ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While engaging in decision-making or analysis, one should consider various factors, depending on how many parties participate in the process. It is essential to determine who is responsible for the success or failures when the latter can be amended, or the deadline, and the costs. Other aspects are also relevant, so asking oneself what is the target, even if it is obvious, and why the situation is stable, better than anticipated, or has shortcomings, may be useful. Pondering over additional options by highlighting who else might perform the tasks and whether any extensions are possible to address the issues is also beneficial. Thus, almost all of the presented questions appear to be instrumental in doing an internal analysis. The most difficult part is, arguably, underlining how something can be done, as there is no immediate solution to it, and the answer will be different depending on the role. Moreover, one question is not sufficient, as the particulars for every participant and stage should be clear-cut (Forest et al., 2020). The one performing the analysis is to consider how to handle the issues and act if they have to be held accountable for the failure (Forest et al., 2020). Other questions may include the ways to facilitate the personnel’s skills to achieve the best result and implement another strategy if the original one does not work as intended (Forest et al., 2020). It is, perhaps, reasonable to address how every minor detail functions to ensure that as few obstacles as possible will arise in the future. Furthermore, analyzing the techniques used in previous cases will also help avoid faulty judgment. Altogether, the how question requires many subsets to clarify every element in the analysis, which might be challenging, but it is useful for determining the existing issues and addressing the potential ones. Reference Forrest, J.-L. Y., Nicholls, J., Schimmel, K., & Liu, S. (2020). Managerial decision making: A holistic approach . Springer.
Western International Law and China’s Confucianism in the 19 th century The article entitled “Western International Law and China’s Confucianism in the 19 th century. Collision and Integration” written by Yang Zewei explores the relationship between Confucianism in China and Western international law. The author claims that since China’s legal and diplomatic system was based on the concept of the Celestial Empire, it was not until the Opium Wars that the international law began to influence China, colliding and eventually integrating with Chinese law. Zewei provides a characterization of the Tributary System and the concept of the Celestial Order of China, the impact of international law on China’s Confucianism worldview, and the process of integration of international law into Chinese legal system. Zewei concludes by emphasizing that the influence of international law, including the collision with Confucianism, facilitated the process of modernization of China. The author provides several final characteristics of the process of collision and integration, such as China’s compromise as the outcome of two opposed standpoints, the pressure to acknowledge the international law exerted by the Western world, and the importance of integration of China’s Confucianism with international law for the country’s modernization. The Politics of NGOs, Human Rights, and Arab-Israeli Conflict The article entitled “The Politics of NGOs, Human Rights, and Arab-Israeli Conflict” written by Gerald M. Steinberg examines the activity of non-governmental organizations and their influence on Arab-Israeli political conflict. Steinberg pinpoints the reason for the NGOs influential activities, which is their “soft power”, or the capacity of convincing people by means of attraction rather than force. The author emphasizes that NGOs have grown into political powers over the recent years, especially in the case of Arab-Israeli conflict. They have gained influence through media coverage and due to numerous sources of funding. Steinberg indicates several drawbacks of NGOs, such as a lack of transparency, accountability, and the system of checks and balances. The author concludes by recommending a necessary course of action. In order to solve the current problems, it is necessary to improve NGOs’ transparency of the organization and funding sources, improve accountability, and implement the system of checks-and-balances. Human Rights and Business The article entitled “Human Rights and Business” written by Cragg, Arnold, and Muchlinski examines the issue of human rights on the level of international discussion. The authors point out that even though this issue was widely debated throughout the centuries, the first documented discussion by the international organizations did not take place until the 1980s when the UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations was drafted (Cragg, Arnold, and Muchlinski 1). In the 1990s, the issue of human rights fin
The society functions under the impact of a diversity of factors that result in the inequality of its members. For example, the wage gap is one of such inequalities. Nevertheless, the wage gender gap, which is traditionally observed between male and female employees, has another aspect. Thus, there is an issue known as the “motherhood penalty,” which appears when a female employee with a child or children becomes less competitive on the labor market compared not only to male colleagues but females without children as well. This paper describes the importance of the concept of “motherhood penalty” for sociological theory, relates this issue to the feminist theory, and analyses the results of a laboratory experiment dedicated to motherhood penalty consequences for employment in comparison to those of fatherhood. Correll, 1 Benard and Paik (2007) conduct a survey to reveal the existence of the wage penalty for mothers. The study attempts to check the impact of motherhood on the employment opportunities of a woman. The study is related to some sociological theories. First of all, it is connected to a feminist theory, which is one of the important directions in contemporary sociology. It is explicit throughout the article, mainly in the aspects where the meaning of motherhood and fatherhood are involved. Therefore, the work by Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) can be included as the “sociological theory canon” due to a number of reasons. The major factor for the importance of the mentioned study is its discriminative character. For instance, there is evidence that mothers on the whole and young mothers, in particular, have fewer chances for successful employment than their male rivals or females without children. Therefore, it is discrimination not only by gender but by the social position. Mothers are evaluated as employees that are less dedicated to their work and demonstrate less competence and commitment. Also, their competency rating is estimated to be 10% less than that of non-mothers (Correll, Benard, & Paik, 2007). Moreover, the starting salary of mothers is traditionally lower than that of non-mothers and fathers. The complex of these factors creates the concept of a motherhood penalty. On the whole, the work is theoretical. It is supported by preliminary empirical findings from the earlier studies. These investigations provide evidence for status-based discrimination. Thus, another theory applicable to the case under discussion is that of status characteristics. This theory is also explicit throughout the study. Still, the facts of discriminative behavior towards women are not limited to the payment sphere. The mentioning of a child in the application form automatically decreases the chances of being employed because their competence is considered to be lower. Also, gender roles have a significant impact on the perception of mothers as employees. Thus, it is generally accepted that mothers are more concentrated on children. Therefore, their concentration on work and job commitment is expected to be lower than that of non-mothers or male employees. Finally, the authors provide some empirical predictions that al
Introduction No faith in contemporary society is as feared and misconceived as Islam. It covers the general view as an extreme religion that supports terrorism, authoritarian leadership, gender imbalance, and civil war. In a fundamental review of this short story of Islam and condensing years of thoughts and writing about the issue, Karen Armstrong demonstrates that the world’s fastest-growing faith is a much more complex phenomenon than its modern fundamentalist strain might suggest. Karen Armstrong writes that the depiction of Islam as a violent, backward, and closed tradition should come to a conclusion. She goes deep into Islamic history and draws the mark of Islamic story that started with the stirred revelation in an Arab businessperson called Muhammad. Muhammad identifies with the poor, whom society left in the process of modernization. These acts set the pace for the story of a religious faith that values society as a manifestation of God. Armstrong demonstrates political and religious history of the Muslim world, starting with the Koran revelation to Muhammad in 610 AD through to the present days. She covers the early Muslim leaders of the 7 th century and the first trial, which brought civil war in the Arab states. She discusses modern democracy of the western world and its influence on Islamic faith. Finally, Armstrong talks of Muslim fundamentalism, not as a problem of Islamic faith alone, but as a world phenomenon. Development and culmination During the development of Islamic religion, Islamic faith experienced divisions among the Shiites, Sufis and Sunnis. The divisions can be attributed to the fact that religious leaders of the time experienced worldly changes, which consumed them just like politicians. Armstrong notes that this power struggle is an abuse of a sacred ideal. Religion is not about power struggle. Muslim faith passed a period of transition. During the period of Abbasid in 9 th century, the Muslims used their religion to adapt to numerous political changes that finally brought down the caliphate and ushered in the Sunni Iranian dynasty. Armstrong notes another significant development in the 14 th century was when Muslims subjugated to the Mongols. This prepared the Muslims for the imperial rule of the Ottoman Empire, and finally the arrival of Western powers (Armstrong 41). Armstrong writes that the faith of Islam main duty is to create a just society where all members experience equal treatment and respect. History had negative effects on Islamic faith. Muslim religion had its own rituals, philosophy, laws, mysticism, laws, shrine and sacred writings just like any other religion. Political well-being of Muslims is fundamental. They expected their states to measure up to the ideals of Quran. Muslims visualized their faith to be in jeopardy and of no ultimate life’s purpose if their leaders were cruel, and if faithfuls faced threats from irreligious enemies
Franklin Booth and Howard Chandler Christy are two renowned artists of the ages. The main reason of considering the two artists is due to their great contribution in the arts business. Their work led to many people aspiring to be artist. Their art work was also used by varied public Medias in conveying their information. They worked as illustrators in different magazine publishing firms. Franklin Booth was born in 1874 in Indiana where he lived in separation in one firm. His determination in becoming an artist made him study all the artistic works that he could access. He could spend some of his time studying art works from Scribner’s, Harpers and other magazines that existed on that time. During this time the industry had not fully evolved and people could only represent their work by impression images on pieces of woods. Booth could reproduce what he saw on those articles on papers using pencils. By the time he embarked on his career as an artist, the technology had become of age thus allowing him to articulate his work. In his work, Booth integrated very old appeals and tremendous artistry. He could use numerous lines each placed in strategic positions to represent elevated and royal scenes. Franklin Booth attended his school in Academy of Westfield HS and Chicago Art institute where he developed his career as an artist. He worked as commercial, book and magazine illustrator. He was mainly a commercial artist and his works appeared in magazines such as Harpers and The century magazines. He also developed advertising boards for various businesses which includes Wallace silver, Paramount Pictures and Whitman’s Candy. He contributed to the Great War by helping in the development of booklets and death certificates for the soldiers killed in the war. He also illustrated various posters that were used in recruiting people to the Red Cross. Most of his drawings were made using ink lines but they preserved a candidness that was hard to confuse. His personal confidence and sincere belief in his work has made his work still useful to most of the current artists. Most of his designs are still sought by advertising firms. He could barely express ideas or theoretical concepts through pictures as he could illustrate his feelings. Some of the qualities that made his work excellent were his agility with his pen as well as his imagination. His work appealed to most of his fans as it depicted things that were about to happen (Been publishing I’m back Par. 1-9). Howard Chandler Christy was a well-known American artist during late nineteenth century. He was born in1873 in Ohio and spent most of his early life with his parents. As a child, his mother could encourage him to perfect his work as a painter and rough artist. In 1890, Christy left his parents’ home and moved to New York City with an aim of training as artist. He registered as an art student in Art Student League but later dropped out of the League due to lack of money to support his training. He spent some time with his parents before going back to New York where he got an opportunity to continue with his studies under William Merritt Chase. C
Individuals from lower socioeconomic status (SES) have worse health compared to individuals from higher SES. This comparison gains its support from the frequency of illness, the seriousness of the illness, mortality rates. Lower SES is associated with risk behaviors leading to crop up of diseases. SES relationship with health exists as a gradient this is because an increase in SES leads to benefiting change in health aspects. SES has many effects on the health of an individual, including exposure to venom, the eminence of medical care, and behavioral factors. Children from lower SES undergo unconstructive life events. As a result, stress leads to a broad range of depressing biological and health upshots in children, making stress prove as one of the factors linking SES to health disparities. Apart from stress, psychosomatic grief also plays a critical role in one’s health. The unpleasant social environment in which lower SES- persons grow leads to them facing challenging and emotional events compared to individuals from higher SES. Failure of young children to cope with psychological distress leads to the unsound health of an individual. (Fernandez, Lanier, Johnston, Pandurang & Victor, 2007). Economic strain may also lead to an individual from lower SES developing negative individual attributes. A child from lower SES, due to inferiority feelings may develop a mistrust of other children from the sound neighborhood and become more hostile. His hostility may hamper his health. The children from lower SES compared to those from higher SES, may also become less sanguine about their future resulting in the creation of an illness environment in their bodies. (Blas & Kurup, 2010). Children from lower SES compared to those from higher SES may avoid fit behaviors, such as intake of a healthy diet and exercising. They may also indulge themselves in drinking alcohol and not smoking. However, this may be due to the availability of resources. For example, individuals from lower SES find difficulties in purchasing dietary ingredients. On the other hand, children from lower SES have proved to be more hostile compared to children from higher SES. This may lead to children from lower SES lacking enough playgrounds. Access to health care is also another factor that may contribute to differences between children from higher SES and those from lower SES. Individuals from low ranks of social resources may have less access to public goods leading to them
A lot of researchers consider that the usage of language is one of the main features that designate the humans from the inferior species. Moreover, the use of language grants the humans with the opportunity to express their thoughts, concentrating, news, and innovative notions and share them with other people in an effective fashion as well. Besides, after more than a few years of examination, the researchers have established that language could be applied as an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts. This determination could be explained by the fact that the course of language needs a person to apply a lot of the abilities and/or roles, which are unswervingly connected to the doctrines of cognitive psychology. Additionally, several of these abilities and/or roles contain the cognitive capability to pay consideration, obtain and distinguish material, apply verbal cerebral imaginings, stock and regain remembrance, provide the solve to various issues, object, and create conclusions. For that reason, this essay will discourse the language and its application as a passable demonstration of the information, which was delivered by several elements of the cognitive psychology concepts. The cognitive insurrection of the 1950s conveyed a different inquiry towards the relations amid language and cognition: is the language the similar kind of cerebral unit as other mental capacities, or is it essentially diverse? A symbol of contemporary cognitive discipline is the objective of emerging a philosophy of cognition influential sufficiently to cover every human cerebral capability, as well as language capabilities. An established disagreement distresses two methods of theorizing the fundamental strategy of cognition. One of the methods suggests that general-determination procedures and instruments deliver a substance for all variations of human intellect. The researchers denote this phenomenon as the overall purpose cognition. Another approach towards theorizing human perception highlights the alterations amongst language and other capabilities. A crucial notion of the approach is that a lot of separate areas of cognition occur and have to be studied distinctly, by the means of applying dissimilar cerebral appliances. This method is mentioned as the ‘modularity of cognition’, or ‘mental modules’ methodology. At first sight, it can appear to be conflicting with the interdisciplinary essence of cognitive discipline and the probability of a combined philosophy of cognition. Nevertheless, the combining philosophy is the hypothesis of separate mental units that are thought to have progressed in order to complete explicit responsibilities. These tasks could be applicable
With the rapid changes in society as well as the rise of new threats such as cybercrime, the law enforcement is faced with some major challenges as to the adaptation to the modern environment and facilitation of security practices that will protect the population from the emerging threats. Similar to the way the law enforcement had to employ new practices to comply with the technological advancements of DNA and fingerprint recognition in the 1980’s, the modern enforcement forces should go through extensive training to understand the existing trends and learn to use them to their advantage. Therefore, the first challenge is a technological one. To better serve and protect the communities, law enforcement organizations should be in tune with the unfolding of new technologies, make amendments in existing policies with regards to the use of technology, and be prepared for change. What is the most challenging is the abandonment of the old and ineffective practices that many agencies still use because of their resistance to change. It is crucial to understand that the innovation will only facilitate successful enforcement interactions and provide security to the community. The problem of adaptation to the technological progress and the incorporation of new advancements into the law enforcement practice can be resolved through extensive training of the personnel. While physical training is important, educating law enforcement officers about how they can use technologies in their operations will lift the existing barriers and provide agencies with room for growth. Surveillance, unmanned aerial vehicles, DNA recognition technologies, crime prediction software, mapping, and lie detection are all innovative technologies that law enforcement can use to achieve better crime clearance outcomes. While technology is considered the primar
Salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous infections which exists in the modern world. Many people (especially infants and children) suffer from this infection every year. Eggs are the sources for the infection. Layer-hen breeding farms are created with the purpose to increase the level of eggs and fowl on the markets. At the same time, the violation of different norms, regulations and laws may be harmful not only to the industry but to the whole society. The infection is identified after 4-7 hours of bad products consumption, and may be led to hospitalization. The research shows that acute salmonellosis is a reason for death of 400 people every year (“Salmonella”). The main focus of the discussion is a risk assessment of Salmonella hazards on the layer-hen breeding farms from different perspectives, managers, regulatory agents and scientists. Industry Manager’s Brief The highest risk the managers may wait for is the occurrence of salmonella on the whole farm, when all the products are infected. The hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) are created with the purpose to help managers conduct that control. The managers on the layer-hen breeding farms should conduct the following actions on the basis of HACCP: analyze hazards; identify critical control points; provide some preventive actions; monitor critical control points’ correct some procedures, if necessary; test the manufacturing to make sure it works properly and organize a work in such a way that the HACCP documentary is record-kept effectively (Swanger). On the basis of the mentioned steps, the managers of the layer-hen breeding farms should test for salmonella poultry and identify whether the required norms are met, check whether the current food safety regulations are appropriate, highlight the risk, appoint those who are going to be responsible for monitoring the jeopardy, reduce it in case of occurring, and provide some changes to the manufacturing process if necessary. The critical control points. Managers should know that if Salmonella enterica is found in the waste areas of the farm, the whole area should be disinfected as well as the checking actions should be provided on the farm. The instances of Salmonella Enteritidis in trash show that problem has affected the whole production chain. The isolation of the trash from the production may only the reduce problem rate, not eliminate it (Davies, Liebana and Breslin 234). The manager of the farm is legally responsible for the products he/she supplies the markets with, so he/she is responsible for the food safety. Following the rules of production, managers still cannot protect their products from hazards of infection. Still, there are three key legal obligations managers should provide to assure product safety, “assurance programs on farms, the rapi