ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Religious, social, political, and economic characteristics of China between 500 and 1400 C.E. The period between 500 and 1400 C. E. has become the epoch of numerous inventions and breakthroughs that have changed the lives of the ordinary Chinese people for the better as well as turmoil caused by military conquers. During this time, China has seen many qualitative political, economic, and religious changes. First of all, I would like to point out that during this period in history the country witnessed the rise and the fall of four dynasties – the Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.), the Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.), the Song Dynasty (907-1279 C.E), and the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 C.E.). Each of them has brought shifts to the life of the ordinary Chinese people that affected all spheres of their lives. The Sui Dynasty, for example, renewed the imperial rule in the country and contributed to constructing the Grand Channel connecting Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers 1 . The Tang Dynasty encouraged the development of the transportation and communication system and the rise of agriculture. The Song Dynasty focused on strengthening the centralization of the government. This period was fruitful for the Chinese economic life. First of all, the construction of the Grand Channel added to the country’s trade potential as it became easier to deliver goods to different parts of the country. Moreover, there were efforts to build the developed road and postal system and expanding the travellers’ interest in China putting up inns and traveller stops. In addition, the rise of agriculture, numerous innovations in manufacturing, and invention of paper money greatly contributed to the trading potential of the country 2 . One should also remember about the beneficial geographic position of China located on the Silk Road, one of the most dynamic trade routes, which added to the economic might. Speaking of the social life, China during this period witnessed the expansion of the cities and the rise of the urbanization processes caused by the agricultural revolution. The Chinese people also enjoyed the outburst in the development of entertainment sphere including theatres, restaurants, music, poetry, and craft shops. The political system of this period saw changes, as first, the Sui dynasty focused on imperialism and later the Song Dynasty strived for building up centralization. Trade, economy, social and political life were not the only areas of life that witnessed drastic changes. Religion was not an exception. It should be mentioned that since the beginning of the Chinese history, Buddhism that was brought to China by the merchants travelling along the Silk Road was acknowledge
Foreign Direct Investment is defined as an investment of a resident in a foreign company. The resident should however have a lasting and considerable interest in the management of the foreign company. In most cases, an investor should have more than 10% of the stock value or voting shares. Flows relating to Foreign Direct Investment are chiefly divided into three forms that is, equity capital, intra-companies loan and reinvested earnings. Investors normally invest in the assets of foreign countries hoping that they will benefit from high interest rates, low inflation rates, as well as favorable political environment (Cutler, & Zacher, 1992). A transnational Company has a parent company based in home country and one or more foreign affiliates based in foreign countries, commonly referred by scholars as host countries. Foreign affiliates are further divided into three categories based on the level of interest held by investors. A subsidiary is a direct investment enterprise based in a foreign country in which an investor claims either 50% or more of the direct investment enterprise’s equity. Therefore, a non-resident owning 50% or more of a direct investment enterprise voting shares will most likely have considerable influence on direct investment enterprise management. An associate is a direct investment enterprise based in a host country in which an individual or institutional investor owns at least 10% but not more than 50% of the voting powers of the direct investment enterprise. Voting powers is normally derived from equity shares one holds in a given incorporated enterprise, although at times partnerships and sole proprietorships may have equivalent voting powers. On the other hand, a branch is an unincorporated direct investment enterprise in which an investor has full control over its operations. A branch, which is located in a host country, operates entirely using the name of its investor. It is put up for one or more years with the intention of producing certain goods or services. A branch is also subjected to income tax and tax exemptions. Strategies used in Entering a Foreign Country Direct foreign investments find their way in the host country economy via diverse strategies such as joint ventures, merger, acquisition, expansion investment, as well as Greenfield investment. A joint venture refers to a situation where two or more parties make a contractual agreement in which they agree to share losses and profits of a business. They also agree to share capital formation and all costs associated with operating expenses. Joint ventures are normally formed for purposes of accomplishing certain objectives upon which the contract is terminated. In most cases, no new legal entity is created for purposes of undertaking joint activities. Mergers are created by two companies, which agree to operate as a single entity as opposed to operating separately. Acquisition is a transaction that frequently takes place at the market where one firm acquires part or entire assets and liabilities of another firm. The acq
In recent years, the American labor movement has suffered a loss of political influence. Many observers, such as Garin and Molyneux, had significant impact on labor’s political strategy when they argued a decade ago that labor should change the way that unions sought to affect politics. Due to the two-party system, the labor movements face many challenges on the way to the successful strategies and tactics employed in the fight for a greater political influence. Previously, the power of labor movement was rather influential thus directing their work to elect those candidates all over the country and presenting their interest to legislative procedures. Nowadays, labor unions are under considerable pressure from the well financed governmental and local business organization that are determined to decrease the power of labor movement. In that regard, the labor organizations are searching for the new tactics to resist this pressure and involve more working class people in the political life of the country. According to the political surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center, the voter are divided into several categories, specifically, regular voters, intermittent voters, registered but rare voters, and unregistered voters. In the survey, the groups under consideration expressed their attitude to the elections, the extent of their interest in the voting campaigns presented by the candidates of the midterm elections in November, 2008. The result showed the unregistered and intermittent voter count together about 40% that is mostly the half of the American population. As a result, the guaranteed amount is only 35% among whom there mostly appear welfare people with a full-fledged family and a successful job. Especial consideration requires the intermittent voters who are still registered but are unlikely to acknowledge the eligibility of the elections and the candidates (Pew Research Center unpaged). The Pew Survey was also aimed at identified the behavior and basic life style of the voters and non-voters thus highlighting the interdependence of the results and the standards of living. Hence, the intermittent voters appeared to be bored with politics since the policy of the government pays little attentions the working class. It is should noted that this group of voters includes the young generation and those who are not married. To solve this problem, the Republicans and Democrats started working out strategies that would persuade the non-voters to participate the elections (Pew Research Center unpaged). The eternal fight of the workers for the national and political recognition could be traced in the history, beginning from the nineteenth centu
List the title and case citation in a proper legal format. MEAD V. HOLDER NO: 1:10-CV-00950 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 303 U.S. 444: Describe the facts of the legal case chosen According to plaintiffs in the case mentioned above, the amendment of the health care and education reconciliation act is unconstitutional. This act was enacted to enable the majority of Americans to access health care at a cheaper and affordable cost. On their part, the plaintiffs argue that contributing a minimum amount of cash for a health insurance policy whose failure could result in a cash penalty is unconstitutional. According to the act, the minimum amount is to be paid by each citizen to the Health Insurance Company to cater to health programs for the citizens (Hopkins, 2012). On the other hand, failure to contribute the minimum amount could result in a penalty of one U.S. dollar. Further, the plaintiffs argue that by paying the health insurance fund, they will not cope with their personal medical care. Further, the plaintiffs argue that they are in good health and would not require to have a medical cover because it is possible for them to cater to the medical bill if a need arises. Additionally, they argue that they do not qualify for the exemption of the affordable care act (ACA) and hence they may be required to pay for health beginning the year 2014. Consequently, none of the plaintiffs qualify for Medicaid and they have further stated that even if they were qualified for it, they would not take it. In view of this, the plaintiffs believe that the federal government does not have the power to force anyone to pay for the policy or even impose a penalty for non-compliance (Hopkins, 2012). Additionally, they argue that by the year 2020, they could have a hard time paying for the policy because this may call for an adjustment of their fiscal policy which may affect their spending. Further, the plaintiffs argue that the policy contradicts their religious beliefs because they believe that God is the provider of all their needs. Additionally, they argue that this could mean that they will have to ask God to provide an extra financial back up in order for them to cater for the medical cover. Describe the issues of the legal case The United States passed a law that requires every citizen to take a medical cover failure to which one could be entitled a penalty. In connection to this, the plaintiffs went to the court to seek for amendment of the law because they find this unconstitutional. The plaintiffs argue that the cover could make them go against their religious beliefs. Connectively, they believe that God is the sole provider of everything. Connectively, it means that they have to pledge to God so that he could give them extra cash to cater for the cover th
Changing a flat tire must be a requirement for those who have cars or those who drive cars since in certain unfortunate situations one must have to act to do the thing unless one chooses another to do it. Not being a very enjoyable thing to do, yet one must do it. It could happen sooner or later to anyone; one must at least be prepared for the contingency. In case getting a flat tire happens at the most unfortunate time such as when one is in a hurry, a person who knows how to do it has more options than those who cannot. In fact, some say that it is a skill that must be learned before a person reaches 30 years of age. 1 This is however not to disregard the reality for some lucky owners who may have availed of a warning system for their flat or low-pressure tires as they could always avoid this unpleasant event. In this case, a driver may avoid this unpleasant process, by calling for assistance. As an added skill, it would seem there is a great advantage of really knowing how to change a flat tire. Before one starts out it is practical to have the car thoroughly serviced before making a road trip where special attention should be given to tires considering that they could make or unmake one’s trip. This could be done by cautiously examining any spot so that risky tires must be changed into new ones even before the trip. This is with the wisdom that starting out safe is always better than having changed it later in the middle of nowhere especially in the case of long-distance travel. A wise car owner must know when his tires will not be used for long. This could do by knowing how long has the last change of new tires was done. It must be made clear that one attempting to do this activity should be familiar with the set of tools that are used for a tire change. These tools include a
Defining Leadership Being a leader requires a set of personal characteristics that allow individuals to lead other people towards a particular either organizational or individual goal. Some scientists believe that a number of specific traits result in leadership success (Yasir et al., 2016). Conversely, according to Jankurova et al. (2017), the past year’s studies have displayed that an individual who did not possess the examined leadership traits could still act as an effective leader. In addition, the most persuasive argument of Kleefstra (2019) states that there are at least 658 types of leadership mentioned in the academic sources from 2013 to 2018. This fact suggests that each particular type of leadership significantly depends on the organization’s type and individual’s personality traits. Therefore, there is no unique definition of “leadership” or “leader” since these topics are subjective and can be described from a variety of sides. A Leader Academic sources outline several steps of identifying a leader. For instance, a leader can appear in a group by building leader-follower relationships with the rest of the team (Raisiene, 2018). Referring to the words of Jankurova et al. (2017), leadership is defined as a set of behavioral activities that direct a group to the mutually desired goal. From my perspective, a true leader has substantial knowledge and competitive professional experience, strong values and beliefs, management capabilities, and humane characteristics. Furthermore, I think that the best practice to identify a leader is the one that is used in some Japanese companies (Yamamoto & Lloyd, 2019). Therefore, each worker must pass all hierarchical positions before becoming a top-level to correctly use the delegated authority, mentor the whole team, and create a vision and mission that suit the organizational perspective. These leaders encourage and direct the followers to achieve a required goal by outlining the best “behaviors and attitudes needed” (Yasir et al., 2016, p.1). It should be noted that this approach is similar to nursing manager Elizabeth’s example, who, when necessary, realized the responsibilities of other employees. Leader in the workplace On close analysis and appraisal, leadership is subjective and does not have any exact definition. However, leaders can identify themselves in a particular situation which may require leading and directing a group. Above all, I agree that a leading position does not mean a leader, since people should be considered by their traits and actions despite the current job status. In conclusion, it is more important to analyze an individual’s professional characteristics, experience, and personal
Introduction The cost of products is linked to the amount of food waste a food establishment generates. Therefore, the practice of cutting down the associated costs can improve the situation with food waste. The hospitality industry needs to set reachable goals and make small changes to obtain visible results. This essay dwells on the ways to curtail food costs to ensure better performance of dining establishments. Main body The first step is to incorporate a consistent calculation of product costs. The management needs to identify inventory, the cost of goods sold, and food cost percentage ( How to Reduce Food Costs in Your Restaurant ). The inventory should be checked regularly and at the same time of the day, for example, in the morning. A coherent budgeting and inventory approach will help price menu items accurately. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate and compare the prices of suppliers and distributors in the market. There is always an opportunity to establish partnerships and order products directly from suppliers. When a partnership is set up, the management can ask for discounts or special conditions. The utilization of seasonal food can scale down the costs significantly. Food prices on seasonal ingredients fluctuate, so tracking improves pricing policy. Hence, it is also reasonable to adjust the menu per the availability of the local produce. Another option is to adopt zero-waste tools and think creatively about food scraps (Costa). Finally, the staff of the food establishment has to be prepared and trained to follow the guidelines. Conclusion To conclude, the reduction of food costs requires a commitment to action and flexibility. Financial calculations and budgeting should be the basis of the whole process. It is essential to understand how the food market works and find reliable suppliers. Human capital is a valuable asset that should be employed to decrease costs. The personnel can be trained and encouraged to be creative in the cooking process. As a result, this creativity will become an outstanding characteristic of the dining establishment. Works Cited Costa, Kristen. Five Ways To Control Restaurant Food Costs. Upserve. 2016. Web. “How to Reduce Food Costs in Your Restaurant.” Webstaurant Store. 2019. Web.
Strategic management involves an organization’s analysis of their objectives, formulating strategies that involve both internal and external situations, implementing and evaluating the strategies, and finally making adjustments as necessary to stay on track. Strategic planning is a key discipline that organizations should not overlook especially in the present highly competitive business environment, budget-oriented or forecast-based planning methods are insufficient if a large firm has to prosper. Strategic management involves a number of steps which include: mission and objectives, environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, evaluation, and control. (Schonberg, R. 122) Since an organization’s success can be described better by analyzing closely its internal and external strengths and weaknesses we shall take an example of the Airbus Company that began as a consortium of aerospace manufactures and with the purpose of strengthening European cooperation in the field of aviation technology and thereby promoting economic and technological progress in Europe, to take appropriate measures for the joint development and production of an airbus. Airbus Company has its objectives based on financial aspects which include: measuring sales and earnings growth. These objectives are related to the firm’s business position and reputation. (Hollinger, Peggy; Done, Kevin, page 1, 14) To understand and analyze the strategic management we shall consider the internal analysis of the Airbus company to help in identifying a firm’s strengths and weaknesses and the external analysis reveals opportunities and threats. This analysis is referred
Summary Health promotion has always been important for the needs of the community (Nnakwe, 2009). As Hitchcock, Schubert and Thomas stress, “The concepts of heath promotion, health protection, and disease/injury prevention are crucial ones in relation to understanding the mission of public health and, thus, community health nursing” (Hitchcock, Schubert & Thomas, 2003, 14). In the given paper, my experience at Woolworth is being discussed. By observing the ways in which a healthy lifestyle was promoted to the local community, I managed to learn valuable lessons about the way a community works, the means to promote health to the community, and the variety of marketing tools. My Observations As a means to become more informed on the means to enhance a healthier lifestyle in a community, the Woolworth experience is definitely worth its weight in gold. Learning about both the community health problems and the way in which an organization can help solve these problems, the given project was a real revelation. In addition, it was rather peculiar to see observe the way in which people make choices based on the means with the help of which they are being marketed to (Fenske, 2008). What I Did To learn the significance of health promotion for Woolworth among its clientele, it was required to evaluate the quality of the food offered in the shop as well. With such barometers of food quality as the ratio of fast food and liquor to the number of healthier food products, an objective evaluation of the health promotion importance is possible. Considering the range of products that the Woolworth shop offers, one must admit that not all of the brands offered by the shop owner can be considered a perfect choice for a healthy diet. As it has been mentioned above, the Woolworth shop offers not only liquor, but also a range of fast food, which brings the rates of healthy dieting among the local population down and, in its turn, increases the rates of such disorders as obesity and heart issues. Therefore, to learn the importance of promoting healthy eating habits to a community, considering the range of goods sold in the Woolworth store was enough. It would be wrong, however, to claim that the experience at the Woolworth has contributed to shaping a solely negative opinion concerning the effects of its business on the neighborhood. Considering some of the marketing techniques that the Woolworth uses, such as attracting more customers owing to clever advertisement strategy, as well as the fact that the Woolworth chain offers not only food but also a variety of other products, some of which are related to as the “beauty and Health” merchandise. Therefore, the given experience has contributed to understanding not only the necessity to promote health in the community but also how addressing health affects marketing strategies and buyers’ behavior (Kolter & Armstrong, 2010). How I Felt about What I Did The significance of health promotion becomes especially clear and at the