ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since its formulation almost half a century ago, the scientific practitioner model (SP) has been a major influence in the professional training of psychology in English-speaking countries such as the UK, USA and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The model combines the service orientation of the practitioner with the academic orientation of the scientist so as to provide a form of training that is unique in the human and health service professions. The scientific practitioner model of training and education in psychology, therefore, is an integrative approach to science and practice where each of them must inform each other continually. It is clear that the scientific practitioner is not just to read so as to prepare scientists and practitioner psychologists but to read and integrate these roles so that the practice by the psychologist is informed by the method and content of the psychological science (Leong & Zachar, 1991). According to (Martin, 1989) &(Nickson, 1990), the origin of the SP model can be traced back to 1949 at a conference that was held in Boulder, Colorado. The conference brought together representatives from mental health services and universities under the auspices of the National Institute of medical health and the American Psychological Association for discussing the appropriate training models for developing professionals in clinical psychology. The model lacked specifics and there were difficulties in its implementation which coupled with the federal government funding of service delivery and research led to a dilution of the model in 1973 at the Vail conference (Schneider, 1990). In this conference, emphasis was placed to differentiate training of professionals and scientists and there was a reaffirmation of the scientific- practitioner as the professional training objective in psychology (Larner, 2001). Institutions are now moving to integrate science into practice components although the professional training programs which do not give effect to the SP model have continued (Belar & Perry, 1992). Although the model is widely accepted, (Stricker, 2000; Stricker & Trierweiler, 1995) views that is not universal as it has been criticized on several grounds. The psychology of science underpinning the model is now out of date, it fails to pay regard to the tacit knowledge of the medical practitioner, there has been the death of suable knowledge which has been provided by the psychological science and finally, the professionals trained with the application of the model do not perform as scientists just as the low publication rates indicates (McHugh, 1994). Henriques contended that the source of the scientific-practitioner gap is due to the failure of defining psychology. He further contends that this failure leads to many clinicians being reluctant to embrace cognitive behavior therapy which is a conceptually muddled oxymoron just as Henriques correctly observed. The principal origin of the SP does not lie in the absence of a specific definition of psychology but in the different approaches of researchers and some clinicians in the process of acquiring knowledge.
The Covid-19 pandemic is the ultimate universal health crisis of current times and one of the most significant challenges over the past several decades. Since the emergence of the deadly virus in China in 2019, it has spread to almost every corner of the world. The impacts have been diverse and far-reaching and have shaped how humans do things, mainly in the health sector, including caring for the old. The 2020 article How covid-19 will shape the future of senior living. New models of care, more aging in place by Reshma Kapadia, discusses how the virus will change senior housing. Undoubtedly, Covid-19 has made many families leery about sending their loved ones to care facilities. Coronavirus will change senior living housing since the aged are more vulnerable to coronavirus and other infections than other ages. It is estimated that in the U.S., up to 40 percent of Covid-19 deaths were recorded in assisted-living facilities and nursing homes (Kapadia 2). Even though the two are different, seniors go to both nursing homes and assist living for care since they offer different service levels to the residents. On the one hand, the startling figures have pushed many families to rethink sending their old ones to the centers. On the other hand, the management of the care facilities is strategizing by offering services that adhere to covid-19 safety protocols. Further, Covid-19 has made it difficult for families to visit and share with their loved ones living in care facilities. Daily broadcasts of fatalities at nursing homes and tales of people being denied an opportunity to see their loved ones due to quarantine will definitely leave a significant mark in the industry (Kapadia 5). Even before the pandemic struck, seniors were not ready and willing to relocate into senior-living communities. The pandemic makes even families skeptical and shy away from sending their loved ones to senior-living facilities. More older adults and their families are equating living in the care facilities to courting death which poses a threat to such facilities’ existence. Reference Kapadia, Reshma. How Covid-19 Will Shape the Future of Senior Living. New Models of Care, More Aging in Place. Barron’s, 2020.
Abstract This paper is a sentence outline of a journal article dwelling on clinical leadership and innovation. In a nutshell, the article maintains that innovation results from effective clinical leadership. Innovation brings about change. On the other hand, change improves care, service quality and professionalism. Nonetheless, this cannot happen if the nursing leadership fails to understand and identify clinical leaders. Surprisingly, these leaders must also recognize their potential. In doing so, genuine innovation and change are supported and fostered. Clinical Leadership and Innovation Thesis Statement: People who are ready to lead and put their ideas into action through positive innovation and effective change bring about improvements in the quality of care and services in the nursing sector. In other words, leaders play a critical role in clinical changes and development.  1. This article provides an insight into the relationship between clinical leadership and innovation. Accordingly, unrivalled clinical leadership contributes to genuine innovation. However, some changes are not helpful to the nursing sector  1.       1. Change that is poorly planned or half-baked is not good for an organization. All changes must have a purpose.      2. Important change is directed by clinical leaders or individuals with innovative concepts. As a result, the quality of services and general care are improved.      3. An intelligent quote by Jesse Jackson states that change does not come from alterations in processes or structures, but from courageous people who are ready to work. If the healthcare sector is to flourish, spirited individuals must be identified to lead it.  1. Defining clinical leadership.  1.       1. In the article, Stanley reiterates that “clinical leaders are the health professionals best placed to lead change in practice and suggest innovations that impact positively on clinical quality.”  1. Citing Baker et al., Cook, Alleyne and Jumaa, Wong and Cummings, Sirola-Karvinen and Harkäs, Murphy et al. and Stanley, this a
Critically ill people, who may be unconscious or sedated while they are treated in intensive care units, are often provided with breathing assistance devices. The use of these medical ventilators may result in some complications, first in such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which is a potentially severe state for all categories of patients. The outcomes of VAP or other infections may be fatal for critically ill people. Various types of oral hygiene care may significantly reduce these risks; however, their usage in practice lacks consistency and uniformity. Hence, implementing congruous protocols and feedback systems is vital for making the positive effects of oral care more evident and systematic. In the absence of oral care protocols and feedback systems, the majority of nurses were not providing oral care according to the latest evidence-based practice. Recent research papers also demonstrate that there is a lack of consistency in oral care methods and frequency between intensive care units in different hospitals and even within the same hospital (Ganz et al., 2013). It has also been shown that oral care has a significant impact on the medical outcomes of patients treated in intensive care units. If clear oral care guidelines are not present, and the knowledge of the latest evidence-based practices is not promoted, the critically ill people are more vulnerable to possible complications, including fatal outcome. Implementing oral care protocol at the nation-wide level is proved to have strong positive effects on patient care, including reduced VAP cases as well as other complications. The side effects may involve a higher level of bedside staff satisfaction and increased cost efficiency as far as oral care medical supplies are concerned. Thus, a set of subsequent research papers (Ganz et al., 2013) shows considerable positive changes in the oral care practices for ventilated patients after a notable national effort to increase evidence‐based oral care practices. According to the researchers, “there was a statistically significant increase in the use of EBPs as shown by the EBP score and in the perceived priority level of oral care” (Ganz et al., 2013, p.355). A nation-wide policy may be implemented by the government or by the national or regional medical associations. On a local level, an introduction of oral care protocols, including oral examination and feedba
In reality, cells in the human body can use two types of division to maintain the constancy of the internal environment and renew tissues. In particular, somatic cells use mitosis, which is extremely similar to cell cloning: a division from one parental cell results in two identical daughter cells with the same set of chromosomes and functionality (Mitosis Versus Meiosis). On the other hand, gametes can be formed from meiosis, when four haploid cells are formed from one diploid cell at once. When chromosomes divide, it is possible for a daughter cell to have more or fewer chromosomes than nature intended. For example, a healthy person’s somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, but when chromosome pairs diverge — nondisjunction: when a chromosome pair does not separate and diverge into new cells — a cell may have either 47 or 45 chromosomes. A decrease in the number of chromosome pairs by one is called monosomy (2n-1), and an increase by one is called trisomy (2n+1). Both pathologies are united by the common term aneuploidy, which describes deviations in the karyotype of a diploid organism in which the number of chromosomes is not a multiple of the haploid set. Thus, when chromosomes diverge during cell division, a dysfunction is possible, resulting in a daughter cell with one more chromosome (trisomy) and one less (monosomy). Several life-compatible aneuploidies are characteristic of the human species. Perhaps the best known of these is Down syndrome, which results in trisomy in the 21st pair of chromosomes. Notably, with this condition, patients’ appearances take on a number of similar features: epicanthus, a flat face with an open mouth, a small nose, and an enlarged tongue. In addition to appearance, Down syndrome also affects the individual’s cognitive abilities: the patient has physical and mental dystrophy (Down Syndrome). Further, trisomy in the 18th chromosome pair is the cause of a much more deadly disease, Edwards syndrome. In the case of monosomy on the sex X chromosome (23rd pair), the patient develops Turner syndrome. In males, trisomy is also possible, resulting in the 23rd
Methods Considering the major aim of this descriptive-correlative research, 146 married couples were chosen as the population study (Mohammadi et al., 2016). The population was chosen among the employees of the Bandar Abbas Oil Refining (BAOR) company with the help of multistage random sampling. The average age of the participants varied between 30 and 40, with a few exceptions where they were either younger or older of the estimated period. The marriage duration aspect included participants who were married for less than five years (18), as well as the ones married for more than two decades (6), making the average duration of 5-10 years. To measure marital satisfaction, the researchers used the enrich marital satisfaction scale. Collins and Read’s Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) was used to define levels of attachment within a couple. To define the peculiarities of the lifestyle, the lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ) was used. The researchers referred to Pearson’s correlation factor and multivariable regression to analyze the collected empirical data. Results The most significant outcome of the following study justified the hypothesis that the relationship attachment styles and lifestyles might affect marital satisfaction. Among the existing attachment models, the following styles were estimated to hurt marital satisfaction:   * Insecure;   * Avoidant;   * Anxious-Ambivalent. Despite the lack of empirical evidence in this particular research, it was estimated that secure attachment patterns had a positive impact on marital satisfaction for both partners. Another important finding of the research outlined that marital satisfaction as a notion should not be regarded from a single perspective like the attachment styles hypothesis. Instead, marriage and partners’ satisfaction is several variables (e.g., number of children, age, communication patterns, socioeconomic environment) that influence the way couples feel and to what extent they feel secure about their partners and relationship in general. Reflection Marriage is one of the most blissful yet sophisticated social institutions, as it implies an extremely high level of cooperativeness and compromise in terms of the partners’ behavioral patterns. Hence, the psychology behind this relationship kind has become one of the most widespread topics for research. One of the many possible reasons behind the decision to get married in one’s subconscious desire to share the responsibility and feel support in terms of making life-changing decisions. The very process of co-existing with other humans presupposes a kind of closeness and intimacy that serves as an attaching tool to the other parts of society. Many scholars claim that patterns of communication with others, along with the extent to which people allow themselves to interact in a relationship with friends or partners are formed in childhood. John Bowlby defined attention theory, which implies that relationships with others are the results of one’s social environment and communication with caregivers in early childhood (Van Rosmalen et al., 2016). On a subconscious level, childre
The First and Second Era of Antitrust Thinking The first era of antitrust thinking occurred between 1890 and the 1950s where restrictions were imposed against giant companies. The strategy is also aimed at protecting consumers from unreasonable prices. The political and economic rationale significantly influenced the second era of antitrust thinking in the 1960s (Laudon & Traver, 2019). During this period, people perceived economic power not as an anti-competitive aspect but as a factor of increasing efficiency and lowering prices of goods and services. Therefore, large firms were free to merge with other companies. Natural Monopolies A natural monopoly is a term used to describe a firm that serves a vast market share without fair competition due to entry barriers due to the required significant investment. For instance, electricity utilities are provided by monopolies who can set market prices and product qualities (Laudon & Traver, 2019). The United States has taken various measures to deal with natural monopolies. The government established regulations such as price capping to prevent consumers exploitation. Market Dominance and Anti-Competitive Behavior Market dominance and anti-competitive behavior of firms like Amazon, Facebook, and Google can be resolved by enhancing the review of suggested mergers with the idea of safeguarding start-ups against the acquisition. This idea implies introducing antitrust reforms that focus on making it difficult for firms to merge (Laudon & Traver, 2019). The issue can also be resolved by minimizing advertising to lower sales revenue and interest among consumers, therefore splitting the market share among other small firms. The third strategy entails splitting monopolies to run independently. Amazon can be split to operate as different individual firms in their respective sectors in media, electronics, groceries, among others. The European Model of Antitrust Differ and the American Model The main difference between the European model of antitrust and the American model is that the former only considers consumers. At the same time, the latter considers both the consumers and the market structure—the European model of antitrust interdicts anti-competitive accords among independent market operators. The model also forbids abusive actions by dominant firms in the industry by imposing fines (Laudon & Traver, 2019). On the other hand, the American model of antitrust law considers market structure, competition, and consumers by ensuring fair competition in an open-market economy. In this case, there is no consumer exploitation through exorbitant prices.
Achievement is simply defined as the process of accomplishing or acquiring something successfully. In other terms, this is the act of having accomplished one’s goals or objectives successfully in a particular field. Some of the key terms that are used to define achievement would include attainment, accomplishment, and performance. Unlike achievement, there is no accepted definition of the term intelligence. The term is defined differently by anyone who addresses it in the contemporary world, and most of these definitions rarely refer to anything in particular. However, despite the many definitions that surround the term, there is one which seems to bear much weight compared to the others, as it was observed in the words of one of the renowned psychologists in the American history. According to David Wechsler, intelligence is the global capacity of humans to understand and act reasonably and to be able to think rationally and deal effectively with the environment on which they are exist (Sternberg, 1997). Both achievement and intelligence can be assessed through various tests, to determine how different individuals have mastered the values. Achievement test is designed to assess the level of knowledge or skill which an individual has developed within a given period of time. In most cases, these tests would measure what someone has acquired through learning, as it is commonly applied in schools to assess whether pupils have mastered what has been taught to them by their teachers. These types of assessments, whereby a person’s score is assessed against a group of individuals who have been given the same lessons and exam are often referred as standardized tests (Haladyna, Nolen and Haas, 1991). Obviously, high scores in the test would usually indicate high achievement, while low scores indicate a failure, which can necessitate remediation of the studies by an individual. Intelligence tests, on the other hand, are used to record abstract abilities, as they are attached to various individuals. As it is observable from literature on the subject, there are diverse ways through which intelligence can be acquired. For instance, it has been argued by researchers that, learning or study is one of the most effective ways through which people can become more intelligent in life. However, scholars in the field have always observed that there is a variety of different intelligences for people. This explains the reason why some people would be good in one thing and terrible in others. Intelligence is measured by an IQ test, which is used to assess a person’s ability to understand and cope with the environment from which they belong (Blackwell and Trzesniewski, 2007). The IQ test simply measures the potential of individuals in the outside world, by use of a standardized deviation. An example of an IQ test is whereby people are taken through a quiz, to test their reasoning on a particular field or subject. Both achievement
Importance of considering benchmarking. Best practices to determine the most cost-effective and efficient means to operate in a country Benchmarking is considered one of the most appropriate ways through which industry norms are assessed. The method is applied to discover the organization’s competence level in comparison to similar competitors within the same market. Benchmarking assist in setting numerous activities within the organization making them easily transferred to preferred environments. It also makes it possible in case of partnership and joint ventures where the organization works in collaboration with other foreign company’s. Organization’s working best in specific activities are easily identified by the use of benchmarking especially through collaboration. Benchmarking is further used objectively for assessing future development in terms of financial and material forecast (Bogen and Michael, 1994, pp 3-20). Benchmarking could be applied in assessing the environment within foreign countries owing to several reasons. There’s a need for assessing cultural differences to know how to bridge the very big cultural gap that might exist amongst the designated countries. Some of the barriers might include language barrier which may pose a big challenge to the company’s employees and marketing abilities. Some cultures poss the fear of losing fame in the social setting hence will want to gain the necessary technological know-how, establish their own company and replace the mother company. This also assists in countering the belief where native citizens lack belief in contracts and confidence in foreign products (Bartlett and Sumantra, 2010). On the side of management, It appears complex to structure and manage new business ventures especially considering the distance between countries. Research reveals that it always seems easier to accord much attention and concentration to the mother company thus retarding the growth of the other. The use of benchmarking in such like cases help in solving such as dilemmas (Bartlett and Sumantra, 2010). Change in the environment to foreign countries would require a wealth of changes within the whole structure of the company. These include management, shifting customer demand, technologies and dynamics. Time is required to fully establish the costs as well as risks in
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. The rapid spread of the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a non-infectious epidemic. Recently, this disease has begun to be studied as a social problem that is becoming increasingly more urgent. Moreover, six of the ten countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes are located in the Middle East (Icon Group International, 2017). This determines the exceptional relevance of research on the current situation and prospects for treating diabetes in the Gulf countries. One such study is the systematic review on the quality of type 2 diabetes management in the countries of the cooperation council for the Arab states of the Gulf, prepared by Alhyas, McKay, Balasanthiran, and Majeed back in 2011, published in PlosOne. The Philosophical Underpinnings of the Paper Medicine, like no other discipline, needs an understanding of processes and phenomena in their integrity. This most important task can be solved only on the basis of the interpretation of medical science data from the standpoint of a systems approach. A medical specialist needs, first of all, to see the connection between various processes and phenomena during the de