ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The City Department of Health has found out that a very infectious strain of influenza ( transmission probability 0.3 ) is likely to hit soon, for which the current vaccine is not practical. So far, the DOH thinks about 100 people in the city have been infected. We know that influenza illness usually lasts for an average of 5 days , and for every 1000 people who get influenza, 1 person requires intensive care for two days. The population in the city is 80,000 . The R 0 (the basic reproductive rate) for this influenza strain has been estimated to be 4 . Use the SIR model in the Excel spreadsheet to answer the following questions. Hint: make sure you parameterize the model correctly before you start. The contact rate for the epidemic is 0.0000835, The formula used and the calculations are shown below: I evaluated using the R formula R0 = (Initial Susceptible)*(transmission probability*contact rate)/(recovery rate) And the result 79900*0.3*x =4 0.5 = 4*0.5 79900*3 = 0.0000835 The above recipe yields a particular number as the contact rate. The given R 0 value is set as 4. As such, it is possible to achieve the contact rate by essentially applying the equation shown above, subsequently making it more straightforward to come out with the appropriate response. The calculations are additionally laid out on the dominant picture below, which is the least resistant path. The calculations are shown in the above picture. In this case, the pinnacle is set apart by the red bolt since it is the second when the epidemic sets at a high rate. At that point, an individual is prone to the infection and the rate of transmission is elevated. Furthermore, if an individual comes into contact with another person at this time, they will communicate the infection more promptly than at some other time or period. The computations are displayed above on the dominant picture, and they yield that point as the pinnacle. However, people here are simply advised to retain minimal contact with each other with the aim of reducing the rate of infection. The peak of the infection is the point at which the epidemic transmits at a higher rate than normal. In a population of about a thousand people, it can infect almost three-quarters of the people and thus, this is the peak. The calculations are shown above in the picture, and they show the peak period of the viral infection. As such, it can be considered an easy method for determining the peak of the epidemic. The peak is the time that the disease transmits at a higher rate, and the individuals in the population are at the highest risk of infection. The approach will ensure that there are satisfactory ICU beds at the apex of the pandemic as the results reflect the number of recovered individuals. The number of the affected is not large, mainly because the number of the infected people diminished to a point known as the balance point. ICU beds can hold the affected number of people at a time, which shows that the DOH is ready to deal with the epidemic. The result is, by all accounts, that the population at this point is not at high risk of infection. Since the infected individuals are secluded and taken to ICU beds
Introduction The modern increasingly complex environment gives rise to numerous concerns related to the efficiency, improved outcomes, competitiveness, innovativeness, etc. Drastic alterations in methods used in different spheres of activity precondition the shift of priorities from traditional to new approaches which are characterised by the enhanced productivity. Moreover, the extensive implementation of technologies contributes to the creation of the digitalised society which handles enormous amounts of data. Under these conditions, knowledge becomes the fundamental organisational resource of the 21st century which is used to acquire a competitive advantage and create the basis for the further evolution (Zangiski, Lima, & Costa, 2013). At the same time, an outstanding significance of the source stipulates the high demand for methods to gather and process information that could be used to promote companies further rise and ensure their leading positions. In this regard, a set of practices aimed at the investigation of particular spheres of knowledge to elaborate an efficient approach and obtain a sustainable competitive advantage becomes crucial for all modern organizations regardless of their nature. The given paper focuses on the comprehensive investigation of knowledge management (KM) as a science that helps to acquire, process, and share knowledge regarding the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center in Riyadh. The choice of the organisation for the investigation is preconditioned by the scope of activities performed within this unit, peculiarities of its functioning, and its perspectives for the further development. The work consists of the introductory paragraph, which outlines the main aspects of the research; background, which describes King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center in Riyadh and its general characteristics needed for the better analysis; body part which delves into the main operations of the unit, its strengths, weaknesses, and analysis of KM; recommendations related to the further improvement of its functioning; concluding paragraph that summarises all ideas presented in the paper. Description of Organisation King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center in Riyadh (KFSH&RC) was created in 1975 by King Khaled Ibn Abdulaziz Al Saud (“KFSH&RC history,” n.d.). The organisation of this medical unit was preconditioned by the increased need for a high-quality care among local people. In such a way, a modern and well-equipped centre was established. From 1973 to 1985 KFSH&RC was administered by the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) (“KFSH&RC history,” n.d.). It was preconditioned by the lack of experience and competence demanded to manage such projects. However, in 1985 in accordance with the Royal Decree, a national team of specialists undertook the responsibility for the administration of the given healthcare unit (“KFSH&RC history,” n.d.). Nowadays, it is a successful and
Communication with clients is an essential part of any company’s performance that in many ways defines the organization’s success among the target customers. Therefore, for a firm to succeed in the target market, it is essential to make sure that the frontline staff is skilled and resourceful. Hence the necessity to carry out regular assessments of the frontline managers’ skills emerges. As the frontline manager’s task concerns mostly communication issues, it will be reasonable to put a stronger emphasis on the communication issues, particularly, the skill of solving conflicts and negotiating. When defining the key characteristics of a good method for assessing the performance of frontline supervisors, one will have to consider the Likert-type questions as the basic means to measure the quality of the specified specialists’ skills. By introducing the respondents to a scale for the evaluation of the frontline managers’ skills, one will be able to define not only the areas that cause the g
Before America became independent, the law was one of the main factors that determined the kind of life that women lived and their subsequent experiences. Women lived in social systems which were purely patriarchal. Colonial America put more value on a woman’s ability to bear children and care for them than her ability to be of keen mind. These societies had limited power and autonomy for women. There were certain cultural and legal rules which demarcated boundaries as to how women were supposed to live. Women were neither allowed to vote nor buy property. At this time, the Protestant church was one of the main churches in America. In these churches, it was stressed that women were there to be seen and not to be heard and this was in accordance to the teachings of Saint Paul. Anne Hutchinson is an example of a woman getting into trouble, because of the perceived threat of her intellect (Berkin et al. 13). Native Americans were numbered around 7 million by the year 1500. In the dawn of the 16 th century, the numbers declined greatly due to diseases which were introduced by the invading Europeans. The natives succumbed to the diseases in great numbers because they were not immunized. Mid 17 th century, they were not exceeding 200,000. Although slavery was not allowed, they were taken by rival tribes, sold to French colonists to work as slaves in places like Canada or the West Indies. Slavery is defined as a system that is socio-economical in nature under which a certain class or race of people is forced to work or provide labor while being denied their personal freedom (Oates and Charles, 25). Others were killed in long war with the colonial masters. In the beginning of the 18 th century, half of the labor was provided by the African slaves while the rest was being provided by the Native Americans with the latter providing the Spanish farms or haciendas with agricultural labor. Native American and African slaves shared almost the same life. They lived in the same slave quarters, worked in the fields, had same food recipes, shared legends and myths and eventually became love stricken which led to intermarriages. Black male slaves, who married Native women, belonged to the woman’s clan. This led to the emergence of black Americans or the mulattos. Just like their parents, the offspring born in slavery were naturally slaves by birth. Mid 1619, the first black or ‘negar’ slaves arrived in Jamestown aboard a Dutch vessel and were sold immediately (Berkin et al. 13). These slaves had been taken from the sugar plantations of South America. As time went by, there were several laws that were drafted to govern the slaves. These rules were restrictive and depriving. They included whipping and branding of the slaves and were soon adopted in other counties
One of the most critical factors of breast cancer development is heredity since it causes a genetically inherent disease. If the patient’s closest relatives have been diagnosed with breast cancer, a tumor’s likelihood is high even at a young age (Coleman & Tsongalis, 2016). Since one of the patient’s close relatives had this disease, this diagnosis is indeed possible for her as well. Another significant factor in developing cancer is various diseases of the mammary glands, for example, “cystic” breasts. In the presence of such conditions, the formation of atypical cells is possible in the mammary gland (Tkaczuk et al., 2016). This can lead to their overgrowth and increase the risk of more severe diseases. The hormonal factor also has a critical influence on health. In the described case, this aspect is the most significant since it includes various details of the patient’s life. These include the first pregnancy after 30 years, not breastfeeding, and many years of taking hormonal contraceptives. This leads to the fact that the patient’s hormonal background can be disrupted (Tkaczuk et al., 2016). Therefore, with age, it becomes more difficult for the body to deal with abnormal processes. If there is an initial stage of cancer, there can be no metastasis in the patient’s organs. However, early active metastasis is characteristic of aggressive forms of cancer. There are multiple ways to determine them, and it is necessary to use some of them in any case to avoid future health problems. Histological analysis of tissue can determine the aggressiveness of the cancer type at an early stage. Breast cancer metastases detected by CT or scintigraphy indicate secondary foci in the lungs, liver, bones, and brain. It must be remembered that in breast cancer, metastases are capable of long-term existence in a latent state, even five to ten years after removal of the primary tumor.
How Medicare is financed The finances of Medicare come from numerous sources, including “revenues, payroll tax revenues, and premiums paid by beneficiaries” (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). Moreover, other extra sources come from government payments, interests, and taxes imposed on social security benefits. Notably, the finances are program-specific. In essence, there are four “packages that Medicare offers to its beneficiaries, including Part A, B, C, and D” (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). In a synopsis, Part A otherwise Hospital Insurance (HI) package is a program that encompasses inpatient services, sanatorium care, home health, and competent nursing facility. On the other hand, Part B, also known as Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) package, is skewed towards ensuring that physicians are paid, an outpatient is taken care of, and offers both preventive and home health services to the beneficiaries. Contrary to the aforementioned (Part A and B) programs, Parts C (Medical Advantage Program) and D (Outpatient Presubscription Drug Program) offer fringe benefits under the private plan wing. While the former presents potential beneficiaries with available private plans on offer, the later, as the name suggests, prescribe drugs to outpatients under the private plan (Zarabozo & Harrison, 2008). As specified before, the funding is package-specific. To this end, Part A program is funded equally by both the employer and employee. The detail of the package is such that the two contribute 1.45% each, totaling up to 2.9% of the employee’s total earnings. According to a research report in 2010, this package received revenues totaling to $234 billion, with payroll taxes contributing 84% of the total sum (see fig. 1). Notably, following the amendments in the health care sector, this tax is set to increase by 0.9% at the end of 2013 for people earning greater than $200,000 per individual and $250,000 a couple. Part B program draws its finances from two main “sources, including premiums from subscribers and general revenue” (Thorpe, 2011). These two share the total expenditure at a ratio of 1 to 3, respectively. However, for the high-income earners, an individual contribution ranges between 35% and 80%. A research report of 2010 estimates that this program has generated a total of $212 billion in revenues (Newhouse, 2010). Part C that acts as an affiliate program to the other programs enjoys funding from the other programs. As such, funding is indirect. Finally, Part D draws its funding from the “general revenues, beneficiary premiums, and state payments for dual eligibilities (who received drug coverage under state Medicaid programs before 2006)” (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010). The detail of the package is such that contributions received from the subscribers have to make up at most 25.5% of the total expenditure with the Medicare subsidies offsetting a deficit of 74.5%. Like the other packages, higher-income earners are expected to pay a higher premium as t
Abstract Unilever Company is operated by two parent companies which are Netherlands-based Unilever N.V. and UK-based Unilever PLC. It is one of the largest makers of consumer based goods. The product strategy, distribution strategy, communication strategy and pricing strategy that the company has applied over the years has been the main driving force towards its success. In addition, the company has majorly concentrated on the products preferred by consumers. Its entry in to developing markets has also fanned its growth and success. The reception in such markets was enormous thus any attempt to oust unilever from these markets has not been fruitful. It still dominates the developing markets and some of developed markets. Unilever Company profile Unilever Company is a top manufacturer of packaged consumer goods globally. Its products vend in more than 170 countries through out Western Europe, Latin America, Africa, Middle East, North America and Asia. The company offers several categories of products. The paramount sellers include mayonnaise, tea, soaps and antiperspirants. Unilever is the working arm of Unilever PLC and Unilever N.V. Mission statement ‘Meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere’ Product strategy Unilever is going by the inexpensive pricing strategy of Hindustan unilever limited in markets with recession such as the US. It offers products through dollar stores to consumers. This is a fraction of a recent Unilever strategy to increase its earnings from recession-hit emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil which have been growing more rapidly. Product strategy is considered a management process (McGrath, 2001). Distribution strategy Unilever has established plants in the 170 countries where their products are vended. The company distributes its products using the plant names in the market. For example in India, the distributor is Hindustan Unilever Limited. In UK, the distributor is Unilever PLC. Anonymity conceals the company’s significance. Unilever trades using brand names. Everyone knows its brand names. Distribution strategy must always be considered before marketing process (Rolnicki, 1998). Pricing strategy Unilever Thai Holdings Ltd, a large consumer products maker, have taken up a new pricing strategy, offering customers up to 20 per cent discount the usual prices of its products, and setting the phase for ferocious competition in this sector. The firm has reduced its marketing and advertising expenses to hold up the new strategy as more customers have less expenditure ability and confidence, as they are affected by the decrepit economy (Baker, 2010, et al.). Global business environment and the countries selected market Currently emerging and already existing companies that produce similar products as unilever are restrategizing and entering the market. These companies have majorly concentrated in developed countries. This includes the whole of Europe, parts of Asia, South America and Australia. Although unilever vends its products globally, it
Napoleon’s early life Napoleon Bonaparte attended a French military academy. He was recruited into the French army when he was 16. He was of the Corsican-Italian origin and he perceived the French as oppressors and hence despised them. After the Robespierre and Jacobins taking the over the government in the year 1793, Napoleon took charge of the artillery and his achievements in the area made him the favorite at that time. After Robespierre’s execution in 1796, Napoleon saved the country from a possible revolt, culminating in the formation of a Directory government (Censer 200). He then became the commander that took charge of the French Army within Italy. He led the country to battle with Austria and defeated troop’s larger troops than his. He employed the tactic of gaining control through influence and this was only possible through military as well as political power. He particularly concentrated on the improvement of his military reputation. He always used the large conquered land to pay his troops. The millions of francs sent to France were used to improve the economy of the country. After his military endeavors and battle with other nations like Syria and Egypt, he returned to France with a plan to overthrow the French Directory government. Napoleon took over France when the country was embroiled in great turmoil and poverty. Corruption seemed to plague the country. The laws that governed the Directory were basically made by the council of elders. Greed and the unwillingness to cooperate seemed to be the general characteristic of the politicians at that moment and there was a great desire for a leader to emerge so as to lead a coup against the government. The Overthrow Given that his star was shinning bright, Napoleon was expected to carry out the government’s overthrow and this came to happen in 1799 when he collaborated with Emmanuel Sieyes. He took over and enacted a new constitution which people widely approved. The Directory government was replaced by three consulate members, one of whom was Napoleon himself, along with two other advisors. France had just acquired a new dictatorial leader. He reorganized his army and undertook defense restructuring. He battled with Austria after which he signed a peace treaty with Britain and Austria had surrendered. France was able to stay peacefully for the first time (Doyle 200). After granting the freedom of worship to the Catholics, he managed to gain control of the Catholic Church. His establishment of the French bank played a big role in the country’s economic recovery. Napoleon decided to grant amnesty to banished political enemies although they were supposed to take an oath to remain loyal. His Fragile Empire It did not take much time before the fragile peace that the country had with its neighbors crumbled. The 1984 formation of the Napoleon code resulted in the securing of the middleclass as well as peasant gains which w
Article: in a journal, no author Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 2020 Cultural Diversity in Chimpanzee. ScienceDaily. Summary Do Animals Have Culture? The article’s main argument is that animals have a culture, but inadequate evidence supports cultural traits in chimpanzees. According to the authors, other animals such as fish and birds demonstrate more skills of possessing a culture than chimpanzees. The authors argue that despite having behavioral characteristics, chimpanzees do not exhibit social learning hence lack aspects that make up a culture. Animal Culture: Chimpanzees Table Manners? In this article, the authors argue that apes have culture through their inventions rather than mimicking human culture. The authors use experimental evidence, which involves three groups of chimpanzees performing different tasks. According to the researchers, the experiments show that different chimpanzee communities observe specific traditions in situations similar to human beings. Cultural Diversity in Chimpanzees This article’s central argument states that chimpanzees have diverse cultures which pass from generation to generation, just like human beings. The report provides evidence which confirms that chimpanzees do not mimic humans or re-invent cultures to enhance their knowledge but follow the existing etiquette. The authors claim insufficient research on the diversity of chimpanzees’ culture compared to human cultures and suggest further research to determine the variability in chimpanzee cultures. Purpose Statement Various anthropological studies indicate that human beings and apes are close relatives genetically. The closest apes to humans are the chimpanzees, who exhibit almost similar DNA and physical make-up. Since humans have a unique culture, chimpanzees may also possess some cultural aspects identical to humans. This essay argues that chimpanzees have a culture through reviewing scientific and anthropology articles on chimpanzees’ way of life. Literature Review Laland and Hoppit (2003) argue that scientists do not have enough evidence to ascertain the chimpanzee culture. According to the authors, researchers arguing that chimpanzees have culture confuse cultural traits to ecological adaptations. For example, using sticks for hunting termites could be an environmental adaptation since sticks are the only available tools for hunting in a given habitat. Also, the authors argue that researchers claim chimpanzees have a culture due to their close resemblance to human beings. This argument will fit in my essay by providing a counterargument that ecological surroundings do not determine the cultural traits of chimpanzees. I will use the evidence to form an argument stating the evolutionary invention of chimpanzees’ tools and the diversity of using the same tool across different ecological populations. In the popular article, the