ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussion Metapsychology is a term coined by Freud Sigmund to denote his approach to mental functioning based on an experience of psychoanalysis which had spanned a period of over 30 years (Lacan, 1973). As Freud personally put it, metapsychology is the observation of psychological phenomena what metaphysics is to that of the physical world. Thus, Freud moved from a clinical and descriptive stage to one of abstract approach; he advanced models concerning the manner in which the mind of human functions and how they were generally intended to be applicable. For instance, the idea of drive or instinct was introduced by Freud in order to describe what nudges human beings to eat and to procreate (Freud, 1905). Freud termed what urges human beings to eat as self-preservation instincts and what impels them to procreate as sexual instincts. Given that instincts are naturally abstract ideas, they are not met as such, rather perceived indirectly through the effects to which they result or the means by which they are represented (Bower, 2005). Therefore, sexual instincts can be viewed in a number of different ways; the urge generated by an erotic desire to the opposite sex, the terms applied to express such desire, or the scenario of a dream (Lacan, 1973). Freud’s thinking underwent gradual evolution that led him to propose a synthesis of the manner in which the human mind functions under both normal and pathological conditions. This was his first structural approach based on the distinction between unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious (Freud, 1905). The approach runs opposite to Freud’s first model of instinctual drives based on pleasure/unpleasurable notions. This paper tries to relate between theory and practice of Freud’s psychoanalysis by explaining; the main goals of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory and practice, Freud in Beyond the pleasure principle, the models of the human mind, the relationship in terms of structure and personal development, the object and relations identification, anxiety and defense mechanisms, relationship in terms of sexuality, and relationship in psychoanalytic contribution to psychiatry. Relationship of Theory and Practice of Freudian Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis theory and practice development was driven by two main aims. First, it was to understand why and how people developed psychological symptoms and how to assist people to free themselves from psychological symptoms. The purpose of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory and practice was to assist patients to satisfy their potential and become free to love and to work (Bower, 2005). Psychoanalysis is a term used to refer to; an approach of personality and psychopathology, a technique of investigating the mind, and a theory of treatment. Freud was the inventor of psychoanalysis and the father of modern psychotherapy. The primary goal of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory was to develop an approach to the human mind and the second was to relate psychoanalysis theory as a therapeutic modality. As a comprehensive approach to personality and psychopathology, psychoanalysis has h
These days, infertility is no longer a problem that will prevent a married couple from starting a family. Due to the advances in medical science, it has become possible for women with reproductive problems and men with low sperm count to conceive a child that shares the same DNA traits as the parents because of drug induced fertility or In Vitro Fertilization. But, that is not to say that these procedures come without a backlash or medical, as well as legal hindrances. A reproductive endocrinologist is consulted in such matters and he in turn studies the case in order to suggest and eventually implement the most proper fertility treatment for a couple. One of the treatments that is readily available for less complex fertility cases is the prescription of clomiphene citrate in order to induce ovulation in anovulation cases. Anovulation is a situation where the ovulation and menstruation cycle of the woman must be regulated and induced in order to prepare her system for fertility treatments using drugs. This treatment usually happens over 3 or 4 cycles of therapy and has a 3/4 success rate. Although simple and with a good success rate, there have been instances wherein the question of playing God has come into the scenario with regards to this treatment. This is because a treatment plan must be threshed out at the very beginning and should a physician sense a problem with the treatment, be it on a moral or medical ground, he has the option to withhold and/or cancel the treatment. This is not to say however, that the couple seeking treatment cannot seek treatment elsewhere. Another option in the field of assistive reproduction technology is In Vitro Fertilization. Depending upon the situation, a woman’s eggs may be harvested for fertilization and implantation or, a man’s sperm may be harvested in order to insure a successful fertilization process. In cases of difficult pregnancies, the man or woman may also opt to have their eggs or sperms harvested for cryo preservation (future fertilization use). The implantation procedure is highly regulated but still results oftentimes in multiple child births, not that the parents mind anyway. Under the guidelines set by the
Methods of establishing a correlation between variables Correlation refers to the act of measuring how related or associated two variables are. A correlational study can either be positive or negative. A positive correlation is one in which the increase in one variable translates into an increase in another variable (Hancock & Mueller, 2002, p. 59). Alternatively, a variable could also increase in value and the process triggers the reduction in the value of another variable. For instance, if we consider education and income as two types of variables, more education could imply more income and vice versa. On the other hand, we also have a negative correlation. In this case, an increase in the value of one variable triggers a decrease in the value of the second variable. In the same way, when one variable reduces in value, the other one increases in value (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2002). This is more of an “inverse’ correlation. An example of a negative correlation is one that associate TV viewing with class grades. Therefore, as the number of hours spent by a student viewing TV increases, this translates into lower grades. Advantages and disadvantages of positive and negative correlation Advantages One of the advantages of using the correlation technique is that it enables us to make predictions regarding two related things. As such, it becomes easier to predict the outcome of one thing based on another (Hancock & Mueller, 2002, p. 60). For instance, there is a positive correlation between, on the one hand, SAT scores and on the other hand, college achievement. Therefore, in case college admission officials wish to predict those students who have a higher probability of succeeding at their institution, all they need to do is to ensure that students who have scored high SAT scores are chosen for admission. In terms of negative correlation, there is a negative correlation between years of jail time and years of education. Using this kind of negative correlation, prison officials can help to organize remedial education for individuals who have been behind bars for a long time, instead of enrolling them in college classes. Disadvantages One of the main disadvantages of a correlation is its inability to measure cause (Hancock & Mueller, 2002). For example, although earlier on we talked of a positive correlation between higher education and higher income, nonetheless, there is no way of knowing if indeed more income did not result in more education, and vice versa. Also, a third variable could be at play. One of the disadvantages of a negative correlation is that it does not also indicate the cause of the correlation. For example, there is a negative correlation between crying among babies and being held whereby the more frequen
Introduction Singlehood is perhaps one of the most exciting yet challenging stages in life especially for a young Christian woman. One might find that there are those who are single by choice and those who are single due to certain circumstances such as divorce or even the death of a spouse if they had been married earlier in their young lives (Klein 2003). This state of singlehood, even though enjoyable in the fact that the young woman is not burdened with extra responsibilities if she has not yet been previously married, proves difficult in that majority of such Christian women are faced with a harsh reality (Taurel 2008). This reality is that in order for them to consistently remain true in their Christian faith as per the expectations of the church as well as family, they are likely to never be betrothed to any man (Clinton & Sibcy 2006). This is also the reason as to why majority of single Christian women move away from the church and its activities and even to some extent from God. Other challenges that a single Christian woman may experience includes sexual temptations and that is why Paul in his giving advice to young unmarried men and women in 1 Corinthians 7: 8 – 9, suggested, “Now to the unmarried and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I am. But if they cannot control themselves, they should marry, for it is better to marry than to burn with passion.” (NIV 1984). Essay Despite the aforementioned challenges, unmarried Christian women tend to have more fun as compared to those who are single due to circumstances and have extra responsibilities such as children and their career. Singlehood is a time of soul-searching and a time of self-discovery where a single Christian woman realizes what she truly desires to achieve in future once she gets married, has a career and bears children (Klein 2003). Unlike how it was in the past, unmarried women of this day and age are free to choose whom to love and get married to as marriages are no longer arranged by parents except in a few cultures such as Hindu (Cloud & Townsend 2001). Single Christian women also have a choice of not allowing their singlehood to become a burden to them especially in instances where family and peer pressure is experienced but rather of embracing their status and endeavoring to live a joy-filled and wholesome life (Taurel 2008). Once a young woman has reached of age, she always desires and looks forward to getting married. For a single Christian woman, dreams of having a wedding ceremony in church where family and friends can attend and celebrate her union to her future husband are always on her mind (Clinton & Sibcy 2006). Such Christian women are brought up and nurtured to embrace the fact that it is better to be officially married in public as compared to eloping or staying single until old age which would be viewed by the society as unnatural (Klein 2003). Single Christian women are also taught that it is better to find a potential husband who is also
Introduction During its centuries-old history, the healthcare system has undergone many shifts, among which there have been both successes and failures. They equally affected the culture of nursing, which, as a result, has developed many methodologies for efficacious care for patients. The purpose of this paper is to consider in general terms the asset-based approach of nursing and its place of adaptation and discuss its positive points and possible disadvantages. Asset-Based Approach in Terms of Palliative Care Asset-based principle of nursing covers and applies to all spheres of healthcare. According to de Andrade and Angelova (2018), it is “…equal and active involvement of partners including communities, health practitioners and voluntary sector…” (p. 2). It is also important to note that “…end of life care services are ideally placed to adapt and extend an asset-based approach” (“Developing an asset-based approach within a learning community,” 2017, para. 4). Mandatory prescribed care for terminally ill people is not the only thing that is implied by the asset-based approach. Practice in this purview also includes voluntary emotional support and informing families of patients. For their part, communities that consist of certain families provide information to their members to prevent the occurrence of fatal diseases and implement general health prophylaxis. One of the distinguishing points of the asset-based approach is the method of bilateral interaction and mutual assistance. Virtues and Shortcomings of Asset-Based Approach Communication among nurses and patients made through asset-based approach shape awareness in society about the needs of terminally ill people. Researchers note that the interplay of at least two humans with any assets necessarily includes communication between them (“Developing an asset-based approach within a learning community,” 2017). Yet finding common ground with such patients is time-consuming, leading to excessive physical debilitation. Nurses can improve personal performance in palliative care by perceiving their talents and experience through an assets-based approach. Such a working strategy may drive to professional deformation in the form of emotional exhaustion when specialists can no longer empathize and productively use personal and social assets. Management can make effective care and human resources distribution by assuming nursing staff as community assets. Another weakness of this approach is the inability to overcome cultural barriers. Elderly representatives of another culture may isolate themselves from palliative care, and assessing common capabilities becomes impossible. However, the innovative nature of the asset-based approach indicates that these shortcomings will be resolved in the future.
The current international situation could be considered complex. There are numerous regions characterized by hard-fought military conflicts and opposition between government forces and rebels. Also, the Middle Eastern region, Africa, and Western Europe pose a great threat to international security, as conflicts in these areas set the conditions for the clash of leading states and forces trying to protect their national interests. That is why these strategic regions are impacting the evolution of the state of modern international relations and are predetermining the way one or another state makes its foreign policy. Being one of the leading countries tends to guarantee the involvement of the United States in the majority of modern political affairs, to support its image and secure the preservation of its leading position. At the moment, the country has numerous instruments of power that could help it to achieve its goal. The current situation in Sudan could be considered one of the above-mentioned issues. The region gives rise to domestic and international conflicts that might have a pernicious influence on diplomatic affairs. The United States has a long history of relations with local countries, stemming from an understanding of the great strategic importance of an area that is rich in crude oil, and might influence energy prices. Sudan is one of the significant oil producers in the region. However, the Heglig Crisis between Sudan and South Sudan, which started in 2012, brought great instability to the region. The rebels proclaimed war against the local government and gained possession of several strategic cities. Numerous causalities and instability in the region could not but attract US attention, as the combatants have not been able to reach a compromise and initiate negotiations. At the moment, the United States pursues its foreign policy by its National Security Strategy, which states the existence of four basic national interests: security, values, prosperity, and international order (“National Security Strategy” 17). These four spheres are crucial for the United States, as the adherence to this very strategy guarantees the preservation of the country’s leading positions on an international level and helps to control the situation. Security affairs should also be considered crucial, not only to guarantee the state’s involvement in any international conflicts; however, they also assure that citizens of the United States will not suffer from the terrorist threat. This fact also determines the important role the state plays in the above-mentioned conflict. Sudan has long been one of the main sponsors of global terrorism, distributing a huge part of its income between various terrorist organizations(Allen par. 6). Also, the weakness of local authorities and the absence of any structured approach to monitoring the state of the oil indu
Introduction Boeing, in a bid to expand its business operations, decided to set up a 2-billion-plane assembly plant in South Carolina, a non-union state. It plans to assemble 787 Dreamliners, each costing about $185 million. It has even hired over 1000 employees to commence with the construction. This displeases the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), who has filed a case against Boeing. The South Carolina governor denounces these claims, arguing that it is against the state’s ‘right –to-work’. Body The South Carolina’s governor, Nikki Haley (a republican) is against the NLRB and claims that President Obama’s silence is unjustified and should intervene to solve the issue. NLRB intends to protect workers’ rights and claims that Boeing is an anti-unionist company. In June 30 th 2011, the court issued a ruling against Boeing’s arguments, claiming that they needed more evidence. In my opinion, I support Boeing Company over NLRB, since setting up its plant in South Carolina will create employment opportunities in the state. The company has by now hired thousands of employees to start up the construction. NLRB’s win will render these employees jobless and this may create more conflicts within the state. Moreover, residents of South Carolina also have a right of equal employment prospects. The new plant will increase productivity of the company and consequently increase their annual revenue. The government will reap high taxes from the firm, thereby promoting development of the state. This therefore makes NLRB’s claims uncalled for and they should help open new companies instead of closing the already existing ones. Additionally, Boeing will benefit from reduced employees’ strikes recently experienced. This will enhance the smooth running of its operations, thus boost its annual production. Conclusion Boeing’s plan to expand its operation by setting up a plant in South Carolina is a welcome, since it will create employment opportunities in the state. Moreover, NLRB is politically motivated to oppose this development, since non-union workers also need a chance of employment. The new plant will benefit the residents, the government, and the firm itself; therefore, NLRB should support this noble undertaking. Question Two Introduction To improve the performance and the productivity of employees, a firm needs to motivate its employees. Motivation stimulates employees’ desire to work harder and energizes them. Motivation factors can be external or internal. Body How USAA motivates its employees USAA has introduced employees’ training in a bid to motivate them and improve their performance. Additionally, the firm has increased their employees pay by 19% bonus from their previous year’s 13.5%. Moreover, after closing two call centers in 2009, USAA relocated 50% of its employees to other job locations. The firm also gives employees time to do their personal work. Potential sources of intrinsic motivation to USAA employees USAA is highly ranked by the Bloomberg’s Business Week magazine, in the last four years. This poses the employees with a challenge to w
Introduction Many of you have once decided to start doing exercise regularly. You have adjusted the nutrition, found some inspirational mantras, and got a gym membership. In the beginning, you are in a state of euphoria, but soon your determination wanes, and even the feeling of time and money being wasted cannot make you continue. If you have found yourself in this situation, it is high time to review your vision of doing sport! This transformation includes changing the mindset, creating a schedule, and making exercise a ritual. Adjusting Your Thinking First, it is essential to elaborate on the perception of the sport as a source of pleasure and personal growth. It is wrong to view workouts as a punishment or work (Millard, 2019). Evidence suggests that self-compassion helps succeed in any given endeavor, so one of the main rules is to respect your body (Robinson et al., 2020). If you do not like running, there are plenty of other activities you can try to find that work for you, such as dancing, playing tennis or swimming. To make your training more enjoyable, you can also share this time with your friends or become a part of a group. Team spirit will help you maintain accountability and motivate you to continue (Semeco, 2017). It is worth pondering that there are so many wonderful programs such as Zumba or yoga, which can become a life-long passion for you. Creating a Plan Creating a plan is also important in order not to turn your exercise routine into something chaotic. The training schedule should be compatible with your lifestyle, so you had better find the time when you are not distracted by work or studying. Too much physical activity can lead to frustration, that is why you should eliminate the all-or-nothing attitude (Robinson et al., 2020). It is recommended to set a S.M.A.R.T. goal, which means it should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-sensitive (Tucker, 2020). The best way to regulate the amount of activity is to start with simple exercises and gradually add intensity, as you are getting stronger and more confident (Millard, 2019). Therefore, your plan should consist of attainable steps, and this will allow you to see the results quite soon. Sticking to the Routine Finally, when you have chosen the perfect kind of physical activity and created a coherent plan of action, it is a moment to begin implementing the program. One of the key components of success is sticking to your routine (Semeco, 2017). The aim is to make exercise a ritual, as natural as brushing your teeth in the morning. It can be hard to start, but you should remember that body responds to consistency over time, and you get more used to working out (Tucker, 2020). To instill a habit, you can create a simple trigger such as putting on your jogging shoes if you want to go running every day. At first, it will take a lot of willpower to g