ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The newly occurred practice among the US top managers is to transform the stock options of the CEOs into the equity-based compensations. Since the proportion of equity compensation reached one-third of the executives’ choice of stock options, the use of such a method is considered controversial (Hall 23). The main reason for the controversy is that there are several cases where types of executives’ compensations can be linked to the fraud allegations in their companies. Another important aspect of this practice is the relationships between the allegations against the executives and the option intensity of their payments (Denis, Hanouna and Sarin 468). On one hand, the opportunities for the CEOs to introduce the equity-based payoffs and the system of option intensity compensation depend on the size of the company and the quantity of the block-holders amongst the investors and stakeholders (Merton 155). In other words, the option intensity is more common for the CEOs of the companies, who have a larger number of the outside financial agents such as investors and shareholders of different sizes. On the other hand, the companies directed by the shareholders from the outside would be more likely to discharge the manager because of the firm’s poor financial performance. Hypothesis development The hypothesis is based on the fact that poor performance leads more often to the manager’s dismissal in the companies with the directors and stakeholders not involved in financial reporting. Also, equity-based compensation is the opportunity for the managers to receive the payoffs that would depend on the company’s performance. The option intensity is meant to make the compensations as quickly as possible. Therefore, the main hypothesis is that the presence of a large number of the block-holders among the company’s directors and the equity-based system of compensation increase the possibility of misreporting and fraud among the CEOs (Denis, Hanouna and Sarin 470). There are two possibilities of how the likelihood of misreporting of financial results relates to the company’s structure. Firstly, in the case of the outsider directors and other stakeholders, it is important to sustain the integrity of the company’s management (Healy 102). This aspect has two implications. The company’s executives are more likely to have the option intensity when there is a significant risk of dismissal in case of the poor performance, and the disintegrated directors are less aware of the manager’s actions and the details of the financial performance. Secondly, even though equity-related compensation is the dominant option in the institutional companies with a lot of stakeholders, the relation of such an option
People who are interested in politics can engage in movements as sympathizers, elders, and contributors. There are several reasons why people take part in social movements. For instance, some people advocate for women’s rights and the guidelines protecting consumers as well as environment, urge for the termination of lynching, demand for the right of union’s formation among workers, and request for federal minimum salaries and advanced income tax. In other instances, social movements are aimed at demanding for proper housing, health care, work leaves, and appropriate insurance plans (Harper & Leicht, 2011). It is worth noting that the politically ambitious people can end up as critical socialists, ultimate dreamers, or unreasonable visionaries. There are several theories regarding social movements, which aim at exploring the key drive towards collective behavior. It is imperative to note that every stratum of the society has social movements. Moreover, people consider the available options and engage in decision making before joining a particular social movement. For joining a successful social movement, there has to be continuous mobilization of resources. Resources include plans, followers, and funds. These resources are extremely important for the social movement to fulfill its goals (Harper & Leicht, 2011). Social movements compete for the members for a number of reasons. While competing for the followers, social activists end up competing against each other for finite resources. A successful social movement has strategic ways of acquiring resources and mobilizing the followers. Not once was I requested by a movement organization to donate funds to and engage in advocating for a particular issue. This was common at university where the students engage in a number of social movements. In my opinion, it is imperative for an individual to scrutinize the social movement before joining it. Some social movements have questionable ambitions. Others gather resources for the benefit of their own interests (Harper & Leicht, 2011). Consequently, they use a particular voiceless group in the society to push for their agendas. I once joined a movement that was advocating for better care of people residing in slums and having HIV/ AIDS. This was done after a comprehensive research on that movement to establish that it was genuine. I also attended one of the events and saw the deprived conditions these people were living in. Some movements were appealing. However, there were barriers that contributed to my infrequent attendance. A majority of the people in the society negatively view social movements. My friends discouraged me to join that movement since they shared negative opinion about it. Consequently, our friendship suffered as we were always arguing about my involvement in that social movement. Some social movements can be regarded as repulsive if campaigns are turned into movements. Charities play a key role in facilitating the development of campaigns int
Whole group instruction Whole group instruction is a term used to describe a teaching method that entails giving lessons to the whole class without considering the individual abilities of the students. In whole group instruction, the teacher assumes that every student has the chance and ability to grasp something as he or she delivers the lesson. Whole group instruction is best suited when a teacher is looking to deliver general content in subjects like social science and mathematics. After the lesson, a teacher using this content delivery method evaluates the understanding level of his or her students. If the majority of the students grasp the concept, the teacher moves on to the next lesson, but if the majority is still struggling with the ideas presented, he or she is obliged to revisit the topic discussed in the lesson. This method is particularly efficient, where students have average understanding abilities for the content taught in class. Whole group instruction would be ineffective in a class where the majority of the students have limited ability in understanding. Whole group instruction is important because it allows students to practice their learning ability. The teaching process is simple and geared toward providing general knowledge to students. The instructor must develop a teaching pace that is fair to all students, and his or her evaluation methods must be standardized to give accurate projections of the understanding levels of the individual members of the group. Whole group instruction is an easier method of teaching because the goal of the instructor is not to have individual students grasping the same amount of ideas; rather, it involves the development of a group with varying general knowledge on a particular topic (Victoria, 2014). Ability grouping Ability grouping in class is a teaching technique that entails splitting students into small groups based on the ability of the individual students to learn. In every classroom, the learning ability of students cannot be the same; thus, teachers have to spend more time teaching some students, whereas others learn faster. Ability grouping is normally done when the students in a class are naturally split into two or three extremes with reference to their learning ability. Instructors normally develop three groups of students, one with the fast learners, another with the slow learners, and a third group of the average pace learners. This grouping method is efficient in producing high performing students in the fast learning group and the average pace learners, and it also ensures that the slow learners are provided with more intense lessons to help them learn faster. Ability grouping may yield positive results if it is used to motivate different students to learn, but it can also yield negative results if the students feel discriminated. This is especially common among slow learners; hence, instructors must develop ways to motiv
Culture The word culture may be used to refer to various aspects of humanity in the way people conduct themselves or have learned to do certain things in their own unique way. The social nature of human beings has led to various cultural groups living in the same universe and who must learn to live with one another (Bucher, 2010). Today’s society is becoming more and more diverse, with people having the freedom of movement and can settle in totally different places. This has been made possible by immigration laws that permit persons to live or study in countries provided they have met certain requirements. It is, therefore, important that this diversity is understood by both parties or by the different cultural groups so that there is no conflict. This paper examines a culture that has come up mainly from the youthful population all over the world due to the ever-developing technological advancement. Today, there has been an improvement in the information and communications sector that has enabled people to interact across several cultural divides in the various continents of the world. Generation Y has been one of such cultures that have developed because of the gains made in technological advancement. Generation Y This is a culture that has been created by individuals born in the period from the early 80’s to the dawn of the new millennium. The major historical infl
Introduction Strategic planning is very important in a healthcare setting because it gives the explicit outline and vision for the healthcare activities. The healthcare facilities have experienced several challenges, which need to be solved for effective healthcare service delivery. This paper will focus on the problems the healthcare facilities are facing and their probable solutions. Strategic planning is a logical and structured procedure, in which a healthcare organization makes a layout showing how it arranges its activities so as to advance from its current state to the desired future state (Pereraa, & Peirób, 2012). Barriers Facing Healthcare Facilities Barriers to the healthcare organization are the hindrance to the effective healthcare service delivery. These barriers affect both, the healthcare personnel and the patients. First, the healthcare personnel, willingly or carelessly, harm the patients during the treatment process. This problem arises when medical personnel either wrongly diagnoses a patient, or mistakenly takes one patient for another (Binder, 2013). Second, the medical care is unaffordable by the poor class people because of high hospitalization charges (Donald et al, 2005). As a result, patients opt for less expensive, but inefficient medical care. Third, the rate of population increases is tremendously, which stimulates congestion in the health care facilities (Donald et al, 2005). Fourth, the health care personnel might be discriminative towards certain groups of patients. The reasons of discrimination include, but not limited to gender, race, color, disability, and religion. This implies that the discriminated groups might not be given proper medical attention. Fifth, the health professionals may lack awareness and knowledge required to attain improved healthcare services. In that regard, the personnel lacks the newest fact–based regulations. These personnel might know about the existence of the guidance, but they might not know how to use it to deliver effective services. Furthermore, some personnel may not refer to the guidance because they feel undignified (National Health of clinical Health and excellence, 2013). Sixth, the professionals may lack motivation towards the work performance. Such motivations involve lack of enticements and fines, which are enforced as a regulatory verification. Personal concerns and obligations may obstruct service delivery. On top of that, poor objective setting may also lead to decrease in professional health care motivation. (National Health of clinical Health and excellence, 2013). Seventh, lack of acceptance and personal beliefs have hindered the healthcare service provision. Some healthcare personnel may not accept the new
The paper begins by examining the dramatic reduction of interest rates and the increase in agricultural yields in a bid to help us better understand England’s economic revolution in the 17 th and 18 th centuries. During this time, there was a reduction in adult mortality and this resulted in increased savings, increased acreage of agricultural land, increased capital stock, reduced rates of capital returns, and improved agricultural production (Nicolini, 2004, p. 131). Technical changes in farming during this period resulted in the introduction of farm inputs such as fertilizers. This increased the fertility of the land, thereby increasing yields. At the same time, interest rates declined and this stimulated economic activities, including agriculture. Institutional innovations experienced in England during the ‘Glorious Revolution’ led to improved financial markets. Consequently, interest rates declined while there was improved capital accumulation. Nicoli also brings in a demographic element in an attempt to better explain the processes of increased agricultural yields and reduced interest rates: the substantial decline in English mortality rate, and the increase in adult life expectancy (Nicolini, 2004, p. 133). Along with this development, the author incorporates the evolution of interest and investment rates. Towards this end, the author has applied the life-cycle theory savings. With higher life expectancy comes increased impatience for economic agents, higher production, and increased capital accumulation. The model of capital accumulation that the author has adopted forecast that as the adult mortality rate decreases, farmers respond by accumulating more capital. In this case, capital accumulation is represented by increase in land acreage meant for agricultural production. It also includes increased land fertility and improved nitrogen stock in the soil. The author argues that this is what could have transpired in England during this period. In addition, farmers were also forced to clear more marginal land to expand agricultural production area. Crop rotation is associated with the efficient management of nitrogen content in the soil. As farmers became more knowledgeable about crop rotation, the increased investment in land by farmer led to improved production per acre. Moreover, farmers had already started implementing land rotation practices. Pastureland also declined marginally between 1800 and 1830 as more land was dedicated to agricultural production (Nicolini, 2004, p. 140).The attitude of farmers towards agricultural production was also changing and many of them were already implementing aggressive land preparation practices prior to sowing. In turn, this led to improved yields. Between 1700 and 1800, England experienced a significant improvement in adult life expectancy by approximately four years. As such, farmers became increasingly apprehensive about their future (Nicolini, 2004, p. 137). This could have perhaps stimulated their propensity to increase savings, reduce consum
The main difference with regard to various gender theories is how they explain the gendered differences in behaviors characteristic for both sexes. When applied to the issue of behavioral problems in males, different theories find their causes in different sources. Biological determinism would explain behavioral issues in male students through the concept of male nature as inherently and naturally competitive, aggressive, and even violent (Tilling, 2013). However, this essentialist theory is at odds with the now well-established understanding that, while some people are predisposed toward delinquency, social influences are a far more prominent cause thereof (Delcea et al., 2019). In contrast to biological determinism, the social construction of gender theory posits that people enact gendered behaviors as they learn them from others and internalize gender norms dominant in their cultures (Tilling, 2013). This approach would explain the correlation between the male sex and behavioral problems through Western cultures’ promotion of aggressive notions of masculinity, going as far as to encourage bullying (Rosen and Nofziger, 2019). In short, the crucial difference between gender theories explaining behavioral problems in males is where they look for answers. Knowing about and understanding these gender theories is obviously relevant for teaching in more ways than one. First and foremost, it is nigh impossible to efficiently address behavioral problems without understanding their cause. Secondly, and also importantly, gender theories that are long out of favor in the scientific co
Metacognitive awareness is one where negative feelings occur as mental actions instead of as a self-aspect. It has been hypothesized that a decrease in Metacognitive awareness causes vulnerability and further depression, and through cognitive therapy (CT) and mindfulness, based cognitive therapy (MBCT), the depressive relapses can be reduced as it increases metacognitive awareness. This study tests the above hypotheses in three parts. The 1st study investigates whether vulnerability to depression is related to reduction inaccessibility of the metacognitive sets inducing negative thoughts. The 2nd study investigates the depression related to reduction inaccessibility of the metacognitive sets with respect to depression-related cues. The degree to which baseline metacognitive awareness can predict the danger of relapse in depressed patients is also measured. It also determines whether CT can increase the accessibility of the metacognitive sets. The 3rd study examines the psychological interventions, which can reduce relapse and increase metacognitive awareness. If the treatment program is directed towards changing the patient’s relationship with their negative feelings, then it was predicted that this could reduce relapse and increase their metacognitive awareness. The first study used depressed patients as participants between 20-65 years of age who displayed major depression criteria in the last 18 months, had a minimum residual symptom of eight on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), and nine on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The patients also took antidepressant medication for at least eight weeks, with a daily dose in at least four weeks that was equal to 125 mg of amitryptiline. In the 2nd test, 158 psychiatric patients with major depression received antidepressant medicines, clinical management, and CT group for 20 weeks, while the CT group got an extra 16 CT sessions. Metacognitive awareness was also assessed before the treatment and 20 weeks after it by MACAM. In the 3rd test, 100 patients between 18-65 years from community health care facilities were treated for seven weeks, who were either in recovery from depression or were continuing with treatment. They had to meet the enhanced DSM-III-R criteria and score below ten on the 17-item HRSD. The HRSD is a 17-item interview, and BDI is a 21-item self-reports both measuring depressive symptoms. The MATLAB or Measure of Awareness and Coping in Autobiographical Memory measures metacognitive awareness. The participants r
Introduction Primerica is a U.S. company that provides term life insurance to middle-class American families. It also has branches in Canada, Puerto Rico, and Guam (“About Us”). The company’s headquarters is situated in Duluth, Georgia, and it has a Canadian head office in Mississauga, Ontario (Primerica, “Corporate Responsibility Report” 8). In 2018, Primerica had 5,200 field offices, which are offices established by regional vice presidents (Primerica, “2018 Annual Report” 4). The company has “more than 2,000 employees and over 130,000 life insurance-licensed independent sales representatives” (Primerica, “Corporate Responsibility Report” 2). This paper will give information about Primerica’s mission, products, communication with workers, and provide a SWOT analysis. An overview of the company’s activity shows that it allows people with middle incomes to improve their financial planning and establish their own businesses. Foundation and Mission of the Company Primerica’s history can be traced back to the previous century. In 1977, Arthur L. Williams, together with his wife and 85 colleagues, established a company called A. L. Williams & Associates (“About Us”). Williams decided to found the firm because he was convinced that term life insurance was better than whole life insurance due to higher rates of coverage and lower costs (Primerica, “Corporate Responsibility Report” 4). He invented the company philosophy, “Buy Term and Invest the Difference” (“About Us”). It means that it is more profitable to buy cheaper term insurance because the difference between its cost and that of a more expensive whole life insurance could be invested in something useful. The company managed to convince its customers that term insurance was exactly what they needed. By 1991, it had undergone several mergers and acquired a new name, Primerica Financial Services, which was changed to Primerica, Inc. in 2010 (“About Us”). As any successful commercial organization, the company has its vision statement: “Primerica is a Main Street Company for Main Street North America” (“We Help Families”). It conveys the message that the firm provides its services for middle-class households in North America. To realize its vision, the company developed its mission, which is “to serve middle-income families by helping them make informed financial decisions and providing them with a strategy and tools to gain financial independence” (Primerica, “2018 Annual Report” 1). Thus, the company assists common people not only by insuring their lives