ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Boeing is an established company that has been working in the aviating industry for over 100 years. Table 1 presents the SWOT analysis of Boeing’s external environment and internal resources and capabilities. Firstly, it is necessary to review the external environment of Boeing, mainly the aviation industry, which is undergoing a crisis, presenting many threats for Boeing, especially considering the recent disruptions affecting air travel, supply chain, and manufacturing. Opportunities for Boeing are connected to the increased popularity of international travel and long-distance airplane journeys. Firstly, the aviation industry has demonstrated growth in recent years, with increased consumer spending on air travel, leading to an increased demand for Boeing’s products (Boeing, 2019). Moreover, travelers and air travel companies focused more attention on long-distance journeys and international travel. The market has demonstrated a change in consumer preferences, which allows Boeing to introduce its products to new markets and explore different options for growth (Boeing, 2019). However, the coronavirus outbreak has affected the oil prices, which was the main threat for Boeing prior to the outbreak, providing a growth opportunity for the business after the restrictions are lifted (Ntshalintshali, 2019). Moreover, the government of the United States will offer relief packages for companies, including Boeing, which should help deal with the crisis. The main threats for Boeing emerged recently with the rapid development of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ban on international travel from many states. According to Tangel and Gryta (2020), Boeing already suspended production of its aircraft in Seattle. Since it is unclear when it will be safe to resume work at factories, this event placed a severe strain on Boeing. Apart from safety, the supply chain of Boeing is disrupted, since many companies manufacturing parts and components for aircraft are not operating (Ryan, 2020). Moreover, the airline industry, in general, has suffered from a significant loss of operational activity, as international travel has been banned by many countries, including the United States (Ryan, 2020). This inevitable will affect the demand for Boeing’s products in the following moths. Prior to the coronavirus outbreak, Boeing was threatened by the oil price volatility. Ntshalintshali (2010) states that OPEC controls over 40% of the oil industry and, subsequently, the prices on the market, and in recent years, the future purchase orders may decrease, providing opportunities to the competitors. As for strengths, Boeing has focused on its research and development (R&D), spending a lot in this domain. This means that the company has an advantage before its competitors in regards to new products and improvements to the old ones. Additionally, Boeing has had a stable financial outlook since prior to 2020, Boeing (2019) reported a steady growth of operations. Thus, the c
Introduction to Positive Psychology The millennial issue of American Psychologist was a special edition devoted to Positive Psychology. Edited by Martin E. P. Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, two of the founding fathers of this orientation of clinical psychology, the editors claimed that while psychologists were quite knowledgeable about how people deal with adverse conditions, they had ‘scant knowledge of what makes life worth living’ (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000, p.5). They believed psychology had adopted a purely pathological orientation, a science devoted entirely to healing, with little concern for the fulfilled individual and the prosperous communities. Depression, racism, violence, self-esteem management, irrationality were issues that since World War II, psychology had learnt a lot about but not so much about characters strengths, virtues and the factors which caused and enhanced happiness (Gable & Haidt, 2005, p.103). With this, they described positive psychology as: “The field of positive psychology at the subjective level is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present). At the individual level, it is about positive individual traits: the capacity for love and vocation, courage, interpersonal skill, aesthetic sensibility, perseverance, forgiveness, originality, future mindedness, spirituality, high talent, and wisdom. At the group level, it is about the civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship: responsibility, nurturance, altruism, civility, moderation, tolerance, and work ethic” (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000, p.5). Since that issue, the positive psychology movement has generated a lot of interest as conferences have been held, edited volumes and handbooks have been published, universities are offering courses in positive psychology and numerous grants have aided the attempts of researchers from countries all around the world. Positive psychology has changed the previous notion of clinical psychology as a kind of medical practice to treat sick souls or sick minds (Maddux, 2002). Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) believe that prevention of problems such as depression, drug abuse or schizophrenia in young people or acts such as murderous schoolyard violence is facilitated not by correcting weakness, but by ‘systematically building competency’. Human strengths such as “courage, future mindedness, optimism, interpersonal skill, faith, work ethic, hope, honesty, perseverance, and the capacity for flow and insight” (p. 7) help to safeguard against mental illness and positive psychology aims to understand these and learn how to cultivate these in young people to promote mental wellness. This is its main contribution to clinical psychology. Similarities with Humanistic Psychology and the Anti-Psychiatry Movement Martin Seligman had commented that humanistic psychol
Goal setting has always been regarded as the efficient method for increasing the overall performance of employees and organization. Particular goals predetermine directions and time limits to achieve results. The role of goal setting has been overestimated as far as there are side effects that negatively influence employees’ behavior and organizational culture. The article under consideration entitled “Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Overprescribing Goal Setting” was written by Lisa D. Ordonez, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Adam D. Galinsky, and Max H. Bazerman in 2009. The authors provide readers with the information concerning the harmful effects of goal settings. According to authors, too little attention has been paid to the notion of adverse sides of goal settings. The main idea of the article is that too specific or challenging goals may lead to the unethical behavior, distorted attention to various significant aspects, the decrease in intrinsic motivation, and worsening of the organizational culture (Ordonez et al. 6). First, the authors examine the negative consequences of too specific goals. When goals are too narrow, employees may overlook other significant aspects of work. For instance, when manufacturers of Fiat Pinto were given definite goals to produce a car at minimum cost, they neglected necessary safety measures. This situation is a vivid example of the adverse effect of the narrow goal setting. However, too specific goal setting can be inevitable to achieve the better performance. Three constituents influence the outcomes of goal setting including goal commitment, task characteristic, and national culture (Robbins and Judge 256). In the provided example, employees displayed devotion to goals, but the task characteristic was poor. In the next part of the paper, authors pay attention to the fact that too challenging goals may result in the unethical behavior of employees. Ordonez et al. provide a profound explanation and vivid examples to prove their position. Besides, authors admit that challenging goals are not the only reason for the unethical behavior. In my opinion, this statement symbolizes that authors are not biased in their judgments. I do not agree with authors’ view that the increased competition because of the high goal setting is an adverse result. The necessity in competition depends on the company and organizational culture. When teamwork is essential to the successful work, competition may lead to poor performance. However, the manager may set such goals that will refer to the team as a whole. In other cases, competition may be required as far as it enhances workers’ creativity and desire to do their best. One more significant aspect of the challenging goal setting refers to the notion of motivation. Managers decrease the level of intrinsic motivation by laying more emphasis on the external motivation. However, the manager can set challenging goals that are connected with intrinsic motivation. The leadership style and ability to inspire employees play a crucial role here. Thus, if goals are high and employees consider their achiev
The world is changing rapidly, and international business must change with it. Two major concerns in recent times have been this planet’s environment and the rights of the people who occupy it. The business has a rather dismal record concerning both of these important issues. However, the power on this planet is shifting from governments to markets, and that is bringing change. There is fierce competition on the international front for resources, including human resources. Countries with abundant or rare natural resources or populations available for work have room to bargain. Moving large installations once the local environment is destroyed has become a very expensive proposition, and the place available to which they can move have become fewer. Jobs that require no training are becoming rare, so companies must invest in the workforce. In addition, companies that already have foreign installations have found that their workforce has also become their customers, so it begins to make sense to protect that workforce even more. International multi-corporations realize that it is good business to take care of the environment where they manufacture and treat their workforce well in order to retain trained people. The functionalist view of society states that society will develop to fill its needs. It also says that governments and institutions will change to accommodate the needs of society. Wiarda finds it much more widespread than Wallerstein. “Regarding the debate over the appropriateness of the functionalist approach, I would suggest merely that functionalism was never a comprehensive and closed theory but rather a loose set of guidelines.” (1991, p. 38) The functionalist view of social development promotes the idea that when social institutions and governments can no longer make things run smoothly, the populations will insist upon change. Currently, governments and international organizations, such as the WTO, no longer make all the rules. “The global financial marketplace created by globalization has moved beyond the control of any government or regulator.” (Romano, 2000, p. 91) Governments don’t usually lead based upon the needs of their society, but rather they follow some ideology. Businesses, in contrast, generally base their decision upon whether or not they are profitable. Sometimes they take a short-term view and ignore the environment, but more and more, the long-term view begins to look profitable, especially as things now change faster than they used to. So the most strategic businesses are looking for ways to promote sustainable development, which is actually cheaper than the destroy and move strategy of the past. T
Introduction Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust, hereafter, Mid Staff is a 344 Bed Trust commissioned as Stafford Hospital in 1984. In 1992, management of Cannock Chase Hospital and Stafford Hospital developed a working policy to provide acute and emergency care services to patients in the current Mid Staff system. Authorised as a foundation trust in 2008, Mid Staff offered well-organised services to the ailing patients with specialised care for the less fortunate members of the society. It offered a reprieve to the poor with efficient service delivery and wonderful health care services. However, towards the end of 2009, Mid Staff underwent a serious transformation following a series of public complaints. As later reported by Robert Francis led commission of inquiry into the management and health care service provision levels, the service at Mid Staff presented health hazards to the poor patients. Health care service delivery changed from service provision and patient care to gross neglect and suffrage to patients. As reported, between 2005 and 2009, more than one thousand patients died in the Mid Staff facility. Majority of the fatalities took place due to gross neglect and irresponsible act from the doctors, nurses, and other medical practitioners trusted with the role of ensuring proper care and medication for the patients. The Inquiry In criticism and vilifying of the management structure at the Mid Staff, Sir Ian Kennedy, representing the health care regulatory authority, Health Commission, described the scandal experienced at the Mid Staff as not only horrifying but also the worst hospital health care scandal of the recent times. After several complaints from the members of the public, the commission of inquiry initiated a public consultation and stakeholder engagement forums in which the affected patients narrated their ordeals ( Regulators Consider Dissolving NHS Trust 2013). The outcomes of the inquiry led to the development of 290-recommendations report under which the Mid Staff management unit needed to implement before their re-entry into the health care service provision (Andrew 2013 ) . This paper seeks to explore the leadership and governance deficiencies in the Mid Staff that contributed to the scandal. Similarly, the paper seeks to explore the governance and leadership principles and theories that the Mid Staff management unit overlooked in their management roles (Hawkes 2013). Governance and leadership Governance and leadership units in health care service institutions are the accounting and decision making organs. Their roles and strategies towards improved service care and efficient patient care represent the ability of the individual institution to develop adequ
According to Best (2008), micronutrients play a very important role in the body metabolism. These micronutrients include iodine, magnesium, calcium, chloride, among others. In order to have a healthy body, micronutrients are highly recommended for their vital role in development. Some micronutrients like calcium are essential for development of strong bones and body tissues. Another important role that is played by the micronutrients is observed in the process in which food is broken down to release energy. They help the process to take place effectively. It is worth noting that by so doing, these micronutrients help in the regulation of heat and energy in the body. Some other nutrients for example, magnesium, play a key role in controlling the heartbeats and essential activities that take place in the heart. Another key role played by these micronutrients is the regulation and maintenance of water body and the PH levels in the body. It has also been confirmed that the development of thyroid glands is supported by micronutrients such as iodine. As some researchers have confirmed, micronutrients are generally considered as being necessary in enabling all the body systems to function properly. Apart from these micronutrients, other nutrients are very essential for a healthy body. Therefore, one should ensure that the necessary nutrients are consumed on a daily basis. Best (2008) says that, for a well-developed body, efforts should be made to include all the necessary nutrients in the diet. This scholar points out that a single meal may not provide all the nutrients necessary for good a healthy body. A food guide pyramid as the one that is currently being used by the researcher can be very effective to ensure that all the daily food nutrients are obtained. This food guide pyramid helps one to arrange the food types and nutrients it contains according to the number of servings in a day. Another way of ensuring that one gets the necessary daily nutrients in the body is through use of supplements in case some nutrients are difficult to obtain. For example, production, and availability of sources of different nutrients in the market vary. There is a season for some nutrients while others may be out of season. In such a situation where nutrients like vitamins are unavailable, herbal supplements can be used for provision of vitamins. According to Best (2008), intake of multivitamin on a daily basis can be very effective in providing vitamin D in case of shortage to ensure that all the required nutrients are obtained. However, taking herbal supplements is not recommended for one in medication. Best (2
Introduction Nutrition plays an important role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. Indeed the impact of nutrition during childhood is felt even during adulthood. Nutrition entails not only the types of dietary intakes of individuals but also the quantities of various nutrients. This experiment involves analyzing the relationship between the nutritional status of individuals, their body sizes, and their risk of developing chronic illnesses such as diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart diseases. The experiment will be conducted using the anthropometry approach. Anthropometry has been defined as “the study of the measurement of the human body in terms of the dimensions of bone, muscle, and adipose (fat) tissue” (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1998, p. 1). Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue are important because individuals with large values are reported to be at increased risks for hypertension, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, gallstones, arthritis, another disease, and forms of cancer. In this experiment, students will be required to collect anthropometric measures such as height, weight, mid-arm circumference, triceps skin-fold, and waist and hip circumference. Using these measurements the students will then calculate their body mass index, mid-arm muscle circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Height refers to the general stature of an individual. The importance of taking the height measurement is to determine whether an individual’s abnormal height is due to genetic or environmental factors. Weight on the other hand refers to frame size and composition of muscle, fat, and bone. The weight measurement of an individual is an important indicator of whether the individual has a normal weight, is underweight, overweight, or obese, and their predisposition to illnesses such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This is normally determined by the body mass index of individuals, which is obtained by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of height measured in meters. Skin-folds and waist and hip circumferences are also critical in predicting the above-mentioned diseases. It is important to note that the risk of individuals to develop the diseases is determined by comparing the anthropometric measurements with the cut-off points created by organizations such as the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 1995). The experiment aims to empower individuals with information about their physical measurements such as height and weight; to compare these measurements across sexes, age, and upbringing (whether in a developing or industrialized country). The exercise also aims at identifying the factors that may contribute to individuals’ current body sizes and how they can improve on them. Materials and methods The class was required to perform an experiment that involved taking various measurements including height, weight, mid-arm circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference, and calculating the
The United States Postal service is one of the most independent state corporations in the US and the only provider of postal services in the states. The organization is one of the few established institutions from the US constitution in 1775 by a decree of the 2 nd continental congress (Ferrara, 1990, p. 11). Nonetheless, the state corporation has undergone structural and functional changes especially outlined by the Postal Reorganizational Act. Unique to this institution is its independence from federal funding because since the early eighties, the US postal service has not received state funding. Nonetheless, this fact stands true with the exception of subsidies the state corporation receives with regard to disabled persons and voters residing overseas. Another notable exception is its recent borrowing of funds from the treasury to cover its financial deficits (Herr, 2010). A major cause of its financial troubles has been the constant decline of mail volumes over the past few years because of information technology advancements, prompting the corporation to cut back on a few functional areas to maintain sound financial health. The corporation currently employs approximately 596,000 workers in the US which makes it the second largest employers of civilians after Wal-Mart, although it operates one of the largest fleet of civilian vehicles in the world; considering it has over 218,000 vehicles (Herr, 2010, p. 2). The US postal service currently has a duty to deliver packages to all Americans regardless of their locality and at uniform price; although some of its greatest competitors are private delivery companies. Considering the outstanding success as one of the few state organizations that barely rely on state funding, this study seeks to explore different aspects to this occurrence. More comprehensively, this study notes that Organizational design and effective control processes in the U.S. Postal Service have made it an extremely efficient organization since it is the only government organization that operates on its own revenue, without government funds. Governance and Organization The Board of governors of the US mail service act as the sole body that regulates rates, policies and procedures of the state corporation because their role is almost comparable to that of a corporate Board of Directors board. Eleven members sit at the board but nine of them are appointed by the president and approved by the senate; after which the nine members appoint the Post master General who operates as the corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and at the same time, acts as the tenth member of the board. When they are complete as ten members of the board, they appoint the eleventh member as the deputy post master general whose role is outlined by the position of the Chief operating Officer (Herr, 2010). Most often than not, the US mail service is often assumed to be a fully owned government corporation but from the above description, the corporation is an independent entity, although established by the executive wing of