ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
My identity The two structural categories that define my identity are religion and gender. Being born and raised in the Sultanate of Oman, it is almost obvious that I should have a strong Muslim identity. Additionally, I classify myself as a typical male. The manner in which I dress, interact, speak, and behave is distinctly male. However, these masculine attributes are generally accepted by the people in my country of origin. They may not conform with features that are considered to be made in European countries such as Germany or England, or in South Africa. I have religious stereotypes, which is seen in several ways. Muslims in my country are conservative and strict about their cultural norms. I dress conservatively and adopt mannerisms that epitomize this worldview when I am in my country. For instance, I will attend a social gathering and accord elderly persons with respect. My family and I often celebrate Muslim holidays and we eat foods that are permitted by the Quran and, consequently, avoid eating food that is prohibited by our religion. I believe in principles prescribed by my faith, and they guide my decisions in almost every aspect of life. In the future, I will marry in accordance with my faith and raise my children religiously. Visiting Mosques is one of the most fulfilling aspects of my week. During my stay in Australia, I have become even more convinced in my faith because I now appreciate its strengths. The Quran has answers to all facets of life, so I can always count on it to give me direction. The structural category of gender also affects my life significantly. I think of myself as the head of my future family and intend to provide and take care of my family when I get one. I will wear my white dish dash and hat when in Oman or on my way to the Mosque in Australia. This is the generally accepted dress code for men in my country. However, I often wear what most Australian men wear when in this country. Usually, these may include trousers, a shirt, and leather shoes. I am working hard to secure my degree in order to become economically independent. It is likely that this educational background will grant me access to a g
Introduction The world economy experienced significant growth between 2001 and 2007. This growth was attributed to increased international trade, efficient business practices and user-friendly banking practices that enabled people to borrow money for investment (Lewis et al 17). However, in the second half of the 2007 financial year, the economic boom fell into a crash, which led to the global financial crisis. Banking institutions were the worst hit. Some declared insolvency, while others requested for bailouts just to keep afloat. This paper shall analyze the causes of the problems Bear Stearns experienced during the credit crisis. Company overview Bear Stearns Companies, Inc. was a well renowned and reputable firm in the global investment industry. Since its inception in 1923, the firm managed to survive through various recessions and even the Great Depression. However, in 2007, the financial institution, which had over the years established itself as an investment bank, securities trader and a brokerage firm started experiencing financial difficulties. It was later acquired by JP Morgan Chase in 2008. Causes of Bear Stearns problems during the financial crisis   * Excessive debt leverage/ imprudent lending According to Wade, most banking institutions were offering loans equivalent to 100% of the collateral, ignoring the income verification procedures and giving low interest rates on high risk loans (27). This led to a situation whereby the risk of bad debts increased significantly. When the credit crisis hit, people were unable to repay the loans and the assets previously offered as collateral were not worth their initial value. As such, financial institutions such as Bear Stearns incurred enormous losses due to dubious and reckless banking practices.   * Poor regulatory mechanisms A primary cause of the financial crisis was the failure of the regulators to protect the financial system from credit related risks that were present since 2002. According to Davies and Green, the regulators, as well as the congress had an obligation to monitor and prevent excessive credit problems within the financial industry (33). However, failure to accomplish their objective led to an abject situation in which banks borrowed above their capacity, withheld information from investors, and got involved in get-rich-quick schemes that involved a lot of risks to the banks and investors.   * Housing bubble From 2002 to 2005 the housing prices within the United States skyrocketed. This was attributed to the fact that loans were easily accessible, and banks were willing to offer 100% mortgage financing (Lewis et al. 14). As such, the housing bubble presented Bear Stearns with an opportunity to make huge prof
Introduction It is a higher moral and philosophical ground that we tread when we take the premise that an individual should in all respects live by the convictions that he was reared by or has acquired in life by means of education or political affiliations. Personal philosophies are dangerous grounds for breeding warped convictions that could be deemed as a threat to society. However, Socrates believed that a man of intellect was entitled to live by his beliefs until the end. Essence The background of Socrates is one, which must have molded his beliefs. Although trained as a sculptor, he spent the better part of his life in the quest for a truth through learning and interaction by questioning anyone who purported to know some truth. He did his duties as a citizen, and stoically bore the privations of poverty and a shrewish wife. he did not expound his philosophies, but rather chose to converse with people and by the very act of asking questions revealed not just the other’s ignorance ,empowered the latter to think clearly and act reasonably. Ultimately it was this dissemination of rational thought that led to his death conviction he stood accused by his enemies and detractors of crimes against the State like,” impiety” and “corruption of the young”. It is believed that he could have escaped the death sentence if he had been willing to take a more conciliatory tone, but he died a martyr because he refused to abandon the principles that he had devoted his life to. In ‘Crito’ he shows this respect for the Athenian law, because he refuses to plead for clemency-“I cannot abandon the principles which I used to hold in the past simply because this accident happened to me.” This shows a man who has come to terms with the inevitability of his death. One would ask whether such adherence to principles got him some high accolades other than respect from his followers. If Plato, who was Socrates’ student , had not chosen to write his Four Dialogues –Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo with Socrates as the central disputant, the world would not have a record about this high principled man. As Plato developed the philosophy of Socrates, especially on speculative lines, far beyond the point reached by Socrates himself, it is impossible to judge with any exactness precisely how much of the teaching is the master’s, how much the pupil’s. It is admirable to live by such high and rational principles in so far that you tread a moral path, which is socially acceptable too. In the case of Socrates, the State feared an uprising of its young men propelled by the line of questioning that Socrates had taught. Insurgency in any century or in any government is a potential threat to the inherent peace of a country. In the case of Socrates, he was a man who not only disciplined his thoughts but also his actions. He says,’ one must not even do wrong when one is wronged, which most people regard as the natural course.’ Not everyone who aspires to high mindedness can choose to be so calm and in command of his senses.The average citizen would not accept the State’s sentence of death without some stirring of rebellion. Socrates on the other hand says,’ If you cannot persu
Abstract Teen pregnancy has become common due to various reasons that explain the nature of parenting, education, and socialization in modern societies. The need to identify with groups, curiosity, peer pressure, parental negligence, and bad role models contribute to the increase of teen pregnancies. Emile Durkheim explained that deviance is important in society because it enables people to understand each other and promotes order. The author presented different roles of bad behavior in personality development. Definition Teen pregnancies refer to conceptions that occur in individuals that are under 20 years of age. These pregnancies are common because the church and society have failed to play their roles to ensure this problem is eliminated (Gale 2010). This discussion explores various issues about teen pregnancies and how society and church address this issue. The church has failed to offer its followers lessons to ensure they abstain from sexual activities. This has led to the prevalence of teen pregnancies because youths do not perceive this to be a serious issue in their lives (Lindsay 2012). Therefore, the lack of proper religious teachings has promoted premarital sexual affairs and led to the prevalence of early pregnancies. Also, modern churches offer forums where youths go out for camps and other activities. They meet and exchange ideas and later find themselves in secluded places, and this increases their chances of having intimate affairs. It is necessary to explain that religious youth camps have been converted into meeting places for youths to establish relationships (Gale, 2010). Moreover, parents show bad examples to their children, and religious leaders have forgotten their responsibilities of shaping the behavior of their followers. Some church leaders have been caught in compromising situations with members of the opposite sex, and this becomes a bad example for youths. Lastly, some Christians do not respect the sanctity of marriage and their families. They commit adultery and defile minors, yet their leaders do nothing to show their disappointments. Therefore, youths follow suit, and this leads to an increase in cases of early pregnancies (Lindsay 2012). Modern churches hardly provide moral and spiritual support to teenagers to ensure they do not engage in premarital sex. The society has failed to produce responsible individuals, and this has led its followers to deviant behavior. The absence of strict rules to guide the relationships of youths has led them to believe that they can do anything they want and go unpunished. Therefore, they have resorted to engaging in secret sexual activities, and some of them get pregnant during these escapades. Also, parents have neglected their roles in guiding and counseling children about sex. Most teenagers engage in bad activities because there is nobody to educate them about abstinence and the role of sex in relationships (Gale 2010). Moreover, drug and substance abuse has become part of teenagers’ daily routines. They use drugs and attend entertainment joints that promote pornography, and this motivates them to engage in sexual activities. The society has permitted busin
Practical life classes help children acquire skills they will need in their everyday life. To ensure the effectiveness of the class, it is essential to set up an effective practical life area. The principles for choosing materials for the area include being safe, close to life, easy to use, and available. Gestwicki (2016) notes that the materials should be as close to live as possible because practical life classes should not be associated with the creative art area. Children should be able to recognize objects that they are likely to see in their homes. Of course, all the items should be safe (safe materials should be used, no hazardous forms, and so on) (Whitebread, Dawkins, Bingham, Rhodes, & Hemming, 2015). Finally, each child should have the necessary number of items to complete a variety of tasks. One of the major most important characteristics of practical life exercises is simplicity and the proper instruction. Isaacs (2014) stresses that these exercises should be simple enough for children to feel competent and successful. The complexity of exercises increases steadily as children acquire various skills to complete easy tasks. It is also vital to make sure that the teacher provides clear and detailed instructions for children to be able to perform the task. For example, the teacher tells and shows how exactly to use a spoon with a focus on the way to hold it and fill it. It is important to explain to parents the importance of having a practical life area in the classroom. The teacher can say that practical life classes develop important skills as well as a sense of responsibility, motor skills, and independence (Isaacs, 2013). The teacher should also point out that the area is needed to make sure that children know exactly how to use some objects and how to complete some important tasks. Some parents may say that their children can do all those things, but the teacher should stress that there can never be too much practice. More so, a child can learn about different methods of doing simple tasks, which is important for the development of problem-solving skills as well as motor skills and confidence (Isaacs, 2013). A task of sewing a button will be divided into several phases. First, children will practice size sorting. It is necessary to use buttons of different sizes.
Drozd and Clinch (2016) make it quite clear that in spite of the inclusion philosophy that has been promoted in nursing over the past few decades, the needs of patients with learning disabilities have been ignored, at best, and misinterpreted, at worst. The portrayal of the issues that the target members of the population have when accessing healthcare services can be viewed as the most convincing and a very well put together element of the research. Thus, the authors specify the dents in the current nursing approach toward people with learning disabilities (PLD). Much to the authors’ credit, they identify the effects that the current framework has on every single aspect of the patients’ lives. In addition, various implications for the nursing facilities, including the legal ones, are detailed. It could be argued that Drozd and Clinch (2016) could have used a better focus on the outcomes that the strategy proposed by them is going to have on the well-being of the patients, as well as on the functioning of the nursing facilities. Moreover, although the idea of using auxiliary services seems very sensible, the tools for making the change and transferring to a new quality level have not been identified. Despite several problems in the overall design of the strategy that can be used to improve the nursing services for PLD, Drozd and Clinch (2016) make a very valid point by stressing the significance of a change in the focus of the services. Isolating the needs of the target audience and tending to them so that PLD could receive the necessary support is a necessity at present, as it will create prerequisites for designing new therapy approaches. Serving as a link between the community and the patients with disabilities, disability liaison nurses (DLN) can be considered of crucial significance in the therapy process, research by Gates and Snooden (2013) states. The authors insist that the outcomes of their study point clearly to the need to introduce PLD to the services of DLN so that the learning process could occur at a faster pace and that the patients could become more active in their communication with their community members. To be more accurate, the liaison framework serves as the foil for the mental capacity processes to speed up; as a result, the related issues are resolved at a much faster pace. In addition, the forming of a liaison can be viewed as the prerequisite for implementing holistic care, which is crucial in the progress of PLD. The fact that Gates and Sooden (2013) focus on the effects that a comparatively recent approach has on the patients, as well as delineate the ways, in which it helps address the current issues in PLD care, can be considered a significant advantage. The authors of the study make it quite evident that the access-related problems that PLD typically have when searching for professional help can be easily avoided as long as the support of a DLN is provided to the identified patients. Moreover, the array of domains
Introduction Functionalism and Marxism school of thoughts often present conflicting views on the issue of crime and deviance. Marxism views crime and deviant behaviour as emanating from highly dysfunctional capitalistic societies while the functionalists view crime as positively impacting on the existing social system. These two theories approach crime as a broad social phenomenon that is embedded in existing social constructs. This essay analyzes the ideas held by both Marxists and Functionalist perspectives to crime and deviance and further attempts to apply these concepts in explanation of crime in modern societies. Also, the essay seeks to explain why people commit crimes in reference to a social and political transition, poverty, globalization of crime and state bureaucracy in order to evaluate the most effective conceptual approach to the explanation of crime. Marxist and Functionalist Perspective on Crime and Deviance The functionalist theory originated from Emile Durkheim who viewed crime as an inherent and inevitable component in all societies (Stevens 1). Emile Durkheim emphasized the relationship between social structure and social problems and claimed that crime would continue to persist in society as long as the society was functioning normally. The functionalist view holds that crime serves several functions in society inclusive of; criminals acting as social agents of change, drawing attention to social ills persisting in society, labelling social norms among other functions (Vito et al. 145). In contrast, Marxism views propose that crime results from persistent injustices in the social order which results in oppression and exploitation of the poor consequently triggering criminal activities in the society (Walsh & Hemmens 208). Marxism criminology emphasizes conflict among the socioeconomic classes which has led to the emergence of crime as an expression of the individual struggle against unjust social conditions. Therefore, while the Marxist perspective aims at unveiling the reasons as to why the criminal system is biased towards the ruling class, the functionalists’ perspective seeks to explain why crime is an integral part of a healthy functioning society. Crime and Transition to Democracy Political and social transformation is often associated with rising incidences of crime especially when it occurs rapidly causing sudden and unprecedented restructuring of social institutions. The transition to democracy heavily influences the rates of crime as the institutions of social control undergo changes. As a result, new opportunities for the commission of crimes open up leading to increased cases of crime in society. There exists a very close relationship between politics and crime in South Africa. The rise in crime was especially evident in the 90s when the country was in the process of political transition. The country has further recorded dramatic increases in the number of organized crimes in the re
Introduction This paper presents a critical analysis of the movie “Elizabeth I “produced by Shekhar Kapur, 1998 in UK (Kapur 2005). The film is also known as “The Virgin Queen”. It is imperative to note that the movie portrays the early years and reign of Queen Elizabeth I (Kapur 2005). The author of this movie portrays the Queen as a character who has remarkable skills in leadership. On that note, this paper will examine how effective leadership has been portrayed in the movie. Through a careful review of literature and reflection from the movie, this paper will also seek to portray how a chosen leader should demonstrate effective leadership. A critical analysis of the movie The film “Elizabeth I” is visually interesting as it unfolds by portraying the creation of the Virgin Queen. This makes the movie to appear more fictitious rather than one that highlights the history of Queen Elizabeth (Schumann 2012, p. 24). In the movie, the events began in 1554 during the reign of Elizabeth’s half sister. It commences by exhibiting excellent performance whereby Elizabeth is portrayed as a real woman ready to face impending challenges to establish her reign. Notably, the author develops other characters such as William Cecil and Francis who were the Queen’s main protectors (Schumann 2012, p. 30). These characters help her to struggle to power. Notably, the author of the film uses other characters to enhance historical accuracy and, to develop themes such as romance and melodrama within the scene (Kapur 2005). As the plot develops, the author portrays huge divisions that existed in the 16 th century in Europe (Gillett 1999, p. 2). These divisions result due to religious differences and wealth. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth is being portrayed as a pragmatic leader due to her performance regardless of the religious and political divisions. As a ruler, she faces numerous challenges including a chronic coup plotted to overthrow her reign. It is important to note that the movie depicts dramatization of how the Queen succession took place and also captures the adventures that occurred some years after her reign (Schumann 2012, p. 34). Several years after her reign, the Catholics and Protestants were in conflict, a factor that made the Queen to be excommunicated. At this time, she allows Judaism though it was outlawed by the realm where the largest proportion of the population England was Catholics (Gillett 1999, p. 13). It is evident that the conflicts marked a turning point for the Queen where she tireless influenced the Roman Catholic leaders to allow religious settlement (Kapur 2005). From this point, one can argue that the Queen was very liberal and opposed religious prejudices. Still in the scene, the issue of marriage has been addressed. Notably, most individuals perceive it as a preoccupation for success (Schumann 2012, p. 34). In the movie, the Queen deals with numerous marriage proposals though she fall in deep dilemmas on whom to be in love with. For instance, she could not get married to a foreigner since she would end up handing over her country’s rule to the foreigner (Kapur 2005). She even feared that
The article being discussed is titled “Functional and dysfunctional conflicts in retailer-supplier relationship” which was published in the ‘International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management ,’ volume 39, issue 1, covering pages 25- 50. This article was authored by Lionel Bobot in 2011. The purpose of the journal is to identify the relationship between the quality of supplies provided to an organization, and the management of conflicts between retailers and suppliers. The hypothesis of the paper is that conflicts between retailers and suppliers cause the supply of low quality materials. The methodology applied to collect data included the use of interviews and questionnaires. Data was collected in France in 2009, where 320 retailers were used as samples. The retailers who accepted to complete the questionnaires were 131. The collected data was analyzed using the two-step approach as suggested by Gerbing and Anderson in LISREL 8.3. The survey established that there is a positive correlation between functional conflicts, and the relationship between retailers and suppliers. The journal has limitation in that conflicts between retailers and suppliers might result to other aspects which are not related to quali