ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The sonnet Acquainted with the Night is very sad and not like the usual you expect from Frost. It is sad almost to the point of depression and is nearly empty of any mention of nature. His poetry is usually placed in more rural surroundings, and the night and darkness are friendly. In this poem, the night is decidedly scary and the darkness may be dangerous. The poem was written around the time when two of Frost’s daughters were having trouble, and he, himself, may have been suffering from depression. There are opinions that this poem is about death, but it is really a search for the meaning in life. Main text The form of the poem is a quite complicated and well-crafted sonnet. The rhyme scheme is interlocking terza rima, and the rhythm is a perfect iambic pentameter. This was not a poem composed at one sitting and must have taken considerable time to perfect. It begins and ends with the same sentence and uses first person singular throughout, making it singularly introspective and self-centered. Yet, it is not centered on self in indulgence, but more in sorrow and loneliness, and coming to terms with depression. Frost may have had a very satisfying life, but it was fraught with trouble and there was a history in his family of depression, which may have been a major factor in the loss of two of his children. So we can understand if this poem has very serious undertones. He does not mention in this poem that he used the night in many poems, but in his rural poetry, the night was friendly and warm, enclosing and protective. In this poem the night is filled with rain, cries and sad lanes. Frost ends the first stanza with the statement that he has “outwalked” the furthest city light. We can assume from this that he walks the night often and goes out into the surrounding darkness at times. Stanza 2 begins with his statement that he has, “looked down the saddest city lane”. Note that it is singular, so we are being told that he knows which one is the saddest, but we do not know why or even if he has ever entered there. There could be much speculation about the watchman, who or what it is and why it is there. However, it is more important than he looks down, unwilling to explain. What is the unwilling to explain? It might be his constant presence in the night. Many night creatures in the city are taking advantage of darkness to mask their activities. The creatures which populate the dark streets are not always good, but creatures of shadow and evil. That is why most people do not venture out at night, aside from actually needing or being able to sleep. That is another possibility for this poem. Depression often brings on insomnia, and Frost may have suffered from this, especially in cities, where he was out of his element. That supports the repeated first line and the somber theme. Someone who cannot sleepwalks, or paces, in order to pass the time. The third stanza shows us just how alone he is, since he hea
Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, partly because it is difficult to diagnose in the early stages (Chang & Kundranda, 2017). This paper presents a case study of a 72-year-old white male patient diagnosed with stage Ib pancreatic cancer. The patient underwent a Whipple procedure with gemcitabine as adjuvant therapy. The medical management, combined with nursing interventions, led to the patient’s improvement. Pathophysiology of Disease Process A healthy pancreas consists of five types of cells: acinar, secreting enzymes; ductal, producing bicarbonates; centro-acinar, serving as a transition between these two types; endocrine islets, generating hormones; and stellate cells, which are inactive (Kleeff et al., 2016). Malignant cells attack different parts of the pancreas, causing various types of cancer. The most prevalent pancreas tumors are adenocarcinomas, while acinar carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, colloid carcinomas, solid-pseudopapillary, and pancreatoblastomas occur more rarely (Kleeff et al., 2016). The term “pancreatic cancer” refers to the most frequent pancreatic tumor, called pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Kleeff et al., 2016). Risk Factors Risk factors can be classified into non-modifiable and modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors are sex, age, ethnic origin, gut flora, blood type, and family health history (McGuigan et al., 2018). Pancreatic cancer is considered the disease of the elderly because it is uncommon for young people to be diagnosed with it. McGuigan et al. (2018) state that 90% of those diagnosed with this illness are aged 55 years and above, and most patients are in their 70s and 80s. Pancreatic cancer is more prevalent among males than females (McGuigan et al., 2018). Furthermore, in the US, African Americans are at a 50-90% higher risk of being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer compared to Caucasians (McGuigan et al., 2018). The disease is also common among individuals with ABO blood types (McGuigan et al., 2018). In addition, pancreatic cancer can be caused by gut microbiota, such as Neisseria elongata , Streptococcus mitis , Porphyromonas gingivalis , and Granulicatella adiacens (McGuigan et al., 2018). Lastly, a family history of cancer and genetic susceptibility increase the chance of developing pancreatic cancer. Modifiable factors are mainly related to lifestyle choices. They include chronic pancreatitis, smoking, alcohol, obesity, and diet (McGuigan et al., 2018). A poor diet, such as foods and beverages high in fructose and saturated fatty acids, increases the risks of developing pancreatic cancer (McGuigan et al., 2018). Furthermore, obese people are at risk of developing pancreatic cancer because of reduced immunity (McGuigan et al., 2018). Overall, lifestyle choices are a major contributor to pancreatic cancer. Morphology The pancreas is a vital organ with multiple cellular functions that get disrupted after cancer invasion. About 95% of the pancreas consists of specialized epithelial cells, such as pancreatic duct cells, secretory epithelia, and pancreatic acinar c
Introduction The right to own land is part of a larger set of property rights. In Islam, “the associations related to property are regarded as social relations, referred to as mu’amalat under the Islamic law.” 1 These relations are different from ibadat, which refer to associations with worship. The rights to property and land in the Muslim world are affected not only by internal structure of the society (through the Islamic law) but also by external forces which take the form of human rights organizations and development policies that emphasize on a fair and equitable society. These religious and moral contexts of land could be internalized and included into property relationships of numerous communities in several ways. The Islamic Law has a profound impact on all matters pertaining to land and property including acquisition, access, management and inheritance. Property and Land in Islamic Theory Land has been referred to in many paces in the Qur’an and these references are the basis of property rights and respect to them. Individual property rights are well established but are created as a consecrated trust in accordance with the principle of harmony, stewardship and confidence. Muslims believe that property and land are obtained from God, but at present God entrusts these properties to human beings for their use through responsibility or trust. Nevertheless, for the most part it is not seriously contested that the rights to possess, take pleasure in or separate from land exist in Islam. Nevertheless, their authority is obtained from conformity to the Islamic principles. 2 Unlike Western laissez-faire individual property rights which no one interferes with, the Islamic property rights are granted based on the condition that the owners will not use the property in a wasteful or exploitative manner or in a way that deny others their rightly obtained property. The Qur’an insists that people from all walks of life should respect the property rights of everyone regardless of their religious affiliations. Non-Muslims thus have the same property rights as the Muslims. The Qur’an also has laws and regulations that govern the guardianship of the property of orphans, warnings against property misuse and the inheritance rights of women. The unique Islamic land tenure agreements can speed up the process of access to land. 3 Security of tenure means that the right of gaining access to and making use of land and property is embodied in a familiar set of rules and this right is justifiable. Muslim scholars have a common agreement that property rights are one of the five basic values of Islamic law which need to be protected as a matter of precedence. The Prophet put emphasis on this issue by proclaiming to the gathered congregation that “nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly” (Cammack 22). 4 Property and housing fall within the personal sphere in Islam and are thus totally cushioned. This shows the esteem given to property rights by Muslims. Under the Islamic la
Steven Groves in his article “Advancing Freedom in Iraq” raises the problem of the further development of Iraq and the role of the USA in it. The authors theses sound rather explicit though the general tone of the article reflects his personal opinion. It is impossible to say that the author is impartial in his judgements. The aim of the article is to describe the current situation in Iraq and to persuade the reader in the positive role of the U.S. authorities in the promoting of the democracy in the country. The author does not deny the complexity of the situation in Iraq, as well as the problems with which the government and non-governmental organization face. Nevertheless, the author is apt to think that without the U.S. authorities interference the situation will be worsened. The article will be interesting for those who concern themselves with the situation in the given region and with the politics in general. From the very beginning of the article the author sends a clear message that the only acceptable way for Iraqs further development is the development of the democratic institutions on the model of the Western pattern. “Iraq’s best chance for long-term stability is to develop democratic institutions that will protect the basic civil, political, and human liberties and rights of the Iraqi people” (Groves 1). At the same time, the author ignores the fact that it is the country of another culture. Groves does not take into consideration that the autocratic leadership style is one of the particularities of the countries of this region. The important role in the promoting freedom and democracy in Iraq is given to the U.S. Agency of the International Development (USAID) and the different non-governmental organizations. According to Groves opinion the conduction of the democratic elections is not enough for building the robust democratic society. The author asserts that it is necessary to improve the democratic freedoms, to change the attitude towards women, to improve the observance of the human rights. All these issues are the focuses of the attempts of the above-mentioned organizations. Special at
Urbanization is a long and complicated process, which can be triggered by multiple factors. Some of the reasons for cities’ growth remain the same over time, although today, this process is mainly associated with industrialization and technological development. At the same time, the most widespread and constant causes of urbanization are connected with commercial activity and the availability of natural resources. In this essay, these factors are presented and discussed in detail. Commercialization is considered one of the most significant factors of urbanization. In ancient times and the Middle Ages, trade usually took place near rivers, ports, and crossroads. The most well-known examples of such cities are Venice and Genoa in Italy, which were the commercial centers accumulating goods from different parts of the world. Other ancient marketplaces that developed due to active commercialization include Athens and Sparta. Markets attracted merchants, who became permanent residents of the newly established settlements. Trade ensured the prosperity of the cities and their citizens, which, consequently, triggered their growth and development. Another factor associated with urbanization before the 17th century was connected with sustainability and wealth. Therefore, the cities appeared and developed in the territories where rich natural resources could be found. For example, a fertile climate and favorable conditions for agriculture attracted farmers who established their settlements to sell their goods. Most of the cities of Persia, Egypt, Italy, and Greece developed in ancient times and were primarily agricultural. Other resources that could be used by settlers for economic benefit were timber, metal, and minerals. The specialization in the mining or processing of particular resources could lead to industrialization, which is another essential factor of urbanization. In conclusion, it is possible to notice that these factors of cities’ development are connected with economic opportunities and sources of wealth since prosperity is always the major condition for city growth.
Introduction In the ever emerging technological world, e-commerce is swiftly becoming a component of our daily lives. The internet creates a good number of time saving retail choices (Turban et al., 2008). Very many e-retailers (electronic retailers) are realizing the role of internet in creating a competitive trading environment. Online stores are faced by other new forms of since they not only need to retain their current customers but also find methods of attracting new clients. Similar to any other market, research is important for the existence of the business. Electronic retailers must engage in research to enable them acquire the traits and customs of marketing online for superior understanding of their new clients and the process they undergo before settling on what to purchase (Turban et al., 2008). This essay identifies three behaviors inherent in e- retailing; discusses the medium of communication used in each behavior, clarifying on how each medium facilitates e- commerce, analyzing each behavior in relation to the process of communication (including technology, purpose, message, environment, sender, receiver, noise, and feedback). Behaviors of e- Tailing A good number of customers require familiarity with the products that they plan to purchase. Therefore, they will often stick to the brand names they trust and begin their search from this point. The trust built and familiarity will ensure that these brands come out of traditional methods of shopping to an online world of shopping (Roebuck, 2006). As such, the behavior shown by e-tailing can be divided into three stages: the process, the product, and the partnership. The purpose of e-tailing in all the stages is to get involved at every stage in order to persuade the customer’s buying decision, loyalty, and gain trust to guarantee a continuous sales or visit to their site. Process Stage The process stage majorly involves product search and is often influenced by independent variables such as culture, age, lifestyle, and gender (Roebuck, 2006). The controlling or prime variables are within the vendors’ control. The variables such as product variety, services, and price are also considered on a manner in which they can intervene and control the customers’ initial search. The main medium of communication employed by e-tailers at this stage is advertisements through websites and internet. The engagement of brand name and internet promotion banners often act as the major customer drivers for a particular product or service at this stage (Roebuck, 2006). Brand name can also cater for additional researches by the customer and final
The world’s most widespread religions, notably Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, are based on the same tradition that dates back to the Jewish patriarch Abraham. Therefore, all of the three are frequently defined by the umbrella term “Abrahamic religions.” However, the religions are apparently different, as they appeared in different sociocultural contexts and underwent numerous reinterpretations in the course of their development. In modern society, they have to adapt to the overall secularity. Judaism is traditionally a purely Jewish religion that serves to distinguish Jews from non-Jews; hence it does not presuppose any missionary work. Such a perspective probably derives from the historical lack of a single Jewish unity, due to which the religion was the only mean of incorporation. In the modern globalist and liberal world, Judaism comprises numerous schools and is no more compulsory for anyone, including the citizens of Israel. Contrariwise, Christianity has a rich and diverse history of expansion and missionary outreach. As a part of the process, it split into several culture-specific movements, each of which interpreted the Bible in its own way. Nevertheless, there are phenomena that none of the Christian theologians had accepted until recently, such as women’s emancipation or homosexuality. Meanwhile, modern society appreciates human rights; consequently, the Christian ideology is being adjusted. As for Muslims, their lives are traditionally built around a set of strict rituals that regard every sphere. Presumably, this is the result of Mohammed’s desire to develop a unique ideology free from Judaic, Christian, and pagan additions. However, the modern pace of living eliminates following all recommendations, for which reason Islam is undergoing reformation. More developed Muslim communities, whose members lead a busy lifestyle, have discontinued several of the excessive limitations and prohibitions. To summarize, the three largest Abrahamic religions that are seemingly intertwined have been considerably different throughout history and continue to change nowadays. Some changes derive from secularization, in other words, replacing religious values with humanistic ones. Another reason is the modern lifestyle, which leaves less time and energy for rituals than there used to be historical. Finally, globalization has also contributed to the reformation of religion as a phenomenon.
Neighborhood has a direct impact on the quality of education provided and on the way teachers and students work together in the classroom. Students are very perceptive. They may not be able to articulate their perceptions, but most of them know whether they are receiving a good education, an education that will prepare them to compete in the job market, college, or anywhere else. When students perceive that their education is inadequate or inferior, when the expectations for them are less than for others in the class, they often develop a sense of helplessness and frustration. This sense of frustration often turns to anger and violence when there appears to be no viable solution to the problem. Critics and researchers (Sunderman, 2006: Neihart, 2006) pay a special attention to a negative impact of neighborhood on educational achievement of students. They state that violence typical for low class communities negatively affects education and class management. Following Sunderman (2006) students in school environments where violence occurs will not or cannot concentrate on the achievement of rigorous standards, stay in school, perform at high academic levels, and excel intellectually. When teachers and students are more concerned about being victimized than about education, they cannot concentrate on teaching and learning. Searches for weapons are a new phenomenon in schools. However, the administration and faculty believe that they are a necessary precaution. They do not want to experience an incident like the one that took place in the neighboring county when rumors about students bringing weapons into the school went unchecked (Crum 1999). Low class neighborhood can facilitate misbehavior and lack of discipline. Inappropriate classroom behavior refers to unacceptable eating or drinking, refusing to cooperate, and talking back to the teacher (Sunderman 2006). Disruptive classroom or in-school behavior includes listening to cassette tapes, taking something from others without their permission, walking around the classroom, talking about non-class-related issues (especially while the lesson is being taught), playing or shoving, arguing, arriving late, or leaving class without the teacher’s permission. Violence refers to verbal or physical abuse (including the threat of or the actual use of guns, knives, and other weapons) perpetrate
The two readings I have chosen for this essay are “Advice to My Son” by Peter Meinke and “The Ruined Maid” by Thomas Hardy. How our life pans out depends on the choices we make as youth. Both these poems best exemplify this expect of our journey from innocence to experience. “Advice to My Son” talks about the importance of making careful choices because the choices we make today come back to haunt us later in life. “The Ruined Maid” is about a young girl who made a choice that had both positive as well as negative impacts on her life. Both these poems also underscore the effect society has on our happiness. Meinke’s advice to “marry a pretty girl/ after seeing her mother” is his way of telling us that the temperament of the people we surround ourselves with has a profound impact on our happiness. On the other hand, the repetitive use of the word “ruin” by Hardy shows that even though ‘Melia may be better off than she was in her former life, she cannot be truly happy because society does not accept prostitutes. As we know from experience, we are often forced to make choices by the circumstances, which rob us of our innocence. But losing our innocence should not be synonymous with losing our happiness. In this essay, we shall discuss how social opinions shape our perception of happiness as we grow more experienced. Meinke’s “Advice to My Son” gives tips on living a happy life. Meinke tells his son that the trick is to live in today while planning for tomorrow. He goes on to give several practical pieces of advice and emphasizes the importance of enjoying life to the fullest. Thomas Hardy’s “The ruined maid” is the interaction between a country girl and a city girl who happen to meet in the city after a long time. The country girl is impressed by her old friend’s newfound prosperity as she compares it to her old life when she was dressed in tatters and had to work hard. She wishes that she too could have similar prosperity, obviously unaware that her friend’s wealth is the result of prostitution. Although there does not seem to be any similarity between the two poems, they both show the contrast between experience and innocence. “Advice to My Son” is the advice of an experienced father to a son who is probably still in his teens and unaware of the ways of the world. So the poem is full of practical advice such as living in the present while planning for tomorrow. Meinke talks about the need to create a proper balance between beauty and substance when he says that “between the peony and the rose/ plant squash and spinach, turnip and tomatoes.” He hints at the consequences of our choices when he says that we shall “arrive at our approximation here below/ of heaven or hell.” “The Ruined Maid” is about the consequences of a decision that the girl named ’Melia took. A country girl coming from the poorest of backgrounds, in her former life ‘Melia was “in tatters, without shoes or sock/ Tired of digging potatoes, and spudding up docks”. She was obviously unhappy with this life as she “used to call home-life a hag-ridden dream”. So she made a choice to escape from this life