ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mass communication involves the transfer of information to a large number of people through various types of media such as internet, television, and newspapers. The concept of mass communication is based on the idea of information exchange from one person to another. The media greatly influences the way people undertake their day to day commitments (Baran and Davis 35). The relationship between the media and the audience seems to be influenced by the changes that occur in the former. The emergence of digital media is the main change that appears to shift the balance between the media and the audience (Dewdney and Ride 253). It is evident that the media serves a crucial role in the society and the changes that occur in it have a great impact on the audience. The mass media, in particular, is seen as a group of media organizations. The media organizations are known for their ability to send mediated information through various channels, mainly television and radio. The information sent through mass communication is organized according to the mass media industries such as books and newspapers. The information sent through mass communication also must conform to subsidiary industries that carry out public relations and advertisement practices. This is one of the facts that affect the balance of the power, which resides in the relationship between the media and the audience (Baran and Davis 262). The mass media platforms also affect the society through many ways. Their limited number and vastness of the available mass media imply that just a few individuals can make decisions on the kind of content that is transmitted through mainstream media. Since the information is meant for a large population, it should not be regulated by just a handful of people. In addition, the fact that the information is produced in a large-scale implies that such information can have mass persuasion on its audience. Although mass production and mass persuasion can be used by a company to control market trends such as competition in a particular industry, it is used by a few organizations to create monopolies in certain sectors (Chaffee and Metzger 366). The vulnerability of the audience is considered one of the main issues that result from the inability to regulate media institutions effectively. The problem seems to be worsened by the emergence of industrialization. The audiences, especially those of the mass media, do not have the power to resist the kind of information that is dispensed by media messages. The audiences of mass media are considered dependent and powerless. It is believed that mass media is likely to continue exploiting the audiences since they do not have an alternative source where they can obtain the information they need (Chaffee and Metzger 366). Mass communication also influences the audience through obtrusion. Mass media, such as television and radio, are unprecedented and conspicuous. This problem emanates from the pervasive effect of broadcast media. The fact that broadcast media reaches audiences right in their homes makes it difficult for them to control the consequences it has
Introduction The aging process is an inevitable part of human existence and all individuals who live to grow old, experience this process. The science dealing with the process of aging is termed ‘gerontology’ and this science tries to elucidate the factors and details of the process of aging. Gerontology is thus associated with the elderly and the physical and psychological changes which occur in their bodies, due to old age. Main body However, this process may not be uniform for all persons and there may be variations in the aging process of individuals, depending on the lifestyle and diet. The aging process is also highly impacted by hereditary factors and it is interesting to note that while some individuals may age faster, others may not show signs of aging at the same pace, nevertheless, the basic signs of aging are apparent among a majority of elderly persons. Many of the elderly persons above the age of sixty-five years have the “activity of daily living limitation” disability, while a percentage of three percent is completely disabled. Many chronic diseases including hypertension, diabetes, arthritis and hearing problems, and heart problems are commonly prevalent in the elderly (Aging America, 1985-86). As people age, they begin to give less attention to their health and well-being, which sometimes results in severe problems at the physical and psychological levels. Growing old and aging is a natural process of the human body and one which is inevitable. Thus, there are innumerable changes that take place in the body which lead to degradation of health. This science which deals with the aging process of getting old is termed gerontology. As people grow older, there is deterioration in their health, and sometimes the wrong diets and activities can lead to further degradation in their health leading to several deficiency diseases. The most visible changes which occur among the elderly are the sagging of skin and loss of hair. Skin pigmentation could also result in a change of skin color. With the increase in age, they sometimes tend to exercise less, which also reduces their rate of metabolism and could also result in weight gain. The gain in weight initiates many problems, with the reduced level of immunity in the weak bodies of the elderly. The aging process brings about internal bodily changes that also occur in the bodies and the bones of the elderly become fragile, due to the loss and insufficiency of calcium in their bodies. This commences physical problems like degeneration of the bones and subsequent problems like fractures. Certain other changes also occur in the bodies of the aging adults including a loss in eyesight and hearing abilities. Cataracts and glaucoma are some of the common eye problems faced by aging elderly persons. Loss of vision is
Introduction America, or the USA, can be easily considered one of the richest and most powerful nations in the world. Combining its vast natural resources, economic and political prowess, as well as a vast external influence, the country is both well known and widely regarded by others. It was chosen as the target of this research primarily for two reasons, the first being the availability of varied data on the country’s condition, and the second being its importance in the global sphere. By analyzing a country of such magnitude, further insight into some of the modern business practices can be found, and many problems faced by less developed areas are simply avoided. In terms of its general position in the world, America can boast of its sizeable territory, vast resources, and technological advancement. In today’s world, America is largely regarded as a trendsetter; a powerful force others have to account for and actively regard in their operation. The US market fluctuations affect the global economy and bring both challenges and profits to other countries. In terms of its business and production, the country is very active in exploiting the natural resources it has been provided with, taking advantage of new-age machinery and technological power to reach its goals. The levels of CO2 pollution are high, among the highest in the world. While the current environment exploitation and extraction methods are largely harmful to the environment, the country is slowly striving for a more sustainable model of operation. The United States has a rather large population, being well known for the diversity of its people and the cultural variety found in each of its states. The religious, cultural, historical, and ethnic background of every American territory is vastly unique, and in many cases, must be taken into account to more accurately evaluate the state of the country. The population boasts a high education level, with literacy rates being reflective of its status as a developed nation. The experts in America are highly qualified and professional, often being sent overseas to support various businesses and companies. In terms of business organization, development, and growth, the country can be considered a trendsetter by many standards. The practices USA organizations use are later adopted into general practice, discussed, and set as an example to others. An unprecedented number of companies are started there every year, which then expand and conquer other markets in their stride to perform better. With all of the above being true, the country faces a variety of different problems, each of them being rooted in long-standing unsolved or overlooked problems. The country can often be found economically unstable, largely due to the problems in its political sphere. In addition, many businesses might find working here to be an impossibility due to the lack of accommodations and regulations put in place. While large and existing corporations can find significant benefits both to their operation and business relations by settling in America, smaller businesses have difficulty both staying
Sickle Cell Anemia is a disorder that normally increases blood thickness hence affects the smooth flow of blood. This is caused by the destruction of red cells where the normal shape of red cell becomes a stiff sickle shape. As a result, sufficient oxygen does not reach the vital organs. A vaso-occlusive crisis arises from hindrance of blood circulation by sickle shaped blood cells. It is characterized by sturdy pains and in some cases; it may cause permanent organ damage. This paper seeks to formulate a nursing diagnosis, as well as a plan of care that includes nursing interventions and the methods to be used to evaluate whether the interventions are successful (American Sickle Cell Anemia Association, 2010). Nursing diagnosis is a clinical assessment of health problems experienced by a family or an individual and their response to this health problem. It helps in determination of interventions that are to be put in place so as to realize the desired outcome. This diagnosis enables the nurse to come up with a care plan for the patient (National Institute of Health, 2002). In this case, the nursing diagnosis is probably a sickle cell crisis and the possibility of shift in self perception that is linked to the notion of being different from peers. Outlined herein, are some of the interventions with their rationale and outcomes. Firstly, Maya and the family should be encouraged and helped to alternate the intervals of resting and activity. The rationale is that this could help their bodies reduce the demand for oxygen and hence reduce their hypoxia level. Maya should also be assisted in taking deep breath movements and mild body turning exercises. The rationale behind procedure is that it promotes chest expansion, which boosts the circulations of secretions thus reducing the risks of blood clotting (Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, n.d.). The outcome is that the patient’s family will know the precautions to be taken and the strenuous activities to be avoided for them to keep fit. Another intervention is to encourage Maya and her family to take sufficient fluids, like eight glasses per day. The rationale is to keep the body well hydrated to prevent or reduce viscosity of blood so as to have proper circulation. Here the outcome is that the concerned people will know the amount and the exact fluids to be taken (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007, p. 648). Another intervention is to monitor Maya’s respiratory rate, the rationale being indicators of sufficient respiratory process. There is also need for the nurse to be around several times in a day in order to monitor the patient’s cardiac regularity. Rationale: changes of cardiac rhythm could imply the effects of hypoxia on cardiovascular. Also the nurse should analyze reports of chest pains and occurrence of fatigu
The following is a research paper on Philosopher Confucius. The paper is divided into several sections. These sections includes the reason why I selected Philosopher Confucius, Confucius history and contributions to philosophy, key philosophies/Main concepts of Confucianism, how these concepts apply to our society both professionally and personally and a conclusion there from. The following are the main reasons as to why I decided to do a research paper on Philosopher Confucius; Confucius was more interested in personal morality i.e. the Confucian school of thought was based on personal moral behaviors. Confucius advocated for morality in the society as a means for peaceful coexistence among people. Confucianism connected personal behavior elements with the principles that governed institutions. Confucius argued that leaders should lead by example. He explained that there is a close connection between one’s moral virtue and proper governing. According to him, moral virtue is the only means of ensuring that there is order in the society. Confucius believed that governing is entirely dependent on personal rectification. Once a leader has rectified him or her, then he or she is capable of rectifying others. Confucius gives the example of founding fathers of Chou dynasty as models that are able to govern well due to the fact that they have already rectified themselves (Eng, 2004, P.22). The other reason as to why I selected Confucius Philosopher is because Confucius supported strong family loyalty. Confucius regarded family as the foundation for an effective government. Confucius was thus in support of strong family ties, respect for the elderly and above all, he favored ancestor worship. According to Confucius, wives are supposed to respect their husbands and the husbands are bound to treat their companions well. The young should never disrespect the old i.e. older people should be respected by their younger counterparts. Confucius argued that family loyalty was ideal as far as government is concerned. He
Abstract Culture shock results when a person finds it challenging to adapt to a new culture. If not managed, culture shock can lead to low productivity among staff and even health complications and stress. Globalization has enhanced international trade and increased the frequency of employee movements around the world and having to adjust to the local culture. This calls for such workers to recognize ways by which they can cope with culture shock. Strategies of coping with culture shock include admitting that feelings arising from culture shock are normal, making friends with the locals, learning some elements of the local culture, maintaining close contact with family members and friends back home, participating in recreational and physical exercises, and looking all the positives of living in a new culture. All of these strategies all focus on embracing and understanding the local culture. Introduction Culture shock is a form of homesickness felt when a person moves into a foreign country or society that has a markedly different culture from his own. These differences are normally in the form of language, climate, social norms, sanitation, food, climate, and so on. Culture shock causes a difficulty in adjusting into the new culture characterized by nostalgia, loneliness, depression, mental fatigue, confusion as to how to proceed with work, boredom, and a lack of enthusiasm. In extreme instances, culture shock may lead to physical discomfort, withdrawal from social activities, eating disorders, stereotyping of and hostility towards locals, and irritability. Behavioral scientists have shown that culture shock occurs in various stages, each stage characterized by a set of symptoms mentioned above. The first stage is known as ‘honeymoon’ phase, followed by negotiation phase, then adjustment phase and finally the mastery phase. Today, the number of corporations with operations in various regions of the world continues to rise, thanks to globalization that has immensely promoted international business (Ferraro, 2010). As a result, employees are forced to move from country to country, meeting different cultures that are different from their own cultures by a large margin. For this reason, cross-cultural solutions to international business that aim at alleviating culture shock have been devised to help employees that have difficulties adjusting to other cultures, thereby increasing their productivity. Coping with Culture Shock Due to the adverse effects of culture shock on an employee working in a culture that is significantly different from his culture, it is vital that such employees are introduced to ways by which they can alleviate the effects of culture shock. The increasing number of employees working in foreign countries (expatriates) stresses the importance of training employees on how to cope with
Siddhartha Gautama Before becoming the Buddha, Prince Siddhartha Gautama has already thought deeply about the world around him. Being gentle and kind with all people and even animals, he could not understand why people suffered and felt pain. He wanted to leave home in order to find answers to his questions. To stop his son from thinking about it, King Suddhodana arranged for Siddhartha to be married to Princess Yasodhara, his own cousin. 1 They had a son, Rahula, however, the family did not retain the prince from traveling to realize why all living creatures suffered and how to escape suffering. 2 That is why one night, he asked his attendant to prepare the horse and went to see his sleeping wife and a newborn son for the last time regardless of the deep love he felt towards them. In general, the righteousness of Siddhartha’s action is evaluated in different ways depending on an ethical theory. This, according to the theory of consequentialism, the absence of his engagement in his child’s development may be regarded as right because due to his leave, he became the Buddha and helped a lot of people. At the same time, deontological ethics characterize Siddhartha’s decision as morally wrong regardless of his contribution to human history in the future. As a matter of fact, children from one-parent families may experience a lack of emotional and physical security and behavioral problems that lead to poor academic performance, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency. Thus, despite receiving good care as a member of a royal family, Rahula would be impacted by the absence of his father’s participation in his life. Abraham In Genesis 22, God tested Abraham’s obedience to Him asking to sacrifice Abraham’s only son, Isaac, on a mountain shown by God. The next morning, the man took his son and two servants and reached the place of worship. When Abraham made an altar, laid his son on it, and was ready to kill him with a knife, God stopped him and said “Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son.” 3 Thus, the son was replaced by a ram that was sacrificed. God called Abraham for a second time and promised that he will be awarded with numerous descendants. In general, it is highly difficult to define the ethical feasibility of Abraham’s action as multiple contexts should be taken into consideration. In the present day, the decision of a man to kill his son due to God’s call would be defined as totally immoral, unethical, and even illegal. It violates basic human rights and the principles of humanity. In addition, the righteousness of belief in God who supports and asks for sacrificial offerings raises multiple concerns as well. At the same time, from religious and cultural perspectives, this deed may be understood and interpreted in another way. First of all, an attitude to children at the time of Abraham differed from a modern one, and child sacrifice to demonstrate sincerity and ask g
Introduction Strategic human resource management is an attempt to integrate different functions of human resources in order to achieve a common goal. All human resources functions should be geared towards achieving the goals of an organization. Strategic human resource management has various advantages which include improving business performance, developing a company’s organizational culture, enhancing creativity and innovation in the business, and puts an organization at a competitive advantage (Boxall, 1992). Strategic human resource management process involves incorporation of various human resource functions in the development and implementation of a company’s strategic goals and objectives. The various human resource functions that can be incorporated in the formulation of strategic goals include rewarding personnel, recruiting, staffing and training (Fombrun et al, 1984). This essay is going to evaluate the various major factors a human resource manager should consider while undertaking strategic human resource management. Discusion Background information There are various pertinent and important issues that arise during the entire process of strategic human resource management. Such issues, if well handled, can be of great importance to a business. On the contrary, if such issues are not well handled, the business is likely to face a threat of collapse due to waste of resources and low competitive advantage status (Truss & Gratton, 1994). Some of the major issues that a Human resource manager should consider in strategic human resource management include shape and organizational structure, development and training of employees, job evaluation, remuneration strategy, and managing individual performance (Billsberry et al, 2005). Shape and organizational struct
It is acknowledged that spirituality and religion play a significant role in treating older adults. These patients often reflect on their lives, but they do not usually share their concerns about the search for meaning, religion, or spirituality if not asked, so it is essential to help these people articulate and share their ideas and thoughts (Nelson-Becker, 2005). Two articles by Nelson-Becker (2005) and Nelson-Becker et al. (2007) are valuable sources for social workers who want to improve their skills in treating older patients since these works provide data of scientific research supported by many examples from real life. One of the main points considered is that spiritual assessment is a potent tool that any social worker should use (Nelson-Becker, 2005). It is important to make the patient understand what exactly religion and spirituality mean to him/her. The assessment will also help identify those domains which can be explored by the patient with the assistance of the social worker. It is also noted that the spiritual behavior of an older adult can find a way to help him/her cope with the difficulties he/she faces at present. Going to the church, attending services is meant for older people. For instance, Nelson-Becker (2005) claims that prayers often help patients find relief. Nelson-Becker et al. (2007) also state that prayer is often associated with belief and spirituality. Admittedly, social workers should take into account this information. Apart from this Nelson-Becker (2005) points out that it is important to consider social support when treating older adults. Social workers should identify what patients are waiting for from such support and who is the best “supporter” for them, in their point of view. It goes without saying that this is very valuable information since a social worker will be able to know what exactly to do to comfort older patients. I would like to point out that I was thinking about these issues before I read the articles. I understood that religion and spirituality can give many answers to older adult patients. Clearly, older patients need a specific approach where religion and spirituality play a central role. However, I must admit that my ideas were not properly outlined and I did not have the necessary experience to make sure I was correct in my assumptions. However, the articles under consideration have become a certain experience for me. Nelson-Becker provides results of scientific research that are supported by many facts from real life. The researcher gives a list of questions to be asked to identify the best ways to assist older adults. Admittedly, sometimes it