ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background of Cavour and Italy Camillo di Cavour was the leader of the Italian unification. He achieved the goal by being adaptable and embracing diplomatic tactics. He led the successful struggle for the unification of Italy by applying elements of “the resurrection,” a newspaper that he founded in 1847. Cavour was born in 1810 and died in 1861 i He was raised as a Roman Catholic, but he gained his inspiration for leadership and political reforms from the British liberal political and economic institutions that acted as his model tools for successful governance. In Italy, the resurrection movement was also known as the resurgence before Cavour, and his aristocratic politics began using the tools of realpolitik and managed to unite Italy. It all happened under the crown of Sardinia. At the time, Cavour had become a skilled diplomat who was able to change with the circumstances. In addition, he had a single-minded determination to make sure that Italy was unified under the monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia. It eventually led to the realization of the nation-state of Italy ii There were models of unification proposed by politicians in Italy. The first option was to have a loose confederation of states. In this arrangement, the Pope would serve as the president of the confederation. The second option was to have a republic that would embrace broad electoral and social reforms iii The key achievements of Cavour For Cavour, the only way that Italy would survive unification was by relying on stronger powers. For example, he saw France as a capable ally that would provide military aid that would be necessary for driving Austria out of Northern Italy. The opportunity would come after the Piedmont alliance with France and Britain. This happened during the Crimean War that lasted from 1854 to 1856. Thereafter, a peace conference provided Cavour the opportunity to transform Italy’s quest for unification into a European issue. Napoleon III was the ruler of France at the time. He agreed to send French troops to Piedmont. The troops arrived in Piedmont as support from Europe, and they fought the Austrian Empire. As a result, Austria decided to let go of Lombardy, but it retained Venetia. The achievement of the French Army and the surrender of Lombardy by the Austrian Empire led to rebellions in the other states of central Italy. By 1860, there was a majority call for annexation to Piedmont in a referendum that was negotiated by Cavour. Another significance of Cavour’s action in the unification of Italy came in 1860 when Cavour was facing a challenge in Southern Italy. A republican revolutionary called Garibaldi had succeeded in overthrowing the Kingdom of Naples. Moreover, he was preparing to invade Rome. At the time, Rome was under the Pope, and Cavour opted to send troops in support of the Pope. The intention of sending the troops was to block Garibaldi and take over the provinces of Umbria and Marches that were part of the Papal Estates. There were also negotiations with Garibaldi on surren
Introduction There is an eminent application of scientific metaphors in describing the functioning of the human brain. There are notable similarities and differences in “cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience” (Chapman & King, 2009). This paper presents two separate dialogues about metaphors and analogies used to describe the “functioning of the human brain” (Hunt, 2007). Dialogue with George Miller Reporter: Mr. Miller, thank you very much for agreeing to take part in this interview. There are outstanding metaphors and analogies, which are being used to explain the functioning of the human brain. As an expert in this field, what would you say about this statement? George Miller: The way our brain works has been extensively misunderstood. However, theoretical arguments about metaphors and analogies provide substantial understanding. The analysis of corpus of texts found in the brain shows the existence of spatial, personification, and scientific metaphors (Hunt, 2007). Indeed, these metaphors are linked with other scientific arguments. Reporter: Mr. Miller, could you explain further about the three metaphors? George Miller: spatial metaphors are normally the main type representation that exists in the form of texts inside the brain. Metaphors such as “container” are predominantly used to label the brain as a source domain. The brain is considered a container (Chapman & King, 2009). The brain stores information, hints, memories, and opinions among others. These are labeled as “things or objects” with the ability to move into the “container” (Chapman & King, 2009). Personification is also used as a metaphor to describe the human brain. However, it is regularly overlooked in scientific conversations about metaphors. There are semantic features of personification, which uses “to work or communicate verbs” to explain the functioning of the brain (Hunt, 2007). Furthermore, the brain is personified to be acting like human beings. Technological metaphors such as computers are also applicable in describing the brain. Reporter: Mr. Miller, thank you for sharing this crucial information. Many people should comprehend how metaphors have been used to label the functioning of the human brain. George Miller: Thank you too. Dialogue with Martha Farah Reporter: Ms. Farah, thank you for accepting to participate in this interview. Apparently, the application of metaphors in explaining the functioning of the human brain constantly confuses many people. You have been practicing in this field for over a decade now, could you help me understand the concept? Martha Farah: There are different metaphors and analogies that are used in explaining the human brain functioning. First, information processing abilities have been employed to show the resemblance between human reasoning and supercomputer functioning. However, this approach has shown limited resemblance. The processors are regarded as information handling systems (Hunt, 2007). They c
Painters and authors use their skills to address issues that affect their societies. It is very easy for one to understand the happenings in a community by viewing a painted work or reading a literary work established in a given society within a specific time. Looking at different pieces of literature and paintings offers the understanding that humans do not choose to fit into specific movements as often implied. For example, an author writing about social injustice mostly does that after experiencing the issue in their society. Artists living during such a period will also tend to depict images of society members in postures or situations depicting plights or sufferings. The present work delves into the paintings and literary works of Vermeer Johannes and John Steinbeck, respectively, to show that painters and literature developers mainly generate their jobs as directed by their immediate environments. Vermeer and Steinbeck’s works, lives, and choice of the realism movement and themes are worthy aspects that depict the characters’ parallels. General Analysis There exist numerous similarities between Vermeer and Steinbeck based on their lives and works. For example, both Vermeer and Steinbeck were their parents’ dearest children, with each set determined to see the child excel in life (Newlin, 2019). Vermeer was introduced to the art world by his father, an art dealer, who wanted the boy to inherit the family’s art business. Furthermore, Steinbeck was introduced to writing by her mother and father, who wanted him to become a scholar. Such settings thus show the role of the folks’ childhood lives and their parents to their later careers. Similarly, Vermeer and Steinbeck’s determination in life made them make tough decisions in life. Vermeer joined Catholicism to get a wife and become a member of a wealthy family. Steinbeck further struggled with the idea of religion to the point of assuming a pagan life that insisted on human’s inability to explain the nature of God. The similarities in such occurrences make Vermeer and Steinbeck substantially similar. Vermeer’s paintings depict his immediate surroundings, just like Steinbeck’s writings. The painting of Christ in the House of Martha and Mary is influenced by Vermeer’s conversion to Catholicism, while Steinbeck’s narrative on Oklahoma immigrants to California is influenced by his real-life experiences. The desire to present their work as reality also led Vermeer and Steinbeck to choose the realism movement and themes (Wuestman, 2017). Vermeer uses expensive color to depict his painted charact
Abstract Astrology is likely to be the most popular form of pseudo-psychology, and it is based on a belief that the arrangement of stars and planets at the time of a person’s birth determines personality traits and influences behavior. It has been repeatedly proven that astrology, like other pseudo psychologies, lacks scientific credibility. Pseudo-psychology is any unreasonable system that resembles psychology. Many pseudo-psychologies look like science outwardly, but in reality, they are false. Pseudo-psychologies change little over time since their followers ignore evidence that contradicts their ideas. However, astrology is one of the most stable forms of pseudo-psychology, which always has the interest of the public and skillfully adapts to new discoveries. Unlike real scientific concepts, pseudo-psychologies are not based on experimental verification. Astrology possesses a long history, which originates from Neolithic Europe. Today, experts in psychology universally consider the given practice as pseudo-psychology, but some of the most prominent psychologists were influenced by astrology, which is manifested in a number of controversies. Introduction Astrology has always been one of the most controversial forms of pseudoscience. It has a wide range of dimensions ranging from mere predictions to psychological assessments of individuals. Although it might have been relevant in the past during the rudimentary stage of scientific thinking, it became highly deceptive and illogical due to the lack of a solid factual basis of evidence. Therefore, astrology had a place in the past, but in current psychology, it is condemned by experts and perceived as a highly controversial form of pseudo-psychology. History Astrology is a science that studies the influence of planets on the fate of people. Like other scientific disciplines, astrology operates with a system of laws, methods, and formulas that were derived in the course of its development. Various directions of astrology give a description of past and present events, characteristics of people, organizations, countries, and phenomena, identify the potential manifestation of certain circumstances in the future. It is stated that astrology’s roots emerge from as early as the Neolithic culture of Europe (Willis & Curry, 2020). Astrology deals with the laws of the universe, whose effectiveness manifests itself regardless of our desire or unwillingness to recognize them. Astrology, developing in the struggle between religious and moral ideas, at the stage of the formation of world religions, has developed a universal subject content that has determined a uniform space of confessional community. In dark historical times and critical epochs, due to this quality, the given form of pseudo-psychology retained the integrity of the worldview and inspired a sense of world harmony. This was also facilitated by the genetic community of astrology and religion, which grew out of mythological thinking. On the way from irrationalism to rationalism, astrology has not yet emerged from an intermediate cultural position between science
Poliovirus was so harsh in the United States in the early twentieth century that the vaccine invention became primarily important. The idea of chemical inactivation helped Salk to develop his successful virus vaccine in 1954, while Sabin developed an oral, live-virus version some years later (Plotkin, 2014). Unfortunately, during the race of developing the polio vaccine, “accidents occurred with both types” of the vaccine (“Two vaccines,” para. 9). However, it did not stop Salk and Sabin from continuing their job since they understood that those accidents served the greater good both for society and science. I believe that it was not the success along the way that helped the two not to give up, but rather the understanding that developing a vaccine demands some cost to be paid, but in the end, it will be compensated by millions of saved human lives. It is miraculous how motivated and driven sometimes people are because Sabin, an American researcher, even had to go to the Soviet Union to test his vaccine. Despite the cold war, people were eager to try the new cure because they were so afraid of polio. Later, notwithstanding political differences, Sabin was even given a medal for his contribution to the health of the Soviet people. People who agreed to test the vaccines were surely very daring, and it is essential to remember that Salk and Sabin, with their families, were also among the volunteers. The story of the polio vaccine development shows that an outstanding invention is rarely achieved with no cost, but it is definitely worth the results. People are very fortunate that there were such precious heads as Sabin and Salk because if not for them, who knows how many more lives would have been because of polio.
Home buying decisions are perhaps the single most important decisions that individuals have to make in their lifetime. This is so because homeownership is highly valued and, in almost all cases, is a reflection of an individual’s worth. A lot of constraints, mostly financial, have to be weighed in and traded off against individual’s needs and preferences. This is in a bid to ensure that one doesn’t only buy a valuable home but also one that best suits their needs and preferences. For both home developers or investors and home seekers, it is imperatively important to have full market knowledge of the residential houses market to avoid making costly mistakes in homeownership transactions. This particular study was therefore aimed at finding out and explaining how various home amenities and in particular car garages and swimming pools affect residential choices in homeownership. The specific research question the study aimed to answer was whether houses better sell when they are incorporated with both garage and pool amenities, with pool only, or, with garage only. In order to ascertain this, it was observed important to look into each scenario individually. It was also observed prudent to incorporate the residential area as a variable as this particular variable alone has a significant influence on home pricing. Firstly, we reviewed recent home sales statistics with a keen interest in the price and distance from the city center of residential houses that had both the garage and pool. From the statistics reviewed here, it was observed that di
When one attains adulthood the thought of death is evident in the psychological perspective of this individual. This paper is going to give a comprehensive account of late adulthood and the end of life. Unambiguously, this paper will give an in-depth account of how individuals can promote health and wellness into late adulthood and mitigate the negative effects of aging. Secondly, the paper will analyze ageism and stereotypes associated with late adulthood. Moreover, this paper will explore different views of death and dying at different points in human development. Without much ado, the paper will sum up by examining cultural attitudes towards death and dying. Let’s evaluate how individuals can promote health and wellness into adulthood and mitigate the negative effects of aging. Several developments that ensue during late adulthood are worrying. This may make one depressed. Well, centenarians have lived healthily in the late adulthood spectrum. From the age of 65 and beyond one is preparing for late adulthood. This is a period where diseases are well correlated and may affect an individual ghastly. Gerontologists agree that the health of a person deteriorates when diseases attack during Primary or Secondary aging periods in adulthood. High blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases develop during this age are sometimes become terminal. It is a leading cause of death among the aged. The research was carried on 5,000 adults who were over 65 years and did not have cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, after six years, some of the adults had developed heart disease. This was later found that what contributed much to this was the lifestyle of the participants during the research period. That is, a few of the participants had a smoking lifestyle, others had diabetes, others had improper practice, and others had high cholesterol (Fried et al., 1998). Hypertension or high blood pressure is a threat to heart disease and cognitive impairment that result during adulthood. This ailment is affected by salt usage, cholesterol levels, and lots of fats in the blood. Therefore, during adulthood one is bound to have improper health. As discussed above, cardiovascular and hypertension are the killer diseases that affect most adults. The proper mitigation of such ailments should be from an individual’s perspective. The digestive system of such an individual starts to malfunction. However, a proper lifestyle should adhere. For example, Dunlap et al (2004) identify that “sleep deficit problems are widespread in the elderly, adversely affecting memory, performance capabilities, and general quality of life”. The reason why sleep is important is that brain activity will be enhanced and improve their performance capability. They will be able to have regular exercise. Most importantly health habits should be checked. The nutrition of the elderly should conform to balanced diet requi
Introduction There are several philosophers, but each approached the field different. Generally, philosophical problems were addressed through theories by philosophical scholars. There are different scholars, for instance, David Hume and Kant. These scholars developed different theories to addressed different philosophical dilemmas, for example, moral dilemma in the movie has different perspectives from both Kant and David Hume. There are codes of conduct that are expected of people in the society to ensure peaceful coexistence and minimization of conflicts. In a society, people tend to have different perspectives on moral behaviours leading to a dilemma. Similarly, this arose between Kant and David Hume in analyzing the moral dilemma in the movie boomerang. Moral dilemma arising from the movie is viewed differently by different philosophers among them David Hume and Kant. This paper highlights the different perspectives to the moral dilemma in the movie by David Hume and Kant. Boomerang directed by Elia Kazan in 1947 is about a murder of a priest, Lambert that occurred in real life. The movie reveals that the murderer of the minister wore a dark coat and light hat, but after investigation the murderer was not certain. The murder leads to criticism of the government because even after intense investigation, the government is not abl
Europe is famous for its great and old traditions of democracy. Being known for a great number of different philosophers who tried to create a basis for the development of democracy and respect for human rights, it now proclaims itself one of the most democratic societies where the rights of a human being are of great significance. Taking the importance of the preservation of human rights into account, governments of countries that comprise the European Union are interested in the creation of good and effective labor laws that will be able to guarantee the creation of good conditions of work for thousands of employees. Moreover, some additional guarantees should be given to protect a person in case of his termination. These guarantees are needed in case of unfair decisions of employers for them not to dictate rules and care about their workers. The first thing to be admitted is, that labor laws in Europe, to be more precise in the UK, are very tolerant and care about a person. The first thing which distinguishes them from the USA labor laws is the contractual character of relations between an employer and employee. It is made to protect a worker from changes in the mood of his chief. The thing is, that according to this contract, an employer has no right to fire a worker without giving him a notice, and the notice period is usually written down in the contract. Moreover, there is a peculiarity in the UK labor law which protects workers from unfair dismissal. It is not so easy to call an employee inconsistent as there is a special procedure for it, which consists of several stages. Besides, there is a practice of special compensations for those workers, which were dismissed without any fault. “Employees dismissed in this way would not be entitled to claim unfair dismissal at Tribunal, but could still claim other employment law rights” (Rodgers, 2012, p. 149). As can be seen, there is great care about the rights of workers in the UK. There is also an opportunity for an employee in the UK to preserve his/her work due to the extension of the qualification period. This practice allows a person to become more prepared and trained for his work and, as a result, to save his post. It is also should be said, that managers in Europe have much less autonomy than the US managers in employment matters ( International employment regulation: variability
The article published by Potgieter (2013) in the South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition presents the background, process, and outcomes of research on the international guidelines for sports nutrition and exercise. Using a review method, the researcher investigated the most critical issues of nutrients’ intake by athletes before, during, and after training to maintain health, well-being, and endurance in physical activity. The review incorporated data from the most credible sources of nutrition guidelines, including the American College of Sports Nutrition, the International Olympic Committee, and the International Society for Sports Nutrition (Potgieter, 2013). The author collected, synthesized, and critically analyzed the directions formulated by these organizations to guide professional athletes in their exercise and nutrition routine. The ultimate research findings indicate that although neither separate guideline document incorporates all the necessary information needed for athletes during competitions and training, the combination of all of them provides a consistent framework. The balance of macronutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and energy in a diet specifically designed for sports is a vital determinant of healthy and productive athletes’ professional life. The summarized academic research article presents a review of the scientific evidence using an implied AIMRAD structure. The abstract and introduction sections are identifiable; however, no explicitly and separately given sections for methods, results, and discussion are included. Since this is a review that necessitates the synthesis and analysis of evidence, the author dedicates the central part of the article to the findings’ discussion. The conclusion is presented at the end of the article summarizing the main findings of the research. Overall, since the article does not strictly follow the AIMRAD structure, one cannot argue for its effectiveness. It is somewhat complicated for a reader to identify each of the elements of the conventional academic article structure. Nonetheless, since all of them are implied, and the findings are presented in detail, the researcher succeeds in delivering the results and implications of his research. Reference Potgieter, S. (2013). Sport nutrition: A review of the latest guidelines for exercise and sport nutrition from the American College of Sport Nutrition, the International Olympic Committee and the International Society for Sports Nutrition. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26 (1), 6 – 16.