ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Roberts (2011) article highlights on the increased world population, which currently stands at about seven billion people. To estimate the world’s population, UN and USCB use statistics and censuses from over 228 political entities and countries. The censuses and statistics not only help to project deaths inclusive of those caused by epidemics but also to project births inclusive of those conceived by the refugees. Approximately, 367,000 people are born each day while 153,000 people die each day hence resulting into an increase of 78.5 million people annually. As revealed, the increased population results from the gradual decline of deaths and gradual increase of births in a rapid manner. As a result, more people are born whilst fewer people succumb to death thus leading to population increment “attainment of billion-person milestones every 12 or 13 years” (Roberts, 2011, para. 11). Analysis However, one cannot help but note the statistical discrepancies that exist between the United Nations and USCB. USCB notes that the population will not reach 7 billion until four months are over. This implies that the United Nations ‘miss’ the population estimation “of 28 million, which is more that all people in Saudi Arabia” (Roberts, 2011, para. 2). The justification behind the outcome is the “margin of error of at least 1 percent” (Roberts, 2011, para. 4) which is said to give room for errors. Considering that UN and USCB collected information from similar sources, the estimation should be approximately the same and therefore, the error margin is not justifiable. A close look reveals that the disparity results from interpretation of figures. USCB use ‘silly’ or impractical population interpreters ‘population clock’ that projects the number of persons who die or are given birth to every minute. As indicated, UN “don’t use a population clock” (Roberts, 2011, para. 6). Unfortunately, USCB dismisses these claims when they state that their estimates are precise ‘remarkably close’ (Roberts, 2011, para. 10). This shows that they are not willing to solve the population’s statistical differences between them and UN. Interpretation The more people the world has, the more resources are used. Therefore, if there is an increased population that the world can barely support, people will competed for the available resources including land, water and the available economic opportunities. This implies that there are people who will be destitute. In addition, increased competition for the available resources implies that people will have to fight for the resources thus resulting to conflicts, which can lead to wars. This explains why there is a need to have proper population estimates. They form the basis of addressing the needs and problems that the world’s population is facing such as mitigating overpopulation. Opinion/insight Changes in population could affect all people including me. If the world becomes overpopulated, I would likely succumb to poverty or live in a war-stricken society. For
Summary of the two articles in your own words Innovation and technological advancement has created market opportunities and various challenges for all firms in various industries across the world. The Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (HEEP, BHEL) is one of the world’s leading global electrical companies that manufacture electrical and power equipment. The electrical plant is located in Hardwar India and its partners and collaborates with various global companies in the global market that include the United States and Germany. Globalization and liberalization of the business market due to technological advancement has led to high competition among businesses in the global market. In this view, several companies have made advanced corporate strategic steps to enhance their competitive advantage and sustain business growth. The best strategic steps adopted by various companies to enhance the competitive advantage involve processes that improve product quality, service delivery, employee performance, and customer satisfaction. From the case studies, HEEP, BHEL has adopted an excellent program of total quality management after 1993 ISO certification. The excellenc
Air pollution refers to the infusion of chemicals, particles and biological matter that are hazardous and are the cause of discomfort to humanity and other living organisms into the atmosphere. Noise is also one of the factors that contribute to air pollution. The main pollutants are gases, solid matter and liquid droplets. These can either be primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly into the atmosphere while secondary pollutants are those that form in the air when different primary pollutants react or interact. “Examples of primary pollutants include volcanic ash that is spewed into the atmosphere as a result of a volcanic eruption, Carbon Monoxide emitted by automobiles and Sulphur dioxide from factories. An example of a secondary pollutant is the ground level ozone” (Mukhopadhyay 2008) There are many gaseous pollutants and the common ones are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Duflo & Hanna (2008) notes’ “carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and poisonous. When there is incomplete combustion of any kind of fuel, the resultant product is carbon monoxide which can lead to death when one is exposed to it for a long period of time. Carbon dioxide, which is a colorless and odorless gas, is not toxic and it is the product of complete combustion, cement production and respiration (Duflo & Hanna 2008). Solid pollutants are either natural or manmade. Those that occur naturally include pollen that comes from plants, dust from dust storms from volcanic ash which is emitted by volcanoes. Manmade solid pollutants come about as a result of human activities such as burning of fossil fuel in cars and various industrial processes. Aerosols, a mixture of gas and solid particles, are also products of human activity (Mukhopadhyay, 2008) There is another category of pollutants known as radioactive. These occur either naturally or may be brought about by human activities. An example of a naturally occurring radioactive pollutant is the radioactive decay of radon. The ones that are as a result of human activity are nuclear war explosives and the generation of nuclear energy. Radioactive pollutants are believed to have the most devastating and lasting effects on the environment and its inhabitants. Radioactive pollution mutates the genes of any living organisms causing their offspring to have abnormal features. The effect of radioactive pollution are heavily documented in history and of particular interest is the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan by the United States of America, the effects are still being felt up-to-date. Recently in the wake of the earthquake that rocked Japan, a nuclear power plant was hit and radioactive gases leaked into the atmosphere. Air pollution can take place both outdoors and indoors. While indoors, air can be polluted by lead paint degenerating into dust which ends up being inhaled, burning of incense, air fresheners, perfumes, tobacco smoking, pesticides, mold on walls and pets which produce dander hence contributing towards pollution of the environmen
Next to the pyramid of Teti is the Mastaba of Mereruka, his son-in-law and vizier. Mastaba was a form of burial of pharaohs during the archaic period and the antique period. It is an elongated, truncated pyramidal structure that served as a burial vault for the pharaohs of Early Dynastic Period, their families, or high-ranking officials. The tombs were built on the western bank of the Nile, where the sun descends into the underworld. Conventionally, mastaba is divided into underground and above-ground parts. The first contains one or more burial chambers for the main mummy and his family members. From these chambers, shafts extend vertically upward, 12-20 meters long (Ikram 170). After the burial, they were laid so that no one from the outside could disturb the mummified remains. The Matsaba of Mereruka is a great example of the Old Kingdom tomb and its purpose of ensuring a prosperous afterlife for the buried one. However, it was later also used to bury famous people such as Mereruka, governor of Memphis during the VI Dynasty. The vizier possessed the highest administration responsibility and power after the king (Ikram 179). This is reflected in both the greatness and complexity of the funerary superstructure of Mereruka. Even during their lifetime, the Egyptian visors took care of the erection of the tomb (Ikram 297). The priests were appointed responsible for the maintenance and preparation of those. It is the largest mastaba in Saqqara, containing 32 rooms and its substructure being similar to a palace. In addition to Mereruka himself, his wife and son are buried there – burial chambers are located underground. In this sense, the underground chambers represent the Underworld where Osiris was supposed to meet the ka (soul). To get there, the ka would have to travel through the tomb chapel that symbolizes the gate to the other world (Ikram 287). The first mention of the king of the afterlife was found on the wall of the pyramid (Ikram 159). The inscription was created during the 5th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and is referred as the Pyramid Texts. Since the northern part of the tomb lacked the exterior stela , the false door represents a symbolic entrance to another world that enabled the spirit to travel between the two realities (Ikram 291). On this stone, the full name of the vizier are indicated as well as a set of several standard prayers that priests or visitors were supposed to read to help the spirit of a person would continue to prosper (Ikram 297). Overall, it is evident that being dead in Ancient Egypt did not necessarily mean losing connection with the outer world. If one is enough attentive enough and looks closely, the will notice that corridor connecting the false door with the serdab is not similar to the shaft that leads to the burial chamber. If the walls of the first one are plastered, they have paintings or bas-reliefs, then the well walls have an unworked appearance. There is an altar in front of the false door, and its main function is to serve as a
Introduction Career development refers to the lifelong process of managing progression in learning and work, which significantly determines the nature and quality of individual’s lives, the kind of people they become, their sense of purpose, the overall income at their disposal, social and economic contribution they make to the communities. High quality information is essential for effective career development and needs to be supplemented by personal support. A career development plan is a way to set future goals for progression in a chosen career. It involves creating a list of goals, along with strategies for achieving those goals and a desired completion date. All the steps necessary to help achieve the final goal should be included in a career development plan. Compensation Compensation represents a tangible expression of a person’s perceived value defining lifestyle, position within the community measuring the importance of the individual to the organization. It is one of the human resource systems, which also includes recruitment, performance management, training and development, and employee relation. Compensation combines wages, salaries, and benefits an employee receives in exchange for work. The employment team showing up for work on a consistent basis should have their salaries reviewed using the following plan. The salary plan should include medical, dental, and cafeteria plan benefits. The inclusion of the above plan enables and allows the employ
Business organizations thrive on long term and short term strategic decisions which drive them to success. These cross functional managerial decisions are fundamental in determining a business organization’s strategic position and its ability to sustain itself in a competitively and dynamically changing environment. Therefore to formulate good business policies, a business manager needs to continuously assess the operational business environment to make strategic decisions in line with an organization’s planning and innovation processes. An Intelligent business executive continuously monitors the political environment in which a business organization operates to ensure potential risks associated with political uncertainties do not get into the way of an organization’s business operations. Ireland, Duane, and Hitt (23) assert that a business organization is likely to suffer heavy losses if a strategic decision made by its executives embodied in its strategic vision does not consider potentially dangerous situations like military invasions. Inconsistent industry regulations and requirements, time allotted for work for every employee or work week, intellectual property laws, legal requirements in making contracts, relationships with trade unions, and specific anti-trust laws can adversely affect a business’s sustainability and operations if such factors are not considered in making long term or short term strategic decisions I(reland, Duane & Hitt, 56) Business organizations only thrive in economically stable environments which inspire the confidence for sustained profits. Such environments provide competently skilled manpower, stable currencies of host nations, sustained economic growth, sustained income, and stable inflation rates. When making long term strategic management decisions, managers need to identify and evaluate the characteristic type of the economic environment and controls in an economy when strategizing for the future. These ensure the safety and sustainability of an organization’s financial resources. Understanding the social environment enables managers to make strategic decisions in relation to the demographics of an organization’s market environment. Demographic factors determine how an organization designs its products to address the specific needs of a population. Akbar (1) argues that this helps managers to make strategic plans for sustaining a business organization in today’s fiercely competitive environment. Long term strategies are fundamentally influenced by a market’s social class structures, innovation, cultural norms and values, and educational levels. Different social classes perceive different products differently. They also have different consumer behaviors. Products should be tailored to meet the needs and wants of different classes. Innovative managers make long term stra
Introduction I performed an independent observation in Garfield High School in New Jersey, which was a community site of my interest. I aimed at exploring the role of the nurse in the school setting and the issues that the nurse encountered there. To accomplish this goal, I went to Garfield High School and interviewed their school nurse. I found out about school nurses’ responsibilities, as well as educational, experiential, and skill requirements. This observational experience is relevant to community health class because school nurses have a direct relationship with community health. Schools are public places attended by many children and adolescents, so the target of school nurses’ service is to promote health among this segment of the population. The care focus of the school nurse in Garfield High School, as well as in many other schools, is primary prevention. The nurse educates students about various communicable diseases and encourages them to adhere to basic hygiene. Sometimes, the nurse is involved in secondary prevention by assessing students’ state, observing early signs of various diseases, or giving first aid in case of emergency. As a rule, tertiary prevention is rare, but if there is a need, the school nurse assists students by administering the necessary medications or performing procedures, for example, giving insulin injections to a student with diabetes. Main body The major role of the high school nurse is to meet the health care needs of students and ensure that health issues do not prevent them from getting an education and develop socially. The responsibilities of school nurses include educating students about healthy lifestyles and disease-preventing behaviors. Furthermore, school nurses have to control immunization rates among students and prevent the spread of infections within the school community. Since school nurses are aware of healthcare facilities available in their towns, they can recommend them to parents whose children need medical aid. The nurse in Garfield High School is qualified as a registered nurse and a certified school nurse, which is the generally required level of education for school nurses. To become a school nurse, one should get a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, pass the NCLEX-RN exam, and obtain the School Nurse Certificate. Furthermore, to be admitted to work, a school nurse must have at least 1,000 hours of clinical experience. Apart from medical skills, school nurses should be patient and pay attention to details since it can help them to notice early signs of different diseases. The role of school nurses is independent and autonomous since they have to make crucial decisions on their own, without the help of a supervising doctor. Therefore, decisiveness, profound medical knowledge, and self-confidence are essential qualities of school nurses. The major issues of nurses in school settings are related to the fact that health care is not the primary concern of educational institutions. For this reason, nurses o
Ethics and Code of Ethics The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) offers standards and guidelines to dictate the practices of audit institutions. Such principles are known as International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions. This agency gives detailed definitions of specific terms and concepts in order to inform the practice of every professional auditor. Definitions Ethics: INTOSAI defines “ethics” as a personal model or philosophy that dictates what ought to be wrong or right ( Code of ethics 2017). It can also refer to moral tenets that govern auditors’ behaviors whenever pursuing specific professional goals. Code of Ethics: This refers to a document or policy that informs the actions, initiatives, behaviors, and practices of individuals in a given profession. INTOSAI goes further to define a “code of ethics” as a set of principles associated with a professional organization’s mission, vision, core values, and standards ( Code of ethics 2017). SAI’s code of ethics, for instance, focuses on positive behaviors that are consistent with the expressed principles or guidelines. Importance of Code of Ethics The benefits of having a powerful code of ethics for a professional auditing body or organization are outlined below.   * It clarifies the most appropriate principles, missions, and values for auditing agencies, organizations, and firms.   * It links every outlined guideline with professional practice or conduct.   * It can be used by auditors and other employees to make better decisions.   * It has been observed to empower workers to address emerging ethical problems and dilemmas.   * It ensures that an organization follows existing laws.   * It serves as a powerful tool for marketing a professional body or auditing firm.   * It mitigates most of the risks arising from financial misappropriation or ethical misconduct. Code of Ethics for Auditors An effective code of ethics should include these aspects: integrity, independence and objectivity, competence, professional behavior, and confidentiality and transparency. This section offers a definition and a detailed analysis of each of these concepts. Definitions   * Integrity: This is the ability or willingness to act reliably, honestly, and in good faith ( Code of ethics 2017). The concept means that every action or activity must be in the interest of the public.   * Independence and objectivity: This means being free from any form of influence that has the potential to compromise a person’s professionalism or functioning. The term “objectivity” is defined as the ability to act in an unbiased or impartial manner ( Code of conduct & workplace ethics 2018).   * Competence: This term refers to the ability to possess desirable skills and knowledge for the intended role and to act in accordance with outlined or existing principles ( Code of conduct & workplace ethics 2018).   * Professional behavior: This means complying with stipulated or applicable con
The fall of the Liberal Government due to the Sponsorship Scandal The sponsorship program, known as Adscam was a swindle attributed to the fall of the Liberal party in Canada in the 2006 election. Allegations point the Liberal Party of the Canadian Federal Government in Quebec province as the major perpetrators of the fraud. The fraud resulted from the arrangement of the government to defy the efforts of the party of Quebec, which worked to promote its independence. Therefore as a counter, the government of Canada aided in creation of awareness of its effort it had down in the industries and other initiatives in the Quebec (Dylan 2010, 12). The sponsor who people assumed genuine was only blindfolding the public. It was a scandal, which led to a loss of trust by the Canadians, making the party of Liberal lose followers. The ‘sponsorship scandal’, as witnessed in the Canada federal government, resulted from malpractices associated with the liberal party of Canada. The party swindled many funds from the move through fraudulent means in the excuse of sponsoring its adverts in the media, which was among its roles in Quebec, as it claimed. For instance, various ads were paid for advertising firms, which in turn did little or no work in ensuring their production (Archer 2002, 12). Furthermore, some funds were relayed back to the Liberal Party instead of being directed to the activities it was intended to do. This fraud through sponsorship had operated for various years until 2004 when its prominence came out after the raising of the red flag by Fraser Sheila, an auditor general for the federal government. Therefore, it turned the event as the prominence of the Liberal party diminished leading to loss of their power. Therefore, this paper validates the hypothesis that the aforementioned scandal was the root cause of the fall of the 13-year Liberal government. However, there exist some political implications as far as this claim is concerned. For instance, the witnessed party rift contributed significantly towards the end of the government. Pol
Introduction Conservation is the ability to develop logical thinking through the capacity to retain in memory various quantities like mass, numbers, and volume despite the quantities undergoing various transformations. A child with the ability to conserve is in a position to reverse the aesthetic transformation mentally and be in a position to acknowledge compensation. This occurs in the preoperational stage according to Piaget’s cognitive stages of development. At this stage, the child is beginning to talk and extends up to around the age of 7 years. However, the ages for transiting from this stage to the concrete operational stage may differ due to other confounding factors like biological and environmental aspects which are different for each child. According to Piaget (Rose & Blank, 1974, p. 500), apart from motor actions, children at this stage can utilize representations like gestures, drawings, and mental images in recognizing objects or events in their surroundings. The children have the egocentric form of thinking where they usually depend on physical appearances. They have not developed the ability to comprehend rigidity or underlying realities of matter. Their mental actions do not follow a logical pattern but rather are rigid and concentrated to a particular aspect one at a time. They are also highly influenced by the appearance of an object at that particular time (Berk, 1999, p. 50). Piaget’s conser