ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Scientific research has been evolving at an increasingly alarming rate. This has been triggered by the requirement of research community to provide significant answers to what seems as complex and disorderly world problematic situations. In this effect, scientists feel obligated to conduct an interdisciplinary research project aimed at increasing knowledge in all the disciplines (Bandura 2002). Such research projects are aimed at attending to the challenges the globalizations and advancement in technology present to the users and consumers of information. The accuracy, integrity, and accessibility of information have become one of the fundamental issues that such research aims at addressing. The issues of integrity of information usage and the security of information is becoming an essentiality. The design of the information system should be able to address the challenges such as the ethical issues that have become a major headache to the researchers in the information and technology field. The ability to present a system that addressed such challenges will be an enormous milestone in addressing the challenges of the time and age. Introduction With various factors contributing to any issues in the current world, such variations make the world more complex and disorganized. There is need for an amicable approach in addressing and resolving such issues. It is never straightforward the case of identifying the root cause of the problem or diagnosing the problem instantly. With so much confusion often-surrounding problems, it may seem impossible to determine an appropriate solution. In order to resolve such issues, a problem-solving approach is paramount. Moreover, the approaches should be able to take various dimensions of the issue into account. This may entail the clearly understanding what is happening and strategies or brainstorm of the possible mechanism of addressing the issue or improving the situation. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is one of the approaches (Bandura 2002). Soft system methodolgy Soft Systems Methodology is a product of the continuing Action Research of Prof Peter Checkland , Brian Wilson plus other researchers. It is a guideline tool to problem-solving. The effort was in recognition of the fact that not all problems are obvious and neither do they have a predictable solution. Common misunderstandings have emerged where the method has been viewed as planned to solve soft problems such as problems involving the social and cultural aspects. On the contrary, the concept applies to both hard and soft problems. The methodology, however adopts a different approach in every problematic situation. The ‘hardness’ or ‘softness’ is not n innate characteristic of the perceived problem, instead it relates to how the problem is viewed by those involved in seeking the solution (Checkland 1985). Each and every problematic situation comprise of both soft and hard aspects. A problem becomes a problem boy the virtue of being viewed as such by human beings. This can be equated to such a saying that “one man’s poison is another man’s meat”. Current explanations and issues relating to soft system Developed in 1970 by Pete
Introduction In life, there are many things and activities that human beings prefer engaging in. There are activities which bring both pleasure and at other times there are activities which do not please human beings. Essentially human beings prefer engaging in activities that give them an opportunity to display their strengths and at the same time give them an opportunity to live out the expressions of their inner emotions. Sports and History As with other major forces, sports at first addressed the pertinent issues of the time, such as helping humans master their environment and become better prepared to defend themselves in battle (Zecola, 2008). Early civilizations were often a loosely connected network of cities that shared a need for, and provision of, defence. For example, in early Greece, all well bodied citizens were liable for military duty. Most cities prescribed athletic training as a form of military preparedness, and they met on a regular basis to show their preparedness by competing with each other. Putting an emphasis on exercise also contributed to the Greeks being the longest lived people of their times (Zecola, 2008). The Greeks are also noteworthy for introducing the first recorded Olympic Games in 776 BCE. The games were held on a regular basis to pay tribute to the Greek gods. They lasted almost 12 centuries. After the Roman emperors conquered the region and formally adopted Christianity, they discouraged and eventually outlawed these practices. Other ancient civilizations such as Egypt, China, and Rome also introduced sports into their cultures thousands of years ago. Given the importance of the Nile River, swimming and fishing were emphasized in Egypt. In China, sports activities generally related to work, production, and war, and gymnastics was a favourite activity. In Rome, chariot racing, equestrian events, gladiator competition, foot racing, and ball games were prevalent. In the Common Era, sports took on a different flavour when they began to be shaped by the rural working class. For example, a particularly aggressive precursor to soccer began in Europe in medieval times, and hurling was engaged from Cornwall to Ireland. By the 17 th century, prize fighting had become popular in England, although the upper class preferred horse racing. England’s public schools widely introduced a more refined working class. Wide scale sports for the masses were beginning to take shape although people were not widely participating in, or following, sporting activities prior to the Modern Era (Zecola, 2008). What are sports? Essentially, some sociologists agree that sports may be defined as an institutionalized physical activity located on continuum between play and world (Delaney & Madigan, 2009). This definition eliminates activities such as playing cards by the fact that there is the word physical activity included. One of the most salient features about sports is that it always including physical exertion. This physical exertion is an imperative characteristi
Project Summary Currently, New York Methodist Hospital is in the process of merging with Columbia University Medical Center (Columbia Presbyterian Hospital). The complex change project also includes the step of developing a preceptorship preparation class in order to train those nurses who want to become preceptors. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the project and discuss its contribution to the nursing profession. Synthesis The problem that has been identified as important with the focus on the nursing practice in New York Methodist Hospital is the lack of preceptorship skills in those professionals who are selected as preceptors and mentors among the most experienced nurses in the organization. It has been found that being selected because of their experience, these nurses have no adequate training as preceptors, and they experience problems with organizing their work and communication with novice nurses. The solution to this problem and the proposed intervention is the development of a preceptorship preparation class (Donley et al., 2014). In January of 2017, the group of specialists working at New York Methodist Hospital and Columbia University Medical Center will continue to develop the curriculum for the class. It is expected that preceptors will be selected with reference to their degree (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) and willingness to become a preceptor (Duteau, 2012; Watson, Raffin-Bouchal, Melnick, & Whyte, 2012). The work of the preceptorship class and participation of nurses in this program will be sponsored by the organization. It has been found that the theory that is most appropriate to implement the intervention is Kurt Lewin’s theory of change. As a result, during the unfreezing stage, the representatives of a project team are expected to recognize the need for change (Shirey, 2013). This stage has been completed recently. The second stage is moving, and it is based on developing a detailed plan of action and the curriculum for the program. This stage is planned to be completed in January of 2017. At the stage
An essential part of any change process is the evaluation phase. It is crucial to assess the effectiveness of the suggested initiative since the results of such an assessment will indicate how successful the proposed change has been (Hopkins, Stringfield, Harris, Stoll, & Mackay, 2014). Additionally, evaluation measures will help to predict future developments of the effort and adjust its components to satisfy the needs of the stakeholders better. In general, it is important to determine a specific goal for the evaluation which helps to set parameters concerning the data that will be collected and the methods and tools that will be used (Hallinger, Heck, & Murphy, 2014). It is crucial to make a clear definition of each component, procedure, and tool of the evaluation. Furthermore, it is necessary to supervise and assess each of these features in order to make sure that they are functioning as intended and that they are consistent with the goals. Finally, as Shaout and Yousif (2014) mention, a variety of evaluation techniques need to be combined for a comprehensive evaluation and knowing the strengths and limitations of these techniques. According to Fulmer, Lee, and Tan (2015), a productive approach to employ during evaluation is measuring the initiative at multiple levels rather than at a single one. For instance, it is viable to rate the program at an individual level, at a small-group level, and at grade and school levels. Each of these measurements will enable collecting crucial data from different perspectives, which is highly effective for the evaluation plan. Research by Jonsson, Lundahl, and Holmgren (2015) indicates that the evaluation also needs to be performed through all the stages of implementing new teaching practices: the initial, the middle, and the final one. Monitoring and tracking the process will help to identify problems and make the necessary corrections early in the intervention, which will enable the avoidance of crucial mistakes in the teaching practice. The evaluation should also include evidence about the effectiveness of the initiative.
Introduction One of the major changes that have been prominent in the social environment is the satiety of the mass media. Proponents believe that ferocious television programs are promoting violence in the society whilst the opponents claim that media violence only instigates excitement, thus making youngsters more dynamic. This paper analyzes the impact of media violence on behavior, beliefs, and values of youths by censoriously comparing the sentiments of Nancy Signorelli and Jonathan Freedman. At least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue Signorelli, a proponent of the idea that media violence imparts brutal behavior to its viewers, provides a number of facts to support her position. One of the facts is that longitudinal studies indicate that boys who were exposed to violent imagery at the age of eight became radical as well as rebellious at the age of eighteen and started participating in criminal acts by the time they were thirty. Secondly, she shares a recent intercultural research done on twelve-year children. According to the study, violent individuals, especially those who reside in ferocious environments, utilize the media in asserting their mindset and beliefs, which are then armored by the media programs. Freedman also supports his position by providing several facts. He states that laboratory experiments show that media violence is not harmful rather it arouses the moods, and thus helps people to perform their duties more energetically than those individuals who are exposed to non-violent media imagery (Coyne, 2007). Secondly, he disapproves the longitudinal as well as cross-national researches that attempt to support the theory that real-world brutality is influenced by media violence. The studies have more non-supportive results instead of supportive ones. For instance, he notes that only 39 per cent of laboratory experiments results were in line with the causal belief whilst 41 per cent of the experiments were unreliable. At least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue Signorelli shares her reasons to back her sentiments. One of her main arguments is that ferocious activities in television programs make viewers to adapt a perception that the world is a creepy environment. Secondly, Signorelli asserts that violent imageries portrayed in the media do not reveal the negative impact of violence on its perpetrators. Consequently, this aspect inculcates the idea that violence is an ethical behavior and it can be performed in certain scenarios (Escobar-Chaves & Anderson, 2008). This idea can motivate youngsters to concur that violence is a good character because of their premature judgment. Furthermore, Signorelli notes that media violence may influenc
Access to safe water for a healthy life is a major requirement for people in the world today. Although Canada is seen as a country with abundance of water resources, its population is the highest water consumer in the world causing a threat to its freshwater (Environment Canada 1). A larger portion of the Canadian population is concentrated in urban areas but many freshwater rivers flow towards the northern side, which is the opposite direction from the populated regions. In Canada, water is valuable and it contributes an income of around $7.5 to $23 billion every year (Environment Canada 3). Currently, most water sources are under pressure due to growing domestic demand of freshwater in Canada. This paper outlines the crisis of freshwater supply faced by Canada. Agriculture is the highest water consumer and it is estimated that out of the total water consumption in Canada, 70 percent is used for Agriculture (Environment Canada 37). In addition to this, urbanization is another major reason why freshwater supply is reducing rapidly. At present, there is a lot of construction work going on in Canada and as a result, urban and residential are consuming a lot of water causing increase in water demand. The more worrying news is that changing climatic trends may cause more pressure on the water resources and worsen the situation. In fact, scientists have estimated that droughts may increase in the future threatening fresh water sources (Stanford 15). Due to increasing threat to the Canadian water resources, much attention has been drawn to different sectors in order to find a long-term solution to the current water crisis. Indeed, there is an urgent need to address the current crisis to ensure that Canada has access to fresh water in the future. To solve the problem, a number of recommendations have been put forward. Foremost, “to know what to do, you must first know what is happening” (Environment Canada 97). Thus, a plan to acquire observational and accurate data regarding water has been proposed. By acquiring such data, experts will be aware of the water usage patterns, Canadian fresh water sources, and water-related infrastructure (Stanford 67). Knowledge of this basic information will help the government to have an organized freshwater monitoring program and develop appropriate action plan. Secondly, it is important to develop research priorities. Developing a research plan will clarify causes of droughts hence improving the climatic conditions (Environment Canada 16). Moreover, research will also help maintain Canada’s climate modeling capabilities. With extensive research, the impact of climate change on forests, wetlands, and glacier (freshwater ecosystems) will be clarified too. Eventually, this will help in improving water quality by reducing chemical drainage into water sources among other wastes. Thirdly, there is need to have informed policies and effect
The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between two variables i.e. dependent and independent variable. In this paper, dependent variable is “substantiated child maltreatment within two years of investigation from an earlier allegation” and independent variable is “age of youngest child in the house”. A proper research methodology has been followed to conduct this research. According to the hypothesis/topic there is a strong and positive relationship between the age of youngest child in the house and sustained child maltreatment within two years of investigation from an earlier allegation. This hypothesis has been assumed keeping in view the previous researches which have been done in the same field or on the same topic. The California department of social services, in collaboration with child research center (2003), conducted research on California families to investigate the child abuse and neglectance which is being practiced in California. The sample families were kept under observation by the researchers for almost 12 months. The results showed that 91.6 percent adolescents were the victim of child abuse and the remaining youngsters were suspected to be a victim of child abuse in future. Existing work suggests that people mostly engage in NSSI for emotionally regulating themselves and communicating socially and sometimes they have a sense of aggression or pain. However, what has not been stated and still is very important is that many people use NSSI for the achievement of personal ends rather than engaging in acts of substance abuse or bingeing/purging upon foodstuff (Field & Coulson, 2007). For example, persons who have already experienced maltreatment during a young age such as repeated insults, excessive criticism, or some form of physical abuse; they might be a victim of inferiority complex in future. This could lead to the growth of a self-critical cognitive style and ultimately manifest in the engagement in NSSI as an extreme form of self chastisement or self-abuse, whenever they disapprove of their own behavior. NSSI is without a doubt, a multi-determined behavior that cannot be explained through one simple pathway but the examination of multiple pathways such as the one proposed here is necessary to commence in order to recognize this dangerous behavior (Baron & David, 1986). About 85 adolescents aging 12-19 years (M = 17.5, SD = 1.28) were recruited through announcements. Out of these 9 did not complete and pass the assessment session and had to be excluded from the studies. This sample size (N ¼ 86) provided statistical power to detect small, medium and large effect sizes (r) of 0.15, 0.82,and 0.99, respectively, using two-tailed tests with alpha set at 0.05. The 75 adolescents provided data for this study (69 female; age in years: M ¼ 17.03, SD¼ 1.92) self-reported ethnicity as: 73.3% European American,3.5% African American, 7.0% Hispanic, 4.7% Asian American, 11.7% biracial or other ethnicity. The consent of all the participants was taken who were willing to participate in this assessment activi
In his journal, John Locke believes that the knowledge a human being possesses comes from the five senses and is not inborn. This, he insists, comes from experiences of everyday life. He brings forth the aspect of empiricism in contemporary philosophy when he explains facts like, “when we see is when we believe”. He has a strong argument furnished by ideas like the brain is a blank slate which is only filled with ideas via experience. He lays emphasis on the minds substance and not its capability when he says that the only thing we are born with is the ability to receive and interpret information or control it. The journal, “Knowledge is Ultimately Sensed” by Locke is a collection of essays written about the epistemology of knowledge gained through our senses. In these essays, he argues in favor of empiricism, and against rationalism. Locke discusses the theory of innatism, which is basically the theory that human beings are born knowing certain things. He also discusses the innate principles, and how the mind is like a blank slate at birth and how we only gain knowledge through experiences and the ability of senses. In the introduction, Locke talks about understanding and human knowledge. He says that, “understanding is what sets man above the rest of sensible beings, and gives him all the advantage and dominion which he has over them; it is certainly a subject, even for its nobleness, worth our labour to inquire into” (Locke 255). Here, he means understanding is what sets man apart from other creatures as it makes us see and perceive things in certain ways. He then proceeds to talk about the certainty of human knowledge; he believes that human beings do not have a set limit to the understanding of knowledge. He accepts as true the fact that human beings are capable of understanding a variety of different things at the same time. This is supported by the following quote, “if by this inquiry into the nature of understanding, I can discover the power thereof; how far they reach; to what things they are in any degree proportionate; and where they fail us” (Locke 256). By this Locke is trying to figure out how far our understanding actually extends. Locke goes further to examine an example of a servant who would not attend to his business due to insufficient lighting. The servant pleaded that he needed sunlight to accomplish his tasks effectively. Locke disputes this by saying, “the Candle that is set up in us shines bright enough for all purposes. The discoveries we can make with this ought to satisfy us” (Locke 256). Here, he despises those who give in to defeat. He shows us that, we can know nothing at all if we cultivate the servant’s notion. This is because; the servant had little light but