ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the modern world, when all countries are closely interacting with each other, such events as war can have a significant impact on the global economy. Even though the Russian invasion has just started, it has already caused a number of economic issues. The major problems include the increasing transportation costs and disruption of the global supply chain. Also, since Russia is considered to have one of the most substantial cyber warfare capabilities, worldwide cyber aggression may become a major economic threat. In the present moment, the main concern for the global economy is the disruption of supply chains that are caused by Russia engaging in the war. Russian suppliers are distributed all around the globe. More than 2100 the U.S and 1200 European firms have at least one direct supplier from Russia or Ukraine. However, regarding indirect suppliers, the number of affected organizations increases significantly, reaching about 200000 firms in the U.S. and 150000 firms in Europe. Therefore, the indirect impact of the conflict on the global supply chain is profound, which results in soaring prices for various materials and goods. The war has a significant impact on commodities and materials. Firstly, Russia is the biggest wheat exporter, and Ukraine is among the world’s top exporters of corn. The result of their economic isolation can be a price shock on food in the countries that depend on Russian and Ukrainian exports. Secondly, the invasion impacts the supply of metals and raw materials from these countries, which is a significant threat to some manufacturing companies. For instance, Russia possesses about 10% of the world’s copper reserves, apart from other metals, and Ukraine, according to experts, is a profound supplier of minerals. In addition, natural gas and oil prices are also spiking, which leads to increased transportation costs and expensive electricity. Since natural gas has become an essential source of energy, the limited supply from Russia can result in financial difficulties for manufacturers and other electricity-dependent facilities. For instance, Germany is highly dependent on natural gas in electricity production and manufacturing, making it vulnerable to a gas shortage. As a result, the export of automobiles, transport equipment, and electronics from Germany is now disrupted. While limited gas supply impedes the world’s manufacturing process, soaring oil prices interfere with global transportation. Being one of the leading oil producers, Russia made many companies paranoid about the worldwide energy supply, which has led to oil stockpiling activities and significant price increases of the fuel. However, experts suggest that the main threat to the global supply chain and econ
Introduction The culture of conducting appropriate and rational policy within a company is a must for today’s corporation inner success. Transformational attitudes from the side of a boss or between the employees tend to mutual relationships encouraging and facilitating the framework of a staff. Traditional assumption to strive for the leadership by virtues of own ambitions implemented in a desire to overwhelm all obstacles on the way of company conditions improvement. Many factors are important for providing a structurally and strategically correct policy in achieving the main aims. It concerns the issue of the whole thrift of the company. Cary L. Cooper admits in his book the following reasoning: “Any organization that seeks to establish and maintain the best state of physical, mental, and social well-being of its employees needs to have policies and procedures that comprehensively address the management of emotions at work.” (Cary L. Cooper, 269) Discussion In the case readings given the organisational behaviour is of great significance and needs analysis in order to make out the approaches of each. With regards to the cognitive dissonance it is obvious that too many cases of an employee’s initiatives can be blocked all of a sudden and creates an atmosphere of total inactivity and nonchalance within personnel. Jackie Hartnett was involved into the idea of making world better from her school years; she attempted to prevent the environment from irrational use of waste materials, such as paper, plastic and other materials suitable for recycling. Her conscious purposefulness led her to cross the threshold of Dorf Car Factory in order to make her dreams come true. Her ideas were evaluated positively by Charlie Damon who personally did not think that such innovative approaches would have the further development in the company, but, in any case, he ventures to check Jackie’s intention about the issue. The conflicts of interests are common in companies. In fact, it is a result of the ideological, emotional and temperamental struggle between top employees. Jackie’s example gains momentum in case with a gender difference with her director. Such factor touches predominantly the theme of leadership in the company. Constructive leadership is not just charismatic occurrence of a man’s background of the character at a glance. It presupposes concrete actions, attitudes and results of work done independently from the gender and a potential which is supposed accordingly. A Journal of Research in turn outlines the idea above by following quote: Eagly and Johnson’s (1990) meta-analysis of gender differences in leadership revealed mixed findings. An analysis of task-oriented style and interpersonal oriented style showed that women and men did not differ on these dimensions in organizational studies. Differences were noted for studies in which the sample did not formally hold a leadership position (experimental and assessment studies). (Sally A. Carless, 1998) Jackie had imp
Macy’s is a group of department stores based in America. The organization, founded in 1929, has a number of stores with one in New York City being recognized as the largest in the world since 1924. As with several other retail outlets, Macy’s department stores have experienced and are still under the threat of employee and customer theft. Employee theft has, in the past, contributed to the “shrinkage” of many retail chains (DeMasi, 2006). Similarly, the theft and pilferages at Marcy’s have impacted negatively on the company. In this case, appropriates security policies and measures are essential in guarding the goals of the organization. The Impacts of theft A study conducted in 1991 by the University of Florida relating to the retail industry revealed that employee theft was the main cause of retail chain shrinkage; or rather inventory loss (Bailey, 2006). Theft by both customers and employees is linked negatively to an organization’s performance in terms of profits and returns. For instance, loss of inventory may result in a retail store recording a negative return if the value of the stolen goods exceeds the net returns. Although pilferage has a small effect on the company’s profits, accumulated loss through pilferage for a long time period is substantial enough to scare away investors and shareholders in a given organization (DeMasi, 2006). Worse is the fact that pilferage activities are difficult to be discovered and most of the time remain undiscovered due to their nature of occurrence (DeMasi, 2006). All in all, pilferage reduces the actual income results of a retail store, and in this case at Macy’s. At Macy’s, theft has also been associated with the management and includes such activities as swindling, embezzlement, bribery, and skimming. In this case, the management of the retail store shifts their focus from the main objective, which is to make profits and concentrates on fulfilling the individual interests. Here, the retail chain suffers in many ways: one is the poor services to customers since funds are mismanaged and diverted. Consequently, a lack of efficient and proper services to the customers leads to their dissatisfaction. It is well known that customers are the building block of any business enterprise and losing them means losing business and profits (DeMasi, 2006). Theft of ideas and information is another cause for alarm for the retails store. Macy’s department store has experienced a loss of employees due to various claims (Case, 2002). Of interest is that some of these employees utilize the store’s business ideas and strategy to initiate their own enterprises. The impact of this occurrence is very profound since these enterprises use the same strategies or modify these strategies, and becomes rivals to worry about. Sometimes, these employees may use the ideas and information gathered from the retail store for sabotage purposes. For instance, these employees may engage in spreading messages of hate about the stores to its customers using the store’s real data. Moreover, theft of ideas, trade secrets, and designs affects the retail store’s employees in that probable ex
Research Question You are the Supervisor of a store in Bridgeport. John and Mark are your employees working at your store. John and Mark work very closely with your Assistant Supervisor, Jane, who has invited both men out separately to lunch on several occasions to discuss ideas about the store. Mark claims that during some of these lunch meetings, Jane has made several suggestive comments to him. Mark has not told Jane to stop these comments or reported the matter to you or any other supervisor. On Jane’s recommendation, you have promoted John and not Mark to Store Manager. In Jane’s assessment, she claimed that Mark was lazy and didn’t do his assignments on time. Jane has never indicated this to Mark, and there is no documentation in his file. As a matter of fact, Jane told Mark that he was doing a fine job before you promoted John. Mark is very upset that he did not get the promotion and has decided to go to the EEOC to report that he is being discriminated against and that you are retaliating against him because he felt pressured to form sexual relationship with Jane but didn’t. You laugh at Mark because who is going to believe that a man was being sexually harassed? Do you think that Mark has a case against Jane? In your opinion was there retaliation because Mark did not follow up on Jane’s suggestions? Introduction Sexual harassment is essentially a type of gender discrimination that is based on sexual matters by offending one of the parties involved (ERA 1). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines sexual harassment as when a worker is sexually intimidated such that their work performance is unreasonably affected (Doyle 1). Sexual harassment is said to be physical, verbal or visual conducts that ends up affecting the environment for working by making it hostile for the affected individuals. It could take the form of gestures, unwanted jokes, invitation to dates, unwanted flirting, touching of body parts such as the waist just to mention but a few (Heathfield 1). Sexual harassment involves people of either same sexes or different sexes. A male worker or a female worker is prone to sexual harassment from an individual of either sex. Sexual harassment has many effects on the affected victims with the most common being retaliation from the employers or bosses. Most employers and even leaders in an organisation tend to use the positions they hold to sexually harass the employees and junior persons of the organisation. Those who fail to succumb to their needs end up facing hostile working environment such as demotion, denied promotion, po
Ethical Concerns As with many public services, management of public administration in healthcare holds the responsibility and objective to provide for the public good at the highest ethical standards. Healthcare is a service which is highly disparate in terms of populations based on socio-economic or racial factors, while it is critical for public administration to promote social equality. Two ethical concerns that are relevant to healthcare are fiscal responsibility and equitable distribution of public resources. Fiscal responsibility is crucial when working with community-owned public resources. Funds should be transparent and face regular audits to ensure observance of local and federal regulations. Mismanagement of funds to support private gain can occur, particularly in healthcare where there are numerous private industry agents such as insurance companies, pharmaceutical corporations, and even private hospitals seeking public funding. Excess spending on healthcare in the United States results from too high prices and unnecessary administrative waste. Therefore, fiscal responsibility is vital to competently manage funds within budget constraints without negatively affecting public good (Tran, Zimmerman, & Fielding, 2017) Health disparities are a significant public health policy concern, which is partially dependent on proper funding and distribution of health resources. Recent regulation under the Affordable Care Act has bridged some divides by offering insurance coverage to many of those who lacked it. However, community resources in areas of poorer socioeconomic status are often lacking with a larger amount of funding going to more affluent areas. Although disparities occur due to a complex mix of social, environmental, individual, and health system factors, public health administration has the responsibility to ensure equitable access to quality healthcare and funding (DeSalvo et al., 2017). Organizational Structure Organizational structure directly impacts organizational ethics because it inherently defines decision-making activities. Structure establishes leadership and levels of hierarchy, thus creating formal reporting relationships, a system of checks and balances, and coordination. Organizational structure creates departments according to the needs of the entity and defines communication channels and systems of integration. There are centralized and decentralized structures, which impact ethical behavior. For example, centralized organizations have a concentration of power at the executive level which can potentially promote unethical behavior because there is little scope for accountability. Furthermore, there is little upward communication in such structure, therefore managers may not be aware of unethical behavior in low level employees. At the same time, decentralized structures may also promote unethical behavior. Due to individual responsibility and delegation
Introduction By definition eMarketplace could be conceptualized as a “virtual space” used by consumers and sellers to exchange goods and services and carry out other business transactions. Activities that take place in an eMarketplace are not different from those in the conventional physical market. There is exchange of information, buying or selling goods and at the same time services are also exchanged (Chua et al., 2005). Many industries within the marketplace currently run their core processes electronically; these include activities such as e-booking of travels, e-shops for goods, e-banking amongst others. This proves that most of the traditional means such as face-to-face and phone services have received transformation to online self-services. Web-based information systems have since affected various stakeholders within the market since most of them differ in terms of culture, level of education as well as computer skills and financial needs. EMarketplace provides excellent means which is utilized for the purposes of continuously reaching and involving heterogeneous users and the same time helps in obtaining insights on current and future needs of the market. Literature review that prove the need of introducing a dynamic eMarketplace key stages lifecycle The applications of dynamic virtual enterprises that are made for the purposes of pursuing specific market opportunities prove to be very relevant within the market economy. This is because vendors known to have excess capacities could use such technologies as eMarketplace to easily partner and communicate with others concerning rising market opportunities within new industries which they could be unable to pursue by themselves. It could also be defined to as an inter-organizational information system which allows for the interaction of sellers and buyers in the process of exchanging information concerning prices and their prices (Omera and Bernard, 2007). According to Chua (2005), most of the theory revolving around the ownership of eMarketplace has been portrayed as substandard. However, several tactics could be applied for the purposes of achieving the intended goals within the marketplace. These include implementation and clear definition of eMarketplace structure. The question concerning structure and ownership has great impact on the overall success of the eMarketplace. Initiation Stage This stage comes at the point where performance lags aspirations; it is contrary to when a firm performs well which prompts decision makers to avoid adopting innovations. There exists some sub-stages within the initiation stage which include agenda-setting and matching whereby the firm collect information as well as building innovation knowledge, there is also examination of the relevance and appropriateness of eMarketplace to both organization and consumers and finally decision making on adoption process. The process of implementing eMarketplace takes several steps that ensure that the pro
Introduction Marriage institution has been facing dire challenges since the onset of the twentieth century. This is highly attributed to changing lifestyles. As values in the society go through myriad changes, many people tend to consider marriage optional. Many who get into the institution have no plan of staying therein for their lifetime. Despite the negative sentiments among stakeholder concerning marriage, it is an institution that is imperative in the society. Divorce is not the solution to challenges in marriage since it results in poverty, instability and unstable environment for children. Poverty Personal analysis shows that marriage institution helps partners to garner resources. This is both material and financial resources. In many marriages, there is the sharing of responsibilities like payment of house rent, electricity bills and general upkeep of family members. This sharing helps families to save for the future. It also makes it easy for families to invest the savings in viable ventures. This results in a situation where there is financial stability within such families. It is notable that better decisions concerning financial management are mostly made in marriage set up due to prior analysis by spouses. This leads to better spending. On the other hand, divorce leads to a situation where one partner stays with children. In most cases, the mother is given custody of children. In some cases, both parents may be given custody of some children. This means that each parent has to pay his own house rent, electricity bills and hospital bills among other expenditures. In most cases, the funds are never sufficient in sustaining the family and thus no saving. In some cases, one partner may not be working hence financial struggles. Personal analysis shows that due to this situation, some children are usually left to the streets to fend for themselves. Some single parents opt to move to the streets and poverty creeps in the family. In the long run, the families are not able to have necessities such as food shelter and clothing. This shows that marriage should be sustained to minimise poverty that emanates from divorce. Unstable environment for children Marriage set up is mostly known for giving children a highly stable environment for growth. This is where they have both paternal and maternal love. The children are also able to get discipline from both parents. This usually leads to emotional stability in their adulthood. They are able to learn from both parents on how to handle opposite sex in their adulthood. On the other hand, divorce results in situations where only one parent takes care of children. This leads to children lacking maternal or paternal love; this is an unstable environment for children. They lack guidance from one or even both parties. It is extremely challenging for a
Introduction There is mounting evidence that sexual assault and harassment are widespread and recurring challenges among college women in spite of the fact that most colleges and universities in the United States have put in place sexual assault prevention and risk reduction programs to address the ever rising levels of sexual aggression targeted at women (Jozkowski, Peterson, Sanders, Dennis, & Reece, 2014; Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher, & Martin, 2009). A number of studies categorize the reasons why sexual assault and harassment among college women are on the increase into three main groups, namely developmental and socialization dynamics, beliefs and personality factors, and situational characteristics (Jozkowski et al., 2014; Krebs et al., 2009; Warkentin & Gidycz, 2007). This paper argues that most prevention programs aimed at addressing sexual assault and harassment underline the need to counsel victims and perpetrators, but fail to look deeply into the various dynamics that continue to fuel aggression against women in college and hence are ineffective in minimizing incidences of sexual assault and harassment. Context of Issue Krebs et al (2009) report that sexual assault and harassment of college women require closer scrutiny, as between 20 and 25 percent of women studying in American colleges and universities are raped during the course of their college life in spite of the existence of various sexual assault prevention programs. Jozkowski et al (2014) cite other researchers to acknowledge that many of these programs are ineffective as they lay much focus on advising individuals to obtain consent in the context of a sexual dyad and hence fail to take into consideration “the contextual factors that impact the expression and interpretation of consent (e.g., gender roles, gender stereotypes about sexual behavior, or sociocultural expectations and influences regarding appropriate sexual communication)” (p. 904). Another seminal paper on preventing sexual violence in college campuses notes that most college-based sexual assault prevention programs fail to deliver as they concentrate on brief, one-session educational interventions to shift awareness and beliefs rather than comprehensive, multiple-session interventions aimed at addressing attitudes, social norms, policy and safety concerns, and healthy relationship skills (DeGue, 2014). Drawing from these elaborations, it is clear that most of these prevention programs have failed to address the various social dynamics that continue to expose women to elevated risks of sexual assault and harassment, as demonstrated below. Constraints to the Effectiveness of Sexual Assault Prevention Programs Developmental and Socialization Dynamics There is an underlying concern that most sexual assault prevention programs fail to address the developmental and socialization dynamics that are often blamed for in