ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The Food Stamp Program is one of the largest federal programs that has been adopted in 1961 to be implemented in its’ present form in 1977. The research provides an overview of the Food Stamp Program. Firstly, historic background of the program is provided with the major historic trends. The focus of the paper is then shifted to objectivity of the goals set by program and whether it is actually possible to live up to the minimum provided. The research paper addresses fraud issues and prevention programs in place. The overall impact of the program on economy is then assessed including job perspectives, consumer spending, an increase in demand, and the effect on income of low, middle, and high classes. Finally, the concluding remarks about overall effectiveness of the program are made. The Food Stamp Program The Food Stamp Program, the largest federal program which provides basic food assistance, has become a real savior for millions of people. This program is generally considered to be one of the largest elements of social safety net. For the first time, the idea of this program was applied in the late 1930s; however from 1939 to 1943 it was rather limited, then in 1961 The Food Stamp Program was reviewed and finally became a pilot program, later extending nationwide 1 . The current structure of The Food Stamp Program was implemented in 1977, containing a specific goal. This goal was to help the hungry and needy by having low-income households to provide higher level of nutritious diet by using normal channels of trade. Over the years The Food Stamp Program became one of the largest humanitarian programs in the U.S. In 1998 this program was helping over 19.8 million people each month which made approximately 7.3 percent of all Americans 3 . During this year the needy received a significant amount of humanitarian help, which constituted over $16.9 billion, including monthly benefit of $71 per person. In 2003 the rate of participation level was significantly increased, covering over 21.26 million of individuals. One of the main reasons of increasing number of participants in The Food Stamp Program is its ability to respond effectively to national, state, and local economic changes and emergencies. Eligibility for the program is based on financial and non- financial factors, which effected the final decision whether to support individual or not. To become a participant of The Food Stamp Program one has to go through rather long, but worthwhile application process. During this process one has to complete and fill in an application form, to be interviewed, and to verify facts crucial to determining individual’s eligibility. After successful completion of this stage if a household meets the eligibility requirements, he or she is usually qualified for receiving desirable benefits. In case if an applicant is legal immigrant this person has to be legally resided in the United States
In life, we all grow up in communities that have beliefs and practices that tend to create a form of identity for the given communities. These identities can be positive or negative depending on the effects they have on members of the given society. Some communities have some characteristics, which can be attributed to them due to some practices that some of the members have, which should not be used to describe the whole society (Saraglou, 2011, 432). Most of these attributes are negative. They tend to be prejudicial to them. One of them is stereotyping. A developing stereotype that I have been guilty of holding is that Muslims, especially of Arab extract, are terrorists (Brandt, 2013, p. 300). I have encountered this stereotype in my life. It has led to the members of these groups being viewed with suspicion. Another stereotype I have encountered is that fat people are lazy. Naturally, many fat or big people labor a lot in most of the activities they do. They tend to be slower relative to many lean bodied people. This misconception has therefore led to many people believing that they are lazy thus making them a subject for jokes and ridicule. The third stereotype I have come across is that salesclerks are conmen. By nature of their work, any salesperson is supposed to convince customers why they should buy whatever the sales representatives are selling (Campbell, 2011, p. 435). The fact that individuals realize later that they were convinced to buy what they actually never needed or had to buy at a much higher price makes them view salesmen as conmen because the individuals usually feel conned at the end of the day. The Argument in Support The recent past has seen an increase in terrorist activities in the world. This case has become a global problem for society to tackle. In most of these cases, the perpetrators of terrorist activities have been identified as Muslims from the financiers, planners, and the executors of the plots (Brandt, 2013, p. 300). This argument is further affirmed by most terrorists proclaiming that they are doing it for Allah by fighting infidels who are presumed to be anybody who is a non-Muslim. T
Introduction Even though cars offer fast transport all over the world their presence and use has some effects on the environment. Cars contribute greatly to world’s air pollution problem. Emissions from cars are also damaging to the environment, destroying the surrounding through adding to the green house effect damaging the quality of the air as well as depleting the ozone. Cars are responsible for the growing smog problems, damage associated with land fill and to large extent the problem of water quality. Therefore cars affect the environment in a number of ways. Cars have several influences on the environment in terms of air quality, green house gases, ozone depletion, water quality, noise and utilization of natural resources among others. Air Pollution Cars are known emitters of carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and particles. As per the inventory of Melbourne Air Pollution by EPA-Victoria vehicles release into the air 47% carbon monoxide, 40% nitrogen oxides, 27% hydrocarbons and 4% of particles. Vehicles are also known to cause pollution through fuel that evaporates. 30% of vehicle hydrocarbon emissions are due to evaporation that takes place when driving, during refueling and sometimes while standing. Pollution of air by vehicles is also increased by poorly sealed fuel tanks, spilling as well as overfilling of the fuel tank. Green house Gases Emissions released from a cars combustion system is damaging to the environment. Some of these emissions affect the environment through altering the greenhouse effect; infra-red rays find their way to the earth’s surface via this effect. These rays are trapped by the earth’s atmosphere keeping it warm and habitable. Emissions from cars beyond levels that are conducive weaken the atmosphere causing more rays to reach the atmosphere. Excess of infra-red rays upon the earth surface causes temperature to rise. Increased temperatures are harmful to the
Introduction: Historical Context and Its Significance The analysis of any significant person in history, who took part in a specific event, their values and beliefs, etc. starts with gathering the facts about the epoch in the course of which the event in question took place. Though the given method of values analysis has proven to be quite legitimate, its usefulness and reasonability may be questioned. However, despite the obvious significance of the family background and the specifics of personality, the analysis of historical background is crucial for understanding the values and moral principles of the people, who organized the event or took part in it. Where the Necessity Comes from Historical Background as the Key to Understanding Though every single event in the history of a state, be it a political, an economic or a cultural one, is always viewed through the prism of its historical background. As a result, the values of the people, who were in favor of the event taking place, are necessarily viewed through the lens of the historical backdrop. The necessity to consider the moral, ethical and cultural values of the event participants from the historical environment, i.e., the political doctrine, the societal morals, etc., might be underrated considerably, especially if the event is assessed in a very black-and-white manner at present. However, such an attitude is fraught with serious consequences, such as the misrepresentation of the prevent participants, their goals, and mission. As a result, even such dubious events as the Vietnam War can be analyzed objectively (Moss, 2010). Indeed, it should be noted that the historical background is a necessary component of evaluating the aspirations of the participants. For instance, when considering the values of the people, who were involved in a war, it is very easy to succumb to the stereotypical thinking and attribute their motivations to political aggressiveness and the need to annex more areas. However, when taking a closer look at the historical context, one may find out that the people, who were recruited as soldiers, may have had no other choice but to join the army or to be charged with the betrayal of the state and its interests. Therefore, to have a clear and unbiased overview of the factors that contributed to the actions of the people involved, one will have to analyze the historical context of the event discussed. The Helpfulness of the Historical Backdrop: Learning the Motivations and Aspirations of the Participants Addressing a specific moment in the history of any state is practically impossible without gathering information on the economic, financial, and social issues, which the residents of the state in question were dealing at the time. Seeing how the historical background provides the information about the people that were at the helm on the time slot of the interest, the context above makes it possible to figure out what atmosphere the participants of the alleged event lived in and, therefore, what they were guided by. More to the point, the key specifics of the culture of the participants can be identified with the help of the historical context. The his
The consultant will ensure system implementation strategy covering organizational business requirement for a HR system integrated in a single application. A project plan will consist of tasks, resource requirements, project schedule, and the project budget. The implementation plan will cover software testing activities, software installation activities, and training considerations. System behavior Testing system behavior will answer questions about human resource recruitment indicated on the flow charts. The expected outcome, on entering data about detailed job description and submitting the data for processing with the options of temporary or regular hire, will be to identify suitable candidates. Applicants whose resumes meet the set criteria are further booked for an interview. After interview questions have been formulated and administered, candidates who qualify for the job are selected and appropriate compensation offered. If the candidate accepts the pay, an employment offer is made upon which the candidate is hired if the offer is accepted (Chillarege, n.d). Software testing activities Software testing will provide a system validation and verification document detailing system compliance to technical, business, and operational objectives. Tests on data integrity, system recovery in the event of system failure, system up time and backups, and consistent system availability in the HR organization are documented. Other testing activities will cover application functionalities to provide a clear perspective of product quality. In addition to that, these activities will include reviewing and inspecting the application to provide information about system entry and exit strategies in view of the entered data. Multiplatform compatibility tests and automated tests are done as a cost benefit strategy (Chillarege, n.d). Another activity will be user oriented testing, covering all business system features, which will reflect organizational usage and software reliability. A test document is created to capture user scenario methods and to determine software quality (Chillarege, n.d). Another test activity is application usability. This will detail application user experience, product behavior in addition to user interaction on human Computer Interface (HRI) and system robustness. Stress and mutation test are also done. Software Installation Activities Software installation activities will cover software release activities, application assembly activities, and resource requirements for organizational dep
Introduction Instagram is a service that is quintessential to all companies and individuals in the globe. It offers its users online photo-sharing and social networking services, such that they can take photographs and apply digital filters to them (Tutaj & Reijmersdal 7-15). Thereafter, they can share these pictures with their friends and colleagues in other social media sites like Twitter and Facebook. Our Women and Child Hospital plans to open an account in instagram in a bid to let people know about the activities of the hospital, its scholarship program, events as well as social activities. This paper presents a one-year strategic plan of the hospital’s account in the networking site. This is important for all people wishing to visit the hospital, as they can learn about it and its activities from the site. The hospital will also get feedback regarding its services from the site (Werner 17-20). Executive summary The Aim of This Plan With this plan, we intend to grow to a higher level, by increasing people’s awareness regarding our hospital. Mission Statement Providing accessible, affordable and comprehensive health-care services to the community which is: customer-focused and driven by high quality. We specialize in women and children services to deliver high quality healthcare to the two groups of individuals and the community at large, at a considerable cost. Vision Be the leading women and children hospital in the community, by providing quality healthcare at an affordable cost, be the most preferred employer of staff in the region and be the main system of choice for all our medical staff. Core Organizational Competencies Our key organizational competencies are good management, quality leadership and remarkable coordination. Core Values   * Integrity – we always act in an open manner and are truthful; in all that we do   * Accountability – we work with open staffs that are responsible for all their actions   * Collaboration – we work together in a coopera
Introduction The connection between culture and art cannot be neglected in case people want to understand the essence of their values and to store them through generations. People like to talk about their rights and freedoms, their opportunities and challenges, and their achievements that prove their worth and some kind of social importance. There are many ways of how people could protect themselves against unfavourable impacts and changes in the field of art that appear with time. On the one hand, people like to introduce institutions of different types to maintain order and gain control over all creative activities. 1 On the other hand, it is suggested to consider artists as ethnographers who have to investigate cultural issues in order to grasp their importance in the modern world. 2 In this critical review, two articles will be discussed in order to clarify the main challenges modern artists could face and the methods they could use to solve their problems and avoid misunderstandings. Hal Foster and Rasheed Araeen are the authors who develop their ideas around such topics as benevolent racism, political transformations, truths, and the consequences of decisions made by people. The review is divided into three main sections including the identification of the main arguments and the explanation of their worth, the evaluation of the supportive material and the clarification of methodological framework, and, finally, the contribution of the chosen sources and the lessons they bring to the field of art. Though their arguments vary considerably, both articles help to understand that cultural identity is crucial in the field of art because it opens people’s eyes and releases artists from such threats as self-contradiction, cultural arrogance, and malevolence so that they could share their history via their projects, underline their uniqueness in their messages, and promote the social, political, and cultural development of different nations. Contemporary Artists Use Their Ethnographic Skills to Underline Their Exotic Difference Today, there is a tendency to develop various paradigms and create new institutions in order to explain the relations in human society and give clear definitions of such concepts as art, culture, and identification. Besides, many nations have to find solutions to such question as racism and the presence of racial differences in the field of art. Foster offers to take into consideration different assumptions in order connect political and artistic transformations, use various quasi-anthropological models in order to prove that art should be the result of personal work and inspiration, and pay attenti
Legal issues Supply chain and logistics considerations are guided by various legal issues. Introduction of a new law implies that companies will have to review their supply chain and logistics operations. California Transparency in Supply Chains Act is a law which has positive and negative impacts on supply chain participants. The law adds a new twist to accountability of large scale retailers and manufacturers operating under California jurisdiction. The law makes it mandatory for large scale retailers and California manufacturers to make transparent the efforts they make in eradication of slavery and trafficking of humans within their supply chains (Just-style,2011). The law primarily targets retailers and manufacturers in footwear and apparel industry and comes with mixed fortunes for the affected stakeholders. Arising legal obligations Firstly, there are a number of additional obligations that affected companies have to address. These include verification of third-party supply chains, running unplanned audit of suppliers, as well as staff training on human traffic and forced labor issues. Additionally, the company has to certify compliance to its suppliers and improve in-house sta
Introduction The following paper is a review of the article “Can we teach character? An Aristotelian answer“ by Edwin Hartman. The aim of the review is to analyze main points of the article, validate the integrity of claims, and conclude on its value for business practices. The main point of the article is a suggested shift towards character-based virtues in business ethics studies and the resulting social benefits of such change. Despite minor inconsistencies, it provides strong support for the claim and outlines directions for further inquiry. Background Information In the purest theoretical sense, business ethics is a field that has a somewhat controversial status. On the one hand, its importance is widely recognized, and its relevance is often prioritized to assure good intentions behind business practices. On the other hand, there is no consensus regarding its actual influence and value for society. In other words, the majority expects good will and fairness behind business decisions, but few feel that business ethics guarantee such outcome. One of the reasons behind these doubts is the dubious effect of ethical principles which serve as one of the cornerstones of the studies on the matter. Many scholars feel that these principles are cumbersome, difficult to operate, easy to circumvent, and otherwise unreliable. The article by Edwin Hartman (2006) suggests that prioritizing character traits and values can serve as a viable alternative. To determine whether the author succeeds with substantiating the claim, the article is to be tested for consistency, academic integrity, and, most importantly, the presence of strong arguments to back the suggestion as well as a suggested direction to implement the proposed solution. Summary The author chooses the Aristotelian dialectic to mitigate the vagueness and inconsistency of a pure principle-based approach. The benefits of such shift can be described by the following example: a generous person is more likely to lend money to someone in need regardless of the likelihood of retrieving the loan later, and more importantly, the adherence to principle to help those in a dire situation (Hartman, 2006). Virtue (in this case – generosity) strengthens the intentions behind the action and, unlike the principle, is more likely to result in positive outcome. The author uses this point to suggest that the emphasis on values and character traits can be a more reliable and socially viable way of organizing the way business ethics are taught (Hartman, 2006). According to him, such students are more likely to apply critical thinking, display higher consistency in their decisions, and ultimately produce better outcomes for themselves, their surrounding, and, by extension, the society on the whole. To support the latter claim, Hartman argues that “since human beings are social creatures, the good life, hence good character, involves living satisfactorily in a congenial community.” (2006, p. 70) which, by exten
Introduction It is assumed that all psychological and behavioral processes, whether normal or abnormal, are a result of improper brain function. A rational corollary is that all psychiatric disorders are due to abnormal brain functioning. Psychiatric disorders caused by known organic causes are called the mental organic disorders. These are behavioral or psychological disorders associated with transient or permanent brain dysfunction. They include only those mental and behavioral disorders that are due to cerebral disease. Mass destruction should be evaluated on the basis of a person’s motives and not only on their mental stability (Ahuja 2002). Singling out of the mentally ill It is quite unfortunate that people suffering from mental instability are not allowed to possess guns since they are bound to pose a danger to those around them. This is justified because individuals who are mentally challenged lack rational judgment. In most cases, these people are not in control of their actions. For example, when a mentally challenged person is angry he/she will most likely vent out their anger without evaluation of the possible consequences. In certain cases, they may avenge a wrongful deed committed by a single person by shooting the entire group. There have been cases of mass shooting in schools perpetrated by a mentally unstable student. When taken to court, such individuals are often taken to a psychiatric for evaluation, after which a verdict is made. Therefore, it is logical that such individuals should not have access to guns (Knoll, 2013). Administrative details It is imperative that the mentally ill be registered in the federal registry so as to take control of gun ownership. In as much as they may have no intentions of causing any danger, they sometimes act irrationally and this might lead to mass murders. People with mental illness are unpredictable. This is the reason as to why dangerous weapons should be kept out of their reach as a preventive measure. Keeping a register ensures that guns and weapons are only handed over to those who are mentally stable. This helps to control damage. Moreover, administrative details ought to be given for proper and accurate record keeping. This helps avoid mistakes that might result in the acquisition of guns by the mentally ill. Keeping a register is a cheaper preventive measure of curbing mass destruction than sorting out the damage once it has occurred (Knoll, 2013). An individual is usually declared mentally unstable by qualified personnel. This happens after thorough professional e