ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, the modern life presents a number of aspects that the human being does not stop to take a second thought. These aspects have become so integrated in the human systems that minutes do not pass before we turn to them. Eating, sleeping, walking are natural, far from using a car, writing by use of a pen, reading a newspaper as well as cooking food. The interests of these aspects are created by the mentioning of such in the line above and the reader takes a deep thought about them now under this dimension. The human being from an early age represented by the early man lived in a life that in every day sought to come up with solutions for daily challenges. `Today, computers, calculators and special micro chip processors are situated within reach from a human hand. It may be from the phone, pocket calculator, laptop, desktop, ipad, iphone, sub-meters, vending machines plus more. This paper will attempt to explain how computers have developed from that initial quest of counting to the modern array of perplexing digital world supercomputers. Before civilization hits the oldest villages of human society, the idea of computing was in the most basic form represented by bones, rocks, clay objects and simple numbering systems, the Babylonians, the Greek, the Arabs, Semites, Indians, Chinese, Mayans used complicated systems of abacus, alphabetic systems, numeric systems, wax and rods for accounting purposes by 100BCE. These years were characterized by primitive knowledge but that served the owners right and correctly according to their system of life. By 0 CE the Romans had invented a pocket abacus which developed from wax and rods ((Helander, Landauer & Prahbu, 1997). However, its limitations to speed, complexity, and quantity probably led to its obsoleteness in time as the human race sought to fulfill these wants for accurate, faster and speedy accounting in trade and commerce. Numbers came into existence in India following the nine-digit system Brahmi notation, from India. These Indians moved from column importance to decimals and full development of the usage of zero position in 500 A.D and thus preparing the way for computers. These little pieces of inventions from different parts of the world in a timeline meant to appreciate the origin an importance of computers could be detailed largely as Swedin and Ferro do in their book (2007). However, intentions, time and space confine this work to recent timeline of the development of the computer and towards its appreciation in the modern world. The invention of printing, the slide ruler, the mechanical calculator, analog devices as well as algorisms between 0 CE and 1700s all culminated to the development of the computer by the start of the 1800s. The different forms of computers that started were better than their counterparts back in the years but were by far the slowest and obsolete in comparison to modern day prowess of a computer. The invention of the modern computer started early in form of calculators, printing machines and punch cards. These inventions later culminated to the first
Introduction The contemporary, diverse US society faces a lot of challenges related to freedom, equity, and equality in both personal and professional life spheres. Multiculturalism and democracy freedoms are incorporated in the most decisive approaches that aim at guaranteeing equal opportunities for everyone. In the workplace, it is vital to implement freedom-oriented policies that would address the needs of each employee for the successful performance of the company which significantly depends on the operation of every participant of the working process. It takes all employees’ effort to preserve a comfortable work atmosphere for a diverse population that constitutes the staff of the company. Political Freedom The concept of political freedom concerns many spheres of an individual’s life in modern American society. Freedom in connection with morality is manifested in “resisting unfreedom” (Klausen, 2016, p. 3). Thus, political freedom addresses the rights of humans to express their opinions openly and freely in a way that might influence politics. Since politics embraces a variety of areas, political freedom impacts the individuals’ economic well-being, health-care, education, transportation, and professional realization. Equality of Opportunity Political freedom concerns the equality of opportunity in the workplace, too. This concept implies that since every individual has political freedom for development in any sphere, he or she has to have equal conditions with the others to obtain an opportunity to compete for advantage and welfare (Mancilla, 2017). When applied to the company’s corporate environment, every employee is given equal opportunities and should apply their knowledge, skill, and professional competence to perform and receive benefits. Equity and Equality in the Workplace The issue of equality of opportunity leads to the discussion of two important concepts of freedom – equity and equality. Representing similar notions, they are different and concern contradictory approaches to workforce management. Equality aims at the equalization of the opportunities for everyone that will give a valid result only in case if everyone was in equal conditions from the very beginning (Gilead, 2018). On the contrary, equity might be defined as the attempt to provide everyone with the same degree of welfare concerning the difference between them at the starting point. There are different ways equality and equality affect individuals’ lives. It concerns gender issues that imply equal rights for men and women, race diversity that imposes unprejudiced attitude toward different races and nationalities, and the class difference that should be eliminated as a reason for inequality. Also, equality and equity concern the sphere of health-related issues that deal with disabled people at the workplace. Finally, the discussed concepts apply to the sphere of political views wh
The main issue revealed in the article is the problem of the local business and its competitiveness with global enterprises. The fact is that in South Africa, there is a tendency for the business acquisition of global giants such as Walmart, Zara, and Burger King. The problem is what advantages for the local economy can provide global corporations in comparison with the small enterprises. The major part of the researches is apt to think that the benefits of the small local-oriented business are obvious. They provide the local community with better job opportunities and better wages. At the same time, it must be admitted that the benefits of the economies of scale are evident for the consumers. The points under discussion of the given article are different programs, aiming to support the local business and to offer them opportunities for growth. As for me, I completely agree with the statements of this article, proposing different programs for the supporting of the local business. No matter how expensive these programs are, and what is the taxation from the giant enterprises, it is necessary to realize that without the domestic producers, the economy is doomed to failure. My strong belief is that the economy of the state should be not only consumptive but also productive. It is considered by Sandrock (as cited in Burmeister, 2013), that micro and small business growth are essential for economic and job creation in the country. Moreover, I think that if done right, the local business may be the basis for the development of the local economy, corresponding to its needs and taking into consideration the peculiarities of the definite region. Mitchel, who is the senior researcher of the Institute for Local Self Reliance, says that (as cited in Burmeister, 2013,para.7), “Locally-owned businesses build strong communities by sustaining vibrant town centres, linking neighbours in a web of economic and social relationships and contributing to local causes.” Reference List Burmeister, B. (2013). Befriend the Trend: Support for local business could boost SAs economy. Web.
In the modern corporate structure increasingly focused on investment returns and stock holdings, it has become compelling to tap CFOs as possible candidates for the CEO position. CFOs have expertise in comprehensive financial analysis as well as many years of necessary leadership experience. The transition from being CFO to the CEO role is sought with challenges regarding the company vision, mentality, and interpersonal skills. The CFO responsibilities include managing the finances of the company through accurate financial records, investments, and management of stock market shares. They must focus on issues of capital structure and are relied upon by other executives, shareholders, and creditors. The CFO is critical to forecasting the economic strategy of a company for the purpose of improving profits. These individuals are logical and analytical in nature but lack some qualities necessary for a CEO. The person in the leadership position of a company must be creative and comprehensive in their thinking, willing to pioneer innovative ideas. The financial background of CFO’s makes them very averse to risk, which CEOs face in major decision-making. Further, the complex degree of professional relationships is needed in the CEO role to understand all aspects of company operations, managing the process of communication with investors (Kosur, 2015). The framework for a successful transition of the CFO to become the CEO can be developed internally within a company through leadership and mentorship opportunities. Companies undergo various stages of development and expansion, where a different type of CEO is needed. Cultivating the leadership potential in the CFO with the analytical skills and knowledge of the internal workings of an organization is a worthwhile investment. The CFO can be involved in strategic planning and mentored for leadership roles. The key is to train broad critical thinking and to make the necessary connections. A CFO can have the skillset to create a financial report and calculate the risk of investments but rarely knows how to independently design a profitable long-term strategy based on the economic data (Kowalski & Campbell, 2000). In recent years, the CFO is expected to participate in strategic planning alongside the CEO as well as to interact with the management board, a team-oriented approach that has proven extremely effective. This gives room for professional development and the formation of meaningful relations
The criminal justice system portrayed in the news is what the American people are most exposed to. Although it may not be very reliable it has become a part of American life and most Americans have become accustomed to getting news from these media. The CJS as portrayed in the media may not be representative of the facts and maybe doctored news, but this is what the American people are happy about, given that It has widespread effects in that its impact impinges upon the manner in which the American people cast their votes, exercise discretionary powers as law-abiding citizens and also affects the conduct of their day to day affairs. It is seen that the news that is being portrayed may be either underrepresented or overrepresented. In the case it is underrepresented, it means that the news has not been depicted in full and in a truthful manner and in accordance with the wishes of the American people. Seen in terms “as a cultural product, television programs and images are conceived as reflections of society.” (McNeely, 1995, p.1-20). These media projections of crime in radio and television and other mass media are seen as reflections of society itself, in the public eye. In other words, a large part of the work has been expunged, which shows the news is not justified, fair, and accurate in its portrayal. Again, it is quite possible that the news may be overrepresented, in which case, there has been fabrication and slight exaggeration of the news in order to attract and retain readerships. Both under-representation and overrepresentation are against public policies and deserve to be rectified. However, it is also seen that the aspect of under or over-representation needs to be confirmed by an independent body and not by the ne
Thesis statement: A person’s sexual orientation should not be a basis of discriminating them from getting equal treatment in all areas of life such as employment, respect of their right to freedom and such. Gay in the Military The American army has always been against allowing gay countrymen to serve in the army. It has been a war that even the religious groups have been involved in for a long time, arguing on the basis that being gay is a sin and should not be condoned under any circumstances. Those who feel the same way as the religious entities argue that being gay is morally wrong, and it undermines basic moral values on which America is built on. Gays, on the other hand, argue that they should be considered as a minority group, whose rights should also be respected. Background research Movements aimed at fighting for the rights of gay people begun in the late 1960s, just after World War 2. These movements encouraged gays to live according to accepted social standards (Dautrich et al. 128). Gays, however, went on to assume a more activist mission, urging the gays to come openly and identify their sexual orientation. The issue of gay people in the army did not come to light as a problem that needed solving until 1992 when an army colonel was discharged from the army on the grounds of her sexual orientation. This led to more talk about whether gays should be allowed into the army or not, and this is how the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy came to being. This policy was put in place by President Clinton, and it proposed the removal of the question of sexual orientation when interviewing military people. Also, it suggested that gays would be allowed to stay in the army as long as they did not reveal their status. The introduction of this policy, however, provided little for the gay community to be happy about. Today, the recruiting of gays openly into the military goes on in other European countries, although the American military continues to disallow gays to publicly declare their sexuality (Dautrich et al. 131-132). Proposed solutions The gay’s cries have finally reached the rightful people as is being seen by the developments made in trying to have the ban on gays in the army, lifted. The current government is trying to pass a bill aimed at lifting the ban at the moment, and with over 58% of the American population favouring this decision; it is likely to be passed very soon. However, some religious people, as well as the Republicans, are still opposed to the move saying that it will go against America’s moral values if the ban is lifted. Already, a large percentage of America’s population, including most of the Organizations and government agencies are for the lifting of the ban. Most servicemembers too are also proposing the lifting of the ban, as they do not perceive any negativity being brought about by allowing the gays into the army. Conclusion The current president had made a promise to have a ban on gays to serve openly, lifted. Despite the opposition encountered from the republicans and some religious affiliates, the bill proposed to the congress for this cause has a likelih
In their study, Zon and Kommer (1999) want to develop a model that can optimise the use of resources available to medical institutions. In order to achieve this goal, they rely on multiple linear regression analysis which is an important part of dynamic programming. In particular, the scholars want show how various resource allocation decisions taken by healthcare organisations affect the future demand for medical services. The framework developed by researchers can be useful for improving the policies of healthcare administrators. In this case, the use of multiple linear regression analysis is required because there are several independent variables affecting demand for medical services. In particular, one should speak about the interventions which are related to the allocation of resources such as technologies or employees. It should be noted that any form of medical activity entails the distribution of resources. For example, the decision to choose a certain treatment mode results in the necessity to allocate resources such as employees, costs, and time (Zon & Kommer, 1999, p. 88). In turn, the dependent variable will be the health state of patients and their subsequent demand for medical services as well as resources. For instance, this demand can be determined by examining the daily needs of a patient. Among such needs, one can mention the number of minutes or hours that physicians and nurses will need to spend on this individual (Zon & Kommer, 1999, p. 88). Provided that medical workers identify the type of services required by a patient, they will be able to estimate the amount of costs which will be needed. In turn, multiple linear regression analysis will be useful for determining how different interventions influence patients’ demand for the resources. Moreover, they may single out and eliminate those interventions that significantly increase the costs of a hospital and increase the demand for services. Yet, this step can be taken only if it does not compromise the quality of patient care. These data will be needed for meeting the constraints that hospital administrators should consider. Among such constraints, one can distinguish the budgetary requirements that medical institutions have to meet. Another constraint is the minimum amount of money and other resources that should be spent on a patient in order to ensure adequate treatment. Thus, the use of linear regression analysis is important for choosing the most suitable inter
There seems to have been a sudden explosion of social networking sites that are all designed to keep people in touch with other at the touch of a keypad. Two of the most notable founders of this new internet media outlet are Facebook and Twitter, both are now billions of dollars worth as a company and yet, mass media is torn between portraying these two as either the dividers or uniting forces of a society that constantly feeds on media innovations. A perception that is fueled by their lack of understanding of the constantly growing Social Networking trend. Angela Nielsen (2011) explained that most businesses and corporate leaders still tend to view social media networks as a fad because that is how the others who fail to understand that growing business tool portray it. According to Susan Guenlius (2011), online social networks are defined by the way they allow users to “…share content, interact and develop communities around similar interests. ” The media is constantly concerned about privacy and tracking issues for the users because of the way these networks use targeted advertising to help generate income for their sites. Just as the users freely exchange information within their network, so too does the company, like Facebook, have the freedom to pull your personal information for sharing with their business partners. I will admit to being a Facebook and Twitter user. as such, I can understand the concerns that the security professionals have and continue to warn people about about the way these social networks seem to have become part and parcel of our daily lives. The social networks tend to be a modern version of the Wild-West and can be unruly at times. But just like the Wild-West, these networks learn from their mistakes and continue to evolve their policies and regulations based upon the demands and comfort of their users. These social networks have beefed up their security and non-user related information sharing access over time. Facebook (2011) launched this past April their latest security innovation that uses the https to further secure your page and insure that my personal information does not get shared with advertisers whom I have not given permission to do so. This is part of their constantly evolving rules and regulations governing the use of their members personal information by other parties. Even Twitter already has a function disabling their users location per post software which can be used by advertisers to target consumers. Facebook and twitter are constantly working on improving their system of service and security for their members. However, the media only chooses to concentrate on the negative aspects of this quest. They see
Introduction Articulatory variation in different language speakers can be preconditioned by a variety of factors, including their origin and socio-cultural background (Collins and Mees 15). The following project will observe the differences in speech patterns between a Dutch English (DE) speaker and American English (AE) speaker. Below, the information on the speakers’ personal background will be provided. The Dutch speaker is born in Holland in the town of Velp. He was a butcher by family trade and grew up during the World War II era. The man arrived in the USA when he was 25 years old, with his wife. His intention was to remove himself from the danger of being exposed to another World War. Today, he is an old man of 89 years, just celebrating on May 12. The speaker learned English in grade school because the Dutch curriculum mandates that each student learns four additional languages. So, he learned English, French, German, and Latin. The American speaker was born in Italy and came to the United States as a one-year-old baby. He grew up in an Upstate New York city. When he graduated from high school, he joined the Marine Corps and became a linguist for the force recon. He learned three languages while he was enrolled, including Spanish, Arabic, and Italian. The methodology chosen for the current research project amounts to transcribing the speech patterns of both speakers and performing the comparative analysis with the help of the acquired International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) (Priester, Post, and Goorhuis-Brouwer 1470). The primary focus of research is to distinguish the common and different features between consonants and vowels and phonological processes in English and Dutch. The preliminary results of the comparative analysis demonstrate that English and Dutch phonetics differ in terms of sounds articulation and words stressing to a certain degree. The differences in sounds articulation are conditioned by the variations in the places of articulation in the speakers. The differences in words stressing occur based on the language’s peculiar features (Domahs, Plag, and Carroll 60). However, the two languages also have many features in common. According to Van Heuven (7), English and Dutch have similar intonation patterns. In addition, they tend to distribute logic stress in the same way. Still, intonation patterns in the two languages are not fully similar. Because in the Dutch language, speakers tend to stress each word in a sentence separately, they continue to have the habit of stressing every single word instead of swallowing them as the native English speakers do (Van Heuven 7). To illustrate: they place the stress on the service words and conjunctions. For example, in a sentence, Kate is shorter than her brother but taller than her sister, the Dutch-speaking English learners will tend to stress than and b