ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Melodrama French artists coined the term melodrama to refer to plays with exaggerated plots and actors with the purpose of touching the emotions of the audience. The term melodrama has two morphemes that have different etymologies; melos, a French word that means music and drain, a Greek word that means to perform or to do. Artists later adopted the word drain into French and Latin as drama and drama respectively. So, French artists only combined the words melons and drama to form the word melodrama. The most popular American melodrama is considered to be Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Even though her book was a bestseller in the 19th century, the majority of Americans preferred watching the dramatized version in theatres to reading the book from their homes. Historical developments that influenced realism The historical developments that had the greatest influence on realism were the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s. These hard times led to the withdrawal of playwrights and directors from Romanticism. They then focused their attention on the real conditions of human beings in the world. The independent spirits that resulted from the French Revolution led to liberalism in drama. Furthermore, the Industrial Revolution changed the focus of theatre from rich to poor citizens. Directors made plays that reflected the plight of workers employed in the industries and other problems that came with industrialization. They, therefore, painted a pessimistic world, unlike their Romantic predecessors who always portrayed the world as the best place for everybody. Emergence of naturalism Another movement, Naturalism, developed from Realism in the later parts of the 19th century. This movement based its principles on the scientific works of Charles Darwin, who argued that chance, heredity, and the environment are the things that control the fate of human beings. These Darwinian ideologies made playwrights use characters that were controlled by external forces. Realism and Naturalism were similar in the sense that they were both committed to depicting the world in its real sense. Naturalism, however, differed from Realism because it had a clearly defined attitude towards life and playwrights imposed this view of life on their works. Notable 19-century Theatrical Naturalists Emile Zola was the real leader of the literary School of Naturalism. He argued that plays should be true and simple and that theatre should educate people on how to be moral and just. August Strindberg was the founder of modern Swedish literature and theatre. He combined psychology and naturalism and made drama out of them. It was, however, hard to stage his plays because the Royal Theatre did not accept hi
In their article “ 101 Facts About Bullying” , Kevorkian and D’Antona look into the issue of bullying from various dimensions including how it starts and how it can be stopped. According to the authors, bullies are everywhere, in the work places, in schools and even in our neighborhoods (Kevorkian and D’Antona). The authors identify two form of bullying stating that both of them are just as bad because either way, the bullied is left hurt. The first form of bullying is psychological or emotional bullying while the second one is physical bullying. The psychological form of bullying has the victim receiving insults from the bullies and most of the times, jeering and spreading of untrue rumors is also part of the bullying. The question of importance is whether bullying can be stopped. According to the authors, this is possible since it is a habit that’s picked, and is common knowledge that habits can be picked and dropped making bullying not an exception. Facts about Bullying More often than not, bullying is all about a child’s upbringing and parents have a great contribution to the bullying. The contribution comes in because sometimes the parenting skills are wanting. In some homes where physical punishment is the way to go, children grow up knowing that getting physical is alright and it will always get them what they need. Again, where children have parents with emotional blackmails, this makes it look alright to bullies where they go ahead and practice it on their classmates (Kevorkian and D’Antona). The authors argue that until parents change their parenting skills and the way they live, bullying will continue being in schools for as long as people live. (Kevorkian and D’Antona). How to Stop Bullying Kevorkian and D’Antona argue that there is always a reason as to why the bully is picking on his victim and even if there is no reason, the bully will definitely come up with one(Kevorkian and D’Antona). The victim might be very slim, plump, tall, short, wears glasses, comes from another religion, comes from another race, is pretty, disabled or just more clever. The writers see effective discipline and early intervention as the way to go. Whether it is the bully or the bullied, the parents will need to do a lot to see to it that their children are brought up in the best of the behaviors. For the bully’s parents, they have to stop their violent lives and start living peacefully with the others in the family. That way, the children will pick up the good habits from their parents and the other family members (Kevorkian and D’Antona). Kevorkian and D’Antona state that bullying can be stopped when all the stakeholders take their parts seriously. For the bullied children, they need to be helped with their self esteem issues by constant reassurances that they are safe and that nobody should hurt them. Sometimes the bullied children think that it is alright to be bullied because it is their fault and that is why they tolerate the bully, that’s why they don’t report the bullies. Their self esteem has already been eroded and it only takes the intervention of the teacher or an older person to get the back on the
There can be many ways to interpret a historical event, yet the evaluation of the Reconstruction results will depend on four key factors, which are the unwillingness of the President to provide efficient reforms, the lack of funding for further development of the process, the resistance of the white population and the reluctance of the Supreme Court. The Thirteen Amendment was a great innovation for the USA which meant that the new era of democracy is going to begin. Abolishing the slavery, Lincoln makes the first step towards the new state. Suggesting that the South must gain financial support for further development, Lincoln created the basis of the future reforms. [1] As Lincoln provided his 10% Plan, it became obvious that serious changes are about to occur. Thus, the 10% Plan featured the following innovations. The South citizen could obtain a full pardon and have their property back with the guarantee to become absolutely free: In December 1863 Abraham Lincoln offered a plan of “restoration” to the Southern people. The president’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction embodied what came to be known as Ten Percent Plan. After at least ten percent of a seceded state’s voters took an oath to support the Constitution and the Union, the state could legally establish a new government [2] The Congress responded with the Wade-Davis Bill which was directed to provide the black people with more freedom. Its main concern was that only those taking the oath of loyalty before the new government could be considered the citizen of America. Congress also created the Freedmen’s Bureau. Designed to assist the former slaves, it provided help for those who sought for employment. It seemed that the new policy would make the segregation of the black people completely forgotten, when Lincoln was killed. Because of losing the one and only man who could act effectively and create the plan to beat the economical depression, the democratic forces slackened the process of reconstruction. As Johnson took the chair, the prognoses for the future were somewhat change. Because of his cautious and indecisive politics, Johnson was unable to conduct the Reconstruction process in a proper way, abolishing slavery as institution. [3] Though the Civil War ended with the victory of Grant, both the South and the North sustained great losses. Thus, they were both unable to develop further on and could not focus on the Reconstruction. Although Johnson presented his own plan for reconstruction, it lacked certainty and the decisiveness of Lincoln’s suggestions. Among the issues which the plan covered, there were the pardons for all the people who would take the loyalty vow, no matter whether these would be the northern or the southern dwellers, except the high officials; the abolition of slavery; and the demand for eleven states to repeal their secession ordinance. Since the president’s policy lacked the certainty about the reforms, the population b
According to the US Constitution’s Fourth Amendment, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation” (Fourth Amendment, 2013, para. 1). This particular Amendment was introduced, as the mean of protecting American citizens from being subjected to a power-abuse, on the part of the governmental officials/police officers. After all, it clearly specifies that, in order for the representatives of the law enforcement agencies to intervene in the private lives of citizens, they must have a warrant, issued by the court. In its turn, in order for the court to be in a position of issuing such an order, it must have a legally substantiated reason (not merely a suspicion) to do it. This is because, according to the Fourth Amendment, citizens are entitled to the right of a ‘reasonable expectation of privacy’, which cannot be violated indiscriminately. The Amendment’s foremost legal effect is concerned with the fact that, in order for persecutors to be able to present evidence against defendants in the court of law, they must prove that this evidence was obtained lawfully. Because the Fourth Amendment is considered one of the most fundamental principles, upon which the continual functioning of the American jurisprudence system is based, defendants often refer to it, while presenting the judges with their line of a legal defense. One of the best examples, in this respect, can serve the case of Bond v. U.S. (Roosevelt, 2013). This case was concerned with the incident of a police officer deciding to search the bag of one of the passengers that was travelling on the bus (consequently, some illegal drugs were indeed found in the bag), despite the fact that the law enforcement representative in question did not have a search warrant. Even though that the court’s initial ruling fully acquitted the police officer, after this case has been reviewed by the Supreme Court, the defendant’s plea not to allow an illegally obtained evidence to be presented against him, was decided in favor of the latter. The court’s decision, in this respect, was fully observant of the provisions of the exclusionary rule . Apparently, while travelling, people are entitled to the right to expect that their luggage is covered by the ‘reasonable expectation of privacy’ principle. The main legal implication of the Fifth Amendment The main legal implication of the Fifth Amendment is that specifies that no person can be tried more than once, on the charge of having committed a particular crime, and that defendants cannot be forced to incriminate themselves. According to this parti
Capitalism is an economic model where production is done by an independent entity and duties are carried out to benefit the entity through the returns. Capitalism can be compared to communism. For many years, communism has been seen as an enemy to economic development with regard to democratic governance. Communism, in its real sense, is not a political system but an economic system. Communism is a sociopolitical faction whereby the means of production, such as land, labor, and machinery, are possessed and managed by “the state”, and individuals control only a small portion of the means of production. It aims at a communal possession of the means of production in which the government plays a central role in managing resources. Ideally, capitalism is the reverse; production is driven by the incorporation of capital, ensuring that the means of production are privately managed for private revenue (Learned, 2008). This paper focuses on the various aspects of capitalism and the consequences that affect the economy and also the roles played by various entities. In capitalism, the conclusion concerning prices, supply, demand, distribution, and ventures revolves around the owners of businesses and organizations because they are the ones who reap the proceeds of their investments after paying out their employees. Capitalism is enhanced by the availability of a free market which provides equal opportunities for all people to venture into business as long as they have adequate capital to start up a business. Capitalism has contributed positively towards creating job opportunities because those who establish enterprises employ workers to help them in performing tasks. According to Bellamy (2003), there is great potential in capitalism and thus more people are resigning from their jobs to establish their businesses because they are aware they can earn more when they employ themselves. All that is required is the relevant skills in the intended field because if the entrepreneur does not possess the required skills he/she may be doing things on assumptions. Additionally, the entrepreneur must identify the necessity of a particular item in the market because if his intended product is not needed by the population there is no reason for making it. There are two categories of items in capitalism and the first one is capital items which are used to manufacture consumer products such as raw materials, tools, commercial equipment, and vehicles. The other category comprises finished items such as electronics, clothes, stationery, and furniture. There are three vital elements in manufacturing that are mandatory and they are namely the raw materials, labor and land, and capital items. Capitalism involves the possession of natural resources and capital items. These two elements can be acquired by an individual or a group of
Introduction In spite of being a very important tool of information dissemination, [1] media has also played a significant negative role in affecting teenage girls and women. The media industry across the world has developed numerous entertainment programs and shows, which portray female characters in different body forms and sizes in diverse dress codes. The impression created in the minds of the many teenage girls and women, who remain glued on the television for many hours remains imprinted permanently in their minds during the repeated airing of the programs and the shows. In the context of dressing and fashions, many teenage girls and women copy what they seen on the television programs and some dressing codes are provocative [2] , dehumanizing and portray no respect. On the other hand, big-bodied characters in television shows and films are unsuccessful, look ugly, atrocious and unpleasing, which creates a bad picture and poor perception of the big-bodied persons thus influencing the eating habits of ‘fat’ women and girls. Propagation of immorality [3] among teenage girls by the media is indescribable. Some television programs and music dancing styles are full of suggestive language, actions, and scenes unfit for teenage girls viewing. These facts among others confirm that, media negatively affects teenage girls and women. Negative effects of media on teenage girls and women Although media continues to play a significant role in economic development, education, information dissemination, entertainment and in many other positive aspects of development, it has also negatively influenced the behaviour of teenage girls and women. Especially on the issue of body image, movies, television programs, and magazines portray thin body sizes as the ideal body size and shape. Highly rewarding television programs such as role modelling, television stars and female athletes have delusive thin bodies [4] . Koyuncu, Tok, Canpolat and Catikkas posit, “…there is increasingly thin idea dominating the media across movies, magazines and television programs… thinness is consistently emphasized and rewarded for women”(2010, p.56). The perception of thin bodies as the ideal body figure influences self-esteem [5] and teenage girls and women tend to associate thinness to attractiveness and beauty, as always is the case in all media programs. Moreover, Koyuncu et al. are concerned that, “…repeated exposure to media content leads to begin to accept media portrayals as representation of reality” (2010, p.56). The repetition of the media shows where thin-bodied actresses perform superiorly over the heavy bodied actresses, leaves an impression of dissatisfaction with body image to the heavy bodied and a feeling of worthiness to the thin bodied teenage girls and women. Media perception of slimmer females as more attractive, pleasing, and appeasing le
What would you as a Peace Corps volunteer do if faced with the request to attend a circumcision festival in the West African village you are working in? On the one hand, my primary mission is to observe health welfare in the West African village and, therefore, attending this meeting is necessary to control the conditions under which the ceremony of circumcision takes place. On the other hand, the ritual is more associated with cultural traditions and customs of the African people and, therefore, I should not necessarily be present at the event, particularly in case it contradictions my cultural and moral virtues. How would you respond to the village elders? Village elders value their cultural virtues and respect their traditions. I also express my respect for their traditions, but I will not interfere with the procedure because it does not relate to my actual purpose of controlling the spread of diseases. Therefore, I will try to negotiate the conditions of attending my meeting. In particular, I will explain briefly my values and moral visions that do not correspond to the cultural perceptions and, therefore, I will agree to attend the meeting at the very beginning of the event to make sure that everything is done by the established norms to prevent the spread of infection. Would you attend? Why or why not? Respecting the culture of West African people is significant for sustaining balance in the village. On the one hand, I should prioritize the welfare of the residents and ignore my personal beliefs. On the other hand, the actual procedure contradicts my personal cultural beliefs and attitudes because it is not acceptable in my society. My mission, therefore, is to check whether all the procedures meet the sanitation requirements, but not to attend the entire ritual. Therefore, I will inform the elder villages that I would be present at the event, but to check the health and sanitation conditions under which girls undergo circumcision. What are your “cultural limits”? How do you maintain your cultural limits while still respecting the cultural values of the people around you? While living in the village, I have learned a lot about the culture, traditions, and rituals of the African people. I have realized that African culture is highly appraised by the villagers. I have also learned about the main cultural aspects of female genital mutilation that had deep roots in African history. Therefore, the practice constitutes special cultural rather than religious importance. The integration of the practice is so deep that it defines the cultural and ethnic identity of the African village. Though it is a cultural practice, religion is indirectly connected to the practice because most of such rituals occur in African communities whose religious affiliation is opposed to Christian doctrine (Skaine, 2005). In addition to cultural values, the practice undermines ethical debate, as well as the role of culture in the emerged frictions. The increased attention to female circumcision is also closely connected to the process of g
Abstract This study explores the evolution of embedded intelligence and its influence in the future. In this context, it explores the inherent features of the material, machine and biological systems to produce an effective design. Embedded technology is an evolving concept expected to make the design of the system to be as effective as natural systems. Introduction Statement of Problem In the current world, all sectors embrace technology and innovation. It is due to the increased complexity of processes in each industry. The need to improve processes at lower costs is a common phenomenon for business organizations. Electronic devices and related software have been used in various instances to secure and improve services. These include e-payment services, transport, and telecommunications services among others. The technology has been adopting the way natural systems work to improve efficiency. The embedded intelligence is a new technology platform that integrates software and hardware systems in order to improve the process at low costs. 1 Thesis of the Paper In the current industries, effectiveness, fastness and simplicity of systems are given first priority. Although technological systems appear simple when they operate, the processes involved are extremely complex. Embedded intelligence is a technology platform that provides solutions to systems with complex processes. This study is aimed at exploring the evolution aspects of the technology and its influence in the future. Literature Review The embedded intelligence refers to a design model that explores the inherent properties of biological, material and machine systems to enhance the design strategies [3]. The approach allows for the embedding of all materials that have implicit abilities. Through simple actions proposed achieved by the intelligence concept. It is possible to manipulate the materials in order to create a systematic strategy in any sector. Embedded intelligence helps in developing the ability to understand intrinsic features of materials [1,4]. It assists in devising the best ways of exploiting the materials’ properties during the design. Through the exploration of natural systems, it is possible to develop the systems further. As a result, they can work in the same way the natural systems do in order to create a sustainable but effective performance. Exploring the intrinsic aspects and capabilities of embedded materials within a system to inform the design strategies can help in creating sophisticated effects on the system. Embedded intelligence is a new technology that continues to evolve [2]. Motivation and Objectives Business organizations engage in complex activities to produce and distribute the best products and services at the lowest possible costs. As a result, t