ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Political self-interest may seem like an integral and natural phenomenon, yet the ability to focus on the needs of the population should be put at the forefront of decision-making to maintain democratic values and promote economic and political well-being within a state. Therefore, identifying the cases of politicians running on platforms that are beneficial to their interests is an objective to be completed in order to keep the efficacy of the government high and minimize the threat of corruption and bureaucracy (Mintz 107). By analyzing current events in politics and inferring critical information about key political agents’ motivation from them, one will be able to define the instances of politicians using their platforms to pursue their personal interests and ignore the needs of the population. Thus, the question that this research will strive to answer is how the awareness about current events in politics allows inferring whether a politician runs on the platform that is beneficial to their personal interests or whether one acts on behalf of others as a political agent. The importance of the question under research is rather self-explanatory since a politician who runs on a platform based on their own benefits and interests is highly unlikely to represent their target demographic and their needs properly. Scope The current scope of the project can be described as rather vast since the goal thereof is to determine general trends in the manifestation of behaviors and decision-making techniques utilized for the personal benefits of the politicians. Specifically, the study will explore the issue under analysis as a worldwide phenomenon, with examples taken from different political contexts. Thus, a general trend in the behaviors and attitudes of politicians that tend to pursue personal gain will be located. Limitations of the proposed approach toward defining the scope of the research should be mentioned. Due to the broad grasp of the subject matter, the inevitable dismissal of culture-specific characteristics and motivations of political figures’ actions will be ignored. As a result, the precision of the research outcomes will drop slightly due to the increased extent of generalizations (Kalla and Broockman 151). However, the specified issue can be addressed by introducing culture- and state-specific contexts to the measures developed to address a specific case of mismanaging one’s political power. In addition, the time frame of the research will be bound to the recent cases of politicians mismanaging their power or abusing it. The political conflicts and scandals that have taken place since the late 20 th century will be studied profusely for the research in order to define a paradigm in the decision-making process and connect the chances of discovering it to the use of the current events’ analysis (Hyytinen et al. 73). By limiting the time frame o
‘To a Locomotive in Winter,’ is a poem by Walt Whitman. It is a poem about a powerful and strong locomotive. The speaker supports technological advancement of America as it is represented by the given locomotive. There is an attempt by the poet to connect science and poetry. The poet tries to bridge the Romanticism movements which preceded him and modernism which was to follow. He romanticizes nature by bringing out its beauty, for instance he says, “O magnetic south.” The poem shuns classical emphasis on the order as well as the balance hence creating a unique style. Imagery has been used in the poem vividly to develop the theme, for aesthetics, movement and power. The poem describes the beauty and strength of the train. The port uses words like, “Thy ponderous side-bars” (Kennedy and Gioia 426). The poet uses words like “delicate” and “great” to bring out the beauty and strength of the train. All these come together creating the train’s motion. Onomatopoeia as well as the Doppler Effect has been used in the poem so as to create melodic effect. The poet has used poetic form and diction to bring out the tone and theme of the poem. The lyrical ‘I’ has been used to refer to the locomotive. Anaphors have also been used. Almost each line starts with “thy” or “thee.” The speaker is explicit as evident in the use of the lyrical ‘I’ which makes the poem seem like a prayer. The poet has used a formal structure. The poem is has free verses and it follows no regular pattern, a further symbolism for the locomotive that does not appear to move in a normal pattern. There is foreshadowing of the poem’s theme in the headline. It is clear from the start that the poet is going to talk about a locomotive. Description has been used to bring out the sound, motion, and appearance of the train (Kennedy and Gioia 427). In the second poem with the title, “I like to see it lap the miles.” As much as the subject is not explicitly named, the poem is about a train just like the first one. The poet seems to enjoy watching the train as it travels through the country as evident in the title. Imagery has been used at different levels in the poem. The imagination of the poet about the train is that of giant horse figure moving far and fast, in the process appearing to ‘lick up’ the countryside. The train is imagined as feeding at the tanks, either loading passengers or refueling. The size and might of the train are so enormous to the point that it is able to take a giant step around a mountain pile. Due to its pride in enormous power and speed, the train looks arrogantly while passing sharks. This is a clear indication that the poet has used personification to give the train which is inanimate humanly characteristics. The poem has been framed as a riddle. This
BJ’s has varying business strategies as evident in the case. The firm is customer-focused and always dynamic to remain relevant and competitive in the market. Although its industry of operation is competitive, it has managed to expand in more than 16 states with lucrative stores. From the case, BJ’s has three major strategies meant to propel its endeavours in the business realm. Firstly, the company strives to create value for its clients. This is evident in the quality of goods and the cheap prices it offers. Consequently, customers have always felt valued. Secondly, BJ’s strives to make shopping an exciting venture for all customers. Lastly, an efficient supply chain has proved lucrative for the business. Distinguishing between Merchandise planning process for a traditional electronics store such as best buy and BJ’s Businesses have different planning processes for their merchandise. This is evident in some traditional stores such as Best Buy compared to contemporary ones like BJ’s. For instance, BJ’s has a stronger in-store inventory where the packaging and sale of its products occur in the house. This helps the company to reduce costs and increase revenues. The cost of hiring a warehouse for storage is higher and might affect the company negatively in the realms of finance. Conversely, businesses like Best Buy have their merchandising processes streamlined and connected to a chain of suppliers, which coordinate with warehouse stores for an ultimate service provision. Another evident phenomenon is that BJ’s runs
Outline A legal opinion is an opinion that has its basis in law through which courts operate. There are various kinds of legal opinions that differ depending on their supporters as well as their specific countries of origin, resulting in different kinds of information altogether. In the UK as well as other countries making use of common law, legal opinions refer to the advice on the law given by a barrister or a law officer holding a senior position in government. Examples of legal opinions from which information is derived include; dissent, majority, concurring, and plurality legal opinions. Information Contained in a Legal Opinion According to (Posner,1988), a legal opinion is an explanation written by judges to accompany the ruling of cases, stating principles of law as well as rationale on which their ruling was based. For opinions to be published there must be a direction by the court and they should state what law constitutes as well as reasons for a particular decision by judges. The purpose of legal opinions is to overturn, change, reinforce and establish legal precedent. Once an opinion is passed by the law court for publication, it gets included in one of the volumes of law reports. In the US it is referred to as reporters while legal opinions that have been published are collectively called case law, which is a major source from which law is refereed, in legal systems of common law. However, a legal opinion can also be from attorneys with different information from that of judges. Attorney’s legal opinion contains a formal statement to the client showing what a lawyer considers as law, how it’s interpreted by courts as well as its application in a client’s circumstances. Information contained in legal opinions also varies in accordance with their different types. They include majority opinions applied in law, which is an opinion by the judicial, supported by most court members. This particular legal opinion shows what a court has decided and explains principles upon which the court bases its decision. (Epstein, 1996) Another kind of legal opinion is the dissenting that gives information on how judges disagree with the court’s majority opinion and how it has been judged. This particular opinion is not included in case law but regarded as authority that is persuasive, in cases where it argues about the overturning or limitation of court’s holdings. However, a dissent is sometimes used to fix some changes in the legal system where a majority opinion is written regarding the same law that had been cited by an earlier case’s dissen
Summary In their article devoted to marijuana, Volkow et al. delve into the topic of adverse effects associated with the regular use of this drug in young adulthood and adolescence (2219). The first negative health outcome associated with marijuana use refers to the risks of developing an addiction. Based on national marijuana studies and DSM-IV, the researchers conclude that addiction to marijuana is a non-debatable statement and that starting marijuana use in adolescence doubles or even quadruples the risks of cannabis use disorder (Volkow et al. 2220). Additionally, the review indicates links between impaired neural connectivity, declines in intelligence, and marijuana use in both adolescents and adults. The article also explores other statements related to the effects of marijuana. For instance, regarding marijuana’s role as a gateway drug, some findings from animal research suggest that marijuana use may result in the development of multiple addictions. However, when it comes to humans, the effect can also be attributed to marijuana’s accessibility to people who are likely to abuse drugs, which is why the researchers encourage giving consideration to social factors when analyzing marijuana’s effects on health. Based on previous researchers’ conclusions about cannabis use and brain activity, Volkow et al. state that both long-term and immediate outcomes of marijuana use include changes affecting a person’s ability to drive (2222). With that in mind, apart from the adverse health consequences, cannabis use may contribute to the risks of traffic accidents, including deadly ones. Despite reviewing multiple articles that dispel the myth about harmless and safe cannabis, the researchers recognize difficulties associated with establishing causal effects and limitations related to animal models. Thus, they encourage further research focused on the connections between cannabis use policies and health outcomes. Reaction/Reflection The article does not relate to me directly because I prefer to main
Ethics is an essential part of every person’s worldview event despite the fact that some people do not recognize it. Over centuries, philosophers have proposed numerous ethical theories which often have conflicting ideas. In my view, the most reasonable theories of ethics are utilitarianism and relativism, while the least compelling of all is egoism. I prefer utilitarianism over all other ethical theories because it ultimately rests on the premise of deriving the maximum amount of benefit from any situation. Nevertheless, it does not imply that a person must engage in an activity that will cause detriment to others. On the contrary, utilitarianism is meant to be applied with every party affected in mind. In other words, when relying on utilitarian principles, an individual seeks to ensure maximum happiness both for themselves and everyone around them. Another ethical theory that I find compelling is ethical relativism which postulates that assessing the morality of actions of people should always be done by taking into consideration their culture. This approach is beneficial for gaining a better understanding of the ways individuals belonging to different cultures choose to act in certain circumstances. It also helps a person to change their perception of various situations and reflect on their own conduct. Finally, the least reasonable theory of ethics is egoism since it entails a disregard for the interests of others. Moreover, it rejects any moral authority in the life of a person and imposes no limitation on how one should behave (Mackey and Elvey 18). Essentially, ethical egoism allows an individual to engage in all kinds of morally reprehensible activities and not reflect on whether these actions are wrong. There are numerous theories of ethics that are worth exploring, but utilitarianism and relativism are the most compelling ones, while egoism is the least acceptable. Utilitarianism teaches a person to always strive to attain maximum well-being for everyone in every situation. While relativism allows one to see the actions of another individual from a different perspective. On the other hand, egoism postulates that people should always be governed by their own desires, no matter whether they are wrong or right. Work Cited Mackey, David, and Elvey, Kathryn. Society, Ethics, and the Law: A Reader . Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020.
The author sets out to investigate the claim that institutions, such as the European Community and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, push countries away from conflict and promote peace (Mearsheimer, 1995). To achieve this objective, the author compares and contrasts both the realist and institutionalist schools of thought, as follows: 1. Realists argue institutions cannot markedly affect the prospects for international peace and stability not only because they lack independent effect on state behavior, but are basically a reflection of the distribution of power in the world, and are based on the self-interested paradigms of the great power states. (Mearsheimer, 1995). However, Institutionalists acknowledge that institutions are independent entities bearing the capacity to move countries away from war and conflict not only by altering their inclinations and therefore shifting state behavior, but also by discouraging countries from scheming for self-interest behavior on the grounds of how every move influences their relative power positions (Mearsheimer, 1995). 2. The author believes that institutionalism has no place in the modern political setting, and it was in fact used by dominant Western states in post Cold War Era to suppress other states, or to gain relative advantage. 3. The author buys realists’ idea that states have little reason to trust each other and that international competition is in a state of relentless security competition (Mearsheimer, 1995). Consequently, international institutions cannot possibly claim to have a sway in the maintenance of world peace and stability. 4. To stress his point home, the author argues that contemporary states operate in both offensively-oriented and defensively-oriented paradigm, in line with the realist school of thought. 5. He suggests that contemporary countries not only look for opportunities to take advantage of one another but also operate to ensure that other countries do not take advantage of them, in line with a realist perspective (Mearsheimer, 1995). 6. To provide evidence, he argues that contemporary states are motivated principally by relative gain concern when considering entering into cooperation with other states (Mearsheimer, 1995). Additionally, the author suggests that modern-day countries are often hesitant to pursue cooperation agreements with other countries due to the perceived fear that others will cheat on the contractual agreement with a view to increase their relative competitive advantage (Mearsheimer, 1995). Consequently, he is of the view that the most powerful states in the world build and design institutions, not to maintain world peace and stability but to maintain their allocation of world power, or even enhance it (Mearsheimer, 1995). These assertions, in my view, are influenced by the realist line of thought. 6. The author pokes holes into the liberal institutionalist’s assertion that ins
Being a student is an extremely challenging task. Not only does a student have to acquire new knowledge and skills, but also to learn more about social skills and the art of communication. However, students face a number of obstacles in their attempts to integrate into the school society, cultural toxicity being the key one. Over the past few years, the phenomenon of cultural toxicity has been researched to improve the relations between teachers and students, as well as find motivations for students to maintain good scores and be invested into the learning process. Defined as the “negative places where the rituals, traditions, and values have gone sour and threaten the very soul of a school” (Deal & Peterson, 2010, p. viii), cultural toxicity is a clear sign of the fact that a school lacks strong leadership and that the students in school experience the influence of a subculture (Kouzes & Posner, 2007), which appears to be stronger than the cultural and moral values promoted by the school staff. In a nutshell, cultural toxicity occurs when a school lacks efficient leadership and when, not motivated in studying, students find the cultural vault that allows them both to express themselves and to integrate into the existing mini-society of their peers successfully. That being said, it would be naïve to assume that cultural toxicity is a recent phenomenon that has never occurred before. Quite on the contrary, the phenomenon of cultural toxicity is recurrent and, therefore, rather well known. The process of cultural toxicity can be saboteured quite easily, though, once the elements of successful leadership strategy are introduced (Bell & Smith, 2010). There is no secret that the students who get involved into school subcultures are highly susceptible to the influence of the current trends; that being said, the given feature of teenagers’ character can be used to address the problem of cultural toxicity by introducing a strong leader who can also be looked up to as the role model for the students. It could be argued that the suggested strategy has to be very subtle to have a tangible effect on the students and, therefore, is extremely hard to pull off. However, what most of the opponents miss is the fact that, for students to choose a specific code of conduct to follow, they have to be motivated by a powerful factor. In case of cultural toxicity, the far factor is by far the most influential one, seeing how it makes students dread the very concept of not being accepted into the subculture of their mini-society and, therefore, be ostracized by the members of the latter. Thus, an even more powerful enhancement of behavioral change must be introduced so that the students could be subverted into a more acceptable behavior pattern should be introduced, which becomes possible when several leadership strategies are combined. To start with, it is important to develop a cohe
It should be noted that Kuwait is a country with unique socio-demographic features since the youth represents its major population group. In that matter, it is reasonable to state that young people are the state’s valuable asset, and it should be considered the driving force in pushing the country’s development (Nee 12). Notably, many young people are active participants in the social, political, cultural, and economic life of Kuwait, and they promote the initiatives that are significant and relevant for this demographic group. Nevertheless, there are certain negative aspects that display undesirable tendencies in the society ( Terrorism, Extremism Threats to Society par. 3). The purpose of this prospectus is to outline the activities of the Kuwaiti youth, the barriers young people face, and the influence these occupations have on making a change in Kuwait’s future. Central Question At present, the government strives to ensure the consistent development of the youth. It promotes initiatives aimed at addressing the educational, spiritual, economic, social, and cultural needs of young people. These measures should stimulate individuals to have an active life position and perform as agents of change in the future of the country. Importantly, the state places a particular emphasis on the prevention of negative manifestations among young people, such as racism, nationalism, violence, terrorism, and fundamentalism (Al-Nakib 60). The current policies are aimed at building a democratic society (Markakis 187). However, the central question of this paper is whether the state furnishes sufficient support to the youth to address their actual needs so that individuals can seize their potential and influence the future of their country. Importance The importance of this research paper can be concluded to the understanding that youth constructs the future human power that has the potential to reform and boost the aggravated international space. Therefore, the state should empower people to use their intellectual, spiritual, moral, and physiological resources and cap