ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Industrial relations refer to the ways in which employees and employers relate within an organization. The relations include interactions covering human resource management, employee relations, and union relations. The relations arise from interactions between individual workers, between workers and their employers, and the interactions that employers and employees have with bodies formed to protect their various interests (Hall, 13). The relationships are articulated in various ways involving the workers. Industrial relations have been regarded as a study of the rules governing employment, and they give directions on how the rules are changed, interpreted, and administered. There are different theories that explain the different inclinations of the industrial relations (Jackson 12). Theories of the workplace relations Unitary theory It views the organization as having one source of legitimate authority, having a unified authority, and a loyalty structure. The relations are placed on common values, interests, and objectives. All organizational participants are viewed as a team who share a common destiny. In unitary theory, conflict is seen as evil and destructive. Therefore, it should be avoided at all costs. Conflict is believed to be caused by mismanagement and poor communications. Trade unions are outlawed and viewed as an illegitimate source of authority. They are seen as an intrusion competing for employees’ loyalty. In this theory, organizations exist in perfect harmony and all conflict is unnecessary (Jackson 16). Conflict / Pluralist Theory The theory recognizes that employees and managers have different objectives, which create a conflict of interest in the workplace. The theory argues that conflict is inevitable, rational, functional, and a normal situation at the workplace, which is then resolved through compromise, agreement and collective bargain. Trade unions are viewed as legitimate and are not causes of conflict, but emphasizes on competition and collaboration in the workplace. This theory is the most efficient means of institutionalizing employment rules as it creates a balance in employee and management power (Jackson 18; Hall, 39). Marxist Theory The theory reflects a wider class of conflict between capital and labor. It shows that workplace relations are a reflection of the incidence of societal inequalities and the inevitable expressions about them in the workplace. Conflict is inevitable, and capital seeks to reduce costs while employees seek fairer price for labor. Conflict will only cease by revolutionary changes in the distribution of property and wealth. According to the theory, trade unions should raise revolutionary consciousness of workers and union leaders who accommodate managers betray the workers. Bargaining power gives little solutions and gives leaves important managerial powers intact (Jackson, 20). Systems theory This is a general theory of industrial relations. It states that industrial relations is a sub-system of a wider society that has four elements. These elements include the following: a) Actors: they include the employers, employees, their
Introduction This paper discusses cadmium, a toxic heavy metal used in the production of many devices. It studies its role in the modern world, as well as the possible detrimental health effects associated with it. The paper refers to the positions of EPA and Texas government regarding the metal. It concludes with the personal opinion on current American regulations regarding cadmium and the use of labels as a cautionary measure. Discussion on Cadmium According to Chmielowska-Bąk, Gzyl, Rucińska-Sobkowiak, Arasimowicz-Jelonek, and Deckert (2014), cadmium is a non-essential heavy metal that can have harmful effects on most organisms if present in excess. Cadmium is mostly used for batteries, pigments in paints, coatings, and stabilizers for plastics. Currently, the metal can be found in the devices people use daily, including cell phones, computers, cameras, and cordless power tools. It means that cadmium has played a significant role in the improvement of modern individuals’ life. However, it is crucial to point out that cadmium is highly toxic, which means that it is necessary to prevent humans and animals from the exposure to it. Possible Health Effects The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2000) lists the number of possible detrimental health effects associated with cadmium. The acute effects include bronchial and pulmonary irritation of lungs. Notably, even a single exposure to high levels of cadmium can result in a long-term lung function impairment. Chronic effects include various kidney, lung, and liver diseases, as well as immune and nervous systems’ disabilities. There is a possibility of developing several reproductive conditions, including a reduction in sperm viability, decreased birthweights, impaired neurological development, and testicular damage. Moreover, the exposure to inhaled cadmium can result in lung cancer, as the metal is considered a probable human carcinogen (The United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). It means that it is necessary for individuals to avoid cadmium exposure to protect their health. The Positions of EPA and the State Government EPA has published the recommended water quality criteria for states authorized to establish water quality standards. It also requires manufacturers to report health studies related to cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2012) explains that EPA’s recommendation for individuals is not to exceed safe levels of exposure to cadmium. To do so, it advises them to avoid possibly contaminated areas and food, such as shellfish, properly dispose of batteries and prevent children from playing with them, as well as reduce smoking tobacco products. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (1990) regulates the levels of allowable concentrations for discharge in tidal and inland waters. It underlines that dilution for attaining these levels is strictly prohibited. The analysis of cadmium should conform to the regulations, and the
Introduction Breakeven analysis is an analytical tool that used for study the relationship that exists between fixed costs, variable costs and profits. It also is used to determine the point at which sales cover up the total costs of an organization. The breakeven point is the point that crosses across the total cost line. Main text The formula of breakeven point: Break-even units = Average Annual fixed cost/Average per unit sale price – Average per unit available cost Break-even sales = Annual fixed cost/1-(Average per unit variable cost/Average per unit sales price) The break-even chart is a chart that shows the graphical representation of costs at various levels of activity as shown on the same chart, it is also the variation in income (sales or volume) within the same variation in activity of an organization. The break-even point on the chart is the point where there is neither profit nor loss. The fixed costs are the costs that are not directly related to the level of production or output that is they remain constant whether the business has output or no output, but in the long term the fixed costs can change due to introduction of new investments into an organization for example addition of a new factory unit or through the growth of overheads that support larger business activities. Break-even analysis chart. The OA line represents the variation of income at varying levels of production. The OB line represents the total fixed costs in the business. As the level of output increases the variable costs are incurred this means that the total costs (fixed and variable costs) also increase at the same rate. At the low levels of output, the costs are greater than income and this leads to losses in an organization. At point P where costs exactly intersect with neither income this is the breakeven point since neither costs nor income are earned or incurred ,the values on the chart that are above the breakeven point are profits of an organizations products. The variable costs are the costs that vary directly with the level of output of an organization. They represent the payment of the output related outputs as the raw materials, direct labor and the revenue related costs such as the commission costs The fixed break-even level of output = Average Annual fixed cost/Average per unit sales price – Average price per unit variable cost £25,000 p.a/Selling price – Variable cost £25,000/14-10* 2500/ 4= 6250 The margin of safety is a measure that is used to indicate percentage or the amount of cost by which the planned sales exceed the break-even point. The margin of safety equals budgeted sales minus the break-even sales The break-even sales = Annual fixed costs/1- (Average per unit variable cost ÷ Average per unit sales price) Variable cost =10 Selling price = 14 25,000/1(10÷14) 25,000/1-(0.7143) Margin of safety =   * Budgeted sales 509   * Breakeven sales (87,412.59)   * Margin of safety 421587.41 Percentage margin of safety:   * Margin of safety 421,587.41 x 100   * Budgeted sales 509,000………………… 82.83% The margin of safety is used by the accounta
Role of the Board of Directors Tabreed’s Board of Directors is an asset of high importance. This team’s main priority is to manage the company and make business decisions concerning resources, budget, and innovations. The members of Tabreed’s Board of Directors possess an extensive set of professional skills. Their commercial experience is also an important feature. Each member of the Board must provide performance that would be beneficial to the company and its stakeholders. Tabreed’s Board of Directors is responsible for the management of the organizational processes and systems. The members of the Board are required to guarantee obedience to the laws, principles, and functional necessities ( District Cooling, National Central Cooling Company – Tabreed , n.d.). The corporate governance report provides extensive evidence concerning the role of the Board of Directors. It states that the members of the Board of Directors make sure that Tabreed’s management crew delivers clear and adequate information. The data is presented promptly. The latter is a critical factor necessary to make smart decisions that would have a positive impact on the company. Another point described in the report is the Board’s participation in the meetings. At these meetings, the Board of Directors reviews the present strategic complications, directions, company’s resources, accounting, and behavioral principles inherent in Tabreed. According to the corporate governance report, the key function of the Board of Directors is to track Tabreed’s performance against the set objectives, and its compliance with the company’s strategy and vision. Every twelve months, the members of the Board should disclose to the company evaluation of their sovereignty, validation of discretion, specifics of any share transactions, and particulars of their substantial positions in public corporations or other organizations. Structure of the Board of Directors The Board of Directors is comprised of nine individuals. These corporate professionals are proficient in different areas of business and are in charge of Tabreed’s directions, strategical objectives, and management. The two most important positions are the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman. Waleed Al Mokarrab Al Muhairi is Tabreed’s Chairman. He is responsible for the company’s venture portfolio and its tactical, operational, and corporate growth events. Real estate and infrastructure are Al Muhairi’s other fields of activity ( Board of Directors , n.d.). He takes care of capital venture portfolios and is Chairman/ Vice Chairman in several other corporations. Al Muhairi’s skills and experience mostly refer to foreign service and business administration. Khalid Abdul
Introduction Organization’s Background and People Involved The Walt Disney Company is a leading international entertainment center and media enterprise having subsidiaries all over the world. The operation and management of enterprise experience are carried out by the organization’s division Disney Parks and Resorts that is responsible for entertaining people and guiding those into the world of media culture (The Walt Disney Company, n. d. a). Due to the fact that employees play the leading role in creating a favorable environment in entertainment center, this target audience should be carefully considered by human resources managers to enhance employees’ level of engagement. Organization’s Purposes, Mission, Values, and Culture The company’s purpose consists in introducing the people dimension in business sphere to meet Disney’s values and culture. Specifically, the human resource management department focuses on reinforcing the responsibility and commitment to people through such services as learning and development, talent acquisition, communication techniques, and employee services (The Walt Disney Company, n. d. b). Specific attention should be paid to increased leadership for handling selection and recruitment processes effectively and contributing to ongoing retention and development. Problem Analysis Problem Identification Judging from the above-presented information the company places a specific emphasis on leadership and supervision strategies for directing and motivating employees’ work. The employees, in their turn, can take advantage of availability of direct support and, because all their actions are carefully controlled, subordinates might lack independence in making decisions, which can become critical under certain situations. As a result, leaders and managers prevail over employees’ steps of coping with their responsibilities and obligations. Though employees have right to share their preferences and goals with supervisors, they still lack skills for cooperating in teams for solving the problems independently. Specifically, the system of communication between the supervisor and employees, as well as between employees and guests, is well settled and, therefore, vertical management deprives employees of possibility to make decisions without informing their m
Knowing that Ninja Sex Party is a musical comedy group, it is possible to expect something extraordinary and funny from their video clips. Their Attitude City is the song about the power of men and their intentions to demonstrate their superiority and abilities over women, even if they are not always ready to succeed. The textual and contextual analysis of the song may help to realize that a simple and funny song about the city of attitudes can raise certain philosophical discourses in terms of the feminist theory. There are a number of messages sent by the group through their video; still, the essence of them remains to be the same that is to make people believe in the men’s power and its roots in their intentions to be better than they are. From the very first lines of the song, the artists do not want to provide a female with an opportunity to choose by asking her questions and discussing her options. “What’s up, baby?/…/ What’s a good girl like you doing in a hood like this?/Your life’s in danger every enemy’s stranger/ But good for you I rule this town with my iron fists” (Ninja Sex Party). During their conversation, the man does not find it necessary to ask about the intentions or goals of the woman but tries to focus on his personal dreams, activities, and duties. He does not take care of the language chosen by talking to a woman. The only goal he has is to rock and underline his superiority in the most comic possible way. Regarding the main directions of the group that is love, sexual relations, fantasy, and seduction, the clip under analysis corresponds with the expectations of the artists’ fans. The members of the group are ready to be rough, comic, and serious at the same time to make an impression. They have their ideas in their minds and try to share them with other people in the ways they find the most appropriate. Sometimes, not all people are able to comprehend their messages, some people disregard everything that is done by the group, and some people remain to be devoted to the songs and clips offered by Ninja Sex Party. The supporters of the feminist theory may create one of the main “against Ninja Sex Party” communities where they try to discuss the shortages and weaknesses of the approaches offered by the duo. The majority of feminist radicals focus on the idea that any human being is worth of certain personal freedoms and the quality of the opportunities available to men and women (Hooks 26). The clip of the Ninja Sex Party is the neglect of the respect that should occur between men and women and the identification of male superiority. Men can rule in their own cities, men can protect their women, and men can identify their skills as well as
Introduction Rhetorical criticism is an approach to critical analysis that seeks to understand how symbols act on people or how symbolic artifacts, situated oratory, and literary texts persuade their audience. In the very light of rhetorical analysis, we have ideological criticism whose main goal is discovering and making visible the principal ideologies implanted in an artifact and the ideologies being silenced in it. Therefore it is concerned with critiquing the dominant ideology they express and at the same time silencing any opposing or contrary ideologies. This ensures that how symbolic artifacts and literary texts interact with their audience is well appreciated and therefore can be improved further. We will look at the theory of ideological criticism but restricting ourselves to Prof. Sonja K. Foss’ approach. According to chapter eight of the book, we find the different features of the ideological school of thought. Discussion The theory of ideological criticism, as argued by Foss, encapsulates the use of ideographs as the main unit of analysis. The ideograph itself is just a symbol that represents an ideological concept and may be positive or negative. The best meaning applicable to a particular ideograph depends on the environmental setting of the origin in which it was used. Therefore, ideographs need to be examined overtime to make sure that they are applied correctly and that changes in meaning are taken into account because if that is not done, an obsolete meaning could be used where it is not supposed to. Forming the main features of the ideological criticism process are several steps that Foss pinpoints lay on the way of anyone who wants to succeed. First and foremost, one must formulate a research question and select an artifact, after which he selects a unit of analysis. The third task would be to analyze the artifact. According to Foss, analyzing the artifact involves identifying the ideology in the artifact, scrutinizing the interests it serves and uncovering the approach used in the artifact to promote the ideology. Finally, writing the critical essay forms the pinnacle of this appreciation. It is worth mentioning that ideological criticism borrows a lot from various schools of thought, which constitute when putting together, the ideological criticism school of thought. These include cultural studies, which of course helps in identifying the changes that take place to the meaning and application of various ideographs. For example, if we say “slavery”, these days it will not mean the same thing as the early fifteenth century period. Secondly, structuralism contributes since it is concerned with various theories across the humanities and social sciences, many of which share the assumption that structural relationships between concep
Introduction There is a lot of responsibility on the shoulders of civil engineering in the United States in terms of sustaining standard infrastructures in terms of how the engineer is able to incorruptibly interact with the politics that involve the development of infrastructure in the society. The traditional civil engineer is also continually hit with emergent technology which has continued to come from the construction technology industry to aid an ease of handling or developing infrastructure. The ability of the engineer therefore to be effectively involved in the civil engineering industry demands for a continual observation and administration of ethical conducts which have put together by the society of civil engineers. The civil engineering society in the US has seen the necessity to encourage best practices especially through the provision of ethical codes that must be observed by practicing members. For example, to burst best practices and conducts in civil engineering, several civil engineering groups, international-guests, and leaders who are concerned about the development lf civil engineering in America came together in June of 2006 to uphold a foreseeable glorified future. This paper will discuss ethics of the engineering and necessities for driving civil engineering in the US and indeed globally to more future-oriented heights. The corporation Sustaining best and ethical practices in civil engineering is a collective responsibility. For example, the position of civil engineering today could be attributed to the outcome of the June 2006 submit on the improvement of civil engineering practice globally. during the submit, some of the minor elements that cumulatively disrepute the image of civil engineering such a awkward infrastructural states, the shackles of corruption in the practices and conducts of civil engineering, minimization the extent by which practicing civil engineers become engraved by political-processes, the call for embracing more sustainable engineering, as well as the cleavage for professionalism. during and after the summit, the face of civil engineering has become more clearer to meet up with societies’ continued demands; such as the need for god drinking-water, desire of cleaner air and better dispositions of wastes products, protection of the environment and a general adoptability of eco-friendly society, as well as a general reduction of the continually increasing threats and accidents which have been witnessed based on erotic engineering practices. The Need for Ethical Practice of Civil Engineering It had been in the consciousness of ASCE long before now to institute best practicing culture in civil engineering. Starting from the year 1998, ASCE’S board-of-direction took on refining and confirming of ASCE policy-statement to meet up with academic licensing and profe