ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Health care practices largely rely on effective management of patient care. There are various facets of this medical branch that are constantly modified with the upcoming needs and trends. In order to better establish relationship with patients and gain trustworthiness there is a great need of valuable services which ultimately depend on quality. In the recent years, a novel promising tool in the health care industry known as Pay for Performance, also known as P4P has drawn the attention of many researchers. P4P is a process of rewarding the health care providers, physicians, hospitals, and medical groups for rendering effective health care services to patients through pre-established targets. It was considered as the basic alteration of fee for service payment. This system of service is also driven by incentive programs with the objective of enhancing the quality. However, ethical considerations also surround these services and need to be carefully evaluated before implementation. Main body Snyder and Neubauer (2007) described that although P4P program has the potential to develop an efficacy in care; it has to abide with the objectives of medical professionalism. This is because in certain instances there may be chances of deselecting patients such as elderly with multiple chronic conditions on the grounds that they are complicated. This may indicate a total negligence by giving an impression that these services are just for ‘pay’ but not for the patient. Therefore, P4P may face strong set back on these old age service ethics. These problems are not confined to a particular study. It was reported that P4P studies are still inadequate with average gains in performance and need to consider key issues such as the choice of clinical practice area, the size of financial incentives and the details of persons receiving them, the selection of quality measures and performance thresholds that determine incentive eligibility and data collection methods (Scott, 2007). P4P has prompted investments to be made on health information technology (health IT) such as electronic health records (EHRs) and electronic prescription (e-prescribing) systems. But it was found that several issues have been raised as they are costly, incentive usage is misaligned, and difficulty in implementation and possibility of work interruption (Cusack, 2008).The ethical issues arise when the patients’ health data is shared or linke
Introduction Understanding the history of First Nations groups is important because these people have played a crucial role in the shaping of modern-day Canada. The majority expected the Aboriginal populations to “sacrifice their status and be assimilated into the mainstream of Canadian society” or “perish.” 1 Unfortunately, the role of First Nations in social and political affairs today has been significantly undermined, and their communities are being underrepresented and undervalued. This paper examines the Nipissing First Nation, which occupied the territory around the area of Lake Nipissing for around nine and one-half thousand years. Main body Lake Nipissing is located in Ontario. It is the third-largest lake in the area and is situated between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. Since the Nipissing established their communities on land located between two sources of water, their trade affairs usually extended in all directions from the lake. To the west of the lake, their influence could reach as far as Lake Nipigon and to James Bay to the north, to Quebec-City and the area now occupied by St. Lawrence to the east, and to the Huron people who lived to the south. Among their arts and crafts, the Nipissing produced pottery, incorporating distinct design styles and techniques. The main ways in which the Nipissing population obtained food included gathering, hunting, and fishing, 2 allowing them to develop a diverse diet that incorporated fruit, vegetables, crops, legumes, meat, and fish. The soil in the nearby areas supported agriculture and horticulture, offering the Nipissing community a wide selection of crops for cultivation. During the French colonial period of Canadian history, the Nipissing played an important role as they were in control of desirable trade routes greatly coveted by the Iroquois. The latter even implemented a military campaign against the Nipissing and the Huron as their main competitors in the fur trade. The attacks forced the population to relocate to the Lake Nipigon area in the mid-1650s, but they returned to their original area by 1670. It should be mentioned that the notable Cherokee chief Attakullakulla came from the Nipissing population. When he was a child, his family was killed by the Cherokee, which led to the boy being adopted by a family in the tribe. At the dawn of the nineteenth century, Canadians who came from Europe and the Metis population had started selling in the area near Lake Nipissing, thus pressuring the First Nations peoples and contributing to competition. The Robinson Huron Treaty was signed in 1850, signifying collaboration between officials of the British Crown and the Nipissing. It was important for the Nipissing to participate i
Introduction Economic espionage and theft is a serious crime that may not only threaten economic stability but also the political environment of a country. When one country- working through proxy or directly, spies on another to obtain economic information, then it is a sign of a direct attack on the country’s economic environment. As Bagby and McCarty (2003) say, it is an indication that the spying country or organization is planning economic sabotage against the spied country. It is for this reason the United States Congress passed an Economic Espionage Act of 1996 to criminalize the vice and to specify the nature of punishment that individuals who engage in the act shall be given. In the case study, it is clear that Pan American International Bank has suffered economic espionage and theft that has left many stakeholders worried. This is one of the most important financial institutions in the United States that serves the locals and the international community, especially Latin Americans. The cyberattack on the bank that led to the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars is a theft that borders economic sabotage given the ripple effect it would have on the economy and individual clients of this bank. Spying on organizational clients of this bank, especially major research institutes, is another crime defined in the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (Sims & Gerber, 2009). This is a very sensitive issue that needs the attention of Denis McDonough, the current Chief of Staff. Immediate action must be taken to ensure that this problem is addressed in the most effective way possible. It is not only necessary to find ways of recovering the stolen cash, but also to determine reasons why the criminals are interested in spying on these major high technology firms in the United States. Analysis of the Problem The case study presents a sensitive issue that borders economic sabotage targeting the United States. It has been indicated that this issue has attracted the attention of the senate. Senator Jones, a member of both the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Senate Finance Committee, has come out strongly with suggestions about the approach that should be used to solve this problem. According to him, the government should use its cyber capabilities to destroy these perpetrators. Before deciding on whether or not this should be the best option, it will be necessary to look at this problem critically and determine the government can approach it. Pan American Bank is a privately held financial institution that operates within the United States. It has individual and organizational clients who are American citizens and citizens of other nations. This attack, therefore, targeted a private institution. Under normal circumstances, the government would treat it as a criminal act perpetrated against an
Introduction China National Building Material Company [CNBMC], which is a firm in the Chinese building and construction industry, intends to merge with ABC Supply that operates in the US roofing and building material industry. The objective of the merger is to establish a multinational company, hence attaining competitiveness in the global building industry. However, the success of the merger will be determined by the extent to which the management teams analyze and understand the United States and China’s cultures and values. Cultures and values The national culture and values of the two countries can be assessed using the national culture dimensions as proposed by Geert Hofstede. These dimensions include power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity (Varner and Beamer 5). Power distance This dimension emphasizes the inequality between individuals in a particular society or organization about power or ability to influence other people’s behaviors and opinions. China’s power distance index is estimated to be 80 while that of the United States is 40. This aspect shows that the Chinese generally accept power inequalities within society, while the Americans emphasize the provision of equal rights amongst all. Individualism Elmer defines individualism as the extent to which individuals in a society or organization value and maintain interdependence (73). American society is characterized by a high degree of independence, as evidenced by the individualism score of 91. Conversely, China appreciates collectivism as illustrated by the low individualism score of 20. Therefore, the Chinese value working as a group (Elmer 48). Masculinity This dimension assesses the degree to which individuals in a society are motivated by success, competition, and achievement. The Chinese masculinity score is estimated to be 66 while that of the US is estimated to be 62. Thus, the Chinese are masculine, and hence, success-oriented — the Chinese sacrifice a substantial amount of their leisure and family time to work (Elmer 91). Uncertainty avoidance This dimension assesses a society’s tolerance for ambiguous or unknown situations. China’s uncertainty avoidance index is estimated to be 30 while that of the US is 46. This aspect shows that the two societies value new ideas and opinions. Communication characteristics Communication is one of the cultural components and it affects how relationships are developed. China has five distinct communication styles, which include implicit communication, polite com
The Odyssey In the book The Odyssey , the epic is created around the theme of trickery, which is used in escaping life-threatening situations when the Odyssey faces the one-eyed cyclops Polyphemus. Homer illustrates that deception is not always used for the worst, and by using irony, symbolism, and character, the author proves his point by showing how Odyssey devices a trick to escape Polyphemus. When Odysseus comes face-to-face with Polyphemus, who eats his friends, he quickly devises a scheme that saves him from this life-threatening circumstance. Using a trick known as “The trick of Nobody,” Odysseus tells the cyclops that his name is nobody and that “My Father and Mother call me Nobody as do all others who are my companions” (Homer et al., 2019, p. 146). Once he convinces the cyclops, Odysseus follows through by intoxicating the one-eyed monster and finding his way back to Ithaka. He blinds it once the character convinces the monster that he is nobody and intoxicates the cyclops. The monster cries out by saying, “Nobody is killing me by force or treachery” (Homer et al., 2019, p. 147). Further, the character is full of deceit, and in another instance, he tells Eumaios that “I announce that my origin is from Crete…I am a son of a rich man” (Homer et al., 2019, p.215). The forms of deception in the book seem to come effortlessly to Odysseus, and the stories he tells throughout the book serve to protect him and his family. King Lear In society, acts of crime that oppose the laws governing it can only be punished severely as treason is punished. That is the case in the tragedy of King Lear. To alter his fate and gain power, Edmund employs deception to put his brother Edgar in exile. Edmund is Gloucester’s illegitimate son and has no right to inherit the land. In the Elizabethan era, bastards had no right to inherit their father’s wealth, land included, and since Edgar is the legitimate son of Gloucester, he is the rightful heir to his wealth. However, to gain control and power over the lands inherited by Edgar, Edmund devices a plan to overthrow hi
Main Questions Lavner et al. (2013) sought to answer two important questions. The first question is whether trusting that one’s marriage is safe from undesired outcomes increases the probability of having a successful marriage in the future. The researchers also analyzed whether being optimistic in one’s marriage and having positive expectations, for instance, trusting that one’s marital relationship will get better with time, lead to more satisfying marriages, or whether these hopeful expectations demonstrate an unsatisfying relationship. These two questions are significant since most newlyweds and even unmarried individuals trust that their marriages will be successful despite the much evidence showing the high rates of divorce. Partners in romantic relationships are often involved in various cognitive processes that make them view each other and perceive their relationship in a hopeful light and keep their commitments to one another. Therefore, the questions are important as they address whether these hopeful views contribute to a long-lasting romantic relationship. Research Hypotheses To answer the research questions, newlyweds were asked to project the extent to which their feelings regarding each other and their relationships would change in four years trajectories, and then those reports were evaluated subsequently in association with their four years. The researchers hypothesized positive projections have an inverse relationship with real marital satisfaction. Lavner et al. (2013) expected less serious deteriorations in matrimonial satisfaction among the spouses with positive marital trajectories if being optimistic about one’s romantic relationship is beneficial for the general marital wellbeing. Additionally, the researchers predicted more serious deteriorations in matrimonial satisfaction among the partners with an optimistic forecast if the positive projections yield unreasonable anticipations and demonstrate troubled marriages. The researchers used positive marital projections as the predictor variable and matrimonial satisfaction as the outcome variable. Basic Methods of the Study The researchers conducted two surveys in a Central Florida community. The study comprised
Introduction Employees at the Los Angeles hospital bumped into the medical records and reviewed information on celebrities. The information known to the employees was confidential to the hospital staff and more badly belonged to well-known personalities. The hospital confirmed that its workers peeked onto the information of the celebrities’ medical records without the permission or knowledge of any superior staff. The way the information leaked to the workers was not clear but intense investigations confirmed that some employees had somehow accessed their supervisors’ security codes. This is an emerging issue where confidential information about some personalities bumps into the hands of the wrong persons. In this paper, I have tried to provide the relevant training to prevent this situation to happen in the future. Presentation tools Given the fact that doctors from this institution read celebrities’ medical information without consent, it is clear that the manager can put into place training based on the importance of confidentiality. It is extremely traumatizing to mention that UCLA workers pried on several celebrities’ personal medical records. As a matter of course, failure to maintain the secrecy of people’s health records is a crime in some states (Wolper, 2010). Therefore, incorporating the vitality of keeping celebrities as well as other patients’ health records confidential is the kind of training that is suitable for a manager. Hence, by use of presentation tools, training based on maintaining privacy, secrecy, and security will be part of the most cognitive mode of training suitable for a manager to put in place. Video tools Additionally, in order to avoid a repeat of such a situation, a manager can use video tools to train UCLA employees to keep their hands off cele medical information. Ideally, this means that employees have no permission to lay their hands on anyone’s personal medical records without proper authorization (Wolper, 2010). Thus, a manager can put code of conduct as part of them most suitable training. Following the idea that some employees lost their jobs and others went on suspension after prying on celebrity’s personal medical records, it would be congruent for a manager to set in place training emphasizing on consequences of looking at personal information without the relevant authorization. Training the workers on the consequences of peeking on celebrities’ information will ensure avoiding such a situation in the future. Mobile tools To avoid this in the future, it will be pragmatic for a manager to incorporate mobile tools while training UCLA staff on following hospital protocol when accessing any patient’s personal records. This will also avoid suspensions, firings, and any other consequences that come about due to employee peeking (Wolper, 2010). Generally, in many organizations, there are channels that every staff undergoes prior accessing any personal records. As a result, it becomes extremely useful to enlighten employees on the importance of following the relevant steps while trying to reach a patient’s personal records. This idea shows that, as a manager, it would be of pa
Introduction Seventy-seven years ago, on a small piece of land in the Kursk region, the largest tank battle in history began, in which more than 2 million people took part. In many ways, the Battle of Kursk predetermined the further course of the Second World War. According to experts, then a turning point came, which significantly influenced the balance of power in the international arena. The courage of the Soviet soldiers and the wisdom of the generals left Hitler no chance. As a result of the Battle of Stalingrad, which ended in early February 1943, the war machine of the Third Reich suffered serious losses but was by no means broken. Although the fighting efficiency of the Nazi troops decreased due to a decrease in the number of available equipment and the transfer of auxiliary units to the front, it was still a formidable force. The Battle of Kursk, which became one of the turning points of the Second World War and finally defeated the Nazis, is an important historical event that will be investigated below. Historical Background of the Battle of Kursk The War imposed on the whole world by German fascism was the largest military clash of the 20th century. It began under extremely favorable conditions for Germany. Its army was completely mobilized, had two years of experience in waging War in Europe on a large scale, and its economy was long ago converted to a war footing. Germany was given a serious military advantage by the surprise attack. The German command had an emphasis on powerful strike groups, significantly outnumbering the troops of the Red Army. In addition, the gaps in assessing the possible time of the attack on the USSR by Hitlerite Germany and the associated omissions in preparing to repel the first strikes played a role. The extremely heavy blows that fell on the Soviet armed forces in the early days of the War did not crush or disperse them, which the fascist German command hoped for. Soviet soldiers fought with genuine self-sacrifice. The whole country was turned into a single military camp. Heavy bloody battles took place in three main directions: northwest, west, and southwest. The victory over the Nazi troops near Moscow was a decisive military event during the first year of the Second World War. An important turn of world-historical significance took place near Moscow. The plan blitzkrieg was finally eliminated, and the myth that the Germans could not be defeated was abandoned as well. The plans of the Nazis to seize Moscow, Leningrad, and the Caucasus were thwarted (Hickman). Given such a substantial defeat, Germany decided to change its strategy and tactics. The German army started an attack in the southwest to nab the Caucasian oil areas, industrial regions of Stalingrad, as well as the richest agricultural regions of the Don and Kuban.
Introduction Responsibility and sense of duty are two of the main tenants that a company managing staff member should have. In order to have a better, clearer, picture of the situation we need to describe it. This report will demonstrate that we are dealing with an orchestrated criminal activity that is described by law as fraud. It is an intentional fraudulent activity that the two mentioned persons have been consciously and intentionally planning and executing during 2007. Fraud is defined as “an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual. The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime, and is also a civil law violation” (Cohen, 2006). Mr. Bob Smith, as the Associate Director of Purchasing Department, had the power to issue corporate purchases as prescribed in his labor duties. This ability was given to him on the condition to use those purchases for the benefit of the company. Lakes, Inc. maintains a physical asset database in which all non-disposable items with a purchase price of $1,000 or more are recorded. Each item is assigned a unique ID number and barcode label, which are used to track the item. His administrative assistant, Ms. Mary Bad, had the duty to record on file all the transactions along with their original invoices and copies. Below we will describe in detail what happened. The chronological narration of the case: the reimbursement fraudulent scheme This report will demonstrate how Mr. Bob Smith, the Associate Director of Purchasing of the company, along with his administrative assistant, Ms. Mary Bad, were submitting false expense claims. We determined that up to $8,795.60 in false invoices had been submitted for reimbursement through the purchasing department. During the last six months, records show that both partners in fraud have been using the corporate purc