ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Brief Gideon v. Wainwright is a notable case in the United State’s Supreme Court. It is a problem that involves the constitutional right to counsel, in all criminal cases in the US, through the cause of the fourteenth amendment. In this case the court confirmed that all indigent defendants had the right to counsel. This included arraignments and trials. Powell v. Alabama, which was an earlier case, had already passed this resolution. However, it was only applicable to cases that involved death penalties (McNeese 62). The Supreme Court also allowed the United States to provide attorneys to various criminal cases in Betts v. Brandy. All criminal cases, since then, would be argued out by attorneys appointed by the government. After a period of about twenty years, Gideon was the first person to be denied the Right to Counsel. Gideon v. Wainwright’s Case On the night of 3rd June, 1961, there was a burglary in Panama City, at the Harbor Pool Room. An eye witness later reported that he had seen Mr. Clarence Earl Gideon leaving that room at around 5.30 in the morning. The police arrested Clarence Earl Gideon basing on this accusation. They searched him and found him with $25.5 coins in his pockets. They charged Gideon in the court of justice with forcefully entering the room with an ill intention of petty larceny. In Powell v. Alabama, the court had made a decision confirming the association of the right to counsel with the Bill of Rights. This would be a basic right from then. Elsewhere, in Betts v. Brandy, the Court had adjusted this right slightly. The modification would allow the court to investigate whether or not an imperative need for counsel existed, depending on the magnitude of the case. However, after twenty years, the court had received several cases, and none of them ruled that there was no need to counsel. When Gideon appeared in Court, he pleaded for the right to counsel, claiming that he was extremely poor, but the Court turned down his request (Fridell 99). Gideon thus was his own counsel, conducting a self-defense case in court, to prove his level of innocence. Gideon did not have any experience in court cases. He found this to be an extremely difficult tas
Abstract The Schoharie Creek Bridge was built in 1955 to serve the motorist across the Creek river. Since 1955, there was a designing error on Schoharie Creek Bridge because of cracks in the pier shortly after finishing the construction of the bridge in 1955. The collapse of Schoharie Creek Bridge in 1987 was as a result of error in the engineering design, and one of the major causes of the collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge was the excessive impact of the scour on the plinths of the bridge that led to the vertical crack. The findings of the research reveal the errors in design led to the shallow footing of the bridge, and the dept of the footing was not enough to resist the scour. The paper provides recommendation that there is need for further research on how the bridge could resist the scours for a very long time to prevent engineering disaster. There should be changes in engineering practice in order to enhance the credibility of engineering profession. Introduction The major engineering disasters, which range from collapse of building to plane crash have been argued to manifest from error in engineering design. The designed process has caused the classical cases of engineering failures, the engineering designing error can be manifested from any stage, and such error can lead to engineering disaster when the prototype is tested. (Petroski, 1991). Typically, studying of engineering disasters plays huge role in engineering profession. The layman in engineering, who is not aware of the important role the disaster plays in engineering practice may not understand the significant aspect of engineering disaster. (Research paper). Many engineering disasters are caused by error in fundamental design principle that lead technical fault, which inevitably lead to disaster. (Hales, Gooch, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to provide an informative research on the collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge. The next section gains insight into the general background of the collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge, how the incidents is related to engineering disaster. Background The Schoharie Creek Bridge is located in Amsterdam serving motorist for more than three decades when the catastrophe occurred in April 5, 1987. The catastrophe was the collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge, which led the accident of five vehicles and death of ten people occupying the vehicles. The bridge was structurally designed to resist hydraulic forces, as well as carrying traffic loads and weight. However, with the method the Schoharie Creek Bridge was designed, its construction altered the flow of the river that lead to deposition and erosion on the bridge. (Storey, Delatte, 2003). The conclusion of National Transportation Safety Board was that the bridge footing relatively had shallow foundation because the footing was vulnerable to sour. The collapse of Schoharie Creek Bridge was the typical example of engineering disaster. (Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers). The Schoharie Creek Bridge was among the several bridges constructed by the New York State Thruway
The development of personality is a complex process shaped by many factors. Birth order is often regarded as one of these influential stimuli affecting people’s personalities. However, recent research shows that the links between personality and birth order are not significant. For instance, Bleske-Rechek and Kelley (2014) used Big Five personality data to assess the effect of birth order on personality in the within-family and between-family contexts. The researchers found no meaningful relations between personality and birth order. Rohrer, Egloff, and Schmukle (2015) also identified no lasting effects of birth order on broad personality traits. The researchers explored both between-family and within-family contexts. However, Rohrer et al. (2015) noted that there were some links to the intellectual domain. My personal experience supports the evidence mentioned above. Having an elder sister, I could be rather submissive, introvert, and passive with rather a low self-esteem. At least, it is believed that later children may have such personality traits. In my childhood, I was to a certain extent introvert, with quite a low self-esteem. However, each year I was becoming more self-confident, so at present, I have high self-esteem and believe I am a successful person who can achieve all set goals. On the contrary, my sister is now less confident especially when it comes to her appearance and relationships with males. As for other traits, she has not changed much since our childhood. Therefore, I assume that it is early to say that birth order has a considerable effect on personality development. It may be one of the factors that have a temporary effect on people’s personality. Nevertheless, further research is necessary as my personal experiences cannot be sufficient evidence to come to sound conclusions.
Introduction The cruelty of the revolution and the Taliban regime brought not only a lot of changes and sufferings to people’s lives but also provided the literature world with significant masterpieces filled with pain and difficulties of existence and reflecting all the peculiarities of that time. To understand the inner state of the people who lived in constant war and injustice one can analyze such works as the film “Osama”, the book written by Khaled Hosseini “The Kite Runner “, and “Persepolis”, whose author is Marjane Satrapi. So, to become more familiar with these creations one should go into details of their content and compare them to find out common features. Description of “Osama” Osama is the film of 2003, which was made in Afghanistan and reflects the difficult time of the Taliban regime with all its brutalities and traps for those who wanted to live an ordinary life. This film describes the fate of one of the Afghan families, to be more exact of mother and daughter, who had no protection from the cruelties and obstacles which waited for them in life. Her husband and brother were killed during the Soviet Invasion, so they were abandoned helpless. They had no means to put themselves together as the Taliban regime took their job at the hospital and the last hope for a happy future. It is easy to understand why the girl’s mother appeared to be in despair, the burden of responsibility for their way of life was put on her shoulders with no one to help and support them. The young girl manages to find a way out of a hopeless situation with the help of the story told by her mother. This tail changes her life completely as she is not a girl anymore. Her new appearance of a boy Osama brings a new job, friends, emotions, and feelings, difficulties, and suspicious attitude on the part of others. We cannot but see her inner anxiety, her new life differs from the previous one. She has to overcome unpleasant surprises of destiny: disclosure and arrest are like a moral shock for a young inexperienced girl. The inhumane conditions of the Taliban regime made her life intolerable and intricate. The book “The Kite Runner “ These events are closely connected with those, the author wanted to show in the book “The Kite Runner “ which was written by Khaled Hosseini in 2003. One can observe the reflection of the same Taliban regime in this wok. The Russians invasion influenced the fate of the characters of this book as well as in ”Osama” and brought many unexpected changes and sorrow. This story tells about a boy whose name was Amir and his uneasy fate with betrayal and envy, shame, and emotional experience. His fate is closely interwoven with the life of his childhood friend Hass
Introduction and Central Focus Every day children experience climatic changes through the variety of interactive activities outdoors. In this sequence of lessons, children will analyze the crucial role of various weather conditions and examine the reasons they change annually. The central focus of this particular lesson implies the significance of weather in human lives on Earth, as well as applying basic skills and knowledge to observe and understand climate variability. Define Learners This lesson sequence is designed for the kindergarten children of the K-2 grade level. At this stage in life, children have a poor understanding of such phenomenal global concepts and, therefore, require a simple and concise teaching approach and topic explanation. Children will be exposed to the set of qualitative observations, including basic weather descriptions, and engaged in the quantitative observations by counting sunny, windy, and rainy days within a set period. The climatic patterns will be taught by connecting the color vision and the temperature associations. Content Standards ESS2.D: Weather and Climate Weather is the combination of sunlight, wind, snow or rain, and temperature in a particular region at a particular time. People measure these conditions to describe and record the weather and to notice patterns over time. (K-ESS2-1) Curricular Fit This lesson sequence is the introductory step towards learning the basic concept of weather and climatic changes in the Earth Science curriculum. Children are required to attain ELA and literacy skills by participating in shared research, writing projects, and asking and answering questions. They also need to implement the mathematics skills through the process of counting and cardinality, knowing number names and the count sequence, describing measurable attributes of objects, comparing objects, and classifying them into categories. Learning Objectives As a result of this instruction, students will be able to:   * Observe weather and define the basics of climate   * Identify different weather features and changes in weather   * Use tools to observe the weather   * Collect and organize data   * Use and share observations of local weather conditions   * Describe patterns over time Materials and Resources Needed   * Standard weather measurement tools   * Real pictures of weather/Drawings of weather   * Raincoat, boots, rain gauge, umbrella, thermometer, winter and summer clothes, sunglasses, and other items used at differ
Introduction The following research paper is about evaluating the role of Indian women within their societies. The main focus is paid on assessing the value and importance of Indian women role since the time of Independence. it would discuss why women in India are still being oppressed within their societies and are not given the right position what they deserve to get, and what are the reasons or logics of people being this oppression and subjugation. Discussion In many cultures women are considered to be less than equal to men, however many may think because India is one of the world’s aspiring superpowers that inequalities towards Indian women would be a thing of the past. It has been more than 60 years now that the region of India got independent from the British rule. People got the chance and opportunity to live their own lives, according to their will and freedom. India has flourished highly within these 60 years and has proved its existence over the globe with the help of its history, agriculture, manpower, film industry, education, technology, politics, and several other means and has become an elite economic power 1 . However, despite all these accomplishments, there are some dark sides where India is still behind from the lane of developed countries due to several factors, and one factor is the women oppression in India. India has got independent, people got what they ever wanted from their lives; but female hood is still suffering from severe oppression, cruelty and coercion in India. Independence brought many dreams and promises for the women of India, such as, just, egalitarian, and democratic society where both genders could be treated equally. Conversely, the reality was much different and bitter as compared to the dreams that were won over with the independence. The entire region of India is considered to be typically male-dominated where females have always been treated as the third class citizens, while giving all the ruling rights and prosperities to the males. It is the basic thinking of Indian people that women is a burden on the family and bears no authority to make decisions to lead her life by making her choices, whereas men has the dominant role in the family and is considered to be the head of the family who drives and directs the entire ancestors. The traditional role of women in Indian culture is assumed to be concentrated on the household activities, like preparing food, taking care of the cleaning, giving birth to children, and raising them accordingly as the sole responsibility. As a whole, women are still considered to be one of the most defenseless and marginalized entities in the Indian society 2 . You may ask
Abstract Depression affects very many individuals in the world and results in reduced productivity in the workplace. Depressed individuals experience feelings of hopelessness and helplessness which makes them have negative perceptions about their immediate environment and some even develop suicidal thoughts. This paper will look at the link between genetic factors and the environment on expression of depression. Some research studies that have been carried out have shown that some individuals might be predisposed to depression more than others. Such individuals might have body systems that either produces excess stress hormones or neurotransmitters that are not as balanced as they should. The result is that an individual’s mood is affected which might affect their work and relationship with their family and friends. People who are predisposed to depression should avoid excessively stressful situations to avoid imbalance of the endocrine or nervous system. The paper will also look at methods, results and recommend areas that can be further researched on concerning the area of depression. Introduction Depression is a clinical condition that affects the way an individual thinks or acts. Depression has been mentioned to result to sadness, feelings of stress and hopelessness about situations in an individual’s life. Depression affects physical functioning, thoughts, mood, behavior and communication. Often, depression is mistaken with sadness but it should be noted that sadness usually goes on for too long. Depression usually results in a change in an individual’s life in a negative manner. Depression does not dictate on gender, age or race. Depression affects about 9.5% of adults in the United States of America (Ebert & Ebmeier, 1998 p. 112). Majority of people who suffer from depression are reported to being suicidal. Depression affects the way that the affected individuals deal with those that are close to them. Most clinically depressed individuals usually withdraw from close relationships that they might be involved in and at the same time, such individuals develop poor eating habits and they might even stop taking care of themselves in terms of physical appearance, health and work. Unfortunately, no laboratory tests can be carried out to determine whether an individual is clinically depressed. Most doctors usually try and carry out other medical tests that could relate the condition of the individuals to their clinical depression (Lambert & Kinsley, 2011 p. 41). Clinical depression can usually be related to the physical conditions that result such as sudden weight loss or weight gain, frequent headaches, indigestion, stomachaches and other physical symptoms that might prove difficult to treat because they would fail to respond to treatment. Emotional manifestations of depression include feeling hopeless, anxious and/or agitated. People with depression have also been quoted to have suicidal thoughts. Such thoughts can be associated to clinically depressed individuals feeling helpless about their life and things that they might be
A stepper or stepping motor converts electronic pulses into mechanical movement. Each electronic pulse “step” causes the shaft to rotate a certain number of degrees (step angle). Thus, a stepper motor can be operated in an open loop application, which means it can be “told” to go a certain distance at a certain speed without the need for any type of feedback (Simpson, 1996). The step angle or the number of degrees a rotor will turn per step is calculated using the following equation. Step Angle (θ s ) = 360/S , S = mN r m is the number of phases N r is the number of rotor teeth. Another important characteristic of the stepper motor is that it can maintain the holding torque indefinitely when the rotor is stopped with out burning up the motor windings. When a stepper motor has a steady DC signal applied to one stator winding, the rotor will overcome the residual torque and line up with that stator field. The holding torque is defined as the amount of torque required to move the rotor one full step with the stator energized. When no power is applied to the windings, a small magnetic force is developed between the permanent magnet and the stator. This magnetic force is called the residual, or detent torque. The detent torque can be noticed by turning a stepper motor by hand and is generally about one-tenth of the holding torque. Stepper motors can control shaft speed and position without extra feedback sensors and associated electronics, making them a good choice for applications in which low cost and simple motion control are paramount. Furthermore, steppers are generally very accurate and reliable: Almost every kind of printer, plotter, and chart recorder uses these motors (Ormond, 1990). When the laminations have 200 teeth–or detent positions–on their circumferences, the motor has a 1.8[degrees] mechanical step angle. Energising or deenergizing the motor generates a 0.9[degrees] movement. Typically, a lead screw is attached to the motor’s shaft and translates the rotary motion into linear motion. When the lead screw has a pitch of 5 threads/in., a 1.8[degrees] step is equivalent to a linear motion of 0.001 in (Ormond, 1990). There are two kinds of stepper motors, the Linear and the Rotary. There are three main types of rotary stepper motors: permanent-magnet (PM), variable reluctance (VR) and Hybrid. The permanent-magnet (PM) stepper motor operates on the reaction between a permanent magnet rotor and an electromagnetic field. One of the most common PM motors are of the Tin Can or claw-tooth. The variable-reluctance (VR) stepper motor differs from the PM stepper in that it has no permanent-magnet rotor and no residual torque to hold the rotor at one position when turned off. This type of motor operates on the principle of minimizing the reluctance along the path of the applied magnetic field. One of the first uses for Variable-reluctance stepper motors was to move the direction indicator of torpedo tubes and guns on British warships in the 1920’s. Shortly thereafter
Abstract In order to improve the quality of healthcare, computerized physician order entries (CPOEs) have been invented to replace the traditional handwritten ones. The benefits of CPOEs are many and diverse; but, their implementation and use is yet to be absolute. In this case, adopting the new technology is not due to the ease in which it is implemented; but rather its relative advantage in relation to expected outcomes. Elements such as communication channels, feasible time frame and supportive social structures are important for the implementation of an innovation. Change is very imperative because it is mainly associated with advancement and improved standards of living. The use of CPOE is one such change aimed at improving and advancing the health care delivery system. As a new policy, the Shepherd Center will be targeted as an ideal location for the implementation of this new technology and its benefits will be evaluated. A pre-post evaluation method will be used and Pearson’s Chi-square test will determine the difference before, during and after the implementation of CPOE. The diffusion theory of innovation will be used to discuss adoption of the technology at the center. The computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is the use of computers in health care settings to assist in the entry of medication orders from a mobile device or a computer. In addition, the order is documented and captured in a digital, structured, and computable format that is used to improve safety and organization (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2010). This system is very effective at the ordering stage when most medication errors and adverse drug effects occur (Reidmann et al., 2011). In comparison to the traditional ha