ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The documentary series “is the last of a four part series that deeply explores the cultural, economic scientific and political aspects of Protestantism. The sixty-minute documentary produced by historian Tristan Hunt unravels the influence of Calvinism, Puritanism, and the Industrial Revolution on the current global order that is dominated by capitalism. Looked from a different perspective, the documentary aims at revealing the machinations of Protestantism produced capitalism and the global movements that seeks to establish a new world order. Similarly, the documentary reveals the existence of anti global forces that surprisingly are supported by some sections of the protestant brethren. The main aim is to bring to the fore the battles between these antagonistic forces that have a great say on the direction this world take. Subtly the documentary implies that the protestant ethic is seeking a new world order thorough the military, industrial complex and the business class. After the great migration from Europe to the new lands especially America, the immigrants felt liberated and freed from the conservative trends perpetuated by the monarchs of Europe. Religion was one of the areas that saw a drastic change on the traditions that governed. Though protestant ideas like Calvinism and Puritanism had their roots inn Europe, the new land provided the perfect opportunity and frontier to grow to full-fledged movements that would later dictate how the world is governed. Quote analysis Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) “Net e quasiverris extra” which translates to “man is his own star; and the soul that can render an honest and perfect man command all light, all influence, all fate; Nothing to him falls early or too late . Our acts our angels, or good or ill. Our fatal shadows that walk by us still. (1982)” (Lauter 689) Emerson is an American philosophical writer of the 19 th century whose intellectual and literary skills greatly influenced American literature (Lauter 694). His influence was more on the contemporaries and those that followed them immediately after. He belonged to group of Transcend lists who believed that the means to truth was intuition. They also believed that through intuition, God is revealed to everybody. They supported democracy and self-reliance to which effect they supported the notion of individualism (Lauter 702). The idea of individualism that Emerson and his group supported and deeply rooted in the American society today and characterizes everyday life that Americans live. The same principle as said early is the main idea behind capitalism. However, he did not believe that people should just be self-centered for the sake of it. The above quote means every man should seek the intuitive connection with the Oversoul rather than engaging in simple self-centeredness or immature narcissism. Concisely, he urged people to be non-conformists and to promote independent beliefs. The beliefs such as the above that was advocated by Ralph served to encourage Puritans and Calvinists. Protestantism to which Calvi
Introduction Popular culture has assumed numerous definitions from being regarded as common culture, folk culture, to popular culture; and all these definitions have varied across time in history (English Department, University of California p.1). The post-War American society has experienced advent and growth of popular culture at almost every point in history of the country. In this post-war period, America’s popular culture became a reflection and representation of commercial culture characterized by all its elements such as movies, television, radio, cyberspace, advertising, toys, and almost every commodity that qualify for purchase. In addition, the popular culture was demonstrated in different forms of art, photography, games, and even collective groups such comet watching and rave dancing (English Department, University of California p.1). Advent of television stirred the American population as leisure time shifted to TV watching, consuming the largest part of people’s time. The reason why this study is important John Store in the book ‘Cultural studies and the study of popular culture’ notes that television is the popular cultural form that characterizes the 21st century (Storey p.9). The author further asserts that television has evolved as world’s most popular leisure activity where in USA, about 67 per cent of the population watch television daily while 98 per cent of the population own television sets (Storey p.9). On average, it has been estimated that Americas spend about seven years of their entire lives watching television (Storey p.9). Since the advent of mass consumption of television products in USA, many writers have postulated how TV watching has had the negative effects to young people, but this essay paper demonstrate that, even with advent of mass consumption of TV products, young people have acquired some valuable aspects in terms of values, norms, and product cultural aspects from watching television. The rise of television in America was accompanied by rise and change in consumer market as advertising became t
Community In sociology, the term community is used to refer to a group of interacting people who have certain common parameters or conditions that bind them together; within a community, members have the sense of belonging and have collective identities among them. Communities can be studied at micro and macro level where at micro level it will cover a few households that share certain attributes that hold them together; the common attributes may include geographical location, career, values, culture, and age. At a macro level, the world and individual countries qualify to be called communities as they share certain attributes (Giddens, 2010). Human beings are social animals, they tend to live in groups where they share common life aspects; with the nature people feel the urge to create structures of belonging in the form of institutions that are governed by certain attributes that the people share. In traditional human life, before the 19 th century, people used to live in territories that had certain attributes that kept them together, in modern globalized world, the world can be taken as a community where certain values and social phenomenon are shared. With a community, the action of one member is likely to be felt by the other member as the structures create an interlink among them (Andersen and Howard, 2007). Empowerment Different communities have their capacity and strength, the capacity and strength is in the resources they have within their reach as well as powers they have entrusted other community institutions. Efforts that are aimed at improving, strengthening spiritual, political, social, or economic strength of a community are referred to as efforts that promote empowerment. Within the definition of empowerment, it may be specific to a particular group within a community that might have been suffering low prestige but when the prestige has been given, it can take the form of empowerment (Harrison, 1988). Although the word may have different meanings in different subjects in sociology the work is used to mean any effort made to those people who are in social discrimination or marginalized with the aim/ objective of improving their lives. The advocacy for empowerment arises from the concept of equality and respect to human kind irrespective of someone’s social-economic or gender stand. Empowerment is mandated with the role of addressing a c
Introduction A dissertation research is also referred to as a thesis (Breimer & Damen, 2005). This document represents a presentation of a candidate’s research and results. It must be handed in before a candidate can acquire professional qualification (Isaac, Koenigsknecht, Malaney, & Karras, 2002). The term dissertation is normally applicable in a doctorate program. This paper will discuss some ideas and thoughts of dissertation research and will address a plan on how a relevant topic for the dissertation will be arrived at after researching various topics. This will be done in preparation for the writing of my dissertation paper. Dissertation research A normal dissertation usually is divided into sections and the first is a title page. An abstract follows and it is a summary of the whole paper including the findings and recommendations. A table of contents comes after the abstract and then the body of the paper. The body is made up of a number of chapters that include, but not limited to, an introduction, literature review, results and recommendation. The last bit is a reference page that outlines all the sources used in the paper (Thomas, 2009). Getting started with research may seem to be a difficult task and questions that may arise may be those based on how one would find a research topic and basically what to research on. It is important to know that great research ideas may come out of nowhere but this does not mean that someone would sit down and wait for the idea to pop out of the head. There are several things that one can engage in so as to facilitate the process. It involves looking for ideas in a systematic manner. The process is also a continuous one since someone needs to look for the ideas at all times regardless of the situation. This however, does not mean that someone needs to rack his brain looking for ideas. This simply means that someone should always have an open mind to new ideas. Researching for a research topic The best way to get started is to own a journal of ideas and activities about the research. The journal may have a list of interesting questions, problems, possible solutions and the references to study. Someone may also make notes on articles or journals read. This process should begin even before one starts looking for a dissertation topic (Cooper, Hedges, & Valentine, 2009). When one comes across a good article, one should make short notes and address the areas such as the article’s research topic and the methods used to study it. Notes on the findings should also be put down. The most important part, probably, is to check whether the author suggested for further research to be done on a particular part. This would suggest an
Introduction Spanish Civil war occurred between the year1936 to 1939. It was headed by General Franco with the military forces originating from Morocco. The Republican government won by narrow margins which lead to the emergence of the Spanish Civil war (Eric, Solsten, and Sandra, 1990). The Nationalists launched a revolution after Sotalo was arrested and assassinated. This was due to the unity that they had under the leadership of General Jose Solchaga Zala with 33000 men. German troops obtained support from abroad especially the countries which were neutral. Why Germany and Italy Supported Nationalists Germany considered the war as an opportunity. Prior they were planning to launch a boycott of the World War 1 peace treaty. As a result, they saw it wise to support the Nationalists. The leader of the German government, Hilter loved threatening France. This gave him a chance to take advantage of their rivals. Nationalists had strong army support and those who came in did so, on a volunteer basis. Through this, they spied and learned the skills used. Benefits of Supporting Nationalists The presence of raw materials gave the volunteer supporters a reason not to give up. Raw materials enabled Germany and Italy to gain practical experience which was essential in World War II. The Nationalists were located in the northern part of Spain (Helen, Graham, 2005). This site had good ground which provided space for testing of equipment and training of the German and Italian troops. Through this Germany and Italy obtained highly qualified staff that operated their modern air plains. They also got a site where they could test their new plains. They divided themselves into Legion air support which launched an attack into many categories. Defeating the Republicans required a strategic and tactical bombing which was only achieved by the presence of good ground. Conclusion The colonists relied majorly on the economy of their colonies. They were expected to provide raw materials for manufacturing purposes. In case of shortage, the colonies were forced to import from other countries. This exhausted their economic advancement. The war also weakened the power of the countries which were considered to be superpowers. For instance, the United Kingdom lost its superior and was forced to change its trading mechanisms from the slave trade. The brutal civil war opened a way to democracy and a massive injection of capital for agricultural farming. Democracy was attained after the death of Franco who was the ruler of the Republicans. This success was facilitated by the Orthodox military. The militias headed
The proposed changes are to be implemented in Section 230 of the United States Communications Decency Act, which provides unlimited immunity to online service providers and has allowed a certain degree of violation to the First Amendment rights revolving around the freedom of speech. The law regarding Civil Liability states that “No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers being obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected” (Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material, 47 USC 230, 2021). The given line is the problematic part of immunity, where online service providers are not liable for blocking one’s voice through restricting access or availability of material, which violates the First Amendment of the United States Constitution on freedom of speech. The proposed revision is to hold online service providers accountable for such actions and make them responsible for proving why such restriction or access availability reduction was conducted. Firstly, the law can allow service providers to host harmful content with impunity. Secondly, the providers can limit one’s voice on their platforms, which hinders their right to freedom of speech. In my opinion, online service providers should not be able to limit access or availability of material, and thus, provide a neutral platform for free communication, and if they decide to intervene, the providers need to be held liable and justify their actions. This will promote reluctance among service providers to restrict or limit access, and therefore, freedom of speech will be preserved. Reference Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material, 47 USC 230. (2021). Web.
Introduction The period of the French revolution was celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm and it can be perceived to have laid the groundwork and the birth of the new world socio-political order. This is an arrangement that is still analyzed by historians and social scientists alike as unique and diverse, and at the same time controversial to the avenues and trend, which had been in France before that time [1] . The French Revolution has indeed been seen as very complex, because its repercussions had spilt over effects to Europe and even the world over. Writers and political analysts wrote tremendously about the French Revolution both in 20 th and 19 th Century with the likes of Emile Dukheim launching their study of sociology based on the political and industrial turmoil the French Society underwent during that point in time [2] . Indeed, this point is emphasized by Nelly when she argues that, whereas the causes that characterized the French revolution cannot be authoritatively established, scholars and thinkers alike do recognize that the underlying impac
Introduction The birth of a child is most often met by immense joy from the parents. Each child is considered a blessing… a sign of hope for better times ahead…a future savior of a family in unfortunate circumstances. However, not all cultures share this same belief. Some cultures highly favor the birth of a son and frown upon the birth of a daughter. In these cultures, males are predestined to be leaders, movers, providers, whereas females are the subservient class who are underestimated in terms of their knowledge, skills and capacities. This essay will show that gender expectations are shaped by culture and society, which are reinforced by how families rear their sons and daughters accordingly. (thesis statement) Discussion In traditional Japanese culture, women are expected to walk behind their men, and eat only after the men have eaten. Likewise in traditional Chinese culture, men enjoy a favored position over women, as they are given priority in Education since they are trained to be leaders of the country, while women are expected to see that the men’s needs are catered to. Such sexist behavior is reflected in literature. In “Latin Women Pray” by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the religiosity of Latin women is depicted in their fervent prayers in churches to a seemingly unreachable God. In deep in prayer, these women long for their emancipation of status in society. The
Analyzing the hortative and rich of historical facts of the past century book – “Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi” written by John Dittmer, it is necessary to mention that it provides the reader with distinct, true, and important information about black people’s leader who was a black resident in Mississippi and devotedly fought for the rights of the black population of Southern Mississippi. The issue that Mississippi residents fought for civil rights by themselves is one to differ them from another black fighter for civil rights. The fact NAACP, that is the National Association for the Advancement of colored people, SNCC, the Student Non – violent Coordination Committee, and SCLC, Martin Luther Kings Southern Christian Leadership gave little support or no support at all to the residents makes their achievements more and more prominent in the modern history of America. Despite little support of the federal organizations Mississippi residents organized their groups: COFO, the Council of Federated Organizations, RCNL, the regional Council of Negro Leadership, and MFDP, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to stand for their civil rights. The final establishment of civil rights equal both for white citizens and black citizens of Mississippi was due to the local Mississippi residents and people activity. After World War II, in 1946 the election was to be held. The war was over and soldiers both white and black returned home. The socio-political situation was just like that: black voters, those who were registered and those who were not, were off from casting their ballots just life before. Whites were trying to prevent the black population from voting by farfetched motives, described by Dittmer as “the last vestige of a dead and despairing civilization”. This historical feature was one of the backgrounds for the later black citizens fighting for civil rights. The Supreme Courts decisive decisions concerning civil rights of different years Smith vs. Alright in 1946, Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, the United States vs. Lynd in 1961 predisposed future confrontation. But still, the mainsprings of the movement for civil rights of black citizens were Mississippi residents. Many examples of how the local people of Mississippi shaped the civil rights movement are historical cases, but Dittmer exemplifies two amid many others. The first was when a local preacher, being disappointed with the racist registration system, explained how to pass the tests and make their voices be heard. This is where the civil rights movement originated. The other case was the resistance against the police and Ku Klux Klan threats to keep on fight for civil rights. The first civil rights advocates in Mississippi, the majority of whom were war veterans, preachers, and religiou
System’s sustainability entails the creation and maintenance of an effective system that assists in designing, planning, incorporating and implementing its own vision by considering its various components. Since a system entails many different components, there is a need to attach equal importance to the separate parts that make up a complete system. It is therefore imperative to discuss the systems thinking theory as well as the nature step theory in order to fully appreciate system sustainability. The theory of systems thinking sustainability employs the analogy of functionality of a human body by arguing that sustainability of the lifeblood of the body cannot be successful in isolation (Brown, 2005). Hence, the balance between support systems of the different parts of the body needs to be maintained for a given system to remain effective. For instance, each part of the body system contributes to the whole process leading to effective and full functioning of the body. From the system, the theory continues to postulate that after achieving personal health for effective body functioning, an individual becomes happy if the immediate environment including family and friends fosters healthy relationships and thus becomes useful in a strong community. In comparison, the theory suggests that sustainable businesses cannot exist without direction of the major components of these enterprises towards sustainability. These components include shareholders, employees, clients and suppliers to name a few. In this regard, businesses are required to heavily borrow from nature for natural systems, which if left undisturbed, will always remain efficient in carrying out natural functions (Brown, 2005). The natural step theory The natural step theory attempts to explain the implication of decisions affecting the future. It states that factors critical to determination of success entail positive vision creation towards a desired state. The theory stipulates that to reach a desired goal, ther