ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The examination of criminal activity of the population through the lens of various criminological theories helps researchers establish cause-and-effect relationships in each individual situation. One of such approaches is differential association theory developed by sociologist Edwin Sutherland, and it is focused on the confirmed dependency of one’s conduct on values and motives instilled through interactions with others (Brookes, 2021). Therefore, its use for analyzing the crimes of Aileen Wuornos, a serial killer with a tragic past, is suitable for revealing the mechanism of its action. Differential Association Theory: Key Terms and Components The selected framework, differential association theory, is one of the methods of assessing criminals’ attitudes and their consequences in combination with their background. It is applicable to any kind of offense committed by people and, hence, can be considered universal (Brookes, 2021). The basis of this method of investigating one’s tendency to involve in such matters incorporates nine key propositions. According to them, criminal behavior is adopted through interactions with other people solely in personal groups, and these occasions present techniques and directions (Brookes, 2021). Also, becoming delinquent, as per the principles, implies having the only role model without alternatives, which is positive perceptions of criminal behavior (Brookes, 2021). The emerging association can be described by the frequency of communication, its duration, and its intensity (Brookes, 2021). In turn, the affected person does not imitate others’ actions but considers them appropriate when making choices, and the values and needs of these individuals trigger other events (Brookes, 2021). Thus, the specified details can be used for further analysis. The Offender’s Experience in Relation to the Theory The selected offender, Aileen Wuornos, is a serial killer whose criminal conduct was conditional upon her family background. She was born to a teen mother and a psychopathic father and left by them at the age of four (“Aileen Wuornos,” n.d.). Consequently, her grandparents took care of the girl, but they were also physically and sexually abusive (“Aileen Wuornos,” n.d.). An unfavorable home environment was complemented by the alcoholism of her grandmother and sexual contact among family members (“Aileen Wuornos,” n.d.). These circumstances led to the offender’s violent actions in the future and the killings of seven men within a year when she was a sex worker (“The case of Aileen Wuornos – The facts,” n.d.). They correspond to the mentioned theory since there is an apparent connection between the family situation and its outcomes. Explanation of Behavior from the Theoretical Perspective The case of Aileen Wuornos proves that differential association theory is helpful in examining similar events. It shows t
Introduction Human beings are the most complex of all living things due to their developed communication tools that involve the use of language and written words. While other animals use non verbal communication methods, human beings have evolved and advanced their methods of communicating to include writing, drawing, reading and also imagination as a way of communicating. This essay aims at outlining the process of perception of spoken and written languages and formulation of the response. Main Body Human beings have five main sensory organs that detect and transmit the stimuli from the environment to the Central Nervous System for appropriate action to be taken. These sensory organs include the nose, skin, tongue, eye and ear that perceive smell, touch, taste, vision and sound respectively. The main function of the ear is to perceive sound from the atmosphere and transmit it to the brain for necessary actions to be taken. The outer visible part of the ear called the auricle or pinna collects sound waves from the environment and directs it to the eardrum also known as the tympanic membrane through the ear canal (McMillan 26). The pinna and ear canal amplifies the waves to the right proportion to be felt by the eardrum. The middle ear that is comprised of the eardrum receives sound waves from the outer ear and converts these waves to vibrations in fluids at the cochlea of the inner ear. When the tympanic membrane is hit by sound the waves it vibrates and moves the tiny bones in the middle ear known as ossicles that transmits the vibrations to the fluid of the cochlea. The cochlea is a spiral fluid filled structure and it propagates the vibrations from the fluid to the nerve impulses that direct them to the brain via the auditory nerve which is a collection of many nerve fibers that connects the ear to the brain. The message then reaches the thalamus of the brain and relayed to the Central Auditory System which is the cortex located in the temporary lobe and is responsible for any decision making regarding the ear in relation to sound pitch and frequencies. When there is a loud sound in the environment this part of the brain directs the person to cover the ears or walk away from the noise (McDowell 67). When sound gets here it is interpreted to make sense and the individual is now able to get the message and prepares the body for answering or taking the necessary actions. When information has been relayed to the brain from the ear the brain coordinates with the spinal cord that sends the message to the relevant part of the body. For instance, when a person hears a scream and the message is relayed to the brain it will release adrenaline that is responsible for quick reactions as the message is perceived as danger (McMillan 49). Then the brain stimulates the necessary body parts for appropriate action that may include the body turning towards the source of the scream or the muscles responsible for movement to get prepared to run away or combat the perceived enemy. The eye is the only way through which human beings perceive light and are able to see. This is usually possibl
Introduction Treatment of substance abuse is a complex process that involves research and proper knowledge of the subject or victim of drug abuse. Reflectively, the process is intrinsic of background research, establishing current dynamics, and designing the right treatment. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly explore on the importance of examining family history in prescribing treatment for substance addiction. Besides, the paper explores the effects of addiction on development of children. In addition, the treatise offers a comparison between the behavior of ‘a child of an addict’ and ‘an adult child of an addict’ in order to establish appropriate approaches for offering counseling for each of these cases. Importance of Family History/Dynamics in Treatment of an Addiction Human beings function on thoughts, behavior, and feelings which are part of the building blocks of a family. Every substance addict belongs to a family. In order to offer a comprehensive family therapy treatment of a substance addict, it is important to establish the state and history of the family, so validate the possible effects of disorders such as social stigma, parent neglect, and general misunderstandings which push a member to resort to substance abuse. For instance, domineering mothers or despondent guardian are likely to create an environment of anxiety and low self esteem among their children and eventually dispose them to substance abuse. Besides, a long history of overindulgence in alcoholism, crime, and aggressiveness in parents is likely to motivate low tolerance to distracters and frustrations among children. As a result, the children may become poor in stress management, communication, and easily influenced by peers into substance abuse (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress 2010). When this is unchecked, addiction may take control of the life of such an individual. Family dynamics are critical in understanding the origin and persistence of an addiction to substance such as alcohol and other drugs. Thus, understanding these dynamics may facilitate prescription of the right treatment for an addiction within the most appropriate method. For instance, in a family that is a victim of alcohol addiction, issues such as lack of support from either of the partner
Value Preposition POX’s value preposition stems from several positive attributes associated with the product. One such attribute is stealth playing. Stealth playing highlights the product’s flexibility because this feature stands out as the most important value additional feature that POX holds. Indeed, when asked to give their opinions regarding POX, a student focus group identified the product’s stealth playing feature as a special value-additional component (Godes & Ofek 67). The product’s flexibility stood out as a special feature because stealth playing provided an opportunity for participants to play the game anywhere and at any time. Furthermore, the opportunity for players to use the product in a sneaky and surprising manner manifested as an exciting and surprising feature to game users. One user said, “You can sneak it where it is not supposed to be. You can play secretly and sneak up on your friends” (Godes & Ofek 67). Another user said, “Parents and teachers will not even know we are playing… only we will know… that is awesome” (Godes & Ofek 67). The above assertions show that the stealth-playing feature was a notable value-addition feature of the product. Albeit the stealth-playing feature appeared to be the most significant value-addition feature for the product, the ability of players to create their POX feature also stood out as an important value additional feature of the product. This feature gave the users a stronger feeling of empowerment and control. After comparing POX with another game (Pokémon), one game user in New York said, “By making your POX, you can create what you want; you are in control. With Pokémon, there is no control… it is just what you catch” (Godes & Ofek 67). POX’s ability to create anything improved the positive features of the product. Another value addition feature of the product stems from the name of the product itself. Most of the users believed the product’s name was edgy, new, and dangerous (Godes & Ofek 67). These attributes made the product more appealing to the users. Barriers to Adoption Competition: Competition is always a dominant barrier in the adoption of new products not only for POX but for other products as well. With the launch of POX, existing products such as Nintendo and other gaming products pose a threat to the full adoption of POX because they reduce the products market share (Godes & Ofek 62) Season: The gaming industry is highly characterised by the seasonal demand of products. The seasonal demands for gaming products define the irregular and uneven nature of the toy market. Godes & Ofek (60) say that new products often sell highly during the first year of launch. Subsequent years show a low sales growth or even an uneven sales growth. Therefore, the sales of subsequent years of market presence cannot surpass the initial year of launch. These uneven sales projections are highly evident in certain product categories, but the entire toy industry is also subject to the same patterns. Godes & Ofek say (60) the highest toy sales occur within the fourth quarter
Introduction This paper is based on the topic of globalisation of logistics and supply chains. It seeks to establish whether Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) can operate an integrated global business strategy in more than one country. It is argued that operating such a strategy is a reality for MNEs which are able to match their globalisation potentials with their globalisation strategies. To organisations which are not able to do so, operating such a strategy is more of a myth than a reality. Examples which are discussed include Tesco and Toyota. The paper is based on the backdrop of the increasing number of organisations which are going global. Such an increase is fueled by the need to increase competitiveness, reliance on advanced technology, and the desire to venture into particular markets. Globalisation Explained Globalisation is the attempt to eliminate the differences between people of the world through interaction and communication. The period before the two World Wars was characterised by minimal interaction, communication, and cross-border movements. That situation however changed after the World Wars due to the realisation by nations that there was need of working together in various spheres of development such as education, economy, employment, environment, and governance (Beck 2000). Globalisation is mainly driven by advancement in information and communication technology, improvement of transport infrastructure, and liberalisation of trade and immigration policies. Through globalisation, people are able to work anywhere in the world irrespective of their cultural orientation. Globalisation has also enabled people to study, marry, and stay in any part of the world (Cole 2005). In terms of culture, globalisation has enabled different cultures to coexist peacefully without cultural prejudice. The interaction of people in different spheres of life has made them to appreciate their cultural differences, a situation which has greatly reduced instances of racism and ethnicity (Chrysanthopoulos 2010). Globalisation Trends The history of globalisation has been a subject of heated debate between different scholars. Some have argued that globalisation started during the time of Greek civilisation while others have stated that globalisation is a concept which belongs to the modern era. Despite these differences about the history of globalisation, many scholars tend to agree that globalisation was triggered by the conquest of America by the Europeans (Fiske 2007). According to Clark, globalisation started early before the industrial revolution of 16
Entrepreneurs intending to invest in new territories need to consider a number of factors before venturing into new markets. Although these factors vary, entrepreneurs who are interested in investing within the European Union need to examine macroeconomic policies and risks carefully and determine their effects on business. New entrepreneurs need to consider key macroeconomic factors such as aggregate demand polices, aggregate supply policies, fiscal policies (for example, EU single monetary union), and the policies for the integration of the macroeconomic factors with the European social model. Suffice to state that the EU macroeconomic policies expose enterprises to certain risks. For instance, the EU single currency polices impinge on business flexibility. In addition, the single monetary union is at risk of falling into a severe debt crisis, among other risks. However, these risks can be curtailed through several measures, including inflation targeting, controlled budget deficits, and reduced national debts. All these are aimed at promoting equitable and sustained economic growth within the Eurozone. This has a direct impact on business growth and development. European economists hold conflicting views regarding the role of aggregate demand policies. However, this should not negate the relevance of aggregate demand polices in trying to stabilize the economies of EU member states (Baily 2010). Most of the aggregate demand policies within the EU mainly focus on the business growth and stability of employment. Most economists see active demand policies as risky in the following manner: to begin with, critics of active demand policies argue that increase in demand leads to high inflation rates. Secondly, economists see the risk on monetary stability leads to increase in interest rates However, the EU control on inflation complicates fiscal and monetary policies (Begg and Ward 2006). In addition, aggregate demand is at risk of falling if active aggregate demand polices are not strictly adhered to (Gazier and
‘Our Mutual Friend’ is Charles Dickens’ last complete novel and one of his most complex and intricate works. The novel revolves around the River Thames and around wealth, especially that which results from the financial industry. Dickens is harsh in his criticism of such wealth, which is gathered without labour and refers to it as ‘mounds of dust i.e. piles of papers which gather dust. Despite having a strong social message, Our Mutual Friend is a novel with strong elements of romance, mystery, suspense, comedy and other elements designed to the masses. ‘Our Mutual Friend’ can be considered an example of popular literature. Popular literature is the name given to the body of work whose main appeal is to mass audiences rather than an elite group of literature connoisseurs and literary critics. Popular literature is designed to entertain common people. It may often have content that is considered trite and clichéd, simplistic and silly or bawdy and offensive to educated people. Critics often see works of popular literature as lacking in artistic content [1] . During his lifetime and afterwards Charles Dickens found widespread acclaim as a writer of popular literature. His works appealed to the masses, especially to the middle class who often accessed his works in the form of monthly or weekly instalments in mass published periodicals. At the same time, despite his popularity, his works were often decried by literary intellectuals as altogether lacking in artistic merit [2] . Our Mutual Friend never gained the popularity of Dickens’ earlier works such as Great Expectations and Oliver Twist. The reason for this is that ‘Our Mutual Friend’ like ‘Bleak House’ before it reflects greatly the author’s social concerns and the humour element of the novel is reduced and subordinated to the social message [3] . One of the attributes of Dickens’ novels that caused him to be condemned by critics is the fact that his novels contained a lot of humour. It was believed that the presence of humour and comedy in a work rendered it completely vulgar and common and not fit to be appreciated by learned people. Dickens portrays the city as a place of mutual conflict and harsh Darwinian survival of the fittest. Dickens’ London is characterised by poverty and pollution caused by industrialisation. Dickens’
Fear of flying, otherwise referred to as aerophobia is a condition that results in anxiety and fear, thus hindering chances of taking a flight as a means of travel. Aerophobia may be connected to numerous and unnecessary frightening issues. But sometimes it manifests independently. Sometimes aerophobia is coupled with claustrophobia or acrophobia; these imply panic that grips individuals in enclosed places and a fear of high altitude common in flights, respectively. Aerophobia is estimated to take the toll on about 25 percent of the public, although a full-scale condition of phobia is considerably less recorded across the world (Allen, 2010). Although, cancellations of flights or delays are ordinary cases in the airline industry, such developments can aggravate the fear of flying. An experiment that could help investigate this phenomenon Aerophobia is a serious condition that can be uncovered when a victim is closely engaged by a psychotherapist in a relaxed environment (Baker, 2010). Several sessions often yield positive results, because the victim will feel relaxation over time. An expert should use the first sessions primarily to look into the general facts of the condition of the victim. This enables successful ventilation of any relevant facts concerning the issue. It is also imperative to clearly outline the best course of action that would enable a victim of aerophobia to shun the habit. This method of allowing a victim adequate time to slowly and individually recognize the condition and appreciate the essence of a recovery process is equally imperative. The building of trust between a victim and a psychotherapist is paramount to the quest for better solution, as this has a bearing on the speed of treatment initiatives. But the lack of trust only serves to raise more anxiety in the victim. In general, anxiety is an impediment to such sessions as this condition erodes the respondent’s courage in taking part in the diagnosis and treatment sessions. The use of Imaginal hypothesis against aerophobia The use of imaginal approach enables aerophobia victims to draw the actual picture of the problem in their mind (Vanden, & De Raedt, 2008). Through imaginal approach, a psychotherapist would guide the respondent on all details of an air travel, until the plane touches down, while maintaining the sense of relaxation during the treatment session. The expert may then pick a general conversation for sometime about the victim’s experience. Such conversations are normally received well by the victims. A keen observation of his or her face may reveal the positive response through some sort of a smile or approval through a nod. A relaxed parting short may have far reaching effects. In view of this, toward the end of a recommended short session lasting about an hour, the victim should be taken through ways of ridding themselves of the fear of flying, though it is important to expose the gritty issues of facing the condition head-on, while closely monitoring the react