ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hunting and gathering was one of the ancient practices in human history. The society regarded hunting and gathering as a form of hobby, trade or simplify as a method of obtaining food. Hunting and gathering was widespread especially in densely populated forests because these areas were inhabited with animals and wild fruits. However, the trend of hunting and gathering has changed in present times (Hummel, 72). Perhaps it can be attributed to people’s evolving lifestyles. This paper explores how hunting has transformed from native years to present. It explores in details whether the practice has become more of a game or simply a sporting activity. How Hunting and Gathering Has Changed From Its Native Years According to Maisels (76), early man was likely to be a scavenger than a hunter. He could feed on the remains of animals which died of natural causes or killed by predators. Over 500,000 years, hunting and gathering, was the only means of survival for the early man. The hunter–gatherer communities were forced to be always on the move since some areas produced foods seasonally due to variations in climatic patterns. Natural rocks and trees provided them with shelter. For more than 80,000 years ago, revolution started to take place and early man invented old age tools such as; the bone harpoons, fishing nets and hooks (Maisels, 86). Besides these tools simplifying work of obtaining food, they aided in promoting sporting activities. Men were primarily hunters while women were gatherers in most communities but in some communities, women also allowed to hunted. These communities lived in clusters based on their tribes and kinship. They adopted a democratic and non-hierarchical system of governance. In addition, shared and exchanged resources besides creating space for leisure activities as affirmed by Maisels (124). Agricultural practices were implemented 10,000 years ago, and it has since played a vital role in the replacement of hunting and the gathering as a way of livelihood. However, some communities have not adopted it in entirety as some communities are still hunters and gatherers (Maisels, 127). The continued demand for land for agricultural practices led to the integration of more hunter-gatherers communities to the innovative agricultural measures. Th
Ferron’s news article “Advance Directives Help Patients Create End-of-Life Road Maps” deals with the use of advance directives when it comes to end-of-life road maps. Ferron notes that advance directives are not common as only 27% of US patients have them, but they are instrumental in making the right decision when patients cannot speak for themselves, and their caregivers should decide (par. 13). One of the major barriers to the spread of these directives is the cultural beliefs and values existing in the contemporary society as people try not to think about the time of crisis. The article in question is closely related to a broader topic of values and beliefs in healthcare. Ferron mentions that Americans, as well as other many other nations, do not like thinking of the death and the time of any kind of disability (par. 14). People focus on life and health, which is a good trend as they remain active and positive. Nonetheless, various crises have a tremendous impact on modern people as they are unprepared. Although death is a natural thing, people do not think about it even when they are getting old. Advance directives can become the path to get ready for major crises that can occur. It is necessary to note that one of the central values in the contemporary society, as well as the US healthcare system, is that an individual has the right to make every choice concerning his/her health. In some culture states, there could be times when the individual’s opinion could be even disregarded, but now the patient is the major decision maker. At that, patients may lose the ability to speak for themselves due to an injury or certain chronic conditions. Their caregivers become responsible for the life and wellbeing of their loved ones. The choice can often be very hard, and the advance directive can become a helpful tool. Some people claim that the advance directive should be a part of the Medicare plan as it makes the process of the healthcare services provision quite clear (Ferron 26). Of course, it healthcare professionals can also benefit from the popularization of advance directives. They will be able to respond to various challenges in a more efficient way. For instance, a patient with a chronic illness can outline procedures that can or cannot be performed. The patient can also identify the point when certain procedures can or must be carried out. In case of severe injuries and loss of consciousness (or ability to talk), the patient can still be sure that his/her interests and wishes will be taken into account. Thus, the individual is central to the provision of healthcare services as the patient can make major decisions rather than caregivers or healthcare professionals. Another implication for healthcare units is concerned with purely legal issues. In some cases, caregivers or patients may sue hospital’s personnel, but the existence of advance directives can decrease the number of lawsuits as there will be a particular road map to follow. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the article in question deals with the concept of values and beliefs. The advance directive can become a road map for
Introduction Latin America has moved from export-led growth to import substitution policies and then back to export-led growth, which is regarded to have enabled many countries to sustain economic growth and development. There has been widespread adoption of development policies in the Latin America, in an effort to precipitate economic development. Export-led growth and import substitution policies have been put in place interchangeably to stimulate economic growth where one policy has failed. Moreover, Latin America has been able to sustain its economic growth through export-led growth policies after adoption of import substitution policies failed to realize or sustain economic growth. Export Led Growth Policies Export-led growth has been facilitated by a number of countries such as Chile, although its overdependence has resulted in low economic growth rates in a number of countries. Chile undertook radical liberalization since the year 1973 where import substitution policies were abandoned for implementation of export-led growth 1 . The adoption of export-led growth strategies has put Chile far much ahead of other Latin American countries, despite having common economic weaknesses 2 . A number of countries have lost confidence with regards to the advantages of export-led growth strategies even in countries where export-led growth policies have been successful. This is because there have been financial constraints and recession in countries that have adopted export-led growth policies, considering the global economic crisis. Export-led growth policies have been widely pursued be Latin American countries since1980s, which has facilitated economic growth successfully. Expanding export goods out of the Latin American region has not generated the huge increases in growth of output. Global financial crisis has in the past affected global trade and it has further led to the downfall of growth potential. This is because price variations of export commodities in the international and foreign markets lead to negative impacts on economic growth. Global financial crisis in trade and capital markets has facilitated foreign direct investment and remittance, leading to a decreased economic growth of countries that are dependent on export cash flows. Chile, being an export-led growth country, has undertaken strategies for implementation of fiscal policies such as cyclic counter policy in an effort to prevent economic downfall. The theory of export expansion to stimulate economic growth is based on the openness of trade where economic goods and services are shifted to sectors of economy where there is efficiency and comparative advantage. Sectors where there is comparative advantage and economic efficiency are expanded to accommodate skilled, semi skilled, and unskilled labor. The sectors also facilitate technology transfer and foreign direct investment for economic growth through trade liberalization. There is empirical evidence that exports tend to stimulate economic growth, as they increase although this stimulation trends vary among
Different researchers have different points of view concerning organizational culture. Some of them are apt to think that each organization has its own culture, while others argue that organizations are cultures (Bolman & Deal, 2013). Schein (as cited in Bolman & Deal, 2013 ) gives the following definition of this notion -“a pattern of shared basic assumptions that a group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” (p. 269). Any successful manager should understand basic principles of organizational culture. A leader determines the behavioral patterns that have an impact on success of any organization. A leader should understand the motives and personal qualities of the members of a company. It is a leader who establishes organizational culture imposing his values on a group. Reference List Bolman, L., & Deal, T. (2013). Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership. San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass.
Introduction Zora Neale Hurston is among the renowned American folklorists, novelists and short-story writers. She is amongst the foremost American writers of “the Harlem Renaissance, a literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem, New York, which redefined African-American expression during the 1920s and 1930s” (Muraskin 76). A careful scrutiny of her works, specifically Drenched in Light and Sweat, reveals the black Americans’ quest for power especially the women. This is clear following the women’s evident incredible concerns about mistreatments. The society depicted by the two works suffers enormously from social problems affiliated to women. It also experiences additional problems portrayed through the existing relationships between male and female sexes. Consequently, Drenched in Light and Sweat serve as tools for addressing the “The economic, social and political subjection of women, the violence brought against them, and their confinement around the world” (Tate 28). This perhaps makes these two works to be significant as part of American literature following the concerns of today’s feminists in matters of according women their due strength. The two works address the 1930s unjustified and uncivilized acts of mistreatment of women particularly in the institution of marriage. The problem worsens following the existence of inflexible cultures and beliefs concerning the obligation of women in the community. Sadly, women had no capacity or rather ‘strength’ to rise against acts of mistreatment to advocate for a change of the oppressive cultures. Therefore, the paper introspects how Zora brings out the theme of strength in the two books, taking a step further to compare how she approaches the theme in the two masterpieces. Theme of strength in “Sweat” Sweat is a must-read fascinating chef-d’oeuvre that presents the encounters of a woman who clearly has no strength in the society to make her own decision on how to control her destiny. Delia’s husband exposes her to acts of badger. Since she has no capacity to help herself get out of this marriage, she has no option other than enduring the miserable life she encounters. In fact, her husband comments perhaps exemplify her deterioration of strength. He tells her, “Well, you better quit getting me riled up, else they’ll be totin’ you out sooner than you expect, Ah’m so tired of Ah don’t know whut to do” (Hurston “Sweat” 75). Arguably, women were more of a liability than an asset to me
Bring your device (BYOD) refers to the organizational policy of allowing employees to bring their technological devices to the workplace and use them to carry out organizational duties. Such devices include laptops, tablets, and smartphones. This phenomenon is increasingly becoming popular in the business world. BYOD has both advantages and disadvantages. Many businesses have embraced the policy because it is difficult to stop employees from using personally owned devices at work. Studies have shown that BOYD increases employee productivity because it gives the freedom to choose how they wish to work. Despite the many risks that BOYD presents, its innumerable benefits are proof of its importance in today’s business world. Advantages of BYOD in Organizations BYOD helps employees become more productive and creative by increasing their morale. It is easier to use a personal device than an organization’s device. Also, it increases convenience because employees use their own devices (Egan, 2013). BYOD also gives organizations a competitive advantage and therefore, allows them to attract and retain highly-qualified employees. Organizations that implement the policy are seen as attractive and flexible employers. BYOD has also been shown to increase employee satisfaction and reduction of operation costs. Many personal devices use the latest technology. Organizations are not as fast as individuals to adopt the latest technology or purchase updates for their software programs. Major Risks Surrounding BYOD One of the risks of BYOD is the use of unsanctioned services to share or sync an organization’s files and sensitive information (Buckley, 2013). Several surveys have shown that employees share sensitive customer information using public enamel platforms with disregard for approved communication channels. This practice is very risky because organizations have strict document sharing policies that prohibit such practices (Buckley, 2013). The consequences of this practice include loss of business opportunities, financial losses, and expensive lawsuits that tarnish an organization’s image (Keyes, 2016). Another risk of BYOD is unauthorized access to systems that can compromise the safety of company data (Buckley, 2013). Other risks include limited control over employee devices by organizations, jailbreaking and rooted devices, violation of restrictions, the introduction of vulnerabilities into an organization’s secure system, and increased probability of security breach through hacking (Keyes, 2016). Opponents argue that BOYD is a bad idea because of the high costs of data leakage and redundant licenses that result from a violation of company rules (Egan, 2013). Security controls and technologies used to manage the aforementioned risks include antivirus software, implementation of acceptable use policies, data encryption, firewalls, and sandboxing (Keyes, 2016). Organizations encourage employees to install antivirus software on their devices before connecting them to their systems. Also, they i
Peter, Paul, and Mary should consider starting a limited liability partnership (LLP). A limited liability partnership that has at least two members is similar to a general partnership because both entities file similar tax returns. LLPs do not treat their members as employees. Thus, there is no withholding of tax on their income. Like partnerships, LLPs have self-employment taxes and limited life. Corporations are independent entities with liability for their actions and debts. They have complex tax and legal requirements. While a partnership may be crippled by limited life and disagreements, partners are able to combine their skills and finances in running the business. In addition, partnerships enjoy management flexibility, pass-through taxation, and limited liability. A limited liability partnership is an ideal business entity in this case. It enjoys the flexibility of partnership while avoiding the complex formalities imposed on corporations. A limited liability partnership is a corporate body with separate legal status from its members. This entity requires at least two members. They enter into a “limited liability partnership agreement” which describes the nature and scope of their relationship. The registration of an
Introduction Martin Luther King is a landmark figure in black history whose public addresses made a specific imprint in the hearts and minds of many people in the U.S. King’s speech “I have a dream” is an excellent example of rhetorically sound appeal to masses due to the fact that this speech is often cited, referred to in dialogues, and is studied in classes. In addition, not all parts of the speech are equally powerful in its persuasive quality, which creates a field for further analysis. In terms of strength and persuasive characteristics, the part of the speech, where King, makes an appeal to the Declaration of Independence is the most effective because he uses all three modes of appeal and combined, they are rather powerful, given the context. Context Fitness as a Defining Element of Argument Strength Within this essay, the strength of a speech or its part is understood as its ability to fit into context as it is produced to address a specific problem or, rather, a range of problems. While in different paragraphs King appeals to many aspects of the same problem of justice and equality in regard to black people, the speech was a part of a March for Jobs and Freedom. Thus, the context of the speech was economic and political, which the passage about “cashing the check” addresses directly. Logos One of the most vivid uses of rhetorical modes demonstrated by King in his speech was the appeal towards the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. As these two documents are considered the sources of law and human rights in the United States, in the context of a march for provision and maintenance of those rights among all citizens is highly relevant and persuasive. King evoked the strongest possible argument for the equality of black and white people by providing a citation stating that al
Problems Macro The macro problems can be defined as those, which affect the whole organization or Quantum Software, in this case. We can also say that the success and performance of the company depend on the effective solving of macro problems and their prevention as well. The case deals with the issue of corporate parties organized by Quantum for its employees. The situation described allows us marking out the following macro problems: the risk of the loss of company’s reputation, the risk of legal trials as well as of the significant payoffs, and the risk of the inverse effect of the corporate parties affecting the morale within the organization negatively. Micro The micro problems are the ones, which do not put the company’s overall success and performance at hazard but, which expose the firm to the risk of the extraordinary events influencing the functioning of the certain departments or units of the organization negatively. The situation presented in the case allows us marking out certain micro problems. First of all, the corporate parties organized by the company may lead to some confusing events. We get to know from the case that one of the employees working at the company losses his balance and fells on the snack table at the party. Unarguably, it is a bad situation. However, it implies two major outcomes for Quantum. The first one is that the employees will feel themselves not bounded by the strict rules and perceive this situation from the point of view that the company adheres to the liberal position supporting the personal freedom of its employees. The second one boils down to the fact that this situation may result in the communication problems among colleagues, misunderstanding and the tensions in the team. In addition, the employees may become injured during or after such events. Causes The following main causes for the described problems can be indentified: the alcohol intoxication of the employees at the party, the moral aspiration of the work stress reliever resulting in the over-emotional behavior of employees during such kind of events, and others. Systems Affected The problems described above may affect the following systems: the corporate responsibility of the company, the HR department, the system of motivation employed by the management, and the ethical and professional standards of the company. In addition, these problems may affect the PR campaign of the company. Alternatives The corporate parties organized by Quantum are the inevitable part of its overall strategy. The purpose of the parties is to provide the employees with the opportunity to communicate with colleagues and managers in the informal environment. In addition, such kind of events is aimed at supporting the team spirit in the company. Finally, they are organized with the purpose of supporting the employees’ loyalty. However, the parties are not the only way of achieving these goals. Alternative
The article “Sexual Assault and How It Changed the Military” provides an overview of an issue of sexual assault in the area of military practice. The author puts forward a statement that despite a number of persistent efforts to contribute to the decrease of sexual assault and rape, the issue still remains unsolved due to the lack of educational training. The article includes the historical background of the issue as well as the ongoing problems. There are no specific solutions given that can solve the problem of sexual assault in the military; however, there are listed reporting options that can be very useful when it comes to ensuring that sexual assault victims are able to get justice. The article provides a list of credible references that include scholarly articles that were cited properly. The paper examines the current research on the topic of sexual assault in the military as well as negative physical and mental effects the problem has on male and female service members. Despite the fact that the used resources fully reflect the topic, there are few aspects of an article that have a relation to military psychology. Because the focus of the paper is put on the analysis of statistics as well as legal actions victims can take for achieving justice, the desired emphasis on the psychological issues of sexual assault and how it relates to military psychology remains unclear. It is worth noting the significance of the “Future Resources, Training, Education and Advances” part as it provides an overview of what can the Department of Defense do to be aware of the issue as well as what is being implemented currently. The paper fully summarizes the author’s viewpoint on the topic that military is an institution that deems itself a no-tolerance organization when it comes to sexual assault but unknowingly makes barriers for treatment and reporting of military sexual trauma. As mentioned above, the article does not fully provide an evaluation of the area in military psychology based on a review of the literature; however, it sheds light on the issue of military sexual assault that is very often being overlooked. Moreover, it relates to the issue of women maltreatment because the research has shown that women are being assaulted and killed behind enemy lines more frequently than men. Lastly, the article underlines the fact that despite the attention of the media to the issue of military sexual assault, military service members are still being assaulted and will continue to suffer from this crime without any strict measures put into action. The paper is structured into nine logi