ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and background information Historically, people from different origins migrated to America in search of better living standards that were lacking in their countries. Persons from Puerto Rica, for example, are among the people who had to leave their countries because of poor economic status. Puerto Ricans were affected mainly in the 19th century, when they were under the Spanish rule. The Spanish people treated them like their subjects, just like what other European nations did in some countries outside Europe. The reasons for their relatively high levels of relocation are partly attributed to the Spanish American war, which made them flee from the Spanish leadership. Initially, they were treated like immigrants to their country by their new rulers (Laviera 34). They were, however, allowed to travel to America without passports after an act of parliament was passed, resulting in many cases of immigration (Laviera 28). They believed that they were going to leave poverty behind and start better lives, just like people in the US. This paper analyzes two authors, giving their similarities and differences in view of their thematic presentations, especially in regards to the affirmation of sexuality that is evident during the maturation processes of the main characters. The two authors whose stories are analyzed in this paper are Angie Cruz and Nicholasa Mohr. It also looks at the viewpoints of the novelists in the contexts of expressing the relationships between power and reactions to oppressive social structures. Thus, the aspects of gender and immigration are the pillars of this paper. Body So
Psychology refers to the general understanding of behavior and mind processes. It is a scientific study that attempts to understand specific processes that usually underlie certain functions and behaviors in human nature. It is a science of mental life, in terms of both its phenomena (feelings, desires, decisions, cognition, and reasoning) and their conditions (James, 2007). Special populations refer to a group of disadvantaged individuals within the entire population, both the children and adults of both gender inclinations. Such individuals have special needs, and they are defined by many characteristics such as medical, racial, cultural, physical, and cognitive (Sebastian and Bushy, 1999). Their physical, mental, and behavioral performance usually deviates substantially from the norm. This separates them from others within the same population. Special needs populations have encountered a number of the issues concerning them being neglected, for example, the people with cognitive and or intellectual disabilities, and most of them have a fear of being stigmatized for special treatment, as this kind of situation might embarrass them. In professional psychology, particular population defines both children and adults with the following special needs; education, where the majority of the individuals are unable to comprehend and derive full benefits from the curriculum. The special populations also include the elderly, abused individuals (both domestic and sexual), gays and lesbians, and minority groups. Such individuals have traumatic experiences that pose a danger in terms of their decision-making. The special populations are challenged physically in terms of visual, hearing impairment, mental retardation, and movement disorders. These challenges promote inequality in the community in terms of resource allocations, access to essential services such as education, medical and counseling. Because of such problems, special populations require special attention and treatment compared to normal individuals (McBrayer and Lian, 2002). Given the special needs that arise because of the demands from the special population, this has influenced professionals in various ways. For example, a sample of individuals who have had their rights being violated, either sexually or within a domestic setting have a more significant influence on confidentiality as an ethical requirement in the professional field. This is because some of the individuals tend to be reserved to disclose specific issues concerning their traumatized lives, which leaves the whole process with an option to look for information from other third parties to provide professional counseling services to the victims. This kind of situation frequently occurs also to individuals who bel
Operational Efficiency and Operational Effectiveness Operational efficiency and operational effectiveness are critical terms when measuring organizational performance. Operational effectiveness is concerned with the strategies that an organization puts in place in order to achieve sustainable growth within its business domain (Jacobs & Chase, 2013). Typically, a successful organization is the one that can live up to its vision and mission statement, and thus it is able to offer goods or services that meet its customers’ expectations. Operational effectiveness also refers to the ability of an organization to deliver products or services that are superior to those of its competitors. It is a practice that generally guarantees better use of resources that belong to the organization. Operational efficiency, on the other hand, is generally defined by the output produced per unit of input (Jacobs & Chase, 2013). Although this definition appears straight forward, it only takes on meaning with respect to a particular economic unit or activity. For example, to define what constitutes banking efficiency is quite problematic as it depends in part on what an analyst thinks the banks are supposed to do. The output over input definition may emphasize the size of the output-input margin, thus viewing the bank itself as a generator of profits. Alternatively, the definition can view input costs as variable, holding output fixed, and thus viewing the bank as a locus of costs control. Operations Strategy and Operational Sustainability An operations strategy is a blue print that describes how an organization has positioned itself to meet set objectives. It further details the accompanying actions that a company must take in line with its main goals (Jacobs & Chase, 2013). It is one of the functional strategies that refers to a collection of operations that mainly relate to choosing resources and processes and building organization’s future capabilities. Operations strategy needs to consider integration as well as other functional strategies. It also must be aligned with the business strategy. Operational sustainability is the type of operations that allows an organization to e
As a poor developing country in South Africa, Zimbabwe has been suffering from economic Decline since its independence from the British in the year 1980, and this is exactly the main factor for the food crisis. The weak economical situation in Zimbabwe brings about less than 30 percent of employment as a result of which, hunger expands in the country and more people live in extreme poverty (IRIN, 2008). 5.5 billion dollars as dept on the Zimbabwean government to be paid to other countries, this goes to show how fragile the Zimbabwean government is. According to the same source, irregular and delays in-dept payment led some countries to stop trade with the Zimbabwean government. Many areas in Zimbabwe receive less rain than before which results in less food production (Care, n.d). For instance, maize, which is the staple food in Zimbabwe, harvests declined by one-third from the production ten years ago (IRIN 2, 2008). Even in areas where it rains regularly, many people are still hungry because farmers do not have enough amounts of seeds and fertilizer to cover the demand (Famine Early Warning System Network, 2008). Now it is clear that economical decline, unemployment, drought, shortage of seed and fertilizer are the main reasons for the food crisis in Zimbabwe. As a result of the food shortage, prices are calculated to increase by around tenfold every year in Zimbabwe (IRIN2, 2008). The most eye-catching response to deal with the food crisis has been food aid, food aid has been provided to many other countries too like Haiti, which suffers from the same problem. The most commonly used type of relief is food aid, which is nothing but the food given directly to the people who suffer from hunger. From estimated million people were in need of food aid in 2001 (BBC), the number has grown to be about 5 million as expected by the United Nations in 2009 (The Washington Post Company, 2008). The aid of 20 million dollars is set by the European Union for Zimbabwe to cope with food shortages (The Zimbabwe Times, 2008). Many other organizations provide Zimbabwe with high amounts of food continuously such as The United Nations World Food Programme. Other types of food aid are also made available such as program food aid which is food provided in markets to be sold at a cheaper price for poor people who have ration cards from the government. Being illustrated food aid response to the food crisis in Zimbabwe, the next section will evaluate the response of the same. This type of short-term response is important for a big part of the Zimbabwean population in order to stay alive. An important point that should be noticed is that the amount of food provided by food aid organizations does not always cover all people in need of food assistance in Zimbabwe. In fact, food aid could have a negative impact on farmers because the prices of th
Introduction Leaving high school before completing the full course of studies is a common problem among adolescents in the U.S. I was witnessing this phenomenon as the number of my classmates was a decreasing year after year up to graduation. I was wondering what urged them to quit their school education. By leaving high school, adolescents deprive themselves of the possibility of getting a higher education, obtaining a high-paying job, and improving their living conditions. It puzzles me how a person can voluntarily reject such opportunities, which is why I decided to explore this topic. An analysis of the factors contributing to the high school dropout rate shows that school climate has a significant impact on students’ decision to leave school. Overview of the Problem The scope of the problem of high school dropout rates in the U.S. is difficult to underestimate. It is reported that over 7,000 students quit their school education daily throughout the country, which is 1.2 million annually (McGiboney 2016). It also has been found that only 60 percent of adolescents aged 16-24 get a job during the year, in which they leave school (McGiboney 2016). It means that after dropping out, some of them neither work nor study, which is likely to have a negative impact on their future career opportunities and overall living conditions. Students do not study in a vacuum but are required to interact with their teachers and peers regularly. This social environment is an important factor influencing their motivation and intentions as to proceeding with education. The most significant components of school climate are adolescents’ relationships with the teaching staff and their class fellows (McGiboney 2016). Identifying the effects which these factors have on students’ decision to quit studies may help to develop strategies that will improve the academic environment and reduce high school dropout rates. Relationships With Peers Students spend a significant amount of time interacting with their peers. The quality of relationships between classmates contributes to shaping their school experiences (Orpinas and Raczynski 2
Introduction Vaccination of children is a standard health precaution recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as a method to prevent outbreaks of deadly illnesses. My personal position states that vaccination should be required as a scientifically-based medical procedure that protects personal and social health. Currently, no federal laws in the US require vaccination. However, most educational institutions and programs establish guidelines on their own (ProCon, 2017). The following premises are used to justify that vaccination of children should not be mandatory. Main body Vaccinations can result in severe and possibly fatal side-effects, such as an allergic reaction. This position is helpful in understanding the fear that parents may have of vaccinating their children. It is interesting since there is a provided scientific basis for the choice to abstain. If I believed this view, I would notice a significant amount of studies noting that vaccination may unpredictably result in anaphylaxis, mental illnesses, or the death of a child. Since such premises appeal directly to fear, it is easy to gain supporters from parents who are either reluctant or attempting to find a reason for a tragedy that already occurred. This idea is exemplified in reality by government health organizations reporting that vaccines may cause a variety of health problems for practically every type of immunization. Although, serious issues are rare and carefully monitored, a minuscule percentage of children experiences severe infections, brain reaction, or death (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). The fact that this information is official and not based on inaccurate perceptions worries many parents. Several religious congregations maintain that mandatory vaccination infringes constitutionally protected rights to religious freedom. As vaccines are opposed by the religious dogma of specific groups, any requirement to obtain them essentially forces members to violate spiritual beliefs. This perspective is interesting as it helps to establish a philosophical or religious basis for people opposing vaccination. Since many groups hold the spiritual law in high regard, any action to violate it can jeopardize the salvation or holiness of a person in that specific religion. A follower of this belief may take notice and choose to protest numerous policies that require vaccination for children in order to participate in public education. This idea becomes a reality when examining the U.S. Constitution which mandates that persons be given the right to religious freedom and practices. The First Amendment has often been used as the basis for allowing a religious exemption clause. However, a continuous abuse of the exemption and the recent case law has resulted in states severely limiting or eliminating this procedure. Since there are no federal laws or Supreme Court decisions on the matter, proponents are citing a violation of Constitutional rights (Greendyk, 2016). Th
Introduction Overview Starbucks Corporation is a famous coffee retail shop well known for selling coffee beans as well as other coffee and tea drinks. The corporation is well known for its fair prices and excellent customer service. Starbucks has about 4000 branches across the globe and it is among the fastest growing companies in America. Compared to other competitors however, the company’s turnover rate is relatively low hence the need to improve its service delivery, ensure customer satisfaction, motivate its workers as well enhancing teamwork. The report looks at the motivation theories applicable to the organization, their success as well as setbacks (Banks 2007, p. 44-47). Motivation Theories Motivation of laborers is vital for the productivity of any organization. Unlike machines that ensure the same production without motivation, people only become maximally productive when motivated. In fact the outcome for such motivation is usually much higher than when new machines and equipment are purchased. Increase in people’s productivity is never basically based on money or other physical motivation (Zipp 2000, p. 35). In fact, it has been proved that if money or physical reward is used as the only source of motivation, then productivity declines especially in the industries that demand for creativity. Issues like employee relations for instance play a significant role in the motivation of employees. Workers may for instance find motivation from other informal groups at the workplace (Caufield 2007, pp. 100-105). The working environment is vital as well. It has proved that improving the working environment for employees according to their need results into increased productivity as compared to improving their internal factors as it is believed that the people are mainly influenced by what happens around them. This is in relation to the reinforcement theory which stipulates that making the working environment conducive is of more importance and it motivates the workers than dealing with the internal factors some of which include the workers cognitive behavior like their attitudes, feelings and impressions (Desmond 2005, p. 57). Treating them with equality also plays the same trick. Non-financial incentives are therefore of very great importance in motivating the workers of any organization. Starbucks’ Chief executive officer has used this to ensure increased productivity (Zukin 2000, p. 6-8). The corporation values its workers more. The corporation rewards its employees by promotion and this works as a motivation tool to ensure increased productivity among them. The organization has education and training programs to ensure that the workforce is always up to date in skills and service delivery. The organization has an excellent interactive structure and this helps in motivation of workers. Motivated employees motivate others as well and this ensures increased productivity (Dunn 2006, pp. 3-5). Equal Treatment The equity theory stipulates that equality in th
Introduction Sustainable development is one of the core strategies of development adopted by many countries across the world. Although this awareness has reached that level, sustainability was not considered profoundly in the past. In that time, people focused on economic development without considering other crucial aspects such as environmental awareness, sociology and humanity. The introduction of sustainability closed that gap by developing initiatives that integrate the three aspects. In the modern world, governments are dedicating their efforts towards sustainable development in sectors such as real estate management, infrastructural development and health issues. In essence, they focused profoundly on real estate since it was one of the vital sectors of economic development. However, the authorities experience many challenges because the increasing population has led to high demand of rental houses. As a result, the worldwide emergence of slums has posed economic, health, social and environmental threats. In fact, slums have affected many countries such as the UK, the USA, India, China and most countries in Africa. Bearing in mind that slums have emerged extensively, this paper seeks to create a sustainability agenda in relation to four main aspects, including health, economy, environment, and social factors of sustainability. Development of Sustainability Agenda in Real Estates Slums contravene the ideologies of sustainable development in many ways. The life that people experience in slums is barely sustainable in regard to the aspects such as economy, health, sociology and environmental awareness. This implies that there is a need to develop the sustainability agenda in the slums. In the light of developing the sustainability agenda, this paper seeks to elucidate the sustainability in relation to the four mentioned aspects. Under each aspect of sustainability, the discussion will touch the expectation of sustainability, the policies that focus on the issues, the problems experienced in comparison to those policies, and the solutions to those afflictions. Health Health Concerns in Sustainable Development While thinking about the sustainability agenda in the slums, one of the most critical aspects that must be considered is the condition of health within the residences. In accordance to the principles of sustainability, development must focus on creating a healthy society. In other words, development cannot be realised wh
Which sports should not have received any money and/or as much money? Each sports developed in Australia deserves further advancement to introduce the highest professional level at the world level. However, inequality of funding allocations leads to uneven distribution of resources and inadequate development of sports in Australia as a whole. Funding selected sports, therefore, does not provide fair and transparent development for sports infrastructure. In this respect, I believe that such sports as soccer should not receive as much many as possible because part of this money could be spent on developing the Australian basketball. Unequal allocation of funding resources for sports hampers the overall growth of Australian professional sports. In this respect, Hayes (2012) agrees with the former South Wales premier Kristina Keneally who insists, “this sort of major expenditure cannot continually be made on behalf of a select few sports at the expense of other high-participation codes” (n. p.). Raising questions about funding specific kinds of sports was important because there was an unequal distribution of finance, specifically when it comes to great expenditures on football. While estimating the statistics received from the ASC, the situation with basketball funding has significantly been changed. Hence, the total investment in sports equals to over $ 5 million per year whereas football funding amounts to about $ 3.5 million (Australian Sports Commission 1). Such popular sports as hockey and football should have received so much money merely because they are highly popular among people. The money, first of all, should be spent on developing the Australian sport as itself, but not promoting individual athletes. Which sports should have received any money and/or as much money? Why? Paralympics games should be financed with greater resources because this sport provides incentives for personal and professional growth. People with disabilities taking part in professional sport are much more ambitious and straightforward than people with no physical impairments. Therefore, the Australian Sports Commission should be more concerned with delivering wider opportunities for people with limited possibilities. Judging from the statistics, blind sports receive $ 65 thousand, deaf sports receive $ 85 thousand, and disabled winter sport has only $ 60 thousand (Australian Sports Commission 1). All these investment are significantly lower than the funding of football in Australia. Shortage of resources and unequal allocation creates significant problems with sport development in the country. Judging from the above-presented consideration, sport should be regarded as more than just a game and, therefore, it is worth of governmental funding. In this respect, people who do not make sense of life without sport should be financial supported by the government to sustain their successful professional sport career and