ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In order for a model like this to succeed, it needs to be based on a concept or method that fulfils the research objectives by understanding the underlying causes of the issue of decline as a starting point. The identification of root causes (i.e. the most basic reasons) serves planners to start determining the spectrum of potential solutions (Sustainable Fright 2000). Root causes have been described by Fantin (2014, p. 85) as “the deepest causes of the problem, responsible for the problematic situation.” If any real improvement is to be expected, the root causes of problems must be identified (by examining the complete event or situation), and corrected properly (see Fig. 1) (Wilson 1993). With this in mind, the model needs to apply a method assisting in identifying and analysing the causes of decline issue. While reviewing the relevant literature, it has been found that Root Cause Analysis (RCA) could be an effective method to produce this model. Figure 1: Apparent and Root Causes. Note: From add the name of the book (Wilson 1993, p. 11) RCA was initially used in high-reliability industries in order to identify the underlying factors of variation in performance (Lee et al. 2011, p. 305). It combines elements from engineering, psychology, and the ‘human factors’ tradition (Reason 1990; Vincent, Taylor-Adams & Stanhope 1998). As an improvement technique and a governance tool, this approach is based on the assumption that it is possible to prevent the reoccurrence of adverse events and the necessary lessons drawn by determining the underlying causes (Nicolini et al. 2011, p. 217). Instead of continuing to deal with symptoms, this procedure seeks to describe causal chains as well as to identify and correct the root cause factors (i.e. the most rudimentary cause) of the problem occurred (Flott 2011; Huston 2014; Reason 1990). RCA “can be a powerful tool to help determine current obstacles to improvement, as well as identify those particular areas in which operation/process improvements might produce the greatest benefit” (Wilson 1993, p. 3). Therefore, RCA is not only a problem-solving method; it can also be a proactive analysis tackling issues that are likely to occur due to a preventive action. According to Cerniglia-Lowensen (2015), the effective RCA covers three types of causes: physical causes (tangible material), human causes and organisational causes (policy or procedure). Performing effective RCA has several advantages that are pointed out by Wilson (1993, p. 11) as follows:   * “Ensuring objective problem solving;   * Facilitating development of a comprehensive set of solutions;   * Predicting other problems;   * Identifying, assembling, and integrating contributory circumstances;   * Focusing on preventing recurrence, as well as providing immediate corrective action;   * Identifying improvement opportunities”. As a process, RCA can be conducted through the following steps (Cerniglia-Lowensen 2015). The first step is the identification of the issue that should be investigated. The next
Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to explicitly identify the impacts of information technology on workplace literacy. The independent variable is workplace literacy while the dependent variable is information technology. The study will adopt qualitative research through a mixed method. Background In the last three decades, information technology in the form of information systems has revolutionized the business approach across the globe. Reflectively, information technology is vital towards transforming and coordinating efficient role execution in a workplace (Kirk, 2004). In relation to the workplace, information technology has made distribution and storage of data sustainable. In the today’s dynamic business environment, the competitive market place requires knowledgeable employees. Information technology on its own cannot be sustainable when the employees lack proper training or are illiterate in different structures and functioning of information technology application (Cheuk, 2009). At present, the premium is higher on skilled employees than was the case in the past decade, since jobs are constantly evolving. Information technologies in the form of internet, social media, and communication systems have an impact on workplace literary. Information technology has direct effect on learning curves, product life cycles, and speed of adapting to changes in the workplace (Cheuk, 2009). Besides, information technology has made the skill gaps within organization to widen since inadequate knowledge of the information system translates into illiteracy in the workplace. Thus, it is necessary to explicitly identify the impacts of information technology on workplace literacy in terms of implementation skills, organization learning models, and labour force dynamics. Expected outcome The expected outcome is that information technology has positive and negative impacts on workplace literacy. The positive impact on workplace literacy is as a result of proper implementation in the background of a dynamic workforce. The negative impact may be as a result of very quick implementation system without proper training structures or skills (Kirton and Barham, 2005). Methodology This research will be conducted using research survey study approach. The researcher chose the qualitative approach because the scope of the research is focused, subjective, dynamic, and discovery oriented. Based on the scope of the study, a self constructed five-item structured questionnaire will become imperative. The questionnaire will be prepared to use 5-point Likert scale. Target respondents, who are the employee, will express a broad range of opinions in the focus topic on the key issues in discussion. The use of the structured questionnaire was inspired by cost effectiveness and relati
Given the fact that Denise Brennan’s book, “What’s Love got to do with it” is more descriptive then analytical, in its essence, it would be very naïve to expect this book to provide us with the insight on whether international tourism facilitates global inequality (!), as suggested in assignment’s instructions. This book simply allows us to have a better understanding as to what prompts Dominican women in Sosua to become sex workers, because it reveals such their decision as being much more complex then usually assumed. Apparently, the “sex tourism” industry does not only allow Dominican women to earn money but also provides them with possibility of legal immigration to Western countries, by the mean of marrying their decadent White clients: “For Dominican women, it (sex industry) offers not just employment but also the hope of economic and social mobility” (Brennan 14). “What’s Love got to do with it” contains an extensive number of life stories about the Dominican women, who were able to immigrate to U.S., Canada, Britain and Germany, after having became “romantically involved” with often senile men from these countries, who come to Sosua to enjoy the tropical sun, while taking an advantage of the fact that they are White and that their wallets are filled with money. As Jamaica Kincaid had put it in her short story “A Small Place” (where she describes the realities of tourist business in Antigua): “You disembark from your plane. You go through customs. Since you are a tourist, a North American or European – to be frank, White – and not an Antiguan Black… you move through customs swiftly” (Kincaid 4). Therefore, the fact that many Dominican women choose the careers of sex workers makes absolutely perfect economic and moral sense, simply because it allows them to improve their social status. Thus, the suggestion that sex tourism contributes and complicates conditions of underdevelopment and global inequality is wrong in its very essence. If anything, such tourism actually facilitates the improvement of living standards in Third World countries, simply because it brings in money into these countries’ economies. For example, in Thailand, the sex tourism is considered to be the country’s third largest (unofficial) industry. As it appears from reading Brennan’s book, Dominican women know perfectly well that it is only through immigration to Western countries that they will get a chance of attaining a social prominence. And the only way for them to do this, is to “fall in love
Introduction Marxism perspective is concerned with how the production of space and place are implicated in the reproduction of specific social reforms that happen in history. Marx believed that the present order must first be destroyed by revolution before a truly socialist could evolve. Marxist Theories of History Economic determinism- the idea that the mode through which a society produces and distributes its wealth will determine its social-political structure, laws, and even superstructure like religion. Here Karl Marx sees history as a series of class struggles as humans evolved through five basic stages of society. For example, man changes from the stage of nomads to the stage of settled living, hunting fruits gathering, and the rearing of sheep giving way to the domestication of plants and animals then comes the urban culture and its rich diversity of vocations. Categorization of people is necessary to handle this diversity which forms the basis of belief systems social hierarchy, codes of behavior, rules of punishment for crime, worship, recreation, family obligations and ties, and the apparatus of ruling authority. However, throughout history, the grouping of people into economies of classes has had the effect of initiating class struggle. (Lazle, 2002) The five stages in the economic determinism of history can be summarized as follows;   * Primitive hunting and gathering societies had no extra wealth and therefore no private property, social classes, class struggles, or even the need for government.   * Slave societies with a rich rolling class opposed by an oppressed underclass of slaves.   * Feudal society with a noble class of landowning lords opposed by an oppressed class of serfs   * Capitalist society with a rich class of factory owners (bourgeoisie) opposed by an oppressed class of factory workers (the proletariat)   * Socialist societies are run by workers with no private property and thus no social classes or class conflicts. The labor theory of value – It started that any product was only worth as much the workers were paid to make it. Anything a capitalist charged beyond this amount was called surplus value. In Karl Marx’s theory of history, he sees this as the beginning of a stage where capitalism is to be destroyed. (Lazle, 2002) If capitalists charged more for a product than the cost of labor, there would be low sales since the workers are not paid through money to buy the goods. This would with time drive some owners out of business creating a smaller business class – who are richer in the society. To stay cooperative the smaller cartel of rich businessmen would have to invest more inefficient and expensive machines resulting in laying off workers with time. This together with the increased price of commodities would mean that there are even fewer workers to buy them and more owners of the business are the cycle repeated. Each time the above cycle repeats itself, the fabulously rich and desperately poor. This would trigger a revolution that would destroy the capitalistic order. The triumphant wor
Introduction Arbitration is a private process that is aimed at resolving the legal matters between parties. 1 An arbitrator is a party that decides over the rightness or wrongness of the claims of the people who are in dispute. These parties are often private, and the process is, therefore, considered a matter of privacy. On the other hand, the word private may be looked at from another angle. “Hiring” or “owning” a judge can sometimes be the sense that people put into the notion “private judge.” In light of the fact that there are people who consider arbitrators as private judges in the negative meaning of the word, there is a need to discuss the concept of the arbitrator as a legal actor. This essay argues that the notion of an arbitrator being called a private judge in a negative sense has certain grounds beneath it. The Role of an Arbitrator To discuss the statement of an arbitrator being a private judge in any context and meaning, the ambiguity should be eliminated. In the context of this essay, there is a clear necessity to develop a full understanding of who an arbitrator is, and what is his or her role. According to Lowenfeld, who himself is an arbitrator, it is a kind of a legal dispute settling force that resembles more a judge than an advocate. 2 The choice of words here is particularly peculiar. The ambiguous nature of arbitration is revealed through its process. Thus, if two parties have a conflict about a contract they can ask a legally-competent person to become the dispute settling force in their matter. The other side can do the same. Then it descends to the two selected judges who interpret the details of the case and the third judge presiding over the process. In reality, however, Lowenfeld notes that some arbitrators tend to become biased. They can defend the rights of those who expressed their heartfelt acknowledgement of the skill of the selected arbitrator. The selection of an arbitrator or a private judge is often a procedure that requires a written note where a party kindly asks a person to participate in a private trial. This is where it becomes a concern for many, who believe that the process is unfair and arbitrators are no more than hired advocates. Yet, the role of an arbitrator presupposes a great deal of reliance on one’s reputation. The choice of an arbitrator is always a serious matter. An arbitrator is often chosen by lawyers of both parties. It is in the lawyers’ interest to select the best person for such job as the decision that is made by the arbitrator is binding, and no other court or law can override their decision. Once the matter is decided, and arbitrators pass their verdict, the decision becomes binding for all parties. Therefore, an arbitrator should possess the qualities of an excellent expert in the branch of the law that is of interest to parties. Practical experience in the sphere is also valued as the quality of the decision is also dependent on the judge being abl
In the time of George Wallace, the defense of segregation was not unusual. However, the newly-elected governor of Alabama managed it in a rather elegant manner. Wallace’s rhetoric was based on subversion. He was taking his opponent’s views and turning them around to provide a different perspective on segregation. Instead of claiming that segregation was a necessary evil or that it benefited the minorities, he claimed that it is the only way to protect the freedom of the white people. To Wallace, abolishing segregation meant making his beloved Anglo-Saxons slaves to the people of color. To underline his point of view, he referenced the fates of white people in other countries: “the Belgian survivors of the Congo cannot present their case to a war crimes commission… nor the Portuguese of Angola… nor the survivors of Castro.” Wallace believed that the same fate would befall all of America under liberal rule. He also stated that integration in education can only mean trouble, remembering the school riots in Washington. However, his most fascinating argument was undoubtedly a reference to Nazi Germany. The argument was made in an attempt to differentiate his views from German racism. He turned the tables on his opponents, by claiming them to resemble Hitler trying to bind the global white minority to the will of the majority. While the worldview of George Wallace was misguided and blind to the simple need for equality of all people, his rhetoric was impressive. By using the example of Nazi Germany in such an elegant way, he undoubtedly left his opponents rather confused since most of them would have loved to use the comparison against him.
China’s struggle for independence was protracted and difficult. The difficulty of the struggle was exacerbated by the fact that Chinese society was traditionally feudal. It was almost impossible to achieve a unity of purpose in the country. Nonetheless, Mao Zedong envisaged a revolutionized Chinese society way before the revolution materialized. Therefore, this essay examines Zedong’s work, “On New Democracy,” which was published in 1940 in a bid to understand the circumstances surrounding it. The principal argument presented in work is that an unprecedented revolution was taking shape in China. It would transcend Chinese borders and affect the entire world. Its first stage, which sought to transform the Chinese society from a colonial, semi-colonial, and feudal status to an independent democratic society, was already underway (Zedong par. 17). The second stage of the revolution would then transform the Chinese state into a socialist society (Zedong par. 16). This two-stage revolution was unique to China because it was being shaped by the characteristics of Chinese society. Therefore, according to Zedong, it would culminate in a new democracy that had never been observed elsewhere before (Zedong par. 14). As already noted in the introduction, this work was written by Mao Zedong and was published in January 1940. We should remember that in the early 1900s, Chinese society was firmly under the control of Japan. Feudalism was also prevalent across China (Zedong par. 7). Therefore, the prime reason behind this work was to exhort the Chinese society and its contemporary leadership to rise and liberate itself from Japanese imperialism and feudalism. The work was published at a time when the Chinese society was already organizing itself into class-based political groupings (Zedong par. 17). The bourgeois was struggling to spearhead a democratic revolution, but they lacked the support of the proletariats (Zedong par. 17). However, some notable revolutions that occurred elsewhere changed everything. For example, the Russian Revolution of 1917 gave impetus to the Chinese bourgeois-democratic revolution making it part of the proletarian-socialist world revolution that changed the history of the entire world (Zedong par. 17). The information presented in this work helps provide a useful link between China’s past and its current prosperity. The country’s current prosperity had been envisioned before it became an independent state. This information makes it apparent that a country’s journey to prosperity is often long and full of challenges because the same trend is observable in America’s history as well as the history of Western Europe. Zedong’s choice of language was simple, making the work easy to understand because it was intended to reach the biggest possible audience. The author appeals to the Chinese to espouse unity and definiteness of purpose to make their dream a reality (Zedong par. 38). The many analogies that litter the work only serve to make th
Introduction The government, media owners and journalists play a very vital role in ensuring smooth running and existence of a specific environment in the media industry. Each of them plays specific roles that go hand in hand for the proper coordination of the industry. This paper will look into each stakeholder roles played by each of the three in the creation of the media environment that is found in Canada today. First and foremost I will start with the introduction of cultural industries and explain the different techniques that the government Canada tends to employ in justifying their policy and instruments of regulation. The cultural media industries comprise music recording, book publishing, and cinema, publishing news paper and occasionally publishing magazines. The cultural industries also comprise of the new media. New media are inclusive of blog, websites, production of audio visual and exchange. The policies for the cultural industries in Canada started back in early 1950s together with the Massey Commission report. The development of policies started in 1970s. The cultural policies had four rationales identified as development of culture, service to the public, democratic participation, and market failure. The specific rationales of the industry were among the reasons that attracted government support. The government invested and offered significant incentives for televising local (Canadian) productions video and film. The regulation of the Canadian content has been an effective policy instrument in sound recording. Cultural, structural and industrial support measures have instituted a vibrant sector for publishing books. C
Whistle-blowing is a recommendable practice whenever an organization engages in an unethical practice (Hoppe 2010). Stakeholders should reveal every form of abuse, danger, or negligence in order to safeguard the rights of many people. According to the case study, Hughes Aircraft Company’s Micro-electronic Circuit Division was producing numerous computer chips for different customers. The company was ‘required to ensure its chips passed specific quality assurance (QA) tests’ (Bowyer 2000, p. 2). The firm was also expected to present various documents showing that such chips met all the requirements. Ruth Aldred and Margaret Goodearl became aware of the malpractices at the company. They decided to report the matter to the relevant authorities. This discussion examines the findings of the case. It also offers powerful recommendations that can be used to deal with fraud in different companies. Findings of the Case Many companies engage in unethical or unacceptable business practices. Most of the chips produced by Hughes Aircraft Company were not being tested. Some of the chips also failed to fulfill the required military specifications. The supervisors at the company ‘forced the employees to keep quiet about the problem’ (Bowyer 2000, p. 2). Goodearl and Aldred later reported the malpractice to the authorities in 1986. The company had also harassed and intimidated the two whistle blowers (Bowyer 2000). According to the author, the two employees lost their jobs after reporting the issue to the relevant authorities. After losing their jobs, the individuals ‘underwent significant lifestyle changes’ (Bowyer 2000, p. 5). For example, Goodearl and her husband became bankrupt. However, the workers ‘succeeded and eventually won the case’ (Bowyer 2000, p.