ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ethical and political values may be for the interest of the common good or rights of individuals. Various theories seek to explain these values. The most common are Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, Egalitarianism, and Rawlsian. Utilitarianism is a theory that suggests that maximizing utility should be the priority in any action that people take. Libertarianism is a theory that suggests that everyone in society can undertake day-to-day lives the way he or she pleases. This theory suggests that it is their right to do whatever they wish to do. Rawlsian theory suggests everyone should attempt to gain something extra from what he or she already has (Chaffee 15-20). The late Professor John Rawls, who developed the theory proposed two principles. The first is the principle of liberty, which states that people have the right to make their choices. The second is the difference principle, which argues that all economic and social equalities should be such that they give the most disadvantaged person the greatest benefit. The two seem to suggest that people and corporations should aim at increasing benefits (Chaffee 15-20). Finally, Egalitarianism is a theory that suggests that everyone in society should have an equal share. This essay will give some examples using theories of ethical and political values to demonstrate the common good and individual rights. Main body It is essential to understand that most of the ethical and political values have something to do with community claims. These refer to demands the community makes because they are their rights. For instance, the government should ensure that hospitals are available for its citizens and those doctors are there to treat patients. There are several reasons why ethical and political values should be primarily rooted in the interest of the common good. Below are some of these reasons. If the government system uses the utilitarianism approach for the interest of the common good in the society, the government will ensure that in every county, there is a general hospital, and in every community, there is a dispensary. This will ensure that there is affordable health care for its citizens. Accessibility is also important to maximize utility. The utilitarian theory emphasizes the maximization of utility. The ethical and political values, in this case, are that the government avails hospitals close to the citizens so that they can access health services whenever they need them. It is also essential to have several dispensaries in various locations. This will reduce the number of patients flocking major hospitals, which will help specialists in major health care centers to treat main health conditions. On the other hand, these dispensaries will treat patients with minor health complications. This is the maximization of utility, where the government uses all available resources to satisfy people’s needs. This concept is cl
Background Myelination is formed by myelin on the parts of a nerve. Myelin is a material that is dielectric and forms a round layer, the myelin sheath, on a neuron’s axon. This mostly comprises the nerve structure. Myelin is made by the Schwann cells and oligodendrogliocytes (Luciana & Nelson, 35). Myelination is the production of the myelin sheath. It begins at the 14th week of the development of the fetus in humans. Myelination takes place in the optic nerve briefly before birth. Little myelin is found in the brain of an infant when it’s born. Myelination then increases as the child grows increases even through the stage of adolescence. Conduction velocity Is the conduction velocity taking place in the nerves? The nerves usually transmit information using action potential (Brown, Miller, and Eason, 590). Nerves are made to conduct electrical impulses over long distances throughout the body to the brain. The conduction is dependent on the stimulus whether it is low or above the threshold. A low stimulus indicates that there is no action potential. When above the threshold it remains the same size and does not change even for stronger stimuli. The stimuli may be electricity, touch, stretch, pressure, chemical among others. Conclusion Myelination is the sheath covering the axon of a neuron. In a myelinated nerve, the impulses hop from the nod to nod (Brown, 42). Myelination is advantageous in that it causes the conduction velocity to rise from 10 to 100 times the conduction velocity in ordinary nerves. Hence, myelination increases the conduction velocity significantly. In a myelinated nerve, the conduction velocity is close or 100 m/s. Myelination increases conduction velocity because it increases the axon diameter since the conduction velocity is directly proportional to the fiber’s diameter. In addition, it decreases capacitance hence the electrotonic con.
Introduction Research shows that companies that are doing well in the business world embrace innovations. Innovations within the environment have seen the success of numerous companies. Thus, innovations have given numerous organizations competitive advantage. This has seen tremendous efforts being made to enhance innovations in organizations. A remarkable example is Apple Incorporation. This organization has had a competitive advantage over its competitors by using appropriate innovations. In fact, the organization has created a system that supports and advances innovations to underpin its operations. Recently, Apple incorporation reviewed its innovation strategy. In this organization, innovation has been achieved in processes, business models, customer experience and leadership. The organization has established an Innovation Factory to oversee its processes. The innovation factory encompasses the research and development department (Müller, 2011). Here, there are experts and researchers entrusted with the responsibility of innovating. This has seen the introduction of innovations such as iPod, iTunes, iMac and iPods. These innovations have been well managed
Introduction Barack Obama in his “Speech on Race” begins at a time when the American Constitution was being drawn. He says that the document although signed by great men of the nation remained unfinished as it was tainted by slavery, which divided the colonies. The founders had allowed slave trade and left the final decisions to abolish it to their future generations. Although the Constitution promised its people justice, equality and liberty, it has never been able to rid the slaves off their bondage and provide the people of every race and color their privileges and equal rights as the citizens of America. What he calls as legalized discrimination prevented the black people from owning property, attending schools with the white, owning businesses and getting proper jobs. They could not accumulate enough wealth for the future generations and thus, a huge income and wealth gap is evident between the black and white. They received very little economic opportunities and their frustration from being unable to provide for the family, wore down the black families forcing them into poverty. Basic services, like police protection, parks and community centers, are absent in most of the modern black neighborhoods. Obama asks the people not to accept politics, which creates cynicism, conflicts and division among the people, but to remember that people of every creed and color had fought and bleed together to uphold the same flag. In order to face the challenges present today, like unemployment and health issues, America has to come together. Even if its people do not look alike, they want the same future for their coming generations. Main body Barack Obama believes that the issue of race cannot be ignored and people need to come together to solve challenges of education, healthcare and employment. He says that people need to address the accounts of racial injustice which the country has faced and remind themselves that the reason the numerous disparities exist within the African American communities is mainly due to the inequalities that had taken place in their earlier generations caused by the cruel era of slavery and the Jim Crow Laws, which were a number of strict anti-Black laws. Black and white children had to attend the segregated schools and often the black schools were the inferior ones. Even after the Brown v. Board of Education declared that the laws forcing separation of schools for white and black students refused the black children their equal educational opportunities, the problem hasn’t still been fixed. This explains the gap that still prevails between them. Barack Obama’s mother is a white woman from Kansas and father was a black man from Kenya, but his white grandparents helped raise him. His grandfather survived the Great Depression and had served World War II and his grandmother served at Fort Leavenworth on the bomber assembly line. He had been educated in America’s best schools, including Harvard and Columbia Law School, and even lived in some of the poor countries of the world, like Indonesia. His wife, Michelle, is also a black American. He says that she has inherited th
Disease Prevalence In the United States, hospital-acquired influenza takes one of the first places in children’s morbidity concomitant with the primary disease. The recent study indicates that respiratory viral infections, including influenza, compose an underappreciated cause of the morbidity outbreak in children (Chow & Mermel, 2017). In particular, the retrospective research was conducted at Rhode Island Hospital and Hasbro Children’s Hospital (HCH) and Rhode Island Hospital to compare the prevalence of the given disease in adults and children. As a result of a one-year study, it was discovered that it was “5 cases/10 000 admissions and 44 cases/10 000 admissions to adult and pediatric hospitals, respectively” (Chow & Mermel, 2017, p. 1). These statistics clearly show that children are at a higher risk of hospital-acquired influenza in the US. The following Table 1 presents detailed information. The strengths of the above data are its direct comparison of different populations and significant sample size, while the limitation refers to covering a small number of hospitals. Table 1. Types of viruses causing nosocomial respiratory viral infections. The spread of the epidemic of influenza is primarily promoted by a decrease in the immunity of the children of large cities. It is caused by the polluted air of the metropolis and the peculiarities of nutrition, which is not always healthy and full. In some states, more than half of the child population has such problems. Meanwhile, a single integrated approach to the treatment and prevention of hospital-acquired influenza in children in health care has not been developed. This leads to an additional worsening of the epidemic situation in the United States. Among the negative impacts of the identified health issue, one may note the increased mortality (health consequences), additional costs on children’s treatment (economic impacts), and the threat of pandemics (social aspect). The chronic medical conditions, as well as early age, facilitate the onset of influenza during the
Iconography The focus of the assignment is the painting Dempsey and Firpo by George Bellows. The work depicts one of the most significant boxing matches in the history of the sport in the 20th century and is probably the most famous painting of the author. On the canvas, George Bellows portrayed Luis Firpo knocking Jack Dempsey out of the boxing ring, making one assume that Firpo has eventually won the match. However, both the painting and the narrative behind it are more complicated and require a thorough analysis. Therefore, two methodologies, iconography and critical race theory, were chosen to further investigate the painting in the current assignment. The first method of analysis of the artwork is iconography. It is a methodology that allows to further understand the motives and objectives of the painting utilizing the narrative and cultural context behind it. Concerning Dempsey and Firpo, iconography is especially effective since additional information is required to fully comprehend the painting. As mentioned before, on the canvas, Firpo knocks Dempsey, the world champion of the time, out of the ropes and is portrayed as a winner of the match. That was indeed a notable moment in the history of sports, however, Firpo eventually lost that match in the second round, and Dempsey continued his winning streak. Another reason why the iconography methodology is relevant for the current artwork is the cultural context of the time. Essentially, Dempsey and Firpo differs drastically from the rest of the paintings in the boxing series by George Bellows. The author mainly depicted the back-room amateur matches that were frequently brutal, non-professional, and might have often been seemed like two men trying to kill each other. From this perspective, Dempsey and Firpo is the first work of the author that displays a grand match with thousands of viewers. Critical Race Theory The second chosen methodology for this assignment is critical race theory. Frequently, the current method is used to investigate the artworks depicting the African-American community or the paintings done by the members of minority groups. Dempsey and Firpo differs from them since boxing at the beginning of the 20th century was mostly a white sport, and George Bellows also does not represent minority groups. However, this is exactly why the painting is relevant in the methodology of critical race theory. Luis Ángel Firpo was the first Latin American sportsman in the history of boxing in the United States to challenge the world champion. Despite eventually losing the match, Firpo has achieved a great reputation throughout the whole of Latin America and inspired thousands of people from minority groups in their sports careers. George Bellows depicted not only the objective reality but also conveyed the emotions of the athletes
The Selective Addictive Nature of Alcohol Alcoholism has been misunderstood by people as a moral or emotional weakness. It is believed that people succumb to alcoholism because they have psychological and emotional problems that they want to escape from or relieve. People believe that alcoholism is caused by all kinds of social problems such as marital problems and death of loved ones. However, the truth of the matter is that everyone has the same psychological and emotional problems. And most people will drink to escape these problems. The fact is that even as majority of the people are influenced to drink alcohol by emotional problems, not all of them will become alcoholics. Physiological factors in a man causing vulnerability towards alcohol are what will determine which person will become alcoholic not psychological factors (Milam and Ketcham, 12). However, once the person is an alcoholic, he is unable to handle his problems well. The alcohol further aggravates his emotions leading him to feel fearful and depressed in exaggera
Compliance and litigation are common aspects of human resource management. In the article “Will Your Workers Sue You?: State-by-State Risks and Strategic Responses”, Posthuma (2012) presents some of the legal dilemmas that frequently occur in workplaces. The article touches on legal cases and lawsuits that directly involve human resource management. In this paper, the author reflects on the various arguments presented by Posthuma (2012) from the context of course readings. To this end, the author applies the three risks dimension developed in the case study to analyze loss and exposure in human resource management with regards to litigations. Reality of Lawsuits Posthuma (2012) guides practitioners on the actions to take when dealing with lawsuits. The first step entails identifying and assessing factors that trigger employment liability losses. The lawsuits in reference are categorized according to their severity, frequency, and range. Frequency Frequency deals with the number of losses (Posthuma, 2012). High frequency lawsuits occur mainly as a result of racial diversity. African Americans sue more frequently for racial discrimination compared to other individuals. It is mainly because they are underrepresented in most organizations. When individuals in one group believe they are treated unfairly, the likelihood of an employment lawsuit increases. However, this argument may appear biased. The reason is that even individuals from other racial groups sue their employers (Phillips & Gully, 2013). Unemployment is another cause of lawsuits. Many unemployed individuals are competing for the few available job opportunities (Phillips & Gully, 2013). Consequently, more lawsuits against human resource managers arise. Range Range deals with the breadth or variety of risks (Posthuma, 2012). Discrimination, right to work, and state OSHA plans are some of the common lawsuits facing human resource managers. A number of federal laws deal with the employer-employee relationship. Breaching these laws can result in lawsuits against the human resource management department (Phillips & Gully, 2013). Severity Severity deals with the amount of money at stake (Posthuma, 2012). One may assume that this aspect has no connection to human resource management. However, the truth is that hiring often leads to endless lawsuits. In cases where the jury is easily persuaded, the severity of the losses to the organization may be significant (Posthuma, 2012). Dealing with Lawsuits After identifying the level and potential of threat associated with different types of lawsuits, the next step is to find an effective way to manage the risks posed. Most of the actions are meant to shield the employer from damages (Posthuma, 2012). In human resource management, losses arising from lawsuits can be avoided in a number of ways. First, complying with anti-discrimination laws can avert litigations. High severity lawsuits can be managed by taking up liability insurance covers. Other efforts that can be made to manage risks of litigation in human resource management involve familiarity wi
Introduction The fourteenth Dalai Lama is a source of inspiration not only to Tibetans but also to people all over the globe, regardless of the religion they follow. His wise thoughts are of significant value for dealing with both personal and public matters. At the same time, they are applicable to addressing social and political challenges at the global level. Even though public and private issues are often perceived separately, the Dalai Lama’s wisdom is a representation of the connection between the two. Analysis In public, the fourteenth Dalai Lama is a humble inspiration. He never thinks of himself as a superman. Instead, he refers to himself as a simple monk, an experimenter, who rarely does what anyone else could not. Traveling the world and visiting the smallest villages across the globe, the Dalai Lama teaches people to remember that everything is in a constant state of flux so that there is no time for mourning the past and taking new directions is always possible. Moreover, he preaches what is known as global ethics—individual kindness and personal responsibility, which should be devoted to improving the world and making every decision for some good, regardless of belonging to any religion (Iyer 8-9). Still, the central message of the fourteenth Dalai Lama centers on the belief that everyone is free to explore the laws of nature and God and investigate what is and should be done within them to benefit others, or at least do no harm to them. In other words, there is no need to be distracted by religion, nor to believe anything on blind faith. Instead, religion should become the foundation for finding answers regarding the world because it does not give knowledge, but helps to create it (Iyer 47). At the same time, in private, the fourteenth Dalai Lama always follows his belief that religion should not be blinding and distracting. He believes that spiritual life is more than blind dedication. Instead, it is hard work, determination, and fighting to surrender to something larger that would benefit the world. One way to achieve this is to keep one’s body clean and the mind clear. He spends hours meditating, as he believes that meditation is the best preventive medicine (Iyer 89). Moreover, the Dalai Lama preaches that people are all equal, regardless of their social status or race, because everyone has the same potential of intelligence, and it is the self-confidence that determines one’s chances for success, not one’s background (Iyer 92). All in all, he never thinks of himself as a final authority, as his mind can be changed once specific arguments are provided. At the same time, he would never attempt to address medical issues, as he believes in the power of science and recent breakthroughs in this field. In other words, the Dalai Lama follows the preached belief and avoids doing harm to people in cases of being incompetent and having no ideas for solving others’ problems (Iyer 67). That said, the focus is on the fact that, although religion and internal power are helpful for self-healing, sometimes it is better to seek help from the outside (Iyer 94). For me, both public and private aspects of the preached philosophy are
Introduction In both stories, the writers have used a series of parallel symbols and conflicts, which have resulted in the stories resembling each other, although the plots are quite distinct. The predominant theme is the cultural conflict between parents and their children; it is especially brought out in both stories by the two major domineering mother figures. Jing Pei’s mother and the grandmother in ‘Who’s Irish’ are both characters that are endangered in the Chinese culture to which they have remained loyal even after emigrating, although in different ways. The story ‘Who’s Irish’ by Jen Gish is based on the events in the life of an elderly Chinese immigrant lady, and the struggle she undergoes as she tries to acclimatize herself to a radically different culture. Although she has lived in the US for some time, she is critical of her son-in-law, John (Irish), and his seemingly lax family values. She struggles with disappointment that her daughter has abandoned the Chinese tradition and chosen to become Americanized such that she does not even spank her daughter. These disagreements make it hard for them to live in the same home. Eventually, the grandmother moves out. In Amy Tam’s ‘Two Kinds,’ the plot revolves around Jing-Mei and her mother who immigrated to the US from China after the death of their family. His mother wanted to ensure that Jing-Pei gets the best possible, and to this end, she tries her utmost to turn her into a child prodigy by trying her out on numerous talents and skills. Jing-Mei is very resentful of her mother’s interference with her. This results in her resisting these efforts and even sabotaging them at the time. Although the plots and structures of ‘Two Kinds’ and ‘Who’s Irish’ are different, they both address a common theme. Mother vs. daughters and America vs. Chinese Culture Jing Pei’s mother is desperate for her daughter to become an exceptional student, and she applies a great deal of pressure on her to achieve this end. The Chinese ideals of handwork and commitment that the mother appears to enshrine do not appeal to the Americanized girl who would rather live her life comfortably without trying to change her; ultimately this leads the two in a collision course. Natalie’s mother, on the other hand, is determined to instill the Chinese cultural value in her family m