ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract It is no secret that YouTube is one of the most visited websites in the whole world. This is because it is the leading website as far as video sharing is concerned. This paper traces YouTube back to the days of its inception and how it has evolved over time to be what it is today. I examine the advantages of this invention as well as the disadvantages Timeline The 1920s: the first-ever display technology which was referred to as a cathode ray tube (CRT) is invented. This was the foundation of viewing videos of videos (Bug Club). The 1970s: IBM Company comes up with a color display that had the first-ever color graphics adapter that rendered four colors. This meant that videos could now be seen in color (Bug Club). 2005: Youtube is co-founded by two gentlemen, Chad Hurley, and Steve Chen. The two were colleagues at PayPal. They worked as designers and engineers respectively. The two friends had met at a party and taken some videos.They experienced a lot of difficulty in trying to share the videos and that got them thinking about how many others on the globe found themselves in such a state. They decided to tailor a solution and it led to the birth of YouTube. The 15 th February 2005: The YouTube.com domain was activated 23 rd of April, 2005. Three months after the domain was activated, the first video “I at the zoo” is uploaded. Since then, YouTube has been responsible for transferring and sharing millions of videos the world over. The diagram below illustrates this:- Introduction YouTube began with one video upload in 2005. Since then, the California-based company has seen major transformations and achievements. By December the same year of debut, YouTube’s pages received over million hits a day (Art). The groundbreaking video for YouTube was when the video entitled “lazy Sunday” was uploaded. The websites hits per day skyrocketed from 50 million to 250 million per day. The traffic to the website continued to skyrocket until they hit the 7000 million mark per day. Perhaps it was this success that made MySpace and Google come up with their versions of YouTube but they never saw the light of day. By May 2006, Google developed an interest in purchasing the company, and an agreement was realized. Google bought YouTube to the tune of 1,650 million dollars. The diagram below sheds further light on the impressive growth of YouTube in the last five years. Source: Zibreg, Christian.Happy Birthday, YouTube. 2010. Advantages of YouTube One of the biggest advantages of YouTube is its critical role in entertainment. Whether it is a video of an event that you want to share with friends or a clip of a music video or a
The German Flag The German flag has three bands of colors running horizontally across it. The colors which, from top to bottom are black, red and gold are also of equal width. The meaning of these colors has been explained in several theories. To bring the meaning comprehensively closer, the two colors, black and gold are associated with the colors of the coat of arms of the Roman Empire. The fall of the Roman Empire caused these colors to be used in the Habsburg ruling Dynasty of Austria. They later gained their popularity as the ‘Black and Gold Monarch’ during the period of this ruling dynasty (German Culture 2). It is worth noting that the three bands of colors in the German flag, that is, black, and red and gold, symbolized the movement which fought to get rid of the conservative European order which had been formed after the fall of Napoleon (German Culture 3). The colors are used symbolically as follows; red refers to the Hanseatic League whereas black and gold here directly indicates Austria. The colors of this flag have a direct affiliation with liberalization in the history of Germany. This combination of colors of the German flag was directly affected by the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, World War I and World War II, in a series of events. This includes the replacement of gold with white, the replacement of the entire flag with the swastika flag, the return of the black-red-gold flag by the allied forces, the inclusion of communist emblem, by the German Democratic Republic, to the centre of the flag (a hammer and a pair of compasses inside ears of grain). Thus the stability of the German flag was only experienced after the unification of Germany in 1990 (German Culture 7). History of Germany Germany has a long history since its formation as a country. His history can not be complete without the mentioning of major European and world wars. The history can be dated back in the year 451, when Germany fought together with the Huns in the fields of Gaul against the Roman Empire (Pinnow 10). Germany in the nineteenth century was characterized by shorter wars. This is quite different with the seven year war of the 18 th century because there was a seven week war in the nineteenth century which was called the Franco-Prussian war. Germany experienced rapid victory in the seven weeks war. The history of modern Germany was shaped in the 20 th century. This was the period when Germany was rising exponentially as an economic powerhouse. This was the period of the demise of Weimer Republic and the rising into power of Hitler. Germany played a major role in the genesis of both the first and the second world wars. After the defeat of Germany in the Second World War, it was divided into Western Germany and the Eastern Germany by the iron curtain. This division was caused by the cold war between the two superpowers that had been drawn into the European war which was caused by German war campaigns. During this period, the archaic sociopolitical structure combined with a rapid modernizing economy was of much magnitude. It was the magnitude of this combination which resulted in the unleashing of domestic and international c
Facebook decision of going public impacts on users Users of Facebook should expect a renewed Facebook with many new applications, and services that will ensure they maximize use of Facebook. The company will create seamless applications using mobile platform for convenience of its users. Facebook will have a challenge of raising money for its shareholders. Thus, Facebook must generate lots of revenues from its users. Users can expect Facebook to increase frequencies of advertisements than previously experienced. In addition, it shall also development new forms of advertisements for its users. Users can also expect Facebook to enhance its customer services. This shall present a challenge to the company because it must balance its revenue growth and customers’ satisfaction. You use Facebook almost every day. So, is this an IPO you think you should’ve bought? Having used Facebook for quite some time, buying shares would have been futile as a small investor since the shares of an IPO initially get to the hands of influential clients like enormous institution investors, mutual funds, and risk taking investment companies. Buying the share on the initial day of trading would not make sensible return. The stock trades below 40% of the initial public offer for quite a while. Also, the demand of shares has shot up resulting to Facebook raising the target price range for its stock. The company changed its share prices several times from $28 per share before settling on $35 per share. How is it already overpriced? Facebook had overvalued IPO shares. A number of investors noticed that Facebook IPO share prices were too high. The share price of $ 35 overvalued the company 70 times against Facebook earnings of 50 cents per share. In addition, the share price also overvalued it 18 times against the projected revenue of five billion dollars. According to behavioral finance, such overvaluation of the IPO price could have occurred as a result of many investors overconfidence in the company’s shares (Mishkin 147). IPO pricing has been a challenge for many companies. Facebook preferred high prices in order to maximize revenues. On the other hand, investment banks do not pay much attention to pricing because they have interests in luring large number of investors. Investment banks believe that such small investors will increase demands and increase share prices of the company. This gives Facebook opportunities for further offering of its shares to many investors. Consequently, investment banks shall benefit from their deals. Did Mark Zuckerberg and his banker buddies deliberately hose retail investors on behalf of institutional insiders? Most investors did not like the extent to which Facebook exercised control over its IPO and the action of the company’s underwriters. Observes argue that Facebook came up with its own prospectus. There are also reports that the company’s Chief Financial Of
Introduction All economic activities, businesses and corporations have an impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. They also depend on ecosystem services as well; an example is the biotechnology industry which benefits from access to genetic material but at the same time create risks through the introduction of genetically modified organisms into the ecosystem. Other businesses and industries which benefit from ecosystem services are agribusiness and food sector businesses which rely on the services of ecosystem like pollination. Through land impacts and use of water resources, various industries deplete ecosystems of their resources; businesses which deplete ecosystem resources include lumbering factories, construction and publishing industries among others. These businesses can similarly change forest structures and balance at the expense of wildlife. On the other hand tourism industry obtains its profit from cultural services and aesthetic values of natural landscapes. It is very difficult to imagine of any business that does not make use of an ecosystem, this is because at one point or another they may have direct impact on nature; this may be through their central operations, supply chain, or lending and investment options. Businesses can help to reduce pressure on ecosystem services through managing and mitigating their impact on ecosystem and biodiversity services by reviewing their operations periodically. To appreciate the impacts of biodiversity and ecological services, companies should evaluate and determine how they impact and depend on biodiversity and ecological services. Definition of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Biodiversity is viewed as the unevenness displayed among organisms and plants. An ecosystem is a main component of biodiversity and is defined as a dynamic composition of plants and organisms which operate as one. Examples of ecosystems are wetlands, rain forests, grass lands and urban parks. Ecosystem services on the other hand are defined as the benefits that human beings obtain from ecosystems; ecosystem services are synonymous with environmental services. Ecosystem services can be grouped into four categories: Provisioning: this includes the goods and services that are obtained from an ecosystem like food, fresh water and timber. Regulating: these are the advantages that are accrued when an ecosystem is well managed. Cultural: these are non-material benefits that are obtained form the ecosystem; examples are recreation and spiritual values. Supporting: these are the natural processes that can maintain other ecosystem services; they include nutrient cycling and primary production. Biodiversity are inextricably linked with biodiversity (Bishop, 2010). How Corporations Rely on Ecosystem A business organization will rely on an ecosystem if the services that such an ecosystem offers can be used as raw materials or form part of the raw materials in the production process of such an organization (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2011). Several businesses rely on ecosystem services in their operations. Fresh water is one of the ecosystem s
Every person experiences challenges in various areas of life. Personal and professional struggles are a natural occurrence. However, when faced with challenging situations, it may be difficult to overcome barriers and make the right decisions which would lead to a resolution. In this paper, it will be discussed how to empower partners in analyzing goals and finding a competent approach to achieving them to promote growth and self-development. The first goal is to build personal confidence in applying for jobs and a master’s degree within the next year. It is based on a lack of self-confidence in one’s abilities and achievements which stems from self-worth in a professional sense. It is an important decision-making process that impacts a person’s future career. Therefore, there may be a variety of multidimensional factors which limit confidence and an ability to take the next step. This may be caused by the lack of information about the process, or anxiety about commitment to an important decision. In order to be confident about a career-based choice, a person must know that it is a field of study or profession that is personally interesting or relatable. Furthermore, a person may experience trouble with confidence because of low motivation (Gordon & Steele, 2012). If a person does not possess professional self-worth, they lack the motivation to share and apply professional skills. A lack of self-confidence in career-impacting choices is detrimental to performance and behavior. It precipitates decreased passion, perseverance, and concentration that lead to failures. Individuals with higher confidence are better motivated, exemplify work ethic, grind through challenges, and take beneficial risks. Self-worth is proven to be critical within the labor market, as it attracts opportunity and positive outcomes by creating a more calculated approach to job offers, salary negotiations. In turn, this leads to better chances of success, self-fulfillment, and increased quality of life. However, it should be noted that overconfidence can have consequences as well, making it necessary to maintain a healthy level of self-worth (Barron & Gravert, 2018). A practical solution to the issue of self-confidence and a method to empower the decision-making process is participation in a positive psychology-based coaching program. This can be done through self-education and evaluation or working with a specialized professional in the field of career guidance. The process of applying for a job or education is complex, as a person goes through stages of planning, contemplation, preparation, and finally action. There should be an exploration of interests, willingness to change, and motivation for self-innovation and redefining one’s perspective. The four psychological concepts which are crucial for building confidence and should be present in a coaching program include self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience. Self-efficacy helps to reflect on accomplishments and success, thus focusing on personal strengths. Optimism establishes the attitude that is associated with significant life changes and a person’s expectations. Hope provides a cognit
There is often a need for a business owner to ensure that their venture is viable. Business viability is a concept that implies the potential of an enterprise for long-term survival while sustaining profits. In other words, it is a matter of if revenue from a venture exceeds expenditures on it. It is necessary to evaluate a set of financial indicators to show that a venture is viable. Gross Margin is the ratio that represents the amount of revenue from total sales retained after direct costs incurring and makes it evident if a venture is capable of profit-producing. Cash Flow shows the amount of cash transferred in and out of business, which is a realistic indication of a venture’s viability, especially compared to similar size competitors. The asset/liability concept assists in understanding if the amount of assets of a venture is enough to pay debts. Liquidity is another vital ratio that implies a venture’s ability to raise cash in case of immediate necessity. Finally, the availability of funds means the opportunity to pay any obligation, which is also an indicator of a venture’s viability. Several methods can be utilized to value a venture, for instance, when there is an intention to buy an existing business or a start-up. The first method, Cost-to-Duplicate Approach, implies how much it would potentially cost to build the same venture, minus intangible assets of an existing one, which provides a fair estimation of such a business. Another approach is the Berkus Method, created for pre-revenue ventures, is includes the estimation of projected revenues in an expected period. Finally, Scorecard Valuation Method is also the significant one, based on the assessment of comparable companies utilizing a set of indicators such as the size of the oppor
Personal goals To ensure the social, financial, and emotional well-being of my family This is the main objective that I want to attain. Admittedly, there can be some things that can become obstacles, in particular, the possible conflict between my family and professional life, increasing workload, or lack of time. Overall, there are several approaches that can resolve these problems. First of all, I should first try to understand other people and then seek to be understood (Cover, 1990, p. 221). This mindset will enable me many conflicts with family members and colleagues. Secondly, I should find ways of prioritizing my daily and weekly activities. Skillful planning will enable me to reconcile family and professional life. To establish my own business Although I do enjoy working in my current organization, in the future, I want to become an independent entrepreneur. I should be aware of such obstacles as increasing competition, lack of time, or failure to gain the support of other people. In part, a person can overcome these barriers by changing one’s attitudes toward them. They should be regarded as challenges that require the strength of character, rather than insurmountable obstacles. A positive outlook is a necessary condition for success. Moreover, proper planning, willingness to cooperate with others, and the ability to put oneself in the position of other people will help me surmount possible obstacles and eventually establish my own business. To make sure that my children achieve success in their lives This goal is closely tied with the first objective. I want my children to have an excellent education, establish their families, and fulfill their talents. The major challenge for me will be the necessity to reconcile the needs of my family, especially children with my career. My task will be to establish priorities and draw a distinct line between my professional and family life. Moreover, I will need to develop a schedule for my daily activities and make sure that the needs of my children are not overlooked. Professional goals To achieve success in my professional career There may be some barriers that can prevent me from achieving these objectives. For instance, I can mention workplace conflicts, stress, or lack of confidence. To some extent, these obstacles are related to my character traits. Stephen Covey’s book offers several strategies for coping with such problems. One of them is thinking win-win which means a person has to search for solutions that benefit both sides (Covey, 1990, p. 145). This approach will help to avoid potential conflicts. Additionally, by being proactive and interested in the opinions of other people, I will be able to pursue my career. To become a good leader who helps the organization achieve success and assist other people in fulfilling their talents I do understand that I will have to cope with several challenges such as competition for the position of leadership, the pressu
The digestive system The Mouth–digestion starts:   * Digestion refers to the process whereby food is dissolved or broken down into simpler substances by the use of enzymes (Sherwood, 2010).   * The process of digestion takes place in the digestive tract which runs from the mouth to the anus. The Mouth   * The mechanical breaking of food substances begins from the mouth.   * Apart from this breakdown, the saliva that is released from salivary glands assists in the digestion of starch since it contains essential enzymes.   * Food is lubricated and dissolved using saliva (Faller et al.2004). Hence, the mouth plays two main roles namely releasing of saliva that contains digestive enzymes as well as lubrication process and also breaking down food into smaller pieces that can be swallowed easily. Esophagus   * Esophagus connects the moth and stomach.   * Food substances that have been broken down in the mouth is then swallowed and finds its way In the esophagus.   * This is a narrow tube that connects the mouth and stomach hence its main role is to act as a passage for food to the stomach through the muscle action. Gravity does not play any significant role in the process of swallowing food (Morrison, 2001). The Stomach- temporary food store The smaller food molecules eventually enter the stomach. One of the most important functions of the stomach is to store food on a temporary basis. Food mixes with plenty of water and other fluids and after it has been liquefied, it is passed on to ileum, the small intestine. The Stomach   * The stomach stores food shortly awaiting protein digestion.   * The function of the stomach is in breaking down of protein molecules.   * There are quite a number of enzymatic secretions in the stomach that perform various roles.   * For instance, gastric juice secreted in the stomach assists in protein digestion. In addition, hydrochloric acid is a major stomach secretion that boosts the working of enzymes. The acidic nature of the stomach is also instrumental in preventing foreign bodies such as bacteria and amoeba that may be hazardous to human health. Thse forein microorganisms are capable of entering the stomach through the food taken in the mouth. Most of the harmful bacteria are killed by the acidic environment of the stomach. Food leaves the stomach in form of a liquid ready to be absorbed as nutrients right in the small intestine. At this point, the liquefied food substance is referred to as chyme (Sherwood, 2010). This is a mixture of food articles, saliva, water, fat droplets, mucus from stomach walls and enzymatic secretions. Very minimal absorption of these substances takes place in the stomach. Only small amounts of water and alkanol can pass through the stomach wall. The Small Intestine   * Also called ileum and attached to the stomach.   * Waves occasioned by the contractions of the muscles push the liquefied food (chyme) into the small intestine.   * These muscle contractions emanating from the stomach is called peristalsis. The pyloric valve permits small amounts of liquefied food into the small intestine. However, chyme that may no
Executive Summary Falls are a major problem in healthcare facilities that can lead to fatal injuries, disabilities, and even deaths. Elderly patients and those with poor vision are more prone to such falls that might lead to prolonged stay at nursing homes and other healthcare facilities. Staying at nursing homes and other healthcare facilities is a costly affair. Figures pertaining to serious injuries and fatalities due to falls in nursing homes are quite alarming. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 1,800 elderly patients die annually in nursing homes due to falls. The number of elderly patients (65 years of age and above) living in nursing homes is increasing every year, and it is estimated that by the year 2030, the figure will reach almost 3 million. Almost 20% of patients suffering injuries from falls die every year (CDC, 2012). Muscle weakn