ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Aztec people are originally from the central part of Mexico. They were most known for their political power and the use of the war drums in battle they posed the Mesoamerica in the 15 th and 16 th centuries (Skidmore & Smith pp 28). Today they are found in the island of Lake Tex coco and are renowned by their Aztec triple alliance or the Aztec empire. This was conquered in 1521 by the Spanish hence the fall of the empire (Skidmore & Smith pp 29). Their musical power was due to their strong and complex religious (with more than 100 gods) stands, as well as the great architecture and art work. Songs and poetry were highly regarded to a point of competing on which were the best in this field. Their music also had some incorporation of the African music from the African slaves as well as the Salvadoran music from Mexico. Their songs included religious songs for their gods in praises for them, an encouragement to fellow Latin friends to be committed to the religion, festive songs and songs describing their rural lives. Politics and political leaders were not left out in this work. Children songs were taught by the parents and at schools educative and motivational songs were done as the Aztec were among the first people to force all children to well organized groups for learning although the boys learned separately from the girls learning separate courses their music also portrayed different messages according to issues learned. For example the boys learned war songs as they undertook their military training while the girls learned lullabies as the undertook their child care trainings. Other types of songs included the secular (for instance love songs), work and historic songs (Boone, Elizabeth H. pp 55). Their music was used in various occasions the first instance been the festivals where competitions were done. The most striking occasion where music was presented was during the human sacrifice of slaves where they justified the act by stating that the sacrifices were a way of eliminating the enemy’s warriors. Just as the European would kill the enemies in battle field during the battle for the Aztec they were to capture them and kill them after the battle (Boone, Elizabeth H. pp 79). During this time they portrayed their creative arts as well as the great variation of music and musical instruments. These rituals also included cannibalism. In their most commonly known sport: tlachtili (Mesoamerica ball game), music was always used in the cheering as well as for congratulating the winners (Berdan, Frances F pp 70). Another occasion when the songs were done was during the child delivery event and baby shower hence in a form of a naming occasion. There was music in the times of funerals and upon the judgment
Social welfare is a form of state support directed towards all the neediest sectors of the population in order to overcome inequality. The issue of social welfare has a long history and first appeared in ancient Rome and has existed throughout human history. Today, the concept of social welfare is popular in the world. It is an important part of the so-called welfare states: France, Germany, Canada, and the Scandinavian counties – Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. Nowadays, discussions about the advantages and disadvantages of these programs and their necessity take place in the United States and the world in general. Social welfare policy is very important to social workers. At the legislative level, it changes the lives of people, since the laws corresponding to the progressive social policy make any type of discrimination legally impossible (Segal, 2015, p. 389). However, the change in legislation does not always mean a change in people’s minds. For example, in the United States, homophobia still exists, but the positive attitude towards LGBT people continues to grow. This means that progressive changes in legislation go along with the change in attitudes of the people, but not at the same time. Unfortunately, the issues of inequality, discrimination, racism, and sexism continue to be important problems on the world’s agenda today. That is why it is very important for social workers and all socially conscious people to promote the ideas of social welfare and make people understand why it matters. This issue can be addressed with the work of advocacy groups because it directly affects the well-being and prosperity of people. The forms of struggle for the expansion of welfare policy are: voting for candidates supporting welfare programs and the promotion of the benefits of welfare policy in the media. Support of welfare programs at the international level is also very important because support for initiatives to distribute benefits from more prosperous states to less prosperous ones is also required. To conclude, the issue of social welfare is a major issue on the American and world agenda. It is important because it helps to improve the standard of life and distribute wealth from the rich to the poor. Welfare programs also support fighting against various forms of discrimination. They are crucial to social workers, that is why they should study how these programs work and promote their implantation. Reference Seagal, E. A. (2015). Empowerment Series: Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs, Enhanced . Cengage Learning.
Alternative Ending From the very beginning, the reader of this novel observes that racism is a critical issue in the society. This fact explains why Bigger’s fate appears to be sealed from the very start (Wright 85). He is eventually imprisoned and killed because of his wrongdoings. Despite this pre-established thought, an alternative ending can be suggested for this novel. Towards the end of the novel, the author could have featured or explored the life of Buddy. The reader observes that Buddy is someone who looks up to Bigger. Since Buddy is young and naive, the reader observes clearly that he wants to grow up and emulate Bigger’s behaviors. On the other hand, Vera is portrayed as a cool girl who is against Bigger’s behaviors. Vera believes strongly that Bigger is a troublemaker who makes the lives of people hard. The proposed ending can therefore portray the experiences of Vera and Buddy after Bigger is arrested. The novelist could have halted Bigger’s story after his arrest. The novel could have focused on the life of Buddy. That being the case, the new ending could have explained how Buddy would have gone further to learn from the mistakes and misbehaviors of his brother. Since from the very beginning Buddy is portrayed as someone who wants to be like his brother, the ending could have presented a new hope to the question of race in the society (Capers 32). Several approaches could have been considered for this ending by the author. For instance, Buddy could have been portrayed a young man who goes further to educate more people in the society in an attempt to address the problem affecting his family. This ending could be appropriate towards reconciling the relationship between Buddy’s family and the other members of the society (Khan 7). By so doing, Buddy would have played a positive role towards addressing the problems affecting the society. The ending could make it easier for Buddy to relate with the other characters such as Jan Erlone and Boris Max. This new behavior would have become a new source of hope for Mrs. Thomas. Additionally, the novel could have gone further to describe how Vera might have appreciated this kind of transformation. It is agreeable that Vera was always objected to Bigger’s behaviors and actions. This new ending would have made Vera happy especially after witnessing the crimes committed by her brother (Wright 102). This process would eventually make it easier for Vera to associate with Buddy. The two would have gone ahead to embrace the best social values and make their lives much better. The ultimate goal of the proposed ending is to portray a scenario whereby Buddy and Vera learn from the mistakes committed by Bigger. Despite the fact that Bigger encountered discrimination in the society, the two characters would be on the frontline to outline new methods that can address the issues affecting them. This ending would portray a new situation whereby Buddy and his sister deal with the problem of racism in the society (Capers 22). Similarly, the oth
The denial of compensation to victims of crime by the Pennsylvanian law is somehow inhuman. The Contributory Contact Clause, which states that “A person caused their own death,” diminishes not only the victim’s life but also humiliates the co-victims who include the family members of the victim. There seems to be a substantial political and professional interest in the definition of a victim. Certain categories of individuals are considered more eligible for protection than others, and inevitably, young people of color fall victims to unfair crime victim treatment. The United Nations Human Rights declaration on victims of crime defines a victim as an individual who has suffered bodily or psychological harm, economic loss, or an apparent violation of their fundamental rights through actions contrary to the nation’s operative criminal laws. A person becomes a victim of a crime regardless of whether the offender has been recognized, detained, convicted, or prosecuted and irrespective of their kin relation to the victim. This also includes co-victims who are the immediate dependents or family members of the direct victim who, in essence, suffer damages through their intervention to help the victims from victimization (United Nations Human Rights, 2021). Government authorities should treat all crime victims equally and fairly regardless of physical, political, economic, or social dynamic differences. Section 503(c) of the victims right and restitution act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 10607(c)) provides laws protecting the rights of crime victims; including the right to protection from the culprit, the right to a proper court or parole proceedings, the right to be heard, the right to timely and full restitution, and the right to fair treatment and privacy (United States Department of Justice, 2021). Victims’ rights should be evaluated to measure whether the victims of crime obtain the rights and services they are obliged to, if the rights improve their well-being, and whether the services provided positively impact the overall criminal justice system (Kris & Meg, 2020). Governments should revise their national laws and implement programs that importantly deliver meaningful legal and social services to victims of crime.
Introduction Dissociative identity disorder (also known as multiple personality disorder) is one of the most distressing psychological conditions due to its persistent and extensive impacts to an affected individual. Studies reveal that it is a major cause of multiple mannerism, depersonalization, in-explainable phobia, amnesia, trauma, and anxiety attacks. Rothschild (2009) posits that the controversies surrounding multiple personality disorder with reference to its origin and characteristics has led to its increasing publicity bearing in mind that it is coupled with high prevalence rates of about 8-10% in the United States. It is from this consideration that this paper intrinsically explores this disorder from the perspective of an abnormal psychology movie Sybil, and evaluates its background and current prevalence, the cause and theoretical considerations that explain its occurrence. Besides, the paper also examines the high levels of comorbidity for the disorder and further explores treatment options employed to treat the disorder. The movie Sybil Sybil is a drama film that was produced in 1976 and remade in 2007 based on a book Sybil by Flora Schreiber (Schreiber, 2009). The title role of the film is played by Sally Field who stars as Sybil Dorsett. Other characters include Sybil’s psychiatrist Dr. Cornelia Wilbur, Sybil’s mother Hattie Dorsett, Sybil’s boyfriend Richard and doctor Quinones. Other characters include Tommy, Dr. Castle, Danny, Dr. Lazarus, Cam, Miss Penny and the Selve’s family among others (Schreiber, 2009). Sybil is a graduate student suffering from multiple personality disorder which is believed to be a consequence of psychological trauma she had suffered right from her childhood due to abuse. As she grows, Sybil develops about 13 male and female distinct personalities each with a unique ability (Schreiber, 2009). Those female personalities include Sybil Ann a shy 5-6 year old girl, Ruthie a pre-verbal baby, Nancy a religious fanatic afraid of Armageddon, Marcia a suicidal, Peggy a hysterical girl, Vicky a mature, sophisticated French speaking girl and Vanessa a romantic girl. Her male personalities include Sid and Mike (Schreiber, 2009). c) Literature review and background of the disorder According to American Psychiatric Association (2006), the occurrence of dissociative identity disorder (DID) symptoms can be traced back to periods before the onset of the 18 th century when people with such conditions were considered to be possessed with some unknown evil spirits. As a matter of fact, the disorder was largely treated and understood in terms of various myths which had been put forward. The American Psychiatric Association notes that the definition for DID has constantly changed from an association with amnesia, somnambulism, and fugue state in DSM-I to the current behavioral definition as provided for by DSM-IV which describes it as a disorder that makes a patient victim to develop multiple personalities (American Psychiatric Association, 2006). According to Sar et al. (2009), DID is a psychiatric
“Outlaw Platoon” Sean Parnell and John Bruning (the authors) provide narration about the events that occurred during a tour to Afghanistan by the 10th Mountain Division of the U.S. Army. This book provides a good picture of what being a soldier in the U.S. Army entails. For instance, it looks at several army values. These include the duty to fulfill obligations, personal courage, and selfless service among others. Duty to fulfill obligations The author narrates how the U.S. soldiers showed commitment to performing the Army duties more than their own tasks. The book shows how the work of the U.S. Army is complex. The soldiers must meet their responsibilities, perform tasks, and align them to the missions of the U.S. Army. For instance, the authors quote that the soldiers fulfilled their obligations as part of their unit. They resisted temptations that would lure them into undermining the integrity of goals of the Army. The author argues that it is the duty of the soldiers to fulfill their obligations in the Army. For instance, during an ambush in the mountains, the outlaw platoon responded to a call for help and went to rescue fellow Marines under enemy fire. Personal courage The Army value of personal courage is also illustrated in the book (Outlaw Platoon). The authors narrate how the members of the U.S. Army faced fear, danger, and adversity both morally and physically. For instance, the author mentions that personal courage is associated with the U.S. Army. The book illustrates how the soldiers in the U.S. Army build their personal courage by standing up and acting upon what they saw as honorable. For instance, the odds were against the 10th Mountain Division. While stranded, Baldwin, a member of his platoon rushed to his rescue. In the process, the enemy was taking shots at Baldwin, but he did not waver in his resolution to rescue his colleague. This was a great display of personal courage by the platoon members. They had bonded and built brotherhood ties during training and their service in Afghanistan. They were ready to sacrifice their life for each other. On certain occasions, they would be cornered and out-gunned by the enemy, but the personal courage shown by his platoon saved them from imminent death Selfless service The book also shows the value of selfless service in the U.S. Army. This value enabled the soldiers to prioritize the welfare of U.S. as a nation, the U.S. Army and their co-mates before their own. The author attempts to show how this value is larger than one person in the army. For instance, he gives several examples showing how the U.S. Army is loyal to its country by performing duties without thoughts of recognition or gain. Despite the divergent statements released to the public about the war, Parnell argues that a soldier has to remain loyal to the cause. In a display of selfless service to the military and country, other members of the platoon disembarked from their Humvees
The differences between the generations of Baby Boomers and X and Y have been studied for more than a decade. While it is undeniable that younger generations are characterized by a slower transitioning through the milestones that are generally considered important for successful growing into adulthood, it is crucial to examine the socioeconomic factors that shaped these trends. The application of the concept of social generation to recent Australian socioeconomic history demonstrates that the intersections of different modes of inequality have been exacerbated for younger generations in the country. While this perspective is rather reductive, Youth and young adulthood are frequently viewed as a transition period, during which humans are expected to reach maturity and adulthood. Some of the features that are commonly associated with these two characteristics include separate living (not with one’s parents), successful employment, and starting a new family (Wyn, Lantz & Harris 2011). In other words, successful transitioning is supposed to result in the young generation’s independence from the previous one and the starting of a new cycle. One of the trends in the younger generations (Generations X and Y) is that these milestones are cleared later than was typical for prior generations (for example, Baby Boomers) (Wyn, Lantz & Harris 2011). This issue tends to result in a longer period of dependency on parents, as well as intergenerational conflicts. As can be seen from the literature on the topic (Cuervo & Wyn 2016; Woodman & Wyn 2015), this fact has led to many unflattering comparisons. This approach, which condemns Generations X and Y without attempting to uncover the reasons for their “underperformance,” lacks the critical thought necessary for resolving the challenges that the Australian society faces. When describing the patterns of younger generations as “delayed” adulthood or “postponed” adulthood, it is very important to consider the factors that cause these trends to manifest. In this respect, the concept of a social generation can be helpful. Social generations are defined by the existence of particular behavioral patterns, practices, attitudes, and modes of thinking that are peculiar to a group of people who grew up under specific socioeconomic conditions (Woodman & Wyn 2014). A very important fact is that belonging to the same social generation does not presuppose homogeneity. In fact, within the generation, there exist important other factors that can modify an individual’s experiences, including features like gender, class, and ethnicity (France, Roberts & Wood 2018; Woodman & Wyn 2015). However, certain events in the life of Australians do unite younger social generations, and t
Introduction The Best of Edward Abbey was written by Edward Abbey. He was an American essayist and novelist who inspired thousands of people with his views on the natural environment and industrialization. (Loeffler, 64) Edward Abbey expressed his views in his numerous writings. The Best of Edward Abbey is a compilation of excerpts from the author’s most favorite works. The result is an enticing book that seeks to help us think out of the box in regards to environmental issues. This paper will analyze the rhetorical devices that the author has used in this book. The paper will look at their effect and success and their relation to the intended audience. Patterns of strategies and content will be identified and analyzed. This paper will also look at the biographical information of the author Edward Abbey and its relation to The Best of Edward Abbey. (Loeffler, 72) Discussion The Best of Edward Abbey is a compilation of excerpts from Edward Abbey books. Edward Abbey did this himself so that he could portray what he thought was “both the best and most representative” (Colby, 452) of his writing. This book shows the environmental anarchist and crusader that the author was. This book consists of some of his best works. They include Desert Solitaire. This is a classic work. Another renowned work is The Monkey Wrench Gang. The book also contains several essays. (Colby, 452) Edward Abbey is aware of the environmental degradation that has characterized civilization. He wishes to protect the wilderness, or whatever is left of it. (Bishop, 24) This causes him to write a series of novels and essays that are captioned in this book. The Best of Edward Abbey captures what Edward Abbey believes to be his best compositions. The author seeks to expose bits and pieces of his work that are more likely to be accepted by a reader who has not previously been exposed to his writings. This might have been in response to critics who have decried the lack of ethics in his writings and what he advocates through them. (Bishop, 27) Edward Abbey is quite a credible character and this book can be given a considerable amount of credibility because of this fact. He was born in Pennsylvania and lived there for the majority of his life. He was exposed to the wilderness that he so fondly protects in his writings. He was born in a developed country and is thus in a perfect position to understand the effects of this human development. The author is quite informed on environmental issues. Edward Abbey holds a degree in philosophy. He has also been tutored at the University of Edinburgh. This author has been a ranger for the United States National Park Service. (Colby, 451) He carried out this service at Arches National Park. It is located in Utah and is quite close to the town of Moab. This area was full of uranium mines and had