ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Colonization of the American continent began with European explorers in the region. Spain and Portugal were two European nations to establish colonies in the American continent in the 16 th Century. Portugal established its colonial territory in Brazil while Spain colonized the expansive South American region. Later in the 17 th Century, the Portuguese and Spanish colonial monopolies found new challenges from the Dutch, English, and French. These three countries aggressively sought to establish their colonial empires in the American continent. These European nations established colonies in the American continent for various reasons; the Spanish desired to have gold and silver; the French sought animals with valuable fur for trade, and the English sought fortune in the American continent. The majority, however, aspired to discover freedom; freedom of religion, and freedom of government. The British were encouraged to move to the American continent by the explorations made by the French and Spanish. In addition, the English and the Dutch were determined to break the Spanish and Portuguese trade routes and overseas colonization. This led them to settle in the American continent. The Dutch colonized several Caribbean Islands and managed to seize Brazil from the Portuguese and Spanish dominance in 1621. They established the Dutch East India Company during the same period. Further in North America, the Dutch formed New Netherlands after the exploration conducted on their behalf by Henry Hudson. The Dutch then proceeded to buy the Island of Manhattan from the Native American tribe in 1624 and named it the city of New Amsterdam (McCannon 246). The English captured the city from the Dutch in 1664 and renamed it the city of New York. This essay discusses the colonization of North America, especially the American colonies controlled by the British. The English and the Dutch moved into the American continent as part of their commercial and military rivalry with Spain. The two nations established their colonial empires in the Caribbean, specifically in the Islands of Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad. Successful North American colonization started at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1606. The first English permanent settlements were established in this town, and it was the first of the 13 colonies of America. The economic activities were the driving force of the establishment of the colony in Jamestown. However, many other colonies were established by religious minorities, specifically the puritans and Quakers who were escaping persecution at home. These people established settlements in America because they sought freedom of worship. The official religion in England then was the Church of England. The British King did not allow people to attend any other religion apart from the Anglican Church. Those who refused to follow the church were jailed or sent out of the country. Other members of the Anglican Chu
Introduction Women have always struggled against marginalization and segregation from the male-dominated domain in terms of careers and jobs. They have asserted efforts that would see them being treated with equality and given equal opportunities as men. Amelia Earhart was one such woman among the few of a rare caliber whose ventures into the male-dominated sphere-like in flying and her success and contribution to aviation have gone down in history. Indeed, the name Amelia Earhart is mentioned and remembered by many due to her historically significant contribution to the field of aviation. Main text Amelia Mary was born to Amy and Edwin Earhart in Atchison, Kansas on July 24, 1897. She attended Hyde Park High School in Chicago, Illinois, Ogontz School for Girls in Rydal, Pennsylvania, and Columbia University in New York, where she prepared for a career in Medicine and Social Science (Susan W, 1994 pp11). As the World War 1 raged and the need for nurses increased, she was to join other nurses who served as military nurses in Canada. It was during her service in Canada that she developed an interest in flying. She pursued this interest in California, became very successful and received her pilot’s license in 1922. Immediately afterward, Amelia took a temporal break from pursuing active flying but continued her association with aviation by entering numerous flying meets. Meanwhile, she spent several years as a teacher and social worker at Dennison House in Boston (Susan W, 1994 pp11). Later, Amelia Earhart returned to active flying and it was through this flying that she gained considerable fame on June1928, as the first woman to fly across the Atlantic. The Fokker trimotor (Her first voyage plane) piloted by Wilman Stutz and Louis Gordon flew from Trepassy Bay, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales (Susan W,1994 pp 23). However, on this flight she would only serve as a passenger thanks to Amy Guest’s family (the heir to a Pittsburgh steel fortune) who forbade her from flying hence giving up her place for Amelia. Amelia on the other hand was more than glad to have this chance and she never gave second thoughts about this chance. It was after this flight that Amelia’s contribution to world history began to take shape. Another historical contribution of Amelia Earhart was the co-founding and establishment of the first organization of the women fliers in 1929. This organization is called the “Ninety-Nines,” It is an international organization of women pilots, which continues today to promote opportunities for women in aviation, and also sponsors All-women Transnational Air Race (also known as the powder puff Derby) and other proficiency building flying activities aimed at encouraging and improving flying skills. Amelia became the first president of this organization and served from 1930 to 1932 (Susan W, 1994 pp 24). In 1930, Amelia was to add even more to her fame when she accomplished the Atlantic fligh
Introduction There are certain remarkable differences of opinions on the morality of abortion, which is killing the fetus. Though it is legal to differing extents in many countries depending on various factors, morality largely becomes a matter of argument (Why Abortion, 2008; Thripp, 2008). Hence, it is imperative to know the reasons behind such a moral controversy. It is also essential to focus on the categories of people that go with this matter in quite dissimilar mindsets. Apart from these, the controversy on protecting the human rights of a woman over the potential rights of an unborn baby should be considered. Main body Coming to the details, it can be seen that there are plenty of supporters as well as opponents for the concept of abortion. Also, these proportions further vary based on the reason behind going for an abortion. In general, many religious persons such as Catholics are strongly against to this practice. They support their argument by showing holy quotes, like the “You shall not murder” of bible (as cited in Is Abortion Wrong, 2008). Their main argument is that a fetus is not simply a mass of cells but a living being who if allowed results in a human being. Hence, killing a fetus is murdering a human, and no one has such right. Furthermore, the argument by the opponents of abortion is based on certain logical points as follows. When even one cell creatures are alive, one cannot deny the fact that what is growing in a woman’s womb is not alive (Is Abortion Wrong, 2008). The fetus grows by taking characters inherited through the respective human DNA, and so it is a human being and killing a human should
Research process The first step in the research process is the identification of background information (Bolner and Poirier 3). In this step, a search will be carried of the keywords in relevant encyclopedia indexes. The various articles in these encyclopedias will help to form a basis for the research and will also act as a guide in conducting further research in other publications. The encyclopedia bibliographies will also help direct the research to appropriate references. Catalogues can also be used to search for books and other print publications. A guided keyword search will be used to obtain data on the topic (Bolner and Poirier 15). The location of the material will be identified and once a particular book has been obtained, a random review of the bibliography will help identify even more resources. Annual reviews on the topic will definitely provide a list of publications that are relevant to the research. Periodical indexes may also be used to look for periodicals (Bolner and Poirier 23). Such indexes can be located on computer network databases or in the form of catalogue lists which in most libraries contain both print and microform copies of publications. Search engines will also be used to find usable material from the internet. These are readily available and are much easier to use so they can be used as much as possible. Once the data has been collected, an evaluation should be carried out to critically analyze it as well as separate scholarly and non-scholarly material. If the sources found appear to be too many, they will have to be narrowed down to those that are specific to the topic. Project Plan At the end of this project, the following targets/goals should have been met:  1. First, a clear analysis of time management as a business concept should have been clearly made.  2. The usage of the time management aspect of the busin
1. Racism is a social problem based on discriminating people of other races. 2. Racism as the discriminatory and oppressive attitudes and behaviors against people belonging to different races can be considered as a social problem discussed globally because it depends on the vision of race as a social construction. Thus, racism is observed when people are divided into categories because of their races and definite racial (often physical) characteristics, and the representatives of certain races are perceived as inferior because of social racial stereotypes. 3. Different population categories can be affected by racism all over the world with references to the local visions of this or that race as inferior. In the USA, such minorities as African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are affected by racism because of their biological differences, for instance skin color, and because of the developed social stereotypes and prejudices in relation to the role of these people in society. Thus, three racial groups comprising the ethnic minorities in the country are affected by racism significantly. According to 2000 US Census, more than 36 million African Americans (13% of the American population), and 47 million Hispanics (15.4% of the American population) live in the USA. Asian Americans present 4% of the American population ( 2000 US Census , 2012). As a result, more than 32% of the whole American population suffered from direct or indirect discrimination and abuse because of their race in 2000, and this number increases. For instance, 61% of Latin Americans accentuated the problem of racism in 2010, comparing with 47% in 2002 ( 2000 US Census , 2012; Clarke & Thomas, 2006). 4. African Americans and Latin Americans are affected by the issues connected with racism in many spheres of their everyday life. For instance, in spite of the fact 58% of African Americans live in metropolitan areas and they are educated, they suffer from racial discrimination in relation to employment and wages paid for their work (Tsuda, 2012). Although racism and racial discrimination is legally prohibited in the USA, there are many forms of the indirect discrimination developed within community (Tsuda, 2012). African Americans, Latin Americans, and Asian Americans are challenged to be discriminated because of race during the everyday interactions at schools and workplaces by the representatives of the American ‘white’ majority. The issues of developing stereotypes concerning the minorities’ intelligence and role within society, harassments, and abuses are presented in the American society. The problem is in the fact that different programs aimed to reduce racism (such as Affirmative Action) are perceived by the ‘white’ Americans as discriminating their rights. 5. In the USA, the problem of racism is often discussed as related to the period of slavery. The other peo
Introduction Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. For a longer period of time, people have considered tourism as an intense economic activity. This is due to the fact that tourist activities help to enhance economic activities in tourist destinations across the globe. In the recent times, however, the orientation of tourism and tourist activities has become more diverse. This diversity comes from the introduction of volunteer tourism. Under normal circumstances, tourism has been understood as the movement of people from one region to another in order to explore the destination region. This is quite a different case when picturing what volunteer tourism is all about (Ooi & Laing 2010). Perhaps, it is vital to understand what volunteer tourism is in order to get a clearer picture of the difference between this kind of tourism and its relationship with the normal tourism. Wearing (2001) argued that volunteer tourism is an emerging idea in the tourism industry where people travel to different destinations in the world where their services are in demand. This argument is backed by an observation from Human Rights Support (2012) that the services of volunteer tourists help to support the livelihoods of the local populations (Sin 2009). Benson (2011) observed that the demand for charitable work keeps rising, thus the need for more charitable projects in tourist destinations is one of the reasons why volunteer tourism is on the rise. In this paper, it is argued that volunteer tourism is an activity that highly promotes intercultural exchanges in tourist destinations, thus rationalizing poverty in those destinations. Thus, to a given extent, this kind of tourism comes out as a promotional factor for neo-colonial activities. Volunteer tourism is an activity that has been happening for a long period. However, researchers in the tourism industry did not pay much attention to this area of tourism, till recent times when research has been diverted to volunteer tourism (Benson 2011). This paper explores the developments in volunteer tourism, and how it enhances intercultural exchange among the people in tourist destinations. Of greater focus in the paper is the exploration of how intercultural exchange leads to the rationalization of poverty by the volunteer tourists. Understanding volunteer tourism According to Broad (2003), the concept of volunteer tourism can only be understood better when it is comprehended from the perspective of the destination of the tourism; the local communities. Through this, one can easily understand the factors that motivate tourists who take part in volunteer tourism and the benefits that are drawn from local tourism by the local communities. One of the best means of interacting with local communities in any given area is by engaging in an activity with them (McGehee & Santos 2005). This is what local tourists do as they discharge their support to the local communities in areas where they visit. This argument is backed by Human Rights Support (2012), which highlights a number of activities and initiatives that form volunteer tourism. Accor
Mid-American Tragedy The poem ‘Mid American Tragedy’ by Levertov explains the significance of reflecting on the lives of others and sympathizing with their misfortunes. Some people lack loving and caring parents to stand by and encourage them during difficult circumstances. This poem compels the reader to actually sit back and reflect on the lives of different people. A good relationship between children and parents is based on a strong bond where both parties freely express their feelings and ideas which emanate from a good understanding of one another. The title of the poem is descriptive enough to send a message of sadness expressed in the entire poem. In literature, a tragedy is a fictional work of art where the tragic character is eventually ruined or exposed to untold suffering emanating from a tragic bladder or the failure to cope with certain situations. In this poem, a son becomes erratic but his parents stand by him amidst the suffering rather than ignoring him. The parents are contrasted with other parents who never mind their children after their relationships become strained. In the poem, the parents reiterate that he still remains their son and they will take care of him till the end. The serious sickness that the son is grappling with brings him to a tragic end. It is expected that during these last days of the life of the son, the parents give him peace and allow him some silence in order for him to confess what had happened. However, they do not allow him the chance of doing this because what they are concerned about is not knowing what happened to the son, but the fulfillment of restoring his life and health back. In general, the poem is reflective of the pain that parents may go through when their children turn out to be what they did not expect. However, excellent parents should never give up on their children simply because they disappointed them in one way or the other. What Work is In this poem, the author conveys the images of men standing in line waiting for work. The ignored laborers are portrayed as people who have undergone tough and humiliating experiences. They have to wait in long lines as they try their luck to get jobs they are never sure of getting. The reader is able to learn of the tough experiences of the laborers when for instance, a man who resembles his brother is depicted to have a sad slouch and a gr
Introduction Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex” is widely read around the world. This is because this play/story involves various characters with personalities innate to almost everybody. “Oedipus Rex” is a story which everybody can relate to, everybody can learn a lesson and everybody share with their siblings and/or offspring. Heroism is one, among the many, highlights of Oedipus Rex”. In the story, the protagonists are the heroes. But the acts of heroism done by these protagonists are not what is commonly done by the contemporary heroes we know of. Theirs are a bit different. Theirs is a heroic act which only some people may consider heroic. Theme Heroism is an attribute that can be achieved once selfishness is removed from one’s personality. This can be an act of helping other people or an act of achieving one goal to ultimately help more people in the end. Another act of heroism is doing even one very simple activity but the result will provide a great impact on the majority. Heroism in Oedipus Rex is shown in the major characters Oedipus, Iocaste, and Creon. These three are a member of just one family who was blinded with the truth. The story revolves around Oedipus and his search for the cause of the blight on his city finding it to be himself while Iocaste is Oedipus’ wife and mother who was very supportive of Oedipus’ search of the truth until she found out that she was part of that truth when she committed suicide. Creon, on the other hand, is Iocaste’s brother and the one who helps Oedipus find the murderer. Oedipus did a heroic act when he requested his eyesight to be removed. At first, this may bay sound like a selfish act because he wanted to be blind so that he won’t be seeing the reactions of his people upon knowing that he had married her mother. But there is also one good deed behind this act. His people will then be enlightened of the positive return of committing good deeds and making sure that they are not hurting anybody. It must be noted that Oedipus killed a man without realizing that he was his father. Had he not committed that big mistake, then he would have not committed another mistake of marrying his mother. Iocaste did her heroic act when she accepted, without batting an eye, the fact that Oedipus is her husband and her son at the same time. It must be noted that Iocaste did not know what transpired between her first husband (Oedipus’s father) and Oedipus. That’s why when she met her second husband, in the person of Oedipus, she had no qualms or malice whatsoever that she was marrying her son, and was committing incest. she is heroic in a way that she tried to compose herself in a way that can be acceptable to many. At the same time, she tried to pacify the emotions of all other people involved so that no commotions will erupt. Also, she tried her best to communicate with others and inform them of her being unaware of her real relationship with her husband
Duties and Responsibilities of a Pharmacist Over the past years, the role of the pharmacist in the North American health-care system evolved considerably. Blouin and Adams (2017) highlighted that now the pharmacist does not only distribute medicine to the patients but also works together with other healthcare professionals to provide “appropriate medication therapy management” (p. 166), an example of which includes post-hospitalization care. Easily accessible, druggist serves as the trustworthy and just covenant, who supplies the clients with the necessary medical information (American Pharmacists Association [APhA], n.d.). As followed by APhA (2016), typical responsibilities and duties of the pharmacist may include, but not limited to, assessing the appropriateness of the medicine, improving medication adherence, and coordinating care transitions. In other words, this health care professional provides health services to the patients by managing, distributing, and advising on their physician’s prescriptions. Analysis of the Assigned Case Brief Overview of the Case With the increasing instances of drug misuse in the pharmaceutical industry, this case-study discusses the moral and governmental implications of the pharmacist’s actions when distributing prescribed drugs to the patient. As written by Grass (2016), the pharmacy did not exercise corresponding responsibility to ensure that the medicine was designated for its legitimate purpose, overviewed by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). While the representatives of the Medicine Shoppe argued that they both contacted the physician’s office before filling the prescriptions and knew the client for a long time, their license was revoked. Now sharing the accountability with the prescribing physician, the pharmacists su