ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Let $S$ be a scheme contained in $\mathbf{Sch}_{fppf}$. Let $\mathfrak{X}$ be a Noetherian separated algebraic space over $S$. In this paper, we interpret localizing subcategories of the derived category of $\mathfrak{X}$ by using subsets of $|\mathfrak{X}|$.
Chern-Simons electrodynamics in 2+1-spacetimes with torsion is investigated. We start from the usual Chern-Simons (CS) electrodynamics Lagrangian and Cartan torsion is introduced in the covariant derivative and by a direct coupling of torsion vector to the CS field. Variation of the Lagrangian with respect to torsion shows that Chern-Simons field is proportional to the product of the square of the scalar field and torsion. The electric field is proportional to torsion vector and the magnetic flux is computed in terms of the time-component of the two dimensional torsion. Contrary to early massive electrodynamics in the present model the photon mass does not depend on torsion.
We report detailed studies of the ac susceptibility butterfly hysteresis on the Ru1222 ruthenocuprate compounds. Two separate contributions to these hysteresis have been identified and studied. One contribution is ferromagnetic-like and is characterized by the coercive field maximum. Another contribution, represented by the so called inverted maximum, is related to the unusual inverted loops, unique feature of Ru1222 butterfly hysteresis. The different nature of the two identified magnetic contributions is proved by the different temperature dependences involved. By lowering the temperature the inverted peak gradually disappears while the coercive field slowly raises. If the maximum dc field for the hysteresis is increased, the size of the inverted part of the butterfly hysteresis monotonously grows while the position of the peak saturates. In reaching saturation exponential field dependence has been demonstrated to take place. At T = 78 K the saturation field is 42 Oe.
Dark matter annihilations have been fiercely restricted by the non-observation of excess events in indirect detection probes. Typically the interactions that dictate annihilation are also present in the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross section, also severely constrained by direct detection experiments. Semi-annihilations arise as a possible way to ameliorate the tension and even change the standard dark matter relic density calculation. In this work, we derive indirect detection bounds for several semi-annihilation channels including gauge bosons, the Higgs, leptophilic and leptophobic scalars. Our analysis is based on the gamma-ray observations in the direction of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies (Fermi-LAT) and the Galactic Center (H.E.S.S.), and Planck measurements of Cosmic Background Radiation. In addition, we derive the prospects for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) sensitivity to all these semi-annihilation modes.
Some quantal systems require only a small part of the full quantum theory for their analysis in classical terms. In such understanding we review some recent literature on semiclassical treatments.   An analysis of it allows one to see that some important quantum features of the harmonic oscillator can indeed be already encountered at the classical or semiclassical statistical levels.
We introduce the concept of index for regular Dirichlet forms by means of energy measures, and discuss its properties. In particular, it is proved that the index of strong local regular Dirichlet forms is identical with the martingale dimension of the associated diffusion processes. As an application, a class of self-similar fractals is taken up as an underlying space. We prove that first-order derivatives can be defined for functions in the domain of the Dirichlet forms and their total energies are represented as the square integrals of the derivatives.
We study scalar perturbations and quasinormal modes of a nonlinear magnetic charged black hole surrounded by quintessence. Time evolution of scalar perturbations is studied for different parameters associated with the black hole solution. We also study the reflection and transmission coefficients along with absorption cross-section for the considered black hole spacetime. It was shown that the real part of quasinormal frequency increases with increase in nonlinear magnetic charge while the module of the imaginary part of the frequency decreases. The analysis of the perturbations with changing quintessential parameter $c$ showed that perturbations with high values of $c$ become unstable.
Self-consistent factorization of two-body residual interaction is proposed for arbitrary density- and current-dependent energy functionals. Following this procedure, a separable RPA (SRPA) method is constructed. SRPA considerably simplifies the calculations and demonstrates quick convergence to exact results. The method is tested for SkI3 and SkM* forces.
In this paper, we present a strategy for training convolutional neural networks to effectively resolve interference arising from competing hypotheses relating to inter-categorical information throughout the network. The premise is based on the notion of feature binding, which is defined as the process by which activations spread across space and layers in the network are successfully integrated to arrive at a correct inference decision. In our work, this is accomplished for the task of dense image labelling by blending images based on (i) categorical clustering or (ii) the co-occurrence likelihood of categories. We then train a feature binding network which simultaneously segments and separates the blended images. Subsequent feature denoising to suppress noisy activations reveals additional desirable properties and high degrees of successful predictions. Through this process, we reveal a general mechanism, distinct from any prior methods, for boosting the performance of the base segmentation and saliency network while simultaneously increasing robustness to adversarial attacks.
The electronic and nuclear spin degrees of freedom for donor impurities in semiconductors form ultra coherent two-level systems that are useful for quantum information applications. Spins naturally have magnetic dipoles, so alternating current (AC) magnetic fields are frequently used to drive spin transitions and perform quantum gates. These fields can be difficult to spatially confine to single donor qubits so alternative methods of control such as AC electric field driven spin resonance are desirable. However, donor spin qubits do not have electric dipole moments so that they can not normally be driven by electric fields. In this work we challenge that notion by demonstrating a new, all-electric-field method for controlling neutral $^{31}$P and $^{75}$As donor nuclear spins in silicon through modulation of their donor-bound electrons. This method has major advantages over magnetic field control since electric fields are easy to confine at the nanoscale. This leads to lower power requirements, higher qubit densities, and faster gate times. We also show that this form of control allows for driving nuclear spin qubits at either their resonance frequency or the first subharmonic of that frequency, thus reducing device bandwidth requirements. Interestingly, as we relax the bandwidth requirements, we demonstrate that the computational Hilbert space is expanded to include double quantum transitions, making it feasible to use all four nuclear spin states to implement nuclear-spin-based qudits in Si:As. Based on these results, one can envision novel high-density, low-power quantum computing architectures using nuclear spins in silicon.
We study the behavior of the two-dimensional Ising model in a finite box at temperatures that are below, but very close to, the critical temperature. In a regime where the temperature approaches the critical point and, simultaneously, the size of the box grows fast enough, we establish a large deviation principle that proves the appearance of a round Wulff crystal.
We compute the quark and antiquark transversity distributions in the nucleon at a low normalization point of 600 MeV in the large-$N_c$ limit, where the nucleon can be described as a soliton of an effective chiral theory (chiral quark-soliton model). The flavor-nonsinglet distributions, $\delta u(x) - \delta d(x)$ and $\delta\bar u(x) - \delta\bar d(x)$, appear in leading order of the $1/N_c$-expansion, while the flavor-singlet distributions, $\delta u(x) + \delta d(x)$ and $\delta\bar u(x) + \delta\bar d(x)$, are non-zero only in next-to-leading order. The transversity quark and antiquark distributions are found to be significantly different from the longitudinally polarized distributions $\Delta u (x) \pm \Delta d (x)$ and $\Delta\bar u (x) \pm \Delta\bar d (x)$, respectively, in contrast to the prediction of the naive non-relativistic quark model. We show that this affects the predictions for the spin asymmetries in Drell-Yan pair production in transversely polarized pp and ppbar collisions.
LiDAR semantic segmentation provides 3D semantic information about the environment, an essential cue for intelligent systems during their decision making processes. Deep neural networks are achieving state-of-the-art results on large public benchmarks on this task. Unfortunately, finding models that generalize well or adapt to additional domains, where data distribution is different, remains a major challenge. This work addresses the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation for LiDAR semantic segmentation models. Our approach combines novel ideas on top of the current state-of-the-art approaches and yields new state-of-the-art results. We propose simple but effective strategies to reduce the domain shift by aligning the data distribution on the input space. Besides, we propose a learning-based approach that aligns the distribution of the semantic classes of the target domain to the source domain. The presented ablation study shows how each part contributes to the final performance. Our strategy is shown to outperform previous approaches for domain adaptation with comparisons run on three different domains.
We study the fluctuations of the work performed on a driven quantum system, defined as the difference between subsequent measurements of energy eigenvalues. These work fluctuations are governed by statistical theorems with similar expressions in classical and quantum physics. In this article we show that we can distinguish quantum and classical work fluctuations, as the latter can be described by a macrorealistic theory and hence obey Leggett-Garg inequalities. We show that these inequalities are violated by quantum processes in a driven two-level system and in a harmonic oscillator subject to a squeezing transformation.
Entanglement bits or ``ebits'' have been proposed as a quantitative measure of a fundamental resource in quantum information processing. For such an interpretation to be valid, it is important to show that the same number of ebits in different forms or concentrations are inter-convertible in the asymptotic limit. Here we draw attention to a very important but hitherto unnoticed aspect of entanglement manipulation --- the classical communication cost. We construct an explicit procedure which demonstrates that for bi-partite pure states, in the asymptotic limit, entanglement can be concentrated or diluted with vanishing classical communication cost. Entanglement of bi-partite pure states is thus established as a truly inter-convertible resource.
We tackle the novel class discovery problem, aiming to discover novel classes in unlabeled data based on labeled data from seen classes. The main challenge is to transfer knowledge contained in the seen classes to unseen ones. Previous methods mostly transfer knowledge through sharing representation space or joint label space. However, they tend to neglect the class relation between seen and unseen categories, and thus the learned representations are less effective for clustering unseen classes. In this paper, we propose a principle and general method to transfer semantic knowledge between seen and unseen classes. Our insight is to utilize mutual information to measure the relation between seen classes and unseen classes in a restricted label space and maximizing mutual information promotes transferring semantic knowledge. To validate the effectiveness and generalization of our method, we conduct extensive experiments both on novel class discovery and general novel class discovery settings. Our results show that the proposed method outperforms previous SOTA by a significant margin on several benchmarks.
We try to understand Schubert calculus the way he did it
A new kind of evolution for cyclic models in which the Hubble parameter oscillates and keeps positive has been explored in a specific $f(R,T)$ gravity reconstruction. A singularity-free cyclic universe with negative varying cosmological constant has been obtained which supports the role suggested for negative $\Lambda$ in stopping the eternal acceleration. The cosmological solutions have been obtained for the case of a flat universe, supported by observations. The cosmic pressure grows without singular values, it is positive during the early-time decelerated expansion and negative during the late-time accelerating epoch. The time varying EoS parameter $\omega(t)$ shows a quintom behavior and is restricted to the range $-2.25 \leq \omega(t) \lesssim \frac{1}{3}$. The validity of the classical linear energy conditions and the sound speed causality condition has been studied. The non-conventional mechanism of negative cosmological constant that are expected to address the late-time acceleration has been discussed.
We investigate the possibility of embedding minimal abelian surfaces in smooth toric 4-folds with Picard number 2. The existence of such an embedding imposes conditions on the 4-fold, which we partly describe. On the other hand, we exhibit such embeddings in a special case, using a simple description of morphisms into smooth toric varieties.
We describe a class of theories obtained by fibering a Landau-Ginburg orbifold over a compact Kaehler base. While such theories are often described as phases of some GLSM, our description is independent of such an embedding. We provide a method for computing the massless spectrum. This note is based on the longer paper arXiv:1307.7063.
The formation of relativistic jets by an accreting compact object is one of the fundamental mysteries of astrophysics. While the theory is poorly understood, observations of relativistic jets from systems known as microquasars have led to a well-established phenomenology. Relativistic jets are not expected from sources with soft or supersoft X-ray spectra, although two such systems are known to produce relatively low-velocity bipolar outflows. Here we report optical spectra of an ultraluminous supersoft X-ray source (ULS) in the nearby galaxy M81 (M81 ULS-1) showing blueshifted broad H\alpha\ emission lines, characteristic of baryonic jets with relativistic speeds. The time variable jets have projected velocities ~17 per cent of the speed of light, and seem similar to those in the prototype microquasar SS 433. Such relativistic jets are not expected to be launched from white dwarfs, but an origin from a black hole or neutron star in M81 ULS-1 is hard to reconcile with its constant soft X-rays. The completely unexpected presence of relativistic jets in a ULS challenges the canonical theories for jet formation, but may possibly be explained by a long speculated super-critically accreting black hole with optically thick outflows
For positive integers $i_1,...,i_k$ with $i_1 > 1$, we define the multiple $t$-value $t(i_1,...,i_k)$ as the sum of those terms in the usual infinite series for the multiple zeta value $\zeta(i_1,...,i_k)$ with odd denominators. Like the multiple zeta values, the multiple $t$-values can be multiplied according to the rules of the harmonic algebra. Using this fact, we obtain explicit formulas for multiple $t$-values of repeated arguments analogous to those known for multiple zeta values. Multiple $t$-values can be written as rational linear combinations of the alternating or "colored" multiple zeta values. Using known results for colored multiple zeta values, we obtain tables of multiple $t$-values through weight 7, suggesting some interesting conjectures, including one that the dimension of the rational vector space generated by weight-$n$ multiple $t$-values has dimension equal to the $n$th Fibonacci number. We express the generating function of the height one multiple $t$-values $t(n,1,...,1)$ in terms of a generalized hypergeometric function. We also define alternating multiple $t$-values and prove some results about them.
Ultraluminous X-ray sources are non-nuclear point sources exceeding the Eddington luminosity of a 10 Solar mass black hole. Modern consensus for a majority of the ULX population is that they are powered by stellar-mass black holes or neutron stars accreting well above the Eddington limit. Theoretical models of super-Eddington accretion predict existence of powerful outflows of moderately ionised gas at mildly relativistic velocities. So far, these winds have been found in 3 systems: NGC 1313 X-1, NGC 5408 X-1, NGC 55 ULX. In this work, we create a sample of all ULXs with usable archival high resolution X-ray data, with 10 sources in total, in which we aim to find more signatures of outflows. We perform Gaussian line scans to find any narrow spectral signatures, and physical wind model scans where possible. We tentatively identify an outflow in NGC 5204 X-1, blueshifted to 0.34c, which produces emission features with a total significance of at least 3$\sigma$. Next we compare ULXs with similar hardness ratios. Holmberg IX X-1 shows absorption features which could be associated with a photoionized outflowing absorber, similar to that seen in NGC 1313 X-1. The spectrum of Holmberg II X-1 possesses features similar to NGC 5408 X-1 and NGC 6946 X-1 shows O VIII rest-frame emission. All other sources from the sample also show tentative evidence of spectral features in their high resolution spectra. Further observations with the XMM-Newton and Chandra gratings will place stronger constraints. Future missions like XARM and Athena will be able to detect them at larger distances and increase our sample.
We compute the rational cohomology of the moduli space of trigonal curves of genus 5. We do this by considering their natural embedding in the first Hirzebruch surface and by using Gorinov-Vassiliev's method.
We demonstrate that for every two-qubit state there is a X-counterpart, i.e., a corresponding two-qubit X-state of same spectrum and entanglement, as measured by concurrence, negativity or relative entropy of entanglement. By parametrizing the set of two-qubit X-states and a family of unitary transformations that preserve the sparse structure of a two-qubit X-state density matrix, we obtain the parametric form of a unitary transformation that converts arbitrary two-qubit states into their X-counterparts. Moreover, we provide a semi-analytic prescription on how to set the parameters of this unitary transformation in order to preserve concurrence or negativity. We also explicitly construct a set of X-state density matrices, parametrized by their purity and concurrence, whose elements are in one-to-one correspondence with the points of the concurrence versus purity (CP) diagram for generic two-qubit states.
We study the driving of turbulence in star-froming disc galaxies of different masses at different epochs, using an analytic "bathtub" model. The disc of gas and stars is assumed to be in marginal Toomre instability. Turbulence is assumed to be sustained via an energy balance between its dissipation and three simultaneous energy sources. These are stellar feedback, inward transport due to disc instability and clumpy accretion via streams. The transport rate is computed with two different formalisms, with similar results. To achieve the energy balance, the disc self-regulates either the mass fraction in clumps or the turbulent viscous torque parameter. In this version of the model, the efficiency by which the stream kinetic energy is converted into turbulence is a free parameter, $\xi_a$. We find that the contributions of the three energy sources are in the same ball park, within a factor of $\sim\!2$ in all discs at all times. In haloes that evolve to a mass $\leq 10^{12}\,\Msun$ by $z=0$ ($\leq 10^{11.5}\,\Msun$ at $z\!\sim\!2$), feedback is the main driver throughout their lifetimes. Above this mass, the main driver is either transport or accretion for very low or very high values of $\xi_a$, respectively. For an assumed $\xi_a(t)$ that declines in time, galaxies in halos with present-day mass $>\!10^{12}$ M$_\odot$ make a transition from accretion to transport dominance at intermediate redshifts, $z\! \sim\!3$, when their mass was $\geq\!10^{11.5}\,\Msun$. The predicted relation between star-formation rate and gas velocity dispersion is consistent with observations.
RAKI can perform database-free MRI reconstruction by training models using only auto-calibration signal (ACS) from each specific scan. As it trains a separate model for each individual coil, learning and inference with RAKI can be computationally prohibitive, particularly for large 3D datasets. In this abstract, we accelerate RAKI more than 200 times by directly learning a coil-combined target and further improve the reconstruction performance using joint reconstruction across multiple echoes together with an elliptical-CAIPI sampling approach. We further deploy these improvements in quantitative imaging and rapidly obtain T2 and T2* parameter maps from a fast EPTI scan.
We present the first measurement of the evolution of the galaxy group stellar mass function (GrSMF) to redshift z>~1 and low masses (M*>10^12 Msun). Our results are based on early data from the Carnegie-Spitzer-IMACS (CSI) Survey, utilizing low-resolution spectra and broadband optical/near-IR photometry to measure redshifts for a 3.6um selected sample of 37,000 galaxies over a 5.3 deg^2 area to z~1.2. Employing a standard friends-of-friends algorithm for all galaxies more massive than log(M*/Msun)=10.5, we find a total of ~4000 groups. Correcting for spectroscopic incompleteness (including slit collisions), we build cumulative stellar mass functions for these groups in redshift bins at z>0.35, comparing to the z=0 and z>0 mass functions from various group and cluster samples. Our derived mass functions match up well with z>0.35 X-ray selected clusters, and strong evolution is evident at all masses over the past 8 Gyr. Given the already low level of star formation activity in galaxies at these masses, we therefore attribute most of the observed growth in the GrSMF to group-group and group-galaxy mergers, in accordance with qualitative notions of hierarchical structure formation. Given the factor 3-10 increase in the number density of groups and clusters with M*>10^12 Msun since z=1 and the strong anticorrelation between star formation activity and environmental density, this late-time growth in group-sized halos may therefore be an important contributor to the structural and star-formation evolution of massive galaxies over the past 8 Gyr.
We demonstrate that at 1.4 GHz the combined response of sources detected serendipitously in deep, wide-field VLBI images is sufficient to permit self-calibration techniques to be employed. This technique of "full-beam" VLBI self-calibration permits coherent VLBI observations to be successfully conducted in any random direction on the sky, thereby enabling very faint radio sources to be detected. Via full-beam self-calibration, Global VLBI observations can equal and indeed surpass the level of sensitivity achieved by connected arrays. This technique will enable large-scale VLBI surveys of the faint radio source population to be conducted, in addition to targeted observations of faint sources of special interest (e.g. GRBs, SNe, SNR and low-luminosity AGN).