ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Visualization of information is the process of transforming large and complex types of abstract data into a visual form. It allows creating the demonstrative images of both structured and unstructured information, which is difficult to comprehend otherwise. During recent years, the given technology became widely used in such areas as biological sciences, artificial intelligence, financial information analysis, et cetera. Due to the increasing interest in information visualization, a lot of new techniques and taxonomies became developed, which are meant to represent the data efficiently and effectively that would enable users to study the multiple variables at distinct levels in great detail. Visualization taxonomies for both simple one-dimensional and complex multi-dimensional data analyses that exist nowadays are usually data-centric and mainly concentrate on tasks to enable the perception of data category separation and conservation. The Task by Data Type Taxonomy (TTT) is one of them. Visualization Taxonomy Overview The TTT is first introduced by Ben Shneiderman in an attempt to address the problem of visual representation of big data. It is based on the assumption that “users are viewing collections of items, where items have multiple attributes 1 .” The taxonomy comprises seven distinct types of data sets, which can be arranged in various ways: one-, two-, three-, and multi-dimensional data, as well as the temporal, tree, and network data 2 . It is suggested that when investigating different types of data as per the primary search task in the TTT, all the information items that meet the values of a set of attributes will be selected 3 . At the same time, the tasks that one can perform by using the TTT depend on the kind of information, which the user wants to retrieve. They include the overview, the search of links between variables, the filtering, and other procedures. In the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing, the way the TTT may be implemented at the individual, group, and organizational levels can be substantially defined by both the types of data used at those levels and the tasks performed by the team members. It is possible to presume that at the individual level, employees will likely perform less complicated procedures, such as overview and filtering, and analyze more straightforward kinds of information such as one-dimensional data, namely, linear/sequential data types, and temporal data, namely, historical presentations. However, the given presumption does not always reflect the actual situation. For instance, a person in the position of a National Marketing Manager may use multi-dimensional data to process statistics related to the rate of trav
Introduction The American civil war, which begun in 1861and ended in 1865 is regarded as one of the most violent wars experienced in the history of United States of America. At least 620,000 soldiers died during this war, which was estimated to be 2% of the American population by then. The war caused havoc and destruction in the south wiping off about two thirds of the appraised value of the southern wealth, destroying more than half of the regions farm machinery, consuming two-fifths of southern livestock and killing one quarter of southern white males between the ages of 20 and 40 (David 1996). In the mid nineteenth century, America as a nation had conflicting ideological and cultural indifferences as it attempted to adopt the agrarian revolution traditions. Although the country had enjoyed unity for more than 60 years, political, cultural economic and social differences were the cause of the crisis in 1861 that erupted into a civil war. The consequences of the war were termed as being more positive rather than negative to the country as a whole. According to Abraham Lincoln, the civil war brought to America a new birth of freedom as the war enlightened the people about slavery and destroying slavery paved way to freedom. Reconstruction after the war was an opportunity to adopt and embrace new changes in the southern society placing Native Americans in a new redefin
In this paper, we seek to ascertain the reasons why Nestlé decentralized structure, which had brought the company success in the past. In the following section, we will analyse the main objectives of Global Business Excellence program that Nestle launched in an effort to counter the increasing global competition. Lastly, the paper will identify why the GLOBE program is more than just a SAP change. Why was the decentralized structure of Nestlé that had brought the company success in the past no longer fit the new realities of increasing global competition? Traditionally, the structure of Nestle was that of a surging pyramid of major zones and markets, which are usually countries. Each business is essentially local and orderly aggregated to larger geographical units all in the end coming together in the corporate centre. Operating alongside this large organization in a synchronizing role involved half dozen strategic business units like beverages, infant nutrition, and dairy products. Decentralization refers to the reallocation of decision-making authority, assignment of accountability and responsibility for results. Decentralization comes with the delegation of commensurate power to units or individuals at all the heights of an organization even those which are away from the headquarters or other authority centres. The new realities of increasing global competition paralysed the decentralization structure of Nestle as it came with several challenges. The responsibility of the business unit managers was to enhance integration across regions with attention on new product development. However, this was without loss of responsibility and profit. In the increasing global competition, this did not happen to other competitive firms, which were in a disadvantage comparing to the Nestle firm. The decentralized structure worked against the object of profit making, which was normally the aim of all the firms as they were incurring losses, and no one took responsibility. Focusing on the decentralization structure, the company’s main attention on product customization to local tastes was the basis of Nestlé’s victory. However, this was the rise in inefficiencies and duplications that marked that the company could no longer meet its expenses as the sales overhead costs were higher than those of its competitors were. This meant that the decentralization was working against their initial goal, and the competitors were benefitting from their ideas. Another notable reason to why the decentralized structure of Nestlé is not working currently is because the splintered supply chain has not given the wished economies of scale. Decentralization meant that different regions had their powers, and this affected the bargaining power with cross border retailers and suppliers negatively. The most esteemed customers had more pricing in
Introduction World of art is rich in different directions and styles that have been making a conspicuous figure for many years. Every style has its own peculiarities and bright representatives. People have different tastes and everyone chooses his favorite style and precious representative. The works of art help people not only be familiar with art, but also calm them and delight the eye. Probably, it is the main aim of art. Nowadays it is practically impossible to find a person who is not familiar with some art directions, pieces of work and artists. Impressionists’ works are very touching, romantic and full of light. Body Impressionism is one of the most famous and favorite eras in the history of art that gained popularity and its army of fans all over the world. Impressionism is represented by such outstanding masters as Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Piere-Auguste Renoir and Edgar Degas. The masterpieces of these artists are well-known to everybody even to those people whose life and work are not connected with art. Impressionism is sometimes named as optical realism due to its methodical attention to the definite image experience and upshot of illumination and movement in the form of the objects. “The differential characteristic of this style is that impressionists knew how to transform their visual perception of reality into canvas and depict physical objects as though they were in front of the viewer” (Gunderson, 2008, p.19). Monet’s Le Parc Monceau . Le Parc Monceau is one of the most famous canvases of Monet. It was created in 1878. It is a very beautiful and colorful picture that does not leave the viewer indifferent. It is performed in the manner peculiar to the author. Le Parc Monceau (Figure 1) is one of three outstanding descriptions of the famous urban garden that is situated in Paris. While painting Monet used the slight interaction of light and shadow. This way of depicting was the crucial feature of his works. Bright sun illuminates a group of people and the viewer can observe how these people enjoy warm, spring sun rays. Watching this picture provides the impression of presence in this park due to its warm colors and trick of the light. It is possible even to feel the warmth of the sunrays, radiating from this picture. Renoir’s Paysage à Cagnes . One more work of this period that should be paid attention to is Paysage a Cagnes by Renoir (Figure 2). Although Renoir was famous for his portraits, the landscapes depicted by him are marvelous. In the current work, Renoir effectivel
Introduction Survivor’s guilt is when a person feels guilty for surviving a life-threatening situation when others didn’t. Veterans are some of the people who face guilt and blame. Holocaust survivors, responders, and people who have experienced traumatic events, among others, also suffer from this type of guilt. The survivors tend to question why they survived an event, and others do not, asking themselves what they could have done to help the victims. Survivors’ guilt can be handled by connecting with others, including family and support groups, and accepting the feelings (De Leon 4). One may cope with guilt by processing the issue and allowing the mind to heal from the trauma. It can be accomplished using mindful techniques like breathing exercises during the flashbacks and practicing self-care like engaging in sports and taking long or short walks, among others. In Maus : A Survivor’s Tale , guilt is the main theme depicting how survivor’s guilt can be detrimental using the main character, Maus’, experiences following the Holocaust. An Overview of Events and Characters concerning Guilt Maus details Spiegelman’s father’s story Vladek about his experiences as a Polish Jew during the Holocaust. The story runs parallel with the story of Spiegelman’s numerous interactions with his father during his visits to record his memories (Gavrilă 61). The characters in the comic are presented as animals used to highlight the author’s point of view. The dogs represent the Americans, the Cats stand for the Germans, and the Jews are depicted as mice (Gavrilă 61). Maus bases his story on the terrifying facts about the Holocaust, which saw the systematic genocide of millions of Jews that was carried out by the Nazi regime in World War II (Gavrilă 63). Maus represents the Second-generation literature about the Holocaust written from the perspective of the survivor’s children as told by their survivor’s parents (De Leon 10). It is a way for the children to connect with their family’s past, which is a Jewish tradition. Maus’ Guilt Guilt greatly consumes the victim’s life, but it is one way of learning from their and other people’s experiences. Spiegelman, through Maus, talks about his guilt for not suffering from the Holocaust like his parents and stepmother did (De Leon 5). He is guilty of the fact that his life is way better than theirs because by the time he grew up, the nightmare was over, and he wasn’t directly affected by the Holocaust (De Leon5). The guilt makes him feel disappointed, and through his experiences, a survivor’s tale is developed. In this case, Maus feels bad that he did not go through the Holocaust like his family members. He wishes he had joined in with the terror survivors. Using the character of Maus, Spiegelman shows how survival is highly-priced through the lens of his father’s experiences. Levels and Causes of Guilt Maus talks about guilt and blame on two levels, the first being the individual part. In a personal case, the Holocaust victims try to come to terms with their guilt of surviving the ordeal when others died in camps. Maus, through the comic, e
Introduction The current healthcare system in the US requires a joint effort to become available and quality-assured. The large territory, along with the impressive gap in the incomes of the US residents, makes it complicated to establish proper and equate healthcare patterns. For this reason, various committees were found in order to be able to respond to changes almost immediately. Dialysis treatment, with its costs and wide-spreading influence, has become one of the major issues of today’s US healthcare system. Governors and state healthcare representatives are quite concerned about this issue, so they try to take steps towards the problem solution through the shared governance in the context of healthcare committee meetings. Researchers in the medical field claim that the formula of shared governance implies the collaboration of healthcare system management along with the professional medical representatives (Clavelle, Weston, O’Grady, & Verran, 2016). In fact, such a model of collaboration seems to be the most effective in today’s US government structure. Dyalisis Treatment Speaking of the issue of dialysis treatment, North Carolina residents are now suffering to a great extent from what is happening in the field of disease treatment. Reportedly, the state residents are now obliged to pay for the dialysis up to 18,000 dollars, which is the highest cost in the US after New York. The income rate of North Carolina residents, however, does not correspond to the healthcare system demands of the state. For that reason, in 2019, the North Carolina General Assembly organized the committee meeting concerning the issue. The attendants of the meeting included the chair of the Healthcare Senate Standing Committee, Sen. Krawiec, members of the committee, and various medical representatives. The primary purpose of the meeting was to discuss the roots of such unjustifiably high treatment costs as well as to establish possible ways of the cost reduction. According to Krawiec, the major problem within the dialysis treatment is the fact that the state has one of the most restrictive implications of the CON, or Certificate of Needs, law. This law implies that every clinic that is to be opened on the state territory has to prove that the state residents require the establishment. Thus, the overall healthcare system does not feel the pressure of competition and hence, does not have the need to reduce or recalculate costs for its procedures. After the arguments voiced by the chair, medical representatives were able to speak about the dissonance doctors experience when they have to advocate the needs of patients, and properly use resources provided by the state. Some researchers believe these situations to be one of the most serious drawbacks of shared governance (Butler, Mehrotra, Tonelli, & Lam, 2016). After the hearing, members of the
Investing in new technology is a risky decision that requires careful consideration of the interplay of factors with regard to its maturity, adoption, and social application. The decision by the Saudi Government to suspend a multibillion-dollar solar power generation plant is a major loss for energy companies (Jones and Said). The majority of them considered it as an opportunity to participate in a project that would inevitably end the kingdom’s reliance on crude oil, diesel and gas for the production of electricity. The main objective of the project was to boost the country’s capacity to produce renewable energy. The high interest that the project attracted from various investors can be explained using the Gartner’s life cycle that identifies five phases of a new technology’s adoption. The first phase is referred to as technology trigger, which covers the period between the creation of a new innovation and when people hear about its potential. At this point, the media publicizes the technology in order to attract the interest of the public. This phase is very important to investors because it aids in estimating the kind of reception that the technology will receive once it has been introduced in the market. Although the commercial viability of the technology is usually unknown at this phase, a thorough market analysis is necessary with regard to assessing its potential to succeed (Jones and Said). The second phase is known as the peak of inflated expectations. It includes the results of the publicity created about a proposed technology. At this point investors learn about the success score of the proposed innovation depending on the results of market analysis. Most companies choose to either engage or abstain from investing in such projects. The suspension of the solar power project is a major loss to many startups in the country that had hinged their financial growth on its development. Softbank chose to invest the money set aside for the solar power plant to support new global technologies and companies (Jones and Said). The fact that key details of the project were not clear, many investors opted not to invest in the power plant because it would have been costly in the long run. This decision generated disappointment, which is the third phase of the hype cycle. It is characterized by waning interest from investors due to experiments that fai
Strategic management refers to the initiatives, intended or emergent, that are normally taken by managers on behalf of owners of a company. It entails the utilization of resources with the intention of boosting the performance of the firm. Strategic management is essentially about defining the organizations’ mission, vision and objectives, development of plans and policies which are in the form of programs and projects most of the time. It is good practice for managers to measure progress towards the organizations’ objectives or lack of it using a balanced yardstick. It is fundamentally a type of management that is focused on overall goals of the organization in which the missions as well as planned achievements are explicitly defined and all management processes are structured and monitored in a bid to achieve the organization’s overall goal. Strategic management is essentially about three processes which are analysis, decisions and actions. Strategic management entails the analysis of strategic vision, mission as well as the strategic objectives together with the external and the internal environment of an organization (Hitt et al, 101). What follows thereafter is the decision making which is usually done by the leader since it is his responsibility. Decision making is basically made on two levels; which field should we compete in? How are we supposed to compete in that field? Lastly, actions are taken based on the decisions that have been made. The necessary resources are utilized in a bid to bring the
Introduction Mass media is a section of the media used to transmit information that targets a very large number of viewers and listeners in a given population. With newspapers, the audience may be nationwide and global with the internet. It can also be described as trade affecting people’s thinking about nature. The ancient form of mass media mostly involved the usage of written communication means. With the invention of higher technology, electronic media such as broadcasting and the Internet have come into place. (Kazerounian) With the increase in technology, the world has become like a global village. Advancement of the electronic mass media has made it possible for the information to reach every part of the world within a short time. This has led to tremendous changes in people’s daily activities like jobs, career choices, business, political and economic decisions. Main Body Generally, people make decisions depending on what information they get from media sources, acquaintances, or people they interact with. If the information gained is a fallacy, a wrong decision may be taken leading to misery in life. An example attributed to this is the nude celebrity pictures used in various advertisement programs. Such actions impact negatively the young people who regard these individuals as their role models and always try to emulate what they do including their dressings styles. Most teenagers base their styles on the mass media hype leading to moral decay in society. A case at hand is research done by some scholars from Zimbabwe which attributed changes in cultural norms in the ’80s to the spread of internet usage among the youth. The soap operas aired on TV stations were also found to have promoted many variations from the traditional African way of life on matters such as courting, marriage, and relationship with family members. In the political arena, mass media plays a big role in electioneering periods. Different parties use the mass media to sell their ideologies to the electorate. During this time, politicians clog television and radio stations asking for votes while others criticize their opponents. The stations also air live debates among the contestants where they are interviewed by the presenters. This enables the citizens to make informed decisions on whom to vote for. Some media houses engage the citizens by conducting opinion polls in an attempt to predict the election results. The opinion polls can be altered, favor one candidate against the other, thereby influencing the voting pattern during elections. However, the distortion of the opinion poll results may create loathing or hatred especially in young democracies leading to post-election violence if the election results do not conform to the opinion poll outcomes as witnessed in Kenya during the 2007 elections. In the reduction of health risks and backing healthy living, the mass media has