ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Way We Communicate Communication has never been one-sided; in fact, its multilateral nature is the key reason for the numerous controversies of the communicational process. Despite the seeming simplicity of the conversational process, the textual and the visual messages match each other quite seldom, which leads to numerous misconceptions and even conflicts. Tracking the shapes that the communication process takes, one can find the solution for many issues. Putting Two and Two Together: The Article and the Video Although the article and the video were chosen might seem somewhat distanced from each other, after certain analyses, they prove quite close to each other. Telling the readers about the experience of a school student in communicating with the groupmates, the article by Rezska reveals a certain conflict between the visual and the textual shape of people’s messages. Meanwhile, the video deals with the typical situation –communication between two students, offering a similar situation. However, one of the key peculiarities of the video is that it is accompanied by a message box typical for most of the chat rooms, with each phrase and emotion of the students in the video shaped like an instant message symbol. Touching upon one and the same issue of the textual and the visual form of conversation, the two sources mentioned above offer deep insight into the essence of communication. Watch the Picture Changing: The Two Viewpoints, Compared Comparing the two pieces to each other, one can see distinctly that the means used in the text are quite different from the ones used in the video. It is obvious that Rezska uses the method of audience involvement (Support Resources 2009) to draw the attention of her readers. She is at times even somewhat sarcastic, which makes her essay even more impressive. On the contrary, the visual source uses quite a different strategy based on emotional appeal. This proves most effective since the author sets a funny contrast between live communication and communication online. In the Eye of the Audience It seems that the argument presented in the text is more impressive since it allows us to communicate the idea more precisely. While the video makes the audience complete the missing parts of the message themselves and figure out the idea behind the video on their own, the text explains the author’s point more or less clearly. However, it must be taken into account that the text cannot reveal the emotional palette of the conversation infill. Brilliantly demonstrated in the video by unlimitedlumpia (2009), this is the key distinction between the visual and the textual information. Where even the most emotional and expressive words sound rather pale, the visual message can reveal a palette of ideas. Thus, what is hidden in the phrase “When she waves, the car keys looped around her fingers jingle in the air” (Rezska 2009, p. 552), stirs the imagination of the audience much less than the voiced “How are you?” Conclusion: Where the Visual Merges with the Textual Despite the differences in the means used in the textual and the visual
The purpose of the study Equity in the academic labor market has been a subject of in-depth sociological research. The findings of the different studies indicate that a person’s progress can be dependent on such factors as gender and race (Glazer-Raymo, 2001, p 39; Umbach, 2006). The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of gender on a teacher’s perceptions of the compensations he/she receives, the level of organizational support, and opportunities for career advancement. The second task is to understand how academic discipline can affect the progress of an educator. A personal in-home survey will be selected as the main methods of data collection. They will be asked questions about the workload, compensation, and opportunities for career advancement. This research design has been chosen because it enables to better capture the attitudes and opinions of the respondents. Furthermore, among its advantages, one can single out a better turnaround in data collection (Cresswell, 2003, p 154). This study will be cross-sectional which means that it is aimed at observing a population at a certain moment. The key benefit of this approach is its relative time-efficiency. Methods of data collection In the course of this study, approximately 100 respondents will be interviewed. This sample size ensures an appropriate confidence level. The sample was determined based on the whole population size. The respondents will be stratified into two equal groups: 1) male educators and 2) female educators. These people will represent different academic disciplines. Each of the participants for this study will be randomly selected, this is essential for the avoidance of bias. These people will be asked a specific question about the degree of their satisfaction with the compensation package, the level of organizational support, workload, and promotion opportunities. The questionnaire will be developed independently. This research has to be carried out within 20 days. Moreover, we should allow some time for the pilot study, in the course of which a smaller number of respondents (20 people) will be surveyed. This will enable us to see whether the research design has any deficiencies. Population and sampling Thus the study will have two independent variables (gender and academic discipline) and a set of dependent ones: 1) satisfaction with compensation policies; 2) the level of organizational support; 3) workload; 4) promotion. The questionnaire will contain a set of Likert scale items that prompt a person to describe his/her attitude toward remuneration and workload in the organization, the degree to which administration supports him/her, and his/her perceptions of career opportunities. Timelines for the study Several statistical tests will be applied to analyz
Companies use different generic approaches to achieve their growth and profit making objectives (Ormanidhi & Stringa, 2008). The generic strategies adopted by a firm define the position the firm takes in remaining relevant in the market. Every business concentrates on doing profitable business and outdoing its competitors. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) plc is a leading pharmaceutical manufacturer and distributor worldwide. Research demonstrates that there are four generic spaces that firms adopt to achieve their competitive advantage. The first space involves a firm providing ordinary products at low cost, the cost being the attribute that will attract buyers. The second space involves a firm providing special products at high prices, the so called premium pricing. The other two spaces encompass market. A firm’s market may be narrow and target a given group of customers. A firm’s market may also be broad and involve various products and clients in diverse geographical locations (Ormanidhi & Stringa, 2008). GSK uses cost and differentiation focus to achieve and maintain its competitive advantages for its pharmaceutical products. GSK products are perceived by many consumers as being unique in the healthcare industry (differentiation). Many customers of GSK believe that the firm produces and markets only the original drugs and other healthcare products. Many customers have the perception that original drugs cure diseases and health conditions better than the generic drugs. The cost strategy used by GSK to gain and maintain competitive advantage for various products is quite complex. For some products, the firm uses premium pricing while for others it uses low cost for ordinary products. The combined generic strategy approach adopted by GSK is quite advantageous in its operations. One of the advantages is that the approach attempts to balance the sales of products manufactured by the firm. Secondly, the firm uses the combined generic strategy approach to grow sales of products that are not doing well in the market. For example, the company may reduce the cost of a drug that is low in sales. The low sales of the drug could be explained by lower prices of a similar drug from competitors. The disadvantage of using the combined generic strategy approach is that a firm can wrongly assume that a product will sell to outdo its competitor (Ormanidhi & Stringa, 2008).
One year after Bernstein’s visit to Australia, the country witnessed a turn in events in terms approach to teaching English as a second language. During this period, the educational set up was witnessing a transition from traditional to progressive pedagogy. Envisaging the probable consequences of the new approach, Bernstein then warned that students would be locked in the present pushing other aspects of language expression into oblivion. As a result, he advised teachers and researchers to not to dwell greatly on language as an abstract phenomenon, but learn to teach language students means of concept creation from their experiences and teach them how they can create a functional thought representation that is necessary in manipulating the world (Bernstein 1979; 300). This was the beginning of genre based literacy pedagogy. Since then, a plethora of academic research can be identified, with their focal point concentrated around the importance of embracing this type of literacy pedagogy as opposed to traditional or progressive pedagogy. This paper seeks to highlight the advantages of a pedagogical approach that is centered on genre concept. What is genre based pedagogy and how does it differ from other pedagogical approaches? Hyland (2007) describes genre based pedagogy in teaching writing as a deliberate teaching approach that arms students with pertinent knowledge which will enable them to access key genres that are necessary for success in schooling, communal interactions and workplace. In simple terms, genre based pedagogy allows teachers of writing to teach their writing students approaches that will enable them to use la
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the problem of child labor was reflected in poetry and fiction as one of the main social issues. In general, during this period, child labor was officially permitted and widely used by upper-classes and in production. Cheap labor, it was always maintained, was essential to Britain’s competitive position, and children were the cheapest labor of all. Textile mills, potteries, ribbon factories, brickyards —whatever industry had ill-paid drudgery to offer, offered it to children. Romantic and Victorian writers viewed this social problem similarly, seeing it as the main evil of the society based on deep social values and traditions. Romantic poets pitied children and expressed feelings of anger and anxiety associated with this social phenomenon, but they did not protest against inhuman conditions and the exploitation of children. In his poem, William Blake writes: “And my father sold me while yet my tongue / Could scarcely cry ‘weep! ‘weep! ‘weep! ‘weep! / So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot, I sleep” (Blake). The poem depicts a small boy whose life is full of grief and who leads miserable existence. In general, children were perceived by romantics as innocent creatures who suffered from the ruling class and oppression (Enscoe and Gleckner 41). Blake depicts the dramatic illusion, sensibility of a human using the dynamic nature of imagination and creativity. Similar to other romantics, Blake uses imagination as the main tool to unveil the main message of the poem and shape an atmosphere of innocence and hardship. Blake writes: “they clothed me in the clothes of death” (Blake). This symbolic and imaginary world creates passion, tragedy, desperation, and sorrow as the main markers of child labor. Its symbolic representation appeals to the imagination and forces readers to create a picture of sorrow and sadness through “the clothes of death.” Victorian poets and writers depicted child labor as a social problem and protested against exploitation. Elizabeth Barrett’s “The Cry of the Children” (1844) was the most notable poetic protest against child labor, and Charles Kingsley’s novel Alton Locke (1850) was in part an exposé of sweated tailoring shops. With the curbing of the worst abuses in some portions of industry and the return of prosperity in the late forties and early fifties, a lot of some workers—by no means all, or even a majority—became a bit more endurable. )n general, Victorian poetry and literature portrayed that the appear
Introduction Software developer Samarin is at a very difficult place right now because he has been confronted by a series of ethical issues that need to be addressed as soon as possible. These actions have repercussions for both Orangewerks and this specific employee. Analysis of the issues Relevant course concepts, frameworks or theories The first ethical issue is manipulation of the company’s market share by making press claims that 20,000 software licenses had been issued within two months yet one of the founders had created a 15, 000 fake email accounts to order the software. There are several reasons why this may be considered unethical. First, it shows a lack of respect for the law. Corporations in Canada are obliged to behave honesty. Manipulating market shares or prices goes against the very principles of the law yet businessmen are obligated to respect it even if a rule can be easily flaunted. Failure to do this can result in chaos in these markets. Secondly, the latter issue is unjust and unfair. The Orangewerks founder who initiated the 15,000 email scam was acting unfairly because he misused his position. As CEO, he is at a powerful position which needs to be dealt with responsibly. By using this position to gain unfair advantage, he was acting unethically as explained in Rawl’s theory of justice. The latter philosopher asserts that economic and social inequalities need to be arranged in a manner that is of an advantage to others. 1 Thirdly, this behavior is outright immoral. Businesses cannot be run as though other individuals do not exist in the background. Orangewerks is run by amoral agents who have b
Introduction In as much as the law advocates for equality irrespective of age, gender or social class, it sometimes tend to favors the socially and economically privileged persons. These favors can be noted by careful evaluation of certain implications and applications of the law. Many countries, whether developed and underdeveloped, suffer from this legal problem, despite their efforts of containing the situation. Body The law consists of several clauses including the ones that safeguard the rights of the general public. However, many citizens do not enjoy these rights due to various underlying reasons, which include poverty or lack of funds. This point is emphasized when an individual’s rights are violated, and thus requires a considerable amount to facilitate compensation claims. A person will have to spend a substantial amount of money, in hiring a lawyer who will represent him or her in court. However, these fees paid to attorneys are always not affordable especially to the economically deprived persons. This, therefore, places the underprivileged persons in a position of not being able to protect their rights or claim for damages incase of infringement. On the other hand, the economically privileged persons have the capacity of hiring some of the best attorneys, to represent them in courts, in cases of infringements. This grants them the capacity to protect their legal rights, when breached or disregarded. In most countries, laws are made by the congress or parliament, which are bodies consisting of upper-class persons. As they make these laws, they often favor their interests, instead of protecting the rights and interest of the numerous citizens. For instance, they enact several laws that favor their interest, which in most cases entails the increase of remunerations and unreasonable privileges. Despite being extraordinarily remunerated, they still draft laws which grant them automatic VIP treatments, pay their intercontinental trips, exempt them from tax, and pay for their overseas medical treatments (Hamutuk). However, this is often not a reflection of what most citizens would have wanted their money spent. On the contrary, most citizens prefer their taxes to be used in either development activities or improving the lives of the unfortunate. These scenarios are common in developing countries, whereby citizens are left to languish in poverty, while their leaders enjoy their lavish privileges. This is extremely unfortunate to the unprivileged citizens, since they are denied fundamental rights to basic needs, which include food, clothing and shelter. Law makers have various wealthy friends in the society,
Cognition is the processing of information, application of knowledge, and changes in the preferences of an individual. The cognitive processes can be conscious or unconscious, real or artificial. Cognition has been considered as an advanced human brain function and it has been directly related to the brain in the factual and symbolic levels. Cognitive studies and functional brain imaging are carried out on healthy individuals as healthy brains have been used to analyze the cognitive functions of the brains. The prefrontal cortex has been realized as a part of the brain involved in cognitive functioning. It has been noticed by the patients who have been suffering from frontal brain lesions as these are the patients who have shown drastic changes in their cognitive abilities after the lesions (Bellugi, St. George, and Galaburda, 2001, p. 23). The cognitive processes controlled by the prefrontal cortex include planning, reasoning, and problem-solving. In addition to this, it has been realized that dopamine has a function in cognition. Thus it has been researched that there are many executive functions including the memory that are under the control of the prefrontal context of the brain. The frontal cortex controls the working memory (Fleischman, 2004, p. 34). Understanding the functioning of the frontal cortex has been made successful by using the Baddeley model that has explained the functioning of the prefrontal cortex. Slave systems and the central executive systems have been modeled in this case. The model says that two slave systems are controlled by the central executive. The function of the central lobe of the brain has been the same as that of the central executive. Thereby the researchers have referred to the failure and damage to the central lo
Illegal slums develop in Mumbai and in the largest cities of Brazil because of the constant migration of the poor population to urban territories. Slum Cities (2006) is documentary film discussing the problems of the slum dwellers who suffer from the regular lack of sanitation and any other resources important for living. The documentary film provides the discussion of how the officials in these cities try and plan to cope with the high levels of migration and expansion of slums. The first important feature to note while discussing differences in Mumbai’s slums and the Brazilian slums is the location of these slums. The largest slums in Mumbai are located in the central part of the city. In contrast, the main principle in establishing favelas in Brazil is the distance from the central parts of Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. The first favelas were legally established slums for the poor Brazilian population, and the main focus was on isolation of these dwellers. As a result, there are also differences in the surroundings. Modern slums in Mumbai develop actively in the central parts of the city; that is why, the most expensive houses are built nearby the poorest housing constructions. The problem is in the density of the population in Mumbai. From this point, the poorest and richest dwellers often live in their houses side-by-side. The population of Mumbai adapted to the intensive migration of poor citizens with allowing the building of slums within the central urban territories. If the slums in Mumbai developed between the central railways and occupied not only suburban territories, favelas in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are located far from the luxurious neighborhoods of the central parts of the cities. In addition, such large favelas as Rocinha avoided the spatial gap while developing the infrastructure and businesses typical for small towns. The presence of slums in Mumbai and Brazilian cities supports the idea that there is a significant economic divide between the rich and poor population of these territories. Thus, the dwellers of the slums in Mumbai are the poorest working population in the city, and they suffer from the lack of water and sanitation. In contrast, there are billionaires in Mumbai who build impressive constructions and support the projects of developing the urban territories of slums. In Brazil, the contrast is also significant because of differences in the living conditions and occupations of the poor and the rich. The gap between these categories of the population continues to grow. These differences can be discussed with the focus on the slum dwellers’ jobs. In Mumbai, slum dwellers work to survive, and they actively develop the recycling industry. These people represent the poor working class in Mumbai, and every day, they come to railway stations to travel to work . In Brazil, the dwellers in favelas focus on developing their own businesses i