ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Trend-following has a rich historical background, which can be traced to more than 200 years (Hurst et al. 2). David Ricardo and Jesse Livermore are among pioneer scholars who examined trend-following as an important investment tool that could yield positive returns to companies. The basic theory of this business approach involves venturing into markets that have recorded profits in the recent past while disregarding those that have witnessed negative returns. It is crucial to examine the concept of trend-following as an investment method. A critical discussion of its use and implementation reveals the probability of its past success continuing into the future. Concept Description More than two centuries ago, David Ricardo, a classical economist, persuaded investors to focus on eliminating losses while allowing their profits to be consistent. This scholar demonstrated how the concept of trend-following could be deployed as an investment strategy. According to Szakmary and Lancaster, the model involves taking market advantages that emerge from long, intermediate and short-range trends or moves observed in different markets (238). Traders who apply this business framework do not emphasise the need for conducting market predictions before making investment decisions. Rather, they target any emerging trend based on their peculiar rules and reasons that support the perception that a trend in a particular market emerges with a likelihood of continuing. Under the trend-following business strategy, investors wait for a trend to be well established. They anticipate the trend to persist to the extent that they are willing to forego the initial profit margins (Smith et al. 182). Whenever turns occur contrary to what is expected regarding the trend, investors ex
Introduction The first Industrial Revolution began in England in 1750-1760 and gave rise to various changes in society, economy, and agriculture of those times. Before the Industrial Revolution, England was known as an agricultural country, and most of its citizens worked in this field. However, with the population growth and urbanization, the demands of the citizens began to increase too, and they started to demonstrate their interest in manufacturing and innovations. This paper is going to investigate the reasons for the Industrial Revolution, assuming that social, economic, political, and psychological aspects had affected those changes in Great Britain. Literature Review Griffin and Notes (2018) provide a detailed analysis of real wages and dietary habits of the English before and during the Industrial Revolution. The authors argue that stagnant wages and unhealthy food led to high mortality rates, hunger, and poverty. Consequently, lower productivity among the agriculture workers was one of the main reasons for changes. Baumard (2018) focuses on the psychological origins of industrialization in England. The researcher claims that since the country was richer than many other European countries at that time, its citizens were ready for innovations and progress. The presence of well-functioning institutions was also important for the beginning of industrialization (Baumard, 2018). The article is based on the Life History Theory and analyses the Great Enrichment in England. Hanlon (2019) examines the impact of industrial pollution on urbanization and industrialization. Since air pollution affected human health negatively, the agricultural workers’ productivity decreased, and new technologies had to be invented to substitute human work. Haradhan (2019) and Wrigley (2018) focus more on the consequences of the Industrial Revolution. However, they also analyze the population growth and life expectancy as some of the factors affecting the development of industrialization. Reasons for Industrial Revolution in England Changes in society led to changes in industry and agriculture. Between 1787 and 1796, English families were spending “75 percent of their income on food,” and 52.5 percent of that income was spent on bread alone (Griffin & Notes, 2018, p. 83). Such a situation continued up to the 1840s, especially in the families of farm workers. At the same time, those people who worked in mining and factory spheres had higher wages and spent only 58-60 p
The definition of body image and the perceptions driven by social media are topics that attract significant attention from scholars. According to Alebachew and Ashagrie (2017, p. 330), body image encompasses a multidimensional paradigm describing a person’s perception or depiction of their outward look. Thus, it revolves around mental images held by individuals regarding their physical appearance. Vannucci and Ohannessian (2018, p.786) point out that body image dissatisfaction (BID) is one of the hypothesized concepts that discuss the incongruity between the ideal and current physical appearance, mainly body size estimation (Ho, Lee and Liao, 2016). Saiphoo and Vahedi (2019, p. 260) assert that social media affects the behavioural, cognitive, affective, and evaluative components of an individual. Therefore, social media is associated with body image due to its power to influence the psychological aspects of a person that translates to feelings of discontentment with physical appearance (Fardouly, Pinkus and Vartanian 2017, p. 31). Media and culture significantly influence an individuals’ perception of their physical appearance and overall body image. Jung and Jeong (2017, p. 268) allude that exposure to idealised images makes a person feel dissatisfied with their body. As a result, victims exhibit depression and low self-esteem. Thus, people exposed to idealised beauty through social and mainstream media develop or reinforce negative feelings. Social media has positive impacts on individuals’ perception of their physical appearance based on comparison attributes. For instance, some people feel motivated when they compare themselves to others with better physical attributes (Cramer, Song and Drent 2016, p. 742). In this regard, Social Comparison Theory (SCT) posits that individuals liken their looks to assess their abilities (Robinson et al ., 2017, p. 69). It confirms that people who compare themselves constructively on social media maintain a positive outlook of their body image. Slater, Varsani, and Diedrichs (2017, p. 91) assert that females who read inspiration statements on social media have better physical satisfaction, high positive mood and appreciate their body compared to those who view unbiased images. Conversely, social media adversely affects an individual’s view of their body appearance. Consequently, they engage in binge eating or food deprivation to attain ideal body size ( The link between social media and body image , 2019). Individuals also change how they look by participating in disordered eating behaviours due to social comparisons (Santarossa and Woodruff, 2017). Social media triggers low self-esteem in people dissatisfied with their body image. A study in the United Kingdom established by Kelly et al . (2018, p. 59) found that girls demonstrate low self-esteem (12.8%) and body-weight displeasure (78.2%) more often c
Introduction Crane Manufacturing Company (CMC) is an organization that has successfully operated in the market for over half a century. It is a profit centre, with over 200 employees. While it is also part of a larger firm, MEGACORP, it maintains its work independently. CMC is focused on the production of cranes, including the individual parts of a machine. It serves mainly customers who are building factories, but it can also work with mechanical engineering facilities or nuclear power stations, etc. Today, CMC produces computer-controlled cranes. All four of its main departments are involved in the production area. However, the company is facing some issues which prevents it from reaching expected success. Competitive Situation Business Strategic Requirements that Should Be Achieved Currently, CMC’s operations can be considered to be satisfactory, but they do not provide the company with the opportunity to develop and achieve greater success. It would be beneficial if the organization could implement a range of positive changes in order to develop. Taking into consideration the situation described by CMC, the company currently appears to utilize a flexible manufacturing strategy, aimed at enabling the company to meet the needs of all clients but in such a way that business is not affected adversely (Schnotz 2016). It is critical to make sure that all machine tools that are needed for production meet appropriate standards and specifications. The material-handling system should aim to have no scheduling clashes so that it is less likely that queues will occur and the routine is followed. A supervisory system should be implemented to ensure that everything operates accordingly. Storage opportunities, and its costs, should be discussed. To meets its business strategy, CMC should consider the unique needs of its various client groups. It is vital to be cooperative in order to remain competitive. This cooperation includes both teamwork within the company, as well as cooperation with suppliers, etc. To make the organization ready for any future changes, CMC can promote the creation of cross-functional teams. Finally, knowledge and skills of the workers should be constantly improved to leverage the influence provided by the workers and utilize their knowledge and experience. Educational and training opportunities can help with this (Inman 2016). Assessment of the Existing Business Situation CMC belongs to a multinational organization, which suggest
Current Energy Consumption An Overview of Energy Consumption in Utah Even as the charges for power consumption continue to increase, energy consumption in the Emery County of the State of Utah continues to grow each successive year due to the major development changes and population growth (Matsumor 2008). The rate of energy consumption is considerably high in the State of Utah, with the geological surveys indicating that the region is position thirty-ninth among the American States in issues of power consumption measured through per capita means, and fourteenth in terms of per capita carbon emission. In figures, the Emery County consumes approximately 302.1 million British thermal units (Btu). This figure is very close to the entire United State’s energy consumption that currently stands at 339.2 million Btu (Matsumor 2008). As a populated State, Utah consumes approximately 8.3 trillion British thermal units of the annually generated electricity (Matsumor 2008). This figure makes Utah rank 37 th highest user of the electric power in America. This is because the State itself uses approximately 258.8 trillion British thermal units. According to the approximated figures from the geological reports, Utah consumes annual coal energy of about 405.5 trillion British thermal units. Such figures make Utah rank 22 nd highest American State in issues concerning the consumption of coal energy (Matsumor 2008). Natural gas is also another important fuel consumed in the State of Utah. Since 2008, the geological survey figures reveal that Utah consumes approximately 7.92% of the available American natural gas fuel and another 0.10% of the petroleum power generated annually (Matsumor 2008). The rest is 1.92% of the hydroelectric power. The geothermal energy, the municipal gas energy, and the landfill form of gas power account for about 0.48% of the energy consumed on an annual basis (Matsumor 2008). Such figures reveal that the current state of energy consumption in Utah, and specifically the Emery County is considerably high when compared to the other American States. Main Areas of Energy Consumption The quality of life and the operations of major towns in the State of Utah and Emery County rely specifically on the energy generated and distributed by the power companies. However, power consumption in Utah State varies in different sectors (Matsumor 2008). The majority of energy consumers in the Utah State and Emery County come from the residential consumer sector. The 2014 geological reports indicated that there were approximately 886.169 units of the residential houses in these regions (Matsumor 2008). The geological reports al
Most states are currently in the process of eliminating recess from their normal school programs. Different educational boards have cited a number of reasons for this action. These range from the fact that recess exposes children to unregulated play to the lack of enough time to learn. There are also issues pertaining to the freedom of children during recess, which gives them the opportunity to bully each other and engage in negative social activities such as teasing. Some of the stakeholders have identified that children have to be molded through learning where a teacher provides structured guidance in all aspects of their lives (Johnson, Christie and Wardle 367). This means that the freedom to participate in their own play activities freely may be discouraging a child’s wholesome growth. The fact that teachers are aware of what is best for each child under their care means that they are in an elaborate position to provide helpful guidance during play. There have also been a number of legal liabilities that have seen school boards incurring huge losses as a result of legal suits where parents sue the school for injuries sustained during play. This debate seems to have overshadowed the benefits of free play as they are identified in the personal development of the child. Children are in a position to establish their own perceptions in as far as their environment and the people around them are concerned (Johnson, Christie and Wardle 383). This should be subject to some level of guidance to eliminate negative influences, but at the same time, it should not be dominated by adult preferences. The fact that recesses as well as other activities that a child engages in while at school are supposed to prepare him or her for the eventual adult life means that normal social settings should be encouraged. The elimination of recess defeats the purpose of a random learning environment as the guidance provided to children remains unpractical in their adult life because of the random challenges they face (Johnson, Christie and Wardle 378). Recess helps build an adaptive character where a child is able to cognitively perceive positive aspects out of every scenario without having to be forced by the teacher or guardian. The child has to learn to engage his or her creative abilities without having to rely on the teacher or guardian. The fact that children are at the top of the developmental ladder means that they are more likely to achieve mental, emotional and physical growth in the process of play. There are a number of aspects of growth especially in as far as physical and emotional growth is concerned, which occur naturally. The solving of social dilemmas is often advised by inherent knowledge developed through voluntary growth. This is often encouraged through the engagement in
Modernist architects had similar assumptions which were interpreted differently by other critics. One of the assumptions is that architecture is socially emancipatory and not just one that responds to the needs of society. In other words, architecture should contribute to revolution. They feel that social emancipation should be international and not national or regional. It should be one that responds to the wider international socialism. Their argument that the materials used for construction should represent this novelty is true. Modern life’s aspirations should be reflected in both the material and designs of the buildings. In actual sense, this modern view advocates for conformity of the creative world and the existing realities. I believe there are several reasons why modernist architects wanted to bring about change. The world was facing social as well as technological transformation. This was an age of machines. In fact, the twentieth century marked a period when most cities in the West were experiencing remarkable change. There was population explosion in the cities as many people moved from the countryside to the cities. This fast-paced urbanization called for new approaches to architecture. Satisfying the needs of huge populations would not have been possible with expensive means of construction. There was need for more efficient ways of meeting the needs of the growing populations. The functionalist aspect of architectural development arose. That is why cities like Chicago and New York started using metals in erecting tall buildings in response to the rising number of people. There was a concerted urge to move away from the traditional architecture that was quite ornamental. With machines, cars telephone lines, railway lines, etc. in place, there was need for architecture to adjust to the new developments. Thus, houses could be viewed as machines in which people live. As most modernists suggested, there was need for houses to have pure form, just like machines are designed for efficiency of work. Society appreciates aesthetics that reflects prosperity and progress. I feel that the post-war era made the modernists have a strong urge for social responsibility. The architects wanted to raise the living conditions of the populace. Architects brought about change by writing extensively about the need to change. Most modern architects gave form and coherence to new architecture through these writings. For instance, Le Corbusier and others shared lots of insights about modern architecture. Through written wok, the information spread the modernist perspective to other architects across the globe. The modernist architects used movements to change the mindset of most architects from the shackles of tradition. These movements included the Art Nouveau, Expressionism, and constructivism, among others. These movements must have made many architects to view architecture from an entirely different perspective altogether. The movements equally
Introduction Life is a puzzle. Whatever it offers or what it fails to offer bears a corresponding consequence. It matters less therefore, the nature of the offer, whether good or bad, the bottom line remains; each has a flaw attached therein. Oscar Wilde gives some insight to this issue to unravel the mystery behind the life. Wilde asserts that, having what one desires is a tragedy just like not having it. Though the words may differ in terms of one’s’ interpretations, they are true and to the point. For instance, most things that people yearn for, do not even cost money, viz. love, attention, to mention but a few. The tragedy strikes in when the world fails to avail them whereas it can offer a well paying job an example of what people desire. As people strive to meet the job’s demands, a tragedy inform of a mess crops up in their families, as they are too busy with the job to attend to the families’ needs. Playwrights have set out to address this reality, and among them is, Henry Hwang. The Sound of a Voice is among Hwang’s captivating tragic Chef-d’oeuvres, featuring two categories of lonely characters, male and female. Hwang wants to see how the two interact in their endeavors to obey the attraction-repulsion powers of love. The two need the others’ love for their emotional satisfaction. Their world finally fails to provide, hence a tragedy. However, the psychological strength offered, turns out a tragedy as the two groups struggl
Adjusting entries refer to those adjustments made to certain accounts at the end of any fiscal period. Fundamentally, these entries pertain to accounts that relate to income and expenditure. Additionally, items adjusted during the closing of the fiscal duration have numerous entries in related accounts. The accounts could be prepaid or owing. Furthermore, there is the actual fund that the entity pays which appears in the cash account. Therefore, it is imperative to adjust the above accounts to give an apt picture of the revenues or expenditure relating to those accounts. Adjusting entries normally occur when one assumes an accrual basis. According to this basis, accountants recognize proceeds and expenses once they are due or earned. Therefore, monetary transfer is not vital for the recording of transactions assuming this basis. Adjusting entries are critical since they assist in preparation of final accounts. At the end of an accounting period nears, relevant departments adjust records. The balances in the adjusted accounts are transferred to the income records. Therefore, adjusting of accounts ensure that the figure posted to the income statement is accurate. Overall, adjusting entries ensures accuracy and adherence to accounting principles. Additionally, they ensure that the balance makes a fair representation of the state of affairs (Internet centre for management and business administration, 2010). Different adjusting entries There are diverse forms of adjusting entries. The classification depends on different factors. The classification primarily depends on the item and transfer of money. A matrix can represent this classification appropriately, as it outlines all the combinations. Classification based on the item generates two forms, either income or expenditure. Additionally, classification may also rely on monetary transfer. If the entity pays for expenditures prior to receiving any service, it is a prepaid item. Conversely, if an entity has not made any monetary transfer for expenses incurred, it is an accrual item. If an entity records income before the actual monetary transfer, then it is unearned revenue. Conversely, income already earned but not recorded is accrued income (Albrecht et.al 2010). The list below outlines the forms of adjusting entries;  1. Prepaid expenses- This refers to expenditure that the organization pays for prior to incurring it.  2. Accrued expenses- This an adjusting entry that relates to incurred expenses not yet settled.  3. Unearned revenues- This refers to proceeds that has not accrued but appears in the statement.  4. Accrued revenue- This is an adjusting entry that refers to income that has accrued however, it is absent in the statements. Recording of Adjusting entries in a computerized system A computerized system eliminates physical accounting. Therefore, it reduces human efforts required to make adjustments. A computerized accounting system operates based on software that contains instructions on the actions to execute once provided with certain informat