ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Caring for the environment is an obligation of every mindful person living on the planet, yet quite often, people do not even notice how they harm nature and decided to ignore topical issues related to ecology. One of them is plastic waste which, according to researchers, can be traced to the 1960s (Warren). Since that period, not much has changed in terms of efforts to address the phenomenon, and plastic pollution has been steadily growing in volume and size over the past decades affecting more areas around the world. Plastics are recognized as problematic and negatively impacting the environment, especially marine life. It is important to view the issue of plastic waste from the historical perspective to identify its causes and ultimate impact sensed today, as well as to list the viable options to solve it. Causes As it was mentioned earlier, the problem of plastic pollution has been in existence for more than fifty years. Scientists used continuous plankton recorders (CPRs) devices which filter marine organisms are designed to be towed by vessels and discovered plastic entanglements as early as in the 1960s (Warren). The number of plastic items collected by CPRs grew every decade, reaching its peak in the 2000s. This pattern overlaps with the rise in the utilization of plastics in commercial products in the form of packaging and primary materials. Moreover, according to research, in 2012 alone, factories produced more than two hundred tonnes of plastic, and this trend is expected to develop further at the rate 4% increase in total volume every year (Ryan 2). While the extensive manufacturing of plastic goods is certainly one of the causes of the problem, there are others which are equally as crucial. Poor waste management on the part of countries can be considered one of the major factors behind the problem of plastic pollution. Lack of government regulations and sound policies to establish a mechanism for recycling used plastic or effectively containing it ultimately results in pollution. In 2016, eleven percent of plastic waste generated by all nations on the planet entered the aquatic ecosystem (Borrelle et al. 1515). This situation could be prevented if the authorities passed legislation which would require waste management companies to adhere to strict recycling standards. Marine debris generated by ships, boats, and other vessels, as well as fishermen, is another cause of pollution. The cause which is often ignored by public officials but poses great risks to health and safety is microplastics. For instance, six kilograms of synthetic clothes washed in a washing machine can produce more than seven million microplastic fibers, which then enter the marine environment (Napper and Thompson 2). The shows that there are numerous causes of the problem, which a
Introduction In this paper, we will discuss the elements of ‘racism’ portrayed in the two books, “A Raisin in the Sun”, written by Lorraine Hansbury, and “The Child by Tiger”, by Thomas Wolfe. A Raisin in the Sun This book was written by Lorraine at a time when America was undergoing the “separate but equal” concept of living, and education. The South suffered a great deal from the previously segregated school system, in which the blacks and whites were to go to separate schools for educating themselves, there was no such thing as a unified schooling system for all. Even churches, parks, and other recreational facilities were segregated according to skin color. The purpose of writing this book was to show that the conditions prevailing in the North were not better off than those in the South. The play revolves around characters that portray the human condition, and relationships, rather than a specific incident. The bonds between parents and children, and the little conflicts that take place in everyday lives, forms of human oppression, are all depicted in this piece of writing. A Child by Tiger This story is about a neighborhood named Shepperton, and a few scenes have been narrated, which once again show the elements of racism. The same story could have been narrated in any other place where racism occurs. The blacks have been mistreated by white-skinned people, and this was an old practice in the United States. The story includes the killing of people and the transformation of personalities in these killings. A certain aura of enjoyment also exists in some peoples’ hearts, while harming or killing other fellow beings. The character of Dick in this story is shown to have had many changes in his life. He possessed a rifle which he wanted to keep a secret till Christmas, but his two acquaintances ended up killing him, riddling his body with bullets. It has been shown that the Church always taught the ‘whites’ to show hatred for the ‘blacks’, and this may have been what had happened with Dick too. He might have hated the whites, and this may have resulted in the many changes in his personality in the story. The whole society has turned against him because everyone has been educated to hate the opposite colored skin people. The feelings of anger, aggressiveness, and racism were the cause of his decline. His demise turned out to be an honor for the white people, which was a contrast to the way he had been treated by them. The author has tried to justify the killings of the people, but the humiliation of Dick could not be justified. The story shows that no matter how much time will pass from the freedom of the black people, the white people will never accept the fact that they are all one, as sons of God, and they are in reality, equal to one another. Conclusion Both the narrations have shown the segregation between the whites and the blacks, and prospects of racial inequality. In some instances, the blacks have overpowered the whites, while in other places, the superiority of the blacks over the wh
Introduction Today, more than ever before, the American education system seems more interested in nurturing students’ attitudes than on what can realistically and ideally be called real teaching. This strategy of learning, mainly touted as ‘affective education,’ treats issues of self-esteem and personality development as the ultimate objective of education, eliciting feelings of misgivings and doubt among parents and guardians keen on the type of education given to their children (Lindslay para. 1). It may, however, mesmerize many educational pundits and parents when the knowledge of the origins and development of this particular system of education is availed to them. Affective education draws its origins from an earlier trend of education known as values education (Hardin 23). It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper to critically evaluate values education in terms of attempting to understand its origins, theoretical orientations, usage, and its influence in the American education system. Before engaging in the analysis, it is imperative to note that the American education system, especially in the public sector, has been influenced by a wide allay of trends that are introduced or evolve to cope with particular situations (Tauber 20). For instance, pundits argue that both affective and proactive approaches to education arose when teachers were desperately in need of mechanisms and strategies to control issues of discipline in the classroom (Tauber 23). These trends, though heavily criticized in some quarters for deviating attention to issues of student independence and morality at the expense of learning, are indeed working to maintain discipline, both at the classroom and societal level. Supporters of these strategies argue that for real learning to take place, an enabling environment must be created in the classroom, and teachers are at the center of creating such an environment by acting as facilitators rather than controllers (Johnston et al 58). This line of thinking influenced, to a large extent, the evolution of values education in American education system during the 1970’s. Values Education: Definition and Origin According to Thapar, “…values education is education in values and education towards the inculcation of values” either in school or non-school settings (para. 1). Values education draws largely from character education, which is inarguably thought to be as old as mankind, precisely because civilizations the world over becomes unsustainable in the absence of character (Tauber 23). Historically, generations have transferred their social, cultural, educational, and political values to subsequent generations to ensure preservation. Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of all times, presumptuously argued that the demonstration of good behavior habits and ingrained virtues by an individual represented good character (Rogers 7). As s
Introduction ‘Humanitarian war’ is a contradiction in terms. War is an act of force that is used by rival parties for blending the enemies into the favor of their own will. Whenever and wherever any conflicts arise between the two revelries then such predisposition for blending the other party has been being used by the so willing merger party. Another authoritative definition on war can be presented: “War is an act of force which aims at making the enemy comply with our will”, writes Carl von Clausewitz at the beginning of last century. War is one kind of means of” (Ditchev, n.d.) establishing the concerned country’s selfness, recognizance, nationality, and self preservation. Absolute war establishes such a dynamic relationship between one rival party’s own will and the will of the other: one rival party’s will incites the other’s and vice versa. The leading contender parties could compare this to paranoia that is called ‘interpretative mayhem’ as the individual attained by such disarray sees the different elements of realty correctly, but misinterprets the connection between them. Military Affairs in the Wars “Most military analysts now agree that advances in military technology require a fundamental reappraisal and revision of operational concepts to ensure that full advantage is taken of them” (Ibrügger, November 1998). Such a revolution in military affairs has happened many times in histor
Theory: Social Learning Theory Key concepts One of the key concepts of social learning theory is the concept of modeling. This works through the observation of behavioral patterns and making conclusions based on these observations (Learning Theory of Careers Choice & Counseling n. d.). There are three different types of modeling; they are live model, verbal instruction, and symbolic modeling. Another important concept for this theory is reciprocal determinism. Key theorists Albert Bandura. Appropriate populations for the theory All of the populations are appropriate for this theory, social learning is essential for each member of society. The process of social learning of the behaviors continues through people’s lifetime. Inappropriate populations for the theory The individuals inappropriate for the application of social learning theory are the individuals that happened to be isolated from life in the society and interactions with other people. At the same time, even children that grew up with wild animals have certain skills of social behavior. Therapist’s role The therapist must be able to notice, point out, and analyze behavioral patterns in order to find the
In the novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich, Leo Tolstoy explores the experiences of a person who has to re-evaluate his entire life and his relations with other people. The protagonist is confronted the fact of his inevitable death, and this awareness prompts him to reflect on his identity as well his value for others. To a great extent, the narrative helps the author to portray the self-discovery of the main character. In particular, Ivan Ilyich cherishes an illusion that he is a successful person who has achieved happiness; however, his terminal illness makes him see his shallowness and lack of empathy which is critical for the happiness of a human being. These are the main questions that should be examined in greater detail. They can be viewed as the central themes examined by Tolstoy in this literary work. It should be noted that at the beginning of the novella, Leo Tolstoy describes people’s reaction to the death of the protagonist. For instance, Ivan Ilyich’s colleagues, who purport to be his friends, think only about their promotion, especially the opportunity to occupy the post held by the protagonist (Tolstoy unpaged). They have no concern for the wellbeing of his relatives. Furthermore, his wife feels relief because she was too tired of Ivan Ilyich’s screams. This is one of the details can attract the attention of the reader. By examining the behavior of various characters, the author demonstrates that other people were not emotionally attached to the protagonist. This is one of the main arguments that can be made. Later, the author looks directly at the experiences of the main character. He perceives himself as an “intelligent polished, lively and agreeable man” (Tolstoy unpaged). On the whole, he believes that his life has been quite successful. It seems to him that he has fulfilled his talents. According to the social standards of the nineteenth century, Ivan Ilyich could even be perceived as a role model for others. This is one of the main issues that can be identified. On the whole, Tolstoy shows that up to a certain moment, the main character remains fully satisfied with his himself. Nevertheless, his terminal illness forces him to reassess his worldview. To a great extent, the narrative shows that the protagonist led a very shallow life; in particular, he only “amused himself pleasantly and decorously” (Tolstoy unpaged). Moreover, the protagonist understands that he never paid attention to the inner qualities of other people. For example, his wife proves to be an ill-tempered person who does not care about the needs of other people. The
Masculinity refers to the possession of characteristics or qualities that are typical of a man. The concept of masculinity has been given focus by various scholars. Being a man and possessing characteristics considered masculine may not be the same. There are specific ways in which men are expected to behave for them to be considered masculine. Although O’Brien (36) argues that boys are naturally masculine and have no desire to be something different, there are incidents where some male individuals have admitted that they would be happier if they were born otherwise. This necessitates the question, Is masculinity a natural phenomenon that comes automatically the moment an individual is born a male? It is true that when one is born a male, he will most certainly exhibit masculine characteristics. However, this is not always guaranteed. Some characteristics are considered more masculine than feminine. Courage is one such characteristic. The society expects men to be more courageous than women. Courage is therefore considered masculine. However, not all men are courageous enough. Does this make them lesser men? To answer this question, we may view it from the other side of the coin, should we consider courageous women as more masculine? What are the levels of courage that one would consider enough to make an individual a man? O’Brien answers these questions in parts in this book. As a child grows, the father is the figure of courage and a symbol of protection. As a boy child grows, he is expected to be a winner in the activities he undertakes. That is when he will be considered more masculine. Femininity as a characteristic is more submissive, less aggressive and the society has not put as much pressure on women as it has on men. Bowker feels the pressure of failing to save his friend Kiowa from death in the shift field (O’Brien 178).He feels that as a man, wining should be an embraced habit in the least, or just a natural phenomenon at best. Some men who lack courage would find mechanisms to counter this weakness. Azar strikes off as a very cruel man. He is able to perform many acts of courage. As the story continues, we realize that he is emotionally weak and uses cruelty as a defense mechanism to hide that weakness. Courage and masculinity are concepts that are deeply intertwined in our culture. Courage is almost taken as the other definition for a man. A man without courage is taken to be non-consequential when it comes to handling matters that require men. On pages 20 and 21, the author uses two sentences that give the other side of courage, which is cowardice. He uses the statements, “cowardice barely contained” and “too frightened to be cowards” to show that even those we expect to be the most courageous in society (men in the armed forces), cowardice cannot be totally ruled out. There are instances where cowardice will overrule courage. This is a normal phenomenon, especially when someone is faced with a challenging situation that threatens li
The Stipulation Inherent in the Nature of the Sale Contract (al-Shart al-ladhi Yaqtadih al-Aqd) Questions have been raised as to how valid an E-contract is especially bearing in mind the Islamic school rules. There have been changes on terms of contracts and these changes have actually helped modernize business and worldwide acceptance of internet transactions. The progressions of computers, telecommunication and information have certainly brought change to the commerce world. There has been integration electronic operation worldwide. Electronic trading entails the selling and buying of products, services and information by means of a computer network (internet). By E-commerce we imply at least two entities transacting via the internet and those agreements engaging two lawful entities via the internet stand there as media even if there is no awareness of its personal ownership. E-agreements must be carefully drafted to particularly meet agreement specifications. Sometime it is not important to stipulate conditions on the sale contract and therefore to append a phrase to a sale agreement saying that the acquired item becomes the assets of the purchase is tautological. This requirement is in accordance with the definition of distinctiveness of sale by itself. On top to this sale contract and comparable standard uniqueness of sale for instance price payment and subsequent ownership of the purchased item- the Shafi’i and Hanafi schools comprises of this group of conditions that branch from the particular character of the sale in question. But any sale conditions that are in accordance with the sale agreement do not nullify the sale agreement. In reference to this sale stipulation, if a person or an entity purchases an item on the provision that he becomes the owner, or if the seller conditions a price be paid on the object, or if it is a garment and the buyer wants to wear it, then the sale is permissible. This is because there is no breach of the sale agreement as stipulated in sale clauses and therefore the citing of these clauses is basically recognizing the nature of the agreement. In this case there will be no quashing of the sale.1 The Stipulation Appropriate to the Sale Contract (al-Shart al-Mula’im li al-Aqd) There are two types of clauses appended to the sale contract even though not as a necessity to the main terms of sale agreement,
The Shafi’i school of thought is the second largest school of jurisprudence which is dominant in such countries as Yemen, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Kurdistan, the Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Maldives, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Indonesia and the North Caucasus (see fig. 1). It is also employed by communities in such countries as Iraq, India, Kuwait, South Africa, Cambodia, Thailand, Swahili Coast, Sri Lanka and some other parts of the world. The major peculiarity of this school is that it is grounded on the Quran and the Sunnah (like of the schools of thought) but it also uses “one’s utmost rational intellect” (Shawamreh, 2012, p. 202). It is believed that if the solution is not explicitly found in the Quran or Sunnah, the person has to make a rational choice. Likewise, when praying, if the direction of the Ka’ba cannot be identified (the person is in a desert), the human can use signs (the stars, the rivers and so on) given by God and deduce the correct direction (Shawamreh, 2012). Fig. 1. Sunni schools of thought with a focus on Shafi’i. As seen from the spread of the school of thought, the contemporary Muslim society tends to employ rationality to govern different aspects of social life. The twentieth century is characterized by advances in all spheres of people’s lives and numerous inventions and discoveries. The world in the twentieth century was rapidly evolving and societies (including Muslim states) required corresponding rules. Thus, the pragmatic approach was used in development of The Iraqi Code of 1951, The Egyptian Civil Code of 1948, the Kuwait Code and Commercial Law of 1960-61 and the Libyan Code of 1953 (An-Na’im, 2005). It is necessary to add that the twenty-first century is characterized by even more dramatic changes. Globalization has brought new trends in development of the societies. Muslim states have political and trade relationships with each other as well as with the rest of the world. Admittedly, this cooperation leads to development of certain regulations that can be universal. The Shafi’i school of thought is, apparently, ready to respond to the needs of the new times. Ramadan (2009) argues that this school of thought advocates cooperation with the west rather than confrontation. Those adhering to the conventions and ideas of the Shafi’i school of thought believe that the world is transforming and lots of issues cannot be found in the Quran or Sunnah. Therefore, people have to use pragmatic approach to enable their societies to develop. Cooperation with the west is one of results of such thinking. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the Shafi’i school of thought is one of most widespread and most corresponding to the needs of the contemporary society. This school is based on principles of rationality and, hence, Muslims states are more adjustable to the changes taking place in the world. More traditional and orthodox schools can be lost in their desire to adhere to traditions as sometimes the world requires the change in certain spheres. This school of thought has already had certain impact on the political geography as more and more Musli