ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The culture-related characteristics of The Middle East have always set it apart from the European and American cultures (Arjmand, 2016). The specifics of gender relationships that are typical for The Middle East are especially alien to the rest of the cultures. Despite the active promotion of feminist ideas and concepts, the difference in treating women and men can still be observed in the target environment which is especially evident when considering the rules for appearing in public places. The Middle East has seen a slight development of gender-related issues over the past few decades, according to recent research (de Koning, 2009). For instance, there is no longer the propensity to juxtapose the behaviors related to the two genders in the Egyptian society, particularly, in Cairo: “The urban trajectories of Cairo’s upper-middle-class women defy clear dichotomies of elite versus dominated, and dominant strategies versus momentary spatial tactics” (de Koning, 2009, p. 535). Nevertheless, public spaces are largely represented by men in The Middle East suburban areas as opposed to urban ones due to the phenomenon of social polarization. As a result, while cities continue promoting progressive solutions to gender issues, the people populating the areas that can be defined as suburban or rural tend to consider public space as the domain of men. The accessibility of public spaces for women hinges on their respectability. The process of defining public areas as appropriate for being frequented by women has, in fact, been altered after the introduction of certain liberal practices into the environment of Morocco (Newcomb, 2006). For instance, nowadays, women can determine whether a particular public area is appropriate for them as the place where they may appear: “In Fes, women give meaning to social spaces by using their own cultural categories” (Newcomb, 2006, p. 291). Furthermore, the accessibility of a particular public space for women is determined based on its respectability. For instance, the choices made by the representatives of middle and upper classes in Ville Nouvelle (Newcomb, 2006) defined medina as the place that could not be deemed as respectable and, therefore, not suitable for Arab women. Coffee shops and similar places, however, are considered as appropriate. One must note, though, that the image of a perfect upper- and middle-class woman has been debated over for a significant amount of time (de Koning, 2009). Consequently, the boundaries of appropriate public areas in which women may remain may differ in various areas of The Middle East. Nevertheless, there are standards that apply to women in all areas of The Middle East. These standards have been shaped by the upper- and middle-class representatives to an extensive degree: “upscale coffee-shops have created a protected niche for non-familiar mixed-gender sociabilities in contentious public geographies of leisure” (de Koning, 2009, p. 541). Hence, it can be assumed that middle an
Traditional litigation occurs when the offended person reports the offense to a court. In this phenomenon, only the accused and the plaintiff appear in court where the court or jury makes a verdict in accordance to the evidence presented by the parties (Kubba, 2012). Usually, the court evaluates the rules that apply to the case and makes a final decision. Traditional litigation depends on the ability of the parties to provide evidence (Molot, 2009). This means that if a person commits offense and the complainant fails to provide adequate evidence, the court cannot make a decision or punish the accused. A pretrial allows recognition of persons participating in the case and the conflicting issue. According to Kubba (2012) “A trial occurs when the court selects a jury and the parties and their attorneys begin by giving opening statements” (p. 413). The trial allows the parties to discover the weak points of their evidence and build strong evidence when the court process proceeds. The costs and duration involved when corporations employ traditional litigation causes calls for better methods for resolving disputes. The process is expensive plus time consuming and any organization using it poses risks to its entire operations. Most corporations prefer Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) because it reduces expenditure plus risks (Cheeseman, 2010). Unlike traditional litigation, methods of resolution such as negotiation are preferable because they can safeguard information of the organization. This helps maintain the image of the organization and thus; ensures proper customer relationship. In case of mediation, the mediator is to make neutral decisions in order to resolve conflicts in an amicable manner (Molot, 2009). What are the risks that businesses and other organizations encounter when dealing with traditional litigation? Organizations found in disputes are susceptible to various business risks because of the situation of the court system. Liquidity may be inevitable where a corporation utilizes most of its resources tackling cases in court (Cheeseman, 2010). Managers should ensure incorporation of Alternative dispute resolutions (ADRs) in order to reduce these risks. Tradition litigation results to time drags due to the nature of the court system. The time wasted affects the wellbeing and operations of the business (Molot, 2009). This results to the inability for the organization to sustain itself by funding it operation and remunerating its employees. Organization image is a fundamental aspect to a successful organization. Use of traditional means for dispute settling may alter its image. This occurs when the public commences t
Thesis statement Nowadays, literary critics are being well aware of the fact that it was namely throughout the course of late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, that the naturalist motifs in European and American literature have come to their all-times-high prominence. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that, during the course of this historical period, more and more writers have been realizing that Darwin’s evolutionary theory, concerned with the survival of the fittest, correlates perfectly well with the essence of human societies’ inner dynamics. As it was noted by Cuddy and Roche (2003): “[In early 20 th century] The notion of the survival of the fittest in relation to inherited traits and response to environmental factors became fertile conceptual ground for literary analysis of human nature and society” (22). The validity of such an idea can be well explored in regards to the literary legacy of one of America’s greatest writers – Jack London, as the extreme naturalism of many of his short stories and novels conveys a clearly defined philosophical message – only the objectively existing laws of nature, to which people are being subjected as much as plants and animals, which should be thought of as the basis of true ethics. According to McClintock (1970): “Since, for London, science had dislodged idealistic concepts of man, his temperament insisted that affirmations of the human condition, too, have a scientifically justifiable rationale” (336). Therefore, it comes as no surprise that in literary works of Jack London, naturalist motifs do not only serve the purpose of increasing the extent of plot’s emotional appeal, but they are also being expected to enlighten readers on the true essence of their existential mode. In this paper, we will aim to substantiate the validly of an earlier articulated thesis at length, while exploring the emanations of literary naturalism in London’s short story To Build a Fire and in the novel The Call of the Wild . Analytical part The close reading of London’s ‘Northern’ short stories and novels, points out to the fact that naturalistic themes and motifs, contained in them, are being utilized not only for the purpose of exposing a particular ease, with which a formerly civilized individual can be reduced to a primeval savage, while facing the elements, but also for the purpose of revealing a variety of Western ethical conventions conceptually fallacious, since they do not correspond to the essence of their carriers’ physiological functioning. As Rossetti (2006) had put it:
Introduction The development of the High Renaissance art in the 16 th century in the three Italian cities that are rightfully considered to be the places where Renaissance was born – Florence, Rome, and Venice is one of the major interests of this essay. Moreover, typical masterpieces of the art of those cities will be compared and their differences and similarities in the historical and social contexts will be found. For this kind of assignment, the works by such famous artists as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Giovanni Bellini, and Titian were chosen. To understand the essence of the further analysis it is necessary to define what the Renaissance was when it took place and what were its main characteristic features. The very term “High Renaissance” is of French origin and means “rebirth” if translated into English literally (Paoletti & Radke, 2005). This fact is not surprising because French was considered to be the language that fitted most of all for all artistic matters and the epoch of Renaissance was the actual rebirth of the classical ancient culture that was forgotten during the Early Middle Ages. High Renaissance is the term to indicate the movement that appeared in the Western culture in the early 16 th century and was dominant in art till the early 17 th century (Paoletti & Radke, 2005). The essence of the new art movement lied in the return to classical principles in painting, sculpture, and architecture. In scientific terms, it can be reflected as the return of the wide use of the linear technique in painting, scientific basis, and specific knowledge that allowed the Renaissance artists to reflect nature and human beings with the largest extent of precision. The formation of the term “Renaissance Man” is also attributed to the epoch of the 16 th century when the creator of this term Leonardo da Vinci lived and worked (Paoletti & Radke, 2005). High Renaissance in Florence Florence is considered to be the birthplace of the High Renaissance. But, in order to see the context in which the High Renaissance was formed in Florence and then substituted by another trend, baroque, it would not be out of place to take a brief look at the historical circumstances of the 16 h century. It was marked by the increase of monarchial power and consequently with the growth of the role of religion. At the same time, the Italian cities where the Renaissance was born were rather prosperous cities that provided all the possibilities for the development of arts. These cities, and namely Florence, were self-governed cities that enjoyed the status of the Republic and were ruled by rather rich families who had money not only for political activities but for art as well. For instance, the family of Medici who ruled Florence in the 14 th – 16 th centuries praised art and invited the most prominent artists from the whole
Introduction Globalization can be described as a system of interaction among different countries, economies and societies (Steger 2003, p. 15). This interaction is mostly aimed at coming up with a global economy that will accommodate everybody’s interests. As a matter of fact, it is characterized by the integration of societies and economics around the world (Sachs 2005, p. 43). According to Barbara Parker (2005, p. 153), a business economist globalization affects various facets of individual’s lives. Some of these relate to economic, social, political, technology and culture. Most of these interactions have been brought about by advancements in transport, communication and infrastructure (Capra 2002, p. 19). On the other hand, globalization has been defined as the tendency of different businesses to advance their operations across the world (Tausch 2008, p. 23). The spread of technologies and philosophies to other parts of the world can also be considered as globalization. In this case, our daily experiences can be diffused to other parts of the world through commodities and ideas. There are various avenues through which various societies have been affected by globalization. According to Paul Dickson, a business analyst (2006, p.49), some of the factors which have stimulated globalization relate to increased international trade and the high rate of technological innovation especially information technology. In addition, there have been numerous reductions in trade barriers between countries thus enhancing flow of products and capital. However, it is worth noting that the cou
Introduction In 1516 More completed his most well known and contentious work, Utopia, a work of fiction in which a imagined voyager, Raphael Hythloday (whose first name is an suggestion to the archangel Raphael, who was the supplier of reality, and whose surname defines “speaker of gibberish” in Greek), explains the political structures of the invented island nation of Utopia for himself and Peter Giles. Discussion In the novel, More compare s the controversial social life of European conditions with the completely orderly and sensible social structure of Utopia and its nearby territories (Tallstoria, Nolandia, and Aircastle). In Utopia, personal possessions do not exist and almost whole religious toleration is experienced. The principal communication of the book is the requirement for order and regulation, rather than freedom. The civilization explained is almost authoritarian, and very far distant from nowadays models of liberty. It is a world where efforts to converse communal strategy without formally allowed debates are punished by death. More might have selected the fictional tool of telling an fantasy nation principally as a medium for arguing contentious political issues liberally. His own approach towards the structures he explains in the book is the topic of much discuss. While it appears unlikely that More, a pious Roman Catholic, planned proto-communist Utopia as a tangible model for political improvement, some have speculated that More grounded his Utopia on ascetic collectivism, which is itself grounded on the Biblical collectivism portrayed in the proceeds of the Apostles. Due to the environment of More’s script, though, it is at occasions hard to advise his mocking pokes at civilization from how he really considers things should be. Conclusion Utopia is often regarded as the predecessor of the Utopian type of prose, in which dissimilar notions of the “perfect community” or wonderful cities are portrayed in dissimilar quantities of detail by the author. Though a generally Renaissance movement, grounded on the rebirth of traditional notions of perfect societies as spread by Plato and Aristotle, joined with Roman metaphorical finesse (see Cicero, Quintilian, epideictic rhetoric.
Introduction The story of the First Crusade is connected deeply with the authority of Pope Urban Two (Asbridge, 2005). Religion is known to have been the driving force behind the first and even subsequent Crusades and has long been the main reason for the existing division between the West and the East, and this division was a driving force behind the foreign policy between the two sides (Mastnak, 2002). For centuries now, the topic of the Crusades, majorly the first Crusade, has received a lot of attention from academicians and historians both from the West and East (Asbridge, 2005). This paper will be a careful comparative analysis of both the Middle Eastern and the Western views of what happened during the first crusade. Mainly, the paper will explain the political, economic and religious motivations that created the energy for the Crusade. First Crusade The economic Reasons There were a number of reasons that explain the occurrence of the first crusade. The Middle East had a lot of silk and had many spice trade routes that attracted the Crusaders (Asbridge, 2005). That is, after people who profess Islam had invaded core centres of trade, which included Persia, Syria as well as Egypt, the trade routes were blocked or were cut off. In addition, those goods that were allowed to pass through the blocked routes were charged highly in terms of taxes (Asbridge, 2005). To support this fact, attacks had been made by Muslims on Jerusalem soon after it had gained access to the seaport of Aqaba. This port was a direct link by the sea not just to India, but China as well. In addition, by attacking parts of Asia and Africa that previously were dominated by Christians, Muslims had intentions to stop the thriving slave trade. Slave trade was highly practised by the Europeans, and its stoppage would have deprived some parts of southern Europe of their major sources of income (Asbridge, 2005). Practically, this aspect negatively affected the economy of not just southern Europe, but also of those countries that relied on the slave trade. Political Reasons The origin of the First Crusade was in Western Europe (Kostick, 2008). However, according to scholars from the West, the First Crusade was provoked by the Easterners (Nicolle & Hook, 2001). Different from what is known, it was not inspired by Alexios one of the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire and not Pope Urban two (Nicolle & Hook, 2001). The Eastern Roman Empire had survived the collapse of Rome, which was expanding in the eastern states (Asbridge, 2005). It all started
Introduction Trade negotiation refers to the process by which businesspeople formulate some synergies to an effective approach of solving some elements of distinctive nature and differences along the business line of operation. Negotiation in business may involve settling disputes related to contract basis, terms and conditions applying to the particular established contract that bond the business administration and the consultant, a more detrimental coalition between two closely related operating companies, internal disagreements arising in the business between the CEO and the HR as a result of failure to authorize funding of some projects instilled by one of them. All the outlined dispute scenarios can only be resolved with the involvement of dialogue. The act of resolving disputes through dialogue in the business-oriented field or organizations is referred to as trade negotiation. Global trade is of great importance because it fosters international relationships, it is also of great competitive advantages, it enhances cost reduction, and finally, the major role played by the system of global negotiation is the resolving of conflicts at all levels related to business affairs. Literature Review Global trade negotiation is facilitated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The two bodies have been managing the multilateral trade negotiations globally with aim of liberalizing barriers related to trade thus increasing the coverage of international trading obligations and other rights of business trading. The trading negotiation process has always been reinvented with an increase in the number of years thus aiding in harmonizing business activities globally. The last time the negotiation system was employed is during the postwar period towards the end of the Uruguay round. It was during this period when the GATT underwent some reforms as the initial negotiation body thus giving rise to the WTO. The new trade package (WTO) started its operations in January 1995 by reviewing all the activities that were under the commitment of the latter body (GATT). The newly formed body greatly differs from the latter body (GATT) in three forms and these are: membership requirements entail that, all countries are involved except those that are underdeveloped thus encouraging all countries to sign up the obligations of the body. Another difference is that the current body formed contacts a permanent forum for the betterment of consultations and negotiations pertaining to trade international welfares. Third, the WTO has a well-established system of resolving disputes that are well unified. The global trade negotiation system plays a vital role in the business trading field. Among these
The first farewell address to the nation in US history was made by the country’s first elected president, George Washington. In the fall of 1796, a letter of 32 handwritten pages was published in the Philadelphia Daily Advertiser. This address, which became Washington’s real political testament, is still considered one of the most important documents in American history. Washington’s address contained many ideas that for more than two hundred years continue to have a direct impact on US foreign and domestic policy, as well as on the process of formation of the American nation. The main thing that Washington did was that he refused to hold the presidency for more than two terms, although he had the right to do so: the amendment to the US Constitution that legalized this rule was adopted only in 1947. Analyzing Washington’s farewell speech, it should be noted that the president not only said goodbye, but also gave instructions to the entire nation. He considered the most important element of the success of the state and society to be the preservation and promotion of peaceful coexistence with all forces. Such forces include not only neighboring states, but also different races and religions. Washington himself repeatedly refers to God’s laws, believing that they condemn any discord or disrespect (Sands, 2019). Just as in the Bible there is a ban on the creation of an idol, so the president did not advise becoming attached to any strong players in the political arena; instead, he insists on America’s independent incremental development. However, Washington’s position on racial conflicts and divisions is highly ambiguous. On the one hand, the president proposes a respectful and peaceful coexistence of all representatives of the races to create a single full-fledged society. On the other hand, the founding father did not vehemently oppose slavery, which contradicts his stance in farewell (Hayes, 2020). This does not mean that Washington is acting hypocritically or having double standards, because it is worth considering the context of the times. However, there is a point of view in which racial coexistence should not be attributed to the values of the president. It is also worth noting that Washington has flagged potential red flags for the state, as well as issued several warnings to the nation. Washington warned that the most serious threat to American democracy came from internal disunity rather than outside interference (Sands, 2019). He foresaw the possibility of foreign influence on the American political system and the coming to power of a president who, neglecting national interests, would become the personification of the threat of despotism. He pleaded with the Almighty to ease the impact of presidential mistakes and expressed the hope that America would forgive him (Sands, 2019). Washington has set a standard for its