ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
With the increase of management challenges, organizations have realized that leadership is essential for growth. In line with its importance, the concept of leadership has attracted discussions in management literature. Despite the agreement that lies in the varied roles of leadership, scholars have not come up with a distinct definition of this term. This paper will utilize classical literature to provide three different definitions of “Leadership.” A Differentiated Role Bass (4) defined Leadership through its differentiation role. Derived from the Role Theory, this definition is based on the assumption that individuals take different positions in groups within an institution. In the role theory, each position has an accurate definition that provides each group member with a role. For instance, as argued by Paige (65), while some individuals are born to rule, others are born to serve. According to Gordon (34), leadership concept was viewed as the interaction between individuals in a group. In such groups, each member had a unique role. As far as this position is concerned, differentiation was brought to create varied levels of influence within an organization. Bass (17) argued that through its differentiation role, leadership should integrate group functions so as to maintain unity of actions in achieving organizational objectives. An Exercise of Influence Leadership assumes the exercise of influence. As an exercise of influence, leadership focuses on the move towards generality. To define this term, Neustadt (29) viewed the concept of leadership as persuasion of change in how people conduct themselves. Furthermore, Bass (13) saw leadership as a process through which people influence activities within a group so as to achieve a common goal. This definition inclines to the interactive nature of relationships that exist between masters and their servants. To further strengthen this definition, Bass (17) noted that leadership focuses on individuals’ effort to change their behaviors. Therefore, when a member of an organization effectively manages change, he is considered to be a successful leader. On the other hand, if other organizational members are rewarded or reinforced to change, it is viewed as effective leadership. In this definition, influence implies that there are varied extents through which individuals can influence each other within an organization. However, there does not exist a leadership influence that can work in the absence of a feedback relation. Therefore, in this case, influence is the primary role of a leader. As argued by Miller (65), while people view leadership as a discretionary influence, managers become leaders when they utilize opportunities in exerting influence over actions that go beyond the description of their roles. A Form of Persuasion Lastly, leadership is viewed as a form of persuasion. To come up with this unique definition, theorists have viewed leadership as the successful persuasion action which takes place in the absence of coercion (Bass 14). For instance, af
Introduction The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the main body of the United Nations (U.N.) that has powers to pass obligations about peace and security that are binding to the 193 member states. It is composed of ten elected members and five permanent members who meet regularly to evaluate the international security status and take appropriate measures that relate to matters that threaten peace and security. The key issues it assesses include civil wars, terrorism, control of arms, and natural disasters. The five permanent member states have veto powers while the ten elected member states do not have the powers. On the other hand, the charter of the United Nations is a foundational treaty; it is a constituent treaty that binds all member states (Mahmood 117). Therefore, the following paper analyses obligations of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as per the terms of the charter of the United Nations. Powers of Enforcement The main responsibility of the UNSC under the charter is to maintain peace and security. The powers are provided in different articles of the charter. For example, in chapter V, the member states confer responsibility to UNSC to act on their behalf. In article 10, the UNSC is given the powers to discuss issues that concern international peace and security. The detailed powers of the UNSC are contained in articles 24, 25, and 26 of the U.N. charter (Liivoja 584). Article 24 confers responsibility to the Council to maintain international peace and security. This is normally invoked during discussions that relate to the appropriateness of the Council’s mandate to include situations or a thematic idea concerning its competencies (United Nations par. 3). Concerning the powers provided in article 24, in the period between 2010 and 2011, the Security Council took actions as per provisions of Chapter VII of the charter. This entailed imposing measures against Eretria, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Libya. One of the resolutions was to end enforcement action against Libya. This was done under the obligations provided in article 41, which states that the Security Council has the powers to make decisions that do not involve the use of force to coerce states to abide by the council’s decisions. Article 41 of the U.N. charter gives it the power to impose sanctions. The provision gives the council the powers to call upon the U.N. members to apply the resolved measures which may involve interruptions of economic relations, rail, sea, postal, radio, air, and other communions and severance of diplomatic relations (Liivoja 589). Article 25 gives the powers that ensure that the member states accept decisions made by the Security Council; this implies that the decisions made by the council are binding. Article 26 gives the council the powers of regulation of armaments. Based on this, UNSC formulates plans to establish systems to be used to regulate armaments
America seems to be fighting a loosing battle against obesity. This is reflected in the lasts statistics indicating that despite the latest efforts by the government as well as nutritionist against obesity, the rate of obesity is increasing and currently it is at an all time high. This is ironical bearing in mind the amount of information in the media encouraging people to adopt healthy eating habit in effect to contain the increase of obesity. Certain social group seems to be the most affected by this situation that has attained pandemic status in America. They include lower income class American citizens due to their limited dietary options as well as women. Obesity is occasioned by a number of factors including unhealthy weight loss methods as well as media weight loss campaigns that seems to objectify women bodies as such leading to low self esteem. Media campaign on healthy eating is thus contributing to the increase of obesity in America. Recent figures portray a young and increasingly obese American generation. It has now been reported that about 20% of young American are obsess and that the rate is increasing at an alarming rate. This is despite the concerted media campaigns that encourage people to adopt healthy eating habits. To being with, healthy eating campaigns have sexualized women bodies thus turning them into objects. This mainly occurs through media adverts by corporations that do advertise healthy food. In these adverts, lithe, slender women are used to encourage people, especially women to eat healthy to achieve such status. As such healthy eating campaigns use extreme feminine beauty as a product of healthy eating. Furthermore such weight loss TV programs as The Biggest Loser and Celebrity Fit Club, only add to the objectification of women bodies. As scientific research has revealed, such objectification and sexualization does have severe emotional consequences characterized by low self esteem. There is a knowledge gap in America public about healthy and unhealthy eating habits. This gap is occasioned by the confusion created by the excessive media campaigns and advertising slogans by health food companies. Many people with weight concerns, especially women develop a consciousness about their bodies as a result of these public healthy eating campaigns. As such they are more predisposed to adopting unhealthy eating habits such as eating too little food, inducing vomiting when they ea and use of diet pills. At worse, people with this condition result to fasting. They thus become ashamed of their eating habits and as such may acquire uncontrolled eating habits. This means that at times they may experience moments of excessive eating followed by induced vomiting, or fasting. What they do not know is that such weigh loss methods just expunge extra food from their bodies, but not extra calories. Calories thus accumulate in their bodies and as such, lead to weight gains as well as increased risk of lifestyle diseases. This increase
The values supporting family privacy and sanctity are firmly rooted in society and the judiciary, as evident in the police response to domestic violence cases. The police have been accused of ambivalence by their dismissive attitudes and through sexism and empathy towards perpetrators of violence against women. Conventional beliefs among the police on gender roles and women’s social image leading to stereotyping them as weak, maternal, and vulnerable are partly the cause of such behavior. Indeed, police responses to domestic violence cases are determined by extralegal factors such as their beliefs and attitudes, individualism, and communal ideologies (Wang et al., 2019). These factors influence their empathy towards perpetrators of domestic violence. Bongirno et al. (2020), citing existing theory on female-victim empathy and male-perpetrator empathy, contend that men have lesser empathy for women victims even as women are often blamed for being violated. However, some recommendations have been made to change police attitudes and culture towards domestic violence. The above issues can be resolved by developing a culture that transverse the social, educational, and cultural values. They must also adopt practical approaches towards domestic violence through training. Indeed, the police must understand the individualism experienced by every victim of domestic violence. They must not generalize such events, stereotype, or have an attitude towards the phenomenon. Moreover, they should change their attitudes towards women and accept that men can be victims of abuse. Practical training can thus help deconstruct and alter conventional gender-based beliefs, including sexist ideologies in the judiciary. Consistent advocacy and promotion of proactive attitudes have also been shown to stop the vice that continues to disenfranchise women victims of domestic violence.
The main challenge of considering racism across time is strongly associated with terminology. Lack of a narrow-focused definition leads to misconception among the population in relation to the objective identification of its contextual issues, including historic background, social processes, and reforms. Introduction of democratic racism has resulted in social unrest among the members of indigenous population. The very existence of reforms and policies relating to the racial inequality signifies to the evidence of differentiated, subjective attitude of the white population to the First Nations people. Adjusted treaties and regulations take control of the social and economic position of minority groups in Canada. Hence, although there is no direct testimony to the overt discrimination, the ability to embrace full membership in Canadian society is largely affected by the ability of the Native and Non-native population to treat the reality objectively. The Canadian history testifies to the evidence of inappropriate treatment of the population and defines the implicit dominance of the White population that takes its privileges and superiority for granted. At this point, the rights of white people have rarely been questioned in the course of social history whereas indigenous population has been suffering from unjust treatment and cruel repression on the part of the dominating Non-native population. As a result of t
Introduction An organization is basically an entity that is made of a number of components and strives to achieve a particular goal. The nature of these goals vary, they can be either monetary or non-monetary (Jackson & Schuler, 1985). As mentioned before an organization comprises of a number of components. These components have to work together and come in contact with each other to ensure they achieve the desired results. When two or more entities are in such close contact with each other problems become an unavoidable phenomenon (Jackson & Schuler, 1985). There are a number of problems that can occur within an organization. However, there are a few significant problems that can be considered as the root of numerous other problems. Things that could go wrong Poor communication Communication is an important aspect of any organization. Through proper communication employees and employers are able to efficiently convey their messages to each other (Miller, 2012). Employers are able to explain what exactly the role of an employee is within an organization and employees are able to convey any confusion or difficulty they have while carrying out a particular task (Miller, 2012). The absence of effective communication from within an organization could result in a number of problems within an organization. It is due to lack of communication employees are unaware of their role within the organization and have little or no knowledge of their responsibilities (Latham, 2010). Moreover, there is even confusion regarding the exact goals of the organizations. Employees tend to make poor decisions on a daily basis primarily because they are not aware of the direction in which the company is headed. Communication may seem like a small issue; however, due to ineffective communication organizations face a barrage of huge problems that could have severe implications on their daily operations (Latham, 2010). Ineffective decision making Decision making is a process through which organizations try and assess the current situation within a market in order to establish goals for the near future. Through the process of decision making, an organization is able to decide what step it is to take next. Effective decision making ensures that the organization is provided with up to date information on which it can base its decision. It identifies both the positive and negative consequences of a particular decision. An ineffective decision making process usually has
The poem The Camp of Souls by Isabella Valancy Crawford can be described as a monologue spoken by a spirit of an aboriginal returning from the realm of death and revising the that of the mortals. To make such an argument regarding the poem, one would need to have a deep understanding of the cultural context of the poem and the lives of the Natives. The poem makes several subtle and direct references to some aspects of the Natives’ religion and practices. Therefore, a key question that needs to be explored is whether the poem is simply a sentimental effusion made for sales and entertainment or it is a serious exploration of Canadian native culture. This essay argued that the understanding of the Canadian native culture appears to be too shallow, which could only make the poem a piece for sales and entertainment. This argument will be supported by digging deeper into the spirituality of the Canadian natives and applying the views of such critics of such post-colonial writers as Edward Said. The background information of the poem is a good starting point in making the argument that her poem was simply for sales and entertainment. She was born into a cultured and educated family, which was quite impoverished. Her family moved to Canada in 1858 where their hardships continued (Zeller). Her father was tried and convicted of misappropriating public funds which left her, her mother, and her siblings to supper in poverty. Crawford’s meager earnings from literary work were depended upon by her family, which should be seen as a reason to produce as many interesting pieces as possible (Zeller). Having immigrated from Europe and gained new experience in Canada, it can be argued that Isabella might have been attracted to the culture of the Canadian natives. However, the time it would need for one to be fully acquainted with a foreign culture could be long. It is important to emphasize that this position is only based on a few assumptions. The most important assumption is that a European immigrant would be more interested in converting the natives t
The auto industry evolves at the level of world technologies; therefore, Tesla electric vehicles are widespread. They are considered more environmentally friendly since they use gas instead of gasoline, which, when burned, releases hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, thereby polluting it. The question is how much use of electric and petrol cars and their developing potential harm the environment. In the United States, fuel production is state-dependent, then the use of cars in northern areas is less environmentally friendly. Some regions use fossil resources, including coal, for fuel production. At the same time, in places like California, people have found the opportunity to use renewable supplies. The assembly of electric vehicles uses about a third more carbon monoxide emissions than gasoline models. It can be argued that the setting-up and operation of an electric vehicle in terms of harmful emissions has a lower rate than just the operation of a car with an internal combustion engine. Driving costs for electric vehicles are lower, increasing environmental friendliness. Gasoline cars burn more energy because they do not use their power potential. It means that the vehicle does not return the energy spent on the heat when braking at traffic lights or standing in a traffic jam. Moreover, they do not have the opportunity to develop and transform into a more sustainable option. Electric vehicle fuels are now fired from coal, but renewable resources may be discovered in the future to get away from pollution (Lovell, 2020). Extraction and the ability to maximize fuel efficiency through the success of new technologies. I believe that the advent of electric vehicles is a breakthrough that scientists have been able to achieve. Energy production is not entirely environmentally friendly at this stage, but there is a direction to strive for. They emit less carbon dioxide due to better engine performance. Also, over time, all manufacturers will have to switch to the new technology, which can help find better production and operational solutions. Reference Lovell, J. (2020). EVs: Are they really more efficient? Australian Energy Council.
Introduction Confucianism is a philosophy, a way of life, a political system, and a religion originated by a Chinese philosopher known as Confucius (Moore-Oldstone 23). In China, it is predominantly adopted as a system of social and ethical philosophy that has great impact on the lifestyles of its adherents. During its founding, Confucianism was based on religious principles and teachings that were aimed at establishing a society that revered positive values and certain aspects of Chinese traditions (Yao 9). Confucianism is also applied as a religion even though not as a mainstream one. Its religious aspect is based on the fact that it plays an important role in weaving the moral fabric of the societies in which it is practiced. Its principles and beliefs are based on the teachings of its founder who lived between 551 and 479 B.C.E (Yao 5). Confucius did not intend to start a religion through his teachings though he had many disciples who followed his teachings. This accounts for the reason why Confucianism is not a mainstream religion but largely a way of life and thinking. It is the foundation on which the values, social codes, and numerous traditions of the Chinese are based on. Its beliefs and principles are also practiced in many eastern countries such as Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. Confucius Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived between the years 551 and 479 B.C.E (Yao 5). He had great influence in the fields of philosophy and politics during the Chinese Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was also a teacher and politician who had great impact on Chinese history (Moore-Oldstone 24). His teachings, beliefs, and principles were later adopted to form a system of ethics and philosophy referred to as Confucianism. The core tenets of Confucianism include governmental morality, honesty, justice, and the uprightness of relationships between people. The teachings of Confucius were overshadowed by others during an era when different schools of thought competed to prevail. However, his philosophy was revived and embraced after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty (Yao 15). Historians credit Confucius for authoring several Chinese texts whose origin has been debated intensely in contemporary society. His teachings were founded on the traditional teachings and beliefs of the Chinese. He was a strong advocate for the worsh
Even if successful results are achieved after surgery, and the health problem is solved, such unpleasant symptoms as nausea and vomiting are hard to control and predict. Some patients have no reaction to anesthesia and wake up without additional problems. However, up to 30% of the general population report postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) being observed as a frequent complication (Sizemore & Grose, 2019). If patients do not have vomiting or nausea, they are discharged, these symptoms could emerge in several days in 35%-45% of cases (Hegarty, Buckley, & McCaul, 2016). The physiology of PONV remains a complex and poorly investigated concept in medicine, which influences the quality of life. Therefore, nurses, as well as other medical workers, continue investigating this phenomenon to prevent its growth and help postoperative patients. Regarding the effects and frequency of PONV, multiple interventions are developed to stop nausea and vomiting. They include prophylaxis with dexamethasone and ondansetron, or pharmacological treatment with methylprednisolone or perphenazine (Dewinter et al., 2018; Shaikh, Nagarekha, Heagde, & Marutheesh, 2016). The use of a scopolamine patch as an antiemetic preventive measure for postoperative patients might also predict nausea and vomiting. Scopolamine patches are frequently used as a part of antiemetic therapy. Patients need to remove the symptoms of nausea and vomiting after surgery in order not to challenge their organism or cause some new problems. Migirov and Yusupov (2019) discuss two types of interventions to use scopolamine in the therapeutic system: transdermal and oral. A transdermal method helps to minimize adverse effects and increase the bioavailability of the substance. Oral scopolamine is effective when it is combined with the patch applied transdermally. Still, both methods are not properly studied, and many questions occur when the decision to reduce vomiting effects has to be made. In this paper, attention has to be paid to the use of scopolamine patch in order to alleviate postoperative nausea and vomiting. Increased risks of PONV are observed among female patients, non-smokers, young people, and those who were under long-time anesthesia (Migirov & Yusupov, 2019). Therefore, sometimes, the patch is placed before surgery to predict the adverse effects after. The location of the patch, its location, and appropriateness for a patient have to be mentioned, and the role of nurses is not to skip this step. Within the frames of this capstone project, it is planned to discuss the peculiarities of PONV and the causes of why patients experience these symptoms after surgery. As