ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mercury is a key component of the solar system, which is subsequent to the sun. As a result, locating it from earth is difficult. It is noteworthy that the objective of putting a Lander in mercury is to discover various properties of the planet. These include its diameter measured in kilometers. Additional objectives include determining the total amount of density in the planet and the lowest and maximum skin temperature. Another objective is to determine the period it takes to complete one rotation around the sun and the distance, it covers during this rotation. Determining the temperature in the planet and comparison of the sunrays between this planet and earth is crucial. The availability of oxygen is also a subject of discovery. Finally, determining the availability of life in the planet thus organisms, which could survive is paramount (David). When a Lander goes to the space, there are some challenges, which it has to overcome. The first challenge pertains to the daytime temperatures in mercury, which are very high i.e. 427 degrees Celsius, because of its proximity to the sun. Thus, the materials used in its construction should be heat proof to prevent damages to the equipments. An additional challenge that the Lander needs to overcome is technical breakdowns. Thus, there should be a backup program to take care of such incidences. It is a fact that if the radiations are very high, they will end up destroying telemetries and so no data transmission from the Lander to the ground station will take place. An additional challenge that the Lander should overcome is protection of the astronaut’s health. This is imperative because their health is essential for the success of the project. It is a fact that the astronauts bear the greatest responsibility in ensuring the Lander reaches its destination safely. Thus, it is imperative for provision of enough oxygen for the mission. This is because there is no prove for existence of oxygen in mercury. An additional challenge that the Lander should overcome is the accuracy in its operations. This includes the readings that it will be recording during the mission. It is important for the information collected to be perfect for the mission to succeed (Cain). There are instruments that the Lander posses to ensure it deliver the right information. These includes oxygen cylinders, telemetries, spectrometers, propellers, video and audio transmitters. Moreover, the Lander must have parachute that ensures it lands safely. One of the most important equipment that I will fit on my Lander is the “Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiters” (LRO). This is a satellite camera that takes photos of high eminence. Telemetries will collect the data in areas within mercury that the Lander might not have access. This strategy safeguards the lives of the astronauts who will be navigating this equipment. This system will
Eligibility rules are the rules that are used by the various social welfare groups and organizations to determine the individuals who are eligible to receive benefits that are on offer. In order to determine the qualifications of the people who are eligible to receive the benefits on offer, there needs to be a set of criteria or rules to help in the determination of those who are best suited to receive them. There are various criteria that can be used to determine eligibility for receiving the public benefits; one of these rules is the ‘first come, first serve basis.’ However, in most of the cases this criterion has negative effects as those who get these benefits are not the deserving ones; instead those who are needier end up mission out on the benefits. The criteria that are used for determining eligibility include the prior contribution rule whereby the members of the society who are eligible to receive the social welfare benefits are required to have contributed a certain amount prior to that date so as to be able to benefit in the later days. An example of this scheme is the US Social Security System and the income for disabled workers (Chambers & Wedel, 2005). Other means of eligibility include the Administrative rules whereby an interpretation of the rules is needed so as to determine the extent to which these rules can be used to determine eligibility for the benefits. Others are private contracts, whereby private companies are contracted to collect and cover all the members who are to receive benefits such as medical cover. Discretion on the basis of either professional or administrative judgment can also be used to determine the eligible ones; a judicial judgment can be used in case there is a dispute that needs to be resolved; the other rule is to use a means of testing to set a benchmark for the standards that need to be met by those who are eligible to receive the benefits. Finally in cases whereby one needs to be attached to a certain organization to receive a benefit, there are rules for determining the attachment to that workforce before the benefits are given out. Depending on the rules that are applied, it is possible to end up having cases of stigmatization or benefits that end up with the wrong people. Some of the rules are left at the discretion of the interpretation of the individual administrators in charge of the implementation of these rules; however, in such a case, the concerned party may make an interpretation that will favor a certain people. The use of private contracts might also result in cases of stigmatization because some of the people who might be ultimately worthy of receiving the benefits might not be in a position to afford the contributions that might be required by the private contributors. It is mandatory to make these contributions in order to be eligible to benefit from the schemes which have been set up through the private contractors (Chambers & Wedel, 2005). Another rule which might contribute to the stigmatization is the rule
Computers are an essential part of everyday life. They are useful in carrying out various tasks and jobs and have infiltrated almost every aspect of people’s lives. When computers were invented, a little over half a century ago, they were a technological innovation mainly for industrial use. Computers were primarily used for scientific purposes (Ifrah, 2001). However, over the years, new ways of using the computer have seen the computer rapidly evolving into a household item. Some of these technological advancements mainly include the multimedia applications such as the internet into the computer. Currently, there is hardly any task that can be accomplished without employing the services of a computer. These range from carrying out the smallest office task, to communicating with friends and family. This paper outlines why people are too dependent on computers and why this could be problematic. First of all, computers are useful because they have revolutionized tasks that would otherwise have been thought to be impossible. For instance, the internet has made instant communication between two people on different sides of the globe possible. The fact that one can actually chat via video with a person thousands of miles away is a convenience that would not be possible without computers. This has made it easier to pass urgent and important messages that have actually been able to alleviate disasters and save lives. For example, the use of the internet to announce terror alerts or pandemic breakouts is much more efficient than the traditional use of news stations and leaflets. Over 80% of the adult American population can comfortably use and navigate their way through the world wide web, even though most do not know how to use the rest of the computer applications (Ifrah, 2001). Secondly, computers have contributed greatly to the development of the global economy. Through the development of computer applications and programs, business transactions have been made much faster and more convenient. For example, the field of accounting has been revolutionized by the development of accounting programs which solve, in a few seconds, problems that would have taken several people many days to accomplish. Computers have also minimized the chances of human error in important financial calculations and decisions (Dijk, 2005). Common tasks such as shopping for items have also been made easier through online shops whereby one is able to save on time that would have been spent in traffic or queuing at a mall. Computer programs used in industrial applications such as Engineering have also ensured increased safety in constructed buildings and the speed with which objects are designed and manufactured (Dijk, 2005). The aforementioned two categories of computer uses are just a tip of the iceberg. One thing which is common in computer use is that compute
Introduction The coronavirus (COVID-2019) epidemic has placed a heavy burden on world economics and reflected on people’s daily lives. Due to the abrupt change of conditions and rules in all fields of human activity, the global business has appeared to be unready for the current requirements and challenges of the complicated time. In particular, the most radical changes have occurred in the behavior of consumers who begin to adapt and adjust their habits, values, and outlooks to new circumstances determined by legal restrictions. Thus, this paper aims at examining the impact of COVID-2019 on consumer behavior in various spheres of human activity, including work, communications, education, travel, shopping and consumption, entertainment, and healthcare. In addition, the paper will incorporate the necessary theories into the analysis and discuss the implications for organizations. The coronavirus pandemic is sweeping with astonishing speed, infecting millions of people and inflicting substantial damage to almost all economic sectors primarily because of severe restrictions on movement and commercial operations, imposed by governments. The main industries the most affected by the pandemic include tourism, sports, aviation, automotive industry, mechanical engineering, the energy sector, and agriculture, among others. For example, according to the Mobility Market Outlook, in 2020, the revenue for the travel industry worldwide is estimated to be $447.4 billion, demonstrating a 34.7 percent fall compared to the previous year (Lock, 2020). The economic damage produced by the COVID-19 pandemic mainly stems from a drop in demand, implying that the available products and services are not purchased by consumers. The reduced demand is conditioned not only by strict social limitations but also due to massive unemployment as many companies, irrespective of their size, had to cut staff to compensate for lost revenue. In this context, it is relevant for companies, especially managers, to examine the changes that begin taking place in consumer behavior. This subject generally refers to the study of individuals or groups and their actions, habits, and preferences related to the purchase, choice, use or disposal of goods and services to fulfill individual desires and needs. According to Sheth (2020), consumption alters depending on four critical contexts, namely, social life events (marriage or having children), technology, regulations, and natural disasters, including the pandemic people experience today. Indeed, the time of infection threat, economic uncertainty, and self-isolation has changed consumers’ habits, views, and preferences concerning work, shopping, entertainment, communications, home life, health, and wellbeing overall. Online delivery, digital entertainment, remote working and learning, telemedicine, and a surge in e-commerce are trends that have gained accele
General anxiety disorder (GAD) is a serious issue that affects Shana’s ability to lead a normal life. Based on the case scenario, the appropriate intervention for her is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) together with motivational interviewing (MI). CBT as an approach has been proven to be effective in treating anxiety for patients by many studies. Westra, Constantino, and Antony (2016) conducted a research in which they examined the effects of the approach in treating GAD in adolescents. The authors concluded that the combination of CBT and MI provides a method that allows to minimize possible risks and enhance the effects of CBT (Westra et al., 2016). Among those risks, there is a possibility of relapse and failure to respond to treatment or inadequate reaction to it. A crucial aspect of such intervention is appropriately training therapist that would conduct the sessions. It is essential to ensure that patients do not drop out without finishing their treatment. Thus, a therapist has to apply empathy to provide an understanding of why the alteration is required instead of “taking the role of change advocate” when compared to a traditional CBT (p. 769). In this way, the patient will be in charge of his or her condition and will have full responsibility for the outcomes of treatment while being empowered by the MI. A flexible CBT intervention can be helpful in severe cases of GAD, as it will address possible problems that obstruct a patient from being treated. According to Westra et al., (2016), some patients may not be ready to change or be unable to understand the issue correctly, which subsequently would affect the outcomes. Shana has not received treatment for extended periods of time, and thus, for her, it may be more difficult to adopt new behavior
PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis There are many factors that influence the beer industry. They include the internal factors, which are unique to that business, and external factors. External factors do not necessarily originate or can not be associated with the industry directly. This is with respect to production costs, quality setting and maintenance. This is mainly so because such factors are mostly beyond a certain industry, and tend to take a universal effect on it. Just as it is the case with many other sectors in the economy, the global forces at play have a bearing and/or influence of some sort on the industry (Radcliff, 2008). The European beer industry is, therefore, not an exception. It is subject to particular global forces that shape its various dimensions with respect to markets and market shares. Others include current earnings as well as projected earnings, suitability and sustenance with respect to growth over time and the capacity to expand and diversify for individual companies within those industries (Gillespie, 2007). Generally speaking, the European beer industry has undergone massive development over the decades, considering that it is among some of the oldest industries in the continent. Global forces that have been in play such that they have had an impact on the industry are viewed as macro economical. Most of them have been and are still dynamic, ideally responding to changes in human knowledge and ways of doing things (Radcliff, 2008). The different European countries have had varying political systems which in their own ways either encourage or discourage the well being of the industry. Government policies, fiscal or otherwise that favour such as low taxation on beer, ale and other products from the industry not only encourage its growth by promoting positive reception by the market, but also sets the stage for entry into the market by more firms that seek to take advantage of the promising returns in the long run. Similarly, higher taxation and strict legislation on production, possession and consumption of the same products have a shrinking effect on the viability and sustainability of the industry. This is because such measures restrict the profit margins especially in the case where such margins are solely reliant on the volumes of sales. Moreover, government directives on quality of the products have a bearing on the industry’s capacity as it effectively allows or locks out investments in the same with respect to the investors’ ability
The Reason for the Choice of the Topic There is no use denying that the success of the governmental organizations is crucial to the economical state of a country. However, in 2013, the UAE seem to be the exact representation of a too-much-of-a-good-thing paradox: while the governmental sector witnesses incredible success and extremely high rates of employment, the private sector seems to be regressing, which leads to a number of economical issues. Since the impact of the private sector on the state economy is as significant as the one made by governmental organizations, the means to restore the balance between the two in the UAE must be sought. Problem Identification: Government vs. Private Sector Being extremely powerful and offering a number of opportunities of the further career growth, the UAE government sector does not allow private entrepreneurship develop, which might lead to economical and financial problems and which stands in sharp contrast to the situation experienced in the United Kingdom, where the governmental sector seems to have lost its value and authority, making way for private entrepreneurships to grow. The above-mentioned situation in UAE presupposes that no premises for the private entrepreneurship development are provided; as a result, the latter do not have any tangible effect on the state political and economical affairs. Therefore, no new ideas are brought to the table, which can possibly lead to economical stagnation. Research Question (Hypothesis): Boosting the UAE Private Sector Development As one might have guessed, the key to successful improvement of the current state of affairs within the UAE economy is to provide the means to support the private sector and promote it among the general audience without harming the government enterprises. While the procedure does presuppose taking the status of the governmental companies down a few notches, it is still required to keep the latter Research Approach: Incorporating the Wisdom of the East and the Business Acumen of the West Since the current UAE strategy on private business and governmental organizations stands in sharp contrast to the one applied in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, it can be suggested that the key to crating a successful strategy for the UAE is to combine the existing methods with the ones that are exercised in the UK. Among the first steps that are to be taken, privatization of several governmental organizations should be mentioned. The research approach, thus, is going to combine the elements of quantitative analysis
Introduction Every product has to be marketed to help businesses increase their revenue as well as widen their market base. For that reason, researchers have come to a conclusion that there is need for respective departments to have a full understanding of the different stages of product life cycle to develop the right marketing strategies for a product or service (Kotler & Keller, 2012). As suggested by Perreault, Cannon & McCarthy, 2011 in the current competitive world of business, organizations need to regularly analyze their products and services in order to improve how they serve their customers. Relationship between differentiation and positioning Product differentiation and positioning has been attributed to iconic nature of such firms as Apple Inc., McDonalds, and Coca-Cola among others (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Product differentiation has been thought of as the inclusion of all types of attributes or characteristics for instance packaging, pricing, quality, design of product, courtesy of those who offer the service or product, product functionality among others in order make the end users to have a perception that the product or service is different and desirable. An example is products offered to customers by Apple Inc. the company has differentiated their product in numerous ways for instance through sleek designs, functionality, delivery, quality to mention but a few. Ideally it has been shown that there are five dimensions of differentiating a product or service and they include; product through quality, performance and conformance. Other dimensions include service, personnel, channel and image differentiation (Perreault, Cannon & McCarthy, 2011). On the other hand, it has been shown that although one might have cleverly differentiated his or her product, failing to position it in the market will counter such efforts. In layman language positioning means how the company positions its products and services in the market (Perreault, Cannon & McCarthy, 2011). Product positioning is what the firm tells potential buyers about a given product or service. This is accomplished through advertising, sales promotions among others. As in the example previously used, Apple has constantly position its products to be of unmatched functionality, unique design and flawless. There is no doubt that the two concepts are directl
Introduction High rates of staff turnover affect a range of companies functioning in the global business setting. Without proper control over retention and turnover rates of staff members within an organization, the threat of a drop in productivity rates and overall performance emerged. The factors underlying the phenomenon of staff shortage are highly variable in their nature, being associated with personal issues, organizational concerns, and internal and external influences. To improve the quality of employees’ organizational performance and reduce the levels of staff shortage, as well as boost the rates of employee retention, an HR manager will need to insp4ect the issues associated with the organizational environment, career prospects for staff members, and other concerns. To address the problem of staff shortage, one will need to embrace multidisciplinary strategies and analyze the existing factors as the multiple elements of a single system within which employees function. As a result, a coherent solution will be produced. Due to the necessity to alter employee perception, companies will have to reconsider their organizational values and philosophies as the platform for constructing a dialogue with their employees. As a result, changes in employees’ perception of their roles and responsibilities within the firm will change, and their levels of loyalty toward a company will rise gradually. Therefore, the approach based on talent management and investment in staff members’ professional and personal development should be seen as the vectors for further progress. By applying the suggested techniques Ito the contemporary corporate setting, one will increase employee retention rates, whereas the problem of high staff turnover levels will be resolved. Analysis Employee Retention as a Complex HRM Issue The problem of employee retention has been affecting a wide range of industries over the past decade. Ahammad and Al-Habil attribute the observed concern to the inability of HR managers to handle diversity in the workplace (66). Causing cultural distance, the lack of skills in meeting the needs of culturally diverse staff has detrimental effects on the rates of retention and increases staff turnover levels drastically. The process of knowledge transfer within an organization is affected heavily by the “national cultural distance” (Ahammad and Al-Habil 66). Therefore, introducing changes to the corporate culture and the approaches toward managing diversity is an imperative step for further HRM-related improvements. Since Ahammad and Al-Habil analyze the problem of employee shortage in depth and discuss sociocultural factors impacting it, the artic