ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no use denying the fact that art has always been an integral part of human society. It has always helped people to reflect their feelings and emotions or show issues that are topical at the given stage of the development of society. That is why, every age has certain artworks that could characterize it. The modern age could be characterized by the development of science and technologies which introduce a great number of possibilities to researchers and artists who want to embody the peculiarities of the epoch and show people their feelings connected with a certain process, discovery or nature phenomenon. It resulted in the appearance of a certain sphere of art closely connected with science and the newest technologies. In Condensation Cube , a work of 1963-65, by Hans Haacke, the field of biology and ecology is touched. The artist presents “a hermetically sealed, clear acrylic plexiglass box, thirty centimeters on the side that holds about one centimeter or so of water” (Jarzombek 1). The condensation appears against the inner surface of the given box and changes its look. Thus, obviously being the bright example of the modern art, Condensation Cube helps to author to introduce several questions which are interesting to him and raise the question of the relations between art and science and the way in which one can help another to develop and be more understandable for people who wants to reconsider their vision of the nature and science. Speaking about the given artwork, it is necessary to mention its author, Hans Haacke and his ideas about the development of art and its connection with other sciences. Being a famous German artist, he devotes a great number of his works to the theme of relations between art and science. The given sphere is very interesting for the artist as it helps him to demonstrate the nature of some inner processes and reconsider the vision of our world (Vincent para
Gallium Nitride, also referred to as GaN is a binary band gap semiconductor used in light-emitting diodes; the semiconductors have been in use since 1990. GaN is a hard compound that is said to have Wurtzite crystal structure. GaN has a wide band gap of 3.4 eV that accords it the most important properties to be used in an optoelectronic high frequency and high power conductors (Akasaki and Amano 9001). The semiconductors are mostly used to produce the violet color in the laser diodes used in nonlinear optical frequency amplifications. This paper considers the doping characteristic of the device and the advantages of using GaN over other semiconductors. Device structure including typical doping characteristics of the semiconductor layers Every device that uses GaN as a semiconductor needs to have a specific structure that maximizes use of band gap energies. The design of the device is done in a form that provides for diffusion in the emitter, is a quassi-neutral base with the doping densities in the emitter and the base. Using the first order calculations, electron mobility in the base of 100 cm 2 /V-s with a minority carrier life time in the base of 10 ns always shows that the current gain is limited by a base limitation of 128 (Akasaki and Amano 9001). In addition, efficiency of the device is calculated at 0.9997 confidence interval so as to avoid the devices effects of hole injection into the emitter. Having a high energy difference causes p-SiC to be highly doped and decreases the base resistance and the sensitivity to the early effects that does not affect the efficiency of the emitters. When GaN semiconductors are doped with p-SiC, it causes a higher advantage on the device than when GaN is used alone; p-SiC had a longer lifetime to conduct electricity. Material characteristics of GaN GaN is a very hard material that has a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity. This is coupled with having a wide band gap semiconductor that makes it most applicable in devices that are used in amplification of microwave energy (Terao et al. 195). To prevent cracking of silicon carbide or sapphire, GaN is used in a hundred percent pure state. It prevents cracking but the lattice constants who a certain degree of inconsistency. In addition to its characteristics, it can be doped with silicon or oxygen to form an n-type semiconductor; it can also be doped with magnesium to form a p-type semiconductor. The doping compound changes the process of growing GaN crystals, which introduces tensile stresses making them brittle. To obtain GaN’s high quality crystals, low temperature deposited buffer layers are used. Due to the high voltage breakdown resulting from the high electron mobility and the saturation velocity, it is the most effective tool to be used in amplification of microwaves (Terao et al. 195). It is mostly used in high-speed data emission devices such as wireless data emission systems. Advantages of GaN over other semiconductor materials such as GaAs (and explain how they improve the device
Introduction National intelligence refers to the act of conducting activities, which are perceived to be essential for the conduct of both national security as well as foreign relations of a given country. In the United States, a cooperative federation consisted of approximately sixteen governmental agencies have been put in place to conduct these activities. Further, these agencies work separately during the preliminary stage but join hands in the pronounced stages of these activities. Among these intelligence activities includes; collection as well as production of domestic intelligence, military planning in addition to espionage performance (Loch 23). The cooperative federation put in place is commonly referred to as United States Intelligence Community. In a research conducted by Loch, it was found out that the United States Intelligence history is dominated by certain strategic themes, which relate to the intelligence’s reform catalysts (Loch 23). Vaart notes that it depends with the perception of an individual in assessing whether the United States’ Intelligence reforms have been reactive in an effort towards dealing with past events or they have been proactive as well as forward-looking with the point of dealing with the future trends in addition to patterns in national security (Vaart 39). Thesis Statement This article will focus on establishing the recurring themes considering the United States’ Intelligence history, which seem relevant to the significant reform catalysts. In addition to this, the paper will also establish whether these reforms have been reactive in trying to deal with past events or whether the reforms are forward-looking and proactive with the point of dealing with future trends and patterns in national security. Discussion Recurring Strategic themes in the U.S Intelligence History In order to understand this, it is necessary that the difference between strategic themes as well as reform themselves be comprehensively understood. Consider the following example; in the early 1880s, the Naval Intelligence office was established by the then President of the United States and this was considered by world wide political analysts as an intelligence reform. What drove the nation into establishing this reform was the international crisis. As such, it was when the powerful United States captured a flagged ship owned by the British at the time the civil war was cropping up. Another catalyst for this reform was the inabil
The fact that New York neighborhoods have the sense of integrity and community is undeniable because residents of various districts often compete with each other. For instance, they can argue about the level of service in cafes, cuisine, the greenery, and employment possibility [1] . Regardless of the problem they discuss, the actual sense of pride for their neighborhood contributes to the development and growth of those districts. The confrontations between New York residents can also influence the budgeting of city communities. For instance, people from most neighborhoods recognize the problem of insufficient greenery of the city and, as a result, the completion provides a new underpinning for eliminating this challenge. Some people celebrate the superiority of their regions due to the presence of remarkable places and attraction spots. At this point, the most livable neighborhoods include Carroll Gardens, Soho, Tribeca, the Lower East Side, Park Slope, and Greenwich Village [2] . Hence, residents of other regions, such as the Bloomberg, strive to gather information about currents trends in the neighborhood development to provide a rationale for the popularity of district’s restaurants, cafes, and places of interests. In contrast, Manhattan has advantages in terms of proximity, safety, and low density of population [3] . The presence of shopping services, public schools, creative capital, greenery, and environmental situations are also among the main reasons why some districts are popular in New York. Thus, in case some people value safety and high quality of services, they would prefer moving to Manhattan or Brooklyn. There are people who cannot afford living in such neighborhoods and, therefore, they often focus on the housing cost to manage their expenditures. To define which neighborhood suits best socially different categories of people, ten regions have been chosen. Highlighting the main characteristics will allow to provide a better picture of why people have neighborhood pride in New York. Melrose neighborhood is located in the Southern part of Bronx. Although its region does not have remarkable places, the residents strive to improve environmental infrastructure and affordable housing. Silver Beach in Bronx should be visited by those who value cultural diversity issues because it is inhabit
Technology has improved the way people live, shop, transact, and make decisions. However, it has increased exposure to innumerable risks that have severe financial and social implications. The article “They’re attacking you: learn the three types of hackers’ was written by Jonathan Nichols and explores the three main types of hackers that attack organizations and their clients, and the factors that motivate them to launch attacks. The author lists the three types of hackers as “carders,” “advanced persistent threats” (APTs), and “hacktivists.” Their motivations are money, governments, and ideas respectively. Carders The author establishes that carders specialize in moving money from the accounts of organizations and clients into theirs using card-reading devices (“skimmers”) that transfer data from clients’ credit cards to their databases. The use of skimmers is hard to recognize because some gadgets are so small that they can be used without being noticed. Advanced and more qualified scammers use touch-sensitive pads on points of service to capture the PINs associated with cards used to conduct transactions. Others use Remote Access Trojans (RATs) to attack point of service machines and steal entire databases containing private information belonging to customers. Scammers sell the data and cards, and also use the stolen information to manufacture new cards by cloning it onto blank credit cards that are then sold to individuals who use them to shop online. ATPs ATPs target the governments that hire them and exploit vulnerabilities in the computer systems and resources provided by their employers. It is difficult to identify the origin of ATP attacks and, as a result, they are highly destructive. Attackers use the resources provided by governments to find vulnerabilities in the systems of victims. The attacks are lethal and can lead to the demise of organizations, loss of clients, and destruction of ideas. The only solution that can mitigate the problem of ATP attacks is the reduction of platforms that attackers can invade. Organizations need to make the hackers’ targets smaller in order to reduce the risk of attack. For example, access to sensitive business data should be restricted to a limited number of individuals through the implementation of user access management policies. In addition, they can implement stringent security protocols and limit the entry of junk into organizational networks. ATP attacks can have serious financial ramifications if not prevented. Frequent system patching, rigorous training on security protocols and restricting access to data are effective strategies that can prevent ATP attacks. Ha
A person, material article/ item, organization or occasion that operates as a catalyst for transformation is considered as a change agent. In the following scenario, the neighborhood involved is in dire need of enhanced security due to frequent cases of break-ins as well as increased insecurity. The circumstances below depict me as a change agent for the members of the community, who have not quite been able to organize some sort of defense mechanism to counter the rising insecurity in the neighborhood. The ultimate goal is to achieve total security in the community. Apparently, countries in the world have been known to present us with new and impulsive antagonistic environments. The world is full of foreign rivals declaring war to the other countries, terrorists within the country declaring war to innocent citizens, open murders and violent crimes among others. The best course of action is to face it head-on. The best way to counteract this in a communal setting is to link up with the other members of the community in creation of safe environments. But the question remains, how can this be done? Taking a situation whereby members of a particular community are experiencing residential burglary as well as violent crimes; there must be a way in which this can be stopped. This necessitates a change agent to initiate a neighborhood watch program that will deter intruders. A change agent within the community will be a huge milestone in the implementation of a neighborhood watch program. Change agents as well as other community members are charged with apprehending and reporting criminals to the necessary authority. Therefore, to counteract criminal activities within a community, one has to consider first the residents of the region (Beaufort-Moore, 2009, p. 119). As a change agent I will have to first of all take the responsibility of sending messages to all the criminals to stop their unusual activities before the law takes its course on their side. There is need to call for a meeting where I will encourage the community members to be on the lookout for any strange activities taking place. This can be termed as neighborhood watch.
Descartes and Plato offered thoughtful arguments about how separate human soul or mind is from body, beliefs contained in “Meditations” and “Phaedo” literatures respectively. Though, mind and soul and used interchangeably, their connotations are different. According to Franklin (289-293), whereas, Plato consistently uses of the psuche (soul), Descartes shuns it in his arguments. For instance, in his “Meditations” of theology targeted at Sorbonne, Descartes indicates that the soul is immortal (Besheer 55). In general, the Descartes’ philosophy is linked to the church’s connotation of the most significant part of an individual’s body, which is acknowledged as existent, even after the end of physical life. The spiritual part of an individual is, therefore, what can be stained by sin and be purified, called upon during salvation, and ultimately during the Last Judgment, hence does not suffer any form of confusion or end of ‘life’ (Besheer 56-57). Nevertheless, unlike Plato, what Descartes promised he would expose is the impurity of the mind, which he opined, harbors errors that are shaped by the prevailing intellectual guidelines (Besheer 55-97). In addition, he said the errors of the mind do not meet the threshold of sins against morals. In addition to Descartes’ machine-body philosophy, if an individual’s body even subsists, which at the introductory section of “Meditation” he casts doubt on, he indicates that a mind is mainly meant to think and envisage. Nonetheless, these roles of the mind fall short of animating any physical body system (Besheer 58-67). And since he believes in himself as the only person with accurate thinking capacity, and since he is certain about his own life as an avid thinking creature, Descartes believes his mind is accurate. Nevertheless, Plato’s “Phaedo” tacitly criticizes Descartes’ ability to realize a functional mind without the corporeal processes. Generally, it is likely that the subsistence of the mind or its operations of judgment is linked to the body in one way or another (Besheer 55-97). In view of this, though the body does not enhance the activities of the mind the same way a physical ability contributes to body actions, the mind depends on the body based on the fact that a vibrant mind draws lively qualities from the physical body. Eventually, however, Besheer (89-97) indicates Descartes affirms that in relation to his lucid and diverse philosophies of mind and human physical abilities, these natures don’t exist disparately. It is notable, though, that D
Flight Centre Limited is the largest conventional high street Travel Company in the Australian market (Yahoo Finance, 2010). The company’s operations are categorized under the airlines industry and were listed in the Australian Securities Exchange in 2006 under the ticker FTL. The company operates in the international corporate, leisure, and wholesale travel trademarks that comprise the flagship Flight Center trademark. Flight Centre Limited has carried out substantial differentiation for its brands. The company has differentiated its markets into different market segments that comprise of the retail market, wholesale, corporate and the online booking services. Flight Centre Limited history originates from Top Deck Travel. Flight Centre Limited presence in Australian market can be traced to the launching of London style discount travel center; the center was opened in 1980 in Sydney. Since its listing in the Australian Securities Exchange, the company has expanded through a combination of natural growth and acquisitions. In 2006, Flight Centre Limited launched its operations in North America by acquiring Liberty Travel. Operations Flight Centre Limited conducts its business through an association of retail shops and internal dealings. Globally, Flight Centre Limited owns an extensive footprint of stores. This is a valuable distribution network for a travel supplier that operates in airlines, car hire and hotel businesses. This has led to the creation of the company’s brand that is recognized and easily identified internationally. The company’s main operations are centered in Australia, the company’s core market. However, the company has operations in other countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand and South Africa (Yahoo Finance, 2010). Additionally, the company has solidified its operations in the Indian corporate travel agency market and formally took ownership of its Indian corporate travel joint venture. These are among the expansion activities that the company is undertaking in the global market. Conventionally, Flight Centre Limited has solely competed in the leisure travel market. However, in the years that Flight Centre Limited has been in operation; the company has extended its operations to incorporate academic and business sectors. The company’s activities majorly depend on contracts that have been bargained with other airlines, accommodation and other associated service providers. Major customers and competitors Flight Centre Limited operations are specialized in meeting holiday and
Despite the careful planning that may be considered when organizing a given event, it may be difficult to anticipate some occurrences like natural disasters. However, proper planning may mitigate the effects of such occurrences. In this case study, a tornado interfered with an auction event, which was planned to take place on a Saturday evening in July. However, the client decided that the event should go on even in the absence of an electricity supply. This decision presented numerous challenges as explained in this paper. The Event Challenges The most outstanding challenges for this event included weather, the lack of risk management, physical dangers to attendees and staff, a difficult client, poor planning, and contracting an inexperienced event organizer. Avoidable Challenges The avoidable challenges here included the lack of risk management, physical dangers to attendees and staff, the client, poor planning, and the inexperienced event organizer. Given the timing of hosting the event during the summer when the probability of having tornadoes was high, the events manager should have refused to sign a contract without a cancellation insurance coverage in place (Lockstone-Binney, Robertson, & Junek, 2013). Additionally, he should have indicated a strong force majeure clause in the vendor’s contract (Lazito, 2013). According to Firoozmand and Zamani (2017), the force majeure clause states that venues and vendors have the right to cancel an event in case a natural disaster occurs. In this case, vendors and venue would cancel the event and thus compel the client to accept their terms legally. This move could have handled the challenge of a difficult client. To deal wi
General Overview Ancient Egypt was one of the first civilizations in Africa. The history of Ancient Egypt encompasses more than 3,000 years, from around 3,150 BC when Lower and Upper Egypt united, and the first pharaoh was proclaimed, to 30 BC when Ptolemy XV, the last pharaoh and the son of Cleopatra VII and Julius Caesar, died, and the Roman Empire annexed Egypt. This makes Ancient Egypt one of the longest-lasting civilizations in human history ( Ancient Egyptian culture facts 2016). Certainly, for such a long period, the Egyptians invented many things that were later adopted by other nations and developed their own unique culture that is quickly recognizable nowadays. Architecture Ancient Egyptian Architecture comprises a great variety of structures along the Nile including monuments, temples, and pyramids. The Great Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx of Giza, the Karnak Temple Complex, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, and the Temples of Luxor are among the most famous constructions in the world ( Ancient Egypt: culture 2015). Since wood was scarce in Ancient Egypt, the two main building materials were stone and sun-baked mud brick. Stones were mainly used in the construction of temples and tombs, whereas mud bricks were used for fortresses, palaces, and walls around towns. The pyramids’ cores consisted of gravel sand, mud bricks, and quarried stone. The houses were made out of mud from the Nile, which was dried under the sun in certain forms and used for construction (Petrie 2013). Thus, due to the hot and dry climate in Egypt, some mud-brick buildings have preserved their original appearance, among which are the fortress of Mirgissa and Buhen, the town of Kahun, and the village of Deir al-Madinah. The majority of constructions in Ancient Egypt were post-and-lintel with flat roofs made of stone blocks that were supported by walls and columns. Interior and exterior walls, piers, and columns were covered with painted carvings and pictorial and hieroglyphic frescoes. Temples in Ancient Egypt were aligned with various important astronomic events, such as