ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is a major difference between having adequate resources for business operations and achieving the objectives of investment. Most organizations fail to meet their targets even though they have the resources required to do so. This paper analyzes a case study about execution strategies employed by different companies, how these plans can be applied in the hospitality industry and the contribution of the article to the development of strategic management theory. Definition Execution in business means to put something into practice and ensure it helps people and organizations to achieve their goals. This means that this process involves the transfer of ideas from papers to the ground and making use of the available resources to generate profits. A strategy refers to the way plans are executed in an operation to achieve the overall or long term objectives of an organization. The Central Theme and Its Importance This article emphasizes the importance of effective execution strategies that help companies to achieve their objectives. Mauro F. Gullen and Esteban Garcia-Canal argue that skilled labor, huge capital and a rich history are not adequate to guarantee success in organizations. They compare the performance of companies in developing countries with those in developed nations and claim that the former have higher and better chances of improving their performance and controlling huge markets compared to their counterparts. The authors claim that emerging-market multinationals do not pay attention to where they will be in the next 50 years, but concentrate on the current needs of their consumers. This enables them to supply goods and services that satisfy clients and ensure their daily activities continue without interference. They claim that leaders of companies located in emerging markets spend less time thinking and planning about the future of their investments (Gullen and Garcia-Canal 104). They focus their attention, resources and abilities on executing their plans and no time is wasted in meetings or endless researches that do not offer applicable solutions to their challenges. Their counterparts in developed nations spend considerable time conducting research, sitting in boardrooms, pla
Introduction Nowadays, strong cryptography is a frequently used term interpreted as a means to exchange and protect information in the electronic world. The increased necessity to use cryptographic methods to hide some facts and make them readable for a certain group of people only, a number of ethical questions and global concerns take place. On the one hand, people want to protect their rights and get access to individual communication. On the other hand, the intentions of one group of people to use cryptography may become a real threat to another group of people. There is a kind of ethical dilemma, and Kant’s Principle of Universalization (the first version of the Categorical Imperative) offers one of the possible solutions to treat strong encryption as a morally permissible concept that is wrong to prohibit or make obligatory. Kant’s Principle as a Method of Moral Evaluation Deontological approaches help to comprehend the essence of moral obligations that is unconditional and the reasons for why people have to obey them even if the outcomes contradict personal interests ( Kant’s Deontological Ethics 39). The Categorical Imperative developed by Kant has several versions, and the first version, the Principle of Universalization, explains how to act in regards to the maximum (e.g. the rule that is approved legally and socially) that can be introduced as a universal law. To comprehend if the action is or is not universalizable, a person should stay impartial to everything connected with a particular case and develop judgments using dry facts and the “universal law” concepts. The Principle of Universalization informs about the impossibility to define actions as morally approved in case some contradictions can be found around. People have to be sure that all their actions, thoughts, and the outcomes of their activities do not contradict the laws people have to follow. Strong Encryption according to Kant’s Principle Strong encryption is an ethically challenged concept. Still, from an ethical point of view, it is a good activity the presence of which does not lead to some immoral outcomes. Still, if encryption is used by a criminal or a socially unstable person, whose decisions and actions may hurt other people, it may become a tool for the actions that are morally wrong. Therefore, it is possible to say that according to the Principle of Universalization developed by Kant, strong encryption can be permissible regarding the nature of a person it is used by. It is wrong to pose some obligations on people to use encryption or prohibit to use it from time to time. At the same time, there are no prohibitions to make attempts and analyze the encrypted material. Such attempts made by special governmental representatives can be approved by the Universal Law as a possi
Introduction Novels are composed based on the challenges affecting society. Protagonists mirror societal values and challenges. This discussion is based on Chuan-Sheng, in ”Regret for the past”, Zhenzhen, in ”When I was in Xia Village”, and Pak Hun, in Descendants of Cain. The discussion aims to examine historical events that affect the lives of protagonists. Chuan-Sheng, in ”Regret the past” Women in power and politics have no voice. The society is male-dominated. Traditional social relations have affected how women and children are viewed by other members of society in China (Lu 84). Chuan—Sheng is an educated intellectual who has developed a relationship with Tzu-Chun. However, the relationship between Chuan-Sheng and Tzu-Chun is affected by feudal traditions and no-belief inequality among different sexes. Chuan-­Sheng as man is controlled by history in terms of societal systems that do not recognize women. The society as part of history focuses on economic growth and domination. As a result, love cannot be developed among two persons in a relationship, feuding about values. Women are silent characters in a society dominated by men. In particular, the female sex is treated as the “other”. Gender struggle for power affects Chuan-Sheng’s ability to live with a woman he loves. A fading love forces Chuan-Sheng to find new ways love can be developed with Tzu-Chun. When love cannot be developed again, Chuan-Sheng blames the woman partner i
Psychodynamic theory was the original work of Sigmud Freud, which has also been expanded upon or modified by the likes of Carl Jung and Eric Erikson. This model depicted the first organized study for the actions of the mind, and other models borrowed a leaf from it. The psychodynamic model has played a significant role in psychology, in the explanation of development of phobias as relates to early childhood experience and the unconscious mind. However, development of phobia has been found to also be a result of cognitive factors, biological factors and latter experiences in life. The psychodynamic model suggested that any person suffering from phobia had a passive role in its development, since it suggested that the unconscious mind was responsible for the development. In its simplistic understanding, the model suggested that the problem in a person was as a result of encountering something in the past and failure to deal with it. The failure results into the repression or burying of the memory and the memory goes to the unconscious mind. The model proposed that the normal or abnormal behavior of a person was determined by underlying psychological forces which he or he was not consciously aware of (Peace, 2007). According to psychodynamics, childhood traumatic experiences and relationships were likely to result in disorders and dysfunctions. This model proposes that abnormal behavior was learnt just as abnormal behavior. The internal forces discussed latter in this paper were always dynamic and in interaction with each other to give rise to thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Conflicts between these forces was the causative for abnormal behavior. Psychodynamics has also been useful in explaining abnormal psychology. The perspective proposed that unresolved and unconscious conflicts were likely to produce psychological disorders. Therefore, in order to find solution for these disorders, it was important for the victim to have the conflicts resolved. In the basic theoretical version, Freud identified three elements of the mind, whose interaction could determine or influence one’s personality and motivation. The Id was a childish aspect of every human being which only sought for sensual gratification and aggression release. It represented the pleasure for our five senses. The body applied the defense mechanisms through the second element known as the Ego . The latter possessed the ability of converting the Id desires into socially acceptable or valuable outcomes (PCHS, n.d.). The Ego was also responsible for the suppressing of the desires thro
Introduction The Last Judgement by Michael Angelo is the masterpiece that strikes people with its beauty and deep philosophical approach towards the theme. The painting conveys the act of the second come of Christ, and the apocalypse. It is a fresco that is situated in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. It is known that it took Michael Angelo four years to complete his work of art somewhere between 1537 and 1541. It has to be said that the entire work is so massive that it covers the back wall of altar of Sistine Chapel. The plot of the painting is that Christ is judging the dead, who in their turn rise from the tombs, recall their fates and now have to answer before the son of God for every deed they carried out. The ones who help Christ are the people of exceptional holiness – the saints. The painting itself is the world’s masterpiece reflecting the times and culture it was painted in (Fiero, p. 4). This paper will disclose the intrinsic and extrinsic meanings of The Last Judgement and their relation. Context of Work The work itself is a wonderful reflection of all the religious issues that took place in Europe those times. However, not all the issues are presented in the painting. Namely, those were the times of utmost disagreeing of people with the church’s order. When Pope Julius ordered to rebuild St.Peter’s Cathedral more fees had to be taken for funerals, marriages, and baptism. People did not like it. Moreover, those were the times of permitted sale of indulgence, which is not described within the painting. However, there are those issues in the work that prevailed within the society: the church’s attempts to make changes, and using of information from the Bible. The painting suggests that Jesus is coming in order to set apart the evil and the good. Therefore, the context of The Last Judgement is all about the importance of following the faith. It is important to mention that the Pope Clement VII was studying the work of Copernicus concerning heliocentric system. This is believed to change the work’s perception by Michelangelo due to Pope’s instructions. The Last Judgement does not convey common description of heaven: the horizontal lines that distinguish earth, heaven, and hell. It is explicitly seen the way Christ is depicted – in the light, in the middle of the painting; just the way all planets spin around the Sun. This proves the fact the painting may be an explanation of the new cosmology. Historical Background The Last Judgement forced Cardibal Carafa and Michelangelo to resort to heavy debates due to naked bodies depicted in the painting, which was unacceptable according to the set of society morality. Namely, the obscenity was regarded in the genitals painted right inside the most essential temple of Christianity. Moreover, in regard to the outrageous painting the ‘Fig-Leaf Campaign’ was designed by Carafa and Monsignor Sernini in order to put the work through censorship and with an utmost desire to get rid of fresco. Moreover, within these debates there occurred another controversial situation when pontiff had to extricate hims
This report is about the milk product company, Fonterra, and details the various facets of the organization including how it operates, what are the structure of the company, and the stakeholders of the company along with the theory behind the stakeholders. What Is the Organisation Fonterra is a New Zealand-based organization that is the world leader in marketing dairy products to over 140 countries worldwide (Fonterra.com, 2009, 2). The consumer products division makes and markets dairy ingredients and ready-to-use products all over the world. The company follows a strategy of “farm to the market” in its operations ( Dairy Foods, 2007, 12). Fonterra has avoided the baby food contamination scandals that plagued the Chinese milk product makers because of its superior processes (Anon, 2008, 7). The company operates out of New Zealand and has farms in the country as well as in Australia. Fonterra is operated as a co-operative union and hence it cannot be classified as an organization in the normal sense of the word. What Is the Structure Fonterra is operated as a cooperative organization and hence there are four levels of external groups that form the structure of the company (Fonterra.com, 2009, 2). The four groups are New Zealand Dairy Farmers, Fonterra Board of Directors, Shareholders Council, and Milk Commissioner. These groups interact with each other and intersect with each other in ensuring that Fonterra is at the forefront and a market leader for exporting dairy products (Fonterra.com, 2009, 7). Fonterra is owned by 11,000 New Zealand farmers who supply the company with more than 14 Billion liters of Milk every year. The board of directors is made up of 13 members out of whom nine are elected by shareholders and the others are appointed by the board. Further, the Shareholders council appoints the Milk Commissioner who looks after any disputes that arise between Fonterra and its shareholders (Fonterra.com, 2009, 4). What Do They Do Fonterra makes and markets ready-to-use dairy products. The company is an exporter of milk products and operates in both the wholesale and retail segments. The main brands of the company are Anchor, Anlene, Anmum, Mainland, and Tiptop. These brands have good brand equity as well. The company is a combination of exporter and seller of products as well. The company has been quite successful in marketing its products and can be considered as a benchmark organization for other dairy product makers to follow. Fonterra is in the business of dairy products and the four main brands are milk-based products that find the extensive following in the markets that the company operates in. The company has partnerships with other dairy product majors around the world and the main partnerships are in the Scandinavian countries where Fonterra has tied up with leading dairy makers to market its
Background Information The movie “Wit” was written by Margaret Edson in 1998. The movie is basically about a fifty-year old woman who was a professor of English specializing in 17 th century poet, John Donne. The woman referred in the film as Dr. Vivian Blearing was diagnosed with stage 4 ovarian cancer. Following the diagnosis, Vivian was assigned to Dr. Kelekian and his fellow Jason, who happened to be Vivian’s student during his undergraduate. The movie revolves around Vivian, Dr. Kelekian, Jason, Susan (Vivian’s primary nurse) and several technicians. It is also intertwined by several scenes in which Vivian makes reference to her teaching career and her experiences with her students. The movie is of significance to the medical and nursing worlds because it illustrates the relationship between a patient and healthcare practitioners. The central theme of the movie is the conflict of interest that most healthcare professionals encounter. In particular, the healthcare practitioners in this movie are charged with the responsibility of treating Vivian but instead Vivian becomes an object of experimentation for their research (Kent, 2001). A number of ethical and legal issues are evident in the movie and these issues are the subject of this paper. This paper examines in depth the ethical and legal issues that have been raised in the movie. It also discusses the effect of the unethical and illegal practices as well as the strategies that can be taken to avoid them. Ethical Issues Identified in the Movie Autonomy Potter and Perry (2010) argue that “the principle of autonomy is based on the assertion that individuals have the right to determine their own actions and the freedom to make their own decisions” (p. 119). Respect for the individual is the keystone of this principle. Autonomous decisions are based on: individuals’ values, adequate information, freedom from coercion and reason and deliberation. Examples of autonomy in the healthcare include: refusing treatment, giving consent for treatment or procedures, and obtaining information regarding results of tests and treatment options (Potter & Perry, 2010). Autonomy is highly disregarded in the movie “Wit.” The patient Vivian lacked the autonomy to make the right decisions. The doctors made all the decisions on her behalf. The decisions included the type of treatments to give her, the frequency of
Who is responsible for the evaluation of Bernice Demovsky’s performance? The Case of Bernice Demovski (Merseth, 1997, pp.256-265) tells us about a controversial situation that a local Museum in Denver and a range of local schools became involved in. Having been performing as a gifted and responsible teacher of art, Benice Demovski is invited to the position of an educator as a member of the Museum staff and is expected to teach in several local schools within the Museum’s educational program. However, her intent to popularize her ideas about the problems that exist in their community and the whole society when teaching in the class leads to students’ discontent and conflicts between Bernice and the administration. Thus, Bernice Demovsky’s performance has not justified the expectations of Jerome Glatzner, schools’ administrations, and students. The following question arises: who is responsible for monitoring Bernice Demovsky’s work and evaluating her performance, the Museum or schools themselves? Having offered the educational program for schools, the Museum has automatically taken the obligation to make this program meet the rules and values existing in schools, as well as the interests of the students. The Museum should provide a program that corresponds to the curriculum, students’ background, and skills, their rights, and needs. Besides, it is the responsibility of the Museum to monitor whether the program continues to meet all these requirements in the course of its implementation. This monitoring is in the interests of the Museum itself, as in case any problem appears, the Museum is responsible for schools for its consequences and its elimination. Thus, it could be the right decision for Jerome Glatzner to “keep an eye” on the performance of teachers sent by the Museum to schools. Glazner could periodically attend his subordinates’ lessons, involve students in the evaluation of their work, and communicate with schools’ administrations. In this case, the problem would be revealed and recognized by Glatzner much earlier. On the other hand, a school has responsibility for its students, their wellbeing, and interests. Having invited a teacher “from the outside”, a school should regularly monitor his/her performance and make sure that the lessons and a teacher’s behavior do not violate students’ rights and interests. In case some problems arise, the school administration has the right – and even the responsibility – to inform the Museum administration and take corresponding measures. Thus, both sides are interested in evaluating a teacher’s performance and are responsible for it. In the case of Bernice Demovsky, the problem with the way her teaching came to light only after several students complained to their parents. How can a principal balance a teacher’s right to freedom of speech and the best interests of students? The case described in (1997) arouses such important issues as the bounds of a teacher’s freedom of speech. Demovsky from one side and
Torture is Permissible Torture is a topic that has attracted a lot of debate and controversy around the world because of various issues and aspects. This means that as much as torture is not good, it is permissible based on its effectiveness on diverse issues. In this case, torture can be morally justified depending on the circumstance or occurrence in question. When looked at from this perspective, it will be justifiable to use coerced interrogation for the wellbeing of a large population. Most notably, torture has good utilities that can always outweigh its negative attributes that have been capitalized on to term it immoral. Because torture can always be unsavory based on how it is conducted, its importance in needy situations should render it moral in our society. Torture from a utilitarian perspective As far as a utilitarian perspective of torture is concerned, a proper cause of action should be the option that will ultimately maximize happiness. This is an ethical theory that argues that happiness should be attained by whatever means possible. When looked at from a torture point of view, the society has been evolving as time goes by which gives enough support for a utilitarian appr