ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction By virtue of the Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy entries, both justice and social equity can be explained in relation to distributive justice and justice as a virtue. Justice can be defined as the concept of the rightness of morals. These morals are based on inter alia law, equity, ethics or natural law backed by sanctions in case of breach. On the other hand, social equity refers to the just and fair distribution of resources in a given society. The Concept of justice and Social Equity The concept of distributive justice is governed by normative principles that have been designed for purposes of guiding the allocation, as well as benefits and detriments of economic activity. The concept of distributive justice tends to observe strict egalitarianism that calls for the allocation of material goods in equal amounts to all. For example, where a resource of public utility like electricity is in question, then all parts of the society should benefit from this resource as opposed to it being enjoyed by only a portion of members of the society. Furthermore, distributive justice also maintains the ‘different principle’ that permits allocation in cases where it is contrary to strict equality, but its effect is not detrimental. This means that its effect must be in such a way that the least advantage in the society is in better condition materially than under the strict equality (Lamont 2007). Justice as a virtue is further reflected in the Stanford Encyclopedia (Lamont 2007). It refers to individual’s traits that could be good or bad. The phrase is evidently ambiguous and may thus vary depending on individuals or social applications. Historically, both Aristotle and Plato’s perceptions of justice as a virtue proved that they were rationalists. The two scholars employed the role of reason in their perception of what was just and fair. A good example is the fact that, it is considered unjust when one refuses to pay a debt or steals. Ethical thinkers have thus supported the fact that, justice is not based on mere sentiments. Instead, they advocate for a more intellectual and constructive rational in determining what is just. More scholars have also presented their distinct opinions about justice as a virtue using both virtual and non-virtual approaches. Threats to Justice and Social Equity In his article, Frederickson reveals the existing connection between social equity and justice (2008). Additionally, he also outlays the challenges that befall social equity in both society and public administration. The author talks about Philip
Introduction In various parts of the world, state security agencies employ torture as one of the methods of information extraction from criminals, even though it is considered illegal given the fact that it inflicts pain on suspects who are not proven guilty. The Convention against Torture has a specific definition of torture, which is applicable even in the United States. Torture is defined as any action that inflicts severe pain or suffering to an individual for the purposes of obtaining critical information. The pain can be physical or mental, depending on the kind of information needed. However, inflicting pain on an innocent individual owing to his or her skin color, race, ethnicity, or gender for purposes of punishing is also considered torture. The validity or justification of torture is highly contested with some scholars and analysts approving it while others are opposed to the act 1 . After the December bombing of the two US buildings, the state resumed to an ambitious program of eradicating terrorism in the world, with the Middle East states being the prime targets. The president declared war on Afghanistan and Iraq mainly to flush out members of the illegal terrorist group referred to as Al Qaeda, as well as its affiliated terrorist government termed as Taliban. As some scholars observe, information serves a great purpose of designing winning strategies in any war 2 . The US needed enough information to deal effectively with the illegal terrorist groups in the Middle East, particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq. In this regard, torture was viewed as one of the information extraction techniques, even though its legitimacy and use is highly contested even in the modern global system. The major aim of this paper is to conduct a study to establish whether the US has achieved its security objectives using torture as an information extraction technique. The American state security agencies have struggled a lot to introduce torture as one of the legal techniques of obtaining information from suspects. The military and the intelligence changed their strategy in 2009 when it was factual that the public was unwilling to approve any bill touching on the privacy of the individual. The election of Barrack Obama brought many changes since he promised the citizenry to end torture and affiliated inhuman acts. Upon taking office in 2009, the president ordered the security agencies to follow the law in Article 3, which is closely related to the Geneva Convention and the Army Field Manual. Based on this, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was ordered to shut down all the torture camps. This article traces all the major constitutional orders, as well as executive orders that talk about torture in the United State
Anxiety disorder has affected human beings for a long time. This prevalent mental health problem that affects millions of people was common at the beginning of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. A study carried out by Dowbiggin (2009) showed that anxiety is traced throughout history by mainly making an observation on the social events that were outstanding at that time and how the people reacted to issues.Therefore it is proper to identify gender, culture, medical fields, and education and how these affected anxiety among the people at various times in history. Most importantly, looking at how categories of social disorders had been diagnosed through the efforts of various groups and how the problem was progressively addressed by various experts to find a solution to reduce problems of mental health among the people was a point to note. The hypothesis of this study was that anxiety disorder is contributed by the social factors. The independent variable is anxiety disorder. The social anxiety disorder (SAD) which affects millions of people in the world.The examples of SAD inc
Privacy is a term used in circumstances to refer to the right one has to carry out his or her personal matters and receiving little or no intrusion in the process. This provision is not expressly incorporated in the constitutions of some countries America included; the right to privacy finds its backing from the bill of rights and the fourth amendment thereof. This does provide government peeping into personal issues like contraception. The privacy of people has been disdained severally by governments all in the name of attempting to achieve security goals. Even though security is pertinent, the government has in several occasions gone to the extremes of totally compromising the privacy of the citizens which it is charged with the responsibility of protecting. Recently President Barak Obama was involved in a row that also culminates in a way to be a privacy concern. A black scholar named Henry Louis Jr. of Harvard University, came back to his house and tried to access it only to realize that the door had developed some problems and could not open. In an attempt to access his house, Henry broke into his own house only to be arrested for that! Think about it, it was his property but the right that one has to ownership of property was being infringed. Obama went ahead to accuse the cop of being an “idiot.” A couple of years ago James Turner of New Haven Conn found himself in trouble with the police as relates to speed with which he was driving. After being flagged down y the traffic police, they indicated to him the speed with which he was driving at. He later realized that the rental car he was using had been tracked by the Global positioning System. The police (government) had colluded with the car hire company to infringe into his right to privacy in a way. The security goals that the United States of America endeavors to achieve have played a major role in bringing privacy issues to a compromise. After the September 11th 2001 bombing of the Pentagon and the World Trade centre, the number of inspections outrageously grew. People walking home in the evening would be ransacked to ensure they did not have any missiles on them woe unto those who were of Arabic descent; harassment soared. In homes, the government has found itself accused of infringing privacy in trying to intervene in cases of battery. In the case of State vs. Hassey , the state was accused of having crossed the line and got into marital issues it should not have. The ruling by the North Carolina judge was that a slap on the cheek s
During the last decades, climate change has displayed a long list of dramatic consequences, calling for action to create a more sustainable planet. In 2015, the Paris Agreement established governments’ commitment to increase emission reductions and develop sustainable technologies (Gore, 2017). The dependence on fossil fuels, plastic pollution, rampant deforestation, and impoverishment of arable land are some of the most evident causes of climate change. The building industry is a significant player in affecting the environment: besides modifying the natural landscapes heavily, it involves the design and industrial production at different levels, transportation, heating and lighting energies, to list a few factors. It is not a surprise that sustainable architecture has emerged as a crucial science towards bettering the environment. This paper will provide evidence of the harmful effects of pollutions and climate change, frame the main ideas defining the sustainable architecture, and suggest practical methods to design buildings effectively and sustainably. The twenty-first century ushered in one of the most dramatic challenges facing humanity. Climate change is becoming increasingly cumbersome and causing apocalyptic devastations across the globe. Extreme weather phenomena, including global warming, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and fires of unprecedented power, are the most evident effects of the climate crisis. Scientists have unequivocally shown that human activities are primarily responsible for climate change, although some groups persist in denying the crisis (Gore, 2017). Climate crisis goes hand in hand with pollution: broadly speaking, fuel fossil emissions and plastic wastes are suffocating the planet. In 2014, more than 80% of the energy powering humankind activities was generated by fossil fuels (Gore, 2017). The plastic industry poisoning the planet deserves a place of honor as it is one of the greatest paradoxes of the twentieth century. Plastic and synthetic materials were promoted as the means to reach a utopian democracy where inexpensive and highly durable goods would have prevented draining the natural resources (Meikle, 1995). Unfortunately, the idea of durability was sacrificed in the name of the business. “Expendability” became the industry’s goal, creating ad hoc needs and boosting the production of disposable products (Meikle, 1995). The industry’s success in creating products resisting degradation has turned into a nightmare without preventing humankind from plundering the natural resources. Besides the dependence on fossil fuels and plastic wastes harming the planet, indiscriminate deforestation, intensive farming and fishing, and monocultures are among the most destructive current practices. Plastic pollution raised concerns already in the late 1960s when the first ecologist movements started to form. At the turn of the twenty-first century, sustainability and environmental awareness have grown increasingly meaningful to become common vocabulary. The question is how to reduce the impact of the human presenc
The poverty threshold of the United States (U.S) indicates that an approximate of (13-17) percentage of the United States’ population fall below the poverty line. This translates to 39.1 million poor people. Those living in the rural areas are poorer compared to those in suburban areas. It has been found that the poverty is a cyclic process varying with time. The level goes up and down regardless of age, region, or family size. It is ironical that as poor as the country is, it registers the highest number of immigrants per annum. Inadequate fundamental learning, a wide gap between the incomes of the o-level learners and the professionals, among others, are some of the cited causes of the poverty, but lack of employment is the root cause. According to Adams, the United States has failed to create enough jobs for its people (2001). A large number of its population is unemployed. It is from a job where the Americans ought to obtain their income, which in turn develops the country starting from the family level. One can choose to create his/her own job or otherwise opt to be employed. In U.S, very few have their own jobs to absorb the jobless, and this affects much the American youth. The young people are much energetic and innovative and given the opportunity, they can develop and change the situation of a country. Since the reverse is the reverse is the case in U.S, unemployment remains the root cause of its poverty. If a country could manage to provide basic education to more than half its people, poverty could appear nowhere in the country. Bradley says that a large number of the children in United States lack the elemental knowledge (2003). There exist a positive correlation between education and employment, which in turn correlates with poverty. It appears like a culture in America where children get the mandate to choose between leisure and education. Majority prefer the former to the latter. Any employer focuses much on the educational background of a willing employee before giving him/her the job. In the case of U.S, countless never qualify for the jobs even if the opportunity arises because of their poor learning backgrounds. This brings the reason as to why learned strangers are ever securing the few jobs leaving the American redundant. Once they secure them, they expand their own countries rather than U.S and hence its high poverty levels. Another problem associated with poverty in the U.S is the high government taxes. Majority of the employed people in U.S are foreigners and not citizens of the country. As it is the case for any employed person, he/she is liable of taxation by the government. The few employed U.S citizens suffer the high tax
Cushion cork This material is majorly a composite of cork and rubber molded together to form a stiff non-thermoformable substance (Benedetti et al. 169). It is specifically very effective in making of heel lifts used to support heels in patients suffering from ankle sprains. It cushions the heel to relieve upward thrush on an injured ankle (Burns et al. 206). Korex Korex is formulated in an almost similar version as Cushion cork. It contains cork and rubber material which has been blended to form a flexible component (Okuda et al. 37). It is also not thermoformable but is durable. It is majorly used in making top and bottom covers, wedges, cushioning accommodations and is as well used in shells of soft orthotics. Neolon with bamboo This material is a complex of fabricated neoprene and nanoparticles of activated bamboo. It is usually applied in thickness of 1/16” and 1/8”. Is it applicable in making of coverings and cushioning material (Burns et al. 206). Plastazote This is a light weight material made of cross-linked polyethylene foam. It is of medium rigid density and widely applied in making of orthotic cushions (Benedetti et al. 169). TL silver It contains woven glass fibers laminations in a frame of acrylic matrix running unidirectional (Okuda et al. 36). This material is of high rigid density and is widely used in making orthotic shells. Works Cited Benedetti, Catani & Francis Ceccarelli. “Gait analysis in pes cavus.” Gait Posture 5.2 (2007): 169. Print Burns, Crosbie & Ryan Ouvrier. “Effective Orthotic Therapy for the Painful Cavus Foot.” JAPMA 96.1 (2006): 205-211. Print Okuda, Kinoshita & John Morikawa. “Arthroscopic findings in chronic lateral ankle instability: Do focal chondral lesions influence the results of ligament reconstruction?” Am J Sports Med 2005 33.1 (2005): 35-42. Print
Every business organization has its unique needs and expectations. Companies should address such needs in order to achieve their targeted objectives. This situation explains why strategic recruitment (SR) is critical to the success of a firm. Strategic recruitment focuses on the needs of an organization. This practice encourages managers to hire competent individuals who can support such needs. This practice can also create the best organizational plan. It is agreeable that “human resource (HR) managers must be aware of the targeted skills and competencies” (Mello, 2014, p. 48). This knowledge will ensure every company hires competent individuals who can support its targeted goals and missions. The process “has the potential to reduce costs and improve the level of customer satisfaction” (Mello, 2014, p. 63). Managers should also use appropriate strategies to address the adversities affecting their employees. This strategy can ensure Heidrick & Struggles Incorporation realize its business goals. A Brief Analysis of the Situation Heidrick & Struggles is currently getting smarter clients. This situation is posing new challenges to the company. The firm needs to identify and recruit competent consultants who can fulfill the needs of its clients. The “United States and Europe are also experiencing a shrinking workforce” (Eccles & Lane, 2009, p. 9). The company’s Leadership Consulting Strategy (LCS) is experiencing new obstacles. New trends have also emerged, thus affecting the company’s performance. The current use of modern information technologies is also posing new threats to the firm. According to Mello (2014, p. 92), “many consultants have been leaving their companies for greener pastures.” The company’s Compensation System (CS) requires new changes in an attempt to support its employees and consultants. It is also “becoming impossible for the company to secure the buy-in of its new consultants” (Eccles & Lane, 2009, p. 15). New changes and demands are also affecting the Executive Search Industry. Major Issues Surrounding the Company The managers at Heidrick & Struggles are experiencing new challenges. Such issues might affect the firm’s future performance. According to Eccles and Lane (2009, p. 1), “new demographic opportunities, the emergence of technology-driven alternatives, and shifting customer expectations continue to cannibalize every traditional executive search model.” New search models are also becoming popular today. Many companies are using modern technologies to get new ideas. This situation explains why Kevin Kelly is worried about the future of Heidrick & Struggles Incorporation. The company’s strategies have continued to support its operations and goals. However, Kelly believes strongly that a new Compensation System and a positive organizational culture can be critical towards the success of the company. The company’s effort to hire qualified consultants will remain a major challenge in the future. Alternative Courses of Action The presented case study offers numerous issues surrounding the
Tourism has for a long time served as a key foreign exchange earner for countries. Consequently, national governments, state governments, as well as city authorities across the world engage in campaigns aimed at positioning their countries, states, or cities as prime tourist destinations. Notably, the success rates of such campaigns vary as evidenced by the number of tourists that visit various destinations across the world. Based on existing statistics, Dubai seems to be doing well on this end. Consequently, this paper examines the tourism promotion efforts of Dubai with a focus on the body that is charged with the responsibility of overseeing tourism within the emirate. Dubai is one of the most famous tourist destinations across the world ( Dubai for Tourism, 2014). Like other countries or states, it has an established body that oversees all tourism related matters. This body is known as the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) ( Dubai for Tourism, 2014). It was set up in 1997 as a replacement for the Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion Board (DCTPB) ( Dubai for Tourism, 2014). Over the years, it has risen to become quite elaborate in terms of structure and organization. All tourism related matters, as mentioned above, are conducted under the auspices of DTCM. It plans, supervises, and develops the entire tourism sector ( Dubai for Tourism , 2014). Further, it licenses and classifies all tourism related services such as accommodation and tour operation among others ( Dubai for Tourism, 2014). Hotels and travel agencies are also licensed and supervised by this body to ensure that world-class quality prevails in all services rendered to tourists ( Dubai for Tourism, 2014). As of 2014, DTCM established an affiliate body known as the Dubai Corporation for Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DCTCM) to take charge over the marketing and promotion of the emirate as a premium destination for tourism and business (“Dubai sets up body to promote tourism,” 2014). This affiliate body works under DTCM to give the emirate the desired global publicity ahead of the planned Dubai Expo 2020. Apparently, the DTCM is reducing the burden of its direct involvement in all tourism related matters by allocating responsibilities to specialized bodies. This way, it will only play a supervisory role to ensure that Dubai, as a tourist destination, keeps getting better. Additionally, the DTCM runs a website by the name definitelydubai.com ( Definitely Dubai , 2014). This website features as the official tourism portal for Dubai. It provides plenty of information regarding tourism in Dubai including the best attractions, a travel guide, and events as well as festivals that may be of interest to tourists. It further provides instructions for tourists on how to get to Dubai from the rest of the world. Essentially, everything that a potential visitor may want to know about Dubai is featured on the website. An analysis of the endeavors of DTCM insofar as tourism promotion in Dubai is concerned reveals that it focuses on some key areas of strength. First, Dubai has marketed itself to potentia