ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Personality assessment forms a major function in applied psychology all over the world. In the European countries and the US, clinical psychologists use personality assessment tools in analytical and treatment decisions. The application of scientific methods of personality assessment has improved the status of clinical psychology especially in the developing countries where clinical psychology is still growing (Watson et al., 1984). In less developed nations, personality assessment is an acquired discipline, following the traditions from the western nations and the psychological models. The most common personality assessment tests used in Asia are: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the NEO-PI-R (Schneider et al., 2006). The most common psychological evaluations include the achievements/aptitude tests, diagnostic psychological evaluations, intelligence tests, neuropsychological tests, personality tests, and occupational tests. This study focuses on personality assessment which is applied by psychologists in developing clinical diagnoses of individual trait. Personality refers to the exceptional way in which each and every person reasons, acts, and feels although his/her life. Personality has two main components and these are personal traits/character and temperament. Character denotes value judgment of an individual’s moral or ethical behavior, while temperament refers to the enduring characteristics of an individual (Watson et al., 1984). Theories of personality have emphasized on explaining personality and forecasting an individual traits based on such explanations. Gordon Allport established about 200 personal traits in which he felt were implanted into each individuals’ nervous system. Raymond Cattell further narrowed these traits into surface traits (the 200 described by Allport) and the source traits (16 traits) which are more fundamental and forms the center of personality. Subsequent researchers narrowed this list to five source traits and developed the personality model referred to as the five-factor model. Five-factor model has the following traits: honesty, extraversion, sensitiveness, diligence, and happiness. The critics of this model argue that personal circumstances play a major role in shaping an individual’s character than what is suggested in the trait theory (Schneider et al., 2006). Various techniques of assessing personality have been developed based on particular theories of personality as well as the diverse goals of classification, personal insight, and the diagnosis of psychological disorders. Psychologists most often use personality inventory to assess an individual(s).Personality inventory contains a questionnaire with standard listed questions that only requires a person to give specific answers such as “positive” or “negative”. Examples of the commonly used personality inventories include MMPI-2, the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
Weston J. Morrow published an article Police Use of Force: An Examination of the Minority Threat Perspective in A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society . In the study, the author introduces the minority threat perspective. This theory implies that the current justice system may present a mechanism, via which it is possible for the majority to take control of the minority. The methodology involves stops, questions, and information from New York Police Department in order to examine the use of force by police in case of stop-and-frisk practice. In some cases, the results of the study provide evidence for the minority threat perspective. As for me, I am convinced that the modern police system is aimed to maintain justice, and such a factor of affiliation to a minor group does not appear influential. Today, people all over the world adhere to tolerance and attempt to avoid prejudices and suppression. In the same journal, it is possible to find the article Systemic Error: Measuring Gender in Criminological Research written by Jace L. Valcore and Rebecca Pfeffer. The authors are intended to explore whether gender and sex are influential in the context of criminal justice. Pursuing this aim, they analyzed peer-viewed journals, which involve articles in this regard. It was reported that, in general, gender is measured in accordance with a male-female binary. Therefore, people, who do not relate to these categories, are not taken into consideration appropriately. For this reason, the researchers conclude by stating the necessity to address this issue and adhere to a careful attitude to people of different genders and sexes. In this context, I may agree with the authors. It is essential to adjust to the modern changes of self-identification and respect people in their self-representation.
Healthcare management has taken leaping strides in the last decade; it has become complex hub of diversified activities and conflicting interests. This requires for close examination to improve the service project and manage the interdependent interests under one mission of enhanced integrated service.. The primary focus of customer service improvement would be to understand the management criteria and relate the importance of service improvement as the key factor which would strengthen the customer satisfaction in the long run. The concept of polarity management coined by Barry Johnson, in his book “Polarity Management” seems to offer a solution to the complex management issues related to healthcare, where it is conglomeration of conflicting interest presented in large group rather than individual case. Health care management is unique in its needs for management related issues where the opposing views are existing and change is not that easy to implement. There is probability that there does not exist a clear, single solution which is best choice for all. The importance of initiating a requirement for change within the system for the benefit of the customers would require harmony and understanding of the management and the physicians as team. Cost and quality care are two major factors which impact the service improvement for customers in the health care maintenance. The complexity of healthcare management can be evaluated and optimized in the area of customer service by including the strategy of polarity management in the harmonious networking of representatives, physicians and administrations. Based on the criterion of assessing this healthcare organization based on the fundamental polarity management, the most prominent polarity which is visible is the polarity of centralization and centralization which is very intricately tied in with the cost and quality factors. The health care organization needs to adopt an integrated healthcare system which is built by bringing together various units like hospitals and physicians under one stem to serve the customer. This is necessary to have cohesive force which works together to serve the customer and enhance the customer service. The regional and focus area differences and conflicts do emerge in such conditions. This is caused by the differences in their philosophies and their cultures of work. They operate at different levels. These polarities need to be judiciously identified by the managers to resolve these conflicting situations. This would ensure success and growth of the organization in the field of healthcare and optimization. The key elements of polarity management have been comprehensively identified in the in the study published by Burns in 1999, in his paper “Polarity Management: The Key Challenge for Integrated Health Systems”. Burns identifies nine polarities, whic
Introduction That there’s a God, that there’s a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, “Their colour is a diabolic dye.”Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train. (Wheatley, 12; Lauter , 575) Literature is a discipline that has been used for centuries as a way of expressing people’s feelings as well as an avenue for passing across messages about important issues. Artists use their pieces of writing to communicate to the general public and bring about change concerning various issues that affect society. Phillis Wheatley’s On Being Brought From Africa to America analysis shall be provided in this paper. The paper gives the explanation to the meaning of Wheatley’s short poem and addresses its contributions in American literature as well. The above passage is a poem by Phillis Wheatley that talks about a slave shipped from her native land to another continent. The poet implies that the subject’s homeland practiced paganism, and the exposure to a new setting made her aware of Christianity. Religion as One of the Main Themes The subject finds something positive in her slavery; Christianity, which she and the other slaves embrace. Religion was a significant theme in most works of art written by African-American writers during the era of the slave trade in the 18th and 19th centuries in America. They dwelled on Christianity because it was a form of solace that gave them hope. The excerpt goes on to say that many people, especially Christians, view the black man as being sinful hence uses this to scorn them. What does Wheatley imply in these lines from “On Being Brought from Africa to America”?The poet implies that the White American judges the black man solely on the color of his skin and nothing else. To the White, the color of the black man prevents him from doing good, including being intelligent and even being creative. But the poet reminds them that though they might be black, they also have a chance of getting in Heaven. She also implies that being black-skinned is not a hindrance to greatness. This poem reflects on the woes of the black people who were brought into America from their motherland due to forced migration, Africa, to work as slaves. The phrases “mercy brought me” and “on being brought” are ironic in that they imply that Africans moved to America on their own free will, which was never the case (Wheatley, 12). But in the real sense, women, men, and children were kidnapped and forced into ships where most of them died due to hunger and sickness as they were shipped off to America to be slaves. Author’s Critical Approach to Slavery Wheatley does not want to come out as a slavery critic, that is why it seems as though she is thanking ‘mercy’ and not the slave traders for bringing her from her pagan land. As is clear from On Being Brought From Africa to America summar
Philosophy in general is one of the first studies that appeared in the history of the humanity. This study and the scholars involved into it are focused on exploring the most meaningful concept of the human life and following their internal connections, interactions, development and influences on people’s behaviors and ways of thinking. Philosophy covers such aspects as religion, politics, economy, art, law, social relationships, and, of course, education. Philosophy of education is not a branch that is specifically and commonly studied within the course of philosophy in colleges and universities. Philosophy of education is a subject that is mainly explored by the people working in the sphere of education. Just like all the other branches, philosophy of education is concentrated on looking for answers to the eternal questions that have been bothering the minds of the humanity ever since the ancient times. Among the issues studied by educational philosophers are the purposes and goals of education, its influence on the society and people’s ways of thinking, the subjects of education. One of the most important and frequently addressed concepts of educational philosophy of the present days is the concept of the relationship between social and cultural diversity in the contemporary world and the changes it brings to the modern process of education. One more very common question explored by the philosophers of education is the role the state and government should play in the sphere of education today and the role they actually play. The Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author To my mind, one of the most interesting ideas expressed by the author of the book called “Philosophy of Education”, Nel Noddings, is the thought that the philosophical issues are not supposed to have just one answer to them. The questions explored by the philosophers all around the world are meant to be eternal, because the answers to them change depending on the surrounding influences such are the type of the society, the historical events, political regimes, cultures, religious, eras and economical conditions. This is why Nel Noddings presents the teachings of the most outstanding thinkers of different times and epochs in order to show how the perspectives of the philosophers on the main issue
Organized crime, in my view, occurs when two or more persons form a rational, ongoing conspiracy to commit crime for reasons such as the desire to make a profit or religious and political extremism. The term can therefore be described as a continuing criminal undertaking that rationally works to benefit from illegal activities through the use of force, intimidation, domination, and/or the corruption of public officials. This perception is supported in the literature by Albanese (2012), who also argues that the criminal enterprise might consist of two individuals engaged in a small-scale conspiracy, or a comprehensive network of individuals located in several countries but glued together by their intent to commit a multinational crime. Several assumptions have been made in providing the definition of organized crime. For example, it has been assumed that a single offender has no capacity to plan and execute organized crime, that there must be a form of rational planning for organized crime to be successfully executed, and that organized crime offenders do not necessary seek to benefit financially from their criminal enterprise. The personal description and perception of organized crime, in my view, is different from the descriptions found in the two books. For example, although Lyman and Potter (2007) agree that organized crime is a rational, ongoing conspiracy among two or more persons to commit a crime, they nevertheless argue that the most profitable forms of organized crime primarily focus on scams and schemes involving absolutely legal actions such as labor racketeering and extortion. The distinctive feature, therefore, is embedded in the fact that it may be difficult to distinguish organized crime from other legal activities. In sampling the major similarity, however, it is evident that organized crime entails a rational, ongoing conspiracy because the authors agree that crimes of this nature are not just organized but well thought out and executed with the precise objective of evading detection. The personal perception of organized crime is also different from the definition provided by Mallory (2007), although a few similarities can be noted. The author is of the opinion that a proper definition of organized crime “refers to acts that are both mala in se and mala prohibita , and includes detailed information about how these activities became organized” (Mallory, 2007 p. 3). However, he acknowledges that there is no agreed upon definition of organized crime, hence persons, agencies and states dealing with this form of crime must take into account the structure, objectives for conspiracy, and characteristics of the group on a case-by-case basis. In discussing the characteristics associated with organized criminal behavior, one of the underlying factors is that actors in organized crime may not necessarily be driven by profit gain. For example, Islamic terrorists commit crimes of an organized nat
Design theory is a significant phenomenon in the sphere of art, design, and architecture since it is a set of methods, strategies, and decisions that are needed to create a particular product. When it comes to interior design, specialists can follow multiple theories representing different approaches to a single issue, and biophilia occupies a prominent place among them. Thus, this paper’s primary goal is to define this theory, explain how it is used in interior design, provide examples, and comment on its benefits and challenges. It is reasonable to begin by defining the biophilic theory. According to McGee et al. (2019), this design approach aims at “rediscovering the connection between people and the sensorial environment around them” (p. 201). These scientists focus on the idea that there has always been a link between human beings and nature, and it is necessary to preserve it in the technological and innovative world. Today, many people spend more than 80% of their time indoors, making it more significant to emphasize and protect the connection above (Baldwin, 2020, para. 6). Consequently, there is a reason to rely on the biophilic theory. The next step is to demonstrate how biophilia can be applied to interior design. This theory provides designers with an opportunity to choose among multiple patterns that come from three main groups, including nature in the space, nature of the space, and natural analogs. In particular, it is possible to introduce the direct experience and visual connection with the environment using open space and large windows, as Figure 1 by Baldwin (2020) demonstrates. Simultaneously, Figure 2 by Baldwin (2020) shows that natural materials are another manifestation of biophilia. Finally, it is possible to focus on temperature flow, artwork, and wall murals to make interior design more natural (McGee et al., 2019). This information has demonstrated that designers can use numerous approaches to achieve the desired outcome. At this point, one should introduce the benefits of applying the biophilic approach to clarify why designers choose to follow it. In fact, there is a cohort of scientific articles that report the positive impact of biophilic design. An article by Emma Web Interiors (2019) offers a collection of such studies, highlighting that landscape views and access to vegetation result in employees’ better health and performance. Furthermore, Baldwin (2020) states that biophilic designs result in health benefits that relate to decreased blood pressure and better activity of the nervous system. Consequently, it is impossible to overestimate the positive effects of biophilia in interior design. It is also rational to comment on whether this theory results in some challenges. One can suppose that applying biophilia to interior design leads to economic disadvantages because it is expensive to create a connection between people and nature. However, McGee et al. (2019) state that this theory is a sound economic investment because numerous positive consequences will be obtaine
The research article “Gender and adolescent development” which is authored by David G. Perry and Rachel E. Pauletti was published in the Journal for Research on Adolescent in 2011. The authors are faculty members at the Florida Atlantic University. The main purpose of the article is to summarize and criticize any recent trends in research as well as theory on the role played by gender in adolescent development (Perry & Pauletti, 2011). The study was conducted through the use of secondary data and information summarized and critiqued by the writers. Through the collection of different research studies, the authors were able to determine the role played by gender in the growth and development of adolescents. Based on the scholarly article, the authors used some articles which could be categorized as primary sources. The study was specifically concerned with sex, gender, and adolescence. The authors reviewed the literature of other authors were related to the issue of gender and adolescence. The study was more of a review of past and recent trends in theory and research regarding the issues of adolescence and gender. The paper is organized in such a manner that it addresses each issue articulately. As part of methodology, both secondary and primary sources were used for the review which has been used interchangeably throughout the paper. The authors have organized different themes such as gender identity, gender typing, and gender stereotypes to form the major gender constructs. In addition, gender theories are also summarized as part of the methodology. One of the major findings of the paper is that there is a linkage between gender activity/trend in childhood which is replicated in
Introduction The Australian High Court is the highest independent judicial arm of the government, which is also a significant feature of Australia’s liberal-democratic governance (Patapan, 2010, p. 167; Banks, 2007, p. 16). The main functions of this court include interpreting and applying the Australian constitution, solving cases regarding the federal system of governance such as instances where the constitutional validity of the laws is challenged, and officiating appeal cases (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). However, in the recent past, there have been arguments over the court’s role in the shifting balance of power, which tends to favor the Commonwealth. As a result, there is the need to look into the factors underlying this shift in the balance of power and the relevant constitutional interpretations since the initial constitution provided for the preservation of the balance of power between the commonwealth and the states (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). To this end, the essay will look at the role of the high court in interpreting the wording of the Australian constitution by considering the Engineers case (Amalgamated Society of Engineers Vs Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd) of 1920. In addition, this essay aims at illustrating the High Court’s role as a political institution of governance through considering the court’s input in supporting the legislation regarding income tax, which was enacted by the Commonwealth in 1942. Overall, the two cases will serve as examples of the roles played by the high court in interpreting the Australian constitution, and acting as a political institution in the Australian system of governance. The role of the High Court in interpreting the laws Considering that all the constitutional rights of appeal bestowed upon the Privy Council have been abolished in the recent past, it is certain that the Australian constitution allows the High Court to interpret the laws (Singleton et al., 2009, p.65). This implies that all the constitutional cases including appeals originating from different jurisdictions, which bear a greater political significance to the federal government, are referred to the High Court. Here, it is worth noting that most constitutional cases are based on disagreements involving the balance of power between the federal and the state governments particularly in matters dealing with trade, banking, and arbitrations (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 65; Wiltshire, 2008, p. 31). Thus, the decisions made by the High Court regarding