ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the most productive interactive technology tools used to develop phonemic awareness is an e-book (Korat & Shamir, 2012). The use of such tool at kindergarten level is considered rather suitable by specialists (Biancarosa & Griffiths, 2012). Since the topic of the lesson is “Domestic Animals,” an e-book can provide meaningful and engaging opportunities for the young learners to develop their phonemic awareness and reading skills. For instance, reading fairy-tales with the help of e-book can become both an engaging and highly educational activity. E-books provide a lot of colorful pictures and interesting tasks which young learners particularly like. The reason why I would choose this tool is that it is more or less accessible for every family. Not all modern technologies are available at a moderate price. However, practically every family can afford an e-book. This tool is suitable for kindergarten children as they can combine learning with playing which is their most favored activity at this age. The opportunities for learning presented by e-books are numerous: children can read and listen to some passages for several times, they can see accompanying pictures, listen to audio supplements, and play interesting games aimed at practicing the new vocabulary. For the topic “Domestic Animals,” some fairy-tales can be used, as well as poems and chants about the animals. Interactions to be Used for Teacher Modeling, Student Independent Practice, and Small Group Work During Instruction With the help of modeling, a teacher can explain to the students what kind of work is expected from them. This approach is particularly important for preschoolers who do not have any self-discipline and self-education skills yet. Teacher modeling can be represented by the following interactions:   * a teacher can tell pupils a story and ask them to answer the questions about it. then, they can look for the answers in their e-books;   * a teacher reads the first sentence of a story and invites the students to do chain reading (each child reads one sentence);   * a teacher reads the lines of a poem or a chant one by one and asks the pupils to repeat these lines after him/her. Interactions for student independent practice may include:   * reading an e-book text and matching the pictures to words or sounds;   * listening to a question from an e-book and giving an answer to it;   * listening to a chant and looking at the text in an e-book simultaneously and repeating the chant. With the help of e-books, small group work can be organized in the following ways:   * children read a story under the teacher’s guidance and then are divided into several small groups to find an answer to some question;   * pupils listen to a word and then are divided into groups where they come up with the words beginning with the same sound;   * in groups, children imitate the animals. The other groups have to guess which animals from the text used in an e-book they are. Benefits for Instruction and Learning The implementation of interactive technology tools is able to enhance teaching and learnin
Incapacity to give informed consent owing to mental disorder written by C W Van Staden and C Krüger (2003) argues that a patient’s clinical mental health should be clinically assessed, for all interventions, and at the time when the intervention is to take place. The authors work on the basis of the axiom that a patient’s consent is required for any medical treatment unless he or she is incapable of consenting or the law requires the doctor to intervene without the patient’s consent. The article states that most of the medical interventions requiring informed consent are required from patients who understand the nature and requirement for such treatment. But the authors argue that the problem that mostly arises in case of consent from mentally ill patients is their clinical condition preventing them from accepting that they need medical help. Thus, their understanding of the treatment is intact but their medical condition makes them feel that they do not require treatment. The authors argue that the patient’s acceptance of the fact that they require medical intervention or not should not be prevented by their medical disorder. This should be a condition for informed consent. The author further clarifies that these mental disorders prevent patients from consenting to a particular intervention due to a mental delusion that they harbor, but it does not indicate that they will not give consent for all medical interventions. Further, a mentally ill person has provided consent to participate in medical research but he does not understand the nature, method, and the purpose of the research, such consent should be rendered null and void. Thus the authors conclude that to assess if a person with a mental disorder is fit for giving informed consent clinical examination of the person is insufficient. It must be assessed if the person fits into all the conditions required to give informed consent. The authors agree that such assessment of the conditions to give informed consent may prove a difficult task clinically but strengthens ethical medical practice. The article has been helpful in understanding the conditions that need to be considered while assessing a mentally ill person to be fit or unfit to give informed consent. Further, this article also provides a thumb rule for understanding a person’s capability to give consent. So as a nurse one may use these rules to estimate if the mentally ill person is fit to provide consent. Though the article is strong in making its arguments it does not provide a scope to understand the method to be employed to assess if a person fits the conditions to provide consent. The authors are associated with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pretoria and Weskoppies Hospital in South Africa. They are consistent in their argument and this article pr
In various information sources, one can often observe a stereotypical idea that, in most peoples and cultures, women’s main role was to become a mother and wife. The rigid sex-role separation rooted in the notion that the man performed the instrumental function, and the woman – the expressive one. 1 However, this understanding of the traditional role of women cannot be applied to different cultures universally. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of women in such regions as China, Africa, and Europe. Discussion In China, a woman’s life was traditionally built around her family, and it was not appreciated when she could have any activities outside the family and walls of her house. 2 In particular, a woman who performed her social function correctly would grow up in her father’s family, helping him with the housework, and when she reached marriage age, she would transition into her husband’s family. In her new family, she would be subordinate to her mother-in-law and spouse, and with the birth of her son, she would become a mother and official hostess in the house. Interestingly, one could observe differences in the traditional roles of women in urban and rural areas. Forced involvement in the labor process gave the villagers (the wives of small artisans and traders) some freedom of which Chinese women living in cities were deprived. Overall, marriage between a man and a woman was a form of living in which women could exercise their social functions necessary for maintaining stability in society. 3 The main role of a woman after marriage was to give birth to a son to extend the family. All other activities and affairs could be discussed, but the tasks of giving birth to an heir and procreation were fundamental. In Africa and Europe, it was also a woman’s responsibility to take care of her family. However, females in these regions had a greater degree of freedom. In particular, in Africa, women were involved in agriculture heavily, and the well-being of their families depended on their involvement with the distributive sector of the economy greatly. In addition, African women were actively engaged in farming and occupied a high percentage of the local market. European women also entered the workforce, however, to a lower degree. 4 Their main responsibility was
Introduction The economic development of Asian countries has been changed during the last several decades. The number of positive changes impressed the representatives of many countries around the whole world. Business systems of many Asian countries like China, Japan, India, and South Korea become the examples of how organizations may develop and control their production activities and promote the transactions with other companies in different markets. The exploration of such business systems has a long history; therefore, many researchers want to introduce their visions of systems’ peculiarities, importance, and abilities to accommodate with external and internal factors. In addition to the intentions to expand the boundaries of knowledge about Asian business systems, there is a burning desire to compare different business systems of the same region and clarify if only globalization influences the development of Asian business, or if there are some cultural, historical, political, institutional, or economic peculiarities that should be considered. The current paper aims at the development of a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Japanese business systems with a focus on their similarities and divergences and the context of specific effects such as ownership and corporate governance, internal hierarchy, networking, employment relations, and skill formation. Research Questions The main research question that has to be answered in the project is connected with the conditions under which China and Japan succeeded in developing their business systems. It sounds as follows: What are the main differences and similarities between Chinese and Japan business systems? To succeed in answering this question, it is necessary several sub-questions that can be used as a plan of the work that should be developed. The supplementary research questions are:  1. What is the essence of business system?  2. What are the main changes in the Asian business system?  3. What are the peculiarities of the Chinese and Japan business systems in terms of ownership, corporate governance, internal hierarchy, networking, employment relations, and skill formation?  4. How does globalization influence the Chinese and Japanese business systems? The answers to these questions, as well as the creation of the whole project, may become a significant contribution to the development of other Asian business systems and understanding of the successful factors by the representatives of other regions. Importance of the Project Asian business is unique indeed. Its leaders and developers have to follow a number of strict rules dictated by the Asian government. At the same time, they succeeded with the idea of social embedment and the necessity to be dependent on the social environments, political relations, and current technological achievements. Therefore, it is very important to identify the differences and similarities that exist between Chinese and Japanese business systems in the same context in order to understand how the spheres of politics, economics, culture, and management can influence the development of business by
We are all aware that communication and language can be very complex skills to master and it should best be understood when it is applied in a context of social interaction. In children, they must learn how to use language in appropriate ways within various contexts because it is crucial to the successful development of communication skills. This area in communication and language is called linguistic pragmatics, which refers to rules and conventions that govern how language is used for communication in different situations. Pragmatic communication skills also include many nonverbal behaviors. For example, when someone gives a child some food, the right thing that a child should say is “thank you”. This repetitive and voluntary form of conversation is considered a linguistic routine. Aijmer (1996) informed that linguistic (or conversational) routines are characterized in terms of their function (social, psychological, and most importantly, pragmatic) as well as their formal features (grammatical, prosodic, and sequential). She introduced two criteria for conversational routines: grammar and fixedness. For children, linguistic routine is defi
Abstract In the early 15 th Century Prince Henry the navigator started to organize a team in preparation for overseas exploration. In his team were sailors, astronomers, instrument makers, mapmakers and shipbuilders to help him navigate his way around Africa with a sole aim of reaching the wealth of the orient. In the year 1497 a Famous Portuguese by the name Vasco Da Gama sailed across the Indian Ocean leading to a great leap forward to the exploration of the Portuguese to other worlds. With this step and using the naval powers they set up a chain of trading bases consisting of warehouses and forts along the coasts. It has been reported that the reasons that led to their great success could be wrapped up in to two factors: Religion and Trade. The Portuguese concentrated their contacts with Africans and Asians to missionaries and trading i.e. spreading the gospel, looking for market for their products, as well as raw materials for their industries. With the involvement of the Spices in the trading activities the Portuguese’ Slave [mainly from Africa] trade flourished a great deal such that they could easily obtain the luxurious imports from the Spices of the East. Their strategy was first to try to win over the peoples’ trust by sharing their faith with them as missionaries, then later in the process they start introducing business proposals, the two ideas were therefore intertwined and were depended on each other; religion to set off commercial activities, and business to fund religious movements and other areas of interest. Introduction The Portuguese have been reported to be the earliest and longest lived European Colonial Emperor which stood for a period well over six hundred years, thanks to their expertise in trade and missionary activities. This essay will highlight the factors that led to the expansion of the Portuguese to the overseas and how they became influential and managed to establish firm bases in Asia, Africa and South America. It will also determine the role that religion played in this expansion and the eventual development and growth of Portugal into a world wide commercial enterprise. The expansion to the overseas to look for greater profits and boost the economy had multitude of effects, bringing merits and opportunities alike. The Christians on their part criticized the direct rule arguing that it was simply impossible. The Muslims too had their take on the changes (Godinho et al, 1970, 1680-1720). The studies of the role of religion in shaping up societies revealed that religion was not just to convert people and gain religious favor, but it carried with it economic and political benefits. The conflicts between the Muslims and the Christians as well as the needs to spread each of these contributed to further explorations. Exploration of
The poem Burning can be regarded as an example of free verse; this means that the author does adhere to a certain rhyming pattern or meter (Cushman and Cavanagh 524). Furthermore, one can say that this literary work allows different interpretations and responses of the readers. Overall, it is possible to say that this poem explores the feelings of profound loss; it depicts the downfall of something that has been an inseparable part of people’s life. This is the most important issue that should be discussed in this paper. One of the details that attract the attention of the readers is that the writer does not following a specific musical pattern while writing this poem. The lines of this poem differ in terms such criteria as the number of syllables and meter. Moreover, one cannot speak about any distinct rhyme scheme that the writer adheres to. The following lines eloquently illustrate this argument, “They take it into their arms, passionately, as they squeeze out its last warm breath of life” (Anonymous 1-4). It is difficult to say if this approach to musical devices can be linked to the theme of a poem. Nevertheless, it indicates that the author is more concerned with the expressive power of the literary work, rather than its formal elements. This approach often gives more opportunities to the author. This poem also contains sensory images that are related to touch, sight, and sound. In this way, the writer wants to emphasize the experiences of an individual who witnesses the demise of something that could be a symbol of power or beauty. It is possible to give several examples illustrating the use of sensory images. For instance, one can look at the following sentence, “the last time a dying bell calls, its voice choked on maroon smoke” (Anonymous 15-16). Furthermore, the writer creates a powerful image of fire with the help of the following line, ‘’their fiery tongues spray high blood-red, golden red” (Anonymous 5-6). In this way, the author portrays a certain building that is consumed by fire. Nevertheless, this poem contains very unusual sensory images. For example, when speaking about a wooden frame, the writer asks a question, “Can you hear it aching?” (Anonymous 9). On the whole, sensory images help the author explore the experiences of a person who observes the destruction of something valuable or beautiful. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Furthermore, the writer relies on figurative language that is supposed to intensify the feeling of loss. For instance, one can mention
Informal Presentation The role that nurses play in providing health care has been becoming bigger and bigger within recent decades. Nurses are no longer viewed as physicians’ assistants who accomplish tasks for which doctors may not have enough time. A special value of nurses’ work consists in the special connection that nurses have with patients and in a wide range of opportunities for a nurse to make a positive contribution to a patient’s treatment. Various theories and concepts have been developed in the academic community to address this changing role of nurses, and many studies have been conducted to reveal how nursing care can be more effective and how certain methods can help improve the quality of care nurses deliver. One of the most influential concepts in this regard is continuity of care. Uijen, Schers, Schellevis, and van den Bosch (2012) note that the concept is closely related to other modern nursing concepts, such as coordination of care, integration of care, and patient-centered care; the meanings often overlap. However, the main idea that can be learned from all these theoretical frameworks is that care is not only meeting the most vital needs of a patient and ensuring that he or she receives treatment properly. Instead, it is suggested by researchers and health care providers that the notion of care encompasses a wide range of patient needs and necessities. Nurses are not only there to give a shot or fix a pillow; nurses can significantly improve health outcomes by developing personal relationships with patients, creating physical environments that facilitate recovery, engaging patients’ families in care, enhancing patient comfort, ensuring patient safety, and doing many other things
Introduction Business objectives are the aims under which the business is established and operates. All businesses are driven by the desire to make maximum profit and avoid loss at all times. This is, however, not the sole objective of a business. A business that hunts after profits while ignoring other aspects of the society can, therefore, not be successful in the long run. Business objectives can be classified under three levels: Economic objectives, Social objectives and Human objectives (Hollet, 2006). Ethics plays an important role in achieving business objectives and for the long-term success and positive reputation of the business (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009). The corporation’s reputation is a vital factor to the corporate, economic health. This paper examines business objectives, the role of ethics in achieving the business objectives and the importance of a corporation’s reputation to its corporate economic health. Objectives of Business The primary objective of any business is to succeed in its economic activities. The economic success of a business is achieved through earning profit, creating new markets and innovation. For a business to remain profitable its income must be more than its expenditure and as such, the business sells its goods or services at a profit. A business sells its products at a mark up since profits not only keep the business operation but they also facility its growth and expansion. Profits also cover the risks involved in business activities to cushion the business against potential losses (Hollet, 2006). In connection to this, a business works towards getting new markets to maximize their profits. The social objective of many businesses is continuously be viewed as a positive force by the community. A business achieves this, first by producing goods of standard quality. A business also strives to avoid antisocial practices such as smuggling, black marketing, hoarding and overcharging customers to earn unreasonable profits. It strives to improve the living standards of its societal members by providing a source of employment opportunity (Hollet, 2006). Businesses also strive to operate within the legal framework of their host countries by timely paying its dues and taxes to the government and adopting a positive approach towards government policies. Businesses also aim at maximizing the use of national resources to the interest of the country, avoiding wastage to lower prices. The human objectives of business are important for the prosperity and profit making of any business. Businesses aim at giving their employees fair remunerations for services provided and also creating conducive environment for the creation and advancement of skills and abilities. A business should look beyond the material benefits to its employees and strategize on how to reduce unpleasant work and plans for employees’ job satisfaction and participation in the affairs that directly affect them. Hollet (2006) asserts that busines