ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Notes from Underground by Dostoevsky is a book which tells the reader about the life and the actions done by the protagonist. The whole novel seems to be a confession. He protagonist stars his story with the words, “I am a sick man… I am a spiteful man. I am unattractive man” (Dostoyevsky 1). The notes are like the dairy which is published. It is important to keep in mind that the protagonist never tells his name, he writes his notes from the first person narration. Still, this method of narration does not make the narration less interesting and exciting. Moreover, it seems that the absence of the protagonist’s name only adds to the impression the novel provides. Before stating the main thesis statement of the further research, it should be mentioned that the thorough work should be provided before the paper is going to be completed. To claim a thesis statement, it is important identify a topic which should be considered. Notes from Underground by Dostoevsky can cover many different topics, still, we want to pay attention to the absence of the protagonist’s name in the novel. It is important to conduct a research and to identify the scholars who considered this problem in their works. The next step for writing should be focused on the thesis statement creation, what we are going to deal with in this paper, and on the paper structure. The structure of the paper should depend on the thesis statement directly. The main idea which should be considered in the essay is the understanding of the reasons why the author uses the protagonist without a name. There are a number of reasons which could guide the author. On the one hand, the author explains the position himself. Dostoevsky writes, “the author of the dairy and the diary itself are imaginary. Nevertheless.., such persons… must exist in the society” (Dostoyevsky 1). Thus, representing a protagonist without a name, the author tries to express the ideas of some representatives of the society without attaching the situation to any specific person. On the other hand, the case may be easily explained by the tendency which was in the 19 th century when authors tried to make the impression that the writings they presented were autobiographical. Only close familiarizing with the works made it possible to distinguish between the reality and the fiction (Smith and Watson 8). Aristotle writes that there are protagonists who are not named in the reason because there is no appropriate name for him/her. He writes, “the extremes have the appearance of being opposed to one another, because the mean has no appropriate name” (Aristotle 71). This opinion may be easily related to the novel by Dostoevsky. The person describes his life with the purpose to understand why he had became a person who he was (it is possible to unders
Introduction Innovations are an essential part of the natural development of any business. Companies need to deploy innovative concepts and equipment into their operation management processes to ensure the continuum of the economic growth. However, very few organisations view innovations as an inherent part of their corporate philosophy and a vehicle for improving every facet of their functioning, from sales to customer relationships (Kirkegaard Sløk-Madsen, Ritter, & Sornn-Friese 2017). Apple, Inc. is one of the corporations that have dared to venture into the domain of incremental innovations, making the very concept of innovative thinking an inseparable aspect of their decision-making. Apple has always positioned itself as an organisation that has been viewing innovations as an aspect of the corporate philosophy rather than a tool for raising the number of customers comparatively quickly (Hsiao 2017). However, the link between the incessant inclusion of innovations and the rise in a firm’s profit margins requires further exploration. Although the concept of innovations is generally positive, utilising the philosophy of innovative thinking as the Apple policy suggests in contrast to non-incremental innovations used by other companies may put other companies under a significant strain, questioning their future existence in the global market. Exploring the long-term effects of the innovation-driven policy and the correlation between the deployment of innovation-driven policies and the corporate performance would be a way of proving the connection between the two. An insightful look into the nature of Apple’s success streak and the factors that have facilitated its unceasing triumph in the global economy will assist in understanding the Apple phenomenon. The objective of the current study is to examine the correlation between the investment in the R&D management and the changes in the profit margins and the overall performance of an organisation, specifically, rise in its revenue, will be the main focus of the research. Problem Planning & Definition The analysis of the connection between investing in R&D as the key driver of innovative strategies in the organisational context and the corporate performance is the focus of this study. Determining whether the connection is present in case of Apple will allow stating several key facts about operating in global economy. For instance, one will discover the course that the organisation will have to take in the future, specifically, the approach that it should take in managing its organisational and performance-related processes. In addition, the route that other companies that function in the IT industry, especially the ones that have only recently been integrated into its environment, will be located (Masa’deh 2016). The outcomes of the problem analysis will determine the scope of an innovation-driven approach that firms need to use when en
Ethnic groups are made up of individuals who share a common heritage. Members of an ethnic group usually live around the same region, speak the same language, and share common religion and practices. Individuals who are tribal minded can be regarded as a hindrance to full integration since they remain attached to non-normative customs, adaptations, and languages. In the past, governments have viewed ethnic groups as a problem. This is because their customs do not allow them to fit into national governments. Some have a nomadic lifestyle, meaning that they usually move from one place to another with little regard for borders. Their customs are considered as ‘not civilized’ by national governments. However, all this has changed as ethnic groups have become a tourist attraction. Governments are now encouraging the preservation of ethnic cultural traditions. This is going to be very helpful to these groups. Even though tourists bring change and sometimes, result in harmful effects on ethnic culture, their benefits outweigh their disadvantages. With increase in tourism, ethnic groups do not have to migrate in search for work. They can sell their cultural goods right in their home areas. They can also earn a living from their cultural traditions like dancing and singing. Their earnings help them to incorporate a different kind of education into their cultural learning. Long-term effects of tourism usually result in integration of the tourists’ into the local communities. This could be of benefit to the local culture, although there are also a number of disadvantages associated with such integration. In addition, integration may result in dilution of the language, a change in customs, or a lack of practice altogether as ethnic groups are too busy taking care of tourists. This is helpful because in the long run, change is always good. Orientalism is a term used in reference to a style of thought based on a distinction between the orient and the west. Orientalism is usually depicted by artists, written about by novelists and poets and discussed by philosophers and theorists. Orientalism is believed by some to be a stereotypical imitation of the eastern culture. Orientalism is a big factor in our society. The orient is seen as the centre of languages and civilization in Europe. Its study borrows from the past, and integrates the present and the future. To some scholars, such areas of study areas as anthropology appears highlight how the orient differs from the west. Orientalism is a factor in the political and economic development of the west. The study and understanding of the orient is firmly rooted in the western doctrine and as such, it grants the west control of the resources in the east. Orientalism is also a factor worth of consideration when it comes to religious prejudice. In this context, orientation endeavours to depict Islam in a negative and stereotypical way. Orientalism affects our travel fantasies and attraction to ethnic tourism. The depiction of orientalism is usually exotic, alive, romantic, and sensual. Even though this may not be accurate re
Introduction Bankruptcy law draws upon a blend of principles, some of which are referable to the general approach to be followed in cases of bankruptcy, while others address the special questions that result from the domestic dimension within the instant case. Despite the wide variation between legal systems in terms of policy and approach towards bankruptcy, extending across the gamut from pro-debtor to pro-creditor, at least one fundamental principle appears to command universal acceptance (although the exact circumstances and mode of its application can vary). recent years, there is an increasing number of bankruptcy cases in the USA caused by changes in laws and regulations, economic and political issues. Main Text Bankruptcy is defined as “settlement of the liabilities of a person or organization wholly or partially unable to meet financial obligations. The purposes are to distribute, through a court-appointed receiver, the bankrupt’s assets equitably among creditors and, in most instances, to discharge the debtor from further liability” (The Columbia Encyclopedia 4179). The bankruptcy involves the following: individual bankruptcy, municipal bankruptcy; rehabilitation or reorganization, rehabilitation for family farmers and fishermen, rehabilitation with a payment plan for individuals. The bankruptcy procedure can be voluntary or involuntary. The main types of bankruptcies are liquidation and reorganization. During liquidation procedures (Chapter 7 in Bankruptcy Code), some of the property is sold in order to pay debts and cover expenses. During reorganization (Chapter 11 in Bankruptcy Code), debts are paid over time from income (Elias 5-6). A term bankruptcy may be termed ‘the principle of collectivity’, and amounts to a recognition that bankruptcy constitutes an example of the so-called ‘common pool problem’, which arises whenever conditions are such that more than one person has rights over the same, finite fund of resources. “On April 20, 2005, President Bush signed into law the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”). BAPCPA made substantial changes to the Bankruptcy Code. And the Bankruptcy Judges Division has made significant revisions to this online version of Bankruptcy Basics to account for BAPCPA’s changes to the Code” (United States Bankruptcy Courts 2008; See appendix 1). By regarding all those with claims against the debtor as members of a collectivised entity, the law transforms what were originally multip
Introduction As one moves from one country to another, he is able to note the similarities in the lifestyles manifested across different cultures. The world, therefore, has become a small global village. This is attributed to international advertising that makes communication possible between people of different nations. International advertising is meant to promote more sales competitively in developing nations. It has been enhanced through the use of television, radios, print media and social media that rely mostly on the internet. Different cultures and lifestyles have been adopted by people in different parts of the world. International advertising has come with its positive and negative effects in the developing countries that range from social and economic to the political state of developing nations. In this paper I have researched the positive impacts of international advertising in developing nations. Essay Body Information dissemination across many developing countries is now easier. This is due to the common modes that advertising companies use to pass information to people in developing countries. The codes used have become universally accepted, thus, understanding of them is very easy. Many countries are able to communicate effectively with minimal misunderstanding. Advertising reinforces some social roles, values and language. It introduces goods from one country to another resulting in sudden or gradual changes in lifestyles in a given society. It creates a desire for the good western lifestyles in third world countries, thus increasing the demand of products from the west. (Douglas and Craig, 2002). The major aim of international advertising is to sell products and services to people around the globe. It persuades people to buy and accept lifestyles originating from the west. As a result, trade activities have been boosted as people in developing nations buy goods and services from the American continent, thus improving their GDP of trading countries. As a result of advertising, trading activities have been expanding into the third world countries that want to consume American imported products. It has provided job opportunities in various fields ranging from trade and production to advertising in various media (MacRury, 2009). Advertising has achieved standardized development that has given birth to transnational culture around the world c
Needs Analysis There are different consumer needs that include functional, symbolic, emotional, and social needs (Verma, 2008). Functional needs are those that consumers prioritize depending on the situation. For example, sick people need medication; during rainy seasons, individuals demand umbrellas and warm clothes. Symbolic needs are those that consumers prefer to be associated with such as the needs that match their personality or enhance their status. Emotional needs refer to needs that are driven by passion. On the other hand, social needs are related to cultural and social activities. All consumers have needs, and they pursue them to gain satisfaction (Verma, 2008). For example, the Burjel Hospital in Abu Dhabi provides patients with medical care services. Thus, people around the hospital depend on it when they get sick or when they need health advice. Do consumers seek to fulfill rational, emotional, symbolic or social needs with this product? With this product, the Burjel Hospital in Abu Dhabi, the consumers seek to fulfill functional needs. Patients need medication to cure their diseases. To the patients, it is a primary need. In this case, without it, the patients’ health is at risk that can even lead to death. Decision Making Process Analysis The decision making process involves several stages. This may include need recognition, information search for evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior (Kardes, Cronley & Cline, 2011). What does the consumer do in each of the stages of the decision making process? In need recognition, cultural, social, personal, marketing, or psychological factors make consumers realize that they need a certain product or service (Pride & Ferrell, 2012). When people in Abu Dhabi get sick, they realize that they need medication. Thus, they think of the Burjel Hospital. In information search, consumers learn about products and services by searching information from relevant sources. In reference to the Burjel Hospital, sick people inquire about the services the hospital offers from friends, commercial, and public sources among others. In the evaluation of alternatives, consumers compare what they want to buy with other related products or services from different sellers. In relation to the Burjel Hospital, the sick people compare the hospital with other hospitals in the region. They compare the services and the cost before making the decisi
The problem The problem of our case study is the decreasing business activities at McDonalds. The fast food joint that was growing at a higher rate has become a last resort for most customers. Several branches have closed down as the rate of the new ones being established reduces in percentage. The franchisees that would wait in queues to be allowed to operate under the name have reduced substantially as others sell back their businesses to the company (Smith, 282). The company is now receiving very low attention from consumers who would rather go elsewhere for their burgers. The changing eating habits of the people have also affected this organization as it was mainly dealing in a particular line of products. It has basically remained with no alternative but to probably change its line of activity in order to suit the needs of their customers. Alternative The best thing that is remaining for the company is to change its line of production. Even though there are many other things that are being related to their poor performance, it has to be admitted that people are currently not into fast foods as they were in the late 80’s and early 90’s (Case 3-3, 283). The company will hence think of modifying the restaurant and make it into a hotel. By doing this they will be guaranteed that they will start off with their loyal customers who will bring in others as they realize that their services are of good quality. The company will probably have a place where those who want the first foods can go to. It should however venture mainly into the hotel industry to at least maintain the status of its name. Alternatives – Pro and Con By establishing a hotel industry, the company will have many options that they can rely on and will hence be able to stay in the market for a longer period. This will however change the image of the company completely as it is mainly known for fast foods. It will look strange for a customer to actually go to a McDonalds’s to obtain hotel services contrary to what they are used to. The industry may also not pick up at a faster rate as the restaurant did, considering the costs that are involved in establishing and running the same. As a restaurant, it was a place where they youth could meet in large numbers to have fun, it being transformed into a hotel will not be able to attract this caliber of customers. A hotel industry will however be accommodative enough to handle many other activity that the company may desire. Recommendation The company is in urgent need of a solution considering the state of affairs. The fast food idea that made the company to soar higher is no longer working as the number of customers continues to reduce day in day out. If the company mainly wants to retain the name, then it will have to consider an alternative in the food industry. It should provide more than just a place to sit eat and have fun. More services as those
Introduction Teaching is one of the most significant and complicated processes in the world’s educational system, as the younger generations are intended to obtain the general knowledge of their ancestors. Indeed, the teacher’s profession requires a plethora of approaches to one’s students and to help them with choosing their future occupations. The following paper will discuss and evaluate the teachers’ primary duties, responsibilities, and specific attainments. Comprehension of Foundation Concepts In his book Man and Superman , a noble Irish dramaturge and educator George Bernard Shaw wrote: “He who can, does: he who cannot, teaches” (Shaw, 1903, p 36). This quote can be interpreted in different ways and might be given various meanings. Nevertheless, Shaw (1903) wanted to address specifically teachers and other educators with his sapience above. The context says that those who have unique talents and abilities should be occupied in something that they can do on a professional level and with the highest quality. According to Shaw (1903), other individuals with the same knowledge, but with particular technical or mental skills, should be sharing some valuable information with others. The aforementioned statement is not quite right because a person, who provides others with specific knowledge, is obliged to experience them in practice. Otherwise, teachers would not have any idea about their subjects. The teacher’s profession is more valuable than practitioners because the latter one is not responsible for the creditworthiness of information that people receive from him or her, whereas, a teacher is obligated to profess only credible and trustworthy material (Biesta, 2015). Another essential factor that any teacher has to follow is to give students only the main ideas of any subject because they are supposed to develop their own theories and arrive at new conclusions. Teacher Professionalism To summarize everything that was mentioned above, it would be proper to say that the teachers’ professionalism is the utmost important quality of any educator, which influences the students’ approaches and achievements in their future lives and careers. However, the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (APST) declaration requires all teachers of the country to follow certain rules during their educating practice, which is intended to raise high-qualified specialists, people of good manners, and morality principles (“Australian Professional Standards for Teachers”, 2017). The first requirement of the declaration above obligates all teachers to know their students and their relation to the educational process. Although one needs to be aware of every student’s philosophy and state of mind, it is also necessary not to establish stereotypes about him or her. This instrumental information is intended to help or to discuss particular issues that might not be clear to a person (“Australian Professional Standards for Teachers”, 2017). Besides, such factors as students’ ethnic, linguistic, and religious background should be considered in order to develop a specific manner of communication with them, show them the teacher’s respe