ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The tobacco alliance for tobacco prevention is an organization whose aim is to create a healthier tomorrow whereby, fewer children are introduced to tobacco, exposure of people to secondhand smoking is minimized, and tobacco users can be helped to quit smoking, thus maintaining a tobacco-free lifestyle. According to Calloway, Flrey & Kerath, (2009), “the Georgia Alliance for Tobacco Prevention is a coalition of organizations and businesses led by the American Cancer Society, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American Heart Association, American Lung Association, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.” In addition, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention implements its aims in tobacco prevention through its Office on Smoking and Health, dedicated to reducing the consequences of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke. Indeed, the OSH’s mission is to protect public health from the harmful effects of tobacco use or secondhand smoke (CDC, 2009). Recent research on tobacco consumption in Georgia has shown that tobacco consumption has increased to alarming rates since 1990, and there has been a relative increase in tobacco-related diseases. For instance, nearly 52.1% and 14.7% of women are on tobacco use (Bakhturidze & Kobeshavidze, 2010). Furthermore, the budget allocation on tobacco-related illnesses has been consuming so much of the taxpayers’ money (Calloway, Flarey & Kerath). The Georgia Alliance for Tobacco Prevention is therefore urging the governor and the legislature to increase funding for tobacco prevention in Georgia to curb the increasing consequences of tobacco consumption among the citizens of Georgia. Tobacco consumption in Georgia Tobacco consumption in Georgia has been increasing at alarming rates since 1990, with more than that 35% of the population on tobacco consumption (CDC, 2009). With the rising number of the population on tobacco, tobacco-related ailments have increased considerably and this is evident from the large sums of money allocated by the government to cater for tobacco-related diseases in Georgia. The rising rates of tobacco consumption in Georgia have resulted from transition towards a market economy and the thriving international tobacco industry due to the absence of legislative regulations. Statistics show that the number of youths on tobacco consumption has increased threefold compared to the 1980’s statistics (CDC, 2009). In addition, most the young people are introduced to tobacco during adolescence and a big percentage gets addicted by the age of twenty. In addition, approximately 3900 teens in the US smoke for the first time daily and “1,000 of those teens will become daily cigarette smokers;” this is a dangerous trend owing to the mortality rate of smoking, meaning that, they are at risk of dying at a very young age (CDC, 2009). To reduce tobacco consumption among the young people, the alliance is planning to campaign against direct advertis
According to the classical theory of consumerism which refers the public to the middle of the 20 th century, women are discussed as the target audience of different kinds of shops. Nevertheless, today the situation is different, and men are also interested in the process of buying new things and clothes, and they often express the same attitudes to this process as women do. The explanation to this controversial issue is in the fact that the phenomenon of consumerism is in a constant development, and it demands new victims for the progress. However, not all the representatives of real shoppers discuss themselves as the victims of the passion for purchasing. Although today it is possible to buy almost everything which can be made from any material, it is significant to concentrate on the process of buying the items of the clothes because now this process has a lot of similarities for women and men and also classify the shoppers according to the peculiarities of their attitude to the process of purchasing, and discuss such types as the ‘coat-hunters’, ‘shop-addicted’, and ‘brand-loving’ shoppers. Clothes can be discussed as a specific category of shop-products, and it can even become a kind of religion for either men or women who forget about their gender differences when they are in a huge store with a lot of departments which attracts the audience with many bright lights and vivid colors. Nevertheless, the general attitude of the consumers to these places can be quite different as well as the attitude to the particular process of shopping. The proper analysis of the attitude of those persons who prefer to go shopping and buy different kinds of clothes is the main goal of this classification. The first category of shoppers can be determined according to these persons’ habit to search for the definite prey. The attitude of the ‘coat-hunters’ to the process of buying can be compared with the attitude and behaviours of real hunters who can imagine a lot of stores and their numerous departments as the wild jungle. However, the ‘coat-hunters’ always know what type of coats is necessary for them, and they cannot be confused with the variety of the goods presented in the stores. Moreover, they are ready to wait for days and months till this coat or hat becomes available for purchasing or even has the magic sign ‘sale’ on it. However, the scenario of the situation can be different, and the ‘coat-hunters’ have to spend a lot of periods of time waiting for the item of their dream because they really know what they need. Men from this category are more successful than women in looking for a necessary item because they can wait longer and act rather unemotionally while being in the store without references to the other interesting objects which can attract the women’s attention and prevent them from ‘waiting’ and ‘obser
a. Why Ben & Jerry ice-cream production serves as an illustration of secondary production Secondary production entails the transformation of raw materials into finished goods. The production process might generate two types of goods namely capital goods and consumer goods. During secondary production, value is usually added to the inputs of raw materials. This is a common process normally assumed by Ben & Jerry Inc. In fact, Ben & Jerry Homemade Incorporation basically produce first-class ice cream novelties, both super-premium and premium ice creams as well as frozen yogurt that is original and rich in flavors. Most of the quality natural ice cream alongside the associated products materializes from ground-breaking flavors manufactured using Vermont dairy products. For instance, an ice cream named rainforest crunch which is produced by this company originates from nuts that are harvested by the traditional nut gatherers from the forests. Ben & Jerry Inc then possibly use the best ingredients to ensure that the available raw materials such as nuts and various other Vermont dairy products are converted into ice-creams which are known to be rich in calories, color and flavors. b. The probable roles of a Production Planner at Ben & Jerry Homemade Inc A production planner can as well be dubbed as either a production scheduler or production coordinator. Such an executive person found in the production line is widely known as an operation professional charged with the responsibility of creating and administering the schedules for the mechanization and manufacturing of assorted products. In a corporation such as B&J, such a professional is obliged to make certain that clients’ demands are effectively met and all commodities which have been produced are appropriately shipped to the consumers and buyers in a timely and efficient manner. Therefore, B&J production planner has the responsibility of liaising with various areas of the corporation’s supply chain network. These may include sales and procurement. The production planner may assume the responsibility of developing a master schedule used in products or ice-cream manufacturing. Such a schedule must always incorporate both the distribution deadlines as well as the total number of clients’ orders. The production planner only creates the schedule subsequent to a comprehensive audit of the workforce size, manufacturing capacity and production specification. Provided the production of ice-cream and other related products have instigated at Ben & Jerry Inc, the planner has the obligation of monitoring the pace to make sure that timelines are duly followed. Finally, the production planner plays the decisive role of maintaining and equally preparing comprehensive reports all throug
Introduction The Subject of the Study Religious pilgrims remain a crucial factor in boosting and sustaining tourism in Saudi Arabia. In 2019, the Hajj revenue contributed to 7 percent of Saudi Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as Havrlant et al . (2020) report. Around two million pilgrims visit Mecca every year during the time of Dhu al-Hijjah to do Hajj. The Hajj, or pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, is a major accomplishment in Islam (Ross, 2021). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID- 19 a global pandemic and issued various directives relating to the way of conduct to mitigate the transmission of the virus. Some of the instructions included social distancing, avoiding gatherings, and curfews. These directions affected the tourism sector across the globe as traveling was highly restricted and groups limited (Alanezi et al ., 2020). As different nations restricted raveling, Saudi Arabia was not an exception. In 2020, the country limited the number of local and international pilgrims visiting Mecca to 60,000 from an earlier 2 million pilgrims who visit for Hajj (Alam, 2021). The study seeks to analyze the effect of COVID-19 on religious tourism in Saudi Arabia. Purpose of the Study The study will show how COVID-19 affected religious tourism in the country and give insight into the behavior change in Mecca after COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. The research also aims at evaluating the existing remedies on how to deal with the pandemic to protect the Saudi Arabia tourism sector from its adverse effects. The study thereby aids in establishing knowledge on how the COVID- 19 pandemic has affected Islamic pilgrimage as a tourism activity in Saudi Arabia. Research Gap Different studies have been conducted analyzing different implications of the COVID- 19 on pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia. Other studies offer findings relating to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global religious tourism. The majority of prior studies seeking to study the consequences of the pandemic on religious tourism have had to analyze the effect of the pandemic for the year 2019. The timing of this study is perfect as it allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of COVID-19 from onset to duration, covering the best of 2020. Apart from adding literature on this topic, this study will further develop future research projects. The research will offer empirical research that dwells on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourist destinations. Significance of the Research Problem This study is critical as it aims to provide data on religious tourism in Saudi Arabia before and after the pandemic. Following the study’s objective, the research question is how COVID-19 affected religious tourism in Saudi Arabia. Before handling the research question, the paper first reviews the available literature. The study then employs a quantitative approach to gather primary data relating to some of the implications of the COVID-19 to religious tou
What were the key issues that Lincoln and Douglas touched on in their arguments regarding slavery? The debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas focused on slavery issues (The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 1). During the debate, the constitution emerged as one of the most contentious issues. Lincoln was from South Kansas, where Congress‘s constitution supported slave law. Congressional support for slavery law resulted in heated debates across the United States. In the debates, Douglas supported the slavery law stating that the constitution legalizes the practice. On the other hand, Lincoln argued that he was against the act of slavery even though the constitution was in support of the law. However, he stated that every state was free to exercise their slavery laws without any interference from the federal government. Another issue that arose during the debate is the rule of local law and democracy (The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 1). Douglas gave and quoted an example of a liquor law in comparison with what chief justice Taney had ruled about slavery. Taney, in his opinion, perceived slaves as property. Therefore, he believed that the owners had the right to move with their property into the territory of their choice. In the debate, Douglas argued that democracy was of the essence in determining the institution of slavery and that people would protect and promote the law if they wanted. In his summary about the local law, Davis made it clear to slaveholders of Missouri that they did not have the right to carry slaves into territory where people did not want them. He added that it was up to the people to decide. Abolition of slavery law and politics was another point of argument between Douglas and Lincoln. Lincoln argued out that the abolition of slavery was the hardest thing to do. He added that every man must protect legislation that supports slavery in certain territory provided it was in the constitution. On the other hand, Douglas argued that if Lincoln’s views were to be adopted, the blacks could become freemen and take up the whites’ jobs. What were some of the events in the 1850s that helped to keep the slavery issue alive? Could America have avoided civil war if these events had not occurred? Why or why not? In the 1850s, politics surrounding the Congress party and their sentiments let sporadic to gunfire ( Lecture Launcher) . Since America was volatile at that time, any falsehood triggered a civil war. The Douglas’s bill on Kansas & Nebraska triggered civil war leading to the dead of over 200 Americans in the Kansas territory. During the battles, Kansas’ senator Sir Charl
Abstract This paper demonstrates the use of real financial data in capital structure analysis in decision making for potential investors. The objective is to carry out a broad capital analysis for two actual companies dealing in the same line of business: grocery retail. It explores the various techniques and tools used for capital structure analysis. In the analysis, we use financial data for Tesco Company and Sainsbury Company. The study is based on a comparative analysis of historical data on the capital of the two companies. The study concentrates on statistical highlights of these Corporations’, ratio analysis (debt to equity, and gearing levels) and their relationship to financing. Also, percentages are used in the analysis to monitor changes over time. Graphs are also used to portray the trend of various variables in the study over the period of analysis. Finally, the results are interpreted based on ideal situations and recommendations are made based on potential investors’ findings. Introduction This research paper examines analytical tools vital in understanding the capital structure of a company and determining the position of the same as a prerequisite for decision making science. Businesses across the globe engage in transactions to maximise profit at minimal cost constraints. A capital structure as a function of business establishment determines chances of survival, optimal functionality, and the possibility of expansion depending on its magnitude. Besides, investors generally aim to optimise returns from investment by carrying out informed investment choices influenced by the liquidity, return on equity, and debt ration of a potential investment venture. Capital structure directly influences a company’s ability to expand (Helfert, 2001, p.67). Therefore, this aspect calls for comprehensive analysis of capital structure as an important decision-making tool in investment. To understand real analysis and application of derivatives of a company’s capital structure, this research paper examines the capital structures of Tesco Company and Sainsbury Company to comprehensively understand how capital structure influence debt ratio, Return on Equity, financing, and dividends payable after a successful financial year. Thus, this research should help answer the question regarding capital structure decisions and how it matters to investors. It is also specified on the analysis of capital structure, which has to do with debt on capital structure. From results obtained, it will be possible to determine whether or not businesses need more equity capital or debt capital structure. Besides, the paper highlights reliable and important factors of capital structure that affect the UK grocery retail industry for the existing UK market share leaders such as Tesco and Sains
The unification of Europe can be traced back to the 1950s with the formation of the European Defense Community and the European Political Community. For more than 60 years, numerous declarations, agreements and treaties have been signed culminating into the European Union as people know it today. The EU is omnipresent; its influence permeates all spheres of life. However, the journey towards the unification of Europe has not been without challenges. The process has not been immune to crises. Nevertheless, architects of the EU have ensured that the formation process is crisis proof. The unification process has had numerous milestones, the 2004/2007 ‘big bang’ enlargement being one of them. It is imperative to state that there have been about five enlargement periods most of which occurred after 1970. Originally, the EU constituted 6 members. Between 2004 and 2007, the EU enlarged its membership from 15 to 27, with the aim of partnering for peace and socioeconomic development (Emmanouilidis 2, 13). The effects of 2004/2007 ‘big bang’ enlargement towards the unification of Europe and the eventual formation of the EU cannot be underestimated. However, the debate on the real causes still rages on with differing opinions and assertions. New threats to international security have been cited as the most probable causes of the 2004/2007 ‘big bang’ enlargement. The reinvention of terrorism and the subsequent attacks in the US and Europe require cooperation between the EU and the US in not only curbing terrorism but also in improving international security. Other sources cite the need to curb shifting of global economic power against Europe as the primary cause of 2004/2007 ‘big bang’ enlargement. These causes are described in details herein after. Before 2004, EU’s political elite had for a long time nursed ambitions to integrate the EU as a community of values. Governments across the EU were encouraged to seek democracy, peace and progressive development. In light to this, several declaration were made, with governments pledging to pursue, and support peers in the pursuit of these goals. Regardless of these declarations, most governments paid lip service to the democratization process. Progressive development remained largely anonymous especially within smaller but strategically important countries. This implies that before 2004 the EU was held loosely by declarations without any collective effort to implement them. Additionally, most countries along the European borders portrayed little enthusiasm in pursuing democracy and integration into a political and economic federation. The loose alliance was brought into sharp focus by a series of event (Dunay and Lachowski 43). In 2001, terrorists attacked the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York, an attack that fundamentally changed the way war against terror is perceived by major anti terror groups. The US embarked on a process of restrategizing its international security policies. Fighting terrorism effectively required a new strategic approach to international security. As such, international cooperation seemed necessary (Cotey 67 – 71). The U
Current developments in the Middle East show that the relationship between religion and politics in which religion plays central role do not change their character that formed a long time ago. The confrontation of governments that claim to be faithful to Islam and opposition forces in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia arose when the latter accused the former in authoritarianism and hostility to Islamic principles. In any case, while in the course of history Western countries realized the necessity to separate religious from political, in the Middle East tradition religion and politics always remained entangled together. This would not present a serious problem if the religion the Middle East region were unified. However, there are numerous religious groupings that tend to interpret the law in different ways and consider themselves rightful to repress the “infidel”. The most powerful of these groups use religion to gain the support and territories by creating the chaos across huge areas in order to start an “apocalyptic war” after which they will raise the common state that will profess one faith – Islam (Stern and Berger 375). There are various hypotheses on the ideal way of the combination of religion and politics within a state in the Middle East. Historically, four factors contributed to the close connection between religion and politics (Lee 6). First was the development of states in which religion played a regulatory role by justifying and defending the movements that were created by governments. Second and third factors relate to the development of written tradition and the growth of literacy among elites and common people which allowed for the mass spreading of religious ideas across regions and even cultures. Fourth and the last factor is the development of nationalistic consciousness that started when people separated by time but bonded by common traditions and beliefs began identifying themselves as communities. As history and current developments show, far from always these communities coincide with political boundaries. This leads to a wide disparity between the religious and political identity of state members. Because of the latter, the Middle East countries have to search for ways and methods of constructing harmonious relations between religion and politics within a state (Lee 11). The most obvious way to create a nation-state is to use religion as means of bonding and establishing the stable institutions (Lee 12). Some historians and political scientists argue that the play on the religious identity and national history helps to instill loyalty into state’s citizens. They exemplify such point of view with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Morocco, and Jordan that proclaim their faithfulness to Islam and Israel that bases its political institutions on Judaism (Lee 12; Stern and Berger 376). In any case, the idea of using r