ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ”an imaging method that is used in hospitals to diagnose and evaluate the extent of a given disease” (Guevara 472). It can be considered to be a test that is based on the application of radio wave pulses, as well magnetic field in making drawings of different parts of the body according to investigation needs. Magnetic resonance imaging has become more popular than X-ray due to its ability to provide detailed information during the investigation of various body parts and structures (Lampa 423). Additionally, MRI technology can identify major problems in the human body that other types of imaging methods cannot. Principles of magnetic resonance imaging Guevara (474) asserted that magnetic resonance imaging relies on the magnetic properties, which exist naturally in the body to provide clear pictures of any given aspects of the body under investigation. The test uses a hydrogen nucleus in achieving the images required. The hydrogen proton spins on its axis and maintains the south and north poles. During the spin, the properties of the proton are similar to those of a bar magnet (Guevara 474). During normal conditions of the body, the proton shows a random alignment of its axes. However, after placing the body under investigation in a magnetic field, it results in alignment of the axes of the protons creating a magnetic vector that orients itself along the scanner’s axes. Thus, a deflection is expected upon the introduction of more energy in the magnetic moment created by the spinning nucleus. However, the resonance of the element being investigated is determined by how strong the magnetic field is, as well as the strength of the element under investigation. For this reason, whenever the magnetic field’s strength is varied the body resonance also varies with respect to the applied frequency. Lampa (434) observed that switching off the source of the radiofrequency energy pushes the magnetic vector to its initial position, and is accompanied by the emission of a radio wave signal. The creation of MRI images is done with the help of the emitted radio wave signal after the source of the radio frequency is switched off. Often, during this process, the area under investigation is surrounded by receiver coils that play the role of aerials in improving the precision with which the emitted signal is detected. Role of the spin of atoms Atoms have various characteristics including a magnetic property referred to as spin, electrical charge, and mass. For any given atomic nuclei with protons numbers that are odd, there is a magnetic moment that can be used in the description of the direction as well as the strength of the magnetic field that can be traced around the given nuclei (Lampa 423). In a case where the magnetic field is constant and very strong, it is expected that a fraction of the nuclei will align with respect to the magnetic field and thus will result in the production of a sizeable magnetic moment that can be measured (Harms 350). Additionally, the interplay of the external field and the nucleus’ magnetic moment results in the precession of each spinning nucleus. As such, the spinning of atoms i
Power & Privilege Audit Power and privilege audit means a specific way and style of life, including sufficiently powerful and reliable systems. Certain privileges are directed in a certain way to a wide range of specific objects. Such measures and actions may, to some extent, lead to the solution of a number of different aspects related to beneficiaries. In fact, an accredited person has the rights and opportunities to direct and control events, scenes, and specific phenomena. The Concept of Institutional Power As a kindergarten teacher, a lot needs to be explained and made to sink into the mind of the kindergarten pupils and any other interested audience. These methods and strategies are on the basics of power and the privilege issues and inequities that are closely connected to it. At the moment, most institutions impose certain educational information and special data into learners’ and students’ minds. Such measures are performed with the basic and essential aim of changing them and transcending them from being commoners to being great leaders in one way or the other in the future (Erickson & Verge, 2020). Consequently, leadership is all-around, and it does not mean that one has to lead from a high position in public positions in society or even on a political platform. This power entails the ability to state something important or even give an idea about what needs to be done and implemented in practice. In fact, the authentic, true leader is an inspirer, a role model who can lead others. Through this, the concept of power and leadership gets nurtured in such a student hence growing so strong in his life. With a thorough analysis of the audit of power and privileges concept, the following relevant, important trends are outlined. For example, Erickson and Verge (2020) state that power is an ability or rather the official authority accredited to an individual (p. 3-6). Thus, to be in power is the ability to have the audacity and the authority to make a staunch decision on who will be in a position to access the available resources and who will not. And finally, to be considered powerful is the concept of gaining the full capacity and capability of controlling others that might be your subordinates. The Privilege Issues and Inequities Involved in Institutions If one tries to analyze the problems of privileges and vivid inequality, it is necessary to emphasize and highlight the following nuances. First of all, power and privileges are con
How might we encourage creative, innovative thinking in ourselves and others? What do you think this means? There are several ways in which one can promote creative and innovational thinking in oneself and others. First of all, it is necessary to look at the same product, business process, technology, or any other issue from various perspectives. For instance, entrepreneurs can evaluate their services or goods from the standpoint of clients. In this way, they can better detect possible defects and find ways of improving the work of their organizations. Overall, innovators should examine a particular problem from the viewpoint of various stakeholders. Secondly, they should keep in mind a slight change or modification can create an enormous value for other people. For example, one can mention that Edison was able to transform many of the technologies such as the telephone or the telegraph which had been invented long before him. This is one of the aspects that can be identified. Additionally, one should be open to new ideas. Certainly, a person should critically evaluate new suggestions or recommendations, but these innovations should not be perceived with ridicule or pessimism. So, an individual should adopt a new attitude to innovation. Additionally, it is critical to foster partnerships among people who work on the development of new solutions because very often their ideas can complement one another. Secondly, organizational leaders should encourage people to take part in brainstorming. These people should not be afraid of being criticized or ridiculed. Finally, people should avoid the risk of groupthink or the situation when individuals try to conform to the opinions of the maj
Competitive advantage of nation’s theory Michael Porter introduced the Diamond model for competitive advantage of nations that analyses the competitiveness of a nation or even a major geographic region in the global competition. This moves away from the traditional economic factor of comparative advantage of countries such as land, resources, labor, population and location (Porter, 2009). He said that these are passive factors since they can actually undermine the competitive advantage of a nation and cannot guarantee a sustained industrial growth. The competitive advantage of nations arises from four interlinked factors and activities by companies within or between clusters. Proactive governments influence on these factors complete the picture (Hanson et al, 2011). The factors of competitive advantage of nations include; factor conditions which are defined as the necessary inputs into an industry to allow competition. These include human, physical, knowledge, capital and infrastructure resources. For a competitive nation in these factors mere availability is not enough. Their richness in categorization, deployment and creation and factor disadvantages play a major role (Porter, 1990). Demand factors in the competitive model move beyond market size to encompass the nature of the market, level of sophistication and demand of local buyers and how these local buyers relate to the global trends and markets (Ankli, 1992). Related and supporting industries in the Diamond model mean the presence of such industries locally and who are also competitive internationally. These are important since they provide the vital industries with low-cost, high quality and early access to inputs. They also provide new ideas which fuel innovation (Kogut, 2001). Lastly, firm strategy, structure and rivalry factor which encompasses domestic firm strategy and structure that utilizes the competitive advantage of the national environment, goals that are oriented to the sources of competitive advantage of a nation and domestic rivalry among strong domestic rivals who will be forced to look for new markets elsewhere (Grant, 2001). Outside these factors of competitive advantage of a nation are two important elements. These include; chance which comprise elements outside the firms or sectors control such as wars, demand surges and major technological advancements (Serin & Civan, 2008). Government policy influence the competitive advantage of nations by negatively or positively impacting the four factors of competitive advantage but on itself it cannot construct competitive advantage (Hanson, Hitt, & Hoskisson, 2011). Competitive advantage of Greece The geographical location of Greece at the crossroads of North
Introduction Oligopoly refers to a market that is largely dominated by a small number of suppliers of a given commodity (Vives, 2001). In essence this type of market is a type of a monopoly. By the mere fact that the suppliers are very few, actions of one of the suppliers in the market are largely expected to affect the actions of other suppliers. This also goes hand in hand with the decisions that are taken by the firms in the industry. A concept that is largely embraced by the four major mobile phone providers in the US is strategic planning. The possible responses that T-Mobile and Nextel will take most likely affect the strategic plans that Verizon and AT&T take. It was in the fourth quarter in 2008 that Verizon, AT&T, Sprint Nextel, and T-Mobile combined took a control of about 89% of the American mobile phone market. AT&T buys the cellular phone companies Stackelberg Model is seen where AT&T chooses output before rivals only to be followed. T-Mobile chose to increase prices, other competitors did not react however when it did decrease prices, other firms in the industry followed suit. This is because the other firms have been in much fear of losing the market by maintaining their prices when T-Mobile has lowered the prices. In this then the Stackelberg model of oligopoly is seen. In this model, one company chooses to take a price leadership strategy upon which the other firms follow suit. Collusion in oligopoly In oligopoly, collusion by the firms is common feature (Bergin, 2005). This is especially in terms of the price and the quality to offer to the customers. Just to maintain the profits, a look at the prices of the firms shows that there is not much discrepancy and so the firms need to maintain their profit levels. Verizon and AT&T have particularly engaged in collusion in ensuring that after a price decrease, they instituted more expensive data bundle packages that were unfortunately had to be compulsorily taken up by the customers of the two firms. This involved the customers getting into a deal of purchasing smart phones. This collusion has also been noted in the raising of prices by the cellular firms as well as sharing their market. Just to make sure that the market shares are maintained the oligopolistic firms have a collusion on when and what percentages to increase the prices of their services. This collusion has resulted in more profits for the firms with a retained market share level. Competitiveness of oligopoly Oligopoly is usually characterized by very fierce competition and the American cellular companies have best depicted this. Cut throat competition has been witnessed by T-mobile lowering their prices in the desire to get more customers. Towards this end, the companies have introduced more quality service among them faster access to the internet via the phone, clearer calls by Sprint and a variety of plans that would fit a varied number of clientele. T-mobile has ended up carrying out mass differentiation with over 7 call plans that can be utilized. This though follows Sprint who has over 9 plans that their customers can call other
Introduction The decisions made by the management play a key role in the achievement of organisational goals. As a result, the personality traits and attributes of these professionals impact on the success of the firm. For example, a committed and knowledgeable manager is likely to make decisions that enhance the performance of the entity. On their part, ignorant administrators who have problems interacting with their employees may jeopardise the success of their company (Blair, Hoffman & Helland 2008). Incompetency and narcissism are common attributes among leaders in many organisations. The former describes a person who possesses a grandiose sense of self-importance and entitlement (Rouse n.d). Such managers are obsessed with their personal attributes and may disregard the opinions and inputs of other persons. On its part, incompetency describes a manager who lacks the skills needed to run their organisation. Narcissism is associated with the desire to accumulate power. As such, individuals with these traits are likely to be found in positions of leadership. Narcissistic and incompetent leaders are proud and tend to be rude towards their co-workers (Blair et al. 2008). A number of theoretical frameworks have been formulated to define and promote good management and leadership in contemporary organisations. However, in spite of this, companies still have managers who are narcissistic and incompetent. As such, functional leadership theories are not enough to eliminate narcissism and incompetency among managers in organisations. In this paper, the author addresses this issue critically. The Existence of Narcissistic and Incompetent Managers in Organisations Narcissistic and incompetent administrators are a common aspect of business entities all over the world. Actually, one may argue that the perfectionist attribute of a narcissistic leader may be one of the reasons why successful organisations exist (Blair et al. 2008). Leadership is one of the most important factors associated with competitive advantage in today’s business environment. Regardless of the technological, financial, or operational attributes of a firm, effective management is needed to achieve success. The leaders formulate the strategies to be adopted, together with the people and procedures to implement them (Stein 2013). As such, leadership can be both an asset and a liability to the firm. There are various reasons why narcissistic and incompetent managers are found in companies all over the world. According to Dehaghi (2012), narcissism increases one’s chances of passing through a job interview. The extrovert nature of these individuals means that they are more likely to go past the interview panel than their introvert counterparts. Promotions are related to the output of the worker. The aura of narcissistic persons creates an impression that they are performers, even when this is not the case. As such, they are likely to be promoted to leadership and managerial positions even when they do not have the capabilities to handle such jobs (Demir 2012). As such, the organis
Diabetes mellitus is among the top causes of death in America. Unregulated diabetes may affect related systems such as renal and cardiovascular systems. More than 29 million of the total united states population have diabetes. The cost associated with the management of diabetes is high. In 2012, the cost of diabetes was approximately 245 billion (American Diabetes Association, 2021, p.74). High glucose levels can result in dehydration, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Since it is associated with metabolic derangements, it may cause sensory and peripheral neuropathy, foot ulcers, myocardial infarction, vision loss, and end-stage renal disease. Proper strategies of reducing blood sugar can decrease complications, although drastic lowering can cause harm. There are various ways used to measure blood glucose levels. The most effective way is through glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) which measures the average sugar levels for three months. It was a parameter studied in most clinical trials and showed the benefits of improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes. It is an accurate measure in the management of diabetes. Guidelines have recommended intensification of pharmacological management to achieve a specific target of glycosylated hemoglobin depending on the population (American Diabetes Association, 2021, p.76). The targets should benefit the patients and bring no harm. Management of blood glucose is one of the critical issues in the care of people with diabetes. Glycemic control is done through monitoring of the glycosylated hemoglobin (AC1). There are two main goals of treatment for diabetic patients; regulating the blood sugar level, and second one is to prevent both microvascular and macrovascular associated with diabetes. Blood sugar targets for each individual differ according to the drug they are taking and their condition. For example, a pregnant mother may have a lower blood glucose target. Self-blood monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is also vital in self-management and adjustment of the medications to achieve the target glycemic control. Continuous assessment of blood glucose has played a critical role in the treatment regimen’s effectiveness and safety in patients with T1DM. There is limited data on its effectiveness among T2DM diabetes patients, especially those on intensive insulin regimens (American Diabetes Association, 2021, p.78). According to American Diabetes Association (2021, p.81), Initial testing of HbA1c inform care and treatment of the patients. Moreover, A1C has a solid predictive capacity of complications of diabetes. Thus, the test should be performed in the initial assessment of all the patients with diabetes. The period of measurement, which is three months, defines whether the glycemic aims were achieved and preserved. Clients with type 2 diabetes whose blood glucose is tightly controlled may only need the t
Human multitasking can be described as a characteristic that stands for people being capable of completing more than one task at the same time. Even though it derives from computer-based multitasking, it is different because human contexts tend to switch more often than their digital counterparts. Accordingly, insufficient attention causes humans to lose focus and spend more time instead (Ong & Gupta, 2016). The ability to train to multitask is a relevant research question that is addressed to help humans improve coordination and avoid interruptions. One example of multitasking being a beneficial human capability is the growing flexibility of a person’s approach to the tasks they have to accomplish. For example, when a human is behind the wheel rather often, they quickly learn to pay enough attention to all the traffic signs and sidewalks while also talking to passengers or listening to music (Courage et al., 2015). Another possible advantage is an improved ability to mobilize mental capacities. In line with Ong and Gupta (2016), constant challenges are essential if the person in question wants to achieve outstanding results and maintain their performance. The key reason why multitasking could become a detriment to some people is the growing impact of motivation issues. The more a person gets involved in short-run multitasking, the more they will become demotivated when employing multitasking for lengthy and resource-intensive objectives (Courage et al., 2015). The most evident problem with multitasking is that the quality of one’s work is going to drop crucially over time since one will not have the time to refill energy and motivation. The lower performance will lead to stagnation and poor lifestyle choices, affecting people around the procrastinator. It may be safe enough to say that Ben is not going to succeed when trying to multitask between activities that require him to appeal to the same areas of the brain and persistently reconnect to two diverse discussions. The first reason why multitasking is going to fail is that Ben is going to face a distracted focus and have trouble switching between tasks. He is not a trained individual, so the most prominent outcomes for him would be the loss of time and the inability to follow the track of discussion in both groups. When a person does not switch correctly, they will overlook essential links between important information and cause trouble for the team during the later stages of the project. Another essential problem that will have to be addressed by Ben is his contribution to an unpleasant working atmosphere. As an individual that will have to go back and forth between discussions to learn all the required information, Ben is most likely to affect other people’s ability to focus and
The Prince George’s Community College African American Studies Program hosted a series of conversations, one of which was titled Celebrating While Black: From Juneteenth to Black August. The main speaker was Dr. Karanja Keita Carroll, professor of Black and Latinx culture studies from Baruch College. Dr. Iyelli Ichile, director of the African American Institute, moderated the discussion. The participants discussed the significance of celebrations for black people and what one has to do during events such as Black August. Dr. Karanja Keita Carroll stressed the importance of raising awareness about political prisoners who are still in jail or were at one point in their life (“Celebrating While Black”). He said that remembering the people who fought for freedom in the past, sharing stories with others, and demanding from the government for political prisoners to be released was necessary for everyone celebrating Juneteenth. Another noteworthy thought mentioned in the discussion was that during Black August, people have to focus on improving themselves and follow Malcolm X’s principles of fasting, studying, training, and fighting. An interesting idea concerning the essence of celebration was also proposed, the participants agreed that celebrating meant staying joyous and happy in the fight against oppression and dehumanization. This conversation and the whole series hosted by the Program were a good source for discovering new facets of black people’s celebrations. The discussion was an in-depth account of the true meaning behind Black August and Juneteenth and their role as a continuation of the fight for freedom. Personally, I learned a lot of new information, namely, about particular political prisoners who were often incarcerated based on false charges. I also enjoyed the idea proposed by Dr. Karanja Keita Carroll about pop-culture and visual art serving as entry-points to political conversations (“Celebrating While Black”). For example, movies such as Black Panther can be perfect for making people interested in political and social topics related to the cause of African Americans. Work Cited “Celebrating While Black: From Juneteenth to Black Augustw/ Dr. Karanja Keita Carroll.” YouTube , uploaded by PGCC TV, 2020.