ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Facts   * Don Snow has a 5-year history of outpatient diagnosis treatment of paranoid schizophrenia at ABC mental hospital. This is indicated by the statement, “Don Snow, age 45has received outpatient treatment at ABC for five years…”   * Don Snow has had four inpatient admissions during the past twenty-five years due to violent attacks on family members.   * In the last eight years, Don Snow has not had any inpatient admission for violent attacks on family members.   * Don Snow has revealed intentions of harming his sister’s 8-year-old child. He even goes on to suggest to a nurse that the boy is a devil and that somebody should do something about it. Legal issues   * ABC mental clinic owes a duty of care to Don Snow as he has a history of over 25 years with the clinic.   * Don Snow has the right of doctor–patient confidentiality.   * The nurse has a duty to report the sentiments expressed by Don Snow to the relevant therapist of Don Snow. Elaboration of legal issues   * Duty of care: Don Snow is entitled to treatment and diagnosis from the ABC Mental clinic. This is because the clinic has a 25-year history of diagnosing Don Snow, hence the ability to identify the problem easily and the mere fact that Don Snow has been attending the same clinic for 25 years grants him the right of duty of care.   * Doctor-patient confidentiality: As a professional, the therapist is entitled to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The patient is supposed to be comfortable while revealing his intensions/thoughts without fear of them being revealed to a third party.   * Duty of profession: The nurse, being part of the medical staff of ABC Mental clinic, is entitled to reveal any useful information to the relevant medical personnel, especially if the information will be of use in aiding the clinic’s patients. However, the information must never be divulged to third parties who do not need to have it or are unauthorized to access such information. Rationale Therapist/clinic action The therapist should first handle the patient in his professional capacity as a therapist. This means that he should try to know the reasons as to why Don Snow has fantasies about harming his sister’s child, whether the intended shotgun is for the fulfillment of the fantasy, and from where he intends to purchase it. By using the available history of the patient, the therapist can know if the therapy will work in preventing the occurrence of the patient’s fantasies. If it will not work, the therapist should inform the clinic’s management on the situation, who in turn will deliberate on whether to turn the matter to the right authorities or decide the best course of action. Before informing the relevant authorities, the clinic should explore other options like admitting the patient and working on the harmful fantasies, and gauging the response. By doing this, the clinic/therapist will be protecting the doctor–patient confident
Introduction States and authorities have extended and imposed their influence and controlling territory through the evolution of visual technology. States have utilized visibility to control their people, primarily transforming the relationship between citizens and governments due to surveillance and control. Through the use of visual technology, state secrecy has adopted pervasive mass surveillance, which has, in turn, disrupted the lives and privacy of the public. Artwork at the convergence of identity and surveillance has had a tendency to focus on the portrayal of the human body as an identity bearer and a subject of control and surveillance. Art has the ability to present features of contemporary life in sheer form, calling attention to injustices or suggesting developments or trends that deserve resistance. There are notably many artworks that engage with surveillance, including Trevor Paglen’s “Code Names” and Pierre de Meuron, Jacques Herzog, and Ai Weiwei’s “Hansel & Gretel” Art Installation. This essay will analyze the two media examples from the view of control and surveillance and how it has changed the relationship between people and the state. Art as an Instrument of Political Resistance States and authorities have utilized visibility to control the public by focusing on the invention of visual technologies
Introduction Vision is our most frequent or very common faculty through which the external world is apprehended. Most of our messages acknowledge and comprehend the nature or meaning of the world, wherever things are, how they progress and what they are(Swanston & Wade ix). These are all constituted or worked out from the radiation pertaining to or exhibiting magnetism produced by electric charge in motion that can produce a visual sensation that goes into the eyes and assign it via an approved procedure in the brain that follows. However, these actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group are carried out by all sighted living things, together with us, and to date becoming aware of through the senses the nature and meaning of this we still do not know. Vision is another intelligence through which we get to know the most, because of the unusually great amount of research that has been undertaken over the years. Taking into consideration one patient who had imperfectly formed cataracts and complained of a noticeable reduction in vision which resulted in interference of the patient’s daily activity, after considering in a comprehensive way the visual activity conversely, the optician found out that there were little or no reduction. The question here is how can this apparent lack of consistency between the symptoms and the near-normal sharpness of vision be explained and even treated? Conditions that to a great psychological depth affect visual perception are according to routine or established practice diagnosed and treated by eye professionals. Having this in mind, researchers have found or determined by scientific observation that patient care would derive a benefit from greater utilization of the rich body of knowledge developed in recent decades (Schwartz p.xiii). In connection to this, vision is a branch of knowledge that has caused students to be interested in many decades and continues to hold their attention (Swanston & Wade p.x). The visual system remove, usually with some force or effort, messages received and understood from the environment, changing or altering in form, appearance, or nature it into a neural code that leads into the process of perceiving or sensing. Early in the visual system, Chromatic, motion, detail, form and depth information is determined and further considered in detail and subject to an analysis to discover essential features or meaning along cortical processing streams, and ultimately synthesized with other senses and memory in higher cortical areas to result in the rich world that we perceive. (Schwartz 1). Visual Perception Visual perception is used by all organisms to acquire psychological results of perception of their surroundings by sensing light reflected from surfaces. Its vital func
Introduction The music of the Middle Ages is the church music, solemn and religious. However, that does not mean that the musical pieces before the Reformation and in the post-Tridentine period were completely the same. Due to the differences between the Catholic and the Lutheran branches of Christianity, the music changed greatly as well. However, each piece depended on the personal background of composers. Despite the change, some of them still performed in the traditional pre-Reformation way, whereas some switched to another way of composing. A good example of pre-Reformation music was a composer named Nicholas Ludford. His Lady Masses were filled with the air of the Catholic ideas. To contrast him to the new, post-Tridentine epoch, one can pick Orazio Vecchi as an example of post-Tridentine music. Each of the composers created the pieces that reprinted their epochs, with the specifics and the peculiarities of each period. Pre-Reformation: Ludford’s Lady Masses Nicholas Ludford was known as the composer of the pre-Reformation period. Though he created music in 1550ies as well, Ludford belonged to good old Catholic composers. With his impressive talent, he made the pieces which struck people’s imagination. One of the most well-known pieces of his is the incredible Lady Masses . It is curious that no one can date these pieces precisely. All what the contemporary musical experts can say is that these compositions belong to the pre-Reformation era. Sunday Lady Mass is a good example of pre-Reformation music. In this piece, Ludford expressed the Catholic pre-Reformation ideas most brightly. Each chord is ringing with the truly Catholic delight and magnificence. Perhaps, Ludford’s background influenced his manner of composing music. Together with his talent, the education that he got made him so great and his music so perfect. Knowing more about his early years, one can see the origins of his musical ideas. Like the history of his compositions, most of Nicholas’s life is a mystery. Despite his popularity in the Catholic Church and his great fame, his life is a closed book. No one knows for sure why the great composer preferred to hide the details of his life, but the fact is that he never told much to biographers. Thus, there was a time when people believed that he belonged to the Royal Chapel. This could explain his brilliance and his music talents. Moreover, this signified his noble origins. Further explorations prove this fact wrong: An examination of the Calendar, however, revealed the fact that although the accounts of the Dean of the Chapel are given for March 1520, Ludford’s name does not appear in them; yet his name does occur in the succeeding entry recording. [1] This means that Ludford was perhaps not of quote noble origin. However, this only emphasizes his great talent – his genius, to be precise. The very first chords of his compositions speak of his incredible genius. There is no doubt t
There are quite a number of firm specific events that impact the stock market. Brown and Warner (237) are emphatic that event studies assist the interested parties in understanding factors that affect the pricing of securities in the stock market. At this point, it is necessary to mention that firms across the stock market are hardly affected in the same way when it comes to the pricing of securities. Perhaps, this explains why the discipline on event studies should be given priority by officials who analyze securities at the stock market. The observed stock return is an important entity in the stock market analysis. It is not surprising that Brown and Warner (211) have used this methodology in the paper so that they can be in a position to accurately measure the performance of securities in terms of market price. In order to obtain the most precise results from the measuremen
In legal circles, a tort is a wrongful or unlawful act thus one can be prosecuted and jailed or fined for committing the offense. Therefore, tort law entails the law of doing wrong. In the case of Hassan and Fadel, the two folks committed a civil offense by both departing their companies. By leaving the International Bank of New York to search for career advancement, Hassan had contravened his legal duty at the bank. The same breach applies to Fared who left the Global Finance Company to migrate to Dubai to acquire quick riches and, personal career, development. In addition, by departing both their firms, Hassan and Fadel caused intentional injuries and a show of negligence towards their company. However, by setting up a phony casino online, a crime was perpetrated against society. In addition, it was criminal for Hassan and Fadel to entice members of the society so that they could con them. In the above case, the plaintiffs are the International Bank of New York against Hassan, Global Finance Company against Fadel, and the public against both of them. Hassan and Fadel stand as a defendant before their employers for contravention of duty and contract that perhaps resulted in financial losses and injuries towards the banks’ clients. Furthermore, they caused a tort of negligence in departing their firms without considering the future losses of their employers. However, swindling the public monies through unlawful ways was criminal and it amounted to conspiracy and crime. This is to mean, both purposely came together and consented to con people through unlawful means. According to the law, by purposely coming together and both making decisions to defraud, they had committed a conspiracy. However, by conning the public, a crime of fraud was committed. According to the law, a contract is an agreement written or spoken by two parties, for instance, in a business deal, and is enforceable by law. In the case of Tariq and Moza, it was not a valid contract, however, at the point of sending Moza the last mail, Tariq had shown enough interest in the house of Moza, and they agreed would be buying it as soon as he checked his finances. Therefore, due to the lack of written agreement as per valid contract law when purchasing real estate, this was a void contract. In addition, his contract missed the essential components of a valid contract whereby there was no writing done and; therefore, it qualifies to be a void contract. However, the case is not an avoidable contract because Moza did not refuse to sell the house.
According to Piaget’s theory of moral development, all individuals construct their knowledge and understanding of moral issues with regard to their interactions with their environment and the society within which they function. Piaget asserted that children below the age of ten years perceive moral dilemmas differently from children older than them. for instance, when a child hear two situations of stealing; in the first, a boy broke 15 cups when trying to help his mother and in the second a boy broke 1 cup when trying to steal, the child would feel that the first boy is wrong since he broke more number of cups (Piaget, 1932, p. 137). If a child of about 10 years encounters an ethical and moral dilemma to judge a man who has stolen jewelry, the child may assert that the action is wrong because “”It’s against the law,” or “It’s bad to steal,” or even because he feel that the person will “get punished” (Kohlberg, 1958). If a similar dilemmas is presented to a teenager or and adolescent of age 13 or 14 years, they develop reasoning powers and believe that they should live up to the expectations of their families and societies within which they function. Thus, these children may ask why the man stole the jewelry and if the theft is for a moral cause, like for saving someone’s life, children at this stage may even term the man as “good”. To a person who is much older and of about 16 to 20 years of age, this action may seem incorrect, since the individual by this stage is connected with “society as a whole” and there is much emphasis on obeying laws and respect for authority to maintain the social order (Colby and Kohlberg, 1983). Thus, at this stage and age individual would understand the motive behind the man’s actions but would not condone it since it’s immoral to steal. According to Piaget, moral development of individuals occurs on the basis of their age and interactions with society. However, according to Kohlberg (1968, 1981), the stages of moral development are not due to the maturation processes of individuals and do not occur as a result of genetic structures. He asserts that the stages develop from the individual ability to think and reason about moral problems. He also debates that social experience does not promote the ability to think morally and that the stages of moral development occur due to the stimulation of individual’s mental processes (Kohlberg et al., 1975).
Immigration has reshaped the economic and political landscape of the United States since the first settlers arrived in the 17 th century. The westward expansion of the Europeans affected the country’s economic, social, and cultural aspects. The expansion increased the number of European settlers in the west. The westward expansion of these settlers created several political and social upheavals in the country. Most of these crises revolved around slavery and federal landholdings. The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy aimed at taming the powers of these European Americans. The policy required these groups to avoid the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. The European Americans decided to use this policy to justify their intentions. The settlers continued to move westwards. The expansion also created a political imbalance because of the issue of slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed these two states to vote over the burning issue of slavery. This expansion also led to the spread of slavery. This situation changed the political climate of America throughout the 19 th century. The westward expansion also initiated the American Civil War in 1861. The Native Americans inhabited most of the Western Hemisphere. The European expansion removed most of these natives from their lands. The Louisiana Purchase was a ruthless decision. The decision led to the eviction of many tribes from their lands. This occurred in the west of Mississippi. The Removal Act populated by Andrew Jackson encouraged more European Americans to move westwards. The settlers also established new reservation systems. The settlers forced the Native Americans to occupy unproductive lands. The situation led to the creation of new public parks from various federal lands. This description explains why the political climate of the country changed after this westward movement. This expansion also changed the country’s cultural and social landscapes. The Europeans gained more land and evicted the natives from their communities. This situation affected the socio-cultural practices of the people. They abandoned most of their traditional practices and religious beliefs. The Europeans also interacted with these natives and changed their language. The European settlers also gave the natives new names. Most of these new names sounded friendly to the Europeans. The Native Americans began to embrace Christianity. Different settlers encouraged the natives to embrace Christianity. This westward expansion also resulted in greater socio-cultural changes in the country. The natives began to consume new foods. The settlers began to move westwards after the states won the infamous revolutionary war. The European Americans encouraged these natives to practice n
Introduction The issue regarding the lack of concord between the Arab and the Jewish members of the Israel population is infamously big, and the current political situation seems to aggravate the conflict to an impressive extent. Since the infamous Palestine conflict is rooted deeply in political, cultural, social, and religious misconceptions between the Jewish and the Muslim residents of the area, the advocacy of the current Israeli strategy concerning the emphasis on the Jewish policy and the introduction of democratic principles is impossible as it disregards the needs and rights of the Arab members of the society. Analysis Conflict: Timeline Zionist Movement The current conflict dates back to the late 19th century when the very concept of Zionism was created, and the Zionist movement started making its first steps. As Shapiro makes it very clear, the movement had its controversies, with a range of scholars failing to put their finger on the nature of the movement as either a political, or a cultural one. The necessity to restore social justice and give the Jewish people the territory that they could claim as their autonomy was at the very core of the movement. In the environment, where the concept of providing Jewish people with independence had always been received with hostility, the movement was the only chance at guaranteeing the specified denizens of the population with an opportunity of social justice. Labor Party Similarly, the role of the Labor Party is not to be underestimated in the process of fighting for the independence of the Jewish people. Particularly, the party contributed to building a strong military force that would, later on, defend the Jewish people and allow them to gain their human rights, including cultural and political ones. Because of the aggressive politics of the Labor Party, a conflict between the Jewish and the Arabian members of the population was sparked once again. Although the claims of the Jewish people seem valid in light of the discrimination that they had to deal with, the lack of concern for the identity of the rest of the people living in the area subverts the very foundation of the Jewish ideology regarding fighting oppression. Moreover, by attempting to foisting their cultural, political, and religious beliefs on the Muslim population, the Jewish residents of Israel undermine the foundation of democracy as it is viewed nowadays. Present Time Despite the aggravation of the conflict by the Jewish army, a state of a rather shaky truce was achieved in 1993 when “the Israeli and the Palestinian delegations in Oslo reached an agreement.” However, the situation remains unstable due to the current Israeli policy toward the Arabian members of the population. From the Declaration o
The phenomenon of noble cause corruption (NCC) is defined as the propensity to justify unethical choices by the assumption that they will lead to the greater good. The idea is based on intrinsically false ethical premises and leads to a gradual corruption of the members of the police force. One might argue that NCC has a reason to exist as it may serve as the means of safeguarding the wellbeing of the members of the community in dire situations. Furthermore, some might argue that the NCC principles may help save a person’s life. However, at the end of the day, the subject matter becomes another justification of unethical actions taken by the representatives of the police. Indeed, NCC can be used for both good and ill, which some corrupted people are bound to use for their wrongdoings. It seems that the modern instances of police misconduct, however, do not seem to fall under the NCC category. The elaborate mind gymnastics that one needs to justify their unethical choices is not required for the police members that view their gain as the ultimate goal. The people that are incapable of distinguishing between positive and negative attitudes, in their turn, will be unable to apply the NCC principles to actual scenarios. Therefore, it seems that the present-day police members know exactly why their actions are wrong.