. More recently, in the 2000s, Hockney painted a series of landscapes reminding of many impressionist artists (“From 1 March: Hockney – Van Gogh”). The colors utilized in More Felled Trees at Woldgate , or the strokes in the clouds of Early Blossom, Woldgate , remind of Van Gogh. Besides painting, Hockney has explored various and different art expressions. All along his artistic career, Hockney created several stage design, including Tristan und Isolde in 1987, and Turandot in 1992. During the early 1980s, Hockney used a 35mm Polaroid to create composite patchwork images. Still Life Blue Guitar and Nicholas Wilder Studying Picasso , both from 1982, belong to this period. The interest of Hockney for photography reflected the attempt of creating a landscape narrative where the viewer could experience movement and time (Adams 1). However, after some years, Hockney abandoned photography to return to painting, which offered a wider range of opportunities to deliver a coherent and personal narrative. In 2012, Hockney resumed the idea in The Biggest Picture , a movie made by three cameras which offered a personal and direct experience of the visiting of an exhibition (“Digital Movies”). The interest of Hockney for technologies led him to be again at the forefront in exploring the opportunities offered by iPhone and iPad: since the late 2000s, he utilized the br
Xunzi also known as Xun Kuang was a Chinese philosopher during the China’s classical period. He was one of the Confucian philosophers who were under the reign Emperor Xuan in China. Xunzi made significant contribution to modern philosophy because he contributed to the development of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Among many of his philosophical works is his view of human nature. According to Xunzi, people are evil in nature while their goodness is acquired through training. He states that the nature of human beings is evil from birth and possesses qualities like selfishness, anarchic, and antisocial traits. However, the society shapes and trains an individual to attain moral standards of the society. Furthermore, Xunzi argues that the society achieves this by influencing a person in a positive way. Therefore, the paper analyses the arguments presented by Augustine, Pelagius, and Zhu Xi concerning Xunzi’s view of human nature. According to Augustine, since human beings are not perfect, they are bound to make mistakes and errors. In his philosophical work titled “The City of God,” which explains how the first human beings transgressed in the Garden of Eden. Augustine elaborates the infallible human nature. He asserts that, even after God gave men the freedom to eat any other fruit in the garden and leave the one that was in the center of the garden, they still went ahead to eat the forbidden fruit; hence, making the mistake of disobedience. The “Yahist Legend,” further explains the mistake by presenting an occasion where God tells humans to eat of all the trees, which were pleasing to consume except the tree of life. According to Augustine, human beings have an imperfect nature and are bound to making mistakes. The concept is evident from what Adam and Eve did in the Garden of Eden as they committed the mistake of disobedience, and regretted their actions latter when God questioned them. In addition, Augustine notes that human beings are remorseful. After disobeying God, they became repentant as they hid and covered themselves with stitched leaves from figs. Humans remained subject to God, and thus, they received another chance of redemption through Jesus who is the son of God. However, since actions have repercussions, man and the woman received punishment from God after disobedience. In the Garden of Eden, the Adam and Eve had the freedom to eat of any tree except the tree in the center of the garden. The consequence of disobedience was death. Therefore, the man received a sentence of hard work and death as a punishment for the wrongdoing. Since God is just and merciful, he gave Adam and Eve another chance. Thus, Augustine displays human beings as infallible, remorseful, and ready for corrections. In his letters to Demetrius, Pelagius notes that the reference to the creator is paramount when determini
The book, A Child called “It”, was written by David Pelzer and was published in 1995. David writes about the horrible incidents of his childhood days, explaining the kind of torture he experiences by his mother. He describes the transition of his once happy family of mother, father and brothers into a prison like place. He narrates about how he accustoms to and struggles with painful situations at such a tender age and how he emerges as a successful person in this process. The story is praiseworthy in many ways, for it shows David’s ability to put forth a real life in a brilliant manner, attracting total involvement of its readers. Coming to details, David starts the first chapter with the happy ending of many brutalities that David suffers in the following chapters (as cited in Lahey, 2003, p. 8). In general, this kind of writing may take away the excitement of the reader, as the first chapter itself tells the conclusion of the story. However, it is remarkable that David’s presentation of each chapter from the first one makes the reader feel like as if he is closely observing the real life of a child. In place of routine enthusiasm, it creates seriousness and involvement in the story, and raises reader’s concern for the suffering child. As it is about David’s real life experience, there is apparently no scope for creativity. However, the chapter wise construction of the story, taking care to distinguish various phases of his life in the story with cautious usage of words and formats, is excellent. It shows the writer’s control on the language and narration. To be precise, the change of his mother’s attitude from loving and caring to cruel is explained through his change of calling her from ‘Mom’ to ‘Mother’, stressing the words with capitals (as cited in Lahey, 2003, p. 9). Likewise, his position in the family changing from a ‘son’, ‘the boy’ and finally to ‘it’ not only indicates the severity of torture faced by David, but also the writer’s expertise in explaining it (as cited in Lahey, 2003, p. 10, 12). In short, timing of words and phrases is well maintained. Nonetheless, David is a happy kid in the beginning, with love and affection from mother and other family members (as cited in Lahey, 2003, p. 9). Slowly, the scene turns unbearable for David, being targeted by his mother for all bad reasons. However, as David starts realizing things and struggles to get out of them, he becomes more determined to survive. With the gradual loss of family’s support, especially father’s, David grows up as self-relying. At times, he
Introduction SECI model explains various forms of knowledge creation and sharing:   * Explicit knowledge:   *        + Data, information;       + Documents;       + Records;       + Files.   * Tacit knowledge:   *        + Experience;       + Thinking;       + Competence;       + Deed. This presentation focuses on the description of the mentioned concept. In particular, such issues as the origin and the essence of the model, different knowledge conversion processes as well as advantages and limitations will be considered. More to the point, the presentation will include some real life examples to illustrate the SECI model and make it comprehensible to the viewers.   *  What is the SECI model? According to Nonaka , the originator of the model, the creation of knowledge is an abstract spiral process of interaction between explicit and implicit (tacit) knowledge, which leads to the emergence of the organisational knowledge (Tammets, 2012). In 1995, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi described a model of knowledge creation process for understanding the dynamic essence and ensuring its effective management. On the basis of the classical division of knowledge into explicit and tacit modes, the professor Nonaka assumed a theory of knowledge creation called the SECI model. The Origin of the SECI Model   * based on Polanyi’s idea of ​​the difference between implicit (tacit) and explicit knowledge (Hislop, 2013);   * Japanese business culture served as the foundation. Knowledge Conversion There are four modes of conversion:   * socialization (from tacit to tacit);   * externalization (from tacit to explicit);   * combination (from explicit to explicit);   * internalization (from explicit to tacit). Nonaka called the social processes occurring between individuals the conversion of knowledge. The creation of knowledge is a continuous process of the dynamic interaction between implicit (tacit) and obvious (explicit) knowledge. Four knowledge transformation modes interact in knowledge creation spiral. The spiral grows in scale as it moves through the organisational levels and can trigger new spirals of knowledge creation (Lindlöf, Söderberg, & Persson, 2013). In this case, there are four options for transforming one type of knowledge into another: socialisation (from tacit to tacit), externalisation (from tacit to explicit), combination (from explicit to explicit), and internalisation (from explicit to tacit). The first letters of the names of processes compose the name of the model. Socialisation, the transformation of knowledge from the tacit into the similar, implies the transmission of knowledge to other people. An example is training. For instance, tacit knowledge may include beliefs, values, ideas, and the very way of thinking – some abstract concepts that are difficult to formalise. Therefore, to implement the process of socialisation, according
Introduction Conflict, according to Karl Max and Friedrich Engels in their 1848 book The Communist Manifesto, would best be defined as a misunderstanding between two parties, a tag of war that arises specifically because of two or more antagonizing ideas. This feud could be taking place within an individual’s mind, where an individual is forced to make a decision and has two possible choices both of which could be contradicting. The conflict would be having profound yet unknown consequences and in such a case, the conflict is called intrapersonal. Another set of conflict could involve two people who work or have to work together with differing ideas and both believe that their ideas are the best and have to be employed. In such a situation, the conflict that ensues is referred to as interpersonal. Whichever the case, conflict should always be addressed well in time, before it degenerates to levels that may adversely affect the concerned individual (John, & Earl, 2001). In daily life, we are faced by conflicts of varying natures and we just have to manage them. It does not require one to live or work with people to be in a conflict. Conflicts emerge within individuals and to worsen the situation, we are forced to interact with people, which end up breading more conflicts. Therefore, this leads individuals to evaluate the most important aspect of conflict, which is management. Scholars try to formulate the best ways of managing conflicts. In a study of conflicts, one decision sounds lucrative than another. This means that an individual may be tempted to follow the ones, which tend to be constructive. In this regard, people opt for choices with positive consequences, which act as the simplest way of managing interpersonal conflicts. In interpersonal conflicts, some people always sound more realistic than others meaning that their ideas are emolliated. Nature dictates that we live together in a society characterized by individuals of varying traits and opinions about life. We must learn to appreciate others and respect their feelings and way of life. It is advisable that we understand those whom we live with. In studying conflict management and theories that explain the rationale behind it, this essay is going to focus on one type of conflict. The article analyzes the scenarios that lead to conflicts. In so doing, the study is not going choice is not going to be a thin one neither is it going to be a broader one. The choice of preference is interpersonal conflict. Interpersonal conflict This type of conflict arises out of inconsistencies between two or more people working or wishing to work together. The conflict emerges due to failure by two parties to share a common view in, particularly differing interests and goals. If not properly regulated, this type of conflict would always give rise to other types of conflicts. This could be either intra group conflict or intergroup conflict. The two would always
Introduction The US economy has been rated the largest economy in the world. In 2011, its nominal gross domestic product was stipulated to be worth $15 trillion. This figure was approximated to be a quarter of the nominal gross domestic product globally. Currently, the government of the United States is working on expanding the opportunities for economic growth, an initiative expected to take two years. It takes into account the challenges faced by recent fiscal budget, aiming at reducing government spending and elimination of loopholes. In addition, it aims at reducing unnecessary spending by few wealthier Americans and giant corporations. Although the Senate Budget is working on improving the situation, the Americans are losing hope with their government. However, the Senate is proposing for a strategic plan of laying down a strong economic foundation, which would see job creation, replacement of sequestration, and tackling of debt and deficits responsibly. According to Congressional Budget Office (CBO ) (1), the economy will grow at a slow pace due to the current changes in the budget. However, as projected by the CBO (3), the rate of unemployment will still stand at 7 percent through out this year. If this does not improve in 2014, then it will be longest period that labor force will be in crisis in the past seven decades. A nation is termed to be economically stable if it is capable of sustaining its people in all aspects of growth ranging from employment, capital investments and provision of basic amenities. The US economy has maintained a stable, overall growth rate, high research levels and investments as well as moderate rates of unemployment (Mitchell 1). Economic growth is termed as the wealth increase of a nation’s economy. This is achieved through capitalization growth and overall nation’s production. In addition, this can be affected by the government economic policies and expenditure. In the last few decades, the world has been experiencing a credit crunch. This has resulted to financial crisis, forcing various reserve banks and governments interventions with an aim of curbing the economic turmoil. Credit crunch refers to a state where interest rates are high resulting to a constrain lending to the customers and businesses because of limited availability of cash. Credit crunch over a period follows a recession, which may stifle the economic growth. This happens because of a reduced capital liquidity, which in turn limits the chances of borrowing especially from the productive sector. Inability to borrow reduces the expansion chances leading to business stagnation. In extreme cases, it can lead to bankruptcies and close of businesses. This eventually results to detrimental effects on the economy and increases the rate of unemployment. Through this, people lose their homes, assets and financial institutions collapse, prompting central bank and government to intervene for a solution. As noted by the CBO(4), current laws governing the federal spending and taxes do not change but it is es