Introduction The 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes developed a rather primitive materialistic worldview, but it became prevalent among the so-called advanced, atheistic figures, and therefore became widely known. According to Hobbes, the only subject of philosophy (and science in general) is the body, for there are only material and finite objects. God is unknowable, and philosophy cannot judge him, deity and soul are not objects of rational knowledge, but given in the revelation of faith and related theology. Hobbes reduced human thinking to one logic and limited it to simple mathematical operations of comparison and discrimination, addition, and subtraction. This approach is natural for a worldview that reduces all reality to one body, but Hobbes’s interpretation, even for him, is extremely simplified. Main text In the theory of knowledge, Hobbes proclaims consistent empiricism. Logic, in his opinion, operates exclusively with data obtained from experience. The movements evoke impressions in people’s sense organs, and the impressions evoke movements within people. Thoughts are these movements occurring within a person, and they, therefore, are ordinary movements of bodily substances, not containing anything ideal. Consciousness processes ideas through a physiological connection between the material traces of movements. Comparison, conjunction, and separation process simple empirical ideas into more complex ones. In his philosophical works, Hobbes compares this to how thoughts of consecutive numbers arise from combining ideas of individual units. People cannot have ideas of incorporeal objects since the senses do not perceive such objects. Comparison, connection, and separation do not change the simple ideas obtained by experience from sensations, but only consider them side by side, now, in a merger, then separately. Will, like cognition, arises from impressions of the outside world, and in addition to logical conclusions, the latter generate feelings of pleasure and displeasure. The individual seeks how to strengthen the pleasure and to weaken displeasure. Both are only movements in a person’s heart, as perception is movements in his brain. People consider things that cause pleasure as useful and evaluate opposite feelings as evil. The desire to preserve and enhance comfort goes into action, and the opposite craving leads to abstinence from activity. The result of choosing between actions and abstinence from them is called will. The voluntary choice is outwardly free, but it is easy to make sure that it always necessarily tends toward the most definite attraction considering its underlying roots. Therefore, talking about free will is possible only with significant reservations. In ethics, Hobbes, like most materialists, proclaims the relativity of morality. Absolute goodness does not exist. What is suitable for people is evil for their enemies. The concept of good, according to Hobbes’s philosophy, comes down to the everyday feelings of beauty and utility, not based on anything more sublime. The theory of the origin of the state is set forth by Hobbes in the famous work Leviathan. Like all materialists, he proceeds in it from the fact that man is naturally evil and greedy (Hobbes and Gaskin, 1996). It is impossible to look at the human personality in any other way if one denies the exis