ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary The department of homeland security is the third largest department in the American government. Therefore, it requires specialized management in order to enhance its performance and assure the fulfillment of its basic role of ensuring the internal security of the American population at all times. In addition, the department has various other subdivisions, thus making synchronization of their functions for the achievement of a main goal difficult. As a means to remedy the situation, this paper proposes the establishment of a separate department, viz. the management department and the construction of a center where the department’s team can apply the use of technology and labor to ease the management of all the sub departments at once. The aim is to create better service delivery, ease some tedious tasks such as prioritizing, and create savings on resources. Problem identification The department of homeland security is a cabinet department that the United States government established in November 2002 in response to terrorism. On September 11, 2001, terrorists from the infamous terrorist group, Al Qaeda, hijacked planes and crashed them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and on the Pentagon in Washington (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). Since then, the government of the United States has been on a high alert by using the department of homeland security to protect its civilian population and secure its borders within and in the areas surrounding the United States. Although the formation of the department has led to the decline of terrorist activities within and outside the United States, the department faces various challenges with one of the major ones being the management and oversight of the department. Although the American government established the department as a single unit, it has since then subdivided into several different units each performing a different role from the other in the accomplishment of a common goal. In addition, the different departments have employed the use of thousands of people in the fulfillment of their duties, thus making management difficult although not impossible, for the cabinet, the branch of the government that formed the outfit. In order to understand the problem and its intricacies, it is helpful to understand a government in the form of a business organization in terms of its need to generate income through the utilization of capital expenditure in the form of finances and people. Every business organization strives to make as much profit as possible while reducing its expenses with regard to the amount of money it spends on supplies, payment of recurrent bills, and salaries and wages. In the same way, governments generate income through taxes, levies, and business transactions with multinational corporations and other governments. Proper management is an integral part of the bus
Introduction The force that the heart exerts on the body’s arteries when pumping blood determines an individual’s systolic blood pressure. On the other hand, diastolic pressure is recorded when the heart relaxes. In a case where the general practitioner records the figures such as 115/85, the upper number indicates an individual’s systolic pressure while the lower one denotes his or her diastolic pressure. Using the example of Mr. Joe, this study presents the fundamental physiological mechanisms that help in regulating one’s blood pressure, including a detailed discussion of why accuracy is crucial when recording blood pressure levels. It will also confirm that indeed Mr. Joe’s elevated blood pressure has the potential of causing stroke and even death if left unchecked. Hence, the general practitioner may recommend several measures such as the need for a thorough exercise and proper diet in addition to regular prescriptions to lower the patient’s blood pressure. Physiological Processes A healthy human body is designed in a manner that allows it to automatically maintain the required blood pressure and flow levels ( Khan Academy 2018). In other words, it has a mechanism that detects pressure levels in blood vessels. This information is relayed to the heart and kidneys among other components such as veins that adjust their operations to decrease or raise the respective person’s blood pressure. The entire pressure regulation process may involve varying the capacity of blood that the heart directs to arteries or changing the level of blood in one’s veins. The body may also respond by altering the general blood volume. For instance, to raise pressure levels, the rate of heart pumping or contraction may go up to allow more blood to be distributed to the respective arteries and systems. In addition, veins help to raise or lower the blood pressure by increasing or decreasing their diameters. For instance, when they inflate, they hold a larger volume of blood, thereby barring the amount that goes back to the heart for distribution to an individual’s arteries. In this case, since the volume it releases is low, blood pressure also goes down. Consequently, when they deflate, they hold a smaller volume to the extent that more blood finds its way to the heart for pumping, a situation that raises pressure in the arteries. Kidneys also play a key role in regulating blood pressure in the body. It is crucial to point out that these body org
Introduction The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is an issue that has to be addressed in patient education. The diagnosis of these conditions is further complicated by the fact that they are mostly asymptomatic or similar to each other in the presentation. In the first case study, a 19-year-old Asian-American female comes to the office for a checkup and states that she had a sore on her labia that resolved on its own. The physical examination does not reveal any other signs, except from maculopapular rashes on different parts of her body. This combination of symptoms can be indicative of a variety of STIs as well as other disorders. Differential Diagnosis The first differential and most likely diagnosis is secondary syphilis. Syphilis is an STI caused by bacteria Treponema pallidum , and it progresses in several stages. Primary syphilis presents with painless sores on or around the genitals, mouth, or rectum (Schuiling & Likis, 2017). At the end of the stage, the sores heal, and maculopapular rashes manifest on extremities. Latent syphilis may have a debilitating effect on one’s cognition, eyesight, as well as cardiovascular and nervous systems (Gnann & Whitley, 2016). Diagnostic tests include a Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) or a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and a treponemal analysis (such as fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption) (Tharpe, Farley, & Jordan, 2017). The patient’s preliminary and current symptoms align with the typical presentation of syphilis, thus suggesting the onset of the condition’s second stage. The second possible diagnosis is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this case, as genital sores are present, the strain HPV-2 (genital herpes) can be considered (Workowski & Bolan, 2015). The primary symptom of HPV is sores – they may appear on or around one’s genitals and rectum (Workowski & Bolan, 2015). While the patient had a sore on her genitalia, it was not painful. Moreover, the development of maculopapular rash is not consistent with this diagnosis, thus lowering its priority. The last differential diagnosis is pityriasis rosea – a rash the exact cause of which is unknown. It is po
The reading material under analysis is devoted to immigration and slavery as a landmark episode in human history. Reid Luhman examines the issue from different sides letting the readers evaluate the significance of this phenomenon in the context of the relevant epoch. The author tries to address the problem complexly, describing all the aspects of a human life that were influenced by slavery. Thus, in the course of reading, the readers learn that slave ownership had a powerful impact not only on the economic side of Americans of the relevant period but also on the nation formation as it was, first, and foremost, a global migration wave. One of the most valuable insights that Luhman provides is his analysis of slavery as a global business. Whereas there is a widespread tendency to regard slave ownership as a historic event and the example of the suppression of the black race, Luhman focuses on the financial side of the problem. Hence, according to the author slave trade was considered to be one of the most beneficial business activities in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s (Luhman 109). It is particularly curious that the unethical side of the trade was successfully overlooked even by such conservative and right-minded social groups as, for example, Quakers. Thus, it did not take long for society to stop personifying the character of this bargain and begin treating people like goods. It is essential to note that the business was indeed profitable. Thus, Luhman reports on more than three millions of slaves imported to the New World in the 1700s (Luhman 110). Another surprising aspect elucidated by the author is that Africa was one of the most active slave traders at that time. Luhman explains this phenomenon by the fact that slaves were “the only commodity” that this country could offer the world (110). Therefore, whatever paradoxically it might seem, the slave trade became the main economic support in those countries the residents of which were its immediate victims. Luhman, likewise, puts a particular emphasis on the question of slaves’ integration and assimilation with the local people. He provides a detailed description of the interdependence that existed between a slave and an owner. On the face of it, the latter had the legal right to set the terms, whereas the former was to obey without question. However, Luhman notes that “slaves could exercise some control” (115). Thus, the owners often had to adjust their behavior in accordance with the slaves’ responses in order to achieve the best result. It is particularly interesting how the author draws a parallel to business management, in this case (Luhman 115). Therefore, it turns out that people tend to employ similar patterns of control and motivation in every situation that is connected with profit and work efficiency. Finally, Luhman shows how deeply the African culture penetrated into the local traditions regardless of the fact that the Americans had no intention to assimilate the culture of new-comers. Contrary to the modern situation, when immigrants are often welcomed and as
Diversity of International Sports Events Major sporting events occur either once a year or after every four years. There are many sports activities in the world, including FIFA World Cup for soccer, World Cup for Rugby, and the Olympic Games; these are the most anticipated games, and they are played at an interval of four years (Tomlinson p.742). These games can also be categorized in other different ways. For instance, mega-events attract large crowds of people while also impacting the host environment and population. The reason why they are termed mega-events is that they comprise many different games and also attract huge audiences around the world. Mega events tend to be a collective of occasions, and their importance will vary depending on the people and culture following the proceedings. Special events are characterized by attracting worldwide visitors and improving the tourist sector. They have a significant economic impact and develop the image of the host country, and they also attract global attention. Hallmark events are events that take place in the exact location over and over again. Wimbledon Tennis Championship, Indianapolis 500, and London Marathon are examples of Hallmark events. Some sports are connected to celebrations, festivals, and heritage. Festivals can be found when the stakeholders, for various reasons, need to minimize the competitive characteristics of an event ranging from small community youth-based events to mega-events like the Olympic Games. A sporting event can be termed as festive when the spectators food the streets to celebrate good results. For instance, after the Spanish team won the world cup, people lined themselves on the streets of Madrid. The parading is also an event (Eissa and Al Refai p.379). There is a broader way of classifying the sports events; they can either be indoor or outdoor depending on the venue. They could be professional or amateur subjects on the organizing committee. An event can either be for the spectators, participants, or both, and contingent on the scope, it can either be international, national, or regional. Finally, a sporting event can be a single, multisport, or festival sport where the youth hold a celebration involving many sporting activities. Impact of the International Sporting events H
MEDLINE is a reputable database of scientific knowledge in the sphere of medicine with more than a hundred years of history. One of its traditions is the use of human citation indexing that was introduced as far back as 1879 (Mork, Aronson, & Demner-Fushman, 2017). Augmented with recent technological advancements that help ease the manual work of scientific personnel, this practice continues to exist. Despite the doubts of its relevance with the advent of full-text search, its use provides a unique searching experience that is still quite popular. Citation indexes are an essential practice in research as it allows for the searching of information, as well as the works of other people who have studied in the same area (U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.a). With the emergence of online databases, citation indexing has become one of the criteria by which its reputability and popularity are measured. MEDLINE contains 24 million article references which can be found through indexing (U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.b). Since its introduction, it has undergone some enhancements, such as the Medical Text Indexer (MTI) system that utilizes natural language processing (NLP) technology. This system enables the annual processing of more than 760,000 citations, from 5600 biomedical journals, in 36 languages (Mork et al., 2017). The scale itself could be a perfect measure of the effectiveness and popularity of the system. In addition, according to the study by Mork et al. (2017), articles recommended through the MTI indexing system demonstrated a steady 40% usage growth in the period 2002 – 2014. Full-text search is a relatively recent invention. It first became available in the 1990s and allows for searching a body of text or a full-sentence within a corpus of texts. The problem with this approach is that within a densely-filled database, with a multitude of unstructured texts, the results of the search are rather unsatisfying (Natarajan, Bruchez, Coles, Shaw, & Cebollero, 2015). In addition, the technology has a rather low precision rate, attributable to the language and the problems of programming a mechanism that would be able to cope with its ambiguity. Full-text search is rather convenient due to the ability to find the exact words if a user knows them. The technique also incorporates indexing and adds keywords and stop words that increase the precision of a query. Full-text search is always advancing and uses a variety of search algorithms, including the field-restricted, fuzzy, phrase, and Boolean. However, in scientific culture, when an author uses other scientists’ ideas, it is required that they should paraphrase them and cite the source. In these circumstances, a full-text search is not particularly useful. Mork et al. (2017) see the future in combining the stron
Introduction The article “The Organizational Reasons Police Departments Don’t Change” shows clearly that there are underlying issues that make it impossible to have any meaningful change in American police departments. The organizational culture embraced by different police departments supports various malpractices such as inequality and the use of discriminatory policies. The current training practice also fails to consider the major issues affecting different citizens. For instance, the use of force has been to be justifiable, especially when “an officer mistakenly shoots an unarmed suspect who only appeared to be reaching for a gun” (Armacost, 2016, p. 3). These aspects continue to affect the welfare of many societies in the country. A new change can, therefore, present better organizational practices capable of saving more American lives. Problem Identification The main problem described in this article is that of police misconduct. This kind of misconduct explains why many police departments have failed to change. This far-reaching problem explains why many lives continue to be lost daily in the country. According to the author, police-related shootings have led to over 590 deaths in 2016 alone in the country (Armacost, 2016). The external environmental forces presented below portray the major causes of this problem. Government/Political Environment The regulations promoted by the government can be used to describe the nature of the American police force. Many studies have been done to understand why police brutality is a major concern affecting many minority groups. Politicians have failed to propose better strategies that can transform America’s police departments (Armacost, 2016). Economic forces Although many whites have access to a wide range of job opportunities, individuals from minority groups struggle to have better lives. These trends have forced many African Americans to engage in various criminal activities (Armacost, 2016). Consequently, institutional racism has dictated the performance of the country’s police force. Social factors According to this article, minority groups have higher chances of being frisked, stopped, and arrested. Many police officers believe that African Americans have higher chances of becoming criminals (Armacost, 2016). These stereotypes have contributed a lot to the nature of this problem. Issues such as the distribution of wealth and educational inequality also explain why many unemployed African Americans are victimized. Legal factors The legal rules applied in America make it impossible for many trainees to learn from deadly blunders. For example, the legal framework supports “police brutality whereby officers are allowed to assume a specific level of violence in the situations they face” (Armacost, 2016, p. 3). The law also gives police officers the benefit of the doubt whenever they use brutal force (Armacost, 2016). Public Opinion The nature of this problem is also attributable to the public opinion existing in the United States. Many people believe strongly that the police force is brutal and r
Autism Autism is primarily a physiological problem that results due to problems that occur during the neurodevelopmental process. The disorder manifests itself in the early years of a child’s life, with long-lasting effects that are not curable but controllable and easy to deal with on condition that, the concerned parties take the necessary intervention actions after suspecting that a child is suffering from the disorder. The disorder interferes with the growth of important human interactions, for example, the ability to express one’s emotionality in a required manner. In addition to problems with emotional expression, the disorder also affects individual abilities to mingle with others freely and in a required manner (Bolton and Baron-Cohen pp. 1-9). Other problems that this disorder causes include speech problems and in extreme cases mental retardation. Currently, there exists no clinical mechanism of detecting the disease hence, its diagnosis is a physical observation exercise primary on the behavioral patterns of a child. It is important to note here that, unlike other developmental disorders, effects resulting from this disorder are diminishable
In order to know the market condition for any product, conducting a survey is one of the very important ways. Any product can be surveyed around the market and it is not dependent on the scale and size of it. The individual who is responsible for surveying the product has to understand the nature of the potential users of the product and the possibility to reach the users of the product in order to get a good survey result. For example, we consider a model of sports shoe and discuss about the survey related to the sports shoe. In this case, the surveyor has to understand the potential customers of the shoe, and he has to reach to them. Here our product is a sports shoe and so we have to go to the individuals who are interested in sports and people who regularly work out. Sometimes, surveying in local gymnasiums and sport clubs, where players come to practice, can be a good choice for the person to survey (Alreck and Settle, 2004). First, the venue of the survey is formulated. After settling about the place, we now have to settle about the questions to be asked. After that, the mode of the subjects to be surveyed is identified. There will always be two groups, the first group will always be people who have used the product personally and the second group will be the persons who want to use the product. The mode of interviewing will be different in both the cases. The basic questions for the first group can be observed as follows:   * What are the good elements of the shoe?   * Why the shoe is comfortable and better than rest of the shoes in that price range?   * What are the aspects that the company can improve upon?   * What are the suggestions by the person who is using the shoe to the manufactures and how will he rate the product?   * Does the person is really satisfied with the product and want to buy the same when he would have to buy a new pair of sports shoes? But for the second group, those who have not bought the product and yet want to buy it in near future, the set of questions will be slightly different:   * Why the person wants to buy the specific brand of shoe and not any thing other in that price range?   * What are the unique selling points of the shoe according to them?   * What are the bad points of the sports shoes that they are using now and why they are prompting to buy a new pair of shoes, specifically on which we are conducting the survey? (Hayashi, 2007) However, there are some factors to be considered wh