ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
X-ray luminosity ($L_X$) originating from high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) is tightly correlated with the host galaxy's star-formation rate (SFR). We explore this connection at sub-galactic scales spanning ${\sim}$7 dex in SFR and ${\sim}$8 dex in specific SFR (sSFR). There is good agreement with established relations down to ${\rm SFR {\simeq} 10^{-3}\,M_\odot \, yr^{-1}}$, below which an excess of X-ray luminosity emerges. This excess likely arises from low mass X-ray binaries. The intrinsic scatter of the $L_X$-SFR relation is constant, not correlated with SFR. Different star formation indicators scale with $L_X$ in different ways, and we attribute the differences to the effect of star formation history. The SFR derived from H$\alpha$ shows the tightest correlation with X-ray luminosity because H$\alpha$ emission probes stellar populations with ages similar to HMXB formation timescales, but the H$\alpha$-based SFR is reliable only for $\rm sSFR{>}10^{-12}\,M_\odot \, yr^{-1}/M_\odot$.
We study the interstellar medium (ISM) properties of three heavily reddened quasars at $z\sim2.5$ as well as three millimetre-bright companion galaxies near these quasars. New JVLA and ALMA observations constrain the CO(1-0), CO(7-6) and [CI]$^3$P$_2-^3$P$_1$ line emission as well as the far infrared to radio continuum. The gas excitation and physical properties of the ISM are constrained by comparing our observations to photo-dissociation region (PDR) models. The ISM in our high-redshift quasars is composed of very high-density, high-temperature gas which is already highly enriched in elements like carbon. One of our quasar hosts is shown to be a close-separation ($<$2 arcsec) major merger with different line emission properties in the millimeter-bright galaxy and quasar components. Low angular resolution observations of high-redshift quasars used to assess quasar excitation properties should therefore be interpreted with caution as they could potentially be averaging over multiple components with different ISM conditions. Our quasars and their companion galaxies show a range of CO excitation properties spanning the full extent from starburst-like to quasar-like spectral line energy distributions. We compare gas masses based on CO, CI and dust emission, and find that these can disagree when standard assumptions are made regarding the values of $\alpha_{\rm{CO}}$, the gas-to-dust ratio and the atomic carbon abundances. We conclude that the ISM properties of our quasars and their companion galaxies are diverse and likely vary spatially across the full extent of these complex, merging systems.
The field of the globular cluster M10 (NGC 6254) was monitored between 1998 and 2015 in a search for variable stars. V -light curves were derived for 40 variables or likely variables, most of which are new detections. Proper motions obtained within the CASE project indicate that 18 newly detected variables and 14 previously known ones are members or likely members of the cluster, including one RRc-type, three type II Cepheids, and 14 SX Phe-type pulsators, one contact binary, and six semi-regular red giants. As a byproduct of the search we discovered a candidate binary comprised of main sequence stars with the record-short orbital period of 0.042 d. We also confirmed the photometric variability of the red straggler M10-VLA1 hinted at by Shishkovsky et al. (2018), who discovered this object spectroscopically. In Appendix 1 we show that CASE proper motion measurements are in a good agreement with those retrieved from the Gaia archive, while Appendix 2 presents evidence for low frequency {\gamma} Doradus-type oscillations in SX Phe stars belonging to M10.
Fluctuations pose fundamental limitations in making sensitive measurements, yet at the same time, noise unravels properties that are inaccessible at the level of the averaged signal. In electronic devices, shot noise arises from the discrete nature of charge carriers and it increases linearly with the applied voltage according to the celebrated Schottky formula. Nonetheless, measurements of shot noise in atomic-scale junctions at high voltage reveal significant nonlinear (anomalous) behavior, which varies from sample to sample, and has no specific trend. Here, we provide a viable, unifying explanation for these diverse observations based on the theory of quantum coherent transport. Our formula for the anomalous shot noise relies on---and allows us to resolve---two key characteristics of a conducting junction: The structure of the transmission function at the vicinity of the Fermi energy and the asymmetry of the bias voltage drop at the contacts. We tested our theory on high voltage shot noise measurements on Au atomic scale junctions and demonstrated a quantitative agreement, recovering both the enhancement and suppression of shot noise as observed in different junctions. The good theory-experiment correspondence supports our modelling and emphasizes that the asymmetry of the bias drop on the contacts is a key factor in nanoscale electronic transport, which may substantially impact electronic signals even in incomplex structures.
We consider the extension of classical history theory to the massive vector field and electromagnetism. It is argued that the action of the two Poincare groups introduced by Savvidou suggests that the history fields should have five components. The extra degrees of freedom introduced to make the fields five-dimensional result in an extra pair of second class constraints in the case of the massive vector field, and in an extended gauge group in the case of electromagnetism. The total gauge transformations depend on two arbitrary parameters, and contain `internal' and `external' U(1) gauge transformations as subgroups.
We compute the Galois group of the maximal 2-ramified and complexified pro-2-extension of any 2-rational number field.
This thesis is concerned with the development and application of conformal techniques to numerical calculations of asymptotically flat spacetimes. The conformal compactification technique enables us to calculate spatially unbounded domains, thereby avoiding the introduction of an artificial timelike outer boundary. We construct in spherical symmetry an explicit scri-fixing gauge, i.e. a conformal and a coordinate gauge in which the spatial coordinate location of null infinity is independent of time so that no resolution loss in the physical part of the conformal extension appears. Going beyond spherical symmetry, we develop a method to include null infinity in the computational domain. With this method, hyperboloidal initial value problems for the Einstein equations can be solved in a scri-fixing general wave gauge. To study spatial infinity, we discuss the conformal Gauss gauge and the reduced general conformal field equations from a numerical point of view. This leads us to the first numerical calculation of the entire Schwarzschild-Kruskal solution including spatial, null and timelike infinity and the domain close to the singularity. After developing a three dimensional, frame based evolution code with smooth inner and outer boundaries we calculate a radiative axisymmetric vacuum solution in a neighbourhood of spatial infinity represented as a cylinder including a piece of null infinity. In this context, a certain component of the rescaled Weyl tensor representing the radiation field is calculated unambiguously with respect to an adapted tetrad at null infinity.
This paper presents a novel approach to synthesize automatically age-progressed facial images in video sequences using Deep Reinforcement Learning. The proposed method models facial structures and the longitudinal face-aging process of given subjects coherently across video frames. The approach is optimized using a long-term reward, Reinforcement Learning function with deep feature extraction from Deep Convolutional Neural Network. Unlike previous age-progression methods that are only able to synthesize an aged likeness of a face from a single input image, the proposed approach is capable of age-progressing facial likenesses in videos with consistently synthesized facial features across frames. In addition, the deep reinforcement learning method guarantees preservation of the visual identity of input faces after age-progression. Results on videos of our new collected aging face AGFW-v2 database demonstrate the advantages of the proposed solution in terms of both quality of age-progressed faces, temporal smoothness, and cross-age face verification.
In this paper, we show that the minimal model theory does not hold in characteristic two. More precisely, we construct counter-examples to the relative abundance conjecture.
We consider a long-range Ising antiferromagnet put in a transverse field (LRTIAF) with disorder. We have obtained the phase diagrams for both the classical and quantum case. For the pure case applying quantum Monte Carlo method, we study the variation of order parameter (spin correlation in the Trotter direction), susceptibility and average energy of the system for various values of the transverse field at different temperatures. The antiferromagnetic order is seen to get immediately broken as soon as the thermal or quantum fluctuations are added. We discuss generally the phase diagram for the same LRTIAF model with perturbative Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) type disorder. We find that while the antiferromagnetic order is immediately broken as one adds an infinitesimal transverse field or thermal fluctuation to the pure LRTIAF system, an infinitesimal SK spin glass disorder is enough to induce a stable glass order in the LRTIAF. This glass order eventually gets destroyed as the thermal or quantum fluctuations are increased beyond their threshold values and the transition to para phase occurs. Analytical studies for the phase transitions are discussed in detail in each case. These transitions have been confirmed by applying classical and quantum Monte Carlo methods. We show here that the disordered LRTIAF has a surrogate incubation property of the SK spin glass phase.
A generic synchrotron external shock model is the widely preferred paradigm used to interpret the broad-band afterglow data of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), including predicted observable signatures from a reverse shock which have been confirmed by observations. Investigations of the nature of the reverse shock emission can provide valuable insights into the intrinsic properties of the GRB ejecta. Here we briefly review the standard and the extended models of the reverse shock emission, discussing the connection between the theory and observations, including the implications of the latest observational advances.
The graphs $D(k,q)$ have connected components $CD(k,q)$ giving the best known bounds on extremal problems with {\em forbidden\/} even cycles, and are denser than the well-known graphs of Lubotzky, Phillips, Sarnak and Margulis. Despite this, little about the spectrum and expansion properties of these graphs is known. In this paper we find the spectrum for $k=4$, the smallest open case. For each prime power $q$, the graph $D(4,q)$ is $q$-regular graph on $2q^4$ vertices, all of whose eigenvalues other than $\pm q$ are bounded in absolute value by $2\sqrt{q}$. Accordingly, these graphs are good expanders, in fact very close to Ramanujan.
MnxGa films with high perpendicular anisotropy, coercivity and energy product have great application potential in ultrahigh-density perpendicular recording, permanent magnets, spin-transfer-torque memory and oscillators, magneto-resistance sensors and ferromagnetic metal/semiconductor heterostructure devices. Here we present a comprehensive diagram of effective magnetism-tailoring of perpendicularly magnetized MnxGa films grown on III-V semiconductor GaAs by using molecular-beam epitaxy for the first time, by systematically investigating the wide-range composition and detailed post-growth annealing effects. We show that the (001)-orientated MnxGa films with L10 or D022 ordering could be crystallized on GaAs in a very wide composition range from x=0.76 to 2.6. L10-ordered MnxGa films show robust magnetization, high remanent ratio, giant perpendicular anisotropy, high intrinsic and extrinsic coercivity, and large energy product, which make this kind of material favorable for perpendicular magnetic recording, high-performance spintronic devices and permanent magnet applications. In contrast, D022-ordered films exhibit lower perpendicular anisotropy and weaker magnetism. Post-growth annealing MnxGa films studies reveal high thermal-stability up to 450 oC, and effective tailoring of magnetic properties can be realized by prolonging annealing at 450 oC. These results would be helpful for understanding this kind of material and designing new spintronic devices for specific practical applications.
We calculate the binding energy of two $\Lambda$ hyperons bound to a nuclear core within the relativistic mean field theory. The starting point is a two-body relativistic equation of the Breit type suggested by the RMFT, and corrected for the two-particle interaction. We evaluate the 2 $\Lambda$ correlation energy and estimate the contribution of the $\sigma^*$ and $\Phi$ mesons, acting solely between hyperons, to the bond energy   $\Delta{B_{\Lambda\Lambda}}$ of $^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}He$,   $^{10}_{\Lambda\Lambda}Be$ and $^{13}_{\Lambda\Lambda}B$. Predictions of the $\Delta{B_{\Lambda\Lambda}}$ A dependence are made for heavier $\Lambda$-hypernuclei.
We establish a large deviation principle for the solutions of a class of stochastic partial differential equations with non-Lipschitz continuous coefficients. As an application, the large deviation principle is derived for super-Brownian motion and Fleming-Viot processes.
The entanglement of a pure state of a pair of quantum systems is defined as the entropy of either member of the pair. The entanglement of formation of a mixed state is defined as the minimum average entanglement of an ensemble of pure states that represents the given mixed state. An earlier paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 5022 (1997)] conjectured an explicit formula for the entanglement of formation of a pair of binary quantum objects (qubits) as a function of their density matrix, and proved the formula to be true for a special class of mixed states. The present paper extends the proof to arbitrary states of this system and shows how to construct entanglement-minimizing pure-state decompositions.
In this paper, a massless scalar field coupled to gravity is considered. Then the Casimir effect at finite temperature is calculated. Such development is carried out in the Thermo Field Dynamics formalism. This approach presents a topological structure that allows for investigating the effects of temperature and the size effect in a similar way. These effects are calculated considering G\"{o}del-type solutions as a gravitational background. The Stefan-Boltzmann law and its consistency are analyzed for both causal and non-causal G\"{o}del-type regions. In this space-time and for any region, the Casimir effect at zero temperature is always attractive. However, at finite temperature, a repulsive Casimir effect can emerge from a critical temperature.
The electronic structure of the first reported heavy fermion compound without f-electrons LiV_2O_4 was studied by an ab-initio calculation method. In the result of the trigonal splitting and d-d Coulomb interaction one electron of the $d^{1.5}$ configuration of V ion is localized and the rest partially fills a relatively broad conduction band. The effective Anderson impurity model was solved by Non-Crossing-Approximation method, leading to an estimation for the single-site Kondo energy scale T_K. Then, we show how the so-called exhaustion phenomenon of Nozi\`eres for the Kondo lattice leads to a remarkable decrease of the heavy-fermion (or coherence) energy scale $T_{coh}\equiv {T_K}^2/D$ (D is the typical bandwidth), comparable to the experimental result.
The spectroscopic properties of an open large Bunimovich cavity are studied numerically in the framework of the effective Hamiltonian formalism. The cavity is opened by attaching leads to it in four different ways. In some cases, short-lived and long-lived resonance states coexist. The short-lived states cause traveling waves in the transmission while the long-lived ones generate superposed fluctuations. The traveling waves oscillate as a function of energy. They are not localized in the interior of the large chaotic cavity. In other cases, the transmission takes place via standing waves with an intensity that closely follows the profile of the resonances. In all considered cases, the phase rigidity fluctuates with energy. It is mostly near to its maximum value and agrees well with the theoretical value for the two-channel case. As shown in the foregoing paper \cite{1}, all cases are described well by the Poisson kernel when the calculation is restricted to an energy region in which the average $S$ matrix is (nearly) constant.
Very-high-energy (VHE) emission is usually interpreted in the synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) scenario, and expected from the low-redshift and high-luminosity gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), as GRB 180720B and GRB 190114C. Recently, VHE emission was detected by the H.E.S.S. telescopes from one of the closest burst GRB 190829A which was associated with the supernova (SN) 2019oyw. In this paper, we present a temporal and spectral analysis from optical bands to Fermi-LAT energy range over multiple observational periods beginning just after the BAT trigger time and extending for almost three months. We show that the X-ray and optical observations are consistent with synchrotron forward-shock emission evolving between the characteristic and cooling spectral breaks during the early and late afterglow in a uniform-density medium. Modeling the light curves together with its spectral energy distribution, it is shown that the outflow expands with an initial bulk Lorentz factor of $\Gamma\sim 30$, which is high for a low-luminosity GRBs and low for a high-luminosity GRBs. The values of the initial bulk Lorentz factor and the isotropic equivalent energy suggest that GRB 190829A is classified as an intermediate-luminosity burst and consequently, it becomes the first burst of this class in being detected in the VHE gamma-ray band by an imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope, and, in turn, the first event without being simultaneously observed by the Fermi-LAT instrument. Analyzing the intermediate-luminosity bursts with $z\lesssim 0.2$ such as GRB 130702A, we show that bursts with intermediate luminosity are potential candidates to be detected in very-high energies.
We present a targeted follow-up Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 F160W imaging study of very massive galaxies $(\log(M_{\rm{star}}/M_{\odot})> 11.2)$ selected from a combination of ground-based near-infrared galaxy surveys (UltraVISTA, NMBS-II, UKIDSS UDS) at $1.5<z<3$. We find that these galaxies are diverse in their structures, with $\sim1/3$ of the targets being composed of close pairs, and span a wide range in sizes. At $1.5<z<2.5$, the sizes of both star-forming and quiescent galaxies are consistent with the extrapolation of the stellar mass-size relations determined at lower stellar masses. At $2.5<z<3.0$, however, we find evidence that quiescent galaxies are systematically larger than expected based on the extrapolation of the relation derived using lower stellar mass galaxies. We used the observed light profiles of the blended systems to decompose their stellar masses and investigate the effect of the close pairs on the measured number densities of very massive galaxies in the early universe. We estimate correction factors to account for close-pair blends and apply them to the observed stellar mass functions measured using ground-based surveys. Given the large uncertainties associated with this extreme population of galaxies, there is currently little tension between the (blending-corrected) number density estimates and predictions from theoretical models. Although we currently lack the statistics to robustly correct for close-pair blends, we show that this is a systematic effect which can reduce the observed number density of very massive galaxies by up to a factor of $\sim1.5$, and should be accounted for in future studies of stellar mass functions.
We study the Minimal Messenger Model, a minimal version of Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking models. Boundary conditions equal to zero for trilinear and bilinear soft parameters at the messenger scale make this model free from the supersymmetric CP problem and extremely predictive. These boundary conditions and the vicinity of the messenger scale to the electroweak one, require a careful implementation of the mechanism of radiative breaking of $SU(2)\times U(1)$. We assess the importance of considering the complete one-loop effective potential and of including a set of logarithmic two-loop corrections to the B parameter for the correct determination of the electroweak minimum. We analyze the resulting low-energy spectrum and give predictions of interest for future experimental searches.
Let $\alpha$ be an algebraic integer of degree $d$, which is reciprocal. The house of $\alpha$ is the largest modulus of its conjugates. We proved that $d$-th power of the house of reciprocal $\alpha$ has a limit point. We presented a property of antireciprocal hexanomials. We compute the minimum of the houses of all reciprocal algebraic integers of degree $d$ having the minimal polynomial which is a factor of a $D$-th degree reciprocal or antireciprocal polynomial with at most eight monomials, say $\mathrm{mr}(d)$, for $d$ at most 180, $D\le 1.5d$ and $D\le 210$. We show that it is not necessary to take into account unprimitive polynomials. The computations suggest several conjectures.
We study the energy spectra of $\Xi$ hypernuclei $^{15}_{\Xi}$C and $^{12}_{\Xi}$Be with a relativistic mean field (RMF) model with meson exchange $\Xi N$ interactions. The RMF parameters are optimized to reproduce the average energy of KINKA and IRRAWADDY events for the ground state and also the average energy of KISO and IBUKI events for the excited state in $^{15}_{\Xi}$C. The potential depth of average $\Xi N$ mean field potential is found to be about $-12$ MeV in the nuclear matter limit. We further introduce the two-body $s$- and $p$-wave interactions between valence nucleons and $\Xi$ particle. We found that the $s$-wave interaction deduced from the HAL LQCD results is rather weak to obtain the energy difference between IRRAWADDY and KINKA events. The $p$-wave interaction is added and fitted to reproduce the energy difference. The resulting interaction together with the $s$-wave one gives a reasonable energy simultanously for the IBUKI event as an excited $\Xi_p$ state. The model is further applied to predict the energy spectrum of $^{12}_{\Xi}$Be.
In this paper two knowledge representation models are proposed, FP4 and FP6. Both combine ideas from fuzzy sets and four-valued and hexa-valued logics. Both represent imprecise properties whose accomplished degree is unknown or contradictory for some objects. A possible application in the color analysis and color image processing is discussed.
We present the symmetry realization of the phenomenologically viable Frampton-Glashow-Marfatia (FGM) two zero texture neutrino mass matrices in the flavor basis within the framework of the type (I+II) seesaw mechanism natural to SO(10) grand unification. A small Abelian cyclic symmetry group $Z_3$ is used to realize these textures except for class C for which the symmetry is enlarged to $Z_4$. The scalar sector is restricted to the Standard Model (SM) Higgs doublet to suppress the flavor changing neutral currents. Other scalar fields used for symmetry realization are at the most two scalar triplets and, in some cases, a complex scalar singlet. Symmetry realization of one zero textures has, also, been presented.