ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Media plays a major role in our society today. From character development to the risk of losing social values, many lives are significantly impacted by the media. Research on violent media content has revealed that media influence promotes aggression and violent behavior among victims who get exposed to such content. These conclusions are commonly made when an analysis is based on television, film and violent video games (Anderson et al., 2003). This paper explores the concept of aggression and media influence, by investigating the impact of violent media content like horror movies on views, thoughts, behavior and their viewpoint on the issue of media influence. Importantly, the discussion is divided into two sections, addressing ways of curbing media influence and a description of everyday life examples of aggression and media influence in the society. What can be done to reduce the likelihood of aggression and media influences? Due to the laxity in media regulation and advancement in technology, circulation of media content has become quite easy. For instance, one can access any movie or song online from any destination around the world. This has been augmented by information and technological advancements, which have taken place in recent years. With the global use of mobile phones, which are web-enabled, people can access any information with minimum or no restrictions (Anderson et al., 2003). This, therefore, means that some strategies have to be considered, aimed at preventing the impact of violent media on youths and the entire population. Notably, the influence of media widely depends on the level of exposure. In other words, people who are highly exposed to violent movies, television programs and other media aspects are more likely to be affected than those with a limited access. Based on this argument, it suffices to mention that limiting the exposure of children to negative media content can be a way of reducing media influence on in the society today. Essentially, this limitation involves several organs, including parents, media houses and the government. Parents have a major role in controlling and determining what other family members get exposed to. In other words, it is the responsibility of heads of families to identify television programs, movie series and video games that are fit for consumption, especially by young people, who remain vulnerable to violent media influence (Ostrov, Gentile & Crick, 2006). This means that parents ought to take a leading position in controlling what is viewed at
It is possible to propose three marketing strategies oriented to using technology in promoting programs and policies and other information that is associated with the sphere of education. In this case, the focus should be on the Internet and online technologies (Noddings, 2015; Polly, 2012). The first strategy is based on the necessity to inform the community members about the newly adopted programs, as well as their features and advantages, with the help of sending regular e-mails to parents and other relatives. The purpose of this approach is to keep the community informed of any changes in the programs and policies in order to guarantee the effective collaboration. The second way is the use of social networks in order to organize clubs for children and their families in which they can learn more about the innovative changes in their school and share their opinions. While administering and monitoring such social media groups, it is possible to learn the perceptions and attitudes of the community to conducted changes and any other activities. The third way to integrate marketing and technology in the sphere of education is to launch websites on which educators and parents can vote online to support or not the authorities’ initiatives and decisions regarding fundraising, changes in policies, additions in curricula, and revisions in programs among other issues that need the active discussion of the public in order to be developed and adopted (Noddings, 2015). Such uses of the technology can be discussed as advantageous for both educators and parents who can receive an opportunity to be efficiently informed of changes and be involved in the decision-making process with the help of online tools.
Super Size Me is a documentary film released in 2004 in which the director Morgan Spurlock attempts to show the ill effects of McDonald’s. He does this by going on a 30-day, McDonald’s only diet, during which time he eats and drinks only items available on the McDonald’s menu. Through this movie, Spurlock tries to make a twin-fold statement. The first and the most obvious is that Americans are getting fat because of their poor food choices and almost negligible exercise. Second, he also tries to expose McDonald’s unethical behavior as it tries to maximize its profit. Spurlock’s argument is that as the largest fast-food chain in the US, McDonald’s has more outlets than any other fast-food brand and a high level of recognition even among preschoolers. As such, it has a certain responsibility to its huge customer base, 72% of whom eat at McDonald’s at least once a week. However, instead of serving healthier food at its outlets, McDonald’s intentionally serves high-calorie, high sugar, and highly processed foods, which also tend to be extremely addictive. McDonald’s also spends millions of dollars in advertising and pays special emphasis to attracting children by offering “Happy Meals,” constructing “PlayPlace” at its outlet, and through the use of a clown as its mascot. All these things serve to attract customers at a very young age and keep them addicted to McDonald’s throughout their life. Spurlock also points out that even the supposedly healthier options at McDonald’s, such as the salad, are heavily loaded with calories. And yet, it is extremely difficult for a regular McDonald’s customer to find the nutrition information about its menu. Spurlock argues that McDonald’s is being unethical by intentionally offering high-calorie items in its menu, loading them with addictive ingredients, spending billions of dollars in advertisements and deals to attract children, and not doing enough to educate its customers. By serving this highly processed and unhealthy food, McDonald’s was serving the interest of only its shareholders, and the American citizens were the biggest loser. Although Spurlock makes a very forceful argument against McDonald’s and other processed foods, his view is obviously biased considering the fact that he came from a family where his mother did all the cooking, and eating out was reserved for special occasions. Also, his girlfriend was a vegan chef, which would have definitely influenced him, despite his argument in favor of eating meat in one scene in the film. Before the start of his 30-day McDonald-only binge, he went through a thorough medical examination which revealed that he was an extremely healthy individual, healthier than an average American. This was obviously the result of a healthy lifestyle, and such a person is bound to be biased against unhealthy fast foods. Another problem was that he squarely blamed McDonald’s and other processed food
Introduction In the history of nuclear weapons, Nigeria is one of the countries that has been at the forefront in opposing nuclear weapons. Issues related to nuclear weapons are matters of international concern. The major concerns that are related to nuclear energy include mining, the generation of nuclear fuel from ore, and also electricity generation from nuclear power. Various measures have been put forward both nationally and also internationally in a bid to regulate efficiently the use of nuclear energy among various states (Nafeez, p22). There are various international treaties and agreements which are signed by countries especially under the UN umbrella. The use of nuclear energy and the possession of nuclear weapons is an international issue. Nigeria is a developing nation and its need for nuclear energy has led it to plans of constructing an energy plant but this has greatly been influenced by the political factors in the country. The country is faced with various challenges in its ability to obtain nuclear technology. In 1946, the UN formed the resolutions on nuclear weapons which called for the elimination of atomic weapons and other major weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear-energy program Nigeria has not been able to successfully set up nuclear energy programs. This owes to the many challenges that the country faces in its efforts to set up the programs. The country is especially faced with a lot of political influences from its leaders especially because the project is a capital-intensive program. The country has also challenges related to corruption such that completion of programs is not achieved. There is also the challenge of lack of finances and also the ability to handle the risks and wastes that may result from such programs (Priye). Terrorism Nigeria is a country that has been a subject of terrorist attracts. The rise in terrorism has created a lot of fear of attacks. The government has made an effort of approving bills on anti-terrorism. The bill enables the government to prosecute the members of terrorist groups and also to ban the existence of such groups within the country. It is also very keen on the various groups that form in the society especially those of Islamic origin that may seem to look like Taliban groups of terrorism. Kidnapping and victims held hostage is very common in Nigeria especially the foreign oil workers. Non-proliferation regime Nigeria is committed to the non-proliferation regime. In 1960, the country declared its stand regarding nuclear weapons by establishing ratification of NPT and also the African Nuclear Weapon free zone treaty. This indicates its commitment towards a nuclear weapon-free world. The United Nations started the non-proliferation research in 1996 especially with the recognition of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban-Treaty. President Olusegun Obasanjo signed the treaty on behalf of Nigeria in New York during the United Nations Millennium Summit. In 1995 during the review of the NPT, the Nigerian Minister of foreign affairs, Chief Tom Ikimi stated that “ It is possible to give up the possession of nuclear weapons without loss of
Introduction While social media (SM) is a highly efficient and popular tool to connect and exchange information, it can lead to a severe privacy breach if misused. To avoid negative consequences, the employees should familiarize themselves with the institution’s social media policy, designed to navigate staff social media activity. It should be noted that using social media channels for professional communication is highly welcomed. However, multiple threats arise from its improper use. Healthcare professionals deal with issues of privacy, security, and confidentiality, as part of providing care to patients (Wexner, et al., 2017). The meaning of privacy in context of SM is intertwined with security and confidentiality. While privacy relates to the question of access to personal information, confidentiality highlights the necessity to secure this information. All three terms are essential part of healthcare practice. This pamphlet informs personnel about appropriate and inappropriate ways to use SM and potential risks to healthcare professionals arising from the wrong handling of sensitive personal information. SM as a Tool for Professional Communication Social media channels and platforms are very popular instruments to exchange news and information with your family, friends, and colleagues. In the past decade, social media’s popularity is growing among health care professionals as a tool to enhance interprofessional communication (Moran, 2018). While it is hard to overestimate the positive impact of technology on health care, medical personnel are accountable for using their patients’ protected private health information. The hospital’s social media policy explicitly forbids sharing sensitive data about patients’ conditions via digital channels. Unethical SM postings can lead to serious consequences for doctors, nurses, and students. As our dependence on technology is growing, healthcare providers have to navigate electronic channels professionally and ethically. Risks of SM to Healthcare Professionals To avoid misuse of SM in professional digital communication, health care providers need to distinguish public from private. The US law strictly prohibits public sharing of information about health status, treatment, or payment for health services of any individual that can be linked to their identity (Niles, 2021). When dealing with protected health information (PHI), healthcare professionals have to remember it only can be shared with those directly providing care or who have permission to receive such information. Any social media post about a patient’s health status is a severe violation of the hospital’s privacy policy. Violations of patient confidentiality, intentional or unintentional, can lead to very serious negative consequences for a healthcare provider, from a reprimand to fines, loss of license, and even to criminal court in the most serious cases. Sim
Definition and numbers Underage drinking is defined as the illegal consumption of alcohol by persons less than 21 years of age. In the US alone, it is estimated that underage drinking contributes to about 4,700 annual deaths among persons aged less than 21 years. It has been shown that teenagers consume 11% of the total alcohol consumed in the US annually. It has also been shown that underage persons drink more beer per sitting than adults (Miller, Naimi, Brewer & Jones, 2007). A total of 189,000 underage persons visited healthcare emergency departments with injuries caused by alcohol consumption in 2010. Underage drinking is a major public health challenge that has ruined the future of millions of teenagers across the world (Collins, Ellickson, McCaffrey & Hambarsoomians, 2007; Miller, Levy, Spicer & Taylor, 2006). Factors that influence underage drinking: social cognitive theory Social cognitive theory is used in social sciences to describe how individuals acquire behavior by interacting with other members of society (Coreil, 2009). The theory is based on the reciprocal process of interaction (Coreil, 2009). The following components are contained in the theory:  1. Modelling  2. Outcome expectations  3. Self-efficacy  4. Behavioral capability Modeling is defined as the process of acquiring behavior through social interactions. For example, a teenage girl in high school may have observed her elder sister drink alcohol and heard her sister’s story about how alcohol helps an individual to solve issues in life. This modeling may lead her to start drinking alcohol when she encounters issues. Outcome expectations are beliefs about the consequences of undertaking some actions in life. For example, the teenage girl may believe that drinking alcohol will help her to overcome challenges in life as her elder sister told her. Self-efficacy is defined as an individual’s perceived ability to express behavior. For example, the teenage girl in this example may believe that she can drink alcohol because it was demonstrated by her elder sister. Behavioral capability is defined as an individual’s real ability to undertake the behavior in real-life events. For example, a teenager may believe that he or she can drink alcohol when faced with c
Introduction The advent of wireless communication and mobile technologies played a significant role in enhancing mobility during communication, which is gradually becoming a primary necessity for organizations due to the nature of the present business environment that is based on the global environment (Basole, 2008). It implies that wireless communication and mobile technologies are essential for any organization to remain competitive in the current business context. There are various wireless technologies that organizations can adopt depending on the volume of data of the organization, the purpose for the wireless network such as voice and data, and the geographical scope of business performance (Connolly, 2011). Businesses are significantly benefitting from the integration of wireless communication technologies into their strategic plans. Some of the core benefits of adopting wireless communication technologies in the organization include the establishment of a position through which the business can develop sustainable competitive advantage in the industry and offer solutions to the common business problems (Gupta et al., 2005). In addition, the increase in mobile professionals simply means that adopting wireless technologies is in line with this business need, which can in turn translate to enhanced productivity through better collaboration among the workforce. This business approach can play an integral role in creating value for the business that the organization can exploit to increase its profitability. The effectiveness of wireless communication technologies cannot be realized unless they are implemented in a manner that is cost-effective and enhances information management and security for the organization. The basic inference from this observation is that mobile and wireless communication technologies should be incorporated into the business-level strategies of an organization. This paper explores the significance of incorporating mobile and wireless technologies in an organizational strategic planning (Bott et al., 2010). Discussion of literature The first strategic advantage associated with the incorporation of mobile and wireless technologies in the strategic planning of an organization is that it helps in improving communications among the members of the organization and mobile personnel. Remote working is increasingly becoming an important element of effective execution of organizational processes of individuals who are increasingly preferring to work from home (Puertas, 2010). In addition, some business processes require high levels of mobility of the organizational members. Gupta et al. (2005) asserts that wireless and mobile technologies come in handy in addressing this business need by ensuring efficient and timely
The actuarial cost models for behavioral health care include Medicare and Medicaid providing patients with residential treatment programs. As a rule, the managed care is referred to as a scope of techniques and services delivered by managed care organizations to patients. Residential treatment programs exist within Medicare and Medicaid health care providers (Melek, 2001, pp. 34-35). The effective residential treatment is a result of sufficient organizational measures taken by medical care organizations in order to deliver the most appropriate health care services to the patients without a risk of reimbursement or other risks existing in the health care sector. As suggested by Melek (2001), the modern situation in the medical care environment: Today, different approaches to provider reimbursement have changed the nature of risk for the carriers and behavioral health care providers. Managed behavioral health care contracts now have provisions that shift risk to providers through guaranteed discounts off billed charges, per diem rates, per case rates, modified case rates, capitation payments, and risk pools and withholds (p. 30). Thus, the managed care environment is able to support the services required to provide effective residential treatment as it now has been included into the package of health care services provided by existing providers. As the Medicaid is considered to be a more available type of health care organization providing different types of treatment to different categories of population, people are able to get reimbursement regarding the Medicaid (Department of Health & Human Services, 2010). Another health care provider, Medicare is involved into reimbursement as well, though the doctors and other health care providers are refusing to deal with Medicare patients because of the high reimbursement rates which can cause shutting off medical practises (Kavilanz, 2010). Consequently, the publicity available information on Medicare and Medicaid enables patients to choose whether trust their health to one of these health care organizations or trust none of those. As you can see, the managed care environment is able to support services that seem to be profitable for medical care providers, such as doctors and practitioners. The Medicare and Medicaid services are the ones that are not desired by doctors: patients involved into these services are under the risk of receiving poor or inadequate treatment as a result of practitioners not willing to suffer losses because of the high reimbursement rates. As residential treatment includes staying at hospital for a certain period of time, it should consider some residential treatment facilities. Residential treatment facilities and acute inpatient settings are the ones that “hospitals and facilities are reimbursed an agreed-upon dollar amount for each patient bed-day” (Melek, 2001, p. 30) which makes the residential patients disadvantageous cases for health care providers. Medicare and Medicaid are insurance carriers whereas health care establishments and doctors within those are health care providers. In this respect, the health care services get reimbursement for each residential pa
Introduction Research has been intensified on the teaching practice of teachers using English as a second language. The areas of research revolve from the teaching practice, writing, reading, and use of grammar, previous education background and the effectiveness of their teaching foundation (Alexander 2007). An analysis of primary school teachers’ attitudes and beliefs towards teaching and testing vocabulary in countries using English as their second language (ESL) have generated different attributes from scholars. According to Oppenheim, teachers using English as their second language have improved due to the level of improved research on their attitudes and beliefs (Oppenheim 2012). The augmented interest in the practices of the teachers matches the conduction of research on development of the teachers and their education on the diverse contexts in teaching languages. Theoretical Framework The research conducted in early 90s indicate that teaching have improved in the classrooms from improved teacher practices in matters concerning teaching practice (Resnick 2009). The learning of students in classrooms depends on the knowledge and learning practices acquired by the teachers. This point out that information is transferred from the teachers to their students and the occurrence of an error in teaching results to similar results from the students. The teachers’ beliefs and attitudes on teaching grammar and knowledge on grammar are the basic foundations on the second language teaching research (Pajares 2013). The positive attitudes and beliefs of the teachers results in better results in classrooms. The students depend on the information gathered in the classrooms; hence, their teachers offer positive attitudes and beliefs in their teaching to produce better and significant results. The level of acquired knowledge from the teachers’ demonstrates equivalent teaching practice. The higher the level of knowledge acquired by the teachers from the countries and areas where English is a second language the higher their level of expertise and teaching practice in the classrooms (Resnick 2009). The teachers’ knowledge and modes of teaching should be dynamic to cater for the different levels of understanding of the students and to produce clarity in the classrooms. Various research practitioners have conducted research on the teaching practices and attitudes of teachers and their use of vocabulary. According to Arends, the research on teachers using English as a second language indicates that the teachers’ use of grammar is directly proportional to their knowledge and level of active participation on individual learning (Arends 2008). Significance of Research According to research, the basis of teaching grammar and vocabularies depend on individual determination. This illustrates that the use of English as the