ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Throughout history, speeches have been used as effective means for expressing yourself to the masses. Leaders on all levels have come to appreciate the fact that a well crafted speech can be a powerful agent when trying to evoke particular sentiments in people. Queen Elizabeth I of England proved to be a powerful and compelling orator in her speech to her troops as they prepared to take up arms against the Spanish Armada in 1588. In this paper, I shall review her speech with the aim of deducing the main arguments that the queen advanced. Her feelings towards her audience shall be inferred based on her words. The queen’s ideas and beliefs will also be highlighted from the contents of the speech. This speech is addressed to the English troops at the battle field. The queen understands the sacrifice that the troops are about to make for their country and for this she proclaims them noble and worthy subjects. The apparent reason for the queen’s speech is to motivate her troops in the face of the imminent conflict with the Spaniards. The queen aims to convince the troops that their fight is for a worthy cause and that their noble action of defending their country will not go unnoticed by the queen and the people of England. The queen empathizes with the soldiers and concedes that despite there being lives lost in the heat of the battle, England will be safe. The battle that England faces is against Spain, an equally matched opponent at that point in time. The queen asserts that while some may view surrendering to Spain as the safe means, this would be equivalent to treachery to the motherland. By making such a strong declaration, the queen aims to appeal to the patriotism of the soldiers. She further states that she is also ready and willing to die in battle for the kingdom of England together with her soldiers should she be called upon to do so. From Elizabeth’s words, we can tell with certainty that she is a patriot at heart and the honor of her country is of great importance to her. It is this same values that she intends to impart onto the soldiers for it i
Ethics is an indispensable component of the criminal justice system. That is because ethics is needed to define a criminal act and determine a proper punishment, and guide decisions and actions of judges, juries, police officers, and lawyers. More precisely, strict adherence to the principles of ethics ensures impartiality and protection of the rights of victims and criminals. The present essay addresses the issue of public corruption from individual, organizational, and societal perspectives. The concept of public corruption refers to the misuse of power by a public official to gain some personal benefits. The theory of ethical formalism that is represented in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls argues that “the only thing truly good is goodwill, and that what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative” (Pollock, 2018, p. 33). A categorical imperative, in its turn, could be understood as a rule of conduct that is ethically and morally right and obligatory with no exceptions. From this, it could be inferred that public corruption results from the breach of laws or rules that all members of a society should follow. Public corruption could be explained on individual, societal, and organizational levels. According to Pollock (2018), the most popular explanation of public corruption conducted by an individual police officer is the rotten-apple argument. This argument defends the position that an officer who misconducted is deviant and “it was simply a mistake to hire him or her” (Pollock, 2018). Gorsira et al. (2018) study reveal that public officials moral conviction on whether they should refrain from corruption makes them more or less inclined to abuse power. When criminologists investigate cases of public corruption, they might use the individual explanation to claim that a police officer or a public official committed a crime since he or she has low self-control, poor education, a high sense of entitlement, or is cynical (Pollock, 2018). Therefore, the essence of individual explanation is that the society and an organization where a corrupted employee works are unrelated to the crime committed. An individual explanation of a case of corruption can be found in Luc Besson’s movie Leon: The professional . The entire story between Leon, the killer, and a 12-years-old girl Mathilda starts with the death of her family. Mathilda’s parents and siblings were killed by the corrupt agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration with which her father cooperated. The police officers were interested in gaining benefits from selling the drugs by accessing them via Mathilda’s father. This way, from the perspective of individual explanations of public corruption, the officers misconducted because they wanted to retrieve personal benefits from the situation. The organizational explanation of public corruption argues that a person committed wrongdoing because of the micro-climate within his or her organization that contradicts the
Modern world seems impossible without innovative design decisions at the streets. It seems rational to apply architectural ideas to restore old items on the streets, however, not many people think about ecology when they are offered to make a new architectural thing. The idea of a good design varies from person to person. A good design is not the one that just looks good but also needs to perform its purpose. In recent years, ecology nature of a project is one of the most important features to focus on. The intention of ecological design is to try and to eliminate any negative impact a design can have on the environment. This means that the projects have a meaningful impact and begin making dynamic changes in the society and the relationship of the user with this ecology friendly design. The danger of the trash which cannot be recycled by means of the natural processes has already been much discussed (Carroll 65) and the creation of the architectural items cannot be based on the materials which can lay for thousand years in the soil without changes. The green or ecology friendly architecture is based only ion the natural resources which are renewable and can be easily restored. The so-called ecology friendly design consists of some rules and principles that need to be followed so that it can be “green”. Some of these principles include being energy efficient. This means using manufacturing processes and products that require less energy. In recent times, there has been growing interest in the construction of energy – efficient buildings along with the encouragement of making existing homes energy efficient, which would create a greater impact. Moreover, while applying to implementation of the archeological design it is important to use the materials which do not harm nature and to apply t6o the technologies which do not pollute the environment as well. The use of the renewable materials is meant as well. Moreover, this is one of the most important conditions in order to meet the requirements for ecology-friendly design. In terms of architecture, the attempts of architects to decrease the impact on the environment right from the beginning is based on the desire to produce the item of the building components, continuing so in the process of the construction of the building until the entire lifecycle of the building. In recent years, public awareness has helped increase and spread the benefits of green building practices. Increasing the awareness of how individual decisions can be energy and water efficient has encouraged communities to develop sustainable design practices. Thus, it is essential to “create designs that use and reuse only the energy and resources that reside on site and within the bioregion” (Williams xxiii). The project we have created is built on the basis of the green to cradle-to-cradle design. The best explanation of the cradle-to-cradle design is as follows, it is “commercially productive, socially beneficial, and ecologically intelligent” (McDonough, Braungart, Anastas, and Zimmerman 434). The tenets of the cradle-to-cradle
Introduction Sophists were teachers who traveled around the world and there teachings were considered to have greatly influenced the thought of the fifth century B.C. They were the educated offspring of Presocratic philosophers. The Sophists deferred from the Prestocratics due to the contradictory statements offered by the prestocratics regarding the nature of the universe; the sophists were not concerned with the theoretical science practiced by the Prestocratics but on the normal assessment of human beings relationships for practical gain of human life. There approach began to de value the mythological vision of the world that was obvious in Poetry. The Sophist approach view was that divine causation was not the only explanation of natural phenomena and human actions. Sophists History Most Sophists were not like the Athenians who attracted large followings and received enormous payments for their services their main aim was to spread their philosophical ideas all over Greece. Sophists relocated to Athens due to the favorable treatment they received from Pericles. Pericles was an Athenian leader who was a strong rationalist. He received education on music and political affairs from the Sophists and he even developed a great relationship with one of the greatest Sophist known as Protagoras of Abdera and two other essential prestocratics known as Zeno of Elea and Anaxagoras of Abdera. The three taught that the world was managed by pure intelligence, and that the sun, moon and stars were red hot stones and not Gods wrath for sinfulness as viewed by many Greeks at that time. Pericles balanced approach to life and of his close allies was not popular as compared to his democratic politics among traditional groups in Athens; this is one of the reasons that played a big role in attracting Sophists all over Greek to migrate to Athens as a potential place for their teachings 1 . Sophists’ teachings Many Sophists claimed that they taught excellence in administration of an individual affair and especially in management of the cities affairs. Before the Sophists introduced their teachings, many Greeks believed that excellence was God given and that aristocratic birth was the only qualification for an individual to participate in politics. Protagoras who was a sophist introduced the idea that excellence was obtained through training and was not a god given thing as perceived by the ancient Greeks. Sophists claimed to teach their students excellence by coaching them on practical skills and rhetoric skills which were necessary for an individual who was interested in pursuing a career in politics. The Athenian democracy required an individual to be equipped with the knowledge and ability to speak in front of the Athenian assembly on matters relating to domestic and foreign affairs and also be able to address a council made up of five hundred members known as boule. The Sophists taught all this rhetorical lessons and they were able to prove that training would make an individual an effective member of the society 2 . Although there are many differences in teachings that occurred among the Sophists, it can be clearly seen that they had
Over the years, the role assigned to women in marriage has always been limited to child bearing and upbringing, and performing ordinary domestic chores such as cooking, washing, general cleaning, etc. Looking at it skeptically, this perception and attitude within the community, requiring women to be submissive to their husbands has denied most women the opportunity to advance their careers, education and/or lead happy lives. As difficult as it may sound, something has to be done by both men and women in order to invert such psychological sets. This essay shall briefly discuss the varying roles of women, and what is expected of them by the community, especially husbands interested in attaining their selfish interests. In addition, complaints raised by women about the subject matter shall also be highlighted within the text of the essay. The depiction of women by Judy Brady in the study book ‘‘I Want a Wife’’ illustrates several schools of thought on why most men find it necessary to have wives. Based on the arguments derived from the book’s contextual clues, it is quite clear that most men do not regard women as equal partners in marriage. Most men enter into marriage unions for egotistical reasons and convenience, usually taking advantage of women and branding them as objects of abuse. This is clearly seen in the text when the author recalls a situation where one of her male friend, a divorcee and single father desperately looks for another wife to take care of his child (Brady 775). To further illustrate men’s selfishness in such matrimonies, the author states that most men need wives for sexual gratification and do not always involve them in making important family decisions. This is seen when she says, ‘‘I want a wife who is sensitive to my sexual needs ……….. a wife who makes sure that am satisfied, ……who assumes the complete responsibility for birth control, because I do not want more children’’ (Brady 776). In relationships, men also tend to justify their infidelity and completely disregard any acts of unfaithfulness on the part of the woman. This argument is supported by the quote ‘‘I want a wife who will remain sexually faithful to me………… a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy’’ (Brady 776). Men are said to benefit a lot from submissive marriages in that they have opportunity to expand their horizons career-wise, academically, economically, etc. The only possible explanation for the gains enjoyed by men in marriage is based on the fact that wives spend most of their quality time with their families, leaving men/husbands with all the time to pursue other interests other than domestic chores and child upbringing. It can therefore be argued that the nature of work done by housewives ranging from cleaning, cooking, child bearing, etc is not proportional to the feminine gender since it is traditionally regarded as the weaker gender. Conclusion For any marriage to be considered successfu
Introduction The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is one of the United States of America’s government agencies. The FDA falls under the US Department of Health and Human Services. The Food and Drug Administration was formed in 1906. It has the responsibility of “supervising and regulating food products and drug substances with the aim of promoting and protecting public health”. The Food and Drug Administration in USA also implements laws and regulations found under the Public Health Service Act especially Section 361. The FDA enforces “sanitation requirements on interstate travel, as well as, the control of disease on products such as pets”. This paper examines, the FDA’s organization and structure, its funding, and the regulatory programmes carried out by the Food and Drug Administration. The Structure and Organization of the Food and Drug Administration A commissioner who is appointed by the USA President following the Senate consent heads the FDA. The commissioner “reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services”. The FDA has a number of centers and offices. For instance, some of the Food and Drug Administration centers include the following: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER); Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH); Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN); and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) among others. The headquarters of the Food and Drug Administration are located in the State of Maryland, Silver Spring. The agency’s offices, as well as, its laboratories are situated in all the states of America. The FDA also has its offices in a number of foreign countries like China, United Kingdom, Belgium, and Chile. The initiative of opening its offices in the foreign countries began in 2008. The Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI) and the Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) conduct most of the FDA’s fieldwork. The officers of the OCI and ORA are found in all regions of the country. The Office of Regulatory Authority is charged with the responsibility of analyzing physical samples such as drugs, food, and cosmetics that are collected from the field. On the other hand, the Office of Criminal Investigations investigates criminal cases. Some of the criminal cases, which the Office of Criminal Invest
Police officers have to make various (often quick) decisions based on available data, as well as their knowledge and experience. Every case is unique, and it is hardly possible to avoid errors due to the lack of information, the outcomes of numerous circumstances, and personal misconceptions. Although Officer Taylor had a certain bias related to the appearance of the driver, she still followed all the rules, regulations, and standards. The case of Officer Taylor can be regarded as an illustration of possible pitfalls to avoid when being on service. It can be difficult to note whether Officer Taylor’s preconceptions regarding the drivers’ appearance had an effect on her decision to stop the car. However, the officer had the right and even responsibility to stop, what it reasonably seemed to be, a damaged car. Officer Taylor also had reasonable suspicion to make the driver stop the care as it had similar characteristics to the vehicle involved in a road-side killing of a police officer. The pat-down was also legal as this measure is lawful when a car is stopped for “investigation of a traffic violation” (as cited in Walker & Hemmens, 2019, p. 174). The violation was the damaged taillight (as it reasonably seemed damaged). The chase after the vehicle was also lawful as exigent circumstances existed for the police officer. Police officers can chase and conduct a search with no warrant if exigent circumstances exist (Casenote Legal Briefs, 2016). Officer Taylor had reasonable suspicion that the car was involved in a crime, but the driver refused to provide identification documents; instead, she tried to escape. This behavior suggests that the driver has been involved in unlawful behavior, so the chase was lawful. The gun was also legally obtained and can be used as evidence in the court as it was in plain view. The car was in the street, which is a public place and in plain view (Wright, 2019). The gun was exposed in the passenger’s seat after the accident, so the officer could seize it. Moreover, there was a fair chance of the destruction of evidence due to a high risk of explosion. The police officer had the right to seize the gun and the driver’s purse. Finally, the marijuana baggie was admissible in court as it was seized in a public place. The police officer was searching for identification documents and opened the purse. She had the right to open the purse since the driver was unconscious and could not do that, while the driver had refused to provide the documents earlier that night. Officer Taylor saw the baggie (used her senses to detect evidence) when she opened the purse, so it was in plain view. In conclusion, it is possible to note that Officer Taylor acted within the limits of the existing laws, so her actions were lawful. The seized evidence was admissible in the court due to this fact as well. Although it turned out that the care was not damaged (so no traffic violations were in place) and the car was not involved in the side-road killing, the police officer had reasonable suspicion. The actions of the driver led t
Introduction In this world, many parents have children who have some diseases, require more attention and care than people without special needs. Blind children are among them, since they cannot explore and study the world through visual perception. However, modern teaching methods and computer technology allow blind children to master the school program successfully as well as their peers, although they need the special assistance of adults. Main body The reasons for children’s blindness can be different such as eye diseases, accidents, or congenital conditions in which the visual perception is entirely or partially impaired. Such disability limits the child’s exploring of the world, his or her communication, and interaction with other kids and society. Most of the information at an early age a person receives through the construction of connections between visual, auditory, and kinetic sensations, and also through reactions of adults to some situation. UNICEF also notes that children with visual impairments may have developmental delays as they have a lack of predictions for transitions between actions (Tichá, Abery, Johnstone, Poghosyan, & Hunt, 2018). For this reason, kids with blindness need special assistance from adults to obtain both primary knowledge of the world and the school program. However, it is worth noting that children at an early age are susceptible to any method of learning; hence, the underestimation of expectations for kids with blindness is the wrong approach. Sanchez (2019) notes that babies with and without visual impairment have practically the same set of abilities and capabilities at birth, and in the first years of their lives, they only adapt to the outside world. Understandably, children who can visually perceive the environment can adapt and learn a little faster. However, learning with the help of hearing and touch only is equally natural for children if they do not know how to rely on their vision. For example, Sanchez (2019) says that when a baby has pieces of food in his or her hands for the first time, it is likely will be on the floor, regardless of the child’s visual abilities. For this reason, parents should not lower their expectations for their kid, but rather contribute to his or her cognition of the world and the establishment of logical connections through his or her ability. Children with visual impairments also often face social barriers and communication difficulties, since many outdoor games and activities are not accessible to them. However, parents should understand that isolation of a child from the dangers of the outside world or misunderstanding from other kids negatively affects the development of his or her communication skills. Kapur (2018) notes that children have the opportunity to get used to the outside world and create a social circle by walking in parks with their parents. Moreover, children at an early age most often do not have a stigma about other people, and it is easier for them to accept the peculiarities of a blind child and play with him or her some joint games. This gradual adaptation helps to ensure that the kid will be able t