ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction After class and race, the most important dimensions of inequality in modern societies are gender and age. Gender refers to a set of culturally conditioned traits associated with maleness or femaleness (Kornblum 328). There are two sexes, male and female which are biologically determined statuses and two genders, masculine and feminine which are socially constructed ways of being a man or a woman. A gender role is a set of behaviors considered appropriate for individuals of a particular gender. Controversies over whether women in the armed forces can serve in combat or whether men with children ought to be eligible for family leave from work are examples of issues arising out of the definition of gender roles. All human societies are stratified by gender, meaning that males and females are channeled into specific statuses and roles. Comments such as, be a man or she is a real lady, often serve to remind us that our behavior is or is not conforming to the role expectations associated with our particular gender. When women’s roles are thought to require male direction, as is the case in many households and organizations, the unequal treatment of men and women is directly related to gender roles. The roles assigned to men and women are accorded differing amounts of income, power, or prestige, and these forms of inequality contribute to the society’s system of stratification. According to Kornblum, recent research has expanded the understanding of gender in society by demonstrating that gender stratification is a feature of organizations of all kinds, and not merely an attribute of individuals and their roles (329). The advantages of the male gender role in American society have long been noted. Men earn higher salaries and often command more respect than women do. One reason traditionally male occupations are attractive to women, for example, is that they are more positively valued than women’s occupations. Closely related to the perceived higher status of the male role is the power that accompanies this more valued position. The higher status of the male gender role has been offered as a reason why women’s gender role violation is viewed more positively than men’s similar violations (Unger 224). Gender as Social Construction and Social Structure To sociologists, gender is not simply something that individuals have. It is something that is constantly recreated in individual socialization, in medical and cultural practices, and in social interaction. Similarly, sociologists describe gender as an attribute not only of individuals but also of social structures. From the time they are born, girls are treated in one way and boys in another. They are, for example, wrapped in blue blankets or pink, encouraged to take up sports or sewing, and described as cute or as strong before they are old eno
Introduction The official website of “Art in the Twenty-first Century” provides a perfect opportunity to get acquainted with contemporary artists, people of our epoch, people who live among us and have the same problems as we do but who have found enough inspiration and creativity to put these feelings and emotions so familiar to us in creative work. Though every artist presented on the website deserves appreciation, this paper is devoted to Michael Ray Charles, a man who is not afraid to expose racial and other moral stereotypes in the sphere of American advertising. Michael Ray Charles biography It is necessary to tackle Charles’ biography in brief as it may be helpful for interpretation of his works. Thus, Michael Ray Charles was born in Lafayette, Louisiana in 1967 (Nettles et al., n. d., para. 1). He studied at McNeese State University and graduated from it in 1985 and his major was advertising design, and he “also received an MFA degree from the University of Houston in 1993” (Art 21 PBS official website, 2007, para. 1). After earning a degree, Charles started teaching at the University of Texas in Austin and he was soon promoted to Professor starting his career in the sphere of higher education as a Lecturer. Nowadays he has his exhibitions all around America and in other countries, such as France and Belgium as well. As for his theme of interest, it became evident during his studies at college when he was studying “advertising design and illustration, eventually moving into painting, his preferred medium” (Art 21 PBS official website, 2007, para. 1). The artist aims to investigate American history from its racial point of view using the materials of billboards, commercials, posters, and suchlike materials that reflect American mentality. The main theme of Charles’ works is a misunderstanding between people of different races and their cultures. “After Black (To See or not to See)” painting The painting under the title “After Black (To See or not to See)” is a poster painted with the help of “acrylic latex, stain, and copper penny on paper, 60 x 36 inches” (Art 21 PBS official website, 2007, unpaged). The painting is a part of private collection. A young Afro-American basketball-player is shown in the picture. He is blindfold, a bandage is put on his eyes and its pain feature is the signs of dollars on it. A tree is right in front of the boy but he is running with his ball and sees nothing around him. The meaning of this painting can be interpreted with the help of his quotation: “I think that these images are just as much white as they are black. They’ve been projected and internalized” (Art 21 PBS official website, 2007, unpaged). “After Black (To See or Not to See)” is aimed at the blacks as well as the whites. On the one hand, the artist wants to warn young black men that their readiness to do anything for money is dangerous. On the other hand, Charles aims this painting on the white people for them to understand that they used to and, maybe continue to make the blacks their subjects and their puppets entertaining them. Charles used to be a basketball player himself and he
Introduction Recently the basis of utilizing antiretroviral treatment for South African citizens suffering from AIDS has been use of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), which consists of two nucleoside formulations along with either a non nucleoside formulation or a protease inhibitor provided concurrently to persons suffering from Aids on a continuing mainstay. HAART is considered to be more effective to reduce HIV progression and morbidity in relation to other analogues like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NTRI) [1]. However, constantly mounting pressure on clinical service monetary allocations makes it necessary that clinical service technology shows not only wellbeing and effectiveness but in addition cost efficacy. Financial analyses bring about details regarding cost effectiveness through contrasting the cost and gains of a single medical service project to the cost and/or advantageous of an agenda that it is at the end targeting to substitute. Although highly active antiretroviral treatment is currently popular therapy for people suffering from AIDS in South Africa, insufficient proof was documented regarding its cost efficacy before its extensive utilization. Furthermore, as it has of late been proposed that the guideline for financial analysis should be dynamic and needs to proceed prior to technologies has become reference healthcare policy [2-5] instead of a single event, the study aims to examine the cost efficacy of HAART in South Africa. Methods Study modeling A Markov modeling comprising 38 twelve-month durations was utilized in simulating the progression regarding HIV scourge and in estimating the cost, effect and cost efficacy [4, 6] of highly active antiretroviral treatment alternative [7]. The design of the Markov modeling was based on frameworks earlier utilized in approximating the cost efficacy of HAART [8, 9]. Markov states were developed as per the CD4 numbers, which offer evidence upon which cost efficacy of AIDS therapy is modeled. Cost efficacy was examined through dividing the cost variance with the variance that occurs in health results, that is, quality adjusted life year (QALY) or life year (LY) added between the HAART and No-HAART alternatives in producing incremental cost efficacy ratios (ICERs) [5]. Probabilistic simulations (Monte-Carlo) evaluation was developed based on an imaginary sample of 2000 AIDS patients (1000 in HAART cohort and 1000 in No-HAART cohort) who were aged 18 when they entered the Markov modeling, thus enabling investigation on the impacts of indecision regarding the various variables. The simulations were carried out numerous times to enable representation of a number of various medical events during evaluations. The reference cost of No-HAART treatment, time of HAART therapy impact and the consumption weightings were stated to be mainly “possible” values, in combination to lower-a
Introduction Cloning is the process of producing one or more individual animals or plants, whole or in part, that are genetically similar to the original one. Various types of cloning can be undertaken on plants or animals. Human cloning can either be reproductive or therapeutic. Human reproductive cloning, sometimes known as DNA cloning, theoretically involves producing genetic copies of an existing person while therapeutic cloning is performed for the purpose of medical treatment either to replace a missing organ or to create cells for persons with certain medical conditions (Semb, 2005, 745). The two types of cloning differ in the procedure involved and the objective of the process. In reproductive cloning, material that contains genes is extracted from a donor and implanted into an egg from which the genetic substance (nucleus) has been removed so that the egg appears as if it has been fertilized. The egg could then develop into a person with similar genetic material as the donor of the genetic material when inserted into the uterus (Robertson, 2010, 200). Therapeutic cloning, sometimes referred to as somatic cell nuclear transfer, generally begins with a process similar to reproductive cloning, however, rather than insert the “fertilized” egg into the human uterus, it is stimulated with a shock and begins dividing. It can grow into a piece of human tissue or a complete organ for transplant, depending on the types of cells used (Mackinnon, 2000, 45). Animal cloning has drawn raging ethical debates across all divides. Most of these debates primarily focus on the creation, treatment, and destruction of animal (or human) embryos, which to some amount to murder since the embryos are considered to have life. Debates have also focused on t
Decision making is a critical provision in any organization. Most firms have to make strategic judgments in their businesses in order to remain relevant, visionary, and competitive in their respective industries. United Airlines is no exception in this context having made several managerial decisions with regard to its operations as evident in the case study provided. Evidently, the company understands that it can achieve its business objectives and enhance its presence in the global market through critical managerial decisions. In order to remain prosperous in its endeavors, the company (United Airlines) has established, enacted, and embraced several managerial mechanisms and decision making procedures to enhance its relevancy and competitiveness in the business realms (Brickley, Smith & Zimmerman, 2009). Its managerial decisions endeavor to involve the entire company stakeholders. The company seeks stakeholders’ opinions and other lucrative suggestions regarding the prosperity of the organizations. This is helpful in the context of teamwork, harmony, and unity within the company. As evident from the case, well informed decisions are critical provisions to the United Airlines’ management crew. This is a critical provision in various contexts as indicated earlier. It is important to investigate issues related to the company before passing judgments on behalf of other stakeholders. Precisely, managerial decisions in United Airlines are precise and have allowed the organization to enhance its prosperity, competiveness, relevancy, and market presence in the airline industry. The desires to expand its flights to other destinations and venture into the global markets were critical when considered decisively. The phenomenon requires the management crew to be visionary, prospective, and decisive in their decisions as evident in the case. Evidently, aviation industry is costly to establish and operate. Besides, it is quite competitive, dynamic, and trendy in various contexts. There are numerous players in the industry with distinct business strategies. This has forced United Airlines to establish its competitive advantages and make critical business decisions, which are flexible to the market trends (Brickley, Smith & Zimmerman, 2009). Flexibility is very critical in this context. With the introduction of technology, new business trends, stringent competitive advantages, and increasing customer demands, managerial decisions (as evident in United Airlines) must conform to these business prerequisites. The management endeavors to expand its business plans and strategic business endeavors in the entire context. It is through managerial decisions that the company has remained relevant in the market, expanded its business provisions, established its competitive advantages, and rocked the global market (Vasigh, Fleming & Tacker, 2008). This is quite imperative when considered critically in the business contexts. It is important to understand such business provisions as evident in the case study. Strategic and visionary managerial decisions are very important in diverse contexts. It is throu
Introduction The mode of use, the language of the user, the level of the user and the aims of use are the main factors that determine the fall of grammar into four basic types: pedagogical grammar, reference grammar, theoretical grammar, and teach-yourself grammar. The current paper focuses on the first two types of grammar with the purpose to find key distinctions between them and illustrate how the two types of grammar would deal with prepositions and prepositional phrases. Starting with the definition of the two types of grammar under consideration we should say that, going by Terence Odlin (1994) Main text Although it could cover more areas, the term pedagogical grammar usually denotes the types of grammatical analysis and instruction designed for the needs of second language students. The unique character of this analysis and instruction may be difficult to see without also seeing how pedagogical grammar is related to other conceptions of grammar […] grammar as prescription, grammar as description, grammar as internalized system, and grammar as an axiomatic system (p.1) David Little calls the concept of pedagogical grammar a slippery one. He claims that it stands to denote  1. Pedagogical process – the explicit treatment of elements of the target language system as (part of ) language teaching methodology;  2. pedagogical content – reference sources of one kind or another that present information about the target language system; and  3. combinations of process and content (Odlin, 1994, p. 99) As far as the definition of the reference grammar is concerned The Glossary of Linguistic Terms edited by Eugene E. Loos defines it as “a prose-like description of the major grammatical constructions in a language, illustrated with examples.” (LinguaLinksLibrary, 2004) Depending on the organization and the intended user’s reference grammar is divided into two types which are as follows. Intended Users:  1. Native speakers who want to understand their mother language better;  2. Linguists who strive for information on the language that they use for comparative purposes. Organization:  1. Based on the forms that the readers make use of, but do not realize their significance to the grammar as a whole.  2. Based on a universal outline form that helps the reader to make comparisons between the language under analysis and other languages. Examples to illustrate this distinction are the sections of the definite and indefinite articles in the English language. In the first type of the reference grammar for English speakers there might be sections on the and a, in the second ones the and a may be treated in a section on ‘identifiability’ (LinguaLinksLibrary, 2004) Comparison between the two types of grammar under consideration can be done according to the following principles:   * Pu
Introduction Fresno pacific university (FPU) requires a strategic implementation plan; this chapter will discuss the strategy discussion on management, operations, marketing, finance/accounting and research and development. An effective strategy will help the Fresno Pacific University (FPU) make decisions on allocating its resources to pursue its strategy. Additionally, it also helps in determining the actions that will ensure that the organizational goals are achieved. The chapter will look at the current situation along different departments in the university. Additionally, it will also access the effects the strategic plan shall have on the whole organization which will be attributed to each department through each department contribution (Smith, & Tardif, 2009, p, 73). The strategic plan is made as per the Fresno pacific university mission statement which states “Fresno pacific university develops students for leadership and services through excellence in Christian higher education.” Since the university is made up of many departments, each department contributes to the success of the university. It is important to ensure that there is an interdepartmental cohesiveness, every department has a role to play to guarantee that the university’s strategic plan implementation is achieved efficiently. It is evident that the strategic plan is created to improve the current conditions. The improvement process is aimed at giving the organization a projected overview and a measuring and monitoring progress towards the objectives and measures that are established. Strategic implementation in management operations The management department in every organization is aimed at improving the efficiency and strategic planning. Strategic management deals with the formulation and implementation of the primary goals and initiatives that are taken by the University’s top management to oversee the operations of the whole university. All strategic plans should be as per the mission and goal of the university. An effective strategic plan looks at the most effective way of ensuring that the plan is timely and effectively achieved (Bowman, 2008, p, 102). The strategic management implementation process is mainly aimed at providing an overall direction to the university. The procedure largely involves identifying the organization’s mission. Developing policies and plans that are intended to motivate the achievements of these objectives and allocating income to employ the plans. Managers and scholars have created several models to lend a hand in tactical decision-making in the situation of a composite environment and competitive dynamics (Cellini, 2010, p, 52). To ensure a working strategic plan implementation, the management s
Opportunities for Professional Collaboration To ensure that the collaboration aimed at eliminating the effects of heroin addiction is successful and effective, an important condition is informed decision-making. According to Zhang, Tan, Hao, and Deng (2017) who describe their research, a community-based integrated model “is highly feasible with high treatment retention” (p. 54046). An appropriate working environment should be created where participants can share experiences and important information regarding the intervention. The involvement of stakeholders is an essential condition for the effectiveness of this model of work and its results, and all the roles should be allocated in accordance with the capabilities of the program’s participants. The Ways of Stakeholders’ Collaboration Collaboration opportunities for the intervention may be open to all. The role of professional medical experts-narcologists is to monitor the progress of work and control the results, noting all the nuances. Leaders should head working groups and allocate responsibilities among the participants of the intervention. Various agencies and political representatives can act as supervisory boards and provide formal opportunities for specific procedures. As Luchenski et al. (2018) note, “dedicated resources and better collaboration” are needed for positive outcomes. Therefore, contact may be established with different stakeholders. Skills Needed for the Leader of the Collaboration When in the role of the leader of the collaboration, it is significant to take into account the strengths of all the stakeholders and allocate responsibilities effectively. According to Molfenter et al. (2017), organizational leadership and culture support the plan of intervention and contribute to maintaining the positive working environment. It is possible to succeed by showing patience and not demanding too much since the task is not easy, and a step-by-step solution is likely to be more effective than an attempt to solve the problem in the sh
Abstract Bipolar disorder is one of the world’s most painful mental disorders. It is characterized by extreme mood turnovers, mania or extreme highs, and depression or extreme lows. It can have major repercussions on an individual and family, becoming as disastrous as a suicide at times. With no permanent cure at hand, the bipolar disorder remains a permanent global challenge. Today 222 million adults suffer from the condition. Youngsters and teenagers in particular are also avid victims of the disorder. The ratio of men and women undergoing disorder is almost the same. Women, however, more often experience rapid cycling of emotions compared to men. The frequency of depressive episodes is greater in women while manic episodes occur more seldom in men. Nevertheless, the challenge to lead a normal life with the disorder rests on as one of the gravest mental challenges ever. The paper deals with bipolar disorder and its effects on life. The struggle is juxtaposed with the disorder and measures that should be undertaken when living with the condition. Precisely mood charting, consistent medication, compliance with the directions of the advisor, and improved self-control at all times. It also throws light on the impact of the bi-polar disorder on relationships. How family roles swap over, divorces take form at times, financial crisis surfaces, and uncalled tension that looms over. Lastly, it cites suggestions and conditions associated with effective management of the disorder. The dos and the don’ts. The negative impact of leaving the disease unattended and untreated; how family members should pool in to help their loved ones win over their condition. This is marked by constant reassurance of their undying love and support, encouraging treatment, and helping minimize the effects of mood swings by working closely with the patient. Brief Insight into the Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder (old name-manic depression) is a mental disability marked by the two extreme sides of mood swings; the highs and the lows. Highs symbolize mania while lows denote depression. People suffering from bipolar disorder; end up fluctuating between their mania and depression very often. When high, victims become sleepless, feel extremely energetic, impulsive, distracted easily, over-confident, undergo an overwhelming desire to do something worthwhile, and become uncontrollable. On the other hand, during the depression, they become enveloped in this feeling of ‘unworthiness.’ They are apathetic, lose interest in life, feel restless, indecisive, and experience unusual changes in weight and a