ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The term “hacker” has been connected by popular culture to mean someone who infiltrates into secure systems to sow chaos and mayhem for their purposes. They have been described as individuals who steal credit card numbers, create computer viruses, attempt identity theft, and all other manners of illegal behavior (Social Network, 2010). It must be noted though that describing all hackers as such is far from the actual truth when in reality such actions are actually from a sub-group of hackers who are named “crackers” (Social Network, 2010). Hackers are individuals who “program enthusiastically” in that they consider computer language, code, and the creation of new applications as a form of entertainment, something that gets the mental juices running so to speak. The concept of “hacking” for these individuals is similar to a passion similar to individuals who go mountain climbing, play sports professionally, or even write novels. It is an activity that involves aspects of curiosity, creation, and innovation wherein hackers want to know how a particular system works, try to create one of their own, and innovate it to have more features, more functions, and work better than it originally did before (Gilman, 2009). Open-source systems such as Unix or free programs such as Mozilla Firefox are the result of the hacker culture where curiosity and innovation spawned the creation of programs meant to better assist the general population of computer users (Harrop, 2007). What must be taken into consideration is the fact that the term “cracker” is associated more with the descriptions attached to the hacker culture rather than what popular culture says hackers are. “Crackers”, as they are named, are a sub-culture within the hacker culture that uses their skills to achieve criminal gain either through subverting secure online systems or by stealing user information for identity theft. The fact of the matter is most hackers are not crackers and use their developed skills only because they find something to be intrinsically interesting and challenging and do not do so to commit a crime. What controls and directs hacking behavior, in general, is strict adherence to the code of the hacker’s ethos which deals specifically with the right to the freedom of information, individual privacy, and a distinct improvement in the overall quality of life of individual users (Castulluccio, 2003). The concept of ethos can be described as a form of guiding beliefs that are an inherent part of a community of nations’ character. It is used as a guide that influences a person’s behavior to such an ex
Introduction The Port of Hastings has always played a significant role in the Australian shipping industry. According to experts, the country’s shipping industry will grow significantly in the coming years. This situation explains why the Victorian Government plans to expand the Port of Hastings. This paper analyses the issues surrounding the expansion of the Port of Hastings. The discussion identifies some of the key players in this issue. The paper analyses the environmental issues associated with the project. The report presents my views and recommendations for this project. What does the Hastings Port Expansion project involve and who is the project proponent? The Port of Hastings will remain a key area in the Australian shipping sector. The port will also serve different regions such as Victoria and Melbourne. The approach will be ‘critical towards supporting the proposed expansion in container operations’ ( Port of Hastings: Port Expansion: About the Project 2014, par. 3). After identifying the potential benefits of the project, the Victorian Government has committed over $110 million towards the port’s expansion. The government also expects the proponent of the project to obtain all appropriate environmental and planning documentations ( Port of Hastings: Port Expansion: About the Project 2014). Such efforts are critical to the success of the project. The Government of Victoria established the Port of Hastings Development Authority (PHDA) to oversee every activity aimed at expanding the harbour. The government-appointed the PDHA to act as the proponent of the project. The PDHA is presently undertaking the relevant environmental assessments and surveys before starting the project. The minister also expects the proponent to create the best business case. Who are the key players in this issue, and what are their positions on the proposed development? Every project must have specific key players. Such players determine the effectiveness and implications of the project. The first key player in the issue is the Westernport and Peninsula Protection Council Incorporation. This council is opposed to the proposed project because it will degrade the environment. According to the organisation, the decision will pose a major threat due to marine pests. The project will also cause oil spills. The other player is the Government of Victoria. According to the Government of Victoria, this port is one of the best areas to expand (Wathern 2013). The government expects the new port to promote trade and economic development. Associations map The Victorian National Parks Association is another key stakeholder. This association is planning to educate more citizens about the impacts of the project. The association believes that the project will have negative impacts on Westernport Bay. The agency has conducted various studies to establish potential impacts of the proposed project (Wathern 2013). Blue Wedges is another agency trying to protect the environment from this project.
Abstract This paper is a report on a research project that builds on the course readings and interviews regarding financial literacy in ordinary citizens. The goal of the project was to examine the levels of financial literacy in ordinary citizens and their implications for financial literacy education. The paper incorporates a literature review, methodology, results, discussions, and implications in a single research project. The effects and implications of the respondents’ financial skills and decisions for financial literacy education and regulation are discussed. The past years were marked with the growing amount of scholarly literature about financial literacy. Professional educators and financial regulators are increasingly concerned about the low levels of financial literacy in the developed world. Thousands of people lack skills and abilities needed to take even the simplest financial decisions. In the meantime, promoting financial security and raising financial stability and wellbeing in families is impossible without fostering effective, productive, and quality financial decision-making. Families and consumers that can take relevant financial decisions further contribute to continued economic growth and community development. Therefore, financial literacy is not merely a matter of individual consumers and their families but a reliable factor of sustained community development and economic growth. Unfortunately, the body of information regarding financial literacy behaviors in individual consumers is rather scarce. Little is known of the modes and patterns of financial decisions in young populations, e.g., students. There is an emerging consensus that financial decisions and behaviors have far-reaching implications for financial literacy education and research. Yet, how to design effective financial literacy programs is still one of the most problematic questions. The goal of this paper is to explore how ordinary people make financial decisions and read financial documents. The debate on whether financial literacy is important continues to persist. This paper will create a general picture of financial literacy and its implications for education. The recommendations for the future research will be provided. Research Aims and Questions The aim of this research is to examine how ordinary people take financial decisions and deal with the daily financial tasks. This information will help to understand whether or not financial literacy is important for individuals and communities and how financial literacy should be taught. This paper will answer the following research questions:   * What is financial literacy?   * How do ordinary people read financial documents?   * Do ordinary people have abilities and skills needed to successfully cope with their daily financial tasks?   * Education vs. regulation: is it worth teaching individuals the basic financial literacy skills?   * How to develop effective financial literacy courses for individuals and community groups? Literature Review Financial literacy remains one of the most popular topics of scholarly research. Much has been written and s
Counselors and social workers can often face ethical dilemmas in which they need to use an ethical decision-making model to resolve the situation. The ethical decision-making (EDM) model was developed based on the five main principles of the code of ethics: fidelity, beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice (Burkholder et al., 2020). EDM model is a stepwise approach that helps in decision-making. It suggests identifying the problem first and then determining the scope of the ethical dilemma (Burkholder et al., 2020). In the EDM model, always remembering and using the code of ethics is essential. Then, it is necessary to create a course of action and consider the possible consequences of these actions (Burkholder et al., 2020). All the consequences need to be evaluated, and the best possible course of action should be chosen. When the social worker is faced with the dilemma of a client’s obsessive behavior, the EDM model can help select an appropriate course of action. There are two main problems in the presented case. The first problem is that Andrea wants to communicate via social media with the counselor Mary. Second, Andrea started to interfere with Mary’s personal life. These two problems may violate such aspects of the code of ethics as autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The two possible courses of action are either unfriending Andrea and continuing to ignore her or explaining the importance of autonomy and confidentiality to the client. The first course of action will not help resolve this issue because Andrea perceives ignoring as a call for action, and unfriending her may be viewed as a personal assault. The second course of action may have a more substantial influence on the client because her behavior demonstrates that the client wants to help Mary. Andrea is in a difficult situation, and she probably wants to replace negative thoughts about her current problems with caring for others. Mary was able to manage Andrea’s dinner invitation by declining politely. However, she did not completely resolve the issue of Andrea interfering with Caleb’s admission. Mary should have sent a polite message asking the client not to participate in her son’s admission. Mary should explain to her client that communication outside the office is inappropriate and unethical. She may also suggest Andrea volunteer work to redirect her thoughts and energy to helping other people. Making ethical decisions is challenging and requires extensive knowledge and understanding of the code of ethics and EDM model. Reference Burkholder, J., Burkholder, D., & Gavin, M. (2020). The role of decision-making models and reflection in navigating ethical dilemmas. Counseling and Values , 65 (1), 108–121. Web.
Introduction The articles “The First Year of the Chinese Metrosexual” by Edward McDonald and “Consumption, Class Formation and Sexuality: Reading Men’s Lifestyle Magazines in China” by Geng Song and Tracy Lee discuss the matters related to the phenomenon of “metrosexualism” and its interpretation in China. Evaluating the main findings of the articles under consideration, it appears that the new concept of masculinity in China based on a global idea of “metrosexualism” has significant differences; in particular, it is subjected to homosexual trends and way of thinking in a greater degree. Main body In his article, Edward McDonald discusses the innovation by the three main magazines in China dedicated to men’s lifestyle made in 2004. The editors of these magazines – Men’s Health , MENBOX , and Men’s Style – developed a new concept of masculinity based on the idea of “metrosexualism” spread all over the world in 2003. The concept was developed under the influence of women-made cult of beauty gained by means of constant efforts including endless practices in gyms, regular visits to beauty saloons, and the help from specialists in plastic surgery along with the influence of gay fashions. The most remarkable about the concept of “metrosexualism” both in China and in the world is the fact that it is intruded to men with all types of sexual orientation including straight men, bisexual, and gays. However, Chinese vision of “metrosexualism” developed by the three magazines and actively “preached” among Chinese men has one significant feature which makes it different form the concepts of “metrosexualism” spread in the other countries. Chinese “metrosexualism” is defined as a culture aimed to be spread mainly among homosexual Chinese men. This peculiarity of Chinese “metrosexualism” is even seen in the linguistic side of this matter. According to McDonald (2012, p. 11), The strongly homosexual connotations of the original Chinese rendering of ‘metrosexual’ as ‘metropolitan jade male’ ( dūshi yunan) are in fact a more accurate guide to how this label has been applied in the Chinese context than its suggested alternatives which reference a more socially acceptable heterosexuality. Thus, McDonald’s article shows Chinese “metrosexuality” as the concept mainly spread among homosexual men. The main findings of the article by Geng Song and Tracy Lee are in establishing connection between the concepts of masculinity in China and social status of men. The authors prove that modern-day progress in China made it possible to form a new social layer of middle class. The members of this social layer are more subjected to global trends. This feature of middle class layer caused the formation of a new concept of masculinity shown in Chinese magazines for me
There is much controversy and debate about whether Buddhism is a religion or a philosophy. The first inclination is to say that Buddhism is both a religion and a philosophy. However, after further exploration into Buddhist beliefs, one can conclude that Buddhism can be classified as a religion. Buddhists believe in a higher power and life after death, they have a moral code of ethics, and they perform rituals; these things are the definition of established religion. One of the biggest problems in defining religion is that there are multiple sources and definitions of religion. Some definitions support Buddhist views; some do not. A compilation of ofvarious definitions regarding religion include the belief in a higher deity, and the implementation of values, traditions, or rituals. Religion also involves a code of ethics, a common group view of an object or a being, a belief in supernatural powers, and a desire to better oneself. When the definitions are generalized, more facets of Buddhist beliefs can relate to religion. The confusion classification often arises among individual understanding; everyone is entitled to their own personal interpretation of religion (Robinson). Although Buddhists do not worship a supreme being, they do seek enlightenment. They strive to emulate a set example or a set belief system. Buddhists follow the historical path of enlightenment set by Buddha. His example is a guide for Buddhists personal behavior. Buddhists do not worship Buddha; they strive to be the type of person he once was. Even though Buddhism lacks specific or established rules, guidelines, and historical figures, it emphasizes the need for informed decisions and personal responsibility. Religion is supposed to be a positive experience. Positive experiences form the basis of a Buddhist belief system. In religion, personal standards are what matter most. The biggest difference between the western idea of religion and Buddhism is that Buddhists believe that an individual is the best indicator of what is good for them personally (Buddhism Beliefs). Buddhists believe in life after death. They believe that life is a continuous predestined circle, created to reach enlightenment. They strive for their personal best. After death, the Buddhist’s next life will be chosen as a reward or a punishment for their previous life’s actions. When an individual reaches their highest potential, they can reach Nirvana. Nirvana is similar to the Christian view of Heaven. When an individua
Introduction According to Maran (2005), “yoga is derived from the Sankrit word “ yuj ,” which means to unify or to yoke” (p. 6). Origin of the term “yoga” and its practice have a close relation. The aim of practicing yoga is to “unite” one’s body, mind and spirit. Attaining this union enables one to connect with the inner self, resulting in a sense of satisfaction and calmness. Yoga began more than 5,000 years ago in northern India. Archaeologists have discovered ancient wall paintings of people in yoga positions. These paintings are believed to be around 5,000 years old. For many years, the practice of yoga had not been documented. The art was however passed down from one generation to the other. The first documentation of the practice took place about 2, 000 years ago. Individuals practicing yoga should do so with an open mind and heart. Doing so enable people achieve physical and emotional tranquility. There are various yoga types. These include Hatha yoga , Raja yoga and Pranayama . Hatha yoga emphasizes on physical movements ( asanas /postures). This involves stretching and movement of the body. It is the activities that take place in a yoga class. Raja yoga is yoga of the mind. There is a lot of meditation and prayer involved in this kind of yoga. It is practiced with an aim of achieving inward freedom. Pranayama is the act of controlling one’s breathing. Scientists believe that individuals who can control their breathing can control their mind. Cuomo (2007) stated that, “any type of yoga practiced allows an individual to slow down, relax, and feel present and aware” (p. 9). Yoga and stress reduction A state of stress is the mixture of an individual’s take on situations and physiological responses of the body. Some of these situations that can increase stress levels are problems within the family, challenges, issues at work place and tragic events. Joyous occasions such as weddings and birth of a child can also make an individual have stress. Strauss (2004) stated the following: The practice of Yoga is well-demonstrated to reduce the physical effects of stress on the body, and has even been found to lower cortisol levels. This effect is noticeable, and it is one of the primary reasons why people often take up Yoga. People find that they feel more relaxed after practicing Yoga. The asana , or physical postures of Yoga, are helpful for reducing muscular tension, which reduces stress. We have a tendency to store stress not only in our nervous system, but distributed throughout the musculature and other tissues of the body; our digestive system, for example, responds very quickly to stress. Yoga can be a valuable and effective tool for releasing this stored stress. This can be true even for post-traumatic stress and recovering from the after-effects of traumatic events. (p. 203) Other than physical postures ( asana ), classes of yoga involve some poses whose aim is relaxation ( savasana ). The yoga teacher makes the students undergo relaxation procedures that enhance the body’s r
Oedipus the King and Hamlet are classical tragic stories; this is evident at the end of both plays. Oedipus and Hamlet both insisted on finding out the truth concerning their safety and that is what led to the tragedies that both faced. Claudia was crowned king of Denmark after the previous king had died. Oedipus was also made king of Thebes since the previous king had been killed. Oedipus and Claudia exhibit similarities in terms of how they both attained their crowns, their conduct as rulers and their relationships with their queens. However, they also differ in the same contexts as displayed in both plays. To begin with both Oedipus and King Claudius are both Kings. Oedipus was made the King of Thebes after solving the riddle of Sphinx “ What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three in the evening (Hall 25) ? ” This riddle had baffled many if not all the diviners at Thebes. Oedipus saved the great nation of Thebes after answering the riddle. However, this was after he had murder his father and former King of Thebes Laius which left the set vacant. On the other hand King Claudius became king after killing the former king who was Hamlet’s father. Claudius powered poison in the king’s ears which killed him; this is revealed to Hamlet by his father’s ghost. The ghost disclosed to Hamlet that “he—the elder Hamlet—was murdered by Claudius’ pouring poison in his ear (Foster 112).” Though Oedipus did not selfishly acquired kingship like Claudius did. Oedipus was not aware that Laius was his father since he was horrified when he realized what fate had in store for him; he never wanted to kill his father. However, the fact is both Oedipus and Claudius managed to get the post of kingship after killing the former kings leaving the seats vacant. In addition, Claudia and Oedipus characters as kings differ greatly. Claudius is a shrewd, conniving, lustful and corrupt king. All that mattered to Claudius is getting what he wanted; he executed anything or anyone who came between him and his power. He found a legitimate excuse to execute prince Hamlet after realizing that he knew his dark secret. Claudius decided to send Hamlet to England together with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern on diplomatic grounds. However, Claudius clearly disclosed that he was in reality sending Hamlet to face his own death. He was actually revenging as he clearly stated “Revenge should know n
Disparate treatment is whereby an employer, under Title VII, is prohibited from discriminating employees or job applicants based on their membership in a protected class. Should an employer be found guilty of such kind of discrimination, the plaintiff can offer circumstantial or direct evidence that proves this. The plaintiff may offer direct evidence in cases where the employer openly admits to discriminating against them based on their origin. However, not many employers can openly admit to discriminating against their employees or job applicants and this makes it difficult to prove. The plaintiff may also offer circumstantial evidence based on three criterions. The first criteria is whereby the plaintiff has solid evidence that shows the employer made comments whether oral or written, that was directed towards employees of the protected class. The second criteria is whereby the employer openly shows preferential treatment of employees that he/she doesn’t discriminate against and lastly, the third criteria is whereby the job applicant or employee shows evidence that they were qualified for the job but a person who wasn’t in the protected class group got the job (“EEO, Disparate Treatment”, 1999). The bona fide occupational qualification is a quality that employers look for when hiring employees in their company. These qualifications when look at in another context may be deemed as being discriminatory and are thus considered to be a violation of the civil rights employment law. These qualifications may include mandatory requirements such as retirement ages for bus