ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Team members develop mechanisms to ensure focus is kept on the project goals. They manage and monitor change. Conflicts and disagreements that arise are resolved without interfering with the project’s progress. The project leader is excused from day-to-day activities (Mcshane, & Steen, 2008). He or she remains to celebrate achievements and serve as a gateway to higher levels in case decisions of that level are sort. The project leader is to stick to the project management processes, such as improving communication, participation, morale, recognition, and capacity building. This is used to prevent team members from developing complacency. The project leader also guides the team dynamics in a professional manner. This eliminates internal rivalry and pride among members. Otherwise, all the successes achieved by the team will turn out to be a cropper. According to Bass (1985), an individual must go through various processes before becoming a leader. The researcher also claims that three events could force people to develop leadership skills (Bass, 1985). One of the events is a crisis (great event). People are forced to react to the situation to solve urgent problems. The event brings out unique leadership qualities in an individual. The second aspect is the individual’s personality traits. Some people possess extraordinary qualities that put them in a position to lead the others. Finally, a person can decide to learn leadership skills at the institutions of high learning. This form of leadership is referred to as transformational or process leadership. Crisis in leadership takes place when an individual volunteers to lead a team during unusual events. It happens during events, such as political violence, revolutions, and wars. Such leaders are usually outspoken and are good orators. Martin Luther King was such a leader. Transformational leadership focuses on bringing change to the organization. It is usually compared to transactional leadership, which is the worst form of leadership as far as change is concerned. Improved communication leaves its members with freedom to express their views openly on how to make the team more effective. It eliminates doubts and misunderstandings among members and the team leader. Clear nonverbal communication helps members fill the void left by verbal communication in the team. Communication will finally build trust, reduce conflicts, and raise interpersonal relationships among project members. It is worth noting that talking about and modeling work ethics by the project leader together with the team enhance the workers understanding of what they are expected to do. A positive atmosphere may be created in an environment where trust and openness are present. It makes members
A Phenomenon Life in a big city can be used in many ways to demonstrate organic chemistry theories. Many of the aspects that are witnessed in a city can be directly correlated to a number of organic chemistry theories. The comparison ranges from simple principles as those used in arranging elements in the periodic table to complex theories, which significantly define organic chemistry. In this illustration of a city, the following aspects of a city will be used to show a correlation to organic chemistry theories. The patterns of a city, especially the zoning and residential areas and the characteristics of the people who live in those particular zones in a great way have similar characteristics and patterns as those witnessed in the periodic table. People living in the different zones can be shown to proportionally correlate with organic chemistry theories. To use this illustration in the best manner possible, the following assumptions will be made:  1. The structure of a city will be equated to the pattern of a periodic table  2. People living in a city will be equated to the atoms of the elements of a periodic table  3. The influence that a person has will be equated to the reactivity of an atom of an element  4. The interaction between two people will be equated to chemical reaction (both reversible and irreversible)  5. A molecule will be treated as a family or a partnership Discussing Theories The periodic table is very significant in organic chemistry, and it is literary the fabric which holds all the chemistry theories together. The fundamental principles followed in a periodic table have a special chemical significance and displacing one element in the period table will really make the whole table odd. A very high level of correlation can be observed in the way that a city is arranged. This is discussed in the following sections: Assumption 1 The structure of a city and its dwellers can be equated to the pattern and atoms of the elements in a periodic table respectively. It is common in any city to have sections for particular people of different levels of influence. In most cases, how rich a person is determines where one lives in the city. People of high influence and great wealth stay together in exclusive places and as the influence and wealth of a person decrease he or she is likely to change the place of residence. This kind of a pattern is observed in a periodic table whereby going across the table from left to right the atomic number increases thus altering a number of chemical and physical properties across the table (Dingle, 2008). Let us say the wealthy and influential people are on the right side of the periodic table; then the following true observations relate to both the periodic table as well as the city dwellers:  1. Stability increases across the table from left to the right.  2. The atoms of the elemen
Introduction Negotiations are important avenues through which different parties can mutually agree to a solution after holding discussions. Negotiations are often held between interested parties with a view of achieving positive results at the end of the process. Culture may affect the level of success of a negotiation, particularly where the parties involved hail from different cultural backgrounds. This paper seeks to discuss in detail the concept of negotiations by specifically analyzing the significance of Hofstede’s cultural model in negotiations, addressing impasses in negotiations, and examining relationships and their significance during negotiations. Hofstede’s Model of Culture and Its Impacts There are four dyads of cultural aspects, according to Hofstede’s culture differentiation model. These include masculinity against femininity, long term orientation against short term orientation, individualism against collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance index (Steers and Nardon 137). Masculinity against femininity focuses on a culture’s emotional roles distribution between the genders. Masculine cultures have specific characteristics, such as assertiveness, competitiveness, and power, whereas feminine cultures characteristically give more emphasis on quality of life. Examples of masculine societies include Germany and the USA, while Sweden is a feminine society (Steers and Nardon 137). Long-term orientation seeks to analyze societies by virtue of time horizon, where societies considered being long-term oriented give greater emphasis to the future (Steers and Nardon 137). This contrasts with short-term oriented societies, where values are promoted based on both the present time frame and the past. Japan, China, and Brazil are examples of societies with long-term orientation, while Pakistan, Russia, and Nigeria have short-term orientation. The individualism-collectivism cultural framework defines societies on the basis of the importance that they attach to either individual interests or group interests. Collectivistic societies, thus, give greater priority to group interests, as opposed to individualistic societies that give precedence to the interests of the individual more than they do to the group interests. Examples of collectivistic cultures include Latin America and Indonesia, while individualistic cultures include Australia and the Scandinavian countries (Steers and Nardon 137). Uncertainty avoidance measures the scope of a people’s feeling of threat out of situations that are uncertain. Where a society is considered as having low uncertainty avoidance, the subjects tolerate ambiguity and there is little need for regulations in order to put uncertainty into check. Examples of such societies include the United Kingdom and Singapore. High uncertainty avoidance societies, on their part, are intolerant where there is ambiguity, and it requires many regulations to control uncertainty. Such societies include Greece and France (Stee
Holcomb explores the different elements regarding the perceptions of pioneering scholars in identifying and defining Deaf culture. The chapter allows the reader to track the shifts in perspectives on deaf people. The major perspectives presented in the chapter are those introduced with compulsive judgments to the enlightened perspectives of Deaf people as a cultural identity. Deaf culture denotes a pessimistic word, revealing a public identity and self-importance. However, terms such as deafness or impaired hearing do not indicate a precise sense of belonging or pride to the community. Certain oralists contradict that the deaf culture does not exist. They fancy seeing it as an awkward and false dogmatic concept. Some argue that it was articulated in ancient periods, and it poses defiance instead of reality. Therefore, this outlook contradicts the significance of ASL to the deaf community (Holcomb 2013, pg. 96). Deafness as a disability is often viewed as the fundamental premise of the education and reintegration of deaf people — some pioneers of the definition view deafness as an impairment. Deaf persons who claim a socially Deaf characteristic liken themselves to the affiliates of different cultural societies (Holcomb 2013, pg. 98). They claim to possess a culture, as well as language. The critics of deaf culture do not perceive deaf persons as associates of a marginalized culture. However, they assert that deaf people are coherent audio individuals, earshot disabled, and handicapped. While exploring the definition, they place deafness as having an incapacitating impact to respond to ecological signals or relish features of conventional culture such as music. America Deaf Culture has a huge disparity with the other deaf cultures. The chapter is targeted at the scholars who interpret and training on sign dialect. It emphasizes on the diverse issues of culture rather than an expression of the language. The author defines the reading on deaf culture and mentions that culture is a compound whole that comprises of learned habits, abilities, customs, decrees, art ethics, and knowledge of the human as an affiliate of the community. The writer considered inter-cultural communication like time orientation, low and high framework, as well as individualism and collectivism. In the main, the chapter communicated issues of the American deaf culture that marks the favored portion in the text (Holcomb 2013, pg. 104). In describing the “America deaf culture” that I read in this chapter, there are different perceptions of the foreigners who merely learn the deaf arts and the residents living within the deaf nation. Holcomb confers the growth of a deafened culture that the tone-deaf youngsters who attended the learning institutes found it difficult in co
The 2012 shooting of 12 innocent people at a Colorado movie theater by a lone gunman attracted widespread condemnation not only in the United States but also globally. The assailant, identified in the mainstream media as 24-year old James Eagan Holmes, is said to have gained access to the theater during the premiere of “The Dark Knight Rises”, set off two devices that produced an irritant to confuse the moviegoers, and proceeded to use an assault rifle, a shotgun, and a 40-caliber Glock pistol to kill 12 people and wounded 58 (“Aurora Shooting” para 1-4). Although these killings were unprecedented in the U.S. town of Aurora, the action itself bore the hallmarks of a psychologically disturbed person, particularly considering the fact that the young adult had no prior criminal record except for speeding tickets. This paper attempts to use the social learning theory and related aggression concepts to shed light on this incidence. Available scholarship demonstrates that there are many subtypes of aggression, with the two most dominant being reactive (aggressive behavior ignited by provocation or aggravation) and proactive (aggressive behavior ignited by an urge to achieve a particular goal) (Fite et al. 194). It is clear from the case that the assailant had not been aggravated by the moviegoers prior to opening fire, and hence it is only plausible to assume that his aggression was calculated to achieve a particular goal. Although the objective of the assailant is yet to be known, it is possible that he wanted to achieve popularity by killing people. As indicated in the literature, the social learning theory (Bandura 1973) provides a firm basis for explaining goal-oriented and calculated aggression, as it postulates that “the perpetration of an aggressive act is contingent upon a learned expectancy for reinforcement” (Fite et al. 194). Bandura (1973, 1986), comprehensively cited in most aggression-related research studies, argues that people learn aggressive behavior through direct experience (operant conditioning) and vicarious experience (imitating a particular behavior from adults), and that people must develop the capacity to form an image of aggressive behavior and the rewards or punishments associated with such a behavior for them to succeed in perpetuating proactive aggression (Gilbert & Daffern 169; Prati 415). Consequently, it can be interpreted that the assailant may have developed the capacity to form an image of aggressive behavior through constant exposure to violent movies, not mentioning tha
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It accounts for nearly 20 percent of the aggregate output. To be specific, nearly half of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood (Government of India, 2010, p. 6). Contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy is declining, however other sectors thrive. For example, approximately 45 percent of the total output was obtained from the agricultural sector in the early 70s,. The figure has dropped to less than 20 percent in the last decade. Nonetheless, agriculture still remains a significant source of employment for many Indians. It provides jobs to over half of the country’s population (Government of India, 2010, p. 12). The dwindling agricultural production has led to a decrease in agricultural exports and an increase in agricultural imports. The ratio of agricultural exports to the total exports dropped to 10 percent in 2010 compared to 20 percent in the early ’90s. On the other hand, the ratio of agricultural imports to the aggregate imports grew by approximately 6.6 percent in the last three decades (Government of India, 2010, p. 13). The decrease in agricultural production and the increase in agricultural imports have been a cause of major concern. Hot debates didn’t provide any solution to the problem, as well as small reforms. situation deteriorated which led to introduction of the next five-year plan. As a result, the government came up with a five-year plan, which solely targets the agricultural sector. The five-year plan is aimed at reversing the disturbing trend in the sector. The five-year plan puts emphasis on the country’s self-sufficiency and self-reliance in the food production (Vaidyanathan, 2010, p. 9; Government of India, 2013, p. 5). This paper explores the impact of the 11 th five-year plan on India’s agricultural sector, particularly in promoting local food production and economy stability. 11TH Five Year Plans (2007-2011) As the country’s population keeps growing, the nation needed to enhance its food production to take care of the ever-increasing demand. Given the significance of the agricultural sector to the economy, the government introduced the 11 th five-year plan to provide support and incentives to farmers and other stakeholders in order to enhance production of food (Government of India, 2013, p. 5). There are four principal elements of this policy. The first element is enhancement of viability of agricultural operations by increasing market access, availing insurance cover, and monitoring agricultural commodity prices (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). The second element is provision of suitable technologies through research and training. The third element is increase of budgetary allocati
Introduction The Scarlet letter: A romance is a novel by an American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was written in 1850. It tells a story of a young woman, Hester Prynne, that becomes a victim of her own passion. The woman’s lover cowardly betrays her. However, Hester’s husband strives for vengeance. This book is Hawthorne’s main work. It is a comprehensive text that demonstrates the struggle between emotions and the mind. The main goal of this paper is to analyze The Scarlet Letter to reveal the author’s idea of the frustration of revenge and victory over shame. Analysis To understand the author’s motives, it is important to discuss a social situation in which The Scarlet Letter was written. The main purpose of creating this novel was to demonstrate Puritan society’s false virtues (Richardson). The author implied that numerous people were falsely accused of all kinds of sin during those brutal times. In this book, the author raises the question of the impact that sins have on a personality and community. A modern audience cannot fully comprehend the significance of the violation of moral norms. The Puritans “viewed the commission of any sin as evidence of the sinner’s corruption and preordained damnation” (“The Scarlet Letter”). However, the major theme of this novel is the pointlessness of vengeance and overcoming the fear of condemnation. Hawthorne spent 12 years, observing and understanding the true nature of human beings to elaborately express it in this work. Hawthorne perceived sin as a state of otherness. Sinners neglect God, other people, and themselves. Eventually, it brings shame on them. The protagonist gets pregnant, and she has to wear a scarlet A on her dress that symbolizes her adultery (Hawthorne 159). Hester is marginalized and cannot interact with people around her. However, she becomes closer to God and realizes the truth about herself. After overcoming
In his article “Is College Tuition Really Too High?”, Adam Davidson discusses such a trend as the rising cost of education in the United States. The author provides statistical data showing that many families find it more difficult to afford tuition fees (Davidson par. 2). These expenditures have increased dramatically relative to the median income of households (Davidson par. 2). This tendency can be observed in both private and public educational institutions. According to available estimations, these costs have increased by approximately 500 percent (Noack par. 1). Overall, it is crucial to identify the underlying causes of this problem and review possible solutions. One should also evaluate the arguments put forward by Adam Davidson. Much attention should be paid to the relevant questions that are not thoroughly discussed in this article. This journalist focuses on the factors that can contribute to this trend. In particular, the writer notes that public funds are usually transferred to the most prosperous classes of the community. In contrast, people, who represent lower classes, receive a very small share. For instance, the author states that students, who attend private schools, can receive $25,000 from the state (Davidson par. 27). In contrast, learners, who go to “non-selective public schools”, get approximately $13,500 (Davidson par. 27). Thus, one should pay attention to the inefficient distribution of public funds. The only limitation is that Adam Davidson does not specify the sources that he uses to make his arguments. One should bear in mind that some schools are very selective. They focus on the students who have the highest scores. Moreover, these learners can better meet the requirements set by these educational institutions. As a rule, they attend either public or private schools that employ the most skilled and competent educators. However, many children are deprived of this opportunity. Thus, these learners may lack the knowledge and skills that are required for the successful performance in very selective public schools. Therefore, many talented students will not be able to work with the best teachers. Furthermore, Adam Davidson discusses various mechanisms that contribute to the rising cost of education. For instance, one can refer to the increasing prices of textbooks. Finally, the writer notes that the investment in higher education can be justified in the long term. In particular, a person, who receives at least a graduate degree, is more likely to become a taxpayer. Currently, many students believe that college administrators have to justify the reasons why they raise tuition fees. Very often, they do not involve student associations in decision-making (Anderson p
Issues and problems are realities of life and the success of every individual depends on how effectively they deal with the issues. It is through a very well planned strategy that people effectively deal with issues and prepare themselves for a more competent living. In the case study of Robin Hood, there is an apparent issue which he struggles to deal with. The main issue in the case is the hero’s inability to convince the followers the need to change Merrymen’s policy of outright confiscation of goods to one of a fixed transit tax in order to check the growing power and greater organization of the Sheriff. At a time when the followers are totally against his proposal to adopt new policies, Robin Hood had to seek out new strategies to brazen out the power of the Sheriff who by this time earned the money and the men, and was prepared to pester the band. Besides, he had the support of powerful friends at court and especially that of the regent, Prince John. However, there were some very important situations in favor of Robin Hood and if he made use of these situations, he could formulate a strategy to tackle the issue effectively. Therefore, it is important that Robin Hood is aware of the various factors in the situation and select the most appropriate strategy in response to the given situation. There are several powerful people as well as the barons who are not in good terms with Prince John who was greatly unpopular. The people wished to join under the leadership of King Richard and promoting the king’s cause will ensure that the people join hands in the struggle against the Sheriff. Therefore, in an analysis of the case, it becomes evident that the best conclusion to the issue can be arrived at when Robin Hood considers the possibility of holding the people together under the leadership of the king. It will also ensure that the powers of the Sheriff are well checked. However, it is notable that the hero cannot endeavor to join the conspiracy right away as there are various complications in such a move. The spies of the enemy could ruin him and there is the risk that the conspiracy turns out to be a failure. In a deeper analysis of the case, it becomes clear that the character needs to take some risks in life as there are no other alternative options. If Robin Hood needs to achieve success in the given case, he should go ahead with the plans for new policies which his followers do not think practical. Here, he needs to trust the strength of the king and his popularity and prepare a strategy to strengthen the plea for the king and against the vicious men. It is not a simple task as the power and reach of the enemy is high. In the formulation of the strategy, the hero also needs to be tactful not to be directly against the enemies in the preliminary phases. First, develop the motion against Prince John in favor of the people pleading for King Richard and strengthen the confidence of the followers by actions. It is also important that Robin Hood leads the motion by the barons against the prince and make sure that the opposing powers against the prince a