ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Issue   * Has Sue been paying her tax on rent? If yes, has she been receiving rent from the house?   * Does Sue make any taxable income as a result of selling the rental house and the land?   * Does the tax system of her country tax capital gains?   * Can Sue be treated as a resident or a non-resident and does the tax system involved treat them differently?   * Are buildings and land depreciated?   * Does the tax system in question allow for depreciation to be deducted before arriving at the taxable income?   * Does the tax system in question allow women to pay their taxes separately or do their husbands file collective tax returns for their families? Rule The information provided is not sufficient for one to tell if Sue has been receiving rent and if yes, she has been paying her tax. We cannot tell if Sue is a resident or non-resident since we are not told anything about her citizenship, permanent home or the number of days she has stayed in the country. In most tax systems, capital gains are not taxed but this country’s tax system taxes capital gain. The capital gain is taxed after allowing for a discount depending on the entity being taxed. For partnerships, a discount of 50 percent is allowed before dividing the capital gains among the individuals for tax purposes (Lasser, 2012). Companies are taxed on their capital gains but after receiving a discount of 50 percent on the gains. Individuals receive a slightly higher discount on the capital gains before subjecting them to capital gains tax. They are allowed to deduct a discount of 75 percent of the capital gains before taxing them. Usually both buildings and land are not depreciated instead they
Introduction Lucille Clifton was an African-American poet, who, through her work depicted the experiences of African-Americans. Additionally, many of Clifton’s works emphasize the strength of women, praising their courage. In her poems and memoir, Clifton paid tribute to Walt Whiteman, a great American poet by including quotes of his poems in each chapter. This paper aims to examine the influence that Whiteman’s work had on Clifton. Clifton responds to Whiteman in her “won’t you celebrate with me” by emphasizing the collective experience that forms a story, instead of focusing on an individual’s achievements solely. Main body In her poems, Clifton pays tribute to Walt Whiteman. For instance, in her memoir titled “Generations,” she included Whiteman’s quotes at the beginning of each chapter. This memoir specifically traces the history of slavery and African-American history, as well as Clifton’s own experience. As such, the works of Whiteman help Clifton emphasize that the United States, as a country, was created for the freedom and equality of its citizens, which was not the case for the African-American community. Therefore, Clifton refers to Whiteman’s poetry not only in her poems but also in other works, showcasing the immense impact that Whiteman had on Clifton. Clifton quotes the following poem “Song to Myself” by Whiteman in “Generations”: “They are alive and well somewhere, The smallest sprout shows there is really no death, And if ever there was it led forward life, and does not wait at the end to arrest it, And ceas’d the moment life appear’d.” In the chapter where this quote appears, Clifton talks about her family members and ancestors, saying that some of them died young, others were slaves or had to work hard in factories. The fact that Clifton included this poem in one of the crucial parts of her memoir, which discussed her heritage showcases her response to Whiteman’s words. She embraces the poet’s emphasis on inclusion and celebration, however, instead of focusing on herself she cites generations that preceded her. Hence, unlike Whiteman, Clifton argues for the inclusion of her ancestors as an integral part of one’s life. An important distinction between Whiteman’s and Clifton’s works, which signifies the response that the latter had for Whiteman is that Clifton’s poetry is largely focused on the coll
Ways of promotion Almarai specializes in the production and distribution of a wide range of food and beverages. The company offers a broad choice of juices (Almarai, n.d.). Still, currently, the set of the provided flavors of juice are relatively limited and, therefore, the introduction of a new flavor will benefit the company. In the current presentation, I will focus on how to promote the newly introduced juice flavor. The strategies to be discussed include advertising, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, and sales promotion. Advertising Advertising is the most apparent means of promotion of almost any product. Acting on behalf of a marketing manager, I recommend focusing not only on creating TV adverts but also on the launching of advertisement campaigns on the Internet and social media. The study conducted by Belanche, Cenjor, and Pérez-Rueda (2019) reveals that millennials are particularly susceptible to adverts that they see in Instagram Stories. Besides, Instagram is also a platform for native ads from famous bloggers. The generation of their parents prefers Facebook to Instagram and, hence, it essential to make them see adverts for a new flavor of juice on this social network. Finally, it would also be a beneficial idea to use PPC advertising on websites. Public relations Public relations is a critical component of the promotion strategy of any product of any organization. In order to keep a good public of the entire company and promote a new flavor of juice, it could be suggested for Almarai to establish a partnership with some charity organizations. During the events held by these organizations, Almarai could place its juices so that the audience could drink them. This way, people will remember that Almarais beverages are connected with something decent and nice. This, in turn, leads to the fact that in the shop, the costumers are more likely to prefer Almarais juices to ones of other firms because of the awareness about the relation of Almarai to charity organizations. Personal selling From one point of view, it seems that personal selling is inapplicable to promoting food and beverages. That is because the concept of personal selling implies that the process of communication between a salesperson and a potential customer (Cant and Van Heerden, 2005). In this process, a salesperson’s critical task is to identify the needs of a customer and show how a product could satisfy these needs. In the case of promotion of a new flavor of juice, Almarai could install several point-of-purchase (POP) displays or organize degustation in the shopping malls. This way, a salesperson could easily communicate with people who enter a shop and persuade them to buy a new product. Direct marketing The concept of direct marketing implies that a product is sold directly to the public via online and TV ad
Introduction Barbarian communities were a group of peoples, in ancient times, of different origins, often on the move, in conquest and migration across the continents displacing or assimilating natives in their rush for resources. They were marked with no dominant cultural orientation apart from a towering force of will and versatility often seeking power and controllership of resources. The fiercest being the Vikings, Tautens, Norse, Goths and the Celts. These groups are hailed for the eventual collapse of Greek and Roman cultural dominance in global spheres. The alien cultures that diluted Greek cultural supremacy were Egyptians, Carthagians, Romans, Phoenicians Etruscans and the Kurdish which were essentially barbaric (Palmira et.al, p. 81). Contribution of barbarians to the history of world civilizations Barbarians brought down kingdoms setting populations free and promoting a spirit of individualism and a unique sense of pride and glory in achievement, further, they promoted progress of humanity as the ‘life age’ and ‘soul ages’.Their dominance promoted humanistic progress in various perspectives as human freewill, death was viewed as inevitably part of active life particularly with the Vikings, which have survived among elitist leadership cultures (Palmira et.al, p. 86). Barbarian hierarchical society influenced consequent societal structures persisting to date. As peoples of all times grapple with environmental challenges of all times, Barbarians exhibiting strong survival traits tended to influence all aspects of lifestyles through the ages (Palmira et.al p. 121). Marriage patterns, punishment of offenders and clemency as well as the patronization of slaves and subjects in kingships. Great leaders of the Classical and postclassical era as Napoleon, Alexander and Caesar seemed to ape various models of barbarism. Barbarians contributed to advancement on housing structures, sports and recreation, trade, war and armament. Individual barbarians led the way with great inspiration, charm and personal magnetism (Palmira et.al, p. 22), they were Alaric the Goth who captured Rome in 410 C.E, Attila the Hun who dominated Europe in the 5 th century C.E, Boadicea ruled ancient England in the 1 st century C.E, Charlemagne the Frankish King, Charles Martel of the Kingdom of Austrasia hailed for the Battle of Tours (732 C.E) and many others. They particularly contributed many spirit conceptions and explanation of human existence. Clovis (466-511 C.E) reigned an empire form the Rhine banks to the Atlantic, Genseric of ancient Vendal raided Rome between 455- 477 C.E, Gundahar, Burgundian King reigned in ancient S.W Germany till his defeat by Attila, Arminius reigned the Teutonic territo
Introduction Risk can occur at any time. It is bound to happen in every country in the World. Initial responding measures involve a good preparation for such disasters and risks so that when they occur, a quick response can be used to manage them. Plans have been put in place by different intelligence bodies not only at the state level but also at the local levels. These measures should not only support the town center but also be effective in the local areas. Buchanan (2000) illustrates that first responding may need individuals, communities or groups. The intelligence wing of the government or local authority should deploy adequate resources to the local areas for use in cases of emergencies. This paper discusses a few resources and services which may be efficient and critical to the intelligence wing for first response in cases of emergencies. Body Every state and local authority has its own ways of dealing with emergency cases. The most important service is the Rural Fire Departments’ resources and Services. This is because most of the fast response resources are usually located in the city center. John (2006) says that the local residents end up with hard measures to deal with such emergencies as they occur in the rural areas. In such cases, they have to wait for the resources to be transported from the city center to the rural areas. This consumes a lot of time. Since fire-related emergencies cannot wait when they strike, numerous properties worth millions end up destroyed. Resources such as funding should be well distributed in rural areas. Departments should be created to deal with emergencies. These departments should be well funded by grants, loans and donations so that issues such as fire out brakes can be mitigated. Fire protection programs should be launched at the departments in the rural areas. These programs should have well-laid down and publicized guidance and directional documents that answer the “what to do if..?” questions. Such documents should be used to educate the locals on the safety measures so that from the local departments, response to emergencies can be fully achieved. Such programs will lead to cheap and reduced costs of managing such incidences from the head office. Resources such as firefighters graft should be provided so that they can reach the scene of the incidence or even in some cases prevent such emergencies. Such programs should also have first aid kits and equipment installed at different locations within major meeting buildings. Within the department, first aid kits and other fire-fighting equipment should be available. Well-trained paramedics should also be hired to provide medical services to stabilize the victims who are seriously injured during emergencies. Cuny C. (1983) argues that for the departments, we should have a fully equipped firefighting lorry or tractor that can ferry fire management resources and transport the rescue crew and firefighters. Well equipped fire fighting caravan should also include an ambulance service that can offer onsite stabilization to
Historical Background The history of Western civilization, throughout the 19th-20th centuries, can be thought of as the continuous process of people associated with this civilization, growing increasingly aware of patriarchal morality notions’ out-datedness. Whereas; by the beginning of the 20th century, it was considered entirely appropriate for women to be strictly concerned with taking care of purely domestic matter while simultaneously providing their husbands with an opportunity to have a sexual relief. By the end of the same century, the patriarchal view of women as ‘natural born housewives’ and the objects of men’s sexual desire, had lost the remains of its former validity. However, such dramatic progress would not be achieved without intellectually advanced women actively contributing to the process of Western societies becoming increasingly secularized and less male-chauvinistic. Therefore, it will not be much of an exaggeration to say that the short story The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, provides us with the real insight onto technical subtleties of women’s intellectual awakening in late 19th century’s America. Who is Jane in The Yellow Wallpaper? Gilman’s story begins with the narrator telling readers about the way, in which her supposedly highly educated husband John (a physician) had decided to treat his wife’s mild depression. After having realized that something needed to be done to improve his wife’s mental state, John could not come up with anything better but suggesting that there was only one effective way for the narrator to address her mental anxieties. That is, indulging in bellyful idling while remaining intellectually inactive for the duration of a ‘treatment’: “I take phosphates or phosphites – whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am forbidden to “work” until I am well again” (1470). Although the author initially tried to express her growing weariness of a ‘treatment’ to John, she pleads remained ignored: “John does not know how much I suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him” (1471). Just as most socially established men of the era, John never ceased thinking about his wife’s mental anxieties as essentially the irrational expressions of her female psyche. That is the reason why, despite possessing a degree in medicine, John could never realize the cheer seriousness of the narrator’s depression, while brushing her complaints aside as childish. As time went by, the narrator’s mental state continued to deteriorate rather exponentially, which predetermined her mounting preoccupation with observing ‘hidden’ motifs contained in the room’s yellow wallpaper. Eventually, the narrator had grown mentally unstable to such an extent that she became utterly withdrawn from the objectively existing reality. At the same time, she came to realize that the ghostly image of a creeping woman, which always lurked behind wallpaper’s yellowish distastefulness, was indeed real: “Through watching so much at night, when it (wallpaper) changes so, I have finally found out. The front pat
Introduction The ability to analyze academic literature and give information is an essential skill for any professional. Critical thinking is especially important for future and current healthcare workers. The actual practice of critical appraisal provides an opportunity for nurses and other health professionals to develop these abilities. Critical appraisal is the process of analyzing the quality of scientific literature and detecting possible critical errors and methodological inconsistencies (“Critical appraisal tools,” n.d.). The essay aims to provide a critical assessment of “The state of qualitative research in health and social science literature: a focused mapping review and synthesis” by Bradbury-Jones et al. Phenomenon Identification The identification of a phenomenon is a starting point for both researchers and readers. The reviewed study authors claim that their objective is “to obtain a snap-shot profile of the state of the qualitative literature research in health and social science” (Bradbury-Jones et al., 2017, p. 627). They further clarify that their thesis implies an analysis of the consistency between the methodologies of reviewed articles and methods used by authors (Bradbury-Jones et al., 2017). Curiosity, which is the authors’ original motivation, may be the cause of uncertainty in the choice of a scientific field. Another possible influencing factor is that the article’s target audience is novices in health and social sciences. It is worth mentioning that the research approach to phenomenon identification is exciting and original. Structure of the Study A focused mapping review and synthesis were chosen as the study design of the reviewed article. According to Croft et al. (2019), “rather than undertaking exhaustive searches to synthesize evidence of ‘what works,’ an FMRS identifies what is happening within a particular subject or field of inquiry…” (p. 2). Using the focused mapping review and synthesis, the authors moved from a general research statement about the review of qualitative studies’ current state towards a more academically accurate analysis of congruence. That is to say that such a research structure allowed authors to compare successfully reconstructed logic and logic-in-use of research objects, namely health and social science-related articles. Data Collection During the data collection, the researchers were guided by both the samples’ subjects and the time frame. According to Bradbury-Jones et al. (2017), “we retrieved 102 qualitative articles published between January and March 2015…” (p. 627). It is important to note that the method of collecting academic articles is focused on mapping (Bradbury-Jones et al., 2017). The articles selected by the authors belong to various medical and social journals tha
Introduction The Fawville Public Library director, Sam Grillo, is leaving after completing his six month probation period. The director replaced by Sam Grillo had served the library for sixteen years. According to the library staff, none of the two directors’ leadership style was professional. Sam Grillo was viewed as an abdicator while the other director was autocratic. When the six month probation period for Sam Grillo ended, the board of trustees for the library saw it fit not to confirm him as the new director. As a result of their decision, the post of library director is now vacant. The board has noted the need for having a professional director and has decided to involve the library staff in the interviewing process. Aside from the excitement, the staffs are grateful for this decision and want to make proper use of their chance to ask questions to the interview candidates. They hope their involvement in the interview process will lead to the hiring of a new director who is not as bad as the previous two. The library staffs want a new director who has the skills in the art of management. Since this is the first time, the staffs are involved in the interview process; they need assistance in vetting candidates, especially on the ways of detecting hidden character aspects of an individual that may not be clear when only interview questions are relied upon. On its part the board has noted that the previous recruitment exercise for library director only attracted one applicant. Therefore to attract more applicants, the board is looking at the option of raising the salary perks to match those of directors of similar sized libraries. The Best Alternative to Resolving the Case In order to be best prepared for the interview, the staff must understand the reasons that made the previous recruitment a failure. First, the board of trustees was inexperienced
A brief introduction of Virgin Atlantic Airline Virgin Atlantic Airlines (VAA) was established in 1984 in the UK under the initiative of Richard Branson, and it is headquartered at Crawley in England. The airline is focused to developing a strong foundation in its operations, which is evidenced by its mission statement, which according to Virgin Atlantic (2014a, par.1) seeks ‘to embrace the human spirit and let it fly.’ One of the areas that the firm has focused on continuously relates to customer service. VAA has been committed to achieving a high competitive advantage by procuring new aircraft and expanding its route network. Subsequently, VAA has been in a position to break new grounds, hence increasing the level of customer satisfaction. Purpose of the VAA and reasons for its existence VAA is a profit-making entity unlike the Red Cross and the UK Fire Services department, which are not-for-profit-making entities, and thus, the firm’s objectives are not profit-oriented. The operations of the UK Red Cross and Fire Services departments receive funding from the UK government. Subsequently, they obtain budgetary allocation from the government. Furthermore, these institutions are established to provide services that cannot be provided by profit-making entities. The core motive for the establishment of these institutions is to assist the government in disaster management. The operation of airline companies is similar to firms operating in a competitive market. Subsequently, airline companies have an overall fiduciary duty to maximize the shareholders’ wealth. One of the ways through which a firm can maximize its shareholders’ wealth is by improving the stream of its future profits. The UK airline industry has become very competitive over the past few decades. Some of the factors that have increased the intensity of competition include the optimal position of UK airports in the European region. The firm’s ability to achieve its profit maximization objective is enhanced by the recent liberalization of the airline sector in the European region. However, the extent to which VAA achieves its profit maximization objectives will depend on its competitive nature. VAA’s responsibilities to its key and how it addresses these responsibilities Business managers have a responsibility for formulating and implementing effective strategies and decisions. However, decisions made must take into account the various stakeholders. Seliet (2000) defines stakeholders as the various individuals or groups that have some interests in an organization. Internal stakeholders Employees- VAA has an obligation to ensure that employees are satisfied. Subsequently, the firm’s HR manager should ensure that the organization has implemented effective HR management practices. In its quest to nurture a high level of employee satisfaction, VAA has implemented good working conditions. The firm ensures that employees are compensated fairly and equitably. The airline has imp