ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Logistics play an important part in national and business economics. Ever since the 1950s and the appearance of the first multinational logistics companies, this field has been rapidly expanding along with the increasing complexity and globalization of the world economy. Nowadays, the term is used to describe the process of transportation of various goods from point A to point B. The process itself is comprised of many additional subroutines, like shipping, storage, and management of the transported goods. Many companies in this business sector offer their services in logistics and transportation. Due to the fierce competition between these multi-national corporations, the industry is undergoing a constant process of innovation that allows streamlining and optimization of the supply chains. This paper will analyze the latest innovations in logistics industry by researching five major companies, such as TNT, DHL, Panalpina, Kuehne + Nagel, and FedEx. TNT Express is a massive multinational courier company. The headquarters of the organization are located in Netherlands. It possesses logistical, and transportation bases in 61 states and delivers freights, letters and parcels to over 200 countries (“History” par. 1). To stay on top of the competitive ring, the company invests greatly into development and promotion of various innovations in their logistics system. In 2011, the company was granted the prestigious Smart Services award from Cisco, for the implementation of a centralized information relay. This relay, located in Beijing, China, allows real-time monitoring and management of the supply chains spread across the entire Asia Pacific region (“TNT Express wins Cisco Award” par. 3). DHL Express is considered to be the world’s largest logistics company. It was created in 1969 in Germany, and ever since became famous for expanding into countries that no other logistics company dared to serve, like the Soviet Union and members of the Eastern Bloc, China, Korea, and the Middle East (“History 1969 to Present” par. 2). In order to keep its positions as the leader in the logistics segment, DHL operates its own Innovation Center, dedicated to research and improvement of the company’s logistics. Its latest inventions include the DHL Smartsensor, wh
Introduction After the cold war era, it was assumed that the issue of war was no longer of concern to the world. Therefore, nations were expected to experience peace and harmony. Huntington (2003) disagrees with this notion based on the fact that there followed a lot of ethnic clashes, and the expected universal organization was never founded. He states that the global politics experienced before and after the cold world war were different. According to his analysis, there were differences in the way nations defined civilization. After the cold war era, nations cooperated and allied themselves according to the similarities in culture. Conflicts were experienced between states with different cultures. The issue of belonging was based on nationality, in terms of similar territories, culture, and ethnicity. These events, which happened after the cold war, could have been predicted even before the war as explained by the civilizational paradigm that Huntington introduced (Huntington, 2003). According to his predictions, which were based on the past events, there would be a clash of civilization. Nations were expected to define belonging based on territories, ethnicity, and culture. This implies that citizenship would be restricted to the nationality of an individual (Huntington, 2003). This paper compares the issue of citizenship in the past and modern view whereby globalization has become the force towards pluralism. The paper shall discuss citizenship and the issues that transform the concept from the past view into modern practice. According to this paper, the clash of civilization will not affect citizenship. This is because nations have adopted a transnational approach towards nationality and citizenship. Citizenship in the 21st Century Citizenship requires that individuals have the rights, duties, responsibilities, and identity that link them to the state in which they belong. When the aspect of migration and the minority of some tribes are considered, the issue of national citizenship is out-dated. This has resulted to modern citizenship, in which identity is not based on nationality, but rather the rights that one has in a certain nation (Bosniak, 2000). With the current trend in globalization, post-nationalism should be adopted. This is because people are migrating from one nation to another, and reside there for a long period. Living in a different state for a considerable period gives a person the right to be involved in collective decision within that state. The involvement of an individual in the responsibilities of the citizens in that country is also expected. An example is the case of guest workers who were invited to Western Europe when they had a shortage of labour. These workers were initially employed on temporal terms, but they later became per
The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act was enacted with the aim of improving accountability, transparency and outright disclosure of financial information in publicly-traded companies. Whistle blowers are also protected by the same Ac t in section 1107. This brief essay explores a recent whistle blowing incident at the department of Veteran Affairs (VA) and relates the occurrence with provisions of SOX. One of the dominant characteristics of a whistleblower is that the individual is usually altruistically motivated. In other words, it is not possible to whistle blow against wrong doings in an organization without the element of motivation. In any case, whistleblowing is a risky undertaking owing to the underlying consequences. Second, utilitarianism is a common characteristic of most whistle blowers. This refers to a state whereby a person values normative ethics more than hiding the truth. Hence, such individuals are eager to optimize utility within their areas of influence or operation. Lack of suffering, economic wellbeing and pleasure are some of the key components of utility. Third, whistle blowers are not interested in changing their behaviors and that is why they act with an independent mind. They are self-driven. They also permit personal attitudes and beliefs to propel their actions. In most instances, whistle blowers are well-informed, educated and intelligent individuals who are well versed with knowledge from a particular discipline. In June 2014, it was established that the Department of Veteran Affairs in the United States had been engaging in acts of sabotaging the views of staff members regarding its operations (Lichtblaujune, 2014). For example, falsified patient appointment program had been rife at the department for a long. Individuals who would attempt to raise their voices concerning malpractices in the department would be severely disciplined or even released from their jobs. Both former and current members of staff at the department recorded the same concerns. The fake scheduling books coupled with longer waiting times for patients were two major scandals affecting the reputation of V.A. as a result, several complaints regarding these improper practices have been forwarded to external whistle blower groups, lawmakers, unions and a number of federal watchdogs. Due to the whistle blowing incidence, the Veterans Affairs chief was compelled to resign and investigations started immediately. The whistle blowers did not suffer any consequence. They only faced retaliation actions when they were still active in employment. The whistle blowers were indeed justified in reporting the malpractices at the Veterans Affairs department because the vice reflected wrong information on the operations of the department. It aggravated service delivery to clients and worsened workplace relationship of employees. Citing doctor shortage as the reason for long wait by patients was just an excuse to cover up the scandal. Second, employees who ever reported the vice in the past were victimized. Tis implied that the action was not good at all. U
Introduction The occurrence of obesity prevalence in children, in the U S, can be associated with the removal of physical education courses in public school curriculum. These courses were serving a lot in reducing the numbers of children suffering from obesity and obesity related illnesses. This was so because the students were passed through a curriculum that worked out their mental and body strength. They were able to burn the extra calories that would have other wise accumulated in the body causing obesity. Currently the students are not involved in any physical course. As a result, there is a high rate of obesity prevalence in children, in America. It is estimated that of all children under the age of 12 in America 30% are obese. This is an alarming signal to the authority concerned (Axelrod, Cooper & Warriner, 2008). Association between a growing obesity problem, and the exclusion of physical education in unrestricted schools There is a correlation between growing obesity problem and the elimination of physical education in schools. In that the moment physical education courses were eliminated in public schools curriculum, cases of obesity started being identified just a year later. This was because this curriculum was helping students to deal with obesity related-illnesses. Despite the fact, that the student’s diet was a healthy one, the exercises during physical education courses prevented them from developing obesity. Elimination of the physical education courses resulted in the fanning of obesity prevalence, which led to, more problems and difficult situations (Axelrod, Cooper & Warriner, 2008). It is thus necessary for public schools to restore physical education courses in the curriculum. Exercises play a vital role in ensuring the condition of obesity and obesity related-illnesses are taken care of. The condition of obesity comes with a lot of complications in life. The obese individuals do have a lot of hard time to adapt to their surrounding. It has been evident that such individuals do have low-self esteem. To eliminate this problem, physical education courses should be restored back in the curriculum. Thus in my research I have looked in to the reasons that make obesity growing a problem among children and teenagers in America. I have also researched on how this problem affects the medical profession.
Introduction The knowledge of the chemical structures of chemical compounds and the relationship with the biological or physiological activity they can elicit is very important in the development of drugs. This relationship can be used to assess the compound’s toxicity. The study of the structure-activity relationship is critical to biochemistry and pharmacology since when we discover what molecules can elicit some biological reaction, then that can be harnessed for the betterment of life. However, this is very complex but somehow chemists and pharmacologists intuitively recognize it. In order to offer the solution, it’s important to understand the scope of this issue. Quantitatively, the study of the structure-activity relationship connects the structure to the descriptor. Several descriptors assist in defining the problem; hydrophobicity, steric effects, typology and electric properties. History of QSAR The GSAR technology exploration began as early as the 19th century; the early observation was about the effect of alcohol had toxicity to animals and the effect was higher with the decrease in alcohol solubility (Bevan, para 1). This was a very critical observation that led to the discovery that the toxicity of such organic chemicals (compounds with C and H) was highly dependent on lipophilicity. Meyer Hans independently made this discovery in the 1890s (Bevan, para 1). Free energy Correlations were advanced by Louis Hammett. He was able to correlate the electronic characteristics of organic bases and acids with their reactivity and the subsequent k – constants (equilibrium constants) (Bevan, para 3). Benzoic acid for instance; The addition of constituents to the benzene ring produced an orderly and quantitative impact on the dissociation constant. A nitro group (N2O) added to the meta-position increased the dissociation constant as the nitro group withdraws electrons hence making steady the negative charge (Bevan, para 4). In the para position, the nitro group (N 2 O) shows greater energy of dissociation implying greater withdrawal of electrons (Bevan, para 5). The trend is the same when other constituents are added. Ethyl added to the para position indicates a lower dissociation constant demonstrating that it was an electron donor (Bevan, para 6). Introduction to Drug Design Drug development in research is a very expensive undertaking due to the cost that the process entails. The process entails identifying the targets that are to be bound by the drug. These targets are usually referred to as receptors and are in most cases proteins (Borman, 21). The classical methods under this technology usually describe the structure activity in relation to the physico-chemical characteristics as well as the steric characteristics (Bevan, para 7). They include the Hansch analyses, extra-thermal models and also some of the structural components of like free Wilson analyses. Basically, the three-dimensional models are very easy to study and understand. They are also widely studied (Borman, 21). These structures take into consideration the structure of a compound in three
Introduction One of the most notable aspects of what can be deemed the existential mode of Aboriginal people is that fact that the members of Indigenous communities in Australia tend to regard the notion of kinship crucially important, within the context of how they go about addressing the challenges of life. In its turn, this is being reflected by the well-observed phenomenon that the manner, in which each Aboriginal tribesman acts towards the tribe’s other members, is dictated by the specifics of how he/she relates to them by blood. This phenomenon, however, can be easily explained, as such that helps the concerned individuals to maintain the systemic balance in Indigenous societies. In this paper, I will explore that validity of the above-stated at length, while outlining the qualitative aspects of the phenomenon in question. Main Body As it was mentioned earlier, Aboriginal people are indeed strongly ‘kinship-minded’. The fact that this is indeed being the case can be easily illustrated, in regards to the fact that the mechanical structure of how they relate towards each other, defines their behavioral patterns rather substantially. After all, it is being well acknowledged by anthropologists that the qualitative aspects of the interrelationships between the members of a particular Aboriginal community, cannot be discussed outside of the most important feature of these people’s social organization – the existence of the systemically complex system of ‘kinship sections’ within the community’s hierarchic structure. This system is about prescribing Aboriginal people with the highly specified behavioral mode, consistent with what happened to be the particulars of their blood-lineage, which in turn allows us to refer to it as the foremost instrument of the concerned individuals’ social self-identification. To confirm the full soundness of this suggestion, we can well refer to the specifics of how Aboriginal people enter into the marital relationships with each other – the process that is being closely regulated by the lineage-related considerations. For example, even though an Aboriginal man is allowed to marry its cousins and other women that happened to belong to the same ‘kinship section’ with him, marrying the daughter of his father’s brother or the daughter of his mother’s sister would not be tolerated, as it would be considered incest. Within the mentioned kinship-system, these women are being seen as the concerned person’s ‘sisters’. He, however, would be allowed to marry the daughter of his mother’s brother or the daughter of his father’s sister. In fact, such a move, on this man’s part, would be considered highly virtuous (Dousset 2008, p. 265). Another indication that the factor of kinship plays an important role in the life of just about every Aboriginal individual, can be well deemed the sheer ritualization of the social sphere within Aboriginal communities – especially the ones that continue to be closely affiliated with the hunting/gathering activities of its mem
Apple Corporation The Apple Corporation has adopted governance structures that assist them in the day to day management of the company. The Board of directors supervises the operations of Apple Corporation, ensuring that all employees adhere to set down standards, rules and ethical regulations. The board is expected wok towards satisfying the interest of stakeholders, employees and clients through a focused and practical approach (Monks 23). An important aspect of it s corporate governance structure lies in the protection of its intellectual property. There is a high level of confidentiality within the apple corporation and this has made it possible for the company to avoid leakage of sensitive information that would benefit its competitors. The confidentiality within Apple Corporation is respected by all its employees and it applies not only within the physical environment but also in employee’s interactions with the outside stakeholders. The employees are expected to exercise maximum discretion when speaking or writing on issues touching on company products (Aras & David 123). The supply base of Apple’s components is designed simply and efficiently. This draws from the fact that Apple deals in just about five products, the only difference being their distinct versions. This means that most of the Apple gadgets use the same components, ensuring a small and manageable supply chain. This simple concept has made a huge difference in the management of the company (Aras & David, 36). The employment policy of Apple focuses on recruiting and retaining the best talent. The company offers internships and on-job training opportunities that enable it identify the best talent and retain it through high compensation and other benefits (Monks 44). It is also noteworthy that Apple has a policy of placing the highest potential talent in positions of responsibility to giving them the opportunity to drive the fortunes of the company. This has enabled it to benefit from the best talent in the market. The accounting and auditing procedures at Apple are also efficient with the board members in touch with all financial transactions, which are then communicated to the shareholders. Tyco International Ltd. Tyco was a large company with diverse interests in manufacturing. It grew through major acquisition at home and abroad. However, poor management practices and lack of accountability saw the company lose its hitherto stable industrial niche. The management proved to be untrustworthy and shareholders were left in the dark over major decisions
Introduction Virtually all countries in the world have undergone significant social, economic, and political transformations throughout their history. The Republic of Singapore, for instance, has witnessed landmark progress both during the pre-colonial and postcolonial period (Lee, 2009, 143). It is a country located south of Johor, one of the Malaysian state, and it is also to the north of the Equator. Singapore has a population of about 5 million and is notably cosmopolitan since foreigners alone constitute over 42% of the entire population. Half the service sector is made up of foreigners. Moreover, it is historically known that Singapore was recognized as one of the world’s thriving economy, particularly in the East Asia region, long before it gained independence. The trend of economic growth When Singapore became independent in 1965, its GDP per capita stood at $511. The country’s economic advantage can be traced largely to its strategic positioning since it is a port. Singapore’s outstanding economic performance could only be compared with that of Japan and Hong Kong in East Asia (Lee, 2009, 143). The leadership in independent Singapore played a central role in transforming the economy and their quest to see the country attain the industrialized status. The encouragement of direct foreign investment (predominantly U.S.) coupled with well designed pro-business policies saw the emergence of the modern economy in Singapore (Lee, 2009, 145). This was motivated by the country’s lack of physical amenities as well as the poor domestic market environment. There was an overhaul across the educational, industrial, and
Statistics is the field of applied mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, explanation, and presentation of data. Statistics is applied in many fields that include natural sciences, humanities, business, social sciences, and government. Modern statistics involves the quantification of the social, scientific, and biological phenomenon, design and analysis of surveys and experiments especially in biological sciences, market research, economics, and management. In society, the principles of statistics are used in helping people have a better understanding of the world they are living in. By being able to evaluate data properly, people are able to reason and react intelligently to the information presented to them. In principle, statistics help society to take control of the world and the environment surrounding it. The general perception among the majority of people is that statistics can be manipulated to suit the need of the author. This makes it hard for people to trust statistics. According to a noted Harvard researcher, Dr. Robert Blendon, over 70% of the population don’t trust statistics. In marketing for example, whenever marketers are selling a product, they only present statistics that show that their products are the best. Any statistics showing that people don’t like the product are never presented to the public. Another reason why people don’t trust statistics is the fact that they can be misleading. If a person carrying out a survey is not careful when defining and applying a specific rating scheme, for example, health care, the consumer is likely to form an inappropriate negative perception about the product. The fact that measures are drawn from samples of population leads to sampling error. This error makes statistics to be misleading hence people tend to have low trust in statistics. Lack of understanding of statistical concepts by the majority of people plays a significant role that leads to mistrust of statistics by people. Most statistics are presented in complicated graphs that lack accuracy and tend to lose comprehension. Many people are not able to interpret charts and graphs as they lack basic knowledge of statistics. When people are not able to gras