ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Major Psychiatric Disorder(s): F20.9 Schizophrenia The client’s behavior is not adequate for a regular and healthy person. She met criteria A because she lives in her own world and does not understand what happens in reality. The patient always talks about the grave that she lies in when staying in bed. She met criteria B because her thoughts were pointless (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Susan also has a weak memory because she always tries to recall some events that did not happen to her. Perhaps, she remembers unreal things because she experienced them in her mind. She met criteria C because she asked questions that did not relate to the conversation topic (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is possible to see that the patient has schizophrenia because she cannot concentrate on a single subject. The client’s thoughts are always changing. Moreover, her world perception and understanding of the environment do not correspond to reality. All the symptoms described above prove that the person is mentally challenged and cannot consciously communicate with other individuals. Developmental Disorder(s): F73 Intellectual Disability, Profound As is mentioned above, the client does not understand or is not able to see the original appearance of objects and people around her. The patient’s virtual reality makes everything different. Susan’s brain does not work properly as the information it receives is wrong or distorted. Also, the woman does not comprehend other individuals’ words. Perhaps, she cannot process or analyze different sounds logically. She met criteria A because she was scared and murdered hundreds of people (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This statement proved that the client could not consciously orient herself in discussions and life in general. Personality Disorder(s): F21 Schizotypal Personality Disorder The client has a schizotypal personality disorder. She met criteria A because she had odd thinking and skills. The patient’s conclusions and questions are impossible to support or answer. Moreover, she always wants to call a counselor to arrest or stop her from committing crimes because of the supernatural power Susan has. She met criteria B because she had odd beliefs and thought magic exists (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These thoughts influence the person’s behavior that can be claimed antisocial or abnormal. Medical Disorder(s): No Diagnosis The patient does not know anything about her medical history. Susan visits the doctor whenever she is told to do it. Client Strengths  1. The client has positive thoughts about such holidays as Christmas and Valentine’s Day.  2. The client thinks that she is ageless and has lived since ancient times.  3. The client does not use any medications.  4. The client understands that being in the “grave” is not a positive thing.  5. The client wants to stop her “supernatural power” by calling the counselor.  6. The client strives to communicate. However, her attempts are not successful.  7. The client
Written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown is an allegorical story that focuses on the religious or theological practices of the Puritans. The Puritan society adheres to strict religious practices thus Brown was not an exception. Brown and his newly wed wife, Faith, respect all the people around them because of their belief in God or Christianity. Though deeply rooted into Christianity, a single night adventure into the forest alters Brown’s belief in Christianity, which affects his relationship with the people in his community. Initially, Brown believed in Christianity but after the awful encounter with the ‘devil’, he changes his perception on humanity and religious beliefs isolating all the people around him including his wife. Before embarking on the journey to the forest, Brown not only loves his wife, but also practices strict Christianity through holding prayers and other forms of catechisms. Therefore, one might wonder, what prompts him to visit the ‘devil’? The journey to the forest not only suffocates Brown’s religious beliefs, but also separates him from his family and the community. Brown believed that all the religious people like the deacons and catechists purely practiced Christianity; therefore, he respected them due to their faith. Unfortunately, while in the forest, he sees some of the religious leaders communicating with the devil. Moreover, he also hears the voice of his religious wife Faith. After the experience in the forest, Brown declares, “my faith has gone” (Donahue, 25), which means he now believes neither in God/Christianity nor in his wife who coincidentally goes by the name ‘Faith’. Brown assumes or starts believing that all Christians or people in the world are hypocrites. Brown’s journey has a negative impact on both his religious believes, practices, and social life. Unfortunately, Brown now believes that all human beings are pretenders or practice hypocrisy. Additionally, the world lacks humanity and all people sin according to Brown. When he sees the deacon and other clergymen in the forest, he becomes unhappy, feeling betrayed by people whose role is to ensure Christianity prevails in the Puritan society. As a result, Brown starts seeing the world as an impure place and believes that all the people are unclean. Besides believing in Christianity, people also ascribe to Satanism, which draws hatred in his heart. Astonishingly, he believes everything the devil tells him especially about his father/grand father visiting the forest yet they came from a society, which upheld morality especially on religion. For instance, when the devil says “whether in church, bedchamber, street, field, or forest-where crime has been committed, and shall exult to behold the whole earth one stain of guilt, one mighty blood spot”, Brown trusts the words and ends up assuming all puritans are evil (Walter 50). Therefore, the encounter with the devil pushes Brown to believe both in his preaching and in practices losing his contact with Christianity. Eventually, Brown starts living a fearful, lonely, and sad life filled with regrets. The ability to
Introduction For a long time, health policies advocated for funding and ensuring adequate provision of medical care as the most appropriate way of maintaining a healthy society. Emphasis was laid on the research and development in curative and preventive Medicare so that the members of the society lived a healthy life. The issue of health determinants was not given enough consideration. It remained an aspect for the academic realms but not in the practical aspect of health care provision. However, this ceased to be the trend. After thorough research, it was ascertained that many factors played different roles in determining the health of an individual or a society as a whole. This brought the issue of health determinants into question. This paper will hence try to point out the role played by the health determinants in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa. The case of HIV/AIDS affliction in Kenya will be analyzed on the backdrop of the health determinants so that a clearer approach could be devised to salvage society. What are health determinants? According to the World Health Organization (2006), health determinants are the social, economic and environmental conditions that contribute to an individual’s health status. To be precise, an individual’s economic and social environment, physical environment around him and the individual’s characteristics and how he behaves are health determinants that determine how healthy or unhealthy he becomes. These factors include poverty, unemployment, good policies concerning food and transport, drugs, working conditions and availability of social support initiatives. This position affirms Professor Michael Marmot’s suppositions that medical care can truly prolong life. However, he purports that it is important to ensure that the social and economic conditions of an individual are appropriate so that they live healthily and consequently do not need medical care. Just like he says, the World Health Organization also highlights the importance of the socio-economic environment in maintaining a healthy society. Considering these factors, could any link be identified between them and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Kenya? Can the social and economic conditions of an individual determine his chances of contracting HIV/AIDS? Statistical Data HIV/AIDS has been one of the greatest afflictions in the World for the last decade. Africa is the most affected continent. Accordingly, Kenya is one of the countries affected by the pandemic. Joint research by the UNAIDS and WHO (2008) points out that the total population of Kenyans living with this virus is between 1,500,000 million and 2,000,000 by the year 2008. This is a great increase of between 1,300,000 and 1,700,000 in 2001. This is the total population that includes males, females and children. These statistics are consistent with another study carried out by the Kaiser Foundation which also identified that by the year 2003, more than 1,200,000 we
Introduction According to the European Union (EU), the EU is the global largest trader, responsible for 16.5 percent of the global exports and imports. 1 To the Union, free trade among member states is one of the most firm regulations, and it is dedicated to advancing world trade too. In this critical analysis and discussion paper, the focus is on the contribution made by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law regarding Article 36 TFEU to the achievement and maintenance of the EU’s single market. The European Union Single Market and Free Movement of Goods and Services The Single Market shows the EU as one region with no internal borders, restrictions, or other administrative impediments to the free flow of products and services. A working Single Market invigorates fair competition and commerce, enhances effectiveness, improves quality, and assists in cost reduction. The EU Single Market is among the EU’s most noteworthy accomplishments. 2 It has facilitated economic growth and made the regular activities of European organizations and customers less demanding. 3 The Single Market approach is the European Commission (EC) arrangement to open up and facilitate trade in the Single Market. The Single Market remains the most important element of the European trade project, empowering individuals, enabling services, merchandise, and capital to flow more unreservedly, providing new opportunities for European firms, more prominent consumer choices, and lower costs for customers. It allows citizens to move, live, work, or pursue studies in any part of the EU member state without restrictions. 4 The free movement of goods, which is the first principal among the four primary freedoms that guide the internal market, is based on the concept of the removal of the custom duties and quantitative limitations, and the exclusion of measures bearing a proportional impact. 5 To advance, the internal market practices, the EU has adopted the standards of mutual recognition, removal of physical and procedural hindrances, and advancement of institutionalisation. The enactment of the New Legislative Framework (NLF) fundamentally reinforced product marketing regulations, the free movement of products, the EU’s market observation framework, and the CE (European Conformity) mark. The mutual recognition guideline was additionally merged, and it applies to an extensive variety of items not included under the EU harmonisation. In any case, at times, these benefits are not realised in light of the fact that Single Market principles are not widely recognised or actualised or they are simply weakened by different other legal obstacles. 6 Additionally, in a quickly evolving environment, the Single Market should adjust to new thoughts, business models, and plans of action. That is the reason the EU has opted to review the Single Market provisions and eliminate as many obstacles as possible, and in this case, Article 36 is extremely important. 7 Article 36 “ The provisions of Articles 34 and 35 shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods in transit justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security; th
Background of the Company Also known as, Hewlett Packard, HP is one of the most successful American companies. The company develops and manufactures computer software and hardware. William Hewlett and Dave Packard founded the company in 1935 and named it Hewlett Packard. The founders started with a diminutive capital that did not match the revenues of other companies in the ICT sector at the time. Therefore, HP specialized in the manufacture of oscillators. Currently, the headquarters of the company are in Palo Alto, California. The early years of the company were typical of innovation and creativity. In fact, the company manufactured cheap products between 1935 and 1940 with high efficiency. Hills & Jones (2012) articulate that the first products of the company gave it a competitive edge over its rivals. In particular, HP was able to utilize technology and innovation to manufacture oscillators that were accurate, cheap and reliable. Throughout the 20 th century, HP had been able to capture the needs of the customers by ensuring that it adopted appropriate technology and appreciated change (Preston, 2007). Although HP is one of the largest multinationals in the world, the recent years have been tumultuous due to stiff competition within the ICT sectors across the world (Malone, 2007). To quell the competition, Malone (2007) asserts that HP focuses on acquisition of companies and mergers as the main strategies to increase its market share and productivity. In 2002, the company merged with Compaq to create HPQ. Nevertheless, the merger did not yield the desired outcomes owing to the increase in the number of companies that had begun to manufacture similar products all over the world (Hills & Jones, 2012). The failed merger led to the company’s poor performance over the last years. Coupled with the effects of the global financial crises of 2007-2008, HP‘s stock prices have decreased steadily over the last decade. HP has been unable to compete effectively with companies such as Apple and Samsung despite changing its strategies and leadership. In 2010, the company exited smart phone and tablet business to concentrate on cloud computing and software solutions (Hills & Jones, 2012). The rationale is that the company suffered from inefficiencies in the production systems owing to the fact that raw materials had become scarce. HP Products and Services Malone (2007) says that HP has become an international brand owing to its superior products. In particular, the company has experienced success and growth in its technology products that include printers, cameras, personal computers as well as software. The merger with Compaq in 2002 increased the variety of the products for the company (Malone, 2007). Particularly, HP ensured that Compaq computers represented a significant line of products. HP promotes itself as a s
Click Fraud is a collection of internet scams that sprout up costs for advertising companies all over the world. Google and Yahoo search engines are the most threatened, questionable yet benefited websites in the area of Click Fraud (Palma, 2008). Websites like Google and Yahoo recycle their ads to many other dummy sites which mainly consist of ads and nothing else. These are domain parking companies that host parked websites owned mainly by cheaters who simply put ads and send bills to the advertisers, which are not aware of where their company’s ad is being put up for clicking and get charged nonetheless (Palma, 2008). A major aspect of Click Fraud is “PTR” which stands for “paid to read.” Where operators pay people for each e-mail and website they read. This is normally a pennyworth! Only human surfers are not the only source of fuel for click fraud, but ‘click bots’ which are online, downloadable, automated, and detection-free clicking programs are also an area of concern. Google and Yahoo, although see this issue of Click Fraud as being a threat to the internet advertising gig, also put less stress upon destroying the whole problem for once altogether. For one reason, they are the ones who are making the most profits out of these scams (Palma, 2008). Click fraud is nearly impossible to be detected but due to intense pressures from their clients, Google and Yahoo have inclined to take a few actions. According to them they make attempts to screen out the invalid clicks and try not charging their clients for them. For Yahoo, Click Fraud is manageable and controllable. Google has set up a ‘help page’ which shows advertisers the places where their ads will appear. But still, it fails to mention the parked Web sites that are click fraud homelands. Yahoo on the other hand does not even offer this option. Google and Yahoo claim they direct the surfers to their desired information, through these ads. Whatever attempts Google and Yahoo are claiming to take for this matter, they are still not enough and are feeble because according to research conducted by BusinessWeek , the key players of click fraud are making around $25 thousand on a click every month. It is the success of Google and Yahoo through online advertising that grabbed the attention and focus of con artists to start the scam of click fraud (Pal
The two popular poems by Robert Frost – The Road not Taken and A Question – focus on experiences and hardships that a person should undergo before a decision is made. Although they rely on the problem of difficult choices, they are a number of differences in their viewpoints on philosophical conception of life. In particular, The Road not Taken focuses on the events that influenced the narrator’s choice and provided the rationale for his actions. In contrast, A Question deliberates on what has already been done. Specific attention requires the question about the value of death and life, as well as about the reflection on previous experience. Hence, the leading aspects and themes discussed in both poems are associated with the difficulties in decision-making, influence of life experience on the choices, and consequences of our actions. All these themes are represented from the viewpoint of the narrator who is concerned with the problems of being. The structure and size of the poems differ significantly. In particular, The Road not Taken is a four-stanza poem with five lines each. The rhythmic pattern is iambic tetrameter which coincides the ABAAB scheme. Rhymes are masculine and straight, except for the last line where the stress is put on the last syllable. A Question has only one stanza with four lines, but it also has iambic structure. Although the poems are from different collections, they indicate similar features in terms of themes, characters, and philosophical outlooks on life. Biographical features in both verses are explicitly illustrated. Although the author focuses on natural phenomena, most of subjects relate to the human feelings, experiences, and emotions. Description of life experience is, probably, at the core of all literary works introduced by
Nowadays, it became very fashionable, on the part of beret-wearing, whale-protecting, and tree-hugging neo-Liberals, to blame consumerism for just about all the evils in the world. However, it cannot escape our attention that they prefer doing it, while drinking organic coffee at Starbucks, which significantly reduces the validity of their claims – those who would not be able to survive for even as little as few days, outside of “consumerist comfort”, closely associated with Western civilization, are the least qualified to talk on how people would benefit from limiting their consumerist appetites. At the same time, it can hardly be argued that the practice of accumulating material riches, as something that has value in itself, which characterizes the existential mode of majority of Americans, is counter-productive, because it turns people into the mindless robots. Therefore, it would only be naturally, on our part, to suggest that the problem does not reside in consumerism as an abstract concept, but in the fact that, over the course of years, the very essence of this concept has been transformed into something opposite, from what it originally used to be. If we look at the concept of consumerism from historical perspective, it will appear that originally, the issue of consumerism has not been discussed within a context of analyzing what defines one’s lifestyle, as it is the case nowadays, but solemnly as the mean of boosting country’s industrial production. After the end of WW2, U.S. was able to enhance the effectiveness of its economy by increasing citizens’ buying power. This was being done with the mean of infusing America’s economy with monetary emissions, which in its turn, increased such citizens’ power. In its turn, citizens’ increased ability to buy industrial products in ever-bigger quantities stimulated the continuous economic progress in America. By continuing to work hard, people were ending up with more earned money on their hands, which they were willing to spend on acquiring things that could hardly be described as essential for their physical survival. America was the country, where TVs, fridges and cars ceased to have a status of lu
At the beginning of the 1800s, English poetry underwent certain changes from emotional Romanticism to rational Victorianism. Despite the intention to find new realms and ideas, English writers continued offering many romantic values in Victorian poetry. The works by William Blake and John Keats, one of the best representatives of the Romantic era, differ from the Victorian poems written by Edgar Allan Poe and Matthew Arnold. Still, Romanticism was revised but not eliminated in the middle of the 1800s. Although Victorian poetry tried to diminish the place of such romantic characteristics as the faith in the human imagination, focus on emotions, and the re-evaluation of nature, these values were not completely rejected. English Romanticism did not last long, but this period introduced several values that define English poetry today. Romantic poets were inspired by nature and the belief that everything can be upgraded and understood with time. It was a time when human ideals and imagination played a significant role and allowed people to resist harsh social norms and political orders. Keats’ “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” is a solid example of how liberation is achieved by re-evaluating old rules. The poet underlined the worth of emotions and nature in human life, admitting that “I never breathe its pure serene” (Keats 192). His comparison “like some watcher of the skies” proves the intention to change and enjoy his emotional shifts. Similar values are observed in Blake’s “London,” but the author chooses negative emotions to share his indignation. Blake was upset about “marks of weakness, marks of woe/In every cry of every man” (140). However, regardless of the tone, these are examples of the strong imagination and focus on emotions, even desperate and confused. It seems that industrialization and technological progress considerably shaped English poets and made them change their naïve feelings into practical decisions. On the one hand, Victorianism revealed the worth of scientific discoveries to improve the quality of life. On the other hand, Romantic values were not forgotten, which allowed advancement and new perspectives. Arnold and Poe are the representatives of Victorian poetry who discuss the role of nature, emotions, and imagination under new industrial conditions. For example, Arnold did not ignore his feelings and understand the “flow of human misery” that “we find also in the sound a thought” (290). Poe, in his turn, asked, “Thrilled me – filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before” (225). Both poets were afraid of the unknown that was waiting for them, but they were ready to trust in their e