ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the course of history, there have always been the people who have been the guiding light for the entire nation, choosing the track for the country to go. Wise and resourceful, these people felt at a certain moment that the country needs changes, and picked the most appropriate path possible. Without the gurus of economics, the world would have had twice as many chances to collapse. As Department of Trade and Industry, the author of the article titled The original quality gurus claim, since 1940, the world has seen three types of gurus, namely, “The Americans who took the messages of quality to Japan” (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d., p. 1), “Japanese who developed new concepts in response to the Americans” (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d., p. 1), and “Westerm gurus who followed the Japanese industrial success” (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d., p. 1). Main body On the one hand, the fact that the author has chosen only two specific countries (namely, the USA and Japan) is evidence of the fact that the article is quite narrow and is focused on a relatively short period of time. On the other hand, it seems that the Department of Trade and Industry has picked the given countries and the given slot to illustrate the idea of a guru since gathering the data from the entire world and throughout its entire history does not seem possible. Therefore, the definition of a guru in the given case is rather broad since the author admits that a guru is “a good person, a wise person and a teacher” (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d., p. 1), yet the examples make the readers focus on the economical aspect of a guru’s activity. It is worth mentioning that the author of the report offers several gurus for each of the above-mentioned type, thus, developing a chain of events and listing the people who had an impact on it. Starting with Deming’s fourteen-art plan, the author led the readers to Juran’s trilogy. In its turn, the trilogy allowed us to see the rationale behind Ishikawa’s idea of quality and Taguchi’s level of quality. Finally, ending the line of the Japanese who followed the American paradigm of development, the Department of Trade and Industry offers Shingo’s ideas, which concern mostly “Just-in-Time manufacturing” (Department of Trade and Industry, n.d., p. 4). Compared to the previous list, the choice of the gurus who influenced the Western world seems quite legit as well; picking Crosby’s “Zero Quality” work, Department of Trade and Industry shows the development of the perception of quality standards. Ending with the ideas offered by Tom Peters, the report describes the economic perspectives of the 1920-1950ies. Conclusion Thus, it can be considered that the given report is not as full as the source material allows it to be, yet considerably profound and thought-provoking. Therefore, the given report offers an honest and detailed description of the gurus of the 1950-1980ies, as well as the influence they had on American and Japanese economics. Despite the fact that several questions concerning the precision of the data and the obvious negative effects which the chosen strategies must have left, The o
Introduction International cooperation is needed for the development of the aviation industry. However, BREXIT is about to change the way airports and airline companies operate within the UK and the EU. Given that the UK’s aviation industry has relied heavily on the EU for its growth, pulling out of the union would have serious ramifications. This paper is a case study discussing the predicted impact of BREXIT on the airline industry in the UK and Europe if a withdrawal agreement is not reached. This aspect means that the exit will be based on a “bare bone” agreement. The Predicted Impact of BREXIT on the Airline Industry in the UK and Europe The most significant impact of BREXIT on the airline industry in the UK and the EU would be economic ramifications as key drivers of industry change. Since the liberalisation of the EU aviation market, the number of passengers transported between the UK and the EU changed from 69 million to 130 million in 1996 and 2015 respectively (KPMG, 2016). Additionally, the number of passengers carried to Europe by UK-based airline companies increased by eight times (KPMG, 2016). However, this scenario is about to change. For instance, if an exit agreement is not agreed upon, companies based in the UK would not access the EU market, thus affecting revenue significantly (Burghouwt & de Wit, 2015; House of Commons, 2018). This scenario would also affect Europe adversely. According to KPMG (2016), about 73 per cent and 63 per cent of business and tourist travel respectively to the UK comes from the EU. Industry players in the EU would suffer major economic constraints if they cannot access the UK market freely. Increased competition will be another important impact of BREXIT (Strom, 2017). By being a member of the EU, the UK enjoys the most liberalised airline market with access to over 44 countries around the world (Baldwin, 2016; Dobruszkes, 2014; Masutti & Laconi, 2016). This market accounts for about 85 per cent of all international aviation traffic from the UK (KPMG, 2016). Therefore, after BREXIT, industry players from the UK will not enjoy this liberalised market, and competing against other major carriers will be a major challenge. The level of air connectivity will be reduced to basic depending on the agreements that will be made (IATA, 2018). Restrictions may be made concerning market access based on the regulatory convergence of the EU and the UK. Additionally, if the UK ceases being a member of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), airlines operating in this region would be required to come up with operational standards for safety, which is a complex issue affecting major infrastructures such as air traffic control and airports (Rosewell, 2017). Politics is also another driver of change in the aviation industry (IATA, 2018). To this end, border management faces uncertainty concerning customs and immigration processes. F
Global governance is a phenomenon that has been receiving increasingly more attention as globalization has become more apparent to researchers and policymakers. One of the positive effects of the current processes is the ability to address worldwide issues together. This way, each nation can contribute to a dialogue, bring in its expertise, and pick up where others seem to be failing. Some experts, however, are somewhat skeptical about the concept and would rather that each country was left to its own devices and retained full autonomy. This essay will examine the idea of global governance from the standpoint of its workability within the theoretical frameworks put forward by such researchers as Hirst, Thompson, Rodrick, and others. The first and most important question that has to start the conversation around global governance is not whether it is possible but rather whether it is needed. It is safe to assume that only a dire need would compel world leaders to embark on a journey towards building a global system, and as the saying goes, if there is a will, there is a way. So far, it appears to be that globalization has brought both new opportunities and new challenges, and namely, the necessity to moderate domestic policies in a way that they are in line with global regulations (Krahman 2003). The reason for that is a plethora of global challenges that neither respect borders nor do they discriminate against nations. For instance, pollution, drugs, and terrorism are frighteningly pervasive: they are not only transnational but also have direct domestic effects. Not a single nation is able to take control of the said problems successfully, and thus, viable solutions would entail a multilateral approach with all the key stakeholders involved. This way, global governance is not something that would require a totalitarian regime giving orders and passing top-down decisions. Instead, the nations would need to foster interdependence and accountability. Within them, international decision-makers would pay regards to particular states and their citizens, and individual processes would shape and regulate globalization. When someone wonders whether global governance is possible, he or she hinges on the premise that a worldwide decision-making system is unprecedented and rather an idea that is yet to find realization. In their essay, ‘The future of globalization,’ Hirst and Thompson (2002) offer an interesting perspective on the matter of global governance. They make it a
The discipline matrix is a practical method of understanding the reasons officers are typified by misconduct issues, and it lays a platform on which to develop alternatives to improve the conduct of the affected population. The management can utilize the tool to respond when officers have committed acts that are contrary to their job specifications (Harkin, 2015). The tool can be applied to help the management and followers comprehend the consequences of violating professional rules. The matrix is designed in a way that it shows action plans as well as penalties for violations. If applied appropriately, the management strategy can achieve fewer cases of indiscipline among officers (Quinney & Shelden, 2018). Mediation is one of the best approaches to resolving issues across organizations. Concerning the misconduct of officers when handling issues with citizens, mediation can be effective when all parties agree to be honest and respectful to others. The method has been used in the past years to conduct community policing in many countries around the world. It is important to underscore the role community policing achieves in societies, which is reducing the gap between community members and law enforcement officers (Harkin, 2015). In a society that embraces community policing, citizens appreciate being heard while law-enforcement officers get opportunities to give their side of the story. I agree with you that the author of the article you read and analyzed did a wonderful job to present alternative ways to punishment in the current criminal justice systems around the world (Harkin, 2015). If I were the chief of the police department, I would recommend mediation as a form of the alternative method of discipline to the officers who killed the mentally ill man that was holding a gun before he was shot. The officers think that their lives, as well as those of the public, were threatened by the gunman. On the other hand, people in surroundings knew the man as mentally ill. If the police and people in the community talk in an honest way, they can resolve the issue.
Introduction One of the characteristics of North Korean society is the comprehensive state control that applies to all aspects of Korean life. It would be no exaggeration to say that North Korea is the most controlled society in the world today. This essay will analyze the documentary «Inside North Korea» and highlight significant themes of the documentary and how it links to the times of the Choson Dynasty. It will describe the foreign policy, hermetically sealed national policy, and the connection between the background learned from the book and the reality of what North Korea is in the 21st century. Main body The documentary follows the correspondent Lisa Ling who can enter the country disguised as a medical coordinator. As a part of their 10-day stay in North Korea, Ling and the film crew gather images of the country’s infrastructure, provide an insight into the mentality of its citizens, and the state of society in various fields. The nature of North Korea’s policy towards foreigners is apparent from the very beginning. Visitors are allowed to stay in the country only in the continuous accompaniment of a guide (“Explorer Inside North Korea Documentary”). DPRK is at the state of total political and information control, with all the ensuing consequences, including the lack of objective data on how the population is controlled there. Of course, this entire system is primarily aimed at domestic political objectives. Partly it is directed against the actions of foreign intelligence services
Indonesia is located in Southern Asia and consists of 17,000 islands. The biggest islands are Sumatra, Bali, Java, and Kalimantan. Indonesia is the neighbor to Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. There are many active volcanoes in Indonesia, and earthquakes are very common. Indonesia is a republic with a population of 234,694 citizens. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta; the monetary unit is Rupiah; the national religion is Islam; the official language is Bahasa Indonesia. Indonesia is a poor country. However, the literacy rate is rather high – 89 percent. Indonesian culture is a mix of indigenous traditions and foreign influences. Historically and geographically, Indonesia linked the Far East with the Middle East, and, as a result, it has influenced the political, cultural, and economic development of the country. Today, Indonesia has an unstable political situation but promising economic predictions. History The first written accounts of Indonesian history refer back to the year 78AD, when the Sanskrit language was introduced by Indian Prince Aji Caka. The first trade relations were established between Indonesia and South India: Sumatra was named the island of gold; Java was referred to as the rice island. Until the 13th century, the life of the Indonesian population was peaceful. Muslim invasions (started in the 13th century) led to the conversion of the population to Islam; later, the land was occupied by Portuguese, Dutch, and British. In 1922, Indonesia was still a part of the Dutch kingdom, while during WWII, Japan conquered the islands. In 1946, the agreement between Netherlands and Indonesia was signed, but it resulted in the war for independence. In 1956, Netherlands transferred sovereignty to Indonesia, and the islands got the status of independent union (Taylor, 2004). Sukarno, the father of Indonesian guided democracy, was named the President for life in 1966. His policies were supported by the population. However, there was a political struggle between the Indonesian Communist Party and the military. The debate has led to military conflicts in the result of which hundreds of thousands of Communists were killed. Suharto, the General, took the rein of the government and strengthened the role of the military in national affairs. Indonesian economy improved, and national elections were allowed (Taylor 2004). Ten years ago, in 1997, Indonesia experienced an economic setback. The national banks failed, and the currency was devalued. Citizens organized antigovernment strikes demanding Suharto’s dismissal. Suharto, after 32 years of rule, declared the new President B.J. Habibie. The year of 1999 was marked with the first time free parliamentary elections in the country. The majority of voices were in support of the Indonesian Democratic Party led by the daughter of Sukarno. Rioting and violence spread all over the Indonesian land, and according to the UN organized referendum, almost 80 percent of people voted to secede from Indonesia
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was developed by Martin Fishbein (1975) together with Icek Ajzen (1980). The theory was derived from their previous research after they coined the theory of attitude and initiated a study of attitude and behavior. Frustration in traditional research on the relation of behavior and attitude led to this theory; the research reported weak links between performance and attitude measures of voluntary behaviors. (Greene, Hale & Householder, 2003). TRA incorporates three components which are behavioral intention, attitude, and subjective norm. (Azjen & Fishbein, 1975). It suggests that a person’s behavioral intention is dependent on the person’s attitude about the behavior and subjective norms. If an individual has an intention to do an act then there is the likelihood that the individual will do it. Furthermore, an individual intention is guided by two factors: the individual attitude towards the behavior and the subjective norm (Azjen & Fishbein, 1975). The marketing mix is simply a coalition of marketing tools that are used to assist in giving customers satisfaction and to meet company objectives. Often, consumers refer to it as “the offering.” Thus the offer is controlled by the Product, Price, Place (Distribution), and Promotion often known as the four Ps. Product refers to an object which is mass-produced with a specific volume of units. Place means the location where the product would be purchased and usually refers to the distribution channel. The price is the amount that would be paid for the product which is influenced by the market share, material costs, product identity, competition, and the perceived value of the product. Promotion refers to all of the communications used by a marketer in the marketplace and includes public relations, word of mouth, advertising, and point of sale. This thesis is will explore the theory of reason action and how it relates to the attitude and intentions of a teenage girl towards clothing shopping behavior putting into consideration the marketing mix. The use of attitudes as predictors of purchase behavior has initiated some disputes. Some literature reviews on attitudes and behaviors have concluded that attitudes are not related or have very little relation to behavior (Wicker,
In the era of the Great French Revolution, when the society was divided into many opposing sides, people’s movements began to appear in the country. Some of them gained enough power, and some were not very large. The two most influential political trends in the France of the 18th century were the Jacobins and the Girondins, the communities that are fundamentally different in their ideology and the ways of achieving ultimate goals. One of Jenkins’s quotes describes the French political course as “Order versus Movement, Reaction versus Progress, Catholicism versus Anti-clericalism, Right versus Left” (118). This quote can be considered as the basis of the opposition in French society, and by its example, it is possible to descry the division into main political movements. The Main Ideas of the Girondins and Jacobins On the day of victory at the Valme, the events of the National Convention began to take place in the French capital. This body was elected on the principles of universal suffrage. Since the very beginning of the Convention, there were sharp battles between the Jacobins and the Girondins. The Girondins represented the interests of an upper middle class, which could dictate its economic and political ideas to the state at that time. They were afraid of popular unrest and wanted to curtail the revolutionary movement by any means. As Mirante notes, the Girondins called their opponents anarchist demagogues and predicted that they would cause the ruination of France (10). At the same time, the Girondins controlled the activities of the Provisional Executive Council; they also held key posts in the Convention. The Jacobins saw the future in support of a lower middle class, which in cooperation with urban and rural people could develop a revolutionary movement. The strength of the Jacobins was that they did not ignore the French people’s wishes but tried in every possible way to find allies and supporters among them and acted as a coordinator of the revolutionary movement. Ellul compares the Jacobins with Washington and calls them the representatives of “dead democracies” (212). One of the most significant figures of the Jacobin movement was Maximilien Robespierre, the leader of the Revolution. Jenkins’s Terms Regarding the Girondins and Jacobins If we apply Jenkins’s famous quotation to these two French political movements, some of the statements are likely to be their description. For example, the comparison of Right and Left can describe both of them. The liberal-minded Jacobins are obviously the Left party, those who are the adherents of revolutionary ideas and see ideal future only through fundamental changes. According to Kates, the Jacobins believed that the French king must be tortured and sentenced to death by the Convention (257). The Girondins, the supporters of the right-wing looks, tried in every possible way to oppose revolutionary methods, they were afraid of mass uprisings and tried to stop the riots. Another Jenkins’s slogan is “Order versus Movement.” The Girondins sought to achieve legitimized power and preserve the republic in integrity. The Jacobin
The given research study critique will focus on the article by Smith et al. (2017), which investigates the impact of antibiotics on people with acute bronchitis. The study identified thoroughly what is known and unknown in the background section. For example, the authors state that “acute bronchitis is the ninth most common outpatient illness recorded by physicians in ambulatory practice in the USA” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 3). In addition, the researchers showcased the mismatch between antibiotic prescription and bacterial influence on the condition. It is stated that “pathogens implicated in acute bronchitis are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis , each of which has been identified in up to 25% of cases in various populations” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 3). However, when it comes to antibiotics, it is reported that “antibiotics are prescribed for 60% to 83% of people who present to physicians with the condition” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 3). Therefore, in the case of what is not known, the authors state that “there are no clinically useful criteria that accurately help distinguish bacterial from viral bronchial infections therefore some authors have called for physicians to stop prescribing antibiotics for people with acute bronchitis” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 3). In other words, the study consults previously acquired data on bacterial involvement in bronchitis cases and presents contrasting evidence of antibiotic prescription but indicates that evidence is limited. Purpose and Sampling The purpose of the study was clearly presented and identified, which makes the research precise in its direction. The authors state that the purpose is “to assess the effects of antibiotics in improving outcomes and to assess adverse effects of antibiotic therapy for people with a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 1). It is evident that the researchers want to know the effects of antibiotics on the condition, whether they are positive, negative, or neutral. It is important to note that this prospective cohort study included 18 trials and 5099 participants, where a simple random sampling method was utilized in order to include both antibiotic and placebo groups, and the latter acted as a control group. It is stated that “randomized controlled trials comparing any antibiotic therapy with placebo or no treatment in acute bronchitis or acute productive cough, in people without underlying pulmonary disease” (Smith et al., 2017, p. 1). In other words, the sampling plan was reliable in expecting to yield a representative sample due to a larger pool size as well as randomization. It should be noted that the sample size was sufficient to provide solid evidence for the study rationale and design since the core objective is to observe the effect of antibiotics on a particular condition. The control group did not differ demographically, and the key difference was the presence of the placebo effect, b