ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Khayatt mentions that some of the new Canadians cannot feel like Canadians in the initial period, and that continues till they have lived here for long time, getting well versed with the language, or mingled with the local people, becoming one of them by all respects. She starts with her disappointment for being labeled as an ‘immigrant woman’ in her institution, referring to her Egyptian background, when the concerned professor is also an ‘immigrant man’ from the United Kingdom. While referring to other writers on racial and color discrimination, she states that the use of terms such as ‘immigrant’, ‘visible minority’ or ‘refugee’ potentially differentiate some people from the mainstream society, confining them to a separate category. Referring a non-white woman bluntly as a ‘woman of color’ may not help her in getting own and deserved identity. While referring to the use of such labels by ‘anti-racism’ campaigners, Khayatt feels that they help in highlighting the problems of non-white women such as prejudice, scanty opportunities and other problems of double discrimination. However, she argues that such labeling fails in comprehensive reflection of various and diverse problems of non-white women from different backgrounds. Such labeling hinders the expression of self-identity and interests of these women. Main text Khayatt says that though labels such as ‘woman of color’ stresses the need for extra consideration for such women, they bind all non-white women under one category irrespective of their individual achievements. In this context, even a top nuclear physicist should be treated as a woman requiring special consideration due to her aborigine background. Hence, this kind of labeling is not an acceptable method of focusing on the differences among and varying experiences of people in a broader aspect. The fact that different people suffer from various kinds and levels of oppression implies that such people should not be given a broad label, owing to its limitations (p. 81). For, this labeling may make people perceive others in a way that they are not actually. Each individual has unique character with a blend of positive and negative points and that needs to be considered first (p. 82). Khayatt feels that labeling does not help in recognizing individual human nature. She attributes the kind of racist treatment she received in a northern Ontario town to the deep roots of racism among ordinary Ontarians. In
Introduction Essay writing is an important activity for the majority of college students. Academic papers allow learners to express their views and ideas through a structured, coherent argument and persuade others that their opinion holds value. When preparing a written assignment, students should be aware of how to structure their composition in order to provide convincing reasoning. This paper will discuss the terms used to describe the basic structure, grammar, and punctuation of a well-written assignment and their importance in essay writing. Basic Essay Structure Introduction The first paragraph in the essay is critical as it introduces the reader to the subject of the work and the author’s view on it. The introductory paragraph serves to present the main topic, providing background on it and defending the position the author supports (Palmer and Van Lieu). The primary purpose of the introduction is to establish what the writer will discuss and what central points they will employ to champion their point of view or argue against an opposing perspective. For example, an article on noise pollution can begin with a general description of contemporary environmental issues, problems encountered in big cities, and how they impact the health and well-being of city-dwellers. After establishing the topic, the writer can express their opinion in the thesis statement. Thus, the introductory paragraph sets the tone for the essay, limits its scope, and clarifies its purpose and viewpoint to the readers. The essay thesis is a critical component in academic writing. It can be defined as a statement that encapsulates the purpose of the paper and presents the main argument of the written work (Palmer and Van Lieu). It can include the opinion to be contested or defended and the points that the author will employ (Palmer and Van Lieu). The thesis statement is usually the last sentence of the introductory paragraph, as it summarizes the preceding information and provides a transition into the body paragraphs. For instance, the thesis can be constructed as follows: Noise pollution in cities should be addressed at the government level as prolonged exposure to noise impacts the physical and psychological well-being of the citizens. Overall, the thesis summarizes the main argument of the essay and outlines how the author will support it. Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs are the passages between the introduction and the conclusion sections of the essay. The purpose of the body paragraphs is to elaborate on the topic and provide examples to support the author’s view through objective information (Palmer and Van Lieu). All the data afforded in the body of the essay should refer back to the central point, upholding the opinion of the author or providing evidence against an opposing point of view. Thus, the function of the body paragraphs is to expand on the statements and arguments made in the introduction. Body paragraphs differ significantly in structure and function from the introduction and the conclusion. Unlike the i
The concept of sports chaplaincy as the supervision of sports and its support by the church officials might seem as a homogenous concept, yet it is far from being uniform across countries. In their book, Parker et al. (2016) explain that sports chaplaincy comes in a wide range of forms, each representing a legitimate approach to supporting sport from a spiritual perspective. By providing a diverse perspective on the notion of sports chaplaincy, Parker et al. (2016) prove the importance of spiritual guidance in sports for athletes. The global framework of sports chaplaincy typically implies the focus on individual spiritual development. As a result, a one-to-one framework are usually accepted in the U.S. and on the global scale, in general (Parker et al., 2016). The uniform approach allows introducing consistency and creates ample opportunities for building the so-called “pastoral safety net,” within which church members can cooperate in order to ensure that all team members receive the required support and are provided with the necessary spiritual guidance. Focusing expressively on the UK, the second chapter outlines the key figures in the early development of sports chaplaincy. Specifically, the role that Rev. Mike Pusey and Rev. John Jackson played in the promotion of sports chaplaincy is explained briefly. Having created sports clubs and the related facilities, as well as multiple support groups, church officials played the part of leaders in building the spiritual support system for the players. The use of the diverse perspective on the concept of sports chaplaincy allows Parker et al. (2016) to emphasize the significance of spiritual guidance in sports, culture and environment notwithstanding. As a result, both chapters, including the global overview and the focus on the U.S. framework, serve to make an important point.
Introduction Increasing pollution across the world has led to global climate change, which now threatens the very existence of humanity and entire organisms on earth. Due to the impending crisis of climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States filed a case in Supreme Court to compel the government to formulate legislations that will regulate emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide as it is majorly responsible for global warming. In response to compulsion from the EPA, the House of Representative in 2009 formulated and passed a bill of Cap and trade regulation that aims at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. According to Bachman (2009), based on 2005 levels of carbon dioxide emissions, the cap and trade regulation aims at reducing 3%, 20%, 42%, and 83% of carbon dioxide emissions in the years 2012, 2020, 2030 and 2050 respectively (p.4). The regulations are targeting industrial facilities that emit at least 25,000 metric tons of greenhouses gases per year. Therefore, since the proposed cap and trade regulation seems to be an effective way of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, what are its economic impacts? Economic Impacts of Regulations The United States government benefits from the cap and trade regulation through taxes collected from permits that allow varied industrial facilities to release greenhouse gases into the environment. Currently, there are no limits or taxes imposed on industries for emitting greenhouse gases, hence the regulation aims at setting limits and imposing taxes on emissions. The cap and trade regulation proposes that, the government should set limits of emitting greenhouse gases on each industrial facility and that any industry that exceeds the permitted limits should acquire extra permits from other industries that utilize fewer permits through trading. Bachman (2009) argues that, when industries buy emission permits, they will be paying taxes proportional to greenhouse gases they emit into the environment (p. 4). In this view, industries that emit smaller amounts of greenhouse gases can also benefit from the regulation for they can trade their permits to industries that emit more greenhouse gases. In view of the fact that increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are responsible for global climate change, the objective of the cap and trade regulation is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by industries. According to McAllister (2010), the cap and trade regulation is the best instrument that the United States requires to control and regulate the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from mega industries (p.1196). The regulation goal is to reduce 83% of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 based on 2005 levels of emissions. Thus, the cap and trade regulation provides a comprehensive legislation, which ensures that industries pay emission taxes proportionally, and if they exceed the stipulated limits, they receive penalties. Nevertheless, the cap and trade regulation will have a negative impact on the economy becau
Introduction When I visited Africa in 2013, I went to Nairobi, Kenya, where I noticed the difference in the usage of the word tense which was used by local people and belonged to their language. I first went to Kawangware, a slum region in the suburbs of Nairobi. I met a young man, Kevo, who pronounced a sentence that included the phrase tense yanguimeletangori . Literally, it meant some problems which were connected with his radio. Kevin told his friend Joe that his radio did not work. A few days later, still traveling in the slums, I heard another boy saying the phrase Jonte tenge yanqui meangukak wawode . He wanted to say that he had dropped his phone in the water. Main Body After this encounter, I went to Kawangware’s rich neighborhood Lavington and met two young men talking about their mobile phones and the place where they had bought them. This is how their conversation went:   * The first young man: Manze tenje sizohunisumbua.   * The second young man: Mbonazohukusumbua? Kwani we huzibuywapi?   * The first young man: Mi hubuy tenje zotetaokwahi zomashopstu.   * The second young man: Zohukua makes gani?   * The first young man: Mi hukua fan wa Nokia mbayambaya. So, tenje zanguzotetangunimadechuozohukua Nokia tu. This conversation was connected with the process of manufacturing these phones. The first man started the talk cogitating about his phones saying that they were always problematic. The second young man asked him where he bought his phone and also he was interested in the quality of this phone. The first speaker said that he loved Nokia and had always bought it. In this conversation, tenje was used as a word which meant a mobile phone. However, I also traveled to Kitale, a rural town in Kenya. Being there, I admitted usage of the same word, however. with another meaning. A boy and a girl held a conversation that went like this:   * Wepukhulu: Nasimiyu, janauliskiza tenje saatisa?   * Nasimiyu: Zae. Sikuskiza.   * Wepukhulu: Manzematheya mine aligotewakwa tenje. In this conversation, the word tenje was used by this girl and boy to describe radio. It is clear that the word tenje is a rich point. It demonstrates the disparity between people in rural areas and those in urban ones. Similarly, it shows the differences which exist between the rich and the poor and how they interact. It is also obvious that their language is always changing in terms of the meaning of words and groups that use them in certain periods of time. This transformation is dependent on the type of words, the proximity from the city, and the social class to which an individual belongs. In the first case described here, a speaker uses the word tenje to describe radio and a set of
Introduction In the highly competitive markets of the modern world, companies have to utilize various tools in order to better the efficiency of production processes, reduce expenditures, and improve customers’ satisfaction. Our paper discusses the general importance of inventory control and the advantages of use of such instruments as ABC-analysis and just-in-time controls for this purpose, as well as the positive outcomes that might result from the utilization of enterprise resource planning systems by a company. The importance of inventory control with respect to supply and demand Nowadays, storing large amounts of inventory by a company is considered to be inefficient; it is better to hold the quantity that is necessary and adequate for the needs at hand (Muller, 2011). The reason for this is that holding stock has its costs; these fall into two categories: ordering and keeping costs. Holding expenses can be rather high. Thus, it is recommended to organize the inventory control in a way that would supply the firm with the amount of stock necessary for the production of the quantity of goods that are demanded in the market. Proper demand planning is, therefore, paramount not only because it is necessary for effective supply chain management that is required for the firm to be able to provide the clients with the goods they need in time but also because it allows to reduce storage expenses. An adequate supply of goods is also needed to reduce the set-up costs, i.e. costs required to prepare the machinery to be used in production (Inman, n.d.). The benefits of tools such as ABC-analysis and just-in-time (JIT) controls for a company ABC-analysis is a tool based on Pareto’s Law; it permits to classify goods according to the degree of their popularity, usually into three categories (Muller, 2011). Its main aim is to reduce the amount of inventory kept in storage. The gist of JIT inventory control system is to enable the company to produce goods to meet the client’s demand; in some cases, the merchandise is produced to the customer’s order. The main advantage of it is that it allows the firm to significantly reduce the amount of stock kept (both the inventory needed for production and producing goods themselves) (Muller, 2011, p. 146). On the other hand, JIT requires accurate demand planning and close management of the production process. As we can see, the primary benefit of ABC-analysis and JIT tools is the reduction of the quantity of inventory in storage, which lowers the holding costs and the amount of waste. The availability of the necessary materials, a result of careful planning that is a part of both these methods, also and improves the q
Introduction An investment strategy is defined as the approach taken by an individual when choosing the type of investment to venture into. Various investment strategies show the different aims investors have when making investment decisions. In some situations, the term investment strategy is used when referring to investment choices. There are different stock investment strategies applicable during stock stimulation that makes the process of choosing the most appropriate stock investment strategy a difficult undertaking. Everybody has got his or her way of investing but there are investment methods that are more suitable than others. Types of Investment Strategies One of the common types of investment strategies is growth and value investing. This is important for companies whose valuation is low about their current profits and incoming money. Companies with a strong capital base can pay high dividend rates hence investors who want to earn income immediately are attracted to value investing (Hagstrom 1997). Another type of investment strategy is known as momentum investing. This involves buying stocks whose prices are increasing and selling stocks whose prices are decreasing. However, this is not one of the best investment strategies since investors may be tempted to buy stocks whose prices are very high. For this strategy to be useful, it can be used together with other investment strategies. This helps in making decisions concerning the most appropriate period to buy or sell stocks (Moneyterms 2005). Contrarian investing operates in a manner that is the opposite of how momentum investing operates. C
The types of responsibilities conducted by professionals in various sectors of the human service are significant to the overall wellbeing of human beings and, therefore, can never be underestimated (Kadushin and Kadushin, 1997). Whereby there are numerous social assisting programs in the society, many of the professionals working in most of those units have the same job titles, and their tasks are similar, no matter the difference in their work settings. The two assisting human service professionals I had interviewed include a recreation therapist and a licensed school counselor, who work in different social settings. The differences and similarities of how the two approach treatment and therapy in their various locations are expressed in the outcome of the following two interviews. A licensed clinical and counseling psychologist at a Chicago university, Dr. Nicole Williams, would be my first interviewee. I had personally approached her in her work premises just a week prior to the interview, and she gave in to my request to interview her after I briefed her on the reasons for my interview. In this interview, I used the word of mouth approach, and the following is a summary of the psychologist’s response to my questionnaires. To my first question, Dr. Williams offered a linear response that she was a senior students’ counselor and a psychologist, a profession she had practiced for more than a decade now, and one that she had grown to fancy so much. Her specialties in the setting involved helping students solve their problems at school through counseling. Dr. Williams makes interventions on a wide range of health and mental problems. Her main task, however, involves offering psychological support to students with special learning needs and also to those who suffer from depression and behavioral issues. Even though her primary role is to provide informed student counsel, Dr. Williams also works as part of the team who’d regularly handle and examine students who had disabilities. As I discovered, Dr. Williams is indeed highly-qualified personnel in her field of specialty. On top of her BS in Psychology, she also has a Master’s degree in Psychiatry and a Doctorate in Psychology. Moreover, through continued accountability in her sector of specialty, the psychologist has a certificate in counseling, courtesy of the American Board of Professional Psychology. Dr. Williams applies methods of interactive therapy, such as the four main approaches in psychology, to identify the needs of students. Sometimes, she also works in collaboration with parents and teachers in identifying common problems affecting students. Whenever she detects an issue, the psychologist responds immediately with appropriate interactive counseling sessions. According to Dr. Williams, her car
Discuss the trends in retailing of organic foods and the impact of these trends on Whole Foods Market The retailing business of organic food in the United States of America is on the rise; this has been facilitated by enlighten of the American on the health advantages brought about by organic food consumption as well as a realization of danger likely to be brought about by eating non-organic foods. In 2005, there were14000 small and medium scale outlets of organic and natural foods; the estimated sales of the 14,000 units totaled to $18Billion; the market offered a variety of products that shoppers could choose from, the establishments were mostly small scale, however giant stalls were established to tap the growing market. Some of the giant malls that were introduced between 2005 and 2008 are Wal-Mart and Whole Food Company. The raised demand for organic food in the American food industry forced Whole Food Company to change its business approach and target to tap the growing market; generally the trend in a market has an effect on the kind of products that a company stocks and the area that the company will concentrate on. Whole Food Company had to focus on the new market demands and started to stock products like wild oats, fresh produce and millet. Evaluate the competitive environment of the firm: Apply Porter’s model and analyze each factor relative to the company Since 2000, before the wave to organic foods, many companies in the food industry were experiencing a reduced business and they recorded losses; an example of a company that recorded a loss was Whole Food Company: the competitive environment of the company looks as follows (using porter’s five forces): Buyer’s Bargaining Power The market is driven by the demands made by the customers, it is the customers who decided they needed organic and fresh foods, the supermarkets and small scales stores had no option that supply the commodities. In the market, the buyer’s power is more evident and strong. Suppliers bargaining power Suppliers of organic foods have increased with the demand of the foods; however, the production of the foods is dependent with the climatic conditions, which may sometimes not be favorable. However, the markets benefit a great deal from the growth of international market, which has continued to supply organic foods to the supermarkets and small outlet chains. Threats of substitute Although consumers have access to cheaper non-organic foods, they have strongly opted to use organic foods for the benefits it has on their health. Threats to substitute are manageable if the company has a constant supply of organic foods. Threat of New Entrants In every business, there is a threat to entry of new businesses, however Whole Food Company is a giant in the industry thus it has an upper hand to be able to maneuver in the market despite entry of new players. Competitive Rivalry in the Industry Since the industry is consumers driven, the success of a company is dependent on how well it can meet consumer’s needs. A strong business like Whole Food Company has