ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Economists view stock as the original or initial capital of goods, equipment or money that investors bring into the business when it is being founded. Stock is however different from the assets of a business because the assets depreciate in value while stock doesn’t. Stock also acts as security to the lenders of the business for example the creditors and the financial institutions. Investment on stock is so widespread and popular to many companies and many investors because of the belief that they have good returns especially over a long period of time. Many companies have invested on stock believing that it has good returns. Most of the investors however are blind when investing and they do not act rationally especially while investing on stocks. This means that they always expect so much and tend to concentrate more on the returns without exploring all the risks involved in investing in stocks for a long period of time. These kinds of investors are said to be irrationally optimistic. A good investment in stock will lead to high and profitable returns from equities and bonds. Stocks have a standard deviation throughout the investment period and this will affect the level of returns from equity. This means that their value change from time to time depending with the market for example stocks listed on stock exchange always have their values fluctuating and therefore their returns are so uncertain and unpredictable Investors are always optimistic that investing in stock in the long run will lead to high equity returns because they will adjust to inflation levels and that as much as they are risky, they offer a high rate of return. This argument has been practically justified by the United States Markets and investors. Over the past twenty years there United States Markets and even Markets in many other countries have invested in stocks and there have been high returns of equity of more than five percent with a consistency of almost twenty years despite all the risks involved. This showed that an investment in stock for a long time would overcome all the risks and be profitable. An investor can therefore argue that stock is a good investment in the long run Most companies invest in stock because they believe that the returns from stock will be higher than the rate of inflation in the market and therefore there will be high returns. This belief has been justified by the constant real and high returns that have been experienced in many markets of different countries for example the United States of America and the increase in equity ownership over a long period of time. As much as stock may bring low returns in the short run period, investors are still optimistic that long run period is the best period to invest on stocks because it overcomes any hindrances that would have occurred in the short run and that would have reduced the level of return of stock either in the short or long run. Even though the returns from equity are very high and attractive , investors cannot rely on stocks to perform well as an investment even in the long run. The overall returns from stock is however less profitable than many other investment pro
The provocative situation of using children’s innocence as the tool of social injustice and pressure is discussed in the poem “The Chimney Sweeper” (1789) by William Blake. During the 18th-19th centuries, chimney sweepers in England were usually young boys whose families suffered from poverty, and those boys were sent to live and work in terrible conditions to help their families. In his poem, William Blake discusses the particular features of the social development in England, while focusing on such issues as social injustice, pressure, and challenges experienced by young, innocent chimney sweepers and using the hopeful tone and symbolic language. The life story of a young chimney sweeper is presented in the first stanza of the poem in the form of an emotional monologue. The boy states that his mother died when he was young, and he was sold when he “Could scarcely cry “’ weep! ‘weep! ‘weep! ‘weep!” (Blake 3). The author pays attention to the awful living conditions of chimney sweepers using only one phrase, “So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep” (Blake 4). While utilizing the sound devices and rhythmic structure of the stanza, Blake emphasizes the sad irony of the described situation. Readers learn the name of the protagonist from the second stanza. Tom Dacre was a young boy whose hair “curled like a lamb’s back,” but he was shaved to become a chimney sweeper (Blake 6). The metaphorical simile allows associations with angels and with the idea of innocence. Although the reader can feel the drama of the situation, it is presented as optimistic for the boy because even black soot could not spoil his white hair. The opposition of the white and black colors is observed in all parts of the poem because this stylistic device accentuates the tragedy of innocent children enforcing to work as sweepers. The next stanzas describe Tom’s dreams in which he sees young sweepers locked up in “coffins of black” (Blake 12) and an Angel with a bright key who opened the coffins and “set them all free” (Blake 14). Tom’s hopes for a better future are represented in his dreams, and the author uses religious symbols and images to emphasize the utopian dreams of an innocent boy. Sweepers from the dreams received the relief from their sufferings, and Tom learned that “if he’d be a good boy, / He’d have God for his father & never want joy” (Blake 19-20). Tom accepts the inevitability of working as a sweeper during his life because of having hope for a better future. The controversial character of such a position is depicted in the last lines of the poem, “Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm; / So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm” (Blake 23-24). Tom’s happiness depends only on his hopes and dreams, which cannot become a reality. The ironical tone of the last line is opposite to the hopeful t
Abstract Leadership is a complex concept of management that varies from one organization to another. In organizations such as learning institutions, leadership has significant influence on educational outcomes. As the demand for higher learning increases among aspiring students, the need to have efficient leadership within higher learning institutions is augmenting. The findings of this literature review reveal that leadership does not only influence the institutional workforce or faculty through rules and regulations, but it also influences developing relationships that are important in shaping the learning process among students. Motivation of staff, effective planning of resources of resources, maintenance of a positive learning environment for students, and the creation of a favourable working environment for the faculty are aspects of leadership, which foster growth and development of learning institutions. As a recommendation, modern leaders should comprehend that higher learning institutions are the pinnacle of the learning process, where students need to gain theoretical knowledge and empirical experience in an advanced perspective. In this view, leaders must ensure that their learning institutions keep abreast with technological and innovative advancements. Introduction The global educational paradigm has been the foremost social institution, where students realize their talents, develop means of nurturing their skills, and enhance their professional development through a series of theoretical and empirical courses (Lewis & Murphy, 2008). Effective achievement of education among learners and progress of institutions, however, depends on several issues within the institutional settings. Gronn (2003), given their importance in generating human resources, institutions of higher learning require effective leadership. Recent decades have witnessed an increase in the reservations regarding the performance of learners in the higher institutions since most institutions are constantly failing to provide students with adequate knowledge and skills that are essential for their professional practice (Smyth, 2008). Fundamentally, leadership is a critical component in higher learning institutions because a form of institutional leadership significantly determines or contributes to the performance of students. As the demand for educational services in higher learning institutions have increased among students, who focus on enhancing their professional practices with the objective of improving organizations, pressure continues to mount on institutional leaders. Moreover, Smithee (2012) states that educational globalization has extended its efforts towards embracing new forms of administrative ideas, since institutions have remained characterized by multiculturalism in the society of learners and institutional instructors (Smyth, 2008). With the rise of culturally blended higher institutions of learning, which possess learners and workers of different social backgrounds and nurtured
Music World is one of premium video and audio retailers where in addition to a huge number of music albums we also find accessories and gadgets for our complete entertainment experience. The following observations have been made at one of the stores of Music World. Types of music women are most likely to perform Over the year, women have created variety of music that has mainly been stylish and diverse and has incorporated various elements of rock, jazz, blues, acoustic pop and folk. Women artists have performed almost all forms of music right from jazz and blues of the 80s to the country and pop of the 90s and alternative and punk in the present age. Their genre of music has broadened over time as female performers and modern feminists have expanded their artistic freedom. (Eitzen, 1988) Female musicians like Tracy Chapman, Melissa Etheridge and Indigo Girls erupted in the pop world through radio in the early 1980’s and paved the way for the modern independent female artists. The Riot Grrl ruled the early 1990s. They started a feminist culture that was youth based and played independent music with an anti-corporate ethical code. Girl bands sing songs with lyrics that are, just like the women who wrote them, mostly feminist and remarkable. Music groups, like the Spice Girls, were able to capture the true spirit of girl power in their performances and convey it to their audiences. Women mostly performed soft songs until about the 80s with very few exceptions, but the 90s saw them firmly establish themselves in the world of traditional punk rock. Hardcore bands like the Team Dresch, The Need and Tribe 8 sang songs about unconcealed yearnings which helped them attract the fans of traditional punk music who were never completely satisfied being in a mosh pit that was dominated by male. Women artists also performed folk based songs with a hint of punk in them, like Ani DiFranco. A number of them played music that had very confessional form of lyrics in them, like Melissa Ferrick, and were very comfortable with acoustic guitars. Avril Lavgine was responsible for defining hard rocking artists and brought punk rock to the mainstream pop culture in this millennium. Sarah Brightman was among the greatest women musician of all times and had purity, joy and beauty in her voice. But no other female musician has till date been capable of topping the wonderful and powerful voice of Whitney Houston. Ann Wilson had great vocals and was able to hit the high notes wonderfully. Mariah Carey also has a b
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to explore the topic, Influences of the Environment on individuals as a part of Environmental Psychology. Environmental Psychology helps individuals to understand their relationship with the environment, including both built and natural environments. Studies have established that environments influence individuals’ behaviors at certain levels. Individuals’ immediate behaviors depend on specific environments in which they take place. In other words, people feel comfortable in natural settings while unnatural environments disturb behaviors. Therefore, individuals’ behavior needs are related to their environments. Several researchers have demonstrated harmful influences of urban environments on human behaviors (Mathew, 2001). At the same time, human behavior patterns could also experience break down in artificial environment and therefore, the need for restorative environments. A connection between health and the environment An earlier study by Stephen Kaplan attempted to highlight the relationship between health and the environment (Kaplan, 1992). Human beings are connected to their environments. Over time, built environments have replaced significant parts of human’s natural environments. Natural environments have critical roles to play in individuals’ health. For instance, Kaplan shows that the gap between people and their natural environments leads to experiences of mental fatigue (Kaplan, 1992). As a result, individuals tend to be “less tolerant, less effective, and less healthy” (Kaplan, 1992, p. 134) due to disconnect with the natural environment. Kaplan noted that the natural environment had a critical role to play in limiting such negative effects. Hence, it is imperative to understand the relationship between environments and human health. Contemporary environments have exposed human to pressures. These pressures compete for human attentions. Studies have provided valuable knowledge that has made human prone to stimuli, which are hard to ignore but not helpful or satisfying. At the same time, other researchers have shown improved health outcomes in certain environments. Consequently, there is a clear relationship between human health and the environment. How the natural environment has affected or influenced my health and/or well-being Today, I operate in a built environment with various competing interests. As a result, I experience pressures that inevitably change my life. While these pressures have existed, they have cumulative effects that have aggravated my interaction with the built environment. Therefore, the natural environment has served restorative purposes for my well-being and health. In this regard, accessible natural environments offer natural environments that restore health, particularly by reducing mental fatigue. Kjellgren and Buhrkall
Supplier Responsibility Since its establishment, Disney has been one of the world’s best-known entertainment companies. Its supplier responsibility policy emphasizes labor-related practices, with the focus on “respecting human rights, monitoring the safety and integrity of products, and reducing the environmental footprint” (“Responsible supply chain,” n.d., para. 1). Apart from having strict standards for labor practices and workplace safety requirements, Disney focuses on implementing diverse suppliers into its supply chain, for example, businesses owned by minorities, LGBTQ, veterans, or other communities. Moreover, to support its suppliers and Disney’s standards, the company provides training to its partners on leadership and other aspects of management. Disney cooperates with a large number of suppliers in over one hundred countries, and to ensure that each adheres to its ethical standards, Disney developed several programs. Disney’s SCC promotes ethical business practices by focusing on basic human rights and safety because the company ensures that its suppliers create work environments that are both safe and designed adhering to human rights regulations. In terms of society’s social responsibility, Disney aims to create responsible sourcing programs that allow choosing partners that help Disney achieve its environmental goals. The company developed Supplier Sustainability standards, which are used to evaluate product lifecycles and ensure that the manufacturing process does not harm the environment. Elements of SCC Disney uses the International Labor Standards (ILS) program to evaluate the work conditions of its suppliers, which manufacture Disney-branded items. The program was developed because Disney acts as a licensor, meaning that the majority of products under its brand our manufactured by outside suppliers. ILS aims to help Disney control the licensees and audit their approaches to managing workplaces. Disney uses its ILC program to establish the standards for managing employee health and safety, and ILC audits to ensure that manufacturers use fair practices. Mainly, Disney requires all facilities to provide access to water and sanitary facilities and requires all suppliers to adhere to the local health and safety regulations. Accountability is enabled through the ILC audits. Additionally, the companies must adhere to all environment-related standards set in their state. Most notably, the Code enables Disney or its authorized partners to monitor the suppliers and evaluate their compliance with these standards. Key Changes in the Code of Conduct Since last year, Disney’s Code of Conduct did not change. Currently, Disney uses the Supplier Code of Conduct implemented in 2019. Hence no changes for 2020 were made (The Walt Disney Company, 2019). The figure in the slide illustrates some of the key features of Disney’s Code of Conduct form 2019, which include standards for labor. Notably, although Disney did not update its conduct code for 2020, the company carried out audits of the suppliers using the ILS Program to ensure compliance. Socially Responsible Organization Disney can operate as a socially r
Franklin Roosevelt confidently won the US presidential elections in November 1932 – he became president-elect. In the interval between the election and Roosevelt’s inauguration, the American banking system completely collapsed, and the world economy collapsed even more. From 1932-1933, both in the world in general and in the United States in particular, sentiments in favor of a dictatorial form of government were growing. Observing the regimes of Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin from the outside, many in America called for their imitation. Roosevelt believed that the government not only can but must achieve the subordination of private interests to collective interests. He considered it possible to replace the struggle of selfish interests with the cooperation of the parties. He also believed that economic life in the early twentieth century was characterized by critical imbalances that deprived a significant portion of the population of their livelihoods. The discussion below will address the question of the New Deal went too far in providing aid to Americans or not far enough. The image of Franklin Delano Roosevelt is of great importance for the economic history of the United States, including its symbolic meaning. The period from 1929 to 1941, including the Great Depression and the New Deal, is undoubtedly one of the most important in American history. For economists, historians and political scientists, it is not so much what Roosevelt did. Specifically, that is important, but rather the fact that his New Deal is viewed in most cases as the ultimate argument in favor of state regulation of the economy (Powel, 2003). Modern economists and historians cite the Great Depression as a textbook example of what laissez-faire politics can lead to. One hundred days – this was the name of the surge in legislative activity that was observed at the beginning of Roosevelt’s presidential term. During this period, Roosevelt sent 15 letters to Congress and, in turn, signed fifteen new laws. Such presidential activity was unpr
This article shows that consumers who are willing to spend money on perfume products had a high level of advertisement appeals, perceived social status, materialism tendencies, and a moderate level of spending tendency. This results aid marketers in understanding perfume consumers’ purchasing behaviour and market segmentation for competitiveness. Past study by Nielsen shows that consumers are striving for good looks and will spend fortunes to achieve them. Consequently, this leads to positive effects on the market. However, consumers’ decision to purchase a product depends both on internal and external factors. In this context, advertisement is the external factor that influences consumer’s purchasing behaviour. This article identified that factors like advertising appeals, tendency to spend, perceived social status, and materialism have significant influence on consumers’ purchasing behaviour of perfume products. In this regard, it is necessary for marketers to understand these factors and their effects on consumers’ decision to purchase perfume products. Marketers can identify different market segmentations and their behaviours, improve market positioning, and utilise their target markets. Advertisement appeals have significant influence on consumers’ purchasing behaviour. Consequently, marketers should increase advertisement and promote their perfume products. The study also shows that female consumers have tendencies to spend more money on perfume products than their male counterparts. Therefore, marketers should use their promotional tools to target more female consumers than male consumers. However, this research did not take into account cross-cultural factors and their influence on perfume products and consumers’ behaviour. Therefore, the study does not show how diverse cultures may influence the consumers’ buying behaviour of perfume products. The Naked Truth: Revealing the Affinity for Graphic Sexual Appeals in Advertising Most advertisers shock the world with the use of sexually appealing advertisement e.g. designer, Tom Ford with his erotic advertisement of men’s fragrance in 2007. However, how sexual appeals offend consumers and generate negative comments about a brand remain an issue for discussion. It leads to the issues of how far nudity can go without evoking negative reaction from consumers. The main concern is that research has generally failed to provide favourable and receptive responses to advertisement using sex appeals. Studies suggest that sexually charged advertisement does not need increased use of nudity to achieve its effects on consumers. In fact, this study shows that nudity is not a key determinant in advertisement. Instead, advertisers should first determine the level of their target audience in terms of moral equity or relativism, sensation seeking, and sexual self-schema. However, individuals’ personalities determine their levels of reactions to an advertisement th