ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article under consideration dwells upon roles played by Hispanic Americans in the contemporary American society. The author considers major reasons for development of such roles and relationships between the ethnic groups in the USA. Historical factors have played crucial role in the development of this ethnic minority which still has to endure discrimination in many spheres. In the first place, it is necessary to remember that Hispanic Americans constitute about 15 % of the entire American population, which makes them the second largest ethnic group in the USA (Marger 307). Admittedly, the second largest ethnic group is a significant force that should be taken into account by the white majority. Nonetheless, Hispanic Americans are still subjected to discrimination on the part of Anglos due to their being different, due to their being immigrants. Unsurprisingly, Cubans endure less resistance on the part of Anglos as they are seen as ‘almost equal’. In the first place, Cuban immigrants escaped from a political order which was different from American ideals. Therefore, Cubans were seen as rebels and certain ideological allies. Furthermore, Cuban immigrants who came to the USA were representatives of higher strata of Cuban society. Their incomes were quite high and they could quite easily integrate into the American society as they were well-educated professionals. The colour of their skin was not significantly different from Anglos’ skin. All this ensured quite an easy integration of Cubans. At the same time, other Hispanic Americans were not that fortunate and had to endure considerable discrimination in social, economic, political and even cultural spheres. Such ethnic groups as Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans and other ethnic groups are significantly different from Anglos. The colour of skin is one of the major factors that make them outsiders. Apart from this, immigrants pertaining to these ethnic groups often come from low-income strata. They often have to take up low-paid job as Anglos tend to hire Anglos. This exacerbates the situation and contributes to economic disproportion between Anglos and these ethnic groups. However, it is important to note that Hispanic immigrants cannot be regarded as aliens as some ethnic groups were ‘conquered’ (e.g. Mexicans); some came as citizens of the USA (e.g. Puerto Ricans). Therefore, Anglos’ attitude towards these groups reveals economic and social insecurity in the society which has led to discrimination and tension between ethnic groups. Notably, Hispanic Americans are often referred to as an ethnic group ‘in-between’ as most representatives of this group are not discriminated to the extent African Americans are, but they are not seen as equals by Anglos (Marger 320). As has been mentioned above, their appearance and their social status makes them differ
It is common for businesses to develop and grow differently, so there is a vast number of ways that companies may evolve. It usually depends on the management, industry, objectives, and specific leadership vision. These structural types have their own advantages, weaknesses, and challenges. For example, many firms face issues while allocating work and then coordinating diverse efforts after dividing responsibilities among groups of employees. The former process is called differentiation, and the latter is known as integration, and both play an essential role in organizational structure. To begin with, differentiation is a process of separating a business into key components like units or departments. This division is especially common in major corporations because the larger a firm grows, the more challenging it becomes for a single leader to control all its operations. Thus, highly differentiated companies provide autonomy to their departments and units, making it easier to organize productive and effective work in all components. Noticeably, the corporate environment and culture may vary significantly in different units, which sometimes brings additional issues. Amazon and Apple are examples of companies that successfully differentiate their operations and have many different units. Further, when firms apply differentiation, they still need to effectively perform their various tasks, which is why the process of integration is also significant. Overall, integration is the specific coordination of differentiated responsibilities and the work of all components. In other words, an organization that is highly integrated can have many various departments that are still closely connected and do not have much independence and autonomy. For instance, McDonald’s is a tightly controlled company, and most essential decisions are made by its small administrative group. Both integration and differentiation are extremely important and should be basic structures in organizations in order for them to operate effectively and be stronger than their competitors. When it comes to integration, it is essential that firms choose carefully between the two available options. Overall, their choices should depend on the company’s industry, level of differentiation and its effectiveness, qualifications of managers, and other crucial factors. Organizations can coordinate group and individual efforts in two ways: vertically and laterally. The former is tighter, while the latter is more relaxed, informal, flexible, and simple. Vertical integration refers to the system in which a firm’s higher levels use rules and policy, authority, and control and panning methods to coordinate the work of the staff. For example, authorized leaders have to make sure that action is aligned with the objectives and strategy of the firm. They make decisions, solve issues and conflicts, evaluate performance, and reward or punish employees. They also develop rules, policies, and planning and control systems so that the staff knows the work conditions and follows the standardized procedures. As mentioned above, all operations and de
Islam is one of the major religions in the world. It is based on the Quran which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad. The Quran defines the relationship between humankind and Allah. The six dimensions of Islam are described below. Experiential: This is the ability of the religion to generate feelings of safety, contentment, fear or mystery among the believers. Muhammad’s encounter with Allah resulted in the subsequent growth of Islam religion. It is this encounter that defined the relationships between Allah and the human kind. Violation of the instructions provided in the holy Quran means disobedience to God which is believed to have adverse consequences. Recitation of the holy Quran is constantly used as a reminder to Muslims of what Allah requires of them in their everyday lives. According to Dien, the calligraphy of the Quran and the various rituals which are told to be put forwarded by Muhammad have been crucial for the spread of Islam to many parts of the world (20). Mythical: Myths are sacred beliefs that describe what brought mankind, as well as the universe to their present form. In Islam, the truth and correctness of information provided in the Quran is paramount for its interpretation. In Islamic education, a line is drawn between religious narration and narration of historic activities (Dien 16). A religious narrative is a guideline on what is expected of a person. On the other hand, historical narratives give an account of what happened and give a historical record of the events. However, one should understand that religious beliefs sometimes lack sense or logic and should be accepted without questions. Ritual: Rituals refer to the manner in which a community expresses its myths. Strict adherence to the teachings of the holy Quran, such as praying at least five times every day, strict fasting during the period of Ramadan and performing pilgrimage to Makkah are some of the major rituals in Islam. In Islam any life activity is an opportunity to worship Allah and the rituals are meant to bring the worshippers closer to Him. Cleanliness of both, body and environm
Introduction In 1953, in Jacksonville, Matthew Burns and Keith Kramer wasted to create a similar restaurant to McDonald’s, which began gaining wide popularity at that tim. To do so, they brought in a unique grill named Insta-Broiler, which led to the restaurant being called Insta-Burger King. By 1959, the chain of restaurants expanded to Miami, which led to subsequent changes. The restaurant was renamed into Burger King, and its main dish, the Whopper, which is now known worldwide, began spreading across the United States. The rivalry between McDonald’s Corporation and Burger King represents one of the most important business oppositions in the history of the American economy. In contrast to McDonald’s strategy that implies the continuous renewal and complication of the menu, Burger King prefers to keep things simple through rebranding and repackaging items that consumers already love. However, since the late 90’s, the restaurant has been under the intense struggle of declining profits and decreasing market share. For years, the company has been considered as lacking power in the industry of quick-service restaurants, with McDonald’s dominating the scene. Additionally, poor execution of corporate objectives, the unclear vision of the future, and the revolving door of leadership led to Burger King being limited in its operations. Organization Case Exploration Past Performance To understand why Burger King needed to implement a turnaround strategy, it is first important to consider significant strategic decisions that the company made in its history. Given the fact that the company has been in operation for more than fifty years, it is evident that its key strategic decisions shaped the way the company is today. The initial strategy of launching a signature product (the Whopper) and facilitating growth through franchising and expansion was successful, allowing it to expand from forty-five to two hundred and seventy-four restaurants worldwide by 1967 (“Strategic analysis of Burger King,” 2012). A failing strategy was Burger King being sold to Pillsbury. Due to the inconsistencies in franchising efforts as well as the lack of unity in the foodservice industry, the restaurant chain witnessed a significant shift in leadership after being bought. To recover from this issue, the company hired a new executive, Donald Smith, who used to work for McDonald’s. As a result, Burger King increase its traffic of customers by 15% as well as the increase in ownership by 8% through getting better control over existing franchises (“Strategic analysis of Burger King,” 2012). Between the 1980s and 2000’s, Burger King witnessed a series of failures and successes associated with the strategic decisions. Through the effective increase of the company’s share in the competitive market of breakfasts, Burger King managed to increase sales by 19% (by $9 million) and increasing pre-tax profits by 9% (“Strategic analysis of Burger King,” 2012). Besides, by paying more attention to the selection of kids’ dishes, the company was successful in increasing its sales by $6 in the kids’ program. When it comes to failures in the same timeframe, downfalls in sales and inconsiste
Global public health is a rather complicated issue that requires an extensive number of efforts on the local, country, and international levels. Governments pursue various political economies considering specific national problems. As a rule, low-income countries’ governments pursue market political economy, and high-income countries pursue corporatist or socialist political economies. For global public health problem solving the international community established various institutions and plans that are aimed to increase the level of public health and life expectancy. The concept of the political economy implies the interaction of political and economic institutions within a country. National health care directly depends on the political economy of the government. For this reason, those countries that invest more money in social policies have better public health services and higher life expectancy than those that do not. In low-income countries, governments are faced with several factors that interfere with the successful implementation of social protection and services. As a rule, in low-income countries, the number of people working in the informal sector is quite large. These are unregistered workers; therefore, they can avoid paying taxes. Without tax revenues, governments cannot fund the development and implementation of social programs. Moreover, the tax system in low-income countries is not of progressive form, and this fact only contributes to the increase of the informal sector economy. Among other factors that keep social policies from being implemented are corruption, clientelism, and the colonial history of countries. Almost all low-income countries pursue a market political economy. High-income countries report a higher quality of the state’s health care and higher life expectancy because of their corporatist or socialist political economies. Thus, high life expectancy is the main feature of a developed health care system, and it is observed in countries that pursue corporatist or socialist political economy. The health care needs of one country differ from those of another. Life expectancy is also different from nation to nation. Each government attempts to conduct some social policies to provide their citizens with health care services. Various problems such as poor access to medical care, weak pollution control, and poverty interfere with the implementation of these policies. Both low-income and high-income countries solve these problems in their ways to increase the level of public health. Global public health, however, is another issue altogether. The international community set out a set of goals for the global health development: decrease the extreme poverty rates, reduce child mortality rates, improve maternal health, combat such diseases as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other, ensure environmental sustainability, an
Introduction Our great human civilization is built on the foundation of rule of law whereby violence is abhorred and peace exalted. This is because violence normally results in losses of both life and economic resources. Despite these realities, there have been numerous cases of political violence throughout history. In some instances, political violence has had popular support and led to positive change therefore begging the question as to whether acts of violence against one’s own government are justified. Considering the enormous impact that political violence has on a nation and its people, it would be a worthwhile endeavor to review the justifiability of political violence. To this end, this paper shall set out to argue that political violence directed against one’s own government is at times justifiable and indeed preferable to the alternative peaceful acceptance of the status quo. A Case for Political Violence Political violence mostly involves internal armed conflict between various forces or parties with conflicting political ideologies in a nation. While the term violence has a negative connotation, historians and philosophers have argued that political violence may be justified depending on the circumstances in question. A particularly interesting case of political violence is the American Civil War. As a result of political violence, the American revolutionalists overthrew the British colonial ruler therefore leading to the formation of a strong United States of America. The chief author of the American constitution, Thomas Jefferson exalted periodic rebellion as “medicine necessary for the sound health of government” (911). One of the chief responsibilities of any government is to ensure the provision of security for all its citizens. This is one of the mandates that the state through the use of its police force and military forces achieves. Kirwin and Wonbin theorize that the state should have a monopoly on the use of force and should use the same to “enforce laws for the mitigation of conflict” (6). In some cases, the state may fail to provide this security to its citizens or even worse still, be responsible for the high level of violence experienced within its borders. In such instances, political violence may be permissible as the citizens seek alternative strategies to ensure their security which the government fails to provide. This is a position that is supported by Cohan who claims that political violence are generally legitimate and justifiable means through which hostile governments can be made to meet their demise (910). The relationship between poverty, inequality, unemployment and armed conflict is very evident since citizens of poor nations feel resentful towards their government. Solimano reinforces this hypothesis by asserting that the risk of conflict and political violence diminishes as a country increases its level of economic development (19). A case in point is the Latin Americas region where political violence has mostly been instigated b
Introduction Freelance learning has become a norm in the current internet has revolutionised the academic world, it has given rise to a twist in the way student evaluation is done. Online testing has evidently become a common way of evaluation. These are the tests that are done and graded online. In this case, the examiner communicates with the examinee via the internet. The tests are uploaded to the website where they are accessed by the examinees. The answers, in whichever format, are submitted online. If grading is being done online, it is usually a snap exercise giving results readily. The examiners may organise answers into the system that grade all incoming tests, for an MCQ kind of test. Essays type of answers may be organised to be read easily (Hostos n.d.). How websites work Some factors must be present to facilitate the administration of online testing. The tests are first prepared locally in the computers before they are uploaded to the website as web pages. Computer programming languages such as Html is used to create web pages that may be used for this purpose. An understanding of the basic terms such as the domain name, web hosting, I.P. address name, servers and DNS propagation/delay terms will be instrumental in getting work to the online test stage. All communication on the internet is through the I.P. address. Each website is identified with a unique domain name also known as URL. A web host is the provider of necessary space for the website. There is a fee payable to the domain registry for the domain name known as the hosting fee. The browser requests for a page from the internet that is then delivered to the webserver (Online Education Database 2011). Creating a website A web page is a simple text file that contains both text and Html tags that style the text on the screen. A deep understanding of the programming language is of uttermost importance at this stage. For example, Programs that can create simple text files such as a notepad or word is used to create the test in ordinary text format. This is then encrypted in the code language and formatted using the Html tags. The saved files can be opened by browsers (browsers have a way of opening locale files). This allows pre-viewing of the pages as they will appear. Using software such as Html editor, these pages, which are the tests, are uploaded to the space provided by the Webhosting company. The website is then made visible to browsers by submitting the URL to search engines. The course material can be accessed on the site thereafter via browsing. The tests are usually designed in an interactive format. That is to mean that responses can be made by a simple click on a tab that will do the submitting (Squidoo 2011). Moodle A software package designed to generate internet-based c
Etiology of the lesion The thrombosis of the femoral vein is one of the deep vein thromboses that make up the major grounds that result in cardiovascular deaths. The incidences of deaths resulting from the femoral thrombosis have increased in the recent years and are prevalent among the middle-age population (Manly 517). The average age of most of the patients diagnosed with femoral vein thrombosis ranges between 43-48 years. The average deaths caused by the femoral thrombosis ranges between three thousand and three hundred and fifty thousand worldwide. As a result, there is increasing concerns to increase the life expectancy as well as strategies for prevention and treatment. Like any other Deep vein thrombosis, femoral thrombosis is caused by endothelial disruptions. Endothelial disruptions are internal mechanisms that are taking place without any injuries to the vein. There are activities that are associated with increased risk of developing femoral thrombosis including immobilization, persistent venous deficiency and pregnancy. These body mechanisms prevent the normal venous blood flow (Heit 371). Macroscopic and microscopic findings An evaluation of venous thrombi in a controlled study using specimen creatures after a definite time clearly indicate the macroscopic differences between sections with red together with white thrombus. Using the van Gieson (Vg) to stain the specimen, it can easily be identified through microscopic scanning the femoral thrombin. Van Gieson (Vg) stain makes it easier to identify white as well as red film with rich erythrocyte (Manly 517). However, the stain must be given some time approximately 48 hours to attain the results. After 48-hour initiation of DVT, it can clearly be observed that there is a clear difference in the segments portraying red as well as white thrombus blot. Further, to exhibit the coatings resulting from the cells responsible for the defense mechanism of the body as well as the fluid content of the body together with the fibrin, carstairs staining (CS) is applied on the specimen. In addition, to have microscopic observations the circulation of platelets in groups, a DAPI staining is applied (Heit 370). The microscopic and macroscopic experiments indicate that there is a correlation between the venous inflammation and femoral malfunctions. However, there exist no precise functions of the immune cells in the development of femoral thrombosis. In addition, the results from the experiments indicate that the major constitution of the cells within the femoral inflammation is mainly leukocytes. The leukocytes are distributed in layers crowded together contiguous to the integral endothelium. Further, neutrophils, which is a subdivision of leukocytes is predominantly present in the venous thrombi. Monocytes were also found to be occupying the remaining part. Another critical observation is that there