ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Huntington’s disease is a hereditary, acute disorder of the central nervous system usually beginning in middle age and characterized by involuntary muscular movements and progressive intellectual deterioration (Harper et al, 1988). It was formerly called Huntington’s chorea and confused with chorea or St. Vitus’s dance, which is not hereditary. HD attacks the cells of the basal ganglia, clusters of nerve tissue deep within the brain that govern coordination and the cerebral cortex (Harper et al, 1988). The disease sets in suddenly and progresses steadily and no treatment has yet been found for this fatal disease. Huntington’s disease can be defined as a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by movement disorders and progressive dementia. George Sumner Huntington (1973) was the first person to give a clear, concise, and accessible report on what was to become the standard description of the disease, and therefore the disease is named after him (Harper et al, 1988). Prevalence Huntington’s disease is a relatively rare disorder. Epidemiological assessment is complicated by the fact that it is extremely rare in many regions but unusually frequent in others. Its worldwide prevalence rate is estimated to be five cases per 100,000 persons. Its incidence rate is estimated to be 3.4 cases per 1 million persons each year (CUSO, 2002). In certain regions of the world, notably the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela, the prevalence rate is extremely high, affecting up to 700 people per 100,000 persons (CUSO, 2002). Between 1968 and 1974 it was estimated that HD accounted for 1.15 deaths per 1 million persons in the United States per year. It is estimated that 25,000 Americans now suffer from this disorder and another 125,000 Americans are thought to be at risk of developing the disease (CUSO, 2002). Symptoms Huntington’s disease has symptoms of three types: movement, cognitive, and emotions. Different people are affected to different levels by this disease. Some symptoms of Huntington’s disease are mood swings, involuntary movement, impaired judgment, an inability to control impulses, severe weight loss, difficulty with memory, organizing, and planning (Goolkasian, 2001). Psychiatric disturbances range from personality changes involving apathy and irritability to bipolar or schizophreniform illness. Motor manifestations include flicking movements of the extremities, a lilting gait, and motor persistence (inability to sustain a motor act such as tongue protrusion). The most prominent signs of Huntington’s disease (HD) are the choreic movements. In Greek, chorea means “dance” and this term is used because of the involuntary movements of those afflicted with HD (Knight, 1992). The continuous involuntary movement that is a symptom of the disease resembles the movements of a dance. Huntington observed that the disease begins with the “irregular and spasmodic action of certain muscles as of the face, arms, etc.” The initial symptoms of HD are personality and behavioral changes and involuntary movements (CUSO, 1990). As HD progresses, the invo
One key point of this article is employee motivation. This point is addressed through the decision of the American Greetings Corp to create about 400 new jobs for its employees to apply. This decision was mainly taken as a result of the lack of promotion positions for employees in the organizational hierarchy (Joan 81). Another key point is organizational change. This issue comes out when the American Greetings Corp engages in restructuring the organization by creating new jobs for employees to apply for. These new jobs are different from the rest, which the employees have held previously, and require them to have some form of training (Joan 81). Lastly, the third key point of the article is balancing organizational resources, expenses, and profits so as to survive, especially during hard economic times like the global economic recession. This issue comes out when the American Greetings Corp reduces the number of working hours for less productive products like greeting cards and increases the production time for more productive things (Joan 81). A human resource management student may benefit from this article by learning the concepts of employee motivation, organizational change, and change management as well as management proper. The concept of employee motivation can enable the human resource management student to understand that employees are motivated either intrinsically or extrinsically. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the employees themselves as a result of passion, while extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards, one of them being good pay as well as promotion, as addressed in the article. The student may also learn about the concept of organizational change and how to manage it. Through the article, He or she could be able to learn and understand that organizational change is inevitable, especially due to stiff competition in the contemporary business environment and harsh economic times, which force organizations to restructure and revise their policies to be in line with the available resources. The student may also understand that organizational change needs to be properly planned before it is implemented. Managers are supposed to seek the views of the employees about the change and offer them the necessary training so as to allay their fears about the change, which causes resistance to the change and sometimes, high turnover rates as it happened with Kodak. Lastly, the student of human resource management may learn from the article the concept of managing proper, which is about achieving organizational goals using human (employees), financial and physical resources. A student of human resource management may get the opportunity to understand that management entails planning, coordinating, and controlling the resources which are there to achieve the organizational aims and objectives in a timely manner. The student may understand the fact that human resource managers should be able to align the organizational goals with the available resources and also be ready and
Introduction Abercrombie & Fitch is one of the biggest clothes line retailers in the world, an American based retailer that specializes in casual wear. The target audience for this retailer is youngsters that are aged between 18 and 22 years. Recently, this retailer has made efforts to acquire an international appearance by opening branches around the world. It has more than 300 stores in the United States of America alone. The mention of this giant retailer evokes images of raunchy advertisements that full of sexual undertones. In fact, this company has reached out to their target clients using sexually appealing advertisements. This is a fact that is known and accepted by the American public. It is a fact beyond doubt that sexual appeal and Islam do not go together. This is the reason why many people were surprised when Samantha Elauf, a Muslim young woman, walked into one of Abercrombie & Fitch outlets looking for a job. The lady went for the interview complete with a hijab, in accordance to her religious beliefs. As expected, she never got the job. The interviewers shamelessly dismissed her as un-Abercrombie like. She sued the company on grounds of religious discrimination. Samantha’s is just one of the several suits that have been filed against this outlet that claims to be an all-American shop. True to its trade line, this firm has been accused of hiring only those individuals that reflect the true American image. The people hired are predominantly white, with minorities that are considered un-American left out. This is what has made this retailer the target of many lawsuits alleging discrimination in the hiring and treatment of their staff (Leung 4). Gonzalez, et al. v. Abercrombie & Fitch remains to be the most widely known discrimination lawsuit that has been brought against this company. The case was filed in June 2003, and the claim was that this company has grossly violated the rights of the citizens as provided for in the constitution of the country. This is by adopting policies on its hiring and recruiting process that left out minorities and the women (Greenhouse 8). According to Menkedick (8), this company has been accused in the past of maintaining a disproportionately white sales staff, favoring them by assigning them the most lucrative duties. Minorities such as Latinos, black Americans and others are discouraged from even applying for positions in the retail outlet. For the lucky few who happen to be recruited, they are assigned to the stores and the back offices, away from the view of the customers (Menkedick 6). This paper is going to look at the Gonzalez, et al. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores case within the context of business and corporate and business law. In this paper, the author is going to give a summary of the case, provide an analysis of what took place and why it took place. The paper will also provide info
Introduction In order to follow how far did western culture have an effect on Duc Tri’s compositional output, it is essential to consider the biography of the composer. Brief Biography Duc Tri, from Vietnam, is the producer and Vice President of Music Faces, Entertainment and he has also written many songs that became hits. He has composed music for the movie The White Silk Dress (Ao Lua Ha Dong). Right from a young age, Dic Tri had been exposed to music and took up learning the piano, and received a grounding in various music theories when he was six. He joined the choir in his primary school and joined the choir members in singing Vietnamese and western choral traditional compositions. Tri’s parents initially opposed his musical interests and tried to force him to take up regular school studies. However, many artists who were impressed by the precocious abilities of the young Duc Tri visited the parents and persuaded them to let Duc Tri pursue his musical interests. Over the years, many traditional Vietnamese musicians taught and trained him to develop his natural musical talent, and thus he was able to play nearly almost every traditional instrument. Some of the instruments he mastered were the monochord zither (dan bau), the two-stringed fretted moon lute (dan nguyet), two-stringed fiddle with a hardwood body (dan nhi). Given below is an image of Dan Bau, the monochord zither. Dan Bau Given below is an image of Dan Nguyet, the two-stringed fretted moon lute. Dan Nguyet Given below is an image of Dan Nguyet, the two-stringed fretted moon lute. Duc Tri playing the Dan Nguyet Dan Nhi After finishing high school, Duc Tri took up studies to major in digital technology, a decision his parent supported. He had to drop out of the course due to his father’s death but the learning experience from the brief time he spent in college helped him immensely. Later he joined the Ho Chi Minh Conservatory of Music, and obtained his Musicology degree. While pursuing his degree, Tri managed to publish some of his earliest compositions such as Ta Chang Con Ai, Nhu Chua Bat Dau . Duc Tri was accepted by the Berkley College of Music in Boston and was awarded a diploma in Contemporary Music Writing and Production 16 . In 2004, Duc Tri decided to return to his native Vietnam and plays a major role in the music industry and he is also regarded as a very powerful and creative music composer and is called the ‘the music wizard’. Duc Tri doing sound check for Charming Vietnam Gala in Central Hall Westminster, London The White Silk Dress Synopsis The White Silk Dress ( Ao Lua Ha Dong ) was composed in 2007 and is a war drama based on the events of 1954 in the Ha Dong region, now called Hanoi Vietnam. During this period, the region was under the control of France who had established a colony in the region. The story is about two people Dan the heroine and Gu, the hero who works as servants in different houses. The two fall in love but are victims of cruelty by their masters. Gu’s master is assassinated and the couple flees to the southern part and goes to Hoi An, a seaside town. They have four daughters and though the family is poor, they support each other. The Vietna
Voltaire is a great writer of the period of French Enlightenment. He is famous for his satire of the society in his works. One of his most significant works is Candide that was written in 1759. The poem is considered to be a masterpiece of the Enlightenment period, however, it contains a strict criticism and satire of the Enlightenment philosophy. This work still remains one of the greatest works of literature and expresses the author’s philosophy and criticisms of contemporary French society and politics through the characters of the poem. The author’s point of view is presented not directly, but it is heard in every line of the text. The characters of the poem (Candide, Pangloss, Martin, Cacambo, Cunegonde) are the spokesman who express the author’s point of view. However, the critics of society, contemporary French politics and culture are “put into mouths” of the minor characters, such as the Old Woman, Commander, Jacques (the Anabaptist), farmer, Count Pococurante, Paquette and others. The main intention of the author was to show the cruelty, egoism and injustice that were predominant in the society in which Voltaire lived. Let us first discuss the main ideas that are expressed through the major characters. Voltaire used Candide and his friends in order to attract the reader’s attention to the idea that a perfect world is impossible and optimist is absurd. Through the text, Voltaire rejects the Pangloss’ expression “all is for the best in this best in the moral and physical world, and that nothing could be otherwise that it is” (Voltaire 63). Every situation and every person that heroes meet on their way illustrate the idea that one cannot be happy because of the human nature. An individual always wants more. We can see it clearly when Candid and Cacambo arrive to a perfect country El Dorado, “if all things are good, it is in El Dorado and in the rest of the world” (Voltaire 54). Though Candide could live happily in this country, he leaves it to find his Cunegonde and become a rich man. As we can see, his hopes did not come true. None of the personages, neither major, nor minor, could achieve his/her aims and it demonstrates the author’s pragmatic attitude to life: all depends on accidental circumstances. Another character that expresses the Voltaire’s satire is Pangloss. This philosopher believes that “there is no effect without cause. Eve
Introduction Literature always reflects cultural and societal aspects prevailing at the time of its creation. The thesis selected for investigation on World Literature is to “dig out facts on east-west aspects along with identification of discrimination on the grounds of race and culture”. The writer’s view towards society and prevailing circumstances will create a background to his writings. The governmental as well as international affairs can influence those. The medieval or modern literature exhibits those situations without fail. Therefore, analysis on various literatures produced at different times provides cultural and societal history exploration, which adds to beauty of human life in olden times. The facts and events bring about an effective comparison of ancient situation with status to dig out virtue and vice of both for betterment in current affairs of the society. Main objective is to identify Orientalism in literature under study. According to Edward Said, “ Orientalism is the product of circumstances that are fundamentally, indeed radically, fractious” (Said, Edward (1977) Orientalism) which actually is the procedure of reflecting eastern values and aspects in western works. The paper deals with comparison of east and west culture that prevailed during medieval age and 20 th century. The east and west aspects depicted in both reflect the circumstances that prevailed during those times. A critical review on both accompanied by a comparison on both values are identified through this work, so that opportunities of cultural and societal expansion and modification become evident. The ancestral studies of different groups of people are being given much importance during recent years and thus the relevance of the paper is clear. The literatures selected for the analysis are “Season of migration to the north” by Tayeb Salih and “Othello” by William Shakespeare; former is a medieval work while the latter reflects 20 th century. Both gain significance due to the collaboration of east and west values in them along with exhibiting customs and culture of conservatism prevailed in medieval as well as recent years. The literatures were selected considering their popularity and acceptance worldwide even under the names of their authors who have rewritten their names in golden milestone of world literature. East and west dialogue in ‘Season of migration to north’ The east – west discussion on Season of migration to north has been given significance from the time of its publishing itself. “Scholars consider this novel to be an important turning point in the development of travel narratives that focus on the encounter between East and West in the twentieth century” (Boer 201). There has been a wide analytical discussions being carried out in both West and East areas in support as well as again
Media includes television, movies, radios, newspapers and magazines. Media includes all forms of entertainment like films, books and television. Parents do not pay attention to what children watch on television or hear from radio. Thus, media has both positive and negative impacts. The positive impacts of media on children include educating them on various topics and life matters. It also keeps them informed on the current developments through its various discussions and other news. It is a useful resource to children in education as they can study from the internet, learn so much and embrace the use of technology at an early age. This makes them to have high cognitive skills at a more advanced level. Most of the information that the children learn on media is much more than what the parents alone can provide to them. It therefore supplements on what may not be provided by parents. Media has also its negative effects on children. They spend a lot of time on television instead of studying. Besides, they watch some programs on television which may have a bad influence to them. They may also observe people using drugs, read pornographic articles and watch violence in the action movies and try to imitate them. At the end of the day, they do practice the exact bad habits in their real life situation. In conclusion, parents should limit the time as well as the content that their children watch on media. This will ensure that the children are well controlled from developing bad behaviors, but instead use the media to have a positive influence in their lives.
There is no use denying the fact that every period of time could be characterized by a certain ideology and ethics peculiar to the people who live in the given epoch. Moreover, cultural peculiarities and mentality also have a great impact on the development of various points of view and the creation of a unique image of the world in which some values are appreciated more than some others. Various historical documents introduce us to the possibility to analyze the perspectives people had many years before and make a conclusion connected with the evolution of these values. Under these conditions, the analysis of the article Letter to Jen An could help us to recognize these peculiarities and understand what ideas connected with the human nature were peculiar to Ssu-ma Chien and how he proved their existence. Analyzing the given document, it is possible to say that Ssu-ma Chien is a bright representative of his age. Serving at the Emperors office, he has access to the most outstanding people of his age. That is why, he is able to analyze their behavior and motifs. Writing a response to his friend, Chien devotes a great deal of attention to the given sphere, cogitations about the peculiarities of human behavior and relations between various groups of people. The given paper helps us to understand the most important behavioral patterns peculiar to the given epoch and analyze them based on Ssu-ma Chiens ideas and attitudes. It should be said that the given letter pre
Introduction In this paper, the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) to young learners (YLs) in the Arab classroom is discussed. In particular, the task-based language teaching (TBLT) of extensive reading (ER) for EFL YLs from Oman is considered. The specific features of YLs’ learning styles are described and applied to the notions of TBLT and ER. The particular details of the implementation of TBLT ER for EFL YLs in Oman classroom are discussed as well. It is concluded that both TBLT and ER are applicable to the work with EFL YLs, and their integration provides EFL Omani YLs with additional English language exposure as well as the opportunity to apply their skills in a motivational and engaging way. Young Learners The term “young learners” can be defined as “those who a learning a foreign or second language and who are doing so during the first six or seven years of foreign schooling” (McKay, 2006, p. 1). In this work, students aged 7-10 years old are considered. Characteristics of Children as Learners The characteristics of young learners (YLs) can have both positive and negative effects on the learning process. For example, the positive features include their enthusiasm, creativity, readiness to work with the teacher, open-mindedness, a lack of inhibition, capacity for indirect (unconscious) learning, an “instinct” for interaction, and ability and willingness to take part in exercises that YL do not understand (Cameron, 2001; Halliwell, 1992). At the same time, it is more difficult to keep a child motivated, especially when a topic is difficult (Cameron, 2001). Moon (2000) also highlights the “instinct for interpreting the sense or meaning of a situation” in YLs (p. 5), an aspect that was first emphasized in Piaget’s theory (Cameron, 2001, p. 4). Moon (2000) insists that despite distracting students from aspects of language (like grammar), this instinct has a positive influence on language learning by helping YLs “attach meaning to the words used” (p. 5). YLs are less capable of abstract thinking about the language, and when provided with rules, they may choose to disregard them and come up with their own explanations (Al Malihi, 2015). Also, children are more vulnerable to criticism and may need a greater amount of support (McKay, 2006). These characteristics are generalized, but the possibility of such generalization suggests that YLs need a particular teaching approach that can be developed with the help of these generalizations. The socio-cultural context of learning Piaget’s theory implies that active indirect YL can be stimulated with the help of the environment (Cameron, 2001, pp. 3-5). However, this theory centers on the child and ignores the fact that the environment is filled with other actors. Vygotsky proceeds with this idea by putting the emphasis on the social environment, that is, the people who surround the YL,