ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Erikson’s theory of development describes eight stages which occur at a certain time of life (from infancy to old age) and are associated with specific developmental crises and tasks (Erikson, Erikson, & Kivnick, 1986; Malone, Liu, Vaillant, Rentz, & Waldinger, 2016). Erikson viewed the ability to meet these tasks and resolve these crises as important for one’s identity formation and mental health (Malone et al., 2016). Today, the theory is used as a framework for the development of humans (Knight, 2017; Malone et al., 2016). Furthermore, it has been employed to customize therapy (Marcia & Josselson, 2013). Therefore, I can apply it to my personal experience and reflect on my identity formation. The Relation of the Theory to the First Four Stages of my Life When using Erikson’s theory of development, it may be necessary to review the prior stages since they can affect each subsequent one. The first stage of development is infancy, in which children are balancing the feeling of trust and mistrust (Kalat, 2013; Malone et al., 2016). As I still struggle when establishing social relations, I believe that at that point, I was not successful in developing trust. The second stage is early childhood, and its critical conflict is autonomy versus shame and doubt (Malone et al., 2016). I think that I was successful there and developed a sense of control over my abilities because I have not experienced any issues with autonomy in my adolescent life. The third stage is the preschool age, during which the sense of initiative or guilt is formed (Kalat, 2013). I have struggled with a sense of guilt over my decisions in adolescence, which makes me think that I was not successful then. The fourth stage is referred to as the school age. During it, the sense of industry or inferiority is established (Kalat, 2013). I believe that I have developed a sense of inferiority due to my academic struggles, which resulted in doubts and problems with decision-making. With the mentioned successes and failures, I entered the fifth stage: my adolescence. My Personal Development of Adolescent Characteristics According to Erikson, the fifth stage involves the task of acquiring one’s identity, which can either be a success or lead to role confusion (Malone et al., 2016). I believe I made some progress in my identity formation during adolescence. For example, I developed a relatively good understanding of my character. The five positive characteristics I have are honesty, loyalty, compassion,
Introduction Any of the proven pedagogical methods for teaching early literacy should not be neglected. The use of literacy bags addresses family involvement, instilling a love of learning, and controlling homeschooling. This paper provides a detailed and illustrative look at the topic of literacy bags. Literacy Bag: What is it? Literacy instruction has been successfully implemented by families outside of school. A literacy bag is a physical set of useful teaching materials. The contents of the bag depending on the topic being taught and the teacher’s intentions. The bags are regularly updated to keep learning relevant. Growth of Family Involvement Among others, literacy bags strengthen the parent-teacher relationship by embracing four positive goals at once. Forming partnerships: both parents and teachers are interested in achieving a common outcome but have individual spectrums of responsibility. Developing an economic approach: the literacy sack lending system raises issues such as respect, collaboration, and accountability. Strengthening parent-child relationships: this allows for a connection between child and adult, which will eventually have a positive effect on the teacher-pupil relationship as well. Informing parents: from the teacher, parents can learn about various useful sources and use them in their homeschooling practices. Advantages for: Child   * practicing one’s knowledge;   * improving specific literacy skills;   * developing trusting relationships with adults;   * learning to do tasks on their outside of school;   * fun activities. Advantages for: Parents   * building a constructive relatio
On June 2006 President Bill Clinton praised the completion of the Human Genome project as a great step towards developing a healthy human kind. However, he did not infer to the beginning of an era of high sales in the industry. In less than a decade dealers in genetic tests and dietary supplements have flooded the web hawking nutritional genetics. They claim that they are able to look at a person’s genetic information and decipher what the individual should eat to promote good health. This has led to a worrying trend whereby commercialization of gene detection technology has taken place even before the scientists have gained a good understanding on how specific genes affect health or disease (Hercher, 2007). Sciona for example, a small British firm has a product called Cleff which can be obtained through their site. The client is to fill a questionnaire with some personal details such as weight, age, smoking status and provide a DNA sample from saliva. In return the client is provided with an analysis report of his or her gene structure as well as how the person should eat and exercise. There has also been an increasing demand of gene tests whereby one unidentified dealer made sales of over 35,000 within three years starting in 2003. Investors have also identified this field as a potential market for future profits (Hercher, 2007). Governments and consumer groups have opposed this trend. For instance, Sciona withdrew its products from the UK and shifted to the US when the Human Genetics commission threatened to investigate its dealings. The US Government Accountability Office (G.A.O) also carried out an investigation in to the operation of these companies due to an increasing concern of direct marketing of gene tests. They sent profiles of fictitious consumers to the testing companies and received assessment reports as well as dietary recommendations. G.A.O. found out that these companies misled consumers because some of the assessment reports provided could not be determined from questionnaires and genetic results only (Hercher, 2007). Some of the information provided to customers was so ambiguous and medically unproven. Hence, they did not offer any meaningful information. For instance, some companies provided only general information on how the customer should exercise and eat, such as those obtained in health magazines. These included advising smokers to stop smoking, non-smokers not to start smoking and those eating junk food to change their eating habits. Some of the reports sent to cus
A decision to buy a car is one of the most important a person makes during his/her life as a member of human society. This fact has two main explanations. The first one is social and the second one is financial. We are going to speak about them in more detail further. Buying a car presupposes certain preparations and even studying for a buyer. There is a set of things that every buyer must know to make a successful car purchase. Among them the most important ones are credit report, car financing, car warranty and insurance, accessories and, a point of crucial importance is the place where you decide to purchase an automobile. Now let us take a brief look at each of these points in an attempt to calculate the cost of owning a car. If we speak about a price, even an approximate one, we should decide whether we are buying a new or a used car. I suggest that we take a new car as an example in this report. When you decide to make a car purchase you have one more point to think over: buy a car for cash or take a car loan at a certain bank. As most people do not have the whole sum of money in cash, a more common way of purchasing a car is a loan. What is urgently needed in this case is your credit report which you can get at one of the nation’s credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian, and Trans Union. The report contains data about the buyer, his or her credit history, and information about any debts if any. Based on your credit report the credit score is calculated according to which the lender decides what interest rate to charge you and the time you have to pay the loan. Car financing involves all the expenses on a car: from buying it up to its maintenance, repairs, and buyin
What is/has been the role of APTN in aboriginal communities?  1. APTN which stands for Aboriginal Peoples Television Network is a cable and broadcasting television network in Canada that focuses on aboriginal communities. Canadian aboriginal people are the indigenous people of Canada. This paper will look at the role of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in the aboriginal communities.      1.   2. APTN describes itself as the first aboriginal television channel formed by the aboriginal people, for aboriginal people, and about the aboriginal people. However, they also add that they would like to share this experience with other Canadians and the rest of the audiences worldwide. It is true that there is no other 100% aboriginal T.V station in the world. The company’s headquarters are based in Winnipeg Canada. The company is privately owned and just like another broadcasting company derives its revenue through such means as advertising revenues models, affiliation models, and strategic partnerships. APTN was launched on 1 st September 1999. The company was originally formed as TVNC (Television Northern Canada) in the late 1980s; TVNC was formed after the recognition of the need for mass media for the northern aboriginal people. The company was partly funded by the government in its formation through a grant. Currently, the station can be received all over Canada.      1.   3. Who are the aboriginal people of Canada? The term aboriginal people refers to people are have lived in a place (country and region) since the earliest known time. The term aboriginal is a synonym for
According to Pillitteri (2009), the Maternal Child Health section refers to the section or department in a hospital that deals with treatment, prevention, and control of diseases. These diseases affect the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. The services offered in this section range from family planning, preconception, prenatal to postnatal care. These services are usually offered to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. For this paper, pregnancy period, childbirth, and postnatal care will be given attention (Hodnett, 2003). Childbirth refers to the process of expelling a newborn infant from the woman’s uteruses. Research shows that induced labor and cesarean have adverse health effects on the fetus and neonate women. Women die in developing countries every minute from pregnancy-related complications at childbirth. The World Health Organization considers poor maternal conditions during delivery as the main contributing factor to the high maternal mortality rate (Hodnett, 2003). In addition, poor health provision services during childbirth are another main cause of high maternal mortality. This is ranked fourth after HIV/AIDS, malaria, and Tuberculosis. The majority of these deaths arise from biological processes, which could be prevented if quality services are offered at the maternal section both during birth and post-delivery period. Quality of care does provide expectant women with adequate and correct medical care during the post-delivery period. It should provide women with all the available medical procedures and options for them to choose and elaborate on the benefits. It facilitates adherence to each of the procedures and assists the expectant women make the best decision that is beneficial to them and the unborn. Maternity care should be safe, effective, and timely. Performance is highly essential in the delivery process (Pillitteri, 2009). The data collection tools that can be used in gathering performance data are in-depth interviews with the care provider and the patient, an observation checklist, and focused group discussions. The in-depth interview is a qualitative data collection method that usually takes the form of a confidential and secure conversation between the interviewer and the respondent (Pillitteri, 2009). The interviewer usually has a pre-structured series of questions to help in the interview process. This ensures that no significant information is left unanswered, and assists at the analysis stage in report writing. This method is critical since it gives an insight into the individual evaluation of the issue at hand that is being focused on. Therefore, during the process of in-depth interviews, the interviewer could interrogate the health care provider or the patient to get more information. The interview always takes place in a private place to ensure that the respondent is in a comfortable situation that he is ready to listen and reply to the interviewer questions adequately. The interview usually varies and may take an hour or two w
Definition of Meaningful Learning Richard E. Mayer defines learning using three different approaches that are guided by student’s abilities to grasp and understand new ideas. This scholar believes that the process of learning cannot be complete without knowledge retention and transfer. Knowledge retention refers to the ability of students to understand and remember various concepts taught in class (Mayer 226). For instance, if students are taught the importance of democracy, they should remember concepts like justice and equality that are important in explaining democratic systems. He defines no learning as a process where students are taught different concepts, but can neither remember nor apply them in real life to solve problems. According to Mayer, no learning occurs when students do not remember the key concepts of a subject and how to use them in real life. The student does not possess any knowledge about a topic and thus cannot use its concepts to answer questions (Mayer 228). There is neither knowledge retention nor transfer, and this means that, in this case, no learning takes place. Sharon Alayne Widmayer’s Schema Theory explains that the process of interpreting various messages relies on the experience and understanding of an individual (Widmayer 1). The theory explains that meaningful learning should occur in a familiar context to ensure students understand the meaning and application of concepts. Secondly, he defines rote learning as a process where students read and grasp key concepts regarding various subjects, but they cannot explain or use them to answer questions. In this case, Mayer explains that students can remember and even list the concepts taught in class. However, they cannot use them to answer questions that require the application of these concepts to solve problems. In this case, students retain knowledge, but cannot transfer and use it to solve problems. For instance, students can understand laws and even list them according to their categories. However, they cannot transfer their knowledge of these laws and apply them in explaining real life issues. Lastly, he defines meaningful learning as the process where students grasp concepts and retain them. They can use them to answer questions and solve problems that require the application of concepts and explaining their relevance in different scenarios. Widmayer’s Schema Theory fits into this last definition of learning and explains the importance of using familiar concepts in teaching (Widmayer 6). Applying and Implementing Meaningful Learning Mayer explains that an understanding of meaningful learning enables teachers to identify and use familiar concepts and illustrations to enhance knowledge retention and transfer. For instance, Mayer explains that meaningful learning occurs when students grasp concepts and use them to answer questions and solve problems. Teachers should use familiar concepts and simple approaches that students understand to enhance learning (Driscoll 87). This will ensure they retain knowledg
Social workers should work towards effective delivery of services by identifying and solving problems using the evidence-based practice (EBP) approach and literature review. Garthwait (2017) suggests that the cases of resistant and unmotivated clients require effective communication and professional skills, allowing the social worker to understand the causes of clients’ reluctance and select appropriate strategies. Levenson (2017) recommends that clients’ non-compliance with specific interventions should not be viewed as resistance or hostility but as a normal response or protective reaction of trauma survivors. Zastrow and Hessenauer (2020) explain how reflection might be used during motivational interviewing. The work also describes relevant implementation strategies for working with resistant clients. Resistant clients present a major practice problem since the lack of client-provider cooperation, rapport, and trust undermines the success of social work interventions. Vulnerable elderly individuals from diverse backgrounds often experience emotional or physical trauma that makes them reject professional help and social work interventions. Assessment and intervention resistance can disrupt the change process and discourage the efforts of the client’s support system. Therefore, the social worker needs to adapt his/her communication skills and respond to involuntary clients’ needs who demand more support and attention than motivated and voluntary clients. Resistant clients may feel uncomfortable or humiliated around social workers. Vatsalya’s social workers may benefit from the guidelines by Garthwait (2017) and focus on improving their professional skills (anticipated empathy, cultural competence) to understand the reasons behind the problem and improve rapport and engagement. It is also important to treat clients with respect, ensure clear communication, and encourage choice and freedom of expression. Additionally, the research by Levenson (2017) can be used to help the social worker apply a trauma-informed approach, empowerment, and collaboration instead of punitive responses to resistance. The notes on motivational interviewing by Zastrow and Hessenauer (2020) might be used at the agency to overcome resistance by reflecting the client’s response in a neural form and avoid confrontation. Overall, the study of the literature discussed above might improve client-provider collaboration and effectively respond to resistance.
Plot Summary Socrates starts by explaining a scenario to Glaucon. He tells Glaucon to picture prisoners in a cave, chained in a manner that movement is impossible. These prisoners have been in this position since childhood. Not only their limbs are immobile, but their heads are also in a fixed position such that the only thing they can see is the wall in front of them. Behind these prisoners is a large fire. There is fire between the prisoners and the walkway. People pass by this walkway-carrying luggage and puppets of men and animals on their head. Using the shadows cast by the passersby, they take turns to guess the object that will pass. They refer to the shadows using names of the real object. The passersby make some noise as they pass. The echo of the sounds made by the people walking along the walkway is what the prisoners hear. They do not know that the shadows are representations of real people. They also believe that the echo is sound coming from the shadows. This they believe to be so because it is what they have been seeing and hearing since their childhood. Pluto then uses Socrates to introduce a new situation. Freedom is granted to a prisoner, and he is allowed to look at the things that cast the shadow shown to him. He does not recognize them; instead, he still believes that the casted shadow is more real than what he sees. When the prisoner looks at the fire, he turns his head away from it towards the wall to escape its glare. He is then dragged out of the cave into the surface where there is sunlight. At first, it is too much, but then he gets used to it after spending some time at the surface. The prisoners who remained in the cave believed that the released prisoner’s mind was corrupted. According to them, he had lost grasp of the reality they have always known. Personal response Pluto’s creativity and his vast understanding of human nature make him create a scenario that educates humanity by use of an imaginary world. He simply talks about human ignorance and the reluctance to embrace reason. People tend to believe only in things that they have known to be true. They stick to tradition and culture passed to them from their ancestors. They are afraid to explore the alternative that they do not know. Once introduced to them, they first seek refuge in their initial belief. This is illustrated when the prisoner look at the fire then back to the wall. Pluto’s analysis of human nature is indeed insightful. Up to date, people stick to culture and tradition not caring to explore the other side of the coin. An example is religion in the world. Humans tend to believe in the religion that they have known since childhood. It is not easy, for example, to convince a Christian to abandon his faith, become a Muslim, and vice versa. Another example is a suicide bomber who has ever believed, since childhood, that dying for his cause will make him gain favour before the eyes of the Lord. He knows that taking more people with him amounts to greater rewards and will never listen to any reason against
What makes a man’s life different from the life of a wild beast is the fact that the former can learn the valuable lessons which h is being taught as the life goes on. It is not necessarily that these lessons must be the result of the man’s life, on the contrary – it is preferable that one should learn on the mistakes of the others. This is also art that people can have valuable experience from. Learning the priceless lessons given to them by the authors of the poems, novels and movies, people understand that there are things which they have to take for granted. Not to repeat the mistakes of the others, we begin acting the way which was inspired by the authors of the pieces of art. Morning by Pablo Neruda: Rising with the Sun, Aching with the Moon One of such pieces is the poem by Pablo Neruda called Morning. Neruda managed to snatch a part of people’s life and put it into several precise and sharp lines. The perfection is what the poet tried to seize with the magic word of his, comparing the rising sun with the rising beauty of a woman. The unceasing string of comparisons is cleaving the poem, picturing the natural beauty of a woman as the beauty of the world at dawn, comparing the marvelous sight with the wonders of the nature which a man is only about to explore, and which he never will, for t