ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The essence of a prospective payment system (PPS) is that the amount of insurance compensation is based on a predetermined payment, regardless of the intensity of the rendered service. This payment system aims to provide high-quality services without severe risks to current resources for both clients and medical organizations. Payers have a choice in determining how they pay to ensure that risks are shared fairly. Thus, a situation arises in which the payment system benefits extend to both payers and healthcare service providers. This payment system, which replaced the retrospective payment system, can positively affect the quality of transplant services. Transplantation is a procedure that is done to replace organs with healthy donor organs. The surgery is only one part of a complex, long-term process. The current coronavirus situation seriously hampers the provision of medical care for transplantation (de Vries et al., 2020). The transportation of organs was limited due to the high probability of transmission of the virus. Such limitations negatively affected the health of citizens in need of a transplant operation. Recently, the problems of obsolescence of the retrospective payment system compared to the prospective one have also become especially urgent. The decline in hospital attendance due to COVID-19 leads to a decrease in the revenue of healthcare companies. PPS can solve this problem by introducing a prepayment system to keep the income at a stable level. The amount of the prepayment is made up of the results of the patient’s diagnosis and covers a particular time, such as, for example, the period of the patient’s stay in the clinic. The introduction of this payment system motivates employees of a medical organization to work together to increase their total income. Such a policy in the provision of organ transplant services can improve the quality of services provided. Patients requiring a transplant are among the clients who most need to be diagnosed as quickly as possible. It is precisely this quickness of diagnosis that the introduction of the analyzed payment system can provide. In addition, prospective payment systems are proving to be effective in reducing costs in an organization’s operations, which is also crucial in terms of the financial performance of a health services provider. The introduction of PPS can help when employees who want to receive additional rewards are engaged in treatment that is unnecessary for the client. The established amount of payment for the services provided will also reassure clients for whom it is essential not to spend too much money. Moreover, organ transplant services are among the most expensive in the healthcare sector. The relevance of reducing the cost of services for patients who decide to undergo a transplant is confirmed by the availability of studies on this topic (Barreto et al., 2019; Webb et
Introduction Crime has appeared with the emergence of mankind. People have always displayed a wish to live by certain rules but there always were those who violated them and did not agree with those rules. Punishment for crimes was the initial reaction of human beings, but with the development of mankind people got interested in studying the motivations that criminals have for their deeds, and the science of criminology appeared. This science studied all aspects of crime and criminals including motivations, means of crime committing, etc (Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., 2007). Further on, criminology developed into a set of branches that deal with a specific area of crime, and criminal psychology is one of those areas¹. In other words, it is called psychology in criminology and studies the psychological and psychiatric aspects of crimes. The aim of this paper is to define the role of psychology in the criminal justice field and consider the basic theories that explain criminal behavior. Psychology The role of psychology in understanding the basic reasons people have for criminal behavior is considerable. Psychology has made a sufficient contribution to the field of criminal justice by its help in identifying criminals by their psychological features. This, in its turn, helped the criminal justice not only to identify those who already committed a crime but prevent other crimes by determining the people who are likely to act criminally due to their psychological features. Thus, psychology turned out to be a basic discipline in understanding the nature of criminal behavior. It often happens that detectives can not find the obvious motive for a crime, and only psychology can help in this case by dismantling the hidden underlying reasons and motivations for a crime². Moreover, qualified psychologists and psychiatrists are often invited to courts and investigations of crimes in order either to help the jury form the psychological portrait of the criminal or to help the investigators identify the criminal. One of the major means of identifying criminals is the so-called Psychology of Criminal Conduct (PCC). PCC Psychology of Criminal Conduct is the branch of psychology that deals with the differences in criminal/non-criminal behavior of people, i. e. the issue of why some people commit crimes and others do not. PCC also touches upon the factors that influence the criminal behavior of people and is based on theoretical and practical research. It does not study the exact crime rates in a certain area for a certain period of time but only the reasons for crime and ways to reduce criminal behavior cases. Therefore it is a more qualitative method than a quantitative one 3 . The psychology of criminal conduct explores the questions of gains and costs for crime and violence and states the necessity to make their balance negative for criminals. In other words, those who commit crimes should be punished for it and deprived of their share of public wealth distributed among the members of human society. This
Bibliographic information The researchers have given their full names and credentials at the top of the research paper for easy identification. They have also given the date of publication, volume, and issue numbers, respectively. The publication journal has been given which means that the work has been peer reviewed. Lastly, the source extension has been given. Summary of research Problem Statement The research paper problem statement is well given in the introduction part of the research paper. The problem statement is reflected in the literature review and aligns well with the research topic. The significance of the research problem is presented in the research paper as part of the study. Background The research background gives an elaborate introduction of the research. The source of the problem under which the study is being carried has been identified. Basically, the feasibility of the problem has been showcased throughout the introduction part of the study. The researchers start by giving a definition of a ‘fall’ which gives the reader an understanding of the context in which the research was carried. This also helps the reader conceptualize the extent to which the study is confined. The researchers give an elaborate brief overview of the rate at which falls occur. For instance, the rate of falls is believed to be up to 12% which is equ
String theory is a concept developed by physicists trying to explain the fundamental nature of matter and space. The concept has various interpretations, but has the ability to explain the phenomenon of existence. Since the most fundamental particles do not exhibit the properties of matter that bigger objects have, some scientists consider them non-dimensional (Van Proeyen 12). This means they do not have width, length or depth. General relativity holds that all matter and space exists in four dimensions. Depth, width, and length of all matter and space exist through time (Kane 46). This means that time is the fourth dimension. Distortion of time results in distortion of the other three dimensions, which are the dimensions of space. This is quite different from Newtonian physics, which does not consider time a dimension. However, practical science is based on Newtonian physics. Although the theories of relativity are not applicable in practical science to a satisfactory extent, they are accepted as the true explanations of the phenomenon of existence (Zwiebach 16). The effort to understand the seemingly dimensionless nature of fundamental particles and the four dimensional nature of matter and space in one theory has led to development of string theory. According to string theory, there are other more fundamental dimensions contained in the four dimensions of physical existence that are normally experienced. The additional dimensions add to the four known dimensions to make eleven-dimensional world (Van Proeyen 41). Compression of these dimensions into the fabric of universal existence makes them undetectable by any physical means. However, several mathematical models have been used to prove their existence and the nature of their interaction. The string theory explains the manner in which the one-dimensional basic particles interact to result into a four dimensional existence. Matter, space, and time are a yield of this interaction. Fundamental particles are made up of one-dimensional strings, which interact with unidirectional membranes to create a particle (Zwiebach 18). Gravitational force, a phenomenon that has not yet been understood by scientists is explained as a product of string interaction. Scientists have already developed a mathematical form for gravity. The wave nature of matter is a part of the theory explaining how the fundamental particles exist. One certain kind of wave motion is responsible for all behaviors of matter and space. The string theory is the only theory that offers a single explanation to the nature of matter and space. However, since the theory proposes the existence of dimensions that cannot be physically assessed, it is not possible to test its integrity. Other challenging theories have endured criticism to emerge as possible alternatives to the string
Patient Information Mrs. JM, 47, female, not identified This paper aims to gather information from the patient to reveal the symptoms and review the body systems, which would allow for identifying differential diagnoses. S CC (chief complaint): pain and numbness in wrist and fingers HPI : A 47-year-old woman presents with right wrist pain, complaining about numbness and tingling in the index, middle, and thumb fingers during the last 2 weeks. The patient has obesity and states that her complaints make her drop her hair styling equipment since she cannot hold them. Location: wrist and fingers Onset: 2 weeks ago Character: tingling, numbness Associated signs and symptoms: frustration, reduced grip strength Timing: the symptoms are more pronounced in the evening Exacerbating/ relieving factors: overuse of the hand make the symptoms worse Severity: 5/10 pain scale Current Medications : Metformin to reduce weight (2,000 mg daily), Ibuprofen occasionally for headache treatment Allergies: Aspirin causes anaphylaxis PMHx : Influenza immunization (Fall 2020), Tetanus vaccination (8 years ago) Soc Hx : Mrs. JM is married and works as a hair dresser for the last 15 years. She has 3 grown-up children, one of which lives with her, and others have their own families; all the family members live in the same city; their relationships are good. The patient drinks alcohol on weekends with her husband and friends. Mrs. JM’s living environment seems to be appropriate as she reports that she has awesome neighbors and a beautiful house. Fam Hx : Hypertension and heart attacks are present among grandparents. The patient’s mother and father are alive and suffer from hypertension as well. ROS GENERAL: The patient states that she had no recent diseases, rapid weight loss or gain, and weakness, and fevers, but she recognizes that she has excessive weight. HEENT: Eyes: Wears contact lenses for astigmatism and myopia. Ears, Nose, Throat: hearing is intact; the patient denies having running nose, sore throat, and congestion. SKIN: Mrs. JM complains about age-related changes only (wrinkles, skin elasticity). CARDIOVASCULAR: No palpitations and edema; the patient denies chest pain and any related symptoms. RESPIRATORY: No issues regarding breathing. GASTROINTESTINAL: The patient has frequent problems with constipation that is accompanied by pain in her intestines. GENITOURINARY: No burning on urination, no pregnancy; last menstrual period 12/20/2020. NEUROLOGICAL: Headache appears several times per week; numbness and tingling in the extremities (right wrist only). Bladder and bowel control is adequate. MUSCULOSKELETAL: No arthritis, traumas, gut, or any muscle pain in the back. HEMATOLOGIC: No bleeding disorders, blood transfusion, and clotting problems. LYMPHATICS: Nodes are intact. PSYCHIATRIC: Mrs. JM has a history of depression when her husband was severely traumatized in a car accident 5 years ago. ENDOCRI
Project Summary The project implies planning the trip of lifetime for a family of four during three weeks with a budget of $35,000; the project begins on 08/15/2020 and ends on 08/20/2020. The scrum approach is utilized as a methodology, and the project charter and the Work Background Structure are presented as tools to complete the plan.   * Planning the trip of a lifetime for a family of four.   * The trip duration is three weeks.   * $35,000 as an accessible budget to use.   * Planning costs, stakeholder roles, schedule, and resources.   * Using the scrum approach as a basic project management methodology.   * Compiling the Work Background Structure (WBS) as a useful visual tool. Project Charter Develop a vacation project plan at a projected cost of $35,000 with a start date of August 15, 2020 and a completion date of August 20, 2020.   * The charter includes the problem statement.   * Business case and benefits are discussed in the charter.   * The goal statement is identified to determine the scope of work.   * The timeline is presented with appropriate activities.   * The methodology of the project is included (the scrum approach).   * The main stakeholders are identified in the charter. Problem Statement                                                                                                                                                     Business Case and Benefits                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        There is a need to allocate the available resources reasonably to organize a good trip and perform attendant tasks successfully to avoid problems and missed steps .  The project is necessary as a guide to action and can help a family of four to count on the full coverage of all the necessary procedures. Goals and initiatives are designed in detail to prevent surprises and extra costs.
Introduction This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the passenger airline industry. The first part of the analysis will identify the key external factors that affect the industry. In the second part, the main market segments in the industry will be identified and analyzed. Specifically, the segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategies used by airlines in each segment will be analyzed. The last part of the paper will contrast the target market and positioning strategies of JetBlue and Southwest Airlines. Key External Factors The passenger airline industry is affected by the following factors. First, social factors such as education, tastes/ preferences, and attitudes affect the industry. Customers tend to choose airlines based on the characteristics of their services, which include on-board amenities, safety, entertainment, and ground services (Wen & Yeh, 2010). A high service quality enables airlines to meet their customers’ tastes and preferences. This leads to high performance by improving customer satisfaction and loyalty. Second, economic factors such as income per capita and inflation affect the industry. The affluent usually require luxury flights that include benefits such as meals, in-flight entertainment, and comfort because they are willing and able to pay for them. The middle-income earners, on the other hand, are interested in high quality services that are affordable. Thus, airlines have to design their products based on their customers’ ability to pay. During economic downturn, airlines are forced to offer discounts to attract customers due to low demand (Najda, 2008). Moreover, inflation rate affects airlines’ profits by determining the costs of key supplies such as fuel. Third, technology determines the quality of the services offered in the industry. Airlines that have access to advanced information and communication technologies are able to attract customers by offering personalised entertainment services (Rothman & Jasper). Similarly, airlines that utilize e-commerce to provide services such as flight booking have a competitive advantage in the industry. For example, e-ticketing is convenient to customers and eliminates the costs associated with partnering with travel agents to distrib
In his paper, “Can Mexico Fix its image Problem,” Beith focuses on the main image problem suffered by Mexico. He highlights how drug gangs have been able to not only hold the country hostage but also assert itself as a parallel authority to the official government (Beith, p. 1). While highlighting the challenge presented by these drug gangs, the author notes that the world has opted to brand Mexico by its problem ignoring the other aspects. However, he acknowledges that the magnitude of the problem is alarming when he says, “The security situation — gang-related massacres are becoming increasingly common in states like Durango and Tamaulipas, while the blockading of roads out of Monterrey have threatened to capsize the local economy — is reaching a level of urgency that could affect U.S. support and funding (Beith, p. 5).” He however notes that the Mexican economy has been on a continuous growth pitting it as an emerging economy, which is a positive aspect of the country. The paper highlights how Mexico’s image branding has been influenced by the persistent challenge it faces as a result of the complex drug gang network plaguing the nation. While the author acknowledges and presents empirical evidence to support the level of challenge presented by drug gangs in Mexico, he disagrees that this should be the sole basis for branding the country’s image globally (Beith, p. 7). However, he cites poor communication from the government as the cause of the negative image perceived of Mexico. He notes that under Calderon’s rule, a lot has been done despite the fact that the administration has been reluctant to publicly communicate its efforts (Grillo, p. 34). By highlighting these observations, the author eclipses his argument in a manner that suggests his argument scope. He successfully highlights the reason for Mexico’s negative image, the wrong perception arising from the problem, the real situation and ultimately the reason for misconception (Beith, p. 4). The author proposes a scenario that is likely to shape future issues relating to drug gangs. He notes that the next president has an already cut-out role in dealing with the gang. While noting the current regime’s role in fighting this menace, he also notes that the next elections will be heavily dependent on this issue. He notes that the electorate is currently disgruntled by the efforts put forth so far, a situation he blames on lack of communication (Beith, p. 8). This in essence presents a two-fold scenario. If the next government fails to address the existing gap, then the country is more like to be plunged into more disgruntlement. However, if the next government is able to fill this gap, the public is likely to cooperate with the government and help fight the drug gang’s menace facing Mexico. Other than the communication gap, the author also highlights the unity of purpose as lacking within the political divide. He notes that the political parties have refused to work together (Beith, p.
Sound, Music, and the Environment Music is an intentional construction that has a distinct structure, form, emotional coloring; it is a system of communication. The role of music is to bring some emotional meaning, i.e., awake feelings and transfer the emotional state of the creator, bring people together, etc. However, music is not only an emotional tool – it can be viewed from the point of view of basic physical laws. This way, music is a simple vibration perceived by the human ear. Thus, the main parameters of music are its frequency, amplitude, duration, and timbre. The simplest elements of a tone are the fundamental pitch and progressively higher overtones (partials, harmonics). Since music is governed by usual acoustical principles, it can be described in terms of melody, rhythm, dynamics, and timbre (Hast, Cowdery, and Scott, 2010). There always are unpredictable and immeasurable elements in music-making; they shape the spiritual context and make it good or bad. Besides, the performance and reception of music also possess the utmost significance. The environment is a complex of all influences surrounding an individual or a nation; it has profound influences on the way people relate to their music and create it, the style of its performance, etc. The authors also state that nature also has an enormous impact on music-making. This is proven by examples of the Bosnian Highlands and topics of nature, landscapes, and mountains in the creative activity of the Zabe I Babe trio, of the inhabitants of Australia and Papua New Guinea who are sure that signing can open the doors for communication with spirits, and of the Tuvans in Siberia who reflect their pastoral lives and detailed geographic descriptions in songs (Hast, Cowdery and Scott, 2010). Urban environments also influence music-making heavily; some famous cities are said to possess a musical system of their own; they experience ‘syncretic’ practices of mixing several cultural trends. “Modernization” and “Westernization” are also trends in music evident in all areas; one of the examples thereof is the hip hop culture and rap music. Despite the wide scope of spreading, such trends preserve their authentic specificity (Hast, Cowdery, and Scott, 2010). The Transformative Power of Music Music moves people and has many connections with culture in other dimensions, representing a “universal language” for any community. Ethnomusicology is the study of music in the cultural context; from this perspective, music is viewed as related to rituals (e.g., typical kinds of music used at weddings, funerals, etc.) and having the aesthetic power (music is commonly asso