ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper is aimed at discussing Louis Althusser’s notion of ideological state apparatuses and the views on violence expressed by Slavoj Žižek. The comparison of their theories can throw light on the origins of conflict within a community. On the whole, Althusser’s views can be reconciled with Žižek only if one removes the premise that the state is the instrument of oppression, which is necessary only for the preservation of the existing social order. Furthermore, it is necessary to discard the idea that the conflict between classes is inevitable. These are some of the main arguments that should be elaborated more closely. It should be noted that Louis Althusser explores the work of institutions that make a person comply with the dominant ideology established in society. For example, he distinguishes the repressive state apparatuses that predominantly rely on violence or coercion to maintain the existing social order. Among them, one can distinguish such institutions as police, prisons, or courts. In turn, there are ideological state apparatuses that make use of propaganda, social norms, ideology, and so forth. In this case, one should focus on educational institutions, church, trade unions, and other organizations that influence the opinions of people. To some degree, their goal is to make the idea of state violence acceptable. In turn, Slavoj Žižek focuses on a slightly different topic. He speaks about different types of violence existing in the community. Much attention should be paid to the systemic violence which occurs due to political and social trends. For example, one can speak about such factors as social inequalities or discrimination. In turn, these phenomena result in individual acts of violence, such as homicide. These are the main points that can be made. There is a critical difference that should be taken into account. In particular, Louis Althusser believes the state is the major source of violence. To a great extent, it is an instrument of oppression which is supposed to make people accept the dominance of ruling classes. This is one of the main assumptions that he postulates. In turn, Slavoj Žižek believes that violence is the result of conflict and people’s inability to overcome social injustice. Moreover, it originates from political and economic processes within society. However, this scholar does not focus on the conf
Gains from International trade Comparative advantage states that countries should specialize in areas where they have their greatest advantage (if they have absolute profit in both products) or their smallest absolute disadvantage (if they do not have any absolute advantage in both products). Fundamental trade patterns are determined by comparative advantage. It is helpful in the comprehension of the foundation of a mutually benefiting trade relationship which can exist between a developing and a developed country. It also highlights how wages can be high in one country and yet the country’s products are still in a position to compete in the world market (Bhagwati et al. 1996). Lastly, it demonstrates the profits derived from international specialization in production. A country is said to have comparative advantage in production of a product if the opportunity cost of producing that product is less for that country than for other countries. Opportunity cost is the potential production of other products a country must abandon to produce only one product (Choi 2003). Production possibility frontier means that the opportunity costs in producing a product rises as more of the product is produced. It usually prohibits total specialization by a country in the production of a product at the cost of producing other products. As the production possibility frontier increases, the opportunity cost also increases. Production possibilities Table 1: Illustration of production possibility frontiers in Canada and Colombia in the specialized production of spanners and roses. Figure1: Comparative advantage and production possibility Frontier for Canada. Figure 2: Comparative advantage and production possibility frontier for Colombia. Canada has an opportunity cost for a box of roses in terms of a spanner of 2: This means 2 spanners must be forgone for every one box of roses produced. For Colombia, the opportunity cost of a box of roses in terms of a spanner is 0.5: This means that 0.5 spanners must be forgone for every one box of roses produced. Canada, therefore, has a comparative advantage in spanners while Colombia has a comparative advantage in roses. Effects of trade on welfare The effects of international trade on welfare depend on two propositions or states. In the first proposition, there is free trading; this means no obstacles are set in place to international trade. The effect on welfare is that there is large compensation and a competitive world equilibrium where no individual in the country is worse off than in autarky. The second proposition is where the country involved in international trade sets up a custom union which is expected to be gainful. In this situation, the world trading equilibrium is disturbed (Feenstra 2004). A custom union is comprised of two or more countries, and deals with aspects of international trading. By setting up trade tariffs, the net effect is that the state of those within the union is worse off than before they were set up. Another effect on welfare is that there is a net compen
Federalism is one of the characteristic features of the United States. This model of government implies the distribution of power among the territories of the country. Although there is a certain central power (such as federal government), different parts (or the state, in the American case) have wide rights to manage diverse spheres of people’s lives (Krutz and Waskiewicz 72). As with any other type of governance, it is possible to discuss federalism in terms of its advantages and shortcomings. However, this political approach is the most appropriate mode for the United States of America due to its historical, cultural, and political peculiarities. In order to understand the reasons for the chosen path, it is necessary to look back at the distant sixteenth century. The continent was colonized by Europeans who came from Great Britain, Spain, France, Holland, and other countries. Americas have always been the land of immigrants as people from all over the world came there in their search for a better life. This diversity made Northern America the land where people with different views had to live and collaborate to address major challenges. Thus, states fought against France and earned their independence from empires (Wilson et al. 53). People who lived in different territories (states) united to solve various issues. They were ready to contribute and even give away a certain amount of their sovereignty, but they were not prepared to lose the power to decide what is best for them. To ensure that every state has certain freedom, a confederation and, eventually, federation came into being. It is necessary to emphasize that people’s freedom is one of the major advantages of federalism. At present, state governments address the issues people face in the most effective way. Every state has numerous peculiarities that make certain rules and norms inapplicable and even harmful or destructive. For example, gun control is one of the problems Americans have different views about. Ten states allow carrying concealed weapons on campuses, while sixteen states forbid concealed weapons on campuses, and the rest of states allow educational establishments to set their own policies regarding the matter (Rozell and Wilcox 3). The adoption of specific regulations would be a real improvement for certain states, while some laws may lead to fierce opposition. Although the example is rather far-fetched, the United States almost ceased to exist once due to such major disagreement. Slavery and its abolition led to the American Civil War because southern states opposed the idea of the end of their economic model (Krutz and Waskiewicz 84). In a sense, federalism is an opportunity to develop strategies that could satisfy all parts of the multicultural country. Another important benefit of federalism is its being an appropriate ground for the system of checks and balances. Every state has enough power to oppose federal policies or regulations and go to the Supreme Court if some legislation seems inadequate or wrongful (Conlan and Posner 289). At the same time, the federal government has the exclusive right to regulate foreign affairs and commerce, as well as int
Introduction This paper is an evaluation of a proper strategic plan that can give a company a strategic placing in the market. The paper evaluates Mott MacDonald Company headquartered in the United Kingdom. Specifically, the paper focuses on how best to build the company using strategized built climate resilience. The company faces lots of challenges in climate protection; for example, dwindling resources and unfavourable working environment. Strategic Plan At Mott MacDonald, restoration and protection of our environment is core to building a sustainable future for the company. The internationalization theory gives a good understanding of the need for adopting environment as a measure of the sustainability of Mott MacDonald’s business. As written by Bosselmann (2008, p.8), the internalization theory and principle in the management of the environment is a way of addressing market externalities. Esty (2009) writes that it is important to consider the ecological influences on the company’s management (p. 123). The eco-advantages of a company are numerous. Edwards (2010) is of the view that all living things thrive under a particular ecological system (p. 91). Also critical is in recognising major threats posed by the environment to success of the business, especially when not taken care of. Winston (2014) writes that the continuity of business and anchoring resilience of investment is highly grounded on the protection of our environment (p. 19). The following are environmental strategies to be considered by Mott MacDonald. There are several organizational components that strategically align an organization to the path of success using environment protection concepts. Madu (2012) explains the best foundation of business sustainability is on focusing on environmental resilience and conservation (p. 884). This is mostly on the company’s efforts on social responsibilities that focus on creating a favourable working and living environment for the company and the population. Wood (2014) adds on this and note that renowned organisations have focused on the environment as the new frontier for gaining competitive advantage. The organizational components for this strategy must be streamlined towards creating an environment in the
Introduction Education system in Japan before and at the period of war was based on German education system characterized by high schools and university colleges purposely for educating students after completion of basic primary education (Vogel, 1971). Later on, after the occupation of Japan by the America and her allies, educational system was transformed to incorporate US educational system (Vogel, 1971). This system constituted of three junior schools and one senior school. In the same period, a repeal of the imperial Rescript was done and the university education was formally recognized (Japan Echo, 1998). Further, the issue of Kanji was resolved and the Japanese educational system was reorganized to allow for Toyo Kanji as well as the altering of orthography to reflect the spoken usage (Vogel, 1971). Postwar period in Japan was characterized by rise in education levels; extension of democratic rights such as improvement of women status as well as the modernization of business management. By this time, American educational system had left a permanent mark on the content of Japan’s educational, one reason being the attitude of Japanese leadership adopting policies geared at Americanizing Japan (Ralph C, 2003). Postwar problems of Japan education system The initial problem of Japan postwar educational system was, the extent to whic
Introduction Globalization has had a huge impact on the world economy, and on the growth of geographical mobility of the workforce in particular. Huge masses of people change their habitat, type of settlements and sphere of activity in relatively short time intervals. At the same time, they find themselves in a new, unusual environment for themselves, among people. It has a different way of life, a different system of secular and religious values and speakers of a different language. The growth of the absolute and relative share of diasporas leads, respectively, to an increase in their absolute and relative contribution to the economy. This work considers the diaspora as one of the most important subjects of the economic processes of our time. All economic processes related to the diaspora are developing in line with broader ethnic, social and economic trends of modernity. As a combination of all the new processes of globalization, a major trend is developing: diasporas are playing an increasingly important role in the economic sphere. At the same time, their economic potential becomes commensurate with the economic potential of the States on the main territory. In some situations, it may even exceed the potential of the ethnic groups forming the environment. Today, many members of diasporas, while retaining their ethnic and religious affiliation, change their citizenship, and as a result become associated parts of other nations. In the era of globalization, such a previously private pattern becomes one of the universal ones. The number of people with dual citizenship who simultaneously participate in the economic life of two or more states, nations and ethnic groups is growing. For example, investing in the economy of some states, they direct the ea
Also known by the name ‘Restoration Movement,’ Stone-Campbell Movement led by figures like Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell took place in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries. The movement was an independent movement aimed to reshape the new Churches having a population of 3,000,000 towards the New Testament. Led by Campbell, there were groups in America in the earlier parts of the nineteenth century that advocated the idea of the Second Coming of Jesus to earth, such as the Millerites and the Mormons. Although such groups were disliked by mainstream American Protestants, the Millerites, who stirred an unprecedented movement of messianic expectation in America in the 1830s and early 1840s, assigned no particular role in their messianic scheme for conversion (Ariel, 2000, p. 10). The belief in the Second Coming of Jesus and his reign on earth for a thousand years began capturing the hearts of members of major Protestant churches in America only in the decades after the Civil War when a new messianic belief known as Restorationism was accepted by the then American evangelists. Campbell and the Evangelical Alliance It was decided on August 19, 1846, that 150 nations with 50 denominations would gather in London for 14 days and would worship all the evangelical principles that were held in common between them (Baker, 2002, p. 31). This messianic belief to convert the Christian church without even regarding Catholicism, orthodoxy, and Protestantism, gained ground in the last decades of the nineteenth century among members of evangelical Protestant churches in America, such as Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. Based on the New Testament, the Restoration Movement divided Christianity and meshed well with the fundamentalist view, which criticized the prevailing cultural trend in society and offered an alternative philosophy of history to the liberal postmillennialist notions that prevailed in American Christianity at the time. Being the acknowledged leader of the Evangelical Unity Movement, Campbell started with spontaneous leadership for forty years. Campbell’s assessment of the Evangelical Alliance is a critical gateway into understanding the current relationship between the Stone-Campbell Restoration movement and Evangelism (Baker, 2002, p. 31). Today Restoration movement leaders and churches have moved into Evangelicalism which is a personally salient, robust religious faith with high levels of participation and adherence to traditionally orthodox Christian teachings. The Evangelical Alliance enabled Campbell to thrive in the face of secularism and religious pluralism, which not just was the result of better marketing to a hipper religious consumer but because it acted as a religious subculture that requires both cultural engagement and theological orthodoxy (Campbell, 1996, p. 115). It would not be wrong to say that the credit of enlivening Evangelicalism thrives on the shoulders of Campbell’s movement for making effective in establishing a market niche but because at the heart of this religious subculture is the mandate to be “in” but not “of” the world. The evangelicals, after attaining
Drug testing is a frequent object of professional discussion in literature. Much has been written and said about drug testing and its implications for privacy. Thousands of employees are confident that mandatory drug testing is a direct violation of their rights. Others believe that drug testing is needed to promote safety and productivity in the workplace. The Army Drug Testing Program obligates soldiers and leaders to be screened for drug abuse at least once a year. Despite numerous ethical controversies, drug testing is essential for the lives and wellbeing of U.S. soldiers and those working in the United States Army. It is imperative that those working for the U.S. Army pass a drug test at least once a year, to guarantee their compliance with the norms and standards of military performance. Drug testing is a frequent object of professional discussion in literature. Despite the growing popularity of drug tests in the workplace, many employees believe that drug testing violates their rights. Certainly, the current state of drug testing systems is not without controversy: “testing laboratories’ shortcomings can mistakenly brand innocent workers drug abusers, ending their careers” (Zuckerman, 2000, p.A24). This is part of the reason why many employees try to beat the system, diluting their urine samples or purchasing drug-free urine and prosthetics online (Anonymous, 2001). The United States Army runs a drug testing program, aimed to promote a drug-free workplace environment and secure military operations from drug-related failures. Under the Army Drug Testing Program, each soldier is obliged to pass a drug test at least once a year (ASAP, 2010). The main goals of the program are (a) to keep soldiers from using and abusing drugs; (b) to let commanders assess the military and security fitness of their soldiers; and (c) to create a foundation for taking timely appropriate actions in terms of those, who show positive test results (ASAP, 2010). Deontological and utilitarian ethics justify mandatory drug testing in the workplace, including the U.S. Army. From the viewpoint of deontology, drug abuse is a direct violation of the security and workplace standards in the army. As a result, drug testing is not a matter of privacy violation but an effective instrument of detecting those, who use and abuse drugs. Drug testing reflects military professionals’ striving to follow the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and good will. From the utilitarian perspective, drug testing improves safety and security in the workplace. This is particularly the case of military professionals, who need a sober mind and clear reason to successfully meet their military objectives. Certainly, drug tests’ shortcomings may lead to unpredictable results and hold soldiers responsible for what they never committed. The imperfections of drug testing are a matter of serious ethical concern. Routine drug tests can be extremely intrusive, if other indivi
Introduction Makeup has become a common and familiar product in many people lives particularly in the last one century. Of particular importance, make up is only one of the many products that line the shelves of cosmetic outlets. The extensive application of regular and chemical makeup has elicited intense debate on the implications to the public health of the users. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, cosmetics include all compounds or products that are applied to the body with the aim of beautifying, boosting attractiveness or improving the physical appearance without generally altering the structural and physiology of the body. More importantly, makeup generally refers to all colored products which are applied with the sole intention of altering the physical appearance of the user’s body. Mineral make-up is made from compounds that are generally sterilized and usually ground to form a granular powder. This mixture is later mixed with other naturally occurring inorganic colorings that are vital in creation of a wide range of colors. With regard to the makeup, this paper will try to shed light on their chemical composition. In addition, the distinguishing factors between the regular and chemical makeup will also be discussed in depth. The paper will also look into the benefits that are accrued from using mineral makeup as compared to the regular types. Literature review The usage of cosmetics is a practice that has its origin in the ancient times. For instance, the Egyptian women were commonly used to applying kohl to their eyelids in a bid to darken them (Walter et al, 484). Likewise, the Greek women enhanced their complexion by lacing themselves with a poisonous lead carbonate which at some instances led to fatalities. In recent times, makeup business has become a booming business owing to the efficiency in advertising and an ever increasing population that care much about their appearance (Walter et al, 485). The utilization of make-up of different colors has been observed since the ancient Egyptian times. Chemical analysis of some of these preserved containers has shown that the presence of organic and some lethal mineral components. Lead based compounds that were formed out of the crushing of galena (PbS) ore and to sme extent the cerussite (PbCO3). Other compounds found in the cosmetics include laurionete and phosgenite, which are believed to have been manufactured synthetically by the Egyptians through the utilization of wet chemistry (Walter, et al 483). Methodology The study will rely mainly on literature review of various sources in order to come up with concrete information on the mineral makeup. Collected data will be analysed in tandem with the research questions. The paper will present the data in form of diagrams, structures and prose form in order to clearly explain the chemical composition and benefits of the mineral makeup. Results and discussion Chemical composition of mineral make-up Cosmetics share some common ingredients such as water and the emulsifiers that are added to aid in the mixing of oil and water. Preserva