ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nadler and Tushman’s congruence model makes it possible to define factors that influence the success of the organization in case of changing its process of performance. The aim of this model is to find out what happens with the dynamics of an organization when certain changes are introduced into it. “A model is a systematic approach to collecting data; it minimizes bias in what is collected, constitutes a mechanism for data analysis, and provides a common vocabulary for people to use.” (Jones, Brazzel, & NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 2006). Survey results are more exact and have more power when they are analyzed and presented through a particular model, rather than through data readout. Nadler and Tushman’s congruence model allows not only analyzing the survey data properly but shaping a strategy for an organization taking into account its history, resources, and environment. “This model views the organization as a system that draws inputs from both internal and external sources (strategy, resources, environment) and transforms them into outputs (activities, behavior and performance of the system at three levels: individual, group ,and total).” (Cameron & Green, 2004). The basic principle of this model consists in the level of congruence, that is, “the higher the congruence the higher the performance.” (Cameron & Green, 2004). Work, people, formal organization, and informal organization are the basic components of the model. “This model proposes that effective management of change means attending to all four components, not just one or two components.” (Cameron & Green, 2004) The model also presents a checklist that can be used for those who are planning organizational changes. The list has seven “S” categories, namely “staff: important categories of people; skills: distinctive capabilities of key people; system: routine processes; style: management style and culture; shared values: guiding principles; strategy: organizational goals and plan, use of resources; structure: the organization chart.” (Cameron & Green, 2004) Also, certain analysis of the connection between fits and outputs should be carried out; for this, one is supposed to focus on “the outcome of the diagnoses of the various component fits and their behavioral consequences on the set of behavior associated with system outputs: goal attainment, resource usage, and overall system performance.” (Burke, 2002). Key outputs of the U.S. Army which exist at individual, group, and organizational levels are military personnel and operating force. Those who benefit from these outputs are usually different military units and tombatant commanders. The analysis of these outputs of the U.S. army in correspondence with Nadle
Introduction Synergetic Solutions Incorporated is in a situation most successful organizations experience over time. Synergetic Solutions has experienced stagnation in its primary business, systems integration. There are numerous courses of action a company may choose in this situation. One option would be to make no changes and wait for the market to recover. Another option would be to undertake some changes to counteract the market stagnation. An overview of the Chief Executive Officer’s (CEO) and Chief Operating Officer’s (COO) solutions to change within their organization will be provided. An explanation of different change models followed by an in-depth demonstration of Lewin’s Force Field Analysis Model for change will be used to show how using thoughtful and well-planned actions can control change within an organization. An Overview of Change Management Theories Change management methodologies reflect the internal structure of an organization; mechanistic organizations tend toward procedural interventions and organic organizations tend toward whole system interventions. According to Newman and Fitzgerald (2001), Lewin’s Force Field Analysis model for change and “action research underlie(s) most current OD approaches” (p. 1), but Current practice goes beyond original formulations to emphasize…emergent processes. Newer action research approaches include ‘participatory action research, ‘action science’, ‘action learning’, and ‘appreciative inquiry’, these contemporary approaches might be viewed as extending the action research ‘continuum’ that ranges more traditional consultant directed linear applications toward increasingly collaborative, systemic, transformational change processes (Newman and Fitzgerald, 2001, p. 1). Bhatia (2003), echoing the same point of view, characterized action research as having poles, On the one pole, there is action research that is first and foremost meant to mobilize people and resource
Outline of the Chosen International Organisation Levendary Cafe is a fast food chain of restaurants that is headquartered in Denver, in the USA. The company operates in two countries, the USA and China. Levendary Cafe has a total of 3,500 restaurants. It has adopted a mixture of both standardisation and market adaptation strategies for its global business. In this strategy approach, the company’s subsidiaries in China have been adopting a unique business plan and focus to suit the market needs in some areas, while maintaining the standard practise of Levendary as is done in the USA. As part of its business foundation, Levendary menu mainly deals in wholesome soups, salads, as well as sandwiches throughout its cafes in America. In addition, the company uses uniform furniture and cafe design for all its restaurants in the USA. While some locations in China emulate this design and plan, some have adopted different furniture design and planning for their cafes. The global expansion into China was mainly informed by slowing domestic growth. Levendary had failed to register positive growth, particularly in smaller towns located in the South and Midwest within the USA. The choice of China was mooted as a result of the rush by other American fast food brands that were establishing their activities in the market. The company has opened 23 restaurant locations in China, with some directly owned by the company while others are franchises. The Global Business Environment of the Company Levendary operates in the fast foods industry. This industry entails a restricted food menu, which provides themselves to techniques of production. The industry players mainly specialise in such products as hamburger, chicken, pizza, as well as sandwiches (Bender, 1995). The changing lifestyles throughout the world have compelled people to rely more on the convenience of fast foods than do the actual cooking on their own. Although the global financial crisis has affected virtually every business sector, the fast food industry has remained buoyant, posting faster growth and resulting in more fierce competition. Most consumer expenditure is precautious, particularly on food that is cheaper, rather than on luxury restaurants that are expensive (Mashhadi & Ijaz-Ur-Rehman, 2012). According to Sipahi (2010), China has the world’s fifth largest consumption rate as far as the fast food industry is concerned. The market has been registering phenomenal growth within the sector, with its compounded growth rate annually exceeding 25%. The fast growing middle class in China, compounded with the country’s surging disposable income is particularly the main fuelling agent of the high growth
Introduction This paper will discuss two characteristics of tragic dramatic literature, especially as expressed in Hamlet. Tragic drama may be defined as a simulation of reality which appears to be somber, with an immerse magnitude, which is expressed to induce a sense of fear or pity with an embellishment of the artistic ornamental class and it could effect the appropriate purgation of one’s emotions. For a piece of dramatic literature to be tragic, it could necessarily humiliate or deformer the esteem or respect of a celebrated person. Tragic drama expresses the terrible limitation of justice or order, or it incites their irrelevance regardless of the sophistication of science and technology to which they may be dependent. Conclusively, tragic dramatic literature aims at creating an impression of destruction and mockery to a prestigious individual whom it attacks. The Dramatic Tragedy in Hamlet The play, Hamlet, is distinctively dramatic and displays high level of suspension with several instances of murder. Thus, with a good characteristic of inciting emotions of anger and bitterness to viewership, it is said to be a tragedy and particularly one of Shakespeare’s very best. Among the several incidences of death in the play, there is the unfortunate early death of blameless Ophelia. There is also an incidence of murder of Polonius and King Hamlet, two warm-hearted fathers. Following such tragic events, the play is followed by plots of retribution. Some of such revenges are those of Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet. The progress of the play takes with it a progress of abhorrence which is notable among a number of the play’s characters. Only at an instance of attentiveness, a spectator will at this point begin to see Claudius and Hamlet having leading tragic roles in the play. Furthermore, when examined very carefully again, Claudius edges forward with several revengeful plots and then he forsakes a bloody kingdom for Fortinbras. By this, is becomes obvious the tragic role he plays. The play hamlet can therefore be appropriately said to be full of muder and evil. Hamlet is lead away to England on clear evil motives. This rebounces to an ultimate disaster where Guildenstern and Rosencrantz die.The words of Shakespeare are as follow: Do it, England;For like the hectic in my blood he rages,And thou must cure me: till I know ’tis done,Howe’er my haps, my joys were ne’er begun. Claudius later inspires revenge in Laertes when he persuades him to avenge his father”tms death by killing Hamlet. However, Laertes was acting because of
Introduction Southwest Airlines was founded in 1976 and has its base at Dallas. The company has grown so much since its inception (Lee and Maxton, 2000). It is now serving fifty-nine airports and has three hundred and eighty one planes in operation. This expansion is ongoing and it is expected to grow further (Oldham, 1996). Southwest Airlines is well known for its number of offers and its uniqueness among other known airlines. These offers include the lowest fares among other airlines, its low costs, having the best labor relations, the level of asset usage that surpasses the rest and paying the highest wages to its staff. It seems to offer the best in everything! To some, the success of the company may be thought to have come from some malpractice from the side of management but in the contrary, everything practiced there is legit. These are among the strategies that the airline has employed in order to achieve its success. It has also targeted and concentrated on markets that have been disregarded by other airlines as being unimportant. This paper will analyze the service delivery (and manufacturing process), identify what should be done to improve these processes and discuss the reasons why the Southwest Airlines is successful (Compart, 2009). Service delivery and manufacturing process One thing Southwest Airlines is known for in terms of service delivery is its very low fares. This has been made possible by the fact that the airline has targeted the middle-sized airports and hence experiences less competition. Less congestion in the airport also implies that service is fast. This helps eliminating queuing for services hence customer satisfaction (Blanco and Shimoda, 2005). The airline offers fares at competitive rates, provides swift and efficient service and hence encourages travelers to shift from other modes of transport including trains and vehicles to using air travel. This has led to the success of the airline in increasing the numbers of its passengers, which is one of the goals of the company. The company respects the customer’s choice and a passenger is allowed to leave the airport when they so desire. They operate more like buses. The passengers get to choose what time to leave and it is not the airline’s choice. This makes it very reliable and flexible and hence a choice for many. Another aspect that makes the services attractive is the fact that the hustle of getting ticket reservation and collection is eliminated. People only need to swipe their cards at a dispenser and it takes only about twenty seconds before they are good to go. Another advantage of boarding the Southwest Airlines is that there are no connection flights. This also means that there is no need to transfer baggage. This eliminates the hustles and bustles associated with other airlines. The airline has clearly defined its niche as being the commuters since such people usually need to go places for particular reasons and need to do so as quick as possible and with the least distractions as possible. Reasons for company’s succ
An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is a graphic record used to identify the changes in the way and magnitude of the electrical impulses created by the depolarization wave. Impulses pass through the ventricles and the atria. The ECG was invented by Willem Einhoven in 1901. Since then, it has become one of the least expensive and most effective methods in cardiac diagnostics. The ECG gives many opportunities in analyzing the heart’s state, its failures, and further treatment measures. The procedure is used for the following purposes: defining the frequency of the heartbeat; identifying the existence of extrasystoles; identifying the myocardium infarction and ischemia; discovering breaches in the metabolism of calcium, magnum, potassium, and other electrolytes; finding out breaches in the heart’s inner conductivity; screening in case of ischemia; revealing the hypertrophy of the left ventricle; obtaining information about such diseases as pulmonary embolism; diagnosing the acute heart pathologies with the help of the card iPhone. The ECG is also necessarily used in the procedure of medical screening. This variety of functions leads to the conclusion that the ECG may be used both in a hospital by qualified specialists and by paramedics in case of emergency. The procedure plays a significant role in getting data about the illness and the heart’s state in general. It allows paramedics to give urgent help to the patient suffering from a heart attack or another cardiac disease. One of the advantages of the method is that it gives precise data. One of the most important terms for understanding how the ECG works is the voltage gradient. It shows the difference between positive and negative charges. The electrical current takes the form of waves which demonstrate the depolarization and repolarization of the heart. This information is placed on the record and represented from various perspectives called leads (or planes). In the case of the surface ECG, the leader demonstrates the characteristics of the heart’s activity between two poles – a negative one and a positive one. Depending on which pole the current flows to, the deflection may be either negative or positive, respectively. To detect electrical activity, electrodes are used. According to the information coming from them, the display shows positive electrical impulses as upward waves and negative ones as downward waves. Standardly, in the ECG, three bipolar limb leads are used. This model is called the three-lead ECG. The first lead works positively on the left arm and negatively on the right one. The second and third leads are attached both to legs and arms: the second one is positive on the left l
Abstract The paper evaluates the article devoted to the analysis of stress-related dietary behaviors and severe obesity. The research sample included 101 low-income women, and the evaluation of the sample let researchers find the correlations between stress and severe obesity, independent of unhealthy eating behavior. The article provides a review of stress factors associated with weight gain, as well as health complications provoked by obesity and excess stress. Although unhealthy eating is commonly associated with stress, the poor and unhealthy diet maybe not the sole factor contributing to the development of obesity, and the examination of other non-dietary factors is required. Stress and Eating Behavior In their quantitative research study, “Perceived stress, unhealthy eating behaviors, and severe obesity in low-income women,” Richardson, Arsenault, Cates, and Muth (2015) evaluate the sample of 101 culturally diverse overweight, moderately obese, and severely obese women from the low-income families to identify the correlation between stress, eating behavior, other stress-related physiological factors, and severe obesity. The data collected through questionnaires and interviews are exposed to statistical analysis which allows the researchers to find the links between stress level and weight status. The findings demonstrate that excess stress is associated with alterations in eating behavior. However, Richardson et al. (2015) suggest that there may be an indirect relation between uncontrolled or emotional eating and moderate obesity while, at the same time, severe obesity, “independent of eating behaviors and diet quality” is positively associated with stress (p. 4). In their article, Richardson et al. (2015) test several hypotheses identified through a review of previous literature findings. First, the researchers hypothesize that the excess level of stress is associated with severe obesity both through eating behavior and “non-diet-related risk factors” (p. 2). Another hypothesis suggests that the stress-related mechanisms of weight gain function differently in women with moderate and severe obesity. The background information introduced in the study reveals that obesity is a common disorder among the low-income US population, and low-income people face many stressors of social and financial character which increase the risk factors for the development of obesity. Obesity is associated with multiple health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, respiratory system disorders, cardiovascular diseases, etc. At the same time, excess stress correlates to weight gain and the development of unhealthy eating behaviors, including the increase in the level of sugar, fat, and overall energy intake, as well as the deterioration of diet quality. Nevertheless, the researchers also suggest that stress may provoke the risk factors the excess weight gain which is independent of individ
Introduction Film noir is an expression used in cinematic expressions primarily to express trendy Hollywood crime dramas and in particular those that put emphasis on pessimistic approaches in addition to sexual motivations represented in the movies. The era of conventional Hollywood’s noir movies is well known as stretching over a long period of time since the beginning of the early 1940’s up until the late 50’s. Film noirs that were produced around this particular era are openly linked to modest, mostly black-and-white image pictures that bear their roots all the way back to the German Expressionist and cinematography period. Many classical tales and more of these outlooks of classic crime films draw ideas from the hard-edged pool of crime fiction that later on invaded the film industry in the farther side of the United States at some point during the Depression. After watching and conducting extensive discussions about the film ‘ Pulp Fiction ,’ it can be deduced that it bears a persuasive and distinctive nature in the Hollywood film industry. Whereas attempts have been made to view the film as complying with a conservative path of standard evolution, it is in fact precise to testify that the record of this film is composite and indeed does not conform to stringent historical development. On the contrary, noir has undergone a series of cycles and different phases. Legacy of ‘Pulp Fiction’ Pulp Fiction is a felony film directed by accomplished Hollywood director Quentin Tarantino and set in the US. It was released in1994. He also helped write the film’s screenplay together with Roger Avary. Pulp Fiction ended up gaining fame because of its rich, diverse conversations, its sarcastic mix of humour and hostility, non-sequential plot and a host of filming insinuation in addition to references of pop culture (Gallafent 100). The movie was elected for a compilation of seven Oscar awards which included the honour for Best Picture (Simon National Review: Pulp Fiction). At the end of the awards show, Avary and Tarantino won the title for the Best Original Screenplay. The silver screen was also rewarded the grace of the title of the Palme d’Or. Moreover, during the Cannes Film Celebrations held in 1994 the film received an important significant commercial accomplishment in addition to its restoration of the career of the lead star, John Travolta. Travolta later received a recommendation for the Academy Awards beside co-stars Uma Thurman and Samuel L. Jackson. Plot In the film, Roth Timothy, “Pumpkin” and Amanda Plummer, “Honey Bunny” are seen h
Adorno and Horkheimer argue that the culture industry “impedes the development of autonomous, independent individuals who judge and decide consciously for themselves” (Adorno, 1991, p.6). This section will discuss how this perspective has influenced the field of audience research. Adorno and Horkheimer argue that individuals are fed information through the media that makes them forget about independent thoughts and views that they might want to make. The view proposes that the media present consistent information which has been presented in a manner that ensures people feel that everything is proceeding on well without hitches even when this is not the case. Adorno felt that individuals in the society usually have to sacrifice their own beliefs which they believe so that they can agree with the beliefs of the society, especially those that are perpetuated by the media. Audience research usually targets a specific group of individuals so as to find out what their interests, tastes, attitudes and knowledge might be concerning a particular item. Using such audience research, companies can usually be able to market and target their products or services towards a specific group of people so as to get maximum returns for their business ventures. According to Adorno and Horkheimer, the society has agreed to sacrifice their own beliefs and judgments so that it can fit into the views and perceptions of the media about certain cultures. If the confusion in the society translates to trying to fit in into the society, then individuals would answer questions in audience research in a manner that would be expected of the individuals of that particular culture and might not genuinely reflect the true beliefs of such individuals. The media has a very strong on individuals in the community and almost every person in the individual wants to ensure that they are perceived in the “correct” manner in the society. Therefore, when field researches are conducted, the researchers already have preconceived ideas about how the respondents should answer and this might interfere with the results of the researcher. The researchers are bound to be biased towards giving the politically, academically and economically correct answers that are expected of certain cultural groups that might be involved in the interview processes for the audience research. This concept is in agreement with the impediment of self-awareness of culture, individuals and free thoughts of individuals and conscious decisions made by individuals in the society according to Adorno and Horkheimer. In this section, I will discuss the public service broadcasting and commercial broadcasting in the UK, focusing on the characteristics of their funding system and differences in their relationship with audience in terms of their programming and scheduling. The major difference between public service broadcasting and commercial broadcasting in the United Kingdom is that the public service broadcasting is funded and regulated by the government. The commercial broadcasting system is funded through advertisements from private companies that want