ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Uzbekistan is a country in central Asia which boarders Kazakhstan in the northern side, Kyrgyzstan in the eastern side and Tajikistan in the southern eastern side. During the 4 th century B.C it was under the Persian rule that had been conquered by Alexander the Great. The region incorporated Islam as a religion in 8th century when the Arab forces invaded the land. Around the 13 th century the region was taken over by the Mongols from the Seljuk Turks. The 16 th century saw the region been merged with their neighbors but was not to last for long as the region broke into principalities (Adams 19). However, the city-states, which included khanates, Kokand and Bukhara were not to last for long as the Russians conquered them in the 19 th century. In 1924, the territory was a republic but it is in 1925 that it became an independent under socialist republic. However, in 1991 the country declared its independence making September 1 st their national holiday. The country today enjoys independence with a presidential rule. Economically, the people of Uzbekistan are agriculturalist, however, the country is endowed with many minerals. Cotton has been their main produce but has recently been replaced by natural gas. The other minerals that the Uzbekistan people are involved with are gold and uranium. The country has recently grown to be a manufacturing country, especially in the automobiles industrial where they are a big exporter to Russian market. The state has always been in control of most business enterprises, but in the recent past free market has been endorsed (Oliker 46). It is not easy to determine the growth rate of the country because the government keeps unreliable records. However, it is notable much of the wealth of the country is held by the elite in the society with almost a quarter of the population living below the poverty line. The government has been instrumental in preventing the country from facing capital outflow by ensuring that the country adopts the policy of substitution of their imports. The actions of the government to control economic activities have even made convertibility of different currencies of the world. The low economy has transformed to some of the individuals in the country getting involved to human trafficking business. The business usually involves girls, as they are traffics to other countries as prostitutes (Boĭkova 181). Amongst the people of Uzbekistan, the elders are the most respected people in the society. They have a mode of greetings where the men put their hands on the heart of other men when greeting them, while women usually put their right hands on each other’s elbow. The mode of dressing especially to women was such that they were to cover their bodies with their heads looking down to avoid any attention. The people of Uzbekistan are mostly Muslims with a small percentage of people enjoying other religions like Buddhist and Jewish. Traditionally, matters of marriage were left to the man and the women but the approval of the parent was important. Virginity among the women was upheld and women were expected to be married much earlier th
The article has clearly outlined the various aspects of collaborative leadership that has enabled top-performing CEOs and Managers to undertake successful projects and business plans. From the article we realize that for one to be considered as a collaborative leader, they ought to exemplify strong managerial skills in four key areas which include; efficient connectors, ability to source for diverse talents and skills, enhance collaboration among top leadership and lastly being in charge or in control of the whole team. Leaders having all the above mentioned skills are bound to succeed in their managerial work and get good results. For those who lack some or all the above mentioned skills, all hope is not lost as recent research has shown that they can be acquired through a series of learning. First, a collaborative leader should be an efficient global connector with the ability to link together individuals from different social backgrounds and motivate them to work cohesively. Such a leader ought to be social and outgoing in character to be able to freely mingle with the outside world and in the process get new insights, ideas and even external partnerships and collaboration with related firms and institutions. The second skill was on sourcing for diversity in talents, skills and social backgrounds. Research has shown that diversity fosters innovation and creativity since people with different experiences tend to think and act differently hence chances of new ideas creeping in are very high as opposed to a homogenous team; coming from a similar background. Thirdly, collaborating at the top; it entails being in control of the organization and ensuring sovereignty and harmony among the top managers. It is very critical to address issues concerning the top management as power wrangles, differences in opinions or unconstructive competitions. Such disagreements with the top leadership automatically cascades down to the rest of the company’s employees and may lead to drastic repercussions and vice versa. The last concept is attributed to effective co-ordination and decision making. A collaborative leader has the potential to successfully co-ordinate meetings and debates and coming up with amicable solutions. Some of the lessons learnt from this article include: the role of managers and CEOs in promoting diversity. Managers have a big role to play in fostering for diversity in ideas, technology and in the labor force. We get to realize that it is through diversity that a company is able to come up with unique products and services that will enable them stand out in the market. Diversity among workers is also critical because their different social backgrounds makes t
Literature is one of the most beautiful kinds of art as it reveals all sides of human life in their complete brightness and darkness, negative and positive sides. Literature shows us the whole world in all its aspects which is why the classics of literature are considered to be the most talented and outstanding people, masters of their business. The writers’ talent to depict not only the objective reality but also the subjective sides of life, i. e. emotions, feelings of people, features of their different characters, and behavior. In order to understand more clearly the signs and symbols hidden in this or that piece of writing, to see vividly what an author meant by a certain character or event it is necessary for a person to have some background knowledge, which must include cultural, historical, even psychological information. Of course, together with knowledge of literary tropes and stylistic means. In this essay, the main idea is in trying to examine the psychological point of literature. This means that we are going to discuss and compare the features of the character of certain literary works heroes in order to see the similarities and differences in their behavior, deeds, and motivations for this or that action. So that to reach the set goal it will not be out of place to address for help such a genius of literature as Nathaniel Hawthorne. This famous 19 th -century American novelist and short-story writer were mainly known for his ethnic and nationally colored works but the side of his gift concerning short story writing presents no less interest for the reader (Wineapple, 2001). What we are going to analyze in this essay is the features of two of Hawthorne’s characters – the main heroes of his short stories. They are Ethan Brand from the story with the same title and Aylmer from the work called “The Birthmark”. But firstly, let us take a brief look at the plot of the stories in order to see the conditions and setting the above-mentioned characters lived and acted in. The story under the title “Ethan Brand” is rather a philosophical one as it speculates on the fundamental problems of human life, such as pious living and life of sin, human values and their real price for those who saw the true dark side of life. The plot of the work develops in a small town where a lime-burner named Bartram tells his little son the tale of a man who dedicated his life to the search of the Unpardonable Sin. This man’s name was Ethan Brand and Bartram was afraid of Brand’s coming back to their town from his travel around the world where he tried to find that very Unpardonable Sin (Wright, 2006). All the people whom Ethan Brand met were curious about the results of his search. They asked questions if Ethan had found what he was looking for, and the searcher answered to all their questions that he had succeeded in his trip, he had found the Unpardonable Sin. All the people around were hostile to Brand as they said that he had commu
Introduction The term cybernetic describes the recent advancements in information science and the consideration of how the systems work. Cybernetic describes a complex type of information broadcast and the operations associated with the modern computers. The cybernetic models have advanced beyond the simpler models in a variety of ways. They are somewhat more complex and they identify a larger number of variables as compared to the simpler models (Mullen & Johnson, 1990). How leaders could function in a more cybernetic fashion According to Morrill (2010), a cybernetic leadership is compared to a self regulatory system that routinely regulates the activities it manages (p. 33). Burnbaum uses a thermostat to demonstrate the working of a cybernetic system. Burnbaum explains that the thermostat maintains room temperature by automatically adjusting its heating system. When this idea translates to organizational leadership, it can be noted that each area of the administration employs a set of what might be termed as regulators in order to control its operations. For example in a case where one of the departments overspends, purchase of more products may be limited until necessary adjustments are done to correct the imbalance. If an admissions office fails to hit its annual enrollment target for students, there might be automatic adjustments to allow more transfers. The cybernetic model promotes independence of the various units within an organization. Adopting the cybernetic fashion would mean that leaders would be able to operate more independently and this would be advantageous in the sense that the imperfect operation of one unit would have minimal impact con the organization has whole (Morrill, 2010). How would the various players in shared governance act differently, if they were behaving in a cybernetic fashion? Cybernetic design would create an environment in which the discrete organizational units have a proportionate amount of influence. The leaders manage the units as separate cognitive frames elicited by control mechanisms that balance their operations. The integration of a cybernetic fashion would create a form of leadership that only responds to indicators of operational difficulties but with limited capacity to implement new possibilities that could inspire other leaders to take a new direction in response to change. The leaders develop a cognitive insight and wise counsel regarding administrative techniques rather than the leadership process (Morrill, 2010). What are the benefits of moving toward a more cybernetic model? The cybernetic model tends to build on the collective behavior of a set of organizational units and the interaction between the unsophisticated entities. It recognizes that intricate group behavior does not need a function of complex individual behavior. Smith (2004) explains that the cybernetic fashion functions most efficiently with an open systems methodology. It promotes two-way communication between the organization and its internal as well as external environment, hence facilitates the organizati
The analysis of the grocery stores in Jacksonville FL shows that there are certain differences in consumption patterns caused by race, class and family traditions. For this reason, I visited General Grocery Store located in 5059 Normandy Blvd and Dino European Grocery Store located in 10230 Atlantic Blvd. the analysis shows that black people have different consumption and dietary patterns in contrast to white population. In both grocery stores, black consumers prefer to buy large amount of fruits and vegetables while white population buys products for 2-3 days only. This case shows that families are social institutions and as purchasing units, they have shared dietary principles and rituals. The consumption differences are based on emotional, nonlogical, ethical, and moral factors. The majority of poor family prefers to buy low quality products in large quantities. They pay a special attention to discounts and promotion campaigns trying to save money on other purchases. At General Grocery Store, it was evident that the style of life of the family has a great influence on purchasing and consumption patterns as while population never bought cheap and spoilt goods. At Dino European Grocery, black and racial minorities prefer to buy more vegetables than fruits while white population buys exotic fruits and less vegetables. Race plays an important role in consumption and affects family values, shaping purchase behavior. Within the family unit a difference may be drawn between requests and actual needs. When a male member of the family requests something for dinner, he is the decision maker, and the obedient wife, or shopper, is just the instrument in making the purchase, although she may have significant latitude on choice of brand. It is evident that in black low class families the decision-making remains solely with the wife, and though the woman may take into account the requests, desires, and advice of other members of the family, she has no obligation to do so. At General Grocery Store, purchasing decision are influenced by the head of the family and healthcare diet followed by the family. The middle class and upper class consumers follow health conscious menus trying to buy quality grocery products each day. The coordinated and well-matched family, which is regarded as the ideal model, encompasses an estimated 50 % of all families. In middle class black and white families, the family shares a good measure of common sense regarding their economic situations and purchasing issues. The poor, incompatible family is an unstable, unsatisfactory purchasing tool that seems to bring little satisfaction to members of the family. In General Grocery Store, it was evident that many people travel to this supermarket from other neighborhoods (McCracken 23). In sum, the analysis shows that social class and consumption preferences of the family are the main factors in decision-making. Race does not have a great impact on consumption patterns. It is not income alone but life-style of the family factors that are viewed as among the most important issues influencing and shaping purchasing activity. In black and white middle class i
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are techniques that offer a compromise between the values of depth and breath, as well as between specific targeting and generalizing of the target population. On the one hand, a method of separating particular groups of population, for instance, college graduates (a qualitative technique) can help with providing insights about the relationship of gender differences and the selection of the major in science. The generalization method (quantitative technique), on the other hand, generalizes the information about the participants of the survey and their plans in selecting a science major (National Science Foundation n.d., p. 43). The distinction between the two methods of research may seem too simple. However, both methods can be beneficial or not when it comes to “satisfying the canons of scientific rigor” (National Science Foundation n.d., p. 44). The researchers that implement the quantitative method of research now understand that the acquired data may not be completely accurate. This can happen when the study group that responds to questions misinterprets them or recalls events in a wrong way. Furthermore, it has been recognized that both methods of research are applicable within the cultural context as well within the context of beliefs and perceptions of the individuals the conducts the research and individuals that Quantitative Research Data Assessment The quantitative research data set presented by the Global Health Observatory shows the quantity of deaths per 100,000 people across the African region, the region of Americas, Eastern Mediterranean region, European region, South-East Asia Region, and the Western-Pacific regions. The presented data was published in 2000 and 2012 thus the gap between the death instances data is twelve years. The assessment of data on the death rates caused by various illnesses (diabetes, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, cardiovascular disease) and conditions (maternal, neonatal) is driven by the importance of understanding the factors that can and cannot be controlle
Schools need to recognize how vital the role of change leaders is, for they apprehend the complexity of change and are well aware of uncertainty it may bring. To change leaders, this uncertainty creates space for growth and development, which they encourage their followers to prioritize. One may argue that in school, the work of administration might be sufficient since they have required competencies and are capable of making changes to the entire system. Although the said is true, administrators should be relying on school leaders to make long-term improvements and create a sustainable school system. This paper outlines a developmental model for creating such leaders, their formal and informal roles, and necessary skills. Leaders may take a variety of roles, and establishing these roles after identifying outstanding individuals is one of the essential elements of the developmental model. Formal leadership roles and responsibilities traditionally include top-down decisions that tackle the problems that need a quick response, for example, low performance at reading tests. In search of support, formal leaders discover and capitalize on informal leaders that make changes and influence people around them through their attributes. Informal leaders may be involved in a variety of tasks and activities, for example, serving on improvement committees, strategic planning groups, and so on. Formal and informal leaders should be collaborating to improve the school s
Science reached a high degree of development during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). In confessional terms, most scholars were Muslims, but there were also Christians and Jews ( Islam Empire of Faith ). Islamic civilization’s influence spread from the Middle East to Southern Spain, where, in Cordoba, there was a place similar to the House of Wisdom ( Islam Empire of Faith ). The Golden Age, however, did not last forever due to military conflicts between Muslims and crusaders, and the invasion of Mongols. Contribution of the Islam Empire to modern science is enormous. Algebra, astronomy, medicine, optics, and trigonometry all have their roots in the teachings of Muslim scholars ( Islam Empire of Faith ). Baghdad was the most prominent city of the empire, and many scientists of the realm gathered there in the House of Wisdom to teach and research ( Islam Empire of Faith ). A similar activity was exercised in Cordoba, the city that strived while other capitals of Europe were struggling with starvation and infirmity. Several attempts were made by crusaders to take over Jerusalem and weaken the strength of the Islam Empire, but Saladin, the prominent Muslim leader, fought and retook Jerusalem ( Islam Empire of Faith ). The Islam Empire came to an end when Mongols invaded its territories and burned down the major cities ( Islam Empire of Faith ). Islam, however, as a religion, spread throughout Asia as Mongols, who came to invade, converted to Islam later. Islamic culture, stretching from southern Spain to China, absorbed the achievements of scientists from various nationalities and religions. It manifested the knowledge of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, achieving breakthroughs that set the stage for the Renaissance. All people were united by the Arabic language, which allowed scientists and theologians to exchange ideas and expertise. Under this movement, concentrated in the Baghdad House of Wisdom, explorers deciphered the Indian, Assyrian, Iranian and Greek scientific works into Arabic. These translations gave impetus to the advancement of medieval science. Work Cited Islam Empire of Faith . Public Broadcasting Service, 2014.
The major provisions of the Medicare prescription drug benefit passed by the Congress in 2003 Medicare was prohibited from negotiating drug prices with the drug companies. Therefore, this meant that it had no power over the influence of drug prices. Similarly, Medicare lost its rights to fix wholesale average drug prices. Following the provision of the congress, Medicare was only given the mandate to subsidize small private drug companies but had no control over bargaining power to administer the benefits. Benefits of the legislation from the drug industry One of the significant benefits resulting from the provisions was that there were no external agencies or companies such as Medicare allowed to influence drug prices since the legislation prohibited the act. Therefore, there were little restraints on drug prices. In addition, multiple private drug companies with low bargaining power were given mandate to determine prices of their own drugs. The legislation allowed expansion of the market in terms of extension of drug monopolies. Upon passing of the legislation, stock prices of big companies such as Big Pharma shot up. The mechanisms of political influence used by the drug industry in passing the legislation The high number of employed drug company lobbyists who were well connected to the government constituted Washington top of the list. For instance, the Defense Secretary and Budget Director were major personnel in the Industry as the CEO and Vice President of major drug companies respectively. By 2006, 26 members of congress were members of major lobbyist groups. The companies also gave generous donations and contributions to campaigns such as in the 1999-2000 elections where a total of $85 million were distributed which favored the Republicans. The industry also gives support to any number of groups owned by senior citizens such as citizens for Better Medicare, which spent $65 million in combating any form of drug price regulation. Ways in which the drug industry has influenced the process by which FDA approves or disapproves drugs Laxity of congress in authorizing FDA to administer monitoring and evaluation standards upon new approved drugs versus old drugs is one of the significant impacts of the drug industry. The fact that congress appointed a private company, Drugdex Information Service which is pro-pharmaceutical industry, to approve