ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the twenty first century, the globalized world has made trade one of the most powerful links between lives. Trade also acts as an unprecedented wealth source. In addition, world trade has the ability of reducing the poverty gaps between the rich and the poor. However, the poor economies have continued to lag behind in international trade. As a result, the potential of world trade has been lost and the greatest beneficiaries have been the developed economies. Several efforts have been initiated with the intention of helping the developing economies increase their share of international trade. These include agreements by developed countries to provide aid to the developing nations, urging the developing economies to open up their economies for international trade and signing of agreements to allow preference of imports from developing countries in to developed countries (World Bank, 2002). Challenges that face Developing Nations International trade is not intrinsically against the interests and needs of the developing nations, but the challenges that face the developing economies within and externally are the major hindrance to success. By addressing these challenges those economies will be able to produce standard products and compete effectively with
Introduction and Background of Research It is a primary goal of any company to develop customer’s loyalty and this has been achieved through loyalty programmes for customers. These programmes encourage the customers to purchase products offered repeatedly since they are rewarded (Saxena, 2009). There are different loyalty card programs depending on the type of service offered by an organisation. Local cards are used as a tool in developing sales promotion (Lee, 2002). For example, in a supermarket, customers with loyal cards activate them by swapping them in special sensors that are located by the entrance (Mauri, 2003). Consequently, a customer can be in a position to locate all the products that have promotional offers. The advantage of loyal cards that are computerized enables displays of promotional offers that are specific to each individual customer’s shopping profile with respect to the product as well as the brand. In case there is a customer who is interested in any of the offers, then the right promotion coupons are given (Lancastand Massingham, 2010). Information Technology and Loyalty Programs Technology is largely depended on in loyalty programmes and its contributions include the following;   * The point of sale (POS) systems that help in the recording of actual transactions   * S
Introduction M-government forms part of the advanced initiatives of promoting delivery of government services through deployment of mobile information technology tools. E-governance initiatives have dominated the idea of improving public management for quite some time now. However, the development of mobile technology based on the IT framework has necessitated the change from e-governance to m-governance. However, there are a lot of problems in the management and use of technology as has been identified in the discharge of e-governance. This raises questions on the ability of governments to fully enforce m-governance. This paper presents a model that can be used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of m-government in the United Arab Emirates. The goals of this research is to bring out the real challenges that are bound to be encountered in the discharge of m-governance and how these challenges can be identified and curbed in the course of delivery of government services on the mobile information technology platform. The paper begins with the exploration of literature on m-governance. This is meant to provide insights about the modalities of implementing m-governance. Of critical relevance is the identification of studies that have been done about models of assessing the workability of smartphone applications, which are vital in m-governance. This helps in the extraction of recommendations that are vital in determining the model of assessment for m-government in the United Arab Emirates. Review of Literature The rate of mobile penetration in the global market has kept accelerating from the beginning of the 20 th century. The rate of penetration of mobile technology in the world was rated at 50 percent as at the end of the year 2008. The percentage is estimated to have shot to over 60 percent with acceleration of the pace of mobile phone penetration in the market over the last four years. Emerging economies like the United Arab Emirates have kept displaying their potential to develop and promote an enabling environment for mobile technology (Zukang, Hamadoun and Gurría 2011). Georgiadis and Stiakakis (432) presented a framework for measuring the rate of delivery of m-government services that was adopted from e-government service delivery. This presents one of the desirable models upon which e-governance has been transformed to m-governance. This model is based on the European Union model. Some of the services that are brought out in this framework include: income taxes, social security services, health services, personal documents, job search, certificates, registration services, and security services among others. M-government, according to the framework, is a strategy that entails deployment of mobile service tools and technologies to promote the level of efficiency in the delivery of government services to citizens. Several features comprise the mobile technology. These include wireless capabilities such as 3G network facilities
Background Gardasil and Cervarix are vaccines used against the spread of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) known as human pappiloma virus (HPV). This virus manipulates the DNA coding to present a modified signal during cell formation and hence varying resultant tissues. The Centre of Disease Control (CDC) informs that approximately 20 million people are infected by this virus in the United States of America (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2010). In this regard, such cases of diseases as genital warts and cervical cancer diagnosed in females and/or males respectively are caused by this deadly virus. A research conducted by Kahn (2009) indicates that about 490000 instances of HPV infections are recorded annually throughout the globe, whereby 55% of these cases lead to death. Drawing from these outcomes, research and development have devised various strategic approaches to provide sustainable treatment plans through producing and controlling the use of drugs. The approvals of Gardasil and Cervarix in the year 2006 and 2009 respectively are some of the drugs availed to the market for prevention of the virus. However, Gardasil protects against four types of HPV (6, 11, 16, and 18) whereas Cervarix manages to cover type 16 and 18 only. The idea is that Gardasil provides further protection against genital warts caused by the HPV types 6 and 11 at a lower price (Einstein, Baron, & Levin 2009). Counting from the fact that the health risk associated with the subject virus is too high, it is paramount to ensure the use of quality and high standards vaccines protecting the population from possible infection in the globe. The countries such as Australia have recorded 75% decrease prior to the use of Gardasil. On the other hand, the use of Cervarix for a similar period of time has seen no change on the cases of HPV infections in the UK (Schwarz 2009). Primarily, Gardasil assumes to take have taken almost the entire roles of Cervarix even before the latter was approved. Consequently, there are various pertinent questions that sprout from this development regarding the cynical and logical terms of the latter release. For instance, it is quite essential to ask why a new and less viable drug was released in a market where a better drug covering more health problems at lower cost was available in the market. In reaction to this question, this evaluation analyses the two drugs in relation to their discovery and development, and discusses the essence in which they may be used. Discovery Gardasil Like many other vaccines, Gardasil (figure 1) contains four treated strains of the HPV to trigger the immune response against infections caused by their active forms. The Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN) are known
Introduction Many companies hire non-executive directors to receive a professional advice and develop strategic goals and perspectives for the company. That is, non-executive directors make the right decisions and use influence to get the decisions implemented. In making decisions, non-executive directors decide how to plan, organize, staff, lead, and control resources in order for the goals to be achieved. The final desired output of the entire management process is goal achievement. In a word it is performance. The key to high level management performance, then, is to make the right decisions, those that best use the resources available so that the desired goals can be achieved. Non-executive directors know that they depend on many people in the organization for their success. When making decisions to best utilize resources they know that their bosses, subordinates, organization, and themselves each will have a role to play. Furthermore, these non-executive directors can inspire others for high performance in their respective role. Company Background Marks & Spencer is the United Kingdom’s leading retailer and most admired company due largely to its simplicity. A $10 billion-a-year company selling everything from lingerie to baked beans under the St. Michael private label, Marks & Spencer was ranked the number one company in Britain by The Economist in 1991. Other areas receiving a number one ranking were ability to attract and retain the ablest employees, long-term value, and community and environmental responsibilities (Marks and Spencer Home Page. 2008). The company is also acknowledged, as it exports more than any other British retailer. Furthermore, it is admired because it has been so profitable. In the past ten years, it has tripled pretax profits. Marks & Spencer has 679 stores throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland, continental Europe, North America, and Hong Kong. Major franchising benefits realized are high returns, rapid accumulation of market knowledge, and strengthening of Marks & Spencer’s international corporate image. In addition, franchising allows the company the opportunity to expand its global presence and establish the St. Michael name in new markets, with minimal capital. A disadvantage of St. Michael franchising is the possibility of a company buy-out where the initial test marketing proves positive. Marks & Spencer must alter its operations when the company moves to the European Continent. For example, changing rooms are not offered in the United Kingdom but are essential in Europe. Another way the retailer alters its business is by opening smaller suburban stores that sell only food. This helps prevent market saturation by their typical stores while continuing to command the area. At the three hundred U.K. stores, almost 50% of sales came from food. In continental Europe, food only av
Background information Multinational corporations (MNCs) are faced by various risks in their operation (Gallagher & Andrew, n.d, p. 595). One of these risks relate to economic risks. For example, the cash flows earned from the firms’ operations have to be repatriated to the parent company which means that the cash flows are subject to exchange rate fluctuations. According to Kim (2006, p.110), exchange rate refers to the price that one currency is traded for another. The exchange rates fluctuate from time to time. In a free market, the exchange rate is determined by market forces of demand and supply (Kim, 2006, p.110). Economists have developed different models that explain how the exchange rate is determined. One of the elements that managers of multinational corporations take into consideration in their operation relate to exchange rate determination. This arises from the fact that exchange rate impacts the value of the multinational companies and hence their competitiveness. Additionally, managers of multinational companies must understand how the exchange rate is affected by external forces such as inflation and interest rates (Madura, 2010, p.233). This is due to the fact that increase in the rate of inflation and interest rate may erode the value of multinational company. Bartram, Dufey and Frenkel (2010) assert that fluctuation in the exchange rate is one of the major risks that multinational corporations are faced with. In extreme situations, exchange rate fluctuations may cause substantial losses to multinational companies and even bankruptcy. This underscores the importance of multinational corporations managing these risks professio
Two prominent models have gained wide application in the management of drinking problems; Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) and behavior therapy. Reviews and analysis have depicted that the two models are characterized with divergent and opposing views particularly on the nature and the best methods of managing the drinking problems. Neutral inquiries on the contributions to the scope of the drinking menace and analysis of the two models to come up with similarities in the theoretical approaches have been limited since their inception in 1970. AA has relied mainly on single-group evaluation studies, unlike behavioral therapy that has enormous empirical backing of the association, as the basis for supporting its effectiveness. The theoretical underpinnings behind AA practice mainly delve on the nature of alcoholism, commitment to change, aligning preoccupation away from oneself, changes at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels, improvements in spiritual life and life long commitment to maintain change. On the other hand, behavioral therapy is premised on the concepts laid out in experimental studies that overly govern the cognitive, affective and behavior of the human beings. It is paramount for the motivation to occur while actively involving the alcoholic in the recover program in order to achieve cognitive, spiritual and change in AA model. Behavioral therapy stresses the need for enhanced individualized assessment coupled by a treatment plan that takes into consideration the client behavioral and interpersonal changes required at specific periods of time. The article argues application of common approach to enhance the integration of the two models thereby addressing the contrasting values and limitations in the individual models. The article by McCrady (1994) offers contrasting and comparative analysis of the behavioral therapy and AA models. In a nutshell, it analyses the theoretical foundations with particular interest in the change process that govern the treatment practices employed in AA and behavioral therapy. Various possibilities of integrating the two approaches and their implication to furthering the development of the management of the problems are discussed in depth. To conduct an in depth analysis of the models, it is imperative to have a closer look at their benefits and problems during their utilization in the recovery process. Despite its lack of wide application, the behavioral therapy has wide and credible support on its association unlike the AA model that has relies on single studies that do not offer scientifically sound results. The AA model offers several advantages vital in helping the alcoholics recover from their problems. Motivational benefits aimed at instilling confidence on the alcoholics to embrace change at the personal and behavioral level through agitating for commitment to upholding abstinence and appreciation that recovery is a long term process have received wide utilization. Motivation on a day to day basis with emphasis on
Roman Legacy The influence of Roman lifestyles on civilization is eminent. Notably, there are similarities between the ancient Rome and the contemporary U.S. lifestyle. Some elements that were noted in the fallen empire are presently practiced. It is critical to highlight these similarities. Evidently, both the U.S. and Roman societies valued family principles. Particularly, the societies shared similar sentiments on the purity of marriage. For instance, the case of Lucretia indicates the perception of the ancient Romans on the matter (Barnstone, 2003). However, this trend changed in the rule of Caesar Augustus. Immorality came into foreplay. This trend of immorality is observed within the contemporary American lifestyle. Sex has gradually become sporadic. People do not respect the sanctity and fidelity in marriage. Notably, there are several instances of homosexuality. This includes same sex marriages. The instance of moral decadence within the contemporary America is similar to that in the ancient Rome. The Roman legacy is one of the most historically significant occurrences. Several instances in the contemporary world have been associated with the ancient Roman philosophy. Evidently, the contemporary U.S. depicts some of these elements. Occasionally, the U.S has been regarded as the contemporary Roman Empire. The capacity to dominate and conquer is explicitly depicted in the Roman Empire (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). Presently, it is notable that Americans have a greater global dominion. There are contemporary practices largely drawn from Roman philosophies. For instance, the military power has been given prominence. Presently most states have applied military power to guard their resources and interests within a global perspective. There are several cases that can support this argument. An example is the dominion of the U.S. military force on war tone third and middle level states. Augustine’s Christianity The architecture of Ravenna depicts significant perceptions on Christianity articulated by Augustine. In “Confessions and The City of God,” Augustine presents his personal opin
The term is Used to Describe Ms. Barker’s the Benign Condition The term that may be used to describe Ms. Barker’s condition is fat necrosis. It may be a result of unnoticed trauma of the breast (“Benign breast lumps,” 2015). As a result of such injuries, fat may develop into a non-tender, and nonmobile mass as in Ms. Baker’s case. Content of the Cysts of Fibrocystic Breast Disease Fibrocystic breast formations consist of broken glandular and fat cells that are produced in the process of change in hormonal secretion during menstrual cycles (Stöppler, 2017). After the cycle ends, the generated cells undergo apoptosis. The cells break down, and their parts can damage milk ducts and lobules. Therefore, the products of the damage clumped together in one place constitute the cyst. The Most Common Type of Breast Cancer The most common type of breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma. It accounts for 80% of breast cancer cases in women and 90% in men (“Ductal carcinoma (invasive and in situ),” n.d.). The Difference between Ductal Carcinoma in Situ and Invasive Carcinoma of the Breast Ductal carcinoma in situ is usually an early diagnosis. The term ‘in situ suggests that it has not yet affected other cells in the normal tissue and represents an independent malformation. Invasive carcinoma is what can develop from ductal carcinoma in situ in a few years if it is not addressed (“Ductal carcinoma (invasive and in situ),” n.d.). The term ‘invasive’ stands for spreading the type of cancer that turns normal tissue into cancer tissue. The first cancer type is easily curable, while the other can become a serious issue. The Difference between Metastatic Lung Cancer and Primary Lung Cancer Metastatic lung cancer is a type of cancer that can invade or transfer to other organs and tissues in the human body by affecting nearby tissues, traveling through the bloodstream, or forming small tumor nodules (Chheang & Brown, 2013). Primary lung cancer is a tumor that forms in the lungs. It has not yet infected other body parts and may not metastasize at all.
The notion of “Taiwan literature” caused debates in the 1980s and 1990s concerning the term itself, its content, and the place of the phenomenon within world literature. 1 In particular, the debates raised the issues of identity (Chinese or Taiwanese) and its solidification and promotion. To define my opinion concerning this term, I will discuss the history of the development of Taiwan literature and make a conclusion about the way I understand it. After the end of Japanese colonization (that lasted from 1895 to 1945), Chinese language education was renewed, and a rise in the quantity and quality of Taiwan literature was registered. 2 The first years of post-colonial literature suffered from the absence of material: the lack of translations from Japanese and the barely lifted ban on Chinese literature resulted in the deficiency of a basis for developing the Taiwan one. 3 The themes at the time were largely limited to reviewing and rethinking the recent facts of the middle of the century, and the anti-Communist topic was one of them. At the same time, being in a unique position that allowed it unite the Chinese and local traditions, Taiwan literature soon flourished, and, according to Chang, even managed to surpass the Chinese one since, unlike the latter, it had not experienced the “straitjacket of a narrowly-defined socialist realism.” 4 Since the 1970s, the modernist period evolved in Taiwan, followed by nativist and then post-modernist movements. 5 The modernist literature was introduced through poetry and characterized by recreation and exploration of new themes and integration of varied approaches (folk, nativist, modern). 6 Similarly, it was concerned with new techniques and “modes of expression” or methodology. 7 Having provided Taiwan literature with an impetus for development, it is not being rethought in the form of postmodernism. The nativist view, on the other hand, was more politicized and consisted of the idea that Taiwan literature is an independent, unique phenomenon that determines the culture of Taiwan and is a significant part of the concept of the nation. Naturally, the two approaches resulted in debates: having been developed primarily in the West, modernism has been criticized by nativists. 8 Still, it is noteworthy that modernism has been expanded by non-Western thinkers as well, and an Eastern variant of postmodernism, according to Tang, 9 It might suit Taiwanian literature even better than the nativist one. Since the end of colonization, Taiwan literature developed a greater scope of themes and linguistic tools. 10 Among the new themes are modern sexuality and gender discourse. In particular, female writers have contributed greatly to the development of Taiwan literature since the end of the war, and all of them, beginning with the older generation, promoted women’s liberation. 11 The feminist movement, including literary works, has contributed to the restructuring of Taiwan society. Similarly, by becoming a part of Taiwan literature (in particular, postmodernism, b