ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Narrative In Scenario 6, a young female patient presents to the office for a general check-up. Her vaccinations are not up to date – she has not received the HPV vaccine, recommended for all adolescents of 11 to 12 years old by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ([CDC], 2016). However, her caretakers express their concerns; they believe that this vaccine could encourage the girl to engage in early sexual activity. In this case, the dialogue should be built around potential outcomes of receiving or not receiving the vaccine. First of all, I would confirm that the CDC (2016) highly advises vaccination for all adolescents in order to prevent the infection before a person is exposed to it in any way. Second, I would present the reasons for administering the vaccine – the prevention of cervical, oral, anal, vaginal, and other types of cancer as well as genital warts (Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon, & Stewart, 2015). I would present evidence that the vaccine is safe, and its side effects are minimal, including some instances of fever, swelling, and redness (Sullivan, 2019). I would also note that the HPV vaccine is very useful in preventing serious conditions. I would collect such information as patient’s allergies, especially concerning latex and yeast, and her current state of health. To address the ethical concerns, I would educate the family of the patient about vaccinating schedules and their necessity. HPV vaccination is administered to adolescents not only due to some people’s early sexual activity, but also because of their immune system’s specificities (Navarro-Illana, Aznar, & Díez-Domingo, 2014). Young patients may benefit from receiving the vaccine early, even if they do not have sex for several years after. It may also be appropriate to mention that the young girl is likely to have marital sex in the future, and her early vaccination will protect her. One cannot know for sure whether their partner never had contacts with HPV-infected persons, and marital sex is not a guarantee of never encountering a virus. Explanation Family’s education is necessary to ensure that they are aware of the consequences that a refusal to vaccinate can bring. Parents of the child should see that vaccination does not change patients’ behavior (Cook, Venkataramani, Kim, Tamimi, & Holmes, 2018). Moreover, it is vital to point out that early vaccination has many long-term positive effects on the child’s immune system (Navarro-Illana et al., 2014). While these steps may not assure the caretakers, they may inform them and the child for future decisions. Moreover, these discussions should be carefully documented to avoid liability since the refusal of parents on religious grounds goes against the recommendations of the CDC (Sullivan, 2019). While one cannot override the parents’ decision, one may continue to bring up this subject in the fol
Background The economy has predictive potential, which can be used to make government decisions in the economic sphere. To make prognosis more successful, one needs to understand the current situation correctly, influence factors, calculate potential consequences, and maximize benefits. At the same time, the economy often draws a line between fairness and efficiency, which are respectively represented by positive and normative theories. Despite their differences, it is crucial to take both approaches into account to making economic decisions. Positive economics is focused on the processes, influence, and essence of economic phenomena, and it seeks to identify specific patterns. It is based on facts and does not depend on subjective judgments. Moreover, affirmations of positive economics can be verified and confirmed or refuted in practice. Thus, the main focus of the positive theory is on specific things already present in the economy. Normative economics, in turn, is not studying what it is but how everything should be (MIT OpenCourseWare, 2012). This approach reflects subjective judgments, values, and ethics adopted in society, particularly the concepts of justice and equality. It seeks to find answers about how permissible or unacceptable, correct or wrong a specific action is by theorizing. Since normative economics is based on theory and subjective judgments, its statements cannot be proved or refuted, but it makes recommendations. Positive economics and normative economics represent contrasting approaches
Introduction The prevalence rate of cases of childhood obesity has been marked by a global increase. Obesity is a danger to children’s health. It can cause in children and teenagers such problems as stigmatization, impaired health, negative self-perception, deprived quality of life, mental stress, and suicidal ideation (Adams & Bukowski, 2008). Hereditary and hormonal conditions can prompt some children to obesity. However, there are other factors, including diet and physical activity, that play a significant part in determining the health of the child. The rise in the rate of obesity is evidence of the impact of environmental elements on the weight of children. The problem Child obesity is becoming an epidemic, especially in developed countries. The epidemic is particularly disturbing and raises philosophical and political queries regarding parental liberty and autonomy and their resulting harm on the health of a child. Researchers have concluded that neglect and sexual abuse are closely related to an increased risk of obesity in children and young adults. Although describing the family environment as a potential source of obesity, few studies have conducted a comparison of the conditions. Since neglect has been previously associated with the high prevalence rate of childhood obesity, it is suggested that an increase in neglect will be a central factor for consideration in the effort to address childhood obesity. Purpose of the study The proposed study is aimed at establishing the influence of neglect on the part of the parents to childhood obesity. This will help bring to a light connection between the family environment and the prevalence of childhood obesity. This will facilitate demystifying the contribution of various parenting aspects to the spread of this epidemic. The study will not concentrate on other contributors to childhood obesity, such as heredity factors and genetics. It will be centered on parental neglect. Variables of interest Children, particularly young ones and infants, cannot be regarded as responsible for decisions about their lifestyle that can lead to far-reaching consequences on future psychological, mental, and physi
The Role of Ethics and Social Justice in Policy Development When it comes to the development of policies in education, the latter is inextricably linked to the core concepts of social justice. The problem, though, lies in the fact that this particular process heavily relies on politics and that triggers unnecessary controversy within the modern community. The real-life problem that contributes to those controversies is the multicultural genuineness of the community that was exposed to the federal and state standard reforms that transpired throughout the last ten years (Fowler, 2013). Not to mention that one of the most critical problems is immigration and numerous research articles hypothetically discussed the ethical basis of this event and its subsequent influence. In this case, we may address the issue of ethics in education by applying some of the ideas regarding political liberalism in order to mitigate the disagreements within the community and reach a verdict that suits everybody. On a bigger scale, one of the problems that also have to be dealt with is the concept of accountability. This means that the disagreements that were triggered by immigration or any other ethical issue occasionally tend to breach the principles of equality and liberty of the minorities. Also, we may consider the racial education gap when discussing ethical issues inherent in education (Dobbie & Fryer, 2009). This particular question may lead us to the decisions concerning local accountability and social justice in education. Ultimately, the ethical and social justice issues force the schools to come up with a revised curriculum (Warnick, Bitters, Falk, & Kim, 2016). This is done in order to take into account the diverse foundations of the community and make curriculum way more flexible than it was before. There is nothing more important than preserving the local cultural interests of the children who are exposed to social injustice. The Types of Equity in Funding of Education in the United States There are two types of equity that are recurrently applied by the government when dealing with education. The first one is called vertical equity, and another one is tax equity (there are more types of equity, but these two are particularly pivotal for the US education system) (Hess & McShane, 2014). To start with, vertical equity is utilized to collect taxes in a way that presupposes that the more one earns, the more taxes they have to pay. The underlying ethical principle behind this type of equity is the belief that those who are basically not able to pay a sufficient amount of taxes should not be forced to do so while the individuals with higher incomes should contribute more to the tax fund (Biesta, 2016). Tax equity is commonly perceived as a variation of local property taxation. This means that everyone has t
Introduction on Grapple Mobile and its industry The cell phone industry is known as one of the fastest growing industries within the global market. Many changes have been recognized within cell phone industry since early 1990s guaranteeing its global expansion. The industry’s market expansion is attributed to the ever improvement in technology and innovation. Current generation desires to live with advancement in technology hence making the cell phone industry to be one of the most important sectors in recent time. Invention of cell phones has led to easy communication and hence success in carriers which requires rapid plans within their processes (International Communications Research, 2007). Mobile applications industry is currently recognized as one of the fastest-growing sectors within the market. According to Forrester Research, the cumulative global downloads is estimated to grow beyond forty four billion mark within the next couple of years. Various brands within the mobile industry are increasing their demand on tablets and smart phones. This works well for Grapple mobile since their main focus is on businesses rather than consumers. The other focus of Grapple is on functionality and not so much on novelty hence places greater target on brands dealing primarily with consumers (Bhide, 2008). Explanation on the type of service, proprietary technology Grapple Mobile offers and its main competitors. What is the business service area that offers the most growth and profits? Grapple Mobile Company was established in 2010 in London and deals with development of mobile applications for various phones such as iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, Nokia as well as other devices. The company deals with the designing of applications for numerous devices within the mobile industry. Other web technologies used by the firm include; HTML, CSS and JavaScript and deals with every aspect of application development processes such as testing, approval and submission where the company proves the acceptance of applications by operators as well as manufacturers and other stores within the industry. Grapple makes numerous branded applications (apps) for various commercial companies such as Xbox; BT and HP. Grapple’s propriety technology is capable of translating simple web languages into various native codes. This has made possible the application of multiple mobile platforms. The company also provides cloud-based distribution system which makes it easier for clients to download links directly from their mobile phones through a single link. The technology simplifies customer’s journey through handset detection database which delivers correct version of app directly
Introduction The computer and the internet were the most significant inventions of the 21st century and these two inventions have changed the way human beings operate. Many aspects of modern life have been influenced by this two inventions and the education sector is one of the fields that have been significantly influenced by computers and the internet. The internet has had major impacts on education; some of them negative and others positive. This paper argues that education would not be better off without the internet. The paper will begin by articulating the positive impacts that the internet has had on education. It will then analyze some of the negative impacts so as to provide a balanced view on the topic and conclude by showing how the positive impacts outweigh the negative. Positive Impacts of the Internet Academic research is one of the important pillars of education. Tsai asserts that the internet has increased the ability of students to engage in research (222). Before the internet was available, researching students had to engage in time consuming activities while carrying out their research work. They had to physically visit libraries and finding the necessary information was not easy. With the internet, students are able to tap into a virtually unlimited pool of resources. Students are therefore able to produce good research work as a result of the internet. The internet has enhanced the engagement in collaborative work by students and teachers. Without the internet, collaborative work was limited to being among or between parties who lived close to each other (Tsai 234). For people who lived significant distances from each other, collaboration could be a slow and tedious affair since post mail had to be used or one had to travel in order to meet with their collaborating partner. The internet has made it possible for collaboration to occur instantaneously regardless of distance. Students and teachers can therefore consult with their peers and engage in productive discussions. By exchanging ideas, innovation and school performance can be achieved. Another significant benefit of the internet is that is has made it possible for online learning to take place. Traditionally, the only way for students to acquire education was by physically going to the school facilities. A lot of prospective students were locked out since they lacked the time to attend these institutes or they lived away from the education facilities (Tsai 233). The internet has made it possible for online-learning to take place and students can now engage in education at their convenience and from different geographical locations using virtual classrooms. This has not only benefited students but also educational institutes which can now serve more students since they are no longer restricted by a lack of physical resources to cater for the students. The internet has therefore made education available to more people and therefore helped the society move closer to its goal of providing educational opportunities to all. Negative Impacts of the Internet One of the major demerits that the internet has caused is that it has l
Introduction Chinese exports and imports have been changing in the last two decades. This report will explain trade patterns as observed in China and will account for the process at which exports and imports are traded in the country. Positive and normative features of china as a global market will be examined including the use of economic theories involved in international trade. As one of the major economic hub in the world, there has been a steady decline in the imports and exports as depicted in the article. This decline has made the ruling class in the country to take a more explicit pro-growth policy. The problems that are facing the country are that the manufacturing industry in the country is slowing down. According to Aaron Smith “Chinese factories have been driving the nation’s economy, so the slowdown could have global ramifications. China’s gross domestic product grew at an annual pace of 9.1% during the third quarter, down from 9.5% growth in the second quarter and 9.7% growth in the first three months of the year. 1 ” This report will look at the economic implication of steps taken in the country. Discussion Case as depicted in the article Growth in Chinese exports and imports slowed in November, further evidence of the faltering demand abroad and at home that is pushing Beijing towards a more explicit pro-growth policy. Customs data on Saturday showed exports expanded 13.8 percent year on year in November, the lowest in nine months, but it was the most sluggish performance since November 2009 when the traditionally volatile month of February is stripped out. Imports increased 22.1 percent in the year to November, weaker than a rise of 28.7 percent in October, but stronger than September’s 20.9 percent. Economists in the benchmark Reuter’s poll forecast annual export growth of 11 percent in November and a 19 percent rise in import, with a trade surplus of $14.3 billion. The surplus turned out to be $14.5 billion, narrowing from October’s $17.0 billion and the same level as in September. The trade data reinforced a slowing trend in the world’s No. 2 economy, after key indicators on Friday showed a serious risk of a sharp industrial slowdown — accompanied by an easing of
Elderly care services in Australia are being maintained mainly through non-profit organizations that provide in-home caretaker scheduled visits, temporary care facilities (adult daycare), and living facilities for both independent elders, and those who need assistance. The demographic profile of people who access these services has undergone significant changes, and there was a strong need to reform this part of public services. In Australia, the framework for ensuring that this type of service will be provided on an adequate level of quality was first developed in 1997. In the past decade, this framework has been deemed ineffective due to various mishaps and hindsight in its original form. Despite the need for accreditation for elderly care facilities, the quality of services has experienced insignificant improvements (Thomas & Butler, 2017). This situation led to the establishment of the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety in October 2018, and the new standards of care, which are used since 1 July 2019. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the new Aged Care Quality Standards and discuss their intents and effectiveness. The framework for elderly care facilities is a set of mandatory principles and guidelines that a facility has to follow to warrant that its customers receive the best attainable care. The Aged Care Quality Standards consist of 8 individual requirements for elderly care organizations, all of which are aimed at improving the safety, health, well-being, and autonomy of their customers. The Aged Care Quality and Safety Commission (2019) in its guidance handbook states that “The Quality Standards focus on outcomes for consumers and reflect the level of care and services the community can expect from organizations” (p.2). These standards are described in three crucial points, which include a point of view from a customer’s perspective, an organization’s perspective, and a description of what a compliant organization should look like. The new Aged Care Quality Standards are meant to eradicate or ameliorate past issues in elderly care principles. Henderson et al. (2016) state that this type of service “is primarily privately owned and subsidized by the government”, and the non-profit sector “provided 57% of residential aged care beds in Australia in 2012” (p. 413). Henderson et al. (2016) conclude that “staffing levels, resident acuity, and skill mix were identified as major reasons for missed care in both quantitative and qualitative responses” (p. 416). Studies reported a vast amount of missing care opportunities, a lack of diversified skill sets, and insufficient knowledge of caretaking in personnel (Henderson et al., 2016). These problems are addressed in the new standards and organizations that receive government funding in 2020 should not have any of them. Unlike the principles that were set by the Aged Care Act 1997, the introduced standards are significantly more person-centered and allow people to have considerable influence on their lives. These standards are listed as the follow
In 2002, the U.S. National Policy regarding the use and trade of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives was adopted. The policy in question shed a lot of light on the subject matter, drawing a very distinct line between the accepted actions and the ones that will trigger legal repercussions. Therefore, its adoption can be viewed as a major foot forward in the development of the national policies (Krouse, 2012). The fact that the issues under analysis were finally handled by a single legal body clearly is one of the advantages of the policy mentioned above. As a result of the specified innovation, a more timely and efficient response to the related concerns can be expected. Moreover, the bureau should be credited for managing the issues related to drugs, firearms and explosives on a nationwide level as well as on the international one, therefore, tracking down the sources of drug peddling and firearms trade successfully (Ritter, 2015). Unfortunately, the policy also has several flaws. The lack of connection between the cause of the problem and its outcomes can be viewed as the primary one; while RATFE allows addressing the concerns related to illegal tobacco, alcohol, firearms and explosives use, it fails to eliminate the social, political, and economic factors that cause the specified issues
Peer assessment is a very effective tool which has positive effects on learning process. The survey implemented by Wong and Ng (2005) reveal new prospective in the use of peer assessment in higher education. The survey was held in a Chinese school. The participants of the survey were 166 boys aged 13-14. The students had to prepare their Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations on Geography and upload them to a central server of the school. After this the students assessed each other’s works with the help of an assessment list. Apart from this, the students filled in questionnaires concerning the electronic assessment. The survey was held in several stages. In the first place, the students were acquainted with the most effective techniques of searching information using the Internet. Wong and Ng (2005) reported that the students did not have much experience of working on computer. Thus, during the survey the students benefited from peer assessment techniques and improved their computer literacy. The students had two computer literacy lessons. Then they were given an assignment: to carry out a research “Unstable Earth” and provide their Microsoft PowerPoint presentations. They had a week to complete the task. The students uploaded their works to the central server, and during the next class they assessed their peers’ works. They had a list of students’ works and assessed each of them. The assessment proved to be very effective. Wong and Ng (2005) used the questionnaires where students did not only evaluate the process of the electronic assessment, but could leave their commentaries. Thus, some students stated that it was very interesting to evaluate digital works of their peers, and they also stated that they were learning while reviewing other students’ works. Thus, onli