ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Genocide Definition and Historical Background This paper provides a review of genocide causes as well as the strategies of its elimination. Global history provides multiple examples of this anti-humanity crime. Although each particular case has its implication, genocide as a notion can be defined as “the destruction of a nation or an ethnic group” (Jones 2010, p. 10). The term was coined by Raphael Lemkin in the 1940s and served as a direct reference to Holocaust. The concept was developed with an advent of the Enlightenment age. According to its doctrines, the world society could be refined through the process of state engineering. In other words, the theory said that such factors as race, character, ethnicity, and social positioning were susceptible to control and reformation. The ultimate goal of the dogma’s supporters was to create a new community of deliberately chosen citizens. As an outcome of this tendency, some ethnic groups such as Armenians and Jews were considered to be the representatives of the inferior community and had to be eliminated by the domineering society (Maritz 2012). These nationalities were identified as the primary targets of genocide. The ways of conducting genocides differed in their strategic platforms. Specifically, this type of global crime referred not exclusively to killing people but to the society sterilization as well. Moreover, some ethnic group members were exposed to terrible living conditions, which did not leave the citizens any chances for survival. According to the official UN convention that concerns genocide, the act includes the following processes: direct ethnicity eradication through killing people, a transfer of children from the inferior communities into the prosperous ones, inflicting conditions that prevent child-bearing, imposing physical or mental destruction on the members of “worthless” ethnic groups ( Genocide Background 2003). Therefore, in this paper, we dwell on the theories and significant instances of genocide so that to prove that the global eradication of ethnicity is the payoff of psychological disparities both on a personal and on a collective scale. Moreover, in this work, a prevention approach to genocide treatment, which is based on the psycho assumptions, is developed. Genocide Motives Originally, genocide roots at the destruction of particular communities. Thus, the history recollects such atrocious ethnic eradications as Moriori Genocide, Irish Potato Famine, Aboriginals’ Stolen Generation, Armenian Genocide, Rwandan Genocide, etc. However, every separate crime roots at the ordinary motives that inflict the deadly consequences for multiple nations. Mainly, all global genocides intersect in four essential factors. Therefore, the primary reasons for genocide are revenge, benefit and convenience, pollution prevention, and fear. The factor of vindication accounts for the wa
Abstract Data visualization is a useful tool to facilitate the perception and analysis of information. You can present important information using different charts, different types of which are better for various functions. The choice of a chart should be made based on what data is used and what analysis goals are a priority. In particular, it is necessary to consider which question is answered by a particular visualization. There are four functions that charts perform, including comparison, distribution, composition, and correlation. The selection of the appropriate type of visualization is based on the definition of the required function, as well as clarification of the type and amount of data. Each of the functions contains a number of types of graphs that best visualize the data included in it. Introduction Information visualization is an important stage in project analysis, as it allows a more detailed examination of the available variables. It is much easier for viewers of the presentation to perceive graphical data. However, there is often a difficulty in choosing a chart that would most effectively illustrate a particular type of information. This stage of work on the presentation of the analysis is extremely important since the perception of the entire project depends on the visualization used. There are various charts that serve to display different types of data. However, the most important aspect when choosing a visualization is the goal behind the analysis. Determining the Goal of the Analysis To select the chart that best illustrates the required data, one must first define the goals of the project presentation. Hardy (2019) proposes the framework, which consists of three elements: question, goal, and outcome. To choose the right type of visualization, special attention must be paid to the goal, which is the basis of the presented data. Different charts can illustrate four features of the information: comparison, distribution, composition, and relationships. Thus, it is initially necessary to determine what process is reflected in the presentation. Questions should be asked to describe the anticipated results. They help determine which chart should be selected based on the function it shou
Brief description/ project purpose The main purpose of the project is to construct a high-tech football pitch for use of the students at Coventry University, which shall minimize the cost of renting playgrounds and avail easy access of the facility for the students. Currently, the university students experiences inadequate football and pitch facilities provided by Coventry University. In addition, the existing facility does not provide modernized services that attract greater participation of the students. To achieve the objective of ensuring maximum student participation with an estimated 60%, Coventry University projects to install excellent sports and football facility with an extensive practice and seating capacity. The project shall be solely funded by Coventry University obtained from its available resources. The university shall outsource the construction and consultancy services from the external providers. However, the University building and human resources departments shall serve to fill the labor and expertise gaps with a view of reducing the project costs. Statement of requirements The underlying problems projected for solution by the project The project shall address the challenges facing students at Coventry University. These issues include the following: The students have continuously lacked adequate and modern football pitch and facilities supplied by Coventry University. This situation has since resulted in low or poor university ranking based on student survey results to assess their satisfaction levels with respect to service delivery of the Coventry University. High costs for students wishing to access modern and efficient football pitch facilities remain an eminent problem. Surveys ind
Legislators are men elected by the people to pass laws that will be executed by the executive branch. In the event that the laws are unconstitutional and illegal it falls to the Judiciary to declare them as such. This is the system of checks and balance that is integral to the Federal government. However if one of these three branches does not work or is inefficient the entire system suffers as a result. In Still broken: N ew York state legislative reform. The authors find that, based on their qualitative information they uncovered major problems that were endemic in the New York State Legislature. For example, congressional leadership keeps a bottleneck hold on legislation in all the stages of the legislative process. They also determined that Committee meeting, which were already infrequent to begin with, are sparsely attended. After all, since the Senators can vote without being present they have no incentive to be present. Furthermore, it would appear that the standing committees in both chambers were not able to hold any hearings for major legislation. There was a dearth of detailed committee reports appended to the major bills in the Senate. This flaw is attributed to the absence of a rule that would require the Assembly to append substantive reports to bills reported out of committee. Despite the extraordinary number of bills in both houses introduced during each session, only a small percentage received a floor vote. Even more glaring is that all bills that that are sponsored by leadership will reach the voting stage with virtually no debate. This long litany of flaws makes the New York Legislature inefficient. There are proposals to strengthen the standing committees. In order to do this members must be granted the authority to convene meetings. Committee members can no longer have the luxury of absentee voting they must be present to vote. The stranglehold that leadership has over bills coming to the floor must end. It must be ended by allowing rank-and-file members to discharge bills from committee and place them on the floor calendar by majority vote. There must be adequate opportunity to consider legislation and not merely railroading bills at the behest of legislative leadership. And finally, provide sufficient opportunity and resources for full consideration of legislation by making use of robust conference committees and distributing member funds equally. These suggestions were made to improve the New York Legislature but can also be applied to the national level. The problems identified are systemic in the national legislature as well. Therefore, reform bills like the ones being issued for the improvement of the New York Legislature can also be transposed into national legislation. Finally, lobbyists should be subjected to greater regulation. Lobbyists have an undue adv
Becoming familiar with the common practices of the world’s religion is an important part of enhancing a person’s perception and education. Attending other congregations is an invaluable experience that allows inquisitive people to compare the exact manners of worship and communication. In this regard, services that are held at mosques appear to be the most interesting ones, as they represent the views of a large portion of the world’s population. Islam is an integral part of today’s global community, meaning that its religious practices deserve additional exploration. First of all, the peculiarity of the experience starts at the entrance to the mosque. Muslim people are encouraged to pray five times per day, facing Mecca. This frequency is surprising, as compared to the Christian tradition. Even though Muslim people are not obliged to attend the mosque for all of the five daily prayers, the midday service saw a great number of visitors. Perhaps, the reason lies in the fact that mosques appear to be more than a place of worship for these people. They serve as the centers of entire communities where members of the congregation communicate with each other, passing knowledge and experience. From this perspective, I found the image of the Muslim service highly reminiscent of my Christian experience. Both settings serve the same purpose of uniting people on divine premises, building stronger and kinder communities with shared values. Even though I could not partake in the service through prayers, I respected the rules of the place. For example, I had to take off my shoes at the entrance and did not speak out loud when visiting the mosque. At the same time, I followed the dress-code etiquette, which was typical for the Muslim service. All visitors were dressed modestly and wore clean clothes. As I entered the mosque, I was surprised by the level of security, as guards paid special attention to every person. However, this supervision did not serve to divide the visitors in any sense. On the contrary, it sought to ensure the safety and comfort of every single person inside the mosque. The enhanced security measures helped me understand the pressure applied to Muslim congregations. They face serious threats both from within and outside their religious communities. I understood the context of the situation and did not object to any security checks, and neither did any of the visitors. During the prayer, everyone followed the directions of the imam and only engaged in communication when the service was over. Another difference that drew my attention consisted in the ritual washing that was performed by every believer before the service. They attended special bathrooms, which I find highly uncommon in most Christian places of worship. Furthermore, the
Introduction Dance does not always leave behind obviously recognizable evidence that last more than one millennium, unlike ancient tools and paintings. It is impossible to state accurately when man learnt the art of dance. However, one obvious aspect of dance is that it has been part of man’s culture since the advent of the first human civilizations. The earliest evidences of dance date back to more than 9,000 year ago. Early uses or dance include performance (entertainment) and in telling of fables, it was also used to show emotions for the opposite sex. The word ‘dance’ is linked to the origin of the word ‘love making’. Dance had been used to pass down tales from one generation to another until writing was invented. Dance and Mathematics Studies have suggested that mathematics and dance can be integrated to increase one’s understanding of either. In line with the current theories that advocate for teaching different students according to their favorite learning approaches, this could just be the beginning of an integration between the two (Watson, pp. 1). From the basic definition, dance is defined as the rhythmical movement of the body in response to music. This can be compared to mathematical curves derived from trigonometry, for example, the sine and the cosine functions describe a smooth repetitive rhythm similar to body movements in response to music. Several dances around the world are typically mathematical dance forms. The dancers follow set patterns; dancers have a body shape that defines a rotational symmetry; the music itself is rhythmic; and it is essentially possible to use algebraic formulas to calculate the supposed positions of dancers in a group (Brunvad, para. 2). Conceptual forms of structure, for example, permutations, combinations, and groups, are apparent in many dances (Watson, pp. 3). For instance, English country dances incorporate movements of combination and their inverses; give patterns of interrelation that make sure that every possible connection in a diagraph is used; and return to the initial position after every dancer has played his role. Thus, they demonstrate the features of a group and offer a clear way in which a structure can be articulated using symbols. Many people act in response to musical rhythms, this can be in the form of toe-tapping or doing the actual dancing. The dancing act normally follows the rhythm of the music and this can be linked directly to mathematics. Rhythms are normally in the form o fractions, such as ½, ¼, 1/8, and so on (Watson, pp. 3). These fractions can be expressed through body movements! The relation between mathematics and movement is quite plain here; dance is just a projection of mathematics. Mathema
Winsberg’s Argument Winsberg’s argument is closely linked to the concept of the Uncertainty Quantification that exists in the science of global climate models predict. According to him, Uncertainty Quantification is the most important method of knowledge communication among the policy-makers and specialists in a manner that was intended to be independent of the ethical and social influences within the community. Winsberg argues that in the area of climate modeling, the standard pattern of using probabilities for the separation of scientific practices from the ethical and social influences because of the significant complexity of these global climate models (111). To be more precise, the standard approach towards dealing with the science-related ethical or social values will not be appropriate in the framework of the Global climate models. Uncertainty Quantification in Climate Science The Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) problem in climate science means creating quantitative estimates about the various levels of uncertainty that surround the sphere of climate science. Since UQ is one of the most significant tools in communicating knowledge among policymakers and scientists, its role in climate science is indisputable. However, there is also an existing dichotomy between the view that since scientists possess knowledge about the climate, they should be the primary policymakers in climate issues and the view that they should only be responsible for the science behind the climate changes (Winsberg 112). Thus, while society wants the decisions made by the professionals, it also recognizes that the interests of the society should be accounted for. Probabilities for Hypothesizing Potential Climate Change Winsberg outlines the argument proposed by Richard Jeffrey that the main role of a scientist is to create the pattern of probabilities that will hypothesize the future events on the basis of the evidence that is already available. Then, policy-makers will be able to examine possible results and decide on further actions (Winsberg 115). To counter this argument, Winsberg claims that Jeffrey had come to such a conclusion with only one hypothesis for the scientists to make, while in reality, climate change predictions are linked to assigning the distributions of probability over an array of possible results. The uselessness of probability in hypothesizing aspects of possible changes in climate also stems from the fact that the climate models usually have similarities in their history that are very complicated to distinguish. Because of this, and because
Introduction Fake news on the internet is a standing issue in Web 2.0 (Peters, 2017). With the variety of sources and the number of people who stay anonymous generating content, there will always be a question of reliability. It is, therefore, paramount to equip young minds with skills and knowledge to sort the information property. The literature review on the topic of adolescents identifying fake news in the UK demonstrated certain knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to produce solutions for the named problems. Sufficient evidence has been produced by scientists such as Spratt and Agosto (2017) on the prevalence of the lack of skills, yet little is known about why teens and pre-teens consider the information on the internet reliable. Mainly, this issue persists due to the insufficiency of large-scale studies that target the specified population in the UK and assess the knowledge gaps in students. One of the conclusions that can be made in relation to the literature review is the urgent necessity of continuous and multidimensional studies in the area of fake news. This conclusion has been drawn based on several facts. One of them is that 80% of the adolescent and pre-adolescent population uses devices with internet access to find and share content using a variety of platforms and social media (Cranwell et al. 2016). Another key finding provided by Makhdoom and Awan (2014) is that about 20% of the adolescent users do not question their sources’ validity and reliability and completely trust them. In addition, school curriculums provide students with little or no information on why it is necessary to carefully process information gained on the Internet or how to do it. The fact that several authors outlined the scale of the issue and possible areas for further re
Romanticism Romanticism was a great source of inspiration for French literature. It brought to birth the use of strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience staging its focus on these emotions as horror fright and trepidation. Romanticism to a great respect pays tribute to works of great thinkers of the evolutionary period including Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin as well as the infamous Adam Smith’s emergent order of the free market. It has also been said to have been influenced by the pressure for rapid chance paired with turbulence of the egalitarianism associated with the revolutionary period in philosophy (Reuben 2011). Romanticism from the first half of the century dominated French literature with particular respects to prose fiction, theater and poetry. The upshot of the Romantic Movement spilled into the latter half of the century creating impulse in other literary developments such as realism and symbolism. It was the wakeup call for revolution at the beginning of the 19 th century and a sound of establishment at the close of it. Its key ideas were expressed in Folklore and Popular Art, Nationalism, Shakespeare, The Gothic Romance, Medievalism, Emotion, Exoticism, Individualism and Religion Romanticism bears the burden of several counter-movements, such as realism, neo-classicism and impressionism but yet still keeping abreast with progress. The romantic impulse was however never meant to be replaced by any of them. (Fay 2002) The main elements that have been said to describe romanticism include: optimism, experimentation mingling of races and the hype of industrialization. It brought to stage science and institutionalization along with the plight of the rising number of immigrants in continents such as Europe and the new world. Of particular interest was the quest for beauty, keen interest in nature in its external self, escapism and fancifulness. Romanticism was not entirely a rational faction. It lacked in great respects the kind of programmatic distinctiveness apparent in the Enlightment period. Even so it had a great impact in humanity at large. Realism From past literatures, realism was one of many attempts try to communicate to the community at large. It was brought up by the development of social sciences commerce and industrialism and with specific compliments to biology. Realism was not an entirely anti romanticism, the line is dawn its profound concern for historical periods and forces. Its advocates were historians such as George Sand Honoré de Balzac and Jules Michelet. Various writings in this period, sought audience in newspapers and therefore the tendency was to focus on portraying the trends of the concealed side of city life such as crime, criminal slang and police spies. Besides the melodrama, bourgeois and popular theater of the mid-century that realis