ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The New File System The file system is one of the most visible parts of the operating system. Almost all operating systems let users specify named objects, called files . Files hold programs, data, or anything else the user desires. The operating system also provides various APIs to create, read, write, destroy, and manage files. Moreover, most operating systems have their own unique and distinct file types. For example, UNIX has regular directories, files, and special block and character stream files. Regular files hold user data. Directories are essentially used to keep track of files and consist of information needed to supply files with symbolic names. Also, block and character stream files are used for modeling disk and terminal-like devices. Moreover, the very first application enablers added was the ability to store files from other operating system environments, like UNIX. At V3R1, the integrated file system (IFS) was introduced which not only created a consistent structure for all the existing file systems seen in the AS/400, but also created a new file system structure altogether needed for other operating systems. With passage of time, new file systems have been added. The IFS supported 10 file systems and three server types, by the time the iSeries was announced. Features and Advantages The IFS is said to be a part of OS/400, and provides a consistent structure for applications and users that were previously part of the AS/400. In addition, it provides support for the stream I/O files utilized by the PC and UNIX operating systems. Stream files, which contain long continuous strings of data, have become increasingly significant for storing images, audio, and video files (Soltis, 2001). Moreover, the IFS provides a common view of stream files that are stored either locally on the iSeries or a remote server. To manage all the files, a new hierarchical directory structure was created. This hierarchical directory permits access to objects by specifying the path to the objects, through the directories, in a way similar to the one seen in PC and UNIX file systems. This directory and file structure allows information such as UNIX stream files, record-oriented database files, and file serving to be handled through separate file systems or a common interface, depending on the application’s needs. The main advantage and unique capability of the IFS is the ability to support separate file systems through a common, consistent interface. In the original S/38, it was easy to search for an object
The novel begins with a young writer called Art, asking his father about his World War II experiences so that he can record them and come-up-with a book regarding those experiences. Intertwined throughout the story is the turbulent and pragmatic relationship between Art and his elderly father. His father’s story starts when he met Anja (Art’s mother), who committed suicide after the warfare. This was the root of the overwrought relationship that existed between Vladek and his son because he held his father responsibly. Vladek is affected by the Holocaust specter which partially leads to personal traits like aversion to waste and tightfistedness; this infuriates and aggravates his son. Their relationship is continually strained because of these traits/qualities; the pressure also burdens Art. Vladek and Art are not friendly or close: they are not comfortable with each other. Art feels guilty because he thinks that he does not treat his father as he ought to. Art says that, he is not close to his father and that he has not seen him for some time. In a different scene, Art smashes his roller skate and his friends end up skating without him: this happens to many children all over the world and parents comfort them when confronted with such a situation. In Art’s case, his father starts to evaluate that situation in-reference-to the Holocaust (Spiegelman, 102). Vladek seemed like he compares everything to the Holocaust and this strained his relationship with the son. Art was also obsessed with the Holocaust because those thoughts filled his father’s mind. Their relationship was not an easy one and they did not feel close like fathers and sons ought to be; Art felt guilty about it. The quilt is a central theme in the story. Works cited Ousmane, Sembene. God’s Bits of Wood (Heinemann African Writers Series). USA: Heinemann.1995. Print.
Karl Marx’s notions of alienation and Martin Luther King Junior’s (MLKJR’s) perceptions of social injustice compare in terms of their arguments on the constructs of capitalism. Karl Marx’s concept of alienation is an intellectual construct that is built on his earlier theories of man. In view, Marx explains the overwhelming impacts of capitalism on the carnal state and mental faculties of humans. The philosopher claims that human beings are prone to domination by self-created forces that control them as strange powers. According to Marx, the focally recognized aspects of capitalism, such as the state, political economy, and religion, are inanimate in nature. These lifeless aspects of nature are developments of human activities that have a profound influence on the general way of life. Consequently, the institutional spheres of capitalism hold certain unresponsive powers that control human values and their activities in society. This state of affairs culminates in social injustice because capitalism alienates humans from their totality of living beings. Indeed, estranging human beings from the entities of labor and systems of production leaves them with inadequate abilities to nurture their own personalities. This situation results in an impenetrable state of asceticism that manifests in behaviors such as self-confrontation. Therefore, one will be justified to say, according to Marx, that alienation denies human beings their right to conceptualize their own ideologies and social environments in which they live. MLKJR’s notion of social injustice resonates with Marx’s concept of alienation from various points of view. Just like Marx, MLKJR’s idea of social injustice is founded on the devastating nature of capitalism that has caused a deprivation of thinking and self-denial. MLK JR never compromised capitalist practices that had led to immense suffering, methodical coercion, abuse, and promotion of social alienation (Nieto 3). Capitalism is built on egocentric, antagonistic, and materialistic aspects amongst other supremacy traits that dispense power over other peoples’ values and rights, thus handling them as possessions of their own. The prevalence of destructive political thoughts amongst capitalistic leaders in American society had denied the minority groups their right to democracy. MLKJR’s mission was to end social injustices in American society by diminishing the dreadful gap between dismal poverty and extreme affluence. Nieto reveals that MLKJR’s campaign to fight for the civil rights of the Americans was a mission to help individuals come into terms with their status quo and gain self-determination through the philosophy of nonviolence (5). Nonviolence was the only non-destructive means of regaining self-will and the right to democracy amongst the Americans. Works Cited Nieto, Sonia. “Social Justice in Hard Times: Celebrating the Vision of Dr. M
Art historians ask numerous questions when analyzing artworks. For example, they are interested in who, when, and why created an item, what is the materials, price, and an authors purpose. However, in the academic community, there are debates whether all of the questions mentioned above are equally important. The present essay discusses the question of who looked at an artwork. The paper presents arguments in favor of the significance of this question and against it. The major reason that justifies the importance of analysis of an artworks context and understanding who looks or looked at it is that the purpose of art per se is to be seen by the audience. When people are looking at an artistic creation, they have the same mental and emotional reactions as when they are reading books and watching films (Ahmed 104). However, the point is that every book and film has its specific target audience, and the book that was written for middle-aged women is will not be interesting for school-aged boys and girls. Besides, Afshari argues that the audience is one of the “one of the three vertices of artwork triangle,” and the other two vertices are the artist and the artwork (201). Furthermore, paintings and sculptures are created by people and for the people, and, hence, the aspect of the audience could hardly be ignored (Afatara 59). The major idea behind the argument in favor of the role of audience and context is that comprehension of who was expected to look at an artwork is a key to understand its authors message. At the same time, one might argue that art historians could easily interpret a work without thinking of its audience, context, and form of presentation. From this perspective, art historians should be concerned with the examination of the materials, techniques, style, and message without paying too much attention to the audience. For instance, art historians are concerned with the issues of why ancient people painted at the walls of caves, why they painted these or those objects, and with what materials these paintings were created. However, it is possible to reveal the purpose of the paintings without thinking of their audience. The same could be said about other prominent artworks. More precisely, the analysis of the audience of Raphaels fresco in the Papal Palace in the Vatican is not as significant as the analysis of these frescos subject, techniques, time, and style. Additionally, when art historians and ordinary people look at the picture of the Mona Lisa created by Leonardo da Vinci, they think of who this lady was, why da Vinci depicted her, and why her smile is so remarkable. I
Introduction A Communist is a party that propels the use of social principles of communism enhanced by a communist state of governance. Karl Marx and Angels advanced this form of party in the mid 19th century. According to Leninism, a communist party is a party which belongs to the working class who may be ruling and non-ruling elite in the society 1 . The Chinese Communist Party is the world’s largest and strongest party with approximately 78 million members drawn from the party and non-party members. A survey of the Chinese political parties reveals that the Chinese Communist Party accounts for 5.6% of the total population of China according to 2009 country survey. The Russian Communist party was recorded as the most powerful party , but today it has collapsed with China taking over the lead. This paper explores some of the factors that may account for the failure of the communist party in Russia, as well as factors contributing to the success of the Communist party in China 2 . Discussion To understand reasons that led to the collapse of the CP in Soviet Union, we examine how these parties arose in respective countries. While the Soviet Union did not experience uprisings, China had a historical series of mass peasantry revolutions. In October 1949, the party became officially powerful to found a country led by single-party system. The revolution cause driven by the masses gave the CP the power to protest against the perceived oppression’ to give defense, economic resources, employment, and education to the peasant majority. Until today, the successes of the communist party in China have been attributed to the overwhelming revolt waged by the peasants 3 . The Soviet Union has no history of unity among its ethnic minorities as well as the inefficient units that formed the Soviet blocs. The differences in languages spoken among the blocs, varied history for every Soviet state continued to spur ethnic and cultural division. This led to lack of feasible means that would have unified the innately different subsets that formed the union. According to the founding father of communism, Karl Marx, communism cannot thrive without forming requisite mass revolution of the international proletariat. Impending lack of unity among the revolutionary proletariat, the Soviet Union came into power without an effective and robust support of the masses to sustain its presence and power. Pursuant to the need for an economically strong
Need to write a social class inequality essay? Discrimination and injustice might take place everywhere: in the spheres of education, healthcare, and so on. Find here critical reviews of three articles on the topic. Get inspired to write your own story of social class and inequality! Introduction There are several attitudes that the middle class and the rich have towards the poor. These attitudes stem from the belief that the world is a just place and people get what they deserve. If one works hard enough and perseveres he or she will be rich. However, the poor person is in that state because of poor decisions such as immorality, crime and alcoholism, lack of ambition and perseverance. These negative attitudes have caused the middle class and the rich to distance themselves from the poor. The stereotyping of the poor is the genesis of class discrimination. The poor have been excluded as the rest of the nation goes on with their lives. In this paper, I analyze three articles on social class and inequality to find out whether the authors’ views agree with mine on the negative attitudes towards the poor by the middle class and the rich and the way they have distanced themselves from the poor. Social Inequality in The War Against the Poor Herbert Hans, in his article the war against the poor instead of programs to end poverty is arguing that government officials are not addressing poverty but instead making life difficult for the poor. Welfare expenses have always been small however the budget is becoming more and more restrictive. The poor are being accused of enjoying welfare instead of looking for a job and making sure they remain childless throughout their adolescence. The middle class and the rich feel they are working so hard and the poor are not. These poor people are lumped together with the criminals and accused of making the streets unsafe. The poor have become an excuse or scapegoat for the problems in society. Instead of admitting the decline in morality, the poor are accused of being the only ones with unmarried lovers. Once they get their life in order then they can receive welfare. They are being forced to live up to moral expectations that the working class and the rich speak but do not practice (Hans, 2007, pg 506). Clearly class bigotry needs to be addre
Evaluation of Michael Morton as a manager Michael Morton is more of an autocratic manager because as soon as he was employed in the restaurant he intended to change everything. It is clearly stated that Morton emphasized that all the employees were to follow everything he said or directed without asking for explanations. This depicted him as an autocratic leader whereby he would be the sole person who would make the decisions and expected every employee to obey. He was not ready to discuss or consult them in any decision-making that concerned them or the restaurant (Newstrom and Keith). Morton was bound to cause resentment from the employees because of forcing them to follow all the stipulated policies and procedures as well as signing the handbook to abide by them. It was unfortunate that Morton did not have leadership qualities. As a manager he should have not dictated everything, more so he even took over Wilson’s authority without consulting her and went to an extent of reversing her directives. Morton seemed confused and unfocused as he was also issuing contradictory rules and thus being a poor decision-maker (Lewin, Lippit and White 271-301). I suppose Morton was acting this way to secure his position. He may have been afraid of the fact that if he did not retain all the powers and authority, employees like Wilson would take the running of the restaurant. In addition Morton would be acting in this way
There are turning points in every century which not only change the course of history all together but also give becomes the fodder for the imagination of its contemporary creative minds. The 20 th century had World War II which inspired many creative minds to create their magnum opuses, their work is regarded as a classic or appraised for its timelessness. The 21 st century started with a bang when the twin towers of WTC came tumbling down in the USA. The event sparked the beginning of a turbulent decade which was fuelled by war, racial discrimination, and religious persecution, a much contained and organized World War II all over. As our affinity with pain, the event of 9/11 has jump-started the fiery imaginations of many creative minds thus spawning a breed of fiction that deals with the pre or post 9/11 world. Pakistani writers have been on the scene of English fiction writing for not very long but the few names who have managed to stay in the foreground include the name of Mohsin Hamid, whose first book Moth Smoke was appraised heavily and was indeed a classic. Just like many of his contemporaries, Hamid has delved into the murky and deceitful subject of the post 9/11 world and has come up with The Reluctant Fundamentalist which is an entirely fresh perspective on an already heavily discussed subject. It tells the story of a young man Changez through a series of deviously and intricately crafted monologues where the protagonist narrates the story of his life to an ominously jumpy American who he happens to meet in the marketplace of his home town Lahore. The cautious American, though flinching at every obtrusive sound and shadow remains anonymous the whole time yet plays a pivotal role in bringing the book to an end. On the other hand, Changez gets deeply engrossed in recounting the nooks and crannies of his unusual life to a relatively strange foreigner without a shred of apprehension, possibly because of his penchant for Americans. Changez belongs to an upper-middle-class family in Lahore where are they considered elite, but they are not rich. Changez was sent to the USA to pursue higher education and he does graduate summa cum laude from the prestigious Princeton. Belonging to a family that had seen its days of glory in a country that wasn’t as derelict as it is now, Changez is living the ultimate American dream. He gets a job at the Underwood Samson & Company, a highly esteemed valuation firm, and is getting paid what most Americans can only dream off. Changez, a resident of one of the biggest cities in Pakistan, falls in love with New York and rhaps
Racism believes that there are groups of people with particular characteristics that place them in a higher or lower position in relation to others. Manifestations of racism can be not only open, such as the treatment of people based on their race or skin color, but also hidden when a society is systematically guided by a biased opinion in relation to any of its groups. Racism and racial discrimination undermine the foundations of the dignity of an individual, as they aim to divide the human family, to which all peoples and people belong, into different categories, marking some of them more worthy than others. History has repeatedly confirmed that, with the slightest connivance, discrimination, racism, and intolerance violate the very foundations of society and damage them for several generations. Racist behavior breeds racial discrimination, with its obvious negative consequences, ranging from the simple neglect or disregard of those considered different or inferior to more pronounced forms of harassment, exploitation, or exclusion. Bonilla-Silva states that minimizing racism is a framework that assumes that discrimination is no longer a major factor affecting people’s lives (41). Skin color is one of the most arbitrary ways of distinguishing between people that humanity has ever invented. Although racism exists in modern society, people still have the opportunity to fight it and prevent new racist groups. I believe racism has no place in modern society, as it is wrong to divide people into “higher” and “lower” levels. Unfortunately, despite the efforts of governments and individual groups to combat racism and racial discrimination, racism has not yet been completely eradicated. In this case, it is probably right for each individual to take a position on racism and discrimination and act accordingly. The road to a world free of racism requires political interference and long-term commitment, making it quite challenging. However, so far, people have done very little and done it too slowly. In my opinion, people are experiencing a lack of knowledge. Some countries are multinational, and in other countries, different foreigners study and live, but despite this, people sometimes treat visitors inadequately negatively and show aggression towards them. No one works with people in terms of education, and they are not told what a multinational country is or how it is necessary to treat foreigners visiting their native land. In this event, I consider that there should be organized training groups or training in schools and universities to treat people of other nationalities. Education plays an important role, as it helps to form in people specific knowledge and understanding of situations regarding behavior with different people. As for the fight against racism at the state level, it naturally takes place. The results show that this does not bring much benefit. Racists continue to exhibit aggressive behavior and often go unpunished for it. Of course, it is difficult for people who do not work in the political and le