ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Depression may be used to refer to a wide range of effects from transient sadness to persistent symptoms to a clinical diagnosis (Ainsworth, 2000). Symptoms of depression increase with age. The increase can be attributed to the age-related changes in risk factors rather than to aging itself. It is not the process of aging per se that leads to mental ill-health (White, 2001). Older people are more susceptible to the risk factors implicated in depression such as chronic ill-health, disability and bereavement. Statistics indicate that depression is common in individuals with other chronic ailments such as diabetes and arthritis. Depression is often identified as the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the elderly and is usually determined by symptoms that belong to somatic, affective, and cognitive categories (Ainsworth, 2000). These symptoms can affect a person’s daily physical and social functioning and can result in severe consequences if not addressed adequately. Many people with depression are usually taken care of at home and treated by general practitioners, while others require more intensive attention and ongoing care by mental healthcare professionals (Marriner-Tomey & Martha, 2006). This paper seeks to discuss depression in older patients from the patient’s/ caregivers/relatives/carers’ perspective. The paper will also discuss the implications for and innovations in nursing care regarding depression in older patients. Depression in older patients Many older persons often show chronic illnesses. Depression is recognized as the most common complication of chronic illnesses and is classified as dangerous because it tends to worsen the chronic condition (Greenglass, Fiksenbaum, & Eaton, 2007). Studies indicate that the prevalence of depression in older patients with chronic conditions is approximately 30% worldwide. Persistent depression is problematic and is often associated with potentially harmful symptoms. As people grow older their ability to function decreases and many of them become unable to do things that they used to do for themselves. Studies indicate that certain demographic factors are associated with loss of function. These factors include age, female gender, and chronic ailments such as diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, and heart disease (Jeon, 2004). Additionally, certain chronic conditions may also become more prevalent as people grow older and they include “stomach ailments, vision and hearing problems, and respiratory conditions” (Burgess, 2006, p. 45). General symptoms for depression include the presence of a depression mood; lack of interest in different recreational activities; reduction in body energy levels; poor concentration and attention; low levels of self-esteem and confidence; feeling guilty and unworthy; negative views regarding the future; self-harm ideas, including those of suicide; sleep disturbances; and a diminished appetite (Gree
Neo-slavery in Brazil Neo-slavery can be defined as full control of a person by another for economic, political, or social purposes. Agriculture in Brazil has been associated with neo-slavery that manifests in many forms. Affluent landowners control and oppress poor workers in four main ways. Debt, Deceit, coercion and violence are ways in which neo-slaves get to harvest sugarcane and clear large tracks of land that favor cattle farming as well as logging. Notably, Brazil is the largest exporter of sugarcane in the world hence triggers the need for the availability of cheap labor. In this regard, the large number of slaves that are approximately 100000 in Brazil is attributed to economic desire (Vianna 14). In Brazil, neo-slavery occurs in large agricultural plantations that are in remote areas where the public cannot see. Further, slaves cannot easily escape from their area of work. Neo-slavery in Brazil begins with the hiring of a contractor or foreman by affluent landowners. The contractor who is popularly known as gato recruits poor men from villages and cities. Since poor men are desperate, they fall into trap of contractor who promises them decent wages. The poor men are transported to plantations that are in remote areas and made to work tirelessly with no pay. They are told that they are forever indebted to land owners since they did not pay for their transport or food. Violence is pronounced as they work under the supervision of armed guards. Indigenous communities counter the practice of neo-slavery in Brazil in two main ways. The counter-narrative is the most powerful way that is adopted by indigenous communities and refers to the sharing of experiences of neo-slavery. As a result, neo-slavery practice is made known to the public, and the number of people who fall into such traps is reduced. Secondly, indigenous communities support operations initiated by the government of Brazil such as mobile inspection units. For example, in 2005 7000 slaves were saved due to the cooperation of indigenous communities with mobile inspection units (Burrows and Wallace 17). Indigenous Resurgence Sociologists have focused on highlighting reasons why there has been an Indian resurgence in Brazil. Brazil’s movements have played a
Introduction The debates over the shape and function of the pieces of architecture date back to the centuries when architecture as science has firstly been created. People usually associate the shape of the building with its function just like Louis Sullivan claimed in his theory ”form follows function”. Moreover, the purpose of this very paper is to distinguish the two characteristics, namely the shape and the function. Also, this paper will investigate the edge and the boundaries of the two prior notions. The actual phrase is taken from the article “The tall office building artistically considered” by Louis Sullivan: It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law. (Sullivan, 1896) Thesis Statement It is to be said that the function of the building and its form always go together. It is believed that modern architecture considers the two notions to be interdependent. Some architects like Frank Lloyd Wright believed that the form of the building always follows its function because otherwise, people cannot derive the meaning of what any specific building holds inside. So, the thesis of this paper is that the form and the function cannot exist as two separately taken notions without interrelation. Form Follows the Function and Space The contemporary people always associate the form with the essence. To strengthen this argument it has to be mentioned that a person is bound to the actual society he/she lives and has been raised in. Meaning, that you have truly clear and exact notions about specific buildings’ function only if you know for sure what you are going to see inside; besides, this happens only on the condition that you have been in the given building before. One of the most wonderful creations by Louis Sullivan was … dozen-odd theater designs ( Lewis, 2001 ). It is amazing how the architect and his friend Adler managed to use the inside space of a theater in order to handle these buildings’ acoustics–an art that encompasses the shaping of the entire spatial envelope ( Lewis, 2001 ). I tend to think that people would merely be confused without having previous experience of going to this kind of theatre, however in this case the impression exceeds expectations, namely, the form surely follows functions. Hence, a person is able to connect the shape and the function of any specific architectural piece. A contemporary person surely has associations with this or that form of the building for we are raised in a society of strict rules where the form follows the function. The Form Follows Function, Sophisticated Tastes, and Site However, another thing that has to be investigated is that the functions of the specific modern buildings are countless though they do have to be necessarily dependent on the form. For example, the temperature and humidity are impacted b
The advantages and disadvantages of a computer search of ERIC and other databases The main advantage of ERIC database lies in its increased popularity and a multifunctional board for accessing research journals and other scientific papers. In particular, while searching for a specific document, ERIC database can provide accession number that does not only perform the function of document identification, but also informs the user about the type of the searched documents. It can also report about the presence of document in published and unpublished versions. The second advantage of ERIC database refers to the flexibility, which allows the research to combine the keywords and obtain a variety of results. Although putting different keywords together can be a challenging task for inexperienced researchers, they should still be encouraged to experiment with the searching techniques (Mertler & Charles, 2011a). ERIC database tools make it possible for them to access information in a different way. Despite the evident advantages, ERIC database has a number of disadvantages that prevent researchers from accessing information efficiently. Specifically, the main pitfall consists in excess amount of documents that ERIC can retrieve from the database, which complicates the searching process. Why it is necessary to read the original articles rather than rely on their abstracts On the one hand, the availability of article abstracts is helpful for getting an idea about the information placed in the original article. In fact, skimming through a great number of articles, article summaries can allow the researchers to classify the documents according to themes and types of research (Mertler & Charles, 2011b). On the other hand, full reliance on abstract information omits a range of important details and statistics that can be vital for the researchers. This is of particular concern to the analysis of discussion section, as well as evaluation of the author’s conclusion. Besides, abstracts are often presented as objective summaries providing no comments or evaluations of the author and critics on the advantages and values of the original content (Mertler & Charles, 2011b). Therefore, the researchers should still refer to the original content to create a thoughtful examination of the original material and decide whether it is relevant for the research topic. My personal experience demonstrates that looking through abstracts identifies the main scope and purpose of the research, but some of the details that can be important for my research are often concealed. Therefore, it is highly necessary to consider the original material to decide whether this source should be included into bibliography. Why secondary sources are a good place to begin looking for information on a topic The main function of secondary sources is to provide interpretations and evaluations of primary material by other researchers. Secondary sources should be considered prior to analyzing primary research because it can help the researchers understand how th
Social issues are things along with matters that may indirectly or directly have an effect on few or all members of a given society. Society in this case is a group of human beings living together in some geographical location. These issues are partaken to be troubles involving controversies correlated to decent standards, or both at the same time. In general society, as in many countries in the world, religion plays an important role regarding many issues also many voters choose leaders based largely on morality in relation to these issues. These issues will lead to virtues which are translated to knowing who we really ar
In dealing with most of the intoxicants today in the world, government tends to impose some of the vital rules which will help in prohibiting the use of those intoxicants. According to the history of British Columbia, the government has employed two liquors of prohibition which were quite harsh. The first one was imposed on its native population which was quite large and therefore the government wanted to find a way of discouraging the use of those intoxicants. (Hilton D., 2004). This rule was imposed in the period 1854-1921. The second liquor was to be imposed on the entire population which was meant to limit the whole Columbia population since these intoxicants affected them adversely this was done during the period 1917-1921. They were faced with a sobering dilemma which was used to examine both the effect on dealing with the province’s Fondness for alcohol which had prevailed for quite a long time and their condition socially which was the main aspect that encouraged the use of alcohol and other drugs within the affected the whole population of British Columbia. This probation reached the minimum height in 1916 which was referred to as “purity election”. During this period other elections were held which were to decide on the twin referendums and the way women suffered due to alcohol. Therefore votes were being cast in order to determine whether the prohibition act will perfect the situation of British Columbia. The rule or liquor prohibition which was meant for the Native population was to discourage them from the use of these drugs since the government believed that their population was acquiring these manners from the native population. The government wanted to take much of control of the native population first since they were drinking a lot of our frustration that they got from the rest of the population since they faced a lot of harassment and also their lands were being grabbed. Therefore due to the fact that these people drunk excessively the government saw that there is a need to control them since they will cause the rest of the population to also be too drawn to their sorrows in drinking. Their prohibition period lasted for quite a long time since they were addicted to drugs. Both sides, that is the native side and the rest of the population did not give out a good conclusive report since the results of eh roles were manipulated by both sides, and therefore they could not come to conclusion. After this process of referendum, prohibition liquor was finally imposed in 1917. This issue of prohibition did not bear good results for the government of British Columbia but at last, it resulted to be hopeless corruption, favors, conflicts and it also resulted to build up of racism and a freelance informant who did not help in eradicating the use of alcohol in British Columbia. British Columbia, therefore, wanted to ensure that all the use of drugs are finally eradicated since it was drugging its citizens into poverty and in other illegal activities which were brought about by the influence of alcohol (Hilton D., 2006). The government wanted to come up with all
The Reconstruction era began with Lincoln, who pursued the aims of reconstruction (uniting the Northern and Southern states that at the time were still engaged in the civil war and the defending the rights of the black people in the South) with the help of rather moderate tools. They were considered unsuccessful since the first reorganized state (Louisiana, 1864) refused to grant the voting right to the blacks. After the assassination of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson appeared to be ready for a more radical policy, which appealed to the Republicans. However, the new President did not gather the Congress, opting for issuing his own proclamations that granted the amnesty to all the southern people except for those in the position of power or exceptionally rich ones; apart from that, the black were refused the voting rights (1865). What is more, with time amnesty was also provided to the high-ranked Southern people as well if they “asked nicely”; this meant that the confiscated land was returned to these people and could not be passed to the blacks against the hopes of some radical Republicans. In the meantime “black codes” were adopted in the southern states to control the blacks, and they did not presuppose political equality. The Freedman’s Bureau attempted to provide for the freedmen and the people who got impoverished in the war; the blacks had the chance to work for money or, most often, share wages, on the land where they used to be slaves, but they still had no political rights. To change this situation, the Congress had to work over Johnson’s vetoes: the Reconstruction acts of 1867 were enacted despite the resistance and derogatory comments of the president. The southern states were di
Introduction Privacy and photography in public places has been a contentious issue in Australia and other countries. This paper aims at looking at how street photography is circulating in ever more limited fields. According to Miles (2012, p. 14), there has been a change in the perception of privacy and photography in Australia owing to the fact that people believe that privacy is under threat. Individuals view street photography as a threat to privacy, public safety and child safety making its circulation more limited. However, it is important to note that some individuals believe that the protection of privacy denies photographers some vital rights (Brookman 2010, p. 213). This is because the move leads to physical and psychological harassment and intimidation of photographers. History of street photography Street photography did not have a negative image where it was termed as a right to freedom of expression in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Photography was seen as a tool for the formation and reformation of various aspects of life (Miles 2012, p. 10). People enjoyed taking photographs with family members or even strangers to demonstrate social cohesion. It was usual to find individuals carrying cameras and taking pictures of public places such as buildings and beaches. Photography in public places uplifted the notion of community and shared public life thus fostering social interaction. This was important in promoting social and cultural value while preserving history for future generations. In addition, there was the right to convey information and ideas of all kinds whether in printing or in writing. Individuals taking photographs in public places did not face scrutiny and there was no need of carrying a permit (Henderson 2003, p. 279). In the early years, there was no great emphasis on personal life, individualism or personal emotions. However, social and political changes, which lead to capitalism and individualism, have changed the perception of street photography and redefined the definition of privacy. Individuals are more concerned with personal space. This creates paranoia that depicts public photography as a thriving art for perverts, pedophiles and criminals. It is important to note that public photography is receiving reduced recognition where individuals have upheld capitalism and individualism as the world continues to change (Miles 2012, p. 11). The Debate There has been an endless debate about photography, privacy and the public sphere in Australia. The debate becomes even more complex since there is no clear definition of privacy and the boundary between privacy and public space. The protectors of private space and the defenders of public photography have legal backi
Introduction Chris Sherman (2005) mentions that Google search engine has been designed to be simple to operate and fast to respond with the results of high quality for just about any type of query (p. 20). The same author makes an emphasis on such strong points that contribute greatly to the success and appeal of Google as simplicity, ease of use, high speed, and relevant results (Sherman, 2005, p. 20). However, the question of great urgency is the existence of ethical issues pertaining to Google search engine and there is great necessity to analyze reasonableness of the claims based on ethical ground and their relation to the benefits provided by the analyzed search engine. Ethical Issues and Relevant Facts According to the philosophy that inspires the work of Google, its strategy of work is formed on the basis of its two main objectives: its priority is the organization of the information around the world and its motto, the one that reminds of a commandment from the Bible, “Don’t be evil”, which is claimed to be the central pillar of the ethical code of Google. During more than a decade of Google’s existence in the Web, the strength of its ethical positions has been questioned. The issue of violation of privacy tops the list of ethical issues pertaining to the work of the analyzed search engine. The issue of the violation of privacy is related to Gmail. Google uses specialized software to search the contents of the customers’ e-mails for the purpose of attaching ads based on the content of e-mails. Besides, the issue of privacy also concerns individual privacy of the users in addition to the violation of privacy of their e-mail. In connection with the introduction of the Chinese version of Google, the issue of accessibility arises. Google has prohibited excess to politically sensitive web sites, which are in disgrace with strict censorship of Communist government of China. Google was accused of collaboration with Chinese government and violation of human rights from the point of view of accessibility of information. In addition, the issue of transparency arises with respect to the US Justice Department and its request for information about the searches done with the help of Google. The list of ethical issues is extended by the issue of private property with respect to scanning of copyrighted material and its availability on websites without authors’ consent. Evaluation of Ethical Situation As the previous subsection of the present paper suggests, ethical situation of Google is controversial and non-transparent. The users’ right for privacy of information is violated in case of Gmail. While Electronic Communication Privacy Act (1986) does not allow to monitor the content of e-mails unless there is a reliable reason, such as filtering spam or avoiding the release of confidential information. If we are guided by deontologica