ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Confusion is the lack of clarity or rather a state of bewilderment or puzzlement. Sometimes, we find ourselves in a constant state of shock from the moment we wake up to the time we retire to bed at the day’s end. Any undertaking that we engage in requires a thought process. The uninterrupted completion of a given chronology of thoughts brings about understanding of the issue at hand. Terms, such as train of thought, have been coined to explain the thought process. A breakage in the thinking process results in confusion. This may happen in an operating theater, in an examination room, in a football match, when reciting a poem or doing other day-to-day activities. Confusion is not limited only to the thought process. When we fail to observe any defined rules or obligations, we end up into a state of confusion. For instance, the never-ending traffic snarl-up evident in urban cities presents an intriguing picture in this context. One or two drivers may flaunt traffic rules resulting in mayhem on the roads experienced by everyone travelling. Think of what would happen if the police downed their guns and refused to enforce the law. The society would descend into anarchy without doubt. Evidently, confusion threatens to plague every aspect of existence. Experiences Drawing from the experience of the prisoners in the Plato’s allegory of the cave, we see how consciously ignorance gives way to confusion. We even subconsciously build comfort in the ignorance. The truth instills fear in us and wish to avoid it at all cost, often preferring the accustomed ignorance. On the other hand, even the unpalatable truth quenches ignorance, and the more we partake of it, the more we want. Knowledge is the magic wand to expel confusion. We are in a state of confusion for lack of knowledge. We must stay the course of knowledge to ward off confusion. In schools, in many occasions, we have encountered difficulties in comprehending course content say in algebra, philosophy and many other disciplines. We are often in a state of confusion, either by skipping a step while solving an algebraic equitation, or unable to decipher the meaning of grammatically complex essays or texts in philosophy. What we lack is clarity in understanding. There are many steps we have to go through to solve a problem and twist of sentences, which appear to get complicated as we read them, thus they confuse us. There are students who are able to deduce solutions faster than others. They struggle before they free their minds from confusion. The only way to gain clarity in these situations is to practice more algebraic equations, and read the essays or text several times. The more we repeat these processes, the more we sharpen cognitive abilities of our minds. It is human to be confused. From Plato’s allegory of the cave, we see how the prisoners who have never seen outside of the cave are intolerant to the returnee who has ascended from the cave. The returnee’s inability to measure shadows as his eyes acclimatize to the dark interior of the cave is taken as a weakness borne of having ascended from the cave. The cave
Introduction Professionalism and personal evaluation are vital when determining the strategies to establish during leadership practices. Adequate evaluation and substantial working standards are vital in growing education universally. Consequently, knowing the way that an educator performs his/her duties is important in measuring the role of self-assessment. In a bid to perform this task, I have made a suited argument regarding proper professional activities. In this paper, I will make a comparison between the professional teaching standards against the unprofessional practices. For instance, what would be the repercussions of irrelevance during teaching sessions? Probably, time would be lost when an educator discusses issues outside the syllabus. Therefore, there could be incomplete coverage of the course that could lead to insufficient skills from the course. Apparently, acquisition of knowledge and skill is critical for all teaching institutions. It is vital to perform a personal assessment and review various dispositions to determine the roots of proper learning. Selectively, this paper will perform an analysis of professional dispositions in regard to universities. Also, it will cover various issues within the education system. Reflection The integrity and popularity of universities are born from continued and proper handling of base issues. Precisely, the management establishes appropriate strategies to ensure that quality education is rendered to students. Rules and regulations are set to regulate the actions of students, teachers and the managers. It is vital to note that fame and popularity arise from competition. This attribute allows the academicians to receive recommendations around the globe for international interaction. However, this achievement does not arise solely from authoritative management. Resources are part of the most vital factors that facilitate this achievement. For instance, how can students perform properly in a chemistry laboratory without beakers or other apparatus? Resources are the baseline of learning and teaching properly. The standards identifies that teachers are part of the resources required to teach well. What if there were thousands of students being taught by a single teacher? This implies that many people would not receive the instructions in a proper manner. Additionally, checkups and marking might not be given appropriately. The national standards ensure that quality education is provided to student. Therefore, institutions cannot teach a number of students that is contrary to the standards. There are many attributes that must be considered when handling diversities. Dive
Introduction He had been in the hospital for eight months now. Visits to the hospital where my grandfather had been admitted were one of the most painful experiences that I have ever had. I knew that he was undergoing extreme mental and physical pain. I had painfully watched my grandfather’s health deteriorate ultimately bringing him to the state where he was only living to endure pain with no hope. The Doctor had said that all attempts of recovery were now futile. I could sometimes watch him scream because of the extreme pain that he was enduring. As I often watched my grandfather closely, I could confirm that the once enthusiastic face was gradually losing interest in life and had instead been reduced to a shell of suffering from no confidence, hope, or self-esteem. It even reached a point where he was not even able to recognize friends and relatives including me, his favorite grandson. We now had to make this difficult decision to end his life and relieve him of all the pain that he was undergoing. I remember standing beside my grandfather as the doctor cut off the oxygen supply. He struggled shortly before stiffening with a weak smile on his face. Although this happened five years ago, the memories are still vivid in my mind. I knew and I have always known that we made the right decision for our grandfather as a family. (Grisez & Boyle 451) Mercy Killing Mercy killing relieves suffering and pain not just to the patient but also to friends and family. As I had said, my grandfather was enduring extreme mental and physical pain which had reduced him to someone who was only living to endure this suffering with no hope at all. This pain was unnecessary since it was not leading to any good and hence was not worth enduring. My grandfather was struggling to breathe even with oxygen tubes on his nostrils. In short, we were forcing him to live. To live for what purpose? The truth is that we were doing all these because we were afraid to lose our grandfather. One can therefore argue that we were keeping our grandfather here with us for our selfish purposes. Our fear of losing him overlooked the great pain that he was undergoing- a pain that he was undergoing as we forced him to continue living. This was causing more harm than good not just to him but also to us. We were living in denial that the time for my grandfather had come. (Heifetz & Mangel 158) Apart from my personal experience, I still remember the emotional strain that the whole experience brought to my mother. From the look of things, I knew that my mother was devastated but I never knew the extent of the devastation until I recently interviewed her. During the interview, my mother opened up and told me that months after my grandmother was gone she could burst into tears in the most unlikely places like board meetings. In a way, my mother blamed herself for my grandfather’s death since she figured that if she had not taken the decision, he would still have been alive. However, she also informed me that she had felt worse the moment she saw him grimacing in pain and knew that the c
Introduction Public budgeting primarily involves the allocation of resources, with the main objective of achieving the government’s goals and objectivities within a particular period of time. It serves to reflect the financial plan of the revenues and expenditures of the various levels of government, which are federal, state and local governments (Bovaird & Loffler, 2000). This means that public budgeting centers on the prediction of government expenditure, establishing the link that exists between the financial and human resources with the primary objective of realizing the goals, representing the governmental activities in monetary terms and recording the results of the struggle at the expense of political preferences. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the breadth, depth and application of revenue estimation among the various forms of budgets deployed in public budgeting (Epstein & Thomas, 2000). The paper offers a description of each of the budgets, the differences and similarities of each budget and what accounts for the major sources of revenue for each of the state, local and federal budgets. In addition, the paper discusses how the revenues are expected to change in future, how the budget fits with the mission of each domain and the ways through which the budget can be improved and revenue estimation at each level can be accurate. Basic description of each budget The collection of taxes and expenditure of the funds is one of the core functions of the government. This implies that the government requires a plan for the collection of revenue and subsequent spending on the public initiatives (Tax Policy Center, 2011). The government budget can take various forms at different levels of government such as operating, capital, proposed and departmental government budgets (Epstein & Thomas, 2000). The united stated federal government usually splits its budget into discretionary and non-discretionary expenditure, with each of the form of the budget having a particular role to play in the realization of the government’s goals and objectives during the implementation of public programs (Guillermo & Rodrigo, 2008). The operating budgets at the state and local governments usually govern the plan of approach regarding the expenses and revenues. For instance, a budget for a city can take charge of the salaries and benefits for the employees and other expenses such as law enforcement and so on (Tax Policy Center, 2011). Separate budgets are created for utilities that the public pay to use such as water and sewer; this is mainly because such revenue is not generated from the collection of taxes. Similarly, operating budgets at the state level usually take charge of expenditures like appropriations in public educations, part operations at the state, government operations at the state appropriations for operations associated with economic d
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to evaluate five family members and determine their lifestyle habits that may affect cardiac changes. Factors such as smoking or obesity are known to significantly influence the likelihood of heart disease appearing in a person. Cultural and genetic factors were not applicable because the family is culturally homogeneous with the majority of U.S. citizens, and there is no history of cardiac disease in the family. Ultimately, the essay will serve to formulate and raise concerns related to the health of the family members. Brother My brother is 30 years old and works a day job in the neighborhood of his house. He exercises regularly and is generally in good health, and as such he is not in a risk group based on his physical activity. However, he smokes on average a pack of cigarettes every day. According to Gotto and Toth (2016), smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, particularly for younger people. As such, my brother is potentially in danger of cardiac changes due to his lifestyle. Mother My mother is 52 years old and generally tends to stay at home and do housework. She moves around the house and engages in physical activities throughout the day, and she also participates in a light exercise routine in the mornings. Furthermore, my mother is generally somewhat thin, so obesity is not a concern. She does not smoke or drink alcohol, which removes her from that risk group as well. Overall, my mother does not appear to be at an increased risk of cardiac changes as far as lifestyle causes are concerned. Father My father is 54 years old and works at a day job in driving distance from the family’s house. He does not get sufficient exercise, and as such he has gained weight and can now be considered obese. Watson and Zibadi (2018) identify both traits as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. My father does not smoke and did not do it in the past, eliminating that risk category. However, his lifestyle still potentially endangers his health with regards to cardiac changes. Uncle My uncle is 48 years old and manages a small company from an office located close to his house. He is considerably overweight, primarily due to his lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet. Furthermore, he is a heavy smoker, occasionally going through three packs a
Introduction In any political system, power, ideology and organizational structure are the most important content. They are significant in the manner that they affect the public in terms of opinion and even voter turn outs. Similarly, any political moves made by the representatives are also dependent on these three patterns of political development. The identification of each of these concepts by the public in relation to their uniqueness is what leads to a greater or lesser impact of democracy by the people. China has achieved a lot of economic growth over the years due to the political development demonstrated over those years. Political development patterns in China The traditional ideology of China has long regarded China as both a country and a cultural setup. As a result, traditional China was a unified traditional and political society with a great deal of appreciation for culture. The most important role of social and political systems is to generate authority, especially in China. Traditionally, China believed in bureaucracy as the form of rule, while monarchy was seen as the source of power. In the previous years, China had been ruled by emperors who were the sole rulers of the citizens. Despite the existence of the two instruments of power, they were never distinct. Despite the unity that existed between political and cultural grounds, local diversity always existed with a great increase over many years. However, despite all the changes in power, ideologies of political representatives and political organization, acquisition of bureaucracy involved the rise of status by political leaders. These ruling status groups always had power and were the sole ideologists of the local political systems. The traditional China in terms of power, ideology and organization may be better described as the territory of China as an empire. Since the empire was very dominant, its power over the political and cultural domains can be said to have united the local status groups in China leading to the creation of the Chinese society. In this regard, the Chinese society came into being as a result of the union between the local social systems rather than the ideology that the society created the different local systems. Therefore, the traditional China may be regarded to have two structures in regard to power, ideologies and organization. The first structure is the national bureaucracy that was involved in all formal national responsibilities such as centralization and hierarchy of power and authority. The other structure may be referred as heterogeneous as it consists of several local systems emphasizing on moral values, especially the acceptance in the Confucian ideological system as well as the national bureaucracy and economy. On the other hand, contemporary Chinese saw the establishment of the Republic of China, which transformed the political entity of China by changing the Chinese society on large scale terms. Contrary to traditional China where the society was ruled by Confucianism, contemporary China is now ruled by the ideologies
Netflix was founded to fulfill a glaring gap in the movie rental business. Since the company rents out movies by mail and via streaming, and with no insistence on the customer for a set date of return of the DVD movie (for the mail rentals), the company has steadily grown to became the best choice for movie enthusiasts keen on a fantastic deals insofar as movie rentals are concerned. Since its founding in 1997, the company has steadily grown and is now the market leader in the online movie rental business in the US. This steady growth has been due to the adoption of forward-looking policies and plans by the management team at Netflix. Choruses of disapproval from customers and industry experts alike have met the recent announcement by Netflix that it was separating its mail order and streaming services. Netflix has now established a separate website, (Qwikster), for its mail order movie rental services. The cost for the two desperate services has thus increased for Netflix subscribers, and the separate website for the mail order service means customers will have to create new accounts distinct from their current Netflix accounts. Although the move has been roundly criticized, with CEO Reed Hastings even issuing an apology for the abrupt changes in pricing and services offered, I personally feel that the change is a smart business move that will prove beneficial in the future. Presumably, the management team at Netflix has correctly concluded that the mail order service for its movies is facing an uncertain and not-so-bright future. The mail order service is slow and is prone to misuse; for instance, there is exposure to late return of rented movies, broken discs, and inadvertent sending to wrong recipients. The world is quickly shifting to web based transactions, these transactions being quick and convenient. Web based sales, cash and business transactions, when correctly monitored and regulated, are superior to physical transactions of the same. Therefore, the future of Netflix lies in its online streaming services, and its decision to focus on this service will ensure the company remains competitive for a long time. I think the decision to separate the two services is thus an indispensable strategic step that the company has taken, a step which might not bear fruits presently but in years to come. In light of the foregoing, Netflix should take the following measures to ensure it retains its subscribers and reaches out to new customers. It is obvious from the reaction by customers and Netflix subscribers that, the gripe they have is not so much because of the separation of the two services, as it is about the increased cost of the two services. By maintaining separate rates for the two services that previously were under one price scheme, Netflix has effectively nearly doubled the cost of its services. Therein lays the biggest source of complaints from its subscribers. Therefore, I feel that Netflix should first reduce the cost of its online services in order to retain its subscribers. Netflix should then engage in promotional offers aimed at increa
Introduction The name of Jesus Christ is well known all over the world. Not only is he revered by Christians of all denominations, but he is admired by people of all non-Christian religions, especially Islam that is ranked second in the world after Christianity in terms of followers; in fact, Islam considers itself so closely allied with Christianity and events in the Bible, that Jesus Christ and his mother Mary are mentioned several times in the Koran . Origin After the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ in 30 A.D, his followers created a Judaism group known as the Jewish Christian movement which had its headquarters in Jerusalem. Some years after this, Paul established a rival group called the Pauline Christian group whose main object was the conversion of Gentiles. The members of the Jewish Christian movement came under attack by the Roman Army when it demolished Jerusalem in 70 A.D. They were either massacred or forced to flee in all directions, effectively terminating their religious group once and for all (Religioustolerance.org). Pauline Christianity eventually involved into the Church and was given official legal status in 313 A.D followed by official status of the Circa Empire in 380 A.D. The Church received a huge boost in 381 A.D when Roman Emperor Constantine converted to its faith. It started growing on the lines of the Roman Empire, wherein major provinces were formed on geographical lines and each was placed under the charge of a preeminent bishop. The situation remained stable for 6 centuries before a conflict between the Church’s east and west regional groups grew so intolerable that they formally split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the year 1054 A.D (Religioustolerance.org). During the following years, in addition to the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, six other meta-groups of Churches were formed. They were the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Church, the Protestant Church, the Anglican Communion Church, the Pentecostal Church, the Restoration Church and a miscellaneous group of Churches containing various faith groups that are not affiliated to the other 7 meta-group Churches (Religioustolerance.org). While the eight meta-groups of Churches are presently classified into more than 30,000 different Christian groups, the Roman Catholic Church has emerged as the premier one thereby elevating Roman Catholicism into the position of the largest Christian denomination. Key Leaders After Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity, his apostles were entrusted with the spreading the religion. The leader of the apostles, St. Peter is looked upon by all Christians as the first spiritual leader called ‘pope’ (Religious Facts). Until 1054 A.D all the popes who succeeded St. Peter were considered as spiritual leaders by all Christians. But after the breakup of the Christians into various denominat