ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction On June 27-28, 2015, a Gay Pride festival took place in San Francisco. The festival was aimed to remind the public of the long history of oppression against LGBT people and the struggle against it, to celebrate the freedoms which were gained as the result of this struggle, and to further promote tolerant attitude towards gay people ( Equality without exception ). The festival also occurred to celebrate the legalization of same-sex marriage in all the United States by the Supreme Court (Roberts & Siddiqui, 2015). Today, gay marriage is becoming legal not only in America, though, but in many other countries across the world. It is a tendency which, as we will see, brings benefits to both individual persons and society as a whole. History and Background of Same-Sex Marriage Half a century ago, same-sex marriage, as a legal phenomenon, didn’t exist anywhere in the world (Newton, 2010, p. 87). Moreover, sexual relationships between people of the same sex were considered a felony in many countries, including the USA (Klarman, 2013, para. 1). Stonewall Riots, a rebellion against police raids in New York in 1969, are considered the beginning of the gay rights movement in America ( Same-sex marriage around the world , 2012). The first country in the world to “provide same-sex couples with marriage-like privileges”, though, was Holland, where the so-called “unregistered cohabitation” was allowed in 1979 (Newton, 2010, p. 87). Other European countries also started to adopt laws that gave similar rights to LGBT; Denmark, for instance, allowed “registered partnerships” in 1989, Sweden–in 1994, Norway–in 1993, Belgium–in 1999 (Newton, 2010, p. 88). In December 2000, the first law in the world that legalized same-sex marriage was adopted in Holland (Newton, 2010, p. 87). In the USA, same-sex marriage was first recognized in Massachusetts in 2003 (Klarman, 2013). Gradually, gay marriage gather
The book Band of Brothers written by Stephen Ambrose explores the experiences of soldiers who fought in the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment that was often nicknamed as Easy Company. The action takes place within the period between 1942 and 1945. To a great extent, this work is aimed at showing the hardships and challenges that these people overcame and how they became close friends. This is the main goal that the writer wants to attain. It should be noted that the author creates a chronological narrative describing the training of these people and their further activities during World War II. It should be noted that Stephen Ambrose is a famous historian who wrote numerous books on various aspects of the U.S. history. A significant part of his research was related to the military history of America and the participation of the country in various wars. Nevertheless, one should bear in mind that Stephen Ambrose has often been accused of historical misinterpretations or errors (Hoffer 176). This is one of the limitations that one should bear in mind. Still, despite these criticisms, the book is still worth attention because it throws a new light on the life of American soldiers during World War II. It is difficult to say that Stephen Ambrose is biased when he describes the main events witnessed by soldiers. However, one can definitely see that he definitely tries to emphasize the courage of the troopers. To a great extent, he wishes to demonstrate that the Easy
Management is an important process in modern operations of organizations. Managers are individuals overseeing day-to-day operations of companies. In addition, managers are responsible for leadership, a role that is vital for the conversion of production resources into production. Without managers’ dynamic leadership, conversion of resources will be a major hurdle. Management therefore is the act of organizing individuals towards the achievement of company-desired objectives (Bunderson, 2003). In addition, it provides a well-structured model of addressing day-to-day operations of a firm. However, most traditional firms have failed to factor in its usage in their operations; some have survived while others have shut down operations because of failure to meet their company objectives. Management is part of the factors of production. It helps in the coordination of the other production factors i.e. land and labor. An organization well versed with management practices is able to achieve its set goals within a postulated period (Bell, 2007). Management cuts across all organizations; both profit and nonprofit making organizations are eligible to apply the practices of management to streamline their daily operations and operate in a clear outline. The article is going to look into the five management practices and their implementation in a place of work. Planning is the backbone of management. A plan is a well-designed roadmap with clear datelines on how to achieve an objective. Planning is therefore the act of designing a clear roadmap that describes the happenings of the company in future. In contemporary firms’ management, planning is the duty of managers. Company managers are responsible for the general performance of the company. There are three classes of managers; top, middle and lower level. Before making a decision, a number of management personnel will ascertain its feasibility. This therefore implies that managers need to be versed with the vision of the company to help devise sound strategies to achieve a prudent decision. Market information helps in planning process; the information is derived from the data collected in the market. Managers use the market facts to formulate and analyze the impacts of their decisions in the future. This practice calls for wide knowledge of the market. Planning being a vital component in the success of the business always entails timely reviews of the strategies to meet the ever-changing market demands. However, different managers may disagree on different aspects of the strategy. A firm with a sound planning structure will ensure that each part of the organization associate with the final solution. Down-up initiative usage will curb differences in the adoption stage of a plan. Lower level management therefore needs to engage all the departments and employees in the formulation of a policy before passing the same to the middle level managers. Middle managers scrutinize the docume
In Canada, there is a very stringent law governing the conduct of business investors. These laws are clearly stipulated to govern the conduct of stakeholders in the business sector. They range from interpersonal contact to the corporate ethical issues. This piece tackles a series of legal issues that ensued between two firms that had entered into a formal engagement before the occurrence of incidents that prompted either of the parties to file a legal petition in the pursuit of justice in a court of law. To begin with, a plaintiff is a person or group of persons who files a case to seek the indulgence of the court in order to fight for justice for the alleged offence made against it. In this context, the plaintiff is the firm that was feeling that its rights had been violated by the firm with which it had signed a contract. This is why it went to the court of law in order to be able to find an amicable solution to the tussle between. On the other hand, a defendant is a person, group of persons or an entity who is summoned in the court of law to answer the charges leveled against them by the plaintiff. Hence, it obviously becomes the role of the defendant to appear in the court of law as warranted in order to be able to defend themselves against the alleged charges. In this regard, the defendant in this case refers to the firm that was issued with a warrant to send a representation during the hearings and mentions of the said case. Here, they are expected to appear before the bench to defend itself. Actually, this is a civil case that requires the court to adopt civil laws to be able to reach a more satisfactory ruling that will eventually bind the defendant into a civil action. This means that if they are proved guilty, they will be expected to pay for the damages suffered. In this scenario, the plaintiff accuses the defendant for allegedly breaching the contract which they had signed before. After agreeing to be in a franchising deal with this other bigger firm, the contract was binding. This means that neither of the parties was expected not to honor it. Therefore, failing to keep such a pledge is a violation of business law and is a major issue of ethical concern that needs to be dealt with so stringently. I think the plaintiff was right and justified to seek the indulgence of the court of law. Once a deal has been signed between two different parties, it should be considered binding and adhered to at all costs. I also agree with the fact that individuals should be made aware of the importance of practicing healthy business behaviors. This creates a favorable business environment that will accommodate all sorts of investors. Hence, if I were to give a judgment in this case, I would rule in favor of the plaintiff. I strongly believe that the Canadian law is very much concerned about the welfare of business people. This helps to make the business stakeholders to be very cautious and responsible in their operations. By doing this, my ruling would act as an examp
Abstract In the innovation field, the existing theories have suggested that organization culture affects the capacity of a corporation to innovate. In fact, most organizations have been unable to innovate because of the prevailing culture that inhibits the propensity of workforce to generate and effectively use new ideas. This paper has highlighted organization cultural aspects that tend to create and enhance the level of innovation. The paper further reviewed how the adopted organizational culture affects the innovative capacity of people in an organization as well as actions and strategies that can be implemented to ensure that appropriate culture is created. Introduction Organizational culture and cultural diversity is a context that dominates the area of leadership, employees’ development, and innovation in most organizations. The diversity in culture heightens the challenge faced by managers in keeping organizational staff motivated to innovate and change the existing corporate structures. With most organizations operating in cultural diverse environments, it is essential to check the nature of organizational culture, its impacts on innovation and management development in cultural various contexts (Melitski, Gavin & Gavin, 2010). This paper relates the wider field of management to the specific area of organizational culture. It argues that organization leaders will have difficulties in changing an existing organizational culture. The paper explores how the prevailing organizational culture influences change and creative behaviors. It finally offers recommended actions and strategies to make sure that proper culture is created. A critical literature review on the nature of organizational culture theories Organizational cultural environment and its impact on change and innovation Organizational culture and the general social and cultural environments can be considered to interlock in that people enter organizations from surrounding societies and bring their culture and social life with them. Therefore, the changing social and cultural environment influences corporate culture and is a big challenge to managers endeavoring to change the corporate culture. Forces in this environment are those that effect changes in how people live and work. Mohanty and Rath (2012) think that managers must be responsive to those changes that take place in the surrounding societies as they affect all aspects of corporate culture, yet most corporate managers will have little knowledge about those changes. For instance, new organizational leaders are tasked with the development of corporate ethics and well-being to initiate change. Sims (2009) considers corporate ethics as one element of corporate culture that is hard to change, as ethics are defined differently by each organization. No wonder huge ethical scandals such as Enron and Hewlett-Packard have plagued hundreds of United States firms. Unethical organizational culture behaviors damage firm’s reputation and cost the firm the goodwill of employees and customers. Moreover, the
Sharing with the class When Kansas Territory was being set up, several episodes of violence took place. This period is historically referred to as Bleeding Kansas. The main issue of contention was the boundary between regions that were supposed to be considered as free and enslaved territories. Before the violence began, the Kansas-Nebraksa Act was enacted in 1854. The new piece of legislation disregarded latitude use in detecting the borderline for sovereign and enslaved regions. The new law proposed the application of popular sovereignty. In other words, the determination of regions that were to be either enslaved or left sovereign was left in the hands of residents. In a bid to influence this radical proposal, the Kansas state was thronged by both the Free State settlers and proslavery activists. Since each group was seeking full control, violence erupted. There was no faction that was willing to give up its decision. The Harpers Ferry was raided by the abolitionist John Brown. The latter personality was also instrumental in leading fighters who were against slavery. The antislavery publicists are believed to be instrumental behind the term ‘Bleeding Kansas.’ However, the New York Tribune also pointed out that Horace Greeley was the key personality behind the use of the terminology. A nationwide protracted political crisis erupted regarding the push for popular sovereignty. The violence began shortly after the Nebraska and Kansas regions were opened. The whole of Kansas was affected by the violence. Towards the end of 1855, opposing government authorities had already been founded in Kansas. The governments were linked to either the antislavery groups or the proslavery Missourians. The Pierce and Buchanan governments supported the pro-slavery Missourians. On the other hand, some northern Democrats and Republicans supported the antislavery groups. The war eventually led to the political polarization of the entire region. There were also several parties who were deeply fascinated by the slavery debate (Hullar and Nelson 87). What you know about this event that you didn’t know before? One of the issues emerging from this report is that Republicans did not support the issue of slavery. In fact, they were completely against the practice both in the northern and southern parts of the region. This is contrary to the popular historical belief that the Republicans always condoned acts of slavery because they were capitalists. Second, it has also emerged that in 1856, Lawrence town was looted in the course of the violence (A&E Television Networks par. 4). The culprits behind this looting were the ruffians. This was the main reason why five proslavery settlers were killed following the order from John Brown. Worse still, partisan violence rocked the region and persisted for four months. After the four months elapsed, a territorial governor was appointed by John W. Geary. Up to 1861, isolated cases of violence were st
Introduction The Arabs society is considered to be strict when it comes to culture and traditions. Their culture has been followed from one generation to the next meaning that it’s a taboo to deviate from that culture. Therefore parents are required to educate their children about this culture in every step of their life i.e. from toddler stage to adolescent hood. More so, teenagers are required to behave like adults even at their tender age. For this reason, the society at large has the mandate of ensuring that this culture is instilled to all teenagers; this it does by ensuring that the existing schools have programs that will promote this culture. This is also witnessed in the overseas institutions where the students may seek further learning from their native countries and this move has therefore seen a large number of students seek education in such areas since their parents are confident of good education complemented with their Arabic culture. With such blends, it is a guarantee that these teenagers will stick to their roots and culture or even get more update
The article describes a recent Chicago hot dog restaurant incident that can be considered an ethical issue. The incident involved a man who was asked to wear a mask to use the restaurant’s services (Sutton, 2022). In response, the man offended the restaurant employee by throwing snow in their face several times (Sutton, 2022). Additionally, the offender broke the glass door with an unknown object (Sutton, 2022). This incident can be considered an ethical issue because the offender’s actions were disproportional to the situation, apart from the obvious property damage offense. Furthermore, throwing snow at an employee might not count as illegal; however, it is blatantly disrespectful toward an individual. A utilitarian point of view would consider this incident wrong by examining the consequences of the offender’s actions. The seeming reason behind the offender’s behavior is the employee’s request to wear a mask, which is the state’s mandate. Utilitarianism would view the restaurant visitor’s decision to commit an offense against the employee and the restaurant’s property, starting with the consequences of these actions. Since the result is a broken glass door and an innocent employee that suffered, the consequences are harmful. As such, from the utilitarian point of view, the actions can be considered wrong. The Kantian moral theory views an issue as irrational since following the moral law and duty is rational behavior. Offering an innocent individual and damaging the restaurant’s property can be immoral. As such, dismissing the moral law renders the offender irrational in the eyes of a follower of a Kantian moral theory. I believe that utilitarianism is the most logical way to conclude this ethical problem. The reason for that is that negative consequences for anybody can be the best moral compass for almost any decision. The Kantian moral theory is based on moral law, which can be subjective in some people’s minds. As such, according to Kantian theory, some people might disagree that the incident is an ethical issue. In contrast, according to utilitarianism, a negative impact on any individual renders an action wrong.
Leadership Style The completed task has indicated that I am a participative leader. This kind of leadership can support the needs of many followers and patients. According to Reinhard and Hassmiller (2014), participative leaders collaborate with their followers whenever making decisions. Such leaders embrace the power of participation to solve various problems. However, the leader “maintains the final say whenever the group is making specific choices” (Curtis, Vries, & Sheerin, 2011, p. 306). This leadership strategy empowers, motivates, guides, and supports the needs of different group members. A single leader “can never be an expert in all areas of practice” (Bortoluzzi, Caporale, & Palese, 2014, p. 649). Health Leaders (HLs) should acquire the best ideas and views from their group members to make evidence-based decisions. This practice is appropriate because many nurses possess the required expertise in medical care. Leadership Beliefs The above leadership style supports my personal beliefs and competencies as a Registered Nurse (RN). To begin with, I always embrace the power of collaboration. I always must empower, guide, and encourage my teammates. I have been encouraging my caregivers to share their ideas to make the best healthcare decisions (Sherman, Bishop, Eggenberger, & Karden, 2007). Sometimes I encourage my teammates to embrace the best practices whenever delivering special care to their patients. As well, I always act ethically and professionally. This practice makes it easier for me to support the changing health expectations of different individuals (Reinhard & Hassmiller, 2014). According to me, positive decisions are the ones made by two or more people. This knowledge encourages me to acquire new ideas from different teammates and HLs. Such values and beliefs will also support my future goals as an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN). Leadership Attributes Needed for Graduate Level Nurses Graduate-level nurses should possess powerful leadership competencies to support the needs of their clients. To begin with, good nurses should be ready to inspire others. This leadership attribute will make it possible for them to focus on the best goals. The group “will collaborate to deliver enhanced patient care” (Curtis et al., 2011, p. 306). Such nurses should also possess specific personal attributes to become competent leaders. Some of the attributes include “courage, initiative, integrity, and abi
Introduction Most of the Arab Gulf States such as the United Arab Emirates have constructive engagements with diverse personnel and clients who assist in the current acceleration of economic growth as well as that of the dependants who are mainly developing countries benefiting from oil exports or other wide range of products and machinery. One of the credible factors the Arabs Gulf States ought to address urgently includes employees’ management issues. Thesis statement This paper discovers and addresses some of the challenges relating to management of employees faced by some companies in Arab Gulf States, particularly issues relating to foreign workforce and its effects. The paper relies on findings from successful firms in United Arab Emirates. Labour markets face major consequences of segmentation, cultural challenges, performance expectations and other challenges relating to current indoctrination trends. Literature Review Contemporary Issues Job markets The Gulf States have recently been the largest markets or best choice for most international job seekers. The governments of United Arab Emirates encourage migration as a measure to ease pressure associated with labour markets, reduce rates of unemployment as well as accelerate economical developments. It is the most dynamic, established and most efficient measure for curbing the alleviating levels of poverty among most developing nations (Walters et al, p.32). Migration Oil wealth has attracted many immigrants into the Gulf States in search for better paying jobs especially people from developing countries. This a big challenge that HR systems of most United Arab Emirates companies faces today and in future. The economy growth mainly relies on the forces and foreign employees deliver majority required labour. Reliability on such is evidently a huge challenge on employees’ management such as among popular wealthy emirates clusters in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The United Arab Emirates has successful international companies such as Voltas Limited, a Tata Group company or Levtech Consulting Company in Abu Dhabi employs from different states with different cultural procedures. Cultural and Gender Disparity The labour market faces a big challenge of under representation of women due to their cultural believes and prior HRM styles. Existence of the high quality education enables women to enjoy the same rates as their male counterparts. Women make up majority of population in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain (Pollock, p.9). Human management has to ensure there is no gap difference in gender participation and enhance future substantial democratization advan