ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The basic understanding, as far as motives are concerned, points to the fact that a motive results from an internal state arousing and directing behaviors to a given specific goal. This could also be as a result of a deficit and will differ in terms of types and amount. Most importantly motives will drive people to think, act and view matters with the aim of satisfying a need. Motives are the core driving forces behind the things the people do in their day to day lifestyle and they have their basis on needs. Needs are generally the levels of tension present in somebody which reduce after the needs are provided for. An American psychologist by the name Henry Murray proposed the personality theory (Murray, 1940). The needs were ordered in accordance to people’s needs, motives. According to Murray (1940) a need is a readiness to respond accordingly in varied circumstances. He stated that each kind of need relates with an intention, emotions, and actions and are always described by names of different traits. Every person has a different kind of need which is affected by their immediate environmental factors. These types of needs are grouped into two broad groups, that is, primary and secondary. They are farther categorized into twenty four which totally vary with personalities. These, he further grouped under ambition needs, power needs, affection needs, materialistic needs and information needs. Each need is independently vital but Murray asserts that they are interrelated. One of the main factors that affect the psychogenic needs relates to the individual’s environment which dictates an individual’s behavior ((Murray, 1940). People tend to have varied motives for the actions they carry out or the behavior they exhibit. Three views of motivation namely psychoanalytical, humanistic and diversity can assist us in evaluating motivation in persons (McClelland, 1984). The psychoanalytical view covers the aspects relating to determinism, drive, conflict and the unconscious. Those things that we seemingly have little control over often correlate with the concept of determinism. The drive pushes us to carry out the basic instincts. The humanistic view of motivation points at fulfilling the basic human or natural instincts. This will cover needs such as affection and materialistic. Diversity view as a concept of motivation covers the various motivations types which result in different goals (Mc Adams, 2005). Martin Luther King who had a realistic outlook on life was counted as one of the great reformists of our time. In the eyes of those who knew him, King is described as a dependable, solid and reliable person among many other descriptions (King, 1959). This perception was as a result of King’s motivation in addressing the needs in his life probably power and ambition needs. This could very well be according to the psychoanalytical view of motivation. King is described as having a strong drive in that when he had a purpose, he was fixed and immovable. A diversity view of King’s motivation points to the fact that he showed a serious and subtle a
To develop a pricing strategy for Nor’easter’s new season in Springfield, Larry Buckingham, the marketing director, relied on existing data from the League Sports Association and his own survey. The Association’s 2005 research examined the entire league market, making the data unreliable for drawing conclusions about the city’s minor league clientele. In light of this, Larry decided to conduct a survey to generate data for a better analysis of the market. In designing the survey, he consulted other minor league managers to learn their revenue generation models. Such information would help him formulate relevant questions for the survey. A preliminary test of the survey was conducted to evaluate how well the respondents understood the questions. Larry acquired the contacts of the residents from city’s national census and four firms. He mailed 10,000 survey questionnaires to a sample of the residents of which 625 responded. Since the survey focused on the minor league, Larry believed that its findings were representative of the market and thus, reliable. The research survey yielded multiple key findings. First, 21% of the fans attending Nor’easter’s match would opt for a one-game payment model while 11% will prefer a five-game package. Secondly, 31% of the fans would pay $10 compared to 27% and 22% who would pay $12 and $14, respectively, for single tickets. From these findings, Larry learnt that a large majority (highest percentage) of fans could pay more than $10 to watch one game, which implied that he could set a price higher than $10 for single tickets. For the 5-game tickets, respondents indicated that they could purchase them at a maximum price of $12. Additionally, grandstand seats were preferred over bleacher ones, with a significant proportion (48%) willing to give an extra 10% to use them. The survey also revealed that 66% of the residents lived with young children. In designing an effective pricing policy for the team, Larry must consider a number of factors. First, Nor’easter should sell a minimum of 300 full-season tickets to avoid exiting the Springfield market as the Falcons did. As the survey results indicated, most fans do not like purchasing full-season tickets. Another consideration relates to the median income of the locals, which stands at $31,000. This lower income makes them thrift spenders. However, the city is growing as more firms and financial institutions come in. Moreover, Nor’easter should consider ads and concessions as potential revenue sources. Larry should also consider the owner’s requirement that the team breaks even within a year. In view of these considerations, an ideal ticket-
The Picture of Dorian Gray has three characters. In the novel, Wilde presents us with three personalities, all of whom bare some resemblance with him. They are Lord Wotton, Dorian and Basil. The making of Dorian Gray’s character was aimed at examining the interaction of aesthetics and ethics. Dorian, an incredibly handsome young man, is so taken with his looks and youth that he wishes that a portrait of him should age in his stead while he loses no aesthetic value. Dorian eventually becomes a thoroughgoing hedonist whose only goal in life is the achievement of sensual pleasure. Wilde uses the character of Dorian as a symbol of his ideas regarding the interaction of art and ethics. Gray’s physical aesthetic qualities, while so close to the ideal as to be considered sublime, nonetheless have no relationship at all with the decadent individual underneath. Art, just like Dorian, has the capacity of being appreciated while absolutely no attention is paid to morals. In its preface, the attitudes inherent in the novel are to be found. In it, assertions are made as to the inability of moral judgments to be made on works of literature. Works of art, of which literature is part, are inherently beautiful. Literary criticism can, therefore, only be made based on the aesthetic value of the work in question. This is because works of literature are mirror images of society. As such, they are vulnerable to the corrupting nature of society. It, therefore, should never be a writer’s task to prove an ethical point; and for a critic to find ugliness in a work of literature would be to miss the point completely.
The geopolitical behavior of Russia is always an interesting topic for discussion, especially considering the recent events. It is one of the most populated countries in the world, and it is located in Northern Eurasia (see map. 1). Map. 1. Russia. It can be seen from the history that the country has shown outstanding defensive capabilities against the threats to the homeland. The actions of Russia on the territory of Ukraine can be discussed from the point of view of the Heartland theory. The Eastern European country is situated at a crucial geopolitical spot, and Crimea is especially important because of the connection to the Black Sea. This location could be strategically vital to Russia if there is a war or any other conflict, and the country has viewed the intention of Ukraine to join NATO as a tremendous threat because military power would be reduced. The country did not want to let such thing happen, and it desires to take the control of the territories that would let Russia become the most influential country in the world. Crimea also played a huge role during the World War II and was essential for the victory. It views Europe as a significant threat, and it can be said that the actions of Russia are intentional, and they are important to isolate the country from the West (Keller par. 2). Currently, there is tension between Russia and NATO, and it has been worsened by the fact that leaders of the organization have voiced their opinion about the situation in Ukraine in 2014 (NATO par. 7). They have stated that the country has broken the international laws and has to stop such actions (NATO par. 7). Many
Traditions & Encounters: A Brief Global History In chapter 27, the most interesting part is the one that dwells upon the Canadian way of gaining independence. For me, it is really surprising that a country in the continent where there were a lot of wars, revolutions, and unrest managed to become truly independent without significant turmoil. Canadians, being a very diverse society, could forget about cultural differences and fight against the USA that in their desire to expand tried to conquer new lands. It is also remarkable that Canadians managed to gain independence from the British Empire. I believe people should learn a good lesson from that as now there is a lot of unrest in the world which could be diminished if the lesson was taken into account. One of the interesting topics in chapter 28 is the scramble of Africa. I found a variety of amazing facts about the way Europeans exploited Africans and the natural resources of Africa. Americans took the workforce from the continent and later Europeans decided to open a new market and a new source of enrichment. I also learned about the outcomes of imperialism from the chapter. I understood that racism is a product of attempts of ‘civilized’ people (or rather people from the industrialized world) to justify their inhumane attitude towards people of less developed (in terms of industry or technology) nations. The most interesting topic in chapter 29 is the role of nationalism in the global war. Unresolved tensions between nations that inhabited certain areas led to the conflict that spread to countries worldwide. This lesson should be learned as the contemporary world has issues that started the global conflict a century ago. Of course, particular data on the use of weapons and victims of the war is also remarkable as it helps understand the horrible consequence of the war. The most interesting part in chapter 30 is concerned with the rise of such socioeconomic systems as communism, fascism, and German National Socialism. I have always been interested in human
Introduction: On the Romance and Corniness of Spy Novels It is hard to ignore the fact that spy movies have become one of the numerous cinematic staples that have passed the time test well enough to settle in the realm of the movie world and set the course for mass entertainment flicks for some more decades ahead. Given the fact that this niche has offered the world more female clichéd characters, as well as any movie staples related to women in a typically male environment. However, weirdly enough, Eileen Chang, or Zhang Ailing, as she is known in China, has managed to offer the audience something completely new. It is quite peculiar that Eileen Chang managed to squeeze some elements of her own biography into Lust, Caution , which, paradoxically enough, seems a true work of fiction (). Taking a closer look at both the novel and the movie adaptation will help reveal a number of peculiar details, as well as evaluate Chang’s contribution into the world culture in general and Chinese culture in particular. The plot and the underlying themes: Chang’s lightning in a bottle Before going any further, one must mention a couple of facts from Chang’s biography that shed some light on the way the novel was written and on what it was inspired by. As it has been mentioned above, the novel, as well as the movie, has a lot in common with the famous series of Bond movies, which, doubtlessly, is a west culture oriented movie. However, if considering Eileen’s bibliography a bit closer, one will see that the writer was consciously exploring the Western culture, which must have made its way into her novel: “The family moved back to Shanghai. Two years later, Chang was renamed Eileen (her Chinese first name, Ailing, was actually a transliteration of Eileen) in preparation for her entry into St. Maria’s Girls School” ( Chinese Culture – Eileen Chang’s Life in Brief para. 3). Thesis Statement Although the movie followed the plot of the book quite closely, it still failed to capture the originality of the novel, since it relied on the visual elements and on the thrill of a spy flick and on showing the corny storyline of the relationships between the leading characters rather than focused on the emotional aspect of Eileen Chang’s novel or try to break the “man does, woman is” cliché. Needless to say, the plot with an espionage, a femme fatale and a romance had been worn to death by the time when Lust, Caution came out. As Judith Arnold defines the cliché that the Lust, Caution movie finally resorts to, “I call it the “Man does, Woman is” syndrome: the male character is defined by what he does, the female character by what she is. This syndrome seems to afflict a large proportion of our popular entertainment” (Arnold 133). One might argue that in the novel, Wang Chia Chi does not seem to do much either. Even in the infamous stabbing scene, which was cut further on to one knife stab, the woman watches the gang kill the man and yet does not let out either any protest, or any words of ap
When a problem reaches some critical point of no return, radical measures of the achievement of the goals seem to be a common thing. Radical environmental movements had appeared yet before the problem of environmental degradation had become the top issue in the international arena. Marshall Curry’s and Sam Cullman’s deep and striking documentary If a Tree Falls depicts the history of one of the most outrageous and drastic environmental organizations of the last decades. Telling the story of the rise and fall of the Earth Liberation Front and focusing on the fighting path of one of its members, the directors raise difficult questions about the environmental protection movements and incite to reevaluate our approaches to the definition of terrorism. As can be seen from the film, Earth Liberation Front since its foundation in the United Kingdom in 1992 had gained a significant population in Europe and America. For many years, this structure has acted through separate anonymous cells without centralized management. Unlike the majority of environmental organizations that only claimed the need for radical measures and in reality referred to moderate actions, ELF declared that the environmental balance can be reached only by force. For them, economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare attacks were the last resort to putting an end to environmental exploitation and destruction (“If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front” par. 2). The ELFs organized arson attacks against dozens of businesses responsible for the natural degradation and terrorized occasional people who had some relation to the environmental destruction. Since every action entails a response and a battle with the governmental forces often becomes a losing one, the EFL actions do not seem to be successful. They could only have a short-term effect on potential supporters. Considering the examples of Greenpeace (which also has a solid experience of semi-radical activities) or WWF, one can see that non-violent protest turns out to be more successful due to higher support among people. The authors of the film described the concept of “radical” in terms of the organization’s vision and philosophy rather than applying a governmental definition of this term as of something opposing to the law and order. For EFL, their actions were just and reasonable, as they seemed to be retaliation for all the harm the people cause to the planet. The viewer can see that even inside the local cell where the main hero, Daniel McGowan, operated there were often heated debates about where the limit of radicalization is and whether violence is justifiable. McGowan himself does not seem to be a radical extremist lusting for cruelty for the sake of cruelty; he is rather a once-sensible environmental advocate who turned on the vicious path. No matter how noble the aims may be, violence and grievance of the victims suffering because of their burnt homes can hardly be justified. Despite conducting violent actions and causing physical damage, Daniel cannot be labeled a terrorist. He can be called an extremist or a hoodlum, but not a ter
Introduction The idea of attending class among college students has always been a controversial issue. Most students argue that going to class should not be a compulsory issue (Doak Para 1). Professors and lecturers on the other hand believe that college student must attend their classes. At the college level, students need to make wise decisions. Education is very important and must be taken seriously at all costs. The missing class should be the last thing a student can do. Fundamentally, a college student must attend their classes unless for exceptional circumstances. The objective of this paper is to discuss the reasons why students must be required to attend class (Doak Para 1). Reasons for attending Students must be required to attend their classes. The issue of missing lessons should be ruled out from colleges. Typically, college students take advantage of missing class because it is an optional issue. Most students are not controlled at the college level. College learners can always choose to attend or not to attend class. As such, college students should be required to attend class (Doak Para 2). This is because students miss important facts when absent from class. Writing down notes after a lesson is not enough for the learning process to take place. A student can read notes, but may never understand a concept if absent from class. Listening to a lecturer is very essential to any college student (Doak Para 2). Some explanations may only need a teacher for a student to conceptualize an idea. This extends to exam time. Having attended class, a student can stand a better chance of answering questions correctly. Going to class is a contribution to excellence. It is easier for a learner to remember what was taught in class than what was read in notes. Reading notes requires backup from class attendance. Many college scholars fail in exams when crucial information is missing (Doak Para 2). The need to attend class is also imperative because students must take part in practices and lab experiments. Students must see and observe the experiments. Participating in a practical enables a student to have a clear understanding of a particular idea. Missing a step in a particular practice may cause a big problem to a student. Scientific experiments require more vigilance from students. Misinterpreting a given theory may lead to a disaster. Many are the times when explosions occur in scientific laboratories. It is, therefore, necessary for the student to attend their classes and avoid such situations. Chemicals reactions can destroy a laboratory or may cause harm to students. Attending class practices is very significant because it gives room for a student to consult from the lecture or a professor (Doak Para 3). Conclusion Although going to class is very important, there is however some student who is slow in learning. No matter how many times a student goes to class, learning may never take place. This i
Introduction Child abuse refers to emotional, bodily, mental, or sexual harassment of a child. Child abuse can be committed through oversight or commission by the child’s parents, caregivers, or guardians. A research by Jaffee and Maikovich-Fong (2011) shows that child abuse can occur in different places, for example at home, school, organizations, or in communities where children live or visit. Over the years, the four types of child abuse, namely bodily, emotional, sexual, and abandonment have occurred in varying rates in different parts of the world. The Child abuse maltreatment Report of 2010 as presented by Malcolm (2012) declares negligence the most prevalent form of child abuse across the world. For instance, the rate of child negligence in 2010 in the United States (U.S) was 78.3% (Malcolm, 2012). Physical abuse followed at 17.6% in the same year. The third type of abuse by prevalence was sexual abuse at 9.2% while the last form of child mistreatment by prevalence was emotional/psychological ill-treatment that stood at 8.1% (Malcolm, 2012). In fact, statistical findings indicate that most of the people think of negligence whenever they hear of child abuse (Girgira, Tilahun & Bacha, 2014). Although various reasons have been established for the high rate of negligence as a form of child abuse, the leading cause of negligence is poverty (Girgira et al., 2014). Different types of child abuse are inflicted on children via various ways. For example, bodily abuse takes the form of physical aggression. This aggression may be inflicted by parents, relatives, neighbors, or any other older person. In most cases, bodily abuse happens when the intention of the older person is to harm or inflict pain on a kid. In some instances, child abuse may result in the death of the victim. However, in defense of physical child abuse, most of the aggressors hide under the guise of disciplining children. The prevalence of the physical form of child abuse has spurred a quick move in enacting laws against child abuse in most countries. For example, by 2013, over 34 countries of the world had enacted laws against any form of corporal punishment of children (Girgira et al., 2014). Sexual abuse involves an adult or any other older person abusing a child for sexual satisfaction or stimulation. In this case, children are involved in gratifying sexual desires of the aggressor or providing financial profits to the aggressor. Children are also forced to expose genitals. They are exposed to pornography and sexual intercourse with older persons. When adults sell childre