ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Teenage pregnancy is one of the pertinent issues that continue to elicit debate in the United States. It is estimated that one million teenagers in America are impregnated each year with about 200, 000 giving birth for the first time. Teenage pregnancies account for almost twenty percent of all births in the United States. The economic cost to the nation is huge considering that the teenagers are forced to terminate their studies, get married and eventually join the unskilled human labor. Increased government spending on health care, support and rehabilitation and correction centers is draining the coffers (The Guttmacher Institute, 2006). This research paper will look into why children born to adolescent mothers are at higher risk for developmental issues. According to Burgess (2005, p.249), the children born to adolescent mothers are believed to experience developmental challenges that make them unable to function effectively when compared to their peers. This has led many researchers to carry out studies on the consequences and challenges of adolescent motherhood. Burgess (2005, p.250) noted that these children tend to perform poorly in exams and cognitive development. Low grades in achievement tests and language proficiency have been observed in majority of these cases. Pogarsky, Thornberry and Lizotte (2006, p.332), also noted that children born by adolescent mothers are prone to several negative outcomes which range from internal and external problems that have dire consequences for the children. The propensity of the children experiencing emotional disturbances are high leading to school dropouts and involvement in violent behavior. However, few studies have been done to assess the overall internal and external effects in the children born by adolescent mothers (Pogarsky et al, 2006, p.332). The children born to adolescent mothers are at higher risk to undergo and experience challenges in their development. The transition into parenthood at adolescence stage is the main setback that leads to children developmental challenges. According to Pogarsky et al (2006, p.333), early motherhood denies the mother the chance to acquire skills that are vital in amassing and consolidating financial resources. Lack of proper education ensures the young parents are trapped in poverty at their productive and career foundation years thus perpetuating later in life. Instability and confrontation are the norm in the adolescent marriages lowering their chance of making investments. According to Carothers, Borkowski and Whitman (2006, p.827), the development of behaviors and the coping mechanisms in children is determined by the stressors and the environment they grow
Introduction In his book, “Salt, Sugar, and Fat”, Michael Moss makes a compelling argument that the overly processed nature of the food that we eat from major corporations in the form of junk food and other such products is one of the main reasons behind the obesity epidemic within America today. Moor states “The blood gets especially besieged when processed food is ingested, flooding the system with its heavy loads of salt, sugar, and fat”, this he explains results in greater levels of fat product which creates the problem of obesity (Salt Sugar Fat: How The Food Giants Hooked Us, 52). He points to data showcasing the high caloric values found in such foods which enable a person to consume more calories than they otherwise would have been able to. This he argues leads to caloric excess within the body leading towards increased storage of fat. Not only that, but Moss also delves into the excessive use of salt, sugar, and fat within such foods which he says further worsens the caloric excess. He explains that not all calories are created equally with some types of calories actually promoting the creation of fat. Salt for instance, in the form of sodium in most junk food packaging, actively contributes towards increased rates of high blood pressure; however, it is used prolifically by companies in order to mask unappealing flavors and to act as a natural preservative. In the case of sugar, the endorphins released upon its consumption can actually be considered addictive and results in the desire to consume more of it despite the fact that excessive consumption results in greater levels of fat creation. Lastly, the sheer amount of fat in modern-day junk foods suppresses the feeling that a person is full and actually induces active cravings which makes them eat more despite already have eaten sufficiently to meet their daily calorie needs. When taking all these factors into consideration, a connection can be made wherein Moss implies that the start of America’s obesity problem began when overly processed items from corporations started making it onto the store shelves of local grocery stores. The Age of the Junk Food Culture Junk food in the form of chips, dips, burgers, fries, sodas, candies and ice cream have become such a part of America’s culture that the most prevalent cultural distinction for American today is that of the “Junk Food” culture. In nearly every town, city and state groceries, shopping malls and fast food restaurants carry some form of junk food that is rapidly consumed by a voracious public that enjoys the taste and convenience of such products. Unfortunately, this cultural distinction is actually slowly killing the American population due to resulting effects such food types have one the body. The recommended daily allowance of nutrition
Introduction The economy class (EC) is crammed to allow physical movement, while the business class attaches a high price tag for its comfort. The concept of the premium economy (PE) class aims to bridge the gap between the business and economy classes (Hugon-Duprat & O’Connell 2015; Kuo & Jou 2017). At present selected number of airlines are offering this innovative PE class such as Singapore Airlines, Virgin Atlantics, Japan Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and British Airways to name a few (Morrell 2008; Hugon-Duprat & O’Connell 2015). Though the concept of PE has picked up recently with major airlines announcing the addition of PE as an option for their passengers, the concept was initially introduced in the 1990s by the UK’s Virgin Atlantic and Taiwan’s EVA Air. Figure 1 shows a standard layout of all classes’ seating of Cathay Pacific. In a bold move, Emirates plans to offer a PE class to attract customers with tighter budgets. Emirates has long offered luxury class but the declining oil revenues have impacted the passengers’ budget to afford first and business class. With other airlines offering more options to the passenger with a tighter budget, Emirates looks to fill this gap and retain its customer base. In this respect, this report offers a review of PE class and its possible impact on the overall design and economy of Emirates. First, this study offers a comparative study of various types of premium classes available. Second, this report looks at the impact and suggests the routes beneficial for offering PE class. Figure 1 a) Economy Class, b), Premium Economy Class, and c) Business Class of Cathay Pacific. Attributes, Merits, and Disadvantages of PE First, it is important to understand what the Premium Economy (PE) Class is. It provides more features than the EC; however, it does not provide all the features of the business class. The PE provides 1 to 2 inches of extra pitch with wider seats than the EC. Also, PR seats recline and have adjustable headrests. The PE class offers an average pitch (legroom) of 38 inches and a seat width of 18 inches (Paris 2017). This is substantial compared to EC seats, which offer an average pitch of 30 inches and a seat width of 18 inches (Paris 2017). Additional features as well as services come with PE depending on the policies of airlines such as larger personal video screens, additional food choices, and power port for electronic devices. Table 1 shows the basic features of PE class offered by different airlines. They vary from one airline to another. For example, almost all the airlines provide the amenity kit to PE passengers with socks and eyeshadow. However, only selected carriers to offer the pri
There are several ways through which crime is related to illegal drugs. For example, distribution, manufacturing and possession of outlawed drugs are criminal offenses in the United States and many other parts of the world. Some of the drugs that have been noted to be potentially harmful include amphetamine, morphine, heroin and cocaine. These drugs are frequently abused and also have serious negative effects towards the normal functioning of the human body and mind (MacCoun, Kilmer and Reuter 70). There are gangs, organized criminals and drug cartels that carry out the production and trafficking of these drugs to designated locations. It is imperative to mention that sexual assaults and robbery with violence are some of the drug-related crimes common in modern society. This essay offers a brief discussion of how the abuse of illegal drugs is related to both crime and violence. Violent crime is an act whereby one person threatens or uses force on another person with the aim of obtaining something forcefully. It may entail murder, robbery, rape or assault (Jacobs 135). There are five types of crimes that are violent according to United States Department of Justice. These include murder, rape or sexual assault, robbery as well as simple and aggravated assault. However, weapons and threats may not necessary be involved in a violent crime (Goldstein 79). This interpretation of violent crime is misleading people because it should entail physical injury. Assault is a form of crime that occurs when an individual threatens or uses force knowingly on another person. Individuals who abuse drugs are highly likely to engage in assault crime because they are not psychologically stable. Rape is another type of violent crime that involves forcible sexual acts against an unwilling partner. Drug abusers also engage in robbery crime. The latter involves the use of dangerous weapons by the perpetrators. There are several cases of murder that have been related to perpetrators who are drug addicts. It is prudent to mention that drug and violence have been noted to be closely related to each other according to some of the latest crime statistics. Hence, it is necessary for the law enforcing agencies to address the drug menace issue before handling actual cases of crime and violence on the ground. Individual perpetrators who are under the influence of hard drugs such as cocaine, bhang and heroin, are often victims of illegal acquisition and ownership of weapons. These dangerous weapons are then used to commit acts of crime since they need monetary resources to sustain their lives with drugs. In any case, these drugs are damn expensive and addictive. Therefore, victims of drug abuse are emotionally compelled to satisfy their addictive biological systems using any available means (Moore par.2). It is not possible to separate crime and drugs. There is also a direct relationship between poverty and crime alongside the use of illegal drugs. Jacobs (134) notes that most poor people find solace in abusing drugs before even turning into crime. Perhaps, poverty can be linked to drug abuse and the emergence of criminal gangs that pedd
There are many issues in the society that are subject to controversy. Different opinions and different views promote their own arguments based on different researches and polls. This controversy can sometimes reach cultural and political division, a phenomenon that can be witnessed through the liberal and conservative media in the US. Nevertheless, when such controversy concerns the life of other human beings, it can be said that such controversy goes beyond mere difference in opinions. In that regard, taking such issues such as euthanasia, abortion and capital punishment, the latter can be considered as the most delicate, especially considering many cases that represent exceptions that are feared to be repeated. This paper, analyzes the issue of capital punishment, stating that although there are exceptional cases in which capital punishment is justified and should be implemented, the imperfection of judicial systems leaves possibilities for errors. Thus, banning capital punishment even considering the exceptional cases leads to less harm, so accordingly should be favored. Overview Capital punishment, or death penalty can be defined as “the lawful infliction of death as punishment” which has been used in the US since 1608 (“The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment in the USA”). The US statistics show that death penalty is practiced in 35 states, where as of 2009 the number of executions performed was 32 with the highest number being 98 in 1999 (Death penalty information center). In a poll conducted in 2006, the support for death penalty was 65%, whereas with the option of a life sentence without a parole the s
Introduction The case study under discussion dwells upon the incident which can institute different law trials where the evidence and testimonies may be contradicting. Thus, two sides, Molly Micro and Sally Seatbelt, can initiate the proceedings against Air Transport Limited and a person who conducted the transportation of the fragile cargo, Launchpad McQuack. Air Transport Limited, the company which is responsible for the cargo transportation, can also initiate a proceeding against Launchpad McQuack, who was responsible for cargo delivery. Still, each party has some specific arguments to protect its interests and not to pay for the caused damage. It should be mentioned that different documents should be the focus of the discussion, the Rules of the Road and the legal documents devoted to cargo transportation and delivery. At the same time, some parties of the conflict have made one and the same mistake which may influence the trail decision greatly, the case study does not mention the contracts and documents signed between Molly Micro, Air Transport Limited, and Launchpad McQuack. Molly Micro vs. Air Transport Limited Considering the facts which may be taken into account while this court procedure, the plaintiff (Molly Micro) can provide the following arguments to prove that the company has to pay them for the fragile cargo and for the wrecking the talks devoted to the problem of chip distribution across the Canada. Molly Micro can state that the carrier (Air Transport Limited) is responsible for the freight from the time it is emplaned on the airplane and until it is delivered to the place of the destination and after a thorough examination is provided. The examination of the cargo is necessary for checking whether the delivery was safe. Furthermore, the company had to care about giving the instructions to the pilot about the fact that the cargo was fragile and required additional attention. According to the public law “maximum total amount of compensation payable may not exceed the lesser of the amount of such air carrier’s direct and incremental losses” (107th Congress, 2001, p. 232). Moreover, if the company provides the documentation that it was the fault of the transportation company that Molly Micro has not signed the contract for chips distr
Introduction Managing in an international business presents unique challenges due to differences in aspects such as culture and legislation among countries. For instance, a manager from a monochronic culture (e.g. North America) may find it challenging to work with employees from a polychronic culture (e.g. France) due to their different perceptions of time. The monochronic-oriented manager would, for instance, focus on individual goals, sequentially, while the polychronic-oriented employees would be more comfortable working on multiple goals simultaneously (Hallowell, Bowen & Knoop 2003; Nardon & Steers 2009). With respect to legislation, differences in legislation, for instance on labor and environment, may imply different operating costs for an entity. This report analyzes how Four Seasons managed such dynamics when it expanded its services to France, to operate the Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris as reported in the case study by Hallowell, Bowen and Knoop (2003). Four Seasons has had a phenomenal history of operating luxury hotels and resorts as evidenced by its performance from 1996 through 2000. During this period, its revenues increased at a compound rate of 22.6% annually, with the operating margins increasing by approximately 9% (Hallowell, Bowen & Knoop 2003, p. 1). The entity’s revenue per room was also higher than the industry average in the U.S. and Europe (Hallowell, Bowen & Knoop 2003). Such success was ensured by its effective management approach and well-informed principles that guided its international growth. Despite this success, its entry into France was challenging; for instance, labor legislation in France lowered working hours for employees, while the French cultural-orientation differed significantly from cultures in the other regions in which Four Seasons had existing operations (Hallowell, Bowen & Knoop 2003). This report assesses how four seasons overcame such challenges. Following the introduction, the report evaluates the appropriateness of management approach used to open the Parisian hotel, the core values demonstrated by various members of Four Seasons, and the impact of management approach on service delivery. The conclusion subsequently identifies the key aspects discussed throughout the report. Four Seasons Approach when Opening Parisian Hotel The appropriateness of the management approach used by Four Seasons to open its operations in France was evident from factors such as awareness of French culture, adaptation to such a culture, and the principles that conferred the hotel with the ability to drive change. These aspects are highlighted in subsequent sections. Cultural awareness and adaptation Differences in cultures among countries affects aspects such as negotiations, communication, trust, commitment and cooperation (Hurn 2007; Wendt, Euwema & van Emmerik 2009), hence may lead to unfavorable performance for an entity (Mullen & Copper 1994; Pillai & Williams 2004). Follo
A board of directors is an essential body for every business because its members make important decisions that influence a firm’s strategic goals and overall performance. That is why it is necessary to draw significant attention when it comes to choosing candidates for this body. In general, every board of directors should consist of experienced and professional individuals who do their best to achieve the company’s objectives. Furthermore, it is reasonable to make sure that the body meets the requirements of diversity and inclusivity, which is an essential condition for modern society. According to this information, one can recommend specific candidates for the case under consideration. They are Bill, Victoria, Mark, Tanya, and Rachel, listed in priory order. There is solid and clear reasoning behind the supposition presented above. Bill is the first candidate to be included in the body because he has been cooperating with the company for three years. In addition to that, he is a confident supporter of the organization’s mission, which will be useful for the company. Victoria, a certified accountant, is a suitable candidate because her background and expertise can help formulate the company’s goal to increase its opportunities for external funding support. Mark is a valuable board member because he is well familiar with the organization and has some industry knowledge to achieve better outcomes (Gatenholm, 2018). Diversity requirements and the company’s goal mean that Tanya should be a member of the board. Furthermore, she is a successful businesswoman, which is beneficial for the organization. Finally, Gatenholm (2018) stipulates that a board of directors should include creative and passionate individuals. Rachel is a suitable candidate because she can present an unexpected and effective way of how to solve an issue. Thus, the five individuals above are the best board candidates. Reference Gatenholm, E. (2018). 5 criteria for choosing your board . Forbes. Web.
The main aim of science is to give a meaningful explanation of natural phenomena (Pigliucci 21). Among the phenomena that science has not been able to give a satisfactory explanation is the question of the origin of life. Currently, no one knows where the origin of life is. There are several theories that have been advanced to explain the origin of life. The theories postulate that life either began here on earth or elsewhere in the universe. There are those who believe in the supernatural creation of life. Some scientists who gave us such theories include Hoyle and Chandra who suggested the existence of a creator. However, their view of creation is different from the traditional creation story. They believed that there is a supernatural creator who seeded the earth with life forms. Another theorist is Duane Gish whose theory is more similar to the traditional creation theory. The main weakness of the two theories is their inability to give an explanation that can be tested. It seems that the theories shift the debate of the origin of life to a place outside our planet. They do not pinpoint the exact place where life began and the dynamics involved in the creation. Another explanation on the origin of life is that life originated from extraterrestrial space. Inherent in this theory is the assumption that organic matter from outer space entered the earth without losing viability. The theory has been supported by the discovery of organic molecules in space that may have played role information of the first life forms. Perhaps the most realistic explanation is that of molecular origin. Living systems are made up of proteins and nucleic acids. Between the n