ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Select PR Agencies This paper discusses three agencies, among them the UK’s top-ranked Bell Pottinger Group, Hill & Knowlton, and Edelman. We use industry leader BPG as benchmarks for assessing the service menu of the rival firms. The PR arm of parent Chime Communications PLC, Bell Pottinger has led the industry four years running in the PR Week league tables of disclosed billings. Bell Pottinger comprises 23 brands or boutique agencies – Bell Pottinger, Good Relations, Harvard, Insight, Resonate, De Facto, Traffic, MMK, Search Relations and Corporate Citizenship – and a staff of nearly 400 domestically, in major EU markets, the Middle East and North America. Befitting the broad communicative services scope of Chime, itself a listed and full-service marketing communications spin-off of Lowe Howard Spink and Bell that engages in public relations, above-the-line advertising, digital production and communications, marketing, consumer research, corporate social responsibility management and design, Bell Pottinger offers a diverse menu of services. These can essentially be classed into traditional and “new media”. The former counts orthodox areas of corporate PR: brand building communications, addressing investor and capital markets relations, business to business and consumer public relations, corporate social responsibility programmes, traditional corporate literature (e.g. annual reports), issue and crisis management (the usual reason for ad hoc engagements of PR consultants), ‘international’ and ‘change’ communications. When catastrophes of the boardroom variety impend or have actually hit the headlines, crisis PR advice is wanted so badly that Bell Pottinger gives prominent display to a ‘24/7 Crisis Comms’ helpline on its Web site (Bell Pottinger Group, 2009). On the other hand, the industry leader has not been reticent about offering advice and outsourced service in respect of cutting-edge communications in ‘search relations’ (the search engine marketing niche, helping clients achieve higher page rank when interested consumers search on certain key words), what the agency terms ‘mapping on-line conversations’ (managing on-line discussions about a client in critical, opinion leader blogs, forums and other social media), and digital media production. Being an established name among global PR networks, the first of the multinationals and world leader for a long time, Hill & Knowlton naturally offers core services but gains a great deal of credibility itself for engaging with issues, such as environmental sustainability, that thoughtful CEOs confront from one week to another. At H & K, the traditional services cover PR strategy/message developm
Nathanial Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter in the middle of the nineteenth century. It is a story that is set in the early New England colonies which were strongly influenced by the Puritan religion. In his attempt to show the real conditions of life in this earlier time, Hawthorne tried to include ideas and concepts that would have been familiar to the Puritans, but that also helped to illustrate the dark side of people even in his own time. One instance where this is shown is in the instance where Hester could not just run off with Reverend Dimmesdale when she discovered she was pregnant. This treatment was particularly cruel since Hester had not had an option of who she married before she left England, her husband had not been seen or heard from in many years, and in any other case, she would have been free to marry the father of her child before the pregnancy became known. The book opens with Hester emerging from prison carrying her three-month-old fatherless baby, illustrating the dark side of human nature in the way that other people treat her, the way that she sees herself. The birth of her baby made it obvious to the rest of her village that Hester had sinned greatly against God. To win her place in heaven, then, it was necessary for her to suffer the lowest status on earth to do penance for her past deeds, marked by the scarlet letter of her sin, which “had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and enclosing her in a sphere by herself” (Chapter 2). For both Hester and for the townspeople, the mere presence of this letter appearing this one time on her dress is enough to mark her as something different from the rest of them and secluded. Because she can leave the village (there is nowhere else for her to go), she will forever be excluded and alone. Even though the letter is elaborately decorated, it is a badge of shame that, as one spectator noted, “not a stitch in that embroidered letter but she has felt it in her heart” (Chapter 2). By the time she steps out of the prison, Hester has already felt the sting of her shame enter into her soul and knows that she will never escape from it. Even if she is not forced to actually wear the letter, the baby that she carries will always be a reminder and the people will never forget this unusual occurrence. The darker side of human nature is revealed in this because people will not forget something bad that they know about another person and will continue to hold it against them for the rest of their life no matter how good they are in the future. For some people, this profound exclusion within society is not enough punishment, though. The women watching Hester come out of the prison talk about how she is receiving a very light punishment in being forced to wear the letter and to stand on public display. One woman insists that the letter should not be a removable mark on her gown, but instead a mark in her skin. “The magistrates are God-
In the developed and developing world, becoming a homeowner is a vital tool that makes an individual create wealth. Apart from the homeowners having access to bank loans, being homeowners command financial security for future prospects. However, in most developed countries especially in the United States and countries in Europe, most people become homeowners from mortgage bank loans. In the United States, most states have laws guiding the lending policies that forbid individuals with bad credit history to have access to loans, especially mortgage loans. Thus, the inability of people with bad credit to have access to bank loans creates the emergence of sub-prime loans. Sub-prime lending is the loan provided to people with a bad credit history or to relatively risky borrowers. (Temkin, Johnson, and Levy 2002). The emergence of sub-prime lending is the refusal of the standard lenders or prime lenders to offer mortgage loans to people with failed credit history requirements. (Chomsisengphet and Pennington-Cross 2006, Homes & Community, 2006). This paper examines the sub-prime lending crisis and the risks involved in the sub-prime market. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: First, this study provides research on the origins of the current Sub-prime financial crisis and its impact across the world. In addition, the research evaluates a lending institution in the United States and provides an evaluation on the lending criteria of the lending institution, the criteria this lending institution uses to access the risks of each category, and rates of different lending categories. This paper is valuable to policymakers, financial institutions, and potential mortgage borrowers. Theoretical frameworks Theories have been established to reveal the current financial instability caused by the sub-prime mortgage market. A theory of financial instability helps to understand the financial turmoil in the past and the current problems. (Minsky, 1992). In addition, the asymmetric information where a part in the transaction has more information than the other in the financial transaction is also used to discuss this sub-prime mortgage transaction. Williamson (1985). It should be noted that the recent financial downturn resulting from sub-prime mortgage lending is informed by these theories. Meanwhile, before throwing light on how these theories have linkages to sub-prime mortgage lending, it is essential to gain insight into the history of sub-prime lending. (Barrell and Davis 2008). Origin of Sub-prime lending Studies reveal that sub-prime lending is relatively new in the lending policies of most financial
There are many reasons why teens and young people commit suicide. Nevertheless, none of the reasons are more important than the stress that young people are exposed to today. In other words, teenagers have to deal with enormous pressure and stress every day. While psychologists argue that virtually any factor can contribute to a suicide attempt, young people feel overwhelmed with the speed of modern life. Nancy Merritt notes that the romantic image of suicide motivates many young people to kill themselves. The fact that suicide is death does not seem to be important to many young people. In other words, young people view suicide as a means to express themselves or make others sorry. It is important to mention that teenagers are impulsive, and, as a result, suicide is an impulsive act. Merritt also notes that many children commit suicide in the rash of “copy-cat” – teenagers are inspired by suicides that are highly publicized. Finally, studies reveal that the rate of suicide is five to 20 times higher among alcohol and drug abusers compared to the general population. When drugs and/or alcohol are combined with emotional depression, the rate of suicide increases even more. Suicidal thoughts are often the symptoms of diverse mental health disorders. According to King and Tellioglu, many young people who commit suicide have major mental disorders. Suicide is often accompanied by depression, conduct, and eating disorders. Researchers have also identified a link between self-directed violence and violence against others. The effect of a suicide attempt is often detrimental to the mental health of a teenager. From one side, a young person who has attempted suicide is very likely to repeat an attempt in the nearest future. On the other side, an unsuccessful suicide attempt may result in a life appreciation attitude. In addition, th
Introduction It goes without saying that different people have different characters. The treats of character can be individual, as well as be so called “national”. In other words, people of one race and with the same cultural backgrounds have some common treats of character which are general for all people of the same race. Race relations have always been one the of the most discussed topics in the field of sociology, psychology and other sciences which deal with human behavior. Race relations are often described as the behavior differences that occur mainly during contacts and communication between people with different physical and cultural characteristics. Skidmore describes it as the relationships that could result into conflict and consciousness and determination of the people’s status in a community or a particular group. Race relations mainly differ in ecological, economic, social and political relationships that vary in both physical and genetic ways. Race relations mainly involve such issues, as for example, some of the aspects such as change in technology, the social structure, political parties or even religious practices, beliefs and values of the people. Race relations are formed under certain conditions, for example, when people share some physical characteristics that are socially important. Some of the characteristics include skin color; hair texture, facial features and many more including body shape and size. One of the issues that are widely discussed when talking about relations between different races is the issue of racism. Obviously, there are many examples of racism in the history of many countries. In different times and in different countries, there were different grounds for racism development. However, racism is mainly the belief that differences exist between races, religions or even groups with similar ethnicity. It involves the act of expressing favors, insults or anything that causes discomfort and disadvantages to others. Racism can even occur internationally or through ignorance and misunderstanding among the people. There are different spheres of social life where racism in race relations can be clearly seen. One of such spheres is sport. For example, in football, it occurs among the players themselves, fans and even coaches who perpetuate racial discrimination in the football clubs and in the fields. Racism mainly involves direct abuse, harassment and utterances that are discriminatory. It can also emerge when there is inequality in the representation of the minorities in the game. Racism is mainly dealt with in a straightforward way. However, it is extremely hard to deal with it in a large population especially in football where majority of the insults come from the crowds in the stands. Discrimination also appears in the game through sexism and homophobia which is the irrational fear and non-tolerance to homosexuality. Discrimination can seem systematic and not personal and it is often hard to understand or even find
Toxicology is an area of forensic science that performs scientific tests to identify chemicals, toxins, drugs, and any other substances in an individual. The bodily fluids are collected to be analyzed for the presence of the toxins that might affect the crime, which is helpful for the investigation. Among the types of substances, there are poisons, alcohol, metals, gas, and various chemicals. Toxicologists analyze urine, hair, nails, blood, and also environmental pollution. The methods of analysis include the use of high-precision instruments and technology. Examples, laser diode thermal desorption-tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD-MS-MS), chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, fluorescence, and so on. Based on these methods, toxicologists determine the biological consequences of exposure to toxins. Toxicology is a rapidly developing science, and the analysis methods are constantly advanced. Consent forms are legal document that aims to protect a person who signs it. It means that this person has a legal capacity to provide consent, while no fraud, coercion, or deceit was applied. The person voluntarily completes a consent form, thus authorizing the investigation to provide various manipulations. A lack of consent forms leads to the inability to conduct psychological assessments, testify on the trial as a witness, and limits the forensic analysis in general. If a consent form is lost on the investigators’ site, it would mean that no actual evidence was collected and held. In this case, the integrity of data should be reexamined, and a re-consent form should be completed, if possible. Without a consent form, a judge may decide that evidence is not reliable to be used, and additional data may be required. The ethics committee can be contacted, which is often associated with postponing trials and spending more time, effort, and finances on resolving cases.
Abstract Human activities continue to threaten the purity of water by releasing pollutants from industries and domestic water usage. When phosphates in aqueous solutions gain access into water bodies, they lead to the abnormal growth of algae, which reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Therefore, phosphates in aqueous solutions must be reduced before the solutions are released into water bodies. In addition, high phosphate prices necessitate techniques that enable the recycling of phosphates. One method of removing phosphates from aqueous solutions involves the formation of struvite, a complex salt made of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Struvite crystallization requires an alkaline pH between 8 and 10 and temperatures between 20 o C and 25 o C. A delicate balance in the quantities of key ions such as magnesium, phosphate and ammonium is necessary for the success of the method. Therefore, the process can be modified through the addition of the deficient ions. Various studies report success of the method with varying quantities of phosphates recovered as struvite from different aqueous solutions. The recovered struvite is commonly applied as fertilizer thereby recycling phosphates. Therefore, it can be concluded that phosphate removal through struvite crystallization is an economical and efficient recovering phosphates from aqueous solutions. Introduction Domestic water use and industrial activities lead to the production of aqueous solutions in the form of wastewater, which hold certain quantities of useful elements, for instance, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. However, these substances have a negative impact on the aquatic environment when present at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to safeguard the integrity of water bodies by ensuring that these elements do not gain access into water bodies at lethal concentrations. Several techniques have been developed to reduce the amount of phosphates in aqueous solutions before they are discharged into water bodies. This paper looks at struvite crystallization as a method of phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Phosphate Chemistry Le Corre et al. describe a phosphate as a salt formed from phosphoric acid [1]. Phosphates can also exist as organic compounds in the form of organophosphates, which are esters of phosphoric acid. The phosphate ion comprises five atoms, which are a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms arranged in a tetrahedral fashion with the phosphorus atom enclosed by the oxygen atoms. The chemical formula of the phosphate ion is written as PO 4 3- . The molecular weight of this radical is equivalent to 94.97 grams per mole. The creation of
Developing a website requires the application of multiples skills which enhances the utilization of multiples cues for maximum effects. This seems to be a complicated task that requires ingenuity and innovativeness on the part of the website designer. While this is not necessarily false, there are, nevertheless, some basic requirements through which a website achieves maximum effect. This includes the choice of colors, choice of words, incorporation of multimedia tools, and the general organization of the website. The World Resources Institute’s approach to environmental management involves transforming “ideas to protect the earth and promote development because sustainability is essential to meeting human needs and fulfilling human aspirations in the future” (“Who We Are” par. 3). To meet its objective, WRI uses its website as an online knowledge sharing tool where users can access knowledge and information freely. Since WRI intends to use its website to achieve the desired effect on the user, it, therefore, incorporates multimedia tools, the use of color, and the choice of words in the written text. Thus, the website’s coolness and warmth communicate clarity and practicability of WRI’s mission, which enables users to develop optimism on environmental sustainability. WRI’s website seems to be the institution’s online knowledge sharing tool. WRI’s website is a one-stop destination for students, organizations, civil societies, educators, government agencies, and departments seeking practical solutions to sustainable environmental management. To harness the usability of the numerous resources within the website, WRI has opted to incorporate documents, charts and tables, audio and video clips as well as photo slides. This has multiple effects on website users. The website’s color scheme combines a white background, a shade of deep light green as the main color. There are also scattered colorful links incorporating shades of cool and warm colors. This gives the visitors a cool and warm reception which works well to communicate the website’s appeal and the enhancement of WRI’s main agenda; propagation of peaceful and mutual relationship between people and the ecosystem. It is imperative to note that the color scheme and the photo slides are the most eye-catching homepage features; the color scheme due to coolness and warmth and the picture slide due to its central location within the homepage. There are also drop down windows on the homepage menu bar that links users to other pages within the website, which contain useful information. These windows dropdown with much ease, and are depicting page content thus enabling the user to navigate the website with ease. To avoid cluttering the homepage, the videos are not embedded on the homepage b
Introduction The loss of an infant to its family is tragic, and more so when the infant dies suddenly without any signs of warning, Sudden death infant syndrome (SIDS) is such a tragedy. Overview of Sudden Death Infant Syndrome (SIDS) Kum-Nji, Mangrem, Wells and Henry, 2001, define Sudden death infant syndrome (SIDS) as “the sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant”. The cause of death in SIDS remains inexplicable in spite of a thorough examination of history and a detailed postmortem. (1). In SIDS the age considerations are below one year. (2). SIDS as an affliction was known to mankind since the biblical times. (1). In the middle ages in Europe SIDS was given different names steeped in mystery and superstition prevalent in those times. Till the nineteenth century there was not much concern evinced on SIDS, as smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, cholera, whooping cough and the like were taking a heavy toll of life, particularly those of infants. It took till 1969 for SIDS to be identified as a distinct disease and given the name Sudden death infant syndrome (SIDS). (3). In the United States of SIDS is the leading cause of post-neonatal infant mortality. During the last decade of the twentieth century there was a remarkable decline in the mortality rate from SIDS, as the sleeping position if the infant was recognized as a causative factor and public health policy initiatives to promote a supine sleeping position were put in place. As a result the mortality rate of SIDS dropped from 1.3 1000 live births in 1990 to 0.7 per 1000 live births in 1998. (4). By 2002, as per National Center for Health Statistics, the mortality rate due to SIDS in the United States of America had dropped further to 0.51 per 1000 live births. (5). Cause of Sudden Death Infant Syndrome (SIDS) The cause of SIDS is still unknown. There are a number of hypotheses regarding the causal mechanism of SIDS. The hypotheses center on three abnormalities of the brain stem. These consist of abnormal sleep/wake regulation, abnormal temperature regulation, and abnormal cardiorespiratory regulation. (1). Multiple factors are probably responsible for SIDS. The first factor is the presence of a biological vulnerability like heart or brain defect. The second is the presence of an environmental stressor, like the infant sleeping on the stomach. A combination of these two factors