ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
From the abundance of models of Christian Churches, few correspond to the model described by Jesus Christ and his faithful disciples including apostles and their companions. The New Testament is full of information regarding the mission, the concepts of organization, and the activity of a church that is pleasing God. In the following paper, I aim to describe the model of the church which is, in my opinion, is closest to the Apostolic Church of the New Testament. Overall, the evaluation of facts from the Holy Scriptures suggests that the model of Church as Herald is the most congenerous to the Apostolic Church. Among the six models of a Christian Church that are described in Dulles’ book, the model of Church as Herald appears to be the most conformable to the model depicted by the apostle Paul and the other prominent Christian leaders of the first century (‘Models of Church’ n. d). According to Dulles (1987, p. 206), this model can be characterized by the following description: “the Church [is] those people who are summoned by God’s Word and who are given the task to proclaim and bring the Word to the world”. Of course, the other six models also have some features of the Apostolic Church of the first century, but this model is the closest one. Such a conclusion can be supported by the numerous sayings from the Bible including the messages from Mathew, Mark, Luke, John, and the Apostle Paul in his numerous letters to the Christian congregations in the first century. In numerous verses from the Bible, we read that Christian Church is a group of people who follow Jesus. The Greek word, translated into English as ‘church’, means a group of people. It is in full accord with the Apostle Paul’s words from the book of Acts who says that a church is even two or three individuals who congregate on behalf of Jesus. Thus, Christ’s example and his activity should be critically important for the representative of the Apostolic Church. Jesus himself stated many times that his goal on the Earth was to proclaim his Father’s message to humanity. Jesus urged all those people, who wanted to join him, to participate in the preaching activity. He along with his disciples went to villages and towns, and proclaimed the good news about God’s Kingdom from house to house. When Jesus was ascending, he stated his will to the apostles and the other disciples that they should continue bringing God’s message to people. Apostles and their companions obeyed Jesus, and started a massive preaching campaign in the Roman Empire, and in the other parts of Asia. Thus, they became known for being speakers of the good news from the Bible. By 60 CE, the Apostolic Church was known as a congregation of honest people who had learnt the truth from God in the Bible, and were proclaiming it to all people that they were able to meet in the street, at home, or at public plac
Introduction Aquinas, Cicero and Augustine have greatly contributed to the concept of natural law and its application in the contemporary society. From their arguments, it is evident that natural law is directly related to the concept of justice and that they are the foundations to good governance. Accordingly, this paper will critically analyze the arguments brought forward by these scholars, show the relationship between natural law and justice and finally point out how these suppositions could contribute to good governance. Main Body Since the beginning of time, humans have existed as social beings who lived together interdependently. However, for a harmonious existence, there was need for laws and rules that defined the extent to which an individual would behave towards himself and others. According to Aristotle, human beings were naturally meant to be political. He argued that humans had a natural affinity for group coexistence and that this could only be facilitated by the availability of a strong government or a leader. One question, though, remains elusive (Taylor, 1997, par. 4). What, actually, is the source of the content of these laws? What makes a given society believe that doing action A is illegal or doing action B is legal? These are the questions that have led to years and years of scholarship with an ultimate focus of determining the content of law. Among those who have contributed greatly are Sophocles, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Augustine and Cicero. They make their scholarly contribution on the classical natural law theory. On his part, Cicero purports that Naturallaw is the essence of true law and true law cannot be at loggerheads with nature. It is characterized by universality, consistency and eternity. In addition, commands of natural law call for duty while its prohibitions drive one away from wrongdoing. Despite human efforts to try and limit and alter some part of the natural law, Cicero argues that this is unfair and it is a sin. However, he further argues that trying to change the whole law in its entirety is impossible. This perspective gives insight on what natural law is all about. It is an innate part of a human being and that it calls not for an interpreter. Naturally, an individual is capable of defining and clearly expounding on their meanings. Human efforts cannot force an individual from obligating to their demands. In terms of universality, natural laws cannot portray any discrepancies in one region of the earth to the other. In addition, the law does not mellow or change with time. They remain the same. And that God is overall and is the creator of the natural law (Constitutional rights foundation, 2009, par. 5). Considering this argument, one factor comes out clearly. Natural law is an innate construction of God and no human being can change it. In fact, any human effort to alter it could result into trouble for the citizen. Bastiat as quoted by Taylor (1997) argue t
The lecture delivered by Marcia Chatelain, a respected scholar specializing in history and, in particular, studies of racial ethnicity, is based on the analysis of her book called “Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America.” After she is introduced to the audience, Ms. Chatelain introduces the key messages of her research. Her book explores the complexities reflecting African Americans’ self-identity and the controversial nuances of social relationships through the prism of the franchise as a phenomenon that emerged in the second half of the 20th century. The author pays particular attention to McDonald’s, a fast-food restaurant chain, and discusses how the globalization agenda in business was associated with moods in society. Ms. Chatelain notes that the chain’s controversial policy stance that was associated with an open bias towards the African American populations at certain times suggests a strong relationship between social and business dimensions. By using other well-known franchises as an example, she shows the rapid development of retail chains and a changing political course associated with racial-ethnic issues. As additional examples, the researcher cites various situations from American history that highlight the ambiguity of African American culture in the context of the existing social orders. For instance, Ms. Chatelain draws attention to the personality of Bill Clinton, ex-president of the United States who personified the person familiar with black people’s interests. The rise of African American capitalism largely helped transform social attitudes towards equality, including those in business. The researcher compares the mechanism of franchising with the parent-school approach and states that, in the world of ideological transformation, this business industry also developed. At the end of the lecture, the speaker summarizes and notes that aspects of ethnicity and racial differences are essential to consider in the context of social trends that are also influenced by business.
Irina Aristarkhova in her article “Thou Shall Not Harm All Leaving Beings: Feminism, Jainism, and Animals” explores the Jain concept of non-harm and its relation to feminism and the emergence of “an ethic of carefulness” as the consequence of the influence of Jainism on the feminist theory. The author’s study reviews the works of Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams and identifies the feminist approach towards the notion of non-harm considering animals and their incapability to protect themselves in the context of the aggressive human actions. The necessity of the implementation of the non-harm approach is associated with the same concept in the Jain philosophy. For example, the Jain ideas of non-harm reflected in the original text – Acaranga Sutra – refer to a particular behavior that is linked to the idea of “right” actions (Aristarkhova 637). Another concept – “Ahimsa” – which is interpreted as “nonharm” or “nonviolence” is significant for the development of the feminist thought inside the Western philosophical tradition (Aristarkhova 639). The assassination of any living being is opposite to the Jain perception of the world and is reflected in the following concepts: “moksha”
Abstract Many of us can concur that in a class there are those students who are exceptional performers. Some of us also belong to this bracket of intellectually gifted. What makes these differences between intellectually gifted learners and peers of the same standing in such a way that it’s like we do not belong to the peers who we are of the same age? What are some of the difficulties experienced by such students owing to the fact that they are just smart without putting a lot of effort in their class work? This paper therefore is an insight as to the difficulties experienced by intellectually gifted learners. In the classroom setting, different students have different abilities. However, schools tend to group students on the basis of their chronological age on the assumption that the students being of the same age have many interests in common (Gross, 2004). Schools therefore do not consider that there exist differences within the groups of equal standing (David, 2004). Most of the times, a teacher will tend to teach the whole class as a group but when assessment is done, some students excel more than others. It intrigues keen observers that there are students who do not seem to pay attention to classroom work yet they do well in the exams. Other students demonstrate abilities that are beyond their age. Then, do we have learners who can be termed as geniuses? My point of argument comes in, in that the teacher may use learner centered method of learning, actively engaging all students in the classroom and giving them equal opportunities to participate in the classroom, but there are those students who always emerge the best in class. These are the students who are regarded as intellectually gifted students. These are the students who are born gifted to the extent that they cannot fit in with their other peers (David, 2004). Intellectually gifted students have higher levels of cognitive development in that they are able to think in a more logical way, solve problems that would pose a challenge to the students who are of the same age with them and are also able to make decisions on complex matters. To say that they are average students who have studied and acquired knowledge would be ignorance of the highest degree. Many scholars agree that students vary in their abilities for they are those with astonishing intellectual giftedness and others with modest intellectual giftedness. Other students are fairly gifted and others are
Program Plan How is your goal related to your rationale? The goal of the plan is to promote the usage of contraceptives in sexually active girls, especially those aged between 16 and 18. The objective behind this goal is that the right education with regard to sex will enable girls to desist from engage in unsafe sex practices. The plan aims at increasing the level of functional knowledge and essential skills, which are related to the objective of increasing awareness of the negative impacts with regard to teenage pregnancies. Thus the link between the objectives and goals will ensure that the plan will be implement successfully. Does your goal meet the criteria for a goal (ABCD)? Actor                                           Behavior                     Criteria/Context                                                                                        Degree                            Students should Increase the contraceptive use  Among sexually active girls  teaching them comprehensive sex education that includes information about condom and contraceptive use  Increase contraceptive use by 10%  Are your lesson objectives related to your goal(s)? Identifying characteristics of healthy and unhealthy relationships relates to the goal because students can decide to avoid unhealthy relationships and focus on healthy ones. Demonstrating the ability to use interpersonal communication skills indicates the ability to talk about safer sex and contraceptive use. Demonstrating assertive interpersonal communication helps in effective communications. Are the objectives in your lesson plan related to the functional knowledge and/or the essential skills you identified in the program plan? Functional Knowledge/Essential Skills                                                     Objectives                                                                                                                                                 * Where to find accurate information about birth control and condoms.                     * Participants will identify the most effective forms of contraceptives.                                                                                 * How to initiate a conversation about birth control with their partner and/or parents    * Participants will demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to talk to their partners about safer sex and contraceptive use.  Does your evaluation strategy evaluate your goal(s)? Pre-testing participants before the program helps to understand their knowledge about safer sex. A formative evaluation tied into each objective of the lesson plans ensures an understanding of the information. A follow-up evaluation six months later helps in assessing whether the statistics have changed
Introduction Behavioural problems in educational context during childhood and early adolescence can be caused academic failure and early school drop out. Student’s behavioural and emotional changes are common concern of parents, educational researchers and teachers. Behavioural problems, including violence, ethnic clashes, and aggressiveness are harmful for student’s learning process. The ultimate aim of the current education system is to form and develop the qualities of self regulation and self- assurance. To develop positive behavioural pattern is one of the major aim of current education system. Students of an institution are coming from various social, religious, economic and psychological backgrounds. All the above factors play vital role in student’s education procedure. An efficient teacher has the responsibility to work the duty of a social engineer. Mortifying, supportive and stressful with teachers, students, peers, and family members influence a student’s class room performance. Through the schools and other educational institutions it makes the behavioural changes which based on social, economic and emotional aspects. Behavioural problems especially secondary level often creates interference to the classroom procedure. Differences in opinion between teachers and students, classroom punishments and family problems make behavioural problems to the student. The main features of a behavioural problem among students especially adolescents are reacting aggressively towards others, to show frightening behaviour, being physically obnoxious to other students, ignore feelings and emotions and express unsympathetic behaviour to others. The harmful thing is these behavioural problems have been related with other problems, the following statement from the journal article Behavioural problems and tobacco use among adolescents in Central America and the Dominican Republic explains the real picture of the above mentioned issue. It says: “Behavioural problems have been associated with numerous other difficulties, including family and school troubles, social anxiety, and sleep and weight disturbances.” (Vittetoe, 2004). The associated problems are more harmful for a student’s future learning process. There are various reasons including class room environment and family atmosphere. Lack of motivation is an important reason for behavioural problems among st
There are several approaches to problem formulation and identification. Most of these models employ the use of various techniques. A person can choose one model over the other depending on the nature of the problem to be identified, and solution to be formulated. Problem identification and formulation is rather a creative process. Therefore, this essay shall focus on creativity models used in problem formulation and identification. These models rely on problem definition as the key to its solution. The simplex model use creativity to provide a practical method for a collaborative win-win problem solving model. The underlying technique in this process is the deliberate use of creativity in defining a problem. The model approaches a problem situation with a joint creative problem definition to provide a room for win-win results. The model has four stages. The first stage involves the generation of the problem and fact finding, and then conceptualizes of potential definition, and idea of the problem. The next stage involves optimization of ideas, and the preferred action plan. Finally, the parties gain acceptance and implement the solution (Bateman & Snell, 2007). Simplex model approach allows the participants to identify the underlying causes instead of recurring symptoms. The method has proved to be useful in bargain context. It gives room for creativity and opportunities for participants to learn new ideas. It creates much more harmonious and cooperative environment for participants. Organizations use this model to solve complex, emotional and issues of high personal risks. Conversely, simplex approach is a complex to use. People do not have the skills and motivation. Therefore, simplex model can lead to uncreative and adversarial techniques. Participants tend to avoid this model in areas they perceive as risky, complex, and highly emotional. Creative problem-solving (CPS) model uses the whole brain thinking in searching for new ideas, improving the existing ones, efficiency, and coping with the changing problems in a work environment. CPS model can help managers and workers solve sticky problems and avoid potential future problems with the use of strategic thinking and planning. People can apply this model to several and varied business context. Training in the CPS helps workers to avoid poor thinking and logical mistakes. The CPS allows workers to gain an insight in the correct problem identification and risks of satisficing. The employees can easily learn the CPS model by training in creativity (Kirby, & Goodpaster, 2007). There is a common mis
Proper Information technology services is part of stringent objectivity inline with the cooperate strategy designed by information management experts. This is vital in sustainable and efficient, but rapid quadrant growth as a stable conglomerate functioning in a competitive business environment. In line with the above, this analytical treatise attempts to applaud on the issues surrounding the newly launched Horizon 2000 transformation strategy by MDCM firm. Thus, the concept of this analytical essay is to create, align, and articulate the above IT strategy as part of the existing Horizon 2000 model. Besides, the quadrant in which MDCM falls is explained alongside overall goals of operation in competitive market. In addition, the treatise reviews the critical IT objectives for MDCM. In the context of unique environment for business, IT governance is an essential component of oversight and functionality success especially when the functional priorities are well defined. Reflectively, creating a procedural and reliable oversight fork defining metrics of meaningful performance has always been a challenge to the IT Management team in organizations a cross the globe. Unfortunately, the focus is often directed towards curtailing projects rather than establishing competitive advantage. Besides, others follow blindly the models used by opponents or other competitors without proper knowledge on how such systems operate. Is there a solution? MDCM firm is involved in the business of manufacturing medical devices and is one of the largest in the world. With these services in their production line, the company falls in the first quadrant of the Accenture model which is a responsive solution provider. This can be attributed to the fact that it is a renowned company and therefore, capable of changing fast in response to the dynamics of business environment. In addition, the company would need to be efficient in its operations in order to maintain competitive advantage in the product and service market. MDCM firm has adopted the hybrid organizational model comprising of an outsourced IT management expert working together with a team of twenty three employees of this firm in the IT Management overhaul for the ambitious Horizon 2000 strategy. Following the promotion of McMullen as the new CEO, he embarked on assembling a transformational team including an outsourced expert who coordinates this team. This strategy synchronization is inclusive of budgeting allocation not overlap 10% of the company revenue if the strategy is to enhance competitive capabilities. In this scenario, decisions on IT systems strategy entails separation of IT challenges with the production line. At MDCM, the sole decision maker for this arrangement was the new CEO who outsourced an expert to work along with the company team. The standardization and integ