ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The drug war to prohibit the use of illicit drugs especially narcotics has been received with mixed reaction. In the past century, the use of illicit drugs reduced drastically owing to the drug war. However, in the recent past the use of illicit drugs has been on the rise. There have emerged counter- culture movements that have been championing the use of drugs; the drug war has been criticized for initiating the same crimes it is trying to solve. The war on drugs has made cartels to be more wary and devolve very complicated methods of countering the war on drugs (Merez, 2004). Failures of Drug War The war on drugs has failed to act in time, and actions are taken when the misuse is at high levels. Noriega the former dictator of Panama was a widely known dealer and facilitator of the narcotics entering the US. However, due to his close links with the CIA where he had been assigned certain duties, his activities in drug dealing were overlooked until they reached an alarming level. Overlooking such people has enabled the drug lords to thrive. Noriega is known to have had links with the major drug dealers in the world like Colombia’s Escobar (Russell, 2000). The use of illicit drugs has become widespread in the society; in the just concluded Senate elections, the state of California went to the polls to legalize Marijuana. Though not successful, it shows that people are becom
Introduction Internet- A Medium of Social Interaction and Information Distribution The creation of World Wide Web in the decade of 1990 has transformed the Internet from a simple communication tool into a creditably and commendably revolutionary technology. Internet may be described as a vast and enormous public web of computer networks linking users of all types around the globe to each other and also to a remarkably substantial information repository. The explosive growth of Internet continues in the twenty first century. In the United States, Internet penetration had reached almost sixty-three percent. There are one hundred and eighty five million Internet users and every month there is an increase of two million Americans using it for the very first time (Herumin 2004). Even though, the dot-com crash in the year 2000 led to overall cutbacks in expenditures on technology. The growth of Internet around the citizens of world is expected to explode. The explosive growth in the usage of Internet forms the basis of new digital age. Internet has, in fact, been the new millennium’s revolutionary technology, empowering general public, governments and businesses with blessings of connectivity. The information enables the members of world community to share and access huge amounts of information with a simple mouse click. Aims and Objectives Aim of the paper is to explore the general role of internet and its relationship with the society. Moreover, it also strives to differentiate what should be allowed and not allowed to display on the internet. Research Methods The research will primarily focus on analyzing the secondary data available in theoretical books, magazines and internet. On the basis of the exploration made, a deep analysis and an in-depth opinion will be presented supported by authentic resources. Developing Theoretical Framework While reviewing critically the literature in this paper it has been identified that there are many gaps in arguments regarding what should be allowed and not allowed to display on internet. It has been noted that some of the theoretical approaches that are designed by different authors have not been specifically addressed in the available literature about applicable issues that are related with highlighting relationship between internet and society and advantages derived from it. Data Analysis In this paper the data collected through primary and secondary sources was assessed to perform analysis. The stage of analysis scrutinized the constructs for reliability, content validity, convergent validity and social desirability prejudice. The procedure of confirmatory element analysis is t
Introduction Children from low class environments characterized by poverty respond relatively slower to unexpected stimuli compared to those from the upper class. This is according to research conducted by an A.B.C. researcher Tom Boyce at the University of California, Berkeley. The study shows a difference in the brain function of kids from high income background compared to those from low income environments. (CBC) This therefore means that social and economic backgrounds have a direct impact on developmental psychology and in particular social psychology. Gradual accumulation of knowledge in terms of mental structure is therefore affected by the environment and in this case social and economic background. For instance, Tom Boyce does indicate that children from low income status hear a whooping thirty million fewer words compared to their upper income counterparts in the first three years of their life. This study is an added approval that indeed the social context does have a major impact on social psychology. Social psychology examines how feelings, behavior, thoughts and are influenced by immediate social situations. The Boyce study found that the prefrontal cortex has certain deficits in its functions in children from low income backgrounds. This region is critical for creativity and problem solving. This finding therefore suggests that children from low income environments have a relatively lower ability in problem solving and their creative potential is reduced. The researcher cites that poor backgrounds fundamentally affect the development of the prefrontal cortex region. The research was conducted using twenty six children aged nine and ten. Half of the kids came from upper income environments and the other half from lower income backgrounds. An electroencephalograph was used to measure the brain activity of each child while they watched triangles on a screen. The children were supposed to click a button of the relevant triangle as it appeared on the screen. Children from low income environments were found to have slower response to these unexpected stimuli. The researchers therefore came to a generalized conclusion that children from lower income become backgrounds have a relatively slower response to all unexpected stimuli. This has negative implications in relation to problem solving and creative ability. (CBC) Can this be reversed? The slower response was compared to stroke patients whose portion of the frontal lobe is destroyed. The children though did not have any of their neural damaged. They also had no neurological damage or prenatal exposure to alcohol or drugs. This however does not prevent their prefrontal cortex from performing effectively. Researchers therefore concluded that social and economic situations are responsible for
Introduction Unemployment forms one of the major government concerns in most countries and states of the world. In situations of elevated levels of unemployment, many people are left with no money to spend thus leading to low demand for products. Decrease in demand makes many businesses and companies to go out of business or lay-off their workers as the level of unemployment grows. Through physical policy and multiplier effect, the government is able to manipulate the economy by controlling or managing demand levels (Slater, 2007). Aggregate demand According to Keynesian, reduction in tax manipulates aggregate demand thus stimulating or reviving the economy. When taxes are lowered, people remain with more money to spend thus increasing the aggregate demand for products. Increase in aggregate demand leads to rise in Real GDP thus reviving the economy (Sheffrin, 2003). Physical policy The issue of fiscal policy is entirely based on Keynesian economics as derived by John Maynard Keynes’ theories. According to Keynes theory, the government is capable of influencing the economy by either increasing or decreasing taxes and manipulating its spending level. Manipulating government’s spending leads to change in position of the aggregate demand because the government forms part of the aggregate demand. By cutting taxes, the government increases disposable income of consumers. The consumers will now have more money in their pockets to spend. This happens when the economy proves to be sluggish. When the public consumption or spending increases, more money is pumped into the economy leading to an expansionary effect. On the other hand, reduction in the level of government’s spending and increase in taxes contracts the economy. “Therefore, expansionary fiscal policy which involves tax reduction and rise in government transfer payments shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right thus reviving the economy” (Larch, 2009, p. 125). “ Contractionary fiscal policy involves tax increase and reduction in government transfer payments thus shifting the aggregate demand curve to the left” (Larch, 2009, p. 126). Multiplier effect Considering Keynesian multiplier, the economy is supposed to encounter a rippled effect. This is due to funding by the government which increases level of consumption. Rise in consumption levels increases level of aggregate demand for products thus leading to growth of economy from recessionary period. Keynesian suggests that growth of economy from recessionary period encourages employment (Heyne, 2002). This is because of high demand from people to consume more thus making supply firms to increase
Facts The court needs to decide on whether the matter will be arbitrated through the uniform commercial code or the common contract law. The uniform commercial code cannot be used to resolve the dispute between these two parties because it is only enforced in cases where goods are exchanged. Penn Lay feels that S. Li Ping has charged him an exorbitant rate for repairing his vehicle because he does not reside in Arizona. Ordinary contract law will be used to rule on this dispute because it involves sale of services between two parties. Lay feels aggrieved the company made him pay an unreasonable sum of money for repairs that were done on his vehicle. Issue The court needs to determine if a valid contract exists between Lay and the company. The court needs to establish if an offer was made, if it was accepted and if there was adequate consideration between the two parties regarding the transaction. Lay feels the rates charged for repairs were disproportionate to the nature of service offered by S. Li Ping. He feels that the company acted in a way that showed it did not have the intent to be bound by terms stipulated in their contract. In essence, Lay claims that he did not accept the company’s offer to perform repairs on his vehicle at the price he was charged. Rule Lay will have to demonstrate to the court that S. Li Ping made an offer before the repairs were done. He needs to reveal to the court if the offer stated the cost of service, time to be used to do the work and the nature of the work to be done. This will help the court assess if the company’s repair charges were fair or unfair according to prevailing market rates done for the similar work in the state. Lay did not accept the way the contract was performed and he claims the company breached their agreement. The court has to use common law as enforced in the state of Arizona to rule on the matter. Compare and Contrast S. Li Ping needs to show in its defense that it satisfied all obligations it was supposed to as outlined in the contract. The company can argue that it charges similar rates to all its clients without any regard to where they reside. Both parties need to show the nature of agreement they had and what each party was supposed to do to satisfy contract requirements. Lay needs to show that S. Li Ping’s actions were not considerate because they did not reflect the spirit of the agreement between them. He needs to show the company had made a promise which it failed to honor as stipulated by terms to their agreement. Conclusion The court needs to establish if Penn’s claims are true by focusing on the nature of the business transaction the two parties had. The court needs to establish if the exchange between the two parties was valuable and proportional according to the nature of work performed. It will also have to establish whether both parties agreed on how the contract was going to be performed before the repairs were done. This will enable the court to decide if the company needs t
Chapter 4 Slavery in the 18 th century was characterized by an array of factors that had an influence on it. According to Franklin and Higginbotham (2010), there was no single experience for all African slaves in the American colonies, as it depended on local conditions, colonizing nations, geography, and other aspects. However, it is possible to discern two major trends that prevailed in the 18 th century. First of all, the majority of slaves came directly from diverse ethnical groups of the African continent, and most of them were male. At the same time, the portion of American-born slaves was on the increase and contributed to the multiracial nature of the population (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). The period in question was characterized by cultural syncretism, meaning that African and European cultures were blending, creating a new form. As a result, the transformation of Africans into African Americans began, even though it was different at each location. As far as particular territories are concerned, it is possible to examine them in the context of slave populations and slave occupations. New England was characterized by fewer African servants than any other part of America, but they played an important role in the region’s economic activities (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). They worked in skilled trades while being increasingly used as body servants. The so-called “Negro Election Day” became a festival tradition in the area as well, forging a sense of community and secured loyalty (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). This period in New England demonstrates significant levels of cultural syncretism, as African experience merged with European expertise. As for the Mid-Atlantic colonies, New York had the largest number of slaves throughout the whole century. This territory also exhibited syncretism in the form of Pinkster, which is a traditional Dutch celebration mixed with African music and dances (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). At the same time, the middle of the 18th century is characterized by a rapid expansion of servitude, caused by an increase in grain production (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). Slave purchasing became available to non-elite white colonists, which contributed to the number of servants’ overall growth. Nevertheless, there were already concerns regarding the morality of servitude. The emergence of such a tendency in Pennsylvania led to the early manumission movement. Furthermore, the first schools aiming at educating children of African origins were opened in this area (Franklin & Higginbotham, 2010). In general, a significant number of African slaves in the Mid-Atlantic region led to the quicker acknowledgment of their rights. The Chesapeake Region did not demonstrate a similar level of acceptance. Most Africans did not speak
Introduction Research background and significance The novel coronavirus that was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has been rapidly expanding over the last months, causing pneumonia that results in thousands of fatalities. According to the data provided by John Hopkins University, 73,335 cases of NCOVID-19 have been registered worldwide, the majority of which in Mainland China. Hubei province, where the virus has originated, accounts for 59,989 cases with the highest number of deaths – 1,789 out of 1873 total (John Hopkins University). According to Li et al., the first transmission of the virus to a human host has been linked Huanan Seafood Wholesale market (2). However, the WHO states that the virus’s zoonotic (animal) origin has not been proved (WHO). Nevertheless, the market was closed immediately after the first cases of pneumonia were reported. The potential connection of the virus to the food industry threatens the overall economy, as well as the region’s food security. After the city has been locked down, the residents experience a severe “supply gap of production capacity” (Li et al. 2). Many local businesses are closed due to quarantine measures, which will result in financial losses. The experience of recent epidemics suggests that mobility restrictions and quarantines have adverse effects on the economic situation as a whole and the food industry in particular. Moreover, the possible connections of viruses to the food of animal origin influence consumer behavior. The recovery of the food market after such economic shocks depends on several factors, including timely management of infection outbreaks, governmental financing of the sector, and organizational management. Research contents and issues Epidemics of such scale as the recent coronavirus outbreak in China cause disastrous effects on society. The burden of the disease is generally associated with deaths, health complications, and healthcare costs. However, the assessment of the economic impact should not be narrowed only to the financial costs of outbreak mitigation. As Smith et al. claim, “such events can elicit economic shock waves far beyond the realm of traditional health sectors and original geographical range of a pathogen”(1). Thus, the primary objective of the research is to evaluate the feasible indirect influence of epidemics on macroeconomic perfor
The story of the play A Streetcar named Desire focuses on love. The research centers on Blanche DuBois’ lies. The research includes determining why Blanche DuBois lied. The street car named desire shows, in a certain sense, Blanche is a liar. In a sense, Blanche is a liar. Blanche DuBois gave several lies to hide her true situation in life. Blanche DuBois never stated that she is a drunkard. Likewise, Blanche DuBois hid under a life of delusions of grandeur (Williams 79). As a girl wanting love, Blanche DuBois would lie in order to make herself attractive to male suitors (Williams 40). The lies included creating a false historical life of Blanche DuBois. Just like the women of today’s generation, most women would go to the extent of hiding their unfavorable past in order to attract the male members of the community. Normally, women would hide their past love failures from their current suitors (Shea 17). Likewise, Blanche DuBois lied about her school job (Williams 81). She falsely stated that her school administrators had allowed her to have a vacation in order to calm her nerves. In reality, Blanche DuBois had been fired from her teaching job. She was fired for having sexual relations with her 17 year old student. Having sexual relations with students is banned in schools. One of the school policies is for teachers to responsibly take their roles as the students’ second parents. Blanche DuBois hid her teaching past to prevent hurting her sister Stella from the humiliation of having a sister fired from her teaching job. Blanche DuBois also lied by not telling about her failed marriage. Blanche DuBois was married to Allan Grey. Their marriage finally failed when she uncovered her husband had a homosexual affair. She did not tell the truth that her husband, Allan Grey, committed suicide (Williams 76). Everyone deserves another chance. Blanche DuBois travelled to her sister Stella’s home in order to bury her unfavorable marriage behind. In addition, Blanche DuBois created a world of lies. Blanche DuBois did not tell the truth by creating a world filled with fantasies and illusions (Williams 132). The fantasies and illusions crept into and became part of Blanche DuBois’ real life environment. After Stanley uncovers Blanche DuBois’ lies, Stanley forces her out of their home in order to avoid bringing shame to the Stella household. Refusing to leave Stella’s home, Stanley rapes Blanche DuBois and calls the mental hospital to extract Blanche DuBois from the Stella household and treat her in the community’s mental hospital. The husband of Blanche’s sister, Stanley, uncovers her true secrets (Williams 79). Stanley uncovers Blanche’s lies when Stanley’s friend brings news to Stanley about Blanche DuBois’ true life in Laurel. Laurel is the hometown of Blanche DuBois. Consequently, the uncovered lies infuriated Stanley. The discovery of the lies discourages everyone. Stanley’s reporting to his best friend, Mitchell, the new discovery of Blanche DuBois’ prior unfavorable character in Blanche DuBois’ Laurel community discourages Mitchell. After hearing Stanley’s report about Blanche Dubois’ unfavorable past, Mitchell immediately drops his
Introduction The rising growth in global population is worrying and experts project that the demand for food will rise considerably by over 70% (4). While there has been a refocused attention to address the impending food crisis by increasing crop cover, the need for bio-energy may counter these efforts at least in the short-term. The rising traditional and new demand for agricultural yields that is expected to grow will deprive of the growing population sufficient food supply (4). As population grow, urban population cause a significant rise in demand for energy and food. More agricultural crops will be used to generate bio-energy to meet the demands for energy (see fig 5). There has been a significant rise in population for the last 5 decades, which continues to create pressure on the efforts to bolster the global food basket (see Fig 5). This trend is expected to increase if no long-term actions are put in place. Growth of urban settlements will put enormous pressure on land and will compete with agriculture for necessary factors of production (4). Although urbanization is set to rise, population in rural agricultural-based areas will move faster into non-agricultural employment and most of this rural population will depend majorly on a few and small agricultural segments for food and income.. The rising population growth combined with a significant change in diet lifestyles from fresh and farm-to-table food to processed and semi-processed food will complicate the whole equation of food security. In addition, as urbanization continues to embrace even more people, rural areas are expected to serve as the primary source of food for a population that is largely non-agricultural. Therefore, population, though a single variable, will direct the whole function called food security (4). Air purification in food storage: The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on food spoil Studies have shown that indoor air is five times more populated than outdoor air. Among the gaseous compounds that are known to pollute the environment are the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs are released into the atmosphere from smoke caused by incomplete combustion, paints, deodorants, sprays and industrial waste (6). VOCs have been found to be harmful compounds when they are released into the air and can cause serious health effects such as difficulties in breathing and interference with the central nervous system (7). However, the good news is that the breakdown of these VOCs through photocatalytic mechanisms at extremely low concentrations has been found to be an effective and cost-effective way of managing this dangerous gas. Using the Ultra violet light that comes from direct sunlight or light that is induced artificially can be used to release nanoparticulate titanium dioxide that is known to breakdown VOCs into non-toxic compounds. The VOCs can cause health complications, discomfort and can affect productivity. According to World Health Organization health report, volatile organic compounds account for the largest percentage of indoor pollutants. A similar report