ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Mughal Empire (1526-1540, 1555-1707) was one of the largest empires established in the Indian subcontinent. 1 It was founded by Babur in 1526 and continued to expand until the beginning of the eighteenth century. 2 During the period preceding Mughal India, the region was governed by the Delhi Sultanate – a generation of Muslim leaders. 3 Thus, the history of pre-Mughal India already had a conflict between Muslim governors and Hindu residents. During the rule of Akbar the Great, this struggle between the two religions was softened, as the emperor tried to establish a state with a level of religious freedom. 4 Nevertheless, this path of the empire changed when Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) came to power. The actions of this and the following rulers exacerbated the religious conflicts. The combination of the regions’ economic independence, the tensions between Hindus and Muslims, and the penetration of the subcontinent by the European economic powers led to the decline of the Mughal Empire. Pre-Mughal India Before the Mughal Empire was established, the region was ruled by the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultans existed when the Mongols attempted to attack and conquer the empire’s lands. 5 Their presence in the North-West was a reason for a continuous political struggle for the area. It should be noted, however, that the Sultanate had Mongol ancestors as well, being derived from families with Mongol and Persian roots. 6 Thus, Genghis (Chinghis) Khan was a significant influence in the history of both dynasties. This history of the Delhi rulers also explains their religious beliefs – each sultan was Muslim, and the purpose of each Muslim leader was connected to his faith. Thus, the sultanate was expected to improve the conditions for Islam to thrive. 7 Moreover, it was assumed that the government should support and protect Muslims and their faith. This was a source of a massive conflict in the region because India was populated with Hindu people. Hindus constituted a large number of all citizens, and they were responsible for banking, labor, crafting, and other areas of business and economic stability. 8 Therefore, while uplifting and supporting their religion, Muslim sultans also had to limit the conflicts with Hindus. Nonetheless, non-Muslims had to pay a special tax, jizya , that distinguished them from Muslims. 9 The Legacy of Akbar the Great Akbar the Great was one of the numerous prominent rulers of the Mughal Empire. His legacy in Indian history has multiple significant events. First of all, he was the emperor who returned the empire to the Mughal domination after a brief period between 1540 and 1555. 10 Second, Akbar was different from the previous and the following emperors because he wanted to find a new approach to the religious conflict in the region. In the early years of his reign, he abolished the tax on the Hindu people. 11 Furthermore, Akbar did not allow Muslims to take war prisoners as slaves, a practice that was legalized before his rule. 12 He established relationships with members of other faiths, including not only Hinduism but also Christianity and other religions with
Introduction Mental health nursing often includes working with drug and alcohol addicts, which adds an extra layer of complexity to their care plan. So is the case of Keith, a twenty-year-old man who suffers from cocaine addiction. Keith is committed to a mental health facility due to his violent outburst. During the said outburst, he assaulted his pottery instructor at the courses he has been attending for a while and genuinely enjoyed. At first glance, Keith does not give an impression of an aggressive person: he is quiet, looks frightened, and has a tremor. The patient does not want to be treated in an acute care unit; however, he does show much resistance. Upon further analysis, it becomes apparent that Keith comes from an extremely troubled background. Born to a Nigerian mother and a Scottish father, the patient was deprived of proper care in his family setting. Keith’s parents were not able to look after him as they were haunted by their own demons: his mother was schizophrenic, and his father had a severe alcohol problem. The patient was bullied in school, and it made him develop panic attacks, from which cocaine proved to be the only available relief. Keith’s care plan needs to address the physical, mental and social aspects of his condition and be both compassionate and effective. Addiction should be seen not as a problem but a symptom of a bigger issue, a complex phenomenon with many roots. Case Formulation and Treatment Plan Assessment Keith was presented to the acute care unit in a state of extreme agitation and anxiety. The man looked disheveled and extremely thin, with weight loss potentially attributed to his excessive cocaine use. Some of the symptoms that Keith was displaying were matching the description of a panic attack provided by the National Health Services (n.d.). Keith had a racing heartbeat and hot flashes; he was suffering from chest pain and shortness of breath. The present symptoms also match the description for cocaine overuse posted by the National Health Services (n.d.). A large dose of cocaine must have led to the overstimulation of Keith’s heart and nervous system, which caused the aggression. Keith was committed to the acute care unit under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act (1983). The 1983 Mental Health Act is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that applies to the residents of England and Wales. The act addresses the reception, care and treatment of patients with mental disorders and other related issues (“Mental Health Act 1983”, 2020). Section 3 of the Mental Health Act contains guidelines regarding the admission of treatment. Namely, it states that admission for treatment may be administered if it is necessary for “the health or safety of the patient or for the protection of other persons (“Admission for Treatment”, 2020).” In Keith’s case, his violent outbursts after doing cocaine over the weekend were threatening to the health and safety of his pottery course instructor. To prevent t
Introduction Diabetic renal disease also known as diabetic nephropathy is a medical condition which affects an individual’s blood sugar level as well as the kidney. This condition is characterized by persistence in albuminuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and the increase in blood pressure within the arteries. Research findings have shown that kidney disease is a complication that is associated with diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy has been a major course of kidney complications in those infected and a significant course of mortality. The disease is usually diagnosed after urinalysis and screening of the patient in relation to diabetes (Mogensen 2006, pp.640). The albumiburia level is usually measured so as to determine whether the patient is affected by this condition. Early treatment is therefore very vital in preventing or delaying the onset of this condition. It particularly affects those patients who are affected by diabetes mellitus. The high blood sugar levels in the patient usually result in the incapacitation of the kidney hence hindering the normal functioning of this organ. It becomes difficult for the kidney to filter blood hence resulting in full blown diabetes. Under normal co
Introduction Literature is regarded by many people as a mirror of society. It reflects what is happening in a given community within a particular period. The best mechanism of representing phenomena in a society is through narrations and other words of art. Plays, novels, songs, and poems are examples of how literature can be used to illustrate various themes that are relevant at a given time. The author of a particular text brings out themes in their words with the help of characters. The characters may be real or imaginary. In any case, they represent reality in the community. The current paper is a critical analysis of themes in “Desire Under the Elms,” a play by O’Neill Eugene. The theme of revenge will be analyzed from the perspective of one character in the play. The aim is to illustrate how O’Neill represents revenge as a theme in society. O’Neill (1) makes use of one of his characters in the play to depict this element. In light of this, the author of this paper provides psychoanalysis of Eben as illustrated by O’Neill (1) in the play “Desire Under the Elms.” A review of the traits of this character will help to illustrate the various aspects of revenge in a real-life situation. The psychoanalysis presented in this paper examines the various causes of revenge. Also, the agents of vengeance and retribution are discussed. Freud (7) argues that revenge takes the mechanism of a cause – reaction system. As such, the details of the persons who appear to be vengeful are explained from the perspective of the characters presented by O’Neill in the play. Also, the current paper examines the reasons behind retribution. To this end, the motivating factors behind the revenge that occurs in the play are examined. Finally, the author of this paper concludes by affirming the existence of revenge in society and how Eben exposes this attribute in the play. “Desire under the Elms”: The Play The play is an attempt by O’Neill to illustrate the most common elements of love in society. O’Neill (1) explores, among others, the illicit nature of love and romance. Freud (23) argues that in most cases, romance is regarded as the motivating factor behind revenge. In general, revenge is cultivated (or emanates) from conflict. O’Neill (3) makes use of various themes, such as romance and conflict, to illustrate revenge. What this means is that the major ideas in the play are linked to each other. The conflict in reference is the one exhibited by Eben. The character is part of a polygamous family. O’Neill (3) uses
Charles Tilly was determined to explain the way European states have evolved during the ancient times. In his explanation, he developed three distinct states in Europe. These include “tribute-taking-empires; systems of fragmented sovereignty such as city-states, and urban federations, and national states” (Tilly, 21). In his descriptions, Tilly developed terminologies such as capital-rich” and coercion-rich” in reference to the creation of political units. He discussed coercion, capital and European states in the same perspective to explain the city-states that existed in Europe. He noted that, after the 10th century, Europe experienced a two dimensional development characterized by either “capital-rich” or “coercion-rich” characteristics (Tilly, 30). According to Tilly, “capital-rich” referred to those parts of Europe that established urban governments that were meant to serve the interests of capitalists. This led to the development of capital-intensive development patterns across the affected cities in Europe. This development was common in cities within Italy, Germany and Holland. Cities such as Genoa and Florence were clear examples of capital rich political development (Tilly, 30). On the other hand, the “coercion-rich” regions of Europe referred to those areas where “rulers squeezed the means of war from their own populations and others they conquered, building massive structures of extraction in the process” (Tilly, 30). This political development led to the emergence of empires that were characterize
It is indisputable that the United States is the only superpower in the current international system, even though it faces several challenges as far as its national interests are concerned. The main interest of any state in the global system is the maintenance of security. The US is confronted with several national security challenges, but terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and promotion of democracy abroad are some of the top priorities of foreign policymakers. These are the three challenges that this article will talk about in detail. Starting with terrorism, the United States is struggling to overturn the influence of terrorists, both domestically and abroad. One of the strategies utilized is disarming terrorist operations and seizing the initiative from them through the promotion of freedom and democracy. After the 9/11 attack, the United States invaded Afghanistan and Iraq with the main aim of flushing out members of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, which is a known terrorist group that has always targeted the United States, even in other countries. Therefore, the United States is faced with the enormous challenge of identifying, disrupting and destroying the activities of extremist organizations. It does this through assaulting the leadership, command the communications lines of these extremist organizations. It is noted that terrorist organizations receive funding from some governments, meaning that the United States should always identify these governments and attack them. The second challenge facing the United States as far as national security is concerned is the spread of mass destruction weapons. In the current intern
Introduction Online shopping is a form of e-commerce that involves the use of internet-connected computer hardware and credit cards. The user also needs to have a secure password that will enable him or her to access the services. Online shoppers are required to have different passwords for different shopping websites. The process of online shopping involves opening the site where one prefers shopping, selecting the good or service needed by clicking on the specific item that the shopper wants, and then clicking on the ‘add to basket’ portal. After the item is moved, the buyer then clicks the stop button. Before entering money details, the customer ensures that the website uses ‘https’ and not ‘http’. Such a browser assures the user that the site is secure in terms of handling money. The user then enters his or her credit or debit card particulars on the site. The site will display some verification characters for the user to enter. These ‘Captcha” details verify that the machine is being operated by a person and not a fraudulent software or robot. After the buyer has completed entering the required details on the website as prompted, he or she then waits for the goods or services to be delivered to his or her authorised points of delivery. With this hint in mind concerning online shopping, the information given so far is enough to declare the shopping strategy as both risky and advantageous. The study dwells on proving this claim. Benefits of Online Shopping One of the benefits of online shopping is that it makes the customer have quick access to items that are identical regardless of where he or she does the shopping for them. For example, one is able to access items such as certain types of clothes, Compact Discs (CDs), books, cookeries, and even electronics. The only major requirements that the buyer should ensure that he or she has are the particulars of the item, which he or she verifies when it is delivered. Bonsu and Darmody (2008, p. 356) argue that online shopping enables people to save energy that could have been used to travel to the shopping malls or to the markets for certain items. Online shopping is particularly advantageous, when the item that the buyer wants is similar in various shopping points. Such an item does not require the buyer to select a particular item from a variety of closely related or similar items. For example, if it is a particular book by Shakespeare for instance, the book is not likely to be different in terms of price from one shop to another in a certain market region. With such items, the buyer can comfortably do online shopping. Constaninides (2004, p. 115) reveals that online shopping is also beneficial because it saves time. Most of the online shopping service providers offer free delivery of services to
Art, religion, philosophy, and literature offer resources for celebration of life in a way to stave off at least part of the suffering that afflicts us. They bring us meaning and knowledge. This knowledge is derived from the process of the liberal tradition. I firmly believe that these phenomena offer an equal and fair citizenry and appropriate systems of social interaction. Thus, this reflective treatise’s fundamental concept is a detailed analysis of the contribution of art, religion, philosophy, and literature to knowledge and sustainable life at minimal suffering. I believe that philosophy has four roles: to provide the basis of our reasoning, helps citizens to understand their social world, examines the limits of pragmatic political possibilities, and reconcile people. It is self-evident that philosophy attempts to achieve a utopian society. In my opinion, the religious system of any company is built on its beliefs and traditions. Beliefs and practices are typically theorized. They could base on utilitarianism theory, which strongly supports maximum utility. In this case, action or thought would be right if it brings the greatest happiness to the most significant majority. Hence, it is a moral principle and does not take into perspective the farness aspect. Therefore, I suggest that these interactive premises surround organization and coexistence within optimal satisfaction as religion promises to assist in carrying a heavy burden to its followers and share according to everyone’s needs. The correct principle for any belief should depend on the idea’s nature (Norris, 16). Therefore, utilitarianism would impose the tenets on the minority and function lawfully within the majority group. As a matter of fact, in a just society, it should be the volition of the citizens to comply with whatever principle is chosen. This would facilitate favorable social conditions, which are essential in promoting the process of social cooperation. Fortunately, religion seems to offer this aspect to a believer whose thoughts and practices are guarded and controlled by the philosophy of sharing and bearing the burden for one another. In giving the verdict about the social system, I am convinced that the beliefs must be justified. As stated in the reflective equilibrium concept, ideas tend to cohere with it entirely. One’s abstract’s hypotheses should explain one’s general convictions, defining one’s specific judgments. The beliefs facilitate explanation for mutual support. This may be hard to attain, given that it requires adjustments to one’s set of ideas. This would contrast foundationalism, which posits that some beliefs serve as the foundation on
While studying at the university, I have acknowledged a range of different problems that I believe to be critical now. Previously, I just failed to realize that particular things and events can affect students’ lives adversely. However, now I want to focus on one big issue that I consider to be critical for many learners because it deals with the way they communicate with each other and share information. In particular, this problem solution assignment is going to discuss why students tend to always speak their first language in class if they are surrounded by individuals from different countries who cannot understand them. I am interested in this problem because it exists in my classroom. Being familiar with it, several students, including me, want to figure out why this issue occurs and how it can be overcome. To my mind, this problem can be considered by the following three disciplines. Education can discuss language preferences in class. Social anthropology may discuss students as a social structure to reveal the causes of the problem. Finally, linguistics may pay attention to learners’ communication. Several significant questions related to the problem can be identified in order to discuss it. Who is affected by the issue? The use of students’ first language in a classroom may become a problem if a group consists of international learners. People who come from different countries tend to gather if they meet in the new environment. Being inspired by the feeling of togetherness, they tend to use their native language for communication. However, it is presupposed that students should use a common language while interacting so that they can be understood by others. In particular, educators encourage them to speak English, as all information is given in it and it is familiar to the whole class. Where does it occur? Of course, students may use any language when they want to communicate with one another. However, being in class, they should speak English so that they can be easily understood by their teacher and peers. What are the effects of the issue? Using their first language in a classroom, students make others feel rejected and cause confusion, which leads to misunderstanding and conflicts. Why does this problem occur? Recently, during a class discussion, my instructor made students work on a group project. Many of them were from Turkey, Korea, and Mongolia. Nevertheless, the majority of learners came from China. As there were more Chinese students than learners from other counties, they would speak their first language while being in a classroom even though they were not understood by the rest of students. The same situation is observed in other groups, as my university is full of international students. What is a possible solution? Probably, if all students use only English while communicating in class, it will make them start speaking English all the time. Thus, they will be understood by the rest of the learners all the time. This change is likely to enhance student relationships and communication skills. In class, students are supposed to speak to speak to each other and to share information, but it is n
Cinema/film industry has become a very conspicuous and phenomenal form of mass entertainment with the extent of its popularity, influence, and proliferation having a global impact. Artistic expression and development via technological expediency has made it an unequaled facet of visual/fine arts since the inception of the 20 th century. The American (United States) film industry has been a major impetus behind the extent of cinema’s phenomenal popularity, influence, and proliferation. The industry’s relevance is divided into four epochs – silent era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and contemporary (after 1980). Coinciding with the Hollywood studio system development/history was and has been the development of American independent cinema which is reflective of the industry’s diversity. Independent films (slang term – indie film) differ drastically from mass marketed films in that they are not the product of major film studios (20th Century Fox, Warner Brothers, Paramount, etc.) but rather subsidiary studios (Lionsgate, Summit Entertainment, etc.) and are made with lower budgets. Content, style, and the filmmaker’s artistic style as well as thematic message distinguish independent cinema. Daughters of the Dust by Julie Dash (1991) and Lone Star by John Sayles (1996) are two very different films that exemplify the diversity of American independent cinema. They are representative of this space where filmmakers depart from the mainstream Hollywood way of filming to develop different narratives, address diverse issues, experiment with the medium, and represent different facets of