ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Growth in information technology, and especially the internet, has brought with it many opportunities and conveniences. One such convenience is the ability for consumers to browse products on the internet and order them to form their computers at homes, work, or any other place where the internet is available. The process of ordering commercial products on offer for sale through the internet is called e-commerce (Lowe 363). This is a process that has given consumers more power to control their choices and buy products on their terms. Prior to this technology, people would gather information on the products to buy from newspapers, close friends, or even their families. Today this has been taken right to where the consumer is by use of the internet. However, this has not come without a challenge to businesses since research has shown that most consumers start their online shopping with search engines and social media sites as opposed to retailer websites. This means they rely on reviews of products from other like-minded consumers which have been shown to influence their opinions a lot (SEMA eNews). E-commerce has been predicted to grow over the years as people become more connected to the internet and businesses respond to this inventory. In 2001, it was estimated that e-commerce by private households increased by 50% at $ 2billion from the 2000 level in Canada (Lowe 365). This growth in e-commerce has been attributed to an increased number of people gaining access to the internet rather than by rising in the tendency of use by existing users. However, an increase in the range of products available for e-purchasers has been noted. Over the years e-commerce has seen increased diversity in the products available for order (Kim & Larose). In Canada products associated with e-commerce are in the following categories as of 2001 (Lowe 368) Books Magazines, newspapers which made up 28.1% of internet products shopped:   * Clothing, jewelry etc taking 18.2%,   * Travel arrangements comprising 16.2%   * Others, taking 14.8% According to the same survey, the category of products that made significant growth from the previous years is clothing and travel arrangements. In recent years travel products ordered through e-commerce showed a marked increase in the number of users even though the percentage is low according to a US travel analyst Philip Wolf (Lowe 369). This category includes car rentals, hotels bookings, and airline ticketing. The airline industry takes the largest chunk of travel e-commerce through direct sales to agents or households. Air Canada recorded 1% of e-bookings in 2000 and planned to increase this to 20% by 2005. The growth in airline ticketing through e-commerce is being encouraged in several ways: offering electronic ticketing as the only option for domestic flights, putting advertisements for prices on the internet
Introduction Etisalat is an international telecommunications firm based in the UAE. Many recognize it as a formidable force in data and voice services across the Middle East, Africa and Asia. The organization’s net revenue illustrates this; on this basis, the company lies among the top 150 most profitable organizations in the world. Structural arrangement of the organization The company has a combination of the area-division structure and the product structure. Under the area division model, the organization divides its entities on the basis of their geographical regions. Through such an approach, the firm can analyze the profitability of each area and thus curve-out a strategy to correct cases of non-delivery. The firm also has a product structure that splits resources on the basis of service portfolios. Some of them include data services, telephones, mobile network services, internet, sim-card manufacture, training services, financial management and many more (Etisalat, 2011). The company chose this approach owing to the need for greater standardization and specialization. It can also identify the non core or unproductive business services that it can eliminate. Shown below is an organizational chart for the firm. Forces for change and the obstacles to change in the organization Currently, the telecommunications sector in the UAE suffers from an oversupply. It is quite difficult for the firm to increase its penetration levels because of this fact. The degree of competition is a force for change because the company needs to innovate in order to ensure its survival. Etisalat faces a lot of competition in its international tariffs. The company’s competitors and other VoIP providers are causing the company to revisit its international tariffs. The prevalence of rigorous regulations in the international calls sector created these changes. Therefore, the organization needed to respond to these alterations in country regulations. Competition was not just limited to international tariffs; it also grew rapidly in the mobile data sector. Many rivals dwelt on smart phones, and this meant that the company’s voice revenue reduced dramatically. The need to increase its voice revenue was also a force for change. Increased competition also emanated from the fact that Etisalat was no longer a monopoly in the UAE telecommunications market. Five years ago, a key service provider entered the market, and nothing has remained the same. This company now needs to guard it market share as it has been losing it to the new entrant (George-Cosh, 2010). Customers also required greater flexibility in connectivity arrangements. These needs applied to almost all product segments; television services, broadband services and fixed voice services. The organization needed to meet these needs promptly. However, it had to increase flexibility in a way that would not strain the consumers’
Probability/Non-Probability Sampling Designs Probability sampling designs are those designs that adapt the aspect of randomization; thus, giving every object in the target population an equal chance of taking part in the study (Lund Research, 2012). Unfortunately, probability sampling is not ideal in this study of illegal immigrants because their records are not available. Examples of probability sampling designs include:   * Simple Random Sampling. This method makes use of random numbers using random tables; alternatively, they are generated from a computer. The use of random numbers is an easier way of attaining the desired number of the sample in comparison to the ballot method which is tedious and time-wasting. This is deemed the gold standard of probability sampling.   * Sequential Sampling. This kind of sampling entails selecting every nth member of the sample population based on the sampling interval. It is also known as systematic random sampling; it utilizes randomization in the selection of the first subject.   * Stratified Sampling. This method of sampling prevails when the studied population contains subgroups that are significant in a study. For example, a study that seeks to investigate the effect of socioeconomic status on health might utilize this kind of sampling.   * Cluster Sampling. This sampling method is employed when it is not feasible to draw individual subjects from the general population because the targeted population exists as clusters. Non-probability on the other hand is conducted when probability sampling is not plausible. This is usually the case when no list of the sampling units is available, for example, in the case of homelessness. Thereby, it becomes arduous to employ probability methods of sampling because of the inability to utilize randomization. The following are the examples of non-probability sampling as discussed by Babbie (2011):   * Reliance on Available Subjects. This is also called convenience or haphazard sampling and it entails selecting a sample based on the ease of getting the sample and its frugality. Unfortunately, this method is not generalizable unless the researcher (
Intellectual property is the result of intellectual labor. Intellectual property can be a book or scientific work, an invention, a design for a manufactured product, or know-how. In addition, means of individualizing goods and entities are protected as intellectual property (Web Newswire, 2020). A product of intellectual labor is straightforward to steal and exploit, especially if the creator did not take care to protect the intellectual property rights in time. In order to protect the rights to one’s invention or work, the main step is to record them. Otherwise, it will not be easy to prove that the intellectual property belongs to a particular company. Any intellectual property litigation can be commenced within the duration of the patent. When the patent expires, the company’s chances of defending itself are significantly reduced. If a company discovers that someone is infringing its rights to intellectual property, in this case, it can turn to the state authorities, which are competent to hold the infringer administratively liable. In case of unfair competition related to the acquisition and use of exclusive rights to a trademark, for example, a claim can be addressed to the Federal Antimonopoly Service. Patent and trademark holders can also apply with the Patent Disputes Chamber. More precisely, regarding intellectual property rights, and its products imported or exported, a complaint may be lodged with the customs authorities. The choice depends on which rights have been infringed and in what way. If a complaint or application is unsuccessful, then judicial protection of intellectual property rights can be sought (Web Newswire, 2020). In order to protect intellectual property rights, legal action must be taken in the courts. Depending on the nature of the dispute and the parties involved, the case may be heard by courts of general jurisdiction or courts of arbitration. Over the past two years, there has been a lot of litigation worldwide concerning patent misuse. For example, on 26 March 2020, the Intellectual Property Office of Shijiazhuang City opened a case regarding the illegal distribution of patented products (Schwegman & Woessner, 2021). Bayer Intellectual Property Co., Ltd. went to court to enjoin Shijiazhuang Steiano Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., selling chemical compounds previously patented by Bayer. To prove the violation, the plaintiff provided the court with the result of a test purchase. It showed that the formula of the chemical compounds illegally distributed was precisely the same as the patented formula. The Shijiazhuang Intellectual Property Office admitted the offense and ordered the defendant to remove the chemical compounds from production and sale immediately. I a
Empirical arguments have provided the social, cultural, economic, and health justifications that obesity is more than just an issue concerning additional weight solely. Obesity is a personal health care responsibility. This vested responsibility implies that individuals should participate proactively and beyond a reasonable doubt in safeguarding healthy living. Obesity complications are associated with the choice of food eaten, and the shaped body takes as a result. The consumers should remain protected as well as educated on dietary habits as a way of enhancing their responsibility. The variables (environmental, economic, social, and health bottom-lines) affecting dietary choices as well as physical stature are largely manipulated in public. This makes it difficult for the majority to maintain an individual balance (based on these variables), particularly when prone to obesity complications. Based on a cost-benefit perspective and wide-scale impact assessment, a personalized approach will instill individual dietary discipline, while cushioning a shock from health risks involved. The public responsibility approach may be prone to finger-pointing or shifting blame, unnecessarily. This means that due diligence should apply to avoid infringing the right to choice (and diversity) for the non-obese as well as to deny manufacturers the right to competitive bidding for a larger market share. Even if weight is gained due to eating fast foods at fast food retailers, an individual has the responsibility to control weight gaining (through fitness programs, for example) as well as understand their hereditary background which is linked to obesity problems. Before claiming a public agent, such as fast food retailer, to be responsible for the cause of obesity, hereditary or lack of fitness activities should be taken into account, and a preventive paradigm should substitute a damage control one. This negates the precautionary principle held by the due diligence concept. Public responsibility makes the food producer or manufacturer vulnerable to court cases and judicial decisions. The concept of demand-supply proves that personal responsibility referred to the customer demand for fast foods is the main power that forces the supplier to meet customer needs and requirements. From a social and cultural perspective, legal action should focus on the individual right to choose as well as public education. Manufactured foods and fast food have wide market access across the world. Food manufacturers should legally be obliged to product labeling and explanation (duty to warn) to enhance consumer safety and awareness of the health risks involved. Obesity thrives against the backdrop of disparities in health care access and affordability. Moreover, there is a trend of a wealthy consumer lifestyle, which includes aggressive advertising that entices fast food addiction and market flooding of processed foods. These factors aggravate the proneness to obesity within a global society.
Introduction Corporate identity is defined as the various elements within a corporation that make it stand out from the rest. These elements make the organization different because you cannot find another corporation that has similar features (Whetten 270). It is nearly impossible to find organizations with a similar identity. Deliberate attempts are often made by company managers and other strategists within organizations to give their corporation or organization its own identity. This paper aims to carry out a detailed evaluation of the corporate identity of Wormald company. The various areas that prominently and eloquently communicate the identity of an organization as big as Wormald will be examined. All the details that need attention will be investigated and the results discussed or explained.In carrying out this type of exercise, some tools will be required.Tools here refer to the various strategies that are employed in the detection and analysis of the various corporate identity evaluation frontiers. Corporate Communication Activities and Tools Introduction Activities and tools for corporate communications refer to the various events and mechanisms that are utilized in the design and dispatch of messages or information from the corporation to either its internal environment or external realm. The internal environment mostly covers the employees of the corporation whereas the external realm refers to the general public, other corporations, and agencies such as schools, hospitals and governmental departments. Incorporate communications, a large number of tools as well as activities are employed (
Introduction The current issues in the healthcare industry requires that leaders in various healthcare organizations embrace a transformational, servant, and situational leadership styles in order to address both the internal and external factors influencing healthcare service delivery. Here, many studies show that leadership and governance remains to be the only option in efforts aimed at helping healthcare organizations to transition into market economies by allowing healthcare administrators to forego the transactional leadership styles, and embrace different leadership styles and behaviors in organizing and coordinating the human resource (Schwartz & Tumblin, 2002, p. 1419; Goldman & Dubow, 2007, p. 9). Over the years, the service industry has embraced many leadership styles and behaviors including autocratic, bureaucratic, charismatic, democratic/participative, Laissez-faire, servant, and transformational among others. However, many scholars recommend that successful leaders should demonstrate a wide range of behaviors and styles that capture different leadership competencies relative to various situations (Goldman & Dubow, 2007, p. 9). Accordingly, this essay considers the leadership abilities and style of a nursing supervisor that I once worked under in a bid to review what makes a successful leader. Additionally, the essay reviews the abilities of the nursing supervisor relative to the core competencies of leadership as provided by the Baptist Leadership Institute. Finally, the impact of the nursing supervisor’s leadership abilities and style on my personal leadership style is also reviewed in this essay. The leadership abilities and competencies of the nursing supervisor Considering that the duties of a nursing supervisor as a leader entails controlling, monitoring, and organizing the human resource in order to meet the healthcare organization’s policies, procedures, and guidelines, there is evidence to show that the supervisor considered in this case is successful in many ways. Here, according to the Baptist Leadership Institute’s ten core competencies, a successful leader should demonstrate and participate in goal achievement, team-oriented, organization/prioritization, personal awareness, people development, innovation, reward and recognition, communication, commitment
Procedures of Job Evaluation   * The analysis of duties performed by employees.   * Encouraging self-evaluation as a working condition (Dessler, 2012).   * Compiling a program for the comprehensive assessment of activities.   * The survey of employees regarding satisfaction with working conditions.   * The staff division by the type of duties.   * People’s personal views concerning positions held.   * Drawing up a report based on the data received. In order to conduct a comprehensive job evaluation procedure, it is required to involve employees in a relevant plan and to establish contact with the team. Self-evaluation is an essential factor that allows receiving the opinions of the staff concerning the positions held. In accordance with the duties performed by HR specialists in the Multitech Consulting Inc. company, it is possible to divide the personal into appropriate groups. At the end of the evaluation process, a report on the work done is compiled. Guidelines to Conduct Job Evaluation   * Compiling a list of questions based on certain criteria.   * The anonymous survey of employees involved (“Principles of job evaluation,” 2018 ).   * Focus on satisfaction with working conditions.   * Response analysis and the composition of proportions.   * The determination of the staff motivation level.   * The assessment of the overall degree of interest. Based on the features of a job evaluation plan, a list of questions should be compiled. It can include such criteria as the degree of satisfaction with the current working conditions, the interest in achieving the goals set, the quality of initiatives and incentives, and other crucial factors. Based on the data presented, it is required to compile a report, calculate the average score for the entire department, and identify the most frequent and rare responses. In accordance with the outcomes, it is possible to determine how the employees themselves understand the significance of their work in order to organize a favorable working environment effectively. Benefits of Implementing Job Evaluation   * The management can evaluate performance results.   * Employees’ opinions demonstrate the perception of the work process.   * Facts about motivation and initiatives are obtained.   * Performance indicators may be calculated easily.   * Objective statistics supplements the overall pi
Introduction The book “Samskara: A rite for a dead man,” written by U.R. Ananthamurthy, provides an argument on the caste system in Indian society. The book sheds light on the hierarchical structures that extend from the Brahmin to the Shudra based on Brahminic Hinduism’s Varna dharma analogy. “Samskara” illustrates the degeneration of values, serving as the mirror to the custom reality in Indian society. In this novel, the author provides a post-structuralist method to the strict caste ideologies prevailing in Hindus. This novel has depicted the conservatism and narrow-mindedness of the Brahmin community based on the rise and fall of Praneshacharya, the protagonist. This novel reveals how a man gets tempted to have the “forbidden fruit”, the lower caste woman, and this act results in his downfall. The roots of the caste system have been entrenched in the Indian mind. This essay will explore what constitutes proper behavior for Brahmins in the novel for their Hindu religion and caste system. Caste and Social Status Praneshacharya, a protagonist, is at first depicted as a model Brahmin. Most of the people in the Brahmin village of Durvasapura are Brahmins. They are conventionally orthodox and s
Introduction Cultural appropriation occurs when another culture copies the cultural elements without seeking authority from the source culture. In simple terms, cultural appropriation involves using images, ideas, symbols, and objects between two different cultures. It is direct duplication, incorporation, or copying of an image presented by an artist in a different context hence altering the meaning of the original culture/ content. Cultural appropriation is a wide topic that has its negative and positive impacts. It is viewed by people from different perspectives based on their motives. Some people believe that the minority is undermined when the culture is copied from another background (Kellner 8). However, cultural appropriation may also involve respectful borrowing of an idea from another culture with an objective of self-diversification. With the above background, the researcher focuses on analyzing and evaluating the concept of cultural appropriation in the community. It is realized that, with the digital society, people are able to copy other communities’ behaviors through the internet and social media platforms (Kellner 12). The researcher further evaluated different ways in which culture can be shared between communities which include songs and copping of the written materials like the case with Shakespeare (Han 5). Cultural Appropriation in the Digital Society In the history of art, appropriation is considered significant for promoting cultural diversity. In the current digital era, cultural appropriation is influenced by social media. Digital society ensures that cultural ideas, visual images, and values are taught and communicated to different generations. Through social media, members of a given culture get to understand their culture, promoting the continuation of culture in society. In the present digital visual multiculturalism, people from a given background can determine their identity as much as cultural values. Media stories promote cultural appropriation by sharing values, images, myths, and symbols of a given culture with society (Kellner 12). Images are crucial in today’s internet-based culture as they carry a large content that presents the behaviors of a given culture in the society. The types of images posted on social media may change the perspective of people regarding a certain culture. Cultural appropriation is unavoidable in society as people try to copy values, images