ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The landmarks found in Washington D. C. include the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, Jefferson Building, and the Capitol building. The Washington plan, which comprises streets and roads, forms the surface transportation infrastructure of the city. Pierre Charles L’Enfant designed the plan of Washington to make it a permanent seat of the US government. His model was based on the Baroque style, which integrated open space and landscaping. L’Enfant then split the district into four uneven quarters that formed the basis for identifying roads, houses, and streets in Washington (Proctor 1930, p. 12). In his designs of Washington D. C., L’Enfant identified the need for a prominent statue, in honor of President Washington, between the Capitol and the White House (Yeats 2001), but due to instability of the ground, the Jefferson Pier was constructed there in its place. Architect Robert Mills designed the Washington monument after he emerged victorious in a competition that sought the best structure to honor President George Washington. The monument comprises a tall, upright obelisk, or tapered shaft with four sides, and a relatively flat top, which has a nine-inch tall aluminum pyramid. The monument rises to a height of just over 555 feet. The width of the base is 55 feet and is surrounded by a circular colonnade. The construction materials used on the monument include granite, marble, and bluestone gneiss (Bowling 2002, p. 121). Once inside the monument, there is an elevator, an 897-step stairway, and a 500 feet observation deck. The Jefferson Memorial was constructed in the 1930s in honor of President Thomas Jefferson. Architect John Russell Pope designed the memorial based on the preferences of President Jefferson, who was a scholar and architect. The design of the Jefferson Memorial was inspired by the architecture of ancient Rome, as well as, the work of Andréa Palladio, an Italian architect. The monument has similar features to buildings designed by Jefferson, such as the Monticello and the Rotunda (Savage 2009, p. 73). It is modeled after the Pantheon in Rome, as seen from the circular marble steps, a portico with a colonnade of Ionic order columns, an open space surrounded with Vermont marble columns, and a shallow dome. The ionic columns support a triangular pediment with carvings of Jefferson and four other famous men who were involved in preparing the declaration of independence. There is also a 19-foot, 10,000-pound bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson situated under the dome (Savage 2009, p. 75). The Capitol building is one of the most symbolically significant and architecturally remarkable buildings in the US. It has undergone numerous changes from the initial design, which comprised the Rotunda and a wooden dome. The wooden dome was later demolished due to fear of fire, and replaced with one made from cast iron. During the extension phase, the material used to construct the exterior was changed from sandstone to marble. The cast-iron dome of the Great rotunda rises to a height of 180 feet. It has a large fresco decoration made by Constantino Brumidi. The decorations on the walls include the works of prominent arti
Introduction Modernity was a result of interrelated processes (Mitchell, 2009). The main features of modernity include rapid and continuous growth of different productive capacities which gave way to new forms of economic activities. The economic activities on the other hand gave way to new ways of handling work (Sayer, 1991). Capitalism was the precursor in industrialization, which is extensively addressed in theories of Karl Marx and later, Max Weber. The two theorists agree that Capitalism was initially used in basic trade and agriculture in the nineteenth century, but later became the driving force of industrialization. With the entrant of capitalism, new institutions and attitudes were adopted by the society. The new wave of reform affected both entrepreneurs as well as workers. For entrepreneurs, it was the pursuit of increased profits, while the labourers needed better pay and better working conditions (Marx, 1934). The entrepreneurs knew that labour was the key element in attaining the productivity that was needed in order to attain the profits. Labour Karl Marx goes down in history as among the theorists who argued that the dehumanizing nature of work conditions led to a reaction which saw workers sabotaging work, skipping duty, or simply sitting in without doing much. This eventually gave rise to the more organized form of trade unionism that we experience today. Marx’s theory would be correctly interpreted to mean that the working conditions e
Introduction The article is subtitled “What every fraud examiner should know about the Panama Papers.” It describes the leak of offshore data from the Panama law firm Mossack Fonseca in spring 2016. The release of 11.5 million records examined by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) became the biggest international news. The database contained information about approximately 214,000 offshore legal entities. The article features the opinions of financial experts on what the leak’s meaning is and what its consequences might be. There are three main points discussed in the article: the work for fraud examiners in the leaked offshore data, the purpose of shell companies, and the role of Mossack Fonseca. Analysis The article asserts that there is much work for fraud examiners in the Panama Papers. The leaked offshore data contain a lot of materials to be investigated, particularly from the perspective of taxation. However, it is also noted that the information released by the ICIJ is insufficient for a comprehensive fraud examination. The database contains names of the companies, executives, and shareholders, while a fraud examiner needs more information, such as contacts, invoices, payment records, and a range of other financial documents. Also, the most important thing to know for a fraud examiner about an offshore shell company is its ultimate beneficial owner (UBO). UBOs are often hard to identify. The article then argues that there may be many reasons for establishing a shell company. They are not necessarily malicious or illegal. A shell company is one that possesses all the rights and capabilities of a legal entity but has no assets or employees. Mossack Fonseca was specializing in creating such companies for its clients. Businessmen and celebrities or public figures may create shell companies to protect their privacy and assets or to optimize their taxes. Nonetheless, many shell companies are created to laundry money or hide crimes such as bribing or tax evasion. Knowing the UBO is necessary to identify whether the money used in transactions with shell companies is illegally appropriated, used to evade taxes, or its owner is just hiding the money from an ex-spouse. Finally, the article discusses the role of the Mossack Fonseca law firm in the offshore scandal. On the one hand, the Panama law firm was assisting its clients in creating shell companies without direct involvement in illegal activities such as money laundering. On the other hand, financial experts have argued that the law firm should be responsible for the illegal use of the shell companies it had created. After the offshore data had been revealed, Mossack Fonseca representatives claimed that the law firm could not have been accused of any crime. They compared the firm to a car manufacturer that cannot be held responsible for the death of a person hit by a car it manufactured driven by one of its customers. However, financial specialists oppose such comparison and claim that Mossack Fonseca knew for what the companies it had created were being used. Conclusion At the end of the article, several rec
Introduction Despite the economic advantages of having the nuclear facilities there is a potential risk of accidents occurring at the nuclear sites leading to release of radioactive materials, which is dangerous considering the health of the people working in the nuclear plants and those living in the neighborhoods. There is the need to regulate these installations to ensure the protection of public from potential danger to their health, in case of any emergency. Although the probability of an emergency occurring in a nuclear site is low, one cannot eliminate the possibility altogether. In case such emergencies occur at nuclear installations of certain types, precautionary protective actions need to be taken on an urgent basis at the site as well as at any neighboring places. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has prescribed certain standard procedures to be followed by the member countries in case of nuclear emergencies including release of radioactive substances. Based on the guidance of IAEA several countries have formed their own emergency preparedness procedures supported by relevant regulations. In this context, this paper attempts to recommend possible improvements to the emergency preparedness plan in an emergency like radiation release in the country of UAE. Background of the Research In view of the decision of the government of UAE to construct nuclear plants for power generation, it has become essential that there needs to be an effectiveness preparedness program to protect the public from any nuclear emergency. The emergency preparedness to protect against nuclear emergencies is important because some nuclear accidents in the past in locations like Chernobyl and Three Miles Island have created devastating effects on the health of the people. The Federal Authority of Nuclear Regulation (FANR) in the UAE has already prepared a draft regulation governing the emergency preparedness in nuclear facilities. In order to improve the effectiveness of the preparedness plans, FANR has exhibited the draft regulations to the public for attracting their opinion on them (Khaleej Times, 2010). It also becomes necessary to make a critical review of the preparedness plan recommended by FANR, to evaluate its suitability to the country of UAE, because of the peculiar political, geographical and natural conditions prevailing in the country. In addition, there are other examples of detailed emergency preparedness plans as recommended by International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) and plans adopted by various other countries, which can form the foundation for the preparation of an effective emergency preparedness plan for the UAE. “Factors that affect protective action decisions include plant conditions, competing events, weather, evacuation times, shelter factors, how quickly an incident develops, how short-lived a release of radiation may be
Identify an analysis model that best fits your group project identified The analysis model that best fits the implementation of the clinical information system (CIS) in five hospitals accounts for the facts that are important to the project. In addition, the analysis model acts as a foundation that will be useful to the design of the system. One analysis model that can be applied to CIS implementation is data collection. Data collection involves collecting data that is pertinent to the project, refining it to suit the needs of the project, and creating a workflow document (Johnson & FitzHenry, 2006). The data-collection analysis model also takes into account some of the basic assumptions that apply to CIS implementation, all the important tasks that apply to the project, and a record of all the other simple tasks tha
Plato and Descartes were among the first to claim that the development of scientific theory does not minimize the importance of other theories dealing with the visible world. However, even the visible world can never be fully understood. The certain knowledge deals with the world of pure ideas, the world that never changes. However, if “there is really a certain knowledge, it does not appear to be required for the ordinary purpose of life, nor does it even seem to be sought by people in the quest for answers to their questions” (Popkin and Stroll, p. 205). Therefore, instead of seeking absolutely certain knowledge about the real world, Locke and other philosophers tried to discover how people get information and whether this information is reliable. Empiricism is a theory that attempts to explain human knowledge in terms of sense experience. The quest for absolute knowledge is fruitless because not a single person is able to claim with certainty that the specific idea or knowledge is absolute. I agree with Locke that knowledge comes to humans through their senses and that not a single person has innate ideas. Our knowledge is built from different experiences starting from the simple sense awareness to the compounds of qualities. There are no ideas or principles that are independent to our sense experience. When people examine any information, they discover that they do not possess innate knowledge. Any idea is the result of sense experience. From Locke’s perspective, the human mind is originally a white paper. Humans are born without observations or experience; knowledge is gained. All things and knowledge come from experience; all information is based on experience. Information is gained either from experiences of reflections or of sensations. Simple ideas, as Locke argued, are the basic elements of knowledge that are not compounded of any other elements. Further, sensations can be classified as ideas of primary qualities and ideas of secondary qualities. Primary qualities, in particular, are items in experience that belong to objects humans are experiencing. Secondary qualities, on the contrary, are in objects themselves. Locke explained that when people observe several simple ideas appearing together regularly or conjointly, they assume that these ideas belong to one thing. Knowledge is the result of examination of ideas to see whether they agree/disagree in any respect. Thus, people compare di
Introduction Homeland security in the United States still faces numerous gaps in terms of assessment, gathering, analysis, interpretation and application of intelligence information. Although the national strategy team charged with strengthening homeland security has been articulating ideas aimed at protecting the public, there are still a lot of underlying issues that demand urgent attention. For instance, the implementation phase lacks a concise plan owing to its vagueness. In addition, several agencies adopted under the Department of Homeland Security have apparently failed to define and harmonize their missions towards effective delivery of core goals and objectives. Worse still, the relationship between the department and individual agencies is still not clear. Most of the agencies that are supposed to be absorbed by the Department of Homeland Security are still operational. As a result, roles are being duplicated throughout the hierarchy of the security intelligence system. The department can only be effective if roles are classified from the local, state and federal government authorities. The partnership between the public and private sectors is also instrumental in enhancing the capability of the department (Hymans 2006, 460). This research topic is of great interest because it highlights the success parameters and failure paradigms that may continue to bedevil homeland security in the future. Research question Which national intelligence challenges that the Department of Homeland Security will continue to face in the future? Purpose statement This paper aims to establish both the current and future intelligence challenges that the Department of Homeland Security is anticipating to face. As it stands now, it appears that the contribution of local, state and federal government authorities as well as individuals security agencies cannot be ignored if the security of this nation is to be improved (Omand 2012, 154). While the focus of all these organs is to enhance security at all levels of governance, this paper intends to o
Introduction One of the greatest challenges facing most economies today is lifting individuals out of poverty. This has become even more overwhelming given the financial crisis experienced a couple of years ago (Wilkin, 2002, p. 633). Approximately 1.5 billion individuals in the developing economies are poor and roughly half of this number lives in abject poverty. Therefore, abject squalor is still a major challenge in the world (United Nations Foundations, 2004). A number of experts argue that poverty is a cause of more deaths than any other factors including armed conflicts. This insecurity takes place despite of heavy military spending by many countries across the globe. However, other causes of insecurity are attributed to the proliferation of illegal weapons and show of military/economic power (Williams, 2008, p. 6; Booth, 1991, p. 315). Over the past twenty years, there have been more interests on the link between poverty and national security. Before that, many scholars and experts in security affairs thought the two were separate. Security was considered as defending the interest of a nation (Buzan & Hansen, 2009, p. 1). Experts defined security as safeguarding the territorial integrity of a country against internal and external attacks. These include external military attacks or internal rebellion that could fragment or threaten the ruling elite (Baldwin, 1997, p. 5). Economic issues were given less priority. Poverty was downgraded to the realm of development practitioners and academics who shared the approached used by the government agencies on security matters (Buzan & Hansen, 2009, p. 2). At some stage in the 90s, the conventional security plan and the conventional development plan were integrated under the blanket of universal governance (Buzan & Hansen, 2009, p. 2). Post-cold war saw changes in the global politics with conflicts shifting to the less developed economies. Conflicts in the developing economies led to an increase in humanitarian assistance. In addition, post-cold war era witnessed an increase in perceived terrorist threats and increase in regional and international economic integration with its ensuing inequities and political revolutions. All these created spaces for exploring the connection between security and poverty in long-established literatures (Buzan & Hansen, 2009, p. 4). In this day and age, scholars and experts emphasize on the need to merge security and poverty theories. Leaders of the Bretton Woods institutions and the G8 have also spoken of
The Dubai economy is a centrally-planned free-market capitalism which is a big economy and growing at a high rate. The economy was initially based on the oil industry, natural gas and petroleum but has now diversified its sources of income. The oil, petroleum and natural gas contribute only a small percentage (6%) of Dubai’s economic growth. The global market has a significant effect on the Dubai’s economy. The global market has been experiencing ups and downs mostly resulting from global economic crises. Since Dubai has managed to position itself as an international trade center, it cannot avoid the effects of factors that affect global economy (Dubai Property Investment 1). One of the areas of Dubai economy that is greatly affected by the global market condition is the tourism industry. The company has put up luxury hotels, resorts and sporting events of high profile which are meant for tourism use. Following the recent economic crisis, some of the foreign workers have been sent parking due to downtown in the tourism industry. The construction of magnificent of high rises and resort hotels has made Dubai a financial capital and a tourist attraction within the region (Persian Gulf). The global crisis has turned this boom into a burst. The real estate and property industry has also been affected by the conditions in the world market. The government of Dubai has diversified the economy, making it service and tourism-oriented from oil-reliant trade. This strategy increased the value of real estates in the region. This created a property boom in the year 2004 to 2006 (Government of Dubai 1). The recent economic crisis has resulted to increased local and world prices. The demand for real estate has also decreased drastically. The harsh conditions have also affected the Dubai’s international trade. Since the country has become the center of international trade, economic crisis that has hit most of the countries has also affected Dubai. Most of the foreign currencies have deteriorated against the dollar and therefore, importing commodities has become very expensive. This has reduced the market for Dubai commodities due to high prices. Reasons that attract companies and countries to invest in Dubai There are various factors that attract companies to invest in Dubai. The first one is the good security in the country. The country is considered one of the safest cities in the world. The country also has a liberal economic system and therefore, trade is easier to carry out. The companies registered in Dubai do not pay corporate tax. The country has a 5 th best international airport in the world. Impact of Dubai debt crisis on global economy Dubai debts are approximately 80 billio
Introduction ‘United Nations Development Program’ (UNDP), which has its nerve center in New York, is one of the principal branches of UN charged with the mandate of improving the lives of the worldwide populace. The organization currently operates in 166 countries since its initiation in 1965, with more emphasis on ‘Least Developed Countries’ (LDCs). In a bid, to achieve MDGs, it collaborates with several governments to help nations overcome both state and global challenges. UNDP receives its funds from member states through charitable contributions. It is imperative to assert that the institution offers capacity through instruction and funding. It tends to concentrate on the LDCs, by addressing poverty, HIV/AIDS, crisis, governance, as well as social issues (Stokke 379). It is crucial to elaborate that UNDP has devised ways of tackling poverty in various nations, as well as changing human development and inequality. The media has played a fundamental mission in furthering the development programs of the organization. Furthermore, the organization utilizes media, especially Internet, in presenting its work results. The organization has also faced criticism from various sources about their faults. Although UNDP has managed to influence people’s lives, there are deficiencies in its activities. How UNDP Works To Reduce Poverty This UN body uses the existing alternatives and avenues for it to make real improvements in relation to poverty suppression. It promotes the all-encompassing development and works to advance people’s lives. It is important to emphasize that the organization uses millennium and other points of references to measure its progress. There are focus areas that UNDP aims to achieve in skirmishing poverty. The agency focuses on the attainment of MDGs in member nations. These include all the goals, as well as targets, which include poverty, starvation, and ailment among other parameters. Each country tailors its work towards the attainment of these goals. UNDP operates at the global plane, where it consolidates forces with other UN arms to progress worldwide partnership for growth. In particular, it sensitizes nations, together with sub-national sections to espouse and acclimatize MDGs (‘Poverty Reduction’). Creating wakefulness is crucial in the attainment the goals and targets. In its work, the organization grants leadership and synchronization to capacity build the member countries towards the realization of MDGs. In its battle against poverty, UNDP tends to attain MDGs by offering support to countries to scale up the execution of various projects aimed at conquering the goals. It supports in areas relating to workforce, as well as fiscal administration. Realizing that women bear the greatest wrath of poverty, UNDP has amplified its work targeting this group. Women are the prime family wardens thus undertaking almost all domestic labors. Furthermore, they are restricted to monetary opportunities due to the nature of their jobs. It is important to realize that gender impartiality and wo