ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of health related events in specific populations and its applications to health problems. Genetic features account for up to 40 percent of the spread of main depressive disorders from parent to the offspring. Children are found to be highly vulnerable to parental depression. 61 percent of children of parents with depression or psychiatric disorder have depressive symptoms (Johnson, 63). Descriptive epidemiology makes use of available data to examine how rates vary according to demographic variables like population density (Szklo and Nieto, 3). Disability can increase the risk for depressive symptoms. This is usually associated with loss of independence and restricted social and leisure activities. Many chronic medical illnesses are related to depression including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Older adults who were depressed were 67% more likely to experience impairment in activities of daily living and 73% more likely to experience mobility restrictions (Blazer and Steffens, 277). Stressful events faced by HIV-infected individuals may go beyond social isolation and anxiety resulting in depressed effects (Johnson, 244). Analytical epidemiology focuses on study designs that allow the assessment of hypotheses of associations of suspected risk factor exposures with health outcomes (Szklo and Nieto, 3). Data suggests that adolescents whose mothers were anxious during pregnancy have an increased liability to depression. Studies have shown that parental depression reduces the affection and raises the lack of enthusiasm of parents’ associations with their siblings (Reiss, 1). Genes can be the determining factor in these depression problems in matters of quality parenting and sibling’s depressive disorders. Marital longevity seemed to be a moderator of the effect of parental depression on children. Children with depressed parents or parents in a longer marriage had less depression cases (Johnson, 61). Gender differences are reported to hav
Introduction Communication in the 21st Century Workplace is an online course offered by the University of California, Irvine via Coursera platform. The paramount objectives of this course are to increase awareness of workplace communication and develop interpersonal skills in terms of modern business environment. The length of the mentioned course is four weeks, while its target audience is people striving to advance their workplace communication. It may be useful for those who want to improve communication with peers, executives, managers, and employees. Among the delivery methods, there are videos of reasonable size, quizzes, and surveys at the end of each of four modules. Course Evaluation Communication in the 21st Century Workplace is interactive as it creates a virtual learning environment that is focused primarily on the organization of the interaction between an educator, Patricia Bravo, and learners as well as support for part-time education. The interactive course program and the instructor aid allow organizing the most optimal training. The communication ways involve the direct communication with the instructor and the feedback on the performed tests. As for the collaboration opportunities, the course allows learners to communicate with each other and discuss issues related to studying materials, topics, and other issues. Promoting collaboration, this course helps learners to share their experience and receive valuable knowledge. A learner-centered nature and a distributional approach are two more features that characterize the mentioned course. Providing the opportunity of learning in any convenient manner, time, and pace as well as benefiting the instructor in terms of the idea of distributed instructions and assessment, the course focuses on both learners’ and the instructor’s needs and expectations. Evaluating the given online course in Badrul Khan’s Web-Based Framework, it is safe to assume that it meets the majority of requirements. In terms of the institutional dimension, the course does not offer essential student services, yet Coursera itself clearly explains how to register and enroll courses of interest. Therefore, any learner may easily access the required course and understand how it works. As noted by the platform, the mentioned course ensures a high-quality of materials and knowledge transferred to students. Even though it cannot be regarded as an academic course equal to those offered in the Universities, it is still important to boost one’s communication awareness. The course guarantees confidentiality of learners’ sensitive data and offers the opportunity for applying for financial aid. In this regard, the course meets the institutional dimension requirements. Another dimension identified by Khan refers to management that is also met by the given course. For example, it clearly outlines reprint permission and copyright information. Managing any chang
Introduction Management performance systems are systems put in place to deal with the performance of employees at the workplace. The systems have been put in place following their growing importance in organisations especially when it comes to issues such as achievement of the organisation’s goals and objectives, globalisation, and competition among others. It is crucial for the HR to have updated performance appraisal systems and strategies to improve the already set performance management systems to capture the dynamics associated with the workplace. Performance at the workplace can be described as the outcome of individual’s work or efforts at the workplace. However, as the study reveals, management performance system as a HR function is a crucial problem not only in my organisation but also in others based on the way it has been inefficient hence calling for strategies to develop it to realise optimal organisation’s outcomes. Problem Aspect to the Human Resource Management The problem within the organisation where I work revolves around the management of the performance system especially when it comes to addressing the key factors that constitute performance whether good or bad: motivation, environment, knowledge, skills, and attitude. Precisely, the problem is based on how to appraise staff in the organisation. The system set for appraising employees is not up to the required standards. In fact, the poor presentation of key objectives of the organisation has led to poor allocation of duties to the various employees to the level that they do not know what is expected of them. It is worth noting that the scope of job of any worker is what the HR uses to appraise him or her. Therefore, a poorly defined scope of work that sometimes coincides with that of another worker will automatically imply a misinformed basis of appraising the workforce. The purpose of the performance benchmarks in an organisation is to evaluate the workmanship of employees within the organisation by looking at certain aspects of the employees’ performance. This case therefore makes the management of the evaluation or simply the appraisal very important to the organisation as well as to the individual employees who are being appraised. Performance management is the whole process of setting standards, the appraisal bit, and the steps after the appraisal. Appraisal is meant to serve an administrative purpose to the organisation as well as a developmental purpose to the individual employee. The problem with a poorly managed appraisal system is that it le
Introduction The functioning of any company critically depends on its employees, their performance, and readiness to contribute to the further evolution of the firm. For this reason, modern management primarily focuses on the creation of conditions under which workers will be able to show their best results. Accepting the importance of this approach, one can also admit the reconsideration of the approaches to leadership and motivation as two basic elements needed to create a positive working atmosphere and ensure that all individuals within a team will have the desired level of commitment to achieve the outlined goals and form the basis for the company’s further rise. The importance of these two elements is evidenced by the fact that the emergence of problems in one of these domains along with the gaps in knowledge or critical flaws might precondition the decline in motivation and performance levels along with the collapse of the company. The offered case study revolves around a similar problem. Rohit Narang, a new worker of Apex Computers, is inspired by a perfect opportunity to continue career growth by working at the more promising character if to compare with his previous employer, Zen Computers. Rohit belongs to a team consisting of five members, including its head Aparna Metha. However, he starts to face the first problems because of the lack of motivation. Having discovered a problem and create a solution for it, he presented it to Aparna, but no feedback was received. The team was also unwilling to discuss it as the leader always offers other solutions that should be accepted by team members without discussions. As far as Rohit has experience of another type of leadership demonstrated by his previous boss, who provided an opportunity to learn by making mistakes, he starts to feel disappointed and demotivated to continue working and create innovative or creative solutions that can be used by the company. Theoretical Framework Before analyzing this very situation and answering questions, it is critical to creating the theoretical background preceding the discussion and contributing to its improved understanding. As it has already been stated, the leadership and motivation issues play a critical role in this situation; moreover, they are interconnected, which means that the investigation of the problem is impossible without their comprehension. Thus, the modern approach to leadership states that the central role of any leader is to inspire and motivate his/her followers to ensure the achievement of the best possible results and contribute to the future development of organizations (Gordon 56). There are also various leadership styles that can be utilized depending on the situation and the existing goals. The choice of the correct way to work with empl
When one’s dreams fail to happen, another chance for him/her to dream again is always available if at all he/she wants to realize them. Dreaming again is a step, only taken by the optimists. Optimism is among the rare attributes of people and refers to the expectation of a good outcome. It is a feeling that all will be well despite the pressing circumstances. However, too much of it as the adage goes, ‘…is poisonous’ because scenarios occur interfering with one’s optimistic dream. People have ventured into addressing this subject following its vital role in one’s life. Among the elites who have discovered this truth is Richard Ford, the famous optimist. In his story Optimists , Ford takes the reader through a voyage of his family’s life that began with a good deal of optimism, only for a fortune to strike turning its events. This paper seeks to analyze his work right from the title. Optimists, the title of the story is strategically fixed. It reveals the content or rather the message that the author has for the reader. It makes the reader speculate the traits of the characters the author has employed. It covers these traits right from those of the author, his parents, among others. Ford referring to his parents confirms this saying, “He was an optimist…both of them were optimists, I think” (Ford Para. 4). Therefore, the reader’s judgment of optimism, as the dominant trait in all the characters used by the author is right. In addition, the author, through the title makes the reader infer that the characters’ lives are enjoyable, which is not the case, revealing the unique objective of the author, that being optimistic does not mean negligence of the other side of life. One can have optimistic dreams but suffer in life because of some inevitable situations the author wishes to present when he says, “The year…when life changed for all of us…and forever
Introduction Resilience is necessary in the field of ministerial work within any tradition Resilience is a quality that is necessary for person to encounter the stresses and obstacles in the field of ministry. The humans are in a desperate search for gaining balance in physical, spiritual, mental, and social dimensions thus trying to learn the difference between the good and the bad. In religious terms, humans’ need for resilience is crucial, as it empowers a person with the patience and power to resist the stresses of the ministry. In that regard, Here, if you need me by Kate Braestrup reveals the author’s difficult experience in the minister after becoming an accidental chaplain. Her own prominent story embraces the lessons that teach people how to behave and be responsible for your deeds. Stresses and adversities that necessary to overcome The memoir what stresses and adversities is necessary to overcome in the field of ministry. Kate’s decision to become a minister was a “pretty plain and practical calling: I needed to do something” (Braestrup2007:51). This new job was also a calling to her grief of losing her beloved husband, the method to gain some sense in a life. After his husband death, she decided to pursue his dream to become a Unitarian minister thus starting working in the Maine Game Warden Service. While working there, Kate had to encounter very difficult rescue operations and the governmental search. The main adversity she had to give hope to people thus having no desire to live without her husband. Gradually, the author acknowledges that this work is rather rewarding, as it bring comfort and clarity in life; Baestrup realized that it is important to cope with stresses, especially when working with other people. Despite the fact that the memoir reveals a discouraging image of the Christian ministry, such as financial difficulties, the author’s tragedy transformed into desire to show to other people that should not surrender. Kate first inadequately accepted working with game wardens. Further, this job taught her that life is more important when you help at to someone and God decides what is important or not. Resilience is the only way to encounter the difficulties in life It should also stressed, that the hardships that Kate had to overcome in her life was a kind of testament of her husband. Her resilience helped to find the right way in her new life; it was the necessary step for her that serves as king of salvation from eternal sufferings. Relying on this, The Long Loneliness by Dorothy Day is also the narration about reassessment of the moral values in life that she dedicated to the good. This is also the testa
Modern social work is based on the values of multiculturalism and social justice, which is directly tied with the ideas of acknowledging one’s own privilege or lack thereof, when facing social barriers customers may experience (Adams et al., 2018). Social workers engage clients from a position of power inherent not only to their workplace, but also their racial and cultural identities (Plummer et al., 2014). Perceiving clients from the lens of a dominant culture may have a pathologizing effect on the relationship as well as on the measures taken to improve their lives (Plummer et al., 2014). The purpose of this paper is to discuss anti-oppressive strategies in social work practice. The Potential Impact of White Privilege on Clients from Dominant and Minority Groups The presence or absence of privilege colors the nature of the relationship between a social worker and a client. If a therapist is white, they inherently possess white privilege, no matter their economic or social background (Adams et al., 2018). It may create positive or negative interactive connotations with the client, depending on what race they are. If the client is also white, it may create feelings of buy-in and rapport, due to the fact that they perceive each other as equals (Adams et al., 2018). In a white-dominated cultural paradigm, Conversely, if the social worker is from a minority group, it may create a perception of incompetence and an erosion of trust. In turn, social workers themselves may perceive their clients differently based on the presence (or a lack of) white privilege (Plummer et al., 2014). A white therapist, applying his or her own cultural paradigm to a minority client, may ignore the existing issues of racism, which are not evident to them, or appear culturally insensitive. A black specialist, on the other hand, may perceive the client through the prism of their position of racial victimhood, resulting in an erosion of empathy towards the client, especially if they (willfully or otherwise), commit racially-sensitive microaggressions. White people perceive blacks, Latinos, Asian, native-Americans, and other cultures differently, resulting in a multitude of positive and negative stereotypes, which may affect the application of social work practice. The Impact of Intersecting Identities on Individual Experience An individual is not defined solely on their race alone, as there are multiple other variables that come into play, including gender, class, ability, and sexual orientation (Mattsson, 2014). Based on these intersecting identities, a client or a specialist may have more or less inherent privilege that shapes their expe
Problems The major problem iRobot is facing is the lack of stiff competition from rival firms. Industry Analysis The robot industry was valued at $19 billion in 2008 (Hoffman, n.d.). Consequently, this industry highly relies on governments and corporations as its main target market. The main products that robot manufacturing companies sell to governments around the globe include ground and maritime unmanned vehicles that are mainly used in the military (Hoffman, n.d.). However, these companies have started to venture into the consumer market by manufacturing household products. For instance, iRobot has developed products that clean gutters, floors, and pools. The success of the robot industry highly relies on the skills and expertise of the employees of a given firm. Like other firms in the robotic industry, iRobot strives to maintain the excellence of its employees through extensive research and development programs. It is here that employees work individually or in groups to develop new products and enhance existing ones to meet the needs and requirements of its target market. These advancements are protected by copyrights and patent rights. Despite presence of substitutes, the level of competition in this industry is quite low. Thus, firms do not face excessive pressure that would require them to use extensive strategies to gain a competitive edge. This is due to the stiff barriers that prevent other firms from entering into this market. It is due to this fact that robot manufacturing companies do not want to be tied by contracts with their suppliers. In conclusion, the low number of participants in the robotic industry ensures that these firms enjoy maximum profits. These firms also develop their products to meet the changing needs of their target market. Business Strategy Analysis The goal of iRobot is to make the lives of people easy and fun with the use of robots (Hoffman, n.d.). To reachthis goal, iRobot has developed an effective business strategy that focuses on two exclusive markets; the US government and the consumer market. iRobot has been supplying the US government with robots since 2001 when it released the PacBot that assisted in the search and rescue program after the September 11 th attacks (Hoffman, n.d.). By 2010, the US government had thousands of iRobot products that assist in the maintenance of peace and security in the nation. On the other hand, iRobot released its first household robot, Roomba, in 2002. Given its success, the company has now released many more domestic robots for various chores aroun
Trait theory is one of the theories of criminal and deviant behaviors. The trait theory asserts that human personality is shaped by the interaction of a number of personalities such as extroversion, introversion and neuroticism among others. As a result, individual differences in behavior make some people more predisposed to committing criminal acts. The trait theory is further divided into different perspectives which include: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, personality and intelligence perspectives (Siegel, 2007, p.92). This essay will examine the behavioral and cognitive theories, their development over time, as well as their similarities and differences. Behavioral theory is based upon the principles of behavioral psychology and is the basis for behavior modification and change. It is also one of the approaches used in both institutionalized and non-institutionalized settings for changing behavior. According to this theory, behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned (Siegel, 2007, p.109). This theory first came into being in the early twentieth century through the works of the American psychologist John B. Watson. Between 1920 and mid-century, this theory dominated psychology in the United States and also internationally but became more popular in the 1950s through the work of American experimental psychologists such as Edward C. Tolman, Clark L. Hull, and Burrhus F. Skinner who came up with their own theories of learning and behavior based on laboratory experiments instead of introspection. Skinner showed the power of reinforcement or rewards, where a specific response to a stimulus is increased so as to encourage a certain desired behavior. Since 1950, behavioral psychologists have come up with a remarkable amount of basic research aimed at understanding how various forms of behavior are developed and sustained. These studies have included the role of; the interactions that come before behavior, for instance the attention span and perceptual processes; modification in behavior itself, such as the formation of skills; interactions that come after behavior, such as the effects of reinforcements or rewards and punishments; and conditions prevailing over all the events, such as prolonged emotional stress and deprivations of the basics of life. Behavioral therapy therefore tries to change or modify a person’s long established patterns of response to himself and others by dealing directly with deviant behaviors (Reid, 1994, p.158). If the reward value is not taken away people will behave defiantly. Cognitive development theory was first propounded by Jean Piaget. This theory is founded on the belief that the way in which people organize their thoughts about rules and laws lead to either criminal/delinquent or non criminal behavior (Reid, 1994, p.157). Psychologists refer to this organization of thoughts as moral reasoning. When that reasoning i