ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Oil refining companies deal with different chemicals that hold various risks. Examples of such chemicals include flammable liquids, reactive solids, corrosive substances, acids, bases, and dangerous vapors. Therefore, any accident can cause these substances to catch fire, destroy the factory and endanger human lives. A common example of an oil industry fire is a full surface fuel fire. This fire is very dangerous because it can easily spread from the source to neighboring tanks. It also produces high heat and can spread to the bund area. Other traits of full qualities of fuel fire are boiling over and slopping over, which make it more dangerous. In this report, a description of the preplanning arrangement to fight a full surface fuel fire in an oil refinery is provided. Preplanning for the Firefighting Operation When a fire occurs in an oil refinery, the workers should assume a worst-case scenario. Therefore, firefighters need to include several items in the planning steps to fight the fire. It is necessary to clarify the entry and egress routes to facilitate escape from the fire if it gets worse. Fixed installations and RV points should also be ascertained. The resources required to stop the fire should be made available early. They include water and foam. After all, these are available, command functions need to be triggered to alert other firefighters and direct their actions. Examining the Direction of Wind Examining the wind direction helps to know the right firefighting methods. It also helps the firefighters to avoid breathing in poisonous gas from the fire. Furthermore, inspecting wind direction s
Introduction Research has led doctors to believe that some characteristics increase the likelihood of an individual becoming an addict (Takao, Takahashi, Kitamura, 2009). The latest development in the search for treatment in addiction cases has led to the discovery of some human tendencies that put them at high risk of addiction. Addiction has traditionally been associated with the use of substances and in the past, it was never thought to be a natural occurrence. However, recent developments have shown that individuals can develop addictive tendencies based on some personality traits (Takao, Takahashi, Kitamura, 2009). Some human characteristics increase the likelihood of developing addictions. This paper will discuss how the approach of tackling addiction from a personality trait perspective can be used in drugs and alcohol rehabilitation. What is an addictive personality? Addictive personality refers to characteristics that make individuals more likely to have an addiction. Addiction is caused by the use of drugs and alcohol although it also encompasses other effects such as co-dependency and workaholism (Lejoyeux & Weinstein, 2010). Jeanty (2013) documents that addiction is widely spread in the US and it is affecting up to 15% of the entire population. Addiction can be displayed through alcohol and drug use, eating disorders, gambling, sex and love, the internet, as well as groups and cult associations (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2009). The concept of addictive personality identifies some characteristics, which are commonly shown by addicts. This concept was established in the efforts to find a remedy in treating and preventing the prevalence of addiction (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2009). These characteristics include low self-esteem, nonconformity, impulsive tendencies, prone to attention-seeking behavior, highly insecure in their relationships, antisocial tendencies among others (Brewer & Potenza, 2008). Rose & Segrist (2012) affirm that while over the years people have regarded such behaviors as the main problem, the addictive personality approach gives a different argument to this assumption. There is a possibility that psychosocial factors contribute to addiction and if this is true then all other approaches used in dealing with addiction are futile. The approach that entails looking at personality characteristics that enhance addictive tendencies is best suited in dealing with cases of drug and alcohol addiction (Rose & Segrist, 2012). How effective is this approach in dealing with drugs and alcohol use The argument that some people have particular characteristics that make them more vulnerable to drugs and alcohol addiction is widely criticized (Kourosh, Harrington, & Adinoff, 2010). The debate notwithstanding, the addictive personality approach is proving to be quite effective. Cao & Su (2007) indicate that the search
Throughout the course of history, the countries were in a continuous struggle for power, prestige, and influence on the international stage. What is more, they always looked for ways to justify their desire to gain more might that became easier with the appearance of the theory of natural selection and struggle for life proposed by Charles Darwin in the second half of the nineteenth century. The theory known as Darwinism has found practical use in sociology and politics to become known as social Darwinism and win millions of followers all over the world. In this paper, I will show that social Darwinism played a significant role in the expansion of European imperialism through two dimensions – relations of the strongest nations with the weakest ones and with one another. Darwinism, in general, is a biological theory describing the appearance of new species and extinction of the existing ones defining species through the process of natural selection 1 that is the core of Darwin’s theory and is based on: The belief that each new variety, and ultimately every new species is produced and maintained by having some advantage over those with which it comes into competition; and the consequent extinction of less favored forms almost inevitably follows. 2 Within a course of evolution, long before Darwin, the concept of natural selecti
Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a health complication involving an increase in the concentration in the concentration of blood sugar either due to a failure by cells to effectively respond to the production of insulin in the body, or as a result of no insulin production. Additionally, diabetes is related to irregular metabolism of food components such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (Wylie-Rosett 1998, p. 143). The high blood sugar levels are associated with several health complications such as polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia, which are recurrent. Therefore, Diabetes mellitus being a chronic disorder, there is the need to start disease management interventions to relieve the patients of unnecessary suffering (Beisswenger 2000, p. 95). Diabetes management entails proper management of diet, physical exercising, and proper use of medications such as insulin among other counseling interventions. The process of managing diabetic patients may be hindered by other factors such as stress, co-morbidity complications and illnesses, which are unique to specific life stages. For instance, elderly individuals encounter numerous problems such as lowered appetites; poor and diminishing dentiti
During the whole life path, every person needs professional medical help at certain times. Even though medicine is one of the oldest sciences, it constantly develops in different vectors. One of the most perspective directions to integrate is the nursing-quality indicators study. Being involved in every healthcare branch but representing none of them, this field allows understanding the fundamental values of qualitative personal treatment. As a result, the nursing industry increases its effectiveness while the patients receive much better treatment for relatively the same prices. In the case of rabbi J, the whole medical process from the very beginning to the discharge could be improved by using only the method of quality indicators analysis. First and foremost, when analyzing the fundamental base of nursing quality indicators definition, it is important to understand how they are formed. As Merkley et al. (2018) state, “Nursing-sensitive indicators are often reported on scorecards that enable nurse leaders to evaluate their progress in achieving their strategic goals and operational and quality targets” (p.82). In fact, in most cases, the indicators help increase the future result based on the former experience so that the whole process cannot develop dramatically. On the other hand, when using the analysis outcomes appropriately, the main aspects of the treatment process will be improved. For instance, while analyzing the red spot on mister J’s lower spine, it becomes clear that the treatment outcome could not be improved by avoiding red skin in the future, but the patient’s relative would feel more comfortable if she does not see the external result of restraints usage. Secondly, hospital data is one of the most important aspects of increasing the effectiveness of nursing-quality indicators. By collecting the information from the long-term perspective, the indicators analysts will present the more qualitative outcome due to the larger database, which helps analyze the same situation from many perspectives. Turning to the collection methods, the information might be taken from different sources, such as patients, their relatives, hospital staff, and nurses themselves. Using the oral and writing questioning methods, the hospital data will be enriched by different types of information, which is critical for further analysis. Eventually, when the analysis is provided, the most crucial part of the whole process is to transmit the results to the hospital human resources to understand the results, and some approaches will be changed. In mister J’s case, there was important to analyze the time of the patient’s treatment and the difficulties that the patient faced, such as being restrained due to the mild dementia diagnosis. Moreover, the patient’s daughter’s reaction to the
Fashion is often called one of the types of conceptual art – through the combination of different elements (clothing, accessories, color solutions) it creates a single, individual image. Therefore, with the emergence of the Modern style, which replaced obsolete trends in art, the most famous couturiers of the early twentieth century began to embody its main canons in clothing collections (Goody 126). The legacy of the Modern style is many-sided, complex, contains not only undeniable values, artistic discoveries but also evidence of unresolved aesthetic contradictions. Answering the question whether fashion is a product of Modernism it should be stated that present day fashion is based on the main principles and ideas of Modernism, but also depicts other periods. Modern – the name of the style, which was widely used in the art of the late XIX and early XX centuries. The main content of the Modern was the desire of artists to contrast their creativity with the historicism and eclecticism of art of the second half of the XIX century. The artists refused of straight lines and angles for more natural lines; they were interested in new technologies and flowering of applied art. (Childs 7). Modern style in clothes: the desire for practicality The fashion of modernism passed in its development three stages. The first stage (1898-1900) assumed the correct posture of the figure, expansion of the sleeves from the wrist to the shoulders. The skirt had the shape of a bell, elongated and trimmed with frills. The second stage (1901-1905) is characterized by the S-silhouette, large hats, a natural shoulder line, extended sleeves, and richly decorated skirt. The third stage (1905-1907) was distinguished by a shortened skirt, slightly opening the toe of the shoes and practically devoid of decor, and the return of the silhouette to a normal vertical position. Since 1903, dresses had become freer; corsets had gradually disappeared. Upper clothes were supplemented with hats-current, shoes, and boots with lacing and heels, umbrellas with frills, walking-sticks, gloves, mitts. Underwear of crispy fabric was very fashionable because of rustling sounds, which together with a strong smell of perfume, created the impression of airiness. Over evening dresses with a deep neckline they wore a kimono coat. The most refined part of the fashion was, undoubtedly, jewelry. No period in the history of art gave it such importance as modernism.
Introduction In the face of growing industrialization and modernization of life styles along with the changing consumer demand trends, one would be interested to observe the automobile market which may give us an idea regarding the changing tastes in luxury goods. Car off course is not a luxury for everyone, for some it is also a necessity. Small cars are usually fuel-efficient and serve the utility purpose well it seems. This paper shall compare three of the largest global automobile companies, Ford Motors, Toyota and general Motors with respect to their products and market apart form the financial results of the last five years. The idea is to find the relative position of Ford with the other two companies. Ford Motors: brief history Modern days’ industrialization owes to a great extent to the Henry Ford’s assembly line production methods, which were popularized as Fordism during early 1900s. Fordism showed us how to manage industrial workforce and production on a big scale. Ford Motor Company, founded by the father of assembly line production and hence industrialization in 1903 is a multinational corporation headquartered at America. Based on worldwide sales of automobiles, Ford Motor ranks fourth as automobile manufacturer after General Motors, Toyota and Volkswagen and ranks seventh in the Fortune 500 list with a global revenue of $172.5 billion in 2007, over 24500 employees, 6.553 million automobiles and 100 plants scattered around the world. The cars are sold under the brands of Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo, Mazda apart from the core brand Ford. The other two UK brands Jaguar and Land Rover were sold to Tata Motors. Ford has redesigned their car Focus that is still capturing a considerable part of the market. With strong sales figures, lucrative revenues and fuel economic technology the car sales went up by 91 percent in Texas and 46 percent worldwide. According to the vice president in Marketing and Communications of Ford Group, Jim Farley, “Focus continues to surprise and delight customers throughout the country, but the bombshell is in Texas, where Focus retail sales have almost doubled”. The sales of Ford, Lincoln and Mercury together have grown by 8 percent compared to the previous year. However Ford Esca
Introduction In the essay, Inspired Eccentricity , Hooks narrates how she related with her mother and unconventional grandparents. The author narrates how Baba (Sarah), the grandmother, was outspoken and scolding. On the other hand, she explains that Daddy Gus (Gus Oldham), the grandfather, was kind and gentle towards her. Hooks grew up with her grandparents until teenager. Consequently, she was not intimate with her mother. Throughout the book, Hooks narrates how the eccentricity she learned from her grandparents and her mother inspired her entire life (Hooks 291). Main body Hooks reported that her grandparents were instrumental in her successful childhood. She recalls how both Baba and Gus helped her through what she calls a painful childhood. Hooks claims the close relationship she had with her grandparents was instrumental in shaping her exceptional writing experience. She says, “I see in myself a mixture of these two very different but equally powerful figures from my childhood.” This is proof that Hooks and her grandparents related well. The confession further implies that the grandparents were keen to ensure that Hooks succeeds in her endeavors (Hooks 291). Occasionally, Gus allowed Hooks to visit his private room. She argues that this was one of the greatest favors she got from her late grandfather. While there, she tells us how she enjoyed the tobacco smell that always filled the room. Hooks describes her grandfather as a generous man. She says, “Unlike all other grownups, he never cared about children looking through his things. Anything we wanted he gave us.” The author reports that Gus allowed them to play around with the scraps, wooden cigar objects and, diary collection inside his room, unlike other old people. Hooks is proud of her grandfather for having given her the first wallet, a diary book and, a pen. This generosity depicts that Hooks was on good terms with her grandfather. The fact that Hooks alleges to have enjoyed spending time in her grandfather’s house, it is unquestionable that Gus was a kind and sociable man (Hooks 292). Hooks asserts that staying around Gus was rejuvenating. She narrates that when she sat close to Gus, she felt full of life again. Whenever Hooks visited Gus, she argues that she used to get relieved from all childhood challenges. For Hooks to declare that hanging around Gus was life soothing, the two must have been good friends. Furthermore, such confidence can only result from a good relationship Hooks had with her grandfather. Hooks in her narrative argues that Gus gave her the unconditional love she had longed for in her entire lifetime. This declaration implies that besides Gus being generous, he was humble, kind, and caring. Therefore, a good relationship between Hooks and her grandfather was quite helpful for a successful childhood. Furthermore, this good relationship was the source of hope in her life (Hooks 292). Hooks’ experience with her grandmother, Baba, was a bit horrible. She narrates that Baba was so cussing that she could use any words to abuse her and others. For Hooks to confess this, Baba
Meeting energy demands is one of the most important factors to achieve sustainability. A reliable and affordable alternative source of energy can enhance broad economic gains. Geothermal energy is an important alternative source of energy that can increase energy production and enhance environmental safety. It is an important source of renewable energy that generates electricity (DiPippo, 2011). Geothermal energy is obtained when heat from the Earth’s crust is released close to earth’s surface. When the underlying rocks have cracks, the heated ground water erupts through the cracks as geysers that are transformed in to geothermal power (Karsner and Petty, 2007).Geothermal power is a reliable, flexible, and green energy resource which can supply significant amounts of power for domestic and industrial use. Turpin (2003) posits that geothermal heat pumps have been used in homes and for commercial heating purposes. However, to produce energy from the geothermal sources require engineering techniques, funds, and political commitment. In order to meet the national goal of achieving 20% of the total electrical energy production in the U.S. by not later than 2030, geothermal power provides a better option because it is a major renewable energy source that contributes to the security of the nation, hence limiting the dependence on fossil fuels. Moreover, it minimizes the risks associated with the fluctuations in oil prices, and enhances the growth and development of new infrastructures. Therefore, geothermal energy is an economical source of energy because its production depends on a constant supply of free energy (Karsner and Petty, 2007). Due to an increase in energy demand, geothermal energy provides a better alternative for energy to sustain the world’s growing population (Karsner and Petty (2007). The feasibility of geothermal energy depends on its supply and competitiveness in terms of its availability, cost of extraction, and reliability. Furthermore, the supply of geothermal energy is practicable in only certain locations. Thus, it can be made more available with improvements on engineering technologies that are used to produce energy from the geothermal sources (Karsner and Petty, 2007). Geothermal energy is divided into hydrothermal, enhanced geothermal systems, geopressured, and a fluid co-produced with oil and gas. These geothermal technologies have been developed commercially worldwide. Enhanced Geothermal System is an important technology that enables the geothermal sources that lack sufficient water or permeability to be developed. The main purpose is to tap energy from hot permeable rocks. Geothermal energy extracted from Enhanced Geothermal System can provide electricity at a range that can greatly improv
After the Civil War that ended in 1865, the situation in the US has greatly changed, as the Southern states got an opportunity to come back (Oakes et al. 621). Realizing that the country needs rehabilitation after the war, President Lincoln and Republicans started to implement changes aimed to keep the nation together, improve infrastructure and supply people with basic needs. Trying to rebuild the South, they started the Reconstruction, which faced a range of problems. Republicans started punitive actions targeted at the Southern states for the war. As Johnson became a president, the Reconstruction altered. Being a Southerner, Johnson rejected Republicans’ wish to punish the states. He thought that they had a right to be rather independent as they respect the 13 th Amendment. Johnson followed the Lincoln’s 10 percent plan that was rather loyal. He recognized the state governments and pardoned the rebels, which Republicans considered inadmissible. It was rather hard to implement the Reconstruction, as the Congress and presidents had different views on the situation and saw different ways of reaching the goal. Thus, ones were performing alterations, and others abolished them. Milling the wind, a lot of time and effort was wasted. Moreover, being under the pressure and not willing to yield, many southerners rejected changes and created organizations that threatened ex-slaves and were against the equality. These were the Ku Klux Klan, the Knights of the White Camelia and others. In Maryland, citizens neglected the laws and tried to nullify the freedom gained by the slaves (“Maryland Lighthouse Keeper to a Baltimore Judge” par. 2). Apart from this, the freedmen also faced economic problems. They could not get another job having no education and skills except for those in farming. Thus, ex-slaves occurred to be poor and lacked clothing, food, etc. (“Testimony of a South Carolina Freedman” par. 18). Even when they became free, these people remained subservient to whites. The freedmen had no place to go, and they continued working on the plantations that belonged to the whites as sharecroppers. The landowners could not afford to hire the workers, so they agreed to share the harvest. Very often they referred to the crop-lien system, according to which, the freedmen got a line on the crop and held it. As the product was sold, the landowner was the first to get the money. As a rule, such system was adopted by cotton farmers. Gaining profit in this way, the freedmen wanted to save enough money to become independent. Unfortunately, their aspirations were rarely met due to the problems entailed from the time they were slaves. Fighting with the presidents regarding their views and actions, the Republicans nominated their candidate, Hayes, for the election in 1876, hoping that he would appeal to the voters. Still, he occurred to be not able to win, dealing with Tilden, the representative of Democrats. This election is said to be the most controversial one, as there were the disputed votes that influenced the results. Continuous disputed were resolved with the help of Electoral Commission. The Democrats promised to accept Hayes if the