ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since 1960, Japan, Britain and U.S.A were recognized as the leading countries in the global economy. However, due to the embracing of technology and lessening of trade barriers, there has been swift economic development in developing nations like China, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Currently, these nations are competing fairly with the developed nations with regard to the world output, with prospect predictions depicting that the developing nations are going to dominate the global economy. Decrease of trade barriers under the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) led to the liberated flow of goods, services and resources between nations. The WTO system was also put in place for argument resolution, enforcement of trade rules and control of levy on manufactured goods, services and agricultural products. Whereas the lessening of trade barricade made globalization of market and production a hypothetical prospect, technological change made it a solid actuality. Some technological advances included: microprocessors and telecommunications, the World Web and internet, and transport technology. Major progress in connections and information processing decreased the cost of universal communication hence the cost of synchronizing and controlling global organizations. This research was designed to evaluate current practices across China, Singapore and Malaysia with comparison to the United States and Britain. The results depict that the developing nations, and especially China, are likely to dominate the world output. Introduction Over the years, there has been a swing towards a more incorporated and interdependent world economy, also known as globalization. Many firms source commodities and services from diverse locations around the world in an attempt to obtain advantage of national disparity in the cost and value of factors of production which include: land, capital, labor and energy, thereby enabling them to race more effectively with there competitors (Hill 24). As a result, several global institutions have appeared so as to administer, regulate and control the global market place by encouraging the establishment of international treaties to oversee the global business organization. Some examples of international institutions include the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations (UN). The two key factors that have encouraged globalization include: lessening trade barriers and technological change. Advancements in transportation technology have facilitated firms to better respond to global client demands. This has led to transformation in the global economy. For instance, in early 1960’s, U.S. subjugated the world economy accounting for almost 40.3% of the world industrialized output. However, by 2005 the U.S. accounted for no more than 20.1%. This was as a product of the swift economic development that was experienced in other states like China, Malaysia and Singapore. Forecasts predict a swift rise in the share of globe output accounted for by developing nations like China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Ma
Introduction Myeloma is a type of blood cancer characterized by symptoms like the destruction of bones, anemia, and hypercalcemia. This condition is currently incurable although scientists have made great attempts in morbidity. Today, in clinical treatments, physicians use immunomodulatory drugs like lenalidomide, thalidomide, and pomalidomide. In non-clinical treatment attempts, physicians use proteasome inhibitors, and bortezomib. In addition, they also apply conformational chemotherapy that is integrated with supportive therapy. Since myeloma is an integral condition in human health, nurses should always be updated on the treatment and side effects of this disease. This paper seeks to discuss myeloma and its treatment. Discussion According to Devenney &Erickson (2004, p.401), myeloma is the second most prevailing blood cancer. This cancer arises from the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of blood plasma cells. The major characteristics of this cancer are renal failure, anemia, lytic lesions on the bones, and excess monoclonal immunoglobulin. According to Dvorak (2006, p.190), myeloma is more prevalent in older persons especially between 65 years and 68 years. Though rare, this cancer can also affect young persons. Turesson et al. (2010, p. 225) argue that the effect of myeloma increases with an increase in age. Although the actual cause of myeloma is not known, radiations and exposure to agrochemicals have been cited as causative factors. Myeloma development prevalence can be either genetically or environmentally associated with certain families. Asymptomatic disorders of the plasma can also grow to myeloma, for example, monoclonal gammopathy and smouldering myeloma. There are several steps that are involved in the development of myeloma in the blood plasma. The body’s immune cells that fight infections start as stem cells and grow to form lymphoid and myeloids. Lymphoid cell divides to form T or B lymphocytes. Pathogens invading the body are killed by mature blood plasma cells called immunoglobulins. These are developed from B cells. Immunoglobulins are made of heavy and light chains. The Kappa and lambda make the light chains while the heavy chains constitute of 1gM, 1gA, 1gD, 1gE and 1gG. From an abnormal production of one of these five immunoglobulins myeloma is developed. The condition is characterized by more than 10% production of mature blood plasma cells usually in the bone marrow. Myolema usually destroys bones. This is an outcome of osteolytic bone lesions that results to hypercalcaemia, bone fractures and pain. Myeloma cells produce osteoclast activating factors, cytokines that cause lesions on the bones in myeloma. According to Kyle (1999, p.35), the environment of the bone interacts with the myeloma cells causing diseases of the bone due to unmatched development between the two. To diagnose myolema, serum, urine prot
Introduction Unfortunately, natural and human-made disasters may occur every day worldwide and take thousands of human lives. Since responding to such catastrophes is challenging and requires a certain plan of actions in which all departments have their tasks but act together, it is essential to know how this structure works. Being aware of every department’s responsibilities and their interfaces with other support sectors may lessen any confusion when an actual disaster occurs. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the humanitarian and support role of the military partnerships and the NATO command structure, involvement of the National Guard and military branches, and some vital functions of the armed services. NATO Response Force (NRF) The NATO Response Force (NRF) is a special multinational force that is considered technologically advanced and eminently prepared to be rapidly deployed by the Alliance. The core goal of NRF is always to be able to ensure a quick military response to any emerging disaster and for all crisis response operations, including collective defense (NATO response force, 2018). For example, in 2005, it launched a major humanitarian operation to help the Pakistani government after a severe earthquake (Reis, 2018). The support provided by the NATO Response Force is invaluable. Command Structure of NRF The two main elements of the command structure of NATO include Allied Command Transformation headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation and Allied Command Ope
Introduction In the poem Beowulf, it is the male characters that have mainly been covered. The poem mainly concentrates on the actions and activities that were conducted by the male characters. However, from a careful analysis of the context of the poem and the society in which it is set in, it is evident that women also played a key role in the poem. Therefore, in the poem, women form an integral part of the story thus they are not just marginal characters in the story (Mitchell 21). In the story, there are six main female characters. These include:  1. Wealhtheow  2. Hygd  3. Freawaru  4. Hildeburh  5. Grendel’s mother  6. Thryth All these female characters play a critical role in the development of the plot of the story. This paper shall therefore analyze their characters and impacts that they have in the story. Due to their similarities, some characters shall be analyzed together. Wealhtheow and Hygd From a careful analysis of the characters of these women, it will be true to conclude that they are hostess. Wealhtheow for instance was described as a woman who follows the culture of the land to the latter, soft spoken and wise. Hygd on the other hand is described as a wise and enlightened woman. In one of the scenes, Wealhtheow is seen conducting a cup carrying activity. From plain analysis, this can just be seen as a simple activity. However, from a careful analysis, one sees that she first passed the cup to Hrothgar who drinks and after he is done, she takes the cup directly to Beowulf. After Beowulf is done, she does not give the cup to the other retainers but she goes directly to her seat. This act of Wealhtheow is a clear indication that Beowulf has risen in status. This comes about after he promised the king that he will slay Grendel. Hygd on the other hand also carry`s the cup. However, at this time, Beowulf had returned to his hall where he was the master. Hygd handing him the cup proves that in deed he is the master of the lot (Mitchell 40). Hildeburh and Freawaru In the poem, these women are seen as peaceweavers. In ancient English literature, the term peacemaker was used to describe a woman who was handed into marriage in order to bring peace to two rival communities. In the story, Hildebrurh, is the princess of Dane. She was married by the Finn who was the then king of the Jutes. From the union, Hildebrurh got a son that had the blood of the two tribes. However, this union did not stop these two tribes from fighting and Hildebrurh lost both his son and husband in the war. She was eventually taken back to her people (Donoghue 122). Freawaru also plays the role of a peaceweaver. She is married to Froda who is the son to the king on Heathobards. The Heathobards and the Danes had been in conflict thus this married is indeed a peaceweaver. Grendel’s Mother and Thryth These women are different from the ones who have been discussed so far in this paper. Instead of using marriage and words to settle their disputes peacefully, they use force, violence and weapons to settle their scores. Thryth for instance was the daughter of the king. She used to brutally mu
If a robot could ‘feel’ (by design or evolution) should it have rights? Robotic technology is a field that has advanced rapidly within the past two decades. Robots and artificial intelligence continue to play major roles in different societies. There are self-driving automobiles capable of transporting people from one place to another (Darling, 2012). Although such robots might be unable to make their personal choices, the greatest question is how to deal with them whenever they harm a person. This is also the same case when such semi-autonomous machines damage property. Many futurists believe strongly that new laws will be needed to tame the behaviors and actions of robots. Many analysts argue that a robot that can feel should have rights. Experts believe that future technologies will make it easier for programmers and software engineers to create robots capable of forming relationships (Darling, 2012). These relationships will be guided by the feelings and views of such robots. This development is possible because “many robots are capable of working as intelligent agents” (Howlader, 2011, p. 3). This means that they can act on algorithms to execute their activities and goals. A robot that can feel either by evolution or design should have legal rights similar to the ones possessed by human beings. Advanced human technologies will make it easier for robots to acquire new skills and habits. They will also be able to learn new competencies from their activities. Any form of damage to a robot capable of feeling will make it less effective. The robot can be a valuable asset to an individual or a given organization (Lichocki, Kahn, & Billard, 2014). The robot should, therefore, be protected from malicious damage or theft. These notions show clearly that the concept of equal rights might be applied to robots shortly. Robots capable of performing complex or dangerous tasks will also require legal protection. Many researchers have argued that such laws will create the best environment for positive coexistence between human beings and robots. Human beings will ensure their robots are protected from malicious damage. As well, such robots will minimize traffic-related accidents and eventually save more lives (Howlader, 2011). The outstanding actuality is that such rights will promote the continued production of superior robots capable of performing complex tasks. Factors that can change the above answer The above answer shows conclusively that robots capable of feeling and making decisions should have rights. These rights will ensure the robots are protected from damage and eventually deliver the most desirable goals. Robots used to maximize produ
Introduction Management requires skills for one to attain the organizational goals. The master manager has the key responsibility over the activities and must perform. To become successful, he must overcome challenges and lead the organization into progressive growth. This paper will discuss three challenges of becoming a master manager. It will also discuss how a master manager can sustains performance without becoming hyper- effective while noting their behavior. Three challenges of becoming a master manager Meeting the organizational goal Harwell (2009, 1) indicates that every organization has organizational goals that guide the activities of the institution. The master manager is usually in charge or ensuring that the goals are met. The master manager schemes a strategy that is going to assist them meet the organizational goals. To be able to achieve the goals there is to have all the necessary resources that are required. They may be material resources or human resources. Meeting the organizational goals can be challenging because the manager must prioritize the most important activities first. Identifying the priority may be limiting where there is inadequate information. The people working under the master manager need to be highly motivated and supportive. Additionally the manager has a great task of providing leadership in the organization. The human resources The human resources pose a great challenge to the master manager. This is because human beings are influenced by environmental factors that affect their ability to perform. The human resources whether middle level managers or junior workers need to be acknowledged for work well done. The master manager can recognize excellent performers openly. Those with poor performance can be corrected in private without embarrassing them in public. Human beings have individual goals and values that can contradict with those of the organization. The master manager must be keen to designate such employees with tasks they are suited and have interest in. the other challenge is that employees have a constant need to expand in their career and thus it is important to maintain them. The master manager can discuss and look for ways they can be of help (Harwell2009, 1). The working environment is important to human resources and cause challenges on the master manager. This is because if the environment is not conducive then the performance will not be up to standard and the organizational goals will not be met (Hill 2003, 23). It is human resources that are responsible for communication in the organization. Whenever there is a challenge in communication the master manager cannot work effectively and efficiently. This is because the communication is important at every level of organization Hill (2003, 23) points out that some employees may be poor in performance and fail to meet the targets. Consequently the master manager has to be sensitive to encourage them. However, i
Chapter 9 The two main concepts in chapter 9 of “Women in World History” are gender roles and feminism. Gender Roles Gender roles (GR) are societal roles allocated to each sex, regardless of whether they are masculine or feminine. GR is learned early on in a person’s life through a process known as gender socialization. Women have been assigned feminine roles over time, which has limited women’s opportunities in society. The Turkmen women were engaged in nomadic carpet making from the comfort of their own homes (Hughes & Hughes, 1997). While men were transporting products out of the family tents, women were responsible for activities within and around the shelters. Young women who had not yet given birth to their first children wove for twelve hours a day while older women looked after the house. In the twentieth century, carpet weaving became a primary industry in Iran, as it was in high demand in other western societies. Generally, the book outlines how the division of labor made the females handle household chores and males travel and be involved in business transactions. Feminism Feminism is a phrase used to describe a western ideology that advocates for women’s rights based on political and socioeconomic equality. However, feminism’s definition and goal have evolved to include and recognize the interests of males as well. According to Hughes and Hughes (1997), feminism emerged alongside Middle Eastern nationalist movements in Western countries, motivated by European ideas of women’s education, gender equality, individualism, and pride and contempt for Islamic societies. As a result of growing international trade pushed by the railway and the Suez Canal, many women experienced life changes. Ultimately, When the Islamic Republic was established, the leadership began amending legislation concerning women’s newly acquired rights. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 of the book mainly discusses the impact of British rule on Indian women. Gender Division and Feminism This part, like Chapter 9, covers gender roles; however, it focuses on Indian women in this context. The British came to India to develop their trade and increase their profits. The British colonial government began an educational program to prepare men to work as clerks in the civil service. Women were in charge of domestic chores and the planning and coordination of family gatherings. Westerners had debated on the treatment of women to rationalize their conquests of Asians and Africans. Some conserved leaders publicly mocked feminism, comparing it to western equitable demands. Ultimately, nationalists responded with a program of liberal reforms for women, which required a feminist perspective to alter the lives of Indian spouses. Women Seclusion (Purdah) According to Hughes and Hughes (1997), “pu
Introduction Maternity care is one of the priorities of healthcare systems of many countries irrespective of their income and standards, which translated into certain improvements although many issues still persist. As far as positive shifts in this area, the global birth coverage involving skilled healthcare professionals reached 74% (compared to 57% in the 1990s) (Campbell et al., 2016). However, this progress is far from being reassuring since only some countries see improvements while others display alarming results. For instance, maternal mortality ratios went up in twelve countries including the United States (Koblinsky et al., 2016). It has also been estimated that annually, 289,000 women die during pregnancy, child labor, or after it (Renfrew et al., 2014). The provision of, the so-called, too little too late (TLTL) and too much too soon (TMTS) care is seen as one of the factors contributing to high mortality rates and poor health outcomes for mothers and children. Cesarean section is one of the brightest illustrations of this kind of practice as thousands of women and children die due to an untimely operation or have to face adverse health issues after the delivery. Background Until the 19th century, the cesarean section was the only alternative to saving the baby’s life. Closer to the 19th century, the uterus was simply amputated to prevent bleeding and postpartum complications (Campbell et al., 2016). Later, doctors began to suture a three-layer seam, so it became possible to save not only the child but sometimes the mother. However, the percentage of maternal mortality after surgery was still high: 20-25% (Dempsey, Diamond, Bonney, & Myers, 2017). In the 20th century, with the invention of antibiotics and antiseptics, maternal and child deaths in the cesarean section became quite rare. Dempsey et al. (2017) note that the list of indications for the procedure can hardly be exhaustive, but the most common medical reasons for the surgery include repeat cesarean section, failure to progress in labor, possible fetal distress, and others. Too Much Too Soon With the increase in the birth rate in high-income countries (HICs) and the development of technology to create medical equipment, many women and even specialists began to prefer cesarean sections rather than vaginal delivery. One of the most pronounced negative outcomes related to the overuse of the surgical method is related to resource distribution, which is a burning issue in low-income countries (LICs) (Betrán et al., 2018). In simple terms, wealthier females request a cesarean section, which exhausts limited resources of healthcare facilities and deprives underprivileged women of receiving this type of care even if it is a medical necessity. However, the surgery is associated with quite numerous complications such as infection, thromboembolism, hemorrhage, surgical injury, pain, asthma, adhesion formation, failure to breastfeed, infertility, or even maternal or neonatal death (Dempsey et al., 2017). Mothers who had cesarean sections do not have immediate contact with their child, which has a negative effect on both mother and child.
The art of the twentieth century is characterized by the exploration of self and experimentation with form. It is quite natural that people who witnessed rapid progress in many spheres of life were eager to try new approaches to art. Fauvism was the manifestation of this focus on experimentation in art as artists were bold and seemed to be willing to break all rules. However, one of the characteristic features of that period was the dialogue with traditions (Arnason and Mansfield 92). Matisse and other Fauves did not reject rules and traditions but used the conventions as their starting points. They used traditional motifs and themes but introduced a new use of color and texture. Another peculiarity of the art of the beginning of the twentieth century was its connection with African traditions that were seen as pure and enigmatic. It is noteworthy that artists stressed that they did not recreate the material world but revealed their perceptions and views of this world (Arnason and Mansfield 98). Matisse and Brancusi questioned the relevance of old forms and attempted to create new ones. They stressed that it was time to focus on the form and explore the ways it can reflect artists’ perceptions and self-expression. Photography and cinematography were widely used by artists as they offered new paths and opportunities to articulate their ideas. Matisse and Brancusi, with their bold experiments and exploitation of diverse means, can be seen as the embodiment of the art of the beginning of the 20 th century. Work Cited Arnason, H. H., and Elizabeth C. Mansfield. History of Modern Art . 7th ed., Pearson, 2012.