ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concepts of social justice and ethical responsibility are closely connected with each other; the promotion of responsibilities among the population with the purpose of establishing and supporting the atmosphere of general justice and ethics. It should be noted the distribution of ethical standards is aimed at controlling appropriate individual’s behavior in accordance with situational conditions. Ethical dilemmas in the system of justice are usually solved through certain ethical standards on the basis of morality and balance of justice in society. Nevertheless, human routine and ignorance of the population towards moral regulations and ethical standards lead to the destruction of the link between the system of justice and ethical responsibility to be highly promoted. Racial and social prejudices appeared to be causes for inequality and social injustice promotion; the distribution of common ideas and goals to develop ethical norms and morality can make people unite despite the pressure routine and ignorance. (James, and Merickel, 90) Justice and Ethics The analysis of the article Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. is dedicated to the investigation of racism issues in society through the power of language. It should be noted that in accordance with King, it is language, which can become the way of problem overcoming. He states that one should use discourse as the way of rhetorical audience impact by means of explanation of the problem depth and the necessity to introduce rapid changes. The attempts of justice achievements and racism overcoming can be reached by the unity of white and black people in coping with the grave problem in the USA and throughout the world. It is necessary to underline the fact that Letter from a Birmingham Jail caused considerable criticism and was perceived as a form of nonviolent civil disobedience. The main purpose of this work was to underline the violent power of white structure providing the black society with no alternatives; the absence of ethical motivations for responsibility promotion. The solution to the global social problem can be fulfilled through the following steps to be done: facts collection; self-purification; negotiation and direct actions. There is a tendency to believe that it is ignorance and desire for getting the power that led to the high promotion of interracial problems; common harmony and mutual understanding can be reached using general unity through discourse. King’s desire to promote creative hopes was aimed at changing oppressiveness. Nevertheless, o
Methods of Research Inquiry Descriptive Descriptive research (usually quantitative) focuses on describing certain characteristics of the target population. It does not explain the origins of these characteristics, or any other causational links (Cozby & Bates, 2015). Descriptive studies are often useful for finding out what currently exists, what the situation is, or for categorizing something. Descriptive research can be applied to a research project to comprehend the current situation. For instance, a descriptive approach needs to be taken if one wishes to find out how many policemen there are is a specific county and what their rank division is (i.e., what percentage of recruits, deputy sheriffs, master deputies, corporals, etc., there are). Correlational Similarly to descriptive research, correlational studies (quantitative) investigate certain characteristics of the target population; however, they also examine the correlations between these characteristics. Correlational research does not permit making inference about causal relationships (Cozby & Bates, 2015). Such studies can be applied to a project by helping explore the association between measured phenomena. For example, the correlation between the number of imprisoned individuals and the number of crimes in different states can be investigated. This will allow for finding out, e.g., with which change in the number of crimes a 1-unit change in the number of prisoners is associated. However, this will not permit concluding that, e.g., more prisoners cause more crime, or that more crime always causes an increase in the number of prisoners. (Quasi-)Experimental (Quasi-)experimental studies are quantitative studies in which the causal relationship between several variables is investigated. For this purpose, the independent variable(s) are manipulated, and the resulting change in the dependent variables is measured, while all the other important conditions are held constant. (Quasi-)experimental studies feature control groups. In experimental studies, the assignment of participants to control and experimental groups is random. In quasi-experimental studies, however, the assignment to groups is not random; also, some external conditions might not be well-controlled (Cozby & Bates, 2015). It is noteworthy that (quasi-)experiments are often difficult to implement due to the need to satisfy numerous requirements (isolated environment, appropriate participants, ethical reasons, etc.). (Quasi-)experimental studies can be used in a project to investigate causation between phenomena. For instance, the impact of new methods of crime prevention on crime rates can be checked via an experimental study. The baseline levels of crime should be measured; then, in some randomly selected areas (experimental group), new methods should be implemented, whereas, in the other areas (control group), the old methods should still be used. All the areas should be homogenous for potential confounders
My Point of View In recent years, mass media and politicians give special attention to environmental concerns and problems that affected the USA and the world. Thus, many interest groups promulgate and popularize misleading information and data concerning global warming and the impact of hazardous wastes on the planet. I decided to spend “6 hours” with the Friends of the Earth organization. This organization was founded 40 years ago and becomes a popular national and international non-profit organization fighting for clear air and water resources. Personally, I am against environmental pollution and suppose that it is one of the main problems that affected modern communities. Thus, I am also against the policies and methods followed by Friends of the Earth. I suppose that significant policies are beginning to be forged in areas of toxic wastes and the atmosphere’s ozone layer. There is considerable resistance to ecological business practices in the area of acid rain. In many developing countries the situation is far more ominous. Good ecology seems to be a luxury. Ecological concerns appear to be the enemy of economic development. Each of these problems presents a special set of technological, economic, political, and moral issues. Everyone agrees that there is environmental pollution, yet there is surprisingly little agreement as to its extent. All environmental organizations appear to be talking about the same descriptive phenomenon: environmental pollution caused by hazardous wastes. But that is only partially true. Observers hold different positions about the seriousness of the problem because they rely on different sampling and forecasting techniques while assuming often radically different technology sets both now and in the future. The moral problem of the environment is not merely a present problem. The method of reasoning is based on a worldview of economic progress and is decidedly technocratic and economic in nature. This concatenation of analytical factors yields a set of moral priorities that justifies the term economism. I belong to the group of people who share the opinion that environmental pollution pales before the array of benefits allegedly ushered in by economic progress. More importantly, they believe that a thriving economy and a flourishing technological infrastructure provide the formula that will eventually lead to the sound economic handling of the problem.
Introduction Social interactions through the virtual video modality positively affect job satisfaction and productivity of clinicians. Anticipated Results The study can have varying results and basically can follow two general scenarios, which will demonstrate the effects of social interaction with the help of video technology on clinicians’ productivity and job satisfaction. This first one implies that the study will discover that social interactions contribute to clinicians’ satisfaction and productivity. The second possible scenario may entail the opposite, namely the negative impact of social interaction on the conduct of the participants. The existing research on the topic provides certain evidence in support of at least one of the aforementioned scenarios. The main possible outcome of the research is the discovery of a positive correlation between social interaction with the help of video modality and the increase in clinicians’ job satisfaction and productivity. In other words, after conducting interviews with a large number of respondents, then carefully assessing the accumulated data and statistically adjusting the results, it will be discovered that the hypothesis of the paper is correct. There is certain evidence which points to the fact that such an outcome has the highest degree of probability of being the actual one. One study identified that an empowering and professional work environment positively affected job satisfaction among nursing specialists 1 . Social interaction is one of the key components of the work environment, and it can be assumed that a similar finding will be registered in the current study. Additionally, there was a study which measured job satisfaction among nursing staff in clinics in Portugal 2 . The researchers found that social support on the part of supervisors and colleagues produced a significant positive impact on nurses’ job satisfaction. The findings of this research allow one to conclude that the results of the current study will be dependent on a particular nature of interactions among the clinicians participating in the study. For instance, good relationships and easy communication among members of the team during video conferencing will generally indicate positive social interaction, which in turn will lead to an increase in job satisfaction. Yet, the opposite is also true; in other words, video conferencing, which implies negative social interaction among clinicians, can result in lower levels of job satisfaction; there is scientific data which supports this assumption. A study by Anjum et al. (2018) demonstrated that a toxic work environment which involves bullying, incivility, and harassment actually leads to worse job productivity and even emotional burnouts 3 . Yet, the use of video modality can actually facilitate the process of communication among clinicians since online video conferencing usually involves the use of moderators who can prevent any conflic
Introduction In the quest to handle inventory and to run firms efficiently, entrepreneurs have resolved to computerize their operation activities. The commonly used system is the Material Requirement Planning (MRP). According to Groover (741) MRP is a computer-based system that translates the operation master plan into series of activities and operation from the final product to the raw material acquisition point. By adopting the current state-of-the art technology, firms have been able to manage their inventory effectively and consequently improved inventory related decision-making. MRP ensures that three critical goals in inventory management are met. First, through use of MRP, organizations ensure a stable supply raw material for processing and availability of finished products to meet customer demand. Secondly, application of MRP systems helps to keep a low stock level in order to avoid tying-up cash in terms of inventory. Finally, MRP governs key operation activities such as manufacturing, delivery and purchases activities to avoid overlapping and interrupting of production (Stevenson and Hojati 16). MRP is tailored to meet specifications of the enterprise depending on main activity of each firm. Operation of MRP in UAE MRP is an evolution in line Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) stipulations, which is aimed at maintaining the lowest level of inventory. It also states the replenishing amount, which is termed the re-order level while stating the maximum stock level as well as the minimum stock level. Unlike the EOQ system, which is manually executed, the MRP is automated and provides a systematic response depending on the level of inventory and recommends the remedial measure to each fluctuation. Due to the dynamic nature of demand and uncertainty in the market, production decisions are often difficult to project and therefore MRP systems help production managers in making their decisions. Generally, all manufacturing firms face production dilemmas because consumers require supplies promptly while a long time is required to manufacture them. To meet these conflicting time demands, MRP remains the most reliable tool that enhances continuous production. MRP system is designed to work backward from an estimated finished product amount to determine the number of labor and raw material requirements. The preceding processes are systematically scheduled and subdivided into subassemblies, components, parts, and materials (Groover 742). Each process is assigned a specified time limit and cost function, by integrating all the sub-processes the operation manager is able to understanding the durat
Introduction Background of the study The civil rights represents the basic rights that are enjoyed by the people in any given country. These include the right to property ownership, the opportunity for citizens to vote, the rights to freedom of speech and expression among others. These rights protected by governments are in place in order to ensure that no citizen is discriminated against. In the United States history, citizens particularly the Black Americans were discriminated against for many decades. Black Americans and other minority groups faced many challenges including being discriminated on the basis of their race, culture, and religion. They also faced segregation and violence from other major races in the United States [1] . In order to fight against these vices, many leaders, activists and the discriminated races organized themselves in groups that came to be referred to as the Civil Rights Movement. The World War 2 served to change the way in which Black Americans looked at issues of discrimination and segregation. These led to many changes on the part of the American government. One notable change aimed at restoring the rights of those discriminated and segregated took place in 1947 when President Harry S. Truman set up the committee on Civil Rights [2] . The committee’s mandate was to look into ways of ending the segregation and discrimination by changing the existing laws or proposing the implementation of other laws to protect the rights of the American citizens. However, many people felt that the only way to air their grievances was to act and so they did not let the government implement the proposed changes. Many of the civil rights movements were organized in the Southern States of the United States in 1954-1968 [3] . With the surfacing of the Black Power Movement at around 1966, the activities of the Civil Rights Movement expanded to involve the struggle to restore human dignity, economic and political independence among the discriminated people and the struggle against oppression from the majority whites. The civil rights activists and groups such as SCLC, SNCC, CORE and NAACP were involved in nonviolent remonstrations and civil i
Introduction Commonly known as the Re-baptizers, the Anabaptist movement began after some of the clergy men and priests in Zurich, Switzerland began questioning some of the activities and practices of the then Catholic church, which was the predominant authority that had control over the state. Huldrych Zwinlgi and a number of priests moved away from the Catholic Church in the 16 th century to form the Reformist Church, which had its beliefs not far from the Catholic Church. In brief, we are going to look at some of the nature of radical Anabaptist theology practiced by followers such as Michal Sattler, and the reason why such beliefs cost them their own lives. We are also going to look at the impact it created on the religion of Christianity at large. Nature of Anabaptist Theology After breaking out of the Catholic Church, the followers of this movement took up beliefs that were entirely contrary to the belief system of the state and church then. Some of these beliefs according to an Anabaptist article by Knowledgerush (2009, para.6) indicated that baptism was intended for only the believers. Infants were not to be baptized at all, unlike what the state, Catholics and Protestants approved. In contrast to the perception of the Catholic’s faith which assumed mass as a sacrifice; their faith was that it signified a commemoration of the death of Christ. In addition, they believed that Jesus’ body came from heaven and not an adoption from His mother Mary. They condemned oaths and restricted believers from bearing arms. The civil society, they said, belonged to the world. Therefore none of them were in any way allowed to be involved in government as an employee or otherwise. Another radical belief was the excommunication of they that would forfeit any of their unfaithful. It was obvious then that these were against the law of the state and many were considered enemies of the state and would end up being tortured, drowned, jailed or eventually burned alive on the stake (Christian History, para. 1990, para.1). Questioning the 1 st martyr Michal Sattler before his execution, the town clerk d
Introduction Based on everything that has been presented in the course materials so far privilege for me can be summed up as a form of “entitlement” which is based on preconceived social and cultural norms from which a set of accorded “rights” are attributed to a certain class of individuals (Mcintosh 79-82). Privilege, Dominance, and Race How privilege works in the context of social norms and behaviors (as I understand it from the readings presented) is that it confers a certain degree of dominance-based on race and sex. For example, a person’s skin color (being white) enables them a far more likely chance to be accepted for a certain job, attain a degree or even avoid being accused of a crime on the basis that their skin color accords them a preconceived social status as being more likely not to commit a crime, have a greater possibility of performing well at a particular job and lastly having a greater chance of integration within a predominantly white campus community. Privilege and Gender On the other end of the spectrum, privilege can also encompass aspects related to gender stereotyping wherein males are thought of as being “superior” to females based on their “superior” gender, and as such men should be accorded certain privileges as befits their station (a widely held belief within the Middle East). Commonly held social beliefs regarding women (which are an inherent part of society yet few people willingly acknowledge them as fact) is that they are the weaker gender, lack the physical strength and endurance to live in a “man’s world” and as such are more suited to staying at home and taking care of children. While in the modern-day era women’s rights and equality between genders has ensured that women are accorded the same right as men in the workplace such aspects are superficial in that men are still more “privileged” than women in this regard. Examples of this can be seen in the hiring practices of corporations wherein more men hold senior positions within a company as compared to women are given higher salaries, more benefits and in the end, are presented with more opportunities for advancement as compared to their female counterparts. Conclusion In summary, it can be seen that the concept of privilege based on race and gender is an unfortunate fact of society that needs to be changed to create a just and equal “playing field” so to speak for people of all races and genders. Works Cited Crenshaw, Kimberle. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, hut out of ~ that they and Violence against Women of Color.” Feminist Frontiers . 7. (2007): 431-437. Print. Devor, Aaron. “Who are We?.” Sex, Gender and Sexuality . 6.2 (2009): 527-534. Print. Wilchins, Riki. “Gender rights are human rights.” Gender Queer . (2002): 187-191. Print.
Various forms of art have been prevalent in all stages of civilization throughout the world they have all undergone constant and continuous changes with the passage of time. One can trace the origin of art in rock paintings and engravings in the ancient caves. The nomads used these caves as their dwelling place and tried to express their thoughts and ideas through the medium of painting and carving. The abstract ideas were expressed graphically long before the introduction of writing. These paintings and carvings undertake the social, spiritual, and ritual meaning of their life. Moreover, it unveils the development of human consciousness and cultural aspects, and it helps us to have a glance at the rich beliefs of our ancestors and it reflects the social order of that age. Here, the paper tries to discuss the evolution of painting and sculpture as important forms of Art, and the reason behind the consideration of painting as the second most classic form of art behind the sculpture. Through generations of humanity, Art had changed its face, and the importance given to various art forms varied because of the cultural difference among different societies. Painting and Sculpture are the two important forms of Art and from the origin and evolution onwards, there was a competition between both art forms. As painting is considered as the imitation of reality, and sculpture as presenting credible perfection in an artificially excessive nature, there is a high chance for conflict and competition. As both Painting and Sculpture are two forms of Art, the Artist possesses the freedom to choose the form of expression to express his views and ideas. Earlier, the painters were employed as skilled artisans and their creativity was not considered. From the 13 th century onwards, the Italian painters