ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It should be noted that weddings in the United Arab Emirates have always been guided by Islamic laws and values. Nevertheless, some traditional Arab wedding practices and customs associated with this crucial event have significantly changed throughout the years, and some of them have been abandoned. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the traditional wedding in the UAE culture as applied to the olden days and modernity. Comparison A major change that occurred in the way weddings are held at present is the scale of the event. In the olden days, families would traditionally invite people from the neighborhood to share the celebration with them. The residents of the neighborhood participated in preparation for the fest actively and provided their assistance when needed. This way, the entire district could be present at the wedding; however, these days, the tendency has changed, and families prefer inviting only relatives and friends (Hurriez, 2013). Further on, another abandoned tradition is the use of a black goatskin tent under which the event was held. This tradition is no longer observed given the fact that the goatskin tent is indeed expensive. Also, old weddings were quite lengthy and could go on for days. Before the feast, the bride was hidden for 40 days and would see the groom at the conclusion of the ceremony. This custom emphasized the spiritual nature of the Arab wedding and also stressed that the marriage occurred not only between two people but between their families in the first place. Apart from that, it is important to discuss some of the traditional aspects of the ceremony that have been abandoned due to the general internationalization of the population and a certain shift towards Western culture. At a traditional Bedouin wedding, Al-Ayyala would perform music to please the family of the bride, and the al Sheba would be delivered to the wife-to-be (Hurriez, 2013). At the event, men would perform Al Radha or dance altogether (Bristol-Rhys, 2010). At present days, these traditions are rarely observed, and families prefer having a classic Western ceremony during which the bride and the groom exchange rings and the relatives of the two people congratulate them on this significant occasion. Another crucial distinction between the old and contemporary wedding is the fact that men and women may be seated together. In the olden days, it was a tradition for males and females to be arranged to sit separately; however, this rule is easily rejected these d
The central principle of individualism is the sovereignty of the individual, its enduring significance. It leads to the derivative nature of society, which does not have an independent existence outside the totality of individual actions and is a consequence of interactions between people. However, individualism does not mean denying the importance of society or decreasing cooperation between people. There are the consistently individualistic states that have reached such a level of collaboration, social interaction, to which countries with collectivist systems and way of life have never even approached. The adherents of individualism, considering the issue of social cooperation, focus on the need for its voluntary nature, as long as this principle is observed, collaboration in an individualistic society seems not only possible but necessary (Bandinelli & Gandini, 2019). For instance, the individualist, being a self-sufficient person and outside of interaction with other people, nevertheless goes to various forms of social relations, realizing benefits from this kind of action (Bandinelli & Gandini, 2019). In terms of the educational process, the individualistic values ​​of competition and self-reliance are more conducive to improving student achievement and success than collectivist values. Besides, recognition of one’s importance does not mean rejection of contacts with other people, instead, on the contrary, it leads to the qualitative development of relations that are advancing on a fundamentally new basis. Concerning the completed collectivist model of social coordination, cooperation becomes problematic because a normatively binding list of needs and goals is established that blocks the possibility of voluntary interactions. That is, the presence of valuable demands for each individual allows the formation of an infinite number of social ties that would be fundamentally impossible within the framework of collectivism. Individualistic communities are more focused on respect for human rights and the high value of life. Individualistic companies appreciate rationalism, logic, and cognitive consistency. Thus, individualism and collaborative culture are not antagonistic, since cooperation between people is not contrary to human nature. Therefore, the accusations of the theorists of collectivism in the destructive influence of individualism on society seem groundless. Reference Bandinelli, C., & Gandini, A. (2019). Hubs vs networks in the creative economy: Towards a ‘collaborative individualism’. In R. Gill, A. C. Pratt, & T. E. Virani (Eds.), Creative hubs in question. Dynamics of virtual work (pp. 89-110). Palgrave Macmillan.
Abstract Cultural difference is a fact that cannot be assumed in the world today, given the fact that organizations are going national each and everyday. In Saudi Arabia, national culture difference is more pronounced because there is no separation between the state and religion (Bowen 2008). Religion determines what is regarded as acceptable behavior in Saudi Arabia, and also prescribes the kind of business people can engage in because some products are not permitted by the Quran. The effects of the cultural differences to firms especially those in the oil industry is far reaching, and goes from determining the employees a firm can hire to influencing the schedule of work because prayer time has to be observed. On top of that, mode of dressing is regulated by the Islamic laws and depends on the gender of the person thus influencing even the office attire (Long 2005). Studies done earlier have tried to bring out the existing cultural differences, their causes, effects and strategies to deal with them but have failed to be specific. Along with that, data used by most of them has become obsolete. A multi-dimensional research methodology will be used to collect recent data which will be specific to ensure that the research addresses specific problems. The results will be compared with conclusions from initial studies to highlight crucial points and thus draw conclusions which will help current and future players in the drilling industry who want to invest in Saudi Arabia or other countries with similar culture. Introduction For most multinational companies, cultural difference is a fact they have to deal with in their day to day operations given the fact that they operate in different countries which not only have different social orientation, but also varying religious backgrounds (Tehranian and Jeannie 2006). Among the most affected companies are the oil and gas companies which have to produce in one country for example Saudi Arabia and sell to several countries across the world. It is therefore very difficult for any company to venture into international markets without taking into consideration the cultural differences that exist, how the differences will affect performance and how the same could be managed (Sylvie 2003). Questions to be Answered To get an idea of the topic, literature review of existing research is important to help in answering the following questions:  1. What is culture?  2. What national cultural differences exist? And through empirical research:  1. What is the preference of cultural differences in Saudi Arabia?  2. Is there any relationship between national culture differences and productivity?  3. How does the Islamic culture affect organizations? Research Interest Oil and gas c
Introduction Refugees are people who run away from their countries to seek peace in foreign states because of natural or manufactured causes. Natural causes include catastrophes such as floods, plaques and earthquakes while manufactured causes are mainly civil wars and political unrests. These factors make individuals to seek secure places in foreign nations. Australia is one of the worst hit states by the refugee problem mainly because of its strategic position. Most refugees from Middle East and Western Europe find the country to be convenient as far as safety is concerned. Australians on the other side find refugees and asylum seekers to be people who destabilize security and economic growth. This has led to publication of many materials analyzing the situation. Recently, the debate has taken a centre stage in both government and media. Sharon Pickering, Common Sense and Original Deviancy: News Discourse and Asylum Seekers in Australia The writer examines the issues facing refugees and asylum seekers in Australia. Refugees have been referred to as deviants in most instances, especially by the media and politicians. Labeling of refugees as deviants, have led to creation of mandatory detention centers for the new arrivals of unauthorized persons. The courts have offered some challenges to the policy and practices of immigration laws. The laws serve to further limit resort to administrative or judicial review for adverse determination decisions (Pickering 170-171). Australia’s cultural ties with Europe and North America cause the situation. They find Arabic culture to be incompatible with theirs hence making them uncomfortable with refugees. From 1997 to 1999, the administrators had busy time monitoring asylum seekers and refugees in Australia. Immigration and asylum is a federal concern, the political system in place led by Howard’s Liberal Coalition government ruled federally. The agreement was reached where the history of bipartisan (consensus) dominated the government institutions. (Pickering 171) The immigrants are viewed as a threat to national security; the claims have contributed to validation and invocation of repressive state responses. The refugees caught arriving in the state on boats is treated as intruders and they are subjected to harsh punishment by law. Some segments of society suggest that Australian government should set aside a few thousand places in annual refugee intake to be sold to the highest bidders. They further claim that refugees pay crime syndicates to bring them to Australia illegally and to instruct them in the most effective ways of taking advantage of comparatively liberal immigration and welfare programs (Pickering 179). The statuses of genuine refugees are determined by social harmony, national interests and integration rather than the problem causing the refugees to fl
Inferential Statistics and Critique The study under analysis uses inferential statistics. The statistical tool applied to analyze the intervention was a segmented log-linear regression analysis of interrupted time-series data. It implies the division of time series into pretest and posttest components. SPSS 15 version and R version 2.7.1 were used to perform the analysis (Helder, Brug, Looman, van Goudoever, & Kornelisse, 2010). The article does not provide the value of inferential statistics or the degrees of freedom. The statistical significance of p -Values for multiple testing on the completeness of hand rubbing was estimated at the point of less than.01. For the other tests, the statistical significance of p -Values was defined as less than.05. Multilevel analysis was not appropriate for this study since healthcare professionals involved in the experiment were observed more than once, and their characteristics were not included in the dataset. Since ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in observation after log-transformation, it can be concluded that the tests applied in this study were parametric. This type of measure is suitable for research tasks. Moreover, they allow the measurement of variables relevant to the number of groups involved in the experiment and the sample size. The article does not state the hypothesis of this research. Thus, there is no opportunity to evaluate the representation of inferential statistics in connection with the hypothesis. Nevertheless, inferential statistics correspond with the aim of the study, which is “to assess the impact of an educational program on compliance with hand hygiene and its influence on the incidence of nosocomial bloodstream infections in VLBW infants” (Helder et al., 2010, p. 1246). The results of inferential tests are discussed in detail. The discussion is logical and clearly set. It is divided into parts to address every research problem. Pretest and posttest results are compared, and the conclusion about the statistical significance is provided. Moreover, the presentation of results in tables and figures in addition to text contributes to a better understanding of inferential statistics. Thus, the figures provide a detailed presentation of the sample and time series used for the analysis. The tables depict the results of tests, for example, technique and compliance with hand hygiene or clinical characteristics of infants in the pretest and posttest periods (Helder et al., 2010). Data Interpretation and Conclusion Data interpretation is detailed and well-structured. Every aspect of research, such as compliance with and completeness of hand rubbing, hand hygie
Introduction Agreeing on a specific terminology permits establishing a beneficial structure that allows transferring information between people efficiently and with ease. Within medicine, the existence of a pre-created vocabulary may be decisive when it becomes necessary to make a prompt decision regarding patients’ course of treatment. Medical professionals may expect the same effectivity in all aspects of their profession, relying on a fast transfer of information when administering care and using all possible tools to the best of their extent. Therefore, information technology starts playing an essential role in a variety of medical institutions as an instrument that enables this type of productivity and has a considerable effect on patients’ wellbeing. Devising and adhering to a suitable set of terms within health care informatics may become crucial to securing the achieved advantages. Definition of Terms Interoperability and Health information exchange (HIE) are essential terms in health care informatics, recognizing the specifics of which may allow creating more structured and capable health care systems. Terminology is necessary to “support the exchange of clinical data,” which may become an impossible task if professionals overlook the importance of using a uniform language system (Narus, 2018, p. 82). Therefore, acknowledging the relevance of interoperability when attempting the creation of a medical intelligence network and, conversely, setting the exchange of healthcare information as the goal of interoperability permits devising a powerful knowledge system. Interoperability An increase in the variety of programs and hardware used due to more medical institutions integrating information technology into their healthcare process has resulted in the need for an all-platform approach. Researchers may link the failure of numerous initiatives to maintain a steady exchange of patients’ information between professionals with a lack of language and differing “technology architectures” (Vest & Martin, 2016, p. 296). Therefore, one can define interoperable medical information as patient information, pertinent to the healthcare process, which a variety of platforms can recognize, process, and transfer. Interoperability, thus, is the capability of an institutional platform to perceive different material, which may be constructed using many information technology languages. Health Information Ex
The article “The Smurfette Principle” by Katha Pollitt, coins the underlying truth of gender stereotype in the popular culture. She draws her reference from various Children Media literature and finds them to exemplify the impact of media on gender roles. She also points out that almost all television children’s shows (cartoon, movies, and books) contribute to gender stereotyping (Pollitt, 1991). From her children and media review, she observes that female characters play a peripheral role compared to male characters. Pollitt’s work tries to create awareness that the society should not accept what Children Media is promoting about gender stereotypes. She uses her daughter, Sophie, to put her points across. After watching “The Little Mermaid”, and reading “The Cat in the Hat”, Sophie is left disgusted by the peripheral role that female characters play in the media (Pollitt 1991). She concludes by acknowledging that the media is a problem in the society. However, in the contemporary context, most of these materials have changed significantly in order to give women a leading role and avoid bias, chauvinism, and sexism. I agree with Katha Pollitt’s observations that Children Media plays a major role in gender stereotyping. I further agree with her insinuation that the media is a problem. This is premised on the fact that the messages that the Children Media puts across fundamentally lead to anti-social effects. Technology has advanced immensely in the last few decades. Different forms of media such as television shows, advertisements, print media, music, video games, movies, and comic books utilize both male and female characters (Hollis-Sawyer & Lorilene, 2013). According to Ducille (1994), these forms of media exemplify women and girls playing a different role. The most notable roles include the performance of domestic chores, such as laundry and cooking, victims of assault, sex objects, recipient of harassment, love seekers and submissiveness, as well as weaknesses and need for protection. Conversely, these media use action movies to portray men as being aggressive and muscular. The children Media also portrays male characters as bosses and great inventors. It is now twenty years since Katha Pollitt wrote “Smurfette Principle”, and yet the female characters are still portrayed to have minor roles, in both children and adult literature. Today, animated films only include one or in rare occasions two female characters. In current movie reviews, it is common to come across reviewers terming few starred female characters as ‘feisty’. Most of the movies produced nowadays are sexist (Fischer & Bolton-Holz, 2010). For instance, the ‘Bee Movie’ changes the rule of the colony living, by depicting the colony leader to be a male, as opposed to the leader being a queen (female). The hero in this movie is a man. This is a negative sexist action that portrays male as the only leaders. It indicates clearly that the male characters are associated with good roles. I also agree with Katha Pollitt that gender stereotypes are inherent in the society. They cause problems that nee
Common health problems associated with air pollution Indoor and outdoor air pollution causes several common health problems which according to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (2009) are grouped according to the major pollutants. To begin with, carbon monoxide compromises the heart activities hence lethargy and fatigue. It also causes nausea, dizziness, and headaches and in large amounts may even lead to death. Nitrogen dioxide causes nasal and throat irritation and increases the risk of developing respiratory infections. Ozone causes irritation of the respiratory system leading to coughs, chest and throat pains. Particulates cause damage to respiratory tract tissues especially lung tissue leading to lung diseases. Sulfur dioxide is known to make worse existing lung diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Lead on the other hand causes damage to the brain and the nervous system with children being most susceptible (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2009; California Air Resources Board 2007a). From these, it is evident that air pollution has adverse common effects on the respiratory system and to some extent other body parts. Vulnerability of children to pollutants The most common health problems in children associated with air pollution occurs in the respiratory system. This is due to the fact that children’s respiratory system is not fully developed therefore immature. This means that the structures are weak and are prone to damage at the slightest exposure to air pollutants. The children’s health study by the California air resources board reported that children are more vulnerable to effects of air pollutants as they are exposed to more air pollution than adults as they have higher respiratory rates and are normally outdoors (California Air Resources Board 2007b). Other factors may include the underdeveloped immune system in children that is not able to effectively and efficiently fight off the effects of air pollution on the body and large surface area to volume ratio that exposes a large surface area to air pollution. Needs assessment process and the role of Health educator Community needs assessment is a systematic process in which the health educator, the nurse and other health care professionals together with the members of the community determine the health problems & needs of the community & develop plans of action and implement those plans. In this case the needs assessment process will be in relation to air pollution. The first step is exploration which involves mapping out the community with the purpose of obtaining baseline information that help plan for the rest of the assessment process. The second is step is planning for assessment exercise where by the necessary resources are put into place and objective designed, in this case it will be; to assess health impacts of air pollution and how to combat these effects. The third step is recruitment and training of assistants, fourth step is pretesting and reworking of the tool as it helps to