ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Although police officers have the legal authority to use force to induce compliance with the law and order of the land, they are expected to use this force in an acceptable manner. Police officers are trained to ensure that they use their mental judgment to decide the level of force that would be warranted in various scenarios. Despite this training, there have been numerous cases in which police officers have been accused of excessive force and brutality. In this paper, the case of Racin’ Ray, a sheriff deputy, whose actions are seen to be beyond the allowed context that police force is justified is examined. In examining this case, the question of whether the deputy was in compliance with the use of force policy will be examined. The paper will also answer whether the lieutenant who gets knowledge of the pursuit should end it and whether the deputy was justified under the identified circumstances to fire warning shots. The paper will also examine what would have been the deputy’s defense should the car’s occupants lodge a complaint. Last, the paper will examine whether additional policies to guide the police force are needed. Central issues in Racin’ Ray There are several central issues that are involved in the case of Racin’ Ray. The first issue that appears, in this case, is the unauthorized use of excessive force that may endanger innocent members of the public. When Raymond gets out of his patrol unit, fires a warning shot before ascertaining, or acquiring a convincing truth that the occupants of the suspected car were criminals, he uses unwarranted force that may have endangered the public, causing massive panic and further tarnishing the name of the police department. The second issue that emerges in the case is the use of unauthorized weapons such as Raymond’s home pet, and worse still he possesses and uses less-lethal weapons that he secretly carries such as the Taser stun device, which he carries in his patrol car. The last issue that emerges, in this case, is the issue of unofficial bylaws that are not legally binding. Such bylaws can include Raymond’s belief that after eight in the evening, no person should be within the vicinity of his patrol section. Policies That Guide the Concept of Use of the Police Force There are several policies and precedence cases that guide the concept of the use of force in the police force. The US Supreme Court demands that officers use their monopoly to apply force in a manner that is legally acceptable (Kania, 2008). Modley, Halley, and Zandi, (2008), further note that the Supreme Court demands that where an officer thinks it is justifiable to use force; the applied force must be reasonable and objective. In determining what level of force is objective, an officer should be able to determine the severity of the crime in question and whether the officer is in immediate danger. Force is therefore justified in the case which an officer uses it for the purposes of self-defense. While at a state of sound
Many companies are developing the practice of performance management mainly to shape the way employees carry out their daily job responsibilities and complete their daily task. If possible this practice should make employees feel comfortable at the work place however, this has not been the case, many employees are not satisfied especially with the way managers promote goal-directed behaviors in the organization. This has led to a decrease in employee motivation, poor job attitudes and reduced job efforts. This means that the communication between managers and employees in the organization when they were trying to employ performance management did not yield any good results. Many companies are therefore seeking best alternative ways which they can implement and design the practice of performance management in the organization that will ensure that employees are motivated to work extra hard in their daily tasks at the work place. There are some companies that have managed to actively improve the approach used in performance management and they have obtained positive results. An example being Jewelers Mutual Insurance Company (JMI) who has obtained encouraging results ever since the company began to implement new approaches on performance management practice. Initially, the employees in the organization were also dissatisfied with the approach used in goal-setting and feedback to manage their job performance. Jewelers Mutual Insurance Company decided to redesign their efforts to create a program that was more viable and satisfactory for the parties involved. The company began by involving a consultant who interviewed top leaders in Jewelers Mutual Insurance Company (JMI). They also used focus group to get feedback from organization members. The company used an approach that was more inclusive and participative which enabled them to discover their current performance management problems that the company was facing. After identifying where the problem was, they decided to implement the prop
Workshop of bellini: mother and child with st. John: example of the early venetian renaissance and foreshadowing of later renaissance naturalism. The Indianapolis Museum of Art’s European Gallery is displaying a painting by the Venetian workshop of the Early Renaissance painter, Giovanni Bellini, titled Madonna and Child with St. John (Bellini) . It shows an effort to personalize both the mother and the child that is characteristic of the Renaissance. However the background cherubs, wallpaper-style, hearken back to the formal and iconic style of the Medieval Period. Despite these leering faces, [1] the work is a serene and loving portrayal of a mother and her infant, and his cousin. The picture, painted somewhere around 1490, depicts the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, and St. John [2] . All wear simple robes that were the artist’s idea of biblical apparel. The naked infant Jesus sits nearly upright on the mother’s lap, with her pinky finger pointing to his inguinal region [3] . St. John stands to the mother’s right, with hands folded in prayer and adoration. This is all congruent with contemporary iconography, visible elsewhere in the European collection [4] . The faces are believable, although lacking in any imperfections. The body proportions are relatively realistic as well, unlike the elongated figures of the Gothic period. The cherubs are peculiar and so incongruent with the credible mother and child as to seem irrelevant. Those paintings attributed directly to him rather than to his workshop, for example in other collections, show even more individualization of faces (National Gallery of Art). The painting is executed in both tempera and oil on a wooden board. Such boards would have been prepared with animal skin sizing (perhaps clippings from parchment), gesso (compounded from plaster of Paris and glue), and a mix of oil and resin. The paints were compounded of water, eggs, and mineral and other items of questionable toxicity, such as lead (Indianapolis Museum of Art). Bellini began his career working in tempera, but his later work explored the color transparency offered by oils (Brittanica). The mix of these two media must have been challenging given the different drying properties of these two paints. The tempura often results in a brighter set of colors than oil, as is visible in other paintings of the medieval period and the early Renaissance [5] This work shows a careful use of initial drawing to create the detail of the faces , bodies, and draperies (Indianapolis Museum of Art). This is one use of line in this painting: to delineate the forms of the human and cherubic subjects. There is also the line created by the composition of the painting. This consists of a slightly asymmetrical triangle, including the Madonna
Introduction Adam Smith was born in June, 1723, in the port town of Kirkcaldy, the county of Fife, Scotland. His father, also Adam Smith, died several months before the boy was born, and his mother, Margaret Douglas, raised the son alone (Weinstein, n.d.). In 1737, the boy graduated from one of top Scotland’s secondary schools and entered the University of Glasgow on scholarship where he studied under the influential philosopher Francis Hutchenson. In 1740, Adam Smith graduated from the university and attained a prestigious “Snell Exhibition” scholarship to Oxford University’s Balliol College where he studied European literature for six years. In 1746, Smith returned to Kirkcaldy; his reputation was established after he was proposed to read a course of public lectures on rhetoric and jurisprudence in Edinburgh (Weinstein, n.d.). In 1751, Smith was appointed a professor of logic and a later professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University (Adam Smith, The Library of Economics and Liberty). Using an opportunity to travel to France, Smith met with influential people from intellectual circles, in particular, Francois Quesnay and the physiocrats. In 1752, Smith became a member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, though held the position only for several years. In 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments written by Smith was published to attract international attention and win the author the reputation of an intellectual (Weinstein, n.d.). Having resigned from the University of Glasgow, Smith became a private tutor and had more time for writing. Soon he published Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations which was expected to be the first volume of a complete theory of society. Adam Smith never married and died on the 17th of July in 1790. Adam Smith’s School of Thought Adam Smith is held to be the main thinker of classical economics or classical political economy. This is because his main work Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations marked the beginning of a new era in economics. The main idea of classical economics is that markets operate best when they regulate themselves and equilibrium is maintained through market forces. This school of economic thought was active from the 18th to the mid-19th century, and then it was followed by neoclassical economists. Adam Smith was one of the proponents of classical economics who reoriented economics to a broader sphere of national interests instead of the personal interests of a ruler. Contributions to the Field of Economics It should be stated that Adam Smith’s contribution to the tradition of classical economics was highly influential, which explains why he is generally regarded as the father of that school. One of his the most famous works, The Wealth of Nations, discusses market society as a decentralized system where a rational allocation of resources is governed by price (Weinstein, n.d.). Having appeared at the dawn of industrial development of Europe, the work discussed the importance of the principle of division of labor and defending free trade. In Smith’s days, people belie
The Unites States of America is a multiethnic country where people of different races, cultural background, religion , gender identity , ethnicity , sexual orientation , nationality , gender , and disability live within similar social, political, and economical sittings; with the such a community setting, incidences of hate crimes occasionally occur. Hate crime laws commonly known as bias-motivated crimes laws are enacted in the country’s constitution with the mandate of protecting victims and punishing offenders; the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)/FBI and campus security authorities have the mandate of collecting and publishing crime statistics within the country’s boundaries (Jacobs & Kimberly, 1998). Modern era of hate-crime legislations in the United States were enacted from 1968 with federal statute, 18 U.S. 245, coming into force as one of the Civil Rights Acts. This paper looks into elements of crime in the United States, it will evaluate targets and/or victims of hate crimes, main causes of hate crime as well as characteristics of hate crime offenders. Individuals who commit hate crimes may not be differentiated from the rest of the people however when watched closely, they have some characteristics that are similar. Hate crime offenders are people who think or have created the perception that they have been oppressed by the system or the prevailing conditions in their country; they feel that they are suffering because of other people thus when they are coming the hate crimes, they see it as actually reacting to the situation in the effort of making them free (Guinott & Vescio, 2006). Who are some targets and/or victims of hate crimes? Hate crime victims cannot be fully said to be against a certain groups or ethnicity in the United States but they occur to different people regardless of their race, ethnicity, tribe or nationality. When someone is a victim of hate crime, he or has something different than the one committing the crime; incidences that have been proved to be actions of hate crimes proves that the united states has some ethnical and tribal conflicts that when a certain ethnic community, as an individual or community, gets fed up with oppression from the other party, then the resultant is hate crime. According to hate crime statistics of 2009 by the FBI, crimes in the United States amounted to 6604 where among the offended some characteristics were determined or known by the security body; the known number of offenders were approximately 6225. the statistics went further to classify the identified offenders as 62.4% as offenders with a white orientation, 10.2 % were regarded as people whose race, tribe or nationality could no
Introduction Planning for a business is critical towards laying the foundation for success. Thus, it is imperative for a proposed business to have a comprehensive marketing plan that captures the basic ideas and implementation path. Among the elements that should be part and parcel of a business plan include strategic marketing channel and promotion. Besides, the plan should incorporate possible competition and the general business environment level. This analytical paper will explore the above elements as a prerequisite for the successful establishment and sustainability of the Novel PR Company, which is a web content developer. The company targets the business community who depends on the internet to increase online presence. The business will offer excellent online content development services to individual consumers, small and medium businesses, and institutions. Since the company targets to introduce unique web content services, it will not face much competition as most of the businesses in the region do not have affordable specialized web content services. Market Segments Marketing strategy is essential before actualizing projections of a blue print. As a matter of fact, this plan functions on the margins of informed decision making after comprehensive research on viability and sustainability of a product. In order to achieve desired margins in sales and total revenues generated, a proper marketing plan should integrate entry strategy, comparative advantage, and market segmentation since in most cases, there is always a strong competitor or competitors that passing might prove challenging due to existence of consumer perceptions and household names. The targeted market is subdivided into the consumer, small and medium business, and institutions segments. These segments have unique needs that must be addressed by the company in order to ensure business sustainability. Small and Medium Business Segmentation This market captures small food outlets, hotels, motels, a
Columbia Roxx is a sparkling non-alcoholic beverage company that offers refreshing water to consumers. The company is committed to producing high-quality beverages made only of the best ingredients in order to ensure customer satisfaction. Furthermore, Columbia Roxx implements the best practices to act as a responsible corporate citizen, taking into the account not only obligations and ethics existing inside the organization but also those related to social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the community life. First and foremost, the company does its utmost to create appealing jobs for applicants. It ensures decent salaries, career opportunities, and favorable workplace environment, fostering creativity, inspiration, and collaboration. Moreover, all the employees receive numerous financial and non-financial incentives for their excellent performance. Working for Columbia Roxx is a great opportunity for graduates to fulfill their potential. The company’s employees are guaranteed fair and equal treatment free of bias. All disputes at the workplace are resolved by the board of top managers exclusively on the basis of the situation (disregarding the position of the parties in the organization hierarchy). The primary concern of Columbia Roxx is to preserve amicable relationships established between employees and protect their interests in any situation. Non-discrimination policies are in place to guarantee that no worker is prejudiced against because of his/her gender, ethnicity, age, or any other factors. The recruitment policies of the company do not allow denying a job to a female applicant on the assumption that she might take a maternity leave in the nearest future. No limitations can be applied to those who come from minority backgrounds or have other sexual orientations. Neither is it permitted to practice forced retirement if the employee is capable of performing his/her duties regardless of the age. As far as the legislative aspect of the company’s operations is concerned, its practices do not violate any laws of the United States or Columbia, where the major bulk of activities take place. The organization has not been designed as a social venture and does not receive any governmental support. This decision was made on the assumption that the initiative may not be supported by the local population since it will not be advertised enough to attract the public attention. The company realizes the significance of environmental issues and takes measures to reduce the harm done to the environment. First, it opts for recyclable materials for packaging. Moreover, it offers customers to refund money for bottles if they bring them back to supermarkets. As for the use of water, the organization joined the water resource management program widely launched by the Environmental Ministry of Columbia (Clerici et al., 2016). Participation of a number of enterprises in this program allows the country to increase resource availability. Anothe
Developing a Semi-Structured Interview Guide Pre-cession Stage  1. Setting up a relevant setting;  2. Placing recorder and test questions and checking that all tapes are labeled;  3. Checking the functionality of test recorder;  4. Define the places of buying products in case the location is unknown;  5. Set the participants’ consent forms and information sheets; Sessions Introduction Stage  1. Introducing general information about the participants, checking the information sheets;  2. Providing opportunities for the interviewees to ask any questions associated with the research;  3. Explaining the structure and subsequent steps of the interview;  4. My research is dedicated to defining the major utilitarian and hedonic components that guide the participants while buying a specific product. It also explores the elements of symbolic meaning in contrast to behavioral patterns of consumption and attitudinal elements defining the product demand. In addition, cognitive responses with regard to environmental input variables will also be analyzed to highlight the perspectives of hedonic consumption. The Introductory Part of Semi-Structured Interview Guideline The Opening Part  1. To begin with, could you tell me a bit about yourself? I am specifically interested in your habits, lifestyle, and product preferences.  2. What you opinion about a pleasure-oriented approach to consumption?  3. What do you think this notion implies? The Body Part of the Interview Understanding the connection the role of hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of consumption:  1. While buying a product, what goals are you pursuing?  2. What do you think about while buying a particular product?  3. Do you pay attention to the trend mark while choosing a product?  4. Should products be pleasure-oriented?  5. Which one would you choose – an ice cream or oranges for the dessert?  6. What are the major criteria for choosing a common product?  7. What made you buy a specific product?  8. What products and services do your prefer buying for daily use and why? Evaluating the importan
Wage and nonwage issues in bargaining have economic consequences to the employer. However, nonwage issues are of importance to both the employers and the members. The employers and the workers should engage and develop a bargaining agreement considering the specifications of the work and its productivity. Some of the bargaining agreements relating to hours of work, union security, seniority rewards, management rights, and the length of the contract. Significantly, the provision of wages and contracts depends on the work design. Work design involves determining the tasks, duties, and respective responsibilities assigned to a particular worker. The specification of the employees, and in relation to various policies within the organization, relates to the consideration of employees’ welfare. For the case of alternative work schedule, employees would want jobs that are flexible. Flexibility allows for increased skills. In addition, it has a significant effect on the bargaining power on the employees’ wages. Besides, employees would want a job that is flexible because it has job security. In relation to transfers, the employees would want transfers rather than layoffs. Another policy sought by the employees is about overtime. Overtime should be promoted and developed as per the specifications of the employees. As a result, employees would want a contract that specifies the rules for overtime. Employees would wish to have overtime as they are paid well during overtime. On the other hand, employees would want a policy that allows for collective bargaining and work schedules. At this point, employees can collectively bargain for their rights. For example, the employees would want a policy on collective bargaining as it would promote fewer working hours to the unionized workers. As a result, the employees are not in a full-time working schedule. However, the employees are at risk of job loss if the managers are willing to seek services with no contract arrangements. The specifications and the needs of the management or the owner, usually, differ from those of the employees. At times, the demands of the employees are parallel to those of the management or the owner. For instance, the management would wish for a working plan that has a long workday. A long-workday schedule would facilitate increased work done for a given day. On the issue of flexibility, employers are interested in the reduction of different job classifications in order to ensure flexibility. With this respect, the management tries to avoid idleness during maintenance. However, this approach by the management is a disadvantage to the employee as they are at risk of job loss. With respect to overtime policies, the management or the owner experiences loss because over time has been identified to be costly than hiring more emp