ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Indian culture, which reaches back about 5,000 years, is arguably one of the oldest and most varied in the world. The Indian culture is formed by customs and traditions that would tend to differ greatly from region to region. However, many of the Indian customs and traditions are said to be common, and in that case, are integral part of the country’s unique cultural beauty. India has a wide range of cultural diversity, and for that reason, there are numerous culture-affiliated ceremonies that are celebrated each year to mark diverse customs and traditions of the Hindu. This clearly explains the multitude festivals marked by different communities in the country all year round. Some of the common aspects of the varied Indian culture include language, religion and the arts. Other common aspects that have been used to define the Indian culture are things such as cuisines, theatre, music, and festivals, to name but a few. Rites of passage form an integral part of the Indian custom and cultural activities. This paper examines the marriage rite of passage as it is practiced by the Hindu in India. In this particular case, the observations of various activities which are undertaken by the Hindu while marking this particular passage of rite are mainly based on Indian custom and culture, rather than on religion. I have personally had the opportunity to participate directly in various celebrations intended to mark specific rites of passage in India. Through these celebrations, I have come to gain a better understanding of the colorful and unique culture of India. As it would be observed, Hindus have come out clearly as the only religious group that has meaningfully celebrated the ideal stages of life as they are perceived by different cultures in India. One of my most memorable custom and culture celebrations of the Hindu was a rite of passage that took place some months ago in Guntur district, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The main transition that was being marked here was marriage. As it was clearly manifested in this traditional event, Hindus have their own special way of celebrating marriage ceremonies. For example, there were various activities used to illustrate this marking, and these would include invitation and welcoming of the bridegroom, exchange of flower garlands, presentation of the would-be wife, the ceremony of the sacred fire, holding of hands, taking of the seven steps, sacred fire circuma
Within the realms of the American laws, criminal justice system comprises of the law creators (legislative), courts (adjudication), and correctional facilities such as probation, parole, prisons, and jails. American criminal justice system comprises of the jurisdictional, normative, functional, and institutional components. These components work simultaneously in defining the goals of procedural laws and decision to be taken by the court of law. Factually, these activities take place at different points. This paper analyses impact of death penalty at the Walnut Street Jail of Philadelphia. Actually, capital punishment refers to a death sentence on individuals who have committed unlawful deeds. Indeed, such punishment arises due to capital offences. Death penalty is normally conducted by knocking out head from an individual’s body. Initially, death penalty was practiced by many countries but currently several nations have abandoned the practice. Indeed, many positions have been raised due to religious and cultural explanations, and political principles. In fact, the Holy Bible justifies death penalty against criminal offenses such as murder. This paper examines death penalty from an impartial view by considering disadvantages and advantages of capital punishment in society. Advantages of Capital Punishment First, according to Teeters, death penalty eradicates criminal activities in a community. Indeed, capital punishment is an important mission for every person simply because it instills moral while discouraging criminal activities in society [1] . Actually, dead victims would not commit more illegal actions either when freed from jail or in jail. Secondly, money is ever a limited commodity. In this case, nations would utilize wisely their scarce resources to care their citizens who need help rather than spending such resources in imprisoning criminals for long term basis. Capital punishment is hence cost-effectual. Indeed, infinite appeals would spend much time and more resources in resolving death disputes. Death penalty is therefore cost-valuable. Thirdly, Teeters views that death penalty is a retribution action in which a victim is punished because of offenses committed [2
Introduction The social sciences are distinct because of their focus on the human being as their area of concern. This means that although certain principles can be borrowed from the sciences, it is not always possible to apply the scientific methods without certain modifications. Significance of a suitable question which you have formulated for social scientific analysis The question chosen for analysis is “How do violent video games affect family members’ perceptions of teenagers?”This question will be particularly important to society because it might provide an explanation for increased separation of the youth from their families. In this age of information technology, computer games have become very common and the family unit would benefit greatly if they found out whether exposure to violence and nudity in these computer games could actually lead to antisocial behavior in their lives. Society could be nabbing a problem by the bud by dealing with a potential root cause of antisocial behavior. On the other hand, if the research reveals that families only consider positive results such as better hand and eye coordination or quicker brain responses then families are likely to encourage their children to keep playing these games because they encourage development. Games by their very nature are abstract activities and it will be informative to determine whether the abstract tasks would encourage youth to act out what they see and do. The research will therefore give an important indicator of identity formation amongst the youth and hence society. This social scientific question deals with social identity and the social phenomena of media usage. In this case, the media platform under analysis is violent video games. It will seek to evaluate the phenomenon by looking at its effects on human behavior (Perry and Perry, 2009). Research problems that will help answer the social scientific question  1. How will data be collected on family member’s experiences with teenagers who play violent video games?  2. How will data be collected on opinions of family members concerning teenagers who play violent video games?  3. How will data be collected on actual family interactions between family members and teenagers who play violent video games? The first social scientific question will be solved through the use of in depth interviews. Here, the major aim will be to determine the kind of history that teenagers who play violent video games have with their other family members and how those experiences have been translated by them. The second research question will involve the use of focus groups. Such a method is preferable because it allows for collection of broad views on the subject matter. Some things that qualify as societal norms can be easily collected using such a method. Issues of opinion can be easily revealed through such a method. The third research question will be solved through the use of participant observation.
Background Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that leaves the affected person unable to differentiate between right and wrong. It involves irregularities that occur within the brain chemicals which usually enable the brain cells to communicate. On the other hand, neurotransmitters are brain messengers that transfer information from one cell to another. These transmitters set themselves together forming circuit-like systems in the brain that process data. If any part of these circuits is destroyed, then the entire system may also fail to work. From the definition of neurotransmitters, it is clear that schizophrenia is caused by the irregular functioning of neurotransmitters. An individual will exhibit symptoms like those related to schizophrenia when neurotransmitters are blocked. There are no definite known causes of schizophrenia, and just like conditions such as heart diseases which are known to arise from genetic factors, schizophrenia also falls in that category. Research studies have shown that schizophrenia runs in certain families. People who have relatives with this disorder are likely to suffer from the condition. The other causes of schizophrenia include all those factors or conditions that cause changes or affect one or more neurotransmitters in the brain. There are millions of these transmitters in the brain, and if one is affected or altered, it affects the others since they are all connected. Two main transmitters have been much involved with the cause of schizophrenia. These are dopamine and glutamate which mainly deal with movement and thoughts. This paper explores three articles on schizophrenia and neurotransmitters as well as their contribution to the field of neuroscience. Andreasen, N.C. (2012) Pharmacist’s Overview of Alcohol Dependence : Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 163 (11): 27-33. First, we consider the article on pharmacists’ overview of alcohol dependence . It focuses on how alcohol dependence can lead to schizophrenia. According to Barnett and Levitt (2011), alcohol dependencies co-exist with schizophrenia. This has been supported by Ju et al. (2012). Alcohol dependency is a disorder that can be genetically passed and can be psychologically or sociologically triggered. Alcohol dependency has been found to have effects on the different neurotransmitters. It affects the neurotransmitters that are related to an individual’s mood, drive and cognition. Alcohol dependency alters the neurotransmitters called GABA, which interact with others causing abnormality in their working. This is assumed to be the cause of behaviors like indistinct speech, impaired balance and loss of muscle harmonization and others exhibited by individuals with alcohol dependency disorder. The treatment of the alcohol dependency disorder would involve both the clinical treatment of schizophrenia and also the counseling on how to abstain or reduce the alcohol consumption rate because both of these are remarkably much related (Scott & Jeffrey, 2010). Physical abnormalities in the brain have
Introduction The book The War at Home: One Family’s Fight Against PTSD by Shawn Gourley describes the problems of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the family. In my opinion, the book is undoubtedly worth reading as it reveals complex relationships in the family as between husband (vet) and wife as well as between parents and children. The book is based on real events and is written in a simple and understandable language unlike plenty of other books and textbooks on psychology. I believe that the book would be useful for veterans and their family members, and it would help them to realize themselves and their behaviour. In addition, relatives can also learn a lot of useful information about the PTSD. I consider that the book is required reading not only for those people who find themselves in this situation, but also for ordinary people because nobody knows what can happen, and it is a good chance to learn how to react to PTSD. Narrative The story depicts a military culture in which Justin spent some years. Being an Operation’s Specialist, he coached men to see death and do not notice it. Every day, he saw hundreds of corpses and severed limbs. His responsibilities also included reassuring the military and ensuring their protection. Although, he was an expert Machinist Mate, too. Finally, when Justin came back home, Shawn was expecting that everything turns as it was. However, Justin became irritable and torn between work and family, and those rare evenings they spent together ended in a quarrel. Sometimes Justin threatened to “shoot this whole fucking house up” (Gourley, 2015, p. 48). It was the first warning sign. As one of the manifestations of his disorder, Justin was “yelling in his sleep and kicking and hitting things” (Gourley, 2015, p. 32). Shawn realized something was wrong first and asked for assistance in getting Justin the necessary psychological help or treatment. Comparing Justin’s behaviour with four main characteristics of PTSD that include intrusive memories, negative changes in thinking and mood, avoidance, and changes in emotional reactions, I can note that it coincides with the most features (Friedman, 2012). For example, a feeling of emotional numbness and emotional blunting haunted him all the time. In my point of view, Justin’s turning point occurred when he found someone to talk about the military, someone who went through the same obstacles. It was a counselor, who precipitated the harmony in the family explaining both husband and spouse the fact that their life could not be the same as before. Nevertheless, they still have a chance to be happy together accepting each other in a new perspective. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be stressed that it was a great struggle within a man resulting from his previous experience in the armed forces. Justin thought he never copes with what is happening, or would never return to the normal life. However, the treatmen
State policy aimed at controlling the standard of living of the population is the sphere that often raises questions, and especially it applies to countries with weak economics and an insufficiently high level of development. Social inequality can manifest itself in various aspects of people’s lives, including incomes, education, medical services, etc. According to Krugman, one of the clear examples of shifting policy interests to the rich can be seen in attempts to repeal the estate tax (139). Despite rather substantial cash accounts, many well-off people can avoid having to pay significant funds for their property. Poorer people, on the other hand, are forced to regularly pay for their property without any privileges and benefits. One of the issues that deserve special attention is the division of political parties by interests. Krugman suggests the sphere of economics as the basic criterion according to which the subjects of the Congress adhere to certain points of view regarding social inequality (137). However, it is essential to not only indicate the central positions of the Republicans and Democrats but also to understand why there is a fundamental division of interests and which points of contact are the acutest. Therefore, the question can sound as follows: why do the main American parties have different views on such problems as poverty and social inequality? When comparing the ideas of two separate authors regarding the issue of inequality in society, it can be noted that opinions are similar. For example, Murray claims that the basis for dividing people into classes is not the level of education or another factor but namely the level of income (24). According to it, it can be concluded that financial relations among people still play a key role and should be considered as the mai
Perhaps one of the most consistent and unprecedented challenges facing the world presently is hunger. Hunger refers to a situation of inadequate food supply in a specific part or region. But when we use the term world hunger, we are referring to a situation where there are numerous cases of acute global food shortage. Several factors have or contribute to the acceleration of world hunger. They include natural causes such as floods, droughts and even earthquakes. Man-made causes such as continued deforestation and lack of proper planning on part of some governments. Poverty and increased climate change also contribute to the rising world hunger. It is the moral obligation and responsibility of every government to ensure that its population is fed thus preserving room for the future generation. Many economic and political systems are headed by the minority who control the nation’s resources. They are thus in a position to live well while the majority of the population suffer silently. Unstable political systems provide room for internal conflicts creating instead internally displaced people whilst disrupting farming in those particular states. According to a report by the UNHCR in 2008, over 1 billion people suffer from chronic hunger. Money contributed towards hunger elimination usually lands in the wrong hands thus becoming misappropriated. It is, therefore, true enough to state that corrupt and oppressive political systems around the world have contributed a great deal towards the escalation of world hunger. In Africa for instance, leaders use the raging
Introduction The internal auditing panel is responsible for ensuring that all controls in an organization are working properly. All financial reports and statements must provide a true and fair account of the company (Gramling & Myers, 2006). In the current paper, the author will highlight the different roles of the internal auditor. The author will focus on what may happen if the internal auditor assumes or undertakes roles that do not belong to them. In addition, the situations under which the assessor may engage in duties beyond their specified boundaries will be reviewed. Internal Auditing and Risk Management The Legitimate and Core Roles of an Internal Auditor Internal auditing is required to adhere to a set of rules and regulations. For example, as already indicated, the auditor should avoid carrying out duties that are not assigned to them. Many organizations are under pressure to identify the risks associated with their business activities. Some of these threats can be environmental, financial, operational, social, or even ethical. After identifying the risks, the management should devise ways to manage them (Beasley, Clune & Hermanson, 2005). The work of the internal auditor is to detect these risks. They should also put in place measures to ensure that the threats do not harm the society in any way. The risks should also be evaluated. Effective monitoring must be carried out by the audit team to identify the chances of these threats taking place (Burnaby & Hass,
Wars have always been an integral part of humanity. Since the appearance of different societies and countries, war has become the main remedy to solve some conflicts. Moreover, in the infancy of mankind wars were local as it was very difficult to reach some place situated far from the countries in war. Additionally, the greater part of the world was undiscovered. However, with the development of society wars became more extensive and greater number of countries became involved. New means of transport gave the possibility to reach almost any place in the world. It became possible to make the campaign thousand miles away from the homeland. New technologies and weapons promoted increase of the severity of wars. Moreover, they opened the door to a new kind of war. World Wars became one of the main characteristics of the 20th century. Being devastating and disastrous, they became one of the most mournful events in the history of humanity. Touching the issue of the world wars, it is necessary to analyze the WW I in order to see the background of this phenomenon. The beginning of the 20th century was characterized by a great tension between the leading world powers. There were two main blocks of states in Europe which had the majority of the world in the sphere of their interests. These blocks were Triple Alliance, which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and Triple Entente, comprised of Russia, England and France. Being the most powerful states in the world, these courtiers had their own interests and purposes which contradicted with the purposes of other states. That is why, the confrontation was inevitable. The formal reason for the war became the murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. This assassination led to the July crisis, which then turned into the first military conflicts. The First World War had begun. Having starte
Introduction Conceptual definitions allow authors to use concepts when defining other concepts. The meaning of a concept is provided in a certain piece of writing to allow readers gain knowledge about the measures being made. Conceptual definition makes it simple to analyze the content of a document. According to Churchill (1979), market research requires developing strong measures when generating conceptual definitions. He opines that the quality of measures used in developing literature on marketing determines the authenticity of a research. As such, he develops the idea that errors in developing conceptual definitions will always result into poor research results. This means that the concept of garbage in garbage out (GIGO) applies when developing conceptual frameworks. In this paper, the importance of developing conceptual definitions has been explained, alongside providing some important conceptual tools such as questionnaires. Examples of conceptual researches have been provided to explore the field of conceptual frameworks. Various authors have been identified to contribute to conceptual works. Therefore, conceptual definitions are important aspects in modern research processes, and they should be embraced to improve the quality of research done. Questionnaires Hinkin (1995) provides that questionnaires are important tools that are used to develop measures in a research. They provide a guide to develop conceptual definitions. Hinkin was of the idea that questionnaires provide researchers with a general idea about the concepts. Therefore, conceptual frameworks are linked with the questionnaires used in collecting primary data. To further explain the importance of questionnaires in a research, Hinkin was of the idea that “problems with the reliability and validity of measures used on questionnaires has often led to difficulties in interpreting the results of field research” (p. 967). Questionnaires are used to gather information about the behavior of organizational members. They give hypothesis about the relationship between and among various variables. This makes it possible to interpret meaning from a research paper. Therefore, research measures should be valid, and consistent with the variables used in a research (Hinkin, 1995). Validity of measures in MIS The validity of measures was provided in a research by MacKenzie, Podsakoff and Podsakoff (2011), when the conducted a research on Management Information System (MIS). Validating variables helps determine the best scales to be applied. MIS has been identified as an important tool in organizations, and managers ought to embrace it to achieve success in the long-term. However, very few organizations have improved their techniques of validating techniques. Validating the research variables is important because it provides the management with the authority