ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Death is an integral part of a person’s life, although some people choose to think of it as dreadfull, while others consider it natural. While from a biological or medical perspective defining death, and thus one’s attitude is easy because it is the termination of vital activities, the philosophical view of it is more complicated. Therefore, the attitudes towards death and its inevitability and permanence may differ, leading to some people believing that death is evil. This paper aims to evaluate the arguments about death and the perception of this phenomenon presented by Thomas Nagel in his essay “Death” as well as examine the most severe difficulty with viewing death as an evil. Firstly, the author defines death as a permanent state, leaving aside discussions regarding the possible survival of consciousness. As such, death can be viewed as something that deprives a person of all good things that exist in life. This approach can include wishes and desires, as well as happiness itself. Nagel (1970) argues that in this regard, the valuable attributes of one’s life are not connected to the mere organic survival of the body. Therefore, the first element of viewing death is evil that the author examines is the contrast of this occurrence to life, which is perceived as good. Hence, when comparing those who lived long lives with those who lived less, one can argue that the former experienced more of this good, which would suggest that death is evil. However, Nagel (1970) cites an example of temporary freezing and renewal as
A reproductive issue which men of any age can encounter and is considered irregular at ages younger than 40, is oligospermia. It is an aspect of male infertility characterized by low sperm count in semen. Other elements of sexual health may be impacted such as the ability to maintain an erection and produce ejaculation. According to international standards, a healthy sperm count ranges in the proximity of 15 million sperm per milliliter, with anything below that amount can be diagnosed as oligospermia (Dubin et al., 2018). Oligospermia is a symptom of a deeply rooted endocrine and systemic disorders, including primary and secondary hypogonadism, which is defined by poor testicular function, low testosterone levels, elevated levels of gonadotropin, and impairment of spermatogenesis (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2016). Sperm cells are unique in their expression of protamines that allow DNA to be compacted into the hydrodynamic sperm head which facilitates its movement towards the egg (Huether & McCance, 2016). In oligospermia, sperm quality is decreased, not only due to sperm count but also due to reduced mobility, further exacerbating male fertility. A variety of treatments are available for low sperm count and quality, depending on the root of the issue. Often, lifestyle changes to naturally raise testosterone levels can be beneficial via diet and exercise, and even provide a nonpharmacological resolution to the problem. Patient education plays a vital role in this context, as it becomes important to instruct a patient on the importance of lifestyle change on improving hormone levels regardless whether or not pharmacological interventions are implemented. Hormone treatment and medications are another possibility as drugs or injections can be used for hormone replacement or stimulating production, depending on the origin of the issue. Patients with hypogonadism as the cause of oligospermia may respond well to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy, effective in hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctions. In more radical cases, surgery is a possibility to correct a varicocele or obstructed vas if it may present a practical solution to this medical issue. (Meier, Dave, & Bennett, 2018).
The Four Elements Necessary for A Contract To Be Valid A valid contract must be supported by a number of factors that must be present and lawful. Firstly, there must be an offer and acceptance . An offer occurs where one party expresses the desire to form a contract with another and communicates it to that other party. When the other party accepts the offer made to him, there s said to be an acceptance. The law states that both the offer and the acceptance must be lawful, that is, they must be in keeping with the law of contract. An offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a contract on definite terms as soon as these terms are accepted. An acceptance on the other hand is the agreement to the terms of the offer that is given by the efferee. There must also be a lawful consideration . Consideration is what one party gives the other as agreed in the contract terms. The consideration comprises what the parties exchange to complete the transaction as agreed. The parties to the contract must also be competent to form a contract as far as age and state of mind are concerned. A valid contract must also be supported by free consent . This means that the parties build a consensus without being forced or any other influence but willingly. The consent should not be obtained by coercion, undue influence, etc. Elements that apply to the physician-patient relationship In the case of the physician-patient relationship, a contract is created only if the above elements are present. First, the patient approaches the physician and expresses his willingness to enter in to contract whereby the physician will treat him and then he (patient) pays for the service or medicine given. In this case, an offer is created. If the physician accepts to treat the patient according to the terms of the offer (the payment that the patient is willing to pay), then there is said to be acceptance . The price that the patient will pay for the services that are offered by the physician stands for consideration. The doctor gives the services or medicines while the patient pays money for the services or medicines. Termination of the physician-patient relationship The termination of the patient-physician relationship should be a rare case. The physician is duty-bound once the relationship with the patient commences. Termination especially by the physician should only be sought in extreme circumstances. Termination may be by mutual agreement or unilateral. In the case of mutual agreement, the physician and the patient agrees to terminate the relationship based on certain condition. The relationship may be automatically terminated when both parties have
Summary of the Article In the article published by American Journal of Business Research, Champion et al. (2010) explore the effects of retail image on student perceptions of merchandise quality and willingness to buy. The article highlights that it has become apparent that competition continues to typify the modern business environment. As such, there has been a need for companies to differentiate themselves from their rivals. Companies may embark on promotion of image as a method to differentiate themselves. Champion et al. (2010) pinpoint that companies might also want to promote their retail stores as that witnessed when Apple launched its Apple Store. Using an empirical study, the authors hypothesize that store image is an important aspect of competition in markets. The companies try to woo customers by changing their perception and experiences of their stores. Subsequently, the first hypothesis is that a heightened store image brings about positive change on consumer’s perception on the quality of the products. Second, Champion et al. (2010) make a prior induction that a high store image increases the willingness of the buyers to spend. Third, an increase of positive perception brings about an increase in willingness of the customers to purchase the products. Champion et al. (2010) highlight that, in a situation of high involvement in the decision making process, there is a high correlation of store image and perspective of the consumer on the quality of the product. The article uses empirical methods to enhance that the results are reliable and consistent. The authors use two pretests to anticipate the results before conducting the final study. The first pretest involved the determination of the right products using a sample of 51 respondents. The research team requested the sample population to rate the level of product involvement related to varied products in a scale of 1-7. The second pretest entailed a sample population of 95 undergraduate students in determining the right stores to research on every product. The products in both pretest experiments required that the respondents were familiar with the products and able to categorize the products to be either low or high involvement. The final study, which was the main research, aimed at testing the hypotheses among 270 students. They were all pursuing their undergraduate courses. The research also aimed at testing the undergraduates’ perceptions of the store image product quality and willingness of the customers to purchase the products (Champion et al., 2010). Since the sample population consisted of psychology and business students, Champion et al. (2010) say that the diversity would bring about rich results. The researchers provided each student with different versions of questionnaire where they would respond to the queries based on different products. The evaluation and description of the product was dependent on the ability of the students to give their perspectives about the product just after viewing it. The
The stories written by Edgar Allan Poe always intrigue and fascinate the reader for various reasons. His “Murders in the Rue Morgue” is a unique narration of how a non-human murderer could disclose serious shortages in criminal investigation and underline the importance of observation and attention to the details. The intrinsically perplexing crime causes the reader to ask a multitude of questions about the seemingly contradictory evidence, a lack of means and motive, and superhuman mutilation; through these complexities, the reader is moved around the chessboard of mystery at the mystery of Dupin – the analyst with all the answers. When a crime scene is analyzed, people focus on the presence or absence of evidence, and Poe complicates the case by contradictory facts and notes. Using a metaphor of chess frivolity, the author recognizes reflective intellect as a useful tool in detective stories (Poe, 1841). Dupin emphasizes the necessity of using such elements as voice quality or the placements of subjects in the room to prepare the reader for moving another piece on the chessboard. Despite a lack of motive, police officers prefer to arrest at least someone to demonstrate the effectiveness of their actions. Dupin does not want to follow this questionable and ineffective example and make another decision to remove blunders (Poe, 1841). Most criminals are motivated at least by some personal interests and needs, and the offered situation missed any reasonable or even unreasonable motive. Finally, examining the murdered bodies reveals non-human mutilations, which should be considered before accusing someone of the crime. The police were paralyzed from the facts, demonstrating Dupin’s success through impartial and analytical attitudes towards the case (Poe, 1841). It is one of the last steps in the chess game that allows finding the true answer. Human murders turn out to be a symbolic visiting card of Poe’s stories. His evaluation of criminal minds and detectives is unpredictable and tempting. Addressing contradictory evidence, a lack of motive, and inhuman mutilations helps Dupin solve the case. Although his success remains a mystery for other characters, the reader, who observes the whole situation on the chessboard, learns that analytical thinking and no fast conclusions may be enough to reveal a truth. Reference Poe, E. A. (1841). The murders in the Rue Morgue . PoeStories. Web.
James Hansen has gained global repute for his outstanding work on climate issues. A globally-renowned climatologist, James Hansen was instrumental in helping to create awareness to the public on the issue of anthropogenic climate change. He has also been a stern critic of the liberal-parliamentary process due to its inability to significantly tackle the issue of climate change to date. In an open letter addressed to President Obama, Hansen prevailed on the president to take urgent action and ensure that issues pertaining to climate change were addresses during his first term in office. As such, Hansen is a powerful authority in the area of climate change. His book, “Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity”, is filled with very rationale claims but nonetheless, it also contains several flaws as well. In his book, Hansen lays bare the topic of global warming. He argues that the planet is hurtling from the effects of global warming at a faster rate than was previously envisaged. He points to the fact that even as we are fully aware that humans have contributed enormously to climate change, nonetheless, our politicians have resorted to the use of ineffectual solutions tied to special interest, instead of connecting science with climate change policies (Hansen 2009). He recalls his invitation to attend the Vice President’s Climate task Force on March 29, 2001. He took his invitation to the meeting to mean that the Bush administration was already fulfilling its campaign promises by ensuring that it reduced carbon dioxide. He was therefore optimistic that something good would some out of that meeting. However, on this particular meeting, and some of the other cabinet-level presentations that he would later on attend, the government reneged on its promises and as such these meetings were nothing but a source of disappointment to Hansen. Nonetheless, Hansen applauds the Bush administration for actually taking the right steps in order to reduce methane emissions; nonetheless, the Bush administration dismissed his urgent call to ensure a reduction on carbon dioxide emissions. Hansen further argues that the earth is faced with an ‘imminent peril’ because of man’s continued action of burning fossil fuels that are also contributing to the change in climate. Consequently, humanity itself, along with millions of others species, are threatened. His choice for the book’s title, Storms of My Grandchildren , is indicative of the extremely ferocious weather patterns that the next generation is likely to be faced with should be fail to mitigate the use of fossil fuels (Hansen 2009). This is a looming crisis that has
Introduction Web 2.0 is a term used to describe the evolution of web based programs, applications and websites from their originally static design towards a more dynamic and user centered platform that encourages information sharing, collaboration and user based content (Zielinski, 8). It is in a sense a form of evolution in the way users interact with websites from their previously passive viewing experience to a more interactive one that encourages users to share information Zielinski, 8). Clay Shirky in his book “Cognitive Surplus” states how the internet has provided people with a platform in which to collaborate, experiment and as a result create effective social change through various collaborative works (Shirky, 8). It is this collaborative aspect that has driven the greatest amount of change in how the internet works, functions and is used by
The novel ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ was published in 1940, written by the outstanding and famous author, Ernest Hemingway. A story of a young American man called Robert Jordan is well drafted, signaling International Brigades, particularly positioned at the republican guerrilla section in the Spainish Civil War (Hemingway par. 3). Jordan was a dynamiter, a position that earned him the responsibility of blowing up the Segovia’s city bridges. Reviews done by Jeffrey Meyers indicated that the novel is one of the best modeled stories (Hemingway 27). Research indicates that the main reasons behind writing the book were to discourage the negative consequences cultivated by war. Research indicated that Hemingway, born in Chicago suburb, in a family of six children, showed an interest in writing in early life (Wilson par. 5). This writing talents ware noted to contribute significantly to the high school’s student newspaper and magazine. This is where the passion for writing books was cultivated (Hemingway 317). He, at one time, was a reporter with the Kansas City Star and was involved in the World War I and the World War II, which he borrowed lots of materials for his book ‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ (Wilson par. 2). A number of authors of his time complemented his work. This is including the local high school he attended and the Kansas City Star stakeholders among others. Hemingway liked an outdoor life and gained instant popularity among his peers. At one time, he gained the title ‘Papa’ and ‘Champ’ and often rubbed shoulders with celebrities. It is argued that Hemingway was typical in nature, reflecting on that period (Hemingway par. 8). The novel was written at the time of the Span
Introduction Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) is a program put in place by the federal government of the United States of America. The program is meant to help poor families sustain themselves. States are allocated block grants by the government in order to plan and run programs that accomplish one of the purposes set forth in TANF. The initiative was developed in 1996. It came into effect after the passing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. The legislation was passed during the reign of President Bill Clinton (Brown 35). The program was implemented officially on July 1, 1997. As a temporary form of assistance, the initiative focuses on helping people get off aid through employment. According to the initial rules, the benefits are required to last for a maximum period of 60 months. However, some states have changed the regulations and are offering assistance for shorter durations. Such jurisdictions include California, Washington, and New Mexico. The alteration is influenced by laws that provide the state governments with freedom to come up with plans on how to offer the aid. In addition, states have the right to revoke entitlements. According to the newly passed law, people registered for TANF programs are required to secure employment within 24 months (Danielson and Klerman 720). In this paper, the author will analyze how the TANF system works in the U.S. To this end, the author will evaluate how the program functions in California. The changes made to the program will also be discussed. Other aspects to be highlighted include caseloads and the amount of cash assistance given to the needy families. In addition, work requirements and time limit rules will be evaluated. How TANF System Works An Overview of the Program TANF focuses on the provision of both financial aid and work opportunities. The program is run by the Office of Family Assistance. The agency is part of the Administration for Children and Families body. To avail the services and reach out to the needy from different places in the country, each state has a local TANF administrative center (Gene 13). However, the title of the assistance programs offered differs from one state to the other. The program has four primary purposes. They include reducing reliance on aid among deprived parents thr
Waste Management in Australia is becoming a serious issue. This is because the population of the country is increasing leading to the creation of more waste. In addition, the rate of growth of urban centres is leading to the generation of concentrated pools of waste. Australia uses landfills to dispose waste. Landfills ensure that waste does not become an eyesore. However, landfills lead to other problems in the environment, and rob the country of waste recycling opportunities. This paper proposes that Australia is better off generating energy from waste, rather than dumping the waste in landfills. Situational Analysis The situation in Australia in regards to energy and waste has several facets. The country has a very large land area, which it can use for waste disposal. However, this strategy is not sustainable given the long-term impact of current waste disposal practices. Energy Situation Australia has vast mineral deposits. The minerals include coal, gas, and oil. However, the quantity of these energy deposits is not sufficient to guarantee energy supplies for the country. The amount of oil produces in Australia peaked in 2000 and has been dropping since (ABS 2010). The country has not developed any new wells in the recent years. This has made Australia a net importer of oil. The country’s reserves are not sufficient to meet its domestic needs. Therefore, the country imports large quantities of oil. In fact, Australia’s trade balance is import-biased. The country imports more goods and services than its exports to other countries. The country’s energy supply is not growing at the same rate with its energy demand. Models indicate that if the country does not make an effort to increase its energy production facilities, it will become necessary to ration power in some states as early as 2014 (ABS 2010). In this regard, Australia needs to think about how to increase energy supply in line with its growing needs. The country has very few renewable energy projects despite vast potential for ethanol production, and energy generation from solar and wind. The country has vast deserts that would be ideal for solar power generation. It can also produce ethanol for blending with imported oil to reduce its overall reliance on imported oil. At the same time, the country has a very long shoreline that can support the production of vast quantities of wind power. This shows that the country has a lot of potential to change its energy mix. Eventually, the country will need to address its energy situation because the current mix is unsustainable. Waste Situation Waste management in Australia is becoming a matter of increasing concern. The population centres in the country are increasing in number. This is in turn increasing the amount of waste generated in settlements. The increase in the quantity of waste generated in the country has a direct link to the increase in the per capita income of the country. The country’s income per capita went up in the last ten years. There is a link between increases in income per capita and inc