ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychology is undoubtedly a science that has developed throughout the years, going through many stages before it could qualify as a field that could entail experimental findings, that could be verified empirically through the observation of results that were constant and repetitive. The Stanford prison experiment, undertaken by several researchers under the leadership of Phillip Zimbardo, brought out chilling realities concerning an important psychological aspect of human beings. The experiment established that human beings can particularly be convinced to do things that they otherwise considered morally wrong by authority figures or institutions. Good and Evil According to Zimbardo, the boundary between good and evil is created from illusions of mankind, and there is a significant possibility of one slipping from one side to the other. This fact forms the basis of how other factors may quickly contribute to the sudden shift from good to evil or vice-versa. Such factors include dispositional and situational factors. (2007) Dispositional and Situational Influence An analysis of the experiment reveals that the fake prison environment managed to evoke emotions and feelings in the prisoners, the prison warden, and even Zimbardo who played the warden. The feelings and emotions were consistent with the ones observed in real prisons. The extent to which the prison environment influenced the behavior of the participants even surprised Zimbardo. The prison wardens assumed the authoritative role and were determined to ensure that prisoners were obedient and subjective to them. On the other hand, the prisoners displayed the frustrations of being locked up and being under authority. Although the participants were chosen randomly from a group of undergraduates, the behaviors they conformed to were consistent with the prison situation. Within a period of six days, the prison environment was able to breed wardens and prisoners from individuals considered to be mentally stable. In one instance in the experiment, most of the prisoners displayed obedience by surrendering their mattresses even when the prisoners knew that it was wrong. Perhaps, Zimbardo’s incrementalist concept best explains the observation. Through continued experience, the participants managed to acquire characteristics that seemed to override other factors such as genetic traits and past experiences. Zimbardo explains that the desire to eliminate evil can lead to actions that are counterproductive and that have been blown out of proportion. (Zimbardo, 2007). For instance, in the experiment by Zimbardo, it became clear that wardens often resolved to use sadistic and barbaric means to contain the rebelling or disobedient prisoners. Zimbardo explains that the creative human mind has also the capacity to creatively come up with methods of torture. The subject authority re
Introduction Risk assessment helps to identify hazards. It is a process that contributes to identifying what could happen if a hazard is to occur. It also leads to establishing the solution mechanisms. Risk and Vulnerable Areas In my community, there is a hospital that has fewer bed capacities than it can hold. It is serving a whole county as a referral hospital ( Risk Assessment , 2016). The county has a population of 270,000 people. Its bed capacity is only 300 beds. It creates a vulnerable challenge where when there is an outbreak of diseases, the hospital cannot cater to all its dependents. Another risk is the electricity problem. There is a faulty connection of electric cables across the neighborhood. Every time it rains some sparks and smoke coming from the wires. It may lead to electric shock shortly. It is a high-risk problem because it can cause death. The primary school in the community is across the river. Students have to cross the river to reach the school. There have been floods in the recent past, and this has left the bridge in bad shape. It has some cracks, and this may pose a danger to the students or any person using the bridge. It is a high-risk issue because the bridge may succumb to the weight on it or water can carry it away. It can lead to hurts or even death to the users ( Risk Assessment , 2016). Environmental Vulnerability and Risk Assessment The community is yet to assess to establish the mechanisms for solving the problem. The information about risk assessment is in the Risk Management and Hazard offices in the government building. The officers are responsible for carrying out risk assessments and providing solutions. They need to work with accountable government ministries so that the solution can be tangible and acted upon in time. Risk and Vulnerability Prevention Plan The government has encouraged society to set up a community policing program. The program has security measures. It includes members of the society to protect the community. It also has a risk department which helps to ascertain the veracity of the dangers in the community ( Risk Assessment , 2016). The risk arm of the policing office has various compartments. One deals with the natural causes of the disaster. They include floods, earthquakes, and weather-related causes. The second arm deals with the human-made causes. It includes the construction effects, accidents, and intentional hazards. The third division deals with technological risks. Minimizing Threat and Vulnerability The community plays a critical role in the management of the affairs of their locality. They can help to reduce risk and vulnerability by assigning each other functions in the a
The first time the discussions about web 3.0 surfaced on the internet it was not earlier than three years ago and even then there were many different versions predicting what web 3.0 represents. With three years passed the situation did not change, except that new versions might have been added. From a personal perspective, the situation with web 3.0 might seem better than with web 2.0, in terms that the latter is still discussed regarding its definition, while web 3.0 is already taking a certain form. This paper is a discussion of web 3.0 in terms of its perspective, analyzing the question of whether the currently known characteristics entitle it to carry the number 3.0 in the designation. First of all, without going into details, it should be established what web 3.0 is all about and in what way it will differ from its predecessor, web 2.0. The main differences can be summarized through the terms ‘semantic web’, i.e. “web content generated by semantic technologies” (Hoover, 2009), where computers will be able to recognize and read the web pages through metadata, and “a set of standards that turns the Web into one big database” (Metz, 2007) In general, the idea seems prospective, where for example, it is known that Google News is already using similar technology to publish stories ranked by computers as the best. (Hoover, 2009) Thus, it is a set of technologies and languages which will be available for designers to create their websites already marked with specific metadata. Nevertheless, if taking a long perspective, what was the main feature of web 2.0 that distinguished it from web 1.0? It was the ability for the users through back-end technology to produce content and manipulate the links between their materials and the materials of other users. In that regard, it might be assumed that such freedom was lacking to an extent that in the next generation part of this ability was transferred to the machines. Accordingly, the difference might be seen in that WebPages will include metadata that will be defined by humans, and thus the technology will be vulnerable to manipulation. The difference will be that the content will be manipulated by web creators and professionals rather than the users. In such a way, it might be assumed that such a step was taken due to the certain boom in web 2.0 projects that were low quality and a lot of them were used for spamming. Nevertheless, there might be some skepticism in regard to the amount of efforts needed to re-encode the existing WebPages, where “a complete reannotation of the Web is a massive undertaking.” (Metz, 2007) Additionally, it might be argued whether the new addition, in terms of metadat
Introduction Crude oil refers to a combination of organic hydrocarbons that exists naturally. The mixture that forms crude oil is normally separated to its individual hydrocarbon compounds. Such compounds include: gasoline, kerosene and jet fuel. The components of the crude oil are separated by industrial physical process called fractional distillation. Gasoline is another name for the commonly known petrol. It is a highly flammable compound and exists in liquid form. It is a component of crude oil. This paper seeks to discuss issues that pertain to the crude oil market and the U.S. retail gasoline market with the view of determining whether or not “there exists a relationship between the crude oil market and the U.S. retail gasoline market”. The paper will look into the views that have been held by stakeholders in the two markets with the view of establishing the values, experiences and responsibilities that have led to such views. Key Determinants in the Price of Gasoline Just like the volatility in the prices of crude oil, the price of gasoline often varies with relatively unpredictable trend.One of the determinants of the gasoline price is the global demand for the crude oil. The trend of the global demand for crude oil is also seen to be a factor in the price of crude oil in the United States. This view of the global demand of crude oil as a factor towards the price of both crude oil and that of gasoline is derived from the study of the prices of the two commodities in the United States over the time period between the years 2002 and 2008. It was noted that the prices of the two commodities remained high for the mentioned period of time. However, the prices fell in the period of 2008 while the global supply for oil remained the same. A study of the global economic recession that was experienced during the period beginning in 2008 explained the cause of price changes. It was realized that before the recession, therewas a high global demand for crude oil over the supply of the same. This pushed the prices up with respect to the laws of demand and supply. The fall of global demand following the recession, therefore, led to the reduced prices experienced since the year 2008 (Killian, 92). Another view that has attempted to explain the high gasoline price in the period between 2002 and 2008 is the actions engineered by the investors in the crude oil. Killian explains that in a bid to exploit the profitability of the oil market, “the investors in search for high returns bought crude oil and stored it in anticipation of higher future prices” (Killian, 92). This act is commonly referred to as hoarding. In this bid, investors can in anticipation of increased prices or in an attempt to cause price increase of a commodity, buys and store the commodity with the aim of selling it when the prices goes up. This step of buying and keeping suppliers creates shortage of the supply hence increased prices. This view is, ho
Introduction Angela’s Ashes rhetorical devices are one of the main reasons why Frank McCourt’s autobiographical novel was able to gain immense popularity with the reading audiences. Wisely deployed rhetorical strategies increase the extent of novel’s emotional appeal. In this essay, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length while focusing on McCourt’s utilization of metaphors, hyperboles, and rhetorical questions. Metaphors in Angela’s Ashes The principal purpose of the deployment of metaphors and figurative language in the work of literature is to emphasize the emotional intensity of the characters’ experiences. In its turn, this is meant to increase the overall plausibility of the plot. For example, while exposing readers to his childhood memories, McCourt states: “The Limerick moon was so bright I could see bits of it shimmering in the water and I wanted to scoop up moon bits but how could I with the fleas leaping on my legs” (34). It is understood, of course, that the narrator could never literally ‘scoop up moon bits.’ Nevertheless, by articulating such his desire, he was able to provide readers with insight into his soul as an utterly romantic individual. In the light of such a revelation, on narrator’s part, the plot’s consequential developments make perfectly good sense, as it was McCourt’s endowment with the spirit of romantic idealism that prompted him to address life’s challenges in the way he did. In its turn, this explains why, even though throughout his childhood years, the novel’s main character never ceased being exposed to extreme poverty, he nevertheless managed to retain his sense of optimism. Another reason why metaphors are being commonly deployed in literary texts is that they enhance the authenticity of the background setting and provide credibility to secondary characters’ acts. The legitimacy of this suggestion can be well illustrated in regards to the novel’s scene in which narrator reflects upon his fear that there was something wrong with both of his parents: “Dad frightens me with his och, och, och, and Mam frightens me with her small bird sounds, and I don’t know what to do” (44). By being exposed to the narrator’s referral to his mother’s coughing in terms of ‘small bird sounds,’ readers can gain an additional clue as to the essence of McCourt’s childhood hardships. Apparently, it was not only his exposure to the constant shortage of food, which used to undermine the sense of McCourt’s self-worth but also his realization that he was incapable of helping his impoverished parents and siblings. Hyperboles in the Novel McCourt also uses hyperboles as rhetorical devices in Angela’s Ashes that provide additio
Introduction The Securities and Exchange Commission has put American banks and other securities as well as financial institutions under tight scrutiny since 2012 when JPMorgan’s was involved in the provision of false information regarding the trade losses it incurred during the first quarter of the year. Citi Bank as one of the financial institutions has stepped up to be more transparent in its dealings and relationship with its clients and investors. Prevention of high-risk gambles in banking Commercial banks have a duty to develop banking strategies to counter different risk dimensions (Saunders & Cornett, 2010). The Security Exchange Commission supervises the activities of banks and other institutions that take part in mutual trading and offer consumers financial services. The commission is involved in this for the main reason of preventing fraud and deliberate deceit as well as misrepresentations. By supervising the institutions and banks, there exists openness into the dealings of the banks and this allows investors to get full information about the banks before investing. The unexpected changes in the stock market would then become outdated, as there would be no hidden information about the institutions or banks. The commission would eventually safeguard the investors’ interest when buying stock and trading in other mutual funds. There are rules, policies, and regulations put in place by The Security Exchange Commission under the Security Act of 1933 and the Security Exchange Act of 1934 that guide the industry. It is the right of all investors to get information about a particular institution or bank before making a decision to venture into it. The acts state that all public companies and institutions are required under the law to provide their financial as well as other information for investors to scrutinize. The commission regulates the environment under which stock market trades by making sure that all players know their obligations, rules, and policies concerning the industry. The commission is accountable to the public through their office of public affairs. The commission has various divisions. Notably is the division of enforcement. This division is responsible for the starting of investigations on any player in the industry that it deems has violated the law and consequently gives its recommendations for prosecution in the court of law, which could be civil or administrative. The office is also responsible for issuing new rules and inspecting of investment advisers, security firms, and brokers. Elements of a valid contract between banks and customers The elements of a valid contract may include an offer, acceptance, intention of legal consequences, and consideration depending on the context of the contract, which contains the basic agreements between banks and their customers. The first element is the offer. There must be willingness and readi
Turkey has been considered an important economic and political partner of the European Union (EU) since the inception of integration after the Second World War. The process of integrating Turkey into the EU commenced in 1963 following the Ankara agreement where Turkey was recognized as an associate member. In 1987, Turkey applied for EU membership, however, it was officially recognized as a candidate for integration in 1999 and accession negotiations kicked off in 2005. Turkey signed a custom union agreement with EU in 1995 (Canefe & Ugur, 2004). This paper examines the Turkey’s economic integration to the EU giving a special emphasis to the reasons that have prevented Turkey from being given full membership status. The paper also looks at the steps that have been taken by Turkey to address the integration challenges. The EU integration process has exposed exceptional challenges and opportunities for both Turkey and the union in general. Some of the striking features that differentiate Turkey from other states are mainly in the context of size, population, geographical location and the huge economic potential (Cavanaugh, 2011). Other factors include the massive military potential, cultural, and religious constructs. Cavanaugh (2011) identified that these factors play a key role in defining Turkey’s capacity to the regional economic progress and stability. In fact, these factors constitute some of the key issues that have been the cause of disagreement in the accession talks. The main objective of integration has been to strengthen the political as well as economic reformes of the member countries. One of the hindrances of Turkey’s integration in the EU emanate from its historical background as well as its geographical location. Turkey is predominantly an Islamic nation. Muslims have generally been considered as outsiders as far as Europe is concerned. Turkey, having been at the centre of the Ottoman Empire has been perceived as a military threat by Europe. This notion is anchored on the historical conquest of Constantinople by Muslim authorities in 1453, which ended the Christian oriented Byzantine Empire (Cavanaugh, 2011). The subsequent rivalry between the nations of the Christendom and the Islamic Empire contributed to the creation of an idea that Turkey has not been part for the European Identity (Cavanaugh, 2011). More specifically, Turkey’s journey of integration has been faced with numerous challenges that prevented it from receiving EU membership stat
Introduction The 20 th century drama underwent major alternations with the advent of such playwrights as Tennessee Williams and Samuel Beckett who marked the beginning of new anti-realistic absurdist theatre. It should be stressed that the anti-realism movement on the stage with its intricate fragmented dialogs, paradoxes, and abandonment of all conventional drama, anti-realistic or absurdist representation principles conveying a distorted reality to access an inner truth challenged the realism movement. Both Glass Menagerie and Endgame resort to anti-realistic devices, such as play of words, linguistic gaps and silence, reduced mobility of the characters, detaching the audience attention from the objectivism of reality in order to convey the themes of “awareness of absurdity and meaninglessness of human condition and time”, sorrow and depression in Beckett’s play and the themes of the difficulty of acceptation reality, a strong relationship to memory and the past, the impossibility of true escape and abandonment in Glass Menagerie (Saddik 46) . Main text Samuel Beckett is considered a major figure of the absurdist drama. As far as Endgame by Samuel Beckett is concerned, it is a brilliant example of anti-realistic theatre. Endgame is a one-act play that abounds in symbols and is “rather difficulty and elliptic governed by its own inherent logic” (Saddik 32). The play consists only of four characters: Hamm, Clov, Nagg, and Nell who suffer from different physical handicaps, two of them living in the trashcans. To create anti-realistic atmosphere Beckett resorts to minimalistic decorations of the scene: bare interior nearly underground room, two small windows, and two trashcans lit by deem grey light though the action is set daytime (Sikorska 70). Since absurdist plays are based on linguistic play, pauses, silence, and the concept of characters’ lack of communication, Endgame comprises all these principles to draw the performance from the realistic perception as far as possible “to show the meaninglessness of ‘truth’” (Saddik 32). Beckett illustrates his views on the language that is not able to express the truth of life through the dialogue of Clov and Hamm: “I use the words you taught me. If they don’t mean anything any more, teach me others. Or let me be silent” (Beckett 44). Moreover, the certain message is often communicated through non-linguistic means. Thus, Nagg and Nell, living in the trashcans, communicate with each other by “rattling the cans” (Saddik 32). Furthermore, typical of anti-realistic theatre were a limited number of movements of the characters, which is represented by Nagg and Neil enclosed in the trashcans, Hamm inability to stand, and Clov inability to sit, which leads to comic effect when the characters attempt to move. This device has the purpose to move away from the vanity of reality. One more important feature of the anti-realist