ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Conducting research on different religions, cultural anthropologists usually prefer having different perspectives on the phenomenon under study. One of the most effective of them is the view from etic and emic perspectives. Etic perspective requires to look on the religion as “outsider” of it. It means that the researchers should detach themselves from this religion to analyze it at an objective and scientific level. Emic perspective means the view on the religion as “insider”, that is the view of a person who engaged in it. In this essay, the catholic church will be discussed from these two sides with the use of credible sources. Etic The objective view on Christianity requires elaborating a specific paradigm that will allow looking at it more systematically. Molloy (2020) recommends to researchers studying any religion consider three main patterns: view of the world and life, the focus of beliefs and practices, and views of male and female. In fact, the general worldview of Catholics does not differ from the common Christian paradigm (Alva, 2017). They believe that all that exists in the world was produced out of nothing by God. The people were created because of the incredible love of God. These basic explanations will vary from one culture to another, but all religions have such kinds of answers to the questions of world creation, the purpose of life, and human beings’ existence. As for the practices and sacred things, Catholicism has some
Analyzing the operations management of a company, it should be mentioned that the operational function includes actions, as a result of which products and services provided to the external environment are produced. Thus, the functions of operations are inherent in every company’s structure, otherwise they simply cannot exist. In that regard, the notion of operations implies the process in which all the activities of the organization are included, contributing to the overall competitiveness of the organization. This paper analyzes the functional areas of the business, based on the case study of Clemency Prior’s Ice cream business. The paper analyzes the key issues that the company is facing in such areas as marketing, operations, and human resource management, along with providing recommendations on the decisions that should be taken to promote the further development of the business. Overview of the Case The case is about a family business venture in which a moderately successful ice cream company is facing a dilemma. The dilemma is mainly about a possible development in the company’s strategic visions, where being reluctant at first to use supermarkets as distribution channels, the company relied mostly on independent stores, actively promoting the position of the company in opposing supermarkets. Coming into a situation, where the expansion and the development of the company is inevitable, the company started to face a lot of issues starting from complaints from retailers, and to necessary investments due to the problems of capacity. The aforementioned is combined with the plans of the company to reach a turnover of £18 million by 2014. In that regard, it can be seen that the main forces that are promoting the necessity for change in the company are mostly compatible with the main characteristics of this era, i.e. volume and variety and accordingly with no compromises to quality. (Brown et al., 2005). Key Issues The key issues that Clemency Prior is facing can be divided into the several categories, which can be related to different areas of management.   * Financial Management – The financial management is basically, the ability of the company to finance the company’s operations and have sufficient revenues. In that regard, in the case of Clemency prior this can be related to two key issues, one of which is the need for investments driven by the possible expansion of the production line, and the other thing is the decrease in net profit margin from the previous year, resulted from the firm reaching its capacity in manufacturing.   * Human resources management – The HR management is directly related to the core competences of the firm (Brown et al., 2005), and accordingly, is one of the main approaches to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce. In the case of Clemency Prior, the key issue is related to such factors as the need for expanding the staff of the company and the related organizational implementations in terms of poli
This review is titled “Nursing Interventions for Smoking Cessation” and its main objective is to find out the effectiveness of nursing-initiated smoking cessation interventions (Rice, Hartmann‐Boyce & Stead, 2013). The review was mainly authored by Virginia Rice and Lindsay Stead and both authors are notable nursing authorities in the universities of Michigan and Oxford respectively. This systematic research review is relevant to nursing because nurses are among the health practitioners who can have a major impact on patient behavior. For instance, it is common for healthcare practitioners to give advice to individuals who are trying to stop smoking. Quitting smoking is an uphill task for most individuals and this undertaking requires a lot of guidance and support. Even though the advice that nurses give to potential smokers might be brief, it can have a significant effect on smoking cessation. The authors of this review note that nurses are the most common healthcare professionals; hence, their contributions towards smoke cessation activities cannot be overlooked. The article’s research relies on forty-two clinical studies and an upward of fifteen thousand participants. The research is relevant to nursing practice because its overall finding was that nurses could help individuals in their efforts to stop smoking. In addition, the article notes that most support from the nursing staff comes in the form of advice or encouragement. Several stakeholders in the nursing profession including nurses and trainers can use the information that is provided in this article to improve their practices. Furthermore, this research can be used to reduce the rates of tobacco-related deaths in the world. The authors of this review are able to set out their objectives in respect to their subject of study. For instance, the authors are able to recognize the need to classify the level of intensity in respect to the intervention that is employed by nurses towards smoking cessation. This strategy enables the researchers to gauge how smoking-cessation intervention can be tailored to make it more effective in future. For example, nurses can be advised to be either persistent or take a casual attitude when advising or encouraging smokers. On the other hand, the authors are positively inquisitive about the use of aids and other props when they are communicating to smokers. This approach is important and
Introduction To begin with, I want to use the term “ethics” in the context of coaching. We never doubt nowadays that effective coaching provokes effective self-realization of the staff at work. The principles of such programs lie in the personal culture of a coach, his proficiency and desire to communicate. The etiquette of a coach tends him to make professional miracles in lives of people. We, as Americans, should not forget about the fact that we permanently and successfully applied this tendency of self-growth methods by means of annual coaching seminars for employees. That is why, due to our inner intention to diversify the way of couching, as far as I am concerned, there ought to be several guidelines, which exist in methodology of every experienced coach. Discussion James Flaherty, for example, focuses on the commonly overlooked fact that a coach is a human being. He effectively emphasizes that this is the most important aspect that a coach should always have in mind, something that many of us tend to forget. He probes us to make up our minds one more time in relationships with clients, partners or staff and criticizes us to set problems within staff aside. As I see, this coach tries to help us vail our pride feeling the great desire to put us on the straight and narrow. In such a manner he “evokes” excellence, first of all, in ourselves. Each solid corporation is self-determined and has principles of confidentiality not to confront with a conflict of interests. I think, an outstanding coach, as a treasurer of delicate information, knowledge, wisdom and experience, should adhere to these well-known fundamentals of nondisclosure of information under no pretence. The question remains to be answered: who keeps these secrets and insights? Only a conscientious coach. “A coach needs to be able to touch people with new possibilities and bring wisdom, compassion, and humor to the issues and problems they face.” (.Frederic M. Hudson 35) Frederic M. Hudson is close to the idea of an indissolubility of the coach and his audience. He puts trust in people first trying to give them a feedback on what is going wrong and how to improve ourselves and then he hopes to get an appreciation. Coaches treat us because once they were endowed with reason and worked out tools for better appliance in masses. I can surely say, that great couches are the masters of psychology as well. This means it is not only the psychology of age difference. First, it is the psychology of enterprise and everything that belongs to it, that he should possess. Bruce Peltier in his book “The Psychology of Executive Coaching – Theory and Application” raises the idea above mentioned positions and gives us some pieces of information about it: Someone from outside an organization uses psychological skills to help a person develop into a more effective leader. These skills are applied to specific present-moment work problems in a way that enables this person to incorporate them into his/her permanent management or leadership repertoire. (Bruce Peltier 25) Conclusi
Introduction One of the critical requirements of job satisfaction is the capacity of jobs to facilitate upward career mobility. This concern compels organisations through their HR to design and implement career training and development programmes for employees. This plan helps in the provision of knowledge and skills that are required to enhance innovation and creativity. Employees prefer working for companies, which foster the development of their individual skill bases. Consequently, the human resource arm of an organisation develops people to ensure that they acquire supervisory and basic skills to perform organisational tasks, develop their careers, and professional technical skills. Training and development consume organisational resources such as time and finance in exchange with employee career progression. This observation suggests that career development entails interactions and exchanges that occur between employers and the workforce. While literature on training and development sees employers as having a responsibility for guaranteeing career development to their employees, literature on career self-management sees employees as having an added responsibility of making decisions on their current and future career goals. Consequently, there has been an enlarging literature that calls upon employees to take full responsibility of their career management. These concerns are documented in the studies on career self-management, alternatively called individual career development (ICD). This paper identifies eight peer-reviewed articles that address the subject of career self-management. It then reviews and offers their critical analysis. Literature Review Over the last two decades, the career growth environment has been undergoing significant changes. For example, changes have been experienced in traditional forms of career development. Such traditional forms are controlled by paradigms of employment order through the creation of employee relations programmes. Such approaches are now replaced by borderless and worker-controlled career development strategies (King 2004). In the wake of any global financial crisis, many organisations undergo restructuring while others engage in business partnerships such as mergers and acquisitions (Quigley & Tymon 2006). For example, the 2007-2008 financial crisis led to the downsizing and even crumbling of some firms. This situation increased the levels of job insecurity. Many firms offered very few, if any, opportunities for promotions. Consequently, in su
Introduction Psychotherapy can be defined as the process of interaction between a trained psychological professional and a client. The client may be a patient, a couple, a group or even a family. Psychotherapists, in most cases, address psychological issues that are aimed to increase an individual’s well- being. Psychologists often employ various techniques in obtaining useful information from the client. For example, they can use dialogue, direct behavior organization or even communication (Munsterberg, 2006). There are various psychotherapists who are involved in various activities of offering psychotherapists services to clients. Psychotherapy and counseling have been used interchangeably in the past to refer to the process of giving guidance services to a client, in order to overcome the problem they are facing (Munsterberg, 2006). This essay is going to critically evaluate the article titled “Interpersonal psychotherapy for late-Life depression” by Mark et al. The literature review part will critically analyze the article in terms of its strengths and weaknesses. Background information Interpersonal psychotherapy can be defined as limited treatment that is aimed at encouraging a patient to regain their functioning and moods (Weissman et al, 1999). Interpersonal psychotherapy normally lasts for almost 13 – 17 weeks. The psychotherapist will always help the client to understand themselves, and arouse some effects in them (Frank et al, 2011). Depression can be defined as the state where an individual experiences low moods and a repugnance of activity. Depression, to some extent, might affect a person’s way of thinking, physical well-being and behavior (Markowitz, 1998). Recent research has shown that the elderly people always suffer from late-life depression. In their article, Mark et al. sought to find out the effect and efficiency of applying interpersonal psychotherapy to people who were suffering from late-life depression. It is noted in the article that there has been an increased efficacy in the process of protecting recurrence of some major depressions in elderly people. The fact stated is that, efficacy is increased when such interpersonal psychotherapy methods are combined with antidepressant medication (Mark et al, 2001). Discussion Critical analysis The authors of the article carried out an experiment in a bid to determine the effect of interpersonal psychotherapy on the elderly subjects. The research involved the study of older people who were over the ages of 70 years. The research involved observation of the effect of interpersonal psychotherapy on older people for a period of over 10 years. Such a sample is quite good because, most people who are over the ages of 70 years suffer from a moderate cognitive impairment (Mark et al, 2001). Emphasis of the article The article emphasizes on the role and importance of interpersonal psychotherapy in reducing the level of late-life depression among the elderly. The article points out, the elderly, and the young children are the most vulnerable populations because they do rely more on the support provided for by other family members. Also, the elderly are the elderly suffer from a mod
The utopia in addition to its derivative, the dystopia, is types of literature that explore both social and political configurations. Utopian literature explores or tackles the aspects of creating ideal humanity, or utopia as the general setting of the narrative. Dystopian is the contrary: invention or creation of a atrocious civilization, or dystopia. Typically, most novels mix the two, commonly as a metaphor for the diverse directions the society can take in its preferences, ending with either one of the two likely futures. Both types are characteristically utilized in science narrative plus other exploratory genres, and are almost certainly by explanation a series of speculative fiction. Young adult utopian fiction is often characterized by dictatorial regimes that subject their citizens to inhuman treatment. Other common themes include, separate authorities in competition for power and wealth, a religious significance attached to leaders, a protagonist who gets enlightened a starts an uprising and a lower class that are usually looked down upon. Other common themes in utopian literature are degradation of one sex by the other and reduced personal contact between people usually due to technological advances (Bleiler 88). Both genres try to extrapolate the direction of human life by predicting future. By painting horrible and disturbing scenes in dystopian literature, authors try to scare readers from certain practices and lifestyles. Such literature serve as warnings by helping humans to imagine the worst possible futures usually characterized by uninhabitable environment, despotic governments, wars and overpopulation. On the other hand utopian literature tries to restore human hope by pai
Companies seek to gain an advantage over their competitors through the implementation of various strategies that are deemed to be sustainable within the company. These strategies can be either by means of lower prices or through providing essential features that substantiate higher prices. In this regard, the major competitive strategies include product differentiation, lowering costs, alliance, and focused differentiation (Laudon & Laudon, 2006). Due to competitive forces experienced by many companies like The Smart Chips, proper value chain management (VCM) is required to ensure that the company sustains its competitive advantage. Value chain requirements management (VCRM) seeks to assure that the customer needs are prioritized and reducing the implementation and cycle time, thus cutting down the costs of operation. If Smart Chips Company does not realize the value of its microchip products, the company is deemed to fail in satisfying customer’s needs. According to Strategic Crossroads (2007), VCRM begins with a company’s strategic objective and transforms vital business and customer goals into well-defined and operable requirements that are actionable by value chain members. This process gives a well-defined horizontal integration and configuration of requirements against a conventional vertical focus. Several workshops are involved in this process, in an effort to define the target market and customers and their experiences together with their requirements. Therefore, in managing its value chain, Smart Chips Company needs to follow the following VC requirements process so as to gain the desired competitive advantage:  1. Customer market needs – the company needs to know what the customer requires without considering the cost, so as to make customer-specific chips.  2. Strategic objectives – the company needs to outline its corporate objectives that are geared towards providing microchips at lower costs.  3. Business requirements – the company should focus on the business objective which optimizes internal company process; these should focus Smart Chips can then be able to produce microchips as per the customer needs.  4. Value chain owners – these include IT system owners, external business partners and process owners. The company should take into consideration these parties in order to make rightful decisions in production.  5. Value chain business design – this requires that the value chain of the company should be in line with the business process.  6. Value chain implementation – the Smart Chip should be able to implement the value chain if all the customer and business requirements have been elaborated. In conclusion, VCM enables a company to define its business process and product development towards customer satisfaction. As a competitive advantage factor, companies like Smart Chip need to streamline their business process with proper technological procedures so as to continue gaining market share.
Introduction The American Revolutionary War was greatly shaped by the Battle of the Kings Mountain, which was a critical war that took place between the patriot and loyalist mercenaries in the southern campaign. In 7 October 1780, the Patriot mercenaries overpowered the loyalists by capturing and murdering their leader by the name Patrick Ferguson. Ferguson was a leader that was trusted by the British and had been given a responsibility to eliminate the opponents of British in the southern states. He had earlier warned the patriots against participating in war with the British since they could face severe consequences. The patriots did not heed to his calls but instead they decided to fight back by attacking the forces of Ferguson. On his part, Ferguson received reports that the patriots were preparing to fight back. He retreated to safety but he was unlucky since the patriots were swift in their actions. Ferguson and his team were caught up at the Kings Mountain near South Carolina and were brutally slaughtered (Ward, 1952). Through analysis, it is established that the victory gave the patriots moral support to continue with their campaign against racial discrimination and political oppression. The Britons treated other races unfairly. This victory was therefore needed in case the patriots were to continue fighting. The loyalists had to come up with other strategies that would guarantee their survival. For instance, Lord Cornwallis was forced to readjust his schedule by abandoning the plans to attack North Carolina and focus on the South Carolina issue. This paper will therefore analyze the activities of the patriots before the major achievement at the Kings Mountain. The paper also discusses some of the consequences of the battle at the Kings Mountain. Southern Campaigns before the Kings Mountain Before the battle at the Kings Mountain, major changes had taken place within the patriot and loyalist circles. Each group was preparing to defend its interests. In the loyalist militia, Ferguson was nominated as the inspector of the militia group on 22 may 1980. Ferguson was charged with the responsibility of protecting Lord Cornwall in the state of Carolina. The leader marshaled his troops to attack the enemy at the North of Carolina. Before he could attack, Ferguson urged the patriots to surrender in order to avoid serious casualties. However, Ferguson was unaware that the patriots had prepared for the war amicably. On their side, the patriot mercenaries led by prominent leaders such as John Sevier and Shelby Isaac convened a meeting upon realization that Ferguson was preparing to invade their territory. The patriot leaders urged other leaders with the same ambitions as theirs to join them in suppressing the enemy. For that case, William Campbell was brought on board since his mission was to achieve the rights of the Americans. Apart from Campbell, other leaders were also requested to join the patriot militia in defend