ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tsunami A tsunami is a wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake, which occurs on the ocean floor. The waves created in the ocean are different from normal waves because of their long wavelengths and devastating force. The distance between each crest can range from 10-100km, and normally travel at 700km/h. When a tsunami occurs, it is difficult to determine its lethal capacity based on height because the height of a wave is dependent on the depth of the ocean floor. The telltale signs of a tsunami are usually indicated by a fall of the sea level owing to rupture of the earth’s crust. The response time upon the prediction of a tsunami is minimal owing to the rapid fall and rise of the sea level (Abbott 56). It is challenging for modern instruments to predict the occurrence of a tsunami owing to their resemblance to normal waves. Therefore, it is difficult for authorities to fully prepare for devastating effects associated with tsunamis. As the waves advance towards the shore, the rear and front part of the wave couple-up as it grows in height. The process of a gradual increase in height is facilitated by shallow shores, which offer a proper surface for the increase in wave height. The energy possessed in a tsunami originates from deep ocean regions where a large amount of water is displaced. Currently, there is no reliable technology, which can forecast the occurrence of a tsunami at a particular time. One of the factors that lead to a tsunami is an earthquake that occurs through the displacement of the crust in vertical lines. Second, landslides on the ocean floors cause a small-scale tsunami, which also results from an earthquake. Third, volcanic eruptions on the sea bed cause displacement of water leading to the tsunami. Additionally, in rare cases, the impact of meteorites can lead to sufficient displacement of water; thus, causing the occurrence of a tsunami (Abbott 63). Japan is one of the countries in the world that experience the devastating effects of a tsunami. In 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 hit the region off the coast of Japan generating immense energy. Waves observed on the shore reached a height of 38 meters causing dire consequences such as numerous deaths, property damage, and injuries. The tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, leading to a high-level alert. The destruction of the nuclear plant led to massive evacuations in a 30km radius. Over 400,000 people were displaced at the onset of the disaster leading to a rapid government response to relocate people into new houses. In 2013, an estimated 15, 882 were confirmed dead, and about 3,000 individuals were reported missing. The government has made significant progress in moving people to cordoned-off areas as of April 2012 (“Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts” par. 2). The government put in place a budget of $231 billion to aid in the recovery process in a 10-year period. Two years after the disaster, the governmen
Introduction Roman imperial history is full of remarkable characters, from the revered Augustus to mad Caligula, and each has left his own individual mark on the past. In comparison to those of more famous emperors, the rule of the Emperor Hadrian (AD 117-138) is often overlooked, and most people’s acquaintance with his name is only in relation to the famous Hadrian’s Wall. However, Hadrian also led a fascinating life and the accomplishments of his rule, in particular his widespread and ambitious building projects that greatly affected both civil and provincial infrastructure, left an enduring impact on the history of the Romans and their empire, as well as a tangible legacy for future generations. Body of Essay Publius Aelius Hadrianus was born on January 24 th , AD 76. While it has generally been assumed that his birthplace was in Spain, as his family origins were in that country, there are records that show that he was likely born in Rome (Birley 10). While few written documents survive which refer to Hadrian’s childhood and upbringing, one can say fairly confidently that he was born into an exciting era in Roman history, and that the events that occurred during his youth would surely have had an impact on him. Some of his earliest memories perhaps were of the circumstances of Emperor Vespasian’s death in AD 79 and the accession of his son Titus, followed shortly by the devastation of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and less than a year later, a great fire in Rome (Birley 15). As a young man, Hadrian was educated in the manner of the elite, learning languages, arts, philosophy, and science (Hadrian 1986). As all men who desired to achieve political status, he also served in the military, as tribune in Pannonia on the German frontiers, as well as in Macedonia (Speller 15). He was clearly a man of complex character. There are written records, such as the Historia Augusta and Cassius Dio’s Roman History , that portray an intelligent, enthusiastic, and generous individual with a pleasant sense of humour, who showed an interest in all levels of society. It has been said that he was as comfortable talking with people of the lower classes as he was with the rich and noble, and many examples of his sympathy for and duty to his people are recorded (Brown 51). He showed little of the brutality that characterized previous emperors, although he was known to have a temper and a highly competitive nature. Cassius Dio (LXIX, 249) paints him as a passionate scholar and a patron of almost all the arts, showing particular fascination in magic, architecture, and engineering. Although educated by the best in Rome, he is famous for his obsession with Hellenistic Greece, and this passion would come to drive many of his personal and imperial decisions. His friends were known to have called him “Graeculus”, meaning “the little Greek” (Brown 50), and in identifying himself with celebrated Greek philosophers he would insist on wearing a beard, setting the trend for future emperors. Perhaps what most sets Hadrian apart from many other emperors was his
Introduction Background The online learning center is designed to help one succeed in the public speaking course and the chapter-specific content such as study questions, key- term flashcards, crossword puzzles, chapter objectives, chapter outlines, chapter summaries, and the internet connections can be accessed by choosing from the chapter drop-down menu. Everyone will learn how to be a better public speaker through clear explanations and thorough coverage. The text’s annotated instructor’s edition, manual, test bank, videos, and other supplements provide the tools needed to create a dynamic classroom; and a new supplement that meets the needs of the online classes. The problem of learning Most of the students do not know how to do their homework, or at least how to do it well enough to get any satisfaction from it. A smaller number truly does not have time and there is a need for the whole-family conference to tackle the issues of jobs and babysitting. Others do not plan for the homework and therefore end up not tackling it successfully. The despair to undertake their work can arise due to the difficult home circumstances, in which the children and the youth live in overcrowded, inadequate housing or in homeless shelters, also lack good nutrition and health care, or live with adults who are under severe stress. Due to these conditions that affect the children then it becomes difficult for them to do what is expected and end up being failures. The difficult school circumstances can also cause despair where the overburdened teachers may meet with five or six large classes a day and the poor teaching and learning conditions often convince students that they cannot learn. By the time the struggling students reach adolescence, then they have learned to protect their self-esteem by saying they don’t care about the work rather than risk proving incompetent by trying and failing. Another thing leading to failure in the class is when the teachers believe they must teach the students by giving them failing grades when they do not turn in work. This punishment merely confirms students’ view that they cannot succeed and therefore the struggling students know what the experience of failure is like and they end up learning to sur
Public speaking is a highly important and useful skill that carries multiple advantages for personal life and professional career. Public speaking skills are required for specialists of various kinds. In this regard, mastering public speaking is going to serve as great enforcement for anyone. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate different situations where public speaking skills play an important role to show the reasons why public speaking is considered an effective skill. First of all, the knowledge of theoretical and practical sides of public speaking provides one with multiple benefits such as understanding the ways people think and process the information, communicating thoughtfully and with higher efficiency, using the critical thinking, knowing how to organise and prepare presentations, researching the unfamiliar audiences and using appropriate communication strategies (Coopman, Lull 2014, p. 12). It is a well-known fact that most people experience certain difficulties in adjusting to a new society. For example, in a situation when a person starts working at a new place, they would feel the need to fit into the group of new co-workers, find a common language and establish friendly atmosphere at the workplace. Public speaking skills provide a person with an ability to evaluate the audience, analyse their needs, learn their potentials, and successfully build contact with them. Proper application of public speaking knowledge will allow the new member of a group to move through the stage of getting to know the colleagues and feel comfortable talking with new people in unfamiliar situations (Coopman & Lull 2014, p. 12). In this case, public speaking skills will allow avoiding the discomfort at the workplace, which may lead to disruption of the work process and create problems for the whole company. The most obvious situation where public speaking skills are always very useful is an actual performance in front of a group of people such as a public address, presentation of a new project at work, or a motivational speech. In such situations, the speaker can represent a group of fellows or the ideas important for many people. Due to this, a successful performance and efficient delivery of information are highly valuable and important (Keith & Lundberg 2013, p. 4). When one person is chosen to speak on behalf of many, it creates a certain pressure and responsibility for the speaker. In the case of the successful performance of one, the whole group will benefit. The good public speaker has to be able to present the information, keep the audience interested in the delivered ideas, and defend the point of view in case of criticism or counter argumentation. The skills of public speaking provide one with courage, confidence, and the ability to fluently express themselves. One more situation that demonstrates the importance of public speaking skills is a casual conversation with a stranger. People are social
Overview The United States’ society has experienced ethnic and cultural shifts in demographics resulting into the current existence of different ethno-cultural groups, which have preserved their separate identities within the larger society over the years. Therefore, major similarities and differences exist between different ethno-cultural groups living in the United States. This paper considers these similarities and differences between the African-American and the non-Hispanic white groups. Accordingly, these comparisons will form the basis upon which the need for food service providers to initiate culturally competent accommodations in the workplace will be assessed. Comparisons between African-Americans and Whites In 2008, 13.5% of the civilian population in the United States was African American (Black), and thus, the second largest group among the minorities after the Hispanic population. In 2007, about 56% of the African-American population resided in the south compared to 34% of their white counterparts. And as of 2008, New York, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina, Florida, Virginia, California, Illinois, Georgia, and Maryland were the top ten states with a combined population of 59% of African Americans. In 2007, 80% of African Americans aged 25 years and above had earned a high school diploma compared to 89% of whites in the same age bracket. Among the African Americans, 16% of women compared to 14% of men had obtained a bachelor’s degree compared to 25% of men and 24% of women among the non-Hispanic white population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services para. 1-2). Accordingly, a typical African-American family had an average income median of $33,916 compared to $54,920 among the non-Hispanic white families as of 2007. In the same year, the number of people living at the poverty line was 24.5% and 8.2% for African-Americans and whites respectively. Furthermore, the rate of unemployment stood at 8% for African-Americans and 4% for whites, which was consistent with the demographics for both men and women. Still in 2007, 49% of African-Americans compared to 66% of whites had employer-sponsored health insurance cover, which meant that 23.8% of African-Americans as opposed to 9% of whites were covered by the public health insurance. Ad
Defining multicultural counseling A definite definition of multicultural counseling is difficult to come up since the practice revolves around different aspects of human behaviors. However, an effective counselor must be in a position to recognize and respects the aspects of racial/ethnic group membership with regard to each client’s socialization standards. In cultural counseling, great emphasis is laid on client’s uniqueness and individuality as well as his or her values as formed by the social group where he or she belongs (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008). This is referred to as the Multicultural Awareness Continuum and it is a process that develops slowly in the course of life (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008). The Importance of multicultural counseling and the challenges of the EST movement According to this article, the counselors and mental health practitioners are increasing focusing on EST movements. The authors attribute this shift to the responsibilities bestowed on them to be knowledgeable in order to understand the outcomes that researchers have come up with in the ESTs. Counselors and practitioners have amoral obligation to engage in “counseling practices that are based on rigorous research methodologies” (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008). Another factor that has increased the rising interest in ESTs is the fact that healthcare organizations are holding counselors answerable and responsible for providing health services that have been empirically proven (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008). Counselor just like the health practitioners are supposed to utilize methodologies that are effective in promoting clients’ health and well being (D’Andrea & Heckman, 2008). As a result, counseling practitioners who seek employment in such organizations are finding it very crucial to be updated on the types of ESTs in order to be considered as valuable asset in the organization. Previous results of multicultural counseling outcome research According to the previous findings in multicultural counseling, ther
Introduction There have been various philosophies concerning the manner in which human beings ought to live in society. Many philosophers consent that there is an Absolute Being who influences human beings to act and behave morally. However, some philosophers refute this claim, because many people have held different opinions concerning what morals are and how to behave morally. This paper examines how Thomas Aquinas and Emanuel Kant present their philosophical views concerning morality. Aquinas morality Thomas Aquinas views that morality is part of natural law, which concerns human decisions that could be realized through natural reasoning (Davies 57). Natural law entails self-evident facts that are prompted by the use of reason. When human beings use reason, they will always get the goodness that they seek. Natural law is known to each person. Thomas Aquinas perceives that morality is naturally inherent within each human person. Self-determination and rationality are vital aspects that enhance moral acts. Morality is an absolute reality that human beings must embrace. Aquinas claims that a virtuous person is morally upright because natural law leads him to be morally upright. This means that people who are morally upright, achieve a happy life. Aquinas affirms that people should acquire knowledge in order to achieve the highest good (eudemonia). “Human beings need to satisfy their desire to achieve the highest happiness; they should know philosophy that goes concurrently with theology” (Fairbanks 7). However, this might not be easy since philosophy sometimes contradicts theology. Aquinas resolves this by claiming that divine being guides human beings in a correct path, provided that people seek the absolute best. Aquinas held that human beings exist for an end (telos); there is a reason why human beings exist in life. Aquinas views that the main objective of why people exist in life is to be virtuous. Nevertheless, people have various views concerning what entails goodness. Aquinas explains that people have natural capability to reason while other creatures had not such capacity. “This natural capability enables human beings to behave freely and knowingly when handling issues in life” (Mendus 23). This natural capability permits people to do their duties appropriately, which are acceptable as reasonable. Aquinas asserts that utmost excellence is naturally implanted by God in human life. Aquinas opines that human beings can acquire this theological virtue through virtuous habit. God governs eternal law that controls life in the universe according to his ideal justification. Since human beings have rationality that is generated from God, they possess natural law that enables them to perceive what is morally acceptable. “Aquinas emphasizes that human acts should be based on reason which is intrinsically given through God’s will” (Davies 58). Human beings are intrinsically rational that enable them to control their instincts to lead a moral life. Kantian morality Emanuel Kant cl
The term war is defined to be a conflict or a long and overdue disagreement between a group and individual people. In this case, war can be categorised in various groupings depending on the nature and the causal agents. Many parts of the world have experienced war in one way or the other. The origin of civil war can be traced back to the ancient times during the fight for dominion and ownership of various properties all over the world. One of the countries that have exemplified civil war is the United States of America. For instance, there occurred a hellish civil war in the American soils within the period of 1861 and 1865. There was actually no need for the eruption and occurrence of this civil war. This indicated a premise that war is simply one way of destroying the agreement that may be in existence between two or more individuals. It does not pay anything to the residents of the place. However, others may and have always considered war as a weapon to overcome the weak in the society. Moreover, it is one of the ways of eradicating evil in the society. Between the periods of 1861 and 1865, America experienced one of the deadliest civil wars. It was admitted by the American individuals. This was one of the hell-like ways of solving disagreements between two or more individuals. It was a violent encounter between the American people and other civilians. This was further epitomised by the declaration that more that half a million people lost their lives for the sake of the county, yet with others losing most of their properties. It was actually a civil war between the states of the United States of America. The war was between the states. The eleven states of the southern region also known as the confederacy, being led by Jefferson Davis, fought against the union that existed. This union was supported by all the Free states. In this states, slave trade had been abolished, and was thus the fighting point for the confederacies. The 1860 marked the election of the republican Abraham Lincoln as the president. The republicans had been fighting for the stop of the expansion of slave trade that was in existence in some states. Before the coming of Abraham as the president, some states had declared secession from the union. The legality of the secession had actually been illegalised by the outgoing president, likewise to the incoming. They both considered it an example of a rebellion. There was the emergence of rivalries in 1861. This was discernible by some assaults of the martial mechanism at Fort Sumter in the southern part of Carolina. This was subject to the confederate forces. To evoke the central property, Lincoln had to call for unpaid assistant armies from each state. These people were to participate in a battle with the opponent groups. As a result of this, four more states declared their secession. They raised armies as t