ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 2001, Thomas Volgy took time to explore how Americans view their political leaders through his book “Politics in the Trenches.” In his book, Volgy came to the defense of American politicians as they suffer from what the author considered to be a lack of empathy from the citizens (Volgy 6). Volgy also takes time to reflect on the diminished civic engagement among American citizens. The United States has always served as an example of ‘democracy at work’ for other countries across the world. However, over the last few years, American citizens have exhibited high levels of mistrust towards political personalities. Furthermore, citizens have indicated an unwillingness to engage in political activities. For instance, voter recruitment drives are fully-fledged social-political undertakings, but they cannot guarantee civic engagement. On the other hand, politicians continue to be treated with suspicion by the American public. Consequently, Volgy and other political scholars have contributed to the debate on declining empathy and civic engagement in the United States. In his book, “Bowling Alone,” author Putnam questions the declining vibrancy of civil institutions in America (Putnam 28). “This essay explains why trust, empathy, and civic engagement are on the decline in the United States.” In addition, the paper explores these issues in the context of democracy and offers viable solutions to the underlying problems. The first major indicator of declining civic engagement is inter-generational trends. Research indicates that declining levels of trust, empathy, and civic engagement began being witnessed in the 1960s (Hero 89). The main characteristic of this change is the fact that the generations before and after World War II have different levels of civic engagements. Volgy was a public servant during the post-war period, and he outlines these developments in a vivid manner. In addition, the dramatic changes that took place in society after the war contributed greatly to the decline in civic engagement. For example, after World War II, “the rise of television as the dominant form of entertainment and the spread of suburban sprawl” changed the levels of cohesion in the society (Putnam 104). Nevertheless, not all was lost in the post-war period because new groups, including women and minorities, were also introduced to civic participation processes. Some scholars have argued that opening the civil process to all is the major contributor to declining civic engagement in the country. For instance, because the civil rights’ strife was a major attraction to civic participation, when America embraced equal rights for all, the interest in politics declined immediately. Although significant strides have been made towards the achievement of diversity in the political arena, most people still feel that their interests are not adequately represented. Studies have shown that several people are of the view that politicians set diversity agendas to coincide wi
The Job Outlook For Top Finance and Business Executives in the Market In the current state of employment for finance and business top executives, employment will grow by 5 percent. This is a projection from 2010 to 2020, the 5 percent growth rate is a slower rate than the expected average in other occupations. Job opportunities will vary with industry and will depend on the growth rate of the industry. The top executives are key to smooth running of firms and industries. They design policies and strategic plans that equip an organization for success. Growth of businesses does not produce quickly the need for top executives as the need for employees. Thus, the growth for job opportunities for other employees is easier than for the top executives. Job opportunities will arise from new industries as well as when the existing ones expand. Mergers will negatively affect growth of opportunities because some of the jobs will be lost. Future Job Prospects The Future Job Prospect Facing the Top Executives In The Finance and Business Sector The occupational titles include the top executives, the chief executives, and the general and operations managers. Stiff competition is expected to arise for the jobs. The positions attracts many highly qualified applicants because they are positions with prestige and class. These position will also attracts high salaries. It is expected that the growth of the employment will arise from creation of new companies and expansion of the current organizations and therefore will provide jobs for the top executives. Chief executives with the best qualifications and the highest experience with a credible record of success will hold the best job prospects. General and operations managers will have differing academic requirements form industry to industry, but essential to these candidates is acquisition of strong leadership qualities and records with an experience of successful results. Leadership, guidance, and strategic planning are the expectation on top executives and any candidate must display these skills to acquire a place in any industry.
Summary Mark Zuckerberg is commonly identified as a creative individual who has made a difference in his field. Zuckerberg is the CEO, founder, and chair of Facebook, FB. He was born in 1984 into a well-educated family as his father ran a dental clinic while his mother was a psychiatrist (Mary para 2). The essay presents the life events of Mark Zuckerberg that demonstrate his creativity and success in his career. Zuckerberg’s Early-Age Computer Program Works Zuckerberg’s interests in computers developed during his childhood, as at 12 years of age, he established Zucknet, a computer program that was meant for local messaging. Zuckerberg created Zucknet purposely to provide real-time communication and help his father, Andrew in his clinical tasks (Biography.com Editors para 2). With Zucknet, information could be passed easily to Andrew and his staff without necessarily shouting at each other. Besides, Zuckerberg’s family used the program at home to interact within their house. With assistance from his friends, Zuckerberg also developed virtual games that they used to have fun with (Biography.com Editors para 6). These signs of successful creativity at his tender age made his family get him a computer-programming instructor during his education in high school. Zuckerberg attended prep school in New Hampshire, where he demonstrated exceptional skills in fencing. Due to their exemplary performance in this sport, the school appointed him the team’s captain. Moreover, he outshined in literature and earned a diploma in classics. Although several organizations including, Microsoft and AOL, expressed interest in buying Zuckerberg’s programs and hiring him before graduation, he declined the offers (Mary para 5). Zuckerberg graduated in 2003 from high school after which, he enrolled at Harvard University. Zuckerberg’s Creativity and Success Story At Harvard University, it took Zuckerberg a short period before being identified as a computer programmer expert. He developed two programs, namely, CourseMatch and FaceMash, by his sophomore year. The CourseMatch enabled university scholars to select their classes based on their course selections. FaceMash enabled the comparison of students’ pictures and assisted users in voting for their preferred candidates based on their attractiveness. The two programs became widely known at the university but were later shut down after they were thought to be unsuitable. Later on, Zuckerberg and three of his friends, Divya, Cameron
Memory is an essential prerequisite of success in learning because it influences individuals’ abilities to memorize and recall information, complete tasks, and apply knowledge in daily life. According to the working memory model, working memory is a system that allows storing a small amount of information for a short period of time. This makes working memory instrumental to many everyday tasks, such as following directions, typing a new phone number, or remembering steps in a particular activity. Besides that, working memory is also important in education, where it can support learning in both children and adults. This is primarily because working memory is perceived to be pivotal to attention control since it helps to activate and maintain information relevant to completing a task. Engle and Kane (2004) state that working memory capacity “is critical for dealing with the effects of interference and in avoiding the effects of distraction that would capture attention away from maintenance of stimulus representations, novel productions, or less habitual response tendencies” (p. 149). Cowan (2014) also explains that good working memory supports kids’ cognitive development. While learning is of crucial importance for children to be successful in their future life, young learners are often more susceptible to distractions. Because of these factors, working memory training is of particular importance in early education. Researchers in psychology and education have been attempting to design effective interventions for children to expand their working memory capacity. The present paper focuses on the issue of working memory training in kids and seeks to answer a research question “What working memory training interventions are effective for children?”. As part of the literature review, the paper will consider studies on working memory interventions for children with low academic performance, as well as those diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Cogmed Working Memory Training (CWMT) The study by Chacko et al. (2014) focused on a specific intervention called Cogmed Working Memory Training (CWMT), aiming to examine its role in enhancing working memory in children aged 7 to 11 years. According to the researchers, CWMT is a computerized training program that focuses on working memory capacity (Chacko et al., 2014). The program targets both aspects of working memory – storage and processing – concerning verbal and nonverbal working memory (Chacko et al., 2014). This means that the chosen training program is comprehensive and could potentially enhance children’s performance of a variety of tasks requiring working memory. The training is also tailored to children’s needs due to its game-like interface, which makes it easier for children to stay interested (Chacko et al., 2014). With regards to the difficulty of tasks, the CWMT uses a staircase-like design, where the difficulty increases with every completed task (C
Introduction The evaluation methods used in statistics provide the different ways of interpreting the data obtained in the process of analysis and research. By compiling histograms, graphs, and other visual display tools, it is possible to convey certain correlation characteristics and demonstrate the relationships between individual variables. As an example of such an assessment, this study aims to determine the statistical interaction between the distribution of systolic blood pressure tabulated by age and contraceptive drug use for women. Compiling histograms and analyzing variables may allow determining the characteristic signs of deviations and dependencies and identifying major trends. Continuous and Discrete Variables In order to analyze the results of the evaluation of variables and their interactions, it is essential to determine their type to have an idea of ​​the basic measurement methods. According to the study conducted by Takeda, Fuwa, van Loock, and Furusawa (2015), those variables ​​whose value can be estimated through calculations are discrete. The same study suggests that continuous variables may be assessed through measurements (Takeda et al., 2015). When grouping the data from the analyzed table, it can be noted that the systolic pressure index is a continuous variable since to determine it, no calculations are required. Accordingly, while estimating such a variable as the number of women taking or not taking contraceptive drugs, it can be argued that it will be discrete. The study participants are not measured according to specific parameters and quantities like blood pressure indicators and are evaluated by their number. Histograms In order to correlate the analyzed data visually and obtain a comprehensive picture, histograms will be compiled. These tools will provide an opportunity to present the ratio of two separate categories of correlations. In Figure 1, the prevalence of women who do not take contraceptive drugs and their systolic blood pressure indices will be reflected. In Figure 2, a similar principle will be applied, but as a target group, user women will be involved. The data in both histograms will make it possible to assess the ratio of variables and the prevalence of certain trends. Figure 1. Blood pressure of drug users. Figure 2. Blood pressure of drug non-users. Based on the data obtained, it can be noted that drug intake affects the maintenance of normal pressure adversely. In comparison with the second category, the number of women not taking drugs and having elevated rates is smaller. This result suggests that contraceptives may be contraindicated for women with elevated systolic pressure. Also, it is crucial to note that individual health parameters are the decisive criterion. Normal Approximation of Data In order to evaluate the findings, the normal approximation of data is a relevant mechanism. According to Emura and Lin (2015), this principle implies using standard scales and curves to measure the distribution o
Introduction TUI AG is a German travel company. It dominates the travel industry in its source markets (UK, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Nordic countries) through its subsidiaries. The firm has numerous travel agencies, cruise ships, hotels and airlines. It is estimated that there are about 3,500 travel agencies, 285 hotels managed by 12 hotel brands and 120 aircrafts in more than 180 countries under the organisation’s wing. Porter’s 5 forces Threat of new entrants: The travel industry requires high amounts of capital for entry; this acts as a barrier to new entrants. Furthermore, because the company dominates the European travel industry, it has the benefit of using economies of scale. Annual reports indicate that the firm buys approximately 150 million bed nights annually. New entrants cannot use price as a retaliatory strategy because they do not have these same economies. Travel consumers recognise the TUI’s brand; this is an important trait in the industry, and makes it quite difficult for new entrants to penetrate the market (Porter, 2006). Threat of substitutes: The leisure industry is unrivalled by numerous entertainment industries. One may argue that locally available social activities such as movie watching, sports and music events can provide customers with enjoyable alternatives, however none of them can replace travelling. Besides that, the substitutes have a low level of differentiation that makes them an insignificant threat to TUI AG. Nonetheless, the economic downturn has caused a number of consumers to reconsider local options as travelling can be an expensive venture. If the poor economic conditions persist in Europe, then these substitutes may become a formidable threat to stakeholders in the travel industry. Bargaining power of suppliers: If a market is flooded with many travel companies with low market shares, then suppliers would have great negotiating powers. Fortunately, this is not the case for TUI AG. The European market has approximately four market leaders in the travel industry. Together, these companies account for over fifty percent of the market share in the entire travel industry. This means that TUI and its other competitors have very strong negotiating powers. They can integrate upwards and thus put suppliers out of business. As a result, the suppliers do not have strong bargaining power
Introduction People are social creatures that tend to form communities and develop identities based on them. However, a particular social and geographic environment may either facilitate or deter such community building and have a positive or negative impact on how people perceive themselves in their respective social contexts. Different settings may promote or hinder communitarian tendencies among their inhabitants, thus contributing to whether the people would feel as belonging or isolated and alienated. Since urban areas have a much higher population density than the non-urban ones, it only makes sense that these effects are the most pronounced in large cities among the urban dwellers. Considering this, it is only expectable that the coverage of urban life in film often addresses the issues of community and isolation. Such films as Beat Street , Krush Groove , and Hip-Hop Evolution, Episode 1: The Foundation all cover hip-hop culture in the urban context, but touch upon the topic of alienation and belonging as well. They all coincide in the notion that segregated urban enclaves produce strong and vibrant communities that promote co
Team Journal Currently, some of my classmates and I are working on a research project involving the separation of duties and the subsequent analysis of the findings to compile certain correlations and conclusions. Although all the team members are well acquainted with one another, some challenges still arise, which inevitably affects the work process and its outcomes. In particular, conflicts caused by different factors, for instance, the distribution of responsibilities or cultural diversity may arise. According to Bucher, disagreements “may stem from different values and perceptions” are the result of diverse backgrounds (206). Nevertheless, our team manages to cope with conflict situations, timely discussing any misunderstanding that arises, and finding a solution to the problem by joint forces. Leadership, in this case, plays an essential role since the effective management of conflict situations helps to avoid the loss of productivity. Performance directly depends on creativity, and in our team, the most inventive members supervise the work of the whole group. Communication in the team directly depends on the educational level of all its participants. Effective interaction is the key to successful research; therefore, continuous self-development is encouraged. Valls et al. regard “team communication quality as a mediator in the relationship between education level diversity and team performance” (751). At the same time, our group copes with its diversity quite effectively. Moreover, this criterion is utilized to achieve the highest possible productivity. Individual members perform specific tasks, and the participants’ cultural, ethnic, or other backgrounds can be valuable factors in solving certain issues. Works Cited Bucher, Richard D. Diversity Consciousness: Opening Our Minds to People, Cultures, and Opportunities . 4th ed., Pearson, 2014. Dessel, Adrienne B., et al. “LGBT Discrimination on Campus and Heterosexual Bystanders: Understanding Intentions to Intervene.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education , vol. 10, no. 2, 2017, pp. 101-116. EdChange . 2019. Web. National Equity Project . 2019. Web. Project Look Sharp . 2019. Web. Rethinking Schools . 2017. Web. Teaching for Change . 2019. Web. Teaching Tolerance . 2019. Web. Valls, Víctor, et al. “Linking Educational Diversity and Team Performance: Team Communication Quality and Innovation Team Climate Matter.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , vol. 89, no. 4, 2016, pp. 751-771. Zinn Education Project . 2019. Web.
It is crucial to note that the extinction of species and populations as a result of unconstraint processes is natural. For thousands of years of geological time, the extinction of some species has been balanced by the emergence of the new ones. Similarly, the loss of the local population (for instance, because of the settlement) has been compensated by the formation of another population. However, human activity has greatly contributed to an increase in the extinction rate and has put many species and populations under threat of premature disappearance (Burns 18). In XX century, people caused the extinction of hundreds of known vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Needless to say that the premature extinction of species has serious consequences for the environment and biodiversity. In order to understand the major causes and consequences of this process, it is necessary to analyze the different aspects of it. Biodiversity Biodiversity is the totality of all life forms inhabiting the planet. It is the richness of life and its processes including a multiplicity of living organisms and their genetic differences as well as a variety of places of their existence. Biodiversity can be divided into three hierarchical categories: diversity among the same species (genetic diversity), diversity between species, and between ecosystems (Swanson 31). It is important that premature extinction inevitably affects all three forms. The greatest diversity of species is typical for (in descending order): humid equatorial forests, coral reefs, tropical dry forests, moist forests of the temperate zone, oceanic islands, Mediterranean climate landscapes, and treeless (savanna, steppe) landscapes (Swanson 31). In the past two decades, the issue of biodiversity has become increasingly important not only for specialists in biology but also for economists, politicians, and the public due to the apparent threat of anthropogenic degradation of it, which is now much higher than the natural degradation. Several aspects should be considered in terms of consequences of the premature extinction to the biodiversity. Many of the most crucial properties of biological diversity are manifested in natural environments exclusively. For instance, there is a co-evolutionary and ecological relationship between tropical flowers, hummingbirds, and flower mites; the latter use hummingbird beaks to move from flower to flower (Gaston and Spicer 94). Such links would have never been formed if the plants and animals lived in isolation in zoos and botanical gardens. Similarly, uncommon behaviors of desert animals that they apply when searching for water would not have arisen in animals that have sufficient amounts of water supplies. It should be noted that even if a considerable part of the diversity of flowering plants and vertebrate animals were secured in zoos and gardens, the diversity would still lose its ecological relationships characteristic of natural communities. It is the main argument that should encourage keepi