ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussion As the target airport to analyze, Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB) was chosen. By applying Porter’s Five Forces model, one can note that this infrastructure is prone to competition issues. The industry rivalry is high, and, according to Park (2019), in 2019, DAB experienced a crisis and losses caused by low passenger numbers. Due to this, the threat of substitutes should be taken into account as a critical factor. Park (2019) states that small airports are often forced to give way to larger ones, which leads to insufficient consumer interest, and in the case of DAB, this problem is relevant. At the same time, the threat of new entrants is not severe for the airport. As Covey (2020) notes, DAB has an advantageous location, and its coastal position makes it attractive to the target audience, as the results of the end of 2020 show. A new airport will not be built at the same location, and this will keep target customers. The threat of substitutes remains relevant due to the close proximity of larger airports in Florida. Despite its good location, DAB may lose profits; it is small (three runways), although it can accommodate both commercial and passenger flights (“The economic impact,” n.d.). The aspect of the bargaining power of buyers is critical since DAB’s profits are directly dependent on customers. The visitor spending impacts are reported to be $232,462,000, which indicates the continued need for airport services (“The economic impact,” n.d.). The power of suppliers, in turn, is not crucial since DAB does not depend on the supply of raw materials or other equipment more acutely than other airports. Thus, one can conclude that the threats of rivalry and substitution are the most crucial risks to take into account. However, despite potential competitive challenges, DAB is carrying out the necessary marketing interventions to strengthen the airport’s position in its market segment. According to Covey (2020), the client share has increased by 81% since 2009 (para. 5). Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, DAB executives offered more flights to passengers at the end of 2020, which increased profits (Covey, 2020). The same measure has become a mechanism for increasing the competitive advantage, which is essential in the context of limited foreign flights and the increasing role of air transportation within the country. One of the approaches to enhance customer value is performing a renovation project, which is due in January 2021. $14 million was spent on upgrading the terminal and customer services (Covey, 2020, para. 6). These marketing steps are relevant in a highly competitive environment, and retaining the target audience is a logical devel
Abstract Ethical dilemmas are challenging situations that compel individuals to make decisions concerning certain aspects of life. In families, ethical dilemmas arise when individuals disagree on what they believe is right or wrong. Different views, varying lifestyles, and time management are among the ethical dilemmas common in several families. Notably, the judgment given by therapists should be free from personal values, cultural affiliations, or ethnic favors. The common ethical dilemma faced by family therapists, is the dilemma of varying opinions since it has profound impacts in family operations. Resolution of the dilemma requires intensive scrutiny on the actions and their repercussions so that a wise decision materializes. Introduction Ethical dilemmas are challenges that individuals encounter in an attempt to make decisions concerning certain situations. The need to make a choice drives individuals into a state of mental conflict where they eventually select one of the issues and forego the others. In families, some of the common ethical dilemmas concern what various individuals in the family believe is correct. To ascertain the various ethical dilemmas that families face, the study interviewed a licensed marriage and family therapist (MFT). Therefore, the essay explains the types of ethical dilemmas in families and their resolution. Ethical Dilemmas and Personal Values, Culture, and Ethnicity As a family therapist, some of the common ethical dilemmas encountered during the practice comprise time management, different views and opinions, diverse lifestyles, and varying religious orientations. These dilemmas are challenging as they entail what each member of the family thinks is right or wrong. While some individuals in the family believe that a given time can be useful for a particular activity, other members thi
Psychological specifics of an individual depend on a variety of factors, starting with the peculiarities of the early parent-child relationships to the role that the specified individual is used to playing in the mini-society at home, at school or at work. However, by far, the most influential element that shapes the process of psychological analysis and at the same time makes it more complicated is the cultural specifics. Ying Zhu and Shihui Han explore the ways in which the cultural differences in self shape the philosophical, psychological and scientific concept of self in their article “Cultural Differences in the Self: From Philosophy to Psychology and Neuroscience.” In their turn, Kwang-Kuo Hwang and Jeffrey Chang take the problem even further, exploring the issues related to self-cultivation in the setting of a Confucian society in their research “Self-Cultivation Culturally Sensitive Psychotherapies in Confucian Societies.” Although both authors provide a fairly detailed account of the way in which cultural background and the development of self are intertwined, the latter research seems to focus on the application of the findings related to the sphere of culture and self, while the former research establishes the links between the two elements, making the case for creating a branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on the changes in one’s identity. Like any other studies, the given researches both have their strong and weak aspects. To start with, it is necessary to admit that both studies offer a very detailed account of the background research that needed to be conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the papers. For example, it is rather impressive that the study by Zhu and Han offers not one, but several approaches towards philosophical implications of self-based on philosophical thinking, cognitive processing and neural basis of a human mind. In its turn, the study by Hwang and Chang consider self from three perspectives offered by Confucius, i.e., the relational self (the self and society), authentic self (the self considered as a separate phenomenon) and the nonself (i.e., the state of nirvana). By offering a full analysis that includes the consideration of every element in the existing nomenclature of the subject in question, the papers provide an objective evaluation of what self is and how self-cultivation can help one reach the state of enlightenment. It is necessary to mention, though, that each of the papers also has its weak points. In Hwang
The history of CMMI is based on CMM that originated from a study by the Air Force, which was meant for software subcontractors (Kasse 12). The primary intention was to measure the development of software applied in the maturity of the process. The CMMI model identifies the levels of the process maturity of the organization (Land and Walz 12). These levels include the initial level which entails the starting use of the process, repeatable where the process is repeated, defined and involve the definition of the process and the confirmation of the standard business process, managed which entails the management and the measurement and optimizing level which includes the deliberate process improvement. CMMI as process-improvement model is meant to provide the best practices that address the issue of productivity, performance, and cost besides ensuring that stakeholders are satisfied. What is CMMI CMMI is an acronym for Capability Maturity Model, which is a process development approach whose aim is to assist organizations advance their performance. As a process, it provides organizations with basic elements of efficient processes that are aimed at improving their performance. CMMI helps incorporate traditionally detached organizational roles as it helps improve the targets besides providing direction in quality processes (Kasse 47). The CMMI project was developed with an aim of improving the use of maturity models by way of integrating diverse model framework (diagram 9). Currently, there are two representations; that is, the continuous and the stage, and the deference. Between the two representations, the continuous representation allows users to focus the specific course, which is considered critical for the organizations immediate objectives as well as those objectives that the organization considers being at a higher risk (Land and Walz 32). On the other hand, the staged representation allows straightforward movement from the SW-SMM to CMMI. Therefore, CMMI model varies depending on the area of interest. Usually, there are three major areas of interest, including Acquisition, Services and Development. A Brief Critical Summary of the Continuous and Staged CMMI The critical summary of staged and Continuous Representation requires a proper understanding of each of these representations and being in a position to clearly point out the advantages and the disadvantage of each representation. The stage and the continuous representation are the same in terms of the content. However, they are organized differently (Chrissis and Shrum13). The representation permits the individual organization to practice different development objectives, therefore, presenting model components differently (Dogru and Bicar 39). The capability levels apply to an organization’s process improvement achievement in every Process Area (P.A). The improvement areas are characterized relative to the Process Area Individual (Kasse 67). It is worth noting that in both representations, the substance is nearly identical. This raises the question of why there are two different representations yet the representation of each model was different. The CMM software i
Abstract Cultural and religious factors have come in the way of assimilation of modernization in the Saudi Arabian country. Nobility and shame are appended to the chastity and faithfulness of the female counterparts in a family. As a result, foreigners wishing to engage in business with Saudi counterparts have to adhere to customer expectations to create an impression of sensitivity to their beliefs and practices. However, in addition to the foreigner bending their rules, they should also communicate their culture as a sign of loyalty to their way of life. Women and Business Modernizations and globalization have had their toll on cultures and customers on a global scale. The significant divide between men women in some countries has greatly dissolved owing to certain factors. Saudi Arabia is no exception. Despite the custom that women hide behind a veil and remain indoors, recent times have seen a migration towards a woman who is more business conscious and career-motivated. This emanates from the fact that women are not allowed to have face-to-face contact with other men except their husbands. However, as postulated by Ambika (1998), the dwindling GDP and per capita income originating from fluctuating oil prices has pushed women o take matters into their own hands. Nowadays, the number of women who have taken up careers and businesses continues to rise. Women are able to do business through a medium: either a male sponsor or the telephone. The negotiation Saudis prefer to do business with people who they have trust in. thus, before any engagements can be arrived at, the negotiator has to develop a business relationship with the Saudi counterparts as a sign of goodwill and friendship (Ali, 2009). Saudis prefer to do business with individuals who add value to their ventures as well as benefit friends and family. As a result, the negotiator should be someone who is well versed with the cultures of the Saudis and conscious of the customs. He or she should knowledgeable of the characteristics of their offer as well as be in a position to negotiate on behalf of the company as postulated by Kline (2005). The negotiator The head of the team need not be the best negotiator. However, the skills of the negotiator are necessary throug
Introduction A superpower is a country capable of influencing others and international laws and policies (Dictionary.com, 2014). The term superpower was introduced after World War II, when it was used to refer to the USA, the UK, and the former USSR (Contemporary History, 2008). The factors that define the world’s top countries have changed over the last couple of decades. The past influence superpowers, such as Great Britain and Russia, has gone down over time. This paper discusses the current, former, and emerging superpowers, and the criteria used to classify them. Current Superpowers (21 st Century) A country is considered a superpower if it covers an extensive geographical area and has a large population, massive resources, potent military force, and a stronger economy than most nations (Hynes, 1998). The United States is considered the sole superpower in our day (Karlin, 2011). The European Union is considered a threat due to its extensive resources and political influence (Hynes, 1998). Additionally, China, Russia, and India are considered emerging superpowers because of their current political and economic influence (Hynes, 1998). Although geographical vastness is important in defining superpowers, some countries, such as Singapore, have very strong economies despite their small size (Dahlman & Renwick 2014). The Gulf countries, most of which have a small population, are also becoming more powerful due to the significant oil and natural gas deposits they control (Karlin, 2011). The military is also a key consideration in classifying a nation as a superpower. India, for example, has an outsized military and numerous nuclear weapons; for that reason, it is put in the same rank as the United States, Russia, China, Israel, and the UK with regard to military influence (Insana, 2014). The economic performance of countries is another consideration in defining superpowers. The US, China, Japan, India, Germany, Russia, Brazil, the UK, France, and Italy are the world’s leading economies based on GDP (Insana, 2014). These 10 countries control two-thirds of the global GDP and dictate the policies affecting the world’s economy (Karlin, 2011). Former Superpowers (19 th century) Past superpowers were defined using variable factors, such as military strength, natural resources, population, the area covered, and economic strength, which explains why they kept changing (Hynes, 1998). The British Empire was the unrivaled superpower of the nineteenth century (Contemporary History, 2008). The country used its influence to acquire many colonies across the globe, increasing its size to compise a third of the world’s geographical area at one time (Contemporary History, 2008). The British Empire declined in terms of influence as a result of World War One and the Great Depression (Contemporary History, 2008; Hynes, 1998). World War II marked the end of the British Empire’s dominance and the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union in its place (Contemporary History, 2008). Future Superpowers (End of 21 st Century) The battle for the future superpower seems to be based on political, ec
Introduction In 1970, the distinguished economics professor Milton Friedman wrote an essay in which he argued that the sole social responsibility of a company is to generate profit for its shareholders. Bejou (2011) notes that the core message that Friedman was advancing through his argument was that the primary responsibility of managers was to the owners or investors of the company. This outlook is regarded as the traditional shareholder primacy theory and its main argument is that the primary task of management is to maximise shareholders wealth. The school of thought further on proposed that organizations should not be concerned with solving social problems since this the responsibility of other actors such as the government. Friedman’s defence of managers’ duties to shareholders continues to be the prominent concept dominating corporate governance. In line with this reasoning, many top managers of public corporations today seek ways to increase the profits of their shareholders. This begs the question what is should the primary role of management in public corporations be. This paper will argue that management should expand its role and responsibilities to cater to the needs of other stakeholders in addition to the shareholders and owners of the company. Increasing the wealth of shareholders and owners should not be the core objective of management. To provide a balanced view on the subject, the paper will also review some of the arguments made in support of shareholder wealth optimization by management and offer counterarguments to the same. A Case against Shareholder Primacy Corporations cannot exist on their own; they need the input of other groups such as creditors, employees, and the government (Stout 2002). As such, the shareholders alone cannot make, much less sustain a corporation. For this reason, the other contributors to the existence of the corporation also need to be considered by management. Stout (2002) elaborates that the non-shareholder groups who contribute to the welfare of the corporation also need to be compensated in accordance to some explicit and/or implicit contracts. For example, the employees will engage in operations on behalf of the organization in return for a salary, favourable work conditions, and prospects of career advancement. If management’s only concern is shareholder wealth, they organization will not be sustainable and it will fail therefore hurting the shareholders and all the other stakeholders. Management that is focused only on maximizing the wealth of shareholders will damage the firm’s economic interests. Stout (2002) states that such management will be inclined to take wealth and resources from other corporate constituencies such as employees, creditors, and governments in order to increase shareholder wealth. Management therefore needs to consider the other groups who make a contribution to the corporation’s survival. Emphasis on increasing the wealth of shareholders and owners will reduce the productivity of the firm since it might lead to lower employee motivation (Kellerman 2007). Motivation is a highly desirable attribute
The longer humanity exists, the more it develops technologically; moreover, in recent years, technological progress is gaining increasing speed. This process, undoubtedly, has both positive and negative sides, and Condorcet wrote about the role of progress in human life in the 19th century. His view on technological development seems realistic and even partially predicts the current state of things. Condorcet describes progress as a constant change in various phenomena, objects, and processes, leading to an improvement in the quality of life. This can be noted in technical, cultural, educational, and other fields, which undeniably simplifies human life and helps people perform vital actions without paying attention to trifles. Unfortunately, progress can also lead to laziness and even societal degradation. In any case, one of the important goals of progress is to achieve human perfection. With it, the mind develops with incredible strength and allows people to make tremendous discoveries and perform complex actions. However, technological progress is not always as positive as it seems. A striking example of its negative influence is the conflict between Amazon and Hachette. Even though due to technological progress people can now buy electronic books, this can negatively affect the economic condition of those who write them. Different approaches to marketing and selling books can harm writers and publishers. They may not receive enough attention and earnings and, therefore, will not be able to continue to produce new books. Nevertheless, literature is one of the necessary factors for the development of people. Thus, even despite the advantages of technological progress, humanity must always take into account its possible consequences, which will make this development a basis for social prosperity.
Joy Daycare pricing strategy Consumers within Joy Daycare target market are most likely to be concerned with quality than price. As identified previously, this target market consists of young parents who are sensitive to quality care for their children, and less concerned about pricing issues. This implies that, although penetration pricing is the easiest for while introducing a new product, it might not be effective under these circumstances (Iacobucci, 2011). The latter author also underscores that penetration pricing (setting lower prices) is extremely risky since competitors’ might decide to retaliate. Furthermore, reduction in price conflicts with Joy Daycare product and branding strategies. Consequently, premium (skimming) strategy will be adopted based on the belief that quality will mitigate price sensitivity among consumers. According to Iacobucci (2011), skimming involves setting the pricing above the current market rates at the initial stages of introducing a new product. However, this strategy is short lived because it attracts other firms into the market. Pricing tactics Cost based vs. value based pricing According to Rao (2009), pricing is a significant, but delicate component of marketing mix. Apparently, pricing can either make or break a product, thus optimum care is necessary while making this significant business decision. This is because for a product to survive, it must be tolerable to the target market to promote profitability. This implies that, the most fundamental pricing tactic should aim to satisfy cost and value criterion. On the same note, pricing for Joy Daycare services will consider the cost and value aspect, commonly referred as ‘cost-based pricing’ and ‘value-based pricing’(Rao, 2009). As epitomized elsewhere in this marketing plan, Joy Daycare will strive to hire the best caregivers to ensure that children receive quality training. Obviously, this is going to increase business operation costs; hence, penetration pricing cannot work in our favor. Secondly, we also have to consider the perceived value of Joy Daycare services before settling on a certain price. Rao (2009) underscores that, value-based pricing is founded on the customers’ perspective about whether consumers considers the price to be reasonable. Discounted and/or differential pricing Similarly, Joy daycare will offer some discounts to parents who enroll two or more children to the center. Moreover, to promote word of mouth advertising we are going to offer some special rates to those who refer their friends to the center. According to Rao (2009), differential pricing is not a unique phenomenon and most marketers have utilized it to promote customer royalty. Similarly, Iacobucci (2011) utilizes the term ‘target pricing’ whereby different prices are charged to customers within the same target market. However, although this strategy might work in the business’ favor, it might be ineffective in the long run especially when one child attains pre-schooling age. This implies that, the business wi