ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Walt Whitman’s “I sing the body electrica” initially appeared without a title. Whitman’s poem belongs to the American epic genre that contributed to the shift from transcendentalism towards realism, but both views have been incorporated in this poem. For instance, Whitman views the body and soul as the same and sacred (transcendentalism) and celebrates the nature of the body “in its natural state” rather than using a “romanticized depiction” (realism). The poem was set to celebrate the nature of the human body. For instance, in the initial publication, the first line of the first stanza was “the bodies of men and women surprise me”. In the initial edition, Whitman changed the first line to “the poem of the body”, making it known that the intention was to appreciate the nature of the human body. In addition, a number of critics have argued that the poem lacks the in-depth characteristics of the Whitman’s works. Moreover, critics have argued that the final section of the poem does not show a relationship with the other sections that celebrate the body of humans. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the poem provides evidence of the late American Exceptionalism of the late 19 th century. In stanza 2, Whitman records his delight, but says that the word “delight” is a weak term because it cannot fully describe his pleasure of being alive. He states that the word cannot fully describe the qualities of the human body. He states that the human body is sacred in the line “if anything is sacred, then the body of men and women is scared”. In addition, he seems to criticize the common belief that the soul and the body are separate entities. For instance, in section 1, the poet questions the agreement about the soul in his question “what is the soul if not the body?” Whitman uses the human body as an image of creation according to religion. In this section, the poet thinks that the body portrays the special aspects of creation. The body signifies the wonders of creation as depicted in religion. Whitman seems to acknowledge that most people have many doubts about the nature and characteristic of the human body. In his argument, Whitman seems to argue that the common Christian belief that the body and the soul are separate is wrong. For instance, Christians believe that the body is the seat or home of the corrupt nature that destroys the soul. Whitman responds to the people who had doubted the nature of the body. In the first stanza, Whitman shows a happy mood in appreciating the nature of the human body. In addition, the title “I sing the body electrica” signifies a mood of celebration. In the second stanza of the poem, Whitman asks his audience to consider the perfection of the human body. He develops stream images of the body, developing a sensual desire of humans and creation. Whitman writes, “The swimmer is naked in the swimming bath… the embrace of resistance and love… of two little male wrestlers with masculine muscles”. In this case, Whitman see
Comp Tech is a US-based company that operates in the IT industry. The company was founded ten years ago, and currently, it is headquartered in San Jose, California ( Comp Tech: About the company , 2016). It is important to note that representatives and distributors of the company are located in more than three states of the country. Comp Tech’s mission is to provide the efficient IT solutions for clients and develop the high-quality systems and software in order to address the clients’ needs ( Comp Tech: About the company , 2016). From this point, the company proposes such types of products as the software developed for customers to meet their interests and address their particular needs, database systems, networking systems and solutions, and data management and security systems among other services ( Comp Tech: About the company , 2016). The company also provides clients with the necessary hardware, and it guarantees the installation and monitoring of the quality. Thus, Comp Tech works to ensure that clients use the advanced IT systems, and their data exchange and communication are protected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible foreign markets for this company with the focus on comparing the market research tools. The Market Research Data Base The preliminary research on the possibilities for Comp Tech to expand to new markets indicates that Singapore is a good choice for this company because the IT market actively develops in the selected country. However, the further research also demonstrates that the Chinese market is one of the largest IT markets in the world, and the provision of more opportunities for Comp Tech to enter this market is important in order to contribute to the company’s development as an industry leader. It is important to note that in 2010, the total size of the import and export related to the computer industry in China was about $55 billion, and these numb
Thesis Morals in a layman’s language are good ethics with which people adhere to either publicly or privately. Morals do show a discrepancy from one culture to another; however, they do echo good virtues overall. Both Faerie Queene Book II and In Cold Blood are good representations of morality for good virtues as well as the total opposite of it, immorality for sin. In cold blood by Truman Capote In cold blood is a book that looks at an atrocious murder of a rich farmer, Herbert Clutter along with his wife and two children in Holcomb Kansas in 1959. After the murders, the killers got arrested, tried and eventually executed. Capote interrogated local residents as well as the investigators who handled the case for all the relevant information that led to the creation of In cold blood. In cold blood, Mr. Clutter’s public eminence is one example that represents religious, social as well as financial morality. The fact that he was appointed to be in charge of the eight-hundred-thousand dollar Methodist church building committee is one hell of a responsibility that calls for good morals to be able to handle it effectively. To be trusted with large sums of money for a church project best represents religious as well as financial morality. Apart from being in charge of the building committee for the church, Mr. Clutter was also once a member of the Federal Farm Credit Board. Such positions are only reserved for people with good social, religious, legal as well as financial morals in the community. The other aspect of morality is the close-knit family of Mr. Clutter and the great children that are upright in character and adored by the locals. The thanksgiving dinner for the family reunion is also one case in point that represents religious as well as social morals for the Clutter family (Capote, p. 5). Mr. Clutter’s interaction with his servants does represent good social morality especially in today’s world where masters simply give orders and expect results. But on his part, Mr. Clutter, much as he is the employer, he is a team player who works alongside his employees. When it concerned the well-being of his children, Mr. Clutter was strict but reasonable. A case in point is when his daughter Nancy came back late from a late-night show, Mr. Clutter was more concerned about the boy who dropped her home instead of her lateness. He cautioned her daughter about her boyfriend who was catholic while the Clutters were Methodists which according to him was a mere waste of time since the two will never get married due to their religious differences. This represents social as well as sexual morality (Capote). With a sick wife and a housekeeper coming in on weekdays only, Mr. Clutter learns how to cook despite having enough money to hire household help. Along with his young daughter they handled the cooking quite effectively. Apart from cooking regular meals in his house, Mr. Clutter was quite good at baking bread. As a matter of fa
Introduction Public affairs are all those issues that affect human life and are controlled by the state and the electorate. “Citizens have a significant role in determining their affairs through referendums, elections and demonstrations” (McCluskey 2). This gives the community power to choose what they want in terms of controversial issues like legislation and amendments of bills. This paper examines the reasons why most of them have skewed perceptions about public affairs and how to manage this problem. Ignorance has continued to affect most Americans even though the state claims that everybody should have the right to attend public primary schools. Even though, some Americans are well-educated and have very good careers they little knowledge regarding public issues that affect their daily lives. It is necessary to explain that this society is exposed to many sources of information, but it is ignorant about what happens around them. Therefore, this population continues to be in the dark despite the many channels of getting information about current trends in politics, economy, religion and other world affairs. Even though, televisions play a vital role of informing the public about national issues, some broadcasting houses have subjective perceptions about some issues. Therefore, they fail to give the public accurate information about issues they do not support. Secondly, most people are negligent, and this makes them not to take their time or energy to know what is happening in their country. “The American population is always busy on other issues like careers and education, and forgets that it needs to know its world” (Romano 1). This means that even graduates cannot name their senators or governors since they do not see the importance of knowing them. They are focused on issues that affect their daily lives like food and fuel prices and pay little attention to the factors that affect these issues like policies that regulate the prices of food commodities. They always wish that the government should reduce prices of fuel, yet they fail to understand that the countries that supply these products are in political turmoil. Learning institutions have played a significant role in educating learners about various historical and public issues, but these are always aimed at passing examinations only. Thirdly, Barbara Tuchman explains that most Americans are rigid in terms of understanding various issues in their country. “This means that they have fixed perceptions that cannot be changed regardless of the reasons for or against their appropriateness” (Robinson 1). For instance, most Americans do not know the role of different arms of government and expect the presiden
Today, more than ever before, there exist a multiplicity of theories and conceptual frameworks aimed at explaining human development. The broad area of human development has received keen interest from psychologists, sociologists, educationists and other theorists over the last couple of millennia due to its huge importance in understanding developmental phases, viewed as critical in assisting the individual to adapt and learn in the prevailing environmental conditions (Lave & Wenger, 1991). B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory is among the learning theories that have been continually used in a wide allay of disciplines in the hope of understanding how learning takes place. It is the purpose of this essay to critically evaluate how this theory can be of relevance to the professional practice of instructional development. In summary, Skinner strongly believed that the essence of human learning and development is tied to the continued acquirement of new sets of behavior. According to the psychologist, the learned behaviors are inarguably controlled by external stimuli in the form of reinforcers and punishers. The basic idea is that the learning process in individuals is a function of change in overt behavior (Boeree, 2006). In their daily interactions, individuals encounter a particular kind of stimulus known as the reinforcer. The theory posits that this particular stimulus has the capacity to increase a certain pattern of behavior occurring just before the individual meets the reinforcer. The above is what Skinner referred to as operant conditioning. According to the psychologist, the behavior is always pursued by a consequence which incessantly modifies the individual’s inclination to repeat the behavior in the future depending on the nature of the consequence (Boeree, 2006). In other words, the individual is conditioned to respond in a distinctive way if the stimulus-response relationship or pattern is reinforced through rewards or restricted through punishments. In the light of this, reinforcement of behavior is the key element in Skinner’s operant conditioning theory. A reinforcer should be viewed as anything that galvanizes the desired behavior such as verbal praise, feelings of satisfaction or good performance in school. A negative reinforcer is any form of stimulus that results in enhanced occurrence of a response or reaction when such a stimulus is withdrawn (Tauber, 1988). Skinner’s operant conditioning theory has been extensively applied in various facets of professional practice, including clinical settings, teaching, and instructional development. For instance, the theory has far-reaching implications in the professional practice of instructional development, also known as programmed instruction development. In its application, educators generally stress that classroom practice should assume the form of question – answer framework so as to adequately expose the students to the subject under study in measured steps (Ormrod, 2002). As such, the question represents the stimulus while the answer represents the response. To effectively utilize the theory in classroom set
During the World War I, most of the powers that were defeated faced myriad political, economical and social challenges (Lewis & Greer, 2004). It is against this reason that extremists from Europe posed threats to revolt for their defeat. This led to rise of totalitarianism in the western world specifically in Europe. In 1918- 1939, among the nations that embarked on totalitarianism included USA, France, Germany, Soviet Union and Britain. Additionally, the world experienced a holocaust due to rise of anti-Semitism in the western world. Technological advances applied by the axis and allied powers led to devastating impacts in Europe and other parts of the world. Several efforts were made by the end of the World War II to prevent possibility of any future war. For instance, the formation of United Nations (UN) was mainly spearheaded by the need to maintain world peace and security after gross failure by the League of Nations. The key mandate of United Nations Organization was to promote political, economical and social stability in the world (Lewis & Greer, 2004). Political changes and the emergence of totalitarianism in 1918 – 1939 This period is well known as the inter war period since it ranges from the time the first world War ended to the beginning of the second world War (Kishlansky, Geary & O’Brien, 2008). The European nations were in the process of recovering from the after math of the First World War. In 1929, there was Great Depression that jeopardized economical and political stability of most European nations (Marty, 2007). This paved way for the rise of Nazism that made German to rise as a super power. Additionally, other world depressions gave way for countries like Japan to be assertive and powerful (Bernanke, 2000). International order was experiencing a radical change in terms of power balance among the dominant nations. This led to development of an institution that could bring stability and maintain peace (Kishlansky, Geary & O’Brien, 2008). Nevertheless, the League of Nation was formulated to promote world peace and sec
Democracy as a predominant tendency in governmental systems nowadays has gone through a long course of history, securing itself in multiple principles laid out in various official acts. Among the keystones of the democratic system one cannot overlook the principles of majority rule and minority rights which are tightly interwoven with one another forming the basis of any democratic society. In the simplest meaning democracy could be described as the principle of majority rule which in more specific terms constitutes “a means for organizing government and deciding public issues; it is not another road to oppression” (Majority Rule, Minority Rights, 2008). Careful reading of this definition triggers a consideration that there should be more than simply a majority ruling the state, otherwise the governing system would become one-sided and unfair to those who are outside the majority. Therefore, a second principle was introduced in order to add some balance to the state, and it is the principle of minority rights which presupposes that whatever the ethnic, religious, geographic, social, political or other background of people is, their basic human rights and fundamental freedoms would be nevertheless protected by the government following the policy of tolerance, and willingness to compromise. The two major democratic principles are closely interrelated and the parties involved into them can actually change places from time to time: the minority has the right to become the majority, thus the latter becomes minority in its turn according to the same rules which brought it to the position of the majority. The Constitution of the United States of America stipulates the principles under discussion in several of its articles. The first and foremost example of their incorporation into the Constitution is the existence of three branches of government — legislative, executive and judicial (articles I, II, III). — with each of them being controlled by different bodies Such division helps to avoid the so-called “tyranny of the majority”, providing a system of checks and balances within the government. Another example of majority rule presented in the Constitution can be viewed in the Twelfth Amendment to Article II, Section 2: “The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed”. The candidate supported by the biggest number of voters shall represent their interests further on. Furthermore, according to the same source, not only should the President ha
Introduction The word democracy is famous in the world today. It is used to describe a form of government that allows equal opportunities to all its citizens. Also, it is used to influence the policies and laws of a nation. In such administrations, people who meet certain standards are free to convey their views. As Abraham Lincoln once said, “democracy is a government of the public, this government works for the citizens and it is administrated by citizens”. In America, democracy is demonstrated in the exercise of democratic procedures such as voting for the president or members of congress. Before any democratic government comes into power, people have to be enlightened. In other words, enlightenment precedes democracy. Immanuel Kant claims that “enlightenment is man’s liberation from his self-incurred immaturity” (Kant, 1784). Immaturity in this text is the inadequacy of a man to make his own decisions without the input of other people (Kant, 1784). It is said to be self-imposed when people choose to lie not because they lack understanding but because they do not have the will and courage to make a personal decision (Kant, 1784). For this reason, it is necessary for the public sphere, civil society and state to be enlightened to strengthen democracy. Enlightenment will help them to reason publicly and express their opinion while keeping the state in check. The success or failure of democracy is determined by the state, civil society and the public sphere. When these institutions are functioning properly democracy succeeds. This paper examines how these three institutions influence the democratic process. Public sphere The public sphere is a key component of democracy because it represents the opinions of the people. It determines whether democracy succeeds or fails. Jurgen Habermas (1996) in his article “Civil society and the Political Public Sphere” claims that the public sphere is a social experience. It is similar to a collectivity but different from an organization. It does not embrace the principles or frameworks of an institution. It has no membership or leaders. The public sphere is a system that represents the opinions or views of different people. The opinions of people in different social spaces vary. All these views are synthesized and combined to form one common opinion (Habermas, 1996). These opinions are reproduced in the course
Organizational structure is an essential notion that brings the team together to manage the objective successfully. Five structural configurations help people to achieve team goals. Depending on the purposes of the group, it is essential to choose the appropriate structure. For instance, there are variations: One Boss, Dual Authority, Simple Hierarchy, Circle Network, and All-Channel Network. These structures are different by their nature, and it is vital to examine each of the five to determine the most effective structure for the team to accomplish its goals. One Boss structure is a situation where the leader charges responsibilities of all people. This structure is classic, and many companies apply it because of its simplicity and clearness. Indeed, it can have some substantial disadvantages, for example, slow communication, delays, and single decision-making. The second structure is Dual Authority, where two individuals have the power to execute control over the group of people. Information flows through these people and reduces a boss’s control degree. This structure allows to free up time, but the added layer might slow the communication. Simple Hierarchy is another classic structure that suggests a middle manager reporting to the boss. In this case, the boss is responsible for communication with other team members through the middle man. This option limits access to authority; indeed, it is more effective than the previous structure of Dual Authority. Circle Network suggests the information flow from one team member to another; everyone can add to or change the process. This structural configuration might simplify communication, as every group member interacts directly with only two other team members. There is no boss, and every group member has equal responsibility. However, one weak element in the chain can undermine the whole process. The last structural configuration is the All-Channel Network, which is about interdependence and the involvement of every team member in the process. All-Channel Network embodies multiple connections where everyone is dependent on each other. It is about diversity and equal responsibilities; however, decisions can cause misunderstanding and extra discussion with other team members. It also might slow down the process due to multiple opinions on the same issue. This confi