ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction First of all it is necessary to mention that “The Birthmark” is a romantic short story which is written by Nathaniel Hawthorne with the aim to examine the fascination with human excellence. It has seen the world in the March, 1843 under The Pioneer edition. This story entails several themes and plot hooks, which attract readers and originate essential analysis and thinking over of the story. Originally, the author challenges numerous issues, entailing the general and all-entailing science from the points of religious fanaticism till the issues of the purest materialism. The idea of physical expression of the imperfections of the human nature and spirit is widely represented and deeply studied, and the idea that a man is able to create something perfect while he himself is absolutely imperfect sounds ridiculous in the story. (Farrel 2001, p, 1144) Analysis and Criticism Like lots of other stories, Hawthorne created his “The Birthmark” living in the Old Manse, which inspired him for writing the discussion on the matter of the psychological impact in sexual relations. As McFarlend (1999, p. 49) states: “ In the early nineteenth century, science and technology assumed more dominant roles in American life. Originally, it was regarded as a part of religion – as a source of meaning and understanding. Hawthorne presents scientific experimentation which did not result as it was intended. Aylmer, obsessed with his wife’s imperfection, dedicates himself to removing it. ” The Birthmark” does not become an issue to Aylmer until after the marriage, which he suddenly sees as sexual: now vaguely portrayed, now lost, now stealing forth again, and glimmering to-and-fro with every pulse of emotion. The story emphasizes the husband’s sexual guilt disguised as superficial cosmetology. Some critics contend that the theme of the story is that human perfection can only be achieved in death and therefore not reachable at all, in that the trademark foreshadowing occurred during Aylmer’s dream, in which he can not cut deep enough to remove the birthmark. (Doubleday, 1966, p. 406) Hawthorne aims to criticize the period of reforms, during which he was living, and wished to emphasize that the reformation was ineffective and even dangerous for the reformers and for the population. Other researchers claim that this was the criticism of 19th century positivistic philosophic view (positivism) which stated that the nature itself may be compared with a woman. This is the part of idealistic symbolism, which was popular in the 19 th century community of the United States. Still others also regard it as a defense of vitalism against materialism and realistic symbolism, which emphasizes that it is impossible to find the quintessence or soul in bodily matter. (Mellow, 1980, p. 324) Originally, one of the main ideas of “The Birthmark” is often regarded as the support of the Christian view that
Introduction The literature review explores both national and international research as well as other documentary evidence in relation to leadership and governance in the past years. According to Neider & Schriesheim (2002), leadership is a central component of good governance, which is a core determinant of development. Interestingly, the issue of improving governance in the UAE and Dubai has been a major objective as stated in the Pacific Plan and in the Australia’s overseas aid program. Neider & Schriesheim (2002) noted that leadership in the pacific is framed within the context of either chiefly leadership model or in the model of the big man leadership. In this case, big men acquire their status by demonstrating certain skills like bravery or oratorical prowess as well as through the distribution of wealth. This chapter gives the overview of the findings on leadership in the UAE and a further examination on the ways in which cultural understandings of leadership and theories of leadership cut across the contemporary institutions as well as consider how they intersect between the leadership practices and the requirements of good governance. Leadership theories The trait approach in leadership theories looks at the attributes of an individual such as skills, personality, values and motives. Underlying this assumption, leaders like HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashed are natural leaders who are endowed with unique traits that are not common in other leaders (Uhl-Bien, 2006). Behavioral approach, on the other hand, focuses on the achievements of the leaders as opposed to the personal traits. According to Winkler (2010), this approach deviates from the hypothesis that leaders are born, as opposed to the notion that leaders are made. Interestingly, Hofstede (2010) points out that consideration behavior is one of the behaviors in which the leader shows concern for the people he leads by respecting their ideas and feelings. On the other hand, initiating structure involves a leader who engages his followers in the tasks performed by assigning them or implicating them in decision making processes. In this case, Mohammed bin Rhashed is one of the leaders who have embraced the behavioral approach of leadership, since he has not been seen as a leader who is made. Mohammed bin Rashed AlMaktoum approached leadership with one major massage: to embrace democracy, unity, and accept that the world belongs to the human race, where everyone is equal despite color, origin or power. His aim was to create a diverse market to serve the whole world (Metha, Dubinsky & Anderson, 2003). Cultural differences theory of leadership argues that people perceive leadership from different dimensions across the cultures and that authority is an aspect of culture in relation to power distance and verticality. Power distance is perceived as a cultural dimension with managerial implications by applying the concept of leadership in different cultures (Walumbwa & Lawler, 2003). Neider & Schriesheim (2002) descr
Introduction Warby Parker is a well-known organization that is located in the USA and headquartered in New York. The company has operated successfully for 8 years already, offering high-quality products to numerous clients. In particular, it is focused on the provision of “high-quality, fashionable, and reliable frames at affordable prices” (“Careers at Warby Parker,” 2018, para. 1). The organization manufactures frames that are likely to appeal to a wide population. Warby Parker operates in more than 60 countries all over the world. The company has several stores in the US and engages in various e-marketing activities. In this way, Warby Parker turns out to be tightly connected with information technology (IT). The purpose of this paper is to show how Warby Parker uses IT to develop its business, remain competitive, and enhance its overall performance. IT and the Business Model Warby Parker is a customer-oriented company. Utilizing information technology, it manages to provide its products directly to clients without the necessity to involve any third parties. In this way, it receives an opportunity to enhance customer loyalty, as clients tend to get in tight contact with the company’s representatives. In addition to that, buyers can be sure that their purchase will not be broken or lost during delivery. Warby Parker is focused on its clients and does its best to benefit them. It is concerned about the fact that “more than 700 million people worldwide need glasses but don’t have access to them” (“Warby Parker,” 2018, para. 4). The company addresses this issue, minimalizing prices and allowing its clients to donate a pair of glasses to those in need. This approach became possible, as Warby Parker cut out the middleman and use IT when possible, reducing associated costs. What is more, it has a specific application that provides an opportunity for shoppers to try on various glasses (“Warby Parker,” 2018). Being oriented on its clients, Warby Parker wants to develop positive relationships with its consumers, ensuring that they will remain loyal for a long time. IT turns out to be rather advantageous in this
Introduction Computerized physician order entry or CPOE systems are an increasingly popular alternative to the manual entry for clinician prescribing. Currently, about 15% of US hospitals have already adopted this practice, although reviews of the physicians remain controversial (Charles et al. 2018). Healthcare providers likely need additional clarification or training on the use of CPOE. It is equally important to consult scientists and developers to create the most effective and safe interface for the convenience of clinicians. Therefore, there is a need for a literature review, where the listed issues would be discussed in more detail, with the provision of actual research results, opinions of clinicians, and proposals for the implementation and optimization of CPOE. This paper presents the literature review as an integral part of the report regarding the benefits, errors, and implementation potential of the CPOE. Literature Review Major Themes Found in the Articles CPOE Concept The CPOE concept is defined by most researchers in the same way, as it is a technical term. Specifically, Connelly and Korvek (2017) define a concept as a system that “improves clinician-patient care by reducing the number of medication errors in hospitalized patients” (p. 1). CPOE is also defined as “a solution to reduce medical errors by implementing a computerized order entry system for healthcare providers” (Amiri et al., 2018, p. 1). It is also noted that CPOE as a digital medicine tool is used everywhere today, and this transformation took place very rapidly, since 10 years ago clinicians wrote out most of the orders by hand. In particular, the introduction of the CPOE was stimulated by the 2009 federal law HITECH, and the purpose of using the CPOE was to improve the safety of drug orders. Later, the system was improved with the ability to “order analyzes, procedures and consultations in electronic form” (“Computerized provider order entry,” 2019, p. 3). Noteworthy, there are several stages of prescribing and administering drugs: ordering, transcribing, dispensing, and administration (“Computerized provider order entry,”
Introduction Economics is involved with the study of day-to-day trade activities. Resources used in trade, are usually subjected to competition due to several uses. Economics is targeted at learning the options existing for the consumer. In the study distinctions are made in order to understand. The divisions are positive and normative economics. Positive analysis can be referred to as the knowledge division of economics. It follows and foresees the conduct of persons, organizations, and trading plus other economic activities. Studying the basic aspects of an economy that effect change can be considered as positive analysis. Areas such as consumer spending capacity can be used as a studying basis. The technique uses scientific methodology to get answers to economic questions. Positive analysis requires the investigator to use data. Information is collected and analyzed from the area of study. Scientifically, the results can be considered to reflect the situation under scrutiny. Main Text However, in normative analysis ruling is based on the significance of economic parameters. The economic guiding principles after investigation are classified either as commendable or undeserving. The study style applies an idealistic way of thinking. Focusing on value, normative economists design systems that they believe will serve the economy. Based on perception and records, a normative review is used to evaluate an economic situation. Therefore, the method uses value addition as a prerequisite to declaring an economy as viable. Nevertheless, both methods of economic analysis are important for management. It is usually difficult to distinctly separate the two. Both analyses are intertwined in their functions but different in the styles used to arrive at results. Most economists have trouble as they tend to confuse one for the other (Marron 2). Economic activities in a national financial system are liable to taxation by law. Taxation is a
Theresa Marie Schiavo had been in a vegetative state for 15 years undergoing artificial hydration and nutrition which were then stopped causing her death. Her death was the culmination of a long and hard-fought battle between her parents and her husband regarding whether she should remain in a vegetative state on life support machines or whether to let her die. Her demise caused a dispute between not only her husband and her parents but assumed national proportions as it even pitted the state Governor against judges as well as other interested parties against each other as it went on to become one of the most significant end-of-life cases in the United States (Cerminara & Goodman, 2013). This essay looks at the case of Terri Schiavo and the ethical issues that arose from it, the definitions used to judge cases similar to it from a bioethics perspective and it will attempt to determine which of the two opposing parties was more ethically correct in its stance. Theresa Marie’s ordeal began on February 25, 1990 when, after suffering a heart attack caused by an imbalance of potassium in the body, she got brain damage due to insufficient oxygen in the brain. She was admitted at the Humana Northside Hospital where she was given (PEG) percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for hydration and nutrition purposes. She was later transferred to the College Park Rehabilitation Center, a skilled healthcare facility (Cerminara & Goodman, 2013). After a series of transfers to various medical and rehabilitation institutions where she received care and some experimental treatment, her husband Michael Schiavo was confirmed as her legal guardian by the court. She was then awarded a $250,000 out of court settlement for malpractice by one of her physicians. In another malpractice case she was awarded more than a million dollars by the jury whereby $750,000 was put in a trust fund for her medical care and $300,000 was awarded to her husband Michael Schiavo (Cerminara & Goodman, 2013). Michael later had a falling out with his in-laws, the Schindlers, over his wife’s therapy where he accused them of demanding a share of the malpractice money. After this falling out, the Schindlers moved to court in an attempt to nullify the guardianship of Michael to their daughter which the court dismissed (Cerminara & Goodman, 2013). Terri was described by physicians as being in a persistent vegetative state meaning that although she appeared to have a normal level of awareness and some attentiveness and she also slept normally, she had no content of consciousness. In the words of a few hardliners, she existed but did not live. She could not experience emotion, could not think, interact with her environment and she had no memory. Some would argue that the fact, tha
Education is considered the pillar of development by all nations in the world. For this reason, significant investments have been made in the educational sector with many governments encouraging their citizens to pursue education to the highest level. In the United States, investments in education have grown, and the number of students enrolled in institutes of higher education has grown significantly over the decades. However, the number of jobs available in the market has experienced some decrease, which has led to questions being raised about the need for higher education. In his article “Is College a Lousy Investment?”, Author McArdle Megan suggests that college education might not be the most prudent investment that a person can make. I strongly disagree with this position. In this essay, I will argue that college is the most prudent investment that one can make for their growth and prosperity and that of society. A college education offers a person with a firm theoretical and practical base in the subject, therefore, increasing his competence. By attending college, a person is equipped with relevant information to enable him to carefully analyze issues and come up with the best solutions. My experiences in offering assistance to others through volunteer work best demonstrated the need for a theoretical basis. While working with disabled children just after high school, I often felt inadequate to cope with their needs. Even with patience and compassion for them, I still got stuck and did not know what to do. I, therefore, came to appreciate that while raw skills and good intentions are useful, these values will not enable a person to fully apply himself in any field. A strong educational background is the only way through which one can gain theoretical and practical skills and therefore increase his competence. College increases the worth of a professional in their job. From my personal experiences, I have seen the value that an education that instills good skills and competency can have in one’s professional life. As a young Child in a Russian orphanage, I distinctively remember the lack of professionalism among the social workers who attended to us. While these workers tried their best to help me deal with my issues, they could only do as much since they lacked the necessary theoretical background. In contrast to this, the social workers I encountered after adoption demonstrated great skill. My involvement with them helped me to adjust favorably to life in the US and lead a productive life. College education exposes the student to vast experiences through interaction with people of different socio-cultural backgrounds, expands minds through various academic endeavors, and increases the social
Effective communication at Sonic Drive-in At Sonic Drive-in, the most important skill required of the employees is effective communication. On 20 th June 2014, the Sonic Drive-in store in North Babylon, New York, was faced with a big challenge in communication. The store uses an intercom system to relay messages from the clients to the service-persons. Customers use the intercom communication channel to make orders to the servicemen, and they deliver orders through carhops. The company has specialized in fast delivery of their customer’s orders to create a distinction between Sonic Drive-in and its competitors. On a fateful day, the intercom communication system failed in the New York store, making it quite difficult for the service delivery personnel to satisfy the needs of the customers. The management in the store faced a dilemma on whether to close down the store or attempt to accommodate the situation by allocating some human assets to take the orders manually. The management decided to pick the latter option, and twelve of the delivery men were placed in the reception room to take orders and relay the messages to the servicemen. The personnel in the store had to shift from the automated communication system in the ordering station to a manual system that threatened to slow down the delivery of foods to the clients. The efficiency in communication between the employees stationed in the ordering area and the service delivery men was quite remarkable. The most remarkable thing about the effectiveness of the communication skills portrayed by the employees was that most of the customers were not even aware that the intercom system had broken down. Reasons for effectiveness in communication One of the reasons that the situation portrayed effective communication is a fast response on the part of the management in the company. When the situation arose, the management of the company was quick to deliver the relevant information to the employees to shift from the automated communication system to manually executed communication. This performance level was particularly remarkable because the personnel in the company have never experienced such a situation. While the majority of the employees were certain that the changes in the communication system would fail to deliver the required results, they went ahead to attempt the difficult task. A change in the communication system may influence failure in business operations in the company, but the employees at Sonic Drive-in executed the pe
These days, a job market is one of the most competitive ones, thus, in order to succeed in a chosen field and professional development, one should know techniques that can help him/her stand out from the crowd of numerous applicants for a position. To pass an interview for a job successfully, one should provide a resume, show himself/herself during the interview and present a portfolio. Indeed, a professional portfolio is very important in today’s career. It can ensure a successful path to a desirable career. In this paper, we are going to discuss the importance of the professional portfolio, provide the algorithm of composing a great portfolio, discuss the use of portfolio in today’s career and focus on the question of Online Portfolio Systems. The first question under consideration is the importance of portfolio in today’s career. Thus, demands to applicants are very high these days. Apart from traditional resume and interview, portfolio provides the evidences of one’s validity and credibility of his/her professional qualification. Thus, the first step to the career growth is to make a good resume. Once it is accepted and an individual is invited to the interview, he/she should confirm his words with evidences. As it has already been mentioned, the best evidence is a professional portfolio. First of all, it shows to the employer that a candidate is serious about the job, that he/she prepared for the interview, thus, he/she is responsible and hard-working. Moreover, the way the material is represented in the portfolio demonstrates the applicant’s creativity and organization: A portfolio is a purposeful collection of work that exhibits the efforts, progress, and achievements in one or more content areas for the individual developing the portfolio. The collection must include the developer’s participation in selecting contents, the criteria for judging merit, and evidence of the developer’s reflection (Cox, 2005, p. 2). Thus, the importance of the professional portfolio cannot be argued, as it gives an applicant benefits and help him/her stand a competition in the job market. In addition, it presents the applicant’s accomplishments in previous work place, ensures that one possess skills mentioned in the resume and demonstrates how the applicant can apply them to new occupation. In fact, portfolio speaks for the app