ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Author’s Perspective The article created by Damaske, Bratter, and French (2016) focuses on the households headed by single women, revealing their perspective on diversity. The authors conducted a longitude study to find out what tendencies in the framework of employment, race, and poverty among the representatives of the selected populations were observed during the decade 2000 – 2010. In general, the concept of diversity presupposes that all people are different and have various life experiences. However, professionals presuppose that particular trends can be observed in the way individuals with similar characteristics live. Thus, they manage to develop three hypotheses:   * There is an association between race and poverty, regardless of employment status across time.   * Black and Hispanic women who are not married and take care of their children themselves are more likely to experience economic issues than white single mothers.   * Employed women in 2010 are less likely to suffer from poverty than in 2001. Development of Perspective Due to their research, the authors managed to reveal that the number of single mothers with economic issues increased with the course of time even though racial disparities reduced significantly and were not so critical in 2010 as they used to be in 2001. It happened because poverty among white mothers increased, but Black and Hispanic people remained more likely to face this issue because the gap between these populations was critical and did not reduce. While the first two hypotheses were supported by research, the last one was refuted. Damaske et al. (2016) proved that even employed individuals are at risk of poverty in 2010 while they were expected to have better financial conditions in 2001. All in all, professionals revealed that racial diversity was associated with disparities even among a rather limited population of single mothers. Their perspective on diversity, Damaske et al. (2016) managed to develop when checking their hypotheses and obtaining those results that were discussed in the previous paragraph. In order to reach this target, professionals analyzed and synthesized data obtained from American Community Survey. In particular, information from 2001, 2005, and 2010 was us
Introduction Since Saudi Arabia is a dynamic state, domestic policy changes are not surprising. In particular, any transformation processes at the national level are primarily related to the deep desire of the country’s leadership to meet the demands of society and respond effectively to geopolitical trends. Such judgments relate to the formation in 2019 of the Saudi Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development, MHRSD, responsible for ensuring the development of society, safeguarding its interests, social support and protection along with the regulation of labor processes and human resources policy. Figure 1: Corporate Statements (MHRSD, 2021). According to the text on the Ministry’s official website, MHRSD’s stated mission is to empower the individual by promoting responsibility and shaping the labor market to create a rewarding professional experience for employees, as shown in Figure 1. From this statement, it is clear that MHRSD is committed to transparent models of sustainable development in which the human resources of the structure show the highest productivity. MHRSD’s vision comes down to an environmentally responsible and attractive market-oriented work setting. Finally, the Ministry’s corporate values include a deep focus on employees, beneficiaries and a commitment to collaboration and partnership. As can be seen from the above statements, MHRSD’s primary interests are to create an organizational structure that is fully responsive to the interests of those involved and that provides the appropriate level of service and professional expertise to employees and clients. Thus, it is pertinent to note that the ideal MHRSD model has a generally neutral business agenda, similar to most large organizations, especially in public administration. The Real Organization While it is common for organizations to set high goals and use the full range of available corporate tools to achieve them, it is true to state that there is always a gap between the ideal model of the corporate system and the real embodiment. Hence, the minimization of this characterizes the challenges of effective leadership. The best strategy for identifying the real agenda in the Ministry is to consider the views of employees in integration with personal experience with the structure. More specifically, MHRSD has achieved a very high corporate culture level that focuses on active participation and increasing employee engagement as a valuable resource for the Ministry. In fact, the government administration justifies the public interest in providing a large number of jobs for employees without any discriminatory policies or rules, allowing the Ministry to perform its assigned functional duties with quality. This assertion can be confirmed by a study of the MHRSD work page on LinkedIn, showing that the staff’s structure consists not only of Arabs but also represented by residents of the Gulf, African countries, and even the United States ( Ministry , 2021). From this, it can be concluded that MHRSD provides an adequate service level and has the developed policy of diversity. Looking at current news fu
My family and I live in Canada, more specifically in Laval, Quebec. However, my ancestors come from Haiti, which is a state located in North America. Officially, it is referred to as the Republic of Haiti, and the population of this country is approximately ten million people ( Where is Haiti located? ). I have been living in Canada since childhood, but my parents have lived the majority of their life in Haiti. Moreover, most of my family, including uncles, aunts, and siblings, are still in Haiti. Picture 1 is a map that shows the location of Haiti, where one can see that it is a small state surrounded by the Caribbean Sea. In addition, it shares a border with the Dominican Republic. The island where the two countries are situated is titled “Hispaniola.” Picture 1. Haiti (Where is Haiti located?) My family migrated from Haiti when I was six years old because of a work opportunity. We arrived at the country of residence by a commercial flight. However, I know many Haitian Canadians who migrated to Quebec and Laval in particular, and many of their families resettled in the 1960s and 1970s, trying to escape the dictatorship of Duvalier. They used different means of transport and traveled using boats or had to ride through several countries before getting to Canada. Taking history and geography into account, I would suggest that my family migrated because there are more opportunities in Canada, especially in terms of the state’s economic development. Historically, Haiti has been a part of the Spanish Empire for a lengthy period until the 17th century. However, French colonists managed to occupy Haiti, which had a significant impact on the state. For example, most people speak French or Creole, which is a language based on French. My parents still practice some traditions and customs of our ancestors. For example, we celebrate Ancestry Day and Dessalines Day. The former is a way of remembering loved ones and deceased family members. The latter is a national holiday in Haiti. It is linked to the death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who is considered to be one of Haiti’s founding fathers. However, the majority of our family traditions are not different from those of other Canadians, mainly because our family is Christian, and many traditions are linked to this religion. Overall, the exploration of the family tree and family history allowed one to sum up some of the critical facts about Haiti and immigration. Work Cited “Where is Haiti Located? Location Map of Haiti”. Mapsofworld , Web.
Dual track system is an economic system where the government has the full control over the critical sectors of the economy. In this case, the private enterprises are offered limited control over the other minor sectors in the economy. The dual track price system can also be viewed as the intermediary price system which can be found between the free market and control of the price by the State. Back in 1970s, most prices were set by the government in China. This was set along with the quantity goals. However, later it was agreed that the system be moved from the planned to the market oriented economy. However, the policy makers proposed that there was no need for abrupt changes. They rather proposed that changes should be executed gradually to integrate the prevailing system with the free market system. In the early 1980s, majority of the small enterprises which had completed their quota production were permitted to sell their surplus to the market. The first implementation of the dual track system can be traced back in China in 1979 under the agricultural reform (Feng 35). This can also be seen as one of the most successfully dual track systems. Under the system, the commune was assigned the responsibility of selling a certain fixed volume of grain produce to the state procurement agency where the prices were predetermined through the prices (Roland 136). Under the system, the commune was supposed to pay a certain fixed amount of tax to the government. However, it was also supposed to receive the necessary inputs applied in the production like the fertilizers at flat prices from the suppliers owned by the government. On fulfilling these requirements, the commune was free to do other things. For instance, commune was free to produce any kind of produce they considered profitable and also sell the excess in a free market. The free market is the form of economic system where prices are left to the forces of the market to balance in order to adjust the prices. In this case, producers usually get profits on the goods they sell. Therefore, the commune managed to make profits through this system after which they retain the profits. Later, the track system was introduced in the industry. This started with the oil sector and shortly after with the all other industries (Roland 136). The extension of this system to the industry was in an effort to extend success in the other industry after the success experienced through the agricultural reform. Under these arrangements, enterprises received a frozen level of inputs and compulsory delivery quotas. Advantages of dual track price system in China There are several advantages which are associated with the dual track price economy. One of the main advantages of this system is that it is associated with Pareto improving. Pareto efficiency is a situation whereby an economic activity which makes one person better off without making any person worse off. One of the main characteristic of economic resource is scarcity. Therefore, th
Erickson’s theory is more socialized and considers the development from birth to death of a person. Freud’s view is based on the psychosexual person, including developmental stages only up to 18. According to Erikson, a healthy resolution is associated with fidelity, meaning the ability to make choices, find a way in life, accept social foundations, and adhere to them (Ryan et al., 2017). For Freud, it is inclusion in society, the beginning of social education, communication with peers, removing barriers in interpersonal contacts, and expanding the field of fixation of the object of attraction. Fixation is when the ID, Ego and superego do not receive proper development, which leads to the fact that a person is delayed at one of the early stages of development. In adolescence, the equilibrium between the Id and the Ego, acquired during the latency period, is disturbed. The Ego is weak in front of the Id impulses; it cannot oppose anything to the Id impulses (Ryan et al., 2017). The Super-Ego observes the Ego’s behavior, controls it and punishes it with a sense of guilt (Ryan et al., 2017). The competition is seen in adolescents’ behavior, for example, the strong desire of getting autonomy from parents, aggression towards peers, emotional instability and increased interest in sports and art. Ego development does not affect whether an adolescent will be extroverted or introverted as the differences between these types of character are defined by genetic predisposition. At stage 3, the adolescents can assess behavior in terms of moral principles. For example, individuals try to get approval or disapproval from others by sacrificing personal interests in favor of educators’ opinion. At stage 4, the adolescents see in the observance of laws an opportunity to defend their rights (Ryan et al., 2017). For instance, an adolescent can inform the teacher that the latter cannot behave in a particular manner. For moral growth to progress, stimulation from the external environment is necessary; in particular, the child needs a good example to rely on. Different aspects of an adolescent’s life, especially parental support and relationships with classmates, affect a teenager’s self-esteem. For instance, parents’ harsh, negative attitude results in the situation when children are focused on failures, being afraid to take risks and avoid participation in class discussions (Ryan et al., 2017). Concerning friends, appearance begins to have a strong influence on the development of self-esteem; for instance, the compliance of the adolescent’s appearance with the standards adopted in the peer group becomes a determining factor in social recognition. Adolescence is the life period characterized by biological, hormonal, physical changes during puberty
Introduction According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (Alcoholism, 2000), alcohol is among the three largest causes of preventable mortality in the United States. Contributing to approximately 100,000 deaths annually, only tobacco and diet/activity patterns contribute to greater death tolls. The Council also estimates that, despite laws against underage drinking, approximately 13.8 million Americans over the age of 18, representing about seven percent of the population, have experienced difficulty controlling their alcohol consumption, including 8.1 million people who are alcoholics. It is particularly disturbing to note that the prevalence of drinking problems is among those individuals within the 18 to 29 age group with a greater number of men experiencing problems than women by a factor of almost three to one. Despite laws against underage drinking, more than half of all high school seniors in this country have reported being drunk at least once and a third of them have reported have three or more drinks in a row in the weeks prior to the survey while another 76 million people, almost half of all Americans, have reported being exposed to alcoholism within the home (Alcoholism, 2000). These numbers are particularly alarming as studies continue to show that individuals who have started drinking before age 15 are up to four times more likely to develop alcoholism than those who started at age 21 and there is a greater tendency for alcoholism to run within family lines. Alcohol can affect not only the physical health of the individual but can have long-term repercussions on their psychology and social life as well, strongly affecting the way they relate to the world and those around them and only controllable through life-long voluntary measures such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Physically, alcohol can have a dramatic impact upon an individual’s body particularly as it affects the liver. According to Dennis Koop (2007), alcohol damages the body in numerous ways thanks to the way in which it processes the substance when it is introduced. As alcohol enters the liver, it is metabolized by an enzyme called CYP2E1. In this process, toxicity levels are increased in the production of compounds Koop calls reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are formed when oxygen gains an electron, thus reducing the levels of oxygen in the body and functioning to damage other cellular molecules. Animals who have been treated with this compound have proven that the presence of CYP2E1 does indeed increase the level of chemical damage in the body by free radicals, particularly as they affect the lipid components of cell membranes in the liver cells (Dey & Cederbaum, 2006). This is because when t
Introduction George Orwell wrote his novel “1984” in 1949, almost immediately after WWII, so the events, which preceded and caused the military conflict, strongly influenced the writer. Although the polity and society depicted by Orwell are fully imaginary, it is actually possible to assume that the regime of the “1984” superstate actually resemble the exaggerated, uncontrolled socialism, which grew into totalitarianism. The present paper argues that such themes as war, tyrannical state regimes, propaganda, terror and dehumanization of society are partly copied from the real-life Western and Eastern Europe, especially the Soviet Union, Germany and Italy. Main body As Bowker writes, “During the Second World War, George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy, as it existed before 1939, would not survive the war, the question being: Would it end via Fascist coup d’etat (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)?” (Bowker, 2003, p.76). Thus, the writer anticipated the global dominance of totalitarian regime and partly expressed his fears in the novel. Orwell many times confessed that most works he created were directed against the inhumane forms of organization of political power, cult of personality and cultivation of ignorance among the ordinary folk. The specific inspirations for the Oceania society from “1984” were The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany with their inherent propaganda, betrayal of the ideals of the revolution, concentration camps and misinformation. For instance, in the Soviet Union of the 1930s-1940s, there were similar slogans to “Big Brother Is Watching You” (Orwell, 2004, p.8); for instance, the state ordered its citizens to avoid talking to much with others and revealing their personal opinion (Bowker, 2004, p.76). Similarly, in Nazi Germany, there were slogans about freedom, equality and economic well-being, so the country actually capitalized on the eternal and omnipresent human values. However, the Big Brother in “1984” seems to distort these values in order to turn the population’s thoughts into a different direction, as the Parties teach that freedom is slavery, and war is peace, so that citizens are gradually habituated to a new context of reasoning. The distribution of power in the Oceanic society is based greatly upon the two above mentioned totalitarian states. First of all, the Inner and the Outer Parties greatly re
Introduction What is the root of a sexual desire within the human species when choosing who to date or who to share companionship with? Have you ever noticed similar physical or intellectual patterns with the individuals that you are attracted to? In most cases, this attraction has not been taught but developed over a long period. Explanation Sexual desire is an extraordinarily complex and distinctly human characteristic. There are many factors that contribute to an individual’s sexual behavior. Most individual only views sexual desire as an outlet to engage in the physical aspect of sex. However, there is more to having sex than physical satisfaction. The traditional purpose of sexual activity or sexual desire was primarily for reproduction, which could be categorized as a naturalistic point of view. This perspective was remarkably similar to Christian outlooks on sexual behavior. According to the teachings of Christianity, sexual desire was only useful within the sanctity of marriage. If sexuality activity is practiced for other reasons than reproduction, then it would be considered a sin (Aronson and Kimmel 75). Homosexuality, masturbation, and the use of birth control would be considered the opposite of God’s plan and morally wrong. This view is often classified as conservative and extremely strict. However, it is the foundation of debates on the moral status put on sex. These actions are used as coded behaviors to draw one closer in love with their partner. However, when they are together, all they do is complain about how they are betraying the King. Therefore, it becomes evident once again that they are not bound by love, but only by their need to fill a sexual desire. Courtly love works to maintain this separation as if they were meant to love than their difficult attainment would draw them in love. Instead, their relationship appears to be about sexual desire, something that is separate from love (Hooks 16). Conclusion In conclusion, love and sexual desire are not fused together. Sexual desire does not necessarily cause love; however, by engaging in it, one can work to achieve love. As presented above, courtly love maintains certain distinctions that assist in maintaining this separation. Works Cited Aronson, Amy and Michael, Kimmel. The Gendered Society Reader. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Hooks, Bell. Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Brooklyn, New York: South End Press, 2000. Print.
Introdaction For two and half centuries, that is, between the middle of the fifteenth and seventeenth century, European explorers traversed the globe to most regions unknown before. This is known as the age of reconnaissance. European explorers discovered many regions of the world and sailed to all of them; discovering, trading, and eventually settling in them. The European explorers and merchants explored and discovered many parts on the west coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean putting in motion a number of events and consequences. Then interest shifted to the Atlantic and the South Sea and the new routes to the East and finally, they started occupying and colonizing the territories they had discovered bringing with it a set of new consequences according to Parry (1981, 131-145, 146-162, and 303-319). What was the exploration of the West African coast and Indian Coast preliminary of? The exploration of the West African coast and Indian Coast was a rehearsal of the exploration and opening of the Indian trade, which happened much later after Prince Henry died. What impact did Prince Henry’s death have on exploration? Prince Henry was the crown prince of Portugal and together with his brother Pedro; they sponsored and gave direction to the exploration of the West African coast. After his death in 1460, just when the coast had become more dangerous and difficult, Henry’s African rights reverted to a crown that did not want to incur the cost of the exploration. Further, the prince had left a huge debt and this discouraged the crown more. Alfonso V who took over was not interested in exploring the Guinea coast rather in the control of Morocco. This slowed down the exploration (parry 1981, 133). What is the Treaty of Alcaçovas? What were the terms of the agreement? The Treaty of Alcaçovas is an agreement signed in 1479 between the Portuguese and the Castile Spanish after the defeat of Castile by the Portuguese at the West African coast except in the Canaries and at home. The concessions of the treaty were Castile retain the Canary islands only and abandon trade with Mina, Portugal was granted the monopoly of trade, fishing, and navigation of the West African coast and claim of the other three island groups (Madeira, Azores and cape Verde). Portugal also had to safely escort the Castile ships in African waters home and abandon any claim of the Canary Islands (Parry 1981, 137). Who is Bartolomeu Dias? Why is he significant? Bartolomeu Dias was a capable sailor appointed by King John II in 1487 to take over from Diogo Cao who explored 1450 miles of tropical coast against the Benguela and the south-east trades from 1483 to 1487. Dias set sail for the West Coast of Africa and was able to reach the Southernmost point of Africa which is Cape Agulhas a dangerous place. He discovered how to get there under sail