ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The purpose of writing this paper is to critique an article on parents who lose their children. It refers to “A Qualitative Study on the Grief of People Who Lose Their only Child: From the Perspective of Familism Culture” by Zhang and Jia (2018). Unfortunately, death is an inevitable outcome of every life, but the time it comes can make a difference. It is a tragedy when children die, but this situation is peculiar in China where the One-Child Policy had been implemented by 2015. Thus, this article comments on grief that the parents can experience after this loss. The researchers have performed excellent work by identifying and analyzing an extensive selection of related literature. Some articles are dedicated to the feelings, while others deal with peculiarities of the Chinese culture. Furthermore, some pieces of writing discuss the situation of a child’s pass within the scope of Chinese society in particular. That is why it is not possible to identify any bias in the selection of studies. Summary of Methods It has taken many efforts for the researches to undertake this study. According to Newman (2016), qualitative research is a suitable variant for obtaining reliable results from relatively small sample sizes. The article under critique is an example of phenomenology that is a kind of qualitative research. Furthermore, the researchers used “a non-probability purposive sampling approach” to select participants (Zhang & Jia, 2018, p. 3). The scientists attended gatherings of Beijing shiduers (a Chinese term denoting people who lost their only child) and identified those who would agree to participate in the study. After that, the research team sent corresponding invitations to 12 individuals, and seven of them (two men and five women) gave their consent. Data from these participants were obtained through three-step semi-structured interviews. Firstly, the interviewees became familiar with the study specifics, and they gave their permission to be recorded by signing a corresponding form. Secondly, the researchers “exchanged pleasantries with the interviewee and chatted about topics that were easier to discuss” (Zhang & Jia, 2018, p. 4). Finally, the scientists asked four questions on the impact of a child’s death. After the data were collected, the researchers started analyzing the information. For this, they “performed a verbatim transcription of the audio recordings” (Zhang & Jia, 2018, p. 4). The written text was then studied, and each of the themes discussed obtained the corresponding coding. In addition to that, all the interviews were separately coded with letters to make them impersonal and free of any bias. Even though the researchers did not mention bracketing, epoché, or reflexivity, they made significant efforts to ensure data credibility. Thus, they discussed their coding system critically with each other and obtained the participants’ approval. Summary of Findings The study found out that six themes embodied the grief of the shiduers. Thus, they are “relationship with ancestors, relationship with the deceased child, relationship with the spouse, relati
The administration of Ronald Reagan contributed to the Federal ocean policy in the 1980s. There were debates over ocean policy and pollution resulting from the wastes that were released in the oceans by society members. Some were opposed to policy changes. The basis of the arguments is that the oceans could decompose the wastes because of their massive volumes. Generally, the administration of Reagan advocated for the reforms of laws and regulations governing ocean dumping because the benefits resulting from the reformed laws would outweigh old laws’ costs. During this change, analysts believed the United States was making a shift from ocean protection of the 1970s to ocean management of the 1980s. This was seen as a transition from an ocean policy that was strict to a policy that is flexible in management. Changes in ocean dumping policy The control of ocean dumping started in the early 1970s, after the passage of several laws on environmental protection. A ban on uncontrolled ocean dumping was announced by President Nixon in 1971. This preceded the establishment of the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. This led to a stricter standard in dumping. The goal of this Act was to reduce and end dumping within 5 years. The permit system was introduced by the Act and the EPA and Corps of engineers regulated it jointly. In 1973, EPA announced its final rules and criteria. The EPA wanted to end harmful ocean dumping even if the dumping could not degrade the marine environment. A policy to end all forms of ocean dumping of sewage sludge was established. However, in 1980, the City of New York applied to continue with
The Clayton and Sherman Antitrust Acts were the first antitrust legislation to be enacted in the United States. Additionally, they were both passed to ensure that small and large companies compete fairly in the market economy. Clayton Act controls unscrupulous practices, such as exclusive dealing contracts and price discrimination, which may interfere with fair competition in the market economy. Besides, this Act was implemented by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. On the other hand, Sherman Act was enacted to prohibit corporations from engaging in any trust, conspiracy, or contract, which may monopolize the market (Helewitz and Edwards 38). The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice (DoJ) play significant roles in the enforcement of antitrust regulations. Moreover, Federal Trade commission handles cases that relate to unfair business practices such as monopolistic competition, deceptive advertising, price discrimination, and scams. It also reviews the cases and mergers to check for any corporations that might engage in unfair competitions. Conversely, DoJ prosecutes persons found to violate the antitrust acts. The DoJ takes such persons to courts and files suits against them, which may lead to imprisonment or large fines (Miller and Cross 568). The United States has effective antitrust policies that it uses to control unfair competition in its market economy. Additionally, the antitrust rules are enforced by the DoJ and FTC. The effectiveness of the policies should be based on their success in relation to the objectives they should achieve. The U.S. antitrust policies are effective as they keep the corporations from setting unfair prices. For instance, the implementation of the policies has led to removal of the monopolies and creation of an environment in which every company has equal opportunity to compete for market resources (Utton 200). Federal Regulatory Agencies Apart from the FTC, there are other federal regulatory agencies in America. Some of the other agencies include the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the United States International Trade Commission (USITC). By establishing CFTC in April 1975, the United States future market could easily be controlled. Besides, creation of SEC in 1934 also led to the control of market
Introduction The banking industry over the years has received numerous criticisms due to its impractical theories and policies that prove insignificant to today’s changing economy. While many important theories are crucial to efficient banking structure, authors mentioned in this essay provide background information that help us understand how certain predisposition such as bank regulations, market structure, institutions, and cost of financial intermediation contribute to pressure within the banking industry. The basic findings suggest theories that define the relationships between concentration and net interest margin no longer prove significant since they are contradictory in nature. To support this analysis, various researchers have gathered data over different countries on individual bank operations to estimate how activities are being operated from which they determine the formular to which profits are calculated. The research analysis considers the cost of financial intermediation and uses net interest margin to measure banks performances across different levels. Since the research does not employ individual banks data, it appears that large institutions are subjected to criticism of market power performance tests. Also, since the two variables are not controlled; bank concentration and national institutions, the research argues, however, that the measures of concentration capture the efficient structure theory and market power theories. That is, the fraction total assets in national institution determine how banks incomes affect the return on equity The research also observes a relationships between several measures on bank concentration at state level and their average performance and find an existing positive correlation between the two variables. The research hypothesis brings us to the questions to how the analysis should address the absence of variables to control for the efficient structure. Here, the research implies that dominance on market power analysis comes first followed by higher profits, and not vice versa. Impacts of Bank Regulations Bank regulations comprise of three different, but related issues in explaining the relation between concentration, institutional and efficiency. To determine their effectiveness, the analysis implies that Cost of intermediation is often determined by bank net interest margins and bank overhead expenditures and that the two variables are dependent to each other. Bank for International Settlement (2001) and International Monetary Fund (2002) in one of their policies argue that banks are required to effectively manage their resources as it determines how well they thrive in the competitive markets. Market concentration and bank performances have received considerable definitions over the years, and their significant numbers of regulatory changes in the bankin
Corporate governance has become an integral component of management. Management is a diverse discipline that entails numerous functions such as accounting, personnel management, and auditing. Corporate governance represents an emerging field in management theory. Corporate governance entails the evaluation of the best management practices. The strategic level of management makes all the decisions that may pertain to corporate governance. Other managerial levels make decisions that will have minimal implications on corporate governance in an entity. However, all the managerial approaches constitute corporate governance (Pfeffer). The article highlights the problems that Hewlett Packard, an Information Technology (IT) firm is encountering. The entity’s management has made various deplorable decisions which have culminated in the myriad of problems that the entity is encountering. The entity has been performing poorly for a while. Its problems are further compounded by directors recruiting a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) externally. It would be prudent for the firm to recruit the CEO internally. This is an advisable step that would ensure that an individual that understands the entity’s shortcomings takes the helm at Hewlett Packard. Additionally, it reveals that the directors are confident with the workforce presents in the organization. Appointing the CEO from outside the organization will have far-reaching ramifications that Hewlett Packard’s directors have overlooked. The new leaders will require time to entrench his philosophy in the organization. Such a transition period is characterized by anxiety and conflict as the CEO seeks to make visible progress in an organization that is in financial turmoil. Transition in such an organization will lead to further problems in the entity. Overall, the director should relook how they appoint key managerial personnel (Pfeffer). Hewlett Packard has also been facing another hitch which has been the key trigger of its ailment. The entity has haphazardly engaged in mergers and acquisitions. It is vital to attest to the fact that most mergers and acquisitions fail. This implies that entities ought to be diligent, creative, and cautious when seeking the above forms of strategic ventures. Failure is rampant since most managers overlook various dynamics associated with mergers and acquisitions such as the workforce and the organizational culture. The entity also fails to establish a transition period. During the transition period entity should learn whether the arrangement is workable by evaluating the dynamics of the merger or the acquisition. Due diligence seems to be an aspect that has been lacking in the deal
Biopsychosocial History, Presenting Problems, and Symptoms In this case, Hope is a 35-year-old African-American female patient. She is single, and her relationships with a family (mother, sister, and step-father) are strained, which results in a limited support system. The patient has a seven-year-old daughter, but their relationships are distant because of the influence she could have on the child. Hope has neither stable sexual relationships nor good job because of impersonal conflicts and a feeling that people betray her. As a result, her main complaints include the lack of energy, no interest in being involved in different activities, sleeping problems, no appetite, and irregular suicidal thoughts. She wants to be invisible and disappear and cannot get rid of a thought that something goes wrong with her. The symptoms are weight loss (5 pounds in the past month), eye contact avoidance, anxiety, and hypervigilance. The patient denies her participation in any religious or community activities. She does not take any drugs or other substances but admits drinking beer (2-3 glasses per week). It helps improve her mood and increase socialization at bars. Differential Diagnoses and Final Diagnosis Regarding her current symptoms and problems, it is possible to define major depressive disorder in Hope. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), low mood, hopelessness, diminished interest, weight loss, insomnia, retardation, fatigue, indecisiveness, suicidal thoughts, and feeling of worthlessness during the last four months represent a major depressive episode. Regarding the presence of all symptoms, the level of this disorder is severe (Ng, How, & Ng, 2017). Other diagnoses that should be taken into consideration are manic episodes with irritable mood or mixed episodes. However, to prove this diagnosis, additional assessment for such symptoms as distractibility or talkativeness is necessary. People with generalized anxiety disorder meet many depressive symptoms, but this condition also includes muscle tension and nausea that were not observed in the patient. Finally, the episodes of sadness can be diagnosed if the symptoms last most of the day during the last two weeks. In this case, Hope reports that some of the symptoms occur once a week. To avoid misunderstandings and give a correct diagnosis, additional information about the duration of each symptom and the use of medications is required. Contributing Factors to the Client’s Condition The condition of the client proves that Hope has a number of serious mental health problems that should be treated. For example, her feeling of uselessness in this life may be explained by strained relationships with the family. Hope admits that she has not spoken to her mother and sister during the last two years. Her distant relationships with the daughter also provoke hopelessness and sadness. The pat
Introduction In essence, the discussions relating to discrimination and affirmative action are typical in most companies on the global scene. Making policy on the matter has proved challenging for most companies and governments. Gender discrimination is usually evidenced in the workplace, and women are the people most affected. As women rise in power and position, they suffer the prejudice that those positions are not suitable for them and should be reserved for men. The management discriminates without a clear knowledge of the person’s capability when ascending to power. Therefore, the essay presents an analysis of discrimination in the workplace especially to the female workers, and the affirmative actions that the companies implement in reducing the impacts of prejudice in the workplace. Main body It is truly unethical for females to be discriminated against, despite their capabilities to perform the duties as their male counterparts (Gilbert, Stead, and Ivancevich, p. 62). Indeed, the thought of being discriminated against because of one’s gender lowers the person’s productivity and morale in achieving the best in her duties. In this case, the worker’s intelligence is downplayed and her motivation is greatly reduced, meaning that she cannot perform as the other worker who is inspired. In ensuring standardization in the performance of work, discriminating and individuals based on gender affiliation does not only make the outcome poor but, creates discontent that destabilizes the working relationship in the company (Allen, p. 441). In reality, the number of male employees is higher than their female counterparts. Similarly, most women do not get promoted compared to their male colleagues, indicating that the gender disparity is pronounced in the company. As well, the reputation of the company, where gender discrimination is apparent, is lowered and likely to confront the public outcry of the practice. Furthermore, shielding women from attaining desirable self-esteem in the workplace is a retrogressive p
Introduction Conflict is an unavoidable development in any work environment, especially where changes are happening constantly. There are various precursors of conflict in an organizational setting, which include workers with different background skills and cultures. Nevertheless, the conflict has both positive and negative connotations in relation to management. Managers and other stakeholders should have the capacity to realize when conflict is harmful, and when it contributes to creativity and/or improvement. The key to conflict management is to adopt a positive attitude when seeking solutions to these disagreements. Consequently, all forms of conflict resolution should be engineered towards mutually beneficial outcomes. Eventually, the ability to manage individuals with different goals is the hallmark of effective conflict management. Conflict managers are responsible for fostering a work environment that ensures maximum productivity. This is a presentation on a conflict management scenario involving employees and other stakeholders at Marbles Construction Company. This report is intended for the company’s board of directors. The presented report analyzes the situation and offers potential solutions to the underlying problems. The Conflict Scenario This conflict happened in Marbles Construction Company, where the workers felt that the organization’s owners were ignoring developments within the larger construction industry. The company has a record of treating its workers with respect and prioritizing even the welfare of the lowest-placed employees. The ensuing conflict takes the form of ‘owners’ versus ‘laborers’. On one hand, the company’s low-level employees, who mainly consist of construction workers, feel that the organization’s wage structure is outdated. Therefore, the workers went on a mini-strike that later escalated into a bigger conflict. A year ago, the workers raised concerns that their wage structure dates back to 2009 when the company adopted temporary measures to deal with the recession economy. The 2009 agreement was meant to safeguard the interests of both the company and the employees. During these negotiations, the two parties had agreed that Marbles adopt a conservative wage structure for the workers, whereby casual and temporary construction workers put in more hours, with less pay per hour. This arrangement meant that the workers’ average earnings remained the same but they had to put in more work each day. On the other hand, the company received more input at the same cost. Given the prevailing economic condi
In this role of man in society essay, the traditional functions of this gender will be explored. Human beings are the most evolved creatures on earth. Over the centuries, they have managed to build the most advanced civilization. Each member of society plays a part in the overall functioning of the community. An essential characteristic of human civilization is that some responsibilities are divided along gender lines. While there has been a trend toward achieving gender equality over the last century, the traditional positions of women and men in society continue to influence our worldview. Therefore, this men and society essay will discuss how significant the male gender in our world is with a focus on their responsibilities and values. In most societies, men are regarded as the defenders of the community. It is up to them to ensure that their homes and communities are safe from internal and external threats. Men are expected to take up arms and protect the children and women in the society. While this might sound like an old concept, it continues to prevail in modern times. For example, the majority of individuals enrolled in the national army are men. Men are also more likely to be involved in dispute resolution where physical force is required. This role of men in security activities might be attributed to their relatively greater physical strength compared to women. In my opinion, socialization has played a major role in enhancing the security role that men play in the society. Women are regarded as weak members of the society in need of protection. Without such a mentality, women would be able to play the role of defense on an equal standing with men. Men take up the leadership role in society. Most of the top leaders of the world are men and in most organizations, men occupy the highest positions. However, the fact that men occupy majority of the leadership posts does not mean that they are better leaders than women are. Instead, this occurrence might be because men are generally more assertiveness and aggressive compared to women. In addition to this, women have traditionally been expected to serve in less public capacities. In instances where women take up leadership roles, they perform just as well as their male counterparts. To try to overcome this situation, many countries have tried to implement affirmative action. These policies are aimed at increasing the participation of women in leadership positions that traditionally been overrun by men. One of the main responsibilities of men in society is as head of the family unit. The man is expected to serve as the spokesperson for his family and make some of the major decisions on behalf of the family. While this is a traditional notion, it continues to be followed in our society today. The best example of this is in a marriage union where following the marriage, the family name