ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is rather interesting to read the stories that tell us many useful things about nature and the world around us. Children have to be acquainted with the surrounding world, but it is difficult for us to learn the phenomena of this world from scientific books and scholarly papers. Because of this, the books of tales written by the grown-ups for the children of about 12 years old are rather interesting and helpful for children. Their plot developments are rather interesting, and all children who read such books admire them because they are interesting as fairy-tales and teach children about the main ideas of life. One of these books is the Old Mother West Wind by Thornton Burgess, who is a talented writer of books of fairy tales for children. His book is useful for me because it shows how people should live in this world and what actions of people are bad. It was interesting to read the book about the Old Mother West Wind and all her friends, and I like it very much. The book itself is the story about the characters that were created by the author of the book Thornton Burgess and that are the embodiments of the processes and things of nature, as well as of different animals, birds, fishes, and other living creatures that inhabit the nature. The book is comprised of sixteen chapters that are all telling the reader about this or that happening that occurred to some of the characters of the book, which are Johnny Chuck, Tommy Trout, Reddy Fox, Merry Little Breezes, or anyone other. Each of the stories has its own beginning, the development of the plot, which is mainly told either by the author or from the first person, which means that the very character is speaking about what happened to him or her. Every story also ends with the conclusion from which the reader can see what is wrong and what is right, and for which deeds people are praised and for which deeds they are punished by Mother Nature. For example, the first chapter of the book Old Mother West Wind tells us about the happening to Mrs. Redwing, who had beautiful eggs in her nest. Merry Little Breezes, who lived in the great big bag of the Old Mother West Wind, came to know that Mrs. Redwing had eggs in her nest and came to visit her. When they arrived together with Johnny Chuck, they saw that Mrs. Redwing was sad and terrified. They asked her about the reasons for her fear, and she answered that she was afraid that Tommy Brown, the son of the framer, would come there, find her nest with her eggs and either break them or take them away to his home. The Merry Little Breezes decided to help the poor Mrs. Redwing and did their best to keep Tommy Brown from the place where her nest lay. They blew Tommy’s hat off and continued to blow it so far that he had to run for it for a long time and had no wish or time to look for Mrs. Redwing’s nest. This is only one of the examples of the stories told by the author in his book. In other chapters of Old Mother West Wind, the author tries to s
Industry Profile International Management Group is a global sporting company that was established by Mark McCormack in 1960. McCormack developed the interest of forming the company in 1950s. By 1958, McCormack had put into place various structures that would enable him realize his dream of forming a sporting company. McCormack was involved in a nasty road accident at a tender age of six, which incapacitated him to an extent of not participating actively in sports. However, he never gave up his ambition of participating in sports, a factor that made him participate in several armature sports winning a number of gold medals. Upon careful analysis of sports industry, McCormack came to the realization that sports personalities could be marketed just like other conventional products. Based on this reality, he formed the company in order to market sport personalities in New York, which was the first target market. The firm grew so fast because the market was completely new and the firm did not face any competition. By the time the company was formed, sportsmen and women largely depended on large companies that could support them. However, most talents went unnoticed. This company therefore was really pertinent at the time when sporting events were becoming global and more marketable. The company recruited various sportsmen and women who were later included into various international teams at an agreed fee. Currently, the firm is considered as the largest distributer of sports goods, with a library of over 150,000 hours. The firm has increasingly been profitable even in the face of the current stiff competition in the market, which is characterized by dubious individuals who would violate industry rules to attain their selfish interests. In this industry, IMG is the undisputed industry leader. The firm has 3,000 employees, with annual revenue of $ 1.6 billion dollars. Following the industry leader closely is Interpublic Company, which operates other numerous businesses. It becomes very difficult to determine the specific revenue generated from sports industry. However, the firm has 62, 000 employees, with a total annual revenue of $ 7.2 billion. Clear Channel Entertainment Company comes third. Through acquisition of other firms, the market leader has radically grown and is currently operating in over 30 cities in 75 venues within the United States. The firm has 36,350 employees, who are spread in different regions, with annual revenue of 5.3 billion US dollars. William Morris Agency is a distant fourth player, with 600 employees and annual revenue of 16.6 million US dollars. The top five is closed by Creative Artist Agency, with 410 employees and annual revenue of 11.5 million US dollars. The most active business areas, where most competitors engage in
Introduction “ Design for the next Generation “superjumbo A380” ultra-high capacity commercial transport airliner” A close observation of an aircraft reveals a number of visible features from a facial appearance. The observable features include wings, the propeller engine and the tail. A more detailed observation beyond the visible details exposes hidden and very intriguing features. All these features, both visible and invisible, form the whole aircraft structure and enable it to perform the designers intended functions. Aircraft conceptual design is an art as well as a science, put in a theoretical perspective. It is the paper-based or computer-designed logical engineering procedure of creating a flying machine to satisfy particular user specifications and manufacturers requirement. It is also essential as a tool for expressing pioneer innovation, with the inclusion of newly discovered technological ideas. (Anderson 2005, p. 37). Just to mention an example of a conceptual design is the 1947 Bell X-1commercial transports, the pioneer rocket driven aircraft to surpass the speed of sound in climbing flight. The process is an essential tool for a manufacturer to realize successful airplane designs, which can compete with the dynamic progression in aeronautical Engineering. New design Definition The conceptual design is the graphical representation of structures of various fundamental features in the area of aeronautical engineering. These areas include propulsion, taking off and landing control, aerodynamics and weight control. The design takes care of the size, weight, shape and the speed of an aircraft. In order to design a better performing aircraft, it is vital to balance all the aspects without a compromise (Anderson 2005, p.21). While observing the balance, the designer ought to be able to optimize at least one of the design factors depending on the purpose of the aircraft, the desired cruise speed, flight range, take-off distance, standard cruise altitude, The Federal Aviation Association (FAA) Regulations. The mission or purpose of the aircraft The design of a new aircraft begins by identifying its mission, which can include military missions, transportation and space study. The Super Jumbo that we are designing is strictly meant for commercial transportation. It has to take into account the size depending on the number of people it intends to transport per flight, the fuel capacity, the distances between the airline’s destinations. It should have a capacity of between 800 Pax to 1200 Pax. This is a modern commercial transport aircraft; therefore, its design has to comply with the international transport require
Introduction The study of immunology began during the mid-20 th century after doctors and researchers began to comprehend the means through which the adaptive immune system helps the body to fight disease causing organisms (1). According to Janeway et al. (2), the foundation of immunology can be attributed to Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and Louis Pasteur discovery of microbes in 1859. Over the years, immunotherapy has evolved to become one of the most effective means of curing and managing various diseases that could otherwise be fatal. Immunotherapy Immunotherapy describes a method of medical treatment that enhances, induces or suppresses the immune system to cure diseases (2). Immunotherapy uses the body’s own immune system to target specific pathogens that would otherwise have overwhelmed the body. In 1796, Jenner discovered that the introduction of the cow pox virus into a human host not only caused mild disease but also caused a subsequent immunity to small pox (2). This marked the beginning of biotherapy and would be the foundation in which immunotherapy would begin. The discovery of microbes by Pasteur and the detailed characterization of bacteria and their infections by Robert Koch gave rise to the Germ Theory of disease (3). This discovery was the first step in immunology as studies on how the immune system works and the components on the immune system were extensive undertaken. Breakthrough in immunology and its application took place when William Corey discovered that some cancer victims who had received minor infections during surgery displayed tumor regression (4). In 1891, Corey began introducing Streptococcus pyogenes organisms into tumors. He discovered that in some patients the tumors disappeared and recurrence was only after a very long time (3, 4). Corey thus became the first person to use immunology to treat diseases and has thus been dubbed by several scientists as “the father of immunology” (1-3-4). Corey’s work generated a lot of debates and a new field of medicinal science was formed. Researchers undertook to understand the human immune system better in order to find cures and improve the immunology field. In order to understand immunology, it is important to understand the human immune system and how it works. The Immune System The immune system is a system of substances, special cells and organs that protects organisms from infections through the recognition and subsequent elimination of pathogens and tumor cells (5). The immune system has evolved to be able to distinguish between disease causing pathogens and healthy tissues (self-non-self discrimination) (3). Most disease causing pathogens such as viruses, parasites and bacteria are usually made up of proteins and other substances not found in the human body. These foreign substances causes the generation of antibodies that raises the alarm activating the immune system (6). The immune system uses a layered approach to
Specific Purpose: To encourage my audience to be optimistic in life Central Idea: Being optimistic in life causes positive emotions that contribute to good health and happiness. Introduction The Attention Step  1. An editor once fired Walt Disney, the co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, for allegedly lacking imagination and good ideas (National Fastpitch Coaches Association 27). However, he remained optimistic and went on to become an icon in the American animation industry.      1. Walt Disney did not allow the frustrations to ruin his animation dreams.      2. How many times have you been frustrated, rejected, abused, and told that you are useless? Did you let the negative experiences define your future? Do you always feel insecure, hated, or worthless?      3. If you have let your negative experiences interfere with your dreams and esteem, you need to change your thoughts and perceptions. It is the time you became optimistic.  2. I have become interested in this topic after experiencing changes in my life.  3. Optimism changes an individual’s attitude by creating positive emotions, which contribute to good health and happiness. What are the advantages of maintaining an optimistic view of life? Body The Need Step  1. Every person experiences bad and discouraging moments (Erasmus par 2).      1. Seventy-seven percent of Americans experience physical symptoms caused by stress (The American Institute of Stress par. 4).      2. How many times have you collided with your boss, spouses, family members, and coworkers? How many times have you had your dreams frustrated by other people?      3. I am sure that all of you have thought of giving up at one point in your life.  2. College life has many stressors that can affect the students’ confidence, emotions, and self-esteem.      1. We always let the negative experiences interfere with our emotions and perceptions.      2. We hate ourselves for failing to achieve our goals. We should start taking control of our emotions by being optimistic in all situations. The Satisfaction Step  1. Optimism creates happiness and leads to good health      1. You can become an optimist in many ways      2. Start by letting go of all negative assumptions that you currently hold about yourself, or the sources of stress.      3. You should understand that the past does not have any control over the future. What you believe in and hold as true, defines your future.      4. Be positive in all situations and stop seeing yourself as an effect of circumstances.      5. Be active to divert your mind from the negative perceptions and frustrations.      6. Exercises and physical activities are also essential in keeping the body healthy.  2. According to Carver, optimism creates good health and happiness (4502).      1. Being optimistic creates good emotions that are responsible for elevating human spirits and causing good health.      2. Optimistic people have the cap
Introduction Humanist psychology, cognitive psychology and positive psychology are all different paradigms in the field of psychology but all of them relate to each other. Humanist psychology was the first concept to be developed in the middle of the 20 th century by Carl Rodgers (Robbins, 2008, p. 96). He used the concept of phenomenology to explain human existence in a comprehensive way. Cognitive psychology was however developed with the aim of analyzing the human thought process because it factors basic thought elements like perception, the ability to remember, speak and such like features. Cognitive psychology is deemed unique to other psychology concepts because it adopts the use of scientific knowledge and acknowledges that there are specific internal human mental states (Rhodes, 2007, p. 305). Positive psychology is the latest concept in psychology, developed by Martin Seligman to compliment other fields of psychology (Fowler, 2009). The unique aspect of the concept is that its aim is to shift the paradigm of human psychology from treating mental conditions to creating a more fulfilling life for human beings (Fowler, 2009). Its name “positive psychology” comes from its inclination to focus on the positive elements of human beings as opposed to what goes wrong with them. Over the past few years, many influential researchers in the field of psychology have embraced the concept of positive psychology and in recent times, the concept has continued to gain much publicity among philosophers and sociologists. This trend can be evidenced from the numerous publications focusing on the concept (in books, journals and the like). Considering the general progression of the above three concepts of psychology, this study seeks to compare and analyze the three concepts and comprehend their main ideas. Thereafter, an analysis of how the three concepts relate to each other will be done and finally, an analysis of the influence of zeitgeist on the concepts will be done. In conclusion, this study will identify which psychological school of thought will have the most influence in the future. Key Ideas in Each Theory Positive psychology revolves around three main overlapping concepts: pleasant life, good life and meaningful life (Fowler, 2009). The pleasant life seeks to investigate how people take advantage of their positive human feelings to live a more fulfilling life. Elements such as relationsh
The world of fictional literature is mysterious and has many layers. Artistic people such as writers are very sensitive and can particularly see things, they are perceptive, and often their emotional experiences differ from those of other people. This is why writers create their imaginary worlds in the novels. These words are often the reflections of the inner passions and suffering of their creators. In many cases, the readers need to be very attentive and careful to catch the true hidden meaning of the writer’s descriptions. Mary Shelley was a truly gifted and unusual person who lived a very extraordinary life full of losses and tragedies. Her novel called “Frankenstein” was written during the author’s youth. This outstanding work first saw the world in 1818. Many years have passed since that moment, but the novel is still incredibly popular. Mary Shelley’s creation is often spoken about as a philosophical work telling about the influences of industrialization and technological progress on the society and the ideas about the values of life and death, the argument about god’s existence and people’s ignorance towards the powers of nature. This novel is often seen as a demonstration of unplanned outcomes of a technological catastrophe and the negative results of scientific experiments. It is often overlooked that the author of this novel was a young woman, who was barely bothered by the industrial future of the planet and the power of god over mankind. Mary Shelley was overwhelmed with her dramatic relationship with Percy Shelley, miscarriages, psychological trauma from losing a child and her mother’s sad history. Regarding all of these facts, “Frankenstein” can be seen as a reflection of Mary Shelley’s fears of childbirth and pregnancy. Ever since her early childhood Mary Godwin, the future wife of the poet Percy Shelley, was surrounded with Gothicism. Mary’s mother died while giving birth to her. Mary’s father, William Godwin, used to take his little daughter to the cemetery to see her mother’s grave. With the help of her father, Mary learned how to write and read her name by the example on her mother’s tombstone. Being a teenager, Mary developed deep feelings for Percy Shelley, the poet. The young couple soon ran away together as Percy was already married. The society was shocked by what Percy and Mary did, so they immediately became outcasts. Mary started having babies very early in her life. By the age of nineteen, she already had had two. Her first child was born prematurely and lived only for several days. The young mother was devastated by the loss of her first baby, even though she soon had other children, she never fully recovered from that tragedy. This was the time when the young writer had the idea of “Frankenstein” based on the fear of giving birth to a creature and failing to raise it properly, which would result in a creation of a monster. For the rest of her life, Mary Shelley was surrounded by
Introduction Quantum tunneling effect is a study that has attracted the attention of many scientists and physicians across the globe. In fact, the application of the quantum effect in daily life events has made various people develop an interest in the study of physics. The Quantum effect has been illustrated using a case where an individual puts a globe in a container. For instance, when a globe has placed a container, in which place should one anticipate getting the globe? Without any doubt, the globe would be found anywhere in the container. However, the Quantum tunneling outcome states that there is hardly any opportunity that the globe could be found somewhere external to the container. In fact, the Quantum tunneling effect takes place provided a sub-atomic element travels via an obstacle, which ought to be difficult to travel through during any process. In order to discern the assertion correctly, the atoms trying to move through the impending obstructions may be associated with a globe struggling to climb a mountain. Standard physics articulates that when the globe hardly has sufficient dynamism it might be impossible for it to arrive at the next destination. Therefore, the globe lacking adequate dynamism to get through the mountain may be forced to reel backward. Using quantum physics, the sub-atomic elements could pass with minimal likelihood through to the next destination, therefore, passing the obstruction. Case illustration and derivation Quantum tunneling appears to be likely to happen due to the tendency appearance of the substance. Perplexing as it appears, within the quantum domain, atoms regularly behave similarly to the marine surfs as opposed to billiard globes. According to Ali and Pham claims, this implies that an electron does not exist in a particular place at a particular time, but rather as a wave of probabilities (p. 23). Fig 1: Illustrates the difference between classical and quantum mechanics through a barrier The case illustrates a situation where a particle with energy E is on one side of a one-dimensional potential wall denoted by V. If analyzed using classical physics, if E is less than V, the particle would not pass through the wall. If E is larger than V, then the particle can pass through the wall. Nevertheless, this is not the case for the Quantum system given that the atoms may leak past the blockage even if its energy E is smaller than V. There is a probability that the particle will tunnel through the potential barrier wall and still have the same amount of energy E as before. Quantum tunneling effects solely relies on probability. However, several variables that affect the probability are the mass of the particle, thickness of the barrier, as well as the difference between the particle’s kinetic energy, and the barrier height (Freiberger 38). In the “real” world where humans sense by sight and touch, objects physically exist where you can actually sense, see or touch them. In a secretive quantum domain of particularly minute and modest substances (such as electrons), the physical position of these petite matters is “indistinct” and is just a matter of possibility. In quantum phy