ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper analyzes the e-governance strategy employed by Thailand in the late 90s and presents the e-governance strategy of the United States of America. The purpose of the paper, however, is to contrast and compares these strategies to identify the differences and similarities between the two highlighted e-governance strategies employed by the countries of diverse characteristics, different macro, and micro-level environments, and government conditions/ regulation. Lessons Learnt from Thailand’s e-governance Strategy The lessons that were learned from the e-governance strategy of Thailand as depicted in the case pertaining to the approach taken by the government to establish e-governance as well as the formation of the IT projects. The lessons depict that in a diverse state like Thailand where individuals, as well as freelance parties, tend to create IT-based systems and take on IT projects, there tend to be discrepancies in the procedures and the quality standards. No standards for operation are established which leads to a messy approach towards establishing e-governance due to the incompatibility of systems and procedures. As a result, it is important to nationalize or centralize the e-governance initiative where the individual IT project managers and the project undertaking authorities are combines under one roof of the national organization/ authority which regulates are the IT projects and e-governance initiatives. This makes way for the establishment of standards, mandating equipment, power as well as hardware and software requirement which decreases the compatibility issues and allows the different initiatives to be integrated to form a platform for successful
Introduction This paper is based on two main learning theories; the operant learning and socialization theories that conceptualize learning as an outcome of inter-linked outside processes and the theory of cognitive science where learning is perceived as an expression that is developed from one’s inner processes. In both theories growth and change are presented as an ongoing learning process. Use of, and research on, principles of instruction that are based on behaviorism Behaviorism is a concept that is mainly propagated through operant learning and socialization theories. In this case, learning is shaped by outside processes. The model was first evolved in the early 20th century and it takes observation, as the basic ingredient of learning. This means that one learns through observation and behavior change, which is related to expected consequences. Learning can therefore be altered by changing the observable conditions within which an organism is based. This is because the environmental stimulus that precedes behavior change dictates whether or not the said behavior shall be reinforced. Discriminative stimuli are those events that precede a behavior change and influence the learning activities negatively. In such a case the observed event blocks the learning process. Motivating operations on the other hand enhances learning. Positive reinforcement in the learned behavior is witnessed when such operations are increased within the learning environment (Gold, 1989). The basic principles of behaviorism According to this theory, learning involves continuous interactions between the organism and its environment. The history of this interaction effectively sets the stage for the organism’s way of response, the resultant behavior, and consequences within that set of stimulus conditions. The significance of the environment becomes more and more prominent in the later stages of development. The consequences then help in the further shaping of the behavior change. Therefore according to this theory, an organism can be seen as a coordinated response system that responds within the parameters set by its biology but acts on its environment about
The book’s thesis is the hidden adverse effects of coal as a source of energy to the livelihood of human beings in the contemporary world. The book also focuses on the coal’s inadequacy to last for a long time in the future. Goodell argues that natural coal is the most cost-effective source of energy in the world as it produces mass-energy. On the other side, coal is the most dangerous source of energy. Coal mining has resulted in miners’ deaths through accidents. Additionally, coal emits large quantities of waste gas, especially carbon dioxide, to the atmosphere thus causing the greenhouse effect. On the other hand, such energy production requires large quantities of water for cooling machines. However, in most cases, there are no gasification mechanisms to purify the water after getting into contact with carbonic and sulfuric compounds. Therefore, the wastewater is emitted to the natural environment thus causing water and ground pollution, which exposes humanity to deadly compounds. Additionally, Goodell argues that the natural coal is diminishing quickly, but experts are misinforming Americans on the issue. The author points to the former President Bush’s statement that coal energy will heat American homes for more than 250 million years to come. Goodell argues that if that were the case, Americans would not be losing their homes and neighborhoods to the coal miners. Hence, the available natural coal cannot last for more than the next 15 years. He argues that the dirty secret is kept to save face while trying to please the shareholders, who have invested in the sector. Particularly, some politicians have received benefits that buy their silence on the big problem facing the future of the US due to coal mining and energy production. The book has credible information because the author gives pieces of evidence to support his claims and arguments. Coal mining and energy production emits large quantities of carbon dioxide and sulfuric compound gases to the atmosphere. There is scientific evidence to support this argument and statistics that the sector contributes two-thirds of the carbon dioxide in the American atmosphere. Besides, the author does not rely on mere statistical data and evidence alone. On the contrary, he visited the coal mining sites where he witnessed the process and interacted with people who have suffered from carbon-related health conditions. Moreover, the author looked into the coal mining and energy production in a broad spectrum by visiting India and China. These countries are heavily relying on the coal energy, and they have been experiencing greenhouse effects. The author argues that coal energy is dangerous to the future generations. Therefore, it should be abandoned for other sources of energy that are more expensive, but safe for the life of the future generations. Unfortunately, the US wants to dominate the world economy, and thus it cannot abandon cheaper methods of energy production due to the fear that upcoming economies will overtake it. The author cites the need to remain as t
The works by William Shakespeare present “a material” for argument and debates since they were created. Literature critiques still find new themes and subjects for analysis in each play or sonnet by this outstanding author. The works by William Shakespeare are rich in content, themes, literary devices and figurative expressions. The Winter’s Tale is one of the Shakespeare’s late plays which provides a rich ground for the literary analysis and excellent example of various stylistic devices, such as metaphors, symbols, allegory and allusions. In this paper, we are going to focus on the two basic literary devices used by the author which contribute to the in-depth understanding of the themes and motives of the play. They are symbols, such as twinned lambs, bear, Hermione’s statue and Pertida’s flowers; and allusions to the pagan rituals, English Church, ancient Greece gods and his own works (Othello). The most characteristic about the Shakespeare’s devices in the play is that they are used extensively trough the play and serve strong means to express a deeper context of the work and almost all of them are related to nature. According to John Henry and Pyle Pafford, “ The Winter’s Play revolves around the life-death-life pattern of nature and of human existence” (Shakespeare, Henry and Pafford 13). Moreover, the play is symbolic in terms of the religious elements, both Christian and pagan, as there are allusions to such notions as sin and forgiveness, as well as broad references to ancient Greece seasonal rituals. In addition, William Shakespeare refers to the philosophical themes of death and rebirth. The actions by Leontes when he became the main reason of death of his relatives (wife, son and later daughter) find response through the
Historical Evolution of APRN The concert of nursing in general and the advanced practice nurse, in particular, has undergone significant changes over the course of its evolution. Whereas at first, the role of an advanced practice nurse was reduced to merely assisting the therapist (Ekholm & Ford, 2015), nowadays, an APRN is enabled to provide consultations to patients, enhance awareness on specific subjects, particularly, on current health threats, etc. Moreover, over the course of the nursing theory evolution, it has been proven that the effects of the support and care provided by a therapist and an APRN have a must stronger and better effect on the patient than the results of the therapist’s intervention alone (Ekholm & Ford, 2015). Roles and Scope of Practice The role of an APRN in advanced clinical setting concerns providing the services such as vaccines to the target patients. As far as the educational setting is concerned, an APRN is supposed to promote awareness and, therefore, assume the role of an educator. APRNs involved in administration must assume the role of leaders and, therefore, act on behalf of the community that they represent. The field of informatics is similar to the one of education in that the nurses are supposed to promote awareness. However, in addition, the responsibilities of APRNs in the specified field concern the engagement of modern IT tools for addressing patients’ needs (Branstetter, Smith & Brooks, 2014). The role of an APRN in research is restricted to investigating a certain problem, whereas the scope concerns a particular health issue. Finally, the health policy arena requires that an APRN should assume the role of a staff member and an innovator, both complying with the existing rules and seeking ways of improving them ( Determining the scope of practice for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) , 2014). Attributes: Analysis A nurse must be available to all target patients, which means that the significance of modern communication tools is not to be underrated. A nurse must encourage a steep rise in consumer choice; the specified task can be carried out by promoting awareness among the target denizens of the population. Competition, however, can reduce the rates of enthusiasm among APRNs, as it may possibly lead to a decline in the average salary rates. Likewise, a rise in the number of APRNs will probably affect financing negatively. Practice Competencies According to the current list of APRN competencies, nurses must be able to analyze data critically, as well as integrate their knowledge of humanities and science into their nursing experience ( Nurse practitioner core competencies with suggested curriculum content , 2014). Actual experience shows that the incorporation of background knowledge is a part and parcel of an APRN’s routine, as it helps identify the problem accurately and approach it adequately. Moreover, personal experience has shown that IT tools are crucial for health promotion and disease prevention among the target population due to the high speed of information transfer. Final
Introduction Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international free self-help foundation aiming to help alcohol-addicted people stop the old habit of drinking alcohol. This organization is self-supporting, nonprofessional, apolitical, multiracial, and available in almost all world countries. To join this group, an individual is not required to offer any educational qualification. Additionally, there are no age requirements to become a member of the organization. Therefore, the membership to join the group is open to every individual who feels to do something concerning their alcohol drinking habits. The main reason why I chose this topic is that alcohol is largely used in the entire world. Almost in all countries, people consume alcohol in large quantities leading them to the addiction stage. Alcohol is also cheaply available in society, making many people believe it reduces stress and tiredness after busy days. Alcohol is so addictive that the quest to take it increases over time. Additionally, I chose this topic because I am one of the victims of alcohol addiction. I started consuming alcohol as a teenager, and I could not stop the act for several years. There is a need to join the alcoholic anonymous group to reform from the alcoholic addiction. Abstinence Experience Abstaining from taking alcohol was one of the most difficult things I experienced. Even after joining several Alcoholics Anonymous zoom meetings, I failed severally. The first meeting gave me hope of stopping alcohol, but I experienced almost all withdrawals when I tried a day without taking the normal amount. I felt so weak and dizzy in my body, forcing me to take alcohol immediately. I did not know that it was almost difficult to stop what one has been addicted to. I wanted to stop alcohol because it had messed up my life. It caused me to drag behind my age mates in education and social life. Alcohol made me lose almost all my friends because I was violent and assaultive when drunk. Deep inside me, I felt that alcohol was the main problem in my life that I had to stop by all means. In the first zoom meeting, some people confessed they had just decided to stop taking alcohol, and since then, they managed to overcome the addiction with fewer withdrawals. Such confessions made me decide to stop taking alcohol immediately, which made me feel like dying. This experience made me think that those people were lying and thought it was hard for someone to stop taking alcohol. After some time, I decided to visit a different Alcoholics Anonymous zoom meeting to get the necessary help. The experience I had in the second meeting gave me hope because most people confessed that reducing the quantity of alcohol they consumed helped them overcome their drunkenness. After the second meeting, I tried to reduce the quantity of alcohol I took every day. I continued to reduce the amount until I could stay for a week without taking a sip of the drink. When I attended the third meeting, I was among the people who largely contributed to how it is easy to stop taking alcohol. After several meetings, I managed to stop taking the drink completely. The drive to live a normal
Introduction Governments and several International Non Government Organizations (NGOs) have over the years, channeled a lot of funds to national and international programs. Through funding of these programs, governments and donor agencies have an overall aim of improving people’s living standards globally. The donors or governments attempt to make rational and reliable funding arrangements for these programs (Amor, 2007). This paper compares and contrasts the utilization of these programs in both national and international levels. Two programs are discussed in this essay. These are:   * PEPFAR – International utilization.   * Medicaid(US) – National utilization This paper will also outline the political ideologies in relation to the two programs and their levels of utilization. In addition, it will outline how the programs are and describe the different funding arrangements. PEPFAR President of the US asked the country in 2003, to commit $15 billion to combat the AIDS epidemic internationally. Later in 2007, the President called for the formation of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). He further requested Congress to authorize an additional $30 billion for the program. PEPFAR funded programs have saved millions of lives worldwide (Ketler, 2008). Distribution of funds for this program began in the first year of it launch after connections to groups mainly in Africa, were established. The breakdown of U.S. contribution to combat international AIDS between 2004 and 2007 was; $2.3 billion in 2004, $2.6 billion in 2005, $3.2 billion in 2006, and $4.5 billion in 2007 (Amor, 2007). 800,000 people worldwide have accessed antiretr
Introduction The present-day busy pace at which most people have to manage their daily routine creates multiple problems for keeping essential information in mind. The described problem concerns primarily the ability to remember crucial appointments and memorize one’s schedule, in general. Therefore, an app that will keep crucial information and remind the owner about essential appointments beforehand will be particularly useful for modern users. The product described in this essay represents a digital app called EZ-Schedule, which contains critical information about one’s schedule and appointments, including a visit to a doctor, a car maintenance appointment, a spa visit, and any other type of schedule item. By promoting the specified application as an indispensable element of any routine, including the areas of business, household, and leisure, one will be able to sell it to a multitude of customers. Marketplace and Trends The present-day digital application market is ripe with a plethora of innovative tools and software for all kinds of tasks, ranging from an ordering app to niche products. Specifically, in 2019, the global mobile app market reached USD 154.05 billion in price, which is a tremendous achievement (“Report overview,” 2020). Moreover, the described accomplishment indicates a rising trend for innovative mobile apps. Reports show that applications for scheduling, organizing, and planning have been particularly popular for both project management purposes and day-to-day life (Yerpude & Singhal, 2018). Therefore, EZ-Schedule with its flawless interface for creating notes, setting reminders, and planning a day, a week, and even several months ahead factors into the described environment perfectly. Customers’ Needs and Wants Moreover, glancing over the existing demand within the mobile apps market, one will notice that customers tend to want customizable apps with a user-friendly interface. The specified requirement is understandable given that EZ-Schedule targets an average buyer with no specific prowess in digital tools. Furthermore, it is desirable to make advertisements as unobtrusive and delicate as possible, which is going to be quite a challenge given that these advertisements will allow the attract a significant part of the project’s revenue. While meeting the specified demand is likely to be quite challenging, EZ-Schedule may include Premium options for customers who want to avoid ads. Furthermore, the demand for the apps that allow completely automated management of setting up dates appears to be trending currently. Due to the busy lifestyle, most buyers need the application that not only sets the necessary deadlines automatically for the specified period of time, but also builds schedules and introduces additional hints and options for the customer (Gill et al., 2017). In turn, EZ-Schedule, which incorporates a clear interface and a range of tools for customizing the scheduling process, provides the specified opportunity as well, which is w
Libraries are the most important resources for any educational institution. Education and fully paid for education particularly has acquired the status of a service industry and students are variedly viewed as customers. For instance, in the UK, Higher Education (HE) students were treated as the “primary customers” of a University (Crawford, 1991), even before the introduction of the system of paying the tuition fees “up-front”. This customer view of students makes the university offerings open to evaluation for satisfaction and contributes immensely to the image of the university which may have serious students’ retention implications apart from affecting the overall pool of potential entrants to the concerned university and school. As James et al (1999) state that the overall image of a university has a strong impact on the retention of current students and the attraction of potential students. It is also not hard to logically conclude that a university or a school that has a poor image and reputation amongst its existing students and potential students would find it extremely difficult to attract funding and grants which would put the institution in a vicious circle of low funding-poor category students’ pool and make for a loosing commercial and educational proposition. Baker (1997) observed that students primarily utilize libraries to either complete educational and course-related assignments or for intellectual development. In fact, some institutions are known for their rich and wide library resources and enjoy a high image in academic circles on account of this factor alone. As yet, in today’s advanced and information savvy world, most educational institutions make systematic attempts to augment their library resources; however, these institutions are faced with another major problem i.e. low or sub-optimal utilization of such library resources by their students. This problem plagues many large-sized libraries that exist as stand-alone institutions as well. This paper examined the issue of deploying new computer-based technology in the author’s library by assessing a specific part of this technology and software. The te
The Black Death of the Archbishop had serious implications on the development of contemporary science. It is observable that the archbishop delved into several issues of science. These include different subjects such as physics. He authored varied concepts ranging from velocity to physical science. His death led to an increased level of attention to his earlier scientific works and beliefs. Consequently, many interested philosophers and empiricists started to criticize and develop his postulations. These initiatives led to rapid development and evolution in various domains. It is real that modern science would have developed more rapidly if Thomas Bradwardine had a long life. There are many factors to support this observation. Foremost, it became clear later after the death that he was also a victim of the plague. It is sad to note that his death played a crucial role seven decades following his death. The death led to the development of potential domains in modern medicine. Some of these included concepts of epidemiology. Thomas developed deep rationality towards the universe and the existence of God as a supernatural power. His closeness to the king would have contributed to the rapid development of science. However, all these factors would have been attainable if he lived for a longer period. The fact that his death contributed to the advancement in modern medicine remains important. It is the most convincing evidence in these arguments. Thomas Bradwardine had immense contributions to the development of science.