ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Business researches involve the collection of a variety of information. As a result, the researchers should be familiar with the different frameworks and assumptions that guide their research process. For instance, there is an epistemology framework and the metatheoretical assumption of positivism versus interpretivism that the labeling, realistic group conflict and taking into the community researches have tried to apply. Epistemological framework Becker and Niehaves (2007) provide an epistemology framework with an underlying concept of breaking down epistemological questions that are imperative to researches information systems. In this framework, five questions arise and they all concern cognition. The first question is about the meaning of a cognition object from an ontological aspect that analyzes what and how a research object is (Becker & Niehaves, 2007). According to ontological realism where researchers believe in the real independent world that is free from cognition, there is a possibility of reduction of all entities to matter. On the other hand, in ontological idealism researchers believe that cognition has some reality thus mental entities depend on human consciousness. Lastly, Kantianism researchers attempt to differentiate between ontological realism and idealism thus they assume that both dependent and independent entities exist. The second question concerns the association between cognition and cognition object (Becker & Niehaves, 2007). The epistemological realism who operates under the same assumption as ontological realism believes that there is a possibility of an objective cognition that is independent of reality. On the contrary, constructivism believes that the subject determines the existence of the association between cognition and cognition object. Additionally, Becker & Niehaves (2007) states that the third question concerns the acquisition of true cognition. According to correspondence truth theory, true proclamations match with facts. However, the consensus truth theory believes that a true declaration is the one accepted by the majority. Furthermore, the semantic truth theory deems that a true situation is different from the object and the language. The fourth question regards the origin of cognition (Becker & Niehaves, 2007). Empiricism reckons that it comes from experience while rationalism believes that its origin is intellect. Nonetheless, Kantianism believes that cognition comes from a personal experience together with his intellect. Finally, the last question is about the method that an individual can use to acquire cognition (Becker & Niehaves, 2007). To begin with, inductivism assumes that cognition moves from a part to a whole. On the other hand, deductivism deems that cognition is from the whole to a part. Conversely, Hermeneutics believes that prior understanding influences a person’s cognition. The relationship of epistemology framework to Dr. Weber’s concern The epistemology framework relates to Dr. Weber’s concern of
Background to the study Foreign labor refers to where the services of a foreigner are sought in a country other than his or her own country. Mostly, the services of foreigners are required in certain specialized or professional fields ( www. dictionaryreference.com ) In the 21st century, like the 18th century the need for foreign labor has increased across the world. This is attributed to the fact that there has been a rapid rise of industries in Saudi Arabia. According to Binzagr, 2007 , in Saudi Arabia jobs are filled by non – Saudis, they have a wealth of expertise and are paid for the work they do. Availability of foreign labor in Saudi Arabia has assisted the Saudi economy to grow in recent years. Most foreign workers are employed in oil, healthcare, finance, trading etc industries. In October 2006, Saudi Arabia successfully joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) after 12 years of negotiation. This will have a dramatic impact as it opens the kingdom’s protected economy ( Evans, 2005 ). Foreign investments will increase bringing in the necessary funds for giant projects and businesses as the country’s laws and regulations begin to conform to international standards. However, the impact will be felt on the economy as well as culture. While the economy of the country is generally vibrant, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capital is considered to be low in the region. Therefore one of the main concerns of the Kingdom is to create jobs to lessen dependence on foreign workers and reduce unemployment rate. The main focus of the developmental plans is to deal with the issues of foreign labor and unemployment. This can contradictory, but it reflects the strong dependence on foreign workers to support all technical and menial jobs. The kingdom is a net importer of technology and depends nearly on foreign labor to support technical needs. The dependence has hindered the country’s ability to develop the required skilled workforce and made it difficult for the private sector to offer attractive salaries to the national workforce ( Al-Kibsi et al, 2007 ). Businesses in Saudi Arabia face great challenges in their operations. This is mainly caused by work practices that limit performance levels as compared with those in Western International Companies. Keeping and raising a wide base of Saudi Arabia’s technical and skilled labor staff is a challenge because Saudis are more motivated by status and position. “Many young Saudi’s have grown up in luxury, seeing their parents getting well paid, high-status position” ( Bell, 2005 ). A 1986 study of Third World Labor forces ranked Saudi labor the lowest in terms of productivity for reasons that included the abundance of job opportunities. Accordingly, the Saudi Worker was motivated to stay in lower rank jobs (Rowings et.al., 1986). A more recent report shows that one-fourth of Saudi employees in the private sector do not regularly show up, causing a high turnover rate (Al-Kibsi et.al 2007 ) on foreign labor and this has hindered the development of a skilled workforce to the degree that the private sector is not able to absorb the new Saudi entrants and canno
Reflection Cognitive learning is based on the theory in terms of which any kind of information may be reasoned and processed. It is not enough for people to learn something new. It is more important to understand how important knowledge is, and how it can be organized in long-term memory (Pressley & McCormick 1995). The reading chosen for this week helps to comprehend that knowledge may take different forms. The choice of methods depends on many things, and one of them is the theory that is defined as the basis of knowledge. In Pressley and McCormick’s reading, certain attention is paid to Bandura’s observational learning theory. According to Bandura, human behavior is the main source for children to learn. People demonstrate their attitudes, give examples, and show the ways how knowledge could be gained and used. There is no right or wrong way to use knowledge. Learners always have options, and the observational learning theory provides the options in the form of verbal and imaginal systems (Pressley & McCormick 1995). The usage of this theory helps teachers and learners at the same time. As soon as students learn something new, they are able to observe the ways to use their knowledge, investigate possible results, and make the conclusions. In their turn, educators can easily find the material to use in the educational process. Other theories are also applicable to the case and help to clarify the factors that have to be recognized in education and learning processes. For example, Piaget and Vygotsky, with their ideas of cognitive development and the stages with their own functions and effects on people and their recognition of the world, Erikson’s theory of social development, or Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, may be used (Slavin 2006). All these theorists focused on different aspects of human development and proved that any development is the process with a certain purpose that has to be described and cannot be neglected. Social interactions are crucial, according to Vygotsky. Piaget explains the changes in mental abilities. Kohlberg develops the ideas that facilitate the learning processes of boys with their moral reasoning and judgments. Finally, Erikson’s approach helps to clarify the nature of challenges and concerns people have to deal with during their life. Comment My classmate’s posting is powerful. First, it contains interesting and clear information on the theoretical background. Second, it is based on personal attitudes to the subject and the importance of education as an opportunity to stay active and use an action as a form of education and the way of knowledge demonstration. Reference List Pressley, M & McCormick, C 1995, Advanced educational psychology for educators, researchers, and policymakers, HarperCollins College Publishers, New York. Slavin, RE 2006, Educational psychology: theory and practice, Allyn and Bacon, Bos
Abstract The world is recovering from financial crisis that is believed to have originated from the United States in 2007; developing countries were among the most affected economies; however, they are working on policies to keep them in pace with the developed countries. Africa hosts a number of developing economies; the economies are developing mechanisms and policies to assist them grow economically, socially, and politically. Nigeria is a Sub-Saharan country with a rich history and high potential for economic growth (Federal Government of Nigeria). Though the country is ranked with the middle-class countries, the country has the capacity to become a first world country. Nigerian economy is controlled by oil, agriculture and the service industry (HighBeam Research). Good mentorship and leadership that the country has embraced of late has made the country to be one of the countries expected to be economic giants in the near future. Other than natural resources, the country has a high population with a number of talents that it can tap for its development. A country with natural and human resources has a higher tendency of growing economically as both human and physical resources are needed for economic growth (Oluonye 12-34). This paper takes an economic review of Nigeria. Introduction Federal Republic of Nigeria is a West African Nation with its federal capital territory at Abuja and the state’s capital city at Lagos; with its coastline lying in the gulf of Guinea to the Atlantic Ocean, the country is an active player in international trade. It is a metropolitan country with a number of tribes, Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba are then main tribes; in terms of religion, the country is almost equally divided among the Christians and the Muslims. The countries name was developed in the 19 th century by Flora Shaw , the future wife of Baron Lugard , and was coined with the respect of the river Niger that passes across the country. In economic terms, the country has been ranked as one of the “next eleven” economies by the union of economic development of the commonwealth countries. The country has the largest number of black population in the world and the seventh largest country in the world; in Africa, Nigeria has the largest population. According to World Bank economic survey of 2008, Nigeria was one of the fastest economies in the world with 8.3%, the rate was expected to increase to 9.2% inn 2009; the projections were slightly missed in both years. The country has a total surface area of 923,768 km 2 (356,669 sq mi ), which makes it be ranked number 32 in the world in siz
Introduction The world economy has been increasingly characterized by an increase in trade and consumption aspects. People shop for different goods and services that are sold or retailed by different traders. With the coming of information and communication technology, trading activities have been greatly enhanced. E-commerce is slowly taking charge in trading activities and is expected to take full charge of trade in the near future (Rotem-Mindali and Salomon, 177). This paper will discuss one aspect of e-commerce, which is the e-retailing and development within the 2000 decade. The paper will focus on the cause behind the emergence of e-retailing and the likely future trend that is expected to be observed in e-retailing. E-retailing as a subset of e-commerce According to Rotem-Mindali and Salomon, e-retailing is one of the components of what is widely referred to as e-commerce (176). E-commerce has come with the advancement and adoption of information and communication technologies in commerce. E-commerce has been immensely supported since the dawn of the 21st century. This is because of advancement in information technology and the realization that information technology can greatly enhance business. Therefore, the advancement in information technology can be termed as the major cause of increased e-retailing activities. Information technology is the only base on which e-retailing can take place. The production and distribution of information technology product was very high during the 2000 decade. This saw many IT companies being established. The communication technology gadgets are used in e-retailing. The aspect that should perhaps be investigated is whether the adoption of e-retail consumption is a consequence of information technology or whether it is important to the users (Dennis, 199). Reasons for the development of e-retail consumption The use of the internet and the World Wide Web has gained prominence from the later years of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. This trend has continued up to date. With the development of the internet, most people have been finding it easy to conduct tasks and accomplish duties using the internet as a communication tool. With a significant number of people conducting their communicative activities on the internet, it has been easy to conduct trading activities electronically. This has been facilitated through the use of tools that are connected to the internet. Online trading activities have been launched to enhance trade. Online consumer communities have been formed encouraging e-retailing and consumption. These developments have been happening at a highly accelerated pace. This trend is associated with what traders and consumers refer to as the increased efficiency a
The emergence of online magazines can be mainly attributed to a reader’s propensity to enjoy his favorite magazines sitting back at home. While traditional paper magazines had to be bought from stores, online magazines can be availed only at a click. Fashion magazines are probably the most read online magazines alongside business magazines. It is considered a very profitable business and environment of Australia is considered ideal for this business. Canvas is a unique and an exquisite Australian online fashion magazine which started back in 2006 and now has gained tremendous popularity amongst its readers. In the initial stages the magazine was started by a group of fashion crazy friends who did not have the money to print a paper magazine. Canvas features styles of Australian locals and also has a section for various prominent style statements which are being followed across the world. It is used by people throughout the world from ordinary households to people in fashion world. Canvas magazine is a true reflection on the Australian style statement and mainly features that are vibrant, bright and colorful, fresh and exuberant style statements. Inspired by the bushes, cities and the beautiful beaches of Australia, Canvas paints an extremely realistic picture of a normal Australian’s fashion consciousness. (McEwen, 2008) The success story of Canvas is truly amazing. The political stability of the country is probably one of the most important reasons for Canvas’s success. The country has followed a structured reform system to build a very stable economy. Canvas Magazines have not been deterred by political factors like the intervention of the government in its operations. The Australian government made no efforts in order to sustain the paper magazine business when Canvas Magazines came out with the online variant. Though the paper magazines were on a rapid decline no subsidies were offered to them by the government. (McEwen, 2008) Australia had a very stable economy in spite of the recent recession and the economic downturn. Australia even went on to become the major regional finance hub because of its stable and sophisticated banking system. The major Australian banks the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Westpac and ANZ Bank have a whole variety of offers for all starting businesses. Though the tax rates fluctuate Canvas Magazines were covered because it always had a lawyer team to advise them on the rates. The Australian dollar is very stable and Canvas Magazines were not hurt much by the exchange rate fluctuations. At certain points though the weakening of the US dollar affected the operating margins of Canvas Magazines suffered. Canvas magazine has been a social trend setter across Australia and many other countries. The target market of the magazine is people in the 10-40 age groups. As internet is frequented by this age group Canvas Magazines has evolved as a social trend setter in this age group all over the world. This magazine depicts the eloquent Australian style which then gains f
Introduction The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test refers to a psychology-based appraisal tool used to evaluate the degree to which people perceive the world. It comprises four psychological functions by which people perceive the world. These functions include sensation, thinking, feeling, and intuition. In the test, these functions are assigned different percentages that are used to determine the type of MBTI of the individual taking the test. Results After taking the test, the following results were obtained. My MBTI type was introverted intuitive feeling judging (INFJ). The various percentages obtained in each function were as follows: introversion (11%), intuition (25%), feeling (12%), and judging (11%). These results imply that my preference for introversion is slight, and my preference for intuition is moderate. Moreover, my preference for feeling overthinking is temperate while my preference for judging over perceiving is trivial. Discussion There are several reasons why my MBTI type would contribute to being a successful project manager. First, complex character and exceptional talent are characteristics of people who fall under the INFJ type (Butt, 2010). People in this group are idealists and doers because their preference for judgment enables them to be doers and dreamers. These are good traits in a manager because organizational success is based on the fulfilment of dreams through persistent action (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005). A blend of vision and practicality enables people in the INFJ group to take responsibility for their actions and decisions. Successful managers are responsible and visionary. Secondly, people belonging to INFJ type (INFJs) take an interest in the welfare of others and work towards maintaining good relationships (Butt, 2010). One of the requirements for success in management is developing and maintaining good relationships with employees. This is easy for INFJs because they
Witnesses hold an important role in the investigation and the trial because they hold some of the most critical evidence in a lawsuit, the kind of evidence that provides a jury with the answers that sometimes physical evidence cannot, and as such are able to answer the ‘why’ questions in the trial. The three categories of missing witnesses are;  1. Identified witnesses are those witnesses who have been specifically by one of the parties or in a document or piece of physical evidence.  2. Unknown witnesses are those who have not been specifically identified by the legal team.  3. General category witnesses are originally identified through proximate probability and are known by the general description such as a utility worker or neighbor. The four items paralegal can review in order to identify witnesses in a case are;  1. Reviewing the existing physical evidence  2. Reviewing the potential resources  3. Reviewing ethical observations  4. Reviewing his search strategy A plan of action is required when searching for witnesses and their locations because most witnesses are not known or available to the legal team therefore they must be identified and located using a proper plan which is done based on the paralegal’s personal preferences, level of skill and the experiences of the past and by doing so he can avoid the repetition of searches conducted. The objectives when planning a search for witnesses are;  1. Identification of unknown witnesses;  2. using a variety of public, private and printed materials and the internet to locate the witnesses;  3. Observation of the ethical boundaries;  4. strategizing the search. Creating a witness list is similar to building a pyramid because a broad base is used to start construction and as information is uncovered, the list is narrowed until the best witnesses are identified. Making a request to the postmaster ensures that an accurate address is obtained and keeps the search private. The fees for these searches are normally not very expensive and vary from state to state. Ethical considerations that need to be observed when talking with the general category identifier are honesty about one’s identity, never threaten someone with legal action in case they do not co-operate, never use illegal methods to obtain information, always behave in a courteous professional manner and always treat any information received as private and confidential. Identification and location of the witness is the most difficult as many witnesses are not known or available to the legal team and the paralegal must identify and locate them using his personal preferences, skill level and past experiences and not all people may be comfortable canvassing neighborhoods or calling strangers. List of sources you can use to locate a witness are;  1. Telephone- this is the most inexpensive and accessible resource for a missing witness.  2. The post master- this is an ideal resource for verification and identification of a witness’s address. It enables secrecy in the case and is relatively very cheap.  3. The internet – this has become a primary tool for finding witnesses, locating pho