ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Article In January 2021, the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office for Civil Rights announced that Excellus Health Plan, a health insurance provider, had agreed to pay $5.1 million. The money was paid as a penalty for a HIPAA violation case for a data breach that affected 9.3 million individuals (Cohen, 2021). The company’s computer systems had been accessed by hackers for two years between 2013 and 2015. The malware had been installed into the company’s computers and data for approximately 9.5 million customers accessed (Cohen, 2021). This data included names, contact information, dates of birth, social security numbers, health plan ID numbers, claims data, financial accounts, and clinical treatment information. Investigations revealed that the company was not in compliance with several HIPAA regulations and was, therefore, fined. Mitigation or Prevention of Breach Excellus Health Plan could have prevented the breach of the HIPAA privacy and security regulations by conducting regular risk analyses to identify weaknesses in their systems. These investigations into the electronically protected health information would have helped them invent means of strengthening their systems to combat malware. Additionally, the company could have ensured that its data is appropriately protected by ensuring that only authorized persons access it since the breach resulted from unauthorized access. The company could have established policies for regular reviews of the information system. These policies would have been a source of immense assessment of the electronic data and devices to ensure maintenance is within company needs and regulations. The company could seek the services of electronic system developers to ensure their electronic devices were installed with the latest malware detection and elimination tools. Office for Civil Rights Enforcement Activities and Results Similarities In the majority of the cases, there is a third party entity that gains access to confidential information belonging to clients, therefore, violating their privacy. The access to data in most situations results from an insufficiency on the part of the party entrusted with the information, whether an insurer or a hospital (HIPAA Journal, 2021). Th
Introduction The healthcare industry has evolved dramatically over the years and allowed treating severe diseases, managing chronic conditions, or even performing complex surgeries. However, despite the mentioned benefits, some issues still exist, especially in the context of the United States healthcare system, connected to costs and availability of qualified personnel capable of addressing the population’s needs. In this regard, new technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) in combination with various smart devices allows distributing some of the tasks that a nurse or a physician would typically do to the computer. This paper will review the trend of using AI in healthcare, the relevance of the topic, and its integration into a clinical setting. Choosing the Topic The topic of artificial intelligence and smart devices in healthcare diagnostics was chosen because of several issues that the US healthcare system is currently experiencing. According to Sensmeier (2017), over 35% of healthcare establishments in the United States plan on applying AI in their daily operations. Firstly, the amount of information published in research journals is overwhelming, making it difficult for a healthcare professional to keep up to date with all novelties, especially in cases of rare conditions. Secondly, the shortage of healthcare personnel that the state is experiencing affects the ability to treat individuals adequately. Finally, similarly to the efforts of telehealth, AI can be used to diagnose people rural or remote locations, providing them with necessary care without a need to go to the nearest hospital. Hence, the topic of AI and smart health devices and its application in healthcare was chosen for this paper because of the relevance and its ability to address the contemporary issues existing within the context of the US medical services. Although most of the implications connected to AI are positive, another aspect of this technology that is interesting to review exists. If AI algorithms become highly advanced, whether they be able to replace human medical personnel or the two work in collaboration, is the primary concern (Jiang et al., 2017). Arguably, this would help reduce the rapidly increasing costs of healthcare in the United States, which is another issue that has to be addressed by legislators and professionals in the field. While it is evident that AI and smart health devices have the potential of altering the current approaches to care provision, it is necessary to establish the relevance of this practice for the nursing profession. Sensmeier (2017) argues that nurses should be prepared to use this technology in their practice since it can help them reduce the number of tasks. For instance, smartphones or computers using AI can provide insight into the patient’s length of stay based on the population data. Another aspect of the application is safety since the algorithm can address the issue of hospital-acquired diseases and potential threats. Current Relevance The technology advancements and in
Summary Knee injuries are very common, especially in sports medicine, and can have severe consequences for the patient, limiting their movements and impeding daily routines. There are four ligaments connecting the thigh and shin bones: medial collateral (MCL), lateral collateral (LCL), posterior cruciate (PCL), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (National Library of Medicine (NLM)). The last one is the focus of the current study. The ACL is located in the middle of the knee joint and keeps the shin bone in its place behind the end of the thigh bone (NLM). When one overextends a knee joint, receives a hit at the side of it, or quick stops and changes direction while running or landing from a jump, the ACL can be overstretched or torn (NLM). An ACL injury can also occur with other knee injuries, such as a torn MCL or knee cartilage-meniscus (NLM). ACL injuries most frequently occur in the middle of the ligament or when it is pulled out of the thigh bone (NLM). Thus, the ACL is an important but vulnerable part of the human body. Most patients with ACL injuries require professional medical help and surgery. When an ACL injury occurs, the gap between torn edges prevents them from healing on their own (NLM). Therefore, patients undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR) – the replacement of the torn ligament with a graft (Fineberg et al., 2000). Grafts can be taken from the patient’s body (autografts) or a cadaver (allografts) (Johnson et al., 1992; Frank & Jackson, 1997). These grafts are commonly harvested from a patellar tendon or a hamstring tendon (Johnson et al., 1992; Frank & Jackson, 1997). Other allografts sources include Achilles, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps tendons (Shino et al., 1986). However, a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft is widely
Introduction Islam means ‘to Submit’ or offer exclusive devotion to one God who is Allah. It refers to a religion that regards prophet Mohammad as God’s sent prophet whose role was to deliver his message which is recorded in the holy writings of the Quran . Believers in Islam or the Muslims adhere to the recordings of the Quran with special emphasis on the life of Prophet Mohammad and his teachings. A large percentage of Muslims are found in the Middle East. Islam has its roots in Arab which is recognized by directing their faces towards Mecca during prayers and even devoting pilgrimages towards the city. The major practices that are universally practiced by Muslims include the Shahadah which means believe that Allah is God whose messenger is Mohammad. Also, the sallat which translates into prayer should be practiced five times daily. Another practice is the Siyam which means observing the Holy month of Ramadan where Muslims deny themselves their basic necessities in the day. In addition, the practice of hajj is common which refers to the pilgrimage toward Mecca where a follower of Islam is advised to do this at least a single time in life. Finally, Muslims practice Zakat , meaning charity or extending one’s generosity to the poor by giving them a portion of riches (Sorenson, 2008). Social conflict in Mecca Prophet Mohammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca which was a commercial town. Being so contemplative, he could move to southern Mecca in a cave. It was in 610 CE that he was meditating and angel Gabriel revealed himself to him stating that he was chosen by God to deliver his message to the people. This persisted for a period of about twenty years where he managed to convince some few people who became his followers and who later wrote the Quran. Prophet Mohammad had initially been sharing the message with his family members but was advised to spread the news to the community where he was supposed to gather them into a single group. The message was received well in Medina but many people in Mecca gave the prophet a deaf ear where conflicts arose so that his small group of followers could be protected from outside influence which was mainly Christianity, paganism and Judaism (Sorenson, 2008). The people of Mecca who especially were pagans persecuted the converts although they were faced with a strong resistant. The prophet and his followers were chased away, separated from others and faced economic sanctions but were inspired by the Quran which specified conquering any form of injustice with dignity. However, the persecutions persisted and Allah gave a directive to the converts and the prophet to move to medina where many became Muslims and a foundation of the religion was based strongly with Muslims enjoying their freedom. However, the Meccans tried to destroy the religion in medina but they faced resistance since it was strongly rooted and most importantly, they were guided to fight their opponents by the Quran (2:190). Later, the prophet and his followers who had now increased
The DVD documentary, World in the Balance: The People Paradox, is a fifty-six-minute analysis of three regions of the world where different social and economic forces have played a pivotal role in generating severely different population profiles. In India, the DVD reveals that women still give birth to an average of three to four children and they do not have control over their reproductive lives because it is a patriarchal society in which all the decisions concerning sexual reproductive health left for the men. The southern part of India has a birth rate of two children, which is different from the rest of the country’s higher birth rate. The practice of arranged marriages, dowries, and burnings of women who do not give birth to sons has resulted in the subcontinent’s population explosion; as a result, it is likely to surpass China as the country with the most number of people in the world. In Japan, the DVD reveals that there is a growing concern of the lower reproduction rates in the country, which is at 1.3 children per family. More females have become members of the Japanese corporate culture that has increased their role in society; consequently, they are unable to get the time to have children and care for them. Besides, Japan is also faced with the problem of “parasite singles.” It is said that these individuals do not want to become “Christmas cakes” at the age of twenty-five. In Japan, individuals, particularly the females, are required to look after their aging parents; as such, there is not enough time for the women to look after their children. The Japanese government is trying to solve this problem by giving women incentives to persuade them to give birth and avert possible future issues such as pension and productivity predicaments. Lastly, in sub-Saharan Africa, the DVD exposes that that similar to India, the region still has a high birth rate. However, the AIDs pandemic has resulted in a “knob” style population pyramid, particularly in Kenya in which the disease has taken a heavy toll on adults between the age of twenty and sixty. This has left the very old and the young to find their means of sustaining themselves. Further, in Kenya, where the birth rate is at four children per woman, there is an unmet need for family planning, and cases of adolescents getting pregnant and aborting their babies are increasing. In my opinion, something has to be done to address the imbalance of the world’s population problems. About the DVD, individuals in more impoverished societies conduct themselves according to the familial requirements of their cultures while the individuals in the more affluent nations have other alternatives for achieving self-satisfaction, and this trend leaves thos
Case Study PT, a 24-year-old, unmarried Caucasian male, on leave from his OIF posting in Iraq, was apparently normal till he met with an ATV accident recently and now has presented with difficulties of mobility, memory deficits, speech impairment, difficulty in concentration, cognitive impairment, and pain of his right shoulder and a blurred vision. He can be described as a pleasant person with good insight into his cognitive deficits and the able handling of his mobile phone conveyed the picture of a positive thinking individual whose mental status was apparently steady and willing to undertake more for quick recovery, the right kind of patient. His coping strategies appeared to be good. The war had not given him any injuries though he had faced 5 mortar blasts. Though the speech was a problem, PT narrated the history of the accident himself and what followed after from what his family told him. While on block leave from duty in Iraq, he had gone riding on an ATV and was later found hurt and unconscious by the police who took him to the hospital. Hospitalization at Loma Linda VA lasted 3 months though he believed that it was just a week ago where he was treated for TBI and the accompanying hemiplegia and other associated problems. There was no memory of the accident. The last thing that he remembered was his ride. He was not wearing a helmet then. Then he was treated at Pavo Alto VA PTRP Program from where he reached Dr. Peppers of the PM and R Department of Polytrauma in January 2008. Dr.Peppers conducted the TBI Second Level Examination and referred him to the Polytrauma Social Work Assessment and Referral where I am a service provider. He has his mother and a stepfather, a half brother, and 2 half-sisters. His father had passed away. His guide and mentor was his stepfather. PT says he receives social and moral support from his friends and family but refrained from naming anyone. There is no positive history of college education as he is vague about it. Currently, he has no job but wishes to do something when he is discharged from the army. His financial status appears to be steady now. He has been given an insurance amount of $50000 and has a total monthly income of $ 2520. PT does his own cooking and other activities himself. History of alcohol or tobacco use is denied and PT recollected that he had abstained for more than a year. The nicotine patch is in situ. The history of using additional Trazadone tablets was volunteered. The automobile that he drives was obtained under a false name. Carnival activities are his style of leisure. Dr. Peppers’ Case records of TBI Second evaluation Case records show no eviden
Introduction Climatic changes in the world have led to environmental consciousness. Impact of environmental degradation is real as various observable impacts can be witnessed. As a result of environmental changes, a group of people who are concerned of environmental issues has come up. The main concern of this group, referring itself as green, is to ensure a sustainable world. Green revolution is observed in all parts of the economy. Concerning the environmental effect of fossil fuels, various developments such as bio fuels have emerged. Greens revolution is a major concern in the hospitality industry. With increase in environment consciousness, some customers demand for environmentally friendly services and facilities. Hotel and tourism result to various environmental impacts. Some materials used in hotel industry have environmental impact while discharges may have negative effect to the environment. In tourism, some certain activities have negative effects on the environment. Increase in environment conscious clients in hospitality industry leave investors in hospitality industry with no choice but consider environment issues that affect the industry. Green hotels and ecotourism are the image of green revolution in hospitality industry. The main concern for green hotel and ecotourism is to implement environment consciousness in all their services. The hospitality industry is a major industry in France. In Europe, France has been a main player in hotel and tourism. Although there are other new tourist destinations, France continues to be one of the most preferred destinations not only in Europe but also in other parts of the world. As a major player in hospitality industry, impact of green revolution in hospitality industry is likely to have a major impact in France. This paper is a literature review on green development in hospitality industry. The paper will review literature on green revolution in various aspects of hospitality industry such as hotel and tourism. The literature review will look into the motivation towards green revolution, short-term and long term impact of green revolution, customer demands and future trend of hospitality industry as a result of green revolution. Green revolution has been a subject of interest to many researchers and scholars in the recent past. The literature review will make use available materials, information and data to give insight into trend of green revolution in hospitality industry in France. Literature Review Global Environmental concerns The world has experienced consistent environmental degradation. The environmental degradation result from unsustainable use of natural resource, release of environment pollutants in the environment and strain on natural resources due to consistent population growth. Goudie says that environmental changes occur gradually that the effects are only observed after a long time. Environmental changes in the world today are a result of low environment consciousness among the people. One of the main causes of environment degradation, according to Goudie, is usage of fossil fuel as the main source of fuel (Goudie, 1992, p.31). Env
Terrorist attacks have had profound impact not only on the US, but they have also comprehensively transformed the world and how we view it. The attacks have changed our perception to terrorists, confirmed, heightened our fears and advanced our counter terrorism technology. These changes are courtesy of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The media is vital in communication in today’s age. Visual media serves the public with the perception of a wider reality beyond the realm of personal experience. It offers the people with a unique chance of virtually experience events in which they were not part of. The public believes it is honestly informed when all media agencies report the same story. Unfortunately, this is not always the case since the media reports are sometimes far from the truth. This does not mean to say that the media is always wrong, in fact, most of the time it serves a reliable source of information for the general public on matters that the people did not experience first hand. Matters such as terrorism evoke concern on national security and the public is always alert when the visual media reports on such matters. These media reports have a far-reaching impact on the public and modify the people’s perception of the world. People have been for a long time relied on the media to make even seemingly simple decisions; for example, people rely on the weather forecast to determine what they wear. Therefore, this essay discusses how visual media has transformed how the people view the world in relation to death and violence by drawing reference to the events of 9/11. The reports from visual media elicited immediate reaction from the globe with the then US President George W. Bush declaring war on terrorism. This operation was aimed at bringing the architect of attack, Osama bin Laden to justice, an operation that never bore fruit. Instead, it tainted the image of the US government as many innocent lives were lost and property damaged. The visual media gave this debacle a lot of attention and influenced American citizen’s way of thinking. Barrack (10) says that even countries around the world some of which were sworn enemies of the United States were deeply offended by this attack as it exposed their vulnerability to similar attacks. For instance, Cuba offered air assistance to its longtime critic. This attack to some extent promoted unity to among countries. The breaking nature of the events of September 11 influenced greatly media reports and live coverage. Various mainstream media houses reported the propaganda battle in the wake of US led retaliation. These reports suggested that Osama bin laden was out to spread hatred and convince the Muslims that the western world was wicked and it deserved the consequences of the attack (Bockstette 7-9). The western world denied those allegations by Bin Laden by employing the media to correct those misguiding aspects. Although, Bin Laden was wrong to incite hatred the visual media misled the public by implying the Western world’s response was honest, as a matter of fact, the West’s intention was gain support on its war against terrorism