ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Various reasons explain why people from diverse countries have different modes of communication. In fact, the manners in which people communicate have greater influence on their daily activities. Essentially, the mode of communication also determines the conduct, perceptions as well as activities undertaken in everyday life (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey, 2008). The differences in the modes and styles of communication are due to diverse cultures of the people from different countries. The understanding of the differences in cultural aspects is critical in eliminating the prejudices, misconceptions and discrimination that may exist among individuals from different countries. In addition, understanding the concept of cultural differences creates and enhances the mutual respect among individuals in settings with dual cultures (Hall, 2000). The aim of this report is to evaluate the concept of different communication cultures through the application of Hall’s high and low-context model of culture. Hall’s View of Culture According to Hall (1990), culture is the way people live. In other words, culture is the manner in which people interact with immediate environment. Further, culture comprises on the manner people in the society behave, their principles, verbal communication and mind-set as well as material values. Hall (1990) described culture
Planning is a decision making process. It helps one to decide on what to do and how to do it. There are six steps to follow when planning. First and foremost, one has to analyze the situation. Two constraints are very important at this stage and they are time and resources. Gathering of information and interpreting is done at this stage. Also, a summary of all the relevant information is done. Identification and diagnosing planning assumptions is done. In addition issues and problems are identified. The second step is having alternative goals and plans. Alternative goals that can be implemented later are provided. It also gives plans used to implement the goals. Thirdly, evaluation of goals and plans is done. Advantages and disadvantages on alternative goals and plans are evaluated. Also, the possible effects of the goals and plans are evaluated at this stage. Fourthly, selection of the goals and plans is carried out. The most appropriate and feasible goals and plans are selected. Right judgment is crucial at this stage. In the fifth step, implementation of the designed plans takes place. This helps one to achieve the set goals. To implement a plan, the manager must understand it well. Also, resources to implement the plan must be available. Finally, monitoring and controlling are important. These help one to know whether his/ her plan is succeeding. Continuous monitoring of the actual performance against unit’s goal should be done. Implementation is the most important step in planning. The reason behind this is that implementation of plans helps in achieving the set goals (Darlkir, 7). There are three types of plans that can be used in different organizations. These include, single used plans, standing plan, and contingency plan. Single-use plans are used in activities that are done only once. They are one time-time use plans. They also have specific goals. They may be used for duration of few days. In addition, they may last for a number of years. Projects and programs are good examples of single-use plans. Also, budgets can be considered as single-use plans. The activities involved are like the special sales program. Programs cover ‘who’ and ‘what’ in an activity. It also covers ‘where’, and ‘how’ the activity will be done (Ingram, para.3). Standing plans are applied in activities that take a long time to complete. In some cases it might be indefinite time. They can be adjusted so as to cater for the changing situations. Mostly they are created from information from different sources over a longer period. They also cover several departments in an organization. Examples of standing plans are policies, a procedure and rules (Ingram, para.4). Contingency plans are meant for specific situations. This is incase things don’t move as expected. Contingency planning involves flexibility and adaptation. Also, mastery is needed due to the changing conditions. They include planning for marketing. The reason behind is to get support from the stakeholders. In addition, they allow for understanding from the stakeholders (Ingram, para.5). In our organization we usually use standing plan. The reason behind is that we usually
Introduction The podcast “What are the Odds” from The Hidden Brain deals with the subject of coincidences and their place in our everyday life. They aim to explain the mathematics behind coincidences and the influence of processes in the human brain on our perception of coincidences. Chosen theory George Ritzer, on the other hand, aims to explore the notion of rationalization and its increasing effect on the community. He explains that the rationalization today is seen more like a fast-food restaurant than a bureaucratic structure. The basic principles of rationalization that affects the social processes today include efficiency, calculability, predictability, control, and irrationalities of rationality (Ritzer 293-294). In other words, all processes that occur within the community are supposed to be efficient, quantitative rather than qualitative, predictable, controlled, and somewhat irrational in terms of the people’s opinion on them. Relation to the podcast The Hidden Brain , essentially, argues that our attitudes are guided by the same principles of rationalization. The processes in our brain control our thoughts and actions to increase their efficiency, why is why they are usually predictable. Moreover, as described in the podcast, we tend to pay attention to the smallest of coincidences, thus attributing more value to their quantity rather than quality. Finally, the overall belief in coincidences and the ecstatic reaction to discovering one is irrational, given their explainability: according to the scientists’ claims, about 80% of coincidences we see as extraordinary are not coincidences at all. Instead, these occurrences result from our misconception about the number of people we know and the odds of meeting them (“What are the odds?” 9:25-9:45). Conclusion Overall, it is clear that the theory of McDonaldization, as described by Ritzer, applies not just to the interactions between people, but also to the people’s actions and opinions, as it follows the very basics of the processes that occur in our brain. Expanding the theory of rationalization to include all aspects of human behavior and not just the social one would provide us with a new way of explaining the various behavioral phenomena. Works Cited Ritzer, George. “The McDonaldization Thesis: Is Expansion Inevitable?” International Sociology, vol. 11, no. 3, 1996, pp. 291-308. “What Are the Odds?” The Hidden Brain from NPR, 2016, Web.
The roles and services offered by accountants have changed overtime. In the 15 th century, accounting involved bookkeeping only. With emergence of industrial revolution in the 19 th century, accountants’ financial responsibilities have increased with time. To date, roles of an accountant require vital skills and experience to establish and maintain accurate business records. In the 21 st century, accountants and financial managers will have a role in designing and controlling financial systems. They will need to come up with restricted internal financial control systems. This is because the accounting records of organisations are expected to increase the level of secrecy required. This is as a result of introducing new unique products in the world market. With introduction of these new products, the role of accountants will be to identify areas to be strengthened to make the systems more effective (ACCA, 2009). With the rapid increase in international businesses, countries and organisations need to develop customized tax systems to suit their business. It is the role of accountants and financial managers to ensure that their organisations are tax compliant. Expansion of business from national to global level may create loopholes for fraud stars to engage in corrupt activities. Accountants will have a role in ensuring that corporate governance system is working. This will minimize professional fraud in the organisations. The increase in technology in global business will increase accountants’ responsibilities and duties in the new business environment. Accountants need to be conversant of various e-Business opportunities. Accountants have a responsibility in developing new strategies which will ensure that e-Business is carried out in the most profitable way possible (Hicks, 2004). Future accounting will require financial managers to offer varying and unique services based on the nature of business. They will offer financial consultation on matters affecting the business. They will give solutions and technical advice to the organizations’ management. Future global business will involve multiple and varying transactions, hence, the need for the consultation services. Bookkeeping and other services related to the accounting records will be offered by accountants and other financial managers. New financial systems must be implemented diligently to ensure optimu
Introduction Mr. N.J. is an 82-year-old African American male who is presenting distressing signs of deteriorating men’s health. He is bothered by the frequent need for urination, often more than five times per night. A similar frequency occurs during the daytime. While micturating, there are instances of the uneven flow of urine liquid, post-void dribbling, and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder. The patient reports no pain during urination, fever, or chills. At the examination of his past medical history, the last Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test occurred five years ago without repeat examination. The patient has experienced recurrent UTIs, recurrent painless hematuria, and arthritis. Medication includes over-the-counter ibuprofen for joint pain. Social habits consist of smoking and periodic indulgence of alcohol. Chief Complaint The chief complaint of the patient is nocturia which is defined as urination more than two times a night with sleep interruption. It is common in older adults and is often overlooked by physicians as a natural occurrence due to age. Nocturia can impact the quality of life by decreasing the quality of sleep, thus creating fatigue, depression, or exacerbating other illnesses. Nocturia has been closely associated with falls for elderly people since nighttime trips on the way to the bathroom may be dangerous, resulting in fractures or death. Contributing factors and consequences of nocturia are multifactorial. The urinary system becomes susceptible to a decline in function, which in combination with hormonal adjustments causes physical symptoms of the condition. The patient may experience poor ability to withhold or control urination due to decreasing bladder compliance and capacity. Other factors may include nocturnal polyuria or detrusor overactivity (Ciocon & Mora, 2015). Non-urologic associations include diabetes mellitus or untreated heart disease with potential failure. Sleep disorders, psychological conditions, and primary polydipsia may cause this condition (Van Kerrebroeck & Andersson, 2014). In consideration that nocturia is defined as two or more voids per night, the prevalence is equal amongst both sexes. However, with increased age, men are statistically more likely to experience the condition with 56% after the age of 45 and almost 90% after 70 years. Nocturnia is more prevalent in minorities. In adults aged 30-79, 23.3% of Caucasian patients report the condition, while the number increases to 38.6% for African Americans (Bergman, Sih, & Weiss, 2015). Differential Diagnoses Prostate cancer (ICD 10 D40.0) is an adenocarcinoma that is common in men over 65. Prostate glands, which are used for semen secretion, become cancerous. It is widely accepted tha
Jon Krakauer, a famous American writer, dedicated his work to the life of a boy who left his home, parents, and college, and went hiking through the United States. The boy could enjoy all aspects of life, the majority of young people can only dream about: his parents were rich, he had his own bill with thousands of dollars on it, he had a car, etc. Still, Chris, the boy, denied all kinds of welfare. The author of the book present stories of several young men who committed the same actions. However, Jon Krakauer offers his own reasons why the boy decided to repudiate society. Although the author presents his viewpoint in a persuasive way, I cannot say that I agree with him in every aspect. To my mind, the main mistake Joe Krakauer made was an analogy between his personal experience and Chris’s life. We should not forget that we are all different, so, we cannot judge other’s behavior, because, in this case it will not be an objective viewpoint. So, the author presents several reasons which in combination gave birth for of Chris’s idea to seclude oneself from society. It is not the main reason by the author. Still, I disagree on that fact. In one chapter the author gives some facts about relationships of the book is dedicated to the relationship of Chris and his grandfather, Loren Johnson. The boy adored his granny. It is not a secret that parents always have problems with children, they do not understand each other: parents do not see problems of their children, while children do not appreciate diligence their parents make to make their life happier. Jon Krakauer admitted in his work that Chris’s grandfather influenced the boy’s outlook. In many aspects he was opposed to Chris’s father, Walt McCandless. The grandfather was a romantic person: he liked poetry, he adored hunting, but he was eager to cry over all animals he killed, etc. The father was a successful man, he had his own business. He wanted his son to be successful as he was. We can see from the book that the grandfather told different stories about nature and was highly concerned with its beauty. Still, Chris’s father also inculcated the love for nature: When Chris was eight, Walt took him on his first overnight backpacking trip, a three-day hike in the Shenandoah to climb Old Rag. They made the summit, and Chris carried his own pack the whole way. Hiking up the mountain became a father-son tradition; they climbed Old Rag almost every year thereafter. (Krakauer 76) That is we cannot say that Chris and his father were not close to each other. Nature played a great role in the boy’s life: his grandfather, father, and books by Jack London. That is why I may suppose that the main reason why the boy
The Crusades were armed expeditions of the peoples of the Christian West organized by the Church and the Papacy of Western Europe to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and subjugate these lands. Historians distinguish eight crusades of 1095-1270, and there were many companies under the auspices of the church, but none of them was as successful as the First Crusade. It was indeed a violent time when people have undergone numerous threats. Kings, emperors, European nobility, as well as thousands of knights and ordinary soldiers participated in the campaigns. Even though all stakeholders had different attitudes and goals to the Crusades, all this significantly affected the participants and led to numerous deaths, broken destinies, destroyed lands and a waste of resources. From the beginning of their military campaigns, the Crusaders attacked not only Muslims but also fought battles in the Middle East. The first campaign began with mass beatings of Jews in northern France and Germany: some were merely killed, while others were offered a choice of death or conversion to Christianity. Once the Muslim visited the crusader’s state where all the mosques were shifted to churches, the streets and roads were crowded, and the air was filled with impiousness and disbelief (Allen and Amt 110). Therefore, those who experienced invasion felt vulnerable and had no choice but to give up to the intruders. The first crusade had a set of political, religious, and violent ideas that later became the driving force of subsequent campaigns. The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos wanted to enlist military support to repel the Seljuq who fled to the territory of Byzantium in Asia Minor. When the Turks captured Jerusalem (from the Arabs, who lost the city more than a century ago) in 1087, this served as another reason for active actions on the part of Western Europe. Pope Urban II responded to the request of the Byzantine emperor (Kirshner and Morrison 159). He wanted to strengthen the position of the papacy and become the undisputed head of the Christian Church, including in the Orthodox East. Meanwhile, all the soldiers who went on that campaign have sworn an oath to the Pope to protect Christians and their faith; as a reward, they would receive absolution of all sins which instilled hope in them. The ideals of chivalry and the just cause were one of the motivators of th
Introduction An inconvenient truth is a documentary film by Al gore to educate the globe about the impact of global warming and the danger that the world faces with continued neglect of environmental concerns. There are many scientific facts explained in the film, including how the earth has increased its average temperature by 1.4 degrees (since 1880), how the arctic is warming and how glaciers and mountain snows are melting (Gore 2). This paper explains two main issues highlighted in the documentary film. These issues include what causes global warming and how the world can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, in reference to the documentary’s aim of increasing awareness regarding global warming, this paper also explains the Kyoto protocol and the IPCC. This analysis is done systematically. What Causes Global Warming According to an inconvenient truth , the real causes of global warming are depicted in our activities as “man”. Possibly, our input as consumers of environmentally unfriendly activities may have informed the title of the film because, as beneficiaries of environmentally friendly activities, we contribute to the destruction of our planet. This is the inconvenient truth. However, the film, explains that the emission of greenhouse gases is the primary cause of global warming (Gore 2). Greenhouse gas emissions are caused by man’s activities, which mainly involve the burning of fossil fuel and the emission of harmful gases in the atmosphere. Rapid industrialization and increased use of fossil energy is singled as the main contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases (Gore 2). How to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions Inconvenient truth does not show an all-gloomy scenario where we are helpless at saving our planet. Instead, it shows that there is hope for the planet by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Based on this understanding, the film explains that the use of renewable energy, the use of energy efficient equipment, the reduction of our energy use and the preservation of our environment are possible ways of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions (Gore 2). The film further explains that the responsibility to reduce greenhouse gases rests with individuals (as much as it is the responsibility of the state). Being more mindful about the destruction that our economic activities inflict on the environment is therefore the first step of reducing the environmental burden of our activities (Gore 2). Whatever step taken afterwards is therefore a step in the right direction Kyoto Protocol and IPCC The Kyoto protocol and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were established to check the impact of greenhouse gas emission by different states. For example, the Kyoto protocol was endorsed by different states to manage their greenhouse gas emissions (Rinpoche 9). The Kyoto protocol is therefore one among many legal provisions which check the emission of greenhouse gases. According to an inconvenient truth , the IPCC inform
Introduction Prenatal period refers to the period of pregnancy from the time after fertilization when the embryo is implanted in the uterus of a woman or during abnormal circumstances in the fallopian tube or cervix in which case it can lead to ectopic pregnancy. This period proceeds to the time when the woman gives birth after nine months. The period is generally broken into three major categories or trimesters. Each of these periods takes about three months with each stage being accompanied by major change. First trimester This stage starts when fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube. In the normal circumstances the embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus. Most women experience slight bleeding during implantation as well as cramping. This is of no serious concern if no bleeding is observed. It has also been observed that the outer layer covering the embryo increase to form placenta. The placenta connects to the umbilical cord to create the passage of important nutrients from the mother to the embryo and this makes the embryo grow tremendously. Morning sickness occurs in most pregnant women during this trimester and most miscarriages can occur at this stage. The first trimester proceeds to the end of the third month. (Bailey, 1970) Second trimester This period occurs from the start of the fourth month to the end of the sixth month. The majority of women are reported to be feeling more energized. Most women add on weight and morning sickness greatly decreases and finally fades away. The chances of miscarriage reduce greatly and major structures develop. These include; brain, feet, hands and head which continue to grow. The length of the fetus is about 30mm and the heart can be felt beating through sonograph. The movement of the fetus is felt commonly at the end of the fourth month. This is referred to as quickening. The placenta becomes fully functional and the fetus starts urinating as well as making its own insulin. The teeth start to form in the gum of the fetus and one can recognize reproductive organs and distinguish whether the fetus is a male or a female. (Parens, 2000) Third trimester This period takes place at the onset of the seventh month to the end of the ninth month. The pregnant woman experiences final weight gain. The fetus makes regular movement which is observable. The abdomen of the pregnant woman expands and the navel becomes convex. This makes the woman uncomfortable and the bladder becomes weak in controlling urine. She also experiences backache. There is increased movement of the fetus which is at this time stronger. The eye a