ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Drug abuse and illegal drug trade have become common vices in society. In the USA, the issue of substance abuse has been a major concern, especially, in high schools. Many individuals have adopted various perspectives on how the drug issue should be handled. For instance, some individuals contend that drug legalization is the only viable tool for handling the war on drugs. Thus, in a bid to reduce the social costs associated with the use of illegal drugs, governments usually enforce stringent rules and regulations. Generally, illicit drugs do not have a rightful place in the general public; they have little relevance in the secondary learning institutions. This paper focuses on the effects of alcohol and drugs on high school students. Causes of Drug Abuse There was a period when high school students in America were rated as the healthiest and most lively population. Nonetheless, an increase in drug consumption has today tarnished that reputation. Several factors account for the prevalence of drug abuse among students. There is a connection between a family’s financial status and misuse of drugs. For example, a student from an extremely poor family may engage in drug abuse to nurse his frustrations. On the other hand, a student from a wealthy background may easily access alcohol at home or money to buy it. Today’s society also applies a lot of pressure on young students. This can make some of them to resort to drug abuse as a way of coping with their frustrations. For example, many parents expect their children to perform well in school even if they are not academically endowed. Worse still, a student interested in nurturing his or her talent may be compelled by his parents to prepare for a conventional employment. Such a leaner can suffer serious depression, which can lead to misuse of drugs. In high school, “students may abuse drugs so that they can feel grown-up, to fit and belong, to relax and feel good, to take and rebel, or to satisfy curiosity”. Many young students also tend to crave for peer recognition more than academic excellence. Adolescents never want to lose their social groups, and they also seek sociability and recognition from their age mates. Hence, they can indulge in drug abuse in order to fit into their peer groups. Young adults who lack adequate parental care and affection have high chances of indulging in consumption of illicit drugs. According to Martin, “society also adv
Etiology HD is a fatal disease caused by a genetic fault on chromosome 4 one of the 22 non-sex-linked (autosomal) pairs of chromosomes, placing men and women at equal risk of acquiring the disease, and it is the gene that is responsible for the production of Huntingtin protein as discovered in 1993 (Huntington’s disease Association 2009). For this disease to develop, instead of the Huntingtin gene (HTT) normally coding for the in sequence productio
Pope Gregory VII lived in times of great upheaval when there were great struggles among the clergy, between the church and King Henry IV, and between different aristocratic classes. During the 11th century, the Church was losing its hold on the masses because of the misdeeds of the clergy. Not only had the clergy taken to immoral habits but they had resorted to the practice of Simony where members of the clergy attempted to buy higher positions such as those of Bishops and Cardinals. Even with the fall in standards, the Church still held sway over the masses and Kings attempted to gain control of different dioceses by attempting to place their priests in power. Pope Gregory VII was appalled at the fall in morals and the despicable acts that the clergy practiced, all shaded under the cloak of the Church. Consequently, he initiated some very bold actions to reform the church and society by putting a stop to the practice of Simony (Gregory and Cluny, p, 122-130). The practice of Simony was not done publicly but was carried out furtively and aristocrats along with devious priests attempted to gain important positions such as those of cardinals and even the position of the pope. These people were very powerful and commanded vast armies and had ample funds that they used to effectively buy power. Clearly, faith, piety, absolution, penance and prayer were forgotten and in its place, corruption, nepotism and illicit practices had taken root. Therefore, when Pope Gregory VII attempted to bring in reforms, he faced fierce resistance from the aristocracy and the corrupt clergy (Gregory and Cluny, p, 122-130). There were indeed some issues regarding Simony that were not clear. The clergy in those times had education and were scholars while many Kings were illiterate. Consequently, the Kings employed the clergy for administrative tasks and the affinity extended beyond the temporal duties to exerting influence over the masses, using the clergy as a tool. The pope was against such practices and believed that the main and only duty of the clergy was to instill piety among the masses and prevent them from committing sins. Pope Gregory VII needed some royal support for the reforms he planned so he exchanged letters with King Henry IV. The wily king initially appeared to agree with the reforms against Simony and initiated actions against some errant members of the clergy. They realized that making an ally of the holy pope was a much better option than attempting to fight with him. The Pope came from a humble background and
Pangaea Pangaea was the supercontinent that existed about millions of years ago. The continent covered about one-third of the Earth’s surface. It consisted of all the continents which are known today. The supercontinent was formed about 300 million years ago as a result of the Earth’s tectonic plates’ movement. These plates pushed together to form the supercontinent, but the further movement of tectonic plates 100 million years ago caused the breaking of Pangaea into parts along the volcanic rift zones. Subduction of Tectonic Plates Subduction is the process of one plate’s moving or sliding under the other one. This process is typical for the regions of convergent boundaries. The oceanic lithosphere subducts, but the continental lithosphere does not subduct in any cases. The reason is in the fact that the oceanic lithosphere is characterized by a higher density. As a result, the older oceanic lithosphere can slide beneath the continental lithosphere when the continental lithosphere is not as dense as the oceanic lithosphere is, and it rides up causing the possible destruction of the older oceanic lithosphere. A Convergent Plate Volcanic Belt vs. A Hot Spot Series of Volcanic Islands Volcanoes usually form the belt along the convergent plate boundaries because of the subduction processes. The result of subduction is the older oceanic plates’ sinking to the mantle to form volcanoes as weak spots there because the magma breaks the ocean floor. As a result, the volcanic belt is created. On the contrary, a hot spot series of volcanic islands are formed not because of the subduction process, but because the Earth’s mantle has hot spots through which magma rises to the surface to form volcanoes. Thus, the volcanic mountains appear to form volcanic islands. Transform Faults A transform fault can be discussed as a specific fault or a boundary within the subduction zones. According to this type of fault, the tectonic plates slide past one another without destroying the lithosphere. This horizontal type of sliding is often the result of the processes observed in the subduction zones. Many transform faults are also observed in the ocean to be associated with the parallel movements of tectonic plates. Sea-Floor Spreading When volcanic activity is observed in oceans, the floor of the ocean begins to spread because of the impact of the volcanic e
Introduction The contemporary business world is characterized by a high level of competition. Various individuals and groups have engaged in conducting business. This builds up the level of competition as businesses engage in the production of relatively the same goods and services. This therefore calls for application of strategic measures to keep pace with the competitive market situation. For the sake of this assignment, I will give a critical analysis of Microsoft Company. Much emphasis will be given to aspects such as the company’s overview and the industry of its operation, the company’s major business lines and the company’s competitive strategy and market position. Finally, the company’s use of Information Technology for competitive advantage will be highlighted. Description of the Company and the Industry in Which It Competes Microsoft is a well known company. It was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. The company came into being following combined ideas from Bill Gates and Paul Allen, individuals who had interest in computers and programming in particular. The company started as a small organization whose operations were only local. It was later that Bill Gates developed the idea of programming languages and tried some applications that became successful although initially faced with some challenges (Kumar, 2010). It was in 1976 that the Microsoft Company was registered in Mexico City. The company picked so well and this enhanced its growth and development. It was not after long that the company was in a position to extend its operations, selling its products locally as well as internationally. The company grew day by day and developed more advanced and desirable programming languages such as FORTRAIN and COBOL (Kumar, 2010). The growth of the company was accelerated by an increase of Personal Computers’ manufacturers in the market. This increased the demand for Microsoft products and hence the need for Microsoft Company to enhance its production strategies to meet the demand. It for instance started an office in Japan in 1978. From this time there was emergence of new developments that put the company at a better position in the market. A major development was that of MS DOS, which paved way to other advanced programs like the windows. It was in the year 1982 that Microsoft Corporation changed its name to Microsoft Inc (Kumar, 2010). Microsoft operates in the software industry. It provides a lot of products and services that are aimed at satisfying the needs of customers in the software industry. In addition to this, the company has diversified its operations in other fields in an effort to enhance its competitive
Introduction The Sony Corporation deals in financial services, entertainment, game, and electronics. Sony is a world-leading manufacturer of audio, video, information and communication technology products with its capital in Tokyo, Japan (Sony Global – About Sony Group, n.d.). The Company has many subsidiaries in different countries worldwide, and it has unique products that contain exciting multimedia content. For example, Sony Europe is a subsidiary of the Sony Corporation that deals in managing, developing, and supplying electronic products across Europe. The Company believes in exploring new areas to create new ideas in order to enhance human lives through technology. Moreover, it strives to develop a wide range of products and multimedia services that provide customers with a wide range of product choice. It has tailored its products like televisions, portable audio and digital imaging equipment towards the customers’ viewpoints or perspectives. In this manner, Sony Europe has been endeavoring to maintain market leadership in the electronic field. Historically, Sony is known for its quality and innovative products such as the first transistor radio of 1955, Trinitron color television in 1968 and play station 3 of 2006 (Sony Global – About Sony Group, n.d.). These products went on to hit the consumer and professional market thus winning the company international recognition as a global company. In Middle East and Africa, Sony selected Jebel Ali Freeport Zone as its regional head quarters. This station serves over 40 countries within the expansive region. Since its launch in 1992, the company has commanded a huge share of the market in all sectors of its different businesses. For example, during the 2007 financial year, Sony Gulf announced a turnover of $1 billion. The Company executes large sales, advertising, and marketing across its many partners in Kenya, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. In line with the financial target that was announced in 2012, Sony plans to attain a sales volume of over 8.0 trillion yen at an income margin of over 5% and return on equity of 10% for the entire Sony Corporation by FY14. Explicitly, the electronic business targets a sales volume of 6 trillion yen at an operating margin of over 4.5% during the same financial year. Sony Television In 2012, Sony bounced back onto the TV scene with a new design of the HX853 series that worn multiple awards on the television business (Archer, 2013). The liquid crystal display (LCD) television has grabbed a controlling share in the present global and dynamic world market. Initially, the company had been facing competition rivalry from the South Korean Samsung Electronics Company and LG Electronics International. The Company has initiated a strategy of producing unique and quality products in the market. Coupled with high innovative ideas, the Sony Corporation has been able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors that produce and supply television sets. In the 2012 financial year, the company was able to build a strong found
Introduction COVID-19, since the initial outbreak in China, it spread all over the world, infecting over 3.3 million people and taking the lives of over 235,000 individuals (“COVID-19” 2020). The majority of victims of the outbreak are old people, who are at risk due to their weakened immune system responses and a plethora of chronic diseases, making them vulnerable to COVID-19. In Italy, the populations of several small towns, occupied largely by the elderly, have been halved by the virus (Livingston and Bucher 2020). To try and contain the outbreak to buy time for the medical industry to develop a cure, all countries have announced a quarantine, closing off borders, imposing self-isolation, and increasing the standards of protection for employees of necessary systems, such as shops and hospitals. The demand for various medical products, such as masks, gloves, and disinfectant sprays increased tenfold (Livingston and Bucher 2020). The US medical supplies industry was not ready for such a sharp spike in demand. The available production values were not enough to answer the need of over 328 million Americans, who went to drug stores and shops in-masse to purchase medical masks (Kamerow 2020). The industry was not ready to domestically produce so many masks daily, not to mention deliver them to various corners of the country. The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges to the logistics and supply chain that caused the shortages and delays, focus on the root causes of the problem, and provide a long-term solution to ensure that the crisis does not repeat itself in the future. Supply Chain and Logistics-Based Challenges The medical mask production sector in the US is presented by 8 companies, which include Honeywell, 3M, Kimberley-Clark Corporation, Foss Performance Materials, Prestige Ameritech, Alpha Pro Tech, Louis M. Gerson Company, and Moldex Metric (Kamerow 2020). All of these companies have the necessary clearances and equipment to produce N95 CDC-approved facemasks, which could be used to shield off doctors and patients from the virus. Nevertheless, the combined standard production output of these companies is not enough to cover even 20% of the domestic requirements for facemasks during the so-called “peacetime” (Kamerow 2020). China remained the world’s largest producer of N95 masks and other respirators, accounting for 50% of the total market (Bradsher and Alderman 2020). During the crisis, their government managed to ramp up the production 12-fold to account for issuing protection to their vast population numbers (Bradsher and Alderman 2020). From this, the US medical mask production sector was faced with numerous supply chain and logistics-based challenges, which are as follows (Ghadimi, Wang and Lim 2019): Challenge 1 Not enough production values. As it was mentioned, domestic companies never saw the production of facemasks as a crucial part of their enterprise. All of the firms listed above produce a plethora of other medical equipment and covered the needs of hospitals in their respective states only. It must be noted that California, Texas, Philadelphia, Massachusetts, and Ne
Overview Supplements are a very big factor when working towards health and fitness goals. Supplements allow for the body to recover to its maximum potential. Unfortunately in our everyday foods we do not have the recommend nutrients and vitamins that is required for our bodies to fully recover. The company has carried out various researches on supplements and have found out the best supplement for the customers. Our mission at forefront fitness is to provide you quality driven results. When a customer becomes a member he gets the following:   * Starter pack   * Monthly newsletter Other services include   * Qualified nutritionist   * Qualified massage   * Qualified physiotherapist Brand, Product And Service Offering Brand: Optimum Nutrition Product: The Gold Standard 100% Whey Protein Whey Protein Isolates are 90% pure protein by weight. The company will rule out various products into the market and these products will have proteins in them. The products will include golden standard 100% whey protein real grains whose brand name will be universal nutrition, animal cuts, animal stake, shock therapy and many others in the area of nutrition. Because of the current need to reduce obesity in America our products will have less fatty contents to reduce cholesterol and lactose. The measure that will be used in determining the contents of fats and protein in our products shall be the measure available by regulating authorities in USA. Animal foods shall have reduced fat contents while shock therapy will be used in helping people to reduce muscle pulls in the body. However out products will not be available for use to children because of the eff
Policy refers to a set of interrelated decisions aimed at achieving specific objectives using resources (Johnson 243-425).Policies are made by governments or by organizations to address a wide range of issues. Polices made by governments regarding public issues or public good are known as public policies. There are various approaches to policy making. Two of them include the Rational and incrementalist approaches. The rational method in public policy making is characterized by rules and procedures. The method involves identifying and defining a problem based on data, identifying a number of possible decisions and options for addressing the problem and selecting the best option or alternative for addressing the problem, then formulating a policy as a means to some end. It is also characterized by clearly defined goals and several possible alternatives, which are compared quantitatively based on available data. The polices under this approach are therefore as comprehensive, descriptive and detailed as possible. Policies are based on the pros and cons of each and every possible alternative, whereby the policy makers select the ‘best’, not the ‘good’ alternative, depending the pros and cons of each and every policy alternative (Johns
Introduction As you know, all people are different taking into consideration their appearance, traits of character, and ideas on various issues, though people’s views can be similar as well as they can be alike. The same thing is with families: a range of problems existing in different families can be similar, though their members apply different approaches to discuss and solve numerous issues. Family Partnerships by Jobeth Allen The current paper is based on the article written by Jobeth Allen. The article “Family Partnerships” was published in September 2008 in the Education Leadership , 66 th volume which is called The Positive Classroom . After this, the article was presented in the Annual Editions: The Family 10/11 completed by Kathleen Gilbert. The “Family Partnerships” is situated in the first unit of the book which is called “Evolving Perspectives on the Family”. So, even without reading the article one can say that all articles situated in this unit should discuss some problems related to the family, perspectives of the family, and development of possible perspectives which can be introduced in a definite family. The author presents her view on the problem of cooperation between families and schools which could improve the learning process and facilitate understanding between children from different families, especially those where parents are representatives of different races. When children come to know that all families are different in terms of cultural variations, they can experience discomfort and would not know how to act and respond. The article written by JoBeth Allen helps to understand the importance of cooperation between schools and families in the process of acquiring knowledge on cultural diversity. Partnerships between schools and families are aimed at helping to make the process of sharing information with other children and learning among children easier and less strained. Respect for the family is one more essential principle of partnerships discussed in the article “Family Partnerships”. The strengths and abilities of every family should be respected by its members; moreover, children should be aware of cultural varieties within families and respect them as well. Parents as members of their families can offer help in extracurricular activities or make monthl