ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The railway strike of 1946 had been contributed by the pledge to end strikes that most of the labor unions had taken during the Second World War. As a result of the pledge, labor conflicts accumulated to a point of exploding after the war. The members of the labor unions increased significantly from 7.2 million before the start of the war to around 14.5 million at the end of the war. We wouldn’t say that strikes were not experienced during the war, but there were some which were confined to a small area and none of them was about wage discrepancy. Most of them had been caused by management and disciplinary problems. What happened at the end of the war was flabbergasting and would not be compared to what had happened during the period of war. For example in the year 1937, the total number of strikes was about 4,740 which involved more than 1.5 million employees over 28 days. In 1945, the number of strikes had increased by ten where almost 3.5 million employees were involved over 38 working days. This increased further to 4,985 strikes in 1946 where 4.6 million employees were involved over 116 working days (Johnson 3). The 1946 and 1945 strikes were the highest ever experienced in history with a very big number of participants and over long periods. What happened in November 1945 would have been thought of as the most awful strike where almost 0.25 million workers left but what came in January 1946 would not even be imagined. This was the time when the official strike was called. In the early morning of January 3, 1946, all workers in Stamford reported working as usual. Their intention was not to resume their duties but had already agreed to form a mass rally. They were supported by many merchants who chose to close their shops for the entire day and others went to the extent of putting signs on their doors and windows declaring their support for the strike. There was a musical band that was accompanied by 10,000 workers. They gathered by the town hallway with slogans that supported the Towne and Yale workers. Almost everything within the surrounding came to a standstill when all the theaters, streetcars, and stores closed down. Even workers from all industries took an off to support the workers. They all had one slogan “we will not go back to the old days”. By March the strike had become violent forcing the factory to close down. At the beginning of April Towne and Yale intervened and agreed to the terms and conditions of the union and promised a 30% salary increase (Alexander 259). The united mine workers (UMW)’s president Lewis called about 350, 000 miners to join the millions who were already on the strike. In the month that followed, the railroad workers followed suit and threatened to bring to a standstill the operations of the whole nation. This was after the heads of engineers and trainmen’s heads unions rejected the pres. They were offered a settlement of which they rejected. This upset President Ha
The eight Wicca celebrations of the year make up what is symbolically known as the eight-spoke wagon wheel. Each of the wheels spoke stand for one of the eight regular rites. The celebrations are also called the Sabbats., with each of the Sabbat ritual being built on the legend or myth of deities that each season is related with. The eigtht celebrations are Samhain, Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Laughnasadh and mabon (Grimassi 42). Samhain marks the beginning of the year on October. It is the period before the birth of the god. The myth of the ritual is that the goddess in this period is mourning the death of the god who sacrificed himself so that people can enjoy a bountiful harvest of the grain. She prepares herself to give birth to the Child of the God. Yule is celebrated mostly on December 21. It marks birth of the new light, which is birth of the god and he symbolizes the new sun for years to come. The idea is that of rebirth and renewal. Belief associated with this day is that it is the shortest in the year. From this day, the days become longer and lighter. The new sun comes to save the earth from the darkness. This is because the god symbolizes the daylight, and just like how the daylight uncovers everything for us to see. It is associated with things that are common, practical and tangible (Grimassi 47). Imbolc on the other hand takes place in the month of February. It marks time for preparation and purification. In this period, the born sun is held back by winter. The goddess is introduced here as the flame that starts to melt and attract the god. Goddess is actually the night in this mythos of light and shadows. She is associated with hidden magic and secret, just like the night hides things from being seen. Today, this festival that in the past used to be celebrated on the eve of February takes place either exactly on second of February or before this. Ostara follows suit in the month of March. It is also known as spring Equinox. It involves fertility stirring and awakening of the seed. The Goddess becomes young again due to underworld mortal realm and she rekindles the promise of renewed life. From this, they celebrate Beltane in the month of May. The ritual involves mating between male and female forces, which is nature impregnation. It is the period when the God begins courtship with the Goddess. Together with Samhain, these two are celebrated at night. Litha or Summer Solstice on June follows Beltane. It is a period of nature being filled with abundance. This period is celebrated as the period when the two come together or get married. In the month of August, people enjoy the abundance and celebrate it in the ritual called Lughnasadh. This timing for this celebration has changed to daytime on first august in the modern era (Grimassi 47). This harvesting period is celebrated the world over with some parts of it involving offering thanksgiving during the period. In ancient times, it was marked by
In evaluating the website it is important to mention all relevant considerations that were used in its creation. This is because the development of any successful endeavor requires adequate planning and preparation (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). According to Shelly, Napier, and Rivers, a good approach to the development of a detailed design plan involves six distinct steps (2009) (See Appendix A). The first step that was considered in the design of the CompleteQuarters website was the definition of the purpose of the web site in question. To achieve, this it was necessary to outline the goals and objectives the site was to meet in a given duration. Goals, in this case, refer to targets to be accomplished within a specified time frame, while objectives are the methods chosen to accomplish the goals (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). The next step in the process is the identification of the site’s target audience. This step is also considered crucial given that after identifying a target audience the developer can select a suitable theme based on the target audience (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). In this case, the target audience is composed mainly of adults and therefore the site was developed with this in mind. Based on this position the site focused on using colors and themes that would appeal to adults. The step that followed was to determine the site’s general content. Based on the purpose of the website in question and the target audience a suitable choice can be made to satisfy the target audience (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). Another step that was adhered to that relates to general content was the selection of the site structure. Again based on the perceived target audience the structure selected was meant to be suitable for the audience (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). The next step involved designing an appropriate look and feel for the CompleteQuarters website. Also of importance was the consideration of the website navigation system. This is of utmost importance given that this allows users to move around the website (Shelly, Napier & Rivers 2009). A poor navigation system is likely to discourage users from using the website due to additional complexity caused by poor navigation. In addition to the above considerations, it was thought wise to minimize the number of animations used so as not to irritate the target audience (Syed 2004). In addition to that, the design completely avoided the use of blinking text, which is reported to be very distracting. Consideration was also given to the selection of a suitable background and text color to ensure the text was always legible. One of the potential problems encountered was the limited knowledge of the use of JavaScript. With greater technical knowledge of the approach, it would have been possible to create a far better website to provide a competitive advantage. However to justify the choice it should be noted that JavaScript was selected given that it does not require any additional software to run (Syed 2004). Alternative mechanisms such as PHP require additional software, which adds unnecessary complexity to the process of creating
There are various risk management standards that can be applied at the local or international levels. Overall, various norms exist because countries may differ in terms of legislative practices, corporate responsibility rules, auditing processes, and reporting standards. Thus, there are different risk management principles that can be adopted at the national level. Additionally, one should keep in mind that companies representing different countries can cooperate with one another. Therefore, it is important to develop internationally accepted standards and rules. For instance, such an institution as the International Organization for Standardization (2009) introduces the norms which can be recognised by businesses working at the international level. This is one of the points that should be singled out. Overall, these international norms can help companies establish partnerships because senior executives should see that both companies adhere to the same principles. Overall, organisations need to use these standards in order to strengthen their sustainability. By evaluating the performance of companies according to these criteria, managers can identify potential weaknesses in the organisational design, flaws in the financial reporting, quality control deficiencies, and so forth (Standards New Zealand 2009; Financial Reporting Council 2014). Furthermore, the knowledge of these norms can be useful for assessing the work of senior executives or frontline managers. As a rule, the compliance with these standards may not be obligatory for companies that are not publicly traded. However, by following these rules, one can make businesses more sustainable. These are some of the benefits that can be identified and students should not overlook them. As it has been said been before, there are many standards related to risk management. Among them, one can distinguish the norms established in Australia and New Zealand (Australian Government 2010, p. 2). These norms should be considered because they incorporate specific guidelines that can strengthen the sustainability of an organisation. For instance, one can speak about the requirement to pursue inclusive policies. In other words, the management should consider the opinions of various stakeholders in order to identify the threats to which a company can be exposed. Furthermore, risk management policies should be implemented at tactical and strategic levels (Australian Government 2010, p. 2). This policy can help companies identify potential risks at the early stages. Thus, the standards adopted in New Zealand and Australia should be considered. However, one should not suppose that international norms can be dismissed. The information about these rules is included in the curriculum because students may need to work in companies operating at the international level. So, they should understand risk management principles that may be adopted in other countries. By learning about these standards, a person can better evaluate the performance of the company. In other words, he/she can better un
There were cases where police officers arrived at a suspect’s residence with an arrest warrant but with no search permit for Chimel. After apprehending the accused, they proceeded to inspect his house. In the Case of Chimel versus California, the United States Supreme Court set the criteria for organizing a pursuit in case of a repeat of searches without warrants (JUSTIA, US Supreme Court, n.d). In California, the police officers had reasonable grounds to believe that Chimel perpetrated burglary where he stole coins and other valuables. They acquired an arrest warrant concerning him versus California and went to his house, where his wife allowed them inside. When he came home, the officers arrested him, and without a search warrant, the officers ransacked the entire house based on the lawful arrest. The police found coins and other possessions in the bedroom, subsequently found as stolen in one of the robberies. At the defendant’s trial, the prosecutor charged Chimel with burglary. He objected to the evidence retrieved from his bedroom, arguing that it was the outcome of an unconstitutional search. The court declared their judgment, which concluded that, regardless of their approval of the defendant’s refusal that the arrest warrant was void, it was constitutional. Furthermore, the search was substantiated as an incident to a constitutional arrest. The court also concluded that the warrantless search was reasonable because there was a valid reason to do so. According to Lampton (2016), a search of any location without the accused consent is unlawful unless there is an immediate threat that proof may be hidden or destroyed by the accused. That was the basis to which the officers pegged their unlawful but reasonable search. It was possible to prove it in a court of law. A warrantless search is appropriate when there is specific danger of potential evidence being interfered with. The rationale for choosing this case is that an arrested has the right to disagree with the reason for his arrest. The other part of it is the burden of proof the police would work so hard to present to the courts. I would confirm that the search was legal because there were reasons for both the search and arrest.
Judicial pronouncements have a very strong impact on the lives of citizens of free countries, such as the UK, since those judgments create precedents or case law and therefore create the future legal course of action. Ronald Dworkin states that the true propositions should relate to the principles of fairness and justice because of the process providing excellent constructive legal practice interpretations of the community. Dworkin’s Law of Integrity underlines the fact that law’s optimism is considered to be conceptual. He states that law claims are always constructive; law as integrity demands the testament of the judge as to the decisions of the society. His theories have been instrumental in the authoring of an original and highly influential legal rubric that grounds facets of law into morality and possesses the uncanny ability to bind philosophical ideas and tenets with concrete moral and ethical value systems. Dworkin’s theory seeks to consider the issues relating to legal jurisprudence and the impacts such decisions have upon society as a whole and the parties in particular. We are presented with the case in which law and emotional injuries interact. We can observe the consequences of the accident, which appeared to be fatal for its victims; the involvement in the case where the emotional injuries are awarded is regarded from the theory of Dworkin. Each case is considered to be unique and needs to be treated differentially, and it would not be in the fitness of things to provide prescriptions to court judgments. Over the years, laws changed, established customs and legal precedents have become obsolete, and newer and more appropriate laws have superseded earlier decisions. Even in similar cases, judges have passed verdicts that do not complement each other. This is because they have taken recourse to the merits of each case, and the deliberations of the prosecution and the defense, rather than taken recourse to legal precedents and the prevailing legal provisions since clauses are also subject to caveats and riders. While the decision of the judges needs to be based on perceptions and interpretations, it cannot afford to be positivist-oriented: there may not be mitigating circumstances, and yet legal authors of justice are constrained to provide a verdict in proportion to the extent of crime. The case under analysis argues that emotional injuries had occurred about two hours later while in usual situations they are to be observed at the time and place of the accident. Lords Wil
Introduction The code of ethics for professional engineers provides that engineers should treat with utmost care the safety, health, and welfare of the public when carrying out their professional duties. The engineer is also morally responsible for providing a safe environment that will make the possibility of having future generations. Fire engineering involves social experimentation which is a risky activity and has the propensity of posing serious dangers to the lives of people. The power to prevent or minimize such risks however, lies within the morality of the engineers and how well they can adhere to the engineering code of ethics. Fire engineering is considered having the highest degree of social experimentation where this experimentation is expected to be more severe considering the introduction of performance based regulations in Scotland. This is an assumption that there shall be an increased rate of social experimentation by fire engineering professionals with the introduction of the performance based regulation in Scotland. This is expected because the regulation puts much effort on the performance of a facility and completion time rather than the safety of humans and the public as a whole (Brannigan, and Smidts 412). This essay breaks down and analyzes the moral practices of fire engineers and how they will cope with the performance based regulation in Scotland. The main purpose of this essay therefore, is to investigate whether the introduction of performance based regulation will lead to an increase in the numbers and level of social experimentation by fire engineering professionals in Scotland. Utilitarianism In fire engineering just like in many other engineering professions, there exists much social experimentation by the concerned professionals. The decisions that a particular engineer makes can either put the life of the public in a safe situation or pose a serious danger to the lives of millions of people. Fire engineers should therefore ensure that every decision they make, considers safety of the public as their first moral obligation. This obligation may be very difficult considering that engineers usually have loads of work and major decisions awaiting them in the field of work and in design works. The major decisions of these fire engineers are influenced by their work load considering that they have a lot of functions to attend to some of which include; critical design work in many projects, handling new ideas, and bidding for extra income. Since this is a very risky activity which is based on assumptions and uncertainties with outcomes that are not known, fire engineering works should be treated with the highest level of concern in terms of ensuring public safety. In such cases the concerned professionals should learn from mistakes that have once been made in the past and monitor the safety of facilities over long periods of time. When there are potential fire safety risks and the public is vulnerable, they should be made aware and safety exits should be provided as well. With the introduction of performance based regulation in Scotland,
The sphere of business development is predominantly based on the introduction and maintenance of individual management styles within a team’s organization to reach a balance between the workers’ productiveness and the company’s profitability. Our company is concentrated on three principle management styles, such as consultative, participative, and mixed one, being an integral part of any teamwork efficiency. The analysis of the first style is to be concentrated on the leadership positioning within the team’s organization. It is necessary to underline the idea that consultative management style is considered to be the ruling one; the basic advantages can be explained through the rewarding motivation of the employees leading to productiveness and profitability. This management style makes superiors feel trust in their employees achieving common organizational goals. Nevertheless, one of the key weaknesses of the management style based on consultative approach is concentrated on moderate teamwork; besides, the superiors of the company structure have no complete trust in the subordinates, which can lead to interpersonal contact misunderstandings. The participative management style used in our team’s organization is considered to be more efficient; this strategy gives an opportunity to develop effective cooperative teamwork through much communication. It is necessary to stress that this style is perceived as the optimum solution to any marketing problems and complications; our organization is a vivid example of a business structure where superiors are completely confident in the employees’ professionalism, being motivated by the economic rewards of the organization got through common goals achievement. It is necessary to stress that this management is considered to be one of the most effective and successful. (Tjosvold, 2000) The final strategy used in our team’s organization is considered to be concentrated on a mixed approach; it means that business covers the elements of every style considering the situation or business problems faced. It should be stressed that this approach is sometimes long-winded, and painful, though it is referred to as the most human-concerned and profit-oriented system. The basic advantages of this strategy are focused on supportive relationships and mutual respect within the team’s organization leading to productiveness and effectiveness of the working process. Nevertheless, there are some minuses in the mixed approach introduction; for example, the elements of exploitive and benevolent systems combined in the mixed strategy formation are reflected through threats and little teamwork in some conflicting or troublesome situations, and problems. There are some cases when management sponges master-servant trust principles resulting in lower levels of responsibility. The most favorable aspect described in the team’s organization styles can be expressed through the following issues:   * The development of working trust environment within the