ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Book aspects Over the years, Islam and Christianity have grown in several ways that have impacted society in a notable way. Two writers, Reza Aslan and Moore have written No God but God and Formations of Persecuting Society respectively in order to shed light on these weighty religion groups. Further information is also provided by Ward and White in their work sources of world societies. Aslan tells about the emergence of Islam beginning from the pre-Islamic era. His expose runs from geopolitical to religious themes. For instance, we are told about the time when the Arabian desert was inhabited with tribes that were always at war. Pluralism was also on the downtrend. The tribes believed in own different gods. However, each of these tribes reserved great reverence to their respective one god. It is against this background that Aslan suggests Muhammad might have been influenced by the religious state of affairs of that pre-Islamic Arabia (17). It is also around the same period that suffered great changes. Religious and State Connections The connection between the states and religion has been in existence for some time. Though the recently years, there has been a clamor for the separation between the state and religious interests, this is a problem that had got itself entrenched in the early empires (Ward and White 256). Secularizing the state has been a difficult issue for many governments. A clear analogy from what Aslan states is feeling that Mohammed, coupled with his background in tribal areas, might have started own group of adherents who, according to him, were like a tribe under his leadership. It is due to his influence on the group that Islam spread sporadically into a group that came up with its own laws governing its members. These laws have been extend to social governance. This connection shows the basis of state religion relationships. The Islamic empires did not detach from the today governance. The European state systems had great connection with the state (Ward and White 290). This was before a tumult, as it is seen from previous persecutions of Christians. But we are told that emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity, and after having done this, he managed to grant various concessions to Christianity. Here the state and religion got connected though they were distinct. And thus, Constantine people (believed Rome) raised Christianity above other groups such as the pagans. We are informed on how Christianity eventually became the official religion of the state. The state could also have its presence felt by some political leaders having taken some positions of influence in the church. Bishops also had the state’s ear in the early empires. Rulings made by the emperors made granted the bishops immense powers in the state. All in all, it can be seen that these early empires had a strong
To begin, it should be emphasized that the chosen article is peer-reviewed and dedicated to quite an important topic. This implies a number of specific features of the publications of such a kind – they are evidence-based, reasonable, and demonstrate a coherent train of thought. Moreover, there are ten authors who contributed to the mentioned article, which, in turn, serves as a great foundation for the significant background of the issue discussed. The publication focuses on a particular and narrow topic – community vision of the influence of climate change on health in Nunavut, Canada. It has all the necessary formal attributes inherent to peer-reviewed articles – abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, and the reference list. Generally, the authors use an inductive way of reasoning and ground the provision of the crucial arguments on it. The approach is as follows; first, the scholars provide a fact or a number of indisputable facts on which they further base their claims, suggestions, and conclusions. Such a method allows the reader to follow the content easily. What is more, given the consistency of the rationale, induction provides the opportunity to stress critical aspects meaningfully and visibly. For instance, the introduction is founded on the following principle – after the authors give a convincing number of facts supported by appropriate in-text citations, they justify the relevance of the research, appealing to these facts in the “Community-led Research” section (Healey et al. 90). Then, the authors tend to use strict and formal language while delivering their findings and ideas, which, again, is due to the scholarly character of the article. They use direct word order, avoid informal expressions, and do not tend to utilize literary words that may shift the focus from the issue risen. It should be admitted that the scholars follow the best practices of academic writing and do their best to convey the message clearly. At this point, it seems reasonable to raise the issue of rhetorical appeals used in the article. First, it seems apparent that the publication is founded mostly on the appeal to logos. The scholarly articles usually aim to provide concise and concrete ideas by supporting them with essential and proper pieces of evidence and relevance. The use of inductive reasoning, exemplification, and coherent thoughts in the publication indicates the appropriacy of the latter claim. However, the inclusion of visual elements – photos that were viewed by the participants – shows the appeal to pathos and ethos as well. For example, Figure 2 is a picture in which a specific consequence of climate change for ordinary people is presented. This may cause the feeling of grief in the reader. Then, Figure 6 shows how “children are “stuck” with what we leave them” (He
Concerning the Design: It’s not What It Seems Introducing a gadget with an original design is one of the keys to the success of the given technological novelty. Therefore, the peculiarities of the Locator Application for iPhone are of crucial importance for the public’s perception. Taking into consideration the elements that add to the stylishness and the functionality of the given gadget one must admit that the features of the given Locator Application for iPhone offer a balanced and well thought-out idea. Speaking of the aesthetic look of the gadget, one must mark the sleek look of the black surface and the glittering chrome internal components, which add incredible smoothness to the entire device. The blue light striking when the device receives the signals adds a certain element of high-tech and makes the gadget look more impressive, whereas the hole in the left upper corner allows both to decorate the device and to make sure that it’s secure. It is essential that the design of the Locator Application for iPhone also presupposes high functionality of the device. Only 2” square, the given gadget fits one’s hand perfectly well, yet is not too light owing to the rubber bottom that adds certain weight to it, both literally and metaphorically. With the help of the LED display, one can see the battery life, which is quite important and convenient. It is important that the gadget can run for three days without recharging. In addition, the innovation that allows to plug the battery for charging into the car, computer or wall socket is also quite fresh. Protection: Reinforcing the Security System Because of the controversies concerning the high rates of competition in the modern gadgets market, a specific protection strategy must be worked out to provide the maximum security for the Locator Application for iPhone; otherwise, it is highly probable that the other companies could plagiarize the given gadget. When speaking of the gadget protection, it is necessary to consider the Intellectual Property rights. Documenting the development of the gadget and obtaining the patent for the development of the Locator Application for iPhone, one can efficiently avoid the possible violations of the copyright law and make certain that no accidents of plagiarism could occur. Therefore, patenting the Locator Application for iPhone is absolutely necessary for the project to be completely safe from the plagiarism of the ideas and the concept. Beware the Competitors: No Trespassers Allowed Because of the large number of the competitors in the given market, one must take considerable care of the plausible attempts on outrunning the given device. Therefore, the list of the competitors in the given sphere is to be made. Moreover, the weaknesses of the latter are to be marked. Hence, the strategies for the integration of the Locator Application for iPhone into the market can be offered. Among the most widespread competitors to consider, such Apple products as the Dealer Locator Application for iPhone that assists i
What is the Theoretical Basis or Framework for this Study? The article consists of an experimental investigation of white counselors broaching race and racism. King and Borders (2019) studied “potential clients’ evaluation of an initial broaching statement” (p. 341). The most critical events in counseling occur at the verbal level. The essence of the verbal behavior of the consultants is the ways of their reaction in the process of interaction with the client – the basic skills of counseling, accessibly including race and racism topics. It could reduce barriers to access to mental health services for minorities. However, sometimes consultants lack proper guidance to form effective disclosure statements. What Variables are Included in this Study? The research under study presents an experimental analog design. It included audiovisual vignettes to test specific counselor broaching behaviors (King & Borders, 2019). Despite the presence of works that provide a large amount of information on this topic, they do not address in detail the broaching framing. There were four vignettes that showed different counselor-client interactions or conditions. There were 575 participants who viewed the vignette and completed dependent variable measures. How Are Variables Connected to the Theoretical Framework for the Study? Participants stated that frequent problems in counseling were anxiety, depression, low mood, stress, and stress management. Participants were also presented with questions covering a range of multicultural identities. More than half of the people who took part indicated that they had previously resorted to counseling, and just under half had never been a client. The racial significance did not differ in the four experimental conditions (King & Borders, 2019). As a result, the participants’ responses provide a link between the variables and the study’s scope and validity. To What Degree Does the Author Operationalize the Variables? The variable is operationalized in a limited way because the questions and conditions presented on the vignettes are similar for each participant, and they were not delivered within the setting of a real counselor-client relationship and were not applied uniformly to all participants. In one of the analyses, the authors examined the interaction of race and ethnicity and broaching conditions in a two-way MANOVA. King and Borders (2019) say that “a test of debated components with high internal validity, possible with analogue research, could advance the knowledge base on broaching” (p. 343). The research examined broaching components of goals and inclusion of similarities and differences through audiovisual materials of an interaction between a White counselor and an African American client. What Were the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the Study? The study focused on the racial aspect of counseling, and the primary exclusion criterion was the lack of a cross-racial experience in the sphere of counseling with White counselors and Black patients. Participants’ mean age was
Carol Padden and Tom Humphries, the authors of the book, “Deaf in America: voices from a culture”, state their intent in writing the book as that of presenting the culture of Deaf people in America. Carol A. Padden was born deaf and both her parents are deaf. She also has one deaf older brother and some of her relatives (including grandparents) are deaf. Tom L. Humphries became deaf in early childhood. The authors state that their intent is to write about the knowledge, art forms, languages, beliefs, and the everyday lives of deaf people from a purist angle of deaf people, devoid of the label of deafness as a ‘disability’. They present interesting facts about the differences in sign language amongst different countries that reflect different historical, political, and geographical origins of deaf people. The authors present the accounts of different deaf people concerning different topical issues throughout, which make the book captivating. In the first chapter ‘Learning to be deaf’, an account that I found to be most poignant is that of Sam, who relates an occurrence in childhood (Padden and Humphries 12-25). Being deaf (and thus uses sign language to communicate), Sam finds the habit of his playmate of communicating by the ‘odd’ movement of her mouth most shocking. In his mind, young Sam feels his friend is acting oddly. This simple incident reflects the supreme importance of perspective – that deafness as a disability is a simple matter of perspective, and deaf people do not necessarily need pity because in their own unique way, they see themselves as wholesome beings, as shown by that incident. According to the authors, children present some of the most profound analysis of occurrences in the world. The book states that there are various categories of deaf people in the deaf community. There are even distinctions within the descriptive term “deaf”, with a lower-case ‘d’ used when describing the physical state of not being able to hear, and an Upper-case “D” used for defining a collection of deaf people sharing a culture and a common language (sign language). Chapter Three of the book gives the dynamics of this kind of labeling in Deaf culture, a labeling which I found reflecting the labeling that we also as people of hearing engage in. For instance, a student newly arrived in college is labeled a ‘freshman’, a new person in a school might be labeled a “newbie’ or a ‘newcomer’. Similarly, in Deaf culture, there are different labels for a person whose hearing is wholesome but has recently learnt the sign language, persons who are not hard of hearing but have deaf parents, and other such distinctions. It is interesting to note that Deaf people also have their own separate lifestyles and subcultures amongst va
A software patent is one of the intellectual property rights giving a company or individual owners the privileges of preventing others from using, making, or selling patented inventions without approval. For an innovation to be considered patentable, it must meet some criteria. There must be an industrial or commercial way of using it, meaning its software should be used with a machine to ensure it is not merely an abstract idea. The invention should be new, unique, and not obvious to any person with average industry skills (Greenbaum and Herrman 208). However, patentability has led to the public uproar with some experts arguing that software patent is a deterrent to innovation and should be scrapped altogether. The clear line between software and machine, ordinary idea, and patent troll are controversial among other issues. The main concern is how can computer software be patented to prevent other people or firms from using similar programs and performing the same functions from making, selling, or using it. Therefore, the need to look into the patent laws is reasonable and should commence. As a property right grant, a patent protects an inventor from other competitors who might be enjoying more privileges in the market. It is unlike in copyright provisions in which only ideas are protected. Software patent allows the owner to have monopoly over an idea by preventing other entities from developing or selling it. This aspect has been applauded for protecting startups or solo inventors from unhealthy competition from already established companies. Since a patented invention enjoys these protections until the grant’s expiry, large companies with enormous resources cannot copy and develop the same idea. Intellectual property in terms of individual innovations have in the recent past been faced with widespread theft. Some well-established companies, especially in China, hav
The decision-making can be an extremely complex process in multiple situations. This is especially the case when the outcomes will have far-reaching consequences for someone’s life and well-being. The following paper will address the process of the decision-making based on the case of Mrs. Jones, who was offered the bypass operation due to her defective heart valve problem. Overall, the application of the decision table model and decision tree suggests that the best alternative for Mrs. Jones is to agree with the heart surgery because her chances to survive longer are much higher in this case. The decision-making process based on the offered case should be guided by the theoretic framework, which is the decision table and decision tree (Kerzner 75; Kotler 22). The theoretic resources state that adoption of the best decision in each particular situation requires a deep analysis of the existing problem, finding all possible alternatives, identifying the expected outcomes, selecting the applicable decision model, and actually choosing the best alternative (Bourne 7; Segatto and Dante 714). These essential components apply to every decision-making graphic model whether it is the decision table or decision tree (Bowen and Murshid 223). According to the decision tree model, the process of the decision-making in this situation will include such steps as evaluation of outcomes for every alternative and selecting the alternative with the best output (Segatto and Dante 713; Vermeulen and Pyka 2). Implementation of this theoretic information to Mrs. Jones’ case suggests that the first alternative which is the refusal to make an intervention has a poorer outcome for the person than the decision to have the bypass operation. The probability of surviving is higher if the person chooses alternative two. Therefore, the ultimate decision for Mrs. Jones is to agree with the medical doctor’s offer to undergo heart surgery. Fig. 1. Decision tree. The same conclusion can be made based on the usage of the decision table:                                       Outcomes                        Alternative 1 : no operation is done  10% probability to survive      Alternative 2 : operation is done     55% probabilityto survive                                             The best outcome for Mrs. Jones  Fig. 2. Decision table. This model will also demonstrate that the alternative with the best outcome for Mrs. Jones’ is the resolution to agree to the physician’s offer. Other Factors that Need to Be Considered Mrs. Jones’ situation overview has identified the following risks: (1) failure to do the heart surgery results in only 50% chance to survive for one year, 20% chance to survive for two years, and 10% to live 8 years more; (2) 5% of patients do not survive the bypass operation or die during the recovery stage and 45% do not survive the first year; (3) at any development, the physician admits that surviving after the age of 58 is very low. With these striking data, Mrs. Jones needs to approach the decision-making process extremely seriously. Concluding on the information mentioned above, the decision-making process require
Introduction Modernization is a complex phenomenon, which is understood differently by different individuals in the world. People consider modernization as a process through which traditional ideas and values are buried in a silent grave. Science considers modernization as a standardized evolutionary transition from the traditional society into a modern Society. Many scholars and scientists refer modernization as an act of adjusting something to cope with the current prevailing situation. Civilization is an important component of modernization because it involves brushing off the traditional beliefs, values, attitudes, and ideas among individuals in the world. This is meant that modernization is a process that entails bringing renovation, repairs and changing something from the past into the present. Several scientists over the world consider modernization as the process that involves changing a something with an aim of making it to conform to the modern standards. Modernization has originated from the world modernize that refers to changing or altering a something through renovating, repairing and remodeling among others (Gbosoe 5). Discussion There are quite several terms or words that are used to mean the same as modernization for instance, the transformation, reconstruction, renovation and repairing among others. Such words complicate the modernization process as people tries to unveil their usual or real meaning. Many East Asian countries became victims of modernization process long time ago (Ancient times). Among such countries, China and Japan were voted as the most affected nations by modernization process because of the emergent of simple and advanced technologies. Modernization process is considered important though it affects peoples’ cultures in the world. China and Japan through modernization process have achieved new dimensions of culture that contradicts the existing or the traditional ideas, values and beliefs. China underwent two phases of modernization since the start of the 18 th century. These two phases are namely; first modernization and the second modernization. The first modernization phase was deemed necessary because it involves or entails the development of the industries economy. The second modernization phase was concerned with development of the intellectual economy (Meng 9). These two phases altered or changed Chinese cultural system since it eroded the traditional ideas, values, beliefs, and attitudes that were considered critical in the traditional society. For instance, in the pre-modern China people contented themselves with farming that was done or carried out on small-scale systems. The most preferred crops were the indigenous crops