ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Whereas the central dynamism of Islamic scholars is about instituting the Utopian Islamic nation, this paper endeavors to pursue the notions of Maudwi and Khomeinis’s Islamic State. The twentieth century underscores one of the unanticipated political events in the history of Iran. During this era in history, as of 1979, the Iranian Islamic Revolution was manifest under the auspices of Khomeini, who was inclined on the maxims the opposed the west, and its imperialistic government, (Edward C. and Ayatollah Khomeini, 2004:100-108). The insurgency was an event beyond phantom, in accrual sense traditional causes of resurgence were not evident. Subjugated in war; deprived economically; farmer’s upheaval, as well as a discontented military. As such myriad average persons were associated (with respect to many scholars it happens to be one of the most populist resurgence in history with respect to one scholar. This conquered a government with containers of grease wealth at his discarding, protected by both a huge as well as a feared indemnity paraphernalia’s in addition to a colossal army that equipped with sophisticated tools. A ruler ship that egalitarian experts—correspondents, bureaucrats, civil servant—would roughly certainly have voted least probable of any all through the world to be throw out. The resurgence advanced from strongly-worded open letters to the Shah by scholars calling for adherence to the constitution, (May 1977) to millions in the street as well as collective fiscal impairment from protests and rebellion. The 1979 Islamic revolution has been dubbed as the most contemporary insurgence where ideologies like nationalism as well as populism—took a back seat to pious practices; theocracy, (Edward C. and Ayatollah Khomeini, 2004:100-108). Introduction The modern Islamic civilization was founded by Al- Mauwdudi in 1941.He wrote many Islamic books which were later translated into forty languages. Then there was Khomeini an Iranian political and religious leader from 1900 to 1989. He confirmed Iran the first Islam republic in the world and was elected as the political and religious leader of Iran. Islamic laws were introduced across Iran and world at large. An Islamic government must recognize the superiority of Islamic laws above all characteris
Introduction A legal requirement to all airlines is that they are required to provide flight attendants to guarantee the safety of the passengers. Though the principal responsibility of the flight attendants is to ensure that all the passengers adhere to the safety regulations, they are also charged with the responsibility of ensuring that flights are enjoyable and comfortable for passengers. Additionally, the government stipulates that flight attendants should act as the last line of defense against terrorists and segregate passengers who display symptoms of contagious diseases such as flu. Despite the numerous responsibilities placed on flight attendants, they are expected to be jolly at all times and implement creative methods of generating additional revenues for airlines. This paper discusses how the activities of flight attendants have generated revenues for airlines in the past and makes proposals that may be implemented to generate additional revenue for the airlines more so in the present financial dilemma. Conventional Roles of Flight Attendants An hour before take-off, the flight’s attendants are briefed by the captain of the flight on various issues. The issues include emergency evacuation procedures, the duration of the flight, the anticipated weather conditions, and other issues that may have impacted the flight. Flight attendants ensure that the first aid equipment is aboard the plane and is operational and that the passenger compartment is well attended to with ample supplies of food, beverages, and other amenities. As the passengers board the plane, flight attendants welcome them, verify their tickets, and guide them on where to place their jackets and their other carry-on luggage. These are the conventional responsibilities of flight attendants. These activities are not only aimed at ensuring that the passengers are comfortable but also to attract repeat business by clients who received world-class attention while flying. Therefore, airlines are engaged in hiring professional flight attendants as a means of attracting repeat and new clients; this ensures that the airlines generate additional revenues and counter the stiff competition that characterizes the airline’s industry. Modern Roles of Flight Attendants Presently, the airline industry is characterized by stiff and increasing competition. The onset of the international financial crisis, the increasing international oil prices, and the increased terrorist threats necessitating additional security measures have only acted to turn the situation from bad to worse. Therefore, airlines are faced with the challenge of developing new and more innovative measures that will generate revenue and ensure that airlines survive the financial turmoil. Numerous proposals can be adopted to increase airline revenues. These proposals are discussed below: Advertisements are a highly sought means of publications a
Introduction The role of the Internet in lives of people continues to grow every day. Many people store their information online and use services that require some personal information to be shared. Moreover, Internet-based programs and services are used by companies, communities, governments, and international organizations, which increases the amount and the significance of information present online. Such a way of storing and transferring information opens new opportunities for illegal activity. Thus, cybercrime – the use of computers and the Internet for unlawful acts – is a growing phenomenon that becomes more elaborate and more dangerous every minute (Aggarwal et al. 48). Cybercrime has many types because the Internet offers a variety of services to its users. Hackers can steal personal information of other users, use malicious software to corrupt data and stop services from functioning properly, illegally download information and share it with others breaching copyright laws, and distort the overall safety of users and their lives One of the branches of cybercrime is personal data theft that can include financial information, legal documents, medical records, and other data (Hutchings and Holt 11). While this type of crime may seem to be less damaging in a global sense, it is widespread, making personal data theft one of the most popular forms of cybercrime (Wheatley et al. 8). Currently, there are no clear solutions to protect personal information and maintain a safe space for people’s private data. A significant issue that slows the development of better protective systems down is the lack of cybercrime assessment frameworks. This literature review examines the recent scholarship investigating cybercrimes and the erosion of privacy with the focus on finding new solutions to protect information and evaluate the damages that hackers bring to the world every day. Research Problem The analyzed literature reveals a problem in the sphere of cybercrime research – the lack of statistical information and analysis of interventions in the field of personal data theft. Literature Review and Analysis To understand the severity of the problem, one should investigate the main aspects of cybercrime, its history, and legal considerations. For this purpose, a review by Aggarwal et al. should be considered as it contains all necessary information on the topics of cybercrime and cybersecurity. According to the authors, there is a wide variety of cybercrime types, briefly mentioned above. The review also considers some effects that cybercrimes can have on people. For example, while some illegal practices may be directed at individual people, others may target entire businesses or government agencies, increasing the severity of the crime and the damages brought as a result. The authors also present some information about cyber security and laws that can help victims to defend their rights. However, the review notes that current legal practices are insufficient to protect people’s data and persecute criminals for their crimes (Aggarwal et al. 50). Thus, such needs as better coordination of law enforcement age
Introduction A negotiation is a dialogue which is aimed at settling a dispute so that a conclusion is reached which is agreeable between the parties involved. A negotiation is also a bargain which results to an individual advantage. There are many styles of negotiations which are currently in use. A particular style in use will depend largely on the context and interest of the opposite party which is involved in the negotiations. The approaches used during a particular negotiation also depend on the prevailing circumstances which led to the dispute. Negotiation happens in, organizations, public offices, legislative processes, internationally and also in marriages during divorce. Therefore, in everyday life, we will always face challenges which will lead us to the path of negotiating with the other party. Negotiation theory is thus the study of negotiation which is quite crucial in contemporary society. In the modern world, there are professional negotiators who can act to represent an individual, organizations and any other party involved. Factors to consider when preparing for a negotiation Generally speaking, there are many factors which a person should consider before they engage in any kind of negotiation. As NTI (2010) observes these aspects consist of;   * Competitive investigation- Identifying the behavior of market can help demystify the prevailing working operations of the market.   * Identifying the objectives of the negotiation is also another factor which needs to be considered. Since all sides want to gain form the deal, a party should prioritize their objectives so as not to risk being exploited.   * Price and payment of the negotiation object should also be considered in that negotiators should relate their bargains to a synergistic approach in a joint problem solving situation.   * Maintenance cost of the goods should also be considered. The revenue during maintenance of machinery for example should be considered together with the cost of fuel, safety and performance monitoring.   * The delivery cost can also be imposed on the buyer. Thus a buyer, while negotiating should consider such costs. BATNA BATNA is an acronym for Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. It is a term coined by Roger and Ury, renowned writers and business people. There is no way a wise decision can be made unless the parties involved know what the alternatives are at their disposal. The individual BATNA is the threshold that protects the individual’s both accepting an offer which is not favorable, or from rejecting a favorable offer (Spangler, 2003). This indicates that one should consider withdrawing from a negotiation should they find it hard to improve the agreement. In doing all these, the cost of withdrawing from negotiation should also be taken into consideration. Negotiation power is increased when a person has a good BATNA. Determination of ones BATNA should be a critical factor before engaging in any type of negotiation. Thus one should develop
Introduction A strong teen-parental relationship is fundamental to influencing responsible sexual behaviors among adolescents. According to Lederman, Chan, and Roberts-Gray (2008), “parents influence children’s decisions about sexual engagements” (p. 137). Health practitioners recommend the adoption of well-designed interactive frameworks to engage parents and adolescents in prevention education programs. Designing parent-child discussions into curriculum-guided prevention initiatives such as social controls can augment the comfort of conversations about sex, adherence to parents’ rules, and the involvement of parents in teen’s activities (Lederman et al., 2008). Parent-child education addresses crucial aspects of adolescents such as knowledge and self-efficacy as well as approaches that reduce risky behaviors and STI rates. Lederman et al. (2008) note that about 94% of parents and 76% of youths participate in holding discussions about sex, contraception, and pregnancy (p. 142). On average, most teens of middle school feel somewhat comfortable discussing sex, AIDS, and the use of condoms with their parents. Parental rules play a pivotal role in controlling the adolescent’s sexual behavior. For example, most adolescents acknowledge parental rules about dating, partying, staying out late, having sex, and using contraception (Lederman et al., 2008). Besides, the involvement of parents in adolescents’ activities such as helping them with homework, watching them in games, and accompanying them in school programs influenced decision-making skills and responsible sexual conduct. Mainly, youths perceive the opinions of parents about sexual behaviors as highly relevant. Comprehensive approaches Comprehensive approaches such as evidence-based programs that integrate curricula-based sex education have been effective in preventing teen pregnancies and infections. Mainly, comprehensive risk-reduction interventions are appropriate in incentivizing responsible adolescent behaviors such as abstinence, which in turn reduces the risk of pregnancy, HIV, and STIs. Chin et al. (2012), reviewed 66 studies that used comprehensive risk-reduction and found out that the intervention was effective. The authors report that the program led to reductions in sexual activity, the frequency of sexual activity, dangerous behaviors such as the number of sexual partners, and unprotected sexual activity (Chin et al., 2012). Furthermore, such approaches are effective in encouraging youths to use condoms. The meta-analysis performed by Chin et al. (2012) indicates that comprehensive risk-reduction pro
Autism spectrum disorder is a frequently discussed problem that is observed in many individuals nowadays. Autism is also referred to as Asperger’s syndrome and has unknown to science causes (“Autism Spectrum Disorders Health Center” par. 1). This is a developmental disability that is expressed in significant social, cognitive, communicative, and emotional issues of the people affected by it (“Facts about ASD” par. 1). Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms that may vary in different individuals. The general symptoms are an inability to relate to other people or their feelings, avoidance of social and physical contact, inconsistent communication with other people, and very unusual ways of learning, reacting to, or memorizing things. In his stories from “An Anthropologist on Mars”, Oliver Sacks explores the everyday lives of several people affected by autism spectrum disorder. The fascinating fact about some of such individuals is that they may be gifted in a number of ways. For instance, they can be able to memorize things very fast and precisely, or they may have a perfect musical ear, they can show outstanding drawing and painting abilities, or be excellent at math. Such individuals are called savant, and Sacks describes two of them in particular – Stephen Wiltshire and Temple Grandin. Neither of these people represents a stereotypical image of an autistic individual often shown in the films. They do not show repetitive movements, they do not have emotional breakdowns, but they both share incredible abilities. Stephen is an outstanding artist with a precise eye and amazing memory, he creates the most detailed drawings of cities observed by him from a helicopter. Temple is a scientist with a Ph.D., who is also good at memorizing information, and has a perfect musical ear. One more similarity between the two people is that they frequently engage in social activities due to their professions and lifestyles. The difference between Stephen and Temple is that the former is unable to live alone as he is not as good at everyday routine activities as he is at drawing. Temple leads quite a lonely life in a house of her own and uses he self-designed squeeze machine to simulate the only physical contact she needs – hugging (Sacks 262). Besides, Temple often explores her own experiences and attempts to understand the feelings of others that are unavailable to her by visualizing herself as other creatures – people and animals. Temple is very observant of her own mind while Stephen does not seem to analyze his differences. One may say that the main difference between the two people is that Temple has a scientific explorative mind, where Stephen has an artistic one. Temple’s extraordinary insights allow her to teach about autism and make the world of autistic people a little less vague for the observers. Temple relates to animals more than people; she enjoys touching and holding them. Temple compares her sensory reactions to those of cows. It is possible that her emotional development is closer to that of animals than to human one. In addition, Temple is alone by
The Experiment Sketch The given experiment was conducted to calculate the discharge rate of water with the help of a hydraulic bench. In the course of the experiment, the following tools were used: 1) a hydraulic bench (8 M.M. Get, Equipment No. 1752), 2) a small amount of water; 3) and two rubber caps, with the help of which the discharge rate of water was going to be calculated with. In the course of the experiment, the velocity of water was also going to be evaluated. The Experiment was going to be carried out in the following manner:   * Checking the equipment;   * Charging the hydraulic bench with water;   * Placing the plastic caps at the end of the shaft;   * Increasing/decreasing pressure;   * Observing the changes;   * Writing down the results;   * Making conclusions concerning the manner in which the water in the hydraulic bench reacted towards the change of pressure. Relevant Parameters Annotation Speaking of the course of the research, one must add that the experiment is going to be carried out in the following way. As water is going to be added to the hydraulic bench, the pressure in the bench is going to be raised by increasing the weight pan and tightening the spring. Therefore, the force applied to the hydraulic bench will be increased, thus, triggering the increase in pressure. The pressure will be, therefore, applied to the liquid in the bench, i.e., the water. As soon as the pressure rises, the water will touch the rubber cap. Calculating the distance that the cap is going to cover, one can possibly evaluate the pressure and, thus, come to the conclusion concerning the water velocity. Assumptions and Theory Since the volume of the water is going to be changed while its mass will remain the same, it can be assumed that the density and, therefore, the velocity of the liquid is going to be changed as well in a direct proportion to the force applied to the hydraulic bench. Measurement Errors It is necessary to keep in mind that, no matter how accurate the results might be calculated, there would always be a possibility of error, even if this possibility were driven to the smallest degree. Therefore, it is important to mention that the precision rates in the given report are at the 0.5 rate. That said, it is also worth noting that the hydraulic bench also has an admissible error. Therefore, the research results can be viewed as approximate. Nevertheless, it must be mentioned that the research calculations have been carried out in the due manner according to the required formulas. The Experime
“Plata O Plomo: Silver or Lead” by Marie Javdani is an article that addresses ways of dealing with the out of control drug problem in Colombia. The purpose of the text is to show that the U.S. should seek alternative ways of tackling the problem since the billions of dollars it has been channeling to the country does not seem to do any better. Therefore, the U.S. should be concerned about cutting the demand for illicit drugs through education and treatment. The former will assist people in stopping using drugs while the latter will be instrumental in making users conversant with the ultimate consequences of their actions. The majority of Colombians are engaged in the cultivation of cocaine. Its production amounts to about 80% of the world’s total output and a significant quantity of the United States heroin supply. Even though the U.S. sends aid to Latin American governments to fight the illicit trade in drugs, the rate of violence in the country has not changed. That is why Marie Javdani defines alternative ways of tackling the rampant problem. The Colombians’ primary source of money comes from drug production. According to Javdani, plata o plomo is translated into English as “silver or lead”. The meaning of plata o plomo is that one can either take the money – drug money, bribe money, and so on – or take a bullet (para 4). In Plata o Plomo: sliver or lead, Javdani tells the stories of two different characters. Miguel, who is a Colombian and does drug production, lives a risky life. On the other hand, Eric, who is an American, uses drugs for a little bit of fun. According to the author, “Eric and Moguel represent opposite poles in what the United States government defines as the “war on drugs.” Miguel’s home is where it starts. Eric’s home is where it ends.” Amid this “war on drugs,” the Colombian peasants are faced with a dilemma. M.Javdani points out that “for the past forty years, the people of Colombia have found themselves between a rock and a hard place over the production of coca, the plant used for making cocaine and heroin” (para. 6). As shown in Plata o Plomo, drug industry is what most Colombians depend on. At the same time, rebel drug lords have assumed control of it. The Colombian peasants are often under the threats of these drug lords to choose the “silver or the lead.” The peasants are obliged to allow their lands to be used in the cultivation of Coca; otherwise, they put the lives of their families and themselves at risk. “At the same time, however, the consequence of “cooperation” with the rebels is execution by paramilitary groups or even by the Colombian government” (Javdani, 6). Therefore, in fear of this execution from the authorities, some coca peasants have willingly paid the rebels to protect them from outside interference. In summary, “Plata o Plomo: Silver or Lead” by Marie Javdani illustrates that the abuse o