ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During the past several centuries, people attempt to resist social inequality in a great number of aspects. In addition, overcoming suppressions of different types appears to be one of the primary objectives in modern society. For instance, in Medieval times, people were determined to overcome slavery. An illustrative example of the fights against inequality is multiple movements in the 20th century when people were eager to receive human rights and defend the social status of women. However, in the context of present-day developments, although it may seem that suppression is a relic of the past, social inequality still exists and has a negative influence on the lifestyles of broad categories of the population. One of the most serious and widely spread issues regards the lifestyle of Arabic women. The suppression in their relationship is extremely severe, and it may be compared to slavery to some extent. They are not capable of transporting independently where they are willing, and they are not allowed to receive a job. Some Arabic women have to encounter violations from their husbands without the possibility of being defended by the law. This situation is similar to the life conditions of Afro-American slaves, which are described in the book The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass, 2016). He describes his life as being considerably suppressed by white people (Douglass, 2016). Both in the case of Arabic women and black slavery, people are depicted as their basic rights by some groups of individuals, which is inappropriate. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that social inequality exists in the modern world. Arabic women suppression appears to be only a part of the amount of this tendency, and other categories of the population stay vulnerable to it. Social inequality should have rational bounds, though basic human rights are severely violated, it is absolutely unacceptable. Reference Douglass, F. (2016). Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass . Dover Publications.
Engineering Managers and Organizations The success of any organization is heavily dependent on its management. The style deployed by managers has a direct effect on the employees. Managers decide the direction of the organization, as they are the decision makers. Engineering management can be defined as a specific form of administration relevant to engineering due to its distinctive characters and technological nature or way of engineering. Programmes categorized under engineering management include namely; environmental management, economics, operations research, industrial psychology, finance, quality control, mathematical optimization and modeling, health and safety matters, human resources management among other disciplines. Managers would be regarded effective if they can only steer their organizations to high performance but also be people oriented. Nevertheless, this does not mean managers or heads of engineering departments should be satisfied with mediocre or typical performance since the resulting company output is what holds the exist and future prosperity of the organization. Decision Making Project Managers are frequently required to make decisions regarding project work. These decisions range from choosing among options a path that is likely to result into optimum production. In the case of a large organization, the decision process will be more formal. Wrong decisions in this case would result into far reaching impacts and therefore the need for consultation prior to making a decision. Problem solving also requires decision making, which involves choosing the best course of action in relation to the perceived challenges. Decisions made are highly dependent on the available information (Buckingham and Coffman 44). In some cases, the available information may be unrelated to the actual ‘problem. Some information may not be adequate or biased. To make knowledgeable choices one needs the adequate correct information, at the appropriate time. Dr. Laurence Weed, a professor in the School of Medicine at the University of Vermont came up with “SOAP,” which stands for Subjective information, Objective information, Analysis of the information, and Plan of action. He recommended this principle to all healthcare professionals as a standard decision making process (Ireland 2). First, Break All the Rules This is a new approach that relates to how managers select volunteers, train and later evaluate them. It demonstrates the important characteristics of successful managers in their work places. This way of selecting condemns the conventional “H Extension educators and other Extension educators and calls for managers to rethink on how to manage their volunteers” (Ireland 2). First, break all the rules, as a principle emerged from a study completed by Gallup Organization, which involved an interview of company managers and employees. The approach provides principles that are easily adaptable to various systems especially in the private sector where performance is fundamental. For instance, the methodol
The case study on Northwestern Memorial Hospital presents a clear linkage between the creation of a diverse workforce and improving cultural competence, and improving the business results of an institution. The Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) is a teaching hospital located in downtown Chicago and has a capacity of seven hundred and twenty beds (MediaFire, n.d.). The hospital is located in a community that is diverse in terms of culture. However, the hospital has established strategies to ensure that it remains to show the face of this cultural diversity. This is to be achieved through an all-inclusive hiring policy. The hospital has a staff of six thousand employees and 1300 physicians. The minorities in the community account for 50 percent of the hospital services on an annual basis. To manage this diversity, the hospital hired a director to be in charge of diversity in 1990. This office has been able to bring the face of the community not only in service delivery but also on the staff. The director of diversity reports to the senior vice president of human resources and medical affairs, which essentially gives him the powers to enforce his decisions. In the beginning, diversity was mainly inducted to the mid-level managers. However, that has changed with the hospital introducing diversity awareness measures for the entire staff. As such, the diversity is shown right from the CEO’s office to the members of staff (American Hospital Association, 2010). The hospital has continued to incorporate the principles of diversity with those of professional development. This means that diversity is not applied for the sake of PR but rather as a human resource strategy, which is pushed on in training. Moreover, the CEO has ensured that the diversity does not undermine the performance. Rather, the different cultures interact freely, and the best and most competent staff are rewarded.
The effective adaptation to the culture of the foreign country contributes to the further progress within the unfamiliar society. To adapt to the US culture and to the principles of interaction within the society, it is necessary to pay attention to the specific aspects according to which it is possible to characterize the social relations in the USA and their effectiveness. Hofstede determines five dimensions of culture, and following them, foreign people can analyze the specifics of the US society and cultural interactions and adapt to them effectively. Thus, the basic recommendations to foreigners living in the USA depend on the analysis of the US culture according to such Hofstede’s criteria as power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. Focusing on the aspect of power distance, it is important to note that foreign people can adapt to the US culture quicker, if they accept the idea of equality which is used in all the spheres of the social life. Thus, it is necessary to concentrate on the equal communication with the representatives of different departments in the company. The elements of informal communication are often characteristic for interactions between colleagues, and it is important to be ready to work in teams. Moreover, the role of a tutor at colleges and universities is to guide, but not to force and control because it is explained with references to the principle of equality. From this point, the focus on the equal status is expected in the US society. However, the idea of equality cannot guarantee people’s readiness to help because of the developed concept of individualism. Americans are oriented to their own goals and abilities that is why foreign people should not perceive definite behaviours as egoistic, but they should reveal more individualism, initiative, and persistence. Foreigners are also expected to take responsibility for their actions and behaviours, and they should avoid trying to learn more about classmates or colleagues because the Americans are inclined to protect their personal worlds. The US culture can be discussed as masculine in relation to the focus on achievements and on the personal or professional progress. It is effective to emphasize the professional qualities and intellectual abilities in order to attract the Americans. Nevertheless, emotions and feelings should be hidden from the other people’s eyes. According to the criterion of uncertainty avoidance, the Americans can be discussed as people who are open to differences and innovations, avoiding many rules and limitations. From this perspective, a foreigner should demonstrate his or
The overconsumption of convenience food and ready-to-eat meals is an acknowledged problem for many countries that endangers the population’s health and lifespan. The consumers’ eating habits and food choices largely depend on such factors as their income, traditional food culture, occupation, age, personal preferences, and options presented in the market. In Singapore, the current situation with convenience food consumption is rather concerning. Many Singaporeans opt for convenience rather than health when it comes to food. A shift from traditional food to ready-to-eat meals is due to the country’s hectic lifestyle (Singaporeans big appetite, 2019). Snacking and eating out increases the daily calorie intake, which is especially dangerous for young children. The significance of the issue lies in the associated health hazards and an increased disease rate. As reported by Lee (2018), obesity in Singaporean children often progresses later in life, making them more exposed to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This paper aims to discuss the adverse impact of convenience food on Singaporean busy working adults and young children in the long-term run, assess the current, and suggest possible new solutions to the problem. Currently, there are many options in the Singaporean market, that influence the customers’ choice and make them opt for ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook meals. As a rule, consumers choose food products based on their cost and time required for cooking (Jackson & Viehoff, 2016). For Singaporeans, delicious, flavoursome food is especially important due to their culinary traditions. Over “23,000 food retail outlets, 750 small local processed food industry players and more than 100 food importers” are presented in the country’s market (Singaporeans big appetite, 2019, Challenges section, para. 1). Accessibility of convenience food is an important factor that influences people’s choices. Some Singaporeans are trying to eat healthier since they become more conscious about the food they consume, which means that the demand for natural products is expected to grow in the coming years. However, the ready meal market will still be increasing as working families prefer convenience food products, trying to save costs and time spent on cooking (Singaporeans big appetite, 2019). The current situation with pre-cooked food c
Summary Purpose of research The main purpose of this research is to provide more insights into research productivity which involve the generation of meaningful/significant ideas. They are loads of published material and information regarding the research and publication process yet few can answer the critical aspects of research education: communication & packaging and idea generation. The study came up with two vital factors namely the capability to distinguish more important ideas from less important ones and the process that the scholar employs in formulating his research topics. Why the research question is important The significance of the research question has never been in doubt. Scholars insist that the formulation of a research topic is critical in determining the accomplishment of a publication progression since literature materials only provide a basic guide to the idea generation. Hypothesis Identification and formulation of a significant research topic and developing ideas into publications scholar should focus on major issues which if solved would impact the society. Basic Method To provide an in-depth analysis phone interviews were conducted with a set of accounting authors who were identified by Ashton (1998) as influential based on average citation on the top five journals. Each author was asked to list two questions before the interview which influence the generation and development of an idea. According to (Holland & Jacob) there was consensus on the following factors:(1)” What makes a research topic especially meaningful and significant”, and (2) “Could you take a study that you have finished or published and that you consider being especially noteworthy, and share the process that you went through in arriving at and developing the idea?”. The study argued that the inclusion of multiple researchers would reduce subjective judgments and have a broader reflection of varied interests and experiences. All scholars consented to the phone interview being recorded and the transcripts extracted were rich in content. The verbal and non-standardized nature of the data made it essential for analysis to be carried out in order to draw conclusions and reports. The data (interview transcripts) were reduced according to the guidelines of Hassel and Watson (2001) regarding open-ended interview responses. Research Results and Conclusions Most scholars agreed that for a research topic be significant it must have a huge impact on literature and/or solve the real-world issue. For the study to be having any impact on literature it must either fill significant gaps in a certain theory, introduce new or unexpected results or focus on difficult research issues. The aforementioned factors are explained in detail.  1. Addresses areal world/societal problem-This factor had the highest ranking among scholars.  2. Advances theory and fills significant gaps.  3. Produces new/unexpected results.  4. Addresses hard to solve issues. Another result of the study was the consensus on identifying and developing ideas in publicati
The fact that democracy is a serious economic venture is unquestionable due to the numerous political movements and elections campaigns that require significant financial resources. Hence, there is an evident connection between money and politics, leading to the process of democratization. In particular, although the economic influence on democracy formation is tangible, its still derives from the competition among the political parties striving to conquer the majority of voices and expand their political influences. Hence, the development of the political systems invites more active voters who contribute to the development of the democratic principles. Therefore, the political form of corruption seems to be a more powerful instrument of democratic development because it produces more influence on the voting population and attracts more resources. The formation of the political forces affects the competition between voters. According to Burnell and Ware (2007), the idea of corruption is closely associated with the concept of dysfunctionality and decentralization. Therefore, the range of existing political parties serves as a driving force for developing democratic systems. More importantly, “the appearance of corruption, and attitudes taken towards it, clearly has an important bearing on the condition of democracy and democratic prospects” (Burnell and Ware, 2007, p. 10). Therefore, the democratic influence on political power is closely associated with the development of the political struggle between the parties striving to possess power of the majority. Despite the above-presented arguments, the greatest risks to political system and democratizations may not consist in corrupted finance. Rather, the effectiveness of political competition can be depreciated due to the immense financial resources involved in development of new political ideologies attracting more supporters and igniting new democratic paradigms. Therefore, the economic form of corruption is considered as the implication of the political actions. Burnell and Ware (2007) state, “different approaches to political finance have been studies quite intensively…as devices to counter the political inequalities that can flow from substantial private economic discrepancies” (p. 9). In this respect, there is a strong connection between political and economic dimensions influencing the development of democracy. The political corruption can also be considered as a resonator of public activity because the population becomes more concerned with democratic principles. In particular, the voters create a new platform for political activities and direct the democratic forces to organizing new political parties (Burnell and Ware, 2007). Therefore, there are substantial reasons for introducing the political form of political corruption for promoting democracy. Although the monetary practices are associated with funding political parties, the political corruption still focuses on accumulating more activists who are ready to contribute to the development of political system. In conclusion, the political form of corruption is more powerful
Dental anxiety is one of the most common ordeals and challenges faced by dental practitioners around the world. Yet very little is known about the reasons for this anxiety. While many models have been put forward to identify and define reasons for anxiety and phobia production, there is still very little known about the true nature of fear, phobia, and anxiety, and especially, fear and phobia within clinical settings. The clinician in most circumstances is left to his own devices in managing a clinical case of anxiety and phobia, with mixed results each depending on the individual dentist him or herself. Dental fear and anxiety are one of the common issues faced by practitioners in clinical settings. There are no rules or age limits in this matter, and whereas a young child may show no signs of fear or apprehension in the clinical procedures, an older patient may experience extreme anxiety to even prophylactic procedure, and vice versa. Similarly, various studies have shown that dental anxiety is not sex-specific. Many efforts have been undertaken in order to understand the basis of dental anxiety, and theories have been postulated to clarify this dilemma. For example, it is hard to comprehend extreme dental phobia in a child who may not have had any clinical exposure to a dental setting before. Now dentists are able to understand the importance of a positive and stress-reducing environment in reducing anxiety. The percentages of people suffering from anxiety-related issues in dental settings are relatively high, which emphasizes the need for understanding the key issues that contribute to it. Anxiety can lead to altogether avoidance in a person to undertake dental care. While external factors may lead to the creation of the anxiety pattern in a patient, the subsequent dental treatment and procedures and their experiences may either exacerbate or altogether nullify the condition. Therefore, predental and post-dental experiences and thought patterns are serious contributors to anxiety-related issues in a patient. 1 Age, sex, and previous experiences of dental procedures, also seem to play an important role and may affect the psychological approach to dentistry. Understanding the role of age and the onset of particular anxiety may be very helpful in the management of such patients. For example, children may be exposed to a minimum of bloody procedures to help them deal with anxieties of blood. Accepting and easing adolescents in an open and friendly doctor and patient relationship can help address the social anxieties that these individuals are going through. And adults may be facing agoraphobia or cla
It was an adventure from the point of view of the foreigners who came from England. They wanted to start a new life away from the chaos, confusion, and poverty of their motherland (Woodward, p.145). They succeeded in finding a new world but what was not yet clear is that if they can have a new life in a new settlement that they would have to build from scratch (O’Sullivan & Keuchel, p.7). In this particular study this particular story is re-told in two different ways. These two versions will be compared side-by-side. The first one is an eyewitness account and primary source of the first wave of English settlers and the second one is a film directed by Terence Malick. The plot structure of Smith’s book contrasted sharply with that of Malick’s movie. Smith wanted to show an overview of history as it pertains to the creation of an English settlement in Virginia. The author, Captain John Smith was able to do this by providing detailed description of the reasons for setting sail towards an unknown world, risking their lives for something that they are not entirely sure about (Smith, p.40). The film however, did not waste time explaining the rationale of the voyage from England to Virginia because the plot structure focuses on the New World and its impact on the lives of the Englishmen. With regards to the characters the movie cannot afford to spend so much time providing details regarding the other actors. Thus, the movie failed to develop more round characters and this is understandable because of the limitations of the medium used (The New World, p.1). But in the case of Smith he had the freedom to discuss the members of the crew and what they are like and thus providing the readers enough background information to appreciate the actions of the characters in the historical account. The film however focused on John Smith and Pocahontas. The book and the film share the same setting – the New World. The author was smitten by the new surroundings. He was like a boy that was given an expensive toy. He could not believe what he saw. Smith had a very realistic view of the New World while the movie version of his character seemed to be a poet allowed to roam free in an enchanted kingdom. In other words the John Smith that wrote the book had a clear understanding of what has to be done in ord