ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tree spiking refers to a kind of ecological terrorism, involving trouncing of a metal rod or any other suitable material into a trunk of a tree, with an aim of dampening the act of tree logging through inflicting ‘bodily harm’ to the destructors (Davis, 1991). Two basic practices of tree spiking exist; spiking the tree at the bottom of the tree trunk, and spiking the tree way above the trunk, as high as one can reach. Both practices are meant to make it difficult for the sawyers to penetrate through during sawing. This act is oftenly used by conservation activists to lessen the economic value of the wood in the long run, thus discourage the loggers. As Abbey says, “you won’t hurt the trees; they’ll be grateful for the protection; and you may save the forest” (22); the spiking is not aimed at destroying the trees. This essay analyzes the moral implications of tree spiking and its relevance to the larger society. Tree spiking is believed to have been instigated in late 19th century, in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and gained fame in the 1980’s as a debatable tactic amongst environmentalist. Dave Foreman, a cofounder of Earth First, advocated for the act of tree spiking avidly in ‘Eco-Defense’. A first injury from tree spiking was witnessed in 1987 by a millworker from California, leading to many activists denouncing the practice. As a historical artefact, most people argue that Ecodefense poses as the most contentious ecological book ever published. Over the years, the act of tree spiking has continued to encounter stro
Executive Summary Among all infectious diseases, tuberculosis is the leading cause of death worldwide, and Nigeria is among the states characterized by the highest burden of this infection. While tuberculosis is especially prevalent in patients with HIV and other immune system impairments, there are many other risk factors contributing to the development of the infection. They include such unhealthy behaviors as smoking and unfavorable life conditions resulting in increased exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis , malnutrition, and overall poor health status. Considering that the treatment of different forms of the disease is costly yet it affects poor populations most, it is pivotal to invest in its prevention through awareness-raising campaigns and promotion of screening. Introduction Among different infectious diseases, tuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality on the global scale and its various forms, including the drug-resistant ones, pose a significant threat to public health and security. Whereas every country in the world is affected by tuberculosis, Nigeria is among the states where the prevalence of this disease is especially high. A high rate of death due to tuberculosis has multiple economic and social implications, which make it pivotal to address this public health issue urgently and with the help of effective methods. Considering this, the present policy brief will discuss the nature of the infection, its risk factors and the populations it affects most, the scope of infection spread in Nigeria, and the consequences of the problem in order to demonstrate why the intervention of tuberculosis on the national scale is important. The final section of the brief will outline a few evidence-based action steps that could be used to alleviate the burden of this infectious disease in the country. Nature and Magnitude Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by a pathogen known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The main distinguishing feature of the etiological agent of the disease is that “it can persist in the host during long-term latency without causing significant damage or transmission unless the host immunity is compromised” (Chai et al. 2). It means that even though the pathogen may be present in the host’s body for the long term, it causes actual disease and serious complications only in a relatively small number of cases (Cardona 2). However, in an active phase of infection, M. tuberculosis affects the lungs and leads to a multitude of pulmonary symptoms. They include coughing, breathlessness, and chest pains, which may considerably range in severity and increase the risk of mortality due to respiratory problems (Fogel 527; Ravimohan et al. 1). It is worth noting that tuberculosis can be either drug-susceptible or drug-resistant. The treatment of the former type of the infection is usually highly effective, “with 85% (66 million cases) of reported cases estimated to have been successfully treated between 1995 and 2015” (Ravimohan et al. 1). The treatment of the latter form of tuberculosis tha
The presence of globalization has been felt and experienced by women in their struggle for economic and political liberalization. It has impacted the economic, political and social activities and lives of women in a fairly comparable manner to male counterparts. However, due to the position and roles of international, transnational and multinational corporations, the resulting problems have not been profoundly detected. The contribution of women globally through their agency has been variously impacted by global capital, international institutions and structural adjustment programs (SAPs). Primarily, the spread of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) sought to undertake measures to curb the limited resources, political influence and organization membership. The “Latin American feminist NGO boom” is according to Sonia Alvarez to blame for the change of guard from NGOs to the feminist activists and the scholars. Historically, the success of feminist political activism is evidenced by the improved and expanded battered women’s shelters and rape centers commissioned in the 1970s. As the work of the activists and scholars has bettered the lives and position of women, the women shelters and rape centers have currently been converted into sites for organized public advocacy, crisis intervention and community education (Naples and Manisha). Similarly, the women shelters and rape centers also provide supportive services to abuse survivors, the elderly, rape victims and children. Complaints have arisen against the institutionalization of activism against women violence both in the crisis centers and shelters, due to the vibrancy of the feminist antiviolence movement. In opposition, Clare Weber outlines the contribution of transnational feminist networks through publicizing the limits of national and local organizing against violence on women. For instance, the meeting by Nicaraguan women with the U.S. antiviolence counterparts elaborated the organizing strategies that the U.S. had adopted to their fight to end violence against women. Nevertheless, the success of the local activists in connecting their organizing with the transnational movements called for understanding the institutional and network links among women participants across diverse regions. Due to the support from laws enacted in respect to gender balance across the business environment, the contribution of networks in empowering women has been a success. Currently, employers are required to employ a gender-sensitive workforce, while the business sector has been customized to allow women set up and operate businesses that were previously dominated by their male counterparts. Unfortunately, the worldwide increases in food prices negatively impact single mothers as well as those widowed and cater for their families single-handedly. Because of the threats of diet deficiency diseases and malnutrition, especially for the mothers who ensure their children are f
This is a theory or ideology that states an individual, manager, has the obligation to perform actions that are of benefit or profit to the society as well as the organization. While ethical responsibility has it that an individual ought to be a good citizen, social responsibility has its focus on the individual being a good organizational citizen. Social responsibility has tended to be vital for the success of an organization such as businesses proving to be critical in increasing the total profits generated. Friedman Kinicki argues that organizations need to have placed their focus on profit generation rather than on social responsibility. (Kinicki, 2009) He argues that if focus is drawn to social responsibility, the organization will have been distracted from its real purpose- profit generation. Paul Samuelson argues that for firms to be effective they need to be concerned with the social responsibility as well as the corporate profits. His view that organizations have profound effects and influences in the society-for example they can bring about the problems of pollution-they should step in cases of averting these negative influences they create. Focusing attention of such organs as the government, organizations or individuals on social responsibility has a positive influence on the society, development and business (Kinicki, 2009). In today’s competitive world smart business decisions not only are aimed at attaining maximum profits but are also concerned with having a comfortable and satisfied consumer population. Decision makers are having now under their objectives, the impacts of policies they formulate today have on the tomorrow’s choices. Jeb Emerson argues that organizations do not have to choose either social responsibility or profit generation (Kinicki, 2009). They can have it both ways whereby he terms this idea as blended value where the firms’ investments are operating both on the social and economic realms (Kinicki, 2009). Sustainability and philanthropy are issues that are inked to social responsibility. Sustainability is described as development that enables the current generation to meet its demands without compromising the ability of the future generations to access and utilize the resources. Philanthropy is concerned with the goodwill of the corporations to give charities that are aimed at improving the living standards and betterment of humanity (Kinicki, 2009). Social responsibility is the general view of the mangers that will ensure that its organization has a steady clientele. Customers tend to build trust on the firms that bear social and ethical responsibilities even if it means that they will have to spend more. Records of poor social and ethical responsibility as well will have negative impacts on the total profit generated. Consumers prefer association with organizations that they consider to be ethical and well organized. It
Overview This paper will first examine the different issues pertaining to federalism, intergovernmental relations and fragmegration as related to each other. Federalism will be defined and examined from different perspectives in relation to intergovernmental relations. An analysis will also be made in regard to the relationship between intergovernmental relations and fragmegration in the context of federalism. The different structural models used in the creation of government and political interactions will be considered in coming to a conclusion about the importance of federalism. Representation and legislation will be defined and their inter relationships outlined in order to convey the variable importance that they have in the context of politics. The process by which an issue becomes a legislation and law, will be clearly explained. Finally there will be an analysis made of the difference in the theory of Fenno, Dahl and Lowi as compared to the normal text book definitions in regard to representation and legislation. Introduction According to Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir (GLW) “the constitution has had its most fundamental influence on American life through federalism. Federalism can be defined as the division of powers and functions between the national government and the state governments” (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir, 2007). Indeed federalism is defined as a system whereby the country is organized in a way that the government is vested with formal authority over its lands and people by two or more levels of government. The United States is characterized by a federal government system which implies that there is a constitutional provision for the central government and for one or more sub national government that have the authority to make decisions without the need to seek the approval of each other. In a federal system the responsibilities could be shared or divided and such a relationship is very dynamic between the national and state governments in being subject to change by way of judicial interpretations as also through political, representational and operational means. Federalism has enabled governments to solve dilemmas related to the achievement of national unity and integrity while at the same time enabling and preserving independence for states in regard to socio economic, religious, ethnic and regional diversity. The terms federalism and intergovernmental relations are at most times believed to be interchangeable, but some theorists are of the opinion that there is a difference between the two. Federalism is purely concerned with including political, hierarchical, jurisdictional, legal and constitutional concepts. In this regard, the main institutional actors influencing the federal set up are the judicial, legislative and executive branches, as also the states and bureaucracy. Additionally, the political, f
Introduction One of the goals to increase medication safety as established through the National Patient Safety Goals (NPSG’s) requires that the drugs and other solutions are appropriately labeled in the perioperative area and during other procedures. This safety goal enables healthcare providers to eliminate various issues that may arise when managing patients. This paper seeks to review the NPSG’s goal and evaluate its implications for nursing practice. Review of Importance of Labelling Medications and Solutions Labeling medication and solutions in the perioperative areas and during procedures is central to the maintenance of sterility. For example, the omission of medication due to lack of labeling could lead to re-dosing or the use of the wrong drug hence leading to the development of an infection on the surgical site (Brown, 2014). The requirement reduces the risk of the staff using the wrong solutions or medication because of changes in containers. The medication safety goal serves to eliminate unnecessary risks such as the development of allergic reactions because of using the wrong medication or solution during the procedure (Cohen & Smetzer, 2015). For example, before the patient undergoes a surgical operation they are evaluated to determine for any predisposition to develop allergic reactions resulting from penicillin or even other medications such as cefazolin (Cohen & Smetzer, 2016). Therefore, failure to label medication in the perioperative area could lead to the use of the allergens on patients who have a risk of developing an allergic reaction hence potentiating the development of an anaphylactic reaction. The regulation on labeling medication as per the NPSG’s helps to reduce the risk of delaying the provision of medication to patients. For example, the delay in administering ephedrine when managing hypotension could result in organ hypoperfusion among the patients undergoing the procedures (Nanji, Patel, Shaikh, Seger, & Bates, 2016). Impact for Nursing Practice The goal to label all medications in the perioperative area and during producers has a direct impact on the nursing practice. For example, the nurses’ role in the perioperative environment will include verification of medication and solutions in the different containers in the field (Treiber & Jones, 2012). Nurses are required to document the different agents used to prepare medications and solutions as well as provide labeling information that will help in identifying the expiry dates. Based on the new goal of patient safety, the nurses should ensure that they discard the different medications and solutions that are not appropriately labeled during the surgical procedures to avert the potential harm that could affect the patients (Stratman & Wall, 2013). Thus, due to this new patient safety goal, the nurses bear increased responsibility for ensuring that patient safety is a priority within the perioperative environment and during th
Listening to Mozart’s music can improve the persons’ intellectual abilities, increase IQ, and improve individuals’ learning and creativity significantly. This controversial claim is actively developed and supported by Don Campbell in his work The Mozart Effect. In this book, the author develops the specific theory according to which those persons who listen to Mozart’s music demonstrate significant increases in IQ and creativity in comparison with those individuals who do not pay attention to listening to Mozart’s works and choose the other music genres to enjoy. Campbell’s theory became widely known as the ‘Mozart effect’ which supports the idea that the process of listening to Mozart’s music increases the person’s mental function and intellectual abilities greatly (Campbell 24). On the one hand, Campbell describes the Mozart effect while referring to many researches in the field of cognition and mental development. On the other hand, Campbell’s statements about the significant role of particular Mozart’s works for the person’s intellectual development are not supported with the further researches concentrated on the concrete idea of the Mozart effect. Thus, the research shows that the Mozart effect theory is based on the false interpretation of the previous studies and on irrelevant assumptions, and it should not be discussed from the perspective of the specific role of Mozart’s music for increasing persons’ intellectual abilities because there are no credible evidences to support this claim. In his book, Campbell builds the argument to support the idea that listening to Mozart’s music can improve people’s intellect and creativity with references to the findings of Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky’s study. In 1993, the researchers published their results on the Mozart music’s effect on the persons’ spatial reasoning. The findings attracted the attention of many researchers in the field because Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky found that persons could cope with the abstract spatial reasoning tests more effectively while listening to Mozart’s music. The authors of the article also compared the results of the listeners with the results of the persons who conducted tests in relation to different listening conditions (Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky 611). Campbell used Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky’s findings as the support to develop his Mozart effect theory. However, the author of the theory misinterpreted the researchers’ results because he chose to generalize the findings and apply them to the discussion of the overall increase in persons’ intellectual abilities as a result of listening to Mozart’s music (Campbell 58). Thus, Campbell’s conclusions cannot be discussed as supported with Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky’s findings b
Introduction The world is made up of several social systems which are integrated to incorporate economic and political systems. There are three categories of world-systems: World-empires and world-economies and socialistic systems. According to Wallerstein (1976) a modern world-system may be defined as a social system that is composed of limitations, organizations, groups of individuals, rules and regulations and has unity among different groups. The world-system has various forces which conflict with each other because each unit tends to seek its own benefits from the system. World-systems have organic characteristics in that they change in some aspects and maintain stability in others. Social systems are independent because they develop by themselves. However, you cannot delineate social systems from external forces even though these forces have little impact on the social systems (Wallerstein, p. 391). World-empires and world-economies Social systems are small and independent from other systems which demand external support. This definition disqualifies most systems which are said to be social systems such as tribes, communities and nations. These are large systems and have a large influence emanating from the external environment. Such systems have many cultures within themselves and division of labor is a common thing in these systems. There are two types of such world-systems which are classified as world-empires and world-economies. World-empires have only one political system which maintains the control of all social systems in a specific area. In world-economies there exists more than one political system which controls all the activities of a given area. In the past, world-economies w
Introduction Eating problems among women have been associated with a feminine obsession with thinness. However, Thompson, in the article, “ A Way Outa No Way: Eating Problems among African-American, Latina, and White Women ,” challenges this assumption. This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly expound on Thompson’s suggestions on the causes of eating problems. Besides, the treatise reviews the role of the media in supporting attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders. Causes of eating problems Thompson’s findings reveal that most of the eating problems among her sample population are associated with different traumas such as sexual abuse, racism, poverty, acculturation, physical and emotional abuse, and heterosexism among others. In her findings, Thomson reveals that victims of sexual abuse may resort to binge or excessive dieting to deal with the psychological effects of any form of sexual abuse. Almost 61% of the respondents stated that binging was their coping mechanism for dealing with psychological consequences as a result of a series of sexual abuse. Another issue identified by Thompson as a major cause of eating problem among women is poverty. Thomson discusses poverty as a trauma which her respondents had to deal with through binging. For instance, Yolanda started binging to cope up with the challenges of raising small children within a budget $539 in a month. For such women, binging offers them solace. Through compulsive eating, the victim develops an involuntary pattern of coping with daily financial problems. Also, Thompson identifies racism and class injuries as a cause of eating disorders among women she interviewed. For instance, the past experiences of Joselyn in the hand of a racist family motivated her to reduce her food intake to the point of starvation to survive the pressure of losing weight. Joselyn had to meet the social standards set by her father to survive in the white neighborhood where every woman is ‘thin.’ Thompson’s position In summary, Thompson’s position on the causes of eating diso