ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Francis Galton’s publication on “hereditary genius” in 1869 was one of the earliest studies on the role of heredity with respect to particular traits and abilities in individuals based on familial relationships. Since then, individual differences have been studied by all models and theories of development. Gesell (1954) regarded individual differences as hereditary factors that controlled the rate of development and were immune to environmental experience. Like Gesell, Piaget and his followers consider individual differences in the rate of development as a consequence of hereditary factors. Behaviorists or environmentalists dominated the field from the 1930s to the early 1960s, and they placed a strong emphasis on environmental controls as opposed to hereditary influences. They attributed individual differences to the different cumulative histories of individuals. The Freudian model of development perceives individual differences as a variable affecting the interplay of the organism and the environment. Presently, with more evidence being gathered supporting genetic contributions to behavior, a more balanced view has developed. Plomin (1988), recognizing this, had commented: “As the pendulum swings from environmentalism, it is important that the pendulum be caught mid-swing before its momentum carries it to biological determinism.” (p.110). Evidence from behavioral genetics suggests that heritable and nonheritable characteristics are both important for individual differences. Behavior geneticists have worked on estimating the degree to which genetic and environmental factors and their interaction account for variability in the population in phenotypic characteristics. In so doing, scientists often explore heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance accounted for by genetic differences among individuals. In particular, heritability estimates indicate the proportion of observed variance in individual difference scores that can be attributed to genetic factors in the particular population studied. But they do not indicate the degree to which a given trait reflects the influence of heredity for an individual, nor do they say anything about whether the expression of the trait may change in response to the environmental changes or why a particular individual does or does not have a given trait. Thus, in the strictest sense, behavioral genetics that is based on heritability is more the study of group differences than of individual differences, even though the groups are constituted by individuals who differ in comparison to one another on an individual-difference dimension. According to Caprara and Cervone (163), whatever the heritability of a phenotype, environmental considerations may still be crucial to understanding it. For example, although sociopolitical attitudes may be heritable, political views are shaped only in a sociopolitical environment. The heritability of individual differences in behavior may be assessed by several methods (Plomin, De
Introduction Most of the available literature that is related to management shows that service providers who have high emotional intelligence usually garner high customer satisfaction scores (Kerfoot, 1996). As indicated by Rowell (2004), service excellence and quality health care are not only decisive, but also important in differentiating between service providers. The service providers who offer good services to their clients are more frequented by clients than those who offer undesirable services to clients. Clients usually frequent areas where the value of their money and resources is highly appreciated. Gessell and Wolosin (2004) state that patient satisfaction is a measure of the quality of medical care, as well as being a forecaster of a number of upbeat outcomes for patients and organizations. There is little available literature that offers evidence of the impact of the emotional intelligence of nurses on the relationship between patients and nurses, as well as patient satisfaction (Wagner et al., 2002; Stratton et al., 2005). Emotional intelligence has been defined as the capacity to examine one’s and other people’s feelings, and to tell them apart, with the intention of making use of this information in order to direct one’s thoughts and action (Salovey and Mayer, 1990). As a result, emotional intelligence is thought to be a vital individual trait that is concerned with fostering nurse-patient relationship; hence, its presence in medical education curriculum has been increased tremendously. According to Goleman (1998), nurses that are more conscious of the emotions of their patients, enjoy more success in their treatment than their counterparts who are oblivious. Accordingly, three quarters of the success of a high achiever is related to emotional intelligence, while only a quarter is related to technical proficiency (Harvard & Rutgers, 2002). As a result, Epstein and Hundert (2002) note that emotional intelligence is among the evaluation items under moral and affective domains. Several medical practiti
Introduction In the present case, there were two primary system failures that were caused by errors in medication dispensing and administration. First, the two chemotherapy medications prescribed to the patient were issued by the pharmacy on the same day. One of the medications was intravenous and the other intrathecal, although the national guidelines require pharmacies to obtain written proof that intravenous medications had been given before dispensing intrathecal drugs. Second, the doctors injected vincristine intrathecally instead of methotrexate, leading to severe complications for the patient. The two system failure indicate that there are problems with compliance with national guidelines and local procedures in the unit. Both issues can be addressed through comprehensive interventions that target the root causes of errors. Solution 1: Increase the Control of Medication Dispensing Safety is among the key QSEN competencies discussed during the course, and hence, it is crucial to ensure that there is adequate oversight of medication dispensing procedures. Research shows that pharmacists play a key role in preventing medication errors, such as preventable adverse drug events and dispensing mistakes (Wang et al., 2015). In the selected case, the pharmacist could have prevented the error by informing about the risks and participating in decision-making. Hence, in order to increase the control of medication dispensing, it important to address the barriers to pharmacists’ involvement by using shared decision-making, training in interdisciplinary collaboration, and reporting of medication risks by the pharmacy (Figure 2). It would also be useful to ensure adequate staffing of the pharmacy and timely updates on the register so that the dispensing process would go more smoothly, and there would be no distractions (Figure 2). Additionally, leaders of the hospital should also address compliance with the policy on all levels by offering training on national guidelines and creating controls to monitor compliance with guidelines and protocols for medication dispensing (Figure 2). Goldspiel et al. (2015) advise designing checkpoints for the entire process of medication dispensing and training pharmacists to follow each checkpoint carefully. Solution 2: Increase Compliance with Medication Administration Guidelines Here, the critical QSEN competencies to consider are patient-centered care, collaboration and teamwork, and safety. Improving staffing with qualified doctors and rescheduling late patients to eliminate time pressure would help to reduce environmental concerns leading to errors (World Health Organization, 2016). Additionally, it would be helpful to enhance interdisciplinary teamwork and communication through training and i
Introduction The term vertical integration describes a process of reducing the hazards that may befall the company with regards to quality problems, cutting off of important material supplies and increase of cost. It deals with all the control measures that require implementation throughout the production process of the firm. Several benefits accrue to a firm that implements vertical integration. The aspect of cost control is one benefit. Self-manufacturing takes away the supplier’s power and, in return allows the firm to gain crucial information. This further reduces the cost of purchasing the information which reduces the negotiation cost. The other benefit of vertical integration is that it offers economies of combined operations. These two benefits lower the cost of manufacturing and allow a steady supply of crucial information that reduces the businesses’ risks. Vertical integration can either be backward or forward depending on what the firm prefers. Identify problems related to the vertical integration process The first problem in the firm is squeezing of profits. Affiliated companies are gaining ground as they convince purchasers to save money. Products of the firm are expensive, and purchasers prefer acquiring drugs that are cheap from the firm’s competitors so as to save a part of their earnings. A clear indication is visible in Lipitor. It is a firm’s drug that account for $13 billions of the firm’s revenue. Its sale is missing the firm’s own targets since competitors are producing the generic drugs (Harrigan, 2003). The second dispute associated with vertical integration in the firm is that, it traps the company in the box of sales and marketing. This switches input from research and results in a backlash. This is because the firm undergoing integration lacks full visibility of its assets to quickly and efficiently mitigate issues that arise during the integration. This makes it difficult for the firm to sell its quality products in the market. Additionally, there is no access to vital information that can aid the firm to outperform its weaknesses. The third problem is that, the firm is getting it harder and costly to establish new treatments (Peres, 1990). Solutions to problems facing Pfizer organization’s The organization can introduce backward vertical integration due to the benefits that it provides. This will improve workforce safety and productivity by giving the firm critical information that is vital in making effective decisions. This will also improve governance and reporting by capturing information at the point of selling and marketing. This will save on time and eliminate the aspect of entering data twice (Hill & Jones, 2012). If the firm relies heavily on its own information without involving expertise in making substantial decisions, it might end up suffering considerable loss. However, if there is involvement of expertise, the opposite will be true. The firm can also engage new superiors to assist in changing
Introduction Empowerment motivates students because they become active participants in a learning process provided that a teacher guides and controls the process. As it is said, “Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might” (Eccl. 9:10 English Standard Version). Hence, holding the power over their education encourages students to use it for mastering knowledge. Summary Simmons and Page (2010) state that “individual freedom would motivate students to achieve scholastic excellence and embrace personal empowerment” (p. 65). An experiment they conducted in their classroom was meant to show whether it is possible to change “the power structure in classrooms” and, therefore, to encourage “creativity and motivate students to have power over their learning” (Simmons & Page, 2010, p. 65). Thus, by sharing power with student teachers can stimulate the learning process. Furthermore, teachers constructed the heterogenic groups since “the best motivator for students is cooperation and friendly competition with their peers” (Simmons & Page, 2010, p. 67). So, the group of students had to come up with the ideas for the project by sharing their thoughts and encouraging one other.
Introduction All persons, whether in private or public sector, product or services industry, are guided by ethics (morally accepted conduct); this is undertaking ones duty in a way that the good of all the parties affected by the actions is looked into. Just like human beings, businesses should conduct their activities in a morally acceptable manner. Business ethics is concerned with truth, consultants’ fairness, and justice while accounting ethics pertains to the code that guides the professional conduct of aspects such as the expectations of society and customers, social responsibility, and consumer sovereignty in the country of incorporation as well as abroad (Weiss, 2008). In the recent past, the world embarked on massive computerization and each country was having a program of computerization. With the development of the computers, there was the internet that was developed to meet the goal of making the world a global village. Almost each company whether profit making or nonprofit making, countries embassies, and local government are having a website that gives information (that is meant for public consumption) about the organization. But does computerization assist in ethical standards and guideline, what is the net effect as far as technology is involved? This paper looks into how organizations employ technological expertise in managing their ethical standards. Technology and Ethical Standards An ethical organization is one that conducts its business in a way that is generally acceptable by the environs that it is operating in. Many firms are nowadays concerned about values, like integrity and honesty. They are developing or have developed mechanisms to align their activities to the values that they want to uphold. Ethically therefore, managers should ensure that their companies activities produce the best for the larger number of people, locally and globally. One of the ways to attain this is to ensure that they have computerized their activities. When the right technology is adopted, then the business is going to conduct its business in a way acceptable to the general society. For example with computers the level of waste is reduced and thus pollution is reduced, another example is that there will be a reduction in the use of papers, thus trees will be protected. In these days of pervasive globalization, an efficient management cannot ignore ethics when making decisions. Managers should recognize that customers as well as other stakeholders in their companies have a right to quality products and services, to meet their existing and emerging needs, at affordable prices, all times. They should be guided by integrity and impartiality. Managers must institutionalize ethics in their decisions and daily activities. There are various advantages that come with adopting the right technology for the right job they include; efficiency in terms of cost and the time required to do business. Efficiency has its advantages that it brings with in the busi
The Federal Government Is a Leader in Insurance Programs Federal programs help to create a significant basis for public health services and services that could be available to all people on the territory of the United States. 1 Nowadays, the federal government turns out to be a leader in insurance reform because of its power to make changes, the abilities to control different spheres of living and even the necessity of having a strong body that could improve safety and quality of healthcare services. Driving healthcare reforms and the improvement of healthcare services’ quality are the initial tasks of the federal government, and it is important to understand the effects of such practices as reimbursement or billing on Medicare and other programs to identify the bodies that could succeed in pharmacy reforming. Insurance Reimbursement The evaluation of the governmental impact on healthcare reforms shows that Medicare is one of the most sensitive programs in regards to insurance reimbursement. This kind of payment is made to a provider or a patient in exchange for certain healthcare services. 2 The peculiar feature of reimbursement concerning Medicare is the necessity to consider all limitations and barriers that include appropriate therapy choices, consider the product development, and understand the effects of payment rates regarding covered therapies and other cost-sharing requirements. 3 Other insurance plans do not h
Customs, traditions, manners and habits The history of Turkey indicates that jewellery was admired since Sultan Ottoman’s era. Sultan Ottoman used to give his favourable wife jewellery (Poyrazli, 2003; Renda, & Kortepeter, 1986). The jewellery at that time was long earring, big necklace, and bracelet or head jewellery. The best gift for young Turkey female was jewellery. Young girls received jewellery from their parents, grandparents or family friends on different occasions. There is a tradition in Turkey which requires the bride to show her jewellery to female friends in in-laws to demonstrate her status and social position. Collecting jewellery is also considered an investment and a sign of safety that can be used in financial crisis. Beliefs and superstitions will have an impact on the jewellery shop. The shop will be opened in a location that will attract Turkish customers. It is believed that Turkish women who walk under a ladder have higher chances of encountering bad luck in their daily lives (Poyrazli, 2003). The jewellery shop will be opened in a building that will not involve women walking under a ladder. It is expected that the business will have low sales on the 13 th day of every month because the day is associated with bad luck in Turkey. Core values, norms, and attitudes relating to foreign and domestic products Turkey has had a good history of attracting travellers and foreigners. The waves of migration experienced in Turkey left a rich cultural heritage in the country (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2004; Fisek & Kagitcibasi, 1999). This history will be important for the establishment of the new jewellery shop. Since Turkish people are warm and welcoming to foreigners, it is expected that they will appreciate and buy the jewellery products to be sold in the shop (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2004; Baxter & Stockman, 1989). Countries which do not welcome foreigners have a few business operated by foreign people (Wright & Ricks, 1994). Countries which do not attract foreign investors increase the level of product and service competition among foreign and local companies (Canova & Dellas, 1993). Social institutions (family life, educational institutions, and class systems) In the modern world, the middle class has become significant through its ideologies and anticipations (Oswald, 1999). In Turkey, the middle class is about 59% of all classes in the country (Ayata, 2002). The jewellery products will be targeting the middle class in Turkey. The products will be strategically positioned to attract the middle class because it has been shown that the group is buying both basic goods and luxurious products (Ayata, 2002). A good number of the Turkish people are educated. Thus, the advertising will encompass both pictures and texts. Aesthetics (colours, music, and symbolism) Turkish people enjoy good music. Therefore, the
Three of the Most Important Major Theories used to explain Dementia, Aging, or Gerontology Aging is one of the most challenging phases of human development due to several reasons. The period comes with various physical, psychological (emotional), and social problems that if not handled well may adversely affect an individual. Among the most compelling complications that are witnessed during this critical stage of life include dementia, a problem that affects a large fraction of the aging population. In a bid to determine, explore, and explain aging or gerontology, researchers have developed various theories that take diverse viewpoints. As this section reveals, three of the most comprehensive and insightful theories that have attempted to account for dementia among other problems experienced during old age include the disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity/dialogical theory. The Disengagement Theory The disengagement theory posits that aging is a process that extricates people from the social world. Proponents of the theory, Elaine Cumming and William Henry take the psychosocial perspective in explaining the unhealthy collective relationships the aging person’s experience in the latest phases of their lives (Comer, 2015). In this theory, it is believed that aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal from the social system by a person. It is imperative to note that the data that was used to formulate this theory was generated from a study in Kansas City (First, Frances, & Pincus, 2015). This longitudinal study traced the life changes observed among hundreds of people, as they moved from middle age to old age. The findings from the group of researchers were used to create nine assumptions about aging. One of the assumptions is that as people approach old age, they tend to lose social ties apparently due to their anticipation of death. They begin to live a life of isolation, which implies that they disengage with intimate or non-intimate relations (Silverstein, Bengtson, Putnam, Putney, & Gans, 2008). As this happens, they begin to lose touch with social norms, a situation that deteriorates their life in isolation. As the theory reveals, throughout the process, gender roles assume the center stage of the isolation and disintegration with social norms. The process is spurred by the aging people’s unwillingness to maintain their social reputation amid these changes. Simultaneously, the theory believes that younger adults are socially prepared to take on the roles of those who hit the detachment stage. From a sociological point of view, total disentanglement takes place when the person going through the change and the community are prepared to face it. However, the disengaged person must be able to adopt the new social roles for the process to be successful. Failure by either the society or the people changing to alter their lifestyle by assuming new roles may lead to several physical, psychological, and social problems, including dementia. The disjunction may also bring other problems such as identity crisis among others. Activity Theory Given that disengag
Introduction Civil Disobedience is the act of disobeying a law on grounds of moral or political principle. It is an attempt to influence society to accept a dissenting point of view. Although it usually uses tactics of nonviolence, it is more than mere passive resistance since it often takes active forms such as illegal street demonstrations or peaceful occupations of premises. The classic treatise on this topic is Henry David Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience,” which states that when a person’s conscience and the laws clash, that person must follow his or her conscience. The stress on personal conscience and on the need to act now rather than to wait for legal change are recurring elements in civil disobedience movements. The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority o