ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the scourges of the XXI century, malaria is listed among the diseases that are the hardest to fight against. Despite all the concerns regarding the negative effects of DDT on people’s health ( Effects of DDT, n. d. ), it admittedly helps prevent malaria, which poses a very complicated dilemma for healthcare specialists. On the one hand, as a doubtlessly effective and comparatively cheap pesticide, it should be promoted as one of the key means to prevent malaria in patients. On the other hand, the effects of DDT on most patients are nearly as destructive as malaria itself. Hence the question regarding the legitimacy of the use of DDT as a means to prevent malaria arises ( DDT: An introduction , n. d.). Although the powerful impact that DDT has on reducing the number of patients with malaria and the death toll among them is doubtless, it is much more reasonable to rely on traditional prevention methods, which involves the use of pyrethroids, and other insecticides of similar type, as well as long-lasting insecticidal nets ( Malaria prevention: Insecticides , 2011). DDT in its turn should not be banned, yet its use should be restricted to the cases when urgent treatment must be provided. While every single negative effect that DDT has on the people in the vicinity is to be taken into account and considered a separate legitimate statement against the use of DDT, the fact that the insecticide increases the chances for developing breast cancer must be named first. As the recent researches show, “High levels of serum p,p’-DDT predicted a statistically significant 5-fold increased risk of breast cancer among women who were born after 1931” (Cohn, B., Wolff, M., Cirillo, P., & Sholtz, R. (2007), 1406). Though the direct link between DDT and breast cancer has not been found yet, the evidence is rather graphic. The negative effects of DDT on the human body are not restricted to creating the environment for developing malignant tumors, however. As Salazar-García, Gallardo-Díaz, Cerón-Mireles & Borja-Aburto (2004) explain, reproductive system is also affected greatly. After analyzing the medical record of 2,033 men employed in the antimalaria campaign in Mexico, the researchers came to the conclusion that “of the 9,187 pregnancies evaluated, 8,650 (94.2%) were live births and 118 were stillbirths” (Salazar-García, Gallardo-Díaz, Cerón-Mireles & Borja-Aburto, 2004, p. 545). Moreover, the study mentioned above has also shown rapid growth in the number of spontaneous abortions, which were triggered by a surge of toxicity rates within the area under study. Therefore, with the application of DDT and DDT-based pesticides for preventing mosquito attacks, not only people’s fecundity but also their heredity is jeopardized. DDT-based insecticides affect people on genetic and biochemical levels, altering their genes and leading to changes in the process of fetal development, as well as affecting the process of delivery. The given feature of DDT and DDT-based pesticides raises a
Mental health specialists have embraced the person centered approach as the best method of treating conditions such as bipolar disorder. The approach is instrumental in bringing long term improvement in the lives of the patients by embracing a philosophy that embraces partnership especially with the clients benefiting from the mental health services (Law, Baptiste and Mills, 1995). The approach is collaborative since it involves patients together with the care providers and the family thereby ensuring their expectations and needs are catered for (Lutz and Bowers, 2000). This essay will give a brief description of the person centered approach with particular interest in the assessment overall management of a bipolar patient while shedding light on documentation of care and professional decision making. After gaining consent from the patient who was suffering from bipolar disorder, I identified aggressive behavior as the aspect of person centered approach to be addressed. Bipolar disorder is responsible for irregular and unusual mood swings, imbalances in energy and activity levels and the overly inability of undertaking daily chores. Management of aggression and violence was chosen due to its predominant nature in the patient. The male patient was overly involved in violent acts and quarrels with his peers. Majority of his friends shunned him due to his lack of understanding of common discussions. In addition, the understanding aggression aspect was imperative in coming up with a long term solution to the condition since addressing it would enhance his social interaction with other people. In order to ensure the involvement of the patient, family friends and care providers, the patient was admitted in a mental health unit whereby the family members are given unlimited access to the patient. The proximity to the hospital was imperative for close monitoring by the care providers while the family members provides the needed comfort thus assuring the patients and making him feel loved during the recovery period. The treatment and recovery period was undertaken within a period of one week before the patient was discharged. In addition, regular visits to the home were conducted once in a week in order to assess the progress towards fully recovery. Nursing assessment is mainly interested in ascertaining the needs of the patients during the encounter in a nursing situation. Assessment delves in information regarding the nursing history of the patient with regard to the health status and the overall management of the illness. The psychological coupled with the social examination was carried out to ascertain the perceptions of the client and emotional health. A physical examination with the eminent to decipher the symptoms and signs is undertaken before the documentation of the assessment results is done in the p
Introduction The moral status of nonhuman animals is one of the questions that philosophers have found to be very difficult to answer. Animals are often considered to have a lower moral status than human beings simply because they belong to a different species (Huther, 2005). The principle of assigning moral status based on species is referred to as speciesism. Although speciesists do not support cruelty to animals, they believe that using them for beneficial activities such as experimentation is justified. However, those who oppose speciesism believe that animals and human beings should be accorded equal moral status. This paper will analyze the arguments against speciesism. Main Issues About Speciesism One of the main issues surrounding speciesism is the difference between humans and animals that justifies the preferential treatment of the former. According to Huther (2005), speciesism cannot be justified because it is based on the principles of unethical practices such as racism and sexism. In particular, membership in a given species is not a relevant factor for determining moral treatment. According to Steinbock (1978), human beings are entitled to preferential treatment in the moral community because of the unique capacities that they possess. The capacities include the following. First human beings can be held responsible for their actions, whereas nonhuman animals are not accountable for their behaviors. Second, human beings can reciprocate, whereas animals’ behaviors are hardly motivated by altruistic reasons (Steinbock, 1978). Thirdly, human beings have a desire for self-respect. Animals, on the other hand, lack the intelligence to desire and achieve self-respect. These three differences make human beings superior to animals. Thus, using animals for food or experimentation is justified, especially if it is the only way to save the human species. Summary of Opposing Viewpoints Singer (2009) criticizes speciesism by showing that the principle of equal value of human life is untenable. According to Singer (2009), speciesists believe that human beings should be treated equally irrespective of their physical or mental capacities. This means that normal human beings and those who are mentally retarded should enjoy equal rights. Therefore, mentally retarded individuals are superior to nonhuman animals. Singer (2009) dismisses this claim by arguing that animals compare to human beings in several ways. For example, great apes such as gorillas have cognitive abilities that enable them to achieve high scores in human IQ tests. Similarly, dogs and parrots can comprehend human language albeit at a low level. Undoubtedly, animals such as chimpanzees have better cognitive abilities than human beings who have severe mental disabilities (Singer, 2009). Thus, the interests of an
Community policing is one of the latest intervention strategies aimed at stemming out the cases of crime in various countries. In some states such as the US, the federal government funds the program since it is aimed at dealing with insecurity nationally. According to the proponents of the intervention strategy, each person had a role to play as far as eliminating crime in society is concerned. In this case, citizens have to inform the law enforcers whenever they suspect any criminal activity within the neighborhood. In other words, community policing can be defined as an arrangement whereby communities promise to report any criminal acts to the police even if they are not affected directly. The strategy was introduced in the 1990s after several cases were reported to have happened in streets without the knowledge of the police (Bennett, & Wright, 1984). The Detroit police department in 1994 first applied the policy. The Detroit police employed the services of a civilian to oversee the implementation of the program. However, due to resistance to change and other bureaucratic problems associated with the police, the officer in charge of implementation could not go on and was forced by circumstances to resign in 1997 (Glensor, & Peak, 1998). Fortunately, other reformers undertook the responsibility to oversee the implementation of the policy until now. A number of things are to be put in place before the establishment and implementation of the program. One of the requirements is that there must be mutual respect between the law enforcers (the police) and the community in general. Secondly, the parties should be willing to establish the best policy to approach the problem and lastly, the police officers should be willing to devote their time and energy towards solving insecurity such as robbery, meaning that they need to respond immediately to calls from the public (Peak, & Glensor, 1999). The main aim of this article is to classify the objectives and achievements of community policing. For instance, the main problem lies in the training of the employees because the process is complex. Literature Review A literature review will involve evaluating the views of various scholars as regards community policy, as one of the intervention strategies. The overriding principle behind community policing is that the community needs to be incorporated into issues affecting society such as crime. Upon this realization, the police must come to the reality that problems should be viewed from a community perspective in case they are to be solved amicably. Therefore, the main aim of officers working with the community is to increase partnerships between various stakeholders in the security sector. In the contemporary world, it is noted that community policing is one of the effective ways of solving crime issues because it aims at solving the problems that would cause crime. In the traditional society, policymakers believed that things had to be done in the same as they used to be done before. The scholars supporting community policing argue that other forms of crime intervention are not effective, given that they do not organize and administer justice (Trojan
Differences between domesticated and wild Plants Studies indicate that the domestication of plants by humans ensures the productiveness of plant and animal species for providing food to them. The domesticated plants have exhibited differences compared to wild plants in the sense that selective breeding results in the elimination of thorny features, toxins, and bad testing components. Therefore, these depict some of the morphological differences between wild and domesticated plants (Haviland et al. 232) On the other hand, scientific studies have shown that domesticated plants differ from their counterpart wild species in modes favored by human beings. Domesticated plants are generally larger with reduced seed dispersion and protective mechanisms compared to the wild plants of similar species. The domesticated species of plants have tough stems, which make them disperse seeds by themselves, a feature that lacks in wild plant species. Differences between domesticated and wild Animals The domestication of animals by human beings is an artificial natural selection mechanism aimed at improving or carrying forth some of the desired animal traits. Therefore, domestication has ensured that only those species with “good” qualities are domesticated, thus their genealogy becomes more disease resistant, with better mating behavior. The domestication process of animals eventually presented favorable conditions that were in favor of these species (Haviland et al. 232). Although the process does not lead to genetic changes, mal-adaptation to virtually good conditions support their extended productiveness compared to wild species of their family. Early evidence shows that domestication produced variations in the skeletal composition of some animal species. According to Haviland, et al (2010), domesticated sheep and goats have smaller or no horns as contrasted to the wild ones (233). An investigation into the process of domestication over time has shown that different sex and age ratios distinguish domesticated from wild animals sharing similar genetic lines. In general, domestication has acted as an artificial selection enabled by a man with a view of gaining from the reproductive advantages through selective breeding. Works Cited Haviland, William A, et al. Anthropology: The Human Challeng e. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.
Definition of Variables The primary dependent variable is:   * Bullying. Einarsen, Hoel, Zapf, and Cooper specifically count “…harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone’s work tasks… occur(s) repeatedly and regularly and over some time…an escalating process in the course of which the person confronted ends up in an inferior position and becomes the target of systematic negative social acts” (2003, p. 15). Other authors count it as essential that the perpetrator displays hostile verbal behavior, coercion, physical contact, and other actions that call into question the competence of a colleague at work and degrade the self-esteem of the latter (Keashly and Jagatic, 2003; Forsyth, 2006).   * (Workplace) Aggression . At its rawest, as exemplified by the somewhat animalistic views of Konrad Lorenz, aggression is at the core “the fighting instinct in beast and man which is directed against members of the same species…Aggression, the effects of which are often equated with the death wish, is an instinct like any other and in natural conditions, it helps just as much as any other to ensure the survival of the individual and the species” (2002, pp. 9-10). In occupational settings, one gives due consideration to definitions adopted by a Workplace Aggressive Behaviour and Violence Advisory Committee of an Australian government unit much concerned about “unacceptable workplace behavior”. This means, of course, excluding those with such organic etiology as hypoxia, dementia, or brain injury. Even then, the scope of what is unacceptable can be further categorized into five classes: Workplace aggressive behavior: incidents, perceived or real to individuals, when they are abused, threatened, or assaulted in circumstances arising out of, or in the course of their employment, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, health, or wellbeing. Workplace violence: an action or incident that physically or psychologically harms another person. It includes situations where employees and other people are threatened, attacked, or physically assaulted at work. Non-physical violence such as verbal abuse, intimidation, and threatening behavior, may also significantly affect a person’s health and wellbeing. Threats may be perceived or real and there does not have to be a physical injury for the violence to be a workplace hazard. Employees may be affected by workplace violence even if they are not directly involved. Physical violence: the use of physical force against another person or group that results in physical harm. It includes, but is not limited to, pinching, biting, pushing, spitting, slapping, kicking, beating, shooting, and stabbing. Psychological violence: the use of power against another person or group that results in psychological harm or an inability to develop professionally. This includes, but is not limited to, verbal abuse, suggestive behavior, threats of ph
Company History Careem provides private car services. This business serves customers who require a ride and who cannot or do not want to use a taxi or public transportation. The business operates through a mobile application that allows one to book a car quickly, “using GPS technology, the app finds the customer’s location and calculates an approximate price for the ride”, and a website that provides an opportunity to pay for the services (Hamid par. 6; Rego par. 2). Careem is a rather new business. It was founded only three years ago in 2012 (“About Us” par. 1). That is why its history is relatively short, which does not make it any less eventful. Over the first two years of its existence, the business that was initially founded in Dubai managed to expand to 14 different cities of the Middle East such as Karachi, Doha Beirut, and Cairo (Hamid par. 2). Senior Management Chart Senior Management Chart Mission and Vision Careem is a local business and has a regional vision. The leaders of the company realize that “transport is the lifeline to everything” (“About Us” par. 1). The mission of Careem is to provide the best connection between people and locations in the region. That is why the leaders, managers, and workers of the company apply the best talent and the latest technologies combined with the highest level of professionalism to their operations. Careem is a business-oriented at people both internally and externally. The leaders of the company ensure that only the best professionals in the field are employed in Careem to provide the services of the highest quality to the clients. Careem focuses on innovations and expansion ensuring fast and responsive service and dense coverage of various regions. Marketing Strategy Careem operates in a market with a lot of competition for similar businesses. As a result, the company has to battle all of these competitors for the client base. That is why Careem is very determined about its differentiation in the market. Careem’s marketing strategy is founded on the accessibility of the company’s services. Innovations play a significant part in the marketing strategy of this business. This orientation signifies Careem’s orientation to the future and readiness to embrace all the newest opportunities fearlessly and to improve their image. Besides, rapid expansion facilitates the fast growth of the client base and higher recognition in the market. In that way, a relatively new business has turned itself into one of the most powerful and known private care service deliverers in the market of the Middle East filled with similar companies. Market Positioning Careem’s market positioning is based on the emphasis on the quality of services. In other words, apart
Introduction Autism is a disease related to the impairment of neural development. This disease is detected in children in their early stages of development especially from between two to three years. The disorder is characterized by its effect on the social development of the child and in most instances poorly developed speech. The infected child may also portray some restricted and repeated kind of behavior. The disorder starts with an effect on the brain and nerve cells that affects the process of information coding in the brain. According to Freedman (75), this disorder has been on rising in children drawing the attention of many researchers worldwide. Autism is a long life-threatening disability as it affects the way a victim senses, hears, and sees things. For the case of autism, what is mainly affected is the social behavior of the victim. It affects the way one is supposed to socialize and sometimes communicate within a given community. Children with autism disorder should be handled with great care. They should be given extra attention from the onset of this disorder. This is because the way they are handled at the early stages will influence their behavior in the society in their adult stages of development. This paper seeks to explore how a family with a low aged teenager with this disorder on a mid-spectrum can learn on educational institutions and resources that would accommodate the teenager and employment organizations and resources that would help the teenager when he or she is an adult in society. Learning on Educational Institutions and Resources That Would Accommodate the Teenager Zimmerman (90) argues that the characteristics of autism disorder vary from one victim to another. This scholar points out that not even two autism victims portray similar symptoms. This makes it complex to learn and understand the educational institutions and resources that can accommodate this teenager. However, a common way towards understanding the resources and educational institutions for the teenager is by closely identifying the specific knowledge, ability, interest and by generally understanding the personality of this teenager. This includes the communication patterns of the teenager, the extent of social relations and the unusual behavioral characteristics of the teenager in the environment. The autism teenager may be active or feel withdrawn. It is very important to understand whether this teenage fall in the group of autism victims that are very active or in that of those feel withdrawn in the society to identify an institution that best fits the teenager as well as the resources to be allocated for the same. Autistic patients, unlike other normal students, have concentration problems, for example, in a football game, an autistic student may decide to watch the ball as it rolls instead of concentration on to whom it is directed. Apart from mo