The discoveries in the research of stem cell properties have transformed approach to the treatment of multiple diseases. Nowadays, several types of stem cells are distinguished – totipotent, pluripotent, unipotent, etc. – and they all differ in their capacity to differentiation and proliferation. The investigation of adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells is of increasing interest as these cells have the most potential for the restoration of myocardial infarction-induced tissue damages. The application of cell-based therapy in the treatment of cardiac disorders is underinvestigated, but the recent clinical research findings already reveal some promising results. It is possible to define stem cells as the structures capable of transforming into functionally active cells. A stem cell can grow into a hepatocyte, a nephrocyte, a cardiomyocyte, etc. (Kin et al., 2013). By their nature, stem cells serve as reserve material needed for the formation of new cells replacing dead or damaged ones. The main property of any stem cell is its potency which is defined by the level of its differentiation and proliferation (Kin et al., 2013). The potency is the strictly limited cell’s capability to be transformed into particular types of cells. The larger number of cell types can derive from a stem cell, the greater its potency. For example, fibroblasts can transform into endothelial cells and adipocytes while mesenchymal stem cells can form cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, etc. (Kin et al., 2013) It means that each stem cell can transform into a limited spectrum of cells which share a set of similar qualities and functions. Based on such limitations in potency, stem cells are divided into totipotent (transforming into all kinds of organ and tissue cells), pluripotent (transforming into several types of organ cells), and unipotent (transforming into cells of one particular organ). Totipotent Stem Cells (TSCs) Totipotency is the property of embryonic stem cells that comprise an organism up to the eight-cell stage of embryogenesis. It is impossible to obtain TSCs in the natural conditions and, nowadays, they are cultivated in vitro through artificial fertilization. TSCs are primarily used in animal experiments and organ engineering. Although the first embryonic mouse stem cell was isolated over twenty years ago, there is still no sufficient evidence that their implantation in a human body can be efficient in the treatment of chronic diseases (Krause, Schneider, Jaquet, & Kuck, 2010). Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) Embryonic PSCs PSCs develop at the late phase of embryogenesis when stem cells become “specialized to give rise to only a specific family of cells” (Sharma, Voelker, Sharma, & Reddy, 2012). At the later stages of embryo development, the segregation of primary organ structures and tissues commences. These elementary structures consequently become the basis for the development of all body organs, and evolvement of mesenchymal, neural, blood, and connective tissue PSCs. Adult PSCs Throughout the life span, cells of the human body go through life cycles of death and renewal. The restoration of lost cells is possible due to cambial elements – proliferating tissue-specific cell popu