ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Measles is a contagious respiratory disease characterized by symptoms similar to flu. It can be very dangerous for children under five years old and adults due to severe complications (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020). The first symptoms appear seven or fourteen days after the person has contracted the disorder. These symptoms include runny nose, fever, red eyes, cough, and rash (which appears on the third or fifth day after being infected). Healthcare professionals can diagnose measles based on the signs mentioned above, as well as the so-called, Koplik spots in the patient’s mouth. These spots become apparent two or three days after the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. Blood and urine tests, as well as a throat swab, are also utilized to diagnose measles. Preventative Measures and Intervention The primary preventive measure for measles is an immunization that is held in the vast majority of countries. Mass immunization has become a solution that made it possible to almost eliminate the disease in countries where the rate of vaccinated people is high (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). In the USA, approximately 90% of children receive the vaccine, so there are only a few cases of measles (usually brought from abroad) that take place in this country. The mass use of the vaccine, which is cheap, started in the middle of the twentieth century and proved its effectiveness worldwide. As far as treatment is concerned, there is no exact antiviral intervention to treat the disease, but there exist some measures to ease the symptoms. Healthcare professionals’ interventions include the prescription of antibiotics that can be employed to treat such complications as pneumonia, eye, or ear infection (WHO, 2019). Vitamin A supplements are also necessary for children with measles to ensure appropriate nourishment. Supportive care that should be given by parents includes proper nutrition and fluid intake, as well as addressing dehydration if it occurs (due to vomiting or diarrhea). Nursing Diagnosis Since measles is a highly contagious disease, nursing diagnosis includes impaired social interaction, high-risk infection, acute pain, and impaired skin integrity. It is essential to ensure the patient’s isolation so that they could not infect others, especially when it comes to unvaccinated peopl
Introduction James K. Polk once a lawyer, a congressman and a governor of Tennessee was the eleventh president of the United States. He succeeded Andrew Jackson and was the predecessor of the famous Abraham Lincoln. There are many achievements that stand out in the American history that he contributed greatly to like acquiring California, leading the Mexican War, reduction of tariffs as well as establishing an independent tariff system. Therefore, even though he was a war president, he did much more than leading Americans during the Mexican War. On the same note, he used not only war to achieve his ambitions, but also diplomacy. Since he was in leadership during the salve trade era, his major contributions are striking and greatly helped to shape the history of the United States. For instance, the 1850 compromise which occurred immediately after his leadership is an important historical event in the history of United States. He was able to acquire areas such as Utah, Arizona, California, Colorado and New Mexico. There is much more that James K. Polk achieved during his presidency and his entire life. Bent on that, this paper shall focus on his life, his contributions towards shaping the history of United States as well as significance of his actions. Background Information It is important to understand the background information of James Polk before embarking on his major contributions. He was born on 2 nd November 1795, as a first born son of Jane and Samuel Polk who were leaders in their community. During his childhood, Polk was greatly influenced politically by his elders and religiously by his mother who observed Calvinism. The family latter relocated to Tennessee where they prospered not only economically but also politically (Kellogg, pp. 95). His school life was successful since when he was studying in Columbia; he was able to pass his examination in the Carolina University and was admitted as a sophomore. In addition, during his graduation in 18l8, he was the best student in the senior class. When he latter returned to Tennessee, he chose to learn law with the assistance of Felix Grundy. Nonetheless, his main interest was not in law but in politics because by 1823, he was already campaigning for the seat of state house representative. In the year 1824, at twenty eight, Polk married his wife Sarah who was twenty by then. Although they did bear children, they were married for their whole life. Sarah was very significant in Polk’s political career since he was not only an active member in his campaigns, but was also gave him advice and helped him in speeches. Polk’s Political Career Polk embarked on his political life enthusia
Introduction Being in charge of the human resources of a company and planning their further use is a challenging task mostly due to the combination of the external factors related to the goals of the organization and the internal ones, which are linked to the goals of people working for the company in question. Although the dilemma faced by the organization in the case study might seem to require merely a set of penalties for the staff so that the latter could comply with the current safety requirements, the problem is, in fact, rooted much deeper and demands that the very corporate values and the leadership strategy should be rearranged. Human Resource Management Issues Joe’s Problem When it comes to defining the key human resource issues, which the organization may be having, one must admit that the leadership issue is clearly the weakest link in the generally strong management strategy. Indeed, a closer look at the way, in which Joe directs his employees, will reveal that he may be far too forgiving and tending to be soft when it comes to breaking the corporate rule. While the specific character trait would not have been viewed as entirely negative in other settings, the fact that it led to Joe and his staff treating the issue of safety lightly makes it evident that the reconsideration of the leadership approach adopted by the manager will have to be viewed as a necessity. Particularly, the fact that Joe will have to put his foot down at some point deserves to be mentioned. Solving the problem outlined above does not presuppose switching to an entirely stiff and rigid leadership style, however; in fact, it is highly doubtful that Joe will be able to make the changes required to become a sterner and a less forgiving manager within a relatively short amount of time, as he will have to make the necessary changes to some traits of his character, which define his leadership skills. Although it is traditionally assumed that leadership qualities are not intrinsic and can be developed in any person (Byars and Rue 89), one still must admit that people, who are just as timid and delicate as Jim are still very likely to find it excruciatingly difficult to out restrictions on the staff members and put their foot down so that the latter could deliver better performance rates. Therefore, it is imperative that the corresponding measures should be adopted to reinforce the key corporate values in the organization and boost the rates of CSR among the staff so that the latter could comply with the organization’s saf
Introduction Bahamian Economy The economy of The Bahamas is strongly shaped by aspects of the growth of touristic services and packages, foreign dominance of its main sectors, development of financial services, foreign capital inflows as well as a state revenue collection through indirect taxation (primarily of the import customs), while evading taxation on earnings and corporate gains (Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi, 2011 p.96). Analysts perceive the potential of high volume tourism for increasing income levels and boost employment opportunities for locals that has significant influence in foreign exchange earnings. Nevertheless, this nature of tourism services is highly susceptible to international political economy, foreign exchange, prone to global environmental problems, and external shocks (Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi, 2011 p.96). The Bahamian economy is modelled to structurally and technologically dependent due to disparities in the trend of domestic market demand and the type of good supplied (Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi, 2011 p.97). A wide range of economic transactions in The Bahamas are associated with foreign trade. Activities in the agricultural sector are less developed to the extend that a large quota of food products is sourced from outside the country in order to meet the demand. Population growth and tourism boom are the main factors contributing to food deficits. Consequently there has been an exponential growth in the food import bill as well as a decline in the balance of payments (Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi, 2011 p.97). This has caused challenges in diffusing financial benefits from the tourism into other sectors of the economy. Lottery in The Bahamas Gambling premises particularly casinos were inconsistent and have influenced the economy of the Bahamas for over 9 decades (Boxill 2009, p.3). Lottery activities particularly in casinos are designed to favour tourism development. Sources from the government of The Bahamas indicate that the first of gambling casinos in the name of the Bahamian Club opened for business from the capital of Nassau towards the close of the 1920s decade (Boxill 2009, p.3). Later, another gambling premises was opened by the name Cat Cay (Boxill 2009, p.4). The two premises had a small capacity for patrons and centred on attracting tourists. They operated fully during the winter seasons. The lottery activities served as complimentary for other entertainment experiences for the tourists. In the 1960s decade, there was a boom in the casino gambling business throughout the archipelago; with the Play Boy Casino set up in 1978, but later closed in 1983 (Boxill 2009, p.4). By April 2009, there was an approximate five gambling casinos doing business in The Bahamas. The traditional paper lottery is now challenged by the onli
Introduction The four types of toys under analysis are Bathtime Baby (for girls) and Woody (for boys), Build It (for boys) and Cleaning Trolley (for girls). Bathtime Baby is a pink and white baby doll with a shampoo and powder set. The doll is plastic and soft to touch. Its packaging consists of a young girl holding the doll and playing with it. Woody is the second toy; it is a figure of a man wearing brightly coloured clothes. The toy has a hat and boots and can talk. It has the colour blue, red, yellow and white. Woody also has a plastic hat and boots, and a torso made of soft material. Build It is a set of items that children can construct into a truck and drill. It possesses battery power to enable the child to move it back and forth. Manufacturers made the set using hard plastic and bright colours (red for the truck and yellow and green for the drill). Lastly, Cleaning Trolley is a set of parts that children can make into a cleaning trolley. It has red, blue and pink as its prominent colours and consists of durable plastic; the toy is also mobile. How the toys represent gender ideology Girls’ toys represent the world of the woman as a nurturer. Bathtime Baby has a shampoo and powder that will allow a young girl to take care of her baby. This will condition her for her future role as a parent (Barthes, 1972). Furthermore, because producers already constructed the toy, the girl cannot take on the role of a creator; she must embrace her role as a consumer. In essence, this depiction mirrors what goes on in the adult world. Most manufacturers target females as consumers of their objects. One only has to watch commercials on television to realise this. Hair conditioners, deodorants, cooking materials and many other household items target the female consumer. Even
Introduction The activities of human beings have had serious effects on the environment. Environmental pollution, which is a direct result of human activities, is a problem that has affected a myriad of environmental aspects. Although some people may fail to understand the long-term effects of pollution like global warming, its short-term effects are easy to discern. Such effects include diseases or death of both human beings and animals. Human activities that lead to pollution of the environment have effects on biodiversity, water, soil and even land. This is even shown in the movie, The Eleventh Hour , with bodies of water that are badly polluted and overflowing landfills. This paper is an in-depth exploration of the effects that human activities have had on the environment, and the way the same is captured in the movie, The Eleventh Hour . Effects of human activities on biodiversity As stated above, environmental pollution, mainly caused by human activities has adverse effects on biodiversity. For instance, water pollution normally has adverse effects on aquatic life. Water pollution has even been blamed for the extinction of some species that cannot thrive in acidic conditions. In the movie, The Eleventh Hour, there are images of lakes which are drying. Chemical pollution is the most common for water. It normally makes water acidic, and makes it toxic. This leads to the death of some animals living in water, and also creates harsh living conditions for other animals living in this ecosystem. In The Eleventh Hour , Sylvia Earle, an oceanographer, reports of the sea having lost 90% of its total population of big fish. Another form of pollution that affects water is heat pollution that makes the water unsuitable for the animals living there. Animals that cannot withstand high temperatures may die while others are forced to move or live under very harsh conditions. Water polluted by heat normally has less oxygen, and thus the animals living in this ecosystem find it difficult to breathe. This is because cold water is normally associated with more oxygen, and also the fact that the hot water may damage organic matter in water leading to low levels of dissolved oxygen. The water will also evaporate and make humans and animals inhale the chemical substances dissolved in it. This evaporation will also result in acidic rain which has the same effects as water pollution. Apart from thermal pollution in water, thermal pollution also occurs in air. This is normally caused by human actions like wars which may lead to bombings, irresponsibly caused fires like forest fires, and even climate change. One of its effects is the redistribution of animals and other organisms after the pollution, thermal pollution can also lead to the death of the organisms that cannot withstand the temperatures. These are animals whose metabolic systems are unable to tolerate the temperatures (Guy, 2004). Research has shown that the slow changes in temperature caused by global warming and/or thermal po
Introduction Using project management in realizing business objectives is considered a change in any organization; this is particularly with regard to the approach utilized in designing, implementing and embedding of the process of project management. Project management in an organization is an effective way of accomplishing business objectives. It is important however, to indicate the link between project management and business objectives; one delivers the other hence, there should be that clear indication that investing in project management has a direct effect on the ability of the organization to meet its objectives (Levine, 2002, p. 44). It is imperative to remind the managers about organizational objectives in order to enable them grasp the significance of proposed changes while implementing projects. Effective project management can contribute to the following business objectives: realizing of demanding financial targets, overcoming competitive challenges and quickly responding to change (Roberts, 2007, p. 248). For a project management to run successfully it should be treated as one of the key business functions in an organization and hence a business strategy to institutionalize project management should be formulated (Bolles, Hubbard, 2007, p. 26). It is the duty of the executive management to ascertain whether the project will lead to the realization of business objectives. Project Management Project management is defined as the process of guiding a project from the start to the end; it is the application of knowledge, tools, techniques and skills to meet the requirements of a project. Project management stems from a desire to plan and to coordinate large and complex efforts in organizations or institutions. Project management includes the following five processes (Kerzner, 2009, p. 7):  1. Initiating processes : these involve clarifying the business need and defining the project expectations as well as the resources’ budgets. It is also the identification of the members who will play some roles in the project.  2. Planning processes : these are the details of the scope of a project, resources and risks, time frame and the intended approaches to project communications.  3. Monitoring and controlling processes : these involve the tracking of the performance and taking actions to ensure a project is a success and the desired results are achieved. All the above processes are necessary for a project management to be successfully accomplished.  4. Executing processes : these involve establishing as well as managing a project team and communicating and managing a project audience and also implementing the project plans (Portny, 2012, p. 16). Factors Affecting Successful Project Factors affecting
Introduction The integumentary system consists of the skin and other related appendages that work together to safeguard the body from damage. These appendages include scales, hair, hooves, feathers, nails, glands, and nerves. They confer protection against water, heat loss, infection, and injury to internal tissues. Additional functions include the excretion of waste substances, maintenance of body temperature, and anchoring sensory nerves to aid in the perception of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature alterations.[1] When vertebrates are exposed to sunshine, the integumentary system makes it possible to synthesize vitamin D. In animal rearing, and the integument dictates the treatment and handling of animals to ensure optimal health and production. The purpose of this paper is to explain the physiological function of the integumentary system of dairy cattle and its impact on housing. Modern developments in animal housing and management systems to cater to the physical needs of dairy cattle are also explained. Physiological functioning of dairy cattle and its influence on animal housing Dairy cattle consume less feed under heat stress, which leads to reduced body growth and low milk production. Extreme temperatures also have adverse effects on the reproduction of these animals. Therefore, the design of animal housing mainly focuses on the physical surroundings with regard to climatic and motor attributes. Nonetheless, it is important to consider other aspects such as optimal layout to provide the best conditions for high-yielding animals to feed properly and produce without experiencing physical harm. With regard to heat regulation, dairy cattle are homeotherms, meaning that they maintain a nearly constant inner body temperature that ranges from 38 to 39.3°C. Generally, dairy cattle have higher temperatures than their surroundings. Their normal body temperature is sustained by striking a balance between heat production and heat loss to the environment. The control of body temperature is under the influence of the hypothalamus gland, which triggers various mechanisms to neutralize high or low temperatures. For instance, low temperatures are countered by the heightened transformation of feed to heat energy. Conversely, high body temperatures are counteracted by high respiration rates, increased blood flow to the skin, ruffling up of fur, and adjusting the rate of evaporation from the lungs and skin. Excess heat is conducted to the surface of the skin, through which it is emitted to the environment via processes such as conduction, convection, and radiation. Temperature fluctuations also alter the behavior of dairy cattle. For example, there is reduced activity when the temperatures are high. Furthermore, when the feed that is consumed is transformed into milk, heat is liberated as a by-product. Therefore, high-yielding animals are more susceptible to heat stress than low-yielding ones when exposed to high temperatures. Very young animals do not have fully developed mechanisms for regulating body temperature, especially the capacity to augment heat production through metabo
Introduction In the past, the community has been understood as people sharing the same geographical area. However, in public health, the term can mean persons who have something in common like a school, hospital, water sources, or any other amenity. It can refer to individuals with the same religious, ethnic, racial, and sexual orientation ties. Our community is a rural area of Alabama, dominated by African Americans and the Non-Hispanic whites. The area has high mountainous ridges, valleys, and the coastal line (Selleck et al., 2018). It is well supplied by roads, rails, and airports without which they would function. The healthcare facilities are not as many as compared to the urban areas. The community is densely populated, and the housing constitutes mainly substandard buildings and slum-like settlements. The common language is English, with less than 10% being non-speaking people (Selleck et al., 2018). Most of the population are females aged between 18 and 65 years. The large populace has received primary education, and there are few schools compared to the urban areas. The community leaders are elected, and since the majority are whites, they practice the whites’ culture. Creation of the Focus Groups and Ensuring that All Ages are Represented The purpose of the focus groups is to understand more about the society and the public’s health priority needs. For the effectiveness of these teams, they should constitute eight and twelve individuals. Since the clinic acts to solve people’s health needs, I will look at the record book of the most common illness or problem that necessitated the visit. The next step is to invite all the individuals that visited the clinic and add the public healthcare workers and the administrators or leaders. The community leaders understand the residents better and also know the pressing requirements. The caregivers interact with most residents with health issues, and they can help understand the everyday needs that cause disease in the region (Choo et al., 2018). I will also ensure all the expanses of the community are well represented in each group. If only people from a specific area utilize the clinic, then the leaders would be tasked to select members in the other parts. My next move would be to ensure all age groups are represented by classifying the age as a youth (20-28 years, middle age (28-54), the senior (above 54 years). Each group will contain equal numbers of the three brackets. Key Questions and How they Determine the Needs of the Community Some of the critical questions to be asked in the focus discussions include the clinic helping in treating common illnesses in t