ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since time immemorial, man has been planting crop and breeding his own livestock. It is accurate to mention that ever since he got to know how to perform these activities, he unknowingly was taking part in biotechnology. This was made clearer with the discovery that milk could somehow be turned to yoghurt or cheese. Animal breeders who were mainly the farmers also discovered that various physical animal traits could either be improved. This was the basis of bio technology studies across the world. For over three decades, the biologists have used various subjects in order to further understand the whole process. For instance, they have been using combinations of such subjects as math, chemistry and physics. Therefore, biotechnology simply be defined as the “controlled and deliberate manipulation of biological systems for the efficient manufacture or processing of useful products”. Over the years, there have been companies that have risen to the top globally as the leaders in biotechnology. Some of these companies include, Actelion, Amgen and Biogen Idec. One of the important reasons why these companies are considered to be among the best is that they have been doing well sales wise. All three have been able to maintain a sales index of over One billion dollars each. As Nicholson, Danzon and McCoullough (2002) mention, the costs of research and development in any Biotechnological company are high which amounts to high expenditures. Therefore, these companies need the funding from the pharmaceutical companies. Although there can be other sources of funding, a huge percentage is normally generated from the pharmaceutical companies ( p12). More often than not, alliances are formed when there is comparative advantage experienced by other firms in various functions. For instance given those pharmaceutical companies majorly concentrate on chemistry, when a bio tech company is out to discover a new drug it may require the expertise of the pharmaceutical company. In addition to this, such a partnership is very crucial given that pharmaceutical companies have so much more experience and economies of scale to say the least. These alliances also create value in the long run. Given for instance a huge pharmaceutical alliance getting into a partnership with a biotechnology company, the pharmaceutical company is guarantee that its drug pipelines are in constant supply. This therefore illustrates a good business relationship where the pharmaceutical company is not just involved so it can provide a source of funding since this is a win-win situation. In the event where and alliance has taken place, the management becomes crucial if success is to be attained. The entry level manager should have such traits as great interpersonal skills that will reveal just how sensit
The non-fiction book called The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks reveals a story of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman whose cancer cells were removed right after her death from cervix cancer. The book reveals contradictory issues related to medical ethics, science, and legal aspects. The author of the book, Rebecca Skloot, presents the life of a real-life woman, as well as the influence of poverty, race, and science on medical research. In addition, Skloot clearly describes the science and traces racial underpinnings of medical politics. The writer also highlights the story of HeLa cells development, as well as the role of an African American woman in medical and scientific discoveries, including cloning, polio vaccine, and vitro fertilization. Overall, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is a story of a sophisticated confrontation between ethics, medicine, and ethics, as well as a collision between faith healing and discovery. Thus, HeLa cells of Henrietta Lacks were considered the most significant contribution to science and microbiology. The woman, however, was not related to medicine and science. In February 1951, Mrs Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and she died some months later. Before discussing aspects of scientific discovery and healthcare improvement, ethical concerns of the case should be addressed as well. Painful experiences of scientific research represented in the book introduce the exploration of the history of ethics within a context of scientific research in the United States. Moreover, the non-fiction story is dedicated to exploring people’s perceptions and prejudices with regard to scientists, science, and the research community. In this respect, Skloot brilliantly illustrates the account of the Lacks family – both past and present – is strongly connected with dark history of scientific experimentation on African American people, as well as to the emergence of bioethics and legal constraints. In the first part of the book called Life , the author traces the Lacks family’s emotional suffering, including the changing ethical and legal patterns related to the collection of tissues, as well as to careless researchers and journalists who infringed the laws and interfered with the family’s privacy. To highlight the paradox, Skloot re
In 1997, Australia’s national Planning Officials Group (POG) conducted a ‘performance review’ of state and territory planning systems. The POG has functioned in recent years as a national forum for senior planning officials from the state, territory, and Commonwealth governments. POG seems to desire a set of measurable performance criteria that could form the basis of a service contract. Put differently, the result of the project might be to permit the ‘outsourcing’ of public planning services to, presumably, the most cost-effective supplier. The idea is hardly new—it is one consequence of the new local government legislation in Victoria but its apparent support at the national level suggests that the practice may become more widespread. By mid-1998, it appeared that the POG reform agenda had made little institutional progress. At this time we were informed by one senior public sector planner that the review had been ‘shelved’, and had been overtaken by the other two main neoliberal reform agendas for planning, NCP, and the proposals forwarded by the Property Council of Australia. We turn now to consider the latter reform initiative whose aim, ostensibly, is to standardize Australia’s state-based development control regimes. This proposal is embodied in a joint submission to Australia’s planning, housing, and local government ministers by various development lobby and professional interests, and coordinated by the Property Council of Australia. “The Australian market had emerged from a cyclical downturn which started at the beginning of 1995. After falling to just over 9,600 dwelling approvals in January 1996, the industry recovered with dwelling approvals increasing by 49 per cent to 14,300 in June 1998. The underlying housing demand prepared by the Indicative Planning Council for the Housing Industry (IPC) in 1997 suggested an underlying demand of 138,000 dwelling units nationally.” (Williams International Property Report (1998-2001) The report explicitly lauds the reforms to planning controls that have been undertaken by the government of Victoria in recent years. The reduction in the number of zoning categories in the state planning regime from 2871 to just 25 wins warm praise from development lobby interests while also, however, drawing criticism from community and environmental groups. Thousands of zones may certainly have been excessive, but there is a strong case that flexibility in zoning definitions is warranted to enable localities characterized by great social and ecological diversity to make their own regulatory choices. (Western Australian Planning Commission (2003) While developers may demand administrative efficiency and regulatory simplicity, it is equally true that democracy requires regulation that is sensitive to social and ecological differences. The report also opposes any exclusive public control of regulatory approval processes as an ‘ar
Introduction As the People’s Republic of China has the largest population in the world, along with the largest inner consumption market, it faces a series of unique challenges regarding profitability, national security, environmental security, transportation, and supply in its own energy sector. Most of electricity in China is produced using local coal plants, which operate using hard fossil fuels (Reinhardt et al. 2). They are some of the greatest pollutants in China due to outdated technology, low output, great dispersion, and high coal consumption. Although the Chinese government recognized the issue of pollution and announced a course for liberalization of the economy and a greater emphasis on ecology during the 12th 5-year plan, the transformation from a coal-based energy base to cleaner and more efficient production will be long and hard (Reinhardt et al. 14). Shenhua is one of China’s leading power companies, possessing great assets in coal excavation, transportation, and energy production. Although it has been investing in innovative technologies, such as coal-to-liquids and coal-to-chemicals plants, the progress has been relatively slow (Reinhardt et al. 12). The purpose of this report is to provide an analysis and recommendations on how to reduce pollution while retaining market share, while Shenhua transforms itself into a more modern company. The Existing Company Structure and the Causes of Pollution Shenhua is not only one of the largest energy providers in China; it is also responsible for the extraction of 12.5% of yearly coal supplies used in the Chinese market (Reinhardt et al. 17). In addition, it owns its own railroad net, which it uses for supplying coal to the electric plants. The total number of coal plants is over 100, including the smaller and more outdated plants that were established in the regions at the beginning of the Chinese electrification efforts (Reinhardt et al. 8). In addition, Shenhua operates research efforts at home and overseas, seeking to produce liquid oils from coal. One of these efforts is the Ordos Project, but its operations are expected to start in 2020. Until then, the company needs a plan to reduce its pollution while maintaining services within the same price range. Pollution comes from several sources. First, it is the coal mines. Although Shenhua has its own mines with relatively high standards of labor and high volumes of extraction, the majority of domestically produced coal (over 50%) comes from small private mines (Reinhardt et al. 17). Not only do these small producers cause greater pollution due to lower standards of labor, they also have no access to the railroad network of Shenhua, meaning that they need to use trucks to deliver the goods, which is three times more expensive and contributes to the road congestion problems that China currently has (Cheng et al. 189). Finally, the last contribution to Shenhua’s pollution is made by the existence of small and inefficient coal plants in smaller communities, which do not produce enough energy to compensate for the amount of pollution they make into our atmosphere. Potential Solutio
Introduction Customers’ purchasing habits are influenced by a number of factors, including age, gender, and the level of income. By understanding the significance of each quantitative and qualitative variable, a viable prediction of buyer’s preferences may be obtained. The given report analyzes the variables that may impact the annual amount spent on organic food using multiple linear regression. In contrast to simple linear regression that takes into consideration only one independent variable and one dependent variable (both are quantitative), multiple linear regression studies the relationships of several explanatory variables (both qualitative and quantitative) to predict the outcome of a response variable. Thus, multiple linear regression is a more reliable statistical tool for explaining the dependent variable. The given report runs multiple linear regression to predict annual expenditures on organic food and discusses the results to provide a detailed picture of the influence that each independent variable has on the dependent one. Regression Output The regression output that has been generated in Excel is shown in Table 1 and Table 2, which represent regression statistics and coefficient estimates correspondingly. Table 1. Regression Statistics. Statistical Measures Multiple R            0,830460276 R-Squared             0,68966427  Adjusted R-Squared    0,679232817 Standard Error        2111,587193 Observations          124          Table 2. Regression Coefficients.                                Coefficients  SE        t-statistic  p-value     Intercept                      -1932,1086    978,5413  -1,97447830  0,050643486 Age                            14,1230223    11,77664  1,19924034   0,232816957 Annual income                  0,01667728    0,002635  6,328431     4,53506E-09 Number of people in household  2222,50684    153,2477  14,5027009   4,5157E-28  Gender                         40,5005831    384,7118  0,10527510   0,916334763  The value of R-squared is equal to 0.689, which means that the independent variables collectively explain approximately 70% of the variance of the dependent variable. In other words, the strength of the relationship between the calculated regression model and the dependent variable can be rated as 70 out of 100. The F-test The F-test shows the overall significance of the multiple linear regression model and tests two hypotheses, which are a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that the model with no explanatory variables fits the data as well as the generated regression model. The alternative hypothesis states that the model containing only the value of the intercept is worse at explaining the variance of the dependent variable (Moore, Notz, & Fligner, 2015). Based on the p-value, the decision is made whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. Given that the p-value for the F-test is equal to the alternative hypoth
Introduction It is a well-known fact that nowadays the defense agencies all over the world invest a lot of money in improving the security level of their countries. For instance, millions of dollars are put into the development of various robots. Today the robots have different technical characteristics and therefore can be used with different purposes. Some of them contain video cameras and are used in observations, others are armed and can be used directly in the battle field. It is hard, however, to catch up with all the modifications and improvements in the sphere of robot design and construction. For instance, only a month ago a world known Polish robot producing company Przemyslowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarow (PIAP) introduced their version of a tactical throwable robot (TRM). The main purpose of this device is teleobservation, which is often used by military services, and “counter-terrorist operation support” (Berg, 1). However, this institution was not the first who invented the general model of this robot. Tactical throwable robots are being developed by a multitude of companies for several decades already, but lately the popularity of this kind of robot increased significantly. Technical characteristics During the years of the machine’s development, there has been set a standard construction for the tactical throwable robots. Specifically, due to its main functions, such as reconnaissance, the tactical throwable robot as a rule contains a videocamera and a microphone mounted inside it. One of the most important features of the robot is its small size and high portability, which can be controlled on distance. The main technical characteristics of the machine are given below in the table offered by Czupryniak Rafal and Trojnazki Maziej in their article “Throwable tactical robot – description of construction and performed tests” (Czupryniak, 29). Parameter                             Desired Value      Robot’s weight in standard version    1,3 kg             Weight of additional load             0,16 kg            Weight of control panel               7 kg               Robot size (width/height/length)      205/100/200 mm     Control panel size                    360x340x194 mm     Maximum speed                         3,3 km/h           Throwing range                        15-20 m            Discarding height                     7-9 m              Range inside building                 30 – 110 m         Range in open space                   120-150 m          Standard equipment                    Camera, microphone Radio transmission                    Telemetry, vision  Operating time                        1 h                Control panel operating time          4 h                Maximal numbe
Long before our society had entered the new century, social scientists have been conducting research and were trying to explain some significant large-scale changes. Now there are several ways in which sociologists could try to make sense of these changes that could be summarized by words like “restructuring”, “globalization”, or “the new economy”, however old sociological concepts, such as “inequality” are still much more relevant concerning the understanding of today’s society (Moen, Dempster-Mcclain, & Walker, 1999). The modern world possesses such aspects of inequality as non-equal distribution of incomes, jobs, and wealth. Many jobs are only part-time, and the lion’s share of them are low wage. This situation is accompanied by the fact that many people are dependant on the benefits of welfare, and furthermore, they are poorly informed about social facts and ideas, as many tend to relate themselves to an amorphous middle class (Berberoglu, 1994). Prominent sociologists of the 20 th century Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, created a theory called the “Davis-Moore hypothesis”. This hypothesis claims that it is vital for society to be socially stratified and socially unequal. According to this theory, the importance of such stratification consists in certain occupations and positions being more essential to the society’s survival than other occupations and positions; in other words, some jobs are of greater importance than others. This leads us to a conclusion that such jobs must be held by the most talented people, in other words, “the best” in the field (Lopreato & Hazelrigg, 1972). Consequently, in order for such professionals to be attracted to take these positions, the jobs must offer greater rewards: better salaries, greater prestige, and more power compared to other occupations. The aforesaid makes our society unequal. It is rational to summarize this hypothesis by stating that such social unfairness is not simply unavoidable, but it is inherent for society’s proper functioning. The inefficiency of an egalitarian society would be caused by talented people not being encouraged to excel. According to Davis and Moore, human society has always been a meritocracy with the domination of inequality, where the personal social position is proportional to one’s capabilities and efforts. Another well-known sociologist Herbert Gans has a somewhat different approach on this issue. In his work, entitled “The Positive Functions of Poverty”, written over twenty years ago, he was the first one to turn his attention to the fact that poverty obliges people to engage in certain types of occupations, as they have no other alternatives left (O’connor, 2000). This condition relieves the richer part of the population from having to occupy these jobs or provides them with a few advantages that otherwise would not be available. According to Herbert Gans, social inequality exists because society (the people) are bene
Laws are created to ensure human security, provide justice, and protect human rights. The justice system exists to ensure that everyone is acting in accordance with the law. In the event of a violation, that is, the crime, the system ensures that the appropriate punishment is obtained. American laws, and the justice system, were formed during the liberation from the power of the English crown. Nevertheless, the legacy of the English government and religion, namely Christianity, which professed most of the immigrants, influenced the creation of the justice system. The very direction of the justice system activity echoes Christian religion. According to beliefs, God created specific laws following which a person acts morally. Violation of these laws implies punishment and obedience – reward, which a person receives after death. The justice system, in turn, also protects the body of laws. In it, jails are punishment, and safety can be considered a reward for other law-abiding people. Such an interpretation may mean that the ideas of justice, crime, and punishment reflect Christian standards. The belief that criminals can be rehabilitated and redeemed also significantly echoes Christian claims. According to history professor Jenkins (2018), religion and the church also played a significant role in reducing punishment’s cruelty. According to another source, faith influenced the establishment of generally accepted ethical standards, which also regulate the activities of the justice system itself (“Moral and religious influences,” n.d.). For example, the police have their ethical code for behavior with the arrested, and the prisons have their own about punishing prisoners. Thus, Christianity became the basis both for the creation of the justice system and for the establishment of its principles of functioning. As noted earlier, the justice system reflects the Christian defense of humans. This fact means that Christianity initially assumes the existence of specific laws and rights – natural law and rights. Natural law is a set of laws stipulated by God and is binding on everyone (LaRowe, 2014). Under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, the focus shifted in favor of rights. Assuming the naturalness of rights, one can say that people have certain freedoms or privileges because of their nature (Grayb 2014). In America, this concept was used during the Revolution and presented in the Declaration of Independence. That is, assessing the impact on the establishment of the justice system, it can be argued that seeing how the natural law is violated, a person had the right to defend it. Natural Law and Rights Theory and Christian concepts rela