ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For many inhabitants of the Earth, a tsunami threat looks like an abstract and very exotic danger. However, the vagaries of nature in recent years are such that it is quite difficult to feel completely protected from such a danger. Moreover, even in a small lake, under a certain confluence of circumstances, a large wave can arise. If it is about the cities located on the seashore or beside the ocean, the problem is urgent enough. The knowledge of how to survive during a tsunami can be useful at the most unexpected moment and in almost any part of the globe. Therefore, it is essential to know ​​how to anticipate the place and time of the occurrence of a tsunami and to determine which factors are the main in assessing the potential wave’s power and the speed at which it approaches the land. Main Causes of Tsunami The central and most frequent cause of tsunami occurrence is underwater earthquakes. Powerful jerks create a directional movement of huge masses of water that roll to the shore with waves more than 10 meters high and bring casualties and destruction. It is not surprising that the greatest risk of occurrence of this natural disaster exists in coastal areas with increased seismic activity. Thus, everyone knows the example of the tsunami in Japan in 2011, which led to an incredible number of human casualties and triggered an accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant (Ikehara et al. 2014). Quite often, there is a tsunami threat in the Philippines, Indonesia, and other island states of the Pacific. The consequences of tsunamis can be very serious, and this danger should be discussed in detail since many people are exposed to it. Ways to Recognize the Approac
Introduction Globalization has a great impact on the world transforming social, political, cultural and economic spheres of life. Innovations in transportation have been complemented by the swift development of communication technologies. The 20th-century arrival of mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, and television further enhanced a growing consciousness of a rapidly shrinking world. Globalization transforms economic system of the world brining new opportunities to less developed countries; it changes cultural and political spheres popularizing democratic values and principles and promulgating western style of life. Globalization in media sphere is influenced by changes in political and cultural spheres brining new economic opportunities and financial capitals to media giants. These needs lead to digitalization, consolidation and deregulation of media environment around the globe. Globalization creates new social and new public sphere influenced by changes in all aspects of like. The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the problem of digitalization of new media and impact of global changes on this sphere. Literature Review The main layer of literature discusses the role of globalization and global integration in new media development. MacGillivray (2005) states that the main problem is that the new media and social values confront national ideologies and self-identification. The strategies and goals of integration are developed by the state agencies but they do not reflect goals and needs of the nation-stats. Political cooperation is something that has constantly been urged upon the Community since its creation. Insofar as the EC has involved a continuing relationship between several national governments, it has achieved a not insignificant degree of political cooperation. The global media relationships with local media agencies or groups of countries had not progressed much during the last decade. Osterhammel and Petersson (2005) new media and policy institutes are often viewed as vehicles to encourage social sphere development – often in cooperation with the corporate sector and third-sector groups. New media institutions attract funding and support from foundations and aid agencies as organizations to build social capital, to generate human capital and bolster the political infrastructure of ‘free’ societies. In weak states or fractured societies they can sometimes have a pivotal role in rebuilding social and political institutions and helping to build dialogue and debate between conflicting groups. New researches are made
Introduction Various countries usually have correctional facilities and they always used in helping individuals change their attitudes and behavior. They are always aimed at making the convicted people productive members of the society. Some of the common correctional facilities include jails, lockups, and prisons. In addition to these facilities, rehabilitation centers for drug addicts and destitute children are also part of correctional facilities (Fagan, 2002). The Roles of Correctional Psychologists Psychologists serving in correctional facilities always perform many duties and we can describe them as follows. They always offer therapeutic interventions to clients who have been experiencing problems related to psychological disorders. This can help such convicts to improve their behavior. Secondly, they always carry out violence and risk evaluation to the convicts. In this case they examine a client and then they apply a given model of therapy for the treatment of the client (Fagan, 2002). The response of the client is then closely monitored. In addition to the normal duties given to the correctional psychologists, they are now being trained to give medical prescriptions to the clients. The use of medical prescriptions can make the correction process more effective. Careers in Correctional Psychology Correctional psychology has quite a good number of job opportunities for clinical psychology practitioners and they include the following. Psychologists who have vast experiences and qualifications can serve as chief psychologists in correctional facilities. In this case they oversee the management of the clients and they can also be consulted if there is a serious problem. We also have clinical psychologists who conduct counseling services to clients (Meyer, 2005). They interact with the clients regularly in order to assess their response to therapy. Goals of Incarceration Incarceration refers to “the detention of a person in jail, typically as punishment for a crime” (Lowman, 2006). An individual can be incarcerated if he or she is convicted or suspected of having committed a certain crime. People are always incarcerated because of the following reasons. It is always done to discourage other people from engaging in criminal activities. It serves as punishment to those who break the law. It quarantines criminals hence they cannot have the chance to engage in more offences. Apart from these measures, incarceration also helps in rehabilitating the convicts and this enables them to become responsible and productive citizens. The nature and the terms of incarceration always vary depending on the type of crime committed (Meyer, 2005). Challenges affecting Correctional Psychologists Correctional psychologists normally experience myriad challenges in their activities and they can be briefly explained this way. Most of the correctional facilities lack the necessary resources and facilities to support the surging number of mentally ill incarcera
Among various natural disasters, tsunamis deserve particular attention for the combination of their destructive character and opportunities to prevent human losses. An event that entirely transformed standard scientific approaches to this phenomenon was the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2014), it all started with a 9.1 magnitude earthquake near Sumatra, Indonesia. Although not resulting in significant destruction, it ruptured “a 900-mile stretch along with the Indian and Australian plates,” forcing massive ocean floor segments over thirty meters upward (Roos, 2020, para. 9). Combined with the ten-minute duration, such a quake caused a tremendous tsunami rushing across the Indian Ocean. It affected the entire region, with the heaviest losses in nearby Indonesia and several deaths occurring even in South Africa, five thousand miles from the epicenter (Roos, 2020). Therefore, this tsunami became a global disaster affecting millions of people and requiring a thorough review and identification of future preventive and mitigation measures. The statistical data published by international researchers demonstrate the tremendous effects of this natural disaster. With 227,898 people dead or missing, it caused the highest number of tsunami victims throughout recorded history (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2014). The worst effects of the great wave were observed in Indonesia, where the death toll exceeded 160,000 people, and the overall damages almost reached $4.5 billion (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2014). The remaining fatalities were found all along the Indian Ocean coast, with the largest numbers in Sri Lanka and India. The total material losses were estimated to reach $10 billion (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2014). Entire communities were wiped off the map, thousands of houses and large infrastructural objects were destroyed. Moreover, ruined coastal facilities resulted in a significant impact on tourism, which constituted the primary income source for many states. Thus, this tsunami became the deadliest and most destructive natural disaster in the region for years. The latest strategies aimed at mitigating tsunamis are vast; however, their implementation is complex and does not always guarantee the complete prevention of the disaster’s impact. The first strategy is concerned with the vertical evacuation of the population to the excising natural high ground or tsunami-resistant structures or special-purpose structures. The second strategy is the construction of structures that are higher than the expected height of tsunami inundation (Goltz & Yamori, 2020). The third strategy is concerned with excellent preparedness of the cities in communities, such as the adoption of building codes to address tsunamis, the moving of essential community assets and vulnerable individuals out of tsunami hazard zones, as well as planning for post-tsunami recovery. It is suggested to implement a global educational program, allowing people to identify t
Introduction The circumstances inside a courtroom are controlled and managed by different professionals. These include the law enforcers, bailiff, court reporter, prosecutor; furthermore, the defense attorney and the judge also come in handy. It is noteworthy that for the trial to run slickly all these personalities must work mutually; consequently, each of them has a function to play in the practice. Roles Law enforcers ensure the edict offenders are detained and charged in court. The bailiff, on the other hand, maintains law and order in the courtroom. Additionally, the court reporter records all the proceedings during the trial. It is noted that the prosecutors play the position of sorting cases for a tryout in court, in reference to precedence. In addition, they decide on the finest approach for hearing various cases. In most cases, the prosecutor formulates assignments to support district attorneys. It is noteworthy that they also do work closely with the regulation enforcers to establish the attestation against the accused. Occasionally, the prosecutors might seek the transfer of trial venue or oppose it (Champion, Hartley & Rabe 2008). For example, in the case of Mr. Peterson v. the state, the prosecutor proved his case beyond reservation that Mr. Peterson was blameworthy of the charges, a fact that led to his conviction. Defense attorneys have the liability of devotedly acting instead of clients. They also grill prosecution witnesses to compromise their standing or accuse their authenticity. It is also apparent that they make use of all permissible resources they acquire to ensure they have conquered governments’ accusations against their client. It is true that, in plea bargaining proceedings, they confer with prosecutors to settle on the entreaty favoring their clients. For example, in the case involving Garcia, it is evident that George Gray a public defender in Quinn County had his office understaffed and overworked. Thus, Garcia, a Mexican is charged with robbery because he was the last person seen loitering around a store before it was robbed with masked men. In this case, George gray is given the responsibility of representing him during the trial. Garcia claims he was having some wine that day the store was robbed. Additionally, he claims to have entered the store during the day to buy wine but was rejected by an employee. This revelation makes Gray realize that it is in the best interest of Garcia to accept a guilty plea to be given a linear sentence. Failure to do so will make him get a sentence of up to 25 years in pr
Technological advances have facilitated the work of numerous professionals, including law enforcement officers, who utilize digital hardware and software to improve the efficiency of their operations. Nevertheless, some of the technologies used by police and other agencies have raised concerns of the public over the threat to citizens’ rights and freedoms. Thus, it becomes essential to assess all the risks to the personal privacy of people posed by the deployment of new technologies by law enforcement. One of the most divisive technologies employed by officers is the databases which contain information on gang members and other individuals who are considered potentially dangerous to society. The database utilized in Illinois called I-CLEAR provides police officers with easy access to information on suspects and allows them to make new entries (Cox et al., 2019). On the one hand, this method can be beneficial for searching for perpetrators, yet on the other hand, it entails a host of problems. The database can be stolen, and the private information of the citizens included in the database may become publicly known. Former criminals who are no longer involved in any illegal activity also can be falsely accused of committing a crime simply by being present in the database. Another system the use of which implies risks to the privacy of every American citizen is Digital Collection System Network which lets the FBI wiretap any communication device (Cox et al., 2019). There is once again a possibility of data leaks related to the system since hackers may illegally take control of the network and compromise the personal details of millions of people. Additionally, law enforcement agencies can extract DNA and conduct analyses using it. Extraction of DNA against a person’s will can be viewed as an invasion of bodily integrity, and the use of DNA for determining a criminal can result in mismatches. Technologies help officers to solve crimes and quickly find perpetrators, but they also pose a risk to citizens’ privacy. Individuals with malicious intent can hack tools such as databases and surveillance mechanisms and use them to steal information from people. There are also DNA-related procedures that ultimately can be perceived as a threat to bodily integrity and involve extremely personal information. Reference Cox, S. M., Massey, D., Koski, C. M., & Fitch, B. D. (2019). Interactive: Introduction to policing interactive eBook . [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Web.
Industrialization Industrialization can be referred to as the social and economic change of a human group from an agrarian society to an industrial one (Pomeranz, 2001). The first transformation, otherwise known as the industrial revolution, was first experienced in the mid 18 th century to early 19 th century. It occurred in specific areas of Western Europe and North America. The second industrial revolution took place in the mid 19 th century after the invention of the steam engine and electricity as well as the construction of canals, power lines, and railways, and the invention of the internal combustion engine (Pomeranz, 2001). The latest and most current industrial revolution is seen with the computer age and the internet industry. Factory Systems Industrialization is associated with improvement and advances in various sectors. In the agricultural sector, industrialization played a very great role in increasing production and making work easier through the use of sturdier farm implements. The textile sector was able to make work easier and increase output because industrialization made it possible to spin dozens of threads at the same time. Coal mining improved through the use of modern machinery and safety equipment that brought about efficiency and safety within the industry despite the fact that the coal mining industry is still hazardous. Industrialization began in England and was later spread to other regions across the world. Industrialization spread to countries that surrounded England hence making these countries wealthy and part of what is known as the Western world (Pomeranz, 2001). The western world is linked to industrial capitalism because it has made use of industrialization to increase pro
Introduction Educators’ approaches to teaching have an enormous influence on both the learning and life outcomes of students. Out of many variables in these outcomes, instructional practices are the one over which teachers have the most control; therefore, it is essential to mediate learning through the most effective training approaches (Cook, Melody, & Landrum, 2016). Teaching can take place in a wide variety of formats that depend on the content area, outcomes, and characteristics of learners. Furthermore, choices about instructional practices have to be aligned with a school’s vision and mission. It follows that instructional decisions should be guided by sound principles and learning theories that are related to a high level of student performance control. This paper aims to outline a practical guide for identifying and implementing effective instructional practices. The paper will also discuss the role of different educational stakeholders in making instructional decisions. Identification and Selection Experimental studies can help to identify instructional practices with high empirical validity (Cook et al., 2016). By familiarizing themselves with educational research, principals can arrive at many empirically validated practices that should be analyzed in detail to select those that match their settings. Teacher Autonomy Teachers should be empowered to take a more autonomous approach to manage students’ learning activities (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2014). Educators should be encouraged to “self-regulate her/his instructional practices” (Hughes & Silva, 2013, p. 71). For example, teachers can use self-assessment techniques to select the most effective instructional practices. Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment Effective classroom teaching hinges on the ability of administrators to create in their institution a harmonious relationship between three foundational elements of a formal educational setting—curriculum, instruction, and assessment (Lissitz, 2013). Curriculum and instruction define the content and the nature of all learning experiences that help students to reach certain learning outcomes. Whereas curriculum structures concepts that constitute a base of discipline, instruction assists students in developing a framework for organizing knowledge. However, without measuring both the depth and breadth of students’ learning at a different point of the educational process, it is not possible to improve their comprehension. A multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS) or Response to Intervention (RtI) is a great example of a framework that can help educators to adjust their instruction based on results of
What is Assessment, specifically, Authentic Assessment?   * Assessment is the process and procedures used to gather data, utilizing a variety of factors, about student performance (Lemlech, 2006);   * Authentic assessment is the the process of using “everyday” student work projects to make decisions that inform teaching and provide information about students’ progress (Lemlech, 2006). Assessment tools are supposed measure how much a student has learned from previous lessons. Assessment methods either fall under the more traditional approaches that expect students to regurgitate information previously fed to them or authentic assessment that traverse a wider range of academic disciplines and skills as well as assessment approaches that attempt to evaluate the “whole child” in a wide span of application of his knowledge and abilities (Darling-Hammond et al, 1993). Wiggins’ (1991) description of what authentic assessment should be is that it involves “engaging problems and questions of importance and substance in which students must use knowledge (and construct meaning) effectively and creatively (p. 39). Thus, it involves the use of higher-order thinking which is far useful in the long run than mere knowledge of information which most traditional assessment methods measure. Why assess children?   * To determine skills;   * To create a suitable program;   * To determine child’s pacing in comparison to norms;   * To know child’s strengths and weaknesses;   * To create child’s overall profile;   * To resolve a particular problem;   * For diagnostic purposes to gather information for use in ongoing guidance, placement and addressing special needs, if any. What is Performance Assessment? This is student assessment based on a demonstration of knowledge and skills in a variety of activities and contexts (Lemlech, 2006). What is Portfolio Assessment? A visual record (folder) maintained by the student to display peak experiences (work activities, projects, and the ongoing process of writing) and learning progress (Lemlech, 2006). What are Rubrics? Criteria statements, designed by the teacher and/or students, used to evaluate performance (Lemlech, 2006). Reference Darling-Hammond, L, Einbender, L., Frelow, F. & Ley-King, J.l (1993) , Authentic Assessment in Practice: A Collection of Portfolios, Performance Tasks, Exhibitions and Documentation. Lemlech, J.K. (2006) Curriculum and Instructional Methods for the Elementary and Middle School , Sixth Edition Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Pearson Education, Inc. Wiggins, G. (1991) “Task” Design Ideas, Principles and Guidelines. Geneseo, NY: Center on Learning, Assessment and School Structure.