ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are many ways to ensure the success of a change project, and one of them is to choose stakeholders. Stakeholder management is a complex process that includes the identification of internal and external stakeholders, the assessment of their skills and knowledge, and the determination of their interests and needs (Pandi-Perumal et al., 2015). In a clinical research setting, change projects should have external (independent consultants, patients, and media) and internal (a healthcare setting that needs change and a project team) to promote support, reduce risks, and grant acceptance. Stakeholder engagement plays a crucial role at the beginning of the project. During the change proposal project implementation stage, stakeholders must be identified to understand their potential impact and responsibilities. Although it is easy to introduce change and prove its urgency for a healthcare setting, it turns out to be difficult to find supporters and explain the necessary actions in a clear way. Therefore, stakeholders are divided into external and internal to define the scope of their contributions (Pandi-Perumal et al., 2015). In a project, internal stakeholder support is obligatory to enhance coordination and the choice of resources locally. External stakeholder support incorporates the feedback of service users (patients), public opinion, and independent expert consultations. All these stakeholders promote a possibility to understand if the change is appropriate for a healthcare setting. To secure the presence of internal and external stakeholders in my project, I am going to focus on statistics, outside examples, and personal experiences. First, stakeholders must understand that the offered change has meaning. Then, definite numbers and examples should represent strong evidence. Finally, my personal involvement and the desire to change and contribute to improvements in nursing and healthcare demonstrate the project’s feasibility due to human factors, knowledge, and experiences. Reference Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Akhter, S., Zizi, F., Jean-Louis, G., Ramasubramanian, C., Edward Freeman, R., & Narasimhan, M. (2015). Project stakeholder management in the clinical research environment: How to do it right. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6 . Web.
There is no use denying the fact that people need some tool that will be able to help them to solve a certain problem or conflict which can appear between them. The existence of such a tool can be taken as the guaranty of success of the process of negotiations between all sides of the conflict. Moreover, the appearance of such a tool can serve as the evidence of the development of human society as the rule of force was replaced by the rule of law, and even people, who did not have real power, could be protected by it. With this in mind, it should be said that the appearance of courts led to the further development of society. However, its evolution also resulted in the rise of the necessity of some more specified tools. Tribunals became this very remedy. Also, acting by existing laws, they, however, obtained some differences which influenced their functioning. Resting on these facts, it is possible to analyze institutions of courts and tribunals and their functioning in the UAE to define them and understand the main differences. Moreover, the attempt to determine their efficiency should also be made. First of all, a clear definition of these two issues should be given. It should be said that the court is a more widespread notion which is often mentioned by people and, that is why almost every one has its idea about it. Nevertheless, modern science states that the court is “a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and resolve disputes in civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military cases” ( Court , 2015, para. 1). Moreover, according to some other definitions court is a tribunal, which, however, is more general. Nowadays, the court is one of the main means of dispute resolution. It helps to solve problems that appear in the course of interaction between different people and organizations. Its main peculiarities are the great role of lawyers, attention given to the formal side of the issue, and rules of evidence. Tribunals, at the same time, are similar to courts, though they have certain peculiarities that make them different. Usually, under the term tribunal, a person or institution which has the authority to judge adjudicate on and resolve disputes is meant ( Tribunal , n.d.). This term is less popular than court though, it is still efficient and its functioning helps to resolve different important questions and issues. Moreover, being more specialized, tribunals can help a person to obtain the needed solution faster because of the peculiarities of their functioning. Very often tribunals are needed when a case is connected with a certain activity or field of knowledge which demands certain basic experience from the participants of the process. That is why, being the part of the legislative system, tribunal, however, is not the same as court and has some specific functions and peculiarities. First of all, it should be said that the number of similarities between these two issues is great and very often it is difficult for people to differentiate between them. In the UAE, both courts
The price elasticity of demand for food, which is the industry where All America grocery Inc operates, is 0.2. Per McEachern (2015), as the value is between 0 and 1, the product is on the inelastic part of the demand curve. As such, if prices increase, demand is not likely to change substantially, as customers require food to live. Moreover, McEachern (2015) defines the price elasticity of demand as the absolute value of “the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price” (p. 94). With a 10% increase in cost that leads to a 10% increase in price, the quantity demanded will change by a value equivalent to the product of the two other values. As such, it is equivalent to 0.2 * 0.1 = 0.02, or 2%, which will be the decrease in demand. With the rising expenses of different aspects of operations, both All America Grocery Inc and the customers will have to pay the cost of these increases. However, the low price elasticity of demand suggests that the latter will have to pay for a higher fraction of the costs than the latter. As Pride and Ferrell (2016) note, with low price elasticity, the customers cannot wait until the prices decrease to purchase the product. Competing businesses will take the same measures, and prices will increase across the industry. Those that refuse to do so will bear the increased costs and likely fail. Therefore, prices will increase across the industry, as doing so will be necessary for companies to stay competitive and survive in the long term. As such, the company can safely raise its rates to pass the costs on to the customers.
Delegation is the action by which a manager assigns part of his or her authority commensurate within the assigned task to a subordinate or a junior staff. While ultimate responsibility cannot be relinquished, a delegation of authority carries with it the imposition of a measure of responsibility. The extent of the authority delegated must clearly be stated. In health care organizations it serves as an important aspect to delegate responsibility to the health care workers or health professionals. This is expected to bring up a sense of ownership to the health professionals of lower ranks and therefore enhance responsibility and motivation among the health workers in that organization. (Charles 1999) Delegation of authority in health care will enhance efficient handling of emergencies and making crucial decisions by the health professionals who are motivated. This also plays an important role where work done in a health care organization requires great care and helps in tapping great talent among the health care workers of lower ranks which would otherwise have not been recognized. Relinquishing some measure of responsibility to the junior health care workers will allow them to play some role of leadership and therefore being responsible for their actions and undertakings in times of urgent measures e.g. emergencies, thus playing part in the management of the organization-organizing can be viewed as the activity to collect and configure resources in order to implement plans in a highly effective and efficient way. Organizing involves a broad set of activities and often as one of the major functions of management. (curtler1999) Technically speaking, delegation and empowerment are the same. Whereas empowerment is only but a condition, delegation is both a process and a condition. The delegation will be defined as the process of entrusting a junior staff with the appropriate responsibility and the authority for the accomplishment of a particular activity whereas empowerment involves the condition of a delegation under which an employee incorporates new tasks and expands in knowledge. (Vicas 2006) Managers should be careful when delegating responsibilities/authority to avoid delegation failure- a management shortcoming that leads to undesirable consequences in a number of dimensions. There are a number of reasons that may result in delegation failure. (Delegation of authority 1999) The most common is a lack of time to delegate properly. Too often the manager takes a short, narrow view of delegation and sees it’s primarily as a means of getting some relief from part of the workload. The perceived need to delegate is then experienced most acutely when the manager’s time is in the shortest supply. Some give in and attempt to delegate to obtain some immediate relief. However proper delegation is time-consuming.When done correctly, it requires more time and attention on th
Jewish population existed in the Spanish provinces. Examples of these Provinces were Toledo, Cordoba, and Granada. Smaller towns were Ocana, Almazan and Aranda. The traditional language of the majority of Sephardim is called Ladino. It is thought that substantial Jewish immigration occurred during the period of the Roman occupation of Hispania. The Jews of Hispania had been utterly embittered and alienated by Catholic rule. By the time of the Muslim invasion them, the moors were a liberating force. Despite the institutional disabilities, the Jews were the minority in a land that was first Roman, then Christian, followed by the Muslim and finally again the Christian, they prospered in wealth, becoming so much part of the of Spain that certain Spanish Kings and themselves declared themselves as “King of the three Religion” and had their tombs inscribed in Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew. A Jewish “Golden Age” occurred under Muslim rule when Jewish countries became noted of poets, philosophers, cartographers, merchants, and even prime ministers. This pattern continued for a while under Christian rule, although increasing pressure was brought upon the Jews to convert. (Toefilo, 2007) Nation-wide crisis in 1391 caused about half of Spanish Jews to leave the fold, and again some Jews chose conversion rather than exile from their beloved land. About three hundred thousand Jewish left Spain and scattered in other neighboring countries. Before this period of the “Golden Age”, Sisebur (in 612) wanted to expel the Jews from Spain, the Jews were forced to be converted or be expelled from the country. 90,000 Jews were converted while some fled to North Africa and Gaul. Many conversions maintained their Jews identity secretly. The reign of Suintila (in 621-631) was tolerable. Most of the conversions returned to Judaism and a number of the exiled returned to Spain. In 633, the fourth council of Toledo directed that all who had reverted to Judaism had to return to Christianity. This then followed the reign of Chintila (in 639-639) who ordered that only Catholics could remain in the Kingdom, this made many be Catholics while some few Jews fled out of the country. The eight councils of Toledo in 653 forced Jews to forbid their rites like that of circumcision and observation of the Sabbath. The converted Jews were stoned or burned by fellow Jews who believed they were practicing Judaism making their lives hard in the land. Wamba, who reigned from 672 to 682, lightened the tide load on their shoulders. The reign of Ergwig from 680 to 687 was terrible to the Jews because he called for the forced baptism. Children who were seven years and above were forcefully taken away from their parents and also he ensured that no aid was given from Catholic sympathizers. (Toefilo, 2007)
Abstract This paper demonstrates use of real financial data in financial analysis. The objective is to carry out a broad financial analysis for an actual company. It explores the various techniques and tools used for financial analysis. In the analysis, we use financial data for Bayer AG for five year period from 2006 to 2010. The study is based on comparative analysis of historical data of the Corporation. The study concentrates on the statistical highlights of the Corporation, ratio analysis (ratios on profitability, liquidity, safety and efficiency). In addition, percentages are used in the analysis to monitor changes overtime. Graphs are also used to portray trend of various variables in the study over the five year period. Finally, the results are interpreted based on ideal situations and recommendations are made based on the findings Introduction Bayer AG is a multinational company dealing with pharmaceutical products with its head office located in Germany. Vast proportion of returns on sale comes from pharmaceutical segment. From 2005 to 2010, series of financial performances characterize operation of Bayer AG Company especially on the periphery of ratio performance. Over this period, there has been no substantial change in capital structure in the operations of Bayer AG Company. Bayer AG has market across the world with substantial segment in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Specifically, in 2007, this segment generated over $ 50 million in sales which is 49% of total sales (Bloomberg Business 02). Indicated below are figures representing financial performance of Bayer AG Company for a six year interlude from 2006 to 2011. Summary of financial feat from 2006 to 2011                             2006     2007    2008     2009     2010            Net sales                   31, 778  30,766  29, 879  27, 789  27, 970  28,034 Profit after tax            10, 199  7,730   873      3,246    3,230    2,546  Change in profit after tax  19.1%    49.6%   43.%     95.6%    200.1%   211.7% Dividend per share          0.42     0.51    0.44     0.43     0.40     0.41   Earnings per share          1.01     1.43    1.06     1.06     0.978    0.50    Table 1 From the figure given above, performance across the six year period was erratic. However, no loss was reported in any year. The sales were at its highest in 2007 and lowest in 2009. Despite steady dividend per share averaging to 1, earnings for the same performed dismally. Key: Horizontal axis-years Vertical axis-sales Scope and Objective of the Study This paper attempts to comprehensively and explicitly analyze financial statements of Bayer AG Company covering performance in sales from 2006 to 2010. In summary, the paper will present an inclusive location of Bayer AG on the facets of financial position as part of liquidity, profitability, and efficiency. In addition, the treatise makes informed suggestions and predictions into the future survival analysis of the company base
One of the most affected nations due to the issues of divorce has been the United States, where spectacularly the divorce rate reached an alarming height in the past 25 years with over more than 40 percentages of the marriages ending up in divorces. Most significantly, there is a very important view that divorce itself is a cause and an effect. Many often several reasons such as the lack of money, sexual imprudence, jealousy, violence, in-laws, abuse of drug and alcohol, irresponsibility and immaturity of the partners, the effortlessness of receiving a divorce, and the list goes on endlessly. In fact, no cause of the issue can alone substantiate the entire reason for any divorce and stress is lay on all the people and situations that go into the making of this phenomenon as the effects of divorce are usually more than just frightening. “The effects of divorce can change virtually every aspect of a person’s life including where a person lives, with whom they live with, their standard of living, their emotional happiness, their assets and liabilities, time spent with children and other family, and so much more.” (The Effects of Divorce). When the causes of divorce are considered, there are some attention-grabbing and most relevant points that are referred to. Though, historically people all over the world agree to the importance of marriage and men and women choose to join their hands in marriage. However, “some couples are unable to maintain their relationship; therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore… the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. There are three main causes of divorce: changing woman’s roles, stress in modern living, and lack of communication…” (Cause and Effect Essay) as most of the research evidences argue, money seems to be a major cause for divorce and in this materialistic world it does not cause any surprise. The modern view of divorce stress on checking the popularity it enjoys, as its effects are multi faceted and more enormous than the earlier days. Most notoriously, the modern face of “divorce is rapidly transforming the lives of American children, because by 1980 only fifty percent could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout childhood and large percentage of American children will spend several years in a single-mother family. According to an increasing amount of evidence, children in families disrupted by divorce do worse than children in intact families in several areas.” (Dr C). The most affected category of people is the children who lose the opportunity to develop their own self due to the loss of the parental affection and support. Divorce also raises several other social and familial issues that may not be s
What is utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is a theory used to explain consequentialism. The consequentialism theory states that one has to determine what is “intrinsically valuable” in an action. The good in the action is what is focused on and not what it leads to. In regards to this theory, founded by Jeremy Bentham (18th century), and further developed by his protégé, John Stuart Mill (19th century), the morality of an action is determinant with the benefit of hindsight. Bentham argues that the outcomes of an action are what determine whether it is good/bad or right/wrong. Bentham strongly believes that the “ends justify the means”. However, to this perception a question is posed, what is the end? Both Bentham and Mill agree that there is one intrinsic good (pleasure according to Bentham or happiness according to Mill) and one intrinsic bad (pain) according to Bentham or misery/unhappiness according to Mill. However, their agreeing on principle ends there as Bentham states that terming or referring to an action as good, has to have arisen from receiving pleasure from that action, and is mostly experienced in the physical sense. This is just an echo of Socrates’ sentiments in Plato’s “Protagoras”. Mill disagrees with this perception that it turns utilitarianism into a “pig philosophy” and argues that quality of the action matters a lot. This is in disregard of Bentham’s thought that pleasure is the same qualitatively and the only thing that matters or is vital is quantity. Utilitarianism tends to assume that happiness or pleasures found in humanity are equal across all people, for example: that one person’s well-being is not more important than any other one person’s. Consequently, its quest is to creating “the greatest good for the greatest number”. The theory thrives and succeeds on the actions that are able to create a balance between happiness and misery and this is therefore taken as the morally correct action. Strengths and weaknesses Utilitarianism gets its strength from its perception of actions and their impact on an individual. The ‘expected’ result of a specific action is the principle of measure and not the actual result itself. Utilitarianism has other strengths which include: impartiality- the theory asserts that everyone is equal and their happiness counts equally, it does not allow room for egoism and provides insight into Bentham’s notion. The theory also justifies most of our moral conventions. It is flexible, and offers for a larger moral community. This theory falls short along the way, as questions come up to try and find an answer to the issue on morality. According to the theory of utilitarianism, if the morality of an action depends on its results, how do we know when the “results” are done? How can we thus know the answer? This ends up being a weakness i
Evidence suggests that persons with severe mental disorders are more likely to have a shorter life. For example, the data mentioned by Roberts et al. (2017, p. 441) suggests that “the life expectancy of people with severe mental disorders is decreased by 10 to 25 years.” This endangered population group includes individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression, which are relatively frequent diseases (Roberts et al., 2017). Thus, mentally ill people constitute a part of the population and suffer from issues connected to their syndromes leading to an earlier death. Certain circumstances accompanying the mental disorders contribute to the decreased life expectancy of the ill. First of all, suicidal thoughts and intentions are common for persons with disorders. Secondly, medications for the treatment of mental problems can provoke life-threatening physical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease. Thirdly, the inability of a person to fit into society and guarantee a stable profit for life sustenance results in poverty. Then, starvation and poor conditions, as well as harsh behavior of the general population, cause premature death (Roberts et al., 2017). Therefore, individuals with mental disorders are more likely to commit suicide, suffer adverse effects of medications, and experience complicated interactions with the environment. However, the procedures developed after studying mental illnesses and their treatments may help the deceased ones. The programs of recovery allow their patients to recognize their disorders. Next, they offer medications and recommend adequate amounts of them. Although some persons, such as a girl from the course material, have not considered the drugs necessary, later they realized that it helps them (SW Classes, 2016). Finally, practitioners provide guides for coping with the harmful effects of diseases and strategies for partial recovery. In brief, evidence-based therapy can improve the lives of mentally ill people by counseling them and granting medical care. Reference Roberts, L. W., Louie, A. K., Guerrero, A. P. S., Balon, R., Beresin, E. V., Brenner, A., & Coverdale, J. (2017). Premature mortality among people with mental illness: Advocacy in academic psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry, 41 (4), 441–446. SW Classes. (2016). Illness management and recovery – DVD [Video]. YouTube.