ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sonnet 116 is one of the most famous poems in Shakespeare’s “Sonnet” collection. The popularity of this poem can only be matched by that of other poems such as sonnet 18 and 130. Sonnet 116 is often referred to by its first line, “Let me not to the Marriage of True Minds”. The type of love that is defined in this poem has been replicated in various poetic works. In this poem, Shakespeare paints the picture of what constitutes an ideal love. The poem talks about a love that never changes, never admits inferiorities, never fades, and goes beyond death. This poem represents Shakespeare’s innermost beliefs about love. Shakespeare’s description of love in this sonnet is often quoted by other numerous works of literature. The love defined in this poem has often been thought to be an accurate representation of true love. According to the speaker in this poem, love that is immortal, permanent, and never changing qualifies to be termed as true love. The last line of the poem captures this sentiment using the words that “…no man has ever loved” (Shakespeare 14). Shakespeare subdivides his poem in a manner that covers his core beliefs about love. This subdivision makes it simple for the poet’s message to be understood. The first part of this poem addresses the unchangeable aspect of love. The second part of the poem addresses the permanent nature of love by likening it to a “guiding star unshaken by tempests” (Shakespeare 6). The third subdivision of this poem argues that the nature of love is not subject to the passage of time. This means that love is not supposed to change as time passes. The subdivision of the poem into opinions about love helps simplify this poem. This arrangement is also used to build momentum for Shakespeare’s message (Vendler 56). Shakespeare uses a strong first line to convey his innermost feelings about love. The first line in this poem is Shakespeare’s declaration about his intentions not to interfere with the union between two lovers. In the first line, the speaker declares that “Let me not to the marriage of true minds” (Shakespeare 1). It is the poet’s belief that nothing should come between two people who are in love. The powerful message in the poem’s first line is matched by a strong closing line. In the last line of the sonnet, the speaker reckons that if love ends, it never existed in the first place. The message found between the opening and closing lines is able to maintain the poem’s original momentum. Another sign of Shakespeare’s deep understanding of true love is the recognition of true love’s biggest enemy. According to the speaker, love’s biggest deterrent is the passage of time. To emphasize the importance of this recognition, the poet capitalizes one line in the poem. The ninth and the tenth lines in the poem say that “Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks/ Within his bending sickle’s compass come” (Shakespeare 9). The ninth line in the poem capitalizes the word ‘time’ to indicate that Shakespeare considers time an important aspect in the dynamics of love. According to Shakespeare, time is love’s greatest enemy. In the tenth line, the poet used the word sickle to underline t
“The egg and the sperm” is the article written by the anthropologist and feminist Emily Martin in which she discusses the issue of misogyny in culture. The author claims that disrespect towards women could be observed through how the language is used to explain children the principles of reproduction. The current paper contains the discussion of Martins key argument mentioned above and analyzes the risks involved in attributing human personalities to eggs and sperms. The critical problem with the language used by the scientist to describe the processes of fertilization is that it shows that the eggs behave “femininely”, while the sperm behaves “masculinely” (Martin, 1991, p. 489). From one point of view, this comparison seems to be rather evident and straightforward because the eggs are the part of female bodies, and the sperm could be found only in males’ bodies. The problem with this point is that scientists regard the egg as a passive and lazy object. The sperm, on the contrary, are active and powerful (Martin, 1991). What is more, the egg is illustrated as fragile and dependent on the sperm because the egg that was not “rescued” by the sperm would die (Martin, 1991, p. 490). Besides, menstruation is commonly seen as a failure of women to become pregnant and is described with such words as “dying” or “loosing” (Martin, 1991, p. 486). Talking into consideration the fact that the mentioned description strongly relates gender roles to eggs and sperm, it could be inferred that women are regarded as weak and incapable of surviving in this world without the support of men. The examples provided by Martin (1991) indicate that the language that is used to describe the reproductive systems of males and females contributes to the strengthening of gender bias and false beliefs on gender norms. The author invokes to use more neutral phrases and re-wording to change the existing gender stereotypes. Apart from this, “The egg and the sperm” suggests that scientists could view the reproductive systems from another perspective. More precisely, they could note that women produce eggs because they are needed, while the number of spermicide cells produced by men is usually excessive and, therefore, wasteful. The analysis above illustrates that attribution of human personalities to eggs and sperms reinforces gender stereotypes and bias. When children read that the egg is a passive object that could be salvaged only through the insemination, they start transferring this picture to reality. That is why women are usually perceived as weak and vulnerable, and men are believed to be strong, active, and even courageous. To conclude, it is essential to consider the fact that the discussed article was written in the early 1990s when the feminist movement was not as extensive and influential as it is now. Thus, it could be said that the stereotypes based on gender are gradually becoming a thing of the past. Nevertheless, it is immensely important to differentiate between
Introduction The history of Egypt is one of the richest and the most amazing examples of how people could be devoted to their roots and traditions and what methods they could use to protect and improve their own culture. Egyptian Art was influenced by a variety of things: religion, politics, relations with different countries, environment, and citizens’ treatment (Sporre 205). Due to such close connection, Egyptian Art became recognizable by different countries within a short period of time, and Egyptian pyramids are considered to be one of the first and the most marvelous world wonders. Three magnificent pyramids of the desert at Giza have a long history that began over 4,000 years ago and represent a true marvel of architectural art: Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure were the kings under which orders the pyramids were build and the kings those actions, ideas, and principles will be saved and protected by the power of the pyramids. Reasons to Create Pyramids in Ancient Egypt The idea of pyramid creation was dated more than 4,000 years ago (Filer 20) and accepted as another powerful form of sophistication of the necessity to cover royal platforms. During the period when the 4 th dynasty of Egypt ruled, the three most famous pyramids were built: they were those of Khufu also known as Cheops, Menkaure also known as Mycerinus, and Khafre also known as Chephren. These pyramids symbolized the power of Egyptian pharaohs and the idea of wealth that was inherent to the Egyptian nation in the Old Kingdom. “Though the kings of the Old Kingdom built pyramids not for the sun god but for the gods they themselves incarnated, they nonetheless strove to create a sacred space partaking of the eternity of the heavens” (Assmann and Jenkins 62). Each of the above-mentioned pyramids has its own peculiarities and functions. Different pharaohs and queens found piece in these sites, and nowadays people come to see this wonder and to demonstrate their respect, memory, and care about their past and their history. The Magnificence of Pyramids The Great Pyramid of Khufu . This pyramid was named after the king Khufu, who came to the throne of Egypt land around 2589 B.C. (Levy 6) and who spent more than 20 years to build it. It is necessary to admit that only this pyramid is considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one that remains. It was the highest building until French people introduced the Eiffel Tower. And finally, it is still the most intact building in the whole world. About 2,300,000 stone blocks were used in order to create this wonder (Levy 6), and many tens of thousands of people who were skilled workers but not slaves participate in this building process. The Pyramid of Khafre . The son of Khufu, Khafre, was the second
Introduction The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment occurred due to a wide range of cultural and intellectual transformations by European thinkers, in particular, and societies, in general, that allowed them to find structured approaches to conceptualizing and exploring the natural world. The radical reorientation of political and philosophic worldviews channeled by learned individuals such as Kuhn, Newton, and Locke led to the large-scale accumulation of knowledge and experience aided by rational questioning (Wiesner-Hanks 366-367). This paper aims to discuss the Scientific Revolution and Age of Reason and their implications for the cultural, political, economic, and social lives of Europeans. Main Themes The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were intellectually tumultuous times during which old approaches to the exploration and explanation of the world were gradually displaced by the succession of independent thinkers (Wiesner-Hanks 366-369). The philosophers of the Enlightenment searched for order in the natural sciences and tried to apply principles and methods discovered in it to social sciences, thereby achieving intellectual liberation (Wiesner-Hanks 367). Writings of a French mathematician Rene Descartes exemplify the application of mathematical rigor to the interpretation of the reality. The mathematician was firm in his conviction that every phenomenon or piece of information that is regarded as truth should be subjected to rigorous scrutiny that presupposes “long chains of reasoning” (qtd. in Brians et al. 78). Works of a French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau help to understand why the transformation of European thought has initiated far-reaching political changes. The philosopher rejects the violation of natural liberties and writes that “the general will alone may direct the forces of the State to achieve the goal for which it was founded, the common good” (Rousseau 244). The intellectual movements later dubbed as the Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment resulted in the development of the public sphere in which individuals from different academic and social backgrounds debated new theories and exchanged ideas. The emergence of shared spaces open to scientific debate contributed to the propagation of the inquiring spirit of the era, which helped to shape the cultures of many European states. Public opinion mirrored tastes of intellectual elites; therefore, middle-class households, which were becoming increasingly wealthier in the eighteenth century, purchased pieces of art that were deemed as worthy by connoisseurs sponsored by aristocratic patrons (Wiesner-Hanks 372). In addition to changing the public perception of arts, the Enlightenment also changed people’s views on religion, politics, knowledge, and the natural world, among others. Discussion When a
Introduction It is not a secret that people need to work to control their lives. Some just require an opportunity to provide their families with the essentials while others are more focused on personal and professional development. Still, the majority of the population does need a working place to earn a living. Unfortunately, sometimes people are dismissed through no fault of their own. They may have no desire to quit and may perform their duties at a decent level with no cases of misconduct but still be fired. To deal with such situations, the Senate proposes unemployment insurance (UI) that is seen as a counter-cyclical program. According to it, states and the federal government provide insurance to support both people who lost their positions and economy. The first part of the payment for UI is made by the states. They cover 26 weeks of insurance including the tax. Then, the federal government takes this responsibility; it “splits the cost of extended benefits by collecting $56 per worker nationwide” (Thompson para. 4). The last 24 months are under Washington’s control. There is also a possibility to stay under this program for a longer time and to receive money from the deficit spending. To collected UI benefits, a person needs to meet particular requirements. One should lose a job even though there was no his/her mistake and be in a search of a new one. Of course, UI does not provide people with their previous salary, but it offers up to 50% of it (the sum differs depending on the state) (Nicholson and Needels 50). The payment can be received during 60 weeks but in some situations, this period can be extended up to 99 weeks as shown on the Exh. 1 (Thompson para. 8): Exhibit 1. Duration of benefits. The debate over UI exists because Republicans and Democrats have different views on it. The first ones consider that no extension should be made as the program requires $10 billion spendings a month while the second ones are sure that people who lost their jobs need support, and it should be discussed just like emergency disaster relief (Thompson para. 9). Thus, it se
Introduction Political debates on abortion, technological advancements, prolonging of life and other modern issues have affected the medical profession. Doctors and medical practitioners are confronted with various ethical issues. The ethical issues include respect for people’s wishes, the need to uphold the policies of the health facilities which they work for, the need to protect and uphold the sanctity of life, the need to safeguard the health of a person and sometimes the need to fulfill the wishes of other people. As a result, doctors face medical dilemmas in the line of their work. Currently, the medical dilemmas are on the rise due to the political debates on matters such as abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide and other technological advancement sin the medical field (Kessler, 2010). So serious are the dilemmas that they end up in courts of law. This essay seeks to discuss a case of medical dilemma and compare what the courts of law said with the quotes from Noddings. The title of the case is: ‘A family fights over continuing their mother’s care’. The Case In the case, a mother of children was taken to hospital suffering a stroke and she was placed under ventilator. The doctors expressed their fears that the woman would not regain normal brain functioning. One of her sons went to the hospital and told the doctors that in case his mother suffered any irreversible complications, the doctors should not take any measures to save her life. While working under the instructions of the son, the daughter of the woman visited the hospital and informed the doctors that they should do everything to save the life of the woman. The daughter claimed that the son had given the instructions because he was not interested in saving the life of his mother. The mother was a widow and she had not specified the person to be responsible for her health. The doctors had difficulties making a choice on whose instructions to follow (Nanos, 2008). Issues of the Case Each person has the right of self-determination. In case a person is not able to determine his or her health, the spouse or any other person appointed by the patient should do so. If a person is widowed, the responsibility of making end-of-life decisions on the person lies with his or her children. If there is no express proxy appointed by the person, all the children of that person have equal weight to make end-of-life decisions on the parent. When children give conflicting instructions, the doctors should determine and follow what the patient would want. They therefore have to look for substituted judgment on the statement or behavior that the patient may have shown regarding her wishes (Nanos, 2008). The Outcome of the Case The court held that a Do Not Resuscitate would be enacted until the legal and ethical issues on the case would be resolved. The children were informed that there was little that the doctors could do to reverse her condition. The doctors sought evidence of any indication of the patient on how she would like her health condition to be handled. They used the com
Description of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease that results from an infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis which mainly affects the lungs. Some of the general signs of tuberculosis include night sweats, weight loss, and other signs that are common to bacterial infection. When tuberculosis affects the lungs, it leads to chest pain as well as a persistent, productive cough and hemoptysis. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis results in symptoms that are characteristic of the organ that has been affected. For example, when tuberculosis affects the spine, it causes back pain while tuberculosis that affects the kidneys leads to hematuria. The transmission of tuberculosis takes place through the inhalation of airborne particles that contain the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The primary source of the bacteria is the sputum emanating from the larynx or the lungs of untreated tuberculosis patients. During the treatment of tuberculosis, the first step is to isolate the patients in a room with negative pressure. Patients are put on a “four-drug regimen which comprises of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide as well as ethambutol” for a period of two months (Zumla, Raviglione, Hafner, & Reyn, 2013). The patient is then put on isoniazid and rifampin for a period of four more months. If after six months the patient is still culture-positive, the medication is continued for another two months. Untreated tuberculosis results in multiple complications that manifest themselves based on the organ that is affected. Tuberculosis can result in damage to body joints especially the hip joint and the knee joint as a result of arthritis. Tuberculosis also causes meningitis which is a fatal condition accompanied by severe damage to the brain. When tuberculosis affects the kidney, it causes impaired kidney functions that may also lead to kidney failure. Tuberculosis also affects the pericardium leading to accumulation of fluids in the pericardial as well as impaired heart function. Demographics of Tuberculosis The prevalence rate of tuberculosis is around 9,588 persons around the country. The incidence rate for tuberculosis is around “3.0 cases per a population of 100,000 individuals” (Alami et al., 2014). The incidence rate is notably thirteen times higher among persons who are born outside the United States as compared to other individuals. There is a minimal mortality rate as a result of tuberculosis which accounts for about eleven deaths per year. The “morbidity rate as a result of tuberculosis is about 0.1 per 100,000 individuals” annually (Alami et al., 2014). Health Determinants in Tuberculosis Health determinants can fall into socioeconomic factors, environmental factors as well as individual characteristics. Persons who have low income are more susceptible to diseases. There is increased level of diseases among persons of low education. According to Zumla et al. (2013), the environment also plays a significant role in health and diseases given that most diseases
Introduction There are several theories developed by philosophers to understand personality. According to Cervone (2001), dispositional theories can be described as a combination of numerous thoughts regarding the personality of human beings. These theories try to relate the character traits of an individual to personality. The most popular dispositional theories are; the individual psychology theory and the trait and factor theory. Individual psychology theory, developed by Gordon Allport, is rooted on the fact that human beings exist in uniqueness, diversity and permanence of personal growth. On the other hand, trait and factor theory give emphasis to the application of factor analysis, a mathematical procedure used in reducing many variables to a small number. This is useful since many traits of an individual can be cut down to particular traits that are used in describing an individual’s personality. One of the major drawbacks of Allport’s theory is that it is not grounded on scientific research. As such it can never be proved and does not explain the unconscious behaviors. Conversely, trait and factor theory embraces lots of research and believed to be accurate. However, it is more suitable to researchers than parents, educators, and counselors. Description of how dispositional theories affect individual personalities Dispositional theories help in understanding the diverse personality elements amongst individuals. The way an individual respond to different situations is based on his or her attitudes, feelings, perceptions, interests and other sensations. Dispositional theories explain how these behaviors are portrayed in different individuals. Primarily, the individual personality theory undertakes that different individuals have varied kinds of behaviors. Despite the fact that a group of persons may seem to have the same characters, each person portrays certain distinctive attributes. For example, different individuals have different views regarding life. While some people may have optimistic perceptions about life others may be cynical. Gordon Allport assumes that dispositional features of an individual appear as traits and causes of personality. According to the theory, some character traits of an individual are cardinal, which means that they can be observed by everybody and are not concealed. Nonetheless, some behaviors are more elusive and may be observed in some situations only, like when an individual is stressed (Feist & Feist, 2009). The trait and factor theory assumes that there are predetermined numbers of character attributes in an individual that can be detected, measured, and assessed. These personalities enable an individual to perform his responsibilities to a society, especially in allowing a personality to be conveyed through his or her characters, like in a profession. For instance, if an individual has the qualities of an extroverted instinctive type, he or she may discover that such characters enable him to work successfully as a comedian, educator or public figure. These individualities, being a crucial element of disposition theory, tend to be persistent during whole their lives. The trai