ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Voting is mandatory for the democratic process since it is the means through which the voice of the majority is projected. However, for the voting process to be valid, a sizable proportion of the citizens who are eligible for voting should take part in the activity. Voter turnout rates in America are said to be significantly low when compared to many other democracies in the world in spite of the fact that America is celebrated as a model democracy all over the world. For this reason, various administrations and civil societies have made attempts to increase the voter turnouts in the US. This paper will carry out a concise, yet informative analysis of voter turnout for three presidential elections. Policies and actions which have positively impacted voter turnout will be highlighted and my view on future voter turnout will be given. Voter Turnout 1988 Voter turnout statistics Voter turnout in the US in the 1988 presidential elections was one of the lowest in the American voting history. Herron (1998) declares that at the rate of 50.1%, it was a phenomenally low turnout when compared to American standards. The 1988 election runoffs were contested by three main candidates who were: George Bush, Michael Dukakis, and Ron Paul. The election was won by George Bush while the second place was taken by Dukakis. While there were many other contestants for the presidential seat, they only managed to achieve trivial vote counts. Factors Resulting To a Low Voters Turnout Elections voter turnout was influenced by a number of factors including: social, political, and psychological factors. This fact was true for the 1988 elections where social class dictated the outcomes in a very fundamental way. Statistics indicate that voter turnout was largely influenced by social class of the electorate (Herron, 1998). 86 percent of people with salaries above $75,000 participated in the voting of the presidential election while a significantly lower 52 percent of people with salaries under $15,000 took part in the elections (Herron, 1998). This indicates that social status affects the turnout rate in the elections greatly. The process of voting and registration are major contributors to voter turnout in any elections. In 1988 presidential elections, the voting process was quite hectic; a factor that kept the electorate away from the polling stations as they were avoiding long queues. The elections schedule, according to Herron (1998), was not properly structured and many people saw the process as time consuming, hence there was a low turnout. This is because voters’ turnout is dependent on the individuals’ motivation to engage in the activity. Partisanship also had its stake on the effect of the low turnout. Not many people considered the individuals in the race for presidency; rather the focus was on the preferred political party. Voting model A careful consideration of the circumstances surrounding the 1988 presidential elections outcomes suggests that prospective model of voting best describes the mode of voting. In this mode, the electorates look forward to effective change from the administration they are voting in. Voting in 1988 was highly in
These two movies highlight issues which are faced by many people in Africa. ‘ Everyone’s Child’ is a film shot in Southern Africa that shows the lives of four siblings who are devastated by the death of their parents. This movie highlights struggles which children, who get orphaned by AIDS, have to go through every day to survive. ‘ Yesterday’ is a movie set in rural and urban South Africa that focuses on the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on a young Zulu woman. The movie details the struggle she has to go through after contracting the virus from her husband. The movie is set in a rural area of South Africa, where strong traditions and culture influence the way people live. These two films reveal the way HIV/AIDS issues in Africa have been portrayed through the media (Hodes 154). This paper will discuss cinematic representations of AIDS in these films and how they strengthen stereotypes, which exist in many parts of the world about Africa. The movie ‘ Everyone’s Child’ brings out the suffering which many African children have to endure after their parents pass away due to HIV/AIDS. The movie follows a trend set by other movies which focus on heavy social themes to create more awareness about different issues. The movie’s producers were mainly motivated by the desire to inform masses on the impacts of HIV/AIDS in families, communities and the society at large. The movie uses children to put across strong arguments, about how vulnerable people in the society are made to suffer consequences of other peoples’ mistakes. The movie manages to resonate with many viewers because it makes AIDS one of the main agendas that need to be tackled. As a result, the movie brings into focus some of the major issues which relate to AIDS on the African continent. It shows how children are left without anyone to care for them, which exposes them to an uncertain future (Hodes 156). The movie is a representation of the way children in Africa take on roles that are normally performed by adults as a result of HIV/AIDS. The movie ‘ Yesterday ’ documents the struggles an illiterate rural woman has to go through after contracting the HIV/AIDS virus from her husband, who works in mines in the city. The movie brings to light difficulties faced by women in Africa because of the virus. The main character in the movie is shunned by her husband who is still in denial that he is infected with the virus. The movie is a strong illustration of how strong cultural attitudes make it difficult to fight HIV/AIDS in Africa and how they influence people’s perceptions regarding the disease. The movie reveals how married women in Africa take responsibility for all failures in their homes, even though some of these failures are caused by their husbands (Hodes 158). The movie focuses on the resilience of a woman who is ready to take care of her daughter alone, despite her weak physical status
Introduction New technological innovations offer many opportunities for businesses to improve their products or services. However, they also entail various technology risks that have to be managed to ensure the safety of users and prevent damage to the company, whether reputational or financial. Consequently, studying cases where new technology risks were not managed adequately helps to identify practice gaps and develop strategies that could help to prevent future failures. The present paper focuses on Tesla’s autopilot technology, which has been blamed for lethal traffic accidents. As the analysis carried out in this paper will show, the company failed to manage the technology risk and should improve its practices in the future to avoid similar incidents. Background Tesla is an electric car manufacturer that is famous around the world for its designs and innovations. The company was founded in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who were both engineers (Reed, 2020). At the time, electric cars were still new to the market; however, General Motors got positive results during its market experiment with electric vehicles, which inspired the two engineers to start their company (Reed, 2020). In 2004, Elon Musk invested $30 million into Tesla, which made him the chair of the Board of Directors (Reed, 2020). Tesla was innovative in many ways, and this helped the company to achieve popularity both in the United States and in other countries. Firstly, the company was the first to produce a fully electric car that could meet consumers’ needs. As explained by Reed (2020), “previous experiments in this field had failed because, among other issues, companies struggled to produce a battery powerful enough to keep cars on the road and a cost-effective motor that could fit inside a consumer vehicle and accelerate it to highway speed” (para. 8). Secondly, Tesla was able to improve the battery of its cars over time, leading to reduced charging times (Reed, 2020). Another critical innovation implemented by Tesla was autopilot. The technology is described as “an advanced driver assistance system that enhances safety and convenience behind the wheel” (Tesla, 2020, para. 1). The company warns that the features currently included in their cars do not make them fully autonomous, and thus drivers should still keep their hands on the wheel and be ready to take over at any moment (Tesla, 2020). Nevertheless, this innovation is crucial in the contemporary world because it enabled the automobile business to step closer to creating fully autonomous vehicles. Autonomous Cars Risk Cars with autopilot features are among the examples of technology that has many benefits while posing potential risks to the health and safety of users. On the one hand, driverless cars are believed to contribute to road security because they could reduce the risk of traffic accidents. According to
The American Blooms closing brings out two types of openness that each has several effects to the students. There is openness of indifference. In this Bloom argues that there should be humility in order to become what you want to be. Elimination of intellectual pride is being humble and this leads students to achieve their goals in life. We have seen that, from progressivism theory of education that education should be life itself and not a way of preparing to live. Therefore a lot of effort including eliminating intellectual pride should be put in order for the students to achieve their objectives. The desire of students includes self-discovery. This is possible by making every endeavour to be of equal value. Openness of indifference also, as argued by Bloom, makes students to forsake their need to study languages and instead study philosophy of science. He also puts across that openness of indifference makes students to improve the love for them or in other words it is called self-esteem. This is based on the opinions of other people. It makes students to think critically on every subject of discussion. It teaches them to leave interpretation of documents based on all it depends. He argues that this form of openness makes students to doubt about almost everything they hear or come across with. These are the good qualities of a critical thinker. Everything should be doubted that the students should live in the world of uncertainties. Every matter should be put into enough reasoning. It should then be analysed and be evaluated with alternatives before arriving at a particular conclusion. This is how critical thinkers handle several issues. Another form of openness as argued by Bloom is the openness to the quest for knowledge and certitude. It focuses mostly on history and qualitative examples. It gives the students the desire to know about history. They are interested in knowing what history holds that is good for their lives and education. They also try to find out several issues about culture and then identify what is best for them. In this they are trying to find out what will make them happy from historical and cultural values. This form of openness also boosts their amour-soi. That is it improves their self-esteem. It makes the love for them healthy and natural. It also gives them a sense of independence in their thinking and evaluating the views of other students or other people in general. This openness helps students to have a closer understanding of the laws of the government. This is possible since they are able to closely interpret arguments and several ideas. It teaches the students the importance of the closeness of mind to everything that make them be okay with their present lives. This makes people believe that it is not actually necessary for one to attend class in order to become a critical thinker. Bloom gives a reader one warning. That is the students should refrain from treating text books like bank dollars i.e. acquiring as many books as possible should not be their aim. The main objective is to put emphasis on the reading and asking questions that the students come across during their intensive reading. He ar
Introduction Primary care delivery of hemodialysis for end-stage renal failure falls into three types within two general classes. The first class, Arterio–Venous access (AVA), can take the form of either the Arterio-Venous Fistula (AFV) or Arterio-Venous Graft (A-VG). The second class is the Permanent Venous Catheter (PVC), of which the better-known type is the Tesio line, a dual-tunneled catheter that improves blood flow during dialysis (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, 2008). Each type bears advantages and drawbacks. By enlarging and strengthening the access vein, AFV’s promote blood flow, last longer without remedial surgery, and ensure fewer complications. However, the condition of the patient may not permit the waiting time of as long as 24 months for a proper fistula to develop. In which case, the alternatives are a vascular graft (or synthetic tube) that can be used within three weeks after placement or the single-lumen, twin-line Tesio-Cath that is immediately functional (Duncan et al ., 2004). Even after the vascular access has taken hold, all are subject to infection and constricted blood flow because of blood clotting in the access tubes. The trade-off for the improved blood flow of PVCs, for instance, is that they are the most susceptible to both problems. When that happens, medication to combat the infection and another procedure to remove or replace the catheter is called for. Hence, both American and British guidelines recommend AVA as the gold standard while cautioning that no more than 10% of patients coming for hemodialysis (HD) to any Renal Unit should be allowed to opt for PVC. Beyond the high risk of sepsis, this recommendation is especially concerned with blood flow limitation below the optimal 1.2 for Kt/v or 65% for URR. Despite this clear guideline on limiting the use of PVCs, the average incidence has been at least twice as much — 23% of HD patients in the USA and 28% in the UK. Some of the reasons for this prevalence are well-known and others have not been disclosed (Pisoni et al. , 2009) Related to this “comfort level” with employing PVCs is the availability of the Tesio line type, a dual-tunneled catheter that has the advantage of maintaining desired flow adequacy. That being the case, Renal Units have been amenable to employing PVCs for patients with heart problems, to indulge the aesthetic desires of young women, or when the potential risks are justified by the fact that the patient is already on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. True, AVA-type grafts are also subject to reduced flow adequacy because clotting can occur through neglect, poor hygiene practices in primary care, or, despite the best efforts, constriction of the access vein. In the latter situation, the AV graft may require angioplasty, a procedure to widen the small segment that has narrowed. Another option is to perform surgery on the AV graft and replace the narrow segment. For their part, properly-implanted AV fistulas are the least susceptible to infection and flow
Abstract The construction industry is changing rapidly, modernising and improving existing house-building tools. These changes are coupled with an increasing trend towards green construction, in which the environmental and economic aspects of construction are effectively balanced, and harm to the environment and people minimised. This is especially noticeable in the cladding industry, which protects buildings from external hazards and adds aesthetic features. Different materials are used for cladding, but it is not clear which is more sustainable and user-friendly. In 2020, propelled by UK environmental organizations, the UK expert panel recommended large scale testing of cladding systems to better understand what types of cladding are more eco-friendly. In this context a review of popular cladding material aimed at finding the most eco-friendly cladding is especially relevant. An extensive literature review of digitally available academic sources, interviews and questionnaires with professionals in the industry was undertaken to find the best façade material to meet the requirements of eco-sustainability and cost-effectiveness. In this work the comparison of different cladding materials was undertaken. They were compared in terms of durability, cost-effectiveness, water and heat retention, combustibility, and harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The data was gathered through looking at raw official statistics posted by official government bodies such as the office for national statistics and by looking at cladding ecological pro
In the 1960s, local party and government organs in numerous parts of China collapsed dramatically. As a result, a new, unpredictable dynamic was injected into a surging mass movement. Notably, Moa leadership authorized masses to rebel against the party’s bourgeois representatives. In this case, Mao stripped party organizations their supreme authority without providing appropriate alternative structures (Wu 142). After January 1967, a large number of rebels in China engaged in the tumultuous political process leading to new antagonisms and contentions that violently divided the disorganized mass movement. This essay paper scrutinizes the social base and the ultraleftist ideas of Shengwulian, a Hunanese organization. According to Wu, the development of Shengwulian unorthodox ideas was due to unforeseen political circumstances and new social conditions (148). Resisting Demobilization: The Road to Shengwulian Cultural Revolution started in Hunan in early June 1966 with the message “antiparty elements” and “reactionary academic authorities” (Wu 148). At the time, there were three mass movements in Hunan. University Headquarters (Gao Si), a college student’s antiwork team mobilization that was formed in October 1966, opposed provincial party authorities and was against the labeling of individuals as black gang or counterrevolutionaries (Wu 150). Xiang River Storm and Thunder, the students, teachers, and workers’ organization formed in October 1966 had a membership of 1 million. Finally, workers left Xiang River and formed Worker’s Alliance in April 1967 after PLA suppressed Xiang River members in February 1967. On 30 September 1967, delegates from numerous Xiang River groups formed Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee (Shengwulian acronym) (Wu 156). Members included the Hunan Red Flag Army, the Changsha Youth Guardian Army, the Provincial Teachers’ Alliance, the Northern District Worker Alliance, the Changsha Workers’ United Revolutionary Committee, the Changsha Peasants’ United Committee, the University Storm and Thunder, and the Hunan Jinggang Mountain (Wu 156-57). Other members were the Middle- School Red Guard Committee, the East
In William Shakespeare’s play Othello, the main character is a man named Othello. He is a Moor, a man with dark skin, who has earned his way to the rank of commanding general in Venice. The play opens with Othello, appearing in nightclothes before an angry mob, trying to defend himself against the accusation that he has shamed the daughter of a wealthy Venetian merchant by joining her in bed. Iago, another character, helps to incite the mob, but Desdemona appears next to Othello, telling them that she is absolutely devoted to Othello and the two of them are married. It is one of the things that Shakespeare is praised for that these two characters are able to demonstrate such strong emotion. Their love for each other is seen in their unwavering devotion in this first test of their relationship as they face down the town. However, even this intense emotion, perhaps especially this sort of intense emotion, can easily work against itself. This is demonstrated throughout the play as Iago carefully manipulates Othello’s perceptions, playing off of his insecurities and enflaming his jealousies to the point of violence. Unaware of what is happening, Desdemona continues to show her fierce devotion to her husband which both blinds her to the truth of Othello’s murderous emotions and feeds them. In the end, both Desdemona and Othello are blinded by their emotions, preventing them from seeing reality which leads to their deaths. Even before Desdemona appears in the play, it is clear to the audience that she loves Othello beyond all reason. Although much of this idea is perhaps lost on a modern audience, Shakespeare’s audience would have been shocked at the idea that a young girl of good breeding would think to marry someone without her father’s approval or knowledge and that she would marry a man of a different race at a time when that was rare. She is not a bad girl, though, as she shows her father sincere devotion as soon as she comes on stage. She tells him, “To you I am bound for life and education; / My life and education both do learn me / How to respect you: you are the lord of duty; / I am hitherto your daughter” (I, iii, 182-85). In these lines, she recognizes the care and devotion he’s given her, acknowledges the gifts he’s bestowed upon her and admits that up to this point, she belonged entirely to him. However, she then says that her duty has been transferred to Othello, who she has taken as her husband. If it is thought that perhaps race didn’t mean anything to the people back then, Desdemona’s father’s reaction to her marriage removes any doubt. This is something Desdemona apparently doesn’t feel is important even though it will limi
Cultural differences play an important role in marketing a product or service internationally, and for a business campaign to be successful, they should be taken into account. In this paper, the most crucial aspects of cultures will be discussed. The illustrative examples of promoting products internationally will also be provided. The first factor that should be understood by multinational companies before marketing a product in a foreign country is the language. It is considered to be one of the most evident cultural differences, and it can lead to grave mistakes. The first failure that comes to mind is the promotion of a car under the brand name “Nova” in South America. Everything seems to be in order with this name, but not for local people as, in their language, it means “it will not go.” Thus, this case shows that it is of paramount importance to provide a correct translation that will regard a certain language’s specific features. Another essential factor that should be considered is the eating habits of a region. It is particularly relevant for food selling companies as they should not disregard the tastes and preferences of culture when marketing their menu. For example, McDonald’s includes various dishes on its menu, depending on the country’s eating preferences. In France, it is different types of pastry, such as croissants, apple pies, and macaroons; in Spain, one can order a traditional Spanish soup – gazpacho. This marketing approach appears to be successful as it corresponds with the local culture component and, at the same time, does not alter the global brand’s core principals. In conclusion, the success of marketing the product internationally lies in balancing global and local components. It is essential to respect the culture of a specific country when selling the product or service there. The violation of this rule leads to serious mistakes in international marketing. As there are examples of such failures, it is also important to analyze and consider them when planning a new business project.