ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Chul and Majumdar1 (2012) critically discuss the importance of reliable energy resources in the growth and development of a nation. While energy plays a vital role in the prosperity of any economy, its accessibility and affordability have been a major issue of concern. The spate of economic growth witnessed during the industrial revolution era was largely witnessed owing to the availability of energy as a major resource factor. This calls for sustainability in the energy resources required to spur economic growth. The authors posit that several clean energy alternatives exist in the current century. A case in point is the generation of electric energy using water and solar. Besides, they argue that microbes can be engineered to generate biological fuels instead of overreliance in fossil fuels. The perspectives offered by the authors defend the fact sustainable energy can also be realized if the green energy initiative is embraced across the board. In particular, the authors mention that key sectors such as those that deal with transportation another production of energy should be put into focus because they immensely impact on sustainable energy across the globe. This research study goes on to demonstrate the fact the present energy landscape is under threat, and hence, there is an urgent need for policymakers to undertake several research activities on sustainable energy. Evaluation The main purpose of the authors is to discuss the available opportunities and prevailing challenges that face the energy sector. Chul and Majumdar1 (2012) articulate that during the industrial revolution era, there were myriads of opportunities for growth and development. In other words, the availability of various forms of energy was a major impetus in the growth process of early industries. The affordability of the sources of energy was also a major gain during the industrial revolution era. It is interesting to mention that the 21st-century era is marred by uncountable energy challenges that ought to be addressed. As it stands now, the global population seems to have surpassed the available energy resources. the seven billion people are overstretching the conventional methods that have been used for a long time in the production of electric energy. The modern transportation infrastructure is also overwhelmed bearing in mind that liquid fuels derived from petroleum are the main source of energy. This trend has altered the global energy landscape. The authors think that unless the current energy-use trends are reversed, the world’s energy landscape may undergo complete alteration to the detriment of human life. The article has been constructed around both primary and secondary research. Both qualitative and quantitative data form part and parcel of the study. For example, illustrations in the for
Since times immemorial, people have used weapons for protection, attack, and entertainment. Gradually, the issue of legal ownership of weapons came to the fore, and governments introduced laws restricting or even forbidding possession of weapons by average citizens. At present, there continues a heated debate on the appropriateness of firearms possession by mass population. Despite the multiple arguments for gun control, it appears reasonable to allow more freedom in gun possession to average citizens. One reason for raising the ban on firearms possession is the necessity for change in psychological attitudes to guns. A standard stereotype of weapons in modern society is that of forbidden fruit: every ‘real guy’ dreams of having a gun as a sign of his masculinity and power. But at the same time, perception of guns as connected with illegal criminal world keeps people from purchasing guns. Supposedly, a more relaxed and normative attitude to guns would only worsen the situation as weapons would be in unskillful hands. Admittedly, that might cause a chaotic atmosphere around weapons, but the key to success in this case is educating people about weapons. Making society more aware of weapons capacities would prove much more efficient than putting a veil of secrecy around guns. Another argument for allowing public access to weapons is that once in possession of a gun, individuals would feel more protected against the possible attacks on their life and property. It is often the case that people live in remote areas, or districts with high crime rate, or the police simply fail to arrive in time to protect the citizens from violent assaults. Being in possession of a gun would allow the individual to emp
Human sexuality and sexual orientation are some of the most complex and multidimensional factors of development. Homosexuality and sexual differences have been typical for society since ancient times. Thus, these orientations were always considered as unusual and undesirable behavior contrasting with traditional social norms and values. The novel, The Well of Loneliness and Portnoy’s Complaint describe that parents and society, in general, have a great impact on the sexual orientation and sexual development of children. The problems faced by the main characters, Alexander Portnoy and Stephen Gordon, are a part of their early development and family relations. The lesbian inclinations of the main character, Stephen Gordon, can be interpreted as a result of the upbringing and desire of parents to have a boy. The parents expected a boy, but when a mother gave birth to a girl, they were disappointed and gave their daughter a boy’s name. Since childhood, Stephen experienced problems and difficulties caused by her identity and emotional stress. An emphasis of that sort can be explained as misdirected gender orientation. The example of Stephen shows that the proper reinforcement of gender traits means educating boys and girls that they are males and females, similar in feelings and desires and abilities, yet diverse in biological ways and roles. Hall describes that the subject of sexual relations is debated repeatedly, and while the physical differences are quite obvious, the psychological ones, when they exist, are not always. The personal story and life troubles experienced by Stephen vividly portray that people do not live in a neuter world, no matter what some hair stylists, clothing, and other sex-markers would have them believe. For underneath the clothing and the hair is a man or a woman — although sometimes, as people have thought, something goes askew with that sexual identity (Butler 98). Hall portrays that false images and ideals of Stephen’s parents are the main causes of her lesbian behavior and sexual orientation. Hall underlines that lesbian relations are not a disorder or a way of life, but an emotion-filled issue (Bamforth 43). In the novel, Portnoy’s Complaint, Alexander Portnoy tells the story of his life and tries to analyze his problems and causes of sexual indifference and problems. Roth gives some hits that childhood development and growth were the main stages in his life, and parents had a profound impact on his behavior patterns. Reinforcing suitable sexual traits,
Windshield Survey of Palatine City The windshield survey was conducted on the west side of Palatine on Sunday, November 1 st at 4 p.m. The temperature was 60F, and it was sunny and cold. The boundaries of the neighborhood included Quentin Road, Euclid Avenue, Smith Road, and Dundee Road; the whole area is residential. While driving I saw a wooden plate with the city’s name in Dundee and Quentin, and flags on the light poles along Quentin Road, which made it easier to coordinate. The majority of the houses that I met are about 30-40 years old. Some of them have new constructions. Mostly I observe single houses that have two stories, but there are also ranges of houses. Moreover, there are new three apartment buildings on the crossroad of Quentin and Palatine Roads. Everything is made of brick. Between the houses, there are well-grounded spaces with flower gardens. To my mind, the houses are in a good condition. They are very well maintained and seem to be new ones. I have noticed no signs of despair. There are cars in the driveways. As it is Sunday, there is a high possibility that people are not working and have a day-off. So it is not surprising that they are outside, and kids are playing near. I observed no vacant houses, so believe that all of them are occupied. There are no boarded up and dilapidated buildings as well as those for sale. I also saw well-maintained sidewalks and drainages and curbs that look clean and open. There are lots of open spaces for parks opened for the general public (I observed at least 5). I saw no trash and abandoned cars there; instead, they have playgrounds and golf courses, bike paths, and walking paths as well as small lakes. There are light poles on the major paths and around playgrounds. Moreover, there are two recreational areas: Birchwood and Hamilton. I saw a big shopping center with the European grocery store, Walgreens, US bank, laundry, Seven-Eleven, Italian restaurant, Vitamin store, subway, woman care center, McDonald’s, and Pancake house in the middle of the community. A smaller shopping center is located about 2 miles south of the first one with a Goodwill donation center, two banks, a nail salon Walgreens, Sushi Bistro, Jimmy Johns, and a driving school. As I was driving I have noticed one more Seven-Eleven store, Subway, and Thai Cuisine on the small plaza on Smith Road. Thus, the resources cluster in shopping areas. I observed no ethnic stores that display other than the English language. Even though the European grocery store has products from Europe as well as those locally produced, everything is given in the English language. I have also noticed no tobacco and alcohol stores. There are many public schools in the neighborhood. They include Pleasant Hill Elementary School, Walter Sundling Middle School, Northwest Suburban Special Education School, Today’s Child Learning Center (daycare), and William Fremd High School. Play areas and sports fields a
What are the style (the abbreviated party names) and the legal citation for your case? White v. Samsung Inc., 989 F.2d 1512, 1993 U.S. App (9th Cir. 1992) ( White). What is the system and level of the “instant court?” Federal appeals. Who wrote the opinion in your case? Goodwin, Senior Circuit Judge. Summarize in your own words the facts that led to the legal conflict in your case. David Deutsch Associate, Inc. created a series of advertisements on behalf of Samsung Electronics America, Inc., that depicted Samsung products as still in use and popular in caricature versions of the futuristic 21 st century. One of these ads depicted a humanoid robot dressed and attired in a way that resembled the plaintiff Vanna White, who operated a game show also similar to the game show “Wheel of Fortune,” which Vanna White is famous for. White was not contacted about this ad, and no permission was asked to use her likeness. She responded by suing the companies for using her likeness without her permission. What is the legal history of this case? The cause of the action was the unauthorized use of the nationwide-known American television personality and film actress Vanna White’s likeness for advertising purposes, without the plaintiff’s consent and without her being paid like the other celebrities who participated in the campaign. The case originated in the federal district court, where Vanna White sued the defendants according to the California Civil Code Section 3344, which demands financial compensation for the knowing usage of a different person’s likeness or recognizable traits for commercial purposes without their consent, the California common law right of publicity, which protects a person’s name, voice, signature, photograph or likeness from being used for exploitative purposes, and finally the Lanham Act, which deals with trademark infringement. However, the lower court passed summary judgment against all of the plaintiff’s claims and postulated that the image Samsung and Deutsch used was not the plaintiff’s likeness according to the law and that publicity law required the appearance or name to be used for the accusation to be valid. The lower court used the Eastwood v. Superior Court case , where usage of the plaintiff’s name and the photograph was part of the offense, as an example of what constitutes “likeness.” Samsung and Deutsch also stated that the likeness that was present was used as a parody and constituted protected speech. However, Vanna White believed that the lower court had made a mistake in their judgment, as viewers were expected to connect the image of the robot with that of White, and that this could not be regarded as a spoof (providing a reprieve from the Right of Publicity Claim), since most viewers would be under the impression that White was promoting the product, similar to the other celebrities who were involved with the adv
Introduction Engineering is an important part of human existence. It may not be obvious at first but once the term engineering is defined as the manipulation of the natural environment through scientific means, its value is made more evident. Even in pre-historic times, ancient peoples rely on engineering feats to solve their problems. But in the modern world engineering has become an indispensable tool for human survival. The importance of engineering is linked to technology and innovation. Most of the time, innovation and technology is a positive development in the lives of people. But in certain occasions the inappropriate use of innovation and technology has brought more harm than good. In cases of man-made disasters, scientists, investigators and various stakeholders attempt to understand the engineering aspect of the application of the said technology. In this particular study the Teton Dam disaster is the object of inquiry. Before going any further it is important to reiterate that engineering innovation is a key to sustainable growth. Engineering innovation can be the main difference between the survival or the demise of a firm. Organizations that did not invest in the research, development and use of engineering innovation may find themselves in the brink of obsolescence or bankruptcy. Some of the more important companies in the last fifty years understood the importance of engineering innovation. There must be a continuous move forward when it comes to engineering innovation because according to experts in this field, it has become a survival imperative (Christensen, 2001). The same thing can be said about national governments and local communities. It is critically important for a city, state, and nation to look ahead and prepare for the inevitable. But more often than not, engineering innovation is the by-product of a need to solve a particular problem. In the case of the State of Idaho and the town of Rexburg, engineering innovation was needed to deal with the growing needs of an expanding township. In the latter part of the 19 th century, settlers began to pour into the area near Idaho falls because of the discovery of gold (McDonald, 2006, p.9). One of the locations chosen to build a town to support the gold prospecting activities in the said region is Rexburg. For many decades the local residents contributed to the success of the area and agriculture became the region’s lifeblood (McDonald, 2006, p.9). It did not take long before the region became known for the abundant harvest of wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes (McDonald, 2006, p.9). But with the success of the settlement also comes the inevitable problems related to sustainability. Thus, there came a time when the need for a dam was deemed a necessity. Teton Dam In 1964 the U.S. Congress approved the construction of the Teton Dam on the Teton River located in the southeast portion of Idaho (Williamson, 1997, p. 31). The purpose of the dam was for the benefit of the residents living in the area. The goal was to complete an engineering feat that would help control the chronic floo
The community agency the meeting of which I have visited is the Palatine club. It holds monthly district meetings for people who have problems with alcohol. During the meetings, they share their experience and hopes. Nothing special is needed to become a member of the meetings at the Palatine club the only demand is the desire to stop drinking (Stoudemire, 2012). Except for that, members are not supposed to pay any fees or dues. It is not connected with sects, politics or any other institutions and does not want to be involved in any conflicts, which is also not encouraged among the members. The agency is self-supporting and non-professional. It does not discuss any outside issues. The Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings are held to gather the members of the community who have particular problems. That is why the majority of them are closed. Still, everyone is allowed to attend open ones. AA a fellowship is for people of different nationalities and sexes. It has its own 12 traditions, which describe the way the Palatine club maintains its operations (The Palatine Club, n.d.). The mission of the agency is to stay sober. They help each other to be determined and follow the right way. AA wants to carry the message to those who still have problems with alcohol and suffer because of them. They believe in the authority of a loving God, who can help them in the recovery. As I saw, this faith makes them feel united and more empathetic. Even though the Palatine club is not a professional organization that can gain support from the government to reach better outcomes, its work does contribute to the health of the community. AA designed a group of principles (Twelve Steps) that its members follow to cope with alcoholism and become happy. They are based on spirituality, which presupposes that no medical influence is present. Still, the agen
Entering college marks the beginning of a new, distinctive chapter in the life of a student. The prospect of partaking in a college environment is exciting. Along with it comes the excitement of choosing the type of living arrangement that is most suitable. Out of the many options available, I would list three of them: renting a single apartment, living in the dormitory, and living at home. Living in a single apartment has many benefits. The rent is much lower than dormitory charges. Educational growth is fostered by privacy for studying and exclusive access to the Internet for assistance. Comfort is ensured with a larger living area having its own bathroom, living room, dining room, and kitchen. The apartment complex provides entertainment such as football nights, dancing, and karaoke; personal entertainment (stereo, television, video) can be had without anyone’s interference. Yard space can be used to entertain friends; friends are not hard to find if the apartment is in a location where many students live. Meals of one’s own choice could be had. It is possible to indulge in hobbies like keeping a pet or growing flowers and vegetables in the yard. The greatest benefit is dealing with real-world issues like dollar-consciousness, paying bills and rent on time, buying groceries, cooking food, and learning about household budgeting. The first drawback is dealing with traffic snarls and long commuting time to college. Educational growth is hampered by the absence of live-in, trained staff otherwise available in dormitories. Many hours are wasted in shopping, cooking meals, and cleaning. The student is isolated from family and the larger group of college friends. The ultimate financial outlay is substantial – installing landline/DSL line and utilities, acquiring furniture, equipment, and kitchen utensils; first/last month’s rent has to be paid, with security and clearing deposits; summer months’ rent must either be paid, or someone found to sublet the apartment in summer. The greatest benefit of living in a dormitory is the stimulation of educational growth involving easy access to classes, longer browsing time in the library, greater and closer contact with faculty staff, and assistance from trained live-in staff. Internet facility is available in dormitory rooms. College attendance is optimum due to very close proximity to classes and no time lost in commuting. By opting to live in a residence hall with kitchen facilities, time otherwise spent on shopping for groceries and cooking meals is saved. Physical fitness is assured by easy access to college athletic facilities. Financial benefits include no payment towards room furnishing/facilities/maintenance/repair, summer months’ rent, or for a roommate’s room fees if he/she moves out. Personal safety is optimum due to 24 hours security and free escort to/from campus buildings. Entertainment is provided from mingling with many in-campus friends daily and participating in social functions on c
Introduction Business expansion is an excellent strategy in the life cycle of commerce for it promotes growth and development. The expansion process facilitates the enhancement of product positioning and market share, which are significant in boosting competitive advantage and profitability. However, businesses must identify crucial strategies and appropriately articulate them to succeed. Thus, this expansion plan outlines the financial component of establishing a business extension and discusses the fundamental environmental factors that will ensure success. Financial Plan Ecofriendly Mobile Phones (EMP) intends to open a second store at a projected cost of $50,000. The cash will cover the first phase of expansion and reduce the risk margin of competing in a large market space with lean capital (Marc, Sprcic, & Zagar, 2018). Since EMP is still at its formative stages, the extension of its operations helps to establish a strong company brand and enhance the market share. Financial Goals The projected capital caters to the establishment of an additional store and a reserve fund to cover emergency and unexpected expenses. The establishment of the second store amounts to a total of $35,000 for renting, designing the store, purchasing stock, recruiting staff, and advertising, while $15,000 caters for emergency needs. Marc et al. (2018) advise businesses to set aside a fraction of their working capital to navigate financial challenges and ensure sustainable exploitation of unanticipated opportunities. Conversely, EMP estimates its profit to reach $3,000 within the first quarter, triple after six months, and hit $15,000 in the first year. However, the total expenses projected are approximately $2,000 in a month. Therefore, the company intends to service sourced finances directly from the monthly income of the business. Source of Financing EMP plans to secure the capital needs from savings, debt financiers, and equity financing. Since the proposed expansion plan will take effect within the first year of operation of the first store, the