ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction First of all it would be necessary to mention, that HIV/AIDS is commonly regarded to be a youth disease and, consequently, little concentration has been given to the matter of HIV/AIDS amid older Americans. It should be stated that the age range for “adult” is subjective, and the inferior period restrictions in the specific literature diverges between 40 and 55 years. For this aim Epi Update, older personalities will be classified as those aged 50 years or older. Discussion The article is claimed to analyze on of the most burning problems of the up-to-date public health – HIV/AIDS prevention. The specificity of the paper is that it relates the issue of HIV prevention for the people over 50. It is necessary to mention, that:   * 10% of all AIDS cases in the USA are people over 50.   * More citizens over 65 have AIDS than offsprings under 5.   * Adult people will regularly have to take care of family associates with AIDS.   * More than sixty percent of AIDS cases among older matures were involved into homosexual/bisexual contact.   * 17% of older adult casings were reasoned by infected blood products.   * Heterosexual diffusion of HIV/AIDS is the quickest rising means of distribution the infection among people over 50.   * Older matures who are subjected to HIV are at a superior risk than younger people since their immunities are previously deteriorated by the ordinary aging practice.   * Lots of illnesses that are connected with AIDS look like infections general to older grown ups. From time to time older people are not correctly defined as having AIDS. Women over 50, lots of them dating yet again after long relations, gradually more are dealing HIV/AIDS, but they generally are ignored by health experts who concentrate more on younger people and markdown the sexuality of adult women, professionals note. Some doctors oversight the indications of HIV/AIDS for those of ordinary aging. Moreover, professionals say, women over 50 may not perform safe sex as they are no longer anxious about pregnancy and they have less knowledge negotiating as a full associate with men about the necessity to use condoms. The paper defines common facts on HIV/AIDS for citizens over fifty, but it does not mention the possible symptoms, which are often taken as normal for aging. But these one should be stated: People of the age of 50 and older may not differentiate HIV symptoms in themselves as they consider what they are sensing and undergoing is type of normal aging. Indications may include:   * headache,   * constant cough,   * diarrhoea,   * enlarged glands,   * break down,   * hammering of appetite and
Introduction Research on women entrepreneurs has extensively been carried out in many countries across the world and especially in the developed countries. Arguably, most women have been venturing into entrepreneurship in order to overcome the widespread inequality between men and women in terms of the income earned. However, the rate of women becoming entrepreneurs is still low in comparison to that of men. This paper presents a summary of studies that have looked at the various barriers to the performance of women entrepreneurs. Barriers to Women Performance Lerner, Brush and Hisrich (1997), while examining the performance of female entrepreneurs in Israel realized that entrepreneurship presents most women with an opportunity to achieve economic stability equal to that of their male counterparts. A majority of women are, however, attracted to entrepreneurship by the strong desire to provide for the needs of their families. Apparently, it is imperative for women entrepreneurs to gain industry relevant experience in order to succeed as entrepreneurs. This study attributes the failure of female entrepreneurs to excel to lack of experience that is well aligned with the chosen business. Equally important is the fact that women entrepreneurs must build their business skills and aim to be successful in their business undertakings. Furthermore, commitment to a reliable network where women can receive support and advice is also necessary if women have to enhance their chances of succeeding as entrepreneurs (Lerner, Brush & Hisrich, 1997). In the study by Brindley (2005), three major barriers to women entrepreneurship were identified. First, there is the social cultural status of women that identifies their primary responsibility as caring for their families. To a large extent, this weakens their potential to set up successful business ventures. Secondly, most women lack access to important social networks and the necessary support needed for them to advance in competitive business environments. Finally, access to various forms of capital is also a major barrier to the performance of women entrepreneurs. Social structures including family, work, and the organization of social life affect how women access entrepreneurial opportunities and ultimately, they affect their overall performance. Ostensibly, these social structures influence the development of human as well as social capital vital to their success as entrepreneurs. This study argues that an entrepreneur often starts with a set of human and social capital endowments. However, the effect of these structural barriers largely depends on the country in consideration and is controlled by expectations for women in those countries. In South America for example, women are mainly associated with childcare and this greatly
People, who come to a foreign country, may have different perceptions of their ethnicity, language, religion and culture. There are three concepts that are closely related to their experiences, namely assimilation, ethnic pluralism, and transnationalism. These terms describe the way in which people can integrate themselves into a different society. This is why one should look at the main similarities and distinctions between these terms. Moreover, it is important to determine which of these approaches is most suitable for immigrants and their families. These are the main issues that should be addressed. Such a notion as assimilation means that an individual fully adopts the language, cultural values, and traditions of the host society. Moreover, this person can even associate oneself with the ethnic group that is dominant in the host society. These are the main aspects of assimilation. For a long time, it was believed that this process is inevitable for every person who chooses to settle in a foreign country. The problem is that cultural assimilation can result in stress or even mental problems. This is one the main problems that should be taken into account. This is why many societies can reject the necessity for assimilation. There is a different view on the experiences of immigrants. In this case, one can speak about the idea of cultural and ethnic pluralism. This concept means that people can retain some of their cultural values, religion, customs, and so forth. In other words, this person does not have to assimilate completely into the society. It seems that the second approach is more beneficial for immigrants. The thing is that many of them are adult people and it is more difficult for them to learn a language that may be new to them. Moreover, they do not easily adjust to new norms or values. The children of these people can completely integrate into a new society, but one cannot say the same thing about parents. Thus, unlike assimilation, pluralism gives more freedom to an immigrant and his/her family. Finally, one should remember about such a notion as transnationalism which is different from assimilation and pluralism. This term can be defined as the ability of a person to maintain contact with ones friends or relatives in his/her home country. So, this person is not alienated from ones cultural legacy. This is another way in which immigrants can interact with different cultures. Overall, it is easier for these people to adapt to a new culture, if they are not isolated from the culture of their ancestors. Thus, transnationalism can be seen as a positive force for people who choose to live in a foreign country due to some reasons. Nevertheless, one should bear in mind that immigrants do not always have this opportunity. In some cases, they are completely i
Maria Stewart was an African-American woman who became a journalist, teacher, lecturer, abolitionist, and women’s rights activist. In her “Why Sit Ye Here and Die?” speech, she highlighted several arguments in support of black people’s rights. The first is that black people should have the right to education, as white people. She claims that if she had been educated at an early age, she would have been able to spread her ideas more widely and further (Stewart, 1). The second is that black people are exploited as slaves for low pay. She states that they are forced to spend much money in the winter to heat the house, and women are engaged in hard work and spend all their earnings on their children (Stewart, 4). This speech aims to convey the listeners that black people can earn, develop, and just live as white. In her speech, she addresses white women, telling them that they have a wonderful opportunity to improve their moral and mental abilities. Furthermore, she says that if black women who work in the kitchens of their owners had such an opportunity, they would definitely take it (Stewart, 3). Moreover, she appeals to the black free community to help their children not suffer the same servile fate as unfree black people and to help them not become victims of a terrible state of degradation (Stewart, 3). Perhaps it would really help some to get out of the obligation to be a servant. Stewart’s speech was most probably criticized because it united all black people who were under the rule of white people and served them as slave labor, and did not have the opportunity to live and develop (Stewart, 4). Although some are more comfortable and calmer to be under the power and protection of their owner. It was concluded that everything depends on the people, because black ones who serve can choose for themselves another life independent of white people.
Walt Disney Co. is an international media conglomerate that has been exponentially growing its business. In the fiscal 2017 year, it received over $55 billion in revenue from its wide variety of business ventures and investments (Trefis Team, 2017). The annual report that the corporation releases is a critical assessment of the company’s solvency and financial performance. Also, it offers an insight into the company’s operations and future business decisions. Despite evident profitability, it is essential to continuously evaluate the financial conditions created in Disney’s structure and investments in order to ensure that the company is heading in the right direction. The first part of the annual report discussing segments of the company’s operation is especially relevant for Disney, which has increasingly focused on diversifying its business model. Disney’s focus on spreading into various segments of entertainment and media while maintaining a unifying platform is a sensible economic decision. While the majority of revenue comes from its media and network branches, the corporation invests in new areas and franchises, which will support the corporation’s solvency for decades (Koslosky, 2015). However, a large number of investments has caused the company’s revenue to decline year over year, which has caused some concern amongst shareholders who often seek short-term profitability, which an annual report outlines. The annual report provides some vital financial ratios that are used by a variety of parties, including shareholders, executives, and creditors, which establish the company’s fiscal stability. The operating margin for Disney continues to drop due to declining cable subscriptions but will stabilize as it invests in streaming platforms. The company’s net margin has always been financially sound as it takes on debt very carefully and maintains a consistently low debt-to-equity ratio. Return on equity is a measure important for investors since it represents the company’s earnings in equity investments. Furthermore, return on invested capital is the company’s profitability over its diversified investments using its considerable capital (Blokhin, 2016).
Insurance coverage is identified as the primary economic factor that affects access to healthcare. According to the report by the National Center for Health Statistics (Cohen et al., 2020), from January through June 2020, 9.4% of the population were uninsured. The Affordable Care Act has improved access to care since 2010, increasing the number of citizens who have health insurance (Cohen et al., 2020). Apart from the identified competing needs in improving access to care, the competition among health providers can be mentioned. According to Barros et al. (2016), more competition improves geographical access to health services by stimulating the entry of new providers. Furthermore, nurses’ contribution is vital in providing high-quality services to all groups of the population. The existing healthcare policies have a mainly negative influence on improving access to health services. As indicated in the post, nurses strive for increased autonomy, which would allow them to diagnose and treat patients independently (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2021). In this regard, the current healthcare policies, which differ from state to state, are perceived as barriers to full practice that interrupt the delivery of care (Broome & Marshall, 2021). They make nurses spend a lot of time and effort coordinating with physicians to start and manage treatment (Taylor & Gilchrist, 2020). According to Chattopadhyay and Zangaro (2019), eliminating scope-of-practice restrictions should be the focus of care delivery because it will “significantly reduce costs and improve access to health services for all groups of patients” (p. 273). The American Nurses Association acts on behalf of nurses to propose initiatives to protect and advance the current scope of practice and “monitor and advocate for legislative and regulatory changes” (“Scope of practice,” n.d., para. 13). The changes will allow nurses to deliver care to underserved groups of the population and enjoy more professional freedom.
Power and politics are two important parts of organizational behavior and effective management. Management and leadership skills are complex issues that demand the unique professional knowledge and expertise of a person. The problem of power and politics in a modern organization receives great attention in recent years influenced by changing cultural traditions and new management techniques (Pfeffer, 1992). The distinction between power and politics provides a framework for developing leadership strategy given one’s place in a situation, with or without power. The point of the difference between leadership and management challenges, and the different modes of operating that each requires are based on differences between power and politics within one organization. Power is a bargain; employees entrust leaders in exchange for service. Indeed, it is possible to define this notion as a process “entrusted to perform a service” (Mintzberg, 1985). When individuals meet expectations, their credibility and chances for promotion increase; when they do not, they risk their image and position. Politics means a certain direction and approach to exercise power and make decisions. In both cases, good leadership skills are needed to provide effective governance if a person is to ensure political leadership and decision-making. To the extent that leaders and managers tried in the past to distinguish between leadership and power, they merely make a distinction between two kinds of power: formal and informal authority. In organizations, politics has usually been associated with informal authority, denoting the ability to gain and deploy power—that is, the power to influence and inspire a subordinate (Pfeffer, 1992). Power and politics are saddled with expectations that constrain the exercise of leadership. Consequently, equating leadership with informal power does little to help employees develop strategies of leadership, whether with or without power, to tackle the most important challenges. The dependency on power generated by distress has the special advantage of holding a social system together when other management tools fail to function properly (Daft, 2003). An example of organizational politics is the promotion and training of all employees working with the company for 3 years. Politics allow the company to ensure an adequate supply of professional and competent staff and reduced redundancy rates. In this case, power relations will be a relationship between a manager/trainer and the employee/trainee assigned to further promotion. Power relationships become a critical feature of a holding environment. Leadership, however, such dependency discourages more adaptive social constructs and behavior. The pattern of dependency itself evolved not to enable a given troop to achieve new adaptations (for example, to venture into new technological innovations or address new kinds of work structure), but to ena
Introduction Young children are delicate, loving, naive, and unaware of the events happening around them. It is the duty of guardians and parents to monitor and address the needs of these individuals. Evidence reveals that children are abused emotionally, physically, or sexually every day. This happens to be the case because they are vulnerable and incapable of defending themselves. Seltzer, Henderson, and Boss (2016) argue that the overlapping responsibilities of communities, law enforcers, parents, and social workers should be taken seriously to support and protect children. It is surprising that children might be abused in their respective families. Foster care has been embraced in different societies to support the needs of children who are unable to live with their respective siblings or parents. The beneficiaries of foster care may be placed in emergency shelters or homes depending on their situations. Some might be allowed to live with foster parents, friends, or relatives. Before completing the placement process, various ethical issues must be addressed carefully. For instance, the process results in the termination of parental obligations and rights for their children. The aim of this paper is to explain why it would be ethical for parents to relinquish some of these rights in order to maximize the welfare of the targeted children. Practice Situation Foster care (commonly referred to as out-of-home support) is taken into consideration when a given child is unable to live with his or her family members (Rochat, Mokomane, & Mitchell, 2016). Different reasons have been presented to support the idea of out-of-home care. Domestic violence or abuse remains a major challenge for many children. Baylis (2013) acknowledges that children placed in different foster care settings are the ones who are abused either physically or sexually. More often than not, households associated with violence tend to report increased cases of child abuse (Miron et al., 2013). Physical violence has been expanded to include a wide range of malpractices. In some cases, children might be restrained or abused verbally. They might be locked in closets or garages for several days. Neglect has emerged as a major reason for putting children in foster homes. In some cases, children might be living in unhealthy environments or conditions (McSherry, Malet, & Weatherall, 2016). Their emotional needs might also be ignored by
Introduction The education system in the United States continues to experience monumental shifts with regard to demographic parameters. Current student population comprises individuals from diverse social, cultural, racial, and linguistic backgrounds. Despite numerous and recurrent reservations, such parametrical inclinations continually stir discourse among educationists (Brown, 2007). Teachers and education stakeholders should devise and propagate policies that support excellence and precision in academic undertakings. It is important to understand and appreciate the role of culture and resultant dynamics in enhancing educational programs. School environment shapes and actualizes perceptions in diverse areas of engagement (Brown, 2007). Discussion The pattern of response to such issues could affect self-esteem of students owing to their diverse cultural, psychological, and social backgrounds. This reality necessitates for gradual establishment and entrenchment of value systems to complement positive influence in pedagogy. Educators should possess vital training skills to enhance provision of services to students from diverse backgrounds. In the past, diverse cultural and linguistic factors had monumental impact on students’ reaction to pedagogical endeavors (Brown, 2007). Students react differently to circumstances that do not satisfy expectations and anticipated outcomes. Such behavior patterns shape their perception and reaction to situations that are manifested in daily undertakings. By streamlining systems and frameworks in pedagogy, educators lay ground for productivity and positive influence on students. Such efforts also ensure that students receive quality education devoid of ineffectiveness and mediocrity. Quality instructions are based on structural systems and frameworks that ultimately recognize the overall relevance of education in promoting change and progress in society (Brown, 2007). Due to this reality, educators are in the constant clamor for improvements and adjustments to propagate ideals of instruction and positive influence on students. They insist on education frameworks that are compatible, congruent, relevant, and responsive to challenges in contemporary social and cultural contexts (Brown, 2007). To attain such degree of relevance and responsiveness, there is need for programs that enhance training of teachers, conscious of prevailing challenges and expectations in modern pedagogy. Besides training in career trends, teachers should also possess adequate skills to assist them in dealing with students from diverse cultural and social backgrounds. This accords them an upper hand in circumventing demands and challenges in their line of duty (Brown, 2007). It is important for teachers to have sufficient knowledge regarding cultural orientations that characterize immediate student populations. This should also include implicit attitudes and professional understanding of different cultures and social phen