ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: WTO Principles in Jordan Globalization seems to have taken its toll on business and economy all over the world. For those states that have not been included into the WTO, it is becoming increasingly hard to provide its citizens with decent opportunities in education and career (Ekins & Voituriez 2012). However, joining the WTO also means facing a number of challenges. Despite the success and opportunities that entering the WTO is bound to bring to Jordan entrepreneurs, the state is obviously going to suffer a crisis caused by the necessity to comply with the standards of the organization, which the Gravity Model is bound to help with. Discussion: The Essence of Economic Growth Story Jordan is primarily known for its scarce resources (El-Naser 2009). As a result, the state owns much money to its current business partners. With better logistics strategy, Jordanian entrepreneurs could focus on improving their companies’ performance; however, at present, most money goes for transportation and delivery of the products. As a result, the state is in huge debt to its business partners (Oxford Business Group 2009). However, by entering the WTO, the state authorities hope to raise the public and private entrepreneurships’ revenues (Ibpusa 2009). Model As it has been stressed, the Jordanian government is going to implement the Gravity Model, which presupposes that Jordan will have to pick its business partners based not only on the influence that the latter have in the WTO, but also on the distance between the two states (van Bergeijk & Brakman 2010). Outcomes It is expected that participation in the WTO and trading in the realm of the global market will bring Jordan economic success: “for a small country such as Jordan, liberalizing the economy and integration into the world market could offer the best prospect to overcome the limited sc
The first picture demonstrates the areas of the settlement of modern humans’ predecessors, namely, Homo erectus , Homo neanderthalensis , and Homo sapiens , as well as the times of the migration of Homo sapiens to different regions. This map is directly related to chapter 1, which describes how and when evolution led to the emergence of modern humans and what distinctive features humans’ predecessors possessed. The chapter also pays detailed attention to the description of Homo sapiens and their way of life because modern people belong to this species. The emergence of Homo erectus was a significant stage of human evolution. This species appeared about 1.8 million years ago and was distinguished by walking upright and having a considerable brain capacity (Pollard et al., 2019). Homo erectus could travel long distances and use fire; because of their large brain size, these human predecessors had a long period of maturation, which caused them to live in extended families (Pollard et al., 2019). As the map shows, Homo erectus originated in Africa and migrated to Southwest, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as to the territory of modern China. The map also demonstrates that Homo sapiens emerged in eastern Africa 200,000 years ago. Like their predecessors, Homo sapiens migrated across Southwest Asia to central Asia about 120,000 to 50,000 years ago (Pollard et al., 2019). They also occupied the northeastern part of East Asia, where they adapted to the cold climate (Pollard et al., 2019). Around 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens moved to the area linking North America and Siberia, and 16,000 years ago, they migrated to North America, where they traveled eastward and southward to South America (Pollard et al., 2019). Finally, the map shows the area inhabited by Homo neanderthalensis , which was an unsuccessful branch of human evolution (Pollard et al., 2019). This species occupied Europe and Southwest Asia but died out 40,000 years ago because of environmental changes. The second picture portrays the world in the third millennium BCE and is related to chapter 2, which describes life in early cities, villages, and pastoral nomads. The map shows that river-basin societies emerged in the basins of large rivers. Mesopotamia appeared between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, and Egypt emerged on the banks of the Nile River (Pollard et al., 2019). The Indus urban culture was established along the Ravi River, and China was based on the area between the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers (Pollard et al., 2019). River-based communities were located near rivers and were not situated in the steppes or rugged areas because the water was crucial for the development of urban cultures. Water allowed people to develop agriculture and create a surplus of food, which was why cities attracted more people and enabled them to engage in occupations other than growing crops. In less geographically advantageous places, people lived in villages or led a nomadic lifestyle. Pastoral nomadic communities were s
Definition and Scope of the Problem HIV/AIDS remains one of the biggest health crises for African Americans, with females being most significantly affected. According to statistics provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2017a), in 2015, “4,524 African American women were diagnosed with HIV, compared with 1,131 Hispanic/Latino women and 1,431 white women” (para. 2). Their vulnerability is defined by multiple socio-cultural factors influencing sexual behaviors and health beliefs. For instance, Sampson (2015) states that a lot of young African American women have attitudes to HIV testing that are related to “fear, belief of conspiracy, and association of HIV with homosexuality” (p. 29). Such attitudes are counterproductive to the prevention efforts. Policy Goal For the reasons mentioned above, the policy aims to increase the frequency of HIV testing among the target population by educating them on HIV/AIDS-associated issues and raising awareness. The long-term objective of the policy is the reduction of HIV rates among African American women. Current and Past Policies Nowadays, a number of policies affecting the problem exist. For instance, the CDC (2017b) introduced the HIV Surveillance and Prevention Funding program aimed to promote HIV testing among people of all ages and ethnicities, and expansion of access to HIV testing services. Consistently with the given policy, the CDC has launched the “Doing It” campaign, which emphasizes the importance of HIV testing among adult people and encourages them to get tested (Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). One of the most significant past and still functioning projects focused on the identified problem is the Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning (ECHPP), which CDC conducted in accordance with the National HIV/AIDS Strategy released by the US government in 2010 (Fisher et al., 2016). As Fisher et al. (2016) state, during 2011-2013, the ECHPP allowed twelve studied health departments increase funding for HIV testing and condom distribution practices. Moreover, the ECHPP ensures the increase in the number of people from minority groups tested. Potential Solutions The specific solutions to the prevention of HIV in line with the national goals and the ECHPP framework are as follows:  1. Prioritized intervention in specific neighborhoods and populations (low-income individuals, drug-users, homosexuals, and transgenders) (Carey et al., 2015). Targeting at particular population groups helps reduce current health disparities and achieve better outcomes of policy implementation through direct work with those who need HIV preventio
The minimum wage is the legally established wage for the rate fulfilled by the employee. This is the level below which employees are not allowed to sell their work. The level of wages directly affects the development of the economy in the country. The government’s calculations show that the increase in the minimum wage will increase tax revenues, stimulate consumer demand for products and de-shadow the wage bill. Increasing the minimum wage by the government is a way to increase tax revenues to the state budget. The higher the minimum wage, the higher the taxes. The increase in taxes will cover the Pension Fund’s deficit, if not wholly, then at least partially (Lopresti & Mumford, 2016). Another advantage of increasing the national minimum wage is the de-shadowing of the salary fund. One of the most acute problems of the modern economy, including the labor market, is the shadow wage. The high tax burden does not encourage businesses to work fairly, and employers hire employees illegally. Concealment of income makes it impossible to raise social standards and at the same time serves as an influential destabilizing factor (Lopresti & Mumford, 2016). In addition, raising the national minimum wage will change the entire tariff grid. At the same time, the parliament will stimulate the domestic market, as it increases domestic consumption by raising the minimum wage. Also, higher wages promote economic development by increasing population consumption and bringing the wage to an absolute subsistence level. Thus, the minimum wage is the lowest wage that employers can legally pay their employees. Increasing the national minimum wage is a way to enrich the state budget through tax increases. Another advantage is the de-shadowing of the salary fund through legalized employment. In addition, a larger minimum wage will increase demand for national products, which will lead to economic development.
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are collectives of healthcare practitioners that are responsible for rendering services to a certain patient population, such as elderly individuals enrolled in the Medicare program. The main feature of ACOs is work under a value-based payment system that has the purpose of providing maximum health benefits to patients at the least total cost (Conrad, 2015). It is clear that the arrangement of an ACO can provide hospital communities with multiple advantages yet multiple nuances must be taken into account to minimize potential drawbacks of such an initiative. When deciding whether to accept the government’s offer to form the ACO, it is essential to evaluate available research evidence on factors defining the success of such organizations, as well as advantages and disadvantages of capitated annual payments in terms of both employee and customer satisfaction. For example, while ACOs have proved to ensure fewer healthcare expenditures and to lead to better quality of care, they require significant investments in technology and workforce (Colla & Fisher, 2017). Additionally, Colla, Lewis, Tierney, and Muhlestein (2016) state that large healthcare systems may struggle to arrange ACOs because they tend to be excessively centralized. One needs to assess the hospital and the overall community environment to see if necessary resources are available to implement the initiative efficiently and evaluate the extent of changes needed to facilitate the shift. When choosing between a fully and partially integrated ACO mode, the latter seems to be more advantageous for healthcare providers. The main difference between the two is that when the hospital is fully integrated into the ACO and takes a leadership role in it, providers’ core contracts are suspended, while in the partial integration mode, they remain active (British Medical Association, 2018). It means that total commitment to the ACO will result in reduced autonomy and independence of healthcare practitioners and such an outcome may be considered unfavorable. Thus, it would be preferred for the hospital to participate in the contract without taking the leadership role. Considering the potential advantages of ACOs and the suitability of the community and the hospital for the arrangement of such an organization, I would argue in favor of the initiative. The main benefits of capitation include greater autonomy in terms of financing preventive and individualized care strategies and a higher level of budget predictability (Merrill, Watkins, Jorna, & Muhlestein, 2015). One of the potential drawbacks is that financial risk management is not total within this system (Merrill, Watkins, Jorna, & Muhlestein, 2015). However, it can be partially minimized with careful planning and adherence to prescribed quality standards. In ACOs, practitioners should regularly discuss their shared patients. Thus, care must be coordinated through efficient team communication (that is, regular team meetings focused on prob
Introduction Mekong Delta is located between two countries in South Asia namely; Cambodia and Vietnam. It is considered one of the largest deltas in the continent of Asia and is home to various economic activities that have precipitated economic growth in the area where it is located. Its location and features have also attracted quite a large number of tourists in the Vietnam and Cambodia areas thus boosting their economic performance. The Delta covers an area of approximately 49,520km 2 with some parts located in the Cambodia area while the rest located in the Vietnamese area. Looking at the distribution, Vietnam possesses a large area of the Delta compared to Cambodia. It is not very clear the exact measurements of the area that has been distributed in both countries since various specialists have offered different measurements on the same Delta. However, is approximated that Vietnam covers around 74% of the delta while Cambodia has only 26%. Consequently, Vietnam benefits a lot from the delta compared to Cambodia which has only a small percentage of the Delta. In this paper, I will discuss the geographical features of the Mekong Delta and briefly discuss the economic, cultural, and social impact that the delta has produce on Vietnamese society and the country in general. Geographical features Unlike the main country where Mekong Delta is found, the delta region is less hilly and is classified as a low plain according to the Department of Geology in Vietnam. However, in provinces such as Giang and Kien Giang, there are some hills such as Mount Sam and Mount Co To which have heights of 270m and 258m respectively. As a result of this geographical feature, the region is always variable to floods in most of the seasons especially from the upper area and tidewater from the lower part of the sea. One of the interesting geographical features of the Mekong delta is the intermingling of various Rivers such as the Mekong and Tieng Rivers (Hiroshi and shoin 24). Classification of topography in the Mekong Delta According to the University of Can Tho in Vietnam, the topographic feature of the Mekong Delta can be subdivided into parts namely, Floodplain, Coastal complex, broad depression, and others. Floodplain Most parts of the floodplain are located in the northwest parts of the Mekong delta and are flooded yearly with about 3meter levels of water. The floodplain is divided into segmented landforms such as natural levees, Sand bars, back swaps, closed floodplain, tide-affected tide plain, and open floodplain. The landforms with the natural leaves are situated within River Hau and River Tieng though the landforms are parallel with th
Assessment and evaluation of the students’ achievements in relation to learning definite materials and developing certain skills are necessary to demonstrate the changes in the students’ progress to influence their academic performance and motivation to achieve the higher results and to provide instructors with the information about the appropriateness and completion of the set goals and objectives (Reiser & Dempsey, 2012, p. 25; United States Government Accountability Office, 2005). That is why such approaches as the use of technologies for assessing and evaluating the students’ results can be discussed as advantageous to facilitate and optimize the process in order to provide the most accurate results of the students’ progress. Thus, it is necessary to state in relation to using technologies in the teaching-learning process that “possible tools continue to explode. Paired with effective instructional practices, these tools promise engagement and increased learning” (Bedard-Voorhees, Johnson, & Dobson, 2011, p. 15). From this perspective, technologies are used to improve the assessment and evaluation procedures, and to illustrate the technologies’ effectiveness, it is necessary to redesign the assignment connected with developing the classroom assessment worked out earlier for EDU 618. According to the Program Learning Outcome 6 and Program Learning Outcome 7, technologies should be used to “facilitate effective assessment and evaluation” and to “collect and analyze data, interpret results, and communicate findings”. These important goals should be reflected in the assessment activities developed for EDU 618 after redesigning these activities according to the principles of Cognitivism/Pragmatism Instructional Design (Dabbagh, 2006). To complete the above-mentioned goals, it is important to add more interactive exercises to the proposed formative assessment activities based on different types of test, including online tests. For instance, to encourage the students to participate in the assessment activities with interest, it is necessary to use the interactive exercises which are available through the iPad apps. In spite of the fact that such assessment and evaluation resources cannot be used as the traditional assessment tool, they can be used regularly to improve students’ motivation, interest, commitment, and academic performance. The principles of Cognitivism/Pragmatism Instructional Design are determined as basic ones to redesign the assessment activities because this instructional design provides the emphasis “on structuring, organizing and sequencing information to facilitate optimal processing” (Dabbagh, 2006). As a result, the use of technologies to assess the achievements with the help of asking for structuring and synthesizing the materials or distinguis
Developmental editing is the process of consultation that is conducted by a researcher before he/she begins to write a paper. It involves altering the content of the information that is available to meet the recommendations of the review that has been acquired from consultation. Developmental editing is important as it helps to organize, analyze and prepare the base in which the research should follow. This is a basic step that has to be conducted before any research is conducted. Developmental editing is done by following certain rules and procedures that are standard for any research. The writer should first suggest a format which will be used in the write up of the report that will be used to communicate the findings of the research. This is then followed by rewriting the text to make sure that it they fit the format selected. The sentence structure of the report should be perfect and there should be a smooth flow of ideas and information from one paragraph to the next. The last thing that the writer should do is to develop that will handle the trademarks and notes of the paper. A comparison between qualitative and quantitative research Qualitative research is a research method that is used to gain and in-depth understanding of a phenomenon that is understood by man. It tries to identify the behavior and relationship that exists between the variables that are being investigated. Quantitative research on the other hand is a systematic empirical method that is used to gain information pertaining the relationship and properties of a phenomenon. These two methods are used in research to gain a lot of information. They are used to manipulate and analyze the data to come up with a conclusion which is very detailed and useful to man. Despite these differences, these methods can be used together in a study. Qualitative research is used first to identify the behavior and trends of variable while quantitative research is used to find the empirical relationships between these variables. With these set of analysis, a favorable conclusion can be arrived at. This conclusion will be reliable as all the factors have been considered in the study. Importance of sources in writing While writing a research report, it is important to support your arguments with valid information from studies that have been conducted on the same topic. The stronger your argument is the better the research. It is therefore important to read widely on the topic of interest before, while and after condu
According to Abalos (2012, p.1), “ethnography is the in depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture or a social group; it seeks to understand the relationship between culture and behavior, with culture referring to beliefs, values and attitudes, of a specific group of people”. This type of research was invented by anthropologists. Anthropologists endeavor to understand human behavior through the use of ethnographic studies. Anthropology is a diverse field that aims at describing human behavior and as a result, it requires anthropologists to be part of the society they are studying so as to gain an in depth understanding. This is achieved only when anthropologists use in depth interviews and observations. Ethnographic studies resemble grounded theory research methods in one way, in that the investigator is not supposed to have a predefined hypothesis. This prevents the investigator from predetermining what is observed or the feedback from the respondents. Actually, the investigator comes up with hypotheses in the process of the study. Proponents of ethnography argue that in order for such studies to produce outstanding results, they should have extended participant observation (Cresewell, 2011). As such, ethnographers are required to spend enough time at the site of study so as to capture as many facts as possible. During their stay at the site of study, ethnographers are required to gather facts from materials such as artifacts. They should record their observations on tape or have audio recordings of interviews conducted (Cresewell, 2011). Generally, ethnographers collect data not only from observations and interviews, but also from life stories and research diaries. Furthermore, ethnographers should have openness and avoid having predetermined hypotheses. Ethnographic studies are unique in the sense that they focus on social cultural interpretation; the data collected is interpreted in social cultural terms (Cresewell, 2011). According to Abalos (2012, p.1), “ethnographic designs are qualitative research procedures for describing, analyzing, and interpreting shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that develop over time within the society under study”. In order to achieve this goal, the investigator, also known as the ethnographer, must spend enough time in the field and gather relevant information about the society under investigation. This involves understanding the society’s culture, language, and beliefs. While crafting an ethnographic study, an investigator should follow a certain sequence, according to Murchison (2010). This begins with the selection of an ethnographic