ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The growth of globalization has led to a remarkable transformation in the international economy. One of the notable changes is an increase in the intensity of competition. Consequently, organizations are experiencing different challenges in the quest to achieve sustainability. An example of such challenges entails the increase in the cost of production. To overcome this challenge, most organizations are expanding some of their operations into the international markets. The rationale of this approach is to expand its value chain activities. Trade, investment, and production are components of the global value chain. Due to globalization, production has become dispersed geographically as evidenced by the high rate at which companies are starting their production activities in different countries. The establishment of a comprehensive network of suppliers and their affiliates enhances the production activities (“Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development” 14). One of the approaches that organizations are increasingly adopting in coping with the challenges associated with globalization is off-shoring. Bottini, Ernst, and Luebker affirm that the “ability of offshore depends on the presence of a pool of well-educated job candidates, a set of liberal trade rules, and robust distributed communication technology” (17). Thus, one of the issues that have led to growth in the rate of off-shoring entails the increase in the rate of liberalization. Despite the benefits associated with off-shoring, the practice has become a subject of contention. The benefits of off-shoring do not flow automatically to the individuals that it affects. Off-shoring has led to a significant reduction in the role of the state with regard to international competition. States are under pressure to give multinational companies the necessary support to facilitate their operations in the host country. “For Ohmae and others, the role of the state is now severely restricted. Individual nations have no power to change the terms of competition. State power has been reduced – either eroded by the market or taken up by multinational companies and global financial institutions. One of the few constructive
Food services are the most commonly outsourced functions in the business community for several reasons. To start with, it is important to appreciate the fact that the preparation of food is a very involving task and if at all businesses are to provide their employees with nutritious and healthy meals, then they need to leave this work to professionals. In addition, once the business community has outsourced the food services function, it can now be able to concentrate on its core business activities. This helps to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business functions. Moreover, food service departments in organizations are required to adhere to various federal nutritional guidelines and because of the lack of professionals in the business community, businesses risk failing to comply with these rules. This means that the business community can face prosecution by the federal government for violation of the rules. In order to avoid such problems, outsourcing becomes the most logical thing to do. Describe the advantages of outsourcing food services to a management Contractor When a business community decides to outsource its food services function to a management contractor, there are a number of benefits associated with such a decision. To start with, such a decision will more than likely reduce the operational costs of the business in question. This is because a lot of resources usually go to the process of acquiring, processing, preparing, and serving food. Such process requires money and when the company outsources these functions, it can save on some of these expenses. In addition, food services do not constitute a core process of a business community, unless it is in the hospitality industry. Therefore, the company is likely to record improve efficiency in its operations because all the resources of the firm are directed towards achieving its core objectives. The business community is also likely to save on the money that would otherwise have been spent in the purchase of new food equipment, as well as in replacing other equipments. In this case, the outsourced company has to assume this new role. This also goes for the salaries and wages of the employees working at the food services department in a business entity. Once a management contractor has been tasked with the responsibility of providing food services functions to a business entity, he has to pay his own workforce. Therefore, the
Introduction The consumption of bottled water around the world is rising by about 10% annually with the United States accounting for the largest market (Gleick, 2010). For instance, in 2008, an estimated 8.6 billion gallons of bottled water were consumed in the United States alone (Zhihua, Morton, & Mahler, 2011). There is a common belief that bottled water is safer to drink and tastes better when compared to tap water. However, scientific evidence from several research studies indicates that the belief is necessarily not true. Additionally, a number of studies have shown evidence that the consumption and sale of bottled water results into a variety of social, environmental and health effects. The steady rise in the demand for bottled water is causing hips of unnecessary garbage and resulting in the consumption of vast quantities of energy according to the report by Earth Policy Institute (Zhihua, Morton, & Mahler, 2011). Nearly all countries, including Canada, have policies that govern the quality measures required in the production and distribution of tap water. However, most countries have less, if any, such policies that stipulate quality requirements in the production and distribution of bottled water (Petra
Introduction The time period for storing different types of food directly depends on the amount of lipids in each product and their susceptibility to oxidative rancidity. As a result of oxidising lipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids during the storage period, the quality of food deteriorates and changes in flavour and colour. Therefore, researchers and experts in food quality are interested in determining suitable approaches to storing products that directly address oxidation in foods containing different types of lipids (Matumoto-Pintro et al. 2017). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the factors influencing oxidative rancidity in relation to food with lipids and to analyse techniques applied to storing such foods. Factors Affecting Oxidative Rancidity Oxidation is a process in which molecules from the lipid family change as a result of oxygen. This process usually leads to a decrease in the biological activity of triglycerides, phospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids and phytosterols, and the development of unpleasant flavours and discolouring of foods (Ahmed et al. 2016; Matumoto-Pintro et al. 2017). Additionally, oxidative reactions in lipids lead to the formation of harmful toxic compounds affecting overall food quality (Calligaris et al. 2016). From this perspective, the progress of oxidative rancidity in foods with a high percentage of lipids depends on environmental aspects and packaging issues. According to Calligaris et al. (2016), food characteristics and qualities of lipids easily change due to factors such as oxygen, temperature, humidity, and specifics of packaging products (see Table 1). Due to lipid oxidation, the shelf life of various types of foods is reduced due to the effect of the quality of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Table 1: Environmental and Packaging-Related Factors Affecting Oxidative Reactions in Products. (Calligaris et al. 2016, p. 1905). Approaches to Storing Food Certain techniques used for storing food with a high percentage of lipids to prolong the shelf life include guaranteeing the quality of packaging and focusing on an appropriate temperature and humidity regimen. Certain types of products are expected to be stored only in refrigerators to avoid oxidation and prolong storage periods (Ahmed et al. 2016). It is important to ensure that products with polyunsaturated fatty acids, including fish and other sea products, are not exposed to air during storage (Ahmed et al. 2016; Calligaris et al. 2016). To monitor oxidative rancidity, experts examine such indicators as the peroxide value, acidity, anisidine value and others with the help of certain methods, for example, spectroscopic testing (Calligaris et al. 2016; Table 2). This approach tests the impact of certain conditions on oxidation in lipids depending on changes in storing foods (see Table 2). Table 2: Indicators of Oxidation Reactions and Methodologies to Test Them. (Calligaris et al. 2016, p. 1905). Conclusion Many products are at risk of seeing a reduction in
The extent of human agency and the correlation between freedom and control has always been one of the most curious areas to explore in relation to psychology and the concept of self. When considering the theories of freedom and control, the views of B. F. Skinner and Carl Rogers are, perhaps, as far on the opposite of each other as possible. Indeed, whereas Skinner assumed that people’s behavior is defined by their environment, Rogers posited that the need for self-actualization was the primary source of motivation in people (Feist et al., 2018). Since both theories appear to contribute significantly to the understanding of motivation, it seems that the truth lies somewhere in the middle. Indeed, on the one hand, people are capable of controlling the micro-environment in which they function, thus exerting a significant amount of power over it. However, when applied on a larger scale, the range of an individual’s control is typically quite restricted, while macro-environmental factors, including political, economic, sociocultural, and technological ones define the extent of one’s decision-making largely (Feist et al., 2018). Therefore, it seems that, in the current global community, the two theories need to be combined to produce a viable interpretation of the power dynamics between an individual and the community. However, it appears that, on a smaller scale, people are capable of controlling their actions and making decisions quite freely. Otherwise, ethical and moral dilemmas would not have existed, and people would opt for the choice to which they are conditioned intrinsically. Thus, the variety of choices that an individual can make indicates that the level of control over one’s personal micro-space is quite high (Feist et al., 2018). At the same time, environmental issues may override the role of personal freedoms since constraints on economic, political, and legal levels are likely to produce a greater impact than personal boundaries. Reference Feist,
Digital forensics tools are highly popular among digital investigators, as they allow easily conducting of the necessary technical analyses. One of the most famous software programs for digital forensics is Autopsy, a toolkit that examines the images present on a device’s hard drive. Capable of interacting with personal computers and smartphones, Autopsy is highly versatile and contains several functions for properly investigating the image files present on the storage unit ( Autopsy , n.d.). Specifically, Autopsy allows viewing graphical information stored on the device, searching the repository for specific items, or extracting the data ( Autopsy , n.d.). Although this software is distributed freely, it remains an excellent tool for forensic analysis and is continuously updated to follow technological advances. Some digital forensics software is incredibly specific, created to examine a particular system. As such, Arsenal Recon is an instrument constructed to explore the Windows operating system and its registry, thus accessing information about the device’s configuration specifics. Considering that a Windows registry contains a vast amount of information about the applications installed and data processed, Arsenal Recon can be extremely valuable when conducting a digital forensic investigation ( Arsenal Recon , n.d.). However, this software is produced commercially, it cannot be obtained free of charge, and $65 a month or $756 a year must be paid to receive access. Finally, unique programs are required when working with a smartphone system. Cellebrite UFED is one of the methods used to retrieve data from various types of mobile devices, primarily modern-day smartphones that have distinct operating systems ( Cellebrite UFED , n.d.). In light of this evidence, Cellebrite UFED possesses a range of functions to remove the phone’s security measures, and access the information stored in the internal storage or on external car
Governance In the modern society, the issue of governance has become very critical to organizations. According to Certo (2010), both for-profit and nonprofit making organizations are keen on embracing governance structures that can manipulate internal and external environmental forces. Firms such as Apple Inc, Microsoft, and Coca Cola among others have achieved success because of their governance structures. The issue of governance has become very critical in learning institutions across the world. In the United States, schools are now trying to embrace different governance strategies to ensure that they operate effectively. They not only have to meet the expectation of the teaching staffs but also manage large number of students who may sometime become rowdy. Scholars have conducted researches in this field as they try to help various institutions to come up with ways that can help them manage their organizations in a better way. In this paper, the researcher seeks to compare Fish’s views of governance to that of Manning. Fish’s Governance Views The purpose of mission and goals According to Fish (2007), each organization is uniquely constituted based on its size, number of employees, and how it relates to the local, state, national and international forces. There can never be a single governance system that can be effectively used to run different firms. That is why missions and goals are important and very unique to individual firms. These statements define what they should achieve and means through which stakeholders will use to reach the intended destination (DuBrin, 2011). Communication Fish (2007) emphasizes on the need to maintain proper communication. According to this scholar, a firm’s success is largely based on its ability to collect, process, and share information amongst all the relevant stakeholders within the expected timeframe. Information is power in the modern world, and every entity is under pressure to find ways of collecting the needed information at the right time and making good use of it. Decision-making In the past, top managers were always in charge of making all the decisions while the junior employees were expected to implement plans presented to them. Fish (2007) says that this should not be the case. Decision-making process should involve all the stakeholders irrespective of their positions in the management. This way, it becomes easy to implement these decisions because everyone will feel that they are part of the system. Role of management Management’s role is to offer leadership and direction in addressing various activities in our society. As Northouse (2010) says, it is practically impossible to manage people and achieve with them the desired success. What a manager can do is to offer leadership to the junior officers and direct them on how to handle various tasks in their workplaces. Managers must learn to be good listeners and they should always seek to find ways of addressing issues that affect the employees. They should create an enabl
Executive Summary The aim of the project is the creation of the plan for hotel building. The plan will entail business objectives, approaches, and description of the plan and principles of its implementation. Budget and project control will be regarded as the key aspects of this report, and management principles will be analyzed from the perspective of successful time, quality, and resource management. The roles of the stakeholders will depend on their own aims and objectives; hence, their activity and interestedness in the success of this project will be regarded as the defining factor for their role in the plan. Project Description The scope of the industry is closely associated with accommodation, and the scope of the project requires the proper observation of all the aspects and terms, required for the comfortable accommodation. Thus, the scope of the project is aimed at creating the solid basis for the balanced resource, time and quality management. Scope will be regarded as the central aspect of project management strategy, and the values of hotel business global experience. The business need is the creation of the hotel building plan for further hotel business development. The key aims of the project are closely associated with proper management of financial, operational, human and risk management. The basics of the scope are regarded as the outline of the functionality aspects, required for the proper project management. The need of the project creation was originated by the complexity of the project and the strong necessity to meet the requirements of the hotel business industry. Thus, the magnitude of the opportunity is represented by the necessity to create, adjust, and launch all the systems required for hotel activity. The clear objectives of thee project help to define the aims, and formulate the plans of the project implementation. On the one hand, this is required for better motivation of employees, on the other hand, it provides an opportunity for performing the precise progress measurements. In accordance with Baum (p. 45), the most effective business objectives in hotel industry are the following: Specific – objectives are aimed at what the business does, e.g. a hotel might have an objective of filling 60% of its beds a night during October, an objective specific to that business. Measurable – the business can put a value to the objective, e.g. £ 25,000 in sales in the next half year of trading. Agreed by all those concerned in trying to achieve the objective. Realistic – the objective should be challenging, but it should also be able to be achieved by the resources available. Time specific – they have a time limit of when the objective should be achieved, e.g. by the end of the year (Baum, p. 45). In the light of this fact, it should be emphasized that the actual aims of the project are explained by management strategy, with the applied efforts, associated with personnel training and professional development. Additionally, the company aims to arrange the reliable marketing strategy for further successful cooperation with recognized and trusted brands of hotel industry. Reasons for Undertaking the Project The reas
Introduction In the modern world, various types of disasters and natural hazards may pose a considerable danger to human lives, as well as cause serious harm to property. To minimize the adverse impact of such incidents, different disaster management systems exist that allow for coordinating collaborative efforts aimed at disaster response and mitigation. This paper aims to consider three such systems, or incident command models: those used in the U.S., the U.K., and the State of Qatar. The objectives of this paper include discussing each of these systems separately and then comparing them; making some conclusions based on this discussion and comparison; and providing several recommendations that could be used to improve these systems. Scope The current paper will consider the basic features and the structure of the three incident command models or systems: the National Incident Management System (the U.S.), the Joint Decision Making Model (the U.K.), and The National Command Centre (Qatar). It will also compare these systems and provide some recommendations on how to improve them. However, the discussion will not go into technical nuances about the operation of these systems, but rather focus on their main features, structure, and functions. Comparison of the Models The U.S.: National Incident Management System (NIMS) In the U.S., the National Incident Management System (NIMS) is used. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), NIMS is a proactive, systematic approach which is aimed at guiding all types of governmental, non-governmental, and private organizations to manage all kinds of incidents, hazards, and threats, whatever their size, complexity, or location may be, to lower the incident’s harm to life, property, and the environment (FEMA 2017b). NIMS thus supplies a common approach for addressing incidents (FEMA 2017a). This approach includes the Incident Command System (ICS), which is a standard method of managing organizations aimed at the administration of various resources during incidents (ASPCApro n.d.). In cases where organizations and institutions adopt the ICS, they create a command structure by the ICS that comes into play when incidents take place. This command structure is led either by a Unified Command, that is, a team of professionals from various departments of the whole structure, or by an Incident Commander. The leader(s) formulate(s) objectives aimed at resolving the incident and approves orders for allocating resources to various departments. The rest of the structure remains the same in all situations, and it is comprised of four major functional areas. These areas are:  1. Operations (defines, assigns, and controls the use of resources that are required to accomplish t