ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Osteoporosis is a disease that affects bones and occurs when the internal structure of a person’s bone becomes increasingly porous (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). It reduces the bone’s resistance to resisting fractures and tension, increasing the risk of breaking, compressing, and otherwise receiving damage (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). This disease is increasingly common in the US and the world, with approximately 54 million US citizens being affected by it (Yedavally-Yellaty et al., 2018). The purpose of this paper is to review the common symptoms, treatments, diagnostics, as well as matters concerning prevention and patient education. Common Symptoms Common symptoms of osteoporosis are few and are generally easy to identify. The primary indicators include back pain and a loss of height over time – this condition is caused by fractured and collapsing vertebrae (Rossini et al., 2016). As a result of the progression of the disease, individuals tend to have a stooped posture. Finally, osteoporosis results in increased vulnerability toward fractures, resulting in frequent trauma (Rossini et al., 2016). Recommended Diagnostic Tests The primary method to diagnose osteoporosis is the bone density test (BDT), which may be ordered by the treating physician following a fracture (Rossini et al., 2016). It is commonly performed using DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) machines and measures the mineral density of bones (Rossini et al., 2016). Some of the common tests run as part of the BDT include bone x-ray as well as CT and MRI scans of the spine (Rossini et al., 2016). These measures allow for the detection of osteoporosis, evaluate the stage it is in, and assess the likelihood of fractures occurring. Common Treatments Osteoporosis is typically treated with medications that aim to address various aspects of the disease in a particular patient. Bisphosphonates, such as Alendronate or Risedronate, are given to patients with an increased risk of fractures (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). Monoclonal antibody medications, such as Denosumab, provide effects similar to bisphosphonates, improving the overall bone density and reducing the chances of fracture (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). Hormone-related therapy, utilizing estrogen or testosterone, allows for improving bone density in patients with naturally low levels of either and is frequently implemented in older patients (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). Finally, bone-building medications, such as Teriparatide or Romosozumab, stimulate new bone growth, which is useful in augmenting other treatments (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018).
Scholars and practitioners have described several leadership styles and approaches to effective leadership. It is noteworthy that autocratic leadership is often viewed negatively due to its rather strict control over each team members’ activities, which may negatively affect people’s morale, motivation, and performance (Moss, Sharpley, & Wilson, 2014). Rast, Hogg, and Giessner (2013) argue that autocratic leaders are mainly preferred by unconfident employees who fear to make decisions. My democratic team leader’s inability to manage a project with tight deadlines made me understand the value of the autocratic leadership style. The use of the democratic leadership style was the only effective way to lead people as I saw it. However, one event changed my mind on the matter. At the beginning of my career, I dreamt of working with a democratic leader who would appreciate my creativity and hard work. I was happy to work with such a leader on several projects, and our team was really doing great. However, we once received a project with a really tight deadline, which we completely failed due to the abundance of ideas and the lack of authority. Our team leader did not want to or could not make the final decision and choose the direction to move, which led to our team’s failure and low morale for weeks to follow. It is noteworthy that I was really glad to work in the friendly environment where I could express my views and bring my ideas to life. This initial stage lasted for several months. However, the doubts stage started when I felt that we often discussed too many ideas and approaches. We barely met deadlines, but all our projects were successfully completed. The crisis came when we receive a project with really tight deadlines, and it turned out that we spent too much time discussing and persuading each other. The revelation stage started when the team leader did not use his authority to choose one of the approaches, which resulted in a complete failure of the project. One of the major reasons for changing my viewpoint on the matter was my exposure to new conditions. I was accustomed to working on long-lasting projects. It has been acknowledged that long-lasting projects’ successful completion is often associated with the use of the democratic leadership style that boosts employees’ creativity and performance (Mohiuddin, 2017; Iqbal, Anwar, & Haider, 2015). I also focused on the process rather than terms, deadlines, and decision-making. The primary effect of the change is associated with my own use of different leadership styles. I take into account peculiarities of the project, as well as each team member, to choose the most appropriate leadership s
Introduction Human beings are extremely subject to beliefs and culture in their way of living. Religious beliefs are highly influential and thus people live in accordance with the religious virtues inherent in their religious isms. In most countries across the world, religious beliefs, historical heroics, and historical events form constitutional backgrounds, which then make the basic blueprint of determining what is right for the citizens. A nation with majority citizens as Muslims has a constitution whose main foundation is the Islamic religion. This case is the same for the United States as the majority citizens are Christians and hence the American constitution is based on Christianity virtues. This aspect explains why civil religion has great impact on the American society. Civil religion Religious beliefs are very important in defining the character of the citizens of a particular nation. However, the United States, which has been defined as a land of opportunities by majority historians and economists in the past, is a culturally diverse nation and thus no religion can claim to have founded the religious culture of the nation. The founders of the nation are believed to have been Christians, as clearly explained by the idea of reciting the Lord’s Prayer every morning by schoolchildren. However, this tradition was excluded from mandatory principles by Congress to give room for other religious faiths in the mid-twentieth century. Despite the secular movements that have engulfed the modern world, the traditional beliefs still have great influence in society. Historical events have been the points of reference for the present events beside the modern development. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. is a world’s icon because of his Christianity virtues, viz. strong personality and character that enabled him to stand for the rights of all Americans to achieve the American dream (Echols 54). On the same note Cohen and Numbers (89) argue that Martin Luther’s religious virtues played a major role in shaping the cultural beliefs in the United States and his actions are a renowned example of civil religion put in practice to beat the odds of political movements in the world. According to Prothero, in his book, American Jesus: How the Son of God Became a National Icon, Jesus, who is a religious icon, has played a major role in the development of the American society. Prothero (13) argues that many hymns that praised Jesus were published immediately after the Great Awakening in 1800s and are a clear evidence of the American society appreciating
Literature Review Crushability of a structure is the likelihood that the structure will crash, whether it is a vehicle, building, bridge, or antenna masts. In designing structures, which can withstand a crashes, a lot of emphases has to be applied because it is vital in preventing and reducing the rate of recurrence of death and fatality accident (Smith 2001). Many scholars have taken their time investigating the aspect of crushability of some structures, as well as the capacity of absorption of various structures. They have taken intensive studies of the thin-walled structures including tubes, stiffeners, and shells (Smith 2003). Through their studies, they have discovered that these structures are very efficient impact energy absorbers. The studies explain the geometrical shape of a structure of deformation in energy absorbers and give accounts for their various geometrical shapes. The studies further explain the method of crash, the strain hardening and strain rate effect. There exist several approaches for determining the absorption of energy for structures. One of the approaches is by using what is known as the finite element analysis. The second approach is that of experimental analysis. The third approach is the use of theoretical analysis or conceptual analysis (Smith 2002). Using the finite element analysis is highly exorbitant coastwise and consumes a lot of time. The same case applies to Experimental analysis. To that effect, the best choice of an approach is the theoretical or the conceptual analysis of collapse mechanism (Smith 2002). Choice of Model The choice of approach is done in the preliminary stages of structural design of shapes. Theoretical method is a simple approach for predicting the crash behavior and energy absorption of a structures and shapes. For example, circular pipes have found wide application in Engineering and construction as structural members. This has provided enough exposure of circular tubes to studies of its collapse behavior, with a special interest on its energy absorption. To do a forecast the crash reactions of structural materials, a scholar needs to use the finite element analysis or the experimental analysis for obtain more perfect outcomes. However, they have to prepare in advance and allocate fun to cover the costs. The most appropriate model in the early design phases is the approximating model of tubes crash mechanism (Arduini and Nanni 1997). This study aims to design a closed-form solution as the optimal design of thin-walled circular tube, which can withstand a lot of energy when subjected to bending forces. It takes into account, the rate of energy absorption of circular structures such as hinges in the circular direction. The three dimensional geometrical crash mechanisms were evaluated by placing an additional slanted hinge lines along the longitudinal cross-section of tube in the length of elastically bending area. The model was developed in the consideration of energy rate conservation. It therefore implies that, the rates of internal energy absorption were computed for each hinge li
Why did some previous attempts to use artificial technologies fail? Some previous attempts to use artificial intelligence technologies fail because many early artificial intelligence applications were just solutions to problems. These early artificial intelligence systems contributed little in improving organizational performance. The systems could therefore not fulfill the expectations of people who first thought that they would relieve managers and professionals of the need to make certain types of decisions. People thought that computers would employ automated mechanisms that would analyze data and make sound judgments like configuring complex computer or diagnosing and treating a patient. Although the artificial intelligent has developed tremendously, these expectations could not be realized as soon as it was first thought. There are certain differences between the modern and ancient artificial intelligence systems. The new systems are easier to create and manage than the older systems. The earlier ones leaned heavily on the expertise of knowledge engineers. The new applications do not require anyone to identify the problems or to initiate the analysis. The new systems are also designed to translate decisions into action quickly, accurately and efficiently. Currently Saudi Arabia continues to enjoy benefits accrued from improved technology that relates to artificial intelligence. Industry professionals have been able to gain knowledge and understanding of independent forecasts and the level of competency in the business and socio political aspects. The benefits of artificial intelligence are mainly focused on forecasting the future, preparation for the future and putting up necessary measures that include remediation, control and innovative measures. For instance, artificial intelligence can project the future in form of graphical extrapolation. The trend of the business performance can therefore be checked for better performance as it has bee
Undoubtedly, social media’s increased popularity has affected how people communicate. One of the lesser expected effects of social media is an increase in the number of crimes associated with these platforms and the altered patterns of criminal activity that result from it. For example, Jones (2020) cites revenge porn, or the practice of publishing a partner’s intimate contact on social media, as one of the results of social media use. Such actions negatively affect the target person’s well-being and mental health. Another example of the crimes induced by social media is tracking the potential victim’s whereabouts. For instance, Kim Kardashian’s Paris robbery is thought to be the product of social media because the star posted about the exclusive jewelry she had been wearing and reported where she was going using her Instagram account (Jones, 2020). Hence, the criminals can use the features of the social media accounts, such as photos, location tags, and stories, to find potential victims and track their whereabouts. The patterns of crimes such as identity theft, harassment, and threats were also changed due to social media use. Identity theft is now an easier task for criminals because they can leverage the information from the person’s social media account, such as name or place of residence. Harassment and threats can be facilitated through the use of messaging features on these platforms. Hence, the increased popularity of social media platforms has affected the patterns of crimes by providing criminals with more personal information about their prospective victims and by allowing criminals to use the features of these websites to threaten or post information about other people. Reference Jones, B. (2020). The influence of social media on murder [Thesis, California State University]. SCUSB Scholar Works.
Throughout the world history, almost each nation has been engaged in political games, which have later turned into the implicit or explicit armed conflicts. In most countries, including the US, the presidents are legally the national army’s commanders-in-chief (White House, 2020). However, the major issue concerning the world today is the fact that most of the armed conflicts are executed beyond the nationally accepted law. On the example of the US, it may be explained that despite the President being legally responsible for the country’s military forces, the declaration of any conflict is impossible without the Congress’ decision. On the one hand, the situation with the US military state is now quite controversial due to various conflicts taken place over the past years. If officially there were no wars and armed conflicts since the Second World War, in fact, the US has been engaged in a series of military affairs (Congressional Research Service, 2020). Such dissonance between the real actions and the information released in authoritative sources make people hesitate everything they hear and see in the news or in the President’s speeches. On the other hand, however, the official armed conflict declaration can lead to a variety of severe consequences. Many politicians consider declaring a war irrelevant due to the fact that the notion has a strong effect on the world population, while military misunderstandings are not that terrifying to the broad audience (Dunlap, 2016). Hence, implicit military conflicts are created, first of all, to avoid the incitement to hatred. Thus, taking both aspects into consideration, it may be concluded that the international military conflicts, if unavoidable, should be declared as a full-scale war only as a result of considering all the possible implications. Works Cited Congressional Research Service. “Defense Primer: President’s Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces.”. 2020. Dunalp, Charles F. “Why Declarations of War Matter.”. 2016. Web. The White House. “The Executive Branch.”. Web.
Offshore outsourcing of call centers has become an attractive trend for many European and American companies. Higher profit and lesser cost are the two criteria that have dominated the decision for offshore outsourcing. Inexpensive labor in the Asian countries and a large English speaking population has made them an attractive destination for setting up offshore call centers. This idea emerged as an extreme paradigm for the globalization process and enshrined the belief that the global economy aimed to become truly borderless. Thus, the most important component for offshoring is the substitution of labor in the developing world for labor in the advanced world. In the developing world, the anticipated cost of labor is at least three times cheaper for labor doing the same work in a developed country. The savings for the companies who adopt offshore outsourcing is very high. Therefore, the push on call center migration to the developing countries from developed countries. However, choosing the right country and undertaking a restructuring of management is essential. Moreover, offshoring an operation to another country also requires understanding the culture of the country for doing business. This paper shows how cultural factors are essential to outsource an operation to an offshore location and restructure the organization. What is outsourcing? Outsourcing may be defined as the process of relocating a business operation such as production, procurement, distribution, or customer service to an outstation location. Outsourcing of operation requires the adoption of offshore practices in human resource management around the world. For instance, if a call center is outsourced to India, to establish an office where locals are working, it is essential to understand the culture of the place and get them accustomed to the culture of the outsourcing country. Thus, learning becomes a two-way process. If the management is anticipated to be American for a US company outsourcing to India, then the management must learn Indian culture and the local employees must be given training regarding American culture. Hence, synchronization of cultures for offshore outsourcing is an essential requirement. The top outsourcing destination for American or European companies is Mexico, the Philippines, China, Malaysia, and Russia. From among these, the country where the call center for Montezume Inc.
Introduction It has been acknowledged that self-esteem plays an important role in people’s development. More so, life satisfaction is closely connected with the concept of self-esteem, and mental health also depends on proper development of self-esteem. Admittedly, academic performance also correlates with self-esteem development. Researchers note that low self-esteem during years at school negatively influences people in future creating risks of mental disorders development (Yamawaki et al., 2011). Hence, it is important to help young people develop positive self-esteem which will lead to proper mental health development in future. To achieve this goal, it is important to understand that self-esteem development correlates with mental development and life satisfaction. It is also necessary to remember that a number of factors (including environment, socioeconomic status of the family, physical and psychological features, health problems, etc.) influence development of self-esteem in young people. An Overview of the Determinant The concept of self-esteem has acquired a lot of attention recently. People have acknowledged the importance of positive self-esteem development. As has been mentioned above, self-esteem is one of the most important determinants that influence young people’s mental development. Self-esteem is often referred to as a “judgment” that reveals “how a person values him/herself” (as cited in Izgiç et al., 2004, p. 630). Now researchers as well as educators, parents and even students understand the importance of positive self-esteem. Thus, researchers note that “poor health behaviors [sic.] are so prevalent” due to such factors as “the increased availability of unhealthy food and a culture of television” as well as development of low self-esteem in young people (Huntsinger & Luecken, 2004, p. 524). However, not all of the stakeholders clearly understand how positive self-esteem can be developed and what factors influence its development. Many young people face a lot of problems associated with low self-esteem (such as anxiety, depression, or even severe psychological disorders). Literature Review Researchers agree that self-esteem positively influences people’s development as it positively correlates with life satisfaction (Arslan et al., 2010). Apart from this, research suggests that positive self-esteem may even diminish negative effects of poor health behaviours acquired in early childhood (Huntsinger & Luecken, 2004). Admittedly, proper health behaviours are crucial for students. Thus, Mitchell et al. (2008) note that Australian students are now overwhelmed by a variety of tasks they are given at u
Entry and Contracting Phase to Facilitate Organizational Development The entry phase included the diagnosis of both companies and their place in the worldwide pharmaceutical industry (Carter, Giber, & Goldsmith, 2001). It was concluded that it was a merge of equals. Also, the entry phase included both due diligence and legal matters (Carter et al., 2001). During contracting phase, much attention was given to declaring the unity of companies to provide a message to all employees that the companies should work to achieve common goals. The invited external consultant provided an assessment that gave a real picture of problems and perspectives of the merged companies. The important role was given to the cultural aspect and management practices. Transformational and Transactional Elements of the Organisation As the transformational element of the assessment phase, the top half of the Burke-Litwin model was used (Carter et al., 2001). It includes external environment, strategy, mission, leadership, and culture. These are transformational factors of organization change. It was underlined that in such mergers as between SmithKline and Beecham executed on a large-scale, total system basis, focus should be on the transformational element (Carter et al., 2001). The transactional elements of organisation performance were represented by the lower part of the model. It included daily aspects of companies’ operation and their organizational performance. On the whole, the model suited the purposes of the merge of the companies. Phases Applied by SB Organization-Wide Survey Such stages of OD and change management as sensing and discovery as well as diagnosis and feedback were regarded by applying the SB organization-wide survey (including individual interviews) at the beginning of the implementation phase (Lasley, Kellogg, Michaels, & Brown, 2015). It assessed the merge process effectiveness. During the post-implementation phase, the repeated survey was related to evaluation and closure stages (Lasley et al., 2015). It was important because its results were encouraging. After five years, the survey revealed certain gains of the merge of companies, for example, the management was reported to use employee’s skills and abilities more efficiently (Carter et al., 2001). Still, there was a problem with introduction of innovations.