ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract It is very important for every organization to engage in ethical practices in the society where it operates. This paper will therefore carry out a case study of Wounded Warriors Foundation and Cornerstone Environmental Group in order to evaluate whether the activities that the organizations engage in are ethical. The paper will discuss the concept of ethics and how relevant it is in adding value to people, the society and the environment. It will also describe the ways in which the two organizations demonstrate ethical behavior in their operations and the various challenges that they encounter. The paper will also provide possible solutions that the organizations can implement in order to ensure that their activities are ethical. Introduction Because of the various scandals most organizations engage in, it is very important to analyze the types of activities that organizations engage in so as to determine whether they are ethical. Organizations that practice ethical behaviors are known to create value to their society and their consumers. However, different organizations handle the issue of ethical behavior in different ways. This difference is observed when comparing not-for-profit organizations with profit motivated organizations (Hinman, 2007). Not-for-profit organizations carry out their activities without any motivation to earn profits. Their ultimate goal is to deliver high quality services to people and the society. Such organizations are therefore less concerned about the amount of revenue that they earn from their activities. Their key concern is to ensure that they deliver optimum services which address a specific problem affecting the members of a society. They are only concerned about how they can manage to raise sufficient funds which would enable them to continue providing quality services to the society (Martin-Brown, 1998). They mostly rely on donations from well-wishers to enable them raise sufficient funds to keep them in operation. In addition, such organizations also invest in projects which generate revenue for them thereby enabling them to keep offering high quality services to the society that they live in. As a result, issues of unethical behaviors are not common in not-for-profit organizations. The case of profit motivated organizations is different. Profit motivated organizations are usually driven by their urge to earn high profits. They engage in diverse activities which enable them to realize high profits. Because most organizations aim at generating profits, competition is very high among profit seeking organizations. Some of the activities that such organizations engage in are illegal. They engage in such kinds of activities to ensure that they c
Introduction The modern world has brought about many changes in the way popular music is created and interpreted. It is also significant how the culture of a certain place is reflected in the music. Recently, gender roles and the way they are manifested in music are critically observed by the society. The media has a lot of influence on people’s demand for the types of music. A book titled “Pop Music, Pop Culture” introduces several important themes that relate to the social makes-up of a culture, modernized views of status and gender, as well as the influence on the local population. The title specifically prepares the reader for the interconnection between culture and popular music, as it is one entity that is a great part of human society and the music industry (Rojek 2011). Summary of content The first part of the book starts off with the social division that the music and the demand create. The author mentions that for some time, certain genres and whole cultures of music have been dominated by different people. There are also specifics about gender. Women are shown to play the role of possessions while men are shown promiscuous and are judged by the amount of women they can get as a form of social status. The second part looks at theoretical perspectives, and how the society is “moved” into a certain direction that is dictated by the social views mixed with the unique nature of the popular music created. The subliminal messages specifically target people who are easily influenced by the pop culture and its negative side. The third part addresses the relationship between the organizations that produce the music with society and culture. Unfortunately, popular music has become a great business opportunity and people are looking to get rich fast, be it organizations or individuals with talent (Rojek 2011). Analysis of the text There is no denying that rap and hip hop were originally created by African Americans, and they are still dominant in the culture. Rock is associated with European/American white population and pop is becoming more mixed every day. Even a great number of jazz compositions are not aligned with t
Abstract The energy crisis that has rocked Europe and other parts of the world began way back in the year 2006. The effect and impact of the crisis were however not felt until this year when the prices of fuel have gone so high. As a matter of fact, energy and fuel availability are no longer as certain as they were several years back. There is a serious shortage of fuel in Europe and this has led to the fuel prices being hiked two or three times more than the standard market price. This paper focuses on the causes and developments of the crisis and most importantly future consequences, especially on the European market. This paper also focuses on the major losers and gainers in the world market as a result of this crisis. Europe’s Energy Crisis and the like in oil prices Europe is the second smallest continent and occupies about 8% of the Earth’s surface. It is divided into six composite regions. The regions are not equally homogenous and they include Scandinavia, Western Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Europe, and the Balkans. By the year 2000, it had a population of about 728 million people with an annual growth rate of about 0.1% according to 2005-2006 statistics. Europe was the home of the industrial revolution therefore most of its economy is industry-driven. Its economy is the largest on earth. The richest states are towards the west, some Eastern economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The European Union comprises 27 states and five of them rank in the top ten of the world’s largest economies in the Gross Domestic Product. They include Germany, United Kingdom, Russia, France, and Italy. The energy resources of the European Union include coal, oil, and natural
The ghostly tales of Mr. Hyde and Frankenstein are symbols of horrors in real life that haunt our daily hours. The interest of this research is the definition of the monster’s identity and how it is translated. The research introduces the authors’ symbolic concepts of strangeness which address alienation and desire and, which happen in the unconscious state of the creator’s Victor and Dr. Jekyll. These texts present the perfect example of fiction which is the best type of writing that combines terror, romance, and horror with the character’s repressed thoughts, desires, and spilled personality. The authors Robert Stevenson Louis and Mary Shelly have adequately dealt with the concept of mad scientists, their split personalities, and destructive creations. First, the characters victor and Dr. Jekyll are scientists highly respected by their societies which leads them to create destructive creatures for themselves, to carry out unconventional passions. The other similarity lies in the fact that the mad scientists gave their creations a male gender like themselves. Victor created Frankenstein from the desire to have a supreme being and to imitate God by exposing his creation. Victor therefore subconsciously puts his religion or spirituality in his creation, which is later reflected in Frankenstein’s spirituality. The creature’s spirituality is seen in his fascination with the sun and moon which corresponds with pagan adorations of the world and is depicted in expressions like ‘orb of the night’ and ‘gentle light’. While Frankenstein was a separate entity only mirroring the personality of his creator, Mr. Hyde was the double of Dr. Jekyll. This important aspect is seen and is proven with Dr. Jekyll’s confession that he took the option of living a double life, ‘I made a choice possibly with unconscious reservation, since I never gave up my house in Soho, or destroyed Edward Hyde’s cloth
Approach Selection The main issues that should be addressed through therapy include the patient’s short attention span, poor self-assessment, and lack of communication skills. Group therapy in the early stages of treatment may negatively affect the child’s self-confidence due to his lack of English proficiency. Therefore, one-on-one play therapy has to be considered. The use of play can improve the patient’s ability to communicate and positively affect his concentration. Moreover, some aspects of play therapy may teach him to perform tasks that require planning and, thus, encourage him to perceive situations in a more positive way. General shyness of the patient may also be an obstacle to using group therapy, while allowing the child to play with a therapist alone may help him to create a strong bond with another person and improve his communicational skills without additional stress. Thus, play therapy should be chosen as the main approach to treatment. The issues connected to ADHD can be resolved with a number of techniques. Some of them are universal and can help with hyperactivity in general, while others affect one particular problem more. First of all, the issue of low concentration can be addressed through games connected to the use of one’s memory and attentiveness. For example, undirected sandbox therapy and role play may help with working memory training (Sonuga-Barke et al., 2013). Here, concentration on storytelling may improve the child’s ability to use short-term memory during one session and long-term memory in between sessions. According to Barkley (2014), working memory affects one’s process of regulating behavior. The physical nature of role playing allows children to vis
Introduction Present-day organizations have to deal with numerous threats and challenges, both from their competitors and from the business, social, economic, political, and legal environments. They have to deal with governmental regulations, industry rules, social constraints, tough competition, depleting natural resources, inflation, natural disasters, and other factors that can undermine their success. Experts argue over the essential components of a business needed to ensure a company’s capability to stay afloat. Yet most agree that no successful business is viable without value creation, sustainability, and innovation. These key concepts taken together create the foundation for growth and development regardless of the industry. Value Creation Any business, no matter how successful it promises to be, needs to create value as a starting point. In fact, the institution as such does not exist without value, which must be delivered to the target audience in an efficient way that enables profit generation. Value, which can be defined as the health, well-being, and worth of the business, can be attained only through work, either mechanical or creative. Yet, not every kind of work is capable of producing value as an outcome, which implies that the primary goal of each company is to identify what activities are potentially value-creating. There are three major conditions that have to be met by organizations in order to have value:  1. Irreversibility. All types of economic operations, transactions, and transformations, conducted within the company must be thermodynamically irreversible to be deemed valuable.  2. Entropy. Value-creating activities have to increase entropy at a global level while reducing it locally.  3. Fitness. In order to be value-creating, the firm must produce artifacts or provide services that satisfy a particular set of human needs. Combining these three components into one definition, value creation is an irreversible process, imposing inner order on business activities and giving resources higher usefulness to potential consumers. Although each activity can be value-producing, it would be wrong to state that value is created equally. In fact, there are types of value, as well as strategies of its creation, that bring about more benefits than others. First and
Introduction The business environment comprises of complex factors that require scrutiny before a decision is made concerning the environment. An organization must have a clear planning process in order to enhance its decision making. A clear planning process involves having an understanding of interrelated questions within a corporation. Early organizational planning comprises of strategy drawing, where possible environmental occurrences are considered and an appropriate course of action is determined. Strategic planning seeks to maximize on the return of resources. There is need to constantly devise a tactical approach through which objectives can be achieved since resources are limited and competition is high. Several theories enhance the decision making process in organizations. The success or failure of decision making either directly affects an organization through improved performance or worsens the overall performance. Decisions require constant evaluation to enable an accurate and consistent appraisal. It helps in revealing existing gaps and determining their solutions to the benefit of the organization. The business environment is continuously changing, thus keeping a close check through constant evaluation and re-evaluation provides the opportunity to identify gaps well in advance. An evaluation of decisions over time equally helps in identifying alternatives that enhance the organization’s ability to cushion against performance risks. The Decision Making Process With the advent of globalization, market integration has been created through internationalization. Organizations, therefore, compete with each other for resources and market across the globe. Market consolidation and optimization must be achieved for organizations to succeed in such operation environments. Strategic flexibility must be created such that the organization can instantly change its course of action to suit an equally complex and fast changing business environment. This is not an easy task because nobody fully understands what the external business environment will look like in the immediate future. Thus, although strategies may be formulated with the purpose of countering external environment changes, they may end up failing to capture the act
Every organism on the planet contains water, and the presence and availability of water are necessary conditions for the development and maintenance of life (“All living things,” n.d.). Therefore, understanding processes occurring in water and understanding its characteristics in terms of interacting with other substances are crucial for understanding life itself. One of such processes is so-called osmotic pressure; i.e., the pressure needed to balance another kind of pressure, which is exerted by pure water on a water solution if they are separated by a membrane impermeable to the solute. Osmotic pressure is an important phenomenon in physics, chemistry, and biology; also, it is relevant to medicine and used in treatment planning. To explore it, it is necessary to define the term, demonstrate examples, and discuss possible applications. Definition First of all, osmotic pressure can be defined as “the pressure that must be applied to the solution to stop the inward flow of solvent” (Atkins & de Paula, 2013, p. 149). This inward flow is caused by the process of osmosis. The latter is the process of a liquid’s flow through a selectively permeable membrane (“Osmosis,” 2016). Such membranes allow some substances to pass through them while stopping (as if filtering) other substances. Osmosis is a crucial phenomenon because it makes such processes possible as the absorption of water by plants’ roots and the supply of oxygen and other substances to cells through the blood flow in the human organism. Osmosis causes pressure exerted by the solvent (pure water) on the solution, and the pure water flows into the solution under this pressure. However, if certain pressure is applied to the solution, the flow of the solvent will stop; this compensation pressure is the osmotic pressure exactly. A different, more technical definition of osmotic pressure was proposed by Pfeiffer and Heremans (2012) who noted that the “use of thermodynamic quantities deviate[s] occasional[ly] from their definitions given in standard textbooks” (p. 541). These authors defined osmotic pressure as “the smallest hydrostatic pressure that is required to stop or prevent osmosis (i.e. a kind of compensation pressure)” (Pfeiffer and Heremans, 2012, p. 542). In a given case of a solution and a solvent separated by a selectively permeable membrane, the osmotic pressure (and the point at which osmosis will stop) will depend on the solute concentration in the solution.
Case Study A case study includes research records with detailed consideration of an entity over a particular time. It offers results of a particular instance of something upon analysis. It can help to demonstrate the functioning of a principle or theory. Case studies can be real-life or fictitious. They pose a problem and provide a solution, before checking whether the solution fits the available alternatives. In other instances, there is a situation and the case study highlights problems and the solutions. No answer is right or wrong, and the case study approach applies to any issue. Ethnography It is a study of culture, focusing the investigation on everyday behavior. It focuses on the behavior of members of a culture. It can use written documents, field notes, audiotapes, or videotapes, and the results of other studies (Seadle, 2011). Phenomenology It focuses on taking a fresh approach to concretely experienced phenomena in a way that is beyond the influence of any conceptual assumptions. The suspension of belief is sometimes a requirement for using the method. It includes data on sensory experience and non-sensory experiences like relations and values when presented intuitively. Grounded Theory It aims to generate theories and is useful for elaborating on other grounded theories as to its primary concern is whether they are congruent with facts. Data collection and analysis go on throughout the study and are sensitive to theory, while the analysis uses open coding, axial coding, or selective coding (Martin & Gynnild, 2011). Article 1: Grounded theory example The study by Mahnake, Benlian, and Hess (2015) looks at online shopping and seeks to develop a grounded theory of flow experiences that will be useful in the context of online shopping. The study highlights the theoretical relationships of concrete realizable website design options and the latent constructs that correspond to them, in addition to the flow experience. The problem investigated The need for optimizing flow, which is the psychological state of deep focus that one gain when participating in an activity, is a promising approach to online shopping. However, it lacks adequate support in knowledge and advice from a scholarly perspective. Therefore, the study investigates the possibility of creating a theory that fits the facts of optimizing flow to realize optimal user experience and gain motivated behavior, engagement, and loyalty from customers. How data were collected and analyzed The study identified the respondents by extending their sampling to reach theoretical saturation. Recruitment of users was through the social network, related forums, and the amazon.de website platform. Individuals participating in the study got brief, widely used, written descriptions of strong flow experiences. They were then asked to discuss flow experiences in detail. Sampling dimensions covered age, gender, education, familiarity with the amazon.de site,
Globalization, liberalization, and issues of gender equality have brought both positive and negative results to women in developing countries. The past two decades have witnessed a tremendous impact on the lives of women in developing countries due to globalization. By definition, globalization is the complex political, cultural, economic, and geographic procedures in which the mobility of ideas, capital, discourses, people, and organizations has adapted a global form (Bachus and Foerster, 2005). When critically analyzed, globalization and liberalization have been found to advance the world’s social-economic ills, especially in developing countries. The two concepts directly impact gender equality, or lack of it, in developing countries. These poor countries are encouraged to unlock their economies to global trade with a fake promise that they will prosper and develop faster by embracing free trade. Instead of prospering, they are coerced to open up their boundaries to multinationals and foreign investors through the signing of various trade agreements like the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The foreign investors take full advantage of the readily available cheap labor found in budding countries. A huge proportion of the cheap labor consists mainly of women who are poorly educated and deprived economically. To reduce labor costs, the foreign investors intentionally hire the women thus condemning them to perpetual poverty and misery (Murray, 2005). Women are considered to be docile workers, ready to obey the demands of production at any cost. In most cases, they are preferred over their male counterparts by multinationals. This is because of their socialization and cultural upbringing. Cultural influences continued to control the stratification of employment in developing countries, with roles such as garment assembly being thrown to women by the investors. The advantage of this is that it has brought a soaring demand for employment chances for women in the developing world. This has brought an immediate change in the social structure of the societies involved. It has brought a sense of independence to women. However, in the same vein, poverty has been feminized by these multinationals in that, they pay the women so little to make a positive transformation of their lives (Bachus and Foerster, 2005). Scholars and economists have agreed that globalization and liberalization of developing countries have created both winners and losers. Women in these countries have been the major casualties. This is because the processes failed to pay attention to the gender-differentiated influences of changes occasioned by international trade policies and agreements. Globalization and liberalization may have opened up new trade and job opportunities for women in developing countries. Nevertheless, poor women from these countries lack the necessary skills, resources, and technology to take advantag