ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Writing is a very sensitive presentation of facts, ideas, or opinions as the author is challenged to provide not only a clear picture of an issue, event, or occurrences but also give a deeper meaning to what is visible. Many and different writers use various techniques that either appeal to their readers or impress a message with a stronger impact, such as the production of opinion or even mass action. Failure of one writer to provide an impact to his or her reader spells not only wastage of print and editorial materials but also effort. Further damage includes readers’ frustrations and disappointments. This essay shall try to evaluate Eric Schlosser’s technique in the book Food Nation using the excerpt “Behind the Counter”. It will try to present how the author did a good or a bad job in providing a view on the opportunist nature of fast-food chains. Discussion At an initial view, the author began this chapter by providing a bird’s eye view of the people and their engagements with their work. It delivers the present phenomenon on fast food chains that have taken over the majority of the global foodservice industry and how these impress customers and outsiders of the clean, efficient, healthy, and ideal place to dine and add a little of social life. With vast capital on building, machinery, and impressively designed interiors and furniture, customers and the public are easily swayed and encouraged to patronize such. A closer look done by investigative writer Schlosser, the public — with or without close encounters with the people, the system, and everything about fast-food chains — are immersed in a different world of abuse, opportunism, as well as feeding the consumer with thrash. The excerpt opens with one crew mem
Cause and effect In the assessment of quality, there are various aspects that stand out. The management of quality has become a fundamental part of management. Through the assessment made on quality, mangers and leaders are able to deal effectively plan and strategize on the way forward. Some of the important names in the study of cause and effect and the assessment of quality include Dr. Walter Shewart and Dr. Edwards Deming. These two names feature in the history of management and the early ways of conducting analysis. In regards to studying cause and effect, these names feature in a lot of references. Dr. Walter Shewart inspired Dr. Edwards in the analysis of quality and other aspects of business, and the two came up with some of the concepts that are applied to management today. One of the aspects that stand out in the analysis of cause and effect is teamwork. It is one of the important elements in business that define the success. In the analysis, team work is assessed in regards to how the several parts of an organization function. Teamwork is concerned with the ways through which different people in an organization work together to ensure that the processes involved in production are conducted in an effective manner. Another important aspect that is analyzed is the customer approval of the different manufacturing procedures. For instance, customer approval can be assessed through looking at the processes in production and the resultant outcome in regards to customer preference. The way through which the different departments come together to work on satisfying a customers request is one of the ways through which cause and effect is analyzed. The supply chain management is important heading in regards to the analysis of cause and effect. Quality control management also posses as one of the important areas through which the cause and effect concept in business is analyzed. In the analysis of quality control management and the supply chain, it is important to look employ cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, histograms, Pareto diagrams, scatter diagrams, run charts, and control charts. Cause and effect diagrams are important as they enable a tam to focus on the content of a problem as opposed to its history. Through this, team members are also able to evaluate their person interests from those of th
A majority of students fail to complete college education due to various reasons. This situation has prompted several institutions of higher learning to conduct research in an attempt to identify possible causes and solutions to this problem. This paper compares two articles that attempted to identify and address challenges that contribute to the non completion of college by some students. In the first article, Fischer (2007) explored the “differences in race/ethnicity in college involvement and outcomes”. Fischer’s study compared Black and Hispanic students with Whites/Asians students. In the second article, Roberts and Styron (2010) studied factors vital to students’ retention. College usually brings together students from different racial, socioeconomic and religious backgrounds. Adjusting to this cosmopolitan environment might prove challenging to selected groups of students. Proper mechanisms need to be formulated to enable a swift transition of students and easy interaction on campus. Although many colleges have implemented programs to address this issue, students’ retention rates continue to drop. Fischer (2007) argues that students that have poor interaction with others on campus and those with negative experiences tend to be at a greater risk of dropping out of college. Social connectedness, students-faculty relationship and students’ financial status are interrelated factors that influence the students’ capability to stay in campus. Fischer’s Study Fischer’s concentrated on two groups considered as a minority. The study explored the difference between Black/Hispanic and White/Asian students in adjusting to college life (Settling in campus life, p. 1). Experts have formulated several models that attempt to unravel why students drop out of college. However, Fischer’s study sided with Bean’s model. Beans model argues that students’ college persistence relies on “organizational turnover and the interaction between attitudes and behavior” (Fischer, 2007). The model indicates that students’ expectations or attitudes (when they join campus) become disapproved or confirmed through their experiences on campus. When students interact with one another on campus, students either confirm their initial expectations or form new ones. Therefore, these confirmed or renewed expectations/behaviors influence the students’ decision to stay or quit. Fischer (2007) argues that the intensions to leave prove to be extremely predictive of the actual personality of a student. According to this model, students’ personality relies on their background. The integration of students depends on their background; a factor that ultimately influences academic behavior and performance. Fischer’s study also appreciates “Astin’s input-process-output model” that supports Bean’s view. Astin’s model argues that students’ involvement and integration in the academic and social components of the institution are likely to persist in college. “The model affirms that Black and Hispanic students appear as first generation students, and they usually require grants to complete college education” (
Abstract This analytical treatise offers an explicit review of the Tom Tom Company’s business environment. The main focus of this paper is the internal and external environments, SWOT and recommendations for the future strategies that the company should implement. The recommendations identified include remodeling of the company’s marketing strategy and decision making processes. Internal environment analysis Corporate strategy Within the automotive navigation systems industry of the Netherlands, the business magnitude of the Tom Tom Company is wide and well organised into different subs stores and has a strong presence in all the continents of the globe. The company has an active presence in the main urban towns within the Netherlands besides several franchises. Business strategy The company has stratified its target market into wholesaler, retailer, and small business segments. The products are also produced in different quality in order to maximise the returns from clients in the upper and lower economic ladders. Despite the relatively crowded market, Tom Tom has designed and integrated reliable and efficient in-house and external suppliers to ensure the flow of its products within and out of the Dutch territory. Business structures The performance of the Tom Tom Company within the expansive automotive navigation systems industry in the Netherlands is highly dependent on the buyer-power in terms of their purchasing power. For instance, the current 5% discount for many of its products and free shipping for purchases beyond a certain quantity has ensured that the business is geared towards maximising its returns. International strategy Through competitive pricing, strategic expansion, and planned diversification, the Tom Tom Company has managed to establish a strong international market niche despite the rivalry. At present, the company controls 38% of the international market and has a very responsive customer support and online maintenance team for every continent. Capabilities and strategic issues in diagnosis The Tom Tom Company has a great opportunity for expansion since the market is inclined to its advantage. For instance, its innovative approach to addressing consumer concerns via the customer support centres and a well organised distribution network will ensure sustainable and rapid expansion into new market niches. External environment analysis General environment and industry The Tom Tom Company operates in the automotive navigation systems industry. The company has established leadership in the European market and controls 39% of it. Currently, the retail and wholesale business segments are the leading sources of revenues amounting to five million dollars in the last twelve months. Competitors The main competitors of the Tom Tom Company are the Navico Holding A.S, MiTAC International Corporation and the Garmin Limited. However, the company has a more global presence than these competitors. For instance, the company controls more than ten percent of the global market. Overall potential of the company Strengths The company has already es
The dominance of the realist approach to international relations is being challenged by constructivism which finds the overemphasis of realism on power, national security and national interests being the chief reasons for increasing global instability. This essay examines three ways constructivism brings new perspectives to international relations and how these ideas challenge the foundations of realism. Constructivists reject the materialist outlook of the realists to argue that international relations are governed more by social factors such as human awareness or human consciousness (Jackson and Sorenson 162). Realists believe that the world system is inherently anarchic in nature. Constructivists challenge this precept to say that anarchy in a system occurs because humans create such concepts and ideas. Constructivists believe that “identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature” (Wendt 1). Realists argue that because of inherent anarchy and constant competition amongst nations for pursuit of power it becomes necessary for states to resort to ‘self help’. Here again constructivists say that self help is not a constant automatic feature but a construct that emerges out of shared ideas of the actors involved, which implies that ‘self help’ can be modified. The realist formulation of national security based on power politics has been recast by constructivists who argue that since security is just a set of shared ideas, these can be changed and thus security could be envisioned in terms of human security, food security and human rights all of which required an internationalist approach (Steans 73-75) based on a cooperative model instead of a combative model that Realism predisposes the international system with. The current era of globalization may force nations to develop more flexible notions of sovereignty (Naim 65), an idea completely incompatible with the realist theory. Constructivists however, take globalization in their stride by viewing the challenges and opportunities of globalization through the prism of shared ideas and concepts which then yields positive outcomes. Moral values and morality have very little value in a realist outlook while constructivists offer a better understanding of morality and its importance in human affairs (Shafer-landau 51). It therefore can be concluded that constructivism offers a new understanding and methodology for explaining and conducting international relations, which is more cooperative and benign rather than the combative realist model. The three constructivist ideas that differ from realism are that the state of anarchy in IR are not given in nature but created by human thoughts and ideas, that power politics is not a central unyielding precept but what humans make out of it and that interpretation of security is not as narrow and strictly defined as the realists belie
Introduction Music piracy is the unlawful access to an artist’s music through either physical or internet means. Internet piracy is the illegitimate posting and access of music using websites or email services while physical piracy is the illegal copying of music to CDs, DVDs, flash disks or external hard disks. Usually music piracy can be through simple piracy, counterfeits, or bootlegs. The young generation is the great beneficiary of music piracy while the artists are the main losers of the illegal downloading. Besides the music industry, other professionals for instance, producers feel the pitch of piracy. Music industry loses billions of money to the piracy while governments lose billions of money in form of taxes. However, campaign to create awareness about the negative impact of music piracy can lead to a decrease in the vice. The following article explicitly outlines the impact of piracy to the music industry, the public, government, and the remedies to curb the vice. Music piracy has a great negative impact to the music industry especially in terms of public image or reputation and profit generation. There has also been a close down of recording companies, unsuccessful venturing into music by other people, and discouragement of new artists. Some music producers and artists decide to take up other professions rather than music while others take up singing as a part-time job or hobby. The creativity, innovation, and talents of many people go unnoticed due to piracy or discouragement from piracy. Amazingly, some pirates download the music for sale to the public preventing the artists from gaining profits. The public access to pirated music leaves fans unsatisfied because the recording materials are of low quality and therefore enjoy the songs for a short time. Consequently, the public image or respect of the music industry drops. Surprisingly, due to illegal online downloading of music, the music industry loses about $4.2 billions yearly throughout the world. Due to music piracy, the musicians, song composers, writers, and producers generate very low income. The artists do not benefit from their creativeness or innovation in the music industry; a sad tact that negatively affects their living standards. The producers who earn their living from the original copies incur loses or generate low profits. Additionally, the piracy taints artists’ names because the music on the market i
High school age is an important stage in the lives of young people. It is also the most crucial age, as they released from the care and security of their parents to the autonomy and independence that come with adulthood. At this stage, the choice of further education seems to be the most imperative decision that parents and the young adults have to make. It presents a paradoxical situation as education, maturation and work experience are all important to them. The proponent argues that getting a first part time or full time job gives students a possibility to acquire new skills such as responsibility, self confidence, time management and entrepreneurship. The first job can be the first step in developing future career. However, critics argue that working in fast food restaurants play no part in developing the student’s career. Though the research done by Devine indicates that most parents support the idea of teenagers working, this may have detrimental effects to their careers and academics in the long run (16). Therefore, high school students should not be allowed to work in fast food restaurants. Schlosser’s book, Fast Food Nation , exposes the difficulties and problems that teenagers face when working in these fast food restaurants (32). More often, these students suffer from depression, neglect school assignments and develop a negative attitude to work. According to Schlosser, students’ academic and professional careers are negatively affected by part time jobs (33). Schlosser’s book documents a story of Elisa Zamolt which is a case study of the stress and frustration faced by high school students working in the restaurants. Quoting from Schlosser book; “Teenagers have been the perfect candidates for th
Need for a guideline and benefits This guideline provides recommendations to reduce inappropriate prophylactic antibiotic prescription in pre and post-surgery and consequently reduce surgical site infection (SSI). There is an ever-increasing need to use antibiotics intelligently, especially due to the prevalence of more resistant organisms. It further addresses risk factors for surgical site infection, benefits, and risks of antibiotic prophylaxis, indicators for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and finally recommend a suitable administration of intravenous prophylactic antibodies. As such, this guideline gives some procedures used in surgical prophylaxis to prevent SSI by using antibiotics. Risk factor for surgical site infection Microorganisms cause surgical site infections (SSIs). Some of the most common germs include staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas. These pathogens spread through contact with caregivers, contaminated surgical instruments, through airborne microorganisms, or sometimes organisms already in the patient’s body spreading to the surgical wound. SSI risk factors can be broadly classified into, host characteristics, operation environmental factors and microbial factors. For patients’ state, factors that increase peril include poor nutritional state, obesity, extreme age, smoking, existing infections, diabetes, bacterial colonization, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs. On the other hand, operation factors include insufficient preoperative skin preparation, inadequate instrument sterilization, the presence of foreign material in surgical sites, poor surgical technique, prolonged operation, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and postoperative hypothermia among others (Johns Hopkins Medicine 1). Microbial factors include virulence, contaminated inoculum, and nasal or skin carriage. In this guideline, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) comorbidities score is used. The higher the score level the higher the risk. Surveillance and prediction of SSI factors play a crucial role in managing SSI. As such, stakeholders in surgery and SSI management have suggested and used varied risk indicators to improve surveillance accuracy. This guideline uses NNIS, which is based on stratification of SSI risks. The NNIS risk index starts from 0-3 (based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists) and the risk increases with increasing risk score. Using the risk index, surgeons comprehend how comorbidity, wound class and operation time contribute to the risk defined by types of operative wound. Further, this guideline identifies the operations for which routine prophylaxis is evidence supported (Musmar, Baba and Owais). Nonetheless, the surgeon assessment of risks and benefits will primarily inform their decision. As such, a surgeon can administer prophylaxis to patients contrary to the provision give
In the last decades, rapid development in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has attracted numerous immigrants, who currently dominate the country’s labor markets (Ahmed, 2005). UAE’s private sector workforce consists of 98 percent expatriate workers. Similarly, statistics indicate that the public sector workforce comprises 90 percent expatriates. As illustrated by these statistics, Emirati nationals have been left with few remaining jobs, thus, the increase in the number of unemployed Emirati nationals (Morada, 2002). To solve these challenges, the United Arab Emirate government launched a program called Emiratisation aimed at increasing the number of employed citizens in public and private sectors (Ahmed, 2005). Emiratisation programs have been on course for more than a decade, and their positive impacts can be observed in the public sector. Nevertheless, the private sector participation in the program is still considered minimal with only a 0.34 percent workforce (McCoy, 2004). To date, the program has resulted in several economic, social, and political benefits. Through Emiratisation programs, the UAE government has adopted the use of working visas by all foreign workers. Quota and financial restrictions are placed on the employment of expatriate workers, depending on their skills and professions. In so doing, the government puts in place the right policies and strategies aimed at encouraging Emirati nationals. In addition, it makes them achieve competency in the targeted professions and skilled jobs (Nelson & Yang, 2005). Though most citizens in the United Arab Emirates are well educated, they are marred with numerous challenges in securing sustainable jobs. Therefore, Emiratisation is viewed as an important economic tool to current and future UAE’s economic plans. Through this plan, the government plans to interrelate with the chief investors in the country to persuade them to absorb the Emirati graduates, whose numbers increase yearly. Currently, it is estimated that the annual number of Emirati job seekers ranges from 12,000 to 13,000 individuals (Balakrishnan & Jayashree, 2011). Among these jobseekers, 80 percent comprised of female jobseekers, despite their high holding qualifications. In the year 2005, the Abu Dhabi Tawteen Council (ADTC) was set up by the UAE president to overlook the countries future workforce efficiency and provision of sustainable employment opportunities to all Emiratis nationals (Ferreira, 2008). Since its inception, ADTC has provided Emiratis with relevant career-related services such as job assessments, professional, career guidance, and vocational training. Before the end of 2005, 4211 Emirati jobseekers had passed through the system effectively in various public and private sectors. In conjunction with Mubadala Development Com