ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The healthcare sector is guided by ethical and legal conduct. One of the key requirements is the rule of informed consent. In many cases, there are several options available to handle a given patient condition. Informed consent requires that the patient be allowed to make an informed decision based on the information provided and the situation at hand. The legal and moral principle of patient autonomy is the basis for informed consent. Voluntary informed consent is required for all medical tests and procedures. Failure to obtain informed consent leads to the battery, a legal and moral violation. There are several factors that determine the application of informed consent:  1. The patient should be in capacity to make decisions.  2. The medical practitioner should provide all the necessary information to facilitate informed consent.  3. The patient must fully comprehend the information given, and lastly, they must give their voluntary consent. The given case presents a situation where an elderly man requires urgent medical intervention but cannot provide informed consent. In this case, the elderly man’s condition has deteriorated, and the option available is putting him on a respirator. The elderly man does not satisfy any of the four principles of informed consent. He can barely communicate or understand the options before him. The decision belongs to his daughter, who has been frequent at the hospital. In cases where a patient cannot give informed consent, the next of kin is usually contacted (Scholten et al., 2021). In this scenario, the elderly man is a widower, further complicating the situation. In this case, the elderly man’s daughter has the legal right to decide her father’s clinical options. The fiduciary relationship defines the patient-physician relationship in following three basic rules. To begin with, the patient’s interest should be given priority. This implies that the physician should consider the options that bring out patients’ wellbeing instead of the physician’s choices (Scholten et al., 2021). The second principle follows that the physician must exercise loyalty, and lastly, there must be an element of obedience. The physician must respect and obey the patient’s decision at all times. In this case, the nurses have given the necessary information to the daughter to facilitate decision-making. Therefore, they are required to listen to her decision and adhere to it. Besides, the daughter has been the closest family member to the elderly man. She knows what her father would want, and therefore her decision represents her father’s will. In conclusion, although the eldest son claims that the doctors should do anything possible to save his father, the nurse should not take his opinion. This is because the eldest son is not named the legal next of kin to his father. Also, he has not been following his father’s medical condition closely. Any decision made by the son is based on his personal feel
Introduction The fact that teaching is one of the most stressful occupations seems to be undoubted. Teachers have to cope with a large scope of multi-faceted challenges such as poor discipline, huge amounts of paperwork, discouraging students’ results, etc. As a consequence, it often turns out that a young specialist is unable to continue effective performance due to the stress and the work burnout. The key problem resides in the fact that the outcomes of stress are equally negative for both a teacher and students. A professional that is discouraged is highly unlikely to maintain an atmosphere favorable for consistent children’s development. To find alternative solutions to resolve this problem, it is, first and foremost, critical to identify the key causes of stress. Thus, for instance, some experts believe that the main reason why a teacher experiences a strong moral pressure is the abundance of responsibilities he or she is expected to bear (Hartney, E, 2007). Other specialists point out the factor of the so-called “troubled students” that creates extra stress for a teacher’s performance and leads to meltdowns (Long, 2006). Also, it is the excessive amounts of paperwork a teacher is obliged to carry out that do not only distract him or her from the core activity but also create the feeling of general fatigue and exhaustion. Moreover, as well as any other employee, a teacher has to operate within a certain community the integration into which is not always an easy task. Otherwise stated, such a common problem as the misunderstanding and the lack of support in the professional community might also play a critical role in increasing the general tension. The last, but not the least, is the factor of the overstated expectations that might distort a teacher’s positive approach when contradicting the reality (Barnes, 2002). As a result, it is considered critical to take into account all the stress factors while working out an effective program aimed at reducing teachers’ stress and burnouts. The proposed program, “Think Positive, Think Stress-Free,” bases on the assumption that it is more rational to re-shape teachers’ perception of stress rather than try to eliminate all the stress factors from the school environment. Hence, the program implies addressing the four critical problems that are apt to have a particularly negative impact on a teacher’s stress-free performance: the paperwork, the children factor, the community problems, and the defeated expectations. It is considered reasonable to address the stress problem complexly and perform a positive change in the settled behavior patterns. In other words, it is proposed that a teacher gains the skill of coping with different stress situations in the course of the program. The program is mainly targeted at young specialists to prevent them from quitting work by providing some useful techniques for coping with stress. In the meantime, the program might be, likewise, applied
Abstract This paper aims to discuss the nature of managing cultural diversity. A number of research papers have over and over talked about the effects of cultural diversity through its economic, political, financial and social market effects like Allison, 2001, Arthur, 2000 and Box-Steffensmeier, 2004. Thus the fundamental aims of the paper would be the nature of cultural diversity in Shell, the nature of active HRM in Shell and how Shell Oil manages their culture strategically in different geographical areas. We would perform literature reviews and methodology studies with the purpose of evaluating strategies from these mentioned parameters so as to compare them with each other. However, this evaluation of the above strategies will differ according to their theme, size and audience. For example, different variables would be age, gender, colour, culture and management levels. We would also use various questionnaires for analyzing the strategies and to understand their accomplishments and failures by gathering important data from the participants and it would be mainly done through qualitative method. Interviews and online questionnaires will be used in all locations, SPSS software to analyse results. The basic hypothesis indicates that Shell oil uses well formulated strategic human resource approach to negate cultural differences among employees. Background In the modern world both national culture and organizational culture is very important for both society and an individual. (Ackoff 2004) This brings about the importance of management and social environment. Such a circumstance provides different social system modes that are basically dependent on our dynamically developing and constantly changing society. Social evolutions can be negotiated for devising systems which could assist researchers in monitoring important areas. Organizational culture can be viewed as an unusual phenomenon since it does not comply with familiar dimensions, allows connections among national cultures and is more manageable. (Rubington 2001) Organizational culture, significantly, determines the interpretations and actions of the people when provided with information that is supplied by the means of controls process. (Box-Steffensmeier 2004) Since, culture can decide the success and failure of a corporation, poor organizational culture, which fosters dissatisfactory and laughable behaviour, could cause bad judgments. Shell Oil is an internationally recognized organization has an adopted HRM. A properly managed workforce is thus, greatly recognized by even globalization as there are interventions of different cultures and the function of human resource management has evolved from being merely a support to that of strategic significance. (Mason 2004) In accordance to Rubington (2001) we can characterize organizations as a cultural phenomenon, its influence could emphasize on the ways through which opposit
There have been increased cases of people being addicted on video games. A video game can be defined as the electronic entertainment which involves user interface for the purpose of making visual response on a video appliance. Addiction is associated with the need of substance while in some cases a behaviour which someone finds hard to move on without it, where the unavailability to a way out leads to abnormality. Video game habit which is referred as addiction involves playing and watching video games for the purpose of changing someone’s mood that results to some interference of individual’s responsibilities at the same time distracting personal connection and relationships within the family (Orzack). There are many debates regarding the video game addiction where some people do not view it as a disorder but the impacts caused by the same cannot be overlooked. The following discussion therefore is inclusive of the behaviours of the video game addicts. To start with, no one is immune in becoming a video addict. The addicts are known to be self-referred as they do not like distractions once they are playing and watching games. With the current technological improvement, it is hard to do away with computers which are playing significant roles in our lives. They are therefore found even at our homes where the children can easily access them as a family property, but they have ended up taking over their lives rather serving the intended purpose. There are characteristics which are associated with video addicts such as depression, sense of loneliness, people who are always afraid of what the outside world holds for them, running away from family conflict; basically people who find hard to do anything once they start playing a game. For most addicts, playing video games is just a normal exercise during a day. They actually argue that video games are just as good for consoling, thus being in a position to manage several demands of life such as school workloads. The positive effects played by continuous video game access cannot however be overlooked. Some of the shy children become gregarious by the fact that they become sociable as they are able to maintain friends because the games serve as an interactive means while some passive children start becoming more active (Schlimme). When the aggression however takes place or tremendous change of behaviours mostly on the negative perspective then the child is believed to be addicted. Many debates have risen concerning excessive video gaming where some believe it is not a problem at all to be considered as an addictive behaviour. The behaviour is however not accepted due to the consequences that accompany it. This behaviour is viewed as symptom that has resulted from another problem. Other addictions are also reported to be also symptoms of other problems such as alcoholism addiction due excessive stress and depression. Gaming addiction
Introduction Michael Fullan focused on human participation in education when writing about education change. This is evidenced in his fourth edition book about change in education where he reexamined the existing knowledge of the change system. According to Fullan, there are particular factors that initiate change. For instance, the relevance of relationship, motivation and meaning in the sustained and effective educational change are among the factors that must be taken into consideration when planning to bring change in the education system. The success in education change process will be made a reality or not by functions/ non-functioning of individuals at different levels within the education systems. In this case, Fullan established five levels through which the change process would be influenced or hindered. These include the teacher’s, the principal’s, the student’s, the parent’s, the community and district’s administrative level of operations and management, of which they will reviewed and critical evaluated in this paper. The teacher As mentioned earlier in the introductory portion of this evaluative process of Fullan’s works, there are several stakeholders engaged in the formulation and implementation of reform process in any education system. The teacher is one of the crucial stakeholders involved in the process of bring a change in the education system. The reformation in education system is not solely borne by the teaching staffs as many individuals probably think of. While Fullan talks about bringing change in the learning and education systems, he not finds a teacher to be of great significance in facilitating the change process. In this connection, he asks several questions which a teacher should asks himself/herself concerning the causes of change in education and learning systems. While focusing on teacher as change agents in the education system, Fullan believes that teachers can only influence the success of education system partially. This perhaps is true to a certain extent. Well, the reason for this view is that teachers’ mainly responsibility is teaching of students. They therefore concentrates in delivering the content that leading the students to acquiring good or excellent grades as their profession mandates that they cover the set piece of work within a certain time duration. Furthermore, a teacher has several other limitations in chance of bring change in the education systems. S/he can positively influence or transform the learning and education system by imposing
In all functions of leadership, ethics constitutes an important subject. Scholarly evidence suggests that ethical behavior in leadership correlates directly with organizational and individual effectiveness (Rubin, Dierdorff, & Brown 2010). Walumbwa et al. (2011, p.204) define ethical leadership as ‘the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-making.’ From this definition, this section expands on the debate on the roles of ethical leaders’ behaviors in enhancing individual and organizational effectiveness. Figure 4 shows the elements of ethical leadership. Fig. 4: Elements of Ethical Leadership. Source: (Walumbwa et al. 2011). The debate on ethical leadership or individual and organizational effectiveness has two sides of scholarly interest. One side of the debate holds that ethical leadership behaviors ensure organizational effectiveness through increasing employee morale and perceptions of other organizational stakeholders. Critics of leadership ethics consider subscription towards some ethical behaviors inappropriate as they minimize opportunities for organizational success. For instance, leaders who focus mainly on profit maximization may foster the exploitation of the society, which correlates negatively with the objectives of social corporate responsibility. However, critics of this debate claim that profit maximization is necessary to avail more resources for committing to social corporate responsibility, remunerating employees better, and even increasing returns of investments. Leaders play critical roles in ensuring that employees execute their roles according to the rules set out to guide the operations of an organization. One of the mechanisms of managing employees is orienting them to a common organizational behavior through the prescription of common organizational codes of ethics. In this context, ethics refers to standards of behaviors or conducts. It involves the evaluation of individual values, possession of knowledge on communal principles, and individual standards (Kalshoven & Hartog 2009). It also entails the development of the capacity to make well-informed choices and/or realization of the impacts of the choices made on a short-term and long-term basis. Where choices result in undue repercussions that may impair an organization or individual’s achievement of preset standards of conduct, codes of ethics demand such persons to take the responsibilities for the repercussions of their choices. As
Stanley Jevons was a neoclassical economist who, among others, advanced the economic theory of marginal revolution. He explained labor and consumption in terms of marginal utility. Classical theorists held the view that the value of a product is directly proportional to the labor used in production. Jevons, on the other hand, argued that the value of “each additional unit of a commodity-the marginal utility-is less and less to the consumer” (Swedberg 12). He gave an example of a thirsty man and a glass of water. The first glass has more value, but as thirst disappears, subsequent glasses diminish in utility. Value is, therefore, directly proportional to the utility. This paper will integrate various economics concepts and theories and connect them to the realities of modern society. Jevons uses his book, ‘The Coal Question,’ to extrapolate how labor relates to consumption. He argues that with increased efficiency in coal mining methods, Britain and America will experience rapid growth (Bentham 5). Fast production increases rates of consumption. This, he argues, will lead to depletion of coal resources in the two nations. America will, however, have an upper hand because it has more coal deposits than Britain. Jevons also argues that with technology, there will be labor efficiency, which will translate to higher rates of employment. Increased efficiency leads to more consumption and higher profitability. Jevons acknowledges the classical theorists’ assertion that technology brings about unemployment. However, he advocates for a holistic perspective on the issue. High efficiency leads to increased production. This lowers products’ prices leading to more demand. The high demand widens the employment sphere, thus putting more jobs into the economy. Jevons’ arguments differ from Veblen’s concepts of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption to a substantial extent. The gist of Jevons’ postulate is that efficiency triggers consumption with a spiral effect on profitability and employment. Veblen argues that people engage in leisure activities to display social status. He traced conspicuous leisure to the early ages when the nobility was exempted from manual labor. With social stratification, conspicuous leisure and consumption have taken different forms. Rich people in society engage in conspicuous social activities like visiting exquisite destinations and idling all day. They also consume expensive products to show off to the public. They thus do little work and consume more. Rodrick avers that leisure is nothing but “non-productive consumption of time” (978). Because of their dislike for working, the wealthy spend most of their time consuming what others have produced. In modern society, Veblen’s concepts of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption can be
The Major Arguments of the Film Among the major arguments brought forward by the film, “The Battle of Algiers” of 1966 by Gillo Pontecorvo is that winning a war depends on strategies and tactics as well as. Freund (2) argues that although the French were tactful, they failed to quell the insurgency by the National Liberation Front and the Algiers as a whole. The French had lacked long term strategies for ensuring peaceful coexistence with the Algiers in their own country. According to Freund (5) the tactics employed by the French military that comprised of torture and murder did not succeed as it did not help them obtain critical and immediate information about the operations of the FLN. FLN’s leader, Ali La Pointe being a native was able to convince the Algiers populace to join the war in liberating Algeria by misinterpreting the Muslim teachings to them (Mathews 6). The movie tries to show that negotiation is very important in solving conflicts. According to the movie, Ali says that he is not ready for any negotiations with the French reiterating the words of the then Interior Minister Francois Mitterrand (Freund 7). The movie concludes that the French worn the war using the tactics, however, they soon lost as the Algiers later worn the battle to achieve independence. The movie also reveals that disconnecting the leader of an insurgent or terrorist can be very effective in destabilizing a terrorist gang. Despite the torture and murder that the French military employed on the insurgents and the Algiers populace, they were still resilient until the time when Ali was killed. The movie shows pictures of women and children involve in the war as children shoot soldiers and women plant bombs in French quarters (Freund 2). The French therefore had worn the war as the FLN had no leader to coordinate their activities and to provide the necessary leadership. The movie also creates the picture that it is not possible to win the war against terrorism or achieve independenc
Introduction There are plenty of articles and researches written about the conflict resolution theory and conflict resolution theory in the Arab-Israeli conflict, in particular. Like any complex problem, this conflict has a long history as well as multi-layered and internally contradictory structure; therefore, there are many opinions about whether it is possible to resolve the issue and what the possible ways are. Conflict resolution theory Conflict resolution theory studies the origin, development, resolution, and completion of any conflict that lead to the peaceful decision of the issue. Negotiation, diplomacy, mediation, and creative peacebuilding are the key tools of the conflict resolution theory (Deutsch, Coleman, & Marcus 2011). For example, negotiation is a diplomatic means of resolving the problem with the help of representatives of the states on the merits of reaching an agreement on the application of any other peaceful means to resolve the dispute. One should distinguish between the complete and incomplete resolution of the conflict. If there is a transformation or elimination of the conflict (for instance, of causes, or object), then the conflict might be resolved completely. Incomplete resolution occurs in the case when only some of the structural elements of the conflict might be eliminated or converted, particularly the content of the confrontation, its field, the motivational base of the behavior of participants in the conflict, etc. The conflict resolution theory means an effective resolution of the conflict, in other words, a resolution with the lowest possible loss of resources and preservation of vital public structures. The following components contribute to the successful resolution of the conflict:   * A sufficiently high level of democratic culture in the society;   * Experience in constructive confli