ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Based on the video, this essay provides an overview of the changes, reasons, and effects of industrial revolution in Britain. Industrialization is the process of transforming an agrarian society into an industrial society due to economic and social changes. The essay elaborates on how better machinery was used to replace human labor. The video depicts the series of events that led to industrial revolution in Britain. The video also provides a grasp of the reasons that led to early industrial revolution and the accompanying changes that had significant influences on the Britain society. Analysis of the Video Changes that took place during Industrialization The video reveals that several changes took place during the industrial revolution in Britain. Firstly, the beginning of industrialization led to establishment of factories to process raw materials such as cotton and wool. This situation led to massive employment of workers in the factories. The video also shows that there was introduction of new trends such as skilled labor and replacement of women with men in the workforce. In addition, it is evident that there was emergence of new types of jobs in the field of engineering. Engineers specialized in handling special types of work such as manufacturing and repair of machinery. The establishment of new factories was accompanied by the introduction of new machinery to replace human labor. This state of events led to mass production of goods. Consequently, there was a shift in production costs since the new systems were more efficient. As a result, the Britain society gained access to cheap goods. New towns also emerged near factory sites and coal mining centers. Reasons why Britain was the first to undergo Industrialization Various reasons led Britain to pioneer industrial revolution. At the outset, Britain had developed reliable technology that enabled the use of power sources such as coal, water, and wood. Furthermore, the country had a ready market for
The years discussed in this paper are called formative because the fundamentals of the American nation were made during this period. One of the steps to create the nation was the removal of Native Americans from their possessions and lands to the East of the Mississippi River. This policy, as well as an economic blockade and physical destruction of the Natives, was implemented by Thomas Jefferson who earlier claimed his admiration of the nobility of the Native Americans as people unspoiled by the civilization (Jewett, 2002). However, when the political issues came into play, Jefferson changed his position deciding to populate the lands of Native Americans with the white USA citizens. This was necessary for the territories mentioned not to be captured by either the French or British army. In public, these measures were called the “civilization” of Native Americans: “Thus, the Native Americans must change, become Europeanized, or become extinct.” (Jewett, 2002) The fear of political opponents and reluctance to involve the young country in the war with Spain or France led Jefferson to reject the Louisiana Purchase at first. Only the issues which Napoleonic France faced, i. e. several wars in Africa and Europe, made Jefferson change his mind. The two most important processes that impacted Native Americans greatly were the Louisiana Purchase and Jackson’s removal policy. The former was carried out under Jefferson and meant the complete removal of Indian tribes from the lands purchased (Wilson, 2003). The latter was a rather aggressive policy enforced by the Indians Removal Act of 1830. According to Jackson, Indians had the choice to either move to other lands and be free or stay on US lands and obey the country’s laws. However, the will of the Natives was never asked as far as 45, 000 Native Americans were removed from their lands to the Western territories lying behind the US border (Wilson, 2003). Moreover, one of the examples of the violent removal of the Natives was the Worcester v. Georgia case was considered by the US Supreme Court in 1832. As a result of this case, the Cherokee Indians were removed from their lands in Georgia with the help of 7, 000 armed soldiers who killed over 4, 000 Indians (Berkin et al., 2007). The long-term impact of this case on the Natives was their failure to defend their lands and the possibility for the Government to continue the removal policies and reservations creation. As for the checks and balances system, the Worcester v. Georgia case manifested the appearance of the independent and powerful judicial system together with the already influential executive power of the President. John Marshall was the most influential Chief Justice in the history of the US Supreme Court. He was also the founder of the Federalist Party, and always supported the interests of federalism. His main achievements as Chief Justice include the establishment of the supreme role of the Constitution, the advantage of the federal law over the law of every state, and giving the Court the right to interpret laws and Congressional
Paris is one of global cities where different cultures, values, beliefs, and social behavioural patterns are mixed as a result of historical and political processes. Paris as the capital of France inherited the main products of the French colonial politics that influenced the cultural pattern in the city. The main outcome of these processes is the development of the unique cross-cultural encounters that include the elements of both European and Islamic cultures (Fredette, 2011, p, 46). In order to understand the key features of the Parisian culture that are connected with the traditional cross-cultural communication in this region, it is important to analyse its aspects in terms of hybridisation, stereotyping, and political influence. Thus, the paper aims to answer the following question: what aspects of cross-cultural encounters are typical for Paris as well as what origins are associated with those modern intercultural interactions observed in the city. In spite of the fact that the diversity of the Parisian culture is a result of prolonged processes, the main focus of this discussion is on the development of modern cross-cultural communication during the last two decades. From this point, it is important to state that the modern Parisian culture includes different interdependent cultural groups that interact and influence each other significantly, while leading to creating the unique Parisian culture known as the blending of the European and Islamic cultures. The Development of the Parisian Culture during the Period of 1990s-2010s The Parisian culture of the 1990s was characterised by following the cross-cultural patterns typical for the previous decades. The main focus was on the increased flows of immigrants from the former colonial countries as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. In spite of the fact that the large flows of Muslim migrants were the result of the labour and immigration policies developed in the 1960s-1970s, the active arabisation of the city became observed only in the late 1980s. The reason is that during the 1970s, the flows of immigrants and refugees also included people with the Vietnamese, African, and Caribbean origins (Kidd & Reynolds, 2014, p. 81). Thus, the society paid attention to the arabisation of Paris
A story within the Labeling Theory An African-American teenager named John does not have many friends. He is a successful student, an obedient son, and a caring brother but the lack of peer communication worries him. In an attempt to make friends with a group of classmates, John attends a party where he drinks too much alcohol and gets involved in a fight. As the outcome of the physical conflict, one of the boys at the party gets hurt. When John’s parents find out about the incident, they make him apologize, punish him, and resolve the conflict with the injured party. However, the peers in the class know about John’s temper when under the influence of alcohol and avoid communicating with them. Also, teachers initiate socially educational work, publically discussing John’s behavior as an example of wrongdoing. Being labeled as a dangerous person, John always gets accused when someone is beaten, or a party with drinking becomes uncontrolled. As a result, he becomes an alcohol addict, joins a gang, and voluntarily engages in criminal activity after school, which involves him in continuous troubles with the police. From the point of view of labeling theory, the initial drinking and the first fight at the party is John’s primary deviance. Since society labeled him a deviant after the first incident, the consecutive drinking problem and criminal behavior of the main character became secondary deviance (Keirns et al. 141). The impact of labeling in the teenage years was very strong because this is the time of individuals’ identity formation (Abrah 179). Under the influence of society’s opinion about him, John’s identity altered, and he began to perceive himself as a deviant, thus acting like one. Application of Conflict Theory John’s secondary deviance might be explained from the perspective of conflict theory. This approach justifies that criminal or deviant behavior depends on socio-economic factors, including race and income (Keirns et al. 140). These key propositions of the theory imply a high level of the main character’s probability to become a criminal. John’s race contributes to his likelihood to react to society’s labeling in a deviant manner since he represents the minority. John’s deviation demonstrates the imbalance between racial majorities and minorities. Consequently, due to the statistical prevalence of African Americans among the criminals, John’s chances of being convicted of a crime are very high. Application of Merton Strain Theory The actions and decision-making of the main character of the story might be theorized from another angle. Merton’s strain theory explains deviant behavior by the inability of an individual to achieve socially acceptable goals by socially acceptable means (Lester 13). John has a goal of becoming a socially active citizen, but he does not have lawful means of integrating into society. His way of adapting to the gap
Executive Summary Many authors on leadership cite that conventional leaders and leaderships of the past are inadequate in addressing the needs of the 21 st century. This is because, presently, the world is characterised by paradox, unpredictability and unprecedented events brought about by change. Hence, most modern leaders faces tremendous demands, than ever before. Similarly, conventional leadership styles that were once embraced have become a liability to modern leaders. Thus, the 21 st century leaders need to unlearn conventional wisdom associated with conventional leadership and shift to a new paradigm of leading. This report highlights the definition of leadership. In achieving this goal, the writer, through literature review, gives different definitions of leadership and leadership styles. Further, the writer illustrates; market forces, people issues and leadership incompetency among others, as some of the challenges facing leadership in the 21 st century. Similarly, the writer singles out transformational and charistic leadership as the contemporary leadership styles practices by leaders in the 21 st century. Introduction The conflict of talent acquisition, societal changes, globalisation and the ever shifting size of organisations are contributing to the realignment of leadership styles in the 21 st century. Consequently, the yearning for an ethical and sustainable organisation, ignited by business scandals, and the increasing realism that people should be steadfast in preserving global natural resources for future sustainability is also taking a toll on present leaders. Thus, leaders are required to perform on ethical and moral standards aimed at preserving a balance between the eco-system and the societal needs to guarantee business success. Therefore, unlike in the past, the measure of leadership success in the 21 st century is increasingly being tied on aspects such as ethical and global responsibilities among others. Cegarra-Navarro and Moya (2005) points out that for leaders to be competitive in the 21 st century, they need to wield influence, embrace a vision that inspires people and dispel their doubts, they need to possess abilities to enhance connections, and they need to redefine the way they address the tasks at hand. Hence, without influence, leaders are finding it difficult to assert power and control in their respective areas of command. Consequently, leaders need to attain assent in addition to obedience, and embrace imitators and subordinates. Cegarra-Navarro and Moya (2005) illustrates that the 21 st leader is not satisfied by getting people to do the right thing his way, he/she also n
New information and communication technologies have radically changed the social structure and the social space as a whole. Under the influence of modern technologies, the nature of social communications and the links in society are changing. The analysis of ongoing processes is the most critical condition for an adequate scientific and practical response to changes in the parameters of social space. To improve the quality of social management, it is necessary to turn to the theory that shows what changes are taking place in the traditional system of social organization. It also plays a vital role, analyzing innovative elements to identify what opportunities and challenges they contain. The most famous theoretical product of the American sociologist Erwin Goffman is the concept of total institutions. Goffman puts forward the idea that closed institutions have several similar characteristics that can combine them into one group (Horowitz, 2021). In these places, people are forced to co-exist in a closed space for a certain period, obeying the institution’s internal rules. I touched upon the problems of religion total institution when I visited the temple. Having turned the wrong turn, I became an unwitting witness to a conversation. Life in the monastery, based on the observations I heard, was not so sinless. The monastery occupies a special place among total institutions because getting there has always been a voluntary choice of a person seeking communion with God. However, in the era of the Internet, the monastery does not meet these needs. Both Irving Hoffman and Harold Garfinkel believe that the modern community functions through the separation and fulfillment of everyday compulsory obligations by individuals (Niedbalski, 2021). According to Garfinkel, the production of social order is local; it is within this order that social responsibilities are discovered and justified (Wiley, 2019). In my own experience, I can say that personal relationships between influential individuals form the basis of social organization. For example, in a hospital where the chief medical officer went to the same college as my grandfather, they will be willing to hire someone my family knows at our request. This will give our acquaintance an advantage among more experienced candidates. In the modern
Products and Services MarkaVIP is an e-commerce membership-based company that specializes in the fashion industry. It provides the products from internationally famous and reputed brands to the customers who live in the countries of the Middle East including Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Oman. The key products include clothes, shoes, accessories (watches, bags, and jewelry), underwear, and beauty products (mostly makeup items). Apart from that, the company is concerned with the interior design (numerous features from bathroom towels and decorative pillows to cutlery and coffee tables) and electronic appliances. The products are diverse from the point of view of style as well; the company offers significant discounts (up to 75%). Finally, Marka VIP has a community that provides fashion-related reports and articles on the tips for looking stylish, but this is a part of the company’s image rather than service proper. MarkaVIP Strategical Focuses MarkaVIP is a four-year-old company that prides itself on being created by experts both in the fashion industry and e-commerce, which was the recipe for its success. Apart from that, the company regards people and talent as its primary asset and considers customer satisfaction as the most significant performance aspect. Finally, the company is extremely concerned with technology as a way of ensuring customer security. Apart from that, the company believes that its customers are technology-savvy, which makes a technologically advanced service more attractive to them. To sum up, MarkaVIP regards customer service as the key aspect of its activities and is dedicated to it; technology is considered to be a way of improving the related infrastructure. Mission Statement and Purpose Statement The mission of MarkaVIP consists in bringing passion, fashion, and excellence in everything the team works with. Its purpose is to promote fashion and creativity among people living in Middle East countries. MarkaVIP and Infrastructure For an e-commerce company, infrastructure is of primary importance, especially the part of it that is concerned with IT. As a result, the physical facilities of the company are relatively scant, but the company actively uses the services of its own deliverers and delivery companies, which compensates for the absence of large warehousing facilities. The warehouses are mostly used for the orders that are not yet received. An order can be kept for a maximum of two weeks, which appears to be a reasonable amount of time. The website account is an important part of customer service: it can be used for information search, ordering, and checking the status of the order. Rescheduling and cancellation can be arranged with the help of any communication channel; the opportunities include phone, skype, email, and online chat. There are different e-mails for general questions and those related to the orders, which is a reasonable decision and should improve the speed of order processing. The only problem that is currently exhibited by the company consists of the fact that only the residents of the UAE can use the toll-free phone service. It may be suggested th
The present article dwells upon effectiveness of recession planning. Buhler (2008) notes that contemporary companies are facing numerous issues associated with human resources management. The author stresses that there is a war on hiring talented employees and keeping them working in the company. Buhler (2008) also points out that baby boomers retire at an unprecedented pace and companies are losing key players without having effective successors. Therefore, companies having succession plans have significant advantage as they do not find themselves in situations when they need to find an effective employee within limited period of time. Buhler (2008) stresses that some companies have a recession plan for executive positions, while almost 40% of companies do not have any plan at all. The researcher admits that development of a recession plan as well as identifying talented employees can be a difficult task for a HR professional. Therefore, businesses can address other companies (e.g. consultants) to help them. Importantly, employees’ knowledge is crucial and it is acquired during years. Thus, retirees need to transfer their knowledge to their future successors. Buhler (2008) provides a couple of strategies to exploit. In the first place, the author emphasizes that employees should get continuous training. HR professionals should also repeatedly monitor talents within the companies. Buhler (2008) also adds that recession plans developed should be comprehensive and consistent. It is possible to provide external development to talented employees. Finally, retirees should work side by side with their future (or possible) successors transferring their knowledge. Buhler (2008, p. 21) notes that this cooperation is a win-win situation for both retirees and his/her successors as successors get priceless knowledge while retirees “phase in their retirement lifestyles”. The company also benefits from such cooperation as all the positions are occupied by knowledgeable and experienced employees.  1. I totally agree with the article content as I also think companies should have proper succession plans. Effective succession plans enable companies to function efficiently even if/when some employees leave or retire. I also agree that employees should be aware of the plan and understand that there is a care
Painting and sculpture are often considered, fair enough, the most silent types of art forms. Indeed, unlike music or literature, painting and sculpture do not shower the audience with ideas or impose their opinion on the latter; on the contrary, they remain silent and distant. This is where the charm of museums is concealed, though; exhibitions allow for well-paced meditations, they create a specific atmosphere, letting the audience sink into it, which a visit to the Norton Simon Museum was a solid proof for. After viewing the Coronation of the Virgin Altarpiece: Saint Prosdochimus (di Arpo), I realized that the art of the Middle Ages, the era that is rightfully considered one of the darkest and the most complicated times that the humankind had to live through, also had some of the most delightful specimen of art to consider. The given iconography is dedicated to the Virgin Mary; to be more exact, it depicts a particular moment in her life, i.e., her coronation. Although the given episode from the life of Virgin Mary is often omitted or forgotten when the traditional Biblical stories are told, and very few people know actually about the given issue, this event plays a pivoting role in the canonization of the Holy Virgin. Symbolizing the parting with the secular world and crossing the threshold of Heaven (Boyer 54), the given event has been depicted in the iconography in a very peculiar manner, which makes the given iconography a devotional work. Di Arpo uses the formal elements of painting in his own inimitable