ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Labor theories of value advanced by Smith, Ricardo and max Marx measured value in units of “simple average labor”. According to Marx, skilled work counts for multiple values of unskilled labour. The average labour time expended in a unit of production can be measured in money. According to Marx’s theory of exploitation, labour can create profit on its own. Labour power is a component of labour time, wages and profit. Exploitation can be explained in terms of profit. It is from money obtained from labour that a capitalist meets rent and interest expenses (Brue et al. 2007). Smith advocates for division of labour. Division of labour saves time because workers improve efficiency in a task and specialized machinery can be developed for performance of the tasks. In division of labour, competition is emphasized since employees perform similar tasks. Exchange value is determined by production costs without considering land and capital. The exchange value is determined by labour inputs. Smith supports growth in wages as a means of achieving equality. As profits increase, so the wages are to do the same. Ricardo argues that in determining exchange value, labour associated with produce input should be considered. According to Ricardo, increase in wages lowers profits rather than increasing exchange values. Labour creates value, but this is not the absolute value. Marx’s maintains value is absolute while Ricardo argues on relative values. Mercantilists consider the advancement of foreign trade to be a key to the attainment of state security and prosperity of a country. The expenditure of surplus is individuals’ contributes to the national income. Physiocrats credited creation of national wealth solely to agriculture. To the physiocrats, the enjoyment of goods and services is viewed as the expenditure of surplus from agriculture. These two divergent views of wealth creation can be observed in the Ancient Greek economic thought. On economic organization, Plato affirms that no man is self sufficient. To satisfy our myriad of needs, we need to find a person who has surplus which you need, and who is in want of what you are able to offer. To this end, division of labour is paramount. We will then have people practicing specialized trades, e.g. physicians, farmers, cobblers, etc. The state is the product of these different individuals living together symbiotically. Nations will specialize in what they are good in, giving rise to international trade. Plato maintains that no country can attain self sufficiency. All the countries require imports from time to time. Countries should then strive to produce enough for their populace, to avail a surplus for international trade. With trade, a unit of exchange that observes fairness is important. Aristotle affirms that commodities are not always portable in their natural state. To ease trade, currency was invented as a means of exchange. The portability of money and its international acceptability have made trading far easier, and increased the volume of trade. According to Aristotle, the downside of a money economy is the Usury. There is a tendency to want money for accumulation, rathe
The origin of the universe, on the premises of the superstring theory, was from nothing. In a way, this supports and opposes the creationist theory. It supports it because it implies that matter was created from nothing. Conversely, it contradicts it because the “physical” proof of nothing in the scientific understanding precludes the creator, who creationists claim transcends temporal and spatial dimensions. The fundamental idea on which the string theory is based is that different particles in the standard model are manifestations of the primary object, which in this case, are represented by a hypothetical string. This begs the question, “how is that plausible?” For it to make sense, one must reconsider the traditional assumptions that underline the idea of electrons. Contrary to the popular assumption that it is a point if the string theory is true, then it means that it is a point. The string theory makes sense because a string is capable of other actions apart from motion that electrons in the universe cannot achieve. A string can oscillate in various ways. However, when it is oscillating, one cannot distinguish the movement from a distance. Thus, only a point is visible, which gives evidence to the idea of electrons. Retrospectively, scientists have been able to perceive these strings, and they assume that they are photons. Hypothetically, the string is so small compared to an electron. It is like a computer mouse compared with the solar system. However, following the logic of the string theory to its conclusion ultimately leads one into concluding that the universe is made up of strings as opposed to the conventional electrons (points). From the information about the super
Introduction Primary healthcare is a system that seeks to bring health services closer to the people (Green, 2007). The system is mostly used outside the conventional hospital setting. As such, it forms an integral part of the healthcare system. Primary healthcare can also be described as a community based initiative intended to improve the health standards in the society. This is made possible by the collaboration between health practitioners and community members. The system helps in illness prevention, detection, treatment, and control of epidemics. The participation of individuals from diverse disciplines helps in creating a pool of skills that can be utilized to improve the health of members of the community. Given that this is a community-based initiative, healthcare is brought closer to people, which leads to equity. The government should make efforts to support such initiatives to ensure they are successful. Australia can be described as one of the countries in the world that have embraced comprehensive primary healthcare systems. Health workers in the community work hand-in-hand with the community members to improve their health conditions. The high rate of Type 2 Diabetes among the indigenous Australian population, as compared to that among non-indigenous Australians, has prompted the Australian government to develop systems to try and close the gap between the two groups (Dixon, Scully, Wakefield, White & Crawford, 2007). Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition. It is important for the members of the society and the government to take action to address this worrying trend. Primary healthcare is one of the most appropriate remedies used to address this problem. This is considering the fact that all communities will be empowered to deal with the health issues affecting them. The author of this paper seeks to analyse existing primary healthcare initiatives in Australia. The author will also propose key primary healthcare initiatives that, if implemented, are likely to improve the health of individuals in Australia. This is especially the indigenous Australian population. Given that Type 2 Diabetes is a lifestyle disease, the initiatives should place emphasis on empowering the individual to lead a healthy life (Lantz, 2005). Obesity is largely associated with Type 2 Diabetes. As such, eradicating it would ultimately translate into the reduced prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among indigenous Australians. An Analysis of the Initiatives Current Primary Healthcare Services Targeting Type 2 Diabetes Several initiatives have been taken in the past to reduce the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among indigenous Australians. Health practitioners, as well as the local communities, have taken several initiatives to reverse this worrying trend (Goss, 2009). Below is an analysis of some of these initiatives: National Action Plan to Reduce the Rate of Smoking among Indigenous Communities The Australian government has made efforts to reduce the susceptibility of indigenous Aust
Every company has its particular values, rituals, and norms that affect the way the employees perform their work. They unite in the organization’s culture, which promotes success if all members of the staff share the same ideas. Diversity is likely to cause misunderstandings and discords, so a strong culture is a thing on which the whole company depends. It is defined as “a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” (Ledimo, 2013, p. 161). In other words, organizational culture can also be treated as an ideology maintained by a particular organization in order to implement its strategy easily and achieve successful performance. Organizational culture allows the employees to reach excellence, as it creates a positive atmosphere at the working place and motivates the personnel (Stok, Markic, Bertoncelj, & Mesko, 2010). To maintain it, the organization is to refer to its main elements:   * Projectized organization – a plan of how the work is to be done, monitored, assessed, and the organization developed;   * Values – particular views and beliefs that are shared by the personnel;   * Rites and rituals – all activities that reinforce the employees and make them feel like a unity, including parties, meetings, etc.;   * Heroes – the outstanding members of the staff who are the embodiment of the organizational values;   * Communication networks – the channels that can be used by the employees to communicate regarding job-related and other themes;   * Norms – the rules that indicate how to act;   * Stories, myths, and legends – the history of the organization, which includes the description of the previous experience and the role of values;   * Organizational climate – the atmosphere that exists within the working environment and is created by the personnel ( Elements of culture , 2015). The success of any organization depends on these elements, as they promote its constant development. They ensure the effectiveness of the activities conducted by the staff, as they are meant to enhance relationships, strengthen team spirit, and motivate the workers. The most important element, which allows the organization to create and maintain its culture as well as to fare well, is shared values. Values-based culture is thought to be the most successful, as it is beneficial through good and bad times. It makes the personnel proud of their job, as values form the organization’s identity that allows the staff to feel unique and differ from other working teams (“How a values-base
Introduction Red Zone Entertainment is a family-owned production company located in Atlanta and it is rated amongst the best production entities across the world. It is estimated that the firm accounts for about 25 million albums in the world market ( Red Zone Entertainment 2014). The company’s success is due to collaboration with popular writers, producers, and artists such as Rihanna, Justin Beiber, and Britney Spears. The company opened its doors in the year 1995 as a small family company, but it has now expanded to be a big firm through mergers and acquisitions (Edmiston & Thomas 2004). Its founders were tow bothers, viz. Christopher Stewart and Mark E. Stewart. The two brothers were brought up in a family that engaged in music business and probably that childhood exposure to music prompted their involvement in the business. Their mother and two sisters were artists and they were employed by famous artists of the day. The two brothers entered the music business world in 1989 when one of the brothers opened a music company, viz. the “Minute Men Music”, which offered writing and recording services. The company hired family members and it had no outside family staff. The company moved from Chicago to Los Angeles in the year 1992 where it established its offices. In 1984, the two brothers signed a deal with L.A. Reid, and this aspect required them to move from Los Angeles to Atlanta ( Red Zone Entertainment 2014). The company established its offices in Atlanta in 1995 through the help of Reid. The company gained popularity in 1998 when Christopher Stewart produced his first record the “Who Dat”, which ranked first in the Billboard Rap chart in 1999. In 1998, Stewart and his writers wrote Mýa’s “Case of the Ex”. The record was ranked at number 12 on the Hot Singles Sales and number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album is still among the Hot 100 even today. The company entered a recording deal with Sole to produce her song, viz. the “Skin Deep”, which the company successfully released in 1999 (Edmiston & Thomas 2004). The song was ranked at number 127 on the Billboard 200 and at number 27 on the hot hip-hop albums. The company continued to sign agreements with major producers and in the year 1998, it engaged producers such as Kevin “She’kspere” Briggs and Eric “Nealante” Phillips, thus boosting the firm further (Johns 2010). Major decisions by the company Managers must make certain decisions in the course of doing business (Loch, Chick & Huchzermeier 2008). Such decisions are based on the managers’ readiness to take risks. Since the formation of the Red Zone Entertainment, its owners have been actively involved in making decisions on the company’s affairs. The decision to change the business location from Los Angeles to Atlanta is probably the most crucial move since it paved way for the company to meet new clients. The company’s relo
Introduction The Modern South African history owes its origins to the discovery of diamonds back in the 1870s and 1880s. At this time Africa was a magnet of European investment. Generally mining was said to have predated the arrival of Europeans by several centuries as is reflected by the current administrative regimes policy statements of 1994 and 1995. The discovery of diamonds as well as other minerals such as gold began with earnest the process of urbanization. It saw people come from all over the world to evaluate the investment opportunity that had been discovered. It saw the growth of villages into towns and towns into cities. (Gardner pp 56) History Diamond mining can be traced back to 1867 when the first discovery of deposits was made at a place near Kimberley North of Cape Town.Other fields were latter discovered in Guateng, The Atlantic Coast and The Free State.These were considered sources of gem diamonds and saw South Africa into the chart of the greatest producer of diamonds in the mid twentieth century. South Africa continued to exploit only five of its mines until 1992 when a sixth mine was opened at Venetia north of Cape Town. The sixth mine was expected to sustain high production for the next decade. Undoubtedly the long and winding history of capitalism that had downplayed and influenced the agricultural sector for the longest period had set into the diamond mining industry. The British capitalist ideas and concepts began to take shape in the management and control of the mining activities. Evidently the perception of South Africa as an overseas investment saw the exclusion of the locals in the participation of the mining business. The investors were mainly white and have only bowed down to modern trends of the twentieth and twenty first centuries of democracy and self governance to allow local ownership. In recent times organizations such as the ANC Youth League have called for government ownership of ar least 60 percent of all the mines. They refer to countries such as Botswana where the government and the market leader control an equal share of the mines. The De Beers company rose to become a monopoly in the control of the diamond mining venture. The company was able to build investor confidence and generate vast influence in the diamond market through a cartel that brought together all diamond producers. It gave them a greater bargaining power in the determination of product prices and ke
Introduction In the last two centuries, there has been a significant rise in the average global temperature. Scientists estimate the increase to have ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 degrees within the said time. In the next one century, this rate is expected to increase to about 3.0 degrees. If this becomes the case, then this will be the highest temperature increase to be recorded in history. Scientists are worried that the world in its current form will not be able to cope with the high rise in temperatures. Due to the harm that global warming is believed to bring to human beings, scientists are calling for the participation of each one to put an end to this crisis. What is worrying most is that while human factors are known to be the biggest causes of global warming, people are doing very little to address the problem. If this problem is to be addressed once and for all, everyone needs to come together and look for a lasting solution. (Michael & Schneider 1) The Human Link Research done in the past few years has proved beyond doubt that there exists a strong link between human activities and global warming. This phenomenon which threatens the future of humanity and the ecosystem appears as a link of processes that trigger each other by getting into cause and effect mode with global calamity. Experts have linked the human and environmental crises to the global political crisis being witnessed today. Currently, there are many crises regarding democracy and the fundamental human rights, which are all tied to global warming. By the look of things, it is evident that stopping any of them will not be possible without evaluating these three catastrophes together and pursuing their corresponding solutions in tandem. Examining the role of changes that have occurred in human factors and mentality in both global warming and global economic development is crucial in arriving at a solution and preventing the re-occurrence of crises of such magnitudes. This can only be solved by critically looking at the relationship between global warming and human factor, which is the most crucial factor of global democratic crisis. (Michael & Schneider 3) In order to relate the rise of global warming to human activity, scientists have been carrying out various experiments to prove this fact. The experiments have proved that there is a strong link between global warming and the escalation of the earth’s radiation or with alterations occurring in transforming the radiation into various energy sources. According to scientists, it is impossible for the sun to change its rate of radiation at any given time. This means that there must be outside forces that have caused this problem. The fact that global warming became a threat in the last one century means that the problem does not emanate from the sun since there have not been any recorded changes in the intensity of the sun within that period. This has brought out the need of examinin
Tsunami Funds When the news went across the globe about the tsunami, an undersea earthquake that had hit the southern part of Asia in December 2004, Putnam and Rosinski (2005) described it as killing more than 120,000 people in the twelve countries neighboring the Indian Ocean. People around the world, regardless of their color or race, joined hands together and dug deep into their pockets with only one aim: lending a hand as a way of saying sorry to the victims. According to Grattan and Torrance (2010), the western countries were the first to send their donations worth 15 billion US dollars, which analysts said was the largest amount collected in a period of one week in American history. Murty (2007) talks of African countries not being left behind in the donation, despite the increase in malaria, HIV/AIDs, and financial constraints. In the US, through the help of the United Nations Organization in conjunction with the Red Cross, sited and established centers where people in the community would take their donations. These places included big shopping centers and supermarkets and banks. The government was also not left behind since it established the National Disaster Operations Centre for Tsunami Victims, where people would give their donations. Others who contributed included the media houses and the private organization. The relief supplies donated that were to be flown to Sri Lanka were as follows; Kshs 100,000 worth of tea leaves, 59,000 blankets, 2,000 buckets, 11,000 jerry cans, 35,000 tarpaulins, 120 medical kits, and four tones of hygiene and sanitary materials. Tsunami Funding Observations Non-governmental organizations, the UN, governments, regional and local authorities, financial institutions, and experts worldwide met in 2005. The purpose of the meeting was to come up with an idea that can help in reducing the numerous natural disasters that get people unaware, destroying almost every property and killing hundreds of people. Its purpose was to involve the post-tsunami victims in the rehabilitation activities in the coastal area. The drafts acts would unite by providing the right information to every citizen. This gave the governments a period of time within which they should operate in the coastal region to resolve conflicts of jurisdiction and disputes between the government and the stakeholders According to Sisira and McCawley (2010), the draft allowed the citizens of Thailand to involve themselves in the country’s decision-making, creating links of recognition between the coastal communities. This gave them a sense of personality among the victims of the disaster. Moreover, selecting a qualified committee to share their opinions helped to create and enforce the law. In areas like Southern province Barrow (2005) says dispute resolution was to be established by forming a multilateral committee that would look into it. This was because most of the inhabitants in the province were Muslims practicing Islamic shariah laws. Redeveloping a