ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary This report details my experiences with the Coop program at the Bank of Emirates, Riyadh. The Coop program lasted 28 weeks, from January 1, 2016, to June 27, 2016. I was assigned to the corporate department as a relationship manager. In this report, I have written about the work I did in the Coop program at the Bank of Emirates throughout my entire internship. The report also describes the objectives of the Coop program, the tasks I accomplished, the problems I faced, the methods I used to solve the problems, my personal work experience, and what I gained from the program overall. I believe that the problems that students face during the Coop program should be addressed by both the company and the university. Moreover, because the work culture and level of professionalism vary greatly from company to company, the university should set minimum standards for companies that host students in the Coop program so that all students are able to benefit as much as I did. I hope that this report earns your satisfaction and convinces you that I performed well at my Coop program with the help of my supervisor, other university faculty members, and the knowledge gained from courses I took. In all of my future endeavors, I hope to represent my university in the best way I can. Introduction Company Profile Bank of Emirates is currently considered to be the greatest financial group in the Gulf region as far as resources are concerned, with its holdings of five organizations, eight auxiliaries, and three additional partnerships. The bank also includes Dubai National Bank, which has halted operations under its previous name altogether. Bank of Emirates offices are spread all over the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and throughout the Middle East (Emirates NBD par. 1). Dubai is for all intents and purposes the second capital and the principal commercial city of the United Arab Emirates, so even banks that are centered in Abu Dhabi tend to place a greater volume of business in their Dubai outlets (Emirates NBD par. 2). The historical backdrop of Bank of Emirates begins in 2007, when the bank initially showed up on the Dubai Fiscal Market. Emirates NBD was formed largely by the merger of Emirates Bank and Dubai National Bank—which were the second and fourth largest banks in the UAE, respectively—to create a more efficient and capable financial institution. Emirates NBD has the greatest asset base in the entire Gulf region with a total of approximately AED 282 billion as its core capital. Beyond the UAE, the bank also has a strong presence in countries around the world, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, India, and Singapore, as well as the United Kingdom and Jersey Islands (Emirates NBD par. 4). Emirates NBD owns the following group of companies: Emirates NBD Securities LLC, ETFS, Emirates NBD Private Bank, and Dinner Club UAE. Emirates NBD
Introduction Families have been undergoing a gradual yet unavoidable change over the past few decades. With the tendency to subvert stereotypes in the contemporary society, the roles within a family have also been altered (Cohen 17). The observed changes concern not only the reconsideration of gender normativity but also revisiting the role of grandparents in families. While previously, the elderly were typically relegated to a rather passive role with few interactions with children, modern grandparents tend to take the active part in the upbringing of children (Cohen 42). Due to the great scale that the observed phenomenon takes, changes on a legislative level have to be made to provide grandparents with opportunities to support their grandchildren financially. Reasons for the Phenomenon to Exist With the rapid rise in the importance of family values and bonding between family members, the role of grandparents in the lives of their children and grandchildren has become much greater than it used to be (Cohen 41). In addition to a shift in the understanding of family ties and roles of family members, economic issues have affected the degree to which grandparents engage in their grandchildren’s lives (Cohen 472). Specifically, the scenario in which both parents have to work extra hours to pay the bills has become very common, which leaves grandparents to care for children and raise them (Cohen 472). Furthermore, the cultural aspect of the phenomenon needs to be addressed. Belonging to a different era, grandparents have a plethora of information, including memories, experiences, and knowledge, to share with children (Cohen 473). Thus, grandparents have started playing a vital role in kids’ upbringing. Monetary Supplements for Grandparents The effort that grandparents put into raising their grandchildren needs to be recognized and encouraged. Since caring about a child requires a substantial amount of resources, grandparents have to be offered financial support for their efforts. In addition, grandparents that raise their grandchildren need to have access to essential educational resources, including not only traditional ones such as libraries but also digital tools (Cohen 474). Apart from offering greater flexibility in educating children, digital technology will give instant access to the support of online support centers. As a result, grandparents can consult with educators and child psychologists and ensure that their grandkids receive the support and care that they need. Changes on the Local, Statewide, and National Levels When considering local alterat
Thinking Anthropologically is an important guidebook to anthropological writings. The book focuses on the key themes utilized across sectors of anthropology. In the book, the authors urge learners to acknowledge the anthropological approach of perceiving their environment. The chapters are meant for learners and instructors. The authors assert that through the book the learners will be able to know what to expect before studying for an anthropology course (Salzman & Rice 3). Similarly, the book highlights what the instructors should do to ensure that their students benefit the most from their lessons. Introduction to Thinking Anthropologically is the first chapter. In the chapter, the authors address the learners and the instructors in different sections (Salzman & Rice 4). Chapter 1 introduces the topics that would be covered in the subsequent chapters. Salzman notes that before any subject is taught to students, an introduction about the subject is essential. He points out to the instructors that the field of anthropology is very wide and complex. Due to this, he suggests that the instructors should find a simple approach of disseminating their information to students. Through this, he argues instructors to begin their lessons on a specific topic before proceeding to the great circle of anthropology. What Anthropologists look for is the second chapter. The chapter focuses on what anthropologists seek to identify when they study populations, past cultures, and ritual activities. The authors note that through these studies anthropologist aim at identifying the patterns of interactions between humans and the environment (Salzman & Rice 8). In the middle of the chapter, two types of patterns are highlighted. The patterns are descriptive and associational patterns. According to the chapter, descriptive patterns try to answer the existence of patterns. On the other hand, associational patterns indicate how attributes are interrelated. Similarly, the chapter focuses on the patterns that exist in social control and politics (Salzman & Rice 12). In this chapter, the authors point out that the field of anthropology can be subdivided into four sections. The fields are cultural, biological, archeology, and linguistics anthropologies. The third chapter is Thinking Holistically . The chapter begins by defining holism. According to the Salzman and Patricia, holism refers to all aspects of human life studied in anthropology (Salzman & Rice 17). The chapter asserts that there is a connection between holism and connections within cultures. He indicates that culture illustrates how various
Introduction Although most people assume that accreditation and regulation are entities of one nature, there are vital differences between them. The regulations aim to make workers abide by the existing rules, meaning that they are implemented in the work process. However, it can be easily abused, especially on the market. Meanwhile, accreditation is a guarantee that no amateur specialist is allowed to enter the workspace. In most cases, it comes from a state and is necessary to start the work, making it formal. Regulations and accreditation play a significant role in business and the economy but have their distinctions: evolving regulations and new demands for an accredited specialist. New Demands for an Economist and a Businessman Today, many people have an interest in pursuing a career as an economist or simply in trade. There are regulations in different regions that an economist should now and adapt to their sporadic changes. Sometimes, rival companies and the state itself can oppose new businesses such as Uber under the agenda of safety (Geist, M., & Tremblay-Huet, S., 2018). The market favors the old companies and requires a new level of professionalism. However, a majority of new people in business and economists do not view accreditation as mandatory. That is why accreditation’s goal is to improve the education and credibility of the specialists, considering the approval of professional economists (Mantulenko V. V., Ashmarina S. I., 2020). Such measures create an unstable situation for new business people who endeavor harder to become experts and should be highly receptive to changes on the market. Conclusion Accreditation and regulations are not the same, although they present a challenge for a businessman. Typically, regulations’ purpose is to make a work’s course more structured for all parties involved. Regulations in business are often used to create obstacles for new ventures. An expert should be aware of constantly changing laws and rules for businesses. Accreditation becomes more challenging to acquire because the number of unprofessional or poorly educated economists increases each year. The highly demanded features of today’s economists and key differences from any other profession are a high degree of expertise and adaptability.
Introduction Broken windows theory refers to a hypothesis related to criminology. The theory identifies, and explains certain observations on how to manage crime and explicit behavior in urban environments. According to the theory, proper maintenance and monitoring of urban areas plays a crucial role in providing security to people. James Wilson and George Kelling introduced the broken windows theory in 1982. The social scientists discussed the theory through an article published in the United States. Since then, the theory has attracted a wide range of unfavorable judgment from various people. Police department of the United States has been among the main beneficiaries of this theory. Various state governments apply the theory in developing their policies on crime. A crucial element about this theory is the concept of fear. According to criminology experts, the broken windows theory develops upon this concept. This explains the reason why it is widely used police agencies. The police agencies classify public disorder as one of the major problems they deal on a daily basis. They argue that it acts as a source of fear among community members. Disorder in urban environments often elevates fear among people. This results in the development of a social prototype that reduces cohesion among community members. Discussion In one of their publications, James Wilson and George Kelling argued that modern policing has shifted its focus from ensuring order to dealing with escalating levels of crime in urban environments. This phenomenon resulted from riots that begun developing in urban areas during the 1960s. The riots disrupted social order and security among urban communities. This created an urgent need for police agencies to maintain the safety of streets by reducing mass violence. This is a clear indication that police agencies still apply this theory in their work. Various communities in the United States have successfully applied the broken windows theory in ensuring order across various their urban environments. Massachusetts is one of the communities that have managed to apply this theory to improve security in their streets. The aim of the program was to reduce levels of crime in the community by improving their physical environment. They believed that arresting people would not bring the desired change, as long as the criminal hideouts remained operational. Police agencies in the community collaborated with researchers from Harvard University and Suffolk University to identify, and clear out various criminal hideouts. The most identifiable challenges involved disposal of waste, faulty streetlights, and poor enforcement of building codes among others. The program also involved providing counseling services to victims of crime. Police officers had to change their operational routine in some areas to ensure the program was successful. Application in Cincinnati, Ohio The broken windows theory would be very effective in Cincinnati, Ohio. One of the biggest challenges experienced by police agencies in thi
Introduction System thinking is an approach that seeks to find permanent solutions to the problems found in a complex system. System thinking uses diagrams as tools of elaborating the flow of responses from one part of a system to another. When one part of the system responds to changes made in another part, it is known as feedback dynamics. System thinking creates the big picture by examining interactions in an open system. Strategic planning focuses on allocating resources and priorities to meet an organization’s objective. Strategic planning considers a closed system where an organization focuses only on its interests. The principles of system thinking mainly caution against finding solutions in isolated parts of a system because the problem is transferred to other areas of the same system. Problems solved in a non-systemic way recur with more difficulty than was identified initially. Motivation is the drive that increases workers’ performance. There are many ways of motivating workers. A single method of motivating workers is not adequate for sustainable worker motivation. Most companies use cash awards to motivate their employees apart from using other motivating factors. Motivation integrates system thinking because it can solve the root causes of an organization’s productivity problem. Some of the effects of job dissatisfaction that may reduce a company’s earnings are absenteeism, lateness, and reduced effort. Motivated employees do their best even in challenging situations. Good communication has been used as a way of motivating employees. It has also been used to conceptualize ways of solving conflicts. Good communication may prevent the occurrence of conflict. Active listening and spontaneous arenas are used to derive solutions for complex problems. Conflicts are considered complex problems because they involve multiple parties. Their root causes may be far from the event where conflict arises. Mental models are the representations of external features on the mind of different people. Mental models are generated from people’s experiences and accumulation of knowledge. They may be modified by internal thinking. Mental models are used in system thinking to bring different perspectives of the same problem. Mental models with self-sealing impact are derived from the closed system perspective. System thinking may create an understanding by interconnecting conflicting interest in a system. Spray diagram for an airline that wants to eliminate hedging costs against foreign exchange The airline understands that it would maximize profits if it eliminates hedging costs. It also needs to manage shifts in foreign exchange through the natural offsetting of appreciation and depreciation of the US dollar. Passengers pay using US dollars. Local employees and other operating costs are incurred in local currency. Appreciation of the dollar means the company has more local currency after foreign exchange. It would lead to increased profitability. Depreciation leads in less local curr
Introduction UK GAAP has undergone significant changes recently. Also with the advent of IFRS, accountants are experiencing a great deal of limitations and advantages while formulating financial statements. With the results the financial statements prepared under guidance as well as surveillances of UK GAAP read with International Accounting Standards (now called International Financial Reporting Standards) are inhibited with certain strengths as well weaknesses. Strengths constitute freedom of reporting matters recognizing the realities surrounding an entity; and weaknesses are repercussions and effects of newly constituted guidelines and compulsions both under UK GAAP and IFRS. An effort has been made in this write up to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of financial statements prepared following UK GAAP and IFRS. Strengths Fair value reporting Fair value reporting is the most important and featured strength of UK financial statements. Companies are evaluating assets on fair market values. The basis adopted for the calculations of fair values are depicted in the financial statements. To provide an example of such reporting a reference is drawn to Annual report & Accounts of Johnson Matthey for the year 2008. Note 28d on the accounts declare clearly the technique adopted to determine the fair value of financial instruments. It states that “The fair values are calculated by discounted future cash flows to net present values using appropriate market interest rates prevailing at the year end. It is not possible to determine reliably the fair value of the group’s unquoted available- for – sale investments.” (Johnson Matthey Annual Reports & Accounts 2008, page 90) 3 This strength of fair value accounting enlightens the users of financial statements about real current worth of assets of the companies, and the companies are following this standard of reporting with a sense of responsibility towards stakeholders. But there is other side of the picture as well This is a fact that no legal definition is available to terms ‘True & Fair’, but financial statements in UK are required to be framed under fair value accounting. Criticizing such fair value accounting, recently a lot has been stated about fair value accounting. This is natural that market volatility has direct effect on assets being reported as per fair value accounting. Therefore fair value reporting sometime wipes out reported profits or increases the losses. Recently ‘The Financial Times’ carried an article ‘Reporting move could break down the write down spiral’ that was published on April2, 2008 and was written by three members of European Union advisory group ‘EFRAG’, namely Crasten Zilke, Michal Starkie, and Thomas Seeberg 2 . This article has made fair value accounting, which according to them is forced upon companies to report assets on current market
Although economists have been largely successful in synthesizing empirical evidence demonstrating that international trade plays an important role in contemporary economies, including the U.S. economy, the issue sill remains a hotly debated one, with proponents and critics rallying behind their presumed reasons for and against the adoption of international trade and open markets ( Policy Debate , 2006). The conflict of interests is not new, if congressional debates for the adoption or elimination of trade barriers are anything to go by. This paper argues that the U.S. economy benefits immensely from international trade, especially in core areas of enhancing specialization, achieving comparative advantages, enhancing the leverage for firms to engage in innovation, and improving the living standards of American consumers. Extant literature defines international trade as the exchange of capital, goods, and services between countries, with the view to expanding markets as well as allowing for greater competition and more competitive pricing in the market. The exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders have been shown to enhance specialization and division of labor, which in turn improves the economic outlook of a country by triggering efficient utilization of resources and lowering prices ( Policy Debate , 2006). In such a context, the U.S. economy benefits from international trade in terms of lower prices and economic growth as the country continues to specialize in what it is able to do best while acquiring the things that it has difficulty in producing from its trading partners. The specialization benefit triggers yet another critical benefit of international trade for the U.S. economy, namely the possession of comparative advantages. Available literature demonstrates that “a comparative advantage exists when the opportunity cost of producing a good is lower in the domestic economy than in foreign economies” ( Policy Debate , 2006 para. 2). Using this definition, it therefore becomes clear the U.S. economy gains from international trade by having the capacity to import goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than it would face if the products were produced in domestic markets. It is also argued that the U.S. economy benefits immensely from international trade by enhancing the leverage for domestic firms to engage in innovation. This argument is firmly grounded on the premise that international trade provides the avenue for these firms to source for products from global partners and produce output more efficiently due to extensive foreign competition ( Policy Debate , 2006), leading to innovation and creativity. Lastly, the U.S. economy benefits as international trade enables American consumers to not only have the diversity of selection, hence improving their living standards, but also to pay less for groceries and other consumer products from international markets. Some critics still believe that the U.S. should not participate in international trade or should in fact increase economic isolationism for varied reasons, including the urge to protect infant indu