ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The author, James Allen stated that teachers do not realize that they use an invalid method of grading their students. He said that this is due to the fact that the teachers were former students also and they used to be the recipients of a flawed grading system. He was referring to the way teachers evaluate the learning outcome and the ability of the students to absorb learning material is not being graded on skill or competence alone but also by the amount of effort given by the students. Allen said that this is not the way to give grades to students and that teachers must learn to use a more objective way of evaluating the performance of their students. Allen stressed that the most important thing to consider is the validity of the grading schemes. He was emphatic when he said that “Validity is important because the sole purpose of grades is to accurately communicate to others the level of academic achievement that a student has obtained” (Allen, 2005, p.1). Allen acknowledged that this is easier said than done because most teachers wanted to communicate not only the academic achievement but also the “ancilliary features of achievement” such as effort and desire to learn (Allen, 2005, p.1). But he countered that this should not be done and he argued that it is impossible to communicate the student’s effort through and academic excellence or the lack of it in one grading system. Allen traced the problem to sixteen years of exposure to a subjective means of obtaining grades. He even said that teachers often find effort to be the best indicator of academic excellence and not the specific amount of knowledge gained in the classroom. Allen therefore suggested that in order to remedy this problem there must be a conscious effort to change this mindset at the undergraduate level. Those who are studying to be teachers must be introduced to the concept of validity and that they must understand and accept the theoretical foundation as to the real purpose and significance of the grading system. Allen said that he is not raising something new. This problem he said has been addressed and yet it persists even in the 21 st century. It is imperative that teachers learn how to communicate and interpret grades. It is imperative that teachers learn how to evaluate a student’s knowledge about a particular subject. This can be achieved by initiating and sustaining teacher education programs that will teach them the principles of making valid grades. Analysis It is a radical approach to understanding the importance of a grading system. However, Allen has a point in saying that a student’s grade in a particular subject must clearly communicate only one thing and one thing alone. A student’s grade must not communicate two ideas at once. It must not say that he or she is a good student or that his or her effort was something to be acknowledged and appreciated. Allen said that it must only communicate the level of competency in that particular subject. This is powerful argument that if
Introduction Imogene M. King’s Goal Attainment Theory would be used in this case to understand turnover time in orthopedic surgery. A nursing theory provides a framework or a model to guide nursing practices and improve outcomes. The nursing profession, however, has experienced significant changes in the last few years. As a result, nursing practices, nurse staffing and patient outcomes have been affected critically. For instance, the shortage of nurses in critical units such as orthopedic surgery units has affected the turnover time (the period allocated for changing from one operation to another). Poor nurse staffing has increased stress levels of nurses, negatively affected job satisfaction and many nurses have opted out of the profession. Researchers have shown that when facilities have nurse staffing below the appropriate levels, then the rate of mortality increases. Therefore, there is a need for an adequate nurse-patient ratio in different units (Needleman et al., 2011). People pursue the nursing profession to change healthcare service delivery and outcomes. Nurses, however, should set certain goals for their patients and then embark on achieving those goals. As noted above, King’s Goal Attainment Theory would be applied to assist nurses in interaction with patients and meet health service delivery outcomes, specifically turnover time in orthopedic surgery units in a constrained nurse-patient ratio environment. King’s theory evaluates the conditions of the patient, identifies specific needs, promotes effective communication, selects the right interventions for the patient, solves the problem and evaluates outcomes. Description of the problem/issue for which strategies will be developed Nurse shortage is a critical global issue in the healthcare sector. It has several contributing factors, including low rates of nurse enrollment, high rates of nurse attrition and an increasing number of patients with chronic conditions among others. As a result, service delivery in critical units such as orthopedic surgery units has suffered poor turnover time. According to a study conducted by Avery and Matullo (2014), there is a growing focus on orthopedic and non-orthopedic operating room (OR) efficiency with a specific focus on costs of staff and hospital revenues and therefore turnover time has become a significant factor for consideration. Orthopedic surgical units are high-resource intensive areas and therefore any delays could affect phys
Introduction In today’s world and environment, stress transverses the gender, race, class, or even age notion to become far-fetched in the society at large. Stress can be allied to work, role, people, sleep, time, food, and pain, including our own fears on other pertinent issues. It also has much to do with our perception of the daily state of affairs that occurs in our lives therefore making our stress levels be associated with what we believe in. Therefore, Stress can be seen as a self-motivated interaction between a person and the environment in relation to two-way relationships that operate via an intricate set of feedback processes. However, when we learn to negotiate the anxieties in our environment, we remain imperturbable to this interaction. Prolonged stress can cause physiological and physical problems and in some cases, reaction to stress can prove fatal. Since we can decide on what to believe or think, we posses the aptitude on how we can respond to the exigent events and circumstances in our daily lives. So, we can adapt and learn on how to ‘’switch off’’ the stress response and deal with stress. Problem Solution Regardless of the humiliation and degradation other might heap upon us and the appalling environment we might live in, our own choices ultimately defines our identity and we should be in control of how we choose to respond. Such circumstances should not change us on the inside unless we consent to it since no one has the authority and power to make anyone respond in a particular way on the inside unless we opt to react that way. Each of us solely has the freedom to forge his or her opinion, ideas, choices and attitudes. Our choice of attitude is quite significant in the daily decision making and is more imperative than one’s education, position, successes or failures, bankroll, or even past events and circumstances. To some degree, our attitudes and reactions are consequential from the stress-produced emotions which are controllable. Also to some great extent, we can choose on how we can deal with depression, hostility, fear, guilt, jealousy, worry, and any other emotional circumstances known to generate physical reactions. By questioning and reflecting upon our own attitudes, it may prove an important step towards living a better health and less stress life. We should also have a constant communication with our close friends and family who are preferably concerned or not, with the aim of getting different opinions or even assistance if possible on our troubling circumstances since they are occasionally close to us. This will considerably help us before going overboard with our reactions which may prove regrettable. We should also participate in recreational events and programs in order to turn away and switch off the invariable psychological tapes that keep playing in our heads and reminding us of painful events and aggravations. We should also learn to focus on events and people that bring joy, peace, love, and happiness in our lives, and build up an attitude of gratitude and appreciat
Introduction Every person has nostalgic memories of his childhood and his home town. There are not many films that put this theme of nostalgia in such a manner that the viewer longs to go back in time to relive those moments. One of these films and probably the most famous one is Federico Fellini’s 1974 Film “Amarcord”. This essay is directed toward discussing and analyzing the movie in terms of characters and their interaction resulted from a personal impression of watching this film. Analysis In analyzing the characters, it should be mentioned that due to the style of narration of the film which is divided to chapters the cast of characters is very diverse and viewers can decide which characters are the main for them. However, central character for the plot could be considered Titta, a young boy whose transfer to puberty is taking some focus in the film. The age of Titta implies the activeness of his hormones in his obsession with the beauty of the town Gradisca. One of the unforgettable moments of the movie is when Titta follows Gradisca into the movie theater and goes around until he is seated next to her. Other memorable male characters include all the family members of the Titta family, and specifically Titta’s uncle Teo, who is somewhat crazy and obsessed with women but he cannot find any. Furthermore, in another memorable scene he lets everybody know about that desire when being in a picnic he climbs a tree screaming “I want a woman”. Titta’s father Aurelio is another character who has a bad temper, and his habit of wearing a tie whenever the fascists have a meeting, in a way providing a discreet political opinion or maybe it is another attribute of his character in objecting everything. A nameless character in the film, which is called “the lawyer” is providing the narration of the film, he has a very scrupulous about dates, but hated by the town residents for his boring talks. The female characters in the film also have vast diversity in personalities. It should be mentioned separately the previously stated Gradisca, the object of the teenage love and obsession of Titta. She is a beautiful woman, who kind of naïve in someway, or it might be a representation of some category of women who put her look in the first place. Her obsession with her dress and her look is presented in her always being faultlessly groomed; waiting her prince on a white horse, her representation of the prince is incarnated in the actor Gary Cooper whose films she regularly attends. The interaction between all the characters in the film is provided through what must be considered the “real “main character which is the town that might be representing Fellini’s childhood. However, the main relation that connects all the characters is the love. Different kinds of love, teenage idealized sexual love for an elder woman, unanswered love of naïve woman for a movie character, the sexual desire of Teo for any woman and achieving his “goal” with a midget nun. Conclusion The women in Fellini’s movie are showed
GSI barcodes are the printed series of lines running collimate to each other with changing widths. GSI barcodes inscribe information into computer systems to give an identity to a given product on which the code comes out. Different widths of the bars give a representation of binary information. Optical scanners read the binary information. The use of GSI barcodes in health care centers is of great importance though some shortcomings arise limiting their use (Corrigan 2004, p.43). The use of GSI systems in the healthcare centers has several advantages. The GSI systems help doctors to share data among themselves and hospitals in the healthcare system. This aspect helps in improving the quality and efficiency of clinical care. In addition, complete access of patient’s records reduces medical errors during the time of treatment. Furthermore, measurements of high quality are due to the streamlined data collection (Corrigan 2004, p.43). Moreover, GSI system acts as a common language and this aspect eases communication problems among the professionals. With effective communication, the safety of patients is improved coupled with product/supply logistics improvement. In addition, proper communication improves the material management coordination (Greater 2005, p.56). Furthermore, workers and patients get necessary and timely protection in the healthcare system. The protection is due to the unequaled designation and the effectual data carriers given that the systems are able to determine responsibilities and the information flow between the workers and the patients (Corrigan 2004, p.45). In addition, tracking and tracing of products with external supplies become easier due to the automatic capture of the information in the barcodes. Supplier’s recall procedures are improved. With the above connection, the administrator should have a quick response towards the needs of the customer. In this way, both parties get a competitive advantage (Kohn & Corrigan 2000, p.34). GSI systems manage risks. Proper identification and product traceability aid in managing any risk that might arise. The application of the GSI system in hospitals takes care of the patient’s safety efficiently. Use of this system in both product and people location and identification assists in avoiding recognition blunders and this facet results to increased security and time saving. Eradication of the strenuous processes that involve a lot of paper work saves time. With this connection, the medical staff pays much attention for the benefit of the patient (Corrigan 2004, p.47). GSI systems also play a very vital role in procurement by enabling different hospitals to coordinate their supplies. It helps in identifying each delivery points that are within the healthcare facilities. The delivery points include wards, clinics, and cost centers. During the time of placing orders, the supplier gets instructions of the locations and products to be supplied thus enhancing direct delivery. In this manner, the efficiency of the procurement process is improved through the elimination of the costly and time-consuming practice of delivery to the warehouses (“The Global Language of Business” 20
Introduction Mourning Dove, a female American writer, started her career under the inspiration of a friend who lived in her family. The author adopted various names such as Humishuma and Christine Quintaset amongst others. She pursued her academics in the Sacred Heart Convent and Goodwin Mission schools, and this propelled her desire to engage in writing as a profession. Mourning Dove perceived that the practice was vital in addressing the neglected, but important issues in the Indian-American community. She was driven by the urge to address the evil deeds and male chauvinism that were directed towards the weak gender in the Indian community (Baym 1161). The paper argues that the author presents women as victims of male chauvinism in the Indian society. Summary Mourning Dove was a feminist and she addressed issues through literature. Cogewea, the Half-Blood explains the tormenting adventures that Chipmunk, an Indian native, experienced in her community. In the introduction, the narrator indicates that Evil Owl Woman, a villain in the novel, pursued Cogewea. Chipmunk struggled to save herself from the villain’s move to capture her, but eventually lost. The author perceives that the reader will understand the strenuous practices embraced by women to achieve their freedom. Despite her call for help, her grandmother was incapable to assist. Mourning Dove explains that once held captive, Chipmunk lost contact with the society but managed to escape. After some time, she joined a racing competition and suffered discrimination from the majority of the participants. For example, during the competitions, she raced at the outermost track. The narration continues to highlight Cogewea’s zeal in the racing that prompted her to win against the male opponents. Despite the zeal, the judges’ compliments were sadistic and so were those that came from the other contestants (Baym 1162). Cogewea concluded that the compliments were not genuine, as the parties had shown their discomfort to include her in the contest from the beginning. Cogewea’s determination to win against the odds in her life was an indication of the urge of different people to succeed despite their gender. Feminist literary critic approach The Norton Anthology of English Literature provides that the American society professed a culture, which was aged for centuries. Therefore, the culture constrained the establishment of equality and the respect desired for the female gender. As a feminist, Mourning Dove observed the freedom as a right; hence, she declined to accept male chauvinism as a norm that every Indian American native should have accepted at the time. The use of narratives and passages served as a critical presentation of facts, which Indian community’s culture embraced, but which were harmful to the minority groups. Further, the writer viewed the rules issued by the governing bodies as demeaning and distressful to the female gender (Baym 1164). The importance of the passages was underst
Introduction Tuberculosis is an acute condition that requires immediate treatment; however, some individuals develop resistance to antibiotics, which can cause severe health outcomes. Currently, several methods are used to identify and predict mutations in genes but most of them are expensive and unavailable for many countries. This paper provides a summary of the article that addresses the issue. The study discusses the effectiveness of an alternative method to detect drug resistance. The paper concludes that it is possible to substitute existing testing methods with a more cost-effective approach, which is as efficient as the existing ones. Summary The topic of choice for this paper is antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis because this disease can cause significant threats to individuals’ health. More than 10 million new cases are registered while the resistance to antibiotics is growing (Klotoe et al. 2018). The selected article by Klotoe et al. (2018) addresses this problem and answers the following question: Is there a more advanced way/method/technology to detect drug resistance in tuberculosis? This topic is closely related to coevolution because humans can develop resistance to antibiotics as the result of intragenomic coevolution caused by horizontal gene transfer. Coevolution between Escherichia coli and plasmid RK2 is one of the causes of this condition (Bottery et al. 2017). The article that was selected for the review introduces the problem of antibiotics resistance and the causes of it in humans. The authors’ goal is to develop an alternative method of detecting mutations that result in resistance to drugs (Klotoe et al. 2018). They note that there are two known types of drug resistance, including multidrug one associated with Rifampin and Isoniazid, as well as an extensive one, related to these medications along with fluoroquinolone and some second-line drugs. Klotoe et al. (2018) report that the standard method of detecting mutations in DNA sequencing, but this process is expensive and requires bioinformatics skills. Thus, this method can be considered unsuitable for low-income countries. To develop an alternative method of detecting, the authors used 61 samples of DNA, more than 50% of which were resistant to one of the second-line medications (Klotoe et al. 2018). With the help of EFI (Ethambutol, Fluoroquinolones, Injectables) testing, researchers were able to identify all targeted types of mutations, as well as diversity among them. The method the introduced utilizes the flow-cytometry microbead-based assay. Klotoe et al. (2018) note that their approach involves a less expensive technology compared to those currently utilized in the field. Moreover, the study proves that EFI testing is validated on clinical samples and provides detailed data on each of them, including informatio
Executive summery This case study report is a result of the call by the Junior, the owner of KJVM AMI FM radio station for a review of his organizations internal communications. The report looks into the factors that led to the dismissal of Mr. Dawson who had been a faithful employee of the organization for a long period of time. The report then gives recommendations on how communications can be enhanced to prevent a repeat of such dismissals. The conflict that led to the dismissal of Mr. Dawson was as a result of poor business communication skills and techniques that include lack of proper: communication, emotional intelligence, conflict management among other issues such as dishonesty, and poor ethical values. Following the identified problems that are facing the organization, the report holds the opinion that a transformation be undertaken with regard to: the organizational culture that has existed since the company changed ownership, the management team as well as policies and ethical values that are held by the company, especially with respect to how employees are handled. Introduction Business communication refers to the aspect of relaying information within a business entity or among business structure. A passage of information in communication in a business environment may be intended for promotion of a given good or service, or for administrative purposes of an entity. This paper seeks to give a report on a case study that involves business communications. The paper will identify technological, legal and ethical issues that are necessary in business communication together with principles of business communication. The paper will then analyze critical issues that caused communication problems in the company subject to the report together with the causes of these issues. The paper will also look into the people who were responsible for these issues in the subject company’s case study as well as the communications strategies that could have been used by the company to resolve the conflict that faced it. Discussion Bellow is a discussion and review of the problems that led to the frustration and subsequent dismissal of Dawson as an employee with Junior’s company. The actual problem into the issue is based on the inefficiency and the inability of the administration to establish a concrete communication mechanism leading to communication breach between Junior who is the company’s executive and his employees. Junior’s managers have as a result taken advantage of the situation to drive their personal interest in the company. A clear understanding of essential communication issues together with appropriate changes in the management system of the company will help Junior to establish a better working environment for his employees. Communication Comm