ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the most famous franchises period, The Lord of the Rings may be concealing a range of innuendoes. The ones that allegedly target the feminist movement are clearly the most peculiar ones. Though the anti-feminist air of the book and the movie are hardly noticeable, each admittedly creates a rather unsettling mood, which can be traced in the development of female characters – or lack of thereof. True, the female characters are rather underdeveloped in the book as well. The movie, in its turn, instead of focusing on the evolution of the female leads, seemed to be concerned with the relationships between the male characters as well as the growth of the latter. It can be assumed that the absence of any female character growth in the movie can be attributed to the attempts to keep the true voice and spirit of the source material. Still, even the endeavours of the director to capture the essence of Tolkien’s novel cannot justify the fact that some of the scenes, which portray the leading female characters in action, have been cut. When it comes to the source material, one will agree that Peter Jackson both upgraded the movie to meet the current feminist standards and at the same time brought it a few notches down. For example, the fact that the battle scene between Eowyn and the Witch King was finally given the time and attention that it deserved was a welcome change of pace. However, the fact that the female characters portrayed in the novel were shifted into the background is clearly a huge step backwards in the restoration of the Tolkien universe. One might argue that the notorious giant spider is a big allegory for the feminist movement in general and the threats that feminism poses to the society in particular. For those who insistently claim that the giant spider is anything more than merely a giant spider, it will be reasonable to quote a piece of Tolkien’s famous speech on allegories as a counterargument: “I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence” (Purtill 117). Jokes aside, the idea of portraying feminism through the character that can be viewed as a mix between the element of wilderness and the part of ancient mythology is rather clever
Introduction The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of electromagnetic radiations that exhibit different characteristics. Some have a longer wavelength than others. In addition, some have a higher penetration power than others. Gamma Rays, X-rays, Ultra Violet (UV), Visible light, Infra Red (IR) and Radio-waves are common examples. The special characteristics possessed by the electromagnetic make each of them unique. For example, the X-rays are widely used in the medical field due to its high penetration power (Bhusan 65). This paper outlines the various sources, characteristics, components and applications of IR. Origins and Creation of IR IR is a form of energy that is easily detected by the skin temperature receptors. It is always referred to as thermal radiation. It is characterized by excessive heat that is either naturally produced or artificially propagated by light emitting diodes, lamps or flames (Chu 452). It should be noted that color, electromagnetic waves and heat levels share a common factor. The color spectrum exhibit temperature differences within the constituent colors present. For example, blue color is characterized by differences in the temperature levels as opposed to the red color. Similarly all other colors and temperature levels are correlated. IR is derived from the fact that the radiation falls below the red band within the visible light spectrum. It is possible to visualize the color red but impossible to perceive IR. Components and Characteristics of IR The existence of IR is usually between the visible light and the UV bands. Consequently, the wavelength of IR is longer than that of the visible light but shorter than that of UV.IR cannot be perceived by the human eye. However, it can be felt by the human body. Animals and humans generate IR by virtue of generating heat from their bodies. Radiations deemed to have a wavelength of 9.4um are categorized as IR. However the penetration power of IR is low compared to visible light. It is for this reason that the radiation cannot pass through ordinary window glass and plastic. On the contrary, IR passes through opaque objects such as germanium, silicon and polyethylene. The latter is used in the manufacture of Fresnel lenses, used to in IR sensors. The emission of IR is characterized by the existence of smaller regions within the IR band. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) considers the IR band to be composed of five bands namely; Near IR (NIR), Short wavelength IR (SWIR), Mid-wavelength IR (MWIR), Long wavelength IR (LWIR) and Far IR. The respective wavelength ranges for these bands are 0.75-1.4 um, 1.4-3 µm, 3-8 µm, 8–15 µm and 15 – 1,000 µm. NIR and SWIR exhibit increased reflection properties and are therefore referred to as reflected IR. MWIR and LWIR are however characterized by increased absorption (Pereira 107). Cons
The life cycle of the newspaper is split into several phases. First, each paper is made of wood, is the main raw material for producing printed papers. The newspapers are specifically made of fresh fibers received from spruce trees that grow in forests of Germany, Sweden, and Canada (Axel Springer Verlag 8). Second, the wood pulp is also necessary for the manufacturing process because it constitutes an important substance for yellowing newspapers. Third, the chemical pulp contains cellulose that is extracted from wood and is bleached (Axel Springer Verlag 9). Part of the raw materials involved in the production derives from vegetable matter, recycled newspaper, and cloth. The use of pine trees is also frequent because it contributes to the strength of the paper. A certain percentage of newspaper’s materials involve the wood pulp from the sawmill, as well as recycled paper. The latter is heavily used by the newspaper manufacturers to handle the issue of environmental protection and deforestation (Axel Springer Verlag 9). The trees used in the production of paper industry are called “softwood.” Linen and cotton rags are also used for producing a newspaper with strong cardstock. Newspapers are usually printed using mineral oil ink. Because newsprint does not include heating, there is the time needed for drying the ink, which is absorbed by the paper inner fibers and remains throughout the entire lifecycle of the paper. Inks are composed of four major elements – resins, pigments, solvents, and additives. The black pigment derives from carbon black, binder, composed of oil and resin, and a variety of additives, including drying and chelating agents. Resins bind other components of the ink and form a film for binding the ink and the paper. The substance can be composed of cellulose derivatives and such chemical substances as males, alkyds, phenolics, and formaldehyde. Cyclized rubber and chlorinated rubber are two major types used in printing production. Further, solvents are applied in the ink production to keep the liquid from the printed surface ( Print Ink Technology and Manufacture 2). Volatile solvents include such compositions as ethyl acetate, isopropanol, and methylated spirits. Finally, additives are necessary to alter the properties of the ink. They include cyclohexanone, aromatic distillates, butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol acetate, and butyrolactone ( Print Ink Technology and Manufacture 3). Aside from wood pulp, fresh fibers, recycled newspapers, and ink, electricity and transportation means belong to the list of raw materials. These raw products are used particularly in the recycling and
The Basics of a Healthful Diet The idea that even the food which is commonly considered unhealthy, such as a milk-chocolate bar or French fries, offers a certain amount of helpful elements, apart from fats and carbohydrate, has been around for a while, yet it has strangely never been voiced loud enough for all people to be aware of. So it is really hard to offer a new perspective on the issue which seems to have been done to death. However, Sandra Alters and Wendy Shiff offer a different way to consider the existing ideas, as well as suggest some new concepts to discuss. To start with, it was rather refreshing to find out that there is a kind of a diet which will presumably fit all people and help them get all the necessary elements which they need for their body and mind to function properly. However, there is an element which raised some question. The issue concerning the calories calculation comes forth as a serious problem. On the one hand, it can be possible to count the approximate amount of calories consumed over the day, even though it is hard to count calories in, say, a canapé or anythin
Short Article Summary The topic of global warming has become relevant with the adoption of the international Paris Climate Agreement which has the aim to reduce the average rise in global temperature to below 2°C. Steven Rose et al. published an article in the journal Climatic Change which explored the challenges and consequences of fulfilling the established goal (257). Also, it provides feedback on the necessary steps to limit emissions past the 2030 date set by the Paris Agreement. Other websites and journals such as Rogelj et al. from Nature were consulted to support the original article (231). Academic databases such as Google Scholar were used in the research process to find recent and credible publication sources based on the relevant keywords of the selected topic. Place of Publication The article will be published on a blog website that will be openly accessible to the public. The intended audience will be non-scholarly but consisting of concerned individuals interested in receiving verified information about global warming. The article takes the information from scholarly journals and presents the most critical details in open public access. However, certain conventions were utilized from journal sources such as the presentation of information in a clear, factual manner with all necessary references. The article was broken down by headings that are logical in structure and allow to clearly address a certain aspect of the topic such as short-term impacts or methods to reduce emissions. Narrative of Steps The synthesis of information on a complex topic is an arduous process. It was necessary to comprehend the scientific articles before determining which information would be relevant to create the context for a non-scholarly reader. In addition, the technical language had to be simplified without losing its meaning. The ideas for the essay developed from focusing solely on the Paris Agreement to understanding that the scientific community sees it as a guiding document and encourages regional leadership to continue minimizing emissions. It was helpful to obtain feedback on how the article was received and understood by someone who has not spent the time doing in-depth research on the topic. I am proud that in my article I could efficiently synthesize such complex information and drive forward the message of reducing global warming through the use of scholarly res
Introduction The evolutionary explanation is a broad concept that illustrates and interprets the disparities arising from sex and gender. Numerous suppositions are emanating from evolutionary concepts. They focus on explaining the distinctions that occur among humans. This paper presents romantic jealousy as the best evidence that supports evolutionary explanations based on sex and differences constructed by the community. Furthermore, it criticizes evolutionary validation on jealousy. Critics note that man’s concern about their partner’s infidelity arises from the need to safeguard their position. Concurrently, women focus on financial and emotional stability. Romantic Jealousy Jealousy is a depressing situation that emanates from superficial danger to an individual’s relationship. Evolutionary theory claims that man’s disappointments about sexual betrayal arise from the supposition that they risk supporting offsprings that they did not sire (Ward & Voracek, 2004). This is because men believe that their partner’s extramarital involvement results in intimate interaction with additional men. This interaction leads to pregnancy, which husbands would assume as their responsibility (Cramer, Abraham, Johnson & Ryan, 2001). Concurrently, women focus on their partner’s emotional unfaithfulness. The theory affirms that when men enter into relationships with additional women their partners become concerned because such men often stop offering financial assistance. This means that the men will hardly perform their gender roles (Cramer et al., 2001). The varying response shown by men and women based on infidelity arose from diverse reproductive tests while undergoing human development. Furthermore, women’s awareness that offspring belong to them given that fertilization happens internally is a reassuring concept (Ward & Voracek, 2004). Furthermore, a man will employ certain tactics to stop other men with sexual advances. Jealousy is evidence for evolutionary processes. This is apparent in sexual characteristics and gender since women and men respond differently to infidelity (Sesardic, 2003). Strongest Criticism of Evolutionary Explanations The strongest criticism on the evolutionary explanation of romantic infidelity does not wholly concern the uncertainty men have on offspring. Evolutionary explanation critiques focus on the argument advanced by men regarding their partner’s intimate approach to additional relationships (Cramer et al., 2001). The theory indicates that men are also troubled when their partners develop intimate feelings for additional men (Sesardic, 2003). The critics also observe that married women engaging in unfaithful sexual acts have opportunities to develop stronger feelings for other men. Furthermore, critiques also observe that men become disappointed about their wives ‘ unfaithfulness because of the threats such acts pose on their associations. The evolutionary explanation indicates that men’s uncertainty on their offspring is disappointing (Cramer et al., 2001). Conversely, cri
The study of global economic issues is a priority of present-day scholars intending to grasp the dynamics of essential processes. However, the overall practicality of their findings is significantly conditional upon the selection of proper theoretical frameworks. Therefore, this paper aims to present the varying approaches of researchers to the problem on the basis of journal articles devoted to economic inequality in the world. Alvaredo, Facundo, et al. “The Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth.” AEA Papers and Proceedings, vol. 108, 2018, pp. 103-108. Central Themes/Topics The study conducted by Alvaredo et al. reflects on the rise of global economic inequality in recent years. Its central theme is the need to establish the causes of this phenomenon by sourcing data across countries on people’s incomes in order to improve their situations in the future. For this purpose, the authors analyzed the available information to come to the conclusion that one percent of the richest’ growth in capacity is twice faster than the change in similar indicators of the fifty percent of the poorest regions. These outcomes are supposed to contribute to finding the remedies to the increasing inequality trend. However, such an initiative is complicated by the lack of sufficient information regarding the position of developing countries with high levels of poverty. Therefore, the principal topics of the article include the necessity to pay particular attention to the places with bigger issues and the dependence of external factors on the worsening of their economic progress. In this way, the scholars hypothesize that this knowledge will help achieve a more even distribution of resources around the world and eliminate the risks for regions with less favorable environments and, consequently, their people. Theoretical Frameworks and Questions For the purposes of the article, the scholars adopted a theoretical framework known as an elephant chart. In this case, it depicts the changes in income distribution between 1980 and 2016 on the basis of data collected from different countries. This instrument considers an adult’s estimate before taxation and government transfers but with retirement benefits included. At this stage of research, it became clear that some nations were unwilling to provide the information and thereby mislead the analysts. Hence, they present the main limitation of the conducted study. Question 1: What Are the Causes of Global Inequality? The first question is related to the factors leading to inequality on a global scale since their consideration contributes to finding solutions in the future. According to the authors, they include wars, colonization, financial arrangements between nations, international politics, and trade. From this point of view, the performed analysis allowed not only distinguishing regions by their environment but also reflecting on the importance of the specified circumstances in the countries’ positions. Question 2
‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning is one of the finest examples of dramatic monologues. Browning dramatizes the conflict between what the Duke actually says and what he really means to say. Throughout this poem, though the Duke speaks about his demised wife, it is his arrogant obsessive nature that is being revealed unintentionally by him. The more the Duke tries to hide his selfish sadistic nature, the more evident it becomes. The irony of the situation is that the Duke tries to portray himself as a noble and powerful aristocrat, but it is his arrogant tyranny and his corruptness in abusing his power that is being revealed. Browning has used historical allusion by referring the central character to “Alfonso II, the fifth Duke of Ferrara and the last of the Este line aristocracy.” (Hawlin, 67). The poem is a dramatic monologue of the Duke of Ferrara who has a subtle rhetoric in his speech. In this poem, the situation is the negotiation between the Duke of Ferrara and the Count’s envoy on the marriage between the Duke and the Count’s daughter. The poem has 28 rhymed couplets in aabbccdd form. Since the poem evokes emotion and not exactly a story, it is considered as lyric poetry. The monologue is expressed in iambic pentameter. A feature in the poem is the use of enjambments throughout the poem by breaking the lines and ending in the second verse, in order to obtain the rhyming. This has made the Duke’s speech feel like a casual talk but also gives emphasis on the sadistic and dangerously obsessive nature of the Duke. The prosody used throughout the speech gives a feel of hesitation in the Duke’s speech to the envoy. But it really disguises the egocentric arrogant man in the Duke. In the beginning lines, the listener of the monologue by the Duke is not revealed. The listener is addressed as “you” thrice in the first ten lines. The Duke begins his monologue by “That’s my last duchess painted on the wall”. The use of “That’s” is a metaphor which shows how he regards his last wife and his cruelty in reducing his wife to an object to decorate his wall. In the line “Looking as if she were alive I call” the author uses personification and tells the reader that she is not alive. This can also be considered as a pathetic fallacy as a portrait can never look alive. The continuation in the verse shows that he is not sad and what he really wants is to show off the painting to the listener as a “piece of wonder”. The Duke’s mention of the name of the painter twice in these verses uses allusion. “That piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day, and there she stands. Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said “Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read” This shows his pride in getting the best painter to work for him. By “Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said” the Duke orders the listener to focus on what he says about the painting and in turn draws the complete attention of the listener to him. The rhyming in verses makes the actually commanding tone of the Duke sound as a request and pleasure. Although one feels that personif
Introduction The case revolves around the main peculiarities of the McDonalds entry to the new Indian market. It could be defined as a complex process that demands the comprehensive investigation of the unique features of the area. First, the company has to create the unique strategy that will meet the requirements of local people. For this reason, Big Mac is replaced with Maharaja Mac as 80% of population do not eat beef (Pangarkar & Subrahmayan 2011). Additionally, for 12% pork is also taboo and the products that are made of it are replaced with other dishes (Pangarkar & Subrahmayan 2011). For vegetarians who comprise 40% of the population of India, a special McAloo Burger made of potato is introduced (Pangarkar & Subrahmayan 2011). Altogether, the companys main strategy is the creation of the products that will satisfy local peoples needs and attain a certain competitive advantage. McDonalds also could explore significant resources available for it at the moment. These are great funds as the company is the leader of the fast-food restaurants ( Why McDonald’s sales are falling n.d). Additionally, being a unique franchise, the company could also use the experience and equipment that might improve its functioning in any region or state. Finally, McDonalds is also able to guarantee the acquisition of a certain competitive advantage by emphasizing its unique approach that rests on the satisfaction of customers current needs and desires. The combination of these facts contributes to the appearance of a significant gap between the company and its rivals. McDonalds considers the payment capacity of local people and implement the pricing strategy in the way that might satisfy diverse needs of local population. India could be characterized by the significant oscillations in the level of incomes, Being oriented on people with the average income, McDonalds will also provide an opportunity for poor people to buy its products by making their price low enough for them to be able to afford at least something from the menu. Nevertheless, there are also several risk factors that should also be minded when working in the new market and under the new conditions. First, the significant part of the population is vegetarian while the majority of products prepared in McDonalds contain meat. Second, Buddhists and Moslems do not eat beef and pork which means that the approach to the menus composition should be altered. The introduction of the new product might demand the great reo