ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Japan is famous for its unique culture and traditions, which seem rather strange and interesting for people from the other countries. Japan had been for centuries isolated from the rest of the world and this fact influenced the formation of its culture and traditions. Being isolated, Japan was not changing under the influence of other cultures, developing in its own unique way, just in accordance to the new demands of the developing Japanese society. That is why the great number of its traditions are rather new and surprising for the tourists or just for people, who interest in its culture, though Japan traditions are very old. There is a great number of traditions in Japan, connected with the food. It is more than just a meal for a common Japanese, it is some kind of ceremony. The whole world is surprised with the Japanese table-ware, because in Japan the traditional forks and spoons are not used, they just use chopsticks. Seeming very strange and awkward for the rest of the world, they are very widely used in Japan, contributing to the creation of the special atmosphere. It is impossible to engulf food in a great hurry not even enjoying it, using only chopsticks. They just predetermine the slow taking of the food, savouring it and following all the ceremonies and traditions. Obento is one of the original Japanese “traditions, just starting to penetrate the consciousness of people outside of Japan”. The growth of its popularity can be easily explained by the spreading of the Japan culture all over the world. Being the isolated state no more, Japan opened its borders to the thousands of tourists who just admire its culture and traditions, trying to reproduce and follow the most interesting of them at home. Japan films and especially the certain genre of cartoons, called anime, help to spread the culture all over the world. Obento is the traditional Japanese meal, something like a lunch for Europeans. The difference is in the way it is perpetrated and presented – “an obento is a special kind of Japanese lunch that is not only tasty, but also very healthy and eye-catching”. The outlook of the obento can be that very thing, that attracts the attention of the Western people and make it so interesting for them. The preparation of the obento is not easy, it demands some special skills, and, of course, deep knowledge of the traditions. Without going into details, it is possible to outline some essential parts of the obento. From the beginning it should be mentioned, that obento should be placed into a special box – “obento bako”, separated into several parts inside. The first and the most important part of any obento is, of course, rice. There is hardly a meal in the Japanese cuisine, where rise is not used, as it is one of the traditional Japanese products. Rice should be placed apart from the other food, as it can absorb the smell. Than there come one main dish and two side dishes. Absolutely anything can be used as a main dish. There is no strict rules. It can be any kind of meat or fish, whatever the person likes. However, the side dish should contain some
Abstract The number of children whose academic, social and intellectual life is affected due to mental and developmental conditions is on the rise. Most of these conditions develop to uncontrollable levels because of ignorance or negligence. The many myths surrounding mental or developmental conditions are a major cause of families of affected children to develop bitterness and to shy off from seeking appropriate help in time. Several early intervention programs have been put in place, and the number of beneficiaries of these programs is increasing by the day. Affected children are given a different perspective in life and their families are helped to deal with any form of intimidation and shame they may be going through. This research seeks to look into early intervention programs and their effectiveness. Other factors tackled herein include the memory functions that affect reading comprehension as well as the various developmental factors that influence reading acquisition. Introduction Young children are more exposed to attack on their health, and are therefore more likely to have disability or handicap of any form. If such a discovery upon a child is made, early intervention is put into application. It either includes helping the affected child and his immediate family to prevent development of such a condition or assisting in control of the condition, in cases where the condition has already developed. Early intervention is not only restricted to hospitals and health care centers, but it is also practiced in schools, homes and in other relevant units. It also covers children in all stages of life including new born babies. Early intervention is not merely done for the child’s welfare, but also for the child’s family and for the society at large; a child on whom early intervention is done tends to be more productive and profitable to his family and the society. Importance of early intervention Research reports from reliable sources indicate that parents of children who have a handicap or a similar condition are more likely to divorce or separate than parents of non handicap
In the 21st century, global brands can be seen in almost every nook and cranny of this planet. One of the best examples is Starbucks. The coffee cup with the mermaid logo is seen in downtown Los Angeles and Tokyo. But in recent years the company expanded to places where a couple of decades ago it would have been impossible to see an American company. This is a testament to a company’s growth and success (Salzer-Morling & Strannegard, 2007). It has become an economic juggernaut. But with its success comes problems such as the impact of their business on the people that work for them and the environment where they extract the resources necessary for creating perfect blended coffees. This study will examine how Starbucks tried to refurbish its public image by observing principles of corporate social responsibility and taking concrete steps to help in the fight to reduce the impact of global climate change. Background In the not-so-distant past drinking coffee was a non-complicated endeavor. Add coffee to a pot of boiling water pour into a cup and then one is ready for a new day. Adding sugar, milk or creamer is a personal preference. To add a little excitement an electronic gadget, a coffee maker, was invented and the more sophisticated coffee lover can enjoy freshly brewed coffee in the comfort of his or her home. For those who are constantly on the go, their daily caffeine requirement can be satisfied inside a restaurant or in their favorite diner. The rest of the world can enjoy their coffee straight from the can via instant coffee or the more traditional means of manually roasting and grinding coffee beans. According to the founders of Starbucks, Zev Siegl, Gordon Bowker, and Gerald Baldwin Americans are buying their coffee already grounded and vacuum-sealed in cans (Mulady, 2001). It was the three entrepreneurs who thought of a revolutionary idea – to sell roasted coffee beans in the United States, specifically in Seattle. From that kernel of an idea they were able to grow Starbucks into a lucrative business. But it will take ten years of hard work and a marketing wizard by the name of Howard Schultz before Starbucks can be positioned to conquer America and then the world (Mulady, 2001). After Schultz bought the company from Baldwin, Bowker, and Siegl there was no turning back for Schultz and he succeeded in transforming Starbucks into a global icon. Then in the 90s and onwards to the 21st century, Starbucks coffee can be seen almost anywhere and in places where one least expects to see a Starbucks store. Japan with its tradition of tea drinking could not resist the temptation of the mermaid logo found in every Starbucks coffee cup. China, once a Communist country and for most of the 20th century dedicated its resources in fighting capitalism is no match for the Starbucks juggernaut and agreed to let Starbucks build another branch in Beijing’s Forbidden City. Yet there is a good reason why the aforementioned founders allowed Schultz to buy them out. The company experienced exponential growth. For those who love to generate billi
Case Assignment Today, the quality college life is estimated as one of the most urgent and crucial topics for discussion among educational leaders. It is not enough to promote campus safety through clearly defined goals and guidelines. To be safe on campus is characterized by a list of definitions, examples, and evaluations that have to be properly ensured among all representatives of an academic field, including students, faculty members, and the staff (Blake, 2011). However, despite a variety of people and resources required to the maintenance of safety on campus, such step as an understanding of college crimes and other criminal activities, as well as the types of violence and safety information cannot be neglected (U.S. Department of Education & Office of Postsecondary Education, 2016). This paper aims at evaluating campus safety from the point of view of educational leaders, analyzing the existing federal and state policies that can guide students, and focusing on the challenges which may appear while creating a campus equally safe for students, faculty, and staff. Campus Safety Essence Campus safety is usually established by special college or university teams. This concept is associated with community health, well-being, positive experiences, and rights’ protection (The Jed Foundation, 2010). The peculiar feature of safety on campus is its variety and the inability to predict a true cause of concerns. For example, Castillo and Schwartz (2013) investigate the possible impact of acculturation, alcohol use, discrimination, and personal identity development. Barton, Jensen, and Kaufman (2010) focus on the role of the disorganization theory and crimes based on racial, ethnic, or age varieties. On the one hand, all these factors may contribute to the progress of society and multiple communities within the same college or university. On the other hand, these issues may question safety and the work of educational leaders from various perspectives. Educational leaders try to do everything possible to observe how their colleges or other facilities flourish and meet the expectations of students and the staff. Their goal is to ensure safe environments, including physical, emotional, mental, and organizational comfort. However, educational leader alone cannot achieve positive results and effective outcomes. They have to create the communities and provide them with clear instructions and guidelines in order to provide safety for all academic stakeholders (Chemerinsky & Gillman, 2017). Appropriate resources and policies have to be chosen. Campus Safety Resources The choice of resources for campus safety promotions depends on the type of a crime that can be reported. Nowadays, students and educational leaders know a lot about crimes and collect and classify them accordingly. According to U.S. Department of Education and Office of Postsecondary Education, crimes may be divided into criminal homicides that are resulted in human death, sexual assaults that include sexual acts without victim consent, robberies when something is taken, burglaries, assaults, and thefts. Educational leaders have to recognize potential threats to s
Introduction Sherman (1998) claims that malaria is an infectious ailment caused by “microscopic organisms called plasmodium” (p. 3). In humans, several species of micro-organisms are responsible for causing malaria. These in include p.ovale, p.falciparum, p.vivax, p.malariae, and a zoonotic species p. knowlesi from apes (Sherman, 1998). Upon gaining access into the human bloodstream, the parasites invade the liver where they increase exponentially. From the liver, some parasites get into the bloodstream where they rupture the red blood cells thus destroying them. The destruction of red blood cells causes fever and headaches, and extreme progression can lead to loss of consciousness or even loss of life. Accordingly, Sherman (1998) claims that those infected with malaria show clinical symptoms like “flu, chills, fever, headaches and painful muscle.” For some patients, the evident symptoms include “diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice and coughing” (p.371). In severe cases, cerebral malaria might develop in association with complications such as kidney and liver complications, shock, bleeding, and complications in the central nervous problems. In some instances, malaria can occur again even after one has received malaria treatment. This can be attributed to partial clearance of the parasites. Secondly, malaria can recur when reinfection occurs. Thirdly, a relapse can occur due to the re-emergence of the blood-stage parasites from the parasites in the liver. Environmental Factors that Make the Sub-Saharan Population Vulnerable to Malaria Malaria is prevalent in tropical regions around the equator. Malaria is common in Sub-Sahara Africa. Infection with the parasite is almost universal in a Sub-Saharan population. Malaria commonly affects those with poorly developed immunity, especially young children. Factors that Make the Sub-Saharan Population Vulnerable Malaria The Sub-Saharan population is highly vulnerable because of the tropical climatic characteristic that is prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Temperature is an important factor in the development of microorganisms and mosquitoes. The mosquitoes develop well at temperatures between 25 and 30 degrees centigrade and cease to multiply at 16 degrees centigrade (Sherman, 1998). Poverty and lack of information about the disease: Most of the residents of Sub-Saharan Africa live below the poverty line. Additionally, the population is not properly informed about malaria prevention, control, and treatment measures. Modes for Malaria Transmission The most common mode of spreading malaria is through the infliction of an infective mosquito. The female Anopheles mosquito is an important organism in the distribution of the plasmodium, a parasite credited with causing malaria. Other documented mechanisms of transmitting malaria include:   * Receiv
The concept of Islamic financing came to being in the late in the last century. It developed out of concerns by the Islamic communities over the extensive emphasis of interest rates in the inevitable and constantly widening financial sector. Across the world it was almost impossible to conduct business without engaging financial institutions. The Islamic community as guided by the religion’s holy book Quran is against the concept of interest rates. Riba, as the Quran refers to interest rates should not be paid for money deposited in a bank or on loans issued. This being the case, the idea of Islam faithful using the conventional banking system was clearly against their faith. The most important difference between the western banking system and the Islamic system is the no interest principle. This however does not imply free financing as there are modalities in which financing extended bears profits to the financiers. Instead of charging interest rates, the institutions seek to establish relationships with their clients with the aim of engaging in trade rather than pure financing. Under the western model of banking, a client just walks into a bank fills out forms whose truth is verified and a decision on how eligible the client is for a loan is reached. It can never be clear what the money ends up doing. However in the Islamic model, the relationship established between the client and the institutions enables the bank to engage in trade in conjunction with the client. In other words, unlike the western model, the Islamic bank has an identifiable stake in the transaction being facilitated using the loan money by the client. This effectively enables the institution to engage in the trade for goods and services as opposed to trade in money. The bank establishes an arrangement on how the expected returns will be shared between itself and the client. For example instead of giving out a loan for a car, the institution requires the client to identify the car to be bought, afterwards the bank pays for the car and the client repays the bank at a predetermined premium on an installment basis. Also in case of a business, the bank and the client come to an agreement on how to share the expected profits likely to emerge from the activity being undertaken jointly. Rather than loan out money to a home buyer in the form of a conventional mortgage, the Islamic bank buys the property and leases it to the buyer thus receiving monthly installment up to the time the money used plus a predetermined fixed profit is repaid and the property shifts ownership to the buyer (Ambah, 2008, par6). In addition, the model of banking encourages socially responsible investing and adopts a more holistic evaluation the person taking up finance to ensure that the intention is good and that the money does not deviate from the intended. The three common platforms for Islamic lending include: modaraba wh
Introduction A psychological theory is a laid down study backed by research that tries to explain certain behaviors and human thought. The much that is known about human ways of thinking and behaviors can be attributed to psychological theories. Some of the widely accepted psychological theories are the behavioral theories, the cognitive theories, humanist theories, biological theories, psychodynamic and the social psychology theories. In this study, these theories will be looked with regard to their applicability in life situations and their validity in engaging the various challenges that arise in the different life situations. Behavioral Theories The central idea backing behavioral psychological theories is that human behavior comes because of the stimuli both intrinsic and from our environment. According to Kowalski and Western (2005), it is through behavioral theories that we learn such aspects as how we acquire new behaviors whether through the effect that the environment has on us (p.6) and what triggers our behavioral change or choice to remain the same. Behavioral psychology is considered a descendant of the animal psychology, which argues that the environment has a lot of influence in the changes that take place in human beings. This theory borrows a lot from the Darwinian view that the environment passes for a key factor in shaping the evolution of man from organic life. One of the major studies that back the validity of the behavioral theories is the classical conditioning study conducted by Ivan Pavlov a Russian psychologist. In his experiment, Pavlov used to present meat powder to dogs that had several tubes inserted in various body parts to measure their response. (Van der veer & Valsiner, 1991, p.13) Worth noting is the wide application of the theories, both in the modern and family situations. Applications/Strengths As the theory unfolds, surroundings determine human behavior largely. People respond differently according to the stimuli exposed to them. Behavioral psychology can be applied in a profession such as nursing in cases where the condition or the behavior portrayed by a patient can be linked to a direct or indirect stimulus. According to Kowalski (2005), a person might acquire a certain behavior because of something that is happening in the family (p.34). For instance, a child might develop a negative behavior because of the conditions exposed to him/her in the family set up. This can be situations such as the divorce of parents or the one experienced by children raised by a single parent. However, inasmuch as the theory stands out in the society, it too bears some weaknesses. Weaknesses of Behavioral Psychology The sole reason as to why behaviorism’s influence has declined is due to its emphasis that one can explain behavior in isolation of other non-behavioral or cognitive elements. Its use of the laboratory to explain the behaviors of human beings is subject to debate for its perceived indifference towards the ability of the human mind and other key environmental contingences. The relationship between body anatomy and the external environment comes in the bi
Introduction The UN Security Council has the sole mandate of maintaining international peace and security throughout the world. So far, it has managed to do so with the maintenance of law and order in countries like Afghanistan, Cambodia, Namibia, and the likes. Its track record has been highlighted by the maintenance of peace and policing of truces to end some of the bloodiest world conflicts; however, other credits have been attributed to the council’s commitment to helping nations build their economies after wars and in bringing perpetrators to book. Some of its successes on this front are like bringing Libya to account for its bombings in Pan Am 103, and the acknowledgment of Colonial Rhodesian leaders of their war crimes during an endless oppressive regime they let thrive under their watch. However, recent developments, especially in the gulf have cast a lot of doubt on the council’s ability to maintain world peace and security. One notable development was the failure of the council to prevent the recent Iraq invasion by the US in 2002, under former President Bush’s government. In addition, the council was unable to stop wars in Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda, thereby giving room for critics to castigate the council as ineffective and full of fiascoes. In this context, the UN Security Council has been threatened by the power of willing nations to carry out their military actions in foreign lands before getting the go-ahead from the council. Nonetheless, the UN Security Council is the only body that can confer the legitimacy of the use of military force, even though some nations may not be in agreement with its decision. In other words, the council is recognized globally for the authorization of armed forces in international conflicts. However, the council as a body has often experienced challenges in trying to enforce its decisions in major world conflicts, as can be seen from Iraq’s invasion into Kuwait in the 90s. Some of the hurdles experienced arise out of legal challenges and the interpretation of its mandate in stopping world conflicts. Some of its powers in enforcing military actions are stipulated in article 39 of the UN charter; but, before the body can exercise its authority, it has to determine certain elements like the threat to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression, by one of the states engaged in war. Furthermore, the council’s actions are stipulated in articles 41 and 42 of the UN charter as either forcible or non-forcible actions. This study seeks to determine the scope and powers of the UN about authorizing armed force by the UN charter which determines its powers in effecting military action on rogue states. However, this is going to be done with special reference to the Iraq – Kuwait invasion in 1991 and the council’s resolution (678) that led to the withdrawal of Iraq troops from Kuwait. This study will further analyze the form and content of this resolution during the war and its implications in the enfor