ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Greek culture shaped the Western thinking and culture as its influence is felt in almost every aspect of human life from medicine, law, art, architecture to science (Noble, 2008). The Greeks, for example, invented geometry as they used it to make sense of the world and specifically to measure distance. In everything, Greeks were challenged to define the problem, research it and use some mathematical construct to explain it. Their discovery and use of geometry helped them to create navigational diagrams and maps for trade routes, become master architectures and building and modeling geniuses. This is said by Tarnas, (1991) to have shaped the Western culture of syllogisms, logic and duality principles among others. Also, in the Greek culture is the rise of individuals who shaped the thought process of the world. Socrates, Aristotle and Plato, laid the ground for the majority of modern philosophical thought, questioning and scientific methodology. In his philosophy, Socrates taught about relaying heavily on sense as a primary data gathering method while Plato and Aristotle stressed on knowledge and scientific experimentation together with sensory data and logic as the critical methods of conducting an inquiry and rationalization. The most distinctive influence on the Western culture is the rise and development of democracy. The rise of democratic values and institutions was as a result of measured transformation in the principles guiding distribution of power. It is the Greeks that came up with the idea of a government that is answerable to the governed, civil liberties and trial by jury. The civil liberties and studies on humans were the cornerstone of ancient Greeks’ culture. This sense of liberty and independence both as individuals and collectively encouraged their endeavors in philosophy, politics and science (Spielvogel, 2010). Democracy in the modern world is described by Spielvogel, (2010) as several related forms of government with a fundamental feature of a government based on majority rule and put in power through the consent of the governed. It is also based on the principles of existence of free and fair elections, protection of the minority, preservation of human rights, equality of all in the face of law, following the due process and political pluralism. This modern view of democracy traces its origin to the ancient Greeks, Romans and South Asia and has spread throughout the world with many nations claiming to adhere to its principles. This has led to a lot of diversity in the concept of democracy making it extremely difficult to define. It does not, however, apply only to the political state but also in other groups and organizations. In order to understand the Greek culture’s influence to the way Western Europe idea of democracy, the discussion will touch on the history of Greece and the rise of democracy and the influence of Greek philosophy on religion and Western thought and culture (Tarnas, 1991). The history of Greece Ancient Greece There is not much recorded history of early Greece leading this period to be called the Dark Age of Ancient Greece. The first inhabitants built their settlements along the sho
Phonological awareness is the skill of recognizing and working with sounds perfectly. It can also be described as the ability to notice alliterations in a sentence. The phonological awareness process starts from noticing sounds then proceeding to pronounce and use them perfectly in a sentence. After children identify the rhyming words, they start coming up with rhymes of their own. This awareness is made up of different skills, starting from phonemic awareness, which involves separating words into sounds and join single sounds into words. Kids with phonological awareness can identify and create oral rhymes and organize words that possess the same initial sounds (Saiegh-Haddad, 2019). In some cases, children at higher risk of reading difficulties frequently possess low phonological and phonemic awareness levels. Phonological awareness can be taught to children in various habits. The easiest way to teach these sounds is by working with rhyming words. It can be carried out as an exercise or can be played as a game to make learning livelier and more fun. There are several ways in which one can teach their kids phonetics. There are other means a teacher can incorporate phonological awareness in the learning process. They include reading plenty of books with rhyming language, writing different words, and asking the child to choose the word that does not rhyme, blending syllables, and generating sounds. In most cases, when exposed to a rich language environment, some children can attain phonological awareness on their own. Phonological awareness is vital in comprehension as it provides the base for effective reading. A child that has gained full phonological awareness can learn the spelling and pronunciation of new words quickly. They do this by comparing previously learned words to the new ones. It also helps children with spelling as they can break down different words into syllables and speech sounds. Earlier achievement of phonological awareness can help to predict one’s later outcomes when it comes to spelling and fluent reading. Reference Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2019). What is phonological awareness in L2? Journal of Neurolinguistics , 50 , 17-27.
Introduction This speech was intended for the troops of the Third Army, which General George S. Patton commanded during the Normandy invasion in 1944. He happened to be one of the most flamboyant and talked about general during the Second World War. Through sheer inspiration and superlative leadership qualities, both on the battlefield and away from it, he exhorted his troops to fight on and was able to draw the best fighting spirits and display of valor from the troops he commanded. How Patton’s speech motivated troops His speech motivated troops through his exhortations that the Germans were the real enemy and needed to be annihilated without any sense of remorse. “I believe in the old and sound rule that an ounce of sweat will save a gallon of blood. The harder we push, the more Germans we will kill.” (Israel, p. 203). Why Patton’s speech motivated troops His speech motivated troops because it eliminated their fear of imminent death in the battle. He has assured them that only2% of those present would die during combat, and this was reassuring for his men. (Israel, p. 201). Besides, as he said, death was universal, and nobody could really escape from it, and to run from the battle was sheer cowardice which a man of honor would not undertake. Even a man who is fearful of battle needs to fight on and ultimately conquer his fears about death and dying. He motivated them to annihilate the enemy in order to avoid self-destruction. What method did he use- logic, emotion, or a combination of both? He used a combination of logic and emotion. He used logic to account for the mortality rate on the battlefield, the need to keep constant vigil, alertness, and movement. He also used logic to explain the significance of teamwork and helping comrades–in–arms. “Our basic plan of operation is to advance and to keep on advancing regardless of whether we have to go over, under or thru the enemy.” (Israel, p. 203). His emotional appeal was in terms of urging them to fight on for sheer glory and national pride. But most significantly, to kill before the enemy kills them. He exhorts, “… but a real man will never let the fear of death overpower his honor, his sense of duty, to his country and to his manhood.” (Israel, p. 201). His appeal to emotion was also in terms of what the soldiers would answer if they were asked about their roles by their future generations. If they took pride in their work, they would say that they fought with the magnificent Third Army, which was commanded by none less a general than General Patton himself. (Israel, p. 203). Who was his audience? His audiences were mainly soldiers, including privates of the Third Army. The speech was intended to create a strong hate emotion against the Nazis and to urge them to fight and rout the enemy during Second World War. Conclusions Gen. Patton took war and fighting very seriously and prided on American fighting spirits despite countless odd. He believed that fighting and winning were in the psyches of the soldiers, and if they had the right attitude, they could win any battle. His speech was intended to touch
Proper marketing strategy is one of the most profitable approaches that can be used by companies. No matter how good products are, there is always the need to ensure that prospective consumers are aware of the existence and goodness of the products. There is also a need to tailor product quality that best suits customers or that attracts greater revenue from the products. The following paragraphs explore the marketing and management strategies used by My M & M’s , a candy manufacturing company. My M & M’s have achieved exemplary success in their application of a variety of marketing and management strategies. Among their most commendable management strategies is their primary focus on marketing specifically the satisfaction of customer preferences in their products. My M & M’s have prioritized customization and personalization of products and thus they have attracted a wider customer base and more revenue with this strategy. For instance, their introduction of the opportunities they give to customers to choose the color that they want their products to possess is a very strategic policy. It has indubitably helped them to expand their market since customers are obviously more satisfied after purchasing M & M products thanks to the color choosing policy. Another strategy that can be viewed as a strong marketing foundation in M & M is the chance that they give their customers to print their preferred images on M & M products. As confessed in their clip, this strategy has helped M & M to win a wide variety of customers. For instance, it has enabled the company to get more corporate consumers since such consumers are able to print their logos on the products and they are also able to print motivational messages meant to encourage their employees. The strategy has also enabled the company to win customers who consume their products in gatherings like parties and special occasions since the products are made specifically for the occasions. As mentioned above, the personalization and customization not only attracts consumers but it also attracts greater revenue. For instance, it is mentioned in the clip that products that have customized messages printed on them sell for more money. Regardless of this, customers are willing to pay for these more expensive products. This undoubtedly gives the company more revenue. The discussed personalization and customization strategies used by M & M’s show a great understanding of the marketing practice. They show a deep understanding of the dynamics of customer attraction and retention as well as the use of marketing to achieve profit maximization. It is no doubt that their customers are more willing to purchase their products after they implemented the aforementioned policies and undoubtedly, the customers are more satisfied after consuming these products. This is
Introduction Employees of an organization can request their boss to increase their pay following certain reasons best known to them. In the process, they will have a bargain and negotiate for a common pay that a is both of them; this type of negotiation is referred to as collective bargaining (Caisley, 6). However, collective bargaining is not only limited to matters about wages and salaries, but it also extends to w working hours, job conditions and many more other areas of concern. A brief history of the private sector labor movement Many years back, employees used to work without any organization that could check or address their concerns or grievances. This acted as a leeway for employers’ to over-exploit their worker, i.e., by overburdening them with excess work while, on the other hand, pay incredibly little cash for their services (Skurzynski, 1). Workers became furious about the situation thus leading to the emergence of labor movements; avenues workers could address their concerns and grievances. Labor unions in the US started, long ago, during the colonial time e (Silver, 6). The foremost labor union was created approximately two-three centuries back and was later formalized with the name of National Labor Union. Years later, different unions emerged following the increasing quest to protect employees’ interests. Knight of labor was the immediate union that followed NLU; however, the union later collapsed following the certain rebellions, which diverted the union’s attention. Although this was not the end of labor unions; instead, the disruption was later used as a catalyst for the formation of a stronger and better union; thus American federation of unions was formed. In the early ’90s, the union tremendously grew following its incredible associations with traders and extensive support by the government. Later in the years, a union named as IWW was established by a group of inexpert persons, who aired their view through physical fights. The union later collapsed following the beginning of world war one (WW1), which gradually consumed its members as time passes by. Lewis, a member of a certain committee within the American Federation Union (AFU), pressurized for the formation of industrial unionism. Three years after its formation, the committee separated itself from the AFU and began operating autonomously as CIO. After several years of independent operation, the two unions amalgamated to form a single unit that was named as AFU-CIO (Bill and Fernando). Currently, many people, particularly persons from the private sector, are withdrawing from being members of these unions. Good numbers of employees seem dispassionate about strikes and also do not want to be associated with anything that connects them with the union. However, in as much as many industries shy away from these labor unions, the commercial sector still maintains its 50 percent representation. How
Introduction Ray Kroc initiated Mc Donald Corporation (in 1955) and by 1960, the man had acquired the (exclusive) rights to the company’s name. Ray Kroc’s aim was to establish a restaurant system that would pride itself in consistently high quality foods with a uniform mode of preparation (McDonald, 2010). The company was committed to quality service delivery and its every single ingredient was tested and perfected to meet the restaurant’s high standards. Ray Kroc died in early 1984 but his passion for efficiency, quality and innovation continues to inspire many people in different fields of life to date and remain an integral part of McDonald’s policies (McDonald, 2010). Burger king firm was founded (in 1954) by McLamore and Edgerton. It is a chain of hamburger fast food restaurants that has evolved over the years from an initial menu that served only burgers, fries, sodas, and milk shakes to the inclusion of different variations of chicken, fish, and salads among other things. The food and beverage sector is very competitive as new restaurants are being established almost on daily basis. These companies therefore have to plan strategically to increase their sales and maintain their customers. The rival companies have to extensively advertise their products, improve the quality of their products and establish new markets in order to achieve and maintain high returns. McDonald’s, the world leading fast food chain operator has penetrated markets in most regions around the world and its close rivals among which is Burger king holdings, are adopting the same strategy to keep up with the competition. Strategies Pursued by McDonalds in 2010. McDonald has achieved remarkable success over the years due to its utilization of the franchise business model. 92% of McDonald’s stock value can be attributed to the contribution of franchised stores while the remainder comes from McDonald’s owned stores (Skytop1, 2010). The ultimate strategic plan of the McDonald is the plan to win by being the best fast food restaurant in the business. The company ensures that their entire system is made up of the best franchisees and employees in the industry. This has seen the company achieve great success due to its improved customer service. McDonald’s annual report (2009) indicated that there were tremendous increases in revenue to a record of $23.5 billion and earnings per share rose to 15% enabling the company’s shareholders to earn $5.8 billion through share repurchases and dividends. With more than 32000 fast food outlets world wide, McDonald further seeks to expand its market to as many regions of the world as possible. Baertlein (2010), in an article in Reute
Introduction Health care will always be a concern for all kinds of people because everyone wishes for good health and a long life. We have seen in our research that healthcare facilities in the rural areas very poor or too less to cater to the densely populated areas. Our agency, ABC, has created a new social program called ‘Choices’ that will have two major divisions:  1. The Mental Healthcare and Therapy and Training (MHTT) division. This will involve providing mental and physical healthcare specifically to sexually abused victims in rural areas of less developed countries and;  2. Healthcare of the Degenerative division. This division will focus on providing long-term health care facilities to older people also in rural areas of less developed countries. This proposal will contain an overview of the program itself followed by answering Frequently Asked Questions related to funding and investment for a national organization that will provide us with grants in their respective countries. Discussion Mental Healthcare and Therapy and Training of sexually abused victims All kinds of women, vulnerable or impervious can be victims of sexual abuse. However, in a developed country like the US, there are a number of options these women have to build back their emotional and physical strength. In countries such as these, there are several social programs created for such women. However, in less developed countries and especially in their rural areas, most acts of sexual abuse go unnoticed. On the other hand, such abuse leaves a mark on the victims for a long period of time and in extreme cases, forever. They feel embarrassed and ashamed in addition to being physically and emotionally damaged. Also, in rural areas these women are looked down upon and restricted to their homes as if they are the criminals. These women have nobody to turn to; not even their families. Instead they are the ones who are blamed and the sin is hidden to the extent of going unnoticed. Since no one ever finds out about such activities, no one ever helps. ABC however, interviewed a total of fifty poor households out of which only seventeen were open about the atrocities. As a result of this, at ABC, the MTHH division of Choices was initiated. We saw the dire need of thes
Introduction Growth toward gender equality to access quality learning has been evident in all educational levels and in various nations. Furthermore, there is an apparent sexual junction in class performance. The absurdity continues that, while the learning sexual divide indicates a stable reduction, there are yet significant variations in the financial and political dominance of males and females (Skelton, 2005). Critical careers and lines of study stand separated through gender and remuneration disparity because of gender is commonplace in both industrializing and developed nations. In the last ten years, a technical change from queries pertaining schooling and preservation have inclined toward aiming at the time spent in school and how such status quo knowledge is believed to be shaping learners’ anticipations, dreams, and knowledge of self differently for men and women (Mills et al., 2007). Impacts on Men and Women Gender hegemony refers to the complete social, economic, and educational supremacy of one gender by another. Another aspect of hegemony is the overall agreement of the inferior gender. In learning, gender hegemony happens when a learner from one gender is made to consider the other gender as superior. At times, female students are not only eager, but enthusiastic to challenge their male counterparts especially in science subjects. Since learning institutions are social environments whereby masculinity and femininity personalities are developed, discussed, and publicly endorsed, the ultimate learning setting provides powerful messages regarding gender. Sexual isolations during elementary schooling are vital components of gender disparity (Skelton, 2005). Instructors utilize class arrangements that stress sexual segregation, although left to his/her own judgment, a student in addition decide to be grouped according to sex. In various nations, learners sit in same-gender groups and/or sets in the classroom (Francis & Skelton, 2001). Male and female students often prefer sitting in separate sections of the class and have fun in isolated pairs. In some cases, particularly in the U.S, female students normally seat at the back of the class, but in other cases, like South Africa. Female students do not seat in the rear but distributed all over the class, either in pairs or distributed among the male students (Mills et al., 2007). Skelton (2005) found that United States learners sitting in the front part of the class or around the “active region” tend to be more active in class compared to students at the back. Ethical Issues Arising from Hegemony Ethical Issues Ethical concerns are prescribed by collective traits central in hegem
Instances of police brutality often create a tremendous resonance within the affected community. The events including Breonna Taylor and her death due to excessive force by police officers in Louisville, have generated significant outrage from African-American representatives (Green et al., 2021). Breonna’s partner stated that as the police did not identify themselves, he presumed that burglars were attempting to enter the apartment and fired a legally owned firearm in self-defense. While returning fire, the officers shot Breonna eight times, resulting in her death. Given that this event’s circumstances imply the fault of police representatives, who presumably acted upon racist stereotypes, the African-American community was severely impacted by this incident. Numerous protests and social campaigns were gathered in support of Breonna Taylor and her partner, with activists supporting the eradication of hurtful attitudes evident in multiple police endeavors (Hoofnagle et al., 2020). The created tensions substantially damaged the already declining relationship between police officers and African-Americans, causing further conflicts. Although deviance might have negative repercussions for a community, originating the decrease of social stability, it can also demonstrate the norms’ injustice. The strain theory can excellently explain the numerous protests and riots initiated by African-American representatives who lack the cultural means of attaining a proper education, job opportunities, and other necessary objectives (Huck et al., 2017). Moreover, the access to illegitimate opportunity structures and the demand to use these possibilities to accomplish an appropriate level of well-being, as suggested by Cloward and Ohlin, frames African Americans as deviants and criminals (Huck et al., 2017). However, the opportunity to achieve social change and establish a proper level of racial tolerance is often considered a substantial benefit of deviant behavior, as suggested by the rational choice theory. From this perspective, even though the movement towards eliminating racial disparity began as a deviant action, it can further alter society, promoting