ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, many states in the US have a minimum wage standard that is established on the federal level. At the same time, states have the right to independently increase wages to employees. If non-tipped workers are to receive at least $ 7.25 per hour, for tipped employees, this hourly standard is only $ 2.13 (Even & Macpherson, 2014). With the growing economy and the overall rise in the cost of life, it becomes evident that the minimum wage is insufficient for people to satisfy their basic needs and ensure an appropriate standard of living. The identified issue is complicated by the fact that the political climate in Washington is not beneficial to increasing wages. This paper aims at discussing the potential increase in the minimum wage to employees working in the restaurant industry. The theme of the minimum wage is controversial since there are supporters and opponents of its augmentation. On the one hand, it is argued that the increased wage will promote employee satisfaction, increase in their earnings, as well as the economic activity in the mentioned sector (Dube, Lester, & Reich, 2016). One of the key problems of the US related to employment – unequal income – is likely to be addressed or, at least, minimized as a result of the better payment. Also, the latter is associated with improved productivity stimulated by the opportunity to earn more. On the other hand, such changes may lead to employee layoffs and force businesses to close. In case companies would decide that pay is too high to afford it, they may prefer replacing people with cheap robots (Dube et al., 2016). It should also be emphasized that wage raise may disproportionately damage the poorest regions of the US, which may encounter an increase in the costs of products and services. Therefore, it is critical to understand the specified topic in an in-depth manner based on the relevant studies conducted by scholars and official organizations. While several states, including California and New York, have already raised their wages, the research was performed in order to reveal the effects of changes on employees and the market. In their study, Allegretto, Godoey, Nadler, and Reich (2018) examined the restaurant industry that is considered to be the major provider of low-wage jobs in six large cities of California, where the minimum wage was increased to $ 10-15 per hour. The mentioned initiative was driven by the local authorities, while on the federal level, the wage remains minimal. Based on synthetic control methods and an event study, the authors investigated each of the cities and pooled the information together to present the accumulated findings. It was found that “a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage increases earnings in the food services industry between 1.3 and 2.5 percent” (Allegretto et al., 2018, p. 39). In other words, the increas
Pablo Picasso, Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass: what is papiers colles? What are faux bois? How do they relate to this image? It would be close to impossible to count all the works of art that people have created. The styles differ in originality, difficulty, and simplicity. Pablo Picasso and his work are considered to be a pivotal point in the art of the world and are still widely discussed and valued today. Picasso’s “Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass” is a part of his later work. The distinct elements of papier colles and faux bois stand out and instill unique originality to the work of art. Papier colles is a technique of making art through the usage of separate shapes. The original idea is based on a collage but is different at the core. A collage uses several overlapping and complementary features and parts of the greater image, whereas papier colles consists of separate shapes that are each taken for what they are. In “Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass”, each shape has its meaning. The opening in the body of the guitar is a white “imperfect” circle. Because of its bright white color, it stands out and attracts the viewer. The center and misshaped form represent one of the most important parts of the guitar, as it adds acoustics and gives originality to the instrument. The bottom is black and repeats the shape of the guitar, which is a distinct end to the whole instrument. The guitar’s neck is a trapezoid that has little in common with the regular shape of a guitar, but together with the other objects of the work, it leaves no doubt of its purpose. The incomplete page of notes and the “glass” are compositions in and of themselves. The notes represent the melody created by the guitar, seemingly separate but at the same time, a major part of the instrument. The “glass” has an abstract form and is much different from the other shapes, aiming to signify the complexity of the instrument and the whole work. A part of the body of the guitar is made with the use of faux bois, which is also a separate entity but is made to look like a wooden piece. The predominant nature of faux bois is that its specific finish represents wood. Several finishes can be made, but Picasso chose a less bright shade of brown for his work. Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel: why did Marcel Duchamp limit the number of readymades he made? Rather than the “uniqueness of the object,” what, according to Duchamp, made a work of art? Not all artists have the same or even similar style and Marcel Duchamp stands out as one of such people. His art was based on getting as far as possible fr
The brachial plexus (C5, 6, 7, 8, T1) The brachial plexus is positioned to the side of the last four cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra. It is formed by the anterior rami of C5 through T1, with occasional contributions from C4 and T2. From its emergence, the brachial plexus extends onward and laterally, passes over the first rib behind the clavicle, and enters the axilla. Each brachial plexus innervates the entire upper extremity of one side, as well as a number of shoulder and neck muscles (Faiz, & Moffat, 2002). Brachial plexus is divided anatomically into roots, trunks, divisions, and cords. The roots of the brachial plexus are simply continuations of the anterior rami of the cervical nerves. The anterior rami of C5 and C6 converge to become the superior trunk, the C7 ramus becomes the middle trunk, and the ventral rami of C8 and T1 converge to become the inferior trunk. Each of the three trunks immediately divides into an anterior division and a posterior division. The divisions then converge to form three cords. The posterior cord is formed by the convergence of the posterior divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks; hence, it contains fibers from C5 through C8. The medial cord is an extension of the anterior division of the lower trunk and primarily contains fibers from C8 and T1. The lateral cord is formed by the convergence of the anterior division of the upper and middle trunk and consists of fibers from C5 through C7. In summary, the brachial plexus is c
Introduction Childhood memories are often underestimated as the force behind people’s artistic expression, yet it produces a tremendous impact on how people view reality, interpret it, and perceive it emotionally. Childhood nostalgia drives a wide variety of artists to create art pieces that incorporate their early memories and convey a sense of wistfulness (Thompson & Jaque 2018). However, the forms that early childhood nostalgia takes are unsurprisingly numerous. The observed inclination to portray childhood memories in unique and easily distinguishable forms is understandable, yet there is a common characteristic of the art pieces inspired by childhood memories. The tendency to include the details that either strike with their simplicity and basic colors or seem vaguely distant can be seen as one of the most common forms of representing childhood nostalgia in paintings, as the art pieces created by Ross Taylor, Carmen Selma, Hung Liu, and the “Nubian House” artwork exemplify. Triangulated Studies Study 1: “The Nubian House.” Despite being very personal, childhood memories open the gateway to public discussion and allow everyone to use their imagination in order to explore the deeper meanings of art pieces by relating to them in a very personal way. The “Nubian House” was created as a reference to my childhood and the experiences that I had growing up in Egypt. Thus, the “Nubian House” represents the Egyptian culture and the environment of a typical Egyptian setting through the eyes of a child, allowing the viewer to enjoy a very saturated picture and receive a very powerful, although slightly exaggerated, idea of what living in Egypt as a child might seem like. The use of primary colors, thick brush strokes, and slightly blurred lines help to create the sense of a dreamlike setting that reflects the nature of childhood memories with their sense of vagueness perfectly. Overall, the simplicity of the silhouettes and the use of primary colors that contrast with each other and create a memorable image help to create an environment that has dreamlike plasticity and serves as the foil for exploring one’s childhood impressions and experiences. The art piece evokes the memories that one may have built during one’s childhood and addresses the unique perception of reality that children have at an early age. The idea of seeing the world as a bright and colorful place invites the opportunity for the viewer to accept the perspective of naïve excitement and expectation of wonder, which transforms a seemingly simple image into a source of multiple emotions and impressions. The “Nubian House” represents a foray into the time of early childhood, when I was exposed to the Egyptian culture. The presence of geometric patterns that are quite typical of the Islamic culture is, therefore, justified by their connection to my early childhood memories. The bright and vivid primary colors used in the artwork also helps the viewers to make the connection to their childhood and the vivid impressions related to it, thus making the message of th
The phylum Proteobacteria comprises mainly of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. This phylum consists of bacteria that are morphologically diversified like the Greek, Proteus, which it is named after. Most members of this phylum which are pathogenic to humans are obligate pathogens that are mostly intracellular. Such bacteria belong to the order Rickettsiales even though the genus Wolbachia usually exists as symbionts of insects. Other orders of economic importance in this phylum include Rhizobiales which have genera that are pathogenic to both plants and animals with others are responsible for nitrogen fixation. Notably, the genus Rhodospirillum of the order Rhodospirillales is photosynthetic (Tortora, Funk, & Case, 2010). The following is a dichotomous key that distinguishes the five classes of the Gram-negative Proteobacteria. Gram-negative are so classified due to their inability to stain or retain the violet during the Gram stain. This is attributed to the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell walls, unlike their Gram-positive counterparts which have peptidoglycan. This endotoxin is what makes these bacteria pathogenic especially in humans as the LPS triggers various immune responses (Alcamo, 2001). They are divided depending on the mode of respiration, fermentation rate, temperatures in which they thrive and shape. They can be dichotomously divided as follows. The remaining bacterial phyla, Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria , Thermophiles, Halophiles, Acidophiles , and Methanogens are classified based on their mode of photosynthesis, the position of the filament, motility and shape. They are also classified by their mode of movement and their habitat. While others like Cyanobacteria use oxygen photoautotrophs, others like Cytophaga are chemoautotrophs. Moreover, some of these bacteria are non-motile such as Chlamydia . Others like Spirochetes are motile and use an axial filament for movement. Some of these bacteria either inhabit acidic (Acidophiles), or areas with high temperatures (Thermophiles) (Krieg, Brenner, & Staley, (2005). Dichotomous key for Thermophiles, Halophiles, Acidophiles, and Methanogens
Company Background Apple Inc. is one of the leading electronic companies in the global market. The current chairman of this company is Arthur D. Levinson and the chief executive officer is Tim Cook. The company produces and sells several products which include Mac, iPhone, Apple Watch, iPod, Apple Television, iOS, iLife, watchOS, iWork, and tvOS (Everett, Johnson, and Madden 87). The company also offers several services which include Apple Play, iTunes Stores, Apple Store, Apple Music, iBook Store, Mac App Store, and iCloud among other services (Wood 62). The last time Apple Inc. released its quarterly report was on July 26, 2016, posting revenue of USD 42.4 billion and a net income of USD 7.8 billion. The last time this company released a full financial report was on October 27, 2015. Ernst & Young LLP is the independent auditing company been responsible for the development of financial statements of Apple Inc. This giant electronic company is currently trading in the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) Stock Market (Pratt 32). Discussion Questions Who is responsible for the preparation of the financial statements? Preparation of Apple Inc’s financial statement is the responsibility of the company’s senior vice president and chief financial officer, Mr. Peter Oppenheimer (Dreyer and Greisler 44). However, the statements must be approved by the chief financial officer, Mr. Timothy D. Cook. This is confirmed by the declaration of these two senior officials at the end of the company’s audited financial documents as shown in appendix 4. The independent auditor, which in this case is Ernst & Young LLP, must also approve the documents. Which Big-Four accounting firm audited the company? PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Deloitte, Ernst & Young, and KPMG are the top four auditing firms in the global arena. Of these Big-Four accounting companies, it was Ernst & Young that audited Apple Inc. in the last financial year. Lashinsky says that Ernst & Young has been auditing this firm since 2009 (92). The auditor’s report gives the impression that Apple Inc’s performance is good. In their statement as seen in Wood, it read in part, “We consent to the Statements on Forms S-8 of Apple Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Apple Inc., included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K” (88). The report confirms the impressive financial reports provided by the chief financial officer. This is a strong indication that auditors can trust the financial health of this company as far as the independent auditors are concerned. For the recent three years, list the amounts reported for Revenue, Operating Income (EBIT), Net Income and Dividends Analyzing the financial statements of this firm may be very important for an investor who is planning to buy shares of this company. In this section, the focus will be to analyze t
The article titled “Corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility: Introduction to a special topic section” by Murphy and Schlegelmilch starts out with the history of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It has been known for some time but has only recently received the needed attention. The concept very much reflects the views and values of society and looks at the greater context of all corporate institutions and practices. CSR was developing in the United States in 80s and 90s but was also, previously known to be one of the ethical topics in Europe. The details consider the environment and how corporations or organizations act in keeping the balance between the two. It is interesting that the United States was ahead, comparing to Europe, and ethics and morality in business were becoming predominant. Corporate social irresponsibility looks at everything from environmental pollution, to conditions that are made available for employees and the consumers. It is divided into three categories where one is related to the threat management, in relation to morality and norms. The second one is about the responsibility regarding morality. And third deals with the affected people, especially those who are indirectly influenced (Murphy and Schlegelmilch 1808). The recent changes have become a major goal of the society in establishing morally correct conditions for all parties involved. The present and future consideration is the condition of businesses towards ethics, in order to set the proper course of action. Marketing techniques must be aligned with reasonable behavior and outlook, so that the best qualities are supported and those that need improvement are fixed. An important part of the process is to look at the strategy and how it can be implemented into the changes taking place. Some of the problems in implementation are analyzed as well. Because it is such a significant part of the matter, there is no specific plan of action that is concrete and clearly outlined. The society a
The Evolvement of Mental Care Asylums: Contextual Perspective The notion of an asylum, which served as a shelter for mentally retarded individuals, first appeared in the 18 th century. The mother-country of the institution was England. Since that time, the experts and historians argue about the sources of asylums evolvement and verify multiple versions, which could clarify its sudden outbreak. According to the traditional theory, it is claimed that humanitarian progress allowed the doctors of the 18 th century to distinguish a new form of a disease that revealed itself in a form of lunacy or irrational behavior. However, the history of mental institutions cites multiple examples, which certify that the innovation possessed rather a social nature. Thus, according to the theory of social control, the ruling class of England created madhouses so that to show the labor classes the real nature of mental recovery and discard the beliefs of religious remedy, which existed among the citizens at that time. In this way, wealthy Anglicans established a new form of social manipulation. Moreover, some experts claim that the introduction of asylums was a direct consequence of Industrial revolution and was rather viewed as a commercial step than a follow-up of the scientific discovery. Specifically, it is argued that, in the 18 th century, the world of trade passed a stage of service marketing boom. Therefore, the innovation created a new area of private entrepreneurship, which brought a substantial source of income for multiple owners of madhouses. The theory is often known under the name of “lunacy trade.” Except for bringing much profit to the individual proprietors, the type of mental business opened up a range of new positions. In the book on psychiatry for the rich, the absurdity of the tendency is interpreted in the following way: “Madhouses and mad-doctors arose from the same soil that generated demand for general practitioners, dancing masters, man-midwives, face painters, drawing tutors…” (MacKenzie 12). The Development of Madhouses in the 19 th Century: Theory of Architecture A substantial growth of madhouses occurred in the 19 th century. In this period, the so-called theory of architecture became famous among the U.S. citizens. According to it, the only way, in which the patients could have been cured, was a luxury provision. In other words, the medical experts believed that a surrounding environment and extreme comfort were the most key prerequisites of mental recovery. Therefore, in the 19 th century, a range of fancy asylums were built. The buildings of madhouses mostly represented the examples of medieval art and evolved into the forms of luxurious Greek cottages and temples. The innovation gave a new rise to the profession of an architect, which became highly values among the American asylum proprietors. At the same time, the luxuriousness of madhouses became a subject for social disparities and arguments, for it created a substantial lapse between the level of life of the ordinary citizens
Depression is a disease, which has no age limits and may have severe health consequences. The hallmark of depression is the danger to the person that is expressed in jeopardy of committing suicide. Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) and the full version of the test (IDS) are multivariate clinical screening tools designed for identification and assessment of the severity of depressive disorders that can apply to patients of any age and, which is a functional self-assessment method. It should be mentioned that there are full and concise versions of the scale that have been developed for clinical use as well as for screening and self-report (Bernstein, Rush, Suppes, Kyotoku, & Warden, 2014). This tool is suitable for patients of all ages (from adolescence to adulthood) and it is usable for all the patients described in the case (aged 10, 16, 30, 67, and 80). Also, it is suitable for women in postpartum, for teenagers, and older adults. It is worth noting that the distinction between the full and concise versions is that the short one includes nine major symptoms of the classic version of depression, but it does not include the erased symptoms of atypical or comorbid depressive disorder while the scale of the full version includes an assessment of anxiety, melancholy, and so on (Lako et al., 2012). Further on, the difference between the two versions of the test is that the first embodiment is intended for health care specialists as a clinical rating scale during the semi-structured interview. The screening version is designed for filling in by the patient, and it takes approximately five minutes to complete it. The questionnaire of symptoms of depression is to diagnose major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria (Bernstein et al., 2014). Also, it allows making a differential assessment of depression symptoms in each patient and evaluates the contribution of each symptom in the general picture of the disorder. In general, IDS and QIDS allow health care specialists to differentiate such diseases like endogenous depression, neurotic depression, and to distinguish major depression from dysthymia. Also, they are useful in identifying the general contingent of patients suffering from depression (Lako et al., 2014). Questions related to the psychological state of patients refer to the past seven days of their life. It is recommended to conduct a second study on the scale again seven days after the initial screening, which is a sufficient period to monitor the dynamics of the state. It is difficult to assess which one of the patients is at the highest risk for suicide attempt because more details are needed to be able to provide such nursing evaluation. However, it can be presumed that the 80-year-old male patient who has recently become a widower belongs to the group with the highest risk of suicide possibility (Korver, Quee, Boos, Simons, & De Haan, 2012). Many older adults may have a prolonged untreated depression coupled with chronic diseases, which can adversely complicate the mental stability of a person. In the case of the man, his de