ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The modern governing system is a complex network of political parties, and the work of such parties involves moving towards the administration and order in the country. Very often, there are inequalities in the rulings of the governments and social divisions. The battle between different classes in society, democracy, human rights and the type of government are born through people having private property and the amount, as well as quality of the said attributes connected to the government and its goals. Plato was one amongst several famous thinkers who extensively spoke about government, its types and how the social life and education were all interconnected within a civilized nation. The reality of today shows that there are many people who possess much more than is needed for the necessities of life. This can be said about any society, as there are always people who are more successful than a large portion of the population and this is true of any nation. Modernization has changed the world, as such, information and knowledge—education, is beginning to play the most important role in the governance and understanding of politics and how the world works. Plato’s thoughts about education focused on the search for talented people and then giving them best education. Then, these people will be running the country because they are better skilled and educated. The state or government will be responsible for giving education to the children and so, the people will get the learning and training that the government and society must have for a well-balanced population. Arts, music and moral development were key points in Plato’s understanding of the learning process which leads to proper governance. Both Aristotle and Plato believed that people must be well educated for the state and benefit of society. Aristotle’s strategy in education, on the other hand, is more structured and repetitive, and it is a good thing because it makes a person used to the order. But human nature is a big part of learning process and a person must trust his or her own feelings and thoughts. Plato’s “Republic” is filled with moral questions that pertain to forms of government and the most rightful way of carrying out order. One of the problems of the governmental system is that it is centralized; this leads to an inability to closely detail the issues that are the concern of localities and communities. The government should adhere to the issues of the society and the needs of majority. It is extremely difficult to analyze the necessities of people when the physical and moral location is so far away. The working class is forced to exist down below, as they have no voice and ability to spring to power. This type
Introduction On the morning of April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Cho, a Virginia Tech University student, walked into a dorm, with a gun in hand, and opened fire on his fellow students, he then proceeded to another engineering building and just as before, opened fire, killing and injuring a number of students before being gunned down by the police. Police later released a statement saying that 32 students had been killed and more than 17 wounded in the incident. The tragedy was the worst of its kind but not the first incident of campus violence. A history of University Campus Violence Before the shooting at Virginia Tech, the deadliest incident of violence in universities had been the one that occurred in University of Texas in 1966 in which a student opened fire on fellow students, killing 16 of them before being killed by police. In September 2, 2006, a 49 year old man killed himself and his two sons aged 26 and 24 during a visit to the campus of Shepherd University in West Virginia. In October 28, 2002, a 40-year-old student walked into the University of Arizona Nursing College and shot his instructor, then entered a classroom and killed two more of his instructors, before turning the gun on himself. In August 15, 1996, Frederick Davidson shot dead three of his professors while presenting his thesis at the University of Arkansas. In May 4, 1970, National Guard soldiers shot dead four students and wounded nine others while calming student protests at the Kent State University of Ohio. These are just a few of the violent incidents inside university campuses in the United States, the trend is similar in other universities and colleges around the world. A recent study showed that almost 75% of all publicly recorded incidents of violence occurred from 1990-2008- 79 during the 1990s and 83 after the year 2000. The findings indicate a rise in violence in our universities and calls for measures aimed at curbing these occurrences. The incident in the Virginia Tech campus was a wake up call for university administrators to devise ways of enhancing student security within the campuses. Universities need to find a way of improving the mental health awareness of students, have contact with counseling facilities, and find a way of getting in touch with the students as quickly as possible in case of such incidences. Solution to Campus Violence Communication systems Universities must find ways of reaching the students in case of an emergency using mass-notification systems, besides, the security agents must keep in touch (Kennedy, para. 22). Messaging is so far the quickest way of reaching students in case of an emergency. The method was successfully used at the University of Colorado during a stabbing incident (Sink, para. 4). Had the messaging system been working prior to the incident at Virginia Tech, perhaps it would have prevented the death of at least 30 students. After Mr. Cho had killed two students at the dormitory, the campus security waited two hours to send out e-mail messages,
The impacts of dropout prevention programs are usually assessed using experimental methods since the outcomes are based on similar characteristics from randomly assigned treatment and control groups. Non-experimental methods are however necessary for some situations and therefore it is worth determining whether propensity-score methods can replicate the impacts of experimental designs. This study compares outcomes of experimental designs with those of propensity-score matching using secondary data analysis from the School Dropout Demonstration Assistance Program (SDDAP) as well as the National Education Longitudinal Study (NLES). Propensity-score methods are identified as ineffective in replicating experimental impacts of school dropout programs. Roberto Agodini and Mark Dynarski’s article “are experiments the only option? A look at dropout prevention programs” is published in T he Review of Economics and Statistics 2004 volume 86, number 1 from page 180 to 194. Agodini and Dynarski determine the possibility of getting unbiased program impact estimates when propensity-score methods are used to determine dropout. This is done by comparing estimates derived using experimental methods with those derived from propensity-score methods. It is first recognized that experimental designs are valid enough in portraying the impacts of a program since the control and the treatment groups have similar observed and unobserved characteristics. However, conducting experimental studies in some settings such as when programs are not achieving the minimum capacity or in cases where treatment affects the entire population that would be qualified
Facts The respondent, Paul Lewis Hayes, was indicted for forgery of a check for $88.30. According to the law, a felony of such type requires the term of imprisonment ranging from two to ten years ( Bordenkircher v. Hayes , 1978). Hayes, his counsel, and the Commonwealth’s Attorney gathered for a conference with the prosecutor concerning the plea. In the course of plea bargaining, the prosecutor proposed to sentence the respondent for five years in prison if Hayes pleads guilty of forgery. Also, the prosecutor stated that if the accused pleads not guilty, he will be returned to court and indicted under the Kentucky Habitual Criminal Act. This act imposes a more severe punishment for repeated felonies ( Bordenkircher v. Hayes , 1978). Importantly, Hayes had a history of two prior offenses that would have been taken into account by the prosecutor. The process of bargaining showed that Hayes might be sentenced for life if he does not plead guilty of forgery. The respondent pleaded not guilty, was taken to court, and obtained a life sentence under the Kentucky Habitual Criminal Act. Hayes appealed the court decision by arguing that the prosecutor’s actions were unlawful because he was threatening the respondent with felonies outside the case of the original charge. Issue Is the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment violated if, in the course of plea bargaining, a state prosecutor threatens the accused to be indicted on more severe charges if the respondent does not plead guilty to the felony of the original charge? Procedural History After the decision of sentencing Hayes to life imprisonment under the Kentucky Habitual Criminal Act, the respondent’s objections were rejected by the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Then, Hayes took habeas corpus; his case was viewed by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky and rejected due to the recognition of the prosecutor’s actions as constitutional ( Bordenkircher v. Hayes , 1978). However, The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court. The prosecutor’s reasoning was thought to be vindictive, and the accused was recommended to be charged solely for the initial case of forgery. The case was then brought forward to consider a constitutional issue. Decision The United States Supreme Court reversed the case, having reasoned that the actions of the prosecutor during the plea bargaining process were not vindictive. Reasoning In response to the issue of the case, the court emphasized that despite the fact that the prosecutor had not initially presented charges concerning repeated felonies, his intentio
Heads of departments should implement powerful models for motivating their followers. This paper gives a detailed analysis of personalized approaches for supporting different workers. The discussion also describes various theories of leadership and motivation that all managers should take seriously. Motivation Profiles Melanie Although Melanie has been with the selected firm for 10 years, she feels underpowered and incapable of completing her tasks diligently. The best motivation model should begin by recognizing her positions and contributions in the organization (Denhardt, Denhardt, & Aristigueta, 2016). The provision of additional training focusing on the negativities of social media will encourage her to remain motivated. Patrick This worker has been exceptional in his duties. The leader can motivate Patrick by learning more about the issue he is facing, advice him to seek professional marriage counseling services, and engage in exercises (Denhardt et al., 2016). Since he is a senior employee, it is appropriate to monitor his progress. A short leave can be appropriate since Patrick is always committed and productive. Tom Despite being an overly productive worker, Tom remains unsatisfied and continues to look for better paying jobs elsewhere. The manager can begin by recognizing this employee and guiding him about the importance of engaging in lifelong learning. Communicating frequently and providing adequate training can ensure that Tom is contented with his position (Denhardt et al., 2016). The leader can inform him that positive performance will result in salary increments. Motivational Theories The leaders in this company can consider various models to mentor these workers. The Hierarchy of Needs is the first framework and it outlines these five levels: physiological, safety, belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The manager can utilize this model to meet Patrick’s demands by focusing on the belonging and self-esteem levels. The individual will cater for Tom’s needs by addressing his safety demands (Denhardt et al., 2016). For Melanie, the leader can focus on the esteem stage to offer adequate inspiration. The Hawthorne Effect is another theory that the manager can utilize to engage all the three workers. They will feel appreciated, thereby contributing to the firm’s performance. Regular communication will empower all employees to deliver positive results (Denhardt et al., 2016). Expectancy theory is another motivational model founded on these three elements: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. The leader can provide rewards to Melanie and Tom to boost performance. Leadership Strategies Managers should consider specific leadership styles depending on various attributes. For instance, different work-life stages require informed managerial practices. New employees need training, continuous support, and rewards while those near retirement age should receive psychological support to realize their self-actualization goals. A charismatic managerial approach is also essential for transforming performance.
Introduction The circumstances that surround people govern the decisions they make in future. Kriste Lindenmeyer has concisely illustrated the condition in which American children’s had to endure when growing up. 1930’s was a period when the world was going through the Great Depression. It was a moment of reflection for the whole nation. Many have grappled with the meaning of freedom for a very long time. Actually, freedom stands for so many things. It for instance stands for the right to do things out of free will. Though freedom may mean being allowed to do what you want to do, it is not good for one to trample on other people’s lives. The Greatest Generation Grows Up Freedom and children has been an issue worth reflecting. Children went through many trying moments at this particular time. For example, they were subjected to hostile working condition in plantation farms and factories to complement family earnings. This therefore made it possible for them to attend school. In other words many dropped out of school as a result. Disease and starvation greatly affected this segment since their parents or guardians were no longer able to afford the necessities like food shelter and clothing too [1] . The older generation did not view freedom as the younger generation. But as time went by one can feel that they may have learnt a few things. For instance at one time one can see parents took themselves as the ones who could decide what was good for their children. They hardly differentiated between adulthood and childhood [2] . That is why Lindernmeyer talks of parents letting their children to work on farms to supplement their income. These political, economic and ideological factors had an impact on the way the generation understands freedom. For example we are told of how there was discrimination during this period. There was poor treatment of immigrant workers. As one grows up them we can see the children then learnt the vagaries of such discrimination [3] . This could be solved through legislative solution. People were also discriminated according to gender. We are told for instance that women were allowed to stay at home and take care of children alone [4] . But during this period they could be forced somehow to work to supplement income of the family as well. It is from this period that we see nowadays laws put in place stressing non-discrimination based on gender. In a nutshell freedom could be seen by this generation as being able to live in a free and secure environment. The government could also come in her
Emergence and Influence of Queer Politics The term queer has been used over time to refer to a team of scholars with a deep interest in both social and cultural criticism. Ostensibly, queer politics came into existence in the early 1990s as a means to deal with inequity and injustice in the United States (Cohen 438). This paper presents a discussion about queer politics and how the concept has been used to address different social challenges. Also, it looks at how queer politics fits into the framework of rights and justice. Queer Politics and how it fits into the Rights and Justice Framework Drawing from the study by Cohen (439), queer theory is generally opposed to the unfair treatment of individuals who exhibit sexual characteristics regarded as queer by many. To an extent, queer politics also looks at the disparities that arise as a result of sexual differences. As earlier stated, the idea of queer politics came about to confront injustice and to ensure that the rights of the minority groups in the society are respected. The idea of queer politics fits into the rights versus justice framework mainly because it seeks to challenge the activities of those who are out to frustrate others based on their sexuality. It has, however, been faulted for failing to integrate gender-related issues successfully. By and large, the goal of those who advocate for queer politics is to eliminate any form of bigotry against others based on sex. According to some scholars, queer politics is regarded as a political idea of a young generation determined to fight the dominance of the older generation. As pointed out by Cohen (439), those who are pro-queer politics are eager to see the term queer used in other areas besides being looked at as an abbreviation for individuals who exhibit queer sexual behaviors such as lesbianism and bisexuality. Queer politics recognizes the liberty of individuals to belong to any sexual category without being subjected to any form of victimization. Based on the queer theory, an individual’s sexual orientation may change from time to time. Other than pointing out the problems caused by sexual categorization, queer activists have a desire to challenge other vices in the society that are not necessarily associated with the sexual classification. According to the rights and justice framework, every human rights movement has a responsibility to ensure that minority groups in the society are treated fairly. As has been argued by some scholars, it is necessary to look beyond inequity if society has to address the persistent problem of unfairness effectively. Conclusion Although it is presumed that a more radical approach is needed to deal with injustice in the society, activists of queer politics are convinced that the qu
The discussion of the relations between security and privacy has been a long and complicated one. With the revelations of Edward Snowden hitting the media, the dormant conflict escalated once again. This paper will discuss various implications of the National Surveillance Program based on the documentary “United States of Secrets.” Movie Overview The film describes in great detail the surveillance program which is simply called “The Program.” Former government officials retell the story of the system being authorized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The program was enacted after it became absolutely clear that the NSA could not fulfill its duties efficiently. Apparently, after the Nixon administration scandal, the agency designed to prevent such attacks has had its hands tied. In order to stop further catastrophes, the president authorized the creation of an enormous surveillance network designed to gather massive amounts of information. After “The Program” started, it began collecting emails, phone calls and other pieces of data from the citizens of the US and other countries. Initially, it was supposed to protect the personal data by encrypting it, but that protocol has been removed. The documentary denotes the fact that the surveillance is inherently unethical, politically stupid, and violates the Constitution. The movie also gives an account of how Edward Snowden became a whistleblower and of the massive backlash it caused. It also notes the efforts of other people to disclose the issue and how they were silenced. Security vs. Privacy According to the movie, the existence of “The Program” has been justified by the risks which existed at the time. The 9/11 attacks have triggered a massive hysteria which made the solution seem legitimate for many government officials. However, the program was exposed twelve years later, and it was still going. After the US military operations in the Middle East, the terrorist threat should have been hampered making such extreme measures entirely unnecessary. And the surveillance continues to this day, despite receiving harsh criticism. It is clear that at this point the wartime authority which allowed General Hayden to create the program no longer applies. While the surveillance protocol was designed to address a huge security issue, it was unethical even at the time. Violating the privacy of the US citizens is not justifiable under any circumstances. It is particularly true today when the immediate threat is gone. Is There a Solution? I think, it is clear that “The Program” is an obscene abuse
Thanks to our society’s exposure to animal-friendly programs and channels via Animal Planet and National Geographic shows, we have come to a higher sense of realization that not only cats, dogs, birds, and fish can be turned into household pets. These are not the only breed of creatures that need human protection and love and yet these are the animals who get the bulk of our state protection laws. It is highly unfortunate that the lowly Ferret, whose physical attributes resemble those of a European Polecat has been neglected and mislabeled as threats to our society instead. The Ferret, domesticated relatives of the weasels, minks, and otters have the same attributes as those other pets upon whom we lavish love and affection. These animals have been proven to be “kittenish” and display the same qualities that make dogs and cats ideal household pets. It is highly intelligent, curious, and energetic. Kind of like a cross between the observant nature of the cat and the playfulness of the dog. In fact, it would be safe to compare most of the qualities that we find endearing in a ferret to a dog. However, it has the most enjoyable qualities of a pet cat. Ferrets tend to play like a cat, but be loyal and loving like a dog. With this argument in mind, there should be no reason that owning a Ferret should be illegal in the state of California. After all, the animal poses no threat that we do not find to already be existing within the cat and dog breeds. In fact, it can be said that the California Department Of Fish and Game made a horrible mistake when it classified the Ferret as a “Wild Animal”. Ferrets have actually been domesticated house pets for hundreds of years since their kind were originally used as hunting guides. Much like the Bloodhound breed of dogs were. The CDFG referenced the Ferret problem in New Zealand as support to their claim that Ferrets should be illegal. New Zealand has wild Ferrets running around in their forests and are considered pests by the native New Zealanders. Such a claim cannot be held true for domesticated Ferrets whose owners claim responsibility for their care, regulation, and existence the same way they would do for the other legal domesticated pets. We have been battling to legalize the existence of Ferrets as domesticated pets in our homes since 1993. Over time, many other supporters of our cause have come to realize that Ferrets do not pose any bigger threat to the health of our people or the existence of our livestock than those that already exist because of cats and dogs that exist in farms or homes. The claims of the CDFG as per their reasons of banning Ferrets as domesticated pets do not make any sense because if we are to listen to and take these claims seriously, dogs and cats should also be banned as household pets. The animals I have previously mentioned have already been known and recorded to have attacked, bitten, or scratched children and infants, as well as adults. Domesticate