ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cryptography is an integral part of almost everyone’s life, even if people are not aware of it. Encryption is used in commerce, technology, business, and criminology; however, it was only in the last century that such opportunities for using cryptography became possible for regular people. At the same time, one must know the origins and the first variants of ciphers to understand the complexity and features of modern cryptography. For this reason, this paper will discuss and analyze the history of cryptography to demonstrate its development and significance in modern life of society. History of Cryptography from its Origins Cryptography is an ancient science, although its development peaks during the 15th and 20th centuries. The origins of cryptography were found in Egyptian civilization’s culture, since only kings and their scribes used secret hieroglyphs to convey messages. Later, different types of simple monoalphabetic ciphers were used in Assyrian, Greek, and Roman cultures for the same purpose of transmitting secret messages (Verma et al., 2017). Although today such ciphers are simple for almost every person who can read and write, at that time, they were considered complex and were more efficient. For this reason, monoalphabetic ciphers in different variations were used until the 15th century, although during the Dark Ages in Europe, they were practically forgotten (Dooley, 2018). The flourishing of culture, politics, and diplomacy in the 15th century marked new stages in the history of cryptography, as kings, cardinals, and courtiers needed ciphers that would be difficult to break but easy to use, which led to the development of polyalphabetic ciphers that used a key phrase or word (Verma et al., 2017). Their variations with complications are still used today. Nevertheless, it took cryptography several more centuries to reach a new development stage, which fell at the beginning of the twentieth century. The First and Second World Wars forced the military to look for new ways of transmitting secret messages, and as a result of the search, machines that could generate complex combinations were created (Verma et al., 2017). These machines were the prototypes of computers that today can process information hundreds of times faster. Over the years, computer programs have allowed people to encrypt information and use them daily, but at the same time make them unbreakable because of their comple
Sheikh Mohammed is often credited for the political, economic, and financial success of Dubai. This is why it is necessary to look at the goals and forces that motivate this person. First of all, he had several important visions and one of them was to build one of the most popular tourist destinations that could attract people from different countries (Mayo et al, 2010, p. 8). This is why the government invested capital into numerous construction projects, especially luxury hotels (Mayo et al, 2010, p. 8). Apart from that, Sheikh Mohammed had a goal of creating a state that could foster creativity, innovation, and adoption of the best practices (Mayo et al, 2010, p. 8). This is why this political leader focused on the development of adult literacy programs, the construction of schools, colleges, and universities. To a great extent, this initiative was critical for the economic and financial development of the UAE. Furthermore, Sheikh Mohammed tried to create an economy could be independent from oil industry. As a result, he paid much attention to such aspects of the economy as tourism, finance, petro-chemical companies, airlines, and so forth. On the whole, it is possible to argue that their Sheikh Mohammed is a person who has clear visions and goals and who can pursue them. Overall, the following statement throws light on the goals and visions of Sheikh Mohammed, “I want it (Dubai) to be number one. Not in the region, but the world… Number one in everything: high education, health, housing…” (Mayo et al, 2010, p. 9). This is the main objective he attempted to achieve as a leader of the nation. Certainly, it is a highly ambitious goal, and one cannot easily attain it; this strategy helped the government to achieve considerable results. It is also important to speak about the motives that under
Apart from hearing impairment problems being a health issue, they are also an educational problem. Often, hearing impairment occurs if a student is unable to detect sound frequencies, either completely or partially. There are a number of policies which have been formulated across the globe on how to deal with students suffering from this condition, but they vary from country to country. The United States (US) for example, has its own unique policies in how it handles deaf students. Also, In comparison to other countries, its definition of deaf students is more articulate than most countries across the globe. In comprehending the dynamics associated with hearing impairment, this study seeks to define how educationists and other specialists have in the past treated the problem after which focus will shift on strategies to identify possible areas of collaboration and involvement in enhancing special education teacher services. Finally, this study will identify useful strategies in supporting students with hearing disabilities in the classroom setup. Involvement of Specialists Specialists have often strived to treat hearing impairment with as much professionalism as possible. In this regard, many experts have classified hearing impairment in a number of categories, depending on the severity of the condition. For example, health specialists have classified hearing impairment into conductive and sensorineural hearing impairments; speech pathologists and audiologists have classified hearing impairment into pre-lingual deafness and post-lingual deafness and education specialists have quantified hearing impediments into quantification of hearing loss and unilateral and bilateral hearing impairments (Clark, 2008, p. 2). The conductive and sensorineural hearing impairment category (described above), often comes from the dysfunction of the inner ear, or parts of the brain associated with converting sound signals to neural messages. This category of hearing impairment has its own special equipment to help affected students learn better. The quantification of hearing loss is also another criterion through which specialists quantify the additional intensity of sound, above the normal threshold that students without the disability have (Clark, 2008, p. 2). This is normally carried out using the speech-in–test method (Clark, 2008, p. 2). The pre-lingual category of hearing impairment is closely associated with the post-lingual category because in the former, hearing impairment occurs before the acquisition of language, but in the latter, acquisition of language must have occurred. In both scenarios, there are distinct implications in learning. From the above analysis therefore, we realize that different specialists have endeavored to categorize different criteria of hearing impairment. Hel
The question regarding suffering is one of the most challenging and difficult for perception. Christianity is focused on the evaluation of the reality of suffering. The major purpose of the paper is to provide an analysis of the justice of punishment in the Book of Job. The Book of Job raises a significant problem of suffering and pain. It is one of the most known examples of undeserved suffering. The main character in the book is Job, a rich and God-fearing man that has lost everything in a couple of hours. He lost his property, children, and health. He could not get support from any of the relatives as even his wife refused to support the husband. Moreover, she gave Job a piece of advice; she highlighted that blasphemy is the only option for her husband, and he should commit suicide afterward. The disappointment and pain became deeper when he realized that friends convict and judge him. However, aside from all the stated above, the most painful fact for Job was that even God forgot about him and did not answer Job and refused to help him. Job suffered not only materially and spiritually, but physically and morally as well. As a matter of fact, everyone was against him, even God himself who was fairly served by Job. It should be highlighted that Job was not a vicious man, spiritually, and morally (Job 1:1,8; 2:3). Can anyone imagine the suffering that is so undeserved? Should not God bless such a righteous man? The story regarding the suffering of Job, who was a noble, generous, wealthy, honest, and just person, had so much and has lost everything, raises the question concerning the nature of suffering. However, the answer to this issue seems to be complicated. There is hardly a man in the world who can comprehend the sense of misery with ease; however, it is even more difficult for a person that gets the punishment undeserved. If the pain is not perceived by a person as the punishment for the sin, it discourages and confuses. The book of Job is centered on this question and aims to highlight that suffering and punishment are acceptable not only for people who committed sins as God may have other objectives apart from punishing for the sin. The book of Job is also focused on the question regarding the attitude towards suffering. The experience of Job proves that the person that believes in God should be faithful, even facing a tragedy and challenges. The person may ask God what he had done to get such a punishment, in case the individual does not understand the reason for it. However, blasphemy is not acceptable. It is worth stating that Job was almost ready to decry God; however, he did not do it. For the strength and faith, God helped Job, and he lived peacefully for 140 years. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that the Book of Job teaches that it is not a sin to ask God “why” and “what for”, however, it is a sin to address God in a demanding voice, trying to talk to the Creator on the same level (Job 3:11-12,16,20). God has unlimited power over a human being, and a person should never demand but be faithful and noble. Work Cited Mitchell, Stephen. The Book of J
Pornography is the description of explicit content with the aim of arousing someone sexually. The media used in storing contents of this nature include books, video, film, animation, painting, photos, and magazines just to name but a few. People who pose for pornographic pictures are referred to as models whereas those who assume a character in pornographic movies are called porn stars. Emanuelle (2002) argues that pornography can be classified into several forms namely alt, armateur, fetish, orientation based, orgy, race oriented, reality, and soft and voyeur pornography. Studies conducted in the recent past indicate that the increase in the accessibility of pornographic materials has led to increase in sexual crime, especially against women. When the person who is being exposed to explicit content is not married or in a stable relationship he/she will look for alternative means to quench his/her sexual desires. The alternatives here include other people who are forced into having sex unwillingly. Others include animals such as dogs and sheep. In such a situation the weaker sex, that is, women and children are prone to these attacks. If pornography is applied appropriately it can be used to improve the sex lives of married people and responsible adults. This is because sex in marriage is very vital because when it is not satisfactory, spouses will seek satisfaction from other people that they consider knowledgeable in matters regarding sex. Rape is as old as mankind and can be traced to biblical scriptures hence governments should invent proper structures that can be used to reduce its occurrence. Marriage counselors recommend use of pornography to conduct sex education. Most women do not appreciate pornography as a sexual reference database because they argue that the habits portrayed by porn stars make them uncomfortable, such as licking ones genitals. According to Marianna (2003), women also experience marital rape perpetrated by their husbands. This kind of rape is rarely reported to the authorities because the society does not recognize marital rape. In most cases the husband comes out of nowhere and is sexually aroused but the wife in question is not ready for sex. Since men have stronger masculine than women, the wife is rendered helpless and gives in to her husband’s desires. The husband might inflict pain or injuries on the woman depending on the intensity of force used. In general the society does not see anything wrong with marital rape because in most communities the woman is under obligation to satisfy her man’s sexual desires regardless of whether she enjoys it or not. This is the underlying reason as to why women don’t report cases of marital rape because they will be labeled as wives who do not want to grant their husbands their conjugal rights. Women also contribute to the rise in sexual crimes by putting on provocative clothes such as mini-skirts and tight trousers. Many people do not agree with this argument but it has been found to insight men into sex. Men are more sexually aroused by what they see with
Introduction From the perspective of people, who are not deep in religion, there are a great number of questions regarding the Third person of the Trinity. In general, adherers cannot understand whether it is a ghost, cosmic force, a part of faith, or a heavenly mystery. Charles Stanley provides a deep insight into this topic, explaining that it is an integral part of the spiritual walk in his book Living in the Power of the Holy Spirit . It consists of eight chapters, which are aimed to uncover this sacred topic and clarify it for each person via simple language and clear explanations. Such an approach makes the work easy to read for everybody, who is willing to receive a profound comprehension of religion in general. This way, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of each chapter of Living in the Power of the Holy Spirit by Charles Stanley and present a personal understanding of the book. Information on the Author Charles Frazier Stanley has spent approximately years writing books on religious themes. He is the author of numerous publications, which range from clarifying the content of the Bible to upbringing children. Living in the Power of the Holy Spirit is one of his works, which was released in 2005. As for this personality and activity, it is essential to mention that in Atlanta, Georgia, the writer is Pastor Emeritus of First Baptist Church. In addition, Charles Stanley has been occupying the post of a senior pastor for 51 years (Stanley, 2005). As for his beliefs, he adheres to Christianity, namely, he is evangelical. Charles Stanley covers multiple topics in his publications, such as personal crises, money usage, emotional state, harmonious relationships, parenting, adherence to a religion, and others. He also established In Touch Ministries, which was broadcasted through television (Stanley, 2005). Furthermore, the theologian has been awarded six times for his achievements in religious propaganda (Stanley, 2005). This way, his speeches, and narration appear to provide a deep insight into religion, and how its principles may be applied to a daily routine. The Promise of God the Father First of all, before reviewing the entire book, it is vital to clarify the definition, that the author gives of the Holy Spirit. To present a description, Charles Stanley references Luke 24 at the moment when Jesus gives important instructions before leaving for heaven: “Jesus said to them, “There are the words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms concerning Me… Thus it is written, and thus it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead on the third day, and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. And you are witnesses of these things. Behold, I send the Promise of My Father upon you; but tarry in the city of Jerusalem until you are endued [or clothed] with power from on high” (as cited in Stanley, 2005, p. 3). Therefore, the author concludes that the “Hol
There are many superficial similarities between Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease primarily in some symptoms and age-group of persons afflicted by these two diseases. Nonetheless, these two are inherently distinct and distinguishable from each other in many aspects such as etiology and treatment, for example. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and lethal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and memory decline (Cummings, 2004). Due to this performance of daily activities are severely affected. In addition, a range of neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms are also observed. The prevalence of the disease is notable since in the United States alone there are approximately 4.5 million sufferers in 2000 (Hebert et al., 2003). Parkinson’s disease is likewise a neurodegenerative disorder manifested by motor function symptoms such as tremor and rigidity accompanied by dementia in advanced cases although there are nine differential diagnoses of Parkinsonism (Rao et al., 2006). The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the US population is pegged at 0.3 percent (de Lau, 2004) and one million in United States alone (Zigmond & Burke, 2002). This paper aims to identify the characteristics of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases including their etiology, pathology and pathophysiology, clinical presentations, natural history and prognosis, diagnosis, treatment and other current and relevant information with the purpose of establishing the similarities and differences between the two diseases. Regarding etiology, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases share common characteristics since both are induced at some leve
Introduction It is a fact that the relationship between the west and Islam has been strained for a very long time. As Bulliet (2004) states, Europe has been suspicious towards Islam as a religion, and Muslims as individuals who practice this religion. This scholar says that it is only in Europe as a continent where Islam is least developed compared to the rest of the world. This is a clear indication that the strained relationship between Europe and Islam did not start the other day. It has been in existence for several years, and it still persists today. According to Roald (2004), there has been a massive battle for supremacy between Islam and Christianity. Just as the tough battle experienced during the cold war between the world’s powerhouses (the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Social Republic), the battle between Christianity and Islam was on how each would assert its authority in the world. Led by sheikhs who believed that death in the course of spreading Islam around the world or protecting its principles was a holy death, they launched massive campaigns, raids and other means, including conquering other nations in order to spread this religion. On the other hand, Christian missionaries were combing the world, trying to spread the good message brought by the word. Christian missionaries would travel several miles and at times overseas in order to ensure that their message would reach all parts of the world, and that they would convert most of the non-believers into Christianity. During such missions, these two opposing camps would meet. Both camps were strong given the fact that they were supported by strong world powers of that time. Both believed that their religion was the right religion, and that the other was meant to misguide the world. As Bulliet (2004), the two camps believed that the other camp should be destroyed for spreading a religion that lacks basis. This would lead to conflicts between the two camps, and at times a fully fledged war. Tension would rise when the two were in regions that equally accepted the two religious groups. Scholars have come up with different explanation about the origin of Islam and its relationship to Christianity. According to Roald (2004), there are those who have held that Islam is a
Before discussing the potential impacts of criminal violations on health care providers and, particularly, on their professional status, we must distinguish between such notions as felony and misdemeanor. Furthermore, we should not disregard the peculiarities of health care system, which imposes very stringent restrictions on people, who work in this field. In this respect, it is quite possible for us to say that, professional and legal status of a health care provider is determined not only by the state and by federal laws, but also by statutory regulations. Traditionally misdemeanor is interpreted as a minor offence, which is less serious than felony. As a rule, such form of deviant behavior does not entail deprivation of civil rights, such as, for instance, imprisonment (Fisher, 1998). However, it may lead to administrative punishment: displacement, fines, and even the loss of professional license. It is worth mentioning that there is the so-called “punishable-misdemeanor” which can result in jail sentence. Although such cases are not very widespread, they may occur in health care system (Clevette, 2007). Such forms of misdemeanor as negligence, endangering the physical and mental health of a patient, may involve criminal responsibility and even imprisonment. For example, an employee may be sentenced to 4 year of prison if he or she is practicing in a banned manner and such misconduct threatens a patient’s life (MHRRD, 2006). Overall, it is not always easy to differentiate between these two notions, but according to federal law, a “felony is an offence, punishable by death or by imprisonment, exceeding more than by year” (Robert Fisher, 1998). Such crimes as drug sale, embezzlement fraud, and falsification of records can be labeled as a felony. In the majority of cases, felony entails only the loss of civil rights, but it does not affect a persons professional status or license. Nevertheless, there are certain exceptions to this rule, especially if we are speaking about medical sphere. An employee may be never allowed to practice if he or she has ever been found engaged in criminal activity. Thus, we can say that traditional distinction between misdemeanor and felony is not acceptable for health care intuitions. As regards health care system, we can say that disciplinary action can spring from any form of misconduct, which may imperil the life of a patient and his mental or physical state. Among them, we can single out the following ones: maltreatment, unprofessional conduct (prejudiced attitude towards a patient, misinforming, reluctance to meet the standards, set by the medical institution), or negligence. Apart from that, medical workers may be engaged in activities, involving criminal responsibility, such as fraud, drug sale, falsification of records, bribery and many others. Any health care provide, who is found guilty of any of these crimes, may serve prison term, and lose his or her license. It should be borne in mind that certain forms of deviant behavior may resu