ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper discusses the public interest theory and economic interest group theory as separate approaches of regulation using the related selected journal article for each to outline the major points of each theory. The other part makes use of the features of each case with reference to a potential outcome, using each theory of regulation approach by identifying the features of the case and the actions and motivations of the parties involved in, and affected by, the case. Public interest theory Under the public interest theory, regulation is done as a respond to the demand by the public to correct inefficiency and lack of equitability in the market as a caused by the players in a given industry. There is the presumption that regulation is beneficial to society rather than to few best particular groups when these players alone are left alone by their self-interest. Regulation therefore may be viewed to as the representing the interest of the society over the private interest of regulators. The theory includes as a necessary assumption that economic market forces are easily broken extremely in which case inefficiency happens if left unregulated and that regulation as handled by the government is further presumed to be virtually costless and that said government is an assumed neutral arbiter. Thus, like any other theory, public interest may also be criticized on the ground of its application only if the public will exercise their right of demanding a better allocative efficiency. In reality however, the law makers or legislators may do their law making functions with their personal interests and may not do so for the benefit of the public. As a result, a requirement for the efficient and effective working of the theory presupposes also a regulation of the interest of the lawmakers. In the article “Reflections on the public interest in accounting”, Dellaportas and Davenport (2008) have provided a way to further understand the concept of public interest theory by detailing the role of government in having some role in setting accounting standards for the regulation of the market. They argued that the expression, ‘the public interest’ is so embedded in policy development, that reforms in accounting are promoted under the assumption that such development will improve the well-being of the community. They noted however that current conceptions of the public interest are inadequate to define a principle which must stand as a measure of public policy. Dellaportas and Davenport (2008) concluded that in accounting, the public interest generally connotes having the collective well-being of people as objective with the institutions and the profession serving to protect the economic interests of third parties, which include the investors, by facilitating an efficient and effective economic decision making process via the pro
Introduction The American cowboy came from a popular uprising of the vaquero (in North Mexico), which referred to an animal herder who looked after cattle in Northern America with the use of Horses (Pryor 33). Currently, the cowboy movement is a popular and legendary hallmark of American history. In other parts of the world, the cowboy movement has evolved, with people who perform approximately the same tasks as those performed by the American cowboys springing up in countries such as Australia and other parts of Latin America. From the cowboy movement, a popular subtype of the cowboy movement called the wrangler came about. The Wrangler was majorly known to use horsebacks to look after his cattle, but on the side, this subtype also used to work for (or participate) in rodeos. Also, from the cowboy movement, the cowgirl movement was birthed, but it does not cut a very importance meaning to American history as does the cowboy movement (Ryan 125). However, in the recent past, there has been a significant amount of respect accorded to the movement (cowgirl movement). Nonetheless, the cowboy movement has a deep historic origin to the early settlers of America such as the Spanish settlers and other European settlers who lived in America. Despite this clear origin, different cowboy movements have sprung up because differences in climatic influences and cultures have led to the emergence of various shades of cowboys with many cowboys now differing on the equipment, clothing and animal types to be used or handled (Pryor 33). For instance, modern-day influences have changed the way cowboys operate, and in this manner, the cowboy movement has altered in the same regard. However, many classical aspect of the concept is still maintained to date. In recent times, there has been an increase in debates regarding the true image of the American cowboy, because there are claims that, Americans, through movies, films and products, have glamorized the image of the American cowboy such that, it has lost its true authenticity. This claim has been supported by some researchers who note that, the American cowboy is not a specific place or time in history but rather, a state of mind where anybody could make it to be whatever they wanted it to be (Beard 12). Due to this historic and popular clash of the American cowboy image, there have been increased calls to
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois had distinctly different approaches to the accomplishment of their shared goal of African American betterment. This was expressed in their policies, programs, goals, and methods. Their debate persisted until DuBois’ death in the mid-1960s. Washington advocated a gradual approach to achieving equality, while Du Bois urged that immediate pursuit of equal civil rights and education. These differences may have reflected vastly different life experiences, with one born a slave, and the other attending Harvard. Neither leader was completely successful in their goals in their lifetime, but they laid the groundwork for many important initiatives that are still operating today in the ongoing effort to make up for centuries of slavery and unequal treatment. It is not easy to dismiss either approach because both have their basis in a conviction of what is right, and of what can be done. Washington, born into slavery in 1865, and brought up in the Reconstruction-era South, “knew the heart of the South from birth and training,” including the deep-seated feeling of superiority and animosity that southern whites expressed in every aspect of their behavior (Du Bois). It is possible that he simply could not imagine that generation of Southern whites according to African Americans the full rights that they wanted and deserved, at least, not without a powerful appeal to their self-interest. This, he believed, would arise from African Americans becoming economically important farmers, artisans, and entrepreneurs. He contended that “No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree, ostracized.” (Washington) To accomplish this, he worked to establish a network of schools to train African Americans in the crafts and trades, and to encourage them to establish their businesses. This idea of a parallel middle class being built up apart from whites was partly the inspiration for the separatist impulses of, for example, The Nation of Islam (PBS). DuBois, on the other hand, a great-grandson of a Colonial fighter, grew up in the Berkshires. As an intellectual’s intellectual, he promoted both the education to the maximum for African American students and criticized Washington for,” unnecessarily narrow” educational goals (Du Bois). As the product of a much more integrated community, and the cradle of the American Revolution, DuBois chafed at the delay in full recognition of civil rights and helped to establish the NAACP (PBS). He decried Booker T. Washington’s recommendation to wait patiently for full acceptance as fellow citizens and encouraged his entire race to work for “1. The right to vote. 2. Civic equality. 3. The education of youth according to ability. “(Du Bois). His influence helped to spark the 1960s Civil Rights movement, and that decade’s legislation that was intended to protect the rights of African Americans. They both were right. Voting rights permitted African Americans to take political power in man
Brief background Mark Berbato is the product team leader and executive director of Cialis. He has for a long time worked to provide a remedy for impotence in men competing existing leader, Viagra. The team is structured according to the function of its members. The product and marketing team works day and night to provide differential marketing strategies in order to survive the competition. Viagra has been used for a long time to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Despite this statistics, Mark’s team is optimistic about the uncertainties involved. Lilly management decided to find a better erectile dysfunction treatment by first understanding the market. The medical, regulatory, legal, manufacturing, financial and marketing managers report directly to the executive director. The drug is expected to go through various tests to ensure that it is safe for consumption by human beings. The test involves three phase trials after which it can be available in clinics. Decision dilemma Decision dilemma for Leonard Blum and his is team is whether to market Cialis in the alre
Introduction Marketing is a fundamental element in organisation’s long-term performance. Therefore, making effective marketing decisions is critical. Traditionally, marketing decisions were based on experience and judgement. However, different marketing models were formulated during the 1960s in an effort to assist organisations in conducting marketing analyses. Another major revolution in the 1960s relates to the development of the mainframe computers, which enabled marketers to access the market data they needed in making marketing decisions and planning (Wierenga 2008). Diverse models have been formulated in an effort to explain the transformations that have occurred with regard to marketing. Cooper (2000) posits that organisations should ensure that they are very effective with regard to planning. This aspect is only achievable if marketers have sufficient marketing information (Hengst & Sol, 2001). Information has become a powerful tool that is influencing the society. The significance of information in the contemporary society has been enhanced by the emergence of Information Communication Technology (ICT) (Coallier 2012). The rate of ICT innovation has increased exponentially as evidenced by innovations with regard to the internet, mobile technologies, and the social media (McGrath 2012). Lancaster (2005) emphasises that the changing role of ICT with regard marketing has presented a major challenge to marketing practitioners and academics. In a bid to survive in such a business environment, it is fundamental for organisations to integrate effective marketing planning. Simkin and Dibb (2008) define marketing planning as the systematic process through which an organisation evaluates its marketing capabilities together with opportunities through   * analysing the marketing objectives,   * ensuring effective market targeting,   * developing competitive advantage, resource allocation,   * formulating effective brand positioning   * implementing and controlling the strategies formulated. Simkin and Dibb (2008) are of the opinion that marketing planning is based on analysing the customers, capabilities, competitors, and the market trends. Aim The objective of this report is to evaluate marketing models, their relevanc
The picture tells a lot about the lives of slaves in the plantations and in Britain. Slaves were never supplied with basic needs, such as clothing and beddings since they could spend their nights in the cold. Their children could also sleep without blankets since the ones supplied were insufficient. After spending their day in the farms working, they could be given additional responsibilities meaning that some lacked time to sleep. Household chores, such as washing, mending, and cooking, were considered secondary duties. Slaves were supposed to accomplish them once they were through with their main duties in the day. Slaves were squeezed in one small room, irrespective of whether they were married, male, or female. This was unethical because family values were never respected. Under normal situations, men were supposed to be housed in their shelter while women would also be housed separately. Married individual would be given rooms to spend their time discussing family values, but colonialists never considered this important. Masters would frequently harass slaves without valid reason just because of differences in skin color. Plantations were self-sufficient meaning that they had everything that would be needed to make life comfortable for the master. At no point would a slave claim to have finished his or her work. Slaves would be subjected to physical assault in case they failed to accomplish their tasks appropriately. Masters employed overseers who were extremely cruel and inhuman. The whites misinterpreted the bible by arguing that human beings would never be equal. They even claimed that people were never equal during the old times when kings owned huge tracts of land and animals while slaves provided compulsory labor. From the bible, it was illegal or unethical for a slave to refuse to take orders from the master. Such an actor would invite a heavy penalty, which included death. Based on this, white settlers in the southern states advocated for slavery, arguing that it was justifiable biblically. From the picture, it is true that slaves gave themselves hope through music and religion. They authored songs that acted as a source of optimism and strength for many blacks. The picture reveals further that slaves had strong families ties since they could dine together, celebrate, and even share some words before surrendering to bed. On the contrary, masters lived a desperate life, full of anguish and sorry because of disunity. Slaves reinterpreted the bible whereby they realized that they were not supposed to be servants. The justification given by the white settlers in the south was misplaced. Southern states showed their desire to secede because slavery was their major source of labor in the plantations. They could not imagine operating without free slave.
It is true that the needs of children are not taken care of in several childcare institutions. Childcare centers are simply concerned with making profits. This predisposes children to poor living conditions. Some scholars suggest that early childhood teachers should come up with new strategies that may improve the living conditions of children in childcare institutions. This would be possible if teachers evaluate the existing policies. In 1837, a Kindergarten movement was established to fight for the rights of children because it was believed that children were weak, powerless, and incapable of making decisions on their own. Therefore, they relied on adults for decisions and help. However, the movement cannot hold in the 21 st century because childcare has been commercialized, as well as commoditized. Childhood should be understood as a passive stage. This is because it is a stage where children receive knowledge and skills selected and offered to them by adults (Bloch, 1992). In the modern world, children should be perceived as young adults. This means that children should be treated in the same way as mature individuals. Childhood should not be perceived as a special phase of growth and development because such view interferes with the rights of children. Moreover, adults should not be treated as people who hold a lot of power to an extent of influencing the life of the child negatively. In early childhood education, children should be made to behave like grownups. They should be encouraged to replicate the behaviors of their seniors, such as teachers and staff members in the care giving institutions (Aitken, & Kennedy, 2007). Children should be instructed to spend long hours reading books and doing class work activities other than allowing them to play in the fields. Therefore, early childhood curriculum should be knowledge-based. It should not be play-based because children might not master the specific skills needed for coping. In other words, children should be perceived as adults in training. Care giving centers should aim at ensuring that children are brought up to be responsible people in society. Subjecting children to poor living conditions might compromise their behavior.
Introduction In behavioral economics, economists study how rare or scarce resources are allocated and distributed among individuals and members of society. While standard economics assumes that the decision maker is rational, economists have observed that many individuals deviate from the rational model. Such deviations are called anomalies. Examples of behavioral anomalies are engaging in charitable giving, participating in punishment of anti-social behavior, exercising little, etc. The study of behavioral economics brings in basic concepts from a variety of fields of studies such as psychology, sociology, and even a little bit of anthropology. Because of this, there is no unifying theory of behavioral economics. One of the most well-known deviations from the rational decision maker is the sunk cost fallacy. In most well-documented introductory Business and Economics textbooks, the reader is warned against committing what is commonly known as sunk cost fallacy . Sunk cost case examples are plentiful, ranging from the everyday personal stories, to other more profound and general observations of human behavior. In clearer terms, a cost is considered sunk when it is unable to be recovered. Because it is unable to be recovered, traditional economic theory claim that sunk costs have no impact on future payoffs, and should therefore play no role in rational choice. However, no matter how rational this may seem, people are always affected by sunk costs when making decisions. Once an individual has made some sort of investment, whether it be time, money, effort, or emotion, he/she has a tendency to invest even more in an attempt to keep their investment from being wasted. Typically, it seems that the larger the size of his/her investment, the more the individual desires to continue to invest, even though the returns of the investment may seem no longer sensible. Let’s take a look at one of the most well-known examples of sunk cost and its effects on decision making studied by Hal R. Arkes and Catherine Blumer in 1985. In their study, they demonstrate the effect of sunk cost on decision making through many different experiments. One of the experiments was a questionnaire, and the experiment assumes that the decision maker has already spent $100 on a ski trip to Michigan, and $50 on a ski trip to Wisconsin, only to realize that neither is refundable, reschedulable, nor resalable. Believing that the Wisconsin ski trip will be more enjoyable, the decision maker is asked to choose on going to the more expensive trip, or the cheaper trip. Arkes and Blumer’s study revealed that although the money has already been spent, most people would choose to go to the more expensive ski trip, even though the more economic trip would have been more enjoyable. In this case, Arkes and Blumer found that “the larger sunk cost of the Michigan trip is influencing many
Academic Prospective The role of the 21 st century supervisor is in high contrast with the retrospective role as indicated by Dawson (2003, p.85), and as seconded by McConnell (2010, p.6). The supervisor is considered to be a very important person in any organization because he/she acts a link between the floor level employees and the upper management (Mosley, Mosley & Pietri, 2011, p.452). Their bridging role ensures that organization human resources objectives are achieved by delegating daily duties to employees, and by selecting, appraising and disciplining them. The supervisory role cannot be successfully carried without building mighty strong relation cornerstones, which include “fairness, trust, confidence, competence and respect”, for the organization (Imundo, 1991, p. 3). Despite the fact that a supervisor has power and the right to exercise this power on his/her juniors, the relation cornerstones should be part of him/her. The 21st role and functions of a supervisor do not only entail being authoritative and commanding, rather they entail an array of elements that should help to bring out the best form the employees. Regardless of the fact that supervision is essential, a supervisor’s function in ensuring that employees remain dutiful is equally important. This is accomplished by the supervisor’s function as a coach, facilitator, team developer and expediter (Mosley, Mosley & Pietri, 2011, p. 118). McConnell (2007, p. 53), has outlined the following as the functions of a supervisor in the 21 st century: scheduling activities, giving instructions, controlling and regulating execution of duties, motivating employees, effectively communicating decisions made by the upper management, settling disputes, planning on how objectives will be met through planning policies, presenting grievances of the employees to the management, and preparing reports on progress and performance of duties. These 21st century functions of a supervisor aim at staffing, leading, planning, monitoring and organizing the various components that make up an organization. The supervisor’s planning role focuses on the future of the organization by setting long-term goals that would be guided by a logical set of objectives. The supervisor schedules and prepares a detailed plan of action that shows how the organization would achieve its long-term goals (Cole, 2001, p. 157). Progress towards achievement of these long-term goals requires the supervisor to continuously monitor and review activities carried out, checking whether these activities are inclined towards achievement of these goals. Non-Academic Prospective The non-academic version of the perspectives on the roles and functions of the supervisor in the 21 st century is similar with that of the academic one. Supervisors are no longer the arrogant and dictatorial persons that were once believed to be. They are currently perceived to be like parents, meant to guide and direct th