ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sources of energy have been important since the times of antiquity. Ancient civilizations in western countries were characterized by the industrial revolution. During this period, most energy sources were discovered and used to improve the industrial productivity. Energy sources are classified into two major categories; renewable or non-renewable (Twidell, 2006). Whereas renewable sources cannot be depleted with time, non renewable sources can be depleted over time. Examples of renewable sources of energy are; solar, geothermal power, wind, nuclear energy, hydropower, and biomass. Fossil fuels and coal are the most common sources of non-renewable energy. This paper outlines the existence, environmental impacts and market trends of various renewable sources. Renewable energy sources are naturally occurring sources. They can be replenished again and again. They are regarded eco-friendly as opposed to fossil fuels (Twidell, 2006). Various renewable energy sources are discussed next. Solar energy refers to the energy derived from the sun. It can be used directly or indirectly for the generation of electricity. Direct generation of electricity from the sun involves the use of photovoltaic cells (Maczulak, 2010). Indirect generation employs the use of concentrators that tap heat energy required to heat water and produce steam. The steam is then used to run generators. Biomass energy refers to the energy derived from the combustion of either animals or plants. Use of wood and biogas is rampant in many regions. Biomass is not only used for heating and cooking but also for used to generate electricity. Wood waste or paper waste are often burnt to produce steam vital for generation of electricity (Maczulak, 2010). Hydropower energy, on the other hand, refers to the energy derived from moving water. Water is made to drop from a high level so that it can be used to rotate turbines resulting in the generation of electricity. Here, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Geothermal energy is derived from the crust of the earth. Deep wells are used to bring superheated steam onto the earth’s surface. The steam is used to turn turbines for electricity generation. Wind energy is derived from moving air. High speed winds rotate blades that generate electricity. Wind turbines and mills are used to harvest maximum wind energy (Solway, 2010). Issues of global warming have initiated endless debates regarding how the issue can be addressed adequately (Clarisse, 2009). Fossil fuels have been attributed to increased carbon-dioxide emission. It is important to note that about 20% of the world energy sources come fr
The era of technological breakthrough, which people witnessed with the advent of the new millennium, has triggered a range of changes in the process of interpersonal communication. With the introduction of information technology, particularly, the Internet and the social networks that it has to offer, there seem to be no boundaries for the process of communication any longer. People all over the world may converse whenever they want and whoever they want with. Such impressive changes have caused not only major improvements, but also considerable challenges. Despite an amazing range of opportunities, which IT of the 21 st century has to offer, the boundaries, which these technologies set for communication process, are much more restricting than people may conceive; therefore, in order to avoid losing their basic communication skills due to the lack of non-verbal elements in online communication and the restricted amount of opportunities for emotional involvement in the course of conversations via social networks chat rooms and other media provided by modern technologies, people need to learn moderation in the use of contemporary technological advances in their conversations. A closer look at the way, in which IT shapes people’s regular communication process, will reveal that, along with positive effects, there is a consistent deterioration in quality. Turkle (2012a) warns that the excessive use of modern technology as a communication media may result in a loss of major skills essential for successful interpersonal and social communication. More to the point, Turkle (2012b, Apr. 21) argues that the process of gradual loss of crucial capacities for conversation has already commenced: “We’ve become accustomed to a new way of being ‘alone together.”’ Technology-enabled, we are able to be with one another, and also elsewhere, connected to wherever we want to be” (2012b, Apr. 21, para. 3). People substitute their personalities with fake symbols, which are later on taken for granted in the course of conversations, thus, leading to even greater misconceptions: “it can take place on social-networking sites as well, where one’s profile becomes an avatar of sorts, a statement not only about who you are but who you want to be” (Turkle, 2012a, p. 180). Online communication admittedly has its benefits when compared to the traditional conversation methods. The absence of the restrictions and responsibilities that a standard real life conversation entails is, perhaps, the most attractive feature of IT devices allowing for the simulation of the former. Indeed, chatting online, especially on a forum, where real people are hidden behind nicknames and where their location cannot be disclosed, allows for defying social norms and crossing the line that marks antisocial behavior (Donath, 2014b, p. 251). Moreover, it is fast and efficient. Indeed, with the help of virtual communication, it has become possible to keep in touch even with the people that are thousand miles away from where one may live. However, it is the complete safety that fails online communication in its attempt to ensure an unceasing conversation process. As long as people know
Abstract There are various types of religion in the world namely; Christianity, Islamism, Hinduism and the most recent one Scientology among many others. In this essay, I will examine Scientology as one type of religion. The essay will focus on the history of this religion, its beliefs and customs. It will also analyze the recent development in the religion, its trend and its future. Introduction What is Scientology? Scientology, is a religion that emphasizes on the fundamental laws of human life that when applied helps an individual acquire a more fulfilling life on earth. It emphasizes on human spirit and states that an individual is a spirit and not the body or brain. It sought to answer question such as; “Who am I? Where did I come from? Where am I heading? What am I consisting of?” Therefore, this religious claims to provide answer to the above questions and enhance personal understanding of one self. According to the Church of Scientology international, Scientology is the fastest growing religious movement on earth presently and is defined as an applied religious philosophy. Currently, it estimated that there are approximately 7,300 Scientology churches and groups and the rate of formation of new group as of 2006 was at three churches per day. This makes it the fastest growing religion so far. History Scientology was founded by a man known as Ron Hubbard as a result of his ambition to assist mankind to attain high levels of civilization and existence. He used to travel a lot and it is in his travel to Asia where he witnessed a lot of misery among the Asians that made him to wonder why humanity had to undergo such a suffering. Consequently, he published his first work in 1950 labeled “Dianetics: The modern Science of Mental Health” that sought to provide solution to humans with regards to unwanted emotions, irrational fears and psychosomatic illness. This came to be the foundation on which Scientology was put up since he observed that an individual’s life was made of spirit and not his body thereby making human beings immortal spiritual beings. After setting up the foundation of Scientology, Hubbard delegated responsibilities to Religious Technology Center to preserve the purity of Scientology religion and to guarantee that Dianetics technology would remain in good hand. However, Scientology Churches are regulated by Church of Scientology international (CSI). It devices and manages the expansion and activities of Scientology Churches (Robinson & Buttnor 1998). Beliefs Scientologist believes that human beings are generally good and not evil; what make them evil are their experiences in the world. The religion teaches that it is not basic in nature for an individual to commit evil but the circumstance surrounding an individual is what necessitates the evil. Secondly, Scientologist believes in individuals solving their own problems and not assisted as other religions do. Therefore, it employs the use of intelligence among individuals to improve their own lives and to triumph over all factors pulling them down. Thirdly, Scientologist believes that an individual is the spirit. This is termed as ‘Thetan’
Each person has his/her own perception of the reality, thus world appears different to every individual. There are different issues that form our attitudes and affect our communication. In this paper, we are going to discuss processes, components that shape communication of the individuals, fallacies that create debilitative emotions and skill of perception checking and its usage in a relationship. The first question under consideration is how the processes of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation shape communication in a given situation. Perception process can be presented by the “gap between “what is” and what we know” (Adler & Proctor, 2011, p. 83). Every person has a personal perception of the world which is shaped by his/her interests and life experience. In addition, “it is simply impossible to be aware of everything, no matter how attentive we might be” (Adler & Proctor, 2011, p. 83). Our perception is a complex process which formed by means of “four steps by which we attach meaning to our experience” (Adler & Proctor, 2011, p. 83). They are: selection, organization, interpretation and negotiation. Motifs and stimuli affect our selection, the selected issues are organized n a definite manner, “each of us can organize our impressions of other communicators using a number of schemes” (Adler & Proctor, 2011, p. 85). The one we use shapes our communication with people. The process of selection is dependent on stereotypes and punctuation, the scheme in which the communication develops. After we received information, we interpret it and finally negotiated trying to achieve a share perspective. Thus, in a given situation of communication, different factors and processes influence our attitude to other person, the way we perceive the information and interpret it. As all people perceive information through the personal subject experience, the use of skill of perception checking can help improve communication and relationships. It means to understand the person better and clarify the situation. Correct use of the perception checking can enhance relationships. For example, the involvement in the situation of the other person, attention to his/her point of view and correct understanding of his/her intentions can be achieved through clarifying questions and proper usage of the non-verbal communication. In an important situation, our emotions are different than in common daily situations to which we got used. It is important to remember that “the way you share or withhold your feelings of affection can affect the future of your relations” (Adler & Proctor, 2011, p. 122). Four different elements affect our emotions which are an inseparable part of communication. Emotional intelligence Psychological factors may cause bodily changes which tell about people’s state and emotions to interlocutor. Non-verbal
Drugs were not always controlled by the government. It was not until the social cost was recognized that anyone was interested in controlling them. However, the beginnings of drug control only grew as fast as the problems of addiction grew. Human beings are hard-wired to become addicted because our pleasure centers can react unpredictably in some people and they feel a much stronger reaction to a substance or behavior. It takes extreme willpower to resist repeating whatever causes the intense pleasure, and most people are not only not up to it, but they may not even realize that the repetition is the first step toward addiction. Until the beginning of the 1900s, the sale of patent medicines was unregulated and this led to widespread addiction to opium. In the nineteenth century, most drugstores sold things like Dover’s Powder and McMunn’s Elixir of Opium. Derived from the coca plant, cocaine products, including extracts were used as stimulants and were not considered harmful. Coca-Cola was a popular tonic that contained cocaine at that time. Social disapproval of their use was almost non-existent, consisting simply of religious institutions. After the turn of the century, the federal government began to control the sale and use of opiates. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 stated that all patent medicines must have an accurate list of ingredients, conform to standards of purity, and describe their intended effects as truthfully as possible. A public effort was made to deal with addiction. Since then, the government has continued to add new drugs to the list, and those which are not on the list are probably included under the “prescription drug act” plus there are some 28 chemicals that can be used to produce the drugs or synthetic substitutes, and which are just as dangerous. It’s pretty much true that the only drugs which are not controlled are coffee and tea. Cigarettes and alcohol are controlled, though not illegal. The control of cigarettes extends to limiting the age group which can buy them, how and where they can be advertised, labeling rules, and the public places where they can be used. For alcohol, there are more rules, including age limitations, restrictions of places for sale or consumption, prohibition of use before or during operation of motor vehicles, and miscellaneous things like labeling and advertising rules. So Why is It Such a Problem? Illegal drugs are merchandise that generates income (more than the national budget), and this has economic consequences. There is little profit in legal recreational drugs. Every drug debate
Introduction The work of J. Sharpe on social history of England encompasses traditional concerns and modern concerns that have dominated this subject. Sharpe has researched on existing methods that study history and documented methods on new history. An investigation on the new and old concern has facilitated skilful mastery of social history by the historians. The article below gives an overview of the social history of modern England with reference to James Sharpe. In his book, Sharpe brings out an attention-grabbing view about traditional methods of studying social history. He views traditional methods as not detailed enough for such serious topics that are currently of concern. His view is that these methods seem narrow for research that concerns social history. According to him, the works of Whig and Marxist are meaningless because they are based on prejudice, an aspect that is not acceptable in the modern society. He proposes that a new statistical method based on data analysis should be established to give reliable and consistent results regarding the issue of social history (Sharpe, 264). His work, just like that of others raises concerns that need answers but such answers are not given by the author. In fact, he leaves out information that would give solutions to questions of concern within his work. For instance, within his work, one of the chapters has the same views as those of Whig about the politics of England (the government during this period was building towards the Prime- Ministership of the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt and the pinnacle of Parliamentary supremacy of today). Contrary to this statement, he warns the readers on accepting evidence without scrutinizing it thoroughly. Professor Sharpe does not propose a theory that would be used to tackle concerns relating to social history. This may make it difficult for other historians to come up with solutions during their time of doing research. His main problem is that of giving contradicting information that would confuse the reader. An example that involves contradicting information is the one that enlightens the readers on witchcraft in England. At first, he argues out that at a time in England witchcraft was acceptable in everyday life. It was practiced by educated people, and those ranked lower in the society. He then goes on to contradict this statement by asserting that witchcraft and other issues that involved superstitions together with canning men, was entirely for the poor individuals within the society. Undermining on the same subject is also reflected by him stating that laws criminalizing witchcraft were reviewed in the 1930s. These contradictions may be the foundation for revision and may not necessarily reflect opinions of Sharpe. The publishing of other edition that included aspects left out in earlier publications may have contributed contradiction in this book. At times, incorporating issues that were not earlier considered in already written work becomes difficult than when they would be included at the beginning. This would be a reflection of the way of carrying out the re
In her article “Market Focus: Expectant Mothers,” Sharon Cole explores the challenges presented to the marketers whose business is concerned with expectant mothers. Cole emphasizes the fact that time for impacted this target market is rather limited. Thus, she suggests, it is necessary to target pregnant women in an extremely effective way and to do it very fast (Cole). Cole remarks that the target group has only nine months to make preferences, and the marketers cannot afford to waste their time. What is good, Cole notices, is that the target market is huge and constant. According to Cole, the best way to get pregnant women interested in a product is to send samples directly to them. This tip works even better if sampling is provided by a person working with the expectant mother, like a health care facilitator or a registered nurse (Cole). By providing samples, companies create a way for future cooperation. Frequently, expecting mothers do not think about some products for them and the future baby until they see a sample. Expectant mothers need prenatal vitamins, cosmetics items (new shampoos or deodorants induced by changes in the organism), baby items (pacifiers, items for skin care, diapers), and clothes adjusted for their condition. As many women combine expectancy and work, it is crucial to provide them with the items which will make them stay stylish during this important life period. Cole remarks that modern women do not intend to hide their state. On the contrary, they want clothes that will emphasize their beautiful forms cutely and stylishly (Cole). Thus, creating trendy clothes for pregnant women is a great prospective business opportunity. Kristen May advises on impacting the target market in her article “How to Market to Pregnant Women.” The author suggests several strategies that can help marketers to get expecting mothers interested in their product. First of all, May suggests, it is necessary to employ appealing images. Therefore, to get the potential consumer curious, one needs to make the product appealing. May recommends clothes as an example: baggy and boring items are not preferred by pregnant women. Rather, they like fashionable items that emphasize the beauty of their condition. Another clue given by May is to propose items providing comfort. Thus, using vocabulary which describes convenience and relaxation will draw the attention of pregnant women. Additionally, pictures showing how happy others feel using a product have a great effect on the target market. For working expectant mothers, an opportunity to relax after work is one of the key drivers for buying a product (May). May also recommends exploiting the nesting instinct when persuading women to try a product. As this instinct is connected with women’s need to prepare the house for the future baby, this is the time to sell things
In the developed world, the United States of America has a reputation of being not only a forward thinking nation, but also one which caters to the rights and needs of its citizens. However, the increasingly fast paced lifestyle of its citizens; along with an over abundance of cheap fatty foods has created a society which is morbidly obese. This problem is an epidemic, an epidemic which is growing at an alarming rate, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention the rate of obesity in adults has increased by 60% for the past twenty years and has tripled in children for the past thirty years. According to these statistics 33% of Americans are now obese with more than 300,000 individuals dying every year from obesity related causes. This number is second only to tobacco. So the question becomes how did it come to this? One of the main culprits indentified is the American cultural preference towards fast foods and fast food restaurants in deference to healthier home cooked meals. These fast food meals are made and sold cheaply due to their mass manufacture and processed nature. Their low cost has been supplemented by heavy advertisements, which are geared towards children eating these high sugar, high calorie meals. It’s these trends which are one of the main reasons for the ever increasing problem of obesity in the United States and the various diseases and complications associated with them (Healthy’s Inc). This topic will focus on a possible solution to the Obesity problem as well as providing alternate solutions. In my opinion the preferred solution to the problem of obesity is parental intervention. The existence of fast food companies and other such companies which market their products have existed for years before this epidemic and due to their success will exist for years to come. My solution to the obesity problem is to manage obesity in adults, while taking preventative measures against obesity in children. The first step to accomplishing this task is to work at a community level, starting programs which can not only educate children, but also the parents. Studies have shown that the incidence of obesity has increased with cultural shifts that have enabled women to work outside the home. Parental supervision is the first step in these plans, which necessitates that not only should these children receive education regarding the importance of good nutrition at home, but that there is also an insistence on proper diet and exercise on the part of the parents. Society must realize that the future modeling of the eating habits of these children begins at home and that a healthy lifestyle with a healthy diet is essential to their proper growth and development. In order to accomplish this it is essential that these children are kept away from habitu