ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The federal bureaucracy in the US registered tremendous developments during the First World War. Many analysts observe that the modern era of the system of government is said to have started after the war since many people joined the government as compared to the previous trend, where only a few had the chances to serve their country at the top level. During the First World War, the bureaucracy, whose headquarters was in Washington, spent more money on employee salaries as opposed to fifty years earlier, when the national treasury never considered civil servants salaries a matter of concern. Introduction The role of the bureaucracy was expansive during the war since the state was expected to provide many services to the citizens, something that led to the formulation of stronger rules and regulations to guide the conduct and behavior of bureaucrats, given the fact their decisions affected a wider society. The state had to deal with the new challenge of survivors of the war, with the majority being the immigrants from Europe escaping inhuman mistreatment from their governments and despotic leaders. The government had to establish offices to check into the issues facing veterans, as well as cater for the welfare of the citizens under the social security system. The issues related to inheritance, as well as compensation, was rampant, and the state had to establish mechanisms through which death benefits could be administered to prevent further conflicts. Due to this, the federal bureaucracy grew in size, and its scope expanded as well since the government was much involved in human affairs. However, the new trend led to strong resentment against government officials and the departments they headed or served. Role of Politics-Congress During the First World War, there were calls from the political quarters, particularly the congress, to improve the federal bureaucracy, since the country was facing various economic and socio-political challenges for the first time in the 20th century. In fact, the handling of the federal bureaucracy became a political agenda that shaped the public opinion, and voters were expected to cast their vote for a party based on its approach to the issue. Interest groups called on the government to intervene mainly to salvage the lives of those affected by draughts and catastrophes, but the government had insufficient human resources to address several problems that faced its citizens, ranging from health issues to economic challenges. The United States had become popular globally, and its position as regional and global hegemony was being felt everywhere, yet its people never enjoyed their economic and social rights. By then, the US economy, its population, and influence were unmatched, and it was felt that the government had to do something to make its citizens great. Unfortunately, the government never had the capacity to engage its people in socio-economic development, an
Introduction What do you do with old clothes? Do you throw them in a dumpster or reuse them? Many people are now aware of the harm that clothes can cause to the environment and some no longer buy clothes because they are stylish but consider if they are eco-friendly as well. Reusing old clothes is eco-friendly and people reuse old clothes because it is cheaper and puts the old clothes into new uses. They reused old clothes can be sold and thus people make money. Old clothes need to be in good condition before they can be reused or resold. One way of reusing old clothes is to dye them. Dyeing gives the old clothes a fresh appeal and hence they can be reused comfortably. Reusing old clothes is also friendly to the environment as it helps to reduce the number of toxins released into the environment because in reusing old clothes there is no reprocessing. This helps to save money as well as energy. This paper will endeavor to look at reusing old clothes by using natural dyes. Current situation in reusing old clothes More people are embracing the idea of reusing old clothes because they have become aware of their importance. Old clothes are resold as second-hand clothes and because their price is cheap, most people can afford to clothe. Reusing old clothes also helps to maintain the supply chain in the textile industry. This is because it reduces the quantity of fabric to be manufactured to make new clothes. On the other hand, there are people who have not embraced the idea of reusing old clothes and dispose of them once they finish using them. For instance, in America, one person is estimated to dispose of about 67.9 pounds of old clothes. The U.S has a high population of about 296 million people. If each disposed of 67.7 the total would be 20 billion pounds of waste clothes. This waste is then thrown into landfills (Reuse, 2008, Regiving/Regifting, para. 1). Reusing the old clothing items would not only minimize waste but also help the needy if donated to charities. Natural dyes Natural dyes are used to add color to fabrics. Natural dyes had been in use for many centuries before chemists started producing synthetic dyes in the mid-nineteenth century to replace the natural dyes because they were expensive. Synthetic dyes are cheaper and thus clothes dyed in them are cheap in price. Thus, natural dyes fell out of favor and synthetic dyes were used in most applications (Brit, 2008, para. 1). However, lately people have discovered the importance of using natural dyes because of the awareness of environmental and ecological issues associated with the use of synthetic dyes. The synthetic dyes are harmful to the environment as well as to workers working in the textile industry. Textile factories use a lot of water during the dyeing process and the contaminated water is expelled into water bodies such as rivers. Due to the high amounts of toxins in synthetic dyes, there is a preference for natural dyes. Natural dyes generally produce dull shades of color and most people who are accustomed to synthetic dyes find it hard to buy clothes dyed in natural dye because they prefer the dazzling colors produced by synthetic dyes. Therefo
The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Tempest are two masterpieces, which reflect the life of people who lived in the times when the works were created. The two works pertain to different cultures. Thus, the former is an Ancient Babylonian story, while the latter is one of the most famous Shakespearean works created in postcolonial Europe. The epochs, when the works were written, are very different. Nonetheless, there are certain themes that overlap, which can be explained by archetypal nature of the thematic elements. One of such archetypal themes is supernatural. Thus, Gilgamesh interacts with gods and spirits. He has to fight against horrible giants and is punished by gods for some wrongdoings. Likewise, The Tempest is full of spirits who interact with people. One of the main characters of the play is a magician who knows some secrets of the universe. This overlap can be explained by humans’ desire to see mysterious things in something they do not understand. Admittedly, people have tried to explain natural disasters or some universal laws by acts of supernatural entities that rule the world. Therefore, the theme of unknown and supernatural can be regarded as archetypal. Even people, living in the twenty-first century where science has explained lots of the secrets of the universe, tend to practice some religions which also adhere to the area of spiritual and supernatural. Another thematic element that overlaps in the two works is the confrontation of civilization and human nature. Thus, Enkidu and Caliban are symbols of the human nature, i.e. creatures that have not been civilized. The two characters are closer to the nature and they know some secrets civilized people do not understand. At the same time, Gilgamesh and Prospero try to civilize the creatures and make them share their (i.e. civilized) values. This conflict has lots of dimensions and it is, by all means, archetypal as people have always experienced the necessity to suppress their desires to fit in the society. More so, people have also acknowledged that civilization is associated with alienation from the nature. Thus, barbarians have always been seen as people (or rather creatures) who manage to live in harmony with the environment, while civilized people tend to alter the nature. Finally, the two works share another thematic element, i.e. the relationship between the man and the woman. This is also an archetypal topic as people have always wanted to understand the secrets of the difference between the genders. Thus, the savage loves the woman and cannot have her in the play. In the Babylonian story, a goddess wants to win the protagonist’s heart but loses. In both stories, there is unshared love, which causes a lot of sorrow. Admittedly, people have fallen in love with those who love others for centuries and there is still no explanation for this peculiarity of human nature. To sum up, it is possible to note that the two stories and the two masterpieces share certain thematic elements. Some of these elements are supernatural, the confrontation between the civiliza
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) memo of Microsoft indicates that the company is capable of leveraging its key strengths to realize several opportunities for future growth. The ever-increasing rate of the proliferation of handheld devices provides the company with the prospect of increasing the reach of its software ecosystem. Additionally, the company is planning on making decisive steps in the direction of creating a large family of devices featuring end-user services similar to Xbox and Surface (Microsoft, 2013). It has to be borne in mind, however, that this prospect appears to be extremely optimistic in the light of a recent report revealing that the company’s share of the smartphone market has dropped to 0.8 percent from the previous year’s figure of 2.3 percent (Thorp-Lancaster, 2017). Another point that was particularly prominent in the memo is the development of enterprise-class applications, which bodes strong expansion opportunities under the current economic conditions. If the company continues its successful forays into the market of cloud-based solutions, it can undermine the standing of the current key players. The memo makes it clear that Microsoft is capable of taping into this new area of growth by capitalizing on its experience in developing and bringing to the market products such as Windows Azure and Windows Server 2012 (Microsoft, 2013). It should be noted that the future prospects of the software giant rest on the following technological pillars: machine learning, cloud-based solutions, and cross-device connectivity. The breadth of Microsoft’s technological expertise, which is underscored by its existing range of products, will be instrumental in helping the company to explore new growth opportunities. It is clear that the current competitive standing of the tech powerhouse hinges on its ability to expand its existing hardware and software ecosystems.
DHL is a multinational company offering overseas transport to clients across the globe. The DHL; started by offering delivery services in one country, but at present, it serves more than two hundred and twenty regions including the Far East, Eastern Europe, and china. DHL is at present the global leading company in the industry of express and logistics services. The DHL provides innovative and customized transport solutions to its clients, from a single source. In 2003 the DHL expanded significantly after it merged with other shipping companies; Danzas and Deutsche post (Gregoty1984). To rise to this position; DHL has employed several strategies which make it the leading company within the industry. The DHL provides door-to-door services thus expanding its imports. The door to door services are very beneficial to clients; since it is very convenient and reliable to the customers. With the use of one currency which is the US dollar; the company has been very convenient to its clients, thus making transactions easy. Their invoices are written using the values on us dollars thus very easy to transact. This strategy has made DHL clients very loyal to the company, thus making it to be the leading company in the market (Abate1993). The operation of the DHL in nearly all corners of the globe makes it most preferred by customers; which is because the DHL serves more than 220 regions including the Far East, Eastern Europe, and china. This makes DHL be the most popular company in the market since its presence in most countries creates consumer awareness about its existence. By the fact that DHL operates in many countries; creates consumer confidence in that consumers will feel much convenient to transport goods using one company, then transporting goods with different companies on their way to their destination (Goodrich1955). The DHL operates using one currency which is the US dollar; which helps to speed up transactions and reduce costs that may be incurred through currency conversion. This scenario is very advantageous to the clients; as it helps to build consumer trust and satisfaction. By the fact that less time is incurred in transactions and costs evaded through the use of one currency; makes the DHL offer the cheapest transport charges thus attracting more clients. Further, the US dollar is accessible in nearly all nations thus making it the most convenient means of making payments. This is because; it lessens the consumers’ burden of looking for different currencies; which may cost a lot of time thus causing delays during transportation. Since consumers’ deadlines are met as planned, DHL is thus in a position of attracting and retaining its customers (Abate1993). The application of modern technology in making transactions; which are supported by the use of information technology helps DHL to provide quality services to its clients. This can be justified by the fact that; orders are made online, th
Introduction The concept of nationalism is quite complicated, and many scholars still debate about it in academic circles. Nationalism has been defined differently by scholars who have developed various schools of thought about it. “Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms” (Allan 13). It can also be explained as a unifying factor since it aims at uniting a group of people who share common social and cultural values. Many historians believe that nationalism began in the post-medieval period in Europe. According to Kohn, nationalism began in 1642, while Acton believes that it started developing during the partition of Poland in 1772. Kedourie contends that it began in 1806 in Berlin. Many scholars believe that it originated during the French Revolution that took place in 1789. “This is because the French Revolution brought together the elements of nationalist ideas, which were brewing up throughout the previous two centuries” (Smith 56). Trevor Roper traces the origin of nationalism in Germany and Hungary. From these territories, it was spread to Eastern and Southern Europe by intelligentsias. The idea of nationalism, later on, spread to Asia and Africa. Nationalism became one of the major developments that took place during the 19 th century. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of nationalist ideologies. “Ideology can be defined as a set of consensually shared believes and doctrines that provide the moral and intellectual basics for a political, economic, or social system” (Berger 72). Importance of Nationalist Ideologies The growing popularity of nationalist ideologies in the 19 th century was as a result of the following factors. Nationalist ideologies made it possible for nations to interact peacefully and constructively with each other. In this case, nationalist ideologies were used in empowering nations to make better decisions on international issues. This was achieved by struggling for self-determination. The 19 th century was also characterized by despotic regimes like Germany, which dominated international politics. This encouraged other
Introduction In the current paper, the book “The Book of Questions” by Pablo Neruda is addressed and analyzed using rhetorical techniques. Moreover, the essay aims to answer the question of how Neruda’s piece comments on our need to ask. Concerning the outline of the work, it consists of several major parts, each examining a particular aspect of the book. The main body consists of the analysis of tone, sound, and literary techniques that uncover the hidden part of the book. Main body The tradition of poets appealing to the public dates back to Ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Horace said that if poets want to strike a chord with their audience, they need to relate to their lived reality, namely, “watchmen, learn men.” Back then, excellent poetry had to combine in itself two elements: dulce (esthetics) and utile (practical use). In other words, poets were encouraged to seek a balance between literature and rhetoric. On the one hand, poetry can and should be enjoyable; on the other hand, however, it needs to compel the reader to critically examine the world order and the nature of things. So is “The Book of Questions” by Neruda: behind its poetic form, there is a strong urge to search for answers and share this journey with the reader. “The Book of Questions” is exactly what its title would suggest it would be: it is a long list of questions, some funny, some strange, and some philosophical. In essence, all questions are rhetorical: they either have an obvious answer or no answer at all. Rhetorical questions are widely used in effective communication and persuasive speech. This rhetorical device serves a number of purposes, some of which pertain to the current book. One such purpose is to engage the audience, which Pablo Neruda does by asking rhetorical questions with alternating topics. Another use is for influencing and persuading the reader: while the author himself never answers any of the questions, some of them imply what he would like the reader to conclude. The tone of voice demonstrates the writer’s attitude toward the theme or the audience he is addressing. Thus, understanding the sound means being able to hear th
There is no use denying the fact that throughout all the history of humanity youth was the main force that guaranteed its further development and promoted the appearance of new features which helped society to evolve and adapt to a new environment. Additionally, very often youth is the first to respond to some challenges which society can face. That is why its development is the main factor in the prosperity of any society. However, nowadays, more and more young people become involved in crime. This threatening tendency results in an increase in the level of juvenile delinquency in the whole country. Some sociologists describe the situation as catastrophic (“Chapter 7. Juvenile Delinquency” 190). For this reason, it becomes obvious that some measures should be taken to prevent juvenile delinquency in the USA. First of all, it should be said that the issue of juvenile delinquency has always been actual for society. However, its state was not so complicated as nowadays (Bush 23). Incoherent society, under this term combination of tendencies and processes, which lead to an increase of the level of crimes committed by a certain group of people, is meant. Children aged from 7 to 14 years are usually related to this very group (“Juvenile Delinquency”. para. 5). Due to this fact, it is possible to describe the existing problem as the increase in the number of crimes that children commit. It is a very important phenomenon that has a pernicious influence on society. To find possible solutions to the issue it is necessary to analyze the main factors which lead to an increase in the number of crimes committed by youth. It should be said that nowadays, traditional reasons are combined with the new ones and this combination turns out to be very dangerous. Among traditional reasons, it is possible to outline poor conditions of living under which children exist. It has already been stated that environment has a great influence on the personality of a child and, that is why, being surrounded by people who often break the law, children have no other choice but to follow this example (Dowd 46). Additionally, poverty also makes a child break the law. Indeed, conditions in the family and relations between parents are also important. Nevertheless, the traditional influence of these factors is aggravated by new ones. There is hardly a person who has no access to a computer and the Internet in the modern world. Being very important tools, these issues, however, can have a pernicious influence on the personality of a child (Roberts para. 3). There are many claims connected with the strangling of the scenes of violence in video games. The development of digital technologies increases the level of realism in these games and very often they look very beautiful. Additionally, the development of virtual reality and games with an open world introduced the possibility to perform any actions. For this reason, young people, as the main players, obtained the possibility to commit any crime in the virtual world which, in its turn, resulted in the appearance of manifestations of aggression accumulated in games of this sort. Moreover, very often the ac
Introduction The automotive industry (automotive industry) is that industry that is involved in the designing, developing, manufacturing, marketing and selling of motor vehicles. This industry has been rated as one of the most important industries in the world for its significance and contribution to the economy. The automotive industry came about after the invention of the steam engine automobile that was designed to make transportation easy (Georgano, 1985). The success of the car industry was made possible with the help of the inputs from different individuals. The main objective of this paper is to talk about the car industry, showing how it came about and developed. Some of the great people who played a big role in building this industry will also be discussed. History of the automobile The history of the vehicle industry began in the mid 18 th century where the first steam engine vehicle was invented in order to facilitate the transportation of humans. Later on in 1806, the first vehicle, which had an internal combustion engine, came to being. This vehicle ran on fuel gas. This later led to the first car that had an internal combustion engine in 1885. The man behind this great invention was Karl Benz, who is one of the greatest men that have made the vehicle industry a success. It was after then that he was granted a patent and he began manufacturing his first line of automobiles. This was also after his wife, Bertha Benz, took a long trip in the automobile and personally confirmed that it was suitable for use daily and that it was better than a horse-drawn coach (Kay, 1997). Nikolaus Otto is another man who played a role in the vehicle industry. He contributed by designing the four-stroke petrol engine that was an internal combustion engine. This type of engine constitutes most of the current and modern vehicles that exist today. Rudolf Diesel later brought in a new thing onto the table. He invented a four-stroke internal combustion engine that ran on diesel. Christian Friedrich Schonbein later came in and brought in a technology that managed to replace the gasoline engines. This was the hydrogen fuel cell. The possibility of building a battery electric vehicle was made possible by Anyos Jedlik, who was one among those who invented the electric car. This was also facilitated by the invention of the lead-acid battery. It was invented by Gaston Plante (Halberstam, 1986). Vehicle industry The first vehicle industry can be said to have developed in 1871 after Carhart created the first vehicle (automobile) that was the size of a carriage. He was a minister at a certain church in Wisconsin. His efforts caught the attention of the State of Wisconsin and led them to want to facilitate the venture. The state then offered an aw