ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Prison Industrial System comprises all agencies that enforce the law, such as prisons, police, and courts. In the United States, the system is a normalization of various dynamics, such as historical, cultural, and interpersonal, that routinely benefit the whites while causing negative impacts for the people of color (Roberts, 2019). It is a system of hierarchy and inequity that has been characterized by white supremacy. It is the preferential treatment for white people at the expense of the Black, Arab, Native American, Pacific Islander, Asian, Latino, Black, and other racially oppressed people (Roberts, 2019). This paper explores various ways the current prison-industrial system perpetuates racism. This paper will explore various study viewpoints on the prison industrial complex will be explored. During Reagan’s administration, there was the establishment of a system meant to ensure that there would be many cages and jails for locking up people (Balko, 2018). The main target of the war on drugs was on African Americans who were typical drug users and resulted in many arrests (Balko, 2018). It also contributed to the police force engaging in corruption practices targeting African Americans (Balko, 2018). Additionally, the media, news stations, and newspapers primarily define the typical African American as criminals. Existing Research on the Topic According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in the United States, in 2018, the Black male population accounted for 35%, Hispanic males 24%, and white males 29%. On the contrary, white female imprisonments accounted for 47%, while black females accounted for 18% of the female population (Balko, 2018). Additionally, the rate of black women imprisonment is 1.8 times higher compared to that of white women. Also, the rate of black male incarceration 5.8 times, which is higher than the rate of white male imprisonment (Balko, 2018). Therefore, all ethnic groups, Puerto Rican Americans, Native Americans, and African Americans, have the most incarceration rates (Balko, 2018). As a result, the black population comprises the most significant portion of incarcerated in U.S. jails and prisons. Racial Profiling and Bias The inner cities that are the living areas for African Americans have become law enforcement targets. Police are provided with incredible judgments, which results in racial profiling and bias (Bozelko, 2017). Also, when the Black Americans are freed from the long imprisonment, they encounter an unsupportive society (Bozelko, 2017). Therefore, the
Persuasion is a process whose aim is to change an individual’s or group’s behavior or attitude towards a certain belief, attitude, or behavior. Persuasion entails careful presentation of arguments, facts, and/or supporting evidence in a compelling and suitable environment. The nature of Monica’s dilemma is such that she rightfully deserves a pay rise on account of her commendable performance in her job. In fact, this is one of the motivating factors that saw her accept the job, despite the fact that it paid 5 percent lower in comparison with her previous job. Her boss, Allan, had promised Monica that upon the completion of 90 days, she would undergo performance evaluation and her salary would be reviewed upwards. Her boss has even commended her on several occasions for a job well-done but one month past the expiry of the 90 days period, she is yet to be evaluated. Monica’s boss is under pressure to “make the numbers” and has been so preoccupied that he has not had the time to discuss the issue with Monica. On the other hand, Monica is fearful that she might get de-motivated if the performance evaluation is not done now as she might feel as though she is getting less than her worth. Monica has been unsuccessful at persuading her boss to ensure that the performance evaluation is conducted as promised on account of poor communication strategy. Monica’s approach to her boss as regards her pending performance evaluation was gentle and soft. She jokingly reminds her boss of his promise and her boss probably never took her seriously. As such, Monica did not present her case in a careful and panned manner. She also lacked the necessary documentation, data and facts to argue her case, although these are some of the key prerequisites of persuasion. When asking for a pay rise, Monica might have preferred to use such strategies as hint dropping and “joking” as she probably assumed that her boss was fully aware of the promise to review her performance and give her the pay rise that she deserved once the 90 days are over. As such, she did not wish to offend him and so she opted for a soft stance. Unfortunately, this strategy did not work because there was no effective communication between Monica and her boss. Seeing that her boss is under pressure to “make the number”, Monica has to adopt a more persuasive strategy than she is currently using. This is the only way for her to be listened to. One such strategy that Monica can embrace is to propose to her boss to give her additional responsibilities as a way of enabling the company achieve its goal. Definitely, her boss is bound to notice her amid his busy schedule. Then, Monica can seize this opportunity to
Beginning roughly at the turn of the previous century, social structures throughout the world were undergoing tremendous change and adjustment. In the Westernized cultures, industry and technology were booming, contributing to the growth of cities at the same time that it was producing various devices that made life in the home easier and more comfortable at more affordable rates, thus birthing the consumer culture. In America, the northern cities expanded with young people and black people seeking higher wages than what could be earned on the farms while the southern farms still struggled in the aftermath of the Civil War. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, every aspect of society was transformed by the inventions of the age. “Americans were becoming more diverse, more urban, and more mobile” (“America”, 2006) in action that mimicked what was happening in other nations such as England and France. In this rapidly changing climate, social norms were questioned as large groups of workers came together to earn larger wages within a single location rather than struggle to grow crops out on the farm. This coming together of workers gave rise to the middle class, bringing the women in from the fields and into the homes. The social changes that were taking place necessitated a new system of philosophy to understand it and a new mode of art to express it. To understand how the art of the period, such as that produced by Pablo Picasso, helped to express the more significant ideas of the period, it is nec
Introduction Stereotyping, bias, and assimilation are among the core concepts of multiculturalism, which can differentially affect both minorities and majority groups. It is important to note that any society has its own set of intricate and underlying norms of behavior and even appearance, which are imposed by the majority on the minority. The term “covering” is a concept, which explains these invisible forces. Yang’s and Yoshino’s Views on ‘Covering’ Yang’s essay does not simply negate Yoshino’s hope for “a new civil rights” but rather focuses on more pragmatic or practical aspects of assimilation. The primary focus and emphasis of Yang’s arguments are put on Asian American’s inherent cultural barriers for assimilation. The author acknowledges the notion that Asian American culture is not perfect and has elements, which harm Asian Americans themselves. For example, he states that “challenging established modes of doing things, questioning authority, and seeking out risk don’t always come easily to the children of tiger moms” (Smith para. 4). However, Yang does not directly claim to be against a new civil rights, but his approach is more assimilation focused in the areas, which could be beneficial for the community. Yang would agree or at least acknowledge with Yoshino’s concept of “covering,” but the former is rather interested in solutions centered around assimilation. For example, Yoshino states, “racial minorities are pressed to “act white” by changing their names, languages, or cultural practices” (Yoshino para. 1). However, Yang does not argue that such forces do not exist, but simply points out that the “brute force” method of Asian American culture is too limiting for the community itself by stating that “Asian-Americans should do what Yang has done and consider the importance of behavioral assimilation. That can start with something as simple as smiling” (Smith para. 4). In other words, the perspectives of the authors are different but not mutually exclusive. Yoshino does indeed argue that people should feel free not to “cover,” but it does not mean that changing the problematic or restrictive elements of a culture is something negative. Every culture has aspects, which everyone should embrace and adopt, and aspects, which are harmful, ignorant, and unhelpful to the community itself. Asian Americans do not need to fit into the mainstream but rather forge their own path through the empowerment of its inherently positive cultural aspects by eliminating the ones, which hurt them. For example, Yang describes many Asian American students as “unsmiling, silent, anti-social automatons who got perfect scores on everything,” which primarily hurts the community and repels them from other cultures (Smith para. 6). Being cheerful, socially competent, and communicative are not elements of white or other cultures but
Introduction The term ‘ideology’ has a long history. It was formulated by Antoine Louis Claude Destutt in 1796. The phrase is a combination of two words. The two are ‘idea’ and ‘logy’ (Zizek 53). Destutt used the term to refer to one feature of his science of ideas. In the process, the French enlightenment aristocrat delineated three major aspects. They include ideology, logic, and general grammar. To this end, he considered ideology to be the most generic term between the three. Many scholars who came after Destutt refined his work. One of them is Louise Althusser. Althusser formulated a materialistic notion of ideology. The idea explains a unique discourse referred to as lacunar . In addition, Althusser considers this concept as one which lacks a history of its own. As such, he describes Ideology as an imaginary assemblage. It is a pure dream formed by the diurnal residues of the positive aspects of reality (Althusser 172). The current paper is written against this background. In the paper, the author provides an in-depth analysis of ideology, including its history and application in modern society. The evaluation is carried out from the perspective of Althusser’s “On the Reproduction of Capitalism”. Defining an Ideology A number of scholars provide varying definitions of this concept. However, many agree that an ideology is a form of a conscious or an unconscious belief. The conviction forms the basis of an individual’s actions, expectations, and goals in life (Rehmann 109). It can be, among others, political, sociological, economic, or philosophical. It defines the various aspects of the individual’s life. According to Marxist and critical theories, an ideology can be viewed as a comprehensive way of viewing things, events, and subjects in the society. Generally, the concept portrays a set of ideas held by individuals and groups of people. It is important to note that ideologies are less encompassing when applied to such notions as imagery and worldview. In light of this, these belief systems are viewed as the individual’s most significant set of values and feelings. They act as the elements through which people view things and agents in the society. In addition, each individual considers their ideologies as natural and true (Althusser 189). Characteristics of Ideologies People from different parts of the world have varying perspectives towards things. As a result, ideologies vary from one person to the other and from one society to another. Consequently, variety is one of the major attributes of these concepts. Another characteristic is complexity. Different belief systems carry varying weights in the society (Rehmann 113). For example, an individual may regard political ideologies as more important than religious beliefs. As a result, some ideologies are simple, while others are complex. The Marxist approach is one example of a complex political and economic ideology. There are variou
Introduction Four years ago, I was converted to Christianity from Hinduism. I have a lot in common with Paul because before being converted, I used to hold arguments with my friends who were Christians about Christianity. Therefore, Paul’s experience is the major aspect utilized in this assignment from Luke’s account as revealed through the book of Acts. The paper explains the conversion of Paul from Saul and his new life as a convert and witness of Christ, the oppositions he encountered, his response to them, and lessons that learned from the same. Saul’s life before and during Conversion The pre-Christian Saul was a well-known persecutor of the church. Apart from making threats, Saul helped to facilitate actual persecution with an example revealed during the death of Stephen when the bible records that the clothes of the witnesses were under his feet (NIV, 2011, 7:57). This shows that he was fully opposed to Christianity. Such an opposition used to be part of me when I was still in Hinduism. Instead of supporting the murder of Christians like Saul used to do, before my conversion, I used to oppose Christianity through arguments. Even when Saul undergoes conversion, he was on his way to Damascus, to persecute the believers but was met by Jesus on the way that changed him (NIV, 2011, 9:1-17). By confronting Saul and asking him why he was persecuting Him, Jesus identified with His disciples whom Paul was persecuting. This reminds me that in my life before I got converted when I opposed Christians, I was not just doing it to them but was opposing Christ Himself. This happened until I met the Lord who transformed me to start standing for him and to defend Him. Paul’s Testimony after Conversion In the ninth chapter of Acts, Paul gains strength after receiving meat and being prayed for by Ananias. After this, “Saul spent several days with the disciples in Damascus. At once he began to preach in the synagogues that Jesus is the Son of God. All those who heard him were astonished and asked, Isn’t he the man who raised havoc in Jerusalem among those who call on this name? And hasn’t he come here to take them as prisoners to the chief priests? Yet Saul grew more and more powerful and baffled the Jews living in Damascus by proving that Jesus is
Introduction A safety management system (SMS) is a synchronized set of processes that are designed to manage a safety program. They can be reactive, proactive, or predictive. However, this paper aims to examine the SMS pillars explicitly from a proactive (present) and predictive (future) angle. Safety policy It is the first SMS pillar. It constitutes organizational structures, policies, and procedures that aim to realize safety goals (CASA, 2016). It comprises planning, organizing, documentation, compliance with the law, and emergency preparedness and response. It is typically the role of the senior managers to assume the primary responsibility of the organization’s safety. The management should provide essential resources for the SMS and its implementation, after procedures for reporting incidents and supplying junior employees with information concerning set behavior standards. Safety Risk Management (SRM) It is the second SMS pillar. It is impossible to eliminate risks; however, through the SRM, risks can be reduced. It involves the identification, mitigation, or elimination of imminent risks. Therefore, this characterizes it as both a proactive and predictive approach (FAA, 2016). This is unlike the past definition of SRM which used a strictly reactive approach. It first begins with hazard identification in which a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is used. Identification of risks can be carried out using several methods which include safety surveys, audits, factual briefings from frontline personnel, and analytical tools such as fault and event trees. Risks that will have a higher probability and severity rating will be the first to be addressed. Safety assurance It is the pillar that shows whether an organization is safe. It comprises internal audits, external audits, and corrective action that aim to assess the continued effectiveness of the implemented hazard control strategies (FAA, 2016). Furthermore, they facilitate the identification of new risks. Safety Promotion It is the fourth SMS pillar and it constitutes training, communication, and other actions that function to create a healthy safety culture within all levels of an organization (CASA, 2016). For safety promotion to be successful, it requires a constant, palpable presence of the SMS. This is achieved by the existence of open communication between the employees and management, regular feedbacks, and employee training on SMS. Conclusion The four pillars of SMS are essential in creating a proactive and predictive program as they explicitly aim in addressing hazards and risks in both the present (proactive) and future (predictive).
Important Steps of Training Program The first step in the implementation of the proposed training program will involve the development of learning outcomes and objectives. Nurse educators will be encouraged to indicate their professional development needs in the context of leadership and the use of technology in nursing education. These needs will be integrated into learning objectives. The second step will entail the development of instructional design and content. Learning strategies relevant to self-directed learners will be developed. Notably, the instructional content will indicate the skills and knowledge nurse educators need for their effective application of technology in nursing education. Specific aspects of good leadership behavior in nursing education and practice will also be integrated into the instructional content. The third step will involve the assessment of training resources internal and external to Keen Nursing School. This assessment will provide guidance for the use of relevant and appropriate learning resources to advance the objectives of the training program. The fourth step will entail the development of training materials. This will be based on the understanding that learning materials used in adult education should be aligned with the unique needs of adult learners, such as convenience and practical application of learned skills (Merriam & Brockett, 2011). Step six will involve the transfer of skills and knowledge. Nurse educators will be provided with appropriate opportunities of applying acquired skills and knowledge to support their roles in nursing education. The final step will entail the evaluation of the training program. Through evaluation, indications for future improvements will be established. Andragogy will be applied in the training program to promote the learners’ mastery of each learning task. On the basis of the practical orientation of the target learners, training tasks will focus on promoting their mastery of specific concepts in leadership and the use of technology to facilitate nursing education. Additionally, readiness to learn and the motivation of participating in nurse educators will inspire instructional strategies for mastery of learning tasks. The experience and practical-orientation of nurse educators will inform the use of real-life experiences to enhance mastery in the context of using technology to support nursing education. Furthermore, the vast experiences of participating nurse educators will influence their mastery of learned leadership skills and competencies. Instructional Settings Instructor-led classrooms and self-directed online le
Introduction In the SOAP note, the background information on MW led to a diagnosis of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder (PANDIS). This autoimmune condition manifests as neurological and behavioral problems triggered by streptococcal infections (Swedo et al., 2015). It is characterized by sudden manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depressed mood, and anxiety, among others. This paper examines the relationship between PANDIS and an abrupt incline in symptoms of OCD, mood dysregulation, and depression identified in MW. PANDIS and A Sudden Onset of Symptoms The pathophysiology of PANDIS is associated with group A streptococcal infections. Antibodies produced against Streptococcus pyogenes are believed to pass through the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) to stimulate calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II), an enzyme associated with inflammation of basal ganglia (Sjöholm, Karlsson, Linder, & Malmström, 2014). This autoimmune response manifests as an abrupt onset of various neuropsychiatric symptoms. Thus, an elevated CaM kinase II activation and related inflammatory responses induced OCD, mood dysregulation, and depressive disorders in MW. S. pyogenes express diverse virulence factors that help the bacteria to invade cells and avoid the host immune system (Sjöholm et al., 2014). Additionally, this pathogen can acquire new structures to evade detection. Research has examined the neural basis for OCD and tics associated with PANDIS. The primary focus has been directed at the basal ganglia, which is the part of the brain involved in motor control, and therefore, it plays a role in the development of neurobiological disorders (Sjöholm et al., 2014). This structure has functional connections with different areas of the cortex forming the “corticostriatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) circuits” (Sjöholm et al., 2014, p. 1703). Their role is to control psychomotor and cognitive functioning. Therefore, autoimmune inflammation of the CSTC circuits would result in abrupt symptom onset. The development of OCD has been linked to sensorimotor imbalances in the CSTC circuits (Swedo et al., 2015). Sensory disturbances in these systems manifest as obsessions and compulsions, mood dysregulation, and depressive symptoms that appear suddenly after a streptococcal infection. Therefore, antibody levels are important in a PANDIS diagnosis. Concentrations of anti-streptolysin O (ASLO) and anti-DnaseB (ADB) near or beyond the upper limit titers indicate a streptococcal infection, which can trigger PANDIS symptoms (Swedo et al., 2015). Thus, exposure t