ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite the changes in technology that have rendered some aspects of transport meaningless, this remains to be a lucrative area whose services will always stand the taste of time. Technology has simply come in to boost the transport and logistics industry by making it easier to monitor and track products on transit. However, with each development, there are usually many issues arising especially considering the number of middlemen that have to be involved. Gone are days when transport was all about the driver and goods. Many more stakeholders are currently involved in the industry, which is making the delivery of goods complicated and expensive. The most affected individuals in the industry are entrepreneurs who many times end up spending more than they bargained for. A client who is desperate to have their goods delivered will pay for what has been bargained for prior to the delivery of the services. However, the entrepreneurs who may incur other untold expenses such as rising fuel costs, security issues, more middlemen than they estimated and other delays may not be able to renegotiate the price. It has become quite a big challenge to tell how much an entrepreneur will spend and sometimes relying on wrong estimates. Since an entrepreneur has to prove his or her expertise to the client, he or she has to be specific with the price which at times turns out more costly to them (Bowersox, 2000). Previously, entrepreneurs would resort to bargaining the price after the transportation has been done and the goods almost delivered. However, some of them encountered clients who were not willing to pay for the transport cost especially when they realized that the worth of the goods transported was lesser or almost equal to its cost. They hence resort to abscond from the deal, leaving the entrepreneur with the goods they did not need as well as having to bear the costs they used for transportation. Contract basis, where the cost was paid in stages was also common but yet faced similar challenges as the total cost is predetermined before the work is done. Considering the above challenges that have continued to face the transport and logistics management industry, it would be appropriate if the costs are split and shared amongst various stakeholders. For instance, the client should take the initiative of insuring the goods against untold risks. Fuel costs should also be calculated separately basing on the mileage and the market cost while the goods are on transit. The entrepreneur should also partner with specific service providers w
Over the years, psychology developed to be a science with many ways of explaining human behavior. Different factors are nowadays taken into consideration when trying to evaluate the psychological background of an individual. Modern science distinguishes the five most significant perspectives of psychology – neuroscience, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, and psychodynamic (Feldman, 2018). While each of these perspectives offers a unique vision of human psychology, all of them can be classified according to such principles as the effect of nature, observance, determinism, consciousness, and individual differences. Neuroscience is linked to biology and its theories more than the other perspectives. It characterizes humans as animals, and all psychological states and actions are viewed through the prism of brain chemistry and its physical functioning. The way signals are sent between brain cells is predetermined by genetics, being universal for all people. This perspective regards psychology as a set of unconscious internal processes driven by determinism. The latter was introduced by Freud to state that all unconscious phenomena have a cause, and now this term is used to characterize something over which a person has little or no control(Colman, 2015). The psychodynamic perspective is rather similar to neuroscience. It focuses primarily on unconscious matters like dreams and slips of a tongue, regarding those as a key to understanding the psyche. This perspective also admits the dominating power of nature over human psychology, along with the lack of control and principles common for large groups of the population. Psychodynamics views mental processes as being fully internal and often unintentional. The behavioral perspective, on the contrary, focuses on the external side of psychology. It is based on observation of human behavior, being the most applicable when researching the visible sides of the psyche. Unlike neuroscience and psychodynamics, the behavioral perspective argues that the environment is the most significant factor in psychological studies. Factors like space, its design, territory, and other physical attributes are essential to environmental psychology (Hayes & Stratton, 2017). While behavioral perspective admits determinism, consciousness is important as well. The humanistic perspective also focuses on environmental factors instead of the natural effect. However, its most important perception is the free will of an individual to grow and develop. An effort to reach well-being and development by putting inner strengths to it reveals the best in people, which is the core idea behind the humanistic perspective(Linley, 2013). There is a self-control model showing the extent of free will over time, which argues that free will is limited (Vohs& Baumeister, 2016). Other principles include consciousness, observance, and the importance of individual differences. Unlike neuroscience and psychodynamics, the humanistic perspective states that mental characteristics are pre
It was 1886, and fizzy drinks were clearly becoming a thing, soda fountains gradually becoming the most popular places all over the country. A failure by his very nature, pharmacist John Pemberton decided to try his luck in doing something that was popular at the time, and came up with a new soda fountain drink that could become the “real thing” and stand out of the range of similar drinks as the ultimate “champion”. Coca-Cola was the result (Cox, 2008, 113). Down home foodie: 2012 (2012). Unfortunately, the Coca-Cola Company is facing several major external threats at present, the growing impact of Pepsi and Dr. Pepper on the soda market being the key one (Deichert, Ellenbecker, Klehr & Pesrachick, 2006). A company whose name has become the synonym of the product, Coca-Cola is still not ready to fight a strong, seeing how the recent crisis that the relocation into the global market cot the firm affected Coca-Cola’s stock price. Therefore, the increase in the authority of such companies as PepsiCo and Dr. Pepper/7-Up is the greatest threat for Coca-Cola at present. Another obvious external threat concerns the lack of interest in customers towards Coca-Cola and its products. Coca-Cola’s leader’s unwillingness to change the traditional course of the company and take chances with brand new products may easily lead to customers losing interest. Perhaps, the given step is rather wise in the light of tight competition – once a company fails with a new product, the rivals will use this failure as a chance to take the company’s place in the market. There is no need to stress that in food production, practically every single outside market factor maters greatly for a company in shaping its reputation and, therefore, the process of achieving the company’s goals. Specifically for Coca-Cola, sociocultural and global factors should be pointed out as the ones of the greatest influence. At first, the given factors might seem only a minor element of the general structure; on a second thought, however, one must agree that these two are especially important for Coca-Cola in the XXI century. To start with, the sociocultural factor is one of the key concerns at present. Unfortunately, due to the recent surge of concerns and false accusations of Coca-Cola being an extremely harmful drink, the company may easily be facing another crisis in 2014. For instance, such reports as Zmuda’s article clearly do not add to the Coca-Cola company’s popularity among its target audience: “the group is frustrated that Coca-Cola doesn’t spend more money advertising its healthier brands, like Honest Tea” (Zmuda, 2013, October 21, para. 4). True, the company tried to rebut the false accusations by providing its own account of the effects that the drink has on people and even creating the line of product that supposedly had a positive effect on heart health (Coca-Cola, 2012), yet the reputation of “Killer Coke” seems to have
‘Little Red Riding Hood’ is a worldwide famous fairy tale about a little girl in a red cloak. This fairy tale has numerous adaptations by different writers of the world, the adaptations tell the same story but they all bare some particular ideas and deliver different messages to the reader. There is a great number of novels, short stories, poems, and theatre plays depicting the same story in various authors’ interpretations. Comparing the adaptations of this old story the reader can clearly see how the values changed in the society over the past four centuries. Charles Perrault gave the starting point for the variety of retellings and adaptations. He took the idea for his story from the French folklore and presented his adaptation in 1697 within the collection of tales ‘Tales and stories of the Past with Morals. Tales of Mother Goose’. In his tale a pretty well-bred little girl whose mother asked her to carry a basket with cakes and butter to her sick grandmother who lived deep in the forest. On her way, she met a wolf who had an intention to eat the grandmother and the girl. Red Riding Hood had no fear of the wolf and told him how to find the grandmother’s house. The wolf deceived the little naive girl to come there first. He gobbled the old lady and her grand-daughter but they were saved by woodcutters who worked nearby in the forest. The famous Brothers Grimm also had their version of the story, which was somewhat different from the story presented by Charles Perrault. In their adaptation ‘Little Red Cap’, a little girl in the red cap also traveled through the forest to visit her sick grandmother, she was also deceived by a wicked wolf, who ate her and her grandmother. The Brothers Grimm modified the ending of the story, in their version the girl and her grandmother were saved by a hunter who came to the house when he heard the wolf snoring. When the Red Riding Hood came to visit her grandmother again, another wolf tried to eat her however, the girl was not so naive that time and together with her grandmother managed to trap and kill the villain. ‘Wolfland’ by a British writer Tanth Lee is one of the most recent (1980) and, perhaps, the most feministic version of the story about a girl in a characteristic red cloak. This story is strikingly different from all other readings and interpretations of ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ as it presents different values and inverts the initial version of the tale. In ‘Wolfland’ the author narrates about a young sixteen year old girl who lived in the city with her father and once was summoned by her grandmother to her estate located deep in the forest. Instead of a sick old lady, who lived in a small hut in the forest the author presented a very rich and powerful woman, Anna Matriarch, who possessed a magnificent mansion. In this story, unlike the others, the girl in the red cloak has the name. At first, Lisel refuses to go to the estate, which belo
Introduction Criminal justice system derives its policies from the assumptions of varied criminological theories. There are many criminological theories and their differences lie in the assumptions that give explanations or predictions of crime. Since crime is a social issue that affects everyone in the society, formation of social policies based on the same theoretical assumptions applied in the criminal justice system would enhance public understanding and the control of crime. Cullen and Agnew assert that,”social policy touches all our lives improving the welfare of all citizens and in particular meeting the needs of those who cannot provide for themselves by addressing social issues such as immigration control, prostitution, drug abuse, domestic violence and poverty” (1999, p. 23). Concerted efforts of the criminal justice system and social policies offer structural approach of combating crime in the society. This essay examines criminological theories and the development of social policies that are necessary for effective crime control. Criminal Justice System and Society The development of the social policies has encouraged active participation of the public in combating crime and creation of a safe society. The realization by the criminal justice system that members of the public can participate cooperatively in prevention of crime has led to the formulation of social policies to guide them in their participation. Blakemore and Griggs argue that, “…connection between crime and social conditions can be altered by forms of social interventions that provide the connection between criminal justice and social policy in terms of the concept of the social control” (2007, p. 60). Incorporation of the members of the public in the criminal justice system through formulation of policies will have significant augmentation in fighting against crime. Strain theory supports that crime occurs in the society due to the inequalities rather than poverty. For example, the United States of America is a wealthy country thus free from poverty yet she has the highest rates of crime. Knepper argues that, “the strain traditions insists that crime is not brought by poverty so much as inequality because an economic system that prevents participation by some individuals is a relative deprivations that pressurizes them into criminal activity” (2007, p. 25). Due to economical strains in the society, the less privileged members of the society struggle very hard to meet their needs but since they have no available means of achieving them, they resort to crime as an alternative means of survival. Therefore, criminal justice system and the society should consider the economic inequality as the possible cause of crimes in the society and formulate social policies that will give every member in the society an opportunity to access livelihood. The current state of unemployment all over the world strains the lives of helpless youths who are potent
Introduction While acts of terrorism are as old as human civilization, the horrific events of 11th September 2001 brought home the painful reality of the devastating nature of terrorist attacks to Americans. The city that bore the brunt of these attacks was New York City which suffered multiple human losses and property loses in the billions of dollars. Prior to these attacks, New York had relied heavily on the Federal government for protection against terrorists. However, the 9/11 attacks demonstrated that the federal government was not fully capable of preventing all attacks. This perception made defense against terror attacks a priority for the New York Police Department (NYPD) and to achieve this, the department created its own unique counterterrorism program. This program has taken some of the tasks that are traditionally carried out by Federal agencies such as the FBI and the CIA. This paper shall argue that the NYPD program provides a model for what might be used by other major cities to protect themselves from terrorist attacks. To reinforce this claim, this paper shall analyze the most significant strengths and weaknesses of NYPD counterterrorism program. The paper shall then demonstrate that the proliferation of such metropolitan programs can be a positive development enhancing the effectiveness of federal CT efforts. Significant Strengths Local law enforcers have powers which give them the ability to work at the local level in a manner that federal authorities cannot. A report from the 5th Annual Sovereign Challenge Conference (2010) revealed that while the federal government is supreme in matters that pertain to external security and foreign affairs, they have a fairly restricted scope when it comes to local operations. This is a fact that is corroborated by Finnegan (2005) who states that the NYPD has deeper resources than the federal agencies which enables it to perform its counterterrorism works at the local level more effectively. The NYPD counterterrorism program initiatives have resulted in the foiling of various terrorist attempts. Through operation “Hercules” which involves teams of heavily armed officers fortifying high-profile targets, the NYPD program manages to intimidate terrorists by an overt display of force. Finnegan (2005) states that this display of force creates a hostile environment for terrorist operatives making it unlikely that they will target New York. The effectiveness of these intimidation techniques is evident from the foiled bombing of the Brooklyn Bridge by an Al Qaeda operative who on capture admitted that the intense police activity around the bridge resulted in his postponing of the bombing activity (Finnegan, 2005). The NYPD program therefore results in less terrorism plots against the city. An especi
The issue of memory has always been interesting for people. It has been investigated from different perspectives and with different aims. Conclusions of these investigations were different, however, there is no use denying the fact that this field of knowledge is of a great importance. Functions and peculiarities of the process of memorizing are not studied yet and have a lot of hidden factors. That is why; investigation of this process is a very important issue. Great numbers of different investigations were made in order to discover main aspects of memory and understand what factors influence the process of memorizing. The objective of this work is to determine how the use of mnemonics techniques can influence memorization. Basing on previous researchers, this one is, however, different, as it tries is to combine ideas obtaining and determining a role of some special techniques. This field is of a great interest for many different researchers. Klaus Oberauer in his article Access to Information in Working Memory: Exploring the Focus of Attention starts the investigation of the main process of memorizing. In the chain of experiments, he examines working memory (Oberauer, 2002). Having carried out two experiments, Oberauer comes to the conclusion that information in working memory is highly organized and has its own structure and understanding of this structure can help to improve the work of the human brain and memory in the whole. Investigations of the mechanisms of memorizing continue Veronika Coltheart, Stephen Mondy, Paul E. Dux and Lisa Stephenson. In their work Effects of Orthographic and Phonological Word Length on Memory for Lists Shown at RSVP and STM Rated they investigate effects of orthographic and phonological word length on memory (Coltheart, Mondy, Dux & Stephenson, 2004). To understand this influence, three experiments were carried out. Results these experiments showed, that there are two length effects peculiar for our memory which are based on orthographic and phonological length. (Coltheart et al., 2004). Further investigations of this sphere are connected with the attempt to examine the influence of a Hebb repetition effect. The chain of 5 experiments were
Introduction Calvinism and Wesleyanism developed a conceptually new vision and understanding of free will and predestination in religion. Calvin responded to the turbulence of his age, to the “terror of the abyss,” by seeking assurance in the order of nature. This Calvin sought order, harmony, and balance as a way of overcoming the chaos he saw all around in the collapse of the old medieval world[1]. He called upon reason and fixed principles as a way of putting up boundaries, of providing intelligibility and certainty, in the face of what appeared to be the limitless disorders and uncertainties of his time. Main text Calvin, the philosopher and rationalist, was a conservative seeking a way to control himself and his world. There was another side to Calvin, a radical side, that recognized the powerlessness of human beings to control life, to construct boundaries, and to build perfect systems, that saw mystery in the universe, and that came face to face at some deep inner level with the ambiguities and paradoxes of the human condition. What filled this side of Calvin with anxiety was not the chaos of his time but the feeling of being trapped, of being constrained and boxed in by the rigid systems and enclosing boundaries of the old order[2]. This was Calvin the humanist, more concerned with persuasion and its art–rhetoric–than with the neat systems and orderly arrangements of philosophy. For Calvin the heart and the affections played as important a role as the mind and reason. This dethronement of reason, and with it a hierarchical understanding of the human personality, would help make manual labor for Calvin as noble a calling as scholarly endeavors and would raise troubling questions about all social hierarchies. The main tenets of Calvin’s ideology are total inability, unconditional election, limited atonement, efficacious grace, the perseverance of the saints[3]. The famous doctrine of predestination and election that has been so closely identified with the Reformed tradition is an attempt to express both the absolute miracle of salvation, that it comes as a free, undeserved gift, and the character of God as the Sovereign One. The belief in such a sovereign God has been a fountainhead of contrasting elements of fundamental importance in the Reformed tradition and in Reformed communities the world over. Theological affirmations, in other words, no less than contextually induced anxieties, helped to shape the antithetical impulses of the tradition[4]. On the one hand, the emphasis on the sovereignty of God has been the source of Reformed piety, the inspiration of the courage, self-sacrifice, and broad humanitarianism that has often marked the Children of Geneva. It has been this piety, an