ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The main problem of scientific underestimation is reduced to the idea that evidence is not enough to determine our beliefs in a scientific theory. However, evidence based on empirical observations does not always insure the correctness of theoretical concepts because it can reject what was determined to be correct before. Quine’s holism rejects “the distinction between empirical and a priori truths, where a priori truths are those that are known independently of experience and immune to revision in the light of it” (Shapiro, 2005, p. 416). The interpretation of the statement shows that epistemic beliefs are included into the network of epistemologically important hypotheses connected with other background beliefs. However, as hypothesis is based on empirical implications or consequences, a falsified consequence can lead to wrong explanation for related background assumptions. Additionally, contrastive underestimation constitutes that a body of evidence confirming one theory can confirm other theories as well. The indispensability argument put forward by Quine and Putnam relies on the view that scientific theories are justified or unjustified as wholes (Quine, 1980, p. 41). Based on the above, one has to concentrate on the issues of epistemic knowledge and the challenges created by the empirical observations. Further, one should discuss various opinions and arguments for and against holism to identify the place of this theory in network of beliefs. Finally, nature of mathematical knowledge as applied to different scientific theories should be examined. The indispensability argument to science provides a solid ground to believe in the existence of mathematical objects, like sets, numbers, and functions. This argument is premised on the view that if a scientific theory is justified by empirical implications, then the entire theoretical framework is justified as well. The view is called confirmational holism. However, there is an ambiguity concerning the basis of holistic justification. Empirical findings cannot fully guarantee the indispensability of Mathematics to science because the obviousness of mathematical objects is left unconsidered by Quine. Confirmational Holism, Its Main Concepts, and Application to the Indispensability Argument Overview of Indispensability Argument According to Quine (1990), our beliefs relate to the ultimate evidence, and this evidence is directly connected with the whole system of beliefs but not with its isolated elements. The above implies that the evidence for particular object existence should not be explicit but derived from our own system of beliefs (Shapiro, 2005 p. 413). Consequently, one ought to define the criteria for outlining the objects committed to our general system of beliefs. Presenting science as the result of development of evidence-based system of statements, Quine considers it as the external arbiter of truth (Colyvan, 2003, p. 11). In this respect, Mathematics is considered to be an inherent part of science whose significance matters in correlation with other scientific theories (Shapiro, 2005, p. 419). The ontological c
Introduction The Arnold Palmer hospital is a unique hospital that provides family health care specializing in women and children. Right from its inception, the Arnold Palmer hospital has experienced growth in a robust way. It is based in Orlando but serves clientele from all the fifty states of the U.S. It originally had a capacity for six thousand, five hundred births per year (Arnold Palmer Hospital, 2011). Within no time it approached and passed the ten thousand births mark. It is named after its original donor, a famous golfer Arnold Palmer who insisted that it must be a top quality hospital (Evans, 1996). Today, Arnold Palmer Hospital (APH) is one of the largest and most respected hospitals. Every year, it sees tens of thousands of babies born in its facilities and treats women and children. This essay aims at identifying sound operation management strategies and issues which give an organization its competitive advantage. A case study of Arnold Palmer Hospitals will be done and recommendations done for the best operations management strategies it should assume if it is to expand profitably (Taha, 1996). Total quality management (TQM) According to Dr Vincent Giusti a pediatric hematologist in the hospital, the hospital treats the whole child and not just the illness. He says that each patient is addressed by a team of specialists so as to analyze the medical and psychological condition and treatment. Treatment goes beyond the patient and is thus extended with counseling and support of the family to eliminate fears or concerns. This is accompanied by follow up monitoring after treatment is complete (Galloway, 2009). This kind of treatment is a proof that the hospital emphasizes on total quality management. TQM stresses on commitment by management to create continuing drive for the entire organization towards excellence in every aspect of processes or products and services which give value to the customer. It starts with customer value proposition and the organizing of activities to contribute to the core values while continuously trying to improve on quality. The concept of TQM also involves six sigma where the program aims to reduce defects, lower costs and also give customer satisfaction (Chandra, Everson & Grabis, 2005). This is evident in the way the hospital addresses the whole patient rather than focusing on the illness alone. Six sigma is also viewed as 3.4 defects per million opportunities abbreviated as DPMO which the process uses as the standard metric. It therefore requires high and continuous training and requires a lot of commitment from top level management. Employee empowerment is also a major aspect and is done through building communication networks (Evans, 1996), developing open and supportive supervisors, and creating formal team structures. The hospital uses internal benchmarking and this enables it
The museum is located in Lower Manhattan   * The district primary functions as a center for business, cultural life, and administration   * Most of the buildings are offices, shops, restaurants, and recreation facilities such as parks, museums, and open spaces   * The number of residents currently constitutes about 60,000   * Originally, the area was inhabited by Native Indians until the first Dutch settlers overtook it and built a New Amsterdam later in 1626   * The area possesses historical, architectural, and cultural value as it encompasses a variety of corresponding monuments   * The area is a center to folk and jazz clubs, modern art galleries, punk bars.   * The area is extremely diverse and lively featuring people of various ethnicities, occupations, interests and social layers   * The greenery is a strong side of Lower Manhattan   * However, the streets are full of cars and traffic jams, which creates noise pollution   * The area is densely built up and capitalistic attitudes towards it leave fewer options for making it more livable.   * Transportation is organized mainly by metro communications   * Cars and land transportation in a rush hour are not an option (see fig. 1)   * Street art is a fast-growing and popular art movement   * Lower Manhattan is a famous place for festivals and exhibitions of street art (see fig. 2) Figure. 1. Canal street rush hour (“Lafayette Street”). Figure. 2. Street art in Lower Manhattan (Bruner). Figure. 3. Lower Manhattan, view from Jersey City (“Lower Manhattan”). History   * The Chinese Museum is currently located at 215 Centre Street   * It was constructed circa 1980 by Jack Tchen and Charlie Lai – a historian and a local activist respectively   * The original location is Chinatown – the heart of Chinese American lifestyle, tradition and culture   * In 2005 the museum received a grant of $20 million from Michael Bloomberg and moved to its
Surname Genetic engineering involves a partial or complete alteration in the structure, form and function of an organism through artificial replacement, addition or deletion of genetic composition and sequence. This alteration or modification may result in the organism acquiring a whole new characteristic. This technology promises immense benefit to the human society since various disorders and ailments can successfully be treated. It has the potential of altering the course of human destiny either positively or negatively. According to scientific research the genes in every living organism contains the information about the function and structure of all tissues and organs. Understanding this information has ensured that certain human conditions that troubled man throughout the centuries has been pushed into the past. Today, various inherited conditions can successfully be treated through genetic engineering. Breakthroughs in genetic research have advanced our understanding and knowledge of approaching genetic interventions as solutions to treating diseases caused by abnormalities in genes (Franken, Chapman 1). Efforts to develop techniques for treating diseases at molecular level arose due to the limitations of the current therapies to treat genetic diseases. An advance in animal research has also increased the possibility of modifying the genetic composition of the future generations. Advanced knowledge of genetics is also making it possible for the enhancement of human characteristics such as strength, intelligence and eye color (Ibid 2). Humans can now access the information about their biological system and functioning which poses major ethical complexities. Information got with regard to genetic research may be of harm to the human society. We have successfully managed to introduce foreign genes into the system of other animals and we cannot deny the same possibility with regard to humans. Much study has been focu
Adolescence is a defining period in a person’s life. A child focuses on learning fundamental information about the world and obtaining primary survival skills. The priority shifts by the time when he or she transitions into puberty. Exploration of the independent sense of self replaces exploration of the world. This life period is as critical to the shaping of one’s personality as it is unstable. There are physical and hormonal changes along with the lost feeling of safety and the realization that childhood is gone. All these factors contribute to the fact that adolescence is a highly emotional stage. However, these emotions are not just a passing quality of teenage years. Emotions experienced during this crucial stage of development significantly affect the formation of one’s personality and identity, and it is necessary to manage these emotions effectively. People associate intensive emotional swings with adolescence, but they frequently take them out of the context of development. The topic drew my attention since I was interested in exploring how to handle these emotional experiences productively. I have studied the relevant works of several psychologists who have dedicated their works to the study of this transitional life period. For example, Carl Pickhardt, a notable author of parenting books, has shared the article “Adolescence and Processing Painful Emotion” (February 19, 2018) as a part of his continuously reviewed Surviving (Your Child’s) Adolescence series. Alisa Crossfield explores the theme in her publication “How to React to Adolescent Emotions” (September 16, 2019.) These articles provide helpful insight as they review emotions in the context of psychological consolidation and management. The publications look at the origins of emotions in adolescents, their consequences, and effective methods of managing them from a parental perspective. Pickhardt’s article focuses on negative emotions in adolescents because they have a negative impact on the psychological well-being of both the adolescent and his or her family (1). He attributes the occurrence of emotional problems to the overwhelming nature of the changes and demands that occur during puberty. These problems include anxiety about transitioning to adulthood, fear of not fitting in, and frustration with unfulfilled childhood ambitions. Crossfield focuses on emotions in a general sense and links heightened sensitivity to changes in hormones and delayed development of emotional control versus reactivity (4). Both publications point to the importance of recognizing and interpreting personal emotions, as this is essential for a proper understanding of oneself and others. However, the article “Adolescence and Processing Painful Emotion” places more emphasis on the long-term consequences of emotional turmoil. According to the author, failure to deal productively with a teenager’s negative emotions on the part of parents can shape self or
An educational facility typically uses various types of digital media in education (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017). With the switch from paper-based to digital education, students are expected to forward their works to the professor through an educational management system (EMS). The storage of all these files requires a dedicated media server, which is a computer appliance with network-attached storage (NAS) (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017). The purpose of this proposal is to propose a rationale, implementation plan, training schedule, and a budgetary estimation of the project. Rationale As it stands, the school relies largely on paper-based assignments and physical collections of media, such as tapes, discs, pictures, posters, and other materials (Trust, 2018). These media sources are outdated and degrade over time. With the implementation of the Blackboard system, they will become obsolete, bringing out the necessity of storing various media files, which include student homework, teaching materials, instructions, demonstrations, and video conference feeds (Trust, 2018). The use of a cloud system for storing these materials is not recommended, for several reasons, some of which include the speed of access and security. Should the cloud server go down, the entire school is going to be compromised. At the same time, documents and images do not require excessive amounts of storage space. Therefore, it would be possible to install a small secured media server in the school to handle its educational needs. Implementation Plan The scope of the proposed project is to improve student learning experiences by enabling access and storage to various media files within the system. The proposed implementation plan for the project would consist of the following steps (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017):   * Planning stage. At this stage, the specifications for the systems would be established. It will be required to analyze all offers available on the market to determine the best solution. Estimated time: 14 days.   * Procurement and installation. After the necessary hardware and software are acquired, it would be necessary to assemble the server and connect it to the rest of the EMS. This stage also suggests the provision and installation of all the necessary wiring and safety utilities for the server room. Estimated time: Up to 30 days.   * Troubleshooting. After the media server is installed, the technicians would have to test the system and ensure its functionality. Estimated time: 7 days,   * Staff training. Educational coordinators would be required to teach the staff to use the system properly as well as perform basic maintenance and problem-solving. Estimated time: u
Introduction Upstream social marketing is a concept that has gained traction in academic circles. Its chief implication is the focus on the causes of social issues rather than their outcomes. Despite its high-concept nature, the approach has been successfully implemented and has produced favorable results. The following paper explores the difference between upstream and downstream marketing and provides justification of their importance in a real-life setting. Operational Definitions In order to identify the differences between upstream and downstream marketing, it is first necessary to provide definitions of both concepts. To provide the necessary context, it is vital to introduce a brief history of its formulation. The earliest mention of upstream marketing is found in an article by John McKinlay as an analogy for illustrating differences in social marketing approaches (Zimmerman 2017). The author compared a strategy exhibited by social marketing agencies in a scenario where someone is struggling to rescue people drowning in a dangerous stream. According to the initial definition, the main issue with this approach is the inability to address the cause of the problem (e.g. find out the reason for the incident) due to preoccupation with mitigation of its effects. Since then, the concept of an upstream approach to social marketing has been loosely defined as a strategy emphasizing the causal agents of social issues and targeting relevant determinants with the formulation of policies and allocation of resources (McKie & Toledano 2008). Downstream social marketing, on the other hand, is defined as an approach that targets specific behaviors and issues through tactical interventions and focused programs (Truong 2014). It is implied that upstream marketing focuses on long-term perspectives whereas its downstream counterpart targets short-term objectives. As can be seen, the definitions describe the phenomena in broad strokes, which makes it difficult to identify specific differences. For instance, the criteria for strategic and tactical perspectives are expected to change depending on the scope of interventions in question. Nevertheless, it is possible to grasp the core ideas of both terms and identify their main differences. Differences between Approaches As can be seen from the definition, the main difference between the approaches in question is the focus on either causal factors or consequences. While it is possible to point to other differences, such as strategic versus tactical perspective and the use of preventive rather than mitigation strategies, all of them can be traced to the core distinction identified above. Therefore, it would be reasonable to explore the viability of causal agency as a primary focus of marketing in order to determine its relevance in the social setting. The contemporary social marketing field contains many examples that can be used as illustrations of differences between upstream and downstream marketing. The obesity problem is one such example. Currently, the condition exists in the adult population regardless of age, educ
Introduction Paul Bowles in his book, “The Sheltering Sky”, narrates a story about two people who are married, Kit and Port originally from New York, and this couple is in the company of their old friend by the name of Turner. These people travel through the Northern Africa region. The married couple is trying to move away from their lives at their home and also trying to move away from the problems that face them in their marriage. However, the journey of this couple is eventually made deceitful by their lack of knowledge of local culture and the risks that are around them. This book does not state exactly the place where this couple is traveling to but tends to give a clue that they might be moving in the direction of Northern Africa and towards Tangier City. The setting of the novel, “Sheltering Sky”, affects the plot and the characters’ decisions. This paper is going to look at how this is so. How does the Setting of the novel affect the plot and the characters’ decision “Sheltering Sky” was set in the year 1947 in North Africa after the Second World War. The setting of the story plays a very important part and this setting matches the way the main characters in the story interact with one another. The way Kit, Tunner, and Port interact with each other seems to be affected by the scorching sun and the unfriendly land directly. This is true especially when it is observed that the misunderstanding that comes about among these characters seems to be created by this environment that is unpleasant. These misunderstandings that come up tend to create a situation whereby each of these characters distances oneself from the other In this story, despite the unconcealed claims that are presented by Port of him being a traveler and not a tourist, he does not show much concern about what goes on around him, and this trait results in his death that is brought about by typhoid. He did not think of himself as a tourist; he was a traveler. The difference is partly one of time, he would explain. Whereas the tourist generally hurries back home at the end of a few weeks or months, the traveler moves slowly, over periods of years, from one part of the world to the other (6). This belief that is held by Port undergoes test all through this novel as he interacts with the inhabitants of the land in which he now is. Although Port can be seen to give a reply to his wife in which he says that trying to get into the lives of the people of this land and trying to know what is on their minds is something that has no importance, at the time someone stills his passport, this untrue sense of friendship is soon driven away. In this story, the biggest twist is that Port’s wife, Kit, who at no point presented any claim of her being a traveler but a tourist instead having ultimate plans to get back home, is a person who is in a true sense able to get used to the culture. She takes up a lover the moment Port dies and comfortably stays among these people. This gives an implication that those people who are just able to talk will at no point be in a position to prove neither to themselves nor
Introduction The perspectives of the UK airline industry and airline carriers are far going in the contemporary development of the world’s relationships provided by the Government of the country. In this respect, the factor of operation standards as for control and supervision are significant for further growth of the airline sphere of the national economic stability and improvements. The growth of the airline segment of the economics shows in recent years the constant tendency toward facilitation of the branch coloring and shaping in technical and service evaluation. The paper observes the featuring of this very segment of economic stability in the UK in terms of the prior objective and activities of operation control and supervision. Body First of all, it is vital to mention that the airlines in the UK have a very broadened and well-equipped technical and material base. The main contributor to this is the government and its initiatives to provide low-cost routes all over the country and abroad (Griffiths & Wall, 2007). Second, the airline infrastructure tends to concentrate more attention on the terms of control and supervision in the strategic urge for the provision of high-level services in the domain of the airline industry within British airline companies. Security in air space of the British air routes is regulated based on Aviation Security Act 1982 TRANSEC (Transport Committee & Dunwoody, 2005). In this respect, the issue of safety before during, and after the flight is of great significance for all airlines which are concentrated under the law of the UK. The British government keeps a strict eye on the airline carriers. The supervision is maintained by the operation control manager. This is why one of the objectives is to develop proper professional relationships in the managerial team of this range. Moreover, such standardization of laws as for the regulations and supervision of the flights of different distances presupposes the compliance and relation to the international airline authority, namely the International Airline Transportation Association. According to this very association, the UK signed under the requirements for the major airline carriers to participate also with the governmental structures in accordance with so-called six-point safety plan :   * Infrastructure safety;   * Safety data management and analysis;   * Flying operations;   * Integrated airline management systems;   * Cargo safety;   * Safety auditing (IATA, 2007, p. 6). Thus, the question of the security and safety within the objects for which the airline services are responsible provides the major background for the primary objectives and ac