ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Religious conflict in social context: The resurgence of Orthodox Judaism is Frankfurt. Am Main by Robert Liberles Green wood press, 1985. In his book, Robert Liberles, talks about the intrigues and resistance faced by the Jewish people in Germany. From the start until its demise Germany Jewry spoke for Judaism in modern times. Right from the times of Moses Mendelssohn to Leo Baeck, German soil produced the spokesmen who would explain, defend, rationalize and alter the extent and from of the Jewish expression for the Western World. In his comparison, Robert has the view that there were countries in which Jews were better accepted and others less acceptable, but the situation in Germany was ambiguous, in its relations with its Jews in the nineteenth century. From the look of things, the Jewish were not accepted as citizens. The questions whether the Judaism represent an appropriate set of beliefs for citizens of the state has never been resolved. This issue was posed by English Deists as early as Seventeenth century, but by the middle of the Nineteenth century, English society had, on the whole lost interest in Judaism. It advanced the emancipation of the Jews and seemed satisfied with their religion ( The Jews of Georgian England, Philadelphia, 1979 .) The French were easy to please the English but not as much as the Germans. Initially, during the reigns of Napoleon nobody knew his stand as regards the Jews. He could give conflicting statements for and against the Jewish. His questions come to rest in 1806 when he supported he Jews and this changed the position of the Jews in Germany and entire Europe. In his evidence, the author Robert Liberles relies heavily on the custom, the scriptures from the holy books and historical evidence. It can also be proved that the author used or relied on extant archival sources, especially German and Court documents (International Review of social history 8, (2000): 93-113 ), as well material culture artifacts that offer clues about richness and variegation of early modern jewelry ( Tubiingen, Mohr Siebeck, 1997 ). Further Liberles uses also other sources of evidence including Rabbinie response, Legal documents regarding restrictions on Jewish trade of the drink, paints a nuanced picture of both internal religious discussion and the economic role of Jews in early modern Germany ( Robert Liberles“ Juden , Kaffee und Kaffeehandel im 18, Jahrhundrert,” in Back haus et al, Die Frank furert Judengassee, 236-48 ). Various evidences of Robert Liberles vary. The Rabbinic response evidence explores in detail about, coffee and coffee trade in Germany. It also examines the preparation of this coffee and its consumption by the Jews. The legal documents which are evidence also shows in detail the restrictions imposed in Jewish trade of drink. The biblical source of evidence used by Liberles in his book are examined in the resurgence of Frankfurt where it is detailed how Leopold Stein assumed his duties as Rabbi of the Jewish community, and how he started or in
In general terms, skepticism is considered to be an approach or outlook of uncertainty or distrust towards a specific object. Based on the concept of classical philosophy, skepticism is considered to be the ideas, principles, beliefs and attributes of Skeptikoi. Skeptikoi is considered to be the group of philosophers who concentrated on speaking out on particular subject but stated nothing. On the grounds of faith and religion, skepticism is described as the uncertainty or disbelieve regarding fundamental values and ethics of religion. Relativism is considered to be the property of a particular object which can be segregated and distributed to several, distinct views. This paper seeks to investigate and analyze Socrates and Protagoras position on skepticism and relativism respectively in the lights of diverse and broad academic resources. The paper will define these two concepts and then critically analyze the viewpoints of the two philosophers. Concept of Skepticism Skepticism is considered to be the uncertainty or doubt in a specific area of a doctrine. It is distinguishes itself from dogmatism by opposing dogmatic principles and values. It is considered to be the combination of two Greek movements in the field of Greek philosophy. Academic skepticism has been developed by Socrates and Plato and Pyrrhonism was brought by Pyrrho of Ellis (Rachels, 56). On the basis of philosophy, skepticism is considered to be composed of several propositions which include an investigation, examination, a way of seeking knowledge with the help of methodical and organized doubt and recurrent investigation, randomness, unpredictability or partisanship of ethical principles and values, restrictions on intelligence or wisdom, a way of logical caution and balanced decision or opinion, etc. Concept of Relativism The concept of relativism is related to the idea that certain features, characteristics or aspects of experience, incidents, customs or culture are relative to one another. It is not a distinct or separate set of beliefs but incorporates several values which have common theme. For instance, criteria for justification, ethical values and reality are relative to one other. Even though relativism leads to improbable or doubtful conclusions, they have captivated several philosophers from different traditions. Analysis of Dialogue According to Socrates, virtue cannot be thought. He clearly asserts that technical way of thinking can be taught and conveyed to students but understanding and knowledge are innate quality of
Empowerment entails giving employees the power to make decisions on their own for the benefit of their organization. Customer service managers have a responsibility of ensuring that customers are served and treated well in the course of their interaction with the company staff. It is difficult for customer service managers to achieve their objectives if employees work in a very restricted environment. Maintaining customers is not an easy thing considering the competitive nature of modern business. Organizations that empower their customer service employees are in a better position to increase their sales by attracting new customers and maintaining the existing ones (Huq 2010, 124). Customers can only become loyal to a particular brand depending on the quality of customer service that the company offers them. This article will discuss the importance of empowerment in customer service management. The success of a customer service department depends on employee empowerment. There are various ways through which an organization can empower its employees in order to improve its customer service management (Wilson 2012, p. 156). It is important to highlight some of them before looking at the benefits of empowerment to customer service management. Training employees on how to relate and serve customers is one of the ways through which organizations can empower their employees (Wilson 2012, p. 184). Employees should be given the authority to make decisions as along as they are able to enhance customer satisfaction. Every organization has got unique expectations when it comes to customer service and employees should be trained to meet such expectations. Training as way of empowerment gives employees the confidence to interact with customers and make the right decisions (Buttle 2012, p. 189). Empowerment makes employees to be happy and this is normally reflected in their work. Employees who are happy will definitely strive to satisfy customers and make them happy. Empowerment is a very important motivational tool when it comes to customer service (Hayes 1998, p. 79). Employees who have the freedom to make a positive contribution to the success of an organization will always feel motivated. Employees who go to the field and interact with customers should be given the first priority when it comes to motivation because the sustainability of an organization depends on how they perform. According to research findings, empowerment is one of the best tools of motivating employees (Hayes 1998, p. 89). Many employees have very valuable ideas and opinions that can improve customer service but they are never given an opportunity to voice them (Buttle 2012, p. 164). Empowerment provides employees with a chance to make a significant contribution towards the improvement of customer service. Customer service employees are in a better position to respond to the needs of customers because
Summary The point of the article is that mobile computing and Internet services can be very profitable and that the company that dominates the market can earn a lot of money. Different companies try different strategies, and the case examines them. The first company described by the case study is Apple. Their early push for smartphones and tablets has made their brand highly successful. This allows Apple to have proprietary hardware and operating system that is under the complete control of the company. The introduction of downloadable applications through its digital marketplace called App Store has revolutionized the smartphone market. The second company that the case study shows is Google. It is the leading search engine in the world, with a network of extremely popular online services like Gmail, Google Drive, and many others. The case study also focuses on its successful advertising business that is a major revenue provider for the company. In the last decade, the company became focused on hardware such as smartphones, tablets, and other technologies. Its open-source Android operating system has become the most-used mobile operating system in the market, and the phones produced by Google and its partners have become real competitors for Apple. Facebook is described as the most popular social network. In recent years it became a popular phone application, and the company overhauled the site to improve mobile browsing. Three of the main projects of Facebook described in the article are its advertising network, the purchase of VR developer Oculus VR Inc. and its social search named Graph Search. Support Although the information provided in the case was accurate in 2014, the market has already seen a few changes since then. Google’s efforts in developing a modular smartphone have proven to be not commercially viable. After the failure of similar products by other companies, Google has quietly shelved the project without a major announcement (Alba, 2016). The same could be said of the Google Glass project. Due to the high price of entry and concerns about public filming, the project and its users became unwelcome in most public places, which stalled all efforts of the company to continue development (Altman, 2015). Currently, the company is working on a secretive AR project titled “Daydream” built on its Tango platform. The Apple Watch was not met with a great response despite early enthusiasm from the audience, and at the moment, it is not the focus of the company. However, Apple is still a strong competitor in the mobile market (Page, 2015). Facebook has experienced large setbacks since 2014. The purchase of Oculus VR Inc. has not resulted in a large return because the market for VR titles has remained small due to the high price of entry. The controversial opinions of its former designer Palmer Lucky have also negatively affected the project’s image (Rosedale, 2017). Another issue for the company came
Introduction Estuaries are transition zones between land and sea and are important to aquatic organisms. (Levin et al . 2001). They are increasingly under threat from anthropogenic influence the world over. The size, shape and volume of water distinguish one estuary from another and these features are greatly influenced by the geofraphical landscape of the region. However estuaries have certain common features, such as gradients in their salinity and sediments which are known to influence the biological communities found within the systems. Estuaries are among the most productive natural habitats on earth due to sea and fresh water inflow that adds nutrients to the water column and sediment. This makes them highly productive and enables them to support large diversity of aquatic organisms. Intertidal,macrobenthos are found between high and low tide marks, either permanently living on or within soft sediments. These organisms are of ecological importance and are mainly used as indicator species within these habitats. Faunal distribution within the estuary is determined greatly by salinity, temperature, organic matter, concentration of oxygen and composition of sediments. Primary productivity, competition and adaptation to the estuarine climate also influence the temporal and spatial and temporal differences in benthic species composition. However, the composition of the fuana present at a given estuary are a clear indicator of the state of the aquatic environment (Warwick & Ruswahyuni, 1987). Salinity and sedimentation are however the two major challenges faced by organisms living within the estuaries. Bacteria; most of which have high oxygen demand are found in abundance within the sediment hence reduce the amount of oxygen in these zones (Elliott, 2004). Aim of the study The major aim of the study was to examine the influence of the major gradients in physical factors (salinity and sediments) on the distribution of benthic organisms within the Waiwera Estuary. Literature review Macrobenthic invertebrates are important components of estuarine ecosystems, in terms of productivity. They provide an imp
Introduction It should be noted that the social identity of people is based on their feeling of belonging to specific social groups. Moreover, it directly depends on the way a person characterizes him or herself with respect to these groups. In particular, this pattern is applicable to residents of all types of communities, and it defines both intergroup and interpersonal relations and internal processes as well. Researchers argue that the more stable the relations in the community become, the less personalized is the identification of its participants, and individual traits of each person become less important since community interests become the top priority for all residents (Wise, 2015). When individuals are engaged in a group, they feel safer; they start to identify themselves socially, which leads to a more harmonious life of society. Consequently, the issue of social identity is directly related to the sense of community, and it inevitably affects the life of each individual. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the sense of community as applied to a particular group and evaluate it in terms of the four elements proposed in the McMillan-Chavis approach. Community Description The community under analysis is represented by low-income families who reside in rural areas of the state. The families and individuals belonging to this social entity have various backgrounds, and they are engaged in different occupations. Nevertheless, almost all representatives have life conditions below-average level, and not all of them can be characterized as self-sustaining families. To be more precise, the majority of the community needs to apply for assistance; however, they have poor access to local social services due to insufficient transportation system. In addition, many residents qualify for government assistance such as SNAP (the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), Medicaid, and so on. Nonetheless, they cannot apply for those because of the inability to access the services. These factors lead to such consequences as malnutrition, which poses a threat to community health. Moreover, it has resulted in inadequate living conditions in which the greatest part of the community has to reside. Given
Abstract The current paper presents the researcher’s attempt to understand the sources of stress that medical students have. The study explores the interrelation between stress and the quality of life and academic performance of medical students. Specifically, the hypothesis is made that the quality of student’s life can be improved if the stress in their lives is reduced, and this positive change in life leads to positive academic and emotional results. A self-administered study questionnaire and Holmes and Rahe stress scale form the basis of the research. 49 senior and 51 junior medical students from the medical college participate in the experiment. The self-administered study questionnaire for the respondents consists of three sections: student-life stress, health-related quality of life, and a demographic section. To measure stress according to the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale, the respondents are asked to give stress points for life events in the past year. All statistical analyses are performed with the SPSS-PC Version 11.0 statistical package. Stress points for life events in the past year are added and compared with the scale stress-disease risk scale. Female students are expected to experience more stress than male ones which means that their academic performance and life, in general, suffers more. The expected findings are that stress negatively influences the quality of students’ life and their academic performance. This implies that through minimizing stress both in students’ personal and academic life the quality of life and academic performance will be improved. Introduction Stress is one of the most misused words in the medical profession according to Dr. Cecil Myer’s commentary in The Sun (Myer, 2001, p. 34). This happens because psychiatrists have admitted being a pain at times to explain what stress is really about. Any uncomfortable situation in life is labeled as stress. Some people even confuse boredom with stress and at times blame it for random illnesses and poor academic performance. Stress is a medical issue forms the basis of the current research. Academic pressure and stress are considered to have a great influence over the quality of performance and life of the students and several studies have proved that as the stress in academic activities increases the physical quality of students is affected. “Academic stress is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and physical illness.” (MacGeorge) However, along with the physic
The character of Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s short story, “A Rose for Emily”, leaves the reader in dilemma as to whether Emily is the protagonist or the antagonist. Faulkner uses an unknown narrator reveal to the reader a woman who has mixed character traits. So complex is her character that the reader is left wondering who the real Emily is. Emily is a recluse, out of choice and fate. Despite her reclusion, Emily is a monumental unmovable figure who can be pitiful yet irritating at times. She also portrays other contrasting characters such as stubborn yet gullible thus attracting the description, the eccentric woman. Thus Emily’s character plays an important role in the development of the plot as well as the story. Emily is a monumental figure imposed upon the town by Col Sartoris. Col Sartoris had withdrawn her obligation towards the town to pay tax and as such making her a dependent of the town therefore making her “a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town….” (Faulkner 47). Privileges such as being exempted to pay tax are only a reserve of the most honorable citizens of any land. The reader expects Emily to show gratitude to the town’s people and as such be more agreeable and open to them. However, Emily chooses to live in seclusion, irritatingly demanding to live by her own rules and often refusing to obey the societal norms. When she opts to marry Homer’s without making proper wedding plans, this anger and irritates the town’s people. So much were people irritated by this scandalous affair that they at one time thought that she was crazy (Faulkner 52). Faulkner also presents Emily as both the protagonist yet and an antagonist. As protagonist Emily is seen as the good person who has attracts the love and honor of the town’s people. When she dies every one in the town attend her funeral. Mostly, the men did so out of thoughtful affection for her (Faulkner 47). This means that despite her irritating behavior people still found it appropriate to show love and respect to her. Despite the affection she attracts from people, Emily is also seen as the antagonist, the character who goes against the grain and general expectation. Despite her reclusive behavior, the town’s people do knot expect her to be a murdereress, let alone to the person she is intimate with. When she orders for poison, people think that she would kills herself but ends up killing Homer her lover (Faulkner 55). This adds to her eccentricism. Emily is also presented a stubborn yet gullible woman. Her gullibility is seen in the fact that her father is
Introduction Marriage and family form the core of America’s society. This is despite the fact that relations between members of a given family may differ as time goes by (Behrens and Rosen 25). As far as marriage is concerned, men and women have various traditions and values that they value in their lives. This therefore presents a distinct approach to the whole aspect of marriage and family. The family and marriage in America has been evolving as time goes by thereby presenting a new approach to this issue. Focus has been put on rebuilding families and marriage. In this case, the society needs to come up with a culture that is based on enduring various relationships. American marriages and families have been made stronger through a good shift on cultural values (Behrens and Rosen 19). As a matter of fact, there is a decline of marriage in America. This has been brought about by various issues and that is why this paper will focus on why people chose not to marry. Discussion In the past years, America was recognized as the most marrying society in the world but this has been changing as time goes. As a matter of fact, this is well reflected in the older generation that was marrying without any problem. It should be known that most people between the ages of 45 to 54 were married in 1990s but this is the direct opposite today. Currently, the marriage institution in America is decay (Behrens and Rosen 31). The marriage rate in America has been decreasing drastically in recent years. In this case, people are postponing marriage because of various issues that they think should be prioritized. On the other hand, people are foregoing marriage altogether (Behrens and Rosen 36). The whole issue of foregoing marriage is a very complex aspect that needs to be looked at and properly evaluated. The number of unmarried women between the ages of 15 to 44 has been increasing every now and then. This can mostly be seen in the number of children who have been born out of wedlock. Statistics indicate that non-marital births stand at 30% of all births in America (Behrens and Rosen 42). Most people are running away from the reality to endure bad marriages and that is why they prefer not to marry. In recent years, there have been a lot of painful divorces in the country and this could also explain why people don’t want to marry. It is contrasting to note that the rate of marriages has been declini