ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A firm is a corporate form of enterprise featuring a separation between individuals and investors. Corporations can trade and enter into contracts independent from its owners. Industrial revolution in the late 18 th and 19 th centuries, provided people an opportunity to run large scale commercial enterprises for long periods. Business people got involved in complex and long lived business ventures with activities spanning over wide geographical areas. General partnerships involved sharing assets and liabilities, its partners had considerable power of its benefits. Partnerships were vulnerable and frequently broke up; this made people opt to form joint stock companies. In 1623, Dutch East India Company was granted the right of perpetual existence and was the first chartered company, later in the 17 th and 18 th centuries more organizations sought charters from the state to enjoy special privileges. Legally, unchartered joint stock companies were also in operation as partners engaged trustees in control and investment. After the American Revolution, companies took the corporate form as a preferred way to organize large and complex organizations. A company existed as an entity which liability was limited, shareholders could not dissolve the company rather exchange of shares were issued. Corporate form made it possible for investors, shareholders, creditors and employees to enter into long term relationships with greater assurance that a pool of assets would ensure longevity of the business. In 1863, Singer Manufacturing had to reorganize to avoid liquidation after a potential disputes between heirs and investors. Currently, many emerging markets and transition economies lack institutional and legal support for corporate organizations. Russia and China failed to appreciate the capitalist system of corporate form, leading to misallocation of resources and economic centralization proved to be defective. An economic system is coordinated by price mechanism and society as an organization. Sir Arthur Walter implies that the normal economic system works for itself and is under no central control. Marshall, J.B Clark and Professor Knight Base argue that organizations and economic planning are controlled by entrepreneurs. Additionally, outside the firm, price movements direct production and market. Coordination of factors of production is carried out without the intervention of a price mechanism. In economic theory, it is assumed that resources are allocated by means of price mechanism and consumption. An entrepreneur takes up operation costs of a market and forms an organization in order to direct resources. Government exercises control to allocate resources not by price mechanisms alone but encourage growth and existence of firms. As a firm expands, transaction costs increases and the role of an entrepreneur decreases. The main reason why one big firm cannot carry out all transactions are; additional transactions costs, an entrepreneur failing to rightly place factors of production, and supply price rising. Firms always work out ways to minimize mar
Charles Handy’s model of ‘Shamrock Organization’ is made up of four parts. Firstly there is a small core of permanent key employees who keep the company operating and developing. He secondly figures out the contractual fringe i.e. subcontractors who are engaged as needed and paid by results. He thirdly addressed the flexible workforce, often casual and part-time employees who are taken as and when needed. Using slightly different terms, this shamrock model could be depicted as core staff plus project workers plus external subcontractors. (Blyton, Morris, 1991) Shamrock organization presents some of the standard management ideas of the vast companies. The concept of such a diagram is quite applicable in many companies. The professional core group is very important in every company and keeps the company running. They first give companies a design for identifying the central part of all the activities. The contractual fringe and flexible labor force is much more important for outsourcing everything purposes. Although the organization comprises of the staked player in a business, it seems that customers are far in touch with the central organizers. This is because contractors and flexible laborers may at any given period leave the firm. This will greatly affect the whole performance of the firm in terms of revenue and market. Today, success in work is changing rapidly and in a much new direction Due to improved infrastructure, travel has become easier and the job market more global. Some professionals are away from home often for a long period of time. (Atkinson, 1984) With advanced technology, teleconferences are often held by international partners and customers as well as employers and employees. The feeling of security in a job with an organization or company that takes care of its employees is now becoming less common as the shamrock organization depicts the presence of a flexible labor force. Many organizations are becoming more flexible in how and when work gets done and more work can be completed without much bother of labor. This model gives individuals more options to shape their work lives to fit with the rest of their lives. This is especially as their need changes in different life circumstances and stages. Positive and negative criticisms of Atkinson’s Flexible Firm Model The model of flexibility leads to
Unlike other hominids, Homo sapiens did not have an archeological proof of origin as well as evolution. For this case, there have been controversies concerning the source of the species that transformed into the modern humans (Human Evolution 15). There are propositions regarding the origin of this species; one of them being the out-of-Africa model. The model supposes that Homo sapiens evolved about 200,000 years ago from Africa because of the discovery of the mitochondrial DNA eve and the chromosomal Adam. The findings involved a female and male ancestor of the human race that had all the DNA traces of all individuals (Human Evolution 17). Homo sapiens and the Features That Distinguish Them from Homo erectus There is a conventionally acceptable concept that all hominids that existed beyond the middle Pleistocene era belonged to the Homo sapiens group. Therefore, it means that there are a number species in the line of human evolution. For instance, the earliest forms of Homo sapiens consisted of a group of hominids that had intermediate features between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens (Human Evolution 34). This group of sapiens had a brain size; about 1200cc, which was larger than Homo erectus than but smaller than modern humans. The species referred to, in this case, had different names according to their places of discovery. An example of the hominids called archaic Homo sapiens was the Homo antecessor discovered in Spain , Homo heidelbergensis found in Germany and England, and the broken hill and Bodo in Africa. Next, there is the Homo neanderthalensis, which occurred between 30,000 and 230,000 years ago (Human Evolution 45). This species of Homo sapiens had a larger brain size than the modern humans, approximately 1450cc. However, the hominid had a lower brain case than the modern humans and had a bulge at the rare side of its skull. The skull of the species also had a receding forehead as well as protuberant jaws and a weak chin. Another feature of the skull of Homo neanderthalensis was the possession of a protuberant mid-facial region, which was an outstanding feature that differentiated the species from the rest of the sapiens . Another species of the Homo sapiens was the Homo sapiens sapiens . This species appeared for the first time about 120.000 years ago (Bandelt, Vincent & Martin 100). They had an approximate brain size of about 1350 cc. The species has a forehead that rises sharply and has smaller eyebrow ridges or at times missing and also had smaller canines than its ancestors (Human Evolution 45). Homo sapiens sapiens also have a gracile skull and a super-intelligent brain capacity. Therefore, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis alike have an elongated skull that have broad brow ridges, which is different from that of Homo sapiens . For this case, the Homo sapiens have reduced brow ridges that may at times be absent and a shorter skull. The eyebrow ridges of the neanderthalensis form arches above each eye, which is d
Centuries ago, production was limited to long hours of manual labour, which yielded low output. Simple goods required a lot of man-hours to produce. The 18 th century was accompanied by revolutions that changed man’s way of life. Machines were invented and production started growing. The labour intensive model that was used before the invention of the machines was replaced by the factory system. The use of machines replaced hand tools and most of the human labour was replaced by the power of the steam engine. This is what characterized the industrial revolution. Over a short time span, rural towns grew as more factories came up. There was increased movement from the rural areas to the fast growing urban centers (Amin, 1995). This further promoted the establishment of social classes; employers on one side and workers on the other. Britain was the first to enjoy the benefits of machine production; its economy grew and was the envy of the neighbouring European countries and the, the US Included. The inventions like the spinning jenny and the flying shuttle boosted the textile industry a great deal. Steam power was used in the manufacture of automobiles, leading to ease of transportation. It is important to note tha
Introduction The speech, in spite of its serious theme, “the world after college and fear”, was delivered in a rather easy style. Not only the language is easy, but also very funny. Two factors must have contributed to this. First, the target audience of the speech; the speech was mainly addressed to the college graduates. As young people, college students can fall prey to inattention sometimes. O’Brien manages to spice his speech with enough jokes to not just catch but also arrest every graduate’s attention, as well as the parents and all other persons present. Second, O’Brien is a comedian, whenever a comedian rises to speak, people expect to laugh. Thus, O’Brien perfectly gives people what they expect. All the jokes and laughter aside, O’ Brien still manages to remain relevant to the occasion and to his main audience. Discussion O’Brien addresses a number of relevant issues here. First, that college is not the only answer to success, the sarcastic allusions to Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and Steve Jobs are obviously not meant as a laughter to them. Instead, it is a challenge to the college graduates to be innovative and hard working. In regard to Zuckerberg, for instance, he jokes that it is only at Harvard that one would need to invent an extensive social network just so that one can talk with the person next room. Here, O’Brien is putting emphasis on the creation of big things out of small things; that everything needs to be taken seriously. Second, everything takes time to get; O’Brien mentions that he once, literally, sat where the students did. Everything, the message says, takes time to happen. In his comic tone, with regards to unemployment, O’Brien partly blames joblessness on the persistence of old people to stay on jobs. In relation to this, he touches on the role of fine arts and philosophy in the contemporary society. But his joke must not be perceived as a low appreciation of these disciplines on his part. Instead, he should be understood to be decrying reduced appreciation of these subjects in the contemporary world. But all these fall under his main theme related to failure and fear; O’Brien advises the graduates not to fear failure. But he is also reminding them of the importance of the fear that whether one fears or not, failure and disappointments are part and parcel of life and cannot be escaped. As such, there’s no point in allowing fear to take over one’s life. Instead, there’s a need to confront that one fears. The step towards confronting that fear, especially the fear of failure or disappointment, lies in constantly trying things out. He gives an example of just how he took the step to try things out. In the end, he discovered himself. He argues that trying things out, therefore, helps one to learn who he/she truly is. This self-learning and realization may, at times, involve change in careers, but that change is not a bad thing. It is not the disappointment either, as it may just be what makes one a success in the end; thus, fearing that change is one of the things that one must confront. Conclusion O’Brien finalizes his sp
Having studied Marketing in college, I landed a job with a company that deals with selling American novelties. The company sponsored me for further training in salesmanship for six months. In return, I had expected to assume the role of a sales agent in the company’s call center but I was surprised to learn that, the company’s expansion plans led to the establishment of a subsidiary call center in India. I was supposed to go to India and head to this subsidiary call center as a manager. In India, the cultural differences were explicit. The major difficulty that I faced in decision-making was to allow the staff free days for the many national and religious holidays at the expense of increasing company sales and demands. If the company sales drop, the profitability of the company goes down. Also, the staff raised many complaints against me regarding claims of indecent behavior. The work environment in American society is very different from that in India and I had to take time to adjust to the new working environment including diet. The scenario illustrated above is a clear example of conflict brought about by cultural differences. I was with the dilemma of aiming to increase the sales while at the same time, I did not want to violate individual right to worship. The company CEO complained of a drop in sales and recommended that I fire the less productive employees. This created panic among the employees who feared for their jobs. However, I realized that employee motivation was the necessary thing to improve the performance of the employees rather than sacking the current employees and recruiting new ones. I had to strike a compromise with my staff to work half-day during the holidays instead of giving them a whole day off or instating that they work during their religious holidays. The complaints regarding my behavior at the workplace sent anonymously to the company CEO gave me a hard time. I figured that I could not get the employee behind it all, and in any case, it would be unethical to take any disciplinary action on him /her. I had to seek advice from one member of the staff regarding what indecent behavior constitutes in the Indian culture. I learned that hugging or patting one on the shoulder to congratulate them is offensive. Culture is an essential part of any society and it affects our perceptions, personal judgments, ideas, and one’s life as a whole. Failure to respect one’s culture can lead to conflict that can cause profound effects on performance in the workplace. Culture encompasses language, mode of dress, ethnicity,
Article Summary The article, “Core Stability Training”, describes the role of particular training approaches in the enhancement of health and strength of athletes. Willardson discusses the applicability of diverse methods of training in the improvement of the strength and resistance of different body muscles. The impact of core stability training varies depending on the group of muscles that an athlete trains. Willardson compares the level of core stability attained among athletes exercising on different surfaces. Analyses of core muscle activity shows that athletes exercising on a Swiss ball attain greater core stability in comparison to athletes who train on a stable surface. The Swiss ball initiates greater activation of muscles located in the lower abdominal region. Analyses of muscular activation during curl-ups highlights a significant discrepancy in the levels of abdominal activity for curl-ups performed on a stable bench and those performed on a Swiss ball (Willardson 981). The article emphasizes on the need to maintain balance between the lower and upper regions of the body during core training to mitigate instances of diverse resistance performance among athletes. Willardson describes the role of core stability training in the improvement of athletes’ performance as skill-specific and thus the Swiss ball test for the general core stability could provide varying results during the evaluation of athletes’ performance based on their skills. The Analysis of Swiss ball exercises for sports that do not involve a base of support provided different results in comparison to exercises on dry land. Apart from enhancing athletes’ performance, core stability training is crucial in the prevention and rehabilitations of injuries among athletes. Willardson concludes the article by providing recommendations on the modification of core training among athletes with different skills. In addition, he emphasizes the need for further research on the impacts of core stability on healthy athletes. Article Analysis Willardson has extensively analyzed various muscles and joints affected by core stability training. He has clearly described the interconnection between different muscles and joints, and the impacts of training on different surfaces on athlete’s performance. By providing evidence concerning the level of core stability attained through different methods of training, Willardson has successfully highlighted the importance of the combination of core training and resistance training for athletes. Analysis of data from different experiments on muscular activity during core training provides evidence regardi
Introduction Research demonstrate that major international events, or simply mega-events, are commonly associated with the accrual of economic opportunities, infrastructural development, tourism development, and identity and image building for host countries or cities (Andranovick et al, 2001). Indeed, there is growing recognition these events have incredible reach and global marketing potential (Swart & Bob, 2004). It is this recognition that has touched the raw nerves of various committees and stakeholders in Spain, and aided to bring them together to lay the groundwork for hosting a one-of-a-kind mega event in the form of the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. Although it is well understood that bidding for a mega-event of this magnitude takes place in an increasingly complex global stage that is extremely contested (Nauright, 2004), organizers have left no stone unturned in a spirited effort aimed at ensuring that the 2020 games comes to Madrid. Proposal Aim & Objectives As part of its unfolding strategy to make Madrid a global city and bring more international trade and investment into the city (Europe-Cities, 2012), the Madrid City Council, in conjunction with various stakeholders such as the Spain Olympic Committee, aim to successfully bid for the rights to host 2020 Summer Olympics Games. The objectives are to double the number of tourists and investors visiting the country in general and Madrid City in particular, while displaying an idyllic sporting experience aimed at selling Madrid as an international brand – in line with other global cities such as London, Paris, Tokyo and Washington DC. Overview/Background Information This section aims to provide an overview to the Olympics Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as well as the bidding city – Madrid. The Olympics Games The Olympics Games, as noted by Kaplanidou & Karadakis (2010), “…is the world’s largest and most complex sporting event to host and manage” (p. 110). The Olympic Games have a long and rich history, having commenced at Olympia in ancient Greece in 776 BC. From the onset, the games at Olympia not only served to reinforce a strong bond between Greeks but also a sense of national pride. The games were internationalised in 2nd century AD, when the Roman citizenship was extended to other citizens residing within the Roman Empire (Bosworth, 2010). The Olympics Games are now offered in two subsets – the Winter and the Summer Olympics Games. To sample some recent history of the two subsets, it can be well remembered that the 2010 Winter Olympic Games were held in Vancouver, Canada, where over 80 nations and in excess of 5,000 athletes participated in 86 events. Equally, the 2008 Summer Olympic Games were held in Beijing, China, where over 10,500 athletes competed in over 302 events (Bosworth, 2010). However, the Beijing Olympics were marred by the March Tibetan riots (Wonjun & Chang, 2011). Although hosting the Olympic Games is perceived as a high-risk strate
Much attention is paid to the issue of prescribing drugs that can be done by physicians, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare workers in the United States. It is necessary to admit that prior to January 1, 2017, physician assistants, as well as nurse practitioners (NPs), were not allowed to prescribe any substances in the state of Florida (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). Nowadays, NPs have already gained enough prescribing authority in almost every state of America and in Florida, in particular. NP Practice Florida State laws that aim at regulating the duties and responsibilities of NPs remain to be one of the strictest in America. Regarding the outcomes of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) when many Americans got an opportunity to ask for health care coverage and expand their primary care workforce, the quality of prescribing and care was re-evaluated (Jiao, Murimi, Stafford, Mojtabai, & Alexander, 2018). For example, the work of NPs has to be supervised by physicians. If the necessity to prescribe drugs is evident, nurses have access to controlled substances prescription only. In addition, NPs can perform acts regarding medical and nursing diagnoses, treatments, and operations, evaluate patients, manage treatments, and communicate with patients and their families. State Laws There is the Florida Nurse Practice Act in Florida Statutes the goal of which is to ensure that all nurses meet the minimum of requirements that promote safe practice and effective help. According to the Statute, nurses may be categorized in regard to the scope of their duties. Florida laws that regulate the process of prescribing drugs are discussed in sections 456, 464, and 668 of the Florida Statutes. The ACA should also be used to identify the expectations and demands of patients. The role of these two laws in integral for a drug prescription, as well as for the entire nursing practice and the quality of services that can be offered to people, is impressive and cannot be neglected. Education Hours Modern students and NPs pay much attention to the conditions under which they have to receive their education. According to the Florida Board of Nursing, NPs have to complete 24 hours of continuing education during each working period. These hours also include 2 hours in order to discuss the ways of how to prevent possible medical errors and 2 hours in order to evaluate the peculiarities of domestic violence. NPs have to record each education hour and make sure to meet the standards of nursing practice defined by their hospitals or other facilities where they have to work. Importance of Knowledge There are several reasons for why NPs have to learn laws and other legal aspects concerning prescribing medications. First, Hudspeth (2016) identifies opioid misuse, overdose, and divergence as serious public health problems in the world. Therefore, as so