ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) accomplish several goals, key among which are the allocation capital resources, starting and sustaining economic growth, enhancing standards of living and minimizing poverty (Cohen 284). They are engaged in distributing capital all over the world since they are able to determine which country to invest in after assessing the cost of doing business in order to realize maximum profits for their capital. However, such benefits can only accrue in countries with sound labor policies (Cohen 285). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) grants the host country economic benefits marked by lower prices of quality goods and services (Cohen 289). This becomes possible through the presence of superior production systems, through training of staff members as well as managerial skills necessary for maximization of technology (Cohen 289). Also, FDI contributes to the gross domestic product of the host country more than any other capital flows to the host country (Cohen 288). FDI, through MNCs, provides one of the best routes for technology transfer in the manufacturing, data processing, telecommunications, oil exploration, and drilling as well as mineral extraction sectors (Cohen 289). This becomes possible because of their modern research techniques. They are able to take advantage of the research and development on a large scale since they easily sell the products in mass volume. MNCs employ many people in the host country and grant the employees good working conditions, high wages, and benefits that are always above the existing standards. Mostly, MNCs create new job portfolios that require above average expertise and as such, they hire the best and pay them well (Cohen 292). Reasons against MNCs/FDI MNCs, by their nature, make the environment unfit for the competition since they often reduce their competition and obtain excessive profits due to domination in the market. They practice a form of imperialism knowingly or unknowingly (Cohen 313). MNCs develop monopolistic tendencies through mergers and forced acquisitions of related businesses in the host country. This means less competition but lower investment by the citizens of the host country (Cohen 313). It is important to note that MNCs dominate most of the strategic business sectors in the host country like pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, software and hardware, car manufacture and selling, mass media, among others (Cohen 313). More often than not, the local industries get stifled in the process hence sending so many employees home. As much as the MNCs offer jobs and pay well, they are not
Reich posits that the world economy has undergone serious changes within the dimension of Supercapitalism. According to Smith (2008), immediately after the Second World War- a period of pleasant capitalism, economic reconstructions began with emphasis on democratic capitalism for a free and self regulating market. Capitalism was intended at sustaining businesses under major drive of market forces. Democracy took a balanced approach to industrial regulations such that the needs of the industries and those of the customers were met through mutual benefit. Many corporations in the United States took fair ground with consideration of the laid down rules and thus ensured that competition was equal, considerate and fair. Due to breakage of oligopolies and the advent of change in communication technology, competition took a different turn altogether and financialization began (Erickson, 2008). Introduction of new technologies like the internet in the 70s led to rapid evolution of capitalism, bringing with it competitive advantages and thus taking competition to a different level since it led to globalization. Owing to the rules of competition changed, corporations took a total independent dimension declassifying oligopolies and monopolistic models were adopted with the commencement of financialization (Reich, 2007). As focus shifted to corporate wellbeing, wage payouts shifted as working hours changed. Labor unions were formed to take care of the needs and rights of corporate workers and this led to attachment of wage to productivity (Belich, 2009). Executives were paid large sums of money for high productivity. Focus thus also shifted from effective management to fast and great productivity with little consideration of future outcomes. As research related to defense mechanisms were being conducted to raise the levels of defense during the cold war, new communication technologies evolved, taking business completion to a higher level. Peterson and Lindson (2006) observe that distance became no longer an issue since instant communication technologies were developed. Introduction of television saw a scramble of companies for airtime with later internet emergence leading to larger access of the world (Belich, 2009). Concepts such as globalization had thus been coined to imply this trend. Market dominance had become a contention as some companies showed continuous dominance over other companies due to availability of relatively cheap and readily available resources. This facilitated global trade and introduced complications in the corporate regulation industry. Consequently, according to Reich (2007) deregulation emerged as first evident in the airline industry in 1979 and the finance industry, evident in decentralization of money making to individual count
Content analysis is a technique used to extract desired information from a body of material (usually verbal) by systematically and objectively identifying specific characteristics of the material (Berelson, 1954). Actually, the term ‘content’ in content analysis is something of a misnomer because verbal materials may be examined for content, form (e.g., style structure), function (e.g., the person gives suggestion) or sequence of communication. By means of content analysis, a large body of qualitative information may be reduced to a smaller and more manageable form of representation. It is applied to qualitative material, whether obtained from archival records, recoding of naturally occurring behaviour, or evoked responses. Although the material to be analysed may consist of recorded interactions, non-verbal behaviour, photographs, filmed actions, graphic and artistic productions, or music, content analysis often uses written or transcribed verbal material. Today content analysis is one of the pioneering methods in qualitative research. It is so unique that it deals primarily with the analysis of samples of language, and that is why it can provide information that may or may not be accessible by other methods. Content analysis may be used for exploratory research, theory development, hypothesis testing, applied research or description or for inference. Content analysis is widely used today in the communications research scenario, especially in its cross-disciplinary fields, mainly to study (a) the basic nature of communication (b) to analyse the peculiarities and intentions of communicators and (c) to deduct inferences from content about its effects on, or the characteristics of its recipients. The pioneer communicators Berelson (1954), Holsti (1969) and Krippendorff (1980) summarized research on (a) trends in the communication content, (b) the comparison of different media, (c) style, (d) propaganda techniques, (e) military intelligence, (f) the intentions and psychological states of persons or groups, and (g) the attitudes, interests and values of media audiences. Here a content analytical study titled ‘Reporter sex and newspaper coverage of the adverse health effects of hormone therapy by David E. Nelson and Nancy Signorielli appeared in Women & Health (Jan 2007) has been reviewed. The study focuses on women who have used hormone therapy (HT) to relieve menopausal symptoms for decades. Major studies published in JAMA in July 2002 demonstrated adverse health effects from hormone therapy, and the National Institutes of Health halted the Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial several years early. A content analysis of 10 U.S. newspapers in July and August 2002 to examine the role of reporter sex on news coverage on HT. revealed that there existed substantial sex differences in reporting about HT. Female reporters were much more likely than male reporters to
Introduction Venturing in every company is an important tool for the growth of a company to be on the lead. Venturing in corporate companies is one way of the innovations where the company gets ideas from another company and incorporates them in its ideas so that there is a mutual benefit. The benefits of the company may vary from a big company to a small company. New venturing companies aim to grow and expand and this has an effect to the company that it is venturing into. For the new venturing companies, they need to have new ideas to succeed. The larger company may invest in a smaller company to accelerate innovation and growth. Venturing can also be used as a source of finance. Venturing makes it possible for a small company to have access to particular skills of knowledge, perhaps in management or technical wise where a smaller company would not have access to. Also the big company may provide access to established marketing and distribution and high level of technology. Corporate venturing involves leveraging the assets and capabilities of the existing company to help small company to improve their skills in production or management even in marketing. We shall dwell on how new ventures contribute to advancing new management. Ways in which corporate can be done Corporate venturing can be done in four ways Firstly it can be done by taking a passive minority position in the outside businesses (corporate venture capital), secondly, by taking an active interest in an outside company, thirdly, by building a new business as a stand –alone unit ,and fourthly by building a new business inside the existing firm with a structure allowing for management independence. (Rigby, 2011, p.1) Contributions of the new venture to the advanced management strategy There has to be a correlation between the two companies. This is contributed through some steps as explained below. Firstly, the new venture must enter into detailed strategic alliance with the corporate partner: “The strategic alliance is a relationship between two or more firms involving sharing of complementary disciplines, technology, products, services, organizational structures and marketing or financial resources”’ (Nester, 2008, p. 1). Nester (2008) put forward that the type of strategic alliance you have agreed on either, funding, joint venture, merger, product and services or cooperative has to be agreed on in hand shake or write outs or through legal documents so that the alliance may play a role on the agreement made. This means that the new venture must corporate in the management practice effectively to ensure there is order in the new venture participation and the company knows its weaknesses and strengths and points of improvement. Secondly, the new venture must work effectively with the larger company to ensure that the aims and the goal will be achieved. Thirdly, the company must show success in growth thus showing interest in reaching the target set. As the larger company makes it possible for the smaller company to access the already d
Description of the Group Towards the end of the 20 th century, most of the studies focusing on substance abuse focused on the needs of men. This means that the percentage of women affected by substance abuse remained unknown for several decades. In the recent past, studies have been done to analyze the psychological, health, and economic challenges affecting women who abuse different substances (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). This marginalized group has been selected in order to understand the major health problems and experiences affecting them. By so doing, the information obtained from the study can be used to design evidence-based care models to support the target population. Current statistics indicate that over 6 million women in the United States are affected by alcohol use disorder (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). Teenage girls have also been observed to struggle with substance use or abuse. Although men have higher chances of abusing illegal drugs, women are also “prone to a wide range of drug-related problems” (Shen, 2014, p. 312). Over 60 percent of women who use illicit or addictive substances face tougher obstacles or challenges (Shen, 2014). The progression to addiction is usually higher in women. The existing gender differences have continued to affect the nature of healthcare delivery. This topic has also been selected in order to present new ideas to support women who use addictive substances. A study by the Substance Abuse and Mental health Services Administration (SAMSA) showed that around 4.5 million women aged 20 years and above misuse prescription medicines or drugs (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015). Substance abuse is a major challenge that influences the health outcomes of women negatively. As mentioned earlier, women tend to become addicts much faster. A study conducted by the World Health Organization in 2014 indicated that over 15 million have been using illicit drugs (Shen, 2014). Women have “more drug cravings compared to men” (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2015, para. 6). Chances of relapse after
Rationale This report presents detailed management strategies for Latifa Hospital. The report covers the department of finance, the department of human resources, and performance indicators that would be used to evaluate the facility. Given the growth in the healthcare sector in the UAE, it is imperative to develop a management plan for the Hospital. It is noted that the management plan will assist to make the Hospital better. It will aid the Hospital to review its financial practices, human resource processes and procedures, assess operational activities and analyze them with the aim of enhancing overall organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The Department of Finance The Type of Budgeting Three types of budgeting have been considered for Latifa Hospital. They include operating budget, capital budget, and cash budget. Operating Budget The Hospital will assess its incomes and expenses using this budget. This budget captures expected income through different sources, anticipated expense, including general expenses and administrative costs. It is necessary for Hospital administrators to focus on a larger revenue budget relative to expense budget. This approach will result in surplus for the Hospital. The surplus will be re-invested in the capital budget. Capital Budget The Hospital will use this budget for intended investments in the future, including expansion. It is most likely that the Hospital will increase its asset acquisition or investment by 10% in the next fiscal year. Moreover, there are also capital plans set aside for expansion and renovation. It is imperative for Hospital administrators to evaluate operating conditions and present fiscal position of the Hospital to identify potential fiscal gaps and assistance required. Each department in the Hospital, including Obstetrics, Gynecology, Paediatric Medical, Paediatric Surgery, and Neonatology, will have a capital budget worksheet to indicate their capital budget needs. They are expected to present reasonable amount each item for consideration. For financial resource allocation, the Hospital will prioritize the most desired equipment based on need and cash availability criteria. For instance, it may consider factors such as urgency, importance, economically preferred, and generally preferred during evaluation. The Hospital must also manage its capital requirements. It should consider purchasing facilities and equipment once the budget committee has approved expenditure. Besides, not all items should be purchased at one time. Latifa Hospital Capital Budget. 2017.                                                2017                                                       Million AE
The relationship between the United States of America and the United Kingdom goes a long way back, before the declaration of independence in America. The arrival of the British pilgrims in America heralded the beginning of a relationship that would last for hundreds of years. The two countries have collaborated on several fronts from war to commerce and international affairs. This relationship can be seen as a love hate affair as it has been characterised by intense affection and rivalry between these two historic friends. Despite the rivalry, the two nations have found themselves mostly on the same side of a conflict. The term special relationship was coined during the World War Two to define the close ties between these two countries. The special relationship between the United States of America and the United Kingdom is founded on the historical association between these two nations. The special relationship goes beyond politics to shared ideologies both in the government circle and amongst the citizens of these two nations. Over and above the shared ideologies, the special relationship has also been shaped by the personal relationship between the British Prime Minister and the president of the United States of the America. The closer the personal affiliation between the two heads of states, the closer the ties. The opposite of this is also true. This special kind of friendship has survived many challenges up to the present and continues to thrive even under the greatest pressure. The special relationship has always been skewed against the balance of power, yet still manages to survive the many challenges because of its mutual benefits to both countries. The term special relationship describing the relations between the United States of America and United Kingdom was coined in 1949, by the then British Premier, Sir Winston Churchill. The term is a description of the very close and unrivalled relationship between any two countries in the history of across country affairs: United States and United Kingdom. The special relationship gained much significance during the Second World War. Both the US and the UK were concerned by the increasing threat of the communist Russia and the Nazi Germany. Suffice to say that the special relationship between these two countries goes beyond the threat of communism and Nazism. Despite the many conflicts between them the two countries see each other as brothers; they have always been ready to support each other upon requests (Fichtner 3). The relationship between the US and the UK goes way back into history. The relationship between these two countries effectively began by the arrival of the British pilgrims in the new world. This was about 200 years before America declared her independence from the British ( US Foreign Policy 2011). British pilgrims are known to have sojourned to the new world, the Americas, by the year 1620. Most of these pilgrims were Christian puritans who had sought to establish a purified Church of England far away from home. It is estimated that by the end of 17 th century, more than 350000 Briton had moved to America
Abstract The women in Egypt enjoyed relatively equal rights with men compared to women in other countries of the ancient world that suffered from discrimination and biases demonstrated against women from their birth and until death. In this respect, the paper focuses primarily on the analysis of primary and secondary sources that support the hypothesis concerning the rights of Egyptian women and Greek women in Ptolemaic period compared to women in neighborhood and equality of rights of men and women in different sectors of domestic and public domain. Introduction This essay focuses on the differences between the status of Greek and Egyptian women in Ptolemaic period in terms of property matters such as ownership and inheritance. The question for this essay concerns the width of rights for Greek and Egyptian women with regard to their ability and authority to own property, inherit different types of property, and serve as a party in legal disputes related with other property matters. This essay is written to argue that Egyptian women enjoyed wider range of rights in terms of property maters such as ownership and inheritance than Greek women taking into account their family status. Based on these arguments, we can judge that Egyptian women were treated more adequately in society because they could possess different types of property including slaves and money and inherit from their kin such as mother and father. Property Matters The property matters were of primary importance for Egyptian women as t
Introduction: Background Information The American Red Cross is a humanitarian, non-profit organization that has been organized by volunteers and guided by its Congressional Charter, as well as the fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (The American Red Cross, 2011). The venture provides help to people who became the victims of natural disasters and catastrophe so as to prevent and react to the emergencies. Two years ago, the population of Haiti suffered from a 7.0 earthquake leading to significant destructions and leaving millions of people without home (MyFox, 2012). Minnesota, along with other U.S. states, responded actively to the disaster and donated a significant sum of money for improving the situation in Haiti. Now, the Red Cross has introduced a two-year report on the efforts and actions taken in Haiti to relieve the population (MyFox, 2012). The report presents significant progress in front of serious challenges, but some of the presented facts can lead to negative publicity concerning the action plan (MyFox, 2012). The point is that the American Red Cross got nearly $486 million in donations whereas $330 million were spent only on Haiti recovery efforts (MyFox, 2012). One the one hand, many questions arises concerning the remaining sum of money. One the other hand, the Red Cross’s campaign has not been completed yet and, therefore, there are no reasons for rushing in conclusions concerning the money left. As the world-known non-profit organization, the Red Cross should intr
The issue that is being discussed these days in Colorado is the gun control legislation that was recently signed by the Governor John Hickenlooper. This law appeared as a reaction to the events that shocked the country. The history of shooting in public places in the United States of America counts many cases of mass murder in facilities like schools, universities or movie theaters. These accidents always leave many victims and a massive public reaction. Gun control measures in Colorado involve two debating sides. The side that supports the new laws includes Michael Bloomberg representing the group called Mayors Against Illegal Guns and Eli Broad. The opposing side is represented by the National Rifle Association. The two senators that were facing a recall were involved in this issue due to the active participation in the policy of gun control. The other factors that explain individual participation in this problem, to my mind, are good income and ability to provide finances and take part in this political issue. As we see now, both sides of the debate have been contributing large sums of money in order to support their own policies and opinions. Another factor that would make an individual become a part of this happening is personal involvement in the business that will win or suffer from the new laws. One more feature necessary for an active participant of this debate is