ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The idea of crime has troubled many people for many years. The way various people define crime, variation of crime in different places, reasons why people participate in crimes, and other issues in crime have troubled scholars. The contemporary definition of crime is any act or conduct that is not allowed by law. Every country has its laws that guide the conduct of its citizens. For example, in most countries murder is defined as a crime and is prohibited. In a study of crimes, it is evident that crimes vary from one society to another and from one time to the other. This leads to a view of crime as a socials construction since it is given its definition by society. Just as in crime, institutions associated with crimes such as prisons can also be viewed as socials constructions. For a long time in United State, crimes have been associated with Blacks. In public prisons, there is a high presence of blacks. This invoked questions on crime definition and laws in the country. Discussion The history of the United State shows varying definitions of crime with time. At the same time, ideas on institutions associated with crimes have also changed with time. Composition prisons and punishment offered to different crimes over time is the best way to view changing perspectives of crimes over time (Richie 123). In history, crimes have been associated with race, ethnicity, gender, age, and poverty. Associated of Blacks could be motivated by historical slavery that led Blacks to be viewed as of lower value than other races. In society, the strong and the majority are responsible for defining laws. In such a case, the minority and the weak are forced to live with the rules set by the strong and the majority. Thus, Blacks were a minority in the society and were relatively weaker than the other parts of the community, the laws set defined their conduct as criminal. Blacks in America have been oppressed by the socials and political systems in the country. The Socials system denied Blacks access to some services or privileges. For a long time, Blacks were not well represented in the political system of the country (Rosenblatt 48). Due to these injustices, many Blacks were involved in public protests. The majority in the society could not stand protests from Blacks and this led to the crimination of these protests. If the Blacks were involved in making laws, they would not have made laws that would lead them to be sent to prisons. The definition given to the crimes and the laws made against the crimes were unjustly made and were oppressive to Blacks. T
The persona in the poem is a woman and she is already dead! In this poem, the theme of death is described using the symbol of a fly. The speaker explains how she heard the buzz of a fly on her death bed. Until when she ‘could not see’ this means that she passed on. By using various features of style like irony and symbols the narrator has managed to show reality and idealism of innate feelings towards the subject matter. In the first stanza, the use of the fly which is capitalized, allows the reader to focus on the occasion when flies like to buzz around, mainly on corpses! On the other hand, it symbolizes the sole hope of the persona, that may affect her destiny. She does not like the ‘stillness of the air’ and quietness of the room. The mood felt from these words describes the emotions of the people who are beside the bed of the persona and their helpless effort to stop death from devouring her or life to save her. What a tragedy! The persona is dying in a very horrific state but in a painless manner. Before she becomes less aware of her surrounding she is deterred by the ‘buzz’ of the fly. She is strongly waiting for death to take her smoothly. The fly is disturbing her sweet pathway to glory. The fly may represent Satan who is trying to derail her. The biblical allusion can be traced back to when the devil is also called the Lord of Flies, with a capital letter, in the same way, it’s written in the poem. The punctuation of the poem, with commas gives a chance to ponder on the subject matter and thus give a rhythmic pattern that is irregular. Words like ‘storm’ and ‘form’ in the first stanza bring rhyme. The last line ‘see to see’ also bring rhyme that summarizes the theme in the poem in a repetitive nature. The symbolic nature of the fly is somewhat mysterious. In the second stanza the poem focuses on the people around her, the poem uses figurative language in the past tense, for example, when the observers ‘wrung’ their hands. The oxymoron ‘last onset’ that differentiates between the past life and future brings a lamenting tone. There is a deity ‘King’ who may symbolize God who is supposed to elevate the persona to celestial heights. This God is giving the persona a second chance to start a new life in heaven. The importance of celebrating life and losing a loved one is shown in a somber mood here. The voice projection is lamenting. She remembers her days before is in this situation. She uses clever dictions like ‘window’ closing. This shows the opportunities and chances in one’s life have ended. In the third stanza, the main focus is on the life of the persona. She has a will, ‘I willed my Keepsakes’. The life savings of the persona that she invested during her lifetime is left to the beneficiaries. She really wishes to leave behind better possession than material. Her positive qualities achieved during her lifetime is the precious possessions she wishes to leave behind. Ironically, a fly intercepts this overwhelming ses
Introduction The extract of this paper’s focus was taken from Charles Dickens’ work, the ‘Great Expectations’, specifically Chapter 27 (Landow). In this extract we see Joe talking to Pip, it is a one-directional talk in which Joe does all the talking while Pip does the listening. Even without knowing the immediate context of this one-dimensional conversation, as portrayed in this extract, one can already sense that something is wrong. It is not every day that two people having a conversation allows someone to go on for so long talking without any interruption. But more than that, a possible underlying tension is reflected in Joe’s words. These words reveal an internal conflict within him, and as such the conflict between him and the listener, Pip. The talk also exposes a kind of awkwardness and strain between the two, and the way that Joe leaves at the end of his speech promises a no-end to that said conflict. It is of utmost importance to understand the context of this extract. That is, the story and accompanying circumstances that led to this point; this will be our focus in this paper. The Context The first half of ‘Great Expectations’ is the story of Pip living with his bad-spirited sister, his friendship with Joe (his sister’s husband), and his growing dissatisfaction with his place and plight in that household. Although, as a child, he looked up to Joe, whom he presents as a protector and a friend to him, the relationship as defined by the life around him gradually turns sour, from one of love to that of intolerance. This context is years down the line; Pip having become wealthy moved to London. Unfortunately, he can’t reconcile his present affluence with the struggles of the working class, his origin. And so when Joe visits him, Pip comes face-to-face with these two sides of him. He fears Joe does not approve of the affluence of his present lifestyle, at the same time he fears Drummle thinks less of him for associating with Joe. Throughout the visit, the meeting between the two is awkward and strained. The way Pip acts and talks makes Joe very uncomfortable. Joe becomes conscious of Pip’s behavior and reads from it that they belong to two different social classes. He understands the discomfort as the conflict involved in attempting to reconcile two different social classes. He accepts his world and the fact that it has no place in Pip’s world, so he leaves prematurely. This particular context reveals how the relationship between Joe and Pip is growing further apart. Joe admits the reality of their two social classes and accepts the fact that it is the reason for their division which cannot be reconciled. Critical Analysis In this context, there are several themes that Dickens explores, but before looking at these themes, it is important to assess and evaluate the characters involved and the vessels through which Dickens speaks of the aspects of the world he creates in ‘Great expectations’. Pip is th
Overview   * Bob Jones, an owner of public relations firm, learns that he has kidney cancer and that his wife, Gail Jones, is pregnant.   * Bob makes movies to immortalize himself.   * He interacts with the family and care providers.   * Cultural, ethical, and personal issues are present (“My Life,” 1993). “My Life” is a movie that shows how a person receives both good and bad news and confronts the end of life. Due to kidney cancer, Bob is told that he will live about 4 more months and will die before the birth of his child. After trying conventional therapies to treat cancer, his wife urges Bob to visit Mr. Ho, a Chinese healer, who explains to him that he should learn to forgive and stop his aggressiveness. It turns out that Bob is able to cope with his feelings and then dies in peace and love after seeing his newborn son. Quality of Palliative Care   * Palliative care was provided.   * No hospice.   * A live-in nurse helps Bob.   * Quality of care is appropriate as it fully meets the needs of the patient (Itano, Brant, Conde, & Saria, 2015). Speaking of the quality of palliative care provided to Bob in this movie, it is important to note that he talks to several experts, all of whom respond to his questions and concerns professionally. Bob’s wife accompanies him during the visits to the specialists, who speak in a very polite, responsive, and understandable manner. For example, when Bob rejects his diagnosis and cries, they remain composed and respectful. They suggest appropriate therapies and clearly explain to the patient that his condition is critical. A live-in nurse also shows great responsibility while caring for Bob and interacting with Gail, who also actively participates in palliative care. Pain   * Physical pain:       + Cancer and metastases;       + Pain relievers;       + Antidepressants (Panke, 2002).   * Emotional pain:       + Fear and anger;       + Self-destruction;       + Closeness;       + Communication. Pain is shown in the movie based on Bob’s physical suffering and his emotional problems. Physical pain increases with the course of the disease, yet it is addressed properly, and there are no scenes that depict concerns or complaints regarding pain. Also, the last doctor clearly states that he will provide a full range of necessary services, including medication for pain relief (the type of medication is not specified). In turn, emotional pain is expressed through Bob’s personality features and his internal resistance to forgiving his family, which is handled by means of communication. Pain impacts the character’s death as a facilitator of his awareness of the value and meaning of his life. It also allows the family members to
Bullying in school represents an interpersonal conflict oppressive mode that rattles not only a student’s being but also the body. When it comes to LGBT teenage students, bullying might appear as idiosyncratic tendencies, the emotional consequences of such a bullied student stress gender inequality. LGBT adolescent bullying in schools results in heightened experiences based on severe adverse outcomes attributed to poor mental health and low academic-oriented success. Allen, K. (2014). Addressing the issue: Bullying and LGBTQ youth. Journal of Youth Development , 9, 3, 40-46. Several thousand students are victims of bullying, and worse, almost three-quarters of these victims are students with LGBT orientation. Among these youths, experiencing is elevated compared to students who have the normal sexual orientation. While majorities of the child-serving institutions are involved in addressing bullying in learning institutions, there still exists information deficiency in the way LGBT youth is to be addressed. It, therefore, becomes the responsibility of such youth organizations to develop secure and inclusive environments for every youth, specifically LGBT youths. The importance of this source to the research is associated with the significant role that youth organizations have to play towards minimizing bullying among LGBT students. Berry, K. (2018) LGBT bullying in school: A troubling relational story. Communication Education , 67:4, 502-513. Web. Bullying in learning institutions is an interpersonal confl
Introduction The power of the state as reflected in the political system is related to the economic development of most countries. Modern development economists believe that quick and robust economic growth is a function of the political system of the day. At the international level, most developed countries are now using their state powers and economic strength to influence the global economy. In particular, they influence the economic development in the underdeveloped world through their state powers and economic strength. Most developed countries such as the US and the UK in conjunction with IMF and World Bank are playing an active role in determining the fiscal and monetary policies in developing countries (Willmann 51). At the center of their proposal is the abandonment of protectionist policies in favor of a free trade and open market system (Willmann 52). However, empirical evidence from historical analysis reveals that no country has ever developed without protecting its infant industries. Thus this paper seeks to confirm the thesis that infant industry protection is essential for developing countries. The paper will review Ha-Joong Chang’s Publication on Bad Samaritans. Literature Review The proponents of capitalism and neo-liberal free trade such as Milton and Thomas Freidman, believes that countries should open up for free trade irrespective of their development stages. At the center of their argument is the condemnation of the protectionist policies (Chiang 5). The protectionist policies are those deliberately set by the government to protect their emerging industries from cut-throat competition emanating from the developed world. The policies seek to give a chance to the infant industries to grow steadily and mature before being allowed to compete at the international level (Willmann 53). However, Freidman believes that such polices only help developing countries to achieve sluggish growth. Besides, free trade economists cite the large international market as a clear advantage of the free trade. Over the years, developing countries have tried to embrace the free trade ideology. However, they have often failed and this can be explained by the following reasons. Weaknesses of Free Trade and Open Market System First, developing countries have not been able to compete with their developed counterparts over the years despite efforts by both local governments and the developed world to promote free trade. One of the reasons for their inability to compete is economic backwardness (Chiang 8). Most developing countries in Africa and South America are still using outdated technologies for production. Due to their poor production techniques, they are not able to produce at the same level as their competitors from the developed world. America and Britain for example, have mechanized their production while in Afri
Designing an efficient risk management strategy is crucial to the existence of any project or entrepreneurship, as well as the safety of its members. Although foreseeing every possible threat that may jeopardize the security of the project and its members are barely possible, it is still necessary to design the framework that will help address emergencies. Otherwise, the consequences of an unexpected shock may be dire, as the infamous case of Challenger and its unexpected explosion has shown. As the notorious example shows, the stage involving detailed and scrupulous tests of the project design, as well as the assessments of any possible flaws with their further elimination from the product, are to be completed fully so that the crucial threats to the wellbeing of the participants involved could be maintained and that the project losses could be driven to their minimum. While the importance of the negative outside effects is not to be underrated when designing an appropriate risk management framework, the case study points clearly to the necessity to identify the internal issues before launching the project. According to the details provided in the Challenger case study, the strong headwind was the trigger for the disaster to happen, but it was not the core reason for the problem to occur in the first place. Indeed, as the narrator explains, the problems in the design of the shuttle were the key to understanding why the tragedy took place (Bal, 2011). In other words, the case is a graphic representation of the drastic effects that the inconsistent leadership approach, in general, and the lack of supervision coupled with a poor quality management framework must have affected not only the end product but also the lives of people that were involved in its development. When defining the stage of risk management at which the loopholes in the project safety emerged, one must admit that there might be variations in determining the determinants affecting the failure of Challenger. However, it would be safe to say that the problems started to show at the third stage of the risk management process (risks evaluation). Going into further detail, one should mention that the people involved in designing the shuttle failed to design the attachment rings so that they could withstand a rapid change in temperature (e.g., a drop thereof as in the case in point): “As superhard gases escape, small pieces of aluminum slag from the rocket fuel build up and block
The case under discussion has all the hallmarks of a contract law dispute. The present paper demonstrates the reasons as to why the defendant’s motion on the case should be overruled. More importantly, it shows why the plaintiff should be compensated as requested for wrongful termination of services. As the judge in the case, I would rule in favor of the plaintiff and oblige the defendant to pay for the damages as requested. Available literature on such cases argue that there can be oral manifestations of assent in a contract (Barmes 437; Wilkinson-Ryan 2110), and that such oral manifestations mean that parties to a contract communicated to each other about their agreement (Estlund 381). This in effect means that a contract may not necessarily be delivered in writing as argued by the defendant when citing the stature of frauds. In consequence, the rights of the plaintiff to gainful employment were effectively violated when the defendant chose to terminate the employment even after orally assuring the plaintiff that employment would continue for a substantial period of time. Additionally, the ruling would be in favor of the plaintiff due to the fact that termination of employment was premised upon the wrong reason that was not listed in discussions for engagement. Here, it is important to note that “a contract is just a tool to procure a service, supply, construction or so on” (Page & Krauer 12). However, the law that binds the contract gives it its life and vitality to guide relationships and covenants. The plaintiff’s contractual agreement with the defendant, it seems, was predicated upon the passage of the Madison State Bar examination. However, the defendant proceeded to terminate the services of the plaintiff before the lapse of the initial three years even after the plaintiff sat for the examination and passed. This scenario is aggravated by the fact that the plaintiff’s services were discontinued after one year due to budgetary constraints rather than failure to perform as originally agreed during the discussions. It cannot therefore escape mention that the plaintiff was wrongly terminated. Furthermore, the ruling would be in favor of the plaintiff due to the fact that she had not gone against any of the rules set by the defendant to warrant termination of services. Available literature demonstrates that “employment contracts may have post-employment obligations and covenants, including confidentiality agreements, noncompetition agreements, and nonsolicitation agreements” (Rashty 24). The plaintiff fulfilled all these obligations y
Introduction Business ethics refers to a set of principles that govern the conduct of businesses and the general behavior that is expected of employees and managers. Ethics is an important aspect of business communication since it ensures that businesses are run in a legally and acceptable manner. Ethical guidelines vary from one community to the other based on the established perception regarding the right behavior. For multinational companies, challenges often arise in the standardization of the ethical codes since such regulations must reflect the diverse cultural norms and national values of the different countries. Various benefits accrue from the strict observance of the ethical principles, among them being higher profits, avoidance of legal penalties, and the recruitment and retention of the best talents. However, in some cases, ethics may limit a firm’s short-term profits and hence the reason why some scholars argue against strict observance of the ethical provisions. This situation has led to an ethical dilemma in business communication today. The stiffening competition among firms is largely to blame for the defiance by some firms to follow the ethical code. Carroll and Buchholtz argue that globalization has contributed to the high competition in the contemporary business world and that it has compelled firms to ignore some of the ethical provisions that may limit their profitability (67). This paper explores this dilemma in terms of the extent to which a firm may abide by the ethical provisions against the backdrop of the heightening competition. To achieve this purpose, the paper will analyze the short -term and the long-term benefits and drawbacks of the strict observance of ethics by the firms. Dilemma in Exercising Ethical Behavior in Business Communication Carroll and Buchholtz assert that the strict observance of ethical provisions can be very expensive in the short-run since it may harm the firm‘s prosperity (78).