ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Theory construction as a disciplined imagination” by Karl E. Weick aims to describe the process of theory construction in organizational studies. It criticizes the previous approaches, which saw evolutionary theory as applied to the organizational studies and attempted to recreate the process of artificial selection to explore and maintain the organizational structure. Paragraph three of section five (Weick, 2001, p. 520) continues the comparison addressed in the previous paragraph, where Weick indicates the likeliness of the relationship between theory construction and natural selection to the relationship between marine navigation and the radar. Paragraph three is particularly exciting and thought-provoking, as the author uses the familiar image and links it to the problems in organizational studies. Weick notes that theory construction relies on the evolutionary to avoid various obstacles just like a ship relies on its radar at night. The author argues that, while the ship’s captain becomes detached from the surroundings in his reliance on the laser, researchers in the field of organizational studies become too invested in the evolutionary theory to notice changes to the environment that would affect the construction of their theories. The author then proposes an interesting solution: to change the selection criteria,
Introduction There are various definitions and conceptions of evil as brought out by Kekes and Schwitzgebel. One of the conceptions brought out in Kekes’ aork is the notion that any ideology that has an external affiliation, such as religion, is justifiable and can therefore not be considered as evil (12). Crusade In the example of the crusade, the main objective of the pope and other Christians is alleged to be eliminating the Cathers and the perfects. The Cathers are considered as dissent and despite the fact that they neither cause physical harm nor engage in any sinful act, they are still detested on the grounds that they make cruel utterances against Christianity. Based on the definition by Aquinas, which claims that such people deserve death, the Christians overlook the actual definition of evil and ironically engage in evil acts by persecuting the Cathers (Kekes 11). The concept that is presented by Kekes based on the crusade is that rationalism is influenced not by reason, but by ignorance and emotional drive. The pope and other Christian leaders take advantage of the emotional weakness of the Cathers to justify their extermination. Evil is therefore brought out as a misinterpretation of acts and is not founded on any moral, ethical, or logical grounds. The irony seen in this crusade is that the Cathers are attacked for a having a different interpretation of evil, with the attackers justifying all the grotesque acts perpetrated against them. When taken as a retaliation that safeguards the interest of a few people, any act, whether heinous or not, cannot be interpreted as evil. The pope takes advantage of his leadership position to corrupt the minds of people and to encourage them to work against the Cathers. French Revolution In the example of the French Revolution, evil is interpreted as a word that is derived from reason (Kekes 29). In this revolution, the people find it worth to “clean” the country of all corrupt people with an aim of gaining political and economic freedom. To achieve this, any individual found involving in any corrupt or politically inappropriate deals is excommunicated through the most grotesque means. Evil is associated with corruption and it deviates from the changes that Robespierre talks about. All the individuals are expected to see the logic behind eliminating some few persons so that the country can remain free of any political anomalies. Robespierre makes use of reason to corrupt the minds of the citizens on the true definition of evil. He declares that the persons who are opposed to the political revolution are evil and have to be persecuted. However, the acts that are perpetrated by Robespierre and his followers can ironically be interpreted as evil.
Introduction Global warming refers to “the rising average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans” (Houghton, 2004, p. 14). The rise in the temperature of the atmosphere began towards the end of the nineteenth century and is expected to continue rising. This report has been written due to the adverse effects associated with global warming. Scientists have proved that increase in global warming is a direct threat to human life and all other organisms that live on the earth’s surface and water bodies. The negative effects of global warming include climatic changes which in turn reduce food supply and cause destruction to ecosystems and habitats (Maslin, 2007, p. 34). The objectives of this report are to identify the causes of global warming, to highlight the expected effects of global warming and to identify ways of reducing global warming. The scope of this report is limited to the natural causes of global warming, as well as, the causes attributed to human activity. Additionally, the report will cover the existing and potential effects of global warming on all living organisms. Procedures The data or information used in this report was collec
The video highlights the life of Shagaa, a woman living in North Eastern Kenya. She is one of the women accommodated in a maternal shelter in the region. These shelters have been set up so that women who have previously experienced problems in relation to childbirth can be accommodated near a clinic. This is meant to reduce the risk of their complications escalating as they travel to a facility. The video follows Shagaa as she is taken to a hospital, which is barely 300 meters from the shelter. She undergoes a successful Caesarian section delivery, giving birth to a bouncing baby girl. However, she develops some complications that require her to receive a blood transfusion. After a few days, she is almost fully healed and can even breastfeed the baby (Sittoni, 2013). The narrator talks about how maternal deaths and infant mortality have been challenges in many parts of the world. The video also shows a clip of Shagaa’s husband, who has been living with her at the shelter, which he describes as a home away from home. In the facility, which is sponsored partly by UNICEF and the Kenyan government, women are accommodated to protect them from the consequences associated with child delivery. Her husband also talks about her previous births, which were very complicated and nearly resulted in her death. The article also examines some other success stories, such as that of Hawa Ali, who stayed at the facility for three months before she delivered a baby girl. The fact that she had had five miscarriages proved that the shelter is indeed helpful. Dakan Billow, a disabled mother and previously unable to deliver successfully at home, also had a successful delivery, after staying in the shelter for three months (Sittoni, 2013). However, this is just one example of such many initiatives aimed at encouraging women to deliver at health facilities rather than at home. Some of these initiatives extend past the prenatal and birth by providing support for mothers after delivery through immunization as well as increasing exclusive breastfeeding that is promoting the health of a significant number of mothers (Sittoni, 2013). This is achieved by collaborative actions among the government of Kenya and NGOs. The actions have helped to promote access to clean drinking water and provide protective care from various health conditions, such as diarrhea and malaria, which are some of the main threats to maternal health in the region. Overall, the issues in the video highlight how maternal health shelters positively impact global health survival rates. From an analytical perspective, this facility embodies the combined effort from the global community to help to resolve the challenges of maternal death and infant mortality. These are some of the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (Ronsmans & Graham, 2006). This initiative can also act as an unofficial pilot study
The security of a person or a nation is one of the primary concerns that exist in the modern world. People feel the need to have some form of protection by installing home and car alarms, purchasing protective weapons and other products that will ensure their lives and properties stay safe. The debate about ethics and the approach that is used by Homeland Security and people’s privacy has been around for a long time, and still, there seems to be no clear cut answers. One of the major concerns of the government and Homeland Security is terrorism. It has become a worldwide concern and especially since September 11, 2011, the United States Homeland Security has changed several policies. The issues that came up in the threat of a terrorist attack have spread their influence to all institutions and law enforcement authorities. The recent modifications to the jurisdiction of Homeland Security have seen significant changes with the out coming results and people’s concerns. The first implementation that followed September 11 th was more advancement in the gathering of intelligence relating to the world terrorism, how it operated and at what rate it was spreading. The issue was that most local authorities and police services had no prior training in the counterterrorism tactics and the technology of surveillance was minimal. This meant that there was no specific technique which allowed for proper identification of acts that could be considered terrorist, and there were no policies or procedures that would specifically deal and find solutions to the problem. One of the primary issues that relates to abusing the privacy of citizens is how important is individual security to that of the whole nation. Do authorities have the right to violate people’s personal space, secrecy and privacy in order to prevent the greater evil? Would it be morally acceptable to listen into the conversations of the whole population, to sort out any threats or possible terrorist conspiracies? Presently, there are authorities and law enforcement divisions, including Homeland Security, which monitor internet and telephones. There are key words that relate to narcotics, weapons, strategies of attacks and many other aspects of what the authorities consider “terrorist lingo”. The list is very extensive and a lot of words are being used by people without any idea to perform or carry out terror related acts (Jordan, 2011). In reality, the regular public cannot control or find out the truth because the government has a lot of information which is classified. This creates mass fear that people are constantly watched and monitored. One of the most common things that are said by authorities is that if people are not involved in any matters relating to the state security, they should not worry that they are monitored. Even if there is some suspicion by Homeland Security, they might listen in on several phone calls, or read through a few emails, but once they realize the context, they continue on to more dangerous suspects. Even though an honest person should not have anything to hide, it is
Introduction I am an American middle-aged man, aged 25 years, and not yet married. I live in New York with the rest of my family members and I am a Christian and still studying at the university. I am very much optimistic about my future and I do believe that there so much waiting for me because I am ready to face all the challenges of life when I finish my education. In the time of colonial period, we use to live in Connecticut. This was the land made up of farms. The settlers used to live harmoniously and their behavior was almost similar. This colony strongly believed in church and therefore most of them were Christians. Here is where our family was also converted to Christianity. The colonial period My experience of living in the colonial period started when I was still very young. I remember we use not to put on any clothing till the age of six. The clothing in the Connecticut colony was not anyway colorful. There was no decoration put on it and did not come in various designs. It took very long to make a cloth. Many of the clothes were therefore patched to save the raw materials used and also to save time. When we reached the age of six we were no longer taken as babies and we use to wear the same clothing like those of my sisters. We use to wear clothes which were made in a manner that looked like hanging sleeves. This was a material that was worn into the shoulders and then it hangs over the body covering from the shoulders to the feet. We use to wear this type of clothing mostly when we were learning how to walk. The raw materials which were used to make these clothes mainly came from animals and plants. The flux plants provided a superb raw material that was used to make materials for sheets, curtains, and napkins. On the other hand, sheep provided wool which was mainly used to make blankets and pullovers. (Andrews, 1931). Our home was made of logs. Though frames were available by then, only the rich ones could afford them. Most of the houses which were made of frames were therefore owned by the wealthy ones. The rich families mainly constructed their homes near the churches because churches brought them together. Other residents who lived in this area constructed their homes using stones and mud. Mud was used then because there was nobody who knew about cement. Most houses contained cellars which were not only used as a storage place but also used to keep the house warm mainly during winter periods. Our home had only one room. This room contained a chimney in one corner where the cooking fire was lit. The windows to our home were very small so that they could conserve heat. The windows were also made from oiled paper. The oiled paper provided the house with light since glasses were rarely available then. The doors to our home were made from very thick planks which were fastened well so t
Introduction The state of Australia before the referendum in 1967 was one related to a racist nation. During the year 1900, the British colonialists invaded Australia. To them, the nation was not habited and the aborigines, who lived in Australia, were part of the environment. The constitution that was drafted by the colonialists depicted high levels of inequalities (Crotty & Roberts, 2009). The rights of the white settlers were highly upheld while those of the aborigines were diminishing. Discussion During the 1967 referendum, various parts of the Australian constitution were questioned and changed. The first part was the one that stated who the commonwealth laws should govern (Attwood & Markus, 2007). The constitution stated that commonwealth laws were only made for the whites and not the aborigines. It, therefore, implied that the aborigines had no constitutional rights under the commonwealth laws. The other section was the part that stated who should be counted during the national census. According to the 1900 constitution, the aborigines were not counted. The section was altered to give the aboriginal community an opportunity to be counted as part of the Australian citizens. So many people fought for a change in the Australian constitution. This act took them more than 10 years. The year 1967 was a major turning point in Australia as most of the people came out to vote for the alteration of the constitution. More than 90 percent of the populace voted in favour of the changes. The referendum was a breakthrough for the aboriginal people, who were counted later as part of the Australian citizens during the country’s population census. In addition, the aborigines came under the commonwealth statutes as opposed to the state regulations. The new constitution therefore was passed on August 1967. The outcome of the referendum was of great benefit to the aborigines. First, it assisted in the removal of the initial rules of the aborigine act of 1905 that gave chief guardian of aborigines power over all aborigines up to the age of 16. The power of this guardian was much higher than that of a parent to her own child. The guardian could take children away from their families as he wish. These children were taken to the home of the white settlers or to some separate hostels. The parents were not informed on the whereabouts of their children, who, sometimes, were being subjected to torture. This act created some form of trauma for both parents and children as it at times involved some brutality. After the referendum, this role was scrubbed and it was a relief to the aborigines. The chief guardian also had control of the adult populace of aborigines. They were to seek permission for marriage; they did not have freedom of movement or right to own property. The changes of 1967 assured them these rights (Mason, Hill & Davis, 2007). The new constitution also granted the aboriginal people the right to be Australian citizens. This right will ensure that they are not controlled by the aborigine’s act of 1905. The breakthrough of 1967 gave them this chance. The 1905 a
Introduction Over the last three decades or so China has rapidly emerged as one of the major players in global matters in almost every sector. The emergence of China as a global player in both political and economic realms has meant that China is currently strategically placed as key player in almost all global sectors than was the case 30 years ago (Carmody and Owusu, 2007). Indeed, as we shall see China’s quest of becoming a global leader which it is currently on the verge has involved strategic planning that is calculated at dominating all the major sectors that are worth controlling, and this has been a long journey, tedious and very capital intensive which is finally paying off. Like US, China’s rapid economic development is largely spurred by the capitalism system, globalization as well as other major reforms that the country set out to implement in line with it vision of becoming the global leader in both political and economic realms. But these are not the only reasons that have motivated China to aggressively pursue third world countries markets by wooing them as partners, or for that matter to undertake huge investments in such regions, notably in Africa. There are a myriad of reasons why China is squarely focused on making key regions such as Africa its trade partners and why it continues to pump huge investments in such regions. As we shall see the scramble for resources, notably in Africa that are rapidly diminishing is part of the Chinese bigger picture as well as the need to obtain constant market for its trillion dollar trade industry and most importantly, access to oil. Or perhaps, China interests in Africa is beneficial and is probably the long-awaited savior that is finally going to unconditionally lift the African continent from its depression of economic stagnation by its huge capital investment and trade agreements that are both fair and balanced which are mutually beneficial. This is what this paper intends to find out by analyzing the Sino-Africa relationship at every level, from the political level, trade practices, education investments, infrastructure projects and overall economic investments among others between these two countries. More specifically, this study will undertake an in-depth analysis of Chinese involvement in the African continent by investigating in more detail the nature of investment, trade agreements, infrastructure projects and overall investments activities in two countries in Africa that are of strategic importance to Chinese presence in the continent: Angola and Nigeria. Thus, the purpose of this study is to process evidence and analyze information that will enable us to arrive at an informed co
For 14 Tuesdays in a row, for almost three months in a row, I have been granted the opportunity to interview Lionel Messi, arguably the greatest football player of the present generation. I am in an enviable position as hundreds of millions of people are more than willing to take my place just to sit and learn from Messi. I will remember every visit. I decided to choose Messi over other great men and women of the world because of his personal background. If one will take a look at his success in the present time it is hard to believe that at one point his life was about to end in terrible defeat because of a medical condition that affected the release of growth hormones in his body. This particular medical problem was a deathblow to his dream of becoming a professional football player. At that time Messi had no idea that someday he will become a global icon. At the same time he was only ten years old when he was diagnosed with the said ailment. Thus, it greatly impressed a lot of people as to how he was able to maintain a possible outlook. I want to find out how he was able to maintain his course eventhough life was difficult when he was a child. Although it is important to listen to what he has to say about mental fortitude it is also equally important to find out how he develops strategies on how to win football matches. In other words, it is of great interest to me to figure out how a successulf sportsman like Messi perceives the world arouond him and this includes the game, his opponents and the other factors that affected his performance. There are three things that I want to learn from Messi. First, I want to learn how he developed the mental fortitude needed to survive the early years when he was diagnosed with a critical condition. As a child living under desperate conditions it is hard to develop that kind of mindset. I want to know how he perceived the situation and how he managed to create a worldview that allowed him to transcend his problems. Second, I want to know how he dealt with the consequences of the disease especially when they needed money for the cure. In the early months, the family cannot afford the medication, and they were practically beggars looking for people and organizations to help them with their healthcare crisis. Finally, I want to find out indirectly the kind of mindset that his parents had because at that time Messi was not yet a football superstar. His father went to football clubs and made a deal with them that if they help in paying for the medical bills, Messi may seriously consider playing for them. Fourteen days with Messi will surely change my life. It will change the way I handle ordinary problems. Most of the time, I am irritated by small questions and it gets in the way. My work suffers, and my creativity is hampered because I tend to focus on this small issue. Spending time with Messi will help me focus on the more important things in my life. His experiences will help me understand the value of setting goals and developing a mental toughness to endure. But