ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Intro Folk psychology is also known as naïve psychology or common-sense psychology (Christensen & Turner 84). Folk psychology discusses human psychology that embraces everyday situations, assumptions, and convictions in regards to concepts of desires, beliefs, hope and fear (Christensen & Turner 123). Folk psychology is the theory that explains how a person’s perception of daily life’s feelings such as pleasure, pain, anxiety or excitement among other feelings explains their mental state. According to Christensen & Turner (165), the theory of the mind that helps in understanding the mental states is termed as ‘theory theory’. It can either be interpreted as internal sense or external sense (Kusch 107). Folk Psychology Assumes That All Perception Is Perfect In simple terms, folk psychology is the information that ordinary people hold in their minds also known as the perception. Folk psychology explains and guides a person’s actions and determines how we live our everyday lives (Kusch 118). Folk psychology is said to be confusing since it claims that everyone is naïve and is constantly reading and interpreting their own feelings in addition to figuring what everyone else is planning to do or feeling. Since a human being’s mind is left to determine how to perceive a situation or a feeling, sometimes situations are prone to misinterpretation (Kusch 287). Jerry Fodor remarked that since the role of folk psychology is pervasive in our lives it could be seriously mistaken, which would become a great intellectual catastrophe (Kusch 289). Misinterpretations Sometimes a person can misinterpret an event, object or a situation at a lower level (Christensen 284). I once mistook a tree trunk as a person when I was walking at night in a dark path. I was at a distance when I noticed a person hiding beside a hedge. I was scared because I thought he wanted to harm me. I collected a log on the ground as a weapon and proceeded in his direction. When I reached the place he was standing, I threw the log at him but he did not move that is when it occurred to me that it was a tree trunk and not a person. I felt relieved on discovering that it was a misperception since I was very scared. I also felt very stupid and deceived by my mind. Some people misinterpret events, objects or situations that occurred at a higher level of perceptual processing or meaning-making (Christensen 194). I thought thugs had attacked my neighbor at night because she gave out an outrageous cry. I had slept early and after some few hours heard a shriek coming from my neighbor’s house. I thought gangsters had attacked her but after listening for a few minutes I heard her talking and laughing with someone. I had perceived her cry to be of dange
Brief Summary Elijah Anderson is one of the best urban ethnographers. Anderson has chosen Philadelphia as the setting for his investigation on the complexity of urban social life. Philadelphia is a good choice because people leaving in this city come from different social, racial, and gender backgrounds. Philadelphia is also home to immigrants who have come from other nations. He has chosen cosmopolitan canopies such as Reading market, Rittenhouse Square, Reading Terminal, and 30 th Street Station for his investigation. Anderson Aims to advance arguments and analyze how the society interacts in an urban setting. He aims to show his students, some of whom have already started working on their own ethnographies, how the City Centre of Philadelphia is characterized by different interactive orientation. The difference in interaction is mostly as a result of the background (whether social, racial, or gender) of individuals living in the area. Anderson’s Effectiveness in His Work In The Cosmopolitan Canopy, Anderson thoughtfully dissects and analyses the interactional dynamics. He achieves this by analyzing the challenging racial differences in the society. Anderson takes the reader through Philadelphia City Centre. He reveals and exemplifies how the people living in this City interact across gender, racial, ethnic, and social boundaries. Similar Canopies can create synergy. Synergy helps the canopies to operate. If similar canopies are operating together, they form a cosmopolitan zone. A cosmopolitan zone refers to a space characterized by people with almost similar interactive orientation. Anderson book provides a different understanding of the racial relations in present day. He achieves this by providing a path breaking research on the interracial settings. Cosmopolitan canopies in an urban environment give a break to the social and economic tension that is normally exhibited in cities such as Philadelphia. It provides an environment for diverse people to gather and interact freely regardless of their racial, gender, or social background. Anderson has conducted a detailed research of the public interactions in an urban environment, which is mostly dictated by racial, class, and gender differences. The Book’s Explanatory framework The Cosmopolitan Canopy is an excellent description of the socially safe and unsafe urban environments. The writer describes various scenes in Philadelphia such as Reading market, Rittenhouse Square, Reading Terminal, and 30 th Street Station. Anderson starts by describing these cosmopolitan canopies as spaces where every person is encourage interacting freely. The writer then, outlines why African Americans find it necessary to create ethno spaces; spaces where people of color can be themselves. Anderson finally concludes that every individual has a certain level of either ethno or Cosmo orientation. Ev
Recent regional conflicts and military actions affected the global community, forcing a large number of people to become refugees. Forced to escape the place of violence, these people move to different territories, usually without resources to support themselves. The refugee crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo is one example of how refugees suffer because of poor healthcare access and the inability to provide for themselves. The global community has to create a response strategy to help refugees reintegrate into society and support their adaptation to new living conditions. The conflict in Congo has been an ongoing issue for many years, yet the crisis faced by the refugees has not been addressed adequately. According to BBC, Congo has been the center of “Africa’s world war” (“DR Congo country profile,” 2019, para. 1). However, state officials do not appear to have a clear strategy for mitigating military action or helping the refugees. According to the CIA Factbook, the Democratic Republic of Congo has vast natural resources (“Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 2020). However, the inhabitants of the state cannot benefit from these resources because of corruption and military conflict. Therefore, the refugee crisis is an issue of political and military nature, requiring a multidimensional approach. Congo’s example showcases the issues regions with unstable political and social environment’s face. CIA even recommends the United States citizens to reconsider a decision to visit Congo because of the ongoing civil unrest that poses a threat to both foreigners and locals (“Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 2020). Moreover, the refugees are facing additional difficulties because of Ebola outbreaks and the inability to access healthcare services. This type of disease can spread quickly across the population and affect a large number of people, making access to healthcare a priority in refugee camps. Refugees cannot access many of the essential services and take advantage of opportunities. As was mentioned, in Congo, the refugee crisis coincides with Ebola outbreaks, and the refugee population is especially vulnerable to the disease. Refugees usually leave their homes out of fear because of violence, which forces them to flee as fast as possible. As a result, they can lose connections to their community, children can no longer go to school, and their parents are unable to go to work. Moreover, for people who rely on growing their own food, such displacements affect their ability to hav
Thesis Statement Understanding the process of chemical bonding is an important undertaking as it provides the basis for designing and identifying appropriate methods for separation of different compounds and mixtures. Introduction For elements to combine and form useful compounds, they need to couple through bonds. These are possible because of differences in electron affinity of different elements across the periodic table. The type of bonds and the combination depends on the position of each element in the periodic table. As a result, two broad categories of compounds are obtained. These are ionic and covalent compounds. Difference between a Mixture and a Compound When two or more substances are mechanically combined, it results to a mixture. The constituents of the consequent mixture lack a chemical bond and for this reason, the mixture can separated using suitable physical means. Each component in a mixture retains its chemical attributes. Mixtures can either be homogeneous where the components exhibit uniformity or heterogeneous where the components are easily identifiable. If water is mixed with sugar, a homogeneous mixture is obtained whereby the components can be recovered by evaporation. If iron filings and sulphur powder are mechanically blended, a mixture is obtained. The individual components can be obtained in their pure form using a magnet (Tillery, Enger & Ross, p. 23). A compound is a chemical entity consisting of two or more chemical elements, which are combined by a chemical process. In a compound, the elements are held together by chemical bonds, which can be ionic, covalent or dative. For example, two hydrogen atoms are covalently linked with an oxygen atom to form a water molecule. A compound exhibits unique properties, physical and chemical, which significantly differ from those of its elements. The elements in a compound are always in a fixed ratio and the arrangement is defined. Therefore, a compound can be represented by a chemical formula, which depicts its exact elemental composition. The elements of a compound can only be separated by chemical means for example, by hydrolysis to break water into hydrogen and oxygen (Ramsden 2001, p. 47). By mere observation, it is hard to differentiate a pure element from a compound. Therefore, there is obvious necessity to conduct various tests to ascertain the true nature of a substance. Since compounds are composed of elements that are chemically combined, chemical means must be used to differentiate a compound from a pure element. The sample provided should be subjected to a chemical separation process for instance, hydrolysis where the analyst will have means of collecting the various products liberated. These products are then subjected to similar chemical and physical tests. If the outcome is similar for the samples collected, then the initial sample was an element. If the samples collected react differently with the same reactant, then the sample involved was a compound. Ionic and a Covalent Bond When two or more atoms of the same element or of different elements whose electronegativities are almost similar
Introduction In recent years, video streaming as a way of personal expression and interaction with the audience is becoming increasingly widespread. According to Bytyçi, video content will dominate the media space, and in the foreseeable future, it will occupy 85% of the global Internet traffic (2). As YouTube provides an international platform for video sharing, a substantial number of individuals create personal channels, loaded with content. High-quality videos represent the talent of their creator and his personal identity, trigger emotions, educate, and deliver significant messages to the audience. In this work, the most compelling sketches – the video from Lisa Koshy’s YouTube channel (2019) and Simon’s Cat episode (2008) – and its length’s influence on viewers’ impression will be analyzed. Main body The length of a sketch directly depends on its storyline and included concept; if a video’s idea is utterly expressed, the length is optional. Liza Koshy’s humorous video is considered highly captivating as her banana bread’s cooking process is combined with additional elements and the author’s remarks. Although, the sketch quality, related to the length of this video, depends on people’s viewing purpose. For instance, individuals who search for recipes may be dissatisfied with length, as the video contains additional elements and the absence of essential information concerning cooking. Meanwhile, viewers, attracted by Koshy’s charisma, may prefer her longstanding sketches. Conclusion The represented video of Simon’s Cat is an episode from the series of pictured comic sketches about a cat and its owner. The humorous component of the video consists of a combination of a cat’s animal behavior with human activities. Every episode lasts for several minutes, although this time limitation does not spoil the sketch’s quality; this length makes the film sharper as the concept of humor is revealed in a limited time scale. Works Cited  1. Bytyçi, Rinor. “Understanding the Effectiveness of Video Ads: A Measurement Study.” ResearchGate , 2014.  2. “ Let Me In! – Simon’s Cat| Shorts #2 .” YouTube, uploaded by Simon’s Cat, 2008. Web.  3. “ My Favorite Pastime. I’m Making Bread! Wholesome Whole Wheat .” YouTube, uploaded by Liza Koshy Too, 2019. Web.
Introduction Today we are living in a world that is technology-driven globally. For instance, Marshall Poe, the author of the Hive in the Atlantic Monthly, is a link to the home page of Wikipedia for the planet earth. Wikipedia is an online web. It is through this web that people are in a position to gather a lot of information from it. It has the greatest potential to be the greatest effort in knowledge-gathering all over the world. It’s through this web that people are in a position to access so much information related to daily activities. This internet has a lot of impact on many people and the economy at large. Main Body With the new internet technology, all people all over the world can be connected and hence as a result, you find that people can do their activities using these machines without the need of traveling to get these facilities. The new internet has solved many people’s problems since you find that with this new technology, people are in a position to do research using the internet, and with this, it has simplified and solved many problems. It is with the new internet whereby people use this new technology to have a level of transparency and be in a position to change the way businesses are conducted. The Internet has played several functions since its introduction. It ensures the full and free exchange of information through the open internet and diverse media outlets. Internet is an open service for everyone to use. All the users of the internet are free to make use of this service to be in a position to get the necessary information ranging from business information to governments information among others. This would eventually have an impact on the small or non-profit organizations to innovate on the new internet and also be in a position to reach more audiences. It’s through this that the economy would be in a position to grow since people are in a position to access these materials. (Chesbrough, 2003). The Internet has also been used by many governments. You find that many governments have made the data available online to allow citizens to view these data and make the available comments concerning how to improve the government’s activities. For instance, by providing information on the environment, you find that people are in a position to understand their environment, know how to protect these environments for instance how to control pollution which affects the health of human beings for instance air pollution since people need to stay in a clean environment free from pollution. It’s also by providing this information that people are in a position to protect themselves from these things. Open technology has led to many innovations and inventions helping businesses to improve their productivity and global competitiveness. For instance, the new technology has helped many firms to improve on their products since they are in a position to access information free from the internet which has helped them to run their firms properly. With this new technology, these
Introduction Nursing care involves close personal interaction with patients and nurses are expected to empathize with them and provide emotional support. However, a nurse may sometimes experience difficulties in his or her life or be affected by specific prejudices or biases and it is essential that these factors do not affect the quality of his or her work. In particular, emotions should not interfere with one’s work and patients should not be expected to provide support. The concept can be summarized in the term “professional boundaries,” which will be the topic of this essay. The Definition Professional boundaries are a broad concept, as they define the interaction framework for the nurse and the patient. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2014) states that they are “the spaces between the nurse’s power and the patient’s vulnerability” (p. 4). The relationship between the two is fundamentally uneven and the former should do everything in his or her power to ensure that the latter remains at the center of attention and care. Careless behavior or uncontrolled emotions can result in violations of privacy, favoritism, and, potentially, in sexual misconduct. A continued inability to respect professional boundaries can result in adverse outcomes for both the nurse and the patient. Breaches of professional boundaries can have considerable negative influences on the patient, sometimes without anyone noticing before substantial damage is done. According to National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2014), examples of such breaches include “excessive personal disclosure by the nurse, secrecy or even a reversal of roles” (p. 4). In general, putting the needs of the nurse before those of the patient constitutes a boundary violation and should be avoided at all times. Remaining in control and moderating one’s behavior to ensure professionalism and quality care are essential behaviors for a nurse. The Relevance of the Concept In nursing, where one is expected to reassure patients and engage them in conversation, it is possible to forget that the other party cannot be expected to support themselves or provide help to others. On the other hand, one can also be overly cautious and avoid interactions with the patient, leading to neglect and disinterest, which can be just as harmful, if not more. A competent nurse is expected to be aware of the position of balance between the two extremes and to be able to stay in that position. To achieve the goal of keeping within the professional boundaries, one needs to possess considerable emotional intelligenc
Introduction The People’s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 1.35 billion people. The country’s economy has experienced massive growth in the last two decades, making it the second largest in the world after the economy of the United States. The socio-cultural climate of the country has also changed greatly in the recent past. According to Xu (2012), the social environment of China has changed greatly from what it used to be during the Qin Dynasty. Following the end of the Second World War, the country embraced a political system that did not encourage socio-economic and political relationship with the West. However, this approach of governance has changed since 1990 when the country made a concerted effort to become a member of the World Trade Organization. In this study, the researcher will review some of the major historical events in China since 1990 that had impact on its social, cultural, political, and economic climate. 1997 Hong Kong Sovereignty The transfer of administrative authority from the United Kingdom’s government to the Chinese government on July 1, 1997 is one of the major historic events that have had major socio-economic and political impacts on this country. In 1984, the British government and the rulers of China reached an agreement where they decided that the administration of Hong Kong will be handed over to China under some conditions. The conditions were met and this city became part of China in 1997. This came with massive economic implications. According to LaFleur (2010) , “Hong Kong ranks the third most important international financial centre, after London and New York City, and has a major capitalist service economy characterized by low taxation and free trade” (p. 87). The decision to hand over the sovereignty of Hong Kong to China boosted the economy of the county. It also helped in promoting capitalism in the country at a time when it was obvious the country could not ignore capitalism any longer. However, this move also had some socio-cultural impact. When a section of residents of Hong Kong realized that the sovereignty of the country is to be transferred to China, they moved to other countries such as the United States, Canada, and European countries (Wu 2006, p. 90). Chinese from mainland moved to Hong Kong, specifically to trade, and this helped in the integration of the culture of the West, which was very common in this region. It had a major political impact on the political structure of the Chinese government. Alt
Abstract The paper is focused on the investigation of postpartum depression as the most severe psychological disorder women may experience after giving birth. It is noted that the problem has not received sufficient attention from psychiatrists and other healthcare specialists. Current methods of diagnosing postpartum depression are not effective. Many women start experiencing the disease’s symptoms upon being discharged from a hospital when there is no possibility to observe their behavior and condition. The project consists of two major parts. In the first chapter – the introduction – the problem statement, background, purpose, and nature of the project are mentioned. At the end of this section, research questions are defined. The second chapter – a review of literature – suggests the analysis of the existing scholarly literature focused on the problem. Both historical overview and current context are discussed. The review ends with a conclusion and a summary of the sources. At the end of the paper, recommendations for further research on postpartum depression are outlined. Introduction Postpartum depression is the most severe psychological complication of childbirth. Emotional distress and the loss of control experienced by women who have just given birth have a negative effect both on mothers’ and babies’ condition. Although postpartum depression has attracted the interest of many scholars, there is no unanimity in their opinion as to what the causes of the condition are and what solutions are the most effective. Chapter 1 aims at overviewing the project and formulating the project statement. In Chapter 2, the researcher has reviewed past and current literature focused on the topic. The final part of the paper includes a conclusion, a summary, and recommendations. Problem Statement The insufficient knowledge of postpartum depression among obstetricians frequently leads to their mistaking it for regular depression. Physicians mainly focus on new mothers’ physical appearance and condition, neglecting their emotional and psychological state. The proposed project is crucial and feasible since it aims at performing a thorough investigation of postpartum depression and suggesting solutions for this problem. The mixed-method approach will be used. Qualitative methods will be employed to collect the information from new mothers and healthcare specialists. Quantitative methods will be used to calculate the obtained data. Background Postpartum depression, along with prenatal depression, belongs to major depressive disorders affecting 12-20% of the population (Brummelte & Galea, 2016). Depres