ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Factors impacting the exchange relationship of unpleasant goods Some exchange relationships are maintained by reasons other than the willingness of both parties to participate in the exchange. This is especially the case where the product being exchanged is an unpleasant product. Examples of unpleasant products include the filing of a bankruptcy or a divorce attorney. One of the factors that impact such a relationship is the factor of necessity. Nobody wants to be sick, and thus it is unlikely that a person will preserve diabetic equipment in anticipation of becoming diabetic in the future. However, people will find themselves getting the condition, and thus, by necessity, they will seek the services they would not have even thought about before they were sick. It is thus apparent that necessity, as a factor, is a great influence on the exchange relationship of unpleasant goods. Another factor that impacts such an exchange relationship is inevitability. This factor usually guides the actions of the person who offers the unpleasant goods. For instance, it is common knowledge that death is inevitable. Therefore, due to this fact, people will always make coffins, even though it would be very unusual to see a person getting a coffin in anticipation of death. Therefore, because people have to die, the coffins maker will make coffins and wait for people to be driven by the aforesaid necessity to get them (Beniger, 2010, p. 31). It can thus be argued that the said necessity drives people towards the unpleasant goods while the inevitability of necessity drives the maker of the good to have them in his/her stores because he/she is assured of the necessity-driven market. To have a strategic advantage in offering unpleasant goods, companies should ensure that they have messages that console their customers for their misfortunes. The company must never appear as if it is rejoicing in the misfortunes of its customers by making sales. The company may also ensure that it has sufficient data on the trends in the market of the unpleasant goods so that it would not need to have extensive advertising campaigns because they may not be received well by customers. Abstract An exchange relationship is particularly difficult when the goods that are being exchanged can be considered to be unpleasant goods. In such a case, some activities that determine the success of an exchange relationship such as advertising are difficult to carry out without adversely affecting the relationship. In this paper, a clear description of an exchange relationship is sought, with an exhaustive discussion of what gets exchanged in an exchange relationship as well as the factors that are necessary for an exchange relationship to be successful. The paper also seeks to clarify how an exchange relationship can create value to the items being exchanged. In conclusion, the paper gives a summary of the implications of the description of an exchange relations
The artificial leaf is an ingeniously developed leaf that does not have the green colour that characterizes almost all plants leaves, and it does not grow. The leaf has a remarkable ability as it is able to turn solar energy into storable chemical fuel for future use. The energy production and storage process is made possible by the specially designed catalysts that are attached on both sides of the leaf (Service, 2011). When the leaf is struck by sunlight, it converts water into oxygen and hydrogen gases, a process that is comparable to the photosynthetic processes occurring in a natural leaf. The hydrogen gas is piped out and stored for future use. The artificial leaf generally consists of a silicon solar cell with various catalytic materials attached both on the upper and lower sections. These materials include a thin sheet of silicon coated with a cobalt-based catalyst. The former converts solar energy to electric energy while the latter releases oxygen (Zhou, Fan, and Zhang, 2010). On the other side of the leaf, the silicon layer is coated with a thin-layered nickel-molybdenum-zinc compound that releases hydrogen from the split water molecules. The leaf is submerged in a container full of water and placed in an area where it can receive the sun’s rays. When it is receives solar energy, the artificial leaf absorbs the energy and stores it in the bonds of the diatomic Hydrogen molecules liberated when water molecules are split by the silicon cells (Service, 2011). Supposing that the Hydrogen gas produced can be pumped out and stored, the leaf could provide the much-needed cheap and reliable source of alternative energy. The artificial leaf has provided scientists with insight that could help in the production of clean, cheap hydrogen from sunlight and water in the future. Currently, the efficiency of the leaf is very low (5%) and cannot be used for large-scale hydrogen fuel production (Zhou et al, 2010). Unless the leaf can achieve efficiencies in the teens, it may not be very useful as there are more efficient methods of producing hydrogen.
Introduction In the modern world of business, companies have to engage in stiff competition in order to survive in the market. In the airline industry, this competition is particularly severe, but Singapore Airlines (SIA) has been able to achieve sustainable competitive advantages and exhibit outstanding performance over decades (Heracleous & Wirtz 2009). It is important, therefore, that the company keeps its performance at this level while growing internationally. In this paper, the operational control, supply chain, and human resources management of SIA will be discussed; recommendations for SIA’s international expansion pertaining to these issues will be provided. Operational Control, Production and Distribution/Supply Chain Management In SIA, the function of operational control is carried out by a separate unit created specifically for this purpose, the SIA Operations Control Center (SIAOCC), which works 24/7 and coordinates not only SIA itself but also other services performed by this company, in particular, Scoot, SIA Cargo, and Silkair (Singapore Airlines 2013). Importantly, SIAOCC consists of a Manager Operations Control, Flight Control Center, SIA Engineering Line Operations, and Cabin Crew Control Center (Singapore Airlines 2013, p. 3). Among the possible issues pertaining to the work of SIAOCC, the suboptimal monitoring of ground operations and the dearth of provision of transparency of the main operational tasks, as well as not fast and efficient enough communication which may hinder the decision-making process, are noted (Singapore Airlines 2013). Thus, it is possible to recommend enhancing communication between the units of SIAOCC (which will be especially important if the company is to grow internationally), as well as introducing additional control measures to improve the transparency of the operations. The company of
In international business, making decisions is more intricate compared to local businesses operations. In addition to the general economic and market considerations which determine the viability of a business, an understanding of the political society, as well as demographic factors, play an important part in making decisions. Investments made in foreign countries are considered riskier because the investors may not fully internalize the conditions prevalent in the host country. In this case, there is a need to conduct extensive inquiries on the social-political as well as economic conditions to make informed decisions. Expanding the hotel industry into Germany is a wise decision taking to account the interplay of all the factors in play. The demographic constitution of the country provides a complete interaction of the factors affected by demographics. First, Germany is a vast country with the second largest population size in Europe. This provides for a sizeable market ready to tap into. More importantly, the country is dominated by citizens above the age of fifty years. This portion of the populace has high-income levels as well as accumulated wealth ready for use in travel and tours. Again, about 74% of the population lives in urban areas. This means that the top-notch hotels can attract adequate high spending customers, a good platform for improving margins for the business. In doing this, the focus must be on establishing restaurants in the urban areas as opposed to the rural areas as this is where the rich population resides. On the other side, labor is readily available through the labor costs are relatively high. Expectations are that the older generation populace is to increase in size, a factor which will expand the already huge market. An important consideration in hiring workers is the fact that there should be a mix between the younger and older generation. This will facilitate the exchange of ideas and enable learning for the younger generation. It is also good to take to account the ethnic composition of the country’s population. Germans should take the largest share of the employees as they dominate the country while Turks and other minorities take a small portion. This is in consideration of the fact that Germans are very sensitive to race. In this regard, attracting them will require a labor force composed largely of their race. On the political front, the country has a history of tension but the recent history has proved otherwise. The coalition government has proven to be stable enough to ensure good relations between the East and the Western part of the country. This means that investments made in the country are safe and will yiel
The role of industrial/organizational psychology in selecting and training employees Industrial psychology refers to the application of psychological concepts in solving problems in the workplace. In most cases such a process entails coming up with solutions to problems associated with performance of employees in addition to dealing with other organizational concerns. Industrial psychology also concentrates on conducting studies on different sets of behavior expressed in an organization as seen in the nature of interactions between workers and management. Psychology can be applied in an organization’s training programs through identification of causes of internal conflicts and the solutions to such conflicts. Evaluating and developing techniques for employee selection and appraisal techniques can be achieved using industrial psychology. A psychologist helps in designing a selection and training program for an organization through assessing corporate leadership skills and strategies for employee motivation (Stone and Mark 1997). A number of surveys have been carried out to determine the use of industrial/ organization psychology in the U.S. it is established that the use of psychologists in private companies, government organizations and agencies is on the rise. It has also been established that large organizations are the major users of the concepts in organizational psychology as evident in General Motors Corp, PepsiCo, Inc, IBM, AT&T among others. They have at least one psychologist working with them. A number of companies seek psychology consultants for assistance instead of hiring psychologists. The government is known to employ psychologists. An example is evident in the federal office of Personnel Management which has a numerous psychologists working with them. The military also has employed psychologists to work with them an example being in the U.S. Army Research institute. In all these organizations, the psychologists mostly work in the areas of performance appraisal, personnel selection, organizational and leadership psychology. After analyzing an organizations problem, a psychologist employs different techniques to address the problem and suggest possible solutions. An example of such a technique is the use of engineering psychology. This technique addresses the human problems in an organization by using design in an organization’s machinery which in most cases takes into account human limitations. This is evident in the large American corporations whose sole objective is to make profit. The ethical concerns evident in such a pr
Introduction Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and first published in 1925, the setting of The Great Gatsby is an island, which is dominated by prosperous, wealthy, and poor communities of East Egg and West Egg. Nick Caraway, a native of Minnesota and an advocate of Midwestern values, narrates it in the first person. In the novel, he later relocates to New York where he gets involved in bond business. In the era of writing The Great Gatsby, cultural conventions, which were perceived as out of date died to usher new ones from1920 to 1930s. Women were granted the right to participate in voting. This provision made them perceive themselves as equal to men. They even went to the extent of assimilating masculine ways and fashions into their lifestyles. In The Great Gatsby, Scott Fitzgerald documents these changes through an in-depth exploration of cultural changes such as the rise in consumerism, materialism, greed for wealth, and the culture of loosening morals in the 1920s American society. This paper discusses these aspects as essential constituents of 1920s American culture as revealed in The Great Gatsby . The Materialist Culture Scott Fitzgerald uses symbols sufficiently to give the novel a more vivid description of the American culture. Such symbols reflect social challenges such as corruption that arose from the emergence of materialist and capitalist cultures. For instance, East Egg depicts places where Buchanans live. In real life, this represents aristocracy, which took a long time to establish. Symbolically, the author denotes aristocrats as “old money” (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 54). They are conventionally characterized by corruption. They are highly materialistic in nature. West Egg residents or “new money” (Fitzgerald and Bruccoli 54) are perceived by East Egg counterparts as upstart outsiders. Nick and Gatsby live in this community. A close look at these two distinct societies gives an image of a future fictional American society culture, which is free from corruption and largely not driven by individualism. Scott Fitzgerald criticizes the culture of materialism and greed amongst people in the higher social classes. Samkanashvili reckons that Scott Fitzgerald’s novel has the lesson of the need to subscribe to a firm belief that people must work hard to achieve their goals of becoming rich and prosperous, rather than following short-cut routes that often prompt corruption to take place (73). Materialistic nature of the characters in the novel validates this claim. Many of them cannot proactively grasp the concept of working hard to build their material wealth base. No people in The Great Gatsby get rich by working hard. Jordan does not understand the concerns of the need to work hard and genuinely. Although she is a famous player of golf, she can do anything on the loose to have her right always. In fact, Nick says, “ Jordan is “incura
There is hardly anything just as complicated as promoting positive behavior among students. Creating their own mini-society in which they set their own rules and choose their own leader, students rarely take school rules seriously. Mostly because teachers almost never consider understanding the students’ motivation for such behavior as an option, a number of conflicts are bound to arise between the school rebels. However, with the help of a recent development in the given field, i.e., the appearance of the School Wide Positive Behavior Support (PBIS, n.d.), changing the students’ attitude towards studying and helping them adapt to the standards of the school organizational behavior becomes possible. As a rule, there are usually several behavioral expectations that teachers have for their students. Often taken for granted, these expectations are not always self-evident for the students. Therefore, teachers should not only explain students in details the nature of these expectations, but also comment on the latter (Stronge, 2007, 45). In addition, the number of issues on the list of the expected behavior should not be too big; otherwise, it will confuse the students even more and simply will not work. For example, the most obvious rule for a student is not to disrupt the learning process unless it is absolutely necessary. The second behavioral expectation is to follow the teacher’s instructions as long as they do not threaten the student’s health. Finally, a student is supposed to take a responsible approach to his/her studies and relationships with teachers and fellow students. Once a student meets the given expectations, it can be considered that he is ready to become a member of the student community. Even though the rules and expectations listed above seem rather reasonable, they still need to be taught to students in an unobtrusive and at the same time efficient manner. To convey the behavioral expectations for younger students, listing three principal rules in a strict manner and then shifting to a milder manner of conduct will suffice. In case of talking to senior students, a teacher should out a stake on honesty and sincerity without trying to sound too imperative. However, each member of a student group has his/her own unique personality, which means that there is no panacea for each case imaginable. When conveying to the students the necessity to comply with the school rules, one should be extremely careful, since picking the wring tone is very easy, and there will be no more chance to change the students’ opinion of the teacher, the rules and the school, as well as the opportunity to motivate the students. When talking about something as personal as the manner of conduct
Abstract This research paper explicitly examines the two types of sexual harassment commonly found in the work place. As it would be observed, sexual harassment of any nature can be a devastating issue that comes with serious implications to its victims. Nowadays, the habit has turned out to be a major issue in the contemporary society and indeed one of the dominant concerns of all times. This paper provides a deeper insight on the two types of sexual harassment, as it is revealed on various studies on the field. Key aspects such as causes of sexual harassments and types of harassers as well as typical victims of this devastating practice are also examined here. Sexual harassment is becoming a major social issue in the contemporary society and apart from the unbearable shame and humiliation that it brings to victims, it is also likely to bear adverse consequences to the society. In this regard, there is need for the issue to be addressed with serious concerns and emphasized approaches, before it completely robs the society of its integrity. If entertained, this can result to serious cases of sexual assault or rape. Some of the most vital steps that should be taken by victims of this vice is to collect enough proof, where possible and seek immediate help from sexual harassment specialists. Introduction Sexual harassment is really becoming a major obstacle to economical development of most countries in the world. The issue has a direct impact to the productivity and profitability
A polygraph test sometimes known as a ‘lie detector test’ is an examination procedure used to detect lies. This test is done using a machine known as a polygraph. It registers the body’s involuntary responses to an interrogator’s questions. This in turn ascertains the deceptive behavior of the individual being examined (Kozel, Padgett & George, 2004). Usually, the polygraph test assesses three parts of a human beings system. A forensic Psych physiologist usually analyses several moving lines from a computer, which shows the behavior of the body responses. These lines always differ depending on the emotional reaction of the individual to the questions. Polygraphs are commonly used in criminal investigations, but nowadays government bodies as well as organizations use polygraphs on their potential employees. The first lie detector was invented in 1917 by William M. Marston. In 1923, the struggle to reveal verbal deception through observation on systolic blood pressure was stopped by courts. The D.C court of appeals stated that Marston’s lie detector machine did not give sufficient scientific support. Marston’s invention shed light to the invention of a more advanced polygraph in 1921 by John Augustus Larson. However, this medical student from the University of California got a helping hand from a police officer who was based in Berkeley Police Department in California. Since that time many devices have been made. An example is Berkeley Psychograph which is a blood pressure recorder that was made by C.D Lee later in 1936 and the Darrow Behavior Research photograph developed in 1941. John Reid came up with a device in 1945. It documented any energetic activity. My Opinion The fundamental idea of using the polygraph is to detect lies. This ideology is feasible since when someone is cheating, there is always a tendency to become measurably nervous. It has been argued that polygraphs are reliable if well-trained polygraph examiners are used to carry out the procedure. This is because a highly trained polygraph examiner is an expert in both interrogation and technical operation. These qualifications together with experience enable the polygraph examiner to detect the truthfulness of an individual. A recent survey carried in Michigan State, showed that a great number of agencies using polygraphs support its use since it discloses information that cannot be got by any other methods. The survey also shows that background information can be established easily when polygraphs are used to examine individuals and these therefore deters undesirable interviewees. Additionally, the survey also shows that it is a quicker means of selection. Polygraph testing has however been criticized by many people in U.S.A. This makes polygraph testing a controversial matter between the government agencies and the public. Several human rights societies among other institutions argue that polygraph