ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In spite of the powerful provisions of the Indian Act, there have been quite a several attempts to amend it. It appears that the provisions in the Act are rigid to the extent that it is not easy to execute amendments. The main opposition to reform has been emanative ng from the First Nations. There are diverging views within members of the First Nations. For example, there is a segment that thinks that the Act is both paternalistic and archaic. However, a small section of the First Nations prefers minimal amendments to the Act while others have proposed a complete overhaul of the legislation (Government of Canada, 2014). Abolishing the Act may not be the best option even if there is a need to safeguard treaties and inherent rights. It can be recalled that the Act was last amended comprehensively in 1951. Since then, quasi-judicial processes and court rulings have necessitated piecemeal amendments. It is indeed true that the Indian Act has its shortcomings just like any other constitutional document (Government of Canada, 2013). The limitations of the Act should first be identified before any changes can be made. Even the incremental reforms being agitated by the sectoral initiatives should be weighed properly against the initial aims of the Act. Opponents of the Indian Act argue that it is a very irrelevant piece of legislation since it is outdated and does not reflect the contemporary needs of Indian society in Canada. To some extent, such an assertion may be true bearing in mind that the Act came about as a result of wholesale consolidation of all the Indian laws into a single Act. The aboriginal people were never consulted for input (Government of Canada, 2013). When the Act was adopted, the aboriginal people had no voting rights. Therefore, it may be possible that several pieces of legislation were compiled against their will. The Indian Act subjected the aboriginal people to the loss of both national identity and natural resources. Although the Act contains several appealing clauses, it has faced myriads of oppositions and court battles over the years. The Act was probably misdirected even though the intentions were good. The introductory sections of the Act expound that the legislation is supposed to safeguard the interests of the Indians, including their resources (Government of Canada, 2014). It is evident that the Act was adopted with a positive intention. Also, the application of the Act was keenly monitored by Indian officials. Therefore, the main failure of the Act originated from the Canadian government. The latter did not assist the aboriginal
Mossad is the Israeli’s intelligence-gathering agency responsible for collecting information used in protecting the Israeli from external aggression. Headquartered in the city of Tel Aviv, this organization was established in 1951 to primarily gather intelligence and eliminate any form of threat to this nation. Israel, as a nation, was founded in 1948 by the United Nation to help settle the Jews who had suffered a lot in various parts of the world, especially in some parts of Europe, during the Second World War (Oren, Kfir, & Englesberg, 2014). The creation of the nation of Israel in the middle of the Arab world was strongly opposed by the neighboring countries. As such, the nation had many enemies that considered it an intruder that had to be eliminated to liberate the Arab world. On the other hand, the Israelites felt that this was their ancestral home and had all the rights to live in this region and protect themselves at all costs. Mossad, therefore, had to develop effective espionage tradecraft that would help ensure the survival of this nation. Mossad has eight departments each responsible for specific tasks to ensure that the country is protected. It is not clear how these eight departments operate. However, it is possible to outline the responsibility of this agency based on what they have done in the past. One of the primary roles of this agency is to collect intelligence both from its enemies and friends (Bar-Zohar, 2016). From the enemy, this agency tries to investigate the activities to determine if there is any form of threat that they should take care of before it harms the nation of Israel. When dealing with its enemies, Mossad uses its agents who infiltrate the camps of the enemies to collect information relevant to Israel. The agency sometimes uses the money to convince corrupt agents of the enemy camps to reveal important information that they need from the enemy (Vargo, 2015). When dealing with friends, Mossad would engage in consultations and collaborative intelligence gathering to collect the desired information. This agency sometimes resort to stealing information they need when they are left with the limited option of getting what they need Mossad is also responsible for counterterrorism activities, especially the threat posed by some of the neighboring countries such as Iraq, Iran, and Palestine. The agency uses some of the most advanced technologies to monitor the activities of the enemies and to determine if there are any preparations to attack the country (McGeough, 2013). Once it is detected that there is an attack either organized by a country or terror group, Mossad passes the information to the Israeli military unit to prepare for a counteroffensive attack or preemptive attack. Mossad is known to have conducted a number of hig
Introduction The expansion of globalization and cross-border trade and investment has led to complex interactions between businesses, financial institutions, investors, and governments. At times, relationships may break down, and parties have to consider the best means of resolving disputes, which in most cases is arbitration. International arbitration is common if it implicates international commercial interests and at the time of the conclusion of the agreement, their origin is in different states. 1 This paper discusses the two primary approaches to international commercial arbitration, seat theory and delocalization theory, in the context of the New York Convention 1958 and other relevant provisions guiding contemporary arbitration procedures. Seat Theory The seat theory is based on the concept that an arbitration is overseen by the legislation of the location where it is held, known as the ‘seat’ or forum of the arbitration, which is the underlying legal focus point of the dispute. This is the established practice of international commercial arbitration, influencing major international conventions such as the 1923 Geneva Protocol and the New York Convention 1958. 2 As stated in the New York Convention 1958, an award can be challenged “The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place”. 3 The seat of arbitration is undoubtedly critical as it establishes the governing law which is crucial for the protection of an arbitral award and its enforceability. The seat theory ultimately equates
The Publication Data, Structure, and Audience of the Article The article contains the following sections: Abstract; Introduction; Globalisation and Westernisation; Globalisation as the “Decline of the West”; Conclusion; References. It appears that the intended audience for this article is the scholarly community that studies the processes of globalization. On the other hand, the article is written in rather an easy language, and all the arguments, claims, and conclusions are described in a simple manner, which should make the article accessible to virtually any non-specialist who is interested in the topic. The Claim The author touches upon a number of issues in his article. First, he states that it is generally assumed that globalization is a process by which the cultural hegemony of the West, along with its economic dominance, is being spread around the world. Then, the author doubts this claim and, after analyzing the arguments for and against it, concludes that the process of globalization is more complex, that it does not necessarily entail the spreading of the Western cultural hegemony, and that it is not worth assuming that the current cultural domination of the West is going to last for a long period of time. The author states that the process of globalization is rather complex and multidimensional and that it unfolds in a number of realms of existence at the same time. It is also stressed that globalization might “unite” peoples by simply creating global factors that affect everyone, but this “structural unity” does not necessarily imply that some type of a global culture shared by all the peoples comes into existence. Therefore, the author argues, it is not necessarily correct to claim that globalization will, in any case, lead to westernization, and a more detailed critique of this phenomenon may be required. The Evidence To support his claim, the author provides evidence that is based on the current situation in the world. He, for instance, points out that the risks and benefits of globalization are distributed differently not only geographically but, importantly, among various social groups (gender, age, etc.) and classes (upper, middle, lower). Therefore, no single culture emerges as a result. Also, the Western culture does not come as a “package”; different aspects of it are adopted in different countries and classes and then adapted to the local culture; some values are resisted or plainly found weird. It is also suggested that “globalization” is not a “single,” continuous process; for instance, there is a difference between the bloody European colonial expansion and the soft “coca-colonization,” which also should be taken into account. The Article’s Effectiveness The article has a number of strengths. For instance, it explores the phenomenon of globalization by analyzing both the notion of globalization, the terms rel
The needs of seniors are critical as provided by Philadelphia Corporation for Aging (PCA). This is because environment affects people’s behaviours, health, feelings and productivity. Designing senior environments process should consider human-environmental interactions. As such, it involves maintenance, protection and restoration of environments to promote proper behaviours and good health. In addition, the environment should suit a diverse range of seniors such as those with Alzheimer’s and physical disabilities (Boyer 58). Based on Philadelphia reports, it is essential to consider facilities that can address the rising needs of seniors in the society. Therefore, the facilities should offer seniors an ideal environment to live through enhancement of health and well-being. Seniors have different needs in urban areas like Philadelphia. Initially, it is necessary to understand that seniors’ requirements are unique. In this case, seniors should have access to specific desires and spaces for social interactions. This implies that the environment should promote a sense of social relations between seniors and caregivers. Throuwgh this effort, seniors enjoy the convenience of a comfortable environment. Furthermore, the specifications of residential units are vital in maintaining safety of the seniors. Meanwhile, seniors desire to live in a serene environment. In this regard, seniors desire accessibility to natural daylight, attractive aesthetic colours, minimal noises and rough-textured floors. Such factors will enhance safety of the seniors, which boosts their health conditions (Cekic 63). It is important to improve the level of seniors’ privacy and dignity within the facility. The facility should offer residents their own rooms. In addition, the rooms should be installed with sinks, tubs, toilets and showers. On the other hand, spa-facilities should be included if they are feasible. This makes the facility Spartan, which serves the needs of the residents. Moreover, the residents feel a sense of privacy because of reduction in crowding. This is caused by the minimal interference of one’s activities. At the same time, this simulates the nature of privacy witnessed in homes. Seniors desire homelike settings in the facilities. This involves provision of facilities that are smaller but contain all the essential necessities. Unlike the traditional nursing homes with immense utilities, the facility should mimic the normal home setup. This is because seniors despise living in secluded institutions. Furthermore, the facility should not have large common dining rooms and living rooms. This implies that residents should relate in the facility as neighbours compared to admitted patients. As a result, the facility in the urban area will consider economies of scale while offering homelike conditions (Boyer 152). It is vital to introduce cordial design concepts amongst seniors. This creates a feeling of being at home rather than an institution. The facility that hosts seniors should be attractive and conducive. It is essential to utilize creativit
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory exerted such a powerful influence on multiple aspects of human life that its echo could be traced as far as in the literary fiction of the period characterized as literary Naturalism. One of the most innovative writers of his generation, the American novelist, short story writer, poet, and journalist Stephen Crane produced a series of works remarkable for their Naturalistic tendencies. Among those literary pieces, Crane’s short story “The Open Boat” is singled out by its thematic and stylistic correspondence to literary Naturalism. By means of such literary devices as setting, characters, and atmosphere, Crane efficiently develops and supports the main theme of “The Open Boat” — the impossibility of struggling against the eternal and permanent Nature. As it is obvious from the name of the movement, Nature is the central notion that determines the course of events in a Naturalistic story. It is represented as an eternal and impregnable matter that exists independently of the worldly vanity. Natural determinism reveals itself in the fact that despite all the man’s attempts to change the natural c
Thomas Stearns Eliot is arguably one of the most influential poets and thinkers of XX century since he vastly impacted the development of the modern poetry. In one of his most famous poems, Eliot captured the desperation of his contemporaries due to the immense and dramatic changes in the world at the beginning of XX century (“ The Waste Land ”). Personally, his deeply metaphorical, even cryptic style of poetry is very appealing to me, that is why I would meet him in person if I had a chance. Eliot’s innovative poetical method is sometimes misunderstood as if he was trying to destroy the traditional poetry. However, it is only partially true, because Eliot himself claimed that “no poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone” (“ Selected essays ” 15), putting his works in a broad context of world’s literary legacy. Not once he expressed his deep connection with the preceding poetical tradition, most notably with Dante and Metaphysical Poets, including Donne and Crashaw (“ The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry ” 43). For Eliot, his innovative poetical language was a means to capture the human feelings and thoughts precisely. For example, in his poem “Burnt Norton”, Eliot “balances between the attraction of human love and that of a demanding spiritual commitment” (Hargrove 65). This poem is also an instance of his transition from a more chaotic and cryptic poetry, which he exercised in younger years, to more refined and traditional, yet engaging works. This transition was not only determined by the development of Eliot’s artistic abilities, but it is also connected with the changes in his personality, primarily with his conversion to Christianity. Eliot was in a continuous search of the spiritual basis for himself, and, as he did not find the complete answers in ancient philosophy, oriental mysticism, and primitive myths, he finally became a part of Christian confession (Smidt). It profoundly affected his works, since they always were the representation of his reflections. Most notably it is shown in his late works, and the particular attention should be paid to “Ash Wednesday.” This poem was written and published shortly after his conversion to a new faith. “Ash Wednesday” consists of six parts, and each of them is representing the steps in author’s metaphorical journey towards God and eternity. In a sense, this poem summarizes the spiritual path of Thomas S. Eliot, because it “develops between doubt, disillusionment, inner darkness, temptation, desire and end up with redemption, a positive closure for Eliot’s spiritual torment” (Kareem 9). Eliot’s spirituality, his unsettling mind, always seeking for a final truth, are the characteristics, which are also very appealing to me. Thomas Stearns Eliot impacted gen
In the fast-flowing modern world, people are incredibly concentrated on their career development or study achievements. Therefore, they do not devote enough time to the mind refreshing and forget about the importance of physical activity for a health condition and general well-being. As a result of leading a sedentary lifestyle, people are predisposed to illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, increased cholesterol level rates, etc. (Kim. 2018). Moreover, being under constant emotional pressure, people often experience various psychological disorders. Therefore, the organizations focusing on physical and emotional refreshing are becoming increasingly popular, and The YMCA of South Florida is one of them. This paper will identify the YMCA program’s primary audience, explore its mission, purpose, and history, and discuss the ways of satisfying the needs of the adult learners it serves. The history of the YMCA, a non-profit organization established in South Florida, has much to offer and explore. Being a small association of people at the beginning of its operation, it was gradually extending and currently consists of 11 subsidiaries in different locations. Moreover, the YMCA has a considerable number of partners that indicate the organization’s trustworthiness and help it remain at the top level among competitors. Some examples of the YMCA’s partners are NBC Universal, Broward County Public Schools, Memorial Healthcare System, etc. (YMCA of South Florida, 2020). The primary audience of the organization is the middle-aged people, who are willing to refresh from the high rhythm of modern li
Introduction Before the invention of the gunpowder, the catapult had changed the course of history and politics. The science of catapult is as old as the account of humankind with history detailing its use from as early as 399 B.C in Sicily. The invention took many shapes, as it changed throughout the generations, which used it with the Romans being the people who explored its use to the fullest. The device won many wars besides leading to the invention of more deadly weapons with the invention of new ways of defense from this ruthless machine including fortification of buildings. However, of all the machines used in wars, the catapult stands out asthe most remembered for its use by the Roman army in the conquest of large areas of the civilized world. Their success can be attributed to machines and people who specialized in its manufacture and use. With the transformation of the Republic into an Empire under the leadership of an Emperor, the catapult started changing into a weapon of choice and designs. According to Cuomo, the basic design started changing with the new catapults, “boasting a metal frame and, in some cases, in-swinging arms” (Cuomo, 2008, p.4). With the Roman Empire, there was peace in the vast areas it controlled. These included the Mediterranean areas formerly under the rule of Greece and other areas such as the Great Britain and Spain. Of the weapons feared during this time, the catapult was the one that wreaked havoc in the minds of generals. With these highlights about the catapult, the paper presents a detailed history of the weapon right from its origin. Further, it provides comprehensive argument that the catapult is as powerful as the current weapons based on how the Roman army won several wars and to conquer other kingdoms using the weapon. The Origin of the Catapult Tracey Rihll gives a detailed history of the origin, transformation, and the use of the device in ancient tim
Introduction Enlightenment began in 17 th century and it can be described as awakening of modernity. Between 1561 and 1626, Francis Bacon proposed the application of scientific procedures and between 1596 and 1650, Rene Descartes proposed critical rationalism. Medieval philosophy applied ideas of Aristotle and Plato and combined them with Christian beliefs. During medieval era, philosophers accepted the methods applied by their predecessors and respected them. When enlightenment came, some of the theories by Aristotle were disqualified because they were not applicable and by use of scientific methods, science was taking a dynamic turn.Other political and religious ideas which did not account for reason and logic were discarded. Social change is structural transformation, organization variations as reflected on individual’s performances & characteristics. Individual change is quite different from that of population to which he is a component. The term social change is
In the modern short story tradition, the effectiveness of a short story depends on many aspects and one of the most essential elements that go into the effective narration of a short story is its presentation of the central themes as early as possible in the short story. If the short story is to be effective, the immediate presentation of the main themes in the opening paragraphs of the story is normally considered as an essential criterion for evaluating a twentieth century short story. On this basis, we may compare and contrast two of the celebrated modern short stories – “On the Western Circuit” by Thomas Hardy and “The Garden Party” by Katherine Mansfield. This analysis of the two short stories brings out the fact that both the writers were aware of the need for the immediate presentation of their main themes in the stories but they had their own way of presenting the themes. Hardy, it seems, introduces the main argument or the theme of his short story in the very opening sentence. “The man who played the disturbing part in the two quiet lives hereafter depicted—no great man, in any sense, by the way—first had knowledge of them on an October evening, in the city of Melchester.” (On the Western Circuit Analysis) Here and in the following session, Hardy not only introduces a single character but the entire theme of his story as such. In the same fashion, Mansfield as well introduces the main theme of her novel, i.e. the garden, in the very opening sentences. “And after all the weather was ideal. They could not have had a more perfect day for a garden-party if they had ordered it. Windless, warm, the sky without a cloud. Only the blue was veiled with a haze of light gold, as it is sometimes in early summer. The gardener had been up since dawn, mowing the lawns and sweeping them, until the grass and the dark flat rosettes where the daisy plants had been seemed to shine.” (Katherine Mansfield, The Garden Party). Though both the writers introduces the main concerns of their stories right away, the effectiveness also depends on the way they present the themes. In an evaluation of the short story “On the Western Circuit” by Hardy, we realize that it “traces meticulously the consequences of one ill-chosen ride: disaster for a housemaid, Anna; for the admiring onlooker who woos her, Charles Bradford Raye; and for her mistress Edith Harnham, who writes Anna’s love letters to the peripatetic Charles and falls in love with him herself.” (Motion sickness: spectacle and circulation in Thomas Hardy’s “On the Western Circuit.” by John Plotz). However, it is pretty clear that the story mainly concerns with the theme that is introduced in the very opening paragraph of the story and whatever follows this can be rightly considered an extension of the same. Judged from this criterion, Hardy is very effective in in