ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Paul Roberts is an internationally renowned expert on Oil and writes regularly on the state of the oil industry and our preparations for a world beyond peak oil. He is also the author of the book “The End of Oil” which is a tour de force of the prevailing scenario with regards to the hydrocarbon economy and the future of oil and how we can have an orderly transition to the next stage. Any discussion about Oil prices must take into account the factor of “Peak Oil” and its effects on the world price of oil. The phenomenon of peak oil states can be described as when the oil production hits a peak and the rate of extraction and production falls below the level of what it was earlier and thus the production is said to have hit a “peak” in terms of the output. Thus, this is one major criterion for determining the output of oil and subsequent dynamics of energy production are dependant on how much can be extracted with depletion of the oil supplies. This is the major factor behind the current increase in oil prices. The article’s major assertion is the “denial” of the western governments and policymakers when it comes to admitting the state of the precarious situation as far as our known reserves of oil are concerned. As he points out, “Some pessimists tell us the peak has already come, and that calamity is imminent. That’s unlikely. But the optimists’ forecast – that we don’t peak until around 2035 – is almost as hard to believe”. There are two major reasons for this. Developing countries and India and China, in particular, are industrializing at a pace that is faster than most countries did earlier and the consequence of this modernization is their huge appetite for oil. Thus, as we have already witnessed wars in the Middle East over oil, the other facet that has gone largely unnoticed is the “oil diplomacy” being engaged by China and India in the African republics to secure reserves of oil. The next reason for the optimistic scenarios to go bad is the fact of new discoveries being rare and hard to come by. This is making the price of oil volatile to such an extent as never seen before. Though this article was written in 2004, Roberts’ views on Oil have a resonance that is relevant and very pertinent even now. It would be interesting to see how he would react to the current oil price volatility. Roberts’ article makes the attitude of the American government towards the Middle East in perspective as he says that Oil companies want to get into the Middle East, a market they were in before the nationalizations of the 1970s. As he states, “Get us back into the Middle East or be prepared for trouble. And the Bush administration seems to have taken the m
Introduction John and Peter were both the disciples of Jesus Christ the son of man. During their last ministries to the people of the world, they underwent favorable and unfavorable events. Their last times on earth were characterized by miracles, persecutions, oppression, and many other things. Because God the Almighty had sent John to come and witness the light of the world, he gave him all the powers. The Bible says he was not the light himself but was sent to bear witness to the light all men through him might believe. John 1:7. Most of John’s ministry is about Jesus’ personal life, the wonderful miracles, driving demons out of people, biblical parables. John’s ministry leaves a big impact that is ever felt in contemporary Christianity. He describes Jesus as the real-life in heaven and recognizes the fact that his spirit is alive and present forever, he is the redeemer to the faithful and actually acknowledges the power of the Holy Ghost as the comforter to mankind and the prevalence of love as fundamentals of Christian behavior. John again recognizes the divinity of Jesus and says Jesus is the way, truth, and the final life. He strongly gives an assurance to the people that Jesus the son of man is the eternal life to those that believe in him. John was perceive
Introduction The Toyota Motor Company started by building trucks in Japan. It was founded by a visionary man named Sakichi Toyoda in 1933 when he first introduced his invention known as the Toyoda Model. It was sponsored by the Japanese Imperial Army in support of its military conquest throughout Asia. Toyoda introduced many car models, surpassing its rivals in efficiency and sales. Toyota has introduced a type of management that is knowledge based. Toyota’s management style is simply traditional; the traditional has evolved into a modern way of encapsulating the teachings of the past and the new system of management. Because of this management innovation, Toyota has led the global car manufacturing industry while keeping its production system unique; unique in the sense that its managers and employees know how to implement a system and continuously improve it. Other organisations may have known this system but making it a successful one depends on the people managing and implementing the system. The Toyota production system (TPS) is composed of kaizen and Jishuken processes. These are original management disciplines, copied but never equaled by the Western style of management. As a small company in Japan, Toyota started to manufacture and sell about 18,000 vehicles a year, but it raised production when the company decided to become international. Toyota is now a global firm and the leading car manufacturer of the new millennium. The Toyota Production System is applied on all of its plants internationally including those of the United States. In 1945, Toyota was granted license by the US military to enter into automobile manufacturing. Toyota built the Toyopet, a cheap car having a speed of 55 mph and a 27 horsepower engine. In 1965, Toyota had manufactured 600,000 Toyopet automobiles. Toyota took the opportunity offered by the American industrial training programs, developed in the United States during the war, which focused on process improvement, and employee training and development. The training programs evolved into the concept of kaizen and the Toyota production system used by the company until today. In 2001, Toyota management formulated a Code of Conduct, known as the “Toyota Way 2001” which provided 14 principles, serving as guidelines for all employees. The 14 principles emphasised:   * management based on the traditional philosophy, even sacrificing short-term financial goals;   * continuous improvement so that problems could be identified;   * lean management to avoid overproduction;   * simplicity of workload;   * a culture where employees can solve problems by their own;   * providing standards as the basis for continuous improvement and allowing employees as part of decision making process;   * visual control to expose the problem;   * tested and reliable technology to serve customers and the people;   * developing leaders from among the workforce who have the capability to understand the job, discern and live the philosophy, and share it with others;   * valuing partners and suppliers by supporting them;   * personal analysis and understanding of the issues so that problems c
Introduction Business plays a significant role in policy decisions, since they are major players in the economy which are of great concern to everybody. This paper explores some of the policies made and how business can influence the policy making process. Policies the Industry Might Have The corporation should give enough information to consumers through accurately indicating the ingredients, warning on the potential dangers of over consumption of specific foods, and also educate the consumers on the health requirements pertaining food nutrients. Firms should also participate in environmental cleaning acts which will help in reduction of environmental pollution as is done by McDonald Corporation. The firms can also get involved in offering free medical services to the public and also providing equipments to local hospitals. Improving the working conditions of the employees as Burger king company, and assisting in research for enhancement of technology and agricultural methods will also be a good policy. It is ethically and legally right for the firms to make the consumers aware of the impending dangers of using a certain commodity, as this enables consumers to make an informed decision on whether to consume or not. On the other hand, technological improvement coupled with advanced agricultural methods will increase efficiency and production hence economically boosting the corporations’ activities. Besides, it is an act of philanthropy for the industry to equip hospitals and sponsor free medical services during given period of the year which helps in improving the health status of the society. Privileged Position of Business and Policy Making Privileged businesses control most of the resources and usually use this as a tool to ensure that policies which favour their activities sail through. These firms can threaten to move their activities to other regions, laying off workers and causing other economic downfalls, forcing government to do everything possible to favour businesses because any economic ill performance is always blamed on the government. Politicians also being a ware of the role business play in the economy of the society, they endeavor to involve them in the policy making process or make regulations that favour businesses which makes these firms have a very influential role. On top of that, as people are concerned about the performance of the economy, the powers of businesses in policy making becomes significantly huge, since many people associate good economic performance to businesses. Globalization Effect on Policy Making Globalization has led to global interdependency which has minimized the independence of internal policy making of governments, thus limiting the governmental control over some issues. Participation on the global arena for business or other forms of investment, limits the policy choices tha
Previous studies and researches have often mentioned that millions of people die prematurely every year from smoking across the world. By analyzing the harmfulness of tobacco, one can recognize the fact that cigarettes are harmful to humans. It is common knowledge that social, demographic, economic, and personal factors affect the execution of laws. In U S A, the implementation of laws for prohibiting smoking gained serious attention from the media. The issue of prohibiting smoking contributed to serious debates in various fields such as social, economic, demographic, healthcare, and economic in Kentucky. The initial stance is that prohibition of smoking is essential and the government and local authority should take effective law-making procedures against smoking in public places. Smoking and related health problems have become controversial issues in the United States and all other nations. It is increasing by the day. This is the main reason why I personally chose this topic. Kentucky is the place that has the highest death rate more than all other states in U S A. (Kentucky has the Highest Death Rate Due to Smoking). Studies have mentioned the fact that Kentucky has the highest death rate due to smoking. “The death rate in Kentucky demonstrates around 371 deaths per 100000 adults aged 35 years or more.” Smoking-related deaths are mainly due to cancers, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and heart disease” (“Smoking- The facts”). If one is a long-term smoker then the average life span of that smoker is about half the number of years less than a non-smoker. If someone starts smoking at a very young age and becomes a regular smoker, chances are that they are more prone to tobacco-related health hazards and most are not aware of this quick attacking victim, tobacco. A minority believe that smoking is a part of personal enjoyment and oppose the debates of smoking probation. Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. The presence of nicotine ca
Abstract The ability of schools to meet and support students’ needs is important as it helps in preventing consequences related to dissatisfaction of students with the schools. To meet and support the student needs, schools must adopt a learning model that will be friendly to students that will enhance on practical and interactive learning and give room for other activities such as co-curriculum activities like games. This paper gives a summary of the principles of effective instruction for immigrant students. Summary of the principles of Effective Instruction for Immigrant Students Exchange of classroom cultures and experiences : Immigrants students have a variety of experiences that if tapped can help in the improvement and innovations in the education that consequently would enrich everyone’s experience. Teachers encourage the students to expose their abilities, interests and skills (Walqui, 2000). Conceptual learning and academic development : Good learning involves development of skills and themes that are characteristics of effective teachings. Students should be involved in high-quality academic work that gives focus on skills, ideas and processes through interactive tasks such as practical’s, practices and application of concepts (Walqui, 2000). Experimental and explorative teaching emphasizes : The use of theoretical teaching provides the students with knowledge that can be applicable in creation of more ideas. Students expect teachers more approaches apart from lecture and recitation of some of the aspects they already know. The use of experimental and explorative approaches makes the students engagement high, which gives room for them to utilize the prior knowledge, have inferences, evidence and conclude on their prior knowledge (Walqui, 2000). Good curriculum planning : Teachers should organize their work effectively depending on the level of students. Complexity and interrelatedness should increase with the progress from the lower to higher levels (Walqui, 2000). In addition, teachers should have a well knowledge of the scope of the curriculum. They should further ensure that they cover what is in the scope of the studen
Emigration and immigration are the reasons why different races come together. These kinds of movements pose a threat to the culture and lifestyle of native people hence a backlash against immigrants. This was the case in the U.S. as people from other countries started moving into the U.S. The result was a diverse racial composition in America due to enormous number of immigrants, who have begun moving into the land since 1600. Immigration to America began when the British moved into America in 1607 in their pursuit to colonize America. The British were assimilated into the American culture and the two cultures used a common language: English. The British readily accepted the American culture and they were not discriminated against since they were not seen to belong to a lower socio-economic class than the Americans. However, the immigration of the Germans led to a slight twist of events because the Germans settled in ethnic enclaves and used a different language and different cultural customs. The British immigrated into America in search for religious freedom and economic gain. When a large number of the British moved into America, many African slaves involuntarily immigrated into America as well. Since the Africans were socially and economically underprivileged unlike the Whites, they were forced to work on large farms. The Germans did not experience American backlash compared with their other counterparts, for example, the Irish, who moved to America between 1820 and 1880. Racial discrimination in the U.S. was mainly based on social status and religion. Other than the blacks, also the Africans who were discriminated first due to the color of their skin and lack of economic power, the Irish were discriminated against due to similar reasons as lack of education and poverty. In addition, the Irish were Catholics yet the Americans were Protestants. As a result, these racial minority groups were not welcomed to live in the better parts of the country. They were designated the worst jobs and lived in deplorable conditions. These minority groups fought in civil war under duress. The minority groups did not get a chance to enjoy the privileges of good health, economic empowerment and well paid jobs. They lived miserable lives of oppression from those who were regarded as white skinned. The Italians, Russians, Poles, Spanish and Baltians moved into America between 1880 and 1930. They were considered to be the groups of minority and they all faced a worse kind of discrimination in contrast to that of the African slaves. These Eastern and Southern Europeans were poor rural farmers and peasants, who lived in crowded and sub-standard conditions. They were regarded as racially inferior because they had a darker skin color that was not white, in addition to being socially and economically handicapped. The Chinese moved into America in 1850, and a large percentage of them were men. Racial difference and discrimination led to their subordination as workers in Hawaiian plantations, mines and railroads companies. The Chinese were banned from entering into the U.S. in 1875 because they were considered to be culturally, racially and religiously worse c
Introduction The ethical problems can be seen among the remarkable features of modern science. Certainly, the interest to such problems did not occur recently, where the discussion of ethical issues has its long and history. One of the main directions of scientific and technological development is its steady approach toward people, their needs, aspirations and expectations. As a result, people are engaged in a world created and adjusted by science and technology. Such engagement is not limited to serving people, where science and technology approaches not only from the outside, but also from the inside, making people their creation, designing people and for the people. Literally, this is done in contemporary researches related to the field of genetics, embryology, and biomedical fields. In that regard, it can be mentioned that, if during the middle of the last century the technological power of people were associated, first of all, with the giant sizes of their creations, such as hydroelectric power stations, atomic-powered vessel, walking excavator, and giant calculating machines, in these days the most characteristics symbols of technological progress are proportionate to the people themselves. This might include the expanding variety of informational technologies, which are realized within the scale of a personal computer, and biomedical technologies, which are by definition commensurate to humans and which allow today performing manipulations with human genes on the molecular level. More than thirty years ago, one of the most interesting philosophers of the twentieth century, Hans Jonas, discussing the problems of the experiments on human, outlined the necessity to limit the appetites of “number-hungry research industry”, where he pointed to that, “scientific community…will have to fight a strong temptation to go by routine to the readiest sources of supply—the suggestible, the ignorant, the dependent, the “captive” in various senses.” (JONAS, 1969) In that regard, fighting these “temptations” what are the ethical considerations put before the technology today? After all, as Kant stated, “morality is not properly the doctrine how we should make ourselves happy, but how we should become worthy of happiness.” (Moore & Bruder, 2008, p. 270) This paper shed light on several contemporary issues that might pose ethical concerns, along with the philosophical views from an ethical context that correspond to such concerns. Principle Issues The first principal issue which poses an ethical dilemma is the issue of cloning. The main idea of the issue of research in this area can be divided into reproductive cloning, cloning technologies and stem cells. Among the possible benefits of stem cells research, which is the basis of cloning materials, is the possibility of “using such cells to generate more specialized cells or tissue, which could allow the generation of new cells to be used to treat injuries or diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and kidney failure.” (National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 1999) The second principal issue, which can be also related to the fiel
Project Aim The aim of this project is the proposed creation of a dedicated team of fire investigators within the Hampshire area. It is expected that through this initial paper, a detailed report could be created which would result in efficient and effective operations for the fire investigation team. Project Objectives The objectives of this project are as follows:   * Develop the necessary technology structure utilizing cost effective software so as to enable the fire investigation team to rapidly respond to structural safety concerns presented by the local citizenry. This is to be developed within the first month of the project’s inception.   * Determine what management practices should be present that can be utilized to create a rapid response team so as to investigate problematic areas that have been identified. This objective should be underway during the second month of operation after all personnel have been hired and brought up to date regarding local procedures and policies involving fire prevention.   * Create a crowd sourced method of fire investigation wherein people can report the source of potential fires for investigation by the fire investigation team. This crowd sourced method of investigation should be developed and implemented during the first 2 months of operation and must be functional by the third month.   * Create a risk management plan in order to ensure that proper procedures are followed when a hazard has been identified. After three months have passed and the proper management support practices are in place, it would be necessary to develop this particular objective.   * Envision what sort of community relations procedure must be present due to the importance of proper community relations in aspects related to fire hazard identification and management. This facet can be completed 6 months after the project’s inception once sufficient community knowledge and understanding has been developed regarding the fire investigation team. Business Case Located on the Southern Coast of England, the county of Hampshire can be considered an amalgam of the old and the new. The area has had a long maritime history and contains two of the largest ports in England, however, the area is also home to many historic landmarks and seaside resorts due to its status as the former capital city of England. It should be noted though that the sheer density of the local population (1,322,300) combined with the number of annual visitors (estimated at 7.5 million per year) has resulted in a considerable population density within some of the cities in the c