ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that was published in 1939 and awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. This book was initially withdrawn from the libraries of New York, Kansas City, and Buffalo because of its detailed description of a hard life. It was also banned in Ireland in 1953 and the Canadian city of Morris in 1982. However, The Grapes of Wrath is now part of many US school and college curricula. Furthermore, it “created a national sensation for its depiction of the devastating effects of the Great Depression” (1, p. 1). This essay considers the plot, main characters and several crucial issues addressed in the novel, such as family, workers’ lives, and other social problems. Summary of the Book The story takes place during the Great Depression and begins with the moment when the protagonist, Tom Joad, returns home from prison. He was convicted of accidental murder and was released early for good behavior (2). Returning to his homeland, Tom does not know that strange events are happening on the farm. Now, the owners of the land banish farmers from these sites. They decide to use mechanical devices instead of manual labour as it is much cheaper for them than to support the whole family. When Tom comes home, he sees that the house is empty and there is no one there. Neighbors said his family was packing up at Uncle John. Relatives meet the man happily, and soon they go to California to find work. On the highway, Tom and his family join other people moving West and make friends with the Wilsons. However, when former farmers approach California, they meet many refugees who run from these places. It appears that all the information spread through leaflets is propaganda and a hoax. People work virtually for free, and there is a high unemployment rate because of refugees. Nevertheless, despite the rumors, the Joad family continues on their way. Finally, they decide to stop by the river for a rest, because the road continued through the hot desert. Noah, one of Tom’s brothers, separates from the family and continues to look for work on his own. The rest of the family is forced to go on, as the police sudden
Corporate culture has become an important part of organizational structures for a range of reasons. In the modern workplace setting, employees of even profitable and successful companies are asked to follow either strict or loose corporate culture not only for enhancing the quality of interactions in the workplace but also to ensure that they follow the established objectives in terms of a corporate mission and vision. For example, in the case of Uber, workers are expected to subscribe to fourteen company values such as being “obsessed with the customer” or “always be hustling” (Isaac). The importance of such values for Uber is attributed to the fact that they have helped the company to gain a competitive advantage and expand to operate in more than seventy countries. As proposed by Edgar Shein, organizations that do not establish a cohesive set of values in the workplace are less likely to be successful. The scholar developed a three-tiered model of organizational culture, including artifacts, values, and basic assumptions, all of which are intended to bring companies to new levels of competitiveness. Thus, a corporate culture is important even in cases when companies seem successful as there are multiple other goals that organizations are pursuing. For example, procedures of conflict-solving are also embedded in the set of cultural values for ensuring the positive shaping of relationships in the workplace. Teambuilding and collaboration between workers are also embraced in the organizational culture of companies as they are likely to enable the sharing of ideas, opinions, and best practices. Overall, a corporate culture is an essential part of creating a successful organization in terms of delivering services to customers, creating products, or establishing positive relationships between employees. Work Cited Isaac, Mike. “Inside Uber’s Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture.” NY Times . 2017, Web.
Reorganization The Department of Defense was created in 1947 but came to life in the year 1949. The creation of the body as a result of the need to have a more unified system of command that took into consideration the whole army’s operations. The problems of the unity of command experienced during the previous world war necessitated this move. The legislation that created it aimed to unify and streamline the governance between the whole army while in turn maintaining the individuality of the various army units. This caused a lot of inter-service competition due to the issue of the budgeting concepts. The budget ceilings presented by Truman were rigid and therefore accelerated the competition for funds. The reorganization of the department came in the Eisenhower administration. The loosely stated powers that were assigned to the Department’s various positions led to a weak structure with no real authority in some cases. The Korean War helped ease the budget qualms that existed in the era of Joint Chief chairman Andrew Johnson but did not kill the competitive spirit that existed. However, this led to the claims of mismanagement of funds within the military and necessitated the empowerment of the Joints Chief chairman to manage this spending. These were done in 1953. In 1958 through the Defense Reorganization Act, the more severe reorganization was effected. This was caused by one chief reason, the Russian technology threat. The US humiliation after the launch of Sputnik and the threat that they were developing better missile capabilities worried the administration. In the background, the services were clamoring for the chance to develop and lead the missile research. Eisenhower argued that the time for segmentation of war into land air and sea was over and with this went of issue legislation that would in effect join the operations of the units without their overlapping in purpose (Hook and Spanier, 2004, 24-11) (Neuchterlein, 2000, pp. 32-59). Strategy The American policy after the Second World War changed to a preventive one. The aim was to prevent any harm to the American borders while using her influence and newfound financial strength to do so. With the financial ruin that the world had seen, the US took advantage to use this to prevent the rival philosophy of communism while combining it with creating allies and defense posts to check the Soviet gospel’s spread. The Truman administration started by granting independence to the Philippines and signed the Rio Pact of 1947 to strategically prepare itself to defend its borders. These two acts allowed America to place defensive p
Emotional and Physical Barriers There are a number of sacrifices made by striving sportsmen to become international stardom of soccer. The goal-oriented hunter must undergo several psychological and physical barriers in order to be a successful athlete. The main physical struggles include extremely intensive and stressful training routines alongside the strict dietary regimen. All of these require a solid discipline and constant improvement of a physique. Today, a person’s achievement of heights and success in the work depends not only on the efforts made, physical data, or talent but also on the ability to properly regulate their behavior, control emotions, and mood (Berg 177). Such skills are partially developed at the expense of education, the need to discipline oneself in educational institutions, and collaboration with others. However, to master the ability of self-regulation, an athlete needs special physical training. Otherwise, talent and work may be useless on the road to success. Undoubtedly, all of the above directly applies to every sport. Competitions are a stressful situation when the biggest share of success depends on the emotional state of an athlete. Excessive mental stress can reduce the effectiveness of the actions performed, which will lead to loss, and then to a depressive mood (Berg 178). Modern sport is characterized by a powerful increase in training loads, which entails an increase in mental loads, a state of apathy caused by the monotony of labor, and congestion. This requires systematic psychological preparation, training in methods of self-control, and psycho-regulation. Nonetheless, the manifestation of a psychological barrier occurs due to the reasons of physical or emotional obstacles. Physical causes will correctly include future competition, bad physical fitness of an athlete, responsibility for athletic performance, and poor health. They also might involve individual psychological personality traits, success, or failure of achievements in such competitions in the past, and disorientation caused by an unfamiliar environment (Berg 187). The emotional reasons are dependent on the strength of the rivals, the mood, the relationship to refereeing, the reasons directly reliant on the coach of the participant, and pre-competitive preparation. Severe barriers are developed in the form of anxiety, fear, and self-doubt. In this situation, a gre
The article defines investor sentiment as the propensity of an investor to speculate stocks. This is an attitude primarily related to the psychological mindset of investors. When in positive states, they are likely to pursue routine techniques, while in negative states, they tend to make more consideration before they invest. Sometimes, they can become less attentive, as a result of which stocks tend to be mispriced. A normal investor will make investment decisions without sentimental motivation, while the bullish or bearish ones will expect much higher or lower returns than the average investors will. This often overvalues stocks above their fundamental value and results in bursting the market bubble. Traditionally, in relation to the finance theory, the price of a stock is roughly equal to the current value of expected cash flows from the same cross-section of expected returns, thus, can only be explained by analysing cross-section risks. Although the authors have focused on giving traditional approaches to determining the prices of stocks, they have not offered the best strategies that are being applied in the contemporary business world. The article maintains that, in theory, investor sentiment has no role in stock returns. Nonetheless, this has been debated over the years since a lot of evidence suggests that there might be traders who significantly affect returns, and who are primarily motivated by sentiment. Literature survey shows that, while scholars have used numerous factors to explain returns, the interconnection between risk factors and returns in Bangladesh has been described as being generally a weak one. In Bangladesh, even stock beta cannot explain the cross-section that determines the returns on investment in the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Some studies propose that there is a negative connection between returns and beta. However, others argue that in the case of a young firm, those growing very fast and for those that do not pay dividends, there is a high possibility of valuations that result in stocks becoming more susceptible to sentiments. It is evident that the researchers have attempted to cite some sources, but the sources used are not enough. They could have done better by utilising more studies that were accomplished in the past. There is limited data on survey-based literature with regard to the Bangladesh stock market. Therefore, this constrains the investigations to a limited number of factors or their valuations, such as trade volume or IPOs carried out per month. These variables are rarely accessible from vendors. Therefore, for purposes of investigations, they have to be created from legal data, because sentiment proxies often have similar information tools, such as the Kalman, that are used to zero down on an individual sentiment measure. From statistical calculations on these data, the results serve to explain the actions of noise traders. Thus, sentiment returns can be described on the platforms of ‘hold more’ and ‘price pressure’, owing to the influence of noise traders. The hold more effect implies that noise traders with riskier assets than experienced traders may mak
The Interview Description of the Interviewee This paper is an account of the interview of one adult aged about 45 years, based on his life perspective from childhood. In order to ensure confidentiality to the source of the information, I chose to refer to the respondent as Jones. Jones is 45 years old male of the African American origin. He is a prison convict, serving his final year jail term as a serial bank robber. The interview was conducted on June 4th 2012 in the prison compound and lasted for about 2 hours. Jones was born in New York, as the second born in a family of three. The father was a retired military officer and the mother a house wife. At the age of five, Jones’ family relocated to Jamaica, where the family lived a life full of misery, caused by poverty. Jones Developmental Themes and Milestones During his early ages, Jones made frequent visits to his friends in the southern part of the city where issues of racial discrimination were more prevalent. As an African American, Jones was always a victim of racial discrimination. The experience affected his perception about the law enforcement agencies in the city as well as the federal government. He developed a negative perception on law enforcers and the ability of society to protect the vulnerable individuals and government. He was particularly unhappy with violence and the inequality the African Americans faced in society. Jones was always on revenge missions against the ills of racial segregation meted to him and other African Americans. He dropped out of school at the age of 13 because being in school would not lead him achieve his objectives. His Developmental Risk and Protective Factors Jones later joined a robbery gang that was notoriously known for street robbery attacks targeting the whites. In his first robbery mission, Jones was involved in a foiled robbery attempt in a drug store. He was arrested by the police and sent a youth rehabilitation centre where he managed to escape under unclear circumstances. During his childhood, Jones was kicked out of several schools mainly due to discipline cases. His family being overwhelmed sent him to a relative in Chicago. The move, meant to change his behavior bore no fruits; Jones continued carrying out petty robbery attacks and was again sent back to his parents in New York by his host. On arriving in New York, Jones was on his mission again as usual, robbing and falling in the hands of the police. This time he was arrested and put under juvenile detention for two years for violently robbing a lady of money and jewelry. He did not stay for even half the jail term; he plotted a jailbreak that was executed through an outburst that distracted the prison security. After the escape, Jones fled to Canada, where he was caught again and sent to Montreal prison. He returned to New York at the age of 17 after finishing the jail term at the Montreal prison. His mentality this time was to enjoy a sumptuous life that society had robbed him; he needed expensive cars, jewelry and lavish houses. His gang hatched a plot to rob from the federal banks as a way of revenging again
Introduction Stereotypes are considered as the pictures formed in the mind of individuals looking into their social worlds. Individuals hold different views concerning other people’s way of life and what the society expects of them. They also exist from the point of view of the person who is being stereotyped. The society is made up of different social groups living in diverse geographical areas. Each group perceives itself as being superior and all other groups are regarded to be inferior to it. For example the Americans white perceive the black Americans to be lazy and ignorant thereby denying them employment opportunities. The effects of stereotypes are much more than the simple perceptions in peoples mind. Certainly, the discriminating individuals have negative beliefs about the targets of their discrimination. The stereotyped individual’s self esteem and worth are lowered as they struggle to fit in the society. When stereotypes are consensually shared within a society, their consequences become much more destructive, because they affect entire groups of people in a common way. The individual approach to stereotyping has primarily been associated with the prevailing social cognitive tradition. The basic assumption of this approach is that, over time, people develop beliefs about the characteristics of the important social groups in their environment, and this knowledge influences their responses toward subsequently encountered individual members of those groups. We can therefore say the stereotypes develop as the individual perceives his or her environment. The perceived information about social groups is interpreted, programmed in memory, and then retrieved for use in directing responses. This paper looks into some of the stereotypes held about the Chinese people, how Chinese students respond to these stereotypes, Problem Statement Several researches have been conducted on Chinese stereotypes and each of these studies comes up with different stereotypes. Most of these studies focus on the major stereotypes held about the Chinese but forget to address the effects of these stereotypes to the Chinese students especially the ones studying in other countries. It is not clear why people have so many stereotypes towards the Chinese but most people believe that, Chinese have a strong relationship to their culture. Research Questions This paper seeks to answer the following research questions  1. What are the major stereotypes people have towards the Chinese?  2. How do Chinese students feel about being stereotypes?  3. Do these stereotypes affect the social lives of the Chinese students?  4. What is the relationship between culture and Chinese stereotypes? Literature Review There are so many perspectives held about the Chinese. According to Rand, et al (2007
Introduction Self-awareness is the ability to examine oneself from various points of view and offer criticisms. It involves the continuous observation of one’s qualities, actions and emotions and attempts to analyse them and improve. As such, self-awareness is critical for one to learn to improve without the need for continuous outside assistance. It is particularly crucial for leading positions, who have large responsibilities and significant power that enables them to make the choices they consider to be best. The author currently lacks a sufficiently complete understanding of self-awareness to satisfy the demands of their profession. Moreover, the literature on the topic does not provide an adequate. This weakness can be problematic in their future work due to the associated inability to grow as a professional. As such, in Part A, they will research the concept by conducting a literature review and designing a practical study, and in Part B, they will present a storyboard that resulted. Research Aim This research aims to establish and demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of self-awareness and the methods used its development to managers. The author currently lacks knowledge on the topic, which is concerning because of the possible dangers that may result. Management is complex and often requires competencies other than leadership for success, depending on the situation. However, in cases of both rapid successes and repeated failures, one is likely to stop growing and trying to adapt. In the first case, it would be because the person is convinced of the superiority of his or her approach. In the second, it may be because the manager is convinced that his or her core management competencies are inadequate and focuses on them to the detriment of more important causes. Self-awareness can enable one to continuously evaluate oneself and determine what they can do in any situation to maximise success. Research Context This paper focuses on management, represented by the Chartered Management Institute, as its central topic. The profession involves leadership on all levels, starting with the oversight of a team and going to the exertion of control over large organisations (Zumitzavan & Michie 2015). As such, it is associated with significant responsibility and the potential for abuse by ill-intentioned actors. It is relatively easy for a person in a position of power to use it for personal advantage at the expense of other people. Moreover, a critical decision-maker may commit a s
Nurses are integral elements of a competent health care system; it would be impossible to achieve successful results without these staff members. Their experience and level of expertise can make a difference when it comes to the safety of patients. In addition to that, there is a strong correlation between nursing education and positive patient outcomes, which can be supported by both scholarly findings and real-life examples. Education Impact on Patient Outcomes Education provides people with a fundamental basis for future activity in various spheres, and nursing is no exception. According to Lehwaldt (2016), nurses with advanced educational degrees can contribute to much better patient outcomes. The fact is that these staff members’ knowledge and skills are enough to provide patients with superior care. This idea is defended by Cho et al. (2015) stating that “each 10% increase in nurses having Bachelor of Science in Nursing Degree is associated with a 9% decrease in patient deaths” (p. 535). I completely agree with this research, and some real-life examples can prove it. Thus, I have worked with a few baccalaureate nurses who seemed to know more about how to manage conflicts, improve the working environment, communicate with patients, and many others. These nurses showed better results in solving the issues above in comparison with their less educated colleagues. It means that nurses with higher educational degrees influence patient safety outcomes significantly. Conclusion Thus, it is difficult to overestimate the meaning of nursing education for the whole health care system and patient outcomes. There is credible evidence that staff members with advanced degrees in nursing affect patient safety positively. Numerous examples from real life also support and prove this suggestion. That is why health care establishments are interested in educated nurses who can contribute to a better quality of care delivery.