ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Digital technology has revolutionized the way human beings and corporations pursue their economic goals. Since the 1940s, the world has relied on emerging systems to produce information that could be coded and decoded depending on the goals of the user. As the level of data application and access increased, the demand for encryption has grown in an attempt to make information on different platforms and databases more secure. This trend led to the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in the 1970s. Such an idea was founded on the original algorithm that Horst Feistel had created five years earlier (Sivakumar et al., 2017). IBM managed to develop more advanced encryption for the National Bureau of Standards. Consequently, DES became a superior version developed using differential cryptanalysis (Sivakumar et al., 2017). This creation makes it a symmetric-key algorithm that supports the encryption and subsequent protection of digital information or data (Daimary & Saikia, 2015). It has a short key characterized by 56 bits. Before the development of DES, a hardware security module (HMS) was the common method for protecting devices both offline and online. This innovation relied on the power of a personal identification number (PIN) to grant access. Since this technology was owned by a single person named Mohamed Atalla, it became necessary for different institutions and stakeholders to consider the need for a standardized model that led to the development of the DES standard (Daimary & Saikia, 2015). This encryption method works by relying on a similar key to decrypt or encrypt the intended message. The approach means that the sender and the reader or receiver need to be in possession or aware of the private key (Sivakumar et
Târgu Jiu One of the interesting points that Tucker makes is how the sculptures are perceived: “At all events, both sculptures, together with several stone stools… are accepted as decorative elements in a public space, whose power as art, the capacity to surprise and disturb, has been drained off…” (129). Indeed, unlike the Endless Column, these sculptures are accepted by the public, which undermines the public’s view of it as a form of art. It is important to ask how the sculpture needs to be placed in a context and what exactly is the aim of setting this sculpture in this or that public space. If the public place is reconstructed, there is a chance that the sculpture and the context will change, thus changing the initial aim of the work of art (if there was any). The second point relates to the first: “Brancusi is reported as saying that the spectator should not be made to feel like an atom in the presence of the work of art” (Tucker 131). Surprisingly, despite the massiveness of the described works, Brancusi was able to create the effect of intimacy, which can be difficult to achieve with the objects of such scale. However, another example of such achievement (and the third point) is provided with The Kiss sculpture, which Tucker describes as “light and airy… The sculpture has an immensely warm and friendly presence” (136). Although it is difficult for me to understand how exactly this sculpture creates a friendly presence, I agree with the author that the central block of air in the middle creates a floating impression. Perhaps this is what makes the sculpture seem airy. Tucker’s explanation of the Endless Column was also important to me: “…its character as a whole, as a complete and finite object, emerges as dominant” (142). I do not understand how the completeness of other objects is not dominant as all works of Brancusi seem finite and complete to me in their massiveness. However, I would agree with the author that Brancusi invented “a radically new role for sculpture” since he gradually moved from everyday objects to abstraction (Tucker 142). Gravity To better understand the skill of Rodin, Tucker suggests examining the countered “perceived illusion of movement” expressed through “stability of the pose,
Introduction There are various factors that can make an organization to record losses. Some of these factors may be beyond their control, while others may be due to mismanagement. Natural disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes are known to cause much damage to business organizations. Other losses may arise from fluctuating markets which may force a company to experience hardships resulting to losses. This paper is going to evaluate the hardships that some companies experienced and how they were able to control the situation arising from sudden rise in fuel prices. It will discuss the importance of having qualified personnel running organizations as they make analytical decisions in an endeavor to control losses emanating from sharp price rise of a volatile product (Oil). Discussion The international rise in fuel costs drove many companies to big losses around the world. The most affected companies were the airline companies which seemed to have been hardest hit. This was because; when the oil price skyrocketed, expenditure superseded the income. Many were left with the choice of raising fares, albeit risking losing customers, in an endeavor to salvage the situation. These soaring fuel costs contributed to more losses than had been expected at the US Airways (Trottman & Carey, 2000). The situation was also the same at American West. In spite of all these negative financial results experienced by many companies, there were other companies that survived the financial turmoil. An example is American Airlines which registered a strong profit which emanated from raising fares and increased demand on their services. There was a great increase in the number of air passengers who contributed to alleviating the situation. Airline companies, such as American Airlines decided to raise their fares so as to counter the surging oil prices. Through the raising of fares, American Airlines were able to save about $ 150 million in a quarter year on the cost of fuel (Trottman & Carey, 2000). This was made possible by the large number of passengers who decided to avoid United Airlines, a competitor, as it was having labor disputes. These labor disputes that confronted United Airlines resulted to flight delays and cancellation of flights. As a result, many customers who previously used United Airlines decided to seek the services of American Airlines. This influx of passengers to American Airlines brought much money which countered for the rise in fuel costs. This made it possible for the company to experience good profits in such a hard time. This shows that woes in a business organization can easily result to losses. United Airlines suffered great losses after losing customers to competitors because of their i
The use of symbols of worship is a common phenomenon in virtually all religions. Usually, the symbols are used of symbolize a certain concealed meaning. This is evidenced even in the world’s most popular religion, Christianity, which uses a variety of symbols to symbolize certain meanings. This paper is an in-depth exploration of the symbols used in Tibetan Buddhism and Christianity and their respective meanings. Tibetan Buddhism symbols normally vary depending on the culture in which they are found. However, there are some common symbols that will be found in virtually every Buddhist temple. Some of the symbols of Tibetan Buddhism include the stupa, the wheel and the lotus. Reflecting on the aforementioned symbols is an integral part of the rituals performed by Tibetan Buddhists (Beer, 2003, p. 43). Another common symbol is the bell whose primary function is driving out of evil spirits. It is normally harmonized with the dorje, a symbol that symbolizes the compassion associated with men. The bell symbolizes the wisdom characteristic of women in this case. The dorje is also used as a symbol for Buddha hood invincibleness, and also as a meditation tool. Another important symbol in Buddhism in the incense that is burnt as an offering when making special requests to Buddha. Buddhism also uses a number of locations symbols. One such location is Mt. Kailash which is seen as a temple in the Buddism religion (Fainstein, 2008, p. 1). The most common religion in the world, Christianity, also has its symbols. Although most Christian symbols are still in use today, they were mainly used during the early days when the Christian religion was being established. For instance, water has always been used as a symbol in Christianity. In most cases, it is used as a symbol for purity or cleansing. This can be confirmed by the Christian ritual of Baptism in which Christians are baptized using water to signify cleansing of sins. Fire is also used in Christianity to represent light and the holy spirit. The ritual involving fire is performed by the use of candles. Most of the Christian symbols are direct derivations from the bible (Gray, 2003, p. 1). Another symbol is that of a fish which in Greek is seen as an acronym for the name of Jesus Christ, worshipped by Christians. There is also the dove which is mainly used by Christians as a symbol of the Holy Spirit and a lamb which is taken as the sacrifice that God made in giving his son Jesus Christ to die for sins of Christians. The crucifix and the cross have been used by Christians since ancient times for protection against evil spirits. The cross signifies the crucifixion of Jesus and thus with the cross, Christians believe that it has the power to protect them from evil spirits. Another common symbol is the number 666 which signifies the antichrist and the end of the world (Gu
The following paper would outline a process which would allow the researcher to grasp an understanding of the way life is created in order to fulfill all the different functions and operations of a cell. A cell is the basis of life itself and hence, involves fulfilling certain characteristics which have to be fulfilled in order to create a cell. Life is based on a number of characteristics and each of the characteristics forms an integral part of life itself. All organisms which exist on planet earth today are composed of these characteristics and cannot exist without any of these. This paper would review these characteristics while at the same time outline a way of making and checking the life of a cell. The first basic characteristic of life is organization. All forms of life are structurally composed of cells which are the basic components of life. Everything is composed of cells and they are the building blocks of tissues, organs which go onto create entire organisms. The second characteristic of life is homeostasis, which is defined as the regulation of the internal environment or area in order to monitor the constant state which has to be kept at all times. It can be compared to the sweating of the body in order to reduce the body temperatures or electrolyte concentration. Another basic characteristic of life is defined as metabolism; it is defined as the use of energy by the body through the conversion of the chemicals and energy into the cellular components and the decomposition of matter. It is required by the living organisms to produce energy in order to survive and in order to produce the internal level of organization. Even for the production of the other components of life, it is necessary to produce energy. Growth; defined as the maintenance of a high rate of synthesis than the one observed in catabolism. Any living organism in the world of today does grow in size over a certain period of time rather than simply increasing the matter size. As the process of evolution takes place, the size variation and expansion also takes place. Another basic characteristic of life is the ability to adapt to any environment and this process is closely linked with the process of evolution and is determined in turn by the organism’s hereditary structure and the metabolized substances. The sixth and an important characteristic of life would be the response to stimuli. The response can be in different forms and variations –including the unicellular organism to external chemicals. As well as the complex reactions which are connected to all the living organisms? The reaction can be measured by the motions which express the responses of the living things on the planet. The last but not the least basic characteristic of life is the ab
Introduction The concept of green cities or sustainable cities is increasingly becoming popular in both developed and developing worlds as it has become apparent that nature can no longer sustain human activities that leave a heavy carbon footprint and destroy the environment. The global society has finally come to appreciate that there is a need to protect the environment and use the resources in a sustainable manner. According to Helfert, as we move towards sustainable cities, we need to have standards that will guide various developmental projects which in the past have been associated with wanton environmental destruction (66). Nature is very delicate and when it is destroyed, then it may not sustain economic activities. It is for this reason that many cities around the world have come up with strategies to promote the development of green cities. Dubai is one of the fastest developing cities in the world. According to Vesco and Ferrero, the city of Dubai has experienced massive development over the past two decades as the government tries to shift its economy from that which relies on oil and gas to that which is service-based (49). The transport sector, real estate, industrial sector, tourism and hospitality, and education sector are some of the sectors that have experienced massive growth within the last twenty years. The city is currently the leading tourist destination and business hub in the Middle East region. It’s metro transport system is comparable to that in developed countries in Europe and North America. The city boasts of the tallest building in the world and s series of other beautiful sceneries which attract local and international tourists. Tokyo is the capital city of Japan. According to Ercoskun, Tokyo is the world’s most populous city (32). It is home to numerous companies and it has advanced technologies in the fields of communication, transport, health, entertainment, among others. It is a regional power. Berlin is the capital city of Germany. Ranked the second most populous city in Europe, the city has experienced rapid growth, especially following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. As these countries experience rapid growth, the main issue that they have to deal with is sustainability in their development. Pollution, overpopulation, waste management, efficient use of energy, and proper city planning are some of the issues that these firms have to deal with in modern society. They are trying to achieve sustainability by embracing the concept of green cities. In this paper, the researcher will compare how well the city of Dubai is moving towards being a green city. This city will be compared with the cities of Tokyo in Japan and Berlin in Germany. Analysis of the Sustainability of the Cities of Dubai, Tokyo, and Berlin Porters Five Forces Model Analysis Dubai Dubai is currently competing with other cities around the world to become a major sustainable city in terms of the use of energy, management of wastes, city planning, and in many other areas. To determine some of the environmental forces that may negatively affect it from achieving the susta
Introduction The last two centuries have been characterized by the emergence of ideologies which have brought about potent political movements advocating for change and transformation of the government systems of the world. While some of these ideologies have been largely ignored and practiced by an inconsequential proportion of the population, there are those which have been widely embraced and used by states all over the world. These varied political ideologies have differed in terms of their philosophies, policies and agendas. Arguably the most prevalent political ideology is democratic capitalism which is championed by the western world and is currently the most popular system in the world. Revolutionary communism and democratic socialism are two other potent political ideologies. While communism remains to be a former shell of what it was in the past, democratic socialism still has a significant following though out the world. Both these political systems differ profoundly from the capitalist ideology which hugely favors the capital contributors in the society. This paper will undertake a concise yet informative comparison between revolutionary communism and democratic socialism so as to arrive at a conclusion as to which of these systems is better off. The political questions on which these two movements agree as well as those which they disagree on will be articulated. A discussion on which of these systems offers a better government will also be presented. Brief overview of Communism and Democratic Socialism Communism by definition is a system or form of common life in which “the right to private or family property is abolished by law, mutual consent, or vow” (Woolsey 1). This definition parallels the ideals of socialism which are centered on giving power to the workers who not only form the majority but responsible for the creation of wealth. Socialism therefore calls for them having an equal share to the profits that they help generate. Socialism and communism share some major characteristics with the major difference being that while socialism is only an economic system, communism is a political system. Communists advocate for the socialist system which is characterized by centralized planning agencies and the single legal party. Notable Communist regimes are the collapsed Soviet Union and China. In these regimes, the single party is authorized to set goals and organize activities of the workers collectively as well as devise plans that balance the need to reward skilled workers against the need to prevent high income inequalities that characterized capitalist societies (Kornblum 479). Socialism is regarded as the primitive stage of communism in which public ownership maintains a dominant position in the economy especially in key economic sectors. However, this system does not hold some of the radical views as expressed by the communism ideal. As such, democratic socialism can be seen to be and evolved or precursor to the communism system which advocated for an absolutely socialist nation. Democratic Socialists believe that “both the economy and socie
The argument that supports the free market is most likely based on the belief that its participants are always just in their decision making (Bauman, 2017). Therefore, if both parties have the integrity to propose fair deals and offer goods at reasonable prices, they can benefit from every transaction (Philo & Miller, 2014). However, this concept does not represent every possible situation on the market. Indeed, I believe that for the statement supporting the free market to be true it has to explain that only fair deals can bring benefits to both parties without restricting people’s rights. The examples provided in the previous comment show that parties may not benefit from transactions if people are trying to manipulate the supply and demand for certain goods. Moreover, individuals and businesses with unethical practices do not have a place in the free market because they contradict their values with their unfair behavior. However, I also think a transaction between parties in which one of them is manipulated into paying cannot be considered a part of the free market. The ideology behind this concept believes that both parties have to be free, including any restraints from the government or other influencing forces. Thus, only a handful of situations can fit in with this concept. According to Slater (2016), deregulation of the market can lead to parties being forced to pay more for the goods t
Introduction The National Library of Medicine (NLM) gathers information that is supposed to help healthcare professionals and medical workers. These data can be used for treatment of patients or for the design of programs that can improve the situation in the country (Bennetzen, 2009, p. 661). One should discuss the peculiarities this information in more detail. Types of data It is possible to distinguish several types of data. In particular, one can speak about health statistics which shows the prevalence of various diseases or disorders in the country (The U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013, unpaged). Furthermore, the NLM stores information about clinical trials which were conducted by various researchers. Apart from that, it is important to remember about data regarding occupational safety or environmental situation in different regions of the United States (The U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013a, unpaged). Overall, these data can be separated into two major groups, namely quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative data are represented by numerous statistical surveys conducted by various researchers. In turn, one can also speak about various case studies or news reports which can be regarded as qualitative data. Moreover, the data that are stored at the NLM can be related to various areas such as pharmacy, emergency, medicine, virology, neurology, occupational medicine, and so forth (The U.S. National Library of Medicine 2013b, unpaged). Thus, one can say that this information can be divided into several broad categories of themes. This approach is of great benefit to people who use the library. These are the main aspects that can be identified. The information should enable readers look at various health issues from different perspectives. Nevertheless, this information should correspond to such criteria as relevance, accuracy, and the use of proper methods. These criteria are critical for the validity of data. This is one of the main points that can be made. Sources of data It is also important to discuss the data sources of the NLM. They can be divided into two groups, namely primary and secondary sources (The U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013a, unpaged). As far as primary sources are concerned, one can mostly speak about empirical studies, such as clinical trials that are aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a certain drug or treatment method. Furthermore, one can speak about reports of the most recent events or case studies. On the whole, primary sources involve mostly