ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are several theories that attempt to define human nature. The five views of human nature are the simplistic view, the two-fold view, the three-fold view, the four-fold view, and the five-fold view. The simplistic view conceives human beings as basic biological organisms capable of thought. This sentiment states that, human beings are made up of matter and all functions, thoughts, and capabilities of humans arise out of the basic nature of matter. Biological and medical sciences propagate the perspective that humans are simplistic organisms consisting of matter. The simplistic view contends that humans are simple moving machines capable of producing sound. Another prospect of human nature is the two-fold view. This perspective states that human beings consist of two components – body, and a second component, that is, the mind/soul/spirit. One of the proponents of this two-fold aspect, Plato, believed that the body and soul, even though they elements co-exist, once belonged to different worlds. Plato stated that while the body was mortal, the soul was immortal. Another supporter of the two-fold view, Descartes, believed that, while the body was visible and tangible, the soul was intangible and abstract. The two-fold view promotes the notion of life after death, and the idea of pre-existence and post-existence for the soul. Because the soul is immortal, its existence does not end with the death of the body. The third view of human nature is the three-fold view. This view holds that, humans consist of three components: the body, soul (emotions), and spirit (intuition). The spirit takes pre-eminence amongst the three components, and according to proponents of this view, is capable of detaching from the soul and body of the human being. The soul in this view is emotional while the spirit is intellectual. In all the three views of human nature, the human body, as the conduit for the soul and spirit (in the two-fold and three-fold views), connects the three views. The two-fold and three-fold views build on the simple view of human nature. The simple position of human nature indicates the mortality of humans whose existence on earth is, but a journey that ends in death. The two-fold perspective promotes the concept of immortality, whereby, the human soul continues to exist in an afterlife when the body ceases to exist through death. The three-fold view, on the other hand, while not explicitly advocating for the existence of the soul in another world beyond the physical earth, also detaches the soul and spirit from the physical body of humans. The two-fold view is the view most prevalent in modern American society and is the view that I find most ethical. Many religions in modern day America, f
The establishment of America as the country and the formation of its people as a unified nation took quite some time, as the new comers setting down in various states of the newly discovered continent were coming from different places of Europe and tended to form communities and group up mainly with the people from the same areas. As a result, the nation of America was basically non-existent, instead there was a number of independent communities with their own lifestyles and habits. “American Progress” is the painting created by John Gast in 1872. It depicts the process of unification and homogenization of the American nation through the technological progress, education and imperialistic movements expressed thought the well known Manifest Destiny. “American Progress” by John Gast is a very famous work of art. Ever since it was first created it became a traditional symbol of the American desire to move forward, develop and succeed. Besides, today this painting can also be seen as one of the attributes that started the American national togetherness. The painting is often called an encyclopedia of the American culture and history. It truly contains various signs and images related to different eras and cultures significant for this country. The painting depicts many people. A closer look at them allows the viewer realize that each of the groups of people represents different times. For example, there are several Native Americans, they are followed by a group of the first arrivers that studied the lands of America and explored them. After the explorers there come groups of farmers and settlers. The figure that stands out the most in the painting by John Gast is the woman. She is the very image of the American well known Manifest Destiny. All of the figures of the paintings move westwards. The western part of the composition is dark, it contains indigenous people that are running away from the woman representing progress. Western side fits the traditional stereotype of being wild, it even has a wild bear and a deer as clear proofs of its untamed nature. Mythical West of the nineteenth century is shown as a scary and probably violent place that was in need of enlightenment. In reality the wildness of the Western parts of America was exaggerated. The westward movement served to unify the nation and create new people that were called Americans. Westward movement together with the Manifest Destiny brought togetherness, agreement and the idea of a whole nation to the country that before was inhabited by multiple separate communities. The painting of John Gast is definitely a means of visual propaganda of the American excellence and specialness. Manifest Destiny was overall quite an ignorant idea that was focused on the fact that the movement of the American progress should not stop, but has to head outside of the country and bring light to other “wild” nations just like it does in the painting of John Gast. Manifest Destiny was employed to justify the American imperialist moods an
Ernest Hemingway, short story, “The End of Something”, looks into the life of two young people going through transition, as they witness how the world and people change within over a period of time. The story also explores how those who are going through change desperately stay put and decide to hang on to the present. The “something” in Hemingway’s story takes many forms, from the broken Mill to the fish ‘failure to strike’. All these, with deeper meaning in reference to the main characters, Nick and Marjorie relationship The story opens with “In the old days Hortons Bay was a lumbering town. No one who lived in it was out of the sound of the big saws in the mill by the lake. Then one year there were no more logs to make lumber…….” The mill was the main base for Hortons Bay; it was what kept the town alive, with shops and people engaging in all kinds of activities. In the present though, the mill is no longer working, the small town has been deserted, no activities going on, the place is quiet. In relationship to Nick and Marjorie, Hemingway depicts a relationship that once flourished between these two young people. When nothing seemed to get in their way, but in the present things have changed. Just like the broken mill, the relationship between the two is broken down into pieces. The fishing scene is introduced by the writer to bring out a deeper meaning in relation to Nick and Marjorie. “……..from sandy shallows to twelve feet of dark water. They were trolling on their way to set night lines for rainbow trout” During the fishing, Nick notes the following about the fish “They aren’t striking”. The fish, not striking symbolizes a lack of interest in Nick’s in his relationship with Marjorie. Marjorie’s observation of the fish is that “They’re feeding”, but again Nick responds quickly by “But they won’t strike”. Here, Marjorie is of the opinion that there is still a chance of working things out to make their relationship work, but Nick has completely lost interest in Marjorie. In the hopes that Nick might change his stand, Marjorie does not stop trying to catch the fish, “Marjorie did not reel in until the boat touched the shore” This is symbolic of Marjorie’s failure to face the reality that her relationship with Nick is no more. In the story, Nick learns many things about growing up. He is not afraid to face reality, he knows that he can no longer cling to the past, just like the broken mill, it was no longer worth the effort to cling to his relationship with Marjorie. In reference to the love he shared with Marjorie, Nick says “It isn’t fun anymore. Not any of it.” Nick exemplifies a lot of maturities, he undergoes through transition, he realizes that the present will not be present forever and that for one
Introduction Believers from all around the world are tolerant of the restrictions placed upon their religion by their nations’ policies through the various religions are still in competition with each other. In order to limit the competition between religions, philosophers have sought alternative ways to build cohesion by coming up with a common ground for the world’s religions. This has, in turn, led to efforts that equalize and harmonize the religions, which are seen by many as disparate and incompatible. Such efforts seek to establish an ethical foundation by arguing that global peace can only be achieved through syncretism. In his book, “Living Buddha, Living Christ”, Thich Nhat Hanh states that “when you believe, for example, that yours is the only way for humankind, millions of people might be killed because of that idea” (Hanh, 1995, p. 92). This paper examines Hanh’s arguments concerning Christianity and Buddhism with regard to the attainment of peace. In addition, this paper attempts to scrutinize the philosophy of Hanh according to his book, “Living Buddha, Living Christ”. Thich Nhat Hanh Hanh is a Buddhist monk from Vietnam, though he lives in France. His book, “Living Buddha, Living Christ”, seeks to convince his audience that both Buddha and Jesus can be the spiritual ancestors of humankind. The global appeal of his life and message is due to its ability to consolidate modern concerns and ancient wisdom in a manner that is acceptable to various religions and regions. His religion shrine contains images of both, Buddha and Jesus since he claims that there are many similarities between Buddhists and Christians. Hanh claims that the existing variations between the two religions are artificial since the truth has no boundaries. While Hanh does not propose a theory that unifies all religions, his writings attempt to convince the audience that Jesus’ and Buddha’s teachings are similar. He further claims that Christians who are truly happy become Buddhists at that point, and the same happens for happy Buddhists. In his arguments, Hanh provides his own definition of Christianity in order for the religion to be accommodated in his religious framework. Hanh’s claim “truth has no boundaries” implies that Buddhism is the truth. Hence, Christians are required to interpret Christianity in terms of Buddhism. This conception of the two religions does not reflect the open-mindedness of Hanh, though an evaluation of his approach can only be achieved by understanding his interpretations of the biblical message in his own views (Hanh, 1995). Be still and Know In this chapter, Hanh claims that there is no reason for human beings to spend their entire lifetime tasting one kind of fruit. He uses this argument to show that individuals should seek to identify and
What is the “main action” or “super objective” of the play? The main objective of the play “A Doll’s House” is to advocate for the ability of each individual in making decisions that are not based on the influences of other persons around him or her. This is specifically targeted on the womenfolk not only of the nineteenth century that the play is set but also all the womenfolk who have not been able to make personal decisions. This theme is evident all the all three acts. What is Mrs. Linde’s connection to Mrs. Helmer? Mrs. Linde is Helmer’s old acquaintance who has come from the city in search of an employment opportunity which is not as strenuous as the jobs that she had been doing in the city (11). What is the significance of Mrs. Helmer’s nicknames? Symbolism is used in different ways in the play, one of them being the numerous nicknames by which Mr. Helmer refers to his wife. First, he refers to her as my little lark in the first act. This is an explanation of what he sees her as which is also the title a doll (Act 1).In another instant, he refers to her as a squirrel which is a reference to her little size. To show how much he treasures her he calls her “my richest treasure” (63). What is Mrs. Helmer’s “crime”? As Mrs. Helmer discloses to her friend Linde, she had once borrowed a loan from Mr. Krogstad to save her dying husband and also to sustain the family during a time when her husband was financially disadvantaged. In the process of borrowing the loan, Mrs. Helmer forged her father’s signature. The act of forgery is a crime. How did Mr. Krogstad reveal Mrs. Helmer’s “crime”? Mr. Krogstad discovers Mrs. Helmer’s crime after going through the documents clearly and finding out that the date that Mrs. Helmer’s father purportedly signed the document is actually three days after her father’s death and thus could not have signed the bond (40). Why does Helmer reject any suggestion that he change his mind about firing Krogstad? Mr. Helmer has just been promoted to the position of bank manager. Being fresh in this position he has to secure his reputation in the company which Mr. Krogstad threatens to destroy if not reinstated to his previous position. Thus he opts for reinstating him rather than having a destroyed reputation (67). After Krogstad sends his letter to Helmer, how does Nora prevent her husband from reading it? After discovering that Krogstad had sent her husband the letter informing him of her crime, Mrs. Helmer prevents her husband from reading the mail at least for a time by convincing him to help her in practicing for a dance. Mr. Helmer accepts to spend the whole evening coaching her after she dances so badly. What is the symbolic significance of the dance that Nora has does at the Christmas party? The Tarantella Dance in act two has a lot of symbolism. One, the dance involves exaggerated movement of the petticoat. In this act, Mrs. Helmer is exaggerating her incompetence in the act. Secondly, the dance is as uncertain as to the character of Mrs. Helmer in the whole prose (50). Why does Mrs. Linde dissuade Krogstad from trying to recover his letter before Helmer reads it? Mrs. Linde was initially for the o
Overview Diabetes is a state of glucose intolerance that requires the management of blood glucose. Evidence-based practice has been identified as a means of improving most areas of healthcare services (Fox, 2010). This approach is equally helpful in diabetes care. Abu-Gamar and Wilson (2007) examined evidence-based practice in diabetes care and made several findings. They pointed out that good glycemic control is important in reducing the incidence or severity of complications associated with diabetes. To make this approach more effective, they suggested that patients suffering from diabetes play a vital role in diabetes management. Glycemic control is a major intervention in the management of diabetes. Since diabetes is a state of glucose intolerance, management of the blood glucose level is necessary (Abu-Qamar & Wilson, 2007). The emphasis on patient education (about the importance of glucose management) was made due to the realization that there was poor adherence of diabetic patients to treatments (An & Kim, 2012). An and Kim (2012) stated that over 56% of patients in Korea did not comply with diabetes control norms and glycemic control measures. When the optimal blood glucose level is achieved, several complications related to diabetes are kept at bay. This finding has been supported by those from two main bodies – the UK Prospective Diabetes Study and the Diabetes Control and Complication Trial. Summary Of Finding Evidence suggests that glycemic control is an effective way of managing diabetes in adults. Good glycemic control ensures that the level of glucose in a diabetic patient is maintained at levels similar to that of a non-diabetic one. This way, the development of complications is delayed or eliminated. Pogach and Walder (2004) gave an example of hypertension as one of the complications related to diabetes. There are various ways the level of glucose in the blood can be managed. These include oral anti-diabetic drugs, exercise, adopting a healthy diet, and the use of insulin therapy. Patients with type 1 diabetes require insulin replacement daily. This should mimic the insulin levels in a normal individual (non-diabetic). As for type 2 diabetes, different treatment options should be provided. These include oral medication, exercise, and proper diet. Hailu, Mariam, Belachew, and Birhanu (2012, p. 2) also mentioned the importance of die
One of the greatest women poets ever breathed in the Earth, Sylvia Plath was a class apart in her works, both in poetry and novels. The poem, “Edge” was written by her only before six days of her suicide and it can also be placed in the genre of confessional poetry that she perfected. The signs of melancholy lurk large in the poem and many scholars believe that it even deals with the question of motherhood which she failed to deliver to her kids. The poem “Edge” is from her first collection of poems “Arial”, though it was one of her last composed poems. As it is one of her last composed poems, there are a lot of discussions surrounding the influences of her near imminent death on the sad melancholic tone of the poem and is it is probable that the poem reflects that her wish to live has ceased as she composed the poem. The use of metaphor is one of the most popular discussing points while one talks about her poems. In the following part of our discussion, we will look at the poem. The poem as a part of the confessional poetry is melancholic and the reflective amount of metaphors in the poem is mind-blowing. In the twenty lines of the poem, there are more or less six vivid metaphors and these only point at her range of imaginary artistry. The subject of the poem, the Woman, is compared with a Greek statue, as an example of perfect and supreme beauty. The descriptions of her garments also further reinforce the image. Though she is perfect in the sense of appearance, she is melancholic and sad in the questions of children and all the other aspects of her life. Here in the poem, the woman laments about the dead child, and she does not show any warm affection towards the dead children! This may not be a reference to her children, but here the reader can clearly understand that psychologically while writing the poem, she was on the verge of a mental breakdown where she had nothing left to look forward to. Here, even critics say that the poem reinforces Sylvia’s idea of motherhood as “biological entrapment”. The sense of loss in a woman’s life is one of the recurring themes in her poems and this is clear in this poem. In this poem, she is withdrawing herself from the external World, maybe she is preparing herself to embrace the cold depth of death. The parasitic imagery of her children may be depressing, but we can also sense a notion of fulfillment as well in the poem (lines 6-7) in the idea of having children. We can say that like most of the poems of Sylvia Plath, the poem has melancholy written all over it, but it also still talks of hope, which may be the last and the brightest light in her poems as it was composed just before her suicide. In the final analysis, the poem can be a valuable case study in the psychology of women. The overall qualities of wording, construction, and phrasing of sentences sometimes m
Background The ongoing coronavirus crisis caused a tremendous disturbance to the world and the healthcare system. Inadequate preventive measures led to a surge in the number of infected people and deaths worldwide. Furthermore, the high hospitalization rate and shortage of clinical staff resulted in sleep disturbance among medical personnel. Moreover, many ethical norms were violated by some hospital administrators. Research objectives The first objective of this project was to determine the global insomnia prevalence among clinicians and review the health issues associated with disturbed circadian rhythm. The second objective was to discuss the ethical problems related to hospital staff management during the pandemic. Causes of Increased Workload and Sleep Deprivation among Healthcare Workers Two main reasons for increased hospital workload are poor staff management and incompetent governmental measures for viral spread prevention. For example, 90% of evaluated countries failed to demonstrate timely responses (Ibrahim et al., 2020). Moreover, inadequate management in healthcare institutions resulted in the worsening of the problem. Specifically, poor staff support from hospital administration caused burnout among healthcare workers (Challener et al., 2021). Therefore, it is essential to develop methods for lowering the workload for clinicians to reduce medical errors. Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance among Clinicians during the Pandemic The prevalence of sleep disturbance among clinicians increased significantly during the pandemic. When the coronavirus crisis started, some Chinese hospitals published data about increased insomnia among nursing staff to 39%, as shown on this map (Sagherian et al., 2020). An online survey among American nurses showed that 40% of the participants had mild to moderate insomnia (Sagherian et al., 2020). The global prevalence of sleep disturbance was found to be 43% (Al Maqbali et al., 2021). Insomnia elevated the prevalence of other physical and mental disorders among clinicians. Biological Consequences of Sleep Disturbance Mental and physical well-being determines the job performance of healthcare workers. Chronic insomnia was found to cause abnormal appetite, insulin resistance, weight gain, hypertension, and generalized fatigue (Kim-Godwin et al., 2021). Hospital staff often works long shifts and compensate for the lack of sleep with unhealthy nutrition that damages their health. Ethical and Cultural Issues Some healthcare organizations violated ethical values that affected medical personnel. For example, hospitals lacked enough personal protective equipment for the staff at the beginning of the pandemic (Turale et al., 2020). This situation was an example of a breach of the Code of Ethics that requires providing protection to employees (Turale et al., 2020). Moreover, the inability to provide emotional support to all patients caused depression among clinicians and a loss of trust in hospital leaders (Donkers et al., 2021). The pandemic was disturbing to all countries, but some healthcare organizations failed to provide workplace safety to hospital employees