ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Utility Maximization and Scarcity Economic concepts are usually concerned about the problem of scarcity of resources that are used to fulfill many unlimited needs of individuals. Many resources that are used to fulfill the needs of different people exist. However, they are randomly distributed throughout the world and across different countries without any formula. The resources are limited although they are significant in fulfilling the wants that are unlimited as depicted by consumers. Due to the scarcity issues facing the resources, the demand is created. The resources provide the supply of all things that could be used to fulfill all needs. However, the needs of consumers reflect the demand. Due to many consumer needs, the demand for products is usually high and consumers have to budget their purchases based on monetary resources available (that are also limited). Therefore, the supply of resources and products forms one force within a market while the demand forms the other force whose combined effects shape the activities taking place in the market (Kehoe & Prescott 2007, P. 211). All consumers of any product and services are also considered rational as they always seek to maximize their utility given their budget constraints. The forces of demand and supply are significant in our understanding of the utility of a consumed derived from consumption of a given product or service. Demand As indicated above, the demand of a given product is determined by the needs to be fulfilled. Goods are exchanged in the market using a given medium of exchange that is in most cases money. Due to their unlimited nature, needs create the demand curve that indicate
Introduction This chapter reviews existing theoretical and empirical evidence on gender based pay outcomes. Through this approach, it will determine what current theory says regarding to the relationship between education and gender wage gap, the measures that have been used to reduce gender-based wage inequality and the social benefits accrued from reducing the gender wage inequality. In view of these facts, the structure utilised by this chapter is as follows: theoretical underpinning on relationship between education and gender wage gap; effectiveness of measures to reduce gender-based wage inequality; examination of the HRM education contributes to understanding of gender pay gap; finally summary. Theoretical Underpinning on Relationship between Education and Gender Wage Gap Different scholars have come up with different conceptualisations on the relationship between education and gender wage gap. Whilst some theorists such as Morgan et al. (2013) believe that gender based stereotypes influence the gender pay gap disparities, others such as Light, Roscigno and Kalev (2011), hold a contrary opinion and are of the belief that education and merit informs the wages accrued by either gender. These believes have given rise to the discrimination theory that is informed by stereotypes and the human capital theory that is informed by merit based pay structures. Discrimination theory According to Burt, Simons and Gibbons (2012), discrimination as a concept, refers to the unfounded adverse conduct towards certain societal groups or its members whereby behavior is adjudicated to encompass both activities towards and verdicts of the group or its members. In addition, Ashley and Empson (2013) argue that the expression of discrimination can broadly be categorized into overt or direct and subtle, unconscious or automatic discrimination. As captured by Charles and Guryan (2011), manifestations of discrimination can be captured from the point of view of verbal and non-verbal hostilities, avoidance of contact, aggressive approach behaviors and a denial of opportunities of access or equal treatment. Whilst across a diverse cultural, domain and historical accounts, there have been systemic disparities between dominant and non-dominant groups, the discrimination theory utilize
Introduction Fairmont Bab Al Bahr is a hotel built at a very serene environment near Abu Dhabi, the capital of UAE. Because of its architecture, and unique location, the hotel offers so much comfort and is equipped with elegant rooms for guests. This luxurious hotel is surrounded with beautiful scenes such as the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque. Getting to the city center from the hotel is quite easy. Besides being near the airport, it is also surrounded by several golf courses. According to Graci and Dodds (2008), the idea of sustainable business operations is currently the talk of the day. Big or small, business enterprises are increasingly getting concerned about the impact of their activities on the environment. In response to this, most business enterprises are seeking lasting solutions by strategies that do not disturb the environment. Apparently, organizing green festivals is one strategy that is being used by most modern business enterprises. Despite the fact that hotel sales have been on the decline due to the difficult economic times being felt globally, hotels are quickly discovering that going green is one strategy that may be used to triumph in the face of competition (DeMarco, 2012). Although for a very long time hotels have been very slow in joining forces with other organizations to advocate for ecofriendly behavior, the message is finally sinking home and they are now forced to change their course by the ever changing business environment and the fierce competition for the existing market share. Various measures are thus being taken by key players in the hospitality industry to protect the environment. This paper presents a promotional strategy to be used by Fairmont Bab, a hotel located in Dubai, to get persuade residents of this town to start thinking green and work towards minimizing environmental destruction. Description of the Event As noted earlier, the green festival is to be organized by Fairmont Bab Al Bahr. This location has been chosen because of its proximity to the airport and to the city center. In addition, the hotel management is conscious about protecting the environment and this blends in well with the agenda of our green festival. The green festival being organized has a target of reaching at least 1,000 participants living in and around Dubai. Participants near the venue for the green festival drive heavy vehicles and these contribute heavily to the increased carbon dioxide emissions. The main reason for planning the green festival is to get residents of Dubai and its environs to realize the
Introduction Without any doubt, Disney should strive for growth and development. The company has vast potential and opportunities, and these aspects should be used and applied in a more favorable light. In this case, the enterprise should develop within the framework of improving digital content and increasing the capacity of parks (Horowitz). Indeed, COVID-19 has played a crucial role in the company’s parks in 2021. However, if one talks about current events and trends, the spread of the virus is gradually coming to naught, which means that parks will also be popular soon. Moreover, with the arrival of the pandemic, people began to watch movies and TV series online more often without leaving home. Thus, Disney does not need to apply extraordinary and drastic changes to the brand and products like Pixar. It is only necessary to focus particular attention on streaming services and the development of theme parks. Disney Business As a rule, Disney’s culture and policy are based on mass entertainment and recreation for children and the whole family. According to the official site, Disney entertains, inspires, and informs people around the globe ( About the Walt Disney ). It reflects the cultures of countries, innovative technologies, and creative aspects that make the company a leader in the entertainment segment on the world stage ( About the Walt Disney ). Thus, Disney is primarily a content business that creates exciting stories and memorable characters. Strategic Perspective The best strategy for Disney is the purposeful goals and objectives present in each division. Hence, all actions and decisions will be coordinated, effective, and prompt. Furthermore, managers should maintain a specific “golden mean” when communicating and interacting with employees, without limiting creative activity, but at the same time not allowing them to relax. Ideally, the activity results should also be sent to more senior personalities from Disney headquarters. Works Cited “About the Walt Disney Company.” Disney , Web. Horowitz, Julia. “Disney needs a comeback year. Will it get it?.” CNN Sans, Web.
The case of Jean McGuire is rather complicated. On one hand, she has her honest nature and desire to stay morally objective. On the other hand, she has a family of three children, whom she needs to feed, and a job that she is likely to use. The two spheres are incompatible, as following the principles of moral will leave her with no work, while trying to earn more money involves lies and cheating, which contradicts the basic norms of moral. Such situation is far not easy to deal with; however, it is an example of a difficult choice, which needs to be made in any case. The main question to answer is what actions can be considered as morally right for the woman in this situation. In my opinion, Jean needs to tell the buyers the truth and she should not try to deceive them. In other words, I think that Jean should not play the scene of conversation with headquarters; she should tell the prospects that they still have time to think about the buy, and that the lot is still available. This is due to the fact that staying honest is one of the main principles of morality. In case the woman cheats, she will be in one league with her colleagues, whom she treats with disrespect for their lies. The salesperson should realize, that the prospects are unaware of the real situation, and that they hired a specialist in order to get real information. Anyone would barely pay for being deceived. We can talk of the notion of right actions here, mentioning that according to the consequentialistic definition “the right action is that action which, of all alternatives available to the agent, produces the greatest net sum of intrinsic value” (Jeske, 1). In our case, the intrinsic value is the one that will satisfy the moral needs of Jean. Thus, taking into consideration the responsibility of the profession, Jean should try to stay a worthy land salesperson. One of the possible objections to my idea is that Jean already tried to stay moral and honest, but there is still something that led her to the situation she is in at the moment. Therefore, there appears a question: would it be moral in respect to herself to lose her job? Maybe she should just try to use Wright’s technique one time, in order to improve her financial state. In my opinion, it is impossible. The explanation for my point is that morality is something that is raised within the person constantly. There cannot be any failure, or give-up – a person can be either moral or immoral. They cannot be moral at mornings and immoral in the evenings; it is an everlasting work on one’s soul and consciousness. I case of Jean, if she applies the technique, there will be two undesirable consequences:  1. She will feel bad because of failing to keep her one word given to herself  2. She will have to apply the technique many more times, as once she tries it, she will not imagine her work without it any more. What is more, I think that in the concrete situation, while Jean is standing at the office with two prospects and a telephone, I think that she should tell the truth. In my opinion, the woman should not make any excuses or ma
What is a friendship? How does it influence our life? Does it really exist? How to become a real friend? All those questions concern people since ancient times and until present days nobody can give a clear answer to them. It seems to be easy to find a friend and remain good friends until the rest of your days. However, why than scientists and philosophers concern this issue so much and why there are so many books and treatise are written on friendship? Moreover, many people say that they are not fully aware of how to become a real friend. So, one thing is certain, friendship is something that one cannot live without and friendship is an inseparable part of our existence. One should definitely have a friend because it should be in everyone’s life. During centuries, a great number of literature works have been written on friendship. Poems, novels and folklore are full of descriptions of immortal friendship and heroic deeds that were made for the sake of it. In his book, Joseph Epstein said that the best writers on friendship are novelists (256). The Folded Leaf by Maxwell is a great example of a complete friendship devotion. Though, different books were written in different times, the descriptions of a friendship have the same essence and estimate that one cannot be completely satisfied with his/her life if one does not have a friend. However, it seems to be virtually impossible if someone does not have a friend. It can be a human or an animal, as animals are completely devoted friends indeed and can posses all the qualities that are extremely valuable for a real friend. A devoted friend is one of the best presents of life. A fiend is one who can listen to you and keep secrets and promises, this is a person that you can rely on every moment in your life and one who strongly support you in your biggest problems and shares your happiness absolutely sincerely. It is very important for every one of us to have a person whom you can trust. Kirberger and Mortensen assume that the one thing we all need from our friends and by far the most important in any friendship is trust (3). One should be extremely glad if he can trust somebody. It goes without saying, we are often afraid of sharing our secrets with people, however, you can be strongly sure that you can trust your dog or cat. Who said that they could not be friends? In addition, you should not pretend or behave in an unusual for you way with your real friend. Neera Kapur Badhwar mentions that a friendship endures only if both friends continue to be the particular persons they are (4). Thus, your friend is your mutual soul and a part of you. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that one should make an effort to save a friendship in his/her life. To have a friend is a totally awesome
Given Barak Obama’s victory, during the course of Presidential elections of 2009, the existence of unionist sentiment is this country makes perfectly good sense – after all, it is because Obama’s voters do share the Socialist values of a welfare state, which had prompted them to favor Obama among the other Presidential candidates. Apparently, while being fused with the idea of social egalitarianism, the idea that it is solely up to employers to look up after employers’ well-being creates a strong popular appeal among people who are being quite incapable of understanding one simple thing – it is namely the proper functioning of free-market economy that creates a national wealth, which in its turn, establishes objective preconditions for the living standards in this country to grow increasingly improved. However, in order for free-market economy to function properly, under no circumstances should the government or unionist movements be allowed to meddle in economic affairs, simply because it is namely the generation of profit, which can be thought of being the only legitimate subject of commercial organizations’ activities. In her article “Myth and Ethics in Business”, Aviva Geva makes a perfectly good point, while suggesting that ethical considerations have absolutely no place in market-based economy: “Business is expected to do whatever is necessary in order to succeed, and is not expected to be concerned with abstract morality. Business is a one-dimensional, purely profit-seeking enterprise. Profit is not just prioritized; it is elevated to the exclusion of all other interests” (2001, 585). This suggestion provide us with the insight onto why, throughout America’s history, there were no strongly influential Laborite movements in this country – unlike what it was the case in other English speaking countries, the influence exerted by bureaucratic apparatus and by promoters of Communist agenda onto this country’s socio-political and economic life has traditionally been comparatively weak. In her book “Why is There no Labor Party in the United States?”, Robin Archer rightly implies that the utter failure of a Laborite movement in U.S. can be explained by the fact that the number of American citizens endowed with socialist/collectivist mentality had never reached a critical mass: “The most important socialist parties – the Socialist Labor party in the late nineteenth century, and the Socialist party in the early twentieth – were enduring organizations, but despite a handful of local successes, they were not electorally significant” (2007, 5). It is namely individualist-minded and industrious individuals from Europe, who had created foundations for America’s current economic prosperity. Unlike what it is the c
The lockdown caused by the Covid-19 outbreak presented difficult challenges to businesses around the world. Companies were faced with financial shortages and forced layoffs, among other issues. Many businesses had to seriously think of whether they could survive the crisis or should shut down. However, for some fintech companies, the pandemic appeared to be rather beneficial. Due to the lockdown, the demand for online financial services has increased dramatically, providing fintechs with valuable opportunities for growth and innovation. In Australia, the fintech industry has been thriving in recent years. As a result, when the Covid-19 pandemic broke out, it allowed many Australian fintech companies to unlock their potential. Keating and Palmer-Derrien (2020) compiled a list of Australian fintechs that managed to innovate and raise funds during the pandemic. For example, Zeller, which raised $6.3 million during Covid-19, intends to offer an innovative payment solution to small businesses (Keating and Palmer-Derrien, 2020). They aim at making small businesses’ banking operations easier and faster. The innovation of another Australian fintech, Verteva, is digitized home loan solution that “removes the
Introduction Staffing is typically a day-of-operations function where designated persons evaluate and ascertain the adjustment ratio of nurses to patients. Ordinarily, recruitment processes look no further than 24 hours or 48 hours before a shift. Conscription models contain data about resources, processes, goods, and consumers (Johnson, 2018). Enlistment can be centralized or decentralized; If one uses centralized enrollment, each unit is accountable for all components, including the float workforce. Decentralized enrolment allows the centralizer (nurse practitioners or supervisors) to determine dismissal levels before and during shifts. Staffing Tools Employment tools help firms manage core processes to achieve product and customer goals. Therefore, nurse mobilization frameworks are guidelines that determine the capacity of nurses needed to care for patients (Johnson, 2018). Nurse-to-patient proportions, or the number of people per nurse, are often used in nurse enlistment models. The maximum number of customers per nurse varies by state, and some states require staff nurses to participate in policymaking on facility-level staffing committees. When other factors remain constant, more patients per nurse lead to more negative outcomes for those patients. Since patient care and care facilities vary, distinct nurse staffing approaches are applied in various situations. Staffing Organizations Model The staffing organizational model begins with the organization’s mission, goals, and objectives. It then continues to organizational, HR, and staffing strategies. According to the concept, the staffing model will enhance interaction between the organizational objectives, HR, and personnel strategy. Employees must have specific talents, expertise, and abilities that they can provide to the company (‘Staffing Organizations Model”, 2022). So, while it’s necessary to speak the business’s language to the extent that finance underpins it, the personnel need also to understand what they can offer that the rest of the organization may not be aware of and what they will discover at the base of the structure. A Description of the Chosen Staffing Model Healthcare amenities play a significant role in offering quality care, which improves patient results. Sufficient staffing levels among nurses in various hospitals are directly related to reducing patient mortality rates and contributing to enhanced results. Additionally, possessing various but specific hospitals can cause danger to patient conditions. Even though various staffing models exist, the acuity-based model is the most appropriate in a 30-bed acute inpatient room. Patient acuity denotes patient care necessities, and the model is primarily utilized since it measures the nursing intensity that patients at particular healthcare facilities require. The acuity-based patient model plays essential functions in reg
Through the Inferno poem, Dante Alighieri describes an allegorical journey to demonstrate the fates of various people in the underworld. As such, Dante indicates that sins are punished on the basis of their seriousness. Consequently, the poet indicates that Hell is subdivided into various sections representing the different sins. Each sin attracts a specific punishment. Dante indicates that Hell is divided into 10 main portions (Circles), namely; Vestibule; Limbo; Lust; Gluttony; Greed; Anger; Heresy; Violence; Fraud; and Treachery respectively. Souls are grouped based on their respective sins. Commensurate punishment is then meted out in the 10 circles. In the Vestibule, souls who were uninterested in evil or good chase self-interests. Hornets and wasps sting the people while maggots imbibe their tears and blood. In Limbo, un-baptized, righteous pagans live in an incomplete Heaven. Within Lust are immoral people who are ceaselessly blown about by a violent tempest. Gluttony hosts insatiable persons in an evil sludge emanating from unending, icy rainfall. Inside the Greed Circle, tightfisted and rapacious people who stockpiled or wasted property relentlessly push huge weights using their chests (Alighieri 124). Afterwards, Dante describes the occupants of Circle 5 (Anger). Within this Circle, wrathful people battle with one another on the surface of the swampy River Styx. Sullen or sulky persons gurgle under the water. Within Circle 6 (Heresy), heretics are ensnared in blazing tombs. Circle 7 (Violence) has 3 rings for holding violent people. The Outer Ring holds persons who are violent to property and to other persons. These suffer in a hot fire-and-blood river. The Middle Ring has suicidal people who turn into thorny, gnarled bushes on which Harpies feed. These people do not await resurrection. The Inner Ring holds people who violated nature (sodomites and usurers) and blasphemers. These people live within a desert composed of burning sand onto which burning flakes fall from the Heavens. While the sodomites stroll in groups, the usurers are seated (Alighieri 241). The blasphemers sleep on the sand. Within Circle 8 (Fraud), deliberate fraud is punished within a Circle named Malebolge. This circle s subdivided into 10 Bolgie. Bolgia One holds seducers and pimps who are flogged by fiends. In Bolgia Two, flatterers reside in human excreta. People guilty of Simony reside in Bolgia Three. The captives’ heads are thrust into gaps within a rock as their feet burn. In Bolgia Four are bogus prophets, astrologers, as well as sorcerers with backward-looking heads. These peoples’ walking thus proceeds backwards. This punishment is meted out because of the people’s perverse use of magic. In Bolgia Five, corrupt politicians reside in a pond of hot pitch, thus suffering for their dark secrets and thievery. Bolgia Six holds hypocrites who walk in gilded lead veils, thus suffering for the falsity that camouflages their actions.