ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Smoking has an adverse effect on ones health. These effects are classified into three major aspects, circumstances of smoking, means of smoking, and consumption of tobacco. Tobacco consumption is proofed to be the primary cause of heart and lung diseases, leading to preventable deaths. These diseases are as a result of high content of tar in the tobacco made cigarettes. The high level dosage of tobacco also results to hypertension and other vascular related diseases (Sloan et al 73). This action of smoking should be stopped as it has led to many preventable deaths. Research from the World Health Organization that was done in 2005 shows that, 5.4 million people died from smoking. The tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic pyrolytic contents that regularly affect the DNA leading to genetic mutations. These carcinogenic contents are more than twenty that are consumed when one is smoking. Tobacco smoke is also found to have some nicotine. This is an active chemical with both physical and psychological effects (Sloan et al 180). Nicotine addiction makes the victim to be like a slave, thus a person cannot perform his daily duties without first consuming nicotine. Physically the victim looks sick and weary when he has not taken nicotine. The worst of all smoking adverse effects, is to the pregnant mothers. Tobacco smoking has proofed to cause miscarriages if a mother is a smoker. Incase a mother is clinically saved from miscarriage; there are still higher chances of the fetus to suffer from health problems. The innocent unborn baby may be born prematurely towards the end of the nine months period, or may be born being underweight. Sometimes the baby may be lucky to survive in the womb throughout the nine months period, but increased chances of sudden Infant Death Syndrome are experienced. Mothers who smoke should be sensitive enough during pregnancy, as the unborn babies have their rights to be born and enjoy their lives like other human beings. Some research done have shown that, cigarette smoke gets into the womb and causes an adverse effect on the growing fetus’ brain. In several cases, it has been a very a shameful incidence where male smokers have been diagnosed to be impotent. A man having an Erectile Dysfunction not because he is biologically abnormal but because of smoking is disheartening as it can be avoided through stopping tobacco smoking (Britton 19). Smoking has increased the mortality rate and shortened life span of many people globally. This has been caused through many people suffering from cancer and stimulation of adrenaline release that is a major cause of high blood pressure, and increased heart rates. Any form of smoking has proofed to be the major cause of health damage of the most productive people in the world. Most of the teenagers who are smokers have shown signs of depression than those who don’t smoke (Britton 31). The decision-making process of the teenage smokers is slow compared to the non-smokers. The brains ability of the smoker
Introduction Turkey for a long time has largely been self-sufficient where food is concerned. Statistics of 2002 shows that out of the estimated $23 billion in retail food sales only 2 per cent were imports (Sirtioglu, 2004). Though Turkey has eschewed imports for a long time, the recent trends in food consumption is likely to revolutionalize the retailing food industry considering the increasing income, high rates of urbanization and also increasing number of women in the workplace which constitute factors that are influencing food trends in the country. Further numerous changes in the country’s economic and social structure that has seen liberalization of economy has opened doors for international competitors specifically from those who have established hyper and super markets chains and discount stores, a situation that is leading to a slow death of the traditional bakkals and open-air bazaars. Therefore this paper will largely investigate and evaluate how the food retail industry in Turkey specifically paying attention to the food retail structure, the transformation of Turkey’s economy that in turn has led to growth of food retailing industry, factors promoting food retail industry in the country, specific anti-competitive practices in the food retail industry before making a conclusion. The information will be generated from literature reviews of journals, case studies, and website articles. Background Turkey is a nation that is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Historically the country has played a very important role acting as a bridge between the East and the West (PricewaterhouseCoopers p.179). It is a relatively large country in terms of population and land as compared to other European countries. For instance it is estimated that the country’s population has doubled from 36.2 million people in 1970 to almost 71.1 million people in the year 2008 while demographic predictions shows that by the year 2020, the country’s population will have reached 80.3 million people (Koc, Boluk and Kovaci p.2). Economically Turkey is categorized as an upper middle-income country, which has a mix of modern industry that is coupled with a vibrant tourism business and a growing modern agro-food sector. The country’s location places it at the nexus of numerous cultures an opportunity it has utilized to grow and develop the potentials of becoming an exporting country hub market through an initiated re-export program a situation that has attracted many global retailers of the region (Boluk and Kovaci p.2). For many years, Turkey’s has manifested to have a dynamic economy that is
Introduction The government can have multiple and diverse impacts on a business project, and this fact needs to be taken into account at every stage of its development. Project evaluation can be regarded as such a stage. Project evaluation can be carried out for different reasons and according to various models (for example, the quality/cost/time framework). It has been noted that nowadays the emphasis is often put on the outcomes, and the aim of such a PE consists in defining the successfulness of the project (Lenfle, 2012). Still, the evaluation of the inputs, processes, and outcomes is an equally rapidly developing type of PE that is used to optimize the processes (Lenfle, 2012; Mathur, Jugdev, & Shing Fung, 2013). For this paper, it is assumed that a comprehensive project evaluation is being carried out. The type of the project is not taken into account, and the paper is devoted to the general ideas concerning the importance of government influence for project evaluation that are illustrated with specific examples. Assets and Capabilities: Constraints and Opportunities Assets can be described as the multiple resources of a company that include but are not limited to “financial, human, organizational, physical, social, technological” ones (Mathur et al., 2013, p. 113). Capabilities (strategic assets) “involve complex patterns of interaction and coordination between resources (including capital assets and people), processes and knowledge, in order to effectively transform inputs into outputs” (Parker, Parsons, & Isharyanto, 2015, p. 555). In other words, they are a type of resources that provide the company with a competitive advantage. Assets and especially capabilities are of extreme importance for the project, and an evaluator needs to take into account the opportunities and restrictions that the government poses in this respect (Parker et al., 2015). With regard to human resources, the most significant governmental influence is probably the labor law. It should be pointed out that the law exists to protect both the employer and the employee; therefore, it can be viewed as both an opportunity and a constraint. An example is the workplace safety that needs to be maintained to respect the rights of the employees (Chan-Mok, Caponecchia, & Winder, 2014). This aspect is often related to the constraint of equipment and procedures standards that also need to be considered during project evaluation. Concerning budgeting, the government can also offer opportunities and impose limitations. For example, taxation is likely to have an effect on a project, but the government is often willing to offer support and subsidies to the projects and organizations that are developing the fields of interest. For example, Seppo, Rõigas, and Varblane (2014) mention projects of cooperation between industries and universities that are supported by the government (mostly financially). Through project evaluation, an opportunity for using the governmental support can be found. Other Influences The legal system of a government may have impacts on a project with
Introduction The provisions of authorship are numerous but controversial. Additionally, it is ethical to recognize credible authors for their exemplary works. Evidently, academic icons undergo massive ethical challenges while executing various aspects of authorship. Critically, it is appropriate for researchers to consider interpersonal issues and honesty in data collection (Feeser & Simon 2008, p. 964). This can be considered as an explicit component of professional behavior. Nonetheless, authorship credit should be observed and executed accordingly regardless of the situation. This paper discusses the general problems associated with assigning appropriate authorship to a manuscript or scientific report. Additionally, there are personal opinions regarding the aspects of authorship. It is important for University Research Integrity Officers to establish and implement policies that will guide the entire authorship phenomenon. The general problems associated with assigning authorship to a manuscript or scientific report There are numerous problems associated with assigning authorship to manuscripts and scientific reports. For example, in multiple authorship, it has been a challenge to identify which author should be credited most why. The entire scenario appears simple; nonetheless, it is difficult to recognize every contributor in an academic report. Not every individual who contributes to the development of an academic paper can be granted the rights of authorship. As much as there is need to minimize such rights, it is also important to provide due authorship credits to the concerned authors (DiBartola, 2011). Ethically, establishing the exact authors helps in establishing the credibility of authorship. In this regard, a problem exists on how to credit the authors and who to assume the errands for the work. The latter provision is relevant whenever there are defamatory or court cases associated with the concerned manuscript (Berthold-Bond 2011). Most authors/contributors do not want to accept the responsibility of their work. They would rather contribute their opinions than accept the responsibility associated with authorship. It is important to understand the provisions of this authorship phenomenon despite the looming challenges. This is a vital provision when considered critically in regard to authorship endorsement. For example, since funding agencies, organizations, and other agencies use publication records as a measure of reputation, it is vital to assign authorship aptly (Kovacs 2012). Precisely, it is difficult to determine who should or should not be listed as an author. This forms the major ethical problem encountered in the entire authorship phenomenon. Another problem in this context regards honorary authorship. This is a situation where a reputable author, who did not even participate in the development of a given publication, is listed as one of the legitimate authors. This occurs just to enhance the credibility of the concerned project. The problem in this con
Gogol is a second-generation immigrant of an Indian Bengali family. As an America born child, he first tried to resist his parents’ Indian culture. The evidence from the novel “ The Namesake ” suggests that, there was a change in Gogol, when he later realizes his Indian culture. In this essay, we will try to figure out the events that indicate that Gogol later tried to accumulate the Indian culture. We will also explore that what was the impact of these events on the story. The Asian immigrants to the foreign countries especially the United States found themselves alienated from their own country. They could not assimilate into their own culture because they think that the foreign culture does not represent their ideological and cultural values. The children who are born in America do not mostly want to adopt the life style of their parents, as they think US as their own country. Gogol is one such example. One of the prominent examples of Gogol submission towards Indian culture is his abandonment of Maxine. Gogol and Maxine had good time together. Maxine’s parents, Lydia and Gerald, also did not create any hurdle in their friendship. They even think Gogol as a US born citizen. Maxine herself had no problem with Gogol; she even expresses the desire to go India. Gogol’s abandonment of Maxine despite his father’s death suggests there was something else that prevented his relationship with Maxine. Gogol has developed a contradictory personality like his parents. His identity is divided, and could not identify between both the cultures. He stepped out of Maxine’s life for good. Recently, bumping into Gerald and Lydia in a gallery, he learned of their daughter’s engagement to another man. (Lahiri 188) The second event that is most prominent is his marriage with a Bengali girl called Moushumi. He accepted his mother’s wish to marry her despite his good relationship with Maxine. He could have easily rejected the marriage proposal, but because of his connection with the Indian culture, he was able to marry her. Third evidence of his connection with India is his family’s frequent visits to India. Indian culture was not something new for Gogol. His family’s frequent visit to India made him realize the Indian culture. Gogol’s parents wanted their children to indulge in Indian culture, because they must be able to realize this culture. However, despite all these things Gogol thinks himself as American. He longs for her as his parents h
Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio were instrumental in the development of social philosophy. The social model of which they were an element was dubbed new institutionalism. While they were proponents of social psychology, they attempted to build a sociological perspective on institutions rather than an economic perspective. They both anticipated that if they could establish a network of links across societies, they would comprehend how establishments appear and function. Both concentrated on a variety of enterprises that would develop for a myriad of purposes. Isomorphism is a constraint that causes one unit in a demographic to mirror another team. The architecture of an organization distributes control and privilege within the corporation and has a significant impact on the corporate culture. Shared values and social circle habits characterize the corporate culture. For instance, in an institution or place of employment, there is a clearly defined hierarchical system with specified administrators, directors, and specific titles for everyone who works within
Problem Identification In organizations, development of models and plans facilitates the achievement of objectives through scientific approaches. Stanislaus Military Academy seeks to roll out a plan that will oversee the training of Marine Corps Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (MCJROTC). Through the plan, the institution aspires to develop informed and outstanding citizens in cadets. The program also seeks to develop the trainee’s leadership skills by strengthening their character and comprehending the fundamental aspects of the national security. Through the training, the military academy will help in the formation of self-disciplined individuals who will not only be in a position to develop respect for the authority in a liberal society but also understand the factors that underpin the constituted authority in the American society. Stanislaus Military Academy faces challenges in implementing the program that will see the cadets receive the training in line with the articulations of the constitution. With its main objectives being to instill virtues of discipline, respect, courage, commitment and honor among the cadets, the organization has apparent challenges in the achievement of these ends. The institution should be in a position to conduct impeccable training by identifying the challenges and implement the proposed changes in the organization (Michael, DiPaola & Wayne, 2008). Notwithstanding the problems that the organization is facing, it has been in a position to solve real problems affecting the youth by developing their skills and forming their character in line with the needs of the country and dynamic American society. Nonetheless, identification process and lack of consent by parents has been in the forefront in impeding the organization’s ability to adopt necessary changes. Therefore, the main problem affec
Introduction Research is the act of finding knowledge by such means as investigations so that facts can be established. Research variables are those individual empirical items that can take on different values. This work discusses two methodologies of research namely; observation and sampling. Its main focus is the advantages and the disadvantages of each method in relation to the different techniques involved in each method. The techniques represent the multicultural aspects in relation to traditional research methods. Observation Observation is the act of receiving and recording data into the human senses or in scientific apparatus. It can also be defined as a method of receiving knowledge. The way a researcher looks at things, or any data that is collected from the field are also known as observations. Observation needs a rigorous preparation that also includes formulation of hypotheses (Educationforum, 2010). During a research operation, researchers has to ask themselves questions about a phenomenon, observe the phenomenon, hypothesize it, predict a logical sequence by extrapolation and inferences, test the hypothesis experimentally, and finalizing the process by making a conclusion based on the results of the test. From the above sequence, it is evident that observation plays a big role in the second and the fifth steps. Observation, as a way of research is classified into two techniques namely non participant and participant techniques. It is worth noting that the two methods can be used simultaneously. In the non participatory technique, the researcher does the observation but does not join the group in question. On the other hand, the researcher does the observation while joining the group in the participatory technique. One of the advantages of observation as a method of research is that it can generate data that is deviant. Despite these deviations that may render the data unreliable, a strong fact that makes the method useful is that the data is highly representative. The method can also be used to study a small population (Ngo, 2010). It is also applicable where interviews are quite expensive or untimely like during investigations that involve the emotional issues of toddlers. Another advantage of this method that seems to be quite obvious but often forgotten is that the researcher can study a particular group of population that othe
It has been said that if man learned how to be content then mankind would still be in living in caves, on trees or in crude houses made of mud and sticks. There would be no technological advances beyond the discovery of fire. Everyone will be happy with a nomadic existence hunting and gathering food. But this is not the case. Human beings will always try to find a better way to live, to dress, drink and to eat. One of the most amazing discoveries in modern history is the ability to genetically alter food. This means increase in yield, vitamin-enriched foods, drought and insect-resistant plants as well as sturdier animals for consumption. Although this type of technology is beneficial to ensure food security there are those who are not convinced that the rewards outweigh the risks. This study will take a closer look at genetically modified foods its benefits as well the risks and involved and how people and governments should react to these issues. In a nutshell, genetically modified (GM) food “consists of plants and animals whose genes have been altered” (Freedman, 2009, p4). The original researchers who tackled the creation of GM were motivated by a common goal, to develop crops that are able to produce higher yields in order to solve world hunger (Freedman, 2009, p.4). Later on it included the modification of animal genes to have the same result and it is to ensure food security. Before going any further it is important to point out that at the core of GM is modern biotechnology. This will help clarify that GMs are not a byproduct of conventional techniques such as breeding and selection. In order to have a clear picture of what is required to produce GMs one needs to understand the standard definition of biotechnology in relation to GMs and according to Codex Alimentarius Commission which was adapted from the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, modern biotechnology is defined as: the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic aid into cells or organelles; or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers, and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection (WHO, 2005, p.2). The capability to produce the desired traits is nothing new to farmers and breeders of animals. According to scientists, “Historically, farmers bred plants and animals for thousands of years to produce the desired traits … they produced dogs ranging from poodles to Great Danes, and roses from sweet-smelling miniatures to today’s long-lasting, but scent-free reds” (MedlinePlus, 2010, p.1). It is the use of selective breeding that allowed for the creation of wide va