ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Walras’s law is an economic principle that suggests that the existence of excess supply in one market for a certain good must be balanced by an excess demand for a different good in another market in order for the two forces to balance out. In that regard, an examined market must be characterized by equilibrium, provided that other markets are balanced. It was developed by Leon Walras, a French economist who lived between 1834 and 1910. A balance between supply and demand is important for the achievement of a state of market equilibrium. The law is founded on equilibrium theory that suggests that a state of equilibrium is achieved if excess supply and demand forces are evened out. The principle of the invisible hand offers an explanation for the application of the law. In instances of excess demand, the invisible hand raises prices and decreases prices during times of excess supply in order to create equilibrium. He argued that producers are rational in their responses to fluctuations in interest rates. High rates lead to reductions in production and lower rates lead to increased investments in manufacturing. These dynamics are based on the assumptions that organizations’ main goal is profit maximization while consumers are concerned with the fulfillment of their self-interests. Walras’s law has been widely criticized because of the difficulties experienced by economists in their
Introduction The project we undertook involved finalizing an idea and creating a pitch for the idea. Every team member had to contribute to ensuring the project was finalized on time. The product identified was a VR space to solve the challenges experienced by consumers, designers, and manufacturers. The idea was to partner with IKEA because it is a well-established furniture store. From research, the product we were to provide matches what interior designers need because it streamlines their tasks. It also assists the designers in making amendments to their plans in the virtual space, which helps avoid the need to create 3D models. During the project, several challenges came up, which included providing leadership to the team, identifying the customer segment for the product, and understanding the “pains” of the customer segment. This report will present a reflection on the challenges that came up during the project. Providing Leadership to the Team Description of the experience The project involved working as a team and I was chosen as the leader. The challenge was how to lead the team without appearing as being controlling. Previously, I had worked with different teams and there was always a challenge of some team members slowing down the progress. Therefore, I made the effort to communicate with all the team members and inform them of our objectives and timelines. Also, I added all the team members to a WhatsApp group to help in communication and sharing ideas. Another issue was how to communicate with them regarding their objectives. People may detest being reminded every time about the tasks they are supposed to accomplish (Mohanty, and Mohanty, 2018). Therefore, I decided to communicate in a friendly way to ensure that there was no element of control. When a team leader prefers to control everything, the team may develop low morale which may hinder the continuation of the project. Feelings and Thoughts about the experience At the start, I was afraid that we would fail to complete the project on time. This was because of my previous experiences working with teams of people. However, the present team was easy to work with and it took less time for individuals to get to full speed. The experience enhanced my leadership skills because I learned about the need to communicate effect
Strong leadership abilities are necessary to ensure the success of any activity performed by a team. Leadership refers to a process through which one person uses the help and support of others towards achieving a particular goal or task. For one to be a truly effective leader, he/she must posses some leadership skills. Only then can one interact better with his followers and hence foster productivity. In this paper, I shall analyze some of the skills expected of a leader and evaluate how they apply in my leadership style. The most important skill that a leader should have is the ability to identify his/ her team. Team identity is of great importance because it enables a leader to know who is on a team and the purpose of the team (Adair, 2010). Understanding a team’s mode of operation enables the leader to make decisions that are considerate to all members need’s thereby instilling morale and boost team spirit. Motivational skills are among the core attributes that a leader must posses. Motivation is defined as a “process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals” (Kondalkar 2002, p.245). Bearing in mind the fact that the leader is tasked with marshaling the organization’s resources to accomplish some organizational goal, it can be rightfully stated that part of the role of the leader is to motivate his staff to achieve certain desired goals. As such, an exemplary leader must possess motivational skills to ensure that the employees have a high degree of commitment in their performance. Similarly, communication skills are of great importance to a leader. According to Greene and Burleson (2003) communication is arguably the corner stone on which any successful relationship, be it business or personal, is built. As such, a great leader should be able to effectively communicate the organizational goals, mission, vision and regulations to his/her subordinates. In so doing, the leader has a guarantee that set tasks shall be executed effectively and efficiently. This ensures that the organization works towards success. In addition, Adair (2010) asserts that a great leader should possess conflict resolution skills. In all organizations, there arise contentious issues which elicit different reactions from the organization members at some point in time. How these issues are diffused may spell out the difference between the subsequent success and failure of the organization. Having conflict resolution skills can play a crucial role in ensuring that the crises or contention is managed in a diplomatic manner. On the same note, a great leader should be flexible. By this I mean that a leader should be aware of his/her employee’s emotions and traits and consider them while making decisions. Disregarding these aspects may invariably lead to the failure of a team and subsequently, the organization. In regard to the above skills, I often fall short when it comes to motivating fellow colleagues. This is mainly due to the fact that I do not interact well with others and I cannot eloquently express myself while und
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, a small railroad town just south of the New York state border, and was lovingly called ‘Fred’ by his family. His father, William Skinner, worked as an attorney with Erie Railroad, and his mother, Grace Skinner, was actively involved with a number of social service organizations for the prime purpose of promoting the image of the family. Skinner had a younger brother, two and a half years younger than him, Edward, who was the more obedient and charming of the two. (Bork, Daniel W. B. F. Skinner: A Life) his brother, however, died at the age of sixteen from cerebral aneurism. In the course of his childhood, Skinner enjoyed working with his hands, as is evident from the things he built by himself, like roller scooters, wagons that could be steered, etc. Skinner completed his graduation from the one-building school that he attended, along with eight other students. His interest in arts and literature was evident by his drawings in the smaller grades and later his enthusiasm to read Shakespeare. (Dews 1970) Skinner majored in English and minored in Romance languages from Hamilton College, a small but liberal arts institution. It was here that Skinner emerged as a rebel when he openly criticized and revolted against the Student life department and refused to attend the daily chapel services and physical education classes, which were mandatory, even going to the extent of mocking at the institution during the graduation services. After his graduation, Skinner attended the Middlebury School of English in Vermont in order to attempt a career in writing. It was here that he met Robert Frost and penned his first book, Digest of Decisions of the Anthracite Board of Conciliation, which was concerning a coal strike in 1904. (Dews 1970) However, Skinner soon moved to psychology on realizing that he did not possess a writer’s temperament. At the age of twenty-four, Skinner applied and was accepted to the psychology graduate program at Harvard. Here he encountered William Crozier at the physiology department and was very impressed by his work involving animal studies and behaviorist framework. Skinner soon accompanied Crozier and began to work across several disciplines, integrating methods and theories of the domains of physiology and psychology to develop novel ways of recording and analyzing data. Thus began Skinner’s tryst with psychology which subsequently led him to the path of achievement and glory in the world of psychology. By the year 1931, Skinner completed his Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard and had firmly established himself on the path of development of Operant conditioning which was the Behaviorist prototype, regulating the latter part of the twentieth century. He continued to conduct research at Harvard for several more years until 1937 when he was offered a research po
Infancy Physical Changes During infancy, the physical structures of the baby develop rapidly. Babies increase weight and the length of their bodies. Developments in lengths and increase in weight also affect the body proportion of the baby. The infant’s head develops and matures earlier than other parts of the body. Hands, legs, trunk, and torso also grow rapidly. These changes affect other developmental factors like emotions, cognitive, and motor (Bayley, 2005). Physical features of the infant’s brain also grow fast. Although babies have nearly all neurons required for a normal brain, the size of the brain increases due to the formation of myelin substances in areas of the neuron. Myelin is useful for neuron activities. This increases the physical growth of the brain. Some parts of the neuron also develop into synapses, which increase the weight of the brain. Cognitive Changes These changes include developments in memory, reasoning, symbolization, and conception of ideas. Cognitive changes influence how infants perceive their environments and psychological well-being. Piaget argues that at birth, infants lack a mental framework. However, infants begin to construct concepts of their environments as they experience such environments. At this stage, infants develop sensorimotor intelligence based on actions and perception of their immediate environments. Piaget notes that newborns have not developed a concept of themselves or objects. They only possess rudimentary schemata for experiencing their environments. Some studies have shown that infant memory and abilities to imitate others or things develop their representational abilities. For instance, infants would imitate the actions of adults without necessarily knowing their own actions. Socioemotional Changes Infants use their emotions to communicate and achieve their goals. One can observe joy, anguish, fear, anger, surprise, and other forms of emotions in newborns. Infants can smile after six weeks. Others can also express distress when handled by strangers at seven weeks. They develop other forms of complex emotions within the second year (Lefrançois, 2012). Infants can notice changes in the emotions of their caregivers. At the age of two months, babies can notice facial expressions and vocal changes. Infants can apply social referencing (use emotional expressions of others) to control their emotions at the age of ten months. Infants also display different levels of temperament and attachment styles to different people. An infant’s attachment depends on various experiences. Early Childhood Physical Changes Although the growth rate at this stage has declined relative to the infancy stage, infants still experience high rates of physical growth. Children develop muscles in their arms and legs. They also learn how to walk as a part of “developing gross motor skills” (Bayley, 2005). Children then learn to perform fine motor skills like drawing and writing. The body muscles develop “rapidly than those around the hands and feet” (Bayley, 2005). Usually, the head develops and matures earlier than other parts of the body. Between the age of five and eight, children’s physical growth graduall
Recently, the company launched the new Samsung Razor MZR, which is poised to be a market leader as far as the current trends in mobile telephony are concerned. The new Razor MZR boasts of several inherent features that make it a convenient and reliable option for many users. In addition to that, the phone has a sleek design that is aimed at ensuring penetration in its target market, which comprises of youthful individuals who usually look for style, technology, and convenience when shopping for mobile phones. In order to enjoy the functionalities and new features offered by Razor MZR, all one requires is a duly registered Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) card that will enable them access all the phone’s features through their mobile communications networks. Below is a step by step description of how to access the phone, its features, and other additional security and safety requirements associated with the phone’s usage. Setting up the phone   * Open the package containing all the phone’s components including the battery, phone covers, and charger.   * Install your SIM card in the slot labelled SIM.   * Install the phone battery in the battery socket and ensure that this installation is done correctly.   * Put on the phone cover gently and ensure that it fits properly.   * To switch on the phone, long press the red button key and wait for around two seconds.   * If all this has been done correctly, a welcome message appears with the company’s logo at the centre of the screen. Accessing the Phone’s Main features   * Once the phone has been switched on, follow the prompt requiring you to set up your access credentials so that only you can have access to your phone.   * Once you have set up the relevant details, it is now possible to access the various phone features using the phone’s touch screen interface.   * Touch on the icon that you wish to further explore and see all the features and applications that are contained thereon.   * To access your contacts, a phonebook icon that looks like an actual book is used to do this.   * To browse the internet, use the web browser icon by touching it and inputting the appropriate URL address on the browser’s search bar. Additional Features In addition to the traditional phone features, the new Samsung Razor MZR has other additional features that set it apart from many of the mainstream mobile phone devices in the market today. These features include Wi-Fi functionality, high resolution camera, reliable Bluetooth connectivity, GPRS satellite system, a big internal memory of up to 8 gigabytes, and an expandable external memory slot of up to 32 gigabytes.   * To enable the phone access wireless networks around it, use the wireless access button on the left side of the phone labelled Wi-Fi.   * Push the button upwards to switch it on (access to wireless network) and downwards to switch it off (no access to wireless network).   * The camera can be accessed through the camera icon on the phone menu.   * To take a photo
Introduction The 1987 movie “Full Metal Jacket” directed by Stanley Kubrick abounds with shockingly rapturous scenes constructed around the Vietnam War. The tone is set in the opening sequel itself. When Private Joker and other recruits meet Gunnery Sergeant Hartman for the first time, they, and film viewers, are startled by the Sergeant – an incredibly loud, foul-mouthed, and ferocious man with a penchant for upsetting and outrageously offensive yet funny remarks (Allen). Hartman tells the recruits that Chaplain Charlie preaches how ‘the free world’ would overcome the evil forces of Communism with the ‘aid of God and a few marines,’ adding that God has a ‘hard-on’ for marines due to their tendency to ‘kill everything that they see (Kubrick). Main body A second example is a scene where Private Pyle struggles to climb the training obstacle. Hartman berates the overweight Private into putting more effort, taunting him: “If God would have wanted you up there [the obstacle] He would have miracled your ass up there by now, wouldn’t He?” (Kubrick). Another scene that is steeped in a blend of sorrow and comedy involves Joker and the Vietnamese whore. Joker bargains with for her services, not knowing that the deliberately long haggling process is a clever ploy engineered by the woman and her dubious associates to steal the camera belonging to Joker’s friend (Allen). A fourth example is the confrontation scene between Joker and Pogue Colonel . When the latter demands an explanation for the contradicting elements in his clothing , Joker waxes philosophical, telling the exasperated Colonel that it represents the ‘duality of man – the Jungian thing’ (Allen). The above four scenes, and many others that are simultaneously sad and funny, portray Kubrick’s successful harmonious balancing of these emotions throughout the film, adeptly getting one emotion to support and strengthen the other (Allen). These elements, coupled with the regularly adept and dexterous presentation by the actors, succeed in turning almost every scene into an artistically enthralling piece of art. Viewers are transported into an intense and extremely sexualized domain where men ruthlessly kill and harm each other while savoring the scant interruptions (Allen) [Kubrick]. While Kubrick portrays the anxiety, fright, and great unhappiness in all the situations, he also discloses how they make some of the participants irrationally excited (Allen). For example, in one scene Sergeant Hartman claims that the marines are like God – just as ‘He plays His Games, we play ours!' boasts he killed ‘157 gooks,’ a number that included women and children (Kubrick). Luckily, the funny quality of these situations always stresses their sorrow and misfortune (Allen). Conclusion Although ‘Full Metal Jacket’ is good, it is not spawned by fundamental creativity. Its components do not gel together to set up a convincing whole. Many scenes are ingeniously portrayed, but the dramatic effect created by one scene does not add to the impact of the next one, so their overall effect remains confusingly fragmented rather than collective (Allen). Due to this, I am of the
Introduction Telecommunications regulations and policies control the shifting roles of telecommunications in the economy and the general public. It creates a forum for debate and research between academics, regulators, professionals, industry managers, consultants and other policymakers. Its course is multidisciplinary and worldwide, encircling issues of both theory and practice in telecommunications policies and regulations. Its capacity covers issues of telecommunication reforms at state, regional and worldwide levels. It controls implications of convergence of knowledge, infrastructure development management, policy and regulation. The telecommunications policies and regulations in the United States is controlled by decision and policy makers in the civic, State and federal government. The Judicial branches and Legislative Executive of government and the Regulatory Commissions in telecommunication like the Federal Communications Commission and The National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The policy and regulation framework determines the bundle available telecommunication service to the costumer, as well as the telecommunication policy framework which determines the bundle of service available to the consumer, as well as the telecommunication industry structure (Nelson, 1999). Emerging Policies and Regulation Issues The Telecommunications Act of nineteen ninety six was predicted to transform the United States telecommunications policy structure more than any regulation policy since the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission in nineteen thirty four. Fast technological advances in telecommunication and economic process transformations have brought a number of issues since the creation of this Act that were unpredicted by regulators and legislators. The surfacing of the Internet and related technologies advances has forced the reconsideration of media policy. Which control firms and sectors that dominates and capitalized on the telecommunication revolution. Unlike, television or FM radio, digital communication renders doubtful the traditional distinctions among various media and telecommunication sectors. The internet policy battle telecommunication issues concerning the Internet and the information freeway. The recent European regulation for electronic telecommunications has been relevant since two thousand and three and is currently under a revision that leads to new rules applicable by twenty ten. The regulatory framework clearly states the objectives of regulators on welfare of European citizens. Secondly, controls the economic regulators on market troubles that cannot be effectively and efficiently solved by competition law (Clifford, 2006). The layered policy model in the United States proposes a regulatory telecommunication system that classifies technologies advances based on their regular layered characteristics as an alternative of regulating telecommunication technology advancement wi