ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This historiographical essay aims to explore the history of relations between the US and the nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which include such states as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain. This particular topic is important in addressing the role of the US in the development of the GCC countries and their decision to create a Cooperation Council. Moreover, the impact of the GCC states on the ties between the US and other Arab countries is also a significant sphere of research that can be viewed through the existing literature. The studies concerned with the US-GCC relations focus on several interpretive problems. First of all, the role of oil as the primary driver of the described relationships cannot be overstated. Both the US and the separate GCC countries made or attempted to make oil the primary product of leverage in their relations. Second, the diplomatic ties between the nations are also often addressed by the Gulf literature, as the interest of the US in the relations with the Persian Gulf is an integral part of its foreign politics. The transition from an imperial order of the UK to a similar influence of the US also often becomes a topic of debate. Thus, the research of the political and economic sides of the countries’ relationship is also a focus of many authors’ works. The existing literature can be divided into several categories. The policy-oriented scholarship does not feature information about the Gulf states that is irrelevant to their importance to the US. However, some authors mentioned below address the features of these countries that go beyond such descriptions. For a long time, the perspective concentrated on the US as the central part of the US-Gulf relations remained the main source of knowledge. Although recent scholarship features various unbiased viewpoints, the imbalance between perspectives remains apparent. The current studies of the separate countries fill the gap of knowledge that was apparent in some earlier writings. However, some aspects of the countries’ relations still seem underdeveloped, which may be considered a limitation of the GCC literature. For instance, some of the countries of the Persian Gulf have a long history of relations with the UK rather than the US, which prompts many scholars to focus on the analysis of this topic instead. However, the scope of research about US-GCC relations is broad and substantial. Categories of Scholarship The existing scholarship about the US and the GCC reviews different sides of the
Alford Plea allows the defendants to maintain their innocence. They say they have not committed a crime, but admit that the state has enough evidence to prove their guilt, while formally pleading guilty. According to Robertson (2011), as new DNA evidence surfaced in the West Memphis Three case that the prosecution could not link to the perpetrators, the court ruled that the three could present new evidence to establish their innocence. Acknowledgment of the facts that gave rise to the charge is an essential element, without which the court will not accept this admission. Since the defendants used Alford Plea and did not admit their guilt, and the court did not have sufficient evidence, they were released. The possibility of a commutation of the sentence is the primary motivation of the accused to plead guilty to a crime. In addition, Alford Plea encourages defendants and their lawyers to refrain from perjury in court. Suppose defendants are innocent but still choose a plea bargain for security reasons. In that case, their lawyers are no longer faced with an ethical dilemma about whether they should allow their innocent clients to defend what they did not commit. Thus, while Alford Plea may appear positive at first glance, this argument is often overused or leads to negative results in practice. Prosecutors often use Alford Plea to cover up misconduct. Moreover, Alford Plea does not allow defendants to sue for unlawful imprisonment and other forms of misconduct that perpetuate this type of misconduct. These pleas not only harm the justice system as a whole, but it is also important to remember the devastating consequences of this request for victims and their families. Allowing an accused, who claims to be innocent, to plead guilt
Introduction Chronic lower back pain may be defined as a physiological difficulty most encountered in the back muscles of humans. As indicated by Guarino, (2010), this pain emerges from a sprain that mostly occurs within the lower back region. Chronic back pain is predominantly noticed in Australian adults and the adults are mostly affected by this condition. Investigations conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate vital insights. From these investigations, it is notable that 15% of Australians suffer from this condition. According to most studies in Australia, the condition emanates from strain or injury incurred by the lower back muscles. These investigations also indicate that 24% of adults aged between 65 and 75 suffer from this condition (COHC, 2011). There are different factors noted to cause the development of this condition amongst the Australian elderly people (Briggs & Buchbinder, 2009). It is vital to examine some of these contributing factors. The objective of this discussion is to analyze the biological and socio-cultural factors influencing the occurrence of chronic lower back pain in Australian adults (AIHW, 2005). Accordingly, several surveys have been conducted throughout Australia to examine the pattern of occurrence of this condition. The National Health Survey 2004-05 indicated that approximately one out of 10 individuals within Australia eencounter remarkable hindrances to activities. The basic reason was due to the occurrence of chronic lower back pain (Briggs & Buchbinder, 2009). These problems are predominantly cited amongst the ageing population in Australia.. Most health institutions and research organizations have indicated an increased incidence of this condition in Australia. The adult population of over 60 years has frequently been affected. These lifestyle diseases are increasingly widespread (Walker, Muller & Grant, 2004). The elderly, usually above 60 years old are the most affected population (Briggs & Buchbinder, 2009). The gradually increasing rates of occurrence of this condition might be attributed to many factors. Most sources indicate that the internal and external pressures notable of Australian lifestyle are a major contributing factors. This condition has remarkably affected the elderly persons in Australia for a considerable long period. Indicatively, people depend on their backs for several chores and during many occasions (COHC, 2011). As prompted by the discussion plan, man’s back has an important role. The basic function if is to support the entire human upper body. The back also props up the cranium. All of these anatomical structures are evidently important and have great weight. This condition has become so common amongst the elderly population in Australia (Walker, Muller & Grant, 2003). It has severe consequences and there is need for this Australian population to understand this complication. Apart from this, they need to strive to prevent further increase in the number of inciden
Introduction Ethics refers to the “conscious reflection on our moral beliefs and attitudes through the use of normative ethical theories and principles” (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2011, p. 11). Ethical principles describe the generally accepted human obligations and the normative ethical systems. In the context of business, ethics refers to the accepted code of conduct that guides the behavior of all stakeholders of a firm. Thus, the behavior of all stakeholders in a business is expected to conform to the accepted ethical standards. Adhering to the ethical standards enables businesses to avoid breaking laws. Thus, businesses that uphold high ethical standards are able to avoid the costs associated with breaking the law. Additionally, a business is likely to be more competitive if it upholds high ethical standards. Engaging in ethical activities or behavior enables businesses to protect the interest of their customers and employees, and this improves their competitiveness. This paper focuses on business ethics by analyzing two articles. The ethical issues in the articles will be highlighted and discussed. Additionally, recommendations on how the ethical issues can be addressed will be suggested. Article 1 Title: Anger at Goldman Still Simmers Media: New York Times (magazine) Date: Published on March 25 th 2012 Overview of the Article Following the 2008/2009 financial crisis, Copper River made unexpected losses and collapsed. Copper River was a successful hedge fund with assets worth over $1.5 billion before the crisis. The owners of Copper River argued that the collapse of their firm was mainly caused by the actions of Goldman Sachs, rather than the financial crisis. Goldman Sachs was the main brokerage firm that conducted Copper Riv
Importing and Exporting The terms import and export are derived from the word “port”, which denotes the transport of goods by a sea vessel. Countries that import goods from others around the globe often use ships to transport the goods and hence the derivation of the term from ‘port’. The first term, import, refers to the process of outsourcing commodities from another country and selling them in the neighborhood. On the other hand, export refers to selling locally produced goods and services to overseas regions. The two components of international trade have gained root in the contemporary world where countries are seeking to spark economic growth (Bovee & Thill, 2016). In an international trade setting, countries usually export goods that they produce in plenty and import the scarce ones. However, a country must balance the imports and exports to realize positive economic growth. If a country allows more imports relative to exports, it will realize negative growth since the move will result in the dumping of goods, a situation that is harmful to an economy (Colacito, Croce, Gavazzoni, & Ready, 2015). Regional and bilateral trade agreements have greatly boosted international trade since they have led to business contracts that facilitate trade between countries. The agreements mostly seek to eliminate barriers to international trades, for instance, tariffs and other non-tariff hurdles (Khatami & Shajari, 2015). The removal of such barriers contributes to the liberalization of trade, thus leading to specialization whereby the countries involved concentrate on the production of a certain line of products different from those produced by other regions. Consequently, such countries must trade to obtain whatever goods they do not produce. The evolution of international trade has led to the emergence of traders who specialize in the import and export of goods. The Number of Yens that One US Dollar can Buy International trade involves the exchange of currency in which an exporter is paid using a foreign currency. On the other hand, the importer pays using the local currency (Khatami & Shajari, 2015). In the recent past, trade between Japan and the US has grown tremendously with the two countries importing and exporting technology among other goods. Trade between the countries is facilitated by bilateral agreements that alleviate any trade barriers. Japanese traders are paid using the US currency while the US exporters are paid in dollars. Although the US dollar has maintained strength over the Japanese Yen, fluctuations are usually evident. At times, the dollar attains much strength relative to the YEN, implying that one dollar can buy more Yen during such times. However, during other times, the dollar weaken
Craly Fiorina is one of the most celebrated women in the world. She strived tactically to achieve her business and political objectives. Notably, she vied for Californian Senate seat with a Republican ticket in 2009. Additionally, she was the CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1999-2005), AT&T, and HP. She has also been a member of the Board of Directors governing institutions. Academically, she commenced her studies as a law student in UCLA; however, she dropped out (as a key strategy) to serve as a receptionist for 6 months at Marcus & Millichap (a real-estate corporation). Notably, she began to explore viable market opportunities. “Her determination earned her a presidential title” (Anders 45). In this context, she was considered the president of Hewlett-Packard Technological Company. Fiorina’s success rested mainly on her ambitions, determination, patience, well-structured strategies, passion, and discipline in the realms of entrepreneurship. This is a critical provision when considered comprehensively. Being an ambitious business lady, Fiorina sacrificed a lot of things to achieve her dreams.
Fur Coats, as a Controversial Fashion Garment Cloth making entails the use of distinctive raw materials to make garments that people use for different purposes. Some of the raw materials used in cloth making are animal byproducts such as skins, hides, feathers, and fur. Over the years, the use of animal by-products as raw materials for cloth making has turned out to be extremely controversial because endangered animals are killed to provide the raw material for the fashion industry. This essay explains why fur coats as fashion items are questionable in the fashion industry today. The choice of clothes a person wears tells a lot about his or her mood hence, a reflection of what is inside people. In addition, research shows that clothes make a statement about things that may make people uncomfortable. According to Alison Lurie, even if people wearing clothes were not introduced, the clothes they wear could be used to tell about their age, social class, and individual opinion on certain issues, ethnicity, fashion taste, inner feelings, erotic interest, and sexual status (Lurie, 245). Controversy in fur garments The use of animal fur to make fashion garments is controversial because the practice of killing an animal is cruel as many animals are killed and their shin removed while still conscious. Statistics indicate that millions of innocent animals are killed every year, to supply the fashion industry with enough fur. The controversy deepens because the supporters of fur garments argue that a person should have the freedom to dress in garments they see fit. Those who oppose the use of fur in making fashion items argue that numerous comfortable fashion alternatives are available at present. Therefore, the fans of fur garments should not be excused for wearing fur (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). Garment made from fur is controversial mainly because, the increasing demand for fur, corresponds with the number of furred animals slaughtered or killed for their fur. Normally, the size of a garment made from fur dictates the number of animals be killed to provide fur for the garment. Therefore, the increased acceptance and consumption of fashion items made from will lead to furred animals being endangered. Fur farms contribute to the environmental pollution problem in terms of animal litter and sewerage. Animals are the largest source of methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Opponents of a garment made from fur argue that fur farming is environmentally unfriendly, besides being unethical (Hile, 113). The opposition against the use of fur to make fashion items is not restricted to a particular social class, gender, religion, or society. Individuals and organizations, concerned about the welfare of animals lead the protest. Some of the well-known organizations that oppose the use of fur in fashion and advocate for the respect of animals include PETA of USA, CETFA of Canada, and CIWF of UK (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). According to Lurie, people dress differently depending on the mood and occasion (245). For instance, some people dress to make an impression and us
Evaluating the resourcing process at the hospital It is indeed factual that the resourcing process at the Patient Care Hospital needs to be updated and validated according to government standards. As it stands now, it is evident that adequate thought and focus have not been given to the roles and responsibilities of patient carers. For instance, a turn over rate of 50 percent per year is quite high. It appears that most employees who take up jobs as patient carers are usually not committed to serve for long in the division in spite of the impressive perks associated with the job. Second, the recruitment and selection criteria used to hire patient carers lack pertinent details. The standard procedure being used to hire the carers does not screen the job seekers well. As a matter of fact, the detailed forms to be filled during the interview process do not feature inherent personality traits of job seekers. Needless to say, a patient carer should be an individual who is wiling at heart to serve patients without ridiculing or handing them in an uncouth manner. Such individuals should also be trustworthy, honest, passionate and compassionate enough to patients. Apart from the desire to secure the job, patient carers are supposed to be selfless characters who are not quick to judge or rebuke whenever provoked. Unfortunately, the current selection criteria does not put into account such personal attributes. Worse still, malpractices such as trading patients is common at the hospital facility. As a result, it is not possible to track down carers who mistreat or manhandle patients even if they wear name tags for identification. In any case, most patients are usually not in the best of their physical or mental status when receiving treatment or during discharge period from the hospital. Third, the recruitment and selection process for carers does not seem to highlight the significance of ethical practice at workplace. Employees are merely supposed to retain the good image and reputation of the hospital. Ethical standards for patient carers are not in place. The rigid nature of the interview process is a major weakness in the resourcing process at the hospital. Filling forms without obtaining recommendation letters for individuals who know the applicants results into an incomplete recruitment process for job seekers. Nonetheless, the orientation program that patient carers go through after selection is a major boost in the job induction process. In addition, training these employees while on the job is prudent because it improves their input at work and equally enhances a positive relationship with patients. Capacity building and training is supposed to be an on-going process in the tenure of an emp
Introduction Political ideologies in the United States have undergone several changes in the past century. For instance, the country moved from nationalism to liberalism during its economic upsurge. Moreover, there have been notable differences between “classical conservatism” and “contemporary conservatism.” This shows that the country’s ideologies have changed over time. Before the World War II, the world had three conflicting ideologies, namely, fascism, communism and liberalism. The liberals and communists came together to fight fascists in the World War II. Once fascists were defeated, a conflict arose between liberal and communists, which led to the Cold War that lasted 40 years. The latter was defeated, however, it did not stop conflict among the liberals. Issues like race, gender, and gay, among others raised concern over the future of liberalism. This paper will explore the differences between “classical conservatives” and “conservatives.” It will also try to explore what the conservatives claim to conserve (Dolbeare and Cummings 115). Differences between classical conservatives and conservatives Classical conservatism is coined from Edmund Burke’s criticism of liberalism. It majored mainly on liberal’s view of human nature, governance, and freedom. According to classical liberals, humans are naturally rational, calculative, self-interested as well as competitive. In this regard, they maximize their advantage at the expense of others; they are governed by a system of law. Moreover, this system is governed by a minimal state that comprised of civil society that has a social contract to protect property and liberty. However, classical conservatives believe that humans are not self-interested (Ball and Dagger 46-83). In fact, according to Burke, humans are creatures of customs, traditions, and habits, moreover, he believes that individuals pass but the society remains. Moreover, classical conservatives believe that freedom is an indisputable value; the only thing is that it interferes with another person’s enjoyment. In addition, classical conservatives do not believe that freedom has to be a good thing; they believe that it can be and cannot. Classical conservatives, therefore, believe that democracy gives people too much power to control themselves and it is liable to abuse (Ball and Dagger 46-83). On the other hand, conservatives (also known as modern conservatives) attach themselves to modern society values more than classical conservatives do. For instance, they believe that freedom works when it allows individuals to compete with others, which is especially relevant in terms of economics. This ideology is quite different from classical conservatives who do not encourage self-interest. In essence, modern conservatives regard capitalism as freedom (Ball and Dagger 93-120). Moreover, conservatives claim that problems are intricately simple being quite different from the classical conservative view that consists in the fact that problems are usually complex given its social fabric (Ball and Dagger 93-120). Interestingly, modern conservatives have watered-down most of their original ideologies to such
Problem Statement Problem : Respiratory Complications in Patients Undergoing Interventional Radiological Procedures under Conscious Sedation at Kendall Regional Medical Center. Associated outcomes:   * Impeded treatment process;   * New hospital acquired diseases;   * Repeated hospitalization. The problem under discussion is respiratory complications in patients undergoing interventional radiological procedures under conscious sedation at Kendall Regional Medical Center. Research shows that such procedures imply a wide variety of risk factors including the development of hypoxia, hypoventilation, and other respiratory complications. The adverse events result in the negative outcomes for a patient. Thus, they impede the treatment process and minimize the beneficial effect of the undergone procedures. As a result, new treatment strategies need to be worked out, and the possibility of repeated hospitalization increases significantly (Blayney, 2016). Proposed Change Proposed change : Improving nurses-patients relations in order to enhance the positive treatment outcomes. Key elements of change:   * Positive environment;   * Holistic approach;   * Multicultural awareness. It is assumed that nurses are the main actors of the treatment process; therefore, they are expected to perform the major role in the proposed change. Thus, it is suggested that the incidence of respiratory complications can be reduced with the help of improving the quality of the nurse-patients relations and collaboration. The proposed change structure comprises several critical elements. First and foremost, it is recommended to improve the general hospital environment through expressing a positive attitude towards patients and building up trust-based relationships. Second, it is assumed that a holistic approach that implies an extra active nursess inclusion in the treatment process can help to maintain stronger nurse-patient relations. Lastly, it is recommended to develop multicultural awareness in nurses. In other words, the latter should learn to consider culture-related specificities while planning their communication with patients. Supporting Theories The key elements of the proposed change can be supported by the relevant nursing theories:   * Martha Rogers’ Unitary Human Being Theory;   * Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring;