ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1. Network Security Basics This chapter provides an overview of some of the general computer and Internet security notions; it also explains how a security plan can be created for an institution or an enterprise (“Chapter 1” 2). First, some basic concepts and terms related to e-security are defined. Then, the problems of security access are discussed; after scrutinizing a number of possible threats and safeguards for information, it is explained that creating a proper physical environment that would allow the data to be safe from physical intrusion is of crucial importance if it is to be protected. Next, the issues related to virtual intrusions are considered; these include the prevention of compromise of data occurring due to carefulness or a mistake, deliberate internal breaches of security, and external intrusions carried out by unauthorized individuals. After that, the chapter supplies an overview of threats to network security and the ways to identify them; in particular, the classification of various kinds of attacks is supplied. Finally, some important advice on creating a thorough security plan is given. It is then summarized that it is useful to be able to understand the motivations of hackers and see the vulnerable surfaces of the organization’s informational system; in addition, the awareness of possible ways of attack is also of crucial importance. It is also stressed that, in order to safeguard an informational system, a high-quality security plan should be created and implemented. The chapter provides an easy and effective introduction to network security issues that numerous organizations are forced to face. It is important to point out that some most common mistakes related to data security are discussed. For instance, it is explained that hackers may operate in an undercover way, working for an organization as cleaners, etc., which allows them to access computers wh
The modern business environment provides multiple opportunities for various companies to evolve and generate a stable income. The constantly increasing and diversified needs of customers result in the emergence of the necessity to create particular products to satisfy this demand. This tendency can be used by many corporations to build the basis for further growth and becoming leaders. However, the existence of all these factors also means a high level of rivalry as many actors want to enter the market and achieve success. Under these conditions, macroeconomic analysis becomes a potent tool that can be used to investigate the current situation, forces impacting a particular sphere, and create the most effective strategy that will result in the improved functioning of the company, acquisition of competitive advantage, and its stable growth. The given work is a research paper devoted to the investigation of the firm Nike as one of the leaders in its sphere. The central purpose is the detailed and in-depth investigation of the peculiarities of the brand’s functioning regarding the current market’s features, the progress of the closest rivals, and possibilities for further growth. To conduct the study, Nike’s impact on the industry, pricing strategy, costs of production, and position in the selected segment are assessed. The data collected due to this in-depth analysis is used for the discussion and creation of recommendations for the corporation’s further development and growth. All findings related to the macroeconomic showings and peculiarities are incorporated in the conclusion that outlines the most important elements of Nike’s functioning, opportunities for its further development, and effectiveness of currently used strategies. Altogether, the report contributes to the enhanced understanding of the forces affecting companies and approaches that remain effective. Today, Nike is the world’s largest brand focused on the manufacturing and distribution of athletic footwear, apparel, accessories, and services. It was founded in 1964 as the firm Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight (“Nike’s heritage,” n.d.). Later, in 1971 it was officially called Nike from the Ancient Greek Goddess of victory (“Nike’s heritage,” n.d.). Due to the firm’s successful development, it managed to diversify and expand its business and buy shoe companies such as Cole Haan, Converse Inc., Canstar Sports, Umbro (NIKE, Inc., 2018b). The successful advertising campaign along with the potent marketing strategy preconditioned the blistering rise of the brand and it is becoming one of the leaders of the industry. At the moment, the company holds a market share of about 37% and i
The definition of marketing by Kotler et al. (2009) reflects only a part of the meaning currently possessed by this concept because international corporations manage to create the need when the product is not even launched; this happens due to the increased awareness of the people’s preferences and values (p. 7). Marketing is often based on the values and beliefs of individuals rather than on their need of food, drinks, or clothes because they all are aimed at advertising and promoting images of successful, healthy, athletic, energetic, intelligent, attractive, and stunning persons. In this respect, the definition by Kotler et al. (2009) outlines only the area in which the interaction takes place and concepts that arise from marketing such as need, want, satisfaction, and other. Lusch (2007) identifies three stages of marketing development whereas the third stage presupposes that the business collaborates with consumers to create the value together (p. 261). This idea supports my vision of the marketing as the process aimed at creating values and images rather than goods and services. McKitterick ([1957] 1976, p. 19) as cited in Lusch (2007), defines the purpose of marketing as the process of making “the business do what suits the interests of the customer” (p. 263). Though this theory is partially reflected in the
Introduction Change management is necessary for the turnaround of any business organisation, thus the human resources management is supposed to initiate flexible changes that can be adopted easily. For instance, relocation issues demand proper workforce planning strategies. The Human resource management (HRM) process addresses matters relating to staffing and retention of the right personnel. In most cases, staff retention is closely interlinked with the employees’ perks, pay, and other remunerations. In order to achieve the fundamental roles of managing employees, business leaders focus on performance and change management. The contemporary human resource management demands the leaders to execute their roles in a manner that facilitates collective relationships between employees and the management. This approach centres on the outcomes of the objectives that the stakeholders have during the incorporation of the organisation. The outcomes include employee development, and it is during the employee development practice that the performance is
Educators have offered different explanations of how learning takes place. The lack of consensus on the ideal learning method has led to emergence of many learning theories. Leonard (2002) defines learning theories as the “conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning” (23). Some educators argue that learning is simply a change of behavior. Others feel that change of behavior is too simplistic to encompass all that learning entails. To them, learning is complex and thus employs high mental faculties. Several factors influence how human beings acquire knowledge. The cognitive and emotional state of the learner plays a major role in determining people’s worldview (Lefrançois, 2012). Additionally, the physical environment has a profound effect on people’s absorption and retention of new knowledge. This paper will extrapolate three learning theories: behaviorism, cognitive, and constructivism. It will further put the theories side by side and explain their differences. Behaviorism theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning (Skinner, 1976). To them, learning does not involve mental activities. To measure whether learning has taken place, what one needs to do is to establish whether there has been a change in behavior. Operant and classic conditioning underpins the theory. Pavlov, a psychologist, developed and popularized Classic conditioning. By carrying out experiments with dogs, he established that human beings and animals respond in a specific way to certain stimulus. B.F Skinner reinforced this school of thought through operant conditioning. He taught a pigeon to dance and concluded that a response follows every stimulus (Turner, 2007). If this response attracts a reward, it becomes more frequent. The implication for learning is that to encourage or discourage a behavior, teachers can use positive or negative reinforcement. This is the basis on which educators advocate for the use of rewards and punishment in learning. Cognitive theory explains that a child’s cognitive ability develops with age. Jean Piaget developed and popularized the theory. Piaget and Roberts (1976) aver that children “build cognitive structures and mental maps for understanding and responding to physical experiences within their environment” (56). Educators must therefore desist from “suffocating” learners with complex knowledge that is not in tandem with their cognitive levels. An infant’s capacities are limited to simple reflexes but they develop and become more complex as the child’s grow. In the early life of a child, abstract learning is difficult to conceptualize. Teachers should f
Introduction Margaret Floy Washburn was a 20 th century American psychologist (Kimble & Wertheimer, 2003). She was born in a middleclass family and was the only child in her family. Her father, who was an Episcopal priest, influenced her greatly. She joined Vassar College in New York after graduating from high school. While in college, she developed great interest in philosophy through her other interests that included literature and poetry (Kimble & Wertheimer, 2003). After graduating from Vassar, she joined the Sage School of Philosophy in 1892. Washburn is famous in the field of psychology because of her contribution. She conducted extensive studies in animal behavior, and developed the motor theory. She is recognized as the first female psychologist to receive a doctorate in psychology. Professional career Washburn’s contribution was monumental in promoting the development of psychology in the United States. Her studies were directed towards teaching that mental occurrences are real and form an important area of study in psychology (Hergenhahn, 2008). She achieved that through her studies in animal behavior and consciousness. She presented her ideas and research findings in her book titled The Animal Mind . Her studies defied the prevalent belief at the time in psychology that mental occurrences could not be observed and were therefore not important for scientific study. She supplemented her studies with research findings from experiments carried out in German and France on mental processes. In addition, she borrowed hugely from psychological schools of thought such as functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and structuralism (Hergenhahn, 2008). She disagreed with the theories of psychodynamics because they were tentative and did not last for long. Theoretical perspectives Washburn’s motor theory of consciousness differed greatly from the perspective of structural psychology that divided the mind into different parts (Comer & Gould, 2010). Washburn was highly critical of the perspective and hence developed her own theory. She believed that psychological movements were responsible for all mental processes. Therefore, she described mental processes such as learning and emotions as series of psychological movements (Denmark & Paludi, 2008). Her perspective also differed from other perspectives concerning consciousness that had been developed in the field of comparative physiology. She believed that consciousness was the cause of all mental processes (Comer & Gould, 2010). During the 20 th century, mental proce
Evaluation on the organization’s market penetration strategy The company used Europe-wide computerized reservation service (CRS) which made it have most preferred services as compared to other competitors within Europe. Then there was the formation of inter-airline association which led to the reinforcement of technical and operational services through the establishment of the maintenance pool. This strategy enabled the airline compete with major airlines due to their up-graded and updated services. The company resorted to resolve on their timing and became one of the most punctual airlines within Europe. Also the company’s strategized connection of all its flights to European and Asian hubs which helped in the process of facilitating passenger flights, SAS connected its flights to most of the secondary hubs which gave them connection with smaller domestic services within countries of operation. Evaluation of the organization’s consolidation’s strategy The company enjoyed successive profitable years which were ultimately threatened by increased competition from low-cost operators. This led to the company making subsequent losses which could be attributed to conservative management style. As a result of this, SAS resorted to downsizing whereby they opted to centralize bureaucracy and at the same time removed most of the employees’ responsibilities. The strategies focused on installing enlightened leadership while keeping the company at its competitive level. This move had an impact on the human resource management since it helped in reducing pressure experienced on costs and margins. Product development SAS resorted to service business through engaging their frequent flights in foreign markets. Business travellers were initially not attracted to SAS; this made the company to modify their services by improving the company’s business class passenger services. The other move focused on staff training and motivation enabled their workers to work smarter. In the process of developing new products, SAS resorted to changing management style which saw the introduction of new management system. The process of installing computer terminal within the manager’s office was aimed at improving on the punctuality level of the flights. The older jets were replaced by new and modern state of the art equipments. SAS acquired hovercraft which could operate in all weather since they were impervious to water, land and ice. In order to subsidize on the company’s profits, SAS adopted new service concepts which included operation of business hotels and destination services. This made work easier for the passengers since they could make reservations and organize for other services from a central place through phone calls. Market Development The operations of SAS extended from Copenhagen Airport to the port of Malmo owing to the acquisition of hovercraft. It further expanded its flights to Bangkok via Europe and Asia. Then new market was later found in Tokyo where flights were directed from Bangkok
Introduction Susan Glaspell was an active feminist in her time, so one may read her work through this lens. The play –Trifles – has numerous feminist connotations. It is a call to reexamine the value of women in a patriarchal society; through their central role in the drama, the female characters challenge traditional notions about women’s perspective and value. The value of women The men in the play enter the Mr. Wright’s house with a fixed mind. They take pride in their role as professionals, and use this background to analyze the murder scene (Glaspell 1043). Their rigidity explains why they did not identify Mr. Wright’s murderers. Conversely, the women entered the Wrights’ house with an open mind. They had no professional titles or legal obligations. In fact, they had come to the premises in order to collect Mrs. Wright’s personal effects. However, these women’s way of knowing was not just different from the men’s; they had a practical way of applying it to discover something useful. While the men analyzed most of the conventional areas of crime-scene investigation, the women used their knowledge to consider Mrs. Wright’s entire marriage. They had a holistic view of the crime, yet the men only focused on one point in time. When they stumbled upon a canary that had been strangled in the same way as Mr. Wright, they connected the dots and realized that Minnie was the murderer. Their lowly status gives them an upper hand in the investigation because they have no expectations to meet. The women’s perspective allows them to redefine themselves in readers’ perspectives. They eventually emerge as winners at the end of the play. The society in which Trifles is set devalues women’s opinions. It is a patriarchal one that only holds men’s contributions in high regard. Such attitudes demean the way society operates. Professionals do not function effectively because they push away matters that involve women. In the end, these biased individuals end up hurting themselves. The author wanted to challenge these thoughts by illustrating that the female perspective could solve problems or enrich lives. In essence, Susan Glaspell was using her play to engage in feminist criticism of her society. One should note that feminist inclinations were not alien to the playwright. She was an active feminist who supported several organizations. Heterodoxy was one such entity; it consisted of 25 women. Their intention was to promote the freedom of women in all spheres of life. The author grew up in a conservative community but her exposure as a journalist awakened her to the plight of women in her society. Not only were they landless, but they had no right to vote or participate in public discourse. The author was dissatisfied with the unequal power relations between men and women in marriage. Glaspell decided that she would use her writings to advance this cause. In fact, the disempowering relationship between men and women is evident in the deceased marriage. Mr. Wright, like a number of other men in that society, silenced his wife during their marriage. She was a highly talented individual t
Toxic Waters The Hatfield Ferry Power Plant in Mason Town, Pennsylvania had been one of the major air polluters in the small town, but efforts from citizens and various environmental agencies saw the authorities compelling the company to install mechanisms that would filter their fumes. This was applied, and it led to the company having a lower level of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other pollutants. However, the installed technology uses water to trap the chemicals, which are later released into the nearby rivers. The rivers provide fresh water for domestic use to many civilians, and it is apparent that the authorities have given the power plant the freedom to test the quantity of chemicals in the waste water. This implies that there is no entity that is conducting independent tests to determine the type of chemicals being released into the rivers. This case reveals that the reduction of air pollution is translating to higher levels of water pollution. Saving the Bay Wetlands in San Francisco Bay are under restoration programs, but one of the prevailing issues is mercury pollution in the region. It is apparent that restoration practices might facilitate the development of a higher level of mercury pollution. The main concern is whether mercury d
Results A nested case-control research design is defined as a case control study incorporated within a cohort. In the case of the current study, the Case Mix Program Database (CMPD) was the source of the cohort data (Harvey, Rowan, Harrison, & Black, 2010). It contained all the information regarding the patients in the Intensive Care Units (ICU) that were managed through the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). These patients were matched with controls (non-PAC) based on their propensity scores. These scores are effective in controlling for a large number of confounding factors. The matching of controls with cases from the cohort, and the comparison of the outcomes makes the data collection phase appropriate for a nested case control study. Harvey and co-authors (2010) acknowledge that the Case Mix Program Database’s (CMPD’s) section 60 allowed the researchers to use the patient’s data without consent. Additionally, the researchers availed posters explaining the purpose of the research to the next of kin and the competent subjects. Although this was an appropriate step in ensuring that the patients and the families were informed about the research study, the lack of consent seems like a violation of the patient’s rights. The CMPD was the data collection tool employed in this research. Validity is the ability of a data collection tool to measure what it is supposed to. In reference to Harvey et al. (2010), the validity of the tool was enhanced by checking the database for inconsistencies and completeness. Reliability is the ability of a tool to give the same result after repeated measures. The researchers ensured the reliability of the database by validating the data severally until all the problems identified were fixed. Data analysis procedures The data analysis procedures were appropriate. This is because the analysis of a nested case control study requires the determination of the odds ratios in a bid to compare the odds of exposure between the cases (cohort) and the controls. Moreover, the incorporation of a logistic regression model in the analysis of the propensity scores controlled for confounding and provided data on the adjusted odds ratio. According to Harvey et al. (2010), the ICNRARC risk prediction model allowed the calculation of the predicted risk of death in the two groups. Although the article does not outline the research questions, two main questions can be deduced:   * Does the incorporation of PAC reduce the mortality of critically ill patients?   * Does employing NRS’s provide an alternative method to RCT’s in evaluating healthcare interventions? Based on these questions, the data analysis procedures were suitable for provid