ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Today, more than ever before, advertising practitioners face ethical and social responsibility concerns that are common to all professionals, but they also stumble upon issues related to factors unique to the advertising industry. Despite some academic and popular debate of ethics and social responsibility challenges in advertising, ranging from their sweeping social ramifications to consumer insights of potentially distasteful advertisements, new and more complex challenges continue to present, in part, due to convergence of technology and today’s fractionalized media market place (Drumwright & Murphy, 2004 p. 7). The challenges are further propelled by the fact that advertisements, in their most comprehensive nature, reach deeply into our most fundamental concerns, predominantly in as far as our interpersonal and family relationships, influence on target audiences, the desertion of cultural traditions, and the role of advertisement in society are concerned (Leiss et al., 1990 p. 1). Using a case study approach and comprehensive review of relevant literature, this paper will seek to illuminate the role advertisement plays in society. In particular, the paper will focus attention to ethics and social responsibility issues in advertisement, and how these issues affect or influences the role advertisement plays in the social setting. Additionally, the paper will seek to explicate some basic economic assumptions and how they can be
Research is an essential part of nursing practice which collects and analyzes information to produce conclusions for future application. According to Grove, Gray, and Faan, “nursing research is a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice”. Every research should follow specific criteria to be reliable; for example, nursing studies always have a framework and particular designs. The four study designs (correlational, descriptive, quasi-experimental, and experimental) are used to research essential phenomena. I suppose that any credible study should be based on proved theory, described with a framework, and follow one of the designs. The conclusions from studies improve nursing practice, refine applied methods, and develop the delivery system by adding empirical knowledge and experience. Reference Grove, S. K., Gray, J. R., & Faan, P. R. (2019). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Introduction A fishbone diagram (FD) is an important tool used to conduct a cause-and-effect analysis during project management to determine the possible solutions for an identified problem. Though, as a project management tool, it is simple, FD is effective and allows an individual to understand the root causes of certain issues during the implementation of projects. FD is also known as an Ishikawa diagram or a cause-and-effect diagram. The credit of designing the framework and introducing it to the contemporary quality management area belongs to Professor Kaoru Ishikawa, who made a range of breakthroughs in quality management in the 1960s. The name “fishbone” comes from the shape of the completed diagram after conducting a cause and effect analysis; the diagram appears like a fish skeleton. FD helps project managers to understand the causes and effects of performance-related problems by providing a visualization of the processes involved in the project. Nevertheless, FDs are widely used as a tool for decision-making and the improvement of quality rates in the performance of the organization or a particular team of experts. How the Fishbone Tool Helps in Project Management FD is useful in brainstorming the issues that cause specific complications during project management. Exploring all the factors that cause serious problems in projects helps in determining the available solutions and identifying them as either adequate or lacking efficacy (Andler, 2012). Project managers recommend such approaches because they help in producing a holistic solution to the problem rather than solving a small portion of the identified issue. Consequently, FDs help in preventing recurrent problems while implementing or managing projects through the development and sustenance of corrective actions against system failures. Project managers often use the 5 Why’s tool in conjunction with FD to identify root causes of problems during the project management. The use of FD involves a combination of brainstorming and mind mapping to evaluate all the potential causative factors of problems rather than limiting the analysis to the most obvious factors. Creation of the Fishbone Diagram The design of FD involves six major steps:   * drawing a problem statement;   * drawing the primary cause categories;   * brainstorming the potential causes;   * categorizing the causes;   * determini
Introduction China has achieved a rapid economic growth and development in the last three decades. Currently, China is the second largest economy in the world. As the country continues to develop rapidly, it is expected to have a great influence on economic and political issues in the world. In this respect, the possible impact of the rise of China on the world economy has been interpreted in different ways by various scholars. This paper will discuss Minqi Li’s analysis of the rise of China. The discussion will shed light on Minqi Li’s interpretation of China’s history. The significance of labor militancy and environmental degradation in China will also be discussed. In addition, the paper will discuss the effect of the rise of China on global capitalism. Interpretation of China’s History Revolution Period Several violent revolutions occurred in China between the mid 19 th century and the mid 20 th century. Integration of China into the capitalist world economy was the main cause of the revolutions (Li 9-11). During the revolution, there were competing political and economic ideologies in China. In politics, the country was divided between those who believed in the political party system of governance and those who preferred the dynastic system of governance. For instance, the Nationalist Party overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911. However, the party lost leadership after Yuan became an emperor. Generally, China lacked a strong system of governance during the revolution period due to the varied political ideologies that were held by the ruling class. China was also characterized by social classes that believed in capitalism and those that believed in socialism. The capitalists consisted of the bourgeoisies who dominated the domestic and international trade. The socialists, on the other hand, included peasants and workers (Li 10-12). The capitalists failed to lead the country due to their small number and limited access to financial capital. As a result, socialism became the main economic system after the Communist Party came to power. Thus, the main achievement of the revolutions was the creation of a new state whose leadership was expected to fulfill the political and economic expectations of the majority of
Animal testing is described as a procedure involving vivisection and/or In vivo testing of animals for experimentation or research. In the pursuit of what is known as scientific progress, animals have fallen victims of distress in the process. Throughout history, human has employed animals in carrying out various activities as beasts of burden, for companionship and food. However, animal testing was particularly developed along with medical inventions. It dates back during the ancient Greece, applied by Hippocrates and Aristotle, who established the structural and functional component of human body through animal dissections (Athanasiou & Darzi 208). During the Cartesian philosophy at around seventeenth century, animal testing was employed with hardly any ethical issue arising as a result. Rene Descartes for instance, maintained that man possessed a mind and could feel pain while animals had none and therefore, could not feel pain. However, these perceptions were later opposed by Jeremy Bentham (Office of Technology Assessment, Congress 75). The topic of animal testing has continued to trigger several ethical and legal issues in pursuit of questioning its legitimacy. Following the fulfillment of the procedures on animals, they are euthanized in efforts to reduce their suffering. Animals, like human can feel physical, psychological and emotional pain, and therefore, it is morally incorrect to facilitate their suffering due to continued experimentation with them. Even with advocacy of humane way of treating these animals by animal rights groups, it is never enough since these experiments always causes them to suffer, which infringe on their rights. The purpose of this paper is to define animal testing within a historical context, establish ethical and legal issues surrounding the acts, discuss animal liberation movements, arguments in support and against the act of animal testing as part of the debate on animal rights and most importantly, alternatives to animal testing. Generally, this paper shall try to question the legitimacy of animal testing and give a recommendation of alternative non-animal approaches. Factors Attributed to the Rise in Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation heightened when anesthetics were introduced in the medical field. Besides, the Darwinian Origin of Species defended the biological resemblances between animals and human hence resulting to a rise in animal experiments. Today, there has been a rise in demand for sophisticated animal models as well as rising controversial debates regarding animal experimentation. These aspects contributed to the establishment of Laboratory Animal Science during the nineteen fifties, guided by 3R principles (Baumans pr.1). This is a multidisciplinary approach in the field, which has enhanced the animal testing standards and their welfare. There has been a rising conc
Introduction Background In the healthcare environment, patients usually acquire nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common among patients who have indwelling catheters in their urinary tract. The use of catheters among patients is a very delicate practice because it increases the susceptibility of a patient to infections. According to Greene, Marx, & Oriola (2008), CAUTIs ranks second as the cause of nosocomial infections because they contribute about 36% of nosocomial infections that occur in intensive care units or acute care hospitals. CAUTIs usually result in complications such as orchitis, epididymis, prostatitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and septic arthritis, which are common in the intensive care units. In addition, Greene, Marx, and Oriola (2008) reports that CAUTIs cause about 13,000 deaths annually besides prolonging the length of stay in hospital and increasing medical costs. Owing to increased medical costs, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have ruled that they will not compensate for the additional medical costs due to CAUTIs (Saint, Meddings, Calfee, Kowalski, & Krein, 2009). In this view, healthcare centers are struggling to improve the quality of medical services that they provide to patients to prevent the occurrence of CAUTIs. Therefore, this essay develops a quality improvement plan that targets reducing the prevalence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in healthcare facilities. Major Players of the Quality Improvement Plan As a quality im
Without My Cloak “Without My Cloak” is a novel that was distinguished as the first literary mark for Kate O’Brien published in 1931. Being raised in a middle-class family herself, O’Brien accurately transferred the way of life in Ireland, outlining in parallel some of its defects by ridiculing the values and the restrictions that can limit one’s freedom. Plot Summary The novel tells the story of the Considine family in different generations, starting with Anthony Considine, who set the beginning of the story creeping into Mellick town with a stolen house in 1789. The Considine family became a leading family in Mellick, where the thrift and hard work of Anthony and subsequently his son Honest John established the image of a typical middle-class family. This image was put to a threat, when Dennis, John’s grandson, fell in love with a peasant girl, starting a series of events that represent a loss of individuality, divided loyalties, and the alienation of family life. Salomon, Otto Salomon, Otto (1849 – 1907), is a Swedish teacher and educator, mostly known for his contribution to the Swedish system of handicraft-based education (Sloyd), and being the initiator of its introduction in national schools. From 1872 he was the principal of a vocational school for boys, and from 1882 “Salomon concentrated his activities on the teacher-training school, lecturing and organizing for the further training of elementary school-teachers. Salomon believed that education should begin with consecutive tasks following one after another with growing difficulty, rather than separate exercises. His book “Handbok i pedagogisk snickerislöjd”(1890) [Handbook on Educational Woodwork] was translated into several languages. Homeokinetics Homeokinetics is the study of complex systems from an atomistic point of view as a set of moving particles. The main idea of homeokinetics is treating all complex systems on an equal footing, animate and inanimate, providing them with a common viewpoint. The concept of homeokinetics as a branch of physics was developed by Arthur Iberall and Warren Mculloch, and started as biophysical research conducted by Iberall for the NASA exobiology program. The key concepts of homeokinetics were refined after Iberall was invited to the Crump Institute for Medical Engineering of UCLA in 1981.   * Notable Scientist using homeokinetics   * Richard Baum   * Frank L. Hassler   * Rudolfo Llinás   * William Mace   * Alexander Moore   * Harold Soodak   * Michael Turvey   * Douglas White   * David Wilkinson Significance of Entries Without My Cloak Kate O’Brien’s work is worth mentioning, first of all, due to its literal contribution as a work that won many awards. The list of awards includes prizes such as James Tait Black Memorial Prize – Britain’s oldest literary awards, and The Hawthornden Prize- another prize annually awarded to an English writer for the best work of imaginative literature. Additionally, the bibliography of Kate O’Brien does not have a single entry in Wikip
Introduction Decision making is very crucial in any context of economic decision making. Part of this decision making is individual decision making. Principles of individual decision making entails the principle of tradeoffs, the principle of opportunity cost, the principle of rational margin and the principle of incentives (Mankiw, 2008 p.6) The principle of trade-offs According to the principle, a decision will always entail giving one choice for another. This is non-refutable fact during any decision making process. A decision will be traded on factors such as time, cost as well as benefits. The principle of opportunity cost During trading -off of choices of actions in the decision making process, a cost of giving up one choice of action must be considered. An individual is therefore required to have prior consent of such lost advantage if one action is chosen over the other. The principle of rational margin During individual decision making process, an individual is supposed to use the right rationale to attain the best satisfaction from the action chosen amid the changes that may arise from the end results of that action. The principle of incentives In order for individuals to make the best decision they must be enticed with such incentives like rewards if an objective of a decision is met, or punishment if the decision fails. It is worth noting that incentives will play a greater role in ensuring individuals optimally use their rationale in factoring out the best action in terms of costs and benefits. Example of a decision making scenario After working as an operation manager in inter-state train company, I found out that the cost of operating inter-state train which carries 200 passengers is an average $100,000. It is therefore logical to conclude that each seat will cost $ 500. Thus, it is rational for the operations manager of inter-state train company to charge at least $300 in case the train takes off with almost 10 seats empty. Marginal cost and marginal benefits of the decision The average cost of operating with one passenger was $ 500 and so it required the train to at least have 200 passengers to operate at $100,000. It is therefore logical that the train charges less for the empty seats since their marginal cost of the extra passengers is minimal considering the cost of other services that the train company has already put in place such as water and energy drinks. According to the above decision, it is probable that incentives such as better remuneration could have resulted to a better decision. In addition, I would have considered making a better decision if it entailed reaching the company’s sales targets. A better marketing strategy would also have supplemented the decision. It is clear that the principles of economics are just but theories of knowledge (Boland, 1992 p. 99). It therefore emerges that theories are relative and such principles will try to be supported by evidences that may not actually exist in the near future, bringing into consideration an element of expectations. It is therefore l
The culture of wrapping gifts is important in different countries. Presents become too symbolic and denote the attitude of the givers to the present receivers. However, present package plays great role in the meaning of the present as being appropriately prepared, present wrap may show the receiver passionate and loving attitude, or, vice versa, disrespect and cool relation. Asian countries pay much more attention to wrapping gifts than other countries in the world. Europeans give a credit to pragmatism, and Americans prefer to rely on professionals in wrapping presents. However, no matter which country we are talking about, it is obvious that wrapping gifts has become a tradition all over the world. Paying attention to traditional peculiarities, history, national characteristics, and other factors which influence human attitude to presents, packaging styles in various parts of the world are different. Considering the USA, Europe and Asia, we may easily check the differences in packaging systems. Packaging styles are closely related to traditions and the history of the countries. Specific history and differences in the attitude to gifts help us consider the peculiarities of the packaging system of the parts of the world mentioned above. Dwelling upon the difference in wrapping gifts, Atkinson, Delamont, and Housley (2008) say that “a Western perception of the practice prepares us to regard wrapping as a means to obscure the object inside, whereas in a Japanese view it would seem that the function of wrapping is rather to refine the object, to add to it layers of meaning which it could not carry in its unwrapped form” (p. 122). Thus, the USA, Europe and Asia have various packaging systems which may characterize their attitude to presents in general. American gifts are usually put into boxes which are wrapped. American people pay much attention to presents and their wrapping. One can never receive a present without appropriate packaging as it is not accepted. However, people do not pay much attention to wrapping procedure. They prefer to use specific services where professionals search for necessary box of the appropriate size, select a paper and wrap a present in a proper way. It is possible to see American presents just put in the box
The Power of Horses is one of fifteen stories contained in the book The Power of Horses and Other Stories by a famous American short stories writer, Elizabeth Cook-Lynn. The author depicts the culture and the life of people in South Dakota, where she was born. The power of horses describes the story of an Indian girl, Marlene, whose family has many horses, but they have to sell them. Its central themes are challenges, which the Dakota people were facing, and complex relationships between the main characters. The events take place on a farm in South Dakota. One day, an Indian girl, Marlene, one of the protagonists of the story, cooks beets with her mother. The readers can notice a conflict between them as the girl does this hot and uncomfortable job reluctantly. Then, she sees her father talking to an unknown white man. When they have run horses into a corral, Marlene asks her mother why her father was going to sell them, but the woman does not want to answer at first. After a while, she tells her daughter a story about her childhood, when her family had many horses, there was a mystic one, which could talk to people. However, white men came to their farm and took their animals when her “grandfather died because, they said, they were going to breed game birds there” (Cook-Lynn 72). The girl’s mother supposes that these people killed the horses. Another protagonist of The Power of Horses is the girl’s father. He realizes that he does not want to sell the horses. That is why he wakes up his daughter the next morning after that white man’s arrival. He asks Marlene to ride with him to take the horses to the north pasture before the horse buyer returns. When they reached the ridge, “the girl and her father stopped and let the horses go their way, wildly” (Cook-Lynn 77). Even though the grass is short and it will be challenging to provide food for the horses, her father decided to keep them. It is unclear whether the horses will survive the drought conditions on their own, and the family will be impoverished by their loss. In the story The Power of Horses , the author addresses the issue of the relationships between generations. Elizabeth Cook-Lynn highlights the significant influence of both parents on this young girl. They teach their daughter to respect their traditional familial values. More than that, another important idea of the story is that people should never give up despite the circumstances. The girl’s father represents an example of such a strong character. He, out of respect for the mythic power of his horses, decides to free them rather than sell them to an insensitive horse buyer. The Power of Horses is a thought-provoking story whose events lead to an inescapable conclusion. By releasing the horses, Marlene’s father has reclaimed his dignity and autonomy and reestablished continuity between his family’s experience and its tribal heritage. Furthermore, each member of the family has contributed to this outc