ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
HIV-AIDs-Book Review The problem The world’s production rate has been adversely affected by HIV-AIDs epidemic; the reason for the adverse effect is the infection rate among the productive population. When the productive population is suffering, labour force, a factor of production, is reduced. The rate of production in an economy determines on the economic growth rate; on the other hand, politics of a country have an effect on economic growth rate. This book review discusses chapters 5 and 6 of the book “ HIV/AIDS: a very short introduction,” Whiteside Allan (Whiteside, 2008). Dimension of the problem The HIV-Aid epidemic has an impact on production of goods and service as well as politics of a country; a health population is a productive population, thus when the population is suffering, both physical and psychological, then the country cannot progress. There are different areas that are directly affected by the condition of the victims of HIV-AIDs (by victims we refer to both the affected and infected), such sectors include agriculture, mining and the transport industry. They are industries that are labour intensive so when the population is not on its best to offer their services, then the sectors suffer. In developing countries for instance which to large extent have their economies pegged on agriculture have suffered the lack of work force and people to farm for the production necessary for economic development. Production offers a country with the goods required for economic and social development, when the masses cannot produce their own foods, and then the government has a wider burden of getting food to the population. This leads to dependency on other countries and pressure on the minimal production in the community. The largest numbers of people who have succumbed to HIV-AIDs infection are the young and productive people; the y has the energy and the will to produce for their live hood. However when they have gotten sick, then they are not able to get offer their labour for their economic development; the result is a population that needs to produce but lacks the energy
Can you shoot a bullet at one of your family member because she/he is suffering from a pain? Have you ever seen one of your beloved dying? And thought that it would be easier to him/her to die instead of suffering from the pain but you do not have the strength to do it or even say it? This paper seeks to show that although a lot of people might prefer dying than suffering from sickness, some stories and facts show that euthanasia is not the best solution. According to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, “Euthanasia is the act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, by lethal injection or by suspension of extraordinary medical treatment”. Euthanasia or what they call “Physician-assisted death” has had a huge controversy in the social sector. People’s opinion has been divided between supporters and opponents, some of opponents have totally rejected it even if the patient is suffering and dying. On the other hand, others support such a decision because they think it is the best solution to stop the patient from suffering. Historically, euthanasia was a common practice in ancient Greece and Rome. These civilizations believed that it was not necessary to safeguard someone’s life if death was imminent. The Hippocrates once opposed the practice according to the Hippocratic Oath dating approximately 400 BC that stated “I will not administer poison to anyone when asked to do so, nor suggest such a course” (Erdemir and Elcioglu 4). With reference to 1300s, the English jurisdiction deemed assisted suicide as a crime. Mercy killing was also opposed by the twelfth and fifth century Christians (Erdemir and Elcioglu 5). In 1828, the initial anti-euthanasia law was approved in New York where a heated debate regarding euthanasia and related issues like abortions had been conducted. By this time, euthanasia was either voluntary or involuntary and was being criticized by several medics and religious leaders. In 1870, the American Medical Association prohibited the administration of analgesic in euthanasia. In the beginning of twentieth century, mercy killing and assisted suicide had raised the public’s eyebrows. Therefore, in 1905, a bill that aimed to legalize euthanasia was opposed in Ohio (Emanuel1). In 1940s, German physicians applied non-voluntary euthanasia to get rid of the ill and handicapped Germans in bunged gas chambers with the aim of minimizing the psychiatrically ill and handicapped individuals. This was prohibited in 1945 following the killing of close to three hundred thousand Germans. The gas chambers were also utilized by the NAZIs to exterminate their enemies, which constituted a form of criminal euthanasia (Emanuel10). In twentieth century, various agen
Introduction In contemporary education and teaching field, assessment can be conceptualized as the process of determining how well learners have mastered the contents of the curriculum, or what they have been taught (Zucker, 2003). It is a measure of how well the learners can meet given criteria of competence in a given field or subject that has been taught in class or any other learning environment. Assessment can be carried out using various methods, which include the use of a learner’s portfolio, or evaluating the performance of the learner at a given level. Testing is one of the methods that can be used in assessing the progress of the learner. Various forms of tests are used to this end, which includes standardized tests, alternative tests among others (Zucker, 2003). The Stanford Achievement Test Series is one such form of standardized test that is used to gauge the progress that has been made by learners at different grades in the United States of America. This paper is going to provide a summary of this well-documented assessment, including its reliability and validity as a testing tool. Summary of Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition The purpose of this test is to measure the proficiency and progress that has been made by learners from kindergarten to grade 12 (Heyneman & Lehrer, 2006). It is aimed at achieving high standards of teaching and learning in school districts and individual schools. The test can be provided in the form of multiple-choice questions, short answers and extended response (Mendus, 2008). The learner may be expected to draw graphs and other illustrations of their works. This test is made up of three components. The first is the Stanford Early School Achievement Test (herein referred to as SESAT), which is administered on learners in kindergarten and the first half of the first grade of learning in the United States of America (Badders, 2010). The second is the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), which is administered on learners from the second half of the first grade to the ninth grade of learning (Mendus, 2008). The last one is the Stanford Test of Academic Skills (TASK), administered on learners from the ninth grade all way to the 12 th grade (Mendus, 2008: Popham, 2011). Why Choose the Stanford Achievement Test Series? There are various benefits of this test that made it to be the assessment test of choice for this author. These benefits are linked to the values that the test will have on the author’s teaching profession. First of all, the test is standardized, meaning that it can be used to measure
Introduction Many scholars argue that there was no clear distinction between childhood and adulthood in the medieval period. Scholars such as Van der Berg and Aries held this view and made an extensive research to prove their arguments (Cieslik & Simpson 2013, p. 5). However, research has contested this argument. For example, recent studies show that there has always been a clear boundary between childhood and adulthood. In the medieval period, adults considered their children as mini-adults. Therefore, they left them to take care of themselves. Children worked for their survival for a long time. The advent of industrialization led to the employment of many young people. They often worked for many hours, but no one had ever complained. The nature of childhood and youth has been changing over time. Many acts and human rights have been developed with the purpose of defending young people against the violation of their rights. Many governments included a number of children’s rights in their constitutions. The changes resulted from various drivers. Among the drivers of change were education, technology, colonization, economy, political decisions and modernity. These factors have been very critical in the transformation of childhood and youth. This paper looks into dynamic nature of childhood and youth from the medieval period to the post-modern period. It delves into the impacts of each of the factors on childhood and youth. The History of Childhood and Youth Definitions of youth and adolescence had never existed before the 17 th century. As it has already been mentioned, many scholars argue that people considered children as small adults. In the pre-modern era, youth and childhood did not exist as categories. However, there were clear boundaries between age groups. Children also participated in provision of food and other family needs through working in industries and farms. However, the tasks they performed were very different from those which adults were engaged into. In most cases, children performed such tasks with the purpose of getting accommodation and food. Nevertheless, this form of payment could not hinder them from contributing towards the maintenance of their homes. Most communities distributed responsibilities among the youths based on their sex. Apprenticeship and other jobs that this paper is going to discuss were for the boys. The girls went through trainings meant to make them better wives. They learned how to perform domestic chores under the tutelage of their mothers or grandmothers. Their male counterparts went through trainings meant to help them take up masculine occupations. Men also dominated leadership and administrative roles, both in church and government. The aristocracy and the bourgeoisies took their children to schools as part of the transition into adulthood. They took their children through all the steps of school
Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most innovative concepts implemented in diverse spheres of production, technology, sales, communication, and medicine. IoT defines a union of diverse devices in one network where the machines can collect information, process, estimate it, and exchange the data between these devices, people, and servers. Hence, such a concept is useful when speaking about the utilization of technology in various spheres. IoT can be as productive in medicine as it could be in the blockchain. IoT Application in Healthcare Many innovative ways of IoT implementation have been suggested recently. An example of such usefulness is its effective usage under the COVID-19 pandemic circumstances. In addition, the Internet of Things can be utilized in healthcare not only under coronavirus pandemic conditions. According to Singh et al. (2020), communication with patients and their reachability are the second concern after vaccine development. Patient reachability is a considerable question that needs to be solved, as many people in need cannot get appropriate medical support because they simply cannot reach hospitals or healthcare workers. Hence, IoT can help establish a successful connection between people in need and service providers, increase the patients’ reachability, and provide them with significant care that can help ill people stop their disease (Singh et al., 2020). Therefore, a stable source of collecting data about the patients, their illnesses, and health conditions is suggested in the example of the Internet of Things. IoT Application in Technology and Machine Learning Moreover, technology and machine building are constantly developing spheres of people’s lives, and the utilization of the Internet of Things could bring many benefits for both manufacturers and their clients. According to Mahdavinehad et al. (2018), simplifying and enriching human activities and experiences is one of the long-standing central objectives of computing. This goal can be achieved with the correct and effective Internet of Things application. Many examples of IoT technological applications in modern life can be presented. For instance, Smart City is one of the cases of handling IoT smart data characteristics (Mahdavinehad et al., 2018). Although the researched concept may seem quite developed, it requires further research and broader implementation, its intelligence should be increased, and new machine learning mechanisms and methods should be introduced. Successful Application of IoT To be successful in the Internet of Things application, managers should be well acquainted with the basic aspects of this concept, know effective ways of its utilization, and define the areas of IoT’s useful implementation for the organization. For example, by defining the areas of necessity, managers can decide what kind of devices they can use in certain departments. For instance, in the sphere
Introduction The political regimes are a set of partisan structure that makes up a nation such as a political system or a ruler in a political system. They are simple mechanisms through which the most powerful actors make collective verdicts and regulate the processes taking place in the country (Mayer et al., 2009, p. 422). The decisions made by rulers are based upon the calculations completed by the actors for balancing particular interests and constraints when making every single choice. This essay will discuss the concept of regime trajectories and the main influential factors affecting them from the point of view of structuralist and process-oriented theoreticians. Regime trajectories are the pattern of problem solving activities repeated and determined by a pattern (Mayer et al., 2009, p. 415). According to the structuralist approaches, the concentration of political power in the form of political leadership did not have any significant impact upon the changes of political regimes. The main arguments offered by this camp are that the distribution of economic power thrives under political regime and its leadership. For example, Luebbert, who was one of the representatives of the structuralist camp, admitted that labor-repressive agriculture played a critical role in promoting fascism in the twentieth century (Mayer et al., 2009, p. 424). However, the counterargument that can be used to criticize this hypothesis is that Belgium and the Netherlands, that were highly dependent upon agricultural sector as well, did not establish hegemonic liberalism before the beginning of the World War I. Therefore, according the structuralist theoreticians provide weighty arguments to assume that the changes in political regimes, the regime trajectories, were dependent upon the influence of the leaders of economic power, but the distribution of economical power in its turn depended upon the regime. In contrast to the structuralist approach, the process-oriented scholars emphasized the importance of the mass consciousness affecting the changes in the political regimes. The process-oriented theoreticians assumed that the society and collective opinions are more important than the segmental division of labor and economics. In addition, the mass consciousness could have affected the distribution of economic resources discussed by the structuralist theoreticians as well. The concepts of mass following and mobilization of psychological resources played a critical role in establishing the fraternal regimes in Italy, Germany and Japan in the early twentieth century (Mayer et al., 2009, p. 430). The successful development of fraternalism in these three countries required favorable conditions. According to the process-oriented theories, these were neither Hitler’s guidance nor German agricultura
Evaluation Steps An accurate Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) can aid in early detection of depression in at-risk patients. This quality improvement intervention will evaluate the accuracy of BDI as an evidence-based project (EBP) in the following steps.  1. Reliability test – Pretest and posttest scores from a nonclinical sample (n=10) of respondents (adolescents at risk of depression) screened a week apart will be compared to determine the reliability of the tool for use in a longitudinal study.  2. Expert reviews of BDI will be conducted to determine the content validity of the 21 items of the scale. It will involve educational psychologists who will assess if the items give a valid estimate of vital depressive symptoms.  3. Baseline and post-intervention data will be compared to determine the proportion of positively screened candidates that are later diagnosed with depression. Higher BDI scores should lead to depression diagnosis. Evidence The reliability and validity of BDI in evaluating depression severity has bee
Introduction As the most developed state in the world, the United States takes centre stage in shaping up any events that warrant attention on the international scene. Different political theories and concepts have been developed to help explain the interplay of politics on the global scene and the role of the United States in shaping global policy. These theories include Mercantilism, realism and idealism. Recent trends in the party politics in the United States denote the presence of a highly competitive political landscape in the country, where policy areas have taken centre stage in the competition between the two main prevailing political parties in the United States. While it is apparent that the democrat and the republican political parties thrive on different political ideologies, it has become apparent that these parties do not only thrive on ideologies. However, they often compete over the choice of certain policy recommendations that affect the United States and the entire globe. This paper explores the developments in the United States over the last two decades. The paper begins with a historical overview of the US party politics in order to provide a basis on which to comprehend the political landscape in the US. This is followed by the discussion of issues that necessitate change in the recent and contemporary developments in the US political landscape. Historical overview of the US party politics The development of party politics in the United States is a complex process due to diversity of the state of politics in the country. The United States is a country that is marked with an extended history as far as party politics and the development of a political landscape are concerned. Most historians and political scientists trace the development of the US political landscape from the beginning of the 18 th century after the United States gained independence from Great Britain. However, the volatility of the political landscape in the United States can be traced from the 19 th century into the 20 th century where there were a lot of political developments across the world, resulting in the emergent of other nations and competing nationalisms. The ancient politics in the US was
Introduction Abu Dhabi is one of the fast-developing emirates of the UAE in the 21 st century. It has already succeeded in the tourism industry, developed several successful business relations, and introduced effective managerial approaches. However, the investigations show that being one of the largest in terms of population, Abu Dhabi still faces certain challenges in the educational sectors and inabilities to provide all people, potential industry and business workers with the required portion of education (Buchler-Eden, 2012). The New School Model is one of the latest attempts to foster a child-centered learning environment, and it will be discussed and evaluated in this proposal. Research Questions In the New School Model, several areas have to be investigated and evaluated: school management, teachers and principals, curriculum, and student scoring in tests. Per each section, there is one research question that should be answered in the process of evaluation and investigating the New School Model:  1. What are the obstacles in the existing school management system implemented in Abu Dhabi and possible changes that can be offered to succeed with the New School Model?  2. Regarding the fact that the New School Model requires the enhancement of new teaching methods, is it justified to neglect the already developed principles and approaches to achieve effective student learning outcomes?  3. Can the NSM curriculum be developed regarding the already offered standards or some new learning standards should be established?  4. Should teachers promote continuous or rare assessments of students to check their scoring in tests and use the results to understand what students have already learned and what they should learn more? Literature Review The past achievements of the UAE Government proved that it was possible to promote free education that could result in educational excellence, but it was also necessary to integrate an effective curriculum and quality that was able to support the values developed by the representatives of the UAE and the citizens of Abu Dhabi in particular (Godwin, 2006). Abu Dhabi Educational Council (ADEC) has been working on the improvements of educational reforms and learning processes during a certain period (Al-Taneiji, 2014). On the one hand, it is required to focus on the professionalism of teachers and their abilities to understand what students may expect from the offered educational process and meet their expectations. On the other hand, the Abu Dhabi education system should be used to introduce professionals and experts in different spheres of life (Abu Dhabi Education Council, n.d.). It means that students should learn new material and realize how they can use it in regards to the changing world. Abu Dhabi education is challenged a lot nowadays, and ADEC cannot understand if it is necessary to concentrate on the development of public or private schools (McKinnon, Barza, & Moussa-Inaty, 2013). Therefore, it is required to evaluate the maturity of teachers in all schools and make sure they can use their professionalism to improve student’s Arabic and English literacy, use the learning outcomes of their stude
In his discussion, John Stuart Mill, who is the advocate of utilitarian ethics, tries to demonstrate that lying is generally wrong. Overall, this argument is based on several claims. At first, one should consider the principle of utility, according to which the morality of an action is evaluated by its actions. It implies that actions are morally acceptable, provided that they promote the general welfare. In turn, they can be condemned from an ethical viewpoint if they produce negative consequences. This is one of the assumptions that underlie Mill’s logic. Mill argues that truth-telling strengthens the trust between individuals. In turn, this feeling is critical for improving people’s cooperation with one another. Moreover, if every person acts in an honest way, the community will become more secure. These are the main benefits that can be identified. In contrast, deception undermines people’s trust in one another. As a rule, it impairs every form of cooperation. Thus, this behavior adversely affects the welfare of the community. This is why lying is generally wrong. Nevertheless, Mill does not try to show that lying can never be acceptable from an ethical viewpoint. In some cases, a person has to lie or at least conceal the truth in order in order to protect other people from danger. Under such circumstances, this behavior can be quite beneficial, while honesty can lead to negative results. So, Mill’s utilitarianism does not provide clear-cut instructions for making a decision because a person should consider a wide range of factors to predict the consequences of an action. Nevertheless, a person should usually be reluctant to deceive. This is one of the principles that should be taken into consideration.