ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The lesson is devoted to the effects of the American Civil War. During the lesson, students will learn about 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and discuss their significance. Students will also learn about Booth’s plan concerning Lincoln’s kidnapping and Booth’s reasons for Lincoln’s assassination. Students will learn about reconstruction, as well. The lesson plan is very detailed, and the lesson is quite effective. Thus, the strengths of the lesson plan are as follows. The teacher uses a PowerPoint presentation, which can help students grasp the information. It also enhances students’ attention. The teacher has several hand-outs. The activities described are engaging and creative as students do not simply learn about some facts, dates, and names. They discuss the events and try to see them in the context of the USA of the 19th century. Hence, students learn to think critically. The lesson plan also includes assessment section. Thus, it will be possible to understand whether the lesson is effective and whether students have grasped the necessary information. Nonetheless, the lesson plan has one downside. When discussing the Constitution and Booth’s plans, the teacher uses certain hand-outs and tells about those events. However, it could be more effective and engaging to have a short video clip to make students feel the atmosphere of the USA of that period. Thus, to improve the lesson, the teacher should find a video or several video clips to make the lesson more expressive. This can be a part of a documentary or even a scene from a drama. There are numerous documentaries on the Civil War and Lincoln. Such movies as The Day Lincoln Was Shot (1998), Gone with the Wind (1939), North and South (2004) can be used. The use of video could help students picture the atmosphere in the United States.
Introduction Intellectual property is a complicated matter of human relations. People busy with artistic activities or scientific work often need to legally fix their right for this or that invention they make in order to be able to regulate the use of the invention and participate in any attempts to sell it and share its benefits. Accordingly, the countries of the international community develop laws that regulate intellectual property (IP) relations (Schaper and Volery, 2007). These laws are based on the same notions including patent, trademark, copyright, etc., but they differ from country to country. Australian IP laws have their specificity and the analysis of the proposed case study allows us to apply the Australian IP laws to the facts considered. Case Summary The very case under analysis touches upon several issues of patent law and trademark protection law as well. The point in the case is that Jenny and Garry McDonald have invented the machine for gathering horse manure from their land possessions (Backer, 2001). This machine is based on the loan mower technology, incorporates several other already existing agricultural techniques, and uses the computerized software solutions designed directly by Garry. The title chosen for the machine is McDonald’s Muckracker, and the family plant use the trademark of the McDonald’s fast food stores for their invention (Backer, 2001). Thus, several patent and trademark issues can be singled out in this case. Intellectual Property Issues The first issue about the case is the right of the inventors to use the inventions of other people, i. e. “a combination of known agricultural techniques”, for their machine (Backer, 2001). As the patent law states, “patents give effective protection if you have invented a new technology that will lead to a product, composition or process with significant long-term commercial gain” (Australian Government, 2009). Drawing from this, if the inventors of the unnamed agricultural techniques have patented them, Mcdonald’s has no legal right to reproduce or use those techniques in any way without the patent owner’s consent. The point that might solve this controversy is the probability of the fact that the patents for the techniques used by Mcdonald’s have expired without the proper prolongation and fees contribution by their inventors (Backer, 2001). According to the Australian patent law, “the maximum term of a standard patent is 20 years” and beginning from the fifth year of the patent ownership, the owner has to pay annual fees that increase proportionately on every anniversary of the patent filing (Australian Government, 2009). In case if the term of the patent has expired or the owners failed to provide the annual fees for the patent maintenance, the invention by McDonald’s can be registered and used without any issues in this respect. However, another patent-re
Introduction In this case study, nurses are resisting a recent health policy that introduces a practice guideline with new suction techniques. The approaches are based on evidence and have been accepted by a variety of committees. They are highly likely to result in better health outcomes for patients if used in treatments. Nevertheless, the adoption of the new methods is happening at a rate that is considered to be too slow. The purposes of this paper are to identify the potential reasons why nurses may reject the new techniques and provide recommendations for encouraging acceptance. Reasons for Opposition Unwillingness to implement evidence-based practice would most likely be the primary reason for the refusal to use the new technique. According to Tacia, Biskupski, Pheley, and Lehto (2015), the main barriers include “time, access to quality information, knowledge to translate evidence to practice, and interdisciplinary collaboration” (p. 95). While evidence-based practice may show excellent results in controlled clinical environments, nurses in other settings may not feel confident using an unfamiliar approach. This attitude could have been predicted, as it applies to evidence-based practice in general and is most likely not significantly modified by being limited to the specific area of suctioning techniques. The methods utilized by the people who try to promote the change may also not always be practical. Advanced practice nurses are usually at the forefront of progress and therefore serve as excellent teachers for their less experienced colleagues. However, according to Tacia et al. (2015), such highly experienced practitioners often hold a low opinion of the potential of their staff counterparts. The attitude may foster conflict, which would lead to a low adoption rate of the new ideas. The participation of experienced teachers is vital to the successful introduction of a new method, but they should take care to address the concerns associated with evidence-based practice. Recommendations for Encouragement As was mentioned above, leadership is critical to the effectiveness of an introduction effort. Bjuresäter and Athlin (2016) consider the existence of exact and sufficient instructions as well as the direct involvement of a central figure that coordinates the activities of other facilitators significant promoting factors. A leader would be able to provide a direction to the adoption project and to motivate the participants to make efforts towards evidence-based practice. In addition, he or she would be able to evaluate the progress and address arising issues quickly. This aspect is particularly important considering the structure proposed by the next recommendation. Promoters of new approaches should include both teachers and nurses who have been convinced to use the method. However, the latter require support, which can be provided through organizing the facilitators in a group and providing mutual aid. The presence and continuous support by the teacher, or leader, are especially influential, as both parties can learn from each other and offer encouragement (Bjuresäter & Athlin, 2016). Like many other projects, innovations in nu
In the case study, Cathie Black evaluates the rise and fall of Tina Brown’s “Talk Magazine”, from its colorful launch in August 1999 to its sad demise in January 2002. Black uses Tina’s personality to demonstrate the various power issues that should be imitated by individuals who want to get ahead at work and in life. For example, Black demonstrates that Tina was fearless in achieving her aims and that her fearless nature made her a great editor (Black, 2008). Available literature shows that the demonstration of fearlessness and adequate understanding of all the underlying issues can become sources of position power in an organization (Michelson, n.d.). Another power issue identified in the case study is the ability to attract people to your side because of engaging in interesting things. It is evident that Tina was good at pulling people to her side by engaging in interesting things that made others want to become part of her (Black, 2008). A good leader, according to Michelson (n.d.), must have the capacity to develop an appropriate power base by identifying with the needs and expectations of followers in the process of accomplishing specific work goals. Additionally, Tina employed her charm to make people to work, not mentioning that junior employees perceived her as perceptive and alluring (Black, 2008). Available literature demonstrates that charm and personal attractiveness are sources of power that enable a leader to execute his or her plans in the organization without resistance and resentment from employees (Michelson, n.d.). According to the case study, the magazine was abruptly stopped in January 2002 due to leadership mistakes that crippled the editor’s leverage to make and implement hard decisions. Although it is argued that the magazine stopped production due the advertising recession following the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the attendant destruction of the World Trade Center, Black traces the collapse to a power arrangement that ensured the editor of the magazine had minimal editorial control and hence could not make hard decisions when required to do so (Black, 2008). Consequently, it is evident that leaders need to have the control to make hard decisions to transform their positions into influence (Michelson, n.d.). Impact of the Power Issues The power issues discussed in this paper not only enabled Tina to lead the massive growth of the Talk Magazine during the two years it was in existence, but also facilitated the closure of the same amid fears of advertising recession and terrorism dynamics. Tina’s fearless, charming and perceptive personality demonstrates that power is something that individuals can develop no matter their position in life. However, as demonstrated in the book’s chapter and case study, individuals must first focus on the bigger picture as they develop and implement a sufficient comprehension of what they can and cannot control in their attempt to gain and consolidate powder (Black, 2008). Lastly, the power issues discussed in this paper demonstrate how individuals can employ easily available constructs (e.g., using information and attracting people through identifyi
Human safety is, arguably, the most important issue discussed by any individual or group of people. As a result, every nation tries to ensure that its citizenry gets the best security. Good mannered citizens must be protected from criminals who might not only harm them, but also kill them. However, there are very few security officers in our country and they might not be able to protect everybody adequately. Moreover, the vast area covered by the US makes is a bit difficult for every person to get enough security from the government. Many people find themselves in the hands of criminals where they are supposed to defend themselves. In instances like these, civilians require some weapons in order to stand a chance of rescuing themselves. In this light, many people have supported the right of people to possess guns and use them in self defense as long as they abide by all other laws. Nonetheless, there exists debate on the impact of this legislation on society. On the same note, different states have different positions regarding the Gun Legislation. Notably, no federal law expressly prohibits civilians from acquiring or even possessing guns in the United States. As a matter of fact, the Second Amendment to the constitution of the United States protects the right of people to acquire and own guns. The federal government has only tried to prohibit guns at schools through the Gun-Free School Zones Act. Consequently, any person is allowed to rent or buy a gun provided that he or she uses the gun for lawful purposes only (Lott, 2013). The Second Amendment to the Constitution is very clear regarding the right of people to acquire and own guns. It is, however, important to note that various regulations have been proposed to try and regulate how people use the firearms they possess. The National Firearms Act of 1934 tries to ensure that the type of firearms that civilians would access is controlled. On the same note, it aims at ensuring that getting a firearm is not so easy that gangsters would be able to acquire them. There is the Federal Firearms Act of 19
Suicide Immanuel Kant believes that suicide is morally wrong. How would Kant argue for this position? Explain. Immanuel Kant maintains a radical position regarding the act of committing suicide, or even attempting to take one’s own life. To Kant, those who commit suicide or even attempt it are lesser than other human beings. Kant cites the superiority of the human race as the reason for his opposition to suicide. Moreover, human character is superior to that of animals. When one commits suicide, he or she compares human character to that of an animal or an object. Kant says that the wellbeing of a human being is supreme, thus suicide is an abominable act. From your understanding of Utilitarianism, would a utilitarian regard suicide as morally wrong? Explain. Utilitarianism stresses that it is appropriate when an action benefits the greatest number of individuals rather than one person. This means that it is wrong when a person commits suicide, and causes suffering to other people, whether physical or emotional. Logical considerations make suicide a good thing if the person involved does not have any connection to humanity. It is obvious that the death of a person through suicide causes sadness and even grief to the people close to the individual. Consequently, utilitarianism regards suicide an inappropriate solution. Would Paley regard suicide as morally wrong? Explain. William Paley argues on the issue of suicide the same way the utilitarian philosophy approaches the issue. Paley says that if a person determines that his or her life is useless to both the society and oneself, it is prudent to commit suicide in order to extinguish the suffering of both parties. However, he observes that it is impossible for any person to determine the value of a human being to a society. In addition, Paley postulates that suicide is a good option if the sorrow the individual involved is experiencing is more than the sorrow that will be caused by his or her death. Again, he observes that it is not within human capability to accurately determine the degree of sorrow, particularly in the future. Finally, Paley determines that suicide cannot be justified under any circumstances. What do you think? Explain. Suicide would be a plausible solution to some seemingly insolvent problems if it results in a better situation after its occurrence. No one knows the consequences of suicide for the person who has committed it. This uncertainty is an adequate reason to regard suicide as morally unacceptable. After a person commits suicide, relatives and other close people often suffer lifelong trauma. While the suffering of one person can be neutralized by suicide, the event marks the beginning of a difficult mental and emotional experience for many others. Thus, in my opinion, suicide is morally wrong. Religion and Ethics Do we (you and I) have a moral obligation not to take God’s name in vain? Paley, in his philosophical work, analyzes each of the Ten Commandments. He calls for logical interpretation of the laws. Regarding the third commandment, he refers to the teachings of Christ of N
Every industry or organization has got a chain of activities that makes it operational. The activities are arranged in such a manner that a product that is being produced gains additional value by passing through each activity. Each activity has got a unique value from the rest (Porter 3). All these value adding activities form what is known as a value chain. A proper understanding and application of the value chain is vital in the strategic management of any organization (Porte 7). The value each activity adds to a product does not necessarily depend on the cost of the activity. An activity with a low cost can add more value to the product more than a more costly one. This paper will highlight the importance of primary and support activities in a value chain. Primary activities in a value chain are those employed in the direct production of a product. In a firm that produces iron sheet, some of the primary activities include operations like rolling, heat treatment, galvanizing and corrugation. There other very important activities ranked as primary activities in the value chain (Schmitz 6). These activities include inbound and outbound logistics, sales and marketing activities and lastly customer service activities. Inbound logistics help in bringing raw materials and other supplies to the factory on time while outbound logistics are important in distributing the finished products to the customers. Customers can not buy the product if proper marketing and sales activities are not in place. Marketing is important in identifying customer needs and helps the organization identify the areas that need value improvement (Schmitz 6). The value chain also consists of other activities that support the primary activities. For example, the production of iron sheets without a proper infrastructure in place is almost impossible. Infrastructure includes things like machines, control systems and organizational culture (Porter 12). The value of products depends on the human resource in place. Human resource management activities like recruitment and training have to be professional and credible for value to be maintained in an organization. Activities that create value need to be updated with current technologies for the required value to be maintained. Technological advancement is thus another vital supporting activity. Procurement is another very important supporting activity. The purchase of inputs should be done professionally because the value of a product will depend on the value of the raw materials and supplies (Porter 19). The primary objective of the value chain activities is to provide customers with value for their money. If value addition is achieved at a lower cost, then the organization will probably make profits in their sales. The cost at which the customer is willing to buy the product must exceed the cost of value addition for the organization to make profits. Although both the primary and supporting activities are important in value addition, primary activities are more important to the firm. A company should invest heavily in primary activities because they are very basic in the production of products. Sub-standard primary ac
The success of any organization relies heavily on effective communication. Considering that, a company is a setting in which a large number of people coexist, and that the effective operation of any given department heavily relies on the others, communication channels should be kept open at all times. However, achieving effective communication is not an easy task. There have been cases of unattended businesses, improper execution of duties, unsuccessful meetings, and sour business deals resulting from unclear communication. This often results from the use of a wrong mode of communication or using the correct mode wrongly. Delivery of the desired outstanding results by the company can be at stake if the people in charge of channeling the information inter-departmentally are not careful on the kind of communication modes they employ. Effective communication calls for the adoption of the latest modes of communication that are convenient, effective, faster, and reliable. With the development of information technology, various social networking sites have emerged, thereby completely revolutionizing the ways of communication. People have been able to connect with new friends from all over the globe due to the social networking sites. Social media are very influential and powerful sources that shape the way we live and interact in society today. For instance, Facebook, Badoo, Twoo, LinkedIn, and Twitter continue to infest the minds of people, both young and old. The growing influence of these sites has placed them at the centre of all organizational communication strategies. However, to what extent do they allow enterprises in the United Arab Emirates to develop strategies? Businesses may use the various modern media platforms to communicate to their clients, employees, shareholders, and even competitors. General information can be passed on via tweets and blog entries, while sensitive and confidential information can be relayed through emails, and faxes. The effectiveness of these methods relies in mobilize the targeted audience to like the social media pages to receive updates as soon as they are made. These new media platforms have also enabled businesses to develop new HR strategies. HR strategies determine a firm’s human resource requirements and lays ground for meeting those requirements to ensure continuity. A company can use reactions from social media users to identify its employment needs. Most importantly, the HR department can create a social media profile where potential employees can create and update their profiles for future job considerations. This leads to the creation of a pool of qualified persons who can be contacted at any point of need. Most new media platforms are free; hence, HR can save on advertisement costs. When it comes to launching a new product in the market or simply promoting an existing product, new media have proven quite effective. A single post or tweet can be re-tweeted or posted a million times in just minutes creating an enormous impact. The huge numbers of people using these new media platforms further