ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Three authors were involved in writing this article, Jimmy Williams Jr., Jim Hlavacek and Craig Maxwell. The article is titled ‘Learn from New Product Failures’. The article can be found at the Research Technology Management publication in the website. Summary The authors talk about the importance of companies learning from their past failures to make better products in the future. On the contrary not many companies learn from the mistakes they make in their new failed products. The mistakes therefore, are repeated over and over which results in wasting a lot of resources. Millions of dollars are wasted in research and development as well as marketing and promotion. The product development success is lower and more risks are involved because companies do not take time to analyze, share information with other developers and get valuable lessons from unsuccessful new products. Doing a post launch review on a product is very impressive as it entails a lot of positive things. Studies done on companies that did post launch reviews showed that their new product success jumped from 30% to 50%. The main purpose of this article was to encourage companies to start doing post launch product reviews. This will help them to improve efficiency and save them unnecessary costs. The authors have used a methodology used in teaching hospitals to explain the importance of learning from failed products’ mistakes. A Brief Review of the Authors The authors of this article are experts in their own fields. This makes them authoritative in advancing the ideas they have in the paper. Jimmy Williams is the director of defense research and development at Alcoa, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has the responsibility of developing military and defense programs. He is also an engineer by profession and in the year 2000 he received the black engineer of the year award. His experience and knowledge allows him to advance the ideas he has on product innovation. The other author Jim Hlavacek serves as the chairman and CEO of The Corporate Development Institute. Inc. he is also the managing director of Market Driven Management. Both companies specialize in innovation and growth strategies. In addition, he has written over forty articles and five books on focused growth and the front end of innovation. Furthermore, he has done many post launch reviews as the principal investigator for many corporations at Fortune 500. He also holds a Ph. D. in new product and market development. Thus when he makes observations about companies he is talking from a knowledge point. The last author is Craig Maxwell, the vice president of technology and innovation at Parker Hannifin Corporation. He has the responsibility of overseeing all the innovation initiatives of the nine groups Parker holds and over its 130 divisions. He is an engineer by profession and is named as the inventor of over forty patents. Authors’ purpose The authors gathered information for this article by talking to over fifty CEOs, general managers, marketing managers, engineering managers and CTOs. From the discussions the authors we able to learn the reasons
Transgender Transgender is a term used to define a variety of groups of people who portray a deviation from the conventionally set gender identities. It is a case of one’s identity and has completely nothing to do with an individual’s sexual orientation because a transgender person can be heterosexual, bisexual, poly-sexual, pansexual, asexual or even homosexual (Beemyn, 2005, ). Transgender is a state of the person not identifying with the assigned gender, which is mostly because of appearance or genetics. In order to accommodate all the involved groups of people, there is no attributed definition of transgender due to the diversity of the subject. It is important therefore to note that a transgender person may portray characteristics of a given gender, or identify in a different place in the gender continuum or fail to associate with any of the traditional gender identities. According to Carter (1999), the definition of the term transgender keeps on evolving and therefore the meaning is dynamic. There is a need therefore to understand what is inclusive in the transgender definition through comparing it with other related terminologies. The term transsexual has its origin in the medical and psychological disciplines. Many people under the category of transsexuals have the belief that for one to fit in the category completely, they have to undergo a surgery (Beemyn, 2005, p.80). It is however possible to reassign this change of gender simply by the administration of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. The sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) sets the foundation for the transition from one gender identity to the next or even settling in between for transsexuals. Transsexuals are therefore considered as components under the umbrella of transgender. This follows the simple logic that the transsexuals undergo the transition for the desire to identify with a gender different from the one they were assigned at birth by considering their genitals. Identities inclusive in transgender According to Beemyn (2005, p.34), there is a number of overlapping identities that can be included in the transgender bracket. This includes the Cross-dressers/ transvestite,
The public issue chosen for the present project is HIV prevention. HIV is a severe disease that can impact different age groups. However, the current paper is focused on the most vulnerable population. Thus, the target group selected for the project is represented by young adults living in Chicago, Illinois. The issue is related to the paper because the developed policy will encourage the participation in preventive measures among the members of the target group. Being one of the greatest burdens for the healthcare systems of many countries all over the world, HIV is dangerous due to the lack of treatment and severe health complications. Therefore, the only productive way of eliminating the spread of this condition is preventing it. The present paper incorporates methods of informing and empowering the target population. Also, the skills needed for mobilizing community partnerships will be delineated. Finally, the abilities of the public health professional pertaining to developing policies addressing the public health issue will be discussed. Informing, Educating, and Empowering the Target Population Public health nurses need to possess the most effective skills, abilities, and knowledge that may help to inform, educate, and empower the target population. In the present project, several approaches to encouraging and teaching the selected group of people will be employed. First of all, the empowerment through peer group leaders is considered as a highly productive method (McCreary, Kaponda, Davis, Kalengamaliro, & Norr, 2013). Researchers note that behavioral change interventions involving the empowerment of peer group leaders have a rather positive effect on the participants. One of the reasons why public health leaders should use this encouragement technology is that leaders help group members through their self-identification as change agents (McCreary et al., 2013). Another effective way of empowering and informing the target population is through community-based research (Thompson, Molina, Viswanath, Warnecke, & Prelip, 2016). With the help of this approach, it is possible to reduce health disparities and convince the selected population group to participate in the prevention project. Th
Introduction The history of McDonald’s dates back to 1954 when Ray Kroc was awed by the great order for multi-mixers from an outlet in San Bernardino in California (McDonald’s). The outlet was managed by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald . Ray Kroc noticed very effective operations by the two brothers (McDonald’s). The brothers labored to prepare a few items that included burgers, fries and non-alcoholic drinks (McDonald’s). He envisaged a future where McDonald’s restaurants would be found all over the United States of America. With a lot of enthusiasm, Kroc founded the McDonald’s Corporation in 1955 and was able to buy restricted rights to own the McDonald’s name (McDonald’s). He aimed to come up with a cafeteria method that would be known for the high and invariable quality of food and homogeneity in methods of preparation of the foods . He founded the business on the tenets of quality, service, cleanliness and value (McDonald’s) Ray Kroc passed on on 14 th January 1984 leaving behind a very rich legacy that lasts up to date (McDonald’s). This essay seeks to unravel the factors behind the success of McDonald’s Corporation and briefly compare it with one competitor, Burger King to show that the competitor might not be able to outwit McDonald’s in the industry. McDonald’s Success Factors McDonald’s is currently doing well on the New York Stock Exchange. The share price shot from $55 per share in 2008 to settle at $87.09 in 2011, a whopping 58% increase (Krantz). This is such impressive growth in stock price. This has been made possible by factors that include consistency, innovation, and resiliency (Franchise Direct). Others include aggressive business goals, willingness to adapt, and valuing people approach (Oxbridge Writers). Consistency Visiting any outlet any location in the world grants you the same experience; the services are of high quality as does the food and drinks served and as such customers can comfortably enjoy the great services offered any place where a McDonald’s outlet is established (Franchise Direct). This was Kroc’s initial vision towards consistent processing and efficiency (McDonald’s). This is one aspect that has greatly contributed to the success of McDonald’s. Innovation A quick mention of consistency and innovation would certainly evoke a situation of mutually exclusive concepts; that the two cannot complement each other. However, consistency does not rule out innovation. Consistency and innovation work towards McDonald’s increased growth (Franchise Direct). Being consistent does not in any way imply that products have to remain the same. A critical balance has to be maintained between consistency and innovation in such a way that, planned well in advance, will not disrupt customer enjoyment but serves to enhance the same satisfaction (Franchise Direct). Such an innovation arising from customers’ responses as well as those of franchisees has greatly enabled McDonald to avoid stagnation throughout their corporate history. For
The military also referred to as the disciplined force, is governed by a number of very stringent policies all of which are targeted at improving its efficiency of operations. This is a unique group of very patriotic individuals who voluntarily give up their lives to the defense a country. However, in this daunting task there is the superseding need for close supervision and coordination. To effectively coordinate the group, there are a number of policies that they must abide by which are communicated in the form of orders which must be complied with. Orders in the military are as a matter of fact never questioned, the policy that an order is more important than the individual communicating it, has instilled the discipline in the officers to enable them to execute their duties without any form of drag whatsoever. A battalion of soldiers is composed of a number of personnel of different backgrounds under the supervision of a single commander. These soldiers owe their allegiance to their commander and will only follow his or her orders. Their commanders also belong to a league of commanders under the charge of a major. Several majors in a single barrack or base are also placed under the charge of a major general. In case of a communication, the order follows the laid down passage and only reaches the very lowest member of a battalion through its commander. The commander is respected by members of his battalion and his orders are carried out despite his physical size or any other form of stratification that one may use to categorize him or her. If this is the case in military camps and in the battle fields, then why do cases of soldiers turning on their commanders and even killing them arise? Utterly, such cases are clear indications that such rules and policies are not very realistic. It is next to impossible to impose a rule on a fully grown human, the one with the ability to reason and come to realistic conclusions and yet expect him or her to carry out the orders without any resistance or even contemplating about their ramifications. Some of these orders may conflict with the soldiers’ own personal interests, in such instances it becomes hard for one to follow the orders. During the war in Iraq, a story was carried by the Iraqi papers that an American commander had nearly been killed by his own battalion. The case consisted in the fact that the soldiers had organized a big ambush on some militia, three big armored trucks full of soldiers were sent to patrol around the region with each truck having its own commander. However, on course to the battle field, a commander who was on the lead never consulted the other commanders in the trucks that were following, they thus got lost and they patrolled the perceived region and went back to the camp without having noticed any sign of a threat. A minute or two back in the camp, the commander received a fake radio call, the communication system had been hacked into, and immediately ordered his weary
The controversy, surrounding the practice of sentencing criminals to the death penalty, continues to remain an important part of public discourses in Western countries. Partially, this explains why, as of today, this practice is being commonly regarded inappropriate by those politicians/public figures, who strive to gain the reputation of being particularly progressive individuals. Nevertheless, the majority of those who argue in favor of banning the death penalty, while referring to this type of a criminal punishment as being utterly inhumane, do not seem to realize the sheer wrongness of their stance on the subject matter. In this paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this statement at length, while promoting the idea that the practice of sentencing socially dangerous criminals to death simply cannot be disposed of, because it serves the function of maintaining the society’s innate integrity. The most common misconception of the death penalty is that it is being applied for essentially retributive purposes. That is, many people continue to believe that this form of a criminal punishment should be discussed in terms of an ‘ultimate revenge’, carried out by the state. Such point of view, however, does not appear thoroughly justified. The validity of this suggestion can be well explored in regards to the statistical data, concerned with the instances of the death penalty being carried out in the US for the duration of fifty years. According to this data, 95% of the executed criminals consisted of those who committed particularly gruesome crimes, such as premeditated homicides and gang-rapes/child-molestations, which resulted in the victims’ deaths (Jiang, Lambert, Wang, Saito and Pilot 2010). In its turn, this implies that there was in fact very little humanness in these criminals, as the sheer horrendousness of their crimes suggest the concerned individuals’ savagery. In other words, the specifics of these people’s upbringing had very little to do with their decision to commit the earlier mentioned crimes, but rather the specifics of their genetically predetermined
Introduction The global split concerning political ideologies is eminent, especially when one considers the political differences that exist amongst the Asian economies, the Arab economies, and the European nations (Fox 415). Behind all these differences in the political divergences is the concept of religion, which seems to affect the global politics. Islam is one of the most influential global religions, which have a very powerful influence in the global political trends and ideologies. According to Fox (416), the Islamic community and the nations covered under the Islamic-dominated regions seem to have divergent opinions concerning the international politics. Given such perceptions, this essay seeks to investigate the gradual rise and spread of the Islamic political movements, their natural influence on the global politics, and their major political principles that influence the Islamic States. The Rise and Spread of Islam The Islamic world began with a humble historical background within the western region of the Middle East, which currently bears the name of Saudi Arabia. According to Mandaville (24), during the second half of the seventh century, the Islamic religion spread rapidly across the Middle East, across the parts of North Africa, and across the parts of Persia. During the subsequent era of its evolution, the Islamic religion spread across the eastern and the southern part parts of Asia, and ultimately covered several parts of the southeastern Asia, which currently encompass Indonesia and Malaysia (Mandaville 50). Founded on the patriarchal leadership systems, the Islamic communities bonded strongly to form various Islamic dynasties and empires that strongly dominated the Middle East and formed the backdrop of the human civilization, education, and science. What prompted the modern evolution and human civilization in the Islamic world was their latest interaction with the Europeans during the regime of the Ottoman Empire. According to Mandaville (26), the Ottomans appeared to be the first Muslim leaders who fostered a political interaction between the Islamic communities and the European powers, after the world began transforming into the modern-state systems. The modern-state systems evolved during the seventeenth century, when empire leadership systems started becoming extinct as the modern presidency leaderships emerged (Mandaville 31). The European powers gradually began colonizing the Islamic empires and this became the standpoint of progression in the global politics. Fox asserts that during the nineteenth century, the Islamic communities developed some anti-colonial movements recognized as the Pan-Islamic movements, which confronted the European powers (417). Islam and the Global Politics Since the nineteenth century, Islam has been extremely influential in the entire regional politics of the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, and even in the global politics (Kuran 398). Generally, the Western nations of the European world are the controllers of the global politi
Introduction Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a behavioral pattern that is often misrepresented by the media. However, in reality, DID is observed in 2% percent of the world’s population, which is comparable to the number of people who have naturally red hair (Frothingham 2). The goal of this paper is to outline the symptoms of DID and what kind of effect a treatment can and should have on them. The Symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder DID occurs when a child is abused to an extent where their brain creates amnesiac walls within itself to protect its host from triggering memories. This separation of consciousness allows two or more separate personalities or alters, to develop who each have a distinct age, gender, backstory, and function within the system. Symptoms of DID can be separated into two categories, with the first type being perceived by the individual themselves and the second one observed by the people around them. The first category includes a sense of losing time, and
Introduction For years, the federal budget has not been balanced. Politically, it has been easier to run a federal budget that is deficit rather than a balanced one. Nonetheless, there is need for the federal government to stick to the balanced budget because of the various shortcomings that the deficit federal budget has. Generally, this is what question one highlights. Question two describes the background and functional budget of Stanford University. Besides, it also evaluates the organization’s budget using the GFOA criteria. Reasons for a Balanced Federal Budget First, through federal deficits, the nation’s long term economic growth is threatened. Generally, national saving should be utilized in financing investment. However, savings that could have been invested are absorbed by deficits. When the government seeks extra borrowing, there is a rise in real interest and this happens at the expense of funding projects that are private. This does not only reduce capital stocks, but also constrains the living standards. Secondly, servicing of debt held outside the economy of the United States will lead to a decline in domestic standards. From 1997, ownership of federal debt started being external (Europa Publications, 2002, p. 785). The ownership was with nations such as China, the United Kingdom, Japan and other nations that export oil. Since payments of debt will be required to be outside the US economy, it will not only challenge the ability of future generations to maintain their standards, but also such huge external claims can result to political challenges (Mikesell, 2010, p. 137-138). Thirdly, the deficit can be a hindrance to the implementation of important national policies. This is because in a climate dominated by deficit, the immediate reaction to any policy initiative is the impact that the deficit will have on it. Fourth, deficits have the ability to increase the inflation rate based on whether the debt is monetized by the Federal Reserve System. Moreover, higher future interest obligations are created by continuing deficits (Baumol and Blinder, 2007, p. 699). Every incoming congress will find a larger percentage of the federal resources to have been previously committed to offer interest on funds used to provide services previously rather than to accord services to the taxpayers that year (Mikesell, 2010, p. 138-139). Stanford University’s Background and its Functional Budget The budget document described here is for Stanford University. Stanford is not only regarded as the best University along the west Coast, but also as one of the global universities that are good in research and teaching. It was founded more than one century ago by John and Leland Stanford. The research at the University centers on arts, environment and sustainability, health and international affairs. Stanford University offers both undergraduate and graduate programs. It was founded basically to prepare students to be successful and usef