ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cortes was a Spanish soldier who was among the first to negotiate with the Indians living in Mexico under the claim of spreading Christianity. In his bid to conquer Mexico and make it the New Spain, Cortes applied several tactics, some of which are outlined in Machiavelli’s types of conquest and ways of securing princedom. According to Machiavelli’s account, several ways can be used by any interested individual to secure power whether in a local or foreign dynasty. Irrespective of the language barriers and geographical locations, Machiavelli identified several effective ways through which an individual can rise to power. The following paper will demonstrate how Cortes applied some of Machiavelli’s tactics to gain political control over Mexico. Analysis One of the strategies applied by Cortes upon landing in Mexico was introducing Christianity as the right religion. 1 To prevent his soldiers from going back home, Cortes destroyed their ship, a strategy that was meant to ensure that he gained loyalty from all his soldiers to have a significant military power before engaging in any conflict with the red Indians. Firstly, Cortes applied one of Machiavelli’s tactics, which entailed installing Spain’s rule, or his rule in the new area, and convincing some of the loyal chieftains to prince Montezuma to support his troops. Machiavelli considered this approach very effective since not only did it separate loyalties but also separated the minority groups and made it easier for those seeking power to get it without a struggle. To gain control over the city of Mexico, Cortes brought together his people and convinced some of the individuals closer to the prince that his ideologies were true and that any loyalty granted to his troop would be highly remunerated. In this regard, Cortes ensured that there were new loyal groups, who were ready to fight against their people to acquire the favors from Cortes. Secondly, Cortes also made it clear that he was better feared than loved. 2 According to him, seeking unnecessary favors from chief Montezuma, would not have guaranteed Cortes the conquest he desired. He, therefore, resolved to establish a negative image to ensure that even during conquest his troops would not be undermined. Based on Diaz’s account on how Cortes got to befriend and nag Montezuma, it is clear that the prince feared Cortes’ group despite being outnumbered. 3 Practically, it seemed impossible for Cortes to succeed in any military encounter with the Mexicans. Both Cortes and Montezuma understood the imbalance between their troops, and it was expected that the Spaniards would lose. However, Cortes made sure that all his troops were always armed even when they went to meet the prince to negotiate religious terms and to introduce Christianity to the Mexicans. In addition to the fear generated by Cortes due to the weapons carried by his troops, Cortes did not seem to fear the prince, and in several occasions, he directly insulted Montezuma’s gods and called them devils. The other strategy used by Cortes in the conquest of New Spain was by putting down powerful people. To ens
In many ways, historical context and modern scientific knowledge formed the approach to the role of the child and family health professional. At the beginning of the 20th century, Australia experienced a terrible wave of child mortality. Therefore, there is a special attitude to maternal, child, and family healthcare in the state and national policies. The first CFH professionals, “trained visitors,” were volunteers who saw it their duty to improve the living conditions for as many children and mothers as possible. Today the scope of practice of CFH nurses is very wide, and their role implies plenty of responsibilities. This paper aims to study the historical development of the CFH professional role, examine the scope of practice and the policies having the greatest impact on CFH nurses. Historical Development of CFH Professional Role Australia has over 100 years of history of medical practice in childcare. The state is particularly attentive to this nursing practice area because of the sad events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1880, Australians faced a wave of infant mortality due to the mass migration of the population to cities. In the 1880s, only 100 out of 1,000 babies passed the one-year age threshold. Most often, the cause of death was infectious diseases associated with unsanitary urban conditions. A second major cause was sexual violence against women; many abandoned their illegitimate children and took them to orphanages such as the Sydney Foundling Hospital. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, nurses and doctors caring for children first discovered that children who did not receive adequate nutrition due to their mother’s absence showed a failure to thrive. Remarkably, during the Second World War, scientists discovered that babies left in shelters for up to a year did not survive without their mothers, even with adequate nutrition. The reason was a lack of empathic contact with the mother or another significant adult between 0 and 12 months of age. Another common cause of infant mortality was diarrhea caused by unsanitary conditions and lack of clean drinking water. Because of such acute problems, the Infant Protection Bill was released in 1904, which stressed the mother’s critical role in the early part of the infant’s life. At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists did not yet know about the importance of emotional contact for infants. The Royal Commission on the birth rate called for the education of mothers on proper feeding. In 1904, the position of a “trained visitor” appeared, who visited families with newborns and advised
Introduction The history of newspapers and the purpose they serve in the society dates back to around five hundred years. In the European region handwritten newsletters were periodically circulated among Merchants at private level. The newsletters were used to pass along information on everything necessary ranging from economic statuses, wars, social customs, and matters of human interest. The first form of printed newspapers appeared in Germany late 1400s. This is also discussed by Harrower (2000). The newspapers appeared in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides. In the English world, the earliest form of newspaper appeared 1622. On those newspapers only an event considered worth noticing was published. The first real newspaper in England was the London Gazette which appeared in 1666 (Harrower: 2000). The industrial revolution had a dramatic effect on newspapers. The production of the newspapers increased tremendously, and different versions of the newspapers continued to come up. The growth of newspapers continued unstopped in the years of postwar. After the postwar period the features of the modern newspapers appeared. The newspapers started having bold banner headlines; there was also the adoption of the use of extensive illustrations and coverage of sporting events. 1898 is the age in which media consolidation took effect; numerous independent newspapers were swallowed up in conglomerations. Around 1910, all the indispensable features of decipherable newspapers had emerged. However, the advent of radio and television gradually displaced newspapers as the primary sources of information hence making it almost impossible to appreciate the historical role newspapers have played in the society at large. A public sphere can be defined as an aspect in social life where individuals are able to get together and liberally discuss and identify societal challenges, and through the discussion be able to exert influence on political actions of their nations. Public sphere is also known as a discursive arena in which people and groups meet to talk about issues of common interests; in case, the main objective of meeting to discuss matters of common interest is geared towards striking a mutual a judgment. The enactment of political participation and the possibility of political opinions can be done in the context of public sphere. Democracy has been defined in several ways. For the purposes of this paper, democracy is defined to mean a type of political government that is performed either directly by the people or elected representatives. The position of this paper is that the demise of newspapers does not necessarily herald the demise of democracy and public sphere. This definition of public sphere is in consistence with the discussions of L’Etang and Pieczka (2000) The access to public sphere is guaranteed to all individuals; when individuals conglomerate to form a public body they neither behave like professional or business individuals do not have private transactions nor like who belong to a constitutional order that
The Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney was established in 1816. The garden became Australia’s scientific institution when Charles Fraser was appointed the garden’s botanist in 1817. In 1830, the gardens were expanded when a sea wall was constructed. The gardens were then opened to the public in 1831. The many different sections of the gardens were developed over a span of time. The Palm Groove was the first one to be added in 1851. It contains different world species of palm trees, about 140 different palm trees. A zoo was established in the garden in 1862 but only lasted to 1883. A Herb garden was established in1994, and the Oriental garden in 1997. Many other features are found on the Garden including the tropical center, the national herbarium, a pond and a government house. All these have changed the original purpose of the garden, which was at first just the governor’s domain, then it became a scientific institution, but now it is a tourist attraction site in Australia. Present Time The Botanic Gardens are found adjacent to the Sydney Opera House and surrounded by the beautiful scenery of the Sydney Harbor. The gardens lie on a 30-hactare oasis in the middle of the city. Many activities go on at the park to satisfy visitors of all ages, abilities and interests that throng the city. Visitors to the Gardens have a variety of activities to carry out from walking around the beautiful pavements to learning the culture of the Aboriginal people. Visitors also enjoy a wonderful viewing of the harbor. Strategically located is an outlet that sells souvenirs. Lunch time tours usually run on weekdays except on holidays from March through to November. Benches are placed in strategic points for resting along the tours. The tour on the Aboriginal heritage takes off on every Friday at 2 pm and lasts for one hour. These tours are subject to a fee. A unisex toilet is available North of Victoria Lodge; and the loop above the waterfront loop that leads to a viewing platform 100m south of the chair. The gardens are accessed by the Queen Elizabeth II gate, or from the Opera house and circular Quay. Alternatively, one can use the Victoria gate. Gardens open every day at 6.30 am and are closed at dusk. Entry is usually free. However, entry to the Tropical palace is not free, adults pay $5.50, concession is $4.40, and family is $11.00. I noticed that it has many staff members though I was told that most of them were volunteers. Positive and Aspects There is no doubt that the gardens provide wonderful and relaxing walks and perhaps the finest green space in Sydney. Its location is perfect, offering people wonderful view of the harbor. They also provide a safe place for people to relax or simply enjoy a picnic. The abundant birdlife life is also very impressive. However, the gardens are not that spectacular as typical gardens usually are with duck ponds, and well kept gardens. They are simply a pleasant park with opens lawns but not gardens as people are made to believe. This is seen from the signs that encourage visitors to walk on and enjoy the lawns. The gardens original purpose was
The article posted in Kaieteur News, titled “Orphaned Teen Robber Sentenced to Community Service,” reports that an adolescent orphan robber was apprehended and put before the court in Georgetown (“Orphaned teen robber,” 2018). The youth had an accomplice, and the two managed to extort 2 BLU cellphones from a victim while using the threat of violence. In court, the juvenile criminal stated that the reason for his criminal behavior was that he never knew his parents, was a school dropout, and ended up being a part of a “bad company” (“Orphaned teen robber,” 2018). This situation is best described by Agnew’s general theory of crime, which states that some of the primary variables in criminal behavior are personality traits of low constraint, poor parenting practices, negative school experiences, peer delinquency, and unemployment (Cullen, Agnew, & Wilcox, 2017). The criminal from the article exhibits all five, meaning that the likelihood of him committing the crime was high. This conclusion is supported by racial and cultural theories, which claim that in the absence of stable income, parental supervision, and education, survival becomes the primary purpose in a child’s life, with violence and delinquency as acceptable means of achieving personal goals (Cullen et al., 2017). A potential policy to mitigate such developments should be focused on providing social support to orphans and children from dysfunctional backgrounds. In the absence of a parental figure, these children should be placed into orphanages rather than being left out on the street and get exposed to the whole array of factors described in the general theory of crime (Onkari & Itagi, 2018). The “street culture,” in the absence of an alternative, becomes a credible replacement that ensures survival. Therefore, the crimes such as the one presented above are not the personal character failure of the teenager in question, but a failure of society to address the matter.
Currently, the issues of sexism, racism, and poverty have been adequately explored by many scholars due to the occurrence of violence against Indigenous women. However, specific factors producing violence against trans people in local community groups and Indigenous women’s organizations have not been given sufficient consideration. In her work, Embodying Self-Determination: Beyond the Gender Binary , Sarah Hunt studies the elimination of trans and Two-Spirit people’ communities as the form of ongoing colonial violence. Therefore, this paper aims at discussing particular problems and realities experienced by indigenous women, girls, and Two-Spirit people and the possible ways of overcoming this phenomenon. The foundations of Native disappearance were laid since North America’s colonization when settlers strived to develop a prosperous society. At that period, colonial laws and efforts were directed at the imposition of gendered and racialized categories on aboriginals who were mostly trans people. For instance, the Indian Act, passed in 1876, determined “patrilineality as the criterion for determining Indian status,” resulting in limiting the Indians’ civil rights, including participation in band government and obtaining a band service. Other regulations also were adopted to assimilate Indians into the Canadian society and established gendered power relations among men and women. Moreover, Indian residential schools played a central role in imposing racialized gender ideologies in various native communities. Nevertheless, despite resolute efforts to demolish the cultural practices, ceremonies, belief systems, and names, these native forms of traditions remain functioning in some communities. In particular, substantial knowledge about indigenous gender systems can be revealed in their languages, especially in oral histories. For example, the Navajo’s word “nadleehe” implies somebody involved in a continuous change process and can be associated with personality traits and occupational preferences, not only with sexual orientation. In the current context, the primary factors contributing to indigenous women’s poor health status comprise low socio-economic status, inadequate housing quality, poor educational levels, limited employment opportunities, and poor access to health services. Frequent occurrences of spousal, sexual, and other violence are also significant determinants leading to gender inequalities in indigenous women’s health. Finally, the indigenous women’s marginaliza
Defining the problem: Confidentiality Breach It is obvious that what has occurred can be defined as the breach of the patient’s confidentiality and the violation of the patient’s civil rights. Compliance officer’s desirable course of actions According to the existing HIPPAA ( Protected health information and patient privacy , 2014) rules, a compliance officer is supposed to take the actions required to prevent the further leakage of any personal data of the patient. Incompliance to regulations vs. a legal concern At the first sight, the problem in question can be interpreted as a sign of poor coordination between the actions of the hospital staff. Hence, it can be interpreted as in compliance with the existing rules. The issue, however, can also be viewed from the perspective of the patient’s civil rights’ violation. Private information disclosure is a punishable offense, and the patient has the right to sue the hospital staff, which was exactly the case with Mr. Stevens. While one could make a very slim argument that the effects of the nurse’s actions were not as drastic as they could have been in the worst-case scenario – after all, none of the people involved got injured – yet the harm was done, and Mr. Stevens is most likely to win the case in court. Hence, it will be reasonable to state that, when viewed from the perspective of the hospital staff, the problem can be seen as in compliance with regulations; however, when analyzed from the position of the patient, it takes the shape of legal concern. Defining each mistake: what should have been handled differently Spotting the step that has led to the drastic effects is not that hard – unless the nurse had confused the phone numbers, the situation would not exist. However, laying the blame on the nurse entirely would also be quite an overstatement; in fact, the case in point is a graphic example of an extremely poor knowledge management system employed at the hospital. The case description shows clearly that the problems started at the point when the nurse decided to handle the patient’s personal information without consulting him. Despite the fact that the case opens with the description of a rather unpleasant conversation between Sue and the nurse, one must admit that the irritation, which the nurse experienced, as well as the manner, in which she talked to Sue, stemmed from the improper ethical principles, which the hospital staff was guided by. Consequently, the next step that was mishandled was failing to resolve the conflict between the patient and the hospital staff. Passing the responsibilities to Sue was the next step that should have been handled in a different manner – instead, Sue should have been able to monitor the communication between the patients and the staff and spot the problem on her own. Thus, a minor dent in the hospital’s ethics started snowballing, finally leading to a lawsuit. Preventing the problem from reoccurring: a p
Existing and Emerging Risks Risks on the provision of Wood There are numerous risks associated with the provision of wood as raw materials for publishing, construction and other related services. On the other hand, the construction sector, paper and publishing industry, production of pulp and other related fields gives a clear indication on the importance of wood and other byproducts on the efficiency of growth and development of numerous industries, institutions and states (O’Keohane & Olmstead 2007). This indicates that the risk increases when more trees are used in the construction, publishing and other related economic fields without having a relative increase in plantation (Chazdon 2008). The conventional use of trees and rainforests is to assist in the production of food through the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. In addition, the trees act as the supporters of the water cycle and the destruction of this result in adverse consequences. Research shows that the fertility level falls from the drying up of the moisture in the soil, evaporation of the effective nutrients, exposure of bacteria and a final wash away from rain and floods. Research indicates that the absorption and retaining of water by trees is an aspect that has been used in the effective completion of the life cycle of water (Turner & Daily 2008). Risks on Regulating Services A change in the water cycle and the facilitation of soil erosion leads to the changes in climate. From the above two risks, an intense and long term phenomenon can arise if the felling and usage of trees are not controlled (Kosoy, Corbera & Brown 2008). The production of food and the water cycle is facilitated through the absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen in the atmosphere. This means that the changes in the natural life cycle and habitats cause huge risks in the ecosystem (Luck, Daily & Ehrlich 2003). Risks on Educational and Cultural Services There are different manmade effects of climate regulation that affects the ecosystem on a gradual basis. The regulation of temperatures, heat and humidity by individuals mostly in the urban areas acts as a platform for destruction of the natural temperatures and humidity levels. The depletion of rainforests through deforestation and extinction of natural species result in immense outcomes in the education services rendered to different people and institutions. The rainforest acts as an education platform for people due to the existence of different and numerous animal and plant species that coexist for years. Destruction of these areas will produce an equal effect on the education fraternity, especially in research practices. Factors Leading to Degradation of Ecosystems There are various existing and emerging risks that affect the ecosystem negatively, thus resulting in a need for immediate action to control these risks. This causes the loss in soil fertility and degradation of the fertility levels (Chazdon 2008).