ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Due to the confusion that exists between leadership and education management, most school managers/leaders cannot seem to define what education management is and this has made it extremely difficult to eradicate the confusion existing between the three concepts. This necessitates that school managers understand what entails education management. This paper therefore explores the most fundamental components of educational management; components that help determine what educational management is via scrutinizing how education management has transformed over the years and discussing the impact of education management in schools. This will basically pave way for having an in-depth understanding of educational management and eradicate confusion that exists between different concepts related to education management. Introduction The major purpose of education is developing students’ capacities and potential. As a field of practice, Bush & Glover (2002) indicate that education management focuses on how education managers coordinate the institutions’ activities (operations) in attempt to ensure that there is effectiveness and efficiency in meeting the goals set (capacity development). Education management overlaps with administration and leadership concepts. Additionally, Bush (2003) notes that the term ‘management’ is commonly used in Britain and Europe while in Canada and United States, the term ‘administration’ is preferred. This has led to competing education management definitions and understanding. As a result, most school leaders have difficulty balancing between school operations (management), leadership, staff and student performance improvement and administration or lower-order duties.Therefore, this paper seeks to conceptualize education management or rather find out what education management is and it impacts in schools. This will help school leaders understand the context of education management and avoid confusion that exists between administration, management and leadership. Background Basically, managers are involved in leading, organising, planning and controlling educational institutions. This explains why education management overlaps with leadership; education managers must incorporate managerial leadership. As Sharma (2009) notes, in managerial leadership, the focus is on tasks, functions, and building rational behavior within the organisation. This shows that managerial leadership assists in managing the activities that exist successfully, hence showing the inseparability of leadership and education management. Unfortunately, the managerial leadership model present in educational management is normative, outline how persons in schools ought to behave and define leadership by how effective organisations are. These formal education managerial leadership models have major weaknesses; focus on the entire institution and underestimate individual contributions, exhibit a decision-making process with difficulties (managers cannot substantiate the choices made) and power is concentrated at the apex (principals have all
Executive Summary China Sustainable Cities Program is a massive project that is meant to turn around the current structure of the cities of this country. After years of being considered the world’s leading country in environmental pollution, China has decided to make a move that would see have a transformed society. This project is meant to ensure that the cities are self sustaining and able to meet the international safety standards. Procurement and contract management is one of the important factors that have to be considered in this project. Contracts should be issued based on merits. It is important that the project management team considers both legal and health concerns as measures of determining the best firm to award contracts. One of the strengths of this project is that China is a country has a huge human resource base and therefore it should consider exploiting it maximally. This move by the government of China was seen as a transformational leadership. It is therefore necessary that quality measures are considered when putting up the project. Various measures of quality should be employed. The human resource involved should also be properly managed to ensure harmony in the projects. Introduction China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. According to Lieberthal (1995, p. 67), it is also one of the largest manufactures of various products targeted at both developing and developed nations. Because of the large manufacturing companies in this country, it was named the leading country in the world in air pollution. It emits the highest percentage of carbon into the air, causing air pollution (Campanella 2008, p. 85). This would in turn pollute rain water and this cycle of pollution would continue. China has the highest population in the world. Most of its cities currently are over capacitated, a fact that has been attributed to the poor urban planning. As such, the government has seen it wise to design cities that are able to meet the demands of the current population and the expected growth. The cities have been planned to meet the needs of the expected population growth of this country. According to Zhou (2006, p. 78), the cities are planned in such a way that it would satisfy the demands of the future population despite the limited space that is available in these cities. In this effort, there is also the need to ensure that the cities are free from carbon pollution. Zhao (2011, p. 34) explains that the cities are to be sustainable in two main fronts. The first front is that they should be able to absorb China’s expected large population for the next fifteen to thirty years without any problem of limited housing facilities. The other front is that the cities should be free of pollution. China still expects to be the leading manufacturer in the world. However, it is making an effort to produce these products at limited pollution rates (Berlatsky 2010, p. 89). The cities should completely be free from any form of pollution. This paper seeks to critically analyze china sus
The use of probability in public health hospitals as a means to protect and promote public health has become a rising epidemic in society today. The basis for using probability in public health hospitals is the usage of common sense and causal reasoning. Whether to save time and attend to a large number of patients or just out of sheer ignorance, basing the patient’s description on the pattern and frequency of the health events in a given population does not guarantee 100% results. There are three characteristics of probability, place, person, and time. Probability-based on place includes things like the environment that one is usually located, geographical violation, and urban-rural difference. While on the other hand, the probability of a personal characteristic by demographic factors such as occupation, race, age, sex, socioeconomic, and marital status (Peck & Devore, 2012). The probability of time is characterized by, hourly, daily, a seasonal or annual occurrence. Based on these characterizations, medical practitioners feel they can effectively prescribe a suitable dose for a patient. In public health practices, when doctors use terms that seem rather obscure instead of basing findings on facts that is when a patient may know that the doctor is using probability. Or example if someone who smokes enters the doctor’s office with a persistent cough or having difficulties in breathing, the doctor may use the knowledge that is known and end up prescribing something like lung cancer. They would probably feel that since the hospital is public, and most patients cannot afford to pay properly for the medical care, then it would be a waste of both time and energy to do the research. According to Wallis famous quotes, “statistics may be defined as a body of methods for making wise decisions in the face of uncertainty”. Using statistics and probability as in practice in public health may cause a problem when applied to individuals in a clinical setting. The reason behind it is, the patients in a clinical setting would be prescribed the same medication. In some cases, this would be Ok, but the same way the medical practitioner feels that there is a probability of those from the same population suffering from the same illness, there could also be a probability that they do not. This may cause problems to those who have a different ailment as it may take longer to be discovered or worse still may not be discovered at all. This puts life in danger and the medical industry to have a offensive name. Different bodies in the clinical department have different task that they perform. MD, RN, therapist, pharmacists, and public health practitioner deal with different things in the clinical department. For example, the task performed by a pharmacist and a public health practitioner totally differ. A pharmacist provides prescribed medicines, assess the prescription if it is correct and dispense the medication in accordance with the training that they have obtained. They should
The Reality America is often deemed land of opportunity by many the world over. A good percentage of the American population consists of people who were either brought there by their master’s generations ago or who have migrated themselves in search of greener pastures. Many want to come to this land of opportunity to avail the benefits which their counterparts are taking advantage of. The United States prides itself in accommodating a diverse ethnic and cultural mix. People around the world are in awe of the American Constitution and policies which promise equal rights and privileges of liberty and freedom to all its citizens irrespective of their color, caste, creed, religion, language, and ethnic and cultural affiliation. However, they do not see, or rather their vision is obscured from seeing the downside and the misery associated with being members of a minority group or groups. The suffering intensifies among such groups who belong to low socioeconomic classes. As the United States is a media mogul having overwhelming ownership of and control over media, a rosy picture is usually painted of the lifestyles and the standards of living of the ethnic and cultural minorities. Nonetheless, the actual plight is often not disclosed by the media. It is true that now many ethnic and non-ethnic Americans are raising their voices to ensure that the rights of minorities are not infringed upon. Several human rights movements are been launched which campaign in favor of the due rights and privileges of the ethnic and cultural minorities. No matter how financially sounds an ethnic group is, if it comprises people who are not white or follow the same culture as that of white Americans, it is likely to have suffered from some form of unspoken and implicit discrimination at the hands of those in the majority. Prejudice does not have too obvious and intense to be proclaimed as discrimination. Even though African Americans have been living in the United States for centuries and follow the same culture as the whites, they still feel discriminated against in some way or the other. A great many societies, committees, forums, and groups are coming up to address the issue of discrimination and unpleasant experiences of African Americans. This ethnic and racial group represents the largest minority in the United States and follows the culture and social norms of white Americans. A good number of citizens in the United States are of British, German, French, Spanish, and Italian origins. Some of them have adopted the cultural social values of white Americans while others have not. Nonetheless, they form a good portion of the workforce American. They face the same problems of discrimination as African Americans. Another major minority is that of Asians residing in America. They constitute a large group that is diverse in itself. The Asians consist of people from the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinen
Positive psychology refers to an investigative study that seeks to establish the reasons why some people live lives characterized by satisfaction and happiness, while others do not. This study therefore comes up with methods that can be used to improve people’s lives by advising them to lead positive lives. The field of positive psychology is thus substantially different from the other fields of psychology since it does not deal with negative psychological aspects. It is based on the basic idea that everyone desires a happy life with fulfilment. Thus positive psychology is meant to help people lead happier lives (Boelcke, 2003, p. 1). This paper seeks to identify the negative aspects of positive psychology, explore the value of developing the same and suggest ways in which the principles of positive psychology can be applied by an individual to enhance happiness and live positively. Positive psychology has its down side. Among the main arguments against it is the fact that its clientele is composed of people who are more or less normal psychologically. Thus there is less prospects for its development into a full-fledged profession because its clientele may fail to seek the services of professionals. Another challenge facing positive psychology is the fact that it may prove to be hard to make a person lose the negative mentality towards life he/she has lived with for a long time (Lopper, 2006, p. 1). Despite these challenges, there is need for development of this field of psychology because of its relevance in the contemporary society. One of the reasons why the field of positive psychology should be developed further is the fact that it is not a replacement for traditional psychology. It is used as a supplement to take care of mentally normal people who are incapable of achieving fulfillment and happiness in life due to their inability to shun negativity. Positive psychology is built on three main pillars. These are the development of positive character traits, the development of positive emotions and positive institutions to help negative people to change their negativity. Research conducted on positive psychology shows that the beliefs that happiness is reflected in positive emotions like interest and joy is wrong. It is strongly believed that positive emotions are actually among the causes of happiness. Research has also established a great connection between happiness and a person’s ability to observe ethics, be resilient, to love and even have courage. It has thus been established that character traits are a great determinant of a person’s happiness. Positive institutions that make people realize the importance of their environment by teaching them on values li
Michel Foucault asserts that the relationship between power and knowledge is mediated through information. He argues that those who have power create and maintain communication. In addition, the powerful define who other people are through the information they issue. For example in the media, the powerful dictates the kind of programs we should watch hence they have an influence over the knowledge we gain from the media. Foucault is of the opinion that knowledge is a form of power is gained from power. This is summed up in his theory which postulates that knowledge is power. When knowledge and power are linked, a discourse is created. In addition, the discursive elements set the stage for moralities (Foucault 85-92). The dominant discourse can be changed when another group with more power and knowledge communicates widely their counter-discourse. Individuals are receptive to discourses they understand. In addition, these individuals are perceived to be a powerful and knowledgeable group. This explains why individuals can either be proponents or antagonists of a certain theory or moral issues. In addition, this justifies the varied opinions of people regarding certain issues. Foucault notes that power has the ability to change behavior and the world. However, power itself cannot be affected (92- 101). Liberal Governmentality Governmentality is the study of autonomous in relation to political and economic exploitation. Foucault argues that governing people is not about coercion and domination by the authority but the versatile equilibrium where harmony and conflicts should be tolerated. In addition, he emphasized the differentiation of power and liberties by identifying three types of power relations which include liberties, government and dominion (94). Liberties are strategic power gamers which involves human interaction in various forms such as ideological manipulation, moral advice, rational argumentation and economic exploitation. The liberty of individuals is maintained and enabling people to have freedom of choice since there is no coercion (Krieken para. 6). On the other hand, government power regulates the freedom of others by using certain rules and rationality. This subjects all the parties involved to a predetermined set of conduct. This means that power has a complete dominion on all the subjects under it. Therefore, all the decisions they make override the power to freedom. Domination power on the other hand is stable, fixed and hierarchical in if functioning. This type of power dominates its subjects thus giving them limited freedom. The states of dominion relate to the effects of technologies on government in terms of systematization, stabilization and regulation of power relationships which lead to domination (Wickham 248-255). Social governance An example of social governance is evident in advanced liberal democracies where the government is devolved into a state, geographical territory and the population. Liberal government is aimed at increasing demographic and cultural diversity due to increased migration and globalization. Foucault advocates for liberty. This is evident in that he
Symptoms Initially, PJ had shown clear symptoms of stable angina characterized by chest pain or a discomfort that results from minor activities. However, PJ’s current condition reflects symptoms of unstable angina. Unstable angina often affects the shoulder, neck, jaws and arms. Tightness, burning, or choking signs in the chest also accompany the condition. PJ’s condition took place at rest and did not go away. In addition, the patient showed shortness of breath and sweating. As opposed to stable angina, which only results from certain activities and is accompanied by mild pain lasting only few minutes, unstable angina is normally sudden and could become severe within a shorter period. PJ’s symptoms will become more severe, appear more often and increase with minimal activities or during rest or sleep. The condition will last relatively longer time, more than 15 minutes and result from no cause, particularly when he is sleeping. PJ will respond poorly to medication (nitroglycerin) and develop low blood pressure. Most important, unstable angina is an indication that a heart attack could occur to PJ soon and, therefore, he is advised to seek medical attention immediately. Differential Diagnosis Differential diagnoses for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) include (1) “ST elevation that is straight or convex upward and blends with T to form a dome; (2) wide upright T or inverted T waves; (3) Q waves; (4) ST elevation or T waves that may approximate or exceed QRS height; and (5) reciprocal ST depression” (Hanna & Glancy, 2015, p. 373). Laboratory Tests for MI Several laboratory tests are available to determine MI in patients (Zimetbaum & Josephson, 2003). It is imperative to note that none of these tests is specific and sensitive to MI shortly after the onset of the condition. Thus, timing of intervention is vital. The elevation of the total Creatine Kinase in the skeletal muscle could indicate MI. However, is not an absolute test because other non-cardiac conditions may coexist with MI. MB fraction of Creatine Kinase from the isoenzymes is much more specific for the MI cardiac muscles. Hence, it is an excellent laboratory test for MI. In addition, the serum increases between 2 and 8 hours after the start of the MI condition. Higher levels of Troponins I and T in the cardiac muscle show injuries to the muscles. The test is highly specific for MI, and it could assist to distinguish Creatine Kinase found in the muscles. The laboratory tests also involve the CK-MB isoforms determination. The 2 to 1 ratio has been used to determine MI injury. The increase in myoglobin shows potential MI. The lactate dehydrogenase test is conducted between 12 and 24 hours after the onset of the MI when it rises to the peak. Evaluation of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes is performed because of high reliability for cardiac injury. Pathophysiological Responses for MI The respo
Flight 232 of United Airlines was the scheduled flight between Denver and Philadelphia. On July 19 in 1989 Douglas DC-10 suffered a failure of its second engine (in the tail) which further destroyed all three aircraft’s systems of hydraulics. Without any controls operating except power levers of two remaining engines, the aircraft broke up in the course of emergency landing at Sioux city, Iowa which killed 110 of 285 passengers and 1 of 11 crew staff. To analyze the causes and consequences of the crash creep analysis is the most relevant methodology. It will be made through discussion of technical and structural failures that led to disaster. Creep model for analysis of aircraft crash The first problems appeared when the aircraft took shallow right turning at 37. 000 feet, N-1 fan disk of the tail-mounted CF6-6 engine produced by General Electric broke into two parts. The fan’s cowling was destroyed and the pieces of engine appeared in aircraft’s tail in various places. Many pieces of the shrapnel severed the structure of all hydraulic systems which allowed fluid to pour out (Kilroy 2007). Containment ring Containment ring is 86 inches in diameter and its axial length is 16 inches. It surrounds the stages of first fan disc blades. It is designed for absorption of energy on that order that is associated with the release of a fan blade and possible damage. The containment ring of the second engine was divided at 1:45 and 7:30 positions. The ring’s upper-left part separated from the plane during the flight. And its other parts were found at the crash place and were then analyzed by specialists (Kilroy, 1989). Examination of 7:30 separation sector of the containment ring revealed great deformation and it was found out that the first fan disc burst into the ring in this sector. The analysis of the containment ring break at 1:45 position found out features peculiar to tensile overstress separations. Restraint system The crew found out that pressure gauges for each of hydraulic system registered zero and understood that the failure made control surfaces and restraint system immovable. Hydraulic systems were divided in a way that prevented any single event in certain system disabling other systems but no backup system was in place. Environment It was difficult to maintain the plane on the stable course after engines broke and it started to oscillate vertically in the phugoid cycle which is characteristic of environment transformations when hydraulic powers are lost. With each repeat of this cycle the plane lost 1500 feet in altitude