ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
At the beginning of the 7th century BC, hereditary kingship was abolished in Attica, a region in Greece where Athens is situated; elected officials started to rule, thus marking the dawn of democracy. Almost one hundred years later, a ruler named Solon reformed the political and judicial system to be more democratic; particularly, he established laws that equally applied to every citizen. Later, a reformer named Cleisthenes introduced the practice of exiling certain citizens from Athens if those people were suspected of attempts to usurp power; the procedure became an instrument to protect the city-state from tyranny. Another early example of democracy found in Ancient Greece is the rule of Pericles, a statesman, a general, and a highly popular leader of Athens; he promoted a democratic order in the 5th century BC; for example, he put hundreds of commoners into public office. In the 4th century BC, there was a debate in Greece whether the country should have had a king and thus abolish its democracy; Demosthenes, a famous orator, delivered several strong arguments for preserving democracy. During the history of Ptolemaic Egypt, Alexandria became an international cultural center. The Library of Alexandria contained hundreds of thousands of scrolls; accumulated knowledge strongly supported the teachings of democracy. In Hellenistic Greece, rulers encouraged and promoted local democracy; the empire was cosmopolitan and multicultural; women gained more freedom. In the early history of Rome, the republican form of government was introduced and further delivered to many territories over which Rome gained control. In this political order, there is a constitution and a fixed body of law that protected the rights of citizens. In the Roman Republic, the Senate was based on the principles of Athenian democracy and gained the ultimate decision-making power. In the mid-5th century BC, Roman Assembly appointed ten men as a commission to develop a new code; it was later adopted and became known as the Law of the Twelve Tables; it protected various private rights of citizens. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, in Europe, many new states established by Nordic barbarians had democratic traditions; the societies had been previously governed by elected assemblies. Charlemagne recruited the best scholars to educate all the children in his empire, which can be seen as a contribution to democracy because democracy requires educated citizens. The first strong British king, Alfred, was a scholar and paid a lot of attention to developing education, too. In the 10th century AD, urbanization started; cities with craftsmen and professionals became more independent and less controlled by the church, which fought any democratic developments. In 1215, King John of
Abstract The increased prevalence of chronic pain in women is alarming. More studies link the condition to clinical, developmental, gender, and family conditions related to differences in perceiving pain. Chronic pain results from biological, social, and psychological elements. The treatment is a complex health phenomenon involving a combination of biopsychosocial and multidisciplinary interventions. Psychological treatment of chronic pain is an emerging field of study. This literature review seeks to key out the psychology of chronic pain assessment and treatment in women by reviewing current statistics, symptoms, causes, and biopsychosocial interventions. Introduction Chronic pain can be defined as an emotive experience that changes the emotions and physical impressions of people. From a biopsychosocial viewpoint, the condition is viewed as an illness characterized by the multifaceted experience that influences peoples’ emotions. Therefore, it has an informal relationship with depression (Roditi & Robinson, 2011). This relationship, as explicated by the Harvard medical school, is interchangeable as patients with chronic pain risk developing psychiatric symptoms and depression (Harvard Mental Health Letter 2004). Unrelieved pain is a shocking public health challenge designed by discrepancies of prevalence, inconsistency, significance, vulnerability, and the importance of prevention. Regardless of advancements in research and expertise, the problem affects a large number of the American population. Its continued growth has introduced the nation to significant healthcare demands arising from increased disability, mortality, and morbidity rates. Chronic pain affects nearly every component of a person’s life, and individuals are limited by the aches they experience. It also contributes to depressive symptoms, restlessness, fatigue, and touches on women’s life significantly. This paper will discuss the psychology of chronic pain assessment and treatment in women. Statement of the Problem The last few decades have been qualified by a sudden growth of knowledge on the subject of the anatomical and physiological mechanisms that lead to the psychosocial factors of pain. As a consequence, numerous pharmacological, psychological, and surgical treatment procedures have been invented (Turk & Okifuji, 2002). This evolution and revolution have shown the meaning of psychological interventions in coping with continuing pain. Besides, the contributions of such interventions have received practical support from a number of health care institutions (
On August 27 in the city of Sullivan, Texas, the kidnapping of an unidentified US man took place. Kidnappers from Mexico illegally crossed the border and took the man from his neighborhood threatening him with a gun. They forced him onto a ferryboat that took the man away to Mexico. After that, he was brought to the small town of Reynosa. The kidnappers kept him prisoner demanding ransom for him to be returned safely (Ortiz, 2015). According to the 18 U. S. Code kidnapping is defined as a crime that involves keeping an individual (or a group of them) in captivity and further taking the victim past the US boundary. This can be done either by force or by threatening to apply force. In addition to kidnapping, the offenders can torture or sexually abuse the victim and intimidate his/her relatives so as to receive the ransom. If that is the case, the crime is considered to be aggravated kidnapping. If the offended has the citizenship of the United States and he or she is taken away by any means of transport under the responsibility of the United States, the case will be tried by the Federal Court. The criminal is to be committed to custody. If the abductee dies before he or she is rescued, the kidnapper will be either executed or constrained for life ( 18 U.S. Code § 1201 – Kidnapping , 2015, para. 1-12). In the given case, the criminals illegally crossed the borders of the US. Furthermore, at the moment of the crime, the offended person lived in the United States. The victim was shipped over the border on a vessel under the responsibility of the United States. Therefore, the case may be prosecuted in the Federal Court. In Texas Penal Code § 20, kidnapping is defined as holding a person in captivity on purpose ( Texas Kidnapping/Abduction Laws , 2014, para. 3). The prosecution can remit the sentence if the offender neither threatens nor injures the offended. The sentence can also be commuted if the kidnapper is the abductee’s family member. In this case, the offender is constrained for no more than a decade and forced to refurbish the damage. On the other hand, the criminal (or a group of criminals) can hold the victim prisoner in order to intimidate his/her relatives. They can physically harm, or rape, or use weapons to threaten or damage the victim. Such actions are considered aggravated kidnapping. It is punished by either life in prison or less ( Texas Kidnapping/Abduction Laws , 2014, para. 4-7). Thus, the given case can be classified as a state crim
Introduction “Me talk pretty one day” is an article by David Sedaris about him learning French as an adult, presented in a humorous manner. The name of this work relates to Sedaris’ life in France while he could not speak French fluently. Hence, in this article, the reader can witness the French lessons that Sedaris took, and all the mistakes he made, and the issues he faced along the way. The goal of David Sedaris in “Me talk pretty one day” is to create a narrative that a reader can relate to by using humor and informal language. Analysis Sedaris uses humor to illustrate his life Sedaris’ intent is to show that people struggle with similar things in life. He shows that while trying to learn French, he felt out of place. At the first meeting of his class, their supervisor talked in French only, and he could not understand half of what she said (Sedaris, 2007). While reading this, one can recall a similar event and relate to the author’s experience. Sedaris (2007) is forty years old, yet with his knowledge of French, he is “a true debutant” (para. 1). Hence, by writing about situations where Sedaris felt out of place in a humorous manner, the author is able to communicate with a reader better. The informal descriptions that Sedaris uses to add a unique style to his writing. He is telling a story about himself but inserts jokes or humorous recollections. Sedaris (2007) writes, “I am now twice as frightened as I was when, at the age of twenty, I allowed a failed nursing student to inject me with a horse tranquilizer” (para. 3). Here, he uses humor to show the audience that he, as a human being, gets nervous and anxious. In other instances, he writes about making mistakes, which is also an experience most people can relate to. For example, Sedaris (2007) reports that during his French lesson, he “managed to mispronounce IBM and afford the wrong gender to both the floor waxer and the typewriter” (para. 14). Similarly, the readers may recall situations when they felt the same way and use humor to overcome their anxiety. D
Overview of the Dorset Landscape The uniqueness of the Dorset landscape lies in its landscape variety, quality, and character. This diversity is caused by such physical and natural factors as geology, climate, and soils. The physical framework has been shaped in the course of long history of human activities that has created the landscape we see today (The Dorset Landscape n. d). The diversity ranges from the geological importance and large-scale of an 87 mile coastline to the diversity of biological species inhabiting the area (Roberts 1995). In general, the geological and archaeological environment consists of chalk ridge, chalk valley, clay valley, heath mosaic, harbor and lagoon, limestone hills and plateau, lowland heathland, rolling vales and wooded pasture, valley pasture, undulating river valley, and, finally, wooded chalk down land (Howard 2011). Each of the above-presented characteristics will be considered below to describe such sites as the Crandborne Chase, the Dorset Cursus, Hambledon Hill, the Roman Road, Pond barrow, and Down Farm. Description of Sites The Neolithic Dorset Cursus The Neolithic Dorset cursus is a monument spreading across six miles of Chranbone Chase down land in eastern part of Dorset. It is considered one of the largest sites that stretches through chalk lands and it is composed originally of two parallel lines with 90 meters between those that run northwest-southwest (The Megalithic Portal n. d.). The modern appearance of cursus is viewed as a pair of soil marks; however, some of genuine earthworks remain with adjacent barrows. In 1973, it was suggested that the Dorset Cursus had been created as an astronomical observatory to define the alignments between specific mounds and the Cursus. The archaeologist also discovered that five of the presented lines bore astronomical importance and that the northern boundary of the Cursus had been built between the crossed alignments (Castleden 1992). The alignment extends from the Bottlebush terminal and spreads up to the long barrow, forming a distinguished skyline feature on Gussage Cow Down (Barrett 1991). This position was chosen to achieve the visual effect. At this point, the scholars put forward the hypothesis that the choice created the possibility to observe the midwinter sun setting behind the hills. The Cranborne Chase The Cranborne Chase is part of the English Chalk Formation that is located near Salisbury Plain. The sharp slope of the plateau borders on the Blackmore Vale to the west and Vale of Wardour to the north (Nunn n. d.). To the south, the chalk plateau is characterized by rounded downs with dry valleys and steeply cut combs (Nunn n. d.). Bowden (1991, p. 103) writes, “the inhabitants of the Chase were not only forbidden to harm the deer directly but were also prevented from undertaking any activity which might damage the ‘vert’, the vegetation on and in w
Businesses in the hospitality industry are some of the most sensitive to operate. Kudler Fine Foods is one such business which engages in business in a highly volatile area. Selling of food is indeed volatile because one has to be very specific to the tastes and preferences of the clients. Taking into consideration that most foods are perishable, a food vendor has to run an extra mile to ensure that the products are always fresh so as not to tamper with the natural taste of the food. To effectively run a food store such as Kudler Fine Foods, it is imperative that alliances are created with the internal and external stakeholders to ensure that the interest of serving the best products is upheld. Two among the many strategies which can be used are organizational communication and work motivation. Organizational communication is very significant in the hospitality industry. The management should ensure that organizational communication is effective and carried out among all the members of Kudler Fine Foods. Organizational communication is especially significant because it is the best way to garner information about the employees and customers. With effective organizational communication in place, it is possible to solve most of the conflicts, both internal and external, before they blow up. Listening and solving internal worries among employees is very important as it is a show of appreciation. This show of concern for one another creates unity in an organization and thus fostering alliance within the organization. Effective organizational communication makes it possible for the frontline employees to present the minor and even major complains and concerns from the customers. The frontline employees mostly interact with the customers on a daily basis and thus such employees are best suited to make recommendations on what the customers need and prefer. The best way to create an alliance with the customers is ensure that their needs and preferences are taken care of. Organizational communication makes it possible for information to flow through the supply chain of an organization. Effective organizational communication will ensure that information is easily and quickly channeled to the relevant authorities for timely consideration. Communication will therefore move information across the board for consideration and this will ensure that all parties are heard and therefore happy hence fostering of strong alliances. Work motivation is very significant as it rejuvenates the employees. Motivated employees work independently and always have the interest of the organization they are working for in their hearts. Work motivation can be carried out in various ways bu
Introduction Grunig& Hunt (1984) established four models of public relations (PR) that are widely used today. The ‘Four Models of Public Relations’ include: press agency/publicist, public information, two-way asymmetrical and two-way symmetric. These theories were drawn from the systems theory and were based on the authors’ view of organization and management practice. Their approach to public relations was in line with what they considered public relations to entail. They believed that public relations include the activities that are vital to organizational management, communication in the organization and to the public. In further research, Grunig came to understand that for PR to be excellent, it has to be “symmetrical, idealistic, critical, and managerial” (Blaike 2002). Critics argue that the model of two-way symmetrical that emphasized PR excellence was “over-idealized” and this has led to problems in the theory and practice of PR. Furthermore, these models have been cited as not being realistic. For this paper, it is important to define the following terms since the following discussion is based on the nature of these definitions as constructed by Grunig& Hunt (1984). Press agency/Publicity These include the attraction by the media due to the activities of an organization. Public information This represents the means by which information is generated to the public about an organization. Two-way Asymmetric This is a system that allows an organization to communicate with the public and receive feedback about the
There are several rather important motifs in “A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man” by James Joyce, but one of the most critical ones is the development of the character and morality. It serves as the key to the whole story as everything that takes place is seen from Stephen’s point of view, so his perception and understanding of the surrounding social and personal environment is instrumental in understanding the story itself. From the very first lines, it is possible to see how Stephen values his memories, and the seemingly insignificant recollections of his childhood. He remembers the feeling of his bed sheets and characterizes them as cold. This is critical because a child recalling his bed as cold is really saying that there were some major limitations in his life, and there was no real choice that could be made by the child. When Stephen remembers his mother and the way she smelled, it is notably important because it speaks about his connection with his mother and the affection she must have given him. The applause that he received from Dante and Uncle Charles is significant of his development as an artist (Joyce, 2011). It also hints to the fact that from an early age he appreciated attention and praise for his art. This is the beginning of the formation of a character who will be sensitive to the surroundings, artistic and appreciative of specific stimuli received from the immediate world. There is a direct link to the author of the novel, as Stephen’s character represents Joyce’s individuality. This is why there is a distinct difference between Stephen’s reality and that of other people. From his early years, he has been thinking that he was created for something else, a higher purpose which he will eventually accomplish and people will praise him for it (Bloom, 2009). A further analysis of Stephen’s character reveals that he is not like other children. Starting with his childhood memories, the talks of his relatives that he has overheard and his own contemplation of the world, are all pieces of the puzzle that make up his character. Even though his memories are important to him, he focuses on the present. He remembers himself as trying to portray Count of Monte Cristo in real life. The times he was emerged in the novels of Dumas, he was in a dreamy state where he was separate from reality. His unique character is seen throughout his childhood, teenage years and early adulthood. From the very beginning there is reference to God and cosmos, and Stephen’s philosophizing on what is the reality and where he fits in. This is indicative of the inner battle that was going on for such a long time. In school, he was always thought of as an outsider, but he did not mind to stay separate from others. When he heard conversations on God or politics, he developed his own opinion and refused to follow in the fo
Introduction Brittani, an American young woman, who applied to the bodies of military social assistance, is far from being the first to make such requests. Her concern for her husband Brandon’s future fate is understandable: he was wounded while on military service in Afghanistan, and after going through the course of treatment in a specialized clinic he was forced to return to the base of his deployment. Possible consequences, which, according to the woman, may entail this trauma, are depression, alcoholism, and mental disorders. Needs and Challenges of the Case As Coll, Weiss, and Metal (2012) note, military culture gives its participants a clear understanding that their primary goals are maintaining order by obeying and respecting the rules of the law. As for the legitimacy of the request of Brandon’s wife, her excitement for her husband’s return is justifiable. Nevertheless, the state and military apparatus are not likely to consider the case filed by a civilian with a request to return a soldier home because of concern for him. According to Scott, Whitworth, and Herzog (2016), there are specialized family support centers in America, which provide support to family members whose relatives go through military service. Perhaps, the girl should pay a visit to one of these centers, where they can also provide her with additional psychological help. It is possible that the main problem of this case is that the request of a civilian is nothing more than anxiety, which probably can not be considered as the principal reason for filing a petition. Such cases are not uncommon in the US Army. Besides, as Coll et al. (2012) claim that a growing number of women are engaging in combat in the American military forces. It means that society recognizes the need for military duty, and probably the position of Brittani’s husband coincides with this opinion. Strengths of the Woman’s Anxiety It is likely that such concern for the man and his morale is hard to be regarded as having no basis. According to Scott et al. (2016), information from particular social assistance services to the relatives of soldiers and officers may not be enough to convince them of the safety of their husbands, fathers, and sons. Nevertheless, the US government is doing everything possible to ensure that the citizens understand that military service is an indispensable and honorable duty. It is possible that the girl’s fears are groundless; however, the task of support services, in any case, is to provide all necessary assistance and make sure that Brandon’s family lives in relative peace. It can be assumed that the concern of the girl about her husband is a sufficient reason to seek help from the social support service. The government takes care of ensuring that military men and their families have the protection of the state in case of any unforeseen situations. Considering the appeal of Brittani as an action caused by justified reasons, which include the wounding of her husband, she has a chance not only to get moral support but also to meet with her husband. If the state bodies and the corresponding medical commission consider that Brandon’s condition is unsatisfac