ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no doubt that both The Communist Manifesto and The Notes from Underground by Dostoyevsky are truly remarkable works. They are sure to be discussed and argued in a decade, maybe even in a century or even in several centuries. If to take The Communist Manifesto only, it can be claimed to be an eternal work which has put its reflection not only on some of the societies in the world but somehow affected everyone living on this planet. One might agree or disagree with the ideas implied and depicted in work written by Marx and Engels, but the issues either stated or implied there are still being argued and widely discussed. One of the questioned issues stated in The Manifesto is human nature. In the book “Notes from Underground” written by the author living under a socialistic regime, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in its turn, presents a problem from another angle, that is, from the side of its life practice. It seems that the author made up his hateful character with the purpose of making fun of some of the issues from the imaginary ideal society. However, it’s not a secret that both great and not very good life experiences that history gives us are set for people’s edification. Utopian communistic countries still remember how hard they tried to achieve the ideas and the radiant tomorrow promised to them by authorities. It is still can not be defined if these ideas were deceitful for both the authorities and people or if they were society-deceitfully oriented, but the fact remains that Cuba, the Soviet Union, China, and the Eastern part of Europe were governed by the communist rule, believe it or not. Many other people in the world, mostly in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern European countries such as Italy, Portugal, Greece, and France, embraced communism in the face of the struggles and revolutions at that time. The authorities believed that human nature is changeable and dynamic. Rather biased than an objective assumption, that human nature is adjustable, stated in The Communist Manifesto , makes people, who blindly believe it, find themselves in ridiculous, not acceptable, and sometimes even self-harming state. In the first place, the point stated in the Manifesto is that human nature might, can, and even should subdue a regime of power in a country. Whatever the regime is, people can accept it and adjust to it. Finally, any of them begin to act according to what is better for them. They saw slavery or feudalism as an example of that. The same is the thought of Dostoyevsky’s character. He willingly accepts the theory and continues to develop it. As he considers himself to be a great theorist, he is meditating in his underground. The theorist made up by the author simply forgets that he is a part of the society, which is driven not by the same ideas as he is. Consequently, the character finds opposition of people who reject his type of behavior as unacceptable in society. He
Sources of Power The Model of Relational Power is one of the three frameworks from which workplace relationships can be approached and analyzed, the positional and the expertise ones being the remaining two. Promoting unity and cooperation among staff members, the identified framework can be viewed as the primary tool for managing conflicts and promoting the required organizational behaviors among the staff members. As a result, by applying the model in the workplace, a manager can improve the staff’s performance by promoting a better communication strategy, enhancing information sharing, and contributing to the cooperation between the employees (Baldwin, 2016). Expertise power as another source of exerting influence serves as the means of encouraging each staff member individually to excel in their performance. The identified source of power should be utilized as the means of encouraging the team members to come up with unique and original solutions to the problems that the company faces. Furthermore, the levels of initiative among the employees are bound to rise with the adoption of the specified strategy and using the promotion of individualism in the workplace as the source of power (Kadushin & Harkness, 2014). Finally, the positional power, which can be defined as the traditional, authoritative approach toward managing the staff, needs to be mentioned. The specified framework can be used to enhance the company’s performance by assigning the employees to a set of clear and unique roles and responsibilities. While lacking communication between the employees and the manager, the framework serves as the foundation for promoting orderliness in the workplace (Kadushin & Harkness, 2014). A Recent Crisis Due to the challenges that the global economic environment incorporates, numerous companies have witnessed serious crises over the past few decades. However, the title of by far the most infamous one should be given to Volkswagen’s emission case. It has been taking immensely powerful efforts for the company to recover, yet even now, it faces hostility from a range of organizations and numerous customers. The case is simple yet quite embarrassing; trying to cheat the emission test, the company equipped its new vehicles with the defeat device that was supposed to mask the high levels of emission. Upon the discovery of the fraud, the firm faced serious legal repercussions and a rapid drop in popularity (Rhodes, 2016). The problems in the design of corporate ethics, the problems with the communication process, and the inadequate use of the company’s resources should be viewed as the key constituents of the crisis. If Volkswagen’s leaders had been promoting the corporate values and ethical standards actively, the instance of fraud would not have been a possibility. Similarly, with the proper information management strategy, the issue would have been disclosed before the cars were sold. Finally, it was the problem with financial resources that compelled t
Introduction The experiment aims at establishing KHT molar solubility in MgSO 4 , Glucose, HCL , and H 2 0 . The test will also ascertain existing variations in the effects as related to other ions. Equilibrium expression is a vital instrument that can be used to illustrate the solubility of a variety of electrolytes. This experiment will attempt to establish the exact solubility of Potassium Bitartrate, which is connoted by [K + ] [HT – ] dissolution as presented in equation 1 below. Equation 1; KHT (s) ⇄K + (aq) + HT – (aq) As summarized in equation 1, equilibrium expectorate is the reciprocal of products over reactants with the exclusion of solids and liquids as a constant value ( K ). As discussed in the Le Chatelier’s Principle, the liquids and solids, connoted by K , are not considered. Based on this principle, the final equation for equilibrium expression for Potassium Bitartrate in this experiment is KHT = [K + ] [HT – ]. The KHT is excluded for the reason that it is solid in the physical state. Therefore, if the results of the experiment established that the constant K is greater than 1 ( K>1 ), it is an indication that the mixture is made up mostly of solubility products. On the other hand, if the constant K is less than 1 ( K<1 ), it will indicate that the mixture is made up mostly of reactants. The experiment will also involve the calculation of the solubility product constants denoted by Ksp of KHT . Ksp is the product of dissolved ions saturation as a fraction of their coefficients. Thus, the calculated molarity of NaOH is used to compute the molar solubility of KHT , which is the quantity of KHT moles that are liquefied in every liter before saturation level. As illustrated in Le Chatlier’s Principle, the addition of reactants results in a reaction that favors the product side. On the other hand, the addition of products would lead to a reaction that favors the reactant’s side. In contrast, a subtraction on either side, that is, products and reactants would give a different result. This is summarized in equation 2 below. Equation 2; KHT (s) ⇄ K + (aq) + HT – (aq) From the above equation, it is apparent that any addition of KHT would not result in changes in the product’s side because of its physical solid nature. It is also insoluble at the point of solution saturation. In the course of the experiment, titration will be used to determine the unknown solution concentration (acid) from a known solution (base). The right quantity of the unknown solution will be measured using a burette frequently to the point of complete reaction. Phenolphthalein indicator will be used to confirm completion of the reaction at the point where the solutions change color to light pink. After collecting all the values when the reaction is completed, the next step is to calculate solubility products constant and molarity solubility of KHT . Since the NaOH concentration is known, it is measured in milliliters (MLS) in terms of the quantity required to completely neutralize the unknown solution. The MLS was then converted to liters (l) and multiplied by the known concent
The United States is often referred to as a country of immigrants because it was created and made one of the leaders in the international arena by people who came from different parts of the world. Pilgrims, gold diggers, governors, slaves, immigrants, and a myriad of other groups came to the New World trying to start a new and better life (Spring, 2016). By the end of the eighteenth century, North America was inhabited by representatives of different nationalities, races, and cultural cohorts. This was also the time when the country earned its independence from European Empires and started enacting various laws to ensure its survival (Noorani, 2019). The Naturalization Act of 1790 was one of the legislative instruments to create a nation and secure the independence of the United States of America. However, it also had a more far-reaching and long-lasting impact, especially when it came to the relationships among different ethnic groups. Historical Background It is noteworthy that the concept of naturalization was rather uncommon for the world in the eighteenth century. Only a few countries provided an opportunity for aliens to become citizens with a set of rights (Orgad, 2015). The given rights were rather limited, but still, specific legal status and procedure existed in some parts of the globe. It is necessary to add that policymakers in the New World employed various ways to shape the composition of their populations by “proactively recruiting immigrants deemed desirable and barring those who were not” (Cook-Martín & FitzGerald, 2019, p. 50). Ruling elites formed the political agenda and had an impact on the cultural and ethnic composition of their nations. The new country that appeared in North America by earning its independence in the second half of the eighteenth century also adopted this approach when it came to immigrants. The United States of America consisted of the territories that pertained to the major European empires of the time (Noorani, 2019). The core of the population (especially politically active ones) were descendants of the immigrants who came from Great Britain. However, thousands of representatives of other states came to the USA annually, which led to certain fears. The interaction between people pertaining to diverse ethnic and racial groups was not always effective or void of conflicts. The vast majority of those in power were Anglo-Saxons that shaped the way naturalization laws developed. Many Americans had concerns that “foreigners would overwhelm the American cultural fabric” (Orgad, 2015, p. 54). For instance, Benjamin Franklin paid specific attention to the racial aspect and expressed doubts regarding the Anglo-Saxon future of the nation. He stated that the number of “purely white people” on the planet was comparatively small because “Africa is black” while “Asia [is] chiefly tawny” (as cited in Orgad, 2015, p. 54
Overview of the Paper The concept of leadership has attracted the attention of scholars over the past several decades. Some view it as an opportunity to exercise one’s authority and get reward from it while others take a more relaxed approach, viewing leadership as an opportunity to guide others towards success. In this paper, the focus is to discuss my experience as a leader in one of the projects, which was climbing Mount Everest that our company undertook. I will discuss strengths and weaknesses of my team, leadership challenges that I encountered while leading the team, how path-goal theory and other leadership models could help explain the experience, and the development plan based on the experience. Background When I joined the company as a junior engineer, I was keen on applying the knowledge that I had in school to create a positive change in my department. I was not holding any position of power and I had to rely on the goodwill of the head of the department to foster change. However, I soon came to realize that things could not go as I had expected. The head of our department was a newly promoted manager who was keen on asserting his authority and ensuring that everyone follows his instructions. He rarely gave his subordinates an opportunity to share their views even in cases when they had the capacity to offer proper guidance. I had to conform to my new environment where I had to follow orders without question. Even in cases where I thought, based on my knowledge as a certified engineer, that there were better ways of undertaking my tasks, I had to follow instructions of the manager. The head of the department was rigid and did not tolerate innovation, especially if he felt that it would compromise his position as the leader. I felt unwanted in this department and the desire to climb the career ladder is the only motivation that I had to continue working for the company. However, the experience changed when I was taken to a different department under a new leader. When I joined this new department, I was immediately assigned a leadership role. As Hall and Simeral (2017) note, a leader delegates some of their duties, subordinates tend to be more responsible and motivated. I developed a sense of belonging because this leader was interested in listening to our views and acting upon them. He created a conducive environment for personal and career growth. My self-esteem and that of my colleagues improved significantly during this period. He reaffirmed my understanding of leadership as an opportunity to guide others towards success. Although I was a follower, I regarded myself as a leader during this period. It was during this period that I got the opportunity to be a leader in a project that involve
The moral and ethical aspects of medical practice include not only the features of interaction with patients and other interested parties but also deeper nuances. In particular, one of the controversial and acute topics is euthanasia and its acceptability from different perspectives, including both patients’ and healthcare employees’ positions. In addition, religious issues are involved, which makes it difficult to enact uniform legislation on this topic. From a medical standpoint, euthanasia is associated with a number of restrictions and obstacles, and, despite the freedom of choice as an inalienable right of any citizen, the practice of ending a life is not perceived unambiguously. In general, death is a natural human outcome, and although life is manageable, the choice of how to die is still not possible in many healthcare systems, which is a conservative and outdated practice. The Right to Choose How to Die The provision of medical services to people with disabilities is a prerequisite for any healthcare system. However, regarding the issue of assisting patients in their death, obstacles and barriers arise, which are caused by legal, religious, and other conventions. Riddle (2017) analyzes this topic from the perspective of the freedom of choice. In accordance with the study the author conducts, the predominant number of terminally ill patients expresses approval of the practice of euthanasia (Riddle, 2017). In addition to ethical aspects, for instance, the desire to reduce torment and get rid of a protracted and persistent disease, some social issues are raised. Riddle (2017) describes the desire of patients to help relatives and remove the heavy burden of carers from them. Also, the high financial costs of meaningless help and maintenance of a life that will soon end inevitably are the reasons for euthanasia approval. Moreover, the right to choose death can be regarded as standard and natural freedom. There are no laws prohibiting a person from developing financially, intellectually, and morally. Therefore, limiting an opportunity to die for objective reasons may be considered the infringement of human rights. The objectivity of the widespread legalization of euthanasia may be due to not only ethical but also legal aspects. Dresser (2017) considers the possibility of physicians’ assistance in death as a patient’s right to interrupt one’s life. The author analyzes the examples of people with irreversible dementia and notes that although at the final stage of this disease, people’s minds are damaged, temporary legal capacity allows them to participate in deciding their fate (Dresser, 2017). If a patient is able to respond to direct calls and draw conclusions on one’s own, this may be an incentive to take his or her opinions into account. As Rudnev and Savelkaeva (2018) state, tendencies towards a decrease in the significance of religion and an increase in the role of autonomy values ​​contribute to supporting euthanasia as an inalienable right of any person. In the context o
Introduction The weather patterns have changed over time. Scientists have revealed that the earth is in danger and action must be taken quickly. This is due to the impacts of climate change. Climate change may have different causes where some may be natural while others are manmade (Lambeck, 2010, p. 2). This essay will define and describe climate change. It will give examples and then state what research and scientists say. It will also give the international agreements on climate change. Definition and descriptions According to the Climate Fact Sheet (2010, p. 1), climate change is long-standing variation in climate of an area or globe. The wind patterns, the temperature and the amount of rainfall are used to determine the changes in temperature. Moreover, variations in climate patterns are also climate change although the regular weather conditions are similar. The two periods must have a clear shift that is noticeable. Usually, the atmosphere changes in a way that the energy of the sun absorbed by the atmosphere as well as the surface is different from the previous time. The United Nations (1992, p. 3) defines climate change as alteration of the climate that has been triggered by human doings that interferes with the constituents of the atmosphere when combined with the natural changes while considering the two different periods. Causes of climate change Lambeck (2010) argues that the climate changes naturally. Historically, the sunlight intensity that gets to the earth varies hence it makes the earth to have cycles that are warm and others cool in a regular manner. The earth has been in a warm cycle for an extended period. Ocean currents are also believed to cause climate change. This is so because they can interfere with the warmth of the earth and rainfall. Volcanic eruptions are also causes of climate change. Volcanic eruptions that are very large can amplify the amount of particles in the atmosphere and block the sun. Another cause of climate change is the alterations in the atmosphere. The temperatures have been altered. The greenhouse gas may be challenging to support the plants and the animals as well as the human beings. The Climate Fact Sheet (2010, p. 1) notes that human beings are responsible for climate change. The earth’s surface has experienced changes and the ozone layer affected as a result of human beings activities. They have also led to the release of the greenhouse gases that contaminate the atmosphere. There is an increase of the greenhouse gases that have contributed to the warming of the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases bring imbalance in the atmosphere. Emissions by the motor vehicles, charcoal burning, production of electricity, industrial emissions and the fossils that are burnt pollute the atmosphere. Another cause is disposal of garbage. Rainfall water that directs the garbage to the sea contaminates the sea waters hence the marine life may die as a res
The Students Media Board (SMB) is an organization that directs various units important to achieving success of the Washington State University Vancouver media outlets. The organization oversees three student-operated media groups: the KOUG radio, the VanCougar bi-monthly newsletter, and the Salmon Creek Journal (an annual literary arts journal. As an organization, SMB demonstrates various traits in terms of organizational factors. Every organization is characterized by a leadership model. Leadership involves influencing the staff to take part in achieving the organizational objectives. There are different theories explaining leadership styles, which include; first is the trait theory. This theory holds that there are personality characteristics that distinguish leaders from the followers. There is a mental demonstration of the characteristics and mode of conduct shown by the leaders. Looking at SMB, it is led by an Executive Board that is made up of a team of four volunteer students and the Students Involvement Manager. The main function of the leadership board is to coordinate efforts and expand media resources. The second leadership theory is behavioral style. This theory requires that a leader should create mutual respect and trust among followers and also initiate an organizational structure that organizes and defines what team members are expected to do. A leader’s behavior should be systematically molded and improved, since there is no single ultimate leadership style, thus it is important to determine when to exhibit certain traits. Thirdly is the situational theory, which argues that a leader’s style should be consistent with the situation at the moment. It refers to how well the leader is in charge and can manage the work environment at hand. Situational theory can take three dimensions: leader-member relations where the leader has the support and trust of the team; work structure; and position power of the leader, which includes the extent to which the leader can sanction, compel and reward the work team. Hershey and Blanchard propose that efficient leadership behavior is influenced by the alertness of the followers, the ability to complete a given duty. Another model is the path-goal theory which defines how leader’s effectiveness is impacted by the interaction between directive, supportive, participative and results-oriented styles. There are contingency factors that affect the aptness of a leader’s behavior. The SMB board is in charge of implementing problem solutions from the top authority. There is transactional leadership which aims to clarify the employee’s tasks and provide reward according to achievement. This model of leadership can be distinguished from transformational leadership, which focuses on changing employee’s attitudes to pursue the organization’s objectives over self interest. Transformational leadership involves increasing intrin