ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Analysis of external environment External environment has a great impact on the operation of any business. This is due to the fact that no business can operate in isolation or can survive without the environment (Michael, 1979). The resources that a business uses in its production also come from the external environment. What needs to be noted is that the external environment is non controllable by the organizations managers. Any business must therefore scan the external environment carefully in order to ensure its survival in the long run (Aguilar, 1967). The management of great lakes therefore has the important role of critically examining the uncontrollable environment and develops appropriate strategies that will make the business prosper. The external environments consist of the social, technological, economic, environmental and political environment. Great Lakes Corporation has to examine each of the components of the external environment and anticipate the effects it can have on the business. To begin with, the demographic environment deals with the population and the population’s characteristics. Moreover products that great lakes produce have varying effects on the population. For instance, the lead gasoline that is produced by great link subsidiary octet had different effects for the different population structures. While it resulted into brain problem to the children, the leaded gasoline also caused respiratory problems to the elderly and the general degradation of the air. The management therefore has to look into ways of mitigating the effect of its products on the different population groups. The second factor to be considered in the scanning of the external environment is the technological factors. The current business environment is characterized by fast changing technology and if a business fails to adopt the changes in technology, then it has to realize the threat to its going concern concept (Kotler, 2006). The product, leaded gasoline that is being produced by Great Lakes may be rendered useless if the cars that use the products are faced off with the adoption of modern cars. This is already exhibited by the reduced market of the company’s products in countries with new products and production methods. Again, it has reduced the international perspective of the business. Failure to develop the current technology will further reduce the company’s income. Another component of the external environment is the economic environment. This environment determines the returns the business will have on its operations. It includes the inflation rates, the economic growth rates and the cost of funds
Citation The name of the case is Gibson v. Manchester City Council. Mr. Gibson was the plaintiff, and Lord Diplock was the defendant. The case was examined in the Court of Appeals in the city of Manchester in 1979. Lord Diplock was the representative of the Manchester City Council under the leadership of the Conservative Party. Facts Mr. Gibson appealed to the Court of Appeals of the city of Manchester with a request to provide him with a house that he allegedly had received from the city authorities in accordance with earlier correspondence. The man had initially rented this home, but he subsequently turned to the council asking the board to let him buy this property. Mr. Gibson appealed the previous court decision because he had been forbidden to obtain rights to this house because there was no explicitly drawn up act and the contract of sale. Lord Diplock who represented the interests of the council acted as a defendant and made assumptions about the lawfulness of Gibson’s actions and his opportunity to obtain rights to the house. Issue In 1971, Mr. Gibson asked the local authorities about the cost of his house and the possible mortgage terms of its purchase. Soon, he received an official treasurer’s reply. The letter said that the council could consider Mr. Gibson’s proposal and offer him the amount of 2,180 pounds sterling, taking into account all the necessary deductions. He was also asked to fill out an application and consult the council with an official request for the purchase of the real estate. However, despite the completion of the form, the representatives of the Labor Party that came to power in 1971 forbade Mr. Gibson to buy the house. Decision In accordance with the discussion and arguments of the defense party, in particular, Lord Diplock, it was decided to refuse Mr. Gibson in his appeal, that is, the Court of Appeals confirmed the previous decision of the lower court. The House of Lords unanimously supported the council; therefore, the plaintiff did not receive his house. The history of correspondence was considered, according to which a proper verdict was passed. One of the reasons for the refusal was a traditional approach to correspondence and drafting agreements. The court found the claims of the plaintiff unfounded and decided to leave the house in possession of the city. The contract filled in by Mr. Gibson was declared invalid and not having legal force. Reason One of the primary reasons why the Court of Appeals decided to refuse Mr. Gibson in his request to get the house was because of the lack of a formed proposal. According to Lord Diplock, the correspondence between the man and the authorities could not be considered legal and valid because the treasurer did not tell Mr. Gibson that the council would sell the house 100%. The formulation of the answer was that the authorities could consider such a proposal by Gibson and set out specific conditions sent to him in response. However, the plaintiff regarded this action as a real co
Introduction Among the biggest global changes which can influence Canadian way of doing business the most significant one is climate change which can negatively affect oil industry in the country. Oil issues together with the climate change have been troublesome for over a decade but it is now that both of them became problematic not only potentially but actually as well. What the world is facing now is carbon-related mega-boom reflected in the fact that most of the enterprises are aiming to reduce the use of fossil fuels and choosing to utilize the sources of alternative energy, such as wind and wave power. Over fifteen billion dollars has been already invested into the renewables which constitutes a small part of global investment the scientists expect in the coming twenty years. Main body It should be noted that climate change is likely to affect small and big Canadian businesses which are to at least some extent connected with the production or utilizing of oil this is why Canadian way of doing business in oil industry both domestically and internationally should be adapted to the changes the global warming may involve. The policy of the enterprises should be revised in order to avoid possible losses in the near future. This is relevant not only for the benefit of Canada but for other countries which depend on the oil Canada imports. This, in particular, concerns the United States of America since “contrary to popular belief, Canada, not Saudi Arabia, is the largest supplier of oil to the United States” (Peter Tertzakian 141). What is especially evident is that high oil prices only contribute to the further development of the alternative sources of energy. The average level of energy prices will for a long time remain at $80-100 for a barrel whereas renewables are much cheaper and pay themselves very rapidly. All this shows that even slight increase in prices for oil, for instance merely $5 for a barrel, would be enough for a new innovative technology to be brought into world market. This is why Canadian oil companies should take into account that global warming which is threatening the world is likely to bring about changes into the oil industry and the companies should be ready to accept them and adapt to these changes. As far as global trade is concerned, profound knowledge here is vital for those who want to build their career in the sphere of the world economy. Knowing about the factors of production of the global trade, capital and labor, and studying these factors one will always be able to manage and control them. Choosing the area of the global trade one will be interested in will help in pursuit of a career in business since the areas the global trade needs specialists in are innumerable. Any kind of business is connected with trad
In the United States, it is possible to observe the realization of the disease management system, or a sick care system, in contrast to a health care system. The reason for this statement is that all the procedures and policies adopted in the healthcare system are oriented toward managing or treating diseases rather than promoting citizens’ health (Fries, 2020). This idea was actively discussed in Escape Fire: The Fight to Rescue American Healthcare , a documentary of 2012. The US system of providing care services has all the features of a disease or sickness management system. According to the experts presented in the documentary, the current healthcare system gains profits only from addressing sicknesses. For instance, according to Dr. Leslie Cho, it is possible to receive only $15 if she spends much time assisting a patient and providing care. This sum is in comparison to receiving $1,500 for a five-minute interaction with a patient to determine the necessity of costly surgery (“Escape fire,” 2012). As a result, the focus of the system is discussed to be on making money and generating profits through addressing diseases, but not preventing them. The problem of the current US healthcare system is that preventative medicine is not supported and developed in the country because of its limited advantage for generating financial gains. Therefore, the current system cannot be discussed as patient-centered to the full extent. If more attention is paid not to improving citizens’ general health but to the revenues of healthcare institutions, it is possible to speak about a sick care system. In this situation, the shift to a new kind of health care system is necessary to guarantee positive health outcomes for Americans.
The present article dwells upon the role of race and gender in the American society. The author argues that there is a privileged group in the USA. One of the major findings of the author is that everyone (contrasted to minorities) is affected by disproportions which exist in the society. Peggy McIntosh points out that she, just like any other white individual, i.e. representative of the class of privileged, was taught to enjoy the privileges without even noticing it (79). The author draws a parallel between the privileged position and wearing a special “knapsack” which contains everything the privileged individual might need (79). Interestingly, the author also notes that privileged people also live in terms of certain morality which presupposes that these people live “ideal” lives or at least “morally neutral” lives while trying to benefit others which is regarded as attempts to “allow” others “to be more like” those privileged individuals (McIntosh 80). Thus, having acknowledged this disproportion the author attempts to realize what it means to be in the other camp. The author points out particular everyday situations where the disproportion is manifested. Therefore, McIntosh concludes that in spite of the fact that the American society is regarded as democratic, it is overwhelmed with various kinds of inequality and oppression. Interestingly, the author does not simply reveal the problem. McIntosh also suggests a particular solution. Thus, the author claims that even though she is in the class of privileged, when it comes to race, she is, at the same time, in the class of oppressed since she is a woman living in the men’s world. This enables the author to draw certain parallels and come up with a particular decision. Thus, McIntosh claims that it is possible to diminish the disproportion when the privileged class lessens their privileges. Admittedly, the present article can help to address the problem as the first step to its solving is in-depth analysis of the roots of the problem. McIntosh manages to provide insights into the issue concerning race and gender. It goes without saying that issues concerning equality, race and identity have been discussed throughout decades. For instance, Nakayama also pays much attention to constraints that Asian people have to endure in the American society (32). Gonzalez and Willis-Riviera also focus on ethnic identity while considering peculiarities of Hispanic people’s lives in the USA (245). Gordon also deals with issues concerning identity when it comes to Hispanic people (261). These four works focus on similar issues, i.e. they dwell upon constraints ethnic m
Theories of motivation try to explain methods that are used so as to encourage employees to perform highly. Motivation is the inner drive that makes employees want to come to work and perform as expected by their employers or according to their needs (Miner 1994). A well motivated workforce is a source of competitive advantage given that employees require an extra push in order for them put in additional effort towards the achievement of goals. There are many motivation theories that have been identified by scholars and these are explained in this presentation. The theory of scientific management proposed that employers have a natural dislike for work and therefore management ought to closely monitor, supervise and control activities within the organization (Hoffmann 2007). This theory encouraged employers to provide adequate training and working tools then pay employees according to what they achieve. The Human Relation School of thought through the Hawthorn experiment discovered that employees perform higher when their social needs are met (Holt & Wigginton 2002). This proposed that managers show interest to employees and also treat them as valuable assets of the organization. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory focuses on psychological needs of workers and proposes that employees are motivated to achieve more only whe
Professionalism and ethics are key factors in a job setting. These two aspects work hand in hand. Engineering is no different case. Ethics seeks to evaluate deeply on moral aspects. It entails the practices that the staff carries out in an establishment. It incorporates; good value, code of conduct, moral value, principles and virtues. The ethics enable one to outlay professionalism in undertaking his engineering career. Professional ethics helps a lot in proficiency and comprehending problems encountered in this field. Ethics assists one to know the good and bad sides of a person in a work setting. Engineering ethics are the codes of standard applied in the field of engineering. These ethics portray good conducts in professional engineers. In accordance with the innovation in science and technology one needs to uphold high moral standard in terms of principle and practices. It concentrates on doing the right action with out inconveniencing other parties. In engineering one needs guidelines that propel him or her to success in this field. The guidelines are set values that give the ability to make correct choices, decisions and action. Not all values are equal. It all depends with the perception of a person and his/her experience. One can modify and create beliefs that define his identity. Thus he may hold characters such as social skills, peace among co-workers, truth and honesty. Perseverance, discernment and accuracy are also values that one needs to have in order to relay services professionally. This boosts his moral behavior and upholds professional skills. In addition to values and morals a professional needs work ethics. These ethics ought to be principled and easy to interpret. Employing attitudes of work value will need a lot of motivation in order to succeed. This goes along way to increase the productivity and overall performance in engineering. In the work place the relationship among co-workers and employees in the organization, depends heavily on the ethics. The engineers tactfully apply the code of ethics to tackle problems encountered in the field. The engineer shou
Who defines our motivations for what we do? In the article “Lessons from ‘Around the World with Oprah’”, author Sharon Lee demonstrates how sometimes the way people understand the things we do has little or nothing to do with why we’ve actually done them. She introduces her subject by talking about how Oprah Winfrey encouraged her viewers to ‘go around the world’ with her to learn more about the real ways that women lived their lives in other countries. Although the performer attempted to present a balanced report or at least gave the impression that this was her goal, the reality was that Oprah was presenting her own ideas of these women, finding people who were not necessarily emblematic of their culture, but people who Oprah and her staff found interesting. In arguing about how Oprah made the definitions of the women that she was presenting, Lee points to several examples in which the women themselves didn’t necessarily agree with the message Oprah was developing. The particular example Lee brings forward is the example of South Korean women going to get plastic surgery to give their eyes a more ‘Western’ look, rounder and bigger than what they were born with. While South Korean women see the procedure as a means of increasing their political and social status by associating themselves more fully with the dominant ideal, Oprah and others have defined it as an act of submission rather than seizing strength. To help support the South Korean women’s claim that their preference for eye surgery is an attempt to grab greater power in society rather than to submit to a dominant ideology, Lee suggests the theory of neoliberal economy as having brought about significant change in the way we identify ourselves. Instead of seeing ourselves as trying to live up to an ideal image of beauty, women all over have come to associate their appearance as a commodity, a bargaining chip they can use to get a better position. “Moral autonomy is measured by a capacity for self-care and the ability to make choices that will benefit the citizen no matter how constrained those choices are … since everything from our evaluations of ‘right and wrong’ to life choices, like a college education or the decision to undergo plastic surgery” (Lee, p. 27). While their choices are based on matters of practical common sense, Lee also illustrates that a great deal of how we define what a successful person looks like has to do with what we see on TV, including and especially what we see on Oprah’s show. Because Oprah has ma
Medication management is one of the central processes taking place in the clinical setting, and it is often associated with medical errors that affect patient health outcomes. The utilization of Electron Health Records (EHR) has proved to be effective in addressing medication-related errors (Hron et al., 2015). However, the problem still persists although it has acquired new forms. The process has become more efficient as compared to medication management in the past decades, but issues associated with the use of technology have become quite common. For instance, healthcare practitioners duplicate data or miss some points to be covered (Carayon et al., 2017). This paper focuses on medication-related problems and ways to prevent its occurrence. The existing literature on the matter indicates that the problem has become acknowledged, and some ways to address it have been developed. Carayon et al. (2017) found that order duplication and missing data are the most recurrent errors that could potentially lead to serious adverse effects on patients’ health. Hron et al. (2015) examined the effectiveness of the EHR that implied the use of pre- and post-admission prescriptions. The number of medication-related errors decreased, and healthcare professionals revealed their positive attitudes towards the innovation. The process of medication management involves the following stages: medication history, prescription, and administration. Physicians (and other doctors), nurses, and pharmacists are mainly involved in this process. Commercial electronic health records are mainly used for effective medication management. The system includes management of such data as laboratory tests results, allergies, medications used, medications prescribed, and treatment plans. EHRs are also characterized by the use of alerts, standards, guidelines, and sources that can help in medication management. The described process is associated with certain common errors that can take place at all the three stages. For example, the description of pre-admission medications can be incomplete as nurses can miss some data (Carayon et al., 2017). The prescription stage is mainly linked to duplication, which can result in additional costs for patients and healthcare providers. Furthermore, some details concerning prescription can be missing due to physicians’ fatigue, workload, or the lack of training. Finally, medication administration can also be related to common errors.
Introduction Health information of a given patient should be kept in a way that is easily accessible to the required personnel. Patient’s information should be treated with confidentiality by the health personnel based on the code of ethics of the medical profession. The information is usually in devices that allow easy accessibility when the information is required. These devices include; paper, images and/or optical disk. Health care facility should be in a position in order to provide a retention schedule for patient (California Civil Code, 2003, par. 2). The paper will address issues that are related to medical record retention law. In a health care centre, the service provider should come up with a retention schedule for patient health data. The schedule should meet the obligation of the patient, investigator and any other legalized user. It should also comply with the authority and regulatory body and they must have official approved documents. In addition, the retention schedule ought to have a road map. The road map gives specification on the information to be maintained and the information that should not be stored. In addition, it should also give guidelines on the period on which the information should be kept and the most appropriate method of storage (California, Health and Safety Code, 2003, par. 6). Compliance programmes should contain written policies to cater for all types of documentation which includes; documents of clinical and health check up records, medical care records and a compliance document. This should comprise of all the records required to protect the unity of the compliance process. Moreover, it should also verify the efficiency of the programme, including the workers training documentation result, from internal enquiry result, in inspecting and monitoring amendment of the compliance agenda and self-disclosure. Main body Different states have different retention requirements, which are used to establish retention policies in their facilities. In the absence of certain state requirements for record retention, the provider ought to keep the information for a specific period. This period is specified by the state, although different states have different specification depending on the law of the state. A longer retention period is sensible in a situation where a false claim is given. The records provide prove of cases happening even after a period of seven to ten years (Finkelstein, 2003, par. 5). There are several bases for keeping medical records. Firstly, a medical record is kept for patient’s health, so that it can assist the professionals in follow ups of the patient’s health condition. Secondly, the information is kept as a requirement for the state federal law; this mostly applies to the hospitals. An example of this is Medicare condition of participation, which requires the hospital to maintain medical record for a period of five years. Thirdly, medical board may have policies that requires specific information to be reserved, for example the Colorad