ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Contracts play a significant role in the business environment because they regulate the relations between different parties with references to the legal aspect of these relations. Thus, a contract is the specific “legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent people” (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 48). The simple character of this definition allows speaking about the variety of daily and business contracts which are based on such two important criteria as the law and agreement. Nevertheless, contracts are essential in the business world that is why ten main principles associated with the nature of contracts should be discussed in detail to use contracts effectively. Validity of the Contract The validity of the contract is the most important thing associated with the issue. To be discussed as valid, the contract should be worked out according to such requirements as the mutual agreement of the competent parties and the contract’s organization according to such formal requirements as “being in writing or under seal” (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 49). If I notice that the party refuses to provide the definite type of a contract in a written form, I can reject the following discussion of the contract because of impossibility to test its validity. Role of the Offer and Acceptance It is possible to speak about such an agreement as the contract when one party “makes an offer and the other party accepts the offer” (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 57). Thus, to make a contract, I should develop and propose an effective offer which is expected to be accepted by the offeree. Role of Capacity to Contract The agreement will be “enforceable at law” when all the parties making a contract are discussed as having the contractual capacity (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 68). Thus, the parties should have the legal and mental capacity to contract. Before making a contract with the person who is discussed as a minor because of being under the contractual age, I should check the law and statutes followed in the concrete state properly because of state differences in discussing the issue. Role of Consideration The contract is not valid, if the price for a promise is not stated. Thus, consideration is “what promisor requires as the price for a promise” (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 78). Exchange of promise for the other promise explains the nature of the contract. To make the contract valid, I should state clearly what amount of money I expect to receive after signing the contract associated with the selling procedure. Role of Mistakes The properly worked out contracts can be invalidated because of definite mistakes. To invalidate the contract, the mistake “must be a mutual one about a material fact” (Ashcroft & Ashcroft, 2014, p. 88). Mutual mistakes in contrast to unilateral are made by both the parties. That is why, I usually check all the aspects of the contract twice in order to avoid unilateral mistakes and prevent
Introduction This paper is devoted to the analysis of the Holocaust in general and the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt in particular. It is going to review the advised literature. Besides, it will answer the questions so as to reflect on the read materials. Literature Review In November 1945, the Nurnberg trial started. There were 21 accused in the courtroom, and the court was deemed to resolve their fate (Marrus 12). The accused were the representative of the so-called elite of the Nazi society and administration. Each defendant was accused of one or more of the following points: 1) collusion so as to commit crimes which are mentioned in the other points, 2) crimes against the world, 3) wartime crimes, and 4) crimes against the humanity (Marrus 18). Specific accusations included murders of more than six million Jewish people, aggressive war, savage cruelty of concentration camps, and use of slave labor (Marrus 47). The judges represented the states which were the main winners in the war: Great Britain, France, the USSR, and the USA (Marrus 52). Each of the accused claimed to be innocent. Many of them stated that they had been following orders and instructions. Besides, they questioned the authority of the court (Marrus 64). The judgment was announced on October the 1st 1946. Eighteen accused were found guilty, three of them were found innocent. 11 accused were sentenced to death, the rest were sentenced to more than ten years of imprisonment (Marrus 70). From my viewpoint, it is not fair to blame the Holocaust on the German people. It is a universal truth that not all Germans were Nazis, whereas not all Nazis were Germans. That is why the world cannot find Germany guilty for the Holocaust. Therefore, this is a group of people with Hitler at the head of it who are expected to be charged with this crime. Therefore, I would not accept the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt. This declaration limits the guilt for the threats of the war to common Germans ( Stuttgart Declaration par. 4). What is more, they treated it as a betrayal. Ordinary people did not participate in the Holocaust, and they did not want the war. They wanted to live in peace. Thus, treating them as guilty for the Holocaust is the same as treating them as guilty for the fact that they are Germans. However, the poem by a German priest Martin Niemoller is addressed to, it is possible to accuse the whole world of its inactivity and indifference. “Then they came for me” (Niemoller par. 4) is a famous quote from this poem which was pronounced to accuse German intellectuals of their inactivity and nonresistance to Nazis. It is assumed that the phrase was first said in 1946. However, its printed version appeared only in 1955. In reality, there exist many ways not to notice what the person is unwilling to notice. Besides, there are many ways to forget what the person does not want to remember or is tired of knowing. It happens when an unsightly reality does not involve nor touch this person. However,
Abstract The Affordable Care Act has changed the landscape of the U.S. healthcare system greatly. Though being quite a recent addition to the latter, the ACA has been in development for years. The ACA is aimed at improving the provision of healthcare and nursing services through the enhancement of the patient-centered approach and the promotion of health insurance among U.S. citizens. While the current effects of the ACA are humble, it is expected that the Affordable Care Act will help break new ground in the U.S. healthcare system. History of the Affordable Care Act Creation Also known as ObamaCare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or simply PPACA, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) had been a concept for around twenty years until it was finally produced and approved, the first edition having been drafted in 1989 (McDonough, 2012). The issue spawned a major debate in 2008–2010, before the presidential election and during the first years of the Obama administration. The bill was passed on December 29, 2009 (McDonough, 2014). Affordable Care Act and What It Has to Offer According to the key tenets of the ACA, the statute is aimed at improving the quality of healthcare service delivery (Thomas, 2003). To be more specific, the ACA is supposed to contribute to an increase in patient safety, facilitate easy access to healthcare services for all patients and promote health insurance to all denizens of the United States (White, Carter, Records & Martin, 2013). Implications of Affordable Care Act The ACA has raised the expectation bar for the skills of nursing and healthcare specialists to a new level. Specifically, the fact that patient-centered therapy is promoted actively (Fitzpatrick, Butler, Pitsikoulis, Smith, & Walden 2014) must be brought to people’s attention. As a result, the provision of more timely and efficient services has become a possibility (Manchikanti, Caraway, Parr, Fellows, & Hirsh, 2011). Apart from the alterations in the realm of healthcare and nursing, ACA has changed the attitudes towards insurance. In 2010, new high-risk insurance pools were created with the help of ACA (Spetz, 2014). While occurring at an admittedly slow pace, the effects of ACA are still quite encouraging. Reference List Fitzpatrick, P. G., Butler, M., Pitsikoulis, C., Smith, K., & Walden, L. (2014). The case for integrating healthcare management courses into the curricula of selected healthcare providers. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15 (4), 92–102. Manchikanti, L., Caraway, D., Parr, A. T., Fellows, B., & Hirsh, J. A. (2011). Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: Reforming the health care reform for the new decade. Pain Physician, 14 (1), E35–E67. McDonough, J. E. (2012). The road ahead for the Affordable Care Act. New England Journal of Medicine, 367 (3), 199–201. McDonough, J. E. (2014). Report on health reform implementation. Wyden’s Waiver: state innovation on steroids. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law Adv
Introduction African American slaves were one of the main subjects of historical debate in the United States, underpinned by the efforts of northern policymakers to prohibit it. Their initiatives, including the claim for immediate emancipation, alongside the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the Dred Scott Decision (1857), resulted in a global change. Therefore, the adopted measures not only affected the discussion of the challenge but also strengthened the positions of the Republican Party. The Abolitionist Campaign for Immediate Emancipation The Abolitionist campaign for immediate emancipation was supported by the church since slavery was widely reproached by religion. The suggested implementation of drastic measures in this respect revolutionized the population’s perceptions by providing evidence of the fact that the problem is multi-faceted. In other words, the original ideas incorporated the considerations of sexual immorality due to the abuse of the affected persons and the practice of breeding people for sale. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the Dred Scott Decision (1857) The contributions to the discussion were also made by legal regulations of the problem. Thus, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), implying the need for voting for or against slavery in these territories, and the Dred Scott Decision (1857), prohibiting becoming free citizens by moving to other states, were critical. They led to the rapid rise of the Republican Party because a compromise on the issues could not be reached, and these leaders managed to blame southerners for violence based on their opposing solutions. Therefore, Lincoln’s election further isolated the deep south by turning the discussed actions into legislation. Conclusion In conclusion, the intention to prohibit slavery in the United States was claimed by both religious institutions and northern politicians. Their consequent successes, leading to dramatic consequences for the south, were determined by the provision of substantial evidence of injustice. In addition, the Republican leaders managed to gain more influence than their southern counterparts through the election of President Abraham Lincoln and the legal actions presented by his administration.
Historians and sociologists characterize the second part of the nineteenth century according to significant changes in the social and economic life of workers in the USA. The end of the Civil War affected the lives of millions of African Americans who received the new social status. The development of the Industrial Revolution also influenced the lives of white workers significantly. From this point, the capitalistic ideals with references to the remnants of the slavery system affected the life at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. In his work Slavery by Another Name, Douglas Blackmon states that the situations of leasing convicts for business and labor in the Southern states is the direct heritage of the slavery system which was not ended immediately after the Civil War. Melvyn Dubofsky in his work Industrialism and the American Worker discusses the real effects of capitalism and industrialism on workers in the USA operating the convincing data. However, Thomas DiLorenzo’s article “How Capitalism Enriched the Working Class” supports the idea that capitalism was beneficial for the American workers, and its positive effects can be observed today. Although DiLorenzo is inclined to focus on positive impacts of capitalism and Blackmon provides the realistic evidence to support his claim, Dubofsky’s argument on the role of industrialism in the life of the American worker is more convincing because the author discusses the problem from several perspectives basing on credible data. The principles of capitalism shaped not only the aspects of the people’s economic life but also their social development. In his work, DiLorenzo states that capitalism improved the working and living conditions of employees in the USA significantly. The author pays attention to the fact that all discussions on the workers’ exploitation by capitalists are only myths (DiLorenzo 93-94). From this perspective, DiLorenzo develops his argument to debunk all the m
Introduction St Augustine who lived between 354-430AD is one of the greatest figures in the history of modern western Christianity. He was born in North Africa (modern day Algeria) to divergent parents; his mother was a stout Christian while his father was a pagan. His mother saw to it that he grew up as a Christian; he later abandoned Christianity citing the illogical teachings and the many contradictions in the bible. He ended with bad company and found himself indulging in promiscuity. He studied “rhetoric”, and later travelled to Italy where he got interested and studied classical philosophers. This later facilitated his rational approach to Christianity through neoPlatonism (the philosophy or teachings of Plato, especially the theory that both physical objects and instances of qualities are recognizable because of their common relationship to an abstract form or idea). He was fascinated with the biblical teachings that had a moral dimension and eventually he returned to Christianity and agreed to be baptized (Rist 128) St Augustine later put forward an argument that became fundamental to theology and tried to explain the interaction between religion and Science. The issue of religion and science has been a subject of much discussion in the past and more so presently. In trying to understand this matter, we need to examine the works of one of the greatest contributors. Famed for his philosophical approach to Christianity, Augustine remains the most significant figure for not only making sense out of the scriptures but also applying in the context of human life that saw him stray into the field of science. This paper will therefore examine and describe St Augustine’s views on both religion and science. St Augustine’s views on Religion Prior to his journey to Milan Augustine was a champion of the Manichean belief that the human soul was a light particle trapped in darkness. St Augustine’s view on religion was henceforth shaped by the decisive influence of the books of the Platonists he studied while with Ambrose in Milan. Although it’s not clear which exact books he read the fact remains that thej books triggered him to view Christianity differently and eventually make sense out of the churches’ spiritual tradition. They enabled him to change his earlier thinking which was dominated by common sense materialism to realization that it was possible for a non-physical substance to exist. These books provided him with a metaphysical outline of immense
Gender Quotas Gender quotas are a mechanism aimed to ensure women’s presence in governmental bodies. Half of the world’s countries now use some types of electoral quotas, mostly set at a 20–40% threshold, providing that women constitute a large minority in national parliaments (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2009). Quotas play an important role in fostering women’s political engagement and addressing the problem of the underrepresentation of women in governmental bodies. They are believed to “compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from taking their share of political seats and support women’s right to equal representation” (Zetterberg, 2009, p. 318). They are also claimed to increase women’s self-esteem, confidence, and motivation for political participation. However, the efficiency of the quotas strategy in increasing women’s actual participation in positions of power and decision-making is highly debated. The critics argue that “quotas contradict the principle of equal opportunity for all, since women are given preference over men, and are undemocratic because voters do not get to decide who is elected” (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2009). Women who are into politics do not want to be elected simply because they are women and perceive quotas as a formal commitment to gender equality and not a tool of empowerment. Woodsworth (2007) claims that quotas ensure quantitative but not qualitative representation, only providing women with a minimum of seats but not giving them any actual power. Qualitative representation does not necessarily increase women’s ability and willingness to promote their gender interests (Zetterberg, 2009). The quotes strategy is believed to substitute the “politics of ideas” with the “politics of presence,” only providing for the presence of women in government bodies, and not the representation of their interests (Wordsworth, 2007). A more advantageous method of handling the issue of gender equality would be a strategy that addresses political, economic, social, and cultural constraints that prevent women from going into politics. Support of Women’s Political Movements in Uganda In the chapter “The problem with patronage: Constraints on women’s political effectiveness in Uganda,” Goetz argues that President Museveni used the support of women’s political movements as a tool for establishing his political dominance. Museveni’s government has been praised internationally for appointing women to senior civil service positions and giving them seats in national and local governments (Goetz, 2003). In her article, Goetz claims that the President used undemocratic methods to increase women’s political presence together with the suspension of party competition to establish his authoritarian position. The article claims that without institutionalized parties and a democratic decision-making structure, the women of Uganda have no real means of asserting their rights and reaching their goals. To bring forth the issue of gender equality and promote women’s rights on the national level, an introduction of a more clear and
This essay analyzes the theme of suspense in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”. The mystery story by Ambrose Bierce, that was written in 1890, focuses on the life of a middle-aged man called Peyton Farquhar. The plot of the story unfolds at the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865). For trespassing on the Owl Creek Bridge, Peyton is condemned to death by hanging upon the same bridge. A Confederate sympathizer, Peyton Farquhar is shown to be already bound at the edge of the bridge as the story starts. As much as the central part of “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” essay is set in Peyton’s mind, it culminates in a curious twist in the plot. However, one does not realize this quickly until the end of the story. Only then the reader learns that Farquhar has died and is hanging with a broken neck from the edge of the bridge. In summary, all three parts of “An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge” are suspense-filled. The author captures the reader’s attention with elements of horror and suspense throughout the story. As the story begins, the reader is introduced to a man having a noose around his neck, “The man’s hands were behind his back, his wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely encircled his neck” (A.Bierce, 1). However, the reader is not told the reason for this sad beginning. Therefore, this beginning sentence cements the reader tightly and instantly into the story. One understands later that a confederate soldier had told the main character in the story about the bridge. One can only imagine that he is the one who tried to destroy the bridge since his fate is to be concealed by hanging from that same bridge. Subsequently, as the noose breaks, the reader almost sees if the prisoner can flee from the Union forces and make it back to his wife and children. All through the short story, the reader is on edge to see if, in any case, Peyton can survive the ordeal. However, the optimism is soon taken away when the reader realizes that he was hanging from the bridge. In the story, the author uses a third-person narrator with a limited omniscient point of view that creates a tone of analysis in describing Peyton’s experience before passing away. The author recreates a significant period for a man who is about to die. This brief moment is perceived to be the better part of a full day. As Bierce succeeds in portraying the most intimate thoughts of Peyton as he struggles to escape from the hangman, it creates a dramatic journey of anxiety and suspense. In the journey, he seems to escape the hangman and manage to get back to his family once again, as demonstrated by the quote “As these thoughts, which have here to be set down in words, were flashed into the doomed man’s brain rather than evolved from it, the captain nodded to the sergeant” (Bierce, 4). As we take note of this significant period, it appears to last for the better part of the day. Still, as the story ends, one realizes that it was only taking place in the mind of the main character. Moreover, the r