ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Urania is a large genus of tropical insects inhabiting the territory of the tropics of South and Central America and North America’s southern zones. The majority of this taxon’s representatives can be found in Brazil, Suriname, Guiana, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Cuba, Barbados, Dominica, and Jamaica. At the same time, out of more than thirteen species, only Chrysiridia is an endemic population inhabiting the territory of Madagascar and coastal zones. Thus, the biogeographic study’s first question should be related to the search for the mechanism of dispersal of butterflies so that one of the subspecies turned out to be geographically isolated. Apparently, at the time of Pangea, a single population of butterflies existed on a rather limited range, but this group remained entirely on Gondwana at the time of division. This assumption agrees well with Urania’s current dispersal since, as has been said, the butterflies predominantly occupy the southern regions of the planet. Over time, however, presumably 88 million years ago, when Gondwana has been already divided, a fragment, called in modern geography the island of Madagascar, was broken away from it. The Urania population may have historically remained directly on this island, has changed over time into Chrysiridia . This hypothesis can be confirmed by conducting an additional phylogenetic study and estimating the age of divergence of butterflies. According to this analysis, it was determined that Chrysiridia is indeed a distant relative for modern Urania , from which it follows that the assumption of dispersal was correct. However, it is also worth noting that even if continentally forced dispersal was not the cause of separation, human activity, namely the active settlement of the island, may have been a factor in introducing the invasive species to Madagascar and further isolation. Nevertheless, in all probability, anthropogenic activity (or even the natural migration of butterflies through the waters of the Indian Ocean) was not the cause of the settlement of Madagascar’s territories. Logical confirmation of this question may be found in the study of the ecological peculiarities of the species. Thus, plants of the genus Omphalea , evolutionarily related to butterflies’ life activity, are distributed over a much wider area, and among them, active colonization is represented in Madagascar. In other words, assuming that Chrysiridia was introduced artificially, then the toxic Omphalea plants must also have entered the island. Therefore, it is more likely that this dispersal of the butterfly is due to natural geographical modifications of the continents, which caused the close symbiotic proximity with Omphalea . This study requires additional phylogenetic analysis of Omphalea from South America and Madagascar’s territories to clarify the degree of similarity.
Executive Summary The “Best Food Superstores” has grown from a single grocery store to a leading superstore. These superstores offer the best selection, value and quality services. Mainly dealing in food substances, the stores have recorded sales above $42.5 million. The “Best Food Superstores” has risen to become a multibillion-dollar retailer and cooperation. It is now regarded as one of the largest food retailers in the world. The “superstores” employ approximately 57, 000 associates in more than 335 different stores, manufacturing –plants, offices and distribution centres. Despite the prosperities the business is enjoying in the food market, there are several challenges that limit its profit margins. Among the limiting factors is the cost incurred by the business to offset energy bills (Miner, 2008). Background The “Superstores” low energy plan begun in the year 2000 when the management of the stores coined a new project which brought together representatives from different stores. This also included:- sister divisions, leading suppliers of the superstores ventilation as well as the heating and cooling equipment managers. The aim of the project was to come up with a list of implementation techniques and ideas on indoor environment, quality air, energy conservation and efficiency. The project’s mission was to ensure that the criteria put in place by the “superstores” would lead to energy costs reduction and improved profit margins. Furthermore, it was intended to enhance the stores’ competitiveness (Kerin, 2010). Statement of Problem Average families visit these superstores approximately three times a week. As the families purchase food staffs, they are not bothered by the amount it costs the stores to maintain the butter, fruits, beef, ice cream and grocery containers at the ideal temperatures. Behind these shelves of chilled meat, fresh produces and refrigerated coolers are the electric bills. These bills are a representation of one of the most significant costs in the food industry. Now that food superstores operate at profit margins that are miniscule, savings on such electric bills can easily translate into remarkable improvements in the long run. In a typical food store, money saving techniques and the implementation of a new energy equipment can ensure that the profits from the stores are increased over a given period of time. The energy saving equipments includes individual systems such as building controls, lights and freezer cases. The management of the “Best Food Superstores” settled for a different approach in dealing with this energy issue. The business designed a plan that would ensure that the “superstores” utilized less energy w
The play ‘Death of a Salesman’ has many themes and conflicts. This essay will briefly discuss the main ideas and conflicts depicted in the play. The Theme of Confusion This is a theme that Miller exploited so well. There is confusion all over the play; the main characters are engulfed in turmoil. It is not hard to point out the kind of awful mess that the Lomans are in. Willy is entirely unable to differentiate reality from illusion. Will is so disillusioned that he believes that he and his sons have everything to propel them to success. Willy and his sons in a real sense do not have anything that can enable them to be successful. It is a significant confusion that Willy has thought that for one to be successful, he has to be well-liked by people. Willy quite often falls back to thinking about circumstances which occurred in the past. At the end Willy is seen more confused than ever; he claims that a person can be “worth more dead than alive” (Miller 2007, p. 77). Death of a Dream Willy had a vast dream of living the American life. He looked up to Ben as his model and wished he could live his way of life, “The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it! Walked into a jungle, and comes out, the age of twenty-one, and he’s rich” (Miller 2007, p. 32). Willy wanted his sons to be successful and live largely. Willy used a wrong approach in trying to achieve the American dream. He wished more than he worked and as a result could not reach his goals. He is also seen using some facts in the wrong way, for example, he claims that if people like you well then you are going to successful; people liking can be used tactfully, but we do not see Willy doing that. Conflicts in the Story The death of a salesman is full of conflicts which are evident all over the play. Willy is living a conflicting lifestyle. He has a deep desire for recognition and profoundly wants to live as a successful businessman with a lot of money which is hard to achieve because he does not have the cash to sustain such a lifestyle. His life generally is a significant conflict to that of his brother Ben who is rich. Willy and his sons more often than not are in conflicts. Willy wants them to adapt to his way of thinking, but his sons are not of his opinions. I view it as a significant conflict that Biff after realizing the mistakes committed by Willy he went ahead to declare that: I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have–to come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him. (Miller 2007, p. 131) It is evident that instead of learning from the mistakes of his father Biff instead chooses the very same path that his father walked. Most likely Biff will end up failing contrary to what his father wanted him to be – a successful man.
Demonstration of the activity as part of an overall plan for student work Lesson plan 1 The theme of the lesson: Traveling. The Most Exciting Things and Places Duration of the lesson: 60 minutes Language level: intermediate Number of students: 15 Aims of the lesson:   * to develop students’ speaking skills on the topic,   * to enhance students’ knowledge of the vocabulary on the theme,   * to practice students’ reading skills,   * to enhance students’ knowledge of the formation and use of comparative and superlative adjectives Intended outcomes:   * students will demonstrate the understanding of the vocabulary on the topic,   * students will be able to enrich their spoken and written language with the help of grammatical rules learned at the lesson,   * students will demonstrate listening skills and the ability to discern specific parts of speech (adjectives) from a piece of a video recording. Relationship of the lesson with other lessons: the theme of the previous lesson was “Traveling. Countries of the World”; the theme of the next lesson will be “Traveling. Difficulties. Learning how to make a complaint.” The lesson fits in this sequence as it expands the students’ skills and knowledge obtained at the previous lesson and prepares them for a better understanding of the material that will be presented at the next lesson. Resources and materials: a laptop, wi-fi connection, board (to write the date and mark the groups’ points in a game) Activities at the lesson:  1. Warming-up (4 minutes). Teacher asks questions about the previous lesson and the students answer them (e.g. “What is the biggest city in Australia?”).  2. Reading and speaking (12 minutes). Students read a short text about the Sidney Opera House. Then, the teacher instructs them to ask and answer each other questions about visiting opera or theater and their best or worst impressions (e.g. “D
Abstract This case illustrates the emotional and behavioral problems faced by a male student named John, who currently attends the ninth grade. This person is 15 years old. At first, the counselor should consider such issues as the victimization resulting from bullying. Apart from that, one cannot disregard such risks as absenteeism and unwillingness, to share his problems with other people, especially his mother. This adolescent tries to emphasize his self-sufficiency and ability to cope with difficulties independently. Nevertheless, in many cases, this conduct only intensifies his difficulties. In particular, he cannot rely on the assistance that can be offered by adults such as parents or teachers. Furthermore, his academic performance is adversely affected. The school counselor should consider several interventions. In particular, it is necessary to develop the social skills of this student because, in this way, this learner can acquire peer support. It can shield John from the risks of bullying. Furthermore, one should lay stress on the importance of communication with adults. Much attention should be paid to the support that can be offered by John’s mother. However, in the beginning, the counselor should change the teenager’s perception and beliefs. In particular, he should not perceive adults as enemies. He should keep in mind that his mother is willing to assist him. Moreover, she does not intend to blame him for every possible misdeed. So, one should consider individualized interventions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to develop preventive measures that require the cooperation of teachers, counselors, and parents. The counselor should develop school-wide interventions that are helpful for preventing bullying. This form of aggression can affect students representing different age groups and genders. Case Study Case description John is 15 years old, and he currently attends the ninth grade. This student transferred from a different school for two years. During this period, he became one of the top performers in the class. Admittedly, teachers report that in the beginning, he had some problems with several disciplines such as mathematics and physics. However, with time passing, he was able to improve his grades considerably. In turn, significant problems have recently emerged. In particular, John has often missed classes during the last month. Additionally, teachers note that he often finds it difficult to concentrate on his learning activities. As a result, John‘s academic performance has deteriorated during the last three weeks. It is important to mention that in the past, John often faced various forms of bullying, such as teasing and harassment. As a rule, his overweight is used as a pretext for bullying. He openly admits that his rece
Food problems are very evident mostly in developing countries which are still unstable politically and mostly economically. Majority of the people in these countries suffer from starvation and at the long run even die out of this prolonged hunger. Most of these developing countries are found in Africa. Unlike these developing countries in Africa that are suffering from food problems, the developed countries rarely encounter such problems. There are many factors that contribute to these food shortages but the main cause in the developing nations is the unstable political structures (Southgate 2007). The political stability of a given country determines its governance. Therefore, if the governance of a particular country is poor then its people suffer. The governance of many developing countries is unstable and that is why its people are experiencing food problems. For instance, these governments have not yet advanced in terms of technology in the agricultural sector. This leads to low yields of the farm products in the entire country that eventually leads to food shortage since the little food produced cannot match the growing population. In developed countries there are stable governments that have really advanced in their level of technology in all sectors of the economy where agricultural sector is one of them. The agricultural sector in these countries is performing very well and the farmers in these respective countries are able to engage in mass production of food products. When there is mass production of food products in a given country, automatically the prices of those food products become cheaper and hence becoming affordable to every citizen of the country. The other major reason why there is a problem of food mostly in the developing countries is because there is high unemployment rate that is making them unable to purchase the food that is available in the market places. Only a few individuals who are at least financially stable can purchase these products and they find it hard to share their acquired food because they only find enough to keep them and their respective families. This problem would be solved well if the governments of these respective countries could try their best to create jobs for their respective citizens mostly those that do have families they are supporting. When the parents of a family are jobless they automatically cause their children to suffer food problems and other problems that are related to their lack of employment such as decent housing, clothing and basic education. The government of these respective countries can even give their unemployed citizens fina
Introduction The understanding of various approaches to identification of reality, objectivity and subjectivity of knowledge, systems of research, and methods of data collection and analysis is highly significant for modern scholars. Theoretical structure and belief system form a research paradigm, and a positivism research paradigm applies to objective investigations based on a structured system of observation. The purpose of this work is to identify a research paradigm, analyse the connection of positivism research paradigm with quantitative research, and investigate deductive and inductive reasoning approaches. Research Paradigm Rehman and Alharthi (2016) define a research paradigm as a “basic belief system and theoretical framework” (p. 51). It consists of four elements – ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods (Antwi, & Hamza, 2015). Ontology refers to researchers’ beliefs about reality and its functioning. Epistemology occupies with the essence of knowledge and investigates the patterns in which knowledge is purchased and verified. The epistemological question for every scholar is the selection between subjectivity and objectivity defined by the ontological perception of reality (Aliyu et al., 2014). Methodology presents the strategy of research, and it is a critical analysis of the required data and methods of its collection. Methods are specific activities for data collection and evaluation, and methods are defined by the researcher’s belief system and theoretical basis. Ontology and epistemology of research do not influence its methods. Positivism Research Paradigm and Its Relation to Quantitative Researches Positivism research paradigm concerns exceptionally objective knowledge which can be observed and validated. In positivism studies, scholars are limited by data collection through observation and interpretation of its results in an objective credible manner. The philosophy of positivism distinguishes the world as independent, observable constituents which interact in determined, disciplined, and observable ways (Dudovskiy, n.d.). Since the research is “the process, which aims to discover and interpret the facts that are inserted in a certain reality” (Queirós, Faria, & Almeida, 2017, p. 370), scientists distinguish quantitative and qualitative researches. Quantitative research focuses on objectivity and clearly defined classification of collected data, and all procedures and methods of data collection are identified and approved (Anney, 2015). Positivism paradigm is related to quantitative research as the objectivity of data, quantifiable observation as a research method, and non-intervention of scholar’s interests are common elements for these approaches (Choy, 2014). Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Approaches Deductive reasoning approach focuses on a certain hypothesis based on existing theory. The strategy and methods of research are formulated, and th
The thriller genre is one of the lively and most exciting that scriptwriters prefer using. The genre is characterized by elicit moods it gives to the viewers. The thriller genre gives a heightened suspense reaction, anticipation, anxiety, excitement, and surprise. Thrillers keep the viewers on the hedge points of their seats as the plot nears the climax (An, 2019). The thriller genre’s major concept is covering up important information where elements gradually come out unexpectedly. This research paper aims to find more information on using the thriller genre in the artistic world, such as common movies and films. Many people like watching thriller movies where much of character diversion has been evident for many years. Viewers are fascinated by the elements surrounding thriller films they like following. The first element that the paper discusses is the dynamism of characters (An, 2019). Dynamic characters are used in many ways, with the first being a positive character who revolves around the movie showing the goodness they possess (Song-hwa, 2020). On the characters’ dynamism still, scriptwriters introduce to viewers a negative character who appears to be the antagonist of the good guy portrayed. The thriller genre’s dynamic characters pass through systematic internal changes throughout the entire storyline. They change for better or for worse, and in many examples, the main characters in the movies and any other literature are dynamic (Hella, 2019). A dynamic character is essential because they show the real-life transitions that come when people do not anticipate. Thriller genre enlightens viewers about the social issues that make changes on people. In the film Wrong Turn 7, the hikers, such as Jen, Adam, Darius, are portrayed as friends but later on, it comes to emerge that the group was barbaric. The group led by Adam later kills one of their foundation members, an act that turns Jen as inhumane (Allen, 2021). Adam and Gary are close friends. However, it appears that Adam, who is portrayed as an admirable person, turns to be a wicked character and even crushes Gary with a rolling tree trunk, everyone expected Adam to be the advocate for humanity but the viewers are left shocked from the turn of events (Allen, 2021). The dynamism presented here is the change of relationship ties that is introduced at first. The other element of the thriller genre is suspense, which promotes an intense level of anticipation and excitement to the viewer. One way to build suspense is to use time factor. It means the protagonist should be working against the clock, and the clock should
The documentary evaluates the portrayal of Latinos in US media. Latinos face an ethnic barrier that result in them being grossly underrepresented in movies and other forms of media. For instance, in the movie Scarface , white actors were hired to play Latino characters. In films where Latino and Hispanic people are featured, they are portrayed with certain offensive stereotypes. For example, they are shown to be drug dealers or violent gang members. This negative misrepresentation in the media perpetuates Latino stereotypes in the real world. The main point of the video is that Latinos are negatively portrayed in US media. Men are shown to be violent, hotheaded, and often engaging in illegal activities. On the other hand, women are over-sexualized and in some cases, portrayed as prostitutes. Examples include in films and shows such as The Perez Family, Dogma, and Sin City . The effect of this is an increase in hate crimes against Latino and Hispanic people in the US. The documentary also argues that the US media needs to represent Latinos in a more dignified manner. There are numerous examples of accomplished Latinos who are absent from the limelight. For example, the culture boasts of astronauts, politicians, judges, and sportsmen who do not receive as much media coverage as they should, considering their accomplishments ( Latinos Beyond Reel: Challenging a Media Stereotype ). Additionally, Latino characters are needed for children from this culture to have heroes who look like them. Overall, increased progressive depiction will have a positive impact on the nation. I have observed the stereotypical depictions of Latinos, but I had not noticed they were underrepresented in media. Upon taking a closer look, I now see that the film makes valid points. I think that in an attempt at humor, the media does irreparable damage towards the Latino community. I have a friend of Latino heritage, and I have witnessed people making such stereotypical jokes at her expense. She usually brushes them off, but I can tell they make her uncomfortable. I think that even though the film was made almost a decade ago, it remains relevant today. Question: What positive or dignified representations of Latinos have you seen in the US media? Work Cited Latinos Beyond Reel: Challenging a Media Stereotype. Directed by Chyng Sun and Miguel Parker, The Media Education Foundation, 2013.