ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A child’s visual system has some unconditioned visual reflexes already at birth. For example, a direct reaction of the pupils to light, a short-term reflex of turning the eyes and head to the light source, or an attempt to track a moving object. In the future, as the child would grow, all other visual functions will gradually develop and improve accordingly. However, to help these functions to manifest properly, parents have to consider the multitude of factors that may affect the baby’s vision. The Valenti’s article Infant Vision Guidance: Fundamental Vision Development in Infancy explores in detail the influences of environmental conditions that lead to the healthy development of a child’s visual system. Moreover, it also contains the specific training that can be performed in order to help the development of the child’s vision. The first part of the article delves into a more investigatory ground, delivering different scientific concepts and experiments regarding the issue. It gives a clear explanation as to why parents need to maintain a close attention to their child’s vision. Valenti (2006) states that “other areas of a child’s development, including language, curiosity, imagination, social skills, emotional development, fine and gross motor skills, and cognition depend upon how vision develops” (p. 148). Moreover, the article provides a keen insight into the importance of the environment and different visual stimuli, stating their role as crucial in the fine processes behind the vision. The author also emphasizes on the proper integration between all of the infant’s senses, as well as the consistency in the baby’s surroundings. Finally, the largest part of the article is dedicated to the different exercises a parent may perform with their child to improve the development processes in the visual system. Valenti (2006) explains that “it makes sense to learn the fundamental vision skills which develop in infancy and carry out simple and enjoyable activities to ensure that these skills are developed to their fullest capabilities” (p. 154). There are many different exercises which can provide a highly positive impact on the baby’s visual system, and the author presents supporting evidence for each and every of them. Reference Valenti C. (2006). Infant Vision Guidance: Fundamental Vision Development in Infancy. Optom Vis Dev 37(3), 147-155.
Abstract The given work is dedicated to the economic changes of the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries during the last ten years. The presented analysis is based on the economic efficiency of the countries–members of GCC with a use of quantitative data and statistic materials. The changes are shown and explained. The main reasons and factors of changes are mentioned. The member countries are compared due to their primary economic indexes, indicating the tendencies of their economic growth in the nearest future. Overall performance is also presented and explained. The aim of the work was to confirm or deny the fact of positive changes in the wealth of the presented countries. The GDP growth of the GCC countries over the period of 2005-2009 years (Billion USD) As we see on the given diagram, most of the GCC countries have positive changes in their GDP, though on a different scale. The lowest GDP over these five years is noticed in Kuwait in 2009 (4,19 billion USD), while the highest was in Saudi Arabia in 2009 (315,48 billion USD) (Trading Economic Statistics, 2015, economic indexes section, para.1). The GDP growth of the GCC countries over the period of 2010-2014 years (Billion USD) As we can notice on the diagram, GDP of most of the countries is steadily going up. The lowest index over these five years was in Kuwait in 2011 (-2,4 billion USD), and the highest was noticed in Saudi Arabia in 2014 (744,34 billion USD). A characteristic of the overall performance of the countries-members   * Having common goals, The Gulf countries manage to increase their performance, cooperating with each other.   * Due to inequality of the countries-members, their contribution to the general result is different.   * Having high indexes, the GCC is considered to be a significant part of European trade system. A common vision of growth is shared by the GCC members (Beidas-Strom, Rasmussen, Robinson, 2011). It is one of the factors that binds this group of countries together. Some of them possess a long history of national development plans and use it to foresee and create favorable conditions for the future succeeds. Today the total DGP of the organization exceeds 1,500 billion USD. Though not all countries of the union are equally developed, this index is rather high. Especially regarding the financial crisis the GCC had in 2009 (total GDP about 1.000 billion USD). The tendency has been positive since the year 2000 when total GDP was 375 billion USD. Only in five years after the GCC countries almost made this amount double. The organization’s territories are considered as a significant market of export for Europe ( Gulf region , 2015). This area consumes 4,2 % of Europe’s total trade. The GCC territory takes the fifth
Introduction The Mandate of Heaven was a Chinese idea used to hold up the regulation of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and afterward the Emperors of China. The thought of the Mandate of Heaven was base on the approval of Heaven and that if a ruler lined unwisely; Heaven would be unsatisfied and would provide the Mandate to a big shot else. It is first establish discuss in writings footage the language of the Duke of Zhou, younger brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent for King Wu’s baby son King Cheng of Zhou, and he is more often than not careful to be its first advocate. If we analyzed then we come to know that the Shang family had ruled since of relations connections to heavenly power–their creator had been deities, and their intimates leave to join them in Heaven. Furthermore, Heaven was extremely lively and interfering, in strange ways, in possible rule, as is exposed by the divination texts potted from the afterward fraction of the Shang family, the oracle frame. The Mandate of Heaven hypothesis may be consideration of as altering this familial association to a feudal one–the earth was now a fief, held at Heaven’s enjoyment, which might and would be reassigned if the owner misbehaves. According to the expert analysis the concept was first used by the Zhou family to give good reason for their conquer of the Shang family and was used by a lot of following dynasty to give good cause for their rule. One result of the idea of the Mandate of Heaven was so as to it was not essential for a being to be of dignified birth to lead a rebellion and turn out to be a lawful emperor, and in fact a figure of dynasty such as the Han family and Ming family were founded by people of self-effacing delivery. This research focused on these truths that by means of the thought of the Mandate of Heaven present were no time limits. It was a presentation normal. The Duke of Zhou explain the Mandate to the populace of the Shang family, that if their ruler had not been so denote, his Mandate would not contain been taken absent. Eventually, as Chinese following ideas urbanized additional, the Mandate was connected to the notion of dynastic series in which a family in progress brawny and vigorously but slowly would give way to wickedness and be put back by a new stronger family. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was also appeal to by Mencius. Theory of the Mandate of Heaven If we analyzed then we come to know that inside the Classic of History a monarch be able to misplace the Mandate of Heaven from side to side wicked. He can sin all through his time in power if he shows greed by continually deficient more and more. Beyond the shadow, the length of with deficient more riches, a monarch can lose this mandate if he needs women too a great deal. A Dancing and presentation sign of drunkenness is also careful evil. You be supposed to employ be shrewd and use knowledgeable words. A ruler should not turn absent persons that are good and reputable. The penalty of these “sins” is the fall down of the royals relations as well as the drop of the nation. Branding will also chastise the sovereign. Ancient China’s Civilization
Introduction Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are the basic research methods in application today. However, there has been a lot of debate surrounding their application and appropriateness in undertaking various research studies. For example, Miles, an independent researcher, (cited in Colorado State University, 2010, p. 1) notes that “There’s no such thing as qualitative data, everything is either 1 or 0”. On the other hand, another researcher Campbell affirms that “All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding”. This ensuing debate is quite unproductive when analyzed from an objective point of view (Colorado State University, 2010, p. 1). Even though most researchers indicate that both research methods are helpful in research studies, the fact that quantitative data engages variables while qualitative figures involve extensive literature; many observers point out that one is enhanced than the other. Problem Statement Over the past decade or so, there has been a considerable degree of uncertainty over the virtues that underlie the qualitative and quantitative research methodologies as the main types of research methods. This dispute has gained considerable impetus in many research circles (Bryman, 1984, p. 75). However, the exact constitutions underlying these research methods vary from author to author; or are directly dependent on the level of specification a given researcher wants to indulge into. Nonetheless, there is a significant level of agreement among researchers of the antinomies and the specific implications both research methods pose (Bryman, 1984, p. 75). Even amid this agreement, it is still difficult for researchers to merge divergent opinions or practical applications advanced by both methodologies. This conflict majorly arises from the different philosophical and technical issues about qualitative and quantitative research methods which are supposed to be considered either individually or at the same time. The underlying philosophical conflict revolves around epistemological issues, which also revolve around the understanding of researchers with regards to specific methodologies and their manifestations on research studies. However, the technical issues bespeak the importance of choosing a given research methodology because of their appropriateness over all other factors. Nonetheless, recent research studies incline towards the opinion that the latter is dependant on the former (Bryman, 1984, p. 75). This means that the basis of any given epistemological study will eventually dictate the appropriate research method to be used; assuming the above philosophical deliberations are considered. Interestingly, these two schools of thought are usually confused with each other. This is often evidenced when different researchers seek to articulate the underlying relationship between the two research methodologies. In trying to merge the different schools of thought, it should still be understood that the general term: research met
Introduction In modern contemporary business world, leaders have the role of pioneering strategic moves that make their businesses competitive amidst of many players in different industries. To undertake effectively this role, managers should improve their management skills; improvement of one’s leadership skills takes individual efforts and support from their organization (Quinn, Faerman, Thompson, McGrath, St Clair, 2011). At any one point, the level of efficiency that a leader has attained will be challenged by the changes within and without their company and industry, thus there is need for leaders to improve their skills continuously, knowledge, and decision-making approach. (DeSimone, Werner and Harris, 2002). This paper discusses how the practices that improves a leaders skills. Methodology To approach the subject, the paper will analyze the different practices that can improve leader’ skills as well as those that can nurture subordinates leadership skills; it will have a two dimensional approach where on one side talks of growing leaders and on the other improving existing leaders skills. Why leaders need to better themselves with time According to Ashkanasy, 2011, when multinationals are diversifying their businesses to different countries; the parent company’s management may be rendered ineffective in the new business environment however, his services are needed in the foreign venture; continuous improvement of one’s skills, management style, professionalism, and expertise is cr
The Airbus A380, also known as Superjumbo, is the largest passenger airplane ever manufactured in the world. The plane has four engines, a wide double deck body and an upper deck that spans the whole fuselage length. Its big size can accommodate 525 passengers divided into the usual three classes or maximum of 853 passengers if it were to be made into an all-economy class arrangement (Norris & Wagner, 131). This essay will explore the supply chain of the Airbus A380. The A380 manufacture and assembly Being such a gigantic plane, manufacturing the airbus A380 at a single point can be very cumbersome as it would be almost next to impossible to come up with a manufacturing plant that would be huge enough to accommodate the building of the airbus A380. For this reason, the various parts of this plane are built at different locations in Europe and then transported for assembly at Toulouse in France. The plane’s main components are manufactured in the UK, Germany, Spain and France by various companies five largest being Safran, Goodrich, Rolls-Royce, General Electric and United Technologies. Being a huge plane, the A380 is mostly constructed from light but strong materials that hold the plane’s weight together without making it too heavy to fly (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt, 37). Composite materials make up to a fifth of the plane’s airframe while reinforced plastics made of carbon, glass and quartz fibres are utilized mostly in the making of the wings, doors, tail surfaces and the fuselage pieces such as the rear end and undercarriage sections. The manufacture of the airbus A380 components begin in Germany from where they are transported to France via the UK. The tailfin, which is manufactured in the German city of Stade, and cabin installations together with the front and back fuselage parts, which are built in Hamburg, are transported to the shipping docks and shipped to the UK at the Mostyn port. The UK manufacturers the wings of the airbus A380 in its cities of Broughton and Bristol, which are both located in Wales (Boddy, 687). The wings are then afterwards transported by barges over Dee-Dee River from the factories to the port of Mostyn where they are loaded into the cargo ship containing the other components from Germany. The cargo ship then leaves for France and docks at the port of Saint Nazarie. The components are then unloaded and used to assemble bigger plane sections including the cockpit, sub-assemblies and the nose. The airplane’s nose is built in Saint Nazarie while the cockpit
Introduction In the analysis of cognitive development by Bjork, Dunlosky and Kornell, the human brain is preconditioned to make either fast automatic decisions or slow and thoughtful considerations (418). The marshmallow test is one of the significant studies on self-control among learners. It was meant to evaluate the correlation between self-control and cognitive development. The research evaluates the educational theories that are emphasized to explain the process of cognitive development among children. Learning Theories In the test, the self-regulated learning, which focuses on the process of attaining personal goals by utilizing self-generated thoughts and controls, emerges. According to Kidd, Palmeri and Aslin, the learning process requires external and internal contributions to enhance an individual’s capacity to realize personal goals (112). The external goals include structured educational practices, rules, and academic concepts. However, the internal contributions focus on the self-regulated achievements that include self-monitoring, self-recording, self-assessment, and self-correction. The theory shows that students should focus on controlling and monitoring their behaviors with respect to cognitive attributes. In the test, the children who decide to wait for an extra marshmallow are found to have better cognitive controls and behavioral adaptations. Some of the common self-regulated theories include the social constructivist theory, information processing, and the social cognitive theory. Reflection on learning outcomes The self-regulated model that is demonstrated in the test shows the significance of behavioral control in cognitive development. In the cognitive assessment model, a meta-cognitive model emerges that focuses on a learner’s awareness of individual thoughts and self-actualization. The self-regulatory components show that humans have the potential of enhancing their skills and capabilities if they invoke self-motivation, self-assessment, and self-monitoring skills in their decision-making processes. Motivation and self-regulation evoke long-term decisions that control temperament and emotions. Works Cited Bjork, Robert, John Dunlosky, and Nate Kornell. “Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions.” Annual Review of Psychology 64 (2013): 417-444. Print. Kidd, Celeste, Holly Palmeri, and Richard. Aslin. “Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability.” Cognition 126.1 (2013): 109-114. Print.
Introduction An Ageing Population refers to the phenomenon of increasing percentage of people who are above 65 years. Increased availability of good quality and affordable healthcare has increased the life span of senior citizens and the life expectancy. The rising phenomenon of aging has created new issues such as increased healthcare and rising costs of maintaining the senior citizens and continuation of the social security program has to be reconsidered. This paper examines the pros and cons of ageing and discuses important issues related to ageing. The paper also discuses ‘Ageism’ and the stereotyping and discrimination that the aged undergo. Statistics on Aging Gavrilov (et all, 2003) has pointed out that the world is growing older at an alarming rate and by 2050, 20 percent of the global population would be 60 years or older. The author has taken ageing as the retirement age and people who are above 65 years are considered as aged. A society is considered as older when 8 to 10 percent of the population is above 65. In 1900, the percentage of people who were considered as aged was 4.1 %, it was 12.6 percent in 2000 and by 2030 and the percent is expected to rise to 20 percent. Table 1 gives historic statistics and future projections for the ageing population. Table 1. Ageing Demography and Statistics (Gavrilov, et all, 2003) Observed and Forecasted Percentages of the Elderly (65+ years) in Selected Areas, Regions, and Countries of the World: 1950, 2000 and 2050. Major Area, region and country   1950   2000   2050  World                            5.2%   6.9%   19.3% Africa                           3.2%   3.3%   6.9%  Latin America and the Caribbean  3.7%   5.4%   16.9% China
Introduction The argument presented by Howard in his critical work “The death of common sense” represents how the bureaucratic system and laws have developed in the recent years in America; the book is a serious review of the drafts laws in this particular country. Thus, Howard advocates for application of common sense in interpreting these laws whose effect is almost found in every aspect of life after being imposed by the government (Howard, 203). Furthermore, according to Howard, the existing laws reflect excess bureaucracy, inefficient regulation and negligence. For this reason, he finds courage to make an extensive critic of these laws (Howard, 135). Discussion Based on facts by Howard, the opinion is that there is need for the citizen, human rights activist and law practitioners to relate the concept of common sense when interpreting these laws due to the negative impact caused by the policies since they appear to have been imposed on almost all aspects in the society (Houraney ). Therefore, it is appropriate that the society should embrace the ideas presented by Howard for numerous reasons as discussed below. Foremost, the laws that are in effect seem to be imposed in almost all fields. As such, this can be argued to be a clear case of too much of something; too many laws effected by the administrative can be said to be ineffective and worse still, some of them seem to be not necessary and should be declared outdated (Howard, 77). The fact that the laws are too many is because when anything comes up, new laws are invented to acts as a tool of resolving the new existing problem. Conversely, it seems that, the newly set laws do not play the primary role given that, the set laws have already become unproductive in the sense that, instead of these laws inspiring the spirit of the citizens, they only create more challenges through suppressing freedom and hence concept of democracy is limited which is a very central notion in development of any society (Houraney). Secondly, it is very ironic that the laws that have been imposed are literary not memorized; the law enforcers such as OSHA inspectors do not even know some of them. This is a shameful case based on the fact that most of the US citizens can not even comprehend some of the laws which is the reason why Howards defines these scenario as a big disease since it is a clear case of how law is eroding the lifestyle and way of life in US, a country that has a well-established constitution (Houraney ). For the reasons mentioned here above, am also of the opinion that all private sectors and other businesses should be granted the exclusive right to generate, enact and implement their own laws such as safety policies and they should also be at liberty to make any amendments to the set laws when necessary in order to avoid being burdened by the government regulations. Conclusion There are numerous advantages associated with this system of private law implementation because a firm or an organizatio