ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based decision-making necessary for efficient work enables practitioners to search and explore different studies formats, such as cohort or randomized controlled trials. The method determines the scope of participants, the hypotheses formulation, possible outcomes, and even ethical considerations (Wang & Kattan, 2020). A well-prepared practitioner should obtain theoretical knowledge about all research types to distinct them and use them for gathering information in professional circumstances. This paper aims to discuss, compare, and characterize cohort studies and randomized controlled trial formats. The cohort study is a valuable method for healthcare research because it analyzes several hypotheses and compares the outcomes simultaneously. Indeed, multiple samples (cohorts) are followed longitudinally to reveal the results of interventions (Teague et al., 2018). Another method selected for this assignment is the randomized controlled trial (RCT) which is based on dividing participants into groups without considering any specific factors. In such studies, half receive the intervention to be tested, while the rest get alternative treatment (Naidoo et al., 2020). RCTs are helpful when biases and other influences on a result must be minimized, and it allows to study and measure specific actions or products. The fundamental difference between the cohort study method and RCT is how the sampling is performed. The former requires considering the participants’ characteristics to form groups and study intervention, and, in contrast, the randomized format makes researchers eliminate any individualized factors from the equation (Naidoo et al., 2020). Another significant distinction is the timing because cohort studies require to be conducted for a prolonged period to retrieve sufficient evidence to make conclusions and observe the interventions’ results (Thampy et al., 2019). RCTs tend to be shorter because there are fewer factors to consider, and only one specific activity is being analyzed. The cohort study tends to be related to extensive epidemiological research because interventions require participants with diverse conditions to be involved and observed for an extended period. The massive advantage of such a method is that it results in a broad scope of data that calculates risk percentage and incidence. Furthermore, multiple factors or interventions can be studied simultaneously on diverse populations and provide a sufficient foundation for further research (Wang & Kattan, 2020). Disadvantages of a cohort method are the time and expenses it requires and the impossibility of establishing causal effects of an intervention. Correlational studies are conducted to reveal the relationship between the identified variables without active control or manipulation by researchers. It can be characterized through specific m
Modern society is becoming increasingly diverse, and, as rightfully stated by Haberfeld (2016), “law enforcement personnel are supposed to epitomize tolerance” (p. 307). As a result, diversity training has naturally become a part of the modern socialization process at a criminal justice workplace (Stojkovic et al., 2011). Moreover, it is a part of the organizational culture management since diversity within organizations is naturally increasing as well. For example, Stojkovic et al. (2011) point out that even if an organization lacks diversity due to its small size and existence in a homogenous culture, it is likely to experience an influx of female employees in the previously male-dominated environment (p. 254). Administrators are expected to control the organizational culture and respond to the development of the environment by facilitating organizational change, and one of the tools that can help to achieve this aim is diversity training. The key aim of such training consists in the increased diversity awareness; the expected outcome is the lack of discrimination, harassment, and the promotion of a positive, inclusive environment at the workplace. For example, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (2010) believes that diversity can be transformed into an advantage and seeks to empower its employees with the help of an inclusive and positive environment. As a result, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Human Resources Division (2015) has introduced a four-hour diversity training course that is “designed to increase awareness and understanding of the differences in our workplace, leading to positive communication and inclusion, and embracing respect and equality for all agency employees” (p. 3). Similarly, in 2015, the Phoenix police introduced an eight-hour training that was aimed primarily at the improvement of ethnic and cultural diversity awareness and communication skills enhancement (Rummel, 2015). It appears to be more extensive and focused than that of the Texas Department, but the lack of reports on the results of these programs makes it difficult to compare them. Diversity training is supposed to aid criminal justice administrators in the protection of the rights of their employees. In particular, it helps to educate employees on discrimination-related issues, which is a preventive measure concerning harassment and discrimination. As a result, diversity training is supposed to enable the diverse population of the criminal justice employees to coexist and create a respectful, dignified attitude towards each other and the community (Haberfeld, 2016). Indeed, although Stojkovic et al. (2011) primarily consider diversity training from the point of view of the impact that it has on the inter-organizational relationships, it is also of great importance for the duties of the criminal justice workers, as they are bound to interact with the diverse community that they serve. As pointed out by Haberfeld (2016), increased diversity competence is a cruci
Introduction The United Arab Emirates is one of the fast growing nations in the world. The rapid growth has led to the creation of different job opportunities which has led to international migration. Different expats from all walks of life are relocating to UAE with the dream of getting better jobs. Fueled by the increased rate of unemployment in different parts of the world and the economic hardships, people are flocking UAE which has high economic growth rate to get employment. UAE which depends heavily on oil and gas is believed to be on the verge of growing further. As a result, many people will head to UAE to fill any emerging jobs. However, despite the rapid growth and the promise for better jobs, employers in UAE are faced with challenges of recruiting employees. The report discusses how UAE can make their organizations and recruiting efforts more attractive to people from divergent nationalities. UAE’s general frame structure for organizations Environmental: UAE offers a very competitive environment where different organizations compete. The environment is shaped mainly by joint ventures (Emirates 2009). Local and foreign organizations operate jointly with the local shareholders acquiring 51% of the market share while foreigners owning 49% (Emirates 2009). However, profit sharing is not necessarily shared through the ownership percentage criteria. The oil and gas industry is the largest followed by the construction industry which is funded by revenues from the oil industry. Political: UAE has a stable political system which has made it possible for organizations to operate and compete favorably. However, organizations’ operating in UAE have to follow the different political systems of UAE different members. The UAE members are Fujairah, Ras alKhaimah, Umm al-Qaiwain, Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. The civil and Sharia courts are responsible for any actions that organizations in UAE fail to follow. According to a Bikya Masr Staff (2011) UAE has been attractive to foreign investors as the Sharia laws does not allow corporate and income taxes. With an import duty of 5%, UAE has become attractive to different multinationals in the world. Legal: Organizations especially foreign are required to follow Article number 8 of the UAE Federal law (Emirates 2009). The organizations are required to operate either as limited liability, public shareholding, private shareholding, partnership limited, and general partnership, limited partnerships or share holding companies. Any organization operation which does not operate under either of the above business forms as required by UAE Federal Law is deemed as illegal. Nonetheless, organizations operating under Free Trade Zones are excluded from the business law requirement
The Cost of Money Factors that influence the cost of money There are four major factors that influence the cost of money. The cost of money is influenced by the ability to turn capital into benefits. This is referred to as production opportunities. Financers may prefer to use their funds for current consumption (at a higher interest rate) or save them for increased future consumption. This is referred to as ‘time preference consumption’. Thirdly, if providers perceive investments as risky they need higher returns as this will motivate them to spend more (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2008). Consideration of inflation in making budget decisions Allocation of capital within companies is affected by many factors, key among them being the prevailing rates of interest. Increase in inflation means an increase in “capital markets constrains” which in effect makes the allocation and relocation of capital inefficient (Hendershott and Hu 1983). Rate of Return = Risk Free Rate + RP. Risk free rate only exist in theory since practically rate of returns cannot be free of risk. In theory, risk free rate in taken to be the least returns on investment desirable for an investor and has no risk unless the rate of risk for that investment is lower than the returns. Risk premiums are seen as payments paid for hazardous/risky investment. As the risk free rates increase, the rate premiums also increase (Damodaran 2008). Risk Premium (RP) is the yield of an investment expected on top of the risk-free rate. The Default Risk Premium (DRP) is the return that represents the compensation for the possibility of default. On the other hand, Liquidity Premium (LP) is that premium that an investor will expect when any given security can not be readily converted into liquid-cash, and converted at the reasonable market value. Maturity risk Premium (MRP) is the risk that is associated with the uncertainty of interest rate. Bond Yields and Prices What are “yield curves” and why are they important to financial markets? The relationship between the cost of borrowing and the corresponding currency can be represented graphically to generate a curve. Yield curves are commonly used in the financial markets and are the main indicators about the values (and attractiveness) of specific currencies. In the bond markets yield curves have an effect on the prices of bonds. As a bond approaches maturity, volatility decreases (Cwik 2005). Key theories of the “term structure of interest rates ’ The expectations theory proposes that for maximum returns one can buy a one year bond and reinvest the return after its maturity into one year bonds. This helps to moderate interest rates (r) thus: (r 1 + r 2 )/2 = moderated
Current Situation The Fashion Channel’s (TFC) success story is attributed to its 24/7 hosting of all-fashion network. TFC has always delivered its promise of provision of expert advice on men and female fashion for all age groups through the “Fashion for Everyone” vision. The company’s current goal is to create a strategy that could sustain its market leadership position through increased advertisements, improved ratings, and proactive cable affiliation to effectively respond to the current competition. Five Specific Research Results The company’s broad base marketing approach has remained profitable in the women segment (35-54 years), which accounts for 45% of total viewers. The marketing approach captures traditional market segment that supports the current growth. Dana Wheeler, senior vice president of marketing, might use this information to reevaluate the marketing strategies to avoid depreciation of the customer satisfaction level. Secondly, although TFC has managed to maintain a strong market leader position, the current competition may attract undesirable market outcomes that might compromise its market strategy in the short and long-term. This is an indication that the TFC’s traditional market segment might be reduced in the event of ‘changed customer’ preference. Dana could rely on this information in formulating a turnaround strategy. Thirdly, TFC previous operational model was supported by its dominance in the market segment. Thus, there is an urgent need to modify the current marketing strategy to survive competition. Dana could use this information in developing competitiveness strategies. Fourthly, the company is facing competition from Lifetime and CNN channels. This information captures the general competitive approach by competitors, such as rolling out 30 to 60 minutes fashion shows beyond their regular lineup. Dana could borrow from such strategies to better TFC’s market leadership position. Lastly, the traditional dominance in fashion channel business is quickly changing as the fashion programming industry. This is a sign of a paradigm shift in marketing management. Dana could use this statistic to create a marketing matrix for self-sustenance of TFC. Advantages and Challenges of the Three Options The TFC’s consumer demographic analysis data indicates that the audience of the channel comprises of shoppers/planners, basics, situationalists, and fashionistas. From Dana’s analysis, she suggests that a new women segment (18-34 years) could become a premium target due to their impact on cable affiliation and ad revenues if the “Fashion for Everyone” advertising approach is upheld. Interestingly, the super
Introduction Basics Of Japanese Literature The Japanese literature has been spawned for a period spanning roughly two millennia of writing. Early literal work in the Japanese perspective was profoundly subjective to the Chinese literature, but Japan rapidly developed a style and quality distinct to its identity. Japan reopened its ports in the nineteenth century to western trade and international relations a factor which affected its literature heavily. A salient feature prominent in Japanese literature is the ease to be comprehended in its original Japanese context. Some Japanese words and phrases lose their relevance and meaning once translated into another language which does not assimilate the constituent facets of Japanese culture. Translating Japanese literature is a daunting task owing to its deep cultural and linguistic diversity. Thus, many resident Japanese authors are not renowned in comparison to their counterparts residing in Europe and America. Prelude To Japanese Literature The Japanese literature had it’s inception in early eighth century after adopting a writing system from China. Amongst the first written government projects were the Kojiki, chiefly known as historical chronology of Japanese culture and the Chronicle Of Japan (Gordon 28) The most luminous written products of this ancient era was the Man’yoshu interpreted as, collection of ten thousand leaves, comprising of an anthology of four thousand and five hundred poems. The collection was composed by a wide pool of writers comprising of, unidentified authors, the elite and the emperors around the year 759(Gordon 61) In the early eleventh century the Hiragana alphabet obtained from the Chinese characters came into prominent use. Resplendent aristocracy sprung up owing to the increased knowledge, literacy and acquisition of written literature. Court ladies were highly utilized in developing the Japanese literature and this aided to minimize the primitive aspects of the written Japanese literature. Later, as literature gained recognition in Japan, Konjaku monogatari also known as, tales of a time that is now past, added depth to Japanese literature (Gordon163).Contained in this volume were thousand ramified collection of written material from Buddhists and secular Indian tales. The tales gave a vivid description of the noble class and the way of living amongst the commoners in Japan. The Meiji Era Background Information During the time period termed as Meiji Era, Japan was under the leadership of emperor Meiji who
Introduction In developed countries, Juvenile criminal behavior is on the increase. Numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain the causes of this behavior. Although much effort has been concentrated on the study of violent behavior, little has been done to explain the reasons behind the escalation from non-aggressive to aggressive offending (Murray & Farrington, 2005). It has been identified that peer pressure, family behavior, school performance, and environment are the key causes of the escalation of delinquent behavior amongst juveniles. The study of these causes can provide an understanding of delinquent juveniles’ behaviors. In the United States of America, the government has come up with various ways to respond to the increasing teenage crimes. The government has enhanced interventions through justice system, social awareness, biological approach, and utilization of services. A brief overview of the article The article studies the degree at which feelings, family units, and surrounding correlates are linked with the increase of non-aggressive to aggressive offending among the imprisoned teenagers (Dorn & Williams, 2003). In the article, data from 50 respondents were collected. The respondents comprised of 25 escalators and 25 maintainers of non-aggressive criminals from a prison facility in Midwestern USA. Ideas that associate security and an aggressive home environment were significant in the understanding escalation in criminal behavior, and prior criminal victimization was less important. Recommendations for individual and family precautionary interventions and criminal behavior theories are examined in the article. The journal’s findings suggest that individual thoughts on the relations between power and safety and violent family setting are significant correlates that can be used in distinguishing between the escalators and maintainers (Kurtz, 2002). In the findings, prior criminal victimization remains moderately significant throughout the models. Description of the research problem The research problem focuses on identifying whether both family and personality correlates are significant in identifying teenagers who escalate to violent criminals in contrast to those who participate in nonviolent criminal behavior. In the article, the authors acknowledge several existing studies with the aim of emphasizing on the research problem. Richard Van Dorn and James Herbert Williams argue that existing literatures support their perceptions about the escalation of delinquent behavior in incarcerated youths. Therefore, their main intention of carrying out this study was to expand on the existing knowledge. Dorn and Williams approached the research problem differently to benefit of all stakeholders and criminal justice scholars (Lodge, 2007). Research methods The information used in the project was collected through interviews. The authors assert that the interview sessions were conducted for about two hours. The sample was evenly shared between the youths apprehended and judged for non-violent offense and then afterward rearrested and judged for violent offenses. Thereafter,
Healthcare Robots and Management Roles   * Patient’s transfer;   * Walk training;   * Balance training;   * Assisting a specialist in providing healthcare services;   * Assistance in disease management and providing information on diseases;   * Training the necessary skills;   * Fixing general motor function and the motor function of the limbs;   * Enhancing the interaction between a patient and the doctor. Though using technological solutions in healthcare has never been anything out of the ordinary, using robotic devices to assist patients was suggested only in mid-2000s (Bogue, 2011). Nevertheless, the amount of robot-assisted medical procedures has grown greatly. Making only 80,000 in 2007, in 2009, the amount of instances when robotic devices were used in healthcare grew to 205,000. People have been obsessed with the idea of having robots as their assistants since the very concept of a robot was created. However, using robots as medical doctors’ assistants has been only a figment of the most daring dreams until recently. According to the recently obtained data, robots have become an integral part of nursing programs over the past few months. At present, however, robots perform the required minimum of management roles, which are:  1. patient’s transfer,  2. walk training,  3. balance training,  4. assisting a specialist in providing healthcare services;  5. enhancing the communication between a patient and a doctor. It is worth mentioning, though, that the use of robots in healthcare has also become a considerable ethical issue. To justify their suspicions, the opponents of robotized healthcare services insist on the unpredictability of robotic mechanisms. Robots in Healthcare and Surgical Initiatives: The Recent Innovations Robot s as assistants for surgeons and a Tool for Diagnosis   * Improvements of ST-elevated myocardial infraction treatment;   * Patient flow increases, becoming more timely and effici
Introduction There are some beautiful places in every city. However, we rarely think that the interesting places can be found even in our neighborhoods. In this essay, I am going to guide you down the Irving Street in San-Francisco. This is the street in the local Chinatown. I hope you will like this small trip! The Place of Interest in My Neighborhood We start our walk from the intersection of the Irving Street and the 24 th avenue and will go down to the 19 th avenue. You will find a lot of cafes, restaurants, shops, and salons there. The first place, which you can see is the Baskin Robbins store at the corner of the 24 th avenue. There you can taste the delicious ice-creams before our walk. The fine restaurant is located nearby the intersection of the Irving Street and the 23 rd avenue. It is named Marnee Thai Restaurant. If you like the exotic dishes, this place is, undoubtedly, for you. In particular, you can taste the spicy shrimp soup, the spicy green papaya salad, and many other dishes (“Top 10 Thai Food” n.pag.). The restaurant specializes in the authentic Thai food. Some of my friends like this place and often invite me to taste some Thai dishes. However, there are many other interesting places in my neighborhood. One more Thai restaurant is located down the street. At Chabaa Thai Cuisine, you can also taste the national Thai dishes and take a rest. Besides, the Japanese restaurant is situated just across the street. They prepare delicious sushi. I like this place very much. There are also a lot of stores in this area of the street. In particular, you can find the food, clothes, and even the mobile phones at the nearest shops. At Uncle Benny’s Donut & Dacel, you can drink a cup of espresso or taste the pastry. Sometimes, I attend this place with my friends. By the way, there are a lot of banks down the street including Wells Fargo, HSBC, Citibank, and Bank of the Orient. It will not be a problem to find the ATM in my neighborhood. I advise you to visit Sheng Kee, the bakery and café. They offer a good menu at a reasonable price. Besides, I like