ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Frank was brought up in a missionary family and is a graduate from Wheaton College. Today he has authored a number of books including Less than Conquerors: How Christians entered the 20 th century . The book explores and criticizes the manner in which evangelicals in the United States sought to control their destinies and their circumstances for the better part of 19 th and 20 th centuries 1 . The book has examined the spiritual importance of these events mainly by comparing them to a biblical comprehension of the word of God. This review explores the tactics devised by evangelicals to regain their lost status and power 2 . From the start, the author pointed out some personal postulations regarding the history of evangelism. The author seems to hate the theology or gospel of prosperity 3 . In addition, he abhorred seeing Christianity as a strong cultural force, and seemed to detest the industrialization aspect. Other criticism are spread throughout the book: Frank is against prosperity, hates people who make big businesses and terms naïve people who are optimistic about the history of the world, and enjoys suffering images of prophets. He understood faithfulness as a form of mysticism and not obedience. The author indicated that Calvinism was a theology of desolation: spirituality was wraithlike. One of the weakest points of Frank is that evangelicals presided over a service by simply outlining their history instead of preaching the word of God. In other words, they engaged in self glorification 4 . This may be true because writers have a third eye, but may not be the case for all evangelicals. He further explored the cultural, financial, as well as psychological aspects for the faith particularly of people he does not identify with; instead, he considers his personal understanding of the word of God as real. At the beginning, the author indicates that these evangelicals were inspired by events that happened during the civil war; however, his analysis in most cases is not historical 5 . Frank held the view that the American Civil War as well as its aftermath created divisions in the belief of people, but then, he wrote most of his work before civil war transpired. The author described the unending anxieties over industrialization and change that drove evangelicals to emphasize devoutness, yet he provided no explanation about other theologies that were not pietistic in this fast changing modern world. In a simple way, Frank argued that extensive civilization was the leading cause of psychological disorders, yet he did not mention or even disrepute what other researches said on the same or why they held a different view. According to the author, during the last part of 19 th and first part of 20 th century, rapid social change was evident to a point that most evangelicals could not manage the new America successfully. During this time, evangelicals showed anxiety towards the future 6 . In addition, they believed that crises fa
Concepts of the roles and duties have differed across civilizations and many discourses, books, and precepts have been offered to the young prince about how to conduct themselves in the affairs of the state. This paper provides s discussion on Marcus Aurelius’ vs. Machiavelli’s Concept of an Ideal Ruler. Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Aurelius, 121-180 AD) was the emperor of Rome in a very trying period when the glory of the Roman Empire was fading. The emperor was renowned as a wide and learned man and his book ‘Meditations’ has some advice for rulers who seek guidance in the matter of governance. There are 12 books in the volume and they are actually self-thoughts on good governance. Some of the quotes from the book are” “Soon you’ll be ashes or bones. A mere name at most–and even that is just a sound, an echo. The things we want in life are empty, stale, trivial”; “Never regard something as doing you good if it makes you betray a trust or lose your sense of shame or makes you show hatred, suspicion, ill-will or hypocrisy or a desire for things best done behind closed doors”; “Let opinion be taken away, and no man will think himself wronged. If no man shall think himself wronged, then is there no more any such thing as wrong”. Marcus believed in being just and fair and his advice to the ruler was based on how a good king who was piteous needed to conduct himself. The emperor wanted the ruler to be fair, equitable, just, compassionate and rule by consensus. He was of the opinion that undue force should not be used and sanctity had to be observed. He also urged the rulers to remember that they were not immortal and that old age, death and disease would come visiting to them one day. “Do not act as if thou wert going to live ten thousand years. Death hangs over thee. While thou live, while it is in thy power, be good.” There is a sharp contrast in the manner that Machiavelli regarded the ideal ruler. In his book ‘The Prince’ (Machiavelli, 1469-1527) has laid down certain ideas on how a ruler s
Introduction People’s perceptions of language differ greatly and consequently, this makes it hard to give a universally acceptable definition of language. However, communication appears as being central to every single definition. A language may thus be defined as a huge set of words that are used for the sole purpose of relating with one another in a given setting. A language will usually be shared by individuals who have grown up in a community or a particular area governed by the same customs and values. It brings out the uniqueness of a group of people and makes life quite interesting especially when we get to see the differences in the way people live and relate with one another. According to Janse (2003), language is a means of solving problems that affect a group of people who speak it. It offers a way for individuals in a community to stay in touch with and understand one another. This explains why most people will get alarmed at the mention of the fact that language diversity continues to reduce at a very high rate (Janse, 2003). In the world today, there are thousands of languages that are spoken by people from different corners of the world. Maffi (1998) observed that the total number of languages spoken then worldwide were approximately between 5,000 and 7,000. Statistics from Maffi’s study also indicated that 32% of these languages were spoken in the Asia, 30% were found in African, 19% in the Pacific, 15% in the United States and only 3% were spoken in Europe (Maffi, 1998). With the current technological advancements, the world is becoming more of a global village and to stay abreast with the rapid changes communities across the world are forced to make some radical adjustments. The biggest concern, however, is the effect that all these events on the diversity of languages. Over time some of these languages have lost their originality and usage within the groups leading to reduced language diversity. Whilst in the past communities mostly lived in closed environments, it is practically impossible for this to happen in the present world due to the many changes that are happening internationally. People are busy moving from one part of the continent to another and as they do so, they carry with them their language, culture and tradition built over time. One thing that we have to be clear about is the fact that globalization has opened up numerous channels of communication and subsequently, reaching out to one another a cross borders is no longer a problem. As a result, there is so much interaction that is going on between communities across the world as nations choose to work closely with neighbors so as they benefit each other. Sadly though, this interaction has a detrimental effect on
Introduction The budget of Seattle Solid Waste Utility encompasses finances to work on a Recycling and Disposal Station (RDS) at the south and renovation of the station at the north of Seattle. Having been constructed in 1960s, the initial stations have encountered a long period of heavy industrial use that has brought about substantial wearing out of buildings as well as renovation of systems in progress. The present old stations are not set for probable earthquakes in the future. Moreover, the present stations are congested with regard to the existing number of residents of Seattle. The present stations have as well a limited room for recycling. The new station at the north of Seattle is anticipated to start its functions in 2015. On the other hand, the new station at the south of Seattle requires increased functioning costs and it is expected to start its operations earlier this year. The city of Seattle as well requires finances to aid its garbage collection, disposal, and recycling operations. Some of the achievements of solid waste utility are brought about by its arrangements for garbage collection from residents, its disposal, and recycling. Constant strategy innovation is necessary in a bid to attain the recycling aims of the city (DiPeso, 2012, pp. 91-93). Nevertheless, a great proportion of the garbage in the city is composed of recyclable materials like refuse and paper, and thus the city requires setting up arrangements to reduce the garbage generated. Materials that do not go into the sewerage arrangement are denoted as solid waste and could be arranged into a number of categories founded on the materials contained and their management and regulation. One of the categories is the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) that comprises of all the garbage and recyclables that inhabitants and businesses generate and that are taken for recycling and disposal at the concerned stations. MSW contains materials that require handling with caution, for instance, old refrigerators and used computers. Another category is Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) and includes things like concrete, rocks, and wood. The third category is Moderate Risk wastes (MRW) and includes poisonous chemicals, oil, and paint just to mention a few. The Seattle and King Counties’ branch of
Management Mary Parker Follet has been one of the famous and prominent experts in the management sector. According to him, people are the most effective tools for the implementation of planned things, which has been referred as Management by him. The kind of functional management is one when the initial plan is put to action to reach the pre-set target. In a business, different people work in different perspectives under shade, but for the fulfillment of one objective. Thus, a group of people are directed and controlled by the involvement of management, which has been considered as another important definition of this term. Management comprises the proper deployment of:  1. Human Resources  2. Financial Resources  3. Technological Resources, and  4. Natural Resources The most important attribute of a manager is his or her ability to control, direct and mange people so that the project works smoothly and successfully. Management’s Basic Elements Some of important functions through which a good Management operates are:   * Planning: foreseeing the future needs and deciding upon the action plan.   * Organizing: making maximum utilization of all resources for executing the plan.   * Motivating: first exhibiting the skills yourself for others to follow suit.   * Coordinating: matching things to fit in and making people work together for a common goal.   * Controlling: intermittant checking and monitoring progress against original plan (Barrett, p. 50) Personal Management Personnel management, in quite sometime past, was simply considered as an activity concerning the hiring of employees. But with the passage of time as business grew more complex, personnel management gained more importance and became more intricate than it was before in the 1800s. It was in early 1900s when employers and business entrepreneurs began to realize that it is the workers morale that affects productivity and that workers need reasonably sufficient amount of wages so as to be happy and content in their job. It was also a part of awakening and realization when a natural human instinct was considered in employees’ affairs. It was also realized that it is employees right to get acknowledgement and recognition of their work and hence a feeling of achievement, and that the employees too require an opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their work. The personnel managers then started caring for such needs of the employees by various programs such as company newsletters, recreation programs, and suggestion systems. In mid 1900s the labor unions were formed which soon became very powerful, resulting into the expansion of industrial relations. More responsibilities for personnel managers were created from the coming of Social Security Act of 1935. By virtue of this Act, the personal managers had to supervise employees’ retirement and unemployment benefits, in addition to their normal responsibilities. (Quinn, n.p.) Planning A Plan, in the broader sense, is a typical, well-thought-out procedure to achieve a goal. But when it comes to execution of the plan, it is the planning that assumes a more important dimension. According to
Introduction Qualitative study is different from quantitative study. Consequently, the two studies require very different approaches when analyzing them. Qualitative research methods comprise of varied philosophical underpinnings. Hence, one should use discrete methods of reasoning when evaluating a qualitative research (Coughlan, Cronin & Ryan, 2007). The fact that there are numerous qualitative methods makes the analysis of a qualitative research very intricate. In a bid to analyze a qualitative study, one ought to have a clear understanding of the objective of the study. This aspect would help to determine the effectiveness of the research methods used during the study as well as the findings. Besides, the literature review ought to be consistent with the research objectives. A brief description of the informants, method of data collection, and method of information analysis would help to ascertain the credibility of the results. A qualitative research is of relevance if it helps in explaining a certain phenomenon or supporting an already known phenomenon. This paper analyzes a qualitative research done by Jessica Lee Pugh about the influence of Facebook in the development of online identity. Evaluation of Introduction and literature review One of the importances of including an introduction section in any qualitative study is to introduce the reader to the study and help him or her have clear idea of what the study seeks to find out (Burns, 2002). Researchers ensure that they bring out the rationale for their study in this section. In this section, the researchers present adequate rationale for conducting their study. In this study, Jessica has clearly defined the purpose of the research. She has considered the previous studies that have focused on the same issue and prove that the studies did not address the issue of online identity exhaustively. Therefore, she believes that there is the need to tackle this issue in a better way. Moreover, the researcher has compared the initial method of online identity and the modern method and she has brought out their differences. Hence, she has proved that there is the need to study the modern method of developing online identity since it is changing as the online technology changes. Research studies are of great significance to the public, organizations, as well as the government. In most cases, the studies try to demystify a particular mystery or explain a particular phenomenon. In doing so, they help the public, organizations, or the government to understand why a particular phenomenon happened (Burns, 2002). The study conducted by Jessica Lee Pugh is of great significance not only to the youths but also to the society. Currently, everyone is using technology for barely everything. People are not only using the Internet to communicate but they are also using it for business transactions. Jessica has conducted a study to identify how people are able to establish their identities in the websites (Facebook to be specific), therefore, establishing healthy relationships with others across the world. Through this study, people will und
Introduction Throughout my learning process, the incubation of a business idea has been a core issue. To me, entrepreneurship is an interesting area of learning. Being a member of a group keen to develop a process of incubation from the identification of an idea to finally proposing and assessing the fruits of development is encouraging (Jeffery 1992). In the process, I have learned several insights and developed my interpersonal skills while developing the urge to establish a business using the same guides we applied in the group. As a group, we chose the development of a business plan because of the urge to develop the wellbeing of the society while aiding us in the learning process. The learning process is important to each one of us because the knowledge gained could be used in future to foster individual ambitions i.e. establishing a personal enterprise (James 1960). The objective of this writing is to elaborate briefly the group endeavors while giving my personal point of view of the happenings and the ultimate effect of the group work to my personal development. My contribution, strengths and weaknesses of the group The group was the integral part in the development of the business plan. The assignment was sub-divided among the group members; this ensured that each member engagement was felt in the project. We held several discussions with the members to polish out problems that a member might have realized during his/her research. However, due to tight schedules, we held some of the discussions over the media i.e. Skype, where we ensured that all group members were well informed on the group developments. My interest in the project propelled me in the group discussion. In addition, I ensured that we were all the times on schedule and this encouraged us to hold several discussion groups to ensure each mem
Introduction Bourdieu’s concepts are very useful in understanding the reason why people behave or speak differently without understanding their history. The concept of field capitals and habitus cannot only be used to explain but also to analyze human beings in any given social context. The three concepts have used in different parts of the world to analyze social classes as well as education. Field, capital and habitus concepts can be used to analyze ethnicity and race, particularly when the concepts highlight history of a group of people or individuals (Field, 2003). Bourdieu’s emphasis was majorly based on the social practice of people and individuals especially what they do on a daily basis. However, Bourdieu stresses the point that social life is not pegged on one’s behavior only but on a wider concept. He also object the reasoning that one’s decision-making or supra-individual structures are the only basis that should be used to understand his or her practice. The concept of habitus according to Jenkins (2003) is a useful concept that bridges the explanatory gap that exists between the extreme arguments regarding objectivism and subjectivism. Habitus It is therefore important to understand the concept of habitus, field and capital before applying them in real life situation. Habitus is a Latin word that means the look, condition or situation of the body for instance (Jenkins, 2003, p. 74). According to Bing (2004, p. 39) habitus is referred to as the dispositions that an individual has been able to acquire right from the past to his or her present, especially those dispositions he or she acquired from social as well as personal experiences in life. Bing (2004, p. 39) in his description of habitus states, “The habitus – embodied history internalized as a second nature and so forgotten as history – is the active presence of the whole past of which it is the product”. Bing (2004, p. 39) argue that in relation to the argument of Bourdieu on habitus, he believed that habitus is simply a product of history (Bourdieu, 1986). Habitus is expressed in people based on how they relate to other people, the way they move and talk as they try to make sense of environment by means of social practice. Wacquant (2005, p. 316) states that “Habitus is ‘the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them”. in Bing (2004, p. 39) further argues that Habitus is some kind of socialized subjectivity, which involve a way of doing social practices as well as understanding and perceiving such practices. Bing (2004, p. 39) states, “However, habitus is not a set of fixed dispositions but rather an open sy
Reflection on the Simulation Results Aunt Connie’s Cookie is a family owned business that is presently performing well by selling its cookies throughout the east and Midwest region. The company is currently reviewing its cost strategies to maximize firm’s contribution margin and operating profits. This report is prepared after carefully analyzing basis for different business decisions the company can undertake and possible costing strategies that the company may give consideration to for generating better profits. The problem that the company is facing is that with higher prices the company’s sales fell. From the previous data it could be observed that sales were at maximum when prices of cookies were at minimum. The company is considering different ways to maximize its contribution margin and operating profits as suggested by Maria Villanueva who is the CEO of the company. She is of the opinion that the company can decrease price, increase advertisement expenditure, or increase payment to distributors. However, it must be understood it is important to decide upon an optimum combination of price, advertisement and distributor payment to achieve the desired gorals. Price reduction and distributor payment have direct impact on the contribution margin whereas advertisement expenditure that is not variable is likely to have positive impact on sales. A decision over production volumes surely depends upon factors such as utilization capacity of the production unit, sales loss from the current market and impact on the overall profit of the company. From the current data the company’s overall profit from its current sales is $1,550,000 however if the current production is adjusted to accept the order we can observe no change on Unit CM however total CM is affected and its profits. Accepting the bulk order is not advisable as it is generating less profit after adjustment to current production volumes. Purchasing new unit and utilizing its capacity to produce additional 600,000 packs of lemon creame cookies that have higher CM is likely to increase profits therefore its advised to buy the unit and carry out modifications to produce more of lemon creame cookies. Indifference level between two types of production results in the same level of cost and therefore profits are same. In this case forecast production of the new cookie is 1,000,000 packs and indifference level is also at the same level therefore we can choose either labor intensive manufacturing or equipment intensive. However, this decision will change if forecast demand for new product rises. The simulation presents three learning points that are fixed costs, variable costs, and breakeven point. These are important for understanding the relationship of different types of costs that business