ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary David Lean’s Doctor Zhivago (1965) is a drama film about the life of the physician and poet Yury Zhivago whose personal life is significantly influenced by the social circumstances and important historical events. Thus, Yury Zhivago’s life is affected by the World War I, and the story of the doctor’s love with an unlucky woman Lara develops on the background of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The personal story of Yury Zhivago is narrated by his half brother Yevgraf. Doctor Zhivago is the great physician and talented poet who is married to an upper-class woman, but his real love and muse is Lara who had the affairs with her mother’s lover Komarovsky, and she is married to the communist. The aspects of the person’s spiritual conflict and tragedy are presented in the movie in their close interaction with the particular features of historical and social background of revolution. The Comparison of Reviews In his review for The New York Times , Crowther concentrates more on the failures of Doctor Zhivago’s screen version than on the positive moments of the film. In comparison, Murphy determines many strengths of the film which are associated with those several moments mentioned by Crowther. Thus, the critic of The New York Times pays attention to the fact that Robert Bolt shifted from the personal tragedy on the historical background to the personal love tragedy in his scenario, and the role of World War I and the Russian Revolution are not depicted completely. Crowther states that “the much greater part of this picture … is given to sentimental contemplation of the emotional involvement and private sufferings of a small group of bourgeois who are brutally unsettled and disrupted by the surrounding circumstances of change” (Crowther). Moreover, the actors’ work is also discussed as unsatisfied. The critic accentuates the ordinariness of Omar Sharif’s Zhivago and the passivity and insipidness of the other characters. Nevertheless, David Lean’s work is appreciated, and accents are made on tasteful decor and color photography, “the brilliant visual realization” (Crowther). In his review for Variety , Murphy determines more positive aspects of the film and his general assessment of the screen version of the novel is rather high, especially with references to the great work of the director and cinematographer. Murphy also emphasizes the “soaring dramatic intensity” of the film, but his considerations are based on positive impressions in comparison with Crowther’s ones (Murphy). The critic states that the director “has accomplished one of the most meticulously designed and executed films – superior in several visual respects” and, furthermore, “Bolt’s adaptation is an effective blend” (Murphy). In contrast to Crowther’s
Introduction This paper analyses family matters and power relations in Angela Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson’s Fences. These two stories, even though they tackle different issues, relationships between and among family members and power relations, come out clearly. In comparing these two stories, the paper analyses the use of plot the and symbolism employed here as elements of drama. Analysis and Comparison Plot The plot in literature refers to the structure of a story to bring out exposition, complication, climax, and resolution. The plot in these two stories compares strongly for it is similar in many aspects. They are both divided into different acts each with several scenes. The issue of family matters sets in immediately as the stories begin. In A Raising of the Sun, the story opens by lives of an African-American family by the name Youngers. As the story opens, each person in the family is thinking of what to do with the money they are about to get from an insurance firm as compensation of Mr. Youngers’ death. Mama, wife to Mr. Younger plans to spend the money by buying a dream house that she dreamt of with her late husband. On the other hand, Walter Lee, a son, prefers to invest the money in a joint bar business with his friends because this investment would put their financial woes behind their backs. Ruth, Walter’s wife shares Mama’s dream of buying a house. On her side, Beneatha, a daughter wishes to pay her tuition fees using that money. This is the exposition of the story. On the other hand, Fences has a similar exposition. The story begins with tackling family issues especially money. It is on a Friday and Troy, and Bono has received their pay after which they have gone to drink at Troy’s place. The element of power also sets in, as Troy cannot understand why blacks cannot drive garbage trucks. However, Troy is cheating on Rose, his wife with whom they have a son, Cory. Rose reminds Troy of a fence that he was to build. The exposition in these two stories share something; that is, family issues. As the stories progress into complication, the Youngers in A Rising of the Sun, Ruth realizes that she is impregnated; however, Walter does not say anything concerning the issue of abortion. Mama goes ahead to pay a down payment of the house. However, people living in Clybourne Park, do not want to live close to this family. Therefore, they offer some money to Youngers not to move in that neighborhood. Walter losses his money to Willy Harris; whom they were to open a joint liquor store. Events in Fences take a similar route of complication. Cory quits his job; something his father will not hear of, and this makes them be at loggerheads. Bono, Cory, and Troy continue building the fence, and Bono posit that they have to make the wall for Rose because she loves
Introduction HIV/AIDS has been ranked as one of the main killer diseases globally. It is mainly “transmitted through unprotected sex and blood transfusion” (CDC 2010). It destroys the CD4 cells and this limits the body’s ability to protect itself from infections. The use of condom has been proposed as an effective way of curbing the spread of the disease. Despite its effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, condom use has not been fully accepted due to socio-economic factors. This paper highlights the current situation and recommendations in regard to response and acceptability of condom usage. The Situation Most countries in the world have adopted a “national condom usage program in order to control the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases” (Schmiedl 2004, vol. 20, p. 17). Such programs include creating awareness about condom and its benefits. They also involve the provision of condoms at no costs or at reduced costs. There is a positive response to condom use as people realize its effectiveness in preventing HIV/AIDS. The promotion of condom use is more focused on the vulnerable groups rather than the general public. Thus condom is mostly associated with deviants such as sex workers and drug addicts (Bedimo & Clark 1998, vol. 9, p. 50). This causes stigmatization in regard to condom use. The government and private agencies that are in charge of the condom usage programs usually conduct the procurement and distribution activities at the head-office level. Thus there is little involvement of the civil society in decision-making (CDC 2010). This causes alienation and underutilization of the programs. The abstinence campaign programs are also reducing the popularity of condoms. Those who support abstinence especially religious leaders believe that condoms encourage immorality (Bourne, Charles & Francis 2010, vol. 20, p. 65). This discourages the use of condoms. Recommendations In order to eliminate the stigma associated with the use of condoms, the programs should focus on the general public. Instead of targeting only the vulnerable groups, the governments should create the impression that condom use is meant for everyone (Cohen & Clark 2003, vol. 87, p. 975). The civil society and opinion leaders should be involved in the programs especially when making decisions. This will facilitate the acceptance of the programs by the majority (CDC 2010). Besides, there should be more funding to support awareness programs as well as availability of condoms. Finally the governments should focus on evidence-based strategies for preventing HIV/AIDS. This includes widespread use of condoms (Hocking, Turk & Ellinger 2002, vol. 22, p. 357). Counter-productive programs such as abstinence should be avoided since their effectiveness is not easy to measure. Conclusion HIV/AIDS can be easily controlled through the use of condoms since it is sexually transmitted (Bedimo & Clark 1998, vol. 9, p. 5). However, a 100 percent condom usage
Introduction Typhoid fever is also referred to as typhoid and is a frequent global infection. The illness is passed on by the gulping down of food or water polluted with fecal matter of an infected individual, which hold the bacterium Salmonella enterica enterica , serova Typhi. The microorganisms then go through the enteric wall and are phagocytosed by scavenger cells. The life form is a Gram-negative tiny aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations (Parry & Beeching, 2009, p. 7). It is capable of movement as a result of its being covered all over with uniformly distributed flagella. The bacterium develops best at 37 0 C which is about 98.6 0 F. This is the normal human body temperature and is the reason as to why the microorganism thrives really well in humans. The infection got a number of names which include; stomachic fever, abdominal typhus, juvenile remittent fever, dawdling fever, edgy fever, and pythogenic fever, among others. The reference typhoid came from Louis in 1829 and it was an offshoot from typhus. Typhoid fever was as well referred to as suette milliaire in France in the 19 th century. With the advance of up to date hygiene practices, the brunt of this infection has fallen significantly. History of the disease In the region of 430 – 424 BC, an overwhelming epidemic, which a number of people suppose to have been typhoid fever, took the lives of a third of the populace of Athens. This included the leader of that time, Pericles. The equilibrium of supremacy swung from Athens to Sparta, marking the end of the Golden Era of Pericles that had seen Athenian supremacy in the primeval human age (MDPH, 1997). Early historiographer Thucydides as well became infected with the illness; fortunately he lived to tell the tale in his writing on the subject of the epidemic. His pieces of writing are the principal starting place on this occurrence. The grounds of the outbreak have long been in doubt, with contemporary scholars and therapeutic scientists reflecting on epidemic typhus as the most probable source. On the other hand, a research carried out in 2006 noticed DNA chains comparable to those of the bacterium to blame for typhoid fever. A number of experts have queried the results, alluding to serious procedural faults in the alveolar soft tis
Introduction Since the very humble beginnings of human civilization man has had ways of expressing his feelings and emotions about others, his society, environments, and significant historical events like battles with other communities or immigration episodes as well as his normal and bizarre imaginations. These ways range from music, literary works to creative works of art like paintings. For instance, during Stone Age period man did Rock Art whereby he painted on the walls of his cave dwellings the animals he hunted and tools that he was making among other thrilling experiences in his life and lives of his ancestors as he understood it from those who narrated it to him. Art has been a major component of all human civilizations world over and has evolved alongside other aspects of our cultures to an extent that today the most talented creative artists like painters and musicians are celebrated individuals who hold esteemed social status envied by many. The purpose of this task is to discuss three works of art identified during my visit to the National Gallery of Art. Themes in Works of Art Every human action is underpinned by a certain motive. In other words, whatever man engages in is fundamentally a means of expressing his thoughts, interests and aspirations. Arguably then, man’s historical and present tangible achievements is a manifestation of his thoughts and aspirations. Works of art is a perfect means through which man expresses his feelings, ideas and perceptions about every aspect of his life. This fact explains why documented and well preserved works of art are reliable sources of information for historians and other scholars like anthropologists and artists seeking to understand certain aspects of peoples’ culture in the past. In a nut shell, all works of art are thematic in the sense that they have meaning which a keen observer can decipher as illustrated in the following works of art discussed in this task. The Battle of La Hogue (1778) Benjamin West painting titled The Battle of La Hogue is a classic piece of creativity. It was painted in 1778. The Battle of La Hogue is a historical painting. This painting is a depiction of the feud that ensued when Louis XIV of France attempted d to restore his fellow Catholic James II to the throne of England. After nine years Benjamin West used his artistic prowess to give a picture of the patriotic scene that has been dismissed by critics as a mere propaganda. Thematically, this painting represents turbulent political and power happenings in Western European countries as well as the role that religion was playing in politics. Mortlake Terrace (1827) Mortlake Terrace painting is an 1827 art work by Joseph Mallord William Turner. Mortlake Terrace painting is an environmental portrait. This painting portrays Mortlake Terrace which was situated next to the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. It is a perfect representation of British topography of the early 1880s.Thematically, this piece is a show of the artist feeling and perception of the changing British landscapes. The Death of the Earl of Chatham (1779) The Death of the Earl of Chath
In the book “The Political Economy of the Environment” by James Boyce, the author is concerned with how economic activities lead to environmental degradation. It focuses on the interaction between economics and the environment. According to Boyce (2002), economic endeavors not only affect the surroundings but the people around them. One of the factors explored in the text is the distribution of resources and how the scramble for scarce utility lead has a profound impact on the environment. Boyce’s literary work points out how those in power often oppress the low and middle-income earners in their quest to become richer and protect their interests (UMassEconomics, 2017). In response, the poor have been forced to exploit the little scarce natural resources to sustain their livelihoods and meet their basic needs. It highlights how the gap between the wealthy and the poor is widening, which poses a threat to the environment. When people fight over resources, they are not only fighting over themselves but fighting the environment. One of the highlights of the book is the cost-benefit analysis presented by James Boyce. The text explores the cost and benefits of economic activities. One of the costs featured in the source is environmental degradation. Boyce states that economic activities pose a threat to the surroundings (UMassEconomics, 2017). Due to the balance of power between the winners and the losers, the environment suffers the consequences of this fight. Boyce’s literary work gives evidence that inequalities of power and wealth affect not only the distribution of environmental degradation. It also focuses on the measures that have been put in place to reduce inequality in the distribution of resources and power (Boyce, 2002). Boyce argues that one of the ways of ensuring economic stability and sustainable development is protecting the environment from exploitation by humans. In America, the political class controls much of the economy and occupies the top of the hierarchy. Despite the rapid economic growth, American society today experiences inequalities in income distribution and the distribution of resources (Boyce, 2002). Today’s American society has a wide gap between the rich and the poor. Although there is a sizeable proportion of the rich, American society also has middle and low-income earners on the extreme end of the social class hierarchy (Boyce, 2002). As a result of the widening gap between the social classes, America experienced high rates of poverty during the Gilded Age. Contemporary America is no different, while there are Americans who are rich and wealthy there are also those who are extremely poor (UMassEconomics, 2017). In modern American society, the youth are optimistic about a prosperous future of success and equality. However, due to inequality, such future of most Americans today is not guaranteed. Boyce’s book is built on the premise that there is an unequal distribution of water resources in most cities with the rich suburbs of the city often favored at the expense of the low and middle-income settlements (UMassEconomics, 2017). In this case, the policy sug
Introduction Clinical observations are of great importance in clinical environment and extremely beneficial to those associated with pharmaceutical care. Since drug interactions are a perpetual cause for concern to those who administer drugs, the knowledge regarding the effect of drugs is extremely beneficial. Clinical observations are therefore of tremendous advantage to the different section related to pharmaceutical care including oncology, surgery and even extended care to patients. This paper, aims to address some of the clinical observations in distinct pharmaceutical care settings through interaction with patients in the clinical environments. The practical settings in which these observations were experienced were highly beneficial and created awareness and understanding of the important aspects of pharmaceutical care when serving and delivering the medication to the patients in distinct backgrounds. Main body Direct interaction with patients enables exposure to the needs and problems of patients which would otherwise would not have been possible in the retail setting. Interacting with patients serves the dual purpose enhanced knowledge and understanding in addition to the evolution of compassion and care required in the care of the ill and hospitalized patients. In the field of oncology, observations include patients to whom medication for nausea reduction is being administered along with chemotherapy. The researcher observed the compassion of the nursing staff towards the cancer patients who had true compassion and understanding of the rigorous treatment of the patients. In the surgical domain, the observation provided great insight regarding the interaction between the surgeon and the anesthesiologist with regard to the vital signs of the patient undergoing surgery. It was important to note the function of the anesthesiologist and his complete command of the situation regarding the adjustments for the required fluctuations of the vital signs and how the surgeon truly trusted and relied on his expertise. Within the field of extended care, the observations included the different routes of administering drugs to patients. These routes included intravenous administration, oral administration and administration through G-tube for feeding the patient. Drugs are delivered and maintained by different departments through different methods and equipments including bottles for storing pills, blister packs and individual plastic wrapped tablets which are dispensed by the pharmacy robot. The clinical observation also included special instances when the tablets could not be swallowed by patients and hence had to be crushed and mixed with other fluids such as juices and puddings. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that clinical experience has been a source of crucial knowledge and consideration for the researcher. The varied experiences have made the researcher aware of the vital aspects related to the care and deliverance of pharmaceutical products to patients, which would not have been possible in merely a retail environment.
Introduction Offensive and defensive strategies in modern marketing. Why offensive strategies are commonly used in marketing? The tense situation in the market and the variety of organizations emerging every year make it difficult for the young company to develop and achieve success in the competitive environment (West, Ford, and Ibrahim 128). To improve, the organizations usually address to offensive marketing approach as it is the easiest way to compete with the opponents and receive the niche in the market. Offensive marketing approach There are a lot of offensive marketing methods that can be used to fight opponents (Yannopoulos 5). To accomplish better results, the company can address different offensive strategies and create a combination that will contribute to the prosperity and success.   * Frontal attack is the risky method of fighting with the competitors using the same prices, quality, and product category. The approach requires a direct attack.   * Flanking attack reflects the principle of the least resistance. The attention is paid to the weaknesses of the competitors.   * Guerrilla attack is focused on struggling with competitors who are less powerful or do not have enough resources. The main aim is to demoralize and to make the rival weak.   * Strategic encirclement is used to limit the opponent companies in development and progress.   * A predatory strategy is directed at eliminating the competitors by providing the customers with lower prices, even though it is not profitable. When the rival is destroyed, the company usually increases the price.   * Search for undefended markets does not require a direct attack. The approach is implemented when the company aims to enter a new market, where there are no representatives of the rival companies.   * An underdog strategy is used by small organizations to compete with large monopolists. The company takes action to break the monopoly and offer the customers significantly better prices, quality, or service.   * Judo strategy is similar to an underdog approach while the small company s