ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the current global economy, organisations become successful depending on how well they are in a position to utilise and manage their supply chain. Supply chain forms a vital component of flow of materials in any organisation. A majority of the organisations has developed policies aimed at supply chain management, which work differently in different industries. According to Chang and Makatsoris (2001), supply chain management was coined in the early 90s and it entails the process where manufacturers, suppliers, warehouses, and retailers are integrated with the aim of efficiency and cost reduction. When trying to put up systems to be utilised in organisations, some challenges may be encountered, which may affect the operation of the final product, hence the need for a simulation. The conventional definition of simulation holds that simulation is a model of the actual system, which can be experimented with the aim of predicting the efficiency of the real system (Banks 1998). Supply chain management can be simulated to establish the likely outcomes as the various parts are reconfigured or interfered with to achieve a particular result. Simulation can currently be achieved using special software that is in a position to generate the actual program, process, or product. One of the software used for this purpose is the Simul8 , which will be utilised in this model. An example of a company that will be utilised in this simulation project is Paisley Pallets (LLc.), which is a family-owned business entity that has produced pallets since the beginning of the year 1965. The company operates in more than 50 countries and it produces pallets that are vital in the logistics industry. It has continued to be the leader in the market with more than 100,000 people visiting its different outlets in a single year and more than 12,000 people working under the organisation. The company has a clear supply-chain management policy and a simulation of its manufacturing process and supply chain management is possible. This part is a literature review on simulation and supply chain management with a focus on the areas that simulation is applied and some of its advantages and disadvantages. Simulation and areas of application As aforementioned, simulation is used to create a model of a part of the real world, with the aim being to use this substitute to experiment or predict changes when alterations are made (Hollocks 1995). Simulation can be applied in a number of fields to predict changes when variations are made to the normal or known operational characteristics of any system. However, according to Hollocks (1995), the most common field where simulation is applied is in the manufacturing industry. Other sectors where simulation is applied include the finance, health, service, and retail sectors (Hollocks 1995). Simulation allows the mitigation of crisis in any industry and supply chains are currently being made efficient by simulation. In the present day, global trade is a characteristic of any industry and
Introduction The selected work for this paper is Sojourner Truth’s 1851 famous speech, “Ain’t I A Woman?”. Sojourner Truth was born Isabella Baumfree in 1797 at the height of slavery. She would later become one of the powerful antislavery voices in the 19th century coupled with advocating for women’s rights. She experienced the atrocities associated with slavery including being sold to and all manner of inhumane treatment. According to the National Park Service, Truth hoped to be free in 1827, but her master could not honor his earlier promise to free her or observe the 1827 New York Anti-Slavery Law (1). In retaliation, she escaped and later joined the antislavery movement in the 1840s, before joining the women’s rights movement in the 1850s. She delivered the speech, “Ain’t I A Woman?” at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851 as discussed in this paper. Background As mentioned earlier, Truth delivered her speech in 1851 at a time when the women’s rights movement had gained momentum in its quest to advocate for the place of women in society. Historically, women had been silenced for long with their place being at home to bear children and take care of their households. Gender inequality blossomed at every societal level with women being denied the opportunity to own property and access equal education opportunities as men coupled with the long-standing lack of suffrage rights. Additionally, slavery was another major problem facing the black community at the time. Therefore, the abolitionist movement was working towards emancipation, especially in the South. As such, I think these two issues concerning the women’s rights movement and slavery influenced Truth’s speech. The fact that the speech was delivered during a women’s rights convention supports the foregoing argument that Truth mainly wanted to address issues that affected women and the black community at the time. Evidence There are two main points in Truth’s speech – gender inequality and slavery. First, the issue of gender inequality stands out clearly in the speech. Truth laments that while men claim that women should be helped in doing various activities, such as getting into carriages and jumping over ditches, no one seems to help her. This assertion leads her to ask the question, “Ain’t I a woman?” For instance, she says, “Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman?” (2). In other words, Truth paints a picture of the disconnect between what society claimed to be doing in terms of helping women and what exactly was happening. While the women’s rights movement has made some progress towards achieving its goals, women were not getting the help that they needed. The i
Donald Hall is well-known as the greatest poet of the USA. He is the most important poet in the lineage of Robert Frost. Memoirist, short story writer, essayist, dramatist, critic, and anthologist as well as poet, he is one of the most resourceful and prized writers of his generation. “In the history of literature,” wrote Donald Hall in a prose work, “Poetry Notebook,” issued in the Seneca Review (1982), “Most poets have been so drenched in their own writing that they have used it without regarding what they were making.” This he regarded “The Tradition,” offering “models of magnitude that we have the audacity to take as calculates for our attempts.” (Stitt, 1991) Articulating rather various regard, poet Alice Notley stated that “There’s only one poetic custom,” and “the moment I enter this tradition or this history…its entire nature changes.” (Gale, 2008) Hall believes this uphill tendency has been fueled by interpretations – at colleges, fictional fiestas, and other locations – which have become gradually more popular because of the 1950s. “The poetry interpretation used to be an unusual occasion,” he clarifies. “Even well-known lyricists such as Marianne Moore and William Carlos Williams were infrequently asked to read their verses.” But listening to a poem read aloud “can be like reading it many times. Reader has a favor to get into the poem, an actual body, a definite voice, and a sequence of gestures.” (Stitt, 1991) The voice is heard in Hall’s poetry, and it is almost Frost-like with its tangible diction and plain language. It is a voice that is recognizable with loss and the sequences of the original world, a voice that is both attractive and reliable. Some of that reliance may come from the reality that Hall has been formed by the New Hampshire countryside. He has dwelled on his family’s farm in Danbury, N.H. since he left a tutoring place at the University of Michigan in 1975 to concentrate on writing. (Gale, 2008) Mo poets do not start rewriting as early as Hall did, but Hall’s early performance of rewriting has turned to be a marked trait of his work. “I do not issue anything I haven’t worked over 100 times,” he states. “There’s a great deal of stripping away; in early drafts, I may say the same thing two or three times, and each may be appropriate, but I try to pick the best and improve it. I work on sound a great deal and I will change a word or two, revise punctuation and line breaks, looking for the sound I want.” (Stitt, 1991) Here is an instan
The first aspect of the setup for Ijeoma as a victim of male violence is the war that she had experienced when she was ten years old. The author uses the mood of the conflict as Ijeoma experienced it from the backlines, where the war never came. Even there, there is always the expectation of either being attacked by the enemy or being sent off to fight. As such, the author depicts the changes in the town as it becomes more warlike and prepared to fight. Strictly speaking, war is not necessarily a male phenomenon or limited only to men. However, in the book, it takes on a distinctly male tone, likely due to cultural reasons: “by 1968, our men had begun slinging guns across their shoulders and carrying axes and machetes” (Okparanta, 2015, p. 2). They are not active combatants, but they still arm themselves, whether due to expectations that they will have to defend themselves or to reassure themselves. However, this does not make the violence any less reprehensible or harmful to the victims, male or female. The second part of the setup is the incident with Ijeoma’s and Ndidi’s homosexual friends, who were beaten and killed with the police doing nothing about it. The author depicts the troubles of Nigerian LGBT+ community members through the imagery of two specific cases: the killing of two homosexual men and the burning of the church where they used to gather. In one case, Ijeoma hears about a pair of men who were beaten to death with the police refusing to interfere or even to take care of the bodies. In the other, a church that Ndidi’s friends used to frequent had been set on fire in the past, as well, representing an overall series of attacks. Both situations are depicted in detail, helping the reader create a mental image of the brutality with which homosexuality is punished in Nigeria. This disdain for homosexuality is not specific to men, as the example of Ijeoma’s mother demonstrates. However, they are more prone to acting violently due to biological reasons, which they have demonstrated through lynchings. The incidents demonstrate that the men in the story are seeking an outlet for their violent impulses and seek reasons to hurt others to satisfy the craving. Finally, the incident where Ijeoma became a victim of violence at the hands of her husband Chibundu. In it, the author uses foreshadowing to indicate that the man’s anger is not caused solely by her failure to bring him water. Ijeoma’s momentary belief that he has discovered the letters foreshadows their being found later, where it is in turn revealed the Chibundu had known all along. As a result, he decided to threaten Ijeoma with a machete, most likely due to impulsive reasons. He was angry that Ijeoma did not respond to his request for water and assumed that she was thinking about her lover. Once he realized what he was doing, he was ashamed and stopped, but h
Definitions Elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of a quantity of product in relation to a price change. Unit elastic on the other hand is the relative response of one variable like commodity’s price to changes in another variable (usually the quantity). In this case any slight or significant change in prices results to a proportional change in quantity, the percentage change in price is equal to the percentage change in quantity. Unit elastic usually acts as a marker between elastic and inelastic demand. For a good whose coefficient is exactly equal to one, then it is referred to be unit elastic whereas for those whose coefficients of elasticity are less than or greater than one, are considered inelastic and elastic respectively. This unit elastic demand applies when a consumer has a wide range of substitute goods to choose from. Cross price elasticity is the responsiveness of a quantity of a product in relation to the change of price of another product. Substitutes are goods that can replace another good with the same purpose. Generally purchased when price of one good is higher than the other and same benefit or purpose is realized. Another situation is when one good is unavailable but another one is readily available, again with the same benefit or purpose. An example could be gasoline. If a consumer prefers a higher octane, premium unleaded, but the price increases dramatically and they are not realizing a significant value for the higher octane, they could substitute for regular unleaded at a lower price. When the price of one commodity increases, the shift of consumers to a substitute is realized. (Mankiw, 1998). Complimentary goods are goods that have a dependency and are used together. Continuing with the vehicle and gasoline examples, if gasoline, even regular unleaded continues to rise, consumers will reduce the usage of their car and reduce the limit of the gasoline purchases. As the price rises, the demand for vehicles falls. This is depicted in the graph below in a rudimentary fashion. If the price of gasoline per gallon rises to $5.00, the mileage a person drives decreases in accordance. Income elasticity is the change in the demand of a good to the change of disposable income of the consumers. If income increases, normal good demand will increase. When income increases, demand of inferior goods decreases. An example is paper towels. When income is low, consumers will purchase a believed inferior good of the no-brand name paper towel. When disposable income increases, the demand for a normal good (Bounty) will increase. Elasticity coefficients Elasticity coefficients are the value of the relation of two variables and can be negative or positive values. If price elasticity of demand is positive, the demand of the good increases with price increases. If it is a negative coefficient the demand is affected inversely to its’ own price. A zero coefficient indicates no change in demand in relation to price. The coefficient of income elasticity indicates the change of d
Assessment of the Organization and Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Homeland security policies involve organization of the activities in all social spheres to detect, protect, and respond to the domestic attacks, including 9/11. Within the context of the National Strategy for Homeland Security, the mission of the department is defined as a “concentrated national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and recover from and minimize the damage of attacks that do occur” (Kamien, 2005b, p. xli). The Department of Homeland Security organized activities into six critical mission areas, including intelligence and warming, border and transportation security, domestic counterterrorism, protecting critical infrastructures, protecting against catastrophic threats, and emergency preparedness and response. All these areas involve specific agencies and administrations that take greater control of specific fields of social activities to ensure security, protection, and prevention. Under the auspices of the department, such agencies as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and many other areas work on analysis, prediction, and prevention of all possible hazards within and outside the United States. Specifically, the FEMA aims to organize, plan, and coordinate available resource for mitigating and responding to the effects of natural and man-made risks (Kamien, 2005b). The TSA is also an important element in the security framework because it monitors seaports, airports, highways, railroads, and pipelines that ensure safety movement of people and goods
The Author’s Argument Gangs have remained a critical part of the American society. The book “Understanding Contemporary Gangs in America” gives a clear analysis of the socio-economic issues associated with these sub-cultural groups. The author believes strongly that many American citizens do not understand the social implications of these gangs. Gang culture is associated with racial inequality and social stratification. According to the book, gender issues are also linked to gang culture in America (Peterson, 2003). These groups also support crime in different schools and prisons. Such gangs also engage in drug trafficking and violence. The author describes how different players can work together in order to deal with this social problem. Information to Support the Targeted Argument The author has used powerful concepts to support the above argument. For example, the author explains how such “gangs dominate every aspect of the society” (Peterson, 2003, p. 23). Many schools and prisons have been associated with such groups. The current socio-economic patterns in the United States have been supporting different criminal activities. The book uses “the social designation theory to analyze the nature of these gangs” (Peterson, 2003, p. 54). The text explores how different historical injustices have resulted in social disorganization. The book also highlights the problem of drug trafficking. These American gangs engage in different malpractices and activities thus destabilizing the economy. The text also presents effective policies that can be used prevent crime. For instance, the book encourages different stakeholders such as lawyers, judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement officers to work together. Is the Information Convincing? The information presented in this text is convincing. To begin, Peterson presents a comprehensive analysis of gang culture. The book also describes how such sub-cultural groups have become part of the American society. Peters
The upcoming presidential election of the United States of America president is going to be one of the most intriguing ones that have ever taken place. It will establish its place in history due to the many factors that are encompassed. Faced with a number of burning issues that may adversely affect the likelihood of an aspirant getting elected as president, the candidates need to address them with a sense of belonging that may be crucial to their success. This piece aims to show that there are several key aspects that affect the abilities of the 2012 presidential aspirants to be elected in to positions of leadership. The issues that relate to immigration may substantially affect the campaign arms of Mitt Romney in quite a number of ways. It may be pertinent to note that the pressure that he is receiving from all sides is quite intense, because his stance on the issue is not altogether favorable to the majority of the people who are sympathetic to the plight of the immigrants. The present government of president Obama has stressed on the fact that, it is quite essential to maintain a favorable atmosphere for people who would like to migrate to the United States of America. Obama’s administration proffers “It is targeted at younger illegal immigrants who came to the country before they turned 16, are under 30 now, have stayed out of trouble, and have a high school education or served in the military” (Cook 1-2). Apart from this, it also states, the approach “does not lead to citizenship but does provide those covered to get a two-year work permit that can be renewed indefinitely. The new Obama approach is similar to a plan offered by Sen. Marco Rubio (R) of Florida” (Cook 1-2). This poses a formidable challenge for Mitt Romney when he addresses the people who he will seek for votes from in the near future. Concerning healthcare packages that may be offered to the citizens of the United States of America, Romney’s policy depicts a situation that is reminiscent of the one he launched as the Massachusetts Governor. He is of the view that more citizens of the country are willing to pay the fine then join up in the healthcare plan than before. The indications are “Romneycare was designed to address in the only way a governor can” (Coulter 20). It goes on to depict “in addition to mandating that everyone has to purchase health insurance, Romneycare used the $ l.2 billion that the state was already spending on medical care for the uninsured to subsidize the purchase of private health insurance for those who could not afford it”(Coulter 20). The healthcare sector has gone through a lot of scrutiny until a point where the “then Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney signed a Healthcare reform bill for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts of Faneuil Hall in Boston”(Coulter 20). This called for every citizen of Massachusetts according to his or her level
Introduction MTO is a common choice for providing customers with the products strictly according to their specifications. It is beneficial for achieving higher levels of customer satisfaction with the finished product. Within the context of this research, custom-built homes will be the main focus. The rationale for making this choice is the fact that they are usually constructed based on the features desired by the customer and after making an order. Custom-built homes are designed and constructed according to the specific instructions of a particular customer and based on the specificities of a particular location. They are created to maximally satisfy the needs of a person who orders one, including layout, financial resources, and size. This product is provided by both private and state-owned companies operating in the construction industry. Value Chain Value chain consists of primary and support activities (Kelly et al. 309). There are two classes of primary activities: inbound (supplying raw materials) and outbound (logistics, processing raw materials, design, construction, and support once the house in constructed). As for support activities, they involve firm infrastructure (guaranteeing safety in the workplace, assuring that a company creates the requested product regardless of the desired location, etc.), human resource management (workers with an adequate level of skills and knowledge), and development of technologies (using innovative technologies for completing projects). Detailed information is presented in Figure 1 below. Figure 1. Custom-built homes value chain Capacity Capacity planning is critical for guaranteeing that the construction company corresponds with the initial design and contract requirements. From this perspective, it is essential to pay special attention to such aspects, as the thorough planning of all processes (breaking the construction process into clear and easy-to-control stages), arranging and checking deliveries of raw materials and any other resources necessary for the timely completion of the project, and allocating necessary human resources (Sears et al. 17). In this case, it is paramount to point to the fact that planning procedures should be made keeping in mind any undesirable changes in the process, including delays in delivery, weather conditions, specificities of the location of the future house, and human factor. Therefore, keeping it in mind, 100% is a maximum capacity. Still, it is critical to recognize the fact that achieving it is complicated and close to impossible. In this way, capacity utilization is planned at 85%. It will prove that allocated resources are used at almost maximum possible effectiveness, including delays, human factor, resource wastes, and weather conditions. Production Process The process of producing custom-built homes includes several distinct and interrelated stages. The first one is designing a house according to customer’s specification as well as specific features of its future location. The second one is confirming this design with the customer. The third stage i