ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Basic elements of historical research include existing literature around the context of the research. The New York Times remains a most subtle heard voice. It has been there for many decades. To get a better glimpse of the Newspaper about 100 years ago, we review an article published by the New York Times some 100 years ago. The objective is to draw out the functional aspect of consistency in covering important issues. Besides, having a viewpoint about readership trust in the Newspaper as their source of credible news is a vital aspect of this paper that is pursuant of historical research principles. In early 1900, the New York Times was a consistent and reputable News publisher. This news publisher had a reputation for providing unique commentary about contemporary world issues. It also provided information and insight about important social-political issues. This made the Newspaper remain one of the great voices in America. It is important to review the nature of this profile and to have a comprehensive overview of how this newspaper has remained competitive. The objective of such complex research is to expedite historical research principles and provide insight about how comparison of past and present issues can guide in analyzing contemporary world events and social-political issues. In this paper, we will first take a critical look at a New York Times story published on Wednesday, 26 th of February 1908. Two interesting stories are significantly attractive and we will review them. One is about Morgan, then a popular entertainer. The headline reads ‘Morgan to Entertain Queen.’ J P Morgan was a very popular entertainer/singer. Morgan was to sail all the way to entertain the queen (“Morgan to entertain Queen”). Of course, to have the chance to entertain the queen is indicative of both good influences across the political arena as well as a great repute in the entertainment industry. Here, we notice New York Times was always publishing stories about big names. The readership is a traditional one that takes pride in reading stories about the elite and their influence on the socio-economics of the nation. In this 1908 news story, Morgan boarded a ship named Adriatic headed for Europe. His mission was to visit and entertain Queen Alexandria. In the story, J. Pierpont Morgan and his daughter Satterlee boarded the Adriatic (“Morgan to entertain Queen”). Both Morgan and his daughter occupied the suite of six staterooms. This exquisite accommodation is on the upper promenade deck of the Adriatic. Morgan is sai
In 1861 the United States of America engaged in a civil war. Over the next four years, the Confederate and Union armies fought 384 battles inflicting more than 800,000 casualties. 1 One of the most definitive battles of the war, the Battle of Chancellorsville, provided an example in which an inferior force achieved a strategic objective through the application of the offense characteristics of surprise and audacity. The Battle of Chancellorsville was set to decide whether the Union or Confederate Army would control the Eastern Theater. Although the Confederate Army was outnumbered two to one, General Robert Lee’s ability to devise a simple plan and accept risk by splitting his force to counterattack his opponent’s flank, resulted in the significant defeat of the Union Army under General Joseph Hooker. Both Armies demonstrated sound strategy and tactics, but Hooker eventually yielded to Lee because he did not anticipate Lee’s counterattack. 2 General Lee’s simple plan and bold actions proved the effective application of the characteristics of the offense – surprise and audacity. When applied appropriately, they can offer a smaller force the opportunity to gain the initiative and defeat a numerically superior enemy. The Battle of Chancellorsville is considered to be a major battle of the Union and the Confederate Army during the Civil War (1861-1865). In May 1863, the Union’s Army of the Potomac (AOTP), led by Joseph Hooker, collided in battle with the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (ANV), headed by General Robert Lee. 3 While the Confederates obtained an advantage in the Eastern Theater, the Union was advancing successfully in the Western political stage by conquering the moral support with Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. 4 Both sides made conclusions based on their weaknesses and revised their strategy, including Hooker revitalizing devastated troops after the defeat to General Lee at Fredericksburg. 5 The Union’s strategic goal was to cut the supply to the ANV by capturing railroads and other lines in order to weaken the Confederate’s military power. 6 The ANV set a fortification behind the Rappahannock from Port Royal to Bank’s Ford. General Lee’s Army totaled approximately 60,000 troops. 7 The AOTP commanded 120,000 men and prepared to divide their force to attack the Confederates’ front and rear. Being cut from their support lines in the Southeast near Richmond, the ANV were considerably outnumbered by the Union Army. 8 General Hooker devised his strategy to outweigh the opponent’s forces and move the Confederates fortified near Fredericksburg. General Lee, due to lack of information and limited military resources, decided to split his force and preventively attack the AOTP’s flank. The Chancellorsville Campaign began when Hooker split his forces and marched with the V, XI, and XII Corps upstream the Rappahannock and Rapidan crossings on April 27, 1863. 9 All the actions at the beginning of the Campaign were accompa
Introduction In any given cultural setting, Literature has over the years significantly exemplified the cultural variables of the host culture; despite the fact that it also plays the role of an entertainment media. Literature is also dominant in providing insights into the existing ways of life, the universally held beliefs, ideas and values. Within this context, different authors have written dissimilar forms of literature creating a clear manifestation of the time periods of their writings. Literature, in general, depicts the people’s beliefs, values, and ideas that are present at that particular point in time. As a result, with the existence of these outstanding characteristics; journalism can grant an excellent manifestation of communities. Furthermore, Literature enables learners to discover that the diverse communities explained, are comprised of different categories of people who possess dissimilar beliefs and value systems (Di Yanni, 2007). Discussion of how literature through language reflects the various perspectives of societies and life in general In the book “The Lesson”, language is used in literature. As elaborated previously, literal writings give a reflection of the various perspectives of societies and life in general. The different perspectives exemplified through literal writings include group settings, the aspect of time; attitudes, culture, and religion among others. From the book, literature makes use of language to imply the significance of living under specific circumstances; rather than making use of the language to analyze the circumstances. As an illustration under this aspect, the author of the book “The Lesson”; through his short story clearly shows how language is used in the literature area to indicate the state of affairs, ways of life, and society in general. From the same story, the writer makes use of spoken language, often the one used by the communities dwelling in the south to assist the learner understand the type of race and the customs of their groups. Examples of such particular words include ain’t, I say, and gonna among others. Therefore, based on the fact that such utterances are associated with a particular group of speakers, the reader is in a position to identify their cultural differences and background easily (DiYanni, 2007). Discussion of how literature can be used to promote the development of the Community on aspects like education Literature also clearly brings out the significant theme of Community and education. This is evident from the same short story entitled “The Lesson”, where the focus is placed on the necessity of schooling and the outcome of becoming educated. Towards explaining this, literature gives an illustration that despite the difficulty of attaining education; it is a necessity for a better brighter future. The author also elaborates on issues like headship, pride, and how to live with each other in society, with or without the values of respect. The narrator of the story does the narration as per her understanding, thus enabling the reader to think widely as well as carry out some analysis on the host community. Through making a comparative analysis
Who are their key competitors, their market share if available? How would you describe the intensity of competition and why? AT&T is an American based company in the business of providing fixed telephony services; as per reports in the communication industry, the company was the leading provider broadband , fixed telephony and subscription television services. The company’s main competitor is a local company by the name Verizon Wireless where in 2010, AT$T was marginally ahead of the company in customer care. Their combined customer base that in 2010 stood at 95.5 million and 94 million for AT& and Verizon Wireless, respect represented 98% of the country’s customer base (AT&T Official Website). Verizon Communications Inc on the other hand has its main competitor being AT&T, the approach in the market is from a global perspective thus it has numerous branches across the world. Both AT&T and Verizon Wireless have other small companies competing with then, they include Sprint, T-Mobile , and Trachoma Wireless . The industry competition is seen to be driven by AT&T and Verizon Wireless, they are the main players and serve over 98% of the customer base in the United States; other companies are small and lack the infrastructures to compete with the giant companies (VERIZON Official Website). Who are their suppliers? It is not necessary to find out the specific names of their suppliers. Just describe them in high levels, e.g. chip manufacturers in Asia, or communication equipment manufacturers in U.S. Who has the bargaining power: the organization or the suppliers? The industry has a number of suppliers however, AT&T and Verizon Wireless have a set of preferred suppliers; the suppliers can be classified into two areas, chip manufactures “intelligence gadgets” and communication equipment suppliers. They include LG InfoComm, Samsung Corporation, Qualcomm (CDMA-1XRTT and EV-DO chipsets), and Motorola Electronic company, RIM, Palm, HTC and PCD, there are some products that come from Nokia and Apple Inc. The suppliers in the industry are quite a number and compared with the control of market as administered by, AT&T and Verizon Wireless, then, AT&T and Verizon Wireless have the bargaining power. They have been in the market and similar companies are minimal; as supplier power holder, the companies are able to dictate on quality and to some extent the prices for the materials. Who are their targeted customers? Who has the bargaining power: the organization or the customers? The companies have similar target markets and target customers; they employ similar marketing policies to meet the demands of their customers. To market the commodities, the companies have divided markets into two main areas they are: Incomes   * Low earning       + There are products that are relatively cheap and meant to meet the low-income people in the society.   * The middle-income people       + They are people who are keen on the market price and buy value for money; the company has its rela
Executive Summary The study into small arms has been of importance to arms control analysts and policy makers in the recent past. Much attention has been shifted from the control mechanisms for weapons of mass destruction to controlling the distribution and spread of these small arms. The literatures that were available in the past focused mainly in the conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction and neglecting the roles that small arms play during the rampant conflicts observed in several countries in the world. Later on, the attention shifted to the study of acquisition of small arms and light weapons. Such weapons are often used in conflicts between ethnic communities in different countries. This paper focuses on the illegal proliferation, trade and the acquisition of arms by the rebel communities with a focus to the rebel factions in Uganda. It is observed that the kind of governance that has existed in Uganda since independence is responsible for the development of various opposition groups that have continued to cause inter-ethnic and regional conflicts witnessed in Uganda. The uncontrolled movement of arms into the country is caused by the failure by the government to exhibit good governance and address issues raised by the opposition. There are legal provisions concerning the possession of the arms but these cannot be fully implemented if the government is not recognized among the rebels. There is need for dialogue to have these conflicts resolved. Introduction The transformations that have been observed in the international systems have led to a shift from trade in the weapons of mass destruction to a trade in small arms and other simpler weapons (Rogers, 2009, p.78). The production, possession, and use of such weapons have been of interest to researchers in the recent past. The weapons have been seen to be used in deepening conflicts among ethnic communities. They have also been used by military forces to fight anti-government activists in different situations that have been witnessed in the world. The use of such weapons is enhanced by certain factors including their availability and the social norms among a given community (Godnick et al, 2002, p.10). Uganda has witnessed various civil wars since attaining independence in 1962. The period between 1972 and 1986 was characterized by serious civil wars with occasional attempts by presidents to restore peace in the area. The worst scenarios were witnessed during the reign of General Idi Amin
Max Horkheimer, in his concept ‘Eclipse of Reason,’ claims that modern society is an entity subjecting all to dehumanizing effects and that suffering in the society results from the absence of rationality. He suggests that the community has to value logic to realize progress. Thinking is deemed useless in itself as this world describes usefulness on technological grounds. Horkheimer explains the true reason as rationality adopted in an environment of unrestricted critical thinking (Specter, 2017). He differentiates between objective, subjective, and negate reasoning and how the movement has occurred from one reasoning to the next. Objective reason is concerned with how actions are considered either right or wrong regarding universal truths. This concept is real and requires an exact behavior pattern since it focuses on the ends and not the means. When relating to my own real life, with the enforced rules and laws, I know it is immoral to kill, and so I will not even consider whether the act is right or wrong. Instead, by applying logic, I strive to refrain from the act completely with no second thought no matter what I feel since, in human society, it is objectively wrong to harm another being. I also understand the reality and nature of God, even though I have never seen Him. The subjective reason is non-concrete, and its focus is primarily on the means. Reasonableness in this context is based on how a certain purpose is to be suitable to be good for something else. The aspect is universally compliant; it simply provides an ideology and is used in successfully achieving one’s goals regardless of what they are (Sullivan, 2020). For example, my desire and objective are to have a quality life. So, I have to identify what establishes a good life and then decide on the actions to take for me to accomplish my goal. For instance, I may focus on developing my mind by acquiring adequate knowledge from as many sources as possible since good understanding aids success. In this article, Horkheimer claims that no positive outset of the good can be molded, but a view is able to be formed when one wishes to express the good as an effort to eliminate evil. In my case, I have decided to be successful in life, so I will eliminate all the effects that come with being poor. I study finances occasionally, and I am also under submission on financial mentors so that I will become prosperous. I use the quality time researching to eliminate any form of ignorance capable of enslaving me. My way of doing things is directly related to the negate concept since my actions are aimed at eliminating any possible evils. As we advance in life, a new phase of reason seems to be dawning. This one puts value on ignorance while downplaying knowledge; it disrespects reason and evidence discourse yet elevating insults publicly. In society, usefulness is mainly tied to what works for the good of one’s self-protection with a drive to satisfy self-int
Company Description Nike Incorporation is one of the leading multinational companies in the apparel and fashion industries. Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, the company designs, manufactures, and develops a wide range of products, including footwear, accessories, and clothes. Its sports equipment segment is one of the most successful. The company’s total workforce stands at 74,000 employees. Nike is believed to be the most expensive or valuable brand in the sporting world. This brand is currently valued at around 30 billion US dollars. The corporation was started in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman (Sage, 2016). Its original name was Blue Ribbon Sports. It would acquire its current name in the year 1971. On top of its superior equipment and sportswear, Nike is known for its retail outlets and stores that operate under the name Niketown. Over the years, Nike has acquired several companies in the footwear and apparel industries. For example, the company purchased Cole Haan, a successful footwear company, in the year 1988 (Sage, 2016). In 1994, the corporation acquired Bauer Hockey. Nike also purchased a company by the name Starter in 2004. However, this company was sold in the year 2007 in an attempt to streamline its core segments or business lines. The corporation sponsors high-profile sportspeople, teams, and athletes from every corner of the world. Through the use of its powerful business model, this company continues to support and fulfill the emerging needs of many customers from every part of the world (Mahdi, Abbas, Mazar, & George, 2014). The concept of research and development (R&D) is taken seriously to come up with superior products and sports equipment that can meet the expectations of every customer. These attributes explain why Nike remains a top brand in its industry. That being the case, the decision to introduce its Multi-Purpose shoe (Nike MPx) is a revolutionary idea that will transform the nature of competition, attract more customers, and improve the company’s competitive advantage. Strategic Focus and Plan The success of Nike Incorporation can be attributed to its powerful business model and strategy. The managers engage in continuous performance measurement to examine how different operations and processes can be streamlined to support its objectives. Employees and stakeholders are engaged in an attempt to add value to various processes and maximize performance. The concept of organizational change is taken seriously at Nike depending on the issues affecting its models such as emerging technologies, consumer needs and expectations, and i
Patients suffering from cancer and gastric resection are very delicate nutritionally. These patients have to take great precautions when they are set to get treatment from specialists. They are supposed to watch over foods, which they take in. These patients should observe three nutritional steps. The first step involves detoxification using coffee enemas. Secondly, the patients should take thirteen glasses of fresh fruits and vegetable fruits daily. Thirdly, it involves taking of nutrients that are lacking in the body like iodine, thyroid hormones and potassium. Additional nutrients are required they include; pancreatin, niacin, vitamin B12, castor oil, coenzyme Q10, laetrile, flaxseed oil gastrointestinal enzyme produce and wobe-mugos enzyme produce. The therapy aims at restoring the affected cells back to their normal status. Most of vegetables and fruits are acceptable in this therapy a part from, nuts, berries, pineapples, cucumber and avocadoes. This is because pineapples can easily cause allergy to the present aromatic cells. Nuts have high content of proteins and avocadoes have high fat content while cucumber when combined with other juices becomes difficult to digest Salad from fresh vegetables and fruits should be taken in large quantities. Carrots, apples, watercress tomatoes and green pepper among others will provide the required salad. The patient use potatoes, brown or wild rice for lunch or supper. Yams can appear on the menu once per week. The patient can h
Introduction This assignment is a discussion on the topic of global justice. In the discussion, it will be argued that global justice is a virtue. This will be illustrated using various issues which are related to global justice such as the international law, the universal declaration of human rights, realism and international institutions like the United Nations. Discussion Global Justice This is a politically derived philosophy which is formed on the assumption that the world is generally unjust and unfair. What this means is that the world is full of biases when it comes to matters justice in the distribution of power, economic resources and opportunities. Generally, the injustice is fuelled by the politics of domination between nations of the world whereby the rich deny the poor justice in various sectors. In terms of social relationships, the rich people are known to manipulate the process of justice in their favor thus making the poor unable to get justice because they cannot afford to purchase it. The Concept of Globalization Globalization can be defined as the minimization of the differences between people of the world and the maximization of their similarities through interactions, cooperation and communication. During the pre-world war period, the world was characterized by minimal interaction, communication, cross-border movements and language homogeneity. However, after the world war, this situation changed. The changes were mainly triggered by the desire for nations of the world to unite in various spheres of development mainly the economy, education, employment, the environment and governance (Beck 45). Globalization and Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is a variety of human cultures or societies which live in different parts of the world. It can also refer to the static representation of several cultures in a place and at a particular time, which must be interacting in carefully selected patterns. Cultural diversity is characterized by the minimization of differences and inequalities as possible and the maximization of sameness and equality as much as possible. Due to globalization, today’s society is becoming more culturally diverse day by day, meaning that we are moving towards sameness each day and moving away from differences as days move on (Chrysanthopoulos 13). Realism and Global Justice This is a state-centric international relations approach in that it looks at states as the key actors in international politics. The theory of realism is based on historical writers such as the works of Rousseau, Machiavelli and Thucydides (Edkins and Vaughan-Williams 124). The main argument of realism is that international relations is characterized by anarchy, in which states interact for their selfish interests. Realism therefore negates the mutual understanding of states in their relations but rather puts more emphasis on the struggle of nations to amass as much resources as possible in order to advance their own interests. With realism, economic success is the leading interest in international relations (Booth and Smith 200). International Law and Global Justic