ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the major results of the Second World War was the emergence of two world super powers; the United States of America and the Soviet Union. These two powers appeared to be pitted against each other from an ideological point of view resulting in high polarization. The United States favored communism while the Soviet Union was pro communism and aimed to spread this ideology to its spheres of influence. The Soviet Union was seen as an aggressor, keen on expanding by influencing weaker states and exporting its communism ideals to the countries. As a result of this, there arose the need for the United States to take steps to deter this spread of the Soviet Union. This paper shall conduct a concise yet informative research on the US containment strategy as with regard to the Soviet Union and discuss the evolution of containment. The reasoning behind the adoption of this policy and the subsequent results of the same shall also be articulated. Birth of the Containment Policy As a result of the victory of WWII, the Soviet Union gained considerable prestige and power on a global scale. However, the Soviet states where dictatorial in nature as opposed to the democratic West. A core ideology of the Soviet regime was to secure and make absolute its power over Russian society as well as the outside world. This move towards absolute power began by the liquidation of capitalism in Russia and a stress on the evils of capitalism and the Western nations. This status quo led to a need to “contain” the Soviet State by limiting its spheres of influence. The major aim of “Containment” from the onset was therefore to prevent the Soviet Union from using the power and position that it had won in shaping world politics The term “containment” was coined by the United States diplomat George Kennan and it was primarily a policy designed to curb Soviet expansionism that seemed eminent following the end of the Second World War [1] . The threats of expansion by the Soviet Union were not idle ones as was seen by the increasing influence of its communist ideology in Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. Perhaps the spirit of the containment policy as adopted by the American government can be best summed up in the Truman Doctrine in which the US pledged to “support free peoples who a
Introduction This paper compares the perspectives on learning offered by Barry J. Zimmerman, Etienne Wenger and Yrjo Engeström. The research paper analyzes three dissimilar styles of regular learning system and dissimilar theories of accepting them. Three researchers explain the connection among social learning approach, self-efficacy of personnel and expansive learning at the workplace. It also reveals that the success of any company relies on how the employees shape learning process and how they insert the constant learning processes into the daily routine. To be more specific, Wenger stresses dissimilar methodologies of social learning scheme in a company. Zimmerman underlines the power of self-efficacy and how it assists in motivating the stuff members in order to accomplish the preferred aims. Engeström states that learning approaches are applied in order to estimate the worth of expansive learning at the workplace. Analysis of Theories Consistent with Zimmerman (2000, p. 82-91) self-efficacy motivates learners and assists them in dealing with new issues by constant learning. This approach differs from the largest part of motivational hypothesizes, for instance, self-concept, outcome expectations, and locus of control. This theory allows learners to make own choices concerning their activities. Employees with self-efficacy are proud with their emotional strength, which allows them to deal with different difficult challenges as contrasted with the learners with no self-efficacy. This ability enables learners to achieve aims and targets by offering the ways of better performance. If self-efficacy is supported by student’s self-belief concerning his or her academic abilities, it can further motivate the learner to accomplish the preferred aims (McGreal 2004, p. 53). The author also discussed learner’s motivation in terms of the so-called outcome expectations (Zimmerman 2000, p. 82-91). He argues that outcome expectation and self-efficacy assist learners in motivation. However, self-efficacy is far more significant as the type of outcome students expect depends on their judgment on how well they will be capable to perform under any circumstances. Zimmerman also specifies that self-efficacy concentrates on personal performance abilities rather than concentrating on the individual traits, thus, self-efficacy ideas are not single character but are multifaceted. Zimmerman (2000, p. 82-91) adds that self-efficacy can play a vital role for motivation as it helps learners’ to participate in their choice of activities and improves personal accomplishments. Wenger (2000, p. 225-246), in his turn, asserts that success of any firm relies on how the personnel members accept the social learning concept in their daily work. He further introduces the basic aspects of learning concept: communities of practice, boundary processes among them, and workers’ identities. Consistent with the researcher, personal experience and individual competency assist a per
Introduction The past two decades have been characterised by an unprecedented rate of globalisation, technological developments, and competition, which have led to a remarkable revolution within and across organisations. Despite the changes arising from the macro environment, businesses have to maximise their level of profitability. This assertion highlights the need for organisations to develop sustainability, which entails balancing environmental, social, and economic factors that might affect an organisation’s long-term performance. Devinney (2009) emphasises that sustainability has become one of the most important management agendas in organisations’ operations. However, one of the major challenges faced by organisations in their quest to achieve sustainability relates to climate change. The aspect of climate change is quickly becoming an integral part of business operations, especially in the wake of global warming. Governments are increasing pressure on organisations to control their greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). For example, Russia ratified the Kyoto treaty in 2004 (Hoffman 2005). In a bid to eliminate intervention from the government and other regulatory agencies, it is imperative for organisations to formulate effective climate change strategies. Orlitzky et al. (2003) suggest that the long-term performance of business is influenced by the strategies set on market and nonmarket environments. This paper eval
The selected picture (figure 1) shows a green forest, which is represented in the form of human lungs. You can notice that one part of the forest has been cut down, which is why there is only empty brown earth in this place of the forest in the form of lungs. This painting uses symbolism to convey the relationship between forests and the health of human lungs. The authors of the image want to convey the basic idea that the problem of deforestation is relevant today. The main idea is that the more forests are cut down, the less oxygen is left for people. Thus, the picture evokes emotions and empathy in the audience. It shows that with the felling of trees, not only the forests themselves suffer, but also your lungs. If to pay attention to the details, as already mentioned above, there is a black area on the site of the felled trees, where the black stones lying on the ground could be noticed. When there is a lung disease in humans, black areas on the lungs appear; further, this leads to serious diseases such as cancer. This parallelism makes the image realistic, evoking associations among the audience. In fact, the picture very realistically shows the real lungs of a person by imitating the structure of the lungs using lightpaths between trees. It is worthy of paying attention to the colors used in the image. Green is a symbol of life, and the dominance of the green color in the picture demonstrates the importance of forests in human life. Contrarily, the brown color is a symbol of death, and the brown stands for the adverse consequences of deforestation for the whole of humankind and the environment. The color of the sky is not bright, it is gray, and there is an abundance of clouds. These clouds block sunshine, symbolizing the disappearance of hope. However, there is no total darkness; there is still some sunlight going through the clouds and falling into the forest. It means that there is still hope to save forests. I think the image is trying to convey the message that the more trees cut down, the less sunshine or less hope for life will remain. The space taken by the sky in the image is not so big, and a clear sky is covered by clouds. The clear sky here is a symbol of a sustainable future. It could be noticed that in the area where trees were cut down, there is still some instrument for further work. That could mean that people are going to continue destroying forests and are careless about the problem. At the same time, they are careless about their health and future. Next, it is seen that there are several trees apart from the main forest. This means that people are thinking about plants as an endless resource, assuming that there are still many trees remaining. However, it is not true, and in the image itself, the number of trees standing behind the forest is small. The image primarily introduces the cultural issue of deforestation. Deforestation is a global issue that causes many environmental problems and
Abstract The following research paper discusses the important themes of the narrative of Frederick Douglas as an American slave. Frederick Douglas is among the most famous figures as far as the struggle for racial equality and civil rights in America is concerned. Douglas was an inspiration to many people through his literary works and politics as he talked about oppression that had deteriorated in America and overseas. Douglas was born around 1818 at a time when slavery was the order of the day and eventually escaped from slavery and became an influential orator and writer who gained respected throughout the United States and he accomplished his feats without formal education. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas as an American slave by Douglas which was published in the year 1845 represents an account of Douglas courage to abolish the slavery and injustice. It describes the life of Frederick Douglas from his early childhood till the time when he escaped from the slavery in 1838.Douglas uses logical analysis to describe the events that took place and creates an emotional feeling in the narrative. The narrative was produced at a period when there was no audio and visual electronic recordings and so his determination to write the narrative is an important testimony because if it were not for literate slaves like Douglas, we might not have the understanding and knowledge of America’s shameful past . Thomas Courser was keen to observe that Douglas was indeed a remarkable person who lived at a period that was exceptionally tumultuous as far as the American history was concerned and he provided literary works which are deemed to continue attracting attention of the future generations of the American historians and critics. Many could not understand how a slave could come up with such a narrative of his life in lucid prose (Parish 182) The theme of slavery/suffering Slavery/suffering is the overriding theme in the narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas as an American slave. Douglas was born a black slave in Maryland, Talbot County and his mother was taken away from him while he was an infant and so his grandmother took the responsibility of nurturing him. He never knew much about his father apart from the fact that some people believed that he was a white man. His childhood was relatively happier as he did not know the true meaning of slavery and its impacts until he was taken into slavery himself when he experienced his own aunt being whipped by Colonel Lloyd for disobeying the masters’ orders and going out. Colonel Lloyd stripped her aunt naked and tied her with a rope after which he whipped her until blood dripped into the floor. All this happened under the view of Frederick Douglas and he was very terrified as he had never experienced such before because there were no bloody events in the plantation where he lived with his grandmother (
Renaissance Figure 1: The Wet Nurse (1740s) Artist: Pietro Longhi Style: Rococo Genre: genre painting Gallery: Ca’ Rezzonico, Museo del Settecento, Venice Impressionism Figure 2: Nurse and Child Artist: Mary Cassatt Start Date: 1896 Completion Date: 1897 Style: Impressionism Genre: genre painting Technique: pastel Material: paper Gallery: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Medieval Figure 3: Childbirth: Woodcut from Der Swangern Frawen und he bammen roszgarten, by Eucharius Rösslin, 1513 The proposal One intriguing aspect of these works of fine art is that they capture history of nursing and the role of nurses during earlier periods. One may think that nursing roles were nonexistent during these periods, but the selected arts of Renaissance, Impressionism and Medieval Age show otherwise. There have been nurses with diverse roles since early periods and perhaps the profession is older than imagined. The Renaissance painting, the Wet Nurse by Pietro Longhi, the medieval woodcut, the Childbirth by Eucharius Rösslin, and the Impressionism painting, Nurse and Child by Mary Cassatt show that nurses already had specialized roles as care providers. In fact, in all the examples used, women provided nursing care to their patients. This shows that women were always central in providing care for the sick, babies or nursing adults. These works for fine arts show the evolution of nursing and medical profession. Training for nurses was not forma
In essence, there are many definitions of peace. In the context of this paper, peace is defined as insubstantial attribute which is hard to compute or otherwise quantify. Peace is usually defined as the nonexistence of war, random violence and actions of terrorism. However, this characterization is narrow and, does not put into consideration the major causes of conflict and sustainability of worldwide peace, which is not a sufficient necessity for peace. When defined dynamically, peace calls for existence of justice and fairness in accordance to the rule of law (Richie, 2004, pp.669-675). Sustenance of tourism has become an issue of equivalent significance in both developing and developed countries. This essay is designed for both. However, the sense of balance of concerns may differ between them. The resolve of this paper is to provide administrations with leadership and structure for the growth of strategies that sustains tourism as a toolbox of mechanisms they can use in the implementation of those. Over time, tourism has increasingly become a fundamental part of our lives with the tourism industry being said to be among the fastest growing global industries. A report documented by the International Task Force on Sustainable Tourism Devel­opment (ITF-STD)-Marrakech (2009) documents that 903 Million tourist travelled in 2007 and the number increased in 2008 as well as 2009 in spite of the economic and financial hiccups that were faced in between that duration. Additionally, the report further estimates that the number may sky-rocket to as high as 1.6 billion people by the year 2020.This is majorly based on the various forms of activities that people engage in tourism thus giving us an ample time for relaxation. Lindsay (2003) additionally states that global tourism generates close to 3 trillion dollars while it importantly contributes to approximately 11% of the global Gross National Product which makes it the largest industry in the world. Even more importantly, tourism has been a great income generating activity for not just individuals but also corporations and even governments (Dabour, 2003, pp.24-30). Recent studies also attest to the immense progress of the tourism industry in spite of the admitted presence of challenges and limitations in the industry. Tourism occurs when people choose to move from one place to another visiting with friends and family purposely for play, business, study, work, service and, pilgrimage (Rodriguez & Cruz, 2007, pp.824-826). Tourist destinations range from simple areas like recreation centers, parks, museums to hiking trails and resorts depending on the nature of tourism and the individuals or groups of people involved in it (Byrd & Cardenas, 2009; and Sharpley & Telfer, 2002, pp.5-10). Whether someone travels short distances or miles alone, with family members, friends, strangers or colleagues; tourism mostly entail meetings and various interactions among various populations with varying age groups, spiritual traditions, ethnic backgrounds, ability, cultural heritages, interests and educational levels (Chavez, 1999). Travelers or tourists can engage in new familiarities, gain informat
Definition The article under review is adapted from Mythologies written by Roland Barthes and translated by Annette Lavers, Hill and Wang. Barthes begins his analysis of the Myth by stating that in its simplistic form a myth is a type of speech. However, he states that speech must contain particular features to qualify as a myth. It is however, the way he tries to link the flow of factors that degenerate the myth into becoming a type of speech that raises certain questions. The article notes that it is imperative from the start to comprehend the myth as a way of communication. The brevity of it is that myth is a message and its definition does not lie in the content it intends to convey but by the means with which it is conveyed. This makes it a form. The question that lingers at this moment is whether the myth qualifies to be a type of speech based on certain conditions or it is a form of speech on its own. The latter could as well be interpreted to mean a medium of speech. Roland Barthes fails to clearly identify from the onset the specific differences in his two proposals. He indicates that the myth has no substantial proofs instead, it can be defined using formal limits that degenerate to state that everything could be myth for as long as a discourse
Introduction NeoPets is a virtual pet website that was created in 1999 by Adam Powell and Donna Williams that involves the creation of virtual pets referred to as Neopets that live in a virtual world, Neopia. Once a player creates an account, they can be able to create their own Neopets and take care of them by buying food, accessories, and toys with a virtual currency known as Neocash. Purchases can also be made through the use of Neopoints, which are earned when a player wins a game or invests in the NeoPets stock market. Users can also explore Neopia with their Neopets and interact with players on Neoboards (NeoPet, 2010). Case Study: Will NeoPet become a Fad? The case study referred to by Daniels et al. (2007) addresses certain issues that relate to international business environments and operations. In addressing the aspect of whether NeoPets has the potential to be a fad; the concept of fads needs to be defined. Armstrong and Kotler (2007) define a fad as a fashion that is quickly adopted by the general public with a lot of hype and excitement. The sales of the product peak very early and quickly and then start experiencing a decline. Products that have been deemed as fads in the past include the Hula Hoop, Beanie Baby’s, and the Rubik’s Cube. Armstrong and Kotler noted that the above products failed to survive in the market because they did not meet the rising expectations and needs of their target audience (Armstrong & Kotler, 2007). The online environment has the potential to shape the perceptions and beliefs of consumers, increasing its base and sales. NeoPets has created a virtual community of users who are invested in taking care of their Neopets in a network that is operating on a social and economic basis. The resulting effect is that NeoPet’s highly interactive virtual website has become very successful in targeting the emotional aspect of its users, ensuring their long term membership and participation. This has enabled it to reduce its presence in the virtual market from being that of a fad to a more permanent fixture (Daniels et al, 2007) NeoPet Marketing Strategies NeoPets uses the concept of immersive advertising and product placement to market and promote the game where advertisers incorporate their adverts into the website’s screen saver and also in the game as the users are playing in the virtual world, Neopia (Zimmerman, 2007). Marketing surveys have been used to gain insight from players on how to market the game and make it more popular. NeoPet users who take a survey as well as view movie trailers and cereal advertisements earn extra Neopoints and Neocash. Another technique NeoPet uses in its marketing strategies is giving its current members incentives whenever they introduce a new member into the virtual world Neopia. Advertisers who use the NeoPet’s website are companies such as Disney, Kelloggs, Kraft Foods, McDonald’s, Warner Brothers, Mars, Nestle and Universal Studios (McGinnis et al 2006). Country to Count