ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main idea behind studying the European History since 1450 is to evaluate the past developments especially in political, social, economic and cultural fields which are considered highly important in shaping the present-day world. Besides the highly valuable narrative of past events and great historic movements, the motives of the AP Program in European History include the development of:  1. The understanding of fundamental themes in the European History .  2. The skills to analyze historical evidence and interpretation thereof, and  3. The expertise to express the understanding of the modern history . Note: The study-collections relating European history helps students with the Graduate School of Arts & Science programs enabling them to acquire the BA, MA, and Ph.D. degrees in history. The history department offering graduate study in European history from the medieval period to 20 th century focuses on:   * The Medieval Europe i.e. the fall of Europe to 1453,   * The Early Modern Europe i.e. from1400 to 1789,   * The Modern Europe i.e. from1789 to the present-day. The Medieval Period The period from 400s to 1400s in European history has been termed as the Middle Ages or Medieval Period, by the historians simply because it lies between the ancient times and the modern world in which we live today. The most turbulent and revolutionary part of this period between 1300s and 1400s was later termed by them as Renaissance . The Middle Ages, in fact, was a dynamic period in Europe history during which Europe had achieved political, linguistic and ethnic modernity. (Deborah, n.d.) Introduction An enlighteni
An article titled “State Education Policy Formation: The Case of Arizona’s English Language Learner Legislation” starts by accepting the fact that each state’s governments are setting up the educational policies. The federal government’s role is to provide funding, but a closer involvement is still reserved for the state. The study analyzes how the learning of English language affects the population, and what happens to children who have difficulty learning the language. English language learners or ELL legislation is central in finding out the needed processes and adjusts the policies accordingly. A historical perspective is considered as the past can teach the modern policymakers what is the most beneficial course of action. Because the modern governing system is a complex network of political parties and participation in such parties involves working towards the administration and order in the country, education of the population is often a priority (Lawton, 2012). When comparing a single policy that runs for education enforced by a group of politicians, who form a party, it is clear that a group of people will have more potential and cooperative functioning, thus leading to a positive outcome. It is also possible for several parties to unite their efforts, and this will make a party even stronger and more resourceful in the influences exhibited onto the population and its education. Presently, teachers must have a better opportunity to organize their courses and create an environment which requires logical thinking and linkage between several disciplines. A closer examination of the article delves into the development of policies and the criteria that guide the evolvement of regulations. The curriculum must be adjusted towards people and their skill level. English cannot be taught by simply remembering vast amounts of information. Learning that gets the student engaged facilitates understanding. It involves a lot of questioning in a search to get the true meaning of language. Through this, the students are in a better position to make sense of the great figures that they have and the challenges they encounter. This will be a good theory of learning to be adopted by ELL students since after going through the theory work in class, they will be taken to a real-world environment where their curiosity will be put to task and knowledge tested. Constructivism theory is established on scrutiny and systematic study. It involves questioning, assessment, and exploration. The teacher initially gets to know the students’ point of reasoning and puts across new ideas slowly but surely, until they get the new perspective. It bases its argument
Introduction Deviance is any behavioral conduct which is contrally to societal expectations, and as such deserves condemnation by the members of a society; the family, corporate, industrial, academic, religious, ethical, political, environmental, international society etcetera. Behavioral misconducts that warrant condemnation are looked into by the sociological field of criminal justice. Deviant crimes are multi-faceted and appear in varied forms in every sector of our social welfare, some of the commonly acknowledged elemental misconducts at personal level are; prostitution, robbery, lying, alcoholism etcetera (Friedrichs, 2002, p. 1). The complexity of this discipline of societal deliquesces can be ascribed to the wide range of varied societal practices evident in each race, culture, institution or region. That is, what one society considers as socially unethical may be ethical to another section of the society (Bridges, 2011, p. 1). For instance, while female genital mutilation is unheard-of in the United States of America, it is an ethically acclaimed practice in the better part of the African scenario. Differential Association Perspective on Deviance Differential association theory endeavors to demystify the socio-environmental impact on the acquisition, retention and transfer of deviant practices in a society in a bid to understanding social challenges such as corruption, crime, mental problems etcetera. This theory postulates that the social interactive environment is the main determinant factor of sustainable societal norms- both the positive and the negative (Cliffnotes, 2009, p. 1). That is, through interaction with the members of a certain social subset, one gets to conform or violate certain societal norms. For instance, peer pressure on young ones may drive them towards forming juvenile gang cocoons, which proves to be conducive breeding grounds for violent criminals, robbers and countercultural practices (Simon, 1993, p. 1). Thus, the innocent young ones learn to acquire conformity to the norms and practices of the gang cocoon. According to control theory, both intra-personal and inter-personal checks and balances are opposed to deviant practices. Therefore, more often than not, out of curiosity; individuals tend to be inclined towards defiant tendencies (Cliffnotes, 2009, p. 1).This is a natural and spontaneous occurrence as people try to discover and develop a proper self image in the community as one strikes a balance between realizing the integrity of his/her conscience and the societal expectations. The conflict perspective on the other hand, establishes and analyzes the social correlation between social deliquesces, social institutions and social agents. Although this theory does not explain the causes of deviance, it however, embraces a holistic approach to deviant practices in the sense that, it does not focus on violent crimes only, but it also probes the political and bureaucratic practices of the wealthy and the elite of the society- even to the extent of exposing ex
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation. The term ‘global warming is a specific example of global climate change. In common usage, the term global warming refers to the warming in recent decades and implies a human influence. According to one of the most detailed ecological studies of climate change, global warming is already directly affecting the lives of animals and plants living in various habitats across the world. Scientists say that even the small increase of 0.6C over the past 100years in the global average temperature has left a major imprint on wildlife. According to various researches, the various random changes in the wildlife have one thing in common and that is a warmer world. For the first time, scientists have found a direct relationship between global warming and the evolution of contemporary wildlife. This is what a research team had to say about it, “We think we know a lot about how animals might respond to global warming, but we really have very little idea about their actual genetic response to environmental change”. Global warming is one of the gravest threats facing wildlife today. Plants and animals around the world are in real danger of falling victim because their habitat is changing too rapidly for them to cope up. There is no remaining scientific debate that humans are causing global warming and it is past time we do something about it but some still believe that global warming is not the key to the receding wildlife on the planet. Computer models predict that continued global warming could have catastrophic effects and changes in temperature could devastate wildlife. According to some, there are no long-term seasonal trends. Instead, year to year and decade to decade variability is most evident. In no season do recent temperatures appear unusual compared with observed temperature history? There is no evidence of climate change. Several studies have shown that during the several decades, the population in major U.S cities has grown better adapted and thus less sensitive, to the effect of excessive heat events. Warming during the last 50 years is causing glaciers to melt and recede. It appears that the rise of sea level and inundation of shallow coastal wetlands is inevitable. Ten years or so ago, the divergence between satellite and ground-based measurements of temperature was a big problem – the ground-based measurements showed warming in line with climate models but the satellites showed a cooling trend. The combination of new data and improved calibration has gradually resolved the discrepancy in favor of the ground-based measurements and the climate models. Finally, the evidence has come up to
Most of the information about the world humans receive through a visual sensory channel. The quality of such information highly depends on the amount of distractions that restrain people from understanding the essence of what they see. Visual pollution, as McCullough (2013) puts it, distorts our perception of urban environment and makes uncomfortable the mere presence in a polluted area. Dubai, as one of the fastest growing cities, has also experienced several problems with “ambient,” a holistic view of a city. In light of this, it is paramount to explore the specific problems the city has dealt with, and the present challenges that await resolution. Past Successes Some of the most meaningful improvements were made in the sphere of advertisement. The UAE has recently adopted the advertising standards issued by National Media Council. They regulate the content and the form of advertisements in way that no offensive, prohibited or otherwise inappropriate content will be shown on the streets or on the public screens. Prior to that, no universal standard existed and regulations had to be checked in other agencies, which created the ground for mistakes and inappropriate content. One of the provisions of the document states that the content of an ad has to contain true and accurate information. As an example, one of the Virgin Holidays’ brochures in Dubai was found out to be untrue and misleading, for which they were banned (Swan, 2013). The new laws contribute to accuracy of facts in the information realm of the city preventing such accidents. Another issue has been tackled recently by the adoption of Dubai Design Code. This code has to eliminate the present abundance of visual pollution in the form of excessive luminance, light reflection or contrast in a variety of settings such as building interior, exterior, public transport, street advertisement, led-lighted billboards and other items. This improvement helps follow the principles of non-distraction and non-pervasiveness of the city media set out by McCullough (2013). For instance, standardized fonts, colors, and sizes in signs help people navigate Dubai with more precision. Present Challenges Presently, Dubai continues to struggle with issues pertaining to its unofficial status as a city under permanent construction. The amount of building sites and the visual pollution they create signifies the need for solution. Another issue that obstructs the visitor and the resident’s holistic perception of the city is its highways that block the view of the skyline, sights and buildings. Their visual unattractiveness and noise distracts the people
Abstract This paper is aimed at discussing various competencies of environmental health workers. These people have to act as researchers, educators, leaders, and policy-makers. Thus, they need to possess expertise in such areas public health sciences, research, and policy-making in order to find practical application to their skills. Furthermore, they should well-developed leadership and communicative skills in order to cope with their most important duties. These competencies are vital for protecting the health of community members. These are the main aspects that should be taken into account by these professionals. Discussion Environmental public health can be related to various fields of human activity; for instance, one can speak about agriculture, the use of water, prevention of disease, manufacturing, construction, and so forth (Canadian Institute of Public Health Inspectors, 2009, p. 78). Furthermore, one can argue that people, working in this field, can have in-depth expertise in various areas of science such medicine, biology, chemistry, or physics. Nevertheless, one can say that there are certain competencies that these professionals should possess several importance competencies in order to cope with their tasks effectively. In particular, close attention should be paid to the following aspects: 1) profound knowledge of public health sciences; 2) ability to transform research findings into policies and programs; 3) excellent analytical and research skills; 4) leadership, and 5) well-developed communication skills that are needed for the interaction with various representatives of the general public. These standards can be explained by the fact that environmental health workers should play various roles. In particular, they should act as researchers, educators, and even regulators. On the whole, these competencies are critical for ensuring the wellbeing of the public. When discussing the work of public health inspectors, researchers point out that a certain health problem can be attributed to various factors that can often interplay with one another. For instance, one can mention that people, who have asthma, can be strongly influence by such aspects as water and air quality, weather, stress, and so forth (Portier, 2011, p. 4). Thus, one can say that environmental health professional should understand different ways in which environment can affect individuals and groups. This is why researchers believe that environmental health professionals should take an interdisciplinary approach to various problems (Gochfeld & Goldstein, 1999, p. 36). This requirement is important at the time such aspects
Introduction An effective communicator must possess five interpersonal components (Agarwal, 2010). The components are sufficient self-concept, the capability to be a fine listener, the ability to articulate one’s opinions and ideas evidently, and the ability to reveal oneself to other people honestly and freely. In the past few years, several research systems and plans have been created in the field of interpersonal communication. One of the methods involves the use of interpersonal communication survey inventory. The interpersonal communication style inventory tries to calculate common inclinations in interpersonal communication. The survey can be employed as a psychotherapeutic tool, as an education kit, as an enhancement for an interview, by management, or in researches. The inventory can aid an individual to recognize the attributes that arise as he or she interrelates with anyone. If individuals recognize more about their characters, they will be able to find out how they can associate with other individuals with ease and come up with wiser decisions. In this article, the results of my Interpersonal communication style inventory test are analyzed. Improving communication skills After reading through my results and thinking back on my overall course progress, I learned that active listening is a crucial skill an individual can ever aspire to possess. I learned that how people pay attention has a huge impact on the effectiveness of their daily activities and their relations with other individuals. As such, active listening can enable us to obtain accurate information, understand the facts, and learn new ideas (Agarwal, 2010). Concerning my test results, I earned 28 scores in section one, 25 scores in section two, 26 scores in section three, and 21 scores in section four. Cumulatively, I earned 100 scores in the whole test. This implies that I am a skilled active listener. As indicated in the inventory, moderate MBA students score way below my marks. Thus, I have benefitted a lot from my communication classes. At the beginning of this course, I had many communication issues. I have managed to tackle and improve on these issues by doing a lot of researches and exercise on how to better my skills. I believe that my enthusiasm has paid off. Despite this success, I acknowledge that I still have enormous tasks to ensure that I perfect my active listening skills to the desired level. Conclusion Based on my scores, I earned 28 marks in my first section. The results indicate that I am above average student concerning avoiding interruptions. As such, the marks indicate that I let my respondents complete their statements before interrupting. In the second section, I earned 25 points. As in the first section, this section in
Introduction Racial and gender discrimination has been present in the society for centuries. It is difficult to eradicate it because there will always be those who classify people according to their skin color and gender and who stand for the purity of their own race or nation. Two articles under consideration, From ‘Mothers of the Nation’ to Migrant Workers: Immigration Policies and Domestic Workers in Canadian History by Sedef Arat-Koc and Recipes for Democracy? Gender, Family, and Making Female Citizens in Cold War Canada by Franca Lacovetta are similar in their view on gender discrimination for the former discusses the lives of women in Canada during the slavery, while the latter traces the fate of immigrant women in Canada who were subjected not only to gender, but to racial discrimination as well. Main Body First of all, Arat-Koc offers an idea that women’s work has mostly been associated with slavery. The author mentions that in those times when slavery existed in Canada, female slaves were mostly hired as domestic servants. White women, however, have also been employed as domestic servants, but this was considered only as a stage in their lives with their work being more of help than service to their masters. In the 1920s feminization of domestic sphere became evident because “within a period of 60 years, the percentage of women among urban domestic workers grew from 50 per cent to 90 per cent” (Koc-Arat 2006, 198). This happened due to the fact that middle-class families became more privatized this is why their requirements as for the domestic comfort increased greatly. Therefore, one of the arguments which Arat-Koc proposes in his article is that domestic service was mostly typical for women, especially for the enslaved ones. Another idea which the author advances in the article is that, even when regarded as the working force, the women were still judged by their racial backgrounds. Thus, Arat-Koc states that “British domestics enjoyed privileged position” (Koc-Arat 2006, 201), while the domestics of other races were not even regarded as the members of Canadian nation. Closer to the twentieth century, the domestic workers from the Scandinavian countries became second popular to those from Britain. Arat-Koc emphasizes the fact that women of color were used in domestic service throughout the Canadian history, “largely because they have historically been excluded from other possibilities in the labo
Executive Summary This article first explains the connection between science and technology. Here we refer to a very simple example of the recently created robotic fish by Professor Hu, a Japanese scientist. This is just to understand the difference between them both. Next, we go through the introduction of technology on a narrower concept. This is where social control comes into picture. The following paragraphs would further discuss social control’s effects and consequences. This is discussing on a more detailed aspect of social control concerning issues of personal freedom etc and its effect on future generations. There are also concerns about fear and how it is related to social control. In the following paragraph, there are the six control strategies discussed. This is six ideas are taken from the author, Gary T Marx and from his article titled, Technology and Social Control: The Search for the Illusive Silver Bullet in the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2001. In the following paragraphs, the six control strategies which are the target removal strategy, target evaluation, offender incapacitation, offender exclusion and identification of offenders and offenses. Each point is further elaborated in the paragraphs. Furthermore, we discuss the other effects of science in technology and some of the recent technological developments in the rest of the world. Finally, we end with a conclusion of this article on the last page. This also provides a short summary of all the discussed points in the entire article. Apart from that, there are some personal opinions and hopes for the future in science and technology as well as the hope for a more positive end result, especially for future generations. Main text Science and technology have always had a positive outcome when put together rather than when they are separated. Science is a study of an attribute or element, even a study of humans to understand why certain things behave in a certain way. As we learn about something in particular, we start to see the flaws, or more ways of improving something. For example, there has been a recent invention by a Japanese inventor, Professor Huoseng Hu of Essex University, who has been studying fish for about 3 years. He studies it with a great amount of detail right to the extent of how the fish moves, how many times it moves in a day and so on. He keeps a record and studies it. Finally he learns a fish moving pattern for a certain type of fish. He thinks he can create an aquarium based on robotic fishes, so what is the next step? This is when technology comes in. The word technology comes from the root word “technique”, meaning finding a solution to solve or improve something. In this case, the Japanese scientist starts working on building the robotic fishes using technology or techniques. This is where he ident