ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The staged commissioning of the Large Hadron Collider presents an opportunity to map gross features of particle production over a significant energy range. I suggest a visual tool - event displays in (pseudo)rapidity-transverse-momentum space - as a scenic route that may help sharpen intuition, identify interesting classes of events for further investigation, and test expectations about the underlying event that accompanies large-transverse-momentum phenomena.
Exciting progress towards spin-based quantum computing has recently been made with qubits realized using nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond and phosphorus atoms in silicon, including the demonstration of long coherence times made possible by the presence of spin-free isotopes of carbon and silicon. However, despite promising single-atom nanotechnologies, there remain substantial challenges in coupling such qubits and addressing them individually. Conversely, lithographically defined quantum dots have an exchange coupling that can be precisely engineered, but strong coupling to noise has severely limited their dephasing times and control fidelities. Here we combine the best aspects of both spin qubit schemes and demonstrate a gate-addressable quantum dot qubit in isotopically engineered silicon with a control fidelity of 99.6%, obtained via Clifford based randomized benchmarking and consistent with that required for fault-tolerant quantum computing. This qubit has orders of magnitude improved coherence times compared with other quantum dot qubits, with T_2* = 120 mus and T_2 = 28 ms. By gate-voltage tuning of the electron g*-factor, we can Stark shift the electron spin resonance (ESR) frequency by more than 3000 times the 2.4 kHz ESR linewidth, providing a direct path to large-scale arrays of addressable high-fidelity qubits that are compatible with existing manufacturing technologies.
Clusters of galaxies gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, resulting in a distinct imprint in the CMB on arcminute scales. Measurement of this effect offers a promising way to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters, particularly those at high redshift. We use CMB maps from the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) survey to measure the CMB lensing signal around galaxy clusters identified in optical imaging from first year observations of the Dark Energy Survey. The cluster catalog used in this analysis contains 3697 members with mean redshift of $\bar{z} = 0.45$. We detect lensing of the CMB by the galaxy clusters at $8.1\sigma$ significance. Using the measured lensing signal, we constrain the amplitude of the relation between cluster mass and optical richness to roughly $17\%$ precision, finding good agreement with recent constraints obtained with galaxy lensing. The error budget is dominated by statistical noise but includes significant contributions from systematic biases due to the thermal SZ effect and cluster miscentering.
Enormous progress in physics enriched our knowledge about the particles which build matter. Among them there are mesons, to which this thesis is entirely devoted. The overwhelming majority of mesons is made of `conventional' $q\bar{q}$ pairs, but nowadays there is mounting evidence for `non-conventional' mesons, such as tetraquarks, glueballs, hybrids, and molecules. The main aim of this thesis is to understand the nature of some scalar and vector mesonic states which still remain puzzling. In this thesis we investigate two nonets of $q\bar{q}$ excited vector mesons. Within an effective QFT model we evaluate various decay channels of these states and compare the results with experimental data from PDG. Moreover, we make predictions for a not-yet observed $s\bar{s}$ state in $1$ $^3D_1$ nonet. Some non-conventional mesons can be understood by the mechanism of dynamical generation. We show that the inclusion of a single conventional $q\bar{q}$ seed in the relativistic QFT Lagrangian may cause the appearance of an additional associated state as a dynamically generated companion pole. Along this line, we show that light scalar kaon $K^*_0(700)$ emerges as a companion pole of the $q\bar{q}$ meson $K_0^*(1430)$. Moreover, we show that the enigmatic resonance $X(3872)$ in the charmonium sector can be interpreted as the (virtual) companion pole of the $c\bar{c}$ state $\chi_{c1}(2P)$. Then, we study the $c\bar{c}$ meson $\psi(4040)$. We show that an additional companion pole appears on the complex plane. At first sight one may identify it with the enhancement $Y(4008)$ observed by the Belle Collaboration. A detailed analysis reveals that different mechanism is responsible for the creation of $Y(4008)$. Hence, the bump associated with $Y(4008)$ should not be interpreted as an independent resonance, but rather as a manifestation of the strong coupling of $\psi(4040)$ to the $D^*D$ channel.
The decay of heavy orthoquarkonium into quark-antiquark pair and two gluons is considered. The differential probability of the decay in the tree approximation is calculated and the probability distributions of quarks and gluons are obtained. The collinear enhancement of the bottomonium decay is shown to take place at the u\={u}--, d\={d} and s\={s}-- pair production and to be absent at the c\={c}-- production. Some other peculiarities of the considered decays are discussed. (Published in Mod.Phys.Lett A 9 (1994) 115).
Suppose an interval is put on a horizontal line with random roughness. With probability one it is supported at two points, one from the left, and another from the right from its center. We compute probability distribution of support points provided the roughness is fine grained. We also solve an analogous problem where a circle is put on a rough plane. Some applications in static are given.
In this paper we investigate the deformation of cylindrical linearly elastic shells using the Koiter model. We formulate and solve the relaxed Saint-Venant's problem for thin cylindrical tubes made of isotropic and homogeneous elastic materials. To this aim, we adapt a method established previously in the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. We present a general solution procedure to determine closed-form solutions for the extension, bending, torsion and flexure problems. We remark the analogy and formal resemblance of these solutions to the classical Saint-Venant's solutions for solid cylinders. The special case of circular cylindrical shells is also discussed.
The long-lived stau scenario is an interesting possibility at the LHC. We study squark mass measurements in this scenario; in particular, we show that left- and right-handed squark masses are both measurable. In SUSY events, multiple jets are expected, which become a source of combinatorial backgrounds. In order to reduce such backgrounds a hemisphere analysis is applied, and we discuss mass measurements of squarks in decay modes of left-handed squark into quark + (neutral / charged) Wino and also right-handed squark into quark + Bino.
Long-range dependencies modeling, widely used in capturing spatiotemporal correlation, has shown to be effective in CNN dominated computer vision tasks. Yet neither stacks of convolutional operations to enlarge receptive fields nor recent nonlocal modules is computationally efficient. In this paper, we present a generic family of lightweight global descriptors for modeling the interactions between positions across different dimensions (e.g., channels, frames). This descriptor enables subsequent convolutions to access the informative global features with negligible computational complexity and parameters. Benchmark experiments show that the proposed method can complete state-of-the-art long-range mechanisms with a significant reduction in extra computing cost. Code available at https://github.com/HolmesShuan/Compact-Global-Descriptor.
Suppose that $d\geq1$ and $\alpha\in (1, 2)$. Let $Y$ be a rotationally symmetric $\alpha$-stable process on $\R^d$ and $b$ a $\R^d$-valued measurable function on $\R^d$ belonging to a certain Kato class of $Y$. We show that $\rd X^b_t=\rd Y_t+b(X^b_t)\rd t$ with $X^b_0=x$ has a unique weak solution for every $x\in \R^d$. Let $\sL^b=-(-\Delta)^{\alpha/2} + b \cdot \nabla$, which is the infinitesimal generator of $X^b$. Denote by $C^\infty_c(\R^d)$ the space of smooth functions on $\R^d$ with compact support. We further show that the martingale problem for $(\sL^b, C^\infty_c(\R^d))$ has a unique solution for each initial value $x\in \R^d$.
The first peak s-process elements Rb, Sr, Y and Zr in the post-AGB star Sakurai's object (V4334 Sagittarii) have been proposed to be the result of i-process nucleosynthesis in a post-AGB very-late thermal pulse event. We estimate the nuclear physics uncertainties in the i-process model predictions to determine whether the remaining discrepancies with observations are significant and point to potential issues with the underlying astrophysical model. We find that the dominant source in the nuclear physics uncertainties are predictions of neutron capture rates on unstable neutron rich nuclei, which can have uncertainties of more than a factor 20 in the band of the i-process. We use a Monte Carlo variation of 52 neutron capture rates and a 1D multi-zone post-processing model for the i-process in Sakurai's object to determine the cumulative effect of these uncertainties on the final elemental abundance predictions. We find that the nuclear physics uncertainties are large and comparable to observational errors. Within these uncertainties the model predictions are consistent with observations. A correlation analysis of the results of our MC simulations reveals that the strongest impact on the predicted abundances of Rb, Sr, Y and Zr is made by the uncertainties in the (n,$\gamma$) reaction rates of $^{85}$Br, $^{86}$Br, $^{87}$Kr, $^{88}$Kr, $^{89}$Kr, $^{89}$Rb, $^{89}$Sr, and $^{92}$Sr. (abridged)
A general two-dimensional fractional supersymmetric conformal field theory is investigated. The structure of the symmetries of the theory is studied. Applying the generators of the closed subalgebra generated by $(L_{-1},L_{0},G_{-1/(F+1)})$ and $(\bar{L}_{-1},\bar{L}_{0},\bar{G}_{-1/(F+1)})$, the two point functions of the component-fields of supermultiplets are calculated. Then the logarithmic superconformal field theories are investigated and the chiral and full two-point functions are obtained.
The $\alpha$--$\alpha$ differential cross sections are analyzed in the optical model using a double--folded potential. With the knowledge of this potential bound and resonance--state properties of $\alpha$--cluster states in $^{8}$Be and $^{12}$C as well as astrophysical S--factors of $^{4}$He($\alpha$,$\gamma$)$^{8}$Be and $^{8}$Be($\alpha$,$\gamma$)$^{12}$C are calculated. $\Gamma_{\gamma}$--widths and B(E2)--values are deduced.
We discuss two related principles for hypergeometric supercongrences, one related to accelerated convergence and the other to the vanishing of Hodge numbers. This is an extended abstract of a talk given at the workshop "Hypergeometric motives and Calabi-Yau differential equations" at the Mathematical Research Institute (MATRIX) of The University of Melbourne in Creswick, Australia in January of 2017.
We present a sample of 20 massive galaxy clusters with total virial masses in the range of 6 10^14 M_sol<M(vir)< 2 10^15M_sol, re-simulated with a customized version of the 1.5. ENZO code employing Adaptive Mesh Refinement. This technique allowed us to obtain unprecedented high spatial resolution (25kpc/h) up to the distance of 3 virial radii from the clusters center, and makes it possible to focus with the same level of detail on the physical properties of the innermost and of the outermost cluster regions, providing new clues on the role of shock waves and turbulent motions in the ICM, across a wide range of scales.   In this paper, a first exploratory study of this data set is presented. We report on the thermal properties of galaxy clusters at z=0. Integrated and morphological properties of gas density, gas temperature, gas entropy and baryon fraction distributions are discussed, and compared with existing outcomes both from the observational and from the numerical literature.   Our cluster sample shows an overall good consistency with the results obtained adopting other numerical techniques (e.g. Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics), yet it provides a more accurate representation of the accretion patterns far outside the cluster cores. We also reconstruct the properties of shock waves within the sample by means of a velocity-based approach, and we study Mach numbers and energy distributions for the various dynamical states in clusters, giving estimates for the injection of Cosmic Rays particles at shocks. The present sample is rather unique in the panorama of cosmological simulations of massive galaxy clusters, due to its dynamical range, statistics of objects and number of time outputs. For this reason, we deploy a public repository of the available data, accessible via web portal at http://data.cineca.it.
A complex notion of backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) is proposed in this paper to give a probabilistic interpretation for linear first order complex partial differential equation (PDE). By the uniqueness and existence of regular solutions to complex BSDE, we deduce that there exists a unique classical solution $\{\mathbb{U}(t,x)$ to complex PDE and $\{\mathbb{U}(t,x)$ is analytic in $x$ for each $t$. Thus we extend the well known real Feynman-Kac formula to a complex version. It is stressed that our complex BSDE corresponds to a linear PDE without the second order term.
The field theoretic renormalization group and the operator product expansion are applied to the stochastic model of a passively advected vector field. The advecting velocity field is generated by the stochastic Navier-Stokes equation with compressibility taken into account. The model is considered in the vicinity of space dimension $d=4$ and the perturbation theory is constructed within a double expansion scheme in $y$ and $\epsilon=4-d$, where $y$ describes scaling behaviour of the random force that enters a stochastic equation for the velocity field. We show that the correlation functions of the passive vector field in the inertial range exhibit anomalous scaling behaviour. The critical dimensions of tensor composite operators of passive vector field are calculated in the leading order of $y$,$\epsilon$ expansion.
The validity of our Monte Carlo simulation procedure ({\it the integral method}) had been verified by the corresponding analytical procedure of which is quite independent of our method methodologically. Also, the results obtained by our procedure are compared with those obtained by the different Monte Carlo simulation procedure ({\it the differential method}) which have been exclusively utilized by the different authors and the agreement between them are found to be well. By utilizing our Monte Carlo procedures, the validity of which is guaranteed in two different procedures, we investigate not only the fluctuation of high energy muons themselves but also fluctuation of the various quantities related to the energy losses by the muons, which are difficult to obtain by {\it the differential method}. Namely, we obtain fluctuation on energy losses of the muons, fluctuation on Cherenkov lights due to the accompanied cascade showers initiated by the muon and the correlations between them . Finally, we obtain the transition curves for Cherenkov lights in KM3 detector, taking into account of all possible fluctuations in the stochastic processes and point out the difficulty of the reliable estimation of the energy of the muons which are resultants of muon neutrino events in the KM3 detectors.
We present a streamlined account of recent developments in the stability theory for planar viscous shock waves, with an emphasis on applications to physical models with ``real,'' or partial viscosity. The main result is the establishment of necessary, or ``weak'', and sufficient, or ``strong'', conditions for nonlinear stability analogous to those established by Majda [Ma.1--3] in the inviscid case but (generically) separated by a codimension-one set in parameter space rather than an open set as in the inviscid case. The importance of codimension one is that transition between nonlinear stability and instability is thereby determined, lying on the boundary set between the open regions of strong stability and strong instability (the latter defined as failure of weak stability). Strong stability holds always for small-amplitude shocks of classical ``Lax'' type [PZ.1--2, FreS]; for large-amplitude shocks, however, strong instability may occur [ZS, Z.3].
We investigate the electronic structure of the c(4 x 2) reconstructed Ge(001) surface using band structure calculations based on density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation. In particular, we take into account the details of surface reconstruction by means of well relaxed crystal structures. The surface electronic states are identified and the local density of states is compared to recent data from scanning tunneling spectroscopy. We obtain almost perfect agreement between theory and experiment for both the occupied and unoccupied states, which allows us to clarify the interpretation of the experimental data.
HD 187547 was the first candidate that led to the suggestion that solar-like oscillations are present in delta Scuti stars. Longer observations, however, show that the modes interpreted as solar-like oscillations have either very long mode lifetimes, longer than 960 days, or are coherent. These results are incompatible with the nature of `pure' stochastic excitation as observed in solar-like stars. Nonetheless, one point is certain: the opacity mechanism alone cannot explain the oscillation spectrum of HD 187547. Here we present new theoretical investigations showing that convection dynamics can intrinsically excite coherent pulsations in the chemically peculiar delta Scuti star HD 187547. More precisely, it is the perturbations of the mean Reynold stresses (turbulent pressure) that drives the pulsations and the excitation takes place predominantly in the hydrogen ionization zone.
We present the results from an X-ray spectral analysis of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Chandra Deep Field-South, AEGIS-XD and Chandra-COSMOS surveys, focussing on the identification and characterisation of the most heavily obscured, Compton thick (CT, $N_{H}>10^{24} cm^{-2}$) sources. Our sample is comprised of 3184 X-ray selected extragalactic sources, which has a high rate of redshift completeness (97.6 %), and includes improved photometric redshifts over previous studies. We use spectral models designed for heavily obscured AGN which self consistently include all major spectral signatures of heavy absorption. We identify CT sources not selected through our spectral fitting method using X-ray colours, validate our spectral fitting method through simulations, and take considerations for the constraints on $N_{H}$ given the low count nature of many of our sources. After these considerations we identify a total of 100 CT AGN with best-fit $N_{H}>10^{24} cm^{-2}$ and $N_{H}$ constrained to be above $10^{23.5} cm^{-2}$ at 90% confidence. These sources cover an intrinsic $L_{X}$ range of $10^{42}-3x10^{45}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ and a redshift range of z=0.1-4. This sample will enable characterisation of these heavily obscured AGN across cosmic time and to ascertain their cosmological significance. Furthermore, by using the torus models to test different covering factor scenarios, and by investigating the inclusion of the soft scattered emission, we find evidence that the covering factor of the obscuring material decreases with $L_{X}$ for all redshifts, consistent with the receding torus model, and that this factor increases with redshift, consistent with an increase in the obscured fraction towards higher redshifts. We make $N_{H}$, $\Gamma$ (with uncertainties), observed X-ray fluxes and intrinsic $L_{X}$ for all sources analysed in this work publicly available in an online catalogue.
Privacy concerns in the modern digital age have prompted researchers to develop techniques that allow users to selectively suppress certain information in collected data while allowing for other information to be extracted. In this regard, Semi-Adversarial Networks (SAN) have recently emerged as a method for imparting soft-biometric privacy to face images. SAN enables modifications of input face images so that the resulting face images can still be reliably used by arbitrary conventional face matchers for recognition purposes, while attribute classifiers, such as gender classifiers, are confounded. However, the generalizability of SANs across arbitrary gender classifiers has remained an open concern. In this work, we propose a new method, FlowSAN, for allowing SANs to generalize to multiple unseen gender classifiers. We propose combining a diverse set of SAN models to compensate each other's weaknesses, thereby, forming a robust model with improved generalization capability. Extensive experiments using different unseen gender classifiers and face matchers demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed paradigm in imparting gender privacy to face images.
We propose an efficient method to generate a GHZ entangled state of n photons in n microwave cavities (or resonators) via resonant interaction to a single superconducting qutrit. The deployment of a qutrit, instead of a qubit, as the coupler enables us to use resonant interactions exclusively for all qutrit-cavity and qutrit-pulse operations. This unique approach significantly shortens the time of operation which is advantageous to reducing the adverse effects of qutrit decoherence and cavity decay on fidelity of the protocol. Furthermore, the protocol involves no measurement on either the state of qutrit or cavity photons. We also show that the protocol can be generalized to other systems by replacing the superconducting qutrit coupler with different types of physical qutrit, such as an atom in the case of cavity QED, to accomplish the same task.
We study the quantized charge pumping of higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) with edge-corner correspondences based on the combination of the rotation of in-plane magnetic field and the quantum spin Hall effect. A picture of a specific charge pumping process is uncovered with the help of the non-equilibrium Green's function method. Significantly, we demonstrate that the quantized charge pumping current is achieved without the participation of bulk states, and the charges move along the boundary of the sample. Furthermore, the effects of external parameters on the pumping current is also studied. We find that the magnitude and direction of the pumping current can be manipulated by adjusting the coupling strength between the leads and sample. Our work deepens the understanding of the charge pumping in HOTIs and extends the study of their transport properties.
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) always depend on wider receptive field (RF) and more complex non-linearity to achieve state-of-the-art performance, while suffering the increased difficult to interpret how relevant patches contribute the final prediction. In this paper, we construct an interpretable AnchorNet equipped with our carefully designed RFs and linearly spatial aggregation to provide patch-wise interpretability of the input media meanwhile localizing multi-scale informative patches only supervised on media-level labels without any extra bounding box annotations. Visualization of localized informative image and text patches show the superior multi-scale localization capability of AnchorNet. We further use localized patches for downstream classification tasks across widely applied networks. Experimental results demonstrate that replacing the original inputs with their patches for classification can get a clear inference acceleration with only tiny performance degradation, which proves that localized patches can indeed retain the most semantics and evidences of the original inputs.