ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Situation Analysis Four N Twenty Pie is a managing manufacturer which is specialized in meat pie products. The remarkable element presented in the industry is considered to be the companies internationalization being observed at an ever growing pace. Over the previous 20 years, enterprises have considerably distorted their orientation reaching the international level; they have moved from domestic markets to international ones. The emergence of the international market has been followed by the rapid mixing and growth of countries; the local trading blocs configuration; the market economies formation; and benefits in communications technologies. Nowadays, international marketing is considered to disclose a great significance to different countries of all stages. All around the world, enterprises are trading using equipment from other nations. (Fill, 1999). National economy growth and health have appeared to be considerably dependent on sales rate as an engine of development. (Drejer 2002). Four N Twenty Pie is regarded to be a marketing organization having four main functions: (1, product and market management, (2) marketing planning (3) market and marketing research, and (4) advertising and promotion. The members of marketing channel have a great influence on how Four N Twenty Pie is to fulfill these functions. It is considered to be essential that channel members selection and channel programs development should be compatible with marketing organization objectives managing the channel. Market and product management organizations such as for example Four N Twenty Pie are provided with special examination. Society strives for the protection of small business considering benefits from efficient mass distributors and producers. It provides limitations for competition but at the same time seeks the small prices. It demands the lowest prices but high salaries for labor (Marketing Plans and Business Plans 2008). Internal Environment Analysis SWOT is a widely used thinking framework aimed at identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. SWOT analys
Introduction To reduce program design deficiency, various approaches have been applied. Some of the policies and programs have worked while others have not. Once a program fails to work, it needs to be re-assessed to find out whether the program objectives were realistic, specific, measurable, achievable and time-bound (Schied, 2010). This paper focuses on what happens when a policy and its related programs do not work and contains an analytical approach which can be used to assess the policy. It also examines whether the methodology chosen may have facilitated overall analytical process. An Example of a Policy that Did not Work When a policy and its program fail to work, it is re-assessed and re-evaluated (Walker, Rahman & Cave, 2001). Program implementers assess whether its goals, concepts and designs were based on sound theory and practices and if they are workable. The amount of the resources needed to implement a program is examined. This is useful in identifying the reasons why the policy and its related programs has failed (Dunn, 2012; Walker et al., 2001). A policy to be considered is social security policy which focuses on benefits to retired people and people with disabilities as well as to their families ( Social security policy options , 2010). The policy entails numerous programs aimed at achieving the balance between people’s earnings and benefits for those who are not employed for different reasons. Trust Funds have been a part of the program as well. Nonetheless, these trust funds will soon become exhausted due to the increased number of people getting benefits and insufficient growth of GDP (which depends on effective work and revenues of younger generations) ( Social security policy options , 2010). It is estimated that if new policies are not implemented, trust funds will be completely exhausted by 2042. It is noteworthy that trust funds’ expenditure exceeded their funds in 2010 ( Social security policy options , 2010). Aging society is a factor which has to be taken into account and new formulas as well as taxation have to be used. An Analytical Approach An approach that can be used to assess the degree and the scope of the deficiency is statistical analysis. This approach is very useful in making conclusions of the relationship among variables to apply them to new situations. Statistical analysis is divided into two, i.e. qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative statistic analysis shows company’s accounting practice together with its judgment made by the management about the figures and disclosures in financial statements. Quantitative analysis is used to quantify the problem in records in (Dunn, 2012). The methodology can assist in facilitating the ov
Entry into the System: Arrest   * The instance of a crime is reported by the child with a broken leg (ABC15 Arizona, 2011).   * Travis Darrah is identified.   * He is suspected of child abuse.   * The police determine the damage was done by Travis. Arrest is applied only in a limited number of cases when there is reason to assume that the incident is criminal in nature. Meanwhile, in practice, situations are not uncommon when restricting individual freedom is dictated by tasks of a higher level – the need to maintain public order. Provided that such detention is short-term and ends here on the street, it is not considered an arrest. If it follows from the circumstances of the incident that a crime has been committed and the person is not immediately released on the spot, then such a temporary restriction of freedom is considered to be an arrest. Prosecution and Pretrial Services: Charges Filed   * The law enforcement agency gathers information about the prosecutor Travis Darrah.   * The agency prepares the information for the presentation.   * Formal charges against Travis Darrah (“Criminal justice system flowchart,” n.d.). While the arrest was the culmination of the entry into the system, the process of filing charges is the beginning of prosecution and pretrial services. Travis Darrah cannot be kept under the arrest if no charges are filed. Therefore, the law enforcement agency needs to file charges and prepare the relevant information on Travis Darrah in order to present it to the court. The fact that the child ran from his house to the police station with a broken leg provides a sufficient basis to file the charges against the suspect. The prosecutor can also drop the charges by declaring nolle prosequi, but the case does not consider this option (“Criminal justice system flowchart,” n.d.). Prosecution and Pretrial Services: Initial Appearance   * Travis Darrah is informed on charges.   * The defense counsel can be assigned.   * Information is presented.   * Reasons for the arrest.   * Probable cause determination – Travis Darrah being involved in child abuse. During the initial appearance, the judge or magistrate acquires necessary information regarding the defendant. This step occurs during 48 hours after the arrest took place in order to prevent longitudinal waiting due to pending of the procedures (“Criminal justice system flowchart,” n.d.). The judge informs the defendant on the charges by officially announcing the statements. It is important to note that the defendant has the right for defense counsel in the form of attorney or public defender. The law enforcement agency needs to present the basis on which the defendant was arrested. After the latter step, the judge makes the probable cause determination, where Travis Darrah was involved in child abuse. Prosecution and Pretrial Services: Preliminary Hearing   * The preliminary hearing is designed to determine
The relations between the Europeans and Africans in British and Spanish America can be characterized by many similarities as well as differences. It is important to note that the Spaniards began to develop relations with Africans in Europe, early before invading Americas in the 15 th century. Thus, enslaved Africans and black conquistadors came to Americas with the Spaniards in order to invade new lands and receive opportunities for gaining more wealth. From this perspective, Africans were also oriented to improving their living conditions there, as well as the white settlers. In spite of the fact that Africans remained enslaved by the Spaniards in America, they succeeded in sustaining fraternal communities, and they also focused on developing their specific religions and culture. Many free Africans had the opportunity to change their social status because of participating in the military activities. Thus, the Spaniards were inclined to use Africans more in military activities than as the free or cheap workforce. The relations between Africans and Europeans in Spanish America can be discussed as diverse because black settlers played different roles in the society, including the roles of soldiers, servants, and slaves. It is possible to state that Africans and Europeans in Spanish Africa developed close relations, and constant interactions of two cultural groups contributed significantly to the development of the new society in Spanish America. There were no active military conflicts in Spanish America to demonstrate the resistance of the Africans to the rule of the Spaniards because the black settlers discussed their position of slaves and servants as the misfortune, and they often oriented to the examples of successful blacks who lived as free people in plantations. White Europeans paid much attention to the life of the black communities because of the history of long relations between the Spaniards and Africans. As a result, the life of black slaves in the Spanish plantations differed significantly from the life of Africans in the British colonies. From this point,
United States under the reign of President Madison declared war on Great Britain in the middle of June 1812. This war was the outcome of many situations experienced by the U.S. citizens including the Napoleonic Wars that involved a majority of the European nations in early 19th century. The quest for eradication of impressments experienced by the U.S. seamen contributed immensely to the starting of the 1812 war. The British Navy was fond of seizing of seamen who could not identify themselves as Americans. In addition, the British Navy seized American’s cargoes and ships, acts that wounded the national honor of the U.S. government. (Benn & O’Neill, 2011). In sum to the determination of Americans in eradicating the presence of the British in North America, their need and quest for expansion also contributed significantly to the rise of the 1812 war. For long the U.S. had the urge of confiscating Canada and making it one of its territories. However, the key catalyst of 1812 war was the boarding and enlisting of British Navy to the British sailors. This British Navy had the intention of stopping the United States from participating in the international trade, an act that they succeeded in enacting. The participation of the U.S. in the international trade contributed significantly to the economy of the U.S.; therefore, their eradication from the trade by the British impaired the much profits the U.S. government incurred from the exchanges made with some countries such as France. (Benn & O’Neill, 2011). In addition, in their expansion of the territories, the U.S. experienced strong resistance from the Indians an act that made them believe that Great Britain contributed enormously to Indian antagonism. The U.S. therefore decided to declare war against the British as a punishment for their causation of the obstacle towards meeting their goals of invading Indian lands. Groups that opposed 1812 war The 1812 war was subjected to too much opposition from the senators from New England, some New York representatives and the Republicans. Among the reasons that contributed to the Federalists opposition of 1812 war include the view of this war as party war aimed at increasing importance of the Republicans while at the same time, silencing the opposition by the Federalists. The Federalists also dreaded that participation in the war would result to the nation falling into the hands of the Napoleon, the greatest monster that cherished human suffering. (Hickey, 2012). On the other side, the Protestants of this war from the New England feared collision of the U.S. with the French arguing that it would result to change of minds, morals, characters, and the religion of the entire U.S nation. The federalists also opposed the war because they regarded it as offensive aiming at sanctioning Canada. According to the Federalists, the efforts of sanctioning Canada would result to more harm in the U.S. government compared to the benefits. For instance, this war would result to crippling of the U.S. economy, loss of the agricultura
The qualitative research contradiction dwells on the dispute between the supporters and the opposing forces of the study design implementation. Thus, due to its non-scientific nature, many experts regard a qualitative research as a description model and state that it is unacceptable to employ the findings of such studies in the scholarly settings. The argument stems from the idea that qualitative research works are not dwelling on the facts that pertain to the objective reality but merely recounts them. However, some scientists, primarily the ones, who specialize in social or philological studies, claim that the investigation design depends heavily on the task that is initially set. Accordingly, the qualitative research has the right to exist if it is employed with an intention of describing certain conceptions in the natural environment. Though the reviewed type of the analysis is based on subjective assumptions, it has to follow the basic pattern of investigation structuring. Thus, a research specialist has to be able to provide a consistent grounding for the design selection. The argument must be supported by a representation of data collection methods, questionnaire designs, sampling techniques, etc. Moreover, it is vital to follow the order of primary research development. It reiterates the model of quantitative investigation, except for the numbers and statistics presenting part. Finally, the efficient qualitative research must be finished with a multilevel interpretation of the study results as well as making some considerate conclusions and further research recommendations (Naresh 71). Therefore, one can deduce that a qualitative research that is based on an elaborate development model serves as an optimal method of objective reality description. According to the experts, the ultimate advantage of such study design lies in the fact that except being methodologically reliable, it is highly autonomous at the same time (Seale 465). In other words, it possesses a power of free interpretation . The investigators, who employ this type of research in their professional activities, do not have to rely on the standard formulas and quantification standards but rather on some resilient social and political paradigms that can be evaluated in contrastive ways. Besides, it is acknowledged that qualitative researching provides much deeper insights into the particular subject matters than its famous counterpart. For instance, this model of investigation is frequently based on the interviews and focus groups observations. Since the processes of assessment are often based on a verbal interaction, it is claimed that these techniques provide the efficient overview of the members’ ideas, without imposing any limitations on the procedure of communication. It provides vast possibilities for a complete evaluation of particular concept or problem. The model of qualitative re
Introduction A crucial part of the ethics of business is computer ethics or information ethics. Most corporations today are teetering on whether computer improprieties are a violation of professional ethic rather than a legal ethics issue. The purpose of this paper will be to examine some of the ethical issues of the Internet as it relates to the theft of private or personal information from the material sent over the Internet. Professional ethics can best be defined as learning what is right or wrong as it relates to the workplace and then doing the right thing. This code of professional ethics lays down the standards of integrity, professionalism and confidentiality which all members of that particular profession shall be bound to respect in their work. Where as legal ethics is best defined as principles of conduct that members of the profession are expected to observe in the constraints of the governing laws. The right to privacy in Internet activity, especially in creating databases out of personal information, is a serious issue facing society. As such it raises serious ethical issues. An additional example is of the people on the Internet who use anonymous servers as a way to avoid responsibility for controversial and inappropriate behavior. Cases of harassment and abuse have become increasingly frequent, aided by a cloak of anonymity. There are also problems with fraud and scam artists who elude law enforcement authorities through anonymous mailings and postings. These types of examples describe the ethical issues created by technology and the people or corporations that control them (Tavani, pp. 179-85). ISP’s Role in Cyber Ethics ISPs have rightfully asserted that prescreening would be especially burdensome, they have not made the same argument that post screening would impose simil
Introduction Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylcyclic acid is commonly used to control fever and as a pain killer. Salicylic acid is administered in the form of tablets, a less irritating method, unlike in the early days where it was administered in the form of leaves (Jeffreys, 2005). Irritation caused by leaves was due to the presence of a phenol group that is known to cause irritation. Aspirin is also used in low dosages to prevent diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Further, aspirin is useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, usage of aspirin has got side effects. Among the side effects include; ringing in the ears and stomach bleeding. According to Jeffreys (2005), aspirin is used in the treatment of rheumatic fever, inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and fever pain. Jeffreys (2005) describes aspirin as white, weakly acidic substance and crystalline in nature. The product has a melting point of 136 degrees Celsius and has a boiling point of 140 degrees Celsius. According to McMurry (2008), aspirin exhibits polymorphism. Polymorphism is a process whereby a substance exists in more than one form. Before 1960s, aspirin was known to have only one structure. However, in 2005, Vishweshwar and coworkers discovered a second structure of aspirin. The second structure is stable at 100K and a change in temperature reverts it to structure one (McMurry, 2008). For drugs to receive regulatory approval, they must have only one crystal form. Therefore, pharmacists developed methods of ensuring that aspirin exhibits only one crystalline form. The manufacturing process of aspirin is an esterification type of reaction (Pavia, 2005). Esterification process was invented after the Bayer Company of Germany replaced the phenol group in aspirin with an ester group. The ester group was less irritating although it could cause hemorrhaging. During the preparation process, salicylic acid is reacted with excess acetic anhydride (Pavia, 2005). A little amount of phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction. Then, the excess acetic acid is quenched with water. Due to the insoluble nature of aspirin, the compound precipitates on addition of water. The chemical equation for the reaction is as shown in the scheme below. Diagram 1 Diagram 1 showing a scheme of the reaction when aspirin reacts with water. Acetic acid is highly soluble in water and, therefore, is separated with ease from the asp
The Constitutional protection to equal rights under the law has been invoked over and over again to try and afford homosexuals “equal right” to the social institution of marriage and to social security when one legal spouse dies. This paper argues that the majority of the American people refuse to countenance homosexual marriage, that this moral stand has held steady against the specious propaganda of the liberal press, and that legal statutes define marriage as between one man and one woman. America cannot afford to give credence and legal standing to a fringe element of society. What seems “fashionable” and “progressive” thinking cannot be equated with ethical behavior. During the Vietnam War, the actions of Jane Fonda and draft dodgers roiled the nation. Every generation of teenagers like to rebel by smoking, binge drinking, and risking life and limb in drag racing and contests of “chicken” but the least that be said is that all these are bad for their health. Parents shrug that their children in middle school will indulge their curiosity about sex no matter what but the sorry wrecks of teenage pregnancies, single motherhood, and underage abortions are all around for us to see. Today, those who like to indulge in marijuana, other illicit drugs, and prostitution say they harm no one but themselves so why not break the law? Illicit and perverted licentiousness cannot be given the legal sanction of marriage. The courts and legislature cannot “legalize” homosexuality and protect it from moral condemnation and social scorn (Gallagher 1). In the same way, the right of consenting adolescents and adults to engage in premarital sex, adultery, incest, statutory rape, child assault, domestic violence, sadomasochistic acts, and child pornography all confront widespread disapproval and legal sanction. Homosexuals began to agitate for “equal rights” to marriage in the post-Vietnam era. By the mid-1990s, the backlash became so great that Congress passed the “Defense of Marriage Act of 1996”. The nation’s law forbids the federal government from granting the civil rights and protections of marriage to any couple except one man and one woman. It is a myth that America is moving towards a consensus of approval. The well-respected series of annual NORC General Social Surveys reveal a clear majority across the nation oppose (59%) homosexual marriages versus only one-third who favor these. Those who disapprove do so on explicit moral and religious grounds. Other opinion surveys compiled by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (1) reveal the extent of public opposition to homosexual marriage. T