ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introducion The Australian legislature has gone through significant transformations in the current dispensation set off by the amendment of the Victorian Road Safety Act of 1986 on the fronts of road safety. The amendments took effect in July 2006 and have trigged much ballyhoo emanating from concerns from some quarters and the general public that the laws facilitate a direct violation of the citizens’ human rights. Others are arguing that the laws are drafted to for the welfares of the citizens they have been hatched in the object of fostering civic road safety responsibility and thus contributing to the democratisation of the Australian society. The amended legislation gives the police force the power to seize motor vehicles as well as impound the vehicles in cases when a potential crime by a driver is detected. In this case the vehicle can be detained for 48 hours (AAA, 2006). On the other clause of the legislation the police force are given the leeway to apply for to the court for an order to validate the impoundment of the vehicle for three months in cases where the drive has been prosecuted before for related offenses. Perhaps the perceivable extreme of the legislation is the clause that authorizes the total forfeiture of the vehicle in cases where the driver faces a related offense for the third time This paper takes a significant thrust at exploring the dynamics of the relationship between the effecting of the Laws and the civic rights enshrined in The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act that spells out the essence of the protection citizens in the presumptions of their innocence as well as their property rights. The sticking issues around the legislature pit various stakeholders and those also argue from human rights perspective. Feather, M. (2005) notes, “The point of divergence is characterised by the perceptions that the legislature gives the police force ‘too much’ power over the people’s properties which culminates in the violation of the violation of the people’s rights.” The other dimension presents the argument that the laws are meant for the well being of the pepole articulating that the legislation is in fact designed for the protection of the civil rights of the people on the road. This is a contentious matter as can be deduced from the conceptualisation of the presented arguments. Discussion In presenting the point of balance that the road safety authorities are attempting to strike it is worthwhile to consider some the background and the contextual precincts necessitating the promulgation of the laws as well
Introduction A treaty is a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states with the aim being to bring peace and have consensus on fractious issues for the greater good of the parties concerned. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 laid the foundation for modern European states based on clearly demarcated geographical boundaries drawn along ethnic lines, which emphasized the primacy of national sovereignty. Despite the initial start, the Westphalian construct did not stop the bloody interlude in Europe brought on by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era from 1793 to 1815 that engulfed almost the entire European continent. The Treaty of Vienna (1814-1815) and the Treaty of Versailles (1917) were important efforts undertaken by the European nations to bring about stability in their continent. This essay attempts to explain the effects, successes and failures of the two treaties in ensuring European stability. Main body The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was convened basically to build upon peace in Europe. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, Europe was in a state of disorder. The principle actors that had defeated France, namely Austria, Great Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Treaty of Chaumont agreeing to meet in Vienna to build a stable European order. The representatives of each nation affirmed the principles ordained in the Westphalian construct and agreed that national sovereignty was inviolable. Maps redrawn after the defeat of France were formalized and all parties agreed to recognize the territorial inviolability of each state. The states agreed to the multipolar arrangement but failed to really grasp the nationalistic fervor which crystallized along ethnic lines. The stipulations of the Congress of Vienna were tailor-made to contain French ambitions which were resented by the new French government under Napoleon III. Prussia too was not happy with the arrangement as it prevented their leader Bismarck, from embarking upon his grand plan of German unification. The decline of the Turkish Empire led to the ambitious Russians to demand that the Orthodox Church in Turkey be placed under Russian protection. This led to the Crimean war in 1854 in which the Russians faced the British and French forces. After the Crimean war, the European nations again vowed to maintain peace according to the precepts of Westphalia and the Congress of Vienna. However, territorial ambitions led to alliances both overt and covert leading to increasing instability. Thus by 1914, Europe was like a coiled spring ready to spring out and all that was needed, was a trigger, which was provided by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria leading to the First World War. According to DeYeso , “The antiquated Congress System failed because Europe’s leaders opted to join alliances, consolidate power, and fight an apocalyptic war rather than sit down and resolve their disputes”. The horrors of the First World War ended with signing of Armistice on 11 Novem
I liked the video “Strange Days on Planet Earth: Episode 2 – The One Degree Factor” since it showed the impact that small changes can have on the Earth’s environment. The primary lesson that I got from this video was that we should all be careful regarding what we contribute to the environment. The defining factors of a successful society in the modern-day era has been the level of industrial and technological achievement from which that society derives a certain degree of economic success and creates the trappings of what is known as the “modern-day lifestyle”. Societies all over the world continue to strive to reach this supposed pinnacle of success; yet, the price for reaching such a goal often comes through significant environmental deterioration. As countries continue to move towards industrialization to become more competitive in the global economy, this often adversely impacts local ecological systems. For me, this is the one-degree factor multiplied by several times since the price that was paid for such “progress” has been a significant degree of environmental pollution evidenced by the sheer amount of toxic smog within our industrial centers which has been blamed for the rising cases of lung cancer and other lung-related illnesses. As such, I would have to say that we need to cut back and stop adversely affecting our environment since it can also negatively affect us.
Introduction As an attempt to investigate the ethnography of legal discourse orders and theoretical cinematic figuration, this paper focuses on “ The Story of Qui Ju ” film to analyze Qui Ju’s approach to conflict resolution. Released in the year 1992, the film has won internationally reorganized film festival awards, such as the Golden Lion Award. The film is a depiction of the post-Cultural Revolution’s success of artistic experimentation. Through putting an emphasis on the Chinese legal system and bureaucracy, the film provides an illustration of how cultural and social concerns have continued to wrestle for ideologically symbolic origin. In line with this view, the movie contains a strategy, which serves as an appropriate case study for Turner’s “model of social drama.” “The Story of Qiu Ju” “ The Story of Qiu Ju” revolves around conflict resolution approaches such as litigation, mediation, and arbitration with each exemplifying a narrative that controls, shapes, and orders the meaning of the Wan-Wang dispute. The explanation of the cinematic parable used in the film offers a principal public figure, Qui Ju, a pregnant peasant woman. She takes her injured husband on an arduous journey to visit a Chinese doctor. The trip to see the doctor turns out to be a quest for justice after her husband was injured in a clash with a village head, Chief Wang Sharing. Although Qiu Ju and the family intend to rebuild shed for the chili peppers, the chief flatly rejects the proposal. The disagreement results in an intense argument that makes Wan insult the chief. The aggravated chief kicks him in the crotch, which results in Wan’s being handicapped for months. Qiu Ju and Conflict Resolution As established in the brief summary of the story, Qui is not seeking revenge but justice. She wants the chief to acknowledge the fact that kicking his husband in the crotch was incorrect. Qui believes that the best way to ac
Executive summary XL Ladies Clothing will be a partnership business that intends to provide extra large women clothing at lower prices to customers in unique and well-fitted design. The firm will endeavor to provide quality types of extra sized clothing for all occasions and events to its esteemed customers. Besides, the firm will continue to offer a variety of extra-large sized clothing designs for different seasons thus making its products to be known by majority of the consumers. The target market for the firm will comprise of the women populace particularly the middle aged and young women that constitute around 62% of the market. The approach will benefit the bigger global community given that the UAE is a global commercial hub. XL Ladies Clothing will be located in Dubai and requires over 5 million AED as start-up capital comprising of total assets and expenses. In addition, the firm intends to make the returns on sales in the first year of operations. The firm will emphasise on product quality that will continue to attract the increasing demand for extra-large sized women’s clothing. Product quality will increase the firm’s competitive advantage as well as its market share. The increased market share will result in increased revenue that benefits both the firm and its shareholders. The increased revenue benefits to the shareholders make the firm ideal for investments. Besides, the business will majorly depend on the vast experience and technical skills of its four partners. Business description Overview of the business operations As indicated, XL Ladies Clothing is a business that intends to provide extra large women clothing at lower prices to customers in unique and well-fitted designs. The extra large women clothing will be imported, sorted out, packed, arranged and sold in the firm’s stores located in Dubai. The business will take advantage of the increased demand for extra large women clothing to establish and increase its share in the UAE market. Objectives of the firm Satisfying the needs of customers with quality and all types of plus-size clothing for all occasions and events is the main objective of the firm. Customers’ tastes differ in many ways and the firm understands that creativity is one of the ways it can use to influence the purchase of its products. Another objective is to be the leader in the provision of extra-large women clothing by the end of 2016 using a brand name that is recognised by the targeted customers. Offering all types of plus size clothing for all occasions and events will ensure long-term sustainability of the firm since there are many concerns today among women regarding the type of clothing. Mission statement The mission of the business is to attract and maintain customers through the provision of convenience and high quality products that surpass the anticipation of the clients. Business location The firm will be located in Dubai given the nearness to the market. Most of the presumably large women live in Dubai suburbs. Therefore, locating the firm in the central business district will increase its accessibility. In other w
Introduction The contemporary managerial environment in any given sector is highly shaped by the culture of management. The culture in the education sector has changed tremendously due to external factors of change. This necessitates the restructuring of educational organizations in order to meet the demands and changes. It becomes quite difficult for educational institutions to stick to a culture that has been upheld for a long time, owing to the demands and factors of change that play out in the education sector. The change in culture in educational organizations often necessitates a change in the way the institutions ought to be managed. Any change that occurs in the educational environment; therefore, often requires the educational managers to develop structures that can result in the adoption of changes that signify a change in the culture of management. In this paper, it is argued that educational leadership is a critical part of the culture in educational organizations since it helps in the incorporation of new attributes to change that comes from the change in the external environment. This paper explores the link between culture and leadership in educational organizations. The paper identifies three crucial trends that are critical in building relationships in educational organizations in the course of review of the literature. These trends are also capable of shaping contemporary culture in educational organizations. The educational organization’s culture Scope (2006) observes that the contemporary environment in educational organizations is quite complex. The complexity is enhanced by the emerging issues in the wider development environment that requires educational institutions to capture and implement the changes in order to release out graduates who can deal with the issues. The other aspect of complexity in molding a given culture in educational organizations comes from the different dimensions of culture. Niemann and Kotzé (2006) observe that culture is founded on three attributes of the school environment. These include the students, the employees, and the community. While this understanding necessitates changes in the culture of educational organizations, it is vital to mention that most education organizations have been molded on a given culture. The nature of leadership in educational organizations is, therefore, quite critical in meeting the attributes of change in the organization. Educational organizations have been dee
In today’s business environment the management often has to participate in the business’s capital budgeting process. They may have the capacities of a sponsor, a reviewer or an approving authority. Their tasks are to analyze cash flows, income statements, balance sheets etc. also it is important that they assess the risk the company may face. Capital budgeting investment resolutions are crucially important because they affect the company’s present and future assets. To make sure that the investment decisions will not lead to unpredictable consequences the managers of the company have to analyze thoroughly the potential risks. In many companies the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is used to measure the possible risk. This model was invented by William F. Sharpe. In it a heretical notion of investment risk is developed. Many years later, in 1990, Sharpe was awarded by the Nobel Prize committee (Burton, 1998, 3). According to the CAPM model, two risks are possible in every investment. The so-called systematic risk is they risk which a company faces being in the market. This risk was later called “beta”; it is considered to be common to all securities. The other one, unsystematic risk, depends on a company’s fortunes. It is associated with individual assets. This model helps assess portfolio risk and helps to understand what the investor has to expect for taking this particular risk. Including more assets in the portfolio, this risk can be differentiated to smaller levels. The CAPM is used in many companies to compensate the investors in two ways. The first way is time value of money, the second one is risk itself. As for the first one, this principle means that the faster the sum is invested the more the money is worth in the future. But this compensating for risk may prove to be not very reliable because usually the investors want to see the calculations in order to know that the chance for their money to return is good. But the other way round the investors can refuse to take risks because of fear to lose their investments (Mcmenamin, 1999, 186). Often investors do not take any diversifiable risk, because only non-diversifiable risks prove to be rewarded when it comes to this model. That is why the return on the asset must be connected with the riskiness in the portfolio context. In the context of CAPM the portfolio risk is denoted by less predictability. Jonathan Burton writes The CAPM was and is a theory of equilibrium. Why should anyone expect to earn more by investing in one security as opposed to another? You need to be compensated for doing badly when times are bad. The security that is going to do badly just when you need money when times are bad is a security you have to hate, and there had better be some redeeming virtue or else who will hold it? That redeeming virtue has to be that in normal times you expect to do better. The key insight of the Capital Asset Pricing Model is that higher expected returns go with the greater risk of doing badly in bad times. Beta is a measure of that. Securities or asset classes with high betas tend to do worse in bad times than those with low betas (Burton, 1998, 4). For Strident Mar
It is expected that by the year 2010, the number of networked devices will outnumber the global population by six to one, dramatically changing the modern conception of the Internet (UNODC 2013). The unlimited access to information and communication technologies greatly supports the freedom of speech and expression at the same time with presenting significant risks to the individual or financial integrity of its users. Currently, the majority of the vital services such as electricity or the supply of water are rooted in the smooth operation of communication technologies. This, in turn, presents a possibility of undermining the integrity of the technologies, causing harm to the society. However, apart from provoking a general disturbance, one may use informational technologies for personal and monetary gain. Definition, Statistics, and Examples of Cybercrime The definition of cybercrime varies depending on the aim of using the notion. The core of the term ‘cybercrime’ lies in the ‘limited number of acts against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data or systems’ (UNODC 2013, p. 17). However, at the beginning of this assessment, it is crucial to mention that defining the term cybercrime is not as important as defining its scope as well as actions targeted at its investigation, prevention, and elimination (Reichel 2008). According to the research conducted by Infosec Institute (2013), the average cost per victim of cybercrime globally constitutes $298 while the global price tag of just consumer cybercrime makes up approximately $113 billion. By analysing different countries and regions separately, it was found that cybercrime has no boundaries when it comes to global reach, although it depends on the level of technological integration, the severity of corruption in the country, as well as the availability of defense mechanisms that prevent the crime from occurring. The greatest cost of cybercrime is in the US ($38 billion), China ($37 billion), Europe ($13 billion), and Brazil ($8 billion) (Infosec Institute 2013). The scope and the severity of cyberattacks grow exponentially with each year. For example, the 2015 attack on the UK phone and broadband provider TalkTalk (4 million customers) resulted in the compromisation of personal client information, which included names, postal and email addresses, phone numbers, and even credit card details (Ashford 2015). It is important to mention that this account of the data breach was third for the company; thus, the management did not take the issue of cybersecurity seriously even after two previous attacks. International Laws on Cybercrime The issue of cybercrime has increasingly become a concern for the global community because it is not restricted by geographic borders (Pakes 2010), and, therefore, cannot be controlled by governments separately. International legislation and enforcement are needed to address the problem of cybercrime and work towards minimising the impact of cybercrime and eliminating it once and for all. Although the problem of cyber attacks conc
The universe refers to everything that is contained in space, including space itself. It was first formed through the Bing Bang phenomenon about thirteen billion years ago. To understand how it works, one requires an in-depth knowledge not only in physics and geography, but also in the history of the universe, the present, and the future. It has been changing over the years, especially its components about what it contains and how it works. In the recent past, new bodies have been discovered and millions more are yet to be discovered. Research shows that it is made up of the solar system and galaxies, which will be discussed in this paper, among other aspects (Greenstein, 2013). Apart from the changing of the cosmos in terms of components, there is another theory, known as cosmology, that suggests that it keeps on increasing in size every day (Padmanabhan, 2010). Currently, there are many studies that are being conducted to test the theory. Stars are important elements of the universe. They are clearly seen with the use of a telescope. For example, a telescope stationed in Hawaii is critical in studying various aspects of stars. Another important observation is the existence of nebulae. Essentially, “a nebula is a collection of clouds of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases” (Greenstein, 2013, p. 87) The solar system, contained in the Milky Way, is part of the cosmos. The Milky Way is a spiral-like disc, which obtained the name “milky” due to its confusing nature whereby people looking at stars could not identify individual stars due to the fact that they formed a “milky” collection (Greenstein, 2013). The galaxy, therefore, is made up of many stars (the solar system) and is surrounded by many smaller satellite galaxies. Shortly after the Bing Bang phenomenon, the oldest star in this galaxy was created. That was about 13.6 billion years ago. Distance within the universe is commonly measured using units known as light years. One light year is equal to 9,460,000,000,000 kilometers, which is the distance that light travels in a year. Although the cosmos is not the largest galaxy, there is no doubt that it is one of the largest bodies known to man. The largest galaxy measures about 6,000,000 light years that is more compared with the Milky Way, which measures 100,000 light years. This “means that the largest galaxy is 60 times larger than the Milky Way” (Greenstein, 2013, p. 76). Many million years ago, the galaxy was sandy, but due to the gravitational force that pulls smaller objects, i.e. sand or other bits of particulate matter towar