ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The case under analysis deals with the precedent which discovers a difficult case of relationships between a representative of administrative power and an unconscionable driver. In fact, when applying to concrete persons, officer Blakestone is a client. His attorney, Ahmed Al Atram, tries to put himself in the picture in order to better investigate the case for good and grave arguments which will be so vital and needful proximately during the trial process. So the details of the situation are as follows. The case took place in the state of Indiana somewhere on the stage of road. A well-experienced officer (12 years in the department) with a good reputation and high-estimated characteristics from the workplace, meaning police department, being on patrol noticed a car speeding gradually and even swerving which signaled for the officer a strange thing of the straightforward infraction. Thus, Mr. Blakestone made some efforts so that to pull over the vehicle. The fact that the driver was drunk and violent in the way he behaved was fixed by the officer. Furthermore, the driver rejected all the requirements usually claimed by policemen in accordance with the procedure officially stated in the USA. The driver had no desire to cooperate and follow the officer’s instructions desecrating him with four-letter words and unsuspected actions, namely hitting the officer while trying to escape. The officer used the taser attempting to hold the driver down to better control the situation because of physical differences between the two men. Also, the officer used his stun gun when another man continued resisting. Both men were unknown to each other. The driver had no license, the officer had no backup. The point is that the driver died after the officer’s use of a taser from a heart attack. That is the matter of aggravation. The client, as it is seen, followed the instructions and used all the principles of maintaining legal affairs for administrative control and for safety on the roads. The extent of a cop is, frankly speaking, disdained in society, so many people do not mind the person of a cop until gaining trouble with the law due to their irresponsibility. The officer acted in the right way because the situation was not ordinary and eventual details of it intended him to act immediately. First, it concerned the legal language as for his work mandatory rules. Second, the case presented a danger for the rest of the drivers and accidental passers-by. Third, the direct hazard was manifested towards the officer because of the aggressive attitude of the driver. Nonetheless, the policeman was possibly the only person who could prevent the negative effects of such-like driving. Taking into account possible claims from the side of the plaintiff may include the facts of assault made by the officer and his more than one attempt to shoot, first, with the help of a taser and then with the help of a stun gun. These were the measures of self-defense and considering the fact that the officer had no partner while patching up the dispute. The recorded tape can be presented as a potential and direct time-card alibi for the policeman. On the other hand, incri
Introduction The 17th century was a troublesome period for most of the colonists in New England. The Europeans had migrated to North America with the hope of starting a new life. They wanted to become rich and prosperous. The article begins by explaining how the settlers failed to address most of the challenges affecting the immigrants. The article “An Indentured Servant, Laments his Condition in Virginia, 1623” examines the experiences of these immigrants in New England. This essay places Richard Frethorne’s article within the context of the history discussed in class. Personal Response to the Essay Summary of the Article This article explains why the process of transplantation continued to affect the lives of both the Native Americans and immigrants. The narrator also explains how most of the colonists lived in fear. This was true because the natives could attack them any minute. The situation worsened after their relatives, and family members continued to die. People’s expectations had diminished. The people encountered hurtful events such as death and sickness. The people lacked appropriate clothes. They also stole amongst themselves. The narrator explains how every person missed his or her old life back in England (Foner 56). The author was energetic before leaving England. This article explains why most of the indentured servants were unhappy with their living conditions in New England. Personal Analysis and Response to the Essay This primary article is a letter written by Richard to his parents. The author uses the letter to complain about the hardships experienced by every indentured servant in New England. From 1607 to 1700, over 500,000 people decided to leave England and live in America. Most of these people came to America as indentured servants (Foner 49). The practice was similar to slavery. However, “the servants looked forward to their freedom” (Foner 56). The class readings have the experiences of many colonists in North America. This explains why the 16th and 17th centuries were hectic for most of the European settlers. The class readings also explain why the first settlers established their colonies in North America. The immigrants worked as indentured servants for several years before becoming free citizens in their respective colonies. According to the author, the tensions between the English colonies and the Red Indians continued to affect the immigrants. The existing policies also forced the colonists to attack the natives (Foner 58). This heightened the relationship and enmity between the two groups. This letter is an important document because it supports most of the themes studied in class. The class readings explain how most of “the Europeans wanted to make fortunes and create new societies based on religious doctrines and teachings” (Foner 52). Ho
The concept of celebrating Christmas is a foreign cultural aspect which has been modified to suit the lifestyles of Kalahari Bushmen. The narrator explains the significance of this celebration to the Bushmen, who have high expectations on how the feast needs to be prepared. This paper will look at the cultural relevance of Christmas to communities living in the Kalahari and how different theories of socialization relate to their ways of life. The narrator reveals how Bushmen integrated Christmas celebrations with other rituals that are familiar with their concepts of celebration. The custom of slaughtering an ox, dancing, feasting, and celebration indicates that community members in the Kalahari recognized the value of Christmas in their unique ways. The narrator’s interactions with Bushmen made him understand their communal habits and other cultural practices better. This way of living was different from what the narrator was accustomed to because he rarely shared his food supplies with members of the community. There was a cultural conflict between the narrator and locals because he had a different opinion regarding sharing and coexistence. The narrator offered an ox for Christmas to members of the community as a symbol of gratitude for cooperating with him while he was doing his anthropological research. The environment in which the Bushmen lived was a harsh desert, and the narrator observed how they survived in these difficult conditions. They engaged in various community activities that bound them together as people that shared common cultural beliefs and practices. The influence of Christianity had helped them develop different value systems which had altered the way they perceived different practices that were important to them. They had shown relative acceptance of western ideals even though Christmas celebrations did not have the same meaning to them as it did to the narrator. The narrator’s decision to offer them an ox can be described as a form of organic solidarity because he had been integrated into the community even though he was a foreigner. Bushmen community members have various beliefs and practices which define them as a distinct cultural unit. The narrator observed that locals were hesitant to accept his gift because they felt its quality was inferior. The concept of cultural relativism became clear because the narrator found it difficult to convince them that his gift was going to satisfy their expectations. They reacted differently to his gift, claiming that the ox was old and did not have enough meat and fat to satisfy all members of the community. The narrator highlights a unique communal attribute of these people; they still expected him to offer a meatier ox to them for Christmas. The narrator’s cultural background did not make him anticipate that Kalahari locals have a different view on how Christmas is supposed to be celebrated. The narrator felt they were disappointed with the quality of the ox he had offered because they had grumbled that the meat was not adequate for their needs. The n
Introduction The continuous increase in real gross domestic product is what is called real economic growth. Economic growth can originate from efficient production levels or from inefficient production levels. Economic growth can happen with decrease, increase or without any change in the price level. There are various factors that are associated with economic growth and they include: capital, economic freedom, natural resources, advancement in technology, labor and freedom of trade. Demand-side policies are tools that can be used to improve economic growth. Demand-side policies are focused on moving the AD curve towards the right and they are used when the economy drifts away from its optimal continuous growth course (York, & Jermier, 2010, p 78). In the past few decades, governments have depended on the monetary policy and less importantly on tax rate changes to counteract fluctuations of the business cycles and help the economy to stabilize. In the great depression, however, government spending plays a significant role in stabilizing the economy. Government spending has been dedicated to spending on infrastructure in order to promote economic growth. Actually, more than half of the products and services in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act were dedicated to policies that would assist in economic growth and the capability of promoting continuous economic growth was the main aspect in picking projects. A debate is ongoing about the level of government intervention in the market economy affairs (Lenz, 2006, p. 219). Many economists argue that decreased involvement of the government and related political influence in economy would result to a more stable economic status in terms of use of resources, growth and development, employment and general living standards. Others argue that implementation of policies thorough planning and public ownership of major industries will lead to economic growth. Demand-side policies Demand-side policies are divided into fiscal policy, which includes changes in tax collection or government spending and monetary policy, which involve changes in the supply of money by the central bank. Expansionary policies are the policies which are established to stimulate economic growth by causing changes in possible economic output, the real GDP or both (Lenz, 2006, p. 224). On the demand-side, these policies are applied through one of the following classes that constitute the GDP: government expenditure, consumption expenditure, net export expenditure and investment expenditure (Gupta, 2009, p. 1). Cutting taxes which is a tool of expansionary fiscal policy, leads to an increase in net income and therefore consumption expenditure increases. Lowering of taxation rates contributes to increased investments and venture into profitable projects. Monetary policy Monetary policy is intended to influence investment expenditure by lowering rates of interest, which are increased in the money supply of a company or may result to total export expenditure. In this case, an expansion in monetary policy leads to an increase in dollars on
The linkage between water quality and public health is derived from the fact that unsafe water is responsible for causing a variety of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, which claims the lives of an estimated 5 million people annually – 6,000 children everyday (NRDC, 2008). According to WHO (2010), the quality of drinking water is a foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne ailments, thus water quality is a critical environmental determinant of health for populations using the water. Water that is contaminated with chemicals or bacteria can compromise the state of public health by increasing the risks of various disease outbreaks. Due to inadequate or ineffective water treatment policies in most developing countries, drinking water often gets contaminated with chemicals and bacteria from industrial wastes, pesticides, and untreated human waste (NRDC, 2008), setting the stage for the outbreak of notable waterborne diseases as is presently happening in Haiti after the devastating earthquake that occasioned the contamination of drinking water with human effluent. Some water pollutants carry disease-causing agents such as E. coli, giardia , and the typhoid bacteria, which have been known to cause potentially fatal diseases. NRDC (2008) notes that an estimated 3 million children perish each year due to waterborne diseases, 90 percent dying before celebrating their 5 th birthday as a direct consequence of their weak immunity systems. Contaminated water is also known to cause skin lesions, cardiac conditions, and several types of cancer. According to Markandya (2004), “…unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in high-mortality developing countries” (p. 3). As such, it can be argued that the quality of water is a foremost determinant of the health of populations globally. Indeed, water is a fundamental component of public health, and
Introduction Conventionally, Middle Ages relates to European history from the fall of Rome in the second half of the 5th to the 15th century, when Renaissance thrived. Likewise conventionally, Middles Ages are regarded as a chaotic period, dominated by political instability, wars, terrible epidemic outbreaks, and strict religious dominance. However, far from being a dark interval between the glories of the Roman Empire and the magnificence of the Renaissance, Middle Ages is the epoch when Europe, and by extension, Western civilization, was forged (Landes 45). During the Middle Ages, the first central governments and bureaucracies cropped out in France and England, scientific experimentation started, and merchant tradition created the basis for further development. These seeds would have eventually bloomed to define some spread traits main across Europe, contributing to set a certain level of coherence within Western civilization (Stearns 70-73). These characteristics include the idea of national states, scientific thinking, and the rise of the merchant. Similarly, many reforms, inventions, and discoveries that occurred during Renaissance and Early Modern Period stemmed from the experiences gained during the Middle Ages and shaped the Western culture in such a profound way that their influence is still recognizable today. The introduction of the printing press in the mid 15th century, between the
Communication with patients is widely considered to be among the pillars of successful patient care. Most people believe that effective communication is essential for nurses to ensure positive patient outcomes and promote faster recovery. Therefore, many researchers and authors have sought to determine and outline the key principles of patient-nurse communication. Still, the research community uses the scientific approach to evaluate communication patterns and interventions. Marcus Engel, on the other hand, presents a unique view on patient-nurse communication from the patient’s perspective. In his book “I’m Here: Compassionate Communication in Patient Care,” Engel (2010) describes his personal experience with patient care and explains positive and negative communication patterns that can affect patient health. The purpose of the book is to draw the attention of nurses and other health professionals to the importance of compassionate communication. I believe that this goal is relevant to the contemporary healthcare environment. Indeed, communication with patients in many institutions tends to be quite formal; nurses usually care for several patients at once, which is why it is difficult for them to utilize a personal approach for each patient. However, for patients, nurses are the key point of contact among health professionals. Engel (2010) shows that nurses spend more time with patients than doctors and other medical professionals. Therefore, for patients staying in the hospital, communication with nurses becomes very important. In order to convey his main idea, Engel (2010) chooses to describe his personal experience of recovering from a car accident that affected his sight. The writer admits that the recovery process was difficult and full of unexpected events; however, seeing compassion and genuine care from Nurse Barb helped him to feel at ease even at his most difficult moments. By sharing his view on compassionate care in nursing through a personal story, the author gains the attention of a wide audience while at the same time establishing a clear link between the patient’s personal troubles and his or her path to recovery. The author describes his journey to recovery in moderate detail, focusing more on the emotional side of the events. Such an approach allows Engel (2010) to stress the importance of the support provided by Nurse Barb. In essence, Nurse Barb becomes the ideal of compassionate nursing care that is advocated in work. Engel (2010) created a book that does not fit into the format of academic nursing literature but still captures the professional nurses’ minds. The author outlines his ideas in a thoughtful, refreshing, and deeply personal manner, which is empowering for the readers. A minor drawback of the work is that it does not provide a specific framework for applying compassionate communication to nursing care. However, I believe that it adds value to the work, as it allows readers who are not professional nurses or medical specialists to be compelled by the book, too. Engel’s (2010) exploration of Nurse Barb’s behavior and communication patterns serves the purpose of outlining the key characteris
Introduction Beccaria supported the ideas of utilitarianism, which state that the happiness in the world can grow due to punishment (Siegel, Brown, & Hoffman, 2012). It is argued that the threat of punishment can be a tool to control and reduce crime. The laws and such authorities as police and courts are in charge of the safety of citizens. However, apart from the legal punishments, other forms of social control can regulate behavior. They appeared in the course of criminology development and were shaped by its contemporary perspectives. Positivist Criminology Theory Positivism treats human behavior as a product of extrinsic factors such as social, biological, psychological, and economic (Siegel et al., 2012). About criminology, early positivists believed that the facial features of criminals could be the signs of antisocial behavior. Biological approaches in criminology also include the ideas of Lombroso who believed that serious criminals inherit their offensive behavior (Siegel et al., 2012). Although these theories are not popular at present, there exists a biological theory that mirrors the connection between physical and social features of a person and their impact on his or her habits and behavior. Thus, the investigation of external factors can help to predict or prevent antisocial and criminal behavior. Sociological Criminology The sociological approach to criminology suggests considering the impact of social factors on a person’s inclination to criminal behavior (Siegel et al., 2012). These factors include age, sex, the population in the area, and social class.
Introduction Many people assume that what is taking place today was not anticipated in the past. What is happening today is a result of the effort put in place by several people who had not yet discovered the force behind international institutions. Has the globalization of the world today differed from the past? Well-informed observers say that what is taking place in today’s globalization is new. Over the last half-century, things have changed at a rapid speed, hitting new levels in technology that have never been seen before. Not only in technology, have things changed but also international institutions have helped in developing the world over the past half-century. This paper will focus on international institutions that have proliferated in the past half-century. Impact of globalization in international institutions Globalization has a strong impact on institutions and it cannot be ignored. Globalization did not start yesterday but rather it is a long-term historic process that keeps on developing. It has brought about subsidized costs in the world of communication and transport. This has helped and made it easier for institutions to grow at a rapid pace in the past half-century. For instance, in the 1950s telegrams were used to communicate but the world of communication has evolved to the use of telephones and the Internet. Ships were used in the transport sector and now aircraft are a favored way of transport. This does not mean in the 15 th – 18 th century there was no development but rather the developments that have taken place in the past half-century have been rapid and exceeded the pace at which the earlier had taken place. International institutions have to organize and give discipline to the international face of national policy. In the past half-century, these institutions have grown, for instance, the European Union, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank and the North Free American Trade. In the 1950s, the international institutions were a unilateral policy and over the past half-century, it has evolved to a multilateral policy (Wolf n. d). The increasing role of international institutions in higher learning Universities provide the personnel who are in charge of running international institutions. Over the past half-century, universities recorded a high number of male students but that has changed over the years. With no higher education, no institution can run effectively thus, a decline in the development would have been recorded. Not only have institutions grown but also they can now accommodate a larger number of students than they did in the past. If this rapid improvement of development continues, then in the coming years it will hit the high numbers. Education that is commercialized involves many risks: by shifting attention from the classical realm of higher education, by accumulating benefits in the really advanced countries and most benefited international institutions that lead to discriminating the least fortunate and creating a brain