ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The modern world faces numerous environmental problems that appear as a result of human activities. However, people start to recognize the pernicious effect their actions might have on the state of our planet and want to know more about the processes that occur due to these very actions. The availability of information helps them to fill the gaps and acquire additional knowledge. Unfortunately, not all sources could be trusted. Some of them contribute to the appearance of wrong concepts, or myths. For this reason, there are also numerous attempts to explain the current situation, and the document under the investigation could be considered one of them. The analyzed paper is called Debunking the myths: Myths about basic science. It revolves around the most popular fallacies related to CO2 emission, climate change, world temperature, and the effect all these processes have on our planet. It is written by Danny Chivers and published in May 2011 by New Internationalist. Outline  1. CO2, greenhouse effect, climate change, and warming  2. Perspectives on climate change  3. Oscillations of the worlds temperature  4. Main producers of CO2  5. Climate change and the effect it has on the planet  6. The credibility of computer models  7. Climate change, possible solutions, and population growth. Delving into the paper, we could note that the author wants us to understand the true nature of processes that attract public attention nowadays. At the very beginning, Chivers eliminates the myth which states that CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. Providing a description of a simple experiment, he demonstrates that carbon dioxide has heat-trapping qualities and contributes to the significant increase in temperature (Chivers, 2011). He continues his cogitations related to climate change and CO2 emissions and outlines the fact that there were certain periods characterized by the increase and decrease of the average temperature in the history of our planet. There were different causes for these oscillations of temperature like solar activity, or kinks in the Earths orbit; however, every time they resulted in significant climate changes and impacted organisms that lived at that period of time greatly (Chivers 2011). In such a way, the author also wants to show that any objections about its importance are of doubtful nature, and scientists who try to decrease the meaning of these processes act unwisely. Furthermore, Chivers also admits the unique role people play in producing CO2. There are obviously some natural sources of this greenhouse gas, but they could not be compared to human activity. Finally, the author dispels myths about the positive and negative effects climate change might have. Critique Nevertheless, when analyzing the paper, we could, first of all, say that it is written by a competent carbon analyst and environmental writer Danny Chivers. He is famous for his numerous works devoted to the investigation of the effect CO2 might have on our planet and how climate change might affect our lives. He obviously creates his works to warn people about the great danger that comes from this very element and outline the necessity of immediate
Introduction Today, change in most organizations is inevitable. Organizations have been forced to change how they conduct their business to survive. Change significantly has ensured organizations are turned in another direction “to fundamentally modify the way things are done, to overhaul the structure-the design of the organization for decision making and accountability and to provide organizational members with a whole new vision for the future” (Burke, 2002, p.1). As some studies have tried to refute the role of leadership in organizational change, immense literature and findings have proved that organizational leaders do make a difference especially in relation to organizational change (Burke, 2002, p.240). For instance, organization leaders have the potential to build, hurt or destroy completely an organization. However, other studies have shown that leaders at the same time can help their organizations add value. St. Luke’s School The school was established in 1928 by Edward Blakely who was a Harvard graduate and further named in celebration of the properties of “sound mind and sound body” (St. Luke School, n.d). The school has cultivated a long history where community sense is promoted and the guiding philosophies have been to “Enter to Learn, Go Forth to serve” (St. Luke School, n.d). The school prides itself in having one of the best and dynamic, rigorous academic programs that include innovative technology which aims to produce highly qualified graduates and various leaders. As explained by the institution’s head, Mark Davis, one of the core values at St. Luke School is a good character that at the same time is tied to love of learning, the pursuit of excellence, and community whereby the school’s graduates are trained to serve and make meaning of their lives, making themselves unique productive citizens and ethical leaders (St. Luke School, n.d). One individual who has steered the institution to the realization of its mission and vision is Mark Davis, the head of the institution. He has demonstrated a unique leadership style that has endeavored many at the institution. Transformational Leadership The assumption of this leadership style is that people will follow a person who inspires them, an individual who has vision and passion, and who demonstrates an ability to achieve great things (Changing Minds, n.d). These leaders have a tendency to care about other people and they would alway
Postmodernism in nursing In the contemporary society, issues related to post modernism, realism, and anti-realism have attracted heated debates. Many individuals do not believe in the modern approach to the truth and knowledge. Since the early 1950s, there have been several debates among nurse scholars. This paper focuses on postmodernism, realism, and anti-realism in nursing. The effects of postmodernism in our society are real. In the hospitals, these effects are evidenced from increasing cases of nurses being accused of improper behaviors. In some places, postmodernism practices in health care are very rampant (Dahnke & Dreher, 2011). Postmodernism has influenced modern nursing maturity. For instance, in parts of Africa patients with psychological issues are referred to a traditional healer. The traditional healer interacts with the patients and diagnoses their health problems. There are several occasions that the healer’s assessments have been said to be true and consistent. With this illustration, it is apparent that postmodernism is real in our society. In medicine, post modernism comes into play when individuals lose hope in the current medical practices and turn to alternative medicine for healing. Equally, in our hospital prayers held for the inpatients and outpatients attest the effects of postmodernism in nursing. For instance, after prayer sessions are held in our hospitals patients normally feel relieved. Through this comparison, I acknowledge that that both alternative healthcare practices and prayer sessions held for patients in our hospitals are part of postmodernism. Realism and anti-realism in nursing For the last the last 50 years, there have been struggles between realists and anti-realists. As such, realists believe that all the postulates proposed by scientists are true. On the other hand, anti-realism is expressed in various ways. These ways suggest that there are multiple realities, science is a social construction, and that scientific truth is relative to history. Just as the postmodernism, realist and anti-realist arguments have attracted heated debates among nursing scholars. Anti-realism and realism are differentiated based on the philosophy of science because scientific theories reveal the truths about the world. In nursing, realism should be perceived as a theory about the principles of science. As such, from a realism, perspective scientific innovations are considered as discoveries. On the other hand, from anti-realism perspective these investigations are considered as inventions (Klee, 2000). Through these arguments, it should be realized that the major differences between the two groups are evidenced by the way we perceive the natural world and scientific advancements. Equally, through the above arguments I believe that just as any reader can create the meaning to the text he or she is reading, an individual can also create the world according to his or her culture and personal experiences and perceptions. I believe that philosophical debates for the last few centuries have proved that realism and
Introduction The Signs: Exploring and Exploiting The sign is the communication phenomenon, which will be the focus of this essay. Though used commonly on a regular basis in practically any conversation, a sign is rarely identified consciously; however, when used as the means of promoting a certain idea or enhancing specific moods, it exposes its numerous meanings, including both the obvious concepts and the underlying innuendoes. Traditionally defined as a graphical means of representing an action (Cobley, 2014), a sign is a very basic, yet at the same time very powerful means of attracting the attention of the people, who can relate to the signs in question. C. Morris’s Theory: Signs and Values C. Morris’s theory of signs will be used as the basis for the analysis of the signs chosen for the given essay. Linking logical positivism and behavioral empiricism, the theory in question views the subject matter from the perspective of aesthetic semiotics as opposed to the semiotics of aesthetics (Zolait, 2012). In other words, Morris views semiotics as an opportunity for discovering the relationship between syntactic, semantics, and pragmatics. The Use of the Crescent and the Star: The Signs and Values Theory The conflict between the Arabs and the Israeli for Palestine has been taking place for long enough to become notorious for people all over the world. As a result, the perception of some of the symbols, which are traditionally related to the Arab culture, has become quite complicated over time due to the bellicose moods surrounding the Arab Israeli conflict. Nevertheless, the sign works within the specified context on several levels, as it links the syntactic and the pragmatics of the subject matter in a very direct manner. The symbol makes a very powerful statement by referring to two of the most recognizable elements of the Arab culture; represented in tandem, they become all the more recognizable, thus, affecting the audience on both cognitive and emotional levels (Archer, Aijmer, & Wichmann, 2012). The Dove: Locating the New Layers of Meaning While the above-mentioned symbol, which is represented by the crescent and the star, could be viewed as a touch politicized, the sign-in general looks rather convincingly and lacks any kind of threat due to the fact that it coexists with another sign representative of the Arab culture. It is quite remarkable that the image of a dove is, in fact, a universal symbol, which serves as the means to appeal to the European and American audience by addressing their emotional perception of the sign in question. Indeed, the image of a dove, which is a commonly known graphical synonym for peace and love, pacifies the viewers, distracting them from the troubling and rather alien notions represented by the aforementioned crescent and star. From the perspective of Morris’ theory, the conflict of perception of the above-mentioned symbols occurs at the stages of the moral and the behavioral identification of the meanings that the signs in question convey. To be more specific, it is the lack of compatibility between the behaviorist interpretatio
Introduction The rapid development of market relations and the reconsideration of the approach towards earning resulted in the increased importance of the sphere of business. In this regard, modern society could be characterized by the crucial role business plays in its functioning. A great part of the population is involved in various activities of this sort as they guarantee stable income and conditions personal development of an individual. Furthermore, the creation of a certain project might also result in the significant reconsideration of different values and approaches peculiar to a certain person. Besides, the success of this very project also conditions societys attitude. For these reasons, management, as the main aspect that might guarantee the existence and development of an affair, becomes one of the major concerns of the coherent society. The given paper is also devoted to the main aspects of Project management and its precise analysis. The task implies the attempt to determine the main factors that condition the failure of any affair. Moreover, the work also tends to present the most important skills needed for a successful manager. For this purpose, the analysis of various sources and real cases are performed, and conclusions are made. Reasons for projects failures Analyzing the Failures of numerous projects, it is possible to outline several of the most frequent and important reasons for these collapses. The drawbacks in planning could be considered the most common causes that conditioned numerous disasters (Bell, 2011). The absence of the needed skills and inability to predict the evolution of the market might result in the appearance of numerous problems related to the various aspects of the project. The unwise management will increase the terms and costs. For instance, the creation of the Sydney Opera house was one of the greatest and most collapsed projects. The main task was to create a world class concert and opera hall. However, the weak planning and unexpected difficulties conditioned giant spending. The cost raised from an expected $7million to final 102 million dollars, and it took 16 years instead of 6 to erect this very building (Smith, n.d.). The given example evidences the fact that the inability to take into account a set of specific conditions peculiar to a certain project is one of the main reasons for the projects collapse Furthermore, risk analysis is also crucial in case a new project is going to be organized. A person has to consider the main risks that might appear in the course of the projects evolution and create strategies that should help to overcome these difficulties (Buley, 2000). The existence of some alternatives might help greatly and guarantee the further projects evolution. Finally, it is crucial to determine the resource requirements for the activities which should be performed in terms of the project. Numerous examples evidence that the absence of the needed sources will resu
Medicine is an essential universal need irrespectively to the race, language, or any other social bias. Over the past decades, people have come to realize how these outer circumstances impact the development of various diseases. The science, which combines all these factors with the disease itself, is known as medical anthropology (Singer & Baer, 2007). For many years, Eastern practices of medicine and disease treatment seemed more of a misleading concept. That is why treatment practices from all over the world frequently face stigmatization or prejudiced attitude to their views on medicine. The real question is how the cultural and ethnic stigmatization can be eradicated in the way of effective disease prevention. Western and Eastern cultures have always been different in terms of medicine approaches, whereas the latter was considered rather spiritual than actually beneficial. Eastern medical practice, for example, prioritizes human mental state, mindset, and natural resources are considered less harmful and more reliable if compared to the medications. While Eastern medical tradition fully integrates soul in the process of treatment, the representatives of Western culture have not been sure about this for quite a while (Bates, 2000). Such a cultural gap in terms of medicine creates a disastrous effect on the development of both medical branches. For instance, Paja Thao, a Hmong shaman who moved to the US, struggled a lot from the country’s unacceptance of his traditional approaches (Siegel, 2001). Another vivid example of the cultural gap is exposed in the story about a small kid with epilepsy who had been undergoing treatment in the USA. Meanwhile, her parents were sure that epilepsy attacks were a kind of spiritual connection and a natural gift a child was blessed to have (Fadiman, 1997). Such a culturally biased approach eventually led to a severe deterioration of the child’s condition. Regarding this situation, one may conclude that as long as both Eastern and Western medical approaches contradict each other, they will always be stigmatized and criticized. The aforementioned cultures have some beneficial aspects in terms of healthcare. Thus, instead of spreading hatred and stigmas about each other, representatives of both approaches should come to symbiosis and establish the connection between factual and inner aspects of a human being.
NBA decided to take a radical step and abolish the all-star game, to express its attitude to the North Carolina’s transgender bill. The NBA’s Commissioner urged officials to adjust the law obliging transgender people to use the bathroom according to their birth gender (Kopan and Scott par. 1). This decision has caused disputes because the cancellation of this match would result in serious consequences for the state and its residents in economic terms. Most importantly, people have linked the actions of the NBA with political incorrectness. The corporate culture of the NBA implies the high social activity of players and includes several areas united by a global goal to help people in difficult life situations. The objective of this project is to explore the consequences for the NBA in terms of its social activity and to analyze the ways it shall modernize its corporate culture to address the issues correctly. Project Management The project aims to investigate how the NBA can improve its organizational culture to remain an active participant in the life of society while not becoming politicized. To do so, it will be necessary to conduct research on the topic of social responsibility and analyze ways such as sports leagues like NBA influence communities. Also, it will be helpful to examine the league’s performance regarding its engagement in social activities and its impact on community improvement while many people stress the importance of the league (Cacciola and Blinder par. 3). Further, it is essential to investigate the factors that harm the NBA’s reputation and provide guidelines on the practices of effective corporate culture improvements. Resources The notion of social responsibility is attributed to any form or type of business, and it entitles almost any kind of activity related to addressing social needs (Salcines, Babiak, and Walters 181). Corporate culture and social responsibility are directly linked, and they are the necessary components of the professional sports industry (Richardson and Monro 196). To achieve the goals and objectives of the project, extensive research will be carried out to provide guidelines on how the NBA shall organize its corporate culture to clear out the current issue. An overview of the literature on the topic of the sociology of sport will enable assessing the impact such corporations as NBA and others have on the performance of the society and the implications and consequences of improper activities (Smith 65). Also, the examination of social responsibility in the prism of a professional sports league will enable revealing new perspectives on the issue. It will be helpful to evaluate what limitations can the industry place on the involvement in community activities. Further, research on the limits of using strenuous campaigning to execute political or social change will be carried out to consider the issue of political correctness (Page 267). It is essential to def
Introduction The issue of human dignity comes into sharp focus in the situation debilitating terminal illness and/or end-of-life matters. Such a person may feel diminished both physically and mentally; and may reach a point where s/he may be entirely dependent on the efforts of other parties and having their fate controlled by them; this may ultimately progress into a state of complete incapacitation, such as coma. For a person who was entirely independent during the healthy portion of life, this dependence would have a negative effect on the feelings of self-worth and self-determination; as such, have an effect on the dignity of the person even in death. The problem has raised the issue of assisted suicide to end a life of suffering and the role of such a patient in deciding when and how they will die rather than waiting for the natural mechanisms to grind to a halt. Euthanasia and the Society Religious organizations form an important part of the society, and their position is bound to affect the outlook of the society regarding any issue. The views of these organizations have a narrow range oscillating between complete condemnations and prohibition of assisted suicide; and justification of withdrawal of life support systems [DDNC]. A major common ground, however, among these organizations is that self-determination intrinsic in every person does not extend to deciding to live or die; and that life is sacred and should not be destroyed in any form. As such, a person can not claim dignity in death by choosing to end his/her own life in the face of an unbearable illness. While religious views do not represent those of the whole society, it is important to note that they are widely accepted as true, and they go a long way in shaping the views of the society at large. It is also important to note that some, albeit limited, portions of the religious front has started to recognize that life can degenerate to a point where it is no longer worth living, and should be let to end. However, all dignity is given by God. Dignity and the Medical Practice The issue of dignity in a medical setup comes into sharp focus in an environment where the facility serves clientele from a diverse ethnic and/or racial background. The patients may feel that they are not receiving the appropriate respect from the very onset, and usually worry of the amount of the same that they would receive as soon as they are completely under the care of the medical professionals. As such, some African-Americans for example, feel that they have to ‘earn’ their dignity by doing or saying something before they enter into long-term care of the professionals (Dupree, 2006). Examples of such actions include making prior funeral arrangements so as not to burden the immediate family with such when inevitable demise occurs. Another area where issues of dignity arise is that of life support; many people from this group are of the opinion that life support should only be maintained if their cognitive abilities are functioning, that is they are not in a v