ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the modern world of today, the word ‘drugs’ is synonymous with clandestine abuse of substances. Such abuse entails constant and excessive usage of drugs to create feelings of happiness and blot out reality despite its well-known harmful effects. The substances misused are mostly unlawful substances , or in several cases even legal substances . Drug abuse turns into drug addiction when the drug ceases to exist as a choice and turns into an essential need (Cutter, Jaffe-Gill, Segal & Segal). Drug addiction is defined as the recurring inability to avoid drug use despite prior decisions to do so (Qureshi, Al-Ghamdy & Al-Habeeb). It has developed into a major problem that is currently plaguing almost every nation in the world irrespective of whether they are developed, under-developed or undeveloped or whether their people are prosperous or poor. Main body Several causes have been identified that lead to drug abuse. The first cause is to seek relief from mental illnesses. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reported that nearly 50% of drug addicts are burdened with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (Cutter et al.). The second cause is to look for thrills. Users are curious to try out a drug and judge for themselves if the reportedly ‘high’ feeling is indeed experienced (Cutter et al.). A study conducted in 1987 revealed that thrill-seeking behavior could be hereditary (Qureshi et al.). The third cause is peer emulation. Users who are weak-minded or peer adulating, tend to imitate others and use the drug not because they really want to, but in order to appear ‘cool’ and ‘one of the group.’ This is a powerful cause in case of school and college students. In addition, young men easily become victims to peer emulation because it is the male tendency to value autonomy (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 56). The last cause is to escape from emotional suffering brought about natural cal
Introduction Human trafficking involves recruiting and forcefully transporting individuals to foreign countries with the aim of exposing them to do forced labor. Human trafficking is different from traditional smuggling of people in that the relationship between the victims and he traffickers continues after their transportation. In most cases, they are passed from one trafficker to the other. It takes place because of the demand for cheap labor and the presence of individuals willing to move from their homes in search of better economic opportunities. It is further enhanced by the financial gains that the traffickers get. Many governments have started dealing with the problem through programs and policies designed to prevent and protect the victims, and take legal actions against the traffickers and smugglers. Although the phenomenon has been highlighted in every part of the world, knowledge about its consequences is still limited. Owing to its secretive nature, details on the characteristics of its victims and what they go through as well the trafficker’s and smuggler’s characteristics are hard to get and often difficult to generalize. The available data is obtained from different nongovernmental, governmental and few academic sources. Due to its negative impacts, there is need to look for ways of preventing it. This essay will look at some of the ways that can be used to prevent and stop human trafficking. Preventing Human Trafficking Despite the fact that preventing human trafficking is the most effective long-term method of reducing or eliminating the practice, many governments have not been using the method. Part of the failure to use prevention methods emanates from the fact that there are no mechanisms for measuring the impact and success of prevention programs in attaining the anticipated goals. Nonetheless, partly due to the increase in advocates of anti-trafficking and service providers, both NGOs and governments have embarked on the development of stronger practices and policies for prevention strategies. These prevention policies are classified into supply-based, demand-based and reduction of financial gains (Prevention of Human Trafficking 4). Supply-based Policies These prevention policies are interested in the supply of persons who are vulnerable to human trafficking. Their focus is on the vulnerable populations and channels of recruitment and transportation of trafficked victims. The programs are subdivided into four main areas. Awareness-Raising Raising awareness is one of the most common activities in human trafficking prevention (Prevention 1
“There never was on earth a knight so waited on by ladies fair As once was he, Don Quixote hight, When first he left his village dear: Damsels to serve him ran with speed And princesses to dress his steed” (Cervantes Saavedra 11). The choice of the words in this passage may be explained by the desire to show how lovely the place for Don Quixote was and how he worried about leaving it. The village is explained as the dear. The hight may be considered as the word which is considered with the height. The meaning of the height is “adj. archaic poet., or joc. called; named” (Oxford English Dictionary n.p.) while height is “the measurement from base to top or (of a standing person) from head to foot” (Oxford English Dictionary n.p.). Thus, it becomes obvious that all the women are in love with Don Quixote because of his position. It is hard to imagine another knight who is treated the same way. The reasons for such treating are the position and the appreciation of the people from the village where Don Quixote lived. Reading this passage, it is impossible to avoid noticing the alliteration here. The sound [s] is heard. It is possible to predict a lot of reasons for this sound, like the whistle, which may be heard because of the high speed showing that Don Quixote is leaving. Moreover, the Don Quixote of the ladies who want to help and constantly go to and fro. The contradicting meanings of the words “never” and “once” may be considered as the desire of the author to show that the situation may occur, but it is imagined and should not be confused with reality. Works Cited Cervantes Saavedra, de Miguel. Don Quixote . Trans. Walter Starkie. Abridged ed. New York: Signet Classics, 2003. Print. Oxford English Dictionary , 2011. Web.
Stan Kenton was one of the innovators in the history of music. His bright and extraordinary ideas provoked a clash of opinions but never left anyone indifferent. Throughout his creative life, Kenton sought the development of orchestral jazz. He tried to find sources of progress in jazz music and possibly merge it with the European classical music that Kenton had been loving since childhood. Future Jazz maestro Stanley Newcomb Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas. His mother, Stella, who received classical music education, noticed Stan’s particular interest in piano and gave him his first music lessons. Soon Stan joined the orchestra at a local school. He studied piano and learned the secrets of music theory and the fundamentals of composition. Stan especially loved the music of the Impressionists: Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky, and Arnold Schoenberg. In 1933, Kenton got lucky – he was invited to a professional orchestra playing dance jazz. All this happened in the midst of the Swing Era, the era of big bands, which determined the creative passions of the young pianist. On May 30, 1941, Stan had a debut with his own Orchestra. Although the sound of the orchestra faced controversy, especially among jazz critics, it survived the collapse of the Swing Era. In April 1947, Kenton announced putting a new band together and the period of his greatest success began. This time, he took the band to the stage under the banner of progressive jazz. In June 1948, Kenton fans completely filled the Carnegie Hall in New York City. His concert caused such a stir that about three hundred extra seats had to be arranged on the stage. Later he had a triumphal tour in Europe, however, after such success, Kenton inclined to educational activities. Unfortunately, he got seriously ill at the beginning of the 1970s, and on August 25, 1979, the outstanding musician died at the age of 67. Kenton once said that his music could be divided into several categories, and every category was different in the mood, atmosphere, and texture. Kenton and his band were the first to give American big band performances in Europe during the postwar period. The creator of a number of experimental styles in orchestral jazz was oriented on the development of classical European music forms and convergence of modern academic music. He was recognized as one of the greatest jazz composers and reformers of the swing style. He developed the new sound in jazz, covering a range of means of expression – tone, rhythm, voice. He grouped instruments and various techniques, experimented with combinations, the ratio of solo improvisation. Moreover, Kenton introduced modern methods of sound organization in the techniques of counterpoint and sonata thematic development – up to atonal serialism. He experimented with Latin
Proposed research topic The challenges that small scale business in Turkey face when competing with multinationals and large-scale business. The research will finally devise a way that the government can assist in development of small-scale businesses (SMEs). Introduction Republic of Turkey is the sixth largest Turkic country, located in Southeastern Europe . The country ranks number 15 as largest country in the world in terms of GDP. It is ranks 17th largest Nominal GDP , in the world. According to census 2009, the country had a population of 77million, with a quarter of them living in the rural areas. The population is dense with an average of 93 people per kilometre squared. Two thirds of the population are in the age bracket of 19 to 55 years. This youthful population is increasingly establishing small-scale business as their source of income. SMEs are also a form of innovations. Though the country is, highly industrialised, small-scale business survival rate is under threaten from international multinationals and large scale businesses. The small businesses are facing a challenge in competing with multinationals, monopolies and large-scale businesses. Trade is the backbone of the economy and thus its efficiency results to better functioning of the economy. According to EU definition, an SME is any business that has between 10 and 250 employees. If the employees are between 10 and 50, then the business are small scale and between 50 and 250 as micro scales [1] . Aim of the research The purpose of the research is to understand the problems SMEs face in the changing competitive business environment. It will also make recommendations that can assist future business people in performing their duties effectively. Objectives The following are the objectives that the researcher will satisfy through the research:   * To evaluate and understand the problems facing SMEs in Turkey   * To find out the role the government can play to make business playing ground level   * To evaluate what are the main reasons that make SMEs fail within their first five years   * To devise a mechanism that can be used by existing and prospectus SMEs holders to remain competitive in the developed Turkish environment. Theoretical background SMEs are the backbone of developed economies; however, they are facing a challenge to start up and remaining competitive in Turkey. The greatest threat of growth and sustainability is from multinational and large-scale businesses, which have dominated a large position of the country’s economy. Over three quarters of Turkish population live in the urban and cities where business flourish. SMES, in cities, urban areas and rural areas are facing similar problems mostly associated with the competition they get from the large established companies. The government have tried to protect the local companies but the success of set programs is not high. Despite the economy being among the well developed in the world, SMEs are required especially in this era of recovery from global recession. Literature review This se
Analysis Bad ad The first ad could be found below. Picture. 1. Bad ad (“Landscape foreman Job in Abu Dhabi, architect landscaping, pipefitter, gardener,” 2015). It could be taken as the example of a poorly organized job advertisement that will hardly contribute to the appearance of a great level of interest to the suggested jobs. Applying the AIDA model we could formulate several reasons for this statement. Attention The ad lacks any visible company’s logo, so it is difficult for an employee to understand what company he/she is going to work. Additionally, there are many vacancies incorporated in one job advertisement. It bewilders a person as he/she is not able to focus on one of the suggested works and choose the most appropriate one. Interest The given ad could hardly interest a person. First, there is no detailed description of the vacancy, so an individual who wants to work in the given sphere could only guess. Second, there are no clear requirements for a would-be specialist. This fact decreases the level of interest given to the advertising. Finally, job specification is rather shallow and gives rise to numerous questions. Desire This aspect could be considered the weakest point of the given ad. It does not highlight any interesting aspects or some unusual features peculiar to these very vacancies. The advertising just lists the main tasks that should be performed by a specialist at his/her
Introduction On 30 th September 1982, Johnson & Johnson Company’s boss received news that seven people had died after consuming cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol in Chicago. The news spread expressly through the media to the extent of causing countrywide panic. The company launched investigations to find out the causes of the deaths and ascertain the association of their product to the deaths. The outcome proved that an individual had maliciously replaced the Tylenol extra-strength capsules with cyanide extra strength in the company’s packages and sold them to consumers to bring down the business reputation. The company had a hard time trying to explain the situation to the public and its customers and convince them to continue trusting its merchandise. Although the strategy worked, the corporation lost many revenues. Even with such a scenario, the company did not prepare for the eventuality of another such attack. In 1986, a similar attack took place. However, the company was more prepared and was able to deal with the problem. This occurrence redefined the rules of crisis management. Scholars have strengthened their thesis concerning this fact. A different scenario in Europe put Coca-Cola in the same spot, making it lose market control to the level of banning its products and rights from markets. Unlike the Johnson & Johnson Company’s crisis, Coca-Cola had poor public relations, which cost it more to re-enter the market. The scenarios in these two companies have given crisis control scholars two different points of view and allowed them to analyse the approaches in a manner that determines the method that is most appropriate for a particular scenario. Every company must have crisis management embedded in its managerial strategy. Companies m
The United States experienced one of the most devastating economic crisis three years ago leading to difficult financial trends in markets around the world. It is believed that the U.S had enough mechanisms to deal with the situation which would have otherwise resulted into extreme and unbelievable world economic impact. With the current crisis in Europe, the main challenge in handling the situation remains to be the uncertainty of what would happen if big banks were to be capitalized like it was done in the U.S. This essay analyzes the Greek market and economy which have been severely hit by the crisis. The European Union has been hit by a wave of financial crisis that has threatened several countries, placing the future of European economy in danger. A lot has been said about the causes of this wave with countless proposals being considered in order to reverse and prevent similar cases in future. By the year 2001, the country had a debt load which had accumulated to over 100% prior to its decision to join the Euro (Dylan 1). This move lowered interest rates on its debts because there was no worry about the possibility of devalued currency or inflation in future. Due to lower interest charge, there was increase in debt and an overall economic boom that led to the hiring of Wall Street experts to help the country not to go against EU rules. The debt was downgraded in October 2009 which worsened the situation by February 2010. This forced the government to request for a rescue package from the IMF and EU, a move that sent the economic status of the country into a junky situation. Several institutions moved in including the European Central Bank with an aim of bailing out the country from its economic turmoil. The IMF and EU agreed on a $145 billion to bailout Greece with conditions r
Abstract Creating a healthy work environment is a process that requires careful planning and implementation. It also requires the combined efforts of both leaders and employees. A healthy work environment caters for physical, social and psychological or mental health of all personnel in an organization. The sensitization process caters for both the psychological and social well-being of employees. Leaders play a vital role in the creation, implementation, and maintenance of a healthy work environment. In order to capture the impact of sensitization programs, policies and practices that are encouraged have been noted and their impacts discussed. Companies are required to set impact indicators that help in determining whether the initiated programs have had an impact in ensuring that there is a healthy work environment. Moving forward, leadership of these organizations should make numerous steps towards ensure that they provide healthy working conditions. Although creation and maintenance of a healthy workplace is expensive and challenging, the benefits reaped far outweigh the shortcomings. Introduc
Introduction Problem: Using web-based resources can be very difficult at times and has often resulted in waste of time among other problems including plagiarism if not used correctly. Furthermore, there are some resources that are not valid or are not authentic with the type of information they provide, hence they cannot be considered reliable. Students therefore have to find sources that are authoritative. I therefore find it very hard at times getting information to use in my research. Guidance is very important and can offer a chance to proper conduct with regard to the web and internet. Finding relevant sources citing them property and avoiding plagiarism and also communicating out efficiently is very tricky when not addressed with the seriousness it deserves. Information Needed For Solving the Problem The use of the website for learning is going to revolutionize learning all over the world. However despite that fact that internet has received so much recognition and acceptance by many people, Instructors should not just make assumptions that the students know how to use these resources. Internet as an instrument for research and learning needs proper understanding for an efficient and relevant research to be achieved (Schmidt, 1997). There are some very important skills that the students should have. To solve the problem of using internet for research, it would be proper to attain information on what sources are available on the internet. Basically, it’s often very hard for students to get the relevant materials for study since the internet is too broad (Goett & Foote, 2000). Second information that is needed is about myself as a student (skills). This is about the computer skill that I have. The use of the internet and computer for that matter is usually not an easy task especially when one does not have competent skills for computing and searching the web. Basic training is very necessary to address issues like standard conduct. Knowing where to begin the research is vital (Schmidt, 1997). This can be a problem especially when one does not have the specific questions at hand. Nonetheless when the questions are to open junks of information can also be found and narrowing down could be a great problem. It’s also very important to know the advantages and disadvantages of web based research. Basically the most salient benefit is that one has access to broad range of sources. It’s time saving as a result and cost efficient as well. Web-based research has the disadvantage of integrity. There is a lot of irrelevant information that get to the internet hence some could be misleading. Specific information is can be hard to access as some URL could not be available to the user (Goett & Foote, 2000). Evaluating the Relevant Information After determining the type of information needed for the research, the next step is to evaluate the applicable information to help carry out the research. Basically there are a lot of issues that need considering in this case. It’s cri
Considerable musicians have represented soul music, and James Brown was one of the most prominent. Southern soul became extremely popular towards the end of the 1960s, and Brown had his first success in 1956 (Covach and Flory 218). Initially, Brown worked as a stand-in for Little Richard, and his first record, “Please Please Please,” was quite thriving (Covach and Flory 240-241). Brown used to sing lead vocals, and his early musical style resembled that of the 1950s doo-wop (Covach and Flory 242). However, he began to develop the soul style in 1960 with “Think,” characterized by horns and a driving rhythm section (Covach and Flory 242). In 1964, Brown introduced “Out of Sight,” which represented the hard-driving soul style featured in his later songs towards the 1970s (Covach and Flory 242). James Brown was one of the performers who took control of their music, as he united an aggressive style of vocal and dance performance, production skills, and understanding of business (Covach and Flory 242). Brown’s musical style through the 1960s and into the 1970s changed from following prior era’s themes to creating his unique sounds. As Brown was searching for and evolving his individual style, his career differed from Motown, Stax, or Atlantic artists and led him to produce distinguishable songs. For instance, the stops at the end of the verses in Brown’s “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag, Pt. 1” distinct the music from a Stax arrangement (Covach and Flory 243). At the same time, the absence of background vocals in the song varies from Motown’s approach (Covach and Flory 243). Moreover, James Brown’s music was highly famous within the Black community, as, unlike Motown and Atlantic artists, Brown expressed apparent racial pride through hard-edged musical style and political lyrics (Covach and Flory 244). Brown acted passionately on his live shows as a singer, dancer, and bandleader but also hired notable musicians and rehearsed them tirelessly (Covach and Flory 240). James Brown was a remarkable performer whose vision of music and societal norms differed from other professionals. Work Cited Covach, John Rudolph, and Andrew Flory. What’s that Sound? An Introduction to Rock and its History . 5th ed., WW Norton & Company, 2018.