ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease, which attacks mainly the lungs. The disorder may also affect the liver, intestines, kidney, and pancreas. The long-term effects of the condition include lung infections, which result in a patient coughing up mucus and having challenges in breathing. According to Davis and Ferkol (2013), the disease attacks cells, which secrete sweat, mucus, and digestive juices. The fluids are usually slippery and thin. However, for individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis, a flawed gene leads to the fluids becoming thick and sticky. They block ducts, tubes, and passageways, particularly in the pancreases and lungs. Even though the condition demands daily care, individuals suffering from the disease can go to school and do their usual activities without challenges. Cystic fibrosis is incurable. Nevertheless, doctors use drugs to treat the affected organs. For instance, they use antibiotics to manage infected lungs. In the case the infection gets worse, the doctors may recommend lung transplantation as a last resort. In developed countries, individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis may live for up to between 42 and 50 years. Over 80% of deaths related to cystic fibrosis are a result of lung complications (Davis & Ferkol, 2013). Thus, this paper will discuss cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease as a significant genetic disorder. Etiology Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary illness that results from changes in a gene called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Davis and Ferkol (2013) posit, “The inheritance is autosomal recessive” (p. 2027). For a person to be diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, he/she must possess two malfunctioning CFTR genes, which are inherited from both parents. Individuals with one CFTR mutation are regarded as carriers and do not show signs of cystic fibrosis. Davis and Ferkol (2013) argue that there are more than 1,800 forms of CFTR transmutations, which cause cystic fibrosis. The most predominant mutation is
Defining Group Interaction as a Type of School Practice The article analyzes the activity of group counseling that is often conducted by contemporary educators in corroboration with psychology experts. Group counseling embraces various types of mass discussions and interventions, which create a positive environment in a classroom as well as targets some crucial problems. (Perusse, Goodnough, & Lee, 2009). According to the article, the practice promotes personal growth and develops build valuable interactive skills in the students. The preference for group interaction may be interpreted through social contact being a human need, which must be satisfied so that the person felt integrated and connected to the outer world (Gladding, 2001). Moreover, it is suggested that immature individuals often require some guidance and additional assistance both from the peers and mentors (Jacobs, Schimmel, Masson, & Harvill, 2015). Due to the article, the groups are subdivided in school climate, developmental, and remedial. Therefore, the respective types of counseling account for improving general relations between the participants of academic processes, they contribute to the development of personal skills of the students as well as serve as a type of interventional therapy. Psychoeducation as a Type of Counseling Since the emotional stability is still shaping in the age, which corresponds to school practices, group counseling is an effective form of psychoeducation. The experience aims at controlling behavioral and mental patterns of the learners’ personal development both in groups and on the individual basis (Corey, 2015). According to the article, the practice is extremely beneficial for the learners since in the course of group interaction they help each other to cope with some personal traumas and learn from each others’ mistakes (Rubin & Cohen, 2007). The Basis for Group Building The authors of the reviewed article offer two ways, in which the school counseling groups may be formed. These are heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. The first type implies a congregation of people, who suffer from similar problems. The practice provides some diverse perspectives and views on a single issue, which assists in resolving particular disputes. The group of heterogeneous students gathers the individuals with different dilemmas. This type of counseling refers to the process of acquainting the learners with various forms of complications so that to show them the ways, in which one can avoid similar problems. Counseling Skills: Academic Perspective The ar
Introduction Pernicious anaemia refers to a form of anaemia, which results from failure of the body to absorb adequately absorb vitamin B-12. Vitamin B-12, being an important nutrient in the body is absorbed in the small intestine from foods rich in vitamin B-12. Lahner and Annibale (2009) explain that vitamin B-12 binds itself to intrinsic factor, a parietal-cells-secreted protein, forming a complex, which is readily absorbed by the small intestine. Irvine (1965) submits that when the aforementioned intrinsic factor is absent from the body, perhaps because of autoimmunity of genetic issues, vitamin B-12 is reduced in the victim’s body, leading to pernicious anaemia. Further, victims of autoimmune disorders are more exposed to pernicious anaemia because their antibodies attack parietal cells, leading to abnormal secretion of the intrinsic factor, which in turn leads to poor vitamin B-12 absorption and consequently, pernicious anaemia (Toh, Van Driel & Gleeson, 1997). Therefore, the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia comes from the autoimmune disorder. The pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia show that occurrence of autoimmune disorder affects secretion of the intrinsic factor leading to mal-absorption of vitamin B-12. Autoantibodies attach themselves to gastric H+/K+–ATPase that is a pump composed of a 100 a glycoprotein β-subunit (60-90 kDa) and a kDa catalytic α-subunit, and consequently prevent the proper functioning of parietal cells and intrinsic factor secretion (Toh et al., 1997). This report is an investigative analysis of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia. It analyses the stomach’s morphology in relation to pernicious anaemia, diagnoses pernicious anaemia in sample stomachs through western blot technique, and seeks to detect antibodies in sample serums through immune-histochemistry staining. Aim The objective of this report is to detect antibodies of the proton pump of the stomach by applying immune-histochemistry and western blot techniques on serum samples. To set a good background for the study, the report first analyses the critical components of a healthy stomach. Material and Methods Procedure of Examining Morphology of the Stomach Stomach samples were placed in slides to prepare them for examination, and then stored in a safety cabinet. The slides were incubated in xylene for two minutes and further incubated in ethanol for another two minutes. Rinsing was done on the slides for 30 seconds after the slides were incubated in haematoxylin. Staining and washing was done, followed by soaking in 1% acid alcohol and rinsing. The stained slides were placed for 30 seconds in Scott’s tap to incubate, and thereafter, rinsed before staining them with eosin for a period of 4 minutes. The slides were subsequently placed for 30 seconds in 90% and 100% eth
Introduction The Enlightenment period could be more popularly known as the intellectual movement during that particular time. During this time, reason or reasoning is the basic form or basis of authority. Originating from France, Britain, and Germany, the age of enlightenment spread all over Europe and as well as to Russia and Scandinavia. This period could be marked with a lesser authoritarian influence and intervention by the church. This period could also be marked by government consolidation and nation creation. The age of enlightenment was dubbed as the societal shift in the direction of science and reason. In this period there is the belief that the natural world was ordered allowed for the discovery of ultimate truths uncovered through rational thought¹. In the enlightenment age, the quest for truth was the ultimate goal. Other things or portions of life which could not be encompassed with this framework or could even be explained by what was embraced and accepted during that time was not to be included. This very principle upon which enlightenment was based, created a big impact on some institutions. The clash between enlightenment and religion One of the more prominent institutions where enlightenment had some very serious impacts would be religion. The very framework on which enlightenment was based contradicts the beliefs and teachings of religion (Hulluing, 1994). It questions the principles and faith given light by religion itself. Enlightenment does not consider and recognize any aspect or any other thing that could not be explained. Religion on the other hand presents teachings and principles even beliefs that could not be explained. This thrust of religion is questionable during the enlightenment days. Religion posts questions that could not be explained or even answered. Enlightenment’s dependence on reason was promoted by scientific inquiry (Dupre, 2004). On the other side, this dependence could also help foster scientific inquiry in general. This arrangement could be best observed through Isaac Newton’s “the universe is ordered on the invariable simple mathematical principle of gravitation”. This very thought and way in which enlightenment is patterned were favorable for science extending over to social and political consciousness that encompassed enlightenment thought and philosophy (Cassirer, 1979). Age of Criticism The age of enlightenment could also be dubbed as the “age of criticism”. This is for the very reason that everything
Ethnomethodology is a sociological approach that deals with how people formulate social norms. These are the everyday day affairs that people engage in creating social norms. This phenomenon is a result of a study by Garfinkel in 2002. Ethnomethodologists are able to tell how such norms come into existence by breaking such social norms. Social norms are the customs that guide human behavior. Most customs, however, are socially constructed depending on the particular culture the rules are in play. This somehow explains the origin of deviance. For instance, sociologists like Emile Durkheim and Talcot Parsons focus on the social functions of social norms and how they prompt certain behavior. Social norms essentially constrain behavior. They are considered key in generation of social order and coordination. Any deviation from the expected is considered breaking a social norm. More often norms are unwritten, but they seem to have such a strong hold on people who subscribe to them in terms of their societal background. For instance, for purposes of this assignment I chose to violate a norm of social order. I chose to keep on facing the wrong side of any place I had chosen to queue. First, I chose to face backward in the middle of a queue at a fast food outlet. As expected, people queue facing forward towards the direction of whoever is serving them. This is unwritten, but by default it happens in most places where such services are offered. I turned to face an elderly woman who was right behind me a few seconds
Introduction The process of appraising the project in relation to its feasibility and potential profits is a challenging task that is based on applying certain appraisal techniques and analyzing the accounting reports and projections. These procedures are important in order to guarantee the reasonable decision-making based on the detailed assessment of the situation in the context of the company’s strategic goals and objectives (Pike and Neale 140). A new computer numerically controlled milling machine is planned to be used in Medlock Cones & Tubes Plc. The analysis of accounting reports and forecasts is initiated for the purpose of concluding on the potential successfulness of the project. While referring to the analysis of the financial data regarding the project implementation, it is possible to provide certain recommendations on the further actions. The purpose of this report is to discuss the appropriateness of the information collected for the appraisal of the project, analyze the approaches used to determine the economic value of the proposed projects, and discuss the ways of assessing the strategic factors associated with the project implementation. The Information Used for the Decision-Making The information that is relevant to analyzing the forecasts and appraising projects should include the financial information on profits and losses in order to conduct the incremental cash flow analysis and conclude about costs and benefits of the project. The focus should also be on the quantitative and qualitative data provided by the managers because the full analysis is expected to draw the relevant conclusions (Van Horne and Wachowicz 112). Finally, it i
When planning to conduct a scientific study, it is important to calculate the sample size. From a practical perspective, it is not economical to study all members of a population. Thus, only a few participants are chosen. Although a smaller number in comparison with the population typifies the sample size, it is utilized to represent the whole populace. Thus, a population can be defined as a complete set of elements or participants from which a few can be included in a study sample. An important aspect to realize is that the findings obtained from a sample can be used to make conclusions about the whole populace. The formula that is applied in determining sample size (n) does not involve the population size (N). The observation is true in the context of statistics, but it is not true from a business point of view. The formula is as follows: Where:   * n- Sample size in a study   * – Variance of the population   * Z 2 – Variance/Error 2   * Error 2 – Square of error In the above formula, the term population size (N) does not appear. It is apparent that N could have an impact on the sample size by influencing other terms in the formula. The first term that is affected by the population size is the variance, which is used to imply the extent to which data elements of a sample are spread out in a distribution. Relatively small values of variance indicate that data in a sample distribution are close to the anticipated mean. On the other hand, relatively high values of the variance imply that data are spread out, i.e., they are not close to the expected sample mean. Large populations lead to small variances, while small populations result in high variances. Thus, it would be important for business researchers to consider the size of the populace because it would affect the distribution of data elements in relation to the expected mean. For example, populace sizes of 14 million and 20 million households would give different variances, which would impact the sample mean and conclusions about the population. In fact, the populace size of 14 million households would lead to a bigger variance than would be obtained from the populace size of 20 million households. The square of error (Error 2 ) in the formula would also be impacted by the populace size (N). In many studies, scientists expect some deviations (errors), which can negatively impact the study findings if they are not controlled. It is worth to note that errors can be accepted to some extent, beyond which they make the study results unreliable and invalid. From a practical perspective, the populace size positively correlates with the square of errors. Thus, small populations are associated with relatively large errors, while large populations are associated with relatively small errors that greatly improve the reliability levels of the findings. For example, a population size of 20 million households would have a smaller error than a populace size of 14 million households. Therefore, it appears that researchers in the field of business should aim at using large populations from which they wo
Introduction: Changes in the Supreme Court Composition and Direction The changes in the U.S. political strategy have affected the judicial system considerably. Specifically, the U.S. Supreme Court has been experiencing changes recently. The overall tendency for its liberalization seems a welcome change of pace. The Cases That Point to the Tendency for a Change: Analysis The White v. Wheeler (2010) case points directly to the fact that the liberal social justice affects the choices made by the U.S. Supreme Court to a considerable degree (Bentley, 2007). Particularly, the decline of the death penalty as the final decision of the court can be deemed as a proof of the liberal attitudes to become the mainstream tendency in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) case, in its turn, shows that the Supreme Court seems to be geared towards a more liberalist point of view (Redfield-Ortiz, 2011). Its composition, therefore, appears to be rather democratic. The case was resolved in favor of the plaintiff, i.e., it granted same-sex couples with the right to marry (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2010). Last but definitely not least, the Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona (2010) case deserves to be brought up. It sheds some light on the positive ways in which the U.S. Supreme Court can use its power. Specifically, the means of addressing the problem of gerrymandering (Bradshaw, 2013) were outlined. Principles of Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison can be viewed as a graphic example of the exp
Introduction The present database plan concentrates on infection control measures. Throughout their practice, health care professionals have to handle numerous infections and protect not only themselves but also other uninfected people while maintaining appropriate preventive services. This paper will discuss the main preventive measures. The present-day situation is far from being perfect. The World Health Organization (n.d.) informs that infections acquired in health care settings are “the most frequent adverse event in health-care delivery worldwide,” including the USA (para. 1). Apart from that, the annual hospital costs of healthcare-associated infections in the U.S. have been estimated to be up to $33 billion (Stone, Pogorzelska-Maziarz, Herzig, Weiner, Furuya, Dick, & Larson, 2014). This database plan explains the information-management problem and contains a guideline that prescribes the execution of specific rules, the entity-relationship correlation, and justification for all entities. Information Management Handwashing, donning gloves, and putting on gowns are standard precautions, particularly for the simplest level of infection control (Kacmarek, Stoller, & Heuer, 2016). However, one should not underestimate the importance of these measures. In the context of patient care, it is one of the major strategies for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections among health care consumers and hospital staff members. Presently, there are still some gaps concerning the implementation of infection control measures. This database aims at enhancing medical professionals’ knowledge, encouraging the quality improvement of services, and drawing attention to the preventive measures as the basis of the present-day patient care in the hospital setting. It is necessary to emphasize that the proper infection control might be complicated by the carefree attitude towards standard measures. Thus, it is necessary to recap the basic information and simultaneously follow the present-day trends in terms of infection control. Specific Rules Execution The execution of specific rules refers to the idea that the essence of the standard procedures should remain the same while some specific innovations are to be implemented. In this respect, three main measures should be reconsidered: handwashing, donning gloves and putting on gowns. Hand hygiene procedures should be performed as usual, but new agents, such as alcohol-based hand rubs, may be used as well (Caple, 2015). In some cases, for instance, when a person removes contaminated personal protective equipment, double-gloving may be useful because it reduces the risk of viral contamination of health care workers’ hands (Casanova, Rutala, Weber, & Sobsey, 2012). As for the usage of gowns, it is necessary to identify the common standard among those that already exist and share knowledge. It is sometimes believed that the scope of gowns application concerns bacteria, but the recent research proves that their primary task is to prevent or reduce exposure to blo
Carl Jung’s Background Carl Gustav Jung, a notable Swiss Psychiatrist, was born on the 26 th day of July, in the year 1875 in Switzerland near Lake Constance in Kesswill. His father, Paul A. Jung was a protestant church pastor. When he was four years old, the Jung family relocated to Basel (Jung, 1964). Of all the Jung family children, Carl was the only surviving child. This was perhaps the reason why his parents were very protective of him. His mother frequently suffered depression and was absent from the family on many occasions. One such occasion, his mother was hospitalized for several months due to depression. This incident left Carl with a fear of being abandoned. He viewed his mother as an unreliable parent and since she was quite bossy, to Carl, she held all the power leaving his father powerless. Carl started to school when he was six at a village school. All through his school life, Carl is reported to have enjoyed his own company rather than the company of his peers. He would often be found alone in deep thought (Jung, 1964). There was one notable incident in Carl’s life; one of the students in his class pushed him to the ground. It was a great fall to an extent that Carl lost consciousness. Ever since that incident, Carl would faint whenever he was required to go to school or do any school related activities. This situation was very serious that his parents and doctors believed that he would never lead a normal life again. However, this situation changed one day when he overheard his father voicing his concerns over his condition. Carl made it his goal to recover in his studies and to everyone’s surprise, he recovered and resumed his studies at his school. He later went to study medicine at the Basel University and Psychology in Paris (Jung, 1964). A year after his medicine degree in 1902, he married Emma Rauschenbach in 1903; they had five children (Jung, 1964). Beginning of his Career The first ever professional post that Carl Jung held was that of an assistant in a Psychiatric Clinic that was situated in Zurich University. He was an assistant to Eugen Bleuler. His post served as an internship for him. It was during these internship years that Jung and other colleagues carried out the ‘Associated Experiment’. This was a technique developed to “investigate significant groups of ideas in the unconscious area of the mind” (Jung, 1964). These groups would have power over the person and would result in anxieties and inappropriate emotions. It is during internship period that Carl happened to read Freud’s ‘Interpretation of Dreams’ which was in agreement with what he already believed. He was very impressed and sent Freud a copy of a study he had written. This led to a friendship that lasted for some years. They worked together and Freud had a great impact on some of Jung’s theories. Through Freud, Jung developed interest in the unconscious mind (Jung, 1964). After working with Freud for years, their ideas started to differ and this was the beginning of their rift and eventual break up. Freud was not impressed with Jung’s way of thin