ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Condoleezza Rice’s visit to Kazakhstan Visits by top United States officials to Kazakhstan elicited reactions from the Russian authorities that the west was trying to lure away its partners. However, this was dismissed by Rice, the US Secretary of State, during her visit with Kazakh foreign minister. Washington was seeing Kazakhstan’s economic potential in expanding the economic capability of central Asia. Kazakhstan had tried to balance its international relations by being in good books with Russia apart from connecting with the west for expansion of oil exports. The war between Russia and Georgia prompted Moscow’s allies to reconsider their ties with both Russia and the west. Although there were a lot of expectations on Rice’s agenda as she visited Kazakhstan, no serious agreements were expected to be arrived at between the United States and Kazakhstan despite America having invested heavily in the Kazakhstan’s economy’s oil money. After Kazakhstan being appointed the chairman of the organization for security and Cooperation in Europe, international stakes were raised as far as democracy and human right dealings are concerned. During September 2010, South Korea reported its intentions to ban both oil and gas investments in Iran. This was a way of collaborating with the U.S, United Nations and other nations in placing sanctions on Iran due to its nuclear plan. South Korea further prohibited any other business transactions between it and Iran. This was despite Iran being one of the largest suppliers of oil to South Korea. Later on the Korean government announced that transactions not attributed to the Iranian nuclear program will go on as well as importation of oil. This was to lead to the paralysis of Iran’s bank Mellat that was said to have been involved in transactions entailing the development of the nuclear program. The transactions involving oil business between Iran and Korea were to be conducted via Iran’s central bank. With sanctions taking effect, both Hyundai and Kia Motors had to cease exportation of their products to Iran in July 2010. After some time, the Korean government stopped its engineering firms from winning orders in Iran as oil importing organizations were allowed to continue operating. Apart from suspending bank Mellat’s financial transactions between Korea and Iran, it was further revealed that the bank was now required to be accountable to the Korean authority regarding each foreign transaction that it engaged in. this was to be enforced even after suspension was over. Israeli’s prime minister also recommended that the United Nations and the world as a whole should not import refined petroleum from Iran as a way of sanctioning the former to prevent it from developing a nuclear program. The Israeli prime ministe
The Law and Its Possible Consequences Nowadays, there are many topics related to law and social norms that are quite contradictory and encourage people to raise arguments (Sutton). One of them is domestic violence – supposedly one of the urgent challenges for modern society because of the complexity of the problem. Many activists would like to invent specific measures to protect people (especially women) from the domestic battery. Still, such efforts often run into severe difficulties when one group supposes that it is less protected by the law than another. We are supposed to discuss the case devoted to a particular law proposed by feminist organizations from different parts of the United States. According to the opinions of their members, cases of domestic violence should be paid increased attention because the police often fail to protect women who are victims of family violence; in fact, they tend to answer a call, visit the family, and warn the abuser. It should hardly be surprising that such measures do not help to prevent further cases of violence. Therefore, it was decided to review a draft law in some cities, including New York. According to this law, to protect the victims more effectively, it is necessary to arrest the assaulters. It is much more useful to encourage people to avoid harming others with the help of law than using other means of social control (Tyler 23). At the same time, it was taken into consideration that both women and men can be assaulters, and this is why the law requires police officers to arrest people without regard to their gender. The principle of equality is believed to be extremely important when it comes to the law (Locke 4). To begin with, it is necessary to say that such laws may have both short-term and long-term consequences. According to its very idea, each law has to benefit people (Radbruch & Paulson 13); nevertheless, if we discuss domestic violence, unintended and undesirable consequences can be noted. The law aims to protect people, but in some cases, it may also serve as a kind of minister of vengeance. When considering the short-term consequences of such a law, it is necessary to state that they are likely to provide adequate reasons for many people to think twice before using violence. Unfortunately, even though we live in a civilized state, many people still see mental and physical abuse as a guilty act and an acceptable way to resolve conflict. Thus, using violence, they tend to think that it is nothing more than a desperate measure to redress injustice. Due to these distorted interpretations of physical violence and its negative consequences, many people continue using it. Taking it into consideration, we may state that one of the possible short-term implications of the adoption of the discussed law will be a certain degree of discontent among people who have complicated relationships with their spouses. New laws remain the instruments of social changes
Introduction Time is a unique dimension, which has an impact on social life and perception of reality. The other set of physical processes from which we derive our conceptions of time are of an entirely different nature: the growth of children, the changes in our own bodies and minds from hour to hour and from year to year, and, on a larger scale, the gradual changes in the earth’s landscape of which we are dimly aware. None of these make accurate clocks; none are simple to understand. All, if we are to trace in them the operation of physical time, require to be analyzed in terms of vast numbers of individual molecular processes, and many of them are still beyond our science (Barr 44). The era of industrial and postindustrial society is characterized by strict time structure and dependence upon time measures. Thesis Life of people is controlled and measured by the clock time: people live and work in accordance with stipulated time measures and norms. Main body Industrial societies represent themselves by the place occupied in an evolution described as progress. Thus, the metasocial guarantee of industrial society is the overarching meaning of history viewed not as a product of social relations but as the criterion by which to judge them (specifically vis-à-vis progress in the development of the forces of production). Accordingly, class struggles are situated at the point of material production and revolve around issues of socioeconomic justice. The two contending classes (workers versus boss/organizers) compete for control over the development of the forces of production; both struggle for what they consider to be a just institutionalization of industrial society. In this context, struggles over political and civil rights descend to the institutional/organizational level, losing the character of social movements (Barr, p. 47). Social struggles because they are no longer carried out in the name of political or economic rights and are no longer tied to actors defined by specific attributes. The clock time stipulates the beginning of working day and its end, time pf production and time of delivery (Bell, p. 73). In industrial society, the clock time influences a uni
Introduction Individuals working in a firm constitute the human resource of that company. Thus, human resource management entails with how people are administered in an organization in order to raise their efficiency as well as the firm’s success (Smith, 2006). Different companies employ different employment strategies due to the different goods and services companies deal with thus calling for different approaches. Another factor which leads to the different strategies is due to the fact that different people in an organization have different views, feelings, and aspirations towards different situations in the organization. Human Resources Management has of late been used in referring to approaches that seek to manage the needs of the company, employees as well as the customer needs. The human resource management therefore entails analyzing the different views and aspirations people have within the organization and make them work towards the success of the company. We can therefore summarize by saying that how an organization connects to its employees is all what human resource is concerned with. In trying to manage and solve the problem of Human Management Resources there have been various approaches initiated toward solving the problem and experts have come up with various theories and concepts that try to define human resource management and what should be done to ensure that the employees reach the ability of attaining their maximum potential capabilities. The human resource department is thus a very important section especially to the service industries such as the hospitality industry. The hotel industry is an important part of the world tourism and the hospitality industry as a whole. The industry is served with providing services to customers who visit the hotels either in business trips, tourism, and holiday offs among other reasons. Key in the process of ensuring that the hospitality of these hotels remains at high levels, the hotel employees are major contributors to the situation. It is important to note that the ultimate quality of the services provided depends wholly on both the combined and the individual ability and efforts of the employees to produce the services as demanded by the customers. To sum these up, the benefits of the hotel employees are many and their contribution to the success of the hospitality industry is a major issue which has been under investigation in the recent past in line with the growing importance, which the hospitality industry has received. Hotels can be defined as the physical structures which are usually supported by the human resources to enable them in the successful delivery of the services. With the employees being the major contributors of the quality services, there has been a challenge in providing motivation for all the employees whether skilled or non skilled an
Introduction Unwelcome sexual advances, a request for sexual favors, or any other conduct of sexual nature constitute sexual harassment. In the U.S., sex is an inescapable theme present in all media where teens learn that sexual advances are an expected behavior of boys and girls (Roleff, 2001). The teenage period consists of increased awareness of sexuality by teenagers. In this period, teenagers are moving from a state of ignorance, concerned about the changes they witness in their lives. Studies by Sprecher, Harris, and Meyers (2008) have shown that peers from the first reference point for adolescents who have questions about their sexuality. They represent the main source of sexual education for adolescents. Study findings on the favorable sources of sexuality information by teenagers have shown that there is an increased reliance on peers, professionals, and the internet as a form of media. However, the increase has not resulted in a decline in the preference of parents and independent reading. Sexual Harassment of Teenagers In discovering their sexuality, teenagers become responsive to sexual gestures and are capable of arousal. They develop sexual desires that they find embarrassing to express because of a cultural condition enforced by parents and educators that sex is dirty and needs to wait until marriage (Greenberg, Bruess, & Conklin, 2011). To let out their desires, teenagers resolve to bully, tease, and eventually sexually harass others. Teenage Sexual Harassment is a Cultural Problem As teenagers learn about sexuality from their peers, they also learn about their sexual preferences and are likely to assume the sexual tendencies practiced by their peer advisors. In addition, teenagers seeking information about their sexuality from their fellow peers are prone to sexual harassment as a practical way of informing them of the different aspects of their sexuality. There are several conditions that allow the proliferation of sexua
David Ricardo is a popular British economist who made a great contribution to classical economics. His legacy prevailed in the domain of economics for a long time and left a mark in history. The purpose of this paper is to explain the contributions of this distinguished economist, describe what differs them from the previous ones, and discuss their significance in the modern world. His career began early: at the age of 14, he was already employed at the London Stock Exchange along with his father, who had a profession of a stockbroker. At 21, he built up his own business where he managed to make a fortune on the result of the Battle of Waterloo (Faccarello and Kurz, p. 120). This deal made him a wealthy and prosperous man almost overnight. In 1814, he was rich enough to retire and start leading the life of a gentleman. Unfortunately, he died at the age of 51 from an ear infection. Ricardo is well-known for a number of his theories, which include, for example, the theory on wages and profit, the theory of rents, and the theory of international trade. The last one appears to be controversial and debatable. Ricardo suggested that international trade is always advantageous and promotes economic growth. His theory was based on the idea that countries gain profit from trade if they export goods in which they have a comparative advantage (Senga et al.). It means that countries use fewer resources to produce a certain product and, therefore, it is more beneficial for them to export it to other countries. Later, this theory was reconsidered and expanded, but it still has not lost its relevance. Indeed, international trade has been developing over decades and proved to be beneficial for the economy. Illustrative examples of how this theory works in practice can also be provided. England is known to be one of the best cloth producers, and Portugal, in turn, specializes in producing wine (Senga et al.). So, these two countries had trade relations for a long time and got an advantage from it. Moreover, Salvatore states that trade is mutually beneficial, even when the two countries are exactly alike (p. 53). This statement provides further evidence that the Ricardian theory of international trade can be applied these days. However, the theory also received criticism from other economists and critics. Ricardo himself admitted that his theory has certain flaws and works only under certain conditions. Ricardo drew inspiration from the works by Adam Smith, who is considered to be the father of economics. One of his works, “Wealth of Nations” exerted a strong influence on young Ricardo and even made him write newspaper articles and tracts on the theory of money (Faccarello and Kurz, p. 120). As a result, the world saw his classical approach which became one of the central pillars of economics. Some of the Ricardian ideas are still applicable in the modern world. Those which became irrelevant and were replaced with the new ones anyhow influenced the development of economics. Ricardo was one of the pioneers in the field of economics and is well-known for substantially elab
The reason why the evolution of world’s economy is best assessed through the lenses of economics (political economy), is that it provides us with the scientific insight onto the very essence of economy’s functioning, as such that is being defined by dialectical relationship between relevant causes and effects. 1 To put it plainly – those who utilize political economy’s rationale-based methodological apparatus, as the tool of gaining a better understanding of what drives the economic progress forward, are being automatically put in advantageous position, as compared to those who think of such a progress as being embedded in vaguely defined notion of morality. The validity of this statement is best explored within the context of post-industrial economic discourse. After all, political economists are being well aware of the fact that is it not by mere accident that, as of today, the value of a so-called ‘physical capital’ continues to decline in exponential progression to the flow of time, which in turn is being reflected by ever increasing profitability of specifically technology-intensive commercial enterprises. The reason for this is simple – nowadays, people’s endowment with intellect has the ability to replace ‘physical capital’, in literal sense of this word. For example; whereas, after the end of WW2, 80% of Atlantic telegraph cable’s self-cost accounted for copper, the material cost of today’s fiber-optical Atlantic telephone cable accounts for only 10%. And yet; whereas, the old cable could only sustain 128 parallel calls, the fiber-optical one sustains 750.000 parallel calls. 2 What it means is that in the future, the segments of world’s economy that continue to heavily rely upon exploitation of natural resources are going to be progressively deprived of their competitive edge. In its turn, this also exposes the sheer fallaciousness of an idea that the reason why people in the Third World countries continue to live in poverty is that Western transnational
The right to privacy is not directly expressed under the Bill of Rights. This particular issue has therefore elicited a heated debate on the degree of the applicability surrounding the privacy claims. The U.S Supreme Court has come up with a substantive argument that the right to privacy is a fundamental liberty that should be protected as implicated under some clauses of the constitution. However, the extent to which the right to privacy is protected is not clear. The Bill of Rights seems to protect some aspects of privacy. A good example is indicated in the first amendment that protects the privacy of beliefs or privacy against unreasonable searches as protected in the fourth amendment. The Supreme Court recognizes the concept of substantive due process as embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment by arguing that this particular clause protects all the fundamentally un-enumerated rights. The decision in the recent case of the City of Ontario, California v. Quon 500 U.S (2010) sheds some light on the issue of privacy particularly related to the workplace. In this case, the appellant had infringed the employees’ right to privacy by conducting a search in their electronic device that they used in the course of their duty. The issue was whether the appellant had violated the provision of the Fourth Amendment that protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. The court unanimously held that the search was reasonable as it was work-related. It is apparent that Justice Anthony Kennedy when writing the majority’s opinion, decided to ignore the ‘far-reaching issues’ in regards to modern technology and its role in society (Hudson 23). The City of Ontario case marks the first venture of judicial intervention into the employees’ rights of privacy when communicating through the agency’s devices. The opening remarks of the presiding judge in Quon v. Arch Wireless Operating Co., Inc., 445 (2006) presaged the importance of social issues at risk in the City of Ontario’s case. It is not clear how the Supreme Court decided on these critical issues surrounding the case. It is arguably justifiable to say that the court’s claim was far less technical on one hand but similarly perilous on the other. This is because the court refused to come up with a formulated rule of law regarding the electronic communications in the workplace. The reasonableness of privacy by the employees was not conclusively resolved by the court as it was expected by most people. The decision by the court puts the issue regarding the right to privacy applicable to individuals in question. The court seems to follow the decision in Ortega v. O’Connor 480 U.S (1987) that held that the employer possessed ultimate authority to search the physical
Introduction Ever since the first case diagnosed in the United States in 1981 on the West Coast scientist and researchers have been working to find a permanent and inexpensive treatment for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. There has been great progress in finding a cure for HIV/AIDS but unfortunately, it remains manageable but incurable. (Jeffrey, 2006) Researchers, working in Germany, lately claimed a potential advancement in the attempt to cure HIV infection. The most current issue of the journal Science reported that researchers working with an enzyme were able to eliminate HIV’s genetic material from host cells. While this is beginning research, if confirmed by further study it might be an important landmark in the battle to cure HIV/AIDS. (Bauer, 2007). Current HIV drugs aim either viral enzyme which is naturally vital proteins or holds up with HIV’s access to a cell. This approach has been extraordinarily doing well at managing HIV disease and radically reducing both illness and HIV-associated deaths. The critical limitation of this approach lies in HIV’s combination of its genetic code into a cell’s genes. When this takes place in a cell that is at a latent state, it permits HIV to escape these drugs, which only work in cells that are vigorous and manufacturing new copies of HIV. (Nathanson, 2007) Since the latent cells have a longer life and occur to be an invulnerable reservoir of infectious virus, efforts to clear the body of HIV called suppression have been ineffective. Much more study and improvement are needed to turn this breakthrough into efficient treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS. One of the key obstacles will be to find a harmless and efficient way to establish the enzyme into resting cells. After that, it will be necessary to design identical enzymes which will target the other parts of the HIV/AIDS genome. This might take more than ten years to turn into generally accessible treatment. However, this study may lead to the vital goal of curing HIV/AIDS infection. Gene Therapies Several treatments are being developed to obstruct genes used by HIV/AIDS. One of them, mifepristone, also known as RU486 produced by Viral Genomix, interferes with the viral protein vpr. It is in a Phase I/II trial. Maturation Inhibitors A new type of drug slows down the expansion of HIV’s internal arrangement in a new virus. The bevirimat (PA457) by Panacos Pharmaceuticals is the first maturation inhibitor. (Strauss, 2007) It is at present in Phase II trials. The early outcome shows strong antiretroviral action. Side effects are serene. PA457 will most likely be a once-a-day drug. Antisense Drugs VIRxSYS is also working on a gene treatment product, VRX496, which is in a Phase II trial. The VIRxSYS engages in altering a patient’s CD4 cells with an “antisense” cause and then reintroduced to the person with HIV. Integrase Inhibitors After HIV’s genetic code is altered from a single thread to a double-strand by the reverse transcriptase enzyme, it gets included in the genetic code of the infected cell. Then the HIV genetic code gets “read,” fabricating new viruses. Scientists hope that combination will be an