ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Louis Vuitton is one of the most famous and successful brands in the world. It is famous for its quality and exclusivity. The history of the company suggests that major values of their business are creativity, expansion, quality, and luxuriousness (Paul & Feroul, 2010). It has gained significant popularity in the world and in Japan, in particular. Synopsis of the Situation Notable, Louis Vuitton heavily relies on its Japanese market as 55% of the company’s revenue comes from Japan (Paul & Feroul, 2010). It is necessary to note that the company’s profits are growing each year steadily, but recent years show modest growth in Japan due to weakening of the Japanese yen and some financial constraints the country faces (Yamaguchi & Chan, 2013). Key Issues One of the key issues is certain company’s dependence on the Japanese market as risks of this market can make the entire company vulnerable. Another key issue is counterfeiting, as the company loses huge sums of money (Paul & Feroul, 2010). Clearly, the company has lots of potent competitors in the market, like Bulgari, Tiffany, Hermes, and so on (Yamaguchi & Chan, 2013). Define the Problem The company focuses on the Japanese market and fails to come up with solutions to diminish counterfeiting and become more competitive in the world as well as Japanese markets. Alternative Solutions Effective solutions which can help the company restore its truly leading and safe position are the development of unique products to diminish counterfeiting (creating new technologies or accessories and so on), online launch shopping with only a few stores in largest cities and expansion to new markets (it will diminish risks). Selected Solution to the Problem Online shopping will enable the company to reduce costs as there will be no need in maintaining numerous retail units. At the same time, they will keep the sense of exclusivity as the prices will be still high (though reasonable). Admittedly, Japanese people love technology, and they will be glad to be able to shop and buy their luxury favorites online. The stores will be in the largest cities where customers will be able to touch and ‘try on’ some products as window shopping is popular in Japan (Yamaguchi & Chan, 2013). Implementation Admittedly, this strategy requires thoughtful consideration and comprehensive advertising campaign. People should learn about the new opportunity, but they should also get a clear message that their luxury items can be reached via the Internet. The brand does not become ordinary, but its exclusivity is tied with innovation, technology, and modernity. Recommendations The company should consider the possibility to develop online shops. It s
Introduction According to (Moore, 2003), the issue of whether nature has more impact than nurture on ways in which human beings behave has been debated upon for quite some time, where each individual is found to support either of the two according to experience or perceptions. Nature concerns itself with the natural internal qualities possessed by human beings. On the other hand, nurture concerns itself with experiences that human beings have acquired from the environment in which they live. The debate involves how these two factors determine the behavioral as well as physical characteristics of human beings and ways in which they vary. The particular roles of nurture and nature are portrayed in various areas and stages of lives of human beings. Historical Background The debate on how nurture as well as nature contributes to behavior of human beings can be traced to historical times. From the nineteenth century to early the twentieth century, opinions were found to consider nature as the determinant of human behavior. This was mainly supported by scientific research on the role played by genes that are inherited by offsprings. Another study that supported nature is natural selection that was conducted by Charles Darwin. Galton wrote a book called “hereditary nature” where he argued that, those people who possessed various gifts were found to originate from parents or family backgrounds that had similar kinds of gifts. He supported his arguments by an analysis that he carried on concerning talents and various professions where he concluded that, they were inherited from particular parents who possessed such talents. He also argued that, character traits improve or get worse throughout generations depending on the traits of parents. However, after the First World War, more research was carried out on the issue of the roles of nurture as well as nature. This particular research challenged the views that were in support of nature as the sole determinant of human beings’ behavior and argued that nurture was a major contributing factor to ways in which human beings behaved (Moore, 2003). Nurture According to (Bouchard, 1997), supporters of nurture argue that, the manner in which human beings behave is primarily determined by the environment in which they are brought up. This particular argument has been supported by several studies performed on the various types of temperaments possessed by children. For example, John Watson, an American psychologist performed an experiment on a young boy which showed that, phobia is as a result of classical conditioning. He argued that, if he was to be given some healthy infants, he would apply his own knowledge to equip them with skills of his
The onset of this decade will be remembered for the increased unrest in most world nations especially in the Arab world. While a set of underlying issues such as poor governance and human rights violation account for the main causes of the unrests, the role of social networking sites in exacerbating the unrests cannot be undermined. Though the social networking sites have innumerable benefits to the subscribers, they can also form powerful tools for destruction. It is thus self evident that employing proper control measures cam help in managing uprisings in these destabilized countries. Employing control measures, however, is likely to jeopardize people’s right to privacy. With such situations, issues of national security should be prioritized over privacy issues. While social networking sites provides a platform for exchange of ideas that can lead to socioeconomic empowerment of the subscribers, they have an organizational capability that is exceptionally rare and can be put to destructive uses. These social sites provide an instant form of communication at times of unrest and can easily influence likeminded individuals to act towards committing barbaric acts. These social sites are tools that can benefit man in various ways. However, as tools they can also be used for destructive purposes. Other than their organizational influence, these sites provide avenues for sharing of media files that can further incite people to commit acts of violence. Some of these media files can be simulated and may not reflect the real situation, but they do have an enormous appeal to the masses. The social networking sites reportedly played crucial roles in almost all the riots witnessed in the recent past. Facebook, twitter, blogs and blackberry messenger services have been highlighted as some of the most popular social sites. The latter has been touted as largely responsible for the recently witnessed London riots. With their massive influence, the most relevant question is how the damaging effects of these sites and other information communication technologies can be controlled. It is evident that any ill minded individual is capable of using these sites to cause devastating harm. All it takes to influence people in facebook is a status update or a post in a popular page. Greater control and surveillance of these sites and communication technologies will protect issues of national security to a large extent. In this modern era, virtually all countries can boast of achieving basic rights of expression, speech
Introduction Cognitive development theory elucidates how cognitive processes change with age as one grows and adopts varied experiences of life. Two prominent theorists, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, have contributed significantly to the cognitive development theory, and this contribution forms the basis of teaching and learning in classrooms. The premises of cognitive development indicate that, cognitive abilities emanate from innate characteristics that a child modifies with time under the influence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive factors. According to Slavin (2006), the debate still rages as to whether innate factors or experiences significantly determine the rate and extent of cognitive development in an individual (p.32). However, many psychologists perceive cognitive development as subject to a combination of nature and nurture that people experience throughout their lifetime. Moreover, psychologists still debate whether cognitive development is a continuous process or occurs in stages. Therefore, to explore cognitive development theory, this essay seeks to compare and contrast views of two theorists, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Compare and Contrast Theorists’ Views Cognitive Development Theories of cognitive development by Piaget and Vygotsky are similar because they both hold that cognitive abilities originate from innate characteristics that one acquires from birth. The innate characteristics form the basis of cognitive development since social, psychological and physical factors modify these characteristics during growth. Simatwa (2010) argues that, according to Piaget, cognitive development is a continuation of innate biological attributes called schemes (p.366). The schemes provide a framework that enables children to undergo the process of cognitive development: organization, adaptation and equilibration. Likewise, according to Vygotsky, cognitive development originates from innate characteristics that subsequently undergo modification due to influence of social and cultural factors in the society. Another similarity is that both Piaget and Vygotsky are constructivists for they believe that children construct their knowledge from the environment in which they live. The difference between the views of two theorists, Piaget and Vygotsky, lies in the perspective of viewing cognitive development in children. According to Oakley (2004), Piaget views cognitive development from structural developmental perspective, while Vygotsky views it from a socio-historical perspective (p.29). Another difference is that Piaget holds that, cognitive development and acquisition of intelligence are a consequence of repetitive activities that children do. He postulates that imitations, perceptions, and actions are precursors of language and thinking, which play an integral role in cognitive development. In contrast, Vygotsky views that social and historical factors significantly
Deployment of army officers to resolve cross boarder conflicts has unique psychological impacts on military family members. Scholars in the field of psychology have performed various researches to investigate aspects of military deployment on the family members of the deployed officers. These studies have provided insights on the effects of military deployment that may form the basis for designing psychological interventions for the affected family members. Gibbs, Martin, Kupper, and Johnson (2007) examined the relationship between military deployment that involved combat and prevalence of child maltreatment in relations of US military who had one or more incidences of child maltreatment. This study revealed 42 percent increase of child maltreatment during deployment than in incidence when there was no deployment. This study focused on the families of soldiers enlisted for military deployment with a minimum of one incident of child maltreatment. Concurrently, the frequency of child neglect was higher during military deployment, whereas the frequencies of physical assault were down. The frequencies of extreme or moderate child maltreatment were greater than 60 percent during military deployments than when there was no military deployment. In addition, Gibbs et al. (2007) showed that the increase in rate of child maltreatment attributed to female spouses was almost four times higher during deployment periods than when there was no deployment. The results of the study by Gibbs et al. (2007) match the results of Rentz et al . (2006 cited in Gibbs et al. 2007). These results indicated that population-level frequency of child maltreatment in military families in one state increased twofold in an event of massive military deployment with the utmost increase in child maltreatment done by civilian members of the families concerned. Similarly, these findings match the trends McCarroll et al . ( 2004 cited in Gibbs et al., 2007) identified, which indicated that the frequencies of child neglect in military families in the US increased steeply in 2001 through 2004, overturning a decade-long downward shift. The study by Gibbs and colleagues did not explain rationales behind the behaviors of civilian members of military families. Their study runs short of providing useful insights to help prevent such behaviors against children. Thus, scholars in the field of psychology should design researches to investigate why civilian members behave in this distinct pattern towards child members of military families after enlistment of a family member for deployment. In 2008, Faber, Willerton, Clymer, MacDermid, and Weiss set to investigate consequences of war on terrorism that culminated in increased deployment of reservists to avert terrorist schemes against western civilians across the globe. This situation may cause families to experience boundary ambiguity as family members may develop
On His Blindness is one of the most famous sonnets written by John Milton. It is believed that the author wrote this poem in 1655 when he lost his eyesight almost completely (Wehner, 2011, p. 6). In this poem, the author reflects upon his work, creative talents, and the disease that deprived him of his vision. This literary work evokes powerful emotions and it certainly produces a powerful impression on the readers. While analyzing this work, one should pay close attention to its form, the use of language, and the main themes that John Milton explores. To a great extent, they are aimed at showing the internal struggle of a person who attempts to find a new meaning in his life, especially at the time when he passes through a serious crisis. This is the question that the narrator focuses on. At first, one should look at the form of this poem and its structure. In particular, it is possible to argue that On His Blindness is a Petrarchan sonnet (Wehner, 2011, p. 6). This literary form greatly appealed to John Milton as a poet. It has a distinct rhyming pattern that consists of two tercets and two quatrains. For example, one can look at the opening lines of the poem, When I consider how my light is spent Ere half my days in this dark world and wide , And that one talent which is death to hide Lodg’d with me useless, though my soul more bent (Milton, 2008, p. 58). On the whole, this rhyme creates a melody that enables the reader to sense the author’s despair and his loneliness. However, one should pay attention to Milton’s use of language which is even more relevant for the discussion of this poem. It can throw light on his feelings and experiences of the author. In particular, John Milton strongly relies on metaphors in this poem. For example, one can refer to the following phrase, “how my light is spent” (Milton, 2008, p. 58). The author uses the word light as a synonym to time. This metaphor is one of the most important details. It shows that Milton’s blindness affected his perception of the world. He regarded the loss of vision as the end of his creative life, and this event was devastating for him (Wehner, 2011, p. 6). It seems that the very existence is pointless for the narrator. Additionally, John Milton combines words that are not compatible with one another such as “mild yoke” (Milton, 2008, p. 58). To a great extent, these words can help the reader understand Milton’s conflicting view of God. It should be taken into account that the author was a devout believer, but at the same time, he struggled to understand why various misfortunes struck him. This is the main paradox that he tried to resolve in this sonnet. Milton’s language profoundly influences people’s response to the poem, because his word ch
Poverty is a general problem, but the tendency to help those who are in need is constantly increasing today. The number of countries that appear to seek some help is also growing day in and day out. Consequently, there is always someone, who is to help and give a helping hand. America is being internationally acknowledged as one of the most helping countries in both money respect and in the respect of the living perspective, as Rebecca Anne states “American public talk about caring for poor people—in government and in the media—tends to be highly moralistic.” (Anne, ix). Thus, the immigration flow is huge in the USA, and the sums of money donated to miscellaneous charity programs are also astronomic. Mostly, these are the religious organizations, philanthropist philosophers, which assembling the crowds of people urge people to donate to the poor countries (the so-called countries of the third world). Having reached some point at donating money, there appeared some people, opposing the tendency to donate and they forth arguments for why people, living in more fortunate countries in general, and Americans in particular should not really be so concerned about the poor. The second group calls the people upon the clear reasoning, while thinking about donations. Both approaches, namely the philanthropist and the one denying it have to do with the questions of today, bringing up important issues being connected both to Ame
Clutter is a major barrier to concise speaking and writing. Clutter refers to the use of unnecessary words or phrases that do not add value or meaning to a sentence. Clutter is common to many people in the United States. Examples of common clutter include ‘in this in time,’ “face problem up,” and “personal friend.” For the former phrase, the word “now” can be sufficient, while the latter could be replaced with a single word “friend.” Clutters originate from many sources and different professions. Motivations for using clutters include wanting to sound pompous, pretentious, trying to hide meaning and euphemism. Clutters are common tools for concealing the truth and euphemism in politics and business. For instance, politicians can use a phrase such as “reinforced protective reaction strike” to justify an invasion. Clutters can make comprehension difficult, slow readers unnecessarily, and distort meaning. To avoid clutters, a writer should avoid unnecessary words, avoid repetition and economize words. Highlighting and removing redundant and unnecessary words and phrase
Introduction Caffeine is a component of many common beverages such as coffee, tea, and energy drinks. It operates as a stimulant, and this effect often becomes the subject of studies concerning human physical and mental health and cognitive abilities. The connection between consuming caffeinated beverages and one’s response to exercise is also researched by many scholars. Caffeine may appear in the diets of athletes in many forms and serve as an aid in enhancing one’s performance during training and competing (Graham 2001). However, caffeinated beverages such as coffee may be less effective in delivering these results in comparison to other substances such as topical gels and pure caffeine (Graham 2001). Nevertheless, all types of these products may have some effect on one’s health and performance. The range of studies examining the effect caffeine can have on one’s exercising covers different aspects and outcomes of consuming this stimulant. For instance, one study found that daily consumption of caffeine-containing supplements did not have a significant impact on one’s body weight and composition when coupled with intensive aerobic training (Malek et al. 2006). Although prolonged consumption of caffeine was thought to affect the metabolic and hormonal processes of athletes, its influence on people’s bodies was not significant enough to assume such an impact could be viable (Malek et al. 2006). Caffeine also had no notable effect on people’s endurance and force during exercising, although it showed an ability to increase one’s speed of cognitive response (Van Duinen, Lorist, & Zijdewind 2005). A notable divide between the resting metabolic rates of people consuming caffeine and having an active or a sedentary lifestyle was also not established (Poehlman et al. 1985). Also, insignificant differences in heart rate and blood pressure were found among people who consumed caffeine regularly and occasionally, regardless of their exercise training and experience (Poehlman et al. 1985). Another study confirmed a similar hypothesis investigated possible reasons behind researchers’ initial belief that caffeine can affect one’s exercising performance. Here, the results showed that caffeine was raising people’s blood pressure regardless of whether they were exercising or resting and thus could not have affected people’s response to physical training (Daniels et al. 1998). Measuring
It is not an exaggeration to say that diabetes as a medical condition has reached epidemic levels in recent years. According to the International Diabetes Federation , the world suffers from the consequences of more than 400 million diabetics in different parts of the globe (I.D.F., 2017). There is a need to improve the treatment and care of diabetic patients. There is also a greater need to develop intervention strategies and mechanisms to predict and prevent the onset of the said dreaded disease. Due to the growing health threat, it is no longer practical to rely mainly on conventional treatment and management methods to prevent and cure the said medical condition. To win the battle against diabetes, it is important to consider the benefits of developing future technologies that are divided into the following technological categories: preventive, diagnostic, treatment, lifestyle management, and mitigation. In the end, the bottom line reveals the emergence of advanced systems based on robotics and nanotechnology that radically alter the healthcare delivery process. Thus, it is crucial to develop a guiding policy that effectively guides the implementation of advanced technologies while at the same time acknowledging the critical importance of humans as part of the healthcare delivery process. Keeping Human Functions Intact in Certain Aspects of Treatment and Management in the Context of Applying Future Technologies In the year 2035, the emergence of cutting edge technologies will not diminish certain key functional areas that are currently being dominated by humans. Human beings must maintain certain critical roles when it comes to providing quality healthcare for patients suffering from diabetes. Humans comprising the group of healthcare workers and healthcare delivery experts must maintain functions that are grouped into three categories. First, humans are the source of technical innovations, the brains behind the future technologies that were described earlier (Tellspec, 2017). Secon