ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The development in India started more than sixty years ago, as it gained its independence in 1947. The country was in a really poor condition, but today the improvement can be observed. Of course, the situation has not changed yet, as the population diversity is glaringly obvious. Still, the plans for the future are made and put into effect, so the fact that India is working to become industrialized cannot be denied. The question of India being a developing country aroused because the people who are investigating different fields connected with this issue (such as economics, urban development, etc.) are not still able to come to the common conclusion. Some of them mention that the process of development in India is rapid, and it covers numerous spheres. Thus, they underline that the rush in cities tends to resemble European and American ones. Still, they mention that the traffic is rather high, which causes lots of accidents. Others pay more attention to health and education but also cannot make a distinct conclusion. Akhil Paul believes that physical infrastructure in India is likely to reach its top very soon, as the country is rather concerned about it. Unfortunately, he also claims that the majority of public places are not accessible for disabled people, which extends the discrepancy among the population. The representative of the International Youth Council thinks that India has to implement a range of changes as a nation before it passes over the label of the developing country. However, the steps made to cope with corruption and care for the women’s safety cannot be denied ( Is India still a developing country? 2014). Such discrepancy prevents firm conclusions regarding the issue and makes this topic arguable. Of course, the improvements planned by the government require a lot of time for implementation, but the ambiguousness of the current situation in India makes many people question its status. On the one hand, they think that continuous development will not come to an end soon. Moreover, it just starts working. On the other hand, they underline India’s achievements and plans for future changes. Thus, we can say that India has some drawbacks that are to be improved, but it is working hard on its way to development. It is not going to stop before reaching this goal because the greatest problems such as imparity among the population and corruption, etc. are taken into consideration and solving. Failures of the Project There are several reasons to question the claim that India is developing. Jayati Ghosh, professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, says that the process of development in India has just started, and it will not be completed soon. The first objection to India’s development is the fact that it is a poor country. Jayati Ghosh, claims that it faces “widespread hunger and very poor nutrition indicators” ( Is India still a developing country? 2
Introduction Validity and reliability are integral parameters considered in the creation and the development of research instruments, particularly questionnaires. For a research instrument to collect appropriate data, it must meet the criteria of validity and reliability. Essentially, validity is the capability of a research instrument to measure a specific construct of interest, whereas reliability is the consistency and stability of a research instrument (Davenport, Davison, Liou, & Love, 2015). The determination of the validity and reliability of a research instrument is a rigorous process, which entails numerous steps and ways. Since special education assesses diverse constructs, Rumrill (2014) recommends the use of high validity and reliability in gauging their relevance. Researchers usually employ reliability tests, such as inter-rater, internal consistency of items, and test-retest, and validity tests, for instance, face validity, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Depending on the nature of research and the type of research instrument, research in the realm of special education employs different methods of evaluating validity and reliability. To illustrate the validity and reliability of research instruments, this assessment examines how different authors exploited different steps in their works. The Active Empathic Listening Scale In their study, Kourmousi et al. (2017) assessed the validity and reliability of the Active Empathic Listening Scale (AELS) in measuring active emphatic listening among Greek teachers. The first step in the assessment of the validity and reliability entailed the creation of a questionnaire with items derived from demographic questions, the Active Listening Attitude Scale (ALAS), and the AELS. Overall, the AELS comprises 11 Likert items on a seven-point scale, which measures the ability of Greek educators to listen actively and emphatically. According to Kourmousi et al. (2017), the AELS has subscales that measure processing ability (three items), sensing ability (four items), and responding ability (four items). The ALAS has 31 Likert items on a four-point scale reflecting the level of agreement with statements. Similarly, the ALAS has three scales in which listening skill with 11 items, listening attitude with 13 items, and conversation opportunity with seven items. The data were collected from 3995 Greek educators (Males = 1108 and Females = 2847) who participated in the study. Researchers determined the construct validity of the AELS using the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (Kourmousi et al., 2017). The construct validity measures the extent to w
The Integrative Learning Experience benefits any learner looking forward to furthering their studies and practices. Commonly completed in the final year of their public health academic program, ILE is a transitional opportunity for students to gain the necessary professional experience relevant to their concentration or major. An ILE can take on a form of an internship, capstone course, or data analysis project. The main purpose of the ILE is to take information and skills learned in their program coursework to address a public health issue through applied practice while under the supervision of an advisor. The project may be associated with research, public training, program evaluation, or community interventions, all relevant aspects of improving public health. The ILE project’s purpose is to improve the public program’s effectiveness through evaluation and suggested change. The key objective is to offer program participants access to social workers to facilitate their recovery in life with housing, employment, and opportunity. Effectively, the goal is to ensure the continuation of care after the individual leaves the program. The Integrative Learning Experience aims to offer students or the participants the actual-world experience and exposure that will make it possible to put everything they have been learning into action. Furthermore, the internship opportunity also seeks to develop and advance business skills and knowledge in teamwork, proper communication, technology, and effective reasoning among the participants. The potential host organization includes The Meals on Wheels food. Meals on Wheels is a professional company that offers high-quality food services. It enables individuals to live independently at home by offering nutritious and healthy meals , personal interaction, and support services (Thomas et al., 2020). As for my case, I look forward to working with The Meals on Wheels of Central Maryland. The Meals on Wheels Internship Program will offer quality and professional learning exposure for meaningful, practical work skills. The project plans to connect every participant to an organization that works or offers services related to social work. The interns are supposed to fill out application letters then the project officials will con
Introduction This paper examines three theories of the policy process: punctuated equilibrium theory, social construction of target populations, and the narrative policy framework. To be analyzed properly, modern-day policy demands complicated frameworks, and, while each theory has its strengths and weaknesses, they all allow a profound understanding of how the public policy is made and what it depends on. Punctuated Equilibrium Theory In this theory, the authors examine policymaking in the USA through certain stabilities and crises that may occur. They are convinced that stasis is more common for the American policymaking than unexpected drastic changes (Baumgartner, Jones, & Mortensen, 2014, p. 60). According to the theory, the policy process depends both on political institutions and decision making; every policy process needs to define the issue it handles, then prepare and set certain agenda of it (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 61). Issues are perceived differently in public, so, after analysis of the opinions is done, public policy can be either altered or questioned; in this case, questioning of the policy can result in an unexpected possibility of bringing a major change in society (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 62). But what does the equilibrium theory imply? The authors notice that:  1. policymaking always goes through periods of stasis and then makes leaps or vice versa;  2. political institutions play their role in the establishing of this equilibrium;  3. public policy images can take the issues out of control of policy specialists (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 63). In my opinion, such a process still can be observed in the modern-day policymaking; it does not matter if the decision had a nationwide or state impact; there are times when none of the issues is discussed, and after a few months a new trending issue explodes in the public discourse. How can one explain this? Baumgartner et al. argue that while political institutions were designed to resist any change, so they are able to keep the process stable, this process is nevertheless interrupted by significant changes from time to time (2014, p. 64). This has helped the Congress become an interactive system, claim the authors (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 63). Institutions are also capable of handling issues either parallel or serial, i.e. some of them approach several issues at the same time, and others examine them one after the other; when one issue becomes more relevant, and its political agenda grows, it is possible that a major change will happen (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 64). The authors expand their theory and approach the federal budget; they hypothesize budgets may change leptokurtically, because of the occasional ‘change bursts’ (Baumgartner et al., 2014, p. 69). They compare their assumption to statistical data and conclude: “The distribution of annual changes in budget authority is consistent with the “
Introduction The U.L. Coleman Companies started in 1973. Its headquarters are in Milan Street, Shreveport at Louisiana in the United States. It’s concerned with providing real estate for commercial purposes in Bossier City, Shreveport, and others. It is currently having more than 150 associates. Its strong service-oriented regional organization provides it with the adequacy of commercial state of securing many customers. The market of activity is either broad and captures clients at the national, local, and also regional diameters. It offers a broad range in the provision of services for clients. These include the provision of industrial leases, leasing offices, and spaces for retail activities, providing apartments, managing property, consultation services, market research above the facilities for estate construction. The current business operation constitutes the basic major outlets which are in Bossier City and Shreveport. However, diversity in business activities is enhanced and provided for by the broad range of outlets of associate firms. The opportunity in the marketplace The goals and objectives of the company are aimed at providing an environment that helps to give the best opportunity in the marketplace. At one level, they aim at being at full business integration. This has adequately been met where a broad customer’s needs and requirements are been meet from their diverse activities. From the broad range of services offered, they can capture a wide range of customer needs. This is perhaps the biggest marketing strategy that has helped the company sail through in the market full of competition. It has helped to diversify operational risks before providing the service requirements of their customers. Elsewhere, it ensures a highly cost-effective system of operation in the marketplace. The cost parameter is calculated by relating the revenue of their business activities and that of the cost parameter for the most optimal business revenues against high-quality services and customer satisfaction. This is the first step that has provided support for good performance in the marketplace. Elsewhere, cost-effectiveness in its activities forms a benchmark of been one of its goals. Through qualified and competent personnel for its human resource, it has been able to provide full support of the best service provision incentive to the customer. High qualified personnel has ensured better relations with the customers. High qualification in its workforce is a goal aimed at providing a catchments zone of high customer turn up. Throughout its service provision process, fairness and integrity overhaul its activities. These are basic goals that help to perpetuate an incentive for customer attraction where each is treated equally to one another. (Cui, Choudhury, p.1) Marketing management The marketing aspect to this company is provided by an intensity of business marketing management activities that seek to provide an attractive image in the highly competitive market. To the company management, marketing is an important aspect that has helped to provide a competitive scale in the market. However, the basic tool for such high mar
Introduction The main purpose of communication is to involve the listener in the discussion and make him/her perceive the message of the speech. Therefore, the art of public speaking is necessary to master in case a person wants to succeed in the process of communication. However, becoming an acknowledged speaker is one of the most daunting tasks, as it involves all the fears and frustrations, which are obligatory to overcome. Arising from the above, such components as the speaker, the audience, and the speaking situation are the pillars of effective public speaking and the inherent part of an effective communication. Main body The interrelation between the speaker and the audience constitutes the basis of the success. Therefore, these relations are rather complex but still both participants have the same goal – to perceive the message and its purpose. Before accomplishing this task, the speaker should prepare his main weapon, namely the speech itself aimed at meeting the audience’s motivations. To do that, it is vital to have a good image of the audience classification in terms of goals, intentions, cultural preferences, and gender. Hence, the demographical analysis of the audience allows the narrator to adjust to the environment by fitting the words, which are mostly euphemisms, to the speaking situation. To identify the approaches in the speech delivery, it is obligatory to consider the psychological profile of the audience, including beliefs, values, and behaviors. This subtle connection between the audience and the speaker is hardly perceived in case it is a TV program where the listeners are TV viewers. Hence, when viewing two different videos on scuba diving and snorkeling, it is possible to identify the main goal of speaking, its target audience, and the success of the message delivery. In the first video called Scuba Diving for Beginners: How to Use Scuba BCD, the narrator instructs the audience about the work and the destination of buoyancy compensator devices or BCDs. The speaker manages to attract the attention of the viewers by introducing part of the speech, as he is aware of the main goal of the message. However, the speech has been delivered ineffectively, as the narrator’s intonation is even and boring despite his explanation being simple and easily accepted. The main advantage of this video speech lies in granting visual aids and examples for the viewers. Still, his speaking lacks spontaneous questions and catching phrases that could engage the audience into further instructing. The second video called Scuba Diving and Snorkeling: How to Put on a Wet Suit effectively discloses the purpose of the narration supported by concrete examples. The narrator manages to engage the audience with a prepared speech, the structure of which fully covers the importance of the message. The speaker successfully chooses the approach of narration combined with action that greatly contributes to a better perception of the main message. Judging on the gestures and language, she also succeeds in visualizing her target viewers. From the process of speaking, it is easy to see that the narration has good p
Introduction Leadership always generates debates in the media, among academicians as well as scholars in leadership researches globally. In view of this, a great deal of writing on leadership has been done. It is a greatly regarded sensation that is extremely intricate. Different quarters define and conceptualize leadership in different ways. Largely, leadership is a control process that helps groups of people in the direction of attaining a goal (Northouse 2013). In this context, the individual influences other entities to attain a common objective. Considering that leadership involves the leaders and the followers, it is imperative to comprehend the relative connection between the two. Some literature suggests that leadership in view of the followers is the ability of the leader to influence individuals forming a group to set aside their individual interests to support a wider agenda even if for a while. In this regard, effective leaders inspire individuals to perform beyond the call of duty to improve group accomplishment. Consequently, effective leadership is not about the leader w
Introduction The Cuero Company produces shoes for the United Kingdom market. The report focuses on the company uses local raw materials in the production of the shoes. The report focuses on the company currently uses the company –centered supply chain policy in its production (Weele 2005). Catesby Factory Details of key problem areas.  1. The Catesby Factory has several key problem areas as follows:  2. All shoes were crafted in the United Kingdom  3. The shoes’ raw materials, including nails, were purchased locally.  4. The expert craftsmen, normally “old” persons, made the high quality shoes  5. The experts were paid minimum wage salaries.  6. The shoe styles were limited.  7. The wastage of raw materials was rampant in the Catesby Factory.  8. The production equipments were expired and too expensive to retain.  9. The deliveries of goods are done internally (use of company vehicles). What Needs to be Changed There are several changes needed to improve the company’s supply and purchase performance. For problem A, the company can outsource the production of the shoes to China. The company will set up a manufacturing plant in China. The move reduces labor cost; the Chinese shoe makers are happy to be paid ten percent of the London shoe makers because their living standard is lower than the United Kingdom living standard. The cost of electricity, water, telephone, and other shoe manufacturing expenses are lower than the utilities costs of producing the same quality shoes within the United Kingdom Territory. For problem B, the shifting production to the China locality translates to lower raw materials cost. The cost of Chinese cow hide and nails are lower than the cost of similar raw materials purchased within the United Kingdom Territory. For problem C, the company can replace the redundant “old” men with younger ones. The old workers generally cling to their old ways of crafting shoes. The older workers will prefer to manufacture the same old styles over innovatively producing the new shoe styles. For problem D, the workers are paid minimum wage salaries. The company can add bonuses, commissions, salary increases, promotions, or other perks to spice up the worker’s work life. The workers are enthusiastically challenged to achieve the minimum job output to win the coveted fringe benefits, awards, citations, promotions, and other perks. For problem E, the company can venture into making a feasibility study. The feasibility study focuses on surveying the current and prospective clients’ shoe styles.
Because of the amazing feeling of art and the enlightenment which made the painters create these amazing pictures, people can now see the Biblical episodes with their own eyes, as if they were witnessing these events themselves. Owing to expressivity and spirituality, the paintings can open people’s eyes on the greatest Biblical episodes. Yet only looking very closely at these pictures, one can see the ideas which these pictures convey. Interpreting the details of the picture, it will be possible to see what the manuscript painters seized, and the issues which they omitted. It is absolutely incredible that the author made the characters of the Biblical story look completely alive. It seems that they are going to jump off the picture and start celebrating the Lords’ arrival in Jerusalem. The author made a miracle of a work to make people believe in the reality of the action in the picture. Placing Christ into the center of the picture, the author made Him the most important figure in the procession. The crowd which is honoring Him is standing a bit aside; the artist placed them in the rear, emphasizing their humbleness and their worshipping of Christ. However, that does not mean that the grandeur of the procession borders with solemnity – on the contrary, people are obviously happy, looking out of their windows on Jesus passing the gates of Jerusalem on His donkey. In spite of the fact that a picture can only grasp a certain moment, freezing any motions and gestures, the artist managed to depict the lively procession in such a way that it seems completely alive. Just look at the people’s faces – it seems that they will start praising the Lord in a moment! The action which has been described in the Bible is conveyed completely, with every single element of the picture reminding of the Biblical words. No matter how masterfully a painting can be done, everything will be ruined once an artist puts the wrong expressions on people’s faces. Although this happens not quite often, there are still a lot of examples of paintings which picture men and women with their gestures and facial expressions completely unsuitable for the event. However, in this case every single line drawn by the artist emphasized the atmosphere of the Jerusalem at the time of Christ Arrival. The smiles on people’s faces and their eyes full of trust and belief are the detail which is brought right from the pages of the Book of Books. It seems that the people holding palm leaves in their hands are going to say “Hosanna!” as soon as you turn your back on the pain