ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Purpose-Centered Education The Purpose-Centered Education (PCE) aims at developing leadership and scholarship skills among the learners. The PCE is a continuous process of learning that operates on the pillars of application of skills and knowledge. The skills are incorporated to develop and achieve proactive purposes that are very vital outside the learning environment. The PCE aims at promoting development of lifelong skills and independence among the learners in order to create an innovative person within and without the classroom. In addition, the PCE promotes inclusive learning that involves all the stakeholders such as the parents, teachers and the community. The PCE aims to achieve the goal of internalizing the necessary skills and abilities to the learners. As a result, the learners are expected to embrace these skills outside the classroom environment. How a teacher can empower a student In order to empower a student, a teacher has the role of responsibility definition that pulls together the learning materials and resources such as coursework, basic learning skills, and practical assessments (Carl, 2009). This is achieved through entrusting the learner(s) with the power to make decisions on how the curriculum should be handled. Besides, the teacher may employ different teaching strategies such as learner oriented model. This model puts the learner in the forefront of the learning activity rather than being an observer. This will eventually give the learner a strong voice in the learning process (Carl, 2009). Moreover, the teacher may enroll a learner to special learning activities such as symposiums, project presentations, and debates. These activities are known to improve a learner’s self esteem and inspiration to be an excellent achiever. The teacher may also allocate special time for a learner to respond to concerns and make corrections without interfering with the learner’s confidence. In addition, incorporation of meaningful technology in the learning process may empower a learner to positively respond to real issues within the classroom environment (Carl, 2009). The future of education in America The present education system of America is under crisis since most of the education progress indicators imply that the use of technology, employment skills, and quality of the certificates are not at par with the demands of the market. Besides, most of the current reforms on education focus on education system’s weaknesses rather than how to use its diversity to promote progress. From these findings, it is apparent that the future of the American education system is bleak if the policies are not streamlined to promote use of tec
How do current radical right groups such as sovereign citizens threaten the legitimate federal authority in the United States? In the United States, a radical right group is a term used to assign common depiction to each extreme side of the political spectrum (Johnson 46). Radical right groups comprise of a number of fanatic movements that support nationalistic leanings. These groups can be classified into supremacist movements, militia movements, sovereign citizens’ movements, and various single-issue movements (Johnson 46). Among these groups, sovereign citizens are the most active. The groups, together with other right groups in the United States threaten the legitimate federal authority in a number of ways. As such, these groups champion for secession. They want to fight for the removal of their states from the United States. These groups argue that state separation is a constitutional right that the federal government should respect. Based on these motives, it is apparent that these extremist groups are after undermining the legitimate federal authority of the US. Similarly, sovereign citizens have always insisted that the US federal government is illegitimate. Therefore, they have always tried to reinstate an idealized and an inconspicuous government that has never been in existence in the US. To date, these groups wage confrontations against the federal government and similar related authorities by use of paper terrorism, pestering, threat tactics, and infrequently resorting to aggression (Johnson 47). In addition, sovereign citizens assert that the county is the legitimate seat of command in the US. Their ideology is supported by the fact that county administration is nearer to the citizens than the federal government. Why does the FBI classify this group as domestic terrorists? According to the FBI, domestic terrorism group is a faction that satisfies the below characteristics (Johnson 47). The first attribute is that a group must be planning dangerous acts against fellow humans contrary to the national or state law. Second attribute is that a group must seem to be intentionally threatening civilians, undermining the policy of a government through threats, and have an effect on the behavior of a government by mass obliteration, murdering or abducting. Lastly, for a group to be considered a domestic terrorist it acts must occur inside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States and be carried out by its citizens. Sovereign citizens are categorized as internal terrorists because they exhibit the above characteristics. For instance, ever since the fall of the Posse the group has witnessed a momentous increase in numbers of its acts. These acts comprise of attempts of aggression frequently against the legislative body of the government. During the year 1993, radical escapees Linda Lyon Block and George Sibley, who were the members of the group, assassinated a police officer in Alabama (Hamm 217). In mid 1990s, a gang of radicals linked with the extremists battered Karen Mathews at her residence. Similarly, in the year 1998 two members belonging to the group fired their guns at two firefi
Summary of the Classical Strain Theory Agnew’s Classical Strain Theory is based on the incapability of an individual to achieve an expected cultural goal. Many youths are concerned with current affairs that suit their ages such as parental care, achievement of higher grade, and fame. Concentration on immediate achievement enables youths to get rid of crimes that are rampant during adolescence. A close attention is drawn on factors that are important in youth development in socioeconomic set ups. These factors include academic improvement, leadership roles, accomplishment of co-curricular activities, achievement of an intellectual status, duties, and set goals (Agnew et al., 2002). Majorly, people who lack or do not have the ability to acquire all factors commit crimes. Agnew et al. (2002) brings in to context a version of how the youths experience strain. He states that many youths avoid situations that provoke pain while accomplishing immediate goals. For instance, mistreatment of children by their parents is a type of strain that is caused by the presence of negative stimuli. Many youths who reside in abusive environments are abused in many occasions. In such cases, they cannot leave their homes without the permission of their parents. As a result, their chances of escaping strain are minimal (Agnew et al., 2002). Delinquency is one of the major reasons that compel individuals to escape strain or painful situations. For instance, a student who has a problem with an institution can be truant to escape problems. Anger reactions that are shown by a child towards a problem also lead to avoidance of strain. For example, when a child shows aggression to a teacher or a fellow pupil due to his inability to avoid conflict is a form of anger reaction. Nonetheless, some level of strain is recognized through interaction with social environments where an individual portrays negative relations. In this case, many youths have a tendency of treating other people negatively due to anger and depression. Similarly, children are dissatisfied tend to accumulate negative values that result in development of negative behaviors or emotions (Agnew et al., 2002). Failure to achieve personal goals and aspiration leads to development of defiant behaviors such as anger, dissatisfaction, and depression. Finally, these defiant behaviors lead to strain. Negativity can be developed when there is no link between a just judgment on the expected outcome and the actual outcome. People always compare efforts that are extended towards an activity and the product they obtain from such activities. Individuals realize satisfaction when both their efforts and reciprocation are equal. Otherwise, a situation of discontentment arises due to unfairness; hence, the individual develops feelings of strain (Agnew et al.
The ottoman empire: Basic facts   * The Ottomans are one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern world” (Hooker, 1996, para.1)   * The moment of glory” – the sixteenth century.   * Islamic Empire. “The largest and most influential of the Muslim empires” (Hooker, 1996, papa.2).   * Period of Existence: 1299-November 1, 1922. Richard Hooker (1996) calls the Ottomans “one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern world” (para.1). The researcher stresses the importance of “the moment of glory” that was in the sixteenth century and it was the time when the Ottoman Empire was the perfect example of “human creativity, optimism, and artistry” (Hooker, 1996, para.1). In fact, the Ottoman Empire had the ground for boasting. It was an Islamic empire that was rightfully called “the largest and the most influential of the Muslim empires of the Modern period” (Hooker, 1996, para.2). As for the whole period of the existence of the Ottoman Empire, it covered seven centuries from 1299 to 1922. The Territory of the ottoman empire The whole territory captured and controlled by the Ottoman Empire during the military campaigns they undertook included Western Asia, southeastern European regions, as well as large territories of Eastern Europe, Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Caucuses, and the territories in Middle East to Iran. The Northern regions of Africa also belonged to the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, it is possible to state that during the age of expansion and prosperity, the Ottoman Empire set its power on three continents at the same time. It is evident that it was a very hard task to establish strict and continuous control over such a vast territory and this was one of the main factors that caused rebellious mood of the peoples who belonged to the Ottoman Empire due to its military victories, but not traditionally . The center of the Ottoman Empire was in Anatolia, the control over other regions was the result of the policy of aggressive expansion. Due to a number of regions that were traditionally alien to Anatolia in many aspects (for example, religion as the Ottoman Empire included religiously diverse regions, suck as Christian), even the Golden Age, the period of rise of the Empire can be characterized by internal conflicts that resulted in rebellions against the Empire. The rebellions during the age of Rise of the ottoman empire The revolt lead by Sheikh Bedrettin (Bedreddin): 1416. Reasons   * Military re
Discussing the Distinctions between social groups In the course of time, people have been searching for techniques and approaches to adjust to geographical, social, and cultural environment in the past and in the modern contexts. Gradual development of social and culturally different groups and nations, however, is not predetermined by a biological evolution, or by unequal conditions for the civilization development. In this respect, Brody distinguishes between two social groups – hunters-gatherers and farmers – that were formed irrespectively of each other due to the certain historical and social conditions (14). Hence, the author states that farmers are more mobile, restless, nomadic, and expansive in comparison with hunter-gathers who prefer to stay on a more secure, home territory (Brody 114). The difference between agricultural societies and hunter-gathers societies also lies in temporal characteristics and the level of technological penetrations (Gonzalez 3). In particular, farmers are more developed in technological terms because they should work out strategies for increasing productivity and advancing farming practices. However, Gonzalez emphasizes that original farmers who lived on the territory of the North American were more inclined to use ecology-friendly techniques to sustain traditional modes of farming and agriculture (27). In discussing the differences between farmers and hunter-gatherers, Evans-Pritchard outlines two distinguishing criteria that identify the Nuer tribes: political system and ecology (47). In particular, hunter-gathers do not have particular organizational structure and subordination; instead, their political order is more close to anarchy. In ecological terms, the hunters and farmer can be classified in accordance with spatial discontinuity. In contrast, Pollan speaks about farmers and foragers through their attitude to plant and animals (123). In particular, farmers considered corn not only as the food, but as the good that can be sold. Therefore, there were mode focused on advancing their technologies and increasing yield. In their turn, foragers were less developed in these terms because they correlated food with culture and spirituality. While examining the elements of Nuer culture as compared with contemporary communities originating from the immigration, Holtzman emphasizes that the Nuer life is closely connected with the waves of immigrations to the United States and explains that hunter-gatherers are more attached to traditions, kin relations, and culture (42). They had little interest in technologies and other techniques because their values were not based on materialistic objects, but on the spiritual development. Social and Historical F
Introduction With the advancement in technology media has continually developed and with time has become part and parcel of our day to day live and consequently children and adolescents have been exposed to the various media outlets. Media exposure comes with both advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses how media affects the physical, cognitive and social development of children and young adults. Physical development According to a report by Media Awareness Network (2010), television viewing was perceived to be an inactive activity and one of the key factors contributing to obesity in children. They gave an example of Canada where there were a significant number of kids who are obese. The reason highlighted was that the many hours spent on the television entertainment could otherwise have been used on physical exercises. The Canadian Pediatric Society was also quoted claiming that “most food advertising on children’s TV shows is for fast foods, candy and pre-sweetened cereals; commercials for healthy food make up only 4 per cent of those shown” (Media Awareness Network, 2010). This influences kids to eat junk foodstuff thereby affecting their physical development. Social emotional development A report by Media Awareness Network (2010) claims that children especially girls when subjected to violence on television shows develop increased fear. A report by Boyse (2010) suggested that young adolescents are prematurely exposed to sex through sexual content on media. It is argued that the way sex is portrayed on the media influences young boys to experiment thus exposing them to dangers of premature sex. Boyse (2010) also claimed that sexual content on the media mainly contradicts what the parents teach their children about sex. As children spend countless time on media they hardly have time to interact with their family members and friends and this greatly reduces their social skills in life (Boyse, 2010). Cognitive Development Media violence has been spotted as a possible inhibitor of cognitive development in children. Carban (2010) suggested that kids playing violent video games may perceive violence as a normal way of living. Carban (2010) proposed that kids may become insensitive to violence and become aggressive later in life. He claimed that: Violent video games display acts of aggression acts, such as, violent and aggressive behavior to either its opponent or victim. Children observed such action, but it becomes inhibited within children cognition, which affects values and beliefs system; for example, children forming thoughts, schemas, attitudes, which affects social behavior and the concept that the world is a violent place. (Carban, 2010,
The current essay is centered on Henry Adams’s famous essay The Dynamo and The Virgin which is the part of his book The Education of Henry Adams which was disseminated between his close friends and colleagues presenting the story of Adams’s life and his attitude to the burning problems and challenges of the humankind. The main intention of this essay however is not to provide a mere analysis of Adams’s work but to find out how the depiction of woman’s image and historical role as conceived by Adams resonates with modern problems of virginity, feminism, motherhood, womanhood, sexuality, and body. To this end, we put the emphasis on the personality of a famous woman and we have chosen US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Considerably drawing on Adams’s essay and Rice’s political career and personal life (to the extent of available data) we will try to show how Adams’s stance on a woman in modern society is reflected in Rice’s personality and political career. The discussed essay is by large Adams’s vision of modernity as opposed to Christianity and traditionalism. For him, the premodern period of history is associated with the Virgin Mary as a reflection of all-embracing divinity and aspiration of God’s kingdom on the Earth, deep feeling of humanity’s deficiency and peccancy. In contrast with Christianity modernity is the movement of infinite progress expressed in dynamo machines and modern technology. That is the way Adams describes his own attitude towards technology which he considers to be one of the main catalysts of progress and modernity: ‘To him, the dynamo itself was but an ingenious channel for conveying somewhere the heat latent in a few tons of poor coal hidden in a dirty engine-house carefully kept out of sight; but to Adams, the dynamo became a symbol of infinity’ (p. 178). Adam’s important assumptions state that Christianity deprived woman of her unique natural force that is sexuality and ‘the monthly-magazine-made American female had not a feature that would have been recognized by Adam’. Women were worshiped not for their beauty as Adams claims but for their natural energy and strength which is represented in the image of Greek and Roman goddesses. This makes Adams compare women with dynamo machines claiming that historically they had much in common. Here we find important parallels with the personality of Condoleezza Rice who is much known for her energy and the presence of vital strengths and vigor which is evident if we throw a glance at her political career and younger years. There is no denying the importance of the fact that this woman was a vigorous supporter of the Civil Rights Movement when she was a young woman. Rice opposed racial discrimination in every form is it blatant violence or institutional discrimination. Besides this, her energy and will are evident if we look at the pass that she made to the Secretary of State office. Her political position vis-à-vis other states is also widely known as she is an effective promoter of the American interests and political agenda all over t
Introduction Every democratic country in the world has some set norms that guide its business operations and practice. In many countries, these normative sets are entrenched in laws and trade agreements governing how business is undertaken. In the same vein, some countries adhere strictly to the accepted norms of business practice while others abuse the norms in favor of personal or corporate enrichment. In such countries, instances of business bribery and child labour are rampant, while women are treated unequally to men in their places of work. This is done regardless of set rules and trade agreements that denounce such vices in business circles. The question of following the set norms of business practice becomes almost unbearable when one reflects on Multinational Corporations (MNC’s). In a layman’s language, a multinational corporation is a large money-making organization with subsidiaries operating in a number of other different nations (“Multinational Corporation,” 2008). These subsidiaries are the subject of my discussion. Should ethically sound business practice require multinational corporations to respect the norms of the host country or the norms of the corporation’s home country? Discussion According to Kolk and Tulder (2004), many budgets of the MNC’s are comparatively large to the national incomes of the host countries. This therefore means that it is never easy for the host nations to enforce their national laws and trade agreements on the MNC’s. Many governments, especially African, Asian, and Latin American governments rubbish or turns a blind eye to the accepted norms of business practice in favor of the MNC’s. The situation becomes worse when the said governments becomes facilitators in bending the laws of international business best practices in favor of the investments brought by these large corporations (Donald & Werhane, 1969). The argument used by many governments is that the corporations are instrumental in supporting their economies through taxation, creation of employment, training of local employees in new and probably transferable expertise, and technological transfer. As such, governments surrender their authority and regulatory powers to the MNC’s. The results are there for all to see. Hardly does a month pass by without hearing the news of a certain MNC abusing its workers in a certain country, with those in power too afraid or too ‘powerless’ to intervene. Some governments have been known to protect the interests and business norms of the MNC’s over the interests of their fellow citizens. The results are always disastrous. We have heard of deaths caused by fires in toy factories in Thailand, pesticide intoxication in banana estates in Central America, and the utter intimidation of the trade union officials who tried to expose such business malpractices in the hands of MNC’s (Woodroffe, 2001). Not so long ago, a British Multinational mining company known as Cape plc exposed South African miners to asbestos dust, 30 times what is known to be the legally safe limit in the UK. To