ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Food waste is an economic and environmental issue that receives ever-increasing attention from the nations of the world during the past decades. As of 2017, the world has discarded more than thirty percent of all food produced (Ministry of Climate and Environment [MoC&A], 2017). Wastage impacts food security for the planet’s growing population negatively and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases, thus facilitating climate change (MoC&A, 2017). As a result, the issue of food waste attracts acute attention “on international, European as well as national levels” (Lucifero, 2016, p. 283). Different countries develop and employ policies to limit food waste and its economic and environmental effects. Norway’s food waste policy relies on prevention while also paying attention to recycling and, despite some of its flaws, its certain components deserve implementation in the UAE and, in particular, Dubai. Summary Norway began applying its first specific efforts to reduce its food waste in the 2010s. In 2013, the country adopted “National Waste Management and Prevention Plan “From Waste to Resources,” which included reducing food waste as one of its goals, but did not articulate it explicitly (Hanssen & Gaiani, 2016). In 2016, Norway began developing its first national food waste policy to reduce the share of edible products thrown away (Hanssen & Gaiani, 2016). The main focus of Norwegian food waste policy is on preventing waste, while there is also attention to recycling through biogas production (Hamilton, Peverill, Müller, & Brattebø, 2015). Apart from that, Norway’s food waste policy employs an educational approach that aims to increase food consciousness and “strengthen environmental knowledge as well as motivate towards pro-environmental behavior” (Skrivervik, 2017, p. 48). Finally, the policy also stresses voluntary agreements with agricultural producers and the food industry to reduce food waste, such as the Industry agreement of 2017. Stakeholder Analysis There are several types of stakeholders involved in the policy. One may generally divide them into three groups. These groups are governmental authorities, parties in the food industry, and consumers. Governmental authorities involved in the policy are mainly the Ministry of Climate and Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. The policy assigns these stakeholders with the responsibility to create and maintain the system for receiving, storing, and evaluating the informati
Economic inequality entails disparities existing in the distribution of wealth and individual income. Uneven income negatively affects poor people while giving an advantage to the wealthy population. It is responsible for the widening wealth gap between the rich and the poor in society. Schaeffer (2020) revealed that 20% of families earned more than half of the entire income in the U.S in 2018. This explains that the highest-earning families control the economy since most of the resources belong to them. The top fifth household earners acquired more than $130,000 accounting for 52% of the entire income in the U.S. The prevalence of income inequality is higher in the U.S compared with the G7 countries (Kraus et al., 2017). This paper describes the economic inequality, socially optimal outcomes, and government interventions to support socially preferable outcomes. The three common inequalities in a country are wealth, pay, and income. Inequality in pay income entails discrimination in payments from employments. Wealthy inequality is realized in many areas including private pension rights, property, stocks, and bolds. It explains the unequal distribution of assets hindering some groups from improving their economic status (Alfani & Ammannati, 2017). Income inequality entails the unfair distribution of money obtained from employment including bonuses, salaries, and wages. Unequal economic opportunities and income affect some groups in society making it difficult for them to advance their position. The problem is a major issue of concern in many countries since its traps some people in poverty by limiting their chances of advancement. Gender wage inequality is one of the examples of wage inequality affecting many people in the United States today (Alfani & Ammannati, 2017). Discriminations against women have existed for many years and it is still being experienced today including in the developed countries. Many employers are paying women low payments including when they serve similar roles with men. Moreover, many women are facing difficulties acquiring jobs despite having all the necessary qualifications. There has been significant growth in women’s labor force participation starting from the second half of the twentieth century. Many are attempting to pursue higher education and work for extended hours to improve their economic position. However, this has not stopped the existing discriminations against them especially the women of color (Alfani & Ammannati, 2017). The gender wage gap continues to place women at a disadvantage when negotiating salary increments. This explains the output level reflecting all the benefits and costs linked with a transaction. It entails the equilibrium attained when the market outcome considers the effect of externalities. It is achieved at the intersection of marginal social cost (MSC) and marginal social benefit (MSB). The level is sometimes referred to as the allocative efficient level of output. A market failure usually occurs in case the output is realized at a differe
American identity is an issue that has attracted serious debates in social, economic and political spheres. In the USA, naturalization is one of the mechanisms of acquiring citizenship. In this case, a person born in another territory that is not part of the U.S is granted citizenship through successful application. One of the challenges that most immigrants in America have had to grapple with over the years is identity crisis and the social cultural issues associated with it. This paper discusses how identity affects American immigrants. Since the American society is based on an immigrant heritage, the origin and identity of the Americans is commonly linked with a dedication to an ideology and recognition of primary values rather than common ancestry and history. Identity refers to the unique traits belonging to any particular person, or shared by all affiliates of a given social unit or group. A person’s identity occurs when he or she identifies with a considerable others such as family members and society. This implies that American immigrants have to adopt new values and practices in order to fit into that society. At present, it is not easy to define an American since the country has witnessed a great change in the composition of its inhabitants. It is evident that immigration and multiculturalism are instrumental in shaping the American identity. Many individuals see multiculturalism as one of the mechanisms of creating the “American mosaic” that accommodates the distinctive cultural heritage of various ethnic units, some of whom try to safeguard their indigenous languages and ways of life. In other words, a person can be an American and still maintain his or her racial and ethnic identities. Some American
On seeing how people are peacefully protesting against the election results in Iran, being killed because of unfair and huge cheating happening in the Iranian election, I told myself it is not fair, that they are giving their blood for their belief and their natural rights. So, I got this opportunity to at least tell you what is really going on in Iran. In addition, this speech is not just a speech or an assignment for me. It is beyond a speech or in other words, it is a mission for me. Today I want to inform you about why Iran has passed China and become the first dictator county in the world. The three reasons that Iran has become the first dictator country in the world are the absence of basic freedom, censorship of the media, and women’s rights. The most important reason that Iran has become the first dictator country in the world is that the absence of any type of freedom. Let me demonstrate this important issue with an example for you. Three weeks ago there was an Iranian presidential election. In total 4 candidates participated in the election; one of them was the recent president of Iran Mahmud Ahmadinejed. So, in total, 46 million people out of 67 million voted for their favorite candidate in the world. Researches show that the main reason that this huge number of people participated in this election is that they want to change the current president Mahmud Ahmadinejad. For the first time in Iranian election history, it was allowed that the other candidates come to the television and speak about their plans. And also, it was allowed for the fan of the other candidates, especially young girls, to come to the street and show their happiness, but after the results came out Iranian people and found out that everything was planned before and in other words, it was an engineered ele
Plato presented the allegory of the cave in his book the Republics in a manner suggesting that the king should play the role of enlightening people in society. The seventh book of Plato discussed the extent to which people should be enlightened in society. Plato suggested that the king would live a philosophic life by simply avoiding evil in society. Through this, leaders in society would achieve their objectives peacefully. Plato utilized the idea of the philosopher-king to explicate the metaphysical and epistemological hypotheses, which described the uniqueness of the philosopher-king. Plato used the analogy of the sun, the line, and the cave in explaining the living conditions of prisoners in the cave. Plato observed that people should always avoid evil and aim at doing good things in society (Elliott, 1967). In this regard, the philosopher-king should be somebody with the interest of the majority at heart. Human beings have the ability to behaving in four different ways. However, only the philosopher-king can behave in four different ways. According to Plato, the allegory of the cave is the most important. The allegory of the cave illustrates the impacts of education on the human soul. In this regard, education is crucial to human life. In the cave, there is no light. The cave is designed in such a way that people can only look in front but not sideways. Moreover, people cannot look behind since the cave is so squeezed. Fire and other dangerous objects surround the cave. Another group of people occupies one section of the cave. The group is very arrogant and unsupportive. The prisoners in the cave can only see the shadows of real objects. In their senses, prisoners believe that these shadows are the real creatures. One day, one of the prisoners was taken out of the cave to see real objects. The prisoner noted that there was a difference between something real and a shadow. After some time, the prisoner was able to see the sun. As soon as the prisoner saw the sun, he concluded that the sun is the source of light. From Plato’s view, the sun is equivalent to the king. This means that the king represents the good image of society. Therefore, the King should be a reliable person in society. Plato came up with his form of government after analyzing the analogy of the cave. Plato observed that the best individuals in society should always be allowed to rule. In this regard, only qualified persons should occupy influential positions in the public and private sectors. Plato noted that democracy is the worst form of government because it does not give the best individuals in society a chance to exercise their power. In other words, it is the worst system of government. Democracy is the tyranny of the multitude because the majority might force the leader to imple
Nowadays, due to the development of modern technologies, people can travel around the world, visit their friends in other countries, and enjoy cultural exchange without any considerable problems. However, back in the fifteenth century, traveling to distant lands was extraordinarily challenging and dangerous, as it could take years for travelers to reach destinations. Moreover, they could face unexpected difficulties in their ways, such as diseases, pirate raids, or troubles with the locals. Therefore, only courageous individuals could travel because they understood that there was a possibility never to return home. One of these people was Christopher Columbus, a traveler, and navigator from Italy, who lived from 1451 until 1506. Columbus explored the world and contributed to the development of people’s knowledge about our planet. In this essay, the information about Christopher Columbus’ biography, his discoveries, and his contribution to society will be presented. In addition, the meaning of this historical figure will be discussed. Summary of Christopher Columbus Biography Christopher Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa in the middle of the 15th century. Columbus started traveling to the sea at a young age, visiting many places, including the British Isles and Africa. When he was about twenty years old, he moved to Portugal, where he settled down and married a woman named Felipa Perestrello. Soon his wife died, and Christopher decided to leave Portugal for Spain with his son, Diego. In Spain, he married another woman, Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, who gave birth to the second son of Christopher, Fernando. Columbus is a famous person who is known for his life-long passion for traveling and exploring the world. Thus, during his life, he participated in expeditions to Africa, the Canary Islands, the Asian Islands, India, and Europe. In 1492, at the age of 41, Columbus left Spain and led an expedition aimed to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Together with his crew, Christopher visited the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. It was the first time when America was discovered, which made Columbus one of the most famous travelers. After returning to Spain, the King of the country sent him to the Caribbean Islands a few more times to continue its exploration. In 1502, Columbus made his last trip trying to find a way to the Indian Ocean. He returned to Spain in 1504, where he died a couple of years later. Discoveries and Contribution to Society Discoveries of Christopher Columbus As it was mentioned above, Christopher Columbus visited many places in the world. Still, his most famous accomplishment was the discovery of America in 1492, during his First Voyage sailing from Spain. He was sure that he reached India wh
Abstract The usage of the first language in the English classes is the controversial question in education. The effectiveness of using Arabic in the English classroom with references to the participants’ attitudes to the process is the focus of the research. Thus, the paper aims to present the evidence in relation to students and teachers’ attitudes towards the usage of Arabic in the English classes basing on the data from the survey. Two types of questionnaires were developed for teachers and students in order to investigate the situation in the English classroom and the participants’ opinions on the use of the first language while teaching and studying English. According to the results of this research, teachers and students actively use Arabic in the English classroom, and this fact contributes to increasing students’ motivation and comprehension, but many participants state that this approach is rather inappropriate. Introduction The problem of using the first language in the classroom environments while teaching English still remains one of the most controversial questions in education and studying linguistics. Researchers have no single idea in relation to the effectiveness of using L1 in the English classroom (Duff & Polio, 1990; Moskovsky & Alrabai, 2009). Furthermore, teachers and students present different vision of the necessity to use L1 while studying or teaching English. This problem is also relevant for the English classroom environments in Saudi Arabia where teachers and students hesitate in relation to the effectiveness of using Arabic while learning and teaching English. Researchers cannot agree in relation to using L1 and L2 in the English classroom because different programs are developed to achieve various results. There is no single program according to which teachers are allowed or prohibited to use Arabic in the English classes in Saudi Arabia. From this perspective, the research is important to focus on the perspectives of using L1 in order to stimulate students’ activities and increase their level in learning English. The opinions of researchers on the issue of using L1 in the English classroom are divided into two opposite groups. Thus, the supporters of the idea that L1 contributes to learning English while helping students understand the particular meanings and structures are inclined to stimulate the adequate usage of L1 in the English classroom to create the comfortable atmosphere for students (Macaro, 2005; Turnbul & Dailey-O’Cain, 2009). The opponents of the idea that L1 can be helpful in learning English state that students become more passive in their learning activities relying on their abilities to understand tasks and questions spoke in their native language (Al-Nofaile, 2010; Richards & Rodgers, 2001). That is why, to understand the asp
Love often reveals some of the innermost feelings of one’s own being, these could be the true feelings a toddler understands freely, a teenager happens to be wandering around to be clarified and an adult often dismisses in the disguise of intelligence and success. However, it basically is human relationships that occur between one another. Considering the above realities, the following essay compares the loves depicted in two of the most amazing short stories of all time, namely Love is a Fallacy by Max Shulman and The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry. What actually is true love and how the authors have shown it. The love portrayed in Love is a Fallacy is based on emotion or logic. Max Shulman talks about a relationship that went beyond the logical comprehension of the narrator in The Love is a Fallacy. He exposes the folly of those who think life is planned ahead in accordance with one’s own intellect and love is attainable through calculated and entirely cerebral moves. The narrator in the story is a freshman in a law school, whose ambition was to be one of the most successful lawyers. When he assessed himself, he possessed all the elements to fulfill his dream. As he noticed the lives of the successful lawyers, they all have been married to intelligent, beautiful, and gracious women. Thus he covets Polly who was his roommate’s girl. The intelligent idiocy of the narrator is expressed at this instance as he declares that Polly Espy belonged to the above-said category with one omission that she was not an intellectual, the first notion of inferior intellect. In his further attempt to win Polly, the narrator enquires to his roommate about his relation with Polly. He was trying to find out if his roommate, Petey Bellows, was in love with Polly. Petey acknowledged her to be a teen girl. It should have been understood by the narrator as an observation of being dedicated, enthusiastic, eager, devoted, ardent, and wholehearted, which could be considered as the occurrence felt at the beginning of true love. When the narrator further enquires if Petey and Polly had been steady, Petey responds in a way that clarifies their relationship to be one that of trust as he says they see each other often while they do have another dates. In other words, going steady was not an issue between them because they knew the intensity or the specialty of their relationship which was just beyond the rule of being steady. More than their intellect and logic, their hearts were beginning to be together and they were experiencing that intimacy. While it takes a lot of emotional conception to reach the point of true love in the relationship between Polly and Petey, true love is illustrated clearly with its utmost intensity between Della and Jim. The whole world of pleasure for Della on Christmas Eve was the happiness of Jim.
In the context of present-day developments, the significance of ecological problems and their influence on nature and people’s lifestyles cannot be underestimated. It should be marked that humanity has a considerable negative impact on these issues, as people’s activity leads to the loss of species and ecosystems. For instance, the book “Environmental Science” demonstrates the increase in the human population, which is followed by significant changes in wildlife (Miller and Spoolman 169). Extirpation of species and ecosystems has achieved an alarming rate. Therefore, the necessity to make a contribution to preserving nature is undeniable. Wildlife is a vital part of the Earth, and, for this reason, in case nature is considerably damaged, it will definitely lead to negative consequences for all entire humanity. In addition, attention should be paid to figure 8.6., which depicts the losses caused by severe habitat destruction and illegal hunting (Miller and Spoolman 172). Thus, the need to address this issue urgently is doubtless. In order to sustain a variety of wild species and ecosystems, it is essential to forbid poaching. Moreover, logging companies should minimize the negative consequences of their activity by choosing the zone, which is not hazardous in the context of significant natural habitat destruction. Another beneficial suggestion could be planting new trees by logging companies. This measure will not only contribute to preserving wild species and ecosystems but also will be helpful for sustaining forests. Other people, except for workers of logging companies, may also participate in this activity. As for aquatic biodiversity, it is essential to stop the activity of factories, which pollute rivers, seas, and oceans. Their operation is harmful to water residents and plants, as they are incapable of living in the area, which is polluted by different chemicals. Furthermore, the necessity to reduce the amount of plastic usage is evident today. Apart from polluting the earth, it also leads to numerous deaths of sea and ocean animals. In order to contribute to the solution of environmental problems, a great number of national parks and nature preserve systems are established worldwide. As for the United States, national parks appear an attractive place to visit (“Top 10 Parks”). They are predominantly based in locations with picturesque views of nature, such as rivers, lakes, rivers, and others. Apart from being a beautiful place, they also include a particular ecosystem, where a variety of animals and plants reside (“Top 10 Parks”). In some of them, workers monitor the well-being of animals and plants in the location, which prevents them from total extinction (“Top 10 Parks”). For these reaso