ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The company seems to have more strengths than the weaknesses, of course there are numerous challenges to overcome but the plan has already been implemented and the results are looking positive. CAL’s greatest strength is to see opportunity in impossibility, it is always very hard to keep a place clean and usually nobody thinks about such a noble cause while Boris made an attempt to pursue his dream of having a clean Pittsburgh. Discussion CAL has successfully convinced 15000 people in around 200 communities to help the organization reach its goal. The smartest move from CAL seems to be the use of volunteers and other organizations of US in helping CAL making Pittsburgh the cleanest area at no cost, the company does not have any running expenses which keep the leaders motivated in running the operations. CAL has been successful in uniting many of the communities together which is a healthy sign for the nation as whole. Due to its will to make Pittsburgh a clean locality, the state itself must have attracted a lot of attention from other areas and communities motivating them to follow their footsteps which is a healthy sign for America as a nation. CAL is asking for the minimum from every individual in the community and that is motivating for the individual to help CAL reach its objectives, the job is so simple that it does not require any teaching further reducing the chances of failure. CAL is trying to spread the word by conducting various meetings with the communities and it is spreading far and wide with no extra costs. CAL has successfully convinced most of the organizations to support it in reaching its ultimate goal. CAL has been able to manage events attracting a large number of groups that are helping CAL for its vision, as it is imaginable by the fact that 6000 volunteers collected 30 tons of waste. One of the key reasons to be successful is the CAL’s ability to attract certain members of community who spread the word inspiring other members a
Conceptual Framework All the things that I do and all the choices that I have made in life have entirely depended on the background and the experiences that I had while growing up. My conceptual framework is, thus, brought into being by the academic experiences I had in Harvard University while undertaking an undergraduate degree in linguistic languages and also by the technical experiences I had as a tutor for English at a local school in my community. I have a well-built conviction that the experience I had as a tutor has put me in a good position to handle this research and answer the questions that might arise. Getting a job as a tutor at my local school made me realize the academic perspective of coaching languages. My teaching talent was as a result of the training I underwent during my undergraduate schooling. It is important to note that when teaching, the teacher has to confirm that all the students conform to the basic requirements of the education standards. Through teaching I was in a position to gauge the students’ capabilities. I knew when a student needed help or when the student was satisfied. It is in line with this background that I developed the interest to help the students with their pronunciation in order to enhance the maturity of languages and also the individual development of each student. Due to the fact that many students do not receive a thorough training on language pronunciation at an early stage, they lack proper communication skills. As a teacher, I am more enthusiastic about making out how I handle this task of enhancing pronunciation among the students. One of the things I have learned as teacher is to put the interests of the students before my personal interests. A teacher is there to serve the students but not to be served. Teaching is like creating something out of nothing; hence, it is not an easy task to teach somebody a new thing at an advanced age. When teaching, the teacher relies a lot on the assistance he gets from the parents of the students. It is therefore imperative for the parents to work hand in hand with the teacher for the well being of the students. The motive of my Master’s Project has been backed by my undying love for established languages. I intend to reach out to students who are widely influenced by their mother-tongue in pronouncing the established languages. Through this, my research is viewed to contribute much to the society. I will resort to offering advice with regard to enhancing the pronunciations because it is exactly what the community needs. Actually, this research topic is expected to attract other scholars to conduct a similar research with regard to the topic. The topic on enhancing pronunciation for ELL students need to be taught wide
Social stratification means the way a society can be organized into socioeconomic ranks on factors such as income, power, wealth, and education. The perspective of social stratification can be evaluated from different theoretical points of view. The theories include functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interactionism. The concepts differ from each other in various ways. Functionalism states that society has systems that exist for fair reasons. The theory focuses on how society operates by revealing that different aspects of life exist for a given specific purpose. On the other hand, conflict theory is critical of social stratification because it appears to benefit a few but not the entire community. For example, a conflict theorist would argue that it is unfair to pay engineers millions of monies for a short-term contract. At the same time, civil servants earn lower wages when they work permanently. Symbolic interactionism applies real-life interactions of people to base its argument on the general community. It evaluates social stratification from a lower-level perspective, and the analysis focuses on explaining how an individual’s social status may affect their daily life. Horizontal mobility is evident in some situations, such as doctors changing their career from medical practitioners to teaching in a medical school. Ideally, the occupation has changed, but the social status remains the same. In vertical mobility, a factory worker may enroll in a college, add their business skills, and become a recognized world businessperson. Intergenerational mobility applies when a daughter of an ice-cream seller gains breakthrough after studies to become a successful legal practitioner. On the other hand, intergenerational mobility can be related to a person who is born in a middle-class society, grows to be a nurse, and lives the same lifestyle they were brought up in.
Jamie Oliver is a British chef and TV presenter who has been leading a campaign in the UK for introducing schoolchildren to healthier foods. In his TED talk Teach Every Child About Food, he addresses the problem of obesity and unhealthy food options offered to children at schools (TED, 2010). He proposes a solution that involves actions from the government and food manufacturers, as well as from every individual family, to reform the food system and fight obesity, Jamie Oliver starts his speech with the statistical data on the influence of food on health. He claims that the next generation will live ten years less than the current generation because of the food they consume. Two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese, and diet-related diseases are the primary cause of death in the United States. Obesity costs 10% of healthcare bills, which amounts to a total of $150 billion a year. Obesity hurts not just people who have it but also their friends and families. Then Oliver talks about the triangle that represents the landscape of food. The main street, which was some years ago dominated by local producers, has now been taken over by fast food brands that offer processed food. The home, which used to be the heart of food culture, has now given its role to schools where children eat twice a day. The school food system is run by accountants that have no knowledge of healthy food and choose the cheapest option, which is also highly-processed fast food. Children are not aware of what they eat and where this food comes from. Then Oliver draws examples of food that has been substituted for unhealthier options in the school menu. Regular milk given to kids at school has been replaced with sweetened flavored milk that has as much sugar as fizzy pop. He assumes that someone in the food committee has decided that if milk is sweet, more kids will drink it. But it results in children consuming eight tablespoons of sugar a day just from milk. Having identified the problem, Jamie Oliver then focuses on the proposed solution. The first step is the introduction of food ambassadors in supermarkets that would help people shop and show them how to cook quick, tasty, seasonal meals. Second, major food brands need to put food education at the heart of their businesses. Third, the government needs to work with fast food chains and the restaurant industry to develop a program aimed to reduce the amount of fat, sugar, and artificial ingredients in their products. F
Introduction The United States of America has taken center stage in the war against terrorism. It is important to note that the previous and current governments in the USA have been instrumental in declaring terrorism a menace, both within and outside its territories. As a result of this, the governments have put in place various measures that help in alleviating cases instigated by terrorism and related activities. For instance, the governments of the USA have deployed their army, navy, and air force officers in various countries in a bid to curb the rising insecurity brought about by their unruly citizens. On most occasions, the United States of America is forced to intervene in international cases of terrorism because of its global position. This country is technically the world superpower and has the mandate of ensuring that countries and their respective citizens uphold their ethical standards and respect for human social, political, and spiritual life. For this reason, it is entirely up to the nation’s ruling government to ensure that peace is maintained globally or much less fought for. This is the reason why the USA has since embarked on missions, both within its territories and outside, to promote peace and stability (Tucker, Roberts, and Zinni, 2010). The peace quest is not only promoted by the country’s obligation to promote peace and political stability but also the willingness of its sitting president to participate in this. It is important to note that the country’s presidents assume office with different ideological courses of action against terrorism and other international affairs. Others believe in direct confrontation, including military action, while others tend to think that negotiation and arbitration are more viable in tackling foreign affairs. However, all the presidents of this nation have had an incredible passion for peace and stability within the nation’s boundaries and outside. The fight against terrorism is not only attributed to the efforts of the presidents but also some great military leaders. This paper focuses on two influential military leaders in the recent history of the United States of America. The war against terrorism in this nation took center stage at the beginning of the 21 st century and late 20 th century. These periods are characterized by Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom that were military actions in a bid to curb terrorism. This paper gives a comprehensive discussion on these two military operations and the significance of the roles played by General Martin Dempsey, who was with the Calvery Regiment, and General David Howell Petraeus. The paper also describes the leadership traits, experiences, and achievements of these two great military leaders and how they inspired and influenced soldiers on the battlefield during these two critical wars. Background information Military personnel is guided by a strict military code of co
Symbolic interactionism is a theological level that focuses on social interaction between human and their environment. How people interact in society portrays a concept that humans believe more in what they think than the truth Puddephatt 111). In contemporary society, individuals rely more on what they believe and ignore the truth even though they know it; for example, in the present social life, the use of drugs is high in schools. The students are educated on the drugs’ adverse effects, but they still use them since they believe that using drugs makes them feel good, forgetting the medication problems they can cause in their bodies. Mead’s theory of social development argues that people obtain self-images when they interact with other people (Puddephatt 98). According to Mead, the self, being a part of one’s personality, consists of self-image and self-awareness and results from social experience. The theory outlines ideas that help individuals to “take the role of others.” For instance, the theory rejects the fact that biological drives determine one’s personality and argues that the self develops only through social experience. Mead emphasized the use of symbols to build self. This refers to how humans use language and signs to transmit information. Moreover, to know other people’s intentions, it is essential to think of the situation in their view. This is paramount when “taking the role of the other”; thus, how one sees others determines their ability to help them. Mead insisted that understanding others’ roles leads to self-awareness. Mead’s theory fits symbolic interactionism because for individuals to interact freely, they have to understand the self (Byczkowska-Owczarek 168). Self-awareness and image are crucial in how people interpret others’ behaviors. According to Mead’s theory, this is possible if one can understand others’ situations and can convey information using symbols and language. Freud’s theory of personality argues that human interactional behavior comes from three different components in the individual’s mind: the id, ego, and superego. He explains that the interaction between these three parts of the mind results in psychosexual development in human thinking (Karterud and Kongerslev 37). According to Freud on the three components of the mind, the id is the most basic of all the three. It consists of the biological inherited components that are passed at birth, including sex instinct and aggressiveness. The id is the part of the brain that carries the aggressive drives and memories that are hidden. It is so primitive and does not care when the abusive language is used because it does not care if it hurts anyone. In the same incident, the superego knows the difference between right and wrong, so it will understand that using abusive language is wrong (Nuckcheddy 4). The last component is the ego, where work is to balance the demands of both the id and the superego in a real context. On the undersco
Introduction Gurbuz (2009, p. 1), says that human resource practices have experienced significant changes in the last thirty years that have transformed the practice to a new level. The forces of globalization, privatization, competition and technology changes have forced firms to adopt new approaches in their workplaces to maintain high performance and productivity of the employees. These practices are also referred to as strategic human resource priorities, and high performance work systems in human resource studies. Additionally, they may also be referred to as high commitment management systems. According to Appelbaum et al. (2000), these systems consist of flat hierarchical structures that emphasizes on job rotation, self administered teams, increased roles for employees in decision making, communication channels horizontal in nature and pays systems that are based on skills (p.23). Kirkman & Rosen (1999, p. 44) defines high performance work systems as a collective human resource practices and that aid employees to optimally use their skills and knowledge towards the achievement of organizational goals. Besides the adoption of high performance work systems, organizations are increasingly implementing job enrichment and empowerment programs that are geared towards helping them survive the competitive environment in the 21 st century. According to Kirkman & Rosen (1999, p. 58), over 70% of organizations nowadays have adopted some form of empowerment for all or at least part of the workforce. Kirkman & Rosen (1999, p. 58) add that knowledge, new ideas, and creativity of each employee is critical in the success of organizations in today’s business environment. Empowerment according to Lawler, et al (1995), helps employees to acquire initiative to serve the interest of the company without necessarily being micromanaged (p. 46). They in other words act like owners of the business because they feel their interest have been taken care of. Wall, et al (2002) adds that empowerment in many organizations has been implemented in two levels (p.65). There has been social structural empowerment that concentrates on improving work place conditions and psychological empowerment that concentrates on empowerment at work. The benefits that these changes have brought to the organizations cannot be overestimated. According to Freeman & Kleiner (2000), the changes encompassed by implementation of high performance work places and work enrichment as well as employ empowerment has led to higher flexibility, higher productivity, and higher performance among employee (p. 78). Additionally, they have led to the involvement of employees in decision-making and reduced the management burden previously placed on high-ranking managers. Freeman & Kleiner (2000, p. 80), adds that these practices have a direct impact on the employee turnover, revenues m
Introduction The war between the Soviet Union, now Russia and the United States goes well beyond the documented era of the cold war. The desire to control the world economy was the main drive for the war. The two superpowers had differing ideas on what the world nations should adopt as their economic ideologies. While the Soviet Union advocated for communism, the United States supported capitalism. These two superpowers more than any other continent fought to control Asia. This was because of the economic benefits that would accrue with this control. Immediately after the end of the Second World War China was involved in a civil war that lasted for four years. This civil war was mainly a conflict between the nationalists and the communists and led to the formation of the People’s Republic of China. With the close of the pacific war the relationship between the Chinese government led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the main supporter the United States had somewhat become strained. This was against the belief by Franklin D. Roosevelt who was then the President of America. His dream was to use China as the epitome of bringing peace and stability in Asia (Duiker and Spielvopgel 568). At this time China was in deep problems of Japanese aggression and all the government concern was directed towards finding a solution to fighting off this aggression. On the other hand the Chinese communists were centralizing their strength in the north of China. The communist’s administrators won the hearts of the Chinese masses through a policy that they dubbed from ‘the masses to the masses’ (Duiker and Spielvopgel 568). Duiker et al. 568). Through this policy the communist propagators annexed the lands of the wealthy landlords and divided the land among the poor. They also substantially reduced the tax charged on the peasants lands and these actions won the hearts of close to thirty million Chinese with their military movement the People Liberation Army having recruited close to a million volunteer militants. The United States of America felt threatened by the mileage that the communist movement had already achieved by the end of the Second World War. Though it was imminent that China would enter in to war, America was very reluctant to intervene. Some quarters of the American government urged the American government then under President Harry Truman to support the Chinese government or remain neutral to the cause of the war. However to ensure that they had full control of the situation the Truman administration tried to forge an alliance of all political parties in China but this did not bear any fruits (Duiker and Spielvogel 568). Reasons for the Chinese civil war The years leading to the Chinese civil war, Kuomintang or the China’s Nationalist Party under Chiang Kai- Shek was in power. This was one regime that was marred with all mannerisms of corruption and appeared unfavorable in the eyes of the Chinese community (Pepper 199). This led to the mass exodus of the Chinese Kuomintang supporters who joined the China Communist Party. According to the
Introduction The 2 ecommerce platforms chosen for analysis are Amazon and e-Bay. I selected these two platforms because I was most familiar with them and had made online purchases before. Amazon I first purchased a motivational book from amazon.com then went ahead to buy a DVD. I decided to return the DVD and first visited the returns centre in order to ensure that I was doing the right thing. I was surprised that it was quite easy to return an item as long as it is open. I was lucky enough not to have opened my package. In the Return center, the company had laid out a pictorial representation of the returning process. First, a customer needs to go to this returns center and print the label which would be attached on the package; I printed my return label. The second step was to prepare a package in which to place the item and the third step was to seal the box and attach the return label at the top of the package. The last step was to ship the package through my local courier. When I took the package to DHS, they told me that I needed to pay shipping fees and I realized that there would be a number of other hidden payments in this process. So I went back to the company website under “Amazon Help” to find out all the charges involved. I found out that since mine was a media item and it had not been opened, I would get a refund of 80% of my purchasing price. However, because I was returning something out of my own liking rather than a mistake made by Amazon, then I needed to pay for the shipping. I also found out that the reason why I was not getting a full refund was that there was a restocking fee which would be deducted from my desired item. I had returned my package after a period of two days so this was well within the 30 day limit that the company places on returned items. I received my refund through the same method that I had used to pay for the service and this was through my credit card. It came after three days. All in all, I felt that their return policy was quite fair; it was reasonable for me to pay shipping charges since they had not committed any wrong. Furthermore, refunds came in on time and I liked the fact that they only deducted 20% out of the original purchase price. This was quite fair because all goods lose value as soon as they leave a business’s premises. The reason why Amazon is doing so well in this highly competitive world of ecommerce is their customer focus. The company has created forums for conducting web reviews in which customers rate items and give their comments about the items. In fact, I bought the self help book and DVD only after looking through customer reviews to find out if it would be worth my