ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Long before organized human societies emerged on the European continent, an advanced sophisticated culture flourished in South Asia. This culture was called as the Harappan Culture or the Indus Valley Civilization and takes it name from the ruins of ancient city of Harappa discovered in 1921 and other ancient cities discovered in the Indus River plain. This great culture flourished between 2600 to 1900 B.C.E. This report aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the Harappan Culture, its mysteries and latest archaeological developments in progress. The epicenter of this culture was located in the Indus River plain. In 1922, yet another city called Mohen-Jo-Daro was discovered in the Larkana district located in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Later discoveries revealed that the Harappan culture had a remarkable geographical spread extending west along the Makran coast of Pakistan up to the borders of present day Iran. To the East it extended over a thousand miles up to the Indian capital city of New Delhi and to the South into the Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Indian National Oceanography Institute reports that the “Saurashtra coast has been the focal point of human activities since the 3rd millennium BC and the existence of Harappan settlements have been traced at Lothal, Padri, Prabhas Patana, Nageswar and Bet Dwarka.” At the height of its glory, the Harappan culture is said to have supported over 50,000 people which is considered remarkable for a for a Pre- Bronze Age civilization. Body The Harappan Culture was extremely refined and modern. According to Ahmad: A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilization. The quality of municipal town planning suggests knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene. The streets of major cities such as Mohenjo-daro or Harappa were laid out in perfect grid patterns. (8) The cities had paved roads and streets and aqueducts for carrying water from the rivers to the cities as well as to the fields. The Citadel in the upper part of the town housed the priests and administrators while the lower town was inhabited by traders and craftsmen. The towns had granaries and a town hall. Standardization, a modern concept was also practiced by the Harappans which is evident from the fact that the sizes of bricks used in Harappan towns all through the enormous geographical extent were of the same dimension. Trade with the outside world was well developed. The Harappan cities were built along the rivers to take advantage of river navigation and the connectivity afforded to the sea thereon. The discovery of a well preserved perfectly rectangular dry dock in the city of Lothal (Province of Gujarat, India) point to the evidence that the Indus Valley civilization was a seafaring culture. The discovery of a seal depicting
Introduction The diffusion of innovation is the process through which an innovation or a new idea is communicated by the use of specific channels over time among the members of the social system. The diffusion innovation model has been widely applied by health organizations to spread information concerning new programs, policies and practices to the target social systems. The paper examines the manner in which the principles of the diffusion innovation model can be involved in the campaign on STDs among the youth. The Summary and Analysis of the Article’s Results Rogers and Scott (1997) used the diffusion innovation framework to evaluate the effects of medical library outreach programs on the target audience consisting of the medical professional. Rogers and Scott (1997) found that diffusion of innovations is an efficient means by which new information spread among the target audience through the communication medium over time. Rogers and Scott (1997) put emphasis on the application of the internet as well as the new forms of communication technologies in the delivery of the library information resources. In their evaluation, Rogers and Scott (1997) found that targeting opinion leaders or early adopters within the social system remains significant for the later sustainability in reaching out for the critical mass. Essentially, from Rogers and Scott (1997) findings, it can be deduced that the application of the diffusion of innovation model requires extensive programs and effective strategies in order to reach a large number of people within the targeted social system. How the Researchers Applied the Diffusion of Innovation Model Even though the researchers emphasized on the applications of all the elements in the model, the focus was on the communication channels. The researchers applied the formative and summative evaluation methodologies to examine the information transmission based on the diffusion of innovation model. The Principle of Innovation Model that is Critical in the Development of Public Health Campaign One of the principles of diffusion of innovation model that is significant in the development of public health campaigns on STDs among the youth is the communication channel (Dearing, 2009). The communication channel provides the means through which the information is spread and shared among the youth. The reason why communication remains significant in this campaign is that it provides a process through which the targeted youths share the intended information concerning the STDs and reach a mutual understanding (Barker, 2004). Communication is also a critical tool that can be used to overcome the cultural and stigmatization barriers associated with STDs. For instance, through communicating innovative and captivating information, increased awareness of these barriers can be raised, while the youths can come to a common understandin
A child behavior plan can be viewed as a preventive intervention measure aimed at meeting various concerns in the school system. The main idea is to change the environment so as to facilitate the child’s inclusion in the learning process. A behavior agreement/plan is fundamentally a shared understanding between teachers and students about fair, reasonable, safe, expected behavior in out class group. I did observe Stephen’s behaviors since I overheard his teacher mention that she as having an issue with this pupil’s performance in class. I used the following table that to record my findings for five days at school. I did note that there was a repeated pattern of behavior based on the above table. A lapse in memory leading to memory loss was the most prevalent. However, organizing his academic work was not very prevalent probably due to the fact that other students could come in and help him out. Stephen had a problem with is language which made it difficult to express himself fully in projecting his problems. Most of the observable behavioral challenges were noted on Tuesday, an indication that he was perhaps aware of his shortcomings of the previous day. This state of conscious awareness led to the escalation of his challenging behaviors. The awareness could probably be because of the enquiry made by the parents concerning his progress at school. The fast most important step in dealing with challenging behaviors is to try to find out the root cause (Rogers, 4). Secondly, it would be prudent to focus on identifying the target behavior using specific, observable and measurable terms. The most accurate way in establishing a challenging behavior would be to use a logical approach (Baycrest par. 3). I tried to find out the exact possible cause of the memory lapse as indicated by the patterns made in my plan and found out that there were some commotions at his home. For instance, “Psychologists and other mental health care professionals use a technique called ABC charting to observe challenging behaviors before developing and implementing a plan” (Baycrest par. 3). In this regard, if the cause is a mental condition, then medical solutions may be sort for. This may call for use of strategies to enhance memorization or problem solving skills. As Engelmann (115) postulates, direct instruction is an approach to establishing new behavior and maintaining it. Because of its broad orientation, a direct instruction applies nearly at all instructional problems. As indicated above, therefore, strategies such as systematic curriculum which is designed and highly structured with fast paced lessons which students are actively involved in the lesson progress. Works Cited Baycrest.org. Memory Loss and Autism, 2004. Web. Engelmann, Sieg
238 A.D. is called the era of six emperors. During that time, six rulers were changed in the Roman Empire. The first emperor was Maximinus Thrax, who ruled since 235 A.D. but was overthrown at the beginning of 238 A.D. Then there ruled two emperors simultaneously – Gordian and his son Gordian II. The latter was killed during the battle near Carthage, and Gordian committed suicide when he found out that his son was dead. After that, two senators, Pupienus and Balbinus, were elected as the rulers of the Roman Empire. However, they were not popular among Roman citizens. Hence a thirteen years old Gordian III became the Emperor instead of them. At the same time, Maximinus tried to go back to Rome but spent some time on the siege of Aquileia, where he was killed in March 238 (Herodian, 1961). Then Balbin, who, together with Pupiennus, remained unofficial ruler of the Empire, went back to Rome. However, the two senators argued quite often, and during the last fight in July 238 A.D., they were captivated by the soldiers and later killed. Hence Gordian III remained the only Emperor and ruled till 244 A.D. When reading Herodian’s text, it is possible to single out several reasons for the latter fall of the Roman Empire. As seen from the events of the year of six Emperors, civil and internal wars significantly weakened both the economy and the army. They also caused a crisis of power when the rulers could not reach a compromise. A clear example of such a feud was when Balbin and Pupiennus were unable to agree and were publically humiliated and later killed (Herodian, 1961 ). As a result of their feud, a thirteen years old Gordian III was left to rule a huge empire with millions of citizens to take care of and an enormous amount of obligations to bear. However, modern historians single out several other reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire. The first one is the financial crisis since the huge Empire required a lot of money for the army and different needs. It led to the growth of taxes and provoked inflation and public rage. Another reason is the emergence of a prosperous opponent – Byzantium, which flourished when Rome faced several crises. There exists one more reason, but it was implicitly mentioned in Herodian’s writing. It was the weakening of the army since Roman people were not eager to enroll in the army, and those already registered were tired of constant battles (Herodian, 1961 ). Hence, the fall of the Roman Empire was caused by several factors that influenced both the economy and the army. Reference Herodian. (1961). Herodian’s history of Roman Empire since the death of Marcus Aurelius. (E.C. Echols, Trans.). University of California Press.
Identification JetBlue airline was founded in 2000. The airline was established with the goal of being the principal economical commuter airline in the US aviation industry. The firm founders believed that the goal could be attained through presenting high excellent client services delivery and differentiated products. The company vision stresses on treating the clients in an exclusive manner. On that note, the airline developed a mission to be recognized as the best regional carrier through the provision of economical, pleasurable as well as secure air travel services to its clients. Further, the airline’s undertaking is to be acknowledged as the top cost-effective traveler airline offering superior client service to undeserved markets. The firm identifies clients’ need for the most excellent worth in their journeys. As a result, the firm has the latest most superior planes that are reliable, secure, fuel conserving and using the most advanced expertise. JetBlue has also developed a viewpoint of maintaining distinctive services as well as offering the unsurpassed price worth for its’ customers’ tickets. In order to provide high quality services to its passengers, the airline engages highly trained and inspired personnel to enhance their proficiency. Analysis and Evaluation JetBlue have focused its growth in the next ten years and to realize this growth, the airline-planned strategies will be evaluated in terms of financial performance and internal business processes. Financial performance The firm’s financia
Introduction The film has been termed as a cultural mirror; a reflection of society’s attitudes, values, philosophies, and lifestyle. The film could be seen as a product of culture since the filmmakers are people of that particular real-time. Compared to the general public, filmmakers are considered to be atypical, more politically liberal, less devoted to practice religion, and more willing to embrace the changing social attitudes. Thus the tendencies of their movies to support radicalism and subvert traditional values like those perpetrated by the Christians, Bradley, M., et al ., (1996). Film and culture The film industry is one of the fastest-growing cultural communicator industries. The effect of movies in the modern world cannot be assumed. It’s currently rated as the most powerful cultural communicator. As culture is defined as the processes that produce behaviors, practices, meanings, and institutions of our social existence, movies being a modern cultural communicator have a direct effect in shaping society’s beliefs and practices. Viewers not only get entertained by movies but may unknowingly enter into a life of escapism with distorted values and lifestyles. These effects from an idealized life may include; rationalizing violence, romanticizing views on love and passion as well as creating distortions on the view of oneself and others, Smith, G. (1999). An example is a western culture which for the last three hundred years has moved from a Christian-dominated culture to a more general anti-Christian secularism. As movies become part of our culture, they inevitably convey values and beliefs. It’s a complex process to try and differentiate if the entertainment media reflects or shapes society. When films address contemporary issues in society and have them treated as per current perspective, then they may be considered to reflect the society. In some of the instances, in the process of portraying and representing culture, the film ends up glamorizing and popularizing the ideas, attitudes, beliefs, and values within the culture. In this way, film shapes culture and as it portrays and reflects on some of these values, they become infiltrated into people’s minds and this can lead to certain dangers. It’s thus possible to say that film is not just a mirror of the society but also a cultural byproduct of a culture they helped to create, Bradley, M., et al .,(1996). Some of the distortions associated with film include; promotion of individualism, and stereotyping males and females as well as
Introduction The modern world has a high pace of technological and economic development but still faces numerical social and environmental crises. Liam Downey examines in his work Inequality, democracy, and the environment , the nature of these problems and tries to explain the causes of their occurrence. The author emphasizes that organizations controlled by the elite play a key role in creating global problems and proves his statement by analyzing literature and case studies. Main body The main issues for consideration that the author selects are the process of globalization; the problems of mining and agriculture; the U.S. energy and military policy. These issues are presented as crucial in causing different global problems (Downey, 2015). For example, the growth of industry and agriculture causes environmental pollution, while globalization exacerbates economic inequality between states. Downey (2015) explores the actions of various organizations, companies, and even political entities (such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, or the George Bush Administration), to find their effects on the environment. This research provides an opportunity to trace a direct relationship between the adoption of cost-effective actions or laws and the occurrence of environmental and social problems. Most of the research in the book is aimed at studying the history of the formation and functioning of elite-controlled organizations, as well as experience in overcoming global problems. However, the identification of mistakes of the past, their analysis, and evaluation assist in finding new principles that help to avoid their recurrence. This knowledge also helps to improve forecasting skills and choose the best ways of solving problems. Thus, Liam Downey’s scientific work is important for Environmental Sociology, since it studies the activities of elite-controlled organizations as a source of social and environmental problems. Inequality, democracy, and the environment also has a clear structure and organization. In the first part of the book, the author presents his theoretical arguments: he describes two popular theories of environmental degradation, namely, the study of social structure, and the research on macro-structural environmental sociology (Downey, 2015). He uses analysis of literature to find gaps in the premises of these theories. In the second part, he demonstrates the empirical evidence of the influence of elite-controlled structures on social and environmental conditions in the world. Downey (2015) uses numerous case studies and official documents of international organizations, which, in practice, confirm his thesis. Thus, it can be determined that the author’s research has high quality, since it examines the issues from different perspectives and uses credible sources. Moreover, Downey’s research helps environmentalists and sociologists identify the sources of global challenges and delve into a study of them. Scientists and politicians can direct their efforts to address the crisis after studying the impact of institutional inequality in the world and its relationship with the eme
Background of research method One reliable method of research in the area of learning/language deficiencies (LDs) is the hierarchical cluster analysis that expands the traditional Q-factor analysis method. The research mentioned in this article took place in a 3-year time range. It aimed at examining the correlation of individual diversities and development results and other aspects relating to the education field. The hypothesis for the study is that children with inadequate narrative and reading skills perform poorly in school and vice versa (Feagans and Appelbaum, 1986). The sample was selected from a large longitudinal study of children with learning disabilities at the elementary level and compared to the normal ones, using 6 clusters of study. The clusters examined were syntax, semantics, hyper-verbal, superior narratives, vocabulary, and narratives. Those in the syntax category were normal as far as comprehension was concerned though the rest of the skills were abnormal to them, hence making it hard to understand narratives. Those in the semantics cluster were only good in vocabulary issues so they could not understand narratives. In the hyper-verbal cluster, the children used complicated sentences very much but could not comprehend the meaning of any words. The outcome implies that those with narrative abilities were stronger academically as compared to the rest. The study also revealed that although narrative skills were more significant academically, the rest of the skills were also crucial to academic success. More implications of the study include that the subtypes of languages were used to make clear the several patterns/clusters in these children. It also is clear that the outcomes of the different clusters used affected the children academically. Therefore, the hypothesis of the research was tested to be true. That is those children with inadequate narrative and reading skills performed poorly in school and vice versa (Feagans and Appelbaum, 1986). Another reliable research method is quantitative genetic research on the disabilities of learning. This method helps people to understand interconnections between acquiring literacy, mathematical abilities, functions’ skills, and developing the oral language among those with learning deficiencies (LDs). The process involves examining the behavioral, biologi
Los Angeles Live, better known as L.A. Live, is a giant entertainment complex located near the Staples Center, in downtown of the city. The venue is quite popular among L.A. citizens and tourists coming to the Californian center (L.A. LIVE Properties n. p.). The complex counts numerous restaurants, theatres, concert halls, apartments, and movie theatres. It also possesses a large hotel and joint tower. The recreation centre can be used for various purposes, such as holding various shows and performances, celebrating notable events, and organizing meetings and concerts. There is also a possibility for all people to have a great time by attending restaurants, doing shopping, and enjoying various shows and events (L.A. LIVE Properties n. p.). L. A. Live is not just a set of venues, shops, and restaurants because it allows people to escape from reality and routine and dedicate their time to enjoying life (L.A. LIVE Properties n. p.). More importantly, attending L. A. Live is a great opportunity to engage with the world of celebrities and the atmosphere of entertainment. Understanding the concept and mission of the complex, the service can also be organized in other regions in California and all over the United States because it brings new energy and atmosphere. The main mission of the complex is to entertain people and make their lives more exciting, interesting, and less disturbing. While entering this venue, people can have a chance to meet with theatrical world of celebrities, as well as discover new opportunities for amusement and enjoinment. Thus, the center can provide its guests and visitors with unforgettable experience by proposing exceptional services and a number of venues to visit. Therefore, L.A. Live allows people to bring their own business and lives into a new dimension, a destination which transforms daily routine into another reality. In other words, the complex brings the city to another level and opens new opportunities for people (JM L.A. LIVE n. p.). Attending various sports events, excellent performances, and music awards events provides people with understanding a new conception of leading a life. The scale and possibilities of the complex have no analogues in the world and, therefore, the guests of L. A. Live have a unique opportunity to become part of important events at international scale. Propagating a new vision and understanding life in large-scale terms can provide LA citizens with a new conception of how leisure time can be enriched. Moreover, the complex can ensure its guests to receive any type of services.