ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Witch hunting is one of the most controversial topics of the European and the American history as it is still unclear who should take responsibility for the atrocities that took place because of witch trials. It is quite a common view to blame religious fanatics for the events. However, the real state of things is much more complicated and is unlikely to be revealed and understood comprehensively. Despite the fact that a lot of research has been done on the history of witch prosecution and the part of the Church in it, it is still debatable whether its power exceeded the influence of secular authorities in this issue. Moreover, the role of average community members who shared a lot of prejudice about women and their propensity to witchcraft, should not be underestimated either. Therefore, the paper at hand will attempt to prove that while the role of the Church in witch hunting is unquestionable, it is still a misleading oversimplification to state that it is the only social institution to blame. There exist a lot of contradicting theories about the factors that triggered witch hunting in Europe. Among the most popularly cited ones are: 1) the attempt of the authorities to take an ultimate social control; 2) misogyny; 3) mental diseases; 4) economic conflict. All these impetuses taken separately are not influential enough to be considered the major cause though each of them made its contribution. However, the most widely accepted theory states that such outrageous violations of justice resulted exclusively from the policy of the Church (Summers, 2014). Despite a great number of proponents, this theory lacks evidence to be accepted as the most reasonable one. It is not a well-known fact that before the hunting began, it was not typical of the Church of the Middle Ages to believe in witchcraft – this practice was considered to be an illusion as well as people who could exercise it. A lot of manuals had to be written by theologians and inquisitors to make the Church change its attitude to the problem. Even when in 1484, Pope Innocent VIII introduced a bull that legally permitted persecution of witches, many Church authorities did not perceive witches as a real threat (Summers, 2014). Several decades later, all the major branches of Western Christianity including Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans took part in witch hunting and the responsibility they bore was more or less equal. John Calvin, one of the major Protestant figures, expressed a strongly negative attitude to the practice of witchcrafts and enchantment claiming that they should not be tolerated as they are equal to robberies and murders in gravity (Summers, 2014). Martin Luther investigated the problem thoroughly and concluded that witches should be burnt alive or stoned to death. Nevertheless, despite the fact that neither of the high authorities of the Church protested against witch hunting, they did not take any active measures to trigger the process (Stark, 2015). A lot of accusations of the Church are explained by the desire of different branches to undermine the reputation of one another. However, this theory lacks evidence base as it was a rare
Deskilling is a phenomenon that has come about due to agents of globalization such as technology, multinational corporations and increased bureaucratization, which are aimed increasing efficiency and effectiveness in both private and civil service. In other words, it is a process where workers in various organizations in both government and private sectors are eliminated due to the introduction of technology. Due to technology, semiskilled workers are preferred since they can easily be controlled and can as well be paid peanuts. The organizations aim at utilizing resources maximally by reducing the human capital. Because of this aspect, workers have been reduced to paupers meaning that they cannot afford capital that can make their life better. The owners of the means of production prefer working with the semiskilled since they cannot claim their rights as opposed to the skilled laborers who are always aware of their rights. However, due to deskilling, work has turned out to be mechanical since human skills are never applied in manufacturing goods and services. In this case, the quality of goods and services are decreased. The consumers of goods and services are forced to take in substandard goods (Mossberger 14). The emergency of free market economy and ownership of property has even brought about serious problems as regards to employee importance. This article traces the origins of deskilling, its effects to employees and how the issue can be addressed to bring back the skills of workers, which are required to achieve innovativeness and inventions. In government for example, the public is given a raw deal in terms of service delivery since those delivering services are not professionals. In other words, they are not imbued to service delivery. The capitalist society treats such workers in the same way as machines. The modern society, an individual is deskilled in many ways. The process can be in terms of technology, work and leisure, and ideologically. The ruling class defines how leisure is utilized in society. In terms of technology, the ruling class owns it. The ruling ideology in society, especially in government, emanates from the ruling class. In this paper, work and leisure will be analyzed as one of way of commanding conformity from the worker. Scholars criticize the way work alienates the worker from self and from other people in society. In this case, the works of Marx are frequently invoked to explain the plight of workers in society. In 1844, Marx posted his views regarding work and alienation in the capitalistic society. Workers in industries are forced to work for long hours without extra pay. Furthermore, employees in many industries and organizations lack time for leisure and self-fulfillment. As Marx had earlier observed, workers lack time for themselves implying that they ar
Top Secret America, being an investigative project, embodies a voluminous and comprehensive reporting. The clinical and wholesome inclusion of all sectors dealing with upholding intelligence information and security puts this project by the Washington post in the same line with the knowledge base that we have learned from the course on intelligence community. Intelligence service is a secret service which information is hidden to only the engaged parties, but this axiom is true in relation to the knowledge gained during the class work. The Washington post serves it right and incisive by exposing hidden network of intelligence community in the United States of America. The Washington Post brought the existence and prevalent scope of the intelligent community in the United States of America to the public domain. In my opinion, the Washington Post, in their project entitled Top Secret America, did a comprehensive investigative work that employed frameworks mainstreamed at revealing the hidden intelligence community to the public. Broad inspection and analysis of the findings of the Washington Post’s investigation show that public had access to only a tip of ice berg of the information. The true knowledge, the operations, and the entire administration of the intelligence community in the United States were hidden from the public eye (Priest & Arkin). The Washington post accurately portrays the true picture of the intelligence community as it exists in the midst of the public. Washington Post’s comprehensive and conclusive investigation clinically examines the framework upon which the intelligence system is based, its effectiveness in provision and assurance of safety and security within the boundaries of the United States. The Washington Post further seeks to explore the financial viability of the entire huge intelligence set up as reported by the Top Secret America project. The investigation brings to the board the total number of governmental agencies as 1,271 and 1,931 private sector companies all entangled in the amorphous and expanding intelligence community. This portrays the true picture and definition of the intelligence community in the United States. This is because the investigation project ‘Top Secret America’ ensured extensive exploration and extensive consultation in preparation of the report. While I hold the stand that the Washington Post did a credible work by exploring the complex and hidden sides of the intelligence community and executed a broadcast of the
Introduction to Mozart’s life Mozart is one of the influential music composers of the classical era. He was born in Austria by year 1756 and died in 1791. He was a brilliant and successful composer and his life remains a complicated puzzle for so many people since during his young age, he seemed so much gifted more than any other person. During his young age, he composed so many compositions and most of his works were acknowledged by so many people. His compositions included concerts, symphonies, playing of piano, choral music, operatic, and chamber. It was his many compositions that led Mozart to be widely known and also recognized by so many people during his time. He is also among the most popular classical composers and most of his work had a lot of influence on most of the musicians today. His talents can be traced back to his father since his father was a deputy Kapellmeister to the court of the orchestra and also a minor composer. He was an experienced teacher during the birth of Mozart since he published so many books some of which included the successful violin textbook among other successful books. Mozart developed much interest in keyboarding at a tender age whereby he could be seen spending most of his time playing the keyboard with fascination. This was one of the major activities in which Mozart loved so much doing and hence could spend most of his time in it. It is through this that his talents started developing. At the age of four, his father happened to know about his interest in playing the keyboards and hence started teaching him pieces at the clavier and he could play it with great delicacy and faultless. Surprisingly enough, at age five, Mozart could compose little pieces on his own and he could play these little pieces to his father whereby the father could help him write down the pieces for him. An example of the pieces which he played at the age of five was pieces like the andante and the allegro and he could play these pieces quite well. (Diamond, 1997). Compositions An example of his compositions is the opera which he composed when he was 24 and Idomeneo was his first mature opera seria. It was in opera that he demonstrated the mastery of his orchestral color which was also accompanied by the melodic line and recitations hence making it to be quite admirable. His opera was an experimental drama. This is just an example of the many compositions which he made and this shows his performance in music. Mozart could even make higher progress even beyond what his father could teach him. His ability to compose his music was a great surprise to his father since the ability to play the violin was his composition. He also showed so many musical gifts at a very early age since he could compose his own at the age of five. He could also play before the Austrian empress and the Bavarian something which left so many people to admir
A family is a group of people who live together in the same household and take care of each other. There are three types of family setup which usually include: nuclear family, single-parent family as well as extended family. In this paper, we are going to discuss only nuclear and extended families. Nuclear Family The traditional nuclear family usually consists of a father, a mother, and their children making it small and manageable. The main function of the father in this structure is to provide and cater to the family’s needs as well as provide protection of its members. He also acts as a family disciplinary role model while the mother’s role consists of motherhood and housework. This type of family structure is alien to most world cultures but common in the American culture where the main aim of the family is to provide happiness to individual members while valuing love and respect for the parents. A nuclear family provides total freedom to the members where children are free to argue and disagree with the decisions of the parents. The advantages of this type of family consist of the fact that one can spend time with his/her family; what is more, such a family is small and easy to manage and take care of. Although it is a simple family it has some challenges associated with it which include lack of guidance, supervision, cooperation from the elder members during hard times, therefore, children often lack good adhesiveness and caring hearts in such kind of families. (Walrath 256) Extended Family This is a group of family members that consists of parents, children, and other close relatives who live in close geographical proximity, in other words, within easy reach to one another. It makes its members feel secure and have a sense of belonging; in the American culture extended family is referred to as a basic family unit that promotes the nature of collective cultures (Walrath 543). This family is more complex compared to a nuclear family and it provides various advantages where its members feel secure because this family has many members who are ready to assist and serve as a source of resources to each other during difficulties, work is shared equally, and gets done in the fastest way possible. Although to its nature extended, the family has some challenges such as lack of proper coordination as well as difficulties in feeding it. (Walrath 246) Works Cited Walrath, Dana, and McBride, Bu Haviland. Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Wadsworth, 2010.
Overview The aim of this research paper is to understand how the $25 billion dietary supplements industry blatantly ignores government-mandated quality and safety norms, and the health-related consequences it creates for the general public. The author will analyse this subject from a radical philosophy approach and expose the role of PR and advertising agencies which represent the supplements industry, as well as government lobbyists, in keeping the consumer ignorant about nutritionally correct information that matter to their health. The magnitude of the problem is compounded several fold when one follows news stories of how the supplements industry is able to misdirect government regulation bodies and child welfare agencies in marketing their harmful products to school bodies. Research Aims This paper contains substantial evidence on how a lack of proper government regulation and consumer awareness on the marketing strategy of the supplements industry (as well as a lack of interest by media) is causing irreversible damage to the health and well-being of school-going children. From a philosophical point of view, the author believes that their deception tactics are nothing short of oppression since they give the consumer no knowledge about the side-effects of these products, and instead bombard them with promotional messages which ap
Part 1: The Four Phases of Reflective Practice According to Passmore (2010, p. 26), “ reflective practice is a powerful process that encourages mentors to prepare, encounter, and engage with their clients”. The process encourages them to reflect on the best mentoring approaches”. This process can involve more individuals in order to achieve the best results. The strategy has the potential to support the targeted outcomes. Trainers, coaches, teachers, and mentors can use this practice to understand the issues affecting their clients. The practice also informs trainers about the experiences and views of their clients. Trainers and coaches can use the power of reflective practice to reexamine their mentoring processes. The approach will result in better outcomes. Mentors should therefore use the four stages of reflective practice presented below. Concrete Experience Every mentor should have the required knowledge and expertise. The individual should also undertake new exercises in order to improve his or her competencies. The client should also reexamine his or her experiences during the process. The mentor will “acquire better skills in order to analyze the issues affecting every client” (Nash, Sproule, & Horton, 2009, p. 231). However, this stage can take different paths depending on the targeted outcomes. Mentors should also embrace different “lifelong learning processes in order to widen their skills” (Passmore, 2010, p. 39). Reflective Observation This stage is relevant because it encourages different trainers to analyze the issues affecting their targeted clients. The stage reveals the possibilities that might arise from the established relationship. The individual “must use his or her past experiences in order to review the situation in a professional manner” (Passmore, 2010, p. 48). The mentor will eventually establish a good relationship with his or her client. Mentors should also listen attentively. This approach will produce the best reflections. The individual can also obtain the relevant feedbacks and suggestions from the client. Mentors can use this stage in order to analyse the opinions of their clients (Passmore, 2010). Mentors should also formulate the best concepts and ideas during this phase. Abstract Conceptualization This phase makes it possible for the mentor to learn new ideas from the established relationship. The event will encourage “the mentor to make informed decisions based on the collected feedbacks from the client” (Nash et al., 2009, p. 231). The mentor also identifies the strengths of the relationship during this phase. The individual will also be able to interact with the targeted client in a positive manner. The mentor might also identify the challenges affecting every relationship. This knowledge will make it possible for every mentor to address the challenges affecting his or
Introduction The research article of Kozma, Harter & Achunala (2007) presents the rather interesting notion that when subject to particular constraints via an external environment or increased task difficulty the human brain actually shows a rather amazing ability to adapt to a given task at hand despite the increasing arduousness of the endeavor (Kozma, Harter & Achunala, 2007). From their perspective, cognition is a dynamic process and as such through complex trajectories in a high dimensional attractor landscape a person is capable of continuing to adapt to increasingly difficult situations or actions as a direct result of this inherent aspect of the human brain (Kozma, Harter & Achunala, 2007). Such a perspective actually reflects the views of Dutt (2011) which examined the correlation between human performance during tests (i.e. quizzes, exams and cognitive decision making problems instead of playing Tetris as utilized by Kozma, Harter & Achunala (2007)) (Dutt, 2011). Decision Making Process For Dutt (2011) human decision making is inherently dynamic in that it can happen “on the fly” so to speak wherein in the face of a several possible outcomes in performing an immediate action the human brain is able to tune out all other possible variables and pick the solution it perceives as the most accurate, all of which is done within a split second. While such a feature is also present in animals as evidenced by the study “Decision ecology: foraging and the ecology of animal decision making (2008)” as well as De Waal (2005) which both examined animal responses in light of sudden inexplicable changes to their environment the fact is that it is only in humans that a measurable degree of cognitive decision making can be made using complex tests that animals would otherwise be incapable of performing (Decision ecology: foraging and the ecology of animal decision making, 2008) (De Waa, 2005). Human Performance It must also be noted though that studies such as those by Lubinski (2004) and Roberts (1999) indicate that there are inherent limits to the degree of cognitive adaptability that humans are capable of performing (Lubinski, 2004) (Roberts, 1999). Such a situation was seen in the Kozma, Harter & Achunala (2007) study wherein their model of human performance was able to show both the inherent adaptability of human performance in light of increasingly difficult tasks and its inherent limitations with performance ratios dropping significantly when the speed of the Tetris blocks was increased as well as the general availability of certain block types were reduced. As such it can be stated that their model fit the human performance data rather well. Solution Algorithm When it comes to determining what their solution algorithm consists of, you must first examine the data results from their experiment and the subsequent methods they utilized to obtain their desired result. What Kozma, Harter & Achunala (2007) were trying to accomplish was to measure the degree in which human performance changes as new external factors are introduced. For the purpose of this experiment this came in the form of increased block speed, limited block
Five donors have pledged 1 million dollars each over the next four years to Lucky Duck University. With this in mind, answer the following questions: At what point should these pledges be recognized as revenue? The University is often a non-profit organization that receives a relatively high percentage of its funding from donors. Therefore, the procedure for accounting and reporting of income obtained in this form is a matter of special importance for such organizations. The pledge is a promise to give in the future, which raises the question of whether and at what point it can be recognized as revenue for the company. The pledge can be recognized as revenue on the date it is made if it meets a particular requirement. The main requirement established by the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 is that the pledge must be unconditional. This norm means that the promise to contribute is not conditioned by a “future and uncertain event whose occurrence or failure to occur gives the promisor a right of return of the assets transferred” (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1993, p. 6). The terms of the assignment do not state anything about the conditions set by the donors. Thus, the answer depends on the conditions under which the donors made the pledge. If uncertain future event conditions the promise, then pledges can only be “recognized when they become unconditional, that is, when the conditions are substantially met” (FASB, 1993, p. 4). If no conditions have been agreed, the Lucky Duck University may recognize these pledges as revenue in the year they are received. How should the revenue be valued? The same logic applies to the answer to the second question. According to Barragato, “non-profit organizations recognize unconditional promises to give as assets and revenues in the year promises are received as mandated by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 116” (2019, p. 190). If all donors’ pledges are unconditioned, the revenue should be valued at 20 million dollars, the full amount of all pledges. If the promises are conditional upon the occurrence of an uncertain event, revenue can only be measured when that event occurs. Supposing that four donors made unconditional promises, and the fifth pledged 1 million dollars each over the next four years in case the Lucky Duck University takes a particular line in the ranking. Therefore, the revenue in the year the pledges are received can be estimated at 18 million dollars. The remaining 4 million dollars can only be recognized as revenue when the university meets the requirement above. How should these pledges be reported as a change in net assets, and in which net assets class should they be reported? There are three types of net asset classes that need to be distinguished in the report. The fact is that the donor may impose restrictions on the use of funds. That being the case, this restriction should be reflected in the report. The Statement of Financial Accounting Standard