ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The international legal background for the protection of cultural property became a matter for discussion during several last years as a result of many armed conflicts observed in different world regions, and especially in the Middle East and North Africa. The deterioration of the political situation in the world has led to the development of new wars and to the further destruction of historical sites and the misappropriation of artworks belonging to nations. Thus, representatives of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) regarded as the terrorist group destroyed numerous cultural objects in Iraq and Syria in 2014, and the situation seems to even worsen in 2015. The response of the international community to the mass destruction of cultural property in the Middle East was immediate, and many governments referred to the goals and principles of the 1954 Hague Convention as well as to its protocols as the tools to prevent further damage to cultural heritage. However, the problem is in the fact that the current laws that address the issue of cultural property destruction and the supported treaty regime are not always viewed by researchers and authorities as effective enough to fight the real threat caused by the development of the armed conflicts in the Middle East. In this context, it is important to evaluate the current laws and regulations in the field of cultural property protection in terms of their adequateness and efficiency. This paper will discuss what protection is provided to cultural property according to the current international humanitarian law and regulations and whether this protection can be considered effective. In order to support the critical analysis of the issue, modern definitions of cultural property will be discussed along with the evolution of the law regarding the cultural heritage that can be used to protect property during armed conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa. Definition of Cultural Property Cultural heritage is the property of a certain state or a nation that is represented by archeologically and culturally valuable objects, different historical artworks, as well as particular archaeological sites. Following the definition proposed in Article 1 of the Hague Convention, cultural property can be discussed as the “movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular; archaeological sites; … works of art; manuscripts, books”. From this point, objects and sites that are referred to as cultural property usually represent the historical and cultural development of the concrete nation and civilization. Therefore, cultural property is usually characterized by great importance for the international community. Still, the definition proposed in the Hague Convention is often discussed as rather general, and authorities usually regard the idea of cultural property with the
A tort action is an act of commission or omission that results in a legal injury for which a remedy can be instituted. The case has a number of tort actions that include slander and negligence. Slander Actions Slander is defined as a written publication of an unjustified false statement against an individual. The statement must have a potential to lower the plaintiff’s reputation from a rational person’s perspective. For an act to be considered as slander, the statement must have been false, referred to the plaintiff, defamatory in nature, and published in a written form. In the case, Raul published a false statement on a sign. The statement claimed that SureCo Company was stealing from its customers, a statement that is not true and yet taints the company’s image (Miller and Jentz, 2010). Plaintiff and defendant The potential plaintiff in the tort case is the SureCo Company. This is because the company is the victim of the defamation. The defendant is Raul who published a defamatory statement (Miller and Jentz, 2010). Elements of slander that constitutes the plaintiff’s claim The actions of Raul satisfy the essential elements of a slander. The first element is the publication of a false statement. Raul published a claim that the company is stealing from its customers. This statement is false because the company did not engage in any of such activities. Actions of the agent that constituted misrepresentation of facts were illegal and did not bind the company. The written statement was further defamatory (Miller and Jentz, 2010). Possible defense The possible defense that Raul can use is justification of the statement or an offer of apology for the statement. Justification of the statement would involve proof that the company has been involved in an activity of stealing from its customers. Raul can similarly apologize to the company and use the apology as a defense (Miller and Jentz, 2010). Possible resolution The case is most likely to be resolved in favor of SureCo. This is because the circumstances of the case satisfy elements of a slander. The possible defenses are also not strong enough, based on the facts of the case. Negligence Another tort action in the case is negligence. Negligence is defined as a breach of duty of care that leads to legal injury (Miller and Hollwell, 2010). Plaintiff and defendant The plaintiff in the case would be Raul who was shot in the eye. The defendants would be the boss and SureCO Inc. SureCo would be a possible defendant on the ground that the boss acted on her capacity as an agent for the interest of the company (Miller and Hollwell, 2010). Elements of negligence For a case to be considered as negligence, the defendant must have owed the duty of care t
Introduction It is necessary to note that the role of influence and networking has been increasing over the years, and the techniques used are much more advanced than they used to be in the past. It is important to be aware of which approaches should be used in particular situations, and prompt decisions are also valuable. Understanding of these concepts is crucial because the knowledge can be used to analyze situations related to diplomacy and can be applied in the workplace. Discussion The first principle suggests that it is imperative to establish long-term relationships to have an influence on the decisions that individuals and organizations make. The approach is appropriate because a well-developed network of partners could be useful in case of emergency. However, it is important to select trustworthy individuals and organizations and be careful when disclosing vital information. The second principle is focused on the establishment of coalitions. It is hard to argue with the importance of this concept because it can be seen from history that groups of people and organizations are much more influential, and the decisions that they make may have an enormous impact on many regions all over the world. Relationships between the countries are paramount because such coalitions could address global issues that may affect the economy. According to the third principle of networking, it may be reasonable to consider collaboration with competitors. This concept is rather intriguing because it is not an easy task to predict the consequences of such actions and many companies would be hesitant when signing agreements. It is necessary to ensure that such relationships are beneficial to both sides to avoid conflicts and disagreements. The fourth principle suggests that it is important to assess the situation in the region and possible consequences of decisions associated with diplomacy. All of the pros and cons should be evaluated because it could damage the relationships and an ability to influence partners. Differences between the cultures and traditions also should be taken into account during negotiations. The impact of influence on public relations (PR), diplomacy, and marketing should not be overlooked according to the fifth principle. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of this ability to gain a competitive advantage because other companies may be able to influence policies and gain a favorable position in the market. Furthermore, it should be one of the central aspects that affect the business strategy. The last principle is one of the most important and needs to be discussed. It is suggested that it is necessary to devote attention to proactive activities because the ability to influence others may be reduced if an individual or a company is passive. A reactive approach is not appropriate in such situations because it leads to a broad range of is
Introduction Each picture has its meaning in society instead of serving simply as an entertaining combination of colors, brush strokes, or figures. Similarly to text, they have coded ‘messages’ for the viewer to decode and understand. By processing a certain amount of such coded messages, a change may happen in the personal value system of an individual or a group. Therefore, meaning-rich pictures such as commercial advertisements have power over people. For instance, cigarette advertisement campaigns in the first half of the twentieth century are significant contributors to the formation of symbols such as masculinity (Cortese & Ling 2011: 5). Analyzing them from the standpoint of semiotics is vital for capturing the implicit values, senses, social, and cultural context of the time when they were produced. Advertisement campaigns of Marlboro can be considered iconic for their influence on society, which is why it is paramount to decode the meaning and symbols they are proposing and describe their transmission pathways (Cortese & Ling 2011: 22). The two pictures representing a beautiful woman and a handsome man in a cowboy outfit are the classic images that Marlboro used in their further campaigns. In this paper, it will be argued that the Marlboro cigarette campaigns for women and men contributed greatly to creating ‘classic’ images of masculinity and femininity in the American culture. Semiotic Analysis Semiotic analysis of cigarette advertisements is supported by the scientific community and named one of the most essential and effective tools for interpreting their message (Anderson, Dewhirst & Ling 2006: 254). According to Bignell (1997: 1), semiotics is a science about signs and their meaning in society. The two pictures chosen for analysis contain an implicit meaning which is translated through these signs. According to Anderson, Dewhirst, and Ling (2006: 255), each picture to be meaningful to a viewer follows the standard communicative process that entails the source, encoding, message, decoding. In this case, the model entails the Marlboro company that encodes a message implying the positive qualities of a buyer. The receiver decodes the message by seeing attractive elements, mentally forging them into a perfect image of self and the person from the advertisement picture. To better understand the meaning of the advertisement piece, it is vital to grasp the initial intention of the author of the message. Masculinity in Marlboro Campaign for Men The key inclination of Marlboro for both men and women campaign is to sell as many cigarettes as possible. To do that, Marlboro chose to attract customers by appealing to esthetically and implicatively pleasuring views and concepts (Morgenstern, Isensee & Hanewinkel 2013: 45). In the poster, several signs together create a meaningful message. The men’s campaign illust
Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (KKD) is one of the global doughnuts’ retailers with subsidiaries in more than 50 countries worldwide. As all U.S. based companies, KKD heavily relies on the U.S. and Canadian markets to distribute and expand its retail network. The company holds the leading position among doughnuts’ manufacturers due to the small-factory shops and brand marketing based on the delivery of fresh and just-prepared doughnuts. The company management suggests that it needs expansion and should shift from the retail shops to the new markets and distribution models. Internal Audit The internal audit shows that KKD puts emphasis on customer-driven functional operations, where customers’ satisfaction rates, collaborations, and impact on the brand are more important than the revenue streams or business model in general. Nonetheless, the company has focused only on the limited distribution channel, which offers the small-factory shops to execute the retailing model. While such an approach satisfies consumers and increases their loyalty, KKD reports inflexibility of such a model. As a result, the business faces a bilateral impact of the internal decisions in both marketing strategy and supply chain management. The issue is that the small-factory shops have a limited range of distribution capacities, making it impossible to store doughnuts and re-sell them. Such a situation is due to organization’s mission and vision, where consumers should get fresh, hot, and just-prepared products. In return, such a brand value harms operational capabilities. What is more, the supply chain management is also suffering losses and inefficiency. KKD reports that there is only one supplier for raw materials and ingredients. Such a constraint means that the company is highly dependent on the suppliers’ bargaining power. As a result, the expansion of domestic and international markets triggers additional costs and structural problems, as the brand should create a favourable environment for both stores and the supplier. External Audit The external environment also creates pressure on the company. The company suggests to change the business and retail model; however, the primary competitors have more diversified structure and networks, which are challenging to overcome. Foremost, the rivalry has successfully integrated diversified supply chain management. KKD’s competitors do not need to offer additional packages for suppliers as they search and contact local companies. KKD’s model is not prepared for such a rivalry due to the unified system with one supplier. Another disadvantage is that the company uses small-factory shops and retailing spots. On the contrary, such brands, like Starbucks, rely on the wholesale strategy, where beverages and snacks are delivered fresh and h
Introduction The nitrogen cycle is a naturally occurring process where the level of nitrogen found in soils is controlled. This is done by decomposition of organic material and absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere. The process maintains a diversity of plants and animals. The world has embarked on major industrialization, which has resulted in the use of fossil fuels. Emissions from these fuels affect the nitrogen cycle. Scientists from Brown University and the University of Washington summarizes these effects to increase of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere 1 . This paper looks into how Burning Fossil Fuels Affect the Nitrogen Cycle. Nitrogen cycle The atmosphere is made up of approximately 70% of nitrogen gas (N2); plants require this gas for production. However, they cannot absorb this component directly from the atmosphere. The nitrogen cycle is the process that nitrogen is converted into the inorganic component which a plant can absorb. The process is facilitated by organisms found in soil and o plants’ roots. Nitrogen is also released when organic products decompose and from artificial fertilizers. The following diagram interpolates the cycle; The following Diagram interpolates the process Burning of fossil fuels Fossil fuels are anaerobic decompositions of organic matter for millions of years and are utilized as sources of fuels. Their major component is a carbon (over 90%), but produces among others nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds 2 . How fossil fuels affect nitrogen cycle With the increase in the industrial process, there has been an increase in use of fuel in production. When fuel is burnt, there are gases produced. They are disposed to the environment and results into global warming. Such gasses include carbon gasses and nitrogen oxide gases. When nitrogen oxide is release, there is the resultant of acid rain/fog. These fogs have a high concentration of nitrogen oxide which when it is filtered in the social it affects the salinity of those soils. Soils with nitrogen oxide filtered into them loses its potassium and calcium components. Calcium and potassium are important in enhancing balanced plant ecosystems. Soil loses it fertility and growth of plants on such soils is reduced. Soils affected by acid rains are more acidic that they are expected to be and thus plants do not grow effectively on them. On the other hand animals depend on plants rather indirectly or directly. If social do not grow plants, and then animals lack food. Nitrogen oxide is a strong compound that is not easily decomposed. When it is swept downstream, it affects aquatic life. This is through killing of aquatic living organisms or affecting the growths of aquatic plants which animals live in water depend on. Burning of fossil fuels results into green house effect; the resultant is an increase in global warming. It is estimated that there was a 0.74 ± 0.18 °C increase in each temperature changes as a result of green house effect. The increased t
Information security is denying access to system data and also preventing entry of any information to unauthorized individuals. This also means protection from the direct use of information, their modification, disruption and also disclosure of such. As organizations keep sharing their information electrically, it is required that such organizations continue to understand what is expected so as to secure their information technologically. (Mayur S. D., & Thomas, J., 2008). Ethics is the basic guideline that is meant to be followed when there is no clear direction for a particular circumstance. Some of these rules of ethics in security information include respect to matters of privacy and anonymity, taking responsibility, respect to intellectual property, and provision of diligent and professional services to principals and even acting honorably, justly, legitimately and legally (Allen, & Merrill, 2008) The threat possessed by anyone who wants to protect sensitive data is the ease in which computers and networks can be accessed efficiently, store and retrieve data. In such cases, individual privacy is likely to be at risk. Anonymity and privacy can be useful in concealing information such as those of health, medical record and security. On the other hand, anonymity and privacy can be used to carry out illegal activities such as terrorism and money laundering. However, there are factors that undermine computer privacy and such include data matching and mining, rise of world- wide- web and processing power of computers (Jason, Segolene, & Juan, 2009). Computer professionals have an obligation to act responsibly. Great power comes with extensive responsibility, and more often than not, their interest will differ forcing them to come into conflict with their fellow employees. Professionals should be able to take responsibility for their own defaults. Therefore, it is advisable such professional be aware of such potential conflicts and avoids them. That is what ethical responsibility is all about. (Jason, Segolene, & Juan, 2009). Respect for intellectual property is extremely important when it comes to information security. Intellectual property in this case would mean ownership in terms of software and other applications. Whereas some programs and software distributed to the public are available and can easily be obtained in copies, there are still those programs that are not free and organizations that created them use them for investments. (Mayur S. D., & Thomas, J., 2008) Investors com
The article by Al-Hanawi et al. (2019) discusses the current state of the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia (KSA) health system. Although having experienced significant growth and development, propelling it into the top ranks of international health systems, there are numerous challenges yet to be addressed. Based on the Vision 2030 and National Transformation Program 2020, there are necessary changes that must be app1ied to the sector in order to sustain the kingdom’s population growth, increased ratio of the elderly population, and prevalence of chronic diseases. Currently, KSA has a below international average number of beds and number of doctors per 1000 population. Some key objectives going forward are to increase the private sector’s share of spending and participation in the national health system by addressing under par financing and productivity to help with supporting KSA’s healthcare sector that is largely public/government-based. A second objective is to develop a healthcare labor force that is designed to handle the increase of non-communicable diseases (particularly in specialties such as family medicine). Finally, there is an increased need for skilled professionals in healthcare both in clinical medicine and healthcare management (Al-Hanawi et al., 2019). All of these require an increase in recruiting Saudi nationals to the sector as currently two-thirds of the workforce are non-Saudi citizens or maybe facing retirement. These issues are largely supported by other studies. Other problems that arise include high costs of healthcare services due to inefficiency, inequitable access to services, concerns regarding quality and safety, as well as a highly centralized structure that actually leads to poor coordination among sectors of care (Al Asmri et al., 2019). Briefly mentioned, by Al-Hanawi et al. (2019), but generally overlooked is the importance of Primary Healthcare Services (PHC) which represent the first access level of care in the Saudi health system. While the Ministry of Health expenditure per capita has increased by 0.41%, KSA spends less on per-capita bases than most industrialized nations (Al-Hanawi et al., 2019). This is due to the finances and leaders focusing primarily on hospitals rather than primary health centers. Therefore, funds are on utilized efficiently, and the infrastructure of PHC struggling considerably behind hospitals. No healthcare system reform is effective without changes to the PHC as nations with efficient PHC as a cornerstone see successful healthcare along with changes in social determinants. PHC can effectively address the increasing burden of chronic and non-communicable diseases that do not require hospitalization. This is an area where the private sector can be brought in to address the needs of the healthcare system and population. Significant consideration must be given to public-private healthcare partnerships to develop a blended service delivery mechanism (Sajjad & Qureshi, 2017). Furthermore, under the Ministry of Health National Transition Initiatives 2020, talent management has been adopted throughout different levels o