ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The problem of gender inequality is an important issue that requires solutions to promote positive relationships in modern society. Although patriarchal principles have had a tangible influence on the understanding of gender and gender-related interactions in Tunisia and Jordan, the feminist movement has affected the specified states as well. However, due to cultural differences between Tunisia and Jordan, the development of feminist ideas has taken different routes in the target settings. Although in both states emancipation has been restricted to social spheres, the fact that in Jordan, most support comes from external sources makes the struggle for gender equality somewhat more complicated in it rather than in Tunisia. Among the differences in the forms that the feminist movement takes in Tunisia and Jordan, one should mention the economic component. In the Tunisian setting, the importance of economic issues in the feminist movement and their inherent connection to social concerns is underlined as one of its key characteristics. According to Murphy, “There is also a line of argument that asserts the beneficial impact of economic liberation for women” (184). The specified distinctions are of particularly big importance since they introduce the rationale for other social groups to support the feminist movement. Thus, feminists in Tunisia create additional opportunities for arguing their position. In the Jordan setting, the significance of the economic impact that feminism produces on society is underrepresented (Brand 155). Therefore, it is important to explore not only sociocultural but also political and economic obstacles that stand in the way of promoting female liberation. However, the Jordan feminist movement exhibits a significant amount of changes within the administrative environment. For example, numerous organizations such as the General Federation of Jordanian Women and the League of Jordanian Democratic Women (Rand) have been created for supporting women and the feminist movement (Brand 152-153). The specified organizations provide support for women in Jordan, therefore creating a safer environment for them and addressing the instances that involve violations of women’s rights (Murphy 174). Thus, the sources of support for women in Jordan and Tunisia are quite different due to the discrepancies in the administrative issues associated with the feminist movement. The general attitude toward the feminist movement has also been considerably different in Jordan and Tunisia. The specified issue incorporates not only social but also economic concerns. For example, in Tunisia, the threat of a social reaction that may result from a drop in male employment rates is emphasized greatly as a possible threat to the movement (Murphy 172). The observed challenge is not present in the Jordan setting, where the promotion of women’s rights has not yet reached the realm of business and economy (Brand 157). Consequently, both mov
The Harlem Renaissance was one of the pivotal movements that shaped the history of African-Americans in the US. Specifically, African-American arts were reborn during this period, and some of the important contributing figures included Billie Holiday and Gwendolyn Bennett. During this period, distinctive thinking patterns and diverging creativity arose to define philosophical and religious ideals (Bracks & Smith, 2014). Billie Holiday’s inordinate vocal style was unmatched even though she lacked formal music education. On her side, Gwendolyn Bennett’s artistic poetry and writing skills were outstanding, which earned her the title – “the true Renaissance woman”. This analysis will highlight historical backgrounds, struggles, triumphs of both Billie Holiday and Gwendolyn Bennett, and their impact on the movement and legacy of the Harlem Renaissance. Billie Holiday Born Eleanora Fagan on April 7, 1915, to unmarried teenage parents, Billie Holiday experienced a turbulent childhood. Her father, Clarence Holiday, abandoned the family shortly after she was born. Her mother, Julia Fagan, had to work as a maid, and thus Billie was brought up by Martha Miller, her half-sister’s mother-in-law (Rohan, 2016). At age eleven, she quit school before being placed under protective custody in 1926, as a state witness, after an attempted rape ordeal. By 1929, aged fourteen years, she was a prostitute in Harlem, where she was arrested, alongside her mother, for advancing this social vice. To escape prostitution, Billie started singing in nightclubs where John Hammond, a record producer, discovered her in 1933 (Rohan, 2016). In November the same year, Billie made her debut recording with the Benny Goodman Band, and her career in music started and progressed unprecedentedly. America’s attitude played a significant role in the musical career development of Billie Holiday. For instance, the song, Strange Fruit , was one of the influential pieces that popularized Billie. The song was a sorrowful cry for Civil Rights, especially against the wanton lynching of blacks in the South. Additionally, some whites were curiously interested in the “primitive culture” of African Americans. Therefore, they became fond of Billie’s works in their quest to understand primitivism. Ultimately, these attitudes contributed to the rise of Billie’s music career. Billie hugely influenced the movement and development of the Harlem Renaissance. First, she defied the racial barriers and became one of the pioneer black women to work with a white orchestra. Additionally, she co-wrote numerous hits including Lady Sings the Blues and Don’t Explain among others, which became jazz standards at the time (Rohan, 2016). However, her signature song, Strange Fruit, is the most striking el
Drug and alcohol use among adolescents in the United States tends to increase, and the lack of monitoring the adolescents’ behaviors by parents and teachers can lead to developing this tendency in the future. Much attention should be paid to identifying predicting factors in order to avoid impacts on adolescents’ well-being, health, academic performance, and social interactions. The results of the studies mentioned by McWhirter and the group of researchers in their work indicate that a range of factors related to the family, peer relations, and individual characteristics can be discussed as helpful to predict substance and alcohol use (McWhirter, McWhirter, McWhirter, & McWhirter, 2013, p. 173). In this context, it is important to discuss predicting factors, focus on the role of the family, peers, and individual features to influence substance use, concentrate on the legal and ethical aspects, and to determine connections between stated risks and youth’s development. Variables Related to Drug and Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents Family-Related Characteristics Parents play the key role in predicting the abuse of drugs and alcohol in adolescents, but the problem is in the fact that there are also specific family factors associated with adolescents’ use of substances. The first factor is the approach used by parents to interact with their children. The research shows that the authoritative parents’ behavior and the associated pressure within the family can be discussed as a factor to cause the alcohol and substance use in adolescents as a form of protest (McWhirter et al., 2013, p. 174). The second factor is the absence of the parents’ monitoring within the family. Adolescents need the constant monitoring and support in their families, and the lack of attention leads to developing harmful behaviors in young people (McWhirter et al., 2013, p. 177). If adolescents feel lonely in their families because they do not feel the parents’ support, love, and attention, the threat of risky behaviors increases. Peer-Related Characteristics Research demonstrates that two basic variables associated with the adolescents’ use of alcohol and drugs are provision of the information about drugs and provision of actual substances as well as the peer pressure (McWhirter et al., 2013, p. 178). When adolescents receive the information about alcohol and drugs from their peers, their attitudes to this information can be often discussed as positive (Clinton, Clark, & Straub, 2010, p. 121). The peer influence is one of the strongest indicators related to drug and alcohol use in adolescents. Providing alcohol and drugs, peers create the first experience for other adolescents while affecting the attitude towards these substances (Hannigan & Delaney-Black, 2012, p. 890). The other important factor is peer pressure. When adolescents reject provided substances or act against the peer group’s rules, they become isolated or oppressed (Hannigan & Delaney-Black, 2012, p. 890). As a result, the use of alcohol and substances is often a kind of avoiding the peer pressure. Individual Characteristics In s
This case is about issues Grupo Modelo faced as a result of rapid globalization and changes in the corporate landscape. Modelo partnered with Exports Brands International and Nippon Spirits to export its Corona beer to Japan. After several decades of profitable collaboration, Modelo and EBI/NS are on the verge of significant changes. Entry options to markets used to be limited, but high competition and partnerships with other world-scale brewers provide opportunities that were not available previously. This situation will prove to be challenging to EBI/NS because Modelo will be shifting its focus from Japan to Asia/Pacific as a whole. Word (99) EBI specifically concentrates on exporting foods and beverages to Japan, which made the company a suitable partner when Modelo first started exporting to Japan. Also, EBI has partners like Nippon Spirits that occupy leading positions in alcohol beverage distribution. Today, however, Modelo is not only a brewing company but also a distributor and has access to Anheuser Busch’s resources, including distribution and marketing capabilities. Modelo’s short-term goals include keeping sales in Japan on a steady level. More specifically, rising competition is of considerable concern to Modelo because the Japanese population is turning to cheaper brands or unique experiences. EBI and NS also have the same goals because profit will be lost if Corona loses the competition. Modelo, however, wants to shift focus to the Asia/Pacific region as a whole in the long run rather than concentrating solely on the Japanese market. This objective may force Modelo to make changes to its operations, potentially ending the partnership with EBI and NS. The reason is that, at its current state, EBI does not offer capabilities that will allow Modelo to expand to other markets, specifically Asia/Pacific as a whole. These long-term goals do not align with the aspirations of EBI and NS that wish to stay exclusive importers of Corona to Japan. The key lesson that can be learned from Modelo/EBI/NS partnership is that no collaboration is going to exist forever due to changing markets and corporate landscapes, and companies should always consider future options to stay competitive and profitable. For instance, the reason behind Anheuser Busch’s purchase of half of Modelo might be the company’s desire to expand to the Mexican market, where Modelo has been a sole leader. AB could have started everything from scratch but chose a more viable and faster option. If EBI wants to continue its collaboration with Modelo and remain its export management company, it should offer them competencies not available to Modelo and Anheuser Busch. EBI will have to gain a competitive advantage over Modelo and AB in terms of marketing. One option is to start building partnerships with Asia/Pacific wholesalers and developing a marketing strategy that can be offered to Modelo. However, it is ver
There are people whose efforts and creative thinking made a great contribution to the progress of the manufacturing industry. The land of the rising sun gave us Shigeo Shingo’s outstanding talent for mathematical problem-solving and managing processes. He was born in Saga in 1909 and his life was quite long and fruitful. Shingo passed away almost thirty years ago but his ideas keep living and developing as they became a significant part of the lean production approach. His contribution was so great that Utah State University started giving an annual Shingo Award to the companies and individuals who placed themselves on record in the manufacturing field (Hamilton, 2016). Many engineers and performance enhancers believe this award to be as honorary as the Nobel Prize. The main point of Shingo’s hard work during his entire life was searching the ways to increase the efficiency of quality control and to decrease the percent of pre-consumer waste. He started his way as an engineering genius when he was working in Taipei Railway Company and designing a project aimed at reducing the cost of manufacturing operations and saving resources. A few years later, developing new methods of quality control became the primary idea of his field of interest. To research the very substance of the issue, he conducted a thorough analysis of the pros and contras of quality control processes in a few hundred companies (Ciarniene & Vienazindiene, 2013). By the end of the 1950s, he became known as a talented engineer due to his work on JIT (Just In Time) concept. This concept was designed to provide strict control of managing such resources as semi-finished products and time in order to have no need in safety stocks and improve the organization of the manufacturing process on all levels. This system requires keeping the workplace in order, small-lot manufacturing, comprehensive quality control, and working in smaller groups. It is widely used by leading producing countries as it has shown great results (Shenoy, 2016). Shingo also worked for Toyota and Mitsubishi corporations helping them to obtain significant results in reducing the time of essential manufacturing operations. He managed to put all his knowledge into practice, developing the new concept of quality control named ‘Defects=0’. This approach was successfully incorporated in many companies’ working processes and the result was amazing as it really became possible to produce zero defect products due to that (Wang, 2013). Since that period, many giant corporations have started to apply Shingo’s inventions and this worldwide popularity is the best marker of their efficiency. Besides his engineering practice, Shingo also focused on working as a management advisor for famous automotive production companies that became able to gain a royal profit with help of his knowledge and experience. There is another concept that is believed to be one of
Poland’s smoking culture had an enduring nature and was a reminder from its time as a communist nation. Per Kinder (2004), the nation’s status as one of Europe’s largest tobacco producers and the overall increase in smoking across the developing nations of Central and Eastern Europe caused its massive tobacco consumption issues. However, Jassem et al. (2014) note that in 1995, the government passed smoking hazard awareness measures along with a ban on smoking in hospitals and enclosed areas. Supplemented with this improved education, health campaigns succeeded in convincing the polish people to smoke less. Poland’s smoking issue was largely a cultural and political issue caused by its communist government. Kinder (2004) notes that, valuing tobacco as a source of revenue, Polish authorities did not disclose the risks of smoking and frequently chose not to enforce regulations. Moreover, after the country’s democratic regime change, foreign products became available, carrying a large novelty value for the Poles. Seeing new and exotic cigarette brands and still unaware of the dangers of smoking, the nation’s people increased their tobacco consumption, encouraged by the newly privatized industry. The issue remained unresolved until the government adopted WHO-approved measures in 1995. In my practice, I try to learn about different cultures with which I interact and use this knowledge to ensure that they are comfortable. With that said, it is sometimes challenging to deal with people who do not speak English, as I struggle to establish an understanding wi
Personal jurisdiction stands for the court’s authority over individuals to a court case. If a court has personal jurisdiction over a party to a lawsuit, it can pass judgments that affect the person directly. Otherwise, the court can only exercise its powers to a level that the state powers give it. In other terms, personal jurisdiction refers to the capacity of the court to pass a verdict against an individual over a particular dispute. Personal jurisdiction allows courts to make judgment even if one of the parties affected by the judgment does not reside in the state or is absent during the judgment. According to Nebraska Long-arm Statute, any court in the state has the right to exercise personal jurisdiction over any person who directly, or through the help of agents, carries out any business transaction in the state. For personal jurisdiction to hold, the defendant has to be ‘really at home.’ Personal jurisdiction can only be applicable if an individual has direct contacts with the state where an action is filed. Software.com does not have direct contact with Nebraska. The company does not have any subsidiary in the state and only sells its products in Nebraska through the internet. Consequently, it is hard for Nebraska courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over Software.com. Products from a company in a different state may reach a different jurisdiction in the process of trading. Nevertheless, this does not imply that the respective company has minimum contact with that jurisdiction. The same case applies to Software.com. The fact that its products reach the Nebraska state does not mean that the company has minimum contact with the state. Consequently, it is hard for the courts in the state to exercise personal jurisdiction over the company.
The costs of education have continued to escalate over the last few decades, thereby making it harder for students, especially those from not so well do families, to attend institutes of higher education. While student loans do attempt to ensure that deserving students do get a chance at achieving their educational goals, they have the downside of tying up the student in loans that need servicing later in life. Scholarships offer the best means for financing one’s education since one is not required to repay them later. How institutes go about awarding scholarships differs, but there are some traditional common factors. The academic capability of the student is one of the traditional awarding measures that continue to be heavily utilized to date. Decisions based on the academic performance of students aim to attract the brightest students who are deemed as having the potential to make the biggest impact in research areas and other knowledge-based areas. Decisions also give priority to students from low-income families who have difficulty in financing their education. These two factors have traditionally been the basis of most scholarship awards. However, it is in my opinion that there is additional information that has up to this point being ignored but should play a role in the scholarship awarding. No doubt, we all have various personal experiences that forever affect our abilities. These experiences should be taken into consideration since they demonstrate some traits that only real-life experiences can reveal. For example, if a student is involved in a tragic accident that renders them disabled and probably leads to the death of their close friends, the incident will affect his performance. The academic performance of the student might suffer from this, but if they demonstrate resilience and a positive outlook despite this, the qualities should be used in awarding them a scholarship. People of various upbringings bear different responsibilities. Scholarship awarding decisions fail to consider the type of responsibilities that are placed on a particular student. Some students have to take up the role of adults at very early periods in their lives due to the lack of one parent or the presence of irresponsible parents or guardians. The pressures these students are forced to bear at early stages in their lives should stand them in good stead in consideration for scholarships. While there is an overemphasis on the academic performance and in particular grades attained, this is in no way a complete picture of an all-rounded student. As such, other exceptional achievements and special talents should also be considered. Profic
Introduction Peer pressure is commonly perceived as an action that influences the adolescents. To some extent, this phenomenon is true since many people are exposed to unbecoming behaviors at the adolescent level of development. For that reason, negative peer influence is an existing force that leads to observable effects in an individual’s unfriendly actions, choices, dressing, values, languages, and leisure activities among others. This research paper examines the effects of negative peer pressure on adolescents. The essay was guided by the following hypothesis.   * H1: Negative peer influence is a predictor of behaviors such as the use of drugs, low self-esteem, and eating disorders amongst the adolescents. Literature Review Contributing Factors to Negative Peer Influence There is a growing concern about the negative peer influence on many adolescents. Several aspects including being passive in the peer structure have been directly or indirectly linked to the negative influence on children during their adolescent stage of development. Most students behave in a manner that is consistent with their affiliate groups. Other problems include favoritism towards a group of students. Favoritism is