ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, the problem of the environmental responsibility is actively discussed by the scientists and researchers in relation to the global environmental problems, and the most influential one of them is the climate changes, which are caused by the phenomenon of global warming. Who should be responsible for the process, if global warming is considered to be the result of the human dynamic and harmful activities? How is it possible to overcome the effects? Are the dangerous effects real or they are only the results of the scientists’ discussions and suppositions? These questions are rather controversial, and they are closely associated with the issue of the environmental responsibility of engineers. The engineers’ environmental responsibility depends on accepting the fact that the human activity can result in a lot of dangerous effects for the environment, and the people’s main task is to use all the possibilities to reduce the negative impact and utilize the scientists’ achievements for this purpose efficiently. The main principles of any profession are based on a range of different responsibilities, which can be discussed from many perspectives. Specialists in any field should regulate their activity with references to the questions of professionalism and quality, ethics and morality, legal liabilities, and sustainability. From this point, the issue of the environmental responsibility is also discussed by many researchers as the influential aspect of the professionals’ activity (DesJardins). Moreover, the environmental responsibility is one of the main components of the engineers’ professional responsibility because engineering as a profession involves the elements of the scientific knowledge which are used in order to address the people’s needs with references to contributing to the issue of sustainability. Engineers use the abstract and theoretical knowledge, which is supported with the practical experiments’ results provided by the scientists in order to implement them in practice and contribute to the public’s interests and satisfy the definite societal needs. The fringe where the theory is changed with the practical results is rather challengeable because it is connected with such aspects as the engineers’ professional responsibility and the environmental responsibility as its significant component. Nowadays, the debates on the problem of global warming and considerable climate changes depend on the fact that many ordinary people along with the authorities are in
According to Adler, safeguarding tendencies are a survival mechanism that people use to protect their sense of self from public criticism, and therefore, maintain their idea of self. These safeguarding tendencies make a person create what Adler refers to as, a “neurotic” lifestyle. This is whereby one displays the character one assumes will please people while keeping one’s real self hidden. The result of such a lifestyle is a fictional existence that withholds growth of real character in a person. This is because such a person will not accept correction or positive criticism from others, consequently, dooming him or her to repeating mistakes and not learning from them. As Proverbs 19:20 states, “Listen to advice and accept instruction, and in the end you will be wise.” One form of safeguarding according Adler is “excuses”. This is whereby a person expresses their intention to do what would please others, and then explains why they cannot do it. Excuses help the person to protect their self-esteem by shifting the blame of their shortcomings. Lack of responsibility for one’s actions limits a person from flourishing in life as the excuses one makes offer him or her comfort in failure. As a result, one goes about life achieving the bare minimum instead of meeting his or her potential. They therefore perform with little dedication in everything since their concern is to appeal to people and not to fulfil their role. This goes against scriptural instruction that tells us in Colossians 3:23, “Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as if you were doing it for the Lord”. The second category of safeguarding tendencies is aggression. Adler divides aggression into depreciation, accusation, and self-accusation. Depreciation aims at putting down others or exaggerating one’s achievements to feel superior. Secondly, accusation shifts blame to others and is accompanied by revenge towards those that have wronged the person. The person inflicts suffering to those around that he or she blames for their misfortune. Lastly, with self-accusation, the person uses feelings of guilt to make others suffer and consequently, protect their inflated sense of self. In these three components of aggression, one projects negativity to others in order to improve how they feel about themselves. According to Mathew 7:12, Jesus tells us that we should do to others as we would have them do to us. Being kind to others helps us to build ourselves positively and grow in character, so that we can appreciate ourselves more. However, when we are unkind to others, the negativity continues to affect our character and we are unable to view others positively. This leads to misinterpretation of other people’s actions towards us and causes one to be constantly defensive. Finally, withdrawal is the last form of safeguarding tendencies and it involves inability to face one’s problems and running away from them. This form of safeguarding tendency leads to stalling of one’s character development such that, a person does not grow skills that allow him or her to
Outline In the recent past, HSBC has come under attack over its banking methods. The Global Banking and Financial services company has been accused in the past decade of breaking national and international laws and regulations. To retain their reputation, HSBC has to ensure a good public image and demonstrate that they are indeed an ethical company. Hsbc-Criticism HSBC Holdings plc was named in the year 2011 as the world’s second-largest banking and financial services group with a customer base of 100 million. Founded in 1991, HSBC has grown to be a universal bank with 7500 offices spread over Asia, Africa, North and South America as well as in the United Kingdom (Europe) where the bank’s headquarters are based. A report published by Covalence named HSBC as the bank with the best ethical reputation for the year 2006. The Geneva-based consultancy highlighted such key factors as sound management practices and the decision to go carbon neutral as some of the reasons contributing to HSBC’s excellence. However, over the recent past, the financial and banking services giant has been confronted by a wave of accusations and lawsuits over its banking methods. The global banking company has come under attack over failure to comply with international as well as national regulations and has allegedly been involved in unethical banking and financial malpractices. True, as Enderle (1999) argues, a company’s actual practices are much different from the company’s code of ethics. In 2011, for example, the US Justice Department reported that it was working on a case against HSBC bankers who were allegedly involved in money laundering deals with the Mexican drug lords. Investigations on this scandal started in August 2010 after the US comptroller of currency blew the whistle that HSBC was involved in some “suspicious activity”. In this case, HSBC bankers contravened the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), which requires financial institutions to report certain suspicious transactions to the United States Treasury. The bank had also failed to comply with the BSA requirement of customer diligence by failing to obtain satisfactory information as to the nature and source of money flowing through customer accounts. Ball (2001) indicates that money laundering “has been criminalized” in the US and failure to file a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) can result in criminal prosecution. Heavy fines are imposed for non-compliance with Bank Secrecy Act and “defaulters risk being driven out of business” for failure to apply proper controls (Levi, 2010). In some other jurisdictions, the principle of Bank Secrecy does not allow banks to disclose personal and account information about their customers unless a criminal complaint has been filed. Such was the case in Egypt where, in October 2011, HSBC came under attack for colluding with Egypt’s ruling military council to intimidate human rights groups and NGOs operating in-country. The groups accused HSBC of releasing vital personal and financial information and documents to the military council. In another incident, the bank has been accused of violating Federal
Introduction Bagamoyo is a township in Tanzania that was started toward the end of the eighteenth century. It was the novel headquarters of German East Africa and was among the mainly important business ports by the side of the East African coast during the colonial period. It is renowned as the major way out for slaves who were shipped to Zanzibar and Arab nations (Mshigeni, 1992, p. 131). Other agricultural commodities and ivory from the interior were also majorly exported through Bagamoyo. Commodities from outside also found their way into Tanzania through this town and went as far as Congo and Zambia. Presently the town holds up to thirty thousand dwellers and is the headquarters of Bagamoyo District. Location Bagamoyo is situated at coordinates 6 0 26’S 38 0 54’E/ 6.433 0 S 38.9 0 E. It stretches out seventy five kilometers to the north of Dar-Es-Salaam, near Zanzibar Island. Population & Economy Mosques, other places of worship, a small number of dwellings and a marketplace dominated the most important central region of Bagamoyo, which stayed a rural community until in recent times in the beginning of the 1990s. The region’s populace has shown a slow growth with time. For instance, in the year 1978, it stood at one hundred and thirty six thousand and fifty nine people. In the year 2002, the population had increased to two hundred and fifty thousand, one hundred and sixty four people. About forty five percent of this consisted of men. The standard family unit size was 4.4 and the inhabitants’ concentration was twenty seven people per square kilometer. By the year 2008, an educated guess of Bagamoyo’s population stood at above two hundred and eighty five thousand, four hundred. Also in the recent past, the population configuration and make-up have gone through considerable alterations. The populace is now vastly diverse as a consequence of movement and settlement of various cultural groups. The most important money-making activities for Bagamo
Introduction According to Rickman and Roddick, small business is a business that “is privately owned and operated; it’s normally characterized by small number of employees and low volume of sales” (4). A small business could take the form of a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation. Small businesses are common and have heavy presence all over the world. Examples include grocery, hairdressers, law firm, accountants, restaurants, guesthouses, small-scale manufacturers, online shops etc. Why small businesses are popular Small businesses are becoming increasingly attractive to many for several reasons. First, small businesses require low starting capital investments and can be conveniently run from the neighborhood or from home. Their ease of start is perfect to the unemployed and those who wish to stay close to their families. Second, it’s easy to market to products especially with the recent increase of internet users. Third, it is easy to keep proper records and prepare financial statements. Even persons with no accounting knowledge can master quickly the basics of accounting for preparation of basic financial statements like the P&L accounts, by the help of an accounting consultant. Fourth, small businesses are highly flexible and can easily adjust to market forces. Their ease of adaptation to market changes is as a result of little restrictions and regulations. Fifth, small business owners enjoy strong ties with their clients helping the proprietor to tailor customer services thus satisfying the customers. By serving satisfied customers the proprietor maintains a chain of loyal clients hence a steady flow of income. Sixth, perhaps the major drive to start small business is the desire to be independent. Many employed persons ditch their jobs for small business because they want to be their “own bosses.” Lastly, it is easy to manage assets and liabilities in a small business. Assets are few items owned plus the checking and savings accounts. Liabilities are the monies owed by the business. Usually the debtors and creditors are few in number hence easy to manage. Also the numbers of transactions are few thus records can be up dated regularly. Challenges faced by small businesses Taxation setbacks; value-added-tax (VAT) contributes greatly to malfunctioning of the small businesses. Changes in VAT, particularly an increase, directly affects the consumers through increased prices and would lead to decrease in sales. In addition to VAT, local authorities impose other taxes such as trading license, security fee, ground rates etc. High taxes greatly affect small businesses as they not only increase business costs but also increased illegal trading. When the prices are high, good smugglers find a thriving business as they offer low prices making it hard for people running genuine business. The obvious result here would be genuine traders running into losses and probably closing down their business entities due to unfair competition. Difficulties in accessing bank loans: poor compiling of business records, lack of security,
Introduction Cuban Americans are Hispanic United States citizens with Cuban origin. These citizens either migrated from Cuba or were born in America by Cuban parents. Cuban Americans have had a distinctive social, political, economic and demographic history in the United States. This group has shown different patterns from other migrant groups in the United States. Most Cuban Americans migrated into United States after the Cuban communist revolution and have had tremendous impact on the development of United States. This paper explores the struggles, the rise, successes and influence the Cuban Americans have had throughout the history of the United States. The Cuban Communist Revolution Cubans migrated to the United States after the Cuban communist revolution in 1959. However, these were not the first Cubans to migrate into United States. Cubans had started migrating since 1565 during the Spanish colonial era. This migration continued in the late 19th century when manufacturers and businessmen started relocating their businesses to Florida to flee from the political crisis in Cuba. The workers also followed suit. In 1870, there were approximately 1,000 Cubans in Key West. Cuban American communities also started forming in Boston, New Orleans, New York City, Jacksonville, Philadelphia and Tampa. Economic and political changes in Cuba led to an increased rate of migration. However, it was after the Cuban communist revolution that the greatest migration of Cubans into the United States was witnessed (Herrera, 2001). After the Cuban communist revolution of 1959, there was an upsurge in migration as Cubans fled from Castro’s socialist reforms. Cubans who migrated were welcomed as the United States government was against communism. The Cuban communist revolution took place from 1953 to 1959. It was an armed rebellion against Fulgencio Batista, which was led by Fidel Castro. The revolution resulted in the ouster of Batista and Castro took over as the leader of Cuba. When Castro took over the leadership of Cuba, he highly militarized the country and nationalized many companies and properties, giving ownership to many peasants. After the revolution, many Cubans migrated to the United States to escape the dictatorship of Castro. They relocated their businesses to the United States since Castro was implementing the communist policies of wealth distribution (Landau, 2009). Migration after the Revolution Fidel Castro adopted socialist reforms to consolidate his power. He fully nationalized industries such as ba
In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that the social and economic aspects of life are inherently related to how our natural environments operate and how we effectively manage our daily actions and ecosystems to live a sustainable life. Indeed, environmental sustainability issues are at the core of our very lives, particularly upon the realization that we need to preserve the environment for our own use and for future generations. In this light, this paper attempts to evaluate some of the most important characteristics and facets of environmental education. It is important to note that environmental education basically entails structured endeavors undertaken by schools and other interested stakeholders to impart knowledge about our natural environments and how best we can manage our behavior and the various ecosystems with the view to living a sustainable and mutually fulfilling life. Drawing from this description, it is evident that an important facet of the unit relates to educating the public on how to take good care of the environment in order to live sustainably. There are several characteristics that can be associated with environmental education as a learning process, with the most significant being the unit’s predisposition to enhance the knowledge and responsiveness of individuals about the environment and related challenges. Another characteristic of the unit is that it provides individuals with the skills and expertise needed to flourish in a sustainable society. Through environmental education, students and other interested individuals are provided with the skills and knowledge needed to preserve the environment for present and future generations. Additionally, environmental education has the capacity to foster the mindsets, inspirations, and commitments of individuals with the view to influencing their capacity to engage in informed decision making and take responsible action in all issues related to the environment. A commonly held perception of environmental education is that it entails the integration of three main components, namely education in the environment, education about the environment, and education for the environment. The first component (education in the environment) exposes students to experiences beyond the classroom to assist them develop deeper insights into the various environmental dynamics using practical inquiry and investigation, while the second component (education about the environment) assists them to develop a greater appreciation of the critical issues that come into play to influence the environment in the community, national, or international level. The third component (education for the environment) ensures that people understand what they are supposed to do not only to minimiz
Ethics, as the distinction between right and wrong, is a subject that several individuals tend to ignore. The course of actions that people and organizations take can be supported by very many reasons. However, in most situations, the desire to gain wealth or power can influence individuals or organizations to do very unethical things. The catastrophe that took place in 1984 at the pesticide factory in Bhopal, India, is a case in which the governments of the United States and India violated several ethical practices that eventually led to the world’s worst industrial disaster. The Bhopal disaster happened on December 3, 1984 in which about forty tons of vaporous methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other toxic chemicals from the factory were released into the atmosphere and resulted in the death and injuries of several residents of the nearby town. Although estimates vary on the extent of damage caused to the residents, Eckerman estimates that “over 500,000 persons were exposed to the gases; between 3,000 and 10,000 people died within the first weeks; and between 100,000 and 200,000 may have permanent injuries” (2005, p.9). The disaster raised serious ethical questions concerning the business practices of the American multinational company, the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and its Indian subsidiary, the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), which owned significant amount of shares in the plant. What the incident made painfully clear appertains to the moral conventions that the governments of the host and the parent country failed to adhere to (Cragg, 2005, p.11). The UCIL plant was established in 1969 as part of the local government’s Green Revolution initiative efforts aimed at realizing self-sufficiency in the production of crops. The use of pesticide increased in India in the 1960s and it was regarded as an essential factor in increasing its agricultural productivity. Consequently, the decision to produce pesticides locally, instead of importing them, was based on the above considerations. However, the government of India sanctioned the UCIL to set up the plant in Bhopal despite the fact that the country lacked adequate technology to maintain the production of such lethal chemicals. In a bid to spur economic growth, the Indian government ignored the safety and health considerations that were to be adhered to before establishing such a manufacturing plant. The American international corporation, UCC, opted to establish the plant in India so as to gain a competitive advantage in the market. This is because as an emerging country in economic development, India provided low-cost labor, easier connection with consumers in other countries, and reduced costs of transacting business. Once UCC established the plant in India, it had little incentive to reduce environmental and human risks associated with pesticide production (Cassels, 19