ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is an energy source of great significance in terms of energy diversity and security. As one of the leading producers of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world, the demand for this natural resource from Algeria is growing by the day (Stellman 1998). The first shipment of LNG from Algeria to the United Kingdom took place about 41 years ago, and the demand for natural resources appears to be growing by the day (Orgill 2004). The liquefaction of natural gas can be traced as early as the 19th century, a time when the British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday undertook some experiments that involved liquefaction of various kinds of gases and these include natural gases as well (Tusiani 2007). In 1941, the first plant to undertake commercial liquefaction of natural gases was constructed in Cleveland, Ohio. In terms of composition, methane is the chief constituent of natural gas. Through a liquefaction process, the natural gas may then be compressed into a form that renders its utilization for heating and cooking at homes (Pearce 1995). The temporary conversion of the liquefied natural gases to the liquid state is for purposes of easing not just its storage, but transportation as well. Amongst all the other fossil fuels, natural gases have thus far been regarded as ‘the most environmentally friendly of these, owing to reduced emissions of carbon dioxide fro every energy unit. However, there are some environmental groups that are against the utilization of LNG, on grounds of the carbon dioxide emissions during the production as well as the transpiration of this natural resource (Tusiani 2007). In terms of safety, the production, storage and transportation of this combustible substance and fuel requires that certain safety measures be followed. Like all the other hydrocarbons, there is a need to handle LNG with the necessary measures of safety. This is important in order to mitigate accident related to its production and storage (Michot 2003). Process hazards Although LNG may not be quite explosive in a liquefied state and therefore is not at risk of burning, nevertheless there is a need to ensure that the no leaks are evident during its storage or transport, as they would result in it vaporizing rapidly, being transformed into a gas, and thereby mixing with air (Elvers 1993). Although such a mixing process could take place in what is known as the flammable range, an ignition risk could however occur, and this may cause fire, as well as hazards of thermal radiation (CH-IV International 2002). LNG has been depicted as one of the safest fossil fuels. Even so, the inherent threats of fire that are connected to the natural resource are quite profound. According to some estimates by the Sandia National Labs in the United States, even the minutest of the tanker breaches during the transportation of LNG is enough to result in the ignition of a fire capable of spreading a distance of more than half a mile, in addition to burning for about 20 minutes (Koroneos et al 2008) Environmental impact The extraction of natural gas in Algeria, just like in any
Introduction Subway Restaurant has embraced the “green” initiative by tailoring its supply chain. This is to help the restaurant to reduce costs, emissions and remain competitive in service industry. This paper assesses the “greening” efforts that have been undertaken by the restaurant. It also explores the strategies that the business used to effectively embrace “green” supply chain. Lastly, the paper explores how transferability of Subway strategies can help other businesses to get more in their supply chains. Subway Efforts at “Greening” Supply Chain Most organizations have strategies that lean towards reducing environmental pollution whereas improving their public image and maximizing on profit. Supply chain and its management practices is a solution which companies have relied on in embracing sustainability, thus reducing uncontrolled wastage( (Frazelle, 2000, p.105).Subway, a green restaurant, is one of the world businesses seeing the usefulness of supply chain hence using it in moving towards “Green” culture (Tina et al, 2009). Efforts of Subway to clean its systems and reduce wastage, improve energy efficiency, conserve conservation and sustain provision of safer food have been realized as a strategy encouraging “greening”. All these efforts have been attributed to the fact that Subway has recognized the usefulness of green logistics and its continued transportation strategy. The strategies employed by Subway in realizing “green” supply chain are anchored in its vision which says “Eat Fresh”. Subway has continuously embraced their vision whether if it is procuring a product locally or acquiring it onsite. Besides, corporate responsibility of the company recognizing “Freshness” has also emphasized the company’s initiative in recognizing “green supply chain” (Tina et al, 2009). Subway believes that, acquiring produce locally enhances product freshness thus saving handling, transport costs an
Introduction The impact of the reward system on employee turnover is under-researched; hence it is vital to investigate the influence of benefits, salary, and incentives on workers intentions (Mendis, 2017). It is crucial to examine how financial, material, and psychological rewards impact employees desire to leave an organisation to understand how employers might enhance the benefits packages to cater to the staff’s needs more efficiently. Consequently, using the outcomes of the previous researches, the influence was analysed, and further conclusions were drawn regarding the relationship between the reward system and turnover intentions in the Hyatt Regency Riyadh. The reward satisfaction concept, the relationship between previously mentioned notions, Human Resource Management practices, and significance were researched. It enabled the generation of proper outcomes and recommendations that managers can implement in the organisation to advance the reward system and reduce employee turnover intentions considerably. Research Question and Objectives Research Question: What is the perceived impact of reward satisfaction on employee turnover intention in the hospitality industry? Research Objectives The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of reward satisfaction on emplo
During the seventeenth century, Europe has undergone some tragic ordeals. As the Thirty Years War was gaining momentum, recent religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics emerged. War-fatigued and desperate citizens of all social classes were finding hope in the perspectives of the “New World” as they fled from Europe and particularly England in search of peace. Therefore, the Chesapeake Bay and New England’s Massachusetts Bay Colonies were founded. Even though these colonies had some initial similarities, the differences in their location, religion, and contingent created a gap between them. The main similarity is that both colonies were inhabited by English people, who left their homeland in pursuit of a better life. Besides, for multiple reasons, both Chesapeake and Massachusetts specialized in farming as a leading economic activity. With the above-mentioned cases the similarities end and the variety of differences is established. First, Chesapeake colony was located in a more hot, swampy, and humid area, whereas Massachusetts had a more temperate climate (Lamont). For that reason, Chesapeake colony was characterized by higher mortality. Second, Massachusetts settlers tended to move from England as entire families, creating cohesive fast-growing towns. Chesapeake Bay colony, by contrast was mostly populated by single immigrants, who formed spread-out farming communities. Third, the Massachusetts Bay colony was also united by common religious and ideological views, while the Chesapeake Bay colony was not. Finally, even though the Massachusetts Bay colony did trade with the outer world and especially England, its economy was closed and self-sufficient (Lamont). By contrast, the Chesapeake Bay colony relied on export, building huge tobacco plantations and selling its products to England. Therefore, the colonies were able to accomplish a similar goal of establishing a stable economy by taking different approaches. Work Cited Lamont, Edward M. The Forty Years That Created America: The Story of the Explorers, Promoters, Investors, and Settlers Who Founded the First English Colonies . Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
One of the key branches of Buddhism, Mahayana is thoroughly discussed in Mitchell’s book, Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience. The author devotes an entire chapter of his paper to Mahayana as the teaching of Buddha, thus, allowing to understand the key differences between the former and the original Buddhist teachings. With a deep insight and a careful analysis of the key principles of the two teachings, Mitchell helps the readers to understand the impact that Mahayana, or The Great Vehicle, has had on Buddhism 1 . According to the existing evidence, there are actually two key branches of Buddhism, which are the Theravada and the Mahayana Buddhism. Therefore, it is most reasonable to compare the two to see what exact specifics define Mahayana Buddhism. Appropriately enough, the comparison should start with the pivotal figure in Buddhism, i.e., The Enlightened One himself. According to the Theravada traditions, the number of times when Buddha gets a mentioning are close to zero – it seems that not the Buddha, but his teachings are what matters to the Theravada adepts most. On the contrary, the Mahayana Buddhists seem to focus on Buddha’s personality. Mahayana, however, mentions not only the historical Gautama Buddha, but also a number of others, such as Amitabha Buddha and Medicine Buddha. Another important difference between the two branches of Buddhism is the key objective of the path of a true Buddhist. According to Theravada Buddhism, the goal of its true adept is to achieve self-liberation, which means that of the three selves, the one-self concept is stressed the most. Mahayana Buddhism, in its turn, also sets the goal of self-liberation, yet it also states very clearly that the followers of Buddhism must also focus on the relationships between them and the rest of the world, maintaining fragile balance between one’s self and the selves of the others. However, the above-mentioned two types of Buddhist teachings are not the only interpretations of what Buddha was trying to convey to his students; according to the existing records, there are four major schools of Buddhism in China; to be more exact, there are Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana and Nikayas 2 . While each of the schools mentioned above has its own subdivision, altogether, they make the bulk of the Buddhist teachings. However, each of the schools offers its own interpretation of Buddha’s postulates. While each of the schools is based on the same idea of enlightenment as the climax of one’s spiritual progress, they actually have a number of differences, as it has already been proven above with the help of a comparison between Theravada and Mahayana. When it comes to discussing the most peculiar school of Buddhist thought, Vajrayana seems an interesting choice. Also known as the Diamond Way, it practically obliterated distinctions between the esoteric and the exoteric. The last, but definitely not the least, the mahasiddhas that the Buddhist teaching in China often mentions 3 are worth taking a closer look at. Typically used to denote the people who have acquired supernatural skills 4 , mahasiddhas must have inspir
Where is the narrator/reporter from? The narrator is Aminatta Forna, a Scottish author, academic, and television commentator who grew up in Sierra-Leone. Where is Timbuktu located? Timbuktu is located in west-central modern-day Mali. The historic and exotic city is positioned strategically north of the large Niger River on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. Why do we associate the name Timbuktu with remoteness? From the early days of European exploration, when people attempted to travel to the city of Timbuktu, which was described in legends, the journey to reach it had been difficult. The journey required the crossing of rivers and deserts, along with violent encounters with local tribes, which overall took years and earned Timbuktu the remoteness reputation. In modern-day, the journey still takes considerable time, and numerous methods of transport before reaching the destination. When did the custodians of these manuscripts begin to bring them into the open to share them with the public? Why so recently? (this answer might come a bit later). Mali was a French colony for a prolonged period. After the country’s independence did the custodians begin to feel safe to share the manuscripts with the public. When did those families start collecting the manuscripts? Why are they so valuable to us today? The families began collecting manuscripts more than eight centuries ago. The documents offer a completely revolutionary understanding of African culture and history. What kind of knowledge do these manuscripts reveal? (fields of knowledge, etc). Manuscripts cover a variety of subjects and sciences including medicine, astronomy, and theology. Why is there so much writing in the margins of the books? The text written in the margins was added after the original text of the manuscripts. It served as either commentary on the original text or added completely new information since the paper was such a rare commodity in the ancient times. What other surprising info can be found in these texts? Several random “lifehacks” can be found in the manuscripts. The documentary provides an example of a recipe for a primitive toothpaste using coal which cleaned teeth and got rid of bad breath. In what language are they written and why? The majority of the text is written in Arabic since many of the early writing were religious works. It was the spread of Islam from the Arabian peninsula which led to the founding of Timbuktu and the beginnings of its literary traditions, thus becoming a primary language for a time. Which African kingdom was in power when these manuscripts were produced? The Ghana Empire was in power when the first spread of Islamic scholars began. The manuscripts were then written during the reign of the Mali Empire with Timbuktu as one of its major urban centers. How many manuscripts exist in the Ahmadu Bamba Institute and how may show up each week? The Ahmadu Bamba Institute was set up in 1973 to store Mali’s national
Aggression, defined as behavior with the intent of causing harm, takes many forms. These actions are expressed directly and indirectly by both sexes across a wide array of situations. This paper is concerned with the forms everyday aggression takes, as per the studies conducted by Richardson et al. A research group led by Richardson has addressed the questions of who is likely to cause aggression, in what ways the latter presents, and what characteristics, experiences, or events are likely to influence the aggressive response (South Richardson 220). The research focused on everyday aggression, with the targets being family members, romantic partners, friends, or coworkers. Aggression is not to be confused with assertiveness or ambition, as it is an intentional behavior aimed at causing personal harm. Directly aggressive behavior involves open confrontation via words or actions. Indirect aggression, on the other hand, consists of damaging the victim’s possessions or causing damage to reputation through rumors; the victim’s relationships could also be disrupted, this is viewed as relational aggression. Passive-aggressive actions comprise romantic partners’ refusal to answer phone calls, the so-called silent treatment, or friends ignoring one another: another example of nondirect aggression. The participants viewed themselves as more likely to use indirect forms of aggression; however, the choice of behavior depends on the individuals’ backgrounds, experiences, and gender. The societal gender norms present males as the more dominating type, likely to use aggression as a means of gaining rewards. While “aggressiveness is a central aspect of a definition of masculinity,” women are socialize
Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder refers to an extreme anxiety disorder, which erupts from exposure to an event that leads to psychological trauma (Kato et al, 2006, p.23). This event may include death threats, physical threats or threats towards one’s sexual, emotional or psychological integrity, which may affect an individual’s ability to sustain pressure. Some of the key symptoms of PTSD include increased arousal that results in difficulties in getting sleep, flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, uncontrollable thoughts on an occurrence and stimuli (Kato et al, 2006, p.28). Studies have revealed that symptoms of PTSD that are experienced by veterans may affect their families negatively. They also show that relationships may serve to either improve or make worse the symptoms that PTSD victims experience (Kato et al, 2006, p.29). PTSD has severe effects on the family of veterans because of its consequences that include depression, avoidance, anger and guilt, sympathy and drug abuse. Discussion PTSD related research has indicated that veterans experience marital problems, violence within the family set up, distressed partners and behavior problems among children (Little, 2011). This is because families will definitely respond to the reality of the person they love who has suffered a trauma. Symptoms related to trauma make it difficult for someone to get along with people and may result in withdrawal from families or may turn to violence. Lack of emotional connection or lack of sexual interest with spouses may lead to difficulties in relationships (Little,
Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. (2008). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Web. The article under consideration dwells upon the causes of the occupational stress with the examples, points at the potential adverse health effects of occupational stress, and describes how stress can be controlled in the workplace. The value of the article is that it provides the detailed discussion of the two cases connected with the problem. Much attention in the paper is devoted to the health care workers as to the most stressful jobs. The main outcomes of the stress in the work place of healthcare employees may result into physical and psychological symptoms, turnover, absentee­ism, and even medical errors. Considering some ways of coping with stressful situations, it is important to point to organizational and worker-focused interventions. The author dwells upon the importance of those interventions and describes the process. Much attention should be paid to combating with the stress in the workplace as healthcare employees do not have the right for mistakes even because of the personal problems. Surviving Field Stress for First Responders. (2005). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Web. This source is aimed at discussing the physical, emotional, and mental stressors people face in case of a technological disaster or terrorist attack. Dwelling upon smell, sound, noise, pain and other unusual feelings people experience as the stressors, the source considers the outcome to the healthy condition. The most spread outcomes are vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, increased blood sugar or increased motor respond. The stress response is the problems which cause those problems. People are to understand that they should limit stressful situation, but in case with the work it may be complicated. The whole article is devoted to the outcome of stress in the health care relation and stress classifications. It is possible o cope with stress at the workplace, it is just important to understand the source of the stress and to try to eliminate it. The health care problems people suffer from in case of chronic stress at workplace may be devastating for many human organisms. Griffin, R. M. (2010). 10 Health Problems Related to Stress That You Can Fix. Web MD . Web. This article is focused on the 10 health problems related to stress. The author does not discuss the reasons of the stress, therefore, the stress in the workplace may be also the cause of the issues discussed in the article. Asthma, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, headaches, depression and anxiety, g
The Painting The Crowning of Roxana is a painting by Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) that depicts Roxanne being crowned by Alexander the Great. The act of crowning signifies Roxanne’s marriage to the great warrior. The daughter of a Sogdian nobleman from Balkh in Bactria (now known as Afganistan), Roxanne was married to Alexander the Great after the latter killed Roxanne’s father during Alexander’s conquest of the Persian empire. She bore him one son. (Artfact, 2006). The Painter The most sought-after painter of the seventeenth century, Rubens was the most renowned artist in Northern Europe during his time, and one of the foremost painters in Western art history. By completing the fusion of the realistic tradition of Flemish painting with the imaginative freedom and classical themes of Italian Renaissance painting, he fundamentally revitalized and redirected northern European painting. He is well known for his use of dazzling color, lively movement, and rich texture (Webmuseum, n.d., National Gallery of Art, 1992). Discussion and Analysis As in Rubens’ other paintings of the same genre, The Crowning of Roxana also made use of rich texture and vivid clash of light and shadow. The light comes from the left, so that the background, as well as the other elements in the painting except for the focal point, are shadowed. He then gave the illusion of light shining on the painting’s main element — Roxanne — hence dramatically drawing the eyes toward her. The angle of light further enhances what the painter wanted us to focus on. Rubens’ attention to details, especially anatomical details, is evident in the Crowning of Roxana . He skillfully depicted a subdued facial expression befitting the occasion. As is true to his other paintings, Roxanne is endowed with a voluptuous body, and her anatomical details are vividly depicted. As to color, Rubens used different tones of dark earthy color on the background and on the other elements surrounding the central theme. He then used a dramatically lighter tone on the central theme, thus giving the illusion of light focused on the painting’s focal point. Finally, he used a contrasting color on the cloth covering the central theme’s body, hence further drawing attention to Roxanne and giving the painting an overall dramatic effect. The texture is another noteworthy element of the painting. Done on panel (not canvas) as was the more common support during Rubens’ time, the painting’s background has a very rich texture, thus giving an illusion of depth. The texture of the foreground is even richer, so that all the characters, even the cherubs in the foreground are given greater depth than the background. But still, Rubens put more emphasis on