ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reporting in general refers to a way of presenting information on a particular company’s performance. These reports include financial position’s status, profits, and cash flows. They are essential to a wide range of users, for instance stakeholders, regulators and investors. In Mexico, financial reporting is very low because of several factors. The government, which should act as the custodian of law does not have much interest in protecting the investors from discrimination by a few persons with vested interests. This is evident from the secrecy within the companies. Information on companies is kept in high secret, hence, locking out the investors from critical information, which they need for their decision making. Lack of disclosure of essential information by companies lead to a lot of secret transactions by the top executives – this reduces the trust of the investors. Citizens need to know whatever is going on in the firm for them to have confidence with their investments in the company; otherwise they will shy away from it (Choi & Meek, 2010). Surprisingly, getting information in Mexico is left to the insiders. This results into illegal form of insider trading, which takes place in a security market, following exchange of material information, which is not offered to the general public. Insider trading is a retrogressive activity that amounts to defrauding of shareholders, and which should be punishable by the toughest terms possible. The illegal form of insider trading is the one that takes place in a security market, following exchange of material information, which is not offered to the general public. This kind of trading is not possible if transparency and disclosure of financial information is made mandatory and strictly enforced by the regulatory authorities (Choi & Meek, 2010). Mexico’s secretiveness dates back to its history when Aztec rulers who kept their subjects amazed by powerful deities were both unpredictable and hard to understand. The Spanish used to follow multiple and complex bureaucratic rules, which were not shared with ordinary citizens. After the independence, the culture of secrecy persisted as the ruling parties made sure that the information did not get into the wrong hands. In other words, the powerful people in Mexico are historically known to kidnap information. Although the process of democratization is being ushered in, some people with vested interests are still trying to hold it back. Even the government is abetting this immoral secrecy – a case in point is when the Mexican government withheld crucial macroeconomic information from the international banking community, which exacerbated the 1994 currency collapse. Characteristics that predict relatively high disclosure levels in Mexico There are some processes of democratization set to address the traditional practices, whereby the powerful people kidnapped the information or retained it for themselves. This trend will bring about a compulsory disclosure policy. Furthermore, a more democratic culture can make it possible for powerless shareholders to fight for their rights (Choi & Meek, 2010). Influx of foreign investors in Mexico is
Pharmacological therapies, such as methadone maintenance therapy, may have both benefits and drawbacks depending on various factors. On the one hand, replacing illicit drugs, such as heroin, with controlled use of the opioid, is associated with decreased cravings and reduction in criminal activity due to the lack of need to get illegal substances (Fareed et al., 2010). At the same time, patients using methadone are known to have fewer family and employment problems (McGovern & Carroll, 2003). Moreover, such patients may have the ability to participate in the therapy due to the lack of cravings (Fareed et al., 2010). In other words, methadone support early recovery due to being less distracted from the treatment process. However, methadone therapy cannot be used alone – it should be used together with other evidence-based methods. Replacing one addictive substance with another may have short-term and long-term implications. Among mild issues are general side effects of opioids, including stomach ache, constipation, or sweating. At the same time, patients can develop more severe side effects, such as addiction to methadone. Such an addiction may have similar social, financial, and family implications for the client. Moreover, according to Fareed et al. (2010), there is no certainty among researchers about the effect of methadone on heroin cravings. Even though the majority of studies confirm that cravings are reduced and the possibility of heroin addiction relapse is lowered, the study has significant limitations stated by Fareed et al. (2010). Therefore, substituting one addictive substance with another is a measure that may be used only in highly controlled environments to prevent patients from facing considerable side effects. Reference Fareed, A., Vayalapalli, S., Stout, S., Casarella, J., Drexler, K., & Bailey, S. P. (2010). Effect of methadone maintenance treatment on heroin craving, a literature review . Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30( 1), 27–38. Web. McGovern, M., & Carroll, K. (2003). Evidence-based practices for substance use disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 26 (4), 991-1010. Web.
Introduction We all live in a consumer society. It means that there are many products that are introduced to satisfy diverse individuals needs and provide them with all goods they might want. One could think that there are no problems with products at the moment. However, the situation is not ideal. The fact is that the focus on quantity has a pernicious impact on the quality of the products that could be found in stores nowadays. Very often we use substitutes for some real products to assure that all people will be able to get them. It goes without saying that natural products are more useful; however, another problem appears. They still might be dangerous to people because they contain some elements that are excluded from these products substitutes. The same goes for raw milk. Analysis The problem is especially topical for North Carolina. The fact is that that it is one of 38 states that do not allow stores to sell raw milk. There are several reasons for this decision. First of all, it might contain pathogens or viruses that have a great pernicious impact on a person and result in the appearance of different diseases (“Raw Milk Misconceptions and the Danger of Raw Milk Consumption”). Additionally, when speaking about raw milk, very often its producers might have serious violations in procedures and sanitarian norms that could not but impact the quality of the final product. Moreover, people might also be allergic to some elements that could be found in it. At the same time, raw milks positive impact on a persons health could hardly be overestimated (Nelson). Scientists have already admitted the fact that the usage of raw milk could improve lactose tolerance and help people who were not able to consume this very product (Weston A. Pierce Foundation 3). Moreover, it could also be used to treat asthma. Researchers state the fact that among patients using raw milk higher recovery rates were noted (Patterson). For this reason, people should also be provided with an opportunity to buy this very product. Besides, the main thing which prevents the government from accepting this idea is the lack of firmness in the quality of the product suggested by local unlicensed manufacturers. This governmental regulation is introduced to protect citizens from the outbreaks of different diseases. For this reason, the given limit exists. However, there is a simple and efficient solution to the problem. Local producers should be engaged in collaboration with the government and become a licensed manufacturer of raw milk. It will also mean that the practice of the constant monitoring of the quality will be introduced and only in case an entrepreneur passes through this very procedure, his/her products will be given the needed permission. Manufacturers should realize the fact that it is a profitable business and cooperation with the government is crucial for the posi
Understanding the mechanism and the various phenomena underlying wrongful convictions is one of the most challenging tasks that the field of criminal justice is facing today. One of the largest contributions to tackling the issue was made with the introduction of the DNA testing in the late 1980s. The new method of inquiry gave rise to the innocence movement that fought for the rights of those who had been falsely convicted. Since then, science has made even more progress, finessing testing in criminal justice. Yet, modern scholars argue that purely scientific approach to resolving the issue of wrongful convictions is barely enough
Introduction When people hear the word “philanthropy,’ they tend to think about charitable organizations that engage in fundraising activities to donate money to a specific cause. While charity is, perhaps, the most common method of giving, philanthropy can also refer to organizations and projects that aim to promote human welfare, especially on a larger scale (Oxford Dictionaries, n.d.). Originating from the Greek word for ‘love of humanity,’ philanthropy can also mean enabling and empowering individuals to achieve economic and personal prosperity. To put simply, one can teach a man to fish instead of giving him a fish. Artasian organization features This is precisely the philosophy of one newly emerged social entrepreneurship organization Artasian. At a glance, it may appear to be yet another online marketplace for handcrafted goods, similar to platforms like Etsy and eBay. However, such an impression is misinformed which is quickly revealed when one explores the company’s website. One peculiarity of their work is that Artasian sells clothing items and accessories that are manufactured in former Soviet republics in Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (Artasian, n.d.). Since these products feature traditional elements, materials, and ornaments, the founders of the company believe that such an online marketplace will help raise global awareness of the richness and diversity of Central Asian cultures, ultimately contributing to improving their international image and attracting tourists and investors. That, in itself, is a noble goal since an English-based handcrafted and eco-friendly goods platform can have a substantial impact on exposing the beauty of Central Asian countries and eventually improving the living conditions there. What is even more important, however, is the organization’s immediate impact on lives of many people in Central Asian countries. The company does not manufacture anything on its own; rather, it serves as an intermediary between local artisan artists and international buyers. These artists are typically women coming from large families that live in remote rural areas with little to no access to infrastructure and means of communication. Many of these families live on less than two dollars a day, and women engage in tedious and meticulous crafts to produce clothes and accessories to be sold at annual fairs (Artasian, n.d.). Since Artasian targets relatively affluent international customers, it can charge premium pr
Introduction Modern psychology is convinced that various emotional states of a person contribute to the formation of solutions, including those related to the work of an organisation in the field of diversity. Emotional intelligence (EI) can have substantial key benefits for any organisation. A manager possessing developed emotional intelligence not only reasonably operates their emotions and solves the problems connected with them but also continually develops emotionally. He or she knows well that difficult emotions cannot be ignored or suppressed; otherwise, they can cause severe problems with psychological health in the future. Combined with the right corporate policy, EI contributes to making the right decisions related to diversity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a literature review of available research on the topic of human EI and its relationship to decision-making concerning staff diversity. Main Theses As such, intellect is a rather complicated and comprehensive system without a complete encyclopaedic definition. However, researchers are convinced that intelligence is a composite structure, and one of its most essential parts is EI. As a rule, EI is understood as the subject’s ability to effectively understand the emotional sphere of human life: to understand emotions and the psychological background of relationships and to use their emotions to solve problems related to relationships and motivation (Dasborough, 2019). Through Dasborough’s theoretical research into the role of EI in shaping solutions, it is clear that low EI is realised through more vibrant emotions. Thus, an emotional response to action will be less expressive in people with more advanced EI. Developed emotional intelligence allows an employee to feel more comfortable in the workplace, and thus to show more productivity. Trust and cooperation, on which the diversity policy is based, are impossible without the right collective spirit. As the analysis of literature shows, the final product of EI is decision-making based on reflection and comprehension of emotions, which is a differentiated assessment of events that have a personal meaning (Salehi & Mohammadi, 2017). In their analytical work, Salehi and Mohammadi found a rather high correlation between the EI of managers and the style of making critical managerial decisions (2017). The researchers stated that highly developed EI directly affects the correctness and quality of the actions performed. In developing the theme of the relationship between leadership style of management, decision making, and EI, one cannot help but mention the work that has made a significant contribution to the development of the problems of the corporate leadership style choice. Analysis of Li, Gupta, Loon, and Casimir (2016) shows the significant contribution of the manager’s EI level to the company’s management style. Li et al. conclude that the most justified in terms of EI is a leadership styl
Evolutionary psychology is a field of study, which explores the ways in which information and main beliefs from biology are applied in the understanding of the organization of the brain. However, it does not apply to the study of vision, reasoning, and the social action. It examines the psychosomatic features, which include the memory, perception, and the use of language. It employs a modern evolutionary approach to establish how human psychological features are adapted (Lloyd, & Feldman, 2002). In other words, it scrutinizes the way in which practical processes, such as natural selection and sexual assortment, are modified. Evolutionary psychology is closely related to evolution since it employs the adaptation approach to the understanding of the functioning of the heart, lungs, and the immune system. For instance, scholars advancing this view observe that the mind has a modular structure, which is equivalent to that of the body. Based on this, the human mind has a number of modular adaptations that serve several functions. In this regard, human behavior is simply an output of the psychological adaptations that evolve to address problems in the modern societies. This shows that the human mind is always in the process of evolving to counter the new challenges posed by the modern society. As new things emerge, the human mind develops some mechanisms to counter them. This view is supported many scholars, even though there are those who are opposed to it. This article opposes the idea that the human mind is ever evolving to resolve issues in the current environment. The idea that the human mind is just a physical structure is mislaid because the regulations of chemistry and physics cannot manage its operations. This would imply that the outcome of the thinking process is determined by the chemical reactions that take place in the brain. Evolutionary psychology argues that the results of the chemical processes include an individual hopes, dreams, and feelings. This shows that the brain has a major role of information processing, just as a computer. The only difference is that the brain is made up of the organic compounds while the computer works with the microchips. The chemical reactions taking place in the brain are facilitated by the cells, which are made up of the neurons and some other supporting structures (Lloyd, & Feldman, 2002). The neurons are specialized cells whose major function is information transmission. It is clear that evolutionary psychology simply depends on the reifications of behavior. For instance, the theory argues that intelligence or the ability to read is a discrete trait that can easily be inherited. The assumption of evolutionary psychology is that a genetic component can be inherited yet in the real sense it is not. The idea that the genetic component affects human behavior has not been proved, yet evolutionary psychology supports it. Studies show that evolutionary psychology simply relies on guesswork regarding a hypothesized theory of adaptation. In reality, little is known about the effects
The purpose of the assignment was to identify and map food resources available in the selected area. DeSoto County in Mississippi was selected as the focus of this assignment, and nine food pantries were found in the surrounding areas. Most of the pantries were located in Southaven, Olive Branch, and Horn Lake areas, with some also present in more remote locations. The present paper will seek to summarize the findings and evaluate the availability of services in DeSoto County. DeSoto County is located to the South of Memphis, at the border between Mississippi and Tennessee. The poverty rate in the area is 10.9%, with almost 18,000 people living below the poverty line (The New York Times, 2014). This figure is significantly lower than that of neighboring counties, such as Marshall County (27.3%), Tunica County (31.4%), and Tate County (18%), although the number of people living in poverty in DeSoto County is the highest in this area of Mississippi (The New York Times, 2014). Hence, population needs in terms of accessible food services in DeSoto County are also more significant. The prevalence of food insecurity in DeSoto County is rather low compared to other counties of the state, but 12.9% to 16.6% reported food insecurity in 2018 based on national data (Deloitte, 2019). People who live in poverty are particularly sensitive to food availability, as they cannot always afford nutritious foods, and thus they require access to food pantries and banks in the area. The largest cities in DeSoto County are Southaven, Olive Branch, and Horn Lake, and a significant share of people who live in poverty is situated in these three cities. The map of food pantries shows that there is at least one pantry in each of these cities, but only Olive Branch has two pantries. This indicates a rather low availability of accessible food services because four pantries are unlikely to serve the majority of those in need. Still, people who live in poverty and need these services usually live in the areas where a food pantry is available. Therefore, they do not need to travel far to obtain food when they need it. The rate of car ownership in DeSoto County is high, with an average of two cars per household in 2018 (Deloitte, 2019). With a high percentage of car ownership, it is likely that many low-income families have a car and can travel to the food pantry as needed. Those who do not own a vehicle can access the pantries by public transportation, as each of them has a bus stop nearby. This means that people in need should have no problem accessing food services in DeSoto County, even if they live outside of its larges cities. On the whole, the analysis produced some essential insights. First of all, DeSoto County has one of the lowest poverty rates in Mississippi, which affects the share of people who need food services. Still, the number of people living below the poverty line in DeSoto County is higher than in surrounding areas due to the larger population. Secondly, DeSoto County has a limited number of food pantries available despite the large number of people who need accessibl
In case study Working without papers , Long (2004) describes a story of the company Three Sources Construction – a small construction company with a multi-cultural staff base. Javier, a Latin-American supervisor within the company faces the problem of unfair attitudes towards the other Latin-American workers. Whilst the American workers do not have any problem with their pay, the Latin-American workers whose conditions are equal to that of the American’s, do not get their salary. Javier’s English speaking abilities and skillsets enable his promotion to the role of supervisor. Javier is conflicted between the two camps of workers and obviously he should treat all workers in the same way without any exceptions with regards to ethnicity. This situation is an example of organisational communication within the particular company. According to Weerakkody, “organisational communication helps us understand the way an organisation and its setting or context influences how its members communicate with each other and the outside world” (2010, Topic 1, p. 1). Analysis of the case study Working without papers demonstrates that there are serious problems within the working process based on the cultural ground. The owners should pay more attention to organisational climate of the company and improve its structure and communicational networks. Introduction Ruben and Stewart (2006) indicate that since work as well as school, social clubs, political, religious organisations etc. has a significant place in the life of every worker, it is necessary to investigate the rules of organisational communication, or, according to Weerakkody, “how an organisation uses communication to define its goals, maintain its divisions of labour, control operations, establish information networks and develop its own culture, which in turn guide its members’ behavior” (2010, Topic 1, p. 1). For Ruben and Stewart (2006), the essential characteristics of the organisational communication are the communicational network, organisational culture, organisational climate, diversity, values and ethical principles. Through communication workers can define goals, develop strategies, roles and responsibilities, and develop culture and climate. Every organisation has its goal that can be defined as “the objective that guides that activity of an organisation” (Ruben & Stewart, 2006, p. 296). In this context, the goal of Three Sources Construction is construction and supply of services, maintaining the great reputation and involving more clients. Communicational network includes internal, external and informal ways. In our case study, communication between Javier and his wife are the examples of external network because there is no evident communication with suppliers, customers, investors, etc. Internal networ