ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a problem-solving method that identifies the origin of an occurrence or a problem (Shaqdan, Aran, Daftari & Abujudah, 2014). In the healthcare setting, RCA refers to investigations carried out to probe events considered adverse. People with expertise in the issue or area being investigated carry out the RCA (Ramstrom & Bratie 2006). Ramstrom and Bratie (2006) noted that the people carrying out the investigation form a team that comprises the members who were not involved with the error under investigation. The main reason for carrying out an RCA is to remove the problem causal factor to achieve a beneficial outcome. Corrigan and Donaldson (2000) noted that the primary goal of RCA is to establish what, how and why the problem happened. RCA determines measures that are necessary to prevent a recurrence of a problem. It is carried out in case of a problem arises in the healthcare setting in relation to a mishap in treatments such as wrong diagnosis or medication. For example, if a wrong order is written, RCA does not concentrate on who wrote the order but goes further to assess the environment under which the order was written. Incident The incident involved a 65-year-old man suffering from atrial fibrillation, chronic renal insufficiency, and lung cancer. The patient was admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) suffering from shortness of breath. The patient underwent intubation and shortly became hypotensive. Vasopressin and phenylephrine supported blood pressure in the resuscitation process. After some time, phenylephrine was substituted with norepinephrine in the resuscitation process. After some tests had been carried out, the norepinephrine was weaned rapidly, and the patient was left on vasopressin. The main incident was the discovery that the patient was on 0.4 units/min of vasopressin instead of 0.04 units/min (Flanders & Saint, 2005). Investigation of the Problem I agree that the problem should be investigated. After the vasopressin was discontinued, and the saturation of oxygen and SVR was adjusted. The treatment was continued using antibiotics, and there were no reported major incidents. Though it is arguable that the overdose did not alter the recovery process of the old man, it is worth noting that the overdose was a risk to his life. The Joint Commission mandates the health facilities to apply RCA to analyze sentinel events. According Utah Administrative Code R380-200-3, mandates health facilities a to report sentinel events that risk the safety and life of patients (Utah Administrative Code, 2013). Medication error is one of the listed events that qualify to report. The incident of overdose with vasopressin qualifies as a care management event that relates to medication error. The RCA on the incident will be in line
Introduction Modern technologies continue to revolutionize the manner in which business processes are done. The case “Samsung and the gamification of marketing research” reveals a number of issues surrounding the use of gaming to meet companies’ business needs. Analysts believe strongly that gamification is a win-win strategy for both customers and companies (Koenig-Lewis, Marquet, & Palmer, 2013). This is the case because more people who have a college education and live in urban areas have the potential to support this business model. Using the case of Samsung Group, this essay describes how gamification is changing the way companies engage and communicate with their customers. SWOT Analysis, the 4 Ps, and Target Market SWOT Analysis Strengths                                                                                                                                                                              * Companies that use gamification find it easy to engage their customers  Weaknesses                                                                                                 * The practice increases customer loyalty and trust                         * Gamification of marketing research is still in its infancy                                             * The practice presents timely market research data                         * Many customers still do not have access to the internet                                                * Gamification of marketing process minimizes business costs                * The model will mainly target customers who play online games                                           * The approach influences consumer behaviors                                * The strategy might not deliver balanced information to the company                                     * Customer relationships are nurtured                                                                                                                                                * The approach can support a company’s business model                                                                                                                              Opportunities                                                               Threats                                                                                                    * The current development of online games supports the approach             * Some customers might offer erroneous or false testimonies                                              * Many people are playing online games than ever before                     * Online-based applications or games can be easily affected by hackers                                   * The current 4G technology will support the model                          * Some media platforms and online games can affect the future of gamification for market research        * Globalization is promoting the use of gamification                        * Individuals addicted to online games might not offer many benefits to the company’s marketing agenda   * Mor
Abstract The rise of the Shining Path and the Zapatistas both derive from the social and economic deprivation and marginalization of the peasants and native indigenous people of the respective countries. While the former is a violent revolution, the latter is generally non-violent. However, both base their ideology on leftist and Marxist principles, particularly the Maoist kind seeking mass welfare through an armed class struggle. In addition to the economic and social deprivation of the aspiring people, other factors like an insensitive administration, racial and regional bias, etc have contributed to the growth of the movements. While the EZLN always seeks to achieve native or Indian social equality and advancement based from a distant rural countryside, the Shining Path seeks to capture power in the country through annihilation of all opposition and follow an autocratic hierarchical form of functioning. While the past and most recent past have seen the proliferation of various terrorist organizations in both Latin America and the whole world, for ruthlessness, the Shining Path seems second to none. Although the Peruvian government, mostly under Fujimori, appears to have dissolved the Shining Path, in recent years, the group seems to be regrouping and re-launching its armed struggle. It has already re-entered the drugs market, sought an alliance with other terrorist groups outside Peru, and seems to be really building up again. In contrast, the EZLN has always strived to attain a social structure without it entering any position of central power in Mexico. The study of the two groups of terrorist outfits is a study of the comparative politics in the two countries, Peru and Mexico. While there are some similarities, there are some glaring dissimilarities, also. This paper seeks to compare the political situation in the two countries, Peru and Mexico as seen from the rise of the terror outfits and the history of state retaliation against the same. Introduction The origin of terror and insurgent movements in a country is influenced by various factors like social and economic deprivation, military, political or governmental repression, local and indigenous issues, etc. Latin America, comprising countries like Peru, Mexico, Columbia, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia has seen the rise of various guerilla and insurgent groups, primarily of a violent nature in their manner of struggle. There have been many external and internal factors that have helped originate and sustain such terror-related activities in a particular country, including in Peru and Mexico, two major Latin American countries. The political situations in the two countries have contributed in large measure to their blood-soiled past and present, and their
Introduction It could be observed that chewing gum is one of the most favorite and most acceptable behavior in classrooms. Some students consider the behavior as a positive one since it helps them get more ideas while stimulating concentration (Allen & Smith, 2015). Chewing gum has been linked to both positive and negative effects. While most people justify the chewing of gum due to its positive effects, other are concerned with the negative implications that may result from the habit (Hirano & Onozuka, 2015). This paper discusses the negative effects that chewing gum may have. The phenomenon is one of the major subjects of study and controversial topic in the print media (Allen & Smith, 2015; Hirano & Onozuka, 2015). As such, the negative effects of chewing gum is a popular topic that has attracted the interest of many people from different regions and demographics for a long time in history. The paper is based on the thesis that chewing gum may have negative effects since it could be a source of distraction and also affect digestion and absorption. Literature Review The effects of chewing gum have been the subject of empirical research. However, it is worth noting that most of the experiments have linked the chewing of gum to positive effects. Allen and Smith (2015) investigated the effect of chewing gum on cognitive performance, personal temper/mood, well-being, and associated physiology. While gum chewing was associated with improved attention, augmented cognitive performance, improved personal mood and well-being, prior chewing was linked to increased chances of error on focused attention activities (Allen & Smith, 2015). Hirano and Onozuka (2015) investigated the effects of chewing on concentration and they concluded that gum chewing has positive effect s on attention. Moreover, gum chewing was linked to mood improving and stress relief. However, they did not clarify on the effects of prior chewing. As such, they suggested that further research was necessary (Hirano & Onozuka, 2015). Although Dodds (2016) suggested that chewing gum has numerous positive health effects, he noted that the behavior has some negative effects. As such, consumers of gum should be concerned with issues such as laxative effects, choking, and the increased risks of temporo-mandibular dysfunction (TMD) (Dodds, 2016). Tucha and Koerts (2012) appreciated the fact that gum chewing has numerous positive effects. However, they argue that there are negative effects that should not be ignored. Using secondary data, the authors established that the behavior has detrimental effects on recalling and memory. Particularly, a study indicated that chewing gum affected delayed recalling. Chewing gum significantly reduced immediate recalling and rec
Introduction What is the problem of evil? In the viewpoint of religion and theology, the issue of evil is the trouble of reconciliation the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of a god. The matter is most often argued in the context of the personal God of the Abrahamic religions, but is also relevant to polytheistic traditions involving many gods. A proposed solution to this dilemma is called a theodicy. First, it’s significant to differentiate between two kinds of evil: moral and natural one. Moral evil results from the actions of free creatures. Murder, rape and theft are examples. Natural evil outlines from normal processes such as earthquakes and floods. Of course, from time to time the two are interacted, such as when flooding outlines in loss of human life due to poor arrangement or shoddy construction of houses. Atheism For some people the existence of god is un-deniable, but there are people who do not only deny the presence of something holy, but also try to prove, that there is no God at all. First of all atheists underline the fact, that people just need to open their eyes, and stop denying the existing reality. Practical atheism can take different forms:   * Nonexistence of religious inspiration — belief in gods does not inspire moral exploit, rel
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsession with imagined ugliness or physical defect. It is distinguished from eating disorders like bulimia or anorexia nervosa in that BDD involves no heightened anxiety with body shape or weight. Philips et al . (320-324) suggest that BDD is rather common, having been diagnosed with the aid of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (as modified for BDD) in 0.7–1.1% of community samples, a range of from 2–13% among nonclinical samples, and 13% of psychiatric inmates. The Diagnosis The major symptom of BDD goes beyond regular adult vanity or adolescent anxiety about appearance to embrace an obsession, an inability to stop thinking about an imagined or exaggerated flaw in physical appearance. A synonym frequently used is “imagined ugliness”, one well-known example perhaps being a patient of Sigmund Freud, the Russian blueblood Sergei Pankejeff nicknamed “The Wolf Man” for being so preoccupied with his over-prominent nose that he became essentially dysfunctional. Thus BDD is chronic mental illness characterized much time in a kind of narcissistic self-examination of the imagined defect for many hours each day. The self-torture is compounded by such pronounced shame as to impel constant visits to cosmetic surgery clinics and otherwise completely inhibit social contact. And no surgical procedure or assurances by intimates works to relieve the destructive distress that attends BDD (Butcher, Mineka and Hooley 284-288; Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2). Crippling dissatisfaction may center around one’s nose, hair, complexion, moles and other facial blemishes, thinning hair/baldness, lack of muscles or the size of one’s breast and genitalia. Since the anxiety is deep-seated, even a “miracle” transformation of one problem area merely transfers the neurosis to another bodily part. Beyond the observation that BDD commonly develops during the juvenile life stage, when anxiety about appearance and social acceptance is at its height anyway, researchers have variously ascribed the disorder to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, chemical imbalances in the brain, even brain structure abnormalities or some combination of these (Moore 151-6). On balance, no one really knows. Prior success at treating depression and mood swings with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – a drug class normalized the supply of serotonin to other nerve cells, had lead psychiatrists to speculate that the deficient brain chemical could similarly be augmented in BDD. Though positive response by some BDD patients to seemed encouraging, other patients actually got worse. It can therefore be argued that SSRIs are no more effective than placebos if they “work” in such random fashion. Imbalances of other neurotransmitters like Dopamine and Gamma-aminobutyric acid are also under investigation (Philips 162-164). The investigation into possible genetic “predisposition” for BDD was spurred by the observation that one in five of those afflicted by BDD have at least one other first-degree relative similarly diagnosed. While twin studies have shown that genes may be a factor for other psychiatric
Introduction Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and South Carolina Exposition and Protest are pivotal aspects of early American history that constituted the secession as a feasible alternative to adverse federal government policies. More specifically, the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 asserted that each individual state has the authority to proclaim the unconstitutionality and nullity of the federal laws. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions are primarily considered as the arguments against the restrictions on civil liberties included in the Alien and Sedition Acts (529). The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828 implied that the government surpassed its power in passing the Tariff of Abominations and declared that states were not obliged to follow its enforcement (2). Both documents are critical historical facts that need to be examined in terms of their interconnection, similarities, and differences, which further shaped the governmental order of the United States. The Summary of the Documents Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions refer to the measures enacted by the legislative body of the two states as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. It was an anonymously written document by Jefferson passed by the state legislature in 1798. The Alien Acts set extended requirements and the naturalization process and increased the president’s power to detain foreign-born citizens seen as a threat. The Kentucky Resolutions are based on Jefferson’s fundamental theory of states, indicating that states are united “by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution” (Smith 23). Moreover, the resolutions served as the preface of the theory of nullification. Jefferson’s argument implied that the national government was “a compact between the federal states” that had the power to determine when their authority was breached and to establish the mode of legal defense (Smith 24). The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions initiated the secession through Jefferson’s compact theory of states. South Carolina Exposition and Protest In 1828, Congress executed the Tariff of 1828, signed by President John Quincy Adams. The Tariff raised taxes on import production to eliminate “foreign competition with American manufacturing” (Smith 45). However, the southerners were reliant on free commerce with Europe to establish the trade of their harvest. Therefore, they regarded the Tariff as a damaging decree to their economy. Calhoun’s Exposition was an anonymously written reaction to the Tariff by John C. Calhoun. The underlying idea of the document implied the doctrine of nullification. Based on the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Calhoun’s main argument was that the United States was a “compact among the states” (Smith 46). Given that the states were sovereign, each state could nullify a
Many effective business strategies are aimed at improving working processes and the relationships between the staff and clients in healthcare facilities. Being a member of a healthcare experts’ team, I would strive for regular improvements and cooperation based on FOCUS-PDCA. This acronym includes a variety of activities that cannot be neglected during its implementation period. For example, FOCUS stands for finding an opportunity, organizing a team, clarifying the details, understanding a process, and selecting an outcome (Alshahrani & Alsulaibaikh, 2015). The PDCA process is used to plan, do, check, and act (Alshahrani & Alsulaibaikh, 2015). The combination of FOCUS and PDCA tasks promotes a better understanding of the work and the achievement of positive results in different fields. To be successful in health care, one should know how to apply this technique and what outcomes to expect. In this discussion, the goal is to enhance parental involvement in educating their children about a healthy lifestyle. The application begins as soon as the process for improvement (parental improvement and education) is identified. Then, a team of healthcare workers is organized to determine their goals and responsibilities. The next step includes documentation of the processes and evaluation of the systems under which people work. The reasons for poorly educated children and the lack of parent
In the poem Ode on a Grecian Urn , poet John Keats uses an ancient Greek earthenware urn to represent the function of artistic objects as the silent witnesses of time and the vehicles through which their human creators achieve immortality. John Keats employs the metaphor of the urn to reveal to the reader how certain elements of art surpass death and become witnesses to all human endeavour. In essence, the artistic product – in this case the urn – survives its creator and achieves immortality, not to mention the ability to absorb and encapsulate all of the human experience that existed at the time of its creation, as well as all of the human experience that has occurred in the interim. As critic Wesley D. Sweetser notes, the experience of reading Ode on a Grecian Urn becomes an “experience [that] is at once felt and an indelible co
Introduction Management is a very essential element of production in every organization irrespective of size or the operations it is involved with. It entails the organization and coordination of activities and practices of an organization with respect to certain policies in order to achieve some stipulated goals and objectives. Brand on the other hand is a name, a symbol or design that clearly identifies a seller’s good or service distinctively as compared to those offered by other sellers. It is more of a trademark. Brand management is therefore a broad management practice that involves aspects such as definition of the brand, its positioning as well as delivering the brand. It simply entails the art of creating and sustaining a brand (Randall 2000). This piece of work gives an in depth discussion of brand management including contemporary key branding theory and the impact on brand management practice. A comparative perspective will be taken where Louis Vuitton brand and the Giorgio Armani brand will be compared and contrasted in regard to the brand strategies they apply. Discussion As stated earlier, branding is one of the most important activities that can significantly determine the success of a particular organization. This is because it helps in creation of a unique name which differentiates a company’s products from those produced by its competitors. This exercise plays a pivotal role in attraction and retention of customers in a competitive environment as well as winning their loyalty. However, the success of a brand will largely depend on the effectiveness of the branding process. In order for a company to sell the new product successfully, we need to have an effective branding strategy (Fisher, Pride & Ellen 2006). In order to have a clear understanding of the theory of brand management, it is important that we take a look at the concept of marketing mix. Marketing mix is a very crucial marketing model. It entails the different choices that organizations make in the process of introducing a product or service to the market. The 4ps; product/service, place, price and promotion is a model that is used to describe the marketing mix (Lamb 2009). Product In order for the product to perform well in the market, it should be beneficial to the consumers. For any organization to maximize its sales, its product must be stronger when compared with the products or services provided by its competitors. There are several ways through which an organization can modify its product in order to improve its competitiveness. One of the most common methods is through differentiation (Trehan and Trehan 2009). Through differentiation, an organization manages to make its product unique from other similar products provided by their competitors in the market. We for example find Louis Vuitton Company making some changes in the portable wardrobe after the realization that there was some form of copying by other companies. Vuitton surname was printed on the canvas at regular intervals m