ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Various management control methods have been advanced by management practitioners and theorists in the hope of enhancing organizational productivity. Some of the most discussed methods include Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism, Fordism, and the Human Relations Movement (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 1998). Most of these techniques deal with the effective management of labor to realize optimal results in the workplace. It is the purpose of this essay to evaluate the presupposition that Taylorism and Fordism management control methods enhanced organizational productivity at the expense of employee job satisfaction. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the Scientific Management revolved around employee motivation approaches and job design techniques. Taylor had been triggered into action by inefficient working traditions and failure of employees to be committed to the organization (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 1998). According to him, the core function of management should be the scientific evaluation of all tasks done in an organization, including designing jobs to eradicate waste of time and employee motion. According to Taylor, maximum organizational productivity could be achieved through a series of strategies, key among them the separation of tasks or jobs into their simplest elements, minimization of skills required to perform specific tasks, and the configuration of machines to curtail the movement of workers and materials. Although the above aspirations could be used to enhance organizational productivity, it can be argued that his approaches infringed on employee job satisfaction. First, his approach to job design symbolized a form of employee deskilling in addition to presenting organizations with new structures of control. Many employees hold their skills in high esteem. The strategy of minimizing skill requirements will definitely have a negative impact on employee esteem. Second, Taylorism enhanced management’s control and influence over the quantity and quality of employees’ performance. In many instances, such control increases employee frustration and dissatisfaction levels, ultimately leading to the withdrawal of support and commitment on the part of employees. Third, the processes of job simplification and task fragmentation led to employee boredom and dissatisfaction. Finally, the Taylorism approach of configuring machines to curtail employee movement tended to facilitate an adversarial management-employee relations climate (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 1998). Such factors can only serve to reduce employee job-satisfaction. Henry Ford built on the fundamental principles of Taylorism to come up with the Fordism approach. Ford is credited for perfecting the flow-line concept of the assembly line (Mabey, Storey & Salaman, 1998). His classical assembly line concept was evaluated as a technique of control of workers as well as a job design principle designed to enhance job productivity. Fordism philosophy also puts extra emphasis on job fragmentation and task simplification in
Introduction Having been established in the 18th century, US magazines were a source of the latest trends, news, and general information. Apart from the articles, the advertisement also had a significant impact on Americans by illustrating how men and women had to act and look. With the proliferation of capitalism, advertising has become a powerful tool for drawing customers’ attention to a product and boosting profit. Since the early 20th century, marketers did their best to manipulate people by using stereotypes, fallacies, and making appeals to emotions, values, character, and facts. In the given essay, a full-page magazine advertisement will be thoroughly analyzed in terms of appeals, fallacies, and figurative language. Main body The Vitatone ad appeared in 1952 in the 57th issue of the Journey Into Mystery , which is an American comic book series. The advertisement was also published in Whisper magazine in November 1959. In the Journey Into Mystery , the ad is placed nearly at the end of a comic book on a separate page following the comic strip about the Martian. On the next pages, there are three more commercials about patriotic and religious mottoes, engineering jobs, and getting the desired body. One may note that the context of the ad does not support its main argument, neither it encourages an audience to read about Vicetone. Placed directly after the last page of a comic strip, the ad is unlikely to grab a reader’s attention. Moreover, the information about the medical product that would help women gain weight has little relation to the comic strips. Therefore, the context does not positively affect the argument for taking Vitatone in order to add pounds. Speaking of the ad’s intended audience, one may claim that it does not correspond to the readers of the Journey into Mystery . That is because the ad is published for skinny women who are unsatisfied with their weight and want to add several pounds. At the same time, the advertiser also speaks to suggestible thin women who would be eager to try the recommended medication and “stop being skinny and tired” (33). It is unclear, though, if the comic strips were commonly read by women who are the intended audience of the ad. Although, according to Booker, in the 1950s, “comic strips aimed to entertain the family” (379). That is why one may suggest that the advertiser operated under the assumption that women regularly bought comic strips for themselves, their children, or husbands. However, it is important to mention that there were popular magazines for women in the 1950s, such as Life , Ladies’ Home Journal, McCall’s , Good Housekeeping , and Woman’s Day (Niemeyer 250-251). Based on this fact, the advertiser’s decision to publish the ad for women in a comic strip may be considered to be unreasonable. Considering the
Reasons for Caterpillar’s dominance Caterpillar’s growth from a small tractor company into a global leader in earth moving machinery was fueled by several measures that the company took. First, it developed a brand that popularized its products both in the United States and abroad. The company did this by using its trademark farm treads on Army tanks during the two world wars. The popularity gained increased demand for its product in the ensuing reconstruction period after the destruction made during the wars. Secondly, the company embraced change and adopted a business model and organizational structure that facilitated its recovery and growth (Weinzimmer and McConoughey par. 5). It divided its business into decentralized business units that functioned independently thus improving efficiency. Each unit handled its profits and losses. Another change strategy that boosted its growth involved modernization of its factory. CAT invested $1.8 billion in the automation of its business operations. For instance, the manufacturing operations were automated and led to increased efficiency and newly-gained competitive advantage that allowed it to compete effectively in the market (Wolpert 18). Even though the program worked effectively, the company was compelled to reduce its workforce. Third, the company made research and development one of its core organizational success strategies (Haycraft 122). It began developing new products, technologies, and machines that served eight different industries (Whylly par. 4). Through research, CAT was able to develop new ways of manufacturing high-tech and environmentally friendly machinery. The company’s annual budget of $2 bi
Introduction Healthcare organizations have to deal with many patient-related problems on a daily basis. One of these concerns is the development of pressure ulcers – skin injuries that occur in patients who have limited mobility and cannot move while lying or sitting (Padula et al., 2015). Otherwise known as bedsores, these health conditions affect the health of patients who spend much time at the hospital or home. The issue of the rising rate of pressure ulcers’ occurrence is essential to my practice and healthcare facilities in general because the presence of bedsores leads to adverse patient outcomes. Notably, the development of ulcers increases the risk of infections because they create open wounds and expose the body to bacteria and viruses. Moreover, the inflammatory response of the immune system to skin tears puts additional pressure on the patient who may be already affected by other conditions (Stansby, Avital, Jones & Marsden, 2014). Thus, clinicians should prevent pressure ulcers from occurring to avoid serious complications. The practice problem lies in reducing the incidence rate of pressure ulcers in the unit. The practice problem of pressure ulcers can be measured by its incidence – the number of patients who developed bedsores in the unit during their stay in comparison to all patients. According to the AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), the issue is especially pressing due to the lack of a reliable national benchmark (“How do we measure,” 2014). For example, in the state of New York, only some statistics are available for comparison to hospitals; they reveal that many units suffer from poor incidence and prevalence rates (NYS Health Profiles, n.d.). While this problem may be difficult to analyze, it is solvable. Qaseem, Mir, Starkey, and Denberg (2015) state that the rate of bedsores can be reduced with a properly structured and implemented quality improvement plan. The combination of the ulcers’ significant effect on patients and the unit and its solvability outlines the need for a solution. The purpose of this project is to offer a researched plan which would improve the rate of pressure ulcer incidence in the unit. Analysis of Existing Evidence The effect of pressure ulcers on patients, nurses, and hospitals is outlined in academic literature. Qaseem et al. (2015) find that the prevention of bedsores is much more beneficial than their treatment. First of all, pressure ulcers are dangerous to the health of patients as it is described above. Skin damage and the following infections increase morbidity and mortality, putting patients at increased risk of complic
An employee’s degree of contentment in a particular task is referred to as job satisfaction. Various facets of a job may be liked or disliked by an employee. Job satisfaction can also be measured using feelings or cognition of the needs of workers. Therefore, employers should put in place strategic employee recognition systems and reasonable reward plans in order to boost job satisfaction. The effects of job satisfaction can be best understood using the EVLN (Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect) model. When an employee leaves a situation, it is referred to as exit. Any change attempt is known as voice. However, patient employees are known to be loyal (Seo, Park, & Kim, 2011). Finally, paying minimal attention or reducing work effort amounts to neglect, according to the EVLN theory. Wendy attempted the exit option when she requested for a month’s leave from work due to workplace challenges. She hoped that the situation would normalise in her absence. She also voiced her concerns and grievances through the outburst she created at Tanya’s office door. Tanya responded by neglecting her anger and went ahead with her duties as if everything was normal. It is also apparent th
Introduction Scientific research suggests zero is not a cosmological constant. We live in an open universe, a place of endless possibilities. The fear of an imminent end has made us wonder about the likelihood of the existence of another habitable planet or universe. The threats of global warming or nuclear war that mankind possesses to one another increase the need to expand the horizon of one’s imagination and envision the infinite odds that the Universe may hold for us. However, in a cosmologically constant universe, the possibilities of such an outcome are bleak. However, the existence of a supernova with its endless beauty of colors opens the door for the prospect of another place where humans could live. The chemical, physical, and astrophysical process that leads to the explosion of a star and the dust around the supernova make us wonder if life could exist in one such place. Thus, the death of a star creates a space of limitless beauty and potential for a new life. Scientists and astronomers have observed this phenomenon since its first discoveries in 185 CE by Chinese imperial astronomers who made the first observations of a glorious riot of colored gas of a supernova named SN 185 (Montmerle et al. 59). Records suggest that the findings were documented in the official history of the Han Dynasty that described the beautiful observation as an unusually bright “guest star”, whose size was estimated to be half the size of a bamboo mat with a luminosity that was greater than that of the moon, planets, and stars combined. Successive observations showed that the brightness continued to diminish in size and intensity and eventually, faded after eight months, from the sky (Brakenridge 102). The occurrences were seen as the wonders of space and the opening of new frontiers for life that was seen as alien life. This created the belief that there might be extra-terrestrial environments supporting life and prompted scientists’ interest and various views about supernovas. The first possibility that strikes us is if there is a relationship between the death of a star and life. How does it affect us and to what extent? When the star explodes, it releases a massive amount of energy. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy released during an explosion should transform into another form of energy. Gases after explosion create a beautiful form that resembles the melanin in our eyes. However, it dissipates within a couple of months. The potential question that arises is if this gas could create a galaxy, somewhere in the Universe, suitable for life. This would be a complete discovery and help expand the life and human race beyond Earth. Everything has a beginning, and everything has an end. On top of this, some people even say that the end is another beginning. The life of glowing stars is sustained by the combination of nuclear and gravitational energy. Stars start to collapse from the
Psychology is the systematic learning of how human opinions, manners and conducts are predisposed by the genuine, anticipated, or indirect company of other persons. Psychologists use these factors for analyzing patient conditions. A wrong diagnosis can be hazardous to both the patient and the psychiatrist. Schizophrenia is a condition that can be interpreted as a divide psyche. The mental alterations of a patient can reach very intense levels. This can cause the concerned person to experience extraordinary illusions in the mind. The distressed individual is engulfed in increased and twisted reflections. Incidences of fantasy, mirage, and usually muddled judgment happen to the regularly. On the other hand, psychosis or neurosis is a condition that causes an individual to extremely depart from realism. The affected persons might go through daydreaming episodes. This condition may arise in numerous mind mix-ups such as schizophrenia. Attempts to describe what psychological ordinariness and deviations in growing toddlers have resulted into a study known as psychopathology. The learning objectives are to comprehend worrying conduct in the scope of the growth missions, series, and procedures that show human development. Schizophrenia is in reality, a collection of means that the mind goes into disarray. These are classified into various categories distinguished by diverse DSM-IV measures. However, individual incidences can be recognized by basic disorders in the thinking procedure, feelings, or conduct. The currently known schizophrenia indicators are uncaring, catatonic, fearful, and disorientation. Further more; psychosis has two distinct categories, hyper discouragements and dementia praecox. These are more or less, symptoms that result from the schizophrenia condition. During lifetime growth, the outstanding DSM-IV-TR infancy disorders are related to intellectual slow down (Walton, 2009). The DSM-IV-TR analytical measure for schizophrenia uses a set of crucial physical attributes. These may perhaps be indicators and pointers that cover prolonged existence of the condition. The pointer warning signs of schizophrenia are modeled into two large classes. They groupings are referred to as positive and negative indicators. However, an additional group of muddled indicators has lately been crafted. Careful examination of data signifies autonomous aspects used in the positive indicator group of analysis. Consequently, illusions and mirages are classified as positive indicators. The muddled indicators consist of aspect such as jumbled talking, unsystematic conduct, and deprived concentration. These actions can be used to show signs of schizophrenia. Negative indicators consist of constrained variety and amount of poignant articulations such as, condensed deliberations in words output and reduced launch of intentional conduct. Negative indicators might at foremost symbolize the main aspect of schizophrenia, or they might be lesser to psychotic indicators. The psychotic indicators observed can be demoralizing condition, drug related consequence, or deficiency in connec
Introduction Although the Millennium Development Goals from number four to seven address the issues of universal health care in the world, the issue on the causes of health disparities especially due to ethnic and racism is still a problem. Health Disparities Health disparities are the variations and frequent occurrences of deaths, diseases, or health problems in a particular group or population due to racism or ethnicity. The population may also be discriminated according to the gender, education status, level of income, and physical/emotional disability. The variation in health indicators There is a wide variation of health indicators between the whites and other minor races like the Africans, Indians, Latinos, Asians, and Hispanics in America. In comparison to the whites, the most hit minor races are African American and the Indians in America. Although the infant mortality rate in the U.S is relatively low, the number of African American infants who die each year still stands high doubling that of the whites. Africans who suffer and die from cardiovascular diseases are about 40% higher than the whites are, while African American cancer patients are 30% more than the whites are. Thus, the two commonest cancers; prostrate and breast; mainly affect Africans despite a similarity in the screening rates. In addition, deaths among African Americans from the HIV/AIDS pandemic are about seven times higher than in the whites (CDC, 2010). Finally, homicide cases in Africans remain high when compared to the whites. Diabetes, high blood pressure, tuberculosis, and obesity cases are high in Hispanic Americans than the whites. About 20% of T.B patients in the US are Hispanic. Additionally, infants born to Hispanic parents have low birth weight (CDC 2010 Par.4). The Indians in America also experience high mortality rates, diabetic cases and they record high number of deaths/injuries from accidents and homicides/suicides. However, Asians are the only minority group with good health in the US when compared to the whites. Unfortunately, women from the pacific island (Vietnam) record high cases of cervical cancer in the US. Causes for the variations in the health indicators The health disparity in the United States is due racial discrimination whereby the minority cannot readily access health services. For instance, the minority face obstacles in securing health insurance policies thus raising the cost of medical care. Due to high cost of treatment of chronic diseases, most of the patients succumb to death. Furthermore, the lack of quality education also denies the minority good employment opportunities, which leads to low income. Consequently, they will be unable to afford the essential commodities in life especially goods pertaining to health. Moreover, a healthy living is parallel to good health, therefore when the minority groups do not eat healthily; they become susceptible to most diseases leading to high mortality rates. Finally, the inability to eradicate racism and ethnicity in the U.S is the major cause of the health disparities. How to eradicate
The Book “Presence Human Purpose and the Field of the Future” by Senge et al (2007) is based on three main steps of leadership: Sensing, presencing and realizing. The book states that leadership presents a challenge for every one to become better, wholesome and reflective. The book gets its name from the presencing step, whereby leaders are advised to retreat, observe and reflect in order to get a deeper understanding of why things happen the way they do. This book suggests that fresh ideas and knowledge cannot be attained in a frenzy atmosphere and as such, leaders need to detach themselves from all the frenzy that goes on around them, take time to relax and meditate and as a result, come up with “non-decision decisions”. Senge et al (2008) suggests that a good leader needs to understand his organization well in order to formulate leadership strategies that will be most effective. To this end, the book suggests that leaders need to attain both primary and analytical knowledge, since such is required in the leadership strategy formulation. Accordingly, the book suggests that primary knowledge allows a leader develops compassion about specific things in an organization and hence he/she act spontaneously, without having to engage in decision-making when faced with items that falls within the primary knowledge. Senge et al (2008) on the other hand argues that analytical knowledge is more deliberate and involves calculating the consequences of each action or decision that the leader makes. Overall, this book views leadership as a role that requires a sound clear mind, that is able to tap through different capacities and opportunities through developing a vision, and integrating it into the organization culture. The book however states that leader should wake up from the notion that they are superior human beings and hence can be on a “doing” mode endlessly. “Leaders need substantial discipline to halt their anxieties and emotions, in order to refocus on what matters to them and the organization they are leading.” Comparisons There is a striking difference between the book by Senge at al (2008) and “Getting to yes; negotiating agreement without giving in” by Fisher et al (1991). While the latter focuses mostly on the inner qualities that make good leaders, the other focuses on the interpersonal qualities that makes successful leadership. Such are identified as: separating the problems from the people, focusing on interests rather than in positions, inventing options that would enhance mutual gains and insisting on objectivity as a criteri