ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to a common identification, there are currently four functions of management that are accepted by the majority of professionals: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. All four of these functions are essential and highly valued in management (Raduški, 2017). This essay argues that, although these elements are interconnected, planning can be considered to play the most significant role because it sets the main goals and strategies for further actions. Main body Several factors contributed to this conclusion. First of all, planning is the stage where managers set the goals and outline the steps that need to be taken to achieve desirable results (Kerzner, 2017). Dowson and Bassett (2018) claim that this is when all possible problems can be predicted and eliminated before they even arise. Having carefully planned the measures and their implementation, a manager can make a great contribution to the company’s efforts in achieving the goal. As much as it is important, the task can certainly be challenging. Good planning skills include prioritizing, managing time and schedules, analytical and strategic thinking, possible risk assessment, as well as the ability to make quick decisions. According to Gaiya and Mkponkeabasi (2018), these skills tend to interact, so the lack of some of them can lead to serious setbacks in the work of the whole organization (Papke-Shields & Boyer-Wright, 2017). For example, if risks are not appropriately assessed, the costs may greatly exceed the expected figures. If priorities are not described concisely and reasonably, the team can spend too much time working on minor, secondary goals, getting distracted from the main objective. Thus, good managers should be able to plan all these stages with great consideration and responsibility; this is how they can prevent many problems. Conclusion In conclusion, it needs to be mentioned that the element of planning is not going to work correctly unless the rest of the functions are also performed by skilled and knowledgeable managers. However, considering their roles in an organization’s work, planning seems to stand out the most due to its highly important impact. Given that three other functions work synergistically, planning can become a key element to success.
The Constitution of 1878 was supposed to define the balance of power in the state between the states. Lawyers, political, and public figures have faced the question of the states’ position in the hierarchy and their status. The constitution itself proposed a federation model, securing the central importance of the center of government, from where important laws were to emerge. Federalists believed that only with a robust center could the country develop and grow rich. The anti-federalists were against the adoption of the constitution, at least in its original form. The anti-federalists believed that the legal status of the states should remain high and that the states had every right to self-government. On this basis, a clash of two parties arose, having opposite views on the building of the state. The most critical differences between federalists and non-federalists are attitudes towards human freedom, labor and trade, origin and occupation, representation, and organization. The anti-federalists saw human freedom as the highest value and, putting forward demands for the freedom of states before the center, took this as a basis. In promoting such values, anti-federalist “Madison proposed amendments; they became what we know today as the Bill of Rights” (Bilder, 2018, p. 144). Federalists gave the leading role to a prepared government in decision-making and neutralized the position of human freedom. The anti-federalists believed that small traders should not obey anyone but should only develop their business. The federalists were adherents of big business, and they gave it their preferences. The anti-federalists were often themselves small traders and small farm owners by occupation. Federalists were often prominent figures in public affairs, lawyers, travelers, etc. In addition, unlike anti-federalists, federalists often came from aristocratic families. In conclusion, the federalists were well organized, as they understood the details of the political and legal mechanisms. The anti-federalists, despite their stated values, lacked organization and representation. The most famous federalists are George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton; notable anti-federalists include Patrick Henry and James Madison.
Medical Surge Definition Medical surge is the ability of a health care organization to provide adequate medical evaluation and sufficient medical care to victims of public health disasters. Public health disasters can result from both natural and human-made causes (Clements & Casani, 2016). Examples of natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, and pandemic influenza while human-made causes include explosions, exposure from ionization radiation sources, and bioterrorism attacks. Public health disasters surpass the established limits of medical infrastructure in the affected region. Therefore, medical surge seeks to establish a framework for healthcare providers and medical institutions to survive the effects of a public health disaster and to maintain or recover compromised operations quickly. Through medical surge, the healthcare institutions can obtain medical system resiliency which is the survival of a hazard impact and the maintenance or rapid recovery of compromised operations. Medical Surge Capacity Medical surge capacity refers to the ability of healthcare facilities to evaluate and provide the necessary medical care to a significant number of patients particularly above its ordinary performance operations (“The MSCC Management System,” 2020). The evaluation and care provided to patients include laboratory studies and extensive epidemiological investigations. It is not necessarily confined to direct patient care. In cases of a pandemic caused by an outbreak of a new infection, for example, the health care workers have to conduct widespread investigations to determine the appropriate prevention and treatment procedures. Since medical surge capacity has a direct relation to the number of patients, physical resources such as personnel, hospital beds, supplies, and equipment have to be considered. The existing assets have to be tested against various elements such as identification of the medical need, identification of the resources required to address the needs in a timely manner, moving the resources quickly to places where they are required, and supporting and managing the resources to their maximum output capacity. In most occasions, the available resources are not sufficient to cater to the needs of all the patients seeking medical attention. Therefore, additional resources have to be sought such as state intervention, standby resources, and federal aid. However, the facilities have to ensure they maximize the available resources before integrating other products. Medical Surge Capability Medical surge capability is the ability of healthcare organizations to manage patients who need unusual or specialized medical care and evaluation. Medical surge provides a variety of specialized medical services such as personnel, information, expertise, equipment, and procedures. The medical services needed are not normally available where they are required. For example, the need for specialized pediatric care provided in non-pediatric facilities. Medical surge capability also involves the integration of special intervention methods to protect healthcare providers,
Cosmetic retail is quite developed industry. However, every industry has its peculiarities, which are sometimes hard to understand. Thus, in order to better understand the context in which this or that the company operates, it is crucial to use Michael Porter’s Five-Forces Model. As stated by Berger, this framework “considers the five competitive forces that influence a business success or failure” (10). Each of the forces has variables. Five variables have been chosen for each force and rated on a scale of 1 to 5 according to their importance for the cosmetic industry. Rivalry among competing firms  1. Number of competing firms  2. Product differences  3. Fixed costs/Value added  4. Industry growth  5. Switching costs According to David, it is “the most powerful of the five forces” (75). Thus, the number of competing firms matters a lot. The difference of cosmetic is wide, so there is an opportunity for rivals to sell different products. The industry growth influences the development of competition. If fixed costs are high and switching costs are low, they increase the rivalry in the industry. Potential Entry of New Competitors  1. Barriers to entry (rights)  2. Economies of scale  3. Capital requirements  4. Brand equity  5. Switching costs If there are no considerable barriers to enter, there may be many new entrants (Berger, 11). For the cosmetic industry, the most important barriers are the exclusive rights and economies of scale. However, this industry has large capital requirements since the differentiation of products that are sold in it. Moreover, cosmetic retail is more widespread as chain stores or exclusive brand retailers, which also make up chains. Potential Development of Substitute Products  1. Ease of substitution  2. Buyer inclination to substitute  3. Buyer switching costs  4. Relative price performance of substitute  5. Quality depreciation For the cosmetic industry the crucial issue is the way for buyers to substitute and their willing to do this. For the retailers it is better to sell unique products, for example to sell one cosmetic brand. The less valuable is the change of quality, due to the fact that retailer cannot influence the quality of products they sell. Bargaining Power of Suppliers  1. Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio  2. Strength of distribution channel  3. Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation  4. Switching costs of firms in the industry  5. Differentiation of inputs Suppliers tend to have very little power in the retail industry. However, for the cosmetics the exclusive supplie
Interface design mainly includes a variety of projects ranging from cars, computer systems, planes, and appliances. The main reason for interface design is to enable the user’s interaction simple. These projects involve the same basic human interactions and need different skills and knowledge thus the designers always focus mostly on what they are more knowledgeable about or they specialize in the field in which they are best in, for example, they may be good in web design or industrial design, examples of interface design include the user-centered design which involves extensive attention of wants, needs and the limitation of end-users of the interface in every stage of the design exercise. The user-centered design is proved to be a problem-solving exercise that needs the designers to go through the entire process and see how the user of an interface is likely to weigh the appropriateness of their assumptions regarding the actions of the user in the world. The user design is another example of interface design that deals with the interactions between human beings and machines. This requires the user to give the machine the necessary input to achieve the desired results. Interaction design refers to the process of modifying interactive goods and services. The design is viewed as a category that focuses mostly on industrial design. It focuses on the exploration of possible futures with intentions of changing the situation at hand for the better through developing some particular type of products and services. It involves thinking through draft work, creating models, and showing the required ideas in other forms. The interaction design tends to acknowledge the impact of digital technology and the media. This design is limited to the products and services that rely on digital materials for their creation. Therefore interaction designers create things by molding digital materials into tools and media for others to use. Information Architecture is a discipline with sets of methods aiming at identifying and planning information in a reasonable and service-oriented manner. It is mainly useful in improving information, improving the entity’s capability of keeping and developing data on time through the application of methods, processes, and techniques. Example of information architecture includes the website design. It focuses on the classification of data and arranging of the schemes that comprehend the context and apprehension of human beings. Information architecture plays an important role mainly in human-computer interactions. For an architect to achieve his /her mission of improving information access and comprehension, he /she needs to develop tools, techniques, and methods that create particula
Introduction Critical Management Studies (CMS) form a substitute to a number of conservative administration presumptions and approaches. The key reason behind the development of CMS was to provide a transformative approach to traditional management. CMS is a sceptical look at the management and organisational structures that are currently in use. These structures are evaluated and criticised based on their demonstrated social and ecological sustainability (Adler 2007). Contrary to the popular belief, CMS is not rooted on the focus on individual organisations and their managers’ poor management practices (Adler 2007). This belief, which is propagated by the outsiders of CMS, is largely untrue. CMS stands for the critical assessment of the wider organisational and management structures. Adler states that CMS focuses on ordinary elements such as ecological pessimism, public discrimination, and pitiable management that are displayed in the wider social and economic structures whose traditions have been simulated by long-established administrators and the evolving conformist organisations. The current framework of CMS entails the critical assessment of issues in management such as marketing, organisational strategies, information systems, accounting, organisational relations, and international networks (Clegg, Dany, & Grey 2011). CMS focuses on fundamental matters such as the use of uncertainty and analysis of the ubiquitous organisational administration speculations, the prevailing organisational configurations and traditions in the effort to propose changes. The use of criticism and critique in CMS is also aimed at illustrating how the contemporary organisational patterns and structures are disruptive and conflict ridden, with this situation being propagated and nourished by out-dated beliefs and practices in management (Sim & Van Loon, 2005). CMS does not only offer critique to the management issues, but also goes a step further to offer solutions and alternatives. The aim is also to prove that the practices and beliefs are essentially changeable, with the change being dependent on the attitudes, thoughts, and knowledge of the management (Sim & Van Loon, 2005). CMS has developed from the works of a number of theorists and scholars who have contributed in the development of theories and structures that are essential to the recommended management changes. Some of the people who contributed significantly in the creation of CMS include Foucault, Weber, and Hegel, with the theorists and scholars contributing to, ‘contemporary developments that stretch beyond the realm of academic theory and philosophical or social thought’ (Adler, 2007, p.1316). The modern-day business enterprise serves different functions in the modern society and a critical assessment of these functions is necessary, with different social avenues of critique developing. Some of the contemporary issues in the global economy that have influenced the modern business environment include the introduction of the European Union and its market, the rise of China and India as global
Recidivism In the study conducted by Latimer (2001), recidivism was measured by the success or failure on parole. Recidivism was defined as “any post-commitment adjudicated referral or offense resulting in a re-referral to the Department of Corrections”, (Latimer, 2000, p. 238). Risk The risk of re-offending has been measured using the aggregate sample approach to coding risk. This approach is normally used in cases where the within-sample approach is not applicable. Using this approach, the risk of participants of re-offending is determined by the frequency with which they have come into contact with the juvenile justice system and correctional facilities. Need – Criminogenic versus non-criminogenic family interventions Programs that are aimed at enhancing family affection/relations or monitoring/supervision have been described as clinically suitable types of family intervention. Family intervention programs can either be criminogenic or non-criminogenic hence it is important for studies to identify the targets for the programs. Studies in which the target has not been mentioned were considered to be inappropriate. General responsivity Studies that deal with behavioral programs for reducing recidivism code the programs as suitable if the programs address general responsivity. General responsivity has been measured if there is the presence of programs that utilize modeling, role-play, and reinforcement. Type of treatment This variable is considered to be a composite variable which measures the extent to which the risk, need, and responsivity variables were present in a specific treatment program. In addition to having scores for the three different variables mentioned above, this variable also has a measure to determine the number of principles that have been properly addressed by the treatment program. The rating for this variable ranged between 0 and 3 where the score 0 reflected a treatment program that does not address any of the three principles while the score for 3 reflects a treatment program that adequately address all of the three principles. Based on this rating, treatment programs were categorized into four groups namely: inappropriate service; weak service; promising service; and most promising service. To illustrate the categorization, a program that addresses none of the principles is categorized as “inappropriate service”, while a treatment program that addresses all the three principles is categorized as “the most promising service” (Dowden, 2003, p. 332). Measurements Used in the Present Study Recidivism Recidivism will be measured by th
Over the past few years, Google Inc. seems to have become the staple of successful development in the realm of the global economy, which is anything but easy in the global economy. Seeing that the competitive rates in the IT field have risen in a truly gargantuan fashion, the success of Google Inc. can only be explained by the fact that the company leader incorporates the principles of the full range leadership in every single domain of the firm’s operations. As a result, the staff is provided with enough creative liberty for them to deliver high-quality performance and, therefore, help the organization maintain its status. A closer look at how Google Inc. operates will reveal that the company’s strategies are aimed at leveraging the core capabilities and that the specified asset of the organization determines its performance. Indeed, by allocating the capabilities of the company properly and using its resources wisely, Google Inc. has propelled itself into topping the charts of the most successful companies of the year. Moreover, the strategy chosen by Google allows for not only leveraging but also increasing its core competencies; as a result, Google Inc. manages to retain its clientele and attract new customers, at the same time covering the costs for the promotion campaigns required. As advised by Sosik and Jung (2010), the leader and managers of Google Inc. are indefatigable in their pursuit of future growth. Neither of the company members seems to display the insouciance that smaller and less efficient companies are notoriously known for when it comes to determining plans. The recent data concerning Google’s consistent growth has shown that the significant emphasis on the domai
The national debt of the USA has already exceeded $19 trillion. It has steadily grown since the end of the World War II, and it is expected that it will reach $20,600,000 billion by 2019 (Patton par. 4). Economists agree that the country is yet to cross the point of no return, and the American treasury bonds can be sold with low-interest rates (Davidson par. 3). At the same time, it has also been acknowledged that it is time to undertake particular steps to address the national debt crisis. It is possible to consider three solutions that can help the country solve the problem. First of all, it is crucial to decrease the national expenditure. These steps will include the reduction of investment into such spheres as the defense. The country spends too much on weapons and investing in various military campaigns. Another solution is to raise taxes. Clearly, this will lead to a certain reduction in people’s spending and the growth of the unemployment rate. However, if the two steps are proportionate, the country’s GDP can even grow (Amadeo par. 16). Thus, it is necessary to consider reduction of expenditure and the increase in taxes to ensure the country’s economic growth and reduction of the national debt. The third solution is concerned with the financial sector. Moraly stresses that it is crucial to strictly “regulate the unbalances between the financial sector and other economic sectors” (99). It is clear that the financial system is associated with a lot of controversy and corruption. Some institutions receive loans that result in losses for the country’s Treasury. The 2008 financial crisis showed the vulnerabilities and wrongs of the system. Therefore, it is essential to make sure that all procedures are transparent and appropriate. These three solutions will lead to the US economic growth and a significant reduction of the national debt. It is necessary to note that some steps have been undertaken and debated. However, the solution mentioned above is the best as it can solve the issue within a comparatively short period of time and at a comparatively low cost. The major benefit of this approach is its comprehensiveness. In many cases, economists and politicians focus on one of these measures, which is erroneous as they will have short-lived outcomes. Whereas, the three steps mentioned comprise a complex approach that can solve the national debt problem. Nonetheless, these solutions will require the political will to be implemented. The major reason why the steps mentioned above have not been undertaken is American politicians’ desire to win votes and prolong their political lives. None of the politicians is ready to sacrifice the political image. Another reason is the difference in the perspectives of Republicans and Democrats (Amadeo par. 8). Democrats focus on raising taxes while democrats are more concentrated on decreasing taxes to stimulate the economic growth (Amadeo par.