ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Early life Emile Durkheim is considered as the pioneer French educational sociologist. His life was dominated by his educational profession, although he was extremely and affectionately engaged in the affairs of French people. Durkheim was born in 1858 to a rabbi in the southern French region of Lorraine. He studied the Old Testimony, Hebrew and Talmud, while simultaneously following the frequent course of exercising in luxurious educational institutions (Bolender Initiatives, 2011). After his conventional Judaism confirmation at the age of thirteen, Durkheim, under the impact of a Catholic lady instructor, had a brief magical encounter that led to his attraction to Catholicism. But later, he converted away from all spiritual participation, though undoubtedly not from attention in spiritual activities, and became an agnostic. His dreams thus switched on, he shifted to one of the excellent educational institutions in Paris, the Lycee Louis-le-Grand. During this time, he made preparations to sit for the difficult entry exam that would grant his admission to the famous Ecole Normale Superieure, the conventional educational centre for the French intellects and elites. Durkheim succeeded after his third attempt in 1879 (Lukes, 1985). Durkheim integrated with young scholars at the Ecole Normale; these are the people who would later create a significant contribution in the intellectual lifestyle of France. Although admittance to the Ecole Normale was an accomplishment, Durkheim once confessed that he was unsatisfied at the Ecole. He was an extremely serious, studious, and dedicated person, later dubbed “the metaphysician” by his colleagues. Durkheim was disappointed with the fictional and esthetic focus that dominated the school. However, Durkheim was influenced by his three years study at the Ecole Normale. Although some of his lecturers frustrated him, he stated that he was greatly indebted by others (Lukes, 1985). Educational Career Before graduating, Durkheim had resolved upon his becoming a philosopher. He viewed that it was hard to eliminate philosophy from the society problems of that time. Durkheim wanted to involve himself with a course that would offer an explanation of the great ethical questions that distressed the society. He wanted to offer practical assistance to the matters of the community. This contributed to his decision of becoming a scientist in study of society. He considered creation of a scientific sociological system to be crucial to direct the moral wellbeing of the society. This became an entire life commitment for Durkheim. Durkheim became a philosophy teacher, but after teaching philosophy for five years, he obtained a leave to further his studies at Paris and later in Germany. In Germany, he specialized in the analysis of methods of training and analysis in ethical philosophy and the social sciences. In his reviews on his experience in German, Durkheim was passionate about the perfection and scientific detachment in research. He emphasized that France should replicate Germany in application of philosophy to social and political issues. He appreciated the efforts of German philosophers and soc
Summary Written by Gary Shteyngart, Super, Sad, True Love Story is a dystopian scientific fiction with Lenny Abramov as the main character in the story. He works in a future New York City with a company that deals with increasing longevity through artificial and dietary means. Lenny’s boss is a 70-year old man but looks younger while Lenny is getting older and desperate. Lenny falls in love with a beautiful much younger, 24-year old woman, Eunice Park who loves to communicate with her friends and family on her Global Teens account, an all-encompassing social network with slang filled messages while Lenny prefers to make daily diary entries and has the habit of reading physical copies of books. He opens his diary with the declaration of his love for Eunice who is a well-educated woman with a major in Images and a minor in Assertiveness. However, both of them have trouble writing and Lenny has to re-train himself to write. Lenny has great love for his country; America, even as it collapses around him. His age allows him to develop friendships with male friends despite the rest of the world turning to technology communication and friendships. Many political world events takes place during this period until eventually America falls apart. The author criticizes the twittering society by introducing the APPARAT as the possible progression of the current technology. The APPARAT device gets for shopping, scanning, and pornographic information from people over the “Global Teens” Network. This makes individual privacy impossible as the device allows sexual preferences, credit ratings, and cholesterol levels using this advanced technology . Satire is apparent in Lenny’s struggle to fit in a technology-filled world while still holding on to the old way s of doing things. However, later the disasters of these technologies become obvious. Sarcasm and Satire The book depicts sarcasm in the way technology has advanced. Everybody has embraces the technology creating a hyper-sexualized culture as a way of establishing friendship connections while at the same time adversely affecting the actual community and intimacy. The Blackberries have evolved into APPARAT that people employ for sharing pornographic information including their sexual preferences and the “Fuckability ratings” over the Global Teens network. Sarcasm in this book comes through lack of literary values in the way Lenny is devoted to reading smelly old books in a technology-based culture. Lenny’s devotion to physical copies su
Introduction The film The Reader by Stephen Daldry is based on the cognominal novel written by Bernhard Schlink. The plot develops around the concept of German guilt present to German society even decades after World War II. After the war and after the fail of the Nazi regime, people started waking up and trying to comprehend what happened during the last years and who was guilty. Hardly any ethical theory would argue that killing millions of people in concentration camps was right. Still, the dilemma is whether it is right to condemn a person who was acting correspondingly to the laws of that period, along with thousands of others. Plot Summary and the Ethical Dilemma The protagonist Michael Berg, a fifteen-year-old youth, meets Hanna Schmidt, a significantly older woman who works as a tram conductor. Their relationship quickly becomes close and intimate, but there is a lot of secrecy about Hanna. She reluctantly tells him her name when they meet for the third time and speaks neither of her past nor about any of her relatives or friends. She always asks Michael to read to her, although she never takes a book herself. One day she disappears out of town, and Michael hears of her only when he is a student at a University in a law department. His group observes trials on the war crimes as a part of one of their law courses, and he sees Hanna among the defendants. She is tried for being a guard at Auschwitz, one of the concentration camps, where she was responsible for picking people for other camps where they were going to die. Along with the other five defendants, she is questioned about the fire in which many of the prisoners were killed. In the court, Hanna reveals the dilemma which is behind the process, claiming that they all did that. She probably meant herself and other defendants who were working with her as guards. However, we can consider it as the author’s reference to the whole society that allowed such crimes to happen. Hanna clearly demonstrates that she does not understand what wrong she did as her actions were considered legal and normal at that time. She is surprised and confused by the hypocrisy of the judges and her co-defendants, who act as if they do not remember that period and as if they were not part of that society. For her inability to say “it was not me, someone other did that,” she is convicted of a life sentence. Although the central dramatic development takes place in court, the scene that represents the author’s ideas occurs in the University class. The professor explains his vision as follows: “Societies think they operate by something called morality, but they don’t. They operate by something called law… The question is never, “Was it wrong?” but “Was it legal?” And not by our laws. By the laws of the time” ( The Reader ). This viewpoint diminishes the guilt of individ
Introduction Obesity refers to a body condition whereby the natural energy reserve which is usually stored in form of fatty tissue (in humans and other animals) exceeds the body’s healthy limits. Obesity has become a great public health concern all over the world, a major reason for the concern being its contribution to various diseases and disorders. For instance cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 results from obesity (Ben. 2007).The United States is one of the worlds’ nations that is leading in obesity incidences. One of the United States region, Oklahoma represents one of America’s most affected region. Statement of the problem In our current world, a huge number of medical conditions or complications have been associated with obesity. The complications arise either from increased fat mass or an increased number of the fat cells. Health problems that result from increased fat mass include, social stigma, obstructive sleep, apnea, and osteoarthritis. Those that result from increased number of fat cells include, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease. Individuals who have obesity are usually at a high risk of developing such complications and may even lose their lives, with individuals who have a BMI of over 32 are at a double risk of death. There is a rapid increase in obesity cases in the Western society as a result of excessive amounts of nutrient intake and peoples’ sedentary lifestyle. Overeating has remained a problem in the developed countries even after widespread availability of the nutritional information on the Internet, medical institutions and product packaging. Though measures to prevent or reduce obesity have been developed , more effective and urgent means need to be taken to successfully address this problem. History In the United States, Oklahoma ranks as one of the US city that has the greatest number of people suffering from obesity. In 2003, it ranked 14 th in relation to the high level of adult obesity in the nation and came 15 th in recording the highest overweight high school student level. In the same year, Oklahoma spent an approximated $243 per person on obesity related medical costs with the medical cost being the 33 rd highest medical amount in the US. In addition to this Oklahoma City ranked 15 th as the America’s one of the most fattest cities in 2007. The obesity epidemic has kept on spreading even as the US government continues to develop measures of fighting the epidemic while the epidemic has great weight on the America’s ailing system, which is driving it to a very extreme end. American’s obesity has continued to lead to escalating disease costs and rates. Apart from Oklahoma, other states in the US has one third of the children overweight or at a risk of being obese. For the last 20 years, the US has experienced a double rate of obesity in children, while the rate has tripled in adolescents. The hospital costs that take care of obesity cases have continued to rise with costs tripling in the past 20 years. Consequently, medical conditions as a result of obesity keep increasing. For instance, children under 18 years are estimated to be at a risk for typ
The Narrator’s Epiphany The narrator in “Sonny’s Blues” is aware of social problems expressed in his brother’s music. The narrator, Sonny’s brother, realizes that music helps Sonny overcome his inner pain and suffering. For a long time, he has been detached from Sonny because they had different perspectives on life. Once they went to a night club where Sonny was offered a chance to play music to the audience. Therefore, music is used symbolically to connect the two brothers together because of their shared blood relations. It gives the narrator and his brother a chance to escape from their pain, which they experienced while growing up in an environment full of poverty, crime and suffering. The narrator watches Sonny playing the piano in the club and concludes that this helps him deal with frustrations he has experienced in his life. He says, “He seemed to have found, right there beneath his fingers, a damn brand-new piano. It seemed that he couldn’t get over it” (Baldwin). The narrator discovers that Sonny’s true calling lies in music. He manages to captivate the narrator and other people who are gathered in the club, because of the way he expresses personal emotions through singing. Sonny is deeply involved in singing, which makes the narrator have strong memories. The song makes the narrator have a sentimental reconnection with his past, because of the way Sonny expresses himself through music. The performance by Sonny helps the narrator understand him better and thus, it manages to bring them closer as members of one family. The narrator offers Sonny a drink after he takes a rest from the performance. And according to the narrator, the one had carried him away. (Baldwin). Sonny’s Performance and its Impact on Narrator’s Consciousness As Sonny continues singing, the narrator becomes more involved in his brother’s struggles. Sonny interacts freely with Creole and other band members, which makes him realize the importance of forming strong relationships with family and friends. The narrator realizes that music means a lot to Sonny because it helps him build strong social bonds that give him happiness. Sonny’s musical talents and the way he expresses them enchant everyone in the audience. He becomes more excited by the way he draws them in. Sonny’s lyrics resonate with most people gathered in there and for a brief moment, he helps them forget about struggles they are facing in their lives (Baldwin). Sonny’s performance makes the writer more conscious about his roots. The narrator and his brother had experienced a lot of suffering in their lives which affected the way they grew up. The narrator manages to reflect on the near hopeless situation which many people in the community face and finds solace in music played by his brother together with other band -mates. The experience at the club helps the narrator to discover his brother’s true personality and his outlook on life. This gives him a chance to reflect on his heritage positively, withou
In the study, the researchers aim to find the effectiveness of Pilates in reducing chronic pain in people suffering from backache. However, the researchers do not use the primary methodology to confirm their thesis. The researchers report quantitative results of the selected reviews and write the review according to the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses’ (PRISMA) guidelines”. The research material for the study was gathered from 10 different scholarly databases using the keywords, ‘Pilates’, ‘low back pain’ and ‘review’. The researcher question of all the selected reviews was the same – The impact of Pilates on chronic low back pain. The researcher and interpretation of the primary studies was conducted their process in four stages. The researchers compared studies with similar research questions, sifted and chose primary studies, calculated the level of evidence used in the systematic review and finally the quality of the methodology used. There were two additional reviewers to assess the level of evidence and methodological quality using the NHMRC evidence hierarchy and the R-AMSTAR which has been found useful in assessing the methodologic
Introduction The Company chosen for analysis is a manufacturing plant located in Kentucky, Georgetown known as Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky. The organization is appropriate for analysis owing to its use of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as a mechanism for continuous improvement. Prior to the use of this information System (IS), the organization struggled with disjointed information flow, slow decision making, inventory wastage and low productivity. It was imperative to employ an information system that would allow the plant to meet its underlying strategies as well as enhance the value in production. Research Objectives The key research objective is to determine how an organization can use Enterprise Resource Planning, as an information system in order to enhance productivity. The report will realize this key objective through the analysis of a car manufacturer. Other minor objectives include: determining the necessary factors needed to make ERP work, to identify problems that can be solved using the ERP system, and how businesses tie their strategies with the adoption of technology. Company overview and background The Toyota, Kentucky manufacturing plant, is a subsidiary of the parent firm based in Tokyo. For purposes of this analysis, focus will go to the processes and operations in this plant. The production section has three key divisions, which include body assembly, paint and final assembly. Each of the divisions is further split into the smaller units, usually identified as shops. The first is the press shop, which presses inner, and outer parts of the body together. The second is the body shop where the panels from the press shop are pieced together to create body shells. The later two shops belong to the body assembly divisions. Thereafter, the commodity enters a paint shop where it goes through a series of booths or dips designed to protect it from corrosion and abrasion. It also painted to make it strong. This section also entails installation of sound pads that reduce noise as the car travels. The final assembly area consists of a series of trim and chassis equipments. In the trim section, machines or people fit interior parts of the body into the incomplete vehicle. Thereafter, the car enters into the chassis section where machines fit it with external components. The completed body then enters the quality control section. Members of each of these shops think of each other as teams, so they do their best in their sections in order to prevent problems in other parts. Other than manufacturing, the company also has a procurement and supply chain function that handles all the logistical issues in the organization. Since the firm implemented a flat structure, the assembly group is responsible for this aspect. It has a quality control department that inspects vehicles when completed. The plant has an accounting function which top management handles. Plant managers also handle human resource issues such as hiring, promo
The research topic is concerned with optimisation strategies utilised in Emirati oil and gas companies. When doing quantitative research, the focus was on the frequency of usage of this or that strategy. The study aimed at identifying the most common optimisation strategies used in the field. However, qualitative research can provide more in-depth insights and more meaning to the understanding of the use of such strategies (Cresswell, 2014). The principal goal of the qualitative approach is to explain trends and elicit people’s ideas on the matter. When contextualising the research from a qualitative perspective, the researcher should take into account such factors as the aim and goals of the research as well as organisational (or industrial) peculiarities, political, social, and cultural aspects (Buchanan and Bryman, 2007). To conduct this study within the qualitative paradigm, it is important to ensure the focus on reasons for choosing this or that optimisation strategy, benefits and downsides as seen by the practitioners as well as their attitude towards different tactics. Collis and Hussey (2013) stress that business research should be well-thought and detailed, which is especially important for qualitative studies where the number of participants is quite small whereas the bulk of data to analyse is quite significant. To address the research goals, it is possible to employ a case study method. The focus should be made on experiences and choices of decision-makers within oil and gas companies located in Abu Dhabi. These people make the final decision as to the optimisation tactics to use in their organisations. The case study approach allows the researcher to remain focused and to collect the necessary data to address the research topic. The case study paradigm is effective when the attitudes of a particular group of people are in the researcher’s lens. As far as sampling tactics are concerned, random sampling is not obligatory and even may be less effective. It is crucial to address practitioners whose companies remain competitive or even leading in the industry. The focus on such organisations is relevant as the use of proper optimisation tactics is one of the ways companies achieve their position in the market (Siggelkow, 2007). To collect the data, semi-structured interviews (with the use of open-ended questions) will be employed (Mishra, Gupta and Bhatnagar, 2014). This will allow the participants to share all the information they find relevant or interesting. As to data analysis, coding will be the most appropriate method as it will ensure the identification of the most recurrent themes and ideas (Fay, 2011). It is also necessary to note that planning qualitative research differs from the preparation for a quantitative study. The qualitative research will involve interviewing people, which means that the research will have to align the research schedule with the participants’ schedules. Besides, recruiting the participants will also take a certain time as they will need some time to examine the details of the research (provided in the written consent forms) and make a dec
Introduction: Gatekeeper Gatekeeper, which means they are clever to control the satisfaction and the sharing chain of their content. This is fairly positive since they are clever to respond rapidly to changes in client expectations. As media corporations have grown fast in size and scope in new years, scholars and critics contain worried about the independence of information divisions. The fear is primarily that traditional journalistic values will undergo if they conflict with the productivity of the better close relative corporation. In response, this document examines whether b