ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The shift towards the feudal form of social organization was connected to the development of feudal land ownership. Such land relations broadly defined the character of the political regime and the essence of the state and law. While serfs paid to rent land from landowners, their dependence was also determined by non-economic coercion that came to life through political and legal methods. At that time, the church was a large landowner that substantially influenced ideological and religious life. Along with the spiritual sphere of life, the church also managed the political sphere. It had many prerogatives and legal privileges and influenced both the political and legal systems. While the significant purpose of political organization was to provide rules, the primary purpose of the church was to justify those rules. As Cone states, religion serves to give meaning to the circumstances in which people live and explain why they are good and conducive to happiness (129). The unique role of religion and the church during the feudal era was defined by the fact that pre-industrial people’s worldview, regardless of their particular social affiliations, was primarily theological. Additionally, by adjusting Christianity to the new feudal regime, the ruling class of society aimed to strengthen the church’s economic, political, and ideological position to increase their power and influence. For instance, as described in “Grant of a Fief,” King Louis VII of France and Count Henry of Champagne granted the rights of property to the Bishop of Beauvais: “And for that fief the said bishop has made the promise and engagement for one knight and justice and service to Count Henry; and he has also agreed that the bishops who shall come after him will do likewise” (Feudalism 9.2) This transaction is evidence of the process of the elite building which, according to Cone, was meant to sustain the loyalty of power holders to the same state (64). In this way, the church and the clergy obtained an essential role in the feudal system and became its ideological foundation. In the Carolingian era, the church was core to the ideological cohesion of the state as well. Moreover, under Charles’s rule, it became an educational and cultural center of society (The Carolingian Era 8.1). During this period, the social and political organization was based on the dedication of serfs to nobility and the trade of access to farmland in exchange for military support. At that time, religion and the church served to protect the interests of the upper class. Therefore, the clergy and the church’s role in the later feudal system was, to a large extent, similar to the role it played in other pre-industrial societies. However, in the early feudal era, the church and the state’s links were stronger and closer. The church could be regarded as the highest authority of the feudal regime, which punished anyone who either confronted the system or encroached on the church’s authority. But the links became weaker as political power became more decentralized, and internecine struggles between various feudal groups increased (Podcast). The significant decline in the church’s power dur
The primary principle which serves as the basis of crime scene investigation is undoubtedly the Locard’s Exchange Principle. According to the principle, whenever a person or rather a living subject enters or leaves any particular environment, something of physical form is either added or taken away from the scene. The principle is summarized by the statement “Every contact leaves a trace.” (Crime Scene Investigation, n.d) This principle enables crime investigators to link suspected persons to scenes of crime, victims, and to physical objects. Objects or materials in any form that could be relevant in crime are referred to as physical evidence. However, not all types of materials qualify as evidence but only objects or materials that could provide significant probative clues related to a crime such as associative evidence. Associative evidence refers to any physical evidence that links a suspect to the scene of a crime. According to Girard (2017) associative evidence serves two functions: it can either associate a person to a particular crime or rule them out as persons of interest in the crime. Although the main intention of associative evidence is to implicate suspects, it does the opposite; it mostly exonerates individuals from a suspicion that implicates them. Examples of associative evidence include “blood and other body fluids, fingerprints, hairs, bullets, firearms, and imprint evidence” (Girard, 2017). The aforementioned materials are assumed to be of unknown origin and are only ascertained after making a specialized analysis and comparison to a known sample that is often provided by the suspects, witnesses, or victims. The two types of associative evidence are identified as evidence with class characteristics and that with individual characteristics. When evidence is analyzed and put under a class, numerous sources remain linked to the crime. On the other hand, when material evidence is individualized, the possible source is only one (Girard, 2017). In summary; associative evidence is used to determine the perpetrators of crime.
Introduction There is an increasing danger of acidic deposition associated with the booming industrialization at the global level. Acidic deposition is considered as a form of threat to both the ecosystem and the human life. From an ecological perspective, acidic deposition can impose a harmful effect to the purity of water bodies and a threat to the survival of vegetation forms such as forests (Brimblecombe & Hiroshi, 2007). The principal emissions that contribute to acidic precipitation are sulfur dioxide and the various oxides of nitrogen that are as result of the burning of the fossil fuels (Gunn, 1995). The diverse effects of acidic deposition to human health and environment cannot be underestimated. For the case of the environment, acidic depositions can result to the acidification of water bodies, impose damage to plants and harm aquatic life (Caroll, 1990). The contributing factors towards acidic depositions can be attributed both natural factors, which are somewhat uncontrollable, and human factors such as factories, which form one of the largest contributors of the pollutants that result to acidic deposition (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). The significant challenge is that economic sustenance in the current times requires the involvement in human activities that can impose acidic deposition. Irrespective of this, addressing the problem imposed by the acidic deposition can be implemented through the adoption of effective human lifestyle that is characterized by a less reliance on the fossil fuels and an adoption of more renewable forms of energy (Environment Ontario, 2002). Statement of aim The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the major contributing factors to the increasing levels of acidic deposition. The paper will also discuss the barriers towards the resolution of the problem of the acidic deposition. In addition, the paper will also provide an overview of the various ways through which the issue of acidic deposition can be addressed. Case study to analyze the impacts of acidic deposition The Global Environmental Change associated with acidic deposition will be further illustrated using a case study: the environmental changes by heavy industries in the Greater Sudbury, Ontario. This paper will evaluate the increasing levels of industrialization and then the outcome on the environment due to the economic boom associated with the increasing industrialization on the region.
Introduction Salvador Dali has always been referred to as one of the greatest artists of the 20 th century. Due to his great paintings and other works of art, some people have regarded Dali as the greatest Surrealist artist to ever live. However, when he was asked personally whether he considered himself the greatest artist in the world, Dali denied any allegations. Actually, he used to refer himself as a bad artist and painter because of the fact that he was too intelligent (Hesse 41). Dali had a belief that for someone to become a good artist, he/she needs to be a bit insane (Hesse 41). Dali acknowledged the fact that the society loved his works. In one of his interviews, Dali stated that people regarded him as the best artist in the world because the other artists who were creating during the time he lived in were doing a very bad work (Hesse 45). After having a successful career as an artist, a filmmaker, and a photographer, Dali retired, and went to his home town of Figueres in Spain, in a castle where his wife, Galo, had been buried (Genzmer 65). During this time, there was no clear inventory of his works. At the same time, the speed at which people were selling the replicas of his works in the world was very high. However, Dali was not highly concerned with the success. At that time, he had lived an isolated and lonely life away from the public and his friends who he was close with during the early years of his life. This was perhaps because his mentor and the love of his life, Gala, was no longer there with him. As such, this paper will expound on the life of Salvador Dali, namely, it will focus on his early life, the impacts that he had on Surrealism, the success of his works, the way the society regarded Dali as well as his works and, finally, the criticisms that he received regarding his personal life as well as his paintings; the paper will also highlight on his personal life, how he developed his talent in art, the factors that influenced him and led him to join the Surrealist movement, the impact his wife Gala had on his life as an artist, and his life after leaving Surrealism. The Early Days of Dali Salvador Dali was born on 11 May, 1904. He shared the same name with his father and elder brother who had died in 1903
An Introduction to the City Government The City of West Haven is found in the New Haven County, which is only 65 miles from the New York City. It has a population of about 55,046, with a majority of its population being white Americans. The proportion of the whites is about 65.7%, while the population of the black Americans and Asians is 19.6% and 3.7% respectively. Initially, this city was a European-settlement area, whose occupation dates back to 1648. It started with dissociating itself with the formerly British colony known as the New Haven and acquiring a new name, which was the Parish of West Haven in 1719. It was not until 1822 when it officially detached itself from New Haven. In 1784, this city tried to be incorporated into a city without much success. This prompted it to unite with the New Milford, and was then incorporated in 1822 as Orange. It again separated itself from Orange in 1721. The successful recognition of West Haven as a city happened in 1961. The City Council government of West Haven was constituted in November 1961, where the following positions were created: the Mayor, City Council Members, a City Treasurer, a Town Clerk, a Treasurer, a City Clerk, a Tax Collector, and Tax Review Board Members. The current Mayor, City Clerk, and Tax Collector of West Haven are Edward M. O’Brien, Deborah Collins, and Marianne E. Gambardella respectively. The City Council of West Haven has 13 Council Members, each representing a district. The current members are Nicholas A. Pascale, Nicholas W. Ruickoldt, Ralph A. Eberle, Mitchell L. Gallignano, Brent Watt, James P. O’Brien, Nancy R. Rossi, Tracy A. Morrissey, Michael P. Last, Gail S. Burns, Ronald M. Quagliani, David Riccio, Sean P. Ronan, and Charles A. Marino, who is a non-voting member. The Budgetary Process for the West Haven’s City Government The budgetary process of West Haven is initiated by the Director of Finance, who prepares a draft budget for the Mayor. The draft from the Director of Finance contains the financial estimates for that particular fiscal year that the budget will address. The heads of each department or office in the city’s government files with the Mayor the relevant forms that detail their annual estimates and the anticipated sources of revenue, as well as tax collections for that year. This presentation is done on the first Thursday of February every calendar year. The Mayor then presents the draft budget and other departmental estimates as a proposal to the council members, who deliberate on the presented budget proposal. If approved, a final ‘approved operating budget’ for the particular fiscal year is prepared, with amendments that were proposed in the deliberation stage included in the final approved budget. Typically, a budget for West Haven would include details of
The school-to-prison pipeline is a phenomenon, which implies that expelling students can push them to face the criminal justice system. Cruel tactics of punishments resulting in suspension and the presence of police at schools contribute to this process. For example, in 2017, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in the U.S. Department of Justice, “more than 230,000 children aged 14 and under were arrested” (Meek & Austin, 2019, para. 7). This situation is especially meaningful to children with learning disabilities and people of color. The pipeline is a critical phenomenon, which requires close attention as more and more people are influenced by this irrational situation, and ways for stopping or slowing it need to be found. The current school policy is one of the main reasons for the pipeline existence, as even minor violations of school rules are criminalized today. This strategy has received the name of “zero-tolerance,” implying that a person receives a severe punishment despite the circumstances (American Civil Liberties Union, 2020, para. 6). The youth faces the justice system in situations that should typically be handled at schools, for example, students may be expelled for bringing nail clippers (ACLU, 2020). The main cause of this phenomenon is the system of punishments, which allows student suspension. According to Letitia Basford, the associate professor at the Hamlin University, “when students are expelled <…>, they miss vital classroom time, fall far behind, and are more likely to drop out” (as cited in Kopas, 2020, para. 6). The research showed that when schools provide children with a friendly atmosphere, contemporary techniques, and flexible programs, they prevent the pipeline occurrence (Kopas, 2020). Keeping students informed about the existence of such a phenomenon and discussing it in classrooms also helps to fight the situation. One of the most critical issues is concerns with children having learning disabilities, as they face the situation more often than healthy students. Most of their medical problems are untreated, thus, leading to disengagement. The suspension is the most dangerous practice in such cases, as children are released from the education facility, and their parents usually cannot be at home with them, either. It is obvious that this situation “hits the hardest: kids with cognitive impairments, kids in child protection, and Aboriginal kids” (Hopkins, 2019, para. 6). On this basis, the result of them facing the criminal justice system seems logical. One of the most serious problems the pipeline arises is racial disparities. The disproportionality in expels from school resembles the known imprisonment rates. For example, data from 2014 indicates that “black children made up 33 percent of all children suspended, while <…> black adults make up 33 percent of the total prison population” (Meek & Austin, 2019, para. 12). Researchers have found that schools with more black students have higher suspension rates (Nel
Introduction What specific reasons should people have to name their long-term journey the ‘Trail Where We Cried’ or ‘Trail of Tears’? It is possible to assume that 4,000 deaths during the journey are a credible reason to discuss the trail as full of tears and agony. From 1833 to 1839, the Cherokee Tribe was forcedly removed from their native lands to the United States’ western territories, and that trail was associated with a lot of Indians’ deaths and sufferings. This controversial event is very important to be discussed because it demonstrates the role of historic lessons for the nation’s development. The history of relations between white Americans and Native Americans teaches the nation a lot of significant lessons associated with the ideas of humanity and democracy. As a result, the fact that more than 4,000 Cherokees died because of the consequences of the ineffective government’s actions is painful for the whole nation, and it should be discussed in detail. I am interested in this topic for two years, and I researched a lot of materials on the problem during the period. To discuss this controversial topic in-depth, I have focused on the most reputable studies in the field as well as on the recent researches. Thus, I should state that the Cherokees had many reasons to discuss the forced relocation as the ‘Trail of Tears’ because they suffered significantly and saw a lot of deaths during the journey. There are at least three main reasons to support this view: first, the Cherokees were forced to leave their native lands and homes; second, the tribe suffered from the mistreatment, diseases, and inappropriate conditions; third, the Cherokee’s population losses were dramatic. Body The Cherokees were relocated from their native lands forcedly, and the fact made the nation suffer significantly. During the centuries, the tribe lived in the territories of Georgia, the Carolinas, Texas, and Alabama. Bakken and Kindell note that in 1833-1836, President Andrew Jackson initiates the active removal procedures to support the idea that white settlers and Native Americans should live separately and in different states (Bakken and Kindell 25). Thus, the relocation becomes the result of the United States Indian Removal Act of 1830. The act made thousands of Indians lose their homes and struggle for survival (Bakken and Kindell 101). However, Sat
Introduction There is a lot of apprehension on the vital role of elections and the merits and demerits of the political system and evolution in the United States. We shall see how both factors have intensively changed the way American politics are carried out. Most Americans view equal political opportunities and rights to exercise their democracy as the ideals which America should embrace most. However, the same democracy that America seems to be promoting elsewhere continues to be undermined by the same government on American soil (Roskin, et al, 36). In our context, we will try to figure out whether America’s founding fathers were indeed sexists or misogynists in the foundation period. We also look at the new democracy in the United States, federalism, power division, and local government. Democracy in the United States Majority of ordinary American citizens view the United States as a democratic nation simply because of the praise by outsiders about the good state of democracy in the nation. This is not the real case according to analysts in the political affairs of the United States. True democracy in America is felt by those in power and the elite. The common citizen lives without his or her fair share of the privileges (Tausch and Prager, 46). It is evident that American citizens are not treated equally. It raises the question of whether America’s founding fathers actually lay the foundation of this kind. This situation continues to limit the country’s achievement of true liberty and equality among its citizens. It is evident through the generations that the fore fathers indeed influenced greatly in the problems that America is having at the moment (Morris and Bertram, 25).One will realise that in former generations, numerous activities arose among the different cultures that were undermined. This saw the rise of the likes of Martin Luther King Jr. who died fighting for the rights and justice for all American people. We see from history that women continued to be viewed as inferior and were actually denied some privileges like being in the military in the perception that they could not handle the pressure. This testifies to the fact that the founding fathers were indeed sexists and misogynists in their approaches in building America. It also raises questions on the integrity of the political system of the United States. Establishing a Constitutional Democracy In order to establish a true constitutional democracy in America, every leader has to embark on embracing and exercising the rights that the American Constitution offers by making sure that every citizen enjoys every privilege that he or she is entitled to. Federalism: Division of Power National, State, and
Introduction The book “Breaking the Chains of Cocaine: Black Male Addiction and Recovery” provides well researched insights into the problem of cocaine addiction among African American men, and offer a multiplicity of tenable alternatives that could be used to bring this population of drug addicts into the public health system. The author notes with deep interest how cocaine has wrecked deep-seated devastation into the lives of so many African American men, thus the need to undertake a significant paradigm shift from current treatment strategies to more effective strategies that take into account the needs and problems of African American men (Johnson 145). This analysis will oscillate between various perspectives that the book has so well addressed, and which are thought to be important in improving the current treatment strategies for cocaine addiction among African American men. Trigger Factors for Cocaine Addiction among African American Men The author takes cognizance of the fact that cocaine addiction has become a major problem for African American men, in part due to a national drug policy and law enforcement strategies that treat drug addicts as criminals instead of sick people in need of assistance (Johnson 22). Poverty has been mentioned as a contributing factor that lures poor black children into drug dealing, while the possibility of prosecution has been mentioned as discouraging the addicts from seeking treatment, thus serving to perpetuate the behavior. The white-dominated, individualistic assumptions upon which rehabilitative and recovery systems are based have been accused of perpetuating the problem of cocaine addiction among African American men principally because these systems do not take into consideration the unique needs, value systems, cultural nuances, and socio-economic status of these men (Johnson 26-27). Later entry into treatment has been blamed for worsening the situation of cocaine dependence among African American men since it not only lowers the prospect of successful treatment, but it is also costly financially since in-patient treatment is usually required (Johnson 100). The author has discussed at length the environmental influences of cocaine dependence. The role of society in actively cultivating, encouraging and promoting self-actualization, immediate gratification, and un-abashed self-indulgence has been named as a significant trigger factor for cocaine addiction among African American men (Johnson 28). Advertising campaigns purposely targeting African American communities have been negatively mentioned for their role in perpetuating a perception that alcohol use or smoking will make the partakers more impressive, smart, attractive and popular. The prevailing drug culture among African American communities has also been mentioned as a significant environmental factor that negatively affects treatment outcomes for cocaine addiction (Johnson 29). In addition, the erosion of Africentric principles of individual and collective responsibility coupled with lack of good role models in the society have been blamed for enhancing the problem (Johnson 129). Slavery perceptio