ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Being self-directed or self-aware learners in our academic and professional life means identifying learning needs, defining learning goals or professional targets, developing and implementing learning plans and evaluating the learning gained. Students or personnel who are self-directed or self-aware have a complex combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes and habits which enable then to become innovators. They are able to come up with new ideas, new plans and new solutions to problems that have not been there before. These kinds of people are also able to implement other people’s ideas that have not been implemented due to lack of skills or proper human resources. Literature review According to Guglielmino, (1977) a self-directed or self-aware learner is one who exhibits levels of independence, initiative and persistence in learning. He or she should be the one who acknowledges and accepts accountability for his or her knowledge-seeking and viewing problems as solvable other than being real obstacles, have a strong desire to change and be self-confident. Such a person should be able to put in order his or her time as it should be, set an suitable learning pace, develop a reasonable plan for work completion, one who has passion for learning and also one is goal-oriented or has tendency to set targets. Guglielmino, therefore suggested that in order for an individual to achieve self-directedness she or he should employ an appropriate combination of knowledge, attitudes, skills and habits. He noted that the first step in acquiring self-directedness is understanding self-direction either in learning or in workplaces which can be achieved consciously through own efforts and experiences. In preparation for the self-directed kind of learning which is based on honest appraisal is also required. In order to analyze oneself so as to give an honest appraisal the following can be applied;   * Assessments of learning styles to determine own ways of processing and getting information   * Multiple intelligences inventories for determining learning strengths   * Learning preference assessment to gauge own current level for self-directed learning Lucy (1977) noted that confidence in oneself boosts self-esteem and creates personal morale which is very important in acquiring self-directed or self-aware learning. Taking problems as being solvable challenges and accepting responsibility enhance self-directed or self-aware learning. The learner must be in position to recognize own learning needs and take the right step forward of impacting the necessary change, since the primary aim of indulging in a learning process is to indulge the student and not the instructor, trainer or professor nor the boss or the supervisor in case of a job. Unforeseen occurrences or distracters should not be excuses for postponing, avoiding or giving up altogether. Independence and creativity in learning are crucial in self-directed learning especially in
The impact of California’s Environmental Policies in the business climate has aroused an unending debate on whether it will result in positive or negative effects. Despite the conflicting arguments, the state’s authority has continued to push forward unabated to effect the policies. The clamor for even more aggressive environmental regulations is ongoing. The regulations are affecting all spheres of California’s livelihood. Positive Impact California has defied the national environmental trend with her sophisticated approach to environmental management. The policy aims at cutting greenhouse emissions. This will encourage technological innovation and efficient consumption and generation of energy. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has adopted an economy-wide cap-and-trade program. This program, drafted by professional environmentalists and other stakeholders, aims at reducing the overall state’s greenhouse gas emissions. The implementation of the clean energy law, AB32, will boost green business industry. The environmental policy is a positive signal to business in the state as it shows the authority’s commitment to promote clean energy and bring efficiency in the energy sector. The leadership role taken by the state in adopting clean technology has had a positive economic impact. California State is leading in venture capital financing to promote the use of clean energy. The state received over half a billion dollars in investments towards the end of last year. Positive prospects have been predicted for investments in California once the law is fully implemented. This can be attributed to the state’s resolve to embrace a clean energy economy (Davoudi, Crawford & Mehmood, p. 128). Using Clean Energy The business environment is set to reap benefits from the requirement by the law that all premises within the state invest in clean energy. This will see use of wind and solar energy. This will not only increase efficiency, but also reduce cost of production. The ultimate benefits will thus reach the business and consumers. Use of clean fuels and upgraded efficiency standards will encourage business stability. This is because businesses that pollute the environment by emitting dirty fossil fuels will be penalized for the equivalent deleterious impact on the environment. Such a measure will see many businesses opt for the clean energy. In turn, this will encourage innovativeness as firms adopt energy efficient- environmental friendly systems that do not compromise on profitability. The California environmental law has been designed elaborately to minimize any chances of market abuse. This is by adopting measures that discourage market gaming or any other form of manipulations. Borrowing from past experiences that saw the emergence of new tendencies of market exchanges such as the 2008 incidence that birthed a housing crisis across the nation, CARB has made the program transparen
Introduction In 2010 Comcast began to rebrand many of its services, including cable Internet access, cable telephone services, and digital cable (Bray, 2010, unpaged). According to the company’s representatives, the new brand called Xfinity is supposed to signify the multiplicity of choices that are available to the customers (Bray, 2010, unpaged). However, many journalists as well customers believe that this change can be explained by the necessity to shed a negative image about the company, in particular, poor customer service (Bode, 2010, unpaged). This paper is aimed at discussing the rationales for this change, the previous business processes of this company, and possible impacts of rebranding on the company’s structure, work culture, and policies. It is also necessary to determine whether rebranding will eventually boost Comcast’s financial and organizational performance. This assignment can throw light on the underlying causes of rebranding and organizational change. On the whole, the key task is to identify those factors which lead to rebranding and those changes may be entailed by this rebranding. These are the key objectives that have to be attained. The rationale for Comcast Rebranding Scholars believe that there are two drivers for rebranding: first, the company can pursue such a policy in order to better differential its products and services from those ones of their competitors. However, this change can be explained by the negative reputation of a company (Shroeder, Morling, & Askegaard, 2006; Donnelly & Linton 2009). Under such circumstances a company needs to dissociate its products and services with negative images. It seems that the management of Comcast is attempting to achieve this objective. First, it should be pointed that according to many customer surveys and especially the American Customer Satisfaction Index, in 2009 this corporation had the highest percentage of dissatisfied clients,
The American Supreme Court has been criticized by a section of members of society in recent years mainly because of its argued decisions in numerous high-profile cases. The court’s approach in recent years is perceived to be open to discussion if one considers carefully the case of Snyder v. Phelps. The first trial, at District Court, ruled that Phelps was answerable for the pain and distress he inflicted on Snyder. The Appeals Court overturned this decision, stating that Phelps and the entire Westboro fraternity had the right to demonstrate. It decided that the lower court had gone astray by instructing the judges to decide a question of law other than fact—exclusively, whether or not the speech under contention was sheltered by the First Amendment.. Again, the ruling was appealed, by way of a writ of certiorari being filed, and the matter found its way to the Supreme Court. According to Supreme Court of the United States, the issue of Snyder v. Phelps states that, “Westboro kept off the memorial service, Snyder could view anything apart from the tops of the picketers’ symbols, and there was no suggestion that the protests interfered with the funeral service itself. For this reason, Snyder’s side was appropriately reversed. The claims that he was involved in hate speech crime were erroneous. The pressing legal question in the United States entails two parties, even though the prevailing issue is whether to espouse the U.S. model for handling hate speech or different models being offered globally. One of the parties is Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) and specifically the Pastor Fred Phelps. The other is Albert Snyder, father of Matthew Snyder, a Marine who died in the Iraq War. Snyder claimed that the protest against the U.S. military for its increasing tolerance of homosexuality caused harm to his family. Phelps, the head of the Westboro Baptist Church, supervised his team to interfere with Matthew Snyder’s funeral service. Snyder’s father was the complainant or petitioner in this case. Snyder claimed that members of the church, by accusing the military of being immoral, violated his freedoms and rights. Lately, the Texas Supreme Court elucidated that an intentional infliction of emotional distress argument is regarded as a “gap-filler” assertion and cannot be utilized to outwit the limits put on the recuperation of mental suffering reparation under more traditional tort policies. The church had sought a legal notice prior to the event. The members of Westboro Baptist church have, for decades, protested against the military, the Catholic Church and much of American society for their increasing tolerance of homosexuality and other forms of behavior they consider immoral. This is clearly captured in the following statement: “The church frequently communicates its views by picketing, often at military funerals. In the more than 20 years that the members of Westboro Baptist have publicized their message, they have picketed nearly 600 funerals”. The Westboro Baptist Church used strong language that Snyder interpreted as unlawful. The protest took place near the chur
Introduction Wireless networks infrastructure is very widespread in the individuals’ and organizational usage. Today many laptops are designed to include the pre-installed wireless cards, thus this technology becomes more and more popular. As well the ability to enter a network through mobile connection has had great advantages for the customers. But notwithstanding the easiness of utilizations the wireless networks meet with various and risk since they can be easily broken into and wireless technology may be utilized to crack the wired networks. This paper, therefore deals with the crucial issue of wireless networks security. First we will discuss the main risks connected with utilization of wireless networks and then outline major instruments to ensure their security. Security risks When wireless technology was first introduced there existed not much risks and dangers for their security. But as they become more widespread at the corporate level the risks had covered wireless protocols and encryption standards and methodic. The intrusion and cracking to wireless networks also became easier with the dissemination of Windows- and Linux-based plug-ins and tools which are available on the Internet (AIrDefence Inc., 2004). Another problem is that some companies and organizations do not have concern in wireless security due to the fact that they do not use wireless network. But as META Group () estimated, 95% of all laptop computers purchased in 2005 are equipped with wireless, thus security problems may occur due to their connection to common corporate network. Categories of unauthorized access to wireless computer networks. There are several categories of unauthorized access to such networks:   * Accidental association – occurs when computer for some reason uses wireless network access point from another company or organization that is using wireless technologies.   * Malicious association – connection to the organization’s wireless network through the cracking laptop. The technology of such a cracking is designed to make the wireless card look like some company’s access point. Wireless networks operating at the Layer 1-3 have such protections as authentication of network, but unfortunately virtual private networks (VPN) do not have such barriers. Wireless networks 802.1×authentications have considerable level of security but still are very vulnerable to cracking (Sandler, 2005).   * Ad-hoc networks – do not have access-point between them and thus have not very good protection.   * Networks of non-traditional nature – Bluetooth and other personal networks can also be regarded as potential object of cracking due to the low level of security protection. The security protection is needed even for wireless printers and barcode readers. But this is not so difficult to provide as for the latter types of networks.   * Identity theft – happens when a cracker has a possibility to identify MAC ad
Having just finished sketching a new universally accessible kiosk for the London underground, I am going to build and test a prototype in 1 hour. It is really important to build and test a prototype for a particular period of time which allows to consider the typical environment conditions which are going to be present while the kiosk utilization. Here is a brief discussion of some particular issues which are to be checked while the testing period. First of all, it is important to build a prototype which corresponds to the future kiosk with all the systems appropriate for conduction. The first stage of the building a kiosk (even at within 1 hour) is the planning of maintenance. The serviceability of the kiosk should be on the highest level. The filters should be easily reached for cleaning. In case any failure, the equipment should be easily reached as well. Various facilities which may require often changes should be put on the places for easy reach. Implementing the prototype of the design is the second stage of the kiosk building. The main idea of implementing the prototype of design into action is to check the facilities, their appropriate functioning and services. This will give an opportunity to make sure that all the systems work appropriately and the kiosk may be put into mass production. Testing the design prototype kiosk is the final stage for us as the next one is the optimizing the kiosk design with the purpose to build it. Testing the design prototype we are going to check the temperature at different points with the purpose to make sure that electronic equipment is ready to serve in the street conditions. The testing the design prototype is going to be completed by means of two various stages. The first stage is going to be completed with the help of the thermocouple which is going to measure the air temperature. The air temperature is measured at all vents in the system. It is important to check the system at the highest level of the temperature with the purpose to understand whether the system is able to sustain. The second stage is the consideration of the system and the devices by means of the thermocouple whether with the operating specialized temperature. It does not matter that in most cases the air flow will be adequate and will not reach the maximum operating condition, it is important to make sure that it is possible to operate inside under the hottest environment conditions. Much attention should be paid to the light conditions as being located underground, all the norms are to be followed. Finally, it is necessary to check all other equipment to make sure that not only ventilation and temperature correspond to the norms, but the whole place is safe. Thus, the building and testing of the new universally accessible kiosk for the London underground is ready. In conclusion, one of the main disadvantages of the testing prototypes is the lack of time. It is impossible to check all the systems appropriately as well as it is impossible to
Describe the research questions, methodology, and key findings of Chappell and Piquero’s article. What were the authors trying to accomplish? Who did they study? What data did they collect? What did they find based on their analysis? Chappell and Piquero (2004) attempt to identify whether social learning and behavioral theory can be used to explain police misconduct. The authors were trying to accomplish the cause of a rise of law enforcement misconduct that had been evident in various metropolitan cities leading to egregious human rights violations. Racially profiled abuses, such as the killing of a Western African immigrant were widely covered by the media, and this specific case was at the center of discussion for police brutality (Feuer, 2004). The research focused on studying a random sample of Philadelphia police officers overtime to determine how officer comprehension of peer behavior can be linked to misconduct. The researchers used a survey to gain insight from officers in the police department, which exceeded 3,800 officers, with a random sampling methodology then leaving 499 for further analysis. Data collected was both quantitative, such as the number of formal citizen complaints, as well as qualitative describing officer’s actions and responses, including in hypothetical scenarios. Key findings suggest that social learning has a profound impact on explaining police misconduct as peers hold influence over each other and citizen complaints are interconnected with the use of excessive force more than other aspects. Describe the research questions, methodology, and key findings of Kane’s article. What was the author trying to accomplish? Who did he study? What data did he collect? What did he find based on the analysis? The study by Kane (2002) seeks to determine how social ecology plays a role in police misconduct over several decades. Misconduct can be identified as anything such as extortion, bribery, and excessive force. Kane is attempting to accomplish establishing a th
Grammar as an inseparable element of the language lesson is of significant importance for developing the communicative skills of the students. There have been many views on the very essence of grammar, but they all come down to the statement that it a set of rules helping put words together in some allowable order to make the speaker’s thought understood (Amogne 145). The role of grammar can be viewed from different perspectives. First of all, it can be investigated from the standpoint of oral communication, even though grammar is often ignored in this aspect. What is more crucial for the research is the role of grammar in the writing context whether it be formal or informal written communication. Problem statement The role of grammar instructions has long been neglected as the factor that influences the development of writing skills. Since recently, it has been acknowledged that it has a significant impact on writing because students are expected to follow certain rules or have a certain level of knowledge of grammatical instructions (Myhill et al. 78). What has long been ignored, however, is the role of teaching grammar in the writing context. It was not until recently that the concept of pedagogical content knowledge was included in the study curriculums, as they recognized that the level of teacher’s knowledge of grammar, besides other factors such as disposition to learning languages or whether the student is the native speaker of the language studied, also has a robust effect on developing students’ writing skills. Research questions The purpose of the research is to address numerous questions. They are:  1. What specific aspect of writing does grammar contribute?  2. How does sentence combining improve writing?  3. What is the role of a teacher in teaching grammar in the writing context? Research method The proposed research will be based on three methods – literature analysis and investigating the teachers’ and the students’ perspectives on the role of grammar in developing writing skills. As part of the study regarding the literature analysis, the researcher will consider theo
Patients, who need psychotherapy care needs to be handled with a significant amount of care. This is because such patients are delicate and that the way they are handled may deteriorate their condition. Choosing the right kind of psychotherapy is part of handling such patient. This is because psychotherapy does not function in isolation and is dependent on other factors. These factors include the type of the relationship established, as well as the technique applied. While these two variables are useful, there are basic fundamental principles which facilitate the success of psychotherapy. Moreover, generalized clinical solutions may not necessarily work for individual patients. As such it is vital to provide evidence based healthcare, which facilitates individualized treatment programs for the patient. In this case where the patient feels the need to make the right choice, there are certain basis issues that need to be put into perspective. This will enable the client identify the most suitable form of psychotherapy plan There has been numerous research studies conducted on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Within these research studies, the researchers have focused on numerous variables that can alter the findings. Despite the varied opinions of these researchers, they have all arrived at one conclusion: that psychotherapy works and that there is no any significant variation in psychotherapy outcomes, whether it is accompanied by medication or not (Butcher, Mineka and Hooley, 2010). This implies that the patient should take psychotherapy which is not accompanied by any form of medication. This is due to the realization that medication does not alter the efficacy of psychotherapy. Moreover, medication for such clinical conditions may have side effects, thus the need to avoid it at all cost. Research studies also reveal that a majority of patients who need psychotherapy have multiple problems which need complex solutions (Butcher et al., 2010). In this regard, it is not wise for patient in this case to exclusively choose any type of psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, psychodynamic therapist among others. This is because such approaches to psychotherapy are limited and are only suited to treat certain types of psychological issues. General psychotherapy is aimed at evaluating, analyzing identifying related conditions. For the patient to receive comprehensive diagnosis it would be wise to avoid any special type of psychotherapy. It is important to recognize that each patient has special needs and that each of the clinical condition is unique in every patient (Butcher et al., 2010). As such patients seeking psychotherapy treatment needs to understand that their needs are uniquely personal and that general remedies may not necessarily be effective for that particular condition. In this case the biggest question for his patient is how to access evidence based patient care; evidence based healthcare requires that the clinician maintain contact with the patient for