ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no doubt that humanitarian aid has long ago become one of the key policies of every democratic country taking part in the solution of world crises and assisting in the stabilizing of the situation in the countries in need of help. There have always been countries with unfavorable climatic conditions, inadequate political development or stability, etc. – there are many reasons for countries or specific geographical regions to be unable to provide for the basic needs of their population. Humanitarian aid is viewed by all countries and international organizations as a sign of goodwill and a way to pursue leveling the development of the whole global community to a certain level. However, there has been much discussion recently on the point of whether humanitarian aid is reaching its goal and fulfilling the initial purposes stipulated for it. The reasons for the discussion are diverse; one may understand the necessity of this discussion from the cases of countries rejecting humanitarian aid from some countries for political reasons, which worsened the situation and did not correspond to the principles belaying the provision of aid: indifference, neutrality, independence, etc. No matter how one would call it, but humanitarian aid should be faceless and unbiased, which is not observed nowadays, as noted by Ambassador Busso von Alvensleben, Commissioner for Global Issues (Germany): As we all know humanitarian crises are growing in scale and frequency, and the volume of international humanitarian aid is increasing accordingly. Thus, it is more important than ever to do it the right way. How we deliver humanitarian aid is as important as its final result (von Alvensleben). The Ambassador emphasizes the way aid should be delivered as an integral part of the whole process of its provision – he is sure that only fact of some country or organization providing aid is not enough to make it look beneficial in the eyes of the global community – everything should be done right, so there should be some surveillance to control the way the basic principles of humanitarian aid are kept to: Independence, impartiality, and neutrality of humanitarian aid are of crucial importance. Only if these principles are respected governments are ready to accept humanitarian aid. It will also help ensure the safety of humanitarian aid workers in the field (von Alvensleben). It goes without saying that humanitarian aid in its essence is already good and there is no need to prove it’s being a sign of goodwill – if some organization or the government of some country agrees to provide this help, then it already means its good intentions. However, the Ambassador noted some cases of politicization of aid, which should be unacceptable. The main issues in the protection of the initial value of humanitarian aid he mentions are: to understand what humanitarian aid means both for the country that provides it and for the country that receives it, as well as how it can and will be used; to ensure it’s not being politicized by any of the parties; to ensure direct access to the provide aid by those who really need it but not by those who are in power in th
Introduction This paper is devoted to the evaluation of culture on the global level, referring to the ‘local’ level of analyses of one of the culture forms. Popular or mass culture was not the first to deserve the attention of the researchers. However, with the development of sociological and cultural studies, it has been admitted, that massive culture is one the most important components to investigate for exactly the latter shapes the conscience of society, indicates the society’s preconceptions and needs, reflects the mode of living and the perspectives of development. Hence, this work aims at conducting the analyses into the ‘item’ of modern massive music art – the video under the name ‘Sex Room’ by Ludacris featuring Trey Songz. This work of pop culture will be considered in terms of textual analyses in order to reveal the hidden messages, contextual information, and to draw the basic picture of the cultural processes through the prism popular music development. The surface consideration of ‘Sex Room’ induces to trace the remarkable resemblance with Eagles’ ‘Hotel California’, which is either the successful advertisement of the hotel accommodation, but rather modernized. Indeed, this video, having the implication of advertising the Las Vegas luxury hotel ‘Palms’ through verbal and non-verbal messages seduces the viewer to come and experience all the services offered. Indeed, the latter are being successively depicted in the video, seasoned with the strong metonymy of luxury life and the stereotyped images of the sexual appeal. Mimetic analyses “Spoken words are the symbols of mental experience“, as the Greek philosopher states, and it is well established that every word indicates a particular meaning and has a unique connotation. Hence, it is relevant to analyze the lyrics of the pop music video. [Ma
Sex and the City focus on the sex lives and loves of four professional women: Charlotte, Miranda, Carrie, and Samantha who live in Manhattan and spend most of their time talking, thinking, and having sex. (Creed 3) The peculiar feature of the series is that having a rather restricted theme it does not resort to a mere presenting the characters’ sexual intercourse but counts a number of devices that help the director throw light on different aspects of young American women’s lives. The use of jokes, irony, and metaphors throughout the program makes it an easy-to-watch and fascinating work and renders different meanings of the issues the director paid the viewer’s attention to. According to Fiske (1987) jokes work through the collision of discourses (87). In Sex and the City , there is a bunch of jokes that the characters make. The focus of the program on the characters’ sexual relationships with men presupposes the jokes related to the problem. Thus, the viewer can often hear the characters’ jokes concerning the guys they dealt with, or the jokes the women address to each other, or the jokes that present their views on different problems they come to experience. For instance, once Charlotte says that she read that if one doesn’t have sex for a year, he/she can actually become “revirginized”. Carrie admits that the most exciting, challenging, and significant relationship of all is the one “you have with yourself.” We hear Miranda and Carrie chatting about Miranda’s pregnancy: Miranda: I didn’t tell Walker I was pregnant. Carrie: Miranda! Miranda: It didn’t come up! If Walker had said to me, “Have you given birth recently?”, I would have said, “Well, first of all, define recently.” In the latter example, the joke attempts to show the difference between feminine and masculine views on pregnancy. Most jokes in the program aim at laughing at the inadequacy of men in different situations and admitting women’s dominance over men. One more device that the director resorted to creating polysemy is the use of metaphor. There are a number of them in the program. Samantha airs one of the brightest metaphors: “My name is Samantha and I’m a Loveholic.” “Loveaholic” seems to be the most appropriate description for all the characters. Sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously each of the characters strives for love. On the other hand, the very word “Loveholic” is pronounced “in an exaggerated tone of voic
Introduction The ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ is a film adapted from Vikas Swarup’s Q & A. The film and the play revolve around the life of a poor boy who has spent most of his life in the slums. The police arrest the boy after the producer of a television game show accuses him of cheating in a game or rather quiz. The bulk of the story entails the life experiences of the boy, which justify his ability to answer all the questions in the quiz. This paper details the cinematic and theatrical elements of the film as well as the changes in drama and premise of the story. The film exhibits changes in the premise as well as dramatic structure in bringing out the cinematic and theatric elements of the story. Changes to the premise and the dramatic structure There has been a substantial change in the premise of the story. Swarup, the author of Q & A, bases his story on the injustices that the less privileged in the society face as they climb the social ladder but Danny Boyle, the director of the film, gives the story a romantic twist emphasizing that undying love for someone motivates his/her ambition in succeeding in his/her goals. The protagonist of the story, the poor boy who wins the television game show, is able to withstand the pressure from the poor society in achieving his dream. He is Jamal Malik in the film while in the play he is Ram Mohammad Thomas. Boyle portrays Salim as his brother rather than his best friend as
Patient Information Lily, a 20-year-old female. Subjective: CC (chief complaint): Sore throat for 3 days. HPI: 20-year-old college student has a 3-day history of sore throat and pain with swallowing as well as decreased appetite and headache. Lily reports a few similar cases on her campus during the past 2 weeks. Additional symptoms include a runny nose and slight hoarseness in her voice without sound congestion. Location: throat. Onset: 3 days ago. Character: soreness. Associated signs and symptoms : sore throat, pain with swallowing, decreased appetite, headache, runny nose, slight hoarseness. ROS:   * General: Decreased appetite.   * EENT: Eyes: No pain in the eyeballs, no photophobia, or lacrimation. Ears, Nose, Throat: Runny nose, sore throat, pain with swallowing, slight hoarseness, no upper airway congestion.   * Skin: no rash or itching.   * Cardiovascular: No chest pain, chest pressure, or chest discomfort. No edema.   * Respiratory: No shortness of breath, cough, or sputum.   * Gastrointestinal: No anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. No abdominal pain or blood.   * Neurological: Headache.   * Musculoskeletal: No muscle, back pain, joint pain, or stiffness.   * Hematologic: No anemia, bleeding, or bruising.   * Allergies: No history of asthma, hives, eczema, or rhinitis. Objective: Rhinorrhea and slight dysphagia. No perceptible upper airway congestion. Assessment: A reported 3-day history of sore throat and pain with swallowing along with decreased appetite and headache. Headache without previous head trauma. Decreased appetite with no reports of nausea or vomiting. Differential Diagnosis:   * Influenza. Influenza is an acute infectious disease with an aerosol transmission mechanism of the pathogen, characterized by a short incubation period (from 10-12 hours to 7 days), massive spread, fever, symptoms of intoxication and damage to the airways, as well as a high frequency of complications (Fitzner et al., 2018). The clinical picture of influenza can vary significantly depending on the age of patients and the state of their immune system, the serotype of the virus, its virulence, etc (Fitzner et al., 2018). A typical symptom complex of diseases is characterized by fever, manifestations of general infectious intoxication, and a syndrome of damage to the respiratory tract, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Fever is most cases begins with dizziness. Body temperature reaches its maximum level on the first day (38–40 ° C). The duration of the febrile period is from 2 to 5 days, rarely up to 6-7 days, and then the temperature decreases (Bailey et al., 2018). Simultaneously with an increase in temperature, the patient begins to feel general weakness, lethargy, sweating, muscle pain, severe headache, and dizziness. The likelihood of an influenza diagnosis for Lily can increase in case she shows the symptoms of a fever.   * Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). HPIVs are characterized by a low temperature, mild sympto
In understanding multiplication, it is essential for students to comprehend addition rules, since they are interrelated in a big way. Multiplication is sometimes referred to as repeated addition whose applications are quicker and more effective. For example, instead of adding 4+4+4=12, multiplication simplifies it to 4*3=12. If there are for instance three students each with four rulers, this can be shown by putting four rulers in three groups and allow the student to count them individually. The result is that same answer will be obtained. This indicate that addition involves using the actual number of times one would multiply the number to add it. For example, 4*5= 4+4+4+4+4= 5+5+5+5= 20, on the other hand, multiplication involves dealing with many groups with equal size, or groups with same amount of items in every group. Ability of counting the group number and the items is necessary for one to be able to multiply them. This then shows that addition is an instigator for multiplication where one is able to solve a multiplication problem through repeated addition. This enables the students to understand addition concepts which include manipulation of groups in order to obtain the total product. Moreover, this assists the students in finding out the quantity or the size of items in several groups of equal size. For instance, if there are eight pencils in a pack and one decides to buy five such packs, one will be able to know the number of pencils he is having. This problem can be dealt with by addition method of 8+8+8+8+8=40 which is a repeated addition, replaceable by multiplication method of 8*5=40. In addition, students are able to realize that math is all about how to formulate and solve problems but not memorizing or reciting. This enables students to instead of memorizing math such as 4*8=32; they instead consider that the same answer can be obtained through other methods like 4*8= 8+8+8+8= 24+8=32. This is a good method that lucidly shows multiplication and addition relationship. In addition, student can be able to manipulate groups and the item to obtain similar answer, for example 6*7= 3*7+3*7= 21+21= 42 an aspect that gives a creative method of learning multiplication tables, the exact working of math. The Commutative property is an operation that occurs when one changes the order of the items involved without alteration of the results. For example, 3-2 is not equal to 2-3. Examples of commutative in addition and multiplication are: x+y=y+x or 12+13=13+12; and x*y=y*x, or 9*5=5*9. Associative property is a process where one can regroup numbers in any way without altering the answ
This morning starts as any morning before in my life. The only thing that differs this day from the others is my future visit to a museum exhibition. The Spurlock Museum is known by its collections, documents, exhibitions, and objects that present cultural heritage of Ancient Egypt, Africa, Rome, Greece, East and Southeast Asia, and many other countries. The circle in the center of the Spurlock Museum unites several different galleries in both thematic and physical levels. I have a choice to visit any gallery: affable and polite staff is eager to present any information, however, it does not really necessary to give some pieces of advice as all points are perfectly described with the help of the displays. This museum is interesting from several perspectives: properly chosen colors, captivating design, interesting sizes of each room, and sound, the silence allows to feel the atmosphere of the chosen epoch and those times as the visitor may only imagine. For someone, gray and white colors of the first room may be rather depressive and even boring. However, for me, such choice of colors underlines the accuracy and unprejudiced nature of the room, where each visitor can easily pick out the gallery according to his/her personal choice and preferences. East Asian culture and Oceania always attract my attention, and I want to know more about more about their traditions and myths. This is why my first gallery to visit is obvious – East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. James Clifford once wrote about the exhibition he visited with his son that people can easily “skip the preliminaries because the next, larger, space draws you in.” (194) People are so inconstant with their preferences and choices, however, their history and the objects of culture may say a lot about people and their past lives. Usually, people try to create lots of traditions in order to follow them and make their lives more or less dependable on something; something that is less comprehensible and even uncontrolled. Mythology of Bali is one of my first stop. I have already read a lot about Balinese mythology: Rangda and Barong are my favorite characters. It is unbelievable pleasant to see these characters so close to me and even to ‘become aquatinted’ with them. Rangda was one of the most powerful Balinese evil witches. She had unbelievable power; her image plays an important role in Balinese culture and attracts the attention of lots of tourists. Barong is a good character that struggled against Rangda. People of Bali represent barongs as different animals. For each region, there was another animal fighting against the evil of Rangda: a traditional lion, a marvelous dragon, a huge tiger, and even a big boar. Because of such inconstancy of images, the Spurlock Museum presents this exhibit with one of t
The documentary is about the privacy risks posed by the many apps that people are using on their smartphones. According to the video, an average person has about 18 apps on their phone, including social media, fitness, games, and shopping. However, there is a price to pay for the fun and convenience introduced by these technological platforms. The researchers in the documentary created a simple horoscope application to establish how much data people give away when installing the apps on their android phones. Those who downloaded their application gave it access to their location, phone camera, and microphone. These are some of the permissions that people who download apps give, which puts their data and privacy at risk. Some apps cannot operate on a smartphone without these permissions, an indicator of the extent to which their designers can go to access private information. Lessons I learned several important things from this documentary. First, the apps that people use on their smartphones are not free. One may not be charged a fee to use them, but personal data is the currency individuals use to purchase the applications’ services. Notably, most of the apps that charge people to use rarely collect personal data. Therefore, people should be wary of the applications marketed as free but require permission to access location, camera, photos, and other phone settings because one pays for the services they provide through personal data. Secondly, the documentary shows how valuable data is in the modern era of the big data economy. The extent to which app designers go to collect data illustrates that it is a lucrative commodity. According to the documentary, many application designers sell data to third parties, so they can afford to provide free services to the downloader. However, the services are not free because they come at the expense of one’s privacy. Besides, the documentary makes it clear that cybercriminals can use applications. Some designers can use apps to extract vital private information from their targets and use it to perpetrate cybercrime activities such as extortion, impersonation, and financial fraud. Therefore, apps’ use presents very many risks, and people should be very careful when downloading them or giving them permission after downloading. Questions and Thoughts From the perspective of a privacy professional, I have several thoughts about the documentary’s revelations. First, I believe that privacy is a protected right and its violation by the application designers needs to be checked. The application industry needs to be regulated strictly to ensure that the privacy of users is protected. Laws should be developed to limit the extent to which the applications can collect data. If a person is not ready to give access to the information the application wants, they should be charged to use the service, and those who pay should not provide access to their data. Secondly, people should be taught about the importan
Introduction Consumers are individuals or groups that drive the economy by purchasing goods and services. Consumer behavior tries to explain why, how and when people do not buy or do buy products and services (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010, p. 12). As a matter of fact, it blends both aspects of sociology, psychology, social anthropology and economics. In a broad perspective, consumer behavior tends to give us a better understanding of various consumer demographics and behavioral variables. Consumer behavior tries to give us a good insight on the influence of groups and the society on a given consumer. These groups can be friends, family and reference groups (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010, p. 12). On the other hand, a consumer plays the roles of being a payer, user and buyer. Discussion Consumer behavior Consumer behavior can be further understood by looking at various buyer characteristics. This can be motivations, attitudes, personality, perceptions, lifestyle and knowledge. Most of these consumer actions are directed towards the satisfaction of needs and wants. A consumer can not make a decision unless he/she has been influenced to do so. This can emanate from either internal or external influences. Internal influences can be psychographics and demographics that are further reinforced by individual characteristics (Nigel, 2007, p. 21). External influences on the other hand, can be locality, culture, family, sex, social class or lifestyle. These aspects have an impact on the overall consumer decision. Behind the noble act of making purchases by consumers, there lies a decision process. Consumer decision making process This brings us to the consumer decision making process that goes through various stages. These include; problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, decision and then post decision evaluation (Nigel, 2007, p. 28). Problem recognition is where a consumer sees a significant difference between his two states (actual and ideal) These individual notions are got from personal expectations and aspirations. In addition, consumers will know what is ideal through reference groups, culture and effective marketing. This will lead them to the next stage of information search that may be either internal or external. Internal information search can be done by recalling experiences and feelings. Feelings are mostly a recollection of brands and products. Information about evaluation and attributes can also be recalled (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 32). On the other hand, external search revolves around information that is sourced from outside sources. By doing this, consumers will be engaged in an ongoing search and pre-purchase. These external sources can be media search, independent search, retailers’ search and internet sources. Consumers engage in external search b