ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The four common elements of corporate governance and country governance are “fairness, accountability, transparency and responsibility” (Boyd and Stephen 5; Fernando 45). Fairness refers to equitable treatment and protection against misappropriation of assets. Accountability refers to effective monitoring of the board and accountability of the board to the company and shareholders. Transparency refers to the timely and accurate disclosure on finances, performance and ownership. Lastly, responsibility refers to ethical behaviors and complying with national laws. Specific elements of corporate governance include “equity holders, markets (capital markets and product market), debt providers (public debt and private debt), employees, business practices, legal system and public opinion” (Boyd and Stephen 5). On the other hand, specific elements of country governance include “political stability, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, absence of violence, control of corruption, regulatory quality and rule of law” (Djité 205). Indicators of Country governance include “Democracy Index (DI), Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Global corruption Barometer (GCB) and Bribe Payer’s Index (BPI)” (Hák et al. 377). The use of DI is based on the assumption that public participation in the political practices may control government corruption. On the other hand, the CPI is a survey of surveys, mirroring the views of investors, scholars and risk analysts, both citizens and foreigners. First established in 1995, the CPI builds on seventeen studies from thirteen sovereign bodies. The CPI is a result of systematic survey of polls offered to Transparency International between 2001 and 2003 (Hák et al. 377). While the CPI aims at evaluating heights of corruption among countries, the Global corruption Barometer (GCB) focuses on positions of the public concerning these heights of corruption (Hák et al. 377). The GCB interviews respondents on the effects of corruption on their private and family life. Respondents from developing countries may be able to live with high heights of corruption, while respondents in developed countries cannot tolerate even low levels of corruption. The BPI complements the GCB and CPI, since it deals with the tendency of corporations from top exporting nations to bribe in developing markets (Hák et al. 377). Similarly, indicators of corporate governance include ownership concentration, equity share and value of shares traded. Ownership concentration as an indicator allows comparison of states in relation to the ownership arrangement of their corporate sectors. High levels of ownership concentration denote that block holders control corporations. Conversely, low levels of ownership denote that block holders are minor economic factors. Equity share implies that there is more inclination towar
The Leadership purpose, General George S. Patton, takes account of a several activities, and the most important among them is making a decision what staffing requirements one have and whether to use autonomous contractors or take into service personnel to meet these needs. It includes choosing and training the most excellent military personnel, making sure that they are better performers, handling performance related problems, and ensuring that the human resources and administrational practices do the accepted thing to various set of laws. General George S. Patton fitted these norms perfectly. He was a huge influence over the 3rd Army during World War II and relate actions took to the values of leadership which are: loyalty, duty, respect, selfless-service, honor, integrity, and personal courage. He was highly instrumental during the Normandy D-day landing and carried out operational executions with success for the rest of the War making the 3 rd Army a significant force. In his own words to his solders, “You have liberated or conquered more than 82,000 square miles of territory, including 1,500 cities and towns, and some 12,000 inhabited places. Prior to the termination of active hostilities, you had captured in battle 956,000 enemy soldiers and killed or wounded at least 500,000 others France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia bear witness to your exploits.” (Province, 1). Leadership of multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary-armed force under the aspects of military principals can be defined as the art of creating personnel relations of any kind, between people engaged in war or peace situation. These relations can be defined as relation between superior and subordinates, relation between equal ranked personnel, relation between military intelligence and armed forces etc, in order to maintain true cooperation of all concerned along with motivating the entire deal into a positive favor. Efficiency of the Leadership of multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary team of professionals lies in not only making the personnel to work, but to make them work willingly, sincerely and consciously, by employing new knowledge, new methods, new designs, new machines and novel techniques of production and by allaying mistrust and antagonism. It can be stated about his leadership policies and ideals that they had to undergo constant changes due to influence of some basic factors such as domestic and overseas combat situations, changes in the arm structure and developments in technology etc. In his own words, “There is only one tactical principle which is not subject to change; it is, ‘To use the means at hand to inflict the maximum amount of wounds, death, and destruction on the enemy in the minimum amount of time.’ “(Province, 1). However, the increasing significance of competitive advantage and of the growing presence of weapon technology has resulted in noticeable changes in sector of Patton’s leadership of multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary team of military ideologies. These conditions also affect leadership strategy and policies up to a great extent and the aspects of le
Introduction The Lascaux caves are the most popular in the world. The Lascaux Caves in France were discovered in 1940. The paintings were created around 17,000 years ago, which makes them some of the oldest and iconic expressions of art that remain to date. The Lascaux caves are located in France’s Dordogne, in the Vézère Valley, 30 kilometers north of Sarlat in South West France. They are tourist attraction sites known for their Paleolithic age cave paintings. The original caves are close to Montignac (Lacanette 2009). There are seven sections of the Lascaux caves namely: “the Great Hall of the Bulls, the Painted Gallery, the Lateral Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the Main Gallery, the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man” (Lacanette 2009: 2538). Based on the multiple cover paintings on the Lascaux caves, researchers believe that for many centuries those caves have been populated by different tribes. The most appealing of these chambers is the Hall of the Bulls, which presents the pictures of horses, bulls, and stags. The painting in the Shaft of the Dead Man also presents a particular interest due to the unusual proportion of the human figures (Lacanette 2009: 2544). Background Most archeologists and scholars agree that paintings found in the cave can be dated around 15,000 BC, based on radiocarbon analysis of various artifacts and charcoal discovered in the cave. The scholars and archeologists also propose that the paintings came into being within a period of several centuries. The Lascaux cave was discovered in 1940 by a group of boys who were looking for their lost dog. In December of the same year, the caves received statutory historic memento protection. Authorities opened the caves to the public in 1948 disregarding conservation and preservation issues. The caves received over 100,000 visitors yearly (Muriel 2011:8). The huge number of visitors and artificial lighting caused considerable destruction to the historical site. Consequently, significant archeological data disappeared as the lackluster of the paintings decreased. Worse still, devastating algae layers of bacteria and dark calcite crystals appeared on the walls of the cave. Ultimately, the authorities banned further public visits to the caves and initiated revival efforts. This arrested the development of crystals and reversed the development of algae and bacteria (Muriel 2011:10). The authorities carried out constant monitoring as the caves remained closed to the public. In 1
Raise the Red Lantern directed by Yimou Zhang is full of symbolism as many other Chinese films. The director employs a variety of tools to convey such ideas as freedom and dependence, doom and luck, friendship and betrayal, life and death. The sequence under analysis reveals the protagonist of the film, Songlian, who witnesses the murder of the second concubine of the master. The sequence ends with the protagonist’s screams. This sequence is also very symbolic as it reveals females’ position in the society of those days. Females were treated as things that could be removed if they were not needed. Zhang uses a number of cinematographic tools to articulate his message. It is possible to consider two shots which are conspicuous in terms of the cinematographic tools used. One of the shots, Shot A, depicts the servants dragging the second concubine to the door of the dark room. The other shot, Shot B, depicts the protagonist’s face when she is approaching the dark room. Some of the major tools used to convey the idea of inferiority, lack of knowledge and despair in these shots are certain camera angles, a specific color scheme and depiction of complicated architecture. Architecture
Discrimination related to race is still a massive problem in modern society. It often results in unfair treatment of ethnic minorities and unfortunate consequences. One of the spheres where racial disparities are still a big concern is healthcare. In the years 2011-to 2015, African American women’s deaths from pregnancy-related complications were more than three times higher than the deaths among white women (Petersen et al., 2019). The statistics do not depend on the insurance payment and socio-economic status of women. Despite the improvement in overall health delivery for pregnant patients, black women still face some challenges in getting on-time high-quality care from hospitals. The factor that illustrates the presence of racism in healthcare is that medical personnel tend to treat African American women with disregard compared to women of other ethnic origins regardless of their economic class. In the US, black women with governmental health insurance and private insurance show higher morbidity rates than white women with different insurances. Similarly, pregnant women’s families’ incomes have no significant effect on black women’s survival rate compared to other races (Tangel et al., 2018). Thus, various economic backgrounds and the presence or absence of insurance do not affect the maternal death rates among different races. Moreover, hospitals seem to be more ignorant of black women’s state. According to Tangen et al. (2018), in 2007, the number of black women who had to give birth through cesarian delivery was 12% higher than the number of white women. Also, black women’s stay at hospitals was slightly longer due to complications after the delivery (Tangen et al., 2018). The statistics for 2005-2007 demonstrate that maternal mortality was the highest for African American women (Louis et al., 2015). A physician’s preference plays an essential role in the decision of the delivery method. On the contrary, healthcare’s fault for deaths among pregnant black women might not be reasonable. One of the indicators of complications during pregnancy is obesity. It is about two times more common among black women than white ones (Louis et al., 2015). Furthermore, the environment around the pregnant woman can predict the success of the delivery. Unfortunately, many black women live in areas with high crime rates and often become passive smokers, leading to a miscarriage of a child (Louis et al., 2015). Therefore, the lifestyle of particular ethnicities can impact the death rates among pregnant women. Nevertheless, the disease caused by obesity or a bad environment can easily be overcome if treated on time. Louis et al. (2015) claim that these circumstances are preventable and need assistance from caregivers. Healthcare does not focus on the preventive methods that would save the lives of a mother and child. More than 40% percent of pregnant women’s morbidity cases are preventable, but hospitals do not interfere on time. Some organizations aim the equal access to insurance and supportive
After completing the research and analyzing the articles, it is possible to suggest a best practice that may be helpful and effective in defining the relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 and providing a way to reduce mortality from COVID-19. First of all, it is essential to note that further studies are needed. Though the articles evaluated above offer a valuable contribution to the topic, this research should become more global to estimate the conditions of patients around the world and draw more specific conclusions. Overall, the best practice that emerges from this research is connected with the useful recommendations for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. To begin with, Abdi et al. (2020) state that there are currently no “possible special treatments that could be useful for diabetes patients with COVID-19” (para. 3.6). Nevertheless, some recommendations can be beneficial and help such patients feel better. For example, it is suggested that diabetics with the coronavirus should be provided and treated with glycemic and blood glucose control, self-monitoring, in-home visits, remote patient monitoring, telemedicine, higher acuity office visits, and use of social media (Abdi et al., 2020). Further, it is also possible to treat such patients with “antibiotics (meropenem, linezolid), antiviral agents (ganciclovir, oseltamivir), and symptomatic treatment with unknown medications” (Abdi et al., 2020, para. 3.6). Finally, these people may feel better and have their symptoms eliminated by following a nutritional meal plan, making sure that protein intake is adequate, performing daily exercise, and taking pneumonia and influenza vaccines (Abdi et al., 2020, para. 3.6). Even though further studies with strong evidence are needed, it is possible to say that currently, this is the best practice. Further, there is another best practice that emerges from the fourth article mentioned in the table. A
About the Author The name of the author of the journal that will be critically appraised is Dr. Chloe Sellwood. She has earned herself a postgraduate degree in Medicine and works in the Pandemic Influenza office, which is a Health Protection Agency Center for Infections; located at Condiale, London, United Kingdom (Sellwood, 2007). After skimming through the abstract of this article and analyzing its body, it can be stated that the author of this article has vested interest as will be clearly shown in this essay. Type of Article The type of article that this report will critically appraise is a peer-reviewed journal that is published internationally and is specifically for ongoing professional development. Introduction The article is basically about preparing for the next possible outbreak of Avian influenza; normally referred to as the “bird flu”. The author goes on to point out countries should begin to prepare for the next rare but likely outbreak of human influenza caused by the virus; HPAI A/H5N1, which is mostly brought about by foreigners visiting uninfected countries. The author also states that the only virus that has been revealed to have the capability of giving rise to pandemics is influenza A; that is, Avian Influenza. On the other hand, Influenza B is the major reason for outbreaks in populated areas such as nursing homes and around school-going children while the most common disease that easily infects humans- the common cold- is caused by Influenza C. The examples about the Influenza A subtypes include H1N1, H3N2, and H2N2 as stated by the author. Claims It is evident that the author of this article has made several claims, some being based on evidence while others are assumptions that have not been backed up by evidence. One of the claims made by the author is that “at least two of the 20th-century pandemics were associated with the re-emergence of viruses similar to those which had circulated previously by a process known as the antigenic recycling” (Nguyen-Van-Tam, 2006, p. 1767). The author bases her claim on the theory of antigenic recycling by saying that the H2 subtype will be the cause of the pandemic that follows and not HPAI A/H5N1. The states that the pandemic mostly infects the old people but at a certain period in the past, this whole trend kind of changed faces with the young people being the most infec
Introduction The identity of Canadians relies on certain features and codes established, ratified, and embraced for years (Morton, 1972). The major influences on the identity of Canadians started in the early 1800s. At that time, the French immigrants arrived at Acadia and the River valleys of St. Lawrence. Also, the English began colonizing Newfoundland. These factors together with the conquest of the British and their settlement in the modern France during the 18 th century resulted immensely in the development of Canadian identity. This occurred through their roles in contributing to the exploration of the region. These nations continue to have lots of influence on the identity of Canadians through their cultures and arts. There are lots of debates on the true identity of Canadians. Some people argue that Canadians do not have true identity, and their identity has not yet evolved ever since 1867. However, others also believe that there is a real identity. This essay explores if lack of identity is a true phenomenon in Canada. In addition, the question of Canada’s cultural evolution since 1867 is discussed. Do Canadians have true identity? There are three important issues that conventionally surround the debate on the true identity of Canadians. The first one is the commonly disputed relationship that exists between the French and the English Canadians. This emerges from the survival of cultures as well as languages. Usually, there is also a close connection between the British Empire and the English Canadians. This results in a slow political process that completes liberalization from the imperial powers. Lastly, the English-speaking Canadians have very close ties to the economic, cultural, and military center of the U.S. (Morton, 1972). In the 20 th century, there were strong cultural and political links to Britain. This resulted in the wave of immigrants from Europe, Africa, Asia and Caribbean. Consequently, the identity of Canadians has been reforming, and the process continues to the present, owing to the enduring arrival of several settlers whose backgrounds are neither French nor British. Therefore, multiculturalism also arises in the discussion. Multiculturalism is defined as a strategy of upholding a variety of different cultures within a community (Driedger, 1996). The government of Canada accepts people from different cultural backgrounds. However, it necessitates that the cultural practices from different communities do not affect fu
The minimum legal drinking age is 21 years. Each year thousands of students graduate from high school and in celebration, they hold house parties which include alcohol consumption. Most of these high school leavers are under the age of 21. During this period, there are always numerous debates coming up about whether to lower the legal drinking age or not, however while this is going on, teenagers under 21 become binge drinkers (Seaman, 2006). As most of them are under the alcohol buying age, they use illegal means like faking identification to be allowed to buy alcoholic drinks. The government is spending millions of dollars in a campaign to maintain to maintain the MLDA of 21. The government considers 18 year old teenagers as immature and that they are not able to make the right decisions. Legal age of 18 How can the government consider 18 year olds not mature to make decisions and yet at this age they are considered adults? The very definition of an adult is that one has attained a mature age, which is 18. The key word here is mature, therefore to go against this and say 18 year olds are not mature to make informed choices on alcohol consumption, is going against the law. The legal age makes an individual independent, the teenagers who have attained this age are allowed to move out of their parents’ houses, get jobs and even get married and have their own children. Curtailing alcohol consumption at this age goes against the fundamental rights of the young adults. Military drafting and voting It is so ironical that the government considers 18 year olds adults, when the situations work on their favour, and yet oppose the same young adults when it comes to alcohol. This is a double standard employed by government. If these young adults are not allowed to consume alcohol by virtue of their age, then they should also not be allowed to be drafted in to the military. However, 18 year olds are considered adults who can vote, join the military, hold public offices, be tried as adults; they can hold jobs and are expected to pay taxes. In this sense they are just like any other adults in the society. If they are mature enough to make the decisions to join the military and go to war and even die for their country, then they should also be allowed to consume alcohol. When politicians want to get to office or seek re-election, they do not discriminate against who votes for them, all votes are the same to them. A lar