ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The population must make its community free from any kind of ill behavior that may lead to increased crime, and security. One way to do so is to reduce substance-related problems, especially among the idle youth, due to high rates of unemployment, and increased stress levels, as they move from one stage of life to the next. The community engages in prevention programs through associations with religious, civic, and other government organizations. As a team, they work together to boost anti-drug norms and prosocial mannerisms via the implementation of various strategies aimed at modifying key aspects of the environment. Some of these include instituting new policies like the drug-free school concept or strengthening community practices like asking for identity cards when purchasing cigarettes or alcohol (Chou, et al., 1998). Community programs harmonize prevention measures across settings to relay information that is consistent via work, school, religious institutions, and the media. This is because research has indicated that similar messages relayed via different channels have a great impact on social norms. Some of the programs that are dependent on the community involve the development of policies and imposing regulations. In addition to this, the programs can relay information through mass-media efforts and community-wide awareness programs. Examples of community-based programs include: instituting youth curfew; imposing restrictions on advertisements; limiting the number of alcohol selling establishments in the community that is situated near youth institutions like schools; increasing the prices of cigarettes, and establishing drug-free zones within institutions (Palmgreen, Donohew, Lorch, Hoyle, & Stephenson, 2002). Some strategies are particularly effective in reducing substance-related problems. An example is the implementation of well constructed and targeted media interventions, such as the mass media campaign targeting youth who like to be “high”, which resulted in a drop of over 25% in marijuana abuse (Palmgreen, Donohew, Lorch, Hoyle, & Stephenson, 2002). Another group of people that are commonly forgotten is the homeless substance users. While tackling the problem may raise a few difficulties due to the need for rehabilitation, the community can help to prevent such behavior from starting in the first place. This can be achieved by emphasizing the importance of education and celebrating learning institutions as well as teachers. Increasing the knowledge base of people via education will push them towards self-reliance, and the provision of various necessities to their families, which will, in turn, give them less time to indulge in drug abuse, and more
When the United States set to raid Iraq, they supposed that the war was not going to last for a very long time. As such, they expected that it was not going to be a difficult task overhauling Saddam Hussein’s regime and replace it with a regime of their own choice. The majority of the American population did not perceive clearly how the consequences of the war would affect them in the long run. For the individuals who had designed the plan for the invasion of Iraq, they dangerously simplified it to the extent that they ignored some of the bitter realities that are today open not only to the people of the United States but also to the global community. The most important task was not the war itself but the days after the war. How was a democratic, pluralistic and stable Iraq going to be built after the war? This question was both under- and over-debated. Within the United States administration, post-conflict reconstruction was a major subject of unprecedented discussion. The challenges which were to be faced after the war were either underestimated or overestimated. What is now clear is that there were some unprecedented outcomes which the aftermath of the war has brought to the fore. Instead of the timetable for the conflict being determined by the urgent outside events, it was chiefly the function of the United States diplomatic maneuvering, war planning, and decision making. The reasons for the war have been widely questioned and as time passes, reasons seem to shift from disarmament, with the idea that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, to changing the dictatorial regime of Saddam Hussein, and finally to the attempt by the United States to transform the Middle East. A few neoconservatives have had a long-held belief that Saddam Hussein posed a major threat to the security of the Middle East. As such, for peace and stability to be guaranteed in the Middle East, it was necessary to oust him. With this respect, a new reordering of the Middle East which pushes out tyrannical forms of government was necessary. The threat to achieving democracy and modernity in the Middle East was Saddam. Others on the other hand believed that ousting Saddam Hussein will guarantee Israel’s security. However, the main reason which motivated the United States to invade Iraq was the perception of its immense power which integrates idealism and force. Many of these individuals believed in an American position had to be asserted aggressively. These neoconservatives saw the period under Bush and Clinton as Periods of retreat. They had much confidence in the supremacy of America that all they required was a mission. They however would not have waited for too long before they could see an opportunity. This came with 9/11. The turning point came with this event. Many Ameri
In social work, it is significant to identify internal barriers that arise from a social worker and external barriers that come from a client and a relationship between them. On the one hand, finding possible obstacles is essential for social workers since this practice helps determine what issues prevent them from being present and integrated with clients (Geller & Greenberg, 2012). Simultaneously, being aware of the internal barriers allow therapists to control their stress levels and choose an appropriate behavior model (Geller & Greenberg, 2012). On the other hand, external obstacles arise from patients, and possible examples include an angry client, a person “facing dying or death,” and others (Geller & Greenberg, 2012, p. 152). Social workers should understand that patients’ words and emotions can significantly affect their professional practice and personal attitudes toward the situation. It means that sufficient attention should be drawn to external barriers to ensure that they do not prevent therapists from providing adequate service to clients. The program case study for the Petrakis family reveals that both Helen and the social work intern experienced a few barriers. An internal obstacle emerged when the intern ignored the necessity to identify the actual reasons for Helen’s weak desire to ask her son, Alec, for help (Plummer et al., 2014). The intern interpreted this fact by thinking that Helen did not expect her children to contribute resources. The case study demonstrates that the social work intern made an error, which resulted in an external challenge. In a while, Helen angrily came and accused the intern of advising to ask Alec for help because this decision created many problems for the patient. This situation also made Helen experience anxiety and physical pain, which is another external barrier. The social work intern can take a few specific steps to overcome the barriers above. Firstly, it is necessary to understand that all therapeutic sessions should have a particular goal (Singer, 2007). In the case study, the intern’s goal is to provide social work services to Helen, and the constant focus on this target should make the intern draw sufficient attention to all the details. Secondly, a helpful step for the intern is to invest in self-reflection (Geller & Greenberg, 2012). Upon working with Helen, the social work intern should admit that her task is not to give advice. This thought demonstrates that Helen makes all the decisions by herself. Understanding this can also create a shield for the intern when Helen angrily expresses her dissatisfaction with therapy outcomes. If I were Helen’s social worker, I would use an appropriate strategy to address her anger and accusa
The US Government is the main authority in providing the necessary laws and policies in order to regulate all the spheres of the public’s life in the country. The leadership of the government is realized in its ability to create the safe environment for the public where laws and policies have the real power. The problem is in the fact that definite laws can be discussed as threatening for people because of their controversial character. Thus, according to the principles of the democratic society, the US population has the right to protect their life and property with the help of guns. From this point, the right to own guns can be considered as the accentuation of the Americans’ civil liberties. However, there is the other side of the issue. Nowadays, gun assaults become typical for the American society, and the situation requires its immediate regulation with references to the government’s leadership. If the question of gun control policies was not actively discussed several years ago, today the situation is quite opposite, and the first attempts to control gun violence are observed. Thus, the task of the government is not only to provide laws and policies to follow the democratic principles but also to focus on the public’s security and citizens’ right to live which can be violated with references to the ineffective gun control laws. Laws and policies often require their further improvement in order to respond to all the aspects of the definite social situation. The concentration of the US government on changing and improving the gun control policies is caused by the challenging tendency of increasing a number of tragic events associated with gun assaults and teenagers’ violence. It is important to note that the incident at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, was not unique, but the number of the similar incidents became unusually high during the last decade. Lawrence and Birkland are studying the tendency during several years. In their research, the authors refer to the situation of 1999. Thus, “in April 1999, two students at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado shot and killed 12 students and a teacher before killing themselves” (Lawrence and Birkland 1193). The incident in Colorado shocked the American public. In more than ten years, the number of victims and the frequency of similar incidents are higher, and this tendency should be changed with the help of improving the government’s approach to controlling the usage of guns by citizens. The US citizens have the right to purchase guns to protect themselves. This right
The study of history is an essential part of modern education. As a field of knowledge about the past, history is the foundation of the social sciences and, together with the other sciences, forms the human worldview. Without it, it is impossible to build a scientific theory of social development, which is especially important in developing new approaches to solving modern society’s diverse problems. History performs several socially significant functions. One of them is cognitive, consisting of studying the historical path of countries and peoples and the reflection of all phenomena and processes. Another is education: knowledge of the history of its people shows its role in the development of society. It is essential to understand the new generation who will shape their country’s fate in the future. Indigenous peoples live all over the world, speaking an overwhelming number of the world’s languages and representing a variety of cultures. Indigenous knowledge systems may also generate new attitudes and practices in public education. All public education takes place on indigenous lands and must therefore necessarily promote respect for those lands, indigenous peoples, and tribal sovereignty. Indians shall have the right to pursue their avocations of hunting and fishing throughout the tract surrendered, subject to such regulations as may be made by Her Government of Her Dominion of Canada. As a result of indigenous peoples’ representatives’ efforts over the past 30 years, indigenous peoples’ rights are now receiving more attention at the United Nations and in the international community. Wanuskewin is a pristine testimony to the settlement of people on the northern plains. The Park is located 2.5 kilometers north of the town of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Wanuskewin’s archaeological resources are an example of the Great Plains of North America’s pre-contact occupation and exceptional evidence of traditional human settlement on the Northern Plains. Archaeological excavations tell the story of peoples who came to hunt bison, plant plants and settle in different seasons. Wanuskewin provides a snapshot of Indigenous cultural development in the Great Plains region over 6,000 years. 1 To live in this region requires equipment for hunting and gathering, shelter, flora, fauna, and coastal habitat. These features are present in Wanuskewin and are universal historic heritage values. Wanuskewin, the word Nēhiyawēwin (Cree), roughly translated as a sanctuary, is considered a sacred place and gathering place and continues to be relevant for education, ceremony, peaceful coexistence, and reconciliation of all peoples. The tribes, now known as the Cre
The best marketing planning method is based on the mission that guides business operations. It leads to the identification of needed markets, and the structuring of precise marketing strategies and objectives for each commodity that an organization intends to present to customers. Given this, it becomes the role of the organization to create value and delivery process. The segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP3) strategy is the core of strategic marketing. This technique enables marketers to narrow their focus and effectively communicate the preferred qualities of a commodity to intended customers. A captivating marketing slogan is, therefore, the fruit of STP, coined to entice consumers into purchasing a commodity (Quinn, 2009). Segmentation According to Tuma, Decker, and Scholz (2011), segmentation of the market is an adaptive business promotion tactic. It involves the division of the customer base to pick on one or more segments of the market for target advertisements. This will enable marketers to develop particular marketing strategies that address specific market needs. Additionally, the strategy of market segmentation enables an organization to expand its competitive scope and returns. Segments may be defined by geographic, social structure, or psychographic aspects of the market. For example, commodities that college students prefer to buy may not be similar to those of youthful professionals. Young parents may be interested in different commodities than their age mates buying their personal effects (Pirinsky, & Wang, 2011). The market division may include the identification of divisions for which an organization would be more appropriate to supply by enjoying a competitive edge against market rivals, such as dropping the adaptation costs. Targeting Targeting involves the making of decisions based on the right market segments. The practice enables organizations to focus their marketing plan on the right group. For example, an organization may spot a whole group of young adults in a market segment; however, the company would probably gain more returns on its marketing efforts if the resources were channeled to a more precise group, which is more interested in a product or service being offered: for instance, marketing new brad of nappies to younger adults with children would be more positive than marketing the same item to all adults. Each segment develops different perceptions of a market commodity (Tuma, Decker, & Scholz, 2011). Positioning Quinn (2009) suggests positioning involves crafting uniqueness of a commodity to occupy the consumer’s mind. T
When people move to a new environment, they might experience a sense of discomfort. Consider a situation when a person enters a room that has an extremely foul smell. Initially the environment is overwhelming and the person feels like vomiting. However, with perseverance the foul smell seem to reduce in intensity and no longer overwhelms the person. The person has gotten over the smell and can live with it. The sensory nerves thus stop being sensitive to the strong smell and adapt to the environment. Psychologists have termed this phenomenon as sensory adaptation. This adaptation helps people to live comfortably in new environments and still balance the need to receive sensory stimulus. Sensory adaptation is possible to all the five senses namely, sight, sound, touch smell and taste. However, the sensation that does not adapt easily is the sense of pain. In the event that a person is burnt, the smell of burnt flesh disappears quickly but the pain lingers on for longer period (Smith & Wallace, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of sensory adaptation in human beings through a series of experiments. The first experiment involves the sense of touch. I rubbed my index finger over a very coarse sand paper for one minute. On a scale of 1 to 7, where 7 is very course, I rated the paper at 7. I waited for minute and rubbed with the same finger again. However, upon the second turn the paper seemed less coarse. I rated its level of coarseness at four. My sense of touch had become less sensitive to the sense of touch. During the process of the experiments, a number of sensory activities took place in my nervous system. Upon touching the sandpaper, the dendrites receive the stimulus and process it in the cell body. After processing, this information is transferred by the axon as a chemical signal through the synapse, which may or may not be located in that muscle cell. This chemical message, the neurotransmitter, is picked by the sensory neurons and transmitted to the brain through the spinal tract located in the spinal cord. Inside the brain, the cerebrum receives this stimulation, which is then transferred to the Somatosensory Cortex. This organ in the brain perceives the level of the coarseness of the sandpaper and immediately reacts by sending a message back to the finger through the motor neurons. This message commands the sensory cells to become less sensitive to stimulation. Thus the sandpaper seems less coarse a second time (Slideshare, 2011; Moini, 2008). This seems to be a very long process but it takes millisecond from initiation to completion. This is because the central nervous system is equipped to respond to stimulus and make split second decision. The second experiment involved the sense of taste. I took two glasses of water and added s
Social Inequality in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era The Gilded Age was one of the United States’ most prosperous eras. Between 1870 and the early 20 th century, the country amassed wealth at a meteoric rate. The nation seemed headed in a path of economic stability, with everyone welcome to tag along, but this was a fallacy. The Gilded Age was glorious on the surface but full of rot underneath. It bled into the Progressive Era that aimed to correct the wrongs of the Gilded Age with arguably considerable success. It was a period of heightened social activism. In this paper, I look at the social injustices suffered by minority communities in these eras, how they sought to solve them, and the coverage of these critical periods of American history in the textbooks. Social Inequalities Experienced by Minority Groups One of the hallmarks of the Gilded Age was widespread inequality. This form of injustice broadly took two forms; social and economic (Cashman, 293). With the rise of corporations that offered jobs for everyone willing to work, streaming millions of immigrants from Europe and the Far East was a welcome sight; or so it was supposed to be. It led to the advent of the deplorable state of workers in the republic. The number of workers was more than the jobs, and mass unemployment followed. The majority of the migrant population was unskilled, and the lack of factory jobs meant no income. Getting a job was not glorious, maybe just the lesser evil at best. Workers in these companies run by overly shrewd businessmen who held productivity above all else were paid meager wages for their troubles. They had to endure dangerous working conditions without compensation for injuries incurred while on the job. This, coupled with the high
The intelligence is understood by scientists as the brain activity and the ability to use it in the social life. The main area of intelligence usage is the class activity, when all children’s potential should be discovered and developed by the teacher, as well as the parents’ help is supported. Howard Gardner has introduced his own Multiple Intelligence Model with the aim to help teachers to provide the curriculum for gifted children, to develop their abilities and to use them differentially and individually for all gifted children. Clark (2007) dwells upon the importance of introducing different strategies in reference to gifted children, to identify them and to develop according to their abilities. Giving brief description of Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Model , Clark (2007) is sure that the division, which is introduced in his model and is supported by the test, may help the teacher to identify the students’ abilities (gifts) and to continue children’s deep development of them. Turning closer to the Multiple Intelligence Model , Gardner understands intelligence as not just sensory process, but as “the sum of the processes that can take place, no matter what he sensory system” (Maltby, Day, & Macaskill, 2007, p.276). Gardner inclines, that linguistic intelligence, for example, may be dependant on all sensors, such as taste, touch, vision, hearing and smell. At the same time, according to Gardner, people’s brain is divided into sections, which act independently, but are controlled by the intelligence. This theory is the core in the Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Model. Supporting this idea, Gardner identifies eight native intelligences of the person, which are the main consideration in his Multiple Intelligence Model . These intelligences are as follows, (1) linguistic, that explains the creative usage of the language skills, (2) logical/mathematical, which explains the ability to think rationally, (3) spatial, the ability to create mental models of the world, (4) musical, good ear skills, (5) bodily/kinesthetic, the developed body characteristics, (6) interpersonal, good cooperation with people, (7) intrapersonal, when the person can easily identify his/her talents and provide them into life, and (8) naturalist, when the patterns of nature may be easily understood and organized (Ri