ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The issue of the HIV epidemic, unfortunately, remains in different countries as the disease continues to spread. To save as many people as possible, medical professionals implement a number of different methods that have advantages and disadvantages. This paper will focus on analysing the article by Kahn, Marseille, and Auvert, “Cost-Effectiveness of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in a South African Setting”. These researchers studied male circumcision (MC) as an intervention method and investigated the effectiveness of such an intervention among adult male patients. According to the World Health Organization (2018, p. 7), “male circumcision has been performed on adolescent boys and men for many years, primarily for religious and cultural reasons, such as a rite of passage to mark the transition to adulthood”. However, recently MC has been acknowledged as a reliable prevention measure. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of the use of circumcision and if this practice is appropriate. The authors believe that MC is effective in solving multiple problems, such as disease prevention and reducing healthcare costs. This research can be considered valuable and relevant since the demand for prevention intensifies. For this reason, it is vital to recognise productive methods to reduce the spread. Interventions Strategies First of all, it is essential to identify what can be categorised as an intervention. According to Krishnaratne et al. (2016, p. 317), intervention is a practice that “seeks to increase demand for HIV prevention, improve the supply of HIV prevention methods, support adherence to prevention behaviours, or directly prevent HIV”. Researchers are aware of different intervention methods, and they take them into account in their study. However, as they note, most prevention strategies “lack confirmatory evidence of reduced HIV incidence” (Kahn et al., 2006, p. 2350). For example, sex worker programs apply to a particularly small group of people. Moreover, it does not fully solve the problem since many makes get HIV from their partners. Vaccines seem like the best option, but the possibility of creating them is unlikely in South Africa. That is why scientists are sceptical about behavioural based methods and consider biological interventions the best option. On the other hand, some studies suggest other practices that can be implemented. For example, Wechsberg et al. (2016, p. 308) suggest a couples-based intervention, which “focuses on engaging couples together and reducing intersecting risks for HIV to improve biobehavioural outcomes”. However, the researchers insist that circumcision is the best option when it comes to preventing HIV in South Africa since there has been variable acceptance and uptake of MC (Parkhurst, Chilongozi, & Hutchinson 2015). One of the critical advantages of male circumcision is that despite being a one-time intervention, the operation has a long-lasting effect. Moreover, another benefit of MC is the subseque
Work is an essential part of people’s life. It is impossible to give a universal explanation of why people go to work. Some people go to work to earn money and feed their families, the others want to be independent. Some people are provided for money and work just to do something, not to stay at home, and others do not think about money at the moment and word for their career. But there is one item which is important and is the aim for everybody: the work should be interesting and create the feeling of pleasure. We are going to analyze the article of Dorothy Sayers “Living to work” and to discuss her attitude and thoughts about why people go to work. She decided to discuss the topic from different sides and represent several opinions about why people work. There are people whose work goal is to earn money first and only then to devote themselves to the very work they should do. “They only want to make money so that they may devote themselves more single-mindedly to their work” (Sayers, 2002, p.435). These people are happier, they consider their work as an opportunity “for enjoyment and self-fulfillment” (Sayers, 2002, p.435). These people work with pleasure, they are not very tired of it at the end of the working day. Dorothy Sayers (2002) in her work says that there are people who work only because they “love” their job. There are not so many such people. The money is also rather important for them, but they get great pleasure from what they do and they are the happiest people as they managed to find the job of their life. The largest group of people, according to Dorothy Sayers (2002), says that “work is something hateful, only to be endured because it makes money and money is desirable because it represents a way of escape from work”. Unfortunately, it is the way of thinking of most people in almost all countries. People are always cut off the money and they want to earn them whatever it is possible. The desire to work is influenced by lots of factors. The first one is the person’s attitude to the work in general. If a person is lazy, he or she will not be satisfied with any job. Personal characteristics play a huge role here. If the person is a hard worker any job will be interesting to him. The money question is also rather important. When the person is motivated by money he or she is more likely to do that job. Money motivation is one of the strongest in the question of work likes and dislikes. The reason is that even when a person likes the job but the salary is miserable, he or she will get tired of it sooner or later. So, one of the main items concerned the job likeness is the money motivation which should be provided. But money motivation is not often the main. It often occurs that people earn too much but hate their job. They consider their job as something “long round of soul and body destroying toil” (Sayers, 2002, p.436). These people hate their work, they consider it as something ruining and dangerous. Very often people consider their work as a “hateful necessity” (Sayers
Companies typically encourage active cooperation between staff members as the bulk of corporate ethics standards. However, in some cases, personal characteristics and interpersonal issues may prevent staff members from active data sharing. In the case under analysis, namely, having to collaborate with an employee who is unwilling to share information, an open conversation must take place along with an attempt at remaining neutral and trying to accept the specifics of the staff member’s personality. An open conversation should be viewed as the first approach to resolving a conflict. It will be necessary to invite the uncooperative employee to tell honestly about the cause of their unwillingness to contribute to the common goal. Additionally, the strategy of keeping a neutral attitude must be applied to reach an agreement. Specifically, it will be crucial not to become defensive or hurt by the employee addressing the personal issues that he or she has when working together. Finally, in case nothing else works, accepting the specifics of the employee’s personality and adjusting to his or her attitudes and workplace behavior should be the best solution (Blank, 2020). In either case, it is vital to remain objective and focus on completing the workplace goals rather than delving into personal issues and grievances. Since pursuing corporate goals of completing the project must remain the priority in the case in point, an attempt at an open dialogue, as well as building a better understanding of the employee’s personality and the efforts to stay neutral must be made. Thus, a friendlier and more professional atmosphere will be created, which will help to address the conflict. Moreover, even in case of failure, an agreement to cooperate to achieve work-related goals can be attained. Reference Blank, S. (2020). Managing organizational conflict . McFarland.
Introduction Production and operation management is the process which puts together and converts various resources into products or services of a required standard in accordance to the policies laid out by the organization (Birou & Fawcett, 1993, p. 8). Viverra Motors’ main business is to market, service, diagnose and repair vehicles. Production management relates to activities involved in manufacturing products. Since Viverra is not a manufacturing concern we are therefore interested in the operations management of this organization. Operations management is the coordination of the activities of the different departments in an organization to provide a certain service using the available resources efficiently and effectively (Jeff, 2010, p. 6). Purchasing and inventory management are very important elements of operations management. Purchasing and inventory control cannot be separated as one requires the other in order to be effective (Jeff, 2010, p. 9). Purchasing is the acquisition of equipments, raw materials, spare parts, tools or any other item required by a firm to produce a product or service to satisfy the needs of its customers. How significant this function is in an organization depends on the size and nature of business. In large organizations like Viverra Motors purchasing is the responsibility of the Purchasing Manager. Purchasing decisions are critical as buying involves committing a substantial portion of the firm’s finances which in turn affects the working capital and cash flow position (Anna & Wynstra, 2003, p. 9). The main objective is to have a continuous supply of inputs and to minimize the total cost of final product. The Purchasing Manager needs to know what to buy, when to buy it, where to buy, the quality, quantity and the price. Purchasing is becoming increasingly complex due to specialization and changes in technology. As technology improves highly sophisticated equipment will be required as well as retraining of the existing employees or hiring persons who are qualified for the task at hand (Cousins, 1996, p. 9). There is therefore a need for more comprehensive policies and procedures. The design and organization of the purchasing function also determines to a large extent how the firm may interact with suppliers, the public and other relevant stakeholders (Cousins & Spekman, n.d.). How a firm operates internally affects in a significant way how it relates with the external environment. Inventory is seen as the idle resource of a company. It can either be finished products held awaiting sale or inputs to be used in the production process. Inventory management involves determining what to order, when to order and how much to order while keeping investment as low as possible. An effective inventory management policy factors in demand, seasonal changes, customer’s preferences and quality when purchasing goods. It helps the manager to balance the supply of goods with their demand to minimize shortages and ensure there is no overstocking. Shortages and ove
It is essential to note that the National Public Radio is a media organization that produces and distributes the news. Daily news podcast Up First and daily radio program Morning Edition are news releases issued within the same company but have different purposes. My opinion is that Up First is created as a preview of the news stories shown throughout the day. That is why, when the Morning broadcast resumes in the morning, the first ten minutes of it are replaced with something new so that the information remains up to date and does not repeat itself. Concerning the second prompt and differences, it is essential to point out that both programs have different aims. Up First is the 10-minute daily news podcast, and it works in order to show the most prominent stories of the day (File, 2021). The morning edition, in turn, lasts two hours, and its purpose is more detailed coverage of world events. In view of these facts, the audience may be different too. For many people, Morning Edition is inaccessible due to its length. That is why a new podcast format has been created to engage those interested in short, daily audio news updates. After analyzing all the proposed news releases, I can conclude that I like NPR Up First the most. It would be improper not to discuss the fact that this podcast has standard features with the Daily, so they are often compared. However, I argue that the Up First format in NPR has some key differences, which are the main reason I chose it. Although The Daily launches a 20-25-minute podcast that provides a broad overview of a single story, the NPR Up program lasts about 10 minutes; it makes the most important news as accessible and easy to learn as possible (File, 2021). As for the Today Explained podcast, I want to add that its purpose is something else. It gives a more detailed analysis and explanation of the news. I think that this podcast format also has its advantages, but it is not convenient enough for me. I chose Up First because it gives a brief and clear overview, and I feel better informed after listening to it. Reference File, 2021.
Healthcare professionals operate in a delicate environment where they should ensure that they provide quality and safe healthcare services without harming patients. Normally, healthcare professionals comply with the code of ethics and principles that guide them on how they practice their profession. In this view, strict adherence to healthcare ethics and principles is central to ensure that healthcare professionals do not harm patients and attract unnecessary lawsuits due to negligence. Medical malpractices usually occur due to negligence, which predispose patients to harm. Bal (2009) defines medical malpractice as “any act or omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that deviates from accepted norms of practice in the medical community and causes an injury to the patient” (p. 343). In this view, it means that any healthcare professional should be liable for acts and omissions that violate standard practices and harm patients. Hence, the essay examines different ways that medical professionals can use to prevent unnecessary harm on patients and reduce the risk of lawsuits. Healthcare centers that often cause unnecessary harm among patients due to malpractices and negligence usually undergo through a thorough scrutiny. Consequently, regulatory bodies may close healthcare centers and revoke practicing licenses of medical professionals. Some healthcare centers employ the concept of patient involvement and feedback as a strategy of enhancing service quality offered to patients. According Ha and Longnecker (2010) provision of healthcare services is an art that requires effective communication and interpersonal relationship between medical professionals and patients. Therefore, medical professionals working in hospital and healthcare centers should develop effective communication strategies and create relationships with patients so that they can optimize diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical conditions. In the medical field, injuries are legal damages resulting from malpractices or negligence on the part of medical professionals. Actual and future damages are compensatory damages that emphasize on immediate and long-term compensation. Actual damages compensate the patients as per the medical expenses incurred. The actual damages include medical expenses and any loss made during recovery period such as wages. Furthermore, the future damages represent expenses that patients incur in the course of life due to injuries sustained because of negligence or malpractice. Bal (2009) argues that damages lead to losses such as loss of income, future medical expenses, incapacitation, and mental experiences like anguish and pain. Therefore, to prevent and avoid unnecessary harm or malpractice on patients, medical professionals should adhere to standard practices and protocols or risk to pay hefty penalties. Sometimes medical professionals jointly inflict injuries on patients because of negligence or malpractice. The acts and omissions lead to indivisible harm as medical professionals jointly contribute to the occurrence of harm or inj
Thesis Haslanger’s claim that both gender and race are real and both are social categories is constructive since defining both terms depends on the political aims in analyzing the past and present and in envisioning alternatives. Core Argument In her argument against racial essentialism, Sally Haslanger states that both gender and race are real and basically social categories. She states that both terms are not chosen, but “the forms they take can be mutated or restricted” (Haslanger, 2016, p. 116). Third, both terms are hierarchical, but the systems that sustain this form of the hierarchy are conditional. Haslanger claims that the ideologies of gender are race and the hierarchical structures they sustain are different, but both terms are basically intertwined. Haslanger develops a comprehensive argument based on some questions. She seeks to answer the principle questions of “what is gender” and what is a race” and related questions such as “what is to be a woman or a man” and “what is to be Latino, White, Black, or Asian” (Haslanger, 2016, p. 118). These questions require one to consider their needs and what they need to do for the person defining them. It is the responsibility of the person to define the questions based on their purpose (Beeghly, 2021a). The world tells the person what gender or race is, and it is the role of the people to decide what these terms mean in their world. The author uses critical theory from a feminist and anti-racial perspective an
Introduction Governments across the world have devised healthcare systems meant to promote the health of their citizens and ensure meaningful economic development through a healthy population. While the systems are not the same, there are common denominators that most healthcare planners follow given that human life is the same across the world. There are different loose frameworks or models within which healthcare systems operate. They include the Bismarck model, the Beveridge model, the Medicare model, and the Out of Pocket model. Bismarck The Bismarck model has its roots in the development of the welfare state. The model incorporates the use of an insurance system that draws its financing from both government and private citizens through payroll deductions. The only similarity that it has with the fragmented US system is the use of insurers. However, unlike the American system, the Bismarck model ensures that everybody is insured and hospitals and doctors don’t make profits. Another important feature of the system is the close government involvement that ensures close oversight of the entire system. This model is almost similar to the American model, especially, where working people get insurance on the job. Beveridge The main feature of this healthcare model is the fact that it is entirely funded by the government through tax payments, the same way other public services like the police or the military are. The health institutions i.e. hospitals and clinics are owned by the government and most employees are hired and remunerated by the government. There may be private practitioners in these facilities but they all collect their fees from the government. This plan is common in most socialist countries as well as Britain and other Scandinavian countries. This model is however quite different from the US healthcare system where there is less government control with private companies running a larger chunk of the healthcare system. Medicare-Canadian model The Medicare system applies to both the US and Canada. In Canada, the system is publicly funded and all legal residents receive health services without payment. The majority of physician and dental services offered in hospitals or by practitioners are paid for by the government because the government considers them necessary services. This system is similar to the one in the US with the American model only benefiting people over the age of 65 and younger people with disabilities. Out of Pocket The out-of-pocket system is the least differentiated of these models. The above three models present an organized system where residents of particular countries access medical care mainly funded by the state or provided for by insurance companies with significant help from the state. However, most of the countries on the planet don’t have comprehensive healthcare systems and access to medical services is only available to the people who can afford it. People belonging to the lower classe
Introduction The different schools of thought in the field of political science denote that the world is a global stage on which the actors advance their activities. It is important to note that the world is not merely a stage, but a complex stage that is marked by complex actions from the states who are the major actors in the global stage, as well as other players. This paper explores the critical developments that have taken place in the world over the past few years. Of greater essence in the paper is bringing out the factors that have shaped these developments and the use of theoretical foundations in the field of political science to paint a picture of the future developments and incidences in the global stage. Overview of the recent historical incidences in the world The developments at the global stage from the beginning of the 20 th century to the present time depict critical developments in the political and economic realms. The past five years have seen the rise in the scale of global trade, growth in the issue of democracy and human rights that features in the global political uprisings across the Arab region, the increased scale of competition in national politics based on the dimensions of opinions on the events taking place on the global stage, the expansion of individual country capacities in technology, and the widening debate about the issue of economic development relative to the subject of environmental sustainability. These developments are still eminent in the contemporary globalized political environment and they continue to influence the course of events in the modern globalized society. Critical analysis of the recent developments in the world As observed in the introductory note, the developments in the world largely denote aspects of competition, as well as the aspects of cooperation in dealing with the emerging issues at the global stage. The recent developments in the world are a pointer to the fact that both the tendencies of realism and idealism are evident in the interaction within and among the players on the global stage. However, the most important thing to note is that the world is confronted with a lot of political and economic issues. The past five years have seen a heightened scale of restlessness across the Arab Region. Beginning with the revolution in Libya, followed by the revolution in Egypt, Libya and the recent developments in Syria, it is evident that concerns about democracy and the reconsideration of the systems and forms of governance have taken root in global politics. It is important to note that the Arab region has been marked with conflicts for a long time. However, the series of revolts in the Arab region and the resultant ousting of the longstanding political leaders and governments in the countries that witnessed the revolution is an important marker when it comes to the issues of democracy and the increase in the demand for political participation (Doyle, 2013). A close observation of the revolutions that have been taking place in the Arab region reveals a similarity of a number o