ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History of Bollywood Bollywood is an informal term that is popularly used to describe an Indian movie industry that mainly produces films in the Hindi language. It is based in the city of Mumbai, India and although people often incorrectly use the term for referring to the entire Indian cinema, Bollywood only represents a part of the Indian movie industry and not the whole. Not only is Bollywood the largest film producing industry in India, but is also one of the largest in the entire world. The name Bollywood is a portmanteau word that has been created combining the previous name of Mumbai, which was Bombay, and the name for the heart of the American movie industry, being Hollywood. Although Bollywood is normally related to Hindi cinema, many Bollywood movies have been frequently found to use a number of regional languages, including Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, and so on. There has also been an increase in the usage of Indian English both in the songs and dialogues of the Bollywood movies (Mishra, 2002). The development processes In 1913, Dadasaheb Phalke made the 1st silent full-length feature film in India called Raja Harishchandra . Within no time the Indian moviemaking industry had developed into a gigantic film empire. By the 1930s, the film industry had started producing more than 200 movies every year. After numerous experiments in silent movies came Alam Ara in 1931. This was the 1st Indian movie with sound in it and was made by Ardeshir Irani. The movie turned out to be a huge commercial success proving that India had a huge market for musicals and talkies. Later in 1934, Ardeshir Irani made India’s first English feature film called Noor Jahan . Quickly, most of the regional movie industries, and Bollywood, switched over to sound filming (Ganti, 2004). When Bombay Talkies was released in 1934 by Himansu Rai, it spearheaded the development of Indian movies. The late 1930s and 1940s saw India go through tumultuous times as it was battered by a number of major incidences including the Great Depression, the Second World War India’s struggle to win its independence, and the hostility and brutality created by its partition. Most of the Bollywood movies that came out during this time were wishful and unabashedly escapist in nature. (Mishra, 2002) However, most of the filmmakers were able to tackle the tough social times and sometimes even used the Indian Independence Movement as the background of their films. Ardeshir Irani made the first Hindi Indian color feature film called Kisan Kanya in 1957. However, it was only in the late 1950s that the use of colors in Hindi movies gained popularity. Soon, melodramas and lavish romantic musicals became the basic fare of all the cinema halls in India (Ganti, 2004). A new era of Bollywood: Golden Age After India gained its independence in 1947, the Indian movie industry never looked back. Film historians regard the period between the late 1940s and
Introduction Most American settlers in the seventeenth century were primarily English. Nevertheless, a number of people from Dutch, Sweden, Germany, French, and Africa found their direction to the settlements. In addition, war refugees from Europe fled to America. The culmination of people from distinct regions resulted in the development of the New England, Chesapeake and Middle Colonies. This report will talk about the motives for the establishment each region, and the social and economic components that created separate identities in each area. Motives for Establishment The establishment of the American protectorates was characteristic of diversities created by colonialists, who had distinct political, social, economic and religious values. The colonies attracted different types of settlers, and by the end of the eighteenth century the populations diverged. Historians attribute these changes to different religious and economic motivations. British pilgrims and puritans, who were escaping religious persecutions in Europe, were New England’s occupants. The geographic conditions of the colony favored diversified farming. Schultz as well notes that New Englanders relied on art industries because the population “often made their own furniture… and spun their family’s flax and wool” (p. 57). Chesapeake was occupied by settlers, who desired to gain profits from trade items that they could they could lease back to Europe. Geographic conditions in the Chesapeake favored plantation systems, which the population adopted. This prompted demand for human-labor to work on plantations and most planters turned to the African population, opening doors to cheap labor (Schultz 2010). As a result, slave trade developed and scores of slaves were brought into the settlements, making the majority population of black-slaves. Communities in the middle colonies were
The contribution you have made towards the success of this company is wonderful. Your hard work has had an immense impact on the success achieved by this company so far. Your unique leadership and management skills are irreplaceable, and are, therefore, highly valued by the company. We believe that your participation in any activity for any organization or community would, no doubt, result in the successful and swift achievement of the intended objectives. Your interest in participating in Congressman Bryson’s political activities as he plans to compete for a Senate seat is highly appreciated. We recognize that your selection for such a role is as a result of your outstanding record of achievement in civic and organizational activities such as mobilizing fellow workers to participate in several fund-raising events to help the unfortunate in the community. It is unfortunate that after a keen evaluation and study of your request, and considering the impact it would have on the company, we refuse to give you the chance to engage in political activities with the congressman. This has been arrived at after careful consideration of how participation in such political activities would influence your career in the future, and the company’s ability to carry out its activities. The management has realized that in as much as many people would replace you in your absence, you have unique competence that makes it virtually impossible for the person that would occupy your space temporarily to perform according to the standards set by you in industrial relations. We, therefore, cannot afford to lose you at this time before a perfect replacement is in place so as not to negatively interfere with the normal operations of the company. An assessment of the possible impact the participation in politics would have on your career and competence in the future has been carried out. In as much as new challenges are good for good business people, some activities can ruin people’s careers. The dynamics involved in politics are highly different from those found in managing business organizations. There is, therefore, a higher likelihood that your participation in the political activities would result in reduced competence and this would seriously affect your ability to deliver. When your competence is affected, the company’s success will also be affected to a great extent. In as much as it is a person’s right to be inclined to a certain political ideology, the business he/she engages in may be affected negatively. Sindall Lumber Company has very many clients who subscribe to different political ideologies. Your open support for a republican candidate could easily be mistaken for the company’s stand because you are a senior officer in the management of the company. According to the research done last year, it was found that most clients avoid companies whose top management appears to take sides in politics. This could affect our business negatively. Please note that the company will be undergoing a massive expansion exercise after the next two months which will involve setting up a new branch in Pennsylvania State
Effect of Variables in the Recipe The experimental findings showed that increasing the amount of acid corresponded to an increase in gel strength to a certain level (100% acid). However, adding the acid beyond this point did not increase the gel strength significantly. These observations imply that it is necessary to restrict the quantity of acid to attain the desired gel strength. Recipes that require strong gels can increase the amount of acid used. On the other hand, recipes that require moderate strength gels should reduce the amount of acid used. Other ingredients in the recipe also need to be evaluated for their acidity or alkalinity (Cauvain 2017). Using a lot of basic ingredients would neutralize the acid and cancel out its effect on starch gelatinization. Conversely, using acidic ingredients such as lemon juice in addition to vinegar would increase the acidity of the ingredients thereby affecting the strength of the resultant gel. It was also noted that adding a lot of acid after blending yielded gels with reduced strengths. This effect was seen because the increased acidity led to the collapse of starch granules, which was observed as reduced SAG. This observation implies that acids should be added during blending and not afterward because the mechanical process of blending introduces shearing forces that contribute to the gelatinization (Wang & Copeland 2015). However, if acids are to be added after stirring and blending, limited quantities should be used to prevent the starch gels from collapsing. Problem of Design   * 1 tablespoon of cornflour: Tablespoons are of different sizes and shapes, which makes it difficult to determine the precise amount of flour measured. Additionally, some individuals may use heaped tablespoons while others may use level tablespoons. Using grams as the unit measurement of flour would be ideal to ensure the reproducibility of the results.   * ½ cup of water: Cups are of different sizes and shapes, which interferes with the accuracy of the measured water. Specifying the volume of water to be measured in milliliters would be a better way of indicating the amount of water than using cups.   * Blend starch with half of the measured water: This procedure does not indicate the duration and speed of blending as well as the equipment to be used. It is possible to blend for a shorter or longer time than expected, which can introduce additional shearing forces and affect the extent of gelatinization.   * Add the remaining water and bring to
Introduction The focus of three articles namely ‘America’s melting pot reconsidered’ written by Charles Hirschman, ‘Assimilation and cultural pluralism’ by Bill Ong Hing, and ‘Americas changing color lines’ by Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean mentions America and its changing culture. All these authors mainly focused on assimilation and its trends in America. “A popular way of getting hold of the assimilation idea has been to use a metaphor, and by far the most popular metaphor has been that of the “melting pot” (Salins, 1997, p.1, para.5). “Assimilation is a human accommodation, not a mechanical production” (Dove, 2001, para.16). These are happening just because of the immigration of many people from different countries into America. “Immigration is quickly changing the racial demographics of the United States” (Hing, 2010, p.863). These demographic changes in the country are one of the hot debates in America during the last two decades. To make this point strong, it is clear from the article ‘Assimilation and cultural pluralism’ that between 1970 and 1990 nearly 22.4% increase in population has been registered. This includes many other immigrants also, as they are from African American, Latino, and Asian American, etc. “Over the past four decades, immigration has increased the racial and ethnic diversity in the United States” (Lee & Bean, 2004, p.221). Assimilation theories origin and development Various authors and eminent people conducted many studies on these assimilation theories. Among these, “Robert Park and the “Chicago School” of sociology” (Hirschman, 2010, p.399) conducted some research on this. They encouraged school students about the importance of race and ethnic relations. They defined definitions regarding accommodation and assimilations. Park believed that new culture, race, and language can make some changes in the old or traditional styles of living. Gunnar Myrdal points out that the evolution of industrialization in the country can change the culture of the country. When more and more industries are coming up, more people from different countries will migrate to the country and thus it will bring change in everything. Frazier once told that one of the outcomes of assimilation is European people’s expansion in the country. These can easily exploit the existing race in the country. But, Lyman comes up with some criticism against Park’s statement that Park didn’t mention when assimilation occurs or when the conversion of racial conditions from one to another will take place. Bulmer comes and opposes what Gunnar Myrdal said. Bulmer mentions that industrialization never changes the culture of the country. He told, “that industrial organization will more likely to adapt to existing racial/ethnic mores rather than change them” (Hirschman, 2010, p.401). But it was Gordon who made long-term clarification regarding assimilation. He pointed out that there are seven types of assimilation and they are cultural, structura
Introduction Critical and empirical schools employ research methods using content analysis in a range of ways. Empirical communication scholars analyze test hypotheses through methods of content analysis to categorize mass media to acquire quantitative data. Critical scholars, on the other hand, are less quantitative but extremely qualitative and naturally semiological. The familiarity to everyday life can only be in appearance, the world which is shown in comics is only shown in ideological concepts. This leads to acceptance of the roles of ideas in the contemporary world. The book illustrates the lack of descendants everybody is related to the other but nobody is a father or a son only a mother to Beagle Boys’ shown. The reality demonstrates a parallel level of society without any hierarchical orders except that demonstrated by wealth. The analysis of the absolute necessity of fortune for social mobility is demonstrated. This luck does not regard intelligence or efforts involved. However, the inability of indigenous tribes to manage their resources is clear. The main objective is often to divulge the hypothetical purpose of the message-maker. Little concern is put on objectivity, which is determined by whether another researcher will be in a position to content analyze comparable messages into comparable categories. Main body Dorfman & Mattelart (1971) are some of the most recognized critical researchers. Walt Disney’s Donald Duck humorous strip is content analyzed to categorize themes of the US. Empirical researchers are generally exceptionally cautious about applying the conjecture of an effect. They strongly believe that a good number of mass media messages have weak effects which make media content not equal its effect. Critical scholars perform content breakdown to make inferences apropos to message-makers. Dorfman & Mattelart’s (1971) provide imperialistic analysis on Donald Duck comics in order to illustrate the inspiration of the Disney studios. The finest critical research on language and discourse is the media discourse. Dorfman & Mattelart’s (1971) analysis of “Para Leer al Pâté Donald?” work is paradigmatic for exceptional discourse analysis, particularly because a lot of the work deals with domination and inequality. The indisputable control of the media is projected in this semiotics and discourse studies conventionally, content methodical approaches have revealed biased stereotypical revelation. There are several contrasting illustrations on the orientations of critical scholars and empirical scholars. Empirical scholars put prominence on audience acquaintance in mass communication effects. They perform content analysis sequentially to assist the comprehension of such effects. On the other hand, Critical researchers emphasize knowing the communication controls system. They perform content analyses that help to make presumptions on mass media foundations that create messages. A demonstration of an excellent combination of both critical and empirical scholars as mass media body and content analysis of mass media produces, and audience analysis of the significant effect. The ostensibly in
Background Information Canadians are known to be the most educated people in the world. Approximately 47 percent of the working-class people in Canada have schooled beyond secondary school. In addition, 55 percent of the Canadian individuals who are aged 25 to 34 have attended tertiary school (college or university). Results of the best schools in Canada for the past three years have been published by Maclean’s and they highlight sometimes the critical picture or flattering of Canadian undergraduate education. Universities in Canada are large and not all have perfect educators of the students. Therefore, there are several techniques used to rank the schools and the professors in Canada (Keller, 2009, par.2). One of the weekly magazines used in Canada to report on culture, pop, politics, and current proceedings from a neo-traditional view is the Maclean’s. This magazine was founded in the year 1905 by Toronto entrepreneur or journalist John Bayne Maclean. Currently, Maclean’s is still one of the dominating sources of information and news in Canada. Maclean’s is also known for ranking the Canadian universities for their programs at the undergraduate level annually. In addition, Maclean’s is famous for its yearly announcement of the top 100 employees in Canada. The publication of Maclean’s on the ranking of Canadian universities is available or published in March every year. The Maclean’s universities ranking guide includes a collection of various lists and diagrams evaluating the different features of universities in different groups. For example in the year 2006, the three major areas were; the general rankings, magazine’s national status rankings, and the surveys of the university students (Maclean’s Magazine, n.d, par2).
One of the legal issues of marketing in the health-related and fitness industry that can often be observed is that of false and deceptive advertisements. It is a broad term that includes intentionally false claims and those which are technically true but make an impression that the offered product or service is actually better than it seems (Australian Government 12). For instance, the marketing campaign of the fitness program may include claims of the advantage in time of achieving certain results. This can take the form of the statement, such as “the best results possible in one month.” In the case when there exists a study that aggregates the data from several popular fitness programs and gives average possible achievements in quantifiable form, and the program in question can indeed produce results superior to those from the study’s findings, such claim can actually be qualified as true. This, however, does not guarantee the favorable decision of the court. According to section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law, the party is liable for the deceptive claim even if its misleading nature was not intentional. In other words, the claim which may be interpreted by the customer as “the program offers an advantage over its closest competitors” is still considered an unfair marketing technique even though its intended meaning is “there is evidence of the possible advantage” unless the wording excludes misinterpretation (Australian Government 14). Another likely issue that may arise during the a
Introduction The article entitled “International Money Laundering” written by Alani M. Mundie outlines the problem of financing various illicit activities on the global level. Mundie emphasizes the critical importance of money laundering operations in the human trafficking business that has become increasingly lucrative over recent years. The immense amount of human trafficking profits is integrated into the global financial system. Thus, money laundering has a profound impact on the state of the global economy, as well as on the economy of the U.S. Human Trafficking Mundi cites an article from Al Jazeera covering the issue of the child sex trade in Cambodia. Numerous reported examples of this type of illegal business demonstrate that to human traffickers people truly represent the direct source of immense profit. It might be called slavery of the twenty-first century, as the numbers reported by the International Labor Organization indicate 2.45 million of exploited people, yielding approximately 39 billion dollars per year. However, such an amount cannot enter the financial system undetected. Thus, human traffickers employ an array of money laundering methods: cash couriers, transaction structuring, wire remittance, and false identities. The author of the article emphasizes how important it is for the government to gain a deeper understanding of the human trafficking system to prevent money-laundering schemes. Money Laundering Detection System A money-laundering scheme usually comprises three steps: placement, layering, and integration. Financial institutions abroad are chosen as the primary locations, with suitable back secrecy regulations and a sufficiently stable economic system. Due to the secrecy and efficiency of money laundering operations, it is rather difficult to determine the exact amount in question. While identifying the primary source of illicit financial operations can potentially lead to uncovering a great number of crimes, it is a rather difficult task. There are many opinions on what are the most efficient tracing techniques: tracing the geographical location, analysis of the connections in financial records, and the importance of regional trends. Certain experts claim that the combination of these approaches might yield the most significant results. For instance, human trafficking in both North and South America is closely tied to casinos, wire transfer services, and import/export companies that help perform their schemes and remain undetected. However, the author of the article points out that certain trends that have recently emerged on the global market significantly hinder the process of tracing and detection of money laundering schemes. It is increasingly common for the black market to use the US dollar for the transactions, technological progress provides endless possibilities of instant transfer of funds on a global scale and an increasing number of financial locations that help money launderers maintain the clandestine n