ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How is narco-governance related to political liberalism? The emergence of narco-governments has been favored largely by the thriving trade in illegal drugs. Countless of reports from numerous agencies have implicated many senior government officers of many states in drug dealing. There are governments whose budgets and public spending are bankrolled by the dirty money from illegal drug trade (Taussig, 1994). In return, the rich drug dealers get unlimited access to the various sectors of the economy, security and protection. These drug dealers carry out their illicit drug deals with the blessings of the government (Jimenez, 1990). The impunity displayed by these drug lords goes beyond just controlling the government spending; the government is always at their beck and call and any disgruntled voices are either intimidated into silence or killed, in most cases, the mercenaries that they own while the government officers including the president in some cases looking the other way. Strangely enough these governments consider themselves politically liberal; they claim that their actions are for the common good of all citizens. Such kinds of governments are common in Latin America where drug lords are literary running a number of governments by virtue of funding them. Like in the case of Mexico, such drug dealers have executed many civilians and government officers opposed to their activities and considered as their enemies using their mercenaries (Gootenberg, 2008). Such governments call themselves politically liberal; to them they are serving the best interests of the citizens. Liberalism, while aiming at protecting individual liberties and private properties, it should go beyond just looking at the intra-state relations and focus also in the international relations. This is because governments do not operate in vacuums but rather, they operate in an international environment which determines it affairs to a great extent. However, it must be noted that different states will either use liberal or non-liberal means to achieve these components of liberalism. To be considered completely politically independent, a state should be able to act autonomously, and with equality and neutrality. Thus, liberalism goes beyond just the name, it is the component, the action that qualifies the name. The name should be defined by the actions and not the name defining the actions that ought to be associated with it (Hindess, 2004). These components of liberalism and the numerous different arguments in the philosophical world point give credence to the existence of a relation between narco-governance and political liberalism. The very nature of political liberalism; it is almost amorpho
Restaurants are nice social interaction places where customers frequent to be served with meals. In addition to eating, customers get an opportunity to meet and talk to family members, coworkers, relatives, and friends. The social aspect that a restaurant setting creates makes it one of the most interesting places to undertake social behavior observation. Ashford and LeCroy point out that social behavior in such a setting forms the best mechanism of understanding and explaining what prompts individuals’ feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in society (317). My observation My social observation took place on Friday, October 4, 2013, at 11:00 am inside the Texas Roadhouse buffet. It is one of the restaurants located on the busy streets of Schnucks. The main reason why I chose the place was due to its busy nature. This made it easy for me to observe how individuals were expressing various behavioral patterns when interacting with each other. I used the observation methodology while in the restaurant environment because this did not interfere with customers or employees. To begin with, it is important to point out that in several instances, I used to take meals in this restaurant. The moment I entered the restaurant on this particular day, I expected to meet the usual fully packed place with customers socializing and talking about food, friends, and family. However, there were six people, each dining alone on separate tables. This presented a new twist to the usual chatter and babble. Instead, the focal point of the customers was primarily on their meals and was avoiding eye contact or exchanging the ‘hey’ greetings and nods. As I sat down, I also noticed that the typical staring at others was repl
Introduction For any given Company, Business, Firm or Organization, it is the paramount duty of that Institution’s Human Resources or Compensation Committee to recognize the crucial role people play in the achievement of both the Institution’s short-term and long-term objectives as a key source of gaining advantage over its competitors 1 . Therefore, for the Institution to grow and become successful it must not only be able to attract talented and capable employees, but also to retain and motivate such employees. Employee remuneration thus becomes one of strategies that are employed by successful institutions to not only attract and retain top talents, but also as a strategy to remove ineffective and under-performing employees. 2 To enforce this, such Institutions employ short term and long-term remuneration and reward plans. The United State of Florida defines short-term rewards and benefits as benefits payable to individuals in an affected unit under an approved short-time compensation plan. 3 In the general sense, short-term compensation refers to a pay strategy where evaluations of an individual or organizational performance have significant sway on the amount of pay increases or bonuses given to each employee. 4 It may also refer to a system of compensation where employees are paid according the amount of hours, extra sales or targets achieved by an employee. 5 In this remuneration scheme, employers are spared the expense of recruiting, hiring, and training new personnel. In turn, the employees are spared the hardships of full-time unemployment t
The movie “Lost in Translation” directed by Sofia Coppola, tells a story about a movie star who spends several nights in Tokyo promoting whiskey. Bob is lost, misunderstood and searching for a meaning to go on. In the beginning of the movie Bob is shown in his hotel. He cannot sleep, looks exhausted and alone. The sadness on his face is very obvious and it is clear that his thoughts are asking the question of what he is doing here and where it leads. Feeling alone, all he can think of doing is sitting in the bar and sipping a drink. At one point two Americans are arguing if it is really him and once they found out it is him, they continue their conversation but without his participation, as if he is not even there. Bob reacts by getting up and leaving. The same grey and unhappy routine happens the next day and he tries to change things up by going to the pool. A sad and uneasy look on his face never leaves him, reflecting depressed and lost mood. When he goes to the shooting of the whiskey commercial, the filming crew is all around but they involuntarily remind how much out of place he is. At the shoot Bob is told what to do, what to say and how to turn to the camera, while the look in his eyes represents his bitterness towards the commercial and the director. Even though he is famous, surrounded by all the luxury, having anything he desires, Bob still does not have the inner peace and someone he can enjoy spending time with. The fact that everyone speaks a language he is not able to understand, alienates him even more. Looking out the window of his hotel, seeing the grand scenery, Bob is feeling very small and insignificant in the big and foreign city, where he has no friends or relatives. When his wife calls him with the choice of shelves or the color for drapes, he seems distant and uninterested in what he is doing. Thing change the night Bob meets Charlotte down at the bar. They have a somewhat distant and uneasy conversation and each person is immersed in their own hardships and feeling alone. But later they meet again and are able to find common a problem—they are both lost in what to do next in life. After going out and having a few drinks and some fun, the next morning the loneliness comes back. When they meet again and go out to have some food, it is clear that they are enjoying time together but the hotel i
Introduction One of civilization’s bleak moments in history is the slavery incident that continues to be an embarrassment for the nations that were involved in it almost two centuries after the official abolishment of the slavery institution in most nations. While slavery is mostly attributed to the colonies in the Americas whose plantation heavily relied on the manual labor provided by the slaves, European country such as Britain and France also made use of African slaves in their home soils. As such, slaves where present in Britain and most of them were used as household servants as opposed to their North American counterparts who worked in the plantations. The Institute of slavery had various social, economic and political implications for both the African slaves and their White masters. While the masters sought to maintain their proprietorship of the slaves whom they considered to be their assets, the slaves were determined to obtain their freedom. In addition to this two opposing forces, there was the rise of an abolitionist movement in Britain in the 18th century. All this factors resulted in the ultimate abolishment of slavery in Britain by Parliament, which in 1834 outright abolished slavery in the British Empire. The abolitionist movement and the Black slaves of Britain both played a role in the ultimate abolishment of slavery in Britain. While the role of the abolitionist movement in the eventual demise of slavery is applauded, that of the Black people in English society is hugely ignored. Lorimer asserts that the role of Black resistance in ending slavery was not only monumental but may in fact have a role rivaling that of abolitionists in ending slavery in England (58). This paper shall set out to investigate the merit to this argument advanced by Lorimer that the Black slaves of England played a critical role in catalyzing the eventual abolishment of slavery in the British Empire. The paper shall review other credible sources so as to ascertain if they concur with Lorimer’s claims. Slavery, a Definition Slavery in Britain was defined as perpetual servitude for the black population and their progeny. The major factor that led to the need for slaves was the labor deficit in Britain and especially in her colonies. While there existed indentured servants and white laborers in both Britain and the colonies, Vickers asserts that “No British colony every founded a successful society on the basis of free white labor” (2). This strong declaration highlights the fact that slavery was at the onset solely focused on the labor needs that the white population was incapable of providing for on their own. Some of the Black slaves who came to Britain were brought by their masters who were impressed by their services in the colonies and therefore wished to retain them on the Britain mainland. Arguments Supporting Lorimer’s Claims One of the arguments given by Lorimer is that the Black slaves in England used the legal avenue to hasten their freedom. The famous Somerset case which involved a slave from Virgin
Introduction Expansionist policies prompted by the desire to acquire territories, resources, and subject populations to exploit are as old as history itself. Still, European imperialism of Modern Times stands out in this respect as one of the greatest and most impactful expansionist movements in history. From the 18 th to the early 20 th century, most of the populated territories in the world came to be dominated by just a handful of powers from Europe of North America. This process went hand-in-hand with the corresponding development in the military art, transportation, communications, and ideology. European powers exercised their superiority in terms of technology and organization to subjugate less-developed societies, exploit their populations, and plunder their natural and cultural resources. European imperialism manifested in the perception of non-European societies as inferior, their relentless exploitation through superior tools of empire-building, including corporations, and ideological justifications of colonization – and imperialist legacies continue influencing the world after decolonization. Western Views of Non-Western Civilizations One common feature that united imperialist exploits of Modern European powers was the perception of non-Western civilizations as decisively and obviously inferior to those of the West. This approach was certainly useful in justifying expansion because it allowed framing it as bringing superior civilization to the societies devoid of it. In his famous poem “The White Man’s Burden,” Rudyard Kipling refers to the colonized people’s criticisms as “The blame of those ye better,” openly stating that Westerners were superior to the population of their colonies. 1 Sometimes this perception of superiority went as far as the complete dehumanization of non-Western peoples. A painting from 1882 depicts the British royal family passionately praying while the artillery blasts Egyptian soldiers to pieces in the background, referring to the Anglo-Egyptian War that led to establishing British dominance in Egypt. The comment under the painting reads: “Is it Christian to thank God for Islam Slaughter?” 2 Admittedly, this particular painting is an American satire that mocks the hypocrisy of British colonial expansion. Still, the very fact that such satire was possible confirms that the perception of non-Western civilizations as inferior was very pervasive. Some tried to put a humanist spin on this perception and interpret colonialism as a noble effort and even moral duty on the colonizers’ part. Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” may well serve as the manifesto of this approach, outlining it with great clarity. From the poet’s perspective, the titular burden of Western colonizers was to “serve [their] captives’ need” by creating infrastructure, providing education, and otherwise bringing civilization to them by any means necessary. 3 Kipling went as far as interpreting colonialism as an essentially selfless task, as evidenced by the lines “To seek another’s profit, / And work another’s gain.” 4 In a way, this approach was more appreciative of colonized popula
First Group The most recognized global causes of fatalities of children are birth-related conditions and respiratory infection. Furthermore, malaria (especially in Africa), diarrhea, and nutrition which is also contributing factor. These communicable illnesses justify more than half of the deaths of all children. The most communicable illness killers have related in all world health organization regions apart from malaria; it is estimated that 94 percent of these deaths occur in Africa regions and 53 percent deaths of the under-fives are caused by under nutrition-related conditions (Barnes, 1999). Neonatal deaths globally consist of about 40 percent of all children’s deaths. The main death causes are rigorous infections such as pneumonia or sepsis, diarrhea, and tetanus. In addition birth complication cases such asphyxia, premature birth and low birth weight, and other complicated congenital conditions. Every year it is estimated that at least 18 million infants are born with low weight. Yearly About ninety percent of these deaths occur in third world countries and more than 1/2 of these deaths occur in large countries for instance: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China, the remaining occur in developed countries (Barnes,1999). Every year almost two hundred and eighty thousand deaths of children below the age of five years are caused by road accidents, fire outbreaks, falling, sinking in dip water and pools, poisoning, and other incidences of accidental. Other factors, for instance, war or violence cause virtually fourteen thousand deaths of children less than five. The causal factors of deaths differ broadly by region and time as a result of variations in climatic conditions and outbreaks of war conflict. Furthermore, infectious diseases such as malaria (which is the main cause of high mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa), HIV/AID S, and measles cause nearly 535,000 deaths of children below fives years of age. Annually whooping cough which is easily eliminated through vaccination cause nearly 290,000 deaths of the under-fives, especially in developing countries. Meningitis and the deadly Tuberculosis usually cause almost one hundred thousand mortalities of children under the age of five years. In addition syphilis, hepatitis B and C, diphtheria, dengue fever, and intestinal parasitic worms are con
Introduction Space and aeronautics constitute one of the most perspective fields of manufacturing and research in the transportation industry. The world’s growing economy requires more planes, components, and systems to navigate around the world while reducing the costs and times of ferrying goods across the continents. Aviation market in Saudi Arabia is growing rapidly, following the liberalization of economics in the commercial flight sector. The growth rates for the country exceeded 8% in 2017, which is expected to increase further in the following years. It also represents the largest aerospace market in the Middle East, with nearly 30% of all commercial and military airplanes registered in the kingdom (“Connecting the Aviation”). The purpose of this paper is to analyze and outline the market needs for space and aeronautics technology in Saudi Arabia. Political and Economic Development Context In 2017, Saudi Arabia adopted the Saudi 2030 vision program, which suggested large-scale investments meant to diversify the economy and provide additional sources of revenue. This strategy is meant to reduce the dependence on oil prices and transform the kingdom into a global transportation hub between Europe, Africa, and Asia, taking advantage of the strategic positioning in between the continents. Between 2017 and 2018, the Saudi government increased the investment spending into space and aeronautics to 293 million USD, with expectations of generating revenue of 77 million dollars (“Connecting the Aviation”). Aviation is an important position in the diversification and expansion of the Saudi economy. The country took a lesson from the UAE that invested heavily in its aviation sector in Dubai, which provides between 27% and 35% of the city’s entire revenue flow (“Connecting the Aviation”). According to the development plans, aviation will be an important catalyst that would propel the Saudi economy forward by helping establish new airports and promote the expansion of existing facilities. The country hopes to attract additional investors, entrepreneurs, and participants to the project. Market Needs and Information Saudi Arabia has a well-developed infrastructure to support the burgeoning aerospace industry, with 27 airports dotting the kingdom (“Connecting the Aviation”). Out of them, six handle international flights, eight provide support for regional transportation, and 13 are dedicated to domestic, commercial hauls. However, one of the primary market needs in this area revolves around the upgrading of existing airports and the construction of new ones. These trends are justified by financial and market forecasts, which anticipate significant growth in the number of passengers traveling to or through the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, following the growth of the tourism industry. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates an increase in passenger demand from 3.8 billion in 2016 to 7.8 billion
Introduction Brands are used to distinguish a company’s products and services from those of another company. Marketers try to build a brand name in their marketing activities. Customers always identify themselves with a certain brand depending on that brand’s ability to satisfy their needs. Consumers around the world are known to associate with brands that meet their needs, as well as those that promote social purpose. This essay discusses the roles that brands play in social and societal causes. Roles of brands The world’s largest companies are known to promote their products and services through societal causes. For instance, there are promotions that promise contingent donations. Such promotions are referred to as embedded premiums. Embedded premiums are known to be more effective compared to price promotions. One of the reasons why these promotions are more effective is that they are cheap to deploy. At the same time, they increase brand preference among customers. Embedded premium promotions can operate in a multicategory context or in a single category (Henderson & Arora, 2010). Consumers around the world are more likely to go for brands that engage with the society. An organization whose brand interacts with the society is seen to be socially responsible (Motzek, 2011). Customers buy from such brands more frequently compared to other brands. This is an indicator that brands have the ability to increase consumer loyalty to the organization, as well as to its products and services. According to Lafferty (2009), Cause Brand Alliances have the ability to create a strong brand image. At the same time, such alliances enhance the brand’s sales. It is, therefore, important that when an organization selects a brand partner, it should apply the right criteria to ensure that it selects a partner who will help it increase its sales. Customers prefer brands that are familiar to them. A brand should embrace social roles to familiarize itself with the society. Cause related marketing has the ability to boost organizational sales. By promoting cause marketing, the organization displays its commitment to improving the quality of life of the society’s members. In addition, cause marketing improves the corporate image of the organization. It is important to note that corporate social responsibility is increasingly becoming part of business marketing strategy (Demetriou, Papasolomou & Vrontis, 2010). CSR is known to give organizations competitive advantage. Cause marketing en