ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The relations of NGOs with other public actors like Government or CBOs are usually based on the following factors: the size, scope, and nationality of the members (Turner 1988, p. 173). Still, in order to introduce a clear and thorough evaluation of the relations between these three different organizations, it is crucially important to remember about the dependency of NGOs on the above-mentioned public actors. In fact, this dependency seems to be obvious: Government has the power to legitimate the use of any kind of force in order to implement its requirements and rules and call on the required legitimate authority any time, and CBOs, in their turn, may easily require certain contributions from their members. These activities are not available for NGOs. In the Table 1, it is possible to observe that governmental contributions are higher than those offered by private organizations (Clark 1991, p. 43). It proves that NBOs’ relations with Government are still of a hierarchical type, and the members of NGOs are not ready to contribute any sphere they find more preferable. The main point is that UK NGOs realize that they have a kind of dual mandate as they are dependent on Government and its decision to provide a number of funds in addition to the core funding and support total income or not (Eversole 2003, p.30). Still, the relations which are observed between NGOs and Government have a positive impact on NGOs’ development and promotion: for example, Barrow and Jennings (2001) admit that during the 1990s, “British government contributions have also increased both as a proportion of NGO income and as a proportion of the spending of official development assistance” (p. 5). Still, it is necessary to admit that if NGOs did not use the assistance offered by Government and rely on their own contributions (Table 2 illustrates the incomes during the 1970-80s), this type of organization would hardly achieve good results in their intentions and would not be able to generate their incomes charging. The relations between CBOs and NGOs are also based on dependency. This dependency is not that crucial in these relations but still evident (Gibbs, Kuby, & Fumo 1999, p. 33). CBOs are self-organized by residents, and NGOs by outsiders, still, their relation is close, and these two types of organizations are able to federate and provide the services of the same kind. In spite of the fact that NGOs cannot control their funds and enforce human rights, they may rely on the contributions offered by CBOs and make use of sanctions offered by these organizations. NGOs and CBOs are the organizations that aim at taking the steps which contribute peacebuilding. Both of them have a number of concerns and beliefs with the help of which they try to support the idea of development and improvement of the current living conditions. In case one organization makes a decision to worsen the created
I believe that money can buy a person happiness due to several reasons related to the costs of comfortable and healthy living. These costs include housing, medicine, and meaningful experience, which improve the quality of life. Despite the fact that luxury is often seen as an attractive point in favor of happiness via increased budget or spending, it is not necessary for well-being. Some researchers propose that happiness is dependent on the living standards and the perception of living circumstances, this is a theory of comparison (Muresan et al.). On the other hand, it is also possible to perceive happiness as the satisfaction of personal needs (Muresan et al.). Nevertheless, multiple factors are crucial to form a happy life which need to be reviewed in detail. First of all, given that happiness is related to the satisfaction of personal needs, there is also a need to consider the essential need of human life such as housing, medicine, and food. These expenditures are continuous throughout human life. In order to be healthy, one needs medication and medical expertise to ensure long life without illnesses. Electricity and water bills need to be paid to ensure comfortable life at home, which includes cleanness, cooking, and entertainment in the form of TV programs or the Internet. Moreover, technological development led to the digitalization of numerous jobs and created the opportunity to interact with anyone despite the distance. This is essential because, without a job, there’s no source of income to pay the described bills, and connection with family and friends is known to improve life satisfact
Cultural norms, beliefs, and customs can influence the receipt and pursuit of health care in numerous ways. It can affect how patients take care of their health, how they perceive health and illness, their beliefs about death, preferred treatment types, perception of pain and suffering, and how they make decisions that affect their health (Napier et al., 2014). In addition, it can influence how nurses and other health care practitioners interact with patients and the type of advice and medical care that they offer. Members of some cultures are more hesitant to seek treatment because of the influence of cultural beliefs that govern their decisions and lifestyles. Cultural perceptions of causes of diseases, death, and treatment determine whether a person will seek help or not. Gender roles can also affect the receipt of medical treatment as one partner in a relationship may be dominant and so make all decisions regarding treatment. Cultural misunderstandings can compromise the ability of health care practitioners to provide quality patient care because culture influences patient communication, family support, and adherence to treatment plans (Napier et al., 2014). A physician may perceive a patient as unintelligent because of their refusal to accept a certain diet as part of their treatment plan. However, diet preferences vary among cultures, and it is important for health care professionals to understand such differences. For example, some cultures believe that it is the responsibility of the family to deal with unpleasant medical news. However, American health care emphasizes the importance of the patient’s autonomy or the right to know (Srinivasan, 2016). Some cultures believe that only God has the power to heal. Therefore, going to the hospital is meaningless. Other cultures use alternative medicine: they rely on complementary and alternative therapies. The majority believe that folk medicines are effective in treating certain illnesses. Stereotyping might also deter patients from seeking treatment because of the lack of respect for their cultures (Srinivasan, 2016). Cultural factors that contribute to a hesitancy to seek treatment include a language barrier, prejudice and discrimination, indifference to professional help, socialization, stigma toward seeking help, and social norms (Srinivasan, 2016). Language barriers impede effective communication between physicians and patients, and therefore, hamper proper evaluation and diagnosis. Societies that embrace the philosophy of stoi
The casual observer who is confused about the roles of the Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority, (FSA), is in good company. While the two institutions have different mandates, developments that followed the troubles at Northern Rock created doubts about the clarity of the two institutions’ different roles. When the subprime crisis that originated in the US became a global problem that affected individuals and institutions in far away lands, the UK was not spared. Threats posed by the crisis to one of the UK’s leading mortgage companies, Northern Rock, led to a blame game that exposed the confusing nature of the roles played by the two main financial service regulators. A brief history of the bank of England should help explain the different roles of these financial regulators. The bank of England, also known as The Old Lady, is quite ancient. It was started as a private enterprise in 1694 and was converted into a Central Bank in 1844 when the Bank Charter Act was passed (“Bank of England” 2007). Even after conversion into a central bank, the old lady remained a privately owned enterprise until 1946 when it was nationalised through an act of parliament. For many years the Bank of England performed the traditional duties of a typical Central Bank and was the sole regulator of the nation’s monetary affairs. Some of the duties performed by the Bank of England included the issue of currency notes, control of public debt and banker for the government (“Bank of England”). In addition, the bank played a supervisory role on the commercial banks and has been known as the lender of last resort – a financial institution at the risk of ruin can run to the Bank of England for bail out (Heffer, 2
Introduction The term race was initially used to categorize individuals based on their roles in the society. In the 15 th century England, for instance, phrases such as ‘the race of bishops’ or ‘the race of saints’ were commonly used (Suzuki and Von Vacano 142). In essence, this word was synonymous with ‘kind’ or ‘type’. Nonetheless, the meaning changed as from the 16 th century when the British imperialists started using it to sort and rank various inhabitants of their colonies (Saini 144). The English people had traditionally sought to separate themselves from foreigners they regarded as inferior (Murray 323). Although Lentin insists that race is a biological attribute (84), Holst notes that a majority of the contemporary scientists perceive it as a reflection of cultural underpinnings (181). It is more plausible to consider it as a social construct rather than genetically determined. The usage of race in biology The manner in which biology has been used to explain race has changed overtime. Between the 1700s and the end of WW2, anthropology was employed to advance scientific racism (Lee and Tapia 655). This was particularly facilitated by such pseudo-disciplines as craniology and anthropometry (Suzuki and Von Vacano 97). The former refers to the drawing of conclusions about people on the basis of the meas
Introduction This research will provide and examine the corporate strategies for British Telecom Group (BT Group) Inc; whereas the research will analyze the current environmental analysis and main factors that may have direct influences on the BT Group activities. Furthermore, this research will examine strategies that have been adopted by BT Group over the last five years and how these strategies are succeeded to develop and progress the company. Moreover, I will analyze the potential future strategies that should be adopted by BT Group. These strategies will be evaluated to show the best strategy. The key question raised in this paper how British Telecom strategies helped the company to utilize more advantages and their influences on the success and progress of BT Group. The research will answer also potential future strategies that should be adopted by BT Group according to recommendations suggested. Scope of Organization’s Activities BT Group is considered one of the leading companies in Britain and the world to provide telecommunication networks and communications solutions. It operates in more than 170 countries and hires about 100,000 employees in all branches. The main activities of the BT Group ire provision of networked IT services
Michael Collins Michael Collins has long appeared in the books of history as a brilliant, aggressive and brave member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood – a group of Irishmen and women who were determined to overthrow the British dictatorship rule in Ireland. His involvement with the IRB led him to take a lead in the Easter uprising in 1916. He was captured together with his rebels in the failed uprising and interred with a group of his rebels in North Wales. Upon his release in “December 1916, Michael returned to Dublin where his leadership abilities and keen intelligence earned him a high rank during the revival of the revolutionary movement” (Dwyer, 1990). Buoyed by victory in 1918 general elections, the revolutionists attempted to install the Irish Republic but they were severely suppressed by the British government. The revolutionists retaliated by guerrilla tactics against the British. Michael Collins actively participated in all these and took up some of the most challenging roles. He served as the Director of the IRA intelligence thereby crippling the British intelligence. He was the Minister of Finance, a position that enabled to him solicit and appropriate huge resources for revolutionary courses. In addition to the above, Collins performed some of the most important military functions and was highly respected within the IRA ranks (Dwyer, 1990). His involvement in the negotiation for the peace-making process eventually led to his death in 1922. President Emanon De Valera and a number of Republicans vehemently refused to endorse the provisions of the Treaty pact. Collins’ attempts to seek a united solution and pacify the anti-treaty forces while at the same time vouching for the enactment of the treaty failed (Dwyer, 1990). He was eventually killed on August 22, 1922, in a roadside ambush by the anti-treaty Republicans (Dwyer, 1990). Comparison between Michael’s and Guevara’s Tactics I strongly believe that Michael Collins was a patriot who was selflessly devoted to freeing Ireland off the British rule. Just like Che Guevara and Carlos Marighella, Collins applied a number of tactics that are typical of a guerrilla-styled war that has been distorted by current literature to mean “terrorism”. Collins extensively used spies in the struggle just as Che Guevara. In addition to the above, the tactics of the two men were similar in that they both used women in their military exploits. Just as Collins used Kitty Kiernan for intelligence purposes, Che Guevara used Camara Tania who rose to become one of the influential figures in the movement. Furthermore, both Che Guevara and Collins used the surprise attack method techniques against their enemies. Root Causes of Terrorism The roots of terrorism have been illustrated to range from a variety of national to personal factors. The three popularly advanced roots of terrorism by a good fraction of literature include popular sovereignty, self-determination and ethical consequentialism. According to Phillips (2009) “everything from conscription to the saturation bombing of cities can find a
The monopoly Issue I strongly refuse to agree with the idea that Microsoft is a monopoly. The charges put forward against Microsoft of engaging in anticompetitive and exclusionary practises were strategies by its competitors to curb Microsoft’s growing popularity and success. Microsoft was legally practising its technology advancement and competition plans to gain more market control. For instance, the case of the Netscape’s navigator and Microsoft’s internet explorer, the Department of Justice alleged that Microsoft blatantly and illegally tried to monopolise the browser. Using its market control power, Microsoft strategized on how to popularise its browser by bundling the IE with its operating system, after Netscape refused on dividing the browser market. If the Netscape’s navigator was superior to Internet Explore as was asserted by many practitioners, then consumers would gone ahead to buy and install Netscape’s browser other than using the Microsoft’s browser. Previously, Netscape controlled the internet browser market, but it was after the introduction of the internet explorer it started losing to Microsoft browser due to it superiority qualities thus the rise of its IE shares from 5% to almost 50% by mid 1998. Furthermore, Netscape had plans of using its navigator technology to make Microsoft’s Windows obsolete, but on discovering this Microsoft strategized by bundling its IE to its operating system as it did with other of its software application. Finally, as the also viewed, consumer had a variety of alternatives for computing solutions. Microsoft therefore, was not a monopoly but rather firm, that had acquired market control through it innovativeness in software technology. However, there were cases of anticompetitive activities in Microsoft. Divestiture In order to prevent such cases of interferences and malpractices in future, I am of the opinion that Microsoft be split. This would ensure a levelled playing ground for all competitive firms in the market place and ensure consumers obtained their computing solutions from the desired and preferred source. Furthermore, this would encourage more software technology inventions and development in operating systems and application systems than ever before, exposing consumers to a wide variety of technology. Microsoft’s market dominance On whether Microsoft used it market power to prevent potential competitors from challenging its market dominance position in operating system, I would say no. Consumers looking for computing solutions had options from which to make their selection. Among the choices were a variant of UNIX’s operating system, Mac 05 and of course Microsoft’s Windows. Microsoft used its innovation, value for products and constant product improvement besides its business strategies to capture the market. This is what its competitors lacked hence made it difficult for them to penetrate the market while at the same time Microsoft became dominant. For instance, Microsoft strategized on how to promote its operating system by introdu
Introduction The dietary habits acquired in childhood affect the health of young adults in later years. Thus, dietary assessment can help young adults to monitor their food intake and ensure that it does not exceed their daily energy requirements. Evidence from epidemiologic studies shows that low physical activity and unhealthy eating habits are associated with disease conditions such as obesity and overweight (O’Connor, Yang, and Nicklas 2006). Biro et al. (2002: 526) suggest five factors, which should be considered when selecting a dietary assessment method. These include absolute intake vs. relative intake, the duration under consideration, the type of food, group vs. individual dietary needs and population characteristics. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is a common tool used to measure nutrient intake among participants; it has questions on one’s consumption frequency (food and beverage intake), food quantity and preparation methods over a past duration usually one month. However, this instrument has significant errors, as it is largely dependent on the participants’ memory (Palaniappan, Cue, and Gray-Donald 2003). Alternative methods involve the use of food diaries and 24-hour recalls. The use of food diary-based results is considered superior to the FFQ because they are open-ended and does not depend on the individual’s memory. A food diary or record
Introduction Manifest destiny is a term used in the United States to describe the westward expansion of America, which took place in the period 1861-65. It was invented by John O’Sullivan, a journal editor in the country. According to him, the “manifest destiny overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of the yearly multiplying millions” (O’Sullivan, 1939). He thought that the concept was predestined by God as a way of spreading the nation’s rule across the world. The concept of Manifest Destiny elucidates the states of mind of many expansionist principle makers of the period who worked hard in an attempt to push America’s borders towards the west. Most of the political leaders in the nation used ‘manifest destiny’ to justify their attempts towards getting hold of territories such as Oregon and California. The nation’s plan to spread its rule over the continent as seen in the manifest destiny was thus right and ordinary (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2011). Main Body Manifest destiny led to the nation’s development towards a better society and helped it to achieve some of its great dreams. Through the concept, political and social organizations in America became superior compared to those of other nations. The nation’s attempt to push its borders towards the West helped uproot many Indians from America, which created more space for settlers. The creation of more space also led to the construction of a transcontinental railroad, which connected both the eastern and western parts of the nation (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2011). John O’Sullivan while supporting the nations attempt to move westwards asserted; The far-reaching, boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Highest—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens (Hubbard, 2008, p. 408). Through Manifest Destiny, America’s territory doubled and this was beneficial to Indians and other societies in the newly acquired lands since it spread the nation’s beliefs and values. The western expansion as seen in Manifest Destiny strengthened the foundation of the new American Union making it indestructible. The United States “Manifest Destiny” of Westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean helped expand the nation. Since the nation’s population was increasing at a high rate, America needed to expand to create room for its people. Research shows that “expansion into new territories was necessary to accommodate a dramatic increase in U.S. population” (Caughfield, 2005). The expansion also made America safe for its citizens. According to Caufield, the expansion made America “to rest on a foundation that cannot be moved” (Caughfield, 2005). The acquisition of lands, which was made po