ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Living in a world where globalization plays a vital role in commercial relationships, the law side of the problem may never be avoided. It is crucial to remember that dealing with international commerce, conflicts of laws take place. The conflicts may be considered not only using the case law but also using the national statutes and international conventions. Party autonomy system allows international parties in commerce relations to create the contracts both sides are to be satisfied with. Party autonomy is the core notion in the conflicts solving in the commercial activity in the globalized economy. Significance It is crucial to notice that “party autonomy in private relationships has become a cornerstone of modern private international law”. In other words, party autonomy is considered to be the core rule according to which international conflicts are solved and it is the “basic principle for international contracts”. According to Zhang (2006), party autonomy is “a choice of law doctrine that permits parties to choose the law of a particular country or sovereignty to govern their contract that involves two or more jurisdictions”. It is crucial for a globalized economy as various countries have different legal foundations and the regulation of the relations in the sphere should be provided based on one law to avoid conflicts. American and European differences and converging It is universally known that party autonomy or choice of law theories have been different in the United States of America and Europe in the 20th century. The main difference is seen in the fact that the United States has chosen the novel approaches to conflict solving, while Europe “has decided to adhere to the classical concept of choice of law invented by Carl Friedrich von Savigny”. Europe used the Rome Convention adopted in 1980 to solve the conflicts. This convention allowed free choice of the law that should regulate commercial relations. Apart from it, the United States of America used another method and implemented the Restatement, which denied any freedom of choice for the law. The case Trans Meridian Trading Inc. v. Empresa Nacional de Comerzialicion de Insumos may be a good example of the differences in European and American systems of international commercial relations. The absence of high attention to the party autonomy led two companies to the court where one was left dissatisfied. In the case of a contract signed based on the party’s autonomy, the conflict could have been avoided. There are several reasons why European a
External Analysis Population and demographics As the population increases in number, it is necessary to take into account the needs of the population and their buying capacity. In this respect, the Coach Inc main directions for operation include the countries where the population growth is supported by the economic growth and the increased buying power. Thus, the industry can produce more goods and locate more stores in populated areas to ensure that all potential buyers are approached. Societal values and lifestyles The values and lifestyle typical for population change as well as the strategic initiatives imposed in industry to meet the buyers’ needs and expectations. In this respect, the industry introduced luxurious goods that are sold in specialized stores to make sure that every customer is maintained at the appropriate level. Besides, the increasing economic level enables consumers to buy luxurious good manufactured and distributed in different areas. Thus, luxurious brands enable customers to feel a special approach performed via specialized stores while the Coach Inc’s stores are perceived among the most aesthetically attractive stores within the industry (Gamble, 2008, p. 311). Economic condition Though the situation in the industry was stable in the period of 2000-2006, the company had to ensure that the increase of the number of the company-owned stores and factory stores all over the world would not influence the expenses reducing the opportunity to expand into the industry. Thus, the company addressed the existing market where it was operating and expanded the number of stores hence increasing its overall revenue without increasing largely the cost of the products that were still perceived as luxurious goods at a reasonable price. Industry Analysis Situation introduction The industry of luxurious goods is very large in terms of a number of categories presented in this branch. In other words, the Coach Inc is dealing with brand extension by means of making agreements with manufacturers of watches, women’s footwear, eyewear, and other branches that can produce goods under the brand name of the company. Though the market has a great number of competitors that produce similar goods under famous worldwide known brands including European fashion designers, the Coach Inc obtains another niche in this sector. The goods produced under the brand of the Coach Inc are characterized as being as luxurious as similar goods produced under other brands though more affordable than goods manufactured under European designer brands. Besides, the company should implement strategic changes in order to remain competitive. However, the approach to customers can be considered one of the competitive advantages that make the company competitive without implementation of innovative changes. In this respect, the situation in the industry suggests that luxurious goods manufactured by the Coach Inc that
Introduction Arab women continue to play a crucial role in bringing out positive aspects of Arabic lifestyles in different areas they live. The media plays a crucial role in many Arab societies because it helps highlight different issues that affect people living there. Arab women who are actively involved in the media face various challenges which affect the way they perform their duties. Some of them work in difficult environments which discourage them from doing their work. There are general stereotypes which have reinforced different perceptions against female journalists in various Arab societies. The media has failed to represent issues affecting Arab women fairly and this has made female journalists in Arab countries to face a lot of discrimination. However, it must be noted that the media has helped some Arab women to get empowered by publicizing their views and opinions to large audiences. This has helped change mindsets of many people in these societies. The contribution by women to socio-economic prosperity is taken more positively in some countries in the region. However, it is still an issue of concern that women are not properly represented in key economic sectors of many Arab states. Female journalists and other women are not able to achieve their potential in areas that are dominated by patriarchal ideals. Many are societies are dominated by masculine ideals. This makes it difficult for women to represent their views and issues in public areas because they do not have a strong voice that allows them to challenge the status quo. This topic was chosen for this study because media plays a crucial role in the advancement of any society. Therefore, this study intends to open up the issue of female journalists in Arab societies and what they face as they perform their duties. This paper will critically analyze the contributions made by Arab women working in different media companies and how they have managed to highlight different issues in societies where they live. Th
In the latest letter to Shareowners published on the company’s website, Amazon CEO Jeffrey P. Bezos spoke about the global challenges set for the company. He reported on current successes and emphasized the company’s importance for its customers during the pandemic. The company has taken all possible measures to ensure the supply of essential goods to those who need them and protect its customers from dishonest speculators. The letter also describes efforts to protect and support employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, Amazon raised its minimum wage, organized special health security training. Moreover, the company made over 150 significant process changes in operations to transition to the “new normal” safely and efficiently. Jeffrey P. Bezos highlighted Amazon Web Services’ role in supporting medical research, collaboration with the World Health Organization and the country’s National Health Service, and helping Academic institutions worldwide transition from in-person to virtual classrooms. Alexa users got an option to check their risk level for COVID-19 at home or donate directly to charities on the front lines of the COVID-19 crisis. These donations have allowed distributing 73,000 meals to 2,700 elderly and medically vulnerable residents in Seattle (Amazon 3). Another example is 8,200 donated laptops to help Seattle Public Schools students gain access to virtual classes. Finally, the letter emphasizes the company’s efforts to retrain its employees, educate and attract a workforce from other industries, and transition to a low-carbon economy. These forward-looking projects are essential for society and allow the company to maintain its competitive advantages. For instance, a complete transition to renewable energy sources makes the company less vulnerable to possible regulatory changes. Reference Amazon: Annual Reports, Proxies and Shareholder Letter. (2020). Web.
The story is set up in ancient Greece. It is about two friends, Socrates and Phaedrus. Phaedrus had just returned from a famous patriarch’s home, where he listened to a speech on love. Socrates has a high affinity for hearing speeches and begs Phaedrus to repeat the speech for him. They decide to walk along a nature trail into the jungle to find a serene environment, where Phaedrus offers to read him the speech. It is noteworthy that Socrates marvels at the surroundings, claiming that his passion for knowledge often guides him to the marketplace where he can listen to various speakers (Plato, Hamilton, & Cairns 475). As they walk towards their preferred site, Phaedrus takes it upon himself to find out the degree of legitimacy in the fables and orations that have been propagated through different generations, including those of their time. Socrates offers that he does not pay attention to myths, since he does not like instituting lucid explanations for them. He further cites the discrepancies in varying accounts of the tale, with reference to revised versions explaining the nature and factors that instigated the death. From these occurrences, it is clear that the crisis involves Phaedrus, who lacks the ability to make speeches of his own. This occurs because he is poor at analysis, hence faces challenges when trying to decipher facts from orations. This explains his eagerness to engage Socrates after he leaves the home of Lysius. He does this with the hope that Socrates will help him make sense of the facts argued by Lysius from the speech he gave about love. From his preferences of crowds, as opposed to nature, it is clear that Socrates has a craving for knowledge. This is further illustrated when he reiterates his passion for speeches to Phaedrus. He practically begs Phaedrus to go over the speech for him, and even promises to recite his own version after the reading is finished. After the recitation, he shows his analytical prowess by pointing out all the shortcomings of the speech. He makes out the poor application of rhetoric as a style and the incoherence of ideas in the body of the anecdote. He highlights Phaedrus’ inability to formulate speeches and recite those that have been told to him. This explains his incapability to figure out facts and themes from tales, hence his preference or Socrates’ company. In view of this, Socrates helps Phaedrus comprehend the facts in the narrative, the main theme being that love clouds a person’s ability to make sane judgments. He argues that people make compromised decisions when they deal with persons to whom they are affectionate. Drawing parallels with the present-day scenarios, many promising ventures have gone wrong due to such affiliations. Records tell of deals gone sour; disagreements at the workplace, and businesses that have been run down as a result of having persons i
Executive Summary Kraft Foods Group is one of the largest food companies in the world. The company has had its success due to a number of factors. For instance, the company has one of the best human resources. It respects its employees and encourages them to give the best to the organization. The culture of Kraft Foods Group also gives the company a competitive advantage. Its mission statement, vision and values, as well as the strategies are all in line with the company’s business. They have also been vital to its success. Kraft Foods Group has a culture whereby it is always committed to its social responsibility and ensuring that the community gets a good lifestyle. In doing so, it offers food stuffs that are healthy and of high quality. The company also treats its employees and customers the best way possible. Kraft can improve on its current strategies to make it much better. This report will focus on how the current organization design, system and culture contribute to the implementation of its strategies and whether they fit the mission statement. The paper will then give recommendations on changes that can be made to improve the performance of Kraft Foods Group. Organizational design An organization should ensure that it has a design that facilitates the running of its business. It is important to note that the organizational design contributes to its success (Luca, 2009). For instance, a good organizational design is important in improving communication among customers, employees, managers and other stakeholders. In addition, communication is a key factor to the success of an organization. Kraft Foods Group has an organizational design that is usually decentralized. There are various divisions, each of which is headed by a director. The overall organization is headed by the CEO. The CEO communicates to the country directors who then communicate with the division managers. Division managers then communicate to the employees. However, decision making is centralized. This is important in that it ensures fast decision making. It saves on time and costs associated with decision making. The organizational design of this company helps it in implementing its strategies in that each division director is given a chance to make his or her contribution regarding their divisions. The director presents the issues of their divisions to the planning committee. Strategic plans are then made on how to improve business in the various divisions (Garrow & Hirsh, 2008). It is important to note that each division has its own business issues that should be addressed differently. Systems, on the other hand, also play an important role in implementing the organization’s strategies. Effective systems ensure that strategies are implemented effectively and that this is done in the right way. For instance, some money might be needed for strategies to be effective. Therefore, the systems used in budget preparation should provide the required cash to ensure that the strategy becomes succe
Introduction Japans economic, political and social stability developed intensely during the Meiji’s era. These effects were brought about by the appreciation of modern technology. This therefore contributed greatly to Japans revolution which was a transition from the feudal government. Background Meiji period was a form of historical transition in Japan. It was a representation of a first half of the Japanese government or empire that consisted of a complete transition from the so called feudalism which was more of an isolation form of government as compared to the current modern government. There were many forms of transitions that took place (Craig 150). This change included major transition in the military, foreign relations, economy, social structure and internal politics. This involved the formation of a completely new government that had new rules and regulations. This period had been a form of generation that was more enlightened compared to the former era. Therefore, it called for the former governor or leaders to step down and give way for the new leaders. The reason for this was that; there was no way a former leader would rule an enlightened environment. Consequently, catching up with the newest forms of technology according to that era would have been a great challenge incase a former leader retained the office. The new government was very tactical. It knew the main brainstems of the economy. Therefore, it resolved to first settle on financial matters. This resulted to the promulgation of a new charter that was accomplished in 1968. The Meiji governance was one organized group that had one main common goal of revolution. Their goal first included the formation of deliberative assemblies; secondly was reviewing the customs and replacing the old and evil customs with new ways. One more major purpose for the formation of new government was to search for international knowledge that would be helpful in strengthening the rule of imperialism. These major transitions created a more clear foundation for exercising democracy in the Japanese government. Factors that affected Meiji Restoration Effects of Tokugawa’s period Meiji period was characterized by rapid change and modernization. This was seen in different sectors of the government. The most affected government sectors were the social, political, economic oriented institutions. The modernization resulted into Japan being rated as the most developed in the whole of Eastern Asia. One of the main contributing factors to Japan’s modernization was the emulation of Togukawa society and the Togukawa beliefs (Craig 150). These beliefs catapulted the Meiji regime into a more organized and democratic governance. There are three factors that led to the smooth transformation of Meiji era. These included educational achievements, rapid economic development and common cultural and social background. Economic development Major contributors to economic development were road construction networks that led to developments of central business district. These
Introduction – A Definition of the Problem Since 1789, the United States Department of the Treasury has experienced several challenges (as a manager of government revenue) (Irving 1). Notably, for many decades, the rising national debt has been a perennial problem faced by the department. Successive governments have accrued many debts, thereby making it untenable for the department to continue borrowing more money because of the existing debt limits. This has created a serious financial problem for the American economy because the rising debt levels have become “too big” to manage (Irving 1). Although the country faced several debt crises (in 1995, 2011, and 2013), the U.S. Treasury has not proposed long-term strategies to lower the nation’s debt levels. Consequently, they have escalated and reached unprecedented levels. This paper analyzes the debt crisis as a modern challenge of the U.S. Treasury because the government has tasked the department to enable economic growth and stability in the country. Notably, it explores the history, status, and potential solutions to the problem. A History of the Problem Sound national debt management is important for any developed economy. The 1917 Second Liberty Bond Act was the first legislation, made by the United States government, to limit national borrowing (Howell and Brent 175). Before its formulation, the government did not hav
Introduction One of the most peculiar aspects of a contemporary living in America is the fact that, even though this country has traditionally been considered closely affiliated with Judeo-Christianity, the influences of Buddhism become ever more apparent, within what accounts for the discursive framework of American culture. This phenomenon has remained the subject of ethno-cultural research for quite some time now. Nevertheless, even though the growing popularity of the Buddhist philosophy in the U.S. is being commonly referred to in terms of a ‘thing in itself’, there are many reasons to think of it, as something that was predetermined by the socio-economic dynamics in today’s America. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while expounding on what should be deemed the actual significance of how Buddhism affects the country’s cultural and social realities. Main Body During the course of the Dalai Lama’s last few visits to the U.S., it was noted that, as time goes on, more and more Americans begin to perceive him as their own spiritual leader, and not as merely the symbol of Tibet’s struggle to gain independence from China. This, of course, can be seen as the clearest proof that the Buddhist teachings do in fact correlate with the existential anxieties of the growing number of Americans. However, there are also many subtle indications that this indeed being the case, mainly concerned with how Buddhism finds its way into the currently predominant socio-cultural discourse in America. The main of them can be formulated as follows: Buddhism exerts much influence on the discourse of environmentalism in the U.S. The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated, in regards to the growing rate of the environmental awareness among Americans, extrapolated by their emotional comfortableness with the idea of the so-called ‘ethical consumerism’. According to it, while deciding in favor of buying a particular product, people must remain mindful of what may account for the would-be effects of their purchasing choice on the surrounding natural environment. This idea, of course, is fully consistent with Buddhism, as a religion-philosophy that teaches that, instead of trying to subjectify themselves within the surrounding reality, people should seek becoming thoroughly ‘blended’ with it. Therefore, it will be thoroughly appropriate to suggest that it is namely people’s familiarity with the main philosophical provisions of Buddhism, which sets them on the path of becoming ‘ethical consumers’. As Daniels noted: “Environmental, economic, ethical and cosmological dimensions of Buddhism represent a logical and practical basis for reducing the climate change pressures deriving from prevailing global modes of production and consumption” (952). After all, as many discursively relevant sociological studies indicate, the measure of one’s commitment towards buying ‘ethically produced’ goods (such as ‘organic food’, for example), positively correlates the rate of the concerned person’s intellectual advancement. Essentially the same correlation can be found, within the context of how Americans d