ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Brief Summary of the Article The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs is an article, written by R. M. W. Dixon in 1982. This work aims at defining the term “phrasal verb” itself and analyzing the properties of phrasal verbs in English from syntactic and semantic perspectives. The article under consideration is properly structured and written in clear and comprehensible language. With the help of evaluation of past studies in the same area, the reader gets a wonderful opportunity to clear up what is already known about phrasal verbs, why it is necessary to classify phrasal verbs, and why these certain types are chosen, what the peculiarities of transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs are, and why the underlying structures are considered to be the best means of explaining the actions and changes, which take place within phrasal verbs in comparison to the surface structures. The grammar of phrasal verbs in English takes an important place in the study of this particular language, this is why it is crucially important to pay attention to any type of properties in order to comprehend appropriately how and why it is necessary to classify phrasal verbs. The work by R. M. W. Dixon is a reliable source that provides the reader with all the necessary information about phrasal verbs and their possible classifications. Phrasal Verbs as a Verb-Preposition Combination Nowadays, people face more and more problems with defining phrasal verbs, their place in English grammar, and their classifications. It turns out to be rather difficult for not-native speakers to comprehend what phrasal verbs actually mean (Ware & Dowd 2008: 50). Due to this very reason, it is necessary to admit that that article by Dixon should be regarded as a real treasure for those, who are going to start learning English grammar and touch the peculiarities of phrasal verbs in particular. From the very beginning of the work, the author offers several ideas of how to interpret a phrasal verb. One of the clearest and frequently used points is the idea that phrasal verbs are those verb-preposition combinations, which “cannot be inferred from the separate ‘norm’ semantic characterisations of the simple verb and of the preposition(s)” (Dixon 1982: 1)
Introduction When a person is admitted into a hospital , he or she often comes across various medical care personnel, each of whom is a specialist in a particular field. Suffice to say, medical care is no longer limited to duly licensed medical doctors anymore. These days, we have an influx of registered nurse, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. The latter serves as the concentration for my paper. By definition, a Physician Assistant is a person who has served in the medical field for at least 4 years prior to attending the 26 month PA training schools offered in various hospital teaching schools, colleges and universities. He is a duly licensed medical practitioner who works in the same function and can therefore considered a medical practitioner along the realms of a medical doctor, although under the direct supervision as well, as a licensed physician. As such, a PA should never be mistaken for a medical assistant because the latter only performs administrative and clinical procedures under the direct supervision of doctors, Registered Nurses, Nurse Practitioners, or Physician Assistant’s. Main Text The emergency room of any hospital is always the busiest area due to the high volume of patients that come in for first aid or major medical treatment. Due to the continuing shortage of medical doctors in the field, hospitals have had to get creative with their manpower and delegate emergency room tasks to the most competent available hands. Since doctors are usually required to remain on the main floors of the hospital to attend to admitted and critical care patients, the next best thing to having a doctor in the emergency room is a Physician assistant who can be considered the Mini-Me of the medical world. There are approximately 50,000 clinically practicing PA’s, 5.000 of whom are assigned to work in the field of emergency medicine. However, PA’s do not have the liberty to work the way doctors do. Considered as part of the emergency medical personnel, PA’s have to adhere to specific guidelines as outlined in the Emergency Medical Treatment And Labor Act ( EMTALA). The 3 main areas of function of a PA is directly regulated by The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, commonly known as the EMTALA. This act supervises the 3 main PA areas, namely; the implementation of medical screening exams, authority to transfer pa
I came around several sabotaging behaviors in my workplace that I find crucial. While most of the saboteurs are intuitive, most of my colleagues do not realize some of them. For instance, when setting up a meeting, speakers tend to use PowerPoint regardless of the number of participants. However, it may be challenging to understand where is that thin line that one needs to use handouts instead. I believe that the most appropriate way to address the saboteur is to be ready with both handouts and the PowerPoint for meetings with a questionable number of participants. I believe it is an excellent strategy to let the participants decide which works best for them. The other sabotaging behavior is sending impulsive emails without letting oneself calm down. One of the crucial advantages of email communication is the ability to think about the answer, as the sender does not expect a very urgent reply. However, procrastination with replying to all messages may lead to significant problems. Therefore, employees need to learn to notice which emails arouse irritation or anger and put them away for three hours to calm down. This simple practice may preserve positive professional relationships and improve one’s reputation.
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent organization that promotes scientific research and monitors the development of anti-doping campaigns. In addition, the organization puts forward the World Anti Doping Code, the document that harmonizes anti-doping strategies in sport. According to this Code, all athletes should compete in a doping-free environment. The analysis of the origins of the organization sheds light on the policies and approaches that the agency applies and, therefore, specific attention should be paid to the evaluation of those principles with regard to the ethical principles introduced by the Global Business Standards Codex. A critical assessment of WADA’s regulatory regime is possible by implementing such ethical principles as transparency, fairness, and dignity. From the perspective of the transparency principle, the WADA’s code should be more concerned with the issues of publicity and objectivity. In this respect, the question arises concerning the morality of the strategies used by the agency. The sporting events, therefore, should not be recognized as corporate activities subject to political and economic environments. According to Hanstad et al. (2008), “doping was primarily a public relations problem that threatened lucrative television and corporate contracts…worth billions of dollars” (p. 230). Therefore, while adopting anti-doping campaign, the organization at issue should be more focused on the developing equal and beneficial opportunities for individuals participating in sporting events rather than on commercial issues. Such an assumption refers directly to the case of the Atlanta Olympics when several doping tests were not given to publicity for commercial purposes. In order to improve the situation the WAGA agency should be more concerned with the transparent reporting to ensure sustainability and control of the sporting events. A transparency policy can effectively be applied through adherence to moral commitment to anti-doping campaign. Transparency issues can also be improved as soon as the anti-doping campaign is regarded as a form of social monitoring. Surveillance of all procedures and development of individual check-control systems constitute an important technique that should be reconsidered by WADA’s officials. To integrate changes to a social domain, the agency’s code should undergo philosophical transformation. According to Slugget (2011), “WADA’ surveillance practices often extend beyond sport’s walls and typically involve multiple, interacting agendas including efficiency, policing, legitimation, and appearance of control” (p. 31). Hence, involving conceptual frameworks is essential for reconsidering the purposes of anti-doping policies adopted by the agency. In addition, the surveillance policies implemented by the agency should come in congruence with the cultural patterns. Within these provisions Park (2005) emphasizes, “sport is a central cultural technology of governing the soc
Due to lack of consistency and availability of data on the negative effects of fluoride in drinking water, low level fluoridation of drinking water should be continuously adapted as a preventative measure against dental caries. Introduction Usage of fluoride in toothpastes and drinking water is a common practice in many countries around the world. In the United States, Grand Rapids in Michigan was the first city to extensively adapt high concentrations of fluoride in its water supply.15 years later, research has shown that cases of dental decay amongst children have decreased by 50 percent (Phipps, 2000). Fluoride’s ability to prevent dental caries has always been a well known fact but this preventative measure it offers will only materialize if adequate and pre-set concentration levels are maintained. Furthermore, it ha
Nucleus The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed in a double membrane and communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores. Within the nucleus is the DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics. The DNA is similar in every cell of the body, but depending on the specific cell type, some genes may be turned on or off – that’s why a liver cell is different from a muscle cell, and a muscle cell is different from a fat cell. When a cell is dividing, the nuclear chromatin (DNA and surrounding protein) condenses into chromosomes that are easily seen by microscopy. The nucleus also contains the nucleolus which helps to synthesize ribosomes. The nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers which are parts of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis on them. Copious amounts of RNA and proteins can be found in the nucleolus as well. The main structural elements of the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and keeps its contents separated from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear lamina, a meshwork within the nucleus that adds mechanical support much like the cytoskeleton supports the cell as a whole. Nuclear transport is of paramount importance to cell function, as movement through the pores is required for both gene expression and chromosomal maintenance.  Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles:  1. nucleolus;  2. nucleus;  3. ribosome;  4. vesicle ;  5. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER);  6. Golgi apparatus;  7. Cytoskeleton;  8. smooth ER;  9. mitochondria; 10. vacuole; 11. cytoplasm; 12. lysosome; 13. centrioles. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. Structure The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animals. In mammalian cells, the average diameter typically varies from 11 to 22 micrometers (μm) and occupies about 10% of the total volume. The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm, and is similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus. Nucleolus The nucleus is the ‘control center’ of a cell. It contains the cell’s hereditary information (DNA) and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction. The nucleus also controls the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cytoplasm.Nucleolus: The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. The main role of the Nucleolus is considered to be ribosome biogenesis, since its fundamental component DNA codes for
This article talks about Management Learning, and how often some management topics are always reduced to a single theory or associated with a single theorist. According to this article, learners have narrowed their thinking to specific theories, making it difficult to explore some topics beyond specific models. For instance, motivation has always been associated with Maslow. This narrowed thinking has resulted into a scenario where learners do not deliberate beyond Maslow when talking about motivation, leadership, and job satisfaction. As stated in this article, attaching a certain theorist to a given management topic is not wrong. In fact it is important to understand these models and how they can be practiced in real life scenarios. However, it is wrong to narrow down such a topic to one single theory. According to Watson (1996, p. 22), “The world is rapidly changing, and there is a need to ensure that people change with the changes that take place in various sectors.” This means that there is a need to go beyond conventional theories of management when looking for these solutions. It is necessary to come up with some new models that reflect the changes that have taken place in the environment. When Maslow was coming up with various theories of management, the environmental factors were very different from what they are today. It is therefore important that new models are developed to reflect these changes. If these old models are to be applied, then there may be need to adjust them. Reducing topics such as motivation and leadership to a single theory or associating them with single theorists poses some problems in understanding the topic. According to Adetule (2011, p. 93), knowledge is very dynamic, and what one may consider as relevant today may not be relevant in future. When scholars develop some management models and theories, they always depend on environmental factors to define their reasoning. These environmental factors are not static. They are dynamic and it is important to reflect this dynamism in the management topics. Motivation has always been defined using Maslow theories. Although these theories remain relevant, changes in the external environment are bringing in new needs amongst people. This means that sources of motivation are also changing. Leadership theories that are in use today are very effective in explaining sources of power and the best ways of leading people. However, one must understand that the world is dynamic, and it is not prudent to stick to one theory or models of one theorist. For example, Transformational leadership is a relatively new model of leadership that has gained popularity in the recent past. In order to come up with this new lea
The hegemonic role of the media Hegemony refers to the ways in which dominant groups or ideologies control the weaker ones. These groups become so influential by gaining the consent of the society. Hegemony to great extent determines social change, as it allows shaping individuals’ worldview and “program” their actions. For instance, the film entitled “Minority Report” (2002) depicts a utopian society or society of the future where absolute safety is achieved through preventive justice. The Ministry of Interior hires three experts proven to have prophetic abilities, who can foresee crimes. This model, although it was tested before implementation, is not perfect and errors happen from time to time and innocent people are imprisoned or murdered. However, the corresponding security agency successfully handles these problems by increasing control over citizens and returning the old methods of working with crimes. It is clear that utopia in the present case is a tool of modeling society where technology is used to protect dominant values, such as career and compliance with the control measures, taken by the ruling class. Therefore, “Minority Report” and similar films to great extent determine social change. Although the governmental surveillance has intensified over the last decade (recording IP addresses in the Web, surveillance in public spaces and even intervention into private life), citizens accept these changes, because the movies similar to “Minority Report” demonstrate the outburst of violence which might occur as a result of the lack of control and supervision. Consequently, the control is growing and citizens do not reject it, so there is no risk that the system, created and maintained by the ruling class, will be once undermined. Furthermore, citizens become more passive and obedient. The main character is eager to make a career as a chief executive of the governmental institution, so the theme of careerism is also developed. As a phenomenon, careerism is beneficial to government and private enterprises, because it is associated with the increase of working time and tax deductions. In fact, in the Western countries, the number
Introduction In the mid-20 th century, existentialism had many opponents and was widely criticized as it was believed to be founded on the wrong perspective to explain human existence. Jean-Paul found the opportunity to answer his critics when he was invited to deliver a lecture in a newly established club. The club, called Club Maintenant, was based in Paris and was founded by Jacques Calmy and Marc Beigbeder, who desired to provide a platform where people would debate their scholarly and literary thinking. At this event, Sartre, on October 29, 1945, delivered the speech titled Existentialism is a Humanism. In this discussion, the objective is to describe the two outstanding concepts that make up the title of the speech: Existentialism and Humanism. Afterward, the discussion seeks to provide a deeper insight into one central passage outlined in Jean-Paul’s lecture, with the critical point of focus being the statement “existence precedes essence” (p.36). Concepts: Existentialism and Humanism Apart from responding to unfounded criticisms and rumors, the lecture by Sartre also sought to offer further elaboration on the philosophy of existentialism to the increasing audience that was keen to understand his message. According to Carter (2021) Sartre intended to educate people by providing a more profound elaboration of existentialism to people who had begun using that term without appreciating its real meaning. Existentialism is a branch of human philosophy that seeks to answer a few questions relating to human existence. The philosophy gives emphasis to three main aspects of humanity: freedom, individual existence, and choice. It presupposes the perspective that people define their purpose in life by endeavoring to make rational choices even as society exists in an irrational sphere. Existentialism can be traced back to the 19th century, primarily through the works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Søren Kierkegaard (Beauvoir, 2018). However, the two philosophers did not exclusively refer to the term Existentialism in their writings. Existentialism gained prominence during the Second World War (WWII) and was propagated by French existentialists. One of the individuals who popularized existentialism is Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre is one of the few philosophers who came to appreciate being called an existentialist. Carter (2021) states that initially Sartre castigated anyone calling him an existentialist and disputed the existence of such a term. His fictional and academic works were majorly centered on existential subjects, such as nothingness, freedom, alienation, commitment, boredom, and the absurd. Some of his notable writings based on existentialism include “Nausea” (1938), “Being and Nothingness” (1943), and “No Exit” (1944). The second concept of humanism is quite broad but basically refers to any philosophy that looks at human beings as the focal point of things. Humanism characterizes a positive meaning of being benevolent and is mainly linked to an expectant point of view. In his lecture, Sartre seems to push down the notion of humanism by stating that it is absurd in the self-congratulatory partyi
Introduction Since the development of vehicles to replace horse carriages, issues of efficiency, horsepower, and fuel consumption have dominated many automobile debates. One of the pertinent issues is the relationship between the size of an engine and the performance of a vehicle. Car manufacturers face the challenge of making engines that combine power output and performance for excellent driving experiences. They compete to make the most effective, powerful, and best performing engine. There are different types of engines in the automobile market developed by different manufacturers. Two of the most common are V6 and V8 engines. This paper will show that V8 engines are better than V6 engines based on aspects like power output, flexibility, performance, fuel efficiency, and speed. The V6 and V8 engines A V6 engine contains six cylinders whose pistons are connected to a common crankshaft. It is widely used in small cars. Its displacement capacities range from 2.5 liters to 4 liters. However, smaller and larger engines are available in the market. Older versions of the engine had the odd and even firing problem that rendered them less efficient. On the contrary, modern engines have features that eradicate the problem. For instance, modern engines are fitted with crankpins that facilitate continuous firing. After its development, the V6 engine was mainly used in racing cars. On the other hand, the V8 engine contains eight cylinders whose pistons are connected to a common crankshaft (Philips par2). Manufacturers of modern engines incorporate complex cross planes into the architecture of the engine to prevent vibrations. The V8 engine is common in many cars, including French, Japanese, Italian, Swedish, and American cars. Its prominence in many countries is evidence of its flexibility and performance, and fuel economy. Power consumption V6 and V8 engines have different levels of performance about power output. Analyzing the two engines based on fuel consumption reveals that power output depends on various factors such as driving conditions and speed. The V6 engine is smaller than the V8 (Philips par2). Therefore, it requires a higher N/V input than the V8. N/V is a ratio that denotes the relationship between the speed of the car and the speed of the engine. The V6 requires a higher torque ratio to accelerate (King par2). This implies that it spins faster than the V8 at the same speed. In contrast, the V8 engine needs a lower N/V output to accelerate. High number of revolutions generate high frictional forces that consume more power (King par3). High power consumption is one of the disadvantages of a V6 engine. The V8 consumes less power because it makes fewer revolutions tha