ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Women have stood out to fight for their rights by lobbying government to institute laws aimed at protecting them both at home and in places of work (Wood, 2005). Presently, it is an offense to use a gender-based language in an office. Equally, it is a criminal offense to discriminate against another person based on gender in an organization. Feminist groups have struggled to restore the dignity of women in society and workplaces by advocating for equality (LaFrance, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003). Due to their efforts, women are currently employed in professions that were previously reserved for men. At the workplace, women have found themselves in high positions in organizations because various constitutions bar an individual from discriminating against another person based on gender. This means that global society is a diverse society that appreciates the efforts of all members (Rudman, 1998). It is not surprising that women have been incorporated into the global financial system fully. This paper discusses the way the project will be presented. The project would contain various parts that try to bring out disparities existing in organizations as regards to gender differences. The project will contain various sections as discussed below. Introduction In organizations, various problems face the management and the entire society concerning communication between men and women. The rights of women in organizations can be traced back to the 19 th century when they fought for the right to universal suffrage. The rights were granted but no effective measure was put in place to follow up on the policies. Women have found themselves in complex situations following the recent debate that has rocked the world (Hurst, 2007). Following this development, feminist organizations have been formed to suppress the effects of male patriarchy and cultural discrimination in organizations. The movements have gone through various stages to be what they are currently. Theories Feminism aims at liberating women from certain injustices. In this case, various theories have been formulated to explain the activities of women in organizations. Liberal feminism theory states that women should aim at achieving egalitarianism between men and women in organizations. This is achieved through legal and political reforms (Shackelford, Wood, & Worchel, 1996). This would not change the societal structure. Radical feminism theory relates to the problems of women to the capitalistic economy that is controlled by men in organizations. In this regard, such groups aim to revise the existing social structure. The Conservative feminism theory urges women to understand their surroundings. Liber
Introducing the Topic I chose to describe bullying because of the importance of the topic and due to my personal interest in it. According to Goldman (2012), 100% of students between the ages of 12 and 18 suffer from bullying at least twice per year, which demonstrates that the phenomenon is indeed pervasive (p. 1). Also, bullying is obviously harmful, and therefore the phenomenon requires the attention of educators. Besides that, it should be noted that developing of a proper attitude toward bullying (that is, avoiding bullying at all costs) and knowledge of techniques toward protecting oneself are best developed at a younger age. This will ensure a lifetime of minimal bullying experiences and its effects. Therefore, implementation of the program with preschoolers is a logical approach. Bullying: Research According to Nansel et al. (2001), “a student is being bullied when another student, or a group of students, say or do nasty and unpleasant things to him or her. It is also bullying when a student is teased repeatedly in a way he or she doesn’t like. But it is not bullying when two students of about the same strength quarrel or fight” (2094-2100). Bullying has adverse effects on a child’s well-being, hinders his or her academic progress, and can pose lasting, harmful effects in the form of psychological trauma (Craig, 1998; Goldman, 2012, pp. 1-3; Sharp & Smith, 1994). In other words, a
Is dog food an attractive category? Dog food is an attractive category on the basis of revenue. In 2004 alone, American consumers spent $8.2 billion in sales. From a global perspective, the estimated revenue for dog food has breached the $23 billion dollar mark. The attractiveness of the dog food category is manifested through the intense competitive nature of the various stakeholders. The attractiveness of the dog food category was made evident in the amount of money spent on advertising. In 2004 alone, dog food producers spent more than $190 million for TV commercial and Print Ads. The best assurance that dog food is an attractive theory can be seen in the entry of major players into the said industry. These major players are listed as follows: 1) Mars; 2) Nestle; 3) Procter & Gamble; 4) Colgate; and 5) Del Monte. How will you segment the product category in three different ways? Analysts can use the segmentation technique to separate different types of dog food. As a result, the product can be segmented in three different ways. The first way to segment it is to label the category low-priced products. The second segment is the mainstream type of dog food product. In this particular segment, dog food products have better quality with a slightly higher costs. The third and final phase of the segmentation is to label the category of dog food as segment is part of the premium brands. In this particular segmentation some of the more popular premium brands in the industry are listed as follows: 1) Purina Pro Plan; 2) Hill’s Science; 3) Iams; and 4) Beneful. Who are the influencers when it comes to dog food purchase? There are three major influencers of brand purchase. The first major source of influence when it comes to the choice of dog food is the female members of the household. It must be made clear that the primary caretakers of pets in the family are the female members of the said family. Data gleaned from studies revealed that at least 75 percent of dog owners are women. The second major influencers are the dog breeders. A significant number of dog owners acquire puppies from their breeders. The breeders are important sources of information with regards to the art and science of taking care of dogs. The third major influencers are the veterinarians. When it comes to external influence the breeders and veterinarians play a major role in deciding the type of dog food to acquire. How things have changed? In the beginning, when dogs were still puppies, the dog owner relies heavily on the wisdom and experienc
Abstract The spread of tinea corporis worldwide is conditional upon a significant number of people and animals at risk. However, this disease is usually considered by researchers in a combination of other tinea types. This situation leads to the necessity to analyze the available information specifically on this health issue since generalization does not apply to the case. Even though such worldwide organizations as the WHO and the CDC present extensive data on the matter, they tend to neglect newly emerging circumstances. They include the appearance of a greater number of risk factors and the lack of up-to-date guidance on the treatment of tinea corporis. This fact also hinders the progress of scholars aiming at developing new methods to cure the disease. Hence, this paper presents the status of knowledge on the subject. Introduction The condition known as tinea corporis is a skin infection caused by a fungus frequently referred to as a ringworm. In most studies, it is considered together with other similar diseases, such as tinea cruris or tinea pedis (Sahoo & Mahajan, 2016). However, despite a row of similarities, they differ both in location and in symptoms, treatment methods, and complications resulting from the possibility of resistance and improper practices (Suleri, 2020). It leads to the necessity to consider the development of tinea corporis about its specificities mentioned above to provide a clear picture of this diagnosis’ prospects for a successful cure. For this purpose, the current paper focuses on the information available on the websites of WHO and CDC and analyzes other studies intended to enhance the understanding of the issue. The WHO and Tinea Corporis The first source for the analysis is the World Health Organization, and its data on the subject is limited to the provision of general facts instead of orienting on this particular health problem. Hence, tinea corporis is not explicitly emphasized as a separate topic but included in the section on water-related diseases instead (“Water-related diseases,” n.d.). This website page describes it as a mild condition of skin emerging due to the infection with fungi known as dermatophytes (“Water-related diseases,” n.d.). It only mentions various types of this issue without any specifications regarding their treatment or outcomes. The presented information on tinea corporis is complemented by the description of risk factors and preventive measures. The former include contact with infected animals and people as well as items contaminated with the fungi such as clothes or towels (“Water-related diseases,” n.d.). The latter, in turn, highlights the effectiveness of personal hygiene and sufficient water consumption for disease prevention (“Water-related diseases,” n.d.). As for the symptoms of tinea corporis, they include the emergence of pink or re
The European Union is an organisation with certain rules and regulations that should take into account the laws and regulations of the member countries. The Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council 1 is called the Rome II regulation and is aimed at unifying the regulations concerning the issues where a foreign party appears. This regulation is based on conflict rules and includes the laws and rules of the parties involved into the conflict, laws of countries where the conflict appears, and laws of other parties that are more relevant to the conflict than the contracting parties. 2 It is natural that some sources claim that the Rome II Regulation was adopted “to increase legal certainty, reduce forum shopping and facilitate mutual recognition of judgments”. 3 The international partnership is anticipated to benefit from the Rome II as it stipulates the conflict rules that are aimed at solving disputable issues in global arena. In this respect, the case Maher v. Groupama Grand Est 4 evidences the assumption on the necessity of adopting certain regulation that would unify the laws on the cross border torts and international commerce conflicts. The alternative claim stipulates the inappropriateness of the regulation as the one that supports the bureaucratic organisation of the European Union and its legislation collected from legislative systems of member parties. The international relations are questioned in terms of advantages that should have been selected from the European laws. In this regard, the regulation can be improved by means of alterations and amendments. The law is flexible, though some countries should adopt it in order to enable participation of other member countries in international commercial projects without risk of being involved into unsolvable conflicts and cross border torts. 5 The flexibility of the Rome II Regulation cannot be questioned as it is stated in the body of the document: “…this set of rules, thus, creates a flexible framework of conflict-of-law rules. Equally, it enables the court to treat individual cases in an appropriate manner.” 6 The legal certainty of the law is one of the essential elements of the regulation as the conflicting parties can doubt the authenticity or even certainty of the regulation and necessity of its implementation, though “the requirement of legal certainty and the need to do justice in individual cases are essential elements of an area of justice”. 7 The cases connected to the cross border road traffic accidents should be considered separately that does not support the law being certain. 8 However, the European countries do not have judicial legislation that can enable the consideration of all similar cases be performed in the same way. The “content-oriented law selection” confirms the idea that the law is rather flexible as it requires considering not only the countries whose law is taken as the basic but also consider the content of each law. 9 In this respect, the laws of the contracting parties, the laws of the country where the dispute appears, or some countries the laws of which are appropriate in the case should be us
Psychological tests and assessments provide virtually unlimited opportunities for measuring and explaining human behaviors. Counselors and marriage therapists rely heavily on the results of psychological tests and assessments, as they seek to uncover the hidden facets of clients’ psychological problems and develop effective interventions. However, when it comes to counseling, the difference between psychological tests and assessments must be thoroughly analyzed. Additionally, psychologists, counselors, and marriage therapists must be aware of the principles of psychological test application and assessment usage in different counseling situations. The term “psychological test” is defined in a variety of ways. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013) describe psychological testing as “the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior” (p. 2). Kaplan and Sacuzzo (2012) provide a simpler definition of a psychological test, defining it as a set of measures to estimate and evaluate behavioral characteristics of human beings. Psychological tests always imply the use of some checklists or questionnaires, which are mostly norm-referenced (American Psychological Association, n.d.). However, the decision to use a particular test should be based on a thorough consideration of the client’s personal and environmental factors, since the same test may have different benefits and imply different costs for every other patient (Meyer et al., 2001). Counselors and marriage therapists use psychological tests in a variety of ways. Basically, psychological tests enable counselors and marriage therapists to elicit information related directly to the client’s problem (Kaplan & Sacuzzo, 2012). This information is to be used as the basis for developing effective psychological interventions. It is interesting to note that psychologists sometimes survey themselves to estimate and describe the general patterns of psychological test usage. Such surveys were first conducted in 1935 and 1946 (Camara, Nathan & Puente, 2000). As of today, counselors spend a lot of time in testing- and assessment-related activities (Camara et al., 2000). The use of psychological assessments becomes more common. Unlike psychological tests, assessment is the process of collecting psychology-related information to perform a psychological evaluation with the help of interviews, tests, case studies, observations, and other measurement procedures (Cohen et al., 2013). To put it simply, assessment is a process intended to descr
The expression above describes the ancient architecture of the Roman Empire. Roman engineers designed roads and subways to intersect in Rome. However, the idiom can be used to explain the different life situations. Physicists use the idiom to explain numerous experiments that arrive at the same goal (The Physics Hypertextbook, 2013). This paper will analyze the idiom using physics terms. Thus, we will analyze vector, displacement, distance, and scalar quantity. The measurement of magnitude is called a scalar quantity. Scalar quantities do not have any direction. Some examples include time, volume, speed, temperature, length, area, volume, power, work, and density (Spiegel, 2012). Thus, any measurement without direction is called a scalar quantity. The measurement of magnitude with a direction is called a vector quantity. Vector quantities include velocity, displacement, acceleration, thrust, weight, momentum, force, and direction. Scalar and vector quantities have a single magnitude. Thus, we could correlate their magnitude as a variable. However, vector quantities require direction to describe the position of the magnitude (The Physics Classroom, 2009). Thus, all roads lead to the same point with a common magnitude. Distance is a quantity that identifies the volume of space covered by magnitude. However, distance measurement does not ascertain the direction of magnitude. The measurement of distance with direction is called displacement (The Physics Classroom, 2009). However, the difference between scalar and vector quantity is direction. Thus, displacement is a vector quantity. Discussion The analysis above r
The question of how human talents including speech and language development are acquired has dominated human arguments extensively. According to Hulit, Howard and Fahey (2010), no one side of the nature-versus-nurture argument can claim exclusivity to the explanation of the origin of human traits. Although nativists believe that humans are hereditarily inclined to speak, environment also plays a crucial role in language development. The lack of sufficient chances for learning may result in normal or below normal functional level for children born with enormous intellectual ability. Thus, human traits are shaped by heredity factors as well as the environment. The current essay will review different theories that explain how language development in human beings occurs while looking at the viewpoint taken by a School Based Clinician in dealing with children with language impairments. A review of the Behaviorist theory According to Hulit, Howard and Fahey (2010), the behaviorist theorists assumes that the only human traits that are crucial to language development are those that are observable and measurable. Therefore, these theorists focus their attention on these traits while paying little att
Introduction Public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic have posed a significant problem to the global health systems. Disparities and access to healthcare among the general population during the pandemic have widely been witnessed in several countries. Geographical and racial disparities in access to care have detrimental effects on both families’ and communities’ health, stability, and well-being (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020). The aftermaths are vulnerability, consternation, psychological exclusion, and marginalization due to trade loss, employment and school shutdowns, insufficient health resources, and insufficient dissemination of essentials (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020). Through the case study scenario established, this paper aims to discuss the variables affecting healthcare access, approaches to reduce healthcare disparities, and interventions to enhance access to healthcare among the global population. Cas
Introduction The definition of the term “argumentation” differs; however, in general, it describes a process of communication in which someone is providing supporting facts to justify an idea. Van Eemeren (2015) states that argumentation utilizes language to “justify or refute” a point the author of the argument is making (p. 226). Thus, it can be used to provide a critique for a certain suggestion. Additionally, Van Eemeren (2015) describes it as a verbal, social activity. The aim of it is to secure the argument as part of someone’s view on things. Main body The Collins Dictionary describes exposition as an explanation of an idea or thought. In this way, the exposition is similar to a description that is often used in narratives (“Exposition”, n.d.). However, the distinct feature that differs exposition from explanation is the use of logic to structure the exposition. In addition, one can utilize analysis, contrast, comparisons, and definitions for proper exposition. The difference between an exposition and an argument is that the latter requires understanding the general idea that one tries to express without having a formed opinion on it. Conclusion The types of arguments, deductive and inductive, offer a distinctly different method of creating a viewpoint. Reed (2016) states that in deduction the process of building arguments begins from the idea as a whole. Then, from the general thought one begins to understand ideas that the thought consists of. Induction utilizes an approach in which one transfers from different parts of an idea to an overall understanding of it. Additionally, deductive argumentation implies that the truth of the premises leads to the conclusion being false, while inductive arguments involve stating the unlikeliness that the truth of the premise leads to the conclusion being false.
Introduction The examination of the functioning of the memory of an individual cannot be limited to only one memory test, and as a result, there are a variety of assessments that target the various features of the memory. Memory test procedures take into consideration various attributes including features of the test instrument such as legitimacy and consistency of results. Tests should ideally sample a variety of non-related features of the memory to make sure that particular inadequacies in the memory can be identified. In addition to this, aspects of recall and recognition should be tested, as a way to monitor memory processes in relation to memory indicators (Dustman & Beck, 1980). It has been observed that most of the memory encounters are incidental as opposed to premeditated. In view of this, one of the tests administered should be unexpected, to prevent rehearsal. Some tests are administered through visual aspects, ignoring auditory-verbal presentation modes as well as motor-retrieval response modes. To make certain that the results obtained are well- founded, the person administering the tests should sample an appropriately broad range of test behaviors. Computerized testing has a number of drawbacks including time consuming and high cost of setting up the system (Dustman & Beck, 1980). Memory for designs test The Memory for designs test was designed by Graham and Kendall, in 1946. The test examines visual recall of an individual based on brain damage versus functional disorder versus normality. It is a popular test for the examination of brain damage in children and adults. The scoring system allows the accumulation of normative data (Graham & Kendall, 1947). Administration of the test The test is administered by presenting a series of fifteen geometric designs of increasing difficulty on individual cards. The cards are nine by twelve inch pieces of paper, with all designs drawn on the same piece of paper. Each design is presented to the individual alone, in a prearranged sequence. The subject is supposed to view the design for five seconds before it is removed from his view. The test’s duration is about five to ten minutes (Erickson & Scott, 1977). Development of the test The memory test was intended to draw the line and distinguish between individuals who are organically impaired and those who are functionally impaired. The inability to reproduce geometric designs from imm