ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Each organization is established within specific ethical parameters. This concept applies also to the media houses including independent journalists. Exploring the dynamics of media, journalists are the link between the legal authorities and the greater society. Therefore, every step the journalists take is weighted if it can have an unintended effect on the public. That is why media law and ethics are crucial in regulating this profession. Common issues regarding media ethics relate to defamation, libel, slander, injurious falsehood, blasphemy, and sedition among others. Ethical concerns Exploring the fictional case, the involved journalist ignored the basics of reporting. Considering there are established codes of ethics to be observed by all journalists. She disregarded the ethical codes by revealing the bloodied body of the victim to the audience. With no consideration to the effect on children who might be watching the news bulletin with their parents. Therefore, the reporting lacked balanced impartiality and was injurious to society. Regarding media ethics and regulations the established code of conduct does not permit journalists to broadcast horrifying scenes without prior warning. This illustrates why the code of conduct is perceived as a representative factor for accountability and responsibility within the media fraternities (Leiboff 2007). Ethical considerations are critical in enhancing neutral, balanced, and objective journalism. As a profession, journalism is based on an explicit code of conduct/ethics. However, the role of executing these codes is mandated to the individual journalist. This demonstrates why most journalists are faced with or sued for defamation, libel, or injurious falsehood. For instance, the depiction of Channel X TV News reporter airing the unverified bits from the unknown woman can lead to legal tussle. Regarding aspects of journalism, unreliable sources are liabilities to the profession. Therefore, the said journalist could not have rushed to air the said interview and in particular, the accusations for this could result in the accused suing for defamation. This could also lead to the accused suing the media house for injurious falsehood if his repute and business are affected. Though, journalism is associated with such central dynamics as democracy and freedom of expression. In a situation like this, the concerned journalist abused the fundamental elements of journalism by breaching respect for others. Equally, though the public has a right to unbiased and objective reporting the journalist also ignored the parameters for truth (Pippert 2005). Therefore, considering the legal provisions for defamation or libel, the journalist could have weighed the impact of the accusations “This hit was ordered by Mike Mobster”. Hence, in a later bulletin, Mike Mobster is interviewed and emphatically denies the indictment, saying he is taking legal advice about it. Defamation However, where Mike Mobster sought to seek legal action certainly his case may fail or be defeated. Regarding media law,
Official Language Movement Bilingual education is a teaching practice where two languages with one being the native language are used in teaching. The main reason for having it is to provide success in school as well as to maintain the culture and heritage of a given community. All people do not know English, to incorporate other people not proficient incorporation of other languages is necessary. Educationally, bilingual education has been supported through various arguments these are common sense, experience, and research. On experience, there is a higher drop out of the level of children with a minority language background and with lower grades. Finally, research has shown that first language skills should be well developed before a second language to ensure the maximization of the second language (Crawford, 1997). Failure to incorporate English as an academic language has led to problems of bilingual education. Bilingual education, therefore, should not be replaced but repaired, while supporting programs should be such that they improve interactions (Werner, 2007). Politically Denial to offer bilingual education is a denial of a basic human and civil right. The right to learn a native language is incorporated as Article 29 of the Convention of Right of a Child in the General assembly of the United Nations in 1989. Article 30 extends this by stating that a child should not be stopped to practice: his or her religious right, ethnic or linguistic minority (Kanellos et al, 1993). In some states like California, waivers were been applied for the student to pass the proposition 227 rules that called for special classes to be introduced for teaching children who are not proficient in English for a year. Those in support of immersion felt that they were only trying to incorporate immigrants into the American culture (Kanellos et al, 1993). Hispanic American Diversity Hispanics American’s have their origin from Hispanic countries which are Spanish speaking. They are the biggest group, which are not Native Americans. Among the groups of Hispanic Americans include Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and Columbian Americans. Mexican Americans are the biggest group of Hispanic Latinos in the United States forming about 10.3% of the whole population. Mexican Americans are Spanish-speaking citizens. Politically, they were allocated white status and this gave the right to vote and even hold an electro office. However, this might have been constrained by the literacy tests and poll tax which was needed for one to be eligible to be voted. New Mexico is an elite group of Mexican Americans who have been running in state politics in America. However, there have been threats of intimidation to prevent Mexican Americans from voting. Some of them is the threat of violence and literacy requirements in some states. The fact that Mexican American’
Random sampling is a sampling technique where all elements in a population have an equal probability of being selected to form the sample. It means, therefore, that elements are chosen arbitrarily without following any formulae (Babbie, 2010). This technique is unbiased and it gives true representative statistics, especially when the sample size is large. In addition, the technique requires minimal prior knowledge of the population. Similarly, it is simple to use since it does not require one to have complex mathematical knowledge (Babbie, 2010). Systematic sampling on the other hand requires arrangement of the population in a given order. The first element is chosen randomly while the subsequent elements are chosen after certain regular intervals. It should be note that this type of sampling gives every element an equal chance of selection. This type of sampling is easy to use and check incase need arises. On the same note, since the technique arranges the population in a systematic order, sampling is quick which saves time and labor (Babbie, 2010). In addition, when the frame used in systematic sampling is modern, the technique is efficient compared to random sampling. Convenience sampling refers to a sampling technique where researchers are free to choose sample elements using any method they deem fit. There is no laid down procedure as to how the elements should be sampled thus, it neither applies probability nor judgment. The technique is easy to use for investigators because they choose the sample that is useful to their study (Babbie, 2010). It is good when one has no time and money to gather a large population, because it does not require specific rules to be met. In stratified sampling, researchers group the population into different groups using differentiating characteristics. The researcher will then randomly select elements from each stratum using the size of the stratum in relation to the population to determine the number of elements to be picked from each stratum. The elements are then combined to form the sample (Babbie, 2010). The technique allows study of each specific group which might not be possible in a generalized population. In cases where different segments of the population need different degrees of accuracy, stratified sampling is more applicable. Moreover, the resulting sample is more representative and gives more efficient statistics. Furthermore, stratified sampling gives room for investigators to use different types of sampling methods for each stratum as and when they deem fit (Babbie, 2010). On the other hand, cluster sampling involves the grouping of the population into groups called clusters. A few clusters are then selected randomly and all the elements in the selected clusters are used to form the sample (Babbie, 2010). The advantage of clustering is that it greatly reduces costs of travelling as well as administrative costs. On the same note, this type reduces variability of the statistics observed as compared to other methods of sampling (Babbie, 2010). Multi-stage sampling involves combination of two or more sampling techniques. Initi
Introduction/Thesis One of the main aspects of the American economy’s functioning is that, ever since the 1930s, it never ceased being subject to large-scale monetarist interventions, on the government’s part. After all, deploying financial means to revitalize the economy indeed does make much logical sense, especially when policymakers are equally concerned with trying to address both inflation and deflation. Nevertheless, as practice indicates, the adoption of the monetarist approach to managing the economy has often proven rather ineffective, if not to say strongly detrimental to the society’s overall well-being. In the author’s opinion, this has to do with the fact that, even though the monetarist conceptualization of the economy does take into account the systemic subtleties of how the interest rate is being formed, it regards the process to be essentially mechanistic. The writings of Irving Fisher (1867-1947) are particularly illustrative in this respect. Being considered one of the founders of the neoclassical school of economics, Fisher did contribute rather substantially towards promoting a holistic outlook on the significance of the capital, as the “fuel of economy”, as well as on the role of financial leveraging in defining the fluctuations of supply and demand in the market. At the same time, however, there are many indications that Fisher’s conceptualization of the “free-market” economy and its driving forces cannot be regarded as representing an undisputed truth value. This explains why the modern criticism of monetarism is primarily concerned with exposing the presumed inconsistency of many of Fisher’s economic provisions. Therefore, it is indeed thoroughly appropriate to refer to Irving Fisher as an “economic visionary” who has failed at grasping the discursive significance of many of his own analytical insights into the subject matter. Throughout the paper’s following sub-chapters, the author will explore the validity of this suggestion at length while outlining the theoretical and practical implications of Fisher’s view on the capital/interest rate (as seen in his 1896 article What is Capital? ) and assessing the measure of their cause-effect soundness. Analytical Review Even though the scope of subjects, discussed by Fisher in his article is rather extensive, it is still possible to outline the most notable of them and define the foremost structural subtleties of the deployed line of argumentation, on the author’s part. The article begins with Fisher bringing readers’ attention to the fact that there is no universally recognizable definition as to what the notion of the capital stands for. At the same time, however, it did not escape the author’s attention that there is a common quality to just about every of such definitions: the fact that those who come up with them tend to treat the concerned notion as being inseparably interconnected with the notion of wealth. As Fisher noted: “Now we find, beginning with Adam Smith, that every definition of capital has been erected on the unquestioned assumption that the problem was one in the classification of wealth” (513). According to the author, h
During its history, crime analysis, as a profession, has evolved greatly in its definition. But, I would define crime analysis, or criminal intelligence analysis, as a law enforcement function that describes analytical means and procedures followed in studying criminal activities, and trend correlations, the way they impact a certain jurisdiction, and how police agencies handle them. Information on trends can assist law enforcers to allocate resources effectively, and help detectives in spotting and arresting criminal individuals. Crime analysis is also involved in developing techniques to curb crimes, and making crime-fighting strategies. Crime analysis is the function of crime analysts who are professionals recruited from all levels of law enforcement. It is the work of crime analysts to assess the basics of a crime (an offender, a victim, and the location) and give an analytical product which is used to handle such offenses and assist incarcerate the offenders, and the accomplice (International Association of Crime Analysts 2004). Just like policy analysts, claim analysts, market analysts, or stock analysts, crime analysts provide information (though in this case to law enforcers about crime, disorder, police activity, calls for service), all intending to assist the agencies to undertake their work effectively. The crime analysis process applies quantitative data analysis techniques, for instance, detectives reports are studied using narratives. However, I think there is some misunderstanding on the purpose of a crime analyst. Some see it as the role of a crime analyst to go to the crime scene and carry out an investigation, but this is the work of criminalists or detectives. So why analyze crime?   * It helps to optimize the utilization of scarce law enforcement resources   * To inform the law enforcement agencies on the general and particular crime patterns and series in a continuous and timely manner   * To have an objective means to access crime problems locally, regionally, statewide, nationally, and globally within and between police agencies   * To be proactive in detecting and curbing criminal activities   * To achieve the law enforcement demands of an evolving society   * Crime analysis gives vital information to the judicial system, which assists in giving evidence pertinent to a given case, and information that criminals can be brought to book and convicted.   * Crime analysis at the corrections level assists law enforcers in detailed inclusive documentation of prisoners, parolees, and those pardoned, to help them avoid conviction of the innocent. Crime analysis can take place at four different levels. There is tactical, administrative, police operational, and strategic crime analysis, but we will look into the strategic crime analysis. Strategic crime analysis is intended at adopting operational strategies and seeking resolutions to enduring predicaments. It describes the trend correlations, predicaments, and impacts. Strategic analysts examin
Summary It is not every time that an adventure starts with a leap into the unknown; however, this is what the BBC Erath narrator decided to open his story with. Watching a jumper slowly disappear in the depth of the Cave of Swallows (BBC Earth, 2010, March 21, 01:49), the audience learns how deep caves can go. As the narrator goes on, the audience learns that the insides of the Earth’s surface differ very little from Swiss cheese in that it is just as hole ridden. After the narrator enters realm of stalactites and stalagmites, a short introduction to the residents of caves is provided. According to the author, despite a tangible lack of light, caves serve as dwellings for a number of species, including glow worms with their “ghostly blue light” (BBC Earth, 2010, March 21,01:55), bats, and other creatures. As the author explains, the cave residents have learned to use the lack of light to their advantage. Later on, the narrator switches to the so-called “cave swiftlers” (BBC Earth, 2010, March 21, 07:19) and then proceeds with the description of other peculiar residents of the mysterious “underworld.” As the story goes on, the audience finds out more about the animals that use caves only as a temporary shelter and prefer to leave them in the daytime for hunting, mating and playing. Lizards as the most frequent cold-blooded visitors of caves are mentioned; later on, the narrator mentions that in Africa, caves are often the residence of lions, which prefer to spend nights with a “roof” under their heads, since spending most of their daytime in the heat of the African sun is “truly exhausting” (BBC Earth, 2010, March 21, 34:47). Surprisingly enough, at the end of the series, the audience finds out that the narrator has taken them out of the cave to the surface of one of the most famous deserts on the Earth, the Arctic desert. The “northern extreme of our planet” (BBC Earth, 2010, March 21, 43:11), though, seems just as hostile and mysterious as the depth of a cave. After taking a closer look at a family of polar bears, the narrator winds up his story, leaving the audience marvel at the many wonders of nature. Reference List BBC Planet Earth (2010, March 21). Caves . Web.
Introduction Companies are said to be in business if they can maintain the supply of the preferred commodities and maintain the price levels of those commodities. When the supply of a certain commodity decreases, there is always an increase in price. Those companies that rely on such a commodity wholly are in a risk of collapsing if they are not in a position to substitute the commodity with another, which the customers would find satisfaction. When supply decreases, prices increase The supply of the Gulf Coast oysters has been on the decrease owing to the fact that the prolonged swath of toxic algae has delayed the harvesting season. As the oysters feed on the toxic algae, they also become toxic to the humans who may consume it since they may cause some stomach distress and nausea. This means that the restaurants would need to desist from selling them and rely on the limited supply of edible oysters to serve their customers. As the supply decreases, there is always a tendency of the
Environmental problems and threats are often cited as the most important and crucial issues for global and regional communities. Thus, companies and local authorities often forget about morality and ethics blinded by increased profits and enormous opportunities of new business ventures. Love Canal and population of turtles are not an exception: they became the greatest environmental tragedy unveiling low morals and lack of ethical principles of business. Ethical behavior, at its most basic level, is what most people in a given society or group view as being moral, good, or right. In general, moral responsibility involves strict guidelines which determine moral and social obligations the people should follow. Potential hazards or problems, both when used as intended and possible misuse or use in other applications, should be identified. The Love Canal was created and used by the Hooker Chemical Company for dumping hazardous wastes. In 1953, the canal was covered with earth and sold it to the city. The main problem was that the city authorities paid no attention to hazardous wastes and built 100 homes on the banks of this canal. In a short period if time, hazardous chemicals seeped through the ground. They were found everywhere in the playground and at homes, at school and hospitals 1 . The population of the Love Canal was several injured and poisoned by these chemicals. “Some of these puddles were in their yards, some were in their basements, others yet were on the school grounds. A large percentage of people in Love Canal are also being closely observed because of detected high white-blood-cell counts, a possible precursor of leukemia” 2 . Another tragedy affected the most unique and rare species of turtles, the Kemp Ridley sea turtles. In spite of protective laws and regulations, this population decreased each year of about 3 %. The main cause of extinction was shrimp industry and trawlers which ruined nests and killed turtles. In order to improve the situation, TED device (turtle exploder device) was developed. In a time, the research committee announced results: TED was ineffective and did not protect turtles from extinction. The developers of TED protected their device and claimed that shrimpers did not use it correctly. In their turn, shrimpers accused the federal government and TED laws in unfair policies which caused economic damage to the industry 3 . The ethical problem was that neither government nor shrimp industry wanted to protect the turtles and lost million of dollars. Shrimpers did not want to use innovative technology and reduce number of trawlers while the federal authorities did not spent money on research and development, and did not prohibit shrimp business in this region. Both of these cases unveil lack of ethical principles and neglect of moral norms in business and economic matters. Following utilitarianism and morality, any business should be based on the greatest happiness principle, the
Abstract This paper analyses the leadership change associated with the management of preoperative anxiety in a surgical patient. Apparently, the success of the surgical clinic depends on the collective coordination of the participants. Nurses, the core participant in any healthcare facility is the main target for change. Nurse leaders review the existing preoperative intervention to identify the point of source of the undesirable outcome. Training and remuneration of nurses is the key to implementing organizational change. This paper underscores the roles of nurses in change participation. Introduction Changing established performance of any kind is challenging. It is especially problematic in healthcare due to the complex relationships between a wide scope of organizations, experts, patients, and caregivers. Organizations often require a rigorous to implement change entirely and competently. Any leader must regard the level of change that staff can accomplish realistically. Definite factors may help to promote a favorable environment to initiate and propagate change. An organization with strong leadership, and where each employee is focused on enhancing patient care, will nurture motivated staff with a zest for incessant improvement. Organizations need an explicit system in place to sustain the implementation of evidence-based guidance (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [NICE], 2007). This research focuses on the change of management of preoperative anxiety in ambulatory surgical clinical practice. It identifies a change in postoperative pain management to improve healthcare. Review of literature Preoperative anxiety Preoperative anxiety in surgery is an overriding concern in surgery for various reasons. Particularly, it is associated with key postoperative maladaptive behaviors, including sleep disturbances, apathy and withdrawal, feeding problems, and enuresis (McCann & Kain, 2001, p. 98). Knowing the risk factors for developing preoperative anxiety is crucial in the management of this problem so that more resources can be inclined towards vulnerable patients. General anesthesia is the principal factor responsible for preoperative anxiety (Mitchell, 2009, p. 1066) so leaders should focus change on anesthesia. Preparing a patient for surgery is useful regarding this concern. Preparation of surgery patient has been ongoing since the conception of surgery. Such preparation programs have evolved throughout the previous decades. Thus, practitioners must familiarize themselves with the latest guidelines and research evidence on patient preoperative preparation. Again, they should engage themselves in continuing professional development (CPD) practice regarding this matter. Leaders should encourage these views. Preoperative preparation interve