ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Simon Bronner in his book, Following Tradition: Folklore in the discourse of American Culture, views how Americans have adopted their traditions and, in times of need, altered them to suit the present situations in the new world. Composed of a myriad of communities, America has crumbled with different cultural traditional values, as well as multiculturalism, which makes the nation known as multicultural among other key nations, which have almost the same cultural background. Folklore of the US is the cultural heritage of the nation; therefore, American society tries to preserve their practices in terms of a plurality of ideas. With the rise of individualism or behaviorism, Bronner notes that the quest for material progress has made the society to adopt an individual approach of reasoning to embracing communal systems. This has led to declining of culture and its social aspects if viewing the nation from an individual perspective. With increased mobility across borders coupled with self-consciousness, individuals tend to become less attached to communities than to personal engagements. In a society that is future-oriented, like America, folklorists find it difficult to go for the preservation of the nation’s traditions. The progressive American society comprising of Africans, Hispanics, and American Europeans has been seeking a new path to follow. Again, the clear cultural distinction in terms of identity makes it difficult for the US to forge a distinct tradition and modernity. Modernism and postmodernism have pragmatically de-emphasized folklore. Therefore, it has been difficult to ‘hand down’ lore from one generation to another. When issues of value judgment arise, the problems of tradition emanate, this idea tends to change the power of traditions that had reigned all along the existence of a nation. Modernists view the main function of a tradition as regulating every aspect of life; therefore, people should not follow it unconsciously, as this might conform to a defined domestic life. Moreover, the process of inheritance of traditions has remained controversial in the aspect of conformity and mark of honor. From this point of view, conforming to tradition irrationally brings out the authoritarian nature of enforcement. The opening chapters of Bronner’s book take a variety of case studies on how England and Germany influence American culture. One can easily grasp and participate in the practices of a society, but not abstract the idea of a society at the same pace. Culture and tradition have different meanings, and it becomes difficult to use the term “tradition” in learning various cultures of the present society. Historically, the concept of a universal tradition, according to Edward Taylor, replicates cultural ideas. Since cultural beliefs were passed through oral and face-to-face communication, societies conformed to exact norms and practices, as opposed to the entry of western civilization. Culture is generally the way of life of any social group. This sociological perspective touches on the ways social groups
One message that is consistent all through about service recovery in all my internet searches is that service recovery is about ensuring dissatisfied and irked customers after receiving poor service leave the business premises reassured, happy and more loyal customers. While emphasizing the need and importance of good customer recovery strategies in business, Hart, Heskett and Sasser, Jr. (1990) acknowledges that mistakes are inevitable and a critical part of every business service–however, dissatisfied customers are not. They reckon that, while it is almost virtually impossible to put in measures that would prevent any problem or mistake from happening in customer service, businesses can learn to turn the tide and recover from such happenings. Service recovery done perfectly well has the potential to turn angry and frustrated customers into the best loyal ones – better even than if nothing went wrong in the first place. According to Tschohl (2005), service recovery is; “….putting a smile on a customer’s face after you’ve screwed up. It’s solving a customer’s problem or complaint and sending him out the door feeling as if he’s just done business with the greatest company on earth — and it’s doing so in 60 seconds or less” (Tschohl, 2005, p. 18). Poor or inadequate service recovery will definitely lead to customer defection. In order for an organization to craft the best and most adequate service recovery strategies strategist need to understand and indeed know what are the real primary causes of customer defection. Well, many things in a business can result into irked and dissatisfied customers but they will all emanate or border on the failure to meet customers’ expectations and hence make a customer leave satisfied. Ideally, having dissatisfied customers necessitates the need for service recovery but even then when that is not done correctly or even done at all customers will have no choice but to leave you and seek elsewhere. According to Lucas(2011), customer defection is inevitable when customers; perceive poor services in part of the organization that does not meet their needs, their problems are handled inefficiently or they themselves feel treated unfairly, and finally, when no adequate systems in part of the organization are put in place to prevent or even handle customers problems. Good customer recovery strategies and hence proper and adequate measures to make amend when the organizations services or products are unable to meet the customers’ expectations are essential to ensure customers do not result in defection. While every strategy or measure to be pu
Cinema/film industry has become a very conspicuous form of mass entertainment with the extent of its popularity, influence, and proliferation having a phenomenal, impact worldwide. Artistic expression and development via technological expediency has made it an unequaled facet of visual/fine arts since the inception of the 20 th century. The American (United States) film industry has been a major impetus behind the extent of cinema’s phenomenal popularity, influence, and proliferation worldwide. Since the turn of the century, the American film industry has been the top annual revenue grosser more than any other country. Today, with India and Nigeria ranking first and second, the American film industry is the third most prolific producer of films worldwide (The Independent). A film’s true ambiance/unique aura and/or riveting affect is greatly influenced by audio/visual effects. Sound/audio effects are artificially enhanced or created sound processes/sounds with reverberation and flanging as examples. The integration of generated imagery (via computer, etc.) and live action footage defines visual effects. Created or manipulated, these effects can create a realistic and/or unrealistic aura to a film. Animation, compositing, matte painting, front projection, optics – to name a few – are examples of visual effects. The audio visual world is comprised of microphones, audio tape recorders and mixers, sound systems, analog and digital cameras (still and video), film and slide projectors, VCRs, CD players/recorders, DVD players/recorders, multi-functional devices, computer controlled sound and video systems. The aforementioned technology epitomizes the American film industry’s prolific and profound impact on modern audio visual style. A precursor to the video was the Kinetoscope –the first motion picture camera which was conceptualized and introduced by innovative inventor, Thomas Alva Edison. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson , an Edison employee who headed the photography department, is credited with its actual development. The accompanying sound recording component to the Kinetoscope was the Kinetophone or phonograph, another Edison invention. Sound recording permanently changed the face of cinema and its effect. The phonograph was indicative of one distinct type of recording process – sound recorded on disc. Recording sound directly onto the celluloid strip was another. A vital component to the revolution of television broadcasting was the development of the video tape recorder (VTR) and cassette player in 1950’s. Ampex Corporation head researcher Charles P. Ginsburg and his research team are credited with its invention. Since 1944, Ampex has been a leading pioneer in the visual information age with having
Problem definition – Leadership challenges in the case study The case involves leadership challenges within the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, particularly in the translation department headed by Abdulla Al Naemi. This leader is deputized by Ibrahim, who has trust in his boss. Other subordinates are Alia, Saleh, and Sami. All the workers under Abdulla have issues with his leadership. Leadership challenges in the case include lack of effective communication, micromanagement of subordinates, setting unclear expectations, intimidation of employees, lack of feedback attitude issues, and poor people skills. The problems in the case study have resulted in poor performance outcomes of the organization. From the case, there is poor communication between the leader and subordinates. This is strongly illustrated because Abdullah is away from his office most of the time and has the tendency to ignore messages from employees. As seen from the reports delivered by Sale, Alia, and other subordinates, Abdulla has low priority in listening to them. In fact, he interrupts and cuts short communications that are meant to solve problems within the organization. There is a blatant disregard of opinions from employees such as Alia. In most cases, the leader fails to follow the procedures aimed at improving processes within the department. The leader adopts the micromanagement of employees. This is evident in the case because of Abdulla’s involvement in the details of subordinates’ work. This could be a sign of insecurity and fear of subordinates’ out-shining leaders. There are unclear expectations on employees, which have caused frustration. As a result, workers cannot complete their tasks on time and satisfactorily. The leader fails to give
Introduction Before moving into the aspects of measurement of actions of juvenile delinquents, it is necessary to define and know what a juvenile delinquent is, and what actions fall within the ambit of juvenile delinquency. Generally speaking, it is seen that young people between the “ages of 7-16 years” who commit an act which could be considered as a criminal act, if indulged by an adult, could constitute juvenile delinquency (Frequently asked questions, n.d.). Persistent and patterned criminal behavior constitutes juvenile delinquency A stray incident of violence or unrest cannot be termed as JD. There are characteristics of juvenile behavior which envisage that the actions are not random, or off and on, but follow a consistent pattern of negative and violent behavior including truancy, defiance, indulgence in regular violent behavior and destruction of private and public properties. In extreme cases, juvenile delinquency could also end up in major crimes like murder and deliberate manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, exasperated assaults, burglary, larceny and property stealing including automobiles, etc. There are no set patterns by which measurements of juvenile delinquency could take place, and much would augur from the surroundings and the facts and circumstances governing specific cases of juvenile delinquency. For the purpose of this essay, it is proposed to take up certain standard methods for considering measurement of juvenile delinquency. However, juvenile courts need to take a case to case study to determine which kind of action could be most appropriate under the circumstances. Deterministic Studies – Cohort Studie The first aspect is known as cohort studies. As the term implies, it deals with the group behavioral studies of juvenile delinquents and the ways and means by which such delinquent acts are carried out. During earlier times, the juveniles who regularly carried out delinquent activities were not registered as school going youngsters. But nowadays, even such youngsters indulge in delinquent behavior, often directed at other students, and carry out within the school premises. Thus, the cohort studies carried out in large schools housing juveniles could be a significant place, where measurements through interactions with school governing community and administrators could take place. “In order to reduce delinquency, the educational institution has become more sophisticated in identifying and assisting in the organizing of programs for potential and active delinquent students (Cernkovich & Giordano, 1992; Polk & Schafer, 1972).” (Willie,1996, para.2). Self Reporting Self reporting is also a major form of measurement of juvenile delinquency (Thornberry, & Krohn, 2009, p.43). It is seen that unlike taking recourse to legal or police records, self reporting entails descriptions of the crimes by their own perpetrators, which, surprisingly is seen to be very detailed and comprehensive indeed when compared to other forms of measurement. Self reporting, by encouraging the respondents
The modern day fathers are experiencing major shifts in their traditional roles in the families. For years fathers have been regarded as bread winners and disciplinarian of the family and their roles of caring for the children were dismal. But as the recent statistics would indicate more fathers are turning out as caregiver to the young children in their families. As the picture would depict, the modern economic trends which are largely raising women position have meant that the role of men in family has to undergo change. For instance, between 1948 and 2001, the rate of women in employment or seeking employment went up to more than 60 per cent and the increased financial power for the women has resulted into women becoming more autonomous leading to increased cases of divorce, childbirth outside marriage and the scenario has led to transition from the traditional to multiple undefined roles for many fathers. Hence, the contemporary fathers are taking responsibility of some functions that there forefathers regarded as basically and totally reserved for women. Secondly, the modern society is becoming accommodative to gay fathers whereby more gay men are becoming open in their relationships and even going a notch higher to establish families. Research shows that gay fathers are increasing and such couples have to divide between work and child care in a balanced way. Further, gay parents have the mandate to ensure that children associated with them live in conducive environments. Lastly, there is growing aspect of stay-at-home fathers an aspect that indicates that a new type of patriarch where the father is charged with the primary role of caregiving to the children. Today many fathers are accepting this position due to factors such as: the fathers’ spouses are becoming strong earners; fathers are showing increased desire to serve as primary caregivers; and lastly most fathers are becoming reluctant to allow other persons to raise their children. Why it is important for teachers to understand family life Today, teachers are interacting with students who bring into classrooms specific knowledge that is fashioned by their family, community and even cultural histories. The modern family, as an institution, is experiencing profound dynamism which is impacting on most students who happen to be the products of these families. In addition, teachers have assumed the role of molding these students; however, any successful act of molding can be productive only when the teacher has adequate and deep understanding of the background of the students. A question may be asked, why is it important for teachers to understand family experiences of students they teach. First, all families are unique and as a result, they impact and influence students differently. The different family inf
Identify One Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry and Describe Their Research Nobel Prize in Chemistry is an award given yearly by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who confer the greatest benefit to humanity in the various fields of chemistry. Fredrick Sanger is one of the few scientists who earned this prestigious award in 1958 and 1980. He was born in August 1918, in Rendcombe, England. In 1936, Fredrick Sanger started schooling at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he first studied chemistry plus physics but later concentrated on the new area of biochemistry (Jeffers, 2017). Since 1940 he has researched in the Department of Biochemistry at Cambridge In 1958, Sanger described and determined the structure of insulin mole, leading to his first Nobel Prize. A biochemist Albert Chibnall was already researching insulin when Fredrick Sanger linked with the group and started to isolate and compute the free-amino sets of insulin. Fredrick Sanger innovated a technique utilizing dinitrofluorobenzene to generate yellow-colored products of amino groups. He discovered two terminal amino acid groups for insulin: glycine and phenylalanine, suggesting that it contains two chains. Using the paper chromatography technique Sanger sequenced the amino-terminal peptides of every chain, proving for the first time ever that a protein has a particular sequence at a definite site. Fredrick Sanger was the initial scientist to sequence a protein he has conferred the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1958 (Kumar, Prajapati, Mishra, and Pandey, 2018). In 1977, he also mapped in extensive detail the structure and role of the DNA molecule. Fredrick Sanger made the first comprehensive determination of the genetic structure of DNA molecules. The biochemist determined the sequence of the 5375 structure in DNA from a bacterial virus. He managed to order the genetic makeup of a messenger RNA and determined the genomic code, thereby cracking the puzzle of how sets of nucleotides code for particular amino acids. Fredrick and his colleagues used the dideoxy technique to sequence human mitochondrial DNA. He shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for chemistry with his two coworkers for this contribution to DNA sequencing methods. Today, Fredric Sanger’s method and recombinant DNA techniques make exceptional tools for continued research of the structure and role of the genetic material. How is the Winner Chosen? The objective of the Nobel Peace Prize is to prize persons who have made key steps toward great discoveries and bringing peace to the world in the year before nomination. The Norwegian Nobel Committee scrutinizes people who have been nominated for their Contributions to chemistry work and selects one among them to be the champion. In the initial stage, several people are assigned to nominate the candidates for the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry. The committee considers all contenders, then chooses a shortlist of five to twenty persons for further assessment. The nominees are then considered for the prize after the committee’s unanimous vote through debate and discussion. State Why You Selected This Person in Your
Introduction The company that is known today as the main competitor to Boeing was established in 2000. Now, the Airbus Group is headquartered in France while having divisions in many European countries ( Airbus Group 2013 ). The mission of the company is to preserve the leading position in the sphere of aeronautics and defence while focusing on providing high-quality services, on competing in the global market, on driving innovation, and on following the professional and ethical principles strictly. The purpose of this report is to analyse the effectiveness of Airbus Group’s practices and policies related to the professional and ethical conduct, to identify strengths and possible challenges in the sphere, and to provide recommendations to improve the situation. Professional Standards and Ethical Policies The activities of the Airbus Group are regulated according to the professional standards declared by the AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD). According to these standards, the company operating in the industry should develop the programme of compliance with laws and regulations, focus on prohibiting corruptive strategies, develop the policy regarding gifts and donations, and implement integrity programmes ( Common Industry Standards 2013). Referring to the experience of the Airbus Group in developing the ethical and professional conduct programmes, it is important to state that the company developed the effective Airbus’ Ethics & Compliance programme. It proposes strategies to improve communication and training in the organisation and to conduct ethics and compliance investigations. The main focus is on following the principle of “Prevent/Detect/Respond” to predict the situation of violating the professional standards ( Ethics & Compliance 2014). Corruption is prohibited in the industry, and it is one of the most challenging questions for aerospace companies. It is stated in the Airbus Group’s ethical principles that the company “has a zero tolerance policy towards corruption of any kind” ( Ethics & Compliance 2014, para. 7). In spite of the issues of bribery in the past, the Airbus Group established the effective Anti-corruption Compliance Programme, and its efforts were evaluated by the specialists in the field as effective. The company also developed the detailed integrity programme and formulated the basic integrity principles that are commitment to people, commitment to the company, commitment to building trust, commitment to conducting business ethically, commitment to corporate citiz
Introduction China’s booming economy, its large manufacturing base and its growing consumer spending as well as the availability of natural resource supply makes it ideal for doing business (Troutman Sanders 2010; Banu 2004). One aspect of its growing economy is its gross domestic product which has maintained a growth rate of about 9% for the last decade (Walsh 2010, p. 1; Ariff & Khalid 2004). Most companies today are seeking to venture in the China to the low overall manufacturing cost as compared to most countries globally (Chen, Liang & Lin 2003; Taiwan Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association 2006). However, China’s business environment does not favor foreign investment (Tse 2006). Most of the aspects of its business environment are designed to promote the growth and development of its local companies. According to Drury (2010), China’s business environment stifles competition from other foreign companies operating in the country. Political Environment Although China is relatively stable politically, it does not provide a level playing field for businesses in the country. Its policies are discriminative and are not fully in line with the international trade principles of applying non-discriminatory policies in business operations for companies. The Chinese government gives its local companies competitive advantage over foreign companies in the Chinese market. According to Walsh (2010, p. 22) the Chinese government seeks to nurture and protect its local companies from the intense foreign competition. In 2006 for example, the Chinese government stopped a US$375 million bid by a US private firm to purchase 85% stake in a Chinese machinery manufacturer. According to Drury (2010) the Chinese government also rejected bids from foreign firms during the mid-2009 bidding process for the 25% wind power projects and the contracts awarded strictly to Chinese companies despite the world’s top four wind turbine companies having placed substantial bids and having made great investments in China (Dean 2007). Usually, no clear explanation is given for the rejection of such contracts ( China’s business environment is excessively regulated and less open to competition (Myat 2003). The government openly promotes the policy of indigenous innovation.