ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the paper titled ‘Crisis’, the author Alan Greenspan had made an earnest effort to figure out the new emerging economic factors which came to existence as an after effect of the “Cold War” leading to a decline in the long term interest rates on a global basis. The subprime mortgage has been the visible reason for the crisis but it had its roots deep-seated in the Cold War. It is indicated that the bankruptcy of the Lehman Brothers was the most astonishing global economic crisis ever. He says the global finance was functioning with inadequate capital and was not able to anticipate the risk involved in it. He has also stressed the necessity of the thorough Government reviewing of the global regulatory system as the private system had failed badly. After the Cold War, some third-world countries like China switched to an export-oriented economic model based on developed world technologies and employed a huge low-cost workforce resulting in the real GDP growing more than two times of developed countries. As a result global real long-term interest and nominal long-term interest declined to indicate the global saving intentions surpassing the global investing intentions. Inflation and long-term interest rates converged to a single digit and asset prices, especially houses, became extremely high. Then the sub-prime crisis unfolded. Apparently unlimited sub-prime mortgage securities were sold to receptive buyers. Leverages swelled up like a balloon. The underlying risk in a condition like this is generally taken care of by the existing efficient global system of financial risk management in case of a market breakdown. But the crisis was not even anticipated by them and they actually broke down. Along with them the Regulatory System also failed and the only chance of crisis aversion was also gone. The author opines that it is necessary to understand whether the increased financial regulation is appropriate for the enhancement of the economy or whether it hampers its growth. As per his opinion, no intermediary can work without risk. Short-term risk-less government papers can contain credit loss but also account for negative income spread. The ‘evaporation’ of short-term credits which occurred globally in 2008 was previously noticed also but at a miniature level. He says that a ‘ hundred-year flood ’ (Greenspan 17), which is supposed to come once in a century, actually appears more than once. The crisis in the post-Lehman period is graver than a hundred-year flood. The author says it is possible to restrict irrational behavior through regulations but that should not be allowed to impose restrains over-competitive market. It is necessary to bring forth rules through examination and supervision that can prevent uncertainties in the future rather than depending on anticipation. The author says it is necessary to address the problem of firms that are ‘ too big to fail’ , (Greenspan 31) as they tend to absorb the sav
Why is setting clear high expectations at the beginning of the year so important? In schools, as well as in many other places that have to deal with interpersonal communication and long-term planning, the problem of not following expectations is very sharp. For the most part, it arises from two issues (Whitaker 2012):   * The inability to set plausible and achievable goals for students or employees.   * The inability to actually voice one’s expectations for the others to follow. These two are often interconnected. However, while the inability to set plausible and achievable goals often stems from a lack of understanding of the situation and working order, the latter has multiple reasons. Whitaker (2012) states that many principals see the list of goals and expectations towards teachers as something that “goes unsaid,” therefore should not be repeated a dozen times over at the start of every year. The teachers have the same attitude towards their students, believing that basic responsibilities and rules, such as doing homework, not causing commotion and mischief in class, paying attention, and bringing all the required books and utensils to class are common sense. Naturally, the inability to follow these goals and expectations causes conflicts and misunderstandings. Whitaker (2012) identifies several reasons why setting clear and high expectations at the beginning of the year is important both to students and principals. First, it spells out all the major objectives for the year. These expectations could be referred to and used as a framework for both the teachers and the students. At the same time, since it is impossible to spell out everything, these expectations must be general enough to encompass every area of school life. The necessity of setting the bar high is also important, as strife for excellence is a necessary requirement for growth, both among teachers and students. Lastly, as Whitaker (2012) accurately points out, the class and the teachers must associate their own, personal goals with the goals set by their superiors. If that is not present, then there will be no constructive work, no matter how noble and worthwhile these goals are. It is important not to waste time when setting up goals, as every year is like a new sheet – one has to start anew. It is a chance for correcting the mistakes made during last year and improve the situation for the better. If the moment is lost, then it is likely for people to revert to the patterns they used to have. These reactionary patterns are not always good or efficient. Briefly, describe one of the Supervision Practices in Chapter 13 and explain how you could improve this type of practice in your school. One of the most common supervision practices employed in school systems is called “Clinical Supervision.” This practice is tried by time and had been improved on by numerous researchers, such as Goldframe, Danielson, and Marzano (Sergiovanni, 2008). This practice in many cases assumes
Introduction Tenpin bowling is a universal and popular sport for all regardless the age bracket, size, speed, strength and health limitations. It is the major attraction in a family entertainment center which also offers other profit making non-bowling activities such as children play ground, karaoke, video games, restaurants, bars, sports bars, miniature golf among other entertainment attractions. Tenpin bowling is an industry on the surge due to a remarkable comeback of the sport and renewed interest from the young bowlers as well as the most recent attraction of entertainment bowling centers. Situation Analysis Tenpin bowling has been existent in Australia for over 50 years during which it has encountered very many trials and disappointments and also has had its highs and lows. There is without a doubt an urgent need for change in the practices and policies as they have failed to bring growth and prosperity in the sport. Internal Environment There is an estimated 3 million Australians that participate in tenpin bowling annually according to Sweeney (2007). There has been a significant increase in participation level of social tenpin bowling play with a strong involvement from the seniors for social purposes, the youth and the juniors especially in high school (Mazek 2007). There is however negativity towards the sport from a few who perceive that bowling is a sport stuck somewhere in the sixties (Gillian 2009). There is the need for provision of a better product since most of the tenpin bowling centers are more than 25 years old but have been renovated to be competitive with the newer centers and in a bid to retain their existing customers. External Environment Customer Analysis Tenpin bowling customers fall into three categories, these are: league bowlers, open bowlers and special event bowlers. The league bowlers are formally an organized group that signs a contract with a bowling center and bowls on a regular basis mostly on a specific schedule competing for prizes. Open bowlers do not belong to any league that is organized but they choose to bowl whenever they feel like doing so. It is said to be the second largest segment and second highest in profit margin. Finally, the special event bowlers are those who turn up to bowl only during special events which are a major attraction to new customers to the centers and provide substantial revenue for the centers. The fastest growing segment of tenpin bowlers comprise of the seniors and the youth. The senior segment is attracted by social and group programs while th
Introduction In the modern world we are living, education has proved to be the key to better life. The aim of education is to expand the ability of people to know clearly how they can relate with others and to bring together their expression for the improvement and growth of the society. Education provides people with spiritual, ethical and material awareness. Education allows people to become aware subjects of their expansion and energetic responsible members in an organized manner of coming up with a new world order. The knowledge brought by education has changed the world from Stone Age to modern age, connecting people all over the world and also bringing about civilization. (Learning City 2008) Main body In the early days girls were not recognized in education since they did not fair well due to other duties which they were given by their mothers and also involvement into early marriages. Now that the girls have understood the benefits of education, they have established themselves and recognized by the society that they can do well. Today, boys have relaxed in education making their grades to fall. This has been brought about by indulging in activities that have slowed their thinking capacity. (Ahmed 2004) Some of the things that are making girls do better than boys are the use of drugs. Many boys have indulged in to drugs that have caused them to slow down their education hence enabling the girls to overtake them. Peer pressure in boys has also made their education to retard in education matters. This gives girls an opportunity to advance. Adolescence in boys is not left behind in giving the chance for girls do better in education. When boys reach adolescence stage, they feel that they are big people and then they stop concentrating giving girls a room to perform better. Parents have also participated a lot in enabling boys to stop fairing well in education. Many parents especially the men term boys to be important than girls. The self-importance gotten out of this makes them not to concentrate in education hence giving room for girl’s advancement. (Learning City 2008) Another reason that has enabled girls to perform better than boys is that unlike boys, girls are not allowed to walk out of their homes especially during the holidays. By remaining indoors, the girls are able to revise something that becomes a good forum to beat the boys. The habit of feeling that girls are not important in families has given them the chance to read hard in order to prove that they are important and by so doing they end up doing better than the boys do. (Tutor2u n.d) Conclusion Education has played a great role in enhancing the growth of this world. Education has also brought about new technologies, which have participated in the change from Stone Age to modern age. The modern age has enhanced education of both boys and girls. In recent days, girls have been performing better than boys have. Some issues like the peer pressure, use of drugs, and adolescence among others have participated a lot in making boys drop their grades hence giving girls a chance of doing better in education. Some of the reason that enable g
Introduction Polygamy is a “system of marriage in which one person has more than one spouse” (Russell and Cohn 23). There are two types of polygamy namely, polygyny and polyandry. In polygyny, a man is “allowed to marry more than one woman at the same time” (Russell and Cohn 36). In polyandry, a woman is allowed to get married to more than one man at the same time. Polygamy is one of the oldest cultural practices that can still be found in most cultures. However, different religions have different views concerning polygamy, especially, in the contemporary society. This paper discusses the practice of polygamy in Islam by highlighting its historical and cultural background. It will also compare the practice of polygamy in Islam and Christianity. Historical Perspective The Quran allows the practice of polygamy among Muslims. It allows men to “marry women of their choice in twos threes or fours, but if they (men) fear that they will not be able to deal justly with many women, then they should marry only one” (Philips and Jones 67). This statement shows that Islam allows polygamy only on the condition that the man is able to remain fair to all his wives. In this context, a polygamous man must spend his resources equally among his wives, and love all of them equally (Jones 61-79). Given the difficulty in showing impartiality among women, some Muslim scholars believe that Muslims should be monogamous. However, most Muslims believe that the impartiality rule is only meant to strengthen polygamous marriages by preventing dissent and conflicts. It is important to mention that Islam allows only polygyny and prohibits polyandry. Thus, in Islam the term polygamy is often used in reference to polygyny. The historical context of polygamy in Islam dates back to nearly one thousand four hundred years ago when the Quran was revealed. Polygamy was permitted to address the social welfare problems that characterized the society during the revelation period (Philips and Jones 82). The Quran permitted polygamy to enable men to protect orphans rather than to satisfy their sexual desires. To elucidate, the Quran urges Muslims to be fair to orphans (the fatherless) by protecting their interests in the society. It further states that if “a man is not able to deal justly with the orphans, he should marry women to take care of their needs” (Al-Moghamis 119). In this regard, the Quran allowed men to marry up to four women under
Mobile technologies became one of the key technologies of the past decades that evolved from primitive mobile phones to multifunctional gadgets that affect the variety of areas of modern life. Information technologies became the driving force that reshaped the entire world’s economy, but this process did not include mobile technologies at the beginning. The situation changed when mobile gadgets became powerful, affordable, and user-friendly enough to attract a huge amount of customers to the stores and websites. Today, mobile devices push the world economy forward in ways, unimaginable in the 20th century: fantastic mobility and simplicity of business operations, startups affordable to anyone, and online-oriented development of the majority of businesses. Years ago, it was the image of success and innovativeness to be able to make business decisions, using a laptop connected to the internet in some hotel lobby, while sipping coffee. Today, anyone who has the smartphone and the internet connection, would it be Wi-Fi or any version of mobile networks (3G, LTE, or others), is capable of running a business from anywhere (Fallon par.12; Berkeley par. 3). Money transfers, business data exchange, technical data access, and the infinite number of opportunities provided by mobile gadgets make business operations as simple as they have never been. Engineers create remotely controlled drones that can be controlled over the applets in a smartphone or tablet. The entire automated factories and power plants are controlled over the internet. Online sales became as usual as sales in the brick-and-mortar stores. The world economy develops, optimizes, and grows because of the development of mobile technologies too. Modern startups do not have to be launched using the classic scheme of a business start such as idea-investor. Today, anyone who has an interesting idea that can become financially attractive can raise funds using the internet. Kickstarter, for example, or even YouTube can become an excellent background for starting a new business venture (Fallon par.14). Such freedom is assured by the mobile technologies that provide people all over the world with the opportunity to evaluate good ideas and invest even the smallest sums. Finally, the majority of the currently operating business utilizes online services to the different extent to provide customers and partners with more opportunities than companies and organizations had in the pre-internet era (Berkeley par. 6). Some businesses operate via the internet only, and mobile gadgets substantially facilitate the process of access to the services and products provided by such businesses. Mobile technologies have created new channels of distribution, using which every mobile gadget user becomes a potential customer (Fallon par.10). It is the dream of any business from the 20th century that became reality today. Summing, the paper explored the ways, in which mobile devices push the world economy forward. It
With the enhancement of technology that has been evident in the past years, technology has become an integral part of most of the activities carried out by humans. For instance, technology has become an integral part of business, socializing, and education. In the contemporary world, learning is aided by technology in all levels. As children are introduced to learning, technological tools like smart phones, iPads, laptop computers, minicomputers etc., are increasingly being used. In other levels of learning, technology is inseparable with the learning process. It makes the learning process and the process of instruction an effortless task. This paper is an investigation of the ways in which technology can be used to enhance literacy learning, and how technology can be used in educating early year’s leaners. Instruction can prove to be a rather difficult task, especially if there is no sufficient equipment to aid it. This is especially the case if the learners are young, and thus they cannot easily understand what they are being taught. The use of technology in learning has come in handy in such situations. Young learners can now use technology tools both in school and at home to enhance their learning. Some of these tools include iPads, mini computers, laptop computers, smartphones etc. These tools are normally equipped with services that enable easier access of simplified information. For instance, children, with the help of their teachers and parents, can access graphical images on the internet that can help them in understanding their classwork. The same case applies with iPads and smartphones, which are equipped with high-speed internet connection. They can also play digital games that help to improve their analytical skills (Sweeney, 2010). For older learners, technology is, perhaps, the most efficient learning tool being used today. The i
Introduction Capital budgeting is the process assumed by a firm to make long-term decisions, which have a direct effect on the investment of the company or business for that matter. It determines whether an organization’s long-term objectives are worth pursuing and budgets on the substantial capital investment of a business and the expenditures. Capital budgeting projects generate the cash flows for years. Any capital budgeting project can be accepted or rejected depending on its effect on the net value and internal rate of return method (Good pasture, 2004). Some characteristics of capital budgeting projects may cause the net present value and the rate of return method to the ranking of the projects to be extremely differently. Characteristics of mutually exclusive capital budgeting projects In mutually exclusive budgeting projects, only one of the projects is chosen. The selection is in accordance to the effect on Net Present value and internal rate of return. However, these characteristics do not consider the future cash flows of the business in the future. As a result, the flow of cash, if discounted comparing with the cost of capital, is not effective. This event is extraordinarily dangerous because the project may not last for a long time (Brigham & Houston, 2008). These types of budgeting fail to consider the period that can lead to the recovery of the capital outlay for the budgeted project. These types use the shortest payback period not considering the risks that may occur such as losses and administrative complications at the end of cash flow of the business if negative. These mutually exclusive projects may fail to maximize the wealth of the shareholders hence may not so effective. Compared to the independent projects, which focus more on maintaining the cash flows in cases of accepting or rejecting of a decision meant for other projects, many differences arise. However, for the decision-making manager, it is wise to figure out the impacts that are mutually exclusive to the relevant projects and can result to the desired outcome. Mostly, these are only acceptable when dealing with a small business and not in cases where lots of money is involved (Keown, 2004). A manager should be keen to find out what suits the firm best and after what period. Cash flows of a firm operating with lots of money is necessary for constant growth of the business. When making a decision for a firm, it is necessary to calculate the internal rate of return in order to find out which is the best project to undertake and maximize profits. However, depending on the properties of a significant capital budgeting, it is wise for a project chosen to consider the cash flows of a firm in the future. However, the budget that maximizes the wealth of the shareholders is the best to choose when making a decision (Baker & Powell, 2005). Therefore, before making any decision for a firm’s budget, a lot of concern must be part of the considerations set to ensure that all strategies work as planned. In many cases, risks are always there, and they profoundly affect the budget of any firm. Therefore, it is better to prevent risks and m