ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The pedagogical methods strived to facilitate a faster educational process are versatile and concern new technologies in teaching and studying. The research paper under analysis is dedicated to the concept of bilingualism of children in contrast with those of their counterparts being monolingual. The point is that many bilinguals differ from monolinguals in terms of better retention among pupils. Different approaches coincide in the conclusion that bilingual children are rather apt in gaining knowledge and information on the whole than the rest of monolingual children. The concept of memory development is important to capture the two types of tasks having been carried out in Sweden: episodic and semantic. Scientists and researchers should work out the methods and approaches in order to estimate and implement the phenomenon of bilingual significance for the educational system. This article consists of such parts as Introduction; Experiments from 1st to 4th with sub-points, namely description, method, result; and Discussion. The research is accompanied by the works and experiments of three scientists for social and psychological affairs, namely, Kami-Nouri, Moniri, and Nilsson, whose approaches towards making out standpoints of the paper concern other well-known researchers in this field. One of the main points of the study work is to implement memory tasks similar in advantage and thematic background for two groups of children living in a multinational society. Here the core aspect of many researchers is incorporated into the logical understanding of bilingual advantage for children due to the hypothesis of “cross-language interactivity.” (94). Mastering two or more languages, with regards to Kessler and Quinn, gives children additional “perspectives into problem-solving tasks.” (94) As for another point standing in line with the above-mentioned hypothesis, it is considered that two languages help not less than twice a time enrich the process of information evaluation and storing it comprising the view on the things from linguistic peculiarities in each language. Though, the picture of life and things developing in it is considered among bilinguals with dual features when analyzing
Introduction In the modern world, statistics indicates that the United States of America is the leading spender on healthcare. In addition, the costs of healthcare continue to increase every year. According to government statistics, the nation spent some 1.9 trillion dollars in 2004 alone, which represents an approximate 16% of the nation’s total GDP (Holtz 103). In fact, America spends more than 5,000 dollars per person per year, while other countries like Japan and Switzerland spends a mere $2,000 and $3,500 per person respectively. Despite this, a large number of people remain uninsured, while others cannot access good healthcare services (Holtz 102). So, what are the causes of these problems? The purpose of this discussion is to review the root problems affecting the healthcare system in the United States of America. The paper argues that malpractices within the healthcare system, business nature of the insurance companies and policies and minimal government involvement are the primary causes of the problem. Malpractices in healthcare system as a cause of America’s high cost of healthcare Currently, the American healthcare system is ridden with a number of malpractices that tend to affect the provision of services. For instance, Americans have to pay implausible amounts of money for insurance services, yet most of these resources are required to cover for malpractice insurance. The use of expensive and new technologies in an effort to achieve faster and effective diagnoses and treatments of diseases increases the amounts of money needed to cover the healthcare (Congressional Budget Office 9). Although opponents argue that Americans get better and effective services, data from more than 30 countries indicate that the US has less physicians and hospital beds per patient compared to some European nations such as Italy, Austria and France (Holtz 107). Secondly, American doctors and other healthcare professionals are more involved in malpractice than in any other country. For example, the American insurance law does not provide a limit on the amount of money a doctor can be sued for, which means that the amounts needed to meet the cost of thes
Termination Termination is a crucial and inevitable part of social work. It is defined as the process of ending a social worker’s professional relationship with his or her client. This process can be triggered when the goals of the intervention have been reached, when the time allotted for the intervention is over, or when the client is no longer interested in continuing (Barker, 2013). It represents significant importance to social work because it can have a critical lasting impact on both the client and the social worker. Critical evaluation can occur as part of this process, further increasing its potential effect on its participants. Therefore, termination presents significant challenges, both personal and professional, to the social worker. Professional and Personal Challenges in Termination The professional challenges involved in the process of termination are generally related to the assessments and evaluations that occur during it. The nature of the first assessment is determined near the start of the working relationship between the social worker and his or her client, when the goals of the intervention are determined (Thompson, 2015). Understanding when these goals are achieved, or deciding that they are not achievable, can be challenging. Thus, the first challenge with termination is initially deciding the conditions under which it will occur, and then understanding that these conditions have been met or cannot be met. For a probation officer, an error in these decisions can mean the difference between recidivism and successful reintegration (Andersen & Wilderman, 2015). This makes them especially challenging and stressful due to the potentially significant impact they can have on the client as well as those potentially affected by their subsequent actions. If the termination occurs for reasons other than the successful meeting of the initial intervention goals, it can be challenging to decide on an appropriate course of action to follow. If a referral to a different specialist is required, difficulties can arise from choosing one. Furthermore, if the termination occurs because of a failure to meet the initial goals, especially due to the client’s lack of cooperation, it can be difficult to communicate during
Introduction Nowadays the representatives of the general public use various devices they have due to the technological development to reach social media through the Internet and communicate with others. Digital world allows them to get to know new people, share various data and organize different activities. In addition to that, the users can have a chance to use creative learning strategies that attract them because of the possibility not just to study in formal settings but also in informal ones. In this way, they can make friends with individuals who have similar ideas and preferences and to interact with them for educational purposes. All in all, the usage of non-traditional educational approaches attracts enormous attention today so that social media and its advantages both in the classroom and at home are widely discussed. Professionals underline that computers, phones, and other similar devices can be extremely beneficial in the framework of learning and teaching because they give a chance to reach web-based social networking platforms whenever and wherever one is. Thus, people refer to Facebook, Twitter and other social media websites to communicate with the members of their community. It is stated that they are very popular on campuses and learners constantly refer to them. It is critical that not only adults and the youth utilize social media but also school children who are willing to find out something new, active and creative. Thus, it can be claimed that learners of all ages are greatly dependent on various websites and apps. Even though this tendency is usually considered to be incorrect and harmful to the users, the educators found out that they can use it for educational purposes. Professionals believe that social networks allow the users to “experience authentic language interactions and develop sociopragmatic awareness (e.g., language use in specific contexts, relationship building…), which are often absence in textbooks” (Wang & Chen, 2013, p. 135). In addition to that, many people underline that today the Internet users tend to forget about the possibility to use their computers and laptops to reach social networks can give preference to the phones. The thing is that using them, they have a possibility to get in touch in any place. Phones are rather small, which means that they can
Introduction Individual team members in the organizational setting advance through different levels of competency and productiveness as they become integrated into the group environment (Britt & Jex, 2008). Different people become socialized differently depending on their personality and other personal characteristics. The way an individual integrates into the organizational culture can have a direct impact on his/her performance and the overall performance of the organization (Britt & Jex, 2008). This paper seeks to analyze the relationship between productive and counterproductive behaviors. The paper will specifically define productive and counterproductive behaviors, describe the impact counterproductive behaviors can have on an organization, and finally recommend strategies that can be used increase productive behavior and decrease counterproductive behaviors. Productive and counterproductive behaviors Productive behavior can be defined as “the employee behavior that contributes positively to the goals and objectives of an organization” (Britt & Jex, 2008, p. 96). A new member who joins an existing organization is usually given a period of time to get accustomed to the organizational culture. Organizations often use personal characteristics such as innovative ability, job performance organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) to measure overall productive behaviors (Britt & Jex, 2008) Innovative employees can positively impact an organization’s productivity through enhancement of organization procedures and improved performance. Efforts of employees that result into conceptualization of original processes that save production time, material cost, or manpower hours may positively contribute to the goals and objectives of the organization (Dunlop & Lee, 2004). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is described as behaviors of employees that are not necessarily captured in the work descriptions (Dunlop & Lee, 2004). OCB behaviors mainly come in the form of conscientious, courtesy, civic virtue among other qualities. Researchers have a consensus that the goodwill produced by a mutually reinforced feeling of desire to receive and assist people is vital for the development of OCB. Job “performance basically entails the behaviors that employees engage in while at the place of work” (Britt & Jex, 2008, p. 97). Different organizations have their own ways of assessing job performance. Counterproductive behavior can be defined as “behavior that explicitly runs counter to the goals of an organization” (Britt & Jex, 2008, p. 168). Counterproductive behavior can manifest itself several different ways. This may range from poor customer service to more serious offences such as criminal activity and violence (Dunlop & Lee, 2004). The most common forms of counterproductive behaviors include inability of the employ to deliver on job performance, frequent cases of unexplained absenteeism and employ turnorver (Dunlop & Lee, 2004). Companies have formulated several strategies
The National Health Service of United Kingdom provides an all-inclusive range of health services to its residents. This healthcare system receives its funding from the public through general taxations. The focus of this healthcare system is to provide free medical services, which is usually expressed as ‘free at the point of use’. This expression has had several interpretations over the years from different people in the United Kingdom leading to several questions concerning the free medical service. How does the system work? Any person with a National Health Service number is eligible for the ‘free at the point of use’ medical service, and this covers every individual in the United Kingdom including non-residents. The main principles of the National Health Service are to provide healthcare services to all people, and this means all the medical services that the resident of the United Kingdom might need. Over the years, the principles of the NHS have been undergoing several changes in an attempt to determine which services a resident should acquire free of charge. This has brought rationing of the services that the programme could cater for and to which extent it can cover the patient’s needs. The rationing of National Health Service should be practiced in the United Kingdom and other countries which have similar programmes for several reasons. There was a proposal of savings in the healthcare department and to achieve its main goals, the National Health Services should introduce rationing in the provision of healthcare services. The efficiency saving requirements are meant to improve services to be provided by the programme, and this type of savings will make the nurses and doctors apportion the services they provide the subscribers of the programme with. In this case, under the moral claim for free treatment or service from the National Health Service, would fall the case where the patient, for instance, requires a surgery, threatening his or her life (Butler, 1999, p. 45). The rationing may also improve the services provided by the programme and at the same time reduce the waiting lines, which many patients seeking for healthcare services face nowadays. In addition, the apportion of medical services provided by the National Health Service (NHS) will boost the private healthcare firms, which provide similar medical treatment. There will be a boost in their businesses and people will not depend on this healthcare system but rather seek for the assistance of private healthcare. In the end, there will be competition from both ends hence provision of better medical services from both parties. For the above reasons, rationing in the National Health Service has been a proposal that so many people have debated on and others seem to welcome the idea; especially the funders like the government (Gorsky, 2008, p. 72). The big question relates to whether rationing of the National Health Service should be carried out, because the scope of its services covers the following: long-term healthcare, dentistry, primary care, ophthalmology, and in-pat
The US is among the most liberal countries in the world. In most of the states anyone who is above 21 years old is allowed to carry a licensed gun. The right to own a firearm is found in the second Amendment of the US constitution. This clause states, “A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a state the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed” (Magoon 2008). The second amendment provides for certain grounds that allow people to keep gun; however, this has been a subject of intense debate. Those advocating for gun control point out that it is very easy to get a gun. They claim that only 60% of guns are bought from licensed dealers. The remaining percentage gets their guns from gun shows or internet sources. Hence this makes it very easy even for criminals who are not allowed by law to possess guns to easily access them. Hence, advocates for gun control require that governments set tough rules, which would make it harder for people to own firearms. The government should also limit the number of firearms which one can buy monthly. These people also feel that guns pose a big threat to public safety. Suicides or murders happen more often in homes, which have guns than in homes that do not have guns. Pro gun control lobbyists also feel that most gun sellers do not give background checks on their customers mental health and criminal background( if there is any) as required by law. This they feel makes it easy for people who are prohibited by law to possess guns to easily access them and later use them to commit felony. Most of these arguments used by pro-gun control lobbyists are genuine. However some of the arguments have also be used by people who are against gun control. Anti gun control lobbyists believe that if more people were allowed to own guns gun related deaths would decrease. This is because these people would use their guns for self protection hence reducing the fatalities which would have occurred if they had no guns. These people also believe that criminals will always find ways of getting guns no matter how strict the laws are to prohibit them. Therefore making it hard for people to get guns only makes it even harder for honest law-abiding citizens to protect themselves, hence exposing them from the risk posed by gun-trotting criminals. These people believe that stricter access to guns cannot prevent suicide. This is because people who would like to commit suicide can use many other different means if they are unable to access guns. Some anti-gun control advocates believe that regulations are meant to discriminate against people who are perceived to be of a lower social status from getting guns (eg African-Americans durin
Introduction Group learning encompasses interaction among group members in the process of sharing knowledge. Group learning has its dynamics as each member is expected to contribute to the overall learning objective. Thus, this reflective paper provides an overview of group activities, learning experiences, and suggestions on how to improve group collaboration dynamics in undertaking the group online class assignment in the development of communication instruments in the tourism industry. Organizational Activities In the group assignment, I intend to address the concerns of communication in the organization since in encoding and decoding information, it is critical to balance the wanted and unwanted grapevine (Argyris and Schon 1996). Thus, in reviewing performance based on feedback received, I will be categorical in offering recommendations to organization human resource management teams to handle the voluntary information with care to boost trust and confidentiality that form the pinnacle of organizational behavior. Therefore, I will critically endeavor to balance the feedback with the goals of such organizations as a remedy towards inclusiveness and active participation which translates into desirable performance in the tourism industry. Through training of then evaluation and performance reviewers, I will establish a clear line between informal and formal office grape vines which foster a unique culture among employees. Reflectively, I will introduce a complete 360 degree feedback process that will helpboost morale and maintaining desirable confidence levels (Garvin, Edmondson and Gino 2008). The process should be inclusive of structured evaluation and progress reporting tools. Among the key issues that I will address, there are motivation, empowerment, and training (Argyris and Schon 1996). Reflectively, these factors should be internalized in the human resource management system to foster a proactive attitude among the staff in the tourism industry (Garvin, Edmondson and Gino 2008). Among the motivation enhancing practices I will dwell on, there areincentives, promotions, rewards, and recognition in the online class group assignment. I will also establish proactive cultural perspective learning based on the premise that organizational learning is done by key individuals in the organization whose actions then influence the organizational change. On the hand, cultural perspective is based on the foundation that organizations learn because they have the capabilities just like those that a human possesses, which allows him or her to learn. Therefore, cognitive perspective on organizational learning is viewed by Cook and Yanow (2005) as a compliment to the cultural perspective. Learning Experience I learnt that cognitive perspective influences contribution from each member of the group unequivocally for learning at the individual level while the cultural perspective on the other hand focuses on learning on a collective level. Furthermore, cultural perspective is closely linked to those epistemological approaches that support collective learningfor each member of the group was from a different culture (Assmann 1995). However, I
Definition of DNA DNA denotes deoxyribonucleic acid and is the hereditary material in living organisms and plants. It governs some characteristics such as bone density, hair color, and eye color among others. It is characterized by long narrow string (Rand & Catalano, 2006). The location for most DNA is the nucleus though some may be found in the mitochondria and is called mitochondrial DNA. Entirely all parts of the body are composed of DNA except the red blood cells. The DNA information is usually in a coded format based on the four chemical bases present in it. Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) pair with each other to form base pairs (Riley, 2005). The combination of base pair, sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule forms nucleotides. The fact that DNA can replicate is vital especially when cells divide to give new cells identical features from the old cells. History of DNA The discovery and implementation of DNA-related projects has indeed come a long way. The onset of DNA related tests date back to 1865 when Gregor Mendel examined the genetic profiles of pea plants. Isolation of DNA initiated by Friedrich Miescher was done in 1869. Advancement of Mendel’s works was never cemented until 1890 when three scientists namely; Hugo DeVries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns embarked on them. Each of the three was involved in a detailed research of DNA for different works (Butler, 2000). It was Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky who first isolated a pure DNA culture in 1935. James Watson and Francis Crick were influential in proposing the double-stranded, helical, complementary, anti-parallel model for DNA and had their work published in a magazine. The discovery and isolation of DNA polymerase was successfully done by Coenberg in 1958. The polymerase was later to become useful in making test tube DNA. The cracking of the genetic code came in 1966 thanks to Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa who indeed demonstrated that each of the 20 amino acids is determined by a sequence of three nucleotide base (codon). The first DNA cloning experiments were done in 1972 in California (Jobling & Gill, 2004). The first recombinant organism was produced in 1973 when Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer successfully transferred DNA from one life form into another. 1976 saw the release of the first recombinant guidelines by the NIH. Studies by David Botstein and others indeed proved that when a restrictive enzyme is applied to DNA from two genetically different individuals, restriction fragment length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) arises. The invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by Kary Mullis and others at Cetus Corporation in Berkeley, California, was considered the most revolutionary new technique in molecular biology in the 1980s. A technique for DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals was discovered by English geneticist Dr. Alec Jeffrey in 1984 (Butler, 2000). National Center for Human Genome Research by James Watson, and the Human Genome Project were launched in 1989 and 1990 respect