ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Program Description Promoting reading skills among learners is one of the crucial tasks that educators and instructors need to take very seriously. Unless students develop the required reading skills, they will be unable to solve any basic problems that they will have to deal with in literally any domain, including not only workplace issues but also daily life. Herein the significance of reading 180 as a program lies; apart from informing learners on how to read in a manner that will help them gather the necessary information and use it later on properly, it teaches the participants to evolve and educate themselves. When it comes to defining what makes Read 180 so wonderful, one must mention the fact that the program in question helps not merely teaching people to read but also change their lives significantly. The reason for the statement above is that the program under analysis introduces people to the concept of literacy as an integral part of their life: Success in READ 180 is far greater than any test result a student will receive. It means that a student’s life trajectory and their family and community’s success is forever changed for the better. Their success goes beyond college graduation and gives them the option to choose a career that allows them to reach their fullest potential. When success is real, everything changes and we have thousands of stories to prove it. With READ 180, everything changes. ( Success stories , 2015, par. 1) Particularly, Read 180 reinforces the process of learning among the target population by helping the participants focus on the very process of learning. As a result, the premises for learners to engage in the process of metacognition are created (Wong & Wong, 2014). According to the existing definition, the phenomenon in question “is referred to like the idea of an individual considering, being aware of and understanding their own mental and learning process” (Pritchard, 2013, p. 315). This is especially important for adults and adolescent students, which the program embraces; by promoting the understanding of how the learning process occurs, Read 180 reinforces the principle of lifelong learning along with the concept of independence in learning among the participants. As a result, the reading program in question sets the stage for their further acquisition of knowledge and their consistent upgrade. Determining Factors It should be noted that what Read 180 offers is not new; a large variety of programs aimed at increasing literacy rates among the target population exists and suggests innovative approaches to teach people the basics of reading and the related disciplines. However, what makes Read 180 special is the above-mentioned focus on the further learning process, which the current program has to offer. Particularly, Read 180 facilitates its supporters with the skills that can, later on, be used as the basis for developing other important abilities, including extensive memory skills, the ability to analyze and synthesize, etc. The above-mentioned property of the educational program under analysis can be deemed as the determ
What is a personal health record? Person health record (PHR) refers to an Internet based set of tools that allow people to access and coordinate their lifelong health information, and makes it available to those who need it. (Al-Ubaydli, 2011, p13). It is a consumer-centered approach to making comprehensive electronic health records present at any care point while effectively providing care for the patients’ privacy (Egges and Overmas, 2010, p. 95). How are these developed and put onto a computer system? A PHR computer system consists of a data repository that stores PHR data on a cloud data storage system which relies on a number of data centers; and a portal which allows patient access information. Depending on vendors, portal categories may include social networking, health management, financial services and decision support among others (Egges and Overmas, 2010, p. 95). There is no standard way to develop PHR model. However, a desired one can be developed using the following steps:  1. Identity the community health concerns and integrate them as key navigators PHR.  2. Install common PHR details based on literature including patient demographics, allergic reactions, hereditary diseases, chronic diseases, immunization records, blood type and other procedures.  3. Develop and apply specific/Desired field self assessment test. (Citl, et al, 2008, p. 113). How is data secured and accessed? Security is well checked by Most of PHR computer system. Physician should also keep patients information secure. Everyone has the right to view/access their health records. This can be achieved copies of records, or request a summary of the information. Always one should ask and complete the authorization form, which is returned to the facility. For any errors or omission, request for amendment from the organization offering the facility. (Al-Ubaydli, 2011, p. 2) What types of regulations are applicable to these types of systems? There are many existing and proposed procedures and applications that regulate the numerous PHR computer systems. These regulations include accurate and a timely diagnosis, security, network synchronization, documentation and medical equipment and authentication (Egges and Overmas, 1998). To avoid incompatibilities across computer systems during transfer of data, open standards are used. For example, Health Level Seven (HL7) is a consensus standard for electronic data exchange in healthcare. It defines standard formats for sending or receiving data on patient admission, lab results, invoicing, referral, registration and other orders. This makes communication between different departments smooth. Other adopted regulations are: DICOM defines messages for encoding and exchanging medical images, X12 that sets standards for exchanging consents, transfers or invoicing records. CorbaMED provides universal object models for several inter-operating systems. What are the advantages? The benefits of using HPR computer systems are: improves doctor-patient relationship via decision support, communications, and documentation. Usually, HPR is comprehensive
Being one of the most common human behaviors, laughter is not regarded as something strange and worth special studies. It has become a fundamental part of everyday life and, therefore, people do not strive to understand the nature and the importance of this complex phenomenon to make use of it. Laughter is defined as “a regular series of short, vowel like syllables that are usually transcribed in English as ‘ha-ha, ‘ho-ho’ or ‘he-he’” (Provine, 2000, p.1). The combinations of sounds that define laughter are recognized universally which contributes to uniting function of laughter. The latter is instinctive behavior programmed by people’s genes and not in the vocal community in which they grow up (Provine, 2000, p.1). If we consider the process of taking pictures we will observe that photographs often encourage their models to smile as smiling and laughing makes them look better and healthier. In T. Eberhart’s research The Laugh Track to Health (2000) we find that children laugh 400 times a day and adults laugh 15 times a day (p. 15). The low level of adults’ average daily laughing if compared to children’s one is determined by the pressures and stresses adults encounter, because of the increased fastness of living people do not believe it necessary to find time for laughing and, what is more important, they do not see laughing necessary. If adults were aware of positive effects of laughter, the average of laughing would surge. Roughly, laughter can be divided into three types: laughter of pleasure, laughter of social obligation and laughter as relief from tension (Akira, 2001, p. 53). Each of them operates in three domains affecting people’s psychology, health, and social behaviors. Laughter of pleasure can be further classified into “laughter of fulfillment” that occurs when one achieves one’s goal, “laughter of superiority” which occurs when one wins other competitors, “laughter of discord” that takes place at some unexpected denouement, and “laughter of devaluation” that occurs when someone understands that he/she was mistaken in one’s seeing another person (Akira, 2001, p. 54). Laughter of social obligation falls into “laughter of harmony” which occurs when people greet each other, “defensive laughter” which people demonstrate in unpleasant situations to the befuddlement of foreigners, “offensive laughter” that implies any kind of derisive or scornful laughter and “laughter of negation of value” which can be demonstrated by example of someone who arrives late for an appointment (Akira, 2001, p. 55). As for laughter as relief from tension, it occurs when a person’s mental or physical tension has been relieved. The depth of laughter of this kind is determined by the degree of tension (Akira, 2001, p. 55). Below are the functions that different kinds of laughter can carry out. First, laughter can reduce people’s embarrassments. When people are shy or panic they can hardly laugh. On the contrary, when they are released from tension or are relaxed they easily laugh and thus feel more comfortable. When people are embarrassed someone’s friendly smile may turn of much help. For example, wh
Introduction: Desired Client Outcome The counseling session is particularly intended to offer assistance to victims of domestic violence. Targeted clients include women aged between 15-49 years who have been subjected to certain types of sexual and/or physical violence by their intimate partners. Reports indicate that about 30% of women across the world have been subjected to sexual or physical violence from either intimate or non-intimate partners (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). The session will offer women victims of domestic violence a chance to learn critical aspects of the kinds of conduct that constitute the problem as well as its impacts. Clients will learn the regulations meant to mitigate the problem and the Cycle of Violence model. They will also be oriented about what they need to do to escape and/or recover from the effects of domestic violence. The problem can lead to lasting mental and physical impacts on individuals but educational group sessions can help treat its effects. After the session, the clients will have learned the effects of spousal abuse and domestic violence not only on the issue but also on their families (Susmitha, 2016). The clients should be able to appreciate the paramount consideration of their wellbeing as well as their families. Time Allocation 10 minutes: Introduction The counselor will spend the first 10 minutes introducing to the clients the notion of domestic violence, the cycle of violence, its effects, its different forms, its causes, and the overall learning outcomes of the session. Before the brief discussion of these concepts, the counselor will briefly interact with the clients to create a good rapport with them before the session. 15 minutes: Understanding Domestic Violence This will be the first counseling activity where the counselor assists the women to appreciate the concepts of domestic violence and the ways of identifying the various kinds of violence. The method will involve a discussion in which the counselor engages the women to create some lists from their answers. 15 minutes: Cycle of Violence This section focuses on helping the women victims of domestic violence to comprehend the reasons behind the issue. Here, the counselor will help the clients understand that certain justifications for domestic violence as often mentioned by people are mythical. The method will involve discussions on the Cycle of Violence model, issuance of handouts, and the overall causes of the issue as well as the local myths about domestic violence. 15 minutes: Domestic Violence from a Legal Perspective This section concentrates on helping the clients to appreciate that the issue is prohibited by the law and that the perpetrators of domestic violence should be penalized for the abusive conduct. The counselor will explain to the clients that domestic violence is a pressing issue in the public arena and is no longer considered a private affair. The method will involve discussion questions and analysis of various copies of domestic violence laws. 5 minutes: Conclusion The counselor summarizes what will have been covered in the entire educational group session. The desired client outcome from
Abdel Bari Atwan is regarded as a knowledgeable Al Qaeda expert who has concentrated on the activities of the organisations for more than fifteen years. Atwan is the editor-in-chief of one of the most renowned Islamic newspapers based in the western world, Al Quds al-Arabi. The journalist interviewed Osama bin Laden in the 1990s. Atwan has also developed certain connections with members of the organisation. Therefore, the journalist has information which comes from reliable sources within the organisation. The author’s latest book, After bin Laden: Al-Qaeda, the Next Generation , is an extensive analysis of the organisation which lost its leader. In his book, the author argues that even though the organisation has lost its leader, it has not lost its grip. According to Atwan, the organisation is now “stronger and more widespread than ever”, and it is present in all continents (13). The author notes that the assassination of bin Laden made him a martyr whose message is being spread all over the world. Atwan also states that the assassination of the leader haunted by a variety of groups contributed to the development of the organisation as Al Qaeda has evolved into something bigger than an organisation. It is now “an ideology” which does not “depend upon a centralised leadership” (Atwan 14). The author stresses that numerous smaller groups are operating globally. The journalist claims that the organisation has developed new strategies focusing on the cyber world. Atwan concludes that the organisation has become a more serious threat to the western world as the influence of Al Qaeda is strong in the countries of the Middle East and Africa. Needless to add, that Al Qaeda’s rule in these regions may dramatically change the geopolitical situation as these countries have significant amounts of natural resources. It is necessary to state that the book can be a valuable contribution to such disciplines as Middle East Studies and Political Science as it provides insights into the development of an organisation which has a considerable impact on several societies in different parts of the world. Atwan employs some theories and concepts in his book. For instance, he exploits The Three Degrees of Influence Theory to analyse th
Introduction Family Values and Their Gradual Change The American family institution has undergone impressive changes over the past few decades. The technological breakthrough that has been witnessed on the specified time slot has affected how people interact and, thus, build their family relationships. How modern relationships develop is strikingly different from the one that was viewed as a norm several decades ago. Even though some of the current tendencies might seem troubling, however, they need to be regarded as the product of their time. When placed in the context, some of the alterations such as the propensity toward a more elaborate approach toward marriage and family life, are entirely legitimate, whereas others, such as the tendency to restrict face-to-face interactions because of the exposure to modern media, need to be addressed. Current Tendencies and the Factors That Define Them The vast and rapid rise in the levels of diversity, by which contemporary American society is defined, has affected American families significantly. Particularly, there has been a strong propensity toward multicultural families and interracial marriages, according to the study conducted by Livingston and Brown (11). The specified trend can be regarded as very positive since it signifies people’s willingness to overcome cultural stereotypes and prejudices to engage in cross-cultural relationships. The fact that young people tend to be more dependent on their parents and have their families at an older age than the previous generations should also be listed among the key changes (Fry). Meaning of Changes: Families Gradually Shrinking The identified shift in the values and behaviors of young people has affected the structure of a modern American family to a certain extent (“Child Trends/Databank Indicator/Families and Parenting”). Particularly, the fact that people start families only after they have a career indicates that modern young adults tend to be more careful in their evaluation of their opportunities (“Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families”). Thus, contemporary young people can be defined as quite reasonable in their decision to focus on building a career and building a system of financial resources on which they will be able to rely in the future to support their family (Livingston and Brown 12). On the other hand, the fact that young people stay with their parents for a significantly larger amount of time than the generations preceding them shows that there has been a drop in responsibility levels. As a result, the modern American family is becoming increasingly older and significantly less numerous as far as the number of children is concerned (“Parenting in America”). Divorce rates have also grown significantly (Cohen 539). While family ties may remain strong, they are fewer than they used to be (Fry). Nevertheless, it can be argued that the observed changes are representative of the new environment in which American families are built. Without reflecting modern realities, families would become very vulnerable to external factors such as financial pressure
Among the essential components of organizational structure and performance is communication. Communication acts as the prime mechanism through which integration and coordination of activities in an organization among the specific specialized units at various levels can be attained (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). Communication in an organizational setting can be either upward, horizontal, or downward (FAO, 2011). Horizontal communication, which is used for connecting related functions, work units and segments in an organization, was used in Bradley Metals Company. It facilitated communication between superintendents, supervisors and machine operators. Downward communication also took place in this organization. Since it is a superior-subordinate communication, the superintendents had supervisors who worked under them and had operators to give instructions to (FAO, 2011). Upward communication, which serves as a feedback system was also used. Operators were to report to the supervisors who would in turn report to the superintendent. However, some employees scratched other people’s cars. Shajan (2007) says that, this can be interpreted as a nonverbal way of sending messages of dissatisfaction to the management. Analysis of Behaviour using Organizational Behaviour Theory Organizational behaviour concerns itself with issues of how organizations affect individuals’ behaviour and how ultimately individuals influence the organization (Duncan, 2003). The American Brass Company used administrative theory put forward by Fayol whose elements are accomplishment of tasks (1999). Administrative theory embraces management principles and concepts of line and staff, committee and roles of management (Fayol, 1999). In Bradley Metal Company, the management acknowledged the need for division of labour, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of direction, and personnel remuneration. The distinctive feature of Bradley Metal Company was the concept of remuneration of personnel. In this company, individuals were rewarded bonuses apart from their salaries and this was a motivation factor. Thus, individuals worked hard and would seldom waste time. This facilitated the concept of Esprit de corps among the employees and thus promoting efficiency (Fayol, 1999). Adams Machine Tools Ltd. instituted some changes that offset the original balance within the organisation. They cancelled the bonuses thus demoralizing the employees. This in turn broke the Esprit de corps that empl
Introduction According to Babbie (2009), surveys originate from ancient times in Egypt. Egyptian rulers used surveys during the time of Christ through census. Today, survey research helps to collect information for survey report. Survey, in business research, helps the business person know his target market, understand and meet the customers’ needs. Surveys also help in getting feedback from the customers concerning the products or services that a business entity offers. According to Babbie (2009), research helps to explore topics, describe situations and explain an occurrence or situation. How to construct a questionnaire Questionnaires help in finding useful information that could help in a research project. They help in collecting data and bringing out varied points of view. Babbie (2009), states that the layout and format that one chooses to use in a questionnaire are of immense importance in relation to the information he wants to get and analyse in the business research. A questionnaire should not make the respondent miss or misinterpret the question since this will lead to a wrong response. The wording used in a questionnaire should be able to encourage quick understanding and correct response. Difficult questionnaires could be thrown aware or ignored by the respondent. The questions in a questionnaire should be well spread out to ensure that they appear in an organized manner. Organization helps the respondent to have an easy way of answering questions and giving a proper response to the questions. This information will also help the researcher create a well organized methodology that will help others understand the research well. According to Babbie (2009), the questions should not be clustered. The use of abbreviations and incorporation of several questions in a single line is not advisable in a questionnaire. This is because some respondents might misinterpret the abbreviation and give a wrong answer to the question. Combining several questions to form one long question will make the respondent demoralized. This is because; people prefer answering many short questions to few long questions. This move could make the respondent give up on answering the questions or give wrong answers. Long questions are difficult for the respondent to understand. The processing of these clustered questions during data analysis is also a tough task for the interviewer. The way the researcher phrases his questions in the questionnaire could impact positively or negatively to the research project. A questionnaire that has well organized questions, for instance, will make it easy for the respondent to give correct answers. A questionnaire with complicated phrases is difficult for the respondent to understand. The questionnaire, therefore, should include direct, well-structured questions that help to get facts and no