ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper seeks to explain the meaning of epistemological turn and explains the views held by Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume on knowledge. An epistemological turn is a philosophical term which in the history of philosophy, refers to the shift in philosophical attention from the classical and medieval focus on themes of metaphysics to a primary focus on themes and issues relating to human knowledge, usually considered to have occurred during the period from Descartes (1596-1650) through Kant (1724-1804). On standard accounts, Descartes’ terms epistemological turn as a sea change in the history of philosophy which is usually marked by an inside-out approach to philosophical inquiry, an approach owed to the priority of thought. A good example of this turn would be the one that occurred from Descartes to John Locke through Berkeley to Hume. All these had their observations and views during this philosophical turn and they all gave their accounts as far as knowledge is concerned, starting from Descartes. Thinking comes after what is now known as the Epistemological Turn. The Epistemological Turn refers to the point in time when philosophers (and others) began to stress the knowledge of something rather than the belief in something. From this mode of thinking, Descartes sought to establish a starting point; he sought to find that one thing that could never be doubted. Therefore, according to him doubt everything until you find the one thing that you know is absolutely and necessarily true. Descartes sought to begin again from the foundations. Descartes, who is commonly referred to as the father of philosophy seeks to define knowledge in terms of doubt. He distinguishes ‘scientia’ from ‘persuasia’ he says ” I distinguish the two as follows..there is a conviction when there remains some reason that might lead us to some doubt, but knowledge is a conviction based on reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason(1640 letter. AT 3:64-65)” Descartes tries to make us understand doubt as to the contrast of certainty. Descartes’ goal is to acquire knowledge of the truth. He says that for one to achieve this you have to doubt every proposition he has an insufficient reason for believing, and adding a proposition to his store of beliefs only when he has demonstrated that there is ample reason to believe it. But, for Descartes, we do not have “ample reason” for believing anything unless it is completely certain. He writes, for example, that “reason already convinces me that I must withhold assent no less carefully from what is not plainly certain and indubitable than from what is obviously false” (First Meditation). Descartes’ ideas are however refuted by his predecessor John Locke who in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding published in 1690. Here he discussed how knowledge in the mind is formed, and also the types of knowledge humans can have about things in the world. Central to his viewpoint, is the tabula rasa view of the mind, simple and complex ideas and their association, primary and secondary qualities, and others. In this view, he posited that the mind contains innate capacities for certain activities, but the
Capitalism and socialism constitute opposing economic and political ideologies. The main proponents of modern capitalism and socialism are Adam Smith and Karl Marx respectively. Among the best models of free market economies include Hong Kong and Singapore. Some eastern European nations run variants of socialism (Hanson, 2003, p. 121). Capitalism is an ideology of production in which factors of manufacturing belong to and are controlled by individuals with the object of profit making (Gale Group, 2010a). A capitalist economic system is characterized by wage labour, accumulation of capital and competitive markets. Socialist economic systems are marked by state ownership and control of factors of production (Gale Group, 2010b). In such a system, the economy is managed through cooperative enterprises. The model is grounded on the tenet of production for consumption, where goods and services are made to meet people’s needs and economic demands (Hanson, 2003, p. 121). There exist clearly cut differences between the capitalist and the socialist economic systems. The altercations in the capitalist-socialist discourse concern equality and function of government. Capitalists contend that individuals are more adept to efficiently using resources than the state (Gale Group, 2010a). On the contrary, socialists hold that the government has an obligation to correct the economic inequalities existing in the society (Gale Group, 2010b). The philosophies and ideologies behind capitalism and socialism are divergent. Capitalism is founded on the philosophy of private ownership of capital with the motive of making profit. Capitalists have little concern for the workforce as emphasis is laid on the profit accruing from an investment. On the flip side, socialism is grounded on the principle of public ownership of the factors of production. Individuals in this system are compensated depending on their contribution in the production process. Capitalism calls for the creation of a laissez-faire economic system (Gale Group, 2010a). The capitalists argue the government intervention in the production process leads to inefficiencies and hence the free market is the best placed economic model to achieve efficiency in resource allocation. Socialists believe in the ideology of collective benefit (Hanson, 2003, p. 121). Economic planning and coordination are also at the centre of the capitalist-socialist discussion. In capitalist economies investment, manufacturing and distribution decisions are determined by the markets (Gale Group, 2010a). Markets in a capitalist economy may be free, regulated or mixed with some extent of government directed plans and planning by the private sector. Socialist economies depend heavily on state planning to chart investment and manufacturing decisions. Centralized or decentralized planning may be exercised in a socialist economy. Though the competitive markets may also exist in socialist system, their function is to allocate the factors of production to different publicly owned enterprises (Lavigne, 1995, p. 52). In capitalist econ
Introduction People are an integral part of society, and the conditions, in which they live, influence them substantially. If these conditions are good, they introduce some benefits for people, while worse ones can have the opposite impact. In the second case, people need resilience – an ability to stand against adverse social settings. This ability is the main topic of “A Comparison of Youth Resilience across Seven South African Sites” by Van Breda (2015). The research tests the hypothesis that South African children from different sites can have different levels of resilience. That is why the author has conducted a literature review to understand to what extent this topic has been researched. According to Van Breda (2015), there were only “23 published articles between 1990 and 2008 on the subject” (p. 226). This fact explains the presence of outdated sources in the research. Nevertheless, all sources, both old and new, are credible, which eliminates any bias in the selection of studies. Thus, the primary purpose of writing this paper is to critique the quantitative research on youth resilience. Summary of Methods The author utilized particular research methods to achieve the required goals. This research is an example of a non-experimental study, meaning that the main focus is to interpret the findings, rather than to influence or alter them. According to Aggarwal and Ranganathan (2019), the study is descriptive – “one that is designed to describe the distribution of one or more variables” (p. 34). In addition to that, this is quantitative research, denoting that it should be based on a large sample, while validity and reliability are its central values (Newman, 2016). Thus, this information has influenced the further development of the study. The research design had a significant impact on the sampling method, as well as data collection and analysis. The author utilized a specific approach to provide age, racial, and cultural diversity among the sample. In this manner, “a total of 598 children participated in the study” (Van Breda, 2015, p. 229). To collect data from the participants, the researcher developed the questionnaire of “21 subscales and 117 items” with appropriate questions in each of them (Van Breda, 2015, p. 229). Thus, the participants were to answer these questions to provide the scientist with the necessary information, which is said to be a validated instrument for data collection. According to Van Breda (2015), the results of all the scales were then analyzed according to a 100-point system, where “higher scores indicated higher levels of resilience” (p. 229). Furthermore, specific efforts were made to ensure reliability; the researcher deleted 21 questionnaires that “were less than 80% completed” and two questionnaires that “demonstrated very high levels of impression management” (Van Breda, 2015, p. 229). Thus, it is possible to say that the given study can reckon on credible findings. Summary of Results One should note that the research arrived at unexpected results. It was found t
Introduction The customer reach is identified as the number of potential customers a company can attract using a certain advertising channel. Before the emergence of the Internet, the primary traditional venues used by companies to reach out to customers were radio and television (Tuten and Solomon 33). Since most homes in the western world featured at least one TV set or a radio, these measures were considered to be the most effective ways of promoting services and products. With the creation of social media, however, the balance was changed. These sites provided advantages that the traditional advertising channels could not, namely the potential for data collecting and targeted advertising (Tuten and Solomon 50). Social media promised to fix some of the problems that traditional channels had experienced for decades, namely the relatively small effect on immediate sales of specific products. While they were good at increasing brand exposure, the correlation between successful advertising and sales figures was difficult to discern (Tuten and Solomon 35). With advertisements being tailored to specific customers, on the other hand, it was possible to motivate them to commit to certain purchases. Main body Companies use social networking sites to create groups of people utilizing the product, promote certain activities, and facilitate virtual word-of-mouth recommendations (Tuten and Solomon 120). Studies show that peer-to-peer communication while being based solely on anecdotal evidence and personal impressions is the most likely to be trusted by potential customers (Tuten and Solomon 121). Psychology plays an important factor here – most individuals believe that a friend or a family member will not willingly lie to them about the advantages or disadvantages of a purchase. Finally, the presence of the companies on social media platforms achieves brand exposure to the same levels TV and radio used to, thus contributing to the diminishing market shares in those areas. The effectiveness and acceptance rates of social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram in the scope of the UAE market are soaring. According to the latest statistics, about 95% of individuals in the country have stable access to the Internet, using either a wired or wireless connection (Gjylbegaj and Abdi 387). Out of that number, 99% are frequent, and active users of the main social media sites (Gjylbegaj and Abdi 387). Almost every UAE citizen has a social media account, while the majority of the population possesses several. The average time spent on the internet browsing these platforms is between 3 to 7 hours a day (Dwivedi et al. 295). Therefore, the amount of individual exposure to banners, videos, and other forms of advertising is enormous. The demographic and sociograph
Introduction St. Catharines court is a legal hub in Canada’s Niagara region (Regehr & Kannani, 2006). It is the court that I attended to complete this assignment. The establishment handles a variety of legal matters facing persons living in the region. In order to serve its clients better, the court has a number of divisions. To this end, it is home to the Provincial Offences Court, Small Claims Court, Family Court, the Ontario Court of Justice, and the Superior Court of Justice (Regehr & Kannani, 2006). The Provincial Offences Court is housed separately at 71 King St. The rest of the establishments are found together in the Robert S. K. Welch Courthouse that is situated at 59 Church St. The courthouse is heavily guarded to maintain tight security. The case of interest in this paper was heard in the Bail Court situated on the second floor of the courthouse. The session was convened following the filing of a non-molestation order. Judicial officers involved in the hearings include one court reporter and two clerks. Judge Lancaster was the Justice of Peace presiding over the case. Two police
People are always ready to embrace and adopt new technologies. This can be explained by people’s behavior of trying to comprehend electronic content, computers and the internet by reading content that gives guideline on this. Different age groups of people engage in diversified reading with regard to technology all in an effort of getting more knowledge and insight on how to go about using the present modes of technology. The bits are bits idea by Negroponte shows how larger components can be transformed into minor segments which can be easily accessed with the help of computers. Everything that is tangible in form has been converted in bits that can be accessed from a computer. To start with, there were the actual objects like books and CDs. Later, these were converted into computer software that enhanced accessibility across the globe. As a result of this, the world has become a small village referred to as “the global village”. This way, people from different corners of life are able to interact and share ideas that have been translated into bits and can be accessed from the computer. Digital technology reduces time and money. Previously, before the world became digitalized, the entire economic telecommunications model relied on charges per minute, per bits (data) or per mile. The disruption of human to human interactions due to digitalization has resulted into timelessness since one does not need to spend a lot of time trying to get in touch with someone else who may be overseas. This has been achieved by the fact that the world is a global village thus transmitting information does not have to rely on time and money. A click of the mouse is enough to have the information appearing on every computer in the world. Face book is a perfect example of this, one can post any kind of information that will be accessed by a large number of people without having to incur expenses or spend a lot of time. The conversion of the world into a digital world meant no distance, no time consumption and therefore fast delivery of computer content. For example, music, which was delivered in five hours, is currently delivered in no more than five seconds. The same case applies to movies and distance. The movement from New York to London has been made easy by the presence of the satellite. The act of being digital makes it possible for people to create atoms (books, CDs and related tangible objects) from bits (computerized data) and bits from atoms. This means that technology can be used to achieve an intended effect like in desktop conferencing. The use of bits from atoms is cheaper as compared with obtaining the actual atoms, which are things like books, CDs, et cetera, since there are no middlemen. In addition, no distance is covered. Negroponte has used his wired column of being digital as an example to show how technology transmits information in the simplest form more efficiently and effectively. However, being digital has disrupted the structure of the
The company UPS is a USA-based global leader in parcel delivery services. The company has an expanse network spanning 200 countries the world over. UPS has a great track record of success having reached its centenary mark in 2007. The company’s capacity and prowess to weather various odds in the micro and macro business operation environs provide an impetus to probe the company’s change strategy in the perspective of establishing its specific change implementation and manage dynamic and the adoption of IT inventions to revolutionize its operations across its global business networks. Summary Multiple factors necessitate the implementation of the change process in the course of an organization’s course existence. organizational change has particularly been an area of keen interest in contemporary organizational studies owing much to the sweeping phenomenon of globalization and remarkable strides in technological development. The change factor is an indispensable component in organizational management leadership thrusts nowadays for entities that understand the need to keep pace with evolving business environs. organizations must align themselves for the enhancement of their efficiencies, growth, and sustainability among other micro and macro organizational goals. Various contributions have been made by various professionals, researchers, and scholars attempting to unravel the concept of change. Perhaps one of the lucid outlines of the concepts is that presented by (Schalk et al; 1998). The scholar posits that organizational Change can be defined as the empirical process that entails an organizations’ multi-dimensional transformation in the dimensions including the organizations’ shape, size, and state over time. The scholar underscores that this process actualizes after the implementation of new ways of “Thinking, functioning and operating” (Van de Ven and Poole: 1995). This thrust of this paper explores the dynamics of the Business case scenario entailing the implementation of a Business IT Strategy; United Parcel Services (UPS) in this case. The core objective is to apply various organizational management and leadership as well as change concepts as well a various relevant and related theoretical tenets to the UPS transformational process aimed at tapping merits of technological inventions as the core of its organizational change thrust. Statement of Need/ Background to IT Strategy Proposal The IT strategy here-in proposed has been spurred by the implications of the research drives conducted on the focus organization UPS. This research project was conducted mainly by qualitative research methods and the analysis of secondary data, like companies’ annual reports, press releases, th
Annotated Bibliography Huang, J., Shi, H., & Liu, W. (2018). Emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Altruistic behavior as a mediator. Social Behavior and Personality, 46 (5), 749-758. The authors study the effect that altruistic behavior has on the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being, which is usually explored in an isolated context. They conduct an experiment using 412 South Chinese undergraduate students from two different universities. The study concludes that both altruistic behavior and emotional intelligence have a positive effect on subjective well-being. Also, the former of the two independent variables has a partial mediating effect on the relationship, confirming the hypothesis to some degree. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, it may be too early to make causal inferences, and additional longitudinal studies are required. Kaoun, T. M. (2019). Enhancing leaders’ emotional intelligence: Why mindfulness? Journal of Leadership Education, 18 (1); 200-212. Tarek M. Kaoun is an experienced adult-learning practitioner who believes that mindfulness can help people develop better emotional intelligence skills and, consequently, leadership. To prove the existence of this relationship, he draws on personal experience and conducts a literature review to help support his points and establish a framework of findings. Kaoun concludes that Ehrlich’s Mindful-Leadership Model is accurate in its depiction of the relationship and provides recommendations for adult learners. His indications of further research directions are aimed at expanding the scholarly understanding of mindfulness and the cultivation of emotional intelligence. Kosonogov, V., Vorobyeva, E., Kovsh, E., & Ermakov, P. (2019). A review of neurophysiological and genetic correlates of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 7 (1), 137-142. The authors are interested in two physiological factors that affect one’s emotional intelligence development: brain organization and genetic correlates. They conduct a literature review of papers on these two topics to determine if any overarching themes emerge. The neurophysiological studies highlight a correlation between emotional intelligence and left anterior brain excitation as well as the synchronization of some EEG rhythms while also mapping the brain areas related to EI. The genetic studies identify several genes that are associated with emotional intelligence. The authors suggest studying the prevalence of these genes in various ethnic groups to help explain their emotional intelligence differences. Research Rationale Many people who minister to others have not had the opportunity to develop their emotional intelligence. The concept is still new and developing, and it has not yet had time to become an integral part of social work. With that said, people have been performing this task and often succeeding at it for a long time. As such, an investigation of the motives that drive them to do so may be warranted to help understand the