ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Six Sigma (6 σ) is a process output quality measurement practice. The benchmark for Six Sigma measurement is 3.4 defects per one million opportunities (DPMO). “An opportunity is defined as a chance for non-conformance, or not meeting the required specifications” (Ferrin). To enhance the process output quality the Six Sigma metric is used in defect reduction effort. Sigma is a statistical term that measures deviation from perfection (Ferrin). Lean is a process of uncovering the defects with special attention to reduce waste. This is achieved by reducing the complexity of SDLC processes with small iterations, well-defined requirements and incremental development (Hallowell). Six Sigma Methods Six Sigma methods used for defect reduction in the SDLC process output are: DMAIC This Six Sigma method is applied to improve existing software. The passage through tollgates between different phases of this method is reviewed by higher Six Sigma authority (Gack).   * Define – Define CTQ attributes and convert them to actionable goals, draw the project charter, draw the process map with inputs and outputs for every SDLC process involved for each CTQ attribute .   * Measure – For every CTQ attribute collect the required data, set the software quality performance improvement goals and calculate the defect variance introduced due to non-conformance of this attribute.   * Analyze – Refine the software capability in order to include quality improvements, the goal set may be included in the current project scope or may require division into multiple short duration goals. The measured data must be segmented to identify patterns that will determine factors (x) for every goal, e.g. if all goals slip the deadline then scheduling or lack of expertise in the team may be identified as factors effecting the quality. The data patterns may suggest that a design factor (x) is to be investigated for quality enhancement. The defect opportunities that have resulted in quality outliers may be treated as special cause. The financial cost of the opportunity is calculated to determine the effect of quality variance on the cost, e.g. Software capability or performance may be degraded due to the defect.   * Improve – A
Introduction The focal point of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the article by Kurt Price and Dean Farley named “ How Does Your Coding Measure Up?: Analyzing Performance Data Gives HIM a Boost in Managing Revenue ” published in the Journal of AHIMA in 2005. It would also analyze the reason Data Quality Managers are becoming leaders within the HIM departments. The article is focused on the aspect of data coding and quality maintenance. This is a very fundamental and essential element of any company or organization. In the case of HIM, it is no different. The authors mentioned, “ Accurate and complete coding ensures that a hospital receives the reimbursement it deserves—full reimbursement that is fully compliant with coding and payment rules “. (Price, 2005) Thus, the entire article is dedicated to the betterment and maintenance of the data storage and the utility of the professionals who are responsible for the sustainability of the system. These are the Data Quality Managers. Data Quality Management Data Quality Management is an integral part of the corporate fraternity these days and that too with reasons. In general sense, it can be mentioned that Data Quality management includes assessment of changes, implement the change, plan, and attainment. Thus, the main aspects of Data Quality management indicate two major points. One is to trace the change intricately and two is to support the procedure of the change and channel it into proper course or utilize this change for the advantage of the corporation. This is where a Data Quality Manager comes into the scene. The authors mentioned in this support, “ Monitoring coding performance data is an important method for improving coding productivity and effectiveness and advancing the HIM role in revenue management. ” (Price, 2005). As a result, it is obvious that the Data Quality management professionals need to address management principles for the proper usage and management of resources and obtaining the complete or maximum utility out of the process. Data management can be advantageous or fatal for an organization. The job of the Data Quality management professionals is to channel the mode of operations towards an advantage scenario. Thus, Data Quality management principles are important and Data Quality Managers should be up to the task. However, it should be stated that the human resource department of any organization is of prime importance in the modern era of marketing and management. Keeping this in mind it could be stated that the management section of the human resource department holds the success of any organization. It is true that machineries are as important for most industries but still, the human elements hold the penultimate key to success. The management principles implemented by organizations in view of human resource management are wide and numerous in accordanc
Introduction A primary dilemma encountered in societies is how to establish correct procedures of societal control, providing security, and enforcing correct standards of order. The law forms the fundamental basis of defining all societal undertakings. Authorities play the role of enforcing the laws that protect individual rights. In addition, the rule of law helps to differentiate dictatorial from egalitarian societies (Scheb, 2008, p.3). Criminal procedures Criminal procedures help to protect suspected criminals from indiscriminate treatment and harassment from law enforcing agents, hence protect suspects’ and defendants’ constitutional rights. All law enforcing agents must follow these procedures from the original encounter with suspects, arrest, investigation, trial, sentencing, and appeal. The law guarantees individual liberties from unwarranted arrests and ransacking. In addition, it guarantees the security of people in any environment, even if suspected (Gales, 2009, Para. 1-4). Scheb further adds that all law-enforcing officers must have a firm basis for conducting searches. In addition, arrestees must permit officers to ransack their property, unless in tricky situations (2008, p.8). Different municipalities and federal governments have varying crime codes. These codes define the conduct of its citizens and law enforcing bodies in combating crime. Failure by the law enforcement agents to follow such procedures may cause loss of evidence, hence hindering justice. To ensure that no evidence is lost, officers should have arrest warrants, unless the officer strongly believes that, the suspect has committed a criminal offense (Legal information institute, 2009, Para. 1-5). A warrant is a document that gives police officers rights to search and apprehend suspects. The fourth amendment as dictated by the Supreme Court never conditions police officers to have warrants during all arrests. However, it guides law enforcement bodies’ conduct; on how and when to conduct searches. In addition, the arrest can be made without a warrant if, a person commits the offense in the presence of a law enforcement officer. An unacceptable arrest does not guarantee fair prosecution. This is because; the use of wrong arrest procedures invalidates some evidence (Criminal procedure, 2009, Para. 1-3). Officer Smith was right when he followed Radley’s car, due to it being not common in that locality. In addition, he applied the correct questioning procedures. This is because he requested Radley to interrogate him, which he went ahead and did. Fundamental rights in criminal procedures include freedom from perverse ransacking, freedom from harsh punishment, a fast trial, rights from jeopardy, conflict with opposing witnesses, and self-blame. In addition, all individuals have the right to have a trial by a jury and get help from counsel (Criminal procedure act, 1977, p. 23-27). By checking Radley’s car without his consent, Officer Smith violated Radley’s rights. Although the officer lacked satisfaction from what Radley had told him, he had no right to check his car without his permission. This is because, although smith found some evidence that
The Impact of Parkinson’s Disease on the Occupational Performance Parkinson’s disease is a complex condition of neurological character. This condition tends to progress insidiously for the patient’s life. The disease is constantly studied and researched by multiple professionals all around the world. To date, the scientists and healthcare providers agree that the complexity of Parkinson’s disease and its effects on the patient’s lives require multidisciplinary and thorough approach (Jansa & Aragon, 2015; NIH, 2016). The main effects of Parkinson’s disease are related to the occupational performance of the affected individuals, namely, in their motor functions and mental capacity (Parkinson’s Disease Health Center, 2016; NIH, 2016). The mechanism of Parkinson’s disease affects the production of dopamine by the substantia nigra and, this tendency occurs due to the death or degeneration of the neurons that are situated in the basal ganglia (Aragon & Kings, 2010). Also, scientists suspect that there are some other processes involved in the occurrence and development of Parkison’s disease. For instance, there is a version that such neurotransmitters and structures as GABA, serotonin, noradrenaline, and glutamate may be affected in the course of the disease; however, the researchers are uncertain and cannot currently provide a detailed explanation of these processes (Aragon & Kings, 2010). The most common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are tremors, rigidity and weakness of muscles, problems with speech, and changes in gait (Parkinson’s Disease Health Center, 2016). Some of these problems can be observed in the daily life of the patient from the case study, Mrs Meredith Duncan, a 74-year old woman who was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease three years ago. Over this time, her condition progressed and started to produce a negative influence on her performance of daily activities. From the patient’s description of her daily activities and the problems she has been experiencing, it is obvious that Mrs Duncan suffers from such effects of Parkinson’s disease as the weakness and rigidity of muscles while bathing. According to the information provided by the patient, her shower is set over her bathtub, and she usually has difficulties lifting her leg over the edge of the tub. An additional effect of muscular weakness is the patient’s inability to use stairs. She lives in a single-storey cottage with one step of 5 centimetres at her front door which she can manage for now. Besides, Mrs Duncan reported changes in her gait. Moreover, the patient has honestly informed her GP that she has been experiencing problems with toileting as occasionally she would fail to get to the toilet in time. This information adds to the patient’s issues with muscle control. Finally, the most recent problem Mrs Duncan is worried about is her mental capacity as she began to have memory blackouts where she would forget actions that used to be performed automatically. The interventions for this condition and its physical impacts on t
Right-brained individuals are considered creative thinkers and have high levels of intuition, while left-brained individuals are expected to be more analytical, paying attention to details and the rules of logic. Even though different functions of the brain, over time, have been cited to be specific to either the left or the right hemisphere, there is little evidence showing that the functioning takes place in only one hemisphere (Riès, Dronkers, & Knight, 2016). With the help of a corpus callosum, the brain connects one hemisphere to another, ensuring significant data exchanges between the two. This means that neuron activation in any of the locations in one brain hemisphere will lead to activity in other regions, including the opposite hemisphere. While damaged or diseased brains can function differently, in well-functioning brains, the notion that one hemisphere works independently from the other, is considered false by researchers (Allen & van der Zwan, 2019). There are no substantial empirical findings suggesting that people use either side of the brain more for thinking, which could lead to peculiar attitudes or tendencies. It is important to note that some people may be stronger in creative thinking, while others are more proficient in analytical thinking, and some can be strong across multiple domains. Although, there are no reasonable grounds to associate any traits, including the tendency to believe false information, with the dominance of one hemisphere over another (Nielsen, Zielinski, Ferguson, Lainhart, & Anderson, 2013). To conclude, there is no scientific evidence can be found to suggest that right-brainers are more likely to accept untrue information compared to those individuals in whom the left hemisphere dominates, which makes the suggestion a myth.
There is an ongoing controversy between the principle of free speech and anti-discrimination rules in society. People tend to believe that the universal freedom of speech allows them to share any views, even if they are generally intolerable. It is essential to recognize that both the freedom of expression and the right not to be discriminated against are important human rights, but hate speech is not. Since academic communication probably implies the most competence and subordination, it needs to establish restrictions and policies regarding discriminatory messages. In a professional or classroom community, the responsibility for a respectful environment outweighs the desire for free speech, so it is fair to condition self-expression on campus. To begin with, the principle of free speech and the need to stop discrimination rules need to reconcile on a global scale. O’Sullivan’s (2019) article comments on this issue and provides an example of the Australian governmental act, which officially forbids any acts of public racial discrimination. Despite initial disapproval, everyone came to the agreement that protecting all members of society is a more important matter than ensuring free speech. Policies like that had to be established since, in the modern world, there are «views that a free society can’t tolerate» (O’Sullivan, 2019, para. 15). Since equality is one of those undeniable principles, rejecting it would be considered not a «mistaken view» but an «intolerably wrong view». Of course, in the ideal scenario, those radical opinions are entirely eliminated from society, but in reality, they still require specific control. Regarding the freedom of expression, although it would be unfair to restrict all the dissenting language, there are some particular concepts that should be regulated. It is safer and easier to make concessions to the free speech principle than compromise social integrity by allowing verbal discrimination. With this conclusion in mind, a classroom rule forbidding disrespectful language is definitely rational. The right to speech freedom and academic freedom should not be mistaken for «the right to bigotry» (O’Sullivan, 2019, para. 22). Educational institutions strive to unite minds, establish an inclusive environment, and not create conflicts. Derogatory messages in classes might lead to continuous arguments that disrupt the learning process, especially if they resort to any kind of physical confrontation. Additionally, it is subordination that makes the basis of academic communication. This principle requires maintaining a respectful attitude to one’s colleagues or mentors and applying competent language; therefore, using any offensive, insulting expressions would be unacceptable in a classroom community. All these points ma
Introduction The Cold War refers to the enduring situation of opinionated divergence, proxy hostilities, and economic rivalry in the period following the Second World War. These hostilities were between the Communist nations, mainly the Soviet Union and its protectorate states and associate, and the authorities of the West-leaning nations, principally the United States and its associates (White, 2000, p. 5). Even if the main protagonists’ armed forces never formally collided directly, they articulated the dispute by way of armed forces alliances, tactical conformist force operations, far-reaching aid to regions and nations reckoned to be susceptible, proxy conflicts, spying, misinformation, conservative and atomic arms races, petitions to nonaligned countries, enmity at games events, and scientific contests like the Space Race. In the face of being associates opposed to the Axis powers, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics differed in relation to opinionated philosophy and the arrangement of the post-conflict world at the same time as taking up majority of Europe. The Soviet Union formed the Eastern Bloc. This was jointly with the nations in the east of Europe. It also took control of some while upholding others as protectorate states. Some of these were afterwards merged as the Warsaw Agreement (1955 – 1991). The United States and its associates on the other hand brought into play suppression of communism as a key tactic, crafting associations such as NATO (Walker, 1981, p. 207). United States financed the Marshall Plan to set up a more swift post-conflict resurgence of Europe, at the same time as the Soviet Union would not allow a majority of Eastern Bloc members take part. To a different place, in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics lent a hand and aided promote communist insurgencies, resisted by a number of Western nations and their regional associates. They tried to push back some of these western foes and came out with mixed effects. In the midst of the nations that the USSR propped up in support of communist uprising was Cuba, which had Fidel Castro as its leader. The nearness of communist Cuba to the United States bore out to be a major battle front of the Cold War. The USSR set several atomic projectiles in Cuba, igniting fiery tension with the Americans and ending up in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, a point in which full-blown atomic war threatened. A number of nations joined NATO and the Warsaw Agreement, while others crafted the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 80s decade, following the Reagan Doctrine, the United States augmented ambassadorial, armed forces, and economic demands on the Soviet Union, at a period when the nation was by then going
Paranoid personality disorder is a way of interpreting other people’s actions as the ones, intentionally causing a threat to the person. This disorder is usually shown by mistrust and suspicion and may lead to people being misunderstood or misinterpreted. It becomes evident in early adulthood where negative thoughts, attitudes and feelings are rejected. The people suffering from this disorder feel mistreated and exploited, thereby failing to interpret good comments and others’ behavior. As a result, they do not accept reality as it is and remain rigid in their way of thinking (Alper 28). This condition is characterized by paranoia, mistrust and uncertainty. Fear harbors hidden motives and wrong intentions rendering the people with paranoid personality to be unable to work with the others. They end up socially withdrawn, detached and hostile. They tend to scan the environment for clues that can prove their prejudicial knowledge as valid. Their minds are preoccupied with looking for some sources of danger and fighting very hard to find any suggestive sign. They hold many grudges and mistrust towards others. People with this disorder show lack of self-sufficiency. Others may develop poor self-image and an inability to incorporate right attitude. In addition, they have a poor sense of humor and are unable to adapt to participation quickly in a group activity. As a rule, they appear cold, rigid and litigious. People with this disorder have poor relationship with the others as they seem odd and eccentric. According to Freeman, “People with paranoid personality disorder doubt being committed , loyal, trustworthy as they believe they may be deceived or used in a wrong way ” (32). Sometimes, they are quite reluctant to confide in the others or fear of revealing some personal information that might be used against them. In addition, they do not easily forgive and tend to harbour a grievance. They are hypersensitive, poorly take criticism and innocently read the remarks. They wrongfully judge their spouses or lovers as being unfaithful. They do not fulfil their role, while trying to handle their desease, and always believe that they are right. In addition to being hostile, they are stubborn and argumentative. Researchers still do not know the exact cause of the paranoid personality disorder. Some argue that it occurs due to biological and psychological factors. It is genetically common in families with psychotic disorders. However, the environment may also have a great influence on its cause. Thus there are biological or psychological causes. They include schizophrenia and delusional disorder. It is more common in men than women. Paranoid personality disorder can be associated with negative childhood experiences and a pure replication of hostile domestic environment. Sometimes, parental influence and rage may foster child insecurity. It is important to note that treatment of paranoid personality disorder is possible unless the patient fears the doctor or becomes suspicious. Earl