ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The existence of the Internet and its rapid speed of innovation continue to bring new challenges for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. With time, cybercrimes have evolved from on-site hardware hacking to the use of cloud services and technology that allows getting access to large amounts of data in minutes. Thus, the range of cybercrimes and their damage to every person has evolved as well, endangering the information of every technology user. Almost 40 percent of people use the Internet in some capacity, meaning that they provide some type of their data to various services, potentially exposing it to one of the most widespread cybercrimes – personal data and identity theft (Armin et al. 143). Attackers can steal data from individual users, companies and organizations, and even governmental entities, which implies that the scope of this crime can span international borders. Although the severity of data theft may have various repercussions on economics and politics, the current approach to laws and regulations does not provide a sufficient way to disrupt the chain of breaches. Case Description This case focuses on personal data theft and its impact on different spheres of people’s lives. First of all, it is necessary to understand the concept of stealing information and related procedures. Before the Internet, identify theft could be conducted by collecting information about a person through his/her documents, mail, and conversation. After the creation of technology, databases and serves started to receive data from users, including their emails, phone numbers, and names. However, the rise of the Internet and corporate use of technology increased the volume of information collected and shared for everyday use. Currently, people can provide access to such data as their social security number, identification, credit card number, family status, health history, and much more. As a result, the process of stealing this information may affect individuals and businesses much more severely than before. To evaluate the significance of this problem, it is vital to understand the outcomes of private data being stolen. Regardless of the source of this information, it is mostly used for several purposes. First of all, criminals may impersonate an individual by using his/her data to complete a financial transaction or other operations. Here, the damage may be small and temporary or severe and lasting, depending on the ability of the victim to locate the problem and mitigate its effects. Second, some sensitive information may be sold to companies which then use it to target persons with advertisements or use their data for other unethical practices (Hutchings and Holt 13). These are the two primary outcomes for individual users. Companies may also be affected by such cybercrimes. The main possible outcome is reputational damage – a business that loses customers’ dat
Introduction Attempts to explain how individuals interact with the environment and how such interactions influence the process of decision-making have been made in psychology. In its summation, field theory holds that the coexisting factors in any surrounding play a critical role in controlling the manner in which people behave and eventually reason out (Embree, 2003). This paper seeks to discuss the concept of field theory elaborately. The paper will review the numerous generic characteristics that apply in varying domains. The paper also evaluates the differences that exist between subjectivity and objectivity based on the theory’s constructs. The Generic Characteristics of Field Theory Field theory offers to give explanations about changes that occur in the states of given elements, such as a static field inducing movements in a particle that is charged (Kline, 1996). The theory, however, does not appeal to the changes that occur in the states of different elements. This characteristic is often likened to a vector, which may also be referred to in other quarters as a gradient or slope. The explanation falls outside the framework of sociology. For instance, it is difficult in attempting to persuade people how possible it is to describe occupational mobility. This has often been done through choosing an option, which ends up registering no changes. It is prudent to note that upward mobility also occurs in other varying forms, which are inherent in careers. The expectation among many people is that the upward mobility in particular careers will often affect people occupying given positions as long as ‘nothing happens.’ For change in state to occur, there has to be an interaction involving the field on the one hand, and the element’s existing state on the other. For instance, a particle that is positively charged moves in a different direction compared to one that is negatively charged. This characteristic closely relates to the third one, which complements the whole point. The elements often have specific characteristics that eventually render them vulnerable to the effects of the field. In other words, different particles have different degrees, as well as directions of charge. From this characteristic, it can be argued that bodies without any mass are not by any means affected by a force within a gravitational field. In physics, there is no existent of a field that is known that has an effect on virtually all the particles. In this regard, therefore, the fact that there is a cluster of people unsusceptible to the effects of a social field does not succeed to disapprove claims concerning the field’s existence. It should not be a hard task trying to identify the right person to be subjected to the field. It acts in a similar fashion to the magnetic field, which affects only some substances. When there are no elements within the field, then there emerges a likelihood of the force being created. However, this happens without the existent of any forc
Introduction One of the unique features of the world is an extreme diversity that drives change and preconditions the emergence of unique living conditions. The existence of multiple species is a guarantee of successful evolution and progress. Speaking about the human race, one should also admit that there are numerous differences between people. Peculiarities of geographical location, climate, and social development resulted in the formation of many ethnic groups that possess their unique features such as appearance, culture, mentality, and values. However, in the course of the evolution and due to the increased speed of globalization, these divergences became less significant as borders between states merge providing more options for interaction. At the same time, alterations in people’s mentalities and tendencies towards the cultivation of tolerance preconditioned the emergence of such concept as racial passing and trans-racial people who prefer to define their ethnical belonging by their own, avoiding adherence to stereotypic patterns. Background The background for the given process can be traced back to times when enslaved black women had children from white individuals. These people can be considered examples of first racial passing as they were able to gradually enter another group (Fitzgerald 2018). However, in the half second of the 20th century, the term race became associated with scientific racism and ideologies promoting the dominant position of a particular group of individuals because of their inborn traits. Spencer (2014) assumes that the negative connotations of this word and the desire to eliminate barriers between people to facilitate equal communication preconditioned the use of less ambiguous terms such as ethnic groups, populations, and communities. At the same time, the increased attention to trans-racial people and racial identity has become one of the topical issues of contemporary society that tries to step aside from the stereotypical patterns of racial belonging. Hypothesis For this reason, the primary aim of the given project is to delve into the current associations between race and ethnicity, their alteration under the impact of beliefs and people’s choices. Regarding this goal, the following hypothesis is formulated: Other people’s perceptions might have more influence on individuals’ racial definitions if to compare with ethnic definitions. The introduction of the given hypothesis is preconditioned by the fact that there are vigorous debates about trans-racial individuals who assume that they can change their race because of their beliefs and preferences. The given issue is also related to the existing differences between race and ethnicity and how they are framed in modern society. To prove or refute the provided hypothesis, the gaps in knowledge related to the selected question should be filled through the literature review and an in-depth study. Racial Identity Researching the issue, it is critical to say that today there are certain problems with both racial and ethical identities. Individuals whose parents are spouses of the same race traditionally have no difficulties with their definition as
Introduction The demands of today’s fast-paced global environment have necessitated individuals from all walks of life to acquaint themselves with basic mathematical skills. Calculations and mental estimations have become a core component of our lives. As such, many governments and stakeholders around the world are increasingly stressing the need for educational systems to develop comprehensive strategies that will enhance the intake of mathematics as a subject in educational institutions. To underscore the importance of mathematics, education officials and stakeholders are working in cahoots with mathematics teachers to develop strategies aimed at enhancing student proficiency in the subject (Clarke 18). It is widely believed that “the teacher is the heart of the school” (Baker & LeTendre 104). As such, any attempts to improve the performance of mathematics in educational institutions must be reviewed in the context of roles played by teachers. It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper to review the relationship between students’ mathematics performance and the support provided by teachers. Many studies conducted over time reveal that students are more likely to thrive in any subject if they are actively supported by both teachers and parents (Dwyer 27). However, global mathematics performance patterns reinforce the conviction that the subject continues to present a lot of challenges to students regardless of the many inputs intended to uplift its standards. Not only must students deal with a wide array of mathematics skills such as the computation of decimals, percentages, fractions, and algebra to accomplish basic and compounded tasks, they must as well understand the fundamental numerical concepts in order to be successful in their day-to-day educational and private activities, in addition to their workplace environment later on in life (Grouws 129). Research has also invariably revealed that many learners develop a poor attitude towards the subject, and are not convinced about their mathematical inclination to solve problems. What then must teachers do to ensure that such attitudes are reversed at an early age to boost students’ performance in the subject? What is the ideal interrelationship between teachers and parents that can be effective in enhancing students’ mathematics performance? Below, these and many other lingering questions are answered through a review of related literature. The importance of Teacher-Student Interaction According to Uekewa and Bidwell, classical theoretical frameworks of interpersonal relationships lead education managers to expect noteworthy effects of instructor-student relationships on the students’ motivations and conduct (8). In the book Interpersonal Relationships , Diana Dwyer (2000) reveals that classical theories such as the learning theory can be used to show how teacher-student relationships affect performance (45). She argues that both classical conditioning and operant conditioning described in the learning theory assist individuals to forge friendship and romantic associations. The former involves learning by association
Social movements are usually unofficial or unsanctioned joint efforts of individuals or citizens aiming to bring a difference in their world. Countries and indeed the whole world is somehow better off today because social movements have shaped our culture, politics, economies, and many other sectors which are critical for development. National and world history has been crucially shaped through the efforts of social movements. This paper critically reviews the literature on the Black Panthers social movement formed in October 1966 in the United States of America by Bobbie Seale and Huey Newton who were both activists at Merritt Junior College in Oakland California (Ogba, 77). The party was inspired and mainly influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X and the black power movement (Jones, 27). The original ideas of the party were; self-defense, protecting the community against police brutality, restructuring American society to attain social, political, and economic equality concerning the principles of socialism. It analyzes the forms of public address and popular resistance associated with the social movement, specifies the formal nature of the organization, and gives an analysis of the effectiveness of the official means of public communication. Forms of Public address The Black Panther party applied various forms of public address among them; use of speeches, civil protests, and theatre. In light of the above mentioned, speeches played a significant role in passing the message and ideologies of the movement (Jones, 212). While the activists were on the platform they talked about the following issues; Freedom of the black community from racism and self-determination, provision of
Since the term “sexual harassment” was introduced for the first time in order to describe unwanted and hostile harassing behavior on the basis of the person’s sex, it has attracted particular attention due to the spread of this phenomenon in all spheres of life, including health care. Sexual harassment towards health care professionals, especially nurses, has highly negative consequences for medical facilities and a devastating effect on people (Somani, et al., 2015). It traditionally includes offensive sexual conduct, the demonstration of sexual body parts, sexual jokes, and touching the nurses’ body parts. According to multiple unreported cases, nurses experience offers for sexual involvement, actual workplace sexual harassment, and even rape (Somani, et al., 2015). In addition, female nurses are generally more vulnerable to sexual violence in comparison with other medical personnel as their compassionate nature and duties that require a caring and friendly attitude “is misperceived by male patients as sexual signals” (Somani, et al., 2015, p. 289). In addition, nurses frequently work with people under the influence of a drug or alcohol who do not control themselves properly. It goes without saying that sexual harassment in health care is completely unacceptable. The excuse may be provided only for patients with serious mental disorders, such as dementia, as they are not fully responsible for their actions. In other cases, appropriate policies related to sexual harassment should be established in the health care system in order to improve its quality, and all its members should cooperate to prevent abusive behavior (Choo, et al., 2019). Sexual harassment should be immediately reported in order to hold abusers administratively liable. In addition, huge money penalties for sexual harassment may contribute to its prevention.
Introduction Children are different from adults. Unlike adults, they may be spontaneous and unpredictable. The complexity of their nature is made worse by the fact that they may be unable to express themselves verbally. Given the unpredictable nature of these young individuals, researchers have realized that the best way to understand them is to make observations (Berger, 2014). In this report, the author is going to document the findings of an observation conducted on a child from a Cantonese background. The child is Alfred Huang, a three years old boy. Both his parents are Cantonese. The boy has an older brother and a younger sister. The observation approach is naturalistic as it targets one child. Interview with Parents How would you describe your child to someone who has not met him? Alfred is a shy boy when in the company of new people. However, he is observant, especially when it comes to what other children are doing. He may not engage in conversation due to his limited English and Cantonese background. Nevertheless, he imitates what he has observed with the intention of getting attention. Once he has gathered enough courage, he seeks to play with the child who has got his attention. What pleases you the most about your child’s development? What qualities and characteristics would you say are unique to your child? Alfred is an adorable child and he relates well with his family members. He has a special relationship with his grandparents. Like children his age, he is inquisitive and seeks adults’ approval on what he does. Alfred is a well-mannered child. All the people around him commend him on his well-mannered responses to adult stimulus. Although he throws tantrums at times, he is not violent, something that we are grateful for. We are all happy with his growth and development so far. Do you see any improvements needed in your child’s development? Alfred is growing up normally and as a parent, I am happy with the progress. The only thing that makes me concerned is his shy and reserved nature. I do not want to say that I think it is a problem, but I would be happy if he could be a bit social to enable him to interact with other children, especially at playtime at school. What is your opinion of the childcare and pre-school education your child is currently receiving, including the strengths and weaknesses? Alfred’s school offers an environment that is healthy and interactive. I must say that the teachers are good at what they do. The environment has helped Alfred start to cultivate interactive skills. The boy has learned a few things that make him love school. I had feared that his shyness would make him dislike school. Although I do not think that it is a problem, I am concerned that he comes home a bit tired and almost irritable. I do not know what to attribute the behavior to. Perhaps it is because
The case at Hand: One Mr. James Jones was convicted as a sex offender. Under Illinois laws, sex offenders are obliged to register when changing residence or moving from one place to reside to another for about ten or more days. Discussion My initial thought on the case of Mr. James Jones would be not to convict. It is so because assuming he had been convicted before, it is such a harsh decision to convict a person who has moved out from one door to a couple of doors for residence, and be convicted for it. However, since Mr. James Jones had been convicted as a “sex offender” specifically “juvenile pimping” and that the Illinois law provides, “a convicted sex offender shall register in person with the chief of police of the municipality wherein he or she resides, and upon moving, shall likewise register no more than ten days after the move, or at any place of temporary residence, where the period of residence exceeds ten days.” While it may be necessary to consider the defence’ side of the case where the intent of the Illinois law has not been violated, that is, to inform a neighbourhood of the presence of a sex offender in the area, it is to be noted that there can be other reasons, why such clause or law was enacted, that is, in my personal opinion, to safeguard and expedite a speedy response among the police or authority in case another offence has been committed by Mr. Jones. Kenneth Goodpaster suggested that, “There cannot be one voice invested with the authority of the community. It’s important to introduce amateur judgment in a process that tests professional judgment. Thomas Jefferson used to argue against the professional legislator, in favor of the citizen-legislator; the jury system values the experience of the ordinary citizen.” The professional judgment may be gauged as to the purpose of the violated clause or provision of the Illinois law, and that is to register with the police officer with regards to transfer of residence. It was not indicated whether the transfer would be the same neighbourhood or not, but simply, a transfer of residence from any previous, or a movement that requires more than ten days of residence. For the Goodpaster suggestion, the jury must look into what is very apparent, what was violated, and not go over the fence and look for the purpose of the enacting of a law, of whi
Since August 2012, Chinese citizens in the city of Ningbo started protesting over the plans by the Chinese government to expand a chemical plant near the city (Spegele, 2012). Since the beginning of the protests, the police and local government officials tried to quell the riots. However, the riots continued, and there were still protests on the sixth day (Jacobs, 2012). The protests turned violent and the Chinese police tried to quell the riots aggressively. However, the protests continued with the protesters accusing the government of being insensitive. On the other hand, the government accuses protester of engaging in unconventional protests (Spegele, 2012). Are the protests justified, or are they an unlawful breach of civil order as the Chinese government claims? Over the last one decade, china has become the biggest manufacturer in the world (Jacobs, 2012). Multinational companies, most of them from Europe, have relocated their operations to China due to availability of cheap labor and raw materials in the country. The Chinese government has been encouraging this kind of investment by reluctance to enforce laws to protect the environment (Jacobs, 2012). Many factories have been set up in china without observation of international regulations regarding the environment and waste disposal, and the Chinese people seem to have a right to protest against such actions. If such mal-practices are allowed in such a country with numerous industrial establishments, an environmental disaster may occur. Such a disaster is likely to affect the whole world including China (Gayathri, 2012). Secondly, since establishment of a communist government in china, authorities have always been hostile to any kind of concerns over governance of the country. It has become increasingly difficult to coerce the government to observe ethical practices through any formal means. This leaves protests as the only way the Chinese people can communicate with their government (Executive Commission of China, 2012). The Chinese government has consistently silenced any protest in the quest to protect its socialist structure. During the Ningbo protests, police used excessive force against protesters. The protests turned more violent when the protesters retaliated with stone throwing and hurling other projectiles towards the riot police officers (Jacobs, 2012). Censuring of media has also been a common practice in China for various political reasons. This is one of the major reasons why the public in china is eventually resulting to violent protests. One of the reasons for the ferocity of the protests in Ningbo is that the factory to be expanded was expected to produce a petrochemical that is usually a pollutant its final products are not handled with care (Gayathri, 2012. Paraxylene is widely used in manufacture of plastic containers as an alternative to other plastics and glass. The containers used