ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The world is constantly changing, with new issues arising every day and finding support from the broader community. For example, today, society is far more accepting of transgender people than it was a couple of decades ago. The discussion of the eligibility of transgender identities inevitably gives way to the consideration of other changing identities. Thus, a recent debate concerns transracialism and whether a transition from one race to another should be viewed as socially acceptable on the same basis as transgender identities. This essay will examine two articles providing different views on transgender and transracial identities and argue that considerations used to support the transgender community are not transferable to the issue of transracial. The article Why We Shouldn’t Compare Transracial to Transgender Identity by Robin Dembroff and Dee Payton asserts that a transracial identity should not be compared to a transgender one. The authors suggest that the discussed identities are based on different concepts, disallowing the same considerations employed to defend transgender persons to support transracialism. Gender classification is primarily viewed as a result of the interactions between biology and culture (Dembroff & Payton, 2021). In the last 150 years, the biological notion of sex was changed and enriched after the discovery of hormones, chromosomes, and various intersex variations (Dembroff & Payton, 2021). Similarly, the cultural and societal perspectives on what gender is and who can be viewed as a man or a woman changed significantly. Race is an equally complex concept, but it is a social and historical one. Although it is somewhat based on biology, race is also viewed from an intergenerational perspective as representatives of different races inherit the privileges and disparities experienced by their predecessors. Thus, the views on what constitutes gender and race continue to change and should not be strictly defined. The authors emphasize the importance of experience and culture in the transgender and transracial identities. Dembroff and Payton (2021) note that the experience of gender inequality and sexism are not intergenerational, and both cisgender and transgender women may be exposed to misogyny. Meanwhile, transracial can be viewed as cultural appropriation as a person identifying as Black is unlikely to have experienced the same disparities and intergenerational inequality within the African American community. Therefore, it can be stated that people do not truly become part of that community by claiming to be Black. Overall, the considerations that are employed to support transgender persons should not be utiliz
The debate concerning Same Sex Marriages (SSMs) has become a controversial issue in the contemporary US society. In the recent past, we have witnessed a lot of debate either in favor, or against the sanction of the same sex marriages by the federal government. This essay explores the underlying assumptions that individuals have against the proposal of legalizing SSMs. Proponents supporting the legalization of gay unions argue that marriage is based on love, relationships, and tolerance which supersede any other issue. However, this essay argues that things are not easy as they seem. There are a lot of aspects that militate against the acknowledgement of same sex marriages. This essay argues that same sex marriages have the capacity to cause detrimental problems. This is in relation to a variety of significant social and cultural factors that disqualify such kinds of unions (“Disadvantages of Gay and Lesbian Marriage (Same-sex Marriage)” par. 1). Several surveys conducted in the 1990s have suggested that the biggest issue affecting conservative Christians and any other American citizen from the North is the possibility of awarding the same privileges to SSMs, which are enjoyed by heterosexual couples. The issue which raises the highest contention is the legalization of SSMs. From the initial attempt which was instituted to legalize gay marriages in Hawaii, the issue has remained in the public focus. Tensions have escalated during 2003 when gay marriages were accepted in Ontario and British Columbia. However, the conservative Christian clergy have defined SSMs as a potential hazard to society. They regard the derogative nature of this vice as self-explanatory, and hence they do not indulge in in-depth discussions of the factors that arouse their concerns (Disadvantages of Gay and Lesbian Marriage (Same-sex Marriage)” par. 2). The government of Hawaii and the petitioners who filed the case on behalf of the Christian clergy argued that SSM couples cannot offer the same parenting quality as heterosexual parents. They emphasize that the only way to ensure that children are provided with quality care is to demand both parents to be of separate genders. Additionally, it is argued that children raised by SSMs are confused
The institution of correctional facilities in Georgia is subject to a fragmentation of various departments and programs that fall under local, state, or federal jurisdictions. However, the main goals in a correctional facility are corrections, law adjudication, and law enforcement. Georgia is experiencing a surge in offender population within its correctional facilities. Consequently, there is a need for skilled counselors who are well equipped to deal with the needs of the clients in correctional facilities. Nevertheless, the qualification and licensure of these professionals is governed by both regional and national legislations. Federal laws on forensic treatment are uniform across the country but most state laws are specific to the practices within their respective jurisdictions. This paper focuses on two state laws that are specific to forensic treatment activities of correctional counselors within the state of Georgia. One specific law that applies to the practice of correctional counseling in Georgia concerns licensure. Under Georgia’s state codes and statutes, these individuals are exempt from the strict licensure requirements that apply to other forms of forensic treatment: “Persons who engage in the practice of professional counseling as employees of privately owned correctional facilities….or any county board of health, or any community service board or similar entity created by general law to provide services to persons with disabilities, as defined in Chapter 2 of Title 37” (Hanser, Mire & Braddock, 2011, p. 50). Another important law stipulates that reciprocity be allowed within the state of Georgia. Consequently, individuals who have obtained correctional counseling permits from other states are allowed to engage in forensic treatment activities in Georgia as long as they uphold the local codes of conduct. Some states only accept and recognize credentials that have been obtained within their jurisdictions. The two main counseling legislations have considerable implications on the provisions of treatment within forensic populations. The first law ensures that the choices of privately owned facilities when it comes to treatment of forensic populations are not interfered with by the state. The state of Georgia ensures that correctional counselors are able to carry out their activities with minimal interference and within the confines of the laws (Cohen & Dvoskin, 2012). For instance, most correctional facilities, county boards of health, and other similar entities are governed by state laws. Consequently, it is not prudent for state administrations to subject their employees to parallel laws. On the other hand, this stipulation is directly beneficial to the forensic treatment of minorities such as people with disabilities. For example, patients with mental health issues are well catered for under this state law. The law of reciprocity makes it easy for entry-level professionals who practice in Georgia. However, the ‘reciprocit
Introduction Such concept as American exceptionalism has always been a subject of heated discussion. There are various interpretations of this notion, but it seems that the most appropriate definition has been given by Michael Ignatieff, according to him, it is the belief that this country “differs from others in terms of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution and distinctive political system” (Ignatieff, p 112). Main body This approach reflects all the complexity of this phenomenon and its constituent parts. However, this term takes its origins in the works of a prominent French sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville, in particular, in his book Democracy in America, in which the author explores the peculiarities of social system in the United States. It should be borne in mind that this book was written at the beginning of the nineteenth century, namely in 1835 and since that time American community has undergone drastic changes, but the main structural principles, described by the scholar, are still noticeable. Prior to analyzing this work in connection with American exceptionalism, we need to say that the author actually never uses this tern. Certainly, he describes democracy in the United States as something unprecedented, but he never claims that this country is superior to others. From his point of view, this political system also has some shortcomings. Alexis de Tocqueville focuses on several aspects of the democracy in America; in particular, he explores the common denominators that unite people of various cultural, racial and ethnic origins. In his opinion, the most distinctive feature of the US citizens, is their patriotism, he says, “In the United States, patriotic sentiment is persuasive, whether at the village level, or the level of the Union as a whole; the public interest is a matter of concern. People care about their countrys interests as though they were their own” (Tocqueville, p 106). The scholar argues that such behavior can be partly ascribed to the citizens belief that this country is a land of promise, where every person has equal opportunities. In addition to that, he states that such patriotism was untypical of European superpowers, because in France or in the United Kingdom the authority belonged to the elite group, aristocracy, whereas in the United States, the power was the privilege of the majority. Thus, we may assume that in part, American exceptionalism is derived from the attitude of people towards the state and government. Apart f
After the conducted research on Martin Luther-King’s leadership style and qualities, it is about time to summarize the main lessons and impact provided by the said study. It would be possible to achieve this by comparing one’s core principles and beliefs to those of fundamental leadership theories and Luther-King’s style as a way to find out the alignments and misalignments. The main point lies in the following statement: role models and famous leaders can positively influence one’s style, though not to the extent of entirely copying it. Thus, one needs to state which principles are suitable for borrowing to enhance the ethics of leadership influence. Core Beliefs and Their Meaning First, I should mention the beliefs and values, meaningful to my leadership management, and pick out the most crucial ones. The following would allow noticing several essential aspects for further study conduct. Firstly, it would sum up the moral and ethical cornerstones of one’s personality and behavioral expression. Secondly, it would open the way to safely measure how they are reflected in the leading and everyday behavior. In the beginning, I would like to note that I base my beliefs on four universal principles: honesty, responsibility, respect, and willingness. In other words, I see honesty as an integral part of human communication, responsibility, and respect as vital components of persons’ relationship and willingness as a way of demonstrating one’s voluntary action. Among the core values, I deem friendship and agreement as a core value in not only leading people but even in every day dealing with them. As for the organization, powers, processes, and profit beliefs, firstly, I see any organization members as parts of a united organism that needs all the components to function correctly. However, people outside the organization are also valuable for two reasons – firstly, they still have a chance to join the community, and secondly, because even a single individual can matter. In power assessment, I consider human emotions the primary motivators of the persons’ activities, including both positive (love and trust) and negative (hate and rage) feelings. Those also move forward the progress of humanity, and the policies frequently base the main principles of using emotions. Regarding the profit, in my opinion, it can be achieved both through positive and underhanded tactics of leadership. In my behavior, I try to follow the declared principles, although it does not always go the right way. Firstly, while usually honest, sometimes I use hiding and half-true in situations where truth can bring negative consequences. However, I do show respect to every individual, even if someone acts aggressively towards me. Secondly, I try to make the best use of my emotional state, as well as the state of others, to lead in the right direction. Nonetheless, I must admit that negative feelings also can be helpful in some cases, despite their destructive nature. Leadership Theories and Their Impact A part of the research included the study of modern leadership theories – the current models to improve one’s leadership style. For the sake of assessing and improving the leader
These days, the topic of sexual life has stopped being a forbidden matter of discussion, and, gradually, people tend to feel more comfortable about covering this aspect. They are interested in diving deep into this part of their life. This tendency also regards religions, as they predominantly imply strict rules regulating sexuality in order to achieve enlightenment. Buddhism also involves a particular attitude to this aspect of life. It does not stimulate its adherents to stick to austerity and chastity, though it does not approve of overindulgence. This way, the purpose of this paper is to review the Buddhist perspective on sexuality, covering the laws of celibacy, homosexuality, monasticism, and sexual yoga, and prove that it is not restraining in most points. The Laws of Celibacy Monastic Lifestyle First of all, it is worthy to distinguish the lifestyles of both monks and laities. As for Theravada tradition, it includes 277 codes of behavior, which are essential to be stuck to in case an individual has completed vestiture. The major aim of these rules is to regulate the lifestyle of a person, which leads to achieving enlightenment. Monks agree on these regulations under their own volition, and in case they are not capable of following them, they have a possibility to exit the monastic community. It is considered to be more honest to refuse to stick to the aforementioned rules than to be a hypocritical member of the community, who consciously violates the codes. There are four primary regulations of a monastic lifestyle, and their violation is perceived as ‘defeat’ and leads to exclusion from the community. The first code regards the topic of this paper and addresses sexual relations. Sexual abstinence is the most crucial aspect of a monastic lifestyle. Both homosexual and heterosexual sexual acts are considered to be the breakage of abstinence. Committing such an action, a monk excludes himself from the community. Other scandals of a sexual character, except for sex acts, lead to status decline and require guilt expiation. Monk-students, who contravened the vow of chastity, are not a member of the community. This principle appears to be relevant for Mahayana traditions of Buddhism and female monks, in schools where female communities exist (Langenberg 2015). There is no term ‘a married monk’, though there is the practice of ‘halfmonkhood’ when married teachers maintain their order, which is permitted in some cases. However, this event does not refer t
Introduction Different scholars apply varying definitions to the term “public administration” depending on their use for the same. In essence, the term often describes the various aspects involved in the development and implementation of government policies. As an academic discipline, public administration refers to the study of the development and implementation of such policies with the aim of enabling scholars to understand and apply such knowledge to their daily undertakings in both their personal and professional undertakings as citizens or public servants. This paper explores the effect of public administration as an academic discipline from my scholarly experience. It contains a concise description of ways in which readings assist me to understand my professional experiences and involvements, my obligations as a citizen in a free state, and ways in which the course enhances skills such as writing, critical thinking, decision-making, and ethical awareness. Impact on professional experiences and involvements Readings on public administration, as an academic discipline, have enabled me to understand my professional experiences and professional undertakings and continue to do so in various ways. Firstly, they have enabled me to understand the processes involved in the creation of policies that affect public administrators and other professionals with links to their offices in different capaci
Introduction As revealed in the video ‘Going to School (Ir a la Escuela)’ by Richard Cohen, students’ educational experiences impact a lot on their entire social life. Disabled children in special schools perceive themselves as being sidelined by society, a perception that affects their social life greatly. Once these children with disabilities are educated separately from the mainstream, their social life remains constrained in confusion; since they perceive themselves as being inferior to the other children. This is evidenced when Richard, who is mentally challenged, is continuously undermined by his colleagues for going to special schools. In response, Richard’s mother ceaselessly devotes to get him a chance in the mainstream schools, to secure her son’s social life. Ir a la Escuela: Special Education As has been noticed in the film, students from low social classes and other races experience a high degree of profiling in their education. This is evidenced when Richard, who is a Latino, remains restricted in special classes before her mother finally understands the legal and social rights of all the children about their education. As it turns out, Richard’s mother finally comes to understand that it is the right of all Latinos, despite being foreigners to access education from the mainstream, regardless of their physical and mental status. This particular profiling of students based on their social status and races has been brought out as impacting negatively on the overall social life of the students. By having the notion of being socially outlined, the students with disabilities from lower social classes and other races were found not to be able to learn effectively. Certainly, special education students should be included in mainstream classrooms. By incorporating these students in the mainstream classes, high motivation and would be created among such children. Through social interactions with other children, disabled children would perceive themselves as being equal to the other children and create a positive impact on their social life. As learned from the film, there is a great need for all children with various special needs to be integrated into mainstream classes. According to the social bonding theory, cultural and social integration would only be realized when all social institutions are modified to eliminate all forms of profiling. As revealed in the video, parents of disabled children are brought out as being fully devoted to see the well being of their children in all social aspects. For instance, Richards’s mother emerges as a very devoted parent to see that her son, Richard is educated in regular classes. This is evidenced by her ceaseless efforts to fight for her son, Richard
Introduction At present moment it is almost impossible to find a person who does not read books and does not know at least several famous writers and poets. Literature is present by the diversity of writers and poets whose masterpieces provoke so many different opinions, contradictory points of view and critical articles. The works of literature written in verse are especially interesting and pleasant to read as poets use so beautiful language to present their ideas and vision of some objects. In modern literature there are a lot works, which depict different cities and historical monuments, but Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino is an example of the works, which deal with the description of nonexistent cities. Main text In Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino describes the main crises of modern cities. Creating an invented world, the author looks for the way to explain man’s imaginative genius and to emphasize the composite defies created by our perception of modern cities. This work can be regarded as novel. It is written in simple and very beautiful language depicting the places visited by Marco Polo. Performed in the tradition and habit of travel literature, Invisible Cities can be paralleled with such works of classical literature as Homer or Virgil, who presented their stories by means of some famous heroes of Greek legends. In general, Invisible Cities describes 155 cities. The most remarkable thing is that all of them have female names and can not be found on the map. Symbolically, these cities represent such themes as love, death and people’s connection with technology: “At the end of three days, moving southward, you came upon Anastasia, a city with concentric canals watering it and kites flying over it…” (Calvino 12). Moreover, they also replicate people’s unachievable anxieties or wishes. This set of novels is easy and pleasant to read, despite of the fact that it gets on a trip through composite, disjointed places and abounds with imageries. In his book Calvino provides the readers with the masterpiece that feature the most significant challenges of our lives. Moreover, he tells about the lack of possibilities and imagination, which can help to realize the c