ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Meiji Restoration is considered to have been a major turning point, which had significant impact in Japan. Throughout the era, Japan highly encouraged continental involvement (Harry and Conroy 59). This essay discusses why Japan took this stance, during the period between the restoration and the Parliamentary Ascendancy. The Meiji Revolution generally refers to the period between 1868 and 1912, during the reign of the Meiji emperor. This followed the decline of the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate, which emanated from internal divisions, economic debt and opposition from other groups. Additionally, the collapse was precipitated by external invasions led by Americans. As a result, Tokugawa Shogunate submitted to foreign demands and endorsed agreements, which contributed to the end of its isolation from other nations of the world. Efforts by some Japanese forces to resist the treaties were trounced by foreign powers. The question many people have asked is why Japanese strengthened the policy of continental involvement between Meiji Revolution and the Parliamentary Ascendancy. Although the issue of continental involvement has been viewed differently, it has been argued that Japanese drive for industrialization and economic development was a major reason. Between these periods, the country put in place strategies, which were solely aimed at augmenting its efforts to strengthen its foundation against any form of external pressure (Mikiso 201). It formed alliances with countries, which were perceived to be friendly and shared its political and economic ideologies. On the other hand, Japan distanced itself from nations, which were considered to be unfriendly. The need for continental involvement was also necessary since Japan was extremely weak in terms of military. It mainly depended on agriculture and had little technological development. Importantly, Japan had been compelled by Western Powers to endorse treaties, which limited its mandate to oversee the country’s foreign trade (Harry and Conroy 60). In fact, cases of crimes involving foreigners were held in Western courts. By early 20 th century, Japan had a highly centralized and bureaucratic government and an elected parliament. The country also had a well-developed transport and communication system, a highly educated population and a growing industrial sector (Mikiso 202). It has been argued that these achievements were significantly influenced by Japan’s continental involvement policy. Due to this policy, Japan was fully transformed by the end of the Meiji Revolution, having received a lot of influence from Western Powers. By the year 1908, school attendance in Japan had risen to ninety-eight percent. Additionally, it was easy to implement the policy because of the relatively small size of Japan and its established political system. This permitted streamlined involvement of other nations into its development agenda. As a result of its organization, Japan experienced minimum
Introduction Cyber-threats and warfare is an issue not only in the United States but also in the rest of developed nations. According to Cavelty (2008), “the threat posed by cyber-threats calls for greater understanding of the context in which they occur”. The author supposes that in order to get an insight into the cyber-threat and warfare, we need to understand the concept of what he refers to as ‘information revolution’. There are vast problems faced by the information industry in form of cyber-crimes and hacking, subjecting the information techniques to cyber-threats and warfare. This has created a new modern warfare prompting a number of nations to formulate policies geared towards combating such attacks. In a bid to protect the international community which lacks an international law to curb cyber-threats and warfare, it is therefore logical for United States and other nations to adjust their native law to deal with this new challenge. It has become generally impossible for cyber-crime offenders to be charged with violation of business ethics in regard to cyber-crimes due to lack of legal guidance on matters pertaining this issue. This paper focuses on the need to re-assess the state of information system and come up with recommendations that would make this achievable. This will follow after brief information on what these threats are and their repercussions in the information industry. Cyber-Threats and Warfare and investigation approaches The question on whether the investigations in these areas of cyber crime and terrorism to remain incident driven or to adopt strategic approach are still is of great concern to the security agencies and the general public as a whole. However, it is prudent to note that governments and all security agencies should be vigilant at all times. Towards this it is good to adopt investigations which have got strategic approach. This will ensure that the government and all the security agencies are better prepared to control these crimes. Ways in which crime analysis and investigative practice achieve positive outcomes with terrorism and cyber crime Research and investigation are fundamental in the fight against terrorism and cyber crime. Towards this, data collected on the prevalence of these crimes, their occurrences possibility are normality used to tighten security measure before the crime is done. For instance, there are policies which govern internet financial transaction which protect the people from being coned. The second way in which investigations are yielding positive results is that security agencies use the data from investigations to plan security measure which not only protect the people but also destroy the criminals and their criminal activities. In this regard, the security agencies are able to find out the hide out of criminals and destroy them before they strike. The demand for better human security and human rights is in higher demand now than ever before and the international community needs to undertake a new paradigm of human security. This is because security has continued to change since the advent of state security in the 17 th Century. Today’s global trade, movem
Introduction The psychological state of people is usually changed with time. It is closely connected with psychological problems suffered by a person during his life. Very often people experience mental disorders due to such problems. Abnormal psychology examines and predicts unusual and strange people’s behavior connected with mental problems. The process of treatment is very complicated and takes a lot of observations and procedures. The mental health of the nations should be controlled by systematic programs in order to prevent such disorders among the population. Main body Specialists in mental health medicine worked out and researched various possible reasons for the mental problems increase. They are connected with the following factors:   * Stresses which can result in the inappropriate perception of reality;   * Discomfort is usually caused by constant depressions and anxiety;   * Dysfunction. This factor is closely connected with the wrong identification of the person’s role in the world; Very often the level of mental disorders in the nation depends on the cultural lifestyle and values of people. For example, racial minorities who have vivid subcultural differences are considered to have abnormal behavior and mental problems. Cultural context is the main background for abnormal behavior in society. The culture was proved to play a significant role in the formation of human behavior. Its standards and moral values are transmitted within the nation for further individual adaptation and social growth. The representatives of different ethnic groups such as Irish, Jewish, and Polish may share one and the same culture; thus they have a common classification of the race. People living in one social group and sharing common interests though being the representatives of different nations possess one culture. For example, national groups living in the USA are united under one common culture. These facts are very important for national behavior formation because culture affects people’s mental state and the way it is treated within this or that culture. According to some researches on the mental health state of the population carried out in the USA, about 55% of the interviewed appeared to have an impaired psychological state of health. The report created by the representatives of the Mental Health Organization showed that about 38% managed to suffer mental disorders in their life. The results were really shocking. About 2,5 million Americans appeared to be schizophrenics. It depends on many social and cultural factors developed within the society. Costs spent in the USA for the treatment of mental disorder were rapidly increased to 2 trillion dollars according to the recent data provided by the government. These costs are very important for those clients who cannot pay for the service of the therapy of mental diseases treatment. Such health programs aimed at health assurance are carried out in every country, withi
The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is undeniably the most contentious in relation to its impact on development. The TRIPS agreement requires all member states to implement a number of diverse forms of intellectual property rights (henceforth IPRs). 1 I will start the discussion with a brief overview of the essay. Generally, the TRIPS agreement is not a monster. However, there are certain provisions in the TRIPS agreement that have had a negative impact on developing countries. The most controversial provision is Article 27. This provision includes pharmaceuticals as patents. This provision has had a negative impact on developing nations. This is in context of public health. The patents drugs have become expensive hence inaccessible to many people in developing nations. The provisions on copyrights have also had a negative on developing nations. Article 9 of the TRIPS agreements provides that member states have to comply with the Berne Convention. Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Berne Convention provides for the protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Providing strict rules on copyrights affects the flow of information in developing nations. Yet, this information is necessary for the nations’ survival and development. The paper will take the human rights approach. These human rights are found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights propounds that all human beings have the right to access information. Therefore, in my opinion, restricting the flow of information to developing countries is an infringement of this right. This provision is provided for under Article 19 of the declaration. Article 19 states: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.” 2 Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides for the right to life. Therefore, denying poor countries accessibility to drugs is tantamount to their survival. This means that patenting of pharmaceutical drugs will have a negative impact on developing nations. This paper takes the approach that the Trips agreement has had a negative impact
Setting This study intends to either prove or disapprove the research topic. In order to effectively conduct the study, several parameters have to be developed. This research study will be carried out in a multiethnic school urban setting. The study will involve grades 3 and 5 students. It will be carried out in a public school that accommodates all categories of learners. The study will involve application of the Cultural Responsive Pedagogy method on a science lesson. The science teachers of these two classes will help in developing and applying the method during the lesson. These teachers will be expected to teach science lessons in their respective classes. The teachers will proceed and analyze the use of the method and its effectiveness in the lesson (Gay, 2010). This will be achieved by applying both the traditional teaching methods as well as the student centered Cultural Responsive Pedagogy. Comparison of the two methods will offer an insight into the effectiveness of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy as a teaching approach in a culturally diverse school (Gay, 2010). Problem Formulation   * What are the critical cultural consequences of using culturally responsive pedagogy in the learning process?   * How does cultural responsive pedagogy enhance the learning process and the classroom atmosphere?   * Can cultural responsive pedagogy integrate the communities of learners into one unit that is more effective in the learning process? Data Collection Questionnaires will be used to assess the students’ responses in the method used for teaching. The questionnaires will analyze the students’ attitudes to the science subject before and after applying the method (UC Regents, 2013). An assessment will be used to compare the levels of understanding from the two points of teaching namely the traditional method and the Cultural Responsive Pedagogy approach (UC Regents, 2013). The teachers will also gather data while teaching the lessons for comparison purposes. The data will contain information such as the levels of attentiveness of the students and how well the students interpret the lesson content (UC Regents, 2013). The students who will be directly involved in the study will be interviewed to offer first hand information on the similarities and differences of the two approaches (UC Regents, 2013). Data Analysis
True Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs True experimental design includes purposively created groups, random assignments, and commonly measured outcomes. Factors that cannot be purposively manipulated are avoided. A quasi-experimental design is mostly applied in situations where the random assignment cannot be used. It focuses on independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned (Jackson, 2012). Case Study of a Psychology Class According to Jackson (2012), the professor should use a time series model, which falls under quasi-experimental design. In this approach, assessments are obtained from the treatment and the control groups prior to the intervention (Jackson, 2012). The series of observations provide the researcher with information on students’ performance over a period of time. As such, the approach is better compared to other quasi-designs that do not take into consideration the condition of the students prior to the experiment. Single Group Design The professor can also use the single group design. They can administer the test to an intact group of students. The group is then measured and observed. The professor should not randomly assign subjects to groups. In addition, they should not have an additional group for comparison (Jackson, 2012). The A-B-A-B design is recommended for this study as it helps the researcher to assess the condition of the students before and after the study. The reason is that it is implemented in stages. The professor will be able to determine how the condition affects the students. In addition, they will analyze the impacts of its withdrawal, helping them to make informed decisions. Confounds during the Case Study Maturation is one of the most common confounding factors associated with quasi-experimental and single designs (Jackson, 2012). In this case, it may occur if the behavior of the students at the beginning of the study differs from that reported at the end of the research. Another confounding factor is mortality. It can occur when a student who was part of the initial case study is unable to complete the research for some reason. Other confounding factors include selection, history, and regression (Jackson, 2012). Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Sequential Designs Sequential design is a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal models. Longitudinal design records individual differences, which can be accessed in the future. However, it has ‘lesser power’ to detect causal relationships compared to other experimental designs. The cross-sectional approach takes a short period of time to complete. However, it is prone to non-response issues and bias (Jackson, 2012). Sequential design helps the researcher to analyze large effects and trends over a short period of time. However, it is more expensive compared to the other designs. Advantages of a Single Case Design A researcher may use this design because of its various advantages. It enhances the success of treatment when compared to other approaches. In addition, only one group is needed. As such, it eliminates the need for standardized treatments (Jackson, 2012). It also makes it possible to observe long-lasting effect
Society of any state is not homogenous. Traditionally, its structure depends on the culture and mentality of representatives of all nationalities and ethnic groups residing in the area. The combined influence of all these factors impacts the further development of a community and determines its attitude to new concepts and people adhering to them. Conservative societies could be described as rather hostile to outsiders and tending to suppress any manifestations of the unusual mentality. However, the given pattern might result in stagnation and collapse of the society, which is not able to alter in accordance with the new conditions. Yet, there is another sort of culture that encourages numerous outsider customs and creates the environment beneficial for their development. The combination of the unique factors impacting the development of the state and the structure of the population resulted in the creation of the US society, which could be characterized by the high level of tolerance. At the moment, the state shelters the representatives of a number of various nationalities who consider the USA to be their home (Butler, Wacker, & Balmer, 2011). Therefore, a significant percentage of people prefer to adhere to their native culture. This fact evidences the absence of the serious barriers
Summary “I am a Legend” is an emotional and powerful movie directed by Francis Lawrence. The film illustrates persistent years of a killer disease that causes massive loss of lives and transforms the rest of humanity into monsters. Therefore, the sole survivor of the plague in New York struggles valiantly to find a cure. Simply put, the movie focuses on Lieutenant Colonel Robert Neville, a doctor striving to fight a deadly virus that had wiped out all the human race except him. The Vector in the Movie The movie outlines one of the deadly viruses known as the Krippin Virus (KV). Initially, medical practitioners made the Krippin Virus by genetically altering measles to serve as a miracle cancer treatment. At first, the virus worked effectively with no adverse effects, a concept that changed over time and led to the mutation and rabies-like symptoms in its hosts (Lawrence, 2007, 00:44:43). However, KV is the primary vector in the unique horror film. Spread of the Vector Krippin Virus had airborne and contact strains, which determined the transmission mode from one person to another. The airborne strain spread from one person to the other via the air, whereas the transmission of the contact strain occurred through the contact of blood and saliva. According to Lawrence (2007, 01:15:15), many human beings succumbed to the Krippin Virus infections after 48 hours, during which the host suffered from physical symptoms, vicious bloodlust, and prima behavior. Therefore, the disease was mainly an airborne and contact plague. Government Interventions After the Krippin Virus airborne strain outbreak, the government placed New York City under military quarantine. Neville, a highly acknowledged scientist with a high-ranking military role, assumed the primary responsibility of saving the human race (Lawrence, 2007, 00:44:43). Hence, through the military, the government adopted the role of people protection by allowing Robert Neville to find out ways to fight the deadly virus. Lessons from the Fictional Scenario Overall, the movie enlightens the viewers that people’s ability to endure the hardships of life depends on people’s ability to connect. The companionship Robert Neville gets from his dog Sam protects him from breaking apart completely. Hence, it is evident that human beings need their colleagues to deal with life challenges and get solutions for persistent problems. Reference Lawrence, F. (Director). I am a Legend [Film]. Village Roadshow Pictures.
Synopsis The third chapter of this book examines issues raised by interpretation and explains what brings about a comparison between interpretations. Since chapter one, and two conveyed the movement to ideas in the environment of ‘‘asking questions, and demonstrating the meaning of something using distinct terms’’ (The big picture 70), this chapter begins by stating that some interpretations have better descriptions than others and ‘‘an interpretation must have an interpretive context’’ (Context and the making of meaning 72-73). Since different interpretations have varying descriptions, the reader has to be keen to what is conversed in the book other than other people’s thoughts. This chapter also reveals that people who embrace an informative venture usually contemplates a concealed implication or metaphor in interpretation. In the process of discovering the hidden meaning, people begin a discussion which leads to an argument (Figurative Logic 79). One aspect of an argument is sloganizing, where each side claims the identity of certain words (A Brief Glossary of Common Logical Fallacies 93). Generally, readers should be able to recognize plausibility in books for proper understanding of an interpretation, and during interpretations, meanings must have reasons and sufficient evidence. Quotes   * ‘‘Asking questions, and demonstrating the meaning of something using distinct terms’’ (p. 70)   * ‘‘An interpretation must have an interpretive context’’ (p. 72-73)   * ‘‘The reader pays attention to what is in the book’’ (p. 74-75)   * ‘‘An interpretive project considers a hidden meaning or metaphor’’ (p. 79)   * ‘‘One feature of an argument is sloganizing’’ (p. 93) Personal Reflection In my opinion, the material in this section is essential because it equips the reader with interpretative skills such as using metaphor. This book also provides the understanding that some interpretations will always have more positive feedback than others. The difference in the quality of feedback is why we are advised to try different interpretations that will enrich our view of the world. Overall, the author is trying to address and explain specific issues raised by interpretation, and by doing so, the author has highlighted various strategies. One of these strategies is interpretive context, whereby I have learned that a researcher or writer must have the ability to locate their work in the context of other scientists who have attained the same results. This collaboration keeps research from being secluded and therefore gives it more credibility. Using the drawing titled The Dancers in figure 3.2, I have learned that this intention plays a vital role in meaning whenever an intention is referred to as a drawing or an act. The fact that a concept can be derived from a picture has increased my knowledge of meaning acquisition without losing the universal idea in this book. However, I still find it tricky to understand