ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Restorative justice and its implications for the philosophy of crime are popular topics of criminal justice research. In his article, Kent Roach sheds some light on the relevance, complexities, and implications of the restorative justice for the criminal justice system in Canada. Roach asserts that restorative justice is on the rise. The restorative justice theory is equally coherent and comprehensive, and can produce a profound paradigm shift in criminal justice. Restorative justice exemplifies a circle model of justice, since it brings together all participants of the crime situation in a more informal setting. Restorative justice is a commanding theory and can be applied in a variety of justice contexts. Roach suggests that restorative justice is a partial theory, because it can be successfully reconciled with other, retributive theories of justice. Roach delineates three different directions in the development of restorative justice, which include retributive accountability, rehabilitative healing, and crime deterrence. These multiple faces of the restorative justice philosophy make it appealing to criminal justice professionals for many reasons. First, restorative justice empowers crime victims to participate in the criminal justice process. Second, restorative justice reflects governments’ striving to contract out most of their traditional functions. Third, restorative justice gives voice to feminists, who emphasize the importance of care, ethics, and relationships in criminal justice. The similarities between restorative justice and aboriginal justice philosophies are difficult to ignore. Unfortunately, like any other philosophy, restorative justice is not without controversy. However, Roach’s article raises more questions than it can reasonably answer. Critique Roach’s article raises a number of concerns with respect to restorative justice. First, there is an emerging consensus that, in its current form, the system of criminal justice can hardly meet the demands of restorative justice and satisfy its robust ambitions (Roach). Whether or not restorative justice can empower crime victims and respond to their concerns is difficult to define (Roach). Crime victims may be reluctant or refuse to participate in the restorative justice process (Roach). Moreover, crime victims may not be satisfied with the restorative justice results (Roach). Given the growing popularity of restorative justice, it is imperative that criminal justice professionals develop mechanisms and strategies needed to involve crime victims in all aspects of the justice process. Second, the boundary between shame and public humiliation in restorative justice remains increasingly blurred. Roach is confident that shame can promote public accountability and serve a tough measure of justice. In the meantime, the benefits and consequences of shame and public humiliation have to be treated with caution. Shame that is not supported by re-integration immediately turns into the instrument of stigmatization, which merely aggravates the seriousness of the offense (Roach). Apparently, restorative justice cannot solve
America’s vocational laws reflect upon historical and emerging needs of the society. Many of the laws helped to solve unique education needs that arose due to historical challenges such as war. Current laws attempt to address emerging concerns such as the need for social equity. Though some of the vocational legislations are outdated, all the laws played key roles by legalizing the provision of quality education to all students in the country. Some of these laws immensely transformed the education sector. Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 act mandated federal governments to fund public schools below college level. It also introduced vocational education, which included programs such as trades and industry, agriculture, and homemaking. This act was one of the highly influential legislation. The reason it was influential in that it introduced features that helped learners to acquire life skills while they were still in high school. Such features included changing the curriculum of education in high schools, which had been academically oriented for decades. This was essential because it helped the government to produce high school graduates with entrepreneurial skills. Another reason for the prominence of the act is that it provided leeway for children from disadvantaged families to acquire formal education. The act was the first tool that disadvantaged children could depend on to access formal education. Since education was vocationally oriented, the act led to an increase in the number of skilled workers, in the labor market. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975(PL 94-142) This act criminalized discrimination against handicapped children. It was another highly influential piece of legislation. The main reason for its significance is that it opened the door for children with disabilities to access learning opportunities just like ordinary Americans did. It outlined procedures of training handicapped children. School administrations, teachers, parents, and guardians had the responsibility to develop Individualized Education Programs for all handicapped children. The act was also significant because it helped the children to develop socially. It required that disadvantaged children be taught together to help them grow socially. This unique provision made the legislation helpful to the children. The legislation was also popular because it authorized the government to provide all handicapped learners between the ages of three and twenty-one with free public education. The law made life comfortable for children and their parents. The children got the opportunity to learn comfortably while the parents had no obligation to pay the school fee. Just as, the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 did, this act made education easily accessible for a majority of learners in the United States and led to an increase in the population of the skilled labor force. Carl D. Perkins Vocation Education Act of 1
This human resource plan is a process of aligning the skills, interests and talents within an organisation with the economic opportunities and long term goals of the company under consideration. The HR plan The first step is the needs assessment or the research phase. The company will review its operation within the past twelve months so as to determine the key HR issues that arose. These include hiring, promotion and skills improvements. Additionally, this phase must entail anticipation of needs in the future. If a company needs to increase production in ten years time, it will need even more employees to achieve this. Mission and vision clarification, as well as reviews of government policies and legislation, are in this phase. The company needs to do a gap-identification on the things that are missing in that workforce. 1 The job description should follow the first step. The HR team should look at the job positions in the organisation and record them. Issues such as the skills and duties involved in each position must be included. Salaries and benefits accorded to each job position need to be clearly determined and recorded. This will be part of the agreement that the employer and employee must get into during hiring. Annual updates of job descriptions ought to be done. The HR team must then create an employee handbook in which it spells out the company’s HR rules clearly. In this document, one must include occupation health regulations as well as other employee safety policies. Sick leave, termination of employment, benefits, and overtime must all be included. However, the latter component should be in line with government policies on the matter. The employee handbook does not work effectively when employees read it independently; the employer/HR team should sit down with an employee and go over the various components of the book. The next step is recruitment which entails job advertisement. The company under consideration can use newspaper advertisements, employment agencies and the internet to do this. Employment agencies will come in when job seekers send excessive applications, and the company needs to do some screening. The HR team will do online recruitment to build profiles for vacancies while newspapers will spread the message about recruitment. Internal employees must be informed about the position so as to involve them in the recruitment. Hiring entails interviewing, reference checking and job offers. The company will decide on the necessary interview questions. It will then assess how well the candidates respond. The company must then check on references and make the formal offer through a written document. It should have an agreement on various terms such as overtime, salaries, sick leave, housing, probation and termination. Succession planning needs to be an indispensable part of the HR plan. A firm needs to identify th
In our day to day life, emergencies are bound to be there—whether it is some last-minute reading you are doing for an exam, or you are about to treat some patient who has been badly injured in an accident. In such instances, we are normally bound to act differently as opposed to normal occasions. Nevertheless, in spite of the trivial nature of such circumstances, which may sometimes compromise with our moral principles as human beings, we are still bound to act morally. It is based on such tricky situations that Ayn Rand advances guidelines and fundamental precepts that will help govern us. In order for us to concisely understand Ayn Rand’s propositions and their importance in today’s life, it is inherent that we first begin by understanding what the term emergency means. According to Rand, an emergency is a situation where human life is not possible. Consequently, emergencies call for immediate attention. Having said that, what then does Ayn Rand say with regards to the ethics we should consider when we are faced with emergencies? Preliminarily, Rand (1961) makes it clear that during an emergency, the primary goal of a person is to escape danger. This may sometimes call for timely yet controversial decisions. So in making such situations, we should ensure that the decision we make benefit us individually before going ahead to benefiting others. This might be a hard pill to swallow for altruists who believe that putting others ahead of ourselves is the essence of being human. They, in fact, go ahead and say that by helping others, we cultivate a seed for others to help us in the future as opposed to being egotistic, which limits our chances of being helped by others. On the other hand, egoists, who essentially advocate for putting yourself ahead of other people, would be in full support of Rand. Additionally, Rand (1961) says that only in unavoidably difficult emergency situations that we are permitted to tow down on our ethics. For example, if you are faced with a gang of hoodlums who want to kill you and the only option you have is killing one of them to escape, then the “ethics of emergencies” allow you to go ahead and kill. However, Rand cautions that an emergency should not be used as an excuse for behaving unethically as most people do. While commenting on Rand’s assertions, Peikoff (1991) says that the problem with following the ethics of emergencies is that they are mostly contextual. Consequently, applying abstract and general c
Introduction The contemporary business world is complex and characterized by a lot of attributes all aimed at achieving success in the business operations. Competition is a major concern in business and business organizations have to engage in strategic measures to ensure that they attain a competitive advantage in relation to other business enterprises especially those that are involved in production and sale of similar products and services. Advertisement is one effective strategy that is deemed to play a great role in enhancing an organization’s productivity and profitability through boosting the sales level. There are different ways through which advertisement can be carried out depending on the results desired and the effectiveness of a given advertising method. The use of sexual appeal is one method. It entails the use of erotic or sexual imagery in advertising with an aim of drawing attention and interest to a particular product or service to enhance its sales (Loyalty & Customers, 2010). Although a sexual imagery such as a beautiful woman could be used, in most cases, it does not have any connection to the product being advertised. It is usually meant to attract the attention of the potential consumers (Harker, 1998).This piece of work gives an in depth discussion of the effect of sex appeal on commercials. This will be achieved through conducting of a comprehensive study using various research methodologies and analysis strategies. Methods There are various methods that are available for utilization by researchers while carrying out their studies. Some are effective for use in some contexts while others can only be used in specific settings. For instance, in cases where the study population is relatively high, there is usually a need to have some sampling techniques. The sample chosen should however be as representative as possible to allow for the attainment of effective results. For the purpose of this assignment, different forms of business organizations will be selected to make a representative sample. Different leaders will be supplied with questionnaires and some engaged in interview sessions where questions that are deemed important in gaining some insight into the topic of discussion will be asked. The questions will be structured in such a manner that the researcher is able to probe adequate information related to the research questions. Participants or units of analysis Participants or units of analysis are crucial in any rese
Introduction Medical laboratories are critical to human life. They are the place biological samples are tested and analyzed to facilitate screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and disease prevention. Typically, they are vital for patient care. They must be able to adequately fulfill patient and clinical personnel needs to be considered in conformance with quality guidelines. Internationally set quality standards for laboratories outline both management and clinical practices that laboratories should adhere to. Routine laboratory practices must conform to the stipulated requirements with the guidelines. Personnel has a responsibility to ensure that these guidelines are adhered to. This paper will highlight quality issues arising from the laboratory which have either resulted in client complaints or do not conform to the provided clinical guidelines for laboratories the issues to be evaluated will include staff technical competence and delayed results. Technical Competence This dimension refers to the skills, capability, and actual performance of laboratory service providers, administrators, and support staff. The management has a responsibility to ensure that technically competent staffs are available to attend to patient needs and advice them appropriately (Grant & Leavenworth, 1988). For instance, a village laboratory worker must have the necessary skills and knowledge to be able to efficiently provide laboratory services. Technical aspects cover the abilities of availed staff to execute practicable guidelines and standard reference terms in a dependable, accurate, reliable, and consistent manner. This is a dimension relevant to both clinical and non-clinical practices within a laboratory service setting. For instance, an inefficient records keeper would create long queues and long wait durations before patients are attended to. The same is true for an inefficient doctor. Technical services further refer to the availability of technical facilities which facilitate patient care (Grant & Leavenworth, 1988). For example, an x-ray machine must be in a proper working condition other than just being available. Poorly maintained x-ray machines can result in result deviations which ultimately compromise patient safety. Machines should be handled by qualified staff. However, t is often practiced for various laboratories to let persons not certified handle tests. This is normally done when such a person has been doing some supportive role within the laboratory for some time and has consequently gained experience to perform minor tests. Cause-and-Effect Diagram The cause and effect diagram helps in the examination of various factors resulting in a given problem. Several steps are often involved in the development of cause and effect diag
Organizational management is one of the essential foundations of teamwork, with which the best results from each of the team members can be achieved. Due to its efficiency, this technique is used not only in the civilian but also in the military sphere. The purpose of this essay is to examine the operation of Anaconda in the context of organizational management to identify its effectiveness. This theory consists of several items that are performed sequentially. These items are planning, organization, staffing, leading, control, time management, and motivation (Juneja, n.d.). Naturally, not all the stages of this plan can be applied to the army; however, most of these points can be analyzed. The main object of study is in the context of army actions in the planning of this military operation. It is worth noting that the initial intentions of the U.S. Army should have led to success. According to Fleri, Howard, Hukill, and Searle (2003), the plan was to maximize the use of Afghanistan’s friendly forces to deliver a significant strike against al Qaeda militants. The American troops had to fulfill the role of support, luring the enemy under the fire. However, it could not be implemented due to severe problems with planning. At the stage of preparing the operation, at least two problems can be distinguished that complicated its implementation. First, there was insufficient intelligence work because the actual enemy strength was underestimated (Fleri et al., 2003). Because of this, the combat group encountered much more resistance than expected. Secondly, the planning problem arose due to the late appointment of Task Force Mountain as a joint task force. Because of the lack of detailed joint processing, one of the Navy’s aircraft carriers left the war zone (Fleri et al., 2003). Its absence lasted for several days, which became the most stressful time for the U.S. soldiers. Besides, the request for support of the marine helicopter carrier was also made with a delay, which resulted in the lack of the necessary fire support. Thus, it can be concluded that one of the aspects of organizational management, namely planning, was extremely poorly designed, which resulted in a significant complication of the combat situation. However, it was not the only problem of this operation, and further study of this issue is required. It is appropriate to take the staffing, leading, and control aspects of organizational management theory as future topics for studying the operation Anaconda.
Nucor corporation is a large company in the united states that majors in steel production as the research study indicates that is one of the largest steel manufacturing industries if not the largest in the united states with a capacity of production of about 17 tons. It is the largest recycler of any substance and it recycling rate is very high compared to other steel producing industries in the region. It produces one ton of recycled material in a minimal duration of two seconds. Nucor Corporation made it during the world recession period in 1966, fought against insolvency due to bankruptcy later emerged as the fastest growing steel industry in the world (Arthur, Strickland & John, 2010). Steel industry in the world is very dynamic as it has been characterised wild mass changes as the level of technology improves throughout the world. The trends are such serious that the companies currently produce the highest number of steel products may not be among the top in the future competition is very high and each company is looking for better ways of mass production. Some companies have also merged in order to increase their production capacity; acquisition of firms by larger ones has also been evident in this sector. The changing trends of steel industries have contributed to the shift from labour intensive industries to capital intensive. The steel industries in the United States have experienced technological competition as the new firms in the market had an advantage of newer technology. The fact that some governments were subsidizing their steel industry also had an effect on steel producers in the United States as the cheap imports almost made the firms to collapse. The threat of lower imports has reduced demand levels for steel and thus the company should consider how to deal with this scenario (Hill & Gareth, 2007). Structure of Nucor Corporation The structure of organisation of Nucor Corporation is simple decentralized and streamlined such that it constitute of very few personnel in the management level, recruitment process is such that it does not look only in the qualification and skill acquired by an individual but also looks into the willingness of the employee to perform. This helps to recruit the right people in the organisation who can communicate effectively and coordinate well with others toward meeting the organisation goals and objectives. Nucor Corporation did motivate the employees through fair compensation the rewards were relatively higher than those offered by the other competitive industries. Nucor corporation incentive plan not only did it encourage workers to perform it also brought about inter-plants competition which resulted to greater levels of working together as groups and not individuals (Dess, Lumpkin & Eisner, 2009). The success of Nucor Corporation is attributed to the eleven thousand employees, there are four levels in the management starting from the head which consist of the general managers who are in mandate for overall management, and the second level is the head of departments followed by the third level which consist of supervisors who are responsible for supervision of the lowest and