ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Case The article ‘Cadbury Dairy Milk in India: Repositioning Brand to Sustain Leadership’, Chakraborty (2011, p. 1) focuses on the repositioning strategies that Cadbury Dairy Milk has used in the Indian market to sustain its leadership position. When this firm entered the Indian market in 1947, chocolate was seen as a product bought through impulse. This means that, when shopping, one would end up buying chocolate even if it was not part of the plan. At this moment, the advertisements of Cadbury India Limited tried to justify the impulsive purchase of its products. However, the changes in the market forces and increased level of education among Indians forced this firm to reposition its products. The management realised that many Indians were trying to cut impulsive buying due to tougher economic times. Positioning Cadbury products as impulse products was no longer viable. The firm therefore, focused on its main target market which is the children. It positioned its products as the real source of joy for children. This worked well for the firm, but a market research revealed that this strategy was cutting out another potential market segment of the adults. The adults were forced to eat chocolates in secrete because it was positioned as a product for the children. This forced the firm to reposition the product in the market to capture adults as well. The management tried to position it as a snack that was good for both children and adults. However, it realised that this would subject the products to a massive competition, especially from the home made snacks that were common in this market. For this reason, the firm decided to target the children and adults differently in order to sustain its market leadership in the confectionary market. The Shubh Aarambh campaign was seen as a strategy that specifically meant to target the adults. These strategies used by Cadbury India Limited have helped the firm remain as the leading confectionary brand in India. Porters Five Forces Cadbury India Limited was forced to re-evaluate its marketing positioning because of the changing market forces. In order to understand the forces that were driving the change strategies for this firm, Porters Five Forces will be useful at this stage. Figure 1: Porters Five Forces Source (Wernerfelt 2006, p. 241) The threat of new market entrants was one of the major forces that this firm had to deal with in the market. It was important to protect its products from the threats posed by the new entrants. The bargaining power of the buyers was another issue given the increasing levels of literacy among the Indians. The firm realised that it had to justify its process to the buyers because they had been empowered n
Executive Summary Merrimack Inc. is a company that has its roots back in the year in the aftermath of World War II. My father founded this company in the belief in certain business values and having faith that it is going to succeed in its market. In fact, up until now the company has succeeded in having a comfortable market position. In order to remain competitive and top market we decided years ago to move our production capabilities in foreign countries, first Japan and then China. This was done because of the low costs available there and so the company could benefit more. Unfortunately, this days it seems the fortune has turned the back to us. Due to economic growth and other factors the costs of manufacturing and transportation are rising fast. These are affecting negatively our company’s revenues and profits. Since we cannot affect the global conditions but are affected by them, this paper proposes to use what tools are still available to us to make our company remain at the current level of revenues and profits. The tool I am proposing is to change our accounting policies from LIFO standard (last-in, first-out) to FIFO standard (first-in, first-out). Below I will try to explain the benefits and costs of this transformation and why I believe this is the correct thing to do. Report   * Future predictions. For the coming year, 2008, we assume that will sell the same 40,000 units, as in 2007, starting with $2000 per unit. In that case our balance sheet would change as shown in “Exhibit 1” at the end of the paper. There are two basic predictions we can make here. If we are to sell the same as 2007, or 10,000 units per quarter, using LIFO the net income (or the profits) will increase to $8,450. That is a $1,300 increase from the past year. As we have mentioned before, the difference between LIFO and FIFO is about $5,500. By the current prediction with LIFO for 2008 the taxes should be $4,550. If FIFO is used we would have to pay a higher amount of money in taxes but this we should not forget that this amount is going to be paid some day. It is just accumulating along the years. It is like having a debt on our company waiting to be paid. The problem is that the time may come in a moment when our company would really need that money. And that could even mean bankruptcy. Thus, by changing to FIFO we would increase our taxes and reduce short term profit, but would certainly, at least, stabilize the long term profitability of the company. This revenues stabilization would guarantee us cover from future shocks of the market or rising costs. In “Exhibit 2” we have assumed what will happen if the sales were not 10,000 per quarter but 5,000 in the first and last quarter, 20,000 in the second and 10,000 in the third. As you can see in the tables the costs and revenues would change, the flow of cash would be diverse than that of previous options. If we use LIFO we would miss this positive change in the flow of cash, a miss that FIFO would eliminate. This is because LIFO takes into account only the last layers, the
The rationale behind the intervention conducted by Bere, Veierod, Bjelland, and Klepp (2006) was that in Norway, schoolchildren consumed less fruit and vegetables than recommended by health organizations. Two main reasons were recognized: a lower preference for fruit and vegetables among children and less availability compared to other popular products. Therefore, educators and education authorities supported an initiative to promote the consumption of fruit and vegetables among children in schools as places where children spend a lot of time and may have more than one meal a day. To understand how this consumption could be increased, an academic effort was needed, and several studies were conducted to test various approaches for ensuring that schoolchildren would eat more fruit and vegetables. Thus, the purpose of the intervention was to establish whether the designed method of encouraging schoolchildren to alter their diet through classroom sessions, parental involvement, and a school fruit program would be effective. An additional purpose was to collect feedback about the intervention and to assess how the target population perceived the program, along with assessing how effective it was. Nineteen randomly chosen schools in one county in Norway agreed to participate in the Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM) program; a division into two groups—intervention and control—was made by schools, not by classes within schools. The intervention involved sixth graders and lasted for six months. For assessment, three surveys were conducted: one before the intervention, one shortly after its completion, and one more that took place a year after the intervention. Participants were asked to fill in questionnaires with the assistance of trained project workers. Also, since part of the intervention was associated with classroom sessions during home economics classes, participating teachers were also asked to provide feedback. Out of the 538 schoolchildren asked to participate, only 369 took part in the interventions and were able to complete all three surveys. These constituted the sample of the study, of which boys and girls comprised 46% and 54%, respectively; 51% were in the intervention group, and 49% were in the control group. The intervention included three components. First, classroom sessions, part of the home economics curriculum, were led by the regular teacher who had completed a one-day training workshop. Each session was divided into three regular lessons. During the sessions, schoolchildren received information on the positive health outcomes of eating fruit and vegetables as well as the quantities recommended by health organizations. In addition, during the sessions, the participants were asked to eat fruit and vegetables as snacks and were taught to prepare various dishes with those products. The second component was parental involvement. Parents received six newsletters over the span of the program that informed them about specific fruits and vegetables, how to cook with them at home, and what health benefits were associated with each type. It was expected that receiving this inform
“The Graduate” is one of the most considerable and well-known masterpieces in cinematography. It was filmed and released in 1967 by Mike Nichols, the laureate of such a gratuity as an Oscar. The 1960-s were perfect for the production of “The Graduate,” as this period is generally remembered as a time of high economic growth and general prosperity. During that period, people started gaining wealth and affording more goods and services, and the quality of living conditions significantly increased. It is also when different artists and cultural figures start paying more attention to diverse social and ethical problems. Although the movie does not represent significant changes in art, it does show the demolition of several social prejudices. Firstly, the relationships between an older woman and a younger man cannot exist. Secondly, parents do not influence their children’s relationships. Therefore, it can be concluded that some discrepancies with the established social norms are shown in “The Graduate,” which comes along with a change in society. Although “The Graduate” may seem quite easy to comprehension, light, and sometimes even funny, it depicts several significant problems that are still urgent in the modern world. These may include people’s envy, a mixture of love, affection, and addiction, as well as the impact of authoritative characters generally experienced by young adults and teenagers. For example, in the movie, Mrs. Robinson’s daughter says, “My father is so upset, you need to understand. I love you but it would never work out” (SkyMTV, 2020, 00:00:17-00:00:25). This means that parents’ opinions often have an impact on their children’s relationships which is a great social dilemma that often causes break ups and misunderstandings. The movie wakes up critical and analytical thinking and subjective opinions about certain behavioral patterns and leads to the estimation of the characters’ actions and decisions. “The Graduate” might bring people to the reflection on their lives and the indirect division of roles in their life situations. The fact that the film directors decided to depict such social issues in their cinematographic artwork is supported by their beliefs and virtues, as well as the popularity of such topics during the 1960-s. During these years, such movies as “Breakfast at Tiffany’s,” “To Kill a Mockingbird,” or “Marry Poppins” were presented to the audience. All of them were oriented on the value of certain traits in people, as well as their inner dilemmas that can find feedback in society. Due to the popularity of such topics as love, freedom, life, kindness, prejudice, and sometimes envy, these themes were reflected in “The Graduate” as well. The movie was filmed as a drama and comedy, and it is clearly depicted in various scenes. A good example of a dramatic situation in the movie is when Mrs. Robinson’s daughter leaves the main character, and her mom says, “Sorry, we will not be able to invite you to the wedding, Mr. Benjamin” (SkyMTV, 2020, 00:02:20-00:02:27). The film’s main director and
Introduction World War I saw the application of several new technologies to the battlefield, the most important being that of the internal combustion engine, which permitted the development of the first successful mechanized armored fighting vehicles. The war was one of the greatest examples of technological advancements and strategic challenges in history, with the introduction of powerful technological inventions. It saw the progression of many technological developments of the battlefield, which included the aircraft, machine guns, tanks, and poison gas among others. Particularly, the aircraft and the tank greatly transformed the battlefield from slow destruction to a decisive end. This paper looks at different technological innovations and how they changed the face of World War I as the war progressed. In general, military technology is a very important consideration in the conduct of war [1] . Nevertheless, adversaries rarely understand the implications of changing technology. Typically, leaders study the last war to prepare for the next one. The failure to recognize that warfare has changed, and to adapt to those changes, is especially prevalent among winners of previous wars who end up underrating their opponents while thinking very highly of themselves. On the contrary, losers are more likely to learn from their past errors while preparing for future war engagements. In some cases, modest technological innovations have a profound impact. An example is the introduction of stirrups in China and later into Europe which enabled mounted warriors to use hand held weapons, especially bows and arrows, without falling off their horses [2] . Among the most important results of the industrial revolution were the development of railways and steamships, both critical for fighting World War I. Another notable development was the invention of the Bessemer process in 1850 for making steel. Further progress was made possible by the canning of food, introduced by a French chef in 1795 who sought to win a prize offered by Napoleon for anyone who could come up with a way to prevent military food supplies from spoiling. Canned food made it possible to feed large armies in distant places and to carry on with vigorous campaigns even in winter when fresh food was hard to come by. Although some technological advances in warfare had already been introduced in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, their implications for war and politics were not appreciated by the generals and statesmen. Another technological advancement that dramatically enhanced the defense was the machine gun. Among others operations, the machine gun could be used with deadly effect against masses of infantry and cavalry advancing across open ground. It was invented in 1884 by the American Hiram Maxim and could fire over 5000 rounds a minute. The machine gun itself was made possible by the invention of smokeless gun powder, which was probably invented by
The Action-Observation Model shows that individuals can develop their leadership with the help of experiencing three processes: action, observation, and reflection. According to Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy (2011), a young person can learn new skills on a construction site along with an experienced building crew. Following this logic, a person can develop leadership skills when being placed in the environment that will require him or her to instantly show leadership qualities for fulfilling a certain objective. The Action-Observation Model aligns with the Spiral of Experience. Within the Spiral, experience represents not only what happens to a person but also how that person perceives those events. Perception is what affects all three phases of the model (action, observation, and reflection), and is capable of influencing any senses of an individual. If to apply a personal experience to the discussion about the Action-Observation Model and the Spiral of Experience, one particular life event comes to mind. Last year, I participated in a charity event and was appointed to assign activities and processes to other participants to make sure that each individual had his or her responsibility to fulfill. Responsibilities included setting up donation booths, giving away flyers, keeping track of the upcoming meetings, engaging other volunteers, and much more. Because assignments were not designed to take an equal amount of time and efforts from volunteers, I met a lot of resistance from some individuals who did not want to fulfill their obligations to a full extent. Moreover, some volunteers even refused to participate because their responsibilities were not as easy as they would have liked. In the beginning, I tried to persuade some volunteers to agree with their assignments since they were helping to spread awareness of a good cause; however, as arguments started occurring, I decided that the best thing was to take on the responsibility for complicated assignments on myself and ask for some assistance from those willing to help. Since it was a charity event and no one was paid for fulfilling their tasks, it felt wrong for me to insist on volunteers doing jobs they did not want to do. This experience taught me about the importance of negotiation when it comes to being a leader; however, there were some pitfalls on my way, on which I would like to reflect. By observing the responses of other people on my actions, I discovered an interesting phenomenon: when there is no kind of authority assigned to a supposed “leader,” the likelihood that others will follow orders becomes lower than ususal. For instance, if the event was not done for charity and participants were paid for their contribution,
Description of the Issue Economic development is the process of accumulation of economic wealth in countries, states, or regions, which is tickled down on the well being of the individuals of the society. From the point of view of public administration, economic development may be defined as the policies and plans undertaken to improve the financial well being of the people of the locality by increasing income and creating jobs. Why this issue In the USA, public sector, federal or local, has been engaged in economic development activities. Today, the local governments are so ingrained in the developmental activities it is difficult to imagine any local developmental sector without government participation. The main units of the local governments that are engaged in local economic development are county, city, and state governments. The aim of the paper is to understand the role of the local and/or regional governments in the process of economic development of the region. This paper will deal with the economic development and the various aspects of economic development that may lead to revenue increase. It will provide an economic explanation of the process and then relate it to the economic conditions of the states and local governments of the USA. The first step will be to familiarize with a few definitions related to economic development literature. The first definition is that of ‘local government’. The term local government means the smallest level of governing body, which usually is the municipal body of city, town, or county. The definition of local government is less concerned with the political definition of local government and more concerned with the economic definition, which is established through the roles of the government bodies. Background of Regional/Local Economic Development The theory on economic development has been based on the substantial attention on the economic growth. For instance, Robert Solow and Edward Denison model has been based on the economic growth of the economy rather than economic development (Lucas Jr, 1988). The early theories of economic development concentrated mostly on understand the accountings of economic growth rather than the core issues of economic development. However, with the change in the perspectives of the economists in the understanding and treatment of economic development, the new models of economic development emerged (Lucas Jr, 1988). The present day local economic development literature is mostly swarmed with the firm-centered, incentive-based, state-driven Keynesian model based regional developmental programs (Amin, 1999). However, recently, local governing bodies have started to adopt innovative policies to explore the possibilities of development in local areas. With globalization, the impo
The Norwalk viruses are one of the dangerous contagious viruses of gastrointestinal track. The signs and symptoms of these viruses appear in 24 to 48 hours after the virus attack. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and headache are the symptoms of the viral presence in the human body. One of the interesting facts about this virus is its multiplication as it cannot multiply outside the human body. In United States of America, the outbreak of Norwalk virus can occur in hotels by any contaminated vehicle, which could be food or water (Atmar, et al., 2011). This stage could be considered as the initial outbreak of Norwalk virus. At a later stage, this outbreak of virus spreads in hotels from person to person. The contact of staff and guests can be dangerous because it helps the virus to be spread rapidly (Duggan, Watkins, & Allan, 2008). Moreover, the hospitality industry throughout the world always remains conscious about the providence of services to guests, and takes measures to provide services that can deliver hundred percent surety of safer healthcare environment to the guests. Therefore, hotel operators globally are required to ensure the safety measures in hotels; otherwise there could be severe consequences because guests have right to impose certain liabilities on hotel operators. The hotel operators need to sure about the affectivity of cleaning procedures of vomiting and any fecal incidents. Additionally, the most common areas of the hotels need to be treated with special concentration, in which public areas and common rooms are required to be cleaned with special protocols of cleaning. T