ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Edgar Wideman’s story Who invented the jump shot seems like a story about basketball from first glance. The story’s title represents the name of the conference that the main character takes part in. Despite the story being related to basketball, there is not much discussion about the topic of basketball or who actually invented the jump shot. Instead, the story follows the main character’s fictional journey across the minds of other people caught in the snowstorm. My initial reaction to the piece was excitement, as I deeply appreciate when authors decide to introduce several characters and explore their thought processes in short stories. I find that Wideman’s piece is similar in tone to Tobias Wolff’s story Bullet in the brain . It seems that during his wandering across strangers’ minds, the main character could have explored the story of the main character from Wolff’s piece. However, although the stories share a similar style of narrative, they have different meanings. The deeper meaning of Wideman’s story is hidden behind several layers of other stories located in one plot. In the beginning part of the story, the main character gives the reader his opinion about who invented the jump shot implying the absurdity of the conference’s purpose and its unnecessary character. The story emphasizes how most of the conference’s participants were “noncolored,” implying their domination and position to not determine who invented the jump shot but rather push their narrative and tell who invented it (Wideman, 2008, p. 728). The main point of Wideman’s story was to emphasize the racism in daily life and the humorous
International Relations Theory Max Brooks authored an inspiring novel in 2006 titled World War Z. Post-apocalyptic writing evaluates his previous works on ‘The Zombie Survival Guide’. The book is mainly a collection of personal accounts having posed as a UN agent (11). Brooks gives various viewpoints of citizens of various states as regards to Zombie war. He notes that the war changed the religious, political, and environmental views of many people in the world. The narrator was inspired by the findings of Studs Terkel on the Good War. In his analysis, the author criticizes various governmental structures. He notes that the government is incompetent in handling social issues related to environmental conservation. He also observes that American isolationism puts it in a tricky situation because other states accuse it of negligence and highhandedness. The author examines the theme of human survival where he notes that each state is interested in its affairs. From his analysis, it is noted that realism theory comes out clearly like the idea behind American success. The US government manufactured a virus referred to as Solanum, which does not have intelligence and is always inspired by the wish to consume human flesh. Max Brooks argues that the virus could only be eliminated by destroying its brain. This shows that the government wanted to dominate other states in the world by coming up with an uncontrollable virus (Max 14). No state could match American technology since Zombies could fight tirelessly. Although the use of zombies is fictitious, everything used in the novel is real. The author shows that the American government is ahead in terms of technology, high politics (security), culture, and military strategies. Max Brooks’ analysis demonstrates that in the current international system, realism can be utilized in understanding associations between actors in the system (21). This is because the system seems to be anarchic and brutal. States make calculated moves meaning that the benefits of associations are carefully measured before they are endorsed. In this case, it can be observed that life is short-lived because the more powerful states use their power to subjugate and oppress the less powerful. It can be summarized that states exist according to Hobbestian state of nature where the man was selfish and antisocial. It is unrealistic to argue that idealism guides state in the international system. Idealists argue that institutions are formed to prevent aggression and future wars. This could not hold because the League of Nations failed to prevent the most tragic war in the world that is, the Second World War. Max Brooks’ analysis is in line with Cynthia Weber’s observation of international relations theory. Despite the strong arguments by liberalists and neo-liberalists, the power of non-state actors such as international regimes, MNCs, and international organizations, is limited in terms of the ability to enforce decisions. To this extent, the most they can do is to recommend policies. Their effectiveness depends on the sta
The hearsay evidence is one of the most ambiguous points in the juridical system. On the one hand, this type of evidence is evidently misleading, which, under certain conditions, can have a negative effect on the fairness of the proceedings. On the other hand, the hearsay evidence still serves to be an extra source of data and can be a critical part of the fact-finding process. In the meantime, as long as there are some restrictions on the hearsay admission, the question arises if these limitations can be assistive in ensuring the fairness of proceedings. First and foremost, it is critical to note that experts do not have any illusions regarding the fairness of the hearsay evidence. Thus, for instance, there is an opinion that the only valid evidence that should have any impact on the course of proceedings is the direct one that can be, in its turn, supported by the relevant hearsay (Taheri 2011). Otherwise stated, the implemented admission restriction is mainly aimed at preventing proceedings from relying solely on the unreliable evidence that used to be quite a common case until the restrictions were employed. Meanwhile, it would be irrational to exclude the hearsay evidence from the juridical practice completely. Thence, Spencer notes that the most difficult part resides in defining the very “limited circumstance” under which the hearsay evidence should be admitted. The author assumes that there is no reason for strict limitations as long as the information provided in a hearsay manner might serve to be valuable for juridical decision-making (Spencer 2014). Moreover, some experts believe that hearsay evidence is absolutely essential for such types of proceeding as criminal. They assume that it is necessary to ensure the relevant safeguards rather than reject the hearsay evidence (Smith 2011). In spite of the fact that the hearsay evidence is the one that is not fully valid as it is provided by the second party, it should still be noted that it might have a powerful impact on the juridical process. Thus, the specific details provided in the hearsay evidence might play a critical role in shaping the decision-makers’ opinion. In this case, the verdict becomes more subjective. However, the question, consequently, arises regarding the judges’ competence and proficiency presuming that they are inclined to bring in subjective verdicts. From this perspective, the fairness of proceedings seems to be more dependable upon the professional standards that the executives stick to rather than the admission or the non-admission of the hearsay evidence. Thence, some specialists are inclined to believe that a high-quality judge is capable of distinguishing between the relevant and the misleading hearsay evidence so that his or her decision is carried out on the basis of complex analysis (Park 2015). In other words, the human factor is a more powerful de
Every day the problem of the shortage of nurses aggravates extremely fast. American Psychiatric Nurses Association warns about providing mental health to all patients because of nurses shortage. Today there are fewer nurses, and this is a serious concern. One of the primary objectives is to inspire young students to become in an infirmary and re-employ older infirmarians to offer patients expert care. The significant benefit of the EBP is that it enables nurses to utilize innovative treatment approaches. The primary objective of health care is to provide safe, efficient healthcare (Schneider et al., 2016). In order to successfully address the future problem, nurses can develop new techniques and resolve health concerns. Implementing evidence-based practices is indeed a complex and ongoing process that must be carefully conducted and investigated. In constantly changing care contexts, nurses work (Dobson & Dobson, 2018). However, this does not mean that this method is not successful. By examining each patient, you can come to discoveries in medicine that will help you make decisions faster and better in the future. However, some problems can interfere with these analyzes. The problem of communication is one of the fundamental ones. Misunderstandings occurring during the analysis can lead to failures and incorrect results; respectively, the meaning of the analysis will be lost. Different qualifications of employees can also lead to problems during the internship. The skill level will determine the implementation methods and strategies; however, if employees are prepared for practice at different levels, the practice process will be complicated due to the different employee knowledge levels. Moreover, the last problem raised in the post is resources. The resource issue is also relevant as it is sometimes challenging to involve stakeholders. It should be taken into account and prepared for the lack of resources to use the available ones better.
There can be no doubt that the coronavirus has damaged the economy in a massive way, disrupting not only the trade-related transactions in China but also grasping the entire world. So far, COVID-19 has led to the cessation of a range of economic processes and put a variety of businesses to a halt (Johnson et al., 2020). Among the major issues that the coronavirus has caused, the fact that the suggested measures are likely to affect the economy even further needs to be addressed. Namely, by putting entire communities in quarantine, local governments have created a setting in which it is barely impossible for companies to survive (Cecchetti & Schoenholtz, 2020). 7 However, by utilizing innovative tools, including IT and ICT, organizations will be able to continue operating by offering their staff members remote work. Arguably, the suggested strategy is unlikely to help manufacturing organizations, where physical labor is needed to produce the necessary results. However, in light of the fact that automation has affected nearly all modern industries, it seems plausible for companies to sustain their business by introducing an automatized approach wherever possible and performing the functions of monitoring and control as remote activities (Ramasamy & Reddy, 2020). Thus, organizations will be able to survive, which will keep the economy stable (Benvenuto, Giovanetti, Vassallo, Angeletti, & Ciccozzi, 2020). On a larger scale, the actions that will help to keep the economy stable despite the coronavirus should be based on abandoning the lockdown while focusing on safeguarding people and encouraging digital transactions instead of physical ones whenever possible. Namely, the dates for the cessation of the lockdown will have to be identified and followed accordingly. In addition, a greater emphasis has to be placed on the investment in the management of nursing and healthcare facilities since the specified organizations are under a huge strain presently. By investing in the specific organizations, companies will be able to reduce the risks of COVI-19 contagion among their employees, as well as increase the opportunity of addressing the disease as fast as possible, should it appear in the corporate setting (Rani, 2020). The suggested strategy admittedly implies significant risks, the health risks being the most obvious and the most concerning ones. However, if the lockdown continues, the economy will collapse inevitably, leaving a huge number of people unemployed and broke (Pastor, 2020). Therefore, opportunities for key transactions have to be provided. Additionally, international flights need to be resumed so that companies’ supply chains could continue functioning. The coronavirus has had a tremendously adverse effect on the global economy, causing large companies to suffer significant damages and creating the threat of an economic collapse. However, with the careful estimation of risks and the analysis of the global environment, one will be able to re-launch key global trade-related processes. As a result, the current economic system has been faltering between the state of a temporary shutdo
Letter’s Historical Context Even though nowadays Japan occupies an important economic and political position on a worldwide scale, the country went through a long path of struggle. A significant period in Japanese history was the so-called ‘age of imperialism’, characterized by the dominance of the Western countries. Of all events that happened during that time, the most serious was the Russo-Japanese War. Russia saw Japan as the dominant obstacle to meeting its interests in China. To respond to ‘potential’ danger, Russia along with a tight partnership with France and Germany attacked Japan. April 1895 was the month when three countries declared Japan’s possession of the Liaotung Peninsula a barrier to achieving peace in the Far East, recommending Japan to surrender its rights in that territory. 1 A useful outcome achieved by the Japanese leaders was the importance of a balanced national power as a key in surviving in the world where only jungle rules and laws prevail. Concept of Orientalism The concept of Orientalism has gained popularity with the help of Edward Said, a Palestinian literary theoretician. According to Said, Orient is ‘the place of Europe’s greatest and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other.’ 2 Thus, Orientalism is defined as a concept polarly different from the European tradition, experience, image, and idea. Because the Orient characteristic is not imaginative, it was able to influence the Western culture as well as its material civilization. In the context of rivalry between Japan and Western countries, Orientalism is characterized by the forcing of cultural meanings of dominating countries. The prevailing opinion was that the West was superior because of its rationality while the East was inferior in that sense. Resulting from this opinion, the concept of Orientalism is closely linked to a stereotypical perception of the Eastern cultures. Thus, cross-cultural communication and cooperation will always be difficult if stereotypical perception continues to be perpetuated. 3 Letter’s Meaning and Primary Ideas Sir Ernest Mason Satow was a British scholar and diplomat that served in Japan between 1853 and 1912. His correspondence, particularly letters, is significant for representing a Western view of the Eastern culture and attitudes that prevailed in the nineteenth-twentieth century. In his letter to a Japanese scholar F. V. Dickins, Satow touched upon the subject of the Japanese culture and Japanese people. According to Satow, during his living in Japan, he had never had a view that Japan will ever become an important player in the global arena: ‘the people seemed to be too many mere imitators, and wanting to bottom.’ 4 This perception can already be linked to orientalism in the sense that the Japanese culture is viewed as inferior to the Western cultur
Abstract Organizational Informatics is the application of both Information Technology and Computer Science in handling an Organization’s matters. With the new developments in information technology and Computer Science, organizations have recorded increase in the ease of their operation, quick execution of tasks, and reduction in the operational costs. The adoption of informatics in firms may also have adverse effects on manpower (Bloomfield, 2000). Goal attainment and supervision of staff has eased with the implementation of computerization and information technology in many organizations. Deterioration in creativity in some industries and automation of humans are some of the adverse impacts experienced in Organizational Informatics. This dissertation seeks to ascertain some of the developments and extent of their impacts on the organizations (Nembhard, 2011). Organization is a term that refers to a group of individuals who operate under a definite set of principles that guide them towards achieving a common goal. There are different types of organizations that may include institutions and other types of business entities. Informatics is the combination of computer science and information science (Bouwan, 2005). Therefore, Organizational Informatics refers to the integration of information technology in handling different information related matters in an organizational setting. Organizational Informatics has a social aspect that one has to consider when analyzing various institutions. One examines different types of organizations redefining their distinct characteristics to come up with the best information technology that best suits them. Organizational Informatics establishes the purposeful areas in the business to come up with the best ways of conveying information. It helps in enhancing the business integration of tasks in a fast and efficient manner. Organizational Informatics broadly elucidates the diverse information-based products. It is vital to examine the different products used within an information domain (Pulver, 2009). The organizational scope is broad, and as such, there is the need to establish a product that best fits a particular organization. The rise of many organizations having different time spans for change institutes the use of flexible information technology that incorporates changes. Nature of Organizational Informatics The Organizational Informatics tends to be problem-oriented, incorporating different rules and practices of the respective organization. The information technology of a given organization is structured to fit the functionality of the organization. Organization’s information technology is always programmed to yield solutions to problems that an organization is likely to face. Different organizations have different problems; information infrastructure should solve the problems in an organization. For Organizational Informatics to hold, one should hold on to the principle of framework dependency. Context dependency lays the assumption that there is a p
Human rights are the automatic and natural rights and the freedom that an individual is entitled to irrespective of their diversity in terms of gender, race, origin or any other area of human diversity. These rights hence allow every human being to be treated equally and impartially. James 1 contends that human rights maintain the radar on the peoples’ freedom to develop and make independent choices as human beings. Freedom to grow and develop requires physical, emotional and social growth without fear, bigotry or aggravation. Foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world is bestowed on the fact that there are equal rights to all members of the human race. Disregard to human rights have led to violations of human conscience resulting from restrictions to speaking out, fear and general oppression, restriction of movement and many other acts violating human rights. Due to the effects of these barbaric acts, it is fit for the human rights to be protected by law through different bodies that have since been formed, a factor that leads to development of friendly relations among those within a country and abroad. There is therefore a need for human right to be adhered to, respected and protected, failure to which there should be intervention by the affiliate bodies, non-government organizations and the international community. More specifically, the international community has power to really effect on those violating human rights and hence bringing soberness to the situation. The dignity and worth to all human beings encourages social progress and improves the quality of all people irrespective of their gender, age, color, language or ethnic group 2 . Mindful declarations therefore strive to educate and promote the respect for rights and freedoms and implementation of progressive measures that secure the recognition of the importance and observance of the freedoms and rights 3 . Human rights are traced during the insurgency time of Protestants. This was after the conservatism of religious conviction and after authoritarianism feudal had disappeared. The birth of mass communication and media in the form of radio, telecommunications and internet catapulted the knowledge of human rights by majority in the modern times. Technological dominance of the modern age has also speeded up the formalization process of human rights 3 . Human rights entail acting and treating each other in the fortitude of brotherhood. Some of the rights of human beings include
Executive summary Logistics is the distribution of manufactured goods from the places of production to areas of demand. Logistics concentrates on two major areas, namely retail logistics and manufacturing logistics. Manufacturing logistics looks into the initial process of production of goods while retail logistics involves the division of the distribution channels so as to avail the goods to different locations (Tompkins, 2005). The focus of this paper is to provide a report concerning the distribution process. The issue in question looks at the difference between service/retail logistics and manufacturing logistics. The paper provides an analysis of both topics focusing on the elements that set them apart from each other. This is followed by the provision of recommendations and a conclusion which summarizes the contents of the topic at hand. The recommendations in this case rally for better treatment during production, storage, and transportation. Proper management of retail and manufacturing logistics entails controlling the specified portions, sizes and quality of the goods. Careful inspection of the manufacturing and storage c
Output gap represents the difference of actual and potential GDP of an economy and is expressed in percentage. The output gap can be negative or positive, and it is significant in determining policies to use in an economy (Pettinger, 2021). A positive output gap depicts that the economy has a high demand for goods and services, benefiting an economy. However, this output gap can spur inflation because the labor and cost of goods increase to respond to demand rise. Fiscal policy is the most suitable government policy during a positive output gap. It includes influencing aggregate demand through having changes in taxation and government spending. There are two types of fiscal policy that is contractionary and expansionary. Contractionary policy is used when there is inflation, that is, an economy that produces too much. At the same time, expansionary fiscal policy is employed when there is a recession in an economy. The government can reduce inflationary pressure through a tax increase and a reduction in spending by the government (Afonso, 2019). A fiscal policy expansion, for instance, increases aggregate demand in the following methods. The first is that an increase in purchases and keeping taxes constant helps directly increase demand. The second is that a rise in transfer payment or tax cuts results in a increase in disposable household income, increasing the consumption rate. The aggregate demand thus is increased by higher consumption in the economy. In conclusion, policymakers have to be keen on selecting the right policy to stabilize the economy. Once the policy is decided, the appropriate tool, for instance, changes government spending or tax changes. Besides, it is essential to implement output gap closing with care and know the right stimulus to use as too much stimulus can result in another gap. Reference Afonso, A., Alves, J., & Balhote, R. (2019). Interactions between monetary and fiscal policies. Journal of Applied Economics , 22 (1), 132-151. Pettinger, T. (2021). Output Gap Definition – Economics Help . Economics Help.