ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In contemporary clinical psychology, a large variety of methods and strategies are used to treat mental health disorders and complications. Depending on the complexity and type of the problem, the experts choose diverse theoretical approaches, such as humanistic or psychodynamic orientations. Evidently, each school of therapy has its advantages and disadvantages, and, therefore, psychiatrists require a comprehensive understanding of the methods to choose the appropriate strategy. Additionally, the general theoretical orientations are classified into diverse sub-categories and frameworks, which further complicate the choice of the approach. The current paper compares cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and person-centered therapy and attempts to critically evaluate the differences between the two methods. Theoretical Background Before conducting the analysis of CBT and person-centered therapy, it is essential to briefly discuss the underlying principles and schools of thought in clinical psychology. The primary theoretical orientations in psychotherapy include psychodynamic, cognitive behavior, and humanistic approaches (Holm, Bevly & Prosek, 2018). According to the research, the mentioned orientations provide similar clinical outcomes with no significant differences in the general treatment (Holm et al., 2018). However, many researchers have found that each of the schools of thought might be particularly effective when applied to specific mental health disorders (Holm et al., 2018). For instance, the cognitive behavioral approach is frequently utilized to treat depression with great success (Holm et al., 2018). Therefore, while the said theoretical orientations are all relevant tools in contemporary psychotherapy, some show better results in specific scenarios. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy As seen from the name, cognitive behavioral therapy belongs to the category of cognitive behavior orientation and is one of the most prominent models in contemporary psychotherapy. In general, CBT refers to a set of techniques and strategies aimed to alter thought processes, attitudes, and behaviors (Ackerman, 2021). CBT is widely used to treat substance use disorders, anxiety, insomnia, psychotic disorders, and even chronic fatigue (Riopel, 2021
Atmospheric chemistry is the study of atmospheric pollutants which are on the rampage in the atmosphere, occur both indoor as well as outdoor, both through nature and human activity. This includes acidic deposition, global warming, photochemical haze, poisonous air pollutants, and ozone diminution. It explains any unnecessary substances and other resources that pollute the air we take in, resulting in the dreadful conditions of atmospheric excellence. Fossil fuels are used as a source of energy by humans for comfort. Acidic Deposition The most important open-air pollutants include oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and lead given off from road automobiles, wastes from industries, hydrocarbons, and a complex mixture of natural and lifeless substances present in the environment in the form of liquid and solids. These pollutants experience a sequence of difficult effects and are converted to secondary pollutants, called photochemical pollutants. Research by Chang Raymond (2006) showed that indoor pollutants are oxides of carbon and nitrogen given out from gas heaters pressure cookers, compounds from cigarette smoke, vinyl flooring, paints, dust mites, and mold. We spend 90% of our time living inside, we are therefore likely to affect our health due to bad air quality. Natural sources include volcanoes, dust storms, remains from life decay and forest fires, and lightning from thunderstorms. Ozone, a photochemical pollutant, is formed by the oxidation of explosive organic compounds in the presence of sunlight and oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are made of many substances (Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J.-P, Emberson, L. D., and Ashmore, M. R., 2003). Oxidation of the carbon-based compounds in the fuels produces vast amounts of carbon dioxide and is known to be a major contributor to the greenhouse effect which causes an increase in the atmospheric temperature. When coal in fossil fuels burn, waste heat produced by the combustion of sulfur is released into the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide. This oxidizes in the air to sulphuric acid that survives as vapors in the air. These fall on the surface of the earth with a multiplicity of ecological dangers. According to (Seinfield, J. H. and Pandis, S. N., 1998), atmospheric pollutants dilapidate air quality. Acidification of ecological units is an environmental alarm The conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide is used as a source of energy elsewhere in the chemical works. Water cannot be used to absorb the sulfur trioxide because when two compounds are mixed, a mist of sulphuric acid is formed, which will not readily condense as a liquid. Such a mist is a major pollution hazard. The small amount of sulfur dioxide remaining, cause acid rain, and is removed before the nitrogen present is released in the atmosphere. High applications of sulphuric acid vapors are so hazardous that these cause rigorous respiratory problems in human beings. Since most of the sulfur plummets in uninhabited areas, can cause damage to plant life, metals from the
Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Hydraulic fracturing or “Fracking” is a technological process that has been used for many decades in drilling for natural gas or oil. The steps are complex and involve the pumping of water, additives, and sand at high pressures into the well. This fluid fractures the rocks, consequently injecting Proppants inside the cracks to open them. The process is re-done until the maximum areas of the well can be reached. The pressure of the water is reduced while the fluids used are brought up the well for disposal or recycling (Anon, 2012a). The process also involves the use of acids like hydrochloric acid, buffers, chemicals, sand, corrosion inhibitors, gelling agents, iron control, among others that help to make the process faster and more effective (Anon, 2012c). Some examples of rocks that were unproductive but are now used to obtain oil and gas include the Barnett Shale and Marcellus Shale. The additives are used for various purposes. For instance, they make the water thick, making a gel that serves the fracturing purpose effectively. Chemicals help in the reduction of friction and also curb rusting of the equipment used. This process, if used with horizontal drilling can increase the yield of the wells to a great extent (King, 2012). The process is a very sensitive one as the water supply has to be protected to avoid contamination. This is done by erecting steel surfaces of casings into the gas wells. These should be deep enough- ranging from a thousand to 4 thousand feet (Anon, 2011). The first time that hydraulic fracturing was used to emit oil and gas in the US dates back to the 1940s. After the success of this method, the rest of the world embraced the technology, which is now being used in various countries, globally like Parts of Nigeria, Mexico, the Niobrara Shale of Colorado, and Kansas (Uradnik, 2011). Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Pennsylvania’s state regulations are in place to ensure that the many gallons of waste are properly disposed of. In August 2010, Pennsylvania passed new regulations that limited the amount of discharge of wastewater to five hundred milligram
Hypebot.com The given site is devoted to the sphere of music. It should be said that the information is quite new and the site is updated on the regular basis. It revolves around the issues of social media, music, and the way they influence each other. The site has links to the most popular social networks like Twitter, Facebook, etc. Moreover, the information is structured and some categories help to find the needed data. In general, the site prepossesses a visitor and helps to obtain some new information connected with music. It could be easily found by various search engines. Music Industry The given site presents itself as the “top online learning resource for musicians” (“Music Industry” para. 1). It should be said that the given statement describes the content of the site in a perfect way. There are various articles devoted to different aspects of music. People could obtain the idea of how to perform some activities. The site is regularly updated and the last article is posted on the 19th February 2016. There is a special search field which could help to find the needed information for a new visitor. There are also links to some other useful sites that could interest a person who is fond of music. Music Business Association The given site presents a certain organization that is created to provide support to people who is fond of music or work in the given sphere. The site is not bright or very attractive. However, it provides the most important information connected with the aspects of the activity of the given organization. It is regularly updated and new information is presented. The site provides links only to some social networks. Moreover, sometimes it is difficult to find the needed information on the given site. Nevertheless, it could easily be found by any search engine on the Internet. Bandzoogle Another website that could be useful for musicians or people who work in the musical business. It provides information about the creation of sites for various business bands. The site is very attractive and is constantly updated. Certain categories help to find the needed information or look through helpful examples. It could be viewed from various platforms. Additionally, the site provides links to various social media for people to be able to use it. It could be easily found on the Internet while looking for ideas on how to organize the site for a new band. Mondo Tunes The given internet site is created by a professional organization that consists of professionals who provide various services to musicians or businessmen working in the given sphere. The information presented on the given website is new and clear. The site functions in a good way. The menu is quite informative and it is easy to find the information which is needed for a person. Some subdivisions help to look through the site and obtain the needed data. However, it is not linked to some other websites of this sort and there is only the possibility to use various social media. Digi Music The given site presents the information about the last tendencies in the world of digital music and the summit which is
The process of combustion needs oxygen for it to take place. Fire protection and fighting methods are based on limiting the supply of oxygen supplied to a fire. Foam is formed due to a collection of bubbles, and it is one of the tools used in firefighting and protection. The foam covers the fire reducing the supply of oxygen, thus reducing the intensity of the fire and finally putting off due to lack of oxygen. History The use of foam to fight fire is informed by the discovery that burning cannot take place without oxygen. It was in the 17th century that Lavoisier discovered the nature of fire and the chemical reaction that takes place during combustion. After man realized that substances could not burn in the absence of oxygen, he was interested in finding the means of reducing the supply of oxygen as a means to stop the fire. In the 18th century, sand and water were used in the process of fighting fires since they could reduce the amount of oxygen present during a fire (Clark 27). In 1877 Johnson J. mixed some chemicals forming foam that he used to put off petroleum fires. The chemicals were stored in different tanks and mixed whenever one wanted to put out fires. The search for better methods of forming foam continued for a while until in the 1930s when a protein that could produce foam when dissolved in water was discovered. This made things easier, and the whole process of producing foam faster and cheaper. Most of the foam used in fire extinguishing exercises today is obtained from this protein through chemical synthesis. Uses of foam In the beginning, the foam was used in fighting fires caused by fuels such as petrol. However, later, it was discovered that it could be used in putting off any types of fires as the basic principle behind the whole process is limiting the supply of oxygen (Hall 55). Today foam is used to extinguish big fires that break out in organizations and other business places. The foam is stored in huge tankers after its formation and transported to the fire scenes although some fire extinguishing companies prefer carrying the foam manufacturing chemicals to the scenes. The chemicals are mixed under appropriate conditions to produce the required amount of foam, which is then directed to the fire. The process of directing the foam to the burning area can be aided by horse pipes and pumps. This stops the fire almost instantly, thus saving businessmen from huge losses (Hawthorne 42). Advantages of using foam as a fire fighting tool Foam is light as compared to both water and sand. Comparing the weight of foam to those of the other materials gives a clear reason as to why it is the most preferred. Its light nature makes it easy to transport it to th
Introduction The event is about an explosion that occurred on 20 th April 2011 at the Gulf of Mexico in the US. A rig that was being operated by BP was submerged into the waters in order to dig a well for pumping oil from the sea ground. All constructional activities had been completed apart from the final cementing that was to be done after which the well had to be left dormant for sometime before being activated as an oil producer. After the negative and positive test pumping were done, the project was promising but at the final cementing stage, methane gas escaped through the pipes and finally exploded. This environmental disaster can be termed as the worst that has ever been experienced considering all the submarine projects for oil production more so, those run by BP. In this accident, 11 workers perished and 17 of them were seriously injured. The oil continued to spill into the surrounding for a period of two to three months even after capping of the well bore was done. Millions of gallons of crude oil spill were experienced and this was expected to continue even in the future (Metapower 2). With the experience BP had on such projects and its success in exploitation of renewable energy sources, the company did not put into place the right measures in order to take care of any disaster that could have been expected to take place during both the constructional and operational phases of the project. This was a big project that was expected to have adverse effects on the environment and thus required an Environmental impact assessment process which could have issued a plan with the mitigative measures in order to reduce or cater for any environmental accident that could have been experienced. Ignorance of the leakage from the rig reported earlier by an engineer also contributed to the failure. The project was autonomous and it required a lot of money which made BP to use shortcuts not considering the effects that this could cost (Pride and Ferrell 35). Environmental studies concerns all the negative and positive impacts a project can have on its surrounding. Measures are often provided for all projects in order to reduce or completely curb the negative impacts. Considering the fact that the rig was a submersible one and that a well was to be drilled in the waters, a lot of disturbance in the aquatic ecosystem was to be experienced causing either death or migration of the organisms eventually leading to an alteration in the ecosystem. Both noise pollution by the operating rig and air pollution from the smoke produced by the machine was guaranteed. Apart from these, spilled oil had lots of negative impacts on the wildlife and the neighboring ecosystems, a number of natural processes such as breeding and mating was affected by the construction activities and even by the fast spreading oil. Water was also polluted by the oils and the dead organisms resulting from explosion thus rendering it unsafe for consumption and other production activities (National Parks Conservation Association 10). Different publications exist with informatio
Web Content analysis is a very dynamic field of advertising with interactivity; it requires a new dimension and thinking, giving the customer the power of information at the click. A successful website must have a clear message, a convincing content, which is targeted at a selective audience with interactive tools which help in communication and experience. The advertisement should aim to focus the content in relation to the specific buyer who may be lured by the key benefits to make a decision in favor of the product. This has been very impressively done by this site which I have selected for evaluation Apple site for iPod and iTunes ( http://www.apple.com/itunes/ ). The design of the site is businesslike and elegant with a nice harmony of text, color, and information. The interface is very user-friendly and presented in a very sleek manner which is an essential characteristic of all major Apple products. It displays the variety of iPods and iTunes products in a whole array of colors and features. The website demonstrates harmonious use of the – context, commerce, connection, content, community, customization, communication which are essential factors for an effective website. The primary context of the website is to raise the awareness level of the probable client visiting the site. It is a corporate site with business information that is presented with a minimalist approach to words and a wide range of digital entertainment experiences. The context is again high tech with a tough of user-friendliness which invites participation from the viewer. Space is utilized very effectively with easy access browsers and a nice mix of images with video clips. Every aspect of Steve Jobs’s persona is presented as an invisible mark on the website-intelligence, innovation, music, and video and movie clips from Pixar. There is a unique blend of Apple and Pixar presented in a bundled package with a video clip of Steve Jobs presenting the iPod in his keynote speeches. The commercial aspect of the web page is very inherent in the movement and experience which viewer achieves through interactivity and connectivity. The eye follows the top and bottom link which is very well bal
Promoting fashion brands through engaging customers in dialogue with manufacturers and distributors is an important stage in the formation of demand and, as a result, gaining profit. According to Niinimäki (2012 p.9), in the fashion industry, there is a special algorithm that determines the nature of interaction with the target audience to maintain stable sales and satisfy customer interest. As the author remarks, if specific products meet clients’ needs or emphasize their personal identity, this is an additional incentive to purchase (Niinimäki 2012 p.9). For instance, when taking into account the wishes of the target audience regarding styles and color shades, sellers can increase sales. Therefore, productive dialogue with consumers is the key to sustainability in the fashion industry. Maintaining sustainable demand by creating effective information exchange programs and resale platforms is a valuable mechanism in the modern fashion sector. Goldsworthy et al. (2018 p.15) state that an opportunity to discuss specific products with their subsequent exchange allows keeping buyers interested in a particular brand. If the purchased items are exchanged and resold through special applications, this will help maintain the reputation of the brand. For instance, as Goldsworthy et al. (2018 p.15) note, when using social ne
Employers ought to respect and accommodate employees’ right to worship, to the extent that the worship does not “cause hardship in the conduct of the employer’s business” (Smith, n.d.). In some cases, employer’s business activities are restricted, in order to accommodate employees’ religious practices. Even though courts are not required to verify an employee’s bona fide religious beliefs, several contentious cases have created the need for the courts to determine whether employees’ claim constitutes a bona fide religious belief. The U.S. Supreme Court fails to express a clear decision on the need to establish a prima facie case, due to complexities that might arise. However, EEOC has a provision on the need to establish a prima facie case, based on ‘Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964’ (Evans, 2007). Through this Act, EEOC clearly states that “An employee establishes a prima facie case of religious discrimination by showing that the employee has a bona fide religious belief that conflicts with an employment requirement, the employee informed the employer of this belief and that the employee was disciplined for failing to comply with the conflicting employment requirement” (Smith, n.d.). These elements are evident in U.S. Postal Service v Hoffman case . In the U.S. Postal Service v Hoffman case , Mr. Hoffman’s claim indicates that the U.S. Postal Service violates his right to observe holy Sabbath, as the corporation requires him to work on Sundays. Being a Roman Catholic, Mr. Hoffman claims that he rightly deserves to be allowed to abstain from work on Sundays, since it is his day of worship. Mr. Hoffman’s argument is based on Roman Catholics belief that Sunday is a Sabbath, a day in which people ought to abstain from work. In this case, Mr. Hoffman required the U.S. Postal Service to alter its shifts system to accommodate his religious beliefs. Thus, Mr. Hoffman argues that the corporation ought to exempt him from work on Sundays. Initially, the high court had ruled in favor of the U.S. Postal Service, since the Corporation had argued that Mr. Hoffman had not established a prima facie case. The Corporation argued that abstaining from work on Sundays does not constitute bona fide religious belief amongst the Roman Catholics. However, Mr. Hoffman’s appeal to EEOC overturned the high court ruling. In its ruling, EEOC determined that the U.S. Postal Services was at fault, since it based its argument on its own interpretation of the basic tenets of Roman Catholic. The EEOC ruled that Mr. Hoffman had established a prima facie case, in which he had clearly persuaded the EEOC that working on Sundays conflicted with his bona fide religious beliefs (EEOC, 2008). EEOC further faults the U.S. Postal Service’s initial argument, on the basis that the Corporation ignored the fact that observance of Sabbath constituted Mr. Hoffman’s personal religious beliefs, which are closely associated with the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism. Ther