ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Interior designers work to produce practical and sustainable buildings for the design and construction industries. Knowledge of building systems, their combination, and solving problems related to systems are the essential skills that an interior designer must possess. Construction is an object of management in which people and the tasks they perform are in constant interdependence and interconnection. Coordination is used to ensure the synchronization of activities and interaction of different parts of the construction system. Coordination is the process of dividing activities over time, providing other parts of the construction system to fulfill its objectives. Problems of ensuring effective coordination of all units of the construction system are directly related to the level of development of communications, the need to maintain a constant exchange of information. When an interior designer transmits instructions or other information through the media, he must be sure that his message will be properly understood and received on time. The reverse process of information transfer is also essential. At this stage, there are failures; employees do not always know what information other employees or interior designers need to make confident decisions. As the source of information for decisions, this is a severe problem in all parts of the construction system. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) are three building systems that need proper coordination, and interior designers are starting to actively use MEP solutions for more accurate and efficient design and calculation of installations. Different Building Systems Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems could be coordinated together by joint discussion of all participants in the construction to agree on all the details and possible problems during construction. The interior designer is a direct participant in all negotiations because most processes are carried out under his leadership. An interior designer needs to understand all the stages of combining mechanical, electrical, and plumbing techniques (Binggeli, 2016). After all, if a designer knows how to install all types of systems, he/she can then correctly make a plan for the most convenient placement of interior elements. Therefore, the designer must be familiar with the stages of construction no less than an architect, electrician, or plumber. Mechanical Systems Types of mechanical systems in construction belong to power supply systems, heating, water supply and sewerage systems, ventilation, low-current systems, gas supply systems, automation systems, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. Internal engineering power supply systems are one of the essential engineering systems of a building. Both the safety of the construction and its fire safety, and the comfortable operation of the building depend on its correct performance (Mehrbod et al., 2020). Today, almost all household appliances and most of the devices used daily need electricity – from commonplace lighting and heating to trifles like recharging the phone, computer, and TV. Engineering
Introduction The concept of inequality of power was explored by many authors and still is a notion that encourages discussions and research. Economic inequality and the issue of redistribution of power as elaborated by Joseph Stiglitz provide valuable insights into the nature of the problem. Stiglitz indicates the role of unrestricted power of monopolies and the government’s inaction in that respect as the main causes of the problem. Meanwhile, Karen Ho demonstrates the unified notion of success and smartness among the students of the most prestigious colleges. She indicates that Wall Street ideology and its dominance in the college recruitment processes are the underlying reasons. The inequality of power affects the society and the individual in a negative way and can be reduced by certain measures undertaken by the government and market segments other than banking, aimed at limiting the power of monopolies and modifying Wall Street’s status of prestige, power, and exclusivity. Analysis The main causes of the economic and political inequality, as well as of the unified notion of success seen in students of the most prominent colleges, are the government policies and the monopoly of Wall Street. Thus, economic reasons underlie the problem, as well as political ones. It is possible to assume that the concept of power as understood by Stiglitz is a dominant political force that has an exclusive right to regulate the economic situation. “A political system that gives inordinate power to those at the top, and they have used that power not only to limit the extent of redistribution but also to shape the rules of the game in their favor” (Stiglitz 396). This quote provides an example of the idea of an exclusive character of power that dominates American society. This feature is significantly strengthened by the ability of those at the top to regulate the economic situation in their favor without the society comprehending or even noticing these mechanisms at work. Therefore, the inequality of power pertains to the idea of unequal redistribution, criticized by Stiglitz. The author emphasizes that the idea is intertwined with the regressive tax system and rent-seeking which means taking money from society and redistributing it in favor of those at the top. The existing monopolies impose the rules of market competition, thereby securing their power. The influence that the inequality of economic and political power exerts on the society, as well as on the individual, is substantial. Given the unequal redistribution, the results affect society in a way that changes its structure. The middle-class segment of society is diminishing, and poverty is on the increase. Regarding the influence of the discussed phenomena on the individual, it is necessary to point out the limited possibilities of the underprovided to acquire the skills necessary to obtain a profitable job and improve the social status. Thus, government policies are aimed at maintaining the family’s social status and the income level instead of providing opportunities for improvement. Financial and human capital is, therefore, distributed in an unequal manner, thereby securing the do
A sport organization, like any other one, needs efficient management that is based on the latest principles and is aligned with the key theses of a specific theory. In addition, it is essential to keep in mind that, due to the recent technological breakthrough, as well as the new health concerns stemming from environmental, economical and other issues of the XXI century. Sport organizations have taken a new shape, which strategic management must reflect. By taking a closer look at some of the current management related sport issues, one can assess the present-day situation and provide solutions to the most urgent concerns of such sports organizations as NGBs. It is worth stressing that the issue of sport organizations management can be approached from several angles, depending on the scope, depth and field of a research. Indeed, no matter how well funded a sports organization might be, it has to consider the current economical and financial situation within the state in order to stay afloat. Thus, the necessity to analyze the current market with its numerous competitors and calculate the possible financial losses, the associated risks, the costs demanded by inbound and outbound logistic strategies, etc. appears. The aforementioned issues take the process of a sport organization evolution to business setting. Most sources state that a sport organization needs to use Internet as its acquisition tool more often (Beech & Chadwick 2004, p. 344) When it comes to the arrangement of events held by the organization in question, various issues regarding the mechanisms of the organizational processes are to be considered. (Westerbeek, Smith & Turner 2005, p. 80) In other words, time and communication issues are top priorities in the given case, which means that time management strategies, as well as a combination of leadership approaches, must be mentioned. There is no secret that the internal processes, which occur within an organization, define its position among the rivals; therefore, a careful evaluation of the organization’s assets will help one attract the largest number of people (Lussiert & Kimball 2009, p. 11). Like any other organization, the one that holds sport related events and encourages sporty lifestyle, at the same time supporting several sport teams and owning a particular sports club must offer the services of the finest quality to the clients, which is unattainable for a company in which information is distributed unequally and slowly. Consequently, knowledge management, as one of the many aspects of a company communication processes, much be reconsidered (Houlihan, B & White, A 2002, p. 7). Introducing information sharing seems to be the most reasonable way out of the possible problems, as the latest researches explain. As Hoye, Smith, Westerbeek, Stewart & Nicholson (2006) emphasize, when it comes to sport organizations management, the use of mixed strategies is especially efficient, with the transformational strategy being the dominant one (Hoye, Smith, Westerbeek, Ste
Plutarch writes, “My design is not to write histories, but lives.” What does he mean? In what ways can his biography of Alexander be used as a historical source? By noting that his design is to write on ‘lives’ as opposed to ‘histories’, Plutarch means that he is concerned with characters and inclinations of individuals, but not accomplishments or personal endeavors. However, despite this assertion, Plutarch’s biography of Alexander can be used as a historical source. Conventionally, histories focus on an individual’s life from birth to death together with his/her accomplishments. Similarly, Plutarch follows Alexander’s life from birth to death dotted with some accomplishments like childhood endeavors, and thus his biography can be used as a historical source. What, according to Plutarch, does Alexander aspire to most of all? Alexander aimed at putting all races across the world under one government. He can be considered as the father of the one-world order. Plutarch notes that those conquered by Alexander were better off than those that escaped his conquest endeavors. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Alexander’s character? One of the greatest strengths of Alexander’s character is his vision, ambition, and thirst to succeed. In addition, his character is dotted with true leadership skills. For instance, he persuades thousands of men to join him willingly before walking over 20,000 miles to conquer different towns. However, his greatest weakness in character is his eccentricity. In most occasions, he behaves oddly and especially towards his death, he cannot trust the people around him. By what means did Alexander attempt to rule? One time when his father is away fighting against the Byzantines, Alexander, at the age of sixteen years, decides to crush a rebellion by invading towns occupied by rebels. He drives out the rebels, captures the towns, and actually names the place, Alexandropoulos, after his own name. In addition, during the battle of Chaeronea, Alexander allegedly decides to charge the Thebans’ sacred band and these acts underscore his attempts to rule. In this narrative, what types of things corrupt? According to this narrative, arrogance and pride of wealth are among the many things that corrupt. For instance, Philotus falls deep into his arrogance of wealth that he forgets the gentleness and grace that underscore true greatness. The same corruption leads to Philotus disrespecting the king by claiming that he is enjoying the fruits of his (Philotus) father’s labor. How does Plutarch depict the Persians? Plutarch depicts the Persians as superior people. Throughout the narrative, Plutarch does not paint Persians negatively. For instance, he notes that after Alexander hears that Darius’ wife and daughters have been kidnapped and they are mourning the death of Darius, he sends men to comfort them. In addition, after Alexander enters Darius’ palace, he exclaims that it depicts ‘royalty’. Plutarch also claims that Alexander picked his attendants and guards from the Persians. What does the text suggest about the values and beliefs of Plutarch? Plutarch is a traditionalist. He bel
Introduction Background (demographics and population growth policies) The fact that the global population rates have been growing exponentially over the past few decades clearly is a reason for concern given the challenges that it implies, with poverty being the key challenge. Indeed, a closer look at the global statistics will show graphically that the increase in the number of people in certain states has been rather drastic. For example, the recent UNO data indicates that the 2100 population growth (PG) rates will reach a stunning mark of 11,000,000,000 people, which is nearly a 1.5-fold increase (146%) compared to the 2016 statistics. 1 The fact that the identified variable is linked directly to social phenomena such as poverty, 2 unemployment, 3 an increase in development of health issues, 4 rise in crime rates, 5 etc., cannot possibly be doubted, according to the existing studies on PG. 6 The Malthusian theory of population also points to the negative effects that an increase in population growth will inevitably trigger. According to the principal tenets of the theory, the population growth occurs at an exponential rate (particularly, the number of people supposedly doubles with every generation), whereas the amount of food increases in an arithmetic progression. Therefore, the number of people is certain to exceed the amount of the produced food at a certain point of the humankind’s evolution. The implications of the theory are beyond drastic. Population Growth The population growth policies, in their turn, can be viewed as the constraining factor for the issues associated with consistent increase in the number of people. According to the official statement of the Bangladeshi authorities, the population growth rates have been reduced significantly after the introduction of the pro-choice opportunities and the promotion of family planning as the foundation for childbirth-related decision-making (see Fig. 1). 7 Figure 1. At this point, though, one must mention that the actual number of Bangladeshi residents has been on the rise since the 1970s 8 (see Fig. 2). Nevertheless, the opportunities for controlling the childbirth rates that the introduction of family planning options has provided to the residents of the state allows changing the growth rate from exponential to static. Figure 2. Compared to Egypt, the identified change in the childbirth rate can be viewed as a significant progress. According to the global ranking based on the identified criterion, Egypt lands on the 64 th place based on its population growth rates, whereas Bangladesh takes the 76 th spot, according to the recent statistical analysis. 9 Although the difference might seem minor, the gap in 12 positions makes it quite clear that Bangladeshi authorities made quite a breakthrough in designing the policies that allow for a more rigid control of the issues related to high childbirth rates (i.e., poverty, crime, health concerns, etc.), whereas Egypt could use assistance. Research question, thesis, and aim of research The current study aims to answer the following question: Wi
There are a lot of factors which influence the way human behavior develops, Some of this factors include hormones and heredity. The way we react to various things and experiences in our life solely depends on heredity and hormones. Nature and the way we were brought up affect our behavior. When an individual is born he or she inherits some genes from his or her parents. These genes which usually undergo combination during fetus development end up resulting to an offspring who has unique genetic make up from each of his or her parents. It is this uniqueness that results due this combination which makes an individual to have certain physical traits later in his or her life. These traits can also be blended by environmental influence (Morris et al, 2005). There are several behavioral traits which are attributed to heredity. A family line which is associated with certain tendencies such as diabetes, mental disorders, depression, anxiety and many more can possibly be passed on to the next generation and even to the proceeding ones. Various researches have found out that certain behavioral and disorders can be inherited, Maisto and Morris in the year 2005 found out that conditions such as depression, anxiety suffering from schizophrenia always have a family lineage follow up, this researchers also found out that children of individuals suffering from schizophrenia are eight times more likely to develop the condition than those children who were born of normal parents (Maisto, 2008). Maneuvers to link the behavioral aggression to the gene that causes it has never yielded sufficient findings. This is made hard because of the part that environment also plays in shaping an individual’s behavior. The only studies which have yielded substantial evidence are those which show the association of extra or missing chromosomes with the incidences of certain disorders and physical malformations. Hormones influence many human bodily functions such as development and growth, reproduction, sexual desire and metabolism. Apart from these functions they impact a lot on human behavior development and manifestation especially the behavior of having different moods. Hormones also have a huge impact on human behavior especially the manifestation of different moods. At puberty stage, hormones play a critical role in the behavior development of individuals. At this stage in a person’s life the body develops rapidly and undergoes through many chemical and physical changes. A good example of the hormones which changes a persons behavior are Estrogen which causes ladies to start developing sexual desires and attraction to men and testosterone which makes boys at the puberty stage to start getting attracted to girls and develop sexual desires towards girls. The hormone, called testosterone also causes the development of aggression in boys and men. This makes the men and boys to become hyper and regard themselves with higher ego. Depression in women is sometimes caused by the drop in the levels of estrogen; this drop is usually resulted due to the offset of ovulation (Russell, 2001). Hormonal changes in a human body can cause many shifts of human behavior and a
Introduction The world is rapidly globalizing. Different cultures sometimes smoothly, and with extreme tension, rush into a common cultural space of the universal language. Consequently, people are witnessing numerous conflicts, misunderstandings, and contradictions associated with this process. How can the dialogue of cultures be realized in the modern world? What symbolism will be most appropriate for the common language of humanity? Will nations that have been cultivating their national identity for centuries be able to move towards universal communication? As is known, in the world of cultural studies this topic was considered half a century ago as a problem of cultural code and universal language. Global language implementation is designed to significantly reduce these differences, to make cultural systems transparent and acceptable to all people. It must possess several qualities that will assist nations in adapting and learning it. However, the universal language will not eliminate a nation’s cultural identity, and it will bring better communication flow and improved information transfer. Historical background The influence of the universal language, the idea spread of which began in the 60s of the previous century, is difficult to overestimate. The strength of its penetration is quite high, and the perception of the users of the concept of language is ambiguous. By the beginning of the XXI century for the global language, the notions were being actively discussed. Without a doubt, it can be noted that the universal language received the most significant attention in the world in the 20th century, because the English language was emerging as a potential candidate. It undoubtedly contributed to the cultural heritage of the people speaking this language. The use of English as one of the official languages ​​in the work of international organizations has made a significant contribution to its development as a language of international communication [1]. The development of print media has also played a major role in the spread of English. In the middle of the XIX century, the part of the largest news agencies sharply increased. By the end of the XIX century, social and economic factors led to an increase in advertising. English in advertising began to be used quite early. Universal language usefulness and qualities Universal language roots The clearest example supporting the universal language concept is the widespread use of English in international affairs. If the world uses the global language that was derived from English, numerous countries will be able to adapt it quickly. The English language will either b
Chapter One The article written by Lisa Rein discusses the expected job cuts in the U.S. Postal Service; in particular, the author reports that approximately 7,500 jobs are going to be eliminated in the near future (Rein unpaged). To a great extent, this policy is aimed at reducing the administrative costs of the government; nevertheless, the representatives of the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) argue that these reductions will result in numerous delays in mail delivery (Rein unpaged). Moreover, according to the finding of PRC, the government will not be able to achieve the expected savings (Rein unpaged). On the whole, this initiative can pose a significant threat to the infrastructure of the country (Rein unpaged). This article is closely related to the several the concepts discussed in Chapter One of the textbook; in this case, special attention should be paid to government corporations and regulatory commissions that perform different functions and interact with one another; for example, the Postal Service can be a government corporation that serves the needs of the population. In turn, regulatory commissions like the PRC are supposed to control and monitor different economic relations within the country. The situation described by Lisa Rein illustrates the conflict between these agencies of the government. Chapter Two Another important event that should be discussed is the intention of the U.S. Supreme Court to review the federal policies regarding same-sex marriage; this issue is