ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In her book Final Exam: A Surgeon’s Reflections on Mortality, Pauline Chen concentrates on the problem of doctors’ attitude to the fact of patients’ dying and analyzes the doctors’ behavior in relation to her own experience and practice. Dr. Chen states that death as a situation is traditionally depersonalized by doctors in the hospital. However, it is important to deviate from the general discussion of the problem of mortality in hospital and pay attention to Dr. Chen’s considerations about the possibility to provide the patients with the opportunity to die at home instead of staying in the hospital. Patients should receive the chance to die at home where the surroundings are familiar, the relatives are present, and death is perceived as a sacred act. According to Dr. Chen, the doctors’ approaches to resolving the situation of the patients’ dying are rather confusing because of the fact the patients’ death is the real challenge not only for relatives but also for doctors. The possibility to provide the necessary care and treatment at home for those patients who are incurables is a good alternative to avoid a lot of problematic situations in hospital. Moreover, dying at home, sick people can feel the relatives’ attitude to them and their care in the situation when the humane attitude is significant, but many doctors often resist the desire to express their empathic emotions to the patients and their relatives. Dr. Chen supports her argument with examples from real practice according to which it is possible to conclude that the decision to let incurable patients die at home is the effective method to resolve the ethical aspects of the medical problem of mortality in hospitals.
Companies today are highly dependent on complex information technology systems. This trend of relying on the system has grown gradually, but the downside of it is that it has made most companies’ asset base vulnerable. The machinery that used to represent much of the tangible asset base for most companies in the olden days has since been replaced by intangible assets that come in the form of software applications. Currently enterprise resource planning and supply chain management systems are out of sight, but still play a substantial part in revenue and profit creation or generation. Their impact on a company’s ability to function and retain their reputation is very much tangible and this will usually manifest itself when they breakdown (Batchelor). Many companies are accused of poor management of their software “estate.” This may involve a network of interlocking applications of different eras, which are complicated by attempts of making patches and work-arounds aimed at meeting the immediate needs of a business. If companies poorly understand the licensing arrangement stipulate, they may end up paying massive amounts and at times double the initial cost for permissions they are already allowed. They may also at times incur extra charges or costs when they opt to extend the use beyond what is within the permitted range. Finance directors are torn between capitalizing their spending on licensing arrangements on software, which at times can considerably long-term, or whether to account for this spending as an operating expense. Analysts believe that capitalizing your IT spending shows that a person believes that it has the potential to deliver future value. Critics of this proposal claim that it can cause unforeseen problems, and therefore, capitalizing on the IT should not be seen as a way to deliver future value. According to Mike Mobby, who is a partner as well as the lead of the finance consulting practice at Deloitte, a business consultancy group, “There is a trend to treat IT
Outline Criminal investigation requires the collection of evidence at the scene of a crime, followed by an analysis of the specimen to come up with evidence. One of the most widely used forms of evidence as fingerprints, which are collected through various techniques and later developed using specific chemicals or optical means. The following term paper discusses different fingerprint detection techniques used by criminal investigating officers and law enforcement agencies. Research areas include a generalized approach to the detection and enhancement of fingerprints and the role of optical techniques. It also includes types of fingerprints that may be collected at the crime scene as well as effects of different types of surfaces such as porous or non-porous on the response of various chemicals. Introduction Although in the recent past there has been a lot of advancement in DNA profiling, personal identification is still considered best if it is based on fingerprints during a criminal investigation. According to Henry (2001, p. 57), “for the last 20 years, there has been a great improvement in fingerprint detection as a result of concerted efforts by different research groups on a global scale”. The purpose of this term paper is to explain the current techniques applicable to law enforcement agencies. These techniques are applied in routine detection as well as in enhancing latent fingerprints located on various services. General Approach Jones (1993) argues that criminal investigation officers apply optical, chemical, and physical techniques in detecting and enhancing latent fingerprints. However, the best results are achieved if the techniques are applied to follow a logical sequence. Research has shown that detected fingerprints may be increased if several techniques and reagents are applied. A variety of techniques also enhances the quality of already developed fingerprints. Whichever process is applied, it is imperative that a systematic approach is used in a predetermined order. This is because any choice that is incorrect or when only one method has been used is likely to preclude the latter use of other techniques or even reduce its effectiveness. Depending on the prevailing circumstance, best detection techniques depend on factors such as the nature of the surface; on whether it is porous, smooth or rough. It also depends on whether the collected specimen such as blood was contaminated, environmental factors regarding whether the surface was wet or dry as well as the likely age of finger marks collected for evidence. Any sequence of fingerprint detection should heavily emphasize optical techniques as they do no
Difference between a Mixture and a Compound A mixture is a combination of two or more materials which can be separated. When forming a mixture, there is no chemical reaction that takes place and so no new substance is formed. When the constituents of a mixture are combined they can be physically separated (Tillery, Enger & Ross, 2008). A good example is a mixture of sand and iron. When the two elements are mixed they don’t result to a new substance, but instead they form a mixture which can later be separated by use of a magnet. The magnet will pick the iron leaving behind the sand. On the other hand, a compound is formed as a result of bonding between various elements. These elements are in a fixed ratio. When constitutes of a compound are chemically combined they result into a new substance. The constituents of a compound are normally divided into their core elements by chemical means. This chemical separation method involves several procedures. Difference between a Compound and an Element A combination of various atoms from different substances results to the formation of a compound. For example, Carbon dioxide consists of Carbon ions and Oxygen ions which are held together by electrical attraction. In contrast, an element is made up of same type of atom (Tillery, Enger & Ross, 2008). For example, Oxygen has one molecule so it exits independently. A compound can be broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions while elements cannot be broken down thus one can be able to identify whether a substance is a compound or an element through chemical reactions. For instance, Carbon monoxide, which is a compound, can be broken down through a chemical reaction to form Carbon and Oxygen atoms while Oxygen, which is an element, cannot be broken into simpler substances. Also, one can identify whether a substance is a compound or an element by looking at the periodic table. In the periodic table, elements have only one capital letter for example, Calcium which is written as Ca. A substance can be identified as a compound or an element by looking at the equation. If the equation has more than one capital letters, then it is a compound, but if there is only one capital letter, it is an element (Tillery, Enger & Ross, 2008). Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bond Ionic bond is a bond formed between a non metal and a metal while a covalent bond is a bond formed between two non metals. Ionic bond is formed when the sharing of electron is imbalanced thus the electron from atom X is completely lost to atom Y whereas the covalent bond is formed when the two atoms are able to share the electrons equally. Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound while covalent bond is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms (Stoker, 2012). Covalent bond has a definite shape while ionic bond had no definite shape. According to Stoker (2012), Ionic bonds have higher melting and boiling points compared to covalent bonds this is because in ionic b
No Child Left Behind is one of the main principles of the educational system of the United States. It is very important to have determined well-organized principles and methods of studying for students to be more successful in achieving academic grades. It was a big step forward to create such program where all students would be chanced to get a better quality of education with the personal approach to each student. It goes without saying that the surest way to discredit public schools is not to leave any child behind. I think it is the most crucial transformation in the American educational system over the past decade. The federal funding for schools has been increased and the standard of teaching improved which resulted in the higher level of students’ knowledge recorded by the nationwide standardized test. One of the main advantages of this program is that parents have a right to choose a public school for their children. It is comfortable both for parents and schools in particular as children are allotted to the classes according to their abilities and the level of knowledge. Since the level of success is judged by the level of students’ academic performance, it is important to provide all the necessary means and conditions for the students to have the best grades. The disadvantages of NCLB program is that it has not been worked out for those who have health problems and measured abilities and can not study in public schools. I think the program would be more precious if it is created for such people as they are in need more than any other students. One more disadvantage is that government of the United States can not allocate enough money to support all ideas of the program which slows down the process and further development of the program. Nevertheless, according to the data, the achieved result can already be called successful comparing to the level of performance over the past years. As for me, I think this program is effective enough as a lot of opportunities have been given to those who could not afford a good level of education. However, as it was already said, it makes government spend a good amount of money to satisfy all needs. Actually, talking about the real necessity of such program, it is po
Sociology can be understood as the study of social change, life, and the social consequences and causes of human behavior. It tries to investigate the structure of persons, organizations as well as societies, and how people interact in these contexts. Sociology mainly assesses the structure by probing the dynamics of the constituent components of society (Go, 2017). Furthermore, it tries to study the social status, changes, and movements, and the social disorders inform of deviance, crime, and revolutions. Social life awesomely controls human’s behavior since the human tends to lack the intrinsic instinct that helps in the guide of animal’s behavior (Go, 2017). Therefore, human relies on social organizations and institutions to inform their actions and decisions. The concept of global inequality might be a contemporary issue, but the disparity between cross-cultures and distant people has a long history, for it was an experience before it becomes an object of statistics and quantification. In most cases, global inequality involves the centralization of resources in certain groups of nations that directly affects persons living within the less powerful countries of the world (Go, 2017). Sociology critically focuses on the reproduction and creation of inequality. The major arrears of social inequality include access to better healthcare, education, quality, and affordable housing, freedom of speech and assembly, and voting right, among many others. As stated by the famous quote by Haruki Murakami, “the World is an inherently unfair place,” this has seen the rise of equality fighters who are trying to voice the rights of the oppressed. For instance, t
The Disposable Soma Theory of Biological Aging This theory was put forward by Thomas Kirkwood, and it posits that the limited amount of energy found in all organisms is divided between the reproductive functions and maintenance of non-reproductive (soma) activities. Additionally, the theory notes that aging entails various degrading processes, which give rise to the accumulation of damages. However, the organism compensates for these damages at the expense of reproductive functions. Moreover, since older animals experience minimal evolution effects as a result of the accumulation of damage, Kirkwood (1979, p. 531) notes that there is no need for animals to waste energy resources for maintenance functions while neglecting the reproductive functions to live far beyond the reproductive age. As a result, the disposable soma theory links reproduction to lifespan processes by stating that the evolutionary significance of life declines as the organisms advance to reproductive maturity (Kirkwood, 1979, p. 538). Furthermore, the linkage between lifespan and reproduction is so rigid that the evolutional value of life cannot be achieved without encountering some adverse effects such as aging (Kirkwood, 1979, p. 546). The Free-radical Theory of Aging and its Implications for Healthy Aging Free radicals are those atoms containing unpaired electrons. The free radical theory has it that the radicals produced by body cells can also destroy them, and as a result, the aging of cells occurs (Nelson, n.d., par. 1). Here, the mitochondrion forms the primary target of the free radical-induced damage to cells because the free radicals are produced by the same cells, which produce chemical energy in an organism. Conversely, studies conducted on laboratory animals show that the eradication of the free radicals from the body can increase the maximum lifespan (Nelson, n.d., par. 2-6). As a result, there is evidence to link the effect of free radicals on cells to some aspects of aging. However, additional studies show that dietary antioxidants, which are known to eliminate free radicals, cannot increase the maximum lifespan because they are unable to penetrate the mitochondrial cells producing radicals. Accordingly, the free radical theory of aging implies that healthy aging can be achieved through dietary restrictions and the consumption of some dietary supplements. Here, the proponents of the theory argue that despite the dietary antioxidants failing to increase the maximum lifespan, there is evidence to show that some supplements such as vitamin E and C are very beneficial in terms of increasing the survival rate of organisms until they reach maximum lifespan (Nelson, n.d., par. 10). The effect of aging changes on the resting and exercising heart At rest, the heart rate of an elderly person is less than that of a young healthy person. Here, it is worth noting that the signaling mechanism of the sympathetic nervous system declines with age, and thus, the ability to signal the pacemaker is reduced. Moreover, some pathways of the sympathetic nervous system lose some functions due to fat deposition and the development of fibrous tissues. F
The following report is a description based on the information obtained from the participants involved in the study of a skin cancer prevention trial. Variables There are a total of 385 participants with an age range of 25 to 74. Among these, 172 members are males and 213 are females. Their body mass indices are 18.5-24.9 kg/M 2 in 151 normal-weight subjects, 25-29.9 in 168 overweight subjects, and above 30 in 66 obese subjects. A normal cholesterol level of less than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L and a high level of more than 5.5 mmol/l was observed in 178 and 207 subjects, respectively. Their mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are 1.49 mmol/l, with a maximum of 3.78 mmol/l and a minimum of 0.71mmol/l. A high blood pressure (B.P) was observed in only 104 subjects. Scientific Hypotheses The cholesterol levels vary with age linearly. This is evident from the report that at the age of 25, cholesterol levels were 3.29 mmol/L, and at 74, the levels were 9.19 mmol/L. Next, high B.P is strongly associated with abnormal BMI. This is evident from the report that 28 of 66 obese subjects (42.4%) are showing high BP status compared to 55 of 168 overweight subjects (32.7%), and 21 of 151 normal-weight subjects (13.9%).HDL levels have differed with slight significance between males and females. An abnormal mean value of 1.3034 mmol/L in males and the normal mean value of 1.6457 mmol/L in females. Further, the mean HDL levels are slightly abnormal in obese weight and overweight BMI groups. Data Summary Based on the above information on each identified variable, it can be summarized that subjects with mean values of 50 years and 26.4 kg/m 2 BMI have mean levels of 5.7 mmol/L cholesterol, 1.78 mmol/L triglycerides, and 1.49 mmol/L HDL. Here mean values were given importance as they are significant in furnishing valuable information on interpretation. Data Comparison The first hypothesis can be tested by a simple correlation test since a linear relationship between the two variables age and cholesterol could be easily determined. Cholesterol levels were found to increase with age. This may indicate that cholesterol levels gradually turn abnormal following the advancement of age and might contribute to further risk of Coronary heart disease (CHD). The second hypothesis can be tested by ANOVA test because there are 3 different groups of BMI identified. Here, ANOVA can better help in finding the differences in cholesterol between the BMI classes or groups. Since high B.P was found to be associated with BMI, it may indicate that blood pressure is likely to elevate with high BMI. Therefore, patients with high BMI may be at an increased risk of high B.P initiated disorders. To test the third hyp
This week’s article analysis focuses on change from individual to team work at the workplace. Most organizations are in search of a strategy for viable teamwork. Internal competition is detrimental to the progress of an organization (Webber, 2000). Conflicts that arise during teamwork generate diversity of ideas (Maruca, 2001). This enables an organization to solve problems quickly and confidently face challenges (Kirsner, 1988). Moreover, effective teamwork helps diminish politics and bring on board vital issues for discussion (Maruca, 2001). High commitment to team work generates clarity on issues and aligns the entire organization to a common objective. Furthermore, teamwork enables members to develop the capacity to learn from mistakes, move or change course without hesitation (Maruca, 2001). Accountability in an organizational team ensures that poor performers feel the need to improve (Maruca, 2001). Unlike in teamwork, individuality does not provide an effective basis for evaluation. Therefore, an individual may continue performing something in a wrong way since one is not pressured to be accountable for one’s actions. Such teams are also able promptly to identify problems (Kirsner, 1988). In addition, accountability creates respect among team members and eliminates extra bureaucracy around performance supervision and corrective measures (Maruca, 2001). Teamwork also emphasizes pooled results (Maruca, 2001). Therefore, organizations that embrace teamwork are able to hold on to achievement-oriented workers. In contrast, individuality promotes undercutting the efforts of the others for immediate benefits. Therefore, team work eliminates individualistic approach to the tasks. However, dysfunctions associated with teamwork are unavoidable. Individuality must be integrated in team work. Harmony must be established in order to achieve tangible results. Establishing trust in a team requires an effective manager (Maruca, 2001). His/her role is to create an enabling environment where individual members are free to interact and comfortable with revealing their susceptibility. Such an environment enables team members to realize their shortcomings (Kirsner, 1988). In contrast, it is difficult to evaluate one’s limitations, when working as an individual (Maruca, 2001). A positive team culture is facilitated by appropriate conflict management skills (Maruca, 2001). A conflict may spill over into the entire organization affecting operations of the business. Challenging other team members is encouraged if provided as a benefit for the entire team (Maruca, 2001). Consequently, managers should not interfere when team members engage in a conflict. This will enable the members develop conflict management skills (Kirsner, 1988). Most importantly, conflicts should be based on the issues relevant rather to the team and organization in general than to the personal disagreements (Maruca, 2001). Commitment is also vital in any