ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Child abuse is one of the most pressing problems of the society. The absence of clear definitions and exhaustive information concerning the scope of the problem raises obstacles for its solution. The study of the problem of child abuse has begun in the 60s with focusing attention to children problems. It should be mentioned that even in the XIX century child abuse has been an object of societal concern. At the same time, most people are convinced that child abuse in a family is an unusual occurrence, which is typical for a small subset of population. The prevailing opinion is that child abuse is caused by definite psychological disorder. The denial of this problem is very harmful for its further solution. Through the experience of working with such children, it has been found that many of them live in extreme conditions and they are indisposed to discuss their problems. In such a case the early recognition of child abuse is of great importance. In addressing child abuse in community, it is necessary to look at underlying issues (Crosson-Tower, 2008). A child who suffers from violence should be identified as quickly as possible. There are several peculiarities in behavior, which are inherent for those children. They refuse to attend school trying to conceal the fact that they are abused at home. Sometimes they may be too aggressive or vice versa excessively passive. They try with all the possible ways to draw somebodys attention. Sometimes an example of parents causes violence in these children towards animals or peers. Many of these children are fully engaged in public activity in order to be present at home as rare as possible. One of the possible ways of this problem solution may be the activity of case workers or community integrated workers. Nurses and other health providers who work with families can identify the problem from gathering momentum, and to assist parents with necessary psychological help (Humphreys & Campbell, 2011). Social work with families in any case means interference into its life and it is very important not to exacerbate an existing problem. The social work in preventing child abuse should be based on several principles. The priority of childrens right and interests should be given careful attention. At the same time, it is necessary to respect parents right to personal privacy and to take into consideration their individual peculiarities. The cases of child abuse are frequent in problem families with parents who have mental disabilities or drink problem. A case worker should realize the fact that such parents demand special approach (Luker & McHugh, 2012). All parents have a right to give their own point of view. Moreover, in case of their inability to guarantee an appropriate child care they may count on the government support. It is of crucial importance to gain confidence with problem families and to involve them with government treatment programs (Nicolas, 2012). The parents should perceive a case worker not as an authorized invigilator of their family, but a
Actions and Ethical Issues September 11 (or 9/11) is remembered by many Americans as one of the deadliest disasters in the country’s history (Alperen, 2014). The tragedy stands out because it had a global implication. After the disaster, different people and organizational leaders came up with appropriate measures to deal with it directly. For instance, the government presented the right equipment and evacuation strategies to respond to the tragic event. Many volunteers and humanitarian organizations such as the American Red Cross Association were involved throughout the disaster response process. The leaders and human service professionals provided the right resources, materials, and counseling in order to deal with tragedy. It is agreeable that tragedy attracted numerous ethical issues. To begin with, the country was divided over the issues of terrorism and Islam. According to the victims and their family members, the attack had been perpetrated by terrorists. The main focus during the time was Al-Qaida (Alperen, 2014). The counselors and social workers had to provide quality support to both Muslims and Christians (Alperen, 2014). This ethical issue emerged because many Christians in the nation were unhappy with their fellow Muslims. This was the case because the tragedy was believed to have targeted American Christians. Business ethics gained attention because many corporations were expected to be part of the recovery and rebuilding processes. Actions of Local, State, and Federal Personnel After the tragedy, different local agencies and personnel were involved throughout the recovery process. The local personnel offered direct care, provided aid to affected individuals, and executed evacuation processes. The state and federal personnel offered the required support throughout the process. The New York City Fire Department decided to deploy 200 units to deal with the situation (Alperen, 2014). Emergency and off-duty firefighters were ready to meet the needs of the affected people. The federal government set up different relief funds to assist injured people. Survivors were provided with financial assistance. Contingency plans were also implemented by the government to evacuate different people and leaders (Hersh, 2016). Rescue workers and police from different corners of the country were involved in order to assist more individuals and recover bodies. Many Americans donated blood to the victims. Clean-Up after the Event The clean-up process has been ongoing since 2001. However, the major activities were completed within a year after the disaster. Several agencies and organizations were involved throughout the clean-up after the event. The process attracted different agencies and government departments. The New York City Office of Emergency Management was responsible for managing and coordinating the clean-up process. The organization rescued many people and provide
The rate of crime in Texas has reduced dramatically for the last ten years. Statistics show that the crime rate in Texas is the lowest since 1974; the murder rate and burglary rate are the lowest since 1966 and 1968, respectively. The decline reflects an improvement in public safety, and therefore Texans should feel satisfied by this achievement though despite having some relief, a problem still remains. The death penalty has also decreased, and cases reported to the police also have reduced. The reduction in the overall crime rate is due to the fact that a number of serious crimes are not reported to the police as opposed to other states. “Many people are more attracted to crime because they believe the benefits of crime outweigh the costs, and this has led to increasing in crime rate.”(Mickey M. 1998). As for the number of prisoners, Texas has the highest number of them, and this is due to the fact that it is one of the states with the highest population in the United States. The Criminal justice system of Texas came up with a strategy whereby they outline the expected punishments for different crimes. “The assessments of expected punishment among the criminals vary widely, and this is because they do not have concrete information about imprisonment and conviction.”(Mickey M. 1998). As for the matter of execution, Texas has more than any other state. Texas is the second-largest state as far as population is concerned, and this has contributed heavily to the increase in the number of executions. However, Texas is not the leading state in terms of execution for Oklahoma is ahead of Texas, and therefore the perception that Texas has more execution does not hold any water. The criminal justice system of Texas is working though it is not working for all Texans equally. One of the reasons why the system is working is that “Texas’s appellate judges are elected by the people of the state, not appointed by another authority. Texas’s political tone is generally conservative; therefore judges might find it advantageous to take a tough stance on crime to ensure reelection; critics also argue that the quality of these elected judges is not as high as those appointed in other states.” (William W 2007) Capital cases in Texas are dealt with by the appointed attorneys who are regarded not to be qualified. There are cases whereby the accused may be in financial problems and cannot afford to hire their own lawyers. These individuals go for court-appointed lawyers, and in some cases, they do not possess the necessary skills and techniques to tackle the case. A good example is that Calvin Burdine hired a lawyer to represent him on his case, and the fellow fell asleep so many times during the trial. This resulted in contentious issues whether the lawyer needs to be awake during the trial or he missed some vital point
The age of rapid technological development forces all industries and professions to adjust to the new conditions and integrate new approaches to their work. Indeed, health information technology (HIT) systems are adopted in most clinics, and nurses interact with them to optimize patient care and daily repeatable operations (Rahimi & Vimarlund, 2007). It is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of HIT for healthcare and the approaches distinguished from the standard systems’ assessment. Nursing professionals must have the basic informatics skills to interact with modern HIT, and knowledge about the most workable methods to implement them is essential for decision-making (American Nurses Association, 2008). This paper aims to differentiate the HIT systems from other evaluation types, identify its strategies, and assess the challenges of designing a successful analysis approach. Health HIT systems are integrated into several industry segments, such as chronic disease treatment, differential diagnosis, wearables, surgery, and artificial organ construction. Each technology’s interactions with patients are unlike and require separate evaluation for nurses to understand if they are practical and reliable. For instance, health information technology systems must be assessed through the creditability of databases utilized and algorithms for proceeding with the results. In contrast, surgery systems require accurate evaluation, and health wearables need to be tested on patients to be considered workable (Yen et al., 2017). HIT assessment strategies can be based on comparing the results of human research for specific data to the automated one (Yen et al., 2017). Furthermore, the tactic of revising the databases separately from the technology can be employed by a nursing professional. The HIT system’s effectiveness can be judged through its helpfulness in daily operations as it must optimize and empower working processes. Rahimi and Vimarlund (2007) claim that “there is no standard framework for evaluation effects and outputs of implementation and use of IT in the healthcare setting” (p. 400). However, the results of HIT systems operations can be identified in the decisions made with their assistance, quickness, and correctness compared to the manual processes. Speed of selecting specific treatment approaches is crucial for nurses in an emergency, therefore this factor is influential. Designing a successful HIT system assessment strategy requires addressing the field where it is exercised, the volume of operations it is capable of performing, and the purpose of a healthcare facility to implement it. Neame et al. (2020) state that “HIT evaluations are important, but they are challenging to conduct and appraise” (p. 104247). Indeed, there are at least two obstacles to creating an optimal strategy: lack of systematic
The abuse of opioids in the United States is a problem that has been observed in recent decades. In 2017, it was characterized by President Donald J. Trump as the opioid crisis affecting the public health. The use of opioids in the context of pain management adopted in healthcare facilities depends on the effectiveness of these painkillers to address chronic and acute pain and avoid its recurrence (Stoicea et al., 2019). However, the problem is that the prescription and use of opioids can potentially lead to drug misuse and addiction (Nicol, Colquhoun, & Brummett, 2019). Although opioids have been effectively used in the US healthcare for many years, the problems associated with over-prescription of these drugs and their abuse have led to the opioid crisis, and the purpose of this paper is to discuss its causes, consequences, and possible solutions. The opioid crisis is the situation currently observed in the US healthcare and viewed as a public health issue related to the increased rates of opioid dependence disorders and overdose deaths reported in the country in recent years. According to Nicol et al. (2019), “opioid drug overdoses killed about 72,000 Americans in 2017,” and “1 in every 25 adults … regularly uses prescription opioids” (p. 16). The causes of the opioid crisis discussed by experts include the activities of the manufacturers of medications, like Purdue Pharma (Childers, 2019). Additionally, the problem is in the over-prescription of these drugs by physicians, which is supported by the Big-Pharma industry. One more cause is the lack of effective control over the distribution of these risky products (Argento, Tupper, & Socias, 2019). Still, governmental agencies do not provide a direct answer to the question about the causes of the opioid crisis. If the opioid crisis in the US is not resolved, the number of deaths due to the overdose of opioids will increase in association with the availability of medications. The major negative consequence of the opioid crisis is the increasing drug addiction among Americans because of the popularity of opioids to be used in both healthcare and home settings (Argento et al., 2019; Childers, 2019). State and local governments require many resources, including financial ones, to address the problem. The recognition of the crisis in 2017 has led to authorities’ and researchers’ activities oriented toward finding solutions to the problem. One of the first steps was filing lawsuits against the manufacturers of opioid drugs to receive resources to support communities and contribute to public health promotion (Childers, 2019). Another solution is related to financing state and community rehabilitation programs to support opioid addicts and educate individuals and healthcare providers regarding the risks of using these medications (Argento et al., 2019; Stoicea et al., 2019). Additional
Statement of Facts Ms. Mazet is the founder, owner, and CEO of Anonpal, a social media platform operating in the Republic of Molis, which is a UN member and is a party to the International Criminal Court. Cermar is a neighboring republic to Molis, which is also a UN member but not a party to the International Criminal Court. Cermar was ruled by a military junta led mainly by the Rappeter community, with ethnic tensions being an ongoing issue for the country. The Rappeter community experienced resentment and distrust on the part of the majority population. Since Cermar became a democracy in 2017, the ethnic tensions increased significantly. Human Rights Worldwide documented numerous cases of murders, sexual assaults, and forced disappearances. The organization found that around 40% of the Rappeter population has been forcibly displaced out of their homes. Anonpal, managed by Ms. Mazet, was found to the attacks on the Rappeter community through an intense and coordinated campaign. The social media platform disseminated messages of hate, propaganda, false news, and conspiracy theories. Ms. Mazet rejected any accusations regarding her role in spreading misinformation and hate propaganda. The ICC Prosecutor called for the opening of a preliminary investigation into the case concerning Cermar for crimes against humanity, which have been alleged, including murder, forcible transfer of population, rape, enforced disappearance of persons, and persecution. Ms. Mazet was summoned in court based on the claim that there existed enough evidence to suggest that she was responsible for crimes against humanity. Statement of Issues The challenge for the prosecution in the presented case is to establish points regarding the following issues:  1. Showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that Ms. Mazet has criminal responsibility for committing crimes against humanity of persecution under Article 25(3)(a) of the Rome Statute for indirect perpetration;  2. Showing that there are reasonable grounds for believing that Ms. Mazet is criminally culpable of aiding and abetting crimes against humanity, namely, murder, rape, enforced disappearances, and forcible population transfer under article 25(3)(c) of the Rome Statute. Crimes against humanity are associated with certain acts purposefully committed as a part of a widespread and consistent attack directed at any civilian in the time of war or peace (United Nations, 2012). The law that governs the prosecution of such crimes has been mainly developed through the development and integration of customary international law. An international convention has not codified such crimes; however, there are currently international efforts for establishing a treaty under the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative. The account of the legal notion of crimes against humanity developed since the Nurem
Target Corporation has a number of chain distributors’ stores, covering the whole of the United States of America. Target Corporation was stared in 1902 as a Dayton Hudson Corporation. Its first store was opened in 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota. Since then, Target has grown to become one of the largest divisions with various branches spread in various geographical locations. In 1990 it changes its name from Dayton Hudson Corporation to Target Corporation. Target Corporation has opened so many branches within and outside the state of America. Chicago Peterson Ave store located in Chicago along the Peterson Avenue is one of the distributions stores managed by the Target Corporation. The store has various departments arranged according to the need of the customer. The department ranges from clothing sections dealing with women, men, kids/children clothes, shoes department, beauty departments dealing with cosmetics, kitchen and dining section offering all requirements for kitchen and dining settings at affordable prices, furniture selection department with the latest design and fashions available in the market. The store has an added portion which offers groceries thus ensuring customers can get all that they want while doing other shopping. The store includes other sections which offer various staff required by the customers. Each department operates independently from other department and it is well equipped with customer attendance staff that assists the customers in selecting the items they are interested in. The store is well arranged to make it easy for customers to move from one department to the next and be able to move their items freely without distracting other customers. The aisles are wide enough to facilitate the movement of carts and customers to move simultaneously without causing any congestion. The space allows the movement of wheelchairs in order to facilitate shopping for the old and disabled people using their wheelchairs without interfering with other customers. The store layout is designed to ensure that customers can be able to locate what they want with ease. Items are well arranged on the shelves to allow customers to have a wide selection. The price tags are well labeled on each item to give customers a chance to choose the items according to their desires and price variations. Each department is provided with its own cash trail where customers are able to pay for the goods bought without having any problem. A number of self scanners/self check-off is installed in various places around the store. The self scanners help the customers to pay for the items purchase without necessary passing through the retailer’s staff. Scanners offer an alternative method of pay for the goods bought without the customer wasting a lot of time queuing in order to be served by the cashiers. For those customers who want to pay through the cashiers the department has enough numbers of cashiers in order to avoid congestion or queuing when paying for the goods. The t
Jamaica’s location explains India’s formative influences upon it. Its particular geographic situation is also the reason for European interest in it because it provided the desired way station on the maritime route from Europe to America. Slave labor in the West Indies was employed mainly in the production of sugar 1 . The colonial system which was established or consolidated by the English Navigation Act of 1660 was based on the principle that dependencies must contribute to the cost of their defense, partly by employing only British ships and seamen, and partly by confining their commerce to British ports 2 . The latter method could be applied only with obvious limitations to most of the North American colonies, which, with a European population and a temperate climate, were capable of being rivals as well as customers; and it was only in the West Indies that the parent State could venture to go the whole length of its double monopoly, engrossing commodities which it did not herself produce and exchanging for them the products of her own furnaces and looms. Slavery, recruited from Africa and devoted exclusively to the cultivation of tropical plants, was lauded by the British plantation trade because it enriched the British Empire 3 . In Jamaica, the planter had not only to send all his sugar to Great Britain but, in consequence of a prohibitory duty on refined sugar, had to send it raw; and this was a great hardship, because the buildings and apparatus required for the making of raw sugar would, with a trifling addition, have sufficed for the process of refining; and sugar, when shipped raw, had to be drained on the voyage at a loss which was estimated at one-seventh or one-eighth of the cargo. It has often been remarked that cultivation by slaves is wasteful, because, owing to their lack of intelligence, and interest and the difficulty of teaching them anything new, it must dispense with a rotation of crops, and consequently exhausts the soil 4 . The smaller British islands having reached this stage, their planters had no new land to exploit. In Jamaica, the best, or at least the most accessible, lands were fully occupied. There were 30,000 Europeans in the colony and about 24,000 free people of color 5 ; but the slave population had increased to nearly half a million; and all these three classes, but especially the last, had reason to welcome the French Revolution with its gospel of the Rights of Man. First, the planters rose against the Royalist Government; then the colored people, when the Assembly at Paris had decreed their admission to full citizenship, rose against the whites; and finally the negroes, called in by one or other of the two parties, overwhelmed both. In less