ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Laws concerning drug possession, distribution, manufacture and trafficking are all complex and wide ranging depending on the circumstances and the facts in a particular case. Consequently, it is the duty of the concerned law enforcement officer to determine whether a suspect has broken some of these laws by initiating a case. A series of legal and factual evidence is then necessary to validate the accusation and this ought to be done systematically. While all these matters may seem quite straight forward, it is imperative to realize that law enforcers have met several obstacles that normally come in the way of achieving any sound outcomes in their investigations. These matters shall be examined below. Barriers to finding enough evidence for bringing formal charges When officers are in the process of collecting evidence for a drug related case, they must deal with the notion of a ‘victimless crime’. Drug related investigations usually lack easily identifiable victims and this fact implies that few or no complaints are ever filed against drug traffickers, users or producers. Consequently, the drug investigator must then depend upon informants for accessing information on drug issues. The major difficulty with such an approach is that informants may represent virtually anyone from the affected community. This implies that law enforcers have the responsibility of locating and interacting with such persons. Aside from that, the very nature of the drug industry is that it is quite secretive. This implies that any strangers or new faces may be viewed with suspicion by concerned parties. Therefore, collecting evidence directly by the law enforcers may prove to be an uphill or futile task. (Lyman, 2007) The drug industry is susceptible to so many dynamics and law enforcers must ensure that they stay abreast of new developments. For instance, from time to time, new drugs are often introduced into the illegal drug scene and some of them may be difficult to identify or detect. Consequently, law enforcers must look for unconventional ways of finding these new drugs or techniques. For example, at the onset of the war on drugs during the nineteen eighties, drug sellers realized that the arm of the law could easily catch up with them especially in light of all the new developments that had been put in place. In reaction to this, drug peddlers began employing the services of young persons who would then sell drugs on their behalf. This ensured that their efforts would go unnoticed in the eyes of the law. There are vast resources needed to carry out effective drug investigations to ensure that no other problems arise in the wake of dealing with these problems. For example, these types of cases usually require undercover work. Real drug peddlers may have a hard time buying an undercover officer
Summary Fruits, such as mangoes, pineapples, berries and papaya have diversified tastes and flavors, and make up excellent sources of various minerals and vitamins in the diet (Rababah, Ereifej & Howard 2005). Some substances that are essential for life may themselves cause adverse effects in human bodies. For instance, while oxygen may be essential for life, it can poison the body through the oxidation of essential molecules to form free radicals. The human body protects itself against such damaging effects of oxygen using antioxidants (Hickey & Saul, 2009). Antioxidant refers to substances or mechanisms that prevent the oxidation of biomolecules in human bodies. Antioxidants check oxidation harm in human bodies by donating electrons to replace those lost through oxidation. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals in human bodies. Among the numerous antioxidants found in fruits, vitamin c has the most significant biological role in the human body. Vitamin C donates electrons to free radicals produced from oxidation and prevents them from taking electrons (reducing) from useful molecules in the body (Hickey & Saul 2009); thereby preventing disruption of such functional molecules. In fact, vitamin C plays numerous roles in the body. Vitamin C helps to decrease levels of C-receptive protein (CRP) and to fight inflammations. In addition, blood levels of vitamin C less than 10µmol/L serve as predictors of heart disease (Cadenas & Packer 2001, p.157) threat of arteriosclerosis, and various forms of cancer. Citrus fruits and leafy vegetables contain L-Ascorbic acid in abundance (Brevard et al. 2010). Vitamin C is necessary for human growth and repair of tissues, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels through the formation of collagen. According to Vasco & Ruales (2008, p. 817), the ease with which vitamin C oxidizes causes it to diminish faster in fresh fruits than in processed ones, and when cooked, or processed in the open air. Ascorbic acid is freely soluble in water, and therefore, tinned fruits retain their vitamin C in the liquid. Vitamin C is slightly acidic and is partially soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in chloroform, ether and benzene (Rickman, Barret & Bruhn 2007). The formula for ascorbic acid is C 6 H 8 O 6 and the figure below represents its chemical structure: Figure 1. The structural formula for ascorbic acid (Rickman, Barrett & Bruhn 2007). Nutritional compounds present in fruits include vitamins, fats, proteins, minerals, and sugars. Indeed, fruits are the major dietary sources of vitamins A, E and C. The protective effects of a diet rich in fruit are attributed to bioactive compounds having anti-mutagenic
Executive Summary The Easy Drive School of Motoring is an organization that came into existence in 1992. Since then, the organization has expanded in most of the cities of Scotland and as a result the methods used in the storage, retrieval and security of information have proved to be inefficient. This is due to the increase in the records kept in form of paper work. This is a business report, personally addressed to the manager of the Easy Drive School of Motoring explaining why and how a relational database system will address the problems of the organization. The report aims at making the manager understand why the database system is recommended. The report is divided into various sections which address the issue. The introduction section introduces the manager to the concept of databases. It continues to explain further what exactly a Relational database system is and the types available. The strengths of the system are discussed deeply in relation to how best they can suit the organization. The concept is finally recommended to the manager in the conclusion clause and a list of references follows. Introduction A database is something so vital for an organization to go without. In definition, it is referred to as ‘‘A store of a large amount of information, esp. in a form that can be handled by a computer.’’ in the Collins dictionary. Data is fed into the computer and stored in the hard disk compartment of the computer in a form that is not human readable or can not be understood out rightly. This is where a database management system comes into play. It can be defined as a software application through which data is managed by following a certain set of instructions (Saffady, 1998). The system is responsible for converting data into a format that we humans can easily comprehend. Besides this, data can be stored, manipulated and retrieved by authorized personnel only. In short it can be abbreviated as DBMS. There are various types of Database management system models adopted by organizations, each with its different characteristics. Examples of these models include; the hierarchical, the network, the object and the relational model (Saffady, 1998). In this report however, emphasis will be laid on the model that adopts the Relational DBMS concept. Back then when the database concept was new in computer systems, two types of models were adopted to aid in managing data in the databases. These were the network and the hierarchical based models. It required specialized personnel to operate databases that made use of these models, since when it came to retrieval of data one had to posses knowledge of the exact location of data in the database. This brought about the need to have the Relational DBMS, which introduced the concept of relating database tables with each other. A Relational DBMS views the whole concept of database as a set of tables; it intuits one table to the other. The system has quite a number of ways of storing data in such a manner that it relates to each other. Also, the system provides procedures which aid in the manipulating of stored data. The concept is borrowed from a type of arithmetics called rela
Chapter Three of the book by Robert Cohen is devoted to the description of the actor’s work. The author defines what is actor, replies to the questions about what the word “acting” means, what one needs to become an actor, describes the routine of an actor’s work, and summarizes the issues of the actors’ real lives, what are the actors in real life. An actor is a person who takes action in a dramatic performance and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio in that capacity. The ancient Greek term for an actor, hypocrites , when provided as a verb means “to interpret”; in this logic, an actor interprets a theatrical character. It is considered, that, playing some role, any actor “puts on” the character that he/ she plays, thus for a short time stopping to be real person, but the performed person. Some actors have a fantastic ability to stay internally calm express fantastic emotions, which look as real as the soil under the feet. Moreover, talented actors have inner “button” and may cry on the stage. Acting from Latin is translated as “to do” ( agĕre ). Acting is the process of playing a role on a stage, and Robert Cohen defines it as one of the key activities of the actor’s work. Acting is usually regarded as rather a simple process, which includes only the remembering of the script and then reproducing it by the memory just raising or lowering the voice. But the fact is everything is much more complex. The following part of the chapter describes what people need to become actors. These are multiple features of character, personal qualities, and professional skills. But as acting is a kind of art, the existence of the necessary skills in no way means that one who lacks some of them would never become an actor. Deviations and variations are only welcomed, as specialties make actors individual and unique in the art of theatre. AS in any beginning, to become an actor the only wish is not enough. The most essential factor is the ability to change the masks as quickly, as possible. The actor should change the moods like the gloves, and despite the serious problems be able to perform a character that has to laugh all through the play. Actors’ routine differs from any other very slightly, as actors also have to get prepared for each role, participate in multiple repetitions, steadily learn the scripts by heart, always try on the new masks. Inhabitants just see only the tip of the iceberg: the fame, the applause, standing ovations, flowers, etc. But almost nobody thinks over the work that had been done before the standing ovations let alone taking into account the way of life of every actor, as some may succeed at 20, the other at 50. Actors in real life may seem too proud, boastful, hypocritical, or even evil and foul. But it is necessary to emphasize, that it depends only on personal characteris
In the past years, the world has been exposed to many of the global financial crises that have influenced the economies of countries. These crises led to the collapse of global stock exchanges, the fall of the stock market, and the bankruptcy of many companies. They happened due to the lack of transparency and reliability of management. Therefore, there was a need to issue many rules, systems and regulations to control financial markets in order to protect the economy. One of these systems is the application of corporate governance principles and standards. Corporate governance has been defined as “the system by which companies are directed and controlled” (Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, 1992, p. 14). In addition, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines corporate governance as a system that “involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders” (OECD, 2004, p. 11). It is also noted that “corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined” (OECD, 2004, p. 11). These definitions emphasize the importance of implementing specific principles to protect all stakeholders that deal with corporations as well as to ensure more transparency and supervision of organizational performances. Currently, many investors are looking to invest in companies and banks that are characterised by the existence and application of good governance rules. These companies ensure a high level of disclosure and transparency of their business in addition to accuracy, control, and high quality of their financial statements. Through implementing the standards of corporate governance, investors will feel that their properties will become more protected. This production will lead to the flow of more domestic and foreign investments, which will develop and expand the economy. Understanding the key role played by corporate governance rules in supporting the economy of the country, Kuwait adopted these norms in the banking sector in 2012. Moreover, in 2016, Capital Market Authority (CMA) implemented the code of corporate governesses for listed companies in Kuwait’s stock market. The main roles of both codes were to add transparency to attract more investments and to support the country’s growth. Study Objectives The primary goal of this thesis is to practically examine the effect and connection between such a notion as corporate governance and the performance of some banks in Kuwait’s stock market. An additional objective is to study the influence of the ownership structure on Kuwaiti Banks’ productivity. By questioning this crucial goal, the efficiency and effectiveness of banks performance will improve, which, in its turn, will lead to expanding the trust, reliability, and confidence in local and international investors in this sector. To facilitate the primary goal, the fo
Introduction To get to know the effectiveness of a group we have to be concerned first about the group’s efficacy which could as well be termed as the average or the approximate ability of the group to perform a given task. For a given group to be effective there are many things to be considered. These could be things like how the group sets its goals, how they conduct all its planning, discussions involved, the amount of time dedicated towards the group, and the contribution of the group members. The perception of group members usually determines the effect it has on the group’s goals. For the effectiveness of a group to manifest itself, there are different levels of users to be considered. All these levels are mostly to self-usefulness. First is what achievement one has made in the past. The successes and failures
Literature is a soft tool through which authors communicate their messages to the target audience. In pedagogy, writers use distinctive diction and content to help learners explore every level of their learning processes. Munsch uses his educational skills to design a masterpiece for children in their early stages in the book “Smelly Socks.” Notably, Munsch’s content is appropriate for the age group 5- 9 years. His narration portrays contextual stories intended to benefit those who are beginning to grasp the basic knowledge about language, color, and other tutoring aspects. The young ones at this age love stories told using various figurative language. Smelly Socks is appropriate for this group because it has compelling images that attract this target audience’s attention. The recitation is about Tina, whose grandfather takes her across the river and buys her a pair of red, yellow, and green socks. She wears them for a long time and refuses to remove them until they start foul-smelling. Interestingly, Tina’s friends walk her down the stream and wash the dirty garments. Unexpectedly, she likes the activities that unfolded and wishes the mother could buy a shirt that matches the socks so that she can use it until it is dirty enough to encounter a similar fate (Munsch & Martchenko, 2004). Such tales are always fascinating to youngsters as they visualize what would have happened in real life. A competent teacher would always allude to opening situations using questions and pictures. For instance, teachers could begin by asking how many learners know how many have their grandparents or who love new clothing. Such queries would intrigue and attract children’s attention, making them concentrate on what will happen in the whole situation. The author of the book uses images of people traveling on a boat as well as garments being washed. Young learners can use this book to promote language by enabling an inclusive and learning-friendly environment where each participant has a voice. Munsch (2004) provides a vibrant strategy to engage the youngsters in sessions that create long-term memories. At the same time, it also boosts their cognitive performance. In essence, becoming friendly and sincere with the toddlers promotes favorable conditions for stories and language competence. Primarily, honest and reachable students have the ability to absorb t
Abstract Numerous changes have been observed in food supply and demand trends over the past five years. Several factors are responsible for these changes. They include food prices, food scarcity, climate, dietary preferences, population growth, economic statuses of consumers, and consumer attitudes and behavior. Other factors include cost of production and effectiveness of distribution channels. Demand and supply determines prices and products and vice versa. For example, high demand raises prices while low demand lowers prices. High prices increase supply while low prices decrease demand. Consumers have been the main determinants of demand and supply trends because of their consumption patterns. Changes in human population have influenced demand and supply of food, and will continue to influence food trends in future. Introduction In the past few years, the demand and supply of food has increased and decreased in varying degrees. Several reasons are responsible for the observed changes in demand and supply of food. These factors include food scarcity, food prices and volatility, population growth, cost of production, climate, technological factors, economic capabilities of consumers, and tastes and preferences of consumers (Rosegrand et al, 2001). Supply and demand are the main determinants of food prices. Supply refers to the quantity of food that producers avail to consumers at any time. On the other hand, demand refers to the quantity of food that consumers are ready to buy for consumption from producers at certain market prices. Factors that affect food demand The price of food, number of consumers, scarcity of food, increasing population, and consumers’ tastes and preferences are the main factors that affect food demand (Rosegrand et al, 2001). Increase in food prices is an issue that has been a topic of discussion for many years. The world has experienced a perpetual rise in food prices for the past five years. Reasons for the rise in prices include increased cost of production, decline of major world economies, rising prices of energy, and stringent policies that govern import and export of food products. The number of consumers determines the demand for products in the market. For example, demand is high when the number of consumers is high and vice versa. According to Kearney, “with the world’s population rising and expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, a plan for the development of the organic sector is needed to meet this demand
Formative Assessment Background The rail industry in the U.K. has a long history and established system for changing the national rail timetable every six months, in May and December every year, with the changes varying in scale. Normally, the changes are minor and do not affect rail operations. In addition, when they are executed according to plans, passengers are unaffected and they get the benefit of accessing additional services (“British Parliament Report,” 2018). Timetable changes are important for the rail industry because they help in delivering extra capacity to meet customers’ demands. The changes also enable train companies to improve their revenue returns. However, the May 2018 changes were unprecedented in terms of the investment size and its implementation complexity. It had effects on very many sections of the British national railway network and was four times the scale of a normal six-monthly timetable change. This led to an array of issues leading to poor operational performance and as a consequence, industry, users, and wider stakeholder dissatisfaction. The following factors were the causes of the poor performance of the Thameslink route as a result of the new timetable in May 2018.  1. Poor Planning for the changes  2. Delayed Infrastructure upgrade  3. The incompetence of Network Rail department  4. Lack of trained drivers  5. Timbale was drawn late  6. Lack of coordination  7. Poor communication of the changes to passengers Linkages between Causes of Poor Performances Prior to changes in the timetable in May 2018, there was engineering work of upgrading the rail network in the United Kingdom. This was meant to greatly improve the services, but it failed to a large extent. Immediately after the new Thameslink timetable was introduced, the huge scale of cancellations, delays, confusion, and misinformation that graced the new timetable was a big shock to the commuters and the public. Firstly, the rebuilding of the London Bridge station, adding modern signaling and buying new trains and Tube-style frequency delays did not go as were planned (Topham, 2018). Fundamentally, Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) did not have enough drivers, which affected the implementation of their plans (Topham, 2018). Despite claims by GTR that they employed more than enough drivers to run the expanded services the May timetable was due to provide, that was not the case (Topham, 2018). They lacked drivers who were trained on the exact model of trains that were introduced and the full route they were to operate. Clearly, this