ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Naturally, groups take a considerable time to develop. It is often quite difficult to specify the period when and where a group may emerge. Thus, group formation relies on size, structural features as well as frequency of interaction. For example, one of the most notable approach and analysis of groups is Tuckman and Jensen model regarding group development. The model offers four critical stages of group development namely: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Each of these stages plays a central role in regard to group formation. In essence, two core streams of research as well as theory exist in regard to group development. The principal stream touches on group dynamics while the subsequent stream explores the group problem solving mechanism. However, Tuckman and Jensen have harmonized these two streams to a synchronized model of group development. Their approach can be said to have established the scope of group development as a unitary sequence. Hence, it has become the standard of examining group development today. According to the article Stages of Small-Group Development Revisited co-authored by Tuckman and Jensen, it is apparent that other features of group development explored by scholars revolves around a four point tier; orientation, production, dissatisfaction and termination. These four aspects considerably differ from what Tuckman and Jensen offers as the core pillars of group development. Countless reviews on the subject indicate that Tuckman and Jensen models provide a critical understanding of group development. This can be allied to the fact that no group can progress from bottom to the top. They all follow a similar progression model as identified by Tuckman. Though, different scholars have over the time argued against this model, neither iterative approach nor linear orders have been proved to be the definite route employed in the course of group development. However, despite the growing dispute in regard to the apposite group development model, Tuckman and Jensen continue to be the most cited researchers on the subject. It is on such an approach that Tuckmans classic has become the core standard of identifying the underlying aspects of group development. The way Tuckman and Jensen explores and explains the stages encountered in the process of team development offers a critical insight into group model. It is apparent that their argument is etched on simple truth that a group development is a sequential-stage theory. Hence, the massive usage of this observation in attaining positive responses is evident in all major studies ever carried. Though, what Tuckman and Jensen propose is not supported by total elucidation of how groups evolves or change over the time but the model remains relevant and useful. The mod
Introduction Human resource management is very critical in all companies because it qualifies to be the only department in a company that deals with control and management of human beings who are the most sensitive creatures. Getting a chance of declaring a particular department as effective or ineffective in an organization calls for strategies of measuring its performance. There should be indicators and deliverables that a department like HR has to meet so as to gauge its progress concerning meeting the goals and objectives of the particular company. However, the department faces a challenge of ineffective performance evaluation. Most managers have become reluctant in performing these instructions because they constitute a normal process in the company to them. This leniency has led to late performance evaluations, which are against the principles of performance evaluation. The study will identify this evident problem of ineffective performance evaluation in organizations. It will also discuss Kotter’s change model in an attempt to show how it can resolve the problem. Besides, it will describe the steps to deal with the issue. Identification of the Problem Ineffective performance evaluation system brings a big challenge to the human resource management. Performance evaluation is a tool used to assist in advancing the efficiency of job. It ensures that workers do their work efficiently and effectively. Proper performance evaluation system controls the job that needs to be performed. It advances workers’ morale to work, dedication, and performance. It also helps to identify the goals and objectives for the workers besides ensuring that the basic needs for any organization are met. The main importance of proper performance evaluation is that it gives a chance for transparent communication about performance expectations and feedback to know the wants of the workers’ bosses and to boost their own performance for individual gains. Workers appreciate feedback, which is given on time and in a non-threatening state. Ineffective performance system affects the management of human resource through untimely evaluations. Ineffective performance evaluation leads to low productivity of employees and inefficiency in work. It also demoralizes the employees because they know that no one is entrusted with their operations at the end of the day. HRM is a very critical department in the company because it deals with workers who are also the determinants of success of that very company. It is wise to manage them well and or ensure that they attain job satisfaction in the organization. This goal is achievable through elimination of the ineffective performance evalu
Alcohol is categorized as disinhibitor when at low or moderate levels, the substance doses relieve dysphoria but it becomes a real problem at higher levels. Increasing the cost of beer can significantly reduce consumption of alcohol (Chikritzhs et al. 2009, p. 294). There are significant evidences in some countries increasing the cost of alcohol that has reduced the amount being consumed by the addicts. However, increasing tax has been ignored by the consumers thus becoming an ineffective method. Perhaps, this method should not be adopted. Instead, a more responsive method like psychosocial interventions may work. Rassool (2008, p.419) qualifies this method and notes that it is good for alleviating a person from mental. Psychosocial interventions are both short term as well as long term measures. Substance abuse is more prevalent among youths and adolescents. This is because it is the time they try to separate themselves from parents. Jackson and Mannix (2003, p. 171) note that the big problem in this is that young people would try to experiment with life after fleeing themselves from the confines of homes with substance use. Perhaps, the best thing which can act as a real remedy is to remove these youths from areas that can enhance their substance use. Parents and physicians should be able to state clearly to the youths and the dangers posed by drug use. For example, it is possible to instill fear in the youths by giving the dangerous aspects; for example, seizures and delirium tremens (King & Brucker 2009, p. 218). In Jackson and Mannix (April 2003, p. 174), parents give their testimonies of the accounts that their young ones were exposed to. There are various reasons why people justify consumption drugs. Some of these are like feeling better and good, curiosity and capability of doing better. Tobacco tops as one of the most abused and as per report on illicit drug in Australia, it topped with $31.5 billion spent on it. The rate of prevalence of drug use is high, and some of the problems that have been quoted in use of these are like high mortality rate and morbidity. There are some perceived supports by the community on drugs, and tobacco tops as most supported, followed by alcohol and lastly the illicit drugs. The age group between 20-29 years of age is most accused as using drugs as compared to other categories of age groups. As per the persons who have used drugs recently, females between the ages of 14-17 were seen to be most exposed which even beats the logic that men are more exposed than women. The movie, Walk the line’ calls for dire need to whole understanding of drug abuse and if every body is to become a drug police, then the war on drug can be won. The drug menace is a worldwide problem. Looking at Australia, there are drug policies developed by the National Drug Strategy with an overall aim to have an increase in health condition and reduce the overall health cost. Australia has suffered a lot economically due to this problem and as per the period 2004-2005, it suffered $56.1 billion, and that is why it has put stringent measures to cub this. Ge
René Descartes is a famous philosopher of the Enlightenment, whose work became a breakthrough of rational thinking for his time. Confident that the existence of God and the soul could not be proved by the usual theological arguments from holy scripture, he began to look for natural causes (Descartes 1641, 1). In Meditations on First Philosophy, through six reflections, Descartes seeks to destroy the existing foundations of human knowledge and find a reliable justification for them. He comes to the thesis that the doubt in the reality of perception testifies to the consciousness and existence of a person and that the features of human nature evidence God’s existence. Beginning his work with questioning everything that can be doubted even a little, Descartes develops his arguments to prove God’s presence. The philosopher is confident that all the information that people receive with the senses’ help is doubtful. This argument demonstrates the weakness of the foundations of human knowledge. However, even in order to make a mistaken judgment and be deceived by an evil demon, there must be a mind, which evidences the existence of a person. At the same time, what people accept by the senses cannot be part of the mind, and therefore exist outside of it, which proves the existence of the universe. Returning to doubts as part of human nature, Descartes sees them as an argument for human imperfection. Nevertheless, the very idea of perfection indicates its existence, that is, the concept of God – a thought created by God. Thus, for his time, the philosopher found a balance between science and religion. A strong objection to Descartes’ arguments may be the assumption that the clarity of the mind can also be doubted in addition to the outside world. If people cannot be sure of the intelligibility of judgment, they also cannot be confident in the validity of the idea of God. People suffering from mental disorders can be certain in the clarity of their consciousness. Moreover, Descartes’ statement that humans could not independently develop the concept of God can also be questioned since the possibilities of mind are still being studied. Reference Descartes, R. 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Introduction The rapid expansion of railroads between the late 19th and early 20th centuries changed America’s economy and industry forever. New York city did experience its fair share of commotion that culminated in the expansion of railroads to other areas of the nation. Two big companies that were competing for neck-to-neck were the Pennsylvania Railroad that was managed by Alexander J. Cassette, a gentleman who was better regard are the rail industry’s most brilliant person. The other gentleman was Mr. Vanderbilt of Vanderbilt rail. Stiff competition between these two companies and a few other players resulted in the remarkable185, 000 miles of railroad in the United States, a number that equaled railroads of all other countries combined. Such successes resulted in them being called robber barons (Folsom 19). Mr. Cassette had been the ultimate leader in the rail industry around New England. Vanderbilt on the other hand controlled the island of New York. Only the Brooklyn Bridge and Vanderbilt’s Tunnel that connected Manhattan to the mainland. New-York’s expancion Other railroad companies-built waterfront terminals along with NJ and NY, then operated ferries to carry passengers across waters. This pissed Cassette because he operated, Pennsylvania, America’s best-managed Rail company yet he had no way of crossing his trains to the city. He, therefore, had to find a solution to make a way for his railroad to cross the one-mile glacially created Hudson River. He was annoyed that his companies could only ferry passengers to fringes of New York City, whereas his archrival, Vanderbilt, ferried clients to the heart of the city, which was facilitated by its tunnel and rail network in the city. Vanderbilt was regularly buying other companies, which ended up creating one of the largest rail companies in the country. He further purchased estate close to the current 42nd street and constructed America’s largest train terminal He had immense government support, because of the increasing train accidents in the city. He further bought depots that consisted of workshops, blacksmiths, and other assets that made his operations less costly and efficient than competitors. As the New York population expanded, Vanderbilt was eager to provide the crowded New Yorkers with more ways of getting around. This culminated in the construction of the Depot, Grand Central’s predecessor, which became the first American station to rival those in Europe. The Depot had 7 tracks, 12 platforms, and 85 trains daily. The depot was however filled with smoke from engines. Vanderbilt’s employees facilitated ways for engines to disengage from cars and accelerate, but leave wagons on platforms. This worked wonders. Given the vast area that Vanderbilt trains served, the depot became the departure and arrival port of choice for passengers traveling to far-fl
Ramayana is a remarkable creation of Ancient India literature art. It combines features of talented poetry, exciting story and guidance to high moral behavior. Many aspects mentioned there are still understood and valued in the modern world. Ramayana is an ancient story; a piece of Indian literature art is still highly relevant to all Indians. It connects both social and religious aspects of Indian society. It is both a classic fairy tale known from the early childhood and the representation of the ideal and moral behavior to be an example for everyone. It is phenomenal and cultic work that “has inspired the themes for hundreds of major and minor literary works and plays” (Buck xv). Hanuman is one of the major positive characters of Ramayana . He plays an important role in rescuing Rama’s wife Sita from demon Ravana. Hanuman is a vanara, “forest animal”, monkey, and ape, as defined by Monier-Williams, Leumann and Cappeller (940). His features mentioned in chapter Kishkindha Kanda are wisdom and reasonability, bright and sharp mind, the operation of vast knowledge, faultless speech, and mimics control. Nowadays these features are signs of successful, confident and clever person, and it is quite understandable why modern entrepreneurs want to emulate them. Dharma is one of the essential concepts in the Indian religions. Dharma in Hinduism refers to rta , another concept that coordinates universe and life within, making it possible. Dharma has to be synchronized with rta , also representing the “right way of living” (Ingalls 43) through specific laws and rights and duties. In Aranya Kanda Laksmana has to choose between two dharmas, ways to act. As a younger brother, he has to listen to Rama’s orders and protect Sita, but Sita, Rama’s wife, begs Laksmana to save Rama, as she thinks he is wounded, thus leaving Sita alone. Laksmana does not want to break brother’s order, but he goes to the rescue, leaving Sita protected by all available means, thinking it is a better choice. That appeared to be a wrong decision. Rama definitely follows dharma in Ayodhya Kanda . It seems to be unfair from the general point of view, but he has to respect his father’s promise, given to his wife a long time ago. Critics note that the position taken by Rama is very much admired in some classical, and even modern, Indian ethical literature (Prasad A Conceptual-analytic Study 354). The classical Indian theory of mood, Rasa theory, broadly speaking, “provides close analysis of poetry, poet, reader, poetic experience, communication, imagination, and such other subjects as are related to literature” (Prasad I.A. Richards v). The examples of Rasa in Ramayana are love and attractiveness as Rama sees Sita for the first time; fury as Rama aims an arrow to the sea after worshiping Varuna; compassion and m
Introduction The article under consideration is “National study of suicide in all people with a criminal justice history” by Webb, R. T., Qin, P., Stevens, H., Mortensen, P. B., Applleby, L., & Shaw, J. published in 2011 February 7 in the online journal Arch Gen Psychiatry . Purpose of the research study, problem, and questions: The purpose of this study was to analyze the suicide rates among the Danish population processed by the national justice system over three decades to find out whether male population is more predetermined for suicide behavior versus females. The problem considered in the study concerned the population that have been criminally charged, though all sentences including those that did not have a guilty sentence, were regarded. The main questions raised in the study included suicide risk for the Danish population over the past three decades and possible relation of the results with the social and health problems of the suicides. Importance of the research: It was important to conduct this research because social problems may signal possible health and mental problems. As such, social services are claimed to pay more attention and provide better and more adequate services to those who may potentially display suicide risk. Though similar studies are typical in criminal justice (Marzuk et al., 2002), suicide is more frequently analyzed in the framework of a particular profession or neighborhood. Analysis of the Article Design of the study: The design of the study is an important part of the research because it may contribute to the validity and help other researchers replicate the same approaches and the research as a whole. However, it is also necessary to put appropriate questions and interpret data correctly though McLaughlin (2006) claims that, “A hypothesis is never proven correct” (p. 62). The study design applied in the research by Webb et al. (2011) is the “nested case-control study” (p. E1). In this respect, is becomes clear that the design is aimed at assessing cases where people committed suicide because the suicide was the only outcome measure for this study. In addition, those people who committed suicide were analyzed in terms of their criminal justice history including all types of sentences and probation terms. Operational definition: The operational definition includes, “Terms used to refer to this process” (Hagan, 2010, p. 16). Under the process, researchers mean the study and concepts to be analyzed. In this respect, the main operational definition used in the study by Webb et al. (2011) is the ‘suicide risk’ because it is the main measure used for the entire study. All people that committed suicide and had criminal justice history of different types were predisposed to suicide risk. As such, social services and health care institutions could have helped those people to overcome anxiety, pressure, and depression they could have possible felt. As a rule, depression can become the cause of suici
The four elements of valid contracts involve the names of the parties, the time for the contract to be concluded, the contract subject, and the price. In case of absence of at least one element, the validity of the contract can be under the threat (August, 2004). In addition, it is important to double-check the presence of the above-enumerated elements of the contract before signing or drafting for the parties to avoid any contingencies and problems in the future (August, 2004). The valid contract, therefore, should not leave space to imagination; everything should be accurate and up to the point. In case one of the elements is still missing, the court can supply the missing provision with regard to the past and future terms of the parties involved to determine what reasonable actions can be adopted under the circumstances. Each contract should rely on the objective theory of contracts which states that “…a party’s intent is deemed to be what a reasonable person in the position of the other party would think that the first party’s objective manifestation of intent meant” (Emanuel, 2008, p. 9). In this respect, in case one party makes offer to another one, it is important to make sure that the first party’s conduct is congruent with the position of another party. In other words, the party that receives an offer should be sure that the contract involves the actual offer. Second, the contract should also be legally enforceable. It means that in case both parties do not want their agreement to be legally enforceable, the contract will not be void. At the same time, if the both parties approve the contract, it can be regarded as legally enforceable. The legal enforcement can be in the form of oral agreement if the parties reach a consensus concerning this issue. With regard to the established conditions, both parties, either externally or internally, should be bound by the agreement and all their actions should be directed at accomplishing the agreement. All these terms are valid in case both parties are involved in the agreement. In the case under analysis, a Seattle man does not have legal grounds to believe that the soft-drink company offers a specific term that it promises to accomplish. Neither oral nor written contracts were introduced. What is more important is that legal procedures were excluded from the terms of the oral contract. In addition, according to the objective theory of contract, each party should be equally involved into the accomplished of terms, if any. While considering the case, no actual terms of agreement were presented, except for the one for advertising purposes. Objective theory of law implies that the agreement is premised on the objective intent of both parties, but not on the subjective purposes of one of the parties. Therefore, the claimant’s intentions could be regarded as subjective ones. On the other hand, the soft-drinking company pro