ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Advertising is a way in which a company generates interest in a particular product line in order to encourage greater sales within specific markets, but also to generate a certain degree of “hype” and product patronage for the products/services that the company is offering. In some product markets though, certain types of consumer goods and services require “an extra push” so to speak when trying to conduct normal business operations (Goldfarb and Tucker, 207 – 227). In such instances, as explained by Professor John Zang from the Wharton School of Business, “ if customers aren’t buying, more often than not it is an indication that a company is targeting the wrong people “. Taking this into consideration, it can be assumed that in cases where a hard to sell product is involved it is not that the company is experiencing a situation where the consumer does not want to be a customer but rather the company is merely targeting the wrong consumer market. It is in such instances that techniques such as informative, reassuring and persuasive advertising are utilized in order to gain the patronage of the market segment that the company is aiming for. Effective Use of Advertising While advertising is an effective means for a company to communicate with its customers and deliver its intended message, this doesn’t mean that all types of advertising are suitable for delivering a message for a particular type of company or a specific kind of product. Studies such as those by Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto (2011) elaborate on this by showing that mass produced items meant to appeal to a large but diversified consumer demographic tend to use informative advertising through television as their primary method of advertising (Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto, 5 – 18). Examples of this can be seen in the products of Pepsi, Coca Cola, Unilever, Kraft foods and a variety of other companies that specialize in producing what is commonly known as “junk food”. What you have to understand is that such companies operate within an incredibly competitive market environment with quite literally thousands of different products made by hundreds of competitors, all of whom are vying for a greater market percentage. Thus, in this particular case, what is needed is to have a product standout by way of informative advertising. This is often done by presenting a particular snack food item as either being tastier, healthier or more affordable than other brands within the market today. Since most consumers can be considered as being rational consumers they would of course tend to patronize a product that they believe is within their price range, is of exceptional quality and has a higher degree of total utility compared to similar products within the market. This would result in consumers having a greater likelihood of buying a product that they saw through informative advertising since for them it fulfills all the prerequisites needed for effective consumption. Based on the work of Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto (2011), it can thus be seen that informative advertising is more suited for overly saturated markets with heavy competition which necessitates the need for increasing product
Free expression by artists has experienced much censorship through history. Ancient societies used censorship as an instrument for regulation of political and moral life depending on the climate of the day. This practice has not been limited to ancient governments but present day democratic governments also employ censorship. Whenever art challenges beliefs that are held on to strongly by society, tension increases and pressure for censorship increases. Art has both negative and positive value to society. Proponents of censorship argue that when art causes offence to the beliefs of society censorships should be allowed in order to maintain certain political, moral or religious values. Posner and Chiang argue that a balance should be struck, that it should not be said that art should never be censored because sometimes works of art can cause offence but on the other hand censorship should be limited to enhance artistic value and more importantly freedom of expression (Chiang and Posner, 2006, Pp 309-335). The argument for censorship is however difficult to make especially in today’s society where the tastes of society are constantly changing and very diverse. The danger of infringing on the rights of freedom of expression is very present. The history of censorship is tainted with violations of human rights. When censorship occurs in situations of national crisis often, it facilitates the perpetuation of political evils and sometimes leads to victimization of the artist. This is in true in the case of John Lennon whose political lyrics in the song Imagine caused President Nixon and the FBI to attempt to have him deported (Atkins, 2007). Following the September 11 attacks, Clear Channel radio issued a list of songs that would not be played because they head antiwar content or action stuff. Most citizens view this as a violation of fundamental civil liberties (Atkins, 2007). Comments by one of Dixie Chicks members concerning the war on Iraq led to a ban on their songs by radio stations following requests by enraged American citizens. This however, is not viewed as violation of the freedom of speech rights by Gabriel Rossman, assistant professor of sociology. Experts argue that since no laws were broken, there was no violation of Fir
A qualitative problem statement What factors are hindering students from achieving outcomes in learning institutions? In the modern days, educators face challenges of effectively engaging students, making them achieve better, fostering accountability, and preventing school drop-outs in addition to other issues faced in the industry. At the center of the issues facing educators is a paradigm shift among people with the focus being growing toward embracing creativity. There is a change from being analytical in reasoning and embracing conceptual perception in managing education issues. With technological advancements and the development of the internet, the information age allows students exclusive access to information that was not previously possible. Adoption of technology and effective use in the learning process represents a major way of involving students and widening their thinking. However, implementing the use of technology for learning is a major problem to stakeholders, as there is no understanding of the best approach to use, the best way to maximize the process, the infrastructure needed, and funding of the adoption. With the problems in mind, there is the need for stakeholders to collaborate in designing effective strategies for the adoption of technology to the learning process, which would in term benefits everyone in the system to achieve the full potential of information technology in the education sector (At&At, 2011). The manual system of learning in schools in the conventional setup does not enable the use of information by several people at the same time as opposed to digital systems. The traditional system is time-consuming and relatively inefficient, which highlights the need to capitalize on the digital system to achieve various learning objectives for students and teachers. However, stakeholders face problems in developing the right infrastructure and system to implement digital learning because other than being expensive, the initial phase is time-consuming. Even though digitization is a feasible way to enhance the learning process, the psychological mentality may be a major hindrance to successful implementation and uptake by stakeholders. There is a need for effective planning and evaluation mechanisms because the process of digitization is resource-intense and it requires significant levels of technical know-how. Overall success in the digitization process requires the full involvement of stakeholders to ensure the success of the digitization of the system (ISTE, 2012). A quantitative problem statement How can the use of technology be applied to improve the level of educational benefits in learners? In the age of information, communication, science, and technology, stakeholders in the education sector face
Executive Summary This is a diagnostic paper that seeks to explore organizational management of change with Vata Manufacturing Ltd as an example. Vata Ltd is a company that is involved in designing and marketing of footwear and it receives raw materials from other companies that it has entered into contract to supply materials. The company was founded in 1988 as a marketer of second hand shoes from developed countries. It later grew to start manufacturing shoes for sale to the low and middle class economy groups. However all this period the company used manual ways in carrying out its operations as opposed to its competitors who had with time incorporated computer-based procedures and processes. The management realized that the company was gradually losing its market share to the competitors. Therefore the company decided to institute technological changes in its operations with an aim of minimizing costs and having efficient processes. The company was to change its vision to focus on attaining quality as opposed to providing low prices, hence the company would secure the services of large suppliers who would offer large discounts. Particularly because with manual operations the company could not be served by such companies and also organizational customers that the company served also preferred computer-based suppliers. However for the management to succeed in putting up the changes they consulted with the employees and other stakeholders whose support would be critical in attaining the technological changes. A committee was set up to do an analysis on how the changes would be effectively implemented, as a result it came up with findings that continuous communication was imperative, the company was to redefine goals, a vision that explained the change and also which employees would be proud to be associated with. Reward systems were to be initiated that would motivate the employees to individually and collectively pursue the changes to completion. The changes were initiated by setting up a budget that would cover the priority costs of implementation, though some costs like employee training costs were to be shared between the company and its employees on 50-50 basis. A software company, EPICOR was contracted to do the costing, implementation and training of the employees Software was installed in the system that brought significant changes in the operations of the company. For instance the manufacturing department was able to monitor quality standards that had been defined by the research and development department who had determined customers’ requirements. Order fulfillment periods were reduced by half and also there was reduction in cost of production. Profits also increased significantly up to 18% in the first year after incor
Osama Bin Laden was the mastermind behind the September 11 bombings in America which left the entire America shaken. He also masterminded the 7 th August 1998 in Kenya and Dar es Salaam where the American embassies were targeted. Osama is the main face behind the Al Qaeda terror group and when it was announced that after years of hunting him down, Osama had finally been killed by the United States government, there could not be any better news of the year than that. There was celebration and jubilation the world over. But what does it mean now that the leader of the largest terror group has been killed? Is it going to be peaceful now that he is dead or will the Al Qaeda group attempt to avenge his death? This discussion takes a philosophical analysis on the death of Osama Bin Laden. Afghanistan which had suffered various terrorist attacks that were planned by the Osama led group of Al Qaeda could not help but show their joy on the death of Osama. Both the president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai and his counterpart president Barrack Obama of America described the killing of the Al Qaeda leader as victory not only for Afghanistan but also for the rest of the world as well. It is now hoped that Afghanistan which has had to contend with wars and terror attacks for many years will now enjoy lasting peace. But is this really so? It has been argued that members of the Al Qaeda terror group are much angered by the killing of their leader. For this reason, it is anticipated that they are likely to stage even more attacks to avenger for the death of their chief. Furthermore, even without revenging, it is important to remember that the Al Qaeda group is wide network of terrorists and thus killing their leader will not necessarily mean that the terror attacks are over. The killing of Osama however was a good move because the members of the Al Qaeda are now aware that they are likely to nabbed and this may act as a discouraging factor for them to continue pursuing their ulterior motive. Coincidentally, the death of the leader of the largest terror group in the world came just a day after the Al Qaeda had vowed fresh attacks on U.S. troops in Afghanistan. A cross- section of people seem to be having doubts regarding whether Osama Bin Laden was killed or not. They argue that since the rati
While evaluating the difference between knowing about a man and a woman, specific emphasis should be placed on considering social, cultural, and psychological perspectives. Historical matters are also important because they allow for tracing the shifts in perceptions of male and female roles. From a social perspective, men and women are differentiated by the roles and responsibilities they take while acting as members of a community. The changes in roles are evident while referring to history. Nevertheless, the principles of role distribution are self-explanatory. Thus, a man’s position in society has long been associated with its physical capabilities. Stereotypical representation introduces man as possessing the main position in a family and at work. Women perform roles of mothers and wives. However, the history proves that women can perform leading roles in society as well since the emergence of feminist movement. From cultural perspectives, gender distribution is specifically associated with biological differences between men and women. For instance, this dimension is clearly identified by emotional distances accepted in various cultures, as well as their place in a community. Hence, Eastern societies have confined the role of women to being wife and mothers and, therefore, education is of secondary importance for females. In contrast, Western culture encourages equal education between males and females and represents women as self-sufficient and self-reliant individuals. Psychological perspective relates more to the perception and peculiarities of the thinking and emotional processes. The differences, therefore, depend largely on the biological characteristics, including the presence of self-esteem, self-reliance and self-respect. The reactions to different events are also predetermined by psychological dimension but to an extent. In addition, psychological differences also matter when it comes to the concept of sexuality and perception.
The Importance of Article III of the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 to Worshipers Since the year 1631, the General Court of the United States under the support of Rogers Williams required that; if a person was not a congressionalist, he/she was not allowed to vote. In addition to that, it was reinforced that any person setting up a city or town was to build two congregational churches and support the two ministers of those churches. People felt it was unfair and mostly those of other religious beliefs. In 1691, this rule extended its support to the protestant churches but not the Catholic Church. In 1779, the Pittsfield town sent a congregational minister from a congregational church and a Baptist Minister from a Baptist church to go and represent them and fight for their rights in the constitutional convention held in Massachusetts. They presented the people’s request, and Article III was formulated. In the constitution, there was a statement that stipulated that, at all times, parishes, towns, societies of different religions and political parties should have a right of electing a public teacher or representative of their own for their maintenance and support. This constitutional stipulation meant that people had a right to elect a minister of their own choice to minister for them the word of God. This law aimed at reducing the chances of applying tribalism, racism, and other forms of discrimination when it comes to choosing a minister for any given church. In addition to that, Article III stated that any Christian dominion is humbling itself in a peaceful way, and with an objective that is good to the Commonwealth, the law shall give it equal protection. Apart from choosing a minister of their own choice, this constitution also gave the public the freedom to set up churches of their own choice as long as they were for worship and prayer. This step taken by the court of law gave all people freedom of worship without fear as it assured them of protection by the law. From that time henceforth, the residents of Massachusetts attained freedom of worship. This was despi
The FAA’s plan of actions is a unique combination of thoughts and activities that have to be done in the nearest future to achieve the desirable improvements and diminish the number of challenges inherent to the sphere of aviation. The evaluation of this kind of vision is an attempt to comprehend the reasons of why the organization chooses a particular activity and prove that the offered direction is correct. At the same time, it is wrong to believe in the success of the plan just because its authors underline the importance of safety in aviation several times. It is not enough to introduce the position under which it is possible and necessary to increase the safety of the system. It is more important to have a clear, detailed plan of how this general long-term goal can be achieved by through developing a number of steps supported with the explanations and examples. The current paper aims at developing a personal opinion on the FAA’s plan for 2025, evaluating the proposed safety system, and sharing some individual suggestions about the improvements that can be added to the plan with a minimum changes. There are certain positive and negatives aspects of the plan under consideration, and all of them will be mentioned below. It is necessary to admit how passionate and confident the developers of the plan sound. They admit that their central goal is the creation of the safest and one of the most effective aviation systems in the whole world. It seems to be a powerful decision to create a system that is free from some unexpected events and remind a kind of routine that cannot be broken. Regarding such achievements, different groups of people like passengers, staff, stakeholders, and special communities, can be sure they are involved in safe activities and able to use safe flights. Another powerful aspect of the plan is the ability to create several sub-goals that have to be considered as an aspiration for the developers of the safest aviation system. It is necessary to create a new level of safety, develop an effective workplace, think about future, use innovation, and consider global collaboration through developing working international partnerships. From a general point of view, the plan looks amazing. It helps to understand the perspectives that are opened to different people in the sphere of aviation for the next 10-15 years. However, the offered plan cannot be defined as a perfect one because of the presence of certain weaknesses that spoil a personal attitude to the ideas mentioned. On the one hand, the identifi
Communication theory Information is one of the fundamental elements of humans’ lives. All activities that are performed by individuals presuppose the use of information for various purposes. Under these conditions, communication, as one of the central and most effective ways to share data, acquire the critical importance for society (Dainton & Zelley, 2018). Communication theory is a field of knowledge that focuses on the technical process of information and various modes that can be related to this area (Stones, 2005). The existence of many approaches to classify and describe communication is preconditioned by multiple sources and characteristics peculiar to this field. Structuration theory The structuration approach is one of the paradigms of a broader communication theory that is focused on the investigation of certain structures of multiple systems. In accordance with this perspective, patterns of behavior are the core elements of any social system, and structuration helps to understand these very aspects better (West & Turner, 2014). It is a process by which units are produced and reproduced (West & Turner, 2014). In other words, the given theory considers that organizations create structures which, in their turn, form social entities and contribute to future development. In accordance with this idea, groups are also produced through various actions and behaviors. In such a way, structuration theory helps to understand core patters by differentiating them. Structuration theory also assumes that every action performed by a person results in the production of a so-called fresh act that should be considered to understand the work of organizations. At the same time, every pattern of behavior is impacted by the past. In this situation, history is the bridge between the past and present that is needed to understand the current context and engage in meaningful cooperation between individuals (West & Turner, 2014). Moreover, there are specific rules that serve as the guidelines for individuals and their opportunities; however, at the same time, they also limit people
Many theorists have come up with different definitions of cognition. Whether it is in education or psychology, the word cognition has continued to elicit much attention from people seeking to understand the working of the human brain. While trying to examine the effects that the internet has on human cognition, I sought to know the real meaning of cognition from a psychological point of view. From the many definitions that I encountered, the one that I found most intriguing was one by psychologist Kendra Cherry who describes cognition as “the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem solving.” (Cherry) According to Cherry, these are “higher-level functions of the brain” and they include speech, thoughts, observations and even planning. (Cherry) The definition might sound complicated to most people but what Cherry and other psychologists are trying to say is that cognition from a psychological point of view deals with the information processing part of the mind. This processing of information can also be extended to include how the mind applies knowledge and how our preferences can change owing to the knowledge that the mind possesses. The reason why I am saying