ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Electricity and magnetism have become indispensable for our life today. All the appliances we can imagine to live with work on the underlying principles of electromagnetism and therefore, it is important to understand electromagnetism. Why I am stressing electromagnetism and not magnetism is the fact that the two are inseparable. There was a time when magnetism was discovered in some stone and was considered something altogether different from electricity. But this has changed long back due to the experimental observation by scientists like Faraday, Ampere. Maxwell etc. and today electricity and magnetism are seen as two sides of the same coin. In scientific terminology, a changing electric field produces a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field produces a changing electric field. In the backdrop of this brief introduction, this report attempts to explain important terminologies related to the magnetic field. Important Terminologies Magnetization An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons and with each electron, there is an associated magnetic moment. The electrons exist in pairs to cancel the magnetic moment of each other. However, some atoms have unpaired electrons and therefore, a net magnetic moment. If we take an object of finite size then the constituent atoms (which are very large in number) are oriented in a random direction and thus cancel the magnetic moment of each other. However, sometimes, these atoms somehow align to give a net magnetic moment. One can define a quantity known as magnetization vector (I) which is magnetic moment per unit volume. This is also termed as the intensity of magnetization or simply magnetization. This is expressed as: I = M/V(Net Magnetic Moment)/Volume ………. (1) For a bar magnet of pole strength m, length 2l and area of cross section A, the magnetic moment is M = 2ml and therefore, the intensity of magnetization is I=M/V=2ml/A(2I)=m/A i.e. pole strength per unit area Magnetic Intensity (H) When a material is put in a magnetic field then it gets magnetized. The magnetic field inside the material is the sum of the applied magnetic field and the magnetic field due to magnetization. Now one can define a new vector field such that H=B/μ0-I…………. (2) Here, I is the intensity of magnetization, B is the resultant magnetic field and H is magnetizing field intensity or magnetic intensity. In vacuum I = 0 because no material is present and the equation (2) reduces to H=B/μ0 …………. (3) The magnetic intensity due to a magnet of pole strength m at a distance r from it is given by the following equation: H=m/4πr²………… (4) Magnetic Susceptibility For paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials, the intensity of magnetization (I) is directly proportional to the magnetic intensity (H) i.e. I=χH ………… (5) This proportionality constant χ is known as the susceptibility of the material. This is a dimensionless constant as I and H have the same units. Its value is zero for vacuum, positive for paramagnetic materials, and negative for diamagnetic materials. Perm
Introduction The New York Times Company (NYTC) is an American media company headquartered in New York City. The company’s main product is The New York Times daily newspaper. NYTC was founded in 1851 and its paper was initially referred to as The New-York Daily , the name was changed to The New York Times in 1857. The founders of NYTC stressed on the company’s mission of being “Conservative, in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good;—and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform” (Mott, pp. 621). The NYTC, through the New York Times , has continued on the founding father’s mission of serving the interests of the citizens while observing corporate ethical behaviors. However, this does not imply that the company has not been involved in unethical conduct, but such instances are so few, especially from a company with such a long and rich history. Accusations of Ethical Misconduct While it is true that no company can be absolutely clean of any wrong doing regarding ethical conduct, this fact should not be a leeway to engage in such activity. Since its inception, the NYTC has been mentioned in some high profile cases of misconduct centering on its main product, The New York Times . For example, a former reporter with the company, Judith Miller, resigned after accusations that her reports prior to the Iraq War plainly supported the Bush administration’s position towards the war. The company was forced to apologize. However, it was found out one of Miller’s main sources of information was Ahmed Chalabi, a senior member of the Iraq government. The paper has also been accused for years of taking sides in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some people have said that the paper is pro-Israel while others maintain that it is pro-Palestine, these accusations have been termed as untrue by the company. The company’s public editor, Clark Hoyt, wrote in 2009 that Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree, I think The New York Times , largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war, has tried its best to do a fair, balanced and complete job — and has largely succeeded (Hoyt, para. 20). In May 2003, the newspaper’s reporter, Jayson Blair, was accused of plagiarism and fabrication of news articles. Consequently, he was fired by the company due to non-tolerance of unethical conduct. In March 2011, the company was criticized for publishing a report on the gang rape of an 11-year-old Hispanic girl by 18 African Americans. The article was said to have carried quotes from persons who sympathized with the girl, and the use of passive that hea
There is a widely held opinion among scholars that the novel “Emma” is by far the most complicated work by Jane Austin because it explores not only social issues but also physiological geneses of a person, particularly the main character(Bloom, 34). Traditionally, it is believed that Emma undergoes certain changer in the course of her life. The question arises what aspects of her personality evolve (if we can call it evolvement at all). Overall, It should be taken into consideration that the author prefers not to comment on the heroines behavior except very few cases. However, Emmas behavior and her attitude towards other people can be much more telling and eloquent. It is believed that Jane Austin wants to remain as objective as possible, compelling the reader to shape ones own conclusion. This peculiarity of the authors style is a subject of close literary analysis because the outcomes of her novels are often rather disputable and it is not always clear whether her works end like comedies or tragedy (Janet Todd, 61). While analyzing the character of Emma, it is of the crucial importance to pay extra attention to the development of the plot and main themes of the novel. As it is widely known, the story ends in a succession of marriages and it may appear to be classical happy end. In this research, our task is to find out whether it is really so. Secondly, it is necessary to make a thematic analysis of the novel, in particular, social status of women, the impact of marriage on a persons position in the society. In addition to that, we should discuss the relationships between a persons lineage and his or her status. It stands to reason that Jane Austin does not attract the readers attention to this issue but the behavior of main characters and the plot itself suggest that this question is not disregarded by the author. It should be borne in mind that Emma is a representative a certain society and to a certain extent, her actions are governed by the rules, established in this society, and she is not free from the prejudices, rooted in this society. At the outset of the story, Jane Austin introduces the main character. The opening words may seem very non-committal, “Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence” (Austin, 2). It is worth mentioning that as a rule, heroines, created by the author in her novels such as “Sense and Sensibility”, “Pride and Prejudice” are not well-to-do woman and financial aspect is very important for them (Whitson, 102). In sharp contrast, Emma is a relatively independent person. Nevertheless, it is hardly possible for us to say that her existence is cloudless. There are several textual examples that can substantiate this statement. First, the narrator points out that such lifestyle may also have rather baneful influence, “The real evils, indeed, of Emma’s situation were the power of ha
More than 35 million Americans suffered from hunger in 2019 and the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 increased the number of people who face food insecurity up to 42 million (Feeding America, 2021). To put it more explicitly, every sixth person in the US has no food to eat at least once a year (McMillan, n.d.) These figures are shocking because the US is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Furthermore, the problem is exacerbated by the fact that food insecurity is experienced not only by the homeless and unemployed but by working American citizens. The current essay discusses the causes of this social crisis and presents several steps that could be taken to tackle this urgent problem. The modern phenomenon of hunger, or food insecurity, in the US, differs from one that existed in the times of the Great Depression. Ironically, an employed and even obese adult might lack food regularly. Even though this situation sounds illogical, it could be easily explained. The critical reason for food insecurity among citizens who work full-time is that the earnings are not high enough to cover all the bills and food purchases. The reason for obesity among people who struggle with the lack of food is that they could afford only cheap products, most of which are “filling but not nutritious and may actually contribute to obesity” (McMillan, n.d., para. 9). The problem is exacerbated if a person has a family and should feed not only himself or herself but also a spouse and children, as presented in the case of Christina Dreier. Another side of the malnourishment problem is that fresh and healthy food prices are too high, and people with small wages could afford only cheap fast food full of fat and carbs and lacks fiber, vitamins, and minerals. What is more, poor people might work hard all day long and have no time to cook food at home; they have to eat fast food while walking simply because nearby there are no grocery stores where healthy food can be purchase even if they have money for it (McMillan, n.d.). Such places where people cannot buy food are called food deserts and contribute to food insecurity in the US. The government does not ignore the situation and implements assistance programs to take care of people who have to choose between paying the bills and purchasing eating products. For example, McMillan (n.d.) presents the case of the Jefferson family that consists of 15 members and lives in a four-bedroom house with desktop computers and TVs in every room. The problem is that only three members of this family receive salaries. Still, this money is not enough to feed all the relatives. For this reason, every month, Jeffersons receive $125 in food stamps (McMillan, n.d.). This case di
The levels for the natural disaster risk chosen from Resilinc can be classified based on their threats to business efficiency in the modern world. The disaster risks are classified by assessing their damage to assets and physical property, damage to raw materials, disruptions to the working environment, and supply chain disruptions. Damage to property risks is prominent, and businesses are required to consider that. The assets include company buildings, physical property, and equipment. Risks to supply chain disruptions are likely to have indirect losses to the business organizations considering that they rely on shipments from external suppliers. Severe natural disaster risks will also result in people failing to attend work or operate at peak efficiency. The Resilinc indicators provide analysis of the riskiness of the locations, such as real-time monitoring of the disruptions, analysis of the multiple risk indicators, assessment of the suppliers in the risky countries, and analysis of the revenue at risk using the patented risk algorithm for quantification. The shutdown of the key location partners such as Z-ACCESS, Z-CONLAN VU, and Z-ABBEY BUI will result in a disrupted supply of products to the business. Therefore, it will have a direct effect on the business organizations’ revenue levels. The analysis of the Resilinc software is useful in locating places in the world with supply chains affected by natural disasters. The common ones include the United States, Japan, China, and Malaysia, among others. The analysis of the software provides information in regard to supplier performance that adheres to cost efficiency. The business organization will also target greater visibility by gauging the overall risks associated with supply chain practices. The strategy for data gathering will be useful in timely preparation for the avoidance of allocations and idle times when performing production activities, as well as perfect order fulfillment metric and order fulfillment cycle time. It will also provide for personalized impact analysis and incident response automation on ways to handle the disaster risks. The only limitation associated with the use of the software is the change in climatic patterns over time, leading the inaccurate results. Based on the Resilinc software analysis, the highest risk locations for the products are countries such as the United States and Japan. The common disaster risk in the USA that leads to supply chain disruptions includes flooding resulting from severe threats of weather changes. The other disaster risks affecting various partners include hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In Japan, disasters shake up the strategies for the supply chain. Tokyo city in Japan is an epicenter for the high-tech manufacturing practices of various businesses. However, disruptions from natural di
Pregnancy and Its Effects on Heart Health All women planning pregnancy should be aware of changes to the heart associated with gestation. It is not a secret that being pregnant puts extra stress on the various systems of your body, which involves drastic increases in the volume of blood to support the nutritional needs of the developing fetus. Pregnancy and Its Effects on Heart Health (Cont-d) Due to changes in blood volume, the heart has to pump more blood per minute, which results in the increased cardiac output and heart rate. These and other changes can be particularly dangerous when it comes to women with specific pre-existing diagnoses, such as congenital heart defects, chronic hypertension, and diabetes. As you can see from the infographic, pregnancy is compared to the nature’s stress test on women’s cardiovascular system. Heart Disease and Preparing for Pregnancy Women with pre-existing heart diseases who wish to conceive should make decisions with reference to professional advice and make sure that they have timely access to relevant services. Before starting the attempts to get pregnant, it is highly recommended to visit your cardiologist and an obstetrician who is trained in high-risk pregnancy care to get additional information regarding contraindications to pregnancy in your specific case. Similarly, these specialists can support you in adjusting your current lifestyle to reduce the risks of complications to a minimum and make changes to your current medication plan since not all heart drugs are absolutely safe in pregnancy. Prenatal Assessments and Cardiovascular Health After becoming pregnant, it is of utmost importance to get regular health and pregnancy development assessments if you have increased risks of heart conditions or even a confirmed diagnosis. Aside from weight and blood pressure measurements and blood and urine tests, high-risk patients may need to undergo specific non-invasive heart function assessments. Electrocardiography is applied to learn more about the electrical activity of the heart. Next, your provider might implement echocardiography or an ultrasound of your heart to exclude the presence of blood clots and evaluate the valves’ functioning. Health providers will carefully evaluate your ECG and echocardiography results since changes on these tests are common in both normal and problematic pregnancies (Elkayam, 2019). Finally, there are safe submaximal stress tests that involve moderate exercise and the assessment of the body’s cardiovascular response to stress (Elkayam, 2019). Such tests are sometimes used in pregnant women to get a full picture of their heart health. Symptoms and Concerns to Be Reported There is a series of warning symptoms that pregnant patients at risk of heart disease should be able to recognize and report to their healthcare providers as soon as possible. Paying attention to your general well-being is critical, and warning signs to be reported may include unreasonable fatigue, cough with blood, and chest pain. Symptoms and Concerns to Be Reported (Cont-d) HEDU Africa (n.d.) has prepared an infographic to discuss the warning signs in pregnant patient
Brief Introduction The article “The Link between Fire Research and Process Safety: An Evolution from Specific Needs to General Concern” identifies the gap between Fire Safety Engineering and Performance-based Risk Analysis (PRA). Risk Analysis is “a powerful field that makes it easier for engineers to improve their dynamic systems” (Cadena & Munoz, 2013, p. 2). That being the case, Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) should become a critical input in every Process Safety (PS). Although “a link exists between these engineering fields, the agreeable fact is that they require more applications in different structures” (Cadena & Munoz, 2013, p. 3). According to the authors, such fields will improve different Fire Protection Systems (FPSs). The article examines the importance of Risk Analysis in complex buildings and industrial facilities. Engineers should use performance-based and prescriptive approaches in order to prevent industrial fires. Statement of the Research Problem The article analyzes the e
People live in the society which develops according to the definite laws and principles. That is why, the aspects of an individual’s life can be discussed from the perspective of personal attitude to the problems or from the point of their analysis in the social context. To see the situation from the perspective of its social significance, it is necessary to refer to Mills’ concept of sociological imagination and to the division of problems and issues into personal and social ones. Song lyrics as the reflection of the social situations can often contain a certain social message which helps to illustrate the connections and divisions between the social aspects and personal lives. Thus, the main social question which can be discussed with references to Bob Marley’s “No Woman, No Cry” is the issue of poverty in Trench Town community in Kingston, Jamaica. To start examining the social issues, it is significant to define the notion of sociology. Living in a society, people organize their activities and interactions in relation to definite principles. Sociology studies these principles and the whole society as the complex mechanism with its structure, functions, and development. Moreover, such factors as social groups, social institutions, social relationships, and social behaviors are also analyzed in the field of sociology (Macionis). However, a person can consider oneself as a part of a society when he or she has the developed sociological imagination. Thus, sociological imagination can be defined as the ability to discuss personal problems from the point of their social meaning or analyze public issues with references to the personal life. Mills determines personal troubles and social issues as the variants to distinguish between personal and social problems because sociological imagination depends on the individual’s ability to see this difference and discuss problems socially, not only from the personal point of view (Mills). Sociological imagination helps to understand the social life, accentuating the significance of both approaches to discussing the life situations. Those people who concentrate only on their personal troubles cannot see the whole picture when those ones who pay much attention only to social issues cannot focus on their own problems. Thus, sociological imagination allows avoiding ignorance of the social facts and issues which develop at the public level of life and can influence the personal life. The concept of sociological imagination is based on the connection of personal troubles and social issues from the perspective of an individual’s vision of them. In spite of the fact social and personal questions can be discussed as problems, it is necessary to focus on the difference between these notions. This difference can be ex
TriStar Logistics distinguishes the need to make appropriate plans in advance its staff and the collective expertise that is involved. The commitment of the company focuses on developing the full potential of individual employees so that they may attain their own career aspirations, while maximizing on the value that TriStar Logistics offers to its clientele. Objectives of the ‘Talent Management Strategy’ We will see to it that only the very best personnel is employed and retained at Tri-Star Logistics. This will be of great benefit to the company. We also intend to have the guarantee that TriStar Logistics’ clients will receive the greatest benefit out of being served by the top quality skills and talent that can be found in the market. We intend to enhance the commitment of our employees by availing to them numerous opportunities in order that their own career goals and aspirations can be fulfilled (Armstrong, 2008). The significant positions and roles in the organization shall be staffed with the necessary staff, and TriStar Logistics shall continuously seek to achieve positive transformation by strictly adhering to the set out employment equity goals. The strategy shall target to offer a channel through which internal skills and talents can be developed such that the future human resource can be achieved by way of internal promotions. The Key Components of the Talent Management Tri-Star seeks to achieve a strategic recognition as an “Employer of Choice”. The company will achieve this status by undertaking effective branding, remunerating its employees competitively, and achieving leadership in its operations. The company will physically demonstrate this commitment by targeting to list itself among the leading 15 Best Employer Companies competition. Roles and positions at TriStar Logistics will strictly be filled in a fair and transparent manner, while adhering to the equitable processes of employment set out by the company. A clear success criterion will define the entire mission’s critical positions at the company, on the basis of which decisions on appointment will be made. Assessing the suitability of people to determine their potential to work in specific roles and positions will rely on much information in order to highlight on our objective measures (Ensley et al, 2010). People having unique and important skills will follow through a career path where technical specialty will be involved. However, decisions on this will be arrived at based on individual employer’s skills and intended aspirations. Personal learning plans will be established for all the key staff, with the main objective being to facilitate their current performance and increase their ability to handle future obligations (Armstrong, 2008). A formal monitoring mechanism will be established as a way of ensuring full implementation of the decisions. Key employees who possess critical leadership potential wil