ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Define Open and Closed Systems A system is “a composition of different parts that perform together in order to improve productivity or performance” (Koskinen, 2013, p. 37). Two types of systems occur in organizations. The first one is an open system. An open system embraces new ideas from the environment. Many open systems interact with their immediate environments in order to improve performance (Singh, 2009). An organization’s marketing department presents the best example of an open system. A closed system is usually rigid in nature. Such a system will have little interaction with the surrounding environment. The transmission of knowledge and ideas does not occur within closed systems. A closed system can discourage growth because it reduces the level of interaction with the environment. Determine if this organization is an open or closed organization The targeted organization for this paper uses an open system. The company has always collaborated with different stakeholders and bu
Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), its causes and treatment. The study relies on findings of empirical research to validate decisions and support arguments. The research has shown that the use of Cognitive Behavior Techniques is the most effective approach to cure PTSD. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs following exposure to a potentially traumatic life event and is characterized by three major cluster of symptom; re-experiencing, avoidance & numbing, and arousal (AmericanPsychiatricAssociation, 1994). In this case a person constantly relieves the event through any of the following exposure to a situation that is similar to the event, vivid memories of the event, perceptions, and sometimes through dreams. Research has shown that majority of Americans are exposed to traumatic events at least once in their lives, but only a eventually few develop PTSD (Kessler, Sonnega, Bonet, Hughes, and Nelson, 1995). Despite this, the prevalence of the disorder is high; at least 1 woman in 9 and 1 man in 20 suffer from PTSD in their lifetime (Kessler et al.; 1995; 2005). The disorder can result in interpersonal difficulties such as sociability, intimacy, anger, violence and substance abuse. There are four key theories in psychotherapy: behavioral theories, cognitive theories, developmental theories and personality theories which this paper will be discussing. Treatment and Disorders Behavioral theories Applied behavior analysis and behavior therapy are based on the work of BF Skinner (1953) and the application of Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning in treating anxiety by Joseph Wolfe (Wolpe and Plaud, 1997). Wolpe developed a technique for treating extreme fears by exposing patients to the stimuli that provoked it gradually until the response to fear was eliminated or reduced; this is what he referred as systematization. According to Skinner, the expected positive or negative outcome of behavior, based on past experience will influence an individual’s behavior. Based on Skinner’s theory of behavior technique operant conditioning an individual is inclined to choose a behavior because of an expected positive outcome over the one with negative result expectations. Behavioral therapy was popular in the 1970’s in treating PTSD; in the 80’s and 90’s behavioral therapists began focusing on the cognitive processes of patients in addition to behavioral therapy. At the time cognitive behavior therapy was used to change unhealthy behavior by replacing negative or self defeating thought patterns with positive one(Thomas, Clen and Arnold, 2010). The use of other psychological interventions such as medication has been used alongside behavioral techniques and usually depends on the patient and the severity of the problem that is under treatment. Cognitive theories Cognitive theory refers to ranges of activities that occurs mental
Introduction It was found during the survey that on the context of a complete gun ban, gun control, or unrestricted use of guns, none actually favored unrestricted use of guns. It was also seen that people was in favor of a formal training before he or she receives a gun permit. In the context of guns and substance abuse, it was found that the population was quite aware of the dangers associated with these two elements. The majority was in favor of a regular test. The greater part of the population was found to be not interested in possessing weapons at all and women in particular showed a huge dislike for guns. Main body The personal opinions varied on the issue in accordance to individuals. One female, age between 25-32 a graduate student and a supporter of the Democratic party, responded, “guns should be banned, we want to feel safe in classes and personal life.” However, in the upper age limit the opinion differed. Another said, “Self defense is mandatory, one ban guns and take away the right to survive”. This person was in full support of gun control. He was a male around 40 years and a PhD and he was also a supporter of the Democratic party. A pattern has emerged from the survey. It is evident from the study that female, more than male, are in favor of not only gun control but also total ban. However, the same group is interested in possession of guns in case the crime rate increases or in other words, the authority fails to administer, which, is quite unlikely. The age group of 25-32 also showed favor for gun ban and not just control. This proves that the group is more in favor of public and personal safety than adventure or related issues. Overall, it is clear from the survey that the population is in favor of complete gun ban and if it was even controlled the requirement was to monitor the possessor closely. The reason behind the female strongly opposed the use of guns and wanted a complete ban on guns was due to the reason that women are generally less aggressive and prefer constructive developmental period rather than men who are generally antagonistic. Another pattern came out of the study. The women are more inclined towards moderate policies because as it came to substance tests they overwhelmed the surveyor with support but tracked back when psychological te
Introduction   * 3-5 years old children.   * Special needs.   * Peculiarities of the educational process. This presentation is based on the discussion of the way children with special needs are educated. In particular, the focus is made on a class that consists of students who are 3-5 years. Attention is paid to classroom instruction, differentiation strategies, learning plans, and assessments so that their relevance to the observed children can be identified. It is significant for teachers to understand that students with cognitive and physical disabilities are still able to study and reach educational achievements if they are facilitated appropriately. In view of this, much attention should be paid to the identification of the specific problems and differentiation. Educational process should be adapted to children so that it benefits them the most. Teaching Approaches The class with preschool children focused on reading was conducted with the help of a multi-sensory approach. The teacher used short sentences for instruction to ensure that they can be easily perceived and understood. In addition to that, she controlled her speech, increasing the volume of her voice when providing instruction and pronouncing words slowly. What is more significant, she used her gestures to ensure student’s understanding. When encouraging them to raise their hands when they hear a particular sound, the educator showed how to do it. When reading a text, she used gestures to emphasize size and direction. Differentiation Strategies   * Printed and audio materials.   * Written and oral tasks. Differentiation depended greatly on children’s learning styles and their disabilities. For instance, children who had issues with listening had an opportunity to see what their teacher showed with her hands, and their perception improved. Classroom instruction was adapted with the focus made on a process. In this way, children were able to use both printed textbooks and audiobooks. Depending on their impartments, they could select the most appropriate source of information. Moreover, differentiation affected the end product of education. Students were grouped so that some of them had to deal with writing tasks while others worked on oral assignments. Technology Tool It can be advantageous to integrate the optical character recognition for the class (St. John, 2016). This tool provides an opportunity to scan a text and play it. In this way, it can be easier for a teacher to provide some task because, otherwise, she needs to read everything herself. Moreover, this technology can benefit children greatly when they deal with homework. With the help of the optical character recognition, the teacher can create an audio version of a book that is present only online. Thus, the students of this class will have more opportunities to improve their educational achievements. What is more, the use of this technology is aligned with the needs of the students and the differentiation strategy utilized by the educator. Learning Plans Learning plans developed for the observed children
Introduction Labor Government in Australia had in the recent past imposed a legal ban on Uranium mining and production in Western Australia. The move by the Government to lift the ban has paved way for the potential exploitation of large tons of uranium throughout the nation’s uranium-rich areas. This move is seen by many people and economists as a positive indication of developing the uranium industry which had stalled and dragged behind since the ban started. Australia has the largest uranium reserve in the country and in the whole world hence coal mining has a direct effect on the nation’s economic growth. This paper seeks to analyze the move by the government to lift the administrative caveat on the let out which would not require legislation by the government. This paper seeks to analyze the economic implications of the move by critically looking at the economic models such as the demand and supply of uranium before and after the ban. Concepts such as opportunity cost, elasticity, and consumer and producer surplus are studied concerning the Labor government’s move to lift the ban on uranium mining. The ban has an implication on the cost of uranium hence the demand and supply (Vienneau, 24). Supply and Demand In economics, the price of a particular product is determined by the supply and demand of the product. Such a concept is fundamental in finding out the expected changes in the lift of the ban on uranium. When the demand for a product is in equilibrium with the supply for the product, the price of the product is reached (Humphrey, 5). The ban on uranium was aimed at ensuring that the recent stock of uranium is consumed first and the environmental problem caused by uranium mining is reduced. The depleted uranium already mined which was lying idle and waiting to be used no longer exists. The demand has risen not only in Australia but also worldwide. The shortage in the market has grown immensely such that the lift on the ban will increase the demand and supply. As shown in the expected price and quantity graph, ther
Korea’s economic system is basically totalitarian in the sense that the government straightforwardly polices the market. The government is hands on in determining the courses and policies that the market operates on. It participates via its involvement through the central monetary institution in the determination of the fees on loans and market values. The financial institutions, the central bank included, are charged with the sole responsibility of creating a credit and banking system which is endowed with the singular ability to expand credit and make money available. If the cost of borrowing is not interfered with by the Korean government, the economy will correct it leading to equilibrium in the quantity of money to be lent that is availed and asked for as well as bringing about stability in the commodity prices (Wall & Minocha, 2009). The government-led regulation of loan issuance by financial institutions influences the inclinations of borrowers and their motives of being thrifty against spending. Usually, the regulated rates are lower than those required by the thrifty corporations and individuals which causes amplified uptake of loans and asset speculation over and above that could be supplied. This spurs short-term labor demand as well as expenditure in an economy as witnessed in Korea during the 1990s. In the uninterrupted scenario like the pure capitalist or mixed economic systems, such surges are naturally eliminated but when credit terms are policed by the authorities as in the Korean case then loopholes are created. This exposes the whole financial sector of an economy to risks that may lead to crises. This is becau
Introduction Toni Morrison’s The Nobel Lecture in Literature is about the real value of language. It turns attention to the importance of language in modern society and the power that people have over the language they speak. What becomes clear right after reading the lecture is that Morrison is more focused on presenting the political use of language, rather than its use in daily life. This is especially evident from her utilizing the concept ‘statist language’ under which she means the language of the state and its political use. Toni Morrison’s attitude towards the statist language as the dead one presents her vision of higher politics and expresses an idea that language is degraded because of political censorship. Discussion To begin with, Morrison treats statist language as dead because, for her, it has lost its primary purpose due to political usage. What is the primary purpose of language? For Morrison, this purpose is serving people for she presents language “partly as a system, partly as a living thing over which one has control” (Morrison 61). This presentation of language as a living thing points at its mortality and the dependence of its future on human responsibility: “If it is alive, you can still kill it” (Morrison 60). According to Morrison, a dead language, such as the one used in politics, is unable to fulfill its function and can only “maintain the free range of its own narcotic narcissism, its own exclusively and dominance” (Morrison 61). Thus, political use of language deprives it of primary purpose and kills it. Such a view on the political use of language presents Morrison’s vision of higher politics. Without writing a single word about modern politics, the author expresses her negative attitude towards it. Not only has the government deprived the language of its primary purpose, it changed it forever and modified it, making it unable to develop: “Unreceptive to interrogation, it cannot form or tolerate new ideas, shape other thoughts, tell another story, fill baffling silences” (Morrison 61). The government is presented as a murderer of language that disused it and killed it by fiat. Lastly, this murder of language took place because of
Problem Identification The major problem in this case is that the recovery attained by the company (presently $55 million) should be equal to the total casual activity recovery in the market (presently $550-$600 million). This includes 20,000 unresolved recovery cases with values averaging $7500 each; this meant that Western Casualty was behind in its recovery process and that it was supposed to increase its speed in order to hit the target. There was also a concern of Casualty’s legal department and lawyers about bring MCG onboard. In the beginning of the contracting phase, MCG planned to remain onsite for 18 months, to see more on organization culture and know day-to-day operations. Beginning the restructuring, the consultant selected the method of collaborate role with the clients. Collaborative relationship promises maximum people resources – both the consultants and the clients. They stated cleared that the consultants are not there for helping downsizing of OPL but they are helping to apply their technical skill to make it more productive in the future. Discovery phase begins; they started of layer of analysis on initial problem They found fear of employees over workload in the capacity of current workforce and downsizing of OPL. There is no benchmarking in the department. This reduces the morale that would have otherwise. Employees felt that they had to do everything and they don’t have time to do anything well. Identify the Causes of the Problem Western Casualty specialized in processing of casualty and properties. Western Casualty was in the early 1980’s the dominant company in the western region. By early 1990’s casualty’s market share dropped significantly to below 20% from above 65%. This was as national property/ casualty insurers threatened to take over. Perhaps the greatest test for western casualty was during the catastrophe that rocked California which rendered business in the state unattainable to most of the insurance companies. However, western casualty viewed this as an opportunity to advance itself in the market by being more aggressive and taking over the market in a bid to increase revenue and therefore widen the profit margin. This sat well for the company as it was viewed as the remaining reliable insurance company in the region. However that was until national property/ casualty insurers came into the picture and technological advancement or lack of it almost brought western casualty to its knees. The early 1990’s was characterized with technological development and sprouting of insurance companies. Western casualty didn’t embrace technology in processing of claims as fast as its competitors had. During this paradigm shift, western casualty sat comfortably without interest in the developing means. This was until the figures began dwindling prompting a restructuring program. Alternative Solutions An alternative solution is important in
Background Employees are faced with numerous risks in the course of executing their duties. Some of these risks relate to injuries and diseases. To minimize loss arising from compensating employees, the insurance industry has developed the Workmen’s Compensation Policy. The state of Florida has developed comprehensive workers’ compensation scheme with the objective of ensuring effective workers’ compensation. Workers’ compensation which includes four parties namely the injured employee, employer, insurer and health provider (Sink, 2008, para. 3). The Injured Employee The injured party is expected to report the job-related injury within a period of 30 days upon the occurrence of the accident to the employer. On the other hand, the employer should inform the insurer within seven days. The insurer contacts the patient and explains rights and obligations for better treatment. The Employee Assistance Office of the Division of Workers’ Compensation (EAODWC) sends notification letters and forms containing the injury details, fraud statement, medical records and medical mileage reimbursement forms. The patient should comply with the doctor’s instructions and notify the employer of any special recommendations regarding job attendance. Depending on the severity of the injury, the insurer will provide compensation for the regular wages for a given period which also depends on the type of injury. The patient will be liable to prosecution if a false claim of an on-the-job injury or exaggerated injuries is filed. The Employer The Bureau of Compliance ensures compliance of employers to Chapter 440 of Florida Statutes by obtaining appropriate workers’ compensation insurance coverage for their employees (Florida Division of Workers Compensation, 2010,para.1-5). The employer is required to report the occurrence of injury within the workplace to the insurer and keep in contact with both patient and the doctor. In addition, the employer should get the doctor’s recommendations about the patient’s ability to work. In conjunction with the patient, he should make the necessary arrangement for the new job description and wage and notify the insurer. It is a criminal offence for an employer to be working without worker’s compensation coverage, submitting fraudulent certificates of coverage, misclassifying employees to pay lower premiums and violating stop-work order. Health Care Provider A health care provider or a physician must be certified by the Division of Worker’s Compensation in order to comply with worker’s compensation statutes, rules and reimbursement manuals (Leibowitz, 2007, para. 5).It is the responsibility of the certified health provider to offer the care authorized by the insurer, provide medical documentations of the patient to the insurer, recommend work limitations of the patient and filing of medical bills for compensation. It is a criminal violation of worker’s compensation laws for any physici
These days there is a growing pressure towards companies to alter their operations to make them more environmentally sustainable. Some people even claim that such changes can prove to be beneficial for organizations themselves bringing additional profit and enhancing brand recognition. However, as more and more companies employ greenwashing strategies, many experts start to raise doubts whether full environmental sustainability is accessible, especially, if business goals are prioritized. Businesses have more resources than individuals; therefore, they have more responsibilities. They should care for their customers providing them with products of high quality which are safe to use and for their employees ensuring that they have comfortable working conditions and stable income. In recent decades, there have been growing acknowledgement that companies are also responsible for the impact they have on the environment. However, it is essential to remember that businesses main goal is to be financially profitable. Otherwise, they would not be able to continue their operations for a long time. Therefore, organizations should balance their social responsibilities with seeking financial success. Taking considerable environmental action can, however, be too costly to remain within this framework (Eisenstein, 2014). As Eisenstein puts it, “if your company is going to make a significant step toward sustainability, it probably won’t make business sense, at least not in any way that can be predicted or quantified” (2014, para. 9). Hence, to make such actions, businesses should be guided by other goals rather than profit – it must be about caring, desire to contribute and making a change. For companies, to be 100% sustainable and ethical would mean that each time they are presented with a decision, they would make people or nature their priority. However, it is difficult to imagine that such a company can be financially successful maintaining