ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Female labor is to a certain extent controversial topic in the Middle East setting. For the period from 1960s to 2012, the rates of women’s employment in that area have stayed comparatively low and now are on the level of 20-25%. In other countries such as East Asian, European or North American ones, women employment reached 50% in the same period. In recent years, with the onset of globalization in the financial sector, the trends in female labor in Saudi Arabia started to change, which proclaims the need for the investigation into the causes of such transformations. This article will examine the influence of financial development on female labor. It argues that economic development is not a critical factor that explains the issues of female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia. This argument is based on the critical analysis of the articles by Julia Robinson and Sher Verick that focus on economic problems of women’s employment. Female Labor Force in the Middle East and North Africa In her article, Julia Robinson indicates and analyzes the factors that influence female labor force participation (FLP). The author’s work is primarily explorative in nature and does not contain a vivid thesis. Instead, Robinson focuses on identification of various economic and non-economic factors that form the current situation with women’s employment in the identified regions. Her initial hypothesis is that socio-cultural factors and family structure are more reliable predictors of FLP than economic ones. The key dependent variable of the research is percentage of women in total labor force. This variable is juxtaposed to other variables such as GDP per capita, illiteracy among women from 15 to 65, children per woman, and urbanization rates. For comparing them, Robinson uses regression analysis. By comparing these data, the researcher draws conclusions on the impact each variable produces on the female labor force involvement. There are some problems with methodology the author experiences such as the inability to represent the comparison between the items as a linear correlation. This sometimes overcomplicates the results and may mislead the reader about the true extent of the discovered correlation and final impact of one on another. As far as the GDP per capita is concerned, its influence is vague and varies from country to country. In contrast to Latin America, in the Middle Eastern countries with slowly changing GDP, percentage of female participation in the economy still rose. This speaks to the fact that perhaps, the method of analysis was flawed from the perspective of its applicability to the Middle East. However, to identify the fact that such economic indicator as GDP per capita is non-relevant to the problem of female representation in labor force such method is useful. Based on the positive correlation between number of children per woman and FLP, the author confirms her initial hypothesis and argues that socio-cultural factors play more significant part in forming labor structure in the Mi
Drug Dependence Review The article: Jacobson IG., Ryan MA., Hooper TI., Smith TC., Amoroso PJ, Boyko EJ, Gackstetter G, Wells TS, Bell NS, 2008, Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment, JAMA , 13;300(6):663-78 The high rates of alcoholism in America and Australia especially from the soldiers who come home from previous conflicts are quite evidence and devastating. Nonetheless, there are very limited literature material and evidences to show that this subject has been conclusively investigated. The current studies have explored the role of having laws that deal with alcohol, the societal norms on parenting, early use of alcohol as in adolescents and parental alcoholism impact on the children. However, it is important to note that the stress and the traumatizing experienced on the war field only vaguely address the reason why the ex-soldiers have widely been diagnosed with alcoholism. What Are The Conclusions? The conclusion of the article addressed the risk in the new-onset of heavy drinking, binge drinking and the alcohol-related crises among the soldiers who return from war. The study found that when people were deployed to go and fight in the conflicts that dominated the east, for instance in Iraq or Afghanistan, their return was highly related to heavy drinking and other alcohol related problems (Jacobson et al., 2008, p. 667). This was very common among the young officers returning from the deployment. The outcomes of the study are among the first to provide quantified changes in the consumption of alcohol among the returning troops. The use of intervention should concentrate on the mat risk groups as the authors suggest particularly the younger soldiers, reserve personnel and those previously diagnosed with mental disorders (Jacobson et al., 2008, p. 667). The study also suggested that a further prospective analysis by use of millennium data was important in the timing and longevity and possible co-morbidity of alcohol consumption and other related problems. There is also the need to better define the impact of military deployment on these very significant outcomes in health of human beings (Bray et al., 2010, p. 392). Evidence The results of the study indicated that there were two groups of participants in the research; those who were deployed and experienced combat activity and those deployed but did not get combat exposure. The follow up study of these groups of people indicated that those former solders with combat exposure reported higher post traumatic stress disorders rates higher than those without exposure. Other groups of people were excluded because they did not have baseline of follow up data in this study. These groups included the young non-Hispanic and African American, smokers and marines. By assessing the data among the active duty personnel, the three main variables, that is, the new onset heavy drinking, binge drinking and alcohol related problems, it was found that they were highest in the deployed personnel with exposure to combat compared to the non-deployed. Proportionally, the
Introduction Created in 1958, Hitchcock’s noir psychological thriller Vertigo has yet to lose its relevance and the status of one of the most sublime cinematographic pieces of all time. The movie revolves around John “Scottie” Ferguson, a former police detective, who developed severe acrophobia and vertigo after an incident on duty. At his old acquaintance’s request, Scottie starts following his wife, Madeleine, who as per the client’s words, has become suicidal. This essay argues that Scottie’s obsession with Madeleine has never been loving but rather an indulgence in his mental disarray and even sadism. Scopophilia in Vertigo: Becoming an Object The point of view (POV) refers to the character through whom the audience has the chance to experience the visual world. Because of its subjectivity, the POV is not always reliable, but it makes the viewer an intimate witness to the narrator’s psyche (Morgan, 2016). In Vertigo, it is Scottie through whom the viewer becomes familiar with the movie’s universe and its rules. Hitchcock presents his point of view through the so-called subjective camera: an angle that implies the POV of one of the characters. When Scottie starts to follow Madeleine, he soon becomes more voyeuristic than investigative. At the beginning of Vertigo, the camera takes long shots of Madeleine’s face as if it was Scottie’s lingering gaze (Pippin, 2017). The main character’s voyeurism borders fetishism because h
Introduction The Human Resources department of every organization is tasked with managing all staff. However, many HR departments do not recognize the role they play in strategy and organizational decision making. The essay looks at the influence of HR on mergers and acquisitions. Additionally, the paper gives a discussion on the concept of Reduction in Force, and how HR can apply it to resolve staff concerns during mergers and acquisitions. It is arguable that HR involvement in mergers and acquisitions processes affects the success of the said mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and Acquisitions Bhaskar’s (2014) main idea is that Human Resources plays a considerable role in mergers and acquisitions. I agree with the premise. One of the reasons I agree with the premise is the fact that it is the responsibility of HR to scout for potential companies to take over or to merge. Additionally, HR analyzes the firms’ HR strategies and how they can efficiently find a middle ground for salaries, bonuses, and compensation. Employee skills and capabilities are also in their scope of duties as they will have to determine how roles and responsibilities are split. It is important to note that when two companies merge, two different institutional cultures are combined. Bhaskar (2014) states that acculturation is one of the main reasons that lead to the downfall of mergers and acquisitions. For example, AOL and Warner were involved in a unification deal that cost slightly over US$ 300 million (Bhaskar, 2014). The deal was, however, a colossal failure as the HR did not manage to merge the two organizational cultures successfully. The acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T is quoted as one of the best mergers of all time (Bhaskar, 2014). One best practice that can be deduced from the merger is the adoption of an integrated organizational culture after the merger. Different companies employ various strategies in handling organizational issues. When two companies that have been doing things differently start working together, conflict of cultures will arise. Human Resources needs to come up with ways to ensure that the merging process is not only smooth for both parties but efficient as well. Mavhiki’s (2013) main idea is that HR plays a huge role before, during, and after the merger. I agree with the statement. This is because HR comes up with strategies that will help the companies align structures, policies, and procedures before, during, and after the mergers. The merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann can be used as an example towards this end. The HRs of both companies developed strategies before, during, and after the merger. (Avinadav, Perlman & Chernonog, 2017). According to Mavhiki (2013), the process is usually subjugated by a considerable number of lawyers and investment pundits whose CEOs believe are in the best position to make the process successful. When the team in charge of merging and acquisition is created, HR needs to ensure that the financial management team is included for smooth transition purposes. It can be argued that HR is the backbone of a stable alliance. Without HR’s active invo
Introduction Renowned artist Torres Garcia was born in Brazil but spent most of his life in various European countries. He had a chance to experience various cultures hence developing an urge to unite people from all parts of the world. Through his works of art, Torres Garcia tried to defy traditions by promoting internationalism (Balderston 64). For instance, he campaigned for the use of universally accepted objects in paintings to convey messages across international borders. For example, the inverted map of South America showed how Torres Garcia used objects and creatures that were known to everyone to pass his artistic message (Barnitz 65). In this map, there were several features with specific meanings for the public. For instance, there was a symbolic moon, a sun, a fish, and a sailing ship. In this case, many people interpreted these symbols with the fish being said to represent life. In addition, Torres Garcia said that the fish represented the physical and formal universe (Robinson and Robinson 48). Latin American artists ensured that they passed a message of modernity in South America. In return, they influenced modernization in Latin America as people used to learn from their works of art. Analysis The Rupture Group inaugurated a museum of modern art that came to be known as “Rupture” in Brazil. This inauguration marked the start of concrete art in Brazil. This great launch was organized by both local and foreign artists. This was a direct indication that many works of art displayed in the museum included those by foreign artists (Dym and Offen 29). In fact, these works of art influenced modernization in Latin America as part of messages portrayed in the works of art originated from European countries. Locals took some of the information and utilized it in their everyday development. These artists were from various countries in the world that offered special training on arts. They made use of geometrics and abstracts in their works of art. All these influenced modernization as arts from various nations in the world were welcomed in Latin America (Hopkins 71). In fact, the rupture group encouraged research based on universal and clear principles. This means that all their works of art were conversant with the set rules to enhance universal acceptability. The insertion of concrete art in the industrial society had a positive impact on the development of South America. For instance, foreign aspect
Every organization has a hierarchical order that dictates its leadership structure. This in turn affects the behavior of both employees and managers. Such is the case experienced in Corporation A. This work describes each of the five bases of power and their relationship with dependency, in respect to Corporation A. The five bases of power Power can be defined as the possible ability of an individual or group to exert control over another individual or group (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009, p. 375). In an organization, there can be five bases of power including “legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power” (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009, p. 375). Legitimate power, basically, similar to authority, is exercised based on the position that one holds in an organization. It rests in the certainty among staff members that their manager reserves the discretion to give directions and orders due to the position he or she holds in the organization. Therefore, employees will agree with the manager’s orders that depend on the position within the organization that he or she holds. However, although workers may concur with regard to legitimate power, they may do so without a feeling of dedication and full cooperation. For example, in Corporation A, both the marketing and the accounting managers give various directions to their employees based on their respective positions within the organization. Whereas the marketing manager encourages the staff members to work for more than the forty hours in a week for promise of rewards, the accou
The aim of the current study is concerned with contextualizing and recovering the politics behind the creation of punk fanzines, or ‘Zines, produced in the 1970s in the United Kingdom. ‘Zines, and the youth culture in general, aimed to provide a context for the young people within a culture to express their opinions, ideas, and anxieties about the sociopolitical climate 1 . The fanzines could be used as historical portals into different periods of socioeconomic, political, and cultural developments 2 . With the emergence of the punk movement, which was heavily ignored by the mainstream media, fanzines became essential forms of cultural communication among young people who aimed to challenge the established social norms 3 . The focus on the British context as related to the impact of ‘Zines was chosen as the country was the home to the punk movement 4 . Such publications as Sniffin’ Glue, Reason to Believe, Suspect Device, Dunk and Piss , and many others promoted an opposition toward the political climate in the countries, facilitating a conversation about real-life experiences 5 . Fanzines could be regarded as graphic methods for the youth’s resistance 6 . They were promoting the politics and music of the punk subculture and underground activity. 7 Thus, while offering alternative cultural narratives to the accounts of the punk context in the mainstream media, fanzines can be used to allow a look at the radical ideas held by the youthful milieu as related to expressing opinions about the political context 8 . The topic bears importance because it allows to determine how the networks of young punk activists were established in developing recognizable anti-governmental politics 9 . The visual aspect of punk ‘Zines will also allow to comment on the social narratives, relevant news of that time, gossip, as well as subculture events within the punk rock scene 10 .
Introduction Distance learning is defined as a program or course offered by a university or school that provides educational opportunities and is to be completed remotely. Other terms defining distance learning include online learning, E-learning and distance education. In the modern world, majority of distant learning are conducted online by accessing a computer equipped with the internet services. In spite of this distance learning being a broad term, it also involves traditional correspondence courses that are completed through the mail (wiseGEEK, 2010). Factors affecting distance learning Accessibility: Technology is a vital element in distant learning. The accessibility of the distance learning courses mainly depend on the awareness of the instructor to the accessibility issues and how the instructor can best handle the course with consideration of accessibility (Cook and Harniss, 2007). Difficulties in accessibility arise when the distance learning concerns people with disabilities e.g. the blind. Moreover, physical accessibility is successfully tackled by distance learning where one does not need to go to class for a lecture (college guide, 2010). Opportunities: Opportunities unveiled by the distance learning are numerous. Apart from completing 100% of the course via the internet, one can attain knowledge and skills for field choices from the distance learning due to constant updating of the programs (Lloyd, 2007). in addition, opportunities provided by distance learning are not equal after all mainly due to lack of consideration of the disabled people by the educational institutions while selecting features of courseware packages that will suit their instructors and students (Cook and Harniss, 2007). Barriers: Tipton (2007) cites Language and time differences as the main barriers, which affect the distance learning. This is because the internet has made the world a global neighborhood. Advantages of distance learning There are a number of merits associated with distance learning. First, there is no commuting, which means that the distance learning saves time and resources that can otherwise be put into better use. Second, in distance learning majority of the classes are asynchronous; that means it is not compulsory for one to attend a lecture at a stipulated time (college guide, 2010). Third, there is self-paced learning whereby, fast and slow learners are both considered in distance learning, where one can study at a convenient pace (college guide, 2010). Disadvantages of distance learning Despite gaining popularity in modern times, distance le
As a result of the global financial crisis, it has become of necessity to consolidate the clearing houses to make it safer and to reduce systematic risks. This creates a platform from which independent clearing houses either merge, or link with each other to deal with major international exchanges. It also become easier to clear the various asset classes, among the exchange traded derivatives, inter-bank interest rate swaps among others (Hull, 67). An example of such a firm is the London Clearing House- Clearnet group limited. Derivative exchanges as derivative contracts Derivative exchanges are derivative contracts that are standardized and their transaction is conducted in a regular futures exchange, and they can be futures, call, and put and will normally have the date they expire (Kolb and Overdahl, 62). This essay will discuss the necessity and the advantages that come with consolidating as compared to a single (CCP). IT WILL ALSO DISCUSS the economies of scale benefits that come with consolidation and the technical issues that arise. Various ways how derivatives are traded There are various ways that derivatives are traded; there are Over the Counter OTC derivatives contrary to Exchange Traded derivatives (ETDs) or CCP (Central Counter Party) where trading is regulated by Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTCs), and is done in a regulated exchange. Derivative exchanges were traditionally only done by Central Counter party (CCP) but recently there is OTC trading for them. The concerns over the credibility of CCPs were raised which pushed man
A nuclear weapon is defined as a device that has the ability to explode like a bomb due to a series of chemical reactions through fission (division), fusion (joining), or a combination of both. The reaction produces a lot of energy as compared to its reacting elements. It is reported that for an explosion from a billion kilograms of conventionally high explosives, one needs only 1000kg of thermonuclear weapons. Due to their ability to cause huge explosions, nuclear weapons have been declared to be Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). This means that their use can result in great losses of life and destruction of property, as was witnessed in August 1945 during World War II when the US detonated it in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan (Rezelman, Gosling and Terrence; “Page on the Hiroshima casualties”). It caused the death of 120,000 people and later some succumbed to long-term effects related to ionization (radiation). One frequently asked question is whether there are different types of nuclear weapons? Basically, there are three types of nuclear weapons. The classification depends on the way by which the reaction is initiated. First, we have fission bombs that result from compressing a sub-critical sphere of a