ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric Connections The major band fibers connecting the left and the right hemisphere of the brain The human brain is made up of the right and left hemispheres that are connected by a network of nerve axons called the corpus callosum. The function of this band of fibers The corpus callosum helps to assimilate the sensory, motor, and cognitive messages between the two corresponding regions in the two cerebral hemispheres. It, therefore, aids in communication between the two parts of the brain, enabling them to complement each other in function. Crossover patterns of connection between hemispheres and body parts Touch In the Medulla of the brain, the nerve fibers arising from the two cerebral hemispheres intersect making the right hemisphere control the left half of the body and vice versa. Thus, a touch felt on the left hand is registered in the right hemisphere. Hearing The auditory nerves pick the sound waves that enter the right ear and transmits the sensory impulse to both cerebral hemispheres that integrate the information enabling one to detect the various aspects of sound such as direction, magnitude, and pitch. Even though both hemispheres receive the sensory impulse, the left hemisphere receives much of the primary information from the right ear, i.e., the primary auditory information is sent to the brain in a contralateral fashion just like messages from the rest of the body. Vision The rods and cones in the retina process the light entering the left eye. The sensory signal is then channeled through the optic nerve to the visual cortex in both the right and left cerebral hemispheres where it is processed further. The optic nerve from each eye branches and sends primary information to both hemispheres. The visual pathway differs from that of the ear or touch because it does not follow the contralateral pattern. In the visual pathway, both eyes can detect half of the information in any given field of view, i.e. both the left and right field of view. The sensory information from the right field of view combines and proceed to the left hemisphere while that from the left field of view proceed to the right hemisphere. Split-Brain Research The part of the brain surgically cut in split-brain patients Split brain refers to a brain condition where the corpus callosum has been severed. The reason for this surgery Surgical removal of whole or a part of the corpus callosum is done to reduce seizures in epileptic patients. The case of a blindfolded split-brain patient and a fork In a patient with the split brain, each cerebral hemisphere can learn, but it is independent of the other, i.e., one hemisphere does not experience what the other experiences or learns. Each cerebral hemisphere can sense touch. The left cerebral cortex receives information from the ri
Introduction Sleep is an important facet in the lives of human beings and more important for babies as they spend two thirds of their lives in this state. The benefits of sleep cannot be overstated as it is natures remedy for most cures as manifested by patients resting when facing ill health. Despite its importance, research on sleep has never been conclusive and findings after various studies indicate variations in results. The one thing that all researchers and scholars agree is that further understanding on sleep will yield greater results and understanding towards common social and medical problems that we currently face. As social demands increase so does the importance of sleep. Benefits of Sleep As we continue to progress both technologically and financially, there is an inherent culture of ignorance to sleep that we cultivate and this is clearly manifested through man’s hunger for more and more with little thought on the effects of his physical and mental health. Man’s ambitions has been achieved but at the expense of our bodies and bodily functions. As evidenced by the presence of alarm clocks in our rooms, many of us lack sleep and the benefits we can derive from it. Our mood is often altered negatively and the way we relate is impacted once our sleep is distorted (Hawkins 25). Sleep impacts on the brain’s activity greatly as findings have shown that the human body can sleep with the eyes open or even in locations with loud music. The quality of life is greatly hampered in all aspects i.e. socially, mentally and physically when we are derived off sleep. It is accompanied by dreams that also exercise the brains muscle and has been shown in some research findings to have some positive psychological effects. Whether we want to elude sleep voluntarily or involuntarily, symptoms such as tiredness of the human body will force the body to sleep in the end. Characteristics of Sleep The effects of has been exhibited more greatly in animals through studies and all animals have been shown to sleep in different forms. The quality and quantity of sleep in the animal kingdom greatly differ. Sleep is characterized by brain activity as through electrodes when placed on the head of a human being or animal. Sleep causes inactivity of the body in most animals and ruminants have been shown to chew cud. Posture also varies from all animals as some birds have been shown to sleep with one leg and others have been shown to sleep upside down as demonstrated by bats. Human beings and primates lie when sleeping, however they can also sleep in any position if the need is too great. Many people can sleep in buses and airplanes and this is proof enough that whether standing, lying or sitting the human body cannot escape sleep. Another characteristic of sleep is that all animals go back to the same location when sleeping and this has been attributed to need for security from internal or external threats such as weather effects or prey while in an unresponsive state (Dinges 122). Although not completely disconnected fro reality, sleep has the ability to make the body relax. This state of relaxation is different from that of a coma or fainting as one
According to Hidalgo (2013), a factory was opened in a poverty-stricken area. The company employed several people, including a woman who had been unemployed for a long time. Due to her lack of experience, the woman earned less than the rest. It can be argued that the woman in question is better off making meager wages compared to none. However, the salary she earns is still not enough to cater to her basic needs. The utilitarianism theory can be applied to the woman’s situation since it focuses more on the outcome of an action rather than the act itself (Mulgan, 2017). It is arguable that even though the employer provides an opportunity to the employee, meager wages do not improve his or her life and social status in any way. The leaders of the factory believe that they are helping the woman regardless of the amount she is being paid. Thus, it would be difficult to convince them to pay the woman the living wage. Ethics requires that the employer be able to satisfy the basic needs of their employees (Ferell, 2013). An adverse effect that comes up when minimum and living wages are legislated is that most employees may be overworked as companies will hire fewer people (Shaw & Barry, 2015). However, businesses should be responsible for providing the living wage since employees are assets.
Introduction The world is so dynamic and competitive. In this regard, most organizations are capitalistic in their operation and always want more. They want more profit, more shareholder value, and more market share, among others. The realizations of these objectives have been attained through the successful initiation, development, management and above all by the application of strategic human resource management. However, within this cacophony, the role of the H.R. as a specialist is not only changing, H.R. practitioner is also sifting towards taking the roles of a manager. Indeed, human service sector has paid cognizance to the effective development and management of social services. After serving as a social worker in the United Arab Emirates and taking cognizance of the family, social, and emotional adjustments and experiences, one thing that rings into the mind is the role of leadership and management in non-for-profit sector. If reward and the driving factor in business is profit, one striking factor that remains a concern is how the non-for-profit sector can effectively achieve its broad objectives without focusing on profit. The purpose of this study is to draw personal experiences in leadership and management as a social worker in the United Arab Emirates, explore the aspects of human services funding and examine leadership and management to ascertain whether they are mutually exclusive or interdependent. Postmodernism marks a departure from the approaches of
Research indicates that the incidences and prevalence of autism in children are higher than ever in history and, therefore, there are needs to improve intervention techniques. Moreover, pundits maintain that an ideal therapist/counselor should leverage every opportunity to address the needs of autistic children in the most effective and appropriate ways (Parker & O’Brien, 2011). This paper is based on a discussion that proposes the adoption of play therapy as one of the most effective interventions in working with autistic children. Before the discussion, some literature materials on different interventions to individuals with autism are first reviewed. Literature Review Dimitriadis and Smeijsters (2011) sought to elucidate why music therapy is considered an appropriate tool and an effective intervention for treating individuals with autism. The authors used theoretical frameworks from different fields obtained from diverse literature materials to give coherent comprehensive insights on the role and effectiveness of music therapy. Particularly, the authors used theories to clarify and support the musical relationships between therapists and autistic individuals. Individuals with autism prefer communicating through musical aspects to other techniques such as tactile contacts. Therefore, music therapy is an effective intervention. First, theories of developmental psychology were adopted where concepts such as attunement and vitality were linked to music. Musical terms, including crescendo and decrescendo, were also linked to the human psyche and personal feelings. Therefore, the analogy between music and psychological processes and the innate human musicality was comprehensively described. Second, the authors used a theory by Damasio to link music to consciousness and emotional processes in human beings. Primary, secondary, and background emotions are significant elements of core-self that could be regulated through music. Combining the different theoretical backgrounds, the authors observed that although autistic individuals may have difficulties in interpersonal contacts, music therapy improves their behaviors, especially intimacy, communication, trust, memory, and awareness. This is reinforced by the fact that music therapy is appropriate, particularly when verbal communication is reduced to impossible. Urwin (2011) postulated the use of psychotherapy treatment as one of the most effective interventions for autistic children. It is imperative to note that the author implied that depending on a single intervention technique is misplaced and ineffective, especially in the current era where autistic cases are varied. As such, psychotherapy is one of the many techniques. The work by Urwin (2011) w
Learners’ Background As I am a teacher of the English language at the College of Technology in Saudi Arabia, I am training students for commercial and technical careers. It is recognized that the English language is an international language of business and technology and, therefore, students should have an excellent command of English for successful completion of the course. As a teacher of a foreign language, I had to encounter difficulties in providing ESL learners with the basics of the English language. First of all, the students have different levels of foreign language proficiency, which considerably hinders the process of study. Secondly, the learners have considerable difficulties in handling the English language because of the differences in grammatical and syntactical structures of the Arabic language and the English language. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the peculiarities of both languages with regard to the difficulties in writing and pronouncing words because little attention is paid to these problems (Smith and Swan, 2001: 195). Introduction General Characteristic . The Arabic Language refers to the Central Semitic language and it is closely related to other languages of this family, such as the Neo-Aramaic languages and Hebrew (Bateson, 2003:1). It should also be stressed that Arabic is also known for its “root and pattern system” being the main feature of the Semitic languages. Traditionally, roots are composed of three consonants groups that are accompanied by a variety of vowel patterns (Department of Linguistics, 2010). The language is the most spread one in the Middle East and, therefore, it has a great number of language variations and spoken dialects. However, Modern Standard Arabic is chosen for study in schools and universities. This Arabic language is studying by students as their native one whereas their second language is English. Arabic writing system and its relation to speech. Arabic writing system has certain important peculiarities that distinguish it from the English language. Thus, Arabic is traditionally written from right to left in a cursive script (Bateson, 2003:56). It does not have a capitalization system and, therefore, the names and titles are presented in lower case. The punctuation system of the Arabic language is written in direct order (Bateson, 2003:6). In order to distinguish the consonants, a specific system of dots is used. The writing system of the Arabic language has a considerable impact on speech. Due to the fact that there some dots and signs that are only pronounced in the connected speech. As a result, Arabic writing is relatively autonomous from the phonographic system and, thus, it allows us to prono
Critique The article in question can be regarded as a manifestation of technological determinism. Shapin (2007) claims that people know little about the way technology develops as it is impossible to predict which innovations and technological advances will be used and which will perish. The author also stresses that people still tend to utilize things they are accustomed to as they know how to use them and know the benefits of this usage. It is possible to note that the author provides sound arguments and helps understand the lack of awareness of technology and its development. Shapin (2007) provides examples of the way some innovations become widespread while others disappear. The example of the telegraph and mail tubes is quite stunning. However, one of the most valuable insights provided in the article is concerned with the view of innovation. It is necessary to stress that the author questions the innovation-centric account of tech. People do not try to create something new (innovative), but rather upgrade old things. People’s futurism is somewhat ridiculed as humanity still drives cars instead of flying, and there are no Moon resorts. Shapin (2007) claims that people often focus on things while innovation is something more complex. It is the way things are used. Finally, the author’s argument concerning the social shaping of technology is quite remarkable. It becomes clear that the development of technology is determined by the values (as well as goals) existing in the society. Philosophical views and even preferences shape the world of technology that is aimed at making people’s lives more comfortable. All in all, the article provides helpful insights into the way technology and society are interconnected. Clarify The second paragraph of the article entails one of the major ideas of the article and one of the most intriguing points to consider. Shapin (2007) claims that every innovation has elements of some older (or even ancient) artifacts. Thus, laptops are upgraded variants of the typewriter while cars are new carriages. The nature of innovation can be regarded from a new perspective. Thus, people often think of innovation as something brand new. Things people have never seen or done before. Nonetheless, it appears that innovation is the alteration of something that existed for a while. This understanding can upset someone as people like thinking their might is limitless. However, the understanding of the nature of innovation and technology can help in the development of a clear view of human society. Shapin (2007) unveils the nature of humanity. A human is a “Tool-using animal” (as cited in Shapin, 2007, para. 2). In other words, people are not concerned about creating something but rat
To summit Everest is the dream of many professional climbers. They greatly appreciate the rugged beauty of the mountain, the challenges that lay before them and they love to experience what it feels like to stand on the roof of the world. There are those who want to climb the mountain in order to obtain some bragging rights because reaching the top is indeed the testament to courage and self-determination. Moreover, there are those who will climb for the glory and fame and nothing more. These are the people who are willing to pay the price physically and financially to summit Everest. In the early 1990s it became clear that anyone who is relatively fit and can afford to pay a guide can reach the peak. It was a wrong assumption, a fact learned the hard and bitter way by Jon Krakauer as he barely survived the attempt. His story talks about the importance of leadership, teamwork, goal-setting, and skills are required to conquer Everest. Problems en Route to the Peak The first major problem that the climbers had to deal with is none other than Mt. Everest itself. The Sherpas who lived within the Himalayan mountain range were already familiar with the imposing structure but the rest of the world only knew about its astounding size when Sir George Everest, a surveyor general working for the British government measured the mountain and discovered that it is 29,028 feet or 8,848 meters above sea level (Weintraub, year, p.5). It is almost five and a half miles high (Weintraub, year, p.5). Walking for five and a half miles on a horizontal plane is a challenge to most people. But imagine doing the same feat vertically and one could begin to understand the physical challenge of climbing Everest. The second major problem is the thin air that surrounds the regions near the peak. Base camp is already at 17,600 feet and in this altitude human beings will find it difficult to breathe. The next step before summit, the launching pad for the final assault is called the South Col and it is located 26,000 feet above sea level. In these kinds of altitude Acute Mountain Sickness is made evident by the following symptoms: loss of appetite; nausea or vomiting; fatigue or weakness; dizziness or light-headedness; and difficulty sleeping (Wenk, year, p.36). Climbers need to acclimatize correctly. The third major problem is the number of climbers. Based on the topography of the mountain and the steep Hillary Steep there should only be limited number of climbers allowed to ascend on a given day. The treacherous weather can easily make a 30-minute walk into a five hour crawl, especially if there is blizzard. The fourth and most significant problem was the high number of inexperienced climbers that tried to ascend on May 10, 1996. There was a crowd at South Col and more than 30 climbers are about to cause a traffic jam at the Hillary Step on the final day to the summit. Those who do not possess the basic skills set required to climb an ice covered mountain should not even be allowed to go to Base Camp. But in this case the proble
Introduction AlbertEinstein once remarked that before God we are equally wise-and equally foolish. What Einstein did was contribute to a debate that rages up to today on whether all men are equal. It is debatable to say that God made us equal or that we are equal in His eyes as the bible scriptures imply. Some people hold that equality as implied in the scriptures means spiritual equality as opposed to bodily equality, while others prefer not to have God in the debate at all. However, even if we are of the view that we are not equal, it should be upon each one of us to acknowledge that we should treat each other as equals. The major reasons why we should treat each other equally forms the main arguments in this essay. Further, this essay tackles means and ways in which people can be treated as equals which include concerted efforts at institutional levels and at individual levels. Background It is important to note from the onset that, not treating people equally amounts to discrimination. From the historical slavery days to the modern racism, many forms of discrimination have existed. Cardinali and Zandralyn posit that, discrimination may be due to “gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, stigma, age or even physical appearance” (2002, p15). Groupings having common characteristics and brought together by social conformity tend to view others as unequal to them and so discriminate against them. This is the source of various ills in the society including genocide. Therefore, measures should be put in place to promote equal treatment. Reasons for promoting equality When we discriminate against others, we also bring about psychological harm on them. This harm includes depression and a low self-esteem because of frequent episodes of being discriminated against. According to Lang, “individuals who report frequent exposure to discrimination or unfair treatment also report experiencing more psychological distress, depression and lower levels of life satisfaction” (2007, p.69). The reason is that we all like to be appreciated and recognized, but if all we do is viewed as irrelevant as a result of something we cannot change like skin colour or sexual orientation, then we are bound to suffer psychologically. Since a healthy nation is a working nation, people who get psychological illness become more of a risk than an asset to the advancement of humanity. It is important therefore, to get rid of thi