ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview of culture, religion, demographic and geographic information of Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is the subject of this study with regards to its cultural influences on perinatal healthcare. It is a landlocked country in the horn of Africa with over 82 million inhabitants and covers 1, 100, 000 km 2 . The majority of people in Ethiopia are Christians; slightly more than a third of them are Muslims while the rest belong to religions such as Jewish. The country has over 80 ethnic groups which contribute to its world-renowned cuisine (Howard, 2009). The music of the country is as diverse as its ethnic groups. The country’s main sports are athletics and football; the former having worldwide recognition. Health and Illness Traditional medicine thrives in Ethiopia mainly because modern health care professionals are few in the country, and the average person is too poor due to lack of employment to seek alternative healthcare. In addition to these reasons, the government has invested very little in healthcare for its citizens (Schirripa, 2011). Traditional healers, who are both men and women, employ home-based therapies for the purposes of treating common illnesses (Pankhurst, 1965). However, only about 10% of these are considered genuine traditional healers. There are “false healers” whose trade in traditional medicine is a result of the commercialization of medicine as well as the high demand for medical services (Getahun & Berhane, 2000). Traditional healers existed even before Christian Missionaries arrived in Ethiopia (Rajkumar et al., 2011). Their practice is strongly based on supernatural and magical beliefs which are part of the culture of the Ethiopians. Their medicine is derived from plants, animals and minerals. As a result of their incompetence, diseases such as Malaria, AIDS, Tuberculosis and Dysentery are the leading causes of death in the country. The causes of diseases in Ethiopia are attributed to God and supernatural forces, as well as contaminated food and water. Miscarriages are attributed to evil spirits. Female genital mutilation is practiced by these healers and more than four-fifths of the women in Ethiopia are circumcised (Getahun & Berhane, 2000). This is usually done in unsanitary conditions. Anesthesia is rarely used and it often results in heavy bleeding, intense pain and even death. There are three medical training schools in Ethiopia but the distribution of medical facilities and personnel is insufficient for the population. There is only one psychiatric treatment unit in the country as the residents are averse to psychiatric treatment (Schirripa, 2011). Psychosocial/Spiritual Characteristics Ethiopian people are very humble and respectful when communicating with others and they expect the same from others (Kitaw et al., 2007). They are eloquent and employ the use of metaphors, allusions and wit which they also expect from others; exaggerated language is commonly used to emphasize points
Introduction A supermarket is a large self service retail outlet that deals with the sale of groceries. However, this definition is just a general overview. This is for the reason that modern supermarkets include a huge ultramodern building that provides packaging services to their shoppers. Currently, supermarkets are not only restricted to selling groceries. Many large supermarkets also sell other products, such as, electronics, clothing, and furniture. A more advanced version of supermarkets is the hypermarkets. There are so many supermarkets in the United Kingdom today. Their emergence and rapid growth was experienced during the period between the First World War and the Second World War. There are many factors that influenced their growth in the United Kingdom’s supermarkets. These factors include the favourable legislature and a preference of consumers that acted in favour of their growth. The legislatures have passed through a series of adjustments to respond to the consumer needs. One of the main aims of these regulations was to support the growth of larger self-service retail outlets while at the same time ensuring that the small retail counter-service stores retain their role in the newly structured retail market. However, these legislatures have not been quite effective in some of their policies for the reason that despite their enforcement, the growth of large self-service retail stores has continued to strangle the smaller retail outlets from the retail market. T hus, Britain’s high streets have continued to be dominated with large faceless retail stores making the small retail stores to diminish in the market. It is quiet correct to say that the UK supermarkets have continued to dominate the grocery market and are very powerful in the way that they run their businesses, and the number of local convenience stores has also continued to decline. The Retail Landscape Of 1955 The modern debates about the retail outlets are mainly influenced by the past retail landscape. The recent research done by the ‘Clone Town Britain Survey’ has been able to reveal that during the 1950s, the retail spaces were filled with a prosperous complex of independent small retail outlets such as butchers, food chains, greengrocers, stationery shops, and news paper agents. Currently, these spaces have been taken up by large supermarket retailers that are rapidly killing the small shops (Maxwell & Slater 2004). In the late twentieth century there has been a rigorous retail change in British cities. This change includes the transformation from British high streets that had independent shops together with those shops owned by multiple co-operative retail organizations into the contemporary British high streets that have ultra modern superstores. It was during the late twentieth century that the counter-service groceries began to seriously compete with the modern self service retail outlets currently known as supermar
A description and criteria for Traumatic Brain Injury using DSM-IV-TR According to the Center for Disease Control, a traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an individual sustains a jolt to his head or a piercing head damage that interrupts the functions of human brain. The degree of TBI varies from mild to traumatic. Mild TBI occurs when a person loses consciousness for a short period. Traumatic TBI on the other hand occurs when an individual experiences long-term period of unconsciousness that normally lead to amnesia. TBI can lead to a number of temporary and lasting emotional and behavioral regulation problems (Niehuser, 2009, p.1). According to the DSM-IV-TR criteria, symptoms of TBI include dizziness, headache, blurred vision, lightheadedness, fatigue, alteration in sleeping patterns, ringing in the ears and mood swings (Niehuser, 2009, p.18). TBI is catalogued according to the severity and mechanism of the damage. There are three types of TBI:   * mild;   * moderate;   * severe. Some indicators of mild TBI are:   * short-term loss of consciousnesses;   * memory loss;   * eyes open;   * headache;   * disorientation;   * brief spells of confusion. Symptoms of moderate TBI include: incidences of brain inflammation or bleeding causing drowsiness; eyes open to stimulation; sluggishness; and spells of unconsciousness that last between 30 minutes to six hours. During severe TBI, the victim losses consciousness for more than six hours and cannot open eyes, even when provoked. The present Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) has a partial classification structure with regard to the description of mild, moderate or traumatic TBI. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is one of the frequently used severity classification systems to determine the degree of TBI. The GCS scale is normally used for the preliminary assessment of TBI severity. It is an experimental prognostic pointer and helps in early assessment of the severity of brain damage. In Mary’s case, the GCS scale could have been used to determine whether she received any initial resuscitative measures by the poolside. The GCS can be used to ascertain if Mary had any prior history of head injury. The GCS scale consists of simple form with yes/no/unknown content responses that the nurse could use to determine the severity of TBI experienced by Mary (Ara &Bhat, 2010, p.19). The medical severity of intracranial damages is shown by the level of consciousness, determined by the GCS scale. In many cases, there is a close affinity between a low GCS score and poorer outcome. In patient with severe TBI, the motor element of the GCS has the most prognostic value since the eye and verbal response in these patients is usually missing. However, in Mary’s case, the predictive value of the eye and verbal elements of the GCS scale was significant because she was able to respond to verbal and tactile stimuli. She was also able to look at the nurses and moved her finger upon request. Thus, the predictive value of the eye and verbal components of GCS is relevant in Mary’s case because she was able to obey instructions from the nurse (Lingsma
A Public Relations (PR) strategy is a guideline that highlights how an organization deals with the public (Gregory & Willis 136). The main aim of the strategy is to build a viable relationship between a company and its target audience. Previously, PR was only used as a crisis communication tool. However, currently, PR is used throughout a product or project’s lifecycle to ensure that the public has a positive image of the product/project. PR has become a useful tool in marketing as well. Public Relations strategies often include Public Relations tactics. According to Smith, PR tactics are the tools used to execute a PR strategy (14). Thus, one can argue that these tactics are a component of the PR strategy. Several examples can be given to explain the difference between a PR strategy and a PR tactic. The Coca-Cola “Taste the Feeling” PR strategy highlighted how soda would be marketed during a defined period (Sarmistha 262). The main goal of the strategy was to increase the sales of soda globally. A second example is that of Dior, a luxury accessories and clothing company. The company’s PR strategy is a combination of demographic, psychographic and behavioural segmentation plans that affect their target audience (Donzé & Fujioka 19). Thirdly, the telecommunication giants, Vodafone, recently announced a new strategy that affects how marketers in their different countries of interest present their brand to the public (Curwen & Whalley 210). The primary goal of the strategy is to use technology and digital services to promote quality of life of communities. Last but not least is the example of Google which uses an integrated approach to PR. The primary goal of their current campaign is to combine technology and creative approaches to enhance user experience (Luttrell & Capizzo 12). The different PR strategies mentioned use different PR tools as well. For example, Coca-Cola uses personalized bottles to implement the “Taste the Feeling” strategy. Buyers can pick out soda bottles that have their friends’ or loved ones’ names and share it with them. Secondly, Dior uses a media tactic to enhance its sales. The media tactic includes making advertisements using highly respected and adored personalities using the company’s products. The adverts are then pushed through the media channels. Thirdly, Vodafone uses the corporate social responsibility tactic. The tactic allows for engagement with communities of interest by re-investing some of the company’s profits in social work (Curwen & Whalley 210). Fourthly, Google uses a digital media tactic to connect with its
The Toyota production system is one of the most efficient production systems in the world. The efficiency of Toyota production system makes it one of the most studied production system in the world. Thousands of managers have attempted to replicate the production system in their own companies. One of the major characteristics of Toyota production system is that it empowers employees to be in control of their activities. Toyota ensures that improvements start at the lowest possible level within the company. Toyota strives to ensure that it has an ideal production system. According to the company, an ideal system should have defect free products. Toyota ensures that its employees have skills that would enable them produce defect free products within a short time. Toyota retrains or replaces workers who fail to meet this condition. In addition, Toyota strives to reduce the batch size of its production cycle. Smaller batches reduce wastage and increase the efficiency of the production . Toyota’s just-in-time production strategy helps the company minimize wastage of labor, energy and other resources (Spear & Bowen, 1999). Reducing the amount of inventory reduces the cost of managing the inventory. This increases the efficiency of the company (Ohno, 2002). Continuous development of Toyota’s production system makes it difficult for companies to emulate the production system. Toyota uses the scientific method in formulating developments in its production systems. Developments in the production system begin with the formulation of a hypothesis. The hypothesis determines the objective of the improvements in the production system (Spear & Bowen, 1999). Employees design an experiment on how to undertake the improvements. This enables them to simulate the improvements. Simulations usually take place in reality. Whenever possible, Toyota undertakes the simulations in the workplace. When it is impossible to test the ideas in the real world, the company recreates the work area to test the idea. Simulation enables operators and supervisors detect areas that need further improvements (Liker, 2011). Toyota’s production system arranges all production processes in
The perception that the business of supplying groceries to urban centers and direct consumers is a preserve of the village folks and uneducated people is wrong. Every person eats vegetables, and this means that there is always a ready market for groceries. Ellise Grocery Supplier targets supermarkets, government offices and people living in urban areas. The urban population rarely gets fresh vegetables and fruits. They buy groceries from supermarkets and other stores at expensive prices. This business targets to break this cycle of suffering and bring fresh groceries close to consumers. The business plans to buy groceries from the countryside and sell them to customers in urban centers. Economic Analysis Ellise Grocery Supplier plans to partner and sign contracts with agricultural farms located in the countryside for a steady supply of groceries. It requires three vehicles, 12 employees, an office and store (14, 400m 2 ). Some money will be set aside for business registration and other miscellaneous expenses. The business requires about $100,000 to finance all its start-up and monthly operations as shown in the business model canvas document below. Startup Expenses        Amount ($)  Description                                                                                                   Advertising             1,000       Promotion for opening the business   Starting inventory      2,500       Amount of inventory required to open Cash                    3000        Amount needed for the cash register  Decorating              1,000       Estimate based on bid if appropriate Deposits                1000        Check with utility companies         Fixtures and equipment  2100        Use actual bids                      Insurance               1,000       Bid from insurance agent             Lease payments          1,500       Fee to be paid before opening        Licenses and permits    1,200       Check with city or state offices     Miscellaneous           3,000       All other                            Remodeling              1,000       Use contractor bids                  Rent                    2,500       Fee to be paid before opening        Services                1,000       Cleaning, accounting, etc.           Supplies                8,000       Office, cleaning, etc. supplies      Unanticipated expenses  5,000                                            Supply Van              17,000                                           Total Startup Costs     88,800      Amount of costs before opening                                                                                 Startup Capital Requirements – Repeating Monthly Expenses Expenses                  Amount ($)  Description                              Advertising               30                                                   Bank service fees         300                                                  Credit card charges       200                                                  Delivery fees             3,000
Introduction Nationalism in the context of the Japanese entails a very wide range of ideologies and sentiments that have been adopted by the Japanese people for the past two centuries concerning their native nation, the culture, political structure and the changing and historical destiny. It’s hence imperative to distinguish different perceptions of nationalism like cultural nationalism from state-oriented nationalism which is also viewed as Japanese imperialism. As history will have it, Japanese nationalism consists of a blend of indigenous and foreign political ideologies that were initially adopted by the Meiji administration to encourage national unity and loyalty. This was first in reaction to the colonization by European and later on the nationalism concept was to be used to attain the influence and equality that other great powers had. The concept has evolved very fast through the ‘Taisho era’ and ‘showa period’ hence justifying the growing totalitarian governance with more expansionism abroad. The Changes in Nationalism Over the past years, several scholars from western nations have made attempts to try and explain the essence of Japan as a very unique country. The task was not just to explain how Japan is unique but also to what extent this uniqueness had impacted other nations. Nationalism can be described as managing and mystifying identity (Nathan 23). In this way, several Japanese nationalisms can be described as being in the categories that are identified by other nations. Basically, this means the Japanese can feel that they are so unique yet everyone else is feeling the same. Nathan believes that Japan is not prepared to discard its certainty of being so distinctive but rather explains how the Japanese are coping up with the challenges that face any other modernized country. His analyses
Nationalism is an ideology, which strives to create and sustain a nation based on commonalities of a given government, nation or territory. According to nationalism, the perpetuation of identity values, the self-determination of all subjects, the well-being, and the splendor of an individual’s nation are its principle values. The dominance of global politics and values by nationalist ideologies can be traced back to the ninetieth century, from the Romantic concept, “cultural diversity” and the liberal’s argument that political legitimacy is only achieved from the consent of a region’s population, and impacted much the social, cultural and political trends. The nation state view began in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1684. Then, nationalist ideologies were considered an elite concern for many centuries, but during the ninetieth century it spread enormously in Europe and later globally. In the greater part of the ninetieth century, regional politics were basically a struggle between the emerging nationalist ideologies and the old autocratic governments. Notably, WW1 marked the final destruction of many multinational states, such as the Ottoman Empire and Russia, but signing of the Versailles Treaty showed an effort to recognize nationalist ideologies, as most parts were seen as nation states. Several ninetieth century scholars argued that nationalist ideologies were a positive value since they associated it with values such as individual and collective freedom from oppression. Liberals believed that nationalist ideologies gave all states equal liberties and argued that it would make all nations to interact with one another peacefully and constructively, and international actors would be empowered to make decisions in a more rational way since, contrary to anachronistic despotic regimes which oppressed national minorities, nationalism stood solidly for individual independence. However, the WW1 did a lot to change this illogical attitude, as many people then died in the name of nationalist ideologies. Nationalist ideologies can be explained in various ways. According to Hobsbawm (8), nationalism is based on the assumption that “any sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as a ‘nation’ is worthy of serious study.” Nationalism can be explained from two perspectives: primordial and modern. The primordialist scholars have argued that nationalist movements were able to create unity among formerly disgruntled populations, since they were able to establish actual, existing cultural, social or historical bonds among the people of a particular region. Hence, nationalism was believed to be an expression of natural ties among populations that had only to be awarded an efficient political system in the form of the nation-state. However, these scholars did not believe that the nation was as a result of racial or ethical structures, unlike the Romantic cultures, which argued that all nations were linked by their specific culture that
Companies tend to be involved in a variety of operations. Therefore, cash flow statements often address four major areas: investing, operating, financing activities, and supplementary or additional information (Klammer, 2018). This is the basic report as it reflects the company’s activities related to the production and distribution of its products and services. The other aspects mentioned above are not mentioned in all statements as some companies are not involved in certain operations (for instance, financing). In order to calculate operating cash flows, it is necessary to add net income, non-cash expenses, and working capital changes. Investing activities are associated with capital assets and the corresponding operations. Since there is no strict guidelines and standards as to estimating assets, companies tend to choose different items as their assets (Robinson, Henry, Pirie, & Broihahn, 2015). Therefore, it is essential to review this aspect in detail when comparing organizations’ reports. Financing activities display firms’ operations with stock, as well as debt financing. Additional information is related to reporting the operations with various things without cash use. Income taxes and interest paid are included in this report. Different people and groups benefit from reviewing cash flow statements (Atrill, McLaney, & Harvey, 2014). For example, accounting professionals need these documents to estimate whether the company can cover its current expenses. Creditors also need to analyze cash flow statements in order to make a decision and evaluate the companies’ ability to pay back. Investors need these reports to understand whether the company they are interested in can be competitive. Clearly, shareholders need to look into cash flow statements to evaluate their potential gains. Finally, employees and partners can also benefit from reviewing these documents as these groups will understand whether the company can pay for the provided services.