ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Processing efficiency theory This theory was offered by Eysenck in 1982 and was later developed by this and other scientists, including Calvo and Derakshan (Chong, 2003). The theory is based on the assumption that there is a strong interdependence between the stress level and the ability of an individual to perform different tasks. To be more specific, the focus is put not on the final task performance, but on the process of its performance and its efficiency. Thus, the distinction between effectiveness and efficiency is crucial (Eysenck, 2007). According to the author, while the task performance quality can be unaffected by the stress and worry, the processing, including the efforts spent on task performance and the resources of mind and the whole organism are more vulnerable to stress (Eysenck, 1992). The theory also takes into consideration the different psychological types of individuals, which determine one’s level of anxiety. Thus, it is implied in the theory that the high level of anxiety allows an individual to operate the resources more efficiently while dealing with a difficult task, which can lead to the better final performance of the task comparing to the low anxiety individuals. However, in the long term perspective high anxiety is undesirable, as it demands more efforts to be spent in order to preserve the capacity of work. In addition, the high anxious individuals ”devote more of their processing resources to worry” (Wilson, 2007), which can lead to a poor task performance. The theory has been tested and applied to a number of experimental works, which allowed checking its sufficiency and finding the possible gaps. It has to be noted, that most of the theory’s points have been supported by the studies. Moreover, the theory can be referred to as rather flexible, due to its “consideration of compensatory effect” (Wilson, 2007), which means taking into account all the possible effects of both high and low anxiety levels. However, there are still some aspect that need further investigation and explanation. For instance, here is a point in studying the factors which contribute to the general anxiety level, and as a result can affect the processing efficiency (Eyseck & Calvo, 1992). In addition, the theory does not embrace the skills which can be gained by an individual in order to work in the conditions of stress effectively. Therefore, the theory can be treated as reliable enough, however its imperfections should also be considered. Attentional control theory This theory is tightly connected to the processing efficiency theory, analyzed earlier in this paper. The attentional control theory also defends the point of view that anxiety tends to impair the processing efficiency (Eysenck, 2007). However, this theory focuses on the possibility of an individual to regulate their attention in different conditions, thus being more or less attentive depending on the conditions (Rueda, 2004). Within the theory framework, the ability to focus is opposed to distractibility. The distractors are in turn subdivided into threatening and non-threatening, implying that the former ones cause a greater distracti
Introduction The great economic success of the UAE and this nation’s achievements have always served as a magnet for regular and irregular migrants. However, there are also other illegal aliens that enter the UAE, such as terrorists and terrorist facilitators. Border security means the protection of land borders and ports from terrorists and illegal goods. It is thus no wonder that border security is a priority sector for the UAE government. The capacity of the UAE regarding border security is low, and there are only a few organizations responsible for it. Generally, the UAE attracts foreign organizations working in the field of safety and security. In particular, the United States provides border security assistance to the UAE (“The United Arab Emirates,” 2019). Speaking of the national organizations, they include the Council for National Security, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Interior, and the Civil Defence General Command. The given essay will focus on the discussion of the Supreme Council for National Security and its activities regarding border protection. Firstly, it is important to take a look at this council. The Supreme Council for National Security was established to plan and implement the national security of the UAE from threats to border security. Currently, the council is presided by the president of the UAE, H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (“The Supreme Council for National Security,” n.d.). Other members of the authority are the rulers of the seven emirates. The council’s mission is to manage and coordinate border threats by using national capacity. The Supreme Council for National Security is responsible for investigating any illegal border crossings, in particular, from Oman to the UAE (“The Supreme Council for National Security,” n.d.). The authority is thus in charge of elaborating necessary standard procedures for checking persons on the entry and exit in free zones. The council meets several times per year in order to create general policy guidelines, though leaders of the organization often consult with each other. Secondly, the policies, values, and strategic goals of the chosen organization should be discussed. The national policy of the council is established to promote the security and stability of the country (“The Supreme Council for National Security,” n.d.). Special attention has to be paid to the values of the organization, which include collaborative leadership, cooperation, integration, professionalism, innovation, and community partnership. Development of the effectiveness of the main operations in border control and protection is the main strategic objective of the council. In addition, the high-quality education of the national cadres for emergency management is another important goal. It is worth mentioning that the authority provides support for the Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (“The United Arab Emirates,” 2019). Also, the Supreme Council for National Security builds its counterterrorism capacity and strengthens counterterrorism cooperation with other countries. The Supreme Counci
The State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) is an association of the federal government with the states whose aim is to give health insurance compensation to children from low-income families younger than 19 years old who are not fit for Medicaid (National Conference of State Legislatures [NCSL], 2007). Unlike Medicaid, SCHIP is designated not to individuals but states (NCSL, 2007). The states allocate the costs differently depending on the number of children in need and the health problems which they need to solve. One of the problems with SCHIP is that dental care is not compulsory under its regulations (Booth & Edelstein, 2006). Due to this crucial sphere of healthcare being optional, SCHIP makes the care system insecure, vulnerable, and irregular. It has been established that preventive dentistry is highly required among children whose families fit for SCHIP. Moreover, there is evidence of preventive dental care being rather cost-effective (Booth & Edelstein, 2006). Unfortunately, there is no settled standard in the allocation of costs for dentistry in every state. Such way of things leads to the decline of the number of healthcare services associated with dental care (Booth & Edelstein, 2006). Furthermore, the situation is aggrava
Selecting an Existing Instrument The use of existing instruments is highly recommended for research since the development of a valid measurement tool requires a study of its own (Gray, Grove, & Burns, 2013, p. 440). The factors that need to be taken into account include the tool’s appropriateness for the study, validity, and reliability (Bastos, Duquia, González-Chica, Mesa & Bonamigo, 2014, p. 921; Bücker, 2010, p. 265). The location of an instrument requires reviewing related literature or contacting researchers in the field and identifying the tool that is best suited for the goals of the measurement (Gray et al., 2013, p. 440). Cocreating Possibilities and Existing Instruments The suggested research is devoted to the cocreation of possibilities intervention (CP), which was described by Bergdahl, Benzein, Ternstedt, Elmberger, and Andershed (2013). The key variables that the study needs to measure are related to the quality of life (QoL) of the patients. A continuously developed reliable instrument for its measurement is proposed by the WHO (2016) QoL Group. The various parts of the tool have been tested in different countries over the word to ensure their reliability and validity (WHO, n.d., p. 1-2). The questionnaires are aimed at assessing the physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being, social relationships, the environment, the level of independence, and the general perception of the QoL. The tool is cross-cultural, which makes it near-universal; its parts include a specific adaptation for HIV patients, which might be of use for the study depending on the final sample, and the additional spirituality section. It is not advised by the WHO (2016) to modify the tool, but with prior notice and permissions, changes and translations can be made. The permits for the use of the questionnaires can be obtained with the help of email. Level of Measurement and Type of Scale The WHO (2016) QoL tool is a classical five-responses Likert scale instrument, which is one of the most common types of healthcare research (Gray et al., 2013, p. 430). The value of 1 corresponds to a directly negative response (for example, “not at all” with respect to the question about sleep problems) while 5 defines a most positive answer (for example, “an extreme amount” of sleeping issues). The level of measurement includes the nominal one for the personal data, but it can be claimed that the key questions are aimed at gathering ordinal information. In other words, the quantity of the data can be identified, but it is questionable if the intervals between the categories can be considered equal (Gray et al., 2013, p. 387). While ordinal level can be regarded as inferior to interval and ratio ones, this type of data i
Globalization is characterized by the increased movement of capital, information and people across international borders in an unprecedented manner. In this regard, globalization is being experienced widely in manufacturing, information technology and export industry such as tourism. For instance, tourism has had a profound impact on hospitality sector in most countries. This is because it involves enormous cross-border movements of capital and people (Cline, 2010). Moreover, it allows for increased trade in foreign currency and employment of large numbers of people. In the course of interaction between people from diverse backgrounds, cross fertilization of cultures and transfer of ideas often take place. Thus, people from different backgrounds from across the globe are physically or virtually brought together in a global community. The physical and/or virtual intermingling of people from diverse backgrounds culminates in a melting pot of ideas of which companies build and utilize their intellectual capital by applying globalization practices. The nature of hospitality industry involves frequent travels to overseas countries, exchange of a variety of foreign currencies, exposure to different social and political systems, customs, cultures, regulatory frameworks, long distance communication in foreign languages to name just a few (Cline, 2010). It would be imperative for companies in such industry to understand the current and future trends. There are some issues that have been reshaping hospitality companies in a global scale. These include increased international expansion with common brand and product position, Support of operations through cross border employee training, utilizing global capital markets to obtain funds and implementing organizational structures that facilitate global delivery with a localized operational control. These trends indicate clearly that any company in the hospitality industry aspiring to gain competitive advantage must come up with strategies to enhance its operations in offshore markets. The emergence of Asian markets naturally adds to the already stiff competition in the U.S. and the European markets (Thierauf, 2009). Thus, it is not only hospitality companies that need to adjust their globalization practices but any other organizations such as multinationals and those in IT industry that operate internationally. Foreign markets offer opportunities for growth and expansion that do not exist in local market due to overcrowding of related companies. Moreover, a hospitality company such as a hotel that aspires to benefit from the economies of scale would find it easier to achie
Introduction The artist whose disorders are being discussed is the famous painter, Vincent Van Gogh [1853-1890], who is believed to have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and also other conditions arising out of excessive and compulsive writings at one time, and complete idleness during other times. (Vincent van Gogh: Biography). How these disorders affect different facets of Van Gogh’s life? The volatile aspect of Van Gogh’s personality affected his love life in that he could not continue his relationship with any woman. There were many women in his life, but finally, unable to cope with his temperament, they were forced to leave him, forcing him to seek the company of morally low women. His fit of violent temper and epileptic fits, during which he was capable of violent behavior, alienated him from others. It is also believed that his use of an alcoholic concoction, absinthe provoked convulsive behavior and was mainly responsible for his continued ill-health and bouts of severe mental illness. (Blumer). How these disorders affect personal and professional life of Van Gogh? Although this painter was interested in landscapes to which he had devoted much of his painting career, he began portrait work from the year 1888 onwards, and it was this post-1888 period that was characterized by bouts of mental illness, which eventually led to his committing suicide during 1890. It is believed that Van Gogh’s self portrayals are lucid manifestations of his erratic mind. (West, p. 180). He was prone to fits of violent behavior, and during one of these episodes, he even seized a razor and ran behind his roommate Gauguin, threatening him. When this act was not possible, possibly in an act of self-redemption, he slit his own left ear lobe. Subsequently, he was confined to a mental asylum for one year but left when there was no improvement to his health. His fundamental mental instability and lack of mental equilibrium are manifest in many of his self-portraits, which reveal a gloomy and morose personality, not contented with his life and environment. He could not continue stable relations with members of his family and was dependent upon his brother, Theodorus for support. Theo’s marriage and subsequent fatherhood in 1889 may have created a sense of loneliness and futility in Von Gogh’s mind from which he really could not recover. From most of his paintings and portraits, the darker realities of Von Gogh’s personality are revealed, including his seclusive behavior, isolation from the mainstream of successful painters with whom he could not forge strong bonds, and his anxieties about his own mental state and its after-effects. It is seen that after 1888, his mental conditions worsened and he was often at a loss of control over his own mind. Conclusions While it i
The late twentieth century and the early centuries were regarded inmost of western countries as a time of religious crisis, which was generally believed in most cities in US and among the working class. One of the most important matters of debate was the relationship between secularization and urbanization. In the ninetieth century the growth of cities grew on a scale far beyond than anything ever seen before in the world’s history. In specific London grew to a staggering six million from one million. But in New York also there were close to three million marks, far more than any other city of the previous era. It is also in the nineteenth century that the proliferations of second-rank cities was seen; by 1900 there were approximately thirty western cities with at least five-hundred million inhabitants which would have as well qualified for metropolitan status in eighteenth century (Thomas 2006 43-77). In addition the growth in the number of smaller cities meant that in countries which lacked a major metropolis, there was a considerable increase in the proportion of the population living in urba
Introduction World War II. A time of upheavals, when lives were wasted like any ordinary creation. This was also the time when men’s feelings and emotions were tested when even love could be defined like it was the most sacred thing. World War II occurred when there were no helicopters yet, no internet or emails, and high technology that could have given easy access to information. It is easy to conclude that if the setting of Saving Private Ryan occurred at a later time – like today – it would have been so easy to locate the man who was the cause of all the trouble of Captain John Miller and his team. But it happened when information gathering was to be accompanied with endangering the lives of men in war; it was that hard to get valuable information. The story starts with a simple plot – a mother losing three of his sons in the war. But the ensuing subplots create a rippling effect that a viewer is really on the loose as to where it’s going to end. Before we start with the theories of communication, we have to bear in mind that we are watching a film. And this film is the story of World War II, a complex of stories and interconnecting plots that point to one man – Private Ryan. Since they are interconnecting, theories of communicating also start to emerge, like they are there with a purpose. The choice of this film, Saving Private Ryan , in the formulation of this paper also points to the fact that this form of communication, film, has some theories attached to it. Let’s start with a summary of Saving Private Ryan. General George Marshall and his staff are troubled that a family of three brothers is killed in the war, and a fourth brother’s fate is still unknown. Feeling this grief, the general read from a long-kept letter which told of the same experience where a mother was informed of the loss of her five sons in a previous war. The letter was written by a US President – Abraham Lincoln, and it was addressed to the mother of five soldiers killed during the American civil war. The general and the entire command of the US Army did not want this experience to happen again. They have experienced the realities of war and the grief over the loss of loved ones in battle. The ordinary clerk who first learned of the Ryan brothers’ fate informed her immediate superior and eventually, it reached the general. A search for the remaining brother is formed. Private James Francis Ryan later identified as a member of the 101st Airborne who hailed from Iowa, might still be alive somewhere in the war front. The team organized to search for Private Ryan is led by Captain John Miller of the Second Ranger Battalion who just survived in the Normandy landing. The search is filled with stories of the human experience of men in war, and Captain John Miller and his team. It tells of grief, loss, fear, anger, frustration, pity, and even friendship towards the enemy. They captured one German who asked for pity or to be spared from execution by Miller’s men w
Research related to food sensory properties has explored the peculiarities of taste, colour, texture, and even sounds of consumed products. The food industry has contributed greatly to the development of sophisticated research methods used to examine food attributes since manufacturers tried to identify the characteristics that would make products more attractive to consumers (Norton et al. 2014). Although many definitions of the term exist, for the purpose of this study, food texture can be defined as a feature that “can influence oral processing behaviours, food perception and expectations of fullness” (Forde et al. 2017, p. 596). Extensive research into the link between food texture and health outcomes offers numerous strategies that can improve many people’s dietary intake and status. This review is concerned with the latest advances in food texture research including the existing classifications, methodologies, as well as the associated implications for health care. History of Food Texture Research For centuries, people have implemented numerous gastronomical experiments related to food texture to satisfy their dietary needs and preferences (Dar & Light 2014). However, the research of food texture started relatively recently, in the 19 th century, when the major focus was on particular products (e.g. bread dough, fruit, or meat) rather than on generalised aspects. Scientists identified attributes of specific products (apples, poultry, and so forth) and largely neglected sensory categories (e.g. hardness and fluidity) (Timbers & Voisey 2017). In the middle of the 1800s, German scientists relied on the product-centred approach and measured jellies firmness with the help of mechanical tests. In the early 1900s, American and European researchers developed systematic measurements and texture optimisation methods of grains, fruit, butter, and dairy products to name a few. The most common instrumentation included the Warner-Bratzler meat shear test that measures the force necessary to cut meat and fruit pressure test (Timbers & Voisey 2017). Food texture has received considerable attention of scholars in the middle of the 20th century. The primary focus was on flavours, smells, and colour schemes (Nishinari & Fang 2018). People’s preferences and their dietary habits were explored, and the results of these studies were mainly employed in food production and marketing. S