ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the world, different diseases are affecting people. These diseases are spread and transmitted in different ways and therefore they have different ways of control. Every control measure depends on the kind of disease that is being handled and therefore every disease may have a unique way of control. However, some measures may apply generally to all kinds of diseases. Transmission-based precautions are some of the measures that doctors take to prevent the transmission of these diseases. There are different precautions taken depending on the type of disease and the mode of transmission. Transmission-based precautions are modes of infection control used in health in addition to the normal care given to a patient to prevent the spread of infectious agents. This is mostly for the pathogens which call for additional measures to prevent their spread which may be fatal if allowed to spread on to other patients or staff. Mostly these measures are taken on communicable diseases which occur as a result of an interaction between a source and a mode of transmission. Their spread is made more possible by the presence of a susceptible host and a favorable environment for the infectious agent to thrive (Garner, 1996, 17). The modes of transmission are defined by the agent that is involved and may include airborne transmission, duplet among others. The spread of disease among people depends on the mode of transmission and some modes are faster than others. Though these precautions are taken to prevent the uninfected it doesn’t mean that the infected are left out for re-infection but they are also considered for the adverse effect that may be caused by these precautions. Droplets precaution Droplet precautions refer to various measures that are employed to curb the spread of some infectious diseases or agents. Some of these infectious infections are a result of any exposure of the respiratory membrane to some secretions of the respiratory 0 systems of people with infections. These pathogens do not remain infectious for a long span over long distances in the healthcare premises. Ventilation or aeration is a condition that is necessary for curbing the transmission of droplet infections. Droplet precautions are necessitated by the existence of some bacteria and viruses like flu, adenovirus among other antigens. The precaution is relevant before the expiration of 24 hours following any antimicrobial cure. For the patient who requires droplet precaution single rooms where they can be isolated are required. If a single room is not available, the patient should have a placement with another patient. Even though this is recom
Every worker in the criminal justice should stay competent and correct in their actions and decisions. Consequently, it is important to stay updated and understand all modern trends or changes. A number of associations located in the United States provide students and workers in this area to expand their knowledge and make sure that they can adjust to quick changes. American Jail Association is aimed to support workers who are connected with the national jail system and update them with the latest changes in the sphere. Graduating students need support at the early stages of their career development. American Jail Association is one of the best organizations that can help young professionals in the beginning. According to Reinhart and Chen (2021), the organization makes everything possible to maintain a high level of public safety by educating specialists in the crime industry. By becoming a part of the association, people are guarded to receive high-quality training and make correct decisions by using the right data from reliable sources. Moreover, participants of the American Jail Association become more confident that they are helping the community. The criminal justice area has a fast-changing trend that requires professionals to stay current and modern in their decision-making skills. Participation in any associations makes the process of adjustment to changes easier as it would take more time and effort to do individual work without additional support. The American Jail Association membership would help me improve my knowledge in the professional area and become a competent worker in the criminal industry. More unique cases, which should be analyzed, appear, and the organization would greatly impact my learning experience related to these extraordinary situations. Reference Reinhar, E. & Chen, D. L. (2021). Association of Jail Decarceration and Anticontagion Policies with COVID-19 Case Growth Rates in US Countries . JAMA Network Open, 4 (9). doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23405
The world has become one big village due to globalization and the advancement in technology, which allows movement from one place to another. Consequently, people have become aware of the economic opportunities that are present in different parts of the world. In search for the better living standards and employment opportunities, people move from their countries of birth and reside in different countries which are more economically stable. Though governments have tried to regulate the number of people who cross their borders, the porous boundaries still allow immigration to take place. Subsequently, both legal and illegal immigrants are found in every nation. However, it should be noted that immigration is not entirely advantageous to immigrants, because there are some disadvantages of immigration. Most immigrants move from third world countries to developed countries where living standards are high, compared to their native countries. Therefore, these people advance their standards of living immediately they relocate to foreign countries. For example, America through its green card lottery has enabled immigrants enjoy better living conditions which are rare in their countries. The quality of education that children of the immigrants enjoy in the United States is higher, compared to the education that they would have received back at home. Moreover, the health care that the immigrants get in America is of high standards, compared to that provided by other countries worldwide. On the same note, not only are the immigrants’ chances of getting employed high in the United Sates because they offer cheap labor, but also the pay is better than in their home countries. As a result, income increases when people migrate to the United Sates which enables them to increase their savings, and consequently their investments in their home countries. Furthermore, the benefits that immigrants receive from social securities are higher, compared to the natives even when the two groups have the same income. Nevertheless, the immigrants face some socio-economical problems. To begin with, some immigrants are barred by their inability to speak the native language, which limits their chances of getting better employment. Consequently, these immigrants are compelled to do any kind of job they come across, and not necessarily what they would have wished to do. In other instances, immigrants face discrimination from the natives who prevent them from accessing some necessary amenities. On the same note, many
Abstract Facilities management is a very important concept in the field of hospitality. The concept determines the quality of services that an establishment delivers to its target consumers. A well-designed approach enables delivery of superior quality services using facilities that match customer expectations. As such, using the approach, an establishment achieves consumer satisfaction and progress in the competitive market. The findings from the reviewed hotels demonstrate the essence of facilities management concept and its importance in the hospitality sector. Introduction Hospitality industry is a field that relies greatly on perceptions from customers regarding what they believe is best in terms of quality. The reliance occasions from the fact that hotels, restaurants, and other establishments, which compose the industry, are service-oriented unlike several other establishments that offer tangible products to their clients. As a result, potential consumers often use their experiences to make their judgments concerning the best and poor quality services. Imperatively, managers and stakeholders in the hospitality sector need to engage in initiatives that improve the general outlook of the establishments and augment the overall experiences of clients. Some of the major hospitality areas that require strategic planning and developments include the restaurant, lodgings, front office, and other recreational areas such as swimming pools. In essence, the developments and initiatives require skilled human resources, finances, and modern facilities, which match customer expectations. While several initiatives and developments affect the overall operations undertaken by the human resources, others incorporate the concept of facilities management. Principally, facilities management is one of the major concepts executed by managers and stakeholders in the hospitality industry. Facilities management encompass operations that concern infrastructure, human resource, and general organization of the facilities in hospitality establishments. Design, shape, location, quality, and state of the facilities are among the core components encompassed in facilities management. It is important to highlight that facilities management is very essential in the performance of hospitality establishments and greatly determines their progress or failure. A well-designed and execu
Company overview ABB is one of the leading players in provision of power and automation technologies which allow utility and industry clients to enhance performance while at the same time reduce effects of environment. The company is customer centric and organizes all its operations around its clients as a way of being able to serve them better and more efficiently. ABB Saudi Arabia is part of the company and like the main company, it actively offer services to its clients through provision of a full range of products related to power and automation technology. Its integration into the local market allows it to provide appropriate and relevant products and services which suit the nation’s special requirements and needs. The company specializes in engineering and manufacturing of products and systems for industrial automation. Its full access to global ABB technology and technical know-how, combined with its local manufacturing and engineering abilities enhances its provision of modern and efficient utility/industrial solutions. Additionally, its vast resources assist it to provide range of solutions as well as systems/services with respect to power and automation. Generally it has a number of activities which constitute its main business operations across the globe. These include:   * Sub-station operation and automation.   * Management of networks.   * Communication system utility.   * Control systems for power plants.   * Plants and networks used in water treatment/service stations.   * Other services related to power and automation industries. The company’s sales staff and representatives are present in major parts and cities within Saudi Arabia allowing it to easily access its clients. Its major activities are however restricted to its major factory located in Riyadh’s second industrial area. Problem statement The global power and automation industry is subject to price, supply and consumption matters. The power and automation companies are additionally faced by political, regulatory and legal risks along every aspect of their operations. International operated companies face an increased load of risks through its susceptibility to commercial and security threats resulting from inconvertibility/transfer restrictions of currencies, contract breaches, confiscation/nationalization threats (creeping expropriation of assets) and wars/civil unrests among others (Hengel, 2002: 62). These issues bedevil managers and subject to critical decision making processes. Additionally, the managers face difficulty in determining the real threats to a company between the constantly changing scenarios and the immense real-time data available. Discrimination between the varying threats and hence their relative importance remains a grea
Potential Effects of the division of USCYBERCOM and NSA From an intelligence management perspective, the division of USCYBERCOM and NSA does not impair mission effectiveness yet divides the limited resources. First, it is important to consider that the NSA and Cyber Command have separate mission sets and operate under distinct legal authorities (INSA’s Cyber Council, 2018). While NSA is responsible for intelligence collection conduct, cyber surveillance against foreign powers, and espionage, Cyber Command has authority for offensive cyber operations. The close bond and cooperation of the two organizations established and maintained historically does not remain critical currently (INSA’s Cyber Council, 2018). Keeping cyber collectors and warriors under the same leadership may appear as ineffective and limiting to the autonomous mission of each. Earlier Cyber Command heavily relied on the NSA’s resources, yet the organization matured both in manpower and operations, exhibiting a greater degree of functional independence. While there is little doubt that the two organizations can fulfill most of their missions effectively, the question regarding their adequate resource allocation is still to be answered. Shared personnel, tools, equipment, and knowledge base ensured proper execution of command and control systems used to deconflict cyber operations (US Department of Defense, 2018). Holistic training of the employees and common objectives in mutually achievable missions prevented the jeopardization of the country’s defense. Therefore, potential split of USCYBERCOM and NSA will likely result in the division of limited resources, such as highly qualified labor force, technical equipment, and tools enforcing cyber security of the nation (DoD, 2018). To prevent an insufficient distribution of resources, careful preparatory measures should be taken to ensure gradual separation of the two organizations. Though the initial call made by Obama’s administration failed to advance in Congress, potential division of USCYBERCOM and NSA can occur soon. Risks to Ending the Dual-Hat Leadership Arrangement The debate in regard to dual-hat leadership arrangement is ongoing and multifaceted. Ending the dual-hat leadership agreement comes with its own challenges and risks; thus, the decision has to be carried out with the utmost attention to detail and risk assessment. To start with, termination of the arrangement may lead to the unfair prioritization of support requests (Machiavelli, 2018). Special attention, accompanied with unfair treatment, can be given to the organization or mission based on the individual favor or preference of the commander (INM 660). For example, partiality for the collection of signals intelligence over the cyber operation execution can lead to the advancement of NSA’s cause over Cyber Command’s mission. Another risk to consider is an overly broad span of control, resulting in the decay of effective leadersh
How was photography politicized between 1914 and 1960? In other words, what political functions did photography serve in the mid-twentieth century? And, what formal approaches did photographers take to fulfill those functions? Even though initially, photography used to be referred to in terms of a politically neutral technology/art, as time went on, it was becoming increasingly looked upon as the representational medium of politics. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that, as compared to other methods of the surrounding reality’s depiction, photography is capable of accentuating the realness of the photographed events/objects. As Nickel noted: “(Photographic) snapshots present themselves like clues to our inexplicable presence on earth” (14). The medium of photography is also able to prompt viewers to contemplate on the discursive implications of the photographic works in question while enabling photographers to hypertrophy the aesthetic appeal of the ideology with which they happened to be affiliated. This, of course, creates objective preconditions for photography to serve as the tool of political propaganda – while exposed to the politically charged photographic images, people inevitably adopt a strong emotional attitude (positive or negative) towards what is being depicted. The validity of this thesis can be well illustrated in regards to the 1936 photo Wife of a Sharecropper by Walker Evans: The deployment of the realist technique to shooting this particular photo allowed Walker to come up with a strongly defined political statement: the Great Depression was causing many American women to grow physically and psychologically ‘masculinized’ – all due to their continual exposure to economic hardships. Essentially the same suggestion applies when it comes to discussing what contributed to the appeal of Joe Rosenthal’s famous 1945 photo Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima : It is specifically the fact that, while taking this photo, Rosenthal was able to ensure the dramatic allure of the depicted action, by the mean of accentuating its realistic casualness, which endowed the above-photo with what Kerouac used to refer to as the spirit of ‘Americanness’ (1). Another example of a thoroughly politicized photo, which during the course of the thirties was meant to promote the cause of Communism, is Alexander Rodchenko’s Pioneer with Trumpet : There are clearly defined expressionist undertones to this photo, concerned with the author’s intention to emphasize the sheer vigor of Communist youth in the USSR. For example, the fact that it is quite impossible to identify the depicted person, whose face is being photographed from the unconventional ‘down to the top’ viewpoint (Rodchenko 211), was meant to cause viewers to think of him as the embodiment of all Soviet children (pioneers), committed to the ideology of Communism. While striving to endow their works with the politic
The marketing-mix variables have always been the same since the invention of marketing, and these are “product, place, promotion, and price” (David, 2011, p. 258). A product must have quality, with distinct features and options in order to sell and have a lasting recall in the minds of consumers. If it has its own style (design) and a name developed through the years, it becomes popular and in demand. Proper packaging and warranty influence customer liking. Other services devised by marketers can add value to the product. Under the variable component “place”, we have distribution channels and coverage which determine how the product reaches the market and eventually to the customer. This can also be related to outlet location, which tells us how it can reach a great number of customers. Sales territories refer to the number of areas covered by salespeople or office. Transportation carriers enhance sales and profit. Promotion is another variable, and it refers to advertising. Advertising stimulates consumers into buying the product. Another method is personal selling which uses effective sales from employees who have direct contact with the customers. Another example under promotion variable is publicity, which enhances the popularity of the product. Price has a strategic value because it positions a product against other products (Blythe, 2006). It must have a certain level to make it attractive to customers.
White-collar crime as described by Edward Sutherland from the interactionist school of thought is crimes committed by people of high social status and class. It includes crimes such as fraud, embezzlement, bankruptcy fraud, insider dealing, public corruption, identity theft, pension fund crime, occupational crime, and the likes of all those activities that are done by people of high standards and education. These crimes are usually done through computers or by means of paper. They account for around $300b in losses as stated by the FBI. It is also a fact that these crimes largely go undetected and are therefore a huge threat to the sustenance of economic growth in any country. White-collar crimes are essentially based individually. They are hard to catch but when they are it is often seen that their punishment is far less than what petty criminals get for stealing a mere television set. Often their payoffs are greater than the hard time they have to face with the law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, the exact extent of their victims is hard to diffuse. Essentially white-collar criminals are motivated to carry out various acts of fraud because of greed or their current economical positions. There is hardly any difference between them and petty street criminals as both are after the same thing sustenance, the only difference perhaps lies in the fact that white-collar criminals are more sophisticated in their means of carrying out crimes and are not easily caught whilst the petty street criminal has to face the consequences. (Keel, 2008) Professional crime is different from corporate crime in the sense that it is carried out for the benefit of the individual alone and not for the corporation as a whole and almost always the victim is the client alone. So there is a direct link with the clie
Introduction The act of advertising to children involves the employment of aspects that positively or negatively affect children. The practice has not always been regulated by legislation but over the last couple of years, and after much research on the topic, many nations now regulate the practice of advertising to children with numerous laws. In this research, we are going to attempt to widen the scope on the impacts that advertisement has had on children and how to protect as well as educate them. The hypothesis developed for this paper states that advertisements aimed at children do not only affect the short term choices but also affect their future livelihoods in the dietary and nutritional choices they make.. The major cause for concern for various organizations has mainly centered on the marketing of consumer goods that mainly involve foods and toys. The 57 th World Health Assembly that was held in the year 2004 was instrumental in endorsing regulations in the Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS). The major aim of this resolution was to try and curb what was termed as obesity and other chronic diseases that arise from unhealthy eating habits and that are caused by the propagation of those foods in the minds of the end consumers who consist of children. The World Health Organization gave governments in conjunction with consumer groups the right to ensure that any messages that are deemed negative and contrary to the recommended dietary practices and proven physical activity should be done away with in favor of those that are positive. In the same year, there was a report by Hawkes (2006) that asserted that there were stringent regulations aimed at curbing certain forms of advertisement food products to children. Although the actions of the relevant government arms, lobby groups and even regulators have been lauded by many authors, there appear to be gaps that if not addressed could reverse the gains that have already been made. Key among them is the fact that rules and regulations brought forth have been centered mostly on countries considered to be high-income, leaving the low income countries without any meaningful regulations. There was also a glaring omission of all other forms of advertising since the regulations were focused on television advertisements. Literature review According to a study done by the Institute of Medicine (2006) (IOM), by analyzing 123 published empirical studies, there was a general consensus that advertisements of food during programs intended for children has negative consequences to their eating habits and directly relates to the high cases of obesity. This conclusion stems from other researches that have been done proving that children under the age of 12 do not comprehend the differences between programs and advertisements. This follows the