ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the organization that was formed in 1945 to facilitate global economic trade and development. In his book, Globalization and Its Discontents, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz voices critique over the ideology of the IMF and argues that the IMF failed to achieve its primary goal of improving the economic situation in its member countries. In the first half of the 20 th century, when the idea of the IMF was conceived, certain economists argued that the economies of individual countries could operate more smoothly if some level of global collective action existed (Stiglitz 196). The creation of IMF was a response to a growing concern that market failures in particular countries have a negative effect on the world’s economic stability. The IMF was established to perform a regulatory function, provide financing and advice to the world’s countries with the aim to facilitate economic growth. There is no denying that collective action may be beneficial to global economic stability if it is aimed to address the market failure of a particular country. An individual country is largely interested in acting in its own best interests, with no regard for the global consequences of its actions. The IMF was created “to put international pressure on countries to have more expansionary policies than they would choose of their own accord” (Stiglitz 197). However, Stiglitz argues that the actual agenda of the IMF is based upon flawed policies that undervalue the role of the government and are based upon out-of-date assumptions about the operation of the economy. Stiglitz goes as far as to blame the IMF for the East Asian financial crisis and critiques the interventions of the IMF in other regions of the world. The current agenda of the IMF, as Stiglitz sees it, is based on free-market ideology, and overestimates the self-sustaining ability of individual markets, while putting little confidence in the governmental action. According to the author, the interventions of the IMF had no sound explanations for them, and due to their seemingly random nature, did not lead to improved outcomes. Stiglitz blames the IMF’s “lack of coherent and reasonable complete theory,” which results in negative, rather than positive, outcomes of the IMF’s interventions (Stiglitz 199). The policies of the IMF are based on the neolib
Introduction An inchoate crime is defined as the incomplete, incipient, anticipatory or preliminary act, which implies that a person was inclined to commit a crime but never got to the “complete” completion of committing the crime (Chapter 939, 2009). Inchoate crimes were traditionally considered misdemeanors (Incomplete [inchoate] crimes, 2007). However, as drug crime, white-collar crimes and organized crimes became more prevalent over the years and the need to empower the justice system to handle the crime, the inchoate crimes assumed a new recognition as felonies (Chapter 939, 2009). The Doctrine of Merger stipulates the rules that are to be followed by the law enforcement officer and prosecutors when handling inchoate crimes. For starters, a person can only be charged with either the inchoate crime or Choate crime, but not both. Secondly, inchoate crimes ideally attract lesser penalties than Choate crimes. Third, the inchoate crimes should have a clear intent and the mens rea ( intent) element of the same should be clearly spelled out (Inchoate Crimes. n.d.). The courts require that intent be distinguished from criminal negligence and recklessness. The final rule is that the inchoate crime must have a lacking substantial step in order to complete the crime (chapter 939, 2009). Elements under common law Initially, the common Law recognized three categories of inchoate crimes: 1) attempted crimes; 2) conspiracy crimes; and 3) solicitation crimes. Over the years however, the Common Law has accepted the unlawful possession of stolen good, or things that may pose a threat to public safety (e.g. gun arsenal & bomb materials) as an inchoate crime. Offences based on the notion of preparation to commit a crime are also recognized as inchoate crimes. The attempt element is about the person who intended to commit a crime failing to do so for any reason, which could include human intervention or the failure on his or her part. The Inchoate law on attempt is intended to nip violence. Since there is no crime referred as “attempt”, common law as well as statutes allow the word ‘attempt’ to be put before the targeted crime (Incomplete [inchoate] crimes, 2007). Some of the doctrine applicable to the attempt element include the physical-proximity doctrine, where time and space are the main considerations, Probable-distance approach, where the court may have to decide whether the attempt would indeed have led to a crime were it not for the intervention of a third party; the equivocality approach, which examines whether the attempt could have had any other result rather than the crime; and the substantial-steps test in the penal code model, which is recommended to examine corroborating evidence in order to verify or concur a criminal intent (Incomplete [inchoate] crimes, 2007). The courts also check the reasons offered given on why the attempt did not lead to a crime. The considerations include legal impossibilities, where a case is out rightly dismissed; factual impossibilitie
Introduction The spirit of human rights has been passed from generation to generation to generation either consciously or unconsciously. If today a person invokes the UN universal human rights declaration that was adopted in 1948 someone may think that this is an idea that has a universal agreement (United Nations, 1948). The origin of human rights concept is usually a question that is politically charged because as countries or regions claim to be the inventors of the idea they end up accusing others as violators of human rights. For instance, the US can claim to be promoting Human Rights (according to their definition of human rights) while at the same time accusing the USSR of abusing human rights (United Nations, Office Of The High Commissioner For Human Rights (OHCHR), 2008). This is always an attempt for certain countries to have their principles domineering over others. There is an understanding that Human rights is a ‘western’ construct however, this is not true because there are various evidences that point to human rights as a worldwide creation with various societies having there own understanding. The following are reasons to explain why human rights did not only originate from the West (Ishay, 2004). Human Rights as a Worldwide Construct Ethics in the modern days have borrowed a lot from the religious and secular traditions all over the world. For instance, the idea of proportionately punishing offenders as well as giving due justice was found in various regions and traditions all over the world. These include the Code of Hummurabbi of ancient Babylon; Christianity, which promoted human solidarity as well as urged moral conduct during war time. These were ideas shared also in Islam faith whereas there were other religions that were the first to defend the ecosystem such as the Hindu and the Buddhist. Lastly, the Hebrew bible upheld the sacredness of life and reciprocal entitlements. This clearly shows that human right was a concept understood and practiced worldwide even before the western cultures reached the other parts of the world (Lauren, 2003). Some philosophical stands that rallied for the upholding of the dignity of each individual, promotion of ethical behaviour as well as social justice can be seen in various parts of the world before colonial powers arrived in those parts. For instance, in the third century B.C a le
What is the exhibition about? A History of the World in the 100 Objects exhibition was about “encapsulating the history of human relationships through one hundred various items sourced from the British Museum’s collection” (ADIB, 2014). The exhibition is the third in preparation for “the opening of the Zayed National Museum in 2016 running from April 23 to August 1 at Manarat Al Saadiyat” (ADIB, 2014). In the exhibition, the British Museum worked in collaboration with Abu Dhabi to show people the world’s history using the 100 most compelling objects. For 100 days of the exhibition, the exhibition enables the people visiting to have first hand experience of how human beings and the world evolved and shaped each other over the years. Through the 100 compelling objects, the organisers arranged them in a narrative form to make people in the contemporary society have a feel of the culture in the world over time. The event creates a vivid picture of past cultures through the objects featured such as Yemen’s bronze cast arm, a statue of the Egyptian Pharaoh, and Ur’s Royal Game. In the exhibition, the narrative includes modern day objects, including Reem Al Marzouqi’s car. In addition to the exhibition, visitors also get to learn about interesting histories through seminars, workshops and tours (Macgregor, 2011). Saadiyat Island – future and museums Current development and future plans intend to place Saadiyat Island among the major cultural places not only in Abu Dhabi but also in the world. With modern connection to the mainland, the Island promises a great future mainly through major installations such as the Cultural District, Marina District, Saadiyat reserve, promenade, lagoons, beach and retreat. Museums will be a major part of the cultural district designed for global fairs and events. Major centres include the Maritime and Sheikh Zayed museums, performing arts centre, Louvre Abu Dhabi, and Guggenheim Abu Ghabi. Marina district will be cosmopolitan in nature with a wide array of entertainment and leisure installations. The reserve enhances the natural environment through its sanctuaries, waterways, natural wetlands, homes and hotels. The Promenade offers vibrancy with its friendly hotels, shops, homes, beachfront and boardwalks. The lagoons have beautiful homes between the islets, which open to excellent waterways and the Arabian Gulf. The public and private beaches are a major part of Saadiyat Island that provides leisure facilities in a serene environment. The Saadiyat retreat offers a secluded location for various activities and developments such as hotels and luxury homes among other retreat facilities (ADIB, 2014). Abu Dhabi – the exhibition location Organisers of the exhibition chose Abu Dhabi for different reasons. Other than the excellent location, the exhibition promotes the Abu Dhabi’s position as the major exhibition centre and results in economic, political and social benefits. Indeed, the exhibition is an important aspect of the ec
Introduction Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the leading feminists who fought for equal rights and liberation for women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s life was characterized by controversy. From the unusual academic and athletic achievements of her adolescence to her demand for female suffrage in 1848 to her declaration of a feminist ideology of independence to agitation for radical social change, to attack the Bible, her actions and attitudes provoked debate and dissension. Her politics, prejudices, rhetoric, associates, and attire-raising practices alarmed many. Thesis In spite of the controversy of Stanton’s ideas and values, she had made a great contribution to women’s rights wonderment figuring for equal opportunities between men and women and gender equality. Main body In the late 1890s and the early 1800s, women obtained a low social position and were deprived of their rights. The culture of the era was marked by a radical, multifaceted social reform movement steeped in the tradition of Christian evangelism. In the name of the perfectibility of man and the coming of the golden age, there was an upsurge in resolve to change life-to abolish slavery, the family, and marriage. Stanton’s supposed that women’s suffrage should be based on “wealth, education, and refinement” (Stanton 23). She supposed that black men and immigrants should be excluded from this amendment. Stanton called it ‘educated suffrage” which meant that educated and literate men and women should receive a right to vote. Her behavior outraged the socially conservative element of the population. Eventually, it offended her liberal allies as well, including her husband and her successors in the suffrage movement. Although she appeared to be a respectable woman, Stanton was accurately perceived to be a revolutionary—not a suitable role for a nineteenth-century woman. Having a revolutionary as an ally was a source of embarrassment to Stanton’s colleagues. Stanton’s angry opposition to a reconstruction program that enfranchised black men but excluded black and white women created a conflict in the ranks of suffragists. It resulted in the creation of rival organizations, the National and the American Woman Suffrage associations. The National Association, founded by Stanton, had a broad platform that addressed other women’s issues in addition to demanding a constitutional amendment to enfranchise women (DuBois and Dumenil 33). Suffragists feared that Stanton’s radical feminism and religious heresy would damn their chances for success. This first phase in the long march toward liberation corresponded to a struggle for social and then political rights in an era when traditional values were being questioned. In the America of Andrew Jackson, the mood was one of social reform and utopian aspirations toward change in the areas of religion and family, and with regard to what Stanton and other abolitionist writers of the time called the “peculiar institution” (Stanton 38) of slavery. For many women who joined the various reform societies, the search for an i
Abstract Prostitution is regarded as a crime in many countries around the world. It is especially considered to be a repulsive and deviant social act in many developing nations. However, civilization has led to the acceptance and legalization of this practice in a number of western nations. Different scholars have addressed the issue of prostitution from varying perspectives. A number of theories have been applied to achieve this objective. One of them is the feminist theory. In this paper, the author analyses the feminist model with respect to criminology and prostitution. In the essay, it is concluded that the theory is a key component of the reforms needed in the criminal justice system with respect to prostitution. In this regard, the issues discussed point to the fact that the theoretical framework has more benefits than limitations. The underlying principle in relation to the application of the model is to enhance universal access to justice. Introduction Prostitution is regarded as a criminal activity in various jurisdictions around the world. It is believed to be one of the most ancient trades in human society. However, in spite of its long history, it is considered to be against the social framework and cultural values of many communities. As a result, a number of laws have been put in place to regulate or ban the practice. In this essay, the subject of prostitution is discussed in the context of the feminist theory of criminology. To this end, the various issues relating to the theory are outlined in the paper. According to Britton (2000), the feminist model is essential in understanding the criminal nature of women offenders in the world. In the analysis made in this paper, it is apparent that the criminal nature of prostitution is best understood by taking into consideration the various paradigms of the theory of feminism. A Review of Feminist Theory Feminism is part of the larger sphere of criminology, an academic field in social sciences. It mainly focuses on the victimization of women in the society. According to Daly (2008), the criminal justice system is characterized by a number of issues relating to the feminist theory. To this end, Daly (2008) makes reference to gender inequality. Other issues are delinquency and prostitution. The concepts are largely associated with the feminist theory. The long term objective of this theory is to ensure that gender equality is achieved. Given the critical role played by this model in modern criminal justice systems, it is important to examine some of the various categories associated wit
The article Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Identification in Multinational Enterprises: Differences at Home and Foreign Branches was written recently, and its audience is HR managers. The author relies on the scholarly sources that cover topics such as management, decision-making, the employees’ satisfaction and behaviors, and their impact on the organizational turnover and financial prosperity. In this instance, the author focuses on the particular sphere and attempts to discover whether the organizational identification has an effect on the attitudes of the employees in national and international units of the company. As for the assumptions, the researcher states that dissimilar organizational (cultural and social) contexts have an adverse impact on the behavior of the employees and their satisfaction. Analysis Consequently, the critical goal of the article is to prove that the employees have different attitudes while the organizational identification is a central influencer of their behavior. Meanwhile, the researchers attempt to discover that the workforce in foreign and domestic enterprises faces different identifications of the same company. In this case, the author wants to persuade that the correlations reflected above exist while underlining the need to use unique strategies for different units. To find solutions to these questions, in the first place, the author presents an interdependence between satisfaction, turnover intentions, behaviors, and organizational image with the help of the literature review to shape the hypotheses. As for the evidence, each topic is supported by the arguments from the scholarly sources. For example, the authors rely on the theory of Leach et al. to underline the connection of satisfaction with the group performance. The author takes advantage of the theory of organizational prestige and the increase in satisfaction by referring to Pratt and Reade. The scholar uses these works to support the hypothesis while the headings offer a clear understanding of the themes. Apart from the theory to back up the main argument, the author utilizes experimental analysis to evaluate the operations of domestic and international campuses of the universities while applying Likert scale to assess their satisfaction and analyze different components by descriptive statistics. Nonetheless, the main limitations are the restricted geographical scope and inability to consider different social groups. The future research has to focus on discovering the role of organizational identification on different employee groups. To avoid bias, the author supports conflicting sides of the arguments with references. Summary of Background and Analysis Overall, the author focuses on the HR sphere while the main issue is the fact that the HR managers underestimate the role of organizational identification and its impact on the employees. In this case, the author defines
Dorothea Cabot is a 42-year old beautiful woman. She is a performing artist and is married to Cabot who is a well known Republican in the Province. He is good natured and kind and they loved each other. Out of their wed lock two children were born. When the children grew up the Cabot family was hesitant to continue living in the suburb though they owned a large house and farm in the country side. Dorothea preferred city life so that the children could get a good learning environment. Cabot could not say anything against her wish and without much ado they moved to a villa in the city. A nanny was put in charge of the whole household. With this, Cabot thought it would be a relief to Dorothea and that she could get enough time to move about meeting people in connection with her cultural activities. The radiant Dorothea quickly earned her name in the societal circle being elite and influential rather than using her aesthetic caliber. Her emergence as a cultural volunteer was backed up by her childhood friend who was settled in the same locality where she lived. They were very much devoted and helpful to each other. Dorothy was proud of her fine body, and her health never put her down. While they spent their days planning things, it was known that there would be a cultural event in their locality in connection with the world premier show of a new ballet. Dorothea, who was inspired by the patronage from her friend, grabbed the responsibility of coordinating the event by utilizing her influential position. It was a sudden shift in her life, and to make things work quick, she undertook some construction jobs, and in that process she had to encounter some adverse situations. Since she was supposed to prepare everything for the imminent stage show, she had to speed up the work, and in that effort she confronted certain construction problems and tools down strikes in the work site by the workers. To make matters worse, the set designer became volatile and threatened to walk out on the project if the stage properties were not delivered on time and the props were not fixed according to his meticulous specifications. Dorothea had a terrible time in calming him down. At this juncture, she was caught unawares by the disputes between the management and herself on the construction work she has undertaken. She was losing control of herself. She started feeling that more and more issues would come up to hamper the smooth finishing of her task and the successful inauguration of the show would become remote. The problems continued to escalate while time was running out and it was nearing the deadline. She was uncertain about the completion of the task. She felt everything has gone against her. While these were happening her household problems also swelled and went out of control. Her nanny went on leave to visit her sick relative which resulted in the accumulation of domestic works, and that too fell upon her shoulders. In the midst of these difficulties, her best fr
Effective implementation of an intervention to prevent falls in the hospitals by nurses would require specific resources in training and equipping them with prerequisite knowledge. The resources needed in this case can be of different types depending on the purpose they are meant to serve (Dolci et al., 2020). The following are some of the resources that could be employed in training.  1. Patient safety experts are required to provide direct face-to-face education on fall risks and mitigation measures nurses need to observe when executing their duties. In addition, the experts may use videos and pictures depicting scenarios in the hospital setting where there are more risks and ways a nurse can avoid them.  2. The education tool vital in distinguishing actual and perceive falls need to be availed and used during the training session. The tools include the fall risk assessment tool, the Hendrick II Fall Risk Model, and St. Thomas’s Risk Assessment Tool.  3. There is also a need to used patient-focused consumer resources in training nurses, such as brochures, pamphlets, and handouts. These resources are vital as they give scenarios where and when falls are expected and avoid them (Clayton et al., 2020). Further, materials are designed to help nurses acquire skills in dealing with actual falls in their line of duty.  4. Availing hospital systems, policies, and procedures that nurses can use to reduce fall incidents are also required. Some of these hospital systems can be in the form of equipment nurses can use when attending patients to avoid falls. The resources which can be used in a training session to overcome falls incidents in hospitals are many, and the nature of falls would determine the type of tools required. It should be noted that some of the resources might be readily available, but nurses do not know how to use them.