ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The devastation that braced the European continent from the aftermath of the World War II led to the formulation of a peace keeping and cooperation dubbed the European human rights system. It embodied the principles of the unified Europe and a representation of the vast interests in the European continent. It was meant to have three constituent organizations: The European Council, The European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The system was then to survive the whims of the cold war and the downfall of communism to the modern day contemporary concerns of the European continent. (Moravcsik, 2000) The objective of the system is to motivate peace and tranquility across the continent of Europe. The three different organizations were delegated with different mandates to achieve this cause. The council is the legislative and judicial arm that deals with matters of law in so far as the promotion of democracy, human rights and the obedience of the rule of law is concerned. (Janis et al 1995) The union on the other hand was is a division that seeks to promote trade relations and ensure economic stability among its member states. It mitigates and arbitrates for and on behalf of the participant states to ensure a free flow of factors of production necessary for economic growth. The security and cooperation organization is the watchdog of the system. It keeps afloat with the military and security concerns of the members and ensures that there is peace and stability at all times (Dijk, 1998). The modern day system has evolved to embrace the emerging issues that have often overlapped with focus being laid on the observance of human rights which still is the mandate of the council. (Drzemczewski, 1983) Statement of the problem Over the years the European continent has evolved into a complex network of ideas built on the cultural and historical backgrounds of the member states. The impact of the various conflicting political, economic and social interests has left a big question mark on the role of the system in mitigating these transactions. In recent times the union has been criticized for lack of objectivity and the display of double standards in dealing with members with democratic concerns. The Kazakh parliament for instance received a cold shoulder after they decided to hold a referendum whose object was the extension of the incumbent President Nursultan Nazarbayev. These kinds of referendums have been held elsewhere in member states such as Uzbekistan. additionally the people of Brussels in attempts to display their dissatisfaction with the inauguration of Alexander Lukashenko as president of Belarus for a fourth term led boycotts and protests yet on the other side Islam Karimov is accepted as Uzbeks president in the face of the undeniably illegal election and history of his term since 1990. There have been human rights concerns that have been raised by the member states. Despite the verbatim assurance by the union that they would address the all too common c
Short history of the company German sportswear company Adidas has seen both ups and downs in its fortunes. Having by 1990 built a solid reputation for good quality sports footwear the company suddenly found itself posting losses early in the ’90s. Following a dramatic turnaround based on large (quintuple) increases in marketing and promotional spending and a strategy which focused more tightly on specific target markets, (Lindstrom, 2003), by 2002 the company had risen to 68th. place in the global rankings of brand value, (compared with arch-rival Nike’s 35th place), (BusinessWeek, 2002). In 2005 Adidas acquired US sportswear maker Reebok, but saw its share price slump the following year, due in part to concerns about fit between the two companies, as well as a downturn in Reebok’s sales, (Wasserman, 2006). The case Just before the summer Olympics last year, the German based company Adidas engaged in a large scale promotion campaign of its products. It was one of the largest campaigns of sport related goods of the last decade. From an academic point of view, a promotion is “a form of corporate communication that uses various methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain message in order to achieve specific organizational objectives” (Paul, 3). Companies use promotions in order to “inform” and present to the general audience, the consuming public, the products they offer. Promotional campaigns are designed also to attract consumer attention to products they did not concern themselves before (Paul 6). In a certain way, promotional campaigns are used to inform the interested ones and to “create” some interest toward the product for uninterested ones. Uninterested until the moment the campaign kicks off. The campaign we are speaking started at the beginning of March 2008. It was labeled the “Originals” campaign. It comprised a new set of online, print and TV related campaign elements for the 2008 collection of “ORIGINALS” clothing. The whole thing kicked off with a fully “animated” ad, designed by “180 Amsterdam” graphic studio. The campaign rallies round a series of web videos of people from art, music and athletics (“New originals Campaign”, 1). The way of conducting this campaign is a sort of historical one. It begins with the origins of creation of the company by its founder, Adi Dassler, and continues with the evolvement of the products category through the years and decades. All of this is in function of showing that Adidas does not offer only certain sportive goods and products but it is a way of conducting everyday life. One of the scopes of the promotional campaigns is to communicate kernel messages to the general audience (Paul 13). In this case the message would be that Adidas is not just a sporting goods company, it is a lifestyle company. It is a way of conducting your own life. The scope of this type of communication is to influence consumer behavior. As explained in task two, this is what brand companies do. In fac
Three Ways Leaders Can Manage Ethical Behaviors in Their Organizations One way is through the establishment of behavioral standards and the development of an ethical code of conduct for an organization. Standards and a code of ethics at the workplace help to shape proper organizational behavior among the staff, as well as cultivate positive virtues (Liebling, Arnold & Straub, 2011). Thus, it is the mandate of leaders to draft behavioral standards and practices at the workplace to ensure that the prison officers act within a given functional premise. The second initiative is to develop an evaluation criterion. It is the duty of the prison leaders to ensure that they evaluate every staff applying for employment at the facility. Essentially, evaluation should be part of the recruitment, retention, and promotion processes of the facility (Kerns, 2003). This way, the staff will be able to understand the values of the organization and the consequences of not conforming to the values. In effect, all the staff should have their performance and pay evaluated. The result of such evaluations would help the facility to address any deviations in standards and code of ethics in a timely way. Thus, the deviations can be corrected immediately before they spill over. Last is that the leaders of the organization should promote trust through being accountable and transparent in the operations. It is imperative that the facility leaders and the service staff interact with confidence (Kerns, 2003). Such interaction and involving the employees in the strategic performance issues of the facility, as well as matters of decision making, makes the workers feel relevant and committed to following their ethical code of conduct. Consequently, the workers act as part of the organization and work toward fulfilling fulfill their roles. According to the New York State Police, it is imperative that law enforcement agencies operate a code of ethics. Officers getting into the profession are then trained in the code of ethics, and they are expected to adhere to every requirement it stipulates. Thus, every officer on duty is bound by the organization’s code of conduct, and failure to abide implies disciplinary action as stated. This way, the management of the institution is ordered to regulate the behavior of the staff on the job by ensuring that they fulfill their ethical mandate as required. Are the Management Theories Only a U.S. Concept? Through analysis of the case study, one management theory that explicitly stands out is the X and Y management theory. This theory is evident in the way the prison officers choose to relate with the prisoners. One group is ha
Introduction The assessment stage is an integral component of the educational process and the factor that sums up all the learning activities. In the context of teaching, this practice involves following the clear principles of impartiality and justice to achieve objectivity in evaluating student academic results. However, in some cases and under certain circumstances, inadequate assessments of learning activities occur. Regarding student group work, this problem is also relevant and can have even more serious consequences because, with an incompetent approach to analysing academic success, not one but several people experience negative implications and have to perceive bias. Addressing this issue in the modern educational environment is an important aspect of work in relation to improving the interaction of tutors and students. This work is aimed at determining the principles of assessment in the framework of group educational activities, the injustice of this procedure, its consequences, as well as behavioural and other methods of correcting this problem. Properly chosen communication strategies and the professionalism of those responsible are the aspects that can help avoid inequity in assessing group tasks and achieve a competent evaluation of student teamwork. Principles of Group Assessment Based on existing practices for assessing group activities in education, one can highlight several basic principles. Self-assessment is the simplest and most affordable technique that involves an independent analysis of educational performance. By using this approach, a student can determine whether his or her contribution to teamwork is sufficient and effective in order to rely on the positive assessment of a tutor and peers. In addition, according to LaBeouf, Griffith and Roberts (2016), this principle makes it possible to consider specific educational outcomes informally and find out whether a person can conduct an independent evaluation of his or her productivity. This principle is standard practice in any educational institution and does not require any special training due to an opportunity to involve the standard strategies of self-analysis. Another assessment method that is a common practice is peer evaluation. As LaBeouf et al. (2016) note, this technique of analysing individual contributions makes it possible to determine the degree of student significance comprehensively, and healthy criticism is an integral component of such an approach. Through interaction with peers, a student can count on a relatively objective assessment of his or her personal academic outcomes and role in the team. Also, Pardo and Siemens (2014) remark that colleagues in group activities tend to have an unbiased opinion since all the members of the educational process work to achieve a common goal, and intentional prejudices are illogical, except in cases of personal hostility or, conversely, sympathy. This assessment method is a valuable tool for maintaining high performance and pro
Theodore Roosevelt was one of the youngest American presidents known for his progressive ideas and the desire to change society, addressing the existing distrust and helplessness. The decision to promote progressive ideas was not spontaneous, and he saw the movement as the possibility to protect the real rule of humans (Roosevelt, 1912). The characteristics of a progressive are the intention to stand for social justice, achieve good for all people, and improve the environment in which individuals should grow and develop. Being a progressive means being optimistic about every initiative and participating in problem-solving processes. There is no need to hide behind or keep silent but to act and become passionate about changes and transformations. Despite the desire to support progressive thoughts, there are also some examples of anti-progressives. Roosevelt (1912) called them the people with narrow vision and little sympathy. Anti-progressives are never stirred by the mistakes or failures made by other people (Roosevelt, 1912). Individuals who are consumed by their selfishness are not able to appeal to conscience. Everything they can do is to support oppression and use reforms that work for the leaders’ success, not the public one. The activities varied from employees’ exploitation to the promotion of capitalism that bounded society and imposed limitations on creativity and progress. Roosevelt wanted to make people believe in his ideas and goals. Thus, he described progressivism as the movement that aimed at underling the real rules and freedoms of society. It was high time to deliver
For a very long time Arabic literature has remained relatively unknown to the Western scholars and at the moment there is an increasing number of books and articles, dedicated to the literary, poetic, and literary expression in Arabic texts. This paper aims to compare the ideas of such scholars as Robert Irwin, Charles Pellat, Michael Sells, and Margaret Larkin. To some extent, each of them explores the influence of Islam on development of Arabic literature. This is one of the recurrent themes in their works. Apart from that, these authors examine how pre-Islamic literature shaped religious texts of this culture. These scholars try to determine the degree to which Islam and Arabic literature are connected or even dependent on one another. In his book Approaching the Qur’an: The Early Revelations, Michael Sells argues the reading of this text is very difficult without understanding the rhythm and structure of the verse. Additionally, he believes that poetic heritage of pre-Islamic period can still be traceable in Qur’an. For instance, such values as “hospitality, valor, or generosity” were glorified by Bedouin poets; later they were transformed into virtues (Sells, unpaged). The key difference is that in the Qur’an these values are not viewed as the attributes of hero, but the indispensible qualities of every human being. Similarly, in her interview Margaret Larkin also focuses on the significance of pre-Islamic poetry for further development of Arabic literature. One of her arguments is that poetry is by the most common form of Arabic literature, including religious texts. However, she also points out that in the Muslim community one cannot easily draw the parallels between the Qur’an poetry since such comparison may undermine the belief in divine nature of this text (Larkin). The thing is that poetry is often associated with paganism, intertainment, and pre-Islamic period of Arab history, which is often labeled as the time of ignorance. The common themes, explored by Margaret Larkin and Michael Sells is the interplay of religious thought and literature. In his turn, Robert Irwin also explores the relations between religion and poetry. In particularly, he focuses on the form, structure and themes of pre-Islamic poetic works. The author argues that the appearance of Islam virtually gave material representation to Arabic literature, since before that time it existed only in oral form (Irwin, 1). Additionally, he maintains that such poetic form as qasida has survived up to the twentieth century and it was not significantly influenced by the Islamic literary and religious tradition. This view is partially supported by the Charles Pellat, who considered qasida as a self-sufficient poetic genre that was not considerably affected by religious thought. Unlike Margaret Larkin and Michael Sells, these two scholars, examine Arabic literature as a self-sufficient entity, which is not subjected to the needs of religion. The argument that re-emerges in the works of these scholars is that Arabic literature and Islam are clo
The needs analysis has two variables. That is, expenses incurred at death and expenses to sustain the household. This could be split up into the following divisions.  1. Clean up fund.  2. Family sustenance fund  3. Fund for surviving spouse.  4. Emergency expenses fund and  5. Retirement fund for spouse (Investment Dictionary, 2009). The first thing would be clean up fund, which is a necessity in the case of Tom and Sue. This could be around $10,000 say. Continued income, at the rate of $67,800 per year is needed. The income for surviving spouse can be met with on long-term basis as Tom is still working and young enough. The final fund, The Retirement fund may also be met with on a long-term basis, with small savings. What remain are the Emergency fund and the matter of $67,800 (75% of 84,000 and 4800 child care) dollars per year. Here we should know that it is wise to overestimate a little, according with the practice of Tom and Sue (Investment Dictionary, 2009). Emergency funds are usually to a tune of 3 to 6 months expense (i.e., around $31,500) of the household. That is, when we add $10,000, $67,800 and $31,500 and reduces the income of $56,400. Calculating we get an insurance gap of around $52,900 plus the premiums needed for surviving spouse and his sustenance (Build Yourself An Emergency Fund. 2009). If we round off the gap at $50,000, First it would be better that the Wrights should consult an analyst and conduct a thorough analysis. Then if the gap cannot be bridged, Consult an insurance agent and buy more policy. They could also buy the gap cover policies offered
Introduction In 2018, a foodborne outbreak linked to romaine lettuce affected consumers in the United States and Canada. The discussion below describes the pathogen responsible for the outbreak and its characteristics. It also lists the case counts in these two nations. The final part identifies the technologies different experts used to investigate the infections. Pathogen and Characteristics According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the foodborne outbreak was a result of E. coli contamination. This was after the agency collaborated with other institutions to conduct numerous studies and tests on different food materials, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). The scientific name for the responsible pathogen is Escherichia coli (Stobbe, 2018). The specific serotype for this organism is E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 has distinctive characteristics that biologists use to identify it. The first important one is that its unique metabolic attributes differ from those of the other serotypes. This means that the pathogen cannot ferment sorbitol within a period of 24 hours. This is the case since they lack beta-glucuronidase enzymes (Honish et al., 2017). The second characteristic is that E. coli O157:H7 has a cell envelope structure associated with gram-negative bacteria (Honish et al., 2017). The outer membrane has a lipopolysaccharide component. The third attribute is that the lipopolysaccharide has a carbohydrate structure and composition. These aspects make it possible for scientists to differentiate the pathogen from other E. coli. Case Counts Although different agencies indicated that the outbreak had already been contained by June 2018, several casualties and case counts were reported in the United States and Canada. For instance, 36 states across the United States recorded a total of 210 infections. The number of patients hospitalized was 96. Jacobs (2018) indicates that 27 of them developed a kidney failure condition known as a hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The United States reported five deaths. The affected states were Minnesota, New York, Arkansas, and California. In Canada, eight cases of infection were related and were similar to the ones recorded in the United States. The affected provinces were Ontario (2 patients), Quebec (1 patient), Alberta (1 patient), British Columbia (1 patient), and Saskatchewan (2 patients). Only one individual was hospitalized (Stobbe, 2018). There was also no death reported in Canada. Technologies PulseNet System The first technology researchers considered was the PulseNet System. This approach uses modern innovations to complete the molecular subtyping of bacterial organisms. It works by characterizing pathogens’ nucleic acids and proteins, thereby making it effective whenever investigating foodborne outbreaks. Molecular subtyping is identified as the newest technology for conducting epidemiologic investigations (Jacobs, 2018). There are PulseNet laboratories in the country that use different techn
It is common knowledge that most of the works of famous artists, musicians, poets, and writers are a result of their sufferings in real life. Inspired by friendship, love, and sometimes even death, they created masterpieces that were able to go through the centuries and still pass the necessary set of emotions to people who are listening, watching, or reading them. The same is true about Schumann’s “Dichterliebe”. It is a song cycle that was created in 1840 and still preserved its emotional coloring and ability to produce the necessary effect on the listener. The words to the music are written by Heinrich Heine and it should be admitted that the words only increased the value of Schumann’s work. The cycle of these songs continues developing the theme of love, to be more exact, unrequited love as this is what Schumann experienced when composing the music and this is what he tried to express in his “Dichterliebe”. Back then he was in love with a girl named Clara but unfortunately, this love was not mutual. The agony of his love and the infinity of his sufferings served as a basis for the “Dichterliebe” the theme of which is love with no response and hope. Due to the words of the poem written by Heinrich Heine we can observe the love of both the musician and the poet expressed in the lines: “Da hab’ ich ihr gestanden/ Mein Sehnen und Verlangen” (Burton Raffel, p. 56) which stands for “I confessed to her/ My passionate longing and desire” (Burton Raffel, p. 56). These words are about Schumann who confessed his feelings to Clara but found out that this love was not mutual. As far as imagery is concerned, a lot of means to describe the environment and the situation as a whole are used. “Als alle Knospen sprangen/ When all the sprouts were springing open” (Burton Raffel, p. 56) is not only the sign of spring. This is a description of how such feelings as love arouse in people’s souls. First, they are like “sprouts” which stand for affection which with time develops into branches or real feelings which remain in the heart of a person forever. Calling his beloved “Die Rose, die Lilie, die Taube, die Sonne/ The rose, the lily, the dove, the sun” (Heinrich Heine, Frederic Ewen, p. 70) he shows how precious to him his beloved is. Comparing her with the sun he wants to show that his love for her is something warm, eternal, and never-ending. Multiple metaphors are used to show the sufferings, for instance “das Herz bricht/ the heart is breaking”, “in deines Herzens Raume/ in your heart’s space”, and, finally one of the most vivid personifications is used to express the poet’s grief to the full extent: “Und wüßten’s die Blumen, die kleinen,/wie tief verwundet mein Herz,/sie würden mit mir weinen/zu heilen meinen Schmerz/ And if they knew it, the blooms, the little ones,/ how deeply wounded my heart is,/they would weep with me/to heal my pain” (Heinrich Heine, Frederic Ewen, p. 73)