ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The growth and development of organisms are products not only of the internal organization of life but also of the influence of external forces, including abiotic and biotic factors. For example, the growth intensity of microorganisms directly depends on the acidity of the environment in which they develop (Ratzke and Gore 6). It is known that there are at least three categories of unicellular organisms depending on their metabolic adaptation to the pH of the environment: acidophiles, neutrophiles, and alkaliphiles. In this case, a mismatch between the metabolic orientation of the microorganism and the nature of the environment leads either to inhibition of activity or to death. The above principle is used in this laboratory work, the aim of which is to evaluate the effect of the pH of the medium on the growth of microorganisms. More specifically, samples of two bacterial cultures — Gram-positive and Gram-negative ones — were cultured on three different broth with pH equal to 3, 7, and 9. Both E. coli bacterial lines were shown to be classified as typical neutrophils, whereas S. epidermidis is regarded as an intermediate type: but all of them have no cell growth at pH 9. This laboratory report aims to summarize the microbiological results obtained. Materials and Methods The present laboratory study is carried out according to the instructions described in the method manual of the same name from Carolina Distance Learning. Under aseptic laboratory conditions, E. coli cultures were loop transferred to fresh nutrient media, labeled accordingly, when heated with a flame from a paraffin candle. A bacterial sample was loop transferred to a second sterile dish labeled with S. epidermidis . Both cultures were then incubated vertically at room temperature: the sample preparation step was completed. Subsequently, six nutrient broth tubes were created so that there were three for each microorganism sample: with pH equal to 3, 7, and 9. Cultures were numerically transferred using a loop and incubated on the media for 24 hours. Observation tables were filled out after the first and second day on the fact of positive or negative growth. Results Because empirical observation of prokaryotic growth was performed by visual inspection 24 and 48 hours after the start of bacterial seeding, the use of images was chosen as the optimal form of demonstrating results. More specifically, it was clear that the growth of microbial lines in feeding broth tubes should be accompanied by the general turbidity of the solution. Thus, referring to Figure 1 shows the dynamics of this turbidity: each of the cultures has natural turbidity at acidic and neutral pH levels but is transparent at alkaline nutrient medium after 24 hours. After 48 hours, the E. coli tubes for the two lower levels of acidity acquired a characteristic pinkish tint, while both tubes with alkaline nutrient medium remained transparent. Figure 1. Results of microbiological observation of crop growt
Looking at the world today, many societies are at different levels of development. Nevertheless, such difference is not as diverse as it was through history, where advancements of particular nations in sciences were paralleled with other nations still relying on hunting to exist. This paper analyzes the factors behind the difference in development patterns among societies, stating that such difference is related to geographical differences as the basis for the building of civilization, as well as human factors. The first factors that traditionally were outlined as influencing the development of societies were geographical location and climate (COHEN, 1998). These factors can be seen reasonable, looking at many civilizations, where the combination of climate and suitable geographical locations allowed the people to settle and form communities as a starting point. The same point was outlined IN the book “Guns, Germs and Steel” (1997) by Jared Diamond, where the author concluded that “geography is the key to the pace and timing of economic development.” (COHEN, 1998). Another factor that should be mentioned is timing. It can be assumed that from the time a population settled, learned to cultivate and harvest, and domesticated animals, a specific time passed. Thus, the difference in the starting points might have lead to different societies reaching a certain point of development at different times. Similarly, at any chosen point of time, the same societies were at different stages of development. It should be mentioned that the natural advantages at the starting points of development might be influenced by human factors. These factors might include wars, colorizations, slavery and migration, all of which contribute to the acceleration the development for one society and delay for another. An interesting point is mentioned by James Blaut, who wrote ”The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographic Diffusionism and Eurocentric History” (1993), as he states that at some point an influencing factor was the closeness to the new world. Being at the same level of development, Europe was closer to the New World, and “[t]hrough a combination of looting and mining, the amount of gold and silver in circulation probably doubled between the years 1500 and 1600… Europe got it all free.“ (COHEN, 1998). In that regard, the absence of uniformity can be related to a combination of those factors, and the level of communication among these societies. Each population exploited the natural resources of the environment they settled in or conquered. The cycle of development can be seen identical, where the first nation that reached an upper stage of power in this cycle, attempted to conquer other areas, and by doing so hampering the development of other societies. In that regard, a similar situation can be seen today. Different countries at different stages of develo
Introduction It is important for the people to focus on ways to protect and conserve both the environment and climate for the future generations. This is a process that demands a lot of involvement in various fields, including socially, scientifically and economically. The shift of attention to renewable energy and the resourceful conversion of fossil fuel help to achieve the main goal, which is protecting both the climate and the environment. Alternative energy is a form of renewable energy that does not have waste-matters, including solar, hydro and wind energy. In examining the possibilities of alternative energy sources, it is important to observe a few factors (Anand, Meenan and Suneel 87). Firstly, energy has a variety of uses that can be put into two categories namely dynamic fuels for transportation and static fuels for heat and electricity generation. The dynamic applications have been dependent on oil, whereas static applications have relied on coal, natural gas and water power. Secondly, the production of energy involves a variety of processes that are interrelated and interdependent. An example of the various elements in generation of energy can be seen in oil. The first step involves obtaining the rights to drill the oil, before exploration. This is followed by transportation of the crude oil to a refinery before distribution of the refined oil, in order for it to satisfy the consumer. The process is subject to interruption through either natural factors like hurricanes or human interference like political instability, leading to shortages. The proposal of alternative energy sources should consider viability, as in the proposed production of hydrogen as a dynamic fuel (Cooke 1). Thirdly, the level of risk involved in the production of alternative energy sources should be considered. These include the cost of constructing a plant, inaccuracies in planning the expenditure, effect on the environment, variation of the market and amount of capital, among others. The risk is even greater when the proposed alternative source of energy has not been tested. Lastly, the proposed form of energy should be capable of implementation without any form of support from the government, either technically or financially. This implies that it should not be dependent on subsidies or special regulations aimed at promoting either its manufacture or utilization (Cooke 1). Assessing the varieties of energy The presented alternative energy sources are not equal, as they each have their own limitations. The various sources of energy can be evaluated based on the performance of the common energy sources in use every day. The items to be considered in assessing the performance of these energy sources are listed below. Basic economics The energy must be presente
Boeing Company is an American based aerospace and defence company that have been in business since 1916; it has its headquarters at Chicago, Illinois . William E. Boeing, is credited as the founder of the company, its first place of business was in Seattle, Washington as a plane making company; currently it is the world largest plane manufacturing company. The success that the company has had over the years is attributed to strategic and timely decisions made by its managers. The company specializes in passengers and defence planes (Boeing Company corporate website, 2011). This paper discusses managerial role in the company and factors affecting planning role of the company’s management. Planning function of management The success of a business is a function of the quality of its management; there are different roles and functions of management. Planning is the main function of management as it sets the pace for a company into the unpredictable future. Planning ensures that activities are well thought and coordinated. Strategic decisions of various functions of an organization are considered when planning. It involves reflective thinking that consider an organisations goals and deriving methods to attain them. Boeing is among the world first plane manufacturing companies, the management in earlier years had to plan for the strategy to use venture in the green market with the new products that it had developed. Innovating and inventing of planes called for management to make strategic decisions as well as plan for the future with the resources they had. Currently the plane making industry has high competition as companies develop products that are responsive to customer needs. Among the competitors of the company are Airbus Plane Company, McDonnell Douglas , and American Lockheed (Boeing Company corporate website, 2011). To remain competitive, the company management planes for the future and develops different strategies to make the company competitive. After developing a plan, the management goes further and oversees its implementation; in the implementation stage, the management mobilizes resources, controls and monitors the decision made to see its success (Williams, 2001). Effects of legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility on Boeing planning role of the management Managerial decisions are affected by internal and external environment that a company operates; when making a decision, both the factors must be put into consideration. Boeing operates in more than one country, through having an assembly point or through selling its products to the country; when making de
Introduction Over the course of the last 10 years, social networking sites (SNSs) have gained enormous popularity throughout the world. Of all the SNSs available, Facebook stands out as the most popular one boasting of millions of users from all over the world. People are increasingly making use of Facebook to keep in touch. This usage of Facebook has become so pervasive that nowadays, the site is an integral part of the life of many individuals. These people, especially the youth, are said to spend hours on Facebook a day interacting with their friends. This has led some people to arguing that Facebook is more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol. However, I do not think that Facebook can be equated to smoking and drinking. Through this essay, I will propose that Facebook cannot be compared to these issues. I will also demonstrate that Facebook does not have most of the severe consequences associated with other forms of addictions. How Addictive is Facebook? Some people spend a significant amount of time interacting through Facebook. Students have been reported to waste time on Facebook at the expense of academic performance. Employees, on the other hand, are known to spend company’s valuable time on the site, therefore lowering their productivity, which leads to an overall reduction in company performance. As a result of these occurrences, it has been proposed that Facebook is addictive since people appear to be hooked to the site and cannot keep away from it even considering the negative consequences. Why Facebook is not as Addictive as Cigarettes and Alcohol For something to qualify as an addiction, there has to be a compulsive dependence on the behavior or substance in question. An addiction implies that a person cannot do without something he or she is addicted to, and when it is missing, he or she may experience withdrawal symptoms or physical and/or mental discomforts. Cigarette and alcohol addicts suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms and discomforts when they try to leave off their addiction. The same cannot be said for Facebook addicts. While staying away from Facebook may be a major inconvenience to a person, it will not result in any of the withdrawal symptoms or discomforts suffered by cigarette and alcohol addicts. Cigarette and alcohol addictions have major consequences, and once a person is an addict, he/she requires treatment to save him/her from death due to deteriorated health or possible imprisonment due to misconduct. The consequences that come from the overuse of Facebook are not nearly
Consumer behavior remains to be an important factor in any market and the development of a brand. Among the existing variety of such popular food brands like Heinz, Nutella, or Velveeta, the idea to introduce the Australian brand Capilano honey seems to be a difficult and challenging task. The honey industry is not very popular in all American regions; still, small honey chains are in demand (Vanhamme, Hingley, and Lindgreen 338). The choice of this company can be explained. On the one hand, Capilano may be considered as a brand in trouble in the chosen marketplace because of the cultural, lingual, and poor consumer interest barriers. On the other hand, Capilano is a developing brand that has already gained fame in its native country, Australia, and can achieve good results in the USA with time. Therefore, the following consumer behavior based reasons should be mentioned:  1. Awareness: Consumers should be aware of the peculiarities of honey and its variety to meet their needs: honey can be used as a marinade, sweetener, etc. (Batt and Liu 290). As soon as they have enough knowledge about this product, they would be eager to buy it and pay attention to the quality.  2. Motivation: People can be motivated to pay more attention to the Capilano’s production as high-quality honey may be defined as a need for people to improve their health and enjoy a natural product (Onkvisit and Shaw 222).  3. Attitude: Capilano has already gained a good reputation in Australia. The company offers its customers a “hive to home” experience and a number of benefits associated with quality and trust (“Capilano Story: Hive to Home, par. 1). The Americans can consider this popularity and want to try the products.  4. Attention to personality: This reason touches upon different aspects of a person like cultural differences that may inspire a customer to make a choice or reject a product, individualism that can be a good motivating issue, or a human desire to discover and try something new. STP Analysis on the Brand An STP analysis is an opportunity to understand the essence of segmentation as the process of dividing the chosen market and brand into several groups regarding its geographic, demographic, behavioral, and psychographic criteria. As for the demographic segment, it is possible to say that honey industry may be interesting to all age groups of people from middle and lower classes because prices on this product are not too high, and it turns out to be a good and cheaper in its use replacement for sugar. It is possible for Capilano to attract more attention of the rich consumers explaining a high quality of the offered production and a true worth of honey as a means to improve health and choose a healthier lifestyle. The identification of a lifestyle concept is a part of a psychographic segment of the analysis. Capilano is the brand that may be interesting to people, who appreciate the worth of natural product and consider the idea of cultural diversity as a chance to experiment and benefit with some new p
A recent report by the Department of Education has debunked popular beliefs about student loans. First, the opinion that students pay off the debt in under ten years is untrue, with the average student taking much longer. In fact, only half of the students pay off the debt in 20 years. Furthermore, the belief that default commonly occurs within the first few years of graduation due to the inability to pay is incorrect. On average, the first default occurs at 4.9 years after entering the repayment period. Finally, the amount borrowed does not always correlate to default statistics, but rather the rate of drop out does for those unable to complete a bachelor’s degree (Lindsay, 2018). Effectively, this shows that student debt is crippling for people far after graduation into adulthood, when other expenses such as family, home, and vehicle purchases may incur. This suggests that the loan debt crisis can have significant social and economic ramifications if not addressed. The 1.4 trillion debt crisis is an immense issue that requires cooperation amongst all relevant stakeholders. It is evident that reform is required for both colleges and government policies regarding oversight for the loans. Universities are often criticized for using dishonest practices and promises to lure those who cannot afford it to take upon these loans. One possible solution to the debt crisis is to introduce a tuition-free education program in exchange for public service. Many countries in Europe and military schools operate in this manner. It benefits both parties and reduces the crippling impact of debt (Ferencik, 2018). Another radical solution proposed by various experts is for the government, as the main creditor of student loans, to cancel all accrued debt. It is a radical solution, but so is the crisis at hand. In turn, this would have significant macroeconomic impacts from lowered unemployment to increased spending which would boost the economy (Steinbaum, 2018).
Recently, the banking industry has demonstrated a trend, caused mostly by the economic downturn, of consolidation. With this trend we also see the availability of more banking branches overall. However, many smaller banks are failing, and the statistics analyzed below demonstrate that pattern. In this paper, we will take a close look at banking failure, and analyze one bank in order to demonstrate the overall trend. The graphs used for this assignment display the current economic banking trend with severe clarity. As demonstrated by the chart under “Commercial Bank Reports,” the pubic appears to have more access to banking facilities than in previous years. Just about every year, the number of banking facilities increases. As the population has grown, the need for commercial institutions has increased, and will continue to increase. This is true of whether or not the economy is doing well or not. The chart shows a continuous increase, with a few years of drop; but the scale of the chart for the most part is upward. The trend of consolidation comes across in the presentation of the chart. In 1934, there were 14, 146 banks. In 2010, there were 6,529 institutions, according to the chart (FDIC). This demonstrates that banks are consolidating more and more often as the years pass. It does not mean, however, less access to banks since there is an almost continual growth in the branches themselves. Therefore, while consolidation does appear to be a continued pattern, it is not affecting the overall access to banks for most individuals. Still, this does not mean that availability is a reflection of a strong banking market; it is not. Banks are failing heavily, and the trend was very strong in 2010. Again, this concept of bank failure is demonstrated solidly by the graph. The most recent calendar year, 2009-2010, shows that 237 banks failed (FDIC). The total assets held by the banks that failed was 1,090,318,282 (FDIC). This is demonstrated by the statistics present in the chart. Furthermore, in 1939, 137 banks failed (FDIC). The top three states where bank failures occurred in 2010 are Georgia, California, and Florida (FDIC). Comparing these statistics to bank failures during the Great Depression (the 1939 data) is a severe wake-up call when examining the economy. Since bank failures in the Great Depression were more common and quite devastating, the fact that even more banks failed in 2010 when compared with 1939 is a bit of a frightening statistic, although bank insurance does help to alleviate some of the issues, a concept not present in 1939. Still, a